: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/United_States_presidential_election (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Harry_S._Truman (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Margaret Truman Mary Margaret Truman Daniel(February 17, 1924 – January 29, 2008) was an American classicalsoprano, actress, journalist, radio and television personality, writer, and New York socialite. She was the only child of PresidentHarry S. Trumanand First LadyBess Truman. While her father was president during the years 1945 to 1953, Margaret regularly accompanied him on campaign trips, such as the 1948 countrywidewhistle-stopcampaign lasting several weeks. She also appeared at important White House and political events during those years, being a favorite with the media. After graduating fromGeorge Washington Universityin 1946, she embarked on a career as acoloratura soprano, beginning with a concert appearance with theDetroit Symphony Orchestrain 1947. She appeared in concerts with orchestras throughout the United States and in recitals throughout the U.S. through 1956. She made recordings forRCA Victor, and made television appearances on programs likeWhat's My Line?andThe Bell Telephone Hour. In 1957, one year after her marriage, Truman abandoned her singing career to pursue a career as a journalist and radio personality, when she became the co-host of the programWeekdaywithMike Wallace. She also wrote articles as an independent journalist, for a variety of publications in the 1960s and 1970s. She later became the successful author of a series of murder mysteries, and a number of works on U.S. First Ladies and First Families, including well-received biographies of her father, PresidentHarry S. Trumanand motherBess Truman. She was married to journalistClifton Daniel, managing editor ofThe New York Times. The couple had four sons, and were prominent New York socialites who often hosted events for the New York elite. Early life Mary Margaret was born at 219 North Delaware Street inIndependence, Missouri, on February 17, 1924,and was christened Mary Margaret Truman (for her aunt Mary Jane Truman and maternal grandmother Margaret Gates Wallace), but was called Margaret from early childhood. She took voice and piano lessons as a child (at the encouragement of her father, who famously played piano) and attended public school in Independence until her father's1934 electionto theUnited States Senate, after which her education was split between public schools in Independence andGunston Hall School, a private school for girls in Washington, D.C. In 1942, she matriculated atGeorge Washington University, where she was a member ofPi Beta Phi,and earned aBachelor of Artsdegree inhistoryandinternational relationsin 1946.In June 1944, she christened the battleshipUSSMissouriatBrooklyn Navy Yard, and spoke again in 1986 at the ship's recommissioning. She studied singing withEstelle Liebling, the voice teacher ofBeverly Sills, in New York City. On April 12, 1945, PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltdied. His Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency when Margaret was 21. Career Singing When Truman was 16 years old, she began taking voice lessons in Independence from Mrs. Thomas J. Strickler, a family friend. After classical vocal training, Truman's singing career began with a debut radio recital in March 1947, followed shortly thereafter with her professional concert debut with theDetroit Symphony Orchestra. She sang professionally for the next decade, appearing with major American orchestras and giving several national concert tours.Some of her credits include concert appearances with theLos Angeles Philharmonicat theHollywood Bowl, theNational Symphony Orchestra, theNBC Symphony Orchestra, thePittsburgh Symphony, thePhiladelphia Orchestra, and theSaint Louis Symphonyamong others. While she never performed in staged operas, she did perform opera arias in concert. Her performances were mainly of both sacred and secular art songs,lieder, and works from the concert soprano repertoire. In 1951 and 1952,RCA Victorissued two albums by Truman, one of classical selections, the other of American art songs.She also made recordings of German lieder forNBC. A 1951Time Magazinecoverfeatured Truman with a single musical note floating by her head. She performed on stage, radio, and television through 1956. At the beginning of her career, critical reviews of Truman's singing were positive, polite or diplomatic in tone, with some later reviewers speculating that negative opinions were held back out of deference for her father as a current sitting United States President.This practice was broken in 1950 whenWashington Postmusic criticPaul Humewrote that Truman was \"extremely attractive on the stage... cannot sing very well. She is flat a good deal of the time. And still cannot sing with anything approaching professional finish.\" The review angered President Truman (who was dealing that same day with the sudden death of his childhood friend and White House Press SecretaryCharlie Ross), who wrote to Hume, \"Some day I hope to meet you. When that happens you'll need a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below!\"Hume wanted to publish the letter, butWashington PostpublisherPhilip Grahamvetoed the idea. However, Hume showed the letter to a number of his colleagues, includingMilton Berliner, music critic of the rivalWashington Times Herald, which published a story. ThePostwas then forced to acknowledge the letter, which drew international headlines, becoming a minor scandal for the Truman administration. Reviewers after that felt more free to be honest in their reviews of her performances, with mixed criticism for her singing thereafter. Acting, radio, and journalism Truman's professional acting debut occurred April 26, 1951. She co-starred withJames Stewartin the \"Jackpot\" episode ofScreen Directors PlayhouseonNBCradio.On March 17, 1952, Truman was guest soloist onThe Railroad Hourin a presentation of the operettaSari. Truman also performed on the NBC Radio programThe Big Show. There she met writerGoodman Ace, who gave her advice and pointers; Ace became a lifelong friend, advising Truman even afterThe Big Show.She became part of the team ofNBC Radio'sWeekdayshow that premiered in 1955, shortly after itsMonitorprogram made its debut.Paired withMike Wallace, she presented news and interviews aimed at a female listening audience. She appeared several times as a panelist (and twice as a mystery guest) on the game showWhat's My Line?and guest-starredmore than once onNBC'sTheMartha RayeShow. In 1957, she sang and played piano onThe Gisele MacKenzie Show. Writing Truman's full-length biography of her father, published shortly before his 1972 death, was critically acclaimed. She also wrote a personal biography of her mother and histories of theWhite Houseand its inhabitants (includingfirst ladiesandpets). Truman published regularly into her eighties. Novels From 1980 to 2011, 25 books in the Capital Crimes series of murder mysteries, most set in and around Washington, D.C., were published under Margaret Truman's name. ProfessionalghostwriterDonald Bain(1935–2017) acknowledged in the March 14, 2014, issue ofPublishers Weeklythat he had written \"27 novels in the Margaret Truman Capital Crimes series (mostly bylined by Truman, my close collaborator – my name is on only the most recent entries, released after her death).\" In 2000, another ghostwriter, William Harrington, had claimed in a self-written obituary before his apparent suicide that Margaret Truman and others were his clients. Institutions She served on the board of directors for theHarry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museumand the Board of Governors of theRoosevelt Institute, and served as a Trustee for her alma mater. Personal life On April 21, 1956, Truman marriedClifton Daniel, a reporter forThe New York Timesand later its managing editor, atTrinity Episcopal Churchin Independence; he died in 2000. They had four sons: Popular culture Italian dress designerMicol Fontana, who designed Truman’s wedding gown, was invited to be a surprise guest on the TV showWhat's My Line?in New York City, just six days before the Truman/Daniel wedding on April 21, 1956, in Independence, Missouri. Later years and death In later life, Truman lived in herPark Avenuehome.She died on January 29, 2008, in Chicago (to which she was relocating to be closer to her son Clifton). She was said to have been suffering from \"a simple infection\" and had been breathing with the assistance of a respirator.Her ashes and those of her husband were interred in Independence in her parents' burial plot on the grounds of the Truman Library. Bibliography Non-fiction Fiction The Capital Crimes series: As of 2021, six further novels in the series had been published under Truman's name as \"with Donald Bain\" or \"with John Land.\" References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/World_War_II (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/United_States_presidential_election (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Harry_S._Truman (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Margaret Truman Mary Margaret Truman Daniel(February 17, 1924 – January 29, 2008) was an American classicalsoprano, actress, journalist, radio and television personality, writer, and New York socialite. She was the only child of PresidentHarry S. Trumanand First LadyBess Truman. While her father was president during the years 1945 to 1953, Margaret regularly accompanied him on campaign trips, such as the 1948 countrywidewhistle-stopcampaign lasting several weeks. She also appeared at important White House and political events during those years, being a favorite with the media. After graduating fromGeorge Washington Universityin 1946, she embarked on a career as acoloratura soprano, beginning with a concert appearance with theDetroit Symphony Orchestrain 1947. She appeared in concerts with orchestras throughout the United States and in recitals throughout the U.S. through 1956. She made recordings forRCA Victor, and made television appearances on programs likeWhat's My Line?andThe Bell Telephone Hour. In 1957, one year after her marriage, Truman abandoned her singing career to pursue a career as a journalist and radio personality, when she became the co-host of the programWeekdaywithMike Wallace. She also wrote articles as an independent journalist, for a variety of publications in the 1960s and 1970s. She later became the successful author of a series of murder mysteries, and a number of works on U.S. First Ladies and First Families, including well-received biographies of her father, PresidentHarry S. Trumanand motherBess Truman. She was married to journalistClifton Daniel, managing editor ofThe New York Times. The couple had four sons, and were prominent New York socialites who often hosted events for the New York elite. Early life Mary Margaret was born at 219 North Delaware Street inIndependence, Missouri, on February 17, 1924,and was christened Mary Margaret Truman (for her aunt Mary Jane Truman and maternal grandmother Margaret Gates Wallace), but was called Margaret from early childhood. She took voice and piano lessons as a child (at the encouragement of her father, who famously played piano) and attended public school in Independence until her father's1934 electionto theUnited States Senate, after which her education was split between public schools in Independence andGunston Hall School, a private school for girls in Washington, D.C. In 1942, she matriculated atGeorge Washington University, where she was a member ofPi Beta Phi,and earned aBachelor of Artsdegree inhistoryandinternational relationsin 1946.In June 1944, she christened the battleshipUSSMissouriatBrooklyn Navy Yard, and spoke again in 1986 at the ship's recommissioning. She studied singing withEstelle Liebling, the voice teacher ofBeverly Sills, in New York City. On April 12, 1945, PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltdied. His Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency when Margaret was 21. Career Singing When Truman was 16 years old, she began taking voice lessons in Independence from Mrs. Thomas J. Strickler, a family friend. After classical vocal training, Truman's singing career began with a debut radio recital in March 1947, followed shortly thereafter with her professional concert debut with theDetroit Symphony Orchestra. She sang professionally for the next decade, appearing with major American orchestras and giving several national concert tours.Some of her credits include concert appearances with theLos Angeles Philharmonicat theHollywood Bowl, theNational Symphony Orchestra, theNBC Symphony Orchestra, thePittsburgh Symphony, thePhiladelphia Orchestra, and theSaint Louis Symphonyamong others. While she never performed in staged operas, she did perform opera arias in concert. Her performances were mainly of both sacred and secular art songs,lieder, and works from the concert soprano repertoire. In 1951 and 1952,RCA Victorissued two albums by Truman, one of classical selections, the other of American art songs.She also made recordings of German lieder forNBC. A 1951Time Magazinecoverfeatured Truman with a single musical note floating by her head. She performed on stage, radio, and television through 1956. At the beginning of her career, critical reviews of Truman's singing were positive, polite or diplomatic in tone, with some later reviewers speculating that negative opinions were held back out of deference for her father as a current sitting United States President.This practice was broken in 1950 whenWashington Postmusic criticPaul Humewrote that Truman was \\\"extremely attractive on the stage... cannot sing very well. She is flat a good deal of the time. And still cannot sing with anything approaching professional finish.\\\" The review angered President Truman (who was dealing that same day with the sudden death of his childhood friend and White House Press SecretaryCharlie Ross), who wrote to Hume, \\\"Some day I hope to meet you. When that happens you'll need a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below!\\\"Hume wanted to publish the letter, butWashington PostpublisherPhilip Grahamvetoed the idea. However, Hume showed the letter to a number of his colleagues, includingMilton Berliner, music critic of the rivalWashington Times Herald, which published a story. ThePostwas then forced to acknowledge the letter, which drew international headlines, becoming a minor scandal for the Truman administration. Reviewers after that felt more free to be honest in their reviews of her performances, with mixed criticism for her singing thereafter. Acting, radio, and journalism Truman's professional acting debut occurred April 26, 1951. She co-starred withJames Stewartin the \\\"Jackpot\\\" episode ofScreen Directors PlayhouseonNBCradio.On March 17, 1952, Truman was guest soloist onThe Railroad Hourin a presentation of the operettaSari. Truman also performed on the NBC Radio programThe Big Show. There she met writerGoodman Ace, who gave her advice and pointers; Ace became a lifelong friend, advising Truman even afterThe Big Show.She became part of the team ofNBC Radio'sWeekdayshow that premiered in 1955, shortly after itsMonitorprogram made its debut.Paired withMike Wallace, she presented news and interviews aimed at a female listening audience. She appeared several times as a panelist (and twice as a mystery guest) on the game showWhat's My Line?and guest-starredmore than once onNBC'sTheMartha RayeShow. In 1957, she sang and played piano onThe Gisele MacKenzie Show. Writing Truman's full-length biography of her father, published shortly before his 1972 death, was critically acclaimed. She also wrote a personal biography of her mother and histories of theWhite Houseand its inhabitants (includingfirst ladiesandpets). Truman published regularly into her eighties. Novels From 1980 to 2011, 25 books in the Capital Crimes series of murder mysteries, most set in and around Washington, D.C., were published under Margaret Truman's name. ProfessionalghostwriterDonald Bain(1935–2017) acknowledged in the March 14, 2014, issue ofPublishers Weeklythat he had written \\\"27 novels in the Margaret Truman Capital Crimes series (mostly bylined by Truman, my close collaborator – my name is on only the most recent entries, released after her death).\\\" In 2000, another ghostwriter, William Harrington, had claimed in a self-written obituary before his apparent suicide that Margaret Truman and others were his clients. Institutions She served on the board of directors for theHarry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museumand the Board of Governors of theRoosevelt Institute, and served as a Trustee for her alma mater. Personal life On April 21, 1956, Truman marriedClifton Daniel, a reporter forThe New York Timesand later its managing editor, atTrinity Episcopal Churchin Independence; he died in 2000. They had four sons: Popular culture Italian dress designerMicol Fontana, who designed Truman’s wedding gown, was invited to be a surprise guest on the TV showWhat's My Line?in New York City, just six days before the Truman/Daniel wedding on April 21, 1956, in Independence, Missouri. Later years and death In later life, Truman lived in herPark Avenuehome.She died on January 29, 2008, in Chicago (to which she was relocating to be closer to her son Clifton). She was said to have been suffering from \\\"a simple infection\\\" and had been breathing with the assistance of a respirator.Her ashes and those of her husband were interred in Independence in her parents' burial plot on the grounds of the Truman Library. Bibliography Non-fiction Fiction The Capital Crimes series: As of 2021, six further novels in the series had been published under Truman's name as \\\"with Donald Bain\\\" or \\\"with John Land.\\\" References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/World_War_II (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/United_States_presidential_election (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Harry_S._Truman (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Margaret Truman Mary Margaret Truman Daniel(February 17, 1924 – January 29, 2008) was an American classicalsoprano, actress, journalist, radio and television personality, writer, and New York socialite. She was the only child of PresidentHarry S. Trumanand First LadyBess Truman. While her father was president during the years 1945 to 1953, Margaret regularly accompanied him on campaign trips, such as the 1948 countrywidewhistle-stopcampaign lasting several weeks. She also appeared at important White House and political events during those years, being a favorite with the media. After graduating fromGeorge Washington Universityin 1946, she embarked on a career as acoloratura soprano, beginning with a concert appearance with theDetroit Symphony Orchestrain 1947. She appeared in concerts with orchestras throughout the United States and in recitals throughout the U.S. through 1956. She made recordings forRCA Victor, and made television appearances on programs likeWhat's My Line?andThe Bell Telephone Hour. In","Telephone Hour. In 1957, one year after her marriage, Truman abandoned her singing career to pursue a career as a journalist and radio personality, when she became the co-host of the programWeekdaywithMike Wallace. She also wrote articles as an independent journalist, for a variety of publications in the 1960s and 1970s. She later became the successful author of a series of murder mysteries, and a number of works on U.S. First Ladies and First Families, including well-received biographies of her father, PresidentHarry S. Trumanand motherBess Truman. She was married to journalistClifton Daniel, managing editor ofThe New York Times. The couple had four sons, and were prominent New York socialites who often hosted events for the New York elite. Early life Mary Margaret was born at 219 North Delaware Street inIndependence, Missouri, on February 17, 1924,and was christened Mary Margaret Truman (for her aunt Mary Jane Truman and maternal grandmother Margaret Gates Wallace), but was called Margaret from early","Margaret from early childhood. She took voice and piano lessons as a child (at the encouragement of her father, who famously played piano) and attended public school in Independence until her father's1934 electionto theUnited States Senate, after which her education was split between public schools in Independence andGunston Hall School, a private school for girls in Washington, D.C. In 1942, she matriculated atGeorge Washington University, where she was a member ofPi Beta Phi,and earned aBachelor of Artsdegree inhistoryandinternational relationsin 1946.In June 1944, she christened the battleshipUSSMissouriatBrooklyn Navy Yard, and spoke again in 1986 at the ship's recommissioning. She studied singing withEstelle Liebling, the voice teacher ofBeverly Sills, in New York City. On April 12, 1945, PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltdied. His Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency when Margaret was 21. Career Singing When Truman was 16 years old, she began taking voice lessons in Independence from Mrs.","from Mrs. Thomas J. Strickler, a family friend. After classical vocal training, Truman's singing career began with a debut radio recital in March 1947, followed shortly thereafter with her professional concert debut with theDetroit Symphony Orchestra. She sang professionally for the next decade, appearing with major American orchestras and giving several national concert tours.Some of her credits include concert appearances with theLos Angeles Philharmonicat theHollywood Bowl, theNational Symphony Orchestra, theNBC Symphony Orchestra, thePittsburgh Symphony, thePhiladelphia Orchestra, and theSaint Louis Symphonyamong others. While she never performed in staged operas, she did perform opera arias in concert. Her performances were mainly of both sacred and secular art songs,lieder, and works from the concert soprano repertoire. In 1951 and 1952,RCA Victorissued two albums by Truman, one of classical selections, the other of American art songs.She also made recordings of German lieder forNBC. A 1951Time","forNBC. A 1951Time Magazinecoverfeatured Truman with a single musical note floating by her head. She performed on stage, radio, and television through 1956. At the beginning of her career, critical reviews of Truman's singing were positive, polite or diplomatic in tone, with some later reviewers speculating that negative opinions were held back out of deference for her father as a current sitting United States President.This practice was broken in 1950 whenWashington Postmusic criticPaul Humewrote that Truman was \"extremely attractive on the stage... cannot sing very well. She is flat a good deal of the time. And still cannot sing with anything approaching professional finish.\" The review angered President Truman (who was dealing that same day with the sudden death of his childhood friend and White House Press SecretaryCharlie Ross), who wrote to Hume, \"Some day I hope to meet you. When that happens you'll need a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below!\"Hume wanted to","wanted to publish the letter, butWashington PostpublisherPhilip Grahamvetoed the idea. However, Hume showed the letter to a number of his colleagues, includingMilton Berliner, music critic of the rivalWashington Times Herald, which published a story. ThePostwas then forced to acknowledge the letter, which drew international headlines, becoming a minor scandal for the Truman administration. Reviewers after that felt more free to be honest in their reviews of her performances, with mixed criticism for her singing thereafter. Acting, radio, and journalism Truman's professional acting debut occurred April 26, 1951. She co-starred withJames Stewartin the \"Jackpot\" episode ofScreen Directors PlayhouseonNBCradio.On March 17, 1952, Truman was guest soloist onThe Railroad Hourin a presentation of the operettaSari. Truman also performed on the NBC Radio programThe Big Show. There she met writerGoodman Ace, who gave her advice and pointers; Ace became a lifelong friend, advising Truman even afterThe Big Show.She became","Big Show.She became part of the team ofNBC Radio'sWeekdayshow that premiered in 1955, shortly after itsMonitorprogram made its debut.Paired withMike Wallace, she presented news and interviews aimed at a female listening audience. She appeared several times as a panelist (and twice as a mystery guest) on the game showWhat's My Line?and guest-starredmore than once onNBC'sTheMartha RayeShow. In 1957, she sang and played piano onThe Gisele MacKenzie Show. Writing Truman's full-length biography of her father, published shortly before his 1972 death, was critically acclaimed. She also wrote a personal biography of her mother and histories of theWhite Houseand its inhabitants (includingfirst ladiesandpets). Truman published regularly into her eighties. Novels From 1980 to 2011, 25 books in the Capital Crimes series of murder mysteries, most set in and around Washington, D.C., were published under Margaret Truman's name. ProfessionalghostwriterDonald Bain(1935–2017) acknowledged in the March 14, 2014, issue","14, 2014, issue ofPublishers Weeklythat he had written \"27 novels in the Margaret Truman Capital Crimes series (mostly bylined by Truman, my close collaborator – my name is on only the most recent entries, released after her death).\" In 2000, another ghostwriter, William Harrington, had claimed in a self-written obituary before his apparent suicide that Margaret Truman and others were his clients. Institutions She served on the board of directors for theHarry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museumand the Board of Governors of theRoosevelt Institute, and served as a Trustee for her alma mater. Personal life On April 21, 1956, Truman marriedClifton Daniel, a reporter forThe New York Timesand later its managing editor, atTrinity Episcopal Churchin Independence; he died in 2000. They had four sons: Popular culture Italian dress designerMicol Fontana, who designed Truman’s wedding gown, was invited to be a surprise guest on the TV showWhat's My Line?in New York City, just six days before the Truman/Daniel","the Truman/Daniel wedding on April 21, 1956, in Independence, Missouri. Later years and death In later life, Truman lived in herPark Avenuehome.She died on January 29, 2008, in Chicago (to which she was relocating to be closer to her son Clifton). She was said to have been suffering from \"a simple infection\" and had been breathing with the assistance of a respirator.Her ashes and those of her husband were interred in Independence in her parents' burial plot on the grounds of the Truman Library. Bibliography Non-fiction Fiction The Capital Crimes series: As of 2021, six further novels in the series had been published under Truman's name as \"with Donald Bain\" or \"with John Land.\" References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/World_War_II (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/United_States_presidential_election (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Harry_S._Truman (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Margaret Truman Mary Margaret Truman Daniel(February 17, 1924 – January 29, 2008) was an American classicalsoprano, actress, journalist, radio and television personality, writer, and New York socialite. She was the only child of PresidentHarry S. Trumanand First LadyBess Truman. While her father was president during the years 1945 to 1953, Margaret regularly accompanied him on campaign trips, such as the 1948 countrywidewhistle-stopcampaign lasting several weeks. She also appeared at important White House and political events during those years, being a favorite with the media. After graduating fromGeorge Washington Universityin 1946, she embarked on a career as acoloratura soprano, beginning with a concert appearance with theDetroit Symphony Orchestrain 1947. She appeared in concerts with orchestras throughout the United States and in recitals throughout the U.S. through 1956. She made recordings forRCA Victor, and made television appearances on programs likeWhat's My Line?andThe Bell Telephone Hour. In\",\n \"Telephone Hour. In 1957, one year after her marriage, Truman abandoned her singing career to pursue a career as a journalist and radio personality, when she became the co-host of the programWeekdaywithMike Wallace. She also wrote articles as an independent journalist, for a variety of publications in the 1960s and 1970s. She later became the successful author of a series of murder mysteries, and a number of works on U.S. First Ladies and First Families, including well-received biographies of her father, PresidentHarry S. Trumanand motherBess Truman. She was married to journalistClifton Daniel, managing editor ofThe New York Times. The couple had four sons, and were prominent New York socialites who often hosted events for the New York elite. Early life Mary Margaret was born at 219 North Delaware Street inIndependence, Missouri, on February 17, 1924,and was christened Mary Margaret Truman (for her aunt Mary Jane Truman and maternal grandmother Margaret Gates Wallace), but was called Margaret from early\",\n \"Margaret from early childhood. She took voice and piano lessons as a child (at the encouragement of her father, who famously played piano) and attended public school in Independence until her father's1934 electionto theUnited States Senate, after which her education was split between public schools in Independence andGunston Hall School, a private school for girls in Washington, D.C. In 1942, she matriculated atGeorge Washington University, where she was a member ofPi Beta Phi,and earned aBachelor of Artsdegree inhistoryandinternational relationsin 1946.In June 1944, she christened the battleshipUSSMissouriatBrooklyn Navy Yard, and spoke again in 1986 at the ship's recommissioning. She studied singing withEstelle Liebling, the voice teacher ofBeverly Sills, in New York City. On April 12, 1945, PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltdied. His Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency when Margaret was 21. Career Singing When Truman was 16 years old, she began taking voice lessons in Independence from Mrs.\",\n \"from Mrs. Thomas J. Strickler, a family friend. After classical vocal training, Truman's singing career began with a debut radio recital in March 1947, followed shortly thereafter with her professional concert debut with theDetroit Symphony Orchestra. She sang professionally for the next decade, appearing with major American orchestras and giving several national concert tours.Some of her credits include concert appearances with theLos Angeles Philharmonicat theHollywood Bowl, theNational Symphony Orchestra, theNBC Symphony Orchestra, thePittsburgh Symphony, thePhiladelphia Orchestra, and theSaint Louis Symphonyamong others. While she never performed in staged operas, she did perform opera arias in concert. Her performances were mainly of both sacred and secular art songs,lieder, and works from the concert soprano repertoire. In 1951 and 1952,RCA Victorissued two albums by Truman, one of classical selections, the other of American art songs.She also made recordings of German lieder forNBC. A 1951Time\",\n \"forNBC. A 1951Time Magazinecoverfeatured Truman with a single musical note floating by her head. She performed on stage, radio, and television through 1956. At the beginning of her career, critical reviews of Truman's singing were positive, polite or diplomatic in tone, with some later reviewers speculating that negative opinions were held back out of deference for her father as a current sitting United States President.This practice was broken in 1950 whenWashington Postmusic criticPaul Humewrote that Truman was \\\"extremely attractive on the stage... cannot sing very well. She is flat a good deal of the time. And still cannot sing with anything approaching professional finish.\\\" The review angered President Truman (who was dealing that same day with the sudden death of his childhood friend and White House Press SecretaryCharlie Ross), who wrote to Hume, \\\"Some day I hope to meet you. When that happens you'll need a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below!\\\"Hume wanted to\",\n \"wanted to publish the letter, butWashington PostpublisherPhilip Grahamvetoed the idea. However, Hume showed the letter to a number of his colleagues, includingMilton Berliner, music critic of the rivalWashington Times Herald, which published a story. ThePostwas then forced to acknowledge the letter, which drew international headlines, becoming a minor scandal for the Truman administration. Reviewers after that felt more free to be honest in their reviews of her performances, with mixed criticism for her singing thereafter. Acting, radio, and journalism Truman's professional acting debut occurred April 26, 1951. She co-starred withJames Stewartin the \\\"Jackpot\\\" episode ofScreen Directors PlayhouseonNBCradio.On March 17, 1952, Truman was guest soloist onThe Railroad Hourin a presentation of the operettaSari. Truman also performed on the NBC Radio programThe Big Show. There she met writerGoodman Ace, who gave her advice and pointers; Ace became a lifelong friend, advising Truman even afterThe Big Show.She became\",\n \"Big Show.She became part of the team ofNBC Radio'sWeekdayshow that premiered in 1955, shortly after itsMonitorprogram made its debut.Paired withMike Wallace, she presented news and interviews aimed at a female listening audience. She appeared several times as a panelist (and twice as a mystery guest) on the game showWhat's My Line?and guest-starredmore than once onNBC'sTheMartha RayeShow. In 1957, she sang and played piano onThe Gisele MacKenzie Show. Writing Truman's full-length biography of her father, published shortly before his 1972 death, was critically acclaimed. She also wrote a personal biography of her mother and histories of theWhite Houseand its inhabitants (includingfirst ladiesandpets). Truman published regularly into her eighties. Novels From 1980 to 2011, 25 books in the Capital Crimes series of murder mysteries, most set in and around Washington, D.C., were published under Margaret Truman's name. ProfessionalghostwriterDonald Bain(1935–2017) acknowledged in the March 14, 2014, issue\",\n \"14, 2014, issue ofPublishers Weeklythat he had written \\\"27 novels in the Margaret Truman Capital Crimes series (mostly bylined by Truman, my close collaborator – my name is on only the most recent entries, released after her death).\\\" In 2000, another ghostwriter, William Harrington, had claimed in a self-written obituary before his apparent suicide that Margaret Truman and others were his clients. Institutions She served on the board of directors for theHarry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museumand the Board of Governors of theRoosevelt Institute, and served as a Trustee for her alma mater. Personal life On April 21, 1956, Truman marriedClifton Daniel, a reporter forThe New York Timesand later its managing editor, atTrinity Episcopal Churchin Independence; he died in 2000. They had four sons: Popular culture Italian dress designerMicol Fontana, who designed Truman’s wedding gown, was invited to be a surprise guest on the TV showWhat's My Line?in New York City, just six days before the Truman/Daniel\",\n \"the Truman/Daniel wedding on April 21, 1956, in Independence, Missouri. Later years and death In later life, Truman lived in herPark Avenuehome.She died on January 29, 2008, in Chicago (to which she was relocating to be closer to her son Clifton). She was said to have been suffering from \\\"a simple infection\\\" and had been breathing with the assistance of a respirator.Her ashes and those of her husband were interred in Independence in her parents' burial plot on the grounds of the Truman Library. Bibliography Non-fiction Fiction The Capital Crimes series: As of 2021, six further novels in the series had been published under Truman's name as \\\"with Donald Bain\\\" or \\\"with John Land.\\\" References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":255,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What is the name of the 2nd track on the album by Corinne Bailey Rae that came out 10 years before her album The Heart Speaks in Whispers?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Enchantment"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_discography"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album)"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_discography', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album)']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_discography","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_discography\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Corinne Bailey Rae discography English singer and songwriterCorinne Bailey Raehas released fourstudio albums, onelive album, fourextended plays, 13singles(including five as a featured artist), onepromotional singleand 13music videos. Rae released hereponymous debut albumin February 2006. It debuted atop theUK Albums Chart,while reaching the top five in Ireland and the United States,and the top 10 in Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland.Corinne Bailey Raewas certified triple platinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry(BPI) and platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA),selling over four million copies worldwide.The album spawned four singles, including \"Put Your Records On\", which peaked at number two on theUK Singles Chart. Rae's second studio album,The Sea, was released in January 2010, reaching number five on the UK Albums Chart, number seven on the USBillboard200and number 13 on theCanadian Albums Chart.It was later certified gold by the BPI.The album was promoted by three singles: \"I'd Do It All Again\", \"Paris Nights/New York Mornings\" and \"Closer\". In May 2016, Rae released her third studio album,The Heart Speaks in Whispers, which peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart. Albums Studio albums Live albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist As featured artist Promotional singles Other charted songs Guest appearances Music videos Notes References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album"],"string":"[\n \"Corinne Bailey Rae discography English singer and songwriterCorinne Bailey Raehas released fourstudio albums, onelive album, fourextended plays, 13singles(including five as a featured artist), onepromotional singleand 13music videos. Rae released hereponymous debut albumin February 2006. It debuted atop theUK Albums Chart,while reaching the top five in Ireland and the United States,and the top 10 in Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland.Corinne Bailey Raewas certified triple platinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry(BPI) and platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA),selling over four million copies worldwide.The album spawned four singles, including \\\"Put Your Records On\\\", which peaked at number two on theUK Singles Chart. Rae's second studio album,The Sea, was released in January 2010, reaching number five on the UK Albums Chart, number seven on the USBillboard200and number 13 on theCanadian Albums Chart.It was later certified gold by the BPI.The album was promoted by three singles: \\\"I'd Do It All Again\\\", \\\"Paris Nights/New York Mornings\\\" and \\\"Closer\\\". In May 2016, Rae released her third studio album,The Heart Speaks in Whispers, which peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart. Albums Studio albums Live albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist As featured artist Promotional singles Other charted songs Guest appearances Music videos Notes References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Corinne Bailey Rae discography English singer and songwriterCorinne Bailey Raehas released fourstudio albums, onelive album, fourextended plays, 13singles(including five as a featured artist), onepromotional singleand 13music videos. Rae released hereponymous debut albumin February 2006. It debuted atop theUK Albums Chart,while reaching the top five in Ireland and the United States,and the top 10 in Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland.Corinne Bailey Raewas certified triple platinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry(BPI) and platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA),selling over four million copies worldwide.The album spawned four singles, including \"Put Your Records On\", which peaked at number two on theUK Singles Chart. Rae's second studio album,The Sea, was released in January 2010, reaching number five on the UK Albums Chart, number seven on the USBillboard200and number 13 on theCanadian Albums Chart.It was later certified gold by the BPI.The album was promoted by three singles: \"I'd","three singles: \"I'd Do It All Again\", \"Paris Nights/New York Mornings\" and \"Closer\". In May 2016, Rae released her third studio album,The Heart Speaks in Whispers, which peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart. Albums Studio albums Live albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist As featured artist Promotional singles Other charted songs Guest appearances Music videos Notes References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album"],"string":"[\n \"Corinne Bailey Rae discography English singer and songwriterCorinne Bailey Raehas released fourstudio albums, onelive album, fourextended plays, 13singles(including five as a featured artist), onepromotional singleand 13music videos. Rae released hereponymous debut albumin February 2006. It debuted atop theUK Albums Chart,while reaching the top five in Ireland and the United States,and the top 10 in Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland.Corinne Bailey Raewas certified triple platinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry(BPI) and platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA),selling over four million copies worldwide.The album spawned four singles, including \\\"Put Your Records On\\\", which peaked at number two on theUK Singles Chart. Rae's second studio album,The Sea, was released in January 2010, reaching number five on the UK Albums Chart, number seven on the USBillboard200and number 13 on theCanadian Albums Chart.It was later certified gold by the BPI.The album was promoted by three singles: \\\"I'd\",\n \"three singles: \\\"I'd Do It All Again\\\", \\\"Paris Nights/New York Mornings\\\" and \\\"Closer\\\". In May 2016, Rae released her third studio album,The Heart Speaks in Whispers, which peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart. Albums Studio albums Live albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist As featured artist Promotional singles Other charted songs Guest appearances Music videos Notes References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":256,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many times in total did the Argentina women's field hockey team and the Uruguay women's field hockey team enter the Pan American Games and the Olympic Games from 2000 to 2020?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"15"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Pan_American_Games"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Pan_American_Games', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Pan_American_Games","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Pan_American_Games\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Field hockey at the Pan American Games The winner of the field hockey event of thePan American Gamesqualifies for theSummer Olympicsin the following year. Women's field hockey was introduced at the1987 edition, and has served as the Olympics qualifying event since 1999. Men's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Women's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Medal table Total Men Women See also External links","Field hockey at the Summer Olympics Field hockeymade itsdebutat theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition in the1908 GamesinLondon. It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesand was reintroduced in the1928 Amsterdam Games. The Women's field hockey wasintroducedinto the Olympic programme at the1980 Moscow Olympics. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in 1924 and governs the hockey events. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but a qualification system was introduced since the1992 Barcelona Olympics. The last edition atPariswas the 25th occurrence of themen's eventand 12th consecutive occurrence ofwomen's eventin the Olympics. India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) while Australia and Netherlands hold the same record in women's competitions (11). India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals while the Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals. Great Britainwon the first two editions of the men's event in1908and1920.Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics from1928to1964withPakistanwinning three gold and silver medals each between the 1956 and1984 Games. The matches are played onartificial turfsince1976. Since the late 1980s, European nations have dominated the hockey events withGermanyandNetherlandshaving won three gold medals each in the men's event. In the women's event,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction in 1980. History Field hockeywas introduced at theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition at the1908 GamesinLondon.Great Britainwon the first two editions in1908(asEngland) and1920.It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesbecause of the lack of an international sporting structure. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in Paris that year as a response to the same.Men's field hockey was added to the Olympics for the next Olympic Games in1928 Gamesheld atAmsterdam. Starting in1928,Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics till1964including six consecutive gold medals from the1928 Olympicsto1956.Pakistanwon its first gold medal in1960and won three gold and silver medals each in a run lasting from 1956 to1984.West Germanywon the gold medal in the1972 Munich Olympics, for the first gold medal by a non-Asian country since 1928. Olympic field hockey games were first played onartificial turfat the1976 Montreal Gamesand was won byNew Zealand.The domination of both the Asian countries came to an end in the late 1980s with India winning its last gold medal in the competition in1980and Pakistan in 1984. Though the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was founded way back in 1927,Women's field hockeymade its debut at theSummer Olympicsonly at the1980 Moscow Olympicsand was won byZimbabwe. On 23 April 1983, women’s hockey programme was taken over by FIH and the IFWHA was dissolved.Great Britain won its first gold medal in themen's eventsince 1920 in the1988 Seoul Olympics. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but FIH introduced a qualification system starting from the1992 Barcelona Olympics. Since the 1990s, European countries have been dominant in the men's sport with the only exceptions being the wins byAustraliain2004andArgentinain2016. BothGermanyandNetherlandshave won three gold medals each, with the only other European winner beingBelgiumin2020.In the women's events,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction to the Olympic programme in1980. The only other winners of the women's event wereSpainin1992,Germanyin2004, andGreat Britainin2016. The last edition of both themen'sandwomen's eventswere held as a part of the2024 Paris Olympicswith Netherlands winning both the events.India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) andSpainhas appeared in the most Olympic men's competitions (19) without winning the men's gold medal with the best place finishes being the silver medal won in1980,1996, and2008.Australia and Netherlands hold the record for the most appearances in the Olympic women's competitions (11).India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals including eight gold medals. Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals including five gold medals and also leads the overall medal tally with 20 medals (eight gold, six silver and six bronze). Men Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since the debut of the hockey programme in 1908, 45 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Women Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since its debut at the 1980 Games, 23 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Overall medal table Source: Olympic records Men Women See also Notes References"],"string":"[\n \"Field hockey at the Pan American Games The winner of the field hockey event of thePan American Gamesqualifies for theSummer Olympicsin the following year. Women's field hockey was introduced at the1987 edition, and has served as the Olympics qualifying event since 1999. Men's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Women's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Medal table Total Men Women See also External links\",\n \"Field hockey at the Summer Olympics Field hockeymade itsdebutat theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition in the1908 GamesinLondon. It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesand was reintroduced in the1928 Amsterdam Games. The Women's field hockey wasintroducedinto the Olympic programme at the1980 Moscow Olympics. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in 1924 and governs the hockey events. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but a qualification system was introduced since the1992 Barcelona Olympics. The last edition atPariswas the 25th occurrence of themen's eventand 12th consecutive occurrence ofwomen's eventin the Olympics. India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) while Australia and Netherlands hold the same record in women's competitions (11). India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals while the Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals. Great Britainwon the first two editions of the men's event in1908and1920.Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics from1928to1964withPakistanwinning three gold and silver medals each between the 1956 and1984 Games. The matches are played onartificial turfsince1976. Since the late 1980s, European nations have dominated the hockey events withGermanyandNetherlandshaving won three gold medals each in the men's event. In the women's event,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction in 1980. History Field hockeywas introduced at theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition at the1908 GamesinLondon.Great Britainwon the first two editions in1908(asEngland) and1920.It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesbecause of the lack of an international sporting structure. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in Paris that year as a response to the same.Men's field hockey was added to the Olympics for the next Olympic Games in1928 Gamesheld atAmsterdam. Starting in1928,Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics till1964including six consecutive gold medals from the1928 Olympicsto1956.Pakistanwon its first gold medal in1960and won three gold and silver medals each in a run lasting from 1956 to1984.West Germanywon the gold medal in the1972 Munich Olympics, for the first gold medal by a non-Asian country since 1928. Olympic field hockey games were first played onartificial turfat the1976 Montreal Gamesand was won byNew Zealand.The domination of both the Asian countries came to an end in the late 1980s with India winning its last gold medal in the competition in1980and Pakistan in 1984. Though the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was founded way back in 1927,Women's field hockeymade its debut at theSummer Olympicsonly at the1980 Moscow Olympicsand was won byZimbabwe. On 23 April 1983, women’s hockey programme was taken over by FIH and the IFWHA was dissolved.Great Britain won its first gold medal in themen's eventsince 1920 in the1988 Seoul Olympics. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but FIH introduced a qualification system starting from the1992 Barcelona Olympics. Since the 1990s, European countries have been dominant in the men's sport with the only exceptions being the wins byAustraliain2004andArgentinain2016. BothGermanyandNetherlandshave won three gold medals each, with the only other European winner beingBelgiumin2020.In the women's events,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction to the Olympic programme in1980. The only other winners of the women's event wereSpainin1992,Germanyin2004, andGreat Britainin2016. The last edition of both themen'sandwomen's eventswere held as a part of the2024 Paris Olympicswith Netherlands winning both the events.India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) andSpainhas appeared in the most Olympic men's competitions (19) without winning the men's gold medal with the best place finishes being the silver medal won in1980,1996, and2008.Australia and Netherlands hold the record for the most appearances in the Olympic women's competitions (11).India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals including eight gold medals. Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals including five gold medals and also leads the overall medal tally with 20 medals (eight gold, six silver and six bronze). Men Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since the debut of the hockey programme in 1908, 45 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Women Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since its debut at the 1980 Games, 23 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Overall medal table Source: Olympic records Men Women See also Notes References\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Field hockey at the Pan American Games The winner of the field hockey event of thePan American Gamesqualifies for theSummer Olympicsin the following year. Women's field hockey was introduced at the1987 edition, and has served as the Olympics qualifying event since 1999. Men's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Women's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Medal table Total Men Women See also External links","Field hockey at the Summer Olympics Field hockeymade itsdebutat theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition in the1908 GamesinLondon. It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesand was reintroduced in the1928 Amsterdam Games. The Women's field hockey wasintroducedinto the Olympic programme at the1980 Moscow Olympics. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in 1924 and governs the hockey events. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but a qualification system was introduced since the1992 Barcelona Olympics. The last edition atPariswas the 25th occurrence of themen's eventand 12th consecutive occurrence ofwomen's eventin the Olympics. India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) while Australia and Netherlands hold the same record in women's competitions (11). India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals while the Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals. Great","10 medals. Great Britainwon the first two editions of the men's event in1908and1920.Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics from1928to1964withPakistanwinning three gold and silver medals each between the 1956 and1984 Games. The matches are played onartificial turfsince1976. Since the late 1980s, European nations have dominated the hockey events withGermanyandNetherlandshaving won three gold medals each in the men's event. In the women's event,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction in 1980. History Field hockeywas introduced at theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition at the1908 GamesinLondon.Great Britainwon the first two editions in1908(asEngland) and1920.It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesbecause of the lack of an international sporting structure. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in Paris that year as a response to the same.Men's field","same.Men's field hockey was added to the Olympics for the next Olympic Games in1928 Gamesheld atAmsterdam. Starting in1928,Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics till1964including six consecutive gold medals from the1928 Olympicsto1956.Pakistanwon its first gold medal in1960and won three gold and silver medals each in a run lasting from 1956 to1984.West Germanywon the gold medal in the1972 Munich Olympics, for the first gold medal by a non-Asian country since 1928. Olympic field hockey games were first played onartificial turfat the1976 Montreal Gamesand was won byNew Zealand.The domination of both the Asian countries came to an end in the late 1980s with India winning its last gold medal in the competition in1980and Pakistan in 1984. Though the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was founded way back in 1927,Women's field hockeymade its debut at theSummer Olympicsonly at the1980 Moscow Olympicsand was won byZimbabwe. On 23 April 1983, women’s hockey programme was","programme was taken over by FIH and the IFWHA was dissolved.Great Britain won its first gold medal in themen's eventsince 1920 in the1988 Seoul Olympics. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but FIH introduced a qualification system starting from the1992 Barcelona Olympics. Since the 1990s, European countries have been dominant in the men's sport with the only exceptions being the wins byAustraliain2004andArgentinain2016. BothGermanyandNetherlandshave won three gold medals each, with the only other European winner beingBelgiumin2020.In the women's events,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction to the Olympic programme in1980. The only other winners of the women's event wereSpainin1992,Germanyin2004, andGreat Britainin2016. The last edition of both themen'sandwomen's eventswere held as a part of the2024 Paris Olympicswith Netherlands winning both the events.India holds the record for the most appearances in the","appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) andSpainhas appeared in the most Olympic men's competitions (19) without winning the men's gold medal with the best place finishes being the silver medal won in1980,1996, and2008.Australia and Netherlands hold the record for the most appearances in the Olympic women's competitions (11).India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals including eight gold medals. Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals including five gold medals and also leads the overall medal tally with 20 medals (eight gold, six silver and six bronze). Men Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since the debut of the hockey programme in 1908, 45 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Women Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since its debut at the 1980 Games, 23 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Overall medal table Source: Olympic records Men Women See also Notes","See also Notes References"],"string":"[\n \"Field hockey at the Pan American Games The winner of the field hockey event of thePan American Gamesqualifies for theSummer Olympicsin the following year. Women's field hockey was introduced at the1987 edition, and has served as the Olympics qualifying event since 1999. Men's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Women's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Medal table Total Men Women See also External links\",\n \"Field hockey at the Summer Olympics Field hockeymade itsdebutat theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition in the1908 GamesinLondon. It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesand was reintroduced in the1928 Amsterdam Games. The Women's field hockey wasintroducedinto the Olympic programme at the1980 Moscow Olympics. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in 1924 and governs the hockey events. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but a qualification system was introduced since the1992 Barcelona Olympics. The last edition atPariswas the 25th occurrence of themen's eventand 12th consecutive occurrence ofwomen's eventin the Olympics. India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) while Australia and Netherlands hold the same record in women's competitions (11). India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals while the Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals. Great\",\n \"10 medals. Great Britainwon the first two editions of the men's event in1908and1920.Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics from1928to1964withPakistanwinning three gold and silver medals each between the 1956 and1984 Games. The matches are played onartificial turfsince1976. Since the late 1980s, European nations have dominated the hockey events withGermanyandNetherlandshaving won three gold medals each in the men's event. In the women's event,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction in 1980. History Field hockeywas introduced at theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition at the1908 GamesinLondon.Great Britainwon the first two editions in1908(asEngland) and1920.It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesbecause of the lack of an international sporting structure. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in Paris that year as a response to the same.Men's field\",\n \"same.Men's field hockey was added to the Olympics for the next Olympic Games in1928 Gamesheld atAmsterdam. Starting in1928,Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics till1964including six consecutive gold medals from the1928 Olympicsto1956.Pakistanwon its first gold medal in1960and won three gold and silver medals each in a run lasting from 1956 to1984.West Germanywon the gold medal in the1972 Munich Olympics, for the first gold medal by a non-Asian country since 1928. Olympic field hockey games were first played onartificial turfat the1976 Montreal Gamesand was won byNew Zealand.The domination of both the Asian countries came to an end in the late 1980s with India winning its last gold medal in the competition in1980and Pakistan in 1984. Though the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was founded way back in 1927,Women's field hockeymade its debut at theSummer Olympicsonly at the1980 Moscow Olympicsand was won byZimbabwe. On 23 April 1983, women’s hockey programme was\",\n \"programme was taken over by FIH and the IFWHA was dissolved.Great Britain won its first gold medal in themen's eventsince 1920 in the1988 Seoul Olympics. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but FIH introduced a qualification system starting from the1992 Barcelona Olympics. Since the 1990s, European countries have been dominant in the men's sport with the only exceptions being the wins byAustraliain2004andArgentinain2016. BothGermanyandNetherlandshave won three gold medals each, with the only other European winner beingBelgiumin2020.In the women's events,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction to the Olympic programme in1980. The only other winners of the women's event wereSpainin1992,Germanyin2004, andGreat Britainin2016. The last edition of both themen'sandwomen's eventswere held as a part of the2024 Paris Olympicswith Netherlands winning both the events.India holds the record for the most appearances in the\",\n \"appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) andSpainhas appeared in the most Olympic men's competitions (19) without winning the men's gold medal with the best place finishes being the silver medal won in1980,1996, and2008.Australia and Netherlands hold the record for the most appearances in the Olympic women's competitions (11).India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals including eight gold medals. Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals including five gold medals and also leads the overall medal tally with 20 medals (eight gold, six silver and six bronze). Men Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since the debut of the hockey programme in 1908, 45 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Women Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since its debut at the 1980 Games, 23 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Overall medal table Source: Olympic records Men Women See also Notes\",\n \"See also Notes References\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":257,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many years was the first vessel Stephen Etnier commanded constructed after the novel that first inspired him to pursue painting was published?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"7"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Etnier"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mizpah"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Etnier', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mizpah']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Etnier","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mizpah"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Etnier\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mizpah\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Stephen Etnier Stephen Morgan Etnier(September 11, 1903 – November 7, 1984) was an Americanrealistpainter, painting for six decades. His work is distinguished by a mixture of realism andluminism, favoring industrial and working scenes, but always imbued with atmospheric light. Geographically, his career spanned the length of the eastern Atlantic and beyond. Childhood and education Stephen Etnier was born in September, 1903 inYork, Pennsylvania. From 1915 to 1922 he attended the Haverford and Hill schools in Pennsylvania and Roxbury Tutoring School in Connecticut. He matriculated intoYale Universityclass of 1926, transferring to Yale Art School in December 1922. Re-entering Yale University in 1923 he was later dismissed for poor grades. He enteredHaverford Collegein 1924 and transferred to thePennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied for four years. From 1925 through 1929 he studied and apprenticed under the artists Henry Breckinridge,Rockwell Kentand John Carroll. Early career Drawing inspiration fromThe Moon and Sixpence,Somerset Maugham'snovel based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin, Etnier pursued painting, launching his career with a solo exhibition at Dudensing Galleries, New York City in 1931. He soon moved to New York's Milch Gallery, where he would remain until the 1960s. Etnier's early work of 1930s and 1940s provides a record of his life at the time. His work shows street scenes in his home state of Pennsylvania, waterfronts from his travels to Haiti and the Bahamas, (and made while sailing the Eastern Seaboard aboard his 70-foot sailboat,Morgana), aerial perspectives created as he learned to fly, and dramatic Maine landscapes, painted while he renovated a stately 1862 home, \"Gilbert Head\". Gilbert Head was on Long Island, Maine at the opening of theKennebec Riverand across fromFort Pophamand Popham Beach. Etnier and his wife Betsy lived on theMorganafor two years while they renovated the house. Her account of these years,On Gilbert Head, was published in 1937. In 1938 he executed the mural \"Waiting for the Mail,\" installed at theU.S. Post OfficeinSpring Valley, New York, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1988.In 1940 he painted a second mural, \"Mail for New England\" at theBoston, MA. Everett Branch Post Office. In 2010 this mural was restored and reinstalled at the Clarendon Street Post Office in Boston. Military service In 1941, at the age of thirty-eight, Etnier suspended his painting career to serve in theUnited States Navy. In May 1942, Etnier was commissioned as a lieutenant and assigned as commanding officer of theUSSMizpah, a North Atlantic convoy escort ship. In 1944, he was reassigned to the USSTourmalinein Boston, and later to theUSSGeneral Omar Bundyin San Francisco. He completed his tour of duty in 1945. Later career Etnier purchased land inSouth Harpswell, Maine in 1948 to build \"Old Cove\", his dream house and studio. Designed in collaboration with Portland, Maine architect James Saunders, the home featured a porch cantilevered over the ocean, north-facing windows for his studio, and a living room overlooking the ocean and framed byMondrian-inspired window frames. Named for the private cove it overlooked, the home served as the foundation for a productive and increasingly serene period in Etnier's career. Old Cove was sold to new owners in 2014 and subsequently demolished. The 1950s and 1960s mark a maturing, accomplished style in Etnier's work. Although still traveling south most winters in his boat, his life took a more domestic turn as he re-adopted Maine as his permanent home and married his fourth wife, Samuella \"Brownie\" Brown Rose. They were married for thirty-three years and had two sons. During those years, he painted daily, exhibited widely and enjoyed popular support, artistic awards and media attention. Etnier's work became more architectural, marked by stark geometry, light and shadow, impressionistic figures and accents of color and modern culture. He adopted an artist's discipline of rising early and painting each morning (learned first from Rockwell Kent ), seeking to capture the essence of Maine waterfronts and landscapes and the effects of light. The study of sunlight and water fascinated Etnier until the end of his career. On November 7, 1984, Stephen Etnier died at Old Cove, comforted by his two sons. Exhibitions and awards Etnier exhibited frequently in galleries in Pennsylvania, Maine, New York and Dallas. His work appears in the permanent collections of theMetropolitan Museum of Art,Boston Museum of Fine Artsand other museums across the United States. Acclaim includes his election as an academician by the National Academy of Design and a retrospective exhibit at the Farnsworth Museum in Rockland, Maine in 1953; receipt of the Saltus Award by the National Academy of Design in 1955; a solo exhibition at York Junior College in York, Pennsylvania and the Samuel F. B. Morse gold medal from the National Academy of Design in 1964; and a solo exhibition at the Bristol Art Museum in Bristol, Rhode Island in 1965. In 1969, Etnier was awarded honorary doctorates of fine arts from Bates College and Bowdoin College in Maine. In that year, he also began his association with Midtown Gallery in New York City. Posthumous retrospective exhibitions were mounted at thePortland Museum of Artin 1998 and at the Historical Society ofYork Countyin 1989. Marriages and children Stephen Etnier married Mathilde Gray, the daughter of John Lathrop Gray, Sr. and Harriet Hamilton Tyng of Greenwich, Connecticut in 1926.They had two daughters; Suzanne Mathilde Etnier, born July 6, 1927, and Penelope Royall Etnier born July 17, 1929. He married Elizabeth Morgan Jay of Westbury, New York in 1933. They had two daughters: Stephanie Jay Etnier was born September 8, 1936, and Elizabeth Victoria Etnier was born May 1, 1940. Etnier's third wife was Jane Walden Pearce, who died soon after they were married in 1948. He married Samuella \"Brownie\" Brown Rose in 1950. They had two sons; John Stephen Etnier, born August 26, 1953, and David Morrison Etnier, born August 29, 1955.Etnier's fifth and final marriage came in the last months of his life: he married Marcia Hall of Harpswell in 1983. They later divorced. References Notes Sources External links","The Moon and Sixpence The Moon and Sixpenceis a novel byW. Somerset Maugham, first published on 15 April 1919. It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator providing a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character, Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist. The story is, in part, based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin. Plot summary The book is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, a young, aspiring writer and playwright in London. Certain chapters entirely comprise accounts of events by other characters, which the narrator recalls from memory, selectively editing or elaborating on certain aspects of dialogue, particularly Strickland's, because Strickland is said by the narrator to have a very poor ability to express himself in words. The narrator first develops an acquaintance with Strickland's wife at literary parties and later meets Strickland himself, who appears to be an unremarkable businessman with no interest in his wife's literary or artistic tastes. Strickland is a well-off, middle-class stockbroker in London, sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century. Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris. The narrator enters directly into the story at that point, when he is asked by Mrs Strickland to go to Paris and talk with her husband. He lives a destitute but defiantly contented life there as a painter, lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger. Strickland, in his drive to express through his art what appears to continually possess and compel him on the inside, cares nothing for physical discomfort and is indifferent to his surroundings. He is helped and supported by a commercially successful but hackneyed Dutch painter, Dirk Stroeve, coincidentally, also an old friend of the narrator, who recognises Strickland's genius as a painter. After helping Strickland recover from a life-threatening illness, Stroeve is repaid by having his wife, Blanche, abandon him for Strickland. Strickland later discards the wife, because all he really wanted from Blanche was for her to be a model to paint, not a serious companion. It is hinted in the novel that he indicated that to her, but she took the risk anyway. Blanche then dies by suicide. She is another human casualty in Strickland's single-minded pursuit of art and beauty, the first casualties being his own established life, and those of his wife and children. After the Paris episode, the story continues inTahiti. Strickland has already died, and the narrator attempts to piece together his life there from recollections of others. He finds that Strickland had taken up with a native woman, had two children by her (one of whom died), and started painting prolifically. We learn that Strickland had settled for a short while in the French port ofMarseillebefore traveling to Tahiti, where he lived for a few years before dying ofleprosy. Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but hismagnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut before losing his sight to leprosy, was burnt by his wife after his death, as per his dying orders. Inspiration The Moon and Sixpenceis not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction. It is founded on what I had heard about him, but I used only the main facts of his story and for the rest trusted to such gifts of invention as I was fortunate enough to possess. The life of the French artistPaul Gauguinis the inspiration for the story, but the character of Strickland as a solitary,sociopathic, and destructive genius is more related to a mythological version of Gauguin's life, which the artist himself developed and promoted, than the actual course of his life. The real Gauguin was a participant in the artistic developments in France in the 1880s, exhibiting his work regularly with theImpressionists, and being a friend and collaborator with many artists. Gauguin did work as a stockbroker, did leave his wife and family to devote his life to art, and did leave Europe for Tahiti to pursue his career. However, none of that happened in the brutal way of the novel's character. Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914. Strickland is created as an extreme version of the \"modern artist as 'genius'\", who is indifferent and frequently hostile to the people around him. Writing in 1953, Maugham described the idea for the book as arising during a year that he spent living in Paris in 1904: \"...I met men who had known him and worked with him at Pont-Aven. I heard much about him. It occurred to me that there was in what I was told the subject of a novel.\" The idea remained in his mind for ten years, until a visit to Tahiti in 1914, where Maugham was able to meet people who had known Gauguin, inspired him to start writing.The critic Amy Dickson examines the relationship between Gauguin and Strickland. She contrasts the novel's description of Strickland, \"his faults are accepted as the necessary complement of his merits... but one thing can never be doubtful, and that is that he had genius\", with Gauguin's description of himself: \"I am an artist and you are right, you're not mad, I am a great artist and I know it. It's because I know it that I have endured such sufferings. To have done otherwise I would consider myself a brigand—which is what many people think I am.\" Dickson sums up the novel as follows: \"Maugham was fascinated by the impact of the arrival ofmodernismfrom Europe on an insular British consciousness and the emergence of the cult of the modernist artist-genius—The Moon and Sixpenceis at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" About the title According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review inThe Times Literary Supplementof Maugham's novelOf Human Bondage, in which the novel'sprotagonist, Philip Carey, is described as being \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\"According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon.\" Maugham's title echoes the description of Gauguin by his contemporary biographer, Meier-Graefe (1908): \"He may be charged with having always wanted something else.\" Adaptations The book was made into a stage play in 1925 at theNew Theatre, withHenry Ainleyas Strickland andEileen Sharpas Ata. Afilm of the same namedirected and written byAlbert Lewin, was released in 1942, starringGeorge Sandersas Charles Strickland. The novel served as the basis for a 1957 opera, also titledThe Moon and Sixpence, byJohn Gardnerto a libretto by Patrick Terry which premiered atSadlers Wells. S Lee Pogostin adapted it for American TV in 1959. That production,The Moon and Sixpence(1959), starredLaurence Olivier, withHume CronynandJessica Tandyin supporting roles. In popular culture Ray Noble's dance band hit \"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\" (1932), sung byAl Bowlly, takes its name from the book. The Moon and Sixpenceis central to the protagonist's solving the mystery in theHoward PeasenovelThe Ship Without a Crew(1934). The book was mentioned inAgatha Christie's mystery (Hercule Poirotseries) novelFive Little Pigs(1942), when Poirot asks one of the suspects (Angela Warren) if she read the book at the time the crime was committed. The victim in the case is a married artist infatuated with a younger woman he yearns to paint, and for whom he may or may not be about to abandon his wife. It was mentioned in the James Jones novelFrom Here to Eternity(1951), in a conversation between Sergeant Warden and Corporal Mazzioli. Jack Kerouacmentions the book in his novellaThe Subterraneans(1958). In the opening scene ofFrançois Truffaut's filmFahrenheit 451(1966), an adaptation ofRay Bradbury's 1953novel of the same name, several firemen are preparing books for burning. In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest. That book isThe Moon and Sixpence. It is also mentioned frequently in twoStephen Kingnovels:Bag of Bones(1998); and, in passing,Finders Keepers(2015). See also Notes External links","USSMizpah USSMizpah(PY-29)was aUnited States Navypatrol yacht. Constructed in 1926, the vessel was constructed as thepleasure yachtSavarona. In 1929 it was renamedAllegroand thenMizpahfor use on theGreat Lakes. The vessel was acquired by the United States Navy in 1942 and converted to a warship andcommissionedthe same year.Mizpahserved as aconvoyescort along the United States East Coast before becoming aschool shipin 1944. Following the end of the war, the vessel returned to private operation in 1946 until 1967 whenMizpahwas laid up with a brokencrankshaftatTampa, Florida. An attempt to save the ship proved futile andMizpahwasscuttledoff the coast of Florida as anartificial reefin 1968. The wreck is now a populardive site. Service history The 185-foot (56 m) ship was berthed in 1926 from the parts of an abandoned newdestroyer, as thepleasure yachtSavanarolaby theNewport News Shipbuilding and Drydock CompanyofNewport News, Virginia.The yacht, originally constructed for the United States Navy but due to naval treaties was prevented from being completed. The still unbuilt vessel was sold to Mrs. Cadwalader ofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania. After completion the vessel was given the nameSequoiabefore being sold to James Elverson who renamed itAllegro.In 1929 it was sold toEugene F. McDonaldofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, founder and president of theZenith Radio Corporation,who used it both as aChicagoresidence and a floating laboratory on which to test his electronics company's new products. One of the largest yachts on theGreat Lakesin its Jazz Age heyday, the ship was renamedMizpahin 1929. United States Navy service Mizpahwas acquired by theUnited States Navyon 16 March 1942 and converted to a warship atSturgeon Bay Shipbuilding Company,Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, with LieutenantStephen M. Etnierin command. It wascommissionedUSSMizpah(PY-29) on 26 October 1942.Mizpahdeparted Sturgeon Bay on 16 November 1942 for service as aconvoyescort along the eastern coast of the United States betweenNew York CityandKey West, Floridauntil July 1944. From August 1944 until April 1945,Mizpahserved as a navigationschool shipfrom the Amphibious Training Base atLittle Creek, Virginia, training officers to sail amphibious vessels in theChesapeake Bayregion. Mizpahunderwent conversion to aflagshipatBoston, Massachusetts and was employed as such by Destroyer Force,Atlantic Fleet.Mizpahbecame the flagship of Rear AdmiralOliver M. HustvedtatPortland, Maine, on 28 May 1945 under the command of Lt. Stephen M. Etnier. Hustvedt was succeeded by Rear AdmiralFrank E. Beatty, Jr., on 4 September 1945. In mid-October, 1945, Lt. Etnier was succeeded by Lieutenant D. Dudley Bloom, who sailedMizpahfrom Portland, Maine, south toCharleston, South Carolina, arriving on 10 December 1945. She wasdecommissionedon 16 January 1946 and transferred to the United States War Shipping Administration (WSA) on 25 September 1946 for disposal. Final years The WSA then sold her to a private Honduran corporation for transporting bananas out of South America. While sailing toTampa, Florida, the vessel was caught in a storm, suffered a brokencrankshaft, and was laid up in Tampa for repair. At that time, Eugene Kinney,McDonald's nephew and Zenith Corporation vice president who had grown up onMizpahand served as a naval officer in theSouth PacificduringWorld War II, learned of her plight and purchased her. FindingMizpahirreparably damaged, however, Kinneyscuttledher off the coast of Palm Beach, Florida, on 9 April 1968,along with another ship,USSPC-1174, to serve as anartificialreef to preventbeach erosion. Sitting in 90–110 feet (27–34 m) of waterwith her hatches left ajar,Mizpahis now one of the chief attractions of an offshore scuba diving area known as \"The Mizpah Corridor\". Citations Sources External links Cave dive sites:"],"string":"[\n \"Stephen Etnier Stephen Morgan Etnier(September 11, 1903 – November 7, 1984) was an Americanrealistpainter, painting for six decades. His work is distinguished by a mixture of realism andluminism, favoring industrial and working scenes, but always imbued with atmospheric light. Geographically, his career spanned the length of the eastern Atlantic and beyond. Childhood and education Stephen Etnier was born in September, 1903 inYork, Pennsylvania. From 1915 to 1922 he attended the Haverford and Hill schools in Pennsylvania and Roxbury Tutoring School in Connecticut. He matriculated intoYale Universityclass of 1926, transferring to Yale Art School in December 1922. Re-entering Yale University in 1923 he was later dismissed for poor grades. He enteredHaverford Collegein 1924 and transferred to thePennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied for four years. From 1925 through 1929 he studied and apprenticed under the artists Henry Breckinridge,Rockwell Kentand John Carroll. Early career Drawing inspiration fromThe Moon and Sixpence,Somerset Maugham'snovel based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin, Etnier pursued painting, launching his career with a solo exhibition at Dudensing Galleries, New York City in 1931. He soon moved to New York's Milch Gallery, where he would remain until the 1960s. Etnier's early work of 1930s and 1940s provides a record of his life at the time. His work shows street scenes in his home state of Pennsylvania, waterfronts from his travels to Haiti and the Bahamas, (and made while sailing the Eastern Seaboard aboard his 70-foot sailboat,Morgana), aerial perspectives created as he learned to fly, and dramatic Maine landscapes, painted while he renovated a stately 1862 home, \\\"Gilbert Head\\\". Gilbert Head was on Long Island, Maine at the opening of theKennebec Riverand across fromFort Pophamand Popham Beach. Etnier and his wife Betsy lived on theMorganafor two years while they renovated the house. Her account of these years,On Gilbert Head, was published in 1937. In 1938 he executed the mural \\\"Waiting for the Mail,\\\" installed at theU.S. Post OfficeinSpring Valley, New York, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1988.In 1940 he painted a second mural, \\\"Mail for New England\\\" at theBoston, MA. Everett Branch Post Office. In 2010 this mural was restored and reinstalled at the Clarendon Street Post Office in Boston. Military service In 1941, at the age of thirty-eight, Etnier suspended his painting career to serve in theUnited States Navy. In May 1942, Etnier was commissioned as a lieutenant and assigned as commanding officer of theUSSMizpah, a North Atlantic convoy escort ship. In 1944, he was reassigned to the USSTourmalinein Boston, and later to theUSSGeneral Omar Bundyin San Francisco. He completed his tour of duty in 1945. Later career Etnier purchased land inSouth Harpswell, Maine in 1948 to build \\\"Old Cove\\\", his dream house and studio. Designed in collaboration with Portland, Maine architect James Saunders, the home featured a porch cantilevered over the ocean, north-facing windows for his studio, and a living room overlooking the ocean and framed byMondrian-inspired window frames. Named for the private cove it overlooked, the home served as the foundation for a productive and increasingly serene period in Etnier's career. Old Cove was sold to new owners in 2014 and subsequently demolished. The 1950s and 1960s mark a maturing, accomplished style in Etnier's work. Although still traveling south most winters in his boat, his life took a more domestic turn as he re-adopted Maine as his permanent home and married his fourth wife, Samuella \\\"Brownie\\\" Brown Rose. They were married for thirty-three years and had two sons. During those years, he painted daily, exhibited widely and enjoyed popular support, artistic awards and media attention. Etnier's work became more architectural, marked by stark geometry, light and shadow, impressionistic figures and accents of color and modern culture. He adopted an artist's discipline of rising early and painting each morning (learned first from Rockwell Kent ), seeking to capture the essence of Maine waterfronts and landscapes and the effects of light. The study of sunlight and water fascinated Etnier until the end of his career. On November 7, 1984, Stephen Etnier died at Old Cove, comforted by his two sons. Exhibitions and awards Etnier exhibited frequently in galleries in Pennsylvania, Maine, New York and Dallas. His work appears in the permanent collections of theMetropolitan Museum of Art,Boston Museum of Fine Artsand other museums across the United States. Acclaim includes his election as an academician by the National Academy of Design and a retrospective exhibit at the Farnsworth Museum in Rockland, Maine in 1953; receipt of the Saltus Award by the National Academy of Design in 1955; a solo exhibition at York Junior College in York, Pennsylvania and the Samuel F. B. Morse gold medal from the National Academy of Design in 1964; and a solo exhibition at the Bristol Art Museum in Bristol, Rhode Island in 1965. In 1969, Etnier was awarded honorary doctorates of fine arts from Bates College and Bowdoin College in Maine. In that year, he also began his association with Midtown Gallery in New York City. Posthumous retrospective exhibitions were mounted at thePortland Museum of Artin 1998 and at the Historical Society ofYork Countyin 1989. Marriages and children Stephen Etnier married Mathilde Gray, the daughter of John Lathrop Gray, Sr. and Harriet Hamilton Tyng of Greenwich, Connecticut in 1926.They had two daughters; Suzanne Mathilde Etnier, born July 6, 1927, and Penelope Royall Etnier born July 17, 1929. He married Elizabeth Morgan Jay of Westbury, New York in 1933. They had two daughters: Stephanie Jay Etnier was born September 8, 1936, and Elizabeth Victoria Etnier was born May 1, 1940. Etnier's third wife was Jane Walden Pearce, who died soon after they were married in 1948. He married Samuella \\\"Brownie\\\" Brown Rose in 1950. They had two sons; John Stephen Etnier, born August 26, 1953, and David Morrison Etnier, born August 29, 1955.Etnier's fifth and final marriage came in the last months of his life: he married Marcia Hall of Harpswell in 1983. They later divorced. References Notes Sources External links\",\n \"The Moon and Sixpence The Moon and Sixpenceis a novel byW. Somerset Maugham, first published on 15 April 1919. It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator providing a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character, Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist. The story is, in part, based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin. Plot summary The book is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, a young, aspiring writer and playwright in London. Certain chapters entirely comprise accounts of events by other characters, which the narrator recalls from memory, selectively editing or elaborating on certain aspects of dialogue, particularly Strickland's, because Strickland is said by the narrator to have a very poor ability to express himself in words. The narrator first develops an acquaintance with Strickland's wife at literary parties and later meets Strickland himself, who appears to be an unremarkable businessman with no interest in his wife's literary or artistic tastes. Strickland is a well-off, middle-class stockbroker in London, sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century. Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris. The narrator enters directly into the story at that point, when he is asked by Mrs Strickland to go to Paris and talk with her husband. He lives a destitute but defiantly contented life there as a painter, lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger. Strickland, in his drive to express through his art what appears to continually possess and compel him on the inside, cares nothing for physical discomfort and is indifferent to his surroundings. He is helped and supported by a commercially successful but hackneyed Dutch painter, Dirk Stroeve, coincidentally, also an old friend of the narrator, who recognises Strickland's genius as a painter. After helping Strickland recover from a life-threatening illness, Stroeve is repaid by having his wife, Blanche, abandon him for Strickland. Strickland later discards the wife, because all he really wanted from Blanche was for her to be a model to paint, not a serious companion. It is hinted in the novel that he indicated that to her, but she took the risk anyway. Blanche then dies by suicide. She is another human casualty in Strickland's single-minded pursuit of art and beauty, the first casualties being his own established life, and those of his wife and children. After the Paris episode, the story continues inTahiti. Strickland has already died, and the narrator attempts to piece together his life there from recollections of others. He finds that Strickland had taken up with a native woman, had two children by her (one of whom died), and started painting prolifically. We learn that Strickland had settled for a short while in the French port ofMarseillebefore traveling to Tahiti, where he lived for a few years before dying ofleprosy. Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but hismagnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut before losing his sight to leprosy, was burnt by his wife after his death, as per his dying orders. Inspiration The Moon and Sixpenceis not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction. It is founded on what I had heard about him, but I used only the main facts of his story and for the rest trusted to such gifts of invention as I was fortunate enough to possess. The life of the French artistPaul Gauguinis the inspiration for the story, but the character of Strickland as a solitary,sociopathic, and destructive genius is more related to a mythological version of Gauguin's life, which the artist himself developed and promoted, than the actual course of his life. The real Gauguin was a participant in the artistic developments in France in the 1880s, exhibiting his work regularly with theImpressionists, and being a friend and collaborator with many artists. Gauguin did work as a stockbroker, did leave his wife and family to devote his life to art, and did leave Europe for Tahiti to pursue his career. However, none of that happened in the brutal way of the novel's character. Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914. Strickland is created as an extreme version of the \\\"modern artist as 'genius'\\\", who is indifferent and frequently hostile to the people around him. Writing in 1953, Maugham described the idea for the book as arising during a year that he spent living in Paris in 1904: \\\"...I met men who had known him and worked with him at Pont-Aven. I heard much about him. It occurred to me that there was in what I was told the subject of a novel.\\\" The idea remained in his mind for ten years, until a visit to Tahiti in 1914, where Maugham was able to meet people who had known Gauguin, inspired him to start writing.The critic Amy Dickson examines the relationship between Gauguin and Strickland. She contrasts the novel's description of Strickland, \\\"his faults are accepted as the necessary complement of his merits... but one thing can never be doubtful, and that is that he had genius\\\", with Gauguin's description of himself: \\\"I am an artist and you are right, you're not mad, I am a great artist and I know it. It's because I know it that I have endured such sufferings. To have done otherwise I would consider myself a brigand—which is what many people think I am.\\\" Dickson sums up the novel as follows: \\\"Maugham was fascinated by the impact of the arrival ofmodernismfrom Europe on an insular British consciousness and the emergence of the cult of the modernist artist-genius—The Moon and Sixpenceis at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\\\" About the title According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review inThe Times Literary Supplementof Maugham's novelOf Human Bondage, in which the novel'sprotagonist, Philip Carey, is described as being \\\"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\\\"According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \\\"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon.\\\" Maugham's title echoes the description of Gauguin by his contemporary biographer, Meier-Graefe (1908): \\\"He may be charged with having always wanted something else.\\\" Adaptations The book was made into a stage play in 1925 at theNew Theatre, withHenry Ainleyas Strickland andEileen Sharpas Ata. Afilm of the same namedirected and written byAlbert Lewin, was released in 1942, starringGeorge Sandersas Charles Strickland. The novel served as the basis for a 1957 opera, also titledThe Moon and Sixpence, byJohn Gardnerto a libretto by Patrick Terry which premiered atSadlers Wells. S Lee Pogostin adapted it for American TV in 1959. That production,The Moon and Sixpence(1959), starredLaurence Olivier, withHume CronynandJessica Tandyin supporting roles. In popular culture Ray Noble's dance band hit \\\"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\\\" (1932), sung byAl Bowlly, takes its name from the book. The Moon and Sixpenceis central to the protagonist's solving the mystery in theHoward PeasenovelThe Ship Without a Crew(1934). The book was mentioned inAgatha Christie's mystery (Hercule Poirotseries) novelFive Little Pigs(1942), when Poirot asks one of the suspects (Angela Warren) if she read the book at the time the crime was committed. The victim in the case is a married artist infatuated with a younger woman he yearns to paint, and for whom he may or may not be about to abandon his wife. It was mentioned in the James Jones novelFrom Here to Eternity(1951), in a conversation between Sergeant Warden and Corporal Mazzioli. Jack Kerouacmentions the book in his novellaThe Subterraneans(1958). In the opening scene ofFrançois Truffaut's filmFahrenheit 451(1966), an adaptation ofRay Bradbury's 1953novel of the same name, several firemen are preparing books for burning. In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest. That book isThe Moon and Sixpence. It is also mentioned frequently in twoStephen Kingnovels:Bag of Bones(1998); and, in passing,Finders Keepers(2015). See also Notes External links\",\n \"USSMizpah USSMizpah(PY-29)was aUnited States Navypatrol yacht. Constructed in 1926, the vessel was constructed as thepleasure yachtSavarona. In 1929 it was renamedAllegroand thenMizpahfor use on theGreat Lakes. The vessel was acquired by the United States Navy in 1942 and converted to a warship andcommissionedthe same year.Mizpahserved as aconvoyescort along the United States East Coast before becoming aschool shipin 1944. Following the end of the war, the vessel returned to private operation in 1946 until 1967 whenMizpahwas laid up with a brokencrankshaftatTampa, Florida. An attempt to save the ship proved futile andMizpahwasscuttledoff the coast of Florida as anartificial reefin 1968. The wreck is now a populardive site. Service history The 185-foot (56 m) ship was berthed in 1926 from the parts of an abandoned newdestroyer, as thepleasure yachtSavanarolaby theNewport News Shipbuilding and Drydock CompanyofNewport News, Virginia.The yacht, originally constructed for the United States Navy but due to naval treaties was prevented from being completed. The still unbuilt vessel was sold to Mrs. Cadwalader ofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania. After completion the vessel was given the nameSequoiabefore being sold to James Elverson who renamed itAllegro.In 1929 it was sold toEugene F. McDonaldofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, founder and president of theZenith Radio Corporation,who used it both as aChicagoresidence and a floating laboratory on which to test his electronics company's new products. One of the largest yachts on theGreat Lakesin its Jazz Age heyday, the ship was renamedMizpahin 1929. United States Navy service Mizpahwas acquired by theUnited States Navyon 16 March 1942 and converted to a warship atSturgeon Bay Shipbuilding Company,Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, with LieutenantStephen M. Etnierin command. It wascommissionedUSSMizpah(PY-29) on 26 October 1942.Mizpahdeparted Sturgeon Bay on 16 November 1942 for service as aconvoyescort along the eastern coast of the United States betweenNew York CityandKey West, Floridauntil July 1944. From August 1944 until April 1945,Mizpahserved as a navigationschool shipfrom the Amphibious Training Base atLittle Creek, Virginia, training officers to sail amphibious vessels in theChesapeake Bayregion. Mizpahunderwent conversion to aflagshipatBoston, Massachusetts and was employed as such by Destroyer Force,Atlantic Fleet.Mizpahbecame the flagship of Rear AdmiralOliver M. HustvedtatPortland, Maine, on 28 May 1945 under the command of Lt. Stephen M. Etnier. Hustvedt was succeeded by Rear AdmiralFrank E. Beatty, Jr., on 4 September 1945. In mid-October, 1945, Lt. Etnier was succeeded by Lieutenant D. Dudley Bloom, who sailedMizpahfrom Portland, Maine, south toCharleston, South Carolina, arriving on 10 December 1945. She wasdecommissionedon 16 January 1946 and transferred to the United States War Shipping Administration (WSA) on 25 September 1946 for disposal. Final years The WSA then sold her to a private Honduran corporation for transporting bananas out of South America. While sailing toTampa, Florida, the vessel was caught in a storm, suffered a brokencrankshaft, and was laid up in Tampa for repair. At that time, Eugene Kinney,McDonald's nephew and Zenith Corporation vice president who had grown up onMizpahand served as a naval officer in theSouth PacificduringWorld War II, learned of her plight and purchased her. FindingMizpahirreparably damaged, however, Kinneyscuttledher off the coast of Palm Beach, Florida, on 9 April 1968,along with another ship,USSPC-1174, to serve as anartificialreef to preventbeach erosion. Sitting in 90–110 feet (27–34 m) of waterwith her hatches left ajar,Mizpahis now one of the chief attractions of an offshore scuba diving area known as \\\"The Mizpah Corridor\\\". Citations Sources External links Cave dive sites:\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Stephen Etnier Stephen Morgan Etnier(September 11, 1903 – November 7, 1984) was an Americanrealistpainter, painting for six decades. His work is distinguished by a mixture of realism andluminism, favoring industrial and working scenes, but always imbued with atmospheric light. Geographically, his career spanned the length of the eastern Atlantic and beyond. Childhood and education Stephen Etnier was born in September, 1903 inYork, Pennsylvania. From 1915 to 1922 he attended the Haverford and Hill schools in Pennsylvania and Roxbury Tutoring School in Connecticut. He matriculated intoYale Universityclass of 1926, transferring to Yale Art School in December 1922. Re-entering Yale University in 1923 he was later dismissed for poor grades. He enteredHaverford Collegein 1924 and transferred to thePennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied for four years. From 1925 through 1929 he studied and apprenticed under the artists Henry Breckinridge,Rockwell Kentand John Carroll. Early career Drawing inspiration","Drawing inspiration fromThe Moon and Sixpence,Somerset Maugham'snovel based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin, Etnier pursued painting, launching his career with a solo exhibition at Dudensing Galleries, New York City in 1931. He soon moved to New York's Milch Gallery, where he would remain until the 1960s. Etnier's early work of 1930s and 1940s provides a record of his life at the time. His work shows street scenes in his home state of Pennsylvania, waterfronts from his travels to Haiti and the Bahamas, (and made while sailing the Eastern Seaboard aboard his 70-foot sailboat,Morgana), aerial perspectives created as he learned to fly, and dramatic Maine landscapes, painted while he renovated a stately 1862 home, \"Gilbert Head\". Gilbert Head was on Long Island, Maine at the opening of theKennebec Riverand across fromFort Pophamand Popham Beach. Etnier and his wife Betsy lived on theMorganafor two years while they renovated the house. Her account of these years,On Gilbert Head, was published in 1937. In","in 1937. In 1938 he executed the mural \"Waiting for the Mail,\" installed at theU.S. Post OfficeinSpring Valley, New York, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1988.In 1940 he painted a second mural, \"Mail for New England\" at theBoston, MA. Everett Branch Post Office. In 2010 this mural was restored and reinstalled at the Clarendon Street Post Office in Boston. Military service In 1941, at the age of thirty-eight, Etnier suspended his painting career to serve in theUnited States Navy. In May 1942, Etnier was commissioned as a lieutenant and assigned as commanding officer of theUSSMizpah, a North Atlantic convoy escort ship. In 1944, he was reassigned to the USSTourmalinein Boston, and later to theUSSGeneral Omar Bundyin San Francisco. He completed his tour of duty in 1945. Later career Etnier purchased land inSouth Harpswell, Maine in 1948 to build \"Old Cove\", his dream house and studio. Designed in collaboration with Portland, Maine architect James Saunders, the home featured a porch","featured a porch cantilevered over the ocean, north-facing windows for his studio, and a living room overlooking the ocean and framed byMondrian-inspired window frames. Named for the private cove it overlooked, the home served as the foundation for a productive and increasingly serene period in Etnier's career. Old Cove was sold to new owners in 2014 and subsequently demolished. The 1950s and 1960s mark a maturing, accomplished style in Etnier's work. Although still traveling south most winters in his boat, his life took a more domestic turn as he re-adopted Maine as his permanent home and married his fourth wife, Samuella \"Brownie\" Brown Rose. They were married for thirty-three years and had two sons. During those years, he painted daily, exhibited widely and enjoyed popular support, artistic awards and media attention. Etnier's work became more architectural, marked by stark geometry, light and shadow, impressionistic figures and accents of color and modern culture. He adopted an artist's discipline of","discipline of rising early and painting each morning (learned first from Rockwell Kent ), seeking to capture the essence of Maine waterfronts and landscapes and the effects of light. The study of sunlight and water fascinated Etnier until the end of his career. On November 7, 1984, Stephen Etnier died at Old Cove, comforted by his two sons. Exhibitions and awards Etnier exhibited frequently in galleries in Pennsylvania, Maine, New York and Dallas. His work appears in the permanent collections of theMetropolitan Museum of Art,Boston Museum of Fine Artsand other museums across the United States. Acclaim includes his election as an academician by the National Academy of Design and a retrospective exhibit at the Farnsworth Museum in Rockland, Maine in 1953; receipt of the Saltus Award by the National Academy of Design in 1955; a solo exhibition at York Junior College in York, Pennsylvania and the Samuel F. B. Morse gold medal from the National Academy of Design in 1964; and a solo exhibition at the Bristol Art","at the Bristol Art Museum in Bristol, Rhode Island in 1965. In 1969, Etnier was awarded honorary doctorates of fine arts from Bates College and Bowdoin College in Maine. In that year, he also began his association with Midtown Gallery in New York City. Posthumous retrospective exhibitions were mounted at thePortland Museum of Artin 1998 and at the Historical Society ofYork Countyin 1989. Marriages and children Stephen Etnier married Mathilde Gray, the daughter of John Lathrop Gray, Sr. and Harriet Hamilton Tyng of Greenwich, Connecticut in 1926.They had two daughters; Suzanne Mathilde Etnier, born July 6, 1927, and Penelope Royall Etnier born July 17, 1929. He married Elizabeth Morgan Jay of Westbury, New York in 1933. They had two daughters: Stephanie Jay Etnier was born September 8, 1936, and Elizabeth Victoria Etnier was born May 1, 1940. Etnier's third wife was Jane Walden Pearce, who died soon after they were married in 1948. He married Samuella \"Brownie\" Brown Rose in 1950. They had two sons; John","had two sons; John Stephen Etnier, born August 26, 1953, and David Morrison Etnier, born August 29, 1955.Etnier's fifth and final marriage came in the last months of his life: he married Marcia Hall of Harpswell in 1983. They later divorced. References Notes Sources External links","The Moon and Sixpence The Moon and Sixpenceis a novel byW. Somerset Maugham, first published on 15 April 1919. It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator providing a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character, Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist. The story is, in part, based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin. Plot summary The book is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, a young, aspiring writer and playwright in London. Certain chapters entirely comprise accounts of events by other characters, which the narrator recalls from memory, selectively editing or elaborating on certain aspects of dialogue, particularly Strickland's, because Strickland is said by the narrator to have a very poor ability to express himself in words. The narrator first develops an acquaintance with Strickland's wife at literary parties and later meets Strickland himself, who","himself, who appears to be an unremarkable businessman with no interest in his wife's literary or artistic tastes. Strickland is a well-off, middle-class stockbroker in London, sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century. Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris. The narrator enters directly into the story at that point, when he is asked by Mrs Strickland to go to Paris and talk with her husband. He lives a destitute but defiantly contented life there as a painter, lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger. Strickland, in his drive to express through his art what appears to continually possess and compel him on the inside, cares nothing for physical discomfort and is indifferent to his surroundings. He is helped and supported by a commercially successful but hackneyed Dutch painter, Dirk Stroeve, coincidentally, also an old friend of the narrator, who recognises Strickland's genius as a painter. After helping Strickland recover from a","recover from a life-threatening illness, Stroeve is repaid by having his wife, Blanche, abandon him for Strickland. Strickland later discards the wife, because all he really wanted from Blanche was for her to be a model to paint, not a serious companion. It is hinted in the novel that he indicated that to her, but she took the risk anyway. Blanche then dies by suicide. She is another human casualty in Strickland's single-minded pursuit of art and beauty, the first casualties being his own established life, and those of his wife and children. After the Paris episode, the story continues inTahiti. Strickland has already died, and the narrator attempts to piece together his life there from recollections of others. He finds that Strickland had taken up with a native woman, had two children by her (one of whom died), and started painting prolifically. We learn that Strickland had settled for a short while in the French port ofMarseillebefore traveling to Tahiti, where he lived for a few years before dying","years before dying ofleprosy. Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but hismagnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut before losing his sight to leprosy, was burnt by his wife after his death, as per his dying orders. Inspiration The Moon and Sixpenceis not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction. It is founded on what I had heard about him, but I used only the main facts of his story and for the rest trusted to such gifts of invention as I was fortunate enough to possess. The life of the French artistPaul Gauguinis the inspiration for the story, but the character of Strickland as a solitary,sociopathic, and destructive genius is more related to a mythological version of Gauguin's life, which the artist himself developed and promoted, than the actual course of his life. The real Gauguin was a participant in the artistic developments in France in the 1880s, exhibiting his work regularly with theImpressionists, and being a friend and collaborator with many artists. Gauguin did","Gauguin did work as a stockbroker, did leave his wife and family to devote his life to art, and did leave Europe for Tahiti to pursue his career. However, none of that happened in the brutal way of the novel's character. Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914. Strickland is created as an extreme version of the \"modern artist as 'genius'\", who is indifferent and frequently hostile to the people around him. Writing in 1953, Maugham described the idea for the book as arising during a year that he spent living in Paris in 1904: \"...I met men who had known him and worked with him at Pont-Aven. I heard much about him. It occurred to me that there was in what I was told the subject of a novel.\" The idea remained in his mind for ten years, until a visit to Tahiti in 1914, where Maugham was able to meet people who had known Gauguin, inspired him to start","him to start writing.The critic Amy Dickson examines the relationship between Gauguin and Strickland. She contrasts the novel's description of Strickland, \"his faults are accepted as the necessary complement of his merits... but one thing can never be doubtful, and that is that he had genius\", with Gauguin's description of himself: \"I am an artist and you are right, you're not mad, I am a great artist and I know it. It's because I know it that I have endured such sufferings. To have done otherwise I would consider myself a brigand—which is what many people think I am.\" Dickson sums up the novel as follows: \"Maugham was fascinated by the impact of the arrival ofmodernismfrom Europe on an insular British consciousness and the emergence of the cult of the modernist artist-genius—The Moon and Sixpenceis at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" About the title According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review inThe Times","review inThe Times Literary Supplementof Maugham's novelOf Human Bondage, in which the novel'sprotagonist, Philip Carey, is described as being \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\"According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon.\" Maugham's title echoes the description of Gauguin by his contemporary biographer, Meier-Graefe (1908): \"He may be charged with having always wanted something else.\" Adaptations The book was made into a stage play in 1925 at theNew Theatre, withHenry Ainleyas Strickland andEileen Sharpas Ata. Afilm of the same namedirected and written byAlbert Lewin, was released in 1942, starringGeorge Sandersas Charles Strickland. The novel served as the basis for a 1957 opera, also titledThe Moon and Sixpence, byJohn Gardnerto a libretto by Patrick Terry which premiered atSadlers Wells. S Lee Pogostin adapted it for American TV in 1959. That production,The Moon and","Moon and Sixpence(1959), starredLaurence Olivier, withHume CronynandJessica Tandyin supporting roles. In popular culture Ray Noble's dance band hit \"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\" (1932), sung byAl Bowlly, takes its name from the book. The Moon and Sixpenceis central to the protagonist's solving the mystery in theHoward PeasenovelThe Ship Without a Crew(1934). The book was mentioned inAgatha Christie's mystery (Hercule Poirotseries) novelFive Little Pigs(1942), when Poirot asks one of the suspects (Angela Warren) if she read the book at the time the crime was committed. The victim in the case is a married artist infatuated with a younger woman he yearns to paint, and for whom he may or may not be about to abandon his wife. It was mentioned in the James Jones novelFrom Here to Eternity(1951), in a conversation between Sergeant Warden and Corporal Mazzioli. Jack Kerouacmentions the book in his novellaThe Subterraneans(1958). In the opening scene ofFrançois Truffaut's filmFahrenheit 451(1966), an adaptation","an adaptation ofRay Bradbury's 1953novel of the same name, several firemen are preparing books for burning. In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest. That book isThe Moon and Sixpence. It is also mentioned frequently in twoStephen Kingnovels:Bag of Bones(1998); and, in passing,Finders Keepers(2015). See also Notes External links","USSMizpah USSMizpah(PY-29)was aUnited States Navypatrol yacht. Constructed in 1926, the vessel was constructed as thepleasure yachtSavarona. In 1929 it was renamedAllegroand thenMizpahfor use on theGreat Lakes. The vessel was acquired by the United States Navy in 1942 and converted to a warship andcommissionedthe same year.Mizpahserved as aconvoyescort along the United States East Coast before becoming aschool shipin 1944. Following the end of the war, the vessel returned to private operation in 1946 until 1967 whenMizpahwas laid up with a brokencrankshaftatTampa, Florida. An attempt to save the ship proved futile andMizpahwasscuttledoff the coast of Florida as anartificial reefin 1968. The wreck is now a populardive site. Service history The 185-foot (56 m) ship was berthed in 1926 from the parts of an abandoned newdestroyer, as thepleasure yachtSavanarolaby theNewport News Shipbuilding and Drydock CompanyofNewport News, Virginia.The yacht, originally constructed for the United States Navy but due to naval","but due to naval treaties was prevented from being completed. The still unbuilt vessel was sold to Mrs. Cadwalader ofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania. After completion the vessel was given the nameSequoiabefore being sold to James Elverson who renamed itAllegro.In 1929 it was sold toEugene F. McDonaldofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, founder and president of theZenith Radio Corporation,who used it both as aChicagoresidence and a floating laboratory on which to test his electronics company's new products. One of the largest yachts on theGreat Lakesin its Jazz Age heyday, the ship was renamedMizpahin 1929. United States Navy service Mizpahwas acquired by theUnited States Navyon 16 March 1942 and converted to a warship atSturgeon Bay Shipbuilding Company,Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, with LieutenantStephen M. Etnierin command. It wascommissionedUSSMizpah(PY-29) on 26 October 1942.Mizpahdeparted Sturgeon Bay on 16 November 1942 for service as aconvoyescort along the eastern coast of the United States betweenNew York CityandKey","York CityandKey West, Floridauntil July 1944. From August 1944 until April 1945,Mizpahserved as a navigationschool shipfrom the Amphibious Training Base atLittle Creek, Virginia, training officers to sail amphibious vessels in theChesapeake Bayregion. Mizpahunderwent conversion to aflagshipatBoston, Massachusetts and was employed as such by Destroyer Force,Atlantic Fleet.Mizpahbecame the flagship of Rear AdmiralOliver M. HustvedtatPortland, Maine, on 28 May 1945 under the command of Lt. Stephen M. Etnier. Hustvedt was succeeded by Rear AdmiralFrank E. Beatty, Jr., on 4 September 1945. In mid-October, 1945, Lt. Etnier was succeeded by Lieutenant D. Dudley Bloom, who sailedMizpahfrom Portland, Maine, south toCharleston, South Carolina, arriving on 10 December 1945. She wasdecommissionedon 16 January 1946 and transferred to the United States War Shipping Administration (WSA) on 25 September 1946 for disposal. Final years The WSA then sold her to a private Honduran corporation for transporting bananas out of","bananas out of South America. While sailing toTampa, Florida, the vessel was caught in a storm, suffered a brokencrankshaft, and was laid up in Tampa for repair. At that time, Eugene Kinney,McDonald's nephew and Zenith Corporation vice president who had grown up onMizpahand served as a naval officer in theSouth PacificduringWorld War II, learned of her plight and purchased her. FindingMizpahirreparably damaged, however, Kinneyscuttledher off the coast of Palm Beach, Florida, on 9 April 1968,along with another ship,USSPC-1174, to serve as anartificialreef to preventbeach erosion. Sitting in 90–110 feet (27–34 m) of waterwith her hatches left ajar,Mizpahis now one of the chief attractions of an offshore scuba diving area known as \"The Mizpah Corridor\". Citations Sources External links Cave dive sites:"],"string":"[\n \"Stephen Etnier Stephen Morgan Etnier(September 11, 1903 – November 7, 1984) was an Americanrealistpainter, painting for six decades. His work is distinguished by a mixture of realism andluminism, favoring industrial and working scenes, but always imbued with atmospheric light. Geographically, his career spanned the length of the eastern Atlantic and beyond. Childhood and education Stephen Etnier was born in September, 1903 inYork, Pennsylvania. From 1915 to 1922 he attended the Haverford and Hill schools in Pennsylvania and Roxbury Tutoring School in Connecticut. He matriculated intoYale Universityclass of 1926, transferring to Yale Art School in December 1922. Re-entering Yale University in 1923 he was later dismissed for poor grades. He enteredHaverford Collegein 1924 and transferred to thePennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied for four years. From 1925 through 1929 he studied and apprenticed under the artists Henry Breckinridge,Rockwell Kentand John Carroll. Early career Drawing inspiration\",\n \"Drawing inspiration fromThe Moon and Sixpence,Somerset Maugham'snovel based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin, Etnier pursued painting, launching his career with a solo exhibition at Dudensing Galleries, New York City in 1931. He soon moved to New York's Milch Gallery, where he would remain until the 1960s. Etnier's early work of 1930s and 1940s provides a record of his life at the time. His work shows street scenes in his home state of Pennsylvania, waterfronts from his travels to Haiti and the Bahamas, (and made while sailing the Eastern Seaboard aboard his 70-foot sailboat,Morgana), aerial perspectives created as he learned to fly, and dramatic Maine landscapes, painted while he renovated a stately 1862 home, \\\"Gilbert Head\\\". Gilbert Head was on Long Island, Maine at the opening of theKennebec Riverand across fromFort Pophamand Popham Beach. Etnier and his wife Betsy lived on theMorganafor two years while they renovated the house. Her account of these years,On Gilbert Head, was published in 1937. In\",\n \"in 1937. In 1938 he executed the mural \\\"Waiting for the Mail,\\\" installed at theU.S. Post OfficeinSpring Valley, New York, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1988.In 1940 he painted a second mural, \\\"Mail for New England\\\" at theBoston, MA. Everett Branch Post Office. In 2010 this mural was restored and reinstalled at the Clarendon Street Post Office in Boston. Military service In 1941, at the age of thirty-eight, Etnier suspended his painting career to serve in theUnited States Navy. In May 1942, Etnier was commissioned as a lieutenant and assigned as commanding officer of theUSSMizpah, a North Atlantic convoy escort ship. In 1944, he was reassigned to the USSTourmalinein Boston, and later to theUSSGeneral Omar Bundyin San Francisco. He completed his tour of duty in 1945. Later career Etnier purchased land inSouth Harpswell, Maine in 1948 to build \\\"Old Cove\\\", his dream house and studio. Designed in collaboration with Portland, Maine architect James Saunders, the home featured a porch\",\n \"featured a porch cantilevered over the ocean, north-facing windows for his studio, and a living room overlooking the ocean and framed byMondrian-inspired window frames. Named for the private cove it overlooked, the home served as the foundation for a productive and increasingly serene period in Etnier's career. Old Cove was sold to new owners in 2014 and subsequently demolished. The 1950s and 1960s mark a maturing, accomplished style in Etnier's work. Although still traveling south most winters in his boat, his life took a more domestic turn as he re-adopted Maine as his permanent home and married his fourth wife, Samuella \\\"Brownie\\\" Brown Rose. They were married for thirty-three years and had two sons. During those years, he painted daily, exhibited widely and enjoyed popular support, artistic awards and media attention. Etnier's work became more architectural, marked by stark geometry, light and shadow, impressionistic figures and accents of color and modern culture. He adopted an artist's discipline of\",\n \"discipline of rising early and painting each morning (learned first from Rockwell Kent ), seeking to capture the essence of Maine waterfronts and landscapes and the effects of light. The study of sunlight and water fascinated Etnier until the end of his career. On November 7, 1984, Stephen Etnier died at Old Cove, comforted by his two sons. Exhibitions and awards Etnier exhibited frequently in galleries in Pennsylvania, Maine, New York and Dallas. His work appears in the permanent collections of theMetropolitan Museum of Art,Boston Museum of Fine Artsand other museums across the United States. Acclaim includes his election as an academician by the National Academy of Design and a retrospective exhibit at the Farnsworth Museum in Rockland, Maine in 1953; receipt of the Saltus Award by the National Academy of Design in 1955; a solo exhibition at York Junior College in York, Pennsylvania and the Samuel F. B. Morse gold medal from the National Academy of Design in 1964; and a solo exhibition at the Bristol Art\",\n \"at the Bristol Art Museum in Bristol, Rhode Island in 1965. In 1969, Etnier was awarded honorary doctorates of fine arts from Bates College and Bowdoin College in Maine. In that year, he also began his association with Midtown Gallery in New York City. Posthumous retrospective exhibitions were mounted at thePortland Museum of Artin 1998 and at the Historical Society ofYork Countyin 1989. Marriages and children Stephen Etnier married Mathilde Gray, the daughter of John Lathrop Gray, Sr. and Harriet Hamilton Tyng of Greenwich, Connecticut in 1926.They had two daughters; Suzanne Mathilde Etnier, born July 6, 1927, and Penelope Royall Etnier born July 17, 1929. He married Elizabeth Morgan Jay of Westbury, New York in 1933. They had two daughters: Stephanie Jay Etnier was born September 8, 1936, and Elizabeth Victoria Etnier was born May 1, 1940. Etnier's third wife was Jane Walden Pearce, who died soon after they were married in 1948. He married Samuella \\\"Brownie\\\" Brown Rose in 1950. They had two sons; John\",\n \"had two sons; John Stephen Etnier, born August 26, 1953, and David Morrison Etnier, born August 29, 1955.Etnier's fifth and final marriage came in the last months of his life: he married Marcia Hall of Harpswell in 1983. They later divorced. References Notes Sources External links\",\n \"The Moon and Sixpence The Moon and Sixpenceis a novel byW. Somerset Maugham, first published on 15 April 1919. It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator providing a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character, Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist. The story is, in part, based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin. Plot summary The book is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, a young, aspiring writer and playwright in London. Certain chapters entirely comprise accounts of events by other characters, which the narrator recalls from memory, selectively editing or elaborating on certain aspects of dialogue, particularly Strickland's, because Strickland is said by the narrator to have a very poor ability to express himself in words. The narrator first develops an acquaintance with Strickland's wife at literary parties and later meets Strickland himself, who\",\n \"himself, who appears to be an unremarkable businessman with no interest in his wife's literary or artistic tastes. Strickland is a well-off, middle-class stockbroker in London, sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century. Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris. The narrator enters directly into the story at that point, when he is asked by Mrs Strickland to go to Paris and talk with her husband. He lives a destitute but defiantly contented life there as a painter, lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger. Strickland, in his drive to express through his art what appears to continually possess and compel him on the inside, cares nothing for physical discomfort and is indifferent to his surroundings. He is helped and supported by a commercially successful but hackneyed Dutch painter, Dirk Stroeve, coincidentally, also an old friend of the narrator, who recognises Strickland's genius as a painter. After helping Strickland recover from a\",\n \"recover from a life-threatening illness, Stroeve is repaid by having his wife, Blanche, abandon him for Strickland. Strickland later discards the wife, because all he really wanted from Blanche was for her to be a model to paint, not a serious companion. It is hinted in the novel that he indicated that to her, but she took the risk anyway. Blanche then dies by suicide. She is another human casualty in Strickland's single-minded pursuit of art and beauty, the first casualties being his own established life, and those of his wife and children. After the Paris episode, the story continues inTahiti. Strickland has already died, and the narrator attempts to piece together his life there from recollections of others. He finds that Strickland had taken up with a native woman, had two children by her (one of whom died), and started painting prolifically. We learn that Strickland had settled for a short while in the French port ofMarseillebefore traveling to Tahiti, where he lived for a few years before dying\",\n \"years before dying ofleprosy. Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but hismagnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut before losing his sight to leprosy, was burnt by his wife after his death, as per his dying orders. Inspiration The Moon and Sixpenceis not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction. It is founded on what I had heard about him, but I used only the main facts of his story and for the rest trusted to such gifts of invention as I was fortunate enough to possess. The life of the French artistPaul Gauguinis the inspiration for the story, but the character of Strickland as a solitary,sociopathic, and destructive genius is more related to a mythological version of Gauguin's life, which the artist himself developed and promoted, than the actual course of his life. The real Gauguin was a participant in the artistic developments in France in the 1880s, exhibiting his work regularly with theImpressionists, and being a friend and collaborator with many artists. Gauguin did\",\n \"Gauguin did work as a stockbroker, did leave his wife and family to devote his life to art, and did leave Europe for Tahiti to pursue his career. However, none of that happened in the brutal way of the novel's character. Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914. Strickland is created as an extreme version of the \\\"modern artist as 'genius'\\\", who is indifferent and frequently hostile to the people around him. Writing in 1953, Maugham described the idea for the book as arising during a year that he spent living in Paris in 1904: \\\"...I met men who had known him and worked with him at Pont-Aven. I heard much about him. It occurred to me that there was in what I was told the subject of a novel.\\\" The idea remained in his mind for ten years, until a visit to Tahiti in 1914, where Maugham was able to meet people who had known Gauguin, inspired him to start\",\n \"him to start writing.The critic Amy Dickson examines the relationship between Gauguin and Strickland. She contrasts the novel's description of Strickland, \\\"his faults are accepted as the necessary complement of his merits... but one thing can never be doubtful, and that is that he had genius\\\", with Gauguin's description of himself: \\\"I am an artist and you are right, you're not mad, I am a great artist and I know it. It's because I know it that I have endured such sufferings. To have done otherwise I would consider myself a brigand—which is what many people think I am.\\\" Dickson sums up the novel as follows: \\\"Maugham was fascinated by the impact of the arrival ofmodernismfrom Europe on an insular British consciousness and the emergence of the cult of the modernist artist-genius—The Moon and Sixpenceis at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\\\" About the title According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review inThe Times\",\n \"review inThe Times Literary Supplementof Maugham's novelOf Human Bondage, in which the novel'sprotagonist, Philip Carey, is described as being \\\"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\\\"According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \\\"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon.\\\" Maugham's title echoes the description of Gauguin by his contemporary biographer, Meier-Graefe (1908): \\\"He may be charged with having always wanted something else.\\\" Adaptations The book was made into a stage play in 1925 at theNew Theatre, withHenry Ainleyas Strickland andEileen Sharpas Ata. Afilm of the same namedirected and written byAlbert Lewin, was released in 1942, starringGeorge Sandersas Charles Strickland. The novel served as the basis for a 1957 opera, also titledThe Moon and Sixpence, byJohn Gardnerto a libretto by Patrick Terry which premiered atSadlers Wells. S Lee Pogostin adapted it for American TV in 1959. That production,The Moon and\",\n \"Moon and Sixpence(1959), starredLaurence Olivier, withHume CronynandJessica Tandyin supporting roles. In popular culture Ray Noble's dance band hit \\\"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\\\" (1932), sung byAl Bowlly, takes its name from the book. The Moon and Sixpenceis central to the protagonist's solving the mystery in theHoward PeasenovelThe Ship Without a Crew(1934). The book was mentioned inAgatha Christie's mystery (Hercule Poirotseries) novelFive Little Pigs(1942), when Poirot asks one of the suspects (Angela Warren) if she read the book at the time the crime was committed. The victim in the case is a married artist infatuated with a younger woman he yearns to paint, and for whom he may or may not be about to abandon his wife. It was mentioned in the James Jones novelFrom Here to Eternity(1951), in a conversation between Sergeant Warden and Corporal Mazzioli. Jack Kerouacmentions the book in his novellaThe Subterraneans(1958). In the opening scene ofFrançois Truffaut's filmFahrenheit 451(1966), an adaptation\",\n \"an adaptation ofRay Bradbury's 1953novel of the same name, several firemen are preparing books for burning. In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest. That book isThe Moon and Sixpence. It is also mentioned frequently in twoStephen Kingnovels:Bag of Bones(1998); and, in passing,Finders Keepers(2015). See also Notes External links\",\n \"USSMizpah USSMizpah(PY-29)was aUnited States Navypatrol yacht. Constructed in 1926, the vessel was constructed as thepleasure yachtSavarona. In 1929 it was renamedAllegroand thenMizpahfor use on theGreat Lakes. The vessel was acquired by the United States Navy in 1942 and converted to a warship andcommissionedthe same year.Mizpahserved as aconvoyescort along the United States East Coast before becoming aschool shipin 1944. Following the end of the war, the vessel returned to private operation in 1946 until 1967 whenMizpahwas laid up with a brokencrankshaftatTampa, Florida. An attempt to save the ship proved futile andMizpahwasscuttledoff the coast of Florida as anartificial reefin 1968. The wreck is now a populardive site. Service history The 185-foot (56 m) ship was berthed in 1926 from the parts of an abandoned newdestroyer, as thepleasure yachtSavanarolaby theNewport News Shipbuilding and Drydock CompanyofNewport News, Virginia.The yacht, originally constructed for the United States Navy but due to naval\",\n \"but due to naval treaties was prevented from being completed. The still unbuilt vessel was sold to Mrs. Cadwalader ofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania. After completion the vessel was given the nameSequoiabefore being sold to James Elverson who renamed itAllegro.In 1929 it was sold toEugene F. McDonaldofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, founder and president of theZenith Radio Corporation,who used it both as aChicagoresidence and a floating laboratory on which to test his electronics company's new products. One of the largest yachts on theGreat Lakesin its Jazz Age heyday, the ship was renamedMizpahin 1929. United States Navy service Mizpahwas acquired by theUnited States Navyon 16 March 1942 and converted to a warship atSturgeon Bay Shipbuilding Company,Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, with LieutenantStephen M. Etnierin command. It wascommissionedUSSMizpah(PY-29) on 26 October 1942.Mizpahdeparted Sturgeon Bay on 16 November 1942 for service as aconvoyescort along the eastern coast of the United States betweenNew York CityandKey\",\n \"York CityandKey West, Floridauntil July 1944. From August 1944 until April 1945,Mizpahserved as a navigationschool shipfrom the Amphibious Training Base atLittle Creek, Virginia, training officers to sail amphibious vessels in theChesapeake Bayregion. Mizpahunderwent conversion to aflagshipatBoston, Massachusetts and was employed as such by Destroyer Force,Atlantic Fleet.Mizpahbecame the flagship of Rear AdmiralOliver M. HustvedtatPortland, Maine, on 28 May 1945 under the command of Lt. Stephen M. Etnier. Hustvedt was succeeded by Rear AdmiralFrank E. Beatty, Jr., on 4 September 1945. In mid-October, 1945, Lt. Etnier was succeeded by Lieutenant D. Dudley Bloom, who sailedMizpahfrom Portland, Maine, south toCharleston, South Carolina, arriving on 10 December 1945. She wasdecommissionedon 16 January 1946 and transferred to the United States War Shipping Administration (WSA) on 25 September 1946 for disposal. Final years The WSA then sold her to a private Honduran corporation for transporting bananas out of\",\n \"bananas out of South America. While sailing toTampa, Florida, the vessel was caught in a storm, suffered a brokencrankshaft, and was laid up in Tampa for repair. At that time, Eugene Kinney,McDonald's nephew and Zenith Corporation vice president who had grown up onMizpahand served as a naval officer in theSouth PacificduringWorld War II, learned of her plight and purchased her. FindingMizpahirreparably damaged, however, Kinneyscuttledher off the coast of Palm Beach, Florida, on 9 April 1968,along with another ship,USSPC-1174, to serve as anartificialreef to preventbeach erosion. Sitting in 90–110 feet (27–34 m) of waterwith her hatches left ajar,Mizpahis now one of the chief attractions of an offshore scuba diving area known as \\\"The Mizpah Corridor\\\". Citations Sources External links Cave dive sites:\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":258,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many calories are in 7 oz. of the fruit given as a present in the musical that won Best Revival of a Musical at the 52nd Annual Tony Awards?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"100 calories"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Tony_Awards"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Tony_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Tony_Awards","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Tony_Awards\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["52nd Tony Awards The52nd Annual Tony Awardsceremony was held on June 7, 1998, atRadio City Music Halland was broadcast byCBStelevision. A documentaries segment was telecast onPBStelevision. The ceremony was hosted byRosie O'Donnell, who hosted a total of three times (1997, 1998, and 2000). This ceremony is notable for its Best Direction of a Play and Best Direction of a Musical winners both being female, the first time a female has won either award.The writer of the Best Play winner was also female, the second female winner of the award. Ragtimehad 13 nominations, the most of the night, andRagtime,The Beauty Queen of LeenaneandCabareteach won four Tonys. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 1997–1998 season before April 30, 1998 are eligible. The ceremony The opening number was \"Broadway Divas\", withRosie O'Donnelland theChicagodancers introducing:Patti LuPone(\"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" fromEvita);Jennifer Holliday(\"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" fromDreamgirls); andBetty Buckley(\"Memory\" fromCats). Musicals represented: Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: The following productions received multiple awards. See also References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical","Pineapple Thepineapple(Ananas comosus) is atropical plantwith an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the familyBromeliaceae. The pineapple is indigenous toSouth America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant toEuropein the17th centurymade it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form amultiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from theoffsetproduced at the top of the fruitor from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year. Description The pineapple is aherbaceousperennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruitedcultivarscan exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create amultiple fruit. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are30 to 100 cm (1 to3+1⁄2ft) long, surrounding a thickstem; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-likeinflorescenceup to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily byhummingbirds.Certain wild pineapples areforagedand pollinated at night bybats.Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only forbreeding.InHawaii, where pineapples were cultivated andcannedindustrially throughout the 20th century,importation of hummingbirds was prohibited. The ovaries develop intoberries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlockinghelices, often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being aFibonacci number. The pineapple carries outCAM photosynthesis,fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acidmalate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. Taxonomy The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species.The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor varietybracteatus, have been sequenced. History Etymology The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French ofAndré Thevet'sThe New Found World, or Antarctikewhere he refers to aHoyriri, a fruit cultivated and eaten by theTupinambá people, living near modernRio de Janeiro, and now believed to be a pineapple.Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a \"Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple\", where he used anotherTupiwordnanas, meaning 'excellent fruit'.This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientificbinomialAnanas comosus, wherecomosus'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit asAnanas, but theOxford English Dictionary'sfirst record of the wordpineappleitself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714. Precolonial cultivation The wild plant originates from theParaná–Paraguay Riverdrainages between southernBrazilandParaguay.Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peruand 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico,where it was cultivated by theMayasand theAztecs.By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and astaple foodof Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple wasChristopher Columbus, inGuadeloupeon 4 November 1493.The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it intoIndiaby 1550.The 'Red Spanish' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to thePhilippines, and it was grown to producepiñafibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century. Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called itpiña de Indes, meaning \"pine of the Indians\". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr'sDecades of the New World(1516) andAntonio Pigafetta'sRelazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo(1524–1525), and the first known illustration was inOviedo'sHistoria General de Las Indias(1535). Old World introduction While the pineapple fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism,it was not successfully cultivated in Europe untilPieter de la Court(1664–1739) developedgreenhousehorticulture near Leiden.Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730.In England, the first pineapple was grown atDorney Court,Dorneyin Buckinghamshire, and a huge \"pineapple stove\" to heat the plants was built at theChelsea Physic Gardenin 1723.In France, KingLouis XVwas presented with a pineapple that had been grown atVersaillesin 1733. In Russia,Peter the Greatimported de la Court's method intoSt. Petersburgin the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse atEmpress Anna's new Moscow palace. Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called \"pineries\",pineapple became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stonecupola14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as theDunmore Pineapple.In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality. Since the 19th century: mass commercialization Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was \"Smooth Cayenne\", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to theUnited Kingdomin 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread viaHawaiito Australia and Africa. The \"Smooth Cayenne\" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the \"Smooth Cayenne\") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes. The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th centurywhere it is known as thehala kahiki(\"foreignhala\"),but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor wasJames Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into theDole Food Company.Dole andDel Montebegan growing pineapples on the island ofOahuin 1901 and 1917, respectively, and theMaui Pineapple Companybegan cultivation onMauiin 1909.James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911. Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations inHonoluluin 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,and by 2013, only theDole Plantationon Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as \"Hawaiian\" for this reason alone. In the Philippines, \"Smooth Cayenne\" was introduced in the early 1900s by theUS Bureau of Agricultureduring theAmerican colonial period. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island ofMindanaoin the 1920s; in the provinces ofCotabatoandBukidnon, respectively.Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged byWorld War II, and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s. The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014. Composition Nutrition Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13%carbohydrates, 0.5%protein, and contains negligiblefat(table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) offood energy, and is a rich source ofmanganese(40%Daily Value, DV) andvitamin C(53% DV), but otherwise contains nomicronutrientsin significant amounts (table). Phytochemistry Pineapple fruits and peels contain diversephytochemicals, among which arepolyphenols, includinggallic acid,syringic acid,vanillin,ferulic acid,sinapic acid,coumaric acid,chlorogenic acid,epicatechin, andarbutin. Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,bromelainis a mixture ofproteolyticenzymes. It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself.Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as inpregnancy,allergies, oranticoagulationtherapy. Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meatmarinadeandtenderizer.Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such asgelatin-based desserts orgelcapsules,their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking andcanning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specificextractioncan yield sufficient quantities fordomesticand industrial processing. Varieties Cultivars Manycultivarsare known.The leaves of the commonly grown \"Smooth Cayenne\" cultivar and its various clones are smooth,and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins inParaguayand the southern part ofBrazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.Varieties include: In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte andMaui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold.The successor company to MPC, the Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes ofHaleakala. Production In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29 milliontonnes, led byIndonesia, thePhilippines, andCosta Rica, each producing about 3 million tonnes. Uses Culinary The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with acherryin the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including theHawaiian pizza, or as a grilled ring on ahamburger. Traditional dishes that use pineapple includehamonado,afritada,kaeng som pla, andHawaiian haystack. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient incocktailssuch as thepiña coladaand in the drinktepache. In thePhilippines, a traditional jelly-like dessert callednata de piñahas also been produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteriaKomagataeibacter xylinus. Pineapple vinegar is an ingredient found in bothHonduranandFilipino cuisine, where it is produced locally.InMexico, it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, inTaiwanese cuisine, it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar. TheEuropean Unionconsumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. TheNetherlandswas the largest importer of pineapple juice inEurope.Thailand,Costa Ricaand theNetherlandsare the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016.Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 wereThailand,Indonesiaand thePhilippines, having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice inChinaandIndiais low compared to their populations. Textiles The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in thePhilippines. The long leaves of the cultivar were the source of traditionalpiñafibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted fromabacá. These were woven into lustrous lace-likenipisfabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known ascaladoandsombrado. The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditionalbarong tagalog,baro't saya, andtraje de mestizaclothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women'skerchiefs(pañuelo). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in theSecond World Warand is only starting to be revived. Houseplant The varietyA. comosus'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until the container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in). Cultivation In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially. Storage and transport Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator,Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developingethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is anon-climacteric fruit. Ethical and environmental concerns Like mostmodern fruit production, pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, oftenNicaraguan. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups. Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called \"banana republics\". Illegal drug trade Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover fornarcotrafficking, and containers are impounded routinely in both locations. Expansion into protected areas In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into theMaquenque,Corredor Fronterizo,Barra del ColoradoandCaño Negrowildlife refuges, all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi). Pests and diseases Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored bymealybugstypically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.Other diseases include citruspink disease, bacterial heart rot,anthracnose,fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteriaAcetobacter aceti,Gluconobacter oxydans,PantoeacitreaandTatumella ptyseos. Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales,thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, andsymphylids. Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused byPhytophthora cinnamomiandP. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; allsuckersthat are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds. See also References Bibliography External links"],"string":"[\n \"52nd Tony Awards The52nd Annual Tony Awardsceremony was held on June 7, 1998, atRadio City Music Halland was broadcast byCBStelevision. A documentaries segment was telecast onPBStelevision. The ceremony was hosted byRosie O'Donnell, who hosted a total of three times (1997, 1998, and 2000). This ceremony is notable for its Best Direction of a Play and Best Direction of a Musical winners both being female, the first time a female has won either award.The writer of the Best Play winner was also female, the second female winner of the award. Ragtimehad 13 nominations, the most of the night, andRagtime,The Beauty Queen of LeenaneandCabareteach won four Tonys. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 1997–1998 season before April 30, 1998 are eligible. The ceremony The opening number was \\\"Broadway Divas\\\", withRosie O'Donnelland theChicagodancers introducing:Patti LuPone(\\\"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\\\" fromEvita);Jennifer Holliday(\\\"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\\\" fromDreamgirls); andBetty Buckley(\\\"Memory\\\" fromCats). Musicals represented: Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: The following productions received multiple awards. See also References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical\",\n \"Pineapple Thepineapple(Ananas comosus) is atropical plantwith an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the familyBromeliaceae. The pineapple is indigenous toSouth America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant toEuropein the17th centurymade it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form amultiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from theoffsetproduced at the top of the fruitor from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year. Description The pineapple is aherbaceousperennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruitedcultivarscan exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create amultiple fruit. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are30 to 100 cm (1 to3+1⁄2ft) long, surrounding a thickstem; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-likeinflorescenceup to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily byhummingbirds.Certain wild pineapples areforagedand pollinated at night bybats.Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only forbreeding.InHawaii, where pineapples were cultivated andcannedindustrially throughout the 20th century,importation of hummingbirds was prohibited. The ovaries develop intoberries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlockinghelices, often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being aFibonacci number. The pineapple carries outCAM photosynthesis,fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acidmalate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. Taxonomy The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species.The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor varietybracteatus, have been sequenced. History Etymology The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French ofAndré Thevet'sThe New Found World, or Antarctikewhere he refers to aHoyriri, a fruit cultivated and eaten by theTupinambá people, living near modernRio de Janeiro, and now believed to be a pineapple.Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a \\\"Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple\\\", where he used anotherTupiwordnanas, meaning 'excellent fruit'.This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientificbinomialAnanas comosus, wherecomosus'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit asAnanas, but theOxford English Dictionary'sfirst record of the wordpineappleitself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714. Precolonial cultivation The wild plant originates from theParaná–Paraguay Riverdrainages between southernBrazilandParaguay.Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peruand 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico,where it was cultivated by theMayasand theAztecs.By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and astaple foodof Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple wasChristopher Columbus, inGuadeloupeon 4 November 1493.The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it intoIndiaby 1550.The 'Red Spanish' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to thePhilippines, and it was grown to producepiñafibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century. Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called itpiña de Indes, meaning \\\"pine of the Indians\\\". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr'sDecades of the New World(1516) andAntonio Pigafetta'sRelazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo(1524–1525), and the first known illustration was inOviedo'sHistoria General de Las Indias(1535). Old World introduction While the pineapple fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism,it was not successfully cultivated in Europe untilPieter de la Court(1664–1739) developedgreenhousehorticulture near Leiden.Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730.In England, the first pineapple was grown atDorney Court,Dorneyin Buckinghamshire, and a huge \\\"pineapple stove\\\" to heat the plants was built at theChelsea Physic Gardenin 1723.In France, KingLouis XVwas presented with a pineapple that had been grown atVersaillesin 1733. In Russia,Peter the Greatimported de la Court's method intoSt. Petersburgin the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse atEmpress Anna's new Moscow palace. Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called \\\"pineries\\\",pineapple became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stonecupola14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as theDunmore Pineapple.In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality. Since the 19th century: mass commercialization Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to theUnited Kingdomin 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread viaHawaiito Australia and Africa. The \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes. The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th centurywhere it is known as thehala kahiki(\\\"foreignhala\\\"),but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor wasJames Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into theDole Food Company.Dole andDel Montebegan growing pineapples on the island ofOahuin 1901 and 1917, respectively, and theMaui Pineapple Companybegan cultivation onMauiin 1909.James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911. Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations inHonoluluin 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,and by 2013, only theDole Plantationon Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as \\\"Hawaiian\\\" for this reason alone. In the Philippines, \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\" was introduced in the early 1900s by theUS Bureau of Agricultureduring theAmerican colonial period. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island ofMindanaoin the 1920s; in the provinces ofCotabatoandBukidnon, respectively.Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged byWorld War II, and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s. The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014. Composition Nutrition Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13%carbohydrates, 0.5%protein, and contains negligiblefat(table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) offood energy, and is a rich source ofmanganese(40%Daily Value, DV) andvitamin C(53% DV), but otherwise contains nomicronutrientsin significant amounts (table). Phytochemistry Pineapple fruits and peels contain diversephytochemicals, among which arepolyphenols, includinggallic acid,syringic acid,vanillin,ferulic acid,sinapic acid,coumaric acid,chlorogenic acid,epicatechin, andarbutin. Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,bromelainis a mixture ofproteolyticenzymes. It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself.Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as inpregnancy,allergies, oranticoagulationtherapy. Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meatmarinadeandtenderizer.Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such asgelatin-based desserts orgelcapsules,their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking andcanning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specificextractioncan yield sufficient quantities fordomesticand industrial processing. Varieties Cultivars Manycultivarsare known.The leaves of the commonly grown \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\" cultivar and its various clones are smooth,and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins inParaguayand the southern part ofBrazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.Varieties include: In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte andMaui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold.The successor company to MPC, the Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes ofHaleakala. Production In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29 milliontonnes, led byIndonesia, thePhilippines, andCosta Rica, each producing about 3 million tonnes. Uses Culinary The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with acherryin the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including theHawaiian pizza, or as a grilled ring on ahamburger. Traditional dishes that use pineapple includehamonado,afritada,kaeng som pla, andHawaiian haystack. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient incocktailssuch as thepiña coladaand in the drinktepache. In thePhilippines, a traditional jelly-like dessert callednata de piñahas also been produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteriaKomagataeibacter xylinus. Pineapple vinegar is an ingredient found in bothHonduranandFilipino cuisine, where it is produced locally.InMexico, it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, inTaiwanese cuisine, it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar. TheEuropean Unionconsumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. TheNetherlandswas the largest importer of pineapple juice inEurope.Thailand,Costa Ricaand theNetherlandsare the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016.Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 wereThailand,Indonesiaand thePhilippines, having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice inChinaandIndiais low compared to their populations. Textiles The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in thePhilippines. The long leaves of the cultivar were the source of traditionalpiñafibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted fromabacá. These were woven into lustrous lace-likenipisfabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known ascaladoandsombrado. The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditionalbarong tagalog,baro't saya, andtraje de mestizaclothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women'skerchiefs(pañuelo). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in theSecond World Warand is only starting to be revived. Houseplant The varietyA. comosus'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until the container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in). Cultivation In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially. Storage and transport Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator,Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developingethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is anon-climacteric fruit. Ethical and environmental concerns Like mostmodern fruit production, pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, oftenNicaraguan. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups. Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called \\\"banana republics\\\". Illegal drug trade Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover fornarcotrafficking, and containers are impounded routinely in both locations. Expansion into protected areas In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into theMaquenque,Corredor Fronterizo,Barra del ColoradoandCaño Negrowildlife refuges, all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi). Pests and diseases Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored bymealybugstypically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.Other diseases include citruspink disease, bacterial heart rot,anthracnose,fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteriaAcetobacter aceti,Gluconobacter oxydans,PantoeacitreaandTatumella ptyseos. Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales,thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, andsymphylids. Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused byPhytophthora cinnamomiandP. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; allsuckersthat are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds. See also References Bibliography External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["52nd Tony Awards The52nd Annual Tony Awardsceremony was held on June 7, 1998, atRadio City Music Halland was broadcast byCBStelevision. A documentaries segment was telecast onPBStelevision. The ceremony was hosted byRosie O'Donnell, who hosted a total of three times (1997, 1998, and 2000). This ceremony is notable for its Best Direction of a Play and Best Direction of a Musical winners both being female, the first time a female has won either award.The writer of the Best Play winner was also female, the second female winner of the award. Ragtimehad 13 nominations, the most of the night, andRagtime,The Beauty Queen of LeenaneandCabareteach won four Tonys. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 1997–1998 season before April 30, 1998 are eligible. The ceremony The opening number was \"Broadway Divas\", withRosie O'Donnelland theChicagodancers introducing:Patti LuPone(\"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" fromEvita);Jennifer Holliday(\"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" fromDreamgirls); andBetty","andBetty Buckley(\"Memory\" fromCats). Musicals represented: Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: The following productions received multiple awards. See also References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical","Pineapple Thepineapple(Ananas comosus) is atropical plantwith an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the familyBromeliaceae. The pineapple is indigenous toSouth America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant toEuropein the17th centurymade it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form amultiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from theoffsetproduced at the top of the fruitor from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year. Description The pineapple is aherbaceousperennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some","although some large-fruitedcultivarscan exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create amultiple fruit. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are30 to 100 cm (1 to3+1⁄2ft) long, surrounding a thickstem; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-likeinflorescenceup to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily byhummingbirds.Certain wild pineapples areforagedand pollinated at night","pollinated at night bybats.Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only forbreeding.InHawaii, where pineapples were cultivated andcannedindustrially throughout the 20th century,importation of hummingbirds was prohibited. The ovaries develop intoberries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlockinghelices, often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being aFibonacci number. The pineapple carries outCAM photosynthesis,fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acidmalate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. Taxonomy The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species.The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor varietybracteatus, have been sequenced. History Etymology The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the","from the French ofAndré Thevet'sThe New Found World, or Antarctikewhere he refers to aHoyriri, a fruit cultivated and eaten by theTupinambá people, living near modernRio de Janeiro, and now believed to be a pineapple.Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a \"Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple\", where he used anotherTupiwordnanas, meaning 'excellent fruit'.This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientificbinomialAnanas comosus, wherecomosus'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit asAnanas, but theOxford English Dictionary'sfirst record of the wordpineappleitself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714. Precolonial cultivation The wild plant originates from theParaná–Paraguay Riverdrainages between southernBrazilandParaguay.Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800","back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peruand 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico,where it was cultivated by theMayasand theAztecs.By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and astaple foodof Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple wasChristopher Columbus, inGuadeloupeon 4 November 1493.The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it intoIndiaby 1550.The 'Red Spanish' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to thePhilippines, and it was grown to producepiñafibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century. Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called itpiña de Indes, meaning \"pine of the Indians\". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr'sDecades of the New World(1516) andAntonio Pigafetta'sRelazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo(1524–1525), and the first known illustration was inOviedo'sHistoria General de Las Indias(1535). Old World introduction While the pineapple fascinated","fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism,it was not successfully cultivated in Europe untilPieter de la Court(1664–1739) developedgreenhousehorticulture near Leiden.Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730.In England, the first pineapple was grown atDorney Court,Dorneyin Buckinghamshire, and a huge \"pineapple stove\" to heat the plants was built at theChelsea Physic Gardenin 1723.In France, KingLouis XVwas presented with a pineapple that had been grown atVersaillesin 1733. In Russia,Peter the Greatimported de la Court's method intoSt. Petersburgin the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse atEmpress Anna's new Moscow palace. Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called \"pineries\",pineapple became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather","parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stonecupola14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as theDunmore Pineapple.In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality. Since the 19th century: mass commercialization Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was \"Smooth Cayenne\", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to theUnited Kingdomin 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread viaHawaiito Australia and Africa. The \"Smooth Cayenne\" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the \"Smooth Cayenne\") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.Jams and","today.Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes. The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th centurywhere it is known as thehala kahiki(\"foreignhala\"),but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor wasJames Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into theDole Food Company.Dole andDel Montebegan growing pineapples on the island ofOahuin 1901 and 1917, respectively, and theMaui Pineapple Companybegan cultivation onMauiin 1909.James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca","Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911. Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations inHonoluluin 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,and by 2013, only theDole Plantationon Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as \"Hawaiian\" for this reason alone. In the Philippines, \"Smooth Cayenne\" was introduced in the early 1900s by theUS Bureau of Agricultureduring theAmerican colonial period. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island ofMindanaoin the 1920s; in the provinces ofCotabatoandBukidnon, respectively.Large scale canning had started in","had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged byWorld War II, and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s. The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014. Composition Nutrition Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13%carbohydrates, 0.5%protein, and contains negligiblefat(table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) offood energy, and is a rich source ofmanganese(40%Daily Value, DV) andvitamin C(53% DV), but otherwise contains nomicronutrientsin significant amounts (table). Phytochemistry Pineapple fruits and peels contain diversephytochemicals, among which arepolyphenols, includinggallic acid,syringic acid,vanillin,ferulic acid,sinapic acid,coumaric acid,chlorogenic acid,epicatechin, andarbutin. Present in all","Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,bromelainis a mixture ofproteolyticenzymes. It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself.Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as inpregnancy,allergies, oranticoagulationtherapy. Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meatmarinadeandtenderizer.Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such asgelatin-based desserts orgelcapsules,their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking andcanning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specificextractioncan yield sufficient quantities fordomesticand industrial processing. Varieties Cultivars Manycultivarsare known.The leaves of the commonly","of the commonly grown \"Smooth Cayenne\" cultivar and its various clones are smooth,and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins inParaguayand the southern part ofBrazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.Varieties include: In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte andMaui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold.The successor company to MPC, the Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes ofHaleakala. Production In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29","pineapples was 29 milliontonnes, led byIndonesia, thePhilippines, andCosta Rica, each producing about 3 million tonnes. Uses Culinary The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with acherryin the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including theHawaiian pizza, or as a grilled ring on ahamburger. Traditional dishes that use pineapple includehamonado,afritada,kaeng som pla, andHawaiian haystack. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient incocktailssuch as thepiña coladaand in the drinktepache. In thePhilippines, a traditional jelly-like dessert callednata de piñahas also been produced since the 18th century.","the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteriaKomagataeibacter xylinus. Pineapple vinegar is an ingredient found in bothHonduranandFilipino cuisine, where it is produced locally.InMexico, it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, inTaiwanese cuisine, it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar. TheEuropean Unionconsumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. TheNetherlandswas the largest importer of pineapple juice inEurope.Thailand,Costa Ricaand theNetherlandsare the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016.Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 wereThailand,Indonesiaand thePhilippines, having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice inChinaandIndiais low compared to their populations. Textiles The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in thePhilippines. The long leaves of the cultivar were","the cultivar were the source of traditionalpiñafibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted fromabacá. These were woven into lustrous lace-likenipisfabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known ascaladoandsombrado. The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditionalbarong tagalog,baro't saya, andtraje de mestizaclothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women'skerchiefs(pañuelo). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in theSecond World Warand is only starting to be revived. Houseplant The varietyA. comosus'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F).","of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until the container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in). Cultivation In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially. Storage and transport Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator,Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developingethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is anon-climacteric fruit. Ethical and environmental concerns","concerns Like mostmodern fruit production, pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, oftenNicaraguan. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups. Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called \"banana republics\". Illegal drug trade Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover fornarcotrafficking, and containers are impounded routinely in both locations. Expansion into protected areas In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into theMaquenque,Corredor Fronterizo,Barra del ColoradoandCaño Negrowildlife refuges, all located in the","all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi). Pests and diseases Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored bymealybugstypically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.Other diseases include citruspink disease, bacterial heart rot,anthracnose,fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.Pineapple","virus.Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteriaAcetobacter aceti,Gluconobacter oxydans,PantoeacitreaandTatumella ptyseos. Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales,thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, andsymphylids. Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused byPhytophthora cinnamomiandP. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; allsuckersthat are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds. See also References Bibliography External links"],"string":"[\n \"52nd Tony Awards The52nd Annual Tony Awardsceremony was held on June 7, 1998, atRadio City Music Halland was broadcast byCBStelevision. A documentaries segment was telecast onPBStelevision. The ceremony was hosted byRosie O'Donnell, who hosted a total of three times (1997, 1998, and 2000). This ceremony is notable for its Best Direction of a Play and Best Direction of a Musical winners both being female, the first time a female has won either award.The writer of the Best Play winner was also female, the second female winner of the award. Ragtimehad 13 nominations, the most of the night, andRagtime,The Beauty Queen of LeenaneandCabareteach won four Tonys. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 1997–1998 season before April 30, 1998 are eligible. The ceremony The opening number was \\\"Broadway Divas\\\", withRosie O'Donnelland theChicagodancers introducing:Patti LuPone(\\\"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\\\" fromEvita);Jennifer Holliday(\\\"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\\\" fromDreamgirls); andBetty\",\n \"andBetty Buckley(\\\"Memory\\\" fromCats). Musicals represented: Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: The following productions received multiple awards. See also References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical\",\n \"Pineapple Thepineapple(Ananas comosus) is atropical plantwith an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the familyBromeliaceae. The pineapple is indigenous toSouth America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant toEuropein the17th centurymade it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form amultiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from theoffsetproduced at the top of the fruitor from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year. Description The pineapple is aherbaceousperennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some\",\n \"although some large-fruitedcultivarscan exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create amultiple fruit. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are30 to 100 cm (1 to3+1⁄2ft) long, surrounding a thickstem; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-likeinflorescenceup to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily byhummingbirds.Certain wild pineapples areforagedand pollinated at night\",\n \"pollinated at night bybats.Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only forbreeding.InHawaii, where pineapples were cultivated andcannedindustrially throughout the 20th century,importation of hummingbirds was prohibited. The ovaries develop intoberries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlockinghelices, often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being aFibonacci number. The pineapple carries outCAM photosynthesis,fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acidmalate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. Taxonomy The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species.The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor varietybracteatus, have been sequenced. History Etymology The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the\",\n \"from the French ofAndré Thevet'sThe New Found World, or Antarctikewhere he refers to aHoyriri, a fruit cultivated and eaten by theTupinambá people, living near modernRio de Janeiro, and now believed to be a pineapple.Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a \\\"Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple\\\", where he used anotherTupiwordnanas, meaning 'excellent fruit'.This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientificbinomialAnanas comosus, wherecomosus'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit asAnanas, but theOxford English Dictionary'sfirst record of the wordpineappleitself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714. Precolonial cultivation The wild plant originates from theParaná–Paraguay Riverdrainages between southernBrazilandParaguay.Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800\",\n \"back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peruand 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico,where it was cultivated by theMayasand theAztecs.By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and astaple foodof Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple wasChristopher Columbus, inGuadeloupeon 4 November 1493.The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it intoIndiaby 1550.The 'Red Spanish' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to thePhilippines, and it was grown to producepiñafibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century. Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called itpiña de Indes, meaning \\\"pine of the Indians\\\". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr'sDecades of the New World(1516) andAntonio Pigafetta'sRelazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo(1524–1525), and the first known illustration was inOviedo'sHistoria General de Las Indias(1535). Old World introduction While the pineapple fascinated\",\n \"fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism,it was not successfully cultivated in Europe untilPieter de la Court(1664–1739) developedgreenhousehorticulture near Leiden.Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730.In England, the first pineapple was grown atDorney Court,Dorneyin Buckinghamshire, and a huge \\\"pineapple stove\\\" to heat the plants was built at theChelsea Physic Gardenin 1723.In France, KingLouis XVwas presented with a pineapple that had been grown atVersaillesin 1733. In Russia,Peter the Greatimported de la Court's method intoSt. Petersburgin the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse atEmpress Anna's new Moscow palace. Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called \\\"pineries\\\",pineapple became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather\",\n \"parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stonecupola14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as theDunmore Pineapple.In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality. Since the 19th century: mass commercialization Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to theUnited Kingdomin 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread viaHawaiito Australia and Africa. The \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.Jams and\",\n \"today.Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes. The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th centurywhere it is known as thehala kahiki(\\\"foreignhala\\\"),but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor wasJames Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into theDole Food Company.Dole andDel Montebegan growing pineapples on the island ofOahuin 1901 and 1917, respectively, and theMaui Pineapple Companybegan cultivation onMauiin 1909.James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca\",\n \"Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911. Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations inHonoluluin 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,and by 2013, only theDole Plantationon Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as \\\"Hawaiian\\\" for this reason alone. In the Philippines, \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\" was introduced in the early 1900s by theUS Bureau of Agricultureduring theAmerican colonial period. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island ofMindanaoin the 1920s; in the provinces ofCotabatoandBukidnon, respectively.Large scale canning had started in\",\n \"had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged byWorld War II, and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s. The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014. Composition Nutrition Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13%carbohydrates, 0.5%protein, and contains negligiblefat(table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) offood energy, and is a rich source ofmanganese(40%Daily Value, DV) andvitamin C(53% DV), but otherwise contains nomicronutrientsin significant amounts (table). Phytochemistry Pineapple fruits and peels contain diversephytochemicals, among which arepolyphenols, includinggallic acid,syringic acid,vanillin,ferulic acid,sinapic acid,coumaric acid,chlorogenic acid,epicatechin, andarbutin. Present in all\",\n \"Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,bromelainis a mixture ofproteolyticenzymes. It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself.Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as inpregnancy,allergies, oranticoagulationtherapy. Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meatmarinadeandtenderizer.Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such asgelatin-based desserts orgelcapsules,their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking andcanning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specificextractioncan yield sufficient quantities fordomesticand industrial processing. Varieties Cultivars Manycultivarsare known.The leaves of the commonly\",\n \"of the commonly grown \\\"Smooth Cayenne\\\" cultivar and its various clones are smooth,and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins inParaguayand the southern part ofBrazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.Varieties include: In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte andMaui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold.The successor company to MPC, the Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes ofHaleakala. Production In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29\",\n \"pineapples was 29 milliontonnes, led byIndonesia, thePhilippines, andCosta Rica, each producing about 3 million tonnes. Uses Culinary The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with acherryin the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including theHawaiian pizza, or as a grilled ring on ahamburger. Traditional dishes that use pineapple includehamonado,afritada,kaeng som pla, andHawaiian haystack. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient incocktailssuch as thepiña coladaand in the drinktepache. In thePhilippines, a traditional jelly-like dessert callednata de piñahas also been produced since the 18th century.\",\n \"the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteriaKomagataeibacter xylinus. Pineapple vinegar is an ingredient found in bothHonduranandFilipino cuisine, where it is produced locally.InMexico, it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, inTaiwanese cuisine, it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar. TheEuropean Unionconsumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. TheNetherlandswas the largest importer of pineapple juice inEurope.Thailand,Costa Ricaand theNetherlandsare the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016.Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 wereThailand,Indonesiaand thePhilippines, having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice inChinaandIndiais low compared to their populations. Textiles The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in thePhilippines. The long leaves of the cultivar were\",\n \"the cultivar were the source of traditionalpiñafibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted fromabacá. These were woven into lustrous lace-likenipisfabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known ascaladoandsombrado. The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditionalbarong tagalog,baro't saya, andtraje de mestizaclothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women'skerchiefs(pañuelo). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in theSecond World Warand is only starting to be revived. Houseplant The varietyA. comosus'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F).\",\n \"of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until the container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in). Cultivation In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially. Storage and transport Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator,Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developingethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is anon-climacteric fruit. Ethical and environmental concerns\",\n \"concerns Like mostmodern fruit production, pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, oftenNicaraguan. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups. Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called \\\"banana republics\\\". Illegal drug trade Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover fornarcotrafficking, and containers are impounded routinely in both locations. Expansion into protected areas In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into theMaquenque,Corredor Fronterizo,Barra del ColoradoandCaño Negrowildlife refuges, all located in the\",\n \"all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi). Pests and diseases Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored bymealybugstypically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.Other diseases include citruspink disease, bacterial heart rot,anthracnose,fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.Pineapple\",\n \"virus.Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteriaAcetobacter aceti,Gluconobacter oxydans,PantoeacitreaandTatumella ptyseos. Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales,thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, andsymphylids. Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused byPhytophthora cinnamomiandP. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; allsuckersthat are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds. See also References Bibliography External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":259,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What was the population of the province which the town Robat-e Morad is located, in 2016?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"1,429,475"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robat-e_Morad"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_province"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robat-e_Morad', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_province']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robat-e_Morad","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_province"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robat-e_Morad\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_province\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Robat-e Morad Robat-e Morad(Persian:رباطمراد)is a village in, and the capital of,Galehzan Rural Districtof theCentral DistrictofKhomeyn County,Markaziprovince,Iran. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,738 in 555 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,688 people in 607 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,415 people in 532 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district. See also Iran portal Notes References ThisKhomeyn Countylocation article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.","Markazi province Markazi province(Persian:استان مرکزی)is one of the 31provincesofIran. Its capital is the city ofArak.The present borders of the province date to 1977, when the province was split into the current Markazi andTehranprovinces, with portions being annexed byIsfahan,Semnan, andZanjanprovinces. In 2014, the province was placed inRegion 4. History Markazi Province was part of theMedian Empirein the first millennium BC, which included all of the central and western parts of modern-dayIran. The region is considered to be one of the ancient settlements on theIranian plateau. Numerous remaining ruins testify to the antiquity of this area. In the early centuries of Islam, the name of the area was changed toJibalorKuhestan. By the early 10th century,Khorhehhad become a famous city of Jibal province, followed byTafreshandKhomein. In recent times, the expansion of the North-South railroad (commonly known as thePersian Corridor) and the establishment of major industries have helped boost development in the area. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,326,826 in 364,155 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,413,959 people in 426,613 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,429,475 in 455,866 households.Persiansmake up the majority of the province,but there are significant minorities ofAzerbaijanis,Kurds,Lurs, etc. Administrative divisions The population history and structural changes of Markazi Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. Cities According to the 2016 census, 1,099,764 people (over 76% of the population of Markazi Province) live in the following cities: Colleges and universities Notable people Many figures in Iranian history trace their origins to this province. namely:Mirza Abu'l-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam,Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani,Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir,Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam,Mahmoud Hessabi,Ayatollah Khomeini,Ayatollah Araki, and many others. Gallery See also Media related toMarkazi Provinceat Wikimedia Commons Notes References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Robat-e Morad Robat-e Morad(Persian:رباطمراد)is a village in, and the capital of,Galehzan Rural Districtof theCentral DistrictofKhomeyn County,Markaziprovince,Iran. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,738 in 555 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,688 people in 607 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,415 people in 532 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district. See also Iran portal Notes References ThisKhomeyn Countylocation article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\",\n \"Markazi province Markazi province(Persian:استان مرکزی)is one of the 31provincesofIran. Its capital is the city ofArak.The present borders of the province date to 1977, when the province was split into the current Markazi andTehranprovinces, with portions being annexed byIsfahan,Semnan, andZanjanprovinces. In 2014, the province was placed inRegion 4. History Markazi Province was part of theMedian Empirein the first millennium BC, which included all of the central and western parts of modern-dayIran. The region is considered to be one of the ancient settlements on theIranian plateau. Numerous remaining ruins testify to the antiquity of this area. In the early centuries of Islam, the name of the area was changed toJibalorKuhestan. By the early 10th century,Khorhehhad become a famous city of Jibal province, followed byTafreshandKhomein. In recent times, the expansion of the North-South railroad (commonly known as thePersian Corridor) and the establishment of major industries have helped boost development in the area. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,326,826 in 364,155 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,413,959 people in 426,613 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,429,475 in 455,866 households.Persiansmake up the majority of the province,but there are significant minorities ofAzerbaijanis,Kurds,Lurs, etc. Administrative divisions The population history and structural changes of Markazi Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. Cities According to the 2016 census, 1,099,764 people (over 76% of the population of Markazi Province) live in the following cities: Colleges and universities Notable people Many figures in Iranian history trace their origins to this province. namely:Mirza Abu'l-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam,Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani,Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir,Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam,Mahmoud Hessabi,Ayatollah Khomeini,Ayatollah Araki, and many others. Gallery See also Media related toMarkazi Provinceat Wikimedia Commons Notes References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Robat-e Morad Robat-e Morad(Persian:رباطمراد)is a village in, and the capital of,Galehzan Rural Districtof theCentral DistrictofKhomeyn County,Markaziprovince,Iran. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,738 in 555 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,688 people in 607 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,415 people in 532 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district. See also Iran portal Notes References ThisKhomeyn Countylocation article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.","Markazi province Markazi province(Persian:استان مرکزی)is one of the 31provincesofIran. Its capital is the city ofArak.The present borders of the province date to 1977, when the province was split into the current Markazi andTehranprovinces, with portions being annexed byIsfahan,Semnan, andZanjanprovinces. In 2014, the province was placed inRegion 4. History Markazi Province was part of theMedian Empirein the first millennium BC, which included all of the central and western parts of modern-dayIran. The region is considered to be one of the ancient settlements on theIranian plateau. Numerous remaining ruins testify to the antiquity of this area. In the early centuries of Islam, the name of the area was changed toJibalorKuhestan. By the early 10th century,Khorhehhad become a famous city of Jibal province, followed byTafreshandKhomein. In recent times, the expansion of the North-South railroad (commonly known as thePersian Corridor) and the establishment of major industries have helped boost development in the","development in the area. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,326,826 in 364,155 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,413,959 people in 426,613 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,429,475 in 455,866 households.Persiansmake up the majority of the province,but there are significant minorities ofAzerbaijanis,Kurds,Lurs, etc. Administrative divisions The population history and structural changes of Markazi Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. Cities According to the 2016 census, 1,099,764 people (over 76% of the population of Markazi Province) live in the following cities: Colleges and universities Notable people Many figures in Iranian history trace their origins to this province. namely:Mirza Abu'l-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam,Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani,Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir,Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam,Mahmoud Hessabi,Ayatollah Khomeini,Ayatollah Araki,","Araki, and many others. Gallery See also Media related toMarkazi Provinceat Wikimedia Commons Notes References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Robat-e Morad Robat-e Morad(Persian:رباطمراد)is a village in, and the capital of,Galehzan Rural Districtof theCentral DistrictofKhomeyn County,Markaziprovince,Iran. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,738 in 555 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,688 people in 607 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,415 people in 532 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district. See also Iran portal Notes References ThisKhomeyn Countylocation article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\",\n \"Markazi province Markazi province(Persian:استان مرکزی)is one of the 31provincesofIran. Its capital is the city ofArak.The present borders of the province date to 1977, when the province was split into the current Markazi andTehranprovinces, with portions being annexed byIsfahan,Semnan, andZanjanprovinces. In 2014, the province was placed inRegion 4. History Markazi Province was part of theMedian Empirein the first millennium BC, which included all of the central and western parts of modern-dayIran. The region is considered to be one of the ancient settlements on theIranian plateau. Numerous remaining ruins testify to the antiquity of this area. In the early centuries of Islam, the name of the area was changed toJibalorKuhestan. By the early 10th century,Khorhehhad become a famous city of Jibal province, followed byTafreshandKhomein. In recent times, the expansion of the North-South railroad (commonly known as thePersian Corridor) and the establishment of major industries have helped boost development in the\",\n \"development in the area. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,326,826 in 364,155 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,413,959 people in 426,613 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,429,475 in 455,866 households.Persiansmake up the majority of the province,but there are significant minorities ofAzerbaijanis,Kurds,Lurs, etc. Administrative divisions The population history and structural changes of Markazi Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. Cities According to the 2016 census, 1,099,764 people (over 76% of the population of Markazi Province) live in the following cities: Colleges and universities Notable people Many figures in Iranian history trace their origins to this province. namely:Mirza Abu'l-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam,Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani,Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir,Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam,Mahmoud Hessabi,Ayatollah Khomeini,Ayatollah Araki,\",\n \"Araki, and many others. Gallery See also Media related toMarkazi Provinceat Wikimedia Commons Notes References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":260,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which of these statements is true as of August 3rd, 2024? a) 221 Eos is roughly double the diameter of 1844 Susilva. b) 1844 Susilva is roughly double the diameter of 221 Eos. c) 221 Eos's diameter is roughly 150% of the diameter of 1844 Susilva. d) 1844 Susilva's diameter is roughly 20% the diameter of 221 Eos. "},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"d) 1844 Susilva's diameter is roughly 20% the diameter of 221 Eos."},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Susilva"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_Eos"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Susilva', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_Eos']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Susilva","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_Eos"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Susilva\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_Eos\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["1844 Susilva 1844 Susilva, provisional designation1972 UB, is a stony Eoanasteroidfrom the outer region of theasteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 October 1972, by Swiss astronomerPaul WildatZimmerwald Observatorynear Bern, Switzerland, and later named after a schoolfriend of the discoverer. Classification and orbit Susilvais a member of theEos family, a collisional group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being ofsilicaceouscomposition. It orbits the Sun in theoutermain-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2AUonce every 5 years and 3 months (1,912 days). Its orbit has aneccentricityof 0.05 and aninclinationof 12°with respect to theecliptic.First identified as1943 EUatTurku Observatory,Susilva's first used observation was taken atUccle Observatoryin 1953, extending the body'sobservation arcby 19 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA'sWide-field Infrared Survey Explorerwith its subsequentNEOWISEmission, the asteroid measures between 19.0 and 26.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has analbedoof 0.118 to 0.236.TheCollaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Linkassumes an albedo of 0.14, taken from221 Eos, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 22.4 kilometers based on an absolutemagnitudeof 11.0.Susilva'srotation periodhas not yet been measured. Naming The discoverer named a pair of asteroids after two of his former schoolmates, Susi and Helen, both from the small village ofWald, Zürichin Switzerland. This one was dedicated to Susi Petit–Pierre, while the subsequently numbered asteroid,1845 Helewalda, was given to Helen Gachnang.The officialnaming citationwas published by theMinor Planet Centeron 18 April 1977 (M.P.C.4156). References External links","221 Eos 221 Eosis a largemain-beltasteroidthat was discovered by Austrian astronomerJohann Palisaon January 18, 1882, inVienna. In 1884, it was named afterEos, theGreekgoddess of the dawn, to honour the opening of a newobservatorythat was hoped to bring about a new dawn for Viennese astronomy. The asteroid is orbiting theSunwith asemimajor axisof3.01AU, aperiodof 5.22 years, and aneccentricityof 0.1. Theorbital planeis inclined by 10.9° to theplane of the ecliptic. It has a mean cross-section of 104 km,and is spinning with arotation periodof 10.4 hours. Based upon its spectral characteristics, this object is classified as aK-type asteroid. The orbital properties show it to be a member of the extensiveEos asteroid family, which is named after it.The spectral properties of the asteroid suggest it may have come from apartially differentiatedparent body. References External links This article about an asteroid native to theasteroid beltis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it."],"string":"[\n \"1844 Susilva 1844 Susilva, provisional designation1972 UB, is a stony Eoanasteroidfrom the outer region of theasteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 October 1972, by Swiss astronomerPaul WildatZimmerwald Observatorynear Bern, Switzerland, and later named after a schoolfriend of the discoverer. Classification and orbit Susilvais a member of theEos family, a collisional group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being ofsilicaceouscomposition. It orbits the Sun in theoutermain-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2AUonce every 5 years and 3 months (1,912 days). Its orbit has aneccentricityof 0.05 and aninclinationof 12°with respect to theecliptic.First identified as1943 EUatTurku Observatory,Susilva's first used observation was taken atUccle Observatoryin 1953, extending the body'sobservation arcby 19 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA'sWide-field Infrared Survey Explorerwith its subsequentNEOWISEmission, the asteroid measures between 19.0 and 26.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has analbedoof 0.118 to 0.236.TheCollaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Linkassumes an albedo of 0.14, taken from221 Eos, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 22.4 kilometers based on an absolutemagnitudeof 11.0.Susilva'srotation periodhas not yet been measured. Naming The discoverer named a pair of asteroids after two of his former schoolmates, Susi and Helen, both from the small village ofWald, Zürichin Switzerland. This one was dedicated to Susi Petit–Pierre, while the subsequently numbered asteroid,1845 Helewalda, was given to Helen Gachnang.The officialnaming citationwas published by theMinor Planet Centeron 18 April 1977 (M.P.C.4156). References External links\",\n \"221 Eos 221 Eosis a largemain-beltasteroidthat was discovered by Austrian astronomerJohann Palisaon January 18, 1882, inVienna. In 1884, it was named afterEos, theGreekgoddess of the dawn, to honour the opening of a newobservatorythat was hoped to bring about a new dawn for Viennese astronomy. The asteroid is orbiting theSunwith asemimajor axisof3.01AU, aperiodof 5.22 years, and aneccentricityof 0.1. Theorbital planeis inclined by 10.9° to theplane of the ecliptic. It has a mean cross-section of 104 km,and is spinning with arotation periodof 10.4 hours. Based upon its spectral characteristics, this object is classified as aK-type asteroid. The orbital properties show it to be a member of the extensiveEos asteroid family, which is named after it.The spectral properties of the asteroid suggest it may have come from apartially differentiatedparent body. References External links This article about an asteroid native to theasteroid beltis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["1844 Susilva 1844 Susilva, provisional designation1972 UB, is a stony Eoanasteroidfrom the outer region of theasteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 October 1972, by Swiss astronomerPaul WildatZimmerwald Observatorynear Bern, Switzerland, and later named after a schoolfriend of the discoverer. Classification and orbit Susilvais a member of theEos family, a collisional group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being ofsilicaceouscomposition. It orbits the Sun in theoutermain-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2AUonce every 5 years and 3 months (1,912 days). Its orbit has aneccentricityof 0.05 and aninclinationof 12°with respect to theecliptic.First identified as1943 EUatTurku Observatory,Susilva's first used observation was taken atUccle Observatoryin 1953, extending the body'sobservation arcby 19 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA'sWide-field Infrared Survey","Infrared Survey Explorerwith its subsequentNEOWISEmission, the asteroid measures between 19.0 and 26.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has analbedoof 0.118 to 0.236.TheCollaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Linkassumes an albedo of 0.14, taken from221 Eos, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 22.4 kilometers based on an absolutemagnitudeof 11.0.Susilva'srotation periodhas not yet been measured. Naming The discoverer named a pair of asteroids after two of his former schoolmates, Susi and Helen, both from the small village ofWald, Zürichin Switzerland. This one was dedicated to Susi Petit–Pierre, while the subsequently numbered asteroid,1845 Helewalda, was given to Helen Gachnang.The officialnaming citationwas published by theMinor Planet Centeron 18 April 1977 (M.P.C.4156). References External links","221 Eos 221 Eosis a largemain-beltasteroidthat was discovered by Austrian astronomerJohann Palisaon January 18, 1882, inVienna. In 1884, it was named afterEos, theGreekgoddess of the dawn, to honour the opening of a newobservatorythat was hoped to bring about a new dawn for Viennese astronomy. The asteroid is orbiting theSunwith asemimajor axisof3.01AU, aperiodof 5.22 years, and aneccentricityof 0.1. Theorbital planeis inclined by 10.9° to theplane of the ecliptic. It has a mean cross-section of 104 km,and is spinning with arotation periodof 10.4 hours. Based upon its spectral characteristics, this object is classified as aK-type asteroid. The orbital properties show it to be a member of the extensiveEos asteroid family, which is named after it.The spectral properties of the asteroid suggest it may have come from apartially differentiatedparent body. References External links This article about an asteroid native to theasteroid beltis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it."],"string":"[\n \"1844 Susilva 1844 Susilva, provisional designation1972 UB, is a stony Eoanasteroidfrom the outer region of theasteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 October 1972, by Swiss astronomerPaul WildatZimmerwald Observatorynear Bern, Switzerland, and later named after a schoolfriend of the discoverer. Classification and orbit Susilvais a member of theEos family, a collisional group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being ofsilicaceouscomposition. It orbits the Sun in theoutermain-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2AUonce every 5 years and 3 months (1,912 days). Its orbit has aneccentricityof 0.05 and aninclinationof 12°with respect to theecliptic.First identified as1943 EUatTurku Observatory,Susilva's first used observation was taken atUccle Observatoryin 1953, extending the body'sobservation arcby 19 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA'sWide-field Infrared Survey\",\n \"Infrared Survey Explorerwith its subsequentNEOWISEmission, the asteroid measures between 19.0 and 26.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has analbedoof 0.118 to 0.236.TheCollaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Linkassumes an albedo of 0.14, taken from221 Eos, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 22.4 kilometers based on an absolutemagnitudeof 11.0.Susilva'srotation periodhas not yet been measured. Naming The discoverer named a pair of asteroids after two of his former schoolmates, Susi and Helen, both from the small village ofWald, Zürichin Switzerland. This one was dedicated to Susi Petit–Pierre, while the subsequently numbered asteroid,1845 Helewalda, was given to Helen Gachnang.The officialnaming citationwas published by theMinor Planet Centeron 18 April 1977 (M.P.C.4156). References External links\",\n \"221 Eos 221 Eosis a largemain-beltasteroidthat was discovered by Austrian astronomerJohann Palisaon January 18, 1882, inVienna. In 1884, it was named afterEos, theGreekgoddess of the dawn, to honour the opening of a newobservatorythat was hoped to bring about a new dawn for Viennese astronomy. The asteroid is orbiting theSunwith asemimajor axisof3.01AU, aperiodof 5.22 years, and aneccentricityof 0.1. Theorbital planeis inclined by 10.9° to theplane of the ecliptic. It has a mean cross-section of 104 km,and is spinning with arotation periodof 10.4 hours. Based upon its spectral characteristics, this object is classified as aK-type asteroid. The orbital properties show it to be a member of the extensiveEos asteroid family, which is named after it.The spectral properties of the asteroid suggest it may have come from apartially differentiatedparent body. References External links This article about an asteroid native to theasteroid beltis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":261,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In 1966, the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge became part of the U.S. National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). What is another natural site with water added during that year, also located in California?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Lake Merritt"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mission_Dam"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Island_Historic_District"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bishop%27s_House"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mission_Dam', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Island_Historic_District', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bishop%27s_House', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mission_Dam","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Island_Historic_District","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bishop%27s_House","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mission_Dam\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Island_Historic_District\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bishop%27s_House\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Old Mission Dam Old Mission Damis a historic water impoundment structure inMission Trails Regional ParkinSan Diego, California. It was built in 1803 to impound theSan Diego Riverto provide water forirrigationof the fields associated withMission San Diego de Alcalá, the first Spanish mission in what is now the US state of California. It was the first major colonial-era irrigation project on the Pacific coast of the United States.The surviving remnant of the dam was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1963. Description and history Old Mission Dam is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of the site ofMission San Diego de Alcalá, in the hills northeast of San Diego. It spans theSan Diego River, which was historically a seasonal body of water which dried out in the summer. The dam is built out of stone and cement, and was 220 ft long (67 m), 13 ft wide (4.0 m) at its base and 12 ft high (3.7 m) as originally built. The dam created a body of water behind it, which would undergo controlled releases when the river otherwise ran dry. A tile channel to the mission fields was also built, in order to minimize water loss in the sandy soil, but only fragments of this work still survive. Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded in 1769 by FatherJunipero Serra, and was moved to its present surviving site in 1774. By 1800, the mission was a thriving community with 1,500 Christianized Native Americans. The mission suffered three years of drought in 1800-1802, which likely prompted construction of the irrigation project. The works probably reached their greatest extent in 1817, including the tiled aqueduct and other features lost to time and vandalism. The dam and aqueduct were reported to be in ruins in 1867, but the dam was repaired in 1874 and again put to use for a time. The dam is now part ofMission Trails Regional Park, the largest municipal park in California. Old Mission Dam is also a registered state historic landmark. See also References","Pecos National Historical Park Pecos National Historical Parkis a United StatesNational Historical ParkinSan Miguel County, New Mexico. The park, operated by theNational Park Service, encompasses thousands of acres of landscape infused with historical elements from prehistoric archaeological ruins to 19th-century ranches, to a battlefield of theAmerican Civil War. Its largest single feature isPecos Puebloalso known asCicuye Pueblo, a Native American community abandoned in historic times. First a state monument in 1935, it was madePecos National Monumentin 1965, and greatly enlarged and renamed in 1990. Two sites within the park, the pueblo and theGlorieta Pass Battlefield, areNational Historic Landmarks. Features Pecos National Historical Park's main unit is located in western San Miguel County,about 17 miles (27 km) east ofSanta Feand just south ofPecos. Pecos Pueblo The main unit of the park preserves the ruins of PecosPueblo, known historically as Cicuye (sometimes spelled Ciquique), the \"village of 500 warriors\".The first Pecos pueblo was one of two dozen rock-and-mud villages built in the valley around AD 1100 in the prehistoricPueblo II Era. Within 350 years thePueblo IV EraPecos village had grown to house more than 2,000 people in its five-storied complex. The people who lived at Cicuye/Pecos Pueblo spoke theTowa language.The Pecos people enjoyed a rich culture with inventive architecture and beautiful crafts. They also possessed an elaborate religious life, evidenced by the remains of over 20 ceremonial subterranean kivas. Some of the kivas have diameters as large as 40 feet and are 10 feet deep,accessed by wooden ladders. Farming was a main part of their diet and staple crops included the usual beans, corn, and squash. Their location, power and ability to supply goods made the Pecos a major trade center in the eastern part of the Puebloan territory, connecting the Pueblos to the Plains cultures such as the Comanche.There are seven distinct periods of their occupancy beginning with the Preceramic Period (11,500 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.)Ancestral PuebloanPaleo-Indians. Emigration of Pecos people to other areas, encroachment of Hispanic settlers in the area, outbreaks ofsmallpox, and problems withPlains Indianscaused the site to decline. The last 17 (or 20) inhabitants abandoned Pecos Pueblo in 1838, moving to theJemez Pueblo, the only other Pueblo which spoke the Towa language. The historical Pecos people produced, used or traded seven types of ceramic ware during their occupancy of the area. These are known as Rio Grande Greyware (plain and corrugated), Pajarito White Ware,Rio Grande Glaze Ware, Historic polychromes, Historic plain ware, White Mountain Red Ware, and Plains Apache Ware. Many of these were decorated with black, red or polychrome designs. Spanish mission The main unit of the park also protects the remains ofMission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos, aSpanish missionnear the pueblo built in the early 17th century. A 1.25-mile (2 km) self-guiding trail begins at the nearby visitor center and winds through the ruins of Pecos Pueblo and the mission church. Pecos was visited by expeditionaries withFrancisco Vásquez de Coronadoin 1540. The Spanish mission church was built in 1619. A traditionalkivawas built in front of the church during thePueblo Revoltin 1680 as a rejection of the Christian religion brought by Spanish colonists. However, when the Spanish returned in 1692, the Pecos community stayed on friendly terms with them, and a new, smaller church was built in 1717. Forked Lightning Ranch Another part of the park is the Forked Lightning Ranch, a cattle ranch established in the 1920s byTex Austin, a famous producer ofrodeos. It was headquartered at the Kozlowski's Stage Stop and Tavern, a stagecoach stop on the Santa Fe Trail that had also served as a Union forces encampment before the Battle of Glorieta Pass. It was only a cattle ranch for a time before Austin converted it into adude ranchwhich he promoted to Easterners. The main ranch was designed byJohn Gaw Meemin thePueblo Revival styleof architecture. Austin's heavily mortgaged endeavour failed, closing in 1933. In 1936 the ranch again became a working cattle ranch, and in 1941 it was purchased byBuddy Fogelson, a Texas oilman who married actressGreer Garson. After her husband died, Garson sold her share of the park in 1991 to a conservation group, which donated it to the Park Service. Old Santa Fe Trail Portions of the historicSanta Fe Trailrun through all units of the park. This rutted wagon trail was one of the major routes by which the American Southwest grew in the 19th century. Glorieta Pass Battlefield TheBattle of Glorieta Passwas fought March 26–28, 1862 in the mountain pass west of Pecos Pueblo, along the route of the Old Santa Fe Trail. Confederate forces were en route to take Union-controlledFort Union, and were fought to a standoff by militia raised in the New Mexico and Colorado Territories. Although parts of the battlefield have been compromised by highway construction, two sections of the battlefield have been preserved by the Park Service on either side of the pass. Public access to these units is limited by the National Park Service. Administrative history Pecos Pueblo and an area of 341 acres (138 ha) was acquired by the state and preserved as a state monument in 1935. In 1965, PresidentLyndon Johnsonestablished Pecos National Monument over the same area, and control was turned over the Park Service. In 1990 the main unit of the park was expanded to more than 6,000 acres (24 km2), including a large area of ranchland and archaeologically sensitive landscapes.The two units of the Glorieta Pass Battlefield were formally added to the park in 1993. Climate According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, the area has anoceanic climate, abbreviated \"Cfb\" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded was 100 °F (37.8 °C) on June 26, 1994 and July 18, 2023, while the coldest temperature recorded was −29 °F (−33.9 °C) on February 1, 1951. See also References External links","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Walden_Pond (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Seal Island Historic District TheSeal Island Historic Districtis aNational Historic Landmark Districtlocated on the islands ofSt. GeorgeandSt. Paulin thePribilof Islandsin theBering SeaofAlaska. These islands are home tonorthern fur sealherds which were actively hunted by indigenous populations and later by many nationalities. These islands of the Pribilofs are also the southern end of the range of thepolar bear, (Ursus maritimus) TheNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911signed by the United Kingdom, Japan, Russia and the United States limited hunting of the seals on these islands; this international treaty was one of the first conservation treaties, and set the stage for subsequent treaties. History The Pribilof Islands were discovered by Russian fur hunters in 1786, and in the following years a number of small villages for hunting and processing seals were established, including ones at the sites of the present-daySt. GeorgeandSt. Paul. After theRussian American Companywas granted an exclusive monopoly on fur in the area, these villages were largely consolidated. The Company continued to exploit the seal population until the area wassold to the United Statesin 1867. The area was then administered by the United States government, with leases authorizing private companies to exploit the herd. By the early 20th century, the seal population had fallen dramatically, from an estimated millions to under 300,000. Due to the lucrative nature of the industry, the Kingdoms of Russia, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to a moratorium on seal fishing in theNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911. The seal population had significantly recovered by the 1920s, and was around 1.5 million in 1952. The Convention expired in 1985, bringing an effective end to the seal hunting industry. The area is now part of theAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, and the herd is generally subject only to subsistence hunting by the nativeAleutpopulation.Although no longer commercially hunted, the seal population has been decreasing recently, possibly due to huge amounts of debris that has washed up on the islands. Landmark areas Three areas of Saint Paul and Saint George were designated aNational Historic Landmark Districtin 1962, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1966. On Saint George, the district includes a strip of land on the north shore, encompassing historic elements of the city of St. George, and extending east to a rookery and historic kill site area. On Saint Paul, the historic portion of the main city are included in the district, as is most of the northeastern triangular peninsula ending at North Point, where major rookeries are located. About 10% of the land area of Saint Paul Island is included in the district. In both cities, historic structures include industrial processing facilities as well as worker housing. The Russian Orthodox churches in the two communities,Sts. Peter and Paul Churchin St. Paul andSt. George the Great Martyr Orthodox Churchin St. George, also contribute to the area's historic significance and are separately listed on the National Register. The rookery area on St. George includes the remains of one of the early Russian-built villages, Staraya Atil. On Saint Paul the district includes nine separate rookery areas and five historic village sites. See also References","Russian Bishop's House TheRussian Bishop's House(Russian:Русский Архиерейский Дом), once theRussian Mission Orphanage(Russian:Российская Миссия Орфанадж), is a historic house museum andNational Historic Landmarkat Lincoln and Monastery Streets inSitka, Alaska. Built in 1841–43, this log structure is one of the oldest surviving buildings ofRussian America, and was one of the centerpieces of theRussian Orthodoxchurch's efforts to spread its influence among the natives of Alaska. It was the home and administrative center ofIvan Veniaminov, the first Bishop of Alaska, later canonized asInnocent of Alaska. The house is now a unit ofSitka National Historical Park, and is administered by theNational Park Service. Description The Russian Bishop's House is a two-story log structure, measuring about 42 by 63 feet (13 m × 19 m). It is divided into nine bays, each measuring about 7 feet (2.1 m) (onesazhen) square, and covered by a hip roof. The east and west ends of the building are further extended by shed-roof \"galleries\" that are 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, which historically provided space for stairwells, storage, latrines, and entrances. The exterior has undergone a number of alterations since construction. The south facade was sheathed in clapboarding c. 1851, and the galleries were roofed in metal around that time. In 1887 the galleries were sheathed in board-and-batten siding. The interior was repeatedly altered over the decades, and underwent a major restoration once the property was acquired by theNational Park Service1973. Secondary buildings The property on which the Bishop's House stands includes two secondary buildings associated with the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. East of the main house stands the Old School, a two-story wood-frame structure built in 1897 to provide a kindergarten and girls' school. House 105 is a1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure which stands facing Monastery Street. It was originally on a separate parcel of land, and was apparently moved to its present location in the 1950s. History The Russian Bishop's House was built between 1841 and 1843 by Finnish laborers brought in by theRussian American Company, to provide housing for ReverendIvan Veniaminov, who had been appointed the first Bishop of Alaska by the Russian Orthodox Church. From his seat in Sitka, Veniaminov oversaw the spread of Orthodox missionary and educational work to the indigenous peoples of southern Alaska, nearly doubling the number of Orthodox worshippers in the region between 1841 and 1860. Missionary efforts were continued after the United Statespurchased Alaskain 1867 and were only significantly cut back after funding cuts in the wake of theRussian Revolutionin 1917. The seat of the Russian diocese was relocated toSan Franciscoin 1872, and the Bishop's House was repurposed to provide housing quarters for priests. Its first floor also served as an inn for a time. In 1903 a bishop was once again assigned to a district with its seat at Sitka. For most of the 20th century, the upper floors housed a chapel and the quarters of the bishop, while the ground floor was used in a variety of ways. In the 1920s it housed a printing operation that produced, in addition to church publications, theSitka Sunand theSitka Tribune. The Old School was used as a church school building until 1922, and as a public school thereafter. House 105, while not of architectural note, was used as a church rental property for many years, and is one of the oldest buildings in Sitka. The property was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1962, and was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesas the \"Russian Mission Orphanage\" in 1966, reflecting its major function at that time. The National Register designation was altered to \"Russian Bishop's House\" in 1980. The Russian Bishop's House is now owned and managed by theNational Park Serviceas a unit ofSitka National Historical Park. It is open to the public on ranger-guided tours. See also References","Luther Burbank Home and Gardens Luther Burbank Home and Gardensis a city park containing the former home, greenhouse, gardens, and grave of noted AmericanhorticulturistLuther Burbank(1849-1926). It is located at the intersection of Santa Rosa Avenue and Sonoma Avenue inSanta Rosa, California, in theUnited States. The park is open daily without charge; a fee is charged for guided tours. It is designated as aNational Historic Landmarkas well as aCalifornia Historical Landmark (#234). History Burbank lived in Santa Rosa for more than 50 years, and performed the bulk of his life's work at this location. From 1884 to 1906 he lived in this park'sGreek Revivalhouse; he then moved across Tupper street to a house that no longer exists.After Burbank's death in 1926, his widow Elizabeth moved back to the house, where she remained until her death in 1977. Burbank, a native ofMassachusetts, was a nationally known figure who was responsible for creating many new varieties of plants. He is credited with introducing more than 250 new varieties offruit, including a large number ofplumvarieties that are widely used in agriculture. A portion of the property was declared aNational Historic Landmarkin 1964.The site is included in the officialSanta Rosa historic landmarksand the Sonoma County Historical Society list of landmarks. Gardens The gardens include many of Burbank's horticultural introductions, with collections ofcactus,fruittrees, ornamentalgrasses, medicinalherbs,roses, andwalnuts. Most plants are labeled with botanic and common names. The garden's greenhouse was designed and built by Burbank in 1889; Burbank's grave is nearby, underneath aCedar of Lebanon. See also References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Old Mission Dam Old Mission Damis a historic water impoundment structure inMission Trails Regional ParkinSan Diego, California. It was built in 1803 to impound theSan Diego Riverto provide water forirrigationof the fields associated withMission San Diego de Alcalá, the first Spanish mission in what is now the US state of California. It was the first major colonial-era irrigation project on the Pacific coast of the United States.The surviving remnant of the dam was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1963. Description and history Old Mission Dam is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of the site ofMission San Diego de Alcalá, in the hills northeast of San Diego. It spans theSan Diego River, which was historically a seasonal body of water which dried out in the summer. The dam is built out of stone and cement, and was 220 ft long (67 m), 13 ft wide (4.0 m) at its base and 12 ft high (3.7 m) as originally built. The dam created a body of water behind it, which would undergo controlled releases when the river otherwise ran dry. A tile channel to the mission fields was also built, in order to minimize water loss in the sandy soil, but only fragments of this work still survive. Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded in 1769 by FatherJunipero Serra, and was moved to its present surviving site in 1774. By 1800, the mission was a thriving community with 1,500 Christianized Native Americans. The mission suffered three years of drought in 1800-1802, which likely prompted construction of the irrigation project. The works probably reached their greatest extent in 1817, including the tiled aqueduct and other features lost to time and vandalism. The dam and aqueduct were reported to be in ruins in 1867, but the dam was repaired in 1874 and again put to use for a time. The dam is now part ofMission Trails Regional Park, the largest municipal park in California. Old Mission Dam is also a registered state historic landmark. See also References\",\n \"Pecos National Historical Park Pecos National Historical Parkis a United StatesNational Historical ParkinSan Miguel County, New Mexico. The park, operated by theNational Park Service, encompasses thousands of acres of landscape infused with historical elements from prehistoric archaeological ruins to 19th-century ranches, to a battlefield of theAmerican Civil War. Its largest single feature isPecos Puebloalso known asCicuye Pueblo, a Native American community abandoned in historic times. First a state monument in 1935, it was madePecos National Monumentin 1965, and greatly enlarged and renamed in 1990. Two sites within the park, the pueblo and theGlorieta Pass Battlefield, areNational Historic Landmarks. Features Pecos National Historical Park's main unit is located in western San Miguel County,about 17 miles (27 km) east ofSanta Feand just south ofPecos. Pecos Pueblo The main unit of the park preserves the ruins of PecosPueblo, known historically as Cicuye (sometimes spelled Ciquique), the \\\"village of 500 warriors\\\".The first Pecos pueblo was one of two dozen rock-and-mud villages built in the valley around AD 1100 in the prehistoricPueblo II Era. Within 350 years thePueblo IV EraPecos village had grown to house more than 2,000 people in its five-storied complex. The people who lived at Cicuye/Pecos Pueblo spoke theTowa language.The Pecos people enjoyed a rich culture with inventive architecture and beautiful crafts. They also possessed an elaborate religious life, evidenced by the remains of over 20 ceremonial subterranean kivas. Some of the kivas have diameters as large as 40 feet and are 10 feet deep,accessed by wooden ladders. Farming was a main part of their diet and staple crops included the usual beans, corn, and squash. Their location, power and ability to supply goods made the Pecos a major trade center in the eastern part of the Puebloan territory, connecting the Pueblos to the Plains cultures such as the Comanche.There are seven distinct periods of their occupancy beginning with the Preceramic Period (11,500 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.)Ancestral PuebloanPaleo-Indians. Emigration of Pecos people to other areas, encroachment of Hispanic settlers in the area, outbreaks ofsmallpox, and problems withPlains Indianscaused the site to decline. The last 17 (or 20) inhabitants abandoned Pecos Pueblo in 1838, moving to theJemez Pueblo, the only other Pueblo which spoke the Towa language. The historical Pecos people produced, used or traded seven types of ceramic ware during their occupancy of the area. These are known as Rio Grande Greyware (plain and corrugated), Pajarito White Ware,Rio Grande Glaze Ware, Historic polychromes, Historic plain ware, White Mountain Red Ware, and Plains Apache Ware. Many of these were decorated with black, red or polychrome designs. Spanish mission The main unit of the park also protects the remains ofMission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos, aSpanish missionnear the pueblo built in the early 17th century. A 1.25-mile (2 km) self-guiding trail begins at the nearby visitor center and winds through the ruins of Pecos Pueblo and the mission church. Pecos was visited by expeditionaries withFrancisco Vásquez de Coronadoin 1540. The Spanish mission church was built in 1619. A traditionalkivawas built in front of the church during thePueblo Revoltin 1680 as a rejection of the Christian religion brought by Spanish colonists. However, when the Spanish returned in 1692, the Pecos community stayed on friendly terms with them, and a new, smaller church was built in 1717. Forked Lightning Ranch Another part of the park is the Forked Lightning Ranch, a cattle ranch established in the 1920s byTex Austin, a famous producer ofrodeos. It was headquartered at the Kozlowski's Stage Stop and Tavern, a stagecoach stop on the Santa Fe Trail that had also served as a Union forces encampment before the Battle of Glorieta Pass. It was only a cattle ranch for a time before Austin converted it into adude ranchwhich he promoted to Easterners. The main ranch was designed byJohn Gaw Meemin thePueblo Revival styleof architecture. Austin's heavily mortgaged endeavour failed, closing in 1933. In 1936 the ranch again became a working cattle ranch, and in 1941 it was purchased byBuddy Fogelson, a Texas oilman who married actressGreer Garson. After her husband died, Garson sold her share of the park in 1991 to a conservation group, which donated it to the Park Service. Old Santa Fe Trail Portions of the historicSanta Fe Trailrun through all units of the park. This rutted wagon trail was one of the major routes by which the American Southwest grew in the 19th century. Glorieta Pass Battlefield TheBattle of Glorieta Passwas fought March 26–28, 1862 in the mountain pass west of Pecos Pueblo, along the route of the Old Santa Fe Trail. Confederate forces were en route to take Union-controlledFort Union, and were fought to a standoff by militia raised in the New Mexico and Colorado Territories. Although parts of the battlefield have been compromised by highway construction, two sections of the battlefield have been preserved by the Park Service on either side of the pass. Public access to these units is limited by the National Park Service. Administrative history Pecos Pueblo and an area of 341 acres (138 ha) was acquired by the state and preserved as a state monument in 1935. In 1965, PresidentLyndon Johnsonestablished Pecos National Monument over the same area, and control was turned over the Park Service. In 1990 the main unit of the park was expanded to more than 6,000 acres (24 km2), including a large area of ranchland and archaeologically sensitive landscapes.The two units of the Glorieta Pass Battlefield were formally added to the park in 1993. Climate According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, the area has anoceanic climate, abbreviated \\\"Cfb\\\" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded was 100 °F (37.8 °C) on June 26, 1994 and July 18, 2023, while the coldest temperature recorded was −29 °F (−33.9 °C) on February 1, 1951. See also References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Walden_Pond (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Seal Island Historic District TheSeal Island Historic Districtis aNational Historic Landmark Districtlocated on the islands ofSt. GeorgeandSt. Paulin thePribilof Islandsin theBering SeaofAlaska. These islands are home tonorthern fur sealherds which were actively hunted by indigenous populations and later by many nationalities. These islands of the Pribilofs are also the southern end of the range of thepolar bear, (Ursus maritimus) TheNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911signed by the United Kingdom, Japan, Russia and the United States limited hunting of the seals on these islands; this international treaty was one of the first conservation treaties, and set the stage for subsequent treaties. History The Pribilof Islands were discovered by Russian fur hunters in 1786, and in the following years a number of small villages for hunting and processing seals were established, including ones at the sites of the present-daySt. GeorgeandSt. Paul. After theRussian American Companywas granted an exclusive monopoly on fur in the area, these villages were largely consolidated. The Company continued to exploit the seal population until the area wassold to the United Statesin 1867. The area was then administered by the United States government, with leases authorizing private companies to exploit the herd. By the early 20th century, the seal population had fallen dramatically, from an estimated millions to under 300,000. Due to the lucrative nature of the industry, the Kingdoms of Russia, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to a moratorium on seal fishing in theNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911. The seal population had significantly recovered by the 1920s, and was around 1.5 million in 1952. The Convention expired in 1985, bringing an effective end to the seal hunting industry. The area is now part of theAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, and the herd is generally subject only to subsistence hunting by the nativeAleutpopulation.Although no longer commercially hunted, the seal population has been decreasing recently, possibly due to huge amounts of debris that has washed up on the islands. Landmark areas Three areas of Saint Paul and Saint George were designated aNational Historic Landmark Districtin 1962, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1966. On Saint George, the district includes a strip of land on the north shore, encompassing historic elements of the city of St. George, and extending east to a rookery and historic kill site area. On Saint Paul, the historic portion of the main city are included in the district, as is most of the northeastern triangular peninsula ending at North Point, where major rookeries are located. About 10% of the land area of Saint Paul Island is included in the district. In both cities, historic structures include industrial processing facilities as well as worker housing. The Russian Orthodox churches in the two communities,Sts. Peter and Paul Churchin St. Paul andSt. George the Great Martyr Orthodox Churchin St. George, also contribute to the area's historic significance and are separately listed on the National Register. The rookery area on St. George includes the remains of one of the early Russian-built villages, Staraya Atil. On Saint Paul the district includes nine separate rookery areas and five historic village sites. See also References\",\n \"Russian Bishop's House TheRussian Bishop's House(Russian:Русский Архиерейский Дом), once theRussian Mission Orphanage(Russian:Российская Миссия Орфанадж), is a historic house museum andNational Historic Landmarkat Lincoln and Monastery Streets inSitka, Alaska. Built in 1841–43, this log structure is one of the oldest surviving buildings ofRussian America, and was one of the centerpieces of theRussian Orthodoxchurch's efforts to spread its influence among the natives of Alaska. It was the home and administrative center ofIvan Veniaminov, the first Bishop of Alaska, later canonized asInnocent of Alaska. The house is now a unit ofSitka National Historical Park, and is administered by theNational Park Service. Description The Russian Bishop's House is a two-story log structure, measuring about 42 by 63 feet (13 m × 19 m). It is divided into nine bays, each measuring about 7 feet (2.1 m) (onesazhen) square, and covered by a hip roof. The east and west ends of the building are further extended by shed-roof \\\"galleries\\\" that are 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, which historically provided space for stairwells, storage, latrines, and entrances. The exterior has undergone a number of alterations since construction. The south facade was sheathed in clapboarding c. 1851, and the galleries were roofed in metal around that time. In 1887 the galleries were sheathed in board-and-batten siding. The interior was repeatedly altered over the decades, and underwent a major restoration once the property was acquired by theNational Park Service1973. Secondary buildings The property on which the Bishop's House stands includes two secondary buildings associated with the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. East of the main house stands the Old School, a two-story wood-frame structure built in 1897 to provide a kindergarten and girls' school. House 105 is a1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure which stands facing Monastery Street. It was originally on a separate parcel of land, and was apparently moved to its present location in the 1950s. History The Russian Bishop's House was built between 1841 and 1843 by Finnish laborers brought in by theRussian American Company, to provide housing for ReverendIvan Veniaminov, who had been appointed the first Bishop of Alaska by the Russian Orthodox Church. From his seat in Sitka, Veniaminov oversaw the spread of Orthodox missionary and educational work to the indigenous peoples of southern Alaska, nearly doubling the number of Orthodox worshippers in the region between 1841 and 1860. Missionary efforts were continued after the United Statespurchased Alaskain 1867 and were only significantly cut back after funding cuts in the wake of theRussian Revolutionin 1917. The seat of the Russian diocese was relocated toSan Franciscoin 1872, and the Bishop's House was repurposed to provide housing quarters for priests. Its first floor also served as an inn for a time. In 1903 a bishop was once again assigned to a district with its seat at Sitka. For most of the 20th century, the upper floors housed a chapel and the quarters of the bishop, while the ground floor was used in a variety of ways. In the 1920s it housed a printing operation that produced, in addition to church publications, theSitka Sunand theSitka Tribune. The Old School was used as a church school building until 1922, and as a public school thereafter. House 105, while not of architectural note, was used as a church rental property for many years, and is one of the oldest buildings in Sitka. The property was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1962, and was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesas the \\\"Russian Mission Orphanage\\\" in 1966, reflecting its major function at that time. The National Register designation was altered to \\\"Russian Bishop's House\\\" in 1980. The Russian Bishop's House is now owned and managed by theNational Park Serviceas a unit ofSitka National Historical Park. It is open to the public on ranger-guided tours. See also References\",\n \"Luther Burbank Home and Gardens Luther Burbank Home and Gardensis a city park containing the former home, greenhouse, gardens, and grave of noted AmericanhorticulturistLuther Burbank(1849-1926). It is located at the intersection of Santa Rosa Avenue and Sonoma Avenue inSanta Rosa, California, in theUnited States. The park is open daily without charge; a fee is charged for guided tours. It is designated as aNational Historic Landmarkas well as aCalifornia Historical Landmark (#234). History Burbank lived in Santa Rosa for more than 50 years, and performed the bulk of his life's work at this location. From 1884 to 1906 he lived in this park'sGreek Revivalhouse; he then moved across Tupper street to a house that no longer exists.After Burbank's death in 1926, his widow Elizabeth moved back to the house, where she remained until her death in 1977. Burbank, a native ofMassachusetts, was a nationally known figure who was responsible for creating many new varieties of plants. He is credited with introducing more than 250 new varieties offruit, including a large number ofplumvarieties that are widely used in agriculture. A portion of the property was declared aNational Historic Landmarkin 1964.The site is included in the officialSanta Rosa historic landmarksand the Sonoma County Historical Society list of landmarks. Gardens The gardens include many of Burbank's horticultural introductions, with collections ofcactus,fruittrees, ornamentalgrasses, medicinalherbs,roses, andwalnuts. Most plants are labeled with botanic and common names. The garden's greenhouse was designed and built by Burbank in 1889; Burbank's grave is nearby, underneath aCedar of Lebanon. See also References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Old Mission Dam Old Mission Damis a historic water impoundment structure inMission Trails Regional ParkinSan Diego, California. It was built in 1803 to impound theSan Diego Riverto provide water forirrigationof the fields associated withMission San Diego de Alcalá, the first Spanish mission in what is now the US state of California. It was the first major colonial-era irrigation project on the Pacific coast of the United States.The surviving remnant of the dam was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1963. Description and history Old Mission Dam is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of the site ofMission San Diego de Alcalá, in the hills northeast of San Diego. It spans theSan Diego River, which was historically a seasonal body of water which dried out in the summer. The dam is built out of stone and cement, and was 220 ft long (67 m), 13 ft wide (4.0 m) at its base and 12 ft high (3.7 m) as originally built. The dam created a body of water behind it, which would undergo controlled releases when the","releases when the river otherwise ran dry. A tile channel to the mission fields was also built, in order to minimize water loss in the sandy soil, but only fragments of this work still survive. Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded in 1769 by FatherJunipero Serra, and was moved to its present surviving site in 1774. By 1800, the mission was a thriving community with 1,500 Christianized Native Americans. The mission suffered three years of drought in 1800-1802, which likely prompted construction of the irrigation project. The works probably reached their greatest extent in 1817, including the tiled aqueduct and other features lost to time and vandalism. The dam and aqueduct were reported to be in ruins in 1867, but the dam was repaired in 1874 and again put to use for a time. The dam is now part ofMission Trails Regional Park, the largest municipal park in California. Old Mission Dam is also a registered state historic landmark. See also References","Pecos National Historical Park Pecos National Historical Parkis a United StatesNational Historical ParkinSan Miguel County, New Mexico. The park, operated by theNational Park Service, encompasses thousands of acres of landscape infused with historical elements from prehistoric archaeological ruins to 19th-century ranches, to a battlefield of theAmerican Civil War. Its largest single feature isPecos Puebloalso known asCicuye Pueblo, a Native American community abandoned in historic times. First a state monument in 1935, it was madePecos National Monumentin 1965, and greatly enlarged and renamed in 1990. Two sites within the park, the pueblo and theGlorieta Pass Battlefield, areNational Historic Landmarks. Features Pecos National Historical Park's main unit is located in western San Miguel County,about 17 miles (27 km) east ofSanta Feand just south ofPecos. Pecos Pueblo The main unit of the park preserves the ruins of PecosPueblo, known historically as Cicuye (sometimes spelled Ciquique), the \"village of 500","the \"village of 500 warriors\".The first Pecos pueblo was one of two dozen rock-and-mud villages built in the valley around AD 1100 in the prehistoricPueblo II Era. Within 350 years thePueblo IV EraPecos village had grown to house more than 2,000 people in its five-storied complex. The people who lived at Cicuye/Pecos Pueblo spoke theTowa language.The Pecos people enjoyed a rich culture with inventive architecture and beautiful crafts. They also possessed an elaborate religious life, evidenced by the remains of over 20 ceremonial subterranean kivas. Some of the kivas have diameters as large as 40 feet and are 10 feet deep,accessed by wooden ladders. Farming was a main part of their diet and staple crops included the usual beans, corn, and squash. Their location, power and ability to supply goods made the Pecos a major trade center in the eastern part of the Puebloan territory, connecting the Pueblos to the Plains cultures such as the Comanche.There are seven distinct periods of their occupancy beginning with","beginning with the Preceramic Period (11,500 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.)Ancestral PuebloanPaleo-Indians. Emigration of Pecos people to other areas, encroachment of Hispanic settlers in the area, outbreaks ofsmallpox, and problems withPlains Indianscaused the site to decline. The last 17 (or 20) inhabitants abandoned Pecos Pueblo in 1838, moving to theJemez Pueblo, the only other Pueblo which spoke the Towa language. The historical Pecos people produced, used or traded seven types of ceramic ware during their occupancy of the area. These are known as Rio Grande Greyware (plain and corrugated), Pajarito White Ware,Rio Grande Glaze Ware, Historic polychromes, Historic plain ware, White Mountain Red Ware, and Plains Apache Ware. Many of these were decorated with black, red or polychrome designs. Spanish mission The main unit of the park also protects the remains ofMission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos, aSpanish missionnear the pueblo built in the early 17th century. A 1.25-mile (2 km)","A 1.25-mile (2 km) self-guiding trail begins at the nearby visitor center and winds through the ruins of Pecos Pueblo and the mission church. Pecos was visited by expeditionaries withFrancisco Vásquez de Coronadoin 1540. The Spanish mission church was built in 1619. A traditionalkivawas built in front of the church during thePueblo Revoltin 1680 as a rejection of the Christian religion brought by Spanish colonists. However, when the Spanish returned in 1692, the Pecos community stayed on friendly terms with them, and a new, smaller church was built in 1717. Forked Lightning Ranch Another part of the park is the Forked Lightning Ranch, a cattle ranch established in the 1920s byTex Austin, a famous producer ofrodeos. It was headquartered at the Kozlowski's Stage Stop and Tavern, a stagecoach stop on the Santa Fe Trail that had also served as a Union forces encampment before the Battle of Glorieta Pass. It was only a cattle ranch for a time before Austin converted it into adude ranchwhich he promoted to","he promoted to Easterners. The main ranch was designed byJohn Gaw Meemin thePueblo Revival styleof architecture. Austin's heavily mortgaged endeavour failed, closing in 1933. In 1936 the ranch again became a working cattle ranch, and in 1941 it was purchased byBuddy Fogelson, a Texas oilman who married actressGreer Garson. After her husband died, Garson sold her share of the park in 1991 to a conservation group, which donated it to the Park Service. Old Santa Fe Trail Portions of the historicSanta Fe Trailrun through all units of the park. This rutted wagon trail was one of the major routes by which the American Southwest grew in the 19th century. Glorieta Pass Battlefield TheBattle of Glorieta Passwas fought March 26–28, 1862 in the mountain pass west of Pecos Pueblo, along the route of the Old Santa Fe Trail. Confederate forces were en route to take Union-controlledFort Union, and were fought to a standoff by militia raised in the New Mexico and Colorado Territories. Although parts of the battlefield have","battlefield have been compromised by highway construction, two sections of the battlefield have been preserved by the Park Service on either side of the pass. Public access to these units is limited by the National Park Service. Administrative history Pecos Pueblo and an area of 341 acres (138 ha) was acquired by the state and preserved as a state monument in 1935. In 1965, PresidentLyndon Johnsonestablished Pecos National Monument over the same area, and control was turned over the Park Service. In 1990 the main unit of the park was expanded to more than 6,000 acres (24 km2), including a large area of ranchland and archaeologically sensitive landscapes.The two units of the Glorieta Pass Battlefield were formally added to the park in 1993. Climate According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, the area has anoceanic climate, abbreviated \"Cfb\" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded was 100 °F (37.8 °C) on June 26, 1994 and July 18, 2023, while the coldest temperature recorded was −29 °F","recorded was −29 °F (−33.9 °C) on February 1, 1951. See also References External links","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Walden_Pond (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Seal Island Historic District TheSeal Island Historic Districtis aNational Historic Landmark Districtlocated on the islands ofSt. GeorgeandSt. Paulin thePribilof Islandsin theBering SeaofAlaska. These islands are home tonorthern fur sealherds which were actively hunted by indigenous populations and later by many nationalities. These islands of the Pribilofs are also the southern end of the range of thepolar bear, (Ursus maritimus) TheNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911signed by the United Kingdom, Japan, Russia and the United States limited hunting of the seals on these islands; this international treaty was one of the first conservation treaties, and set the stage for subsequent treaties. History The Pribilof Islands were discovered by Russian fur hunters in 1786, and in the following years a number of small villages for hunting and processing seals were established, including ones at the sites of the present-daySt. GeorgeandSt. Paul. After theRussian American Companywas granted an exclusive monopoly","exclusive monopoly on fur in the area, these villages were largely consolidated. The Company continued to exploit the seal population until the area wassold to the United Statesin 1867. The area was then administered by the United States government, with leases authorizing private companies to exploit the herd. By the early 20th century, the seal population had fallen dramatically, from an estimated millions to under 300,000. Due to the lucrative nature of the industry, the Kingdoms of Russia, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to a moratorium on seal fishing in theNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911. The seal population had significantly recovered by the 1920s, and was around 1.5 million in 1952. The Convention expired in 1985, bringing an effective end to the seal hunting industry. The area is now part of theAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, and the herd is generally subject only to subsistence hunting by the nativeAleutpopulation.Although no longer commercially hunted, the","hunted, the seal population has been decreasing recently, possibly due to huge amounts of debris that has washed up on the islands. Landmark areas Three areas of Saint Paul and Saint George were designated aNational Historic Landmark Districtin 1962, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1966. On Saint George, the district includes a strip of land on the north shore, encompassing historic elements of the city of St. George, and extending east to a rookery and historic kill site area. On Saint Paul, the historic portion of the main city are included in the district, as is most of the northeastern triangular peninsula ending at North Point, where major rookeries are located. About 10% of the land area of Saint Paul Island is included in the district. In both cities, historic structures include industrial processing facilities as well as worker housing. The Russian Orthodox churches in the two communities,Sts. Peter and Paul Churchin St. Paul andSt. George the Great Martyr Orthodox Churchin","Orthodox Churchin St. George, also contribute to the area's historic significance and are separately listed on the National Register. The rookery area on St. George includes the remains of one of the early Russian-built villages, Staraya Atil. On Saint Paul the district includes nine separate rookery areas and five historic village sites. See also References","Russian Bishop's House TheRussian Bishop's House(Russian:Русский Архиерейский Дом), once theRussian Mission Orphanage(Russian:Российская Миссия Орфанадж), is a historic house museum andNational Historic Landmarkat Lincoln and Monastery Streets inSitka, Alaska. Built in 1841–43, this log structure is one of the oldest surviving buildings ofRussian America, and was one of the centerpieces of theRussian Orthodoxchurch's efforts to spread its influence among the natives of Alaska. It was the home and administrative center ofIvan Veniaminov, the first Bishop of Alaska, later canonized asInnocent of Alaska. The house is now a unit ofSitka National Historical Park, and is administered by theNational Park Service. Description The Russian Bishop's House is a two-story log structure, measuring about 42 by 63 feet (13 m × 19 m). It is divided into nine bays, each measuring about 7 feet (2.1 m) (onesazhen) square, and covered by a hip roof. The east and west ends of the building are further extended by shed-roof","by shed-roof \"galleries\" that are 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, which historically provided space for stairwells, storage, latrines, and entrances. The exterior has undergone a number of alterations since construction. The south facade was sheathed in clapboarding c. 1851, and the galleries were roofed in metal around that time. In 1887 the galleries were sheathed in board-and-batten siding. The interior was repeatedly altered over the decades, and underwent a major restoration once the property was acquired by theNational Park Service1973. Secondary buildings The property on which the Bishop's House stands includes two secondary buildings associated with the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. East of the main house stands the Old School, a two-story wood-frame structure built in 1897 to provide a kindergarten and girls' school. House 105 is a1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure which stands facing Monastery Street. It was originally on a separate parcel of land, and was apparently moved to its present location","present location in the 1950s. History The Russian Bishop's House was built between 1841 and 1843 by Finnish laborers brought in by theRussian American Company, to provide housing for ReverendIvan Veniaminov, who had been appointed the first Bishop of Alaska by the Russian Orthodox Church. From his seat in Sitka, Veniaminov oversaw the spread of Orthodox missionary and educational work to the indigenous peoples of southern Alaska, nearly doubling the number of Orthodox worshippers in the region between 1841 and 1860. Missionary efforts were continued after the United Statespurchased Alaskain 1867 and were only significantly cut back after funding cuts in the wake of theRussian Revolutionin 1917. The seat of the Russian diocese was relocated toSan Franciscoin 1872, and the Bishop's House was repurposed to provide housing quarters for priests. Its first floor also served as an inn for a time. In 1903 a bishop was once again assigned to a district with its seat at Sitka. For most of the 20th century, the upper","century, the upper floors housed a chapel and the quarters of the bishop, while the ground floor was used in a variety of ways. In the 1920s it housed a printing operation that produced, in addition to church publications, theSitka Sunand theSitka Tribune. The Old School was used as a church school building until 1922, and as a public school thereafter. House 105, while not of architectural note, was used as a church rental property for many years, and is one of the oldest buildings in Sitka. The property was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1962, and was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesas the \"Russian Mission Orphanage\" in 1966, reflecting its major function at that time. The National Register designation was altered to \"Russian Bishop's House\" in 1980. The Russian Bishop's House is now owned and managed by theNational Park Serviceas a unit ofSitka National Historical Park. It is open to the public on ranger-guided tours. See also References","Luther Burbank Home and Gardens Luther Burbank Home and Gardensis a city park containing the former home, greenhouse, gardens, and grave of noted AmericanhorticulturistLuther Burbank(1849-1926). It is located at the intersection of Santa Rosa Avenue and Sonoma Avenue inSanta Rosa, California, in theUnited States. The park is open daily without charge; a fee is charged for guided tours. It is designated as aNational Historic Landmarkas well as aCalifornia Historical Landmark (#234). History Burbank lived in Santa Rosa for more than 50 years, and performed the bulk of his life's work at this location. From 1884 to 1906 he lived in this park'sGreek Revivalhouse; he then moved across Tupper street to a house that no longer exists.After Burbank's death in 1926, his widow Elizabeth moved back to the house, where she remained until her death in 1977. Burbank, a native ofMassachusetts, was a nationally known figure who was responsible for creating many new varieties of plants. He is credited with introducing more","introducing more than 250 new varieties offruit, including a large number ofplumvarieties that are widely used in agriculture. A portion of the property was declared aNational Historic Landmarkin 1964.The site is included in the officialSanta Rosa historic landmarksand the Sonoma County Historical Society list of landmarks. Gardens The gardens include many of Burbank's horticultural introductions, with collections ofcactus,fruittrees, ornamentalgrasses, medicinalherbs,roses, andwalnuts. Most plants are labeled with botanic and common names. The garden's greenhouse was designed and built by Burbank in 1889; Burbank's grave is nearby, underneath aCedar of Lebanon. See also References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Old Mission Dam Old Mission Damis a historic water impoundment structure inMission Trails Regional ParkinSan Diego, California. It was built in 1803 to impound theSan Diego Riverto provide water forirrigationof the fields associated withMission San Diego de Alcalá, the first Spanish mission in what is now the US state of California. It was the first major colonial-era irrigation project on the Pacific coast of the United States.The surviving remnant of the dam was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1963. Description and history Old Mission Dam is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of the site ofMission San Diego de Alcalá, in the hills northeast of San Diego. It spans theSan Diego River, which was historically a seasonal body of water which dried out in the summer. The dam is built out of stone and cement, and was 220 ft long (67 m), 13 ft wide (4.0 m) at its base and 12 ft high (3.7 m) as originally built. The dam created a body of water behind it, which would undergo controlled releases when the\",\n \"releases when the river otherwise ran dry. A tile channel to the mission fields was also built, in order to minimize water loss in the sandy soil, but only fragments of this work still survive. Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded in 1769 by FatherJunipero Serra, and was moved to its present surviving site in 1774. By 1800, the mission was a thriving community with 1,500 Christianized Native Americans. The mission suffered three years of drought in 1800-1802, which likely prompted construction of the irrigation project. The works probably reached their greatest extent in 1817, including the tiled aqueduct and other features lost to time and vandalism. The dam and aqueduct were reported to be in ruins in 1867, but the dam was repaired in 1874 and again put to use for a time. The dam is now part ofMission Trails Regional Park, the largest municipal park in California. Old Mission Dam is also a registered state historic landmark. See also References\",\n \"Pecos National Historical Park Pecos National Historical Parkis a United StatesNational Historical ParkinSan Miguel County, New Mexico. The park, operated by theNational Park Service, encompasses thousands of acres of landscape infused with historical elements from prehistoric archaeological ruins to 19th-century ranches, to a battlefield of theAmerican Civil War. Its largest single feature isPecos Puebloalso known asCicuye Pueblo, a Native American community abandoned in historic times. First a state monument in 1935, it was madePecos National Monumentin 1965, and greatly enlarged and renamed in 1990. Two sites within the park, the pueblo and theGlorieta Pass Battlefield, areNational Historic Landmarks. Features Pecos National Historical Park's main unit is located in western San Miguel County,about 17 miles (27 km) east ofSanta Feand just south ofPecos. Pecos Pueblo The main unit of the park preserves the ruins of PecosPueblo, known historically as Cicuye (sometimes spelled Ciquique), the \\\"village of 500\",\n \"the \\\"village of 500 warriors\\\".The first Pecos pueblo was one of two dozen rock-and-mud villages built in the valley around AD 1100 in the prehistoricPueblo II Era. Within 350 years thePueblo IV EraPecos village had grown to house more than 2,000 people in its five-storied complex. The people who lived at Cicuye/Pecos Pueblo spoke theTowa language.The Pecos people enjoyed a rich culture with inventive architecture and beautiful crafts. They also possessed an elaborate religious life, evidenced by the remains of over 20 ceremonial subterranean kivas. Some of the kivas have diameters as large as 40 feet and are 10 feet deep,accessed by wooden ladders. Farming was a main part of their diet and staple crops included the usual beans, corn, and squash. Their location, power and ability to supply goods made the Pecos a major trade center in the eastern part of the Puebloan territory, connecting the Pueblos to the Plains cultures such as the Comanche.There are seven distinct periods of their occupancy beginning with\",\n \"beginning with the Preceramic Period (11,500 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.)Ancestral PuebloanPaleo-Indians. Emigration of Pecos people to other areas, encroachment of Hispanic settlers in the area, outbreaks ofsmallpox, and problems withPlains Indianscaused the site to decline. The last 17 (or 20) inhabitants abandoned Pecos Pueblo in 1838, moving to theJemez Pueblo, the only other Pueblo which spoke the Towa language. The historical Pecos people produced, used or traded seven types of ceramic ware during their occupancy of the area. These are known as Rio Grande Greyware (plain and corrugated), Pajarito White Ware,Rio Grande Glaze Ware, Historic polychromes, Historic plain ware, White Mountain Red Ware, and Plains Apache Ware. Many of these were decorated with black, red or polychrome designs. Spanish mission The main unit of the park also protects the remains ofMission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos, aSpanish missionnear the pueblo built in the early 17th century. A 1.25-mile (2 km)\",\n \"A 1.25-mile (2 km) self-guiding trail begins at the nearby visitor center and winds through the ruins of Pecos Pueblo and the mission church. Pecos was visited by expeditionaries withFrancisco Vásquez de Coronadoin 1540. The Spanish mission church was built in 1619. A traditionalkivawas built in front of the church during thePueblo Revoltin 1680 as a rejection of the Christian religion brought by Spanish colonists. However, when the Spanish returned in 1692, the Pecos community stayed on friendly terms with them, and a new, smaller church was built in 1717. Forked Lightning Ranch Another part of the park is the Forked Lightning Ranch, a cattle ranch established in the 1920s byTex Austin, a famous producer ofrodeos. It was headquartered at the Kozlowski's Stage Stop and Tavern, a stagecoach stop on the Santa Fe Trail that had also served as a Union forces encampment before the Battle of Glorieta Pass. It was only a cattle ranch for a time before Austin converted it into adude ranchwhich he promoted to\",\n \"he promoted to Easterners. The main ranch was designed byJohn Gaw Meemin thePueblo Revival styleof architecture. Austin's heavily mortgaged endeavour failed, closing in 1933. In 1936 the ranch again became a working cattle ranch, and in 1941 it was purchased byBuddy Fogelson, a Texas oilman who married actressGreer Garson. After her husband died, Garson sold her share of the park in 1991 to a conservation group, which donated it to the Park Service. Old Santa Fe Trail Portions of the historicSanta Fe Trailrun through all units of the park. This rutted wagon trail was one of the major routes by which the American Southwest grew in the 19th century. Glorieta Pass Battlefield TheBattle of Glorieta Passwas fought March 26–28, 1862 in the mountain pass west of Pecos Pueblo, along the route of the Old Santa Fe Trail. Confederate forces were en route to take Union-controlledFort Union, and were fought to a standoff by militia raised in the New Mexico and Colorado Territories. Although parts of the battlefield have\",\n \"battlefield have been compromised by highway construction, two sections of the battlefield have been preserved by the Park Service on either side of the pass. Public access to these units is limited by the National Park Service. Administrative history Pecos Pueblo and an area of 341 acres (138 ha) was acquired by the state and preserved as a state monument in 1935. In 1965, PresidentLyndon Johnsonestablished Pecos National Monument over the same area, and control was turned over the Park Service. In 1990 the main unit of the park was expanded to more than 6,000 acres (24 km2), including a large area of ranchland and archaeologically sensitive landscapes.The two units of the Glorieta Pass Battlefield were formally added to the park in 1993. Climate According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, the area has anoceanic climate, abbreviated \\\"Cfb\\\" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded was 100 °F (37.8 °C) on June 26, 1994 and July 18, 2023, while the coldest temperature recorded was −29 °F\",\n \"recorded was −29 °F (−33.9 °C) on February 1, 1951. See also References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Walden_Pond (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Seal Island Historic District TheSeal Island Historic Districtis aNational Historic Landmark Districtlocated on the islands ofSt. GeorgeandSt. Paulin thePribilof Islandsin theBering SeaofAlaska. These islands are home tonorthern fur sealherds which were actively hunted by indigenous populations and later by many nationalities. These islands of the Pribilofs are also the southern end of the range of thepolar bear, (Ursus maritimus) TheNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911signed by the United Kingdom, Japan, Russia and the United States limited hunting of the seals on these islands; this international treaty was one of the first conservation treaties, and set the stage for subsequent treaties. History The Pribilof Islands were discovered by Russian fur hunters in 1786, and in the following years a number of small villages for hunting and processing seals were established, including ones at the sites of the present-daySt. GeorgeandSt. Paul. After theRussian American Companywas granted an exclusive monopoly\",\n \"exclusive monopoly on fur in the area, these villages were largely consolidated. The Company continued to exploit the seal population until the area wassold to the United Statesin 1867. The area was then administered by the United States government, with leases authorizing private companies to exploit the herd. By the early 20th century, the seal population had fallen dramatically, from an estimated millions to under 300,000. Due to the lucrative nature of the industry, the Kingdoms of Russia, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to a moratorium on seal fishing in theNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911. The seal population had significantly recovered by the 1920s, and was around 1.5 million in 1952. The Convention expired in 1985, bringing an effective end to the seal hunting industry. The area is now part of theAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, and the herd is generally subject only to subsistence hunting by the nativeAleutpopulation.Although no longer commercially hunted, the\",\n \"hunted, the seal population has been decreasing recently, possibly due to huge amounts of debris that has washed up on the islands. Landmark areas Three areas of Saint Paul and Saint George were designated aNational Historic Landmark Districtin 1962, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1966. On Saint George, the district includes a strip of land on the north shore, encompassing historic elements of the city of St. George, and extending east to a rookery and historic kill site area. On Saint Paul, the historic portion of the main city are included in the district, as is most of the northeastern triangular peninsula ending at North Point, where major rookeries are located. About 10% of the land area of Saint Paul Island is included in the district. In both cities, historic structures include industrial processing facilities as well as worker housing. The Russian Orthodox churches in the two communities,Sts. Peter and Paul Churchin St. Paul andSt. George the Great Martyr Orthodox Churchin\",\n \"Orthodox Churchin St. George, also contribute to the area's historic significance and are separately listed on the National Register. The rookery area on St. George includes the remains of one of the early Russian-built villages, Staraya Atil. On Saint Paul the district includes nine separate rookery areas and five historic village sites. See also References\",\n \"Russian Bishop's House TheRussian Bishop's House(Russian:Русский Архиерейский Дом), once theRussian Mission Orphanage(Russian:Российская Миссия Орфанадж), is a historic house museum andNational Historic Landmarkat Lincoln and Monastery Streets inSitka, Alaska. Built in 1841–43, this log structure is one of the oldest surviving buildings ofRussian America, and was one of the centerpieces of theRussian Orthodoxchurch's efforts to spread its influence among the natives of Alaska. It was the home and administrative center ofIvan Veniaminov, the first Bishop of Alaska, later canonized asInnocent of Alaska. The house is now a unit ofSitka National Historical Park, and is administered by theNational Park Service. Description The Russian Bishop's House is a two-story log structure, measuring about 42 by 63 feet (13 m × 19 m). It is divided into nine bays, each measuring about 7 feet (2.1 m) (onesazhen) square, and covered by a hip roof. The east and west ends of the building are further extended by shed-roof\",\n \"by shed-roof \\\"galleries\\\" that are 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, which historically provided space for stairwells, storage, latrines, and entrances. The exterior has undergone a number of alterations since construction. The south facade was sheathed in clapboarding c. 1851, and the galleries were roofed in metal around that time. In 1887 the galleries were sheathed in board-and-batten siding. The interior was repeatedly altered over the decades, and underwent a major restoration once the property was acquired by theNational Park Service1973. Secondary buildings The property on which the Bishop's House stands includes two secondary buildings associated with the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. East of the main house stands the Old School, a two-story wood-frame structure built in 1897 to provide a kindergarten and girls' school. House 105 is a1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure which stands facing Monastery Street. It was originally on a separate parcel of land, and was apparently moved to its present location\",\n \"present location in the 1950s. History The Russian Bishop's House was built between 1841 and 1843 by Finnish laborers brought in by theRussian American Company, to provide housing for ReverendIvan Veniaminov, who had been appointed the first Bishop of Alaska by the Russian Orthodox Church. From his seat in Sitka, Veniaminov oversaw the spread of Orthodox missionary and educational work to the indigenous peoples of southern Alaska, nearly doubling the number of Orthodox worshippers in the region between 1841 and 1860. Missionary efforts were continued after the United Statespurchased Alaskain 1867 and were only significantly cut back after funding cuts in the wake of theRussian Revolutionin 1917. The seat of the Russian diocese was relocated toSan Franciscoin 1872, and the Bishop's House was repurposed to provide housing quarters for priests. Its first floor also served as an inn for a time. In 1903 a bishop was once again assigned to a district with its seat at Sitka. For most of the 20th century, the upper\",\n \"century, the upper floors housed a chapel and the quarters of the bishop, while the ground floor was used in a variety of ways. In the 1920s it housed a printing operation that produced, in addition to church publications, theSitka Sunand theSitka Tribune. The Old School was used as a church school building until 1922, and as a public school thereafter. House 105, while not of architectural note, was used as a church rental property for many years, and is one of the oldest buildings in Sitka. The property was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1962, and was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesas the \\\"Russian Mission Orphanage\\\" in 1966, reflecting its major function at that time. The National Register designation was altered to \\\"Russian Bishop's House\\\" in 1980. The Russian Bishop's House is now owned and managed by theNational Park Serviceas a unit ofSitka National Historical Park. It is open to the public on ranger-guided tours. See also References\",\n \"Luther Burbank Home and Gardens Luther Burbank Home and Gardensis a city park containing the former home, greenhouse, gardens, and grave of noted AmericanhorticulturistLuther Burbank(1849-1926). It is located at the intersection of Santa Rosa Avenue and Sonoma Avenue inSanta Rosa, California, in theUnited States. The park is open daily without charge; a fee is charged for guided tours. It is designated as aNational Historic Landmarkas well as aCalifornia Historical Landmark (#234). History Burbank lived in Santa Rosa for more than 50 years, and performed the bulk of his life's work at this location. From 1884 to 1906 he lived in this park'sGreek Revivalhouse; he then moved across Tupper street to a house that no longer exists.After Burbank's death in 1926, his widow Elizabeth moved back to the house, where she remained until her death in 1977. Burbank, a native ofMassachusetts, was a nationally known figure who was responsible for creating many new varieties of plants. He is credited with introducing more\",\n \"introducing more than 250 new varieties offruit, including a large number ofplumvarieties that are widely used in agriculture. A portion of the property was declared aNational Historic Landmarkin 1964.The site is included in the officialSanta Rosa historic landmarksand the Sonoma County Historical Society list of landmarks. Gardens The gardens include many of Burbank's horticultural introductions, with collections ofcactus,fruittrees, ornamentalgrasses, medicinalherbs,roses, andwalnuts. Most plants are labeled with botanic and common names. The garden's greenhouse was designed and built by Burbank in 1889; Burbank's grave is nearby, underneath aCedar of Lebanon. See also References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":262,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"I lost a final against Greg Rusedski on grass, who won his 4th career singles title on grass against a player that once defeated me in the opening round of the US Open. I achieved my highest ranking in singles on what date?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"10 July 2000"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Rusedski"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Kučera"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popp"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Rusedski', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Kučera', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popp']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Rusedski","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Kučera","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popp"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Rusedski\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Kučera\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popp\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Greg Rusedski Gregory Rusedski(born 6 September 1973) is a British former professionaltennisplayer. He was the British No. 1 in 1997, 1999 and 2006, and reached theATPranking of world No. 4 for periods from 6 October 1997 to 12 October 1997 and from 25 May 1998 to 21 June 1998. In 1997, he was theUS Openfinalist, which led to him receiving theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. Also, he scored 30 wins and 13 losses with theGreat Britain Davis Cup team. Personal life Rusedski was born inMontreal, Quebec, to a British mother and a father of Polish and Ukrainian descent.He was a very promising junior player in Canada in the 1980s, and subsequently caused some anger in Canada when he decided to adopt British citizenship and play for Great Britain in 1995.Rusedski made the decision for \"lifestyle reasons\", noting that his girlfriend — who later became his wife — lived in Britain. Rusedski has been with his wife Lucy Connor since 1991, they met while he was competing in a junior tournament where she was a ball girl.They married in a Catholic ceremony atDouai Abbeyin West Berkshire in December 1999.They have two children: a daughter born in 2006,and a son born in 2009. Career Rusedski's first career singles tournament title was at theHall of Fame Championshipin Newport, Rhode Island in 1993. He opted to compete for the United Kingdom rather than Canada from 22 May 1995 onwards, a decision which was received poorly by Canadian fans; it was reported that he was given a \"traitor's reception\" by the crowd when he competed in his first Canadian Open after the switch. Rusedski reached the singles final of theUS Openin 1997, where he lost toPat Rafterin four sets (shortly thereafter reaching his career high rank of world No. 4). He also won theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. In 1998,Tim Henmaneclipsed Rusedski as the UK number one tennis player. Rusedski, however, won theGrand Slam Cupin 1999. In the1999 US Open, Rusedski reached the fourth round where he was eliminated 5–7, 0–6, 7–6 (7–3), 6–4, 6–4, byTodd Martin; Rusedski had a two-sets-to-none advantage and was serving for the match in the third set, then in the fifth set he was up 4–1, but lost 20 of the final 21 points including a stretch of 18 consecutive points. In the2002 US Open, after losing toPete Samprasin the third round in a grueling five-set match, Rusedski described Sampras as \"a half-step slow\" and predicted that Sampras would lose his fourth-round match to young German starTommy Haas.Sampras, however, went on to win the tournament. AtWimbledon in 2003, Rusedski was playing in a second-round match againstAndy Roddick. Roddick had won the first two sets, but Rusedski was 5–2 up in the third set. During a point on Roddick's service game, a member of the crowd loudly called one of Roddick's shots long, causing Rusedski to stop playing the point as he believed it was a line judge. The umpire ruled that the ball was good and that, as Roddick's next shot landed in court, Roddick was awarded the point. Rusedski, believing the point should have been replayed, launched into a long and expletive-riddled tirade at the umpire and, never regaining his composure, went on to lose the next five games without reply to concede the match. Rusedski apologized after the match, and Roddick reached the semifinals. Rusedski tested positive fornandrolonein January 2004, but he was cleared of the charges in a hearing on 10 March 2004. Rusedski was defeated in the second round ofWimbledonin 2005 byJoachim Johanssonof Sweden. Later that year, he defended his title at the Hall of Fame Championship, defeatingVince Spadeain the final. This was the first time he had successfully defended a title and the third time he had won the championship. He then reached the semifinals at both theRCA Championshipsin Indianapolis, losing toTaylor Dent, and theCanada Masterstournament in Montreal, losing toAndre Agassi. Towards the end of 2005, Rusedski's ranking had risen to the high 30s. A defeat for Rusedski in the first round of the Challenger event inDnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, left him ranked 38th, just one place short of regaining the UK top spot. Rusedski reclaimed the UK number-one spot on 15 May 2006, overtakingAndy Murrayby getting to the third round of theRome Masters. He lost the top UK ranking again after a first-round exit at Wimbledon. On 7 April 2007, Rusedski officially retired from tennis after partnering withJamie Murrayto a doubles victory over the Netherlands in aDavis Cupmatch, a result which gave Great Britain a winning 3–0 lead in the tie. He announced his retirement immediately after the win during a live interview withSue Barkeron BBC Television.Rusedski has stayed involved with professional tennis in his retirement, and currently works for theLawn Tennis Associationas a talent and performance ambassador.Rusedski held the record for fastest serve at 149 miles per hour until Andy Roddick broke it. On 24 January 2009, Rusedski confirmed he had been seeking a return to professional tennis. However, Davis Cup captain John Lloyd turned down his offer to compete in the Davis Cup, and Rusedski was unable to obtain any wild-card tournament entries.Because of this, Rusedski quickly retracted his announcement and is still retired. Rusedski vs. Henman Rusedski was often overshadowed in the British press by Henman, especially atWimbledon.They were generally closely matched over their careers; both reached a highest world ranking of 4. Rusedski won 15 singles titles compared to Henman's eleven, and also reached the final of theUS Openin 1997, whereas Henman never made it past the semifinals of a Grand Slam tournament. However, Henman reached six Grand Slam semifinals and an additional four quarterfinals, whereas Rusedski reached two Grand Slam quarterfinals in total: at the US Open where he reached the final, and at Wimbledon the same year. Neither Rusedski nor Henman ever reached the quarterfinals of the Australian Open. Henman reached the semifinals of the French Open, while Rusedski never made it past the fourth round at that tournament. His Davis Cup singles record was considerably poorer than Henman's. In Great Britain's two key Davis Cup ties in the World Group knockout stage, Rusedski lost all four singles rubbers, despite home advantage (against the US in 1999 and Sweden in 2002). However, as a doubles partnership, Rusedski and Henman won several Davis Cup matches, as well as other tournaments. Rusedski's final match at a Grand Slam was against Henman, at the 2006 US Open. Henman won 7–6, 6–2, 6–3. Over their careers, in head-to-head encounters, Henman won 8–2. Media career Rusedski has an active media career, having written columns forThe Sun,The Daily MirrorandThe Daily Telegraph.He also works for the television channel British Eurosport providing analysis during the stations' coverage of the Australian Open. He provided commentary and analysis for Sky Sports for their coverage of the US Open and ATP World Tour Events, and for the BBC's coverage of Wimbledon.He has done some acting, appearing in an episode ofAgatha Christie's Marpleas a tennis player.In 2008, he appeared as a contestant on the reality TV showsDancing on IceandBeat the Star. He has appeared in \"Dictionary Corner\" on the Channel 4 game showCountdown. Grand Slam tournament finals Singles: 1 (0–1) Other significant finals Grand Slam Cup Singles: 1 (1–0) Masters Series Singles: 2 (1–1) Career finals Singles: 27 (15 titles, 12 runners-up) Doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held inStockholmthrough 1994,Essenin 1995, andStuttgartfrom 1996 through 2001. 2Rusedski was granted British citizenship in May 1995, and competed for Great Britain from 22 May 1995 onwards. Top 10 wins References External links","Karol Kučera Karol Kučera(born 4 March 1974) is a Slovaktenniscoach and former professional player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 6 in September 1998, reaching the semifinals of theAustralian Openthe same year. In 2020, Kučera was elected an MP of theNational Council of Slovakiarepresenting theOrdinary People and Independent Personalitiesmovement, along with fellow former tennis playersJán KrošlákandRomana Tabak. Tennis career Kučera turned professional in 1992. He was a member of theCzechoslovakianGalea Cup teams in 1991 and 1992 and the 1992 European championship squad. In 1993 he qualified for his firstGrand SlamatRoland Garros. In 1995 when Kučera won his first ATP title inRosmalen. In 1996 he played in theSummer OlympicsinAtlantawhere he lost to eventual gold medalistAndre Agassi. A year later he won his second ATP title inOstravadefeatingMagnus Norman. He was runner-up in two other tournaments inNottinghamon grass toGreg RusedskiandStuttgartOutdoor toÁlex Corretjaon clay. Kučera's best year was in 1998, where he finished the year in the top 10, ranked World No. 8, which qualified him in theATP Tour World ChampionshipinHannover. During the year Kučera won 2 titles inSydneydefeatingTim HenmanandNew HavendefeatingGoran Ivanišević. He reached another two finals, losing toGustavo Kuertenin Stuttgart Outdoor and toWorld No. 1Pete SamprasinVienna. Overall in 1998, Kučera compiled a career high 53 match victories and earning $1,402,557. Kučera achieved his best Grand Slam result in 1998 reaching the semi-finals ofAustralian Openwhere on his way he defeatedSergi Bruguera,Daniel Vacek,Daniel Nestor,Richard Frombergand defending champion Pete Sampras in the quarter-finals, losing to eventual championPetr Kordain 4 sets. Later the same year he reached the quarterfinals of the US Open. In 1999, Kučera won his fifth ATP title inBaseldefeatingTim Henmanin the final. After 1999, Kučera struggled with form due to a right wrist and arm injury. After some injury plagued years, Kučera found some form again in 2003 when he finished in the top 50 for the first time since 1999. During the year he won his sixth and final tour title inCopenhagendefeatingOlivier Rochusin the final. Later, Kučera was one of the contributing members on theSlovakianteam which reached the final of theDavis Cupin 2005, eventually losing toCroatia2–3. He announced his retirement after the final. Style of play Miloslav Mečířknown as the \"Big Cat\" was Kučera's coach from 1997 to 2001. Kučera was nicknamed the \"Little Cat\" because of his deceptive style of play and his fluid movement around the court resembling his coach. Kučera was also coached for a time byNovak Djokovic's coach Marian Vajda. Career finals Singles 12 (6–6) Doubles: 4 (0–4) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held in Stockholm through 1994, Essen in 1995, and Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001. Top 10 wins References External links","2003 US Open – Men's singles Andy RoddickdefeatedJuan Carlos Ferreroin the final, 6–3, 7–6(7–2), 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2003 US Open. It was his first and onlymajortitle. Roddick remains the most recent American to win a major men's singles title. Roddicksaved a match pointen route to the title, in the semifinals againstDavid Nalbandian. He also completed the \"Summer Slam,\" having wonMasterstitles inCanadaandCincinnatiin the lead-up to the US Open. Pete Sampraswas the reigning champion, but he retired from professional tennis in August 2003. This tournament marked the first US Open main draw appearance for future four-time championRafael Nadal, as well as the first major main draw appearance for future world No. 4 andWimbledonfinalistTomáš Berdych. It also marked the final major appearances for former major championsMichael ChangandYevgeny Kafelnikov. Seeds Qualifying Draw Key Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 External links","Alexander Popp Alexander Popp(born 4 November 1976) is a former German professionaltennisplayer.He reached the quarterfinals ofWimbledonin2000and2003. Personal life Popp was born inHeidelbergto parents Rainer and Jennifer, and started playing tennis at the age of 8. He was coached by Helmut Luthy, from 1994 until retirement.He holds aBritishpassport through his mother, who was born inWolverhampton. Tennis career Popp turned professional in 1997 at the age of 21. Popp's career highlights are making the quarterfinals of Wimbledon (by far his most successful tournament) in2000(defeatingGustavo KuertenandMichael Changen route), and in2003(defeatingJiří Novák). He also reached the fourth round in2004, losing to the eventual runner-up in each of these three runs (Patrick Rafter,Mark PhilippoussisandAndy Roddickrespectively), and the third round in2005. Popp also reached the final ofNewport in 2004and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 74. In doubles, Popp made the final ofNewportin 2002 (partneringJürgen Melzer) and the semifinals of theHo Chi Minh Citychampionships in 2005 (partneringJiří Vaněk). ATP career finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 16 (13–3) Doubles: 2 (2–0) Performance timeline Singles References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Greg Rusedski Gregory Rusedski(born 6 September 1973) is a British former professionaltennisplayer. He was the British No. 1 in 1997, 1999 and 2006, and reached theATPranking of world No. 4 for periods from 6 October 1997 to 12 October 1997 and from 25 May 1998 to 21 June 1998. In 1997, he was theUS Openfinalist, which led to him receiving theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. Also, he scored 30 wins and 13 losses with theGreat Britain Davis Cup team. Personal life Rusedski was born inMontreal, Quebec, to a British mother and a father of Polish and Ukrainian descent.He was a very promising junior player in Canada in the 1980s, and subsequently caused some anger in Canada when he decided to adopt British citizenship and play for Great Britain in 1995.Rusedski made the decision for \\\"lifestyle reasons\\\", noting that his girlfriend — who later became his wife — lived in Britain. Rusedski has been with his wife Lucy Connor since 1991, they met while he was competing in a junior tournament where she was a ball girl.They married in a Catholic ceremony atDouai Abbeyin West Berkshire in December 1999.They have two children: a daughter born in 2006,and a son born in 2009. Career Rusedski's first career singles tournament title was at theHall of Fame Championshipin Newport, Rhode Island in 1993. He opted to compete for the United Kingdom rather than Canada from 22 May 1995 onwards, a decision which was received poorly by Canadian fans; it was reported that he was given a \\\"traitor's reception\\\" by the crowd when he competed in his first Canadian Open after the switch. Rusedski reached the singles final of theUS Openin 1997, where he lost toPat Rafterin four sets (shortly thereafter reaching his career high rank of world No. 4). He also won theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. In 1998,Tim Henmaneclipsed Rusedski as the UK number one tennis player. Rusedski, however, won theGrand Slam Cupin 1999. In the1999 US Open, Rusedski reached the fourth round where he was eliminated 5–7, 0–6, 7–6 (7–3), 6–4, 6–4, byTodd Martin; Rusedski had a two-sets-to-none advantage and was serving for the match in the third set, then in the fifth set he was up 4–1, but lost 20 of the final 21 points including a stretch of 18 consecutive points. In the2002 US Open, after losing toPete Samprasin the third round in a grueling five-set match, Rusedski described Sampras as \\\"a half-step slow\\\" and predicted that Sampras would lose his fourth-round match to young German starTommy Haas.Sampras, however, went on to win the tournament. AtWimbledon in 2003, Rusedski was playing in a second-round match againstAndy Roddick. Roddick had won the first two sets, but Rusedski was 5–2 up in the third set. During a point on Roddick's service game, a member of the crowd loudly called one of Roddick's shots long, causing Rusedski to stop playing the point as he believed it was a line judge. The umpire ruled that the ball was good and that, as Roddick's next shot landed in court, Roddick was awarded the point. Rusedski, believing the point should have been replayed, launched into a long and expletive-riddled tirade at the umpire and, never regaining his composure, went on to lose the next five games without reply to concede the match. Rusedski apologized after the match, and Roddick reached the semifinals. Rusedski tested positive fornandrolonein January 2004, but he was cleared of the charges in a hearing on 10 March 2004. Rusedski was defeated in the second round ofWimbledonin 2005 byJoachim Johanssonof Sweden. Later that year, he defended his title at the Hall of Fame Championship, defeatingVince Spadeain the final. This was the first time he had successfully defended a title and the third time he had won the championship. He then reached the semifinals at both theRCA Championshipsin Indianapolis, losing toTaylor Dent, and theCanada Masterstournament in Montreal, losing toAndre Agassi. Towards the end of 2005, Rusedski's ranking had risen to the high 30s. A defeat for Rusedski in the first round of the Challenger event inDnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, left him ranked 38th, just one place short of regaining the UK top spot. Rusedski reclaimed the UK number-one spot on 15 May 2006, overtakingAndy Murrayby getting to the third round of theRome Masters. He lost the top UK ranking again after a first-round exit at Wimbledon. On 7 April 2007, Rusedski officially retired from tennis after partnering withJamie Murrayto a doubles victory over the Netherlands in aDavis Cupmatch, a result which gave Great Britain a winning 3–0 lead in the tie. He announced his retirement immediately after the win during a live interview withSue Barkeron BBC Television.Rusedski has stayed involved with professional tennis in his retirement, and currently works for theLawn Tennis Associationas a talent and performance ambassador.Rusedski held the record for fastest serve at 149 miles per hour until Andy Roddick broke it. On 24 January 2009, Rusedski confirmed he had been seeking a return to professional tennis. However, Davis Cup captain John Lloyd turned down his offer to compete in the Davis Cup, and Rusedski was unable to obtain any wild-card tournament entries.Because of this, Rusedski quickly retracted his announcement and is still retired. Rusedski vs. Henman Rusedski was often overshadowed in the British press by Henman, especially atWimbledon.They were generally closely matched over their careers; both reached a highest world ranking of 4. Rusedski won 15 singles titles compared to Henman's eleven, and also reached the final of theUS Openin 1997, whereas Henman never made it past the semifinals of a Grand Slam tournament. However, Henman reached six Grand Slam semifinals and an additional four quarterfinals, whereas Rusedski reached two Grand Slam quarterfinals in total: at the US Open where he reached the final, and at Wimbledon the same year. Neither Rusedski nor Henman ever reached the quarterfinals of the Australian Open. Henman reached the semifinals of the French Open, while Rusedski never made it past the fourth round at that tournament. His Davis Cup singles record was considerably poorer than Henman's. In Great Britain's two key Davis Cup ties in the World Group knockout stage, Rusedski lost all four singles rubbers, despite home advantage (against the US in 1999 and Sweden in 2002). However, as a doubles partnership, Rusedski and Henman won several Davis Cup matches, as well as other tournaments. Rusedski's final match at a Grand Slam was against Henman, at the 2006 US Open. Henman won 7–6, 6–2, 6–3. Over their careers, in head-to-head encounters, Henman won 8–2. Media career Rusedski has an active media career, having written columns forThe Sun,The Daily MirrorandThe Daily Telegraph.He also works for the television channel British Eurosport providing analysis during the stations' coverage of the Australian Open. He provided commentary and analysis for Sky Sports for their coverage of the US Open and ATP World Tour Events, and for the BBC's coverage of Wimbledon.He has done some acting, appearing in an episode ofAgatha Christie's Marpleas a tennis player.In 2008, he appeared as a contestant on the reality TV showsDancing on IceandBeat the Star. He has appeared in \\\"Dictionary Corner\\\" on the Channel 4 game showCountdown. Grand Slam tournament finals Singles: 1 (0–1) Other significant finals Grand Slam Cup Singles: 1 (1–0) Masters Series Singles: 2 (1–1) Career finals Singles: 27 (15 titles, 12 runners-up) Doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held inStockholmthrough 1994,Essenin 1995, andStuttgartfrom 1996 through 2001. 2Rusedski was granted British citizenship in May 1995, and competed for Great Britain from 22 May 1995 onwards. Top 10 wins References External links\",\n \"Karol Kučera Karol Kučera(born 4 March 1974) is a Slovaktenniscoach and former professional player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 6 in September 1998, reaching the semifinals of theAustralian Openthe same year. In 2020, Kučera was elected an MP of theNational Council of Slovakiarepresenting theOrdinary People and Independent Personalitiesmovement, along with fellow former tennis playersJán KrošlákandRomana Tabak. Tennis career Kučera turned professional in 1992. He was a member of theCzechoslovakianGalea Cup teams in 1991 and 1992 and the 1992 European championship squad. In 1993 he qualified for his firstGrand SlamatRoland Garros. In 1995 when Kučera won his first ATP title inRosmalen. In 1996 he played in theSummer OlympicsinAtlantawhere he lost to eventual gold medalistAndre Agassi. A year later he won his second ATP title inOstravadefeatingMagnus Norman. He was runner-up in two other tournaments inNottinghamon grass toGreg RusedskiandStuttgartOutdoor toÁlex Corretjaon clay. Kučera's best year was in 1998, where he finished the year in the top 10, ranked World No. 8, which qualified him in theATP Tour World ChampionshipinHannover. During the year Kučera won 2 titles inSydneydefeatingTim HenmanandNew HavendefeatingGoran Ivanišević. He reached another two finals, losing toGustavo Kuertenin Stuttgart Outdoor and toWorld No. 1Pete SamprasinVienna. Overall in 1998, Kučera compiled a career high 53 match victories and earning $1,402,557. Kučera achieved his best Grand Slam result in 1998 reaching the semi-finals ofAustralian Openwhere on his way he defeatedSergi Bruguera,Daniel Vacek,Daniel Nestor,Richard Frombergand defending champion Pete Sampras in the quarter-finals, losing to eventual championPetr Kordain 4 sets. Later the same year he reached the quarterfinals of the US Open. In 1999, Kučera won his fifth ATP title inBaseldefeatingTim Henmanin the final. After 1999, Kučera struggled with form due to a right wrist and arm injury. After some injury plagued years, Kučera found some form again in 2003 when he finished in the top 50 for the first time since 1999. During the year he won his sixth and final tour title inCopenhagendefeatingOlivier Rochusin the final. Later, Kučera was one of the contributing members on theSlovakianteam which reached the final of theDavis Cupin 2005, eventually losing toCroatia2–3. He announced his retirement after the final. Style of play Miloslav Mečířknown as the \\\"Big Cat\\\" was Kučera's coach from 1997 to 2001. Kučera was nicknamed the \\\"Little Cat\\\" because of his deceptive style of play and his fluid movement around the court resembling his coach. Kučera was also coached for a time byNovak Djokovic's coach Marian Vajda. Career finals Singles 12 (6–6) Doubles: 4 (0–4) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held in Stockholm through 1994, Essen in 1995, and Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001. Top 10 wins References External links\",\n \"2003 US Open – Men's singles Andy RoddickdefeatedJuan Carlos Ferreroin the final, 6–3, 7–6(7–2), 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2003 US Open. It was his first and onlymajortitle. Roddick remains the most recent American to win a major men's singles title. Roddicksaved a match pointen route to the title, in the semifinals againstDavid Nalbandian. He also completed the \\\"Summer Slam,\\\" having wonMasterstitles inCanadaandCincinnatiin the lead-up to the US Open. Pete Sampraswas the reigning champion, but he retired from professional tennis in August 2003. This tournament marked the first US Open main draw appearance for future four-time championRafael Nadal, as well as the first major main draw appearance for future world No. 4 andWimbledonfinalistTomáš Berdych. It also marked the final major appearances for former major championsMichael ChangandYevgeny Kafelnikov. Seeds Qualifying Draw Key Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 External links\",\n \"Alexander Popp Alexander Popp(born 4 November 1976) is a former German professionaltennisplayer.He reached the quarterfinals ofWimbledonin2000and2003. Personal life Popp was born inHeidelbergto parents Rainer and Jennifer, and started playing tennis at the age of 8. He was coached by Helmut Luthy, from 1994 until retirement.He holds aBritishpassport through his mother, who was born inWolverhampton. Tennis career Popp turned professional in 1997 at the age of 21. Popp's career highlights are making the quarterfinals of Wimbledon (by far his most successful tournament) in2000(defeatingGustavo KuertenandMichael Changen route), and in2003(defeatingJiří Novák). He also reached the fourth round in2004, losing to the eventual runner-up in each of these three runs (Patrick Rafter,Mark PhilippoussisandAndy Roddickrespectively), and the third round in2005. Popp also reached the final ofNewport in 2004and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 74. In doubles, Popp made the final ofNewportin 2002 (partneringJürgen Melzer) and the semifinals of theHo Chi Minh Citychampionships in 2005 (partneringJiří Vaněk). ATP career finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 16 (13–3) Doubles: 2 (2–0) Performance timeline Singles References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Greg Rusedski Gregory Rusedski(born 6 September 1973) is a British former professionaltennisplayer. He was the British No. 1 in 1997, 1999 and 2006, and reached theATPranking of world No. 4 for periods from 6 October 1997 to 12 October 1997 and from 25 May 1998 to 21 June 1998. In 1997, he was theUS Openfinalist, which led to him receiving theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. Also, he scored 30 wins and 13 losses with theGreat Britain Davis Cup team. Personal life Rusedski was born inMontreal, Quebec, to a British mother and a father of Polish and Ukrainian descent.He was a very promising junior player in Canada in the 1980s, and subsequently caused some anger in Canada when he decided to adopt British citizenship and play for Great Britain in 1995.Rusedski made the decision for \"lifestyle reasons\", noting that his girlfriend — who later became his wife — lived in Britain. Rusedski has been with his wife Lucy Connor since 1991, they met while he was","met while he was competing in a junior tournament where she was a ball girl.They married in a Catholic ceremony atDouai Abbeyin West Berkshire in December 1999.They have two children: a daughter born in 2006,and a son born in 2009. Career Rusedski's first career singles tournament title was at theHall of Fame Championshipin Newport, Rhode Island in 1993. He opted to compete for the United Kingdom rather than Canada from 22 May 1995 onwards, a decision which was received poorly by Canadian fans; it was reported that he was given a \"traitor's reception\" by the crowd when he competed in his first Canadian Open after the switch. Rusedski reached the singles final of theUS Openin 1997, where he lost toPat Rafterin four sets (shortly thereafter reaching his career high rank of world No. 4). He also won theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. In 1998,Tim Henmaneclipsed Rusedski as the UK number one tennis player. Rusedski, however, won theGrand Slam Cupin 1999. In","Slam Cupin 1999. In the1999 US Open, Rusedski reached the fourth round where he was eliminated 5–7, 0–6, 7–6 (7–3), 6–4, 6–4, byTodd Martin; Rusedski had a two-sets-to-none advantage and was serving for the match in the third set, then in the fifth set he was up 4–1, but lost 20 of the final 21 points including a stretch of 18 consecutive points. In the2002 US Open, after losing toPete Samprasin the third round in a grueling five-set match, Rusedski described Sampras as \"a half-step slow\" and predicted that Sampras would lose his fourth-round match to young German starTommy Haas.Sampras, however, went on to win the tournament. AtWimbledon in 2003, Rusedski was playing in a second-round match againstAndy Roddick. Roddick had won the first two sets, but Rusedski was 5–2 up in the third set. During a point on Roddick's service game, a member of the crowd loudly called one of Roddick's shots long, causing Rusedski to stop playing the point as he believed it was a line judge. The umpire ruled that the ball was","that the ball was good and that, as Roddick's next shot landed in court, Roddick was awarded the point. Rusedski, believing the point should have been replayed, launched into a long and expletive-riddled tirade at the umpire and, never regaining his composure, went on to lose the next five games without reply to concede the match. Rusedski apologized after the match, and Roddick reached the semifinals. Rusedski tested positive fornandrolonein January 2004, but he was cleared of the charges in a hearing on 10 March 2004. Rusedski was defeated in the second round ofWimbledonin 2005 byJoachim Johanssonof Sweden. Later that year, he defended his title at the Hall of Fame Championship, defeatingVince Spadeain the final. This was the first time he had successfully defended a title and the third time he had won the championship. He then reached the semifinals at both theRCA Championshipsin Indianapolis, losing toTaylor Dent, and theCanada Masterstournament in Montreal, losing toAndre Agassi. Towards the end of","Towards the end of 2005, Rusedski's ranking had risen to the high 30s. A defeat for Rusedski in the first round of the Challenger event inDnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, left him ranked 38th, just one place short of regaining the UK top spot. Rusedski reclaimed the UK number-one spot on 15 May 2006, overtakingAndy Murrayby getting to the third round of theRome Masters. He lost the top UK ranking again after a first-round exit at Wimbledon. On 7 April 2007, Rusedski officially retired from tennis after partnering withJamie Murrayto a doubles victory over the Netherlands in aDavis Cupmatch, a result which gave Great Britain a winning 3–0 lead in the tie. He announced his retirement immediately after the win during a live interview withSue Barkeron BBC Television.Rusedski has stayed involved with professional tennis in his retirement, and currently works for theLawn Tennis Associationas a talent and performance ambassador.Rusedski held the record for fastest serve at 149 miles per hour until Andy Roddick broke it. On","broke it. On 24 January 2009, Rusedski confirmed he had been seeking a return to professional tennis. However, Davis Cup captain John Lloyd turned down his offer to compete in the Davis Cup, and Rusedski was unable to obtain any wild-card tournament entries.Because of this, Rusedski quickly retracted his announcement and is still retired. Rusedski vs. Henman Rusedski was often overshadowed in the British press by Henman, especially atWimbledon.They were generally closely matched over their careers; both reached a highest world ranking of 4. Rusedski won 15 singles titles compared to Henman's eleven, and also reached the final of theUS Openin 1997, whereas Henman never made it past the semifinals of a Grand Slam tournament. However, Henman reached six Grand Slam semifinals and an additional four quarterfinals, whereas Rusedski reached two Grand Slam quarterfinals in total: at the US Open where he reached the final, and at Wimbledon the same year. Neither Rusedski nor Henman ever reached the quarterfinals of","quarterfinals of the Australian Open. Henman reached the semifinals of the French Open, while Rusedski never made it past the fourth round at that tournament. His Davis Cup singles record was considerably poorer than Henman's. In Great Britain's two key Davis Cup ties in the World Group knockout stage, Rusedski lost all four singles rubbers, despite home advantage (against the US in 1999 and Sweden in 2002). However, as a doubles partnership, Rusedski and Henman won several Davis Cup matches, as well as other tournaments. Rusedski's final match at a Grand Slam was against Henman, at the 2006 US Open. Henman won 7–6, 6–2, 6–3. Over their careers, in head-to-head encounters, Henman won 8–2. Media career Rusedski has an active media career, having written columns forThe Sun,The Daily MirrorandThe Daily Telegraph.He also works for the television channel British Eurosport providing analysis during the stations' coverage of the Australian Open. He provided commentary and analysis for Sky Sports for their coverage","for their coverage of the US Open and ATP World Tour Events, and for the BBC's coverage of Wimbledon.He has done some acting, appearing in an episode ofAgatha Christie's Marpleas a tennis player.In 2008, he appeared as a contestant on the reality TV showsDancing on IceandBeat the Star. He has appeared in \"Dictionary Corner\" on the Channel 4 game showCountdown. Grand Slam tournament finals Singles: 1 (0–1) Other significant finals Grand Slam Cup Singles: 1 (1–0) Masters Series Singles: 2 (1–1) Career finals Singles: 27 (15 titles, 12 runners-up) Doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held inStockholmthrough 1994,Essenin 1995, andStuttgartfrom 1996 through 2001. 2Rusedski was granted British citizenship in May 1995, and competed for Great Britain from 22 May 1995 onwards. Top 10 wins References External links","Karol Kučera Karol Kučera(born 4 March 1974) is a Slovaktenniscoach and former professional player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 6 in September 1998, reaching the semifinals of theAustralian Openthe same year. In 2020, Kučera was elected an MP of theNational Council of Slovakiarepresenting theOrdinary People and Independent Personalitiesmovement, along with fellow former tennis playersJán KrošlákandRomana Tabak. Tennis career Kučera turned professional in 1992. He was a member of theCzechoslovakianGalea Cup teams in 1991 and 1992 and the 1992 European championship squad. In 1993 he qualified for his firstGrand SlamatRoland Garros. In 1995 when Kučera won his first ATP title inRosmalen. In 1996 he played in theSummer OlympicsinAtlantawhere he lost to eventual gold medalistAndre Agassi. A year later he won his second ATP title inOstravadefeatingMagnus Norman. He was runner-up in two other tournaments inNottinghamon grass toGreg RusedskiandStuttgartOutdoor toÁlex Corretjaon clay.","Corretjaon clay. Kučera's best year was in 1998, where he finished the year in the top 10, ranked World No. 8, which qualified him in theATP Tour World ChampionshipinHannover. During the year Kučera won 2 titles inSydneydefeatingTim HenmanandNew HavendefeatingGoran Ivanišević. He reached another two finals, losing toGustavo Kuertenin Stuttgart Outdoor and toWorld No. 1Pete SamprasinVienna. Overall in 1998, Kučera compiled a career high 53 match victories and earning $1,402,557. Kučera achieved his best Grand Slam result in 1998 reaching the semi-finals ofAustralian Openwhere on his way he defeatedSergi Bruguera,Daniel Vacek,Daniel Nestor,Richard Frombergand defending champion Pete Sampras in the quarter-finals, losing to eventual championPetr Kordain 4 sets. Later the same year he reached the quarterfinals of the US Open. In 1999, Kučera won his fifth ATP title inBaseldefeatingTim Henmanin the final. After 1999, Kučera struggled with form due to a right wrist and arm injury. After some injury plagued years,","plagued years, Kučera found some form again in 2003 when he finished in the top 50 for the first time since 1999. During the year he won his sixth and final tour title inCopenhagendefeatingOlivier Rochusin the final. Later, Kučera was one of the contributing members on theSlovakianteam which reached the final of theDavis Cupin 2005, eventually losing toCroatia2–3. He announced his retirement after the final. Style of play Miloslav Mečířknown as the \"Big Cat\" was Kučera's coach from 1997 to 2001. Kučera was nicknamed the \"Little Cat\" because of his deceptive style of play and his fluid movement around the court resembling his coach. Kučera was also coached for a time byNovak Djokovic's coach Marian Vajda. Career finals Singles 12 (6–6) Doubles: 4 (0–4) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held in Stockholm through 1994, Essen in 1995, and Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001. Top 10 wins References External links","2003 US Open – Men's singles Andy RoddickdefeatedJuan Carlos Ferreroin the final, 6–3, 7–6(7–2), 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2003 US Open. It was his first and onlymajortitle. Roddick remains the most recent American to win a major men's singles title. Roddicksaved a match pointen route to the title, in the semifinals againstDavid Nalbandian. He also completed the \"Summer Slam,\" having wonMasterstitles inCanadaandCincinnatiin the lead-up to the US Open. Pete Sampraswas the reigning champion, but he retired from professional tennis in August 2003. This tournament marked the first US Open main draw appearance for future four-time championRafael Nadal, as well as the first major main draw appearance for future world No. 4 andWimbledonfinalistTomáš Berdych. It also marked the final major appearances for former major championsMichael ChangandYevgeny Kafelnikov. Seeds Qualifying Draw Key Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8","Section 7 Section 8 External links","Alexander Popp Alexander Popp(born 4 November 1976) is a former German professionaltennisplayer.He reached the quarterfinals ofWimbledonin2000and2003. Personal life Popp was born inHeidelbergto parents Rainer and Jennifer, and started playing tennis at the age of 8. He was coached by Helmut Luthy, from 1994 until retirement.He holds aBritishpassport through his mother, who was born inWolverhampton. Tennis career Popp turned professional in 1997 at the age of 21. Popp's career highlights are making the quarterfinals of Wimbledon (by far his most successful tournament) in2000(defeatingGustavo KuertenandMichael Changen route), and in2003(defeatingJiří Novák). He also reached the fourth round in2004, losing to the eventual runner-up in each of these three runs (Patrick Rafter,Mark PhilippoussisandAndy Roddickrespectively), and the third round in2005. Popp also reached the final ofNewport in 2004and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 74. In doubles, Popp made the final ofNewportin 2002","ofNewportin 2002 (partneringJürgen Melzer) and the semifinals of theHo Chi Minh Citychampionships in 2005 (partneringJiří Vaněk). ATP career finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 16 (13–3) Doubles: 2 (2–0) Performance timeline Singles References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Greg Rusedski Gregory Rusedski(born 6 September 1973) is a British former professionaltennisplayer. He was the British No. 1 in 1997, 1999 and 2006, and reached theATPranking of world No. 4 for periods from 6 October 1997 to 12 October 1997 and from 25 May 1998 to 21 June 1998. In 1997, he was theUS Openfinalist, which led to him receiving theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. Also, he scored 30 wins and 13 losses with theGreat Britain Davis Cup team. Personal life Rusedski was born inMontreal, Quebec, to a British mother and a father of Polish and Ukrainian descent.He was a very promising junior player in Canada in the 1980s, and subsequently caused some anger in Canada when he decided to adopt British citizenship and play for Great Britain in 1995.Rusedski made the decision for \\\"lifestyle reasons\\\", noting that his girlfriend — who later became his wife — lived in Britain. Rusedski has been with his wife Lucy Connor since 1991, they met while he was\",\n \"met while he was competing in a junior tournament where she was a ball girl.They married in a Catholic ceremony atDouai Abbeyin West Berkshire in December 1999.They have two children: a daughter born in 2006,and a son born in 2009. Career Rusedski's first career singles tournament title was at theHall of Fame Championshipin Newport, Rhode Island in 1993. He opted to compete for the United Kingdom rather than Canada from 22 May 1995 onwards, a decision which was received poorly by Canadian fans; it was reported that he was given a \\\"traitor's reception\\\" by the crowd when he competed in his first Canadian Open after the switch. Rusedski reached the singles final of theUS Openin 1997, where he lost toPat Rafterin four sets (shortly thereafter reaching his career high rank of world No. 4). He also won theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. In 1998,Tim Henmaneclipsed Rusedski as the UK number one tennis player. Rusedski, however, won theGrand Slam Cupin 1999. In\",\n \"Slam Cupin 1999. In the1999 US Open, Rusedski reached the fourth round where he was eliminated 5–7, 0–6, 7–6 (7–3), 6–4, 6–4, byTodd Martin; Rusedski had a two-sets-to-none advantage and was serving for the match in the third set, then in the fifth set he was up 4–1, but lost 20 of the final 21 points including a stretch of 18 consecutive points. In the2002 US Open, after losing toPete Samprasin the third round in a grueling five-set match, Rusedski described Sampras as \\\"a half-step slow\\\" and predicted that Sampras would lose his fourth-round match to young German starTommy Haas.Sampras, however, went on to win the tournament. AtWimbledon in 2003, Rusedski was playing in a second-round match againstAndy Roddick. Roddick had won the first two sets, but Rusedski was 5–2 up in the third set. During a point on Roddick's service game, a member of the crowd loudly called one of Roddick's shots long, causing Rusedski to stop playing the point as he believed it was a line judge. The umpire ruled that the ball was\",\n \"that the ball was good and that, as Roddick's next shot landed in court, Roddick was awarded the point. Rusedski, believing the point should have been replayed, launched into a long and expletive-riddled tirade at the umpire and, never regaining his composure, went on to lose the next five games without reply to concede the match. Rusedski apologized after the match, and Roddick reached the semifinals. Rusedski tested positive fornandrolonein January 2004, but he was cleared of the charges in a hearing on 10 March 2004. Rusedski was defeated in the second round ofWimbledonin 2005 byJoachim Johanssonof Sweden. Later that year, he defended his title at the Hall of Fame Championship, defeatingVince Spadeain the final. This was the first time he had successfully defended a title and the third time he had won the championship. He then reached the semifinals at both theRCA Championshipsin Indianapolis, losing toTaylor Dent, and theCanada Masterstournament in Montreal, losing toAndre Agassi. Towards the end of\",\n \"Towards the end of 2005, Rusedski's ranking had risen to the high 30s. A defeat for Rusedski in the first round of the Challenger event inDnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, left him ranked 38th, just one place short of regaining the UK top spot. Rusedski reclaimed the UK number-one spot on 15 May 2006, overtakingAndy Murrayby getting to the third round of theRome Masters. He lost the top UK ranking again after a first-round exit at Wimbledon. On 7 April 2007, Rusedski officially retired from tennis after partnering withJamie Murrayto a doubles victory over the Netherlands in aDavis Cupmatch, a result which gave Great Britain a winning 3–0 lead in the tie. He announced his retirement immediately after the win during a live interview withSue Barkeron BBC Television.Rusedski has stayed involved with professional tennis in his retirement, and currently works for theLawn Tennis Associationas a talent and performance ambassador.Rusedski held the record for fastest serve at 149 miles per hour until Andy Roddick broke it. On\",\n \"broke it. On 24 January 2009, Rusedski confirmed he had been seeking a return to professional tennis. However, Davis Cup captain John Lloyd turned down his offer to compete in the Davis Cup, and Rusedski was unable to obtain any wild-card tournament entries.Because of this, Rusedski quickly retracted his announcement and is still retired. Rusedski vs. Henman Rusedski was often overshadowed in the British press by Henman, especially atWimbledon.They were generally closely matched over their careers; both reached a highest world ranking of 4. Rusedski won 15 singles titles compared to Henman's eleven, and also reached the final of theUS Openin 1997, whereas Henman never made it past the semifinals of a Grand Slam tournament. However, Henman reached six Grand Slam semifinals and an additional four quarterfinals, whereas Rusedski reached two Grand Slam quarterfinals in total: at the US Open where he reached the final, and at Wimbledon the same year. Neither Rusedski nor Henman ever reached the quarterfinals of\",\n \"quarterfinals of the Australian Open. Henman reached the semifinals of the French Open, while Rusedski never made it past the fourth round at that tournament. His Davis Cup singles record was considerably poorer than Henman's. In Great Britain's two key Davis Cup ties in the World Group knockout stage, Rusedski lost all four singles rubbers, despite home advantage (against the US in 1999 and Sweden in 2002). However, as a doubles partnership, Rusedski and Henman won several Davis Cup matches, as well as other tournaments. Rusedski's final match at a Grand Slam was against Henman, at the 2006 US Open. Henman won 7–6, 6–2, 6–3. Over their careers, in head-to-head encounters, Henman won 8–2. Media career Rusedski has an active media career, having written columns forThe Sun,The Daily MirrorandThe Daily Telegraph.He also works for the television channel British Eurosport providing analysis during the stations' coverage of the Australian Open. He provided commentary and analysis for Sky Sports for their coverage\",\n \"for their coverage of the US Open and ATP World Tour Events, and for the BBC's coverage of Wimbledon.He has done some acting, appearing in an episode ofAgatha Christie's Marpleas a tennis player.In 2008, he appeared as a contestant on the reality TV showsDancing on IceandBeat the Star. He has appeared in \\\"Dictionary Corner\\\" on the Channel 4 game showCountdown. Grand Slam tournament finals Singles: 1 (0–1) Other significant finals Grand Slam Cup Singles: 1 (1–0) Masters Series Singles: 2 (1–1) Career finals Singles: 27 (15 titles, 12 runners-up) Doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held inStockholmthrough 1994,Essenin 1995, andStuttgartfrom 1996 through 2001. 2Rusedski was granted British citizenship in May 1995, and competed for Great Britain from 22 May 1995 onwards. Top 10 wins References External links\",\n \"Karol Kučera Karol Kučera(born 4 March 1974) is a Slovaktenniscoach and former professional player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 6 in September 1998, reaching the semifinals of theAustralian Openthe same year. In 2020, Kučera was elected an MP of theNational Council of Slovakiarepresenting theOrdinary People and Independent Personalitiesmovement, along with fellow former tennis playersJán KrošlákandRomana Tabak. Tennis career Kučera turned professional in 1992. He was a member of theCzechoslovakianGalea Cup teams in 1991 and 1992 and the 1992 European championship squad. In 1993 he qualified for his firstGrand SlamatRoland Garros. In 1995 when Kučera won his first ATP title inRosmalen. In 1996 he played in theSummer OlympicsinAtlantawhere he lost to eventual gold medalistAndre Agassi. A year later he won his second ATP title inOstravadefeatingMagnus Norman. He was runner-up in two other tournaments inNottinghamon grass toGreg RusedskiandStuttgartOutdoor toÁlex Corretjaon clay.\",\n \"Corretjaon clay. Kučera's best year was in 1998, where he finished the year in the top 10, ranked World No. 8, which qualified him in theATP Tour World ChampionshipinHannover. During the year Kučera won 2 titles inSydneydefeatingTim HenmanandNew HavendefeatingGoran Ivanišević. He reached another two finals, losing toGustavo Kuertenin Stuttgart Outdoor and toWorld No. 1Pete SamprasinVienna. Overall in 1998, Kučera compiled a career high 53 match victories and earning $1,402,557. Kučera achieved his best Grand Slam result in 1998 reaching the semi-finals ofAustralian Openwhere on his way he defeatedSergi Bruguera,Daniel Vacek,Daniel Nestor,Richard Frombergand defending champion Pete Sampras in the quarter-finals, losing to eventual championPetr Kordain 4 sets. Later the same year he reached the quarterfinals of the US Open. In 1999, Kučera won his fifth ATP title inBaseldefeatingTim Henmanin the final. After 1999, Kučera struggled with form due to a right wrist and arm injury. After some injury plagued years,\",\n \"plagued years, Kučera found some form again in 2003 when he finished in the top 50 for the first time since 1999. During the year he won his sixth and final tour title inCopenhagendefeatingOlivier Rochusin the final. Later, Kučera was one of the contributing members on theSlovakianteam which reached the final of theDavis Cupin 2005, eventually losing toCroatia2–3. He announced his retirement after the final. Style of play Miloslav Mečířknown as the \\\"Big Cat\\\" was Kučera's coach from 1997 to 2001. Kučera was nicknamed the \\\"Little Cat\\\" because of his deceptive style of play and his fluid movement around the court resembling his coach. Kučera was also coached for a time byNovak Djokovic's coach Marian Vajda. Career finals Singles 12 (6–6) Doubles: 4 (0–4) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held in Stockholm through 1994, Essen in 1995, and Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001. Top 10 wins References External links\",\n \"2003 US Open – Men's singles Andy RoddickdefeatedJuan Carlos Ferreroin the final, 6–3, 7–6(7–2), 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2003 US Open. It was his first and onlymajortitle. Roddick remains the most recent American to win a major men's singles title. Roddicksaved a match pointen route to the title, in the semifinals againstDavid Nalbandian. He also completed the \\\"Summer Slam,\\\" having wonMasterstitles inCanadaandCincinnatiin the lead-up to the US Open. Pete Sampraswas the reigning champion, but he retired from professional tennis in August 2003. This tournament marked the first US Open main draw appearance for future four-time championRafael Nadal, as well as the first major main draw appearance for future world No. 4 andWimbledonfinalistTomáš Berdych. It also marked the final major appearances for former major championsMichael ChangandYevgeny Kafelnikov. Seeds Qualifying Draw Key Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8\",\n \"Section 7 Section 8 External links\",\n \"Alexander Popp Alexander Popp(born 4 November 1976) is a former German professionaltennisplayer.He reached the quarterfinals ofWimbledonin2000and2003. Personal life Popp was born inHeidelbergto parents Rainer and Jennifer, and started playing tennis at the age of 8. He was coached by Helmut Luthy, from 1994 until retirement.He holds aBritishpassport through his mother, who was born inWolverhampton. Tennis career Popp turned professional in 1997 at the age of 21. Popp's career highlights are making the quarterfinals of Wimbledon (by far his most successful tournament) in2000(defeatingGustavo KuertenandMichael Changen route), and in2003(defeatingJiří Novák). He also reached the fourth round in2004, losing to the eventual runner-up in each of these three runs (Patrick Rafter,Mark PhilippoussisandAndy Roddickrespectively), and the third round in2005. Popp also reached the final ofNewport in 2004and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 74. In doubles, Popp made the final ofNewportin 2002\",\n \"ofNewportin 2002 (partneringJürgen Melzer) and the semifinals of theHo Chi Minh Citychampionships in 2005 (partneringJiří Vaněk). ATP career finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 16 (13–3) Doubles: 2 (2–0) Performance timeline Singles References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":263,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many more votes did the Conservatives receive in the Highlands and Islands region in the 2021 Scottish Parliamentary Elections than in 2016?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"16,086"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["2021 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2021 Scottish Parliament electiontook place on 11 May 2021,under the provisions of theScotland Act 1998. All 129Members of the Scottish Parliamentwere elected in the sixthelectionsince the parliament was re-established in 1999. The election was held alongside theSenedd electionin Wales,English local elections,London Assemblyandmayoral electionand theHartlepool by-election. The election campaign started on 25 March 2021 during theCOVID-19 pandemic in Scotland. Parliament was officiallydissolvedon 5 May, the day before the election.The main parties fielding candidates were: theScottish National Party(SNP), led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon; theScottish Conservatives, led byDouglas Ross;Scottish Labour, led byAnas Sarwar; theScottish Liberal Democrats, led byWillie Rennie, and theScottish Greens, jointly ledPatrick HarvieandLorna Slater. Of those five parties, three had changed their leader since the2016 election. Newer parties set up since the 2016 election included:Reform UK Scotland, led byMichelle Ballantyne; theAlba Party, led by former First Minister and SNP leaderAlex Salmond; andAll for Unity, led byGeorge Galloway. These parties only competed for seats on theregional lists. They all failed to win any seats. The election resulted in the SNP winning a fourth consecutive term in government. They won 64 seats, a net increase of one. The SNP gainedEdinburgh Central,Ayr, andEast Lothian, as well as winning the largest share of the popular vote and the largest number of constituency seats in any Scottish Parliament election (62).The Greens won eight seats, their best result to date at a Scottish Parliament election, while the Conservatives retained second place with 31 seats. Labour had its worst-ever result with 22 seats, and the lowest share of the vote in both constituency and list votes for either Westminster or Holyrood since 1910. The Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) also had their worst showing at a Holyrood election to date, winning only four seats. The SNP and the Greens, both of which supportScottish independence, won 72 of the 129 seats in the parliament. Unionist parties (that is, those against independence) achieved a small majority of votes in constituency contests, whilst pro-independence parties achieved a small majority in the regional lists.The turnout was 63.5%, which is the highest ever at a Scottish Parliament election. Following the election, thethird Sturgeon governmentwas formed. It initially consisted of just the SNP, but later included Slater and Harvie of the Scottish Greens as junior ministers after the two parties negotiated apower-sharing agreement. Background Electoral events 2016 Scottish Parliament election At the2016 election, the rulingScottish National Party(SNP) lost itsparliamentary majoritybut was able to continue governing underNicola Sturgeonas aminorityadministration.At the same election, theConservativesovertookLabourto place second, whilst theGreensovertook theLiberal Democratsto place fourth.No representatives of minor parties were elected to the Parliament. Other elections Four further elections affecting Scotland took place between the 2016 and 2021 Scottish Parliament elections: Leadership changes Three parties underwent leadership changes during the parliamentary term leading up to the election. In August 2017,Kezia Dugdaleresigned as leader of Scottish Labour and wasreplacedbyRichard Leonard.In January 2021, less than four months before the election, Leonard resigned.Anas Sarwarwon the subsequentleadership election. In August 2019,Lorna SlaterandPatrick Harviebecameco-leadersof theScottish Greens. Also in August 2019,Ruth Davidsonresigned as leader of the Scottish Conservatives and wassucceededbyJackson Carlaw.Carlaw resigned as leader in July 2020,withDouglas Rosswinning the subsequentleadership electionunopposed. Expansion of the electorate This is the first election after the passage of the Scottish Elections (Franchise and Representation) Act, which extended thefranchiseto those serving prison sentences of 12 months or less.In 2005, the United Kingdom was found in breach of Protocol 1, Article 3 of theEuropean Convention on Human Rightsin regards of prisoner voting rights in theEuropean Court of Human Rightsas a result ofHirst v United Kingdom (No 2); the Act brings Scotland in line with the court ruling. This act also allows all foreign nationals resident in Scotland to vote and all those withindefinite leave to remainor equivalent status, includingpre–settled statusin the United Kingdom, to stand as candidates.A BBC News report in April 2021 said that there were around 55,000 foreign nationals who had been given the right to vote as a result of these changes, including 20,000 refugees. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary general election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2016 election, i.e. in May 2020.This would have clashed with the proposed date of a UK general election, although this became a moot point when a snap UK general election was held inJune 2017(a further UK general election was held inDecember 2019).In November 2015, the Scottish Government published a Scottish Elections (Dates) Bill, which proposed to extend the term of the Parliament to five years.That Bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 25 February 2016 and received Royal Assent on 30 March 2016, setting the new date for the election as 6 May 2021. The Scottish Elections (Dates) Act did not affect the legal possibilities for the Parliament to be dissolved earlier, those being; Nevertheless, no extraordinary general elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary general election would be in addition to the ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case it would supplant it.This would not affect the year in which the subsequent ordinary general election would be held. On 16 November 2020, the Scottish General Election (Coronavirus) Bill was introduced.This draft legislation stated that while the next election was intended to be held on 6 May 2021, thePresiding Officerwould gain the power to postpone the election by up to six months if the spread ofCOVID-19made that date impractical.The bill also proposed to change the date of dissolution to the day before the election, meaning that the Parliament could be recalled during the election period.The bill was enacted and receivedRoyal Assenton 29 January 2021.Parliament was in fact recalled on 12 April, to allow MSPs to mark the death ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Retiring MSPs James Dornanannounced in February 2020 his intention to retire at the next Holyrood election,but reversed this decision some months later. Parties The SNP, Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies and all eight of the regional ballots.Five other parties contested both all eight regions and at least one constituency: the Scottish Greens (12 constituencies) theScottish Libertarian Party(9), theScottish Family Party(7),UKIP(5) and the Freedom Alliance (4). Four parties –Abolish the Scottish Parliament Party,Alba Party,All for Unity, andReform UK– stood in all eight electoral regions, but did not contest any constituencies. Six other parties contested some of the regions and at least one constituency:TUSC(3 regions and 3 constituencies), Restore Scotland (2 regions, 4 constituencies),Scotia Future(2 of each), theCommunist Party of Britain(2 regions and 1 constituency), theReclaim Party(1 of each) and the Vanguard Party (also 1 of each). Five other parties –Independent Green Voice(5 regions),Renew(5), theSocial Democratic Party(2),Women's Equality(2) andAnimal Welfare(1) – contested some of the regions, but not any constituencies. TheScottish Socialist Party, which participated in the last election as part of the electoral allianceRISE – Scotland's Left Alliance, opted not to participate in this election, for the first time since its inception. List of parties contesting all regional ballots Election system, seats and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The Scottish Parliament uses anadditional member system(AMS), designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There is a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt methodusing the constituency resultsis used to elect these additional MSPs. The boundaries of the 73 constituencies last changed as of the2011 Scottish Parliament election, as did the configuration of the electoral regions used to elect \"list\" members of the Scottish Parliament.These revisions were the outcome of the First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsconducted by theBoundary Commission for Scotland; the Review was announced on 3 July 2007 and the Commission published its final report on 26 May 2010. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The size difference between Westminster and Holyrood boundaries was due to diverge further upon the implementation of theSixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which has not been voted upon by Parliament. The2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituenciesfor a UK total of 650 MPs commenced in England in 2021 and will complete for the UK by 2023. Campaign The election campaign started on 25 March 2021.The Scottish Conservatives launched their campaign the same day, with a focus on promoting Scotland's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. On 26 March 2021, theAlba Partywas publicly launched by formerFirst Minister of Scotlandand SNP leader,Alex Salmond.The party announced plans to standlist-only candidates. Two sitting SNP MPs later defected to the Alba party.TheAction for Independenceparty, which had intended to pursue a similar list-only strategy, announced they would stand down their candidates in favour of Alba.Sturgeon said she would refuse to have any dealings with Salmond unless he apologises to the women who had accused him of harassment. BBC Scotlandannounced that it would broadcast two debates between the main parties' leaders; the first was aired on 30 March 2021 and was moderated by the corporation's Scotland editorSarah Smith.The debate included key questions from the audience on theCOVID-19 recovery,climate change, and asecond referendumonScottish independence. The second BBC debate was held on 4 May 2021 and was moderated by BBC Scotland's political editorGlenn Campbell. Commercial broadcasterSTVheld their leaders' debate on 13 April, moderated by their political editorColin Mackay.NUS Scotlandheld a debate on specifically on student issues which was moderated by NUS Scotland president, Matt Crilly on 20 April which featured the three main party leaders. On 1 April,Planet Radioannounced that theirClyde 2station would be hosting a Leaders Phone-In with the main parties' leaders every Sunday before the election.Douglas Rosswas the first to be interviewed on 4 April,withWillie Renniefollowing on 18 April. WhilstNicola Sturgeonwas set to be interviewed on 11 April, campaigning was delayed following the death ofPrince Philipand her phone-in was instead held on 22 April.Patrick Harviefollowed on 25 April; andAnas Sarwarhad the final phone-in on 2 May. Following Prince Philip's death on 9 April, the SNP, Conservatives, Labour, Greens and Liberal Democrats said they would suspend election campaigning until further notice.After discussion between the parties, they agreed to resume campaigning after a special parliamentary session on 12 April to make tributes and to pause activities again on the day of the funeral (17 April). Election debates Opinion polling Graph of opinion poll results prior to the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. Trendlines are 30-day moving averages. SNP –Scottish National PartyConservative –Scottish ConservativesLabour –Scottish LabourLib Dem –Scottish Liberal DemocratsGreen –Scottish GreensUKIP –UK Independence PartyReform –Reform UKSSP –Scottish Socialist PartyAlba –Alba PartyAFU –All for Unity Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2016 result to change hands. The most marginal opportunity for theGreenswas inGlasgow Kelvin, which they needed a 7.1% swing to gain. TheLiberal Democrats' best bet wasCaithness, Sutherland and Ross, which required a 6.1% swing. The SNP ended up holding both of these constituencies. SNP targets Conservative targets Labour targets Results Overall Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Constituency seat changes compared to 2016 MSPs who lost their seats Analysis The SNP won 64 seats, falling one seat short of an overall majority.Some commentators put this down to unionistsvoting tacticallyfor Conservative, Labour and Lib Dem candidates.According to psephologistJohn Curtice, \"Denying the SNP an overall majority was, indeed, a collective effort – at least on the part of Unionist voters, who on the constituency ballot demonstrated a remarkable willingness to back whichever pro-Union party appeared to be best placed locally to defeat the SNP. These patterns had a decisive impact on the outcome.\"This was apparent in seats likeDumbarton, where incumbent Labour MSPJackie Bailliesaw her 0.3% majority increased to 3.9%, whilst both the Conservative and Lib Dem vote share decreased. InThe National,Emer O'Toolequestioned whether social media adverts with \"a lack of transparency over funding\" may have cost the SNP key seats as well.The day before the election,The Guardianreported that anti-independence groups and campaigners had \"spent tens of thousands of pounds in the past week\", including onFacebookadverts, calling for tactical voting to prevent the SNP getting a majority.One of these groups was Scotland Matters, whose founder, ProfessorHugh Penningtonsaid, \"Across the country as a whole, tactical voting is obviously one of the ways forward to basically harm the SNP, not to put too fine a point on it.\" Additionally, the Greens claimed that they may have been deprived of two seats because ofIndependent Green Voice(IGV), a far-right party which has nothing to do with the Scottish Greens (who support Scottish independence). IGV received nearly 10,000 votes, including 2,210 inGlasgow(where the Greens were 1,000 short of gaining a seat) and 1,690 inSouth Scotland(where the Greens fell 100 short). This potentially prevented pro-independence parties from having a 19-seat majority instead of 15 seats. TheScottish and Welsh Election Studies 2021, revealed on 13 June, found that around a third of Scottish voters who decided to vote differently in the run-up to the election did so to stop another party, and that 90% of those who did this did so in a bid to prevent the SNP winning the seat. Rob Johns, Professor in Politics at theUniversity of Essex, said: \"e found a lot more switching than we had expected. The polls had suggested that not much was changing and obviously the overall election result was almost eerily similar to 2016. That can mean that nobody has changed their mind or it can mean lots of people have changed their mind – but these have cancelled out as people have moved in opposing directions. We found there was quite a lot more of that than we had expected.\" Voter demographics Data fromSavanta ComRes: Campaign spending Aftermath Nicola Sturgeonwas nominated asFirst Ministerby a vote of the parliament on 18 May 2021.Hercabinetwas approved by the parliament two days later and thus theThird Sturgeon government, aminority government, was formed. On 3 August 2021, it was reported that a co-operation agreement between the SNP and the Greens was \"on the brink of being finalised\" and could see Green MSPs take ministerial positions in government.On 19 August, the power-sharing agreement between the two parties was announced.Under the terms of the agreement, the Greens have two MSPs appointed as junior ministers in the government who are invited to attend cabinet meetings when their portfolios are being discussed. The Greens signed up to the bulk of the SNP's policies, but in areas of disagreement such as international relations and fee-paying schools the two parties are free to publicly disagree.The agreement states that the Greens support the government onvotes of confidenceandsupply. A deal that would seePatrick HarvieandLorna Slatermade ministers was revealed on 26 August, subject to being voted upon by Green Party members.Two days later, members of both parties overwhelmingly voted in favour of the deal. See also Other elections in the UK which were held on the same day: Footnotes References External links","2016 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2016 Scottish parliament electionwas held on Thursday, 5 May 2016to elect 129 members to theScottish Parliament. It was the fifthelection heldsince the devolved parliament was established in 1999. It was the first parliamentary election in Scotland in which 16 and 17 year olds were eligible to vote, under the provisions of the Scottish Elections (Reduction of Voting Age) Act.It was also the first time the three largest parties were led by women. Parliament went into dissolution on 24 March 2016, allowing the official period of campaigning to get underway. Five parties had MSPs in the previous parliament:Scottish National Party(SNP) led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon,Scottish Labourled byKezia Dugdale,Scottish Conservativesled byRuth Davidson,Scottish Liberal Democratsled byWillie Rennie,Scottish Greens, led by their co-convenersPatrick HarvieandMaggie Chapman. Of those five parties, four changed their leader since the2011 election. During the campaign, a series of televised debates took place, including party leaders of the elected parties.BBC Scotlandheld the first leaders' debate on 24 March,STVbroadcast the next on 29 March, and BBC Scotland hosted the final debate on 1 May. The election resulted in ahung parliamentwith the Scottish National Party winning a third term in government, but falling two seats short of securing a second consecutive overall majority.The Conservatives saw a significant increase in support and replaced the Labour Party as the second-largest party and main opposition in the Scottish Parliament. This was the first time that Labour had finished in third place at a Scottish election in 98 years.The Scottish Greens won six seats on the regional list and overtook the Liberal Democrats, who remained on five seats. Although the SNP had lost their majority, it was still by far the largest single party in the Scottish Parliament, with more than double the seats of the Conservatives. Accordingly, Sturgeon announced she would form aminority SNP government. She was voted in for a second term as First Minister on 17 May. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2011 election, i.e. in May 2015.In May 2010, thenew UK Governmentstated in itscoalition agreementthat thenext general electionwould also be held in May 2015.This proposal was criticised by the Scottish National Party and Labour, as it had been recommended after the2007 electionthat elections with different voting systems should be held on separate days: a recommendation which all of the political parties had then accepted.In response to this criticism, Deputy Prime MinisterNick Cleggoffered the right to vary the date of the Scottish Parliament election by a year either way.All the main political parties then stated their support for delaying the election by a year.TheFixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, a statute of the UK Parliament, moved the date of the Scottish Parliament election to 5 May 2016. The date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by themonarch, on the proposal of thePresiding Officer. If Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved, with at least two-thirds of theMembers(i.e. 86 Members) voting in favour, the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary election and the Parliament is dissolved by the monarch byroyal proclamation. It does not necessarily require a two-thirds majority to precipitate an extraordinary election, because under the Scotland Act Parliament is also dissolved if it fails to nominate one of its members to beFirst Ministerwithin certain time limits, irrespective of whether at the beginning or in the middle of a parliamentary term. Therefore, if the First Minister resigned, Parliament would then have 28 days to elect a successor (s46(2)b and s46(3)a). If no new First Minister was elected then the Presiding Officer would ask for Parliament to be dissolved under s3(1)a. This process could also be triggered if the First Minister lost avote of confidenceby asimple majority(i.e. more than 50%), as they must then resign (Scotland Act 1998 s45(2)). To date the Parliament has never held a vote of no confidence in a First Minister. No extraordinary elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary elections would be in addition to ordinary elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary election, in which case they supplant it. The subsequent ordinary election reverts to the first Thursday in May, a multiple of four years after 1999. It was envisaged that the election would still have taken place as scheduled if Scotland had voted in favour ofindependencein 2014. Retiring MSPs Deselected MSPs Changes to the SNP's selection procedures the previous year in order to ensure gender balance of candidates meant that any incumbent constituency MSP who chose to retire would have their replacement selected from anall-woman shortlist. The only ways for a new male candidate to receive a constituency nomination would be to stand in a constituency currently held by an opposition MSP or to run a de-selection campaign against a sitting MSP. For that reason there were far more challenges than normal within the SNP, but only two were successful: Election system, seats, and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsby theBoundary Commission for Scotland, was announced on 3 July 2007. The Commission published its provisional proposals for the regional boundaries in 2009. The Scottish Parliament uses anAdditional Members System, designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There are a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt method, using the constituency results, is used to elect these additional MSPs. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The boundaries used for the Scottish Parliament elections were then revised for the 2011 election. The Boundary Commission also recommended changes to the electoral regions used to elect \"list\" members of the Scottish Parliament,which were also implemented in 2011. Campaign On 29 February 2016,BBC Scotland'sScotland 2016current affairs programme held a debate focusing on education featuring theEducation MinisterAngela Constanceand three party leaders:Kezia Dugdale,Ruth DavidsonandWillie Rennie. On 24 March 2016,BBC Scotlandheld a debate inGlasgowwhich was televised that featured Dugdale, Davidson, Rennie,Nicola Sturgeon,Patrick HarvieandDavid Coburn. On 29 March 2016,STVhosted a televised leaders' debate, featuring the five leaders of the parties which held seats in the last Parliament. From 5–26 April 2016,Scotland 2016also held a series of weekly subject debates on Tuesday nights. The subjects were Tax, Health, Energy & Environment, and Housing.Of these, six parties (SNP,Labour,ConservativesandLiberal Democrats, theScottish GreensandUKIP) were invited to the Tax debate. Parties contesting the election The official nomination period closed on 1 April 2016, lists of candidates were then published by local councils once the applications had been processed. In March 2015, the Scottish Greens balloted their members to select candidates for their regional lists.The SNP released their regional candidate list in October 2015.The Conservative regional candidate list followed in December.In January 2016,RISE – Scotland's Left Allianceannounced list candidates for all regions except the North East.Labour had announced a new selection process for regional candidates in November 2013,then revealed their full list of regional candidates in February 2016.UKIP's regional candidates were picked by their executive committee, prompting one prospective candidate to resign his party membership. Contesting constituency and regional ballot The SNP, the Scottish Labour, the Scottish Conservatives and the Scottish Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies. Contesting regional ballot only Contesting constituency ballot only Opinion polling The chart shows the relative state of the parties since polling began from 2012, until the date of the election. The constituency vote is shown as semi-transparent lines, while the regional vote is shown in full lines. Result Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Margo MacDonaldhad been elected on the Lothian regional list in 2011, as an Independent; she died in 2014. Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2011 result to change hands. SNP targets Labour targets Conservative targets Liberal Democrat targets Incumbents defeated (stood forNorth East Scotland) * Formerly SNP See also Other elections in the UK being held on the same day UK parliamentary by-elections References External links Party manifestos"],"string":"[\n \"2021 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2021 Scottish Parliament electiontook place on 11 May 2021,under the provisions of theScotland Act 1998. All 129Members of the Scottish Parliamentwere elected in the sixthelectionsince the parliament was re-established in 1999. The election was held alongside theSenedd electionin Wales,English local elections,London Assemblyandmayoral electionand theHartlepool by-election. The election campaign started on 25 March 2021 during theCOVID-19 pandemic in Scotland. Parliament was officiallydissolvedon 5 May, the day before the election.The main parties fielding candidates were: theScottish National Party(SNP), led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon; theScottish Conservatives, led byDouglas Ross;Scottish Labour, led byAnas Sarwar; theScottish Liberal Democrats, led byWillie Rennie, and theScottish Greens, jointly ledPatrick HarvieandLorna Slater. Of those five parties, three had changed their leader since the2016 election. Newer parties set up since the 2016 election included:Reform UK Scotland, led byMichelle Ballantyne; theAlba Party, led by former First Minister and SNP leaderAlex Salmond; andAll for Unity, led byGeorge Galloway. These parties only competed for seats on theregional lists. They all failed to win any seats. The election resulted in the SNP winning a fourth consecutive term in government. They won 64 seats, a net increase of one. The SNP gainedEdinburgh Central,Ayr, andEast Lothian, as well as winning the largest share of the popular vote and the largest number of constituency seats in any Scottish Parliament election (62).The Greens won eight seats, their best result to date at a Scottish Parliament election, while the Conservatives retained second place with 31 seats. Labour had its worst-ever result with 22 seats, and the lowest share of the vote in both constituency and list votes for either Westminster or Holyrood since 1910. The Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) also had their worst showing at a Holyrood election to date, winning only four seats. The SNP and the Greens, both of which supportScottish independence, won 72 of the 129 seats in the parliament. Unionist parties (that is, those against independence) achieved a small majority of votes in constituency contests, whilst pro-independence parties achieved a small majority in the regional lists.The turnout was 63.5%, which is the highest ever at a Scottish Parliament election. Following the election, thethird Sturgeon governmentwas formed. It initially consisted of just the SNP, but later included Slater and Harvie of the Scottish Greens as junior ministers after the two parties negotiated apower-sharing agreement. Background Electoral events 2016 Scottish Parliament election At the2016 election, the rulingScottish National Party(SNP) lost itsparliamentary majoritybut was able to continue governing underNicola Sturgeonas aminorityadministration.At the same election, theConservativesovertookLabourto place second, whilst theGreensovertook theLiberal Democratsto place fourth.No representatives of minor parties were elected to the Parliament. Other elections Four further elections affecting Scotland took place between the 2016 and 2021 Scottish Parliament elections: Leadership changes Three parties underwent leadership changes during the parliamentary term leading up to the election. In August 2017,Kezia Dugdaleresigned as leader of Scottish Labour and wasreplacedbyRichard Leonard.In January 2021, less than four months before the election, Leonard resigned.Anas Sarwarwon the subsequentleadership election. In August 2019,Lorna SlaterandPatrick Harviebecameco-leadersof theScottish Greens. Also in August 2019,Ruth Davidsonresigned as leader of the Scottish Conservatives and wassucceededbyJackson Carlaw.Carlaw resigned as leader in July 2020,withDouglas Rosswinning the subsequentleadership electionunopposed. Expansion of the electorate This is the first election after the passage of the Scottish Elections (Franchise and Representation) Act, which extended thefranchiseto those serving prison sentences of 12 months or less.In 2005, the United Kingdom was found in breach of Protocol 1, Article 3 of theEuropean Convention on Human Rightsin regards of prisoner voting rights in theEuropean Court of Human Rightsas a result ofHirst v United Kingdom (No 2); the Act brings Scotland in line with the court ruling. This act also allows all foreign nationals resident in Scotland to vote and all those withindefinite leave to remainor equivalent status, includingpre–settled statusin the United Kingdom, to stand as candidates.A BBC News report in April 2021 said that there were around 55,000 foreign nationals who had been given the right to vote as a result of these changes, including 20,000 refugees. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary general election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2016 election, i.e. in May 2020.This would have clashed with the proposed date of a UK general election, although this became a moot point when a snap UK general election was held inJune 2017(a further UK general election was held inDecember 2019).In November 2015, the Scottish Government published a Scottish Elections (Dates) Bill, which proposed to extend the term of the Parliament to five years.That Bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 25 February 2016 and received Royal Assent on 30 March 2016, setting the new date for the election as 6 May 2021. The Scottish Elections (Dates) Act did not affect the legal possibilities for the Parliament to be dissolved earlier, those being; Nevertheless, no extraordinary general elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary general election would be in addition to the ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case it would supplant it.This would not affect the year in which the subsequent ordinary general election would be held. On 16 November 2020, the Scottish General Election (Coronavirus) Bill was introduced.This draft legislation stated that while the next election was intended to be held on 6 May 2021, thePresiding Officerwould gain the power to postpone the election by up to six months if the spread ofCOVID-19made that date impractical.The bill also proposed to change the date of dissolution to the day before the election, meaning that the Parliament could be recalled during the election period.The bill was enacted and receivedRoyal Assenton 29 January 2021.Parliament was in fact recalled on 12 April, to allow MSPs to mark the death ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Retiring MSPs James Dornanannounced in February 2020 his intention to retire at the next Holyrood election,but reversed this decision some months later. Parties The SNP, Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies and all eight of the regional ballots.Five other parties contested both all eight regions and at least one constituency: the Scottish Greens (12 constituencies) theScottish Libertarian Party(9), theScottish Family Party(7),UKIP(5) and the Freedom Alliance (4). Four parties –Abolish the Scottish Parliament Party,Alba Party,All for Unity, andReform UK– stood in all eight electoral regions, but did not contest any constituencies. Six other parties contested some of the regions and at least one constituency:TUSC(3 regions and 3 constituencies), Restore Scotland (2 regions, 4 constituencies),Scotia Future(2 of each), theCommunist Party of Britain(2 regions and 1 constituency), theReclaim Party(1 of each) and the Vanguard Party (also 1 of each). Five other parties –Independent Green Voice(5 regions),Renew(5), theSocial Democratic Party(2),Women's Equality(2) andAnimal Welfare(1) – contested some of the regions, but not any constituencies. TheScottish Socialist Party, which participated in the last election as part of the electoral allianceRISE – Scotland's Left Alliance, opted not to participate in this election, for the first time since its inception. List of parties contesting all regional ballots Election system, seats and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The Scottish Parliament uses anadditional member system(AMS), designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There is a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt methodusing the constituency resultsis used to elect these additional MSPs. The boundaries of the 73 constituencies last changed as of the2011 Scottish Parliament election, as did the configuration of the electoral regions used to elect \\\"list\\\" members of the Scottish Parliament.These revisions were the outcome of the First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsconducted by theBoundary Commission for Scotland; the Review was announced on 3 July 2007 and the Commission published its final report on 26 May 2010. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The size difference between Westminster and Holyrood boundaries was due to diverge further upon the implementation of theSixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which has not been voted upon by Parliament. The2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituenciesfor a UK total of 650 MPs commenced in England in 2021 and will complete for the UK by 2023. Campaign The election campaign started on 25 March 2021.The Scottish Conservatives launched their campaign the same day, with a focus on promoting Scotland's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. On 26 March 2021, theAlba Partywas publicly launched by formerFirst Minister of Scotlandand SNP leader,Alex Salmond.The party announced plans to standlist-only candidates. Two sitting SNP MPs later defected to the Alba party.TheAction for Independenceparty, which had intended to pursue a similar list-only strategy, announced they would stand down their candidates in favour of Alba.Sturgeon said she would refuse to have any dealings with Salmond unless he apologises to the women who had accused him of harassment. BBC Scotlandannounced that it would broadcast two debates between the main parties' leaders; the first was aired on 30 March 2021 and was moderated by the corporation's Scotland editorSarah Smith.The debate included key questions from the audience on theCOVID-19 recovery,climate change, and asecond referendumonScottish independence. The second BBC debate was held on 4 May 2021 and was moderated by BBC Scotland's political editorGlenn Campbell. Commercial broadcasterSTVheld their leaders' debate on 13 April, moderated by their political editorColin Mackay.NUS Scotlandheld a debate on specifically on student issues which was moderated by NUS Scotland president, Matt Crilly on 20 April which featured the three main party leaders. On 1 April,Planet Radioannounced that theirClyde 2station would be hosting a Leaders Phone-In with the main parties' leaders every Sunday before the election.Douglas Rosswas the first to be interviewed on 4 April,withWillie Renniefollowing on 18 April. WhilstNicola Sturgeonwas set to be interviewed on 11 April, campaigning was delayed following the death ofPrince Philipand her phone-in was instead held on 22 April.Patrick Harviefollowed on 25 April; andAnas Sarwarhad the final phone-in on 2 May. Following Prince Philip's death on 9 April, the SNP, Conservatives, Labour, Greens and Liberal Democrats said they would suspend election campaigning until further notice.After discussion between the parties, they agreed to resume campaigning after a special parliamentary session on 12 April to make tributes and to pause activities again on the day of the funeral (17 April). Election debates Opinion polling Graph of opinion poll results prior to the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. Trendlines are 30-day moving averages. SNP –Scottish National PartyConservative –Scottish ConservativesLabour –Scottish LabourLib Dem –Scottish Liberal DemocratsGreen –Scottish GreensUKIP –UK Independence PartyReform –Reform UKSSP –Scottish Socialist PartyAlba –Alba PartyAFU –All for Unity Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2016 result to change hands. The most marginal opportunity for theGreenswas inGlasgow Kelvin, which they needed a 7.1% swing to gain. TheLiberal Democrats' best bet wasCaithness, Sutherland and Ross, which required a 6.1% swing. The SNP ended up holding both of these constituencies. SNP targets Conservative targets Labour targets Results Overall Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Constituency seat changes compared to 2016 MSPs who lost their seats Analysis The SNP won 64 seats, falling one seat short of an overall majority.Some commentators put this down to unionistsvoting tacticallyfor Conservative, Labour and Lib Dem candidates.According to psephologistJohn Curtice, \\\"Denying the SNP an overall majority was, indeed, a collective effort – at least on the part of Unionist voters, who on the constituency ballot demonstrated a remarkable willingness to back whichever pro-Union party appeared to be best placed locally to defeat the SNP. These patterns had a decisive impact on the outcome.\\\"This was apparent in seats likeDumbarton, where incumbent Labour MSPJackie Bailliesaw her 0.3% majority increased to 3.9%, whilst both the Conservative and Lib Dem vote share decreased. InThe National,Emer O'Toolequestioned whether social media adverts with \\\"a lack of transparency over funding\\\" may have cost the SNP key seats as well.The day before the election,The Guardianreported that anti-independence groups and campaigners had \\\"spent tens of thousands of pounds in the past week\\\", including onFacebookadverts, calling for tactical voting to prevent the SNP getting a majority.One of these groups was Scotland Matters, whose founder, ProfessorHugh Penningtonsaid, \\\"Across the country as a whole, tactical voting is obviously one of the ways forward to basically harm the SNP, not to put too fine a point on it.\\\" Additionally, the Greens claimed that they may have been deprived of two seats because ofIndependent Green Voice(IGV), a far-right party which has nothing to do with the Scottish Greens (who support Scottish independence). IGV received nearly 10,000 votes, including 2,210 inGlasgow(where the Greens were 1,000 short of gaining a seat) and 1,690 inSouth Scotland(where the Greens fell 100 short). This potentially prevented pro-independence parties from having a 19-seat majority instead of 15 seats. TheScottish and Welsh Election Studies 2021, revealed on 13 June, found that around a third of Scottish voters who decided to vote differently in the run-up to the election did so to stop another party, and that 90% of those who did this did so in a bid to prevent the SNP winning the seat. Rob Johns, Professor in Politics at theUniversity of Essex, said: \\\"e found a lot more switching than we had expected. The polls had suggested that not much was changing and obviously the overall election result was almost eerily similar to 2016. That can mean that nobody has changed their mind or it can mean lots of people have changed their mind – but these have cancelled out as people have moved in opposing directions. We found there was quite a lot more of that than we had expected.\\\" Voter demographics Data fromSavanta ComRes: Campaign spending Aftermath Nicola Sturgeonwas nominated asFirst Ministerby a vote of the parliament on 18 May 2021.Hercabinetwas approved by the parliament two days later and thus theThird Sturgeon government, aminority government, was formed. On 3 August 2021, it was reported that a co-operation agreement between the SNP and the Greens was \\\"on the brink of being finalised\\\" and could see Green MSPs take ministerial positions in government.On 19 August, the power-sharing agreement between the two parties was announced.Under the terms of the agreement, the Greens have two MSPs appointed as junior ministers in the government who are invited to attend cabinet meetings when their portfolios are being discussed. The Greens signed up to the bulk of the SNP's policies, but in areas of disagreement such as international relations and fee-paying schools the two parties are free to publicly disagree.The agreement states that the Greens support the government onvotes of confidenceandsupply. A deal that would seePatrick HarvieandLorna Slatermade ministers was revealed on 26 August, subject to being voted upon by Green Party members.Two days later, members of both parties overwhelmingly voted in favour of the deal. See also Other elections in the UK which were held on the same day: Footnotes References External links\",\n \"2016 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2016 Scottish parliament electionwas held on Thursday, 5 May 2016to elect 129 members to theScottish Parliament. It was the fifthelection heldsince the devolved parliament was established in 1999. It was the first parliamentary election in Scotland in which 16 and 17 year olds were eligible to vote, under the provisions of the Scottish Elections (Reduction of Voting Age) Act.It was also the first time the three largest parties were led by women. Parliament went into dissolution on 24 March 2016, allowing the official period of campaigning to get underway. Five parties had MSPs in the previous parliament:Scottish National Party(SNP) led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon,Scottish Labourled byKezia Dugdale,Scottish Conservativesled byRuth Davidson,Scottish Liberal Democratsled byWillie Rennie,Scottish Greens, led by their co-convenersPatrick HarvieandMaggie Chapman. Of those five parties, four changed their leader since the2011 election. During the campaign, a series of televised debates took place, including party leaders of the elected parties.BBC Scotlandheld the first leaders' debate on 24 March,STVbroadcast the next on 29 March, and BBC Scotland hosted the final debate on 1 May. The election resulted in ahung parliamentwith the Scottish National Party winning a third term in government, but falling two seats short of securing a second consecutive overall majority.The Conservatives saw a significant increase in support and replaced the Labour Party as the second-largest party and main opposition in the Scottish Parliament. This was the first time that Labour had finished in third place at a Scottish election in 98 years.The Scottish Greens won six seats on the regional list and overtook the Liberal Democrats, who remained on five seats. Although the SNP had lost their majority, it was still by far the largest single party in the Scottish Parliament, with more than double the seats of the Conservatives. Accordingly, Sturgeon announced she would form aminority SNP government. She was voted in for a second term as First Minister on 17 May. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2011 election, i.e. in May 2015.In May 2010, thenew UK Governmentstated in itscoalition agreementthat thenext general electionwould also be held in May 2015.This proposal was criticised by the Scottish National Party and Labour, as it had been recommended after the2007 electionthat elections with different voting systems should be held on separate days: a recommendation which all of the political parties had then accepted.In response to this criticism, Deputy Prime MinisterNick Cleggoffered the right to vary the date of the Scottish Parliament election by a year either way.All the main political parties then stated their support for delaying the election by a year.TheFixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, a statute of the UK Parliament, moved the date of the Scottish Parliament election to 5 May 2016. The date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by themonarch, on the proposal of thePresiding Officer. If Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved, with at least two-thirds of theMembers(i.e. 86 Members) voting in favour, the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary election and the Parliament is dissolved by the monarch byroyal proclamation. It does not necessarily require a two-thirds majority to precipitate an extraordinary election, because under the Scotland Act Parliament is also dissolved if it fails to nominate one of its members to beFirst Ministerwithin certain time limits, irrespective of whether at the beginning or in the middle of a parliamentary term. Therefore, if the First Minister resigned, Parliament would then have 28 days to elect a successor (s46(2)b and s46(3)a). If no new First Minister was elected then the Presiding Officer would ask for Parliament to be dissolved under s3(1)a. This process could also be triggered if the First Minister lost avote of confidenceby asimple majority(i.e. more than 50%), as they must then resign (Scotland Act 1998 s45(2)). To date the Parliament has never held a vote of no confidence in a First Minister. No extraordinary elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary elections would be in addition to ordinary elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary election, in which case they supplant it. The subsequent ordinary election reverts to the first Thursday in May, a multiple of four years after 1999. It was envisaged that the election would still have taken place as scheduled if Scotland had voted in favour ofindependencein 2014. Retiring MSPs Deselected MSPs Changes to the SNP's selection procedures the previous year in order to ensure gender balance of candidates meant that any incumbent constituency MSP who chose to retire would have their replacement selected from anall-woman shortlist. The only ways for a new male candidate to receive a constituency nomination would be to stand in a constituency currently held by an opposition MSP or to run a de-selection campaign against a sitting MSP. For that reason there were far more challenges than normal within the SNP, but only two were successful: Election system, seats, and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsby theBoundary Commission for Scotland, was announced on 3 July 2007. The Commission published its provisional proposals for the regional boundaries in 2009. The Scottish Parliament uses anAdditional Members System, designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There are a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt method, using the constituency results, is used to elect these additional MSPs. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The boundaries used for the Scottish Parliament elections were then revised for the 2011 election. The Boundary Commission also recommended changes to the electoral regions used to elect \\\"list\\\" members of the Scottish Parliament,which were also implemented in 2011. Campaign On 29 February 2016,BBC Scotland'sScotland 2016current affairs programme held a debate focusing on education featuring theEducation MinisterAngela Constanceand three party leaders:Kezia Dugdale,Ruth DavidsonandWillie Rennie. On 24 March 2016,BBC Scotlandheld a debate inGlasgowwhich was televised that featured Dugdale, Davidson, Rennie,Nicola Sturgeon,Patrick HarvieandDavid Coburn. On 29 March 2016,STVhosted a televised leaders' debate, featuring the five leaders of the parties which held seats in the last Parliament. From 5–26 April 2016,Scotland 2016also held a series of weekly subject debates on Tuesday nights. The subjects were Tax, Health, Energy & Environment, and Housing.Of these, six parties (SNP,Labour,ConservativesandLiberal Democrats, theScottish GreensandUKIP) were invited to the Tax debate. Parties contesting the election The official nomination period closed on 1 April 2016, lists of candidates were then published by local councils once the applications had been processed. In March 2015, the Scottish Greens balloted their members to select candidates for their regional lists.The SNP released their regional candidate list in October 2015.The Conservative regional candidate list followed in December.In January 2016,RISE – Scotland's Left Allianceannounced list candidates for all regions except the North East.Labour had announced a new selection process for regional candidates in November 2013,then revealed their full list of regional candidates in February 2016.UKIP's regional candidates were picked by their executive committee, prompting one prospective candidate to resign his party membership. Contesting constituency and regional ballot The SNP, the Scottish Labour, the Scottish Conservatives and the Scottish Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies. Contesting regional ballot only Contesting constituency ballot only Opinion polling The chart shows the relative state of the parties since polling began from 2012, until the date of the election. The constituency vote is shown as semi-transparent lines, while the regional vote is shown in full lines. Result Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Margo MacDonaldhad been elected on the Lothian regional list in 2011, as an Independent; she died in 2014. Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2011 result to change hands. SNP targets Labour targets Conservative targets Liberal Democrat targets Incumbents defeated (stood forNorth East Scotland) * Formerly SNP See also Other elections in the UK being held on the same day UK parliamentary by-elections References External links Party manifestos\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["2021 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2021 Scottish Parliament electiontook place on 11 May 2021,under the provisions of theScotland Act 1998. All 129Members of the Scottish Parliamentwere elected in the sixthelectionsince the parliament was re-established in 1999. The election was held alongside theSenedd electionin Wales,English local elections,London Assemblyandmayoral electionand theHartlepool by-election. The election campaign started on 25 March 2021 during theCOVID-19 pandemic in Scotland. Parliament was officiallydissolvedon 5 May, the day before the election.The main parties fielding candidates were: theScottish National Party(SNP), led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon; theScottish Conservatives, led byDouglas Ross;Scottish Labour, led byAnas Sarwar; theScottish Liberal Democrats, led byWillie Rennie, and theScottish Greens, jointly ledPatrick HarvieandLorna Slater. Of those five parties, three had changed their leader since the2016 election. Newer parties set up","parties set up since the 2016 election included:Reform UK Scotland, led byMichelle Ballantyne; theAlba Party, led by former First Minister and SNP leaderAlex Salmond; andAll for Unity, led byGeorge Galloway. These parties only competed for seats on theregional lists. They all failed to win any seats. The election resulted in the SNP winning a fourth consecutive term in government. They won 64 seats, a net increase of one. The SNP gainedEdinburgh Central,Ayr, andEast Lothian, as well as winning the largest share of the popular vote and the largest number of constituency seats in any Scottish Parliament election (62).The Greens won eight seats, their best result to date at a Scottish Parliament election, while the Conservatives retained second place with 31 seats. Labour had its worst-ever result with 22 seats, and the lowest share of the vote in both constituency and list votes for either Westminster or Holyrood since 1910. The Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) also had their worst showing at a Holyrood election","a Holyrood election to date, winning only four seats. The SNP and the Greens, both of which supportScottish independence, won 72 of the 129 seats in the parliament. Unionist parties (that is, those against independence) achieved a small majority of votes in constituency contests, whilst pro-independence parties achieved a small majority in the regional lists.The turnout was 63.5%, which is the highest ever at a Scottish Parliament election. Following the election, thethird Sturgeon governmentwas formed. It initially consisted of just the SNP, but later included Slater and Harvie of the Scottish Greens as junior ministers after the two parties negotiated apower-sharing agreement. Background Electoral events 2016 Scottish Parliament election At the2016 election, the rulingScottish National Party(SNP) lost itsparliamentary majoritybut was able to continue governing underNicola Sturgeonas aminorityadministration.At the same election, theConservativesovertookLabourto place second, whilst theGreensovertook","theGreensovertook theLiberal Democratsto place fourth.No representatives of minor parties were elected to the Parliament. Other elections Four further elections affecting Scotland took place between the 2016 and 2021 Scottish Parliament elections: Leadership changes Three parties underwent leadership changes during the parliamentary term leading up to the election. In August 2017,Kezia Dugdaleresigned as leader of Scottish Labour and wasreplacedbyRichard Leonard.In January 2021, less than four months before the election, Leonard resigned.Anas Sarwarwon the subsequentleadership election. In August 2019,Lorna SlaterandPatrick Harviebecameco-leadersof theScottish Greens. Also in August 2019,Ruth Davidsonresigned as leader of the Scottish Conservatives and wassucceededbyJackson Carlaw.Carlaw resigned as leader in July 2020,withDouglas Rosswinning the subsequentleadership electionunopposed. Expansion of the electorate This is the first election after the passage of the Scottish Elections (Franchise and","(Franchise and Representation) Act, which extended thefranchiseto those serving prison sentences of 12 months or less.In 2005, the United Kingdom was found in breach of Protocol 1, Article 3 of theEuropean Convention on Human Rightsin regards of prisoner voting rights in theEuropean Court of Human Rightsas a result ofHirst v United Kingdom (No 2); the Act brings Scotland in line with the court ruling. This act also allows all foreign nationals resident in Scotland to vote and all those withindefinite leave to remainor equivalent status, includingpre–settled statusin the United Kingdom, to stand as candidates.A BBC News report in April 2021 said that there were around 55,000 foreign nationals who had been given the right to vote as a result of these changes, including 20,000 refugees. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary general election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2016 election, i.e. in May 2020.This would have clashed with","have clashed with the proposed date of a UK general election, although this became a moot point when a snap UK general election was held inJune 2017(a further UK general election was held inDecember 2019).In November 2015, the Scottish Government published a Scottish Elections (Dates) Bill, which proposed to extend the term of the Parliament to five years.That Bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 25 February 2016 and received Royal Assent on 30 March 2016, setting the new date for the election as 6 May 2021. The Scottish Elections (Dates) Act did not affect the legal possibilities for the Parliament to be dissolved earlier, those being; Nevertheless, no extraordinary general elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary general election would be in addition to the ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case it would supplant it.This would not affect the year in which the subsequent ordinary general election","general election would be held. On 16 November 2020, the Scottish General Election (Coronavirus) Bill was introduced.This draft legislation stated that while the next election was intended to be held on 6 May 2021, thePresiding Officerwould gain the power to postpone the election by up to six months if the spread ofCOVID-19made that date impractical.The bill also proposed to change the date of dissolution to the day before the election, meaning that the Parliament could be recalled during the election period.The bill was enacted and receivedRoyal Assenton 29 January 2021.Parliament was in fact recalled on 12 April, to allow MSPs to mark the death ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Retiring MSPs James Dornanannounced in February 2020 his intention to retire at the next Holyrood election,but reversed this decision some months later. Parties The SNP, Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies and all eight of the regional ballots.Five other parties contested both","contested both all eight regions and at least one constituency: the Scottish Greens (12 constituencies) theScottish Libertarian Party(9), theScottish Family Party(7),UKIP(5) and the Freedom Alliance (4). Four parties –Abolish the Scottish Parliament Party,Alba Party,All for Unity, andReform UK– stood in all eight electoral regions, but did not contest any constituencies. Six other parties contested some of the regions and at least one constituency:TUSC(3 regions and 3 constituencies), Restore Scotland (2 regions, 4 constituencies),Scotia Future(2 of each), theCommunist Party of Britain(2 regions and 1 constituency), theReclaim Party(1 of each) and the Vanguard Party (also 1 of each). Five other parties –Independent Green Voice(5 regions),Renew(5), theSocial Democratic Party(2),Women's Equality(2) andAnimal Welfare(1) – contested some of the regions, but not any constituencies. TheScottish Socialist Party, which participated in the last election as part of the electoral allianceRISE – Scotland's Left","– Scotland's Left Alliance, opted not to participate in this election, for the first time since its inception. List of parties contesting all regional ballots Election system, seats and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The Scottish Parliament uses anadditional member system(AMS), designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There is a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt methodusing the constituency resultsis used to elect these additional MSPs. The boundaries of the 73 constituencies last changed as of the2011 Scottish Parliament election, as did the configuration of the electoral regions used to elect \"list\" members of the Scottish Parliament.These revisions were the outcome of","were the outcome of the First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsconducted by theBoundary Commission for Scotland; the Review was announced on 3 July 2007 and the Commission published its final report on 26 May 2010. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The size difference between Westminster and Holyrood boundaries was due to diverge further upon the implementation of theSixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which has not been voted upon by Parliament. The2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituenciesfor a UK total of 650 MPs commenced in England in 2021 and will complete for the UK by 2023. Campaign The election campaign started on 25 March 2021.The Scottish Conservatives launched their","launched their campaign the same day, with a focus on promoting Scotland's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. On 26 March 2021, theAlba Partywas publicly launched by formerFirst Minister of Scotlandand SNP leader,Alex Salmond.The party announced plans to standlist-only candidates. Two sitting SNP MPs later defected to the Alba party.TheAction for Independenceparty, which had intended to pursue a similar list-only strategy, announced they would stand down their candidates in favour of Alba.Sturgeon said she would refuse to have any dealings with Salmond unless he apologises to the women who had accused him of harassment. BBC Scotlandannounced that it would broadcast two debates between the main parties' leaders; the first was aired on 30 March 2021 and was moderated by the corporation's Scotland editorSarah Smith.The debate included key questions from the audience on theCOVID-19 recovery,climate change, and asecond referendumonScottish independence. The second BBC debate was held on 4 May 2021 and was","4 May 2021 and was moderated by BBC Scotland's political editorGlenn Campbell. Commercial broadcasterSTVheld their leaders' debate on 13 April, moderated by their political editorColin Mackay.NUS Scotlandheld a debate on specifically on student issues which was moderated by NUS Scotland president, Matt Crilly on 20 April which featured the three main party leaders. On 1 April,Planet Radioannounced that theirClyde 2station would be hosting a Leaders Phone-In with the main parties' leaders every Sunday before the election.Douglas Rosswas the first to be interviewed on 4 April,withWillie Renniefollowing on 18 April. WhilstNicola Sturgeonwas set to be interviewed on 11 April, campaigning was delayed following the death ofPrince Philipand her phone-in was instead held on 22 April.Patrick Harviefollowed on 25 April; andAnas Sarwarhad the final phone-in on 2 May. Following Prince Philip's death on 9 April, the SNP, Conservatives, Labour, Greens and Liberal Democrats said they would suspend election campaigning","campaigning until further notice.After discussion between the parties, they agreed to resume campaigning after a special parliamentary session on 12 April to make tributes and to pause activities again on the day of the funeral (17 April). Election debates Opinion polling Graph of opinion poll results prior to the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. Trendlines are 30-day moving averages. SNP –Scottish National PartyConservative –Scottish ConservativesLabour –Scottish LabourLib Dem –Scottish Liberal DemocratsGreen –Scottish GreensUKIP –UK Independence PartyReform –Reform UKSSP –Scottish Socialist PartyAlba –Alba PartyAFU –All for Unity Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2016 result to change hands. The most marginal opportunity for theGreenswas inGlasgow Kelvin, which they needed a 7.1% swing to gain. TheLiberal Democrats' best bet wasCaithness, Sutherland and Ross, which required a 6.1% swing. The SNP ended up holding both of these","both of these constituencies. SNP targets Conservative targets Labour targets Results Overall Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Constituency seat changes compared to 2016 MSPs who lost their seats Analysis The SNP won 64 seats, falling one seat short of an overall majority.Some commentators put this down to unionistsvoting tacticallyfor Conservative, Labour and Lib Dem candidates.According to psephologistJohn Curtice, \"Denying the SNP an overall majority was, indeed, a collective effort – at least on the part of Unionist voters, who on the constituency ballot demonstrated a remarkable willingness to back whichever pro-Union party appeared to be best placed locally to defeat the SNP. These patterns had a decisive impact on the outcome.\"This was apparent in seats likeDumbarton, where incumbent Labour MSPJackie Bailliesaw her 0.3% majority increased to 3.9%, whilst both the Conservative and Lib Dem vote","and Lib Dem vote share decreased. InThe National,Emer O'Toolequestioned whether social media adverts with \"a lack of transparency over funding\" may have cost the SNP key seats as well.The day before the election,The Guardianreported that anti-independence groups and campaigners had \"spent tens of thousands of pounds in the past week\", including onFacebookadverts, calling for tactical voting to prevent the SNP getting a majority.One of these groups was Scotland Matters, whose founder, ProfessorHugh Penningtonsaid, \"Across the country as a whole, tactical voting is obviously one of the ways forward to basically harm the SNP, not to put too fine a point on it.\" Additionally, the Greens claimed that they may have been deprived of two seats because ofIndependent Green Voice(IGV), a far-right party which has nothing to do with the Scottish Greens (who support Scottish independence). IGV received nearly 10,000 votes, including 2,210 inGlasgow(where the Greens were 1,000 short of gaining a seat) and 1,690 inSouth","and 1,690 inSouth Scotland(where the Greens fell 100 short). This potentially prevented pro-independence parties from having a 19-seat majority instead of 15 seats. TheScottish and Welsh Election Studies 2021, revealed on 13 June, found that around a third of Scottish voters who decided to vote differently in the run-up to the election did so to stop another party, and that 90% of those who did this did so in a bid to prevent the SNP winning the seat. Rob Johns, Professor in Politics at theUniversity of Essex, said: \"e found a lot more switching than we had expected. The polls had suggested that not much was changing and obviously the overall election result was almost eerily similar to 2016. That can mean that nobody has changed their mind or it can mean lots of people have changed their mind – but these have cancelled out as people have moved in opposing directions. We found there was quite a lot more of that than we had expected.\" Voter demographics Data fromSavanta ComRes: Campaign spending Aftermath","spending Aftermath Nicola Sturgeonwas nominated asFirst Ministerby a vote of the parliament on 18 May 2021.Hercabinetwas approved by the parliament two days later and thus theThird Sturgeon government, aminority government, was formed. On 3 August 2021, it was reported that a co-operation agreement between the SNP and the Greens was \"on the brink of being finalised\" and could see Green MSPs take ministerial positions in government.On 19 August, the power-sharing agreement between the two parties was announced.Under the terms of the agreement, the Greens have two MSPs appointed as junior ministers in the government who are invited to attend cabinet meetings when their portfolios are being discussed. The Greens signed up to the bulk of the SNP's policies, but in areas of disagreement such as international relations and fee-paying schools the two parties are free to publicly disagree.The agreement states that the Greens support the government onvotes of confidenceandsupply. A deal that would seePatrick","would seePatrick HarvieandLorna Slatermade ministers was revealed on 26 August, subject to being voted upon by Green Party members.Two days later, members of both parties overwhelmingly voted in favour of the deal. See also Other elections in the UK which were held on the same day: Footnotes References External links","2016 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2016 Scottish parliament electionwas held on Thursday, 5 May 2016to elect 129 members to theScottish Parliament. It was the fifthelection heldsince the devolved parliament was established in 1999. It was the first parliamentary election in Scotland in which 16 and 17 year olds were eligible to vote, under the provisions of the Scottish Elections (Reduction of Voting Age) Act.It was also the first time the three largest parties were led by women. Parliament went into dissolution on 24 March 2016, allowing the official period of campaigning to get underway. Five parties had MSPs in the previous parliament:Scottish National Party(SNP) led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon,Scottish Labourled byKezia Dugdale,Scottish Conservativesled byRuth Davidson,Scottish Liberal Democratsled byWillie Rennie,Scottish Greens, led by their co-convenersPatrick HarvieandMaggie Chapman. Of those five parties, four changed their leader since the2011 election.","the2011 election. During the campaign, a series of televised debates took place, including party leaders of the elected parties.BBC Scotlandheld the first leaders' debate on 24 March,STVbroadcast the next on 29 March, and BBC Scotland hosted the final debate on 1 May. The election resulted in ahung parliamentwith the Scottish National Party winning a third term in government, but falling two seats short of securing a second consecutive overall majority.The Conservatives saw a significant increase in support and replaced the Labour Party as the second-largest party and main opposition in the Scottish Parliament. This was the first time that Labour had finished in third place at a Scottish election in 98 years.The Scottish Greens won six seats on the regional list and overtook the Liberal Democrats, who remained on five seats. Although the SNP had lost their majority, it was still by far the largest single party in the Scottish Parliament, with more than double the seats of the Conservatives. Accordingly,","Accordingly, Sturgeon announced she would form aminority SNP government. She was voted in for a second term as First Minister on 17 May. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2011 election, i.e. in May 2015.In May 2010, thenew UK Governmentstated in itscoalition agreementthat thenext general electionwould also be held in May 2015.This proposal was criticised by the Scottish National Party and Labour, as it had been recommended after the2007 electionthat elections with different voting systems should be held on separate days: a recommendation which all of the political parties had then accepted.In response to this criticism, Deputy Prime MinisterNick Cleggoffered the right to vary the date of the Scottish Parliament election by a year either way.All the main political parties then stated their support for delaying the election by a year.TheFixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, a statute of the","a statute of the UK Parliament, moved the date of the Scottish Parliament election to 5 May 2016. The date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by themonarch, on the proposal of thePresiding Officer. If Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved, with at least two-thirds of theMembers(i.e. 86 Members) voting in favour, the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary election and the Parliament is dissolved by the monarch byroyal proclamation. It does not necessarily require a two-thirds majority to precipitate an extraordinary election, because under the Scotland Act Parliament is also dissolved if it fails to nominate one of its members to beFirst Ministerwithin certain time limits, irrespective of whether at the beginning or in the middle of a parliamentary term. Therefore, if the First Minister resigned, Parliament would then have 28 days to elect a successor (s46(2)b and s46(3)a). If no new First Minister was elected then the Presiding Officer would ask for","would ask for Parliament to be dissolved under s3(1)a. This process could also be triggered if the First Minister lost avote of confidenceby asimple majority(i.e. more than 50%), as they must then resign (Scotland Act 1998 s45(2)). To date the Parliament has never held a vote of no confidence in a First Minister. No extraordinary elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary elections would be in addition to ordinary elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary election, in which case they supplant it. The subsequent ordinary election reverts to the first Thursday in May, a multiple of four years after 1999. It was envisaged that the election would still have taken place as scheduled if Scotland had voted in favour ofindependencein 2014. Retiring MSPs Deselected MSPs Changes to the SNP's selection procedures the previous year in order to ensure gender balance of candidates meant that any incumbent constituency MSP who chose to retire would have their replacement","their replacement selected from anall-woman shortlist. The only ways for a new male candidate to receive a constituency nomination would be to stand in a constituency currently held by an opposition MSP or to run a de-selection campaign against a sitting MSP. For that reason there were far more challenges than normal within the SNP, but only two were successful: Election system, seats, and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsby theBoundary Commission for Scotland, was announced on 3 July 2007. The Commission published its provisional proposals for the regional boundaries in 2009. The Scottish Parliament uses anAdditional Members System, designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There are a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by","elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt method, using the constituency results, is used to elect these additional MSPs. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The boundaries used for the Scottish Parliament elections were then revised for the 2011 election. The Boundary Commission also recommended changes to the electoral regions used to elect \"list\" members of the Scottish Parliament,which were also implemented in 2011. Campaign On 29 February 2016,BBC Scotland'sScotland 2016current affairs programme held a debate focusing on education featuring theEducation MinisterAngela Constanceand three party leaders:Kezia Dugdale,Ruth","Dugdale,Ruth DavidsonandWillie Rennie. On 24 March 2016,BBC Scotlandheld a debate inGlasgowwhich was televised that featured Dugdale, Davidson, Rennie,Nicola Sturgeon,Patrick HarvieandDavid Coburn. On 29 March 2016,STVhosted a televised leaders' debate, featuring the five leaders of the parties which held seats in the last Parliament. From 5–26 April 2016,Scotland 2016also held a series of weekly subject debates on Tuesday nights. The subjects were Tax, Health, Energy & Environment, and Housing.Of these, six parties (SNP,Labour,ConservativesandLiberal Democrats, theScottish GreensandUKIP) were invited to the Tax debate. Parties contesting the election The official nomination period closed on 1 April 2016, lists of candidates were then published by local councils once the applications had been processed. In March 2015, the Scottish Greens balloted their members to select candidates for their regional lists.The SNP released their regional candidate list in October 2015.The Conservative regional candidate list","candidate list followed in December.In January 2016,RISE – Scotland's Left Allianceannounced list candidates for all regions except the North East.Labour had announced a new selection process for regional candidates in November 2013,then revealed their full list of regional candidates in February 2016.UKIP's regional candidates were picked by their executive committee, prompting one prospective candidate to resign his party membership. Contesting constituency and regional ballot The SNP, the Scottish Labour, the Scottish Conservatives and the Scottish Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies. Contesting regional ballot only Contesting constituency ballot only Opinion polling The chart shows the relative state of the parties since polling began from 2012, until the date of the election. The constituency vote is shown as semi-transparent lines, while the regional vote is shown in full lines. Result Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Margo MacDonaldhad been","MacDonaldhad been elected on the Lothian regional list in 2011, as an Independent; she died in 2014. Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2011 result to change hands. SNP targets Labour targets Conservative targets Liberal Democrat targets Incumbents defeated (stood forNorth East Scotland) * Formerly SNP See also Other elections in the UK being held on the same day UK parliamentary by-elections References External links Party manifestos"],"string":"[\n \"2021 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2021 Scottish Parliament electiontook place on 11 May 2021,under the provisions of theScotland Act 1998. All 129Members of the Scottish Parliamentwere elected in the sixthelectionsince the parliament was re-established in 1999. The election was held alongside theSenedd electionin Wales,English local elections,London Assemblyandmayoral electionand theHartlepool by-election. The election campaign started on 25 March 2021 during theCOVID-19 pandemic in Scotland. Parliament was officiallydissolvedon 5 May, the day before the election.The main parties fielding candidates were: theScottish National Party(SNP), led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon; theScottish Conservatives, led byDouglas Ross;Scottish Labour, led byAnas Sarwar; theScottish Liberal Democrats, led byWillie Rennie, and theScottish Greens, jointly ledPatrick HarvieandLorna Slater. Of those five parties, three had changed their leader since the2016 election. Newer parties set up\",\n \"parties set up since the 2016 election included:Reform UK Scotland, led byMichelle Ballantyne; theAlba Party, led by former First Minister and SNP leaderAlex Salmond; andAll for Unity, led byGeorge Galloway. These parties only competed for seats on theregional lists. They all failed to win any seats. The election resulted in the SNP winning a fourth consecutive term in government. They won 64 seats, a net increase of one. The SNP gainedEdinburgh Central,Ayr, andEast Lothian, as well as winning the largest share of the popular vote and the largest number of constituency seats in any Scottish Parliament election (62).The Greens won eight seats, their best result to date at a Scottish Parliament election, while the Conservatives retained second place with 31 seats. Labour had its worst-ever result with 22 seats, and the lowest share of the vote in both constituency and list votes for either Westminster or Holyrood since 1910. The Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) also had their worst showing at a Holyrood election\",\n \"a Holyrood election to date, winning only four seats. The SNP and the Greens, both of which supportScottish independence, won 72 of the 129 seats in the parliament. Unionist parties (that is, those against independence) achieved a small majority of votes in constituency contests, whilst pro-independence parties achieved a small majority in the regional lists.The turnout was 63.5%, which is the highest ever at a Scottish Parliament election. Following the election, thethird Sturgeon governmentwas formed. It initially consisted of just the SNP, but later included Slater and Harvie of the Scottish Greens as junior ministers after the two parties negotiated apower-sharing agreement. Background Electoral events 2016 Scottish Parliament election At the2016 election, the rulingScottish National Party(SNP) lost itsparliamentary majoritybut was able to continue governing underNicola Sturgeonas aminorityadministration.At the same election, theConservativesovertookLabourto place second, whilst theGreensovertook\",\n \"theGreensovertook theLiberal Democratsto place fourth.No representatives of minor parties were elected to the Parliament. Other elections Four further elections affecting Scotland took place between the 2016 and 2021 Scottish Parliament elections: Leadership changes Three parties underwent leadership changes during the parliamentary term leading up to the election. In August 2017,Kezia Dugdaleresigned as leader of Scottish Labour and wasreplacedbyRichard Leonard.In January 2021, less than four months before the election, Leonard resigned.Anas Sarwarwon the subsequentleadership election. In August 2019,Lorna SlaterandPatrick Harviebecameco-leadersof theScottish Greens. Also in August 2019,Ruth Davidsonresigned as leader of the Scottish Conservatives and wassucceededbyJackson Carlaw.Carlaw resigned as leader in July 2020,withDouglas Rosswinning the subsequentleadership electionunopposed. Expansion of the electorate This is the first election after the passage of the Scottish Elections (Franchise and\",\n \"(Franchise and Representation) Act, which extended thefranchiseto those serving prison sentences of 12 months or less.In 2005, the United Kingdom was found in breach of Protocol 1, Article 3 of theEuropean Convention on Human Rightsin regards of prisoner voting rights in theEuropean Court of Human Rightsas a result ofHirst v United Kingdom (No 2); the Act brings Scotland in line with the court ruling. This act also allows all foreign nationals resident in Scotland to vote and all those withindefinite leave to remainor equivalent status, includingpre–settled statusin the United Kingdom, to stand as candidates.A BBC News report in April 2021 said that there were around 55,000 foreign nationals who had been given the right to vote as a result of these changes, including 20,000 refugees. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary general election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2016 election, i.e. in May 2020.This would have clashed with\",\n \"have clashed with the proposed date of a UK general election, although this became a moot point when a snap UK general election was held inJune 2017(a further UK general election was held inDecember 2019).In November 2015, the Scottish Government published a Scottish Elections (Dates) Bill, which proposed to extend the term of the Parliament to five years.That Bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 25 February 2016 and received Royal Assent on 30 March 2016, setting the new date for the election as 6 May 2021. The Scottish Elections (Dates) Act did not affect the legal possibilities for the Parliament to be dissolved earlier, those being; Nevertheless, no extraordinary general elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary general election would be in addition to the ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case it would supplant it.This would not affect the year in which the subsequent ordinary general election\",\n \"general election would be held. On 16 November 2020, the Scottish General Election (Coronavirus) Bill was introduced.This draft legislation stated that while the next election was intended to be held on 6 May 2021, thePresiding Officerwould gain the power to postpone the election by up to six months if the spread ofCOVID-19made that date impractical.The bill also proposed to change the date of dissolution to the day before the election, meaning that the Parliament could be recalled during the election period.The bill was enacted and receivedRoyal Assenton 29 January 2021.Parliament was in fact recalled on 12 April, to allow MSPs to mark the death ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Retiring MSPs James Dornanannounced in February 2020 his intention to retire at the next Holyrood election,but reversed this decision some months later. Parties The SNP, Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies and all eight of the regional ballots.Five other parties contested both\",\n \"contested both all eight regions and at least one constituency: the Scottish Greens (12 constituencies) theScottish Libertarian Party(9), theScottish Family Party(7),UKIP(5) and the Freedom Alliance (4). Four parties –Abolish the Scottish Parliament Party,Alba Party,All for Unity, andReform UK– stood in all eight electoral regions, but did not contest any constituencies. Six other parties contested some of the regions and at least one constituency:TUSC(3 regions and 3 constituencies), Restore Scotland (2 regions, 4 constituencies),Scotia Future(2 of each), theCommunist Party of Britain(2 regions and 1 constituency), theReclaim Party(1 of each) and the Vanguard Party (also 1 of each). Five other parties –Independent Green Voice(5 regions),Renew(5), theSocial Democratic Party(2),Women's Equality(2) andAnimal Welfare(1) – contested some of the regions, but not any constituencies. TheScottish Socialist Party, which participated in the last election as part of the electoral allianceRISE – Scotland's Left\",\n \"– Scotland's Left Alliance, opted not to participate in this election, for the first time since its inception. List of parties contesting all regional ballots Election system, seats and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The Scottish Parliament uses anadditional member system(AMS), designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There is a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt methodusing the constituency resultsis used to elect these additional MSPs. The boundaries of the 73 constituencies last changed as of the2011 Scottish Parliament election, as did the configuration of the electoral regions used to elect \\\"list\\\" members of the Scottish Parliament.These revisions were the outcome of\",\n \"were the outcome of the First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsconducted by theBoundary Commission for Scotland; the Review was announced on 3 July 2007 and the Commission published its final report on 26 May 2010. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The size difference between Westminster and Holyrood boundaries was due to diverge further upon the implementation of theSixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which has not been voted upon by Parliament. The2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituenciesfor a UK total of 650 MPs commenced in England in 2021 and will complete for the UK by 2023. Campaign The election campaign started on 25 March 2021.The Scottish Conservatives launched their\",\n \"launched their campaign the same day, with a focus on promoting Scotland's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. On 26 March 2021, theAlba Partywas publicly launched by formerFirst Minister of Scotlandand SNP leader,Alex Salmond.The party announced plans to standlist-only candidates. Two sitting SNP MPs later defected to the Alba party.TheAction for Independenceparty, which had intended to pursue a similar list-only strategy, announced they would stand down their candidates in favour of Alba.Sturgeon said she would refuse to have any dealings with Salmond unless he apologises to the women who had accused him of harassment. BBC Scotlandannounced that it would broadcast two debates between the main parties' leaders; the first was aired on 30 March 2021 and was moderated by the corporation's Scotland editorSarah Smith.The debate included key questions from the audience on theCOVID-19 recovery,climate change, and asecond referendumonScottish independence. The second BBC debate was held on 4 May 2021 and was\",\n \"4 May 2021 and was moderated by BBC Scotland's political editorGlenn Campbell. Commercial broadcasterSTVheld their leaders' debate on 13 April, moderated by their political editorColin Mackay.NUS Scotlandheld a debate on specifically on student issues which was moderated by NUS Scotland president, Matt Crilly on 20 April which featured the three main party leaders. On 1 April,Planet Radioannounced that theirClyde 2station would be hosting a Leaders Phone-In with the main parties' leaders every Sunday before the election.Douglas Rosswas the first to be interviewed on 4 April,withWillie Renniefollowing on 18 April. WhilstNicola Sturgeonwas set to be interviewed on 11 April, campaigning was delayed following the death ofPrince Philipand her phone-in was instead held on 22 April.Patrick Harviefollowed on 25 April; andAnas Sarwarhad the final phone-in on 2 May. Following Prince Philip's death on 9 April, the SNP, Conservatives, Labour, Greens and Liberal Democrats said they would suspend election campaigning\",\n \"campaigning until further notice.After discussion between the parties, they agreed to resume campaigning after a special parliamentary session on 12 April to make tributes and to pause activities again on the day of the funeral (17 April). Election debates Opinion polling Graph of opinion poll results prior to the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. Trendlines are 30-day moving averages. SNP –Scottish National PartyConservative –Scottish ConservativesLabour –Scottish LabourLib Dem –Scottish Liberal DemocratsGreen –Scottish GreensUKIP –UK Independence PartyReform –Reform UKSSP –Scottish Socialist PartyAlba –Alba PartyAFU –All for Unity Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2016 result to change hands. The most marginal opportunity for theGreenswas inGlasgow Kelvin, which they needed a 7.1% swing to gain. TheLiberal Democrats' best bet wasCaithness, Sutherland and Ross, which required a 6.1% swing. The SNP ended up holding both of these\",\n \"both of these constituencies. SNP targets Conservative targets Labour targets Results Overall Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Constituency seat changes compared to 2016 MSPs who lost their seats Analysis The SNP won 64 seats, falling one seat short of an overall majority.Some commentators put this down to unionistsvoting tacticallyfor Conservative, Labour and Lib Dem candidates.According to psephologistJohn Curtice, \\\"Denying the SNP an overall majority was, indeed, a collective effort – at least on the part of Unionist voters, who on the constituency ballot demonstrated a remarkable willingness to back whichever pro-Union party appeared to be best placed locally to defeat the SNP. These patterns had a decisive impact on the outcome.\\\"This was apparent in seats likeDumbarton, where incumbent Labour MSPJackie Bailliesaw her 0.3% majority increased to 3.9%, whilst both the Conservative and Lib Dem vote\",\n \"and Lib Dem vote share decreased. InThe National,Emer O'Toolequestioned whether social media adverts with \\\"a lack of transparency over funding\\\" may have cost the SNP key seats as well.The day before the election,The Guardianreported that anti-independence groups and campaigners had \\\"spent tens of thousands of pounds in the past week\\\", including onFacebookadverts, calling for tactical voting to prevent the SNP getting a majority.One of these groups was Scotland Matters, whose founder, ProfessorHugh Penningtonsaid, \\\"Across the country as a whole, tactical voting is obviously one of the ways forward to basically harm the SNP, not to put too fine a point on it.\\\" Additionally, the Greens claimed that they may have been deprived of two seats because ofIndependent Green Voice(IGV), a far-right party which has nothing to do with the Scottish Greens (who support Scottish independence). IGV received nearly 10,000 votes, including 2,210 inGlasgow(where the Greens were 1,000 short of gaining a seat) and 1,690 inSouth\",\n \"and 1,690 inSouth Scotland(where the Greens fell 100 short). This potentially prevented pro-independence parties from having a 19-seat majority instead of 15 seats. TheScottish and Welsh Election Studies 2021, revealed on 13 June, found that around a third of Scottish voters who decided to vote differently in the run-up to the election did so to stop another party, and that 90% of those who did this did so in a bid to prevent the SNP winning the seat. Rob Johns, Professor in Politics at theUniversity of Essex, said: \\\"e found a lot more switching than we had expected. The polls had suggested that not much was changing and obviously the overall election result was almost eerily similar to 2016. That can mean that nobody has changed their mind or it can mean lots of people have changed their mind – but these have cancelled out as people have moved in opposing directions. We found there was quite a lot more of that than we had expected.\\\" Voter demographics Data fromSavanta ComRes: Campaign spending Aftermath\",\n \"spending Aftermath Nicola Sturgeonwas nominated asFirst Ministerby a vote of the parliament on 18 May 2021.Hercabinetwas approved by the parliament two days later and thus theThird Sturgeon government, aminority government, was formed. On 3 August 2021, it was reported that a co-operation agreement between the SNP and the Greens was \\\"on the brink of being finalised\\\" and could see Green MSPs take ministerial positions in government.On 19 August, the power-sharing agreement between the two parties was announced.Under the terms of the agreement, the Greens have two MSPs appointed as junior ministers in the government who are invited to attend cabinet meetings when their portfolios are being discussed. The Greens signed up to the bulk of the SNP's policies, but in areas of disagreement such as international relations and fee-paying schools the two parties are free to publicly disagree.The agreement states that the Greens support the government onvotes of confidenceandsupply. A deal that would seePatrick\",\n \"would seePatrick HarvieandLorna Slatermade ministers was revealed on 26 August, subject to being voted upon by Green Party members.Two days later, members of both parties overwhelmingly voted in favour of the deal. See also Other elections in the UK which were held on the same day: Footnotes References External links\",\n \"2016 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2016 Scottish parliament electionwas held on Thursday, 5 May 2016to elect 129 members to theScottish Parliament. It was the fifthelection heldsince the devolved parliament was established in 1999. It was the first parliamentary election in Scotland in which 16 and 17 year olds were eligible to vote, under the provisions of the Scottish Elections (Reduction of Voting Age) Act.It was also the first time the three largest parties were led by women. Parliament went into dissolution on 24 March 2016, allowing the official period of campaigning to get underway. Five parties had MSPs in the previous parliament:Scottish National Party(SNP) led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon,Scottish Labourled byKezia Dugdale,Scottish Conservativesled byRuth Davidson,Scottish Liberal Democratsled byWillie Rennie,Scottish Greens, led by their co-convenersPatrick HarvieandMaggie Chapman. Of those five parties, four changed their leader since the2011 election.\",\n \"the2011 election. During the campaign, a series of televised debates took place, including party leaders of the elected parties.BBC Scotlandheld the first leaders' debate on 24 March,STVbroadcast the next on 29 March, and BBC Scotland hosted the final debate on 1 May. The election resulted in ahung parliamentwith the Scottish National Party winning a third term in government, but falling two seats short of securing a second consecutive overall majority.The Conservatives saw a significant increase in support and replaced the Labour Party as the second-largest party and main opposition in the Scottish Parliament. This was the first time that Labour had finished in third place at a Scottish election in 98 years.The Scottish Greens won six seats on the regional list and overtook the Liberal Democrats, who remained on five seats. Although the SNP had lost their majority, it was still by far the largest single party in the Scottish Parliament, with more than double the seats of the Conservatives. Accordingly,\",\n \"Accordingly, Sturgeon announced she would form aminority SNP government. She was voted in for a second term as First Minister on 17 May. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2011 election, i.e. in May 2015.In May 2010, thenew UK Governmentstated in itscoalition agreementthat thenext general electionwould also be held in May 2015.This proposal was criticised by the Scottish National Party and Labour, as it had been recommended after the2007 electionthat elections with different voting systems should be held on separate days: a recommendation which all of the political parties had then accepted.In response to this criticism, Deputy Prime MinisterNick Cleggoffered the right to vary the date of the Scottish Parliament election by a year either way.All the main political parties then stated their support for delaying the election by a year.TheFixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, a statute of the\",\n \"a statute of the UK Parliament, moved the date of the Scottish Parliament election to 5 May 2016. The date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by themonarch, on the proposal of thePresiding Officer. If Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved, with at least two-thirds of theMembers(i.e. 86 Members) voting in favour, the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary election and the Parliament is dissolved by the monarch byroyal proclamation. It does not necessarily require a two-thirds majority to precipitate an extraordinary election, because under the Scotland Act Parliament is also dissolved if it fails to nominate one of its members to beFirst Ministerwithin certain time limits, irrespective of whether at the beginning or in the middle of a parliamentary term. Therefore, if the First Minister resigned, Parliament would then have 28 days to elect a successor (s46(2)b and s46(3)a). If no new First Minister was elected then the Presiding Officer would ask for\",\n \"would ask for Parliament to be dissolved under s3(1)a. This process could also be triggered if the First Minister lost avote of confidenceby asimple majority(i.e. more than 50%), as they must then resign (Scotland Act 1998 s45(2)). To date the Parliament has never held a vote of no confidence in a First Minister. No extraordinary elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary elections would be in addition to ordinary elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary election, in which case they supplant it. The subsequent ordinary election reverts to the first Thursday in May, a multiple of four years after 1999. It was envisaged that the election would still have taken place as scheduled if Scotland had voted in favour ofindependencein 2014. Retiring MSPs Deselected MSPs Changes to the SNP's selection procedures the previous year in order to ensure gender balance of candidates meant that any incumbent constituency MSP who chose to retire would have their replacement\",\n \"their replacement selected from anall-woman shortlist. The only ways for a new male candidate to receive a constituency nomination would be to stand in a constituency currently held by an opposition MSP or to run a de-selection campaign against a sitting MSP. For that reason there were far more challenges than normal within the SNP, but only two were successful: Election system, seats, and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsby theBoundary Commission for Scotland, was announced on 3 July 2007. The Commission published its provisional proposals for the regional boundaries in 2009. The Scottish Parliament uses anAdditional Members System, designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There are a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by\",\n \"elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt method, using the constituency results, is used to elect these additional MSPs. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The boundaries used for the Scottish Parliament elections were then revised for the 2011 election. The Boundary Commission also recommended changes to the electoral regions used to elect \\\"list\\\" members of the Scottish Parliament,which were also implemented in 2011. Campaign On 29 February 2016,BBC Scotland'sScotland 2016current affairs programme held a debate focusing on education featuring theEducation MinisterAngela Constanceand three party leaders:Kezia Dugdale,Ruth\",\n \"Dugdale,Ruth DavidsonandWillie Rennie. On 24 March 2016,BBC Scotlandheld a debate inGlasgowwhich was televised that featured Dugdale, Davidson, Rennie,Nicola Sturgeon,Patrick HarvieandDavid Coburn. On 29 March 2016,STVhosted a televised leaders' debate, featuring the five leaders of the parties which held seats in the last Parliament. From 5–26 April 2016,Scotland 2016also held a series of weekly subject debates on Tuesday nights. The subjects were Tax, Health, Energy & Environment, and Housing.Of these, six parties (SNP,Labour,ConservativesandLiberal Democrats, theScottish GreensandUKIP) were invited to the Tax debate. Parties contesting the election The official nomination period closed on 1 April 2016, lists of candidates were then published by local councils once the applications had been processed. In March 2015, the Scottish Greens balloted their members to select candidates for their regional lists.The SNP released their regional candidate list in October 2015.The Conservative regional candidate list\",\n \"candidate list followed in December.In January 2016,RISE – Scotland's Left Allianceannounced list candidates for all regions except the North East.Labour had announced a new selection process for regional candidates in November 2013,then revealed their full list of regional candidates in February 2016.UKIP's regional candidates were picked by their executive committee, prompting one prospective candidate to resign his party membership. Contesting constituency and regional ballot The SNP, the Scottish Labour, the Scottish Conservatives and the Scottish Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies. Contesting regional ballot only Contesting constituency ballot only Opinion polling The chart shows the relative state of the parties since polling began from 2012, until the date of the election. The constituency vote is shown as semi-transparent lines, while the regional vote is shown in full lines. Result Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Margo MacDonaldhad been\",\n \"MacDonaldhad been elected on the Lothian regional list in 2011, as an Independent; she died in 2014. Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2011 result to change hands. SNP targets Labour targets Conservative targets Liberal Democrat targets Incumbents defeated (stood forNorth East Scotland) * Formerly SNP See also Other elections in the UK being held on the same day UK parliamentary by-elections References External links Party manifestos\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":264,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What is the other name, beginning and ending with the letter \"d\", for the substance, often deployed by means of artillery shells, which was also instrumental in developing a treatment for a condition that dogs of the same breed as Mayor Max II are unusually prone to?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Distilled mustard"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_Max_II"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever#Health"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma#Treatments"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy#History"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_Max_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever#Health', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma#Treatments', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy#History', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_Max_II","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever#Health","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma#Treatments","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy#History","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_Max_II\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever#Health\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma#Treatments\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy#History\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mayor Max II Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II(May 6, 2013 – July 30, 2022) was agolden retrieverdog who served as the second unofficial mayor of Idyllwild, part of thecensus-designated placeofIdyllwild–Pine Cove, California. His deputy mayors, Mitzi and Mikey, were his cousins.After his death Mayor Max II was succeeded by his cousin Max III, who was sworn in on December 10, 2022. Mayorality In 2012, the non-profit organization Idyllwild Animal Rescue Friends (ARF) hosted an \"election\" for mayor of Idyllwild (which, as part of an unincorporated community, has no local government) as part of a fundraising event for the organization. Fourteen dogs and two cats ran, and Max, aGolden Retriever, was elected as Idyllwild's first mayor. On April 2, 2013, Mayor Max died, and Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II, another Golden Retriever, arrived in Idyllwild on July 21 to complete the remainder of the term.In March 2014, as the end of Max's term approached, ARF solicited the town's interest in holding another election. The people overwhelmingly pled for Mayor Max's continuation in perpetuity. Mayor Max was recognized by theCounty of Riverside, California.The Mayor's duties included visiting with locals and out-of-town visitors, attending business grand openings and other town functions, participating in the town's two annual parades, and promoting Idyllwild.Max's popularity had spread the world over, and he has represented the town through appearances on news programs, talk shows, advertisements, billboards, and a game show. Death Mayor Max died in the city ofTemeculaon July 30, 2022, after suffering a brief medical issue.He was succeeded byMayor Max III, who formally took office on December 10, 2022. See also References External links","Golden Retriever TheGolden Retrieveris a Scottishbreedofretrieverdog of medium size. It is characterised by a gentle and affectionate nature and a striking golden coat. It is a working dog, and registration is subject to successful completion of a working trial.It is commonly kept as apetand is among the most frequently registered breeds in several Western countries; some may compete indog showsorobedience trials, or work as aguide dog. The Golden Retriever was bred bySir Dudley Marjoribanksat his Scottish estateGuisachanin the late nineteenth century. Hecross-bredFlat-coated RetrieverswithTweed Water Spaniels, with some further infusions ofRed Setter,Labrador RetrieverandBloodhound. It was recognised by theKennel Clubin 1913, and during theinterwar periodspread to many parts of the world. History The Golden Retriever was developed in Scotland in the nineteenth century bySir Dudley Marjoribanks(later to becomeBaron Tweedmouth) fromFlat-coated Retrieversjudiciously crossed withTweed Water Spanielsand some other British dog breeds.Prior to the 1952 publication of the very detailed stud book which had been meticulously maintained by Marjoribanks, a number of romantic tales were published about the origins of the breed. In the 1860s Marjoribanks set out to create what to his mind was the ultimate breed of retriever at his Scottish estateGuisachan.He started by acquiring a yellow-coloured Flat-coated Retriever dog called Nous;Nous had beenwhelpedin June 1864 and was the only yellow pup in an otherwise all black-colouredlitter.Whilst uncommon, occasionally liver, brown, golden or yellow-coloured purebred Flat-coated Retriever pups are whelped to matings of two black parents.It is the pedigree of Nous that was the source for the romantic tales of the heritage of the Golden Retriever.One early account claimed Nous was purchased from a Russian circus trainer inBrighton, another claimed he was bought from a cobbler, and yet another claimed a gypsy.The stud book states that Nous was a Flat-coated Retriever bred byLord Chichesteron hisStanmer Parkestate near Brighton. In 1868 Nous was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel bitch named Belle, who is recorded in the stud book as being whelped in 1863 and being of \"Ladykirk breeding\".The litter from this mating consisted of four yellow pups, Primrose, Ada, Cowslip and Crocus.The best bitch from this litter, Cowslip, was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel called Tweed with the mating producing a bitch pup called Topsy.Cowslip was subsequently mated to aRed Settercalled Sampson; that mating produced a dog pup called Jack.Topsy was mated with a black Flat-coated Retriever called Sambo and a bitch pup from that litter, Zoe, was mated back to Jack and two pups from that mating were retained, a dog called Nous II and a bitch called Gill.Gill was mated to a blackLabrador Retrievercalled Tracer, and a bitch pup from that mating, Queenie, was mated back to Nous II; all Golden Retrievers descend from this mating.The progeny from these various matings varied in colour from pure black to light cream, but it was the golden-coloured ones that were retained and mated to each other, forming the foundation stock of the Golden Retriever breed.Marjoribanks is also known to have used a sandy-colouredBloodhoundand another Labrador in subsequent years of the breeding programme. In 1952 Marjoribanks's great-nephew,Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester, teamed up with Elma Stonex and together they studied Marjoribanks's stud book.In 1960 their research was published, presenting all of the evidence required to counter all tales of Russian ancestry.The stud book, which covers the period from 1868 to 1890, is preserved in the library ofthe Kennel ClubinLondon.In the early days Golden Retrievers were called the 'Flat-coated Retriever, Golden',Initially the Golden Retriever was considered a colour variety of the former breed.In 1903the Kennel Clubrecorded the first examples, listing them in the same register as Flat-coats.In 1904 a Golden Retriever won afield trialand in 1908 the first examples were exhibited atconformation shows.In 1911 a breed club was formed for the breed in England, the Golden Retriever Club, and they were given a new name, the 'Yellow or Golden Retriever'; from this point they were increasingly seen as a separate breed from the Flat-coated Retriever.It was not until 1913 that the Kennel Club began recording them on a separate breed register from the Flat-coated Retriever and in 1920 the 'Yellow or' was dropped from the breed name and they were officially called the 'Golden Retriever'. One early twentieth century enthusiast of the breed, Winifred Charlesworth, was instrumental in the establishment of the breed club as well as its separate Kennel Club recognition.It was she who drew up the first breed standard, which was adopted by the Kennel Club and with only minor amendments and remains largely unchanged.She bred and exhibited the first Golden RetrieverShow Champion, was a strong advocate for maintaining the working instincts of the breed, and she is credited with popularising it at field trials and introducing it to shooting sportsmen. In the years after theFirst World Warits popularity increased markedly and in the 1920s and 1930s it spread through much of the Western world.TheCanadian Kennel Clubrecognised the breed in 1927, theAmerican Kennel Clubin 1932; the first examples were registered in France in 1934 and Australia in 1937.The worldwide popularity of the breed meant it did not suffer the misfortunes many British dog breeds did during theSecond World Wardue to British wartime restrictions on the breeding of larger dogs, with ample quality breeding stock available globally to ensure none of its characteristics were lost. Since the 1940s its popularity has continued to grow, and it has become one of the most recognised and most frequently registered dog breeds in the Western world. Description Appearance The Golden Retriever is a powerfully built, medium-sized breed of dog; according to the Kennel Clubbreed standard, dogs stand from 56 to 61 centimetres (22 to 24 in) and bitches from 51 to 56 centimetres (20 to 22 in).Healthy adult examples typically weigh between 25 and 34 kilograms (55 and 75 lb). The Golden Retriever has a broad head with a well-definedstop, with dark eyes set well apart, a wide and powerful muzzle, a large black nose, dark-pigmented and slightly droopingflews, and ears of moderate size set high and hanging with a slight fold.The neck is muscular and fairly long with loose-fitting skin, the shoulders well laid-back and long-bladed, and the body deep through the chest with well-sprung ribs.The back is usually level fromwitherstocroupand the long, straight tail is usually carried flat, roughly in line with the back.The forelegs are straight with good bone, the hind legs are powerful with well bentstiflesand muscular thighs, and the feet are cat-like. Thedouble coatis a recognisable and striking feature:the outer coat is long, flat or wavy and has good feathering on the forelegs, while the undercoat is dense and provides weather resistance.The coat can be any shade of cream, yellow or gold; the coat typically becomes paler with age.The Kennel Club breed standard prohibits red or mahogany-coloured coats, but a few white hairs on the chest are permitted.Originally only yellow or golden coloured examples were permitted, this excluded many outstanding cream coloured dogs; to overcome this in 1936 the Kennel Club's standard was amended to include the cream colour.The cream colour, which in more modern times can be almost white, has become the dominant colour and is particularly favoured byconformation showexhibitors.Golden Retrievers that are bred forconformation showstend to have longer and finer coats than those bred for working as gundogs. The Kennel Club breed standard is accepted by everykennel clubin the world except those of Canada and the United States.Breed standards in North America call for a slightly taller dogand the cream colour is not permitted. Temperament The Golden Retriever is considered an intelligent, gentle natured and very affectionate breed of dog.As is typical withretrieverbreeds, the breed is generally calm and biddable, being very easy to train and extremely keen to please their master.The breed is known to make excellent pets and family dogs, being generally extremely tolerant of children and keen to accompany any member of the family in a range of activities.Due to their affable natures, the breed is often completely devoid of guarding instincts.However, there have also been reports of some very aggressive Golden Retrievers in certain lineages. It has been suggested that these variations in aggression are partially caused by genetic factors. The breed usually retains many of their gundog traits and instincts including an excellent sense of smell and a strong instinct to retrieve; even among those not trained as gundogs it is typical for Golden Retrievers to present their owners with toys or other objects.Compared to other retriever breeds the Golden Retriever is typically quite slow to mature. Use The Golden Retriever is one of the most commonly kept breeds ofcompanion dogin the Western world, and is often among the top ten dog breeds by number of registrations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Canada.It is a frequent competitor atdog shows; separate show lines of the breed have been developed.The dogs can be trained asguide dogsandtherapy dogs,and may compete inobedience trialsand otherdog sports. The Golden Retriever is still used as agundogby sportsmen, both as a hunting companion in the field and for competing infield trials.It is used more for retrieval of land-based gamebirds such asgrouseandpartridgethan for wildfowl hunting.Those used as gundogs are usually from working lines specifically bred for field use; dogs from pet or show lines are rarely suitable.A Golden Retriever with a traditional dense double coat is well suited to working in cold and wet conditions, as the coat provides water resistance and insulation.Compared to other retriever breeds, the Golden Retriever is not a strong swimmer; its long coat causes it to sit low in the water when swimming. The Golden Retriever is much less commonly used by sportsmen as a hunting companion than theLabrador Retriever.One reason is that the breed is generally quite slow to mature, particularly compared to the Labrador; often when a Golden Retriever is still in basic training a Labrador of the same age has already completed a season of hunting.Another is its long coat, which requires more maintenance and grooming than that of the Labrador, particularly after working in muddy conditions or close cover, as their long hair is more prone to picking up dirt and burrs.More Golden Retrievers are bred as pets or for the show ring than for hunting, so it can be hard for sportsmen to find pups bred from proven working lines. Health A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 10 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.A 2005 Swedish study found 22% of Golden Retrievers died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10. The breed is unusually prone to cancer, with one United States study finding cancer to be the cause of death in approximately 50% of the population, the second highest in the study. Several European studies found a much lower prevalence (20–39%), which may reflect the significant genetic divergence between the American and European populations. They are especially prone tohemangiosarcomaandlymphoma, with an estimated lifetime risk of one in five for the former and one in eight for the latter. The high prevalence of cancer deaths among Golden Retrievers may partly represent a lack of other congenital diseases.One UK study found the risk ofmetastaticneoplasiain the breed to be 4.86 times higher than other dogs. The Golden Retriever has a genetic predisposition toprimary hypothyroidism; a review of 5 different studies found Golden Retrievers to make up 17% of cases. Notable Golden Retrievers Explanatory notes References Further reading","Hemangiosarcoma Hemangiosarcomais a rapidly growing, highly invasive variety ofcancerthat occurs almost exclusively in dogs, and only rarely in cats, horses, mice,or humans (vinyl chloridetoxicity). It is asarcomaarising from the lining of blood vessels; that is, blood-filled channels and spaces are commonly observed microscopically. A frequent cause of death is the rupturing of this tumor, causing the patient to rapidly bleed to death. The term \"angiosarcoma\", when used without a modifier, usually refers to hemangiosarcoma.However,glomangiosarcoma(8710/3) andlymphangiosarcoma(9170/3) are distinct conditions (in humans). Dogs Hemangiosarcoma is quite common indogs, and more so in certain breeds includingGerman ShepherdsandGolden Retrievers.It also occurs incats, but much more rarely. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma rarely show clinical signs until the tumor has become very large and hasmetastasized. Typically, clinical signs are due tohypovolemiaafter the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Owners of the affected dogs often discover that the dog has hemangiosarcoma only after the dog collapses. The tumor most often appears on thespleen, rightheartbase, orliver, although varieties also appear on or under the skin or in other locations. It is the most common tumor of the heart, and occurs in theright atriumorright auricular appendage. Here it can cause right-sidedheart failure,arrhythmias,pericardial effusion, andcardiac tamponade. Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen orliveris the most common tumor to causehemorrhagein theabdomen.Hemorrhage secondary to splenic and hepatic tumors can also cause ventriculararrhythmias. Hemangiosarcoma of theskinusually appears as a small red or bluish-black lump. It can also occur under the skin. It is suspected that in the skin, hemangiosarcoma is caused bysunexposure.Occasionally, hemangiosarcoma of the skin can be a metastasis from visceral hemangiosarcoma. Other sites the tumor may occur includebone,kidneys, thebladder,muscle, themouth, and thecentral nervous system. Clinical features Presenting complaints and clinical signs are usually related to the site of origin of the primary tumor or to the presence of metastases, spontaneous tumor rupture, coagulopathies, or cardiac arrhythmias. More than 50% of patients are presented because of acute collapse after spontaneous rupture of the primary tumor or its metastases. Some episodes of collapse are a result of ventricular arrhythmias, which are relatively common in dogs with splenic or cardiac HSA. Most common clinical signs of visceral hemangiosarcoma include loss of appetite,arrhythmias, weight loss, weakness, lethargy, collapse, palemucous membranes, and/or sudden death. An enlarged abdomen is often seen due to hemorrhage. Metastasis is most commonly to the liver,omentum,lungs, orbrain. A retrospective study published in 1999 by Ware, et al., found a five times greater risk of cardiac hemangiosarcoma in spayed vs. intact female dogs and a 2.4 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma in neutered dogs as compared to intact males.The validity of this study is in dispute. Clinicopathologic findings Hemangiosarcoma can cause a wide variety of hematologic and hemostatic abnormalities, includinganemia, thrombocytopenia(lowplateletcount),disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC); presence of nRBC, schistocytes, and acanthocytes in the blood smear; and leukocytosis with neutrophilia, left shift, and monocytosis. Diagnosis A definitive diagnosis requires biopsy and histopathology. Cytologic aspirates may be inconclusive with studies reporting various specificity, and negative results may not correlate with absence of disease, as one study concludes \"cytological diagnosis of splenic neoplasia is reliable, but a negative result cannot be used to exclude the possibility of splenic neoplasia.\"This is because of frequent blood contamination and poor exfoliation.Surgical biopsy is the typical approach in veterinary medicine. Imaging modalities may include one ore more of ultrasound, CT, MRIand FDG-PET/CT.FGD-PET/CT may show some benefit over traditional CT for staging and detection of metastasis. Symptoms Dogs rarely show symptoms of hemangiosarcoma until after the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Then symptoms can include short-term lethargy, loss of appetite, enlarged abdomen, weakness in the back legs, paled colored tongue and gums, rapid heart rate, and a weak pulse. Treatments Treatment includeschemotherapyand, where practical, removal of the tumor with the affected organ, such as with asplenectomy. Splenectomy alone gives an average survival time of 1–3 months. The addition ofchemotherapy, primarily comprising the drugdoxorubicin, alone or in combination with other drugs, can increase the average survival time by 2–4 months beyond splenectomy alone. A 2012 paper published the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School, in dogs treated with a compound derived from theCoriolus versicolor(commonly known as \"Turkey Tail\") mushroom showed a favorable response to the agent compared to historical controls of dogs treated with splenectomy and Doxorubicin .:.A controlled, randomized study in 101 dogs was later conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School which showed that the Coriolus versicolor mushroom did not have the same outcome noted in the 2012 paper with 15 dogs. In the 2022 paper by Gednet et al. dogs treated with splenectomy followed by Doxorubicin did better then dogs treated with splenectomy and mushroom agent. Combination of Doxorubicin with the Turkey Tail mushroom also did not improve survival when compared to Doxorubicin alone. However, as noted in the 2012 study, the Turkey Tail mushroom extract did not cause any systemic adverse reactions, even when combined with Doxorubicin.:. Immune therapy based on cultivation of tumor tissue is being developed for dogs.A preventive vaccine based on several proteins commonly found in dog cancers, including hemangiosarcomas, is also being developed. In the skin, it can be cured in most cases with complete surgical removal as long as there is not visceral involvement.Median survival times for stage I is 780 days, where more advanced stages can range from 172 to 307 days. References External links","Chemotherapy Chemotherapy(often abbreviatedchemo, sometimesCTXandCTx) is the type ofcancer treatmentthat uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agentsoralkylating agents) in a standardregimen. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or toreduce symptoms(palliativechemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted topharmacotherapyforcancer, which is calledmedical oncology. The termchemotherapynow means the non-specific use of intracellularpoisonsto inhibitmitosis(cell division) or to induceDNA damage(so thatDNA repaircan augment chemotherapy).This meaning excludes the more-selective agents that block extracellular signals (signal transduction). Therapies with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarilyestrogensfor breast cancer andandrogensfor prostate cancer), are now calledhormonal therapies. Other inhibitions of growth-signals, such as those associated withreceptor tyrosine kinases, aretargeted therapy. The use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or targeted therapy) issystemic therapyfor cancer: they are introduced into the blood stream (the system) and therefore can treat cancer anywhere in the body. Systemic therapy is often used with other,local therapy(treatments that work only where they are applied), such asradiation,surgery, andhyperthermia. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents arecytotoxicby means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death ifapoptosisis initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in thebone marrow,digestive tractandhair follicles. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy:myelosuppression(decreased production of blood cells, hence that alsoimmunosuppression),mucositis(inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), andalopecia(hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-calledautoimmunity). These includerheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus,multiple sclerosis,vasculitisand many others. Treatment strategies There are a number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent or it may aim to prolong life or topalliate symptoms. Allchemotherapy regimensrequire that the recipient be capable of undergoing the treatment.Performance statusis often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (fractional kill), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor.Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity. Effectiveness The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as someleukemias,to being ineffective, such as in somebrain tumors,to being needless in others, like mostnon-melanoma skin cancers. Dosage Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the person receiving it.The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculatedbody surface area(BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or anomogram, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans.The study only included nine human subjects.When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option. The validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned because the formula only takes into account the individual's weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which have major impacts on the actual concentration of the drug in the person's bloodstream.As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than ten-fold for many drugs.In other words, if two people receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one person may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other person.This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs. The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among people is that many people do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some people are overdosed while others are underdosed.For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard—68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed. There has been controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for people who areobese.Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear ofoverdosing.In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that when chemotherapy dosing is individualized to achieve optimal systemic drug exposure, treatment outcomes are improved and toxic side effects are reduced.In the 5-FU clinical study cited above, people whose dose was adjusted to achieve a pre-determined target exposure realized an 84% improvement in treatment response rate and a six-month improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with those dosed by BSA. In the same study, investigators compared the incidence of common 5-FU-associated grade 3/4 toxicities between the dose-adjusted people and people dosed per BSA.The incidence of debilitating grades of diarrhea was reduced from 18% in the BSA-dosed group to 4% in the dose-adjusted group and serious hematologic side effects were eliminated.Because of the reduced toxicity, dose-adjusted patients were able to be treated for longer periods of time.BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months.Completing the course of treatment is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes. Similar results were found in a study involving people with colorectal cancer who have been treated with the popularFOLFOXregimen.The incidence of serious diarrhea was reduced from 12% in the BSA-dosed group of patients to 1.7% in the dose-adjusted group, and the incidence of severe mucositis was reduced from 15% to 0.8%. The FOLFOX study also demonstrated an improvement in treatment outcomes.Positive response increased from 46% in the BSA-dosed group to 70% in the dose-adjusted group. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) both improved by six months in the dose adjusted group. One approach that can help clinicians individualize chemotherapy dosing is to measure the drug levels in blood plasma over time and adjust dose according to a formula or algorithm to achieve optimal exposure. With an established target exposure for optimized treatment effectiveness with minimized toxicities, dosing can be personalized to achieve target exposure and optimal results for each person. Such an algorithm was used in the clinical trials cited above and resulted in significantly improved treatment outcomes. Oncologists are already individualizing dosing of some cancer drugs based on exposure.Carboplatin: 4andbusulfandosing rely upon results from blood tests to calculate the optimal dose for each person. Simple blood tests are also available for dose optimization ofmethotrexate,5-FU,paclitaxel, anddocetaxel. The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types. Types Alkylating agents Alkylating agents are the oldest group of chemotherapeutics in use today. Originally derived frommustard gasused inWorld War I, there are now many types of alkylating agents in use.They are so named because of their ability toalkylatemany molecules, includingproteins,RNAandDNA. This ability to bindcovalentlyto DNA via theiralkyl groupis the primary cause for their anti-cancer effects.DNA is made of two strands and the molecules may either bind twice to one strand of DNA (intrastrand crosslink) or may bind once to both strands (interstrand crosslink). If the cell tries to replicate crosslinked DNA duringcell division, or tries to repair it, the DNA strands can break. This leads to a form of programmed cell death calledapoptosis.Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason, the effect on the cell is dose dependent; the fraction of cells that die is directly proportional to the dose of drug. The subtypes of alkylating agents are thenitrogen mustards,nitrosoureas,tetrazines,aziridines,cisplatinsand derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustards includemechlorethamine,cyclophosphamide,melphalan,chlorambucil,ifosfamideandbusulfan. Nitrosoureas includeN-Nitroso-N-methylurea(MNU),carmustine(BCNU),lomustine(CCNU) andsemustine(MeCCNU),fotemustineandstreptozotocin. Tetrazines includedacarbazine,mitozolomideandtemozolomide. Aziridines includethiotepa,mytomycinand diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives includecisplatin,carboplatinandoxaliplatin.They impair cell function by formingcovalent bondswith theamino,carboxyl,sulfhydryl, andphosphate groupsin biologically important molecules.Non-classical alkylating agents includeprocarbazineand hexamethylmelamine. Antimetabolites Anti-metabolitesare a group of molecules that impede DNA and RNA synthesis. Many of them have a similar structure to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The building blocks arenucleotides; a molecule comprising anucleobase, a sugar and aphosphate group. The nucleobases are divided intopurines(guanineandadenine) andpyrimidines(cytosine,thymineanduracil). Anti-metabolites resemble either nucleobases or nucleosides (a nucleotide without the phosphate group), but have alteredchemical groups.These drugs exert their effect by either blocking the enzymes required for DNA synthesis or becoming incorporated into DNA or RNA. By inhibiting the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, they prevent mitosis because the DNA cannot duplicate itself. Also, after misincorporation of the molecules into DNA,DNA damagecan occur and programmed cell death (apoptosis) is induced. Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of the cell cycle, in this caseS-phase(the DNA synthesis phase). For this reason, at a certain dose, the effect plateaus and proportionally no more cell death occurs with increased doses. Subtypes of the anti-metabolites are theanti-folates, fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues andthiopurines. The anti-folates includemethotrexateandpemetrexed. Methotrexate inhibitsdihydrofolate reductase(DHFR), an enzyme that regeneratestetrahydrofolatefromdihydrofolate. When the enzyme is inhibited by methotrexate, the cellular levels of folate coenzymes diminish. These are required forthymidylateand purine production, which are both essential for DNA synthesis and cell division.: 55–59: 11Pemetrexed is another anti-metabolite that affects purine and pyrimidine production, and therefore also inhibits DNA synthesis. It primarily inhibits the enzymethymidylate synthase, but also has effects on DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase andglycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.The fluoropyrimidines includefluorouracilandcapecitabine. Fluorouracil is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells to form at least two active products; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP). FUMP becomes incorporated into RNA and fdUMP inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase; both of which lead to cell death.: 11Capecitabine is aprodrugof 5-fluorouracil that is broken down in cells to produce the active drug.The deoxynucleoside analogues includecytarabine,gemcitabine,decitabine,azacitidine,fludarabine,nelarabine,cladribine,clofarabine, andpentostatin. The thiopurines includethioguanineandmercaptopurine. Anti-microtubule agents Anti-microtubule agentsareplant-derived chemicals that block cell division by preventingmicrotubulefunction. Microtubules are an important cellular structure composed of two proteins,α-tubulinandβ-tubulin. They are hollow, rod-shaped structures that are required for cell division, among other cellular functions.Microtubules are dynamic structures, which means that they are permanently in a state of assembly and disassembly.Vincaalkaloidsandtaxanesare the two main groups of anti-microtubule agents, and although both of these groups of drugs cause microtubule dysfunction, their mechanisms of action are completely opposite:Vincaalkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. By doing so, they can inducemitotic catastrophein the cancer cells.Following this, cell cycle arrest occurs, which induces programmed cell death (apoptosis).These drugs can also affectblood vessel growth, an essential process that tumours utilise in order to grow and metastasise. Vincaalkaloids are derived from theMadagascar periwinkle,Catharanthus roseus,formerly known asVinca rosea. They bind to specific sites on tubulin, inhibiting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The originalvincaalkaloids arenatural productsthat includevincristineandvinblastine.Following the success of these drugs, semi-syntheticvincaalkaloids were produced:vinorelbine(used in the treatment ofnon-small-cell lung cancer),vindesine, andvinflunine.These drugs arecell cycle-specific. They bind to the tubulin molecules inS-phaseand prevent proper microtubule formation required forM-phase. Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class,paclitaxel, was originally extracted fromTaxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew. Now this drug and another in this class,docetaxel, are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree,Taxus baccata. Podophyllotoxinis an antineoplasticlignanobtained primarily from theAmerican mayapple(Podophyllum peltatum) andHimalayan mayapple(Sinopodophyllum hexandrum). It has anti-microtubule activity, and its mechanism is similar to that ofvincaalkaloids in that they bind to tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation. Podophyllotoxin is used to produce two other drugs with different mechanisms of action:etoposideandteniposide. Topoisomerase inhibitors Topoisomerase inhibitors are drugs that affect the activity of two enzymes:topoisomerase Iandtopoisomerase II. When the DNA double-strand helix is unwound, during DNA replication ortranscription, for example, the adjacent unopened DNA winds tighter (supercoils), like opening the middle of a twisted rope. The stress caused by this effect is in part aided by the topoisomerase enzymes. They produce single- or double-strand breaks into DNA, reducing the tension in the DNA strand. This allows the normal unwinding of DNA to occur duringreplicationor transcription. Inhibition of topoisomerase I or II interferes with both of these processes. Two topoisomerase I inhibitors,irinotecanandtopotecan, are semi-synthetically derived fromcamptothecin, which is obtained from the Chinese ornamental treeCamptotheca acuminata.Drugs that target topoisomerase II can be divided into two groups. The topoisomerase II poisons cause increased levels enzymes bound to DNA. This prevents DNA replication and transcription, causes DNA strand breaks, and leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis). These agents includeetoposide,doxorubicin,mitoxantroneandteniposide. The second group, catalytic inhibitors, are drugs that block the activity of topoisomerase II, and therefore prevent DNA synthesis and translation because the DNA cannot unwind properly. This group includesnovobiocin, merbarone, andaclarubicin, which also have other significant mechanisms of action. Cytotoxic antibiotics The cytotoxicantibioticsare a varied group of drugs that have various mechanisms of action. The common theme that they share in their chemotherapy indication is that they interruptcell division. The most important subgroup is theanthracyclinesand thebleomycins; other prominent examples includemitomycin Candactinomycin. Among the anthracyclines,doxorubicinanddaunorubicinwere the first, and were obtained from thebacteriumStreptomyces peucetius.Derivatives of these compounds includeepirubicinandidarubicin. Other clinically used drugs in the anthracycline group arepirarubicin,aclarubicin, andmitoxantrone.The mechanisms of anthracyclines includeDNA intercalation(molecules insert between the two strands of DNA), generation of highly reactivefree radicalsthat damage intercellular molecules and topoisomerase inhibition. Actinomycin is a complex molecule that intercalates DNA and preventsRNA synthesis. Bleomycin, aglycopeptideisolated fromStreptomyces verticillus, also intercalates DNA, but producesfree radicalsthat damage DNA. This occurs when bleomycin binds to ametal ion, becomeschemically reducedand reacts withoxygen.: 87 Mitomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic with the ability to alkylate DNA. Delivery Most chemotherapy isdeliveredintravenously, although a number of agents can be administered orally (e.g.,melphalan,busulfan,capecitabine). According to a recent (2016) systematic review, oral therapies present additional challenges for patients and care teams to maintain and support adherence to treatment plans. There are many intravenous methods of drug delivery, known as vascular access devices. These include thewinged infusion device,peripheral venous catheter, midline catheter,peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC),central venous catheterandimplantable port. The devices have different applications regarding duration of chemotherapy treatment, method of delivery and types of chemotherapeutic agent.: 94–95 Depending on the person, the cancer, the stage of cancer, the type of chemotherapy, and the dosage, intravenous chemotherapy may be given on either aninpatientor anoutpatientbasis. For continuous, frequent or prolonged intravenous chemotherapy administration, various systems may be surgically inserted into the vasculature to maintain access.: 113–118Commonly used systems are theHickman line, thePort-a-Cath, and thePICC line. These have a lower infection risk, are much less prone tophlebitisorextravasation, and eliminate the need for repeated insertion of peripheral cannulae. Isolated limb perfusion(often used inmelanoma),or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liveror the lung have been used to treat some tumors. The main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage.These approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases ormicrometastases. Topical chemotherapies, such as5-fluorouracil, are used to treat some cases ofnon-melanoma skin cancer. If the cancer hascentral nervous systeminvolvement, or with meningeal disease,intrathecalchemotherapy may be administered. Adverse effects Chemotherapeutic techniques have a range of side effects that depend on the type of medications used. The most common medications affect mainly thefast-dividing cellsof the body, such as blood cells and the cells lining the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Chemotherapy-related toxicities can occur acutely after administration, within hours or days, or chronically, from weeks to years.: 265 Immunosuppression and myelosuppression Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of theimmune system, often by paralysing thebone marrowand leading to a decrease ofwhite blood cells,red blood cells, andplatelets.Anemiaandthrombocytopeniamay requireblood transfusion.Neutropenia(a decrease of theneutrophil granulocytecount below 0.5 x 109/litre) can be improved with syntheticG-CSF(granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, e.g.,filgrastim,lenograstim,efbemalenograstim alfa). In very severemyelosuppression, which occurs in some regimens, almost all the bone marrowstem cells(cells that producewhiteandred blood cells) are destroyed, meaningallogenicorautologousbone marrow cell transplantsare necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; inallogenicBMTs, the source is a donor.) However, some people still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow. Although people receiving chemotherapy are encouraged to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection-reducing steps, about 85% of infections are due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the person's owngastrointestinal tract(includingoral cavity) and skin.: 130This may manifest as systemic infections, such assepsis, or as localized outbreaks, such asHerpes simplex,shingles, or other members of theHerpesviridea.The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such asquinolonesortrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazolebefore any fever or sign of infection appears.Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer.However, in general, for every five people who are immunosuppressed following chemotherapy who take an antibiotic, one fever can be prevented; for every 34 who take an antibiotic, one death can be prevented.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because the immune system is suppressed to a critically low level. InJapan, the government has approved the use of somemedicinal mushroomslikeTrametes versicolor, to counteract depression of the immune system in people undergoing chemotherapy. Trilaciclibis an inhibitor ofcyclin-dependent kinase4/6 approved for the prevention of myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy. The drug is given before chemotherapy to protect bone marrow function. Neutropenic enterocolitis Due to immune system suppression,neutropenic enterocolitis(typhlitis) is a \"life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy.\"Typhlitisis an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms includingnausea,vomiting,diarrhea, adistended abdomen,fever,chills, orabdominal painand tenderness. Typhlitisis amedical emergency. It has a very poorprognosisand is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated.Successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective righthemicolectomyto prevent recurrence. Gastrointestinal distress Nausea,vomiting,anorexia,diarrhea, abdominal cramps, andconstipationare common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells.Malnutritionanddehydrationcan result when the recipient does not eat or drink enough, or when the person vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the person eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. Weight gain can also be caused by some steroid medications. These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated withantiemeticdrugs. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that probiotics may have a preventative and treatment effect of diarrhoea related to chemotherapy alone and with radiotherapy.However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhoea and bloating are also symptoms oftyphlitis, a very serious and potentially life-threateningmedical emergencythat requires immediate treatment. Anemia Anemiacan be a combined outcome caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and possible cancer-related causes such asbleeding,blood celldestruction (hemolysis), hereditary disease, kidney dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies oranemia of chronic disease. Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production (erythropoietin),iron supplements, andblood transfusions.Myelosuppressive therapy can cause a tendency to bleed easily, leading to anemia. Medications that kill rapidly dividing cells or blood cells can reduce the number ofplateletsin the blood, which can result inbruisesandbleeding. Extremely low platelet counts may be temporarily boosted throughplatelet transfusionsand new drugs to increase platelet counts during chemotherapy are being developed.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed to allow platelet counts to recover. Fatiguemay be a consequence of the cancer or its treatment, and can last for months to years after treatment. One physiological cause of fatigue is anemia, which can be caused by chemotherapy,surgery,radiotherapy, primary and metastatic disease or nutritional depletion.Aerobic exercisehas been found to be beneficial in reducing fatigue in people withsolid tumours. Nausea and vomiting Nauseaandvomitingare two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side-effects for people with cancer and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that people receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side-effects, respectively.Up to 20% of people receiving highly emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused potentially curative treatments.Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are common with many treatments and some forms of cancer. Since the 1990s, several novel classes ofantiemeticshave been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to successfully manage these symptoms in many people. Effective mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes debilitating symptoms results in increased quality of life for the recipient and more efficient treatment cycles, due to less stoppage of treatment due to better tolerance and better overall health. Hair loss Hair loss(alopecia) can be caused by chemotherapy that kills rapidly dividing cells; other medications may cause hair to thin. These are most often temporary effects: hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, but sometimes with a change in color, texture, thickness or style. Sometimes hair has a tendency to curl after regrowth, resulting in \"chemo curls.\" Severe hair loss occurs most often with drugs such asdoxorubicin,daunorubicin,paclitaxel,docetaxel,cyclophosphamide,ifosfamideandetoposide. Permanent thinning or hair loss can result from some standard chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy induced hair loss occurs by a non-androgenic mechanism, and can manifest asalopecia totalis, telogen effluvium, or less oftenalopecia areata.It is usually associated with systemic treatment due to the high mitotic rate of hair follicles, and more reversible than androgenic hair loss,although permanent cases can occur.Chemotherapy induces hair loss in women more often than men. Scalp coolingoffers a means of preventing both permanent and temporary hair loss; however, concerns about this method have been raised. Secondary neoplasm Development of secondary neoplasia after successful chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment can occur. The most commonsecondary neoplasmis secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors.Survivors ofchildhood cancerare more than 13 times as likely to get asecondary neoplasmduring the 30 years after treatment than the general population.Not all of this increase can be attributed to chemotherapy. Infertility Some types of chemotherapy are gonadotoxic and may causeinfertility.Chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil, and chlormethine.Drugs with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin.On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine,antibioticssuch as bleomycin and dactinomycin, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, and 5-fluorouracil. Female infertilityby chemotherapy appears to be secondary topremature ovarian failureby loss ofprimordial follicles.This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. People may choose between several methods offertility preservationprior to chemotherapy, includingcryopreservationof semen, ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos.As more than half of cancer patients are elderly, this adverse effect is only relevant for a minority of patients. A study in France between 1999 and 2011 came to the result that embryo freezing before administration of gonadotoxic agents to females caused a delay of treatment in 34% of cases, and a live birth in 27% of surviving cases who wanted to become pregnant, with the follow-up time varying between 1 and 13 years. Potential protective or attenuating agents includeGnRH analogs, where several studies have shown a protective effectin vivoin humans, but some studies show no such effect.Sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P) has shown similar effect, but its mechanism of inhibiting thesphingomyelin apoptotic pathwaymay also interfere with theapoptosisaction of chemotherapy drugs. In chemotherapy as aconditioning regimenin hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a study of people conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone for severe aplastic anemia came to the result that ovarian recovery occurred in all women younger than 26 years at time of transplantation, but only in five of 16 women older than 26 years. Teratogenicity Chemotherapy isteratogenicduringpregnancy, especially during thefirst trimester, to the extent thatabortionusually is recommended if pregnancy in this period is found during chemotherapy.Second- and third-trimester exposure does not usually increase the teratogenic risk and adverse effects on cognitive development, but it may increase the risk of variouscomplications of pregnancyand fetal myelosuppression. Female patients of reproductive potential should use effectivecontraceptionduring chemotherapy and for a few months after the last dose (e.g. 6 month fordoxorubicin). In males previously having undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy.The use ofassisted reproductive technologiesandmicromanipulation techniquesmight increase this risk.In females previously having undergone chemotherapy, miscarriage and congenital malformations are not increased in subsequent conceptions.However, whenin vitro fertilizationandembryo cryopreservationis practised between or shortly after treatment, possible genetic risks to the growing oocytes exist, and hence it has been recommended that the babies be screened. Peripheral neuropathy Between 30 and 40 percent of people undergoing chemotherapy experiencechemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy(CIPN), a progressive, enduring, and often irreversible condition, causing pain, tingling, numbness and sensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes progressing to the arms and legs.Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN includethalidomide,epothilones,vincaalkaloids, taxanes,proteasome inhibitors, and the platinum-based drugs.Whether CIPN arises, and to what degree, is determined by the choice of drug, duration of use, the total amount consumed and whether the person already hasperipheral neuropathy. Though the symptoms are mainly sensory, in some casesmotor nervesand theautonomic nervous systemare affected.CIPN often follows the first chemotherapy dose and increases in severity as treatment continues, but this progression usually levels off at completion of treatment. The platinum-based drugs are the exception; with these drugs, sensation may continue to deteriorate for several months after the end of treatment.Some CIPN appears to be irreversible.Pain can often be managed with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment. Cognitive impairment Some people receiving chemotherapy report fatigue or non-specific neurocognitive problems, such as an inability to concentrate; this is sometimes calledpost-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, referred to as \"chemo brain\" in popular and social media. Tumor lysis syndrome In particularly large tumors and cancers with highwhite cell counts, such aslymphomas,teratomas, and someleukemias, some people developtumor lysis syndrome. The rapid breakdown of cancer cells causes the release of chemicals from the inside of the cells. Following this, high levels ofuric acid,potassiumandphosphateare found in the blood. High levels of phosphate induce secondary hypoparathyroidism, resulting in low levels of calcium in the blood.This causes kidney damage and the high levels of potassium can causecardiac arrhythmia. Although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated in people with large tumors, this is a dangerous side-effect that can lead to death if left untreated.: 202 Organ damage Cardiotoxicity(heart damage) is especially prominent with the use ofanthracyclinedrugs (doxorubicin,epirubicin,idarubicin, andliposomal doxorubicin). The cause of this is most likely due to the production offree radicalsin the cell and subsequentDNA damage. Other chemotherapeutic agents that cause cardiotoxicity, but at a lower incidence, arecyclophosphamide,docetaxelandclofarabine. Hepatotoxicity(liver damage) can be caused by many cytotoxic drugs. The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself,viral hepatitis,immunosuppressionandnutritional deficiency. The liver damage can consist of damage to liver cells,hepatic sinusoidal syndrome(obstruction of the veins in the liver),cholestasis(where bile does not flow from the liver to the intestine) andliver fibrosis. Nephrotoxicity(kidney damage) can be caused bytumor lysis syndromeand also due direct effects of drug clearance by the kidneys. Different drugs will affect different parts of the kidney and the toxicity may beasymptomatic(only seen on blood or urine tests) or may causeacute kidney injury. Ototoxicity(damage to the inner ear) is a common side effect of platinum based drugs that can produce symptoms such as dizziness andvertigo.Children treated with platinum analogues have been found to be at risk for developing hearing loss. Other side-effects Less common side-effects include red skin (erythema), dry skin, damaged fingernails, a dry mouth (xerostomia),water retention, andsexual impotence. Some medications can triggerallergicorpseudoallergicreactions. Specific chemotherapeutic agents are associated with organ-specific toxicities, includingcardiovascular disease(e.g.,doxorubicin),interstitial lung disease(e.g.,bleomycin) and occasionallysecondary neoplasm(e.g.,MOPPtherapy for Hodgkin's disease). Hand-foot syndromeis another side effect to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Nutritional problems are also frequently seen in cancer patients at diagnosis and through chemotherapy treatment. Research suggests that in children and young people undergoing cancer treatment,parenteral nutritionmay help with this leading to weight gain and increased calorie and protein intake, when compared to enteral nutrition. Limitations Chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. People frequently fail to understand its limitations. In one study of people who had been newly diagnosed with incurable,stage 4 cancer, more than two-thirds of people with lung cancer and more than four-fifths of people with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely to cure their cancer. Theblood–brain barrierposes an obstacle to delivery of chemotherapy to thebrain. This is because the brain has an extensive system in place to protect it from harmful chemicals. Drug transporters can pump out drugs from the brain and brain's blood vessel cells into thecerebrospinal fluidand blood circulation. These transporters pump out most chemotherapy drugs, which reduces their efficacy for treatment of brain tumors. Only smalllipophilicalkylating agentssuch aslomustineortemozolomideare able to cross this blood–brain barrier. Blood vesselsin tumors are very different from those seen in normal tissues. As a tumor grows, tumor cells furthest away from the blood vessels become low in oxygen (hypoxic). To counteract this they then signal for new blood vessels to grow. The newly formed tumor vasculature is poorly formed and does not deliver an adequate blood supply to all areas of the tumor. This leads to issues with drug delivery because many drugs will be delivered to the tumor by thecirculatory system. Resistance Resistanceis a major cause of treatment failure in chemotherapeutic drugs. There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts of these pumps, known asp-glycoprotein, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p-glycoprotein and other such chemotherapy efflux pumps is currently ongoing. Medications to inhibit the function of p-glycoprotein are undergoing investigation, but due to toxicities and interactions with anti-cancer drugs their development has been difficult.Another mechanism of resistance isgene amplification, a process in which multiple copies of a gene are produced by cancer cells. This overcomes the effect of drugs that reduce the expression of genes involved in replication. With more copies of the gene, the drug can not prevent all expression of the gene and therefore the cell can restore its proliferative ability. Cancer cells can also cause defects in the cellular pathways ofapoptosis(programmed cell death). As most chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells in this manner, defective apoptosis allows survival of these cells, making them resistant. Many chemotherapy drugs also cause DNA damage, which can be repaired byenzymesin the cell that carry outDNA repair. Upregulation of these genes can overcome the DNA damage and prevent the induction of apoptosis. Mutations in genes that produce drug target proteins, such astubulin, can occur which prevent the drugs from binding to the protein, leading to resistance to these types of drugs.Drugs used in chemotherapy can induce cell stress, which can kill a cancer cell; however, under certain conditions, cells stress can induce changes in gene expression that enables resistance to several types of drugs.Inlung cancer, the transcription factorNFκBis thought to play a role in resistance to chemotherapy, via inflammatory pathways. Cytotoxics and targeted therapies Targeted therapiesare a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics. They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies. The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs. They will kill any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal. Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells.This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues. Although theside effectsare often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur. Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein. Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind. An example target for targeted therapy is the BCR-ABL1 protein produced from thePhiladelphia chromosome, a genetic lesion found commonly inchronic myelogenous leukemiaand in some patients withacute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thisfusion proteinhas enzyme activity that can be inhibited byimatinib, asmall moleculedrug. Mechanism of action Canceris the uncontrolled growth ofcellscoupled withmalignantbehaviour: invasion andmetastasis(among other features).It is caused by the interaction betweengeneticsusceptibility and environmental factors.These factors lead to accumulations ofgenetic mutationsinoncogenes(genes that control the growth rate of cells) andtumor suppressor genes(genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth.: 93–94 In the broad sense, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairingmitosis(cell division), effectively targetingfast-dividing cells. As these drugs cause damage to cells, they are termedcytotoxic. They prevent mitosis by various mechanisms including damaging DNA and inhibition of the cellular machinery involved in cell division.One theory as to why these drugs kill cancer cells is that they induce a programmed form of cell death known asapoptosis. As chemotherapy affects cell division, tumors with highgrowth rates(such asacute myelogenous leukemiaand the aggressivelymphomas, includingHodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy, as a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoingcell divisionat any time. Malignancies with slower growth rates, such as indolent lymphomas, tend to respond to chemotherapy much more modestly.Heterogeneic tumoursmay also display varying sensitivities to chemotherapy agents, depending on the subclonal populations within the tumor. Cells from theimmune systemalso make crucial contributions to the antitumor effects of chemotherapy.For example, the chemotherapeutic drugsoxaliplatinandcyclophosphamidecan cause tumor cells to die in a way that is detectable by the immune system (calledimmunogenic cell death), which mobilizes immune cells with antitumor functions.Chemotherapeutic drugs that cause cancer immunogenic tumor cell death can make unresponsive tumors sensitive toimmune checkpointtherapy. Other uses Some chemotherapy drugs are used in diseases other than cancer, such as in autoimmune disorders,and noncancerousplasma cell dyscrasia. In some cases they are often used at lower doses, which means that the side effects are minimized,while in other cases doses similar to ones used to treat cancer are used.Methotrexateis used in the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis(RA),psoriasis,ankylosing spondylitisandmultiple sclerosis.The anti-inflammatory response seen in RA is thought to be due to increases inadenosine, which causesimmunosuppression; effects on immuno-regulatorycyclooxygenase-2 enzyme pathways; reduction in pro-inflammatorycytokines; and anti-proliferative properties.Although methotrexate is used to treat both multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis, its efficacy in these diseases is still uncertain.Cyclophosphamideis sometimes used to treatlupus nephritis, a common symptom ofsystemic lupus erythematosus.Dexamethasonealong with eitherbortezomibormelphalanis commonly used as a treatment forAL amyloidosis. Recently, bortezomid in combination withcyclophosphamideand dexamethasone has also shown promise as a treatment for AL amyloidosis. Other drugs used to treatmyelomasuch aslenalidomidehave shown promise in treating AL amyloidosis. Chemotherapy drugs are also used inconditioning regimensprior to bone marrow transplant (hematopoietic stem cell transplant). Conditioning regimens are used to suppress the recipient's immune system in order to allow a transplant to engraft. Cyclophosphamide is a common cytotoxic drug used in this manner and is often used in conjunction withtotal body irradiation. Chemotherapeutic drugs may be used at high doses to permanently remove the recipient's bone marrow cells (myeloablative conditioning) or at lower doses that will prevent permanent bone marrow loss (non-myeloablative and reduced intensity conditioning).When used in non-cancer setting, the treatment is still called \"chemotherapy\", and is often done in the same treatment centers used for people with cancer. Occupational exposure and safe handling In the 1970s, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drugs were identified as hazardous, and theAmerican Society of Health-System Pharmacists(ASHP) has since then introduced the concept ofhazardous drugsafter publishing a recommendation in 1983 regarding handling hazardous drugs. The adaptation of federal regulations came when the U.S.Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) first released its guidelines in 1986 and then updated them in 1996, 1999, and, most recently, 2006. TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) has been conducting an assessment in the workplace since then regarding these drugs. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs has been linked to multiple health effects, including infertility and possible carcinogenic effects. A few cases have been reported by the NIOSH alert report, such as one in which a female pharmacist was diagnosed with papillary transitional cell carcinoma. Twelve years before the pharmacist was diagnosed with the condition, she had worked for 20 months in a hospital where she was responsible for preparing multiple antineoplastic drugs.The pharmacist did not have any other risk factor for cancer, and therefore, her cancer was attributed to the exposure to the antineoplastic drugs, although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established in the literature. Another case happened when a malfunction in biosafety cabinetry is believed to have exposed nursing personnel to antineoplastic drugs. Investigations revealed evidence of genotoxic biomarkers two and nine months after that exposure. Routes of exposure Antineoplastic drugs are usually given throughintravenous,intramuscular,intrathecal, orsubcutaneousadministration. In most cases, before the medication is administered to the patient, it needs to be prepared and handled by several workers. Any worker who is involved in handling, preparing, or administering the drugs, or with cleaning objects that have come into contact with antineoplastic drugs, is potentially exposed to hazardous drugs.Health care workers are exposed to drugs in different circumstances, such as when pharmacists and pharmacy technicians prepare and handle antineoplastic drugs and when nurses and physicians administer the drugs to patients. Additionally, those who are responsible for disposing antineoplastic drugs in health care facilities are also at risk of exposure. Dermal exposure is thought to be the main route of exposure due to the fact that significant amounts of the antineoplastic agents have been found in the gloves worn by healthcare workers who prepare, handle, and administer the agents. Another noteworthy route of exposure is inhalation of the drugs' vapors. Multiple studies have investigated inhalation as a route of exposure, and although air sampling has not shown any dangerous levels, it is still a potential route of exposure. Ingestion by hand to mouth is a route of exposure that is less likely compared to others because of the enforced hygienic standard in the health institutions. However, it is still a potential route, especially in the workplace, outside of a health institute. One can also be exposed to these hazardous drugs through injection byneedle sticks. Research conducted in this area has established that occupational exposure occurs by examining evidence in multiple urine samples from health care workers. Hazards Hazardous drugs expose health care workers to serious health risks. Many studies show that antineoplastic drugs could have many side effects on the reproductive system, such as fetal loss, congenital malformation, and infertility. Health care workers who are exposed to antineoplastic drugs on many occasions have adverse reproductive outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital malformations. Moreover, studies have shown that exposure to these drugs leads to menstrual cycle irregularities. Antineoplastic drugs may also increase the risk of learning disabilities among children of health care workers who are exposed to these hazardous substances. Moreover, these drugs havecarcinogeniceffects. In the past five decades, multiple studies have shown the carcinogenic effects of exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Similarly, there have been research studies that linked alkylating agents with humans developing leukemias. Studies have reported elevated risk of breast cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer, and cancer of the rectum among nurses who are exposed to these drugs. Other investigations revealed that there is a potentialgenotoxiceffect from anti-neoplastic drugs to workers in health care settings. Safe handling in health care settings As of 2018, there were nooccupational exposure limitsset for antineoplastic drugs, i.e., OSHA or theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) have not set workplace safety guidelines. Preparation NIOSH recommends using aventilated cabinetthat is designed to decrease worker exposure. Additionally, it recommends training of all staff, the use of cabinets, implementing an initial evaluation of the technique of the safety program, and wearing protective gloves and gowns when opening drug packaging, handling vials, or labeling. When wearingpersonal protective equipment, one should inspect gloves for physical defects before use and always wear double gloves and protective gowns. Health care workers are also required to wash their hands with water and soap before and after working with antineoplastic drugs, change gloves every 30 minutes or whenever punctured, and discard them immediately in a chemotherapy waste container. The gowns used should be disposable gowns made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene. When wearing gowns, individuals should make sure that the gowns are closed and have long sleeves. When preparation is done, the final product should be completely sealed in a plastic bag. The health care worker should also wipe all waste containers inside the ventilated cabinet before removing them from the cabinet. Finally, workers should remove all protective wear and put them in a bag for their disposal inside the ventilated cabinet. Administration Drugs should only be administered using protective medical devices such as needle lists and closed systems and techniques such as priming of IV tubing by pharmacy personnel inside a ventilated cabinet. Workers should always wear personal protective equipment such as double gloves, goggles, and protective gowns when opening the outer bag and assembling the delivery system to deliver the drug to the patient, and when disposing of all material used in the administration of the drugs. Hospital workers should never remove tubing from an IV bag that contains an antineoplastic drug, and when disconnecting the tubing in the system, they should make sure the tubing has been thoroughly flushed. After removing the IV bag, the workers should place it together with other disposable items directly in the yellow chemotherapy waste container with the lid closed. Protective equipment should be removed and put into a disposable chemotherapy waste container. After this has been done, one should double bag the chemotherapy waste before or after removing one's inner gloves. Moreover, one must always wash one's hands with soap and water before leaving the drug administration site. Employee training All employees whose jobs in health care facilities expose them to hazardous drugs must receive training. Training should include shipping and receiving personnel, housekeepers, pharmacists, assistants, and all individuals involved in the transportation and storage of antineoplastic drugs. These individuals should receive information and training to inform them of the hazards of the drugs present in their areas of work. They should be informed and trained on operations and procedures in their work areas where they can encounter hazards, different methods used to detect the presence of hazardous drugs and how the hazards are released, and the physical and health hazards of the drugs, including their reproductive and carcinogenic hazard potential. Additionally, they should be informed and trained on the measures they should take to avoid and protect themselves from these hazards. This information ought to be provided when health care workers come into contact with the drugs, that is, perform the initial assignment in a work area with hazardous drugs. Moreover, training should also be provided when new hazards emerge as well as when new drugs, procedures, or equipment are introduced. Housekeeping and waste disposal When performing cleaning and decontaminating the work area where antineoplastic drugs are used, one should make sure that there is sufficient ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne drug concentrations. When cleaning the work surface, hospital workers should use deactivation and cleaning agents before and after each activity as well as at the end of their shifts. Cleaning should always be done using double protective gloves and disposable gowns. After employees finish up cleaning, they should dispose of the items used in the activity in a yellow chemotherapy waste container while still wearing protective gloves. After removing the gloves, they should thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water. Anything that comes into contact or has a trace of the antineoplastic drugs, such as needles, empty vials, syringes, gowns, and gloves, should be put in the chemotherapy waste container. Spill control A written policy needs to be in place in case of a spill of antineoplastic products. The policy should address the possibility of various sizes of spills as well as the procedure and personal protective equipment required for each size. A trained worker should handle a large spill and always dispose of all cleanup materials in the chemical waste container according to EPA regulations, not in a yellow chemotherapy waste container. Occupational monitoring Amedical surveillanceprogram must be established. In case of exposure, occupational health professionals need to ask for a detailed history and do a thorough physical exam. They should test the urine of the potentially exposed worker by doing aurine dipstickor microscopic examination, mainly looking for blood, as several antineoplastic drugs are known to cause bladder damage. Urinary mutagenicity is a marker of exposure to antineoplastic drugs that was first used by Falck and colleagues in 1979 and uses bacterial mutagenicity assays. Apart from being nonspecific, the test can be influenced by extraneous factors such as dietary intake and smoking and is, therefore, used sparingly. However, the test played a significant role in changing the use of horizontal flow cabinets to vertical flow biological safety cabinets during the preparation of antineoplastic drugs because the former exposed health care workers to high levels of drugs. This changed the handling of drugs and effectively reduced workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Biomarkers of exposure to antineoplastic drugs commonly include urinaryplatinum,methotrexate, urinarycyclophosphamideandifosfamide, and urinary metabolite of5-fluorouracil. In addition to this, there are other drugs used to measure the drugs directly in the urine, although they are rarely used. A measurement of these drugs directly in one's urine is a sign of high exposure levels and that an uptake of the drugs is happening either through inhalation or dermally. Available agents There is an extensivelist of antineoplastic agents. Several classification schemes have been used to subdivide the medicines used for cancer into several different types. History The first use ofsmall-molecule drugsto treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although the specific chemicals first used were not originally intended for that purpose.Mustard gaswas used as achemical warfareagent duringWorld War Iand was discovered to be a potent suppressor ofhematopoiesis(blood production).A similar family of compounds known asnitrogen mustardswere studied further duringWorld War IIat theYale School of Medicine.It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer.Therefore, in December 1942, several people with advancedlymphomas(cancers of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas.Their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable.Concurrently, during a military operation in World War II, following a Germanair raidon the Italian harbour ofBari, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by theAllied forcesto prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of chemical warfare. The survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts.After WWII was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have similar effects against cancer. The first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research wasmustine. Since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion-dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply. The termchemotherapy The wordchemotherapywithout a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning was broader. The term was coined in the early 1900s byPaul Ehrlichas meaning any use of chemicals to treat any disease (chemo-+-therapy), such as the use ofantibiotics(antibacterial chemotherapy).Ehrlich was not optimistic that effective chemotherapy drugs would be found for the treatment of cancer.The first modern chemotherapeutic agent wasarsphenamine, an arsenic compound discovered in 1907 and used to treatsyphilis.This was later followed bysulfonamides(sulfa drugs) andpenicillin. In today'susage, thesense\"any treatment of disease with drugs\" is often expressed with the wordpharmacotherapy. In terms of metaphorical language, 'chemotherapy' can be paralleled with the idea of a 'storm', as both can cause distress but afterwards may have a healing/cleaning effect. Research Targeted delivery vehicles Specially targeted delivery vehicles aim to increase effective levels of chemotherapy for tumor cells while reducing effective levels for other cells. This should result in an increased tumor kill or reduced toxicity or both. Antibody-drug conjugates Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs) comprise anantibody, drug and a linker between them. The antibody will be targeted at a preferentially expressed protein in the tumour cells (known as atumor antigen) or on cells that the tumor can utilise, such as blood vesselendothelial cells. They bind to the tumor antigen and are internalised, where the linker releases the drug into the cell. These specially targeted delivery vehicles vary in their stability, selectivity, and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells.Reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in people who are sicker and that they can carry new chemotherapeutic agents that would have been far too toxic to deliver via traditional systemic approaches. The first approved drug of this type wasgemtuzumab ozogamicin(Mylotarg), released byWyeth(nowPfizer). The drug was approved to treatacute myeloid leukemia.Two other drugs,trastuzumab emtansineandbrentuximab vedotin, are both in late clinical trials, and the latter has been granted accelerated approval for the treatment ofrefractoryHodgkin's lymphomaand systemicanaplastic large cell lymphoma. Nanoparticles Nanoparticlesare 1–1000nanometer(nm) sized particles that can promote tumor selectivity and aid in delivering low-solubilitydrugs. Nanoparticles can be targeted passively or actively. Passive targeting exploits the difference between tumor blood vessels and normal blood vessels. Blood vessels in tumors are \"leaky\" because they have gaps from 200 to 2000 nm, which allow nanoparticles to escape into the tumor. Active targeting uses biological molecules (antibodies,proteins,DNAandreceptor ligands) to preferentially target the nanoparticles to the tumor cells. There are many types of nanoparticle delivery systems, such assilica,polymers,liposomesand magnetic particles. Nanoparticles made of magnetic material can also be used to concentrate agents at tumor sites using an externally applied magnetic field.They have emerged as a useful vehicle inmagnetic drug deliveryfor poorly soluble agents such aspaclitaxel. Electrochemotherapy Electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is followed by application of high-voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor. The treatment enables the chemotherapeutic drugs, which otherwise cannot or hardly go through the membrane of cells (such as bleomycin and cisplatin), to enter the cancer cells. Hence, greater effectiveness of antitumor treatment is achieved. Clinical electrochemotherapy has been successfully used for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors irrespective of their histological origin.The method has been reported as safe, simple and highly effective in all reports on clinical use of electrochemotherapy. According to the ESOPE project (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy), the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for electrochemotherapy were prepared, based on the experience of the leading European cancer centres on electrochemotherapy.Recently, new electrochemotherapy modalities have been developed for treatment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutaneous approaches to gain access to the treatment area. Hyperthermia therapy Hyperthermia therapyis heat treatment for cancer that can be a powerful tool when used in combination with chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy) or radiation for the control of a variety of cancers. The heat can be applied locally to the tumor site, which will dilate blood vessels to the tumor, allowing more chemotherapeutic medication to enter the tumor. Additionally, the tumor cell membrane will become more porous, further allowing more of the chemotherapeutic medicine to enter the tumor cell. Hyperthermia has also been shown to help prevent or reverse \"chemo-resistance.\" Chemotherapy resistance sometimes develops over time as the tumors adapt and can overcome the toxicity of the chemo medication. \"Overcoming chemoresistance has been extensively studied within the past, especially using CDDP-resistant cells. In regard to the potential benefit that drug-resistant cells can be recruited for effective therapy by combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia, it was important to show that chemoresistance against several anticancer drugs (e.g. mitomycin C, anthracyclines, BCNU, melphalan) including CDDP could be reversed at least partially by the addition of heat. Other animals Chemotherapy is used in veterinary medicine similar to how it is used in human medicine. See also References External links","Mustard gas Mustard gasorsulfur mustardare names commonly used for theorganosulfurchemical compoundbis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents−SCH2CH2X or −N(CH2CH2X)2are known assulfur mustardsornitrogen mustards, respectively, where X = Cl or Br. Such compounds are potentalkylating agents, making mustard gas acutely and severely toxic.Mustard gas is acarcinogen.There is no preventative agent against mustard gas, with protection depending entirely on skin and airways protection, and noantidoteexists for mustard poisoning. Also known as mustard agents, this family of compounds comprises infamouscytotoxinsandblister agentswith a long history of use aschemical weapons.The namemustard gasis technically incorrect; the substances, whendispersed, are often not gases but a fine mist of liquid droplets that can be readily absorbed through the skin and by inhalation.The skin can be affected by contact with either the liquid or vapor. The rate of penetration into skin is proportional to dose, temperature and humidity. Sulfur mustards are viscous liquids at room temperature and have an odor resemblingmustard plants,garlic, orhorseradish, hence the name.When pure, they are colorless, but when used in impure forms, such as in warfare, they are usuallyyellow-brown. Mustard gases formblisterson exposed skin and in the lungs, often resulting in prolonged illness ending in death. History as chemical weapons Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent.As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used inWorld War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including theIran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties.Sulfur-based andnitrogen-basedmustard agents are regulated underSchedule 1of the 1993Chemical Weapons Convention, as substances with few uses other than inchemical warfare.Mustard agents can be deployed by means ofartillery shells,aerial bombs,rockets, or by spraying from aircraft. Adverse health effects Mustard gases have powerfulblisteringeffects on victims. They are alsocarcinogenicandmutagenicalkylating agents.Their highlipophilicityaccelerates their absorption into the body.Because mustard agents often do not elicit immediate symptoms, contaminated areas may appear normal.Within 24 hours of exposure, victims experience intenseitchingand skin irritation. If this irritation goes untreated, blisters filled withpuscan form wherever the agent contacted the skin.Aschemical burns, these are severely debilitating. If the victim's eyes were exposed, then they become sore, starting withconjunctivitis(also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary blindness. Extreme ocular exposure to mustard gas vapors may result incorneal ulceration, anterior chamber scarring, andneovascularization.In these severe and infrequent cases,corneal transplantationhas been used as a treatment option.Miosis, when the pupil constricts more than usual, may also occur, which may be the result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard.If inhaled in high concentrations, mustard agents cause bleeding and blistering within therespiratory system, damagingmucous membranesand causingpulmonary edema.Depending on the level of contamination, mustard agent burns can vary betweenfirstandsecond degree burns. They can also be as severe, disfiguring, and dangerous asthird degree burns. Some 80% of sulfur mustard in contact with the skin evaporates, while 10% stays in the skin and 10% is absorbed and circulated in the blood. The carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of exposure to mustard gas increase the risk of developingcancerlater in life.In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were significantly mutated in the lungs and airways of mustard gas victims. Those genes all correspond to functions commonly affected by mustard gas exposure, includingapoptosis, inflammation, and stress responses.The long-term ocular complications include burning, tearing, itching,photophobia,presbyopia, pain, and foreign-body sensations. Medical management In a rinse-wipe-rinse sequence, skin is decontaminated of mustard gas by washing with liquid soap and water, or an absorbent powder.The eyes should be thoroughly rinsed using saline or clean water. A topical analgesic is used to relieve skin pain during decontamination. The blistering effects of mustard gas can be neutralized by decontamination solutions such as \"DS2\" (2%NaOH, 70%diethylenetriamine, 28%2-methoxyethanol).For skin lesions, topical treatments, such ascalamine lotion, steroids, and oralantihistaminesare used to relieve itching.Larger blisters are irrigated repeatedly with saline or soapy water, then treated with an antibiotic and petroleum gauze. Mustard agent burns do not heal quickly and (as with other types of burns) present a risk ofsepsiscaused bypathogenssuch asStaphylococcus aureusandPseudomonas aeruginosa. The mechanisms behind mustard gas's effect on endothelial cells are still being studied, but recent studies have shown that high levels of exposure can induce high rates of bothnecrosisandapoptosis. In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mMN-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protectsactinfilaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin filaments play a large role in the severe burns observed in victims. A British nurse treating soldiers with mustard agent burns duringWorld War Icommented: They cannot be bandaged or touched. We cover them with a tent of propped-up sheets. Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain, even with the worst wounds, but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they cannot help crying out. Mechanism of cellular toxicity Sulfur mustards readily eliminatechlorideions by intramolecularnucleophilic substitutionto form cyclicsulfoniumions. These very reactive intermediates tend to permanentlyalkylatenucleotidesinDNAstrands, which can prevent cellular division, leading toprogrammed cell death.Alternatively, if cell death is not immediate, the damaged DNA can lead to the development of cancer.Oxidative stresswould be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity. In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BC2H4X, where X is anyleaving groupand B is aLewis base, are known asmustards.Such compounds can form cyclic\"onium\" ions(sulfonium,ammonium, etc.) that are goodalkylating agents. Other such compounds are bis(2-haloethyl)ethers (oxygen mustards), the (2-haloethyl)amines (nitrogen mustards), andsesquimustard, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClC2H4S−) connected by an ethylene bridge (−C2H4−).These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties vary. Formulations In its history, various types and mixtures of mustard gas have been employed. These include: Commonly-stockpiled mustard agents (class) History Development Mustard gases were possibly developed as early as 1822 byCésar-Mansuète Despretz(1798–1863).Despretz described the reaction ofsulfur dichlorideandethylenebut never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientistFrederick Guthriesynthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting.Also in 1860, chemistAlbert Niemann, known as a pioneer incocainechemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886,Viktor Meyerpublished a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined2-chloroethanolwithaqueouspotassium sulfide, and then treated the resultingthiodiglycolwithphosphorus trichloride. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assistant, and in order to rule out the possibility that his assistant was suffering from a mental illness (psychosomatic symptoms), Meyer had this compound tested on laboratoryrabbits, most of which died. In 1913, the English chemistHans Thacher Clarke(known for theEschweiler-Clarke reaction) replaced the phosphorus trichloride withhydrochloric acidin Meyer's formulation while working withEmil FischerinBerlin. Clarke was hospitalized for two months for burns after one of his flasks broke. According to Meyer, Fischer's report on this accident to theGerman Chemical Societysent theGerman Empireon the road to chemical weapons. Mustard gas can have the effect of turning a patient's skin different colors, including shades of red, orange, pink, and in unusual cases, blue. TheGerman EmpireduringWorld War Irelied on the Meyer-Clarke method because2-chloroethanolwas readily available from the German dye industry of that time. Use Mustard gas was firstused in World War Iby the German army against British and Canadian soldiers nearYpres, Belgium, on July 12, 1917.Later also against theFrench Second Army.Yperiteis \"a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres.\"The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 atCambrai, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred onAvonmouth Docks(the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process).This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of theHindenburg Line. Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel andWilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method of large-scale production for theImperial German Armyin 1916. Mustard gas was dispersed as anaerosolin a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions asaerial bombs,land mines,mortar rounds,artillery shells, androckets.Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as anincapacitating agent. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing agas maskwas not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. A common countermeasure was using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a readily available remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries (e.g.They Shall Not Grow Oldin 2018) and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs; however, the effectiveness of this measure is unclear. Mustard gas can remain in the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates one's clothing and equipment while cold, then other people with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warm up enough material to become an airborne toxic agent. An example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches, particularly once the \"sousterrain\" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as anarea-denial weaponthat forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas. Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind: The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard gas, during warfare is known aschemical warfare, and this kind of warfare was prohibited by theGeneva Protocol of 1925, and also by the laterChemical Weapons Convention of 1993. The latter agreement also prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and sale of such weapons. In September 2012, a US official stated that the rebel militant groupISISwas manufacturing and using mustard gas in Syria and Iraq, which was allegedly confirmed by the group's head of chemical weapons development, Sleiman Daoud al-Afari, who has since been captured. Development of the first chemotherapy drug As early as 1919 it was known that mustard agent was a suppressor ofhematopoiesis.In addition, autopsies performed on 75 soldiers who had died of mustard agent duringWorld War Iwere done by researchers from theUniversity of Pennsylvaniawho reported decreased counts ofwhite blood cells.This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments atYale Universityto conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II. As a part of this effort, the group investigatednitrogen mustardas a therapy forHodgkin's lymphomaand other types oflymphomaandleukemia, and this compound was tried out on its first human patient in December 1942. The results of this study were not published until 1946, when they were declassified.In a parallel track, after theair raid on Bariin December 1943, the doctors of the U.S. Army noted that white blood cell counts were reduced in their patients. Some years after World War II was over, the incident in Bari and the work of the Yale University group with nitrogen mustard converged, and this prompted a search for other similarchemical compounds. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard called \"HN2\" became the first cancerchemotherapydrug,chlormethine(also known as mechlorethamine, mustine) to be used. Chlormethine and other mustard gas molecules are still used to this day as an chemotherapy agent albeit they have largely been replaced with more safe chemotherapy drugs likecisplatinandcarboplatin. Disposal In the United States, storage and incineration of mustard gas and other chemical weapons were carried out by the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency.Disposal projects at the two remaining American chemical weapons sites were carried out nearRichmond, Kentucky, andPueblo, Colorado. Although not yet declassified,toxicology specialists who dealt with the accidental puncturing of World War I gas stockpiles add that Air Force bases in Colorado have been made available to assist veterans of the 2003 American war with Iraq in which many Marines were exposed to gas as caches of up to 25,000 lb (11,000 kg).The United Nations definition of a weapon of mass destruction for mustard gas is 30,000 lb (14,000 kg), typically the Marines and other coalition allies discovered caches of 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) located across a road from 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) caches as multiple memoirs attest. These were discovered by the assistance of host country allies, or through leaks affecting personnel in an area with a weapon and gas cache called anASP. New detection techniques are being developed in order to detect the presence of mustard gas and its metabolites. The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. Theimmunochromatographicassay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilians from sulfur-mustard dumping sites. In 1946, 10,000 drums of mustard gas (2,800 tonnes) stored at the production facility of Stormont Chemicals inCornwall, Ontario, Canada, were loaded onto 187 boxcars for the 900 miles (1,400 km) journey to be buried at sea on board a 400 foot (120 m) long barge 40 miles (64 km) south ofSable Island, southeast ofHalifax, at a depth of 600 fathoms (1,100 m). The dump location is 42 degrees, 50 minutes north by 60 degrees, 12 minutes west. A large British stockpile of old mustard agent that had been made and stored since World War I atM. S. Factory, ValleynearRhydymwyninFlintshire, Wales, was destroyed in 1958. Most of the mustard gas found in Germany afterWorld War IIwas dumped into theBaltic Sea. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found about 700 chemical weapons in the region ofBornholm, most of which contain mustard gas. One of the more frequently dumped weapons was \"Sprühbüchse 37\" (SprüBü37, Spray Can 37, 1937 being the year of its fielding with the German Army). These weapons contain mustard gas mixed with athickener, which gives it a tar-like viscosity. When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustardhydrolyzes, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps (e.g., with the drag board of a fishing net or by the human hand) the enclosed mustard gas is still as active as it had been at the time the weapon was dumped. These lumps, when washed ashore, can be mistaken for amber, which can lead to severe health problems.Artillery shellscontaining mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still be found in France and Belgium. These were formerly disposed of by explosion undersea, but since the current environmental regulations prohibit this, theFrench governmentis building an automated factory to dispose of the accumulation of chemical shells. In 1972, theU.S. Congressbanned the practice of disposing of chemical weapons into the ocean by the United States. 29,000 tons of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean off the United States by theU.S. Army. According to a report created in 1998 by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in theU.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the army created at least 26 chemical weapons dumping sites in the ocean offshore from at least 11 states on both theEast Coastand theWest Coast(inOperation CHASE,Operation Geranium, etc.). In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of 1,044 tonnes (1,151 short tons) of mustard gas.By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame.India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become the third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations. Producing or stockpiling mustard gas is prohibited by theChemical Weapons Convention. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 17,440 tonnes of mustard gas. As of December 2015, 86% of these stockpiles had been destroyed. A significant portion of the United States' mustard agentstockpilewas stored at the Edgewood Area ofAberdeen Proving GroundinMaryland. Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agents were stored in one-ton containers on the base under heavy guard. A chemical neutralization plant was built on the proving ground and neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint program of the Army and theFederal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA).Unexploded shells containing mustard gases and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity to schools in the Edgewood area, but the smaller amounts of poison gas (4 to 14 pounds (1.8 to 6.4 kg)) present considerably lower risks. These remnants are being detected and excavated systematically for disposal. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency oversaw disposal of several other chemical weapons stockpiles located across the United States in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. These include the complete incineration of the chemical weapons stockpiled inAlabama,Arkansas,Indiana, andOregon. Earlier, this agency had also completed destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile located onJohnston Atolllocated south ofHawaiiin thePacific Ocean.The largest mustard agent stockpile, at approximately 6,200short tons, was stored at theDeseret Chemical Depotin northernUtah. The incineration of this stockpile began in 2006. In May 2011, the last of the mustard agents in the stockpile were incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last artillery shells containing mustard gas were incinerated in January 2012. In 2008, many emptyaerial bombsthat contained mustard gas were found in an excavation at theMarrangaroo Army Basejust west of Sydney, Australia.In 2009, a mining survey nearChinchilla, Queensland, uncovered 144 105-millimeterhowitzershells, some containing \"Mustard H\", that had been buried by the U.S. Army during World War II. In 2014, a collection of 200 bombs was found near theFlemishvillages ofPassendaleandMoorslede. The majority of the bombs were filled with mustard agents. The bombs were left over from the German army and were meant to be used in theBattle of Passchendaelein World War I. It was the largest collection of chemical weapons ever found in Belgium. A large amount of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, was found in a neighborhood ofWashington, D.C.The cleanup was completed in 2021. Post-war accidental exposure In 2002, an archaeologist at the Presidio Trust archaeology lab in San Francisco was exposed to mustard gas, which had been dug up at thePresidio of San Francisco, a former military base. In 2010, a clamming boat pulled up some oldartilleryshells of World War I from theAtlantic Oceansouth ofLong Island, New York. Multiple fishermen suffered from blistering and respiratory irritation severe enough to require hospitalization. WWII-era tests on men From 1943 to 1944, mustard agent experiments were performed on Australian service volunteers in tropicalQueensland, Australia, byRoyal Australian Engineers,British Armyand American experimenters, resulting in some severe injuries. One test site, theBrook Islands National Park, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by theImperial Japanese Army.These experiments were the subject of the documentary filmKeen as Mustard. The United States tested sulfur mustards and other chemical agents includingnitrogen mustardsandlewisiteon up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified secret and as withAgent Orange, claims for medical care and compensation were routinely denied, even after the WWII-era tests were declassified in 1993. TheDepartment of Veterans Affairsstated that it would contact 4,000 surviving test subjects but failed to do so, eventually only contacting 600. Skin cancer, severe eczema, leukemia, and chronic breathing problems plagued the test subjects, some of whom were as young as 19 at the time of the tests, until their deaths, but even those who had previously filed claims with the VA went without compensation. African American servicemenwere tested alongside white men in separate trials to determine whether their skin color would afford them a degree of immunity to the agents, andNiseiservicemen, some of whom had joined after their release fromJapanese American Internment Campswere tested to determine susceptibility ofJapanese military personnelto these agents. These tests also includedPuerto Ricansubjects. Detection in biological fluids Concentrations of thiodiglycol in urine have been used to confirm a diagnosis of chemical poisoning in hospitalized victims. The presence in urine of 1,1'-sulfonylbismethylthioethane (SBMTE), a conjugation product with glutathione, is considered a more specific marker, since this metabolite is not found in specimens from unexposed persons. In one case, intact mustard gas was detected in postmortem fluids and tissues of a man who died one week post-exposure. See also References Notes Further reading External links"],"string":"[\n \"Mayor Max II Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II(May 6, 2013 – July 30, 2022) was agolden retrieverdog who served as the second unofficial mayor of Idyllwild, part of thecensus-designated placeofIdyllwild–Pine Cove, California. His deputy mayors, Mitzi and Mikey, were his cousins.After his death Mayor Max II was succeeded by his cousin Max III, who was sworn in on December 10, 2022. Mayorality In 2012, the non-profit organization Idyllwild Animal Rescue Friends (ARF) hosted an \\\"election\\\" for mayor of Idyllwild (which, as part of an unincorporated community, has no local government) as part of a fundraising event for the organization. Fourteen dogs and two cats ran, and Max, aGolden Retriever, was elected as Idyllwild's first mayor. On April 2, 2013, Mayor Max died, and Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II, another Golden Retriever, arrived in Idyllwild on July 21 to complete the remainder of the term.In March 2014, as the end of Max's term approached, ARF solicited the town's interest in holding another election. The people overwhelmingly pled for Mayor Max's continuation in perpetuity. Mayor Max was recognized by theCounty of Riverside, California.The Mayor's duties included visiting with locals and out-of-town visitors, attending business grand openings and other town functions, participating in the town's two annual parades, and promoting Idyllwild.Max's popularity had spread the world over, and he has represented the town through appearances on news programs, talk shows, advertisements, billboards, and a game show. Death Mayor Max died in the city ofTemeculaon July 30, 2022, after suffering a brief medical issue.He was succeeded byMayor Max III, who formally took office on December 10, 2022. See also References External links\",\n \"Golden Retriever TheGolden Retrieveris a Scottishbreedofretrieverdog of medium size. It is characterised by a gentle and affectionate nature and a striking golden coat. It is a working dog, and registration is subject to successful completion of a working trial.It is commonly kept as apetand is among the most frequently registered breeds in several Western countries; some may compete indog showsorobedience trials, or work as aguide dog. The Golden Retriever was bred bySir Dudley Marjoribanksat his Scottish estateGuisachanin the late nineteenth century. Hecross-bredFlat-coated RetrieverswithTweed Water Spaniels, with some further infusions ofRed Setter,Labrador RetrieverandBloodhound. It was recognised by theKennel Clubin 1913, and during theinterwar periodspread to many parts of the world. History The Golden Retriever was developed in Scotland in the nineteenth century bySir Dudley Marjoribanks(later to becomeBaron Tweedmouth) fromFlat-coated Retrieversjudiciously crossed withTweed Water Spanielsand some other British dog breeds.Prior to the 1952 publication of the very detailed stud book which had been meticulously maintained by Marjoribanks, a number of romantic tales were published about the origins of the breed. In the 1860s Marjoribanks set out to create what to his mind was the ultimate breed of retriever at his Scottish estateGuisachan.He started by acquiring a yellow-coloured Flat-coated Retriever dog called Nous;Nous had beenwhelpedin June 1864 and was the only yellow pup in an otherwise all black-colouredlitter.Whilst uncommon, occasionally liver, brown, golden or yellow-coloured purebred Flat-coated Retriever pups are whelped to matings of two black parents.It is the pedigree of Nous that was the source for the romantic tales of the heritage of the Golden Retriever.One early account claimed Nous was purchased from a Russian circus trainer inBrighton, another claimed he was bought from a cobbler, and yet another claimed a gypsy.The stud book states that Nous was a Flat-coated Retriever bred byLord Chichesteron hisStanmer Parkestate near Brighton. In 1868 Nous was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel bitch named Belle, who is recorded in the stud book as being whelped in 1863 and being of \\\"Ladykirk breeding\\\".The litter from this mating consisted of four yellow pups, Primrose, Ada, Cowslip and Crocus.The best bitch from this litter, Cowslip, was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel called Tweed with the mating producing a bitch pup called Topsy.Cowslip was subsequently mated to aRed Settercalled Sampson; that mating produced a dog pup called Jack.Topsy was mated with a black Flat-coated Retriever called Sambo and a bitch pup from that litter, Zoe, was mated back to Jack and two pups from that mating were retained, a dog called Nous II and a bitch called Gill.Gill was mated to a blackLabrador Retrievercalled Tracer, and a bitch pup from that mating, Queenie, was mated back to Nous II; all Golden Retrievers descend from this mating.The progeny from these various matings varied in colour from pure black to light cream, but it was the golden-coloured ones that were retained and mated to each other, forming the foundation stock of the Golden Retriever breed.Marjoribanks is also known to have used a sandy-colouredBloodhoundand another Labrador in subsequent years of the breeding programme. In 1952 Marjoribanks's great-nephew,Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester, teamed up with Elma Stonex and together they studied Marjoribanks's stud book.In 1960 their research was published, presenting all of the evidence required to counter all tales of Russian ancestry.The stud book, which covers the period from 1868 to 1890, is preserved in the library ofthe Kennel ClubinLondon.In the early days Golden Retrievers were called the 'Flat-coated Retriever, Golden',Initially the Golden Retriever was considered a colour variety of the former breed.In 1903the Kennel Clubrecorded the first examples, listing them in the same register as Flat-coats.In 1904 a Golden Retriever won afield trialand in 1908 the first examples were exhibited atconformation shows.In 1911 a breed club was formed for the breed in England, the Golden Retriever Club, and they were given a new name, the 'Yellow or Golden Retriever'; from this point they were increasingly seen as a separate breed from the Flat-coated Retriever.It was not until 1913 that the Kennel Club began recording them on a separate breed register from the Flat-coated Retriever and in 1920 the 'Yellow or' was dropped from the breed name and they were officially called the 'Golden Retriever'. One early twentieth century enthusiast of the breed, Winifred Charlesworth, was instrumental in the establishment of the breed club as well as its separate Kennel Club recognition.It was she who drew up the first breed standard, which was adopted by the Kennel Club and with only minor amendments and remains largely unchanged.She bred and exhibited the first Golden RetrieverShow Champion, was a strong advocate for maintaining the working instincts of the breed, and she is credited with popularising it at field trials and introducing it to shooting sportsmen. In the years after theFirst World Warits popularity increased markedly and in the 1920s and 1930s it spread through much of the Western world.TheCanadian Kennel Clubrecognised the breed in 1927, theAmerican Kennel Clubin 1932; the first examples were registered in France in 1934 and Australia in 1937.The worldwide popularity of the breed meant it did not suffer the misfortunes many British dog breeds did during theSecond World Wardue to British wartime restrictions on the breeding of larger dogs, with ample quality breeding stock available globally to ensure none of its characteristics were lost. Since the 1940s its popularity has continued to grow, and it has become one of the most recognised and most frequently registered dog breeds in the Western world. Description Appearance The Golden Retriever is a powerfully built, medium-sized breed of dog; according to the Kennel Clubbreed standard, dogs stand from 56 to 61 centimetres (22 to 24 in) and bitches from 51 to 56 centimetres (20 to 22 in).Healthy adult examples typically weigh between 25 and 34 kilograms (55 and 75 lb). The Golden Retriever has a broad head with a well-definedstop, with dark eyes set well apart, a wide and powerful muzzle, a large black nose, dark-pigmented and slightly droopingflews, and ears of moderate size set high and hanging with a slight fold.The neck is muscular and fairly long with loose-fitting skin, the shoulders well laid-back and long-bladed, and the body deep through the chest with well-sprung ribs.The back is usually level fromwitherstocroupand the long, straight tail is usually carried flat, roughly in line with the back.The forelegs are straight with good bone, the hind legs are powerful with well bentstiflesand muscular thighs, and the feet are cat-like. Thedouble coatis a recognisable and striking feature:the outer coat is long, flat or wavy and has good feathering on the forelegs, while the undercoat is dense and provides weather resistance.The coat can be any shade of cream, yellow or gold; the coat typically becomes paler with age.The Kennel Club breed standard prohibits red or mahogany-coloured coats, but a few white hairs on the chest are permitted.Originally only yellow or golden coloured examples were permitted, this excluded many outstanding cream coloured dogs; to overcome this in 1936 the Kennel Club's standard was amended to include the cream colour.The cream colour, which in more modern times can be almost white, has become the dominant colour and is particularly favoured byconformation showexhibitors.Golden Retrievers that are bred forconformation showstend to have longer and finer coats than those bred for working as gundogs. The Kennel Club breed standard is accepted by everykennel clubin the world except those of Canada and the United States.Breed standards in North America call for a slightly taller dogand the cream colour is not permitted. Temperament The Golden Retriever is considered an intelligent, gentle natured and very affectionate breed of dog.As is typical withretrieverbreeds, the breed is generally calm and biddable, being very easy to train and extremely keen to please their master.The breed is known to make excellent pets and family dogs, being generally extremely tolerant of children and keen to accompany any member of the family in a range of activities.Due to their affable natures, the breed is often completely devoid of guarding instincts.However, there have also been reports of some very aggressive Golden Retrievers in certain lineages. It has been suggested that these variations in aggression are partially caused by genetic factors. The breed usually retains many of their gundog traits and instincts including an excellent sense of smell and a strong instinct to retrieve; even among those not trained as gundogs it is typical for Golden Retrievers to present their owners with toys or other objects.Compared to other retriever breeds the Golden Retriever is typically quite slow to mature. Use The Golden Retriever is one of the most commonly kept breeds ofcompanion dogin the Western world, and is often among the top ten dog breeds by number of registrations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Canada.It is a frequent competitor atdog shows; separate show lines of the breed have been developed.The dogs can be trained asguide dogsandtherapy dogs,and may compete inobedience trialsand otherdog sports. The Golden Retriever is still used as agundogby sportsmen, both as a hunting companion in the field and for competing infield trials.It is used more for retrieval of land-based gamebirds such asgrouseandpartridgethan for wildfowl hunting.Those used as gundogs are usually from working lines specifically bred for field use; dogs from pet or show lines are rarely suitable.A Golden Retriever with a traditional dense double coat is well suited to working in cold and wet conditions, as the coat provides water resistance and insulation.Compared to other retriever breeds, the Golden Retriever is not a strong swimmer; its long coat causes it to sit low in the water when swimming. The Golden Retriever is much less commonly used by sportsmen as a hunting companion than theLabrador Retriever.One reason is that the breed is generally quite slow to mature, particularly compared to the Labrador; often when a Golden Retriever is still in basic training a Labrador of the same age has already completed a season of hunting.Another is its long coat, which requires more maintenance and grooming than that of the Labrador, particularly after working in muddy conditions or close cover, as their long hair is more prone to picking up dirt and burrs.More Golden Retrievers are bred as pets or for the show ring than for hunting, so it can be hard for sportsmen to find pups bred from proven working lines. Health A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 10 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.A 2005 Swedish study found 22% of Golden Retrievers died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10. The breed is unusually prone to cancer, with one United States study finding cancer to be the cause of death in approximately 50% of the population, the second highest in the study. Several European studies found a much lower prevalence (20–39%), which may reflect the significant genetic divergence between the American and European populations. They are especially prone tohemangiosarcomaandlymphoma, with an estimated lifetime risk of one in five for the former and one in eight for the latter. The high prevalence of cancer deaths among Golden Retrievers may partly represent a lack of other congenital diseases.One UK study found the risk ofmetastaticneoplasiain the breed to be 4.86 times higher than other dogs. The Golden Retriever has a genetic predisposition toprimary hypothyroidism; a review of 5 different studies found Golden Retrievers to make up 17% of cases. Notable Golden Retrievers Explanatory notes References Further reading\",\n \"Hemangiosarcoma Hemangiosarcomais a rapidly growing, highly invasive variety ofcancerthat occurs almost exclusively in dogs, and only rarely in cats, horses, mice,or humans (vinyl chloridetoxicity). It is asarcomaarising from the lining of blood vessels; that is, blood-filled channels and spaces are commonly observed microscopically. A frequent cause of death is the rupturing of this tumor, causing the patient to rapidly bleed to death. The term \\\"angiosarcoma\\\", when used without a modifier, usually refers to hemangiosarcoma.However,glomangiosarcoma(8710/3) andlymphangiosarcoma(9170/3) are distinct conditions (in humans). Dogs Hemangiosarcoma is quite common indogs, and more so in certain breeds includingGerman ShepherdsandGolden Retrievers.It also occurs incats, but much more rarely. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma rarely show clinical signs until the tumor has become very large and hasmetastasized. Typically, clinical signs are due tohypovolemiaafter the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Owners of the affected dogs often discover that the dog has hemangiosarcoma only after the dog collapses. The tumor most often appears on thespleen, rightheartbase, orliver, although varieties also appear on or under the skin or in other locations. It is the most common tumor of the heart, and occurs in theright atriumorright auricular appendage. Here it can cause right-sidedheart failure,arrhythmias,pericardial effusion, andcardiac tamponade. Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen orliveris the most common tumor to causehemorrhagein theabdomen.Hemorrhage secondary to splenic and hepatic tumors can also cause ventriculararrhythmias. Hemangiosarcoma of theskinusually appears as a small red or bluish-black lump. It can also occur under the skin. It is suspected that in the skin, hemangiosarcoma is caused bysunexposure.Occasionally, hemangiosarcoma of the skin can be a metastasis from visceral hemangiosarcoma. Other sites the tumor may occur includebone,kidneys, thebladder,muscle, themouth, and thecentral nervous system. Clinical features Presenting complaints and clinical signs are usually related to the site of origin of the primary tumor or to the presence of metastases, spontaneous tumor rupture, coagulopathies, or cardiac arrhythmias. More than 50% of patients are presented because of acute collapse after spontaneous rupture of the primary tumor or its metastases. Some episodes of collapse are a result of ventricular arrhythmias, which are relatively common in dogs with splenic or cardiac HSA. Most common clinical signs of visceral hemangiosarcoma include loss of appetite,arrhythmias, weight loss, weakness, lethargy, collapse, palemucous membranes, and/or sudden death. An enlarged abdomen is often seen due to hemorrhage. Metastasis is most commonly to the liver,omentum,lungs, orbrain. A retrospective study published in 1999 by Ware, et al., found a five times greater risk of cardiac hemangiosarcoma in spayed vs. intact female dogs and a 2.4 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma in neutered dogs as compared to intact males.The validity of this study is in dispute. Clinicopathologic findings Hemangiosarcoma can cause a wide variety of hematologic and hemostatic abnormalities, includinganemia, thrombocytopenia(lowplateletcount),disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC); presence of nRBC, schistocytes, and acanthocytes in the blood smear; and leukocytosis with neutrophilia, left shift, and monocytosis. Diagnosis A definitive diagnosis requires biopsy and histopathology. Cytologic aspirates may be inconclusive with studies reporting various specificity, and negative results may not correlate with absence of disease, as one study concludes \\\"cytological diagnosis of splenic neoplasia is reliable, but a negative result cannot be used to exclude the possibility of splenic neoplasia.\\\"This is because of frequent blood contamination and poor exfoliation.Surgical biopsy is the typical approach in veterinary medicine. Imaging modalities may include one ore more of ultrasound, CT, MRIand FDG-PET/CT.FGD-PET/CT may show some benefit over traditional CT for staging and detection of metastasis. Symptoms Dogs rarely show symptoms of hemangiosarcoma until after the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Then symptoms can include short-term lethargy, loss of appetite, enlarged abdomen, weakness in the back legs, paled colored tongue and gums, rapid heart rate, and a weak pulse. Treatments Treatment includeschemotherapyand, where practical, removal of the tumor with the affected organ, such as with asplenectomy. Splenectomy alone gives an average survival time of 1–3 months. The addition ofchemotherapy, primarily comprising the drugdoxorubicin, alone or in combination with other drugs, can increase the average survival time by 2–4 months beyond splenectomy alone. A 2012 paper published the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School, in dogs treated with a compound derived from theCoriolus versicolor(commonly known as \\\"Turkey Tail\\\") mushroom showed a favorable response to the agent compared to historical controls of dogs treated with splenectomy and Doxorubicin .:.A controlled, randomized study in 101 dogs was later conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School which showed that the Coriolus versicolor mushroom did not have the same outcome noted in the 2012 paper with 15 dogs. In the 2022 paper by Gednet et al. dogs treated with splenectomy followed by Doxorubicin did better then dogs treated with splenectomy and mushroom agent. Combination of Doxorubicin with the Turkey Tail mushroom also did not improve survival when compared to Doxorubicin alone. However, as noted in the 2012 study, the Turkey Tail mushroom extract did not cause any systemic adverse reactions, even when combined with Doxorubicin.:. Immune therapy based on cultivation of tumor tissue is being developed for dogs.A preventive vaccine based on several proteins commonly found in dog cancers, including hemangiosarcomas, is also being developed. In the skin, it can be cured in most cases with complete surgical removal as long as there is not visceral involvement.Median survival times for stage I is 780 days, where more advanced stages can range from 172 to 307 days. References External links\",\n \"Chemotherapy Chemotherapy(often abbreviatedchemo, sometimesCTXandCTx) is the type ofcancer treatmentthat uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agentsoralkylating agents) in a standardregimen. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or toreduce symptoms(palliativechemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted topharmacotherapyforcancer, which is calledmedical oncology. The termchemotherapynow means the non-specific use of intracellularpoisonsto inhibitmitosis(cell division) or to induceDNA damage(so thatDNA repaircan augment chemotherapy).This meaning excludes the more-selective agents that block extracellular signals (signal transduction). Therapies with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarilyestrogensfor breast cancer andandrogensfor prostate cancer), are now calledhormonal therapies. Other inhibitions of growth-signals, such as those associated withreceptor tyrosine kinases, aretargeted therapy. The use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or targeted therapy) issystemic therapyfor cancer: they are introduced into the blood stream (the system) and therefore can treat cancer anywhere in the body. Systemic therapy is often used with other,local therapy(treatments that work only where they are applied), such asradiation,surgery, andhyperthermia. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents arecytotoxicby means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death ifapoptosisis initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in thebone marrow,digestive tractandhair follicles. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy:myelosuppression(decreased production of blood cells, hence that alsoimmunosuppression),mucositis(inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), andalopecia(hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-calledautoimmunity). These includerheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus,multiple sclerosis,vasculitisand many others. Treatment strategies There are a number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent or it may aim to prolong life or topalliate symptoms. Allchemotherapy regimensrequire that the recipient be capable of undergoing the treatment.Performance statusis often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (fractional kill), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor.Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity. Effectiveness The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as someleukemias,to being ineffective, such as in somebrain tumors,to being needless in others, like mostnon-melanoma skin cancers. Dosage Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the person receiving it.The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculatedbody surface area(BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or anomogram, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans.The study only included nine human subjects.When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option. The validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned because the formula only takes into account the individual's weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which have major impacts on the actual concentration of the drug in the person's bloodstream.As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than ten-fold for many drugs.In other words, if two people receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one person may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other person.This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs. The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among people is that many people do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some people are overdosed while others are underdosed.For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard—68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed. There has been controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for people who areobese.Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear ofoverdosing.In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that when chemotherapy dosing is individualized to achieve optimal systemic drug exposure, treatment outcomes are improved and toxic side effects are reduced.In the 5-FU clinical study cited above, people whose dose was adjusted to achieve a pre-determined target exposure realized an 84% improvement in treatment response rate and a six-month improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with those dosed by BSA. In the same study, investigators compared the incidence of common 5-FU-associated grade 3/4 toxicities between the dose-adjusted people and people dosed per BSA.The incidence of debilitating grades of diarrhea was reduced from 18% in the BSA-dosed group to 4% in the dose-adjusted group and serious hematologic side effects were eliminated.Because of the reduced toxicity, dose-adjusted patients were able to be treated for longer periods of time.BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months.Completing the course of treatment is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes. Similar results were found in a study involving people with colorectal cancer who have been treated with the popularFOLFOXregimen.The incidence of serious diarrhea was reduced from 12% in the BSA-dosed group of patients to 1.7% in the dose-adjusted group, and the incidence of severe mucositis was reduced from 15% to 0.8%. The FOLFOX study also demonstrated an improvement in treatment outcomes.Positive response increased from 46% in the BSA-dosed group to 70% in the dose-adjusted group. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) both improved by six months in the dose adjusted group. One approach that can help clinicians individualize chemotherapy dosing is to measure the drug levels in blood plasma over time and adjust dose according to a formula or algorithm to achieve optimal exposure. With an established target exposure for optimized treatment effectiveness with minimized toxicities, dosing can be personalized to achieve target exposure and optimal results for each person. Such an algorithm was used in the clinical trials cited above and resulted in significantly improved treatment outcomes. Oncologists are already individualizing dosing of some cancer drugs based on exposure.Carboplatin: 4andbusulfandosing rely upon results from blood tests to calculate the optimal dose for each person. Simple blood tests are also available for dose optimization ofmethotrexate,5-FU,paclitaxel, anddocetaxel. The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types. Types Alkylating agents Alkylating agents are the oldest group of chemotherapeutics in use today. Originally derived frommustard gasused inWorld War I, there are now many types of alkylating agents in use.They are so named because of their ability toalkylatemany molecules, includingproteins,RNAandDNA. This ability to bindcovalentlyto DNA via theiralkyl groupis the primary cause for their anti-cancer effects.DNA is made of two strands and the molecules may either bind twice to one strand of DNA (intrastrand crosslink) or may bind once to both strands (interstrand crosslink). If the cell tries to replicate crosslinked DNA duringcell division, or tries to repair it, the DNA strands can break. This leads to a form of programmed cell death calledapoptosis.Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason, the effect on the cell is dose dependent; the fraction of cells that die is directly proportional to the dose of drug. The subtypes of alkylating agents are thenitrogen mustards,nitrosoureas,tetrazines,aziridines,cisplatinsand derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustards includemechlorethamine,cyclophosphamide,melphalan,chlorambucil,ifosfamideandbusulfan. Nitrosoureas includeN-Nitroso-N-methylurea(MNU),carmustine(BCNU),lomustine(CCNU) andsemustine(MeCCNU),fotemustineandstreptozotocin. Tetrazines includedacarbazine,mitozolomideandtemozolomide. Aziridines includethiotepa,mytomycinand diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives includecisplatin,carboplatinandoxaliplatin.They impair cell function by formingcovalent bondswith theamino,carboxyl,sulfhydryl, andphosphate groupsin biologically important molecules.Non-classical alkylating agents includeprocarbazineand hexamethylmelamine. Antimetabolites Anti-metabolitesare a group of molecules that impede DNA and RNA synthesis. Many of them have a similar structure to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The building blocks arenucleotides; a molecule comprising anucleobase, a sugar and aphosphate group. The nucleobases are divided intopurines(guanineandadenine) andpyrimidines(cytosine,thymineanduracil). Anti-metabolites resemble either nucleobases or nucleosides (a nucleotide without the phosphate group), but have alteredchemical groups.These drugs exert their effect by either blocking the enzymes required for DNA synthesis or becoming incorporated into DNA or RNA. By inhibiting the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, they prevent mitosis because the DNA cannot duplicate itself. Also, after misincorporation of the molecules into DNA,DNA damagecan occur and programmed cell death (apoptosis) is induced. Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of the cell cycle, in this caseS-phase(the DNA synthesis phase). For this reason, at a certain dose, the effect plateaus and proportionally no more cell death occurs with increased doses. Subtypes of the anti-metabolites are theanti-folates, fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues andthiopurines. The anti-folates includemethotrexateandpemetrexed. Methotrexate inhibitsdihydrofolate reductase(DHFR), an enzyme that regeneratestetrahydrofolatefromdihydrofolate. When the enzyme is inhibited by methotrexate, the cellular levels of folate coenzymes diminish. These are required forthymidylateand purine production, which are both essential for DNA synthesis and cell division.: 55–59: 11Pemetrexed is another anti-metabolite that affects purine and pyrimidine production, and therefore also inhibits DNA synthesis. It primarily inhibits the enzymethymidylate synthase, but also has effects on DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase andglycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.The fluoropyrimidines includefluorouracilandcapecitabine. Fluorouracil is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells to form at least two active products; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP). FUMP becomes incorporated into RNA and fdUMP inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase; both of which lead to cell death.: 11Capecitabine is aprodrugof 5-fluorouracil that is broken down in cells to produce the active drug.The deoxynucleoside analogues includecytarabine,gemcitabine,decitabine,azacitidine,fludarabine,nelarabine,cladribine,clofarabine, andpentostatin. The thiopurines includethioguanineandmercaptopurine. Anti-microtubule agents Anti-microtubule agentsareplant-derived chemicals that block cell division by preventingmicrotubulefunction. Microtubules are an important cellular structure composed of two proteins,α-tubulinandβ-tubulin. They are hollow, rod-shaped structures that are required for cell division, among other cellular functions.Microtubules are dynamic structures, which means that they are permanently in a state of assembly and disassembly.Vincaalkaloidsandtaxanesare the two main groups of anti-microtubule agents, and although both of these groups of drugs cause microtubule dysfunction, their mechanisms of action are completely opposite:Vincaalkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. By doing so, they can inducemitotic catastrophein the cancer cells.Following this, cell cycle arrest occurs, which induces programmed cell death (apoptosis).These drugs can also affectblood vessel growth, an essential process that tumours utilise in order to grow and metastasise. Vincaalkaloids are derived from theMadagascar periwinkle,Catharanthus roseus,formerly known asVinca rosea. They bind to specific sites on tubulin, inhibiting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The originalvincaalkaloids arenatural productsthat includevincristineandvinblastine.Following the success of these drugs, semi-syntheticvincaalkaloids were produced:vinorelbine(used in the treatment ofnon-small-cell lung cancer),vindesine, andvinflunine.These drugs arecell cycle-specific. They bind to the tubulin molecules inS-phaseand prevent proper microtubule formation required forM-phase. Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class,paclitaxel, was originally extracted fromTaxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew. Now this drug and another in this class,docetaxel, are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree,Taxus baccata. Podophyllotoxinis an antineoplasticlignanobtained primarily from theAmerican mayapple(Podophyllum peltatum) andHimalayan mayapple(Sinopodophyllum hexandrum). It has anti-microtubule activity, and its mechanism is similar to that ofvincaalkaloids in that they bind to tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation. Podophyllotoxin is used to produce two other drugs with different mechanisms of action:etoposideandteniposide. Topoisomerase inhibitors Topoisomerase inhibitors are drugs that affect the activity of two enzymes:topoisomerase Iandtopoisomerase II. When the DNA double-strand helix is unwound, during DNA replication ortranscription, for example, the adjacent unopened DNA winds tighter (supercoils), like opening the middle of a twisted rope. The stress caused by this effect is in part aided by the topoisomerase enzymes. They produce single- or double-strand breaks into DNA, reducing the tension in the DNA strand. This allows the normal unwinding of DNA to occur duringreplicationor transcription. Inhibition of topoisomerase I or II interferes with both of these processes. Two topoisomerase I inhibitors,irinotecanandtopotecan, are semi-synthetically derived fromcamptothecin, which is obtained from the Chinese ornamental treeCamptotheca acuminata.Drugs that target topoisomerase II can be divided into two groups. The topoisomerase II poisons cause increased levels enzymes bound to DNA. This prevents DNA replication and transcription, causes DNA strand breaks, and leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis). These agents includeetoposide,doxorubicin,mitoxantroneandteniposide. The second group, catalytic inhibitors, are drugs that block the activity of topoisomerase II, and therefore prevent DNA synthesis and translation because the DNA cannot unwind properly. This group includesnovobiocin, merbarone, andaclarubicin, which also have other significant mechanisms of action. Cytotoxic antibiotics The cytotoxicantibioticsare a varied group of drugs that have various mechanisms of action. The common theme that they share in their chemotherapy indication is that they interruptcell division. The most important subgroup is theanthracyclinesand thebleomycins; other prominent examples includemitomycin Candactinomycin. Among the anthracyclines,doxorubicinanddaunorubicinwere the first, and were obtained from thebacteriumStreptomyces peucetius.Derivatives of these compounds includeepirubicinandidarubicin. Other clinically used drugs in the anthracycline group arepirarubicin,aclarubicin, andmitoxantrone.The mechanisms of anthracyclines includeDNA intercalation(molecules insert between the two strands of DNA), generation of highly reactivefree radicalsthat damage intercellular molecules and topoisomerase inhibition. Actinomycin is a complex molecule that intercalates DNA and preventsRNA synthesis. Bleomycin, aglycopeptideisolated fromStreptomyces verticillus, also intercalates DNA, but producesfree radicalsthat damage DNA. This occurs when bleomycin binds to ametal ion, becomeschemically reducedand reacts withoxygen.: 87 Mitomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic with the ability to alkylate DNA. Delivery Most chemotherapy isdeliveredintravenously, although a number of agents can be administered orally (e.g.,melphalan,busulfan,capecitabine). According to a recent (2016) systematic review, oral therapies present additional challenges for patients and care teams to maintain and support adherence to treatment plans. There are many intravenous methods of drug delivery, known as vascular access devices. These include thewinged infusion device,peripheral venous catheter, midline catheter,peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC),central venous catheterandimplantable port. The devices have different applications regarding duration of chemotherapy treatment, method of delivery and types of chemotherapeutic agent.: 94–95 Depending on the person, the cancer, the stage of cancer, the type of chemotherapy, and the dosage, intravenous chemotherapy may be given on either aninpatientor anoutpatientbasis. For continuous, frequent or prolonged intravenous chemotherapy administration, various systems may be surgically inserted into the vasculature to maintain access.: 113–118Commonly used systems are theHickman line, thePort-a-Cath, and thePICC line. These have a lower infection risk, are much less prone tophlebitisorextravasation, and eliminate the need for repeated insertion of peripheral cannulae. Isolated limb perfusion(often used inmelanoma),or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liveror the lung have been used to treat some tumors. The main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage.These approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases ormicrometastases. Topical chemotherapies, such as5-fluorouracil, are used to treat some cases ofnon-melanoma skin cancer. If the cancer hascentral nervous systeminvolvement, or with meningeal disease,intrathecalchemotherapy may be administered. Adverse effects Chemotherapeutic techniques have a range of side effects that depend on the type of medications used. The most common medications affect mainly thefast-dividing cellsof the body, such as blood cells and the cells lining the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Chemotherapy-related toxicities can occur acutely after administration, within hours or days, or chronically, from weeks to years.: 265 Immunosuppression and myelosuppression Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of theimmune system, often by paralysing thebone marrowand leading to a decrease ofwhite blood cells,red blood cells, andplatelets.Anemiaandthrombocytopeniamay requireblood transfusion.Neutropenia(a decrease of theneutrophil granulocytecount below 0.5 x 109/litre) can be improved with syntheticG-CSF(granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, e.g.,filgrastim,lenograstim,efbemalenograstim alfa). In very severemyelosuppression, which occurs in some regimens, almost all the bone marrowstem cells(cells that producewhiteandred blood cells) are destroyed, meaningallogenicorautologousbone marrow cell transplantsare necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; inallogenicBMTs, the source is a donor.) However, some people still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow. Although people receiving chemotherapy are encouraged to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection-reducing steps, about 85% of infections are due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the person's owngastrointestinal tract(includingoral cavity) and skin.: 130This may manifest as systemic infections, such assepsis, or as localized outbreaks, such asHerpes simplex,shingles, or other members of theHerpesviridea.The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such asquinolonesortrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazolebefore any fever or sign of infection appears.Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer.However, in general, for every five people who are immunosuppressed following chemotherapy who take an antibiotic, one fever can be prevented; for every 34 who take an antibiotic, one death can be prevented.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because the immune system is suppressed to a critically low level. InJapan, the government has approved the use of somemedicinal mushroomslikeTrametes versicolor, to counteract depression of the immune system in people undergoing chemotherapy. Trilaciclibis an inhibitor ofcyclin-dependent kinase4/6 approved for the prevention of myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy. The drug is given before chemotherapy to protect bone marrow function. Neutropenic enterocolitis Due to immune system suppression,neutropenic enterocolitis(typhlitis) is a \\\"life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy.\\\"Typhlitisis an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms includingnausea,vomiting,diarrhea, adistended abdomen,fever,chills, orabdominal painand tenderness. Typhlitisis amedical emergency. It has a very poorprognosisand is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated.Successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective righthemicolectomyto prevent recurrence. Gastrointestinal distress Nausea,vomiting,anorexia,diarrhea, abdominal cramps, andconstipationare common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells.Malnutritionanddehydrationcan result when the recipient does not eat or drink enough, or when the person vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the person eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. Weight gain can also be caused by some steroid medications. These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated withantiemeticdrugs. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that probiotics may have a preventative and treatment effect of diarrhoea related to chemotherapy alone and with radiotherapy.However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhoea and bloating are also symptoms oftyphlitis, a very serious and potentially life-threateningmedical emergencythat requires immediate treatment. Anemia Anemiacan be a combined outcome caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and possible cancer-related causes such asbleeding,blood celldestruction (hemolysis), hereditary disease, kidney dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies oranemia of chronic disease. Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production (erythropoietin),iron supplements, andblood transfusions.Myelosuppressive therapy can cause a tendency to bleed easily, leading to anemia. Medications that kill rapidly dividing cells or blood cells can reduce the number ofplateletsin the blood, which can result inbruisesandbleeding. Extremely low platelet counts may be temporarily boosted throughplatelet transfusionsand new drugs to increase platelet counts during chemotherapy are being developed.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed to allow platelet counts to recover. Fatiguemay be a consequence of the cancer or its treatment, and can last for months to years after treatment. One physiological cause of fatigue is anemia, which can be caused by chemotherapy,surgery,radiotherapy, primary and metastatic disease or nutritional depletion.Aerobic exercisehas been found to be beneficial in reducing fatigue in people withsolid tumours. Nausea and vomiting Nauseaandvomitingare two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side-effects for people with cancer and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that people receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side-effects, respectively.Up to 20% of people receiving highly emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused potentially curative treatments.Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are common with many treatments and some forms of cancer. Since the 1990s, several novel classes ofantiemeticshave been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to successfully manage these symptoms in many people. Effective mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes debilitating symptoms results in increased quality of life for the recipient and more efficient treatment cycles, due to less stoppage of treatment due to better tolerance and better overall health. Hair loss Hair loss(alopecia) can be caused by chemotherapy that kills rapidly dividing cells; other medications may cause hair to thin. These are most often temporary effects: hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, but sometimes with a change in color, texture, thickness or style. Sometimes hair has a tendency to curl after regrowth, resulting in \\\"chemo curls.\\\" Severe hair loss occurs most often with drugs such asdoxorubicin,daunorubicin,paclitaxel,docetaxel,cyclophosphamide,ifosfamideandetoposide. Permanent thinning or hair loss can result from some standard chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy induced hair loss occurs by a non-androgenic mechanism, and can manifest asalopecia totalis, telogen effluvium, or less oftenalopecia areata.It is usually associated with systemic treatment due to the high mitotic rate of hair follicles, and more reversible than androgenic hair loss,although permanent cases can occur.Chemotherapy induces hair loss in women more often than men. Scalp coolingoffers a means of preventing both permanent and temporary hair loss; however, concerns about this method have been raised. Secondary neoplasm Development of secondary neoplasia after successful chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment can occur. The most commonsecondary neoplasmis secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors.Survivors ofchildhood cancerare more than 13 times as likely to get asecondary neoplasmduring the 30 years after treatment than the general population.Not all of this increase can be attributed to chemotherapy. Infertility Some types of chemotherapy are gonadotoxic and may causeinfertility.Chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil, and chlormethine.Drugs with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin.On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine,antibioticssuch as bleomycin and dactinomycin, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, and 5-fluorouracil. Female infertilityby chemotherapy appears to be secondary topremature ovarian failureby loss ofprimordial follicles.This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. People may choose between several methods offertility preservationprior to chemotherapy, includingcryopreservationof semen, ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos.As more than half of cancer patients are elderly, this adverse effect is only relevant for a minority of patients. A study in France between 1999 and 2011 came to the result that embryo freezing before administration of gonadotoxic agents to females caused a delay of treatment in 34% of cases, and a live birth in 27% of surviving cases who wanted to become pregnant, with the follow-up time varying between 1 and 13 years. Potential protective or attenuating agents includeGnRH analogs, where several studies have shown a protective effectin vivoin humans, but some studies show no such effect.Sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P) has shown similar effect, but its mechanism of inhibiting thesphingomyelin apoptotic pathwaymay also interfere with theapoptosisaction of chemotherapy drugs. In chemotherapy as aconditioning regimenin hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a study of people conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone for severe aplastic anemia came to the result that ovarian recovery occurred in all women younger than 26 years at time of transplantation, but only in five of 16 women older than 26 years. Teratogenicity Chemotherapy isteratogenicduringpregnancy, especially during thefirst trimester, to the extent thatabortionusually is recommended if pregnancy in this period is found during chemotherapy.Second- and third-trimester exposure does not usually increase the teratogenic risk and adverse effects on cognitive development, but it may increase the risk of variouscomplications of pregnancyand fetal myelosuppression. Female patients of reproductive potential should use effectivecontraceptionduring chemotherapy and for a few months after the last dose (e.g. 6 month fordoxorubicin). In males previously having undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy.The use ofassisted reproductive technologiesandmicromanipulation techniquesmight increase this risk.In females previously having undergone chemotherapy, miscarriage and congenital malformations are not increased in subsequent conceptions.However, whenin vitro fertilizationandembryo cryopreservationis practised between or shortly after treatment, possible genetic risks to the growing oocytes exist, and hence it has been recommended that the babies be screened. Peripheral neuropathy Between 30 and 40 percent of people undergoing chemotherapy experiencechemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy(CIPN), a progressive, enduring, and often irreversible condition, causing pain, tingling, numbness and sensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes progressing to the arms and legs.Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN includethalidomide,epothilones,vincaalkaloids, taxanes,proteasome inhibitors, and the platinum-based drugs.Whether CIPN arises, and to what degree, is determined by the choice of drug, duration of use, the total amount consumed and whether the person already hasperipheral neuropathy. Though the symptoms are mainly sensory, in some casesmotor nervesand theautonomic nervous systemare affected.CIPN often follows the first chemotherapy dose and increases in severity as treatment continues, but this progression usually levels off at completion of treatment. The platinum-based drugs are the exception; with these drugs, sensation may continue to deteriorate for several months after the end of treatment.Some CIPN appears to be irreversible.Pain can often be managed with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment. Cognitive impairment Some people receiving chemotherapy report fatigue or non-specific neurocognitive problems, such as an inability to concentrate; this is sometimes calledpost-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, referred to as \\\"chemo brain\\\" in popular and social media. Tumor lysis syndrome In particularly large tumors and cancers with highwhite cell counts, such aslymphomas,teratomas, and someleukemias, some people developtumor lysis syndrome. The rapid breakdown of cancer cells causes the release of chemicals from the inside of the cells. Following this, high levels ofuric acid,potassiumandphosphateare found in the blood. High levels of phosphate induce secondary hypoparathyroidism, resulting in low levels of calcium in the blood.This causes kidney damage and the high levels of potassium can causecardiac arrhythmia. Although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated in people with large tumors, this is a dangerous side-effect that can lead to death if left untreated.: 202 Organ damage Cardiotoxicity(heart damage) is especially prominent with the use ofanthracyclinedrugs (doxorubicin,epirubicin,idarubicin, andliposomal doxorubicin). The cause of this is most likely due to the production offree radicalsin the cell and subsequentDNA damage. Other chemotherapeutic agents that cause cardiotoxicity, but at a lower incidence, arecyclophosphamide,docetaxelandclofarabine. Hepatotoxicity(liver damage) can be caused by many cytotoxic drugs. The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself,viral hepatitis,immunosuppressionandnutritional deficiency. The liver damage can consist of damage to liver cells,hepatic sinusoidal syndrome(obstruction of the veins in the liver),cholestasis(where bile does not flow from the liver to the intestine) andliver fibrosis. Nephrotoxicity(kidney damage) can be caused bytumor lysis syndromeand also due direct effects of drug clearance by the kidneys. Different drugs will affect different parts of the kidney and the toxicity may beasymptomatic(only seen on blood or urine tests) or may causeacute kidney injury. Ototoxicity(damage to the inner ear) is a common side effect of platinum based drugs that can produce symptoms such as dizziness andvertigo.Children treated with platinum analogues have been found to be at risk for developing hearing loss. Other side-effects Less common side-effects include red skin (erythema), dry skin, damaged fingernails, a dry mouth (xerostomia),water retention, andsexual impotence. Some medications can triggerallergicorpseudoallergicreactions. Specific chemotherapeutic agents are associated with organ-specific toxicities, includingcardiovascular disease(e.g.,doxorubicin),interstitial lung disease(e.g.,bleomycin) and occasionallysecondary neoplasm(e.g.,MOPPtherapy for Hodgkin's disease). Hand-foot syndromeis another side effect to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Nutritional problems are also frequently seen in cancer patients at diagnosis and through chemotherapy treatment. Research suggests that in children and young people undergoing cancer treatment,parenteral nutritionmay help with this leading to weight gain and increased calorie and protein intake, when compared to enteral nutrition. Limitations Chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. People frequently fail to understand its limitations. In one study of people who had been newly diagnosed with incurable,stage 4 cancer, more than two-thirds of people with lung cancer and more than four-fifths of people with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely to cure their cancer. Theblood–brain barrierposes an obstacle to delivery of chemotherapy to thebrain. This is because the brain has an extensive system in place to protect it from harmful chemicals. Drug transporters can pump out drugs from the brain and brain's blood vessel cells into thecerebrospinal fluidand blood circulation. These transporters pump out most chemotherapy drugs, which reduces their efficacy for treatment of brain tumors. Only smalllipophilicalkylating agentssuch aslomustineortemozolomideare able to cross this blood–brain barrier. Blood vesselsin tumors are very different from those seen in normal tissues. As a tumor grows, tumor cells furthest away from the blood vessels become low in oxygen (hypoxic). To counteract this they then signal for new blood vessels to grow. The newly formed tumor vasculature is poorly formed and does not deliver an adequate blood supply to all areas of the tumor. This leads to issues with drug delivery because many drugs will be delivered to the tumor by thecirculatory system. Resistance Resistanceis a major cause of treatment failure in chemotherapeutic drugs. There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts of these pumps, known asp-glycoprotein, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p-glycoprotein and other such chemotherapy efflux pumps is currently ongoing. Medications to inhibit the function of p-glycoprotein are undergoing investigation, but due to toxicities and interactions with anti-cancer drugs their development has been difficult.Another mechanism of resistance isgene amplification, a process in which multiple copies of a gene are produced by cancer cells. This overcomes the effect of drugs that reduce the expression of genes involved in replication. With more copies of the gene, the drug can not prevent all expression of the gene and therefore the cell can restore its proliferative ability. Cancer cells can also cause defects in the cellular pathways ofapoptosis(programmed cell death). As most chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells in this manner, defective apoptosis allows survival of these cells, making them resistant. Many chemotherapy drugs also cause DNA damage, which can be repaired byenzymesin the cell that carry outDNA repair. Upregulation of these genes can overcome the DNA damage and prevent the induction of apoptosis. Mutations in genes that produce drug target proteins, such astubulin, can occur which prevent the drugs from binding to the protein, leading to resistance to these types of drugs.Drugs used in chemotherapy can induce cell stress, which can kill a cancer cell; however, under certain conditions, cells stress can induce changes in gene expression that enables resistance to several types of drugs.Inlung cancer, the transcription factorNFκBis thought to play a role in resistance to chemotherapy, via inflammatory pathways. Cytotoxics and targeted therapies Targeted therapiesare a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics. They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies. The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs. They will kill any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal. Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells.This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues. Although theside effectsare often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur. Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein. Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind. An example target for targeted therapy is the BCR-ABL1 protein produced from thePhiladelphia chromosome, a genetic lesion found commonly inchronic myelogenous leukemiaand in some patients withacute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thisfusion proteinhas enzyme activity that can be inhibited byimatinib, asmall moleculedrug. Mechanism of action Canceris the uncontrolled growth ofcellscoupled withmalignantbehaviour: invasion andmetastasis(among other features).It is caused by the interaction betweengeneticsusceptibility and environmental factors.These factors lead to accumulations ofgenetic mutationsinoncogenes(genes that control the growth rate of cells) andtumor suppressor genes(genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth.: 93–94 In the broad sense, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairingmitosis(cell division), effectively targetingfast-dividing cells. As these drugs cause damage to cells, they are termedcytotoxic. They prevent mitosis by various mechanisms including damaging DNA and inhibition of the cellular machinery involved in cell division.One theory as to why these drugs kill cancer cells is that they induce a programmed form of cell death known asapoptosis. As chemotherapy affects cell division, tumors with highgrowth rates(such asacute myelogenous leukemiaand the aggressivelymphomas, includingHodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy, as a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoingcell divisionat any time. Malignancies with slower growth rates, such as indolent lymphomas, tend to respond to chemotherapy much more modestly.Heterogeneic tumoursmay also display varying sensitivities to chemotherapy agents, depending on the subclonal populations within the tumor. Cells from theimmune systemalso make crucial contributions to the antitumor effects of chemotherapy.For example, the chemotherapeutic drugsoxaliplatinandcyclophosphamidecan cause tumor cells to die in a way that is detectable by the immune system (calledimmunogenic cell death), which mobilizes immune cells with antitumor functions.Chemotherapeutic drugs that cause cancer immunogenic tumor cell death can make unresponsive tumors sensitive toimmune checkpointtherapy. Other uses Some chemotherapy drugs are used in diseases other than cancer, such as in autoimmune disorders,and noncancerousplasma cell dyscrasia. In some cases they are often used at lower doses, which means that the side effects are minimized,while in other cases doses similar to ones used to treat cancer are used.Methotrexateis used in the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis(RA),psoriasis,ankylosing spondylitisandmultiple sclerosis.The anti-inflammatory response seen in RA is thought to be due to increases inadenosine, which causesimmunosuppression; effects on immuno-regulatorycyclooxygenase-2 enzyme pathways; reduction in pro-inflammatorycytokines; and anti-proliferative properties.Although methotrexate is used to treat both multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis, its efficacy in these diseases is still uncertain.Cyclophosphamideis sometimes used to treatlupus nephritis, a common symptom ofsystemic lupus erythematosus.Dexamethasonealong with eitherbortezomibormelphalanis commonly used as a treatment forAL amyloidosis. Recently, bortezomid in combination withcyclophosphamideand dexamethasone has also shown promise as a treatment for AL amyloidosis. Other drugs used to treatmyelomasuch aslenalidomidehave shown promise in treating AL amyloidosis. Chemotherapy drugs are also used inconditioning regimensprior to bone marrow transplant (hematopoietic stem cell transplant). Conditioning regimens are used to suppress the recipient's immune system in order to allow a transplant to engraft. Cyclophosphamide is a common cytotoxic drug used in this manner and is often used in conjunction withtotal body irradiation. Chemotherapeutic drugs may be used at high doses to permanently remove the recipient's bone marrow cells (myeloablative conditioning) or at lower doses that will prevent permanent bone marrow loss (non-myeloablative and reduced intensity conditioning).When used in non-cancer setting, the treatment is still called \\\"chemotherapy\\\", and is often done in the same treatment centers used for people with cancer. Occupational exposure and safe handling In the 1970s, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drugs were identified as hazardous, and theAmerican Society of Health-System Pharmacists(ASHP) has since then introduced the concept ofhazardous drugsafter publishing a recommendation in 1983 regarding handling hazardous drugs. The adaptation of federal regulations came when the U.S.Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) first released its guidelines in 1986 and then updated them in 1996, 1999, and, most recently, 2006. TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) has been conducting an assessment in the workplace since then regarding these drugs. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs has been linked to multiple health effects, including infertility and possible carcinogenic effects. A few cases have been reported by the NIOSH alert report, such as one in which a female pharmacist was diagnosed with papillary transitional cell carcinoma. Twelve years before the pharmacist was diagnosed with the condition, she had worked for 20 months in a hospital where she was responsible for preparing multiple antineoplastic drugs.The pharmacist did not have any other risk factor for cancer, and therefore, her cancer was attributed to the exposure to the antineoplastic drugs, although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established in the literature. Another case happened when a malfunction in biosafety cabinetry is believed to have exposed nursing personnel to antineoplastic drugs. Investigations revealed evidence of genotoxic biomarkers two and nine months after that exposure. Routes of exposure Antineoplastic drugs are usually given throughintravenous,intramuscular,intrathecal, orsubcutaneousadministration. In most cases, before the medication is administered to the patient, it needs to be prepared and handled by several workers. Any worker who is involved in handling, preparing, or administering the drugs, or with cleaning objects that have come into contact with antineoplastic drugs, is potentially exposed to hazardous drugs.Health care workers are exposed to drugs in different circumstances, such as when pharmacists and pharmacy technicians prepare and handle antineoplastic drugs and when nurses and physicians administer the drugs to patients. Additionally, those who are responsible for disposing antineoplastic drugs in health care facilities are also at risk of exposure. Dermal exposure is thought to be the main route of exposure due to the fact that significant amounts of the antineoplastic agents have been found in the gloves worn by healthcare workers who prepare, handle, and administer the agents. Another noteworthy route of exposure is inhalation of the drugs' vapors. Multiple studies have investigated inhalation as a route of exposure, and although air sampling has not shown any dangerous levels, it is still a potential route of exposure. Ingestion by hand to mouth is a route of exposure that is less likely compared to others because of the enforced hygienic standard in the health institutions. However, it is still a potential route, especially in the workplace, outside of a health institute. One can also be exposed to these hazardous drugs through injection byneedle sticks. Research conducted in this area has established that occupational exposure occurs by examining evidence in multiple urine samples from health care workers. Hazards Hazardous drugs expose health care workers to serious health risks. Many studies show that antineoplastic drugs could have many side effects on the reproductive system, such as fetal loss, congenital malformation, and infertility. Health care workers who are exposed to antineoplastic drugs on many occasions have adverse reproductive outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital malformations. Moreover, studies have shown that exposure to these drugs leads to menstrual cycle irregularities. Antineoplastic drugs may also increase the risk of learning disabilities among children of health care workers who are exposed to these hazardous substances. Moreover, these drugs havecarcinogeniceffects. In the past five decades, multiple studies have shown the carcinogenic effects of exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Similarly, there have been research studies that linked alkylating agents with humans developing leukemias. Studies have reported elevated risk of breast cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer, and cancer of the rectum among nurses who are exposed to these drugs. Other investigations revealed that there is a potentialgenotoxiceffect from anti-neoplastic drugs to workers in health care settings. Safe handling in health care settings As of 2018, there were nooccupational exposure limitsset for antineoplastic drugs, i.e., OSHA or theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) have not set workplace safety guidelines. Preparation NIOSH recommends using aventilated cabinetthat is designed to decrease worker exposure. Additionally, it recommends training of all staff, the use of cabinets, implementing an initial evaluation of the technique of the safety program, and wearing protective gloves and gowns when opening drug packaging, handling vials, or labeling. When wearingpersonal protective equipment, one should inspect gloves for physical defects before use and always wear double gloves and protective gowns. Health care workers are also required to wash their hands with water and soap before and after working with antineoplastic drugs, change gloves every 30 minutes or whenever punctured, and discard them immediately in a chemotherapy waste container. The gowns used should be disposable gowns made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene. When wearing gowns, individuals should make sure that the gowns are closed and have long sleeves. When preparation is done, the final product should be completely sealed in a plastic bag. The health care worker should also wipe all waste containers inside the ventilated cabinet before removing them from the cabinet. Finally, workers should remove all protective wear and put them in a bag for their disposal inside the ventilated cabinet. Administration Drugs should only be administered using protective medical devices such as needle lists and closed systems and techniques such as priming of IV tubing by pharmacy personnel inside a ventilated cabinet. Workers should always wear personal protective equipment such as double gloves, goggles, and protective gowns when opening the outer bag and assembling the delivery system to deliver the drug to the patient, and when disposing of all material used in the administration of the drugs. Hospital workers should never remove tubing from an IV bag that contains an antineoplastic drug, and when disconnecting the tubing in the system, they should make sure the tubing has been thoroughly flushed. After removing the IV bag, the workers should place it together with other disposable items directly in the yellow chemotherapy waste container with the lid closed. Protective equipment should be removed and put into a disposable chemotherapy waste container. After this has been done, one should double bag the chemotherapy waste before or after removing one's inner gloves. Moreover, one must always wash one's hands with soap and water before leaving the drug administration site. Employee training All employees whose jobs in health care facilities expose them to hazardous drugs must receive training. Training should include shipping and receiving personnel, housekeepers, pharmacists, assistants, and all individuals involved in the transportation and storage of antineoplastic drugs. These individuals should receive information and training to inform them of the hazards of the drugs present in their areas of work. They should be informed and trained on operations and procedures in their work areas where they can encounter hazards, different methods used to detect the presence of hazardous drugs and how the hazards are released, and the physical and health hazards of the drugs, including their reproductive and carcinogenic hazard potential. Additionally, they should be informed and trained on the measures they should take to avoid and protect themselves from these hazards. This information ought to be provided when health care workers come into contact with the drugs, that is, perform the initial assignment in a work area with hazardous drugs. Moreover, training should also be provided when new hazards emerge as well as when new drugs, procedures, or equipment are introduced. Housekeeping and waste disposal When performing cleaning and decontaminating the work area where antineoplastic drugs are used, one should make sure that there is sufficient ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne drug concentrations. When cleaning the work surface, hospital workers should use deactivation and cleaning agents before and after each activity as well as at the end of their shifts. Cleaning should always be done using double protective gloves and disposable gowns. After employees finish up cleaning, they should dispose of the items used in the activity in a yellow chemotherapy waste container while still wearing protective gloves. After removing the gloves, they should thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water. Anything that comes into contact or has a trace of the antineoplastic drugs, such as needles, empty vials, syringes, gowns, and gloves, should be put in the chemotherapy waste container. Spill control A written policy needs to be in place in case of a spill of antineoplastic products. The policy should address the possibility of various sizes of spills as well as the procedure and personal protective equipment required for each size. A trained worker should handle a large spill and always dispose of all cleanup materials in the chemical waste container according to EPA regulations, not in a yellow chemotherapy waste container. Occupational monitoring Amedical surveillanceprogram must be established. In case of exposure, occupational health professionals need to ask for a detailed history and do a thorough physical exam. They should test the urine of the potentially exposed worker by doing aurine dipstickor microscopic examination, mainly looking for blood, as several antineoplastic drugs are known to cause bladder damage. Urinary mutagenicity is a marker of exposure to antineoplastic drugs that was first used by Falck and colleagues in 1979 and uses bacterial mutagenicity assays. Apart from being nonspecific, the test can be influenced by extraneous factors such as dietary intake and smoking and is, therefore, used sparingly. However, the test played a significant role in changing the use of horizontal flow cabinets to vertical flow biological safety cabinets during the preparation of antineoplastic drugs because the former exposed health care workers to high levels of drugs. This changed the handling of drugs and effectively reduced workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Biomarkers of exposure to antineoplastic drugs commonly include urinaryplatinum,methotrexate, urinarycyclophosphamideandifosfamide, and urinary metabolite of5-fluorouracil. In addition to this, there are other drugs used to measure the drugs directly in the urine, although they are rarely used. A measurement of these drugs directly in one's urine is a sign of high exposure levels and that an uptake of the drugs is happening either through inhalation or dermally. Available agents There is an extensivelist of antineoplastic agents. Several classification schemes have been used to subdivide the medicines used for cancer into several different types. History The first use ofsmall-molecule drugsto treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although the specific chemicals first used were not originally intended for that purpose.Mustard gaswas used as achemical warfareagent duringWorld War Iand was discovered to be a potent suppressor ofhematopoiesis(blood production).A similar family of compounds known asnitrogen mustardswere studied further duringWorld War IIat theYale School of Medicine.It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer.Therefore, in December 1942, several people with advancedlymphomas(cancers of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas.Their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable.Concurrently, during a military operation in World War II, following a Germanair raidon the Italian harbour ofBari, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by theAllied forcesto prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of chemical warfare. The survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts.After WWII was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have similar effects against cancer. The first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research wasmustine. Since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion-dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply. The termchemotherapy The wordchemotherapywithout a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning was broader. The term was coined in the early 1900s byPaul Ehrlichas meaning any use of chemicals to treat any disease (chemo-+-therapy), such as the use ofantibiotics(antibacterial chemotherapy).Ehrlich was not optimistic that effective chemotherapy drugs would be found for the treatment of cancer.The first modern chemotherapeutic agent wasarsphenamine, an arsenic compound discovered in 1907 and used to treatsyphilis.This was later followed bysulfonamides(sulfa drugs) andpenicillin. In today'susage, thesense\\\"any treatment of disease with drugs\\\" is often expressed with the wordpharmacotherapy. In terms of metaphorical language, 'chemotherapy' can be paralleled with the idea of a 'storm', as both can cause distress but afterwards may have a healing/cleaning effect. Research Targeted delivery vehicles Specially targeted delivery vehicles aim to increase effective levels of chemotherapy for tumor cells while reducing effective levels for other cells. This should result in an increased tumor kill or reduced toxicity or both. Antibody-drug conjugates Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs) comprise anantibody, drug and a linker between them. The antibody will be targeted at a preferentially expressed protein in the tumour cells (known as atumor antigen) or on cells that the tumor can utilise, such as blood vesselendothelial cells. They bind to the tumor antigen and are internalised, where the linker releases the drug into the cell. These specially targeted delivery vehicles vary in their stability, selectivity, and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells.Reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in people who are sicker and that they can carry new chemotherapeutic agents that would have been far too toxic to deliver via traditional systemic approaches. The first approved drug of this type wasgemtuzumab ozogamicin(Mylotarg), released byWyeth(nowPfizer). The drug was approved to treatacute myeloid leukemia.Two other drugs,trastuzumab emtansineandbrentuximab vedotin, are both in late clinical trials, and the latter has been granted accelerated approval for the treatment ofrefractoryHodgkin's lymphomaand systemicanaplastic large cell lymphoma. Nanoparticles Nanoparticlesare 1–1000nanometer(nm) sized particles that can promote tumor selectivity and aid in delivering low-solubilitydrugs. Nanoparticles can be targeted passively or actively. Passive targeting exploits the difference between tumor blood vessels and normal blood vessels. Blood vessels in tumors are \\\"leaky\\\" because they have gaps from 200 to 2000 nm, which allow nanoparticles to escape into the tumor. Active targeting uses biological molecules (antibodies,proteins,DNAandreceptor ligands) to preferentially target the nanoparticles to the tumor cells. There are many types of nanoparticle delivery systems, such assilica,polymers,liposomesand magnetic particles. Nanoparticles made of magnetic material can also be used to concentrate agents at tumor sites using an externally applied magnetic field.They have emerged as a useful vehicle inmagnetic drug deliveryfor poorly soluble agents such aspaclitaxel. Electrochemotherapy Electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is followed by application of high-voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor. The treatment enables the chemotherapeutic drugs, which otherwise cannot or hardly go through the membrane of cells (such as bleomycin and cisplatin), to enter the cancer cells. Hence, greater effectiveness of antitumor treatment is achieved. Clinical electrochemotherapy has been successfully used for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors irrespective of their histological origin.The method has been reported as safe, simple and highly effective in all reports on clinical use of electrochemotherapy. According to the ESOPE project (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy), the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for electrochemotherapy were prepared, based on the experience of the leading European cancer centres on electrochemotherapy.Recently, new electrochemotherapy modalities have been developed for treatment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutaneous approaches to gain access to the treatment area. Hyperthermia therapy Hyperthermia therapyis heat treatment for cancer that can be a powerful tool when used in combination with chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy) or radiation for the control of a variety of cancers. The heat can be applied locally to the tumor site, which will dilate blood vessels to the tumor, allowing more chemotherapeutic medication to enter the tumor. Additionally, the tumor cell membrane will become more porous, further allowing more of the chemotherapeutic medicine to enter the tumor cell. Hyperthermia has also been shown to help prevent or reverse \\\"chemo-resistance.\\\" Chemotherapy resistance sometimes develops over time as the tumors adapt and can overcome the toxicity of the chemo medication. \\\"Overcoming chemoresistance has been extensively studied within the past, especially using CDDP-resistant cells. In regard to the potential benefit that drug-resistant cells can be recruited for effective therapy by combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia, it was important to show that chemoresistance against several anticancer drugs (e.g. mitomycin C, anthracyclines, BCNU, melphalan) including CDDP could be reversed at least partially by the addition of heat. Other animals Chemotherapy is used in veterinary medicine similar to how it is used in human medicine. See also References External links\",\n \"Mustard gas Mustard gasorsulfur mustardare names commonly used for theorganosulfurchemical compoundbis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents−SCH2CH2X or −N(CH2CH2X)2are known assulfur mustardsornitrogen mustards, respectively, where X = Cl or Br. Such compounds are potentalkylating agents, making mustard gas acutely and severely toxic.Mustard gas is acarcinogen.There is no preventative agent against mustard gas, with protection depending entirely on skin and airways protection, and noantidoteexists for mustard poisoning. Also known as mustard agents, this family of compounds comprises infamouscytotoxinsandblister agentswith a long history of use aschemical weapons.The namemustard gasis technically incorrect; the substances, whendispersed, are often not gases but a fine mist of liquid droplets that can be readily absorbed through the skin and by inhalation.The skin can be affected by contact with either the liquid or vapor. The rate of penetration into skin is proportional to dose, temperature and humidity. Sulfur mustards are viscous liquids at room temperature and have an odor resemblingmustard plants,garlic, orhorseradish, hence the name.When pure, they are colorless, but when used in impure forms, such as in warfare, they are usuallyyellow-brown. Mustard gases formblisterson exposed skin and in the lungs, often resulting in prolonged illness ending in death. History as chemical weapons Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent.As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used inWorld War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including theIran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties.Sulfur-based andnitrogen-basedmustard agents are regulated underSchedule 1of the 1993Chemical Weapons Convention, as substances with few uses other than inchemical warfare.Mustard agents can be deployed by means ofartillery shells,aerial bombs,rockets, or by spraying from aircraft. Adverse health effects Mustard gases have powerfulblisteringeffects on victims. They are alsocarcinogenicandmutagenicalkylating agents.Their highlipophilicityaccelerates their absorption into the body.Because mustard agents often do not elicit immediate symptoms, contaminated areas may appear normal.Within 24 hours of exposure, victims experience intenseitchingand skin irritation. If this irritation goes untreated, blisters filled withpuscan form wherever the agent contacted the skin.Aschemical burns, these are severely debilitating. If the victim's eyes were exposed, then they become sore, starting withconjunctivitis(also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary blindness. Extreme ocular exposure to mustard gas vapors may result incorneal ulceration, anterior chamber scarring, andneovascularization.In these severe and infrequent cases,corneal transplantationhas been used as a treatment option.Miosis, when the pupil constricts more than usual, may also occur, which may be the result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard.If inhaled in high concentrations, mustard agents cause bleeding and blistering within therespiratory system, damagingmucous membranesand causingpulmonary edema.Depending on the level of contamination, mustard agent burns can vary betweenfirstandsecond degree burns. They can also be as severe, disfiguring, and dangerous asthird degree burns. Some 80% of sulfur mustard in contact with the skin evaporates, while 10% stays in the skin and 10% is absorbed and circulated in the blood. The carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of exposure to mustard gas increase the risk of developingcancerlater in life.In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were significantly mutated in the lungs and airways of mustard gas victims. Those genes all correspond to functions commonly affected by mustard gas exposure, includingapoptosis, inflammation, and stress responses.The long-term ocular complications include burning, tearing, itching,photophobia,presbyopia, pain, and foreign-body sensations. Medical management In a rinse-wipe-rinse sequence, skin is decontaminated of mustard gas by washing with liquid soap and water, or an absorbent powder.The eyes should be thoroughly rinsed using saline or clean water. A topical analgesic is used to relieve skin pain during decontamination. The blistering effects of mustard gas can be neutralized by decontamination solutions such as \\\"DS2\\\" (2%NaOH, 70%diethylenetriamine, 28%2-methoxyethanol).For skin lesions, topical treatments, such ascalamine lotion, steroids, and oralantihistaminesare used to relieve itching.Larger blisters are irrigated repeatedly with saline or soapy water, then treated with an antibiotic and petroleum gauze. Mustard agent burns do not heal quickly and (as with other types of burns) present a risk ofsepsiscaused bypathogenssuch asStaphylococcus aureusandPseudomonas aeruginosa. The mechanisms behind mustard gas's effect on endothelial cells are still being studied, but recent studies have shown that high levels of exposure can induce high rates of bothnecrosisandapoptosis. In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mMN-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protectsactinfilaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin filaments play a large role in the severe burns observed in victims. A British nurse treating soldiers with mustard agent burns duringWorld War Icommented: They cannot be bandaged or touched. We cover them with a tent of propped-up sheets. Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain, even with the worst wounds, but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they cannot help crying out. Mechanism of cellular toxicity Sulfur mustards readily eliminatechlorideions by intramolecularnucleophilic substitutionto form cyclicsulfoniumions. These very reactive intermediates tend to permanentlyalkylatenucleotidesinDNAstrands, which can prevent cellular division, leading toprogrammed cell death.Alternatively, if cell death is not immediate, the damaged DNA can lead to the development of cancer.Oxidative stresswould be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity. In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BC2H4X, where X is anyleaving groupand B is aLewis base, are known asmustards.Such compounds can form cyclic\\\"onium\\\" ions(sulfonium,ammonium, etc.) that are goodalkylating agents. Other such compounds are bis(2-haloethyl)ethers (oxygen mustards), the (2-haloethyl)amines (nitrogen mustards), andsesquimustard, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClC2H4S−) connected by an ethylene bridge (−C2H4−).These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties vary. Formulations In its history, various types and mixtures of mustard gas have been employed. These include: Commonly-stockpiled mustard agents (class) History Development Mustard gases were possibly developed as early as 1822 byCésar-Mansuète Despretz(1798–1863).Despretz described the reaction ofsulfur dichlorideandethylenebut never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientistFrederick Guthriesynthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting.Also in 1860, chemistAlbert Niemann, known as a pioneer incocainechemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886,Viktor Meyerpublished a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined2-chloroethanolwithaqueouspotassium sulfide, and then treated the resultingthiodiglycolwithphosphorus trichloride. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assistant, and in order to rule out the possibility that his assistant was suffering from a mental illness (psychosomatic symptoms), Meyer had this compound tested on laboratoryrabbits, most of which died. In 1913, the English chemistHans Thacher Clarke(known for theEschweiler-Clarke reaction) replaced the phosphorus trichloride withhydrochloric acidin Meyer's formulation while working withEmil FischerinBerlin. Clarke was hospitalized for two months for burns after one of his flasks broke. According to Meyer, Fischer's report on this accident to theGerman Chemical Societysent theGerman Empireon the road to chemical weapons. Mustard gas can have the effect of turning a patient's skin different colors, including shades of red, orange, pink, and in unusual cases, blue. TheGerman EmpireduringWorld War Irelied on the Meyer-Clarke method because2-chloroethanolwas readily available from the German dye industry of that time. Use Mustard gas was firstused in World War Iby the German army against British and Canadian soldiers nearYpres, Belgium, on July 12, 1917.Later also against theFrench Second Army.Yperiteis \\\"a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres.\\\"The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 atCambrai, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred onAvonmouth Docks(the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process).This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of theHindenburg Line. Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel andWilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method of large-scale production for theImperial German Armyin 1916. Mustard gas was dispersed as anaerosolin a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions asaerial bombs,land mines,mortar rounds,artillery shells, androckets.Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as anincapacitating agent. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing agas maskwas not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. A common countermeasure was using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a readily available remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries (e.g.They Shall Not Grow Oldin 2018) and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs; however, the effectiveness of this measure is unclear. Mustard gas can remain in the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates one's clothing and equipment while cold, then other people with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warm up enough material to become an airborne toxic agent. An example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches, particularly once the \\\"sousterrain\\\" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as anarea-denial weaponthat forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas. Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind: The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard gas, during warfare is known aschemical warfare, and this kind of warfare was prohibited by theGeneva Protocol of 1925, and also by the laterChemical Weapons Convention of 1993. The latter agreement also prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and sale of such weapons. In September 2012, a US official stated that the rebel militant groupISISwas manufacturing and using mustard gas in Syria and Iraq, which was allegedly confirmed by the group's head of chemical weapons development, Sleiman Daoud al-Afari, who has since been captured. Development of the first chemotherapy drug As early as 1919 it was known that mustard agent was a suppressor ofhematopoiesis.In addition, autopsies performed on 75 soldiers who had died of mustard agent duringWorld War Iwere done by researchers from theUniversity of Pennsylvaniawho reported decreased counts ofwhite blood cells.This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments atYale Universityto conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II. As a part of this effort, the group investigatednitrogen mustardas a therapy forHodgkin's lymphomaand other types oflymphomaandleukemia, and this compound was tried out on its first human patient in December 1942. The results of this study were not published until 1946, when they were declassified.In a parallel track, after theair raid on Bariin December 1943, the doctors of the U.S. Army noted that white blood cell counts were reduced in their patients. Some years after World War II was over, the incident in Bari and the work of the Yale University group with nitrogen mustard converged, and this prompted a search for other similarchemical compounds. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard called \\\"HN2\\\" became the first cancerchemotherapydrug,chlormethine(also known as mechlorethamine, mustine) to be used. Chlormethine and other mustard gas molecules are still used to this day as an chemotherapy agent albeit they have largely been replaced with more safe chemotherapy drugs likecisplatinandcarboplatin. Disposal In the United States, storage and incineration of mustard gas and other chemical weapons were carried out by the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency.Disposal projects at the two remaining American chemical weapons sites were carried out nearRichmond, Kentucky, andPueblo, Colorado. Although not yet declassified,toxicology specialists who dealt with the accidental puncturing of World War I gas stockpiles add that Air Force bases in Colorado have been made available to assist veterans of the 2003 American war with Iraq in which many Marines were exposed to gas as caches of up to 25,000 lb (11,000 kg).The United Nations definition of a weapon of mass destruction for mustard gas is 30,000 lb (14,000 kg), typically the Marines and other coalition allies discovered caches of 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) located across a road from 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) caches as multiple memoirs attest. These were discovered by the assistance of host country allies, or through leaks affecting personnel in an area with a weapon and gas cache called anASP. New detection techniques are being developed in order to detect the presence of mustard gas and its metabolites. The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. Theimmunochromatographicassay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilians from sulfur-mustard dumping sites. In 1946, 10,000 drums of mustard gas (2,800 tonnes) stored at the production facility of Stormont Chemicals inCornwall, Ontario, Canada, were loaded onto 187 boxcars for the 900 miles (1,400 km) journey to be buried at sea on board a 400 foot (120 m) long barge 40 miles (64 km) south ofSable Island, southeast ofHalifax, at a depth of 600 fathoms (1,100 m). The dump location is 42 degrees, 50 minutes north by 60 degrees, 12 minutes west. A large British stockpile of old mustard agent that had been made and stored since World War I atM. S. Factory, ValleynearRhydymwyninFlintshire, Wales, was destroyed in 1958. Most of the mustard gas found in Germany afterWorld War IIwas dumped into theBaltic Sea. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found about 700 chemical weapons in the region ofBornholm, most of which contain mustard gas. One of the more frequently dumped weapons was \\\"Sprühbüchse 37\\\" (SprüBü37, Spray Can 37, 1937 being the year of its fielding with the German Army). These weapons contain mustard gas mixed with athickener, which gives it a tar-like viscosity. When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustardhydrolyzes, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps (e.g., with the drag board of a fishing net or by the human hand) the enclosed mustard gas is still as active as it had been at the time the weapon was dumped. These lumps, when washed ashore, can be mistaken for amber, which can lead to severe health problems.Artillery shellscontaining mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still be found in France and Belgium. These were formerly disposed of by explosion undersea, but since the current environmental regulations prohibit this, theFrench governmentis building an automated factory to dispose of the accumulation of chemical shells. In 1972, theU.S. Congressbanned the practice of disposing of chemical weapons into the ocean by the United States. 29,000 tons of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean off the United States by theU.S. Army. According to a report created in 1998 by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in theU.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the army created at least 26 chemical weapons dumping sites in the ocean offshore from at least 11 states on both theEast Coastand theWest Coast(inOperation CHASE,Operation Geranium, etc.). In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of 1,044 tonnes (1,151 short tons) of mustard gas.By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame.India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become the third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations. Producing or stockpiling mustard gas is prohibited by theChemical Weapons Convention. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 17,440 tonnes of mustard gas. As of December 2015, 86% of these stockpiles had been destroyed. A significant portion of the United States' mustard agentstockpilewas stored at the Edgewood Area ofAberdeen Proving GroundinMaryland. Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agents were stored in one-ton containers on the base under heavy guard. A chemical neutralization plant was built on the proving ground and neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint program of the Army and theFederal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA).Unexploded shells containing mustard gases and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity to schools in the Edgewood area, but the smaller amounts of poison gas (4 to 14 pounds (1.8 to 6.4 kg)) present considerably lower risks. These remnants are being detected and excavated systematically for disposal. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency oversaw disposal of several other chemical weapons stockpiles located across the United States in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. These include the complete incineration of the chemical weapons stockpiled inAlabama,Arkansas,Indiana, andOregon. Earlier, this agency had also completed destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile located onJohnston Atolllocated south ofHawaiiin thePacific Ocean.The largest mustard agent stockpile, at approximately 6,200short tons, was stored at theDeseret Chemical Depotin northernUtah. The incineration of this stockpile began in 2006. In May 2011, the last of the mustard agents in the stockpile were incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last artillery shells containing mustard gas were incinerated in January 2012. In 2008, many emptyaerial bombsthat contained mustard gas were found in an excavation at theMarrangaroo Army Basejust west of Sydney, Australia.In 2009, a mining survey nearChinchilla, Queensland, uncovered 144 105-millimeterhowitzershells, some containing \\\"Mustard H\\\", that had been buried by the U.S. Army during World War II. In 2014, a collection of 200 bombs was found near theFlemishvillages ofPassendaleandMoorslede. The majority of the bombs were filled with mustard agents. The bombs were left over from the German army and were meant to be used in theBattle of Passchendaelein World War I. It was the largest collection of chemical weapons ever found in Belgium. A large amount of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, was found in a neighborhood ofWashington, D.C.The cleanup was completed in 2021. Post-war accidental exposure In 2002, an archaeologist at the Presidio Trust archaeology lab in San Francisco was exposed to mustard gas, which had been dug up at thePresidio of San Francisco, a former military base. In 2010, a clamming boat pulled up some oldartilleryshells of World War I from theAtlantic Oceansouth ofLong Island, New York. Multiple fishermen suffered from blistering and respiratory irritation severe enough to require hospitalization. WWII-era tests on men From 1943 to 1944, mustard agent experiments were performed on Australian service volunteers in tropicalQueensland, Australia, byRoyal Australian Engineers,British Armyand American experimenters, resulting in some severe injuries. One test site, theBrook Islands National Park, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by theImperial Japanese Army.These experiments were the subject of the documentary filmKeen as Mustard. The United States tested sulfur mustards and other chemical agents includingnitrogen mustardsandlewisiteon up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified secret and as withAgent Orange, claims for medical care and compensation were routinely denied, even after the WWII-era tests were declassified in 1993. TheDepartment of Veterans Affairsstated that it would contact 4,000 surviving test subjects but failed to do so, eventually only contacting 600. Skin cancer, severe eczema, leukemia, and chronic breathing problems plagued the test subjects, some of whom were as young as 19 at the time of the tests, until their deaths, but even those who had previously filed claims with the VA went without compensation. African American servicemenwere tested alongside white men in separate trials to determine whether their skin color would afford them a degree of immunity to the agents, andNiseiservicemen, some of whom had joined after their release fromJapanese American Internment Campswere tested to determine susceptibility ofJapanese military personnelto these agents. These tests also includedPuerto Ricansubjects. Detection in biological fluids Concentrations of thiodiglycol in urine have been used to confirm a diagnosis of chemical poisoning in hospitalized victims. The presence in urine of 1,1'-sulfonylbismethylthioethane (SBMTE), a conjugation product with glutathione, is considered a more specific marker, since this metabolite is not found in specimens from unexposed persons. In one case, intact mustard gas was detected in postmortem fluids and tissues of a man who died one week post-exposure. See also References Notes Further reading External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mayor Max II Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II(May 6, 2013 – July 30, 2022) was agolden retrieverdog who served as the second unofficial mayor of Idyllwild, part of thecensus-designated placeofIdyllwild–Pine Cove, California. His deputy mayors, Mitzi and Mikey, were his cousins.After his death Mayor Max II was succeeded by his cousin Max III, who was sworn in on December 10, 2022. Mayorality In 2012, the non-profit organization Idyllwild Animal Rescue Friends (ARF) hosted an \"election\" for mayor of Idyllwild (which, as part of an unincorporated community, has no local government) as part of a fundraising event for the organization. Fourteen dogs and two cats ran, and Max, aGolden Retriever, was elected as Idyllwild's first mayor. On April 2, 2013, Mayor Max died, and Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II, another Golden Retriever, arrived in Idyllwild on July 21 to complete the remainder of the term.In March 2014, as the end of Max's term approached, ARF solicited the town's interest in holding another election. The","election. The people overwhelmingly pled for Mayor Max's continuation in perpetuity. Mayor Max was recognized by theCounty of Riverside, California.The Mayor's duties included visiting with locals and out-of-town visitors, attending business grand openings and other town functions, participating in the town's two annual parades, and promoting Idyllwild.Max's popularity had spread the world over, and he has represented the town through appearances on news programs, talk shows, advertisements, billboards, and a game show. Death Mayor Max died in the city ofTemeculaon July 30, 2022, after suffering a brief medical issue.He was succeeded byMayor Max III, who formally took office on December 10, 2022. See also References External links","Golden Retriever TheGolden Retrieveris a Scottishbreedofretrieverdog of medium size. It is characterised by a gentle and affectionate nature and a striking golden coat. It is a working dog, and registration is subject to successful completion of a working trial.It is commonly kept as apetand is among the most frequently registered breeds in several Western countries; some may compete indog showsorobedience trials, or work as aguide dog. The Golden Retriever was bred bySir Dudley Marjoribanksat his Scottish estateGuisachanin the late nineteenth century. Hecross-bredFlat-coated RetrieverswithTweed Water Spaniels, with some further infusions ofRed Setter,Labrador RetrieverandBloodhound. It was recognised by theKennel Clubin 1913, and during theinterwar periodspread to many parts of the world. History The Golden Retriever was developed in Scotland in the nineteenth century bySir Dudley Marjoribanks(later to becomeBaron Tweedmouth) fromFlat-coated Retrieversjudiciously crossed withTweed Water Spanielsand some","Spanielsand some other British dog breeds.Prior to the 1952 publication of the very detailed stud book which had been meticulously maintained by Marjoribanks, a number of romantic tales were published about the origins of the breed. In the 1860s Marjoribanks set out to create what to his mind was the ultimate breed of retriever at his Scottish estateGuisachan.He started by acquiring a yellow-coloured Flat-coated Retriever dog called Nous;Nous had beenwhelpedin June 1864 and was the only yellow pup in an otherwise all black-colouredlitter.Whilst uncommon, occasionally liver, brown, golden or yellow-coloured purebred Flat-coated Retriever pups are whelped to matings of two black parents.It is the pedigree of Nous that was the source for the romantic tales of the heritage of the Golden Retriever.One early account claimed Nous was purchased from a Russian circus trainer inBrighton, another claimed he was bought from a cobbler, and yet another claimed a gypsy.The stud book states that Nous was a Flat-coated","was a Flat-coated Retriever bred byLord Chichesteron hisStanmer Parkestate near Brighton. In 1868 Nous was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel bitch named Belle, who is recorded in the stud book as being whelped in 1863 and being of \"Ladykirk breeding\".The litter from this mating consisted of four yellow pups, Primrose, Ada, Cowslip and Crocus.The best bitch from this litter, Cowslip, was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel called Tweed with the mating producing a bitch pup called Topsy.Cowslip was subsequently mated to aRed Settercalled Sampson; that mating produced a dog pup called Jack.Topsy was mated with a black Flat-coated Retriever called Sambo and a bitch pup from that litter, Zoe, was mated back to Jack and two pups from that mating were retained, a dog called Nous II and a bitch called Gill.Gill was mated to a blackLabrador Retrievercalled Tracer, and a bitch pup from that mating, Queenie, was mated back to Nous II; all Golden Retrievers descend from this mating.The progeny from these various matings varied","matings varied in colour from pure black to light cream, but it was the golden-coloured ones that were retained and mated to each other, forming the foundation stock of the Golden Retriever breed.Marjoribanks is also known to have used a sandy-colouredBloodhoundand another Labrador in subsequent years of the breeding programme. In 1952 Marjoribanks's great-nephew,Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester, teamed up with Elma Stonex and together they studied Marjoribanks's stud book.In 1960 their research was published, presenting all of the evidence required to counter all tales of Russian ancestry.The stud book, which covers the period from 1868 to 1890, is preserved in the library ofthe Kennel ClubinLondon.In the early days Golden Retrievers were called the 'Flat-coated Retriever, Golden',Initially the Golden Retriever was considered a colour variety of the former breed.In 1903the Kennel Clubrecorded the first examples, listing them in the same register as Flat-coats.In 1904 a Golden Retriever won afield","won afield trialand in 1908 the first examples were exhibited atconformation shows.In 1911 a breed club was formed for the breed in England, the Golden Retriever Club, and they were given a new name, the 'Yellow or Golden Retriever'; from this point they were increasingly seen as a separate breed from the Flat-coated Retriever.It was not until 1913 that the Kennel Club began recording them on a separate breed register from the Flat-coated Retriever and in 1920 the 'Yellow or' was dropped from the breed name and they were officially called the 'Golden Retriever'. One early twentieth century enthusiast of the breed, Winifred Charlesworth, was instrumental in the establishment of the breed club as well as its separate Kennel Club recognition.It was she who drew up the first breed standard, which was adopted by the Kennel Club and with only minor amendments and remains largely unchanged.She bred and exhibited the first Golden RetrieverShow Champion, was a strong advocate for maintaining the working instincts of","instincts of the breed, and she is credited with popularising it at field trials and introducing it to shooting sportsmen. In the years after theFirst World Warits popularity increased markedly and in the 1920s and 1930s it spread through much of the Western world.TheCanadian Kennel Clubrecognised the breed in 1927, theAmerican Kennel Clubin 1932; the first examples were registered in France in 1934 and Australia in 1937.The worldwide popularity of the breed meant it did not suffer the misfortunes many British dog breeds did during theSecond World Wardue to British wartime restrictions on the breeding of larger dogs, with ample quality breeding stock available globally to ensure none of its characteristics were lost. Since the 1940s its popularity has continued to grow, and it has become one of the most recognised and most frequently registered dog breeds in the Western world. Description Appearance The Golden Retriever is a powerfully built, medium-sized breed of dog; according to the Kennel Clubbreed","Kennel Clubbreed standard, dogs stand from 56 to 61 centimetres (22 to 24 in) and bitches from 51 to 56 centimetres (20 to 22 in).Healthy adult examples typically weigh between 25 and 34 kilograms (55 and 75 lb). The Golden Retriever has a broad head with a well-definedstop, with dark eyes set well apart, a wide and powerful muzzle, a large black nose, dark-pigmented and slightly droopingflews, and ears of moderate size set high and hanging with a slight fold.The neck is muscular and fairly long with loose-fitting skin, the shoulders well laid-back and long-bladed, and the body deep through the chest with well-sprung ribs.The back is usually level fromwitherstocroupand the long, straight tail is usually carried flat, roughly in line with the back.The forelegs are straight with good bone, the hind legs are powerful with well bentstiflesand muscular thighs, and the feet are cat-like. Thedouble coatis a recognisable and striking feature:the outer coat is long, flat or wavy and has good feathering on the","feathering on the forelegs, while the undercoat is dense and provides weather resistance.The coat can be any shade of cream, yellow or gold; the coat typically becomes paler with age.The Kennel Club breed standard prohibits red or mahogany-coloured coats, but a few white hairs on the chest are permitted.Originally only yellow or golden coloured examples were permitted, this excluded many outstanding cream coloured dogs; to overcome this in 1936 the Kennel Club's standard was amended to include the cream colour.The cream colour, which in more modern times can be almost white, has become the dominant colour and is particularly favoured byconformation showexhibitors.Golden Retrievers that are bred forconformation showstend to have longer and finer coats than those bred for working as gundogs. The Kennel Club breed standard is accepted by everykennel clubin the world except those of Canada and the United States.Breed standards in North America call for a slightly taller dogand the cream colour is not permitted.","is not permitted. Temperament The Golden Retriever is considered an intelligent, gentle natured and very affectionate breed of dog.As is typical withretrieverbreeds, the breed is generally calm and biddable, being very easy to train and extremely keen to please their master.The breed is known to make excellent pets and family dogs, being generally extremely tolerant of children and keen to accompany any member of the family in a range of activities.Due to their affable natures, the breed is often completely devoid of guarding instincts.However, there have also been reports of some very aggressive Golden Retrievers in certain lineages. It has been suggested that these variations in aggression are partially caused by genetic factors. The breed usually retains many of their gundog traits and instincts including an excellent sense of smell and a strong instinct to retrieve; even among those not trained as gundogs it is typical for Golden Retrievers to present their owners with toys or other objects.Compared to","objects.Compared to other retriever breeds the Golden Retriever is typically quite slow to mature. Use The Golden Retriever is one of the most commonly kept breeds ofcompanion dogin the Western world, and is often among the top ten dog breeds by number of registrations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Canada.It is a frequent competitor atdog shows; separate show lines of the breed have been developed.The dogs can be trained asguide dogsandtherapy dogs,and may compete inobedience trialsand otherdog sports. The Golden Retriever is still used as agundogby sportsmen, both as a hunting companion in the field and for competing infield trials.It is used more for retrieval of land-based gamebirds such asgrouseandpartridgethan for wildfowl hunting.Those used as gundogs are usually from working lines specifically bred for field use; dogs from pet or show lines are rarely suitable.A Golden Retriever with a traditional dense double coat is well suited to working in cold and wet conditions, as the","conditions, as the coat provides water resistance and insulation.Compared to other retriever breeds, the Golden Retriever is not a strong swimmer; its long coat causes it to sit low in the water when swimming. The Golden Retriever is much less commonly used by sportsmen as a hunting companion than theLabrador Retriever.One reason is that the breed is generally quite slow to mature, particularly compared to the Labrador; often when a Golden Retriever is still in basic training a Labrador of the same age has already completed a season of hunting.Another is its long coat, which requires more maintenance and grooming than that of the Labrador, particularly after working in muddy conditions or close cover, as their long hair is more prone to picking up dirt and burrs.More Golden Retrievers are bred as pets or for the show ring than for hunting, so it can be hard for sportsmen to find pups bred from proven working lines. Health A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.2 years for the breed compared to an","compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 10 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.A 2005 Swedish study found 22% of Golden Retrievers died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10. The breed is unusually prone to cancer, with one United States study finding cancer to be the cause of death in approximately 50% of the population, the second highest in the study. Several European studies found a much lower prevalence (20–39%), which may reflect the significant genetic divergence between the American and European populations. They are especially prone tohemangiosarcomaandlymphoma, with an estimated lifetime risk of one in five for the former and one in eight for the latter. The high prevalence of cancer deaths among Golden Retrievers may partly represent a lack of other congenital diseases.One UK study found the risk ofmetastaticneoplasiain the breed to be 4.86 times higher than other","higher than other dogs. The Golden Retriever has a genetic predisposition toprimary hypothyroidism; a review of 5 different studies found Golden Retrievers to make up 17% of cases. Notable Golden Retrievers Explanatory notes References Further reading","Hemangiosarcoma Hemangiosarcomais a rapidly growing, highly invasive variety ofcancerthat occurs almost exclusively in dogs, and only rarely in cats, horses, mice,or humans (vinyl chloridetoxicity). It is asarcomaarising from the lining of blood vessels; that is, blood-filled channels and spaces are commonly observed microscopically. A frequent cause of death is the rupturing of this tumor, causing the patient to rapidly bleed to death. The term \"angiosarcoma\", when used without a modifier, usually refers to hemangiosarcoma.However,glomangiosarcoma(8710/3) andlymphangiosarcoma(9170/3) are distinct conditions (in humans). Dogs Hemangiosarcoma is quite common indogs, and more so in certain breeds includingGerman ShepherdsandGolden Retrievers.It also occurs incats, but much more rarely. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma rarely show clinical signs until the tumor has become very large and hasmetastasized. Typically, clinical signs are due tohypovolemiaafter the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Owners of the","Owners of the affected dogs often discover that the dog has hemangiosarcoma only after the dog collapses. The tumor most often appears on thespleen, rightheartbase, orliver, although varieties also appear on or under the skin or in other locations. It is the most common tumor of the heart, and occurs in theright atriumorright auricular appendage. Here it can cause right-sidedheart failure,arrhythmias,pericardial effusion, andcardiac tamponade. Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen orliveris the most common tumor to causehemorrhagein theabdomen.Hemorrhage secondary to splenic and hepatic tumors can also cause ventriculararrhythmias. Hemangiosarcoma of theskinusually appears as a small red or bluish-black lump. It can also occur under the skin. It is suspected that in the skin, hemangiosarcoma is caused bysunexposure.Occasionally, hemangiosarcoma of the skin can be a metastasis from visceral hemangiosarcoma. Other sites the tumor may occur includebone,kidneys, thebladder,muscle, themouth, and thecentral nervous","thecentral nervous system. Clinical features Presenting complaints and clinical signs are usually related to the site of origin of the primary tumor or to the presence of metastases, spontaneous tumor rupture, coagulopathies, or cardiac arrhythmias. More than 50% of patients are presented because of acute collapse after spontaneous rupture of the primary tumor or its metastases. Some episodes of collapse are a result of ventricular arrhythmias, which are relatively common in dogs with splenic or cardiac HSA. Most common clinical signs of visceral hemangiosarcoma include loss of appetite,arrhythmias, weight loss, weakness, lethargy, collapse, palemucous membranes, and/or sudden death. An enlarged abdomen is often seen due to hemorrhage. Metastasis is most commonly to the liver,omentum,lungs, orbrain. A retrospective study published in 1999 by Ware, et al., found a five times greater risk of cardiac hemangiosarcoma in spayed vs. intact female dogs and a 2.4 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma in neutered","in neutered dogs as compared to intact males.The validity of this study is in dispute. Clinicopathologic findings Hemangiosarcoma can cause a wide variety of hematologic and hemostatic abnormalities, includinganemia, thrombocytopenia(lowplateletcount),disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC); presence of nRBC, schistocytes, and acanthocytes in the blood smear; and leukocytosis with neutrophilia, left shift, and monocytosis. Diagnosis A definitive diagnosis requires biopsy and histopathology. Cytologic aspirates may be inconclusive with studies reporting various specificity, and negative results may not correlate with absence of disease, as one study concludes \"cytological diagnosis of splenic neoplasia is reliable, but a negative result cannot be used to exclude the possibility of splenic neoplasia.\"This is because of frequent blood contamination and poor exfoliation.Surgical biopsy is the typical approach in veterinary medicine. Imaging modalities may include one ore more of ultrasound, CT, MRIand","CT, MRIand FDG-PET/CT.FGD-PET/CT may show some benefit over traditional CT for staging and detection of metastasis. Symptoms Dogs rarely show symptoms of hemangiosarcoma until after the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Then symptoms can include short-term lethargy, loss of appetite, enlarged abdomen, weakness in the back legs, paled colored tongue and gums, rapid heart rate, and a weak pulse. Treatments Treatment includeschemotherapyand, where practical, removal of the tumor with the affected organ, such as with asplenectomy. Splenectomy alone gives an average survival time of 1–3 months. The addition ofchemotherapy, primarily comprising the drugdoxorubicin, alone or in combination with other drugs, can increase the average survival time by 2–4 months beyond splenectomy alone. A 2012 paper published the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School, in dogs treated with a compound derived from theCoriolus versicolor(commonly known as \"Turkey Tail\") mushroom showed a favorable response to the agent","to the agent compared to historical controls of dogs treated with splenectomy and Doxorubicin .:.A controlled, randomized study in 101 dogs was later conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School which showed that the Coriolus versicolor mushroom did not have the same outcome noted in the 2012 paper with 15 dogs. In the 2022 paper by Gednet et al. dogs treated with splenectomy followed by Doxorubicin did better then dogs treated with splenectomy and mushroom agent. Combination of Doxorubicin with the Turkey Tail mushroom also did not improve survival when compared to Doxorubicin alone. However, as noted in the 2012 study, the Turkey Tail mushroom extract did not cause any systemic adverse reactions, even when combined with Doxorubicin.:. Immune therapy based on cultivation of tumor tissue is being developed for dogs.A preventive vaccine based on several proteins commonly found in dog cancers, including hemangiosarcomas, is also being developed. In the skin, it can be cured in most cases with","in most cases with complete surgical removal as long as there is not visceral involvement.Median survival times for stage I is 780 days, where more advanced stages can range from 172 to 307 days. References External links","Chemotherapy Chemotherapy(often abbreviatedchemo, sometimesCTXandCTx) is the type ofcancer treatmentthat uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agentsoralkylating agents) in a standardregimen. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or toreduce symptoms(palliativechemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted topharmacotherapyforcancer, which is calledmedical oncology. The termchemotherapynow means the non-specific use of intracellularpoisonsto inhibitmitosis(cell division) or to induceDNA damage(so thatDNA repaircan augment chemotherapy).This meaning excludes the more-selective agents that block extracellular signals (signal transduction). Therapies with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarilyestrogensfor breast cancer andandrogensfor prostate cancer), are now","cancer), are now calledhormonal therapies. Other inhibitions of growth-signals, such as those associated withreceptor tyrosine kinases, aretargeted therapy. The use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or targeted therapy) issystemic therapyfor cancer: they are introduced into the blood stream (the system) and therefore can treat cancer anywhere in the body. Systemic therapy is often used with other,local therapy(treatments that work only where they are applied), such asradiation,surgery, andhyperthermia. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents arecytotoxicby means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death ifapoptosisis initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in thebone marrow,digestive","marrow,digestive tractandhair follicles. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy:myelosuppression(decreased production of blood cells, hence that alsoimmunosuppression),mucositis(inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), andalopecia(hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-calledautoimmunity). These includerheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus,multiple sclerosis,vasculitisand many others. Treatment strategies There are a number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent or it may aim to prolong life or topalliate symptoms. Allchemotherapy regimensrequire that the recipient be capable of undergoing the treatment.Performance statusis often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose","or whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (fractional kill), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor.Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity. Effectiveness The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as someleukemias,to being ineffective, such as in somebrain tumors,to being needless in others, like mostnon-melanoma skin cancers. Dosage Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the person receiving it.The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculatedbody surface area(BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or","formula or anomogram, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans.The study only included nine human subjects.When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option. The validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned because the formula only takes into account the individual's weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which have major impacts on the actual concentration of the drug in the person's bloodstream.As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this","by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than ten-fold for many drugs.In other words, if two people receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one person may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other person.This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs. The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among people is that many people do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some people are overdosed while others are underdosed.For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard—68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed. There has been controversy over the use of BSA to","the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for people who areobese.Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear ofoverdosing.In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that when chemotherapy dosing is individualized to achieve optimal systemic drug exposure, treatment outcomes are improved and toxic side effects are reduced.In the 5-FU clinical study cited above, people whose dose was adjusted to achieve a pre-determined target exposure realized an 84% improvement in treatment response rate and a six-month improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with those dosed by BSA. In the same study, investigators compared the incidence of common 5-FU-associated grade 3/4 toxicities between the dose-adjusted people and people dosed per BSA.The incidence of debilitating grades of diarrhea was reduced from 18% in the BSA-dosed group to 4% in the dose-adjusted group and serious hematologic","serious hematologic side effects were eliminated.Because of the reduced toxicity, dose-adjusted patients were able to be treated for longer periods of time.BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months.Completing the course of treatment is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes. Similar results were found in a study involving people with colorectal cancer who have been treated with the popularFOLFOXregimen.The incidence of serious diarrhea was reduced from 12% in the BSA-dosed group of patients to 1.7% in the dose-adjusted group, and the incidence of severe mucositis was reduced from 15% to 0.8%. The FOLFOX study also demonstrated an improvement in treatment outcomes.Positive response increased from 46% in the BSA-dosed group to 70% in the dose-adjusted group. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) both improved by six months in the dose adjusted group. One approach that can","approach that can help clinicians individualize chemotherapy dosing is to measure the drug levels in blood plasma over time and adjust dose according to a formula or algorithm to achieve optimal exposure. With an established target exposure for optimized treatment effectiveness with minimized toxicities, dosing can be personalized to achieve target exposure and optimal results for each person. Such an algorithm was used in the clinical trials cited above and resulted in significantly improved treatment outcomes. Oncologists are already individualizing dosing of some cancer drugs based on exposure.Carboplatin: 4andbusulfandosing rely upon results from blood tests to calculate the optimal dose for each person. Simple blood tests are also available for dose optimization ofmethotrexate,5-FU,paclitaxel, anddocetaxel. The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types. Types Alkylating agents Alkylating agents are the","agents are the oldest group of chemotherapeutics in use today. Originally derived frommustard gasused inWorld War I, there are now many types of alkylating agents in use.They are so named because of their ability toalkylatemany molecules, includingproteins,RNAandDNA. This ability to bindcovalentlyto DNA via theiralkyl groupis the primary cause for their anti-cancer effects.DNA is made of two strands and the molecules may either bind twice to one strand of DNA (intrastrand crosslink) or may bind once to both strands (interstrand crosslink). If the cell tries to replicate crosslinked DNA duringcell division, or tries to repair it, the DNA strands can break. This leads to a form of programmed cell death calledapoptosis.Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason, the effect on the cell is dose dependent; the fraction of cells that die is directly proportional to the dose of drug. The subtypes of alkylating agents are thenitrogen","are thenitrogen mustards,nitrosoureas,tetrazines,aziridines,cisplatinsand derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustards includemechlorethamine,cyclophosphamide,melphalan,chlorambucil,ifosfamideandbusulfan. Nitrosoureas includeN-Nitroso-N-methylurea(MNU),carmustine(BCNU),lomustine(CCNU) andsemustine(MeCCNU),fotemustineandstreptozotocin. Tetrazines includedacarbazine,mitozolomideandtemozolomide. Aziridines includethiotepa,mytomycinand diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives includecisplatin,carboplatinandoxaliplatin.They impair cell function by formingcovalent bondswith theamino,carboxyl,sulfhydryl, andphosphate groupsin biologically important molecules.Non-classical alkylating agents includeprocarbazineand hexamethylmelamine. Antimetabolites Anti-metabolitesare a group of molecules that impede DNA and RNA synthesis. Many of them have a similar structure to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The building blocks arenucleotides; a molecule comprising anucleobase, a sugar and aphosphate","and aphosphate group. The nucleobases are divided intopurines(guanineandadenine) andpyrimidines(cytosine,thymineanduracil). Anti-metabolites resemble either nucleobases or nucleosides (a nucleotide without the phosphate group), but have alteredchemical groups.These drugs exert their effect by either blocking the enzymes required for DNA synthesis or becoming incorporated into DNA or RNA. By inhibiting the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, they prevent mitosis because the DNA cannot duplicate itself. Also, after misincorporation of the molecules into DNA,DNA damagecan occur and programmed cell death (apoptosis) is induced. Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of the cell cycle, in this caseS-phase(the DNA synthesis phase). For this reason, at a certain dose, the effect plateaus and proportionally no more cell death occurs with increased doses. Subtypes of the anti-metabolites are theanti-folates, fluoropyrimidines,","fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues andthiopurines. The anti-folates includemethotrexateandpemetrexed. Methotrexate inhibitsdihydrofolate reductase(DHFR), an enzyme that regeneratestetrahydrofolatefromdihydrofolate. When the enzyme is inhibited by methotrexate, the cellular levels of folate coenzymes diminish. These are required forthymidylateand purine production, which are both essential for DNA synthesis and cell division.: 55–59: 11Pemetrexed is another anti-metabolite that affects purine and pyrimidine production, and therefore also inhibits DNA synthesis. It primarily inhibits the enzymethymidylate synthase, but also has effects on DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase andglycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.The fluoropyrimidines includefluorouracilandcapecitabine. Fluorouracil is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells to form at least two active products; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP).","(fdUMP). FUMP becomes incorporated into RNA and fdUMP inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase; both of which lead to cell death.: 11Capecitabine is aprodrugof 5-fluorouracil that is broken down in cells to produce the active drug.The deoxynucleoside analogues includecytarabine,gemcitabine,decitabine,azacitidine,fludarabine,nelarabine,cladribine,clofarabine, andpentostatin. The thiopurines includethioguanineandmercaptopurine. Anti-microtubule agents Anti-microtubule agentsareplant-derived chemicals that block cell division by preventingmicrotubulefunction. Microtubules are an important cellular structure composed of two proteins,α-tubulinandβ-tubulin. They are hollow, rod-shaped structures that are required for cell division, among other cellular functions.Microtubules are dynamic structures, which means that they are permanently in a state of assembly and disassembly.Vincaalkaloidsandtaxanesare the two main groups of anti-microtubule agents, and although both of these groups of drugs cause microtubule","cause microtubule dysfunction, their mechanisms of action are completely opposite:Vincaalkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. By doing so, they can inducemitotic catastrophein the cancer cells.Following this, cell cycle arrest occurs, which induces programmed cell death (apoptosis).These drugs can also affectblood vessel growth, an essential process that tumours utilise in order to grow and metastasise. Vincaalkaloids are derived from theMadagascar periwinkle,Catharanthus roseus,formerly known asVinca rosea. They bind to specific sites on tubulin, inhibiting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The originalvincaalkaloids arenatural productsthat includevincristineandvinblastine.Following the success of these drugs, semi-syntheticvincaalkaloids were produced:vinorelbine(used in the treatment ofnon-small-cell lung cancer),vindesine, andvinflunine.These drugs arecell cycle-specific. They bind to the tubulin molecules inS-phaseand prevent proper","prevent proper microtubule formation required forM-phase. Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class,paclitaxel, was originally extracted fromTaxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew. Now this drug and another in this class,docetaxel, are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree,Taxus baccata. Podophyllotoxinis an antineoplasticlignanobtained primarily from theAmerican mayapple(Podophyllum peltatum) andHimalayan mayapple(Sinopodophyllum hexandrum). It has anti-microtubule activity, and its mechanism is similar to that ofvincaalkaloids in that they bind to tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation. Podophyllotoxin is used to produce two other drugs with different mechanisms of action:etoposideandteniposide. Topoisomerase inhibitors Topoisomerase inhibitors are drugs that affect the activity of two enzymes:topoisomerase Iandtopoisomerase II. When the DNA double-strand helix is unwound, during DNA replication ortranscription, for example, the","for example, the adjacent unopened DNA winds tighter (supercoils), like opening the middle of a twisted rope. The stress caused by this effect is in part aided by the topoisomerase enzymes. They produce single- or double-strand breaks into DNA, reducing the tension in the DNA strand. This allows the normal unwinding of DNA to occur duringreplicationor transcription. Inhibition of topoisomerase I or II interferes with both of these processes. Two topoisomerase I inhibitors,irinotecanandtopotecan, are semi-synthetically derived fromcamptothecin, which is obtained from the Chinese ornamental treeCamptotheca acuminata.Drugs that target topoisomerase II can be divided into two groups. The topoisomerase II poisons cause increased levels enzymes bound to DNA. This prevents DNA replication and transcription, causes DNA strand breaks, and leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis). These agents includeetoposide,doxorubicin,mitoxantroneandteniposide. The second group, catalytic inhibitors, are drugs that block the","that block the activity of topoisomerase II, and therefore prevent DNA synthesis and translation because the DNA cannot unwind properly. This group includesnovobiocin, merbarone, andaclarubicin, which also have other significant mechanisms of action. Cytotoxic antibiotics The cytotoxicantibioticsare a varied group of drugs that have various mechanisms of action. The common theme that they share in their chemotherapy indication is that they interruptcell division. The most important subgroup is theanthracyclinesand thebleomycins; other prominent examples includemitomycin Candactinomycin. Among the anthracyclines,doxorubicinanddaunorubicinwere the first, and were obtained from thebacteriumStreptomyces peucetius.Derivatives of these compounds includeepirubicinandidarubicin. Other clinically used drugs in the anthracycline group arepirarubicin,aclarubicin, andmitoxantrone.The mechanisms of anthracyclines includeDNA intercalation(molecules insert between the two strands of DNA), generation of highly reactivefree","highly reactivefree radicalsthat damage intercellular molecules and topoisomerase inhibition. Actinomycin is a complex molecule that intercalates DNA and preventsRNA synthesis. Bleomycin, aglycopeptideisolated fromStreptomyces verticillus, also intercalates DNA, but producesfree radicalsthat damage DNA. This occurs when bleomycin binds to ametal ion, becomeschemically reducedand reacts withoxygen.: 87 Mitomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic with the ability to alkylate DNA. Delivery Most chemotherapy isdeliveredintravenously, although a number of agents can be administered orally (e.g.,melphalan,busulfan,capecitabine). According to a recent (2016) systematic review, oral therapies present additional challenges for patients and care teams to maintain and support adherence to treatment plans. There are many intravenous methods of drug delivery, known as vascular access devices. These include thewinged infusion device,peripheral venous catheter, midline catheter,peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC),central","venous catheterandimplantable port. The devices have different applications regarding duration of chemotherapy treatment, method of delivery and types of chemotherapeutic agent.: 94–95 Depending on the person, the cancer, the stage of cancer, the type of chemotherapy, and the dosage, intravenous chemotherapy may be given on either aninpatientor anoutpatientbasis. For continuous, frequent or prolonged intravenous chemotherapy administration, various systems may be surgically inserted into the vasculature to maintain access.: 113–118Commonly used systems are theHickman line, thePort-a-Cath, and thePICC line. These have a lower infection risk, are much less prone tophlebitisorextravasation, and eliminate the need for repeated insertion of peripheral cannulae. Isolated limb perfusion(often used inmelanoma),or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liveror the lung have been used to treat some tumors. The main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without","tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage.These approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases ormicrometastases. Topical chemotherapies, such as5-fluorouracil, are used to treat some cases ofnon-melanoma skin cancer. If the cancer hascentral nervous systeminvolvement, or with meningeal disease,intrathecalchemotherapy may be administered. Adverse effects Chemotherapeutic techniques have a range of side effects that depend on the type of medications used. The most common medications affect mainly thefast-dividing cellsof the body, such as blood cells and the cells lining the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Chemotherapy-related toxicities can occur acutely after administration, within hours or days, or chronically, from weeks to years.: 265 Immunosuppression and myelosuppression Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of theimmune system, often by paralysing thebone","paralysing thebone marrowand leading to a decrease ofwhite blood cells,red blood cells, andplatelets.Anemiaandthrombocytopeniamay requireblood transfusion.Neutropenia(a decrease of theneutrophil granulocytecount below 0.5 x 109/litre) can be improved with syntheticG-CSF(granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, e.g.,filgrastim,lenograstim,efbemalenograstim alfa). In very severemyelosuppression, which occurs in some regimens, almost all the bone marrowstem cells(cells that producewhiteandred blood cells) are destroyed, meaningallogenicorautologousbone marrow cell transplantsare necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; inallogenicBMTs, the source is a donor.) However, some people still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow. Although people receiving chemotherapy are encouraged to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection-reducing steps, about 85% of infections are due to naturally","due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the person's owngastrointestinal tract(includingoral cavity) and skin.: 130This may manifest as systemic infections, such assepsis, or as localized outbreaks, such asHerpes simplex,shingles, or other members of theHerpesviridea.The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such asquinolonesortrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazolebefore any fever or sign of infection appears.Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer.However, in general, for every five people who are immunosuppressed following chemotherapy who take an antibiotic, one fever can be prevented; for every 34 who take an antibiotic, one death can be prevented.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because the immune system is suppressed to a critically low level. InJapan, the government has approved the use of somemedicinal mushroomslikeTrametes versicolor, to counteract depression of the immune system in people undergoing chemotherapy.","chemotherapy. Trilaciclibis an inhibitor ofcyclin-dependent kinase4/6 approved for the prevention of myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy. The drug is given before chemotherapy to protect bone marrow function. Neutropenic enterocolitis Due to immune system suppression,neutropenic enterocolitis(typhlitis) is a \"life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy.\"Typhlitisis an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms includingnausea,vomiting,diarrhea, adistended abdomen,fever,chills, orabdominal painand tenderness. Typhlitisis amedical emergency. It has a very poorprognosisand is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated.Successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective righthemicolectomyto prevent recurrence. Gastrointestinal distress Nausea,vomiting,anorexia,diarrhea, abdominal cramps, andconstipationare common","common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells.Malnutritionanddehydrationcan result when the recipient does not eat or drink enough, or when the person vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the person eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. Weight gain can also be caused by some steroid medications. These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated withantiemeticdrugs. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that probiotics may have a preventative and treatment effect of diarrhoea related to chemotherapy alone and with radiotherapy.However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhoea and bloating are also symptoms oftyphlitis, a very serious and potentially life-threateningmedical emergencythat requires immediate treatment. Anemia Anemiacan be a combined outcome caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and possible cancer-related causes such","causes such asbleeding,blood celldestruction (hemolysis), hereditary disease, kidney dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies oranemia of chronic disease. Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production (erythropoietin),iron supplements, andblood transfusions.Myelosuppressive therapy can cause a tendency to bleed easily, leading to anemia. Medications that kill rapidly dividing cells or blood cells can reduce the number ofplateletsin the blood, which can result inbruisesandbleeding. Extremely low platelet counts may be temporarily boosted throughplatelet transfusionsand new drugs to increase platelet counts during chemotherapy are being developed.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed to allow platelet counts to recover. Fatiguemay be a consequence of the cancer or its treatment, and can last for months to years after treatment. One physiological cause of fatigue is anemia, which can be caused by chemotherapy,surgery,radiotherapy, primary and metastatic disease or nutritional","or nutritional depletion.Aerobic exercisehas been found to be beneficial in reducing fatigue in people withsolid tumours. Nausea and vomiting Nauseaandvomitingare two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side-effects for people with cancer and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that people receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side-effects, respectively.Up to 20% of people receiving highly emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused potentially curative treatments.Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are common with many treatments and some forms of cancer. Since the 1990s, several novel classes ofantiemeticshave been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to successfully manage these symptoms in many people. Effective mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes debilitating symptoms results in increased quality of life for the recipient and more efficient","and more efficient treatment cycles, due to less stoppage of treatment due to better tolerance and better overall health. Hair loss Hair loss(alopecia) can be caused by chemotherapy that kills rapidly dividing cells; other medications may cause hair to thin. These are most often temporary effects: hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, but sometimes with a change in color, texture, thickness or style. Sometimes hair has a tendency to curl after regrowth, resulting in \"chemo curls.\" Severe hair loss occurs most often with drugs such asdoxorubicin,daunorubicin,paclitaxel,docetaxel,cyclophosphamide,ifosfamideandetoposide. Permanent thinning or hair loss can result from some standard chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy induced hair loss occurs by a non-androgenic mechanism, and can manifest asalopecia totalis, telogen effluvium, or less oftenalopecia areata.It is usually associated with systemic treatment due to the high mitotic rate of hair follicles, and more reversible than","reversible than androgenic hair loss,although permanent cases can occur.Chemotherapy induces hair loss in women more often than men. Scalp coolingoffers a means of preventing both permanent and temporary hair loss; however, concerns about this method have been raised. Secondary neoplasm Development of secondary neoplasia after successful chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment can occur. The most commonsecondary neoplasmis secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors.Survivors ofchildhood cancerare more than 13 times as likely to get asecondary neoplasmduring the 30 years after treatment than the general population.Not all of this increase can be attributed to chemotherapy. Infertility Some types of chemotherapy are gonadotoxic and may causeinfertility.Chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil, and chlormethine.Drugs with","with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin.On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine,antibioticssuch as bleomycin and dactinomycin, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, and 5-fluorouracil. Female infertilityby chemotherapy appears to be secondary topremature ovarian failureby loss ofprimordial follicles.This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. People may choose between several methods offertility preservationprior to chemotherapy, includingcryopreservationof semen, ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos.As more than half of cancer patients are elderly, this adverse effect is only relevant for a minority of patients. A study in France between 1999 and 2011 came to the result that embryo freezing before administration of","administration of gonadotoxic agents to females caused a delay of treatment in 34% of cases, and a live birth in 27% of surviving cases who wanted to become pregnant, with the follow-up time varying between 1 and 13 years. Potential protective or attenuating agents includeGnRH analogs, where several studies have shown a protective effectin vivoin humans, but some studies show no such effect.Sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P) has shown similar effect, but its mechanism of inhibiting thesphingomyelin apoptotic pathwaymay also interfere with theapoptosisaction of chemotherapy drugs. In chemotherapy as aconditioning regimenin hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a study of people conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone for severe aplastic anemia came to the result that ovarian recovery occurred in all women younger than 26 years at time of transplantation, but only in five of 16 women older than 26 years. Teratogenicity Chemotherapy isteratogenicduringpregnancy, especially during thefirst trimester, to the extent","to the extent thatabortionusually is recommended if pregnancy in this period is found during chemotherapy.Second- and third-trimester exposure does not usually increase the teratogenic risk and adverse effects on cognitive development, but it may increase the risk of variouscomplications of pregnancyand fetal myelosuppression. Female patients of reproductive potential should use effectivecontraceptionduring chemotherapy and for a few months after the last dose (e.g. 6 month fordoxorubicin). In males previously having undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy.The use ofassisted reproductive technologiesandmicromanipulation techniquesmight increase this risk.In females previously having undergone chemotherapy, miscarriage and congenital malformations are not increased in subsequent conceptions.However, whenin vitro fertilizationandembryo cryopreservationis practised between or shortly after","or shortly after treatment, possible genetic risks to the growing oocytes exist, and hence it has been recommended that the babies be screened. Peripheral neuropathy Between 30 and 40 percent of people undergoing chemotherapy experiencechemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy(CIPN), a progressive, enduring, and often irreversible condition, causing pain, tingling, numbness and sensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes progressing to the arms and legs.Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN includethalidomide,epothilones,vincaalkaloids, taxanes,proteasome inhibitors, and the platinum-based drugs.Whether CIPN arises, and to what degree, is determined by the choice of drug, duration of use, the total amount consumed and whether the person already hasperipheral neuropathy. Though the symptoms are mainly sensory, in some casesmotor nervesand theautonomic nervous systemare affected.CIPN often follows the first chemotherapy dose and increases in severity as treatment continues, but this","continues, but this progression usually levels off at completion of treatment. The platinum-based drugs are the exception; with these drugs, sensation may continue to deteriorate for several months after the end of treatment.Some CIPN appears to be irreversible.Pain can often be managed with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment. Cognitive impairment Some people receiving chemotherapy report fatigue or non-specific neurocognitive problems, such as an inability to concentrate; this is sometimes calledpost-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, referred to as \"chemo brain\" in popular and social media. Tumor lysis syndrome In particularly large tumors and cancers with highwhite cell counts, such aslymphomas,teratomas, and someleukemias, some people developtumor lysis syndrome. The rapid breakdown of cancer cells causes the release of chemicals from the inside of the cells. Following this, high levels ofuric acid,potassiumandphosphateare found in the blood. High levels of","High levels of phosphate induce secondary hypoparathyroidism, resulting in low levels of calcium in the blood.This causes kidney damage and the high levels of potassium can causecardiac arrhythmia. Although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated in people with large tumors, this is a dangerous side-effect that can lead to death if left untreated.: 202 Organ damage Cardiotoxicity(heart damage) is especially prominent with the use ofanthracyclinedrugs (doxorubicin,epirubicin,idarubicin, andliposomal doxorubicin). The cause of this is most likely due to the production offree radicalsin the cell and subsequentDNA damage. Other chemotherapeutic agents that cause cardiotoxicity, but at a lower incidence, arecyclophosphamide,docetaxelandclofarabine. Hepatotoxicity(liver damage) can be caused by many cytotoxic drugs. The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself,viral hepatitis,immunosuppressionandnutritional deficiency. The liver damage can","liver damage can consist of damage to liver cells,hepatic sinusoidal syndrome(obstruction of the veins in the liver),cholestasis(where bile does not flow from the liver to the intestine) andliver fibrosis. Nephrotoxicity(kidney damage) can be caused bytumor lysis syndromeand also due direct effects of drug clearance by the kidneys. Different drugs will affect different parts of the kidney and the toxicity may beasymptomatic(only seen on blood or urine tests) or may causeacute kidney injury. Ototoxicity(damage to the inner ear) is a common side effect of platinum based drugs that can produce symptoms such as dizziness andvertigo.Children treated with platinum analogues have been found to be at risk for developing hearing loss. Other side-effects Less common side-effects include red skin (erythema), dry skin, damaged fingernails, a dry mouth (xerostomia),water retention, andsexual impotence. Some medications can triggerallergicorpseudoallergicreactions. Specific chemotherapeutic agents are associated with","are associated with organ-specific toxicities, includingcardiovascular disease(e.g.,doxorubicin),interstitial lung disease(e.g.,bleomycin) and occasionallysecondary neoplasm(e.g.,MOPPtherapy for Hodgkin's disease). Hand-foot syndromeis another side effect to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Nutritional problems are also frequently seen in cancer patients at diagnosis and through chemotherapy treatment. Research suggests that in children and young people undergoing cancer treatment,parenteral nutritionmay help with this leading to weight gain and increased calorie and protein intake, when compared to enteral nutrition. Limitations Chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. People frequently fail to understand its limitations. In one study of people who had been newly diagnosed with incurable,stage 4 cancer, more than two-thirds of people with lung cancer and more than four-fifths of people with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely","was likely to cure their cancer. Theblood–brain barrierposes an obstacle to delivery of chemotherapy to thebrain. This is because the brain has an extensive system in place to protect it from harmful chemicals. Drug transporters can pump out drugs from the brain and brain's blood vessel cells into thecerebrospinal fluidand blood circulation. These transporters pump out most chemotherapy drugs, which reduces their efficacy for treatment of brain tumors. Only smalllipophilicalkylating agentssuch aslomustineortemozolomideare able to cross this blood–brain barrier. Blood vesselsin tumors are very different from those seen in normal tissues. As a tumor grows, tumor cells furthest away from the blood vessels become low in oxygen (hypoxic). To counteract this they then signal for new blood vessels to grow. The newly formed tumor vasculature is poorly formed and does not deliver an adequate blood supply to all areas of the tumor. This leads to issues with drug delivery because many drugs will be delivered to the","be delivered to the tumor by thecirculatory system. Resistance Resistanceis a major cause of treatment failure in chemotherapeutic drugs. There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts of these pumps, known asp-glycoprotein, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p-glycoprotein and other such chemotherapy efflux pumps is currently ongoing. Medications to inhibit the function of p-glycoprotein are undergoing investigation, but due to toxicities and interactions with anti-cancer drugs their development has been difficult.Another mechanism of resistance isgene amplification, a process in which multiple copies of a gene are produced by cancer cells. This overcomes the effect of drugs that reduce the expression of genes involved in replication. With more copies of the gene, the drug can not prevent","can not prevent all expression of the gene and therefore the cell can restore its proliferative ability. Cancer cells can also cause defects in the cellular pathways ofapoptosis(programmed cell death). As most chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells in this manner, defective apoptosis allows survival of these cells, making them resistant. Many chemotherapy drugs also cause DNA damage, which can be repaired byenzymesin the cell that carry outDNA repair. Upregulation of these genes can overcome the DNA damage and prevent the induction of apoptosis. Mutations in genes that produce drug target proteins, such astubulin, can occur which prevent the drugs from binding to the protein, leading to resistance to these types of drugs.Drugs used in chemotherapy can induce cell stress, which can kill a cancer cell; however, under certain conditions, cells stress can induce changes in gene expression that enables resistance to several types of drugs.Inlung cancer, the transcription factorNFκBis thought to play a role in","to play a role in resistance to chemotherapy, via inflammatory pathways. Cytotoxics and targeted therapies Targeted therapiesare a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics. They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies. The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs. They will kill any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal. Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells.This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues. Although theside effectsare often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur. Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein. Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind. An example target for targeted therapy is the","therapy is the BCR-ABL1 protein produced from thePhiladelphia chromosome, a genetic lesion found commonly inchronic myelogenous leukemiaand in some patients withacute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thisfusion proteinhas enzyme activity that can be inhibited byimatinib, asmall moleculedrug. Mechanism of action Canceris the uncontrolled growth ofcellscoupled withmalignantbehaviour: invasion andmetastasis(among other features).It is caused by the interaction betweengeneticsusceptibility and environmental factors.These factors lead to accumulations ofgenetic mutationsinoncogenes(genes that control the growth rate of cells) andtumor suppressor genes(genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth.: 93–94 In the broad sense, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairingmitosis(cell division), effectively targetingfast-dividing cells. As these drugs cause damage to cells, they are termedcytotoxic. They prevent mitosis by various mechanisms including","including damaging DNA and inhibition of the cellular machinery involved in cell division.One theory as to why these drugs kill cancer cells is that they induce a programmed form of cell death known asapoptosis. As chemotherapy affects cell division, tumors with highgrowth rates(such asacute myelogenous leukemiaand the aggressivelymphomas, includingHodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy, as a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoingcell divisionat any time. Malignancies with slower growth rates, such as indolent lymphomas, tend to respond to chemotherapy much more modestly.Heterogeneic tumoursmay also display varying sensitivities to chemotherapy agents, depending on the subclonal populations within the tumor. Cells from theimmune systemalso make crucial contributions to the antitumor effects of chemotherapy.For example, the chemotherapeutic drugsoxaliplatinandcyclophosphamidecan cause tumor cells to die in a way that is detectable by the immune system (calledimmunogenic cell","cell death), which mobilizes immune cells with antitumor functions.Chemotherapeutic drugs that cause cancer immunogenic tumor cell death can make unresponsive tumors sensitive toimmune checkpointtherapy. Other uses Some chemotherapy drugs are used in diseases other than cancer, such as in autoimmune disorders,and noncancerousplasma cell dyscrasia. In some cases they are often used at lower doses, which means that the side effects are minimized,while in other cases doses similar to ones used to treat cancer are used.Methotrexateis used in the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis(RA),psoriasis,ankylosing spondylitisandmultiple sclerosis.The anti-inflammatory response seen in RA is thought to be due to increases inadenosine, which causesimmunosuppression; effects on immuno-regulatorycyclooxygenase-2 enzyme pathways; reduction in pro-inflammatorycytokines; and anti-proliferative properties.Although methotrexate is used to treat both multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis, its efficacy in these diseases is","these diseases is still uncertain.Cyclophosphamideis sometimes used to treatlupus nephritis, a common symptom ofsystemic lupus erythematosus.Dexamethasonealong with eitherbortezomibormelphalanis commonly used as a treatment forAL amyloidosis. Recently, bortezomid in combination withcyclophosphamideand dexamethasone has also shown promise as a treatment for AL amyloidosis. Other drugs used to treatmyelomasuch aslenalidomidehave shown promise in treating AL amyloidosis. Chemotherapy drugs are also used inconditioning regimensprior to bone marrow transplant (hematopoietic stem cell transplant). Conditioning regimens are used to suppress the recipient's immune system in order to allow a transplant to engraft. Cyclophosphamide is a common cytotoxic drug used in this manner and is often used in conjunction withtotal body irradiation. Chemotherapeutic drugs may be used at high doses to permanently remove the recipient's bone marrow cells (myeloablative conditioning) or at lower doses that will prevent permanent","prevent permanent bone marrow loss (non-myeloablative and reduced intensity conditioning).When used in non-cancer setting, the treatment is still called \"chemotherapy\", and is often done in the same treatment centers used for people with cancer. Occupational exposure and safe handling In the 1970s, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drugs were identified as hazardous, and theAmerican Society of Health-System Pharmacists(ASHP) has since then introduced the concept ofhazardous drugsafter publishing a recommendation in 1983 regarding handling hazardous drugs. The adaptation of federal regulations came when the U.S.Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) first released its guidelines in 1986 and then updated them in 1996, 1999, and, most recently, 2006. TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) has been conducting an assessment in the workplace since then regarding these drugs. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs has been linked to multiple health effects, including","effects, including infertility and possible carcinogenic effects. A few cases have been reported by the NIOSH alert report, such as one in which a female pharmacist was diagnosed with papillary transitional cell carcinoma. Twelve years before the pharmacist was diagnosed with the condition, she had worked for 20 months in a hospital where she was responsible for preparing multiple antineoplastic drugs.The pharmacist did not have any other risk factor for cancer, and therefore, her cancer was attributed to the exposure to the antineoplastic drugs, although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established in the literature. Another case happened when a malfunction in biosafety cabinetry is believed to have exposed nursing personnel to antineoplastic drugs. Investigations revealed evidence of genotoxic biomarkers two and nine months after that exposure. Routes of exposure Antineoplastic drugs are usually given throughintravenous,intramuscular,intrathecal, orsubcutaneousadministration. In most cases,","In most cases, before the medication is administered to the patient, it needs to be prepared and handled by several workers. Any worker who is involved in handling, preparing, or administering the drugs, or with cleaning objects that have come into contact with antineoplastic drugs, is potentially exposed to hazardous drugs.Health care workers are exposed to drugs in different circumstances, such as when pharmacists and pharmacy technicians prepare and handle antineoplastic drugs and when nurses and physicians administer the drugs to patients. Additionally, those who are responsible for disposing antineoplastic drugs in health care facilities are also at risk of exposure. Dermal exposure is thought to be the main route of exposure due to the fact that significant amounts of the antineoplastic agents have been found in the gloves worn by healthcare workers who prepare, handle, and administer the agents. Another noteworthy route of exposure is inhalation of the drugs' vapors. Multiple studies have investigated","have investigated inhalation as a route of exposure, and although air sampling has not shown any dangerous levels, it is still a potential route of exposure. Ingestion by hand to mouth is a route of exposure that is less likely compared to others because of the enforced hygienic standard in the health institutions. However, it is still a potential route, especially in the workplace, outside of a health institute. One can also be exposed to these hazardous drugs through injection byneedle sticks. Research conducted in this area has established that occupational exposure occurs by examining evidence in multiple urine samples from health care workers. Hazards Hazardous drugs expose health care workers to serious health risks. Many studies show that antineoplastic drugs could have many side effects on the reproductive system, such as fetal loss, congenital malformation, and infertility. Health care workers who are exposed to antineoplastic drugs on many occasions have adverse reproductive outcomes such as","outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital malformations. Moreover, studies have shown that exposure to these drugs leads to menstrual cycle irregularities. Antineoplastic drugs may also increase the risk of learning disabilities among children of health care workers who are exposed to these hazardous substances. Moreover, these drugs havecarcinogeniceffects. In the past five decades, multiple studies have shown the carcinogenic effects of exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Similarly, there have been research studies that linked alkylating agents with humans developing leukemias. Studies have reported elevated risk of breast cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer, and cancer of the rectum among nurses who are exposed to these drugs. Other investigations revealed that there is a potentialgenotoxiceffect from anti-neoplastic drugs to workers in health care settings. Safe handling in health care settings As of 2018, there were nooccupational exposure limitsset for antineoplastic drugs, i.e.,","drugs, i.e., OSHA or theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) have not set workplace safety guidelines. Preparation NIOSH recommends using aventilated cabinetthat is designed to decrease worker exposure. Additionally, it recommends training of all staff, the use of cabinets, implementing an initial evaluation of the technique of the safety program, and wearing protective gloves and gowns when opening drug packaging, handling vials, or labeling. When wearingpersonal protective equipment, one should inspect gloves for physical defects before use and always wear double gloves and protective gowns. Health care workers are also required to wash their hands with water and soap before and after working with antineoplastic drugs, change gloves every 30 minutes or whenever punctured, and discard them immediately in a chemotherapy waste container. The gowns used should be disposable gowns made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene. When wearing gowns, individuals should make sure that the","make sure that the gowns are closed and have long sleeves. When preparation is done, the final product should be completely sealed in a plastic bag. The health care worker should also wipe all waste containers inside the ventilated cabinet before removing them from the cabinet. Finally, workers should remove all protective wear and put them in a bag for their disposal inside the ventilated cabinet. Administration Drugs should only be administered using protective medical devices such as needle lists and closed systems and techniques such as priming of IV tubing by pharmacy personnel inside a ventilated cabinet. Workers should always wear personal protective equipment such as double gloves, goggles, and protective gowns when opening the outer bag and assembling the delivery system to deliver the drug to the patient, and when disposing of all material used in the administration of the drugs. Hospital workers should never remove tubing from an IV bag that contains an antineoplastic drug, and when disconnecting","when disconnecting the tubing in the system, they should make sure the tubing has been thoroughly flushed. After removing the IV bag, the workers should place it together with other disposable items directly in the yellow chemotherapy waste container with the lid closed. Protective equipment should be removed and put into a disposable chemotherapy waste container. After this has been done, one should double bag the chemotherapy waste before or after removing one's inner gloves. Moreover, one must always wash one's hands with soap and water before leaving the drug administration site. Employee training All employees whose jobs in health care facilities expose them to hazardous drugs must receive training. Training should include shipping and receiving personnel, housekeepers, pharmacists, assistants, and all individuals involved in the transportation and storage of antineoplastic drugs. These individuals should receive information and training to inform them of the hazards of the drugs present in their areas","in their areas of work. They should be informed and trained on operations and procedures in their work areas where they can encounter hazards, different methods used to detect the presence of hazardous drugs and how the hazards are released, and the physical and health hazards of the drugs, including their reproductive and carcinogenic hazard potential. Additionally, they should be informed and trained on the measures they should take to avoid and protect themselves from these hazards. This information ought to be provided when health care workers come into contact with the drugs, that is, perform the initial assignment in a work area with hazardous drugs. Moreover, training should also be provided when new hazards emerge as well as when new drugs, procedures, or equipment are introduced. Housekeeping and waste disposal When performing cleaning and decontaminating the work area where antineoplastic drugs are used, one should make sure that there is sufficient ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne","buildup of airborne drug concentrations. When cleaning the work surface, hospital workers should use deactivation and cleaning agents before and after each activity as well as at the end of their shifts. Cleaning should always be done using double protective gloves and disposable gowns. After employees finish up cleaning, they should dispose of the items used in the activity in a yellow chemotherapy waste container while still wearing protective gloves. After removing the gloves, they should thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water. Anything that comes into contact or has a trace of the antineoplastic drugs, such as needles, empty vials, syringes, gowns, and gloves, should be put in the chemotherapy waste container. Spill control A written policy needs to be in place in case of a spill of antineoplastic products. The policy should address the possibility of various sizes of spills as well as the procedure and personal protective equipment required for each size. A trained worker should handle a large","handle a large spill and always dispose of all cleanup materials in the chemical waste container according to EPA regulations, not in a yellow chemotherapy waste container. Occupational monitoring Amedical surveillanceprogram must be established. In case of exposure, occupational health professionals need to ask for a detailed history and do a thorough physical exam. They should test the urine of the potentially exposed worker by doing aurine dipstickor microscopic examination, mainly looking for blood, as several antineoplastic drugs are known to cause bladder damage. Urinary mutagenicity is a marker of exposure to antineoplastic drugs that was first used by Falck and colleagues in 1979 and uses bacterial mutagenicity assays. Apart from being nonspecific, the test can be influenced by extraneous factors such as dietary intake and smoking and is, therefore, used sparingly. However, the test played a significant role in changing the use of horizontal flow cabinets to vertical flow biological safety cabinets","safety cabinets during the preparation of antineoplastic drugs because the former exposed health care workers to high levels of drugs. This changed the handling of drugs and effectively reduced workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Biomarkers of exposure to antineoplastic drugs commonly include urinaryplatinum,methotrexate, urinarycyclophosphamideandifosfamide, and urinary metabolite of5-fluorouracil. In addition to this, there are other drugs used to measure the drugs directly in the urine, although they are rarely used. A measurement of these drugs directly in one's urine is a sign of high exposure levels and that an uptake of the drugs is happening either through inhalation or dermally. Available agents There is an extensivelist of antineoplastic agents. Several classification schemes have been used to subdivide the medicines used for cancer into several different types. History The first use ofsmall-molecule drugsto treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although the specific chemicals first","chemicals first used were not originally intended for that purpose.Mustard gaswas used as achemical warfareagent duringWorld War Iand was discovered to be a potent suppressor ofhematopoiesis(blood production).A similar family of compounds known asnitrogen mustardswere studied further duringWorld War IIat theYale School of Medicine.It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer.Therefore, in December 1942, several people with advancedlymphomas(cancers of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas.Their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable.Concurrently, during a military operation in World War II, following a Germanair raidon the Italian harbour ofBari, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by theAllied forcesto prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of chemical warfare. The","warfare. The survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts.After WWII was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have similar effects against cancer. The first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research wasmustine. Since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion-dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply. The termchemotherapy The wordchemotherapywithout a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning was broader. The term was coined in the early 1900s byPaul Ehrlichas meaning any use of chemicals to treat any disease (chemo-+-therapy), such as the use ofantibiotics(antibacterial chemotherapy).Ehrlich was not optimistic that effective chemotherapy drugs would be found for the treatment of cancer.The first modern","first modern chemotherapeutic agent wasarsphenamine, an arsenic compound discovered in 1907 and used to treatsyphilis.This was later followed bysulfonamides(sulfa drugs) andpenicillin. In today'susage, thesense\"any treatment of disease with drugs\" is often expressed with the wordpharmacotherapy. In terms of metaphorical language, 'chemotherapy' can be paralleled with the idea of a 'storm', as both can cause distress but afterwards may have a healing/cleaning effect. Research Targeted delivery vehicles Specially targeted delivery vehicles aim to increase effective levels of chemotherapy for tumor cells while reducing effective levels for other cells. This should result in an increased tumor kill or reduced toxicity or both. Antibody-drug conjugates Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs) comprise anantibody, drug and a linker between them. The antibody will be targeted at a preferentially expressed protein in the tumour cells (known as atumor antigen) or on cells that the tumor can utilise, such as blood","such as blood vesselendothelial cells. They bind to the tumor antigen and are internalised, where the linker releases the drug into the cell. These specially targeted delivery vehicles vary in their stability, selectivity, and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells.Reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in people who are sicker and that they can carry new chemotherapeutic agents that would have been far too toxic to deliver via traditional systemic approaches. The first approved drug of this type wasgemtuzumab ozogamicin(Mylotarg), released byWyeth(nowPfizer). The drug was approved to treatacute myeloid leukemia.Two other drugs,trastuzumab emtansineandbrentuximab vedotin, are both in late clinical trials, and the latter has been granted accelerated approval for the treatment ofrefractoryHodgkin's lymphomaand systemicanaplastic large cell lymphoma. Nanoparticles Nanoparticlesare 1–1000nanometer(nm)","1–1000nanometer(nm) sized particles that can promote tumor selectivity and aid in delivering low-solubilitydrugs. Nanoparticles can be targeted passively or actively. Passive targeting exploits the difference between tumor blood vessels and normal blood vessels. Blood vessels in tumors are \"leaky\" because they have gaps from 200 to 2000 nm, which allow nanoparticles to escape into the tumor. Active targeting uses biological molecules (antibodies,proteins,DNAandreceptor ligands) to preferentially target the nanoparticles to the tumor cells. There are many types of nanoparticle delivery systems, such assilica,polymers,liposomesand magnetic particles. Nanoparticles made of magnetic material can also be used to concentrate agents at tumor sites using an externally applied magnetic field.They have emerged as a useful vehicle inmagnetic drug deliveryfor poorly soluble agents such aspaclitaxel. Electrochemotherapy Electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is","drug is followed by application of high-voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor. The treatment enables the chemotherapeutic drugs, which otherwise cannot or hardly go through the membrane of cells (such as bleomycin and cisplatin), to enter the cancer cells. Hence, greater effectiveness of antitumor treatment is achieved. Clinical electrochemotherapy has been successfully used for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors irrespective of their histological origin.The method has been reported as safe, simple and highly effective in all reports on clinical use of electrochemotherapy. According to the ESOPE project (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy), the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for electrochemotherapy were prepared, based on the experience of the leading European cancer centres on electrochemotherapy.Recently, new electrochemotherapy modalities have been developed for treatment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutaneous","or percutaneous approaches to gain access to the treatment area. Hyperthermia therapy Hyperthermia therapyis heat treatment for cancer that can be a powerful tool when used in combination with chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy) or radiation for the control of a variety of cancers. The heat can be applied locally to the tumor site, which will dilate blood vessels to the tumor, allowing more chemotherapeutic medication to enter the tumor. Additionally, the tumor cell membrane will become more porous, further allowing more of the chemotherapeutic medicine to enter the tumor cell. Hyperthermia has also been shown to help prevent or reverse \"chemo-resistance.\" Chemotherapy resistance sometimes develops over time as the tumors adapt and can overcome the toxicity of the chemo medication. \"Overcoming chemoresistance has been extensively studied within the past, especially using CDDP-resistant cells. In regard to the potential benefit that drug-resistant cells can be recruited for effective therapy by combining","by combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia, it was important to show that chemoresistance against several anticancer drugs (e.g. mitomycin C, anthracyclines, BCNU, melphalan) including CDDP could be reversed at least partially by the addition of heat. Other animals Chemotherapy is used in veterinary medicine similar to how it is used in human medicine. See also References External links","Mustard gas Mustard gasorsulfur mustardare names commonly used for theorganosulfurchemical compoundbis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents−SCH2CH2X or −N(CH2CH2X)2are known assulfur mustardsornitrogen mustards, respectively, where X = Cl or Br. Such compounds are potentalkylating agents, making mustard gas acutely and severely toxic.Mustard gas is acarcinogen.There is no preventative agent against mustard gas, with protection depending entirely on skin and airways protection, and noantidoteexists for mustard poisoning. Also known as mustard agents, this family of compounds comprises infamouscytotoxinsandblister agentswith a long history of use aschemical weapons.The namemustard gasis technically incorrect; the substances, whendispersed, are often not gases but a fine mist of liquid droplets that can be readily absorbed through the skin and by inhalation.The skin can be affected by contact with","by contact with either the liquid or vapor. The rate of penetration into skin is proportional to dose, temperature and humidity. Sulfur mustards are viscous liquids at room temperature and have an odor resemblingmustard plants,garlic, orhorseradish, hence the name.When pure, they are colorless, but when used in impure forms, such as in warfare, they are usuallyyellow-brown. Mustard gases formblisterson exposed skin and in the lungs, often resulting in prolonged illness ending in death. History as chemical weapons Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent.As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used inWorld War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including theIran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties.Sulfur-based andnitrogen-basedmustard agents are regulated underSchedule 1of the 1993Chemical Weapons Convention, as substances with few uses other than inchemical warfare.Mustard agents can be deployed by means ofartillery shells,aerial bombs,rockets, or by","or by spraying from aircraft. Adverse health effects Mustard gases have powerfulblisteringeffects on victims. They are alsocarcinogenicandmutagenicalkylating agents.Their highlipophilicityaccelerates their absorption into the body.Because mustard agents often do not elicit immediate symptoms, contaminated areas may appear normal.Within 24 hours of exposure, victims experience intenseitchingand skin irritation. If this irritation goes untreated, blisters filled withpuscan form wherever the agent contacted the skin.Aschemical burns, these are severely debilitating. If the victim's eyes were exposed, then they become sore, starting withconjunctivitis(also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary blindness. Extreme ocular exposure to mustard gas vapors may result incorneal ulceration, anterior chamber scarring, andneovascularization.In these severe and infrequent cases,corneal transplantationhas been used as a treatment option.Miosis, when the pupil constricts more than usual,","more than usual, may also occur, which may be the result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard.If inhaled in high concentrations, mustard agents cause bleeding and blistering within therespiratory system, damagingmucous membranesand causingpulmonary edema.Depending on the level of contamination, mustard agent burns can vary betweenfirstandsecond degree burns. They can also be as severe, disfiguring, and dangerous asthird degree burns. Some 80% of sulfur mustard in contact with the skin evaporates, while 10% stays in the skin and 10% is absorbed and circulated in the blood. The carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of exposure to mustard gas increase the risk of developingcancerlater in life.In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were significantly mutated in the lungs and airways of mustard gas victims. Those genes all correspond to functions commonly affected by mustard gas exposure, includingapoptosis, inflammation,","inflammation, and stress responses.The long-term ocular complications include burning, tearing, itching,photophobia,presbyopia, pain, and foreign-body sensations. Medical management In a rinse-wipe-rinse sequence, skin is decontaminated of mustard gas by washing with liquid soap and water, or an absorbent powder.The eyes should be thoroughly rinsed using saline or clean water. A topical analgesic is used to relieve skin pain during decontamination. The blistering effects of mustard gas can be neutralized by decontamination solutions such as \"DS2\" (2%NaOH, 70%diethylenetriamine, 28%2-methoxyethanol).For skin lesions, topical treatments, such ascalamine lotion, steroids, and oralantihistaminesare used to relieve itching.Larger blisters are irrigated repeatedly with saline or soapy water, then treated with an antibiotic and petroleum gauze. Mustard agent burns do not heal quickly and (as with other types of burns) present a risk ofsepsiscaused bypathogenssuch asStaphylococcus aureusandPseudomonas aeruginosa.","aeruginosa. The mechanisms behind mustard gas's effect on endothelial cells are still being studied, but recent studies have shown that high levels of exposure can induce high rates of bothnecrosisandapoptosis. In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mMN-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protectsactinfilaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin filaments play a large role in the severe burns observed in victims. A British nurse treating soldiers with mustard agent burns duringWorld War Icommented: They cannot be bandaged or touched. We cover them with a tent of propped-up sheets. Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain, even with the worst wounds, but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they cannot help crying out. Mechanism of cellular toxicity Sulfur mustards readily eliminatechlorideions by","by intramolecularnucleophilic substitutionto form cyclicsulfoniumions. These very reactive intermediates tend to permanentlyalkylatenucleotidesinDNAstrands, which can prevent cellular division, leading toprogrammed cell death.Alternatively, if cell death is not immediate, the damaged DNA can lead to the development of cancer.Oxidative stresswould be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity. In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BC2H4X, where X is anyleaving groupand B is aLewis base, are known asmustards.Such compounds can form cyclic\"onium\" ions(sulfonium,ammonium, etc.) that are goodalkylating agents. Other such compounds are bis(2-haloethyl)ethers (oxygen mustards), the (2-haloethyl)amines (nitrogen mustards), andsesquimustard, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClC2H4S−) connected by an ethylene bridge (−C2H4−).These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties vary. Formulations In its history, various types and mixtures of","and mixtures of mustard gas have been employed. These include: Commonly-stockpiled mustard agents (class) History Development Mustard gases were possibly developed as early as 1822 byCésar-Mansuète Despretz(1798–1863).Despretz described the reaction ofsulfur dichlorideandethylenebut never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientistFrederick Guthriesynthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting.Also in 1860, chemistAlbert Niemann, known as a pioneer incocainechemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886,Viktor Meyerpublished a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined2-chloroethanolwithaqueouspotassium sulfide, and then treated the resultingthiodiglycolwithphosphorus trichloride. The","trichloride. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assistant, and in order to rule out the possibility that his assistant was suffering from a mental illness (psychosomatic symptoms), Meyer had this compound tested on laboratoryrabbits, most of which died. In 1913, the English chemistHans Thacher Clarke(known for theEschweiler-Clarke reaction) replaced the phosphorus trichloride withhydrochloric acidin Meyer's formulation while working withEmil FischerinBerlin. Clarke was hospitalized for two months for burns after one of his flasks broke. According to Meyer, Fischer's report on this accident to theGerman Chemical Societysent theGerman Empireon the road to chemical weapons. Mustard gas can have the effect of turning a patient's skin different colors, including shades of red, orange, pink, and in unusual cases, blue. TheGerman EmpireduringWorld War Irelied on the Meyer-Clarke","on the Meyer-Clarke method because2-chloroethanolwas readily available from the German dye industry of that time. Use Mustard gas was firstused in World War Iby the German army against British and Canadian soldiers nearYpres, Belgium, on July 12, 1917.Later also against theFrench Second Army.Yperiteis \"a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres.\"The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 atCambrai, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred onAvonmouth Docks(the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process).This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of theHindenburg Line. Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel andWilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method of large-scale production for theImperial German Armyin 1916. Mustard","1916. Mustard gas was dispersed as anaerosolin a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions asaerial bombs,land mines,mortar rounds,artillery shells, androckets.Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as anincapacitating agent. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing agas maskwas not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. A common countermeasure was using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a readily available remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries (e.g.They Shall Not Grow Oldin 2018) and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs; however, the effectiveness of this measure is unclear. Mustard gas can remain in the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill","to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates one's clothing and equipment while cold, then other people with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warm up enough material to become an airborne toxic agent. An example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches, particularly once the \"sousterrain\" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as anarea-denial weaponthat forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas. Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind: The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard gas, during warfare is known aschemical warfare, and this kind of warfare was prohibited by theGeneva Protocol of 1925, and also by the laterChemical Weapons Convention of 1993. The latter agreement","latter agreement also prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and sale of such weapons. In September 2012, a US official stated that the rebel militant groupISISwas manufacturing and using mustard gas in Syria and Iraq, which was allegedly confirmed by the group's head of chemical weapons development, Sleiman Daoud al-Afari, who has since been captured. Development of the first chemotherapy drug As early as 1919 it was known that mustard agent was a suppressor ofhematopoiesis.In addition, autopsies performed on 75 soldiers who had died of mustard agent duringWorld War Iwere done by researchers from theUniversity of Pennsylvaniawho reported decreased counts ofwhite blood cells.This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments atYale Universityto conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II. As a part of this effort, the group investigatednitrogen mustardas a therapy forHodgkin's lymphomaand other types","other types oflymphomaandleukemia, and this compound was tried out on its first human patient in December 1942. The results of this study were not published until 1946, when they were declassified.In a parallel track, after theair raid on Bariin December 1943, the doctors of the U.S. Army noted that white blood cell counts were reduced in their patients. Some years after World War II was over, the incident in Bari and the work of the Yale University group with nitrogen mustard converged, and this prompted a search for other similarchemical compounds. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard called \"HN2\" became the first cancerchemotherapydrug,chlormethine(also known as mechlorethamine, mustine) to be used. Chlormethine and other mustard gas molecules are still used to this day as an chemotherapy agent albeit they have largely been replaced with more safe chemotherapy drugs likecisplatinandcarboplatin. Disposal In the United States, storage and incineration of mustard gas and other chemical","and other chemical weapons were carried out by the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency.Disposal projects at the two remaining American chemical weapons sites were carried out nearRichmond, Kentucky, andPueblo, Colorado. Although not yet declassified,toxicology specialists who dealt with the accidental puncturing of World War I gas stockpiles add that Air Force bases in Colorado have been made available to assist veterans of the 2003 American war with Iraq in which many Marines were exposed to gas as caches of up to 25,000 lb (11,000 kg).The United Nations definition of a weapon of mass destruction for mustard gas is 30,000 lb (14,000 kg), typically the Marines and other coalition allies discovered caches of 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) located across a road from 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) caches as multiple memoirs attest. These were discovered by the assistance of host country allies, or through leaks affecting personnel in an area with a weapon and gas cache called anASP. New detection techniques are being","are being developed in order to detect the presence of mustard gas and its metabolites. The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. Theimmunochromatographicassay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilians from sulfur-mustard dumping sites. In 1946, 10,000 drums of mustard gas (2,800 tonnes) stored at the production facility of Stormont Chemicals inCornwall, Ontario, Canada, were loaded onto 187 boxcars for the 900 miles (1,400 km) journey to be buried at sea on board a 400 foot (120 m) long barge 40 miles (64 km) south ofSable Island, southeast ofHalifax, at a depth of 600 fathoms (1,100 m). The dump location is 42 degrees, 50 minutes north by 60 degrees, 12 minutes west. A large British stockpile of old mustard agent that had been made and stored since World War I atM. S. Factory, ValleynearRhydymwyninFlintshire, Wales,","Wales, was destroyed in 1958. Most of the mustard gas found in Germany afterWorld War IIwas dumped into theBaltic Sea. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found about 700 chemical weapons in the region ofBornholm, most of which contain mustard gas. One of the more frequently dumped weapons was \"Sprühbüchse 37\" (SprüBü37, Spray Can 37, 1937 being the year of its fielding with the German Army). These weapons contain mustard gas mixed with athickener, which gives it a tar-like viscosity. When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustardhydrolyzes, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps (e.g., with the drag board of a fishing net or by the human hand) the enclosed mustard gas is still as active as it had been at the time the weapon was dumped. These lumps, when washed ashore, can be mistaken for amber, which can lead to severe health","to severe health problems.Artillery shellscontaining mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still be found in France and Belgium. These were formerly disposed of by explosion undersea, but since the current environmental regulations prohibit this, theFrench governmentis building an automated factory to dispose of the accumulation of chemical shells. In 1972, theU.S. Congressbanned the practice of disposing of chemical weapons into the ocean by the United States. 29,000 tons of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean off the United States by theU.S. Army. According to a report created in 1998 by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in theU.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the army created at least 26 chemical weapons dumping sites in the ocean offshore from at least 11 states on both theEast Coastand theWest Coast(inOperation CHASE,Operation Geranium, etc.). In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the","one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of 1,044 tonnes (1,151 short tons) of mustard gas.By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame.India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become the third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations. Producing or stockpiling mustard gas is prohibited by theChemical Weapons Convention. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 17,440 tonnes of mustard gas. As of December 2015, 86% of these stockpiles had been destroyed. A significant","A significant portion of the United States' mustard agentstockpilewas stored at the Edgewood Area ofAberdeen Proving GroundinMaryland. Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agents were stored in one-ton containers on the base under heavy guard. A chemical neutralization plant was built on the proving ground and neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint program of the Army and theFederal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA).Unexploded shells containing mustard gases and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity","ranges in proximity to schools in the Edgewood area, but the smaller amounts of poison gas (4 to 14 pounds (1.8 to 6.4 kg)) present considerably lower risks. These remnants are being detected and excavated systematically for disposal. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency oversaw disposal of several other chemical weapons stockpiles located across the United States in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. These include the complete incineration of the chemical weapons stockpiled inAlabama,Arkansas,Indiana, andOregon. Earlier, this agency had also completed destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile located onJohnston Atolllocated south ofHawaiiin thePacific Ocean.The largest mustard agent stockpile, at approximately 6,200short tons, was stored at theDeseret Chemical Depotin northernUtah. The incineration of this stockpile began in 2006. In May 2011, the last of the mustard agents in the stockpile were incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last artillery shells containing","shells containing mustard gas were incinerated in January 2012. In 2008, many emptyaerial bombsthat contained mustard gas were found in an excavation at theMarrangaroo Army Basejust west of Sydney, Australia.In 2009, a mining survey nearChinchilla, Queensland, uncovered 144 105-millimeterhowitzershells, some containing \"Mustard H\", that had been buried by the U.S. Army during World War II. In 2014, a collection of 200 bombs was found near theFlemishvillages ofPassendaleandMoorslede. The majority of the bombs were filled with mustard agents. The bombs were left over from the German army and were meant to be used in theBattle of Passchendaelein World War I. It was the largest collection of chemical weapons ever found in Belgium. A large amount of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, was found in a neighborhood ofWashington, D.C.The cleanup was completed in 2021. Post-war accidental exposure In 2002, an archaeologist at the Presidio Trust archaeology lab in San Francisco was exposed to mustard gas, which","mustard gas, which had been dug up at thePresidio of San Francisco, a former military base. In 2010, a clamming boat pulled up some oldartilleryshells of World War I from theAtlantic Oceansouth ofLong Island, New York. Multiple fishermen suffered from blistering and respiratory irritation severe enough to require hospitalization. WWII-era tests on men From 1943 to 1944, mustard agent experiments were performed on Australian service volunteers in tropicalQueensland, Australia, byRoyal Australian Engineers,British Armyand American experimenters, resulting in some severe injuries. One test site, theBrook Islands National Park, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by theImperial Japanese Army.These experiments were the subject of the documentary filmKeen as Mustard. The United States tested sulfur mustards and other chemical agents includingnitrogen mustardsandlewisiteon up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified secret and as withAgent Orange, claims for medical care","for medical care and compensation were routinely denied, even after the WWII-era tests were declassified in 1993. TheDepartment of Veterans Affairsstated that it would contact 4,000 surviving test subjects but failed to do so, eventually only contacting 600. Skin cancer, severe eczema, leukemia, and chronic breathing problems plagued the test subjects, some of whom were as young as 19 at the time of the tests, until their deaths, but even those who had previously filed claims with the VA went without compensation. African American servicemenwere tested alongside white men in separate trials to determine whether their skin color would afford them a degree of immunity to the agents, andNiseiservicemen, some of whom had joined after their release fromJapanese American Internment Campswere tested to determine susceptibility ofJapanese military personnelto these agents. These tests also includedPuerto Ricansubjects. Detection in biological fluids Concentrations of thiodiglycol in urine have been used to confirm a","used to confirm a diagnosis of chemical poisoning in hospitalized victims. The presence in urine of 1,1'-sulfonylbismethylthioethane (SBMTE), a conjugation product with glutathione, is considered a more specific marker, since this metabolite is not found in specimens from unexposed persons. In one case, intact mustard gas was detected in postmortem fluids and tissues of a man who died one week post-exposure. See also References Notes Further reading External links"],"string":"[\n \"Mayor Max II Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II(May 6, 2013 – July 30, 2022) was agolden retrieverdog who served as the second unofficial mayor of Idyllwild, part of thecensus-designated placeofIdyllwild–Pine Cove, California. His deputy mayors, Mitzi and Mikey, were his cousins.After his death Mayor Max II was succeeded by his cousin Max III, who was sworn in on December 10, 2022. Mayorality In 2012, the non-profit organization Idyllwild Animal Rescue Friends (ARF) hosted an \\\"election\\\" for mayor of Idyllwild (which, as part of an unincorporated community, has no local government) as part of a fundraising event for the organization. Fourteen dogs and two cats ran, and Max, aGolden Retriever, was elected as Idyllwild's first mayor. On April 2, 2013, Mayor Max died, and Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II, another Golden Retriever, arrived in Idyllwild on July 21 to complete the remainder of the term.In March 2014, as the end of Max's term approached, ARF solicited the town's interest in holding another election. The\",\n \"election. The people overwhelmingly pled for Mayor Max's continuation in perpetuity. Mayor Max was recognized by theCounty of Riverside, California.The Mayor's duties included visiting with locals and out-of-town visitors, attending business grand openings and other town functions, participating in the town's two annual parades, and promoting Idyllwild.Max's popularity had spread the world over, and he has represented the town through appearances on news programs, talk shows, advertisements, billboards, and a game show. Death Mayor Max died in the city ofTemeculaon July 30, 2022, after suffering a brief medical issue.He was succeeded byMayor Max III, who formally took office on December 10, 2022. See also References External links\",\n \"Golden Retriever TheGolden Retrieveris a Scottishbreedofretrieverdog of medium size. It is characterised by a gentle and affectionate nature and a striking golden coat. It is a working dog, and registration is subject to successful completion of a working trial.It is commonly kept as apetand is among the most frequently registered breeds in several Western countries; some may compete indog showsorobedience trials, or work as aguide dog. The Golden Retriever was bred bySir Dudley Marjoribanksat his Scottish estateGuisachanin the late nineteenth century. Hecross-bredFlat-coated RetrieverswithTweed Water Spaniels, with some further infusions ofRed Setter,Labrador RetrieverandBloodhound. It was recognised by theKennel Clubin 1913, and during theinterwar periodspread to many parts of the world. History The Golden Retriever was developed in Scotland in the nineteenth century bySir Dudley Marjoribanks(later to becomeBaron Tweedmouth) fromFlat-coated Retrieversjudiciously crossed withTweed Water Spanielsand some\",\n \"Spanielsand some other British dog breeds.Prior to the 1952 publication of the very detailed stud book which had been meticulously maintained by Marjoribanks, a number of romantic tales were published about the origins of the breed. In the 1860s Marjoribanks set out to create what to his mind was the ultimate breed of retriever at his Scottish estateGuisachan.He started by acquiring a yellow-coloured Flat-coated Retriever dog called Nous;Nous had beenwhelpedin June 1864 and was the only yellow pup in an otherwise all black-colouredlitter.Whilst uncommon, occasionally liver, brown, golden or yellow-coloured purebred Flat-coated Retriever pups are whelped to matings of two black parents.It is the pedigree of Nous that was the source for the romantic tales of the heritage of the Golden Retriever.One early account claimed Nous was purchased from a Russian circus trainer inBrighton, another claimed he was bought from a cobbler, and yet another claimed a gypsy.The stud book states that Nous was a Flat-coated\",\n \"was a Flat-coated Retriever bred byLord Chichesteron hisStanmer Parkestate near Brighton. In 1868 Nous was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel bitch named Belle, who is recorded in the stud book as being whelped in 1863 and being of \\\"Ladykirk breeding\\\".The litter from this mating consisted of four yellow pups, Primrose, Ada, Cowslip and Crocus.The best bitch from this litter, Cowslip, was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel called Tweed with the mating producing a bitch pup called Topsy.Cowslip was subsequently mated to aRed Settercalled Sampson; that mating produced a dog pup called Jack.Topsy was mated with a black Flat-coated Retriever called Sambo and a bitch pup from that litter, Zoe, was mated back to Jack and two pups from that mating were retained, a dog called Nous II and a bitch called Gill.Gill was mated to a blackLabrador Retrievercalled Tracer, and a bitch pup from that mating, Queenie, was mated back to Nous II; all Golden Retrievers descend from this mating.The progeny from these various matings varied\",\n \"matings varied in colour from pure black to light cream, but it was the golden-coloured ones that were retained and mated to each other, forming the foundation stock of the Golden Retriever breed.Marjoribanks is also known to have used a sandy-colouredBloodhoundand another Labrador in subsequent years of the breeding programme. In 1952 Marjoribanks's great-nephew,Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester, teamed up with Elma Stonex and together they studied Marjoribanks's stud book.In 1960 their research was published, presenting all of the evidence required to counter all tales of Russian ancestry.The stud book, which covers the period from 1868 to 1890, is preserved in the library ofthe Kennel ClubinLondon.In the early days Golden Retrievers were called the 'Flat-coated Retriever, Golden',Initially the Golden Retriever was considered a colour variety of the former breed.In 1903the Kennel Clubrecorded the first examples, listing them in the same register as Flat-coats.In 1904 a Golden Retriever won afield\",\n \"won afield trialand in 1908 the first examples were exhibited atconformation shows.In 1911 a breed club was formed for the breed in England, the Golden Retriever Club, and they were given a new name, the 'Yellow or Golden Retriever'; from this point they were increasingly seen as a separate breed from the Flat-coated Retriever.It was not until 1913 that the Kennel Club began recording them on a separate breed register from the Flat-coated Retriever and in 1920 the 'Yellow or' was dropped from the breed name and they were officially called the 'Golden Retriever'. One early twentieth century enthusiast of the breed, Winifred Charlesworth, was instrumental in the establishment of the breed club as well as its separate Kennel Club recognition.It was she who drew up the first breed standard, which was adopted by the Kennel Club and with only minor amendments and remains largely unchanged.She bred and exhibited the first Golden RetrieverShow Champion, was a strong advocate for maintaining the working instincts of\",\n \"instincts of the breed, and she is credited with popularising it at field trials and introducing it to shooting sportsmen. In the years after theFirst World Warits popularity increased markedly and in the 1920s and 1930s it spread through much of the Western world.TheCanadian Kennel Clubrecognised the breed in 1927, theAmerican Kennel Clubin 1932; the first examples were registered in France in 1934 and Australia in 1937.The worldwide popularity of the breed meant it did not suffer the misfortunes many British dog breeds did during theSecond World Wardue to British wartime restrictions on the breeding of larger dogs, with ample quality breeding stock available globally to ensure none of its characteristics were lost. Since the 1940s its popularity has continued to grow, and it has become one of the most recognised and most frequently registered dog breeds in the Western world. Description Appearance The Golden Retriever is a powerfully built, medium-sized breed of dog; according to the Kennel Clubbreed\",\n \"Kennel Clubbreed standard, dogs stand from 56 to 61 centimetres (22 to 24 in) and bitches from 51 to 56 centimetres (20 to 22 in).Healthy adult examples typically weigh between 25 and 34 kilograms (55 and 75 lb). The Golden Retriever has a broad head with a well-definedstop, with dark eyes set well apart, a wide and powerful muzzle, a large black nose, dark-pigmented and slightly droopingflews, and ears of moderate size set high and hanging with a slight fold.The neck is muscular and fairly long with loose-fitting skin, the shoulders well laid-back and long-bladed, and the body deep through the chest with well-sprung ribs.The back is usually level fromwitherstocroupand the long, straight tail is usually carried flat, roughly in line with the back.The forelegs are straight with good bone, the hind legs are powerful with well bentstiflesand muscular thighs, and the feet are cat-like. Thedouble coatis a recognisable and striking feature:the outer coat is long, flat or wavy and has good feathering on the\",\n \"feathering on the forelegs, while the undercoat is dense and provides weather resistance.The coat can be any shade of cream, yellow or gold; the coat typically becomes paler with age.The Kennel Club breed standard prohibits red or mahogany-coloured coats, but a few white hairs on the chest are permitted.Originally only yellow or golden coloured examples were permitted, this excluded many outstanding cream coloured dogs; to overcome this in 1936 the Kennel Club's standard was amended to include the cream colour.The cream colour, which in more modern times can be almost white, has become the dominant colour and is particularly favoured byconformation showexhibitors.Golden Retrievers that are bred forconformation showstend to have longer and finer coats than those bred for working as gundogs. The Kennel Club breed standard is accepted by everykennel clubin the world except those of Canada and the United States.Breed standards in North America call for a slightly taller dogand the cream colour is not permitted.\",\n \"is not permitted. Temperament The Golden Retriever is considered an intelligent, gentle natured and very affectionate breed of dog.As is typical withretrieverbreeds, the breed is generally calm and biddable, being very easy to train and extremely keen to please their master.The breed is known to make excellent pets and family dogs, being generally extremely tolerant of children and keen to accompany any member of the family in a range of activities.Due to their affable natures, the breed is often completely devoid of guarding instincts.However, there have also been reports of some very aggressive Golden Retrievers in certain lineages. It has been suggested that these variations in aggression are partially caused by genetic factors. The breed usually retains many of their gundog traits and instincts including an excellent sense of smell and a strong instinct to retrieve; even among those not trained as gundogs it is typical for Golden Retrievers to present their owners with toys or other objects.Compared to\",\n \"objects.Compared to other retriever breeds the Golden Retriever is typically quite slow to mature. Use The Golden Retriever is one of the most commonly kept breeds ofcompanion dogin the Western world, and is often among the top ten dog breeds by number of registrations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Canada.It is a frequent competitor atdog shows; separate show lines of the breed have been developed.The dogs can be trained asguide dogsandtherapy dogs,and may compete inobedience trialsand otherdog sports. The Golden Retriever is still used as agundogby sportsmen, both as a hunting companion in the field and for competing infield trials.It is used more for retrieval of land-based gamebirds such asgrouseandpartridgethan for wildfowl hunting.Those used as gundogs are usually from working lines specifically bred for field use; dogs from pet or show lines are rarely suitable.A Golden Retriever with a traditional dense double coat is well suited to working in cold and wet conditions, as the\",\n \"conditions, as the coat provides water resistance and insulation.Compared to other retriever breeds, the Golden Retriever is not a strong swimmer; its long coat causes it to sit low in the water when swimming. The Golden Retriever is much less commonly used by sportsmen as a hunting companion than theLabrador Retriever.One reason is that the breed is generally quite slow to mature, particularly compared to the Labrador; often when a Golden Retriever is still in basic training a Labrador of the same age has already completed a season of hunting.Another is its long coat, which requires more maintenance and grooming than that of the Labrador, particularly after working in muddy conditions or close cover, as their long hair is more prone to picking up dirt and burrs.More Golden Retrievers are bred as pets or for the show ring than for hunting, so it can be hard for sportsmen to find pups bred from proven working lines. Health A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.2 years for the breed compared to an\",\n \"compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 10 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.A 2005 Swedish study found 22% of Golden Retrievers died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10. The breed is unusually prone to cancer, with one United States study finding cancer to be the cause of death in approximately 50% of the population, the second highest in the study. Several European studies found a much lower prevalence (20–39%), which may reflect the significant genetic divergence between the American and European populations. They are especially prone tohemangiosarcomaandlymphoma, with an estimated lifetime risk of one in five for the former and one in eight for the latter. The high prevalence of cancer deaths among Golden Retrievers may partly represent a lack of other congenital diseases.One UK study found the risk ofmetastaticneoplasiain the breed to be 4.86 times higher than other\",\n \"higher than other dogs. The Golden Retriever has a genetic predisposition toprimary hypothyroidism; a review of 5 different studies found Golden Retrievers to make up 17% of cases. Notable Golden Retrievers Explanatory notes References Further reading\",\n \"Hemangiosarcoma Hemangiosarcomais a rapidly growing, highly invasive variety ofcancerthat occurs almost exclusively in dogs, and only rarely in cats, horses, mice,or humans (vinyl chloridetoxicity). It is asarcomaarising from the lining of blood vessels; that is, blood-filled channels and spaces are commonly observed microscopically. A frequent cause of death is the rupturing of this tumor, causing the patient to rapidly bleed to death. The term \\\"angiosarcoma\\\", when used without a modifier, usually refers to hemangiosarcoma.However,glomangiosarcoma(8710/3) andlymphangiosarcoma(9170/3) are distinct conditions (in humans). Dogs Hemangiosarcoma is quite common indogs, and more so in certain breeds includingGerman ShepherdsandGolden Retrievers.It also occurs incats, but much more rarely. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma rarely show clinical signs until the tumor has become very large and hasmetastasized. Typically, clinical signs are due tohypovolemiaafter the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Owners of the\",\n \"Owners of the affected dogs often discover that the dog has hemangiosarcoma only after the dog collapses. The tumor most often appears on thespleen, rightheartbase, orliver, although varieties also appear on or under the skin or in other locations. It is the most common tumor of the heart, and occurs in theright atriumorright auricular appendage. Here it can cause right-sidedheart failure,arrhythmias,pericardial effusion, andcardiac tamponade. Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen orliveris the most common tumor to causehemorrhagein theabdomen.Hemorrhage secondary to splenic and hepatic tumors can also cause ventriculararrhythmias. Hemangiosarcoma of theskinusually appears as a small red or bluish-black lump. It can also occur under the skin. It is suspected that in the skin, hemangiosarcoma is caused bysunexposure.Occasionally, hemangiosarcoma of the skin can be a metastasis from visceral hemangiosarcoma. Other sites the tumor may occur includebone,kidneys, thebladder,muscle, themouth, and thecentral nervous\",\n \"thecentral nervous system. Clinical features Presenting complaints and clinical signs are usually related to the site of origin of the primary tumor or to the presence of metastases, spontaneous tumor rupture, coagulopathies, or cardiac arrhythmias. More than 50% of patients are presented because of acute collapse after spontaneous rupture of the primary tumor or its metastases. Some episodes of collapse are a result of ventricular arrhythmias, which are relatively common in dogs with splenic or cardiac HSA. Most common clinical signs of visceral hemangiosarcoma include loss of appetite,arrhythmias, weight loss, weakness, lethargy, collapse, palemucous membranes, and/or sudden death. An enlarged abdomen is often seen due to hemorrhage. Metastasis is most commonly to the liver,omentum,lungs, orbrain. A retrospective study published in 1999 by Ware, et al., found a five times greater risk of cardiac hemangiosarcoma in spayed vs. intact female dogs and a 2.4 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma in neutered\",\n \"in neutered dogs as compared to intact males.The validity of this study is in dispute. Clinicopathologic findings Hemangiosarcoma can cause a wide variety of hematologic and hemostatic abnormalities, includinganemia, thrombocytopenia(lowplateletcount),disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC); presence of nRBC, schistocytes, and acanthocytes in the blood smear; and leukocytosis with neutrophilia, left shift, and monocytosis. Diagnosis A definitive diagnosis requires biopsy and histopathology. Cytologic aspirates may be inconclusive with studies reporting various specificity, and negative results may not correlate with absence of disease, as one study concludes \\\"cytological diagnosis of splenic neoplasia is reliable, but a negative result cannot be used to exclude the possibility of splenic neoplasia.\\\"This is because of frequent blood contamination and poor exfoliation.Surgical biopsy is the typical approach in veterinary medicine. Imaging modalities may include one ore more of ultrasound, CT, MRIand\",\n \"CT, MRIand FDG-PET/CT.FGD-PET/CT may show some benefit over traditional CT for staging and detection of metastasis. Symptoms Dogs rarely show symptoms of hemangiosarcoma until after the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Then symptoms can include short-term lethargy, loss of appetite, enlarged abdomen, weakness in the back legs, paled colored tongue and gums, rapid heart rate, and a weak pulse. Treatments Treatment includeschemotherapyand, where practical, removal of the tumor with the affected organ, such as with asplenectomy. Splenectomy alone gives an average survival time of 1–3 months. The addition ofchemotherapy, primarily comprising the drugdoxorubicin, alone or in combination with other drugs, can increase the average survival time by 2–4 months beyond splenectomy alone. A 2012 paper published the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School, in dogs treated with a compound derived from theCoriolus versicolor(commonly known as \\\"Turkey Tail\\\") mushroom showed a favorable response to the agent\",\n \"to the agent compared to historical controls of dogs treated with splenectomy and Doxorubicin .:.A controlled, randomized study in 101 dogs was later conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School which showed that the Coriolus versicolor mushroom did not have the same outcome noted in the 2012 paper with 15 dogs. In the 2022 paper by Gednet et al. dogs treated with splenectomy followed by Doxorubicin did better then dogs treated with splenectomy and mushroom agent. Combination of Doxorubicin with the Turkey Tail mushroom also did not improve survival when compared to Doxorubicin alone. However, as noted in the 2012 study, the Turkey Tail mushroom extract did not cause any systemic adverse reactions, even when combined with Doxorubicin.:. Immune therapy based on cultivation of tumor tissue is being developed for dogs.A preventive vaccine based on several proteins commonly found in dog cancers, including hemangiosarcomas, is also being developed. In the skin, it can be cured in most cases with\",\n \"in most cases with complete surgical removal as long as there is not visceral involvement.Median survival times for stage I is 780 days, where more advanced stages can range from 172 to 307 days. References External links\",\n \"Chemotherapy Chemotherapy(often abbreviatedchemo, sometimesCTXandCTx) is the type ofcancer treatmentthat uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agentsoralkylating agents) in a standardregimen. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or toreduce symptoms(palliativechemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted topharmacotherapyforcancer, which is calledmedical oncology. The termchemotherapynow means the non-specific use of intracellularpoisonsto inhibitmitosis(cell division) or to induceDNA damage(so thatDNA repaircan augment chemotherapy).This meaning excludes the more-selective agents that block extracellular signals (signal transduction). Therapies with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarilyestrogensfor breast cancer andandrogensfor prostate cancer), are now\",\n \"cancer), are now calledhormonal therapies. Other inhibitions of growth-signals, such as those associated withreceptor tyrosine kinases, aretargeted therapy. The use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or targeted therapy) issystemic therapyfor cancer: they are introduced into the blood stream (the system) and therefore can treat cancer anywhere in the body. Systemic therapy is often used with other,local therapy(treatments that work only where they are applied), such asradiation,surgery, andhyperthermia. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents arecytotoxicby means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death ifapoptosisis initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in thebone marrow,digestive\",\n \"marrow,digestive tractandhair follicles. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy:myelosuppression(decreased production of blood cells, hence that alsoimmunosuppression),mucositis(inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), andalopecia(hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-calledautoimmunity). These includerheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus,multiple sclerosis,vasculitisand many others. Treatment strategies There are a number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent or it may aim to prolong life or topalliate symptoms. Allchemotherapy regimensrequire that the recipient be capable of undergoing the treatment.Performance statusis often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose\",\n \"or whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (fractional kill), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor.Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity. Effectiveness The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as someleukemias,to being ineffective, such as in somebrain tumors,to being needless in others, like mostnon-melanoma skin cancers. Dosage Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the person receiving it.The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculatedbody surface area(BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or\",\n \"formula or anomogram, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans.The study only included nine human subjects.When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option. The validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned because the formula only takes into account the individual's weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which have major impacts on the actual concentration of the drug in the person's bloodstream.As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this\",\n \"by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than ten-fold for many drugs.In other words, if two people receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one person may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other person.This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs. The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among people is that many people do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some people are overdosed while others are underdosed.For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard—68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed. There has been controversy over the use of BSA to\",\n \"the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for people who areobese.Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear ofoverdosing.In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that when chemotherapy dosing is individualized to achieve optimal systemic drug exposure, treatment outcomes are improved and toxic side effects are reduced.In the 5-FU clinical study cited above, people whose dose was adjusted to achieve a pre-determined target exposure realized an 84% improvement in treatment response rate and a six-month improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with those dosed by BSA. In the same study, investigators compared the incidence of common 5-FU-associated grade 3/4 toxicities between the dose-adjusted people and people dosed per BSA.The incidence of debilitating grades of diarrhea was reduced from 18% in the BSA-dosed group to 4% in the dose-adjusted group and serious hematologic\",\n \"serious hematologic side effects were eliminated.Because of the reduced toxicity, dose-adjusted patients were able to be treated for longer periods of time.BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months.Completing the course of treatment is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes. Similar results were found in a study involving people with colorectal cancer who have been treated with the popularFOLFOXregimen.The incidence of serious diarrhea was reduced from 12% in the BSA-dosed group of patients to 1.7% in the dose-adjusted group, and the incidence of severe mucositis was reduced from 15% to 0.8%. The FOLFOX study also demonstrated an improvement in treatment outcomes.Positive response increased from 46% in the BSA-dosed group to 70% in the dose-adjusted group. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) both improved by six months in the dose adjusted group. One approach that can\",\n \"approach that can help clinicians individualize chemotherapy dosing is to measure the drug levels in blood plasma over time and adjust dose according to a formula or algorithm to achieve optimal exposure. With an established target exposure for optimized treatment effectiveness with minimized toxicities, dosing can be personalized to achieve target exposure and optimal results for each person. Such an algorithm was used in the clinical trials cited above and resulted in significantly improved treatment outcomes. Oncologists are already individualizing dosing of some cancer drugs based on exposure.Carboplatin: 4andbusulfandosing rely upon results from blood tests to calculate the optimal dose for each person. Simple blood tests are also available for dose optimization ofmethotrexate,5-FU,paclitaxel, anddocetaxel. The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types. Types Alkylating agents Alkylating agents are the\",\n \"agents are the oldest group of chemotherapeutics in use today. Originally derived frommustard gasused inWorld War I, there are now many types of alkylating agents in use.They are so named because of their ability toalkylatemany molecules, includingproteins,RNAandDNA. This ability to bindcovalentlyto DNA via theiralkyl groupis the primary cause for their anti-cancer effects.DNA is made of two strands and the molecules may either bind twice to one strand of DNA (intrastrand crosslink) or may bind once to both strands (interstrand crosslink). If the cell tries to replicate crosslinked DNA duringcell division, or tries to repair it, the DNA strands can break. This leads to a form of programmed cell death calledapoptosis.Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason, the effect on the cell is dose dependent; the fraction of cells that die is directly proportional to the dose of drug. The subtypes of alkylating agents are thenitrogen\",\n \"are thenitrogen mustards,nitrosoureas,tetrazines,aziridines,cisplatinsand derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustards includemechlorethamine,cyclophosphamide,melphalan,chlorambucil,ifosfamideandbusulfan. Nitrosoureas includeN-Nitroso-N-methylurea(MNU),carmustine(BCNU),lomustine(CCNU) andsemustine(MeCCNU),fotemustineandstreptozotocin. Tetrazines includedacarbazine,mitozolomideandtemozolomide. Aziridines includethiotepa,mytomycinand diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives includecisplatin,carboplatinandoxaliplatin.They impair cell function by formingcovalent bondswith theamino,carboxyl,sulfhydryl, andphosphate groupsin biologically important molecules.Non-classical alkylating agents includeprocarbazineand hexamethylmelamine. Antimetabolites Anti-metabolitesare a group of molecules that impede DNA and RNA synthesis. Many of them have a similar structure to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The building blocks arenucleotides; a molecule comprising anucleobase, a sugar and aphosphate\",\n \"and aphosphate group. The nucleobases are divided intopurines(guanineandadenine) andpyrimidines(cytosine,thymineanduracil). Anti-metabolites resemble either nucleobases or nucleosides (a nucleotide without the phosphate group), but have alteredchemical groups.These drugs exert their effect by either blocking the enzymes required for DNA synthesis or becoming incorporated into DNA or RNA. By inhibiting the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, they prevent mitosis because the DNA cannot duplicate itself. Also, after misincorporation of the molecules into DNA,DNA damagecan occur and programmed cell death (apoptosis) is induced. Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of the cell cycle, in this caseS-phase(the DNA synthesis phase). For this reason, at a certain dose, the effect plateaus and proportionally no more cell death occurs with increased doses. Subtypes of the anti-metabolites are theanti-folates, fluoropyrimidines,\",\n \"fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues andthiopurines. The anti-folates includemethotrexateandpemetrexed. Methotrexate inhibitsdihydrofolate reductase(DHFR), an enzyme that regeneratestetrahydrofolatefromdihydrofolate. When the enzyme is inhibited by methotrexate, the cellular levels of folate coenzymes diminish. These are required forthymidylateand purine production, which are both essential for DNA synthesis and cell division.: 55–59: 11Pemetrexed is another anti-metabolite that affects purine and pyrimidine production, and therefore also inhibits DNA synthesis. It primarily inhibits the enzymethymidylate synthase, but also has effects on DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase andglycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.The fluoropyrimidines includefluorouracilandcapecitabine. Fluorouracil is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells to form at least two active products; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP).\",\n \"(fdUMP). FUMP becomes incorporated into RNA and fdUMP inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase; both of which lead to cell death.: 11Capecitabine is aprodrugof 5-fluorouracil that is broken down in cells to produce the active drug.The deoxynucleoside analogues includecytarabine,gemcitabine,decitabine,azacitidine,fludarabine,nelarabine,cladribine,clofarabine, andpentostatin. The thiopurines includethioguanineandmercaptopurine. Anti-microtubule agents Anti-microtubule agentsareplant-derived chemicals that block cell division by preventingmicrotubulefunction. Microtubules are an important cellular structure composed of two proteins,α-tubulinandβ-tubulin. They are hollow, rod-shaped structures that are required for cell division, among other cellular functions.Microtubules are dynamic structures, which means that they are permanently in a state of assembly and disassembly.Vincaalkaloidsandtaxanesare the two main groups of anti-microtubule agents, and although both of these groups of drugs cause microtubule\",\n \"cause microtubule dysfunction, their mechanisms of action are completely opposite:Vincaalkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. By doing so, they can inducemitotic catastrophein the cancer cells.Following this, cell cycle arrest occurs, which induces programmed cell death (apoptosis).These drugs can also affectblood vessel growth, an essential process that tumours utilise in order to grow and metastasise. Vincaalkaloids are derived from theMadagascar periwinkle,Catharanthus roseus,formerly known asVinca rosea. They bind to specific sites on tubulin, inhibiting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The originalvincaalkaloids arenatural productsthat includevincristineandvinblastine.Following the success of these drugs, semi-syntheticvincaalkaloids were produced:vinorelbine(used in the treatment ofnon-small-cell lung cancer),vindesine, andvinflunine.These drugs arecell cycle-specific. They bind to the tubulin molecules inS-phaseand prevent proper\",\n \"prevent proper microtubule formation required forM-phase. Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class,paclitaxel, was originally extracted fromTaxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew. Now this drug and another in this class,docetaxel, are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree,Taxus baccata. Podophyllotoxinis an antineoplasticlignanobtained primarily from theAmerican mayapple(Podophyllum peltatum) andHimalayan mayapple(Sinopodophyllum hexandrum). It has anti-microtubule activity, and its mechanism is similar to that ofvincaalkaloids in that they bind to tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation. Podophyllotoxin is used to produce two other drugs with different mechanisms of action:etoposideandteniposide. Topoisomerase inhibitors Topoisomerase inhibitors are drugs that affect the activity of two enzymes:topoisomerase Iandtopoisomerase II. When the DNA double-strand helix is unwound, during DNA replication ortranscription, for example, the\",\n \"for example, the adjacent unopened DNA winds tighter (supercoils), like opening the middle of a twisted rope. The stress caused by this effect is in part aided by the topoisomerase enzymes. They produce single- or double-strand breaks into DNA, reducing the tension in the DNA strand. This allows the normal unwinding of DNA to occur duringreplicationor transcription. Inhibition of topoisomerase I or II interferes with both of these processes. Two topoisomerase I inhibitors,irinotecanandtopotecan, are semi-synthetically derived fromcamptothecin, which is obtained from the Chinese ornamental treeCamptotheca acuminata.Drugs that target topoisomerase II can be divided into two groups. The topoisomerase II poisons cause increased levels enzymes bound to DNA. This prevents DNA replication and transcription, causes DNA strand breaks, and leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis). These agents includeetoposide,doxorubicin,mitoxantroneandteniposide. The second group, catalytic inhibitors, are drugs that block the\",\n \"that block the activity of topoisomerase II, and therefore prevent DNA synthesis and translation because the DNA cannot unwind properly. This group includesnovobiocin, merbarone, andaclarubicin, which also have other significant mechanisms of action. Cytotoxic antibiotics The cytotoxicantibioticsare a varied group of drugs that have various mechanisms of action. The common theme that they share in their chemotherapy indication is that they interruptcell division. The most important subgroup is theanthracyclinesand thebleomycins; other prominent examples includemitomycin Candactinomycin. Among the anthracyclines,doxorubicinanddaunorubicinwere the first, and were obtained from thebacteriumStreptomyces peucetius.Derivatives of these compounds includeepirubicinandidarubicin. Other clinically used drugs in the anthracycline group arepirarubicin,aclarubicin, andmitoxantrone.The mechanisms of anthracyclines includeDNA intercalation(molecules insert between the two strands of DNA), generation of highly reactivefree\",\n \"highly reactivefree radicalsthat damage intercellular molecules and topoisomerase inhibition. Actinomycin is a complex molecule that intercalates DNA and preventsRNA synthesis. Bleomycin, aglycopeptideisolated fromStreptomyces verticillus, also intercalates DNA, but producesfree radicalsthat damage DNA. This occurs when bleomycin binds to ametal ion, becomeschemically reducedand reacts withoxygen.: 87 Mitomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic with the ability to alkylate DNA. Delivery Most chemotherapy isdeliveredintravenously, although a number of agents can be administered orally (e.g.,melphalan,busulfan,capecitabine). According to a recent (2016) systematic review, oral therapies present additional challenges for patients and care teams to maintain and support adherence to treatment plans. There are many intravenous methods of drug delivery, known as vascular access devices. These include thewinged infusion device,peripheral venous catheter, midline catheter,peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC),central\",\n \"venous catheterandimplantable port. The devices have different applications regarding duration of chemotherapy treatment, method of delivery and types of chemotherapeutic agent.: 94–95 Depending on the person, the cancer, the stage of cancer, the type of chemotherapy, and the dosage, intravenous chemotherapy may be given on either aninpatientor anoutpatientbasis. For continuous, frequent or prolonged intravenous chemotherapy administration, various systems may be surgically inserted into the vasculature to maintain access.: 113–118Commonly used systems are theHickman line, thePort-a-Cath, and thePICC line. These have a lower infection risk, are much less prone tophlebitisorextravasation, and eliminate the need for repeated insertion of peripheral cannulae. Isolated limb perfusion(often used inmelanoma),or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liveror the lung have been used to treat some tumors. The main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without\",\n \"tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage.These approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases ormicrometastases. Topical chemotherapies, such as5-fluorouracil, are used to treat some cases ofnon-melanoma skin cancer. If the cancer hascentral nervous systeminvolvement, or with meningeal disease,intrathecalchemotherapy may be administered. Adverse effects Chemotherapeutic techniques have a range of side effects that depend on the type of medications used. The most common medications affect mainly thefast-dividing cellsof the body, such as blood cells and the cells lining the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Chemotherapy-related toxicities can occur acutely after administration, within hours or days, or chronically, from weeks to years.: 265 Immunosuppression and myelosuppression Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of theimmune system, often by paralysing thebone\",\n \"paralysing thebone marrowand leading to a decrease ofwhite blood cells,red blood cells, andplatelets.Anemiaandthrombocytopeniamay requireblood transfusion.Neutropenia(a decrease of theneutrophil granulocytecount below 0.5 x 109/litre) can be improved with syntheticG-CSF(granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, e.g.,filgrastim,lenograstim,efbemalenograstim alfa). In very severemyelosuppression, which occurs in some regimens, almost all the bone marrowstem cells(cells that producewhiteandred blood cells) are destroyed, meaningallogenicorautologousbone marrow cell transplantsare necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; inallogenicBMTs, the source is a donor.) However, some people still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow. Although people receiving chemotherapy are encouraged to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection-reducing steps, about 85% of infections are due to naturally\",\n \"due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the person's owngastrointestinal tract(includingoral cavity) and skin.: 130This may manifest as systemic infections, such assepsis, or as localized outbreaks, such asHerpes simplex,shingles, or other members of theHerpesviridea.The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such asquinolonesortrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazolebefore any fever or sign of infection appears.Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer.However, in general, for every five people who are immunosuppressed following chemotherapy who take an antibiotic, one fever can be prevented; for every 34 who take an antibiotic, one death can be prevented.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because the immune system is suppressed to a critically low level. InJapan, the government has approved the use of somemedicinal mushroomslikeTrametes versicolor, to counteract depression of the immune system in people undergoing chemotherapy.\",\n \"chemotherapy. Trilaciclibis an inhibitor ofcyclin-dependent kinase4/6 approved for the prevention of myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy. The drug is given before chemotherapy to protect bone marrow function. Neutropenic enterocolitis Due to immune system suppression,neutropenic enterocolitis(typhlitis) is a \\\"life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy.\\\"Typhlitisis an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms includingnausea,vomiting,diarrhea, adistended abdomen,fever,chills, orabdominal painand tenderness. Typhlitisis amedical emergency. It has a very poorprognosisand is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated.Successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective righthemicolectomyto prevent recurrence. Gastrointestinal distress Nausea,vomiting,anorexia,diarrhea, abdominal cramps, andconstipationare common\",\n \"common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells.Malnutritionanddehydrationcan result when the recipient does not eat or drink enough, or when the person vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the person eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. Weight gain can also be caused by some steroid medications. These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated withantiemeticdrugs. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that probiotics may have a preventative and treatment effect of diarrhoea related to chemotherapy alone and with radiotherapy.However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhoea and bloating are also symptoms oftyphlitis, a very serious and potentially life-threateningmedical emergencythat requires immediate treatment. Anemia Anemiacan be a combined outcome caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and possible cancer-related causes such\",\n \"causes such asbleeding,blood celldestruction (hemolysis), hereditary disease, kidney dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies oranemia of chronic disease. Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production (erythropoietin),iron supplements, andblood transfusions.Myelosuppressive therapy can cause a tendency to bleed easily, leading to anemia. Medications that kill rapidly dividing cells or blood cells can reduce the number ofplateletsin the blood, which can result inbruisesandbleeding. Extremely low platelet counts may be temporarily boosted throughplatelet transfusionsand new drugs to increase platelet counts during chemotherapy are being developed.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed to allow platelet counts to recover. Fatiguemay be a consequence of the cancer or its treatment, and can last for months to years after treatment. One physiological cause of fatigue is anemia, which can be caused by chemotherapy,surgery,radiotherapy, primary and metastatic disease or nutritional\",\n \"or nutritional depletion.Aerobic exercisehas been found to be beneficial in reducing fatigue in people withsolid tumours. Nausea and vomiting Nauseaandvomitingare two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side-effects for people with cancer and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that people receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side-effects, respectively.Up to 20% of people receiving highly emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused potentially curative treatments.Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are common with many treatments and some forms of cancer. Since the 1990s, several novel classes ofantiemeticshave been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to successfully manage these symptoms in many people. Effective mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes debilitating symptoms results in increased quality of life for the recipient and more efficient\",\n \"and more efficient treatment cycles, due to less stoppage of treatment due to better tolerance and better overall health. Hair loss Hair loss(alopecia) can be caused by chemotherapy that kills rapidly dividing cells; other medications may cause hair to thin. These are most often temporary effects: hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, but sometimes with a change in color, texture, thickness or style. Sometimes hair has a tendency to curl after regrowth, resulting in \\\"chemo curls.\\\" Severe hair loss occurs most often with drugs such asdoxorubicin,daunorubicin,paclitaxel,docetaxel,cyclophosphamide,ifosfamideandetoposide. Permanent thinning or hair loss can result from some standard chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy induced hair loss occurs by a non-androgenic mechanism, and can manifest asalopecia totalis, telogen effluvium, or less oftenalopecia areata.It is usually associated with systemic treatment due to the high mitotic rate of hair follicles, and more reversible than\",\n \"reversible than androgenic hair loss,although permanent cases can occur.Chemotherapy induces hair loss in women more often than men. Scalp coolingoffers a means of preventing both permanent and temporary hair loss; however, concerns about this method have been raised. Secondary neoplasm Development of secondary neoplasia after successful chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment can occur. The most commonsecondary neoplasmis secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors.Survivors ofchildhood cancerare more than 13 times as likely to get asecondary neoplasmduring the 30 years after treatment than the general population.Not all of this increase can be attributed to chemotherapy. Infertility Some types of chemotherapy are gonadotoxic and may causeinfertility.Chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil, and chlormethine.Drugs with\",\n \"with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin.On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine,antibioticssuch as bleomycin and dactinomycin, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, and 5-fluorouracil. Female infertilityby chemotherapy appears to be secondary topremature ovarian failureby loss ofprimordial follicles.This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. People may choose between several methods offertility preservationprior to chemotherapy, includingcryopreservationof semen, ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos.As more than half of cancer patients are elderly, this adverse effect is only relevant for a minority of patients. A study in France between 1999 and 2011 came to the result that embryo freezing before administration of\",\n \"administration of gonadotoxic agents to females caused a delay of treatment in 34% of cases, and a live birth in 27% of surviving cases who wanted to become pregnant, with the follow-up time varying between 1 and 13 years. Potential protective or attenuating agents includeGnRH analogs, where several studies have shown a protective effectin vivoin humans, but some studies show no such effect.Sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P) has shown similar effect, but its mechanism of inhibiting thesphingomyelin apoptotic pathwaymay also interfere with theapoptosisaction of chemotherapy drugs. In chemotherapy as aconditioning regimenin hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a study of people conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone for severe aplastic anemia came to the result that ovarian recovery occurred in all women younger than 26 years at time of transplantation, but only in five of 16 women older than 26 years. Teratogenicity Chemotherapy isteratogenicduringpregnancy, especially during thefirst trimester, to the extent\",\n \"to the extent thatabortionusually is recommended if pregnancy in this period is found during chemotherapy.Second- and third-trimester exposure does not usually increase the teratogenic risk and adverse effects on cognitive development, but it may increase the risk of variouscomplications of pregnancyand fetal myelosuppression. Female patients of reproductive potential should use effectivecontraceptionduring chemotherapy and for a few months after the last dose (e.g. 6 month fordoxorubicin). In males previously having undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy.The use ofassisted reproductive technologiesandmicromanipulation techniquesmight increase this risk.In females previously having undergone chemotherapy, miscarriage and congenital malformations are not increased in subsequent conceptions.However, whenin vitro fertilizationandembryo cryopreservationis practised between or shortly after\",\n \"or shortly after treatment, possible genetic risks to the growing oocytes exist, and hence it has been recommended that the babies be screened. Peripheral neuropathy Between 30 and 40 percent of people undergoing chemotherapy experiencechemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy(CIPN), a progressive, enduring, and often irreversible condition, causing pain, tingling, numbness and sensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes progressing to the arms and legs.Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN includethalidomide,epothilones,vincaalkaloids, taxanes,proteasome inhibitors, and the platinum-based drugs.Whether CIPN arises, and to what degree, is determined by the choice of drug, duration of use, the total amount consumed and whether the person already hasperipheral neuropathy. Though the symptoms are mainly sensory, in some casesmotor nervesand theautonomic nervous systemare affected.CIPN often follows the first chemotherapy dose and increases in severity as treatment continues, but this\",\n \"continues, but this progression usually levels off at completion of treatment. The platinum-based drugs are the exception; with these drugs, sensation may continue to deteriorate for several months after the end of treatment.Some CIPN appears to be irreversible.Pain can often be managed with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment. Cognitive impairment Some people receiving chemotherapy report fatigue or non-specific neurocognitive problems, such as an inability to concentrate; this is sometimes calledpost-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, referred to as \\\"chemo brain\\\" in popular and social media. Tumor lysis syndrome In particularly large tumors and cancers with highwhite cell counts, such aslymphomas,teratomas, and someleukemias, some people developtumor lysis syndrome. The rapid breakdown of cancer cells causes the release of chemicals from the inside of the cells. Following this, high levels ofuric acid,potassiumandphosphateare found in the blood. High levels of\",\n \"High levels of phosphate induce secondary hypoparathyroidism, resulting in low levels of calcium in the blood.This causes kidney damage and the high levels of potassium can causecardiac arrhythmia. Although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated in people with large tumors, this is a dangerous side-effect that can lead to death if left untreated.: 202 Organ damage Cardiotoxicity(heart damage) is especially prominent with the use ofanthracyclinedrugs (doxorubicin,epirubicin,idarubicin, andliposomal doxorubicin). The cause of this is most likely due to the production offree radicalsin the cell and subsequentDNA damage. Other chemotherapeutic agents that cause cardiotoxicity, but at a lower incidence, arecyclophosphamide,docetaxelandclofarabine. Hepatotoxicity(liver damage) can be caused by many cytotoxic drugs. The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself,viral hepatitis,immunosuppressionandnutritional deficiency. The liver damage can\",\n \"liver damage can consist of damage to liver cells,hepatic sinusoidal syndrome(obstruction of the veins in the liver),cholestasis(where bile does not flow from the liver to the intestine) andliver fibrosis. Nephrotoxicity(kidney damage) can be caused bytumor lysis syndromeand also due direct effects of drug clearance by the kidneys. Different drugs will affect different parts of the kidney and the toxicity may beasymptomatic(only seen on blood or urine tests) or may causeacute kidney injury. Ototoxicity(damage to the inner ear) is a common side effect of platinum based drugs that can produce symptoms such as dizziness andvertigo.Children treated with platinum analogues have been found to be at risk for developing hearing loss. Other side-effects Less common side-effects include red skin (erythema), dry skin, damaged fingernails, a dry mouth (xerostomia),water retention, andsexual impotence. Some medications can triggerallergicorpseudoallergicreactions. Specific chemotherapeutic agents are associated with\",\n \"are associated with organ-specific toxicities, includingcardiovascular disease(e.g.,doxorubicin),interstitial lung disease(e.g.,bleomycin) and occasionallysecondary neoplasm(e.g.,MOPPtherapy for Hodgkin's disease). Hand-foot syndromeis another side effect to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Nutritional problems are also frequently seen in cancer patients at diagnosis and through chemotherapy treatment. Research suggests that in children and young people undergoing cancer treatment,parenteral nutritionmay help with this leading to weight gain and increased calorie and protein intake, when compared to enteral nutrition. Limitations Chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. People frequently fail to understand its limitations. In one study of people who had been newly diagnosed with incurable,stage 4 cancer, more than two-thirds of people with lung cancer and more than four-fifths of people with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely\",\n \"was likely to cure their cancer. Theblood–brain barrierposes an obstacle to delivery of chemotherapy to thebrain. This is because the brain has an extensive system in place to protect it from harmful chemicals. Drug transporters can pump out drugs from the brain and brain's blood vessel cells into thecerebrospinal fluidand blood circulation. These transporters pump out most chemotherapy drugs, which reduces their efficacy for treatment of brain tumors. Only smalllipophilicalkylating agentssuch aslomustineortemozolomideare able to cross this blood–brain barrier. Blood vesselsin tumors are very different from those seen in normal tissues. As a tumor grows, tumor cells furthest away from the blood vessels become low in oxygen (hypoxic). To counteract this they then signal for new blood vessels to grow. The newly formed tumor vasculature is poorly formed and does not deliver an adequate blood supply to all areas of the tumor. This leads to issues with drug delivery because many drugs will be delivered to the\",\n \"be delivered to the tumor by thecirculatory system. Resistance Resistanceis a major cause of treatment failure in chemotherapeutic drugs. There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts of these pumps, known asp-glycoprotein, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p-glycoprotein and other such chemotherapy efflux pumps is currently ongoing. Medications to inhibit the function of p-glycoprotein are undergoing investigation, but due to toxicities and interactions with anti-cancer drugs their development has been difficult.Another mechanism of resistance isgene amplification, a process in which multiple copies of a gene are produced by cancer cells. This overcomes the effect of drugs that reduce the expression of genes involved in replication. With more copies of the gene, the drug can not prevent\",\n \"can not prevent all expression of the gene and therefore the cell can restore its proliferative ability. Cancer cells can also cause defects in the cellular pathways ofapoptosis(programmed cell death). As most chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells in this manner, defective apoptosis allows survival of these cells, making them resistant. Many chemotherapy drugs also cause DNA damage, which can be repaired byenzymesin the cell that carry outDNA repair. Upregulation of these genes can overcome the DNA damage and prevent the induction of apoptosis. Mutations in genes that produce drug target proteins, such astubulin, can occur which prevent the drugs from binding to the protein, leading to resistance to these types of drugs.Drugs used in chemotherapy can induce cell stress, which can kill a cancer cell; however, under certain conditions, cells stress can induce changes in gene expression that enables resistance to several types of drugs.Inlung cancer, the transcription factorNFκBis thought to play a role in\",\n \"to play a role in resistance to chemotherapy, via inflammatory pathways. Cytotoxics and targeted therapies Targeted therapiesare a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics. They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies. The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs. They will kill any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal. Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells.This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues. Although theside effectsare often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur. Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein. Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind. An example target for targeted therapy is the\",\n \"therapy is the BCR-ABL1 protein produced from thePhiladelphia chromosome, a genetic lesion found commonly inchronic myelogenous leukemiaand in some patients withacute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thisfusion proteinhas enzyme activity that can be inhibited byimatinib, asmall moleculedrug. Mechanism of action Canceris the uncontrolled growth ofcellscoupled withmalignantbehaviour: invasion andmetastasis(among other features).It is caused by the interaction betweengeneticsusceptibility and environmental factors.These factors lead to accumulations ofgenetic mutationsinoncogenes(genes that control the growth rate of cells) andtumor suppressor genes(genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth.: 93–94 In the broad sense, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairingmitosis(cell division), effectively targetingfast-dividing cells. As these drugs cause damage to cells, they are termedcytotoxic. They prevent mitosis by various mechanisms including\",\n \"including damaging DNA and inhibition of the cellular machinery involved in cell division.One theory as to why these drugs kill cancer cells is that they induce a programmed form of cell death known asapoptosis. As chemotherapy affects cell division, tumors with highgrowth rates(such asacute myelogenous leukemiaand the aggressivelymphomas, includingHodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy, as a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoingcell divisionat any time. Malignancies with slower growth rates, such as indolent lymphomas, tend to respond to chemotherapy much more modestly.Heterogeneic tumoursmay also display varying sensitivities to chemotherapy agents, depending on the subclonal populations within the tumor. Cells from theimmune systemalso make crucial contributions to the antitumor effects of chemotherapy.For example, the chemotherapeutic drugsoxaliplatinandcyclophosphamidecan cause tumor cells to die in a way that is detectable by the immune system (calledimmunogenic cell\",\n \"cell death), which mobilizes immune cells with antitumor functions.Chemotherapeutic drugs that cause cancer immunogenic tumor cell death can make unresponsive tumors sensitive toimmune checkpointtherapy. Other uses Some chemotherapy drugs are used in diseases other than cancer, such as in autoimmune disorders,and noncancerousplasma cell dyscrasia. In some cases they are often used at lower doses, which means that the side effects are minimized,while in other cases doses similar to ones used to treat cancer are used.Methotrexateis used in the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis(RA),psoriasis,ankylosing spondylitisandmultiple sclerosis.The anti-inflammatory response seen in RA is thought to be due to increases inadenosine, which causesimmunosuppression; effects on immuno-regulatorycyclooxygenase-2 enzyme pathways; reduction in pro-inflammatorycytokines; and anti-proliferative properties.Although methotrexate is used to treat both multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis, its efficacy in these diseases is\",\n \"these diseases is still uncertain.Cyclophosphamideis sometimes used to treatlupus nephritis, a common symptom ofsystemic lupus erythematosus.Dexamethasonealong with eitherbortezomibormelphalanis commonly used as a treatment forAL amyloidosis. Recently, bortezomid in combination withcyclophosphamideand dexamethasone has also shown promise as a treatment for AL amyloidosis. Other drugs used to treatmyelomasuch aslenalidomidehave shown promise in treating AL amyloidosis. Chemotherapy drugs are also used inconditioning regimensprior to bone marrow transplant (hematopoietic stem cell transplant). Conditioning regimens are used to suppress the recipient's immune system in order to allow a transplant to engraft. Cyclophosphamide is a common cytotoxic drug used in this manner and is often used in conjunction withtotal body irradiation. Chemotherapeutic drugs may be used at high doses to permanently remove the recipient's bone marrow cells (myeloablative conditioning) or at lower doses that will prevent permanent\",\n \"prevent permanent bone marrow loss (non-myeloablative and reduced intensity conditioning).When used in non-cancer setting, the treatment is still called \\\"chemotherapy\\\", and is often done in the same treatment centers used for people with cancer. Occupational exposure and safe handling In the 1970s, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drugs were identified as hazardous, and theAmerican Society of Health-System Pharmacists(ASHP) has since then introduced the concept ofhazardous drugsafter publishing a recommendation in 1983 regarding handling hazardous drugs. The adaptation of federal regulations came when the U.S.Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) first released its guidelines in 1986 and then updated them in 1996, 1999, and, most recently, 2006. TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) has been conducting an assessment in the workplace since then regarding these drugs. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs has been linked to multiple health effects, including\",\n \"effects, including infertility and possible carcinogenic effects. A few cases have been reported by the NIOSH alert report, such as one in which a female pharmacist was diagnosed with papillary transitional cell carcinoma. Twelve years before the pharmacist was diagnosed with the condition, she had worked for 20 months in a hospital where she was responsible for preparing multiple antineoplastic drugs.The pharmacist did not have any other risk factor for cancer, and therefore, her cancer was attributed to the exposure to the antineoplastic drugs, although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established in the literature. Another case happened when a malfunction in biosafety cabinetry is believed to have exposed nursing personnel to antineoplastic drugs. Investigations revealed evidence of genotoxic biomarkers two and nine months after that exposure. Routes of exposure Antineoplastic drugs are usually given throughintravenous,intramuscular,intrathecal, orsubcutaneousadministration. In most cases,\",\n \"In most cases, before the medication is administered to the patient, it needs to be prepared and handled by several workers. Any worker who is involved in handling, preparing, or administering the drugs, or with cleaning objects that have come into contact with antineoplastic drugs, is potentially exposed to hazardous drugs.Health care workers are exposed to drugs in different circumstances, such as when pharmacists and pharmacy technicians prepare and handle antineoplastic drugs and when nurses and physicians administer the drugs to patients. Additionally, those who are responsible for disposing antineoplastic drugs in health care facilities are also at risk of exposure. Dermal exposure is thought to be the main route of exposure due to the fact that significant amounts of the antineoplastic agents have been found in the gloves worn by healthcare workers who prepare, handle, and administer the agents. Another noteworthy route of exposure is inhalation of the drugs' vapors. Multiple studies have investigated\",\n \"have investigated inhalation as a route of exposure, and although air sampling has not shown any dangerous levels, it is still a potential route of exposure. Ingestion by hand to mouth is a route of exposure that is less likely compared to others because of the enforced hygienic standard in the health institutions. However, it is still a potential route, especially in the workplace, outside of a health institute. One can also be exposed to these hazardous drugs through injection byneedle sticks. Research conducted in this area has established that occupational exposure occurs by examining evidence in multiple urine samples from health care workers. Hazards Hazardous drugs expose health care workers to serious health risks. Many studies show that antineoplastic drugs could have many side effects on the reproductive system, such as fetal loss, congenital malformation, and infertility. Health care workers who are exposed to antineoplastic drugs on many occasions have adverse reproductive outcomes such as\",\n \"outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital malformations. Moreover, studies have shown that exposure to these drugs leads to menstrual cycle irregularities. Antineoplastic drugs may also increase the risk of learning disabilities among children of health care workers who are exposed to these hazardous substances. Moreover, these drugs havecarcinogeniceffects. In the past five decades, multiple studies have shown the carcinogenic effects of exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Similarly, there have been research studies that linked alkylating agents with humans developing leukemias. Studies have reported elevated risk of breast cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer, and cancer of the rectum among nurses who are exposed to these drugs. Other investigations revealed that there is a potentialgenotoxiceffect from anti-neoplastic drugs to workers in health care settings. Safe handling in health care settings As of 2018, there were nooccupational exposure limitsset for antineoplastic drugs, i.e.,\",\n \"drugs, i.e., OSHA or theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) have not set workplace safety guidelines. Preparation NIOSH recommends using aventilated cabinetthat is designed to decrease worker exposure. Additionally, it recommends training of all staff, the use of cabinets, implementing an initial evaluation of the technique of the safety program, and wearing protective gloves and gowns when opening drug packaging, handling vials, or labeling. When wearingpersonal protective equipment, one should inspect gloves for physical defects before use and always wear double gloves and protective gowns. Health care workers are also required to wash their hands with water and soap before and after working with antineoplastic drugs, change gloves every 30 minutes or whenever punctured, and discard them immediately in a chemotherapy waste container. The gowns used should be disposable gowns made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene. When wearing gowns, individuals should make sure that the\",\n \"make sure that the gowns are closed and have long sleeves. When preparation is done, the final product should be completely sealed in a plastic bag. The health care worker should also wipe all waste containers inside the ventilated cabinet before removing them from the cabinet. Finally, workers should remove all protective wear and put them in a bag for their disposal inside the ventilated cabinet. Administration Drugs should only be administered using protective medical devices such as needle lists and closed systems and techniques such as priming of IV tubing by pharmacy personnel inside a ventilated cabinet. Workers should always wear personal protective equipment such as double gloves, goggles, and protective gowns when opening the outer bag and assembling the delivery system to deliver the drug to the patient, and when disposing of all material used in the administration of the drugs. Hospital workers should never remove tubing from an IV bag that contains an antineoplastic drug, and when disconnecting\",\n \"when disconnecting the tubing in the system, they should make sure the tubing has been thoroughly flushed. After removing the IV bag, the workers should place it together with other disposable items directly in the yellow chemotherapy waste container with the lid closed. Protective equipment should be removed and put into a disposable chemotherapy waste container. After this has been done, one should double bag the chemotherapy waste before or after removing one's inner gloves. Moreover, one must always wash one's hands with soap and water before leaving the drug administration site. Employee training All employees whose jobs in health care facilities expose them to hazardous drugs must receive training. Training should include shipping and receiving personnel, housekeepers, pharmacists, assistants, and all individuals involved in the transportation and storage of antineoplastic drugs. These individuals should receive information and training to inform them of the hazards of the drugs present in their areas\",\n \"in their areas of work. They should be informed and trained on operations and procedures in their work areas where they can encounter hazards, different methods used to detect the presence of hazardous drugs and how the hazards are released, and the physical and health hazards of the drugs, including their reproductive and carcinogenic hazard potential. Additionally, they should be informed and trained on the measures they should take to avoid and protect themselves from these hazards. This information ought to be provided when health care workers come into contact with the drugs, that is, perform the initial assignment in a work area with hazardous drugs. Moreover, training should also be provided when new hazards emerge as well as when new drugs, procedures, or equipment are introduced. Housekeeping and waste disposal When performing cleaning and decontaminating the work area where antineoplastic drugs are used, one should make sure that there is sufficient ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne\",\n \"buildup of airborne drug concentrations. When cleaning the work surface, hospital workers should use deactivation and cleaning agents before and after each activity as well as at the end of their shifts. Cleaning should always be done using double protective gloves and disposable gowns. After employees finish up cleaning, they should dispose of the items used in the activity in a yellow chemotherapy waste container while still wearing protective gloves. After removing the gloves, they should thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water. Anything that comes into contact or has a trace of the antineoplastic drugs, such as needles, empty vials, syringes, gowns, and gloves, should be put in the chemotherapy waste container. Spill control A written policy needs to be in place in case of a spill of antineoplastic products. The policy should address the possibility of various sizes of spills as well as the procedure and personal protective equipment required for each size. A trained worker should handle a large\",\n \"handle a large spill and always dispose of all cleanup materials in the chemical waste container according to EPA regulations, not in a yellow chemotherapy waste container. Occupational monitoring Amedical surveillanceprogram must be established. In case of exposure, occupational health professionals need to ask for a detailed history and do a thorough physical exam. They should test the urine of the potentially exposed worker by doing aurine dipstickor microscopic examination, mainly looking for blood, as several antineoplastic drugs are known to cause bladder damage. Urinary mutagenicity is a marker of exposure to antineoplastic drugs that was first used by Falck and colleagues in 1979 and uses bacterial mutagenicity assays. Apart from being nonspecific, the test can be influenced by extraneous factors such as dietary intake and smoking and is, therefore, used sparingly. However, the test played a significant role in changing the use of horizontal flow cabinets to vertical flow biological safety cabinets\",\n \"safety cabinets during the preparation of antineoplastic drugs because the former exposed health care workers to high levels of drugs. This changed the handling of drugs and effectively reduced workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Biomarkers of exposure to antineoplastic drugs commonly include urinaryplatinum,methotrexate, urinarycyclophosphamideandifosfamide, and urinary metabolite of5-fluorouracil. In addition to this, there are other drugs used to measure the drugs directly in the urine, although they are rarely used. A measurement of these drugs directly in one's urine is a sign of high exposure levels and that an uptake of the drugs is happening either through inhalation or dermally. Available agents There is an extensivelist of antineoplastic agents. Several classification schemes have been used to subdivide the medicines used for cancer into several different types. History The first use ofsmall-molecule drugsto treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although the specific chemicals first\",\n \"chemicals first used were not originally intended for that purpose.Mustard gaswas used as achemical warfareagent duringWorld War Iand was discovered to be a potent suppressor ofhematopoiesis(blood production).A similar family of compounds known asnitrogen mustardswere studied further duringWorld War IIat theYale School of Medicine.It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer.Therefore, in December 1942, several people with advancedlymphomas(cancers of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas.Their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable.Concurrently, during a military operation in World War II, following a Germanair raidon the Italian harbour ofBari, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by theAllied forcesto prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of chemical warfare. The\",\n \"warfare. The survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts.After WWII was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have similar effects against cancer. The first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research wasmustine. Since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion-dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply. The termchemotherapy The wordchemotherapywithout a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning was broader. The term was coined in the early 1900s byPaul Ehrlichas meaning any use of chemicals to treat any disease (chemo-+-therapy), such as the use ofantibiotics(antibacterial chemotherapy).Ehrlich was not optimistic that effective chemotherapy drugs would be found for the treatment of cancer.The first modern\",\n \"first modern chemotherapeutic agent wasarsphenamine, an arsenic compound discovered in 1907 and used to treatsyphilis.This was later followed bysulfonamides(sulfa drugs) andpenicillin. In today'susage, thesense\\\"any treatment of disease with drugs\\\" is often expressed with the wordpharmacotherapy. In terms of metaphorical language, 'chemotherapy' can be paralleled with the idea of a 'storm', as both can cause distress but afterwards may have a healing/cleaning effect. Research Targeted delivery vehicles Specially targeted delivery vehicles aim to increase effective levels of chemotherapy for tumor cells while reducing effective levels for other cells. This should result in an increased tumor kill or reduced toxicity or both. Antibody-drug conjugates Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs) comprise anantibody, drug and a linker between them. The antibody will be targeted at a preferentially expressed protein in the tumour cells (known as atumor antigen) or on cells that the tumor can utilise, such as blood\",\n \"such as blood vesselendothelial cells. They bind to the tumor antigen and are internalised, where the linker releases the drug into the cell. These specially targeted delivery vehicles vary in their stability, selectivity, and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells.Reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in people who are sicker and that they can carry new chemotherapeutic agents that would have been far too toxic to deliver via traditional systemic approaches. The first approved drug of this type wasgemtuzumab ozogamicin(Mylotarg), released byWyeth(nowPfizer). The drug was approved to treatacute myeloid leukemia.Two other drugs,trastuzumab emtansineandbrentuximab vedotin, are both in late clinical trials, and the latter has been granted accelerated approval for the treatment ofrefractoryHodgkin's lymphomaand systemicanaplastic large cell lymphoma. Nanoparticles Nanoparticlesare 1–1000nanometer(nm)\",\n \"1–1000nanometer(nm) sized particles that can promote tumor selectivity and aid in delivering low-solubilitydrugs. Nanoparticles can be targeted passively or actively. Passive targeting exploits the difference between tumor blood vessels and normal blood vessels. Blood vessels in tumors are \\\"leaky\\\" because they have gaps from 200 to 2000 nm, which allow nanoparticles to escape into the tumor. Active targeting uses biological molecules (antibodies,proteins,DNAandreceptor ligands) to preferentially target the nanoparticles to the tumor cells. There are many types of nanoparticle delivery systems, such assilica,polymers,liposomesand magnetic particles. Nanoparticles made of magnetic material can also be used to concentrate agents at tumor sites using an externally applied magnetic field.They have emerged as a useful vehicle inmagnetic drug deliveryfor poorly soluble agents such aspaclitaxel. Electrochemotherapy Electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is\",\n \"drug is followed by application of high-voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor. The treatment enables the chemotherapeutic drugs, which otherwise cannot or hardly go through the membrane of cells (such as bleomycin and cisplatin), to enter the cancer cells. Hence, greater effectiveness of antitumor treatment is achieved. Clinical electrochemotherapy has been successfully used for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors irrespective of their histological origin.The method has been reported as safe, simple and highly effective in all reports on clinical use of electrochemotherapy. According to the ESOPE project (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy), the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for electrochemotherapy were prepared, based on the experience of the leading European cancer centres on electrochemotherapy.Recently, new electrochemotherapy modalities have been developed for treatment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutaneous\",\n \"or percutaneous approaches to gain access to the treatment area. Hyperthermia therapy Hyperthermia therapyis heat treatment for cancer that can be a powerful tool when used in combination with chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy) or radiation for the control of a variety of cancers. The heat can be applied locally to the tumor site, which will dilate blood vessels to the tumor, allowing more chemotherapeutic medication to enter the tumor. Additionally, the tumor cell membrane will become more porous, further allowing more of the chemotherapeutic medicine to enter the tumor cell. Hyperthermia has also been shown to help prevent or reverse \\\"chemo-resistance.\\\" Chemotherapy resistance sometimes develops over time as the tumors adapt and can overcome the toxicity of the chemo medication. \\\"Overcoming chemoresistance has been extensively studied within the past, especially using CDDP-resistant cells. In regard to the potential benefit that drug-resistant cells can be recruited for effective therapy by combining\",\n \"by combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia, it was important to show that chemoresistance against several anticancer drugs (e.g. mitomycin C, anthracyclines, BCNU, melphalan) including CDDP could be reversed at least partially by the addition of heat. Other animals Chemotherapy is used in veterinary medicine similar to how it is used in human medicine. See also References External links\",\n \"Mustard gas Mustard gasorsulfur mustardare names commonly used for theorganosulfurchemical compoundbis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents−SCH2CH2X or −N(CH2CH2X)2are known assulfur mustardsornitrogen mustards, respectively, where X = Cl or Br. Such compounds are potentalkylating agents, making mustard gas acutely and severely toxic.Mustard gas is acarcinogen.There is no preventative agent against mustard gas, with protection depending entirely on skin and airways protection, and noantidoteexists for mustard poisoning. Also known as mustard agents, this family of compounds comprises infamouscytotoxinsandblister agentswith a long history of use aschemical weapons.The namemustard gasis technically incorrect; the substances, whendispersed, are often not gases but a fine mist of liquid droplets that can be readily absorbed through the skin and by inhalation.The skin can be affected by contact with\",\n \"by contact with either the liquid or vapor. The rate of penetration into skin is proportional to dose, temperature and humidity. Sulfur mustards are viscous liquids at room temperature and have an odor resemblingmustard plants,garlic, orhorseradish, hence the name.When pure, they are colorless, but when used in impure forms, such as in warfare, they are usuallyyellow-brown. Mustard gases formblisterson exposed skin and in the lungs, often resulting in prolonged illness ending in death. History as chemical weapons Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent.As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used inWorld War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including theIran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties.Sulfur-based andnitrogen-basedmustard agents are regulated underSchedule 1of the 1993Chemical Weapons Convention, as substances with few uses other than inchemical warfare.Mustard agents can be deployed by means ofartillery shells,aerial bombs,rockets, or by\",\n \"or by spraying from aircraft. Adverse health effects Mustard gases have powerfulblisteringeffects on victims. They are alsocarcinogenicandmutagenicalkylating agents.Their highlipophilicityaccelerates their absorption into the body.Because mustard agents often do not elicit immediate symptoms, contaminated areas may appear normal.Within 24 hours of exposure, victims experience intenseitchingand skin irritation. If this irritation goes untreated, blisters filled withpuscan form wherever the agent contacted the skin.Aschemical burns, these are severely debilitating. If the victim's eyes were exposed, then they become sore, starting withconjunctivitis(also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary blindness. Extreme ocular exposure to mustard gas vapors may result incorneal ulceration, anterior chamber scarring, andneovascularization.In these severe and infrequent cases,corneal transplantationhas been used as a treatment option.Miosis, when the pupil constricts more than usual,\",\n \"more than usual, may also occur, which may be the result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard.If inhaled in high concentrations, mustard agents cause bleeding and blistering within therespiratory system, damagingmucous membranesand causingpulmonary edema.Depending on the level of contamination, mustard agent burns can vary betweenfirstandsecond degree burns. They can also be as severe, disfiguring, and dangerous asthird degree burns. Some 80% of sulfur mustard in contact with the skin evaporates, while 10% stays in the skin and 10% is absorbed and circulated in the blood. The carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of exposure to mustard gas increase the risk of developingcancerlater in life.In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were significantly mutated in the lungs and airways of mustard gas victims. Those genes all correspond to functions commonly affected by mustard gas exposure, includingapoptosis, inflammation,\",\n \"inflammation, and stress responses.The long-term ocular complications include burning, tearing, itching,photophobia,presbyopia, pain, and foreign-body sensations. Medical management In a rinse-wipe-rinse sequence, skin is decontaminated of mustard gas by washing with liquid soap and water, or an absorbent powder.The eyes should be thoroughly rinsed using saline or clean water. A topical analgesic is used to relieve skin pain during decontamination. The blistering effects of mustard gas can be neutralized by decontamination solutions such as \\\"DS2\\\" (2%NaOH, 70%diethylenetriamine, 28%2-methoxyethanol).For skin lesions, topical treatments, such ascalamine lotion, steroids, and oralantihistaminesare used to relieve itching.Larger blisters are irrigated repeatedly with saline or soapy water, then treated with an antibiotic and petroleum gauze. Mustard agent burns do not heal quickly and (as with other types of burns) present a risk ofsepsiscaused bypathogenssuch asStaphylococcus aureusandPseudomonas aeruginosa.\",\n \"aeruginosa. The mechanisms behind mustard gas's effect on endothelial cells are still being studied, but recent studies have shown that high levels of exposure can induce high rates of bothnecrosisandapoptosis. In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mMN-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protectsactinfilaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin filaments play a large role in the severe burns observed in victims. A British nurse treating soldiers with mustard agent burns duringWorld War Icommented: They cannot be bandaged or touched. We cover them with a tent of propped-up sheets. Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain, even with the worst wounds, but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they cannot help crying out. Mechanism of cellular toxicity Sulfur mustards readily eliminatechlorideions by\",\n \"by intramolecularnucleophilic substitutionto form cyclicsulfoniumions. These very reactive intermediates tend to permanentlyalkylatenucleotidesinDNAstrands, which can prevent cellular division, leading toprogrammed cell death.Alternatively, if cell death is not immediate, the damaged DNA can lead to the development of cancer.Oxidative stresswould be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity. In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BC2H4X, where X is anyleaving groupand B is aLewis base, are known asmustards.Such compounds can form cyclic\\\"onium\\\" ions(sulfonium,ammonium, etc.) that are goodalkylating agents. Other such compounds are bis(2-haloethyl)ethers (oxygen mustards), the (2-haloethyl)amines (nitrogen mustards), andsesquimustard, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClC2H4S−) connected by an ethylene bridge (−C2H4−).These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties vary. Formulations In its history, various types and mixtures of\",\n \"and mixtures of mustard gas have been employed. These include: Commonly-stockpiled mustard agents (class) History Development Mustard gases were possibly developed as early as 1822 byCésar-Mansuète Despretz(1798–1863).Despretz described the reaction ofsulfur dichlorideandethylenebut never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientistFrederick Guthriesynthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting.Also in 1860, chemistAlbert Niemann, known as a pioneer incocainechemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886,Viktor Meyerpublished a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined2-chloroethanolwithaqueouspotassium sulfide, and then treated the resultingthiodiglycolwithphosphorus trichloride. The\",\n \"trichloride. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assistant, and in order to rule out the possibility that his assistant was suffering from a mental illness (psychosomatic symptoms), Meyer had this compound tested on laboratoryrabbits, most of which died. In 1913, the English chemistHans Thacher Clarke(known for theEschweiler-Clarke reaction) replaced the phosphorus trichloride withhydrochloric acidin Meyer's formulation while working withEmil FischerinBerlin. Clarke was hospitalized for two months for burns after one of his flasks broke. According to Meyer, Fischer's report on this accident to theGerman Chemical Societysent theGerman Empireon the road to chemical weapons. Mustard gas can have the effect of turning a patient's skin different colors, including shades of red, orange, pink, and in unusual cases, blue. TheGerman EmpireduringWorld War Irelied on the Meyer-Clarke\",\n \"on the Meyer-Clarke method because2-chloroethanolwas readily available from the German dye industry of that time. Use Mustard gas was firstused in World War Iby the German army against British and Canadian soldiers nearYpres, Belgium, on July 12, 1917.Later also against theFrench Second Army.Yperiteis \\\"a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres.\\\"The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 atCambrai, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred onAvonmouth Docks(the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process).This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of theHindenburg Line. Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel andWilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method of large-scale production for theImperial German Armyin 1916. Mustard\",\n \"1916. Mustard gas was dispersed as anaerosolin a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions asaerial bombs,land mines,mortar rounds,artillery shells, androckets.Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as anincapacitating agent. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing agas maskwas not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. A common countermeasure was using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a readily available remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries (e.g.They Shall Not Grow Oldin 2018) and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs; however, the effectiveness of this measure is unclear. Mustard gas can remain in the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill\",\n \"to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates one's clothing and equipment while cold, then other people with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warm up enough material to become an airborne toxic agent. An example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches, particularly once the \\\"sousterrain\\\" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as anarea-denial weaponthat forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas. Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind: The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard gas, during warfare is known aschemical warfare, and this kind of warfare was prohibited by theGeneva Protocol of 1925, and also by the laterChemical Weapons Convention of 1993. The latter agreement\",\n \"latter agreement also prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and sale of such weapons. In September 2012, a US official stated that the rebel militant groupISISwas manufacturing and using mustard gas in Syria and Iraq, which was allegedly confirmed by the group's head of chemical weapons development, Sleiman Daoud al-Afari, who has since been captured. Development of the first chemotherapy drug As early as 1919 it was known that mustard agent was a suppressor ofhematopoiesis.In addition, autopsies performed on 75 soldiers who had died of mustard agent duringWorld War Iwere done by researchers from theUniversity of Pennsylvaniawho reported decreased counts ofwhite blood cells.This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments atYale Universityto conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II. As a part of this effort, the group investigatednitrogen mustardas a therapy forHodgkin's lymphomaand other types\",\n \"other types oflymphomaandleukemia, and this compound was tried out on its first human patient in December 1942. The results of this study were not published until 1946, when they were declassified.In a parallel track, after theair raid on Bariin December 1943, the doctors of the U.S. Army noted that white blood cell counts were reduced in their patients. Some years after World War II was over, the incident in Bari and the work of the Yale University group with nitrogen mustard converged, and this prompted a search for other similarchemical compounds. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard called \\\"HN2\\\" became the first cancerchemotherapydrug,chlormethine(also known as mechlorethamine, mustine) to be used. Chlormethine and other mustard gas molecules are still used to this day as an chemotherapy agent albeit they have largely been replaced with more safe chemotherapy drugs likecisplatinandcarboplatin. Disposal In the United States, storage and incineration of mustard gas and other chemical\",\n \"and other chemical weapons were carried out by the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency.Disposal projects at the two remaining American chemical weapons sites were carried out nearRichmond, Kentucky, andPueblo, Colorado. Although not yet declassified,toxicology specialists who dealt with the accidental puncturing of World War I gas stockpiles add that Air Force bases in Colorado have been made available to assist veterans of the 2003 American war with Iraq in which many Marines were exposed to gas as caches of up to 25,000 lb (11,000 kg).The United Nations definition of a weapon of mass destruction for mustard gas is 30,000 lb (14,000 kg), typically the Marines and other coalition allies discovered caches of 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) located across a road from 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) caches as multiple memoirs attest. These were discovered by the assistance of host country allies, or through leaks affecting personnel in an area with a weapon and gas cache called anASP. New detection techniques are being\",\n \"are being developed in order to detect the presence of mustard gas and its metabolites. The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. Theimmunochromatographicassay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilians from sulfur-mustard dumping sites. In 1946, 10,000 drums of mustard gas (2,800 tonnes) stored at the production facility of Stormont Chemicals inCornwall, Ontario, Canada, were loaded onto 187 boxcars for the 900 miles (1,400 km) journey to be buried at sea on board a 400 foot (120 m) long barge 40 miles (64 km) south ofSable Island, southeast ofHalifax, at a depth of 600 fathoms (1,100 m). The dump location is 42 degrees, 50 minutes north by 60 degrees, 12 minutes west. A large British stockpile of old mustard agent that had been made and stored since World War I atM. S. Factory, ValleynearRhydymwyninFlintshire, Wales,\",\n \"Wales, was destroyed in 1958. Most of the mustard gas found in Germany afterWorld War IIwas dumped into theBaltic Sea. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found about 700 chemical weapons in the region ofBornholm, most of which contain mustard gas. One of the more frequently dumped weapons was \\\"Sprühbüchse 37\\\" (SprüBü37, Spray Can 37, 1937 being the year of its fielding with the German Army). These weapons contain mustard gas mixed with athickener, which gives it a tar-like viscosity. When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustardhydrolyzes, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps (e.g., with the drag board of a fishing net or by the human hand) the enclosed mustard gas is still as active as it had been at the time the weapon was dumped. These lumps, when washed ashore, can be mistaken for amber, which can lead to severe health\",\n \"to severe health problems.Artillery shellscontaining mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still be found in France and Belgium. These were formerly disposed of by explosion undersea, but since the current environmental regulations prohibit this, theFrench governmentis building an automated factory to dispose of the accumulation of chemical shells. In 1972, theU.S. Congressbanned the practice of disposing of chemical weapons into the ocean by the United States. 29,000 tons of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean off the United States by theU.S. Army. According to a report created in 1998 by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in theU.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the army created at least 26 chemical weapons dumping sites in the ocean offshore from at least 11 states on both theEast Coastand theWest Coast(inOperation CHASE,Operation Geranium, etc.). In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the\",\n \"one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of 1,044 tonnes (1,151 short tons) of mustard gas.By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame.India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become the third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations. Producing or stockpiling mustard gas is prohibited by theChemical Weapons Convention. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 17,440 tonnes of mustard gas. As of December 2015, 86% of these stockpiles had been destroyed. A significant\",\n \"A significant portion of the United States' mustard agentstockpilewas stored at the Edgewood Area ofAberdeen Proving GroundinMaryland. Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agents were stored in one-ton containers on the base under heavy guard. A chemical neutralization plant was built on the proving ground and neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint program of the Army and theFederal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA).Unexploded shells containing mustard gases and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity\",\n \"ranges in proximity to schools in the Edgewood area, but the smaller amounts of poison gas (4 to 14 pounds (1.8 to 6.4 kg)) present considerably lower risks. These remnants are being detected and excavated systematically for disposal. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency oversaw disposal of several other chemical weapons stockpiles located across the United States in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. These include the complete incineration of the chemical weapons stockpiled inAlabama,Arkansas,Indiana, andOregon. Earlier, this agency had also completed destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile located onJohnston Atolllocated south ofHawaiiin thePacific Ocean.The largest mustard agent stockpile, at approximately 6,200short tons, was stored at theDeseret Chemical Depotin northernUtah. The incineration of this stockpile began in 2006. In May 2011, the last of the mustard agents in the stockpile were incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last artillery shells containing\",\n \"shells containing mustard gas were incinerated in January 2012. In 2008, many emptyaerial bombsthat contained mustard gas were found in an excavation at theMarrangaroo Army Basejust west of Sydney, Australia.In 2009, a mining survey nearChinchilla, Queensland, uncovered 144 105-millimeterhowitzershells, some containing \\\"Mustard H\\\", that had been buried by the U.S. Army during World War II. In 2014, a collection of 200 bombs was found near theFlemishvillages ofPassendaleandMoorslede. The majority of the bombs were filled with mustard agents. The bombs were left over from the German army and were meant to be used in theBattle of Passchendaelein World War I. It was the largest collection of chemical weapons ever found in Belgium. A large amount of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, was found in a neighborhood ofWashington, D.C.The cleanup was completed in 2021. Post-war accidental exposure In 2002, an archaeologist at the Presidio Trust archaeology lab in San Francisco was exposed to mustard gas, which\",\n \"mustard gas, which had been dug up at thePresidio of San Francisco, a former military base. In 2010, a clamming boat pulled up some oldartilleryshells of World War I from theAtlantic Oceansouth ofLong Island, New York. Multiple fishermen suffered from blistering and respiratory irritation severe enough to require hospitalization. WWII-era tests on men From 1943 to 1944, mustard agent experiments were performed on Australian service volunteers in tropicalQueensland, Australia, byRoyal Australian Engineers,British Armyand American experimenters, resulting in some severe injuries. One test site, theBrook Islands National Park, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by theImperial Japanese Army.These experiments were the subject of the documentary filmKeen as Mustard. The United States tested sulfur mustards and other chemical agents includingnitrogen mustardsandlewisiteon up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified secret and as withAgent Orange, claims for medical care\",\n \"for medical care and compensation were routinely denied, even after the WWII-era tests were declassified in 1993. TheDepartment of Veterans Affairsstated that it would contact 4,000 surviving test subjects but failed to do so, eventually only contacting 600. Skin cancer, severe eczema, leukemia, and chronic breathing problems plagued the test subjects, some of whom were as young as 19 at the time of the tests, until their deaths, but even those who had previously filed claims with the VA went without compensation. African American servicemenwere tested alongside white men in separate trials to determine whether their skin color would afford them a degree of immunity to the agents, andNiseiservicemen, some of whom had joined after their release fromJapanese American Internment Campswere tested to determine susceptibility ofJapanese military personnelto these agents. These tests also includedPuerto Ricansubjects. Detection in biological fluids Concentrations of thiodiglycol in urine have been used to confirm a\",\n \"used to confirm a diagnosis of chemical poisoning in hospitalized victims. The presence in urine of 1,1'-sulfonylbismethylthioethane (SBMTE), a conjugation product with glutathione, is considered a more specific marker, since this metabolite is not found in specimens from unexposed persons. In one case, intact mustard gas was detected in postmortem fluids and tissues of a man who died one week post-exposure. See also References Notes Further reading External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":265,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What member of the 1992 Unified Olympic women's gymnastics team scored a 9.975 in the qualifier for floor and competed under three different flags in her Olympic career?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Svetlana Boginskaya"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Boginskaya"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_team_all-around"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Boginskaya', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_team_all-around']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Boginskaya","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_team_all-around"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Boginskaya\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_team_all-around\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Svetlana Boginskaya Svetlana Leonidovna Boginskaya(born February 9, 1973) is a formerartistic gymnastfor theSoviet UnionandBelarusof Belarusian origin. She is a three-time Olympic champion, with an individual gold medal onvaultfrom the1988 Summer Olympicsand team gold medals from the 1988 and1992 Summer Olympics. Early life Boginskaya was born inMinsk,Belaruson February 9, 1973.She practicedfigure skatingbefore beginning gymnastics at age six,after seeingNadia Comănecicompete at the Olympics.Two years later, she moved to Moscow to train full-time at the Round Lake Gymnastics Center, where she trained withLyubov Miromanova. Gymnastics career Boginskaya became a member of the Soviet national team at age 14. She competed internationally for the first time at the1987 World Championships, where she placed third on balance beam; the team placed second. She went on to compete in the1988 Olympic GamesinSeoul, South Korea, where she won four medals: gold in the team competition, gold on vault, silver on floor, and bronze in the individual all-around. Three days after the Olympics, Boginskaya's longtime coach,Lyubov Miromanova, died bysuicide. Miromanova had been a surrogate mother to Boginskaya, coaching and caring for her after she moved from Minsk to train full-time in Moscow. After Miromanova's death, Boginskaya began training withTatiana Grosovivich. Under Grosovivich's tutelage, Boginskaya competed at the 1989European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships, where she received gold in all-round, vault, and floor. Later that year, she placed first in all-around, floor, and team events at the1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,eventually dedicating her performance to her late mentor. The following year, Boginskaya became the fourth woman to win the gold medal in every individual event at the European Championships. She also competed at theFIG World Cup, where she placed first on floor. In 1991, Boginskaya won gold at the World Championships on beam and silver in the all-around; the team won gold.In a controversial finish,Boginskaya lost the gold medal in the all-around to American gymnastKim Zmeskal. In 1992, Boginskaya competed at the European Championships, where she won gold on beamwith a score of 9.95. However, she fell during her final event, the floor exercise, ultimately finishing fifth in the all-around. Her teammate,Tatiana Gutsu, received the all-around title. Despite Boginskaya's fall on floor, she remained a favorite to win the all-around title at the1992 Summer Olympicsin Barcelona, Spain.At the World Championships, Boginskaya won gold on vault and was selected for theUnified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.Many in the gymnastics world expected a duel between Boginskaya and Zmeskal at the Olympics, and the media promoted this story.At the Olympic games, Boginskaya won her third Olympic gold in the team competition;in the individual competition, she faltered on the uneven bars and finished fifth in the individual all-around; Zmeskal finished tenth. Following the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya retired. However, she returned to the sport in 1995, stating that she had been inspired byKatarina Wittwho had a memorable comeback at the1994 Winter Olympics.Boginskaya moved toHouston, Texas to train withBela Karolyiand upgraded the difficulty of her routines.At the 1995 European Championships, she won silver in the all-around. In 1996, at age 23, she placed second in the all-around at theAmerican Cupbehind one of Karolyi's pupils,Kerri Strug. She also placed second at the European Championships inBirminghambehind the defending world championLilia Podkopayeva. She then progressed to the1996 OlympicsinAtlanta, Georgia, where she was one of a number of older gymnasts competing.Boginskaya competed in the all-around and vault finals, but did not medal. The Belarusian team came in sixth. Following the 1996 Olympics, Boginskaya retired from gymnastics. Boginskaya is among a small group of women to have competed in three Olympic Games; and due to the break-up of the Soviet Union, she competed at each Games under a different flag:USSR, theUnified Team, and Belarus. She was inducted into theInternational Gymnastics Hall of Famein 2005. Boginskaya has remained active in both the American and international gymnastics communities, and works as a consulting guest coach. In the early 2010s, she frequently supported former teammateOksana Chusovitina, who continues to compete in her late 40s, and has appeared on the competition floor as her coach. Post-gymnastics and personal life Boginskaya lives inHouston, Texas with her husband and two children. She runs several businesses, including an online gymnastics apparel retailer and a summer camp for gymnasts. In popular culture After the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya appeared alongside her compatriotVitaly Scherboin the music video for the song \"Revolution Earth,\" byThe B-52's. Trademarks Boginskaya's floor routine at the 1988 Olympics was done to the music ofGeorges Bizet'sCarmen, and another routine she performed in parts of 1990 and 1991 was choreographed by theBolshoi Ballet. Her uneven bars exercise included a signature giant to handstand with 180° split into a toe-on element. Commentators and reporters cited her height and slim stature as elements she used to her advantage through attention to posture and body alignment; meanwhile they also suggested that she relied more on execution and presentation than difficulty, though she did usually fulfill requirements and earn 10.0 start values. She frequently landed dismounts and vaults with her right foot placed slightly in front of her left, an intentional touch of artistry that also helped her stick landings. Competitive history See also Notes References External links","Gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around These are the results of the women's artistic team all-around competition, one of six events for female competitors inartistic gymnasticsat the1992 Summer OlympicsinBarcelona. The compulsory and optional rounds took place on July 26 and 28 at the Palau d'Esports de Barcelona. Qualification The top 12 teams at the1991 World Artistic Gymnastics Championshipsearned places in the team all-around competition. Results External links"],"string":"[\n \"Svetlana Boginskaya Svetlana Leonidovna Boginskaya(born February 9, 1973) is a formerartistic gymnastfor theSoviet UnionandBelarusof Belarusian origin. She is a three-time Olympic champion, with an individual gold medal onvaultfrom the1988 Summer Olympicsand team gold medals from the 1988 and1992 Summer Olympics. Early life Boginskaya was born inMinsk,Belaruson February 9, 1973.She practicedfigure skatingbefore beginning gymnastics at age six,after seeingNadia Comănecicompete at the Olympics.Two years later, she moved to Moscow to train full-time at the Round Lake Gymnastics Center, where she trained withLyubov Miromanova. Gymnastics career Boginskaya became a member of the Soviet national team at age 14. She competed internationally for the first time at the1987 World Championships, where she placed third on balance beam; the team placed second. She went on to compete in the1988 Olympic GamesinSeoul, South Korea, where she won four medals: gold in the team competition, gold on vault, silver on floor, and bronze in the individual all-around. Three days after the Olympics, Boginskaya's longtime coach,Lyubov Miromanova, died bysuicide. Miromanova had been a surrogate mother to Boginskaya, coaching and caring for her after she moved from Minsk to train full-time in Moscow. After Miromanova's death, Boginskaya began training withTatiana Grosovivich. Under Grosovivich's tutelage, Boginskaya competed at the 1989European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships, where she received gold in all-round, vault, and floor. Later that year, she placed first in all-around, floor, and team events at the1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,eventually dedicating her performance to her late mentor. The following year, Boginskaya became the fourth woman to win the gold medal in every individual event at the European Championships. She also competed at theFIG World Cup, where she placed first on floor. In 1991, Boginskaya won gold at the World Championships on beam and silver in the all-around; the team won gold.In a controversial finish,Boginskaya lost the gold medal in the all-around to American gymnastKim Zmeskal. In 1992, Boginskaya competed at the European Championships, where she won gold on beamwith a score of 9.95. However, she fell during her final event, the floor exercise, ultimately finishing fifth in the all-around. Her teammate,Tatiana Gutsu, received the all-around title. Despite Boginskaya's fall on floor, she remained a favorite to win the all-around title at the1992 Summer Olympicsin Barcelona, Spain.At the World Championships, Boginskaya won gold on vault and was selected for theUnified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.Many in the gymnastics world expected a duel between Boginskaya and Zmeskal at the Olympics, and the media promoted this story.At the Olympic games, Boginskaya won her third Olympic gold in the team competition;in the individual competition, she faltered on the uneven bars and finished fifth in the individual all-around; Zmeskal finished tenth. Following the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya retired. However, she returned to the sport in 1995, stating that she had been inspired byKatarina Wittwho had a memorable comeback at the1994 Winter Olympics.Boginskaya moved toHouston, Texas to train withBela Karolyiand upgraded the difficulty of her routines.At the 1995 European Championships, she won silver in the all-around. In 1996, at age 23, she placed second in the all-around at theAmerican Cupbehind one of Karolyi's pupils,Kerri Strug. She also placed second at the European Championships inBirminghambehind the defending world championLilia Podkopayeva. She then progressed to the1996 OlympicsinAtlanta, Georgia, where she was one of a number of older gymnasts competing.Boginskaya competed in the all-around and vault finals, but did not medal. The Belarusian team came in sixth. Following the 1996 Olympics, Boginskaya retired from gymnastics. Boginskaya is among a small group of women to have competed in three Olympic Games; and due to the break-up of the Soviet Union, she competed at each Games under a different flag:USSR, theUnified Team, and Belarus. She was inducted into theInternational Gymnastics Hall of Famein 2005. Boginskaya has remained active in both the American and international gymnastics communities, and works as a consulting guest coach. In the early 2010s, she frequently supported former teammateOksana Chusovitina, who continues to compete in her late 40s, and has appeared on the competition floor as her coach. Post-gymnastics and personal life Boginskaya lives inHouston, Texas with her husband and two children. She runs several businesses, including an online gymnastics apparel retailer and a summer camp for gymnasts. In popular culture After the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya appeared alongside her compatriotVitaly Scherboin the music video for the song \\\"Revolution Earth,\\\" byThe B-52's. Trademarks Boginskaya's floor routine at the 1988 Olympics was done to the music ofGeorges Bizet'sCarmen, and another routine she performed in parts of 1990 and 1991 was choreographed by theBolshoi Ballet. Her uneven bars exercise included a signature giant to handstand with 180° split into a toe-on element. Commentators and reporters cited her height and slim stature as elements she used to her advantage through attention to posture and body alignment; meanwhile they also suggested that she relied more on execution and presentation than difficulty, though she did usually fulfill requirements and earn 10.0 start values. She frequently landed dismounts and vaults with her right foot placed slightly in front of her left, an intentional touch of artistry that also helped her stick landings. Competitive history See also Notes References External links\",\n \"Gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around These are the results of the women's artistic team all-around competition, one of six events for female competitors inartistic gymnasticsat the1992 Summer OlympicsinBarcelona. The compulsory and optional rounds took place on July 26 and 28 at the Palau d'Esports de Barcelona. Qualification The top 12 teams at the1991 World Artistic Gymnastics Championshipsearned places in the team all-around competition. Results External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Svetlana Boginskaya Svetlana Leonidovna Boginskaya(born February 9, 1973) is a formerartistic gymnastfor theSoviet UnionandBelarusof Belarusian origin. She is a three-time Olympic champion, with an individual gold medal onvaultfrom the1988 Summer Olympicsand team gold medals from the 1988 and1992 Summer Olympics. Early life Boginskaya was born inMinsk,Belaruson February 9, 1973.She practicedfigure skatingbefore beginning gymnastics at age six,after seeingNadia Comănecicompete at the Olympics.Two years later, she moved to Moscow to train full-time at the Round Lake Gymnastics Center, where she trained withLyubov Miromanova. Gymnastics career Boginskaya became a member of the Soviet national team at age 14. She competed internationally for the first time at the1987 World Championships, where she placed third on balance beam; the team placed second. She went on to compete in the1988 Olympic GamesinSeoul, South Korea, where she won four medals: gold in the team competition, gold on vault, silver on floor, and","on floor, and bronze in the individual all-around. Three days after the Olympics, Boginskaya's longtime coach,Lyubov Miromanova, died bysuicide. Miromanova had been a surrogate mother to Boginskaya, coaching and caring for her after she moved from Minsk to train full-time in Moscow. After Miromanova's death, Boginskaya began training withTatiana Grosovivich. Under Grosovivich's tutelage, Boginskaya competed at the 1989European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships, where she received gold in all-round, vault, and floor. Later that year, she placed first in all-around, floor, and team events at the1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,eventually dedicating her performance to her late mentor. The following year, Boginskaya became the fourth woman to win the gold medal in every individual event at the European Championships. She also competed at theFIG World Cup, where she placed first on floor. In 1991, Boginskaya won gold at the World Championships on beam and silver in the all-around; the team won","the team won gold.In a controversial finish,Boginskaya lost the gold medal in the all-around to American gymnastKim Zmeskal. In 1992, Boginskaya competed at the European Championships, where she won gold on beamwith a score of 9.95. However, she fell during her final event, the floor exercise, ultimately finishing fifth in the all-around. Her teammate,Tatiana Gutsu, received the all-around title. Despite Boginskaya's fall on floor, she remained a favorite to win the all-around title at the1992 Summer Olympicsin Barcelona, Spain.At the World Championships, Boginskaya won gold on vault and was selected for theUnified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.Many in the gymnastics world expected a duel between Boginskaya and Zmeskal at the Olympics, and the media promoted this story.At the Olympic games, Boginskaya won her third Olympic gold in the team competition;in the individual competition, she faltered on the uneven bars and finished fifth in the individual all-around; Zmeskal finished tenth. Following the 1992","Following the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya retired. However, she returned to the sport in 1995, stating that she had been inspired byKatarina Wittwho had a memorable comeback at the1994 Winter Olympics.Boginskaya moved toHouston, Texas to train withBela Karolyiand upgraded the difficulty of her routines.At the 1995 European Championships, she won silver in the all-around. In 1996, at age 23, she placed second in the all-around at theAmerican Cupbehind one of Karolyi's pupils,Kerri Strug. She also placed second at the European Championships inBirminghambehind the defending world championLilia Podkopayeva. She then progressed to the1996 OlympicsinAtlanta, Georgia, where she was one of a number of older gymnasts competing.Boginskaya competed in the all-around and vault finals, but did not medal. The Belarusian team came in sixth. Following the 1996 Olympics, Boginskaya retired from gymnastics. Boginskaya is among a small group of women to have competed in three Olympic Games; and due to the break-up of the Soviet","of the Soviet Union, she competed at each Games under a different flag:USSR, theUnified Team, and Belarus. She was inducted into theInternational Gymnastics Hall of Famein 2005. Boginskaya has remained active in both the American and international gymnastics communities, and works as a consulting guest coach. In the early 2010s, she frequently supported former teammateOksana Chusovitina, who continues to compete in her late 40s, and has appeared on the competition floor as her coach. Post-gymnastics and personal life Boginskaya lives inHouston, Texas with her husband and two children. She runs several businesses, including an online gymnastics apparel retailer and a summer camp for gymnasts. In popular culture After the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya appeared alongside her compatriotVitaly Scherboin the music video for the song \"Revolution Earth,\" byThe B-52's. Trademarks Boginskaya's floor routine at the 1988 Olympics was done to the music ofGeorges Bizet'sCarmen, and another routine she performed in parts of","in parts of 1990 and 1991 was choreographed by theBolshoi Ballet. Her uneven bars exercise included a signature giant to handstand with 180° split into a toe-on element. Commentators and reporters cited her height and slim stature as elements she used to her advantage through attention to posture and body alignment; meanwhile they also suggested that she relied more on execution and presentation than difficulty, though she did usually fulfill requirements and earn 10.0 start values. She frequently landed dismounts and vaults with her right foot placed slightly in front of her left, an intentional touch of artistry that also helped her stick landings. Competitive history See also Notes References External links","Gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around These are the results of the women's artistic team all-around competition, one of six events for female competitors inartistic gymnasticsat the1992 Summer OlympicsinBarcelona. The compulsory and optional rounds took place on July 26 and 28 at the Palau d'Esports de Barcelona. Qualification The top 12 teams at the1991 World Artistic Gymnastics Championshipsearned places in the team all-around competition. Results External links"],"string":"[\n \"Svetlana Boginskaya Svetlana Leonidovna Boginskaya(born February 9, 1973) is a formerartistic gymnastfor theSoviet UnionandBelarusof Belarusian origin. She is a three-time Olympic champion, with an individual gold medal onvaultfrom the1988 Summer Olympicsand team gold medals from the 1988 and1992 Summer Olympics. Early life Boginskaya was born inMinsk,Belaruson February 9, 1973.She practicedfigure skatingbefore beginning gymnastics at age six,after seeingNadia Comănecicompete at the Olympics.Two years later, she moved to Moscow to train full-time at the Round Lake Gymnastics Center, where she trained withLyubov Miromanova. Gymnastics career Boginskaya became a member of the Soviet national team at age 14. She competed internationally for the first time at the1987 World Championships, where she placed third on balance beam; the team placed second. She went on to compete in the1988 Olympic GamesinSeoul, South Korea, where she won four medals: gold in the team competition, gold on vault, silver on floor, and\",\n \"on floor, and bronze in the individual all-around. Three days after the Olympics, Boginskaya's longtime coach,Lyubov Miromanova, died bysuicide. Miromanova had been a surrogate mother to Boginskaya, coaching and caring for her after she moved from Minsk to train full-time in Moscow. After Miromanova's death, Boginskaya began training withTatiana Grosovivich. Under Grosovivich's tutelage, Boginskaya competed at the 1989European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships, where she received gold in all-round, vault, and floor. Later that year, she placed first in all-around, floor, and team events at the1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,eventually dedicating her performance to her late mentor. The following year, Boginskaya became the fourth woman to win the gold medal in every individual event at the European Championships. She also competed at theFIG World Cup, where she placed first on floor. In 1991, Boginskaya won gold at the World Championships on beam and silver in the all-around; the team won\",\n \"the team won gold.In a controversial finish,Boginskaya lost the gold medal in the all-around to American gymnastKim Zmeskal. In 1992, Boginskaya competed at the European Championships, where she won gold on beamwith a score of 9.95. However, she fell during her final event, the floor exercise, ultimately finishing fifth in the all-around. Her teammate,Tatiana Gutsu, received the all-around title. Despite Boginskaya's fall on floor, she remained a favorite to win the all-around title at the1992 Summer Olympicsin Barcelona, Spain.At the World Championships, Boginskaya won gold on vault and was selected for theUnified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.Many in the gymnastics world expected a duel between Boginskaya and Zmeskal at the Olympics, and the media promoted this story.At the Olympic games, Boginskaya won her third Olympic gold in the team competition;in the individual competition, she faltered on the uneven bars and finished fifth in the individual all-around; Zmeskal finished tenth. Following the 1992\",\n \"Following the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya retired. However, she returned to the sport in 1995, stating that she had been inspired byKatarina Wittwho had a memorable comeback at the1994 Winter Olympics.Boginskaya moved toHouston, Texas to train withBela Karolyiand upgraded the difficulty of her routines.At the 1995 European Championships, she won silver in the all-around. In 1996, at age 23, she placed second in the all-around at theAmerican Cupbehind one of Karolyi's pupils,Kerri Strug. She also placed second at the European Championships inBirminghambehind the defending world championLilia Podkopayeva. She then progressed to the1996 OlympicsinAtlanta, Georgia, where she was one of a number of older gymnasts competing.Boginskaya competed in the all-around and vault finals, but did not medal. The Belarusian team came in sixth. Following the 1996 Olympics, Boginskaya retired from gymnastics. Boginskaya is among a small group of women to have competed in three Olympic Games; and due to the break-up of the Soviet\",\n \"of the Soviet Union, she competed at each Games under a different flag:USSR, theUnified Team, and Belarus. She was inducted into theInternational Gymnastics Hall of Famein 2005. Boginskaya has remained active in both the American and international gymnastics communities, and works as a consulting guest coach. In the early 2010s, she frequently supported former teammateOksana Chusovitina, who continues to compete in her late 40s, and has appeared on the competition floor as her coach. Post-gymnastics and personal life Boginskaya lives inHouston, Texas with her husband and two children. She runs several businesses, including an online gymnastics apparel retailer and a summer camp for gymnasts. In popular culture After the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya appeared alongside her compatriotVitaly Scherboin the music video for the song \\\"Revolution Earth,\\\" byThe B-52's. Trademarks Boginskaya's floor routine at the 1988 Olympics was done to the music ofGeorges Bizet'sCarmen, and another routine she performed in parts of\",\n \"in parts of 1990 and 1991 was choreographed by theBolshoi Ballet. Her uneven bars exercise included a signature giant to handstand with 180° split into a toe-on element. Commentators and reporters cited her height and slim stature as elements she used to her advantage through attention to posture and body alignment; meanwhile they also suggested that she relied more on execution and presentation than difficulty, though she did usually fulfill requirements and earn 10.0 start values. She frequently landed dismounts and vaults with her right foot placed slightly in front of her left, an intentional touch of artistry that also helped her stick landings. Competitive history See also Notes References External links\",\n \"Gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around These are the results of the women's artistic team all-around competition, one of six events for female competitors inartistic gymnasticsat the1992 Summer OlympicsinBarcelona. The compulsory and optional rounds took place on July 26 and 28 at the Palau d'Esports de Barcelona. Qualification The top 12 teams at the1991 World Artistic Gymnastics Championshipsearned places in the team all-around competition. Results External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":266,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What is the nickname for the city where Mette Solli was born? Give the answer in Norwegian."},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Rosenes by"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mette_Solli"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Post processing"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mette_Solli', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mette_Solli","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mette_Solli\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mette Solli Mette Solli(born 14 September 1974) is a Norwegiankickboxer. Biography Solli was born inMoldeon 17 September 1974. Her achievements include gold medal in light-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2001 (Maribor), a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. European Championships 2004 (Budva), and a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 (Coimbra). She was awarded theKongepokal(King's Cup) trophy at the national championships in 2007. References This biographical article related tomartial artsinNorwayis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.","Molde Molde(Norwegian pronunciation:ⓘ) is a town andmunicipalityinMøre og Romsdalcounty,Norway. It is located in thetraditional districtofRomsdal. It is located on theRomsdal Peninsula, surrounding theFannefjordandMoldefjord. Theadministrative centreof the municipality is thecity of Moldewhich is also theadministrative centreofMøre og Romsdalcounty, the commercial hub of theRomsdalregion, and the seat of theDiocese of Møre. Other main population centres in the municipality include the villages ofHjelset,Kleive,Nesjestranda,Midsund,Nord-Heggdal,Eidsvåg,Rausand,Boggestranda,Myklebostad,Eresfjord, andEikesdalen. Molde has amaritime,temperate climate, with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. The city is nicknamedThe City of Roses. Molde was originally the name of a farm by a natural harbour, which grew into a timber trading port in the late16th century.Formal trading rights were introduced before 1604,and the town was incorporated through aroyal charterin 1742. Molde was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). The town continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a centre for Norwegiantextileandgarmentindustry, as well as theadministrative centrefor the region, and a major tourist destination. AfterWorld War II, Molde experienced accelerated growth, merging withBolsøyMunicipality and parts ofVeøyMunicipality on 1 January 1964, and has become a centre for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. The 1,503-square-kilometre (580 sq mi) municipality is the 56th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Molde is the 31st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 32,446. The municipality'spopulation densityis 22.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (59/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.9% over the previous 10-year period. History The city's current location dates from the late Medieval times but is preceded by an earlierMedievaltownship onVeøya, an island to the south of present-day Molde. The settlement at Veøya probably dates from theMigration Period, but is first mentioned in the sagas bySnorri Sturlusonas the location of theBattle ofSekkenin 1162, whereking Håkonthe Broad-shouldered was killed fighting the aristocratErling Skakke, during theNorwegian civil wars. However, settlement in the area can be traced much further back in time—evidence given by two rock slabs carved withpetroglyphsfound at Bjørset, west of the city center. At the eve of the 15th century, the influence of Veøya waned, and the island was eventually deserted. Originating from the two farms Reknes and Molde (later Moldegård), a minor port calledMoldefjæra(Molde Landing) emerged around 1600, based on trade with timber and herring. The town gained formal trading rights before 1604 under the supervision ofTrondheim.After theTreaty of Copenhagenin 1660, Molde became theadministrative centerofRomsdal amt, and was incorporated as acitythrough aroyal charterin 1742. Molde continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a center for the Norwegian textile and garment industry. Tourism later became a major industry, and Molde saw notabilities such as the German emperorWilhelm IIofGermanyand thePrince of Walesas regular summer visitors. Molde consisted of luxurious hotels surrounding an idyllic township with quaint, wooden houses, lush gardens, and parks, esplanades, and pavilions, earning it the nicknamethe Town of Roses. This was interrupted when one-third of the city was destroyed in a fire on 21 January 1916. However, Molde recovered and continued to grow in the economically difficult interbellum period. A second fire, or series of fires, struck from theGermanair-raids inApril and May 1940, which destroyed about two-thirds of the town. Molde was in effect the capital of Norway for a week after King Haakon, Crown Prince Olav, and members of the government and parliament arrived at Molde on April 23, after a dramatic flight from Oslo. They were put up at Glomstua, then at the western outskirts of the town, and experienced the bombing raids personally. The Norwegian gold reserve was also conveyed to Molde, and was hidden in a clothing factory. However, German intelligence was well aware of this, and on April 25 theLuftwaffeinitiated a series of air-raids. For a week the air-raid siren on the chimney of the dairy building announced the repeated attacks. April 29 turned out to be the worst day in the history of Molde, as the city was transformed into a sea of flames by incendiary bombs. Until then the church had escaped undamaged, but in the final sortie a firebomb became stuck high up in the tower, and the wooden church was obliterated by fire. After World War II, Molde experienced tremendous growth. As the modernization of the Norwegian society accelerated in the post-reconstruction years, Molde became a center for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. After the consolidation of the town itself and its adjacent communities in 1964, Molde became a modern city, encompassing most branches of employment, from farming and fisheries to industrial production, banking, higher education, tourism, commerce, health care, and civil administration. Municipality The town of Molde was established as an urban municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). It was surrounded by the rural municipality ofBolsøy. On 1 July 1915, a part of Bolsøy (population: 183) was transferred to the city of Molde. On 1 January 1952, another part of Bolsøy (population: 1,913) was transferred to Molde. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of theSchei Committee. On 1 January 1964, theMolde (town)(population: 8,289) merged with theSekken,Veøya, andNesjestrandaparts of municipality ofVeøy(population: 756), all of the municipality ofBolsøy(population: 7,996), and the Mordal area ofNord-Aukramunicipality (population: 77) to form the present day municipality of Molde. On 1 January 2020, the neighbouring municipalities ofMidsundandNessetmerged with Molde to form a much larger municipality called Molde. Name The municipality (originally the town andparish) is named after the oldMoldefarmstead (Old Norse:Moldar) since this was where the town was built. The name's origin is somewhat uncertain. It could be the plural form ismoldwhich means \"fertile soil\" or \"earth\". The other possibility is that it comes from the wordmoldrwhich means \"skull\" or \"mold\" (referring to the rounded peaks inMoldemarka).Pronunciation varies between the standardMoldeand the ruralMolle. A person from Molde will refer to themself as aMoldenser. Coat of arms Thecoat of armswas granted on 29 June 1742. The informalblazonis\"a water spouting whale, which drives a barrel in front of itself\"(Norwegian:en vannsprutende hvalfisk, som driver en tønne for seg). The arms have a bluefield(background) and thechargeis a whale and barrel floating on the ocean waves. It also has amural crownabove theescutcheonsince the municipality includes a town. The exact design of the coat of arms is not formally depicted in law, so it has varied some over the centuries. The arms symbolize awhalechasingherringinto a barrel, based on an old myth that the whales (guided by God) chased the schools of herring into the fjords at certain times. It also portrays the city's founding industries of herring fisheries and timber exports. Molde was never a whaling port, but the unusually bountiful fisheries in the early 1740s alleviated the city's suffering during a major famine. The sighting of whales, usually pods oforca, was commonly held to be the start of the spring herring fisheries. The municipal flag is a white flag with the coat of arms in the centre. Moldesangen (The Song of Molde) is the semi-official anthem. It was written by Palle Godtfred Olaus Dørum (1818–1886) and composed by Karl Groos (1789–1861), supposedly in 1818, and is the same tune used the anthem of the German federal stateMecklenburg-Vorpommern(Moldesangen) Geography Molde municipality includes part of theRomsdal peninsulaas well as many islands including the islands ofOtrøyaandMidøya. To the southeast, Molde municipality stretches about 75 kilometres (47 mi) inland. Thetown of Moldeconsists of a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide strip of urban land running east–west along the north shore of theMoldefjord, an arm of theRomsdalsfjord, on theRomsdal peninsula. The city is sheltered byBolsøyaand theMolde archipelago, a chain of low-lying islands and islets, to the south, and the wood-clad hills ofMoldemarkato the north. The city centre is located just west of the riverMoldeelva, which runs into the city from the north, originating in theMoldevatnetlake, through the valley Moldedalen. Despite the river being minor and seasonal, it supported severalsawmillsin the 16th and 17th centuries. This gave rise to the original town itself through a combination of a good harbour, proximity to the sea routes, vast timber resources, and a river capable of supporting mills. In 1909, the river housed the firsthydro electricpower plantcapable of providing sufficient electricity for the city, and the upper reaches of the river still provide drinking water for most of the city. Its panoramic view of some 222 partly snow-clad peaks, usually referred to as theMolde panorama, is one of Molde's main attractions, and has drawn tourists to the city since the 19th century. Molde is nicknamed theTown of Roses, a name which originated during Molde's era as a tourist destination of international fame in the late 19th century. Neighbouring municipalities areAukra,Gjemnes, andHustadvika(to the north);Ålesund(to the southwest);VestnesandRauma(to the south); andTingvollandSunndal(to the east). Points of interest Salmon,sea troutandsea charare found in the rivers throughout the area, especially theRauma,Driva, andEira, already legendary among the Britishgentryin the mid-19th century.Troutis abundant in most lakes.Cod,pollock,saithe,mackereland other species of saltwaterfishare commonly caught in the Romsdalsfjord, both from land and from boat.Skiingis a common activity among the inhabitants of Molde in the winter, on groomed tracks, in resorts or by own trail. There are severalrock climbing,ice climbing,bouldering,glacierandbasejumpingareas in the immediate vicinity of Molde. TheAtlantic roadwas voted the Norwegian Construction of the Century in 2005. It is built on bridges and landfills across small islands and skerries, and spans from the small communities of Vikan and Vevang toAverøy, an island with several historic landmarks, such as the Bremsnes cave withMesolithicfindings from theFosnaculture, themediaevalKvernes stave church, and Langøysund, now a remote fishing community, but once a bustling port along the main coastal route. Langøysund was the site of the compromise between KingMagnus Iand the farmers along the coast in 1040. The compromise is regarded as Norway'sMagna Carta, and is commemorated though thePilespisser(English:Arrowheads) monument. Trollkirka(English: lit.Troll Church) is a marble grotto leading up to an underground waterfall. The grotto is situated 30 minutes outside Molde, followed by a 1-hour hike up a steep trail.Trollveggenis Europe's tallest vertical, overhanging mountain face,with several very difficult climbing routes.Trollstigenis the most visited tourist road in Norway. The road twists and turns its way up an almost vertical mountainside through 11 hairpin bends to an altitude of 858 m (2,814.96 ft).Mardalsfossenis the highestwaterfallinNorthern Europeand the fourth highest waterfall in the world, cascading 297 metres down into the valley. The total height of the waterfall is 655 m (2,148.95 ft). Budis a fishing village on the very tip of the Romsdalpeninsula. It gained importance during theMiddle Agesas a trading post, and hosted the last freePrivy Councilof Norway in 1533, a desperate attempt to save the country's independence and stave off theProtestant Reformation, led byOlav Engelbrektsson,archbishop of Nidaros(todayTrondheim). The massive Ergan coastal defences, a restored German coastal fort fromWorld War II, and a part of theAtlantic Wall, is situated in Bud. The fishing communities of Ona, Bjørnsund and Håholmen are located on remote islands off the coast, only accessible by boat or ferry. Moldemarka Moldemarka, the hilly woodland area north of the city, ispublic land. The area has an extensive network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads enter the area from several directions. Bulletin boards and maps provide information regarding local plants and wildlife, as well as signposts along the trails. Marked trails lead to a number of peaks, sites and fishing lakes and rivers. A national fishing licence is required to fish in the lakes and streams. Varden, 407 metres (1,335 ft)above sea levelis a viewpoint directly above Molde, with a good view of the city, thefjordwith theMolde archipelagoand theMolde panorama. Climate Molde has a temperateoceanic climate(Cfb) also known as marine west coast climate. Molde holds the national high for the month of October, with 25.6 °C or 78.1 °F recorded on 11 October 2005. Due to its geographic location, Molde experiences frequentsnowfallsin winter, but this snow is usually wet as the winters tend to be mild. The record high 31 °C or 88 °F was recorded in July 2018. The record low −17 °C or 1 °F was recorded in both January and February 2010. Anatural phenomenonoccurring in Molde and the adjacent district, are frequent winter days with temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F), sometimes even above 14 °C (57 °F). This is due to thefoehn windfrom south and south-east. The sheltered location of the city, facing south with hills to the north, mountains to the east and mountainous islands to the west, contributes to Molde's climate and rich plant life, especially among species naturally growing on far lower latitudes, likechestnut,oak,tilia(limeorlinden),beech,yew, and others. Government Molde Municipality is responsible forprimary education(through 10th grade), outpatienthealth services,senior citizenservices,welfareand othersocial services,zoning,economic development, and municipalroadsand utilities. The municipality is governed by amunicipal councilofdirectly electedrepresentatives. Themayorisindirectly electedby a vote of the municipal council.The municipality is under the jurisdiction of theMøre og Romsdal District Courtand theFrostating Court of Appeal. Municipal council Themunicipal council(Kommunestyre) of Molde is made up of 49 representatives who are elected to four-year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty. Mayors Themayors(Norwegian:ordfører) of Molde: Culture Three of thefour greatNorwegian authors are connected to Molde.Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsonspent his childhood years atNessetoutside Molde, and attended school in the city.Henrik Ibsenfrequently spent his vacations at the mansionMoldegårdvisiting the family Møller; andAlexander Kiellandresided in the city as the governor ofRomsdals amt. Ibsen's playRosmersholmis generally thought to be inspired by life at the mansion Moldegård, andThe Lady from the Seais also believed to be set in the city of Molde, although never actually mentioned. Other authors from or with ties to Molde includeEdvard Hoem,Jo Nesbø,Knut Ødegård, andNini Roll Anker, a friend ofSigrid Undset. TheRomsdal Museum, one of Norway's largest folkmuseums, was established in 1912. Buildings originating from all over the region have been moved here to form a typical cluster of farm buildings including \"openhearth\" houses, sheds, outhouses, smokehouses and a small chapel. The \"town street\" with Mali's Café shows typical Molde town houses from the pre-World War I period. TheMuseum of the Fisheriesis an open-air museum located on the island of Hjertøya, 10 minutes from the centre of Molde. A small fishing village with authentic buildings, boats and fishing equipment, the museum shows local coastal culture from 1850 onwards. The local newspaper isRomsdals Budstikke. Churches TheChurch of Norwayhas ten parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Molde. It is part of theMolde domprosti(arch-deanery) in theDiocese of Møre. Festivals TheMoldejazzjazzfestival is held in Molde every July. Moldejazz is one of the largest and oldest jazz festivals in Europe, and one of the most important. An estimated 40,000 tickets are sold for the more than a hundred events during the festival. Between 80,000 and 100,000 visitors visit the city during the one-week-long festival. Every August, Molde andNessetare hosts to theBjørnson Festival, an international literature festival. Established by the poet Knut Ødegård in connection with the 250-year anniversary of Molde, the festival is named in honour of theNobel Prize in LiteraturelaureateBjørnstjerne Bjørnson(1832–1910). It is the oldest and the most internationally acclaimed literature festival in Norway. In addition to the two major events, a number of minor festivals are held annually. Byfest, the city's celebration of incorporation, is an arrangement by local artists, coinciding with the anniversary of the royal charter of 29 June 1742. Education Molde University Collegeoffers a wide range of academic opportunities, from nursing and health-related studies, to economics and administrative courses. The school is Norway's leading college in logistics,and well established as a centre for research and academic programmes in information technology, with degrees up to and including PhD. Transportation Hurtigrutacalls on Molde every day, on its journey betweenBergenandKirkenes. The nearest railway station isÅndalsnes, the terminus for theRauma Line. The local airport isMolde Airportwhich has several daily flights to Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim, as well as weekly flights to other domestic and international destinations. TheEuropean route E39andNorwegian County Road 64both pass through the municipality. The city of Molde is connected to Fræna Municipality (to the north) by theTussen Tunnel. The city is connected to theRøvikaandNesjestrandapart of the municipality by theFannefjord TunnelandBolsøy Bridge, significantly shortening the drive by avoiding driving all the way around theFannefjorden. The proposedLangfjord Tunnelwould connect Molde Municipality to Rauma Municipality via a tunnel under theLangfjorden. Sports Molde hosts a variety of sports teams, most notably thefootballteam,Molde FK, which plays in theEliteserien, the top division in theNorwegian football league system. Their home matches are played atAker stadion, inaugurated in 1998, which holds a record attendance of 13,308. The team is five-time league champions (2011,2012,2014,2019and2022), five-time Norwegian Cup winners (1994,2005,2013,2014and2021-22), and has made numerous appearances in European tournaments, including theUEFA Champions League. The club was founded in 1911, during Molde's period of great British and Continental influx, and was first named \"International\", since it predominantly played teams made up from crews of foreign vessels visiting the city. In addition to a number of international players, the city has also produced severalski jumpers,cross-country skiersandalpine skiersof international merit. Other sports include the accomplishedteam handballclubs (Molde Elite,SK Træff,SK Rival), athletics teams (IL Molde-Olymp), skiing clubs, basketball and volleyball teams. International relations Twin towns — sister cities Molde has threesister cities. They are: Notable residents Public service & business The Arts Sport References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Mette Solli Mette Solli(born 14 September 1974) is a Norwegiankickboxer. Biography Solli was born inMoldeon 17 September 1974. Her achievements include gold medal in light-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2001 (Maribor), a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. European Championships 2004 (Budva), and a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 (Coimbra). She was awarded theKongepokal(King's Cup) trophy at the national championships in 2007. References This biographical article related tomartial artsinNorwayis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\",\n \"Molde Molde(Norwegian pronunciation:ⓘ) is a town andmunicipalityinMøre og Romsdalcounty,Norway. It is located in thetraditional districtofRomsdal. It is located on theRomsdal Peninsula, surrounding theFannefjordandMoldefjord. Theadministrative centreof the municipality is thecity of Moldewhich is also theadministrative centreofMøre og Romsdalcounty, the commercial hub of theRomsdalregion, and the seat of theDiocese of Møre. Other main population centres in the municipality include the villages ofHjelset,Kleive,Nesjestranda,Midsund,Nord-Heggdal,Eidsvåg,Rausand,Boggestranda,Myklebostad,Eresfjord, andEikesdalen. Molde has amaritime,temperate climate, with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. The city is nicknamedThe City of Roses. Molde was originally the name of a farm by a natural harbour, which grew into a timber trading port in the late16th century.Formal trading rights were introduced before 1604,and the town was incorporated through aroyal charterin 1742. Molde was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). The town continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a centre for Norwegiantextileandgarmentindustry, as well as theadministrative centrefor the region, and a major tourist destination. AfterWorld War II, Molde experienced accelerated growth, merging withBolsøyMunicipality and parts ofVeøyMunicipality on 1 January 1964, and has become a centre for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. The 1,503-square-kilometre (580 sq mi) municipality is the 56th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Molde is the 31st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 32,446. The municipality'spopulation densityis 22.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (59/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.9% over the previous 10-year period. History The city's current location dates from the late Medieval times but is preceded by an earlierMedievaltownship onVeøya, an island to the south of present-day Molde. The settlement at Veøya probably dates from theMigration Period, but is first mentioned in the sagas bySnorri Sturlusonas the location of theBattle ofSekkenin 1162, whereking Håkonthe Broad-shouldered was killed fighting the aristocratErling Skakke, during theNorwegian civil wars. However, settlement in the area can be traced much further back in time—evidence given by two rock slabs carved withpetroglyphsfound at Bjørset, west of the city center. At the eve of the 15th century, the influence of Veøya waned, and the island was eventually deserted. Originating from the two farms Reknes and Molde (later Moldegård), a minor port calledMoldefjæra(Molde Landing) emerged around 1600, based on trade with timber and herring. The town gained formal trading rights before 1604 under the supervision ofTrondheim.After theTreaty of Copenhagenin 1660, Molde became theadministrative centerofRomsdal amt, and was incorporated as acitythrough aroyal charterin 1742. Molde continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a center for the Norwegian textile and garment industry. Tourism later became a major industry, and Molde saw notabilities such as the German emperorWilhelm IIofGermanyand thePrince of Walesas regular summer visitors. Molde consisted of luxurious hotels surrounding an idyllic township with quaint, wooden houses, lush gardens, and parks, esplanades, and pavilions, earning it the nicknamethe Town of Roses. This was interrupted when one-third of the city was destroyed in a fire on 21 January 1916. However, Molde recovered and continued to grow in the economically difficult interbellum period. A second fire, or series of fires, struck from theGermanair-raids inApril and May 1940, which destroyed about two-thirds of the town. Molde was in effect the capital of Norway for a week after King Haakon, Crown Prince Olav, and members of the government and parliament arrived at Molde on April 23, after a dramatic flight from Oslo. They were put up at Glomstua, then at the western outskirts of the town, and experienced the bombing raids personally. The Norwegian gold reserve was also conveyed to Molde, and was hidden in a clothing factory. However, German intelligence was well aware of this, and on April 25 theLuftwaffeinitiated a series of air-raids. For a week the air-raid siren on the chimney of the dairy building announced the repeated attacks. April 29 turned out to be the worst day in the history of Molde, as the city was transformed into a sea of flames by incendiary bombs. Until then the church had escaped undamaged, but in the final sortie a firebomb became stuck high up in the tower, and the wooden church was obliterated by fire. After World War II, Molde experienced tremendous growth. As the modernization of the Norwegian society accelerated in the post-reconstruction years, Molde became a center for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. After the consolidation of the town itself and its adjacent communities in 1964, Molde became a modern city, encompassing most branches of employment, from farming and fisheries to industrial production, banking, higher education, tourism, commerce, health care, and civil administration. Municipality The town of Molde was established as an urban municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). It was surrounded by the rural municipality ofBolsøy. On 1 July 1915, a part of Bolsøy (population: 183) was transferred to the city of Molde. On 1 January 1952, another part of Bolsøy (population: 1,913) was transferred to Molde. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of theSchei Committee. On 1 January 1964, theMolde (town)(population: 8,289) merged with theSekken,Veøya, andNesjestrandaparts of municipality ofVeøy(population: 756), all of the municipality ofBolsøy(population: 7,996), and the Mordal area ofNord-Aukramunicipality (population: 77) to form the present day municipality of Molde. On 1 January 2020, the neighbouring municipalities ofMidsundandNessetmerged with Molde to form a much larger municipality called Molde. Name The municipality (originally the town andparish) is named after the oldMoldefarmstead (Old Norse:Moldar) since this was where the town was built. The name's origin is somewhat uncertain. It could be the plural form ismoldwhich means \\\"fertile soil\\\" or \\\"earth\\\". The other possibility is that it comes from the wordmoldrwhich means \\\"skull\\\" or \\\"mold\\\" (referring to the rounded peaks inMoldemarka).Pronunciation varies between the standardMoldeand the ruralMolle. A person from Molde will refer to themself as aMoldenser. Coat of arms Thecoat of armswas granted on 29 June 1742. The informalblazonis\\\"a water spouting whale, which drives a barrel in front of itself\\\"(Norwegian:en vannsprutende hvalfisk, som driver en tønne for seg). The arms have a bluefield(background) and thechargeis a whale and barrel floating on the ocean waves. It also has amural crownabove theescutcheonsince the municipality includes a town. The exact design of the coat of arms is not formally depicted in law, so it has varied some over the centuries. The arms symbolize awhalechasingherringinto a barrel, based on an old myth that the whales (guided by God) chased the schools of herring into the fjords at certain times. It also portrays the city's founding industries of herring fisheries and timber exports. Molde was never a whaling port, but the unusually bountiful fisheries in the early 1740s alleviated the city's suffering during a major famine. The sighting of whales, usually pods oforca, was commonly held to be the start of the spring herring fisheries. The municipal flag is a white flag with the coat of arms in the centre. Moldesangen (The Song of Molde) is the semi-official anthem. It was written by Palle Godtfred Olaus Dørum (1818–1886) and composed by Karl Groos (1789–1861), supposedly in 1818, and is the same tune used the anthem of the German federal stateMecklenburg-Vorpommern(Moldesangen) Geography Molde municipality includes part of theRomsdal peninsulaas well as many islands including the islands ofOtrøyaandMidøya. To the southeast, Molde municipality stretches about 75 kilometres (47 mi) inland. Thetown of Moldeconsists of a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide strip of urban land running east–west along the north shore of theMoldefjord, an arm of theRomsdalsfjord, on theRomsdal peninsula. The city is sheltered byBolsøyaand theMolde archipelago, a chain of low-lying islands and islets, to the south, and the wood-clad hills ofMoldemarkato the north. The city centre is located just west of the riverMoldeelva, which runs into the city from the north, originating in theMoldevatnetlake, through the valley Moldedalen. Despite the river being minor and seasonal, it supported severalsawmillsin the 16th and 17th centuries. This gave rise to the original town itself through a combination of a good harbour, proximity to the sea routes, vast timber resources, and a river capable of supporting mills. In 1909, the river housed the firsthydro electricpower plantcapable of providing sufficient electricity for the city, and the upper reaches of the river still provide drinking water for most of the city. Its panoramic view of some 222 partly snow-clad peaks, usually referred to as theMolde panorama, is one of Molde's main attractions, and has drawn tourists to the city since the 19th century. Molde is nicknamed theTown of Roses, a name which originated during Molde's era as a tourist destination of international fame in the late 19th century. Neighbouring municipalities areAukra,Gjemnes, andHustadvika(to the north);Ålesund(to the southwest);VestnesandRauma(to the south); andTingvollandSunndal(to the east). Points of interest Salmon,sea troutandsea charare found in the rivers throughout the area, especially theRauma,Driva, andEira, already legendary among the Britishgentryin the mid-19th century.Troutis abundant in most lakes.Cod,pollock,saithe,mackereland other species of saltwaterfishare commonly caught in the Romsdalsfjord, both from land and from boat.Skiingis a common activity among the inhabitants of Molde in the winter, on groomed tracks, in resorts or by own trail. There are severalrock climbing,ice climbing,bouldering,glacierandbasejumpingareas in the immediate vicinity of Molde. TheAtlantic roadwas voted the Norwegian Construction of the Century in 2005. It is built on bridges and landfills across small islands and skerries, and spans from the small communities of Vikan and Vevang toAverøy, an island with several historic landmarks, such as the Bremsnes cave withMesolithicfindings from theFosnaculture, themediaevalKvernes stave church, and Langøysund, now a remote fishing community, but once a bustling port along the main coastal route. Langøysund was the site of the compromise between KingMagnus Iand the farmers along the coast in 1040. The compromise is regarded as Norway'sMagna Carta, and is commemorated though thePilespisser(English:Arrowheads) monument. Trollkirka(English: lit.Troll Church) is a marble grotto leading up to an underground waterfall. The grotto is situated 30 minutes outside Molde, followed by a 1-hour hike up a steep trail.Trollveggenis Europe's tallest vertical, overhanging mountain face,with several very difficult climbing routes.Trollstigenis the most visited tourist road in Norway. The road twists and turns its way up an almost vertical mountainside through 11 hairpin bends to an altitude of 858 m (2,814.96 ft).Mardalsfossenis the highestwaterfallinNorthern Europeand the fourth highest waterfall in the world, cascading 297 metres down into the valley. The total height of the waterfall is 655 m (2,148.95 ft). Budis a fishing village on the very tip of the Romsdalpeninsula. It gained importance during theMiddle Agesas a trading post, and hosted the last freePrivy Councilof Norway in 1533, a desperate attempt to save the country's independence and stave off theProtestant Reformation, led byOlav Engelbrektsson,archbishop of Nidaros(todayTrondheim). The massive Ergan coastal defences, a restored German coastal fort fromWorld War II, and a part of theAtlantic Wall, is situated in Bud. The fishing communities of Ona, Bjørnsund and Håholmen are located on remote islands off the coast, only accessible by boat or ferry. Moldemarka Moldemarka, the hilly woodland area north of the city, ispublic land. The area has an extensive network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads enter the area from several directions. Bulletin boards and maps provide information regarding local plants and wildlife, as well as signposts along the trails. Marked trails lead to a number of peaks, sites and fishing lakes and rivers. A national fishing licence is required to fish in the lakes and streams. Varden, 407 metres (1,335 ft)above sea levelis a viewpoint directly above Molde, with a good view of the city, thefjordwith theMolde archipelagoand theMolde panorama. Climate Molde has a temperateoceanic climate(Cfb) also known as marine west coast climate. Molde holds the national high for the month of October, with 25.6 °C or 78.1 °F recorded on 11 October 2005. Due to its geographic location, Molde experiences frequentsnowfallsin winter, but this snow is usually wet as the winters tend to be mild. The record high 31 °C or 88 °F was recorded in July 2018. The record low −17 °C or 1 °F was recorded in both January and February 2010. Anatural phenomenonoccurring in Molde and the adjacent district, are frequent winter days with temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F), sometimes even above 14 °C (57 °F). This is due to thefoehn windfrom south and south-east. The sheltered location of the city, facing south with hills to the north, mountains to the east and mountainous islands to the west, contributes to Molde's climate and rich plant life, especially among species naturally growing on far lower latitudes, likechestnut,oak,tilia(limeorlinden),beech,yew, and others. Government Molde Municipality is responsible forprimary education(through 10th grade), outpatienthealth services,senior citizenservices,welfareand othersocial services,zoning,economic development, and municipalroadsand utilities. The municipality is governed by amunicipal councilofdirectly electedrepresentatives. Themayorisindirectly electedby a vote of the municipal council.The municipality is under the jurisdiction of theMøre og Romsdal District Courtand theFrostating Court of Appeal. Municipal council Themunicipal council(Kommunestyre) of Molde is made up of 49 representatives who are elected to four-year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty. Mayors Themayors(Norwegian:ordfører) of Molde: Culture Three of thefour greatNorwegian authors are connected to Molde.Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsonspent his childhood years atNessetoutside Molde, and attended school in the city.Henrik Ibsenfrequently spent his vacations at the mansionMoldegårdvisiting the family Møller; andAlexander Kiellandresided in the city as the governor ofRomsdals amt. Ibsen's playRosmersholmis generally thought to be inspired by life at the mansion Moldegård, andThe Lady from the Seais also believed to be set in the city of Molde, although never actually mentioned. Other authors from or with ties to Molde includeEdvard Hoem,Jo Nesbø,Knut Ødegård, andNini Roll Anker, a friend ofSigrid Undset. TheRomsdal Museum, one of Norway's largest folkmuseums, was established in 1912. Buildings originating from all over the region have been moved here to form a typical cluster of farm buildings including \\\"openhearth\\\" houses, sheds, outhouses, smokehouses and a small chapel. The \\\"town street\\\" with Mali's Café shows typical Molde town houses from the pre-World War I period. TheMuseum of the Fisheriesis an open-air museum located on the island of Hjertøya, 10 minutes from the centre of Molde. A small fishing village with authentic buildings, boats and fishing equipment, the museum shows local coastal culture from 1850 onwards. The local newspaper isRomsdals Budstikke. Churches TheChurch of Norwayhas ten parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Molde. It is part of theMolde domprosti(arch-deanery) in theDiocese of Møre. Festivals TheMoldejazzjazzfestival is held in Molde every July. Moldejazz is one of the largest and oldest jazz festivals in Europe, and one of the most important. An estimated 40,000 tickets are sold for the more than a hundred events during the festival. Between 80,000 and 100,000 visitors visit the city during the one-week-long festival. Every August, Molde andNessetare hosts to theBjørnson Festival, an international literature festival. Established by the poet Knut Ødegård in connection with the 250-year anniversary of Molde, the festival is named in honour of theNobel Prize in LiteraturelaureateBjørnstjerne Bjørnson(1832–1910). It is the oldest and the most internationally acclaimed literature festival in Norway. In addition to the two major events, a number of minor festivals are held annually. Byfest, the city's celebration of incorporation, is an arrangement by local artists, coinciding with the anniversary of the royal charter of 29 June 1742. Education Molde University Collegeoffers a wide range of academic opportunities, from nursing and health-related studies, to economics and administrative courses. The school is Norway's leading college in logistics,and well established as a centre for research and academic programmes in information technology, with degrees up to and including PhD. Transportation Hurtigrutacalls on Molde every day, on its journey betweenBergenandKirkenes. The nearest railway station isÅndalsnes, the terminus for theRauma Line. The local airport isMolde Airportwhich has several daily flights to Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim, as well as weekly flights to other domestic and international destinations. TheEuropean route E39andNorwegian County Road 64both pass through the municipality. The city of Molde is connected to Fræna Municipality (to the north) by theTussen Tunnel. The city is connected to theRøvikaandNesjestrandapart of the municipality by theFannefjord TunnelandBolsøy Bridge, significantly shortening the drive by avoiding driving all the way around theFannefjorden. The proposedLangfjord Tunnelwould connect Molde Municipality to Rauma Municipality via a tunnel under theLangfjorden. Sports Molde hosts a variety of sports teams, most notably thefootballteam,Molde FK, which plays in theEliteserien, the top division in theNorwegian football league system. Their home matches are played atAker stadion, inaugurated in 1998, which holds a record attendance of 13,308. The team is five-time league champions (2011,2012,2014,2019and2022), five-time Norwegian Cup winners (1994,2005,2013,2014and2021-22), and has made numerous appearances in European tournaments, including theUEFA Champions League. The club was founded in 1911, during Molde's period of great British and Continental influx, and was first named \\\"International\\\", since it predominantly played teams made up from crews of foreign vessels visiting the city. In addition to a number of international players, the city has also produced severalski jumpers,cross-country skiersandalpine skiersof international merit. Other sports include the accomplishedteam handballclubs (Molde Elite,SK Træff,SK Rival), athletics teams (IL Molde-Olymp), skiing clubs, basketball and volleyball teams. International relations Twin towns — sister cities Molde has threesister cities. They are: Notable residents Public service & business The Arts Sport References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mette Solli Mette Solli(born 14 September 1974) is a Norwegiankickboxer. Biography Solli was born inMoldeon 17 September 1974. Her achievements include gold medal in light-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2001 (Maribor), a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. European Championships 2004 (Budva), and a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 (Coimbra). She was awarded theKongepokal(King's Cup) trophy at the national championships in 2007. References This biographical article related tomartial artsinNorwayis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.","Molde Molde(Norwegian pronunciation:ⓘ) is a town andmunicipalityinMøre og Romsdalcounty,Norway. It is located in thetraditional districtofRomsdal. It is located on theRomsdal Peninsula, surrounding theFannefjordandMoldefjord. Theadministrative centreof the municipality is thecity of Moldewhich is also theadministrative centreofMøre og Romsdalcounty, the commercial hub of theRomsdalregion, and the seat of theDiocese of Møre. Other main population centres in the municipality include the villages ofHjelset,Kleive,Nesjestranda,Midsund,Nord-Heggdal,Eidsvåg,Rausand,Boggestranda,Myklebostad,Eresfjord, andEikesdalen. Molde has amaritime,temperate climate, with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. The city is nicknamedThe City of Roses. Molde was originally the name of a farm by a natural harbour, which grew into a timber trading port in the late16th century.Formal trading rights were introduced before 1604,and the town was incorporated through aroyal charterin 1742. Molde was established as a","established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). The town continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a centre for Norwegiantextileandgarmentindustry, as well as theadministrative centrefor the region, and a major tourist destination. AfterWorld War II, Molde experienced accelerated growth, merging withBolsøyMunicipality and parts ofVeøyMunicipality on 1 January 1964, and has become a centre for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. The 1,503-square-kilometre (580 sq mi) municipality is the 56th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Molde is the 31st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 32,446. The municipality'spopulation densityis 22.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (59/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.9% over the previous 10-year period. History The city's current location dates from the late Medieval times but is preceded by an","is preceded by an earlierMedievaltownship onVeøya, an island to the south of present-day Molde. The settlement at Veøya probably dates from theMigration Period, but is first mentioned in the sagas bySnorri Sturlusonas the location of theBattle ofSekkenin 1162, whereking Håkonthe Broad-shouldered was killed fighting the aristocratErling Skakke, during theNorwegian civil wars. However, settlement in the area can be traced much further back in time—evidence given by two rock slabs carved withpetroglyphsfound at Bjørset, west of the city center. At the eve of the 15th century, the influence of Veøya waned, and the island was eventually deserted. Originating from the two farms Reknes and Molde (later Moldegård), a minor port calledMoldefjæra(Molde Landing) emerged around 1600, based on trade with timber and herring. The town gained formal trading rights before 1604 under the supervision ofTrondheim.After theTreaty of Copenhagenin 1660, Molde became theadministrative centerofRomsdal amt, and was incorporated as","was incorporated as acitythrough aroyal charterin 1742. Molde continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a center for the Norwegian textile and garment industry. Tourism later became a major industry, and Molde saw notabilities such as the German emperorWilhelm IIofGermanyand thePrince of Walesas regular summer visitors. Molde consisted of luxurious hotels surrounding an idyllic township with quaint, wooden houses, lush gardens, and parks, esplanades, and pavilions, earning it the nicknamethe Town of Roses. This was interrupted when one-third of the city was destroyed in a fire on 21 January 1916. However, Molde recovered and continued to grow in the economically difficult interbellum period. A second fire, or series of fires, struck from theGermanair-raids inApril and May 1940, which destroyed about two-thirds of the town. Molde was in effect the capital of Norway for a week after King Haakon, Crown Prince Olav, and members of the government and parliament arrived at Molde on April","at Molde on April 23, after a dramatic flight from Oslo. They were put up at Glomstua, then at the western outskirts of the town, and experienced the bombing raids personally. The Norwegian gold reserve was also conveyed to Molde, and was hidden in a clothing factory. However, German intelligence was well aware of this, and on April 25 theLuftwaffeinitiated a series of air-raids. For a week the air-raid siren on the chimney of the dairy building announced the repeated attacks. April 29 turned out to be the worst day in the history of Molde, as the city was transformed into a sea of flames by incendiary bombs. Until then the church had escaped undamaged, but in the final sortie a firebomb became stuck high up in the tower, and the wooden church was obliterated by fire. After World War II, Molde experienced tremendous growth. As the modernization of the Norwegian society accelerated in the post-reconstruction years, Molde became a center for not only administrative and public services, but also academic","but also academic resources and industrial output. After the consolidation of the town itself and its adjacent communities in 1964, Molde became a modern city, encompassing most branches of employment, from farming and fisheries to industrial production, banking, higher education, tourism, commerce, health care, and civil administration. Municipality The town of Molde was established as an urban municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). It was surrounded by the rural municipality ofBolsøy. On 1 July 1915, a part of Bolsøy (population: 183) was transferred to the city of Molde. On 1 January 1952, another part of Bolsøy (population: 1,913) was transferred to Molde. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of theSchei Committee. On 1 January 1964, theMolde (town)(population: 8,289) merged with theSekken,Veøya, andNesjestrandaparts of municipality ofVeøy(population: 756), all of the municipality ofBolsøy(population: 7,996), and the Mordal area","and the Mordal area ofNord-Aukramunicipality (population: 77) to form the present day municipality of Molde. On 1 January 2020, the neighbouring municipalities ofMidsundandNessetmerged with Molde to form a much larger municipality called Molde. Name The municipality (originally the town andparish) is named after the oldMoldefarmstead (Old Norse:Moldar) since this was where the town was built. The name's origin is somewhat uncertain. It could be the plural form ismoldwhich means \"fertile soil\" or \"earth\". The other possibility is that it comes from the wordmoldrwhich means \"skull\" or \"mold\" (referring to the rounded peaks inMoldemarka).Pronunciation varies between the standardMoldeand the ruralMolle. A person from Molde will refer to themself as aMoldenser. Coat of arms Thecoat of armswas granted on 29 June 1742. The informalblazonis\"a water spouting whale, which drives a barrel in front of itself\"(Norwegian:en vannsprutende hvalfisk, som driver en tønne for seg). The arms have a bluefield(background) and","and thechargeis a whale and barrel floating on the ocean waves. It also has amural crownabove theescutcheonsince the municipality includes a town. The exact design of the coat of arms is not formally depicted in law, so it has varied some over the centuries. The arms symbolize awhalechasingherringinto a barrel, based on an old myth that the whales (guided by God) chased the schools of herring into the fjords at certain times. It also portrays the city's founding industries of herring fisheries and timber exports. Molde was never a whaling port, but the unusually bountiful fisheries in the early 1740s alleviated the city's suffering during a major famine. The sighting of whales, usually pods oforca, was commonly held to be the start of the spring herring fisheries. The municipal flag is a white flag with the coat of arms in the centre. Moldesangen (The Song of Molde) is the semi-official anthem. It was written by Palle Godtfred Olaus Dørum (1818–1886) and composed by Karl Groos (1789–1861), supposedly in","supposedly in 1818, and is the same tune used the anthem of the German federal stateMecklenburg-Vorpommern(Moldesangen) Geography Molde municipality includes part of theRomsdal peninsulaas well as many islands including the islands ofOtrøyaandMidøya. To the southeast, Molde municipality stretches about 75 kilometres (47 mi) inland. Thetown of Moldeconsists of a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide strip of urban land running east–west along the north shore of theMoldefjord, an arm of theRomsdalsfjord, on theRomsdal peninsula. The city is sheltered byBolsøyaand theMolde archipelago, a chain of low-lying islands and islets, to the south, and the wood-clad hills ofMoldemarkato the north. The city centre is located just west of the riverMoldeelva, which runs into the city from the north, originating in theMoldevatnetlake, through the valley Moldedalen. Despite the river being minor and seasonal, it supported severalsawmillsin the 16th and 17th centuries. This gave rise to the","gave rise to the original town itself through a combination of a good harbour, proximity to the sea routes, vast timber resources, and a river capable of supporting mills. In 1909, the river housed the firsthydro electricpower plantcapable of providing sufficient electricity for the city, and the upper reaches of the river still provide drinking water for most of the city. Its panoramic view of some 222 partly snow-clad peaks, usually referred to as theMolde panorama, is one of Molde's main attractions, and has drawn tourists to the city since the 19th century. Molde is nicknamed theTown of Roses, a name which originated during Molde's era as a tourist destination of international fame in the late 19th century. Neighbouring municipalities areAukra,Gjemnes, andHustadvika(to the north);Ålesund(to the southwest);VestnesandRauma(to the south); andTingvollandSunndal(to the east). Points of interest Salmon,sea troutandsea charare found in the rivers throughout the area, especially theRauma,Driva, andEira, already","andEira, already legendary among the Britishgentryin the mid-19th century.Troutis abundant in most lakes.Cod,pollock,saithe,mackereland other species of saltwaterfishare commonly caught in the Romsdalsfjord, both from land and from boat.Skiingis a common activity among the inhabitants of Molde in the winter, on groomed tracks, in resorts or by own trail. There are severalrock climbing,ice climbing,bouldering,glacierandbasejumpingareas in the immediate vicinity of Molde. TheAtlantic roadwas voted the Norwegian Construction of the Century in 2005. It is built on bridges and landfills across small islands and skerries, and spans from the small communities of Vikan and Vevang toAverøy, an island with several historic landmarks, such as the Bremsnes cave withMesolithicfindings from theFosnaculture, themediaevalKvernes stave church, and Langøysund, now a remote fishing community, but once a bustling port along the main coastal route. Langøysund was the site of the compromise between KingMagnus Iand the farmers","Iand the farmers along the coast in 1040. The compromise is regarded as Norway'sMagna Carta, and is commemorated though thePilespisser(English:Arrowheads) monument. Trollkirka(English: lit.Troll Church) is a marble grotto leading up to an underground waterfall. The grotto is situated 30 minutes outside Molde, followed by a 1-hour hike up a steep trail.Trollveggenis Europe's tallest vertical, overhanging mountain face,with several very difficult climbing routes.Trollstigenis the most visited tourist road in Norway. The road twists and turns its way up an almost vertical mountainside through 11 hairpin bends to an altitude of 858 m (2,814.96 ft).Mardalsfossenis the highestwaterfallinNorthern Europeand the fourth highest waterfall in the world, cascading 297 metres down into the valley. The total height of the waterfall is 655 m (2,148.95 ft). Budis a fishing village on the very tip of the Romsdalpeninsula. It gained importance during theMiddle Agesas a trading post, and hosted the last freePrivy Councilof","freePrivy Councilof Norway in 1533, a desperate attempt to save the country's independence and stave off theProtestant Reformation, led byOlav Engelbrektsson,archbishop of Nidaros(todayTrondheim). The massive Ergan coastal defences, a restored German coastal fort fromWorld War II, and a part of theAtlantic Wall, is situated in Bud. The fishing communities of Ona, Bjørnsund and Håholmen are located on remote islands off the coast, only accessible by boat or ferry. Moldemarka Moldemarka, the hilly woodland area north of the city, ispublic land. The area has an extensive network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads enter the area from several directions. Bulletin boards and maps provide information regarding local plants and wildlife, as well as signposts along the trails. Marked trails lead to a number of peaks, sites and fishing lakes and rivers. A national fishing licence is required to fish in the lakes and streams. Varden, 407 metres (1,335 ft)above sea levelis a viewpoint directly","viewpoint directly above Molde, with a good view of the city, thefjordwith theMolde archipelagoand theMolde panorama. Climate Molde has a temperateoceanic climate(Cfb) also known as marine west coast climate. Molde holds the national high for the month of October, with 25.6 °C or 78.1 °F recorded on 11 October 2005. Due to its geographic location, Molde experiences frequentsnowfallsin winter, but this snow is usually wet as the winters tend to be mild. The record high 31 °C or 88 °F was recorded in July 2018. The record low −17 °C or 1 °F was recorded in both January and February 2010. Anatural phenomenonoccurring in Molde and the adjacent district, are frequent winter days with temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F), sometimes even above 14 °C (57 °F). This is due to thefoehn windfrom south and south-east. The sheltered location of the city, facing south with hills to the north, mountains to the east and mountainous islands to the west, contributes to Molde's climate and rich plant life, especially among species","among species naturally growing on far lower latitudes, likechestnut,oak,tilia(limeorlinden),beech,yew, and others. Government Molde Municipality is responsible forprimary education(through 10th grade), outpatienthealth services,senior citizenservices,welfareand othersocial services,zoning,economic development, and municipalroadsand utilities. The municipality is governed by amunicipal councilofdirectly electedrepresentatives. Themayorisindirectly electedby a vote of the municipal council.The municipality is under the jurisdiction of theMøre og Romsdal District Courtand theFrostating Court of Appeal. Municipal council Themunicipal council(Kommunestyre) of Molde is made up of 49 representatives who are elected to four-year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty. Mayors Themayors(Norwegian:ordfører) of Molde: Culture Three of thefour greatNorwegian authors are connected to Molde.Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsonspent his childhood years atNessetoutside Molde,","Molde, and attended school in the city.Henrik Ibsenfrequently spent his vacations at the mansionMoldegårdvisiting the family Møller; andAlexander Kiellandresided in the city as the governor ofRomsdals amt. Ibsen's playRosmersholmis generally thought to be inspired by life at the mansion Moldegård, andThe Lady from the Seais also believed to be set in the city of Molde, although never actually mentioned. Other authors from or with ties to Molde includeEdvard Hoem,Jo Nesbø,Knut Ødegård, andNini Roll Anker, a friend ofSigrid Undset. TheRomsdal Museum, one of Norway's largest folkmuseums, was established in 1912. Buildings originating from all over the region have been moved here to form a typical cluster of farm buildings including \"openhearth\" houses, sheds, outhouses, smokehouses and a small chapel. The \"town street\" with Mali's Café shows typical Molde town houses from the pre-World War I period. TheMuseum of the Fisheriesis an open-air museum located on the island of Hjertøya, 10 minutes from the centre of","from the centre of Molde. A small fishing village with authentic buildings, boats and fishing equipment, the museum shows local coastal culture from 1850 onwards. The local newspaper isRomsdals Budstikke. Churches TheChurch of Norwayhas ten parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Molde. It is part of theMolde domprosti(arch-deanery) in theDiocese of Møre. Festivals TheMoldejazzjazzfestival is held in Molde every July. Moldejazz is one of the largest and oldest jazz festivals in Europe, and one of the most important. An estimated 40,000 tickets are sold for the more than a hundred events during the festival. Between 80,000 and 100,000 visitors visit the city during the one-week-long festival. Every August, Molde andNessetare hosts to theBjørnson Festival, an international literature festival. Established by the poet Knut Ødegård in connection with the 250-year anniversary of Molde, the festival is named in honour of theNobel Prize in LiteraturelaureateBjørnstjerne Bjørnson(1832–1910). It is the oldest and","is the oldest and the most internationally acclaimed literature festival in Norway. In addition to the two major events, a number of minor festivals are held annually. Byfest, the city's celebration of incorporation, is an arrangement by local artists, coinciding with the anniversary of the royal charter of 29 June 1742. Education Molde University Collegeoffers a wide range of academic opportunities, from nursing and health-related studies, to economics and administrative courses. The school is Norway's leading college in logistics,and well established as a centre for research and academic programmes in information technology, with degrees up to and including PhD. Transportation Hurtigrutacalls on Molde every day, on its journey betweenBergenandKirkenes. The nearest railway station isÅndalsnes, the terminus for theRauma Line. The local airport isMolde Airportwhich has several daily flights to Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim, as well as weekly flights to other domestic and international destinations. TheEuropean","TheEuropean route E39andNorwegian County Road 64both pass through the municipality. The city of Molde is connected to Fræna Municipality (to the north) by theTussen Tunnel. The city is connected to theRøvikaandNesjestrandapart of the municipality by theFannefjord TunnelandBolsøy Bridge, significantly shortening the drive by avoiding driving all the way around theFannefjorden. The proposedLangfjord Tunnelwould connect Molde Municipality to Rauma Municipality via a tunnel under theLangfjorden. Sports Molde hosts a variety of sports teams, most notably thefootballteam,Molde FK, which plays in theEliteserien, the top division in theNorwegian football league system. Their home matches are played atAker stadion, inaugurated in 1998, which holds a record attendance of 13,308. The team is five-time league champions (2011,2012,2014,2019and2022), five-time Norwegian Cup winners (1994,2005,2013,2014and2021-22), and has made numerous appearances in European tournaments, including theUEFA Champions League. The club was","The club was founded in 1911, during Molde's period of great British and Continental influx, and was first named \"International\", since it predominantly played teams made up from crews of foreign vessels visiting the city. In addition to a number of international players, the city has also produced severalski jumpers,cross-country skiersandalpine skiersof international merit. Other sports include the accomplishedteam handballclubs (Molde Elite,SK Træff,SK Rival), athletics teams (IL Molde-Olymp), skiing clubs, basketball and volleyball teams. International relations Twin towns — sister cities Molde has threesister cities. They are: Notable residents Public service & business The Arts Sport References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Mette Solli Mette Solli(born 14 September 1974) is a Norwegiankickboxer. Biography Solli was born inMoldeon 17 September 1974. Her achievements include gold medal in light-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2001 (Maribor), a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. European Championships 2004 (Budva), and a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 (Coimbra). She was awarded theKongepokal(King's Cup) trophy at the national championships in 2007. References This biographical article related tomartial artsinNorwayis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\",\n \"Molde Molde(Norwegian pronunciation:ⓘ) is a town andmunicipalityinMøre og Romsdalcounty,Norway. It is located in thetraditional districtofRomsdal. It is located on theRomsdal Peninsula, surrounding theFannefjordandMoldefjord. Theadministrative centreof the municipality is thecity of Moldewhich is also theadministrative centreofMøre og Romsdalcounty, the commercial hub of theRomsdalregion, and the seat of theDiocese of Møre. Other main population centres in the municipality include the villages ofHjelset,Kleive,Nesjestranda,Midsund,Nord-Heggdal,Eidsvåg,Rausand,Boggestranda,Myklebostad,Eresfjord, andEikesdalen. Molde has amaritime,temperate climate, with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. The city is nicknamedThe City of Roses. Molde was originally the name of a farm by a natural harbour, which grew into a timber trading port in the late16th century.Formal trading rights were introduced before 1604,and the town was incorporated through aroyal charterin 1742. Molde was established as a\",\n \"established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). The town continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a centre for Norwegiantextileandgarmentindustry, as well as theadministrative centrefor the region, and a major tourist destination. AfterWorld War II, Molde experienced accelerated growth, merging withBolsøyMunicipality and parts ofVeøyMunicipality on 1 January 1964, and has become a centre for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. The 1,503-square-kilometre (580 sq mi) municipality is the 56th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Molde is the 31st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 32,446. The municipality'spopulation densityis 22.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (59/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.9% over the previous 10-year period. History The city's current location dates from the late Medieval times but is preceded by an\",\n \"is preceded by an earlierMedievaltownship onVeøya, an island to the south of present-day Molde. The settlement at Veøya probably dates from theMigration Period, but is first mentioned in the sagas bySnorri Sturlusonas the location of theBattle ofSekkenin 1162, whereking Håkonthe Broad-shouldered was killed fighting the aristocratErling Skakke, during theNorwegian civil wars. However, settlement in the area can be traced much further back in time—evidence given by two rock slabs carved withpetroglyphsfound at Bjørset, west of the city center. At the eve of the 15th century, the influence of Veøya waned, and the island was eventually deserted. Originating from the two farms Reknes and Molde (later Moldegård), a minor port calledMoldefjæra(Molde Landing) emerged around 1600, based on trade with timber and herring. The town gained formal trading rights before 1604 under the supervision ofTrondheim.After theTreaty of Copenhagenin 1660, Molde became theadministrative centerofRomsdal amt, and was incorporated as\",\n \"was incorporated as acitythrough aroyal charterin 1742. Molde continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a center for the Norwegian textile and garment industry. Tourism later became a major industry, and Molde saw notabilities such as the German emperorWilhelm IIofGermanyand thePrince of Walesas regular summer visitors. Molde consisted of luxurious hotels surrounding an idyllic township with quaint, wooden houses, lush gardens, and parks, esplanades, and pavilions, earning it the nicknamethe Town of Roses. This was interrupted when one-third of the city was destroyed in a fire on 21 January 1916. However, Molde recovered and continued to grow in the economically difficult interbellum period. A second fire, or series of fires, struck from theGermanair-raids inApril and May 1940, which destroyed about two-thirds of the town. Molde was in effect the capital of Norway for a week after King Haakon, Crown Prince Olav, and members of the government and parliament arrived at Molde on April\",\n \"at Molde on April 23, after a dramatic flight from Oslo. They were put up at Glomstua, then at the western outskirts of the town, and experienced the bombing raids personally. The Norwegian gold reserve was also conveyed to Molde, and was hidden in a clothing factory. However, German intelligence was well aware of this, and on April 25 theLuftwaffeinitiated a series of air-raids. For a week the air-raid siren on the chimney of the dairy building announced the repeated attacks. April 29 turned out to be the worst day in the history of Molde, as the city was transformed into a sea of flames by incendiary bombs. Until then the church had escaped undamaged, but in the final sortie a firebomb became stuck high up in the tower, and the wooden church was obliterated by fire. After World War II, Molde experienced tremendous growth. As the modernization of the Norwegian society accelerated in the post-reconstruction years, Molde became a center for not only administrative and public services, but also academic\",\n \"but also academic resources and industrial output. After the consolidation of the town itself and its adjacent communities in 1964, Molde became a modern city, encompassing most branches of employment, from farming and fisheries to industrial production, banking, higher education, tourism, commerce, health care, and civil administration. Municipality The town of Molde was established as an urban municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). It was surrounded by the rural municipality ofBolsøy. On 1 July 1915, a part of Bolsøy (population: 183) was transferred to the city of Molde. On 1 January 1952, another part of Bolsøy (population: 1,913) was transferred to Molde. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of theSchei Committee. On 1 January 1964, theMolde (town)(population: 8,289) merged with theSekken,Veøya, andNesjestrandaparts of municipality ofVeøy(population: 756), all of the municipality ofBolsøy(population: 7,996), and the Mordal area\",\n \"and the Mordal area ofNord-Aukramunicipality (population: 77) to form the present day municipality of Molde. On 1 January 2020, the neighbouring municipalities ofMidsundandNessetmerged with Molde to form a much larger municipality called Molde. Name The municipality (originally the town andparish) is named after the oldMoldefarmstead (Old Norse:Moldar) since this was where the town was built. The name's origin is somewhat uncertain. It could be the plural form ismoldwhich means \\\"fertile soil\\\" or \\\"earth\\\". The other possibility is that it comes from the wordmoldrwhich means \\\"skull\\\" or \\\"mold\\\" (referring to the rounded peaks inMoldemarka).Pronunciation varies between the standardMoldeand the ruralMolle. A person from Molde will refer to themself as aMoldenser. Coat of arms Thecoat of armswas granted on 29 June 1742. The informalblazonis\\\"a water spouting whale, which drives a barrel in front of itself\\\"(Norwegian:en vannsprutende hvalfisk, som driver en tønne for seg). The arms have a bluefield(background) and\",\n \"and thechargeis a whale and barrel floating on the ocean waves. It also has amural crownabove theescutcheonsince the municipality includes a town. The exact design of the coat of arms is not formally depicted in law, so it has varied some over the centuries. The arms symbolize awhalechasingherringinto a barrel, based on an old myth that the whales (guided by God) chased the schools of herring into the fjords at certain times. It also portrays the city's founding industries of herring fisheries and timber exports. Molde was never a whaling port, but the unusually bountiful fisheries in the early 1740s alleviated the city's suffering during a major famine. The sighting of whales, usually pods oforca, was commonly held to be the start of the spring herring fisheries. The municipal flag is a white flag with the coat of arms in the centre. Moldesangen (The Song of Molde) is the semi-official anthem. It was written by Palle Godtfred Olaus Dørum (1818–1886) and composed by Karl Groos (1789–1861), supposedly in\",\n \"supposedly in 1818, and is the same tune used the anthem of the German federal stateMecklenburg-Vorpommern(Moldesangen) Geography Molde municipality includes part of theRomsdal peninsulaas well as many islands including the islands ofOtrøyaandMidøya. To the southeast, Molde municipality stretches about 75 kilometres (47 mi) inland. Thetown of Moldeconsists of a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide strip of urban land running east–west along the north shore of theMoldefjord, an arm of theRomsdalsfjord, on theRomsdal peninsula. The city is sheltered byBolsøyaand theMolde archipelago, a chain of low-lying islands and islets, to the south, and the wood-clad hills ofMoldemarkato the north. The city centre is located just west of the riverMoldeelva, which runs into the city from the north, originating in theMoldevatnetlake, through the valley Moldedalen. Despite the river being minor and seasonal, it supported severalsawmillsin the 16th and 17th centuries. This gave rise to the\",\n \"gave rise to the original town itself through a combination of a good harbour, proximity to the sea routes, vast timber resources, and a river capable of supporting mills. In 1909, the river housed the firsthydro electricpower plantcapable of providing sufficient electricity for the city, and the upper reaches of the river still provide drinking water for most of the city. Its panoramic view of some 222 partly snow-clad peaks, usually referred to as theMolde panorama, is one of Molde's main attractions, and has drawn tourists to the city since the 19th century. Molde is nicknamed theTown of Roses, a name which originated during Molde's era as a tourist destination of international fame in the late 19th century. Neighbouring municipalities areAukra,Gjemnes, andHustadvika(to the north);Ålesund(to the southwest);VestnesandRauma(to the south); andTingvollandSunndal(to the east). Points of interest Salmon,sea troutandsea charare found in the rivers throughout the area, especially theRauma,Driva, andEira, already\",\n \"andEira, already legendary among the Britishgentryin the mid-19th century.Troutis abundant in most lakes.Cod,pollock,saithe,mackereland other species of saltwaterfishare commonly caught in the Romsdalsfjord, both from land and from boat.Skiingis a common activity among the inhabitants of Molde in the winter, on groomed tracks, in resorts or by own trail. There are severalrock climbing,ice climbing,bouldering,glacierandbasejumpingareas in the immediate vicinity of Molde. TheAtlantic roadwas voted the Norwegian Construction of the Century in 2005. It is built on bridges and landfills across small islands and skerries, and spans from the small communities of Vikan and Vevang toAverøy, an island with several historic landmarks, such as the Bremsnes cave withMesolithicfindings from theFosnaculture, themediaevalKvernes stave church, and Langøysund, now a remote fishing community, but once a bustling port along the main coastal route. Langøysund was the site of the compromise between KingMagnus Iand the farmers\",\n \"Iand the farmers along the coast in 1040. The compromise is regarded as Norway'sMagna Carta, and is commemorated though thePilespisser(English:Arrowheads) monument. Trollkirka(English: lit.Troll Church) is a marble grotto leading up to an underground waterfall. The grotto is situated 30 minutes outside Molde, followed by a 1-hour hike up a steep trail.Trollveggenis Europe's tallest vertical, overhanging mountain face,with several very difficult climbing routes.Trollstigenis the most visited tourist road in Norway. The road twists and turns its way up an almost vertical mountainside through 11 hairpin bends to an altitude of 858 m (2,814.96 ft).Mardalsfossenis the highestwaterfallinNorthern Europeand the fourth highest waterfall in the world, cascading 297 metres down into the valley. The total height of the waterfall is 655 m (2,148.95 ft). Budis a fishing village on the very tip of the Romsdalpeninsula. It gained importance during theMiddle Agesas a trading post, and hosted the last freePrivy Councilof\",\n \"freePrivy Councilof Norway in 1533, a desperate attempt to save the country's independence and stave off theProtestant Reformation, led byOlav Engelbrektsson,archbishop of Nidaros(todayTrondheim). The massive Ergan coastal defences, a restored German coastal fort fromWorld War II, and a part of theAtlantic Wall, is situated in Bud. The fishing communities of Ona, Bjørnsund and Håholmen are located on remote islands off the coast, only accessible by boat or ferry. Moldemarka Moldemarka, the hilly woodland area north of the city, ispublic land. The area has an extensive network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads enter the area from several directions. Bulletin boards and maps provide information regarding local plants and wildlife, as well as signposts along the trails. Marked trails lead to a number of peaks, sites and fishing lakes and rivers. A national fishing licence is required to fish in the lakes and streams. Varden, 407 metres (1,335 ft)above sea levelis a viewpoint directly\",\n \"viewpoint directly above Molde, with a good view of the city, thefjordwith theMolde archipelagoand theMolde panorama. Climate Molde has a temperateoceanic climate(Cfb) also known as marine west coast climate. Molde holds the national high for the month of October, with 25.6 °C or 78.1 °F recorded on 11 October 2005. Due to its geographic location, Molde experiences frequentsnowfallsin winter, but this snow is usually wet as the winters tend to be mild. The record high 31 °C or 88 °F was recorded in July 2018. The record low −17 °C or 1 °F was recorded in both January and February 2010. Anatural phenomenonoccurring in Molde and the adjacent district, are frequent winter days with temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F), sometimes even above 14 °C (57 °F). This is due to thefoehn windfrom south and south-east. The sheltered location of the city, facing south with hills to the north, mountains to the east and mountainous islands to the west, contributes to Molde's climate and rich plant life, especially among species\",\n \"among species naturally growing on far lower latitudes, likechestnut,oak,tilia(limeorlinden),beech,yew, and others. Government Molde Municipality is responsible forprimary education(through 10th grade), outpatienthealth services,senior citizenservices,welfareand othersocial services,zoning,economic development, and municipalroadsand utilities. The municipality is governed by amunicipal councilofdirectly electedrepresentatives. Themayorisindirectly electedby a vote of the municipal council.The municipality is under the jurisdiction of theMøre og Romsdal District Courtand theFrostating Court of Appeal. Municipal council Themunicipal council(Kommunestyre) of Molde is made up of 49 representatives who are elected to four-year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty. Mayors Themayors(Norwegian:ordfører) of Molde: Culture Three of thefour greatNorwegian authors are connected to Molde.Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsonspent his childhood years atNessetoutside Molde,\",\n \"Molde, and attended school in the city.Henrik Ibsenfrequently spent his vacations at the mansionMoldegårdvisiting the family Møller; andAlexander Kiellandresided in the city as the governor ofRomsdals amt. Ibsen's playRosmersholmis generally thought to be inspired by life at the mansion Moldegård, andThe Lady from the Seais also believed to be set in the city of Molde, although never actually mentioned. Other authors from or with ties to Molde includeEdvard Hoem,Jo Nesbø,Knut Ødegård, andNini Roll Anker, a friend ofSigrid Undset. TheRomsdal Museum, one of Norway's largest folkmuseums, was established in 1912. Buildings originating from all over the region have been moved here to form a typical cluster of farm buildings including \\\"openhearth\\\" houses, sheds, outhouses, smokehouses and a small chapel. The \\\"town street\\\" with Mali's Café shows typical Molde town houses from the pre-World War I period. TheMuseum of the Fisheriesis an open-air museum located on the island of Hjertøya, 10 minutes from the centre of\",\n \"from the centre of Molde. A small fishing village with authentic buildings, boats and fishing equipment, the museum shows local coastal culture from 1850 onwards. The local newspaper isRomsdals Budstikke. Churches TheChurch of Norwayhas ten parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Molde. It is part of theMolde domprosti(arch-deanery) in theDiocese of Møre. Festivals TheMoldejazzjazzfestival is held in Molde every July. Moldejazz is one of the largest and oldest jazz festivals in Europe, and one of the most important. An estimated 40,000 tickets are sold for the more than a hundred events during the festival. Between 80,000 and 100,000 visitors visit the city during the one-week-long festival. Every August, Molde andNessetare hosts to theBjørnson Festival, an international literature festival. Established by the poet Knut Ødegård in connection with the 250-year anniversary of Molde, the festival is named in honour of theNobel Prize in LiteraturelaureateBjørnstjerne Bjørnson(1832–1910). It is the oldest and\",\n \"is the oldest and the most internationally acclaimed literature festival in Norway. In addition to the two major events, a number of minor festivals are held annually. Byfest, the city's celebration of incorporation, is an arrangement by local artists, coinciding with the anniversary of the royal charter of 29 June 1742. Education Molde University Collegeoffers a wide range of academic opportunities, from nursing and health-related studies, to economics and administrative courses. The school is Norway's leading college in logistics,and well established as a centre for research and academic programmes in information technology, with degrees up to and including PhD. Transportation Hurtigrutacalls on Molde every day, on its journey betweenBergenandKirkenes. The nearest railway station isÅndalsnes, the terminus for theRauma Line. The local airport isMolde Airportwhich has several daily flights to Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim, as well as weekly flights to other domestic and international destinations. TheEuropean\",\n \"TheEuropean route E39andNorwegian County Road 64both pass through the municipality. The city of Molde is connected to Fræna Municipality (to the north) by theTussen Tunnel. The city is connected to theRøvikaandNesjestrandapart of the municipality by theFannefjord TunnelandBolsøy Bridge, significantly shortening the drive by avoiding driving all the way around theFannefjorden. The proposedLangfjord Tunnelwould connect Molde Municipality to Rauma Municipality via a tunnel under theLangfjorden. Sports Molde hosts a variety of sports teams, most notably thefootballteam,Molde FK, which plays in theEliteserien, the top division in theNorwegian football league system. Their home matches are played atAker stadion, inaugurated in 1998, which holds a record attendance of 13,308. The team is five-time league champions (2011,2012,2014,2019and2022), five-time Norwegian Cup winners (1994,2005,2013,2014and2021-22), and has made numerous appearances in European tournaments, including theUEFA Champions League. The club was\",\n \"The club was founded in 1911, during Molde's period of great British and Continental influx, and was first named \\\"International\\\", since it predominantly played teams made up from crews of foreign vessels visiting the city. In addition to a number of international players, the city has also produced severalski jumpers,cross-country skiersandalpine skiersof international merit. Other sports include the accomplishedteam handballclubs (Molde Elite,SK Træff,SK Rival), athletics teams (IL Molde-Olymp), skiing clubs, basketball and volleyball teams. International relations Twin towns — sister cities Molde has threesister cities. They are: Notable residents Public service & business The Arts Sport References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":267,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many years apart were the Canadian Museum of History and the National Gallery of Canada established?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"24 years"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Canadian Museum of History TheCanadian Museum of History(French:Musée canadien de l’histoire) is anational museumonanthropology,Canadian history,cultural studies, andethnologyinGatineau,Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related research. The museum is based in a 75,000-square-metre-building (810,000 sq ft) designed byDouglas Cardinal. The museum originated from a museum established by theGeological Survey of Canadain 1856, which later expanded to include an anthropology division in 1910. In 1927, the institution was renamed the National Museum of Canada. The national museum was later split into several separate institutions in 1968, with the anthropology and human history departments forming theNational Museum of Man. The museum relocated to its present location in Gatineau in 1989 and adopted the nameCanadian Museum of Civilization(French:Musée canadien des civilisations) the following year. In 2013, the museum adopted its current name, the Canadian Museum of History, and modified its mandate to emphasizeCanadian identityand history. The museum's collection contains over three million artifacts and documents, with some on display in the museum's permanent exhibitions. The museum also hosts and organizes a number of temporary,travelling, andonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. History Early museum (1856–1968) The Canadian Museum of History originates from the collecting efforts of theGeological Survey of Canada(GSC), an organization established in 1842 inMontreal.In 1856 theLegislative Assembly of the Province of Canadapassed an act that enabled the GSC to establish a museum to exhibit items found from its geological and archaeological field trips; with the museum initially established in Montreal on Great St. James Street (nowSaint Jacques Street).The museum held its firstethnologicalexhibit from 1862 to 1863, showcasing stone implements and fragments of pottery byFirst Nations.In 1877, the museum mandate was formally expanded to include the study of modern fauna and flora, in addition to human history, languages, and traditions. In 1881, the museum relocated from Montreal todowntown Ottawato what is now referred to asFormer Geological Survey of Canada Building; although space in the new facility soon proved to be inadequate, with theRoyal Society of Canadapetitioning thefederal governmentto build a new building for the museum by 1896.Preliminary plans for a new building were drawn up by 1899, although work on the building did not begin until 1906.In the following year, management of the museum was handed over from the GSC to theDepartment of Mines, with the mandate formally expanded to include anthropological studies.The new museum building, theVictoria Memorial Museum Building, was also completed in 1910, although it was not opened to the public until 1911. Under the Department of Mines, the museum formally established ananthropologydivision under the direction ofEdward Sapirin 1910.Another anthropologist,Marius Barbeau, was also hired by the museum in the following year to assist Sapir.The anthropology division was charged with the preservation of the cultural heritage of people in Canada and assembling objects related to these cultures. Under Sapir's direction, the institution's research initially focused on Aboriginal communities across Canada they believed were imperilled by rapid acculturation.The museum's first anthropological exhibits were organized by Sapir and his protege,Franz Boas.Since this period, the museum had become a centre for Canadian anthropology, having attracted notable anthropologists includingDiamond Jennessafter the Second World War. In 1927, the museum division of the Department of Mines was renamed theNational Museum of Canada.Management of the National Museum is transferred from the Department of Mines to theDepartment of Resources and Developmentin 1950.In 1965, the museum was split into two branches, one focused on natural history and another on human history.The mandate of the museum further expanded in the following decades, with the museum assuming the management of theCanadian War Museumin 1958, and its human history branch establishing a history division in 1964. Museum of anthropology and history (1968–present) On 1 April 1968, the branches of the National Museum of Canada were formally split into separate museums.The Canadian Museum of History originated from the human history branch of the museum, initially incorporated as theNational Museum of Man.The natural history branch of the former National Museum of Canada became the National Museum of Natural Sciences (later renamed theCanadian Museum of Nature), while the science and technology branch became the National Museum of Science and Technology (later renamed theCanada Science and Technology Museum).The National Museums of Canada Corporation was formed by the federal government in order to manage these national museums, in addition to theNational Gallery of Canada.Although the institutions were split, the National Museum of Man and the National Museum of Natural History continued to share the Victoria Memorial building; with the National Museum of Man occupying the western half of the building. In April 1972, the National Museum of Man established a Communications Division in order to provide media communications regarding the museum's education and information programs.During the 1970s, the staff of the institution adopted a philosophy that stressed public access to its heritage collection.Because the Victoria Memorial Museum building had insufficient space to exhibit the museum's growing collection, the museum's collection and staff were scattered across 17 buildings, with these buildings acting as decentralized units of the museum. In 1980, management of the National Museums of Canada Corporation is transferred to theDepartment of Communications.The following year in June 1981, thecabinet of Canadaapproved several plans concerning severalnational museums of Canada, including moving the National Museum of Man into a new structure.The plan was formally announced to the public in February 1982.After a study of potential locations saw four sites inOttawaand one inGatineau.A site acquired by theNational Capital Commission(NCC) from the E.B Eddy Company in Gatineau was chosen as the site for the new museum; due to it already being public land, being linked toConfederation Boulevard, and because it was prominently visible from theOttawa River.The site was also selected because the NCC had desired to developHull, and incorporate it into the design of the capital region; while officials in Gatineau had similar desires to develop the area into anurban park.On 10 February 1983, the site for the new museum was announced to the public; andDouglas CardinalArchitect Limited was named as the project's design architect, in association with Montreal-based architectural firm Tétreault, Parent, Languedoc et Associés.The design created by Cardinal was approved in 1983 by theCabinet of Canada. In an effort to avoid stereotypes in languages, the name of the museum was changed to theCanadian Museum of Civilizationin 1986.In 1988, the institution absorbed the museum operated by the department of theMinister responsible for Canada Post Corporation, although itsphilateliccollection was transferred to theNational Archives of Canada.The museum opened its new building in Gatineau in 1989. However, the building opened with only two permanent exhibitions, Canada Hall and the exhibitions on theIndigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, as budgetary shortfalls prevented the museum from opening the exhibitions it had originally planned for the museum. In 1990, theMuseum Actwas passed by the federal government, replacing the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation and forming several new entities to manage thenational museums of Canada; with the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation formed on 1 July 1990 to manage the Canadian Museum of Civilization, and the Canadian War Museum. 21st century In 2007, the museum organized a temporary exhibition,Treasures from China, in partnership with theNational Museum of China. The partnership saw artifacts leave China to be exhibited only at the Canadian Museum of Civilization. As a part of the agreement, the Canadian Museum of Civilization prepared Indigenous Canadian artifacts for its own exhibition,First Peoples of Canada: Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization, at thePalace MuseuminBeijing. In October 2012,James Moore, theminister of Canadian Heritageannounced the ministry would provide $25 million to overhaul the museum and renovate Canada Hall.The government later announced plans to update and reopen the gallery in 2017, coinciding with the150th anniversary of Canada.Approximately 24,000 people from across nine Canadian cities were surveyed about the updates to the exhibition.The museum consulted a women's history committee, an indigenous history committee, and three historic time-period committees. In December 2013, theCanadian Museum of History Actreceived Royal Assent, which shifted the museum's mandate from developing a collection with a \"special but not exclusive reference to Canada,\" to one that enhanced the knowledge of Canadian history and identity;and expanding the museum's focus to include social and political history.The Act also changed the institution's name from theCanadian Museum of Civilizationto theCanadian Museum of History. TheCanadian Postal Museum, a department of the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation that operated from within the institution was shut down in 2012 as a result of the museum's transition into the Canadian Museum of History. Some have criticized the new mandate and updating of Canada Hall as a part of a wider plan by the incumbent Conservative government to redirect public historical understanding to emphasize aspects ofCanadian military historyandmonarchism; as well as elide problematic elements of Canadian history in favour of achievements.However, the museum contended that new exhibits planned for the museum will include a range of themes and topics, and will also explore the country's \"dark episodes\".The updated gallery was completed at approximately $30 million and was opened onCanada Dayin 2017 byCharles, Prince of WalesandMélanie Joly, theminister of Canadian Heritage.Partisan concerns were alleviated after Canadian History Hall was unveiled to the public. Site The museum is situated on a 9.6-hectare (23.7-acre) plot of land, formerly known asParc Laurier. The museum site is the firstCanadian national museumto be located on theGatineauside of theNational Capital Region, and the first to be located adjacent to theOttawa River. The site is bounded by the western access point for theAlexandra Bridge, the Ottawa River to the east, a paper production plant to the south, and Laurier Street to the west.The median of the property extends 235 metres (771 ft) from Laurier Street to the river.From Laurier Street, the property descends towards the Ottawa River at a 5.5 per centgrade; with the portion of the property closest to Laurier Street at an elevation of 53.5 metres (176 ft), while the riverfront is at an elevation of 41 metres (135 ft).Because of the property's low elevation, the construction of the museum building was limited to the portion of the property closer to Laurier Street. The site includes a museum building with two wings. The two wings wrap around and are connected by a large hemispherical entrance plaza which contains its food services, lounge, library, and underground parking.The parkland and open space between the two wings are intended to represent the \"plains over which mankind migrated\" over millennia.A large staircase east of the entrance plaza descends to the museum's lower plaza and gardens adjacent to the riverside park. A pedestrian and cycling pathway is situated on the riverfront portion of the property, with the pathways continuing north intoJacques-Cartier Park, a municipal park north of the property. Building The 75,000 square metres (810,000 sq ft) structure was designed by Douglas Cardinal.The building's infrastructure includes approximately 56,000 square metres (600,000 sq ft) of concrete, and 7,300 tonnes of steel.Cardinal sought to create form a \"sculptural icon\" for the country, encouraged by then-prime minister,Pierre Trudeau, to develop a symbol that \"enshrined our cultures\". As a result, the building was the first structure in the National Capital Region that incorporates Indigenous architectural designs.Cardinal's design for the building was largely influenced by his understanding of how geography helped shaped Canada's history and culture. The museum building has over 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) of exhibition space, more than any other museum in Canada. In addition to exhibition space, the building also contains three restaurants, a boutique store, and two live performance theatres, including a 500-seat theatre for live performances.The building also has a 295-seat 3D theatre that uses aBarcodigital projector. Before the installation of the Barco projector in 2016, the 3D theatre used aIMAXprojector and was branded as an IMAX theatre. Water is drawn from the Ottawa River to heat and cool the building.The building's energy needs are met by two substations in Gatineau, with two additional backup generators also available if both substations fail. Exterior The building's exterior is clad with 30,000 square metres (320,000 sq ft) ofTyndall stone;with the material being selected because of its durability and its relationship with glaciers. Cardinal sought to build a structure that appeared to be \"flowing with the contours of the land,\" and simple lines and forms could be used to display the idea of movement.The building's design draws uponArt Nouveaustyles to illustrate Canada's geography at the end of theLast Glacial Periodwhen the landscape was largely uniform; with certain elements of the building evokingigloosearth lodges, andlonghouses. The building includes a cantilevered northern/curatorial wing and a southern wing that houses most of the museum's public facilities, including its galleries, and theatres.The curatorial wing was designed to evoke outcroppings of theCanadian Shield, while the southern public wing with its glass-fronted Grand Hall, was intended to evoke an image of a melting glacier. The southern wing's copper roof represents vegetation's recolonization of the lands once covered by glacial till.The copper roof is nearly 11,000 square metres (120,000 sq ft) and weighs approximately 90 tonnes.Both wings are curvaceous on their river sides to blend into their landscapes, although their street-side façade is more angular. The NCC placed several restrictions on the building design, that the building does not obstruct the view of the Ottawa River, and that the building does not obstruct delineated \"viewing cones\" of Parliament Hill from the Gatineau side of the river.Because of these restrictions, the buildings were designed with a low-profile, to avoid obscuring the view for buildings across the street.From certain angles, the building appears as two separate pavilions, with an opening between these two sections providing an unobstructed view ofParliament Hillfrom Laurier Street.Considerations also needed to be taken to protect artifacts displayed in the building. Windows were triple-glazed and coated with a film that helps contain radiant heat and reduce solar ultraviolet rays, and the southern wing's Grand Hall was intentionally designed to face direct sunlight only in the morning. The building was designed to create an \"ever-changing pattern\" of shadows across the structure's surface, with most of the building's exterior lighting kept below 30luxto allow viewers to see deeper shadows at night. Exhibitions The museum hosts several permanent and temporary exhibitions on anthropology, ethnology, and history. Artifacts from the museum's collection are exhibited in these exhibitions.In addition,travelling exhibitionsare occasionally held at the museum. The museum has also created severalonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. Permanent exhibitions include First Peoples Hall, Canadian History Hall, the Canadian Children's Museum, the Canadian Stamp Collection, and two exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in the building's Grand Hall.First Peoples Hall is situated on the first floor of the building, whereas the Canada Hall is situated on the third level of the building.First Peoples Hall is situated next to the Grand Hall, with its exhibitions located on the ground floor. Many of the exhibits that were designed in the 1980s for the new building were influenced by the director of the museum,George F. MacDonald, his personal admiration for Pacific Northwest Coast art and culture, and the communication theories of his mentor,Marshall McLuhan.Merging exhibits detailing theIndigenous peoples of Canadawith other Canadian historical exhibits were considered by the exhibition design team when plans were being made to move the museum in the 1980s.However, it was later decided to depict both topics as separate exhibitions, resulting in both exhibitions being planned by different teams with separate budgets.This decision was later reversed in 2017 when the museum reopened the Canadian History Hall exhibition with Indigenous exhibits incorporated throughout its exhibit. First Peoples Hall First Peoples Hall is an exhibition opened in 2003, that explores Canada'sFirst Nations,Inuit, andMétispeoples.The exhibition occupies 3,300 square metres (35,000 sq ft) of space on the ground floor of the building.The hall contains more than 2,000 objects on display.Most of the exhibition space is devoted to changing exhibits, to keep up with contemporary views on traditional cultures and current issues. However, First Peoples Hall does have some space devoted to long-term exhibits. These long-term exhibits explore topics that are less subject to changing interpretations; like ancient history, Indigenous languages, and the history of the relationship between Indigenous and European cultures.The exhibition is organized into several sections, such as the \"Ways of Knowing\", \"An Ancient Bond with the Land\", and \"The Arrival of Strangers\". The exhibition was designed to \"deconstruct and supersede\" histories that visitors are familiar with.Exhibits were designed to address issues of stereotyping Indigenous identity, and the diversity and cultural distinctiveness between Indigenous nations; with many of the exhibits linking identity toIndigenous land claims in Canada.Additionally, exhibits were designed to portray Indigenous peoples as living peoples in the modern world.Archaeological exhibits in First Peoples Hall are themed to reinforce the fact that the Indigenous peoples of Canada have occupied the land sincetime immemorial, and that Canadian history has a long and complex history preceding European colonization. Additionally, many of these archaeological exhibits are designed to confront the notion of Eurasiantechnological supremacyat the time of first contact with the Americas.The exhibition concludes with contemporary issue exhibits, which explore recent clashes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada over land and resources. The curatorial model used to develop the exhibition conformed to the suggestions provided in the 1992 recommendations from the federal Task Force on Museums and First Peoples.The content and messaging of First Peoples Hall were determined in consultation with indigenous communities across Canada.Acting upon the task force's recommendation to establish partnerships with First Nation representatives whose cultures were being exhibited, an advisory committee of 15 Indigenous members was formed to help define the exhibition's thematic structure and messaging.As a result, exhibits in First Peoples Hall take a \"multivocal\" approach, where different perspectives can be distinguished within the exhibition; and explanatory fields like archaeology, ethnology and traditional Indigenous knowledge are juxtaposed, and contestatory with one another in some cases. Canadian History Hall Canadian History Hall is an exhibition that explores Canadian history. Canadian History Hall is approximately 4,690 square metres (50,500 sq ft), and includes over 14 projectors and 58 screens used in the exhibition.The exhibition includes three galleries and a long curved walkway that serves as the entrance to the three galleries. The entrance walkway is decorated with 101 silhouettes of Canadian cultural symbols and activities, as well as national landmarks.Canadian History Hall's galleries centre around a hub that was designed by Douglas Cardinal to resembleChaudière Falls.The hub features a large 15.5 by 9.5 metres (51 ft × 31 ft) image of Canada on the floor. The image of Canada is made up of 121 satellite photos taken by theCanadian Space Agency, that were stitched together to form a single image. The exhibition summarizes over 15,000 years of history and is divided into three era-centric galleries, Early Canada: From Earliest Times to 1763, Colonial Canada: 1763 to 1914, and Modern Canada: 1914 to the Present Day.The first two galleries are located on the same floor, while the third gallery occupies the mezzanine above the two galleries.The galleries are designed to showcase events and \"turning points\" in each respective era through the multimedia presentations and the artifacts on display.Each gallery is further organized into six separate \"vignettes\" that are thematically different, but interconnected with one another.The vignettes are primarily organized temporally, although some are specifically focused on a specific aspect of Canadian history.The exhibition takes a largely didactic approach with its subject and is particularly focused on the country's political and economic history, as well as the experience of Indigenous peoples.According to the exhibit team's head, David Morrison, Indigenous peoples and their relationship with newcomers will serve as an important overarching theme of Canadian History Hall. Early Canada explores provides a summary of Indigenous history prior to the arrival of the Europeans as well as early Canadian colonies likeNew France.The gallery includes Indigenous artifacts, narrative recounts of Indigenous interactions between Norse, English and French explorers, and detailed accounts on theNorth American fur trade, the spread ofdisease within Indigenous populations, and theBeaver Wars.Colonial Canada exploresCanada under British rulesince theconquest of New France, as well aspost-Confederation Canadato 1914. Modern Canada explores Canada's recent history, up to the arrival of Syrian refugees in the 2010s.The latter two galleries provide detailed histories on theSeven Years' War, treaties signed between various Indigenous groups and the Crown, the push forresponsible government,Canadian Confederation, the world wars, theCanadian Indian residential school system,Quebec nationalism, andmulticulturalism in Canada. There are over 1,500 artifacts on display in Canadian History Hall.Historic artifacts include a 3,600 to 3,900 years old ivory carving believed to be the oldest representation of a human face found in Canada;James Wolfecoat; and handcuffs worn byLouis Rielprior to his execution;Maurice Richard'shockey jersey;Terry Fox's T-shirt;Tommy Douglas's hat; the table on which the proclamation of theConstitution Act, 1982was signed by QueenElizabeth IIin 1982;Randy Bachman's guitar, and the sewing machine whichJoan O'Malleysewed the firstMaple Leaf flag.There are 40 linear films shown at the exhibition, includingOrigin Stories, a film that illustrates how theAnishinaabebelieved the earth was formed.Origin Storiesis displayed along the curved wall of the Canadian History Hall's entrance. The modular structure of the exhibits enables the museum to swap segments easier. The number of exhibits in the galleries may also expand, with the museum having reserved enough space to allow for the addition of new exhibits in the three galleries. Pre-2017 exhibition Canadian History Hall's predecessor, Canada Hall, opened as an inaugural exhibit at the museum in 1989.The original exhibition was divided into 23 modules that were arranged chronologically, beginning with theNorse colonization of North America.The gallery aimed to promote Canadian multiculturalism, having portrayed a social history that depicted a \"march of immigrants\" from east to west, and the success of different groups in Canada.However, these modules provided little in-depth consideration for pre-colonial Indigenous cultures, which were only explored in the museum's other exhibitions prior to Canada Hall's updates in the 2010s.The original design of Canada Hall recreated historical settings with period rooms and full-scale historical buildings incorporated into the exhibition; reflecting McLuhan's theories, and innovations adopted by entertainment pavilions like Disney'sEpcot. Canada Hall was closed to the public in September 2014 to enable renovations and significant updates to the exhibition.The exhibition reopened in 2017 significantly changed from its original design.Nearly all of the life-sized dioramas were dismantled as a part of the exhibition's update. St. Onuphrius Church, an original early-20th-century Ukrainian church from theCanadian Prairiesthat was later relocated to the museum, is the only remaining life-sized diorama in the exhibition. Canadian Children's Museum The Canadian Children's Museum is Canada's largest exhibition centre designed specifically for children with over 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) of space. The museum uses more than 15,000 artifacts, props, and hands-on items for use in its exhibitions and programs. These items include art, clothing, games, photographs, and toys.The museum includes an International Village, as well as Canadian-themed attractions that were added into the exhibition in 2007. In 2018, the museum announced it would undertake a renewal project in January 2020. The museum announced the revamp would reflect how children play and learn, and will remove more dated exhibits from the exhibition, like the post office and telephone booth.It reopened in May 2022. Canadian Stamp Collection The Canadian Stamp Collection is astamp collectionof more than 3,000 stamps and includes every Canadian stamp issued since 1851. The stamp collection was housed at the Canadian Postal Museum until 2012 when the postal museum closed and its stamp collection relocated to the Canadian Museum of History.The Canadian Museum of History opened a permanent exhibition for the collection in 2014 in partnership withCanada Post. Stamps that are exhibited in the exhibition are showcased with artifacts that either inspired its creation or were used to make the stamp. Grand Hall exhibitions Grand Hall features two permanent exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast,First Peoples of the Northwest CoastandFrom Time Immemorial — Tsimshian Prehistory. The exhibits includetotem polesand other artifacts.The exhibitions were developed as a collaboration between the museum's curators and Indigenous cultural specialists in the 1980s. In 1993, a large mural titledMorning Starwas added to the domed ceiling of the Grand Hall. The mural was created byAlex Janvierand is symbolic of Indigenous life and history.In addition to the two permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall is also used to host other major events.In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall has also been used to host temporary exhibitions. Collections As of June 2021, the Canadian Museum of History's permanent collection includes more than three million artifacts, documents, works of art, and other specimens.This includes over one million photographs, 72,000 sound recordings and 18,000 films and videotapes. The collection takes up approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) of shelf space.Approximately 218,000 artifacts have been digitized and made accessible online by the museum. The museum's permanent collection dates back to the collection established by the Geological Survey of Canada in the 1860s.The museum's collection of artifacts has expanded through the institution's research programs.The first collection representing Indigenous peoples was established by the Geological Survey of Canada, with other parts of the collection having been acquired by government officials and missionaries working outside Ottawa. The collection continued to expand after the anthropology department was established in 1910, and the museum began a systematic program of documenting Indigenous cultures and lineages. The museum's collection of Indigenous items is the largest in Canada and is the only major collection with a national scope in the country.The museum also possesses the world's largest collection of totem poles.The Sacred Materials Project was created by the museum to help maintain Indigenous sacred items, and facilitate therepatriationof select items to their respective communities. The project provides funds for Indigenous representatives to view the museum's collections and discuss the repatriation of identified sacred items, as well as identify other objects in the collection that require ritualistic care. The museum's permanent collection contains several smaller collections, like theWindfield FarmCollection. The Windfield Farm Collection was acquired by the museum in 2013 and contains documents, photographs, memorabilia and trophies, including theKentucky Derbytrophy won byNorthern Dancer.The museum's collection of flags is also the largest in the country. Other notable items in the museum's permanent collection includes aContempraphone, the first telephone to be designed and manufactured in Canada;cough syrup from the1918 influenza pandemic;the original plaster forBill Reid'sSpirit of Haida Gwaii;ten large heraldic sculptures known asThe Queen's Beasts;androyal gownworn by Elizabeth II during herroyal tours of Canada.The museum also contains a number of ice hockey artifacts, including game-usedNational Hockey Leaguesticks,hockey cards, and the world's oldest existingice hockey stick.The ice hockey stick dates back to the mid-1830s and was acquired by the museum in 2015 for $300,000. In addition to its permanent collection, the Canadian Museum of History also co-manages collections with other institutions. In July 1999, the museum entered an agreement with the Canadian Nursing Association (CNA), the Canadian War Museum, and the National Archives of Canada to create the Canadian Nursing History Collection. This collection includes over 9,000 photographs, 1,600 audiovisual materials, and over 35 metres (115 ft) of textual records from the CNA, the Nursing Sisters Association of Canada, and theHelen MussallemCollection. Approximately 950 documented artifacts from this collection are deposited at the Canadian Museum of History.Items from the collection at the Canadian Museum of History include 167 nurses' caps, dating from 1895 to 1983.In June 2005, the museum opened a temporary exhibition that focused on this collection.In 2021, the Canadian Museum of History entered into an agreement to house and maintain artifacts fromCanada's Sports Hall of Fame. Library and archives The museum's resource centre operates a library and archives. As of 2015, the museum's library has more than 60,000 books, over 2,000 journals and magazines, and over 1,000 DVDs, CDs, and video tapes. The museum's rare and old books collection includesPaul-Émile Borduas'sRefus Global(1948) andPierre François Xavier de Charlevoix'sHistoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France(1744). Research The museum's collection is used to support research in anthropology, archaeology, Indigenous people in Canada, linguistics, material culture, multicultural communities, social and political history andmuseologyin Canada.The museum also publishes its ownacademic journal, theMercury Series; on history, archaeology, and anthropology. The journal has been published in partnership with theUniversity of Ottawa Presssince 2012.The museum has also published the academic journalMaterial Culture Reviewin partnership with the Canada Science and Technology Museum since the 1970s. The journal provides a forum for research on historical artifacts collected by Canadian museums. Management The Canadian Museum of History is managed by afederal Crown corporationof the same name under theDepartment of Canadian Heritage's portfolio. The museum is one of two national museums managed by the corporation, the other being the Canadian War Museum.The corporation also administers the Virtual Museum of New France, avirtual museumand online exhibition of the Canadian Museum of History;and theVirtual Museum of Canada, an administrative program that supports the development of online projects for museums and heritage organizations across Canada.The Virtual Museum of Canada was an online portal for virtual exhibits in Canada until 2020, when the Virtual Museum of Canada's website was decommissioned, and the project was reoriented into a support program. Management of the corporation is conducted through an 11-memberboard of trustees. Trustees are appointed by the Minister of Canadian Heritage, with approval from theGovernor-in-Council. In turn, the board appoints the corporation's president andchief executive officer.The corporation reports to theParliament of Canadathrough theMinister of Canadian Heritage. The corporation's mandate is defined under theMuseums Act. The corporation was established as the Canadian Museum of Civilization in June 1990 through theMuseums Act;an Act that was later amended in 2014.The corporation adopted its current name in 2013.The Crown corporation was one of several that succeeded the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation, a Crown corporation that managed most of the country's national museums until its dissolution in 1988. See also Notes References Further reading External links","National Gallery of Canada TheNational Gallery of Canada(French:Musée des beaux-arts du Canada), located in the capital city ofOttawa,Ontario, is Canada'snationalart museum.The museum's building takes up 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft), with 12,400 square metres (133,000 sq ft) of space used for exhibiting art. It is one of thelargest art museumsin North America by exhibition space. The institution was established in 1880 at theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building, and moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building in 1911. In 1913, theGovernment of Canadapassed theNational Gallery Act, formally outlining the institution's mandate as a national art museum. The Gallery was moved to the Lorne Building in 1960. In 1988, the Gallery was relocated to a new building designed for this purpose. The National Gallery of Canada is situated in a glass and granite building onSussex Drive, with a notable view of Canada's Parliament Buildings onParliament Hill. The building was designed by Israeli architectMoshe Safdieand opened in 1988. The Gallery's permanent collection includes more than 93,000 works by European, American, Asian, Canadian, andIndigenousartists. In addition to exhibiting works from its permanent collection, the Gallery also organizes and hosts a number oftravelling exhibitions. History The Gallery was first formed in 1880 by Canada's Governor General,John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyllin conjunction with the establishment of theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. In 1882, moved into its first home onParliament Hill, housed in theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building. Eric Brownwas named the first director in 1910.In 1911, the Gallery moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building, sharing it with theNational Museum of Natural Sciences. In 1913, the firstNational Gallery Actwas passed, outlining the Gallery's mandate and resources.During the 1920s, the building was expanded. The art gallery was given four floors, and a separate entrance was created for the art museum. In addition, a firewall was built between the Natural Sciences Museum and the National Gallery.But, the Gallery was still in temporary space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building. Longterm plans were to move it to a new permanent location, with spaces dedicated to the viewing of art. By the 1950s, the space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building had grown inadequate for the Gallery's collections. In 1952, the Gallery launched a design contest for architects to design a permanent home for the gallery.But the Gallery failed to garner support from the government ofLouis St. Laurent, resulting in the Gallery having to abandon the winning bid. To provide a workable compromise for the National Gallery, St. Laurent's government offered the National Gallery the eight-storey Lorne Building for its use.The National Gallery moved into the nondescript office building onElgin Street.The Lorne Building has since been demolished and replaced by a 17-storey office building to house the Federal Finance Department. In 1962,Charles Comfort, the Gallery's director, was criticized after half of the works on display at an exhibition forWalter Chrysler's European works were exposed as forgeries by American journalists. Comfort had allowed the Gallery to host the exhibition, despite being warned about the works by the director of theMontreal Museum of Fine Arts. TheNational Museums of CanadaCorporation (NMC) absorbed the National Gallery of Canada in 1968.During the 1970s, the NMC diverted funds from the National Gallery to form regional galleries.The Gallery completed renovations to the Lorne Building in 1976.By 1980, it had become apparent that the National Gallery would need to relocate, given the poor condition of the building, historical use ofasbestosthere, and inadequate exhibition areas that provided only enough space for two per cent of the collection to be exhibited at any given time. After the Canada'sConstitutionwaspatriatedin 1982, Prime MinisterPierre Trudeauannounced a shift in policy focus towards the \"creation of a nation,\" with priority given to the arts in an effort to enrichCanadian identity.In that same year, Minister of CommunicationsFrancis Foxdeclared the government's commitment to erect new permanent buildings for its national museums, including the National Gallery, and theMuseum of Manwithin five years.The director of the National Gallery,Jean Sutherland Boggs, was chosen by Trudeau to oversee construction of the National Gallery and museums.The Gallery began construction for its permanent museum building onSussex Drivein 1985, and was opened in May 1988. The diversion of funds by the NMC to help fund regional museums was ended in 1982,and the National Museums of Canada formally dissolved in 1987.As a result of this dissolution, the National Gallery reacquired its institutional independence, along with the mandate and powers outlined in its formative legislative act prior to 1968. TheCanadian Museum of Contemporary Photography(CMCP), formerly the Stills Photography Division of theNational Film Board of Canada, was an affiliated institution of the National Gallery, and was established in 1985. In 1988, the CMCP's administration was amalgamated with that of the National Gallery's. The CMCP later moved to its new location at 1 Rideau Canal, and continued to operate there until its closure in 2006. Its collection was later absorbed into the National Gallery's in 2009. In December 2000, the National Gallery announced it suspected approximately 100 works from its collection wasplunder stolen by the Nazisduring the Second World War.The Gallery posted images of works suspected of beingstolen artonline, permitting its last legal owners to examine and possibly lay claim to the works.In 2006, the Gallery returned a painting byÉdouard Vuillardthat had been looted by the Nazis fromAlfred Lindonin 1942,The Salon of Madame Aron, to Lindon's heirs. In December 2009, the National Gallery of Canada and theArt Gallery of Albertaissued a joint press release announcing a three-year partnership, which saw the use of the Art Gallery of Alberta's galleries to exhibit works from the National Gallery's collection.The program was the first \"satellite program\" between the National Gallery of Canada, and another institution, with similar initiatives launched at other Canadian art galleries in the following years. Marc Mayerwas named the Gallery's director, succeeding Pierre Théberge, on 19 January 2009.On 19 April 2019, he was succeeded byAlexandra Suda, who was appointed the 11th Director and chief executive officer of the National Gallery of Canada. Under Sasha Suda, the Gallery underwent a major re-branding, dubbed Ankosé, to be more inclusive and work towards reconciliation. After only three years, Suda resigned. Angela Cassie was then appointed interim Director and CEO in July 2022. Building The Gallery's present building was designed byMoshe Safdie& Associates, with construction beginning in 1985, and the building opening in 1988. The building has a total floor area of 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft). In 2000, theRoyal Architectural Institute of Canadachose the National Gallery as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium.The National Gallery of Canada is housed in a building onSussex Drive, adjacent to theByWard Marketdistrict. The building is the fourth edifice to house the art museum. An independent Crown corporation, the Canadian Museums Construction Corporation was established to build the Gallery, with a budget ofC$185 million.Following the1984 Canadian federal election, Prime MinisterBrian Mulroneydissolved the corporation.However, because the groundwork for the building was already completed, Mulroney chose to continue funding construction for the Gallery, albeit at a reduced total budget of C$162 million. Exterior The building's northern, eastern, and western exterior facade is made up of pink-granite walls, or glass-windows.The southern exterior facade features an elongated glass wall, supported by concrete pylons grouped in fours.The profile of the southern facade was designed to mimic acathedral, with the concrete pylons being used similarly to theflying buttressesfound onGothiccathedrals.The eastern portion of the building's southern facade transitions into a low-levelled crystalline glass cupola, which holds the museum's main entrance; and its western portion, which features a three-tiered glass cupola. The three-tiered glass cupola is formed out of rectangular glass and narrow steel supports.The second tier of the cupola is formed out of rectangles and equilateral triangles that are further subdivided into eight or twelve smaller equilateral triangles.All these glass pieces are joined by steel struts. The third tier of the cupola is formed with similar designs, although the triangular glass panes are isosceles triangles.The isosceles triangles converge upwards, with its apexes towards the centre.The building's three-tiered cupola is positioned in a manner in which the cupola would be flanked by thePeace Towerand theLibrary of Parliamentto the west when approaching the museum from the east. Interior The interior entrance lobby is floored with pink-granite, and includes a straight four metres (13 ft) wide ramp which slopes upward towards the west.Safdie noted the importance of the ramp in his design, stating that one should \"go through some kind of procession to make your way into something as important as the National Gallery,\" and that it gave the visitor the feeling of making an ascent to a ritual, a ceremony.The walls of the entrance lobby are lined with rectangular cut pink granite, excluding the southern wall, which is part of the glass-walled exterior facade.A glass and steel ceiling reminiscent of Gothic cathedral architecture, extends the entire way of the ramp.However, as opposed to most Gothic cathedrals, the ceiling has several concrete columns spaced out to support the roof.The summit of the ramp leads towards the Great Hall of the building, situated in the three-storey glass cupola. The interior courtyard of the building includes the Taiga Garden. The garden was designed byCornelia Oberlander, who modelled the paintingTerre SauvagebyA. Y. Jackson;a painting in the National Gallery's permanent collection. The garden attempts to mimic thetaigalandscape depicted in the painting, theCanadian shield; although limestone is substituted in place of the granite typically found at the Canadian shield. Collection As of October 2018, the National Gallery of Canada's permanent collection holds more than 93,625 works,representing several artistic movements and eras in art history. The Gallery has a large and varied collection of paintings, works on paper, sculptures and photographs. The earliest works acquired by the museum were from Canadian artists, with Canadian art remaining the focus of the institution. However, its collection also includes several works from artists around the world. The Gallery's collection has been built up through purchases and donations. The Gallery organizes its owntravelling exhibitionsto exhibit its collection, travelling across Canada and abroad.The National Gallery is the largest lender of art in Canada, sending out approximately 800 works a year. The Gallery's prints and drawings collection includes 27,000 works on paper, dating from the 15th century to the present day. The prints and drawing collection includes 10,000 works on paper by Canadian artists; more than 800 of these prints and drawings being crafted byInuitartists.The prints and drawing collection also includes 2,500 drawings and 10,000 prints by American, Asian, and European artists. The Gallery also has approximately 400 works from Asian artists, dating from 200 CE to the 19th century. The Gallery's Asian collection began in the early 20th century, with a number of works originating from the collection ofNasli Heeramaneck.The Gallery also has a collection of photographs. A number of the photographs in the collection originated from the defunct Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography. Until the mid-1980s, the Gallery's mandate did not include collecting art by Indigenous peoples. This has been much critiqued, and led to important changes at the Gallery from the 1980s onwards.Despite a major re-hang in 2003 of the Canadian galleries to include Indigenous art for the first time, the Gallery continues to work towards more equitable representation of Indigenous art, particularly in its historical galleries. The largest work in the Gallery is the entire interior of theRideau Street Chapel, which formed part of the Convent of Our Lady Sacred Heart,The interior decorations of the Rideau Street Chapel were designed by Georges Couillon in 1887.The chapel interior was acquired by the Gallery in 1972, when the convent was slated for demolition. The 1,123-piece interior was dismantled, stored and reconstructed within the Gallery as a work of art in 1988. Canadian and Indigenous works The Gallery's Canadian collection includes works dating from the 18th centuryNew France, to the 1990s.The collection includes paintings from pre-Confederation; abstract paintings and other postwar art; and the Henry Birks Collection of Canadian Silver.Early pre-Confederation paintings were among the first items in the Canadian collections, with the National Gallery's earliest works originating from Canadian artists at theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. The Gallery's Canadian collection holds a large number of works by theGroup of Seven.The Gallery also holds a large collection of works by Tom Thomson,withThe Jack Pineadded to its collection in 1918.The Gallery also holds the largest collection of works byAlex Colville.Other artists featured in the collection includeWilliam Berczy,Jack Bush,Paul-Émile Borduas,Emily Carr,Robert Field,Vera Frenkel,Theophile Hamel,Joseph Légaré,Cornelius Krieghoff,Fernand Leduc,Alexandra Luke,Ken Lum,James Wilson Morrice,John O'Brien,Antoine Plamondon,William Raphael,Jean-Paul Riopelle,William Ronald,Michael Snow,Lisa Steele,Jeff Wall,Joyce Wieland,Paul Wong, and members of theRegina Five. In commemoration of the150th anniversary of Canadain 2017, the Gallery undertook a C$7.4 million renovation to open the Canadian and Indigenous Art: From Time Immemorial to 1967 gallery.This gallery displays the progression of Canadian art and history, exhibiting Canadian and Indigenous works side by side.These works are exhibited in a manner which examines the intertwined relations between the two groups of people. The Indigenous collection includes works byIndigenousartists around the world, although it has an emphasis on works by theIndigenous peoples of Canada. The Gallery collection acquired its first works byFirst NationsandMetisartists in the early 20th century.However, the makers of these works were often not acknowledged as Indigenous, because the Gallery's mandate did not include the collection of art by Indigenous peoples until the 1980s. The Gallery acquired its firstInuitworks in 1956, crafted by artists inNunavik.The Gallery's acquisition of Inuit works, at a time when it was not actively collecting art by other Indigenous peoples, is related to the Government's promotion of Inuit art to create jobs in the North and to assert Canadian sovereignty there.In 1979,Henry Birksbequeathed a large collection to NGC consisting primarily of Quebecois pre-confederation silver; this bequest of more than 12,000 objects included around 16 works by Indigenous artists.In 1989 and 1992, theDepartment of Indian Affairs and Northern Developmentbequeathed 570 works by Inuit artists. A number of Indigenous artists whose works are featured in the collection includeKenojuak Ashevak,Kiawak Ashoona,Qaqaq Ashoona,Carl Beam,Faye HeavyShield,Osuitok Ipeelee,Rita Letendre,Norval Morrisseau,Shelley Niro,David Ruben Piqtoukun,Abraham Anghik Ruben,Lucy Tasseor Tutsweetok,Jeffrey Thomas,John Tiktak, andLawrence Paul Yuxweluptun. Contemporary The Gallery's contemporary collection includes 1,500 works from artists since the 1990s.The collection features a number of works from Canada and its Indigenous artists. The first Indigenous Canadian contemporary artwork acquired by the National Gallery was purchased in 1987, a piece calledThe North American Iceberg(1985) byOjibweartistCarl Beam. In 2017,Bob Renniedonated a contemporary art collection to the National Gallery in honour of Canada' 150th anniversary.The collection includes 197 paintings, sculptures, and mixed-media pieces with most of it originating from Vancouver-based artists includingGeoffrey Farmer,Rodney Graham,Brian Jungen, andIan Wallace.The Rennie collection also includes some international contemporary works, including fromDoris Salcedo. In 1990 the Gallery boughtBarnett Newman'sVoice of Firefor $1.8 million, igniting a storm of controversy. However, since that time its value has appreciated to approximately C$40 million as of 2014.In 1999, the Gallery acquired a sculpture of a giant spider,Maman, byLouise Bourgeoisfor a cost of C$3.2 million.The sculpture was installed on the plaza in front of the Gallery.In 2011 the Gallery installed Canadian sculptorJoe Fafard'sRunning Horsesnext to the Sussex Drive entrance, and American artistRoxy Paine's stainless steel sculptureOne Hundred Foot LineatKìwekì Pointbehind the gallery. Other contemporary artists whose works are featured in the National Gallery's collection includeDavid Altmejd,Lee Bul,Janet Cardiff,Bharti Kher,Christian Marclay,Elizabeth McIntosh,Chris Ofili, Paine,Ugo Rondinone, andJoanne Tod. European, American, and Asian The European, American, and Asian collection area includes most of the Gallery's works by non-Canadian artists. The Gallery acquired its first European work in 1907: the paintingIgnatius SanchobyThomas Gainsborough.Conversely, the Gallery did not begin to develop its collection of American art until the 1970s. The Gallery's collection includes American and European works dating from the Renaissance through the 20th century.In addition toWestern art, the collection also has 400 works from India,Nepal, andTibet. The Gallery's European collection has since expanded either through acquisitions or gifts. Such works includeLa Tour EiffelbyMarc Chagall, acquired by the Gallery in 1956 for $C16,000.In 2018, the Gallery planned to sell the work to fund other acquisitions, but abandoned those plans after the decision was found to be unpopular with the public.In 2005, the Gallery acquired a painting by Italian Renaissance painterFrancesco Salviatifor $4.5 million.In 2018, the Gallery acquiredThe Partie CaréebyJames Tissotfrom the collection of David R. Graham, putting it on display in December 2018.It is the third work by Tissot to be acquired by the museum since 1921.Other works from the collection includeThe Death of General Wolfeby Anglo-American artistBenjamin West.Other artists featured in the museum's European collection includesAlejo Fernández,Vilhelm Hammershøi,Gustav Klimt,Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun,Henri Matisse,Charles Meynier,Claude Monet,Rembrandt, andVincent van Gogh. Library and archives The library and archives of the National Gallery of Canada hold an extensive collection of literature on Canadian art.The library and archives was established alongside the Gallery in 1880, and contains documents on western art from theLate Middle Agesto the present day.The collection includes 275,000 books, exhibition catalogues, and periodicals; 76,000 documentation files; and 95,000 microforms.The archives serves as the institutional archive for the Gallery. The library and archives'special collectionsincludes over 50,000 auction catalogues, in addition to 182,000 slides and 360,000 research photographs.The Library and Archives' Exceptional Materials and Notable Subject Collections contains a number of rare imprints, books, and bookplates on Canadian artists, as well as items relating to historians of Canadian art. Management The federal government assumed responsibility for the Gallery in 1913, with the enactment of theNational Gallery of Canada Act. The Gallery became aCrown corporationon 1 July 1990 with the proclamation of theMuseums Act. TheMuseums Actserves as the museum's governing legislation. It empowers a board of trustees to serve as the Gallery's governing body, with the board, through the Chair, being accountable to theMinister of Canadian Heritage, who is ultimately responsible for the Museum.The Director and CEO is charged with the day-to-day management of the Gallery. The Gallery is affiliated with several associations, including theCanadian Museums Association, theOntario Association of Art Galleries, theCanadian Heritage Information Network, and theVirtual Museum of Canada. Directors The following is a list of directors of the National Gallery of Canada: Selected works Canadian collection European and American collection Prints and drawings collection See also Notes References Further reading External links Media related toNational Gallery of Canadaat Wikimedia Commons"],"string":"[\n \"Canadian Museum of History TheCanadian Museum of History(French:Musée canadien de l’histoire) is anational museumonanthropology,Canadian history,cultural studies, andethnologyinGatineau,Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related research. The museum is based in a 75,000-square-metre-building (810,000 sq ft) designed byDouglas Cardinal. The museum originated from a museum established by theGeological Survey of Canadain 1856, which later expanded to include an anthropology division in 1910. In 1927, the institution was renamed the National Museum of Canada. The national museum was later split into several separate institutions in 1968, with the anthropology and human history departments forming theNational Museum of Man. The museum relocated to its present location in Gatineau in 1989 and adopted the nameCanadian Museum of Civilization(French:Musée canadien des civilisations) the following year. In 2013, the museum adopted its current name, the Canadian Museum of History, and modified its mandate to emphasizeCanadian identityand history. The museum's collection contains over three million artifacts and documents, with some on display in the museum's permanent exhibitions. The museum also hosts and organizes a number of temporary,travelling, andonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. History Early museum (1856–1968) The Canadian Museum of History originates from the collecting efforts of theGeological Survey of Canada(GSC), an organization established in 1842 inMontreal.In 1856 theLegislative Assembly of the Province of Canadapassed an act that enabled the GSC to establish a museum to exhibit items found from its geological and archaeological field trips; with the museum initially established in Montreal on Great St. James Street (nowSaint Jacques Street).The museum held its firstethnologicalexhibit from 1862 to 1863, showcasing stone implements and fragments of pottery byFirst Nations.In 1877, the museum mandate was formally expanded to include the study of modern fauna and flora, in addition to human history, languages, and traditions. In 1881, the museum relocated from Montreal todowntown Ottawato what is now referred to asFormer Geological Survey of Canada Building; although space in the new facility soon proved to be inadequate, with theRoyal Society of Canadapetitioning thefederal governmentto build a new building for the museum by 1896.Preliminary plans for a new building were drawn up by 1899, although work on the building did not begin until 1906.In the following year, management of the museum was handed over from the GSC to theDepartment of Mines, with the mandate formally expanded to include anthropological studies.The new museum building, theVictoria Memorial Museum Building, was also completed in 1910, although it was not opened to the public until 1911. Under the Department of Mines, the museum formally established ananthropologydivision under the direction ofEdward Sapirin 1910.Another anthropologist,Marius Barbeau, was also hired by the museum in the following year to assist Sapir.The anthropology division was charged with the preservation of the cultural heritage of people in Canada and assembling objects related to these cultures. Under Sapir's direction, the institution's research initially focused on Aboriginal communities across Canada they believed were imperilled by rapid acculturation.The museum's first anthropological exhibits were organized by Sapir and his protege,Franz Boas.Since this period, the museum had become a centre for Canadian anthropology, having attracted notable anthropologists includingDiamond Jennessafter the Second World War. In 1927, the museum division of the Department of Mines was renamed theNational Museum of Canada.Management of the National Museum is transferred from the Department of Mines to theDepartment of Resources and Developmentin 1950.In 1965, the museum was split into two branches, one focused on natural history and another on human history.The mandate of the museum further expanded in the following decades, with the museum assuming the management of theCanadian War Museumin 1958, and its human history branch establishing a history division in 1964. Museum of anthropology and history (1968–present) On 1 April 1968, the branches of the National Museum of Canada were formally split into separate museums.The Canadian Museum of History originated from the human history branch of the museum, initially incorporated as theNational Museum of Man.The natural history branch of the former National Museum of Canada became the National Museum of Natural Sciences (later renamed theCanadian Museum of Nature), while the science and technology branch became the National Museum of Science and Technology (later renamed theCanada Science and Technology Museum).The National Museums of Canada Corporation was formed by the federal government in order to manage these national museums, in addition to theNational Gallery of Canada.Although the institutions were split, the National Museum of Man and the National Museum of Natural History continued to share the Victoria Memorial building; with the National Museum of Man occupying the western half of the building. In April 1972, the National Museum of Man established a Communications Division in order to provide media communications regarding the museum's education and information programs.During the 1970s, the staff of the institution adopted a philosophy that stressed public access to its heritage collection.Because the Victoria Memorial Museum building had insufficient space to exhibit the museum's growing collection, the museum's collection and staff were scattered across 17 buildings, with these buildings acting as decentralized units of the museum. In 1980, management of the National Museums of Canada Corporation is transferred to theDepartment of Communications.The following year in June 1981, thecabinet of Canadaapproved several plans concerning severalnational museums of Canada, including moving the National Museum of Man into a new structure.The plan was formally announced to the public in February 1982.After a study of potential locations saw four sites inOttawaand one inGatineau.A site acquired by theNational Capital Commission(NCC) from the E.B Eddy Company in Gatineau was chosen as the site for the new museum; due to it already being public land, being linked toConfederation Boulevard, and because it was prominently visible from theOttawa River.The site was also selected because the NCC had desired to developHull, and incorporate it into the design of the capital region; while officials in Gatineau had similar desires to develop the area into anurban park.On 10 February 1983, the site for the new museum was announced to the public; andDouglas CardinalArchitect Limited was named as the project's design architect, in association with Montreal-based architectural firm Tétreault, Parent, Languedoc et Associés.The design created by Cardinal was approved in 1983 by theCabinet of Canada. In an effort to avoid stereotypes in languages, the name of the museum was changed to theCanadian Museum of Civilizationin 1986.In 1988, the institution absorbed the museum operated by the department of theMinister responsible for Canada Post Corporation, although itsphilateliccollection was transferred to theNational Archives of Canada.The museum opened its new building in Gatineau in 1989. However, the building opened with only two permanent exhibitions, Canada Hall and the exhibitions on theIndigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, as budgetary shortfalls prevented the museum from opening the exhibitions it had originally planned for the museum. In 1990, theMuseum Actwas passed by the federal government, replacing the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation and forming several new entities to manage thenational museums of Canada; with the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation formed on 1 July 1990 to manage the Canadian Museum of Civilization, and the Canadian War Museum. 21st century In 2007, the museum organized a temporary exhibition,Treasures from China, in partnership with theNational Museum of China. The partnership saw artifacts leave China to be exhibited only at the Canadian Museum of Civilization. As a part of the agreement, the Canadian Museum of Civilization prepared Indigenous Canadian artifacts for its own exhibition,First Peoples of Canada: Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization, at thePalace MuseuminBeijing. In October 2012,James Moore, theminister of Canadian Heritageannounced the ministry would provide $25 million to overhaul the museum and renovate Canada Hall.The government later announced plans to update and reopen the gallery in 2017, coinciding with the150th anniversary of Canada.Approximately 24,000 people from across nine Canadian cities were surveyed about the updates to the exhibition.The museum consulted a women's history committee, an indigenous history committee, and three historic time-period committees. In December 2013, theCanadian Museum of History Actreceived Royal Assent, which shifted the museum's mandate from developing a collection with a \\\"special but not exclusive reference to Canada,\\\" to one that enhanced the knowledge of Canadian history and identity;and expanding the museum's focus to include social and political history.The Act also changed the institution's name from theCanadian Museum of Civilizationto theCanadian Museum of History. TheCanadian Postal Museum, a department of the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation that operated from within the institution was shut down in 2012 as a result of the museum's transition into the Canadian Museum of History. Some have criticized the new mandate and updating of Canada Hall as a part of a wider plan by the incumbent Conservative government to redirect public historical understanding to emphasize aspects ofCanadian military historyandmonarchism; as well as elide problematic elements of Canadian history in favour of achievements.However, the museum contended that new exhibits planned for the museum will include a range of themes and topics, and will also explore the country's \\\"dark episodes\\\".The updated gallery was completed at approximately $30 million and was opened onCanada Dayin 2017 byCharles, Prince of WalesandMélanie Joly, theminister of Canadian Heritage.Partisan concerns were alleviated after Canadian History Hall was unveiled to the public. Site The museum is situated on a 9.6-hectare (23.7-acre) plot of land, formerly known asParc Laurier. The museum site is the firstCanadian national museumto be located on theGatineauside of theNational Capital Region, and the first to be located adjacent to theOttawa River. The site is bounded by the western access point for theAlexandra Bridge, the Ottawa River to the east, a paper production plant to the south, and Laurier Street to the west.The median of the property extends 235 metres (771 ft) from Laurier Street to the river.From Laurier Street, the property descends towards the Ottawa River at a 5.5 per centgrade; with the portion of the property closest to Laurier Street at an elevation of 53.5 metres (176 ft), while the riverfront is at an elevation of 41 metres (135 ft).Because of the property's low elevation, the construction of the museum building was limited to the portion of the property closer to Laurier Street. The site includes a museum building with two wings. The two wings wrap around and are connected by a large hemispherical entrance plaza which contains its food services, lounge, library, and underground parking.The parkland and open space between the two wings are intended to represent the \\\"plains over which mankind migrated\\\" over millennia.A large staircase east of the entrance plaza descends to the museum's lower plaza and gardens adjacent to the riverside park. A pedestrian and cycling pathway is situated on the riverfront portion of the property, with the pathways continuing north intoJacques-Cartier Park, a municipal park north of the property. Building The 75,000 square metres (810,000 sq ft) structure was designed by Douglas Cardinal.The building's infrastructure includes approximately 56,000 square metres (600,000 sq ft) of concrete, and 7,300 tonnes of steel.Cardinal sought to create form a \\\"sculptural icon\\\" for the country, encouraged by then-prime minister,Pierre Trudeau, to develop a symbol that \\\"enshrined our cultures\\\". As a result, the building was the first structure in the National Capital Region that incorporates Indigenous architectural designs.Cardinal's design for the building was largely influenced by his understanding of how geography helped shaped Canada's history and culture. The museum building has over 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) of exhibition space, more than any other museum in Canada. In addition to exhibition space, the building also contains three restaurants, a boutique store, and two live performance theatres, including a 500-seat theatre for live performances.The building also has a 295-seat 3D theatre that uses aBarcodigital projector. Before the installation of the Barco projector in 2016, the 3D theatre used aIMAXprojector and was branded as an IMAX theatre. Water is drawn from the Ottawa River to heat and cool the building.The building's energy needs are met by two substations in Gatineau, with two additional backup generators also available if both substations fail. Exterior The building's exterior is clad with 30,000 square metres (320,000 sq ft) ofTyndall stone;with the material being selected because of its durability and its relationship with glaciers. Cardinal sought to build a structure that appeared to be \\\"flowing with the contours of the land,\\\" and simple lines and forms could be used to display the idea of movement.The building's design draws uponArt Nouveaustyles to illustrate Canada's geography at the end of theLast Glacial Periodwhen the landscape was largely uniform; with certain elements of the building evokingigloosearth lodges, andlonghouses. The building includes a cantilevered northern/curatorial wing and a southern wing that houses most of the museum's public facilities, including its galleries, and theatres.The curatorial wing was designed to evoke outcroppings of theCanadian Shield, while the southern public wing with its glass-fronted Grand Hall, was intended to evoke an image of a melting glacier. The southern wing's copper roof represents vegetation's recolonization of the lands once covered by glacial till.The copper roof is nearly 11,000 square metres (120,000 sq ft) and weighs approximately 90 tonnes.Both wings are curvaceous on their river sides to blend into their landscapes, although their street-side façade is more angular. The NCC placed several restrictions on the building design, that the building does not obstruct the view of the Ottawa River, and that the building does not obstruct delineated \\\"viewing cones\\\" of Parliament Hill from the Gatineau side of the river.Because of these restrictions, the buildings were designed with a low-profile, to avoid obscuring the view for buildings across the street.From certain angles, the building appears as two separate pavilions, with an opening between these two sections providing an unobstructed view ofParliament Hillfrom Laurier Street.Considerations also needed to be taken to protect artifacts displayed in the building. Windows were triple-glazed and coated with a film that helps contain radiant heat and reduce solar ultraviolet rays, and the southern wing's Grand Hall was intentionally designed to face direct sunlight only in the morning. The building was designed to create an \\\"ever-changing pattern\\\" of shadows across the structure's surface, with most of the building's exterior lighting kept below 30luxto allow viewers to see deeper shadows at night. Exhibitions The museum hosts several permanent and temporary exhibitions on anthropology, ethnology, and history. Artifacts from the museum's collection are exhibited in these exhibitions.In addition,travelling exhibitionsare occasionally held at the museum. The museum has also created severalonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. Permanent exhibitions include First Peoples Hall, Canadian History Hall, the Canadian Children's Museum, the Canadian Stamp Collection, and two exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in the building's Grand Hall.First Peoples Hall is situated on the first floor of the building, whereas the Canada Hall is situated on the third level of the building.First Peoples Hall is situated next to the Grand Hall, with its exhibitions located on the ground floor. Many of the exhibits that were designed in the 1980s for the new building were influenced by the director of the museum,George F. MacDonald, his personal admiration for Pacific Northwest Coast art and culture, and the communication theories of his mentor,Marshall McLuhan.Merging exhibits detailing theIndigenous peoples of Canadawith other Canadian historical exhibits were considered by the exhibition design team when plans were being made to move the museum in the 1980s.However, it was later decided to depict both topics as separate exhibitions, resulting in both exhibitions being planned by different teams with separate budgets.This decision was later reversed in 2017 when the museum reopened the Canadian History Hall exhibition with Indigenous exhibits incorporated throughout its exhibit. First Peoples Hall First Peoples Hall is an exhibition opened in 2003, that explores Canada'sFirst Nations,Inuit, andMétispeoples.The exhibition occupies 3,300 square metres (35,000 sq ft) of space on the ground floor of the building.The hall contains more than 2,000 objects on display.Most of the exhibition space is devoted to changing exhibits, to keep up with contemporary views on traditional cultures and current issues. However, First Peoples Hall does have some space devoted to long-term exhibits. These long-term exhibits explore topics that are less subject to changing interpretations; like ancient history, Indigenous languages, and the history of the relationship between Indigenous and European cultures.The exhibition is organized into several sections, such as the \\\"Ways of Knowing\\\", \\\"An Ancient Bond with the Land\\\", and \\\"The Arrival of Strangers\\\". The exhibition was designed to \\\"deconstruct and supersede\\\" histories that visitors are familiar with.Exhibits were designed to address issues of stereotyping Indigenous identity, and the diversity and cultural distinctiveness between Indigenous nations; with many of the exhibits linking identity toIndigenous land claims in Canada.Additionally, exhibits were designed to portray Indigenous peoples as living peoples in the modern world.Archaeological exhibits in First Peoples Hall are themed to reinforce the fact that the Indigenous peoples of Canada have occupied the land sincetime immemorial, and that Canadian history has a long and complex history preceding European colonization. Additionally, many of these archaeological exhibits are designed to confront the notion of Eurasiantechnological supremacyat the time of first contact with the Americas.The exhibition concludes with contemporary issue exhibits, which explore recent clashes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada over land and resources. The curatorial model used to develop the exhibition conformed to the suggestions provided in the 1992 recommendations from the federal Task Force on Museums and First Peoples.The content and messaging of First Peoples Hall were determined in consultation with indigenous communities across Canada.Acting upon the task force's recommendation to establish partnerships with First Nation representatives whose cultures were being exhibited, an advisory committee of 15 Indigenous members was formed to help define the exhibition's thematic structure and messaging.As a result, exhibits in First Peoples Hall take a \\\"multivocal\\\" approach, where different perspectives can be distinguished within the exhibition; and explanatory fields like archaeology, ethnology and traditional Indigenous knowledge are juxtaposed, and contestatory with one another in some cases. Canadian History Hall Canadian History Hall is an exhibition that explores Canadian history. Canadian History Hall is approximately 4,690 square metres (50,500 sq ft), and includes over 14 projectors and 58 screens used in the exhibition.The exhibition includes three galleries and a long curved walkway that serves as the entrance to the three galleries. The entrance walkway is decorated with 101 silhouettes of Canadian cultural symbols and activities, as well as national landmarks.Canadian History Hall's galleries centre around a hub that was designed by Douglas Cardinal to resembleChaudière Falls.The hub features a large 15.5 by 9.5 metres (51 ft × 31 ft) image of Canada on the floor. The image of Canada is made up of 121 satellite photos taken by theCanadian Space Agency, that were stitched together to form a single image. The exhibition summarizes over 15,000 years of history and is divided into three era-centric galleries, Early Canada: From Earliest Times to 1763, Colonial Canada: 1763 to 1914, and Modern Canada: 1914 to the Present Day.The first two galleries are located on the same floor, while the third gallery occupies the mezzanine above the two galleries.The galleries are designed to showcase events and \\\"turning points\\\" in each respective era through the multimedia presentations and the artifacts on display.Each gallery is further organized into six separate \\\"vignettes\\\" that are thematically different, but interconnected with one another.The vignettes are primarily organized temporally, although some are specifically focused on a specific aspect of Canadian history.The exhibition takes a largely didactic approach with its subject and is particularly focused on the country's political and economic history, as well as the experience of Indigenous peoples.According to the exhibit team's head, David Morrison, Indigenous peoples and their relationship with newcomers will serve as an important overarching theme of Canadian History Hall. Early Canada explores provides a summary of Indigenous history prior to the arrival of the Europeans as well as early Canadian colonies likeNew France.The gallery includes Indigenous artifacts, narrative recounts of Indigenous interactions between Norse, English and French explorers, and detailed accounts on theNorth American fur trade, the spread ofdisease within Indigenous populations, and theBeaver Wars.Colonial Canada exploresCanada under British rulesince theconquest of New France, as well aspost-Confederation Canadato 1914. Modern Canada explores Canada's recent history, up to the arrival of Syrian refugees in the 2010s.The latter two galleries provide detailed histories on theSeven Years' War, treaties signed between various Indigenous groups and the Crown, the push forresponsible government,Canadian Confederation, the world wars, theCanadian Indian residential school system,Quebec nationalism, andmulticulturalism in Canada. There are over 1,500 artifacts on display in Canadian History Hall.Historic artifacts include a 3,600 to 3,900 years old ivory carving believed to be the oldest representation of a human face found in Canada;James Wolfecoat; and handcuffs worn byLouis Rielprior to his execution;Maurice Richard'shockey jersey;Terry Fox's T-shirt;Tommy Douglas's hat; the table on which the proclamation of theConstitution Act, 1982was signed by QueenElizabeth IIin 1982;Randy Bachman's guitar, and the sewing machine whichJoan O'Malleysewed the firstMaple Leaf flag.There are 40 linear films shown at the exhibition, includingOrigin Stories, a film that illustrates how theAnishinaabebelieved the earth was formed.Origin Storiesis displayed along the curved wall of the Canadian History Hall's entrance. The modular structure of the exhibits enables the museum to swap segments easier. The number of exhibits in the galleries may also expand, with the museum having reserved enough space to allow for the addition of new exhibits in the three galleries. Pre-2017 exhibition Canadian History Hall's predecessor, Canada Hall, opened as an inaugural exhibit at the museum in 1989.The original exhibition was divided into 23 modules that were arranged chronologically, beginning with theNorse colonization of North America.The gallery aimed to promote Canadian multiculturalism, having portrayed a social history that depicted a \\\"march of immigrants\\\" from east to west, and the success of different groups in Canada.However, these modules provided little in-depth consideration for pre-colonial Indigenous cultures, which were only explored in the museum's other exhibitions prior to Canada Hall's updates in the 2010s.The original design of Canada Hall recreated historical settings with period rooms and full-scale historical buildings incorporated into the exhibition; reflecting McLuhan's theories, and innovations adopted by entertainment pavilions like Disney'sEpcot. Canada Hall was closed to the public in September 2014 to enable renovations and significant updates to the exhibition.The exhibition reopened in 2017 significantly changed from its original design.Nearly all of the life-sized dioramas were dismantled as a part of the exhibition's update. St. Onuphrius Church, an original early-20th-century Ukrainian church from theCanadian Prairiesthat was later relocated to the museum, is the only remaining life-sized diorama in the exhibition. Canadian Children's Museum The Canadian Children's Museum is Canada's largest exhibition centre designed specifically for children with over 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) of space. The museum uses more than 15,000 artifacts, props, and hands-on items for use in its exhibitions and programs. These items include art, clothing, games, photographs, and toys.The museum includes an International Village, as well as Canadian-themed attractions that were added into the exhibition in 2007. In 2018, the museum announced it would undertake a renewal project in January 2020. The museum announced the revamp would reflect how children play and learn, and will remove more dated exhibits from the exhibition, like the post office and telephone booth.It reopened in May 2022. Canadian Stamp Collection The Canadian Stamp Collection is astamp collectionof more than 3,000 stamps and includes every Canadian stamp issued since 1851. The stamp collection was housed at the Canadian Postal Museum until 2012 when the postal museum closed and its stamp collection relocated to the Canadian Museum of History.The Canadian Museum of History opened a permanent exhibition for the collection in 2014 in partnership withCanada Post. Stamps that are exhibited in the exhibition are showcased with artifacts that either inspired its creation or were used to make the stamp. Grand Hall exhibitions Grand Hall features two permanent exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast,First Peoples of the Northwest CoastandFrom Time Immemorial — Tsimshian Prehistory. The exhibits includetotem polesand other artifacts.The exhibitions were developed as a collaboration between the museum's curators and Indigenous cultural specialists in the 1980s. In 1993, a large mural titledMorning Starwas added to the domed ceiling of the Grand Hall. The mural was created byAlex Janvierand is symbolic of Indigenous life and history.In addition to the two permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall is also used to host other major events.In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall has also been used to host temporary exhibitions. Collections As of June 2021, the Canadian Museum of History's permanent collection includes more than three million artifacts, documents, works of art, and other specimens.This includes over one million photographs, 72,000 sound recordings and 18,000 films and videotapes. The collection takes up approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) of shelf space.Approximately 218,000 artifacts have been digitized and made accessible online by the museum. The museum's permanent collection dates back to the collection established by the Geological Survey of Canada in the 1860s.The museum's collection of artifacts has expanded through the institution's research programs.The first collection representing Indigenous peoples was established by the Geological Survey of Canada, with other parts of the collection having been acquired by government officials and missionaries working outside Ottawa. The collection continued to expand after the anthropology department was established in 1910, and the museum began a systematic program of documenting Indigenous cultures and lineages. The museum's collection of Indigenous items is the largest in Canada and is the only major collection with a national scope in the country.The museum also possesses the world's largest collection of totem poles.The Sacred Materials Project was created by the museum to help maintain Indigenous sacred items, and facilitate therepatriationof select items to their respective communities. The project provides funds for Indigenous representatives to view the museum's collections and discuss the repatriation of identified sacred items, as well as identify other objects in the collection that require ritualistic care. The museum's permanent collection contains several smaller collections, like theWindfield FarmCollection. The Windfield Farm Collection was acquired by the museum in 2013 and contains documents, photographs, memorabilia and trophies, including theKentucky Derbytrophy won byNorthern Dancer.The museum's collection of flags is also the largest in the country. Other notable items in the museum's permanent collection includes aContempraphone, the first telephone to be designed and manufactured in Canada;cough syrup from the1918 influenza pandemic;the original plaster forBill Reid'sSpirit of Haida Gwaii;ten large heraldic sculptures known asThe Queen's Beasts;androyal gownworn by Elizabeth II during herroyal tours of Canada.The museum also contains a number of ice hockey artifacts, including game-usedNational Hockey Leaguesticks,hockey cards, and the world's oldest existingice hockey stick.The ice hockey stick dates back to the mid-1830s and was acquired by the museum in 2015 for $300,000. In addition to its permanent collection, the Canadian Museum of History also co-manages collections with other institutions. In July 1999, the museum entered an agreement with the Canadian Nursing Association (CNA), the Canadian War Museum, and the National Archives of Canada to create the Canadian Nursing History Collection. This collection includes over 9,000 photographs, 1,600 audiovisual materials, and over 35 metres (115 ft) of textual records from the CNA, the Nursing Sisters Association of Canada, and theHelen MussallemCollection. Approximately 950 documented artifacts from this collection are deposited at the Canadian Museum of History.Items from the collection at the Canadian Museum of History include 167 nurses' caps, dating from 1895 to 1983.In June 2005, the museum opened a temporary exhibition that focused on this collection.In 2021, the Canadian Museum of History entered into an agreement to house and maintain artifacts fromCanada's Sports Hall of Fame. Library and archives The museum's resource centre operates a library and archives. As of 2015, the museum's library has more than 60,000 books, over 2,000 journals and magazines, and over 1,000 DVDs, CDs, and video tapes. The museum's rare and old books collection includesPaul-Émile Borduas'sRefus Global(1948) andPierre François Xavier de Charlevoix'sHistoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France(1744). Research The museum's collection is used to support research in anthropology, archaeology, Indigenous people in Canada, linguistics, material culture, multicultural communities, social and political history andmuseologyin Canada.The museum also publishes its ownacademic journal, theMercury Series; on history, archaeology, and anthropology. The journal has been published in partnership with theUniversity of Ottawa Presssince 2012.The museum has also published the academic journalMaterial Culture Reviewin partnership with the Canada Science and Technology Museum since the 1970s. The journal provides a forum for research on historical artifacts collected by Canadian museums. Management The Canadian Museum of History is managed by afederal Crown corporationof the same name under theDepartment of Canadian Heritage's portfolio. The museum is one of two national museums managed by the corporation, the other being the Canadian War Museum.The corporation also administers the Virtual Museum of New France, avirtual museumand online exhibition of the Canadian Museum of History;and theVirtual Museum of Canada, an administrative program that supports the development of online projects for museums and heritage organizations across Canada.The Virtual Museum of Canada was an online portal for virtual exhibits in Canada until 2020, when the Virtual Museum of Canada's website was decommissioned, and the project was reoriented into a support program. Management of the corporation is conducted through an 11-memberboard of trustees. Trustees are appointed by the Minister of Canadian Heritage, with approval from theGovernor-in-Council. In turn, the board appoints the corporation's president andchief executive officer.The corporation reports to theParliament of Canadathrough theMinister of Canadian Heritage. The corporation's mandate is defined under theMuseums Act. The corporation was established as the Canadian Museum of Civilization in June 1990 through theMuseums Act;an Act that was later amended in 2014.The corporation adopted its current name in 2013.The Crown corporation was one of several that succeeded the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation, a Crown corporation that managed most of the country's national museums until its dissolution in 1988. See also Notes References Further reading External links\",\n \"National Gallery of Canada TheNational Gallery of Canada(French:Musée des beaux-arts du Canada), located in the capital city ofOttawa,Ontario, is Canada'snationalart museum.The museum's building takes up 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft), with 12,400 square metres (133,000 sq ft) of space used for exhibiting art. It is one of thelargest art museumsin North America by exhibition space. The institution was established in 1880 at theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building, and moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building in 1911. In 1913, theGovernment of Canadapassed theNational Gallery Act, formally outlining the institution's mandate as a national art museum. The Gallery was moved to the Lorne Building in 1960. In 1988, the Gallery was relocated to a new building designed for this purpose. The National Gallery of Canada is situated in a glass and granite building onSussex Drive, with a notable view of Canada's Parliament Buildings onParliament Hill. The building was designed by Israeli architectMoshe Safdieand opened in 1988. The Gallery's permanent collection includes more than 93,000 works by European, American, Asian, Canadian, andIndigenousartists. In addition to exhibiting works from its permanent collection, the Gallery also organizes and hosts a number oftravelling exhibitions. History The Gallery was first formed in 1880 by Canada's Governor General,John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyllin conjunction with the establishment of theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. In 1882, moved into its first home onParliament Hill, housed in theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building. Eric Brownwas named the first director in 1910.In 1911, the Gallery moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building, sharing it with theNational Museum of Natural Sciences. In 1913, the firstNational Gallery Actwas passed, outlining the Gallery's mandate and resources.During the 1920s, the building was expanded. The art gallery was given four floors, and a separate entrance was created for the art museum. In addition, a firewall was built between the Natural Sciences Museum and the National Gallery.But, the Gallery was still in temporary space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building. Longterm plans were to move it to a new permanent location, with spaces dedicated to the viewing of art. By the 1950s, the space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building had grown inadequate for the Gallery's collections. In 1952, the Gallery launched a design contest for architects to design a permanent home for the gallery.But the Gallery failed to garner support from the government ofLouis St. Laurent, resulting in the Gallery having to abandon the winning bid. To provide a workable compromise for the National Gallery, St. Laurent's government offered the National Gallery the eight-storey Lorne Building for its use.The National Gallery moved into the nondescript office building onElgin Street.The Lorne Building has since been demolished and replaced by a 17-storey office building to house the Federal Finance Department. In 1962,Charles Comfort, the Gallery's director, was criticized after half of the works on display at an exhibition forWalter Chrysler's European works were exposed as forgeries by American journalists. Comfort had allowed the Gallery to host the exhibition, despite being warned about the works by the director of theMontreal Museum of Fine Arts. TheNational Museums of CanadaCorporation (NMC) absorbed the National Gallery of Canada in 1968.During the 1970s, the NMC diverted funds from the National Gallery to form regional galleries.The Gallery completed renovations to the Lorne Building in 1976.By 1980, it had become apparent that the National Gallery would need to relocate, given the poor condition of the building, historical use ofasbestosthere, and inadequate exhibition areas that provided only enough space for two per cent of the collection to be exhibited at any given time. After the Canada'sConstitutionwaspatriatedin 1982, Prime MinisterPierre Trudeauannounced a shift in policy focus towards the \\\"creation of a nation,\\\" with priority given to the arts in an effort to enrichCanadian identity.In that same year, Minister of CommunicationsFrancis Foxdeclared the government's commitment to erect new permanent buildings for its national museums, including the National Gallery, and theMuseum of Manwithin five years.The director of the National Gallery,Jean Sutherland Boggs, was chosen by Trudeau to oversee construction of the National Gallery and museums.The Gallery began construction for its permanent museum building onSussex Drivein 1985, and was opened in May 1988. The diversion of funds by the NMC to help fund regional museums was ended in 1982,and the National Museums of Canada formally dissolved in 1987.As a result of this dissolution, the National Gallery reacquired its institutional independence, along with the mandate and powers outlined in its formative legislative act prior to 1968. TheCanadian Museum of Contemporary Photography(CMCP), formerly the Stills Photography Division of theNational Film Board of Canada, was an affiliated institution of the National Gallery, and was established in 1985. In 1988, the CMCP's administration was amalgamated with that of the National Gallery's. The CMCP later moved to its new location at 1 Rideau Canal, and continued to operate there until its closure in 2006. Its collection was later absorbed into the National Gallery's in 2009. In December 2000, the National Gallery announced it suspected approximately 100 works from its collection wasplunder stolen by the Nazisduring the Second World War.The Gallery posted images of works suspected of beingstolen artonline, permitting its last legal owners to examine and possibly lay claim to the works.In 2006, the Gallery returned a painting byÉdouard Vuillardthat had been looted by the Nazis fromAlfred Lindonin 1942,The Salon of Madame Aron, to Lindon's heirs. In December 2009, the National Gallery of Canada and theArt Gallery of Albertaissued a joint press release announcing a three-year partnership, which saw the use of the Art Gallery of Alberta's galleries to exhibit works from the National Gallery's collection.The program was the first \\\"satellite program\\\" between the National Gallery of Canada, and another institution, with similar initiatives launched at other Canadian art galleries in the following years. Marc Mayerwas named the Gallery's director, succeeding Pierre Théberge, on 19 January 2009.On 19 April 2019, he was succeeded byAlexandra Suda, who was appointed the 11th Director and chief executive officer of the National Gallery of Canada. Under Sasha Suda, the Gallery underwent a major re-branding, dubbed Ankosé, to be more inclusive and work towards reconciliation. After only three years, Suda resigned. Angela Cassie was then appointed interim Director and CEO in July 2022. Building The Gallery's present building was designed byMoshe Safdie& Associates, with construction beginning in 1985, and the building opening in 1988. The building has a total floor area of 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft). In 2000, theRoyal Architectural Institute of Canadachose the National Gallery as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium.The National Gallery of Canada is housed in a building onSussex Drive, adjacent to theByWard Marketdistrict. The building is the fourth edifice to house the art museum. An independent Crown corporation, the Canadian Museums Construction Corporation was established to build the Gallery, with a budget ofC$185 million.Following the1984 Canadian federal election, Prime MinisterBrian Mulroneydissolved the corporation.However, because the groundwork for the building was already completed, Mulroney chose to continue funding construction for the Gallery, albeit at a reduced total budget of C$162 million. Exterior The building's northern, eastern, and western exterior facade is made up of pink-granite walls, or glass-windows.The southern exterior facade features an elongated glass wall, supported by concrete pylons grouped in fours.The profile of the southern facade was designed to mimic acathedral, with the concrete pylons being used similarly to theflying buttressesfound onGothiccathedrals.The eastern portion of the building's southern facade transitions into a low-levelled crystalline glass cupola, which holds the museum's main entrance; and its western portion, which features a three-tiered glass cupola. The three-tiered glass cupola is formed out of rectangular glass and narrow steel supports.The second tier of the cupola is formed out of rectangles and equilateral triangles that are further subdivided into eight or twelve smaller equilateral triangles.All these glass pieces are joined by steel struts. The third tier of the cupola is formed with similar designs, although the triangular glass panes are isosceles triangles.The isosceles triangles converge upwards, with its apexes towards the centre.The building's three-tiered cupola is positioned in a manner in which the cupola would be flanked by thePeace Towerand theLibrary of Parliamentto the west when approaching the museum from the east. Interior The interior entrance lobby is floored with pink-granite, and includes a straight four metres (13 ft) wide ramp which slopes upward towards the west.Safdie noted the importance of the ramp in his design, stating that one should \\\"go through some kind of procession to make your way into something as important as the National Gallery,\\\" and that it gave the visitor the feeling of making an ascent to a ritual, a ceremony.The walls of the entrance lobby are lined with rectangular cut pink granite, excluding the southern wall, which is part of the glass-walled exterior facade.A glass and steel ceiling reminiscent of Gothic cathedral architecture, extends the entire way of the ramp.However, as opposed to most Gothic cathedrals, the ceiling has several concrete columns spaced out to support the roof.The summit of the ramp leads towards the Great Hall of the building, situated in the three-storey glass cupola. The interior courtyard of the building includes the Taiga Garden. The garden was designed byCornelia Oberlander, who modelled the paintingTerre SauvagebyA. Y. Jackson;a painting in the National Gallery's permanent collection. The garden attempts to mimic thetaigalandscape depicted in the painting, theCanadian shield; although limestone is substituted in place of the granite typically found at the Canadian shield. Collection As of October 2018, the National Gallery of Canada's permanent collection holds more than 93,625 works,representing several artistic movements and eras in art history. The Gallery has a large and varied collection of paintings, works on paper, sculptures and photographs. The earliest works acquired by the museum were from Canadian artists, with Canadian art remaining the focus of the institution. However, its collection also includes several works from artists around the world. The Gallery's collection has been built up through purchases and donations. The Gallery organizes its owntravelling exhibitionsto exhibit its collection, travelling across Canada and abroad.The National Gallery is the largest lender of art in Canada, sending out approximately 800 works a year. The Gallery's prints and drawings collection includes 27,000 works on paper, dating from the 15th century to the present day. The prints and drawing collection includes 10,000 works on paper by Canadian artists; more than 800 of these prints and drawings being crafted byInuitartists.The prints and drawing collection also includes 2,500 drawings and 10,000 prints by American, Asian, and European artists. The Gallery also has approximately 400 works from Asian artists, dating from 200 CE to the 19th century. The Gallery's Asian collection began in the early 20th century, with a number of works originating from the collection ofNasli Heeramaneck.The Gallery also has a collection of photographs. A number of the photographs in the collection originated from the defunct Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography. Until the mid-1980s, the Gallery's mandate did not include collecting art by Indigenous peoples. This has been much critiqued, and led to important changes at the Gallery from the 1980s onwards.Despite a major re-hang in 2003 of the Canadian galleries to include Indigenous art for the first time, the Gallery continues to work towards more equitable representation of Indigenous art, particularly in its historical galleries. The largest work in the Gallery is the entire interior of theRideau Street Chapel, which formed part of the Convent of Our Lady Sacred Heart,The interior decorations of the Rideau Street Chapel were designed by Georges Couillon in 1887.The chapel interior was acquired by the Gallery in 1972, when the convent was slated for demolition. The 1,123-piece interior was dismantled, stored and reconstructed within the Gallery as a work of art in 1988. Canadian and Indigenous works The Gallery's Canadian collection includes works dating from the 18th centuryNew France, to the 1990s.The collection includes paintings from pre-Confederation; abstract paintings and other postwar art; and the Henry Birks Collection of Canadian Silver.Early pre-Confederation paintings were among the first items in the Canadian collections, with the National Gallery's earliest works originating from Canadian artists at theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. The Gallery's Canadian collection holds a large number of works by theGroup of Seven.The Gallery also holds a large collection of works by Tom Thomson,withThe Jack Pineadded to its collection in 1918.The Gallery also holds the largest collection of works byAlex Colville.Other artists featured in the collection includeWilliam Berczy,Jack Bush,Paul-Émile Borduas,Emily Carr,Robert Field,Vera Frenkel,Theophile Hamel,Joseph Légaré,Cornelius Krieghoff,Fernand Leduc,Alexandra Luke,Ken Lum,James Wilson Morrice,John O'Brien,Antoine Plamondon,William Raphael,Jean-Paul Riopelle,William Ronald,Michael Snow,Lisa Steele,Jeff Wall,Joyce Wieland,Paul Wong, and members of theRegina Five. In commemoration of the150th anniversary of Canadain 2017, the Gallery undertook a C$7.4 million renovation to open the Canadian and Indigenous Art: From Time Immemorial to 1967 gallery.This gallery displays the progression of Canadian art and history, exhibiting Canadian and Indigenous works side by side.These works are exhibited in a manner which examines the intertwined relations between the two groups of people. The Indigenous collection includes works byIndigenousartists around the world, although it has an emphasis on works by theIndigenous peoples of Canada. The Gallery collection acquired its first works byFirst NationsandMetisartists in the early 20th century.However, the makers of these works were often not acknowledged as Indigenous, because the Gallery's mandate did not include the collection of art by Indigenous peoples until the 1980s. The Gallery acquired its firstInuitworks in 1956, crafted by artists inNunavik.The Gallery's acquisition of Inuit works, at a time when it was not actively collecting art by other Indigenous peoples, is related to the Government's promotion of Inuit art to create jobs in the North and to assert Canadian sovereignty there.In 1979,Henry Birksbequeathed a large collection to NGC consisting primarily of Quebecois pre-confederation silver; this bequest of more than 12,000 objects included around 16 works by Indigenous artists.In 1989 and 1992, theDepartment of Indian Affairs and Northern Developmentbequeathed 570 works by Inuit artists. A number of Indigenous artists whose works are featured in the collection includeKenojuak Ashevak,Kiawak Ashoona,Qaqaq Ashoona,Carl Beam,Faye HeavyShield,Osuitok Ipeelee,Rita Letendre,Norval Morrisseau,Shelley Niro,David Ruben Piqtoukun,Abraham Anghik Ruben,Lucy Tasseor Tutsweetok,Jeffrey Thomas,John Tiktak, andLawrence Paul Yuxweluptun. Contemporary The Gallery's contemporary collection includes 1,500 works from artists since the 1990s.The collection features a number of works from Canada and its Indigenous artists. The first Indigenous Canadian contemporary artwork acquired by the National Gallery was purchased in 1987, a piece calledThe North American Iceberg(1985) byOjibweartistCarl Beam. In 2017,Bob Renniedonated a contemporary art collection to the National Gallery in honour of Canada' 150th anniversary.The collection includes 197 paintings, sculptures, and mixed-media pieces with most of it originating from Vancouver-based artists includingGeoffrey Farmer,Rodney Graham,Brian Jungen, andIan Wallace.The Rennie collection also includes some international contemporary works, including fromDoris Salcedo. In 1990 the Gallery boughtBarnett Newman'sVoice of Firefor $1.8 million, igniting a storm of controversy. However, since that time its value has appreciated to approximately C$40 million as of 2014.In 1999, the Gallery acquired a sculpture of a giant spider,Maman, byLouise Bourgeoisfor a cost of C$3.2 million.The sculpture was installed on the plaza in front of the Gallery.In 2011 the Gallery installed Canadian sculptorJoe Fafard'sRunning Horsesnext to the Sussex Drive entrance, and American artistRoxy Paine's stainless steel sculptureOne Hundred Foot LineatKìwekì Pointbehind the gallery. Other contemporary artists whose works are featured in the National Gallery's collection includeDavid Altmejd,Lee Bul,Janet Cardiff,Bharti Kher,Christian Marclay,Elizabeth McIntosh,Chris Ofili, Paine,Ugo Rondinone, andJoanne Tod. European, American, and Asian The European, American, and Asian collection area includes most of the Gallery's works by non-Canadian artists. The Gallery acquired its first European work in 1907: the paintingIgnatius SanchobyThomas Gainsborough.Conversely, the Gallery did not begin to develop its collection of American art until the 1970s. The Gallery's collection includes American and European works dating from the Renaissance through the 20th century.In addition toWestern art, the collection also has 400 works from India,Nepal, andTibet. The Gallery's European collection has since expanded either through acquisitions or gifts. Such works includeLa Tour EiffelbyMarc Chagall, acquired by the Gallery in 1956 for $C16,000.In 2018, the Gallery planned to sell the work to fund other acquisitions, but abandoned those plans after the decision was found to be unpopular with the public.In 2005, the Gallery acquired a painting by Italian Renaissance painterFrancesco Salviatifor $4.5 million.In 2018, the Gallery acquiredThe Partie CaréebyJames Tissotfrom the collection of David R. Graham, putting it on display in December 2018.It is the third work by Tissot to be acquired by the museum since 1921.Other works from the collection includeThe Death of General Wolfeby Anglo-American artistBenjamin West.Other artists featured in the museum's European collection includesAlejo Fernández,Vilhelm Hammershøi,Gustav Klimt,Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun,Henri Matisse,Charles Meynier,Claude Monet,Rembrandt, andVincent van Gogh. Library and archives The library and archives of the National Gallery of Canada hold an extensive collection of literature on Canadian art.The library and archives was established alongside the Gallery in 1880, and contains documents on western art from theLate Middle Agesto the present day.The collection includes 275,000 books, exhibition catalogues, and periodicals; 76,000 documentation files; and 95,000 microforms.The archives serves as the institutional archive for the Gallery. The library and archives'special collectionsincludes over 50,000 auction catalogues, in addition to 182,000 slides and 360,000 research photographs.The Library and Archives' Exceptional Materials and Notable Subject Collections contains a number of rare imprints, books, and bookplates on Canadian artists, as well as items relating to historians of Canadian art. Management The federal government assumed responsibility for the Gallery in 1913, with the enactment of theNational Gallery of Canada Act. The Gallery became aCrown corporationon 1 July 1990 with the proclamation of theMuseums Act. TheMuseums Actserves as the museum's governing legislation. It empowers a board of trustees to serve as the Gallery's governing body, with the board, through the Chair, being accountable to theMinister of Canadian Heritage, who is ultimately responsible for the Museum.The Director and CEO is charged with the day-to-day management of the Gallery. The Gallery is affiliated with several associations, including theCanadian Museums Association, theOntario Association of Art Galleries, theCanadian Heritage Information Network, and theVirtual Museum of Canada. Directors The following is a list of directors of the National Gallery of Canada: Selected works Canadian collection European and American collection Prints and drawings collection See also Notes References Further reading External links Media related toNational Gallery of Canadaat Wikimedia Commons\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Canadian Museum of History TheCanadian Museum of History(French:Musée canadien de l’histoire) is anational museumonanthropology,Canadian history,cultural studies, andethnologyinGatineau,Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related research. The museum is based in a 75,000-square-metre-building (810,000 sq ft) designed byDouglas Cardinal. The museum originated from a museum established by theGeological Survey of Canadain 1856, which later expanded to include an anthropology division in 1910. In 1927, the institution was renamed the National Museum of Canada. The national museum was later split into several separate institutions in 1968, with the anthropology and human history departments forming theNational Museum of Man. The museum relocated to its present location in Gatineau in 1989 and adopted the nameCanadian Museum of Civilization(French:Musée canadien des civilisations) the following year. In 2013, the museum adopted its current name, the","current name, the Canadian Museum of History, and modified its mandate to emphasizeCanadian identityand history. The museum's collection contains over three million artifacts and documents, with some on display in the museum's permanent exhibitions. The museum also hosts and organizes a number of temporary,travelling, andonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. History Early museum (1856–1968) The Canadian Museum of History originates from the collecting efforts of theGeological Survey of Canada(GSC), an organization established in 1842 inMontreal.In 1856 theLegislative Assembly of the Province of Canadapassed an act that enabled the GSC to establish a museum to exhibit items found from its geological and archaeological field trips; with the museum initially established in Montreal on Great St. James Street (nowSaint Jacques Street).The museum held its firstethnologicalexhibit from 1862 to 1863, showcasing stone implements and fragments of pottery byFirst Nations.In 1877, the museum mandate","the museum mandate was formally expanded to include the study of modern fauna and flora, in addition to human history, languages, and traditions. In 1881, the museum relocated from Montreal todowntown Ottawato what is now referred to asFormer Geological Survey of Canada Building; although space in the new facility soon proved to be inadequate, with theRoyal Society of Canadapetitioning thefederal governmentto build a new building for the museum by 1896.Preliminary plans for a new building were drawn up by 1899, although work on the building did not begin until 1906.In the following year, management of the museum was handed over from the GSC to theDepartment of Mines, with the mandate formally expanded to include anthropological studies.The new museum building, theVictoria Memorial Museum Building, was also completed in 1910, although it was not opened to the public until 1911. Under the Department of Mines, the museum formally established ananthropologydivision under the direction ofEdward Sapirin","ofEdward Sapirin 1910.Another anthropologist,Marius Barbeau, was also hired by the museum in the following year to assist Sapir.The anthropology division was charged with the preservation of the cultural heritage of people in Canada and assembling objects related to these cultures. Under Sapir's direction, the institution's research initially focused on Aboriginal communities across Canada they believed were imperilled by rapid acculturation.The museum's first anthropological exhibits were organized by Sapir and his protege,Franz Boas.Since this period, the museum had become a centre for Canadian anthropology, having attracted notable anthropologists includingDiamond Jennessafter the Second World War. In 1927, the museum division of the Department of Mines was renamed theNational Museum of Canada.Management of the National Museum is transferred from the Department of Mines to theDepartment of Resources and Developmentin 1950.In 1965, the museum was split into two branches, one focused on natural history and","natural history and another on human history.The mandate of the museum further expanded in the following decades, with the museum assuming the management of theCanadian War Museumin 1958, and its human history branch establishing a history division in 1964. Museum of anthropology and history (1968–present) On 1 April 1968, the branches of the National Museum of Canada were formally split into separate museums.The Canadian Museum of History originated from the human history branch of the museum, initially incorporated as theNational Museum of Man.The natural history branch of the former National Museum of Canada became the National Museum of Natural Sciences (later renamed theCanadian Museum of Nature), while the science and technology branch became the National Museum of Science and Technology (later renamed theCanada Science and Technology Museum).The National Museums of Canada Corporation was formed by the federal government in order to manage these national museums, in addition to theNational Gallery of","Gallery of Canada.Although the institutions were split, the National Museum of Man and the National Museum of Natural History continued to share the Victoria Memorial building; with the National Museum of Man occupying the western half of the building. In April 1972, the National Museum of Man established a Communications Division in order to provide media communications regarding the museum's education and information programs.During the 1970s, the staff of the institution adopted a philosophy that stressed public access to its heritage collection.Because the Victoria Memorial Museum building had insufficient space to exhibit the museum's growing collection, the museum's collection and staff were scattered across 17 buildings, with these buildings acting as decentralized units of the museum. In 1980, management of the National Museums of Canada Corporation is transferred to theDepartment of Communications.The following year in June 1981, thecabinet of Canadaapproved several plans concerning severalnational","severalnational museums of Canada, including moving the National Museum of Man into a new structure.The plan was formally announced to the public in February 1982.After a study of potential locations saw four sites inOttawaand one inGatineau.A site acquired by theNational Capital Commission(NCC) from the E.B Eddy Company in Gatineau was chosen as the site for the new museum; due to it already being public land, being linked toConfederation Boulevard, and because it was prominently visible from theOttawa River.The site was also selected because the NCC had desired to developHull, and incorporate it into the design of the capital region; while officials in Gatineau had similar desires to develop the area into anurban park.On 10 February 1983, the site for the new museum was announced to the public; andDouglas CardinalArchitect Limited was named as the project's design architect, in association with Montreal-based architectural firm Tétreault, Parent, Languedoc et Associés.The design created by Cardinal was","by Cardinal was approved in 1983 by theCabinet of Canada. In an effort to avoid stereotypes in languages, the name of the museum was changed to theCanadian Museum of Civilizationin 1986.In 1988, the institution absorbed the museum operated by the department of theMinister responsible for Canada Post Corporation, although itsphilateliccollection was transferred to theNational Archives of Canada.The museum opened its new building in Gatineau in 1989. However, the building opened with only two permanent exhibitions, Canada Hall and the exhibitions on theIndigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, as budgetary shortfalls prevented the museum from opening the exhibitions it had originally planned for the museum. In 1990, theMuseum Actwas passed by the federal government, replacing the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation and forming several new entities to manage thenational museums of Canada; with the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation formed on 1 July 1990 to manage the Canadian Museum","the Canadian Museum of Civilization, and the Canadian War Museum. 21st century In 2007, the museum organized a temporary exhibition,Treasures from China, in partnership with theNational Museum of China. The partnership saw artifacts leave China to be exhibited only at the Canadian Museum of Civilization. As a part of the agreement, the Canadian Museum of Civilization prepared Indigenous Canadian artifacts for its own exhibition,First Peoples of Canada: Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization, at thePalace MuseuminBeijing. In October 2012,James Moore, theminister of Canadian Heritageannounced the ministry would provide $25 million to overhaul the museum and renovate Canada Hall.The government later announced plans to update and reopen the gallery in 2017, coinciding with the150th anniversary of Canada.Approximately 24,000 people from across nine Canadian cities were surveyed about the updates to the exhibition.The museum consulted a women's history committee, an indigenous history committee, and","committee, and three historic time-period committees. In December 2013, theCanadian Museum of History Actreceived Royal Assent, which shifted the museum's mandate from developing a collection with a \"special but not exclusive reference to Canada,\" to one that enhanced the knowledge of Canadian history and identity;and expanding the museum's focus to include social and political history.The Act also changed the institution's name from theCanadian Museum of Civilizationto theCanadian Museum of History. TheCanadian Postal Museum, a department of the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation that operated from within the institution was shut down in 2012 as a result of the museum's transition into the Canadian Museum of History. Some have criticized the new mandate and updating of Canada Hall as a part of a wider plan by the incumbent Conservative government to redirect public historical understanding to emphasize aspects ofCanadian military historyandmonarchism; as well as elide problematic elements of","elements of Canadian history in favour of achievements.However, the museum contended that new exhibits planned for the museum will include a range of themes and topics, and will also explore the country's \"dark episodes\".The updated gallery was completed at approximately $30 million and was opened onCanada Dayin 2017 byCharles, Prince of WalesandMélanie Joly, theminister of Canadian Heritage.Partisan concerns were alleviated after Canadian History Hall was unveiled to the public. Site The museum is situated on a 9.6-hectare (23.7-acre) plot of land, formerly known asParc Laurier. The museum site is the firstCanadian national museumto be located on theGatineauside of theNational Capital Region, and the first to be located adjacent to theOttawa River. The site is bounded by the western access point for theAlexandra Bridge, the Ottawa River to the east, a paper production plant to the south, and Laurier Street to the west.The median of the property extends 235 metres (771 ft) from Laurier Street to the","Street to the river.From Laurier Street, the property descends towards the Ottawa River at a 5.5 per centgrade; with the portion of the property closest to Laurier Street at an elevation of 53.5 metres (176 ft), while the riverfront is at an elevation of 41 metres (135 ft).Because of the property's low elevation, the construction of the museum building was limited to the portion of the property closer to Laurier Street. The site includes a museum building with two wings. The two wings wrap around and are connected by a large hemispherical entrance plaza which contains its food services, lounge, library, and underground parking.The parkland and open space between the two wings are intended to represent the \"plains over which mankind migrated\" over millennia.A large staircase east of the entrance plaza descends to the museum's lower plaza and gardens adjacent to the riverside park. A pedestrian and cycling pathway is situated on the riverfront portion of the property, with the pathways continuing north","continuing north intoJacques-Cartier Park, a municipal park north of the property. Building The 75,000 square metres (810,000 sq ft) structure was designed by Douglas Cardinal.The building's infrastructure includes approximately 56,000 square metres (600,000 sq ft) of concrete, and 7,300 tonnes of steel.Cardinal sought to create form a \"sculptural icon\" for the country, encouraged by then-prime minister,Pierre Trudeau, to develop a symbol that \"enshrined our cultures\". As a result, the building was the first structure in the National Capital Region that incorporates Indigenous architectural designs.Cardinal's design for the building was largely influenced by his understanding of how geography helped shaped Canada's history and culture. The museum building has over 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) of exhibition space, more than any other museum in Canada. In addition to exhibition space, the building also contains three restaurants, a boutique store, and two live performance theatres, including a 500-seat","a 500-seat theatre for live performances.The building also has a 295-seat 3D theatre that uses aBarcodigital projector. Before the installation of the Barco projector in 2016, the 3D theatre used aIMAXprojector and was branded as an IMAX theatre. Water is drawn from the Ottawa River to heat and cool the building.The building's energy needs are met by two substations in Gatineau, with two additional backup generators also available if both substations fail. Exterior The building's exterior is clad with 30,000 square metres (320,000 sq ft) ofTyndall stone;with the material being selected because of its durability and its relationship with glaciers. Cardinal sought to build a structure that appeared to be \"flowing with the contours of the land,\" and simple lines and forms could be used to display the idea of movement.The building's design draws uponArt Nouveaustyles to illustrate Canada's geography at the end of theLast Glacial Periodwhen the landscape was largely uniform; with certain elements of the building","of the building evokingigloosearth lodges, andlonghouses. The building includes a cantilevered northern/curatorial wing and a southern wing that houses most of the museum's public facilities, including its galleries, and theatres.The curatorial wing was designed to evoke outcroppings of theCanadian Shield, while the southern public wing with its glass-fronted Grand Hall, was intended to evoke an image of a melting glacier. The southern wing's copper roof represents vegetation's recolonization of the lands once covered by glacial till.The copper roof is nearly 11,000 square metres (120,000 sq ft) and weighs approximately 90 tonnes.Both wings are curvaceous on their river sides to blend into their landscapes, although their street-side façade is more angular. The NCC placed several restrictions on the building design, that the building does not obstruct the view of the Ottawa River, and that the building does not obstruct delineated \"viewing cones\" of Parliament Hill from the Gatineau side of the river.Because","the river.Because of these restrictions, the buildings were designed with a low-profile, to avoid obscuring the view for buildings across the street.From certain angles, the building appears as two separate pavilions, with an opening between these two sections providing an unobstructed view ofParliament Hillfrom Laurier Street.Considerations also needed to be taken to protect artifacts displayed in the building. Windows were triple-glazed and coated with a film that helps contain radiant heat and reduce solar ultraviolet rays, and the southern wing's Grand Hall was intentionally designed to face direct sunlight only in the morning. The building was designed to create an \"ever-changing pattern\" of shadows across the structure's surface, with most of the building's exterior lighting kept below 30luxto allow viewers to see deeper shadows at night. Exhibitions The museum hosts several permanent and temporary exhibitions on anthropology, ethnology, and history. Artifacts from the museum's collection are exhibited","are exhibited in these exhibitions.In addition,travelling exhibitionsare occasionally held at the museum. The museum has also created severalonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. Permanent exhibitions include First Peoples Hall, Canadian History Hall, the Canadian Children's Museum, the Canadian Stamp Collection, and two exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in the building's Grand Hall.First Peoples Hall is situated on the first floor of the building, whereas the Canada Hall is situated on the third level of the building.First Peoples Hall is situated next to the Grand Hall, with its exhibitions located on the ground floor. Many of the exhibits that were designed in the 1980s for the new building were influenced by the director of the museum,George F. MacDonald, his personal admiration for Pacific Northwest Coast art and culture, and the communication theories of his mentor,Marshall McLuhan.Merging exhibits detailing theIndigenous peoples of Canadawith","of Canadawith other Canadian historical exhibits were considered by the exhibition design team when plans were being made to move the museum in the 1980s.However, it was later decided to depict both topics as separate exhibitions, resulting in both exhibitions being planned by different teams with separate budgets.This decision was later reversed in 2017 when the museum reopened the Canadian History Hall exhibition with Indigenous exhibits incorporated throughout its exhibit. First Peoples Hall First Peoples Hall is an exhibition opened in 2003, that explores Canada'sFirst Nations,Inuit, andMétispeoples.The exhibition occupies 3,300 square metres (35,000 sq ft) of space on the ground floor of the building.The hall contains more than 2,000 objects on display.Most of the exhibition space is devoted to changing exhibits, to keep up with contemporary views on traditional cultures and current issues. However, First Peoples Hall does have some space devoted to long-term exhibits. These long-term exhibits explore","exhibits explore topics that are less subject to changing interpretations; like ancient history, Indigenous languages, and the history of the relationship between Indigenous and European cultures.The exhibition is organized into several sections, such as the \"Ways of Knowing\", \"An Ancient Bond with the Land\", and \"The Arrival of Strangers\". The exhibition was designed to \"deconstruct and supersede\" histories that visitors are familiar with.Exhibits were designed to address issues of stereotyping Indigenous identity, and the diversity and cultural distinctiveness between Indigenous nations; with many of the exhibits linking identity toIndigenous land claims in Canada.Additionally, exhibits were designed to portray Indigenous peoples as living peoples in the modern world.Archaeological exhibits in First Peoples Hall are themed to reinforce the fact that the Indigenous peoples of Canada have occupied the land sincetime immemorial, and that Canadian history has a long and complex history preceding European","preceding European colonization. Additionally, many of these archaeological exhibits are designed to confront the notion of Eurasiantechnological supremacyat the time of first contact with the Americas.The exhibition concludes with contemporary issue exhibits, which explore recent clashes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada over land and resources. The curatorial model used to develop the exhibition conformed to the suggestions provided in the 1992 recommendations from the federal Task Force on Museums and First Peoples.The content and messaging of First Peoples Hall were determined in consultation with indigenous communities across Canada.Acting upon the task force's recommendation to establish partnerships with First Nation representatives whose cultures were being exhibited, an advisory committee of 15 Indigenous members was formed to help define the exhibition's thematic structure and messaging.As a result, exhibits in First Peoples Hall take a \"multivocal\" approach, where different","where different perspectives can be distinguished within the exhibition; and explanatory fields like archaeology, ethnology and traditional Indigenous knowledge are juxtaposed, and contestatory with one another in some cases. Canadian History Hall Canadian History Hall is an exhibition that explores Canadian history. Canadian History Hall is approximately 4,690 square metres (50,500 sq ft), and includes over 14 projectors and 58 screens used in the exhibition.The exhibition includes three galleries and a long curved walkway that serves as the entrance to the three galleries. The entrance walkway is decorated with 101 silhouettes of Canadian cultural symbols and activities, as well as national landmarks.Canadian History Hall's galleries centre around a hub that was designed by Douglas Cardinal to resembleChaudière Falls.The hub features a large 15.5 by 9.5 metres (51 ft × 31 ft) image of Canada on the floor. The image of Canada is made up of 121 satellite photos taken by theCanadian Space Agency, that were","Agency, that were stitched together to form a single image. The exhibition summarizes over 15,000 years of history and is divided into three era-centric galleries, Early Canada: From Earliest Times to 1763, Colonial Canada: 1763 to 1914, and Modern Canada: 1914 to the Present Day.The first two galleries are located on the same floor, while the third gallery occupies the mezzanine above the two galleries.The galleries are designed to showcase events and \"turning points\" in each respective era through the multimedia presentations and the artifacts on display.Each gallery is further organized into six separate \"vignettes\" that are thematically different, but interconnected with one another.The vignettes are primarily organized temporally, although some are specifically focused on a specific aspect of Canadian history.The exhibition takes a largely didactic approach with its subject and is particularly focused on the country's political and economic history, as well as the experience of Indigenous","of Indigenous peoples.According to the exhibit team's head, David Morrison, Indigenous peoples and their relationship with newcomers will serve as an important overarching theme of Canadian History Hall. Early Canada explores provides a summary of Indigenous history prior to the arrival of the Europeans as well as early Canadian colonies likeNew France.The gallery includes Indigenous artifacts, narrative recounts of Indigenous interactions between Norse, English and French explorers, and detailed accounts on theNorth American fur trade, the spread ofdisease within Indigenous populations, and theBeaver Wars.Colonial Canada exploresCanada under British rulesince theconquest of New France, as well aspost-Confederation Canadato 1914. Modern Canada explores Canada's recent history, up to the arrival of Syrian refugees in the 2010s.The latter two galleries provide detailed histories on theSeven Years' War, treaties signed between various Indigenous groups and the Crown, the push forresponsible government,Canadian","government,Canadian Confederation, the world wars, theCanadian Indian residential school system,Quebec nationalism, andmulticulturalism in Canada. There are over 1,500 artifacts on display in Canadian History Hall.Historic artifacts include a 3,600 to 3,900 years old ivory carving believed to be the oldest representation of a human face found in Canada;James Wolfecoat; and handcuffs worn byLouis Rielprior to his execution;Maurice Richard'shockey jersey;Terry Fox's T-shirt;Tommy Douglas's hat; the table on which the proclamation of theConstitution Act, 1982was signed by QueenElizabeth IIin 1982;Randy Bachman's guitar, and the sewing machine whichJoan O'Malleysewed the firstMaple Leaf flag.There are 40 linear films shown at the exhibition, includingOrigin Stories, a film that illustrates how theAnishinaabebelieved the earth was formed.Origin Storiesis displayed along the curved wall of the Canadian History Hall's entrance. The modular structure of the exhibits enables the museum to swap segments easier. The","easier. The number of exhibits in the galleries may also expand, with the museum having reserved enough space to allow for the addition of new exhibits in the three galleries. Pre-2017 exhibition Canadian History Hall's predecessor, Canada Hall, opened as an inaugural exhibit at the museum in 1989.The original exhibition was divided into 23 modules that were arranged chronologically, beginning with theNorse colonization of North America.The gallery aimed to promote Canadian multiculturalism, having portrayed a social history that depicted a \"march of immigrants\" from east to west, and the success of different groups in Canada.However, these modules provided little in-depth consideration for pre-colonial Indigenous cultures, which were only explored in the museum's other exhibitions prior to Canada Hall's updates in the 2010s.The original design of Canada Hall recreated historical settings with period rooms and full-scale historical buildings incorporated into the exhibition; reflecting McLuhan's theories,","McLuhan's theories, and innovations adopted by entertainment pavilions like Disney'sEpcot. Canada Hall was closed to the public in September 2014 to enable renovations and significant updates to the exhibition.The exhibition reopened in 2017 significantly changed from its original design.Nearly all of the life-sized dioramas were dismantled as a part of the exhibition's update. St. Onuphrius Church, an original early-20th-century Ukrainian church from theCanadian Prairiesthat was later relocated to the museum, is the only remaining life-sized diorama in the exhibition. Canadian Children's Museum The Canadian Children's Museum is Canada's largest exhibition centre designed specifically for children with over 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) of space. The museum uses more than 15,000 artifacts, props, and hands-on items for use in its exhibitions and programs. These items include art, clothing, games, photographs, and toys.The museum includes an International Village, as well as Canadian-themed attractions","attractions that were added into the exhibition in 2007. In 2018, the museum announced it would undertake a renewal project in January 2020. The museum announced the revamp would reflect how children play and learn, and will remove more dated exhibits from the exhibition, like the post office and telephone booth.It reopened in May 2022. Canadian Stamp Collection The Canadian Stamp Collection is astamp collectionof more than 3,000 stamps and includes every Canadian stamp issued since 1851. The stamp collection was housed at the Canadian Postal Museum until 2012 when the postal museum closed and its stamp collection relocated to the Canadian Museum of History.The Canadian Museum of History opened a permanent exhibition for the collection in 2014 in partnership withCanada Post. Stamps that are exhibited in the exhibition are showcased with artifacts that either inspired its creation or were used to make the stamp. Grand Hall exhibitions Grand Hall features two permanent exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of","peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast,First Peoples of the Northwest CoastandFrom Time Immemorial — Tsimshian Prehistory. The exhibits includetotem polesand other artifacts.The exhibitions were developed as a collaboration between the museum's curators and Indigenous cultural specialists in the 1980s. In 1993, a large mural titledMorning Starwas added to the domed ceiling of the Grand Hall. The mural was created byAlex Janvierand is symbolic of Indigenous life and history.In addition to the two permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall is also used to host other major events.In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall has also been used to host temporary exhibitions. Collections As of June 2021, the Canadian Museum of History's permanent collection includes more than three million artifacts, documents, works of art, and other specimens.This includes over one million photographs, 72,000 sound recordings and 18,000 films and videotapes. The collection takes up approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) of","(2.5 mi) of shelf space.Approximately 218,000 artifacts have been digitized and made accessible online by the museum. The museum's permanent collection dates back to the collection established by the Geological Survey of Canada in the 1860s.The museum's collection of artifacts has expanded through the institution's research programs.The first collection representing Indigenous peoples was established by the Geological Survey of Canada, with other parts of the collection having been acquired by government officials and missionaries working outside Ottawa. The collection continued to expand after the anthropology department was established in 1910, and the museum began a systematic program of documenting Indigenous cultures and lineages. The museum's collection of Indigenous items is the largest in Canada and is the only major collection with a national scope in the country.The museum also possesses the world's largest collection of totem poles.The Sacred Materials Project was created by the museum to help","the museum to help maintain Indigenous sacred items, and facilitate therepatriationof select items to their respective communities. The project provides funds for Indigenous representatives to view the museum's collections and discuss the repatriation of identified sacred items, as well as identify other objects in the collection that require ritualistic care. The museum's permanent collection contains several smaller collections, like theWindfield FarmCollection. The Windfield Farm Collection was acquired by the museum in 2013 and contains documents, photographs, memorabilia and trophies, including theKentucky Derbytrophy won byNorthern Dancer.The museum's collection of flags is also the largest in the country. Other notable items in the museum's permanent collection includes aContempraphone, the first telephone to be designed and manufactured in Canada;cough syrup from the1918 influenza pandemic;the original plaster forBill Reid'sSpirit of Haida Gwaii;ten large heraldic sculptures known asThe Queen's","known asThe Queen's Beasts;androyal gownworn by Elizabeth II during herroyal tours of Canada.The museum also contains a number of ice hockey artifacts, including game-usedNational Hockey Leaguesticks,hockey cards, and the world's oldest existingice hockey stick.The ice hockey stick dates back to the mid-1830s and was acquired by the museum in 2015 for $300,000. In addition to its permanent collection, the Canadian Museum of History also co-manages collections with other institutions. In July 1999, the museum entered an agreement with the Canadian Nursing Association (CNA), the Canadian War Museum, and the National Archives of Canada to create the Canadian Nursing History Collection. This collection includes over 9,000 photographs, 1,600 audiovisual materials, and over 35 metres (115 ft) of textual records from the CNA, the Nursing Sisters Association of Canada, and theHelen MussallemCollection. Approximately 950 documented artifacts from this collection are deposited at the Canadian Museum of History.Items","of History.Items from the collection at the Canadian Museum of History include 167 nurses' caps, dating from 1895 to 1983.In June 2005, the museum opened a temporary exhibition that focused on this collection.In 2021, the Canadian Museum of History entered into an agreement to house and maintain artifacts fromCanada's Sports Hall of Fame. Library and archives The museum's resource centre operates a library and archives. As of 2015, the museum's library has more than 60,000 books, over 2,000 journals and magazines, and over 1,000 DVDs, CDs, and video tapes. The museum's rare and old books collection includesPaul-Émile Borduas'sRefus Global(1948) andPierre François Xavier de Charlevoix'sHistoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France(1744). Research The museum's collection is used to support research in anthropology, archaeology, Indigenous people in Canada, linguistics, material culture, multicultural communities, social and political history andmuseologyin Canada.The museum also publishes its","also publishes its ownacademic journal, theMercury Series; on history, archaeology, and anthropology. The journal has been published in partnership with theUniversity of Ottawa Presssince 2012.The museum has also published the academic journalMaterial Culture Reviewin partnership with the Canada Science and Technology Museum since the 1970s. The journal provides a forum for research on historical artifacts collected by Canadian museums. Management The Canadian Museum of History is managed by afederal Crown corporationof the same name under theDepartment of Canadian Heritage's portfolio. The museum is one of two national museums managed by the corporation, the other being the Canadian War Museum.The corporation also administers the Virtual Museum of New France, avirtual museumand online exhibition of the Canadian Museum of History;and theVirtual Museum of Canada, an administrative program that supports the development of online projects for museums and heritage organizations across Canada.The Virtual Museum","Virtual Museum of Canada was an online portal for virtual exhibits in Canada until 2020, when the Virtual Museum of Canada's website was decommissioned, and the project was reoriented into a support program. Management of the corporation is conducted through an 11-memberboard of trustees. Trustees are appointed by the Minister of Canadian Heritage, with approval from theGovernor-in-Council. In turn, the board appoints the corporation's president andchief executive officer.The corporation reports to theParliament of Canadathrough theMinister of Canadian Heritage. The corporation's mandate is defined under theMuseums Act. The corporation was established as the Canadian Museum of Civilization in June 1990 through theMuseums Act;an Act that was later amended in 2014.The corporation adopted its current name in 2013.The Crown corporation was one of several that succeeded the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation, a Crown corporation that managed most of the country's national museums until its dissolution","its dissolution in 1988. See also Notes References Further reading External links","National Gallery of Canada TheNational Gallery of Canada(French:Musée des beaux-arts du Canada), located in the capital city ofOttawa,Ontario, is Canada'snationalart museum.The museum's building takes up 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft), with 12,400 square metres (133,000 sq ft) of space used for exhibiting art. It is one of thelargest art museumsin North America by exhibition space. The institution was established in 1880 at theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building, and moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building in 1911. In 1913, theGovernment of Canadapassed theNational Gallery Act, formally outlining the institution's mandate as a national art museum. The Gallery was moved to the Lorne Building in 1960. In 1988, the Gallery was relocated to a new building designed for this purpose. The National Gallery of Canada is situated in a glass and granite building onSussex Drive, with a notable view of Canada's Parliament Buildings onParliament Hill. The building was designed by Israeli architectMoshe","architectMoshe Safdieand opened in 1988. The Gallery's permanent collection includes more than 93,000 works by European, American, Asian, Canadian, andIndigenousartists. In addition to exhibiting works from its permanent collection, the Gallery also organizes and hosts a number oftravelling exhibitions. History The Gallery was first formed in 1880 by Canada's Governor General,John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyllin conjunction with the establishment of theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. In 1882, moved into its first home onParliament Hill, housed in theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building. Eric Brownwas named the first director in 1910.In 1911, the Gallery moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building, sharing it with theNational Museum of Natural Sciences. In 1913, the firstNational Gallery Actwas passed, outlining the Gallery's mandate and resources.During the 1920s, the building was expanded. The art gallery was given four floors, and a separate entrance was created for the art museum. In addition, a","In addition, a firewall was built between the Natural Sciences Museum and the National Gallery.But, the Gallery was still in temporary space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building. Longterm plans were to move it to a new permanent location, with spaces dedicated to the viewing of art. By the 1950s, the space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building had grown inadequate for the Gallery's collections. In 1952, the Gallery launched a design contest for architects to design a permanent home for the gallery.But the Gallery failed to garner support from the government ofLouis St. Laurent, resulting in the Gallery having to abandon the winning bid. To provide a workable compromise for the National Gallery, St. Laurent's government offered the National Gallery the eight-storey Lorne Building for its use.The National Gallery moved into the nondescript office building onElgin Street.The Lorne Building has since been demolished and replaced by a 17-storey office building to house the Federal Finance Department. In","Department. In 1962,Charles Comfort, the Gallery's director, was criticized after half of the works on display at an exhibition forWalter Chrysler's European works were exposed as forgeries by American journalists. Comfort had allowed the Gallery to host the exhibition, despite being warned about the works by the director of theMontreal Museum of Fine Arts. TheNational Museums of CanadaCorporation (NMC) absorbed the National Gallery of Canada in 1968.During the 1970s, the NMC diverted funds from the National Gallery to form regional galleries.The Gallery completed renovations to the Lorne Building in 1976.By 1980, it had become apparent that the National Gallery would need to relocate, given the poor condition of the building, historical use ofasbestosthere, and inadequate exhibition areas that provided only enough space for two per cent of the collection to be exhibited at any given time. After the Canada'sConstitutionwaspatriatedin 1982, Prime MinisterPierre Trudeauannounced a shift in policy focus towards","focus towards the \"creation of a nation,\" with priority given to the arts in an effort to enrichCanadian identity.In that same year, Minister of CommunicationsFrancis Foxdeclared the government's commitment to erect new permanent buildings for its national museums, including the National Gallery, and theMuseum of Manwithin five years.The director of the National Gallery,Jean Sutherland Boggs, was chosen by Trudeau to oversee construction of the National Gallery and museums.The Gallery began construction for its permanent museum building onSussex Drivein 1985, and was opened in May 1988. The diversion of funds by the NMC to help fund regional museums was ended in 1982,and the National Museums of Canada formally dissolved in 1987.As a result of this dissolution, the National Gallery reacquired its institutional independence, along with the mandate and powers outlined in its formative legislative act prior to 1968. TheCanadian Museum of Contemporary Photography(CMCP), formerly the Stills Photography Division of","Division of theNational Film Board of Canada, was an affiliated institution of the National Gallery, and was established in 1985. In 1988, the CMCP's administration was amalgamated with that of the National Gallery's. The CMCP later moved to its new location at 1 Rideau Canal, and continued to operate there until its closure in 2006. Its collection was later absorbed into the National Gallery's in 2009. In December 2000, the National Gallery announced it suspected approximately 100 works from its collection wasplunder stolen by the Nazisduring the Second World War.The Gallery posted images of works suspected of beingstolen artonline, permitting its last legal owners to examine and possibly lay claim to the works.In 2006, the Gallery returned a painting byÉdouard Vuillardthat had been looted by the Nazis fromAlfred Lindonin 1942,The Salon of Madame Aron, to Lindon's heirs. In December 2009, the National Gallery of Canada and theArt Gallery of Albertaissued a joint press release announcing a three-year","a three-year partnership, which saw the use of the Art Gallery of Alberta's galleries to exhibit works from the National Gallery's collection.The program was the first \"satellite program\" between the National Gallery of Canada, and another institution, with similar initiatives launched at other Canadian art galleries in the following years. Marc Mayerwas named the Gallery's director, succeeding Pierre Théberge, on 19 January 2009.On 19 April 2019, he was succeeded byAlexandra Suda, who was appointed the 11th Director and chief executive officer of the National Gallery of Canada. Under Sasha Suda, the Gallery underwent a major re-branding, dubbed Ankosé, to be more inclusive and work towards reconciliation. After only three years, Suda resigned. Angela Cassie was then appointed interim Director and CEO in July 2022. Building The Gallery's present building was designed byMoshe Safdie& Associates, with construction beginning in 1985, and the building opening in 1988. The building has a total floor area of","total floor area of 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft). In 2000, theRoyal Architectural Institute of Canadachose the National Gallery as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium.The National Gallery of Canada is housed in a building onSussex Drive, adjacent to theByWard Marketdistrict. The building is the fourth edifice to house the art museum. An independent Crown corporation, the Canadian Museums Construction Corporation was established to build the Gallery, with a budget ofC$185 million.Following the1984 Canadian federal election, Prime MinisterBrian Mulroneydissolved the corporation.However, because the groundwork for the building was already completed, Mulroney chose to continue funding construction for the Gallery, albeit at a reduced total budget of C$162 million. Exterior The building's northern, eastern, and western exterior facade is made up of pink-granite walls, or glass-windows.The southern exterior facade features an elongated glass wall, supported by","wall, supported by concrete pylons grouped in fours.The profile of the southern facade was designed to mimic acathedral, with the concrete pylons being used similarly to theflying buttressesfound onGothiccathedrals.The eastern portion of the building's southern facade transitions into a low-levelled crystalline glass cupola, which holds the museum's main entrance; and its western portion, which features a three-tiered glass cupola. The three-tiered glass cupola is formed out of rectangular glass and narrow steel supports.The second tier of the cupola is formed out of rectangles and equilateral triangles that are further subdivided into eight or twelve smaller equilateral triangles.All these glass pieces are joined by steel struts. The third tier of the cupola is formed with similar designs, although the triangular glass panes are isosceles triangles.The isosceles triangles converge upwards, with its apexes towards the centre.The building's three-tiered cupola is positioned in a manner in which the cupola","in which the cupola would be flanked by thePeace Towerand theLibrary of Parliamentto the west when approaching the museum from the east. Interior The interior entrance lobby is floored with pink-granite, and includes a straight four metres (13 ft) wide ramp which slopes upward towards the west.Safdie noted the importance of the ramp in his design, stating that one should \"go through some kind of procession to make your way into something as important as the National Gallery,\" and that it gave the visitor the feeling of making an ascent to a ritual, a ceremony.The walls of the entrance lobby are lined with rectangular cut pink granite, excluding the southern wall, which is part of the glass-walled exterior facade.A glass and steel ceiling reminiscent of Gothic cathedral architecture, extends the entire way of the ramp.However, as opposed to most Gothic cathedrals, the ceiling has several concrete columns spaced out to support the roof.The summit of the ramp leads towards the Great Hall of the building,","of the building, situated in the three-storey glass cupola. The interior courtyard of the building includes the Taiga Garden. The garden was designed byCornelia Oberlander, who modelled the paintingTerre SauvagebyA. Y. Jackson;a painting in the National Gallery's permanent collection. The garden attempts to mimic thetaigalandscape depicted in the painting, theCanadian shield; although limestone is substituted in place of the granite typically found at the Canadian shield. Collection As of October 2018, the National Gallery of Canada's permanent collection holds more than 93,625 works,representing several artistic movements and eras in art history. The Gallery has a large and varied collection of paintings, works on paper, sculptures and photographs. The earliest works acquired by the museum were from Canadian artists, with Canadian art remaining the focus of the institution. However, its collection also includes several works from artists around the world. The Gallery's collection has been built up through","built up through purchases and donations. The Gallery organizes its owntravelling exhibitionsto exhibit its collection, travelling across Canada and abroad.The National Gallery is the largest lender of art in Canada, sending out approximately 800 works a year. The Gallery's prints and drawings collection includes 27,000 works on paper, dating from the 15th century to the present day. The prints and drawing collection includes 10,000 works on paper by Canadian artists; more than 800 of these prints and drawings being crafted byInuitartists.The prints and drawing collection also includes 2,500 drawings and 10,000 prints by American, Asian, and European artists. The Gallery also has approximately 400 works from Asian artists, dating from 200 CE to the 19th century. The Gallery's Asian collection began in the early 20th century, with a number of works originating from the collection ofNasli Heeramaneck.The Gallery also has a collection of photographs. A number of the photographs in the collection originated from","originated from the defunct Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography. Until the mid-1980s, the Gallery's mandate did not include collecting art by Indigenous peoples. This has been much critiqued, and led to important changes at the Gallery from the 1980s onwards.Despite a major re-hang in 2003 of the Canadian galleries to include Indigenous art for the first time, the Gallery continues to work towards more equitable representation of Indigenous art, particularly in its historical galleries. The largest work in the Gallery is the entire interior of theRideau Street Chapel, which formed part of the Convent of Our Lady Sacred Heart,The interior decorations of the Rideau Street Chapel were designed by Georges Couillon in 1887.The chapel interior was acquired by the Gallery in 1972, when the convent was slated for demolition. The 1,123-piece interior was dismantled, stored and reconstructed within the Gallery as a work of art in 1988. Canadian and Indigenous works The Gallery's Canadian collection includes","collection includes works dating from the 18th centuryNew France, to the 1990s.The collection includes paintings from pre-Confederation; abstract paintings and other postwar art; and the Henry Birks Collection of Canadian Silver.Early pre-Confederation paintings were among the first items in the Canadian collections, with the National Gallery's earliest works originating from Canadian artists at theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. The Gallery's Canadian collection holds a large number of works by theGroup of Seven.The Gallery also holds a large collection of works by Tom Thomson,withThe Jack Pineadded to its collection in 1918.The Gallery also holds the largest collection of works byAlex Colville.Other artists featured in the collection includeWilliam Berczy,Jack Bush,Paul-Émile Borduas,Emily Carr,Robert Field,Vera Frenkel,Theophile Hamel,Joseph Légaré,Cornelius Krieghoff,Fernand Leduc,Alexandra Luke,Ken Lum,James Wilson Morrice,John O'Brien,Antoine Plamondon,William Raphael,Jean-Paul Riopelle,William","Riopelle,William Ronald,Michael Snow,Lisa Steele,Jeff Wall,Joyce Wieland,Paul Wong, and members of theRegina Five. In commemoration of the150th anniversary of Canadain 2017, the Gallery undertook a C$7.4 million renovation to open the Canadian and Indigenous Art: From Time Immemorial to 1967 gallery.This gallery displays the progression of Canadian art and history, exhibiting Canadian and Indigenous works side by side.These works are exhibited in a manner which examines the intertwined relations between the two groups of people. The Indigenous collection includes works byIndigenousartists around the world, although it has an emphasis on works by theIndigenous peoples of Canada. The Gallery collection acquired its first works byFirst NationsandMetisartists in the early 20th century.However, the makers of these works were often not acknowledged as Indigenous, because the Gallery's mandate did not include the collection of art by Indigenous peoples until the 1980s. The Gallery acquired its firstInuitworks in","firstInuitworks in 1956, crafted by artists inNunavik.The Gallery's acquisition of Inuit works, at a time when it was not actively collecting art by other Indigenous peoples, is related to the Government's promotion of Inuit art to create jobs in the North and to assert Canadian sovereignty there.In 1979,Henry Birksbequeathed a large collection to NGC consisting primarily of Quebecois pre-confederation silver; this bequest of more than 12,000 objects included around 16 works by Indigenous artists.In 1989 and 1992, theDepartment of Indian Affairs and Northern Developmentbequeathed 570 works by Inuit artists. A number of Indigenous artists whose works are featured in the collection includeKenojuak Ashevak,Kiawak Ashoona,Qaqaq Ashoona,Carl Beam,Faye HeavyShield,Osuitok Ipeelee,Rita Letendre,Norval Morrisseau,Shelley Niro,David Ruben Piqtoukun,Abraham Anghik Ruben,Lucy Tasseor Tutsweetok,Jeffrey Thomas,John Tiktak, andLawrence Paul Yuxweluptun. Contemporary The Gallery's contemporary collection includes 1,500","includes 1,500 works from artists since the 1990s.The collection features a number of works from Canada and its Indigenous artists. The first Indigenous Canadian contemporary artwork acquired by the National Gallery was purchased in 1987, a piece calledThe North American Iceberg(1985) byOjibweartistCarl Beam. In 2017,Bob Renniedonated a contemporary art collection to the National Gallery in honour of Canada' 150th anniversary.The collection includes 197 paintings, sculptures, and mixed-media pieces with most of it originating from Vancouver-based artists includingGeoffrey Farmer,Rodney Graham,Brian Jungen, andIan Wallace.The Rennie collection also includes some international contemporary works, including fromDoris Salcedo. In 1990 the Gallery boughtBarnett Newman'sVoice of Firefor $1.8 million, igniting a storm of controversy. However, since that time its value has appreciated to approximately C$40 million as of 2014.In 1999, the Gallery acquired a sculpture of a giant spider,Maman, byLouise Bourgeoisfor a","Bourgeoisfor a cost of C$3.2 million.The sculpture was installed on the plaza in front of the Gallery.In 2011 the Gallery installed Canadian sculptorJoe Fafard'sRunning Horsesnext to the Sussex Drive entrance, and American artistRoxy Paine's stainless steel sculptureOne Hundred Foot LineatKìwekì Pointbehind the gallery. Other contemporary artists whose works are featured in the National Gallery's collection includeDavid Altmejd,Lee Bul,Janet Cardiff,Bharti Kher,Christian Marclay,Elizabeth McIntosh,Chris Ofili, Paine,Ugo Rondinone, andJoanne Tod. European, American, and Asian The European, American, and Asian collection area includes most of the Gallery's works by non-Canadian artists. The Gallery acquired its first European work in 1907: the paintingIgnatius SanchobyThomas Gainsborough.Conversely, the Gallery did not begin to develop its collection of American art until the 1970s. The Gallery's collection includes American and European works dating from the Renaissance through the 20th century.In addition","century.In addition toWestern art, the collection also has 400 works from India,Nepal, andTibet. The Gallery's European collection has since expanded either through acquisitions or gifts. Such works includeLa Tour EiffelbyMarc Chagall, acquired by the Gallery in 1956 for $C16,000.In 2018, the Gallery planned to sell the work to fund other acquisitions, but abandoned those plans after the decision was found to be unpopular with the public.In 2005, the Gallery acquired a painting by Italian Renaissance painterFrancesco Salviatifor $4.5 million.In 2018, the Gallery acquiredThe Partie CaréebyJames Tissotfrom the collection of David R. Graham, putting it on display in December 2018.It is the third work by Tissot to be acquired by the museum since 1921.Other works from the collection includeThe Death of General Wolfeby Anglo-American artistBenjamin West.Other artists featured in the museum's European collection includesAlejo Fernández,Vilhelm Hammershøi,Gustav Klimt,Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun,Henri Matisse,Charles","Matisse,Charles Meynier,Claude Monet,Rembrandt, andVincent van Gogh. Library and archives The library and archives of the National Gallery of Canada hold an extensive collection of literature on Canadian art.The library and archives was established alongside the Gallery in 1880, and contains documents on western art from theLate Middle Agesto the present day.The collection includes 275,000 books, exhibition catalogues, and periodicals; 76,000 documentation files; and 95,000 microforms.The archives serves as the institutional archive for the Gallery. The library and archives'special collectionsincludes over 50,000 auction catalogues, in addition to 182,000 slides and 360,000 research photographs.The Library and Archives' Exceptional Materials and Notable Subject Collections contains a number of rare imprints, books, and bookplates on Canadian artists, as well as items relating to historians of Canadian art. Management The federal government assumed responsibility for the Gallery in 1913, with the enactment of","the enactment of theNational Gallery of Canada Act. The Gallery became aCrown corporationon 1 July 1990 with the proclamation of theMuseums Act. TheMuseums Actserves as the museum's governing legislation. It empowers a board of trustees to serve as the Gallery's governing body, with the board, through the Chair, being accountable to theMinister of Canadian Heritage, who is ultimately responsible for the Museum.The Director and CEO is charged with the day-to-day management of the Gallery. The Gallery is affiliated with several associations, including theCanadian Museums Association, theOntario Association of Art Galleries, theCanadian Heritage Information Network, and theVirtual Museum of Canada. Directors The following is a list of directors of the National Gallery of Canada: Selected works Canadian collection European and American collection Prints and drawings collection See also Notes References Further reading External links Media related toNational Gallery of Canadaat Wikimedia Commons"],"string":"[\n \"Canadian Museum of History TheCanadian Museum of History(French:Musée canadien de l’histoire) is anational museumonanthropology,Canadian history,cultural studies, andethnologyinGatineau,Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related research. The museum is based in a 75,000-square-metre-building (810,000 sq ft) designed byDouglas Cardinal. The museum originated from a museum established by theGeological Survey of Canadain 1856, which later expanded to include an anthropology division in 1910. In 1927, the institution was renamed the National Museum of Canada. The national museum was later split into several separate institutions in 1968, with the anthropology and human history departments forming theNational Museum of Man. The museum relocated to its present location in Gatineau in 1989 and adopted the nameCanadian Museum of Civilization(French:Musée canadien des civilisations) the following year. In 2013, the museum adopted its current name, the\",\n \"current name, the Canadian Museum of History, and modified its mandate to emphasizeCanadian identityand history. The museum's collection contains over three million artifacts and documents, with some on display in the museum's permanent exhibitions. The museum also hosts and organizes a number of temporary,travelling, andonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. History Early museum (1856–1968) The Canadian Museum of History originates from the collecting efforts of theGeological Survey of Canada(GSC), an organization established in 1842 inMontreal.In 1856 theLegislative Assembly of the Province of Canadapassed an act that enabled the GSC to establish a museum to exhibit items found from its geological and archaeological field trips; with the museum initially established in Montreal on Great St. James Street (nowSaint Jacques Street).The museum held its firstethnologicalexhibit from 1862 to 1863, showcasing stone implements and fragments of pottery byFirst Nations.In 1877, the museum mandate\",\n \"the museum mandate was formally expanded to include the study of modern fauna and flora, in addition to human history, languages, and traditions. In 1881, the museum relocated from Montreal todowntown Ottawato what is now referred to asFormer Geological Survey of Canada Building; although space in the new facility soon proved to be inadequate, with theRoyal Society of Canadapetitioning thefederal governmentto build a new building for the museum by 1896.Preliminary plans for a new building were drawn up by 1899, although work on the building did not begin until 1906.In the following year, management of the museum was handed over from the GSC to theDepartment of Mines, with the mandate formally expanded to include anthropological studies.The new museum building, theVictoria Memorial Museum Building, was also completed in 1910, although it was not opened to the public until 1911. Under the Department of Mines, the museum formally established ananthropologydivision under the direction ofEdward Sapirin\",\n \"ofEdward Sapirin 1910.Another anthropologist,Marius Barbeau, was also hired by the museum in the following year to assist Sapir.The anthropology division was charged with the preservation of the cultural heritage of people in Canada and assembling objects related to these cultures. Under Sapir's direction, the institution's research initially focused on Aboriginal communities across Canada they believed were imperilled by rapid acculturation.The museum's first anthropological exhibits were organized by Sapir and his protege,Franz Boas.Since this period, the museum had become a centre for Canadian anthropology, having attracted notable anthropologists includingDiamond Jennessafter the Second World War. In 1927, the museum division of the Department of Mines was renamed theNational Museum of Canada.Management of the National Museum is transferred from the Department of Mines to theDepartment of Resources and Developmentin 1950.In 1965, the museum was split into two branches, one focused on natural history and\",\n \"natural history and another on human history.The mandate of the museum further expanded in the following decades, with the museum assuming the management of theCanadian War Museumin 1958, and its human history branch establishing a history division in 1964. Museum of anthropology and history (1968–present) On 1 April 1968, the branches of the National Museum of Canada were formally split into separate museums.The Canadian Museum of History originated from the human history branch of the museum, initially incorporated as theNational Museum of Man.The natural history branch of the former National Museum of Canada became the National Museum of Natural Sciences (later renamed theCanadian Museum of Nature), while the science and technology branch became the National Museum of Science and Technology (later renamed theCanada Science and Technology Museum).The National Museums of Canada Corporation was formed by the federal government in order to manage these national museums, in addition to theNational Gallery of\",\n \"Gallery of Canada.Although the institutions were split, the National Museum of Man and the National Museum of Natural History continued to share the Victoria Memorial building; with the National Museum of Man occupying the western half of the building. In April 1972, the National Museum of Man established a Communications Division in order to provide media communications regarding the museum's education and information programs.During the 1970s, the staff of the institution adopted a philosophy that stressed public access to its heritage collection.Because the Victoria Memorial Museum building had insufficient space to exhibit the museum's growing collection, the museum's collection and staff were scattered across 17 buildings, with these buildings acting as decentralized units of the museum. In 1980, management of the National Museums of Canada Corporation is transferred to theDepartment of Communications.The following year in June 1981, thecabinet of Canadaapproved several plans concerning severalnational\",\n \"severalnational museums of Canada, including moving the National Museum of Man into a new structure.The plan was formally announced to the public in February 1982.After a study of potential locations saw four sites inOttawaand one inGatineau.A site acquired by theNational Capital Commission(NCC) from the E.B Eddy Company in Gatineau was chosen as the site for the new museum; due to it already being public land, being linked toConfederation Boulevard, and because it was prominently visible from theOttawa River.The site was also selected because the NCC had desired to developHull, and incorporate it into the design of the capital region; while officials in Gatineau had similar desires to develop the area into anurban park.On 10 February 1983, the site for the new museum was announced to the public; andDouglas CardinalArchitect Limited was named as the project's design architect, in association with Montreal-based architectural firm Tétreault, Parent, Languedoc et Associés.The design created by Cardinal was\",\n \"by Cardinal was approved in 1983 by theCabinet of Canada. In an effort to avoid stereotypes in languages, the name of the museum was changed to theCanadian Museum of Civilizationin 1986.In 1988, the institution absorbed the museum operated by the department of theMinister responsible for Canada Post Corporation, although itsphilateliccollection was transferred to theNational Archives of Canada.The museum opened its new building in Gatineau in 1989. However, the building opened with only two permanent exhibitions, Canada Hall and the exhibitions on theIndigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, as budgetary shortfalls prevented the museum from opening the exhibitions it had originally planned for the museum. In 1990, theMuseum Actwas passed by the federal government, replacing the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation and forming several new entities to manage thenational museums of Canada; with the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation formed on 1 July 1990 to manage the Canadian Museum\",\n \"the Canadian Museum of Civilization, and the Canadian War Museum. 21st century In 2007, the museum organized a temporary exhibition,Treasures from China, in partnership with theNational Museum of China. The partnership saw artifacts leave China to be exhibited only at the Canadian Museum of Civilization. As a part of the agreement, the Canadian Museum of Civilization prepared Indigenous Canadian artifacts for its own exhibition,First Peoples of Canada: Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization, at thePalace MuseuminBeijing. In October 2012,James Moore, theminister of Canadian Heritageannounced the ministry would provide $25 million to overhaul the museum and renovate Canada Hall.The government later announced plans to update and reopen the gallery in 2017, coinciding with the150th anniversary of Canada.Approximately 24,000 people from across nine Canadian cities were surveyed about the updates to the exhibition.The museum consulted a women's history committee, an indigenous history committee, and\",\n \"committee, and three historic time-period committees. In December 2013, theCanadian Museum of History Actreceived Royal Assent, which shifted the museum's mandate from developing a collection with a \\\"special but not exclusive reference to Canada,\\\" to one that enhanced the knowledge of Canadian history and identity;and expanding the museum's focus to include social and political history.The Act also changed the institution's name from theCanadian Museum of Civilizationto theCanadian Museum of History. TheCanadian Postal Museum, a department of the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation that operated from within the institution was shut down in 2012 as a result of the museum's transition into the Canadian Museum of History. Some have criticized the new mandate and updating of Canada Hall as a part of a wider plan by the incumbent Conservative government to redirect public historical understanding to emphasize aspects ofCanadian military historyandmonarchism; as well as elide problematic elements of\",\n \"elements of Canadian history in favour of achievements.However, the museum contended that new exhibits planned for the museum will include a range of themes and topics, and will also explore the country's \\\"dark episodes\\\".The updated gallery was completed at approximately $30 million and was opened onCanada Dayin 2017 byCharles, Prince of WalesandMélanie Joly, theminister of Canadian Heritage.Partisan concerns were alleviated after Canadian History Hall was unveiled to the public. Site The museum is situated on a 9.6-hectare (23.7-acre) plot of land, formerly known asParc Laurier. The museum site is the firstCanadian national museumto be located on theGatineauside of theNational Capital Region, and the first to be located adjacent to theOttawa River. The site is bounded by the western access point for theAlexandra Bridge, the Ottawa River to the east, a paper production plant to the south, and Laurier Street to the west.The median of the property extends 235 metres (771 ft) from Laurier Street to the\",\n \"Street to the river.From Laurier Street, the property descends towards the Ottawa River at a 5.5 per centgrade; with the portion of the property closest to Laurier Street at an elevation of 53.5 metres (176 ft), while the riverfront is at an elevation of 41 metres (135 ft).Because of the property's low elevation, the construction of the museum building was limited to the portion of the property closer to Laurier Street. The site includes a museum building with two wings. The two wings wrap around and are connected by a large hemispherical entrance plaza which contains its food services, lounge, library, and underground parking.The parkland and open space between the two wings are intended to represent the \\\"plains over which mankind migrated\\\" over millennia.A large staircase east of the entrance plaza descends to the museum's lower plaza and gardens adjacent to the riverside park. A pedestrian and cycling pathway is situated on the riverfront portion of the property, with the pathways continuing north\",\n \"continuing north intoJacques-Cartier Park, a municipal park north of the property. Building The 75,000 square metres (810,000 sq ft) structure was designed by Douglas Cardinal.The building's infrastructure includes approximately 56,000 square metres (600,000 sq ft) of concrete, and 7,300 tonnes of steel.Cardinal sought to create form a \\\"sculptural icon\\\" for the country, encouraged by then-prime minister,Pierre Trudeau, to develop a symbol that \\\"enshrined our cultures\\\". As a result, the building was the first structure in the National Capital Region that incorporates Indigenous architectural designs.Cardinal's design for the building was largely influenced by his understanding of how geography helped shaped Canada's history and culture. The museum building has over 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) of exhibition space, more than any other museum in Canada. In addition to exhibition space, the building also contains three restaurants, a boutique store, and two live performance theatres, including a 500-seat\",\n \"a 500-seat theatre for live performances.The building also has a 295-seat 3D theatre that uses aBarcodigital projector. Before the installation of the Barco projector in 2016, the 3D theatre used aIMAXprojector and was branded as an IMAX theatre. Water is drawn from the Ottawa River to heat and cool the building.The building's energy needs are met by two substations in Gatineau, with two additional backup generators also available if both substations fail. Exterior The building's exterior is clad with 30,000 square metres (320,000 sq ft) ofTyndall stone;with the material being selected because of its durability and its relationship with glaciers. Cardinal sought to build a structure that appeared to be \\\"flowing with the contours of the land,\\\" and simple lines and forms could be used to display the idea of movement.The building's design draws uponArt Nouveaustyles to illustrate Canada's geography at the end of theLast Glacial Periodwhen the landscape was largely uniform; with certain elements of the building\",\n \"of the building evokingigloosearth lodges, andlonghouses. The building includes a cantilevered northern/curatorial wing and a southern wing that houses most of the museum's public facilities, including its galleries, and theatres.The curatorial wing was designed to evoke outcroppings of theCanadian Shield, while the southern public wing with its glass-fronted Grand Hall, was intended to evoke an image of a melting glacier. The southern wing's copper roof represents vegetation's recolonization of the lands once covered by glacial till.The copper roof is nearly 11,000 square metres (120,000 sq ft) and weighs approximately 90 tonnes.Both wings are curvaceous on their river sides to blend into their landscapes, although their street-side façade is more angular. The NCC placed several restrictions on the building design, that the building does not obstruct the view of the Ottawa River, and that the building does not obstruct delineated \\\"viewing cones\\\" of Parliament Hill from the Gatineau side of the river.Because\",\n \"the river.Because of these restrictions, the buildings were designed with a low-profile, to avoid obscuring the view for buildings across the street.From certain angles, the building appears as two separate pavilions, with an opening between these two sections providing an unobstructed view ofParliament Hillfrom Laurier Street.Considerations also needed to be taken to protect artifacts displayed in the building. Windows were triple-glazed and coated with a film that helps contain radiant heat and reduce solar ultraviolet rays, and the southern wing's Grand Hall was intentionally designed to face direct sunlight only in the morning. The building was designed to create an \\\"ever-changing pattern\\\" of shadows across the structure's surface, with most of the building's exterior lighting kept below 30luxto allow viewers to see deeper shadows at night. Exhibitions The museum hosts several permanent and temporary exhibitions on anthropology, ethnology, and history. Artifacts from the museum's collection are exhibited\",\n \"are exhibited in these exhibitions.In addition,travelling exhibitionsare occasionally held at the museum. The museum has also created severalonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. Permanent exhibitions include First Peoples Hall, Canadian History Hall, the Canadian Children's Museum, the Canadian Stamp Collection, and two exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in the building's Grand Hall.First Peoples Hall is situated on the first floor of the building, whereas the Canada Hall is situated on the third level of the building.First Peoples Hall is situated next to the Grand Hall, with its exhibitions located on the ground floor. Many of the exhibits that were designed in the 1980s for the new building were influenced by the director of the museum,George F. MacDonald, his personal admiration for Pacific Northwest Coast art and culture, and the communication theories of his mentor,Marshall McLuhan.Merging exhibits detailing theIndigenous peoples of Canadawith\",\n \"of Canadawith other Canadian historical exhibits were considered by the exhibition design team when plans were being made to move the museum in the 1980s.However, it was later decided to depict both topics as separate exhibitions, resulting in both exhibitions being planned by different teams with separate budgets.This decision was later reversed in 2017 when the museum reopened the Canadian History Hall exhibition with Indigenous exhibits incorporated throughout its exhibit. First Peoples Hall First Peoples Hall is an exhibition opened in 2003, that explores Canada'sFirst Nations,Inuit, andMétispeoples.The exhibition occupies 3,300 square metres (35,000 sq ft) of space on the ground floor of the building.The hall contains more than 2,000 objects on display.Most of the exhibition space is devoted to changing exhibits, to keep up with contemporary views on traditional cultures and current issues. However, First Peoples Hall does have some space devoted to long-term exhibits. These long-term exhibits explore\",\n \"exhibits explore topics that are less subject to changing interpretations; like ancient history, Indigenous languages, and the history of the relationship between Indigenous and European cultures.The exhibition is organized into several sections, such as the \\\"Ways of Knowing\\\", \\\"An Ancient Bond with the Land\\\", and \\\"The Arrival of Strangers\\\". The exhibition was designed to \\\"deconstruct and supersede\\\" histories that visitors are familiar with.Exhibits were designed to address issues of stereotyping Indigenous identity, and the diversity and cultural distinctiveness between Indigenous nations; with many of the exhibits linking identity toIndigenous land claims in Canada.Additionally, exhibits were designed to portray Indigenous peoples as living peoples in the modern world.Archaeological exhibits in First Peoples Hall are themed to reinforce the fact that the Indigenous peoples of Canada have occupied the land sincetime immemorial, and that Canadian history has a long and complex history preceding European\",\n \"preceding European colonization. Additionally, many of these archaeological exhibits are designed to confront the notion of Eurasiantechnological supremacyat the time of first contact with the Americas.The exhibition concludes with contemporary issue exhibits, which explore recent clashes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada over land and resources. The curatorial model used to develop the exhibition conformed to the suggestions provided in the 1992 recommendations from the federal Task Force on Museums and First Peoples.The content and messaging of First Peoples Hall were determined in consultation with indigenous communities across Canada.Acting upon the task force's recommendation to establish partnerships with First Nation representatives whose cultures were being exhibited, an advisory committee of 15 Indigenous members was formed to help define the exhibition's thematic structure and messaging.As a result, exhibits in First Peoples Hall take a \\\"multivocal\\\" approach, where different\",\n \"where different perspectives can be distinguished within the exhibition; and explanatory fields like archaeology, ethnology and traditional Indigenous knowledge are juxtaposed, and contestatory with one another in some cases. Canadian History Hall Canadian History Hall is an exhibition that explores Canadian history. Canadian History Hall is approximately 4,690 square metres (50,500 sq ft), and includes over 14 projectors and 58 screens used in the exhibition.The exhibition includes three galleries and a long curved walkway that serves as the entrance to the three galleries. The entrance walkway is decorated with 101 silhouettes of Canadian cultural symbols and activities, as well as national landmarks.Canadian History Hall's galleries centre around a hub that was designed by Douglas Cardinal to resembleChaudière Falls.The hub features a large 15.5 by 9.5 metres (51 ft × 31 ft) image of Canada on the floor. The image of Canada is made up of 121 satellite photos taken by theCanadian Space Agency, that were\",\n \"Agency, that were stitched together to form a single image. The exhibition summarizes over 15,000 years of history and is divided into three era-centric galleries, Early Canada: From Earliest Times to 1763, Colonial Canada: 1763 to 1914, and Modern Canada: 1914 to the Present Day.The first two galleries are located on the same floor, while the third gallery occupies the mezzanine above the two galleries.The galleries are designed to showcase events and \\\"turning points\\\" in each respective era through the multimedia presentations and the artifacts on display.Each gallery is further organized into six separate \\\"vignettes\\\" that are thematically different, but interconnected with one another.The vignettes are primarily organized temporally, although some are specifically focused on a specific aspect of Canadian history.The exhibition takes a largely didactic approach with its subject and is particularly focused on the country's political and economic history, as well as the experience of Indigenous\",\n \"of Indigenous peoples.According to the exhibit team's head, David Morrison, Indigenous peoples and their relationship with newcomers will serve as an important overarching theme of Canadian History Hall. Early Canada explores provides a summary of Indigenous history prior to the arrival of the Europeans as well as early Canadian colonies likeNew France.The gallery includes Indigenous artifacts, narrative recounts of Indigenous interactions between Norse, English and French explorers, and detailed accounts on theNorth American fur trade, the spread ofdisease within Indigenous populations, and theBeaver Wars.Colonial Canada exploresCanada under British rulesince theconquest of New France, as well aspost-Confederation Canadato 1914. Modern Canada explores Canada's recent history, up to the arrival of Syrian refugees in the 2010s.The latter two galleries provide detailed histories on theSeven Years' War, treaties signed between various Indigenous groups and the Crown, the push forresponsible government,Canadian\",\n \"government,Canadian Confederation, the world wars, theCanadian Indian residential school system,Quebec nationalism, andmulticulturalism in Canada. There are over 1,500 artifacts on display in Canadian History Hall.Historic artifacts include a 3,600 to 3,900 years old ivory carving believed to be the oldest representation of a human face found in Canada;James Wolfecoat; and handcuffs worn byLouis Rielprior to his execution;Maurice Richard'shockey jersey;Terry Fox's T-shirt;Tommy Douglas's hat; the table on which the proclamation of theConstitution Act, 1982was signed by QueenElizabeth IIin 1982;Randy Bachman's guitar, and the sewing machine whichJoan O'Malleysewed the firstMaple Leaf flag.There are 40 linear films shown at the exhibition, includingOrigin Stories, a film that illustrates how theAnishinaabebelieved the earth was formed.Origin Storiesis displayed along the curved wall of the Canadian History Hall's entrance. The modular structure of the exhibits enables the museum to swap segments easier. The\",\n \"easier. The number of exhibits in the galleries may also expand, with the museum having reserved enough space to allow for the addition of new exhibits in the three galleries. Pre-2017 exhibition Canadian History Hall's predecessor, Canada Hall, opened as an inaugural exhibit at the museum in 1989.The original exhibition was divided into 23 modules that were arranged chronologically, beginning with theNorse colonization of North America.The gallery aimed to promote Canadian multiculturalism, having portrayed a social history that depicted a \\\"march of immigrants\\\" from east to west, and the success of different groups in Canada.However, these modules provided little in-depth consideration for pre-colonial Indigenous cultures, which were only explored in the museum's other exhibitions prior to Canada Hall's updates in the 2010s.The original design of Canada Hall recreated historical settings with period rooms and full-scale historical buildings incorporated into the exhibition; reflecting McLuhan's theories,\",\n \"McLuhan's theories, and innovations adopted by entertainment pavilions like Disney'sEpcot. Canada Hall was closed to the public in September 2014 to enable renovations and significant updates to the exhibition.The exhibition reopened in 2017 significantly changed from its original design.Nearly all of the life-sized dioramas were dismantled as a part of the exhibition's update. St. Onuphrius Church, an original early-20th-century Ukrainian church from theCanadian Prairiesthat was later relocated to the museum, is the only remaining life-sized diorama in the exhibition. Canadian Children's Museum The Canadian Children's Museum is Canada's largest exhibition centre designed specifically for children with over 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) of space. The museum uses more than 15,000 artifacts, props, and hands-on items for use in its exhibitions and programs. These items include art, clothing, games, photographs, and toys.The museum includes an International Village, as well as Canadian-themed attractions\",\n \"attractions that were added into the exhibition in 2007. In 2018, the museum announced it would undertake a renewal project in January 2020. The museum announced the revamp would reflect how children play and learn, and will remove more dated exhibits from the exhibition, like the post office and telephone booth.It reopened in May 2022. Canadian Stamp Collection The Canadian Stamp Collection is astamp collectionof more than 3,000 stamps and includes every Canadian stamp issued since 1851. The stamp collection was housed at the Canadian Postal Museum until 2012 when the postal museum closed and its stamp collection relocated to the Canadian Museum of History.The Canadian Museum of History opened a permanent exhibition for the collection in 2014 in partnership withCanada Post. Stamps that are exhibited in the exhibition are showcased with artifacts that either inspired its creation or were used to make the stamp. Grand Hall exhibitions Grand Hall features two permanent exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of\",\n \"peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast,First Peoples of the Northwest CoastandFrom Time Immemorial — Tsimshian Prehistory. The exhibits includetotem polesand other artifacts.The exhibitions were developed as a collaboration between the museum's curators and Indigenous cultural specialists in the 1980s. In 1993, a large mural titledMorning Starwas added to the domed ceiling of the Grand Hall. The mural was created byAlex Janvierand is symbolic of Indigenous life and history.In addition to the two permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall is also used to host other major events.In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall has also been used to host temporary exhibitions. Collections As of June 2021, the Canadian Museum of History's permanent collection includes more than three million artifacts, documents, works of art, and other specimens.This includes over one million photographs, 72,000 sound recordings and 18,000 films and videotapes. The collection takes up approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) of\",\n \"(2.5 mi) of shelf space.Approximately 218,000 artifacts have been digitized and made accessible online by the museum. The museum's permanent collection dates back to the collection established by the Geological Survey of Canada in the 1860s.The museum's collection of artifacts has expanded through the institution's research programs.The first collection representing Indigenous peoples was established by the Geological Survey of Canada, with other parts of the collection having been acquired by government officials and missionaries working outside Ottawa. The collection continued to expand after the anthropology department was established in 1910, and the museum began a systematic program of documenting Indigenous cultures and lineages. The museum's collection of Indigenous items is the largest in Canada and is the only major collection with a national scope in the country.The museum also possesses the world's largest collection of totem poles.The Sacred Materials Project was created by the museum to help\",\n \"the museum to help maintain Indigenous sacred items, and facilitate therepatriationof select items to their respective communities. The project provides funds for Indigenous representatives to view the museum's collections and discuss the repatriation of identified sacred items, as well as identify other objects in the collection that require ritualistic care. The museum's permanent collection contains several smaller collections, like theWindfield FarmCollection. The Windfield Farm Collection was acquired by the museum in 2013 and contains documents, photographs, memorabilia and trophies, including theKentucky Derbytrophy won byNorthern Dancer.The museum's collection of flags is also the largest in the country. Other notable items in the museum's permanent collection includes aContempraphone, the first telephone to be designed and manufactured in Canada;cough syrup from the1918 influenza pandemic;the original plaster forBill Reid'sSpirit of Haida Gwaii;ten large heraldic sculptures known asThe Queen's\",\n \"known asThe Queen's Beasts;androyal gownworn by Elizabeth II during herroyal tours of Canada.The museum also contains a number of ice hockey artifacts, including game-usedNational Hockey Leaguesticks,hockey cards, and the world's oldest existingice hockey stick.The ice hockey stick dates back to the mid-1830s and was acquired by the museum in 2015 for $300,000. In addition to its permanent collection, the Canadian Museum of History also co-manages collections with other institutions. In July 1999, the museum entered an agreement with the Canadian Nursing Association (CNA), the Canadian War Museum, and the National Archives of Canada to create the Canadian Nursing History Collection. This collection includes over 9,000 photographs, 1,600 audiovisual materials, and over 35 metres (115 ft) of textual records from the CNA, the Nursing Sisters Association of Canada, and theHelen MussallemCollection. Approximately 950 documented artifacts from this collection are deposited at the Canadian Museum of History.Items\",\n \"of History.Items from the collection at the Canadian Museum of History include 167 nurses' caps, dating from 1895 to 1983.In June 2005, the museum opened a temporary exhibition that focused on this collection.In 2021, the Canadian Museum of History entered into an agreement to house and maintain artifacts fromCanada's Sports Hall of Fame. Library and archives The museum's resource centre operates a library and archives. As of 2015, the museum's library has more than 60,000 books, over 2,000 journals and magazines, and over 1,000 DVDs, CDs, and video tapes. The museum's rare and old books collection includesPaul-Émile Borduas'sRefus Global(1948) andPierre François Xavier de Charlevoix'sHistoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France(1744). Research The museum's collection is used to support research in anthropology, archaeology, Indigenous people in Canada, linguistics, material culture, multicultural communities, social and political history andmuseologyin Canada.The museum also publishes its\",\n \"also publishes its ownacademic journal, theMercury Series; on history, archaeology, and anthropology. The journal has been published in partnership with theUniversity of Ottawa Presssince 2012.The museum has also published the academic journalMaterial Culture Reviewin partnership with the Canada Science and Technology Museum since the 1970s. The journal provides a forum for research on historical artifacts collected by Canadian museums. Management The Canadian Museum of History is managed by afederal Crown corporationof the same name under theDepartment of Canadian Heritage's portfolio. The museum is one of two national museums managed by the corporation, the other being the Canadian War Museum.The corporation also administers the Virtual Museum of New France, avirtual museumand online exhibition of the Canadian Museum of History;and theVirtual Museum of Canada, an administrative program that supports the development of online projects for museums and heritage organizations across Canada.The Virtual Museum\",\n \"Virtual Museum of Canada was an online portal for virtual exhibits in Canada until 2020, when the Virtual Museum of Canada's website was decommissioned, and the project was reoriented into a support program. Management of the corporation is conducted through an 11-memberboard of trustees. Trustees are appointed by the Minister of Canadian Heritage, with approval from theGovernor-in-Council. In turn, the board appoints the corporation's president andchief executive officer.The corporation reports to theParliament of Canadathrough theMinister of Canadian Heritage. The corporation's mandate is defined under theMuseums Act. The corporation was established as the Canadian Museum of Civilization in June 1990 through theMuseums Act;an Act that was later amended in 2014.The corporation adopted its current name in 2013.The Crown corporation was one of several that succeeded the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation, a Crown corporation that managed most of the country's national museums until its dissolution\",\n \"its dissolution in 1988. See also Notes References Further reading External links\",\n \"National Gallery of Canada TheNational Gallery of Canada(French:Musée des beaux-arts du Canada), located in the capital city ofOttawa,Ontario, is Canada'snationalart museum.The museum's building takes up 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft), with 12,400 square metres (133,000 sq ft) of space used for exhibiting art. It is one of thelargest art museumsin North America by exhibition space. The institution was established in 1880 at theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building, and moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building in 1911. In 1913, theGovernment of Canadapassed theNational Gallery Act, formally outlining the institution's mandate as a national art museum. The Gallery was moved to the Lorne Building in 1960. In 1988, the Gallery was relocated to a new building designed for this purpose. The National Gallery of Canada is situated in a glass and granite building onSussex Drive, with a notable view of Canada's Parliament Buildings onParliament Hill. The building was designed by Israeli architectMoshe\",\n \"architectMoshe Safdieand opened in 1988. The Gallery's permanent collection includes more than 93,000 works by European, American, Asian, Canadian, andIndigenousartists. In addition to exhibiting works from its permanent collection, the Gallery also organizes and hosts a number oftravelling exhibitions. History The Gallery was first formed in 1880 by Canada's Governor General,John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyllin conjunction with the establishment of theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. In 1882, moved into its first home onParliament Hill, housed in theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building. Eric Brownwas named the first director in 1910.In 1911, the Gallery moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building, sharing it with theNational Museum of Natural Sciences. In 1913, the firstNational Gallery Actwas passed, outlining the Gallery's mandate and resources.During the 1920s, the building was expanded. The art gallery was given four floors, and a separate entrance was created for the art museum. In addition, a\",\n \"In addition, a firewall was built between the Natural Sciences Museum and the National Gallery.But, the Gallery was still in temporary space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building. Longterm plans were to move it to a new permanent location, with spaces dedicated to the viewing of art. By the 1950s, the space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building had grown inadequate for the Gallery's collections. In 1952, the Gallery launched a design contest for architects to design a permanent home for the gallery.But the Gallery failed to garner support from the government ofLouis St. Laurent, resulting in the Gallery having to abandon the winning bid. To provide a workable compromise for the National Gallery, St. Laurent's government offered the National Gallery the eight-storey Lorne Building for its use.The National Gallery moved into the nondescript office building onElgin Street.The Lorne Building has since been demolished and replaced by a 17-storey office building to house the Federal Finance Department. In\",\n \"Department. In 1962,Charles Comfort, the Gallery's director, was criticized after half of the works on display at an exhibition forWalter Chrysler's European works were exposed as forgeries by American journalists. Comfort had allowed the Gallery to host the exhibition, despite being warned about the works by the director of theMontreal Museum of Fine Arts. TheNational Museums of CanadaCorporation (NMC) absorbed the National Gallery of Canada in 1968.During the 1970s, the NMC diverted funds from the National Gallery to form regional galleries.The Gallery completed renovations to the Lorne Building in 1976.By 1980, it had become apparent that the National Gallery would need to relocate, given the poor condition of the building, historical use ofasbestosthere, and inadequate exhibition areas that provided only enough space for two per cent of the collection to be exhibited at any given time. After the Canada'sConstitutionwaspatriatedin 1982, Prime MinisterPierre Trudeauannounced a shift in policy focus towards\",\n \"focus towards the \\\"creation of a nation,\\\" with priority given to the arts in an effort to enrichCanadian identity.In that same year, Minister of CommunicationsFrancis Foxdeclared the government's commitment to erect new permanent buildings for its national museums, including the National Gallery, and theMuseum of Manwithin five years.The director of the National Gallery,Jean Sutherland Boggs, was chosen by Trudeau to oversee construction of the National Gallery and museums.The Gallery began construction for its permanent museum building onSussex Drivein 1985, and was opened in May 1988. The diversion of funds by the NMC to help fund regional museums was ended in 1982,and the National Museums of Canada formally dissolved in 1987.As a result of this dissolution, the National Gallery reacquired its institutional independence, along with the mandate and powers outlined in its formative legislative act prior to 1968. TheCanadian Museum of Contemporary Photography(CMCP), formerly the Stills Photography Division of\",\n \"Division of theNational Film Board of Canada, was an affiliated institution of the National Gallery, and was established in 1985. In 1988, the CMCP's administration was amalgamated with that of the National Gallery's. The CMCP later moved to its new location at 1 Rideau Canal, and continued to operate there until its closure in 2006. Its collection was later absorbed into the National Gallery's in 2009. In December 2000, the National Gallery announced it suspected approximately 100 works from its collection wasplunder stolen by the Nazisduring the Second World War.The Gallery posted images of works suspected of beingstolen artonline, permitting its last legal owners to examine and possibly lay claim to the works.In 2006, the Gallery returned a painting byÉdouard Vuillardthat had been looted by the Nazis fromAlfred Lindonin 1942,The Salon of Madame Aron, to Lindon's heirs. In December 2009, the National Gallery of Canada and theArt Gallery of Albertaissued a joint press release announcing a three-year\",\n \"a three-year partnership, which saw the use of the Art Gallery of Alberta's galleries to exhibit works from the National Gallery's collection.The program was the first \\\"satellite program\\\" between the National Gallery of Canada, and another institution, with similar initiatives launched at other Canadian art galleries in the following years. Marc Mayerwas named the Gallery's director, succeeding Pierre Théberge, on 19 January 2009.On 19 April 2019, he was succeeded byAlexandra Suda, who was appointed the 11th Director and chief executive officer of the National Gallery of Canada. Under Sasha Suda, the Gallery underwent a major re-branding, dubbed Ankosé, to be more inclusive and work towards reconciliation. After only three years, Suda resigned. Angela Cassie was then appointed interim Director and CEO in July 2022. Building The Gallery's present building was designed byMoshe Safdie& Associates, with construction beginning in 1985, and the building opening in 1988. The building has a total floor area of\",\n \"total floor area of 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft). In 2000, theRoyal Architectural Institute of Canadachose the National Gallery as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium.The National Gallery of Canada is housed in a building onSussex Drive, adjacent to theByWard Marketdistrict. The building is the fourth edifice to house the art museum. An independent Crown corporation, the Canadian Museums Construction Corporation was established to build the Gallery, with a budget ofC$185 million.Following the1984 Canadian federal election, Prime MinisterBrian Mulroneydissolved the corporation.However, because the groundwork for the building was already completed, Mulroney chose to continue funding construction for the Gallery, albeit at a reduced total budget of C$162 million. Exterior The building's northern, eastern, and western exterior facade is made up of pink-granite walls, or glass-windows.The southern exterior facade features an elongated glass wall, supported by\",\n \"wall, supported by concrete pylons grouped in fours.The profile of the southern facade was designed to mimic acathedral, with the concrete pylons being used similarly to theflying buttressesfound onGothiccathedrals.The eastern portion of the building's southern facade transitions into a low-levelled crystalline glass cupola, which holds the museum's main entrance; and its western portion, which features a three-tiered glass cupola. The three-tiered glass cupola is formed out of rectangular glass and narrow steel supports.The second tier of the cupola is formed out of rectangles and equilateral triangles that are further subdivided into eight or twelve smaller equilateral triangles.All these glass pieces are joined by steel struts. The third tier of the cupola is formed with similar designs, although the triangular glass panes are isosceles triangles.The isosceles triangles converge upwards, with its apexes towards the centre.The building's three-tiered cupola is positioned in a manner in which the cupola\",\n \"in which the cupola would be flanked by thePeace Towerand theLibrary of Parliamentto the west when approaching the museum from the east. Interior The interior entrance lobby is floored with pink-granite, and includes a straight four metres (13 ft) wide ramp which slopes upward towards the west.Safdie noted the importance of the ramp in his design, stating that one should \\\"go through some kind of procession to make your way into something as important as the National Gallery,\\\" and that it gave the visitor the feeling of making an ascent to a ritual, a ceremony.The walls of the entrance lobby are lined with rectangular cut pink granite, excluding the southern wall, which is part of the glass-walled exterior facade.A glass and steel ceiling reminiscent of Gothic cathedral architecture, extends the entire way of the ramp.However, as opposed to most Gothic cathedrals, the ceiling has several concrete columns spaced out to support the roof.The summit of the ramp leads towards the Great Hall of the building,\",\n \"of the building, situated in the three-storey glass cupola. The interior courtyard of the building includes the Taiga Garden. The garden was designed byCornelia Oberlander, who modelled the paintingTerre SauvagebyA. Y. Jackson;a painting in the National Gallery's permanent collection. The garden attempts to mimic thetaigalandscape depicted in the painting, theCanadian shield; although limestone is substituted in place of the granite typically found at the Canadian shield. Collection As of October 2018, the National Gallery of Canada's permanent collection holds more than 93,625 works,representing several artistic movements and eras in art history. The Gallery has a large and varied collection of paintings, works on paper, sculptures and photographs. The earliest works acquired by the museum were from Canadian artists, with Canadian art remaining the focus of the institution. However, its collection also includes several works from artists around the world. The Gallery's collection has been built up through\",\n \"built up through purchases and donations. The Gallery organizes its owntravelling exhibitionsto exhibit its collection, travelling across Canada and abroad.The National Gallery is the largest lender of art in Canada, sending out approximately 800 works a year. The Gallery's prints and drawings collection includes 27,000 works on paper, dating from the 15th century to the present day. The prints and drawing collection includes 10,000 works on paper by Canadian artists; more than 800 of these prints and drawings being crafted byInuitartists.The prints and drawing collection also includes 2,500 drawings and 10,000 prints by American, Asian, and European artists. The Gallery also has approximately 400 works from Asian artists, dating from 200 CE to the 19th century. The Gallery's Asian collection began in the early 20th century, with a number of works originating from the collection ofNasli Heeramaneck.The Gallery also has a collection of photographs. A number of the photographs in the collection originated from\",\n \"originated from the defunct Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography. Until the mid-1980s, the Gallery's mandate did not include collecting art by Indigenous peoples. This has been much critiqued, and led to important changes at the Gallery from the 1980s onwards.Despite a major re-hang in 2003 of the Canadian galleries to include Indigenous art for the first time, the Gallery continues to work towards more equitable representation of Indigenous art, particularly in its historical galleries. The largest work in the Gallery is the entire interior of theRideau Street Chapel, which formed part of the Convent of Our Lady Sacred Heart,The interior decorations of the Rideau Street Chapel were designed by Georges Couillon in 1887.The chapel interior was acquired by the Gallery in 1972, when the convent was slated for demolition. The 1,123-piece interior was dismantled, stored and reconstructed within the Gallery as a work of art in 1988. Canadian and Indigenous works The Gallery's Canadian collection includes\",\n \"collection includes works dating from the 18th centuryNew France, to the 1990s.The collection includes paintings from pre-Confederation; abstract paintings and other postwar art; and the Henry Birks Collection of Canadian Silver.Early pre-Confederation paintings were among the first items in the Canadian collections, with the National Gallery's earliest works originating from Canadian artists at theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. The Gallery's Canadian collection holds a large number of works by theGroup of Seven.The Gallery also holds a large collection of works by Tom Thomson,withThe Jack Pineadded to its collection in 1918.The Gallery also holds the largest collection of works byAlex Colville.Other artists featured in the collection includeWilliam Berczy,Jack Bush,Paul-Émile Borduas,Emily Carr,Robert Field,Vera Frenkel,Theophile Hamel,Joseph Légaré,Cornelius Krieghoff,Fernand Leduc,Alexandra Luke,Ken Lum,James Wilson Morrice,John O'Brien,Antoine Plamondon,William Raphael,Jean-Paul Riopelle,William\",\n \"Riopelle,William Ronald,Michael Snow,Lisa Steele,Jeff Wall,Joyce Wieland,Paul Wong, and members of theRegina Five. In commemoration of the150th anniversary of Canadain 2017, the Gallery undertook a C$7.4 million renovation to open the Canadian and Indigenous Art: From Time Immemorial to 1967 gallery.This gallery displays the progression of Canadian art and history, exhibiting Canadian and Indigenous works side by side.These works are exhibited in a manner which examines the intertwined relations between the two groups of people. The Indigenous collection includes works byIndigenousartists around the world, although it has an emphasis on works by theIndigenous peoples of Canada. The Gallery collection acquired its first works byFirst NationsandMetisartists in the early 20th century.However, the makers of these works were often not acknowledged as Indigenous, because the Gallery's mandate did not include the collection of art by Indigenous peoples until the 1980s. The Gallery acquired its firstInuitworks in\",\n \"firstInuitworks in 1956, crafted by artists inNunavik.The Gallery's acquisition of Inuit works, at a time when it was not actively collecting art by other Indigenous peoples, is related to the Government's promotion of Inuit art to create jobs in the North and to assert Canadian sovereignty there.In 1979,Henry Birksbequeathed a large collection to NGC consisting primarily of Quebecois pre-confederation silver; this bequest of more than 12,000 objects included around 16 works by Indigenous artists.In 1989 and 1992, theDepartment of Indian Affairs and Northern Developmentbequeathed 570 works by Inuit artists. A number of Indigenous artists whose works are featured in the collection includeKenojuak Ashevak,Kiawak Ashoona,Qaqaq Ashoona,Carl Beam,Faye HeavyShield,Osuitok Ipeelee,Rita Letendre,Norval Morrisseau,Shelley Niro,David Ruben Piqtoukun,Abraham Anghik Ruben,Lucy Tasseor Tutsweetok,Jeffrey Thomas,John Tiktak, andLawrence Paul Yuxweluptun. Contemporary The Gallery's contemporary collection includes 1,500\",\n \"includes 1,500 works from artists since the 1990s.The collection features a number of works from Canada and its Indigenous artists. The first Indigenous Canadian contemporary artwork acquired by the National Gallery was purchased in 1987, a piece calledThe North American Iceberg(1985) byOjibweartistCarl Beam. In 2017,Bob Renniedonated a contemporary art collection to the National Gallery in honour of Canada' 150th anniversary.The collection includes 197 paintings, sculptures, and mixed-media pieces with most of it originating from Vancouver-based artists includingGeoffrey Farmer,Rodney Graham,Brian Jungen, andIan Wallace.The Rennie collection also includes some international contemporary works, including fromDoris Salcedo. In 1990 the Gallery boughtBarnett Newman'sVoice of Firefor $1.8 million, igniting a storm of controversy. However, since that time its value has appreciated to approximately C$40 million as of 2014.In 1999, the Gallery acquired a sculpture of a giant spider,Maman, byLouise Bourgeoisfor a\",\n \"Bourgeoisfor a cost of C$3.2 million.The sculpture was installed on the plaza in front of the Gallery.In 2011 the Gallery installed Canadian sculptorJoe Fafard'sRunning Horsesnext to the Sussex Drive entrance, and American artistRoxy Paine's stainless steel sculptureOne Hundred Foot LineatKìwekì Pointbehind the gallery. Other contemporary artists whose works are featured in the National Gallery's collection includeDavid Altmejd,Lee Bul,Janet Cardiff,Bharti Kher,Christian Marclay,Elizabeth McIntosh,Chris Ofili, Paine,Ugo Rondinone, andJoanne Tod. European, American, and Asian The European, American, and Asian collection area includes most of the Gallery's works by non-Canadian artists. The Gallery acquired its first European work in 1907: the paintingIgnatius SanchobyThomas Gainsborough.Conversely, the Gallery did not begin to develop its collection of American art until the 1970s. The Gallery's collection includes American and European works dating from the Renaissance through the 20th century.In addition\",\n \"century.In addition toWestern art, the collection also has 400 works from India,Nepal, andTibet. The Gallery's European collection has since expanded either through acquisitions or gifts. Such works includeLa Tour EiffelbyMarc Chagall, acquired by the Gallery in 1956 for $C16,000.In 2018, the Gallery planned to sell the work to fund other acquisitions, but abandoned those plans after the decision was found to be unpopular with the public.In 2005, the Gallery acquired a painting by Italian Renaissance painterFrancesco Salviatifor $4.5 million.In 2018, the Gallery acquiredThe Partie CaréebyJames Tissotfrom the collection of David R. Graham, putting it on display in December 2018.It is the third work by Tissot to be acquired by the museum since 1921.Other works from the collection includeThe Death of General Wolfeby Anglo-American artistBenjamin West.Other artists featured in the museum's European collection includesAlejo Fernández,Vilhelm Hammershøi,Gustav Klimt,Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun,Henri Matisse,Charles\",\n \"Matisse,Charles Meynier,Claude Monet,Rembrandt, andVincent van Gogh. Library and archives The library and archives of the National Gallery of Canada hold an extensive collection of literature on Canadian art.The library and archives was established alongside the Gallery in 1880, and contains documents on western art from theLate Middle Agesto the present day.The collection includes 275,000 books, exhibition catalogues, and periodicals; 76,000 documentation files; and 95,000 microforms.The archives serves as the institutional archive for the Gallery. The library and archives'special collectionsincludes over 50,000 auction catalogues, in addition to 182,000 slides and 360,000 research photographs.The Library and Archives' Exceptional Materials and Notable Subject Collections contains a number of rare imprints, books, and bookplates on Canadian artists, as well as items relating to historians of Canadian art. Management The federal government assumed responsibility for the Gallery in 1913, with the enactment of\",\n \"the enactment of theNational Gallery of Canada Act. The Gallery became aCrown corporationon 1 July 1990 with the proclamation of theMuseums Act. TheMuseums Actserves as the museum's governing legislation. It empowers a board of trustees to serve as the Gallery's governing body, with the board, through the Chair, being accountable to theMinister of Canadian Heritage, who is ultimately responsible for the Museum.The Director and CEO is charged with the day-to-day management of the Gallery. The Gallery is affiliated with several associations, including theCanadian Museums Association, theOntario Association of Art Galleries, theCanadian Heritage Information Network, and theVirtual Museum of Canada. Directors The following is a list of directors of the National Gallery of Canada: Selected works Canadian collection European and American collection Prints and drawings collection See also Notes References Further reading External links Media related toNational Gallery of Canadaat Wikimedia Commons\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":268,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In the second album of a synthpop-rock band from the county seat city of Utah County, which song has a length of under 3 minutes, not counting any bonus tracks?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Everybody Talks"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_County,_Utah"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Provo,_Utah"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Trees"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album)"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_County,_Utah', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Provo,_Utah', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Trees', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album)']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_County,_Utah","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Provo,_Utah","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Trees","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_County,_Utah\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Provo,_Utah\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Trees\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Utah County, Utah Utah Countyis the second-most populouscountyin theU.S. stateofUtah. Thecounty seatand largest city isProvo,which is the state's fourth-largest city, and the largest outside ofSalt Lake County. As of the2020 United States Census, the population was 665,665. Utah County is one oftwocounties forming the Provo–Oremmetropolitan statistical area, and is part of the largerSalt Lake City–Provo–Orem, UTCombined Statistical Area. In 2020, the center of population of Utah was in Utah County, in the city ofSaratoga Springs. Utah County is one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States, ranking among the top ten counties in numerical growth.Correspondingly, Provo–Orem is among the top eight metropolitan areas by percentage growth in the country. Utah County is one of seven counties in the United States to have the same name as its state. The other six counties areArkansas County,Hawaii County,Idaho County,Iowa County,Oklahoma CountyandNew York County(commonly known as Manhattan). History The legislature of theState of Deseretcreated a county on January 31, 1850,to govern the civic affairs ofUtah Valley, which by the 1850s was bustling with newly arrived settlers. The county name is derived from the valley name, which is derived from the Spanish name (Yuta) for theUteIndians. The State of Deseret dissolved soon after (April 5, 1851), but the counties it had set in place continued. There is little record of any official activity conducted by the fledgling county until April 18, 1852, when a full slate of county officials was published, and recordkeeping began. The first courthouse was built in central Provo in 1866–67. It was soon outgrown and was replaced by a second courthouse (1872–73). By the 1920s, this building was also cramped, and the decision was made to erect a combined city-county building, which was completed in 1926. The county's boundaries were adjusted in 1852, 1854, 1856, 1862, 1880, and 1884. It has retained its present boundary since 1884. Geography Utah County terrain ranges from stiff mountain ranges in the east (theWasatch Range), dropping steeply to a large lake-filled valley. Most of the comparatively level ground is dedicated to agriculture or developed uses, while most of the steep terrain is covered with arid-climate forestation.The county generally slopes to the west and north, with its highest point (the northern peak of the twin-peakedMt. Neboin the southern part of the county), at 11,928 ft (3,636 m) ASL.The county has an area of 2,144 square miles (5,550 km2), of which 2,003 square miles (5,190 km2) is land and 141 square miles (370 km2) (6.6%) is water. Utah Valleylies at the center of the county, lined by the mountains of theWasatch Rangeon the east.Utah Lakeoccupies a large part of the valley. The elevation ranges from 4,487 feet (1,368 m) above sea level at the lake to 11,928 feet (3,636 m) at the peak ofMount Nebo. Major highways Source: Protected areas Source: Lakes Source: Demographics 1The 2000 census was the first to allow residents to select multiple race categories. Prior to 2000, the census used the category 'Other Race' as a catch-all identifier. For county-level census data in 1950 and 1900, Utah counted all non-White and non-Black residents using this category. 'Other races' formed 1.4% of Utah County's population in 1990, 0.43% in 1950, and 0.07% in 1900. 2020 census As of the2020 United States Census, there were 659,399 people and 171,899 households in the county. The population density was 329.12 people per square mile (127.07 people/km2). There were 192,570 housing units, at an average density of 96.12 units per square mile (37.11 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. 1Due to respondents reporting multiple ethnicities, percentages may add up to greater than 100%. Religion 2000 census As of the2000 United States Census, there were 516,564 people, 140,602 households, and 114,350 families in the county. The population density was 258 people per square mile (100 people/km2). There were 148,350 housing units, at an average density of 74.1 units per square mile (28.6 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. In 2005, the five most reported ancestries in Utah County were: Government The government is a three-member electedcounty commissionelected at-large. Other elected officials include the countysheriff, thecounty clerk, county recorder, county assessor, county surveyor, county treasurer, and thecounty attorney. The current county attorney is Jeff Gray. In 2020, Utah County voters rejected Proposition 9, which would have changed the county's government to a five-member elected county council with an elected county mayor. The first sheriff of the county was John T. Willis, who was succeeded byWilliam Madison Wall. Alexander Williams served duringJohn Cradlebaugh's court in 1859. He was succeeded by Eli Whipple, who resigned in 1861 and was replaced by Russell Kelly.In 2020, Sheriff Mike Smith publicly stated he would not enforceCOVID-19 face mask mandates. The Utah County Fire Department provides emergency response to all unincorporated areas within Utah County and works with all the incorporated cities within the county plus all Utah state and federal lands. The department is primarily awildland firesresponse andurban interspaceservice with some structure fire andHAZMATabatement capability. Politics Utah County has been referred to as \"the most Republican county in the most Republican state in the United States\".It has only voted for a Democratic president nine times since statehood, and has not supported a Democrat for president since 1964. In the1992 presidential election,George H. W. Bushreceived the most votes andBill Clintonwas third in votes received. In the2004 presidential election, 85.99% voted forGeorge W. Bush.In the2008 U.S. presidential election, the county voted forJohn McCainby a 58.9% margin overBarack Obama, compared to McCain winning by 28.1% statewide.Eight other Utah counties voted more strongly in favor of McCain.In the2012 election,Mitt Romneyreceived 88.32% of the vote. In the2016 election, it gave a slim majority of the vote toDonald Trump, and nearly 30% of the vote to independent candidateEvan McMullin, who outperformedHillary Clintonin the county. This was McMullin's largest share of the vote in any county in Utah and his second best nationwide afterMadison County, Idaho. In 2020,Joe Bidenreceived over 75,000 votes - the Democrats had never previously received more than 30,000 votes in the county. Until2013, Utah County was represented entirely by one congressional district. Currently, the county is split between two congressional districts. Most of the county's population is in the3rd District, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, former Provo Mayor. Much of the county's area however, including Utah Lake, resides in the4th Districtcurrently represented by RepublicanBurgess Owens. The county's Republican bent runs right through state and local politics. All five state senators representing the county, as well as all 14 state representatives,are Republicans. Social issues Utah County saw high rates of opioid and other prescription drug addiction from the mid-2000s onwards, foreshadowing the nationalopioid crisis. The 2008 documentaryHappy Valleyexamined the problem. Giving USA, which reports on charitable giving in the US, named Utah County as one of the three most generous counties in philanthropic donations, alongsideSan Juan County, UtahandMadison County, Idaho. In 2019, one in eight people and one in six children in the countydid not have sufficient food. Infrastructure Much of Utah's transportation infrastructure was built to support automobiles. Prior to the 1950s, Utah County relied on theU.S. Highway Systemfor local transportation. WhenI-15was built in 1956 (parallel toHighway 89), it became the dominant transportation vein in the state. The I-15 CORE project added multiple lanes on I-15 through most of Utah County. This expanded 24 miles (39 km) of freeway and was completed in 2012.Other construction projects by UDOT have been done on I-15 since then, including the Technology Corridor project and the Point of the Mountain project.However, the highway system retains its significance in Utah County due to the mountainous terrain.Highway 6is the closest major road connecting Colorado to the Wasatch Front, running through Spanish Fork Canyon before converging with I-15 in the city of Spanish Fork. Portions of Highway 89 have become prominent local roads known collectively as 'State Street'.Highway 189is known as 'University Avenue' in the city of Provo, and runs throughProvo CanyonintoHeberin neighboringWasatch County. Utah County has seen significant growth in public transportation over the past 15 years, owing in part to the county's large student population of more than 70,000 commuting to-and-fromBrigham Young University(BYU) in Provo andUtah Valley University(UVU) in Orem. The two cities jointly operateUVX, abus rapid transitsystem, as part of their city bus routes. Provo also serves as the southernmost terminus of theFrontRunner, Utah's intrastate commuter rail service.The Provo FrontRunner station is located on South University Avenue, directly southwest of Amtrak's Provo Station—which is Utah's third westbound stop, after Green River and Helper, for the California Zephyr Amtrak route. In addition to Provo, The FrontRunner currently has three stops in the county. The Orem FrontRunner station is located on the west side of I-15, served by a pedestrian bridge over the freeway that connects the UVU campus directly to the station. An additional stop inVineyard, Utahwas completed in August 2022.Utah County also operates the American Fork FrontRunner Station and the Lehi FrontRunner Station located nearThanksgiving Point. From Lehi, the FrontRunner leaves Utah County and entersSalt Lake County. Education School districts School dstricts include: Colleges and universities Four-year institutions Two-year institutions Communities Cities Towns Census-designated places Unincorporated communities Former communities See also References Further reading External links","Provo, Utah Provo(/ˈproʊvoʊ/PROH-voh) is a city in and thecounty seatofUtah County, Utah, United States. It is 43 miles (69 km) south ofSalt Lake Cityalong theWasatch Front, and lies between the cities ofOremto the north andSpringvilleto the south. With a population at the2020 censusof 115,162,Provo is thefourth-largest cityin Utah and the principal city in theProvo-Orem metropolitan area, which had a population of 526,810 at the 2010 census.It is Utah's second-largestmetropolitan areaafterSalt Lake City. Provo is the home toBrigham Young University(BYU),a private higher education institution operated bythe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church). Provo also has the LDS Church's largestMissionary Training Center(MTC). The city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion-dollarstartups.The city'sPeaks Ice Arenawas a venue for the Salt Lake CityWinter Olympics in 2002. History The Provo area was originally called Timpanogas, aNumic(Ute people) word perhaps meaning \"rock river\".The area was inhabited by theTimpanogos.It was the largest and most settled area in modern-day Utah.The ample food from the Provo River made the Timpanogos a peaceful people.The area also served as the traditional meeting place for theUteandShoshonetribes and was used as a common location for worship of their creator deity. FatherSilvestre Vélez de Escalante, a SpanishFranciscanmissionary-explorer, is considered the first European explorer to have visited the area in 1776. He was guided by two Timpanogos Utes, whom he called Silvestre and Joaquín.Escalante chronicled this first European exploration across theGreat Basin Desert. The Europeans did not build a permanent settlement but traded with the Timpanogos, whom they called Lagunas (lake people) or Come Pescado (fish eaters). In 1847, theMormon pioneersarrived in theSalt Lake Valley, which was just north ofTimpanogos Mountain. At first, the Natives were friendly with the Mormons. But, as relations deteriorated with the Shoshoni and Utes because of disputes over land and cattle, tensions rose. Because of the reported stolen goods of settlers by the Utes, Brigham Young gave small militia orders \"to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future.\" This ended in what is known as theBattle Creek massacre, in modern-dayPleasant Grove, Utah. The Mormons continued pushing into Timpanog lands. In 1849, 33Mormonfamilies from Salt Lake City establishedFort Utah. In 1850, Brigham Young sent an army from Salt Lake to drive out the Timpanogos in what is called theProvo War.Escalating tensions with the Timpanog contributed to theWalker War.Fort Utah was renamed Provo in 1850 forÉtienne Provost,an earlyFrench-Canadiantrapper who arrived in the region in 1825. In 1850, the first schoolhouse was constructed in Provo, built within Utah Fort. As moreLatter-day Saintsarrived, Provo quickly grew as a city. It soon was nicknamedThe Garden Citywith a large number of fruit orchards and gardens there. In 1872, a railroad reached Provo. It was also this year that the Provo Woolen Mills opened. They were the first large factory in Provo and employed about 150 people, initially mainly skilled textile laborers who had emigrated from Britain. Geography Provo lies on the eastern bank ofUtah LakeinUtah Valleyat an elevation of 4,549 feet (1,387 m). According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 44.2 square miles (114.4 km2), of which 41.7 square miles (107.9 km2) is land and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2), or 5.66%, is water. TheWasatch Rangecontains many peaks withinUtah Countyalong the east side of theWasatch Front. One of them, known asY Mountain, towers over the city. There is a largehillside letterYmade of whitewashed concrete halfway up the steep mountain, built in the early part of the 20th century to commemorate BYU (original plans included construction use of all three letters). Wild deer (and less frequently,cougars, andmoose) still roam the mountains (and occasionally the city streets). The geography allows for hiking,skiing,fishingand other outdoor activities. Climate Provo's climate can be classified as either ahot-summer Mediterranean climateclassification (Köppen:Csa) or as acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk). Overall, annual rainfall at the location of BYU is around 17.23 inches (440 mm); however, the western part of the metropolitan area near Orem is substantially drier, receiving only around 13.5 inches (340 mm) of precipitation and consequently has acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk).The wettest calendar year in Provo has been 1983 with 37.54 inches (953.5 mm) and the driest 2020 with 7.28 inches (184.9 mm). Winters are cold with substantial snowfall averaging 57.2 inches (145 cm) and a record monthly total of 66.0 inches (168 cm) in January 1918, during which the record snow cover of 34 inches (86 cm) was recorded on the 17th. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from 127.5 inches (324 cm) in 1983–84 to 10.1 inches (26 cm) in 2014–15. Very cold weather may occur when cold air from over theContinental Divideinvades the region: although only four mornings fall to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C during an average winter and this temperature was not reached at all between 1999 and 2006, during the very cold January 1917 (average temperature 14.9 °F; −9.5 °C), seventeen mornings fell this cold.By contrast, in several recent winters like 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2004–05, and 2005–06, averages have been above freezing every month. Temperatures warm rapidly during the spring, with the first afternoon over 70 °F (21.1 °C) on March 21, the last freeze expected on April 29, and the first temperature equal to or hotter than 90 °F (32.2 °C) on May 30. Rainfall is not infrequent during the spring: over 5.10 inches (130 mm) was recorded in the Mays of 1995 and 2011, and a total of 12.29 inches (312.2 mm) fell during the four-month span of March to June 2005 – in contrast as little as 2.04 inches (51.8 mm) fell in the same months of 2012. Being too far north to gain any influence fromthe monsoonexcept in rare cases like the 4.38 inches (111.3 mm) of rainfall of August 1983, Provo's summers are hot and dry, though relatively short – no maxima above 100 °F (37.8 °C) have been recorded outside the range of June 7 to August 27. Monthly maxima average over 91 °F (32.8 °C) in July and August, and precipitation averages under one inch per month with a two-month total in 2016 as low as 0.06 inches (1.5 mm). The hottest month on record is July 2003 with a mean of 81.8 °F (27.7 °C), and a mean maximum of 99.0 °F (37.2 °C). The hottest temperature on record is 108 °F (42.2 °C) on July 13, 2002. The fall season sees steady cooling and a transition to winter weather, with rare influences of rain systems from further south, as in the record wet month of September 1982, which saw 6.53 inches (165.9 mm) of total precipitation, including 4.15 inches (105.4 mm) over the last six days from a storm moving in from Arizona. The last maximum of 90 °F (32.2 °C) can be expected around September 10, and the first morning below freezing on October 14. Demographics 2020 census 2010 census At the2010 census,112,488 people, 31,524 households and 21,166 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,697.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,041.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.8%White, 0.7%Black or African American, 0.8%American Indian, 2.5%Asian, 1.1%Pacific Islander, 6.6% fromother races, and 3.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 15.2% of the population. There were 31,524 households, of which 34.8% had children under 18 living with them, 55.4% weremarried couplesliving together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 12.8% of all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24, and the average family size was 3.41. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 36.4% were from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 10.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 96.4 males. 2000 census At the2000 census,105,166 people, 29,192 households and 19,938 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,653.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,024.4/km2). There were 30,374 housing units at an average density of 766.3/sq mi (295.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.52%White, 0.46%Black or African American, 0.80%American Indian, 1.83%Asian, 0.84%Pacific Islander, 5.10% fromother races, and 2.44% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 10.47% of the population. There were 29,192 households, of which 33.8% had children under 18 living with them, 57.0% weremarried couplesliving together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.34, and the average family size was 3.40. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 40.2% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 8.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. Themedian household incomewas $34,313, and the median family income was $36,393. Males had a median income of $32,010 and females $20,928. Theper capita incomewas $13,207. About 12.5% of families and 26.8% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those aged 65 or over. The residents of Provo are predominantly members of the LDS Church. According to data taken in 2000 by theARDA, 88% of the overall population, and 98% of religious adherents in the Provo-Orem area are Latter-day Saints.According to a study in 2015, the Provo-Orem metro area is about as dissimilar to the rest of America as possible. Weighing factors such as race, housing, income, and education, the study ranked Provo-Orem 376th of 381 of the United States' largest cities in terms of resemblance to the country. Religion According to the breakdown for Utah County in 2010, most people (90.6%) were Christian, with Latter-day Saints constituting 88.7% of the population.Catholicsconstituted 1.3% andProtestantsconstituted 0.6%. Other religions constituted 0.3% of the population. 9.1% of the population did not adhere to any religion. Economy Local companies Provo has more than 100restaurants(with over 60 in the downtown area)and a couple ofshopping centers.The Shops At RiverwoodsandProvo Towne Centre, bothshopping malls, operate in Provo. Several small shops, music venues, and boutiques have popped up downtown, along Center Street and University Avenue. Downtown has also begun to host \"gallery strolls\" every first Friday of the month that features local artists. There are many dining establishments in and around downtown Provo. Five Provo companies are listed onInc.com's Inc. 5000list of the fastest-growing private companies in the United States. The largest, DieCuts With a View, is ranked number 1403 and has revenues of $26.2 million.Other companies on the list are VitalSmarts (ranked 4109, with $41.4 million in revenue),and Connect Public Relations (ranked 3694, with $6.1 million in revenue).The global recreation and entertainment companyRyze Trampoline Parks, with locations throughout Asia, Europe and the U.S., is headquartered in Provo. Novell, the dominant personal computer networking company from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s, was headquartered in Provo and occupied several buildings at the height of its success. It was eventually acquired byThe Attachmate Groupand then byMicro Focus, which still maintains facilities there. The Food & Care Coalition is a local organization providing services to the homeless and low-income citizens of Provo and Utah Counties. They also providevolunteeropportunities. International companies Top employers According to Provo's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,the top employers in the city were: Arts and culture Annual cultural events Every July, Provo hostsAmerica's Freedom Festival at Provowhich includes theStadium of Fireat BYU. It is held inLaVell Edwards Stadium, home to BYU'sNCAAfootballteam. The Independence Day festivities are popular among residents and have featured such notable figures asBob Hope,David Hasselhoff,Reba McEntire,Mandy Moore,Huey Lewis and the News,Toby Keith,Sean Hannity,Fred Willard, andTaylor Hicks.In 2015, the event included performances byJourneyandOlivia Holt, and was hosted by television personalityMontel Williams. Provo has two other large festivals each fall.Festival Latinoamericanois an annual family-oriented Labor Day weekend event in downtown Provo that offers the community a taste of the region'sHispanicculture through ethnic food, vendors, and performances. The city has hosted an annual LGBT Provo Pride Festival since 2013. Points of interest Covey Center for the Arts The Covey Center for the Arts,a performing arts center, is at 425 West Center Street. It features plays, ballets, art showcases, and musical performances throughout the year. The size of the building is a total of 42,000 square feet (3,902 m2). The main performance hall seats 670 people. Three dance studios are furnished with a piano, ballet bars, and mirrors. Another theater, the Brinton Black Box Theater, seats 60 for smaller, more intimate events. There are also two art galleries: the 1,620-square-foot (151 m2) Secured Gallery and the Eccles Gallery in the lower lobby. LDS Church MTC Provo is the location of the church's largest MTC. Each week approximately 475missionariesenter for 3–9 weeks of training before they depart for the mission field, becoming part of more than 58,000 in more than 120 countries. About 1,100 instructors (many of them returned missionaries) teach 62 languages. The MTC in Provo began construction in July 1974 and was completed in July 1976. The MTC was expanded in the early 1990s to become the largest of the 17 such centers than in the world.Additional construction was completed in 2017. Provo City Library at Academy Square TheProvo City Libraryis a public library that occupies the building of the former Brigham Young Academy, built-in 1892. The building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1976. Its collection contains over 277,000 media. The library is on University Avenue and 550 North. Provo Recreation Center With construction finished in 2013, the center provides a location for aquatic recreation next to the Provo Power plant. Provo Utah Temple The Provo Utah Temple is at the base of Rock Canyon in Provo. This temple has been among the busiest in the LDS Church due to its proximity to BYU and the MTC.The temple closed in February 2024, has been razed, and is currently being reconstructed. The temple, estimated for completion in 2027, will reopen as theProvo Utah Rock Canyon Temple. Provo City Center Temple Located at the corner of University Avenue and Center Street, the Provo City Center Temple serves as another temple for the Provo area's Latter-day Saint population. After a fire in 2010 destroyed the Provo Tabernacle,Thomas S. Monson, then LDS Churchpresident, announced the site would become the city's second temple.Renovations were finished and the temple was dedicated in March 2016. Utah Valley Convention Center The Utah Valley Convention Center opened in 2012.It has 83,578 square feet (7,764.7 m2) of combined meeting, pre-function and garden space. Other points of interest Government Federally, Provo is part ofUtah's 3rd congressional district, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, elected in 2017. City administration Provo is administered by a seven-membercity counciland a mayor. Five of the council seats are elected by individual city districts, and two of the seats are elected by the city as a whole. These elected officials serve four-year terms, with elections alternating every two years. Provo has aMayor–council government, which creates two separate but equal branches of government. The mayor is chief executive of the city and the council is the legislative and policy-making body of the city.The mayor isMichelle Kaufusi, who has been in office since December 5, 2017. Education Higher education BYU is a private university operated by the LDS Church. BYU is thethird-largest private university in the United States, with more than 34,000 students. It is the flagship of theChurch Educational System. On the campus is theSpencer W. Kimball Tower, the tallest building in Provo. Rocky Mountain University of Health Professionsis a private, for-profit university emphasizing graduate healthcare education. The Northwest Commission accredits the university of Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). RMUoHP offers programs in nursing practice, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and health science. RMUoHP will be building Utah County's first new medical school. Provo Collegeis a private, for-profit educational institution specializing in career education. The school is accredited by theAccrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools(ACICS). Provo College offers associate degrees and diplomas in fields such as nursing, medical assisting, criminal justice, graphic design, and office administration. Primary and secondary education Almost all of Provo is within theProvo School District.The school board has seven members, each representing a different district of the city. There are thirteen elementary schools, two middle schools, and three high schools.Provo High Schoolwas the first school inUtah Countyto be an IB World school. The school has a record of 4A state basketball championships, more state champions than any other school in the state.Timpview High Schoolhas a record of 4A state football championships. A small section of the city lies withinAlpine School District. Infrastructure Transportation Interstate 15runs through western Provo, connecting it with the rest of the Wasatch Front and much of Utah.US-89runs northwest to southeast through the city as State Street, whileUS-189connects US-89 with I-15, BYU, and Orem to the north. At the north edge of the city, US-189 heads northeast intoProvo Canyon, where it connects withHeber. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service toProvo station, operating itsCalifornia Zephyrdaily in both directions betweenChicago,Illinois, andEmeryville,California(in theSan Francisco Bay Area). Provo also can be accessed by Salt Lake Express intercity buses and the extensiveUtah Transit Authority(UTA) bus system. UTA'scommuter railservice, theFrontRunner, opened an extension to Provo from Salt Lake City on December 10, 2012.TheProvo Intermodal Center, adjacent to the Amtrak station, connects theFrontRunnerwith local bus routes, as well as Greyhound service. TheProvo Municipal Airportis Utah's second busiest airport regarding the number of aircraft take-offs and landings.Allegiant Airlineshas been based out of the airport since 2022. Notable people Provo is home to (or the hometown of) many well-known people, includingThe Osmonds(includingDonny,Marie, and theOsmond Brothers),LDS ChurchapostleDallin H. Oaks, and NFL and BYU quarterbackSteve Young.Goodwin Knight, who served as the 35th Governor of California (1947–1953), was born in Provo. The global economistDambisa Moyomoved to Provo following her marriage toQualtricsco-founder Jared Smith. Sister cities Provo has three sister cities designated bySister Cities International: See also References External links","List of people from Provo, Utah This is alist of notable people fromProvo, Utah. This list includes notable individuals born and raised in Provo, those who currently live in Provo, and those who lived for a significant period in Provo. Notable people See also References","Neon Trees Neon Treesare an Americanrockband fromProvo, Utah. The band received nationwide exposure in late 2008 when they opened several North American tour dates for the bandthe Killers.Not long after, the band was signed byMercury Records.Their first single, \"Animal\", climbed to No. 13 on theBillboardHot 100and No. 1 on theAlternative Songschart. Since their formation, Neon Trees has released five studio albums:Habits(2010),Picture Show(2012),Pop Psychology(2014),I Can Feel You Forgetting Me(2020), andSink Your Teeth(2024). The band has also released eight EPs (two exclusive toiTunes) and fourteen singles. History Formed initially by childhood friendsTyler Glenn(vocals,keyboards) and Chris Allen (guitar,vocals) who both grew up inMurrieta, California, the band made its first home in Provo after Glenn and Allen moved there from Southern California, eventually adding Branden Campbell (bass guitar, vocals) andElaine Bradley(drums,percussion, vocals) to the lineup.David Charles also plays with the band as touring guitarist. They first started playing under the name Neon Trees in late 2005 with five original members, Tyler Glenn and Chris Allen from California, and three veterans of the Utah music scene, bass player Mike Liechty, drummer Jason Gibbons and keyboardist Nathan Evans. The band's name originates from the lighted trees on theIn-N-Out Burgersigns, which inspired Tyler Glenn. In a strange coincidence, it was later learned that Branden Campbell's father, Steve Campbell, installed the exact Neon Trees in the In-N-Out that inspired Glenn while working for a sign company out of Las Vegas. They released an EP,Becoming Different People, in 2006 during the time of their first tour through California. The EP featured promising songs like \"Phones\", \"Sister Stereo\", \"Up Against the Glass\". They also recorded other unreleased tracks during the \"Treehouse Sessions\" in 2006. The band's lineup soon narrowed down to four members with Branden Campbell and Elaine Bradley joining the group on bass and drums, respectively. Touring musician Bruce Rubenson on keyboards and drums joined in. Shortly thereafter,The Killers' drummer,Ronnie Vannucci Jr., went to watch the band play at a small club in Las Vegas as he had been in a Ska band called \"Attaboy Skip\" with Neon Trees bassist Branden Campbell prior to joining The Killers. Ronnie was impressed, and as a result they were chosen to open for The Killers for a string of dates on their 2008 North American tour. Vannucci later helped the band sign to major labelMercury Records, which was announced in late 2008. Additionally, the group was voted Band of the Year in 2009 byCity Weekly, a popular Salt Lake City publication. 2010–11:Habitsand commercial breakthrough Although they had several prior independent releases, the band released its debut album on Mercury/Island Def Jam,Habits, on March 16, 2010.\"Animal\" was chosen as the lead singleand was shortly thereafter featured as the Free Single of the Week oniTunesin March 2010. They performed the song onJimmy Kimmel Live!on March 23, 2010,The Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon May 14, 2010,Lopez Tonighton October 18, 2010,Live! with Regis & Kellyon November 4, 2010, and TBS'Conanon November 24, 2010. They performed a second single1983onLate Night with Jimmy Fallonon January 13, 2011 and another stint onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jan 18, 2011. They performed third single \"Your Surrender\" onLate Show with David Lettermanon May 5, 2011 and a third appearance onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jun 10, 2011.Mark HoppusofBlink-182selected \"Animal\" as hisSpinmagazine Pick of the Week.The song has also been featured on a commercial for Las Vegas. The group has also released a digital EP of four remixes of the song, one of which by Tyler Glenn. In 2010, the band coveredJustin Bieber's song \"Baby\" as well asBen E. King's \"Stand By Me\".Throughout early 2010 the band, along withMutemathandStreet Drum Corps, opened for theThirty Seconds to MarstourInto the Wild. Subsequently, they headlined the Bang the Gong Tour withPaper Tongues,MeTalkPretty, andCivil Twilightin mid-2010, performed a set to 7,000 atLollapalooza, and went on tour with Thirty Seconds to Mars in the last half of the year. In November 2010, the band released a Christmas single called \"Wish List\". It was available for free oniTunesthe first week it was released.In November 2010, Tyler and Elaine appeared as Neon Trees onDaryl Hall's monthly Internet concert seriesLive from Daryl's House. They performed four songs fromHabits, including \"Animal\" and \"1983\", as well as theFleetwood Machit \"Dreams\" andHall & Oatessongs \"Head Above Water\" and \"Adult Education.\" Neon Trees released a live album,iTunes Live from SoHo, in November 2010 featuring eight live tracks: \"Calling My Name\", \"Animal\", \"Your Surrender\", \"Never Tear Us Apart\", \"In the Next Room\", \"1983\", \"Love and Affection\", and \"Sins of My Youth\". From March 31, 2011, to April 23, 2011, they also opened forMy Chemical Romanceduring the North American leg of theirWorld Contamination Tour.They opened a show forPanic! at the Discoin Central Park in September 2011.In September and October 2011, they opened forDuran Duranon the North American leg of the All You Need Is Now tour. The band's song \"Animal\" was also performed by the cast ofGleein the 15th episode of Season 2 entitled \"Sexy\". 2011–13:Picture Show On December 7, 2011, an article published byRolling Stone's website streamed the band's new song \"Everybody Talks\".On February 10, 2012, a video was posted on their official YouTube page, titled Neon Trees – Picture Show Teaser One / The New Album April 17, advertising their new album is to be released on April 17, 2012.In March 2012, Neon Trees and their single \"Everybody Talks\" were featured in a commercial for the 2012Buick Verano.The single was covered in episode five of season four ofGlee. Neon Trees' second studio albumPicture Showwas released on April 17, 2012.On June 28, 2012, Neon Trees was the opening act forthe Flaming Lipsconcert poolside at theHard Rock CasinoinBiloxi, Mississippias a part of theirGuinness World Recordfor the most concerts in different cities (eight) in a 24-hour period.On August 29, 2012, Neon Trees performed \"Everybody Talks\" on theAmerica's Got Talentlive results show.In early fall 2012, the band toured withThe OffspringandDead Sara.In 2013 they joinedMaroon 5in their world tour alongsideOwl City.In November/December 2013 they were a support act forTaylor Swift's three concerts in New Zealand and four concerts in Australia.The band was featured on NBC's coverage of the 2012 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. They performed an abbreviated version of their single \"Everybody Talks\".The second single from the album is the track \"Lessons in Love (All Day, All Night)\" with the collaboration of American record producer and D.J.Kaskade. 2014–2017:Pop Psychology Neon Trees' third studio album,Pop Psychology, was released on April 22, 2014.The first single fromPop Psychology, titled \"Sleeping with a Friend\", was released for digital download. The band performed the single onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon January 22, 2014. \"Sleeping with a Friend\" was solicited to U.S.Contemporary hit radioby both Mercury andIsland Recordson February 25, 2014.Neon Trees later released four more singles following \"Sleeping with a Friend\". The singles are titled \"I Love You (But I Hate Your Friends)\", \"Voices In the Halls\", and \"First Things First\".\"First Things First\" is the end credit song for the 2016 Netflix Original seriesDirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency. In 2015, the group announced the \"An Intimate Night With Neon Trees\" Tour. The tour ran from June 6, 2015, to July 26, 2015, finishing inBoston, Massachusetts, at the House Of Blues Boston. Opening acts includedAlex Winston, Yes You Are, Coin, andFictionist. On May 5, 2015, the band released a non-album single entitled \"Songs I Can't Listen To\"and an accompanying music video on June 3, 2015, featuringDustin Lance Black. On August 4, 2017, the band premiered a new single \"Feel Good\". 2019–2023:I Can Feel You Forgetting Me Neon Trees released \"Used to Like\", the lead single from their fourth album, on November 13, 2019.The second single, \"New Best Friend\" was released on May 20, 2020.On July 10, 2020, the band released the third single called \"Mess Me Up\".The fourth and final single, \"Nights\", was released on July 22, 2020.The album,I Can Feel You Forgetting Me, was released on July 24, 2020.In December 2021, they released a new single and video, \"Holiday Rock\". 2023-present:Sink Your Teeth Sink Your Teeth, the fifth studio album by Neon Trees, was released on September 20, 2024. There are 12 songs on the album. On June 30, 2023, the first and lead single of the album \"Favorite Daze\" was released. The second single, \"Losing My Head\", was released on September 15, 2023. Three more singles were released in early 2024 before the album; \"Bad Dreams\" (May 31), \"El Diablo\" (July 19), and \"Cruel Intentions\" (August 28) Musical style Neon Trees' musical style has been described aspop rock,new wave,synth-pop,indie rock,alternative rock,pop,andelectropop.When describing the band's sound, Heather Phares ofAllMusicwrote \"Neon Trees blend new wave,dance, and indie into smart, catchy pop.\"Sputnikmusic described the band's debut studio albumHabitsas a \"refreshing blast of timelessrockenergy and spirit that wouldn’t sound out of place at any point from ‘60sgarage-rockto 2010dance rock.\" Band members Current members Former members Touring musicians Timeline Discography Awards and nominations APRA Music Awards BMI Pop Awards Billboard Music Awards International Dance Music Awards MTV Europe Music Awards World Music Awards References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album"],"string":"[\n \"Utah County, Utah Utah Countyis the second-most populouscountyin theU.S. stateofUtah. Thecounty seatand largest city isProvo,which is the state's fourth-largest city, and the largest outside ofSalt Lake County. As of the2020 United States Census, the population was 665,665. Utah County is one oftwocounties forming the Provo–Oremmetropolitan statistical area, and is part of the largerSalt Lake City–Provo–Orem, UTCombined Statistical Area. In 2020, the center of population of Utah was in Utah County, in the city ofSaratoga Springs. Utah County is one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States, ranking among the top ten counties in numerical growth.Correspondingly, Provo–Orem is among the top eight metropolitan areas by percentage growth in the country. Utah County is one of seven counties in the United States to have the same name as its state. The other six counties areArkansas County,Hawaii County,Idaho County,Iowa County,Oklahoma CountyandNew York County(commonly known as Manhattan). History The legislature of theState of Deseretcreated a county on January 31, 1850,to govern the civic affairs ofUtah Valley, which by the 1850s was bustling with newly arrived settlers. The county name is derived from the valley name, which is derived from the Spanish name (Yuta) for theUteIndians. The State of Deseret dissolved soon after (April 5, 1851), but the counties it had set in place continued. There is little record of any official activity conducted by the fledgling county until April 18, 1852, when a full slate of county officials was published, and recordkeeping began. The first courthouse was built in central Provo in 1866–67. It was soon outgrown and was replaced by a second courthouse (1872–73). By the 1920s, this building was also cramped, and the decision was made to erect a combined city-county building, which was completed in 1926. The county's boundaries were adjusted in 1852, 1854, 1856, 1862, 1880, and 1884. It has retained its present boundary since 1884. Geography Utah County terrain ranges from stiff mountain ranges in the east (theWasatch Range), dropping steeply to a large lake-filled valley. Most of the comparatively level ground is dedicated to agriculture or developed uses, while most of the steep terrain is covered with arid-climate forestation.The county generally slopes to the west and north, with its highest point (the northern peak of the twin-peakedMt. Neboin the southern part of the county), at 11,928 ft (3,636 m) ASL.The county has an area of 2,144 square miles (5,550 km2), of which 2,003 square miles (5,190 km2) is land and 141 square miles (370 km2) (6.6%) is water. Utah Valleylies at the center of the county, lined by the mountains of theWasatch Rangeon the east.Utah Lakeoccupies a large part of the valley. The elevation ranges from 4,487 feet (1,368 m) above sea level at the lake to 11,928 feet (3,636 m) at the peak ofMount Nebo. Major highways Source: Protected areas Source: Lakes Source: Demographics 1The 2000 census was the first to allow residents to select multiple race categories. Prior to 2000, the census used the category 'Other Race' as a catch-all identifier. For county-level census data in 1950 and 1900, Utah counted all non-White and non-Black residents using this category. 'Other races' formed 1.4% of Utah County's population in 1990, 0.43% in 1950, and 0.07% in 1900. 2020 census As of the2020 United States Census, there were 659,399 people and 171,899 households in the county. The population density was 329.12 people per square mile (127.07 people/km2). There were 192,570 housing units, at an average density of 96.12 units per square mile (37.11 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. 1Due to respondents reporting multiple ethnicities, percentages may add up to greater than 100%. Religion 2000 census As of the2000 United States Census, there were 516,564 people, 140,602 households, and 114,350 families in the county. The population density was 258 people per square mile (100 people/km2). There were 148,350 housing units, at an average density of 74.1 units per square mile (28.6 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. In 2005, the five most reported ancestries in Utah County were: Government The government is a three-member electedcounty commissionelected at-large. Other elected officials include the countysheriff, thecounty clerk, county recorder, county assessor, county surveyor, county treasurer, and thecounty attorney. The current county attorney is Jeff Gray. In 2020, Utah County voters rejected Proposition 9, which would have changed the county's government to a five-member elected county council with an elected county mayor. The first sheriff of the county was John T. Willis, who was succeeded byWilliam Madison Wall. Alexander Williams served duringJohn Cradlebaugh's court in 1859. He was succeeded by Eli Whipple, who resigned in 1861 and was replaced by Russell Kelly.In 2020, Sheriff Mike Smith publicly stated he would not enforceCOVID-19 face mask mandates. The Utah County Fire Department provides emergency response to all unincorporated areas within Utah County and works with all the incorporated cities within the county plus all Utah state and federal lands. The department is primarily awildland firesresponse andurban interspaceservice with some structure fire andHAZMATabatement capability. Politics Utah County has been referred to as \\\"the most Republican county in the most Republican state in the United States\\\".It has only voted for a Democratic president nine times since statehood, and has not supported a Democrat for president since 1964. In the1992 presidential election,George H. W. Bushreceived the most votes andBill Clintonwas third in votes received. In the2004 presidential election, 85.99% voted forGeorge W. Bush.In the2008 U.S. presidential election, the county voted forJohn McCainby a 58.9% margin overBarack Obama, compared to McCain winning by 28.1% statewide.Eight other Utah counties voted more strongly in favor of McCain.In the2012 election,Mitt Romneyreceived 88.32% of the vote. In the2016 election, it gave a slim majority of the vote toDonald Trump, and nearly 30% of the vote to independent candidateEvan McMullin, who outperformedHillary Clintonin the county. This was McMullin's largest share of the vote in any county in Utah and his second best nationwide afterMadison County, Idaho. In 2020,Joe Bidenreceived over 75,000 votes - the Democrats had never previously received more than 30,000 votes in the county. Until2013, Utah County was represented entirely by one congressional district. Currently, the county is split between two congressional districts. Most of the county's population is in the3rd District, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, former Provo Mayor. Much of the county's area however, including Utah Lake, resides in the4th Districtcurrently represented by RepublicanBurgess Owens. The county's Republican bent runs right through state and local politics. All five state senators representing the county, as well as all 14 state representatives,are Republicans. Social issues Utah County saw high rates of opioid and other prescription drug addiction from the mid-2000s onwards, foreshadowing the nationalopioid crisis. The 2008 documentaryHappy Valleyexamined the problem. Giving USA, which reports on charitable giving in the US, named Utah County as one of the three most generous counties in philanthropic donations, alongsideSan Juan County, UtahandMadison County, Idaho. In 2019, one in eight people and one in six children in the countydid not have sufficient food. Infrastructure Much of Utah's transportation infrastructure was built to support automobiles. Prior to the 1950s, Utah County relied on theU.S. Highway Systemfor local transportation. WhenI-15was built in 1956 (parallel toHighway 89), it became the dominant transportation vein in the state. The I-15 CORE project added multiple lanes on I-15 through most of Utah County. This expanded 24 miles (39 km) of freeway and was completed in 2012.Other construction projects by UDOT have been done on I-15 since then, including the Technology Corridor project and the Point of the Mountain project.However, the highway system retains its significance in Utah County due to the mountainous terrain.Highway 6is the closest major road connecting Colorado to the Wasatch Front, running through Spanish Fork Canyon before converging with I-15 in the city of Spanish Fork. Portions of Highway 89 have become prominent local roads known collectively as 'State Street'.Highway 189is known as 'University Avenue' in the city of Provo, and runs throughProvo CanyonintoHeberin neighboringWasatch County. Utah County has seen significant growth in public transportation over the past 15 years, owing in part to the county's large student population of more than 70,000 commuting to-and-fromBrigham Young University(BYU) in Provo andUtah Valley University(UVU) in Orem. The two cities jointly operateUVX, abus rapid transitsystem, as part of their city bus routes. Provo also serves as the southernmost terminus of theFrontRunner, Utah's intrastate commuter rail service.The Provo FrontRunner station is located on South University Avenue, directly southwest of Amtrak's Provo Station—which is Utah's third westbound stop, after Green River and Helper, for the California Zephyr Amtrak route. In addition to Provo, The FrontRunner currently has three stops in the county. The Orem FrontRunner station is located on the west side of I-15, served by a pedestrian bridge over the freeway that connects the UVU campus directly to the station. An additional stop inVineyard, Utahwas completed in August 2022.Utah County also operates the American Fork FrontRunner Station and the Lehi FrontRunner Station located nearThanksgiving Point. From Lehi, the FrontRunner leaves Utah County and entersSalt Lake County. Education School districts School dstricts include: Colleges and universities Four-year institutions Two-year institutions Communities Cities Towns Census-designated places Unincorporated communities Former communities See also References Further reading External links\",\n \"Provo, Utah Provo(/ˈproʊvoʊ/PROH-voh) is a city in and thecounty seatofUtah County, Utah, United States. It is 43 miles (69 km) south ofSalt Lake Cityalong theWasatch Front, and lies between the cities ofOremto the north andSpringvilleto the south. With a population at the2020 censusof 115,162,Provo is thefourth-largest cityin Utah and the principal city in theProvo-Orem metropolitan area, which had a population of 526,810 at the 2010 census.It is Utah's second-largestmetropolitan areaafterSalt Lake City. Provo is the home toBrigham Young University(BYU),a private higher education institution operated bythe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church). Provo also has the LDS Church's largestMissionary Training Center(MTC). The city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion-dollarstartups.The city'sPeaks Ice Arenawas a venue for the Salt Lake CityWinter Olympics in 2002. History The Provo area was originally called Timpanogas, aNumic(Ute people) word perhaps meaning \\\"rock river\\\".The area was inhabited by theTimpanogos.It was the largest and most settled area in modern-day Utah.The ample food from the Provo River made the Timpanogos a peaceful people.The area also served as the traditional meeting place for theUteandShoshonetribes and was used as a common location for worship of their creator deity. FatherSilvestre Vélez de Escalante, a SpanishFranciscanmissionary-explorer, is considered the first European explorer to have visited the area in 1776. He was guided by two Timpanogos Utes, whom he called Silvestre and Joaquín.Escalante chronicled this first European exploration across theGreat Basin Desert. The Europeans did not build a permanent settlement but traded with the Timpanogos, whom they called Lagunas (lake people) or Come Pescado (fish eaters). In 1847, theMormon pioneersarrived in theSalt Lake Valley, which was just north ofTimpanogos Mountain. At first, the Natives were friendly with the Mormons. But, as relations deteriorated with the Shoshoni and Utes because of disputes over land and cattle, tensions rose. Because of the reported stolen goods of settlers by the Utes, Brigham Young gave small militia orders \\\"to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future.\\\" This ended in what is known as theBattle Creek massacre, in modern-dayPleasant Grove, Utah. The Mormons continued pushing into Timpanog lands. In 1849, 33Mormonfamilies from Salt Lake City establishedFort Utah. In 1850, Brigham Young sent an army from Salt Lake to drive out the Timpanogos in what is called theProvo War.Escalating tensions with the Timpanog contributed to theWalker War.Fort Utah was renamed Provo in 1850 forÉtienne Provost,an earlyFrench-Canadiantrapper who arrived in the region in 1825. In 1850, the first schoolhouse was constructed in Provo, built within Utah Fort. As moreLatter-day Saintsarrived, Provo quickly grew as a city. It soon was nicknamedThe Garden Citywith a large number of fruit orchards and gardens there. In 1872, a railroad reached Provo. It was also this year that the Provo Woolen Mills opened. They were the first large factory in Provo and employed about 150 people, initially mainly skilled textile laborers who had emigrated from Britain. Geography Provo lies on the eastern bank ofUtah LakeinUtah Valleyat an elevation of 4,549 feet (1,387 m). According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 44.2 square miles (114.4 km2), of which 41.7 square miles (107.9 km2) is land and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2), or 5.66%, is water. TheWasatch Rangecontains many peaks withinUtah Countyalong the east side of theWasatch Front. One of them, known asY Mountain, towers over the city. There is a largehillside letterYmade of whitewashed concrete halfway up the steep mountain, built in the early part of the 20th century to commemorate BYU (original plans included construction use of all three letters). Wild deer (and less frequently,cougars, andmoose) still roam the mountains (and occasionally the city streets). The geography allows for hiking,skiing,fishingand other outdoor activities. Climate Provo's climate can be classified as either ahot-summer Mediterranean climateclassification (Köppen:Csa) or as acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk). Overall, annual rainfall at the location of BYU is around 17.23 inches (440 mm); however, the western part of the metropolitan area near Orem is substantially drier, receiving only around 13.5 inches (340 mm) of precipitation and consequently has acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk).The wettest calendar year in Provo has been 1983 with 37.54 inches (953.5 mm) and the driest 2020 with 7.28 inches (184.9 mm). Winters are cold with substantial snowfall averaging 57.2 inches (145 cm) and a record monthly total of 66.0 inches (168 cm) in January 1918, during which the record snow cover of 34 inches (86 cm) was recorded on the 17th. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from 127.5 inches (324 cm) in 1983–84 to 10.1 inches (26 cm) in 2014–15. Very cold weather may occur when cold air from over theContinental Divideinvades the region: although only four mornings fall to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C during an average winter and this temperature was not reached at all between 1999 and 2006, during the very cold January 1917 (average temperature 14.9 °F; −9.5 °C), seventeen mornings fell this cold.By contrast, in several recent winters like 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2004–05, and 2005–06, averages have been above freezing every month. Temperatures warm rapidly during the spring, with the first afternoon over 70 °F (21.1 °C) on March 21, the last freeze expected on April 29, and the first temperature equal to or hotter than 90 °F (32.2 °C) on May 30. Rainfall is not infrequent during the spring: over 5.10 inches (130 mm) was recorded in the Mays of 1995 and 2011, and a total of 12.29 inches (312.2 mm) fell during the four-month span of March to June 2005 – in contrast as little as 2.04 inches (51.8 mm) fell in the same months of 2012. Being too far north to gain any influence fromthe monsoonexcept in rare cases like the 4.38 inches (111.3 mm) of rainfall of August 1983, Provo's summers are hot and dry, though relatively short – no maxima above 100 °F (37.8 °C) have been recorded outside the range of June 7 to August 27. Monthly maxima average over 91 °F (32.8 °C) in July and August, and precipitation averages under one inch per month with a two-month total in 2016 as low as 0.06 inches (1.5 mm). The hottest month on record is July 2003 with a mean of 81.8 °F (27.7 °C), and a mean maximum of 99.0 °F (37.2 °C). The hottest temperature on record is 108 °F (42.2 °C) on July 13, 2002. The fall season sees steady cooling and a transition to winter weather, with rare influences of rain systems from further south, as in the record wet month of September 1982, which saw 6.53 inches (165.9 mm) of total precipitation, including 4.15 inches (105.4 mm) over the last six days from a storm moving in from Arizona. The last maximum of 90 °F (32.2 °C) can be expected around September 10, and the first morning below freezing on October 14. Demographics 2020 census 2010 census At the2010 census,112,488 people, 31,524 households and 21,166 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,697.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,041.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.8%White, 0.7%Black or African American, 0.8%American Indian, 2.5%Asian, 1.1%Pacific Islander, 6.6% fromother races, and 3.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 15.2% of the population. There were 31,524 households, of which 34.8% had children under 18 living with them, 55.4% weremarried couplesliving together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 12.8% of all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24, and the average family size was 3.41. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 36.4% were from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 10.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 96.4 males. 2000 census At the2000 census,105,166 people, 29,192 households and 19,938 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,653.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,024.4/km2). There were 30,374 housing units at an average density of 766.3/sq mi (295.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.52%White, 0.46%Black or African American, 0.80%American Indian, 1.83%Asian, 0.84%Pacific Islander, 5.10% fromother races, and 2.44% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 10.47% of the population. There were 29,192 households, of which 33.8% had children under 18 living with them, 57.0% weremarried couplesliving together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.34, and the average family size was 3.40. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 40.2% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 8.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. Themedian household incomewas $34,313, and the median family income was $36,393. Males had a median income of $32,010 and females $20,928. Theper capita incomewas $13,207. About 12.5% of families and 26.8% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those aged 65 or over. The residents of Provo are predominantly members of the LDS Church. According to data taken in 2000 by theARDA, 88% of the overall population, and 98% of religious adherents in the Provo-Orem area are Latter-day Saints.According to a study in 2015, the Provo-Orem metro area is about as dissimilar to the rest of America as possible. Weighing factors such as race, housing, income, and education, the study ranked Provo-Orem 376th of 381 of the United States' largest cities in terms of resemblance to the country. Religion According to the breakdown for Utah County in 2010, most people (90.6%) were Christian, with Latter-day Saints constituting 88.7% of the population.Catholicsconstituted 1.3% andProtestantsconstituted 0.6%. Other religions constituted 0.3% of the population. 9.1% of the population did not adhere to any religion. Economy Local companies Provo has more than 100restaurants(with over 60 in the downtown area)and a couple ofshopping centers.The Shops At RiverwoodsandProvo Towne Centre, bothshopping malls, operate in Provo. Several small shops, music venues, and boutiques have popped up downtown, along Center Street and University Avenue. Downtown has also begun to host \\\"gallery strolls\\\" every first Friday of the month that features local artists. There are many dining establishments in and around downtown Provo. Five Provo companies are listed onInc.com's Inc. 5000list of the fastest-growing private companies in the United States. The largest, DieCuts With a View, is ranked number 1403 and has revenues of $26.2 million.Other companies on the list are VitalSmarts (ranked 4109, with $41.4 million in revenue),and Connect Public Relations (ranked 3694, with $6.1 million in revenue).The global recreation and entertainment companyRyze Trampoline Parks, with locations throughout Asia, Europe and the U.S., is headquartered in Provo. Novell, the dominant personal computer networking company from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s, was headquartered in Provo and occupied several buildings at the height of its success. It was eventually acquired byThe Attachmate Groupand then byMicro Focus, which still maintains facilities there. The Food & Care Coalition is a local organization providing services to the homeless and low-income citizens of Provo and Utah Counties. They also providevolunteeropportunities. International companies Top employers According to Provo's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,the top employers in the city were: Arts and culture Annual cultural events Every July, Provo hostsAmerica's Freedom Festival at Provowhich includes theStadium of Fireat BYU. It is held inLaVell Edwards Stadium, home to BYU'sNCAAfootballteam. The Independence Day festivities are popular among residents and have featured such notable figures asBob Hope,David Hasselhoff,Reba McEntire,Mandy Moore,Huey Lewis and the News,Toby Keith,Sean Hannity,Fred Willard, andTaylor Hicks.In 2015, the event included performances byJourneyandOlivia Holt, and was hosted by television personalityMontel Williams. Provo has two other large festivals each fall.Festival Latinoamericanois an annual family-oriented Labor Day weekend event in downtown Provo that offers the community a taste of the region'sHispanicculture through ethnic food, vendors, and performances. The city has hosted an annual LGBT Provo Pride Festival since 2013. Points of interest Covey Center for the Arts The Covey Center for the Arts,a performing arts center, is at 425 West Center Street. It features plays, ballets, art showcases, and musical performances throughout the year. The size of the building is a total of 42,000 square feet (3,902 m2). The main performance hall seats 670 people. Three dance studios are furnished with a piano, ballet bars, and mirrors. Another theater, the Brinton Black Box Theater, seats 60 for smaller, more intimate events. There are also two art galleries: the 1,620-square-foot (151 m2) Secured Gallery and the Eccles Gallery in the lower lobby. LDS Church MTC Provo is the location of the church's largest MTC. Each week approximately 475missionariesenter for 3–9 weeks of training before they depart for the mission field, becoming part of more than 58,000 in more than 120 countries. About 1,100 instructors (many of them returned missionaries) teach 62 languages. The MTC in Provo began construction in July 1974 and was completed in July 1976. The MTC was expanded in the early 1990s to become the largest of the 17 such centers than in the world.Additional construction was completed in 2017. Provo City Library at Academy Square TheProvo City Libraryis a public library that occupies the building of the former Brigham Young Academy, built-in 1892. The building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1976. Its collection contains over 277,000 media. The library is on University Avenue and 550 North. Provo Recreation Center With construction finished in 2013, the center provides a location for aquatic recreation next to the Provo Power plant. Provo Utah Temple The Provo Utah Temple is at the base of Rock Canyon in Provo. This temple has been among the busiest in the LDS Church due to its proximity to BYU and the MTC.The temple closed in February 2024, has been razed, and is currently being reconstructed. The temple, estimated for completion in 2027, will reopen as theProvo Utah Rock Canyon Temple. Provo City Center Temple Located at the corner of University Avenue and Center Street, the Provo City Center Temple serves as another temple for the Provo area's Latter-day Saint population. After a fire in 2010 destroyed the Provo Tabernacle,Thomas S. Monson, then LDS Churchpresident, announced the site would become the city's second temple.Renovations were finished and the temple was dedicated in March 2016. Utah Valley Convention Center The Utah Valley Convention Center opened in 2012.It has 83,578 square feet (7,764.7 m2) of combined meeting, pre-function and garden space. Other points of interest Government Federally, Provo is part ofUtah's 3rd congressional district, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, elected in 2017. City administration Provo is administered by a seven-membercity counciland a mayor. Five of the council seats are elected by individual city districts, and two of the seats are elected by the city as a whole. These elected officials serve four-year terms, with elections alternating every two years. Provo has aMayor–council government, which creates two separate but equal branches of government. The mayor is chief executive of the city and the council is the legislative and policy-making body of the city.The mayor isMichelle Kaufusi, who has been in office since December 5, 2017. Education Higher education BYU is a private university operated by the LDS Church. BYU is thethird-largest private university in the United States, with more than 34,000 students. It is the flagship of theChurch Educational System. On the campus is theSpencer W. Kimball Tower, the tallest building in Provo. Rocky Mountain University of Health Professionsis a private, for-profit university emphasizing graduate healthcare education. The Northwest Commission accredits the university of Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). RMUoHP offers programs in nursing practice, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and health science. RMUoHP will be building Utah County's first new medical school. Provo Collegeis a private, for-profit educational institution specializing in career education. The school is accredited by theAccrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools(ACICS). Provo College offers associate degrees and diplomas in fields such as nursing, medical assisting, criminal justice, graphic design, and office administration. Primary and secondary education Almost all of Provo is within theProvo School District.The school board has seven members, each representing a different district of the city. There are thirteen elementary schools, two middle schools, and three high schools.Provo High Schoolwas the first school inUtah Countyto be an IB World school. The school has a record of 4A state basketball championships, more state champions than any other school in the state.Timpview High Schoolhas a record of 4A state football championships. A small section of the city lies withinAlpine School District. Infrastructure Transportation Interstate 15runs through western Provo, connecting it with the rest of the Wasatch Front and much of Utah.US-89runs northwest to southeast through the city as State Street, whileUS-189connects US-89 with I-15, BYU, and Orem to the north. At the north edge of the city, US-189 heads northeast intoProvo Canyon, where it connects withHeber. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service toProvo station, operating itsCalifornia Zephyrdaily in both directions betweenChicago,Illinois, andEmeryville,California(in theSan Francisco Bay Area). Provo also can be accessed by Salt Lake Express intercity buses and the extensiveUtah Transit Authority(UTA) bus system. UTA'scommuter railservice, theFrontRunner, opened an extension to Provo from Salt Lake City on December 10, 2012.TheProvo Intermodal Center, adjacent to the Amtrak station, connects theFrontRunnerwith local bus routes, as well as Greyhound service. TheProvo Municipal Airportis Utah's second busiest airport regarding the number of aircraft take-offs and landings.Allegiant Airlineshas been based out of the airport since 2022. Notable people Provo is home to (or the hometown of) many well-known people, includingThe Osmonds(includingDonny,Marie, and theOsmond Brothers),LDS ChurchapostleDallin H. Oaks, and NFL and BYU quarterbackSteve Young.Goodwin Knight, who served as the 35th Governor of California (1947–1953), was born in Provo. The global economistDambisa Moyomoved to Provo following her marriage toQualtricsco-founder Jared Smith. Sister cities Provo has three sister cities designated bySister Cities International: See also References External links\",\n \"List of people from Provo, Utah This is alist of notable people fromProvo, Utah. This list includes notable individuals born and raised in Provo, those who currently live in Provo, and those who lived for a significant period in Provo. Notable people See also References\",\n \"Neon Trees Neon Treesare an Americanrockband fromProvo, Utah. The band received nationwide exposure in late 2008 when they opened several North American tour dates for the bandthe Killers.Not long after, the band was signed byMercury Records.Their first single, \\\"Animal\\\", climbed to No. 13 on theBillboardHot 100and No. 1 on theAlternative Songschart. Since their formation, Neon Trees has released five studio albums:Habits(2010),Picture Show(2012),Pop Psychology(2014),I Can Feel You Forgetting Me(2020), andSink Your Teeth(2024). The band has also released eight EPs (two exclusive toiTunes) and fourteen singles. History Formed initially by childhood friendsTyler Glenn(vocals,keyboards) and Chris Allen (guitar,vocals) who both grew up inMurrieta, California, the band made its first home in Provo after Glenn and Allen moved there from Southern California, eventually adding Branden Campbell (bass guitar, vocals) andElaine Bradley(drums,percussion, vocals) to the lineup.David Charles also plays with the band as touring guitarist. They first started playing under the name Neon Trees in late 2005 with five original members, Tyler Glenn and Chris Allen from California, and three veterans of the Utah music scene, bass player Mike Liechty, drummer Jason Gibbons and keyboardist Nathan Evans. The band's name originates from the lighted trees on theIn-N-Out Burgersigns, which inspired Tyler Glenn. In a strange coincidence, it was later learned that Branden Campbell's father, Steve Campbell, installed the exact Neon Trees in the In-N-Out that inspired Glenn while working for a sign company out of Las Vegas. They released an EP,Becoming Different People, in 2006 during the time of their first tour through California. The EP featured promising songs like \\\"Phones\\\", \\\"Sister Stereo\\\", \\\"Up Against the Glass\\\". They also recorded other unreleased tracks during the \\\"Treehouse Sessions\\\" in 2006. The band's lineup soon narrowed down to four members with Branden Campbell and Elaine Bradley joining the group on bass and drums, respectively. Touring musician Bruce Rubenson on keyboards and drums joined in. Shortly thereafter,The Killers' drummer,Ronnie Vannucci Jr., went to watch the band play at a small club in Las Vegas as he had been in a Ska band called \\\"Attaboy Skip\\\" with Neon Trees bassist Branden Campbell prior to joining The Killers. Ronnie was impressed, and as a result they were chosen to open for The Killers for a string of dates on their 2008 North American tour. Vannucci later helped the band sign to major labelMercury Records, which was announced in late 2008. Additionally, the group was voted Band of the Year in 2009 byCity Weekly, a popular Salt Lake City publication. 2010–11:Habitsand commercial breakthrough Although they had several prior independent releases, the band released its debut album on Mercury/Island Def Jam,Habits, on March 16, 2010.\\\"Animal\\\" was chosen as the lead singleand was shortly thereafter featured as the Free Single of the Week oniTunesin March 2010. They performed the song onJimmy Kimmel Live!on March 23, 2010,The Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon May 14, 2010,Lopez Tonighton October 18, 2010,Live! with Regis & Kellyon November 4, 2010, and TBS'Conanon November 24, 2010. They performed a second single1983onLate Night with Jimmy Fallonon January 13, 2011 and another stint onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jan 18, 2011. They performed third single \\\"Your Surrender\\\" onLate Show with David Lettermanon May 5, 2011 and a third appearance onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jun 10, 2011.Mark HoppusofBlink-182selected \\\"Animal\\\" as hisSpinmagazine Pick of the Week.The song has also been featured on a commercial for Las Vegas. The group has also released a digital EP of four remixes of the song, one of which by Tyler Glenn. In 2010, the band coveredJustin Bieber's song \\\"Baby\\\" as well asBen E. King's \\\"Stand By Me\\\".Throughout early 2010 the band, along withMutemathandStreet Drum Corps, opened for theThirty Seconds to MarstourInto the Wild. Subsequently, they headlined the Bang the Gong Tour withPaper Tongues,MeTalkPretty, andCivil Twilightin mid-2010, performed a set to 7,000 atLollapalooza, and went on tour with Thirty Seconds to Mars in the last half of the year. In November 2010, the band released a Christmas single called \\\"Wish List\\\". It was available for free oniTunesthe first week it was released.In November 2010, Tyler and Elaine appeared as Neon Trees onDaryl Hall's monthly Internet concert seriesLive from Daryl's House. They performed four songs fromHabits, including \\\"Animal\\\" and \\\"1983\\\", as well as theFleetwood Machit \\\"Dreams\\\" andHall & Oatessongs \\\"Head Above Water\\\" and \\\"Adult Education.\\\" Neon Trees released a live album,iTunes Live from SoHo, in November 2010 featuring eight live tracks: \\\"Calling My Name\\\", \\\"Animal\\\", \\\"Your Surrender\\\", \\\"Never Tear Us Apart\\\", \\\"In the Next Room\\\", \\\"1983\\\", \\\"Love and Affection\\\", and \\\"Sins of My Youth\\\". From March 31, 2011, to April 23, 2011, they also opened forMy Chemical Romanceduring the North American leg of theirWorld Contamination Tour.They opened a show forPanic! at the Discoin Central Park in September 2011.In September and October 2011, they opened forDuran Duranon the North American leg of the All You Need Is Now tour. The band's song \\\"Animal\\\" was also performed by the cast ofGleein the 15th episode of Season 2 entitled \\\"Sexy\\\". 2011–13:Picture Show On December 7, 2011, an article published byRolling Stone's website streamed the band's new song \\\"Everybody Talks\\\".On February 10, 2012, a video was posted on their official YouTube page, titled Neon Trees – Picture Show Teaser One / The New Album April 17, advertising their new album is to be released on April 17, 2012.In March 2012, Neon Trees and their single \\\"Everybody Talks\\\" were featured in a commercial for the 2012Buick Verano.The single was covered in episode five of season four ofGlee. Neon Trees' second studio albumPicture Showwas released on April 17, 2012.On June 28, 2012, Neon Trees was the opening act forthe Flaming Lipsconcert poolside at theHard Rock CasinoinBiloxi, Mississippias a part of theirGuinness World Recordfor the most concerts in different cities (eight) in a 24-hour period.On August 29, 2012, Neon Trees performed \\\"Everybody Talks\\\" on theAmerica's Got Talentlive results show.In early fall 2012, the band toured withThe OffspringandDead Sara.In 2013 they joinedMaroon 5in their world tour alongsideOwl City.In November/December 2013 they were a support act forTaylor Swift's three concerts in New Zealand and four concerts in Australia.The band was featured on NBC's coverage of the 2012 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. They performed an abbreviated version of their single \\\"Everybody Talks\\\".The second single from the album is the track \\\"Lessons in Love (All Day, All Night)\\\" with the collaboration of American record producer and D.J.Kaskade. 2014–2017:Pop Psychology Neon Trees' third studio album,Pop Psychology, was released on April 22, 2014.The first single fromPop Psychology, titled \\\"Sleeping with a Friend\\\", was released for digital download. The band performed the single onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon January 22, 2014. \\\"Sleeping with a Friend\\\" was solicited to U.S.Contemporary hit radioby both Mercury andIsland Recordson February 25, 2014.Neon Trees later released four more singles following \\\"Sleeping with a Friend\\\". The singles are titled \\\"I Love You (But I Hate Your Friends)\\\", \\\"Voices In the Halls\\\", and \\\"First Things First\\\".\\\"First Things First\\\" is the end credit song for the 2016 Netflix Original seriesDirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency. In 2015, the group announced the \\\"An Intimate Night With Neon Trees\\\" Tour. The tour ran from June 6, 2015, to July 26, 2015, finishing inBoston, Massachusetts, at the House Of Blues Boston. Opening acts includedAlex Winston, Yes You Are, Coin, andFictionist. On May 5, 2015, the band released a non-album single entitled \\\"Songs I Can't Listen To\\\"and an accompanying music video on June 3, 2015, featuringDustin Lance Black. On August 4, 2017, the band premiered a new single \\\"Feel Good\\\". 2019–2023:I Can Feel You Forgetting Me Neon Trees released \\\"Used to Like\\\", the lead single from their fourth album, on November 13, 2019.The second single, \\\"New Best Friend\\\" was released on May 20, 2020.On July 10, 2020, the band released the third single called \\\"Mess Me Up\\\".The fourth and final single, \\\"Nights\\\", was released on July 22, 2020.The album,I Can Feel You Forgetting Me, was released on July 24, 2020.In December 2021, they released a new single and video, \\\"Holiday Rock\\\". 2023-present:Sink Your Teeth Sink Your Teeth, the fifth studio album by Neon Trees, was released on September 20, 2024. There are 12 songs on the album. On June 30, 2023, the first and lead single of the album \\\"Favorite Daze\\\" was released. The second single, \\\"Losing My Head\\\", was released on September 15, 2023. Three more singles were released in early 2024 before the album; \\\"Bad Dreams\\\" (May 31), \\\"El Diablo\\\" (July 19), and \\\"Cruel Intentions\\\" (August 28) Musical style Neon Trees' musical style has been described aspop rock,new wave,synth-pop,indie rock,alternative rock,pop,andelectropop.When describing the band's sound, Heather Phares ofAllMusicwrote \\\"Neon Trees blend new wave,dance, and indie into smart, catchy pop.\\\"Sputnikmusic described the band's debut studio albumHabitsas a \\\"refreshing blast of timelessrockenergy and spirit that wouldn’t sound out of place at any point from ‘60sgarage-rockto 2010dance rock.\\\" Band members Current members Former members Touring musicians Timeline Discography Awards and nominations APRA Music Awards BMI Pop Awards Billboard Music Awards International Dance Music Awards MTV Europe Music Awards World Music Awards References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Utah County, Utah Utah Countyis the second-most populouscountyin theU.S. stateofUtah. Thecounty seatand largest city isProvo,which is the state's fourth-largest city, and the largest outside ofSalt Lake County. As of the2020 United States Census, the population was 665,665. Utah County is one oftwocounties forming the Provo–Oremmetropolitan statistical area, and is part of the largerSalt Lake City–Provo–Orem, UTCombined Statistical Area. In 2020, the center of population of Utah was in Utah County, in the city ofSaratoga Springs. Utah County is one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States, ranking among the top ten counties in numerical growth.Correspondingly, Provo–Orem is among the top eight metropolitan areas by percentage growth in the country. Utah County is one of seven counties in the United States to have the same name as its state. The other six counties areArkansas County,Hawaii County,Idaho County,Iowa County,Oklahoma CountyandNew York County(commonly known as Manhattan). History The","History The legislature of theState of Deseretcreated a county on January 31, 1850,to govern the civic affairs ofUtah Valley, which by the 1850s was bustling with newly arrived settlers. The county name is derived from the valley name, which is derived from the Spanish name (Yuta) for theUteIndians. The State of Deseret dissolved soon after (April 5, 1851), but the counties it had set in place continued. There is little record of any official activity conducted by the fledgling county until April 18, 1852, when a full slate of county officials was published, and recordkeeping began. The first courthouse was built in central Provo in 1866–67. It was soon outgrown and was replaced by a second courthouse (1872–73). By the 1920s, this building was also cramped, and the decision was made to erect a combined city-county building, which was completed in 1926. The county's boundaries were adjusted in 1852, 1854, 1856, 1862, 1880, and 1884. It has retained its present boundary since 1884. Geography Utah County","Utah County terrain ranges from stiff mountain ranges in the east (theWasatch Range), dropping steeply to a large lake-filled valley. Most of the comparatively level ground is dedicated to agriculture or developed uses, while most of the steep terrain is covered with arid-climate forestation.The county generally slopes to the west and north, with its highest point (the northern peak of the twin-peakedMt. Neboin the southern part of the county), at 11,928 ft (3,636 m) ASL.The county has an area of 2,144 square miles (5,550 km2), of which 2,003 square miles (5,190 km2) is land and 141 square miles (370 km2) (6.6%) is water. Utah Valleylies at the center of the county, lined by the mountains of theWasatch Rangeon the east.Utah Lakeoccupies a large part of the valley. The elevation ranges from 4,487 feet (1,368 m) above sea level at the lake to 11,928 feet (3,636 m) at the peak ofMount Nebo. Major highways Source: Protected areas Source: Lakes Source: Demographics 1The 2000 census was the first to allow","the first to allow residents to select multiple race categories. Prior to 2000, the census used the category 'Other Race' as a catch-all identifier. For county-level census data in 1950 and 1900, Utah counted all non-White and non-Black residents using this category. 'Other races' formed 1.4% of Utah County's population in 1990, 0.43% in 1950, and 0.07% in 1900. 2020 census As of the2020 United States Census, there were 659,399 people and 171,899 households in the county. The population density was 329.12 people per square mile (127.07 people/km2). There were 192,570 housing units, at an average density of 96.12 units per square mile (37.11 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the","children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty","below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. 1Due to respondents reporting multiple ethnicities, percentages may add up to greater than 100%. Religion 2000 census As of the2000 United States Census, there were 516,564 people, 140,602 households, and 114,350 families in the county. The population density was 258 people per square mile (100 people/km2). There were 148,350 housing units, at an average density of 74.1 units per square mile (28.6 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7%","present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. In 2005, the five most reported ancestries in Utah County were:","Utah County were: Government The government is a three-member electedcounty commissionelected at-large. Other elected officials include the countysheriff, thecounty clerk, county recorder, county assessor, county surveyor, county treasurer, and thecounty attorney. The current county attorney is Jeff Gray. In 2020, Utah County voters rejected Proposition 9, which would have changed the county's government to a five-member elected county council with an elected county mayor. The first sheriff of the county was John T. Willis, who was succeeded byWilliam Madison Wall. Alexander Williams served duringJohn Cradlebaugh's court in 1859. He was succeeded by Eli Whipple, who resigned in 1861 and was replaced by Russell Kelly.In 2020, Sheriff Mike Smith publicly stated he would not enforceCOVID-19 face mask mandates. The Utah County Fire Department provides emergency response to all unincorporated areas within Utah County and works with all the incorporated cities within the county plus all Utah state and federal","state and federal lands. The department is primarily awildland firesresponse andurban interspaceservice with some structure fire andHAZMATabatement capability. Politics Utah County has been referred to as \"the most Republican county in the most Republican state in the United States\".It has only voted for a Democratic president nine times since statehood, and has not supported a Democrat for president since 1964. In the1992 presidential election,George H. W. Bushreceived the most votes andBill Clintonwas third in votes received. In the2004 presidential election, 85.99% voted forGeorge W. Bush.In the2008 U.S. presidential election, the county voted forJohn McCainby a 58.9% margin overBarack Obama, compared to McCain winning by 28.1% statewide.Eight other Utah counties voted more strongly in favor of McCain.In the2012 election,Mitt Romneyreceived 88.32% of the vote. In the2016 election, it gave a slim majority of the vote toDonald Trump, and nearly 30% of the vote to independent candidateEvan McMullin, who","McMullin, who outperformedHillary Clintonin the county. This was McMullin's largest share of the vote in any county in Utah and his second best nationwide afterMadison County, Idaho. In 2020,Joe Bidenreceived over 75,000 votes - the Democrats had never previously received more than 30,000 votes in the county. Until2013, Utah County was represented entirely by one congressional district. Currently, the county is split between two congressional districts. Most of the county's population is in the3rd District, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, former Provo Mayor. Much of the county's area however, including Utah Lake, resides in the4th Districtcurrently represented by RepublicanBurgess Owens. The county's Republican bent runs right through state and local politics. All five state senators representing the county, as well as all 14 state representatives,are Republicans. Social issues Utah County saw high rates of opioid and other prescription drug addiction from the mid-2000s onwards, foreshadowing the","foreshadowing the nationalopioid crisis. The 2008 documentaryHappy Valleyexamined the problem. Giving USA, which reports on charitable giving in the US, named Utah County as one of the three most generous counties in philanthropic donations, alongsideSan Juan County, UtahandMadison County, Idaho. In 2019, one in eight people and one in six children in the countydid not have sufficient food. Infrastructure Much of Utah's transportation infrastructure was built to support automobiles. Prior to the 1950s, Utah County relied on theU.S. Highway Systemfor local transportation. WhenI-15was built in 1956 (parallel toHighway 89), it became the dominant transportation vein in the state. The I-15 CORE project added multiple lanes on I-15 through most of Utah County. This expanded 24 miles (39 km) of freeway and was completed in 2012.Other construction projects by UDOT have been done on I-15 since then, including the Technology Corridor project and the Point of the Mountain project.However, the highway system retains","system retains its significance in Utah County due to the mountainous terrain.Highway 6is the closest major road connecting Colorado to the Wasatch Front, running through Spanish Fork Canyon before converging with I-15 in the city of Spanish Fork. Portions of Highway 89 have become prominent local roads known collectively as 'State Street'.Highway 189is known as 'University Avenue' in the city of Provo, and runs throughProvo CanyonintoHeberin neighboringWasatch County. Utah County has seen significant growth in public transportation over the past 15 years, owing in part to the county's large student population of more than 70,000 commuting to-and-fromBrigham Young University(BYU) in Provo andUtah Valley University(UVU) in Orem. The two cities jointly operateUVX, abus rapid transitsystem, as part of their city bus routes. Provo also serves as the southernmost terminus of theFrontRunner, Utah's intrastate commuter rail service.The Provo FrontRunner station is located on South University Avenue, directly","Avenue, directly southwest of Amtrak's Provo Station—which is Utah's third westbound stop, after Green River and Helper, for the California Zephyr Amtrak route. In addition to Provo, The FrontRunner currently has three stops in the county. The Orem FrontRunner station is located on the west side of I-15, served by a pedestrian bridge over the freeway that connects the UVU campus directly to the station. An additional stop inVineyard, Utahwas completed in August 2022.Utah County also operates the American Fork FrontRunner Station and the Lehi FrontRunner Station located nearThanksgiving Point. From Lehi, the FrontRunner leaves Utah County and entersSalt Lake County. Education School districts School dstricts include: Colleges and universities Four-year institutions Two-year institutions Communities Cities Towns Census-designated places Unincorporated communities Former communities See also References Further reading External links","Provo, Utah Provo(/ˈproʊvoʊ/PROH-voh) is a city in and thecounty seatofUtah County, Utah, United States. It is 43 miles (69 km) south ofSalt Lake Cityalong theWasatch Front, and lies between the cities ofOremto the north andSpringvilleto the south. With a population at the2020 censusof 115,162,Provo is thefourth-largest cityin Utah and the principal city in theProvo-Orem metropolitan area, which had a population of 526,810 at the 2010 census.It is Utah's second-largestmetropolitan areaafterSalt Lake City. Provo is the home toBrigham Young University(BYU),a private higher education institution operated bythe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church). Provo also has the LDS Church's largestMissionary Training Center(MTC). The city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion-dollarstartups.The city'sPeaks Ice Arenawas a venue for the Salt Lake CityWinter Olympics in 2002. History The Provo area was originally called Timpanogas, aNumic(Ute people) word perhaps meaning","perhaps meaning \"rock river\".The area was inhabited by theTimpanogos.It was the largest and most settled area in modern-day Utah.The ample food from the Provo River made the Timpanogos a peaceful people.The area also served as the traditional meeting place for theUteandShoshonetribes and was used as a common location for worship of their creator deity. FatherSilvestre Vélez de Escalante, a SpanishFranciscanmissionary-explorer, is considered the first European explorer to have visited the area in 1776. He was guided by two Timpanogos Utes, whom he called Silvestre and Joaquín.Escalante chronicled this first European exploration across theGreat Basin Desert. The Europeans did not build a permanent settlement but traded with the Timpanogos, whom they called Lagunas (lake people) or Come Pescado (fish eaters). In 1847, theMormon pioneersarrived in theSalt Lake Valley, which was just north ofTimpanogos Mountain. At first, the Natives were friendly with the Mormons. But, as relations deteriorated with the Shoshoni","with the Shoshoni and Utes because of disputes over land and cattle, tensions rose. Because of the reported stolen goods of settlers by the Utes, Brigham Young gave small militia orders \"to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future.\" This ended in what is known as theBattle Creek massacre, in modern-dayPleasant Grove, Utah. The Mormons continued pushing into Timpanog lands. In 1849, 33Mormonfamilies from Salt Lake City establishedFort Utah. In 1850, Brigham Young sent an army from Salt Lake to drive out the Timpanogos in what is called theProvo War.Escalating tensions with the Timpanog contributed to theWalker War.Fort Utah was renamed Provo in 1850 forÉtienne Provost,an earlyFrench-Canadiantrapper who arrived in the region in 1825. In 1850, the first schoolhouse was constructed in Provo, built within Utah Fort. As moreLatter-day Saintsarrived, Provo quickly grew as a city. It soon was nicknamedThe Garden Citywith a large number of fruit orchards and gardens there. In 1872,","there. In 1872, a railroad reached Provo. It was also this year that the Provo Woolen Mills opened. They were the first large factory in Provo and employed about 150 people, initially mainly skilled textile laborers who had emigrated from Britain. Geography Provo lies on the eastern bank ofUtah LakeinUtah Valleyat an elevation of 4,549 feet (1,387 m). According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 44.2 square miles (114.4 km2), of which 41.7 square miles (107.9 km2) is land and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2), or 5.66%, is water. TheWasatch Rangecontains many peaks withinUtah Countyalong the east side of theWasatch Front. One of them, known asY Mountain, towers over the city. There is a largehillside letterYmade of whitewashed concrete halfway up the steep mountain, built in the early part of the 20th century to commemorate BYU (original plans included construction use of all three letters). Wild deer (and less frequently,cougars, andmoose) still roam the mountains (and occasionally the city","the city streets). The geography allows for hiking,skiing,fishingand other outdoor activities. Climate Provo's climate can be classified as either ahot-summer Mediterranean climateclassification (Köppen:Csa) or as acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk). Overall, annual rainfall at the location of BYU is around 17.23 inches (440 mm); however, the western part of the metropolitan area near Orem is substantially drier, receiving only around 13.5 inches (340 mm) of precipitation and consequently has acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk).The wettest calendar year in Provo has been 1983 with 37.54 inches (953.5 mm) and the driest 2020 with 7.28 inches (184.9 mm). Winters are cold with substantial snowfall averaging 57.2 inches (145 cm) and a record monthly total of 66.0 inches (168 cm) in January 1918, during which the record snow cover of 34 inches (86 cm) was recorded on the 17th. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from 127.5 inches (324 cm) in 1983–84 to 10.1 inches (26 cm) in 2014–15. Very cold weather may occur when","may occur when cold air from over theContinental Divideinvades the region: although only four mornings fall to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C during an average winter and this temperature was not reached at all between 1999 and 2006, during the very cold January 1917 (average temperature 14.9 °F; −9.5 °C), seventeen mornings fell this cold.By contrast, in several recent winters like 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2004–05, and 2005–06, averages have been above freezing every month. Temperatures warm rapidly during the spring, with the first afternoon over 70 °F (21.1 °C) on March 21, the last freeze expected on April 29, and the first temperature equal to or hotter than 90 °F (32.2 °C) on May 30. Rainfall is not infrequent during the spring: over 5.10 inches (130 mm) was recorded in the Mays of 1995 and 2011, and a total of 12.29 inches (312.2 mm) fell during the four-month span of March to June 2005 – in contrast as little as 2.04 inches (51.8 mm) fell in the same months of 2012. Being too far north to gain any","north to gain any influence fromthe monsoonexcept in rare cases like the 4.38 inches (111.3 mm) of rainfall of August 1983, Provo's summers are hot and dry, though relatively short – no maxima above 100 °F (37.8 °C) have been recorded outside the range of June 7 to August 27. Monthly maxima average over 91 °F (32.8 °C) in July and August, and precipitation averages under one inch per month with a two-month total in 2016 as low as 0.06 inches (1.5 mm). The hottest month on record is July 2003 with a mean of 81.8 °F (27.7 °C), and a mean maximum of 99.0 °F (37.2 °C). The hottest temperature on record is 108 °F (42.2 °C) on July 13, 2002. The fall season sees steady cooling and a transition to winter weather, with rare influences of rain systems from further south, as in the record wet month of September 1982, which saw 6.53 inches (165.9 mm) of total precipitation, including 4.15 inches (105.4 mm) over the last six days from a storm moving in from Arizona. The last maximum of 90 °F (32.2 °C) can be expected","°C) can be expected around September 10, and the first morning below freezing on October 14. Demographics 2020 census 2010 census At the2010 census,112,488 people, 31,524 households and 21,166 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,697.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,041.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.8%White, 0.7%Black or African American, 0.8%American Indian, 2.5%Asian, 1.1%Pacific Islander, 6.6% fromother races, and 3.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 15.2% of the population. There were 31,524 households, of which 34.8% had children under 18 living with them, 55.4% weremarried couplesliving together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 12.8% of all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24, and the average family size was 3.41. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 36.4%","under 18, 36.4% were from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 10.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 96.4 males. 2000 census At the2000 census,105,166 people, 29,192 households and 19,938 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,653.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,024.4/km2). There were 30,374 housing units at an average density of 766.3/sq mi (295.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.52%White, 0.46%Black or African American, 0.80%American Indian, 1.83%Asian, 0.84%Pacific Islander, 5.10% fromother races, and 2.44% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 10.47% of the population. There were 29,192 households, of which 33.8% had children under 18 living with them, 57.0% weremarried couplesliving together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were","all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.34, and the average family size was 3.40. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 40.2% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 8.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. Themedian household incomewas $34,313, and the median family income was $36,393. Males had a median income of $32,010 and females $20,928. Theper capita incomewas $13,207. About 12.5% of families and 26.8% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those aged 65 or over. The residents of Provo are predominantly members of the LDS Church. According to data taken in 2000 by theARDA, 88% of the overall population, and 98% of religious adherents in the Provo-Orem area are Latter-day","area are Latter-day Saints.According to a study in 2015, the Provo-Orem metro area is about as dissimilar to the rest of America as possible. Weighing factors such as race, housing, income, and education, the study ranked Provo-Orem 376th of 381 of the United States' largest cities in terms of resemblance to the country. Religion According to the breakdown for Utah County in 2010, most people (90.6%) were Christian, with Latter-day Saints constituting 88.7% of the population.Catholicsconstituted 1.3% andProtestantsconstituted 0.6%. Other religions constituted 0.3% of the population. 9.1% of the population did not adhere to any religion. Economy Local companies Provo has more than 100restaurants(with over 60 in the downtown area)and a couple ofshopping centers.The Shops At RiverwoodsandProvo Towne Centre, bothshopping malls, operate in Provo. Several small shops, music venues, and boutiques have popped up downtown, along Center Street and University Avenue. Downtown has also begun to host \"gallery strolls\"","\"gallery strolls\" every first Friday of the month that features local artists. There are many dining establishments in and around downtown Provo. Five Provo companies are listed onInc.com's Inc. 5000list of the fastest-growing private companies in the United States. The largest, DieCuts With a View, is ranked number 1403 and has revenues of $26.2 million.Other companies on the list are VitalSmarts (ranked 4109, with $41.4 million in revenue),and Connect Public Relations (ranked 3694, with $6.1 million in revenue).The global recreation and entertainment companyRyze Trampoline Parks, with locations throughout Asia, Europe and the U.S., is headquartered in Provo. Novell, the dominant personal computer networking company from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s, was headquartered in Provo and occupied several buildings at the height of its success. It was eventually acquired byThe Attachmate Groupand then byMicro Focus, which still maintains facilities there. The Food & Care Coalition is a local organization","local organization providing services to the homeless and low-income citizens of Provo and Utah Counties. They also providevolunteeropportunities. International companies Top employers According to Provo's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,the top employers in the city were: Arts and culture Annual cultural events Every July, Provo hostsAmerica's Freedom Festival at Provowhich includes theStadium of Fireat BYU. It is held inLaVell Edwards Stadium, home to BYU'sNCAAfootballteam. The Independence Day festivities are popular among residents and have featured such notable figures asBob Hope,David Hasselhoff,Reba McEntire,Mandy Moore,Huey Lewis and the News,Toby Keith,Sean Hannity,Fred Willard, andTaylor Hicks.In 2015, the event included performances byJourneyandOlivia Holt, and was hosted by television personalityMontel Williams. Provo has two other large festivals each fall.Festival Latinoamericanois an annual family-oriented Labor Day weekend event in downtown Provo that offers the community a taste","community a taste of the region'sHispanicculture through ethnic food, vendors, and performances. The city has hosted an annual LGBT Provo Pride Festival since 2013. Points of interest Covey Center for the Arts The Covey Center for the Arts,a performing arts center, is at 425 West Center Street. It features plays, ballets, art showcases, and musical performances throughout the year. The size of the building is a total of 42,000 square feet (3,902 m2). The main performance hall seats 670 people. Three dance studios are furnished with a piano, ballet bars, and mirrors. Another theater, the Brinton Black Box Theater, seats 60 for smaller, more intimate events. There are also two art galleries: the 1,620-square-foot (151 m2) Secured Gallery and the Eccles Gallery in the lower lobby. LDS Church MTC Provo is the location of the church's largest MTC. Each week approximately 475missionariesenter for 3–9 weeks of training before they depart for the mission field, becoming part of more than 58,000 in more than 120","in more than 120 countries. About 1,100 instructors (many of them returned missionaries) teach 62 languages. The MTC in Provo began construction in July 1974 and was completed in July 1976. The MTC was expanded in the early 1990s to become the largest of the 17 such centers than in the world.Additional construction was completed in 2017. Provo City Library at Academy Square TheProvo City Libraryis a public library that occupies the building of the former Brigham Young Academy, built-in 1892. The building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1976. Its collection contains over 277,000 media. The library is on University Avenue and 550 North. Provo Recreation Center With construction finished in 2013, the center provides a location for aquatic recreation next to the Provo Power plant. Provo Utah Temple The Provo Utah Temple is at the base of Rock Canyon in Provo. This temple has been among the busiest in the LDS Church due to its proximity to BYU and the MTC.The temple closed in February 2024,","in February 2024, has been razed, and is currently being reconstructed. The temple, estimated for completion in 2027, will reopen as theProvo Utah Rock Canyon Temple. Provo City Center Temple Located at the corner of University Avenue and Center Street, the Provo City Center Temple serves as another temple for the Provo area's Latter-day Saint population. After a fire in 2010 destroyed the Provo Tabernacle,Thomas S. Monson, then LDS Churchpresident, announced the site would become the city's second temple.Renovations were finished and the temple was dedicated in March 2016. Utah Valley Convention Center The Utah Valley Convention Center opened in 2012.It has 83,578 square feet (7,764.7 m2) of combined meeting, pre-function and garden space. Other points of interest Government Federally, Provo is part ofUtah's 3rd congressional district, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, elected in 2017. City administration Provo is administered by a seven-membercity counciland a mayor. Five of the council seats are","council seats are elected by individual city districts, and two of the seats are elected by the city as a whole. These elected officials serve four-year terms, with elections alternating every two years. Provo has aMayor–council government, which creates two separate but equal branches of government. The mayor is chief executive of the city and the council is the legislative and policy-making body of the city.The mayor isMichelle Kaufusi, who has been in office since December 5, 2017. Education Higher education BYU is a private university operated by the LDS Church. BYU is thethird-largest private university in the United States, with more than 34,000 students. It is the flagship of theChurch Educational System. On the campus is theSpencer W. Kimball Tower, the tallest building in Provo. Rocky Mountain University of Health Professionsis a private, for-profit university emphasizing graduate healthcare education. The Northwest Commission accredits the university of Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). RMUoHP","(NWCCU). RMUoHP offers programs in nursing practice, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and health science. RMUoHP will be building Utah County's first new medical school. Provo Collegeis a private, for-profit educational institution specializing in career education. The school is accredited by theAccrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools(ACICS). Provo College offers associate degrees and diplomas in fields such as nursing, medical assisting, criminal justice, graphic design, and office administration. Primary and secondary education Almost all of Provo is within theProvo School District.The school board has seven members, each representing a different district of the city. There are thirteen elementary schools, two middle schools, and three high schools.Provo High Schoolwas the first school inUtah Countyto be an IB World school. The school has a record of 4A state basketball championships, more state champions than any other school in the state.Timpview High Schoolhas a record of 4A","a record of 4A state football championships. A small section of the city lies withinAlpine School District. Infrastructure Transportation Interstate 15runs through western Provo, connecting it with the rest of the Wasatch Front and much of Utah.US-89runs northwest to southeast through the city as State Street, whileUS-189connects US-89 with I-15, BYU, and Orem to the north. At the north edge of the city, US-189 heads northeast intoProvo Canyon, where it connects withHeber. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service toProvo station, operating itsCalifornia Zephyrdaily in both directions betweenChicago,Illinois, andEmeryville,California(in theSan Francisco Bay Area). Provo also can be accessed by Salt Lake Express intercity buses and the extensiveUtah Transit Authority(UTA) bus system. UTA'scommuter railservice, theFrontRunner, opened an extension to Provo from Salt Lake City on December 10, 2012.TheProvo Intermodal Center, adjacent to the Amtrak station, connects theFrontRunnerwith local bus","local bus routes, as well as Greyhound service. TheProvo Municipal Airportis Utah's second busiest airport regarding the number of aircraft take-offs and landings.Allegiant Airlineshas been based out of the airport since 2022. Notable people Provo is home to (or the hometown of) many well-known people, includingThe Osmonds(includingDonny,Marie, and theOsmond Brothers),LDS ChurchapostleDallin H. Oaks, and NFL and BYU quarterbackSteve Young.Goodwin Knight, who served as the 35th Governor of California (1947–1953), was born in Provo. The global economistDambisa Moyomoved to Provo following her marriage toQualtricsco-founder Jared Smith. Sister cities Provo has three sister cities designated bySister Cities International: See also References External links","List of people from Provo, Utah This is alist of notable people fromProvo, Utah. This list includes notable individuals born and raised in Provo, those who currently live in Provo, and those who lived for a significant period in Provo. Notable people See also References","Neon Trees Neon Treesare an Americanrockband fromProvo, Utah. The band received nationwide exposure in late 2008 when they opened several North American tour dates for the bandthe Killers.Not long after, the band was signed byMercury Records.Their first single, \"Animal\", climbed to No. 13 on theBillboardHot 100and No. 1 on theAlternative Songschart. Since their formation, Neon Trees has released five studio albums:Habits(2010),Picture Show(2012),Pop Psychology(2014),I Can Feel You Forgetting Me(2020), andSink Your Teeth(2024). The band has also released eight EPs (two exclusive toiTunes) and fourteen singles. History Formed initially by childhood friendsTyler Glenn(vocals,keyboards) and Chris Allen (guitar,vocals) who both grew up inMurrieta, California, the band made its first home in Provo after Glenn and Allen moved there from Southern California, eventually adding Branden Campbell (bass guitar, vocals) andElaine Bradley(drums,percussion, vocals) to the lineup.David Charles also plays with the band as","with the band as touring guitarist. They first started playing under the name Neon Trees in late 2005 with five original members, Tyler Glenn and Chris Allen from California, and three veterans of the Utah music scene, bass player Mike Liechty, drummer Jason Gibbons and keyboardist Nathan Evans. The band's name originates from the lighted trees on theIn-N-Out Burgersigns, which inspired Tyler Glenn. In a strange coincidence, it was later learned that Branden Campbell's father, Steve Campbell, installed the exact Neon Trees in the In-N-Out that inspired Glenn while working for a sign company out of Las Vegas. They released an EP,Becoming Different People, in 2006 during the time of their first tour through California. The EP featured promising songs like \"Phones\", \"Sister Stereo\", \"Up Against the Glass\". They also recorded other unreleased tracks during the \"Treehouse Sessions\" in 2006. The band's lineup soon narrowed down to four members with Branden Campbell and Elaine Bradley joining the group on bass and","group on bass and drums, respectively. Touring musician Bruce Rubenson on keyboards and drums joined in. Shortly thereafter,The Killers' drummer,Ronnie Vannucci Jr., went to watch the band play at a small club in Las Vegas as he had been in a Ska band called \"Attaboy Skip\" with Neon Trees bassist Branden Campbell prior to joining The Killers. Ronnie was impressed, and as a result they were chosen to open for The Killers for a string of dates on their 2008 North American tour. Vannucci later helped the band sign to major labelMercury Records, which was announced in late 2008. Additionally, the group was voted Band of the Year in 2009 byCity Weekly, a popular Salt Lake City publication. 2010–11:Habitsand commercial breakthrough Although they had several prior independent releases, the band released its debut album on Mercury/Island Def Jam,Habits, on March 16, 2010.\"Animal\" was chosen as the lead singleand was shortly thereafter featured as the Free Single of the Week oniTunesin March 2010. They performed the","They performed the song onJimmy Kimmel Live!on March 23, 2010,The Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon May 14, 2010,Lopez Tonighton October 18, 2010,Live! with Regis & Kellyon November 4, 2010, and TBS'Conanon November 24, 2010. They performed a second single1983onLate Night with Jimmy Fallonon January 13, 2011 and another stint onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jan 18, 2011. They performed third single \"Your Surrender\" onLate Show with David Lettermanon May 5, 2011 and a third appearance onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jun 10, 2011.Mark HoppusofBlink-182selected \"Animal\" as hisSpinmagazine Pick of the Week.The song has also been featured on a commercial for Las Vegas. The group has also released a digital EP of four remixes of the song, one of which by Tyler Glenn. In 2010, the band coveredJustin Bieber's song \"Baby\" as well asBen E. King's \"Stand By Me\".Throughout early 2010 the band, along withMutemathandStreet Drum Corps, opened for theThirty Seconds to MarstourInto the Wild. Subsequently, they headlined the","they headlined the Bang the Gong Tour withPaper Tongues,MeTalkPretty, andCivil Twilightin mid-2010, performed a set to 7,000 atLollapalooza, and went on tour with Thirty Seconds to Mars in the last half of the year. In November 2010, the band released a Christmas single called \"Wish List\". It was available for free oniTunesthe first week it was released.In November 2010, Tyler and Elaine appeared as Neon Trees onDaryl Hall's monthly Internet concert seriesLive from Daryl's House. They performed four songs fromHabits, including \"Animal\" and \"1983\", as well as theFleetwood Machit \"Dreams\" andHall & Oatessongs \"Head Above Water\" and \"Adult Education.\" Neon Trees released a live album,iTunes Live from SoHo, in November 2010 featuring eight live tracks: \"Calling My Name\", \"Animal\", \"Your Surrender\", \"Never Tear Us Apart\", \"In the Next Room\", \"1983\", \"Love and Affection\", and \"Sins of My Youth\". From March 31, 2011, to April 23, 2011, they also opened forMy Chemical Romanceduring the North American leg of","American leg of theirWorld Contamination Tour.They opened a show forPanic! at the Discoin Central Park in September 2011.In September and October 2011, they opened forDuran Duranon the North American leg of the All You Need Is Now tour. The band's song \"Animal\" was also performed by the cast ofGleein the 15th episode of Season 2 entitled \"Sexy\". 2011–13:Picture Show On December 7, 2011, an article published byRolling Stone's website streamed the band's new song \"Everybody Talks\".On February 10, 2012, a video was posted on their official YouTube page, titled Neon Trees – Picture Show Teaser One / The New Album April 17, advertising their new album is to be released on April 17, 2012.In March 2012, Neon Trees and their single \"Everybody Talks\" were featured in a commercial for the 2012Buick Verano.The single was covered in episode five of season four ofGlee. Neon Trees' second studio albumPicture Showwas released on April 17, 2012.On June 28, 2012, Neon Trees was the opening act forthe Flaming Lipsconcert","Flaming Lipsconcert poolside at theHard Rock CasinoinBiloxi, Mississippias a part of theirGuinness World Recordfor the most concerts in different cities (eight) in a 24-hour period.On August 29, 2012, Neon Trees performed \"Everybody Talks\" on theAmerica's Got Talentlive results show.In early fall 2012, the band toured withThe OffspringandDead Sara.In 2013 they joinedMaroon 5in their world tour alongsideOwl City.In November/December 2013 they were a support act forTaylor Swift's three concerts in New Zealand and four concerts in Australia.The band was featured on NBC's coverage of the 2012 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. They performed an abbreviated version of their single \"Everybody Talks\".The second single from the album is the track \"Lessons in Love (All Day, All Night)\" with the collaboration of American record producer and D.J.Kaskade. 2014–2017:Pop Psychology Neon Trees' third studio album,Pop Psychology, was released on April 22, 2014.The first single fromPop Psychology, titled \"Sleeping with a","\"Sleeping with a Friend\", was released for digital download. The band performed the single onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon January 22, 2014. \"Sleeping with a Friend\" was solicited to U.S.Contemporary hit radioby both Mercury andIsland Recordson February 25, 2014.Neon Trees later released four more singles following \"Sleeping with a Friend\". The singles are titled \"I Love You (But I Hate Your Friends)\", \"Voices In the Halls\", and \"First Things First\".\"First Things First\" is the end credit song for the 2016 Netflix Original seriesDirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency. In 2015, the group announced the \"An Intimate Night With Neon Trees\" Tour. The tour ran from June 6, 2015, to July 26, 2015, finishing inBoston, Massachusetts, at the House Of Blues Boston. Opening acts includedAlex Winston, Yes You Are, Coin, andFictionist. On May 5, 2015, the band released a non-album single entitled \"Songs I Can't Listen To\"and an accompanying music video on June 3, 2015, featuringDustin Lance Black. On August 4, 2017,","On August 4, 2017, the band premiered a new single \"Feel Good\". 2019–2023:I Can Feel You Forgetting Me Neon Trees released \"Used to Like\", the lead single from their fourth album, on November 13, 2019.The second single, \"New Best Friend\" was released on May 20, 2020.On July 10, 2020, the band released the third single called \"Mess Me Up\".The fourth and final single, \"Nights\", was released on July 22, 2020.The album,I Can Feel You Forgetting Me, was released on July 24, 2020.In December 2021, they released a new single and video, \"Holiday Rock\". 2023-present:Sink Your Teeth Sink Your Teeth, the fifth studio album by Neon Trees, was released on September 20, 2024. There are 12 songs on the album. On June 30, 2023, the first and lead single of the album \"Favorite Daze\" was released. The second single, \"Losing My Head\", was released on September 15, 2023. Three more singles were released in early 2024 before the album; \"Bad Dreams\" (May 31), \"El Diablo\" (July 19), and \"Cruel Intentions\" (August 28) Musical style","28) Musical style Neon Trees' musical style has been described aspop rock,new wave,synth-pop,indie rock,alternative rock,pop,andelectropop.When describing the band's sound, Heather Phares ofAllMusicwrote \"Neon Trees blend new wave,dance, and indie into smart, catchy pop.\"Sputnikmusic described the band's debut studio albumHabitsas a \"refreshing blast of timelessrockenergy and spirit that wouldn’t sound out of place at any point from ‘60sgarage-rockto 2010dance rock.\" Band members Current members Former members Touring musicians Timeline Discography Awards and nominations APRA Music Awards BMI Pop Awards Billboard Music Awards International Dance Music Awards MTV Europe Music Awards World Music Awards References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album"],"string":"[\n \"Utah County, Utah Utah Countyis the second-most populouscountyin theU.S. stateofUtah. Thecounty seatand largest city isProvo,which is the state's fourth-largest city, and the largest outside ofSalt Lake County. As of the2020 United States Census, the population was 665,665. Utah County is one oftwocounties forming the Provo–Oremmetropolitan statistical area, and is part of the largerSalt Lake City–Provo–Orem, UTCombined Statistical Area. In 2020, the center of population of Utah was in Utah County, in the city ofSaratoga Springs. Utah County is one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States, ranking among the top ten counties in numerical growth.Correspondingly, Provo–Orem is among the top eight metropolitan areas by percentage growth in the country. Utah County is one of seven counties in the United States to have the same name as its state. The other six counties areArkansas County,Hawaii County,Idaho County,Iowa County,Oklahoma CountyandNew York County(commonly known as Manhattan). History The\",\n \"History The legislature of theState of Deseretcreated a county on January 31, 1850,to govern the civic affairs ofUtah Valley, which by the 1850s was bustling with newly arrived settlers. The county name is derived from the valley name, which is derived from the Spanish name (Yuta) for theUteIndians. The State of Deseret dissolved soon after (April 5, 1851), but the counties it had set in place continued. There is little record of any official activity conducted by the fledgling county until April 18, 1852, when a full slate of county officials was published, and recordkeeping began. The first courthouse was built in central Provo in 1866–67. It was soon outgrown and was replaced by a second courthouse (1872–73). By the 1920s, this building was also cramped, and the decision was made to erect a combined city-county building, which was completed in 1926. The county's boundaries were adjusted in 1852, 1854, 1856, 1862, 1880, and 1884. It has retained its present boundary since 1884. Geography Utah County\",\n \"Utah County terrain ranges from stiff mountain ranges in the east (theWasatch Range), dropping steeply to a large lake-filled valley. Most of the comparatively level ground is dedicated to agriculture or developed uses, while most of the steep terrain is covered with arid-climate forestation.The county generally slopes to the west and north, with its highest point (the northern peak of the twin-peakedMt. Neboin the southern part of the county), at 11,928 ft (3,636 m) ASL.The county has an area of 2,144 square miles (5,550 km2), of which 2,003 square miles (5,190 km2) is land and 141 square miles (370 km2) (6.6%) is water. Utah Valleylies at the center of the county, lined by the mountains of theWasatch Rangeon the east.Utah Lakeoccupies a large part of the valley. The elevation ranges from 4,487 feet (1,368 m) above sea level at the lake to 11,928 feet (3,636 m) at the peak ofMount Nebo. Major highways Source: Protected areas Source: Lakes Source: Demographics 1The 2000 census was the first to allow\",\n \"the first to allow residents to select multiple race categories. Prior to 2000, the census used the category 'Other Race' as a catch-all identifier. For county-level census data in 1950 and 1900, Utah counted all non-White and non-Black residents using this category. 'Other races' formed 1.4% of Utah County's population in 1990, 0.43% in 1950, and 0.07% in 1900. 2020 census As of the2020 United States Census, there were 659,399 people and 171,899 households in the county. The population density was 329.12 people per square mile (127.07 people/km2). There were 192,570 housing units, at an average density of 96.12 units per square mile (37.11 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the\",\n \"children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty\",\n \"below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. 1Due to respondents reporting multiple ethnicities, percentages may add up to greater than 100%. Religion 2000 census As of the2000 United States Census, there were 516,564 people, 140,602 households, and 114,350 families in the county. The population density was 258 people per square mile (100 people/km2). There were 148,350 housing units, at an average density of 74.1 units per square mile (28.6 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7%\",\n \"present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. In 2005, the five most reported ancestries in Utah County were:\",\n \"Utah County were: Government The government is a three-member electedcounty commissionelected at-large. Other elected officials include the countysheriff, thecounty clerk, county recorder, county assessor, county surveyor, county treasurer, and thecounty attorney. The current county attorney is Jeff Gray. In 2020, Utah County voters rejected Proposition 9, which would have changed the county's government to a five-member elected county council with an elected county mayor. The first sheriff of the county was John T. Willis, who was succeeded byWilliam Madison Wall. Alexander Williams served duringJohn Cradlebaugh's court in 1859. He was succeeded by Eli Whipple, who resigned in 1861 and was replaced by Russell Kelly.In 2020, Sheriff Mike Smith publicly stated he would not enforceCOVID-19 face mask mandates. The Utah County Fire Department provides emergency response to all unincorporated areas within Utah County and works with all the incorporated cities within the county plus all Utah state and federal\",\n \"state and federal lands. The department is primarily awildland firesresponse andurban interspaceservice with some structure fire andHAZMATabatement capability. Politics Utah County has been referred to as \\\"the most Republican county in the most Republican state in the United States\\\".It has only voted for a Democratic president nine times since statehood, and has not supported a Democrat for president since 1964. In the1992 presidential election,George H. W. Bushreceived the most votes andBill Clintonwas third in votes received. In the2004 presidential election, 85.99% voted forGeorge W. Bush.In the2008 U.S. presidential election, the county voted forJohn McCainby a 58.9% margin overBarack Obama, compared to McCain winning by 28.1% statewide.Eight other Utah counties voted more strongly in favor of McCain.In the2012 election,Mitt Romneyreceived 88.32% of the vote. In the2016 election, it gave a slim majority of the vote toDonald Trump, and nearly 30% of the vote to independent candidateEvan McMullin, who\",\n \"McMullin, who outperformedHillary Clintonin the county. This was McMullin's largest share of the vote in any county in Utah and his second best nationwide afterMadison County, Idaho. In 2020,Joe Bidenreceived over 75,000 votes - the Democrats had never previously received more than 30,000 votes in the county. Until2013, Utah County was represented entirely by one congressional district. Currently, the county is split between two congressional districts. Most of the county's population is in the3rd District, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, former Provo Mayor. Much of the county's area however, including Utah Lake, resides in the4th Districtcurrently represented by RepublicanBurgess Owens. The county's Republican bent runs right through state and local politics. All five state senators representing the county, as well as all 14 state representatives,are Republicans. Social issues Utah County saw high rates of opioid and other prescription drug addiction from the mid-2000s onwards, foreshadowing the\",\n \"foreshadowing the nationalopioid crisis. The 2008 documentaryHappy Valleyexamined the problem. Giving USA, which reports on charitable giving in the US, named Utah County as one of the three most generous counties in philanthropic donations, alongsideSan Juan County, UtahandMadison County, Idaho. In 2019, one in eight people and one in six children in the countydid not have sufficient food. Infrastructure Much of Utah's transportation infrastructure was built to support automobiles. Prior to the 1950s, Utah County relied on theU.S. Highway Systemfor local transportation. WhenI-15was built in 1956 (parallel toHighway 89), it became the dominant transportation vein in the state. The I-15 CORE project added multiple lanes on I-15 through most of Utah County. This expanded 24 miles (39 km) of freeway and was completed in 2012.Other construction projects by UDOT have been done on I-15 since then, including the Technology Corridor project and the Point of the Mountain project.However, the highway system retains\",\n \"system retains its significance in Utah County due to the mountainous terrain.Highway 6is the closest major road connecting Colorado to the Wasatch Front, running through Spanish Fork Canyon before converging with I-15 in the city of Spanish Fork. Portions of Highway 89 have become prominent local roads known collectively as 'State Street'.Highway 189is known as 'University Avenue' in the city of Provo, and runs throughProvo CanyonintoHeberin neighboringWasatch County. Utah County has seen significant growth in public transportation over the past 15 years, owing in part to the county's large student population of more than 70,000 commuting to-and-fromBrigham Young University(BYU) in Provo andUtah Valley University(UVU) in Orem. The two cities jointly operateUVX, abus rapid transitsystem, as part of their city bus routes. Provo also serves as the southernmost terminus of theFrontRunner, Utah's intrastate commuter rail service.The Provo FrontRunner station is located on South University Avenue, directly\",\n \"Avenue, directly southwest of Amtrak's Provo Station—which is Utah's third westbound stop, after Green River and Helper, for the California Zephyr Amtrak route. In addition to Provo, The FrontRunner currently has three stops in the county. The Orem FrontRunner station is located on the west side of I-15, served by a pedestrian bridge over the freeway that connects the UVU campus directly to the station. An additional stop inVineyard, Utahwas completed in August 2022.Utah County also operates the American Fork FrontRunner Station and the Lehi FrontRunner Station located nearThanksgiving Point. From Lehi, the FrontRunner leaves Utah County and entersSalt Lake County. Education School districts School dstricts include: Colleges and universities Four-year institutions Two-year institutions Communities Cities Towns Census-designated places Unincorporated communities Former communities See also References Further reading External links\",\n \"Provo, Utah Provo(/ˈproʊvoʊ/PROH-voh) is a city in and thecounty seatofUtah County, Utah, United States. It is 43 miles (69 km) south ofSalt Lake Cityalong theWasatch Front, and lies between the cities ofOremto the north andSpringvilleto the south. With a population at the2020 censusof 115,162,Provo is thefourth-largest cityin Utah and the principal city in theProvo-Orem metropolitan area, which had a population of 526,810 at the 2010 census.It is Utah's second-largestmetropolitan areaafterSalt Lake City. Provo is the home toBrigham Young University(BYU),a private higher education institution operated bythe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church). Provo also has the LDS Church's largestMissionary Training Center(MTC). The city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion-dollarstartups.The city'sPeaks Ice Arenawas a venue for the Salt Lake CityWinter Olympics in 2002. History The Provo area was originally called Timpanogas, aNumic(Ute people) word perhaps meaning\",\n \"perhaps meaning \\\"rock river\\\".The area was inhabited by theTimpanogos.It was the largest and most settled area in modern-day Utah.The ample food from the Provo River made the Timpanogos a peaceful people.The area also served as the traditional meeting place for theUteandShoshonetribes and was used as a common location for worship of their creator deity. FatherSilvestre Vélez de Escalante, a SpanishFranciscanmissionary-explorer, is considered the first European explorer to have visited the area in 1776. He was guided by two Timpanogos Utes, whom he called Silvestre and Joaquín.Escalante chronicled this first European exploration across theGreat Basin Desert. The Europeans did not build a permanent settlement but traded with the Timpanogos, whom they called Lagunas (lake people) or Come Pescado (fish eaters). In 1847, theMormon pioneersarrived in theSalt Lake Valley, which was just north ofTimpanogos Mountain. At first, the Natives were friendly with the Mormons. But, as relations deteriorated with the Shoshoni\",\n \"with the Shoshoni and Utes because of disputes over land and cattle, tensions rose. Because of the reported stolen goods of settlers by the Utes, Brigham Young gave small militia orders \\\"to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future.\\\" This ended in what is known as theBattle Creek massacre, in modern-dayPleasant Grove, Utah. The Mormons continued pushing into Timpanog lands. In 1849, 33Mormonfamilies from Salt Lake City establishedFort Utah. In 1850, Brigham Young sent an army from Salt Lake to drive out the Timpanogos in what is called theProvo War.Escalating tensions with the Timpanog contributed to theWalker War.Fort Utah was renamed Provo in 1850 forÉtienne Provost,an earlyFrench-Canadiantrapper who arrived in the region in 1825. In 1850, the first schoolhouse was constructed in Provo, built within Utah Fort. As moreLatter-day Saintsarrived, Provo quickly grew as a city. It soon was nicknamedThe Garden Citywith a large number of fruit orchards and gardens there. In 1872,\",\n \"there. In 1872, a railroad reached Provo. It was also this year that the Provo Woolen Mills opened. They were the first large factory in Provo and employed about 150 people, initially mainly skilled textile laborers who had emigrated from Britain. Geography Provo lies on the eastern bank ofUtah LakeinUtah Valleyat an elevation of 4,549 feet (1,387 m). According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 44.2 square miles (114.4 km2), of which 41.7 square miles (107.9 km2) is land and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2), or 5.66%, is water. TheWasatch Rangecontains many peaks withinUtah Countyalong the east side of theWasatch Front. One of them, known asY Mountain, towers over the city. There is a largehillside letterYmade of whitewashed concrete halfway up the steep mountain, built in the early part of the 20th century to commemorate BYU (original plans included construction use of all three letters). Wild deer (and less frequently,cougars, andmoose) still roam the mountains (and occasionally the city\",\n \"the city streets). The geography allows for hiking,skiing,fishingand other outdoor activities. Climate Provo's climate can be classified as either ahot-summer Mediterranean climateclassification (Köppen:Csa) or as acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk). Overall, annual rainfall at the location of BYU is around 17.23 inches (440 mm); however, the western part of the metropolitan area near Orem is substantially drier, receiving only around 13.5 inches (340 mm) of precipitation and consequently has acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk).The wettest calendar year in Provo has been 1983 with 37.54 inches (953.5 mm) and the driest 2020 with 7.28 inches (184.9 mm). Winters are cold with substantial snowfall averaging 57.2 inches (145 cm) and a record monthly total of 66.0 inches (168 cm) in January 1918, during which the record snow cover of 34 inches (86 cm) was recorded on the 17th. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from 127.5 inches (324 cm) in 1983–84 to 10.1 inches (26 cm) in 2014–15. Very cold weather may occur when\",\n \"may occur when cold air from over theContinental Divideinvades the region: although only four mornings fall to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C during an average winter and this temperature was not reached at all between 1999 and 2006, during the very cold January 1917 (average temperature 14.9 °F; −9.5 °C), seventeen mornings fell this cold.By contrast, in several recent winters like 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2004–05, and 2005–06, averages have been above freezing every month. Temperatures warm rapidly during the spring, with the first afternoon over 70 °F (21.1 °C) on March 21, the last freeze expected on April 29, and the first temperature equal to or hotter than 90 °F (32.2 °C) on May 30. Rainfall is not infrequent during the spring: over 5.10 inches (130 mm) was recorded in the Mays of 1995 and 2011, and a total of 12.29 inches (312.2 mm) fell during the four-month span of March to June 2005 – in contrast as little as 2.04 inches (51.8 mm) fell in the same months of 2012. Being too far north to gain any\",\n \"north to gain any influence fromthe monsoonexcept in rare cases like the 4.38 inches (111.3 mm) of rainfall of August 1983, Provo's summers are hot and dry, though relatively short – no maxima above 100 °F (37.8 °C) have been recorded outside the range of June 7 to August 27. Monthly maxima average over 91 °F (32.8 °C) in July and August, and precipitation averages under one inch per month with a two-month total in 2016 as low as 0.06 inches (1.5 mm). The hottest month on record is July 2003 with a mean of 81.8 °F (27.7 °C), and a mean maximum of 99.0 °F (37.2 °C). The hottest temperature on record is 108 °F (42.2 °C) on July 13, 2002. The fall season sees steady cooling and a transition to winter weather, with rare influences of rain systems from further south, as in the record wet month of September 1982, which saw 6.53 inches (165.9 mm) of total precipitation, including 4.15 inches (105.4 mm) over the last six days from a storm moving in from Arizona. The last maximum of 90 °F (32.2 °C) can be expected\",\n \"°C) can be expected around September 10, and the first morning below freezing on October 14. Demographics 2020 census 2010 census At the2010 census,112,488 people, 31,524 households and 21,166 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,697.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,041.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.8%White, 0.7%Black or African American, 0.8%American Indian, 2.5%Asian, 1.1%Pacific Islander, 6.6% fromother races, and 3.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 15.2% of the population. There were 31,524 households, of which 34.8% had children under 18 living with them, 55.4% weremarried couplesliving together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 12.8% of all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24, and the average family size was 3.41. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 36.4%\",\n \"under 18, 36.4% were from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 10.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 96.4 males. 2000 census At the2000 census,105,166 people, 29,192 households and 19,938 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,653.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,024.4/km2). There were 30,374 housing units at an average density of 766.3/sq mi (295.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.52%White, 0.46%Black or African American, 0.80%American Indian, 1.83%Asian, 0.84%Pacific Islander, 5.10% fromother races, and 2.44% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 10.47% of the population. There were 29,192 households, of which 33.8% had children under 18 living with them, 57.0% weremarried couplesliving together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were\",\n \"all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.34, and the average family size was 3.40. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 40.2% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 8.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. Themedian household incomewas $34,313, and the median family income was $36,393. Males had a median income of $32,010 and females $20,928. Theper capita incomewas $13,207. About 12.5% of families and 26.8% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those aged 65 or over. The residents of Provo are predominantly members of the LDS Church. According to data taken in 2000 by theARDA, 88% of the overall population, and 98% of religious adherents in the Provo-Orem area are Latter-day\",\n \"area are Latter-day Saints.According to a study in 2015, the Provo-Orem metro area is about as dissimilar to the rest of America as possible. Weighing factors such as race, housing, income, and education, the study ranked Provo-Orem 376th of 381 of the United States' largest cities in terms of resemblance to the country. Religion According to the breakdown for Utah County in 2010, most people (90.6%) were Christian, with Latter-day Saints constituting 88.7% of the population.Catholicsconstituted 1.3% andProtestantsconstituted 0.6%. Other religions constituted 0.3% of the population. 9.1% of the population did not adhere to any religion. Economy Local companies Provo has more than 100restaurants(with over 60 in the downtown area)and a couple ofshopping centers.The Shops At RiverwoodsandProvo Towne Centre, bothshopping malls, operate in Provo. Several small shops, music venues, and boutiques have popped up downtown, along Center Street and University Avenue. Downtown has also begun to host \\\"gallery strolls\\\"\",\n \"\\\"gallery strolls\\\" every first Friday of the month that features local artists. There are many dining establishments in and around downtown Provo. Five Provo companies are listed onInc.com's Inc. 5000list of the fastest-growing private companies in the United States. The largest, DieCuts With a View, is ranked number 1403 and has revenues of $26.2 million.Other companies on the list are VitalSmarts (ranked 4109, with $41.4 million in revenue),and Connect Public Relations (ranked 3694, with $6.1 million in revenue).The global recreation and entertainment companyRyze Trampoline Parks, with locations throughout Asia, Europe and the U.S., is headquartered in Provo. Novell, the dominant personal computer networking company from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s, was headquartered in Provo and occupied several buildings at the height of its success. It was eventually acquired byThe Attachmate Groupand then byMicro Focus, which still maintains facilities there. The Food & Care Coalition is a local organization\",\n \"local organization providing services to the homeless and low-income citizens of Provo and Utah Counties. They also providevolunteeropportunities. International companies Top employers According to Provo's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,the top employers in the city were: Arts and culture Annual cultural events Every July, Provo hostsAmerica's Freedom Festival at Provowhich includes theStadium of Fireat BYU. It is held inLaVell Edwards Stadium, home to BYU'sNCAAfootballteam. The Independence Day festivities are popular among residents and have featured such notable figures asBob Hope,David Hasselhoff,Reba McEntire,Mandy Moore,Huey Lewis and the News,Toby Keith,Sean Hannity,Fred Willard, andTaylor Hicks.In 2015, the event included performances byJourneyandOlivia Holt, and was hosted by television personalityMontel Williams. Provo has two other large festivals each fall.Festival Latinoamericanois an annual family-oriented Labor Day weekend event in downtown Provo that offers the community a taste\",\n \"community a taste of the region'sHispanicculture through ethnic food, vendors, and performances. The city has hosted an annual LGBT Provo Pride Festival since 2013. Points of interest Covey Center for the Arts The Covey Center for the Arts,a performing arts center, is at 425 West Center Street. It features plays, ballets, art showcases, and musical performances throughout the year. The size of the building is a total of 42,000 square feet (3,902 m2). The main performance hall seats 670 people. Three dance studios are furnished with a piano, ballet bars, and mirrors. Another theater, the Brinton Black Box Theater, seats 60 for smaller, more intimate events. There are also two art galleries: the 1,620-square-foot (151 m2) Secured Gallery and the Eccles Gallery in the lower lobby. LDS Church MTC Provo is the location of the church's largest MTC. Each week approximately 475missionariesenter for 3–9 weeks of training before they depart for the mission field, becoming part of more than 58,000 in more than 120\",\n \"in more than 120 countries. About 1,100 instructors (many of them returned missionaries) teach 62 languages. The MTC in Provo began construction in July 1974 and was completed in July 1976. The MTC was expanded in the early 1990s to become the largest of the 17 such centers than in the world.Additional construction was completed in 2017. Provo City Library at Academy Square TheProvo City Libraryis a public library that occupies the building of the former Brigham Young Academy, built-in 1892. The building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1976. Its collection contains over 277,000 media. The library is on University Avenue and 550 North. Provo Recreation Center With construction finished in 2013, the center provides a location for aquatic recreation next to the Provo Power plant. Provo Utah Temple The Provo Utah Temple is at the base of Rock Canyon in Provo. This temple has been among the busiest in the LDS Church due to its proximity to BYU and the MTC.The temple closed in February 2024,\",\n \"in February 2024, has been razed, and is currently being reconstructed. The temple, estimated for completion in 2027, will reopen as theProvo Utah Rock Canyon Temple. Provo City Center Temple Located at the corner of University Avenue and Center Street, the Provo City Center Temple serves as another temple for the Provo area's Latter-day Saint population. After a fire in 2010 destroyed the Provo Tabernacle,Thomas S. Monson, then LDS Churchpresident, announced the site would become the city's second temple.Renovations were finished and the temple was dedicated in March 2016. Utah Valley Convention Center The Utah Valley Convention Center opened in 2012.It has 83,578 square feet (7,764.7 m2) of combined meeting, pre-function and garden space. Other points of interest Government Federally, Provo is part ofUtah's 3rd congressional district, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, elected in 2017. City administration Provo is administered by a seven-membercity counciland a mayor. Five of the council seats are\",\n \"council seats are elected by individual city districts, and two of the seats are elected by the city as a whole. These elected officials serve four-year terms, with elections alternating every two years. Provo has aMayor–council government, which creates two separate but equal branches of government. The mayor is chief executive of the city and the council is the legislative and policy-making body of the city.The mayor isMichelle Kaufusi, who has been in office since December 5, 2017. Education Higher education BYU is a private university operated by the LDS Church. BYU is thethird-largest private university in the United States, with more than 34,000 students. It is the flagship of theChurch Educational System. On the campus is theSpencer W. Kimball Tower, the tallest building in Provo. Rocky Mountain University of Health Professionsis a private, for-profit university emphasizing graduate healthcare education. The Northwest Commission accredits the university of Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). RMUoHP\",\n \"(NWCCU). RMUoHP offers programs in nursing practice, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and health science. RMUoHP will be building Utah County's first new medical school. Provo Collegeis a private, for-profit educational institution specializing in career education. The school is accredited by theAccrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools(ACICS). Provo College offers associate degrees and diplomas in fields such as nursing, medical assisting, criminal justice, graphic design, and office administration. Primary and secondary education Almost all of Provo is within theProvo School District.The school board has seven members, each representing a different district of the city. There are thirteen elementary schools, two middle schools, and three high schools.Provo High Schoolwas the first school inUtah Countyto be an IB World school. The school has a record of 4A state basketball championships, more state champions than any other school in the state.Timpview High Schoolhas a record of 4A\",\n \"a record of 4A state football championships. A small section of the city lies withinAlpine School District. Infrastructure Transportation Interstate 15runs through western Provo, connecting it with the rest of the Wasatch Front and much of Utah.US-89runs northwest to southeast through the city as State Street, whileUS-189connects US-89 with I-15, BYU, and Orem to the north. At the north edge of the city, US-189 heads northeast intoProvo Canyon, where it connects withHeber. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service toProvo station, operating itsCalifornia Zephyrdaily in both directions betweenChicago,Illinois, andEmeryville,California(in theSan Francisco Bay Area). Provo also can be accessed by Salt Lake Express intercity buses and the extensiveUtah Transit Authority(UTA) bus system. UTA'scommuter railservice, theFrontRunner, opened an extension to Provo from Salt Lake City on December 10, 2012.TheProvo Intermodal Center, adjacent to the Amtrak station, connects theFrontRunnerwith local bus\",\n \"local bus routes, as well as Greyhound service. TheProvo Municipal Airportis Utah's second busiest airport regarding the number of aircraft take-offs and landings.Allegiant Airlineshas been based out of the airport since 2022. Notable people Provo is home to (or the hometown of) many well-known people, includingThe Osmonds(includingDonny,Marie, and theOsmond Brothers),LDS ChurchapostleDallin H. Oaks, and NFL and BYU quarterbackSteve Young.Goodwin Knight, who served as the 35th Governor of California (1947–1953), was born in Provo. The global economistDambisa Moyomoved to Provo following her marriage toQualtricsco-founder Jared Smith. Sister cities Provo has three sister cities designated bySister Cities International: See also References External links\",\n \"List of people from Provo, Utah This is alist of notable people fromProvo, Utah. This list includes notable individuals born and raised in Provo, those who currently live in Provo, and those who lived for a significant period in Provo. Notable people See also References\",\n \"Neon Trees Neon Treesare an Americanrockband fromProvo, Utah. The band received nationwide exposure in late 2008 when they opened several North American tour dates for the bandthe Killers.Not long after, the band was signed byMercury Records.Their first single, \\\"Animal\\\", climbed to No. 13 on theBillboardHot 100and No. 1 on theAlternative Songschart. Since their formation, Neon Trees has released five studio albums:Habits(2010),Picture Show(2012),Pop Psychology(2014),I Can Feel You Forgetting Me(2020), andSink Your Teeth(2024). The band has also released eight EPs (two exclusive toiTunes) and fourteen singles. History Formed initially by childhood friendsTyler Glenn(vocals,keyboards) and Chris Allen (guitar,vocals) who both grew up inMurrieta, California, the band made its first home in Provo after Glenn and Allen moved there from Southern California, eventually adding Branden Campbell (bass guitar, vocals) andElaine Bradley(drums,percussion, vocals) to the lineup.David Charles also plays with the band as\",\n \"with the band as touring guitarist. They first started playing under the name Neon Trees in late 2005 with five original members, Tyler Glenn and Chris Allen from California, and three veterans of the Utah music scene, bass player Mike Liechty, drummer Jason Gibbons and keyboardist Nathan Evans. The band's name originates from the lighted trees on theIn-N-Out Burgersigns, which inspired Tyler Glenn. In a strange coincidence, it was later learned that Branden Campbell's father, Steve Campbell, installed the exact Neon Trees in the In-N-Out that inspired Glenn while working for a sign company out of Las Vegas. They released an EP,Becoming Different People, in 2006 during the time of their first tour through California. The EP featured promising songs like \\\"Phones\\\", \\\"Sister Stereo\\\", \\\"Up Against the Glass\\\". They also recorded other unreleased tracks during the \\\"Treehouse Sessions\\\" in 2006. The band's lineup soon narrowed down to four members with Branden Campbell and Elaine Bradley joining the group on bass and\",\n \"group on bass and drums, respectively. Touring musician Bruce Rubenson on keyboards and drums joined in. Shortly thereafter,The Killers' drummer,Ronnie Vannucci Jr., went to watch the band play at a small club in Las Vegas as he had been in a Ska band called \\\"Attaboy Skip\\\" with Neon Trees bassist Branden Campbell prior to joining The Killers. Ronnie was impressed, and as a result they were chosen to open for The Killers for a string of dates on their 2008 North American tour. Vannucci later helped the band sign to major labelMercury Records, which was announced in late 2008. Additionally, the group was voted Band of the Year in 2009 byCity Weekly, a popular Salt Lake City publication. 2010–11:Habitsand commercial breakthrough Although they had several prior independent releases, the band released its debut album on Mercury/Island Def Jam,Habits, on March 16, 2010.\\\"Animal\\\" was chosen as the lead singleand was shortly thereafter featured as the Free Single of the Week oniTunesin March 2010. They performed the\",\n \"They performed the song onJimmy Kimmel Live!on March 23, 2010,The Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon May 14, 2010,Lopez Tonighton October 18, 2010,Live! with Regis & Kellyon November 4, 2010, and TBS'Conanon November 24, 2010. They performed a second single1983onLate Night with Jimmy Fallonon January 13, 2011 and another stint onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jan 18, 2011. They performed third single \\\"Your Surrender\\\" onLate Show with David Lettermanon May 5, 2011 and a third appearance onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jun 10, 2011.Mark HoppusofBlink-182selected \\\"Animal\\\" as hisSpinmagazine Pick of the Week.The song has also been featured on a commercial for Las Vegas. The group has also released a digital EP of four remixes of the song, one of which by Tyler Glenn. In 2010, the band coveredJustin Bieber's song \\\"Baby\\\" as well asBen E. King's \\\"Stand By Me\\\".Throughout early 2010 the band, along withMutemathandStreet Drum Corps, opened for theThirty Seconds to MarstourInto the Wild. Subsequently, they headlined the\",\n \"they headlined the Bang the Gong Tour withPaper Tongues,MeTalkPretty, andCivil Twilightin mid-2010, performed a set to 7,000 atLollapalooza, and went on tour with Thirty Seconds to Mars in the last half of the year. In November 2010, the band released a Christmas single called \\\"Wish List\\\". It was available for free oniTunesthe first week it was released.In November 2010, Tyler and Elaine appeared as Neon Trees onDaryl Hall's monthly Internet concert seriesLive from Daryl's House. They performed four songs fromHabits, including \\\"Animal\\\" and \\\"1983\\\", as well as theFleetwood Machit \\\"Dreams\\\" andHall & Oatessongs \\\"Head Above Water\\\" and \\\"Adult Education.\\\" Neon Trees released a live album,iTunes Live from SoHo, in November 2010 featuring eight live tracks: \\\"Calling My Name\\\", \\\"Animal\\\", \\\"Your Surrender\\\", \\\"Never Tear Us Apart\\\", \\\"In the Next Room\\\", \\\"1983\\\", \\\"Love and Affection\\\", and \\\"Sins of My Youth\\\". From March 31, 2011, to April 23, 2011, they also opened forMy Chemical Romanceduring the North American leg of\",\n \"American leg of theirWorld Contamination Tour.They opened a show forPanic! at the Discoin Central Park in September 2011.In September and October 2011, they opened forDuran Duranon the North American leg of the All You Need Is Now tour. The band's song \\\"Animal\\\" was also performed by the cast ofGleein the 15th episode of Season 2 entitled \\\"Sexy\\\". 2011–13:Picture Show On December 7, 2011, an article published byRolling Stone's website streamed the band's new song \\\"Everybody Talks\\\".On February 10, 2012, a video was posted on their official YouTube page, titled Neon Trees – Picture Show Teaser One / The New Album April 17, advertising their new album is to be released on April 17, 2012.In March 2012, Neon Trees and their single \\\"Everybody Talks\\\" were featured in a commercial for the 2012Buick Verano.The single was covered in episode five of season four ofGlee. Neon Trees' second studio albumPicture Showwas released on April 17, 2012.On June 28, 2012, Neon Trees was the opening act forthe Flaming Lipsconcert\",\n \"Flaming Lipsconcert poolside at theHard Rock CasinoinBiloxi, Mississippias a part of theirGuinness World Recordfor the most concerts in different cities (eight) in a 24-hour period.On August 29, 2012, Neon Trees performed \\\"Everybody Talks\\\" on theAmerica's Got Talentlive results show.In early fall 2012, the band toured withThe OffspringandDead Sara.In 2013 they joinedMaroon 5in their world tour alongsideOwl City.In November/December 2013 they were a support act forTaylor Swift's three concerts in New Zealand and four concerts in Australia.The band was featured on NBC's coverage of the 2012 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. They performed an abbreviated version of their single \\\"Everybody Talks\\\".The second single from the album is the track \\\"Lessons in Love (All Day, All Night)\\\" with the collaboration of American record producer and D.J.Kaskade. 2014–2017:Pop Psychology Neon Trees' third studio album,Pop Psychology, was released on April 22, 2014.The first single fromPop Psychology, titled \\\"Sleeping with a\",\n \"\\\"Sleeping with a Friend\\\", was released for digital download. The band performed the single onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon January 22, 2014. \\\"Sleeping with a Friend\\\" was solicited to U.S.Contemporary hit radioby both Mercury andIsland Recordson February 25, 2014.Neon Trees later released four more singles following \\\"Sleeping with a Friend\\\". The singles are titled \\\"I Love You (But I Hate Your Friends)\\\", \\\"Voices In the Halls\\\", and \\\"First Things First\\\".\\\"First Things First\\\" is the end credit song for the 2016 Netflix Original seriesDirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency. In 2015, the group announced the \\\"An Intimate Night With Neon Trees\\\" Tour. The tour ran from June 6, 2015, to July 26, 2015, finishing inBoston, Massachusetts, at the House Of Blues Boston. Opening acts includedAlex Winston, Yes You Are, Coin, andFictionist. On May 5, 2015, the band released a non-album single entitled \\\"Songs I Can't Listen To\\\"and an accompanying music video on June 3, 2015, featuringDustin Lance Black. On August 4, 2017,\",\n \"On August 4, 2017, the band premiered a new single \\\"Feel Good\\\". 2019–2023:I Can Feel You Forgetting Me Neon Trees released \\\"Used to Like\\\", the lead single from their fourth album, on November 13, 2019.The second single, \\\"New Best Friend\\\" was released on May 20, 2020.On July 10, 2020, the band released the third single called \\\"Mess Me Up\\\".The fourth and final single, \\\"Nights\\\", was released on July 22, 2020.The album,I Can Feel You Forgetting Me, was released on July 24, 2020.In December 2021, they released a new single and video, \\\"Holiday Rock\\\". 2023-present:Sink Your Teeth Sink Your Teeth, the fifth studio album by Neon Trees, was released on September 20, 2024. There are 12 songs on the album. On June 30, 2023, the first and lead single of the album \\\"Favorite Daze\\\" was released. The second single, \\\"Losing My Head\\\", was released on September 15, 2023. Three more singles were released in early 2024 before the album; \\\"Bad Dreams\\\" (May 31), \\\"El Diablo\\\" (July 19), and \\\"Cruel Intentions\\\" (August 28) Musical style\",\n \"28) Musical style Neon Trees' musical style has been described aspop rock,new wave,synth-pop,indie rock,alternative rock,pop,andelectropop.When describing the band's sound, Heather Phares ofAllMusicwrote \\\"Neon Trees blend new wave,dance, and indie into smart, catchy pop.\\\"Sputnikmusic described the band's debut studio albumHabitsas a \\\"refreshing blast of timelessrockenergy and spirit that wouldn’t sound out of place at any point from ‘60sgarage-rockto 2010dance rock.\\\" Band members Current members Former members Touring musicians Timeline Discography Awards and nominations APRA Music Awards BMI Pop Awards Billboard Music Awards International Dance Music Awards MTV Europe Music Awards World Music Awards References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":269,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"According to the 2011 census, what is total population of the cities of the birthplaces of author Clive Barker, Prince William, and Sir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury? Round to the nearest 100,000. "},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"11,300,000"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Post processing"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Clive Barker Clive Barker(born 5 October 1952) is an English writer, filmmaker and visual artist. He came to prominence in the mid-1980s with a series of short stories, theBooks of Blood, which established him as a leadinghorrorwriter. He has since written many novels and other works. His fiction has been adapted into films, notably theHellraiserseries, the first installment of which he also wrote and directed, and theCandymanseries. Barker's paintings and illustrations have been shown in galleries in the United States, and have appeared in his books. He has also created characters and series for comic books, and some of his more popular horror stories have been featured in ongoing comics series. Early life Barker was born on 5 October 1952 inLiverpool,the son of Joan Ruby (née Revill), a painter and school welfare officer, and Leonard Barker, a personnel director for an industrial relations firm.He was educated atDovedale Primary School,Quarry Bank High Schooland theUniversity of Liverpool, where he studied English and philosophy. When he was three, Barker witnessed the French skydiverLéo Valentinplummet to his death in 1956 during a performance at an air show in Liverpool.He later alluded to Valentin in many of his stories. Theatrical work Barker's involvement in live theatre began while still in school with productions ofVoodooandInfernoin 1967. He collaborated on six plays withTheatre of the Imaginationin 1974 and two more that he was the sole writer of,A Clowns' SodomandDay of the Dog,forThe Mute Pantomime Theatrein 1976 and 1977. He co-founded the avant-garde theatrical troupeThe Dog Companyin 1978 with former school friends and up and coming actors, many of whom would go on to become key collaborators in Barker's film work.Doug Bradleytook on the iconic role of Pinhead in theHellraiserseries while Peter Atkins wrote the scripts for the first threeHellraisersequels.Over the next five years Barker wrote nine plays, often serving as director, including some of his best-known stage productions,The History of The Devil,Frankenstein in Love, andThe Secret Life of Cartoons. From 1982 to 1983, he wroteCrazyface,Subtle BodiesandColossusfor the Cockpit Youth Theatre. His theatrical work came to a close as he shifted focus to writing theBooks of Blood. Writing career Barker is an author of horror andfantasy. He began writing horror early in his career, mostly in the form of short stories (collected inBooks of Blood1–6) and theFaustiannovelThe Damnation Game(1985). Later he moved toward modern-day fantasy andurban fantasywith horror elements inWeaveworld(1987),The Great and Secret Show(1989), the world-spanningImajica(1991), andSacrament(1996). WhenBooks of Bloodwas first published in the United States in paperback,Stephen Kingwas quoted on the book covers: \"I have seen the future of horror and his name is Clive Barker.\"As influences on his writing, Barker listsHerman Melville,Edgar Allan Poe,Ray Bradbury,William S. Burroughs,William Blake, andJean Cocteau, among others. He is the writer of the best-sellingAbaratseries. In early 2024 he announced he would stop attending conventions and public events so he could focus more on his writing, as he was working on the manuscripts for 31 different projects, some closer to completion than others. Personal life During his early years as a writer, Barker occasionally worked as an escort when his writing did not provide sufficient income.With the success ofWeaveworld, he could permanently retire as a sex worker.In 2003, he received the Davidson/Valentini Award at the15th GLAAD Media Awards. He has been open about his experiences withsadomasochism, and says that \"on S&M's sliding scale, I'm probably a 6\". Barker is critical of organized religion, but has said that the Bible influences his work and spirituality.Years later, he said on Facebook that he did not identify himself as a Christian. Barker said in a December 2008 online interview (published in March 2009) that he had throat polyps which were so severe, a doctor told him he was taking in only 10% of the air he was supposed to. He has had two surgeries to remove them and believes his voice has improved as a result. He said he did not have cancer, and has given up cigars. In 2012, Barker entered a coma for several days after contractingtoxic shock syndrome, triggered by a visit to a dentist where a spillage of poisonous bacteria entered his bloodstream, almost killing him.Realising he might have just a short time to live, he decided to put his personal concerns about the world and society into the upcoming novelDeep Hill, which he thought could be his final book. As of 2015, he is a member of the board of advisers for the Hollywood Horror Museum. Relationships While appearing on the radio call-in showLovelineon 20 August 1996, Barker said that in his teens he had several relationships with older women, but came to identify himself as homosexual by 18 or 19. His relationship with John Gregson lasted from 1975 until 1986. He later spent 13 years with photographer David Armstrong, described as his husband in the introduction toColdheart Canyon; they separated in 2009. Film work Barker wrote the screenplays forUnderworld(1985) andRawhead Rex(1986), both directed byGeorge Pavlou. Displeased by how his material was handled, he moved to directing withHellraiser(1987), based on his novellaThe Hellbound Heart. After his filmNightbreed(1990) flopped, Barker returned to write and directLord of Illusions(1995). The short story \"The Forbidden\", from Barker'sBooks of Blood, provided the basis for the 1992 filmCandymanand its three sequels. He had been working on a series of film adaptations of hisThe Abarat Quintetbooks underThe Walt Disney Company's management,but due to creative differences, the project was cancelled. He served as an executive producer for the 1998 filmGods and Monsters,a semi-fictional tale ofFrankensteindirectorJames Whale's later years, which won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.Barker said of his interest in the project: \"Whale was gay, I'm gay; Whale was English, I'm English…Whale made some horror movies, and I've made some horror movies. It seemed as if I should be helping to tell this story.\"Barker also provided the foreword on the published shooting script. In 2005, Barker and horror film producer Jorge Saralegui created the film production company Midnight Picture Show with the intent of producing two horror films per year. In October 2006, Barker announced through his website that he will be writing the script to a forthcoming remake of the originalHellraiserfilm.He was developing a film based on hisTortured Soulsline of toys fromMcFarlane Toys. In 2020, Barker regained control of theHellraiserfranchise, and served as executive producer on a2022 rebootfilm for the streaming serviceHulu. Television work In May 2015,Varietyreported that Clive Barker was developing a television series adaptation of variouscreepypastasin partnership withWarner Brothers, to be calledClive Barker's Creepypastas, a feature arc based onSlender ManandBen Drowned.Barker was involved in a streaming servicefilm adaptationofThe Books of Bloodin 2020,and is developing aNightbreedtelevision seriesdirected byMichael Doughertyand written byJosh StolbergforSyFy.In April 2020,HBOwas announced to be developing aHellraisertelevision series that would serve as \"an elevated continuation and expansion\" of its mythology withMark VerheidenandMichael Doughertywriting the series andDavid Gordon Greendirecting several episodes. Verheiden, Dougherty and Green will also be executive producing the series withDanny McBride,Jody Hill,Brandon JamesandRoy LeeofVertigo Entertainment. Visual art Barker is a prolific visual artist, often illustrating his own books. His paintings have been seen first on the covers of his official fan club magazine,Dread, published byFantacoin the early '90s; on the covers of the collections of his plays,Incarnations(1995) andForms of Heaven(1996); and on the second printing of the original British publications of hisBooks of Bloodseries. Barker also provided the artwork for his young adult novelThe Thief of Alwaysand for theAbaratseries. His artwork has been exhibited at Bert Green Fine Art in Los Angeles and Chicago, at the Bess Cutler Gallery in New York and La Luz De Jesus in Los Angeles. Many of his sketches and paintings can be found in the collectionClive Barker, Illustrator, published in 1990 by Arcane/Eclipse Books, and inVisions of Heaven and Hell, published in 2005 by Rizzoli Books. He worked on the horror video gameClive Barker's Undying, providing the voice for the character Ambrose.Undyingwas developed byDreamWorks Interactiveand released in 2001. He worked onClive Barker's JerichoforCodemasters, which was released in late 2007. Barker createdHalloweencostume designs for Disguise Costumes. Around 150 art works by Barker were used in the set of the Academy of the Unseen Arts for the Netflix TV seriesChilling Adventures of Sabrina. Comic books Barker published hisRazorlineimprint viaMarvel Comicsin 1993. Barker horror adaptations and spin-offs in comics include the Marvel/Epic ComicsseriesHellraiser,Nightbreed,Pinhead,The Harrowers,Book of the Damned, andJihad;Eclipse Books' series andgraphic novelsTapping The Vein,Dread,Son of Celluloid,Revelations,The Life of Death,Rawhead RexandThe Yattering and Jack, andDark Horse Comics'Primal, among others. Barker served as a consultant and wrote issues of theHellraiseranthology comic book. In 2005, IDW published a three-issue adaptation of Barker's children's fantasy novelThe Thief of Always, written and painted by Kris Oprisko and Gabriel Hernandez. IDW is publishing a 12 issue adaptation of Barker's novelThe Great and Secret Show. In December 2007, Chris Ryall and Clive Barker announced an upcoming collaboration of an original comic book series,Torakator, to be published by IDW. In 2008, Barker authored a foreword for the first volume of theDEMONICSEXcomic series by Chuck Conner and Sean Platter. In October 2009, IDW publishedSeduth, co-written by Barker. The work was released with three variant covers. In 2011,Boom! Studiosbegan publishing an originalHellraisercomic book series. In 2013, Boom! Studios announcedNext Testament, the first original story by Barker to be published in comic book format. Works Novels Hellraiserseries Books of the Artseries The Books of Abarat Short stories Collections: Uncollected short stories: Plays Collections: All plays: Poems Uncollected poems: Non-fiction Toys Filmography Adaptations Video games See also References Bibliography External links","William, Prince of Wales William, Prince of Wales(William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982), is theheir apparentto theBritish throne. He is the elder son of KingCharles IIIandDiana, Princess of Wales. William was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II. He was educated atWetherby School,Ludgrove SchoolandEton College. He earned aMaster of Arts degreeingeographyat theUniversity of St Andrewswhere he met his future wife,Catherine Middleton. They have three children:George,CharlotteandLouis. After university, William trained at theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstprior to serving with theBlues and Royalsregiment. In 2008 he graduated from theRoyal Air Force College Cranwell, joining theRAF Search and Rescue Forcein early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulancefor two years, starting in July 2015. William performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the monarch. He holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations, including theTusk Trust,Centrepoint,The Passage,Wales Air AmbulanceandLondon's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through theRoyal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, homelessness, and emergency workers. In 2020 William launched theEarthshot Prize, a £50 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade. William was madeDuke of Cambridgeimmediately beforehis weddingin April 2011. He becameDuke of CornwallandDuke of Rothesayupon his father's accession to the throne on 8 September 2022. The following day he was madePrince of Wales. Early life Prince William was born at 21:03BSTon 21 June 1982 inSt Mary's Hospital, London, as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (laterKing Charles III), and his first wife,Diana, Princess of Wales, during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II.Buckingham Palace announced his name – William Arthur Philip Louis – on 28 June.William was christened in the Music Room ofBuckingham Palaceby the thenArchbishop of Canterbury,Robert Runcie, on 4 August, coinciding with the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother,Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. William was the first child born to aPrinceandPrincess of WalessincePrince Johnwas born to Prince George and Princess Mary (laterKing George VandQueen Mary) in July 1905.When he was nine months old, William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, as his first trip overseas.It also marked the first time that a royal baby was taken on an overseas tour.His younger brother,Prince Harry, was born in September 1984. Both of them were raised atKensington Palacein London, andHighgrove Housein Gloucestershire. Known informally as \"Wills\" within his family,William was nicknamed \"Willy\" by his brother and \"Wombat\" by his mother.Diana wished her sons to obtain broader and more typical life experiences beyond royal upbringing, taking them toWalt Disney World,McDonald's, AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless.BiographerRobert Laceyasserts that William, a \"rambunctious\" and \"bratty\" child, grew \"more reflective\" with a \"noticeably quiet character\" as he began boarding school.Diana was reported to have described William as \"my little wise old man\" on whom she started to rely as her confidant by his early teens. William carried out his first public engagement while accompanying his parents on a visit toLlandaffonSaint David's Dayin 1991.He and Harry travelled to Canada on an official visit with their parents in 1991 and again with Charles in 1998.William's parents divorced in 1996. Dianadied in a car accidentin the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, was staying atBalmoral Castleat the time. The following morning, Charles informed William and Harry of their mother's death.William was reportedly uncertain as to whether he should walk behind his mother's coffin during thefuneral procession. His grandfatherPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, told him: \"If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?\".At the funeral, William and Harry walked alongside their father, grandfather, and maternal uncle,Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace toWestminster Abbey. After his mother's death, William stated that he was \"in a state of shock for many years\".He and Harry inherited the majority of the £12.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown to £10 million each by 2014.In 2014 the brothers inherited theirmother's wedding dressalong with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters and paintings. They also received the original lyrics and score of \"Candle in the Wind\" byBernie TaupinandElton Johnas performed by the latter at Diana's funeral.In 2002The Timesreported that William and Harry would also share £4.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother on their respective 21st birthdays, as well as £8 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. Education William was educated atprivate schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatoryWetherby School, both in London.Following this, he attendedLudgrove SchoolnearWokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers byRory Stewart.At Ludgrove, he participated infootball, swimming, basketball,clay pigeon shooting, andcross country running. He was subsequently admitted toEton College, studying geography, biology, and history of art atA-Level. He obtained an 'A' in geography, a 'C' in biology, and a 'B' in history of art.William was captain of the swimming team and his house football team at Eton, also taking upwater polo. The decision to place William at Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children toGordonstoun, which his father and grandfather both attended. Diana's brother andfatherwere both Eton students.The royal family and the tabloid press agreed that William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life.John Wakeham, chairman of thePress Complaints Commission, stated \"Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man.\"While at Eton, he often had tea on weekends at the nearbyWindsor Castlewith his grandmother, discussingstate boxesand constitutional duties meant to \"prepare as future King.\" In June 1991, William was admitted to theRoyal Berkshire Hospitalafter being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on atGreat Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar.The incident received widespread media attention.In 1999 he underwent an operation on his left hand after he broke a finger.After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part inBritish Armytraining exercises in Belize,worked on English dairy farms, and visited Africa.As part of theRaleigh Internationalprogramme in the town ofTortelin southern Chile, William worked for ten weeks on local construction projects and taught English. He lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores.His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himselfSwahili. In 2001 William enrolled at theUniversity of St Andrewsin Scotland.Similar to his time at Eton, the media agreed not to invade his privacy, and students were warned not to leak stories to the press.William embarked on a degree course inArt Historybut later changed his main subject toGeography. He focused hisdissertationon the Indian Ocean'sRodriguescoral reefs and graduated with anundergraduate Master of Arts(MA Hons) degree withupper second class honoursin 2005.While at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004.He was reportedly known as \"Steve\" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. Early appointments and duties At the age of 21, William was appointed aCounsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended theCommonwealth Heads of Government Meetingin the same year.In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo public engagements on an overseas tour of New Zealand, travelling to participate in World War II commemorations.According to authorTina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to becomeGovernor-General of Australia.In 2009 the Queen set up aprivate officefor William and Harry withDavid Manningas their adviser.Manning accompanied William on his first official tour in January 2010 as the latter touredAucklandandWellington; William opened the new building of theSupreme Court of New Zealandand was welcomed by aMāorichief.The visit spurred crowds of \"many thousands\", with positive public reception compared to that of his mother's 1983 tour.In March 2011, William visitedChristchurch, New Zealand, shortly after theearthquake,and spoke at the memorial service atHagley Parkon behalf of his grandmother.He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding inQueenslandandVictoria. Before attending Sandhurst, William did a three-week internship at several institutions, including theBank of England, theLondon Stock ExchangeandLloyd's of London.To prepare for his eventual management of theDuchy of Cornwall, in 2014, he enteredSt John's College, Cambridgeto undertake an executive agriculture management degree run by theCambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership(CPSL), of which his father is patron.In April 2019, Kensington Palace announced that William had completed a three-week internship atMI5,MI6andGCHQ,during which he was tasked with monitoring extreme Islamist terror cells, identifying potential threats abroad, and observing code breaking technology. Military and air ambulance service Having decided on a military career, William was admitted to theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstin January 2006; his admission was based on successfully completing a 44-week course as an Officer Cadet which led to his commission as a British Army officer.As \"Lieutenant Wales\" – a name based on his father's then title Prince of Wales – he followed his brotherinto theBlues and Royalsin December that year as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post atBovington Campin Dorset. Despite the Queen's approval for William to serve on the frontline, his position as second-in-line to the throne at the time cast doubts on his chances of seeing combat.Plans by theMinistry of Defenceto send William to Southern Iraq leaked and the government eventually decided against sending him as it would endanger both his life and the lives of people around him if he was targeted.William instead trained in theRoyal NavyandRoyal Air Force, obtaining his commission as asub-lieutenantin the former and aflying officerin the latter, both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant. After completing his training, he undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force atRAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with hisRAF wingsby his father,who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell.During thissecondment, William flew to Afghanistan in aC-17 Globemasterthat repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson.William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy.He then completed an accelerated Naval Officer training course at theBritannia Royal Naval College.Whilst serving onHMSIron Dukein July 2008, William participated in a £40m drug seizure in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados.He was part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter which helped seize 900 kg of cocaine from a speedboat. In January 2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted toFlight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF'sSearch and Rescue Force.As part of his training across all branches of the military in 2009, he spent up to six weeks with theSpecial Air Service, theSpecial Boat Service, and theSpecial Reconnaissance Regiment.In January 2010, he graduated from theDefence Helicopter Flying SchoolatRAF Shawbury.In the same month, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit atRAF Valley,Anglesey, to receive training on theSea Kingsearch and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010.This made him the first member of the British royal family sinceHenry VIIto live in Wales. William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of a RAF Sea King was in response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard in October 2010.In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue two sailors.He was deployed to theFalkland Islandsfor a six-week tour withNo. 1564 Flightfrom February to March 2012.The Argentine government condemned William's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of theFalklands Waras a \"provocative act\".In June 2012, he gained a qualification to be captain orpilot in commandof a Sea King rather than a co-pilot.His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.He conducted 156 search and rescue operations, which resulted in 149 people being rescued.He later became patron to theBattle of Britain Memorial Flight. In July 2015, William began working full-time as a pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulance(EAAA) based atCambridge Airport, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous search-and-rescue role.He donated his full salary to the EAAA charity.William required a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to begin his role.He underwent part of his training atNorwich Airport.William described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly withcritical carecases.He also discussed the impact of witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement on his mental health and personal life.TheBBChas written that William was \"exposed to theNational Health Servicein a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be.\" William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties.After supporting an anniversary campaign forLondon's Air Ambulance Charityin 2019, he became the charity's official patron in March 2020.In May 2020, he granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during theCOVID-19 pandemic.To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his \"profound respect\" for the community, particularly during the \"immeasurably difficult\" outbreak.In February 2023, he became patron of theWales Air Ambulancecharity. Personal life Relationship with Catherine Middleton In 2001 William metCatherine Middleton, while they were students in residence atSt Salvator's Hall, at the University of St Andrews, and they became close friends.She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show at the university in 2002 when she appeared on the stage wearing a see-through lace dress.During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends.The couple began dating in 2003.From 2003 to 2005 they both resided at Balgove House on theStrathtyrumestate with two roommates.In 2004 the couple briefly split but reconciled soon afterwards. The relationship was followed closely by the tabloid press.Media attention became so intense that William asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton.In December 2006, Middleton and her family attended William'spassing out paradeat the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.In April 2007, William and Middleton were reported to have split.Middleton and her family attended theConcert for Dianathree months later;the couple were subsequently reported to have \"rekindled their relationship\".She also attended theOrder of the Garterprocession at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where William was made aRoyal Knight of the Garter.In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on theBodorgan Estatein Anglesey, Wales, where they resided until 2014. Marriage and children The couple became engaged in October 2010, at a remote alpine cabin onMount Kenya, during a 10-day trip to theLewa Wildlife Conservancyto celebrate William's passing the RAF helicopter search and rescue course.Clarence Houseannounced their engagement on 16 November.William gave his fianceé his mother'sengagement ring.The wedding took place in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011.The global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million, whereas 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone.William and Catherine usedNottingham Cottageas their London home until 2013, when £4.5 million renovations completed at Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace, which continues to be their official residence in the capital.The couple were given the country houseAnmer Hall, on theSandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen, where they lived from 2015 to 2017.Kensington Palace was the couple's main residence until 2022, when the family moved toAdelaide CottageinWindsor. Catherine's first pregnancy was announced in December 2012.She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth toPrince George.In September 2014, it was announced that Catherine was pregnant with her second child.She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital where she gave birth toPrincess Charlottethe same day.Catherine's third pregnancy was announced in September 2017;Prince Louiswas born on 23 April 2018.William and Catherine have owned twoEnglish Cocker Spaniels, namedLupoand Orla. Duke of Cambridge William was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of Strathearn, andBaron Carrickferguson the day of his wedding in April 2011.He and Catherinetoured Canadathat summer.Nicholas Witchell, writing forBBC News, noted that the tour to Canada had been an \"unqualified success\" for the couple as they engaged in various activities from tree planting to street hockey, with their warm interactions and thoughtful gestures enhancing their popularity and reinforcing positive sentiments towards the monarchy in Canada.The couple served as ambassadors for the2012 Summer Olympicsin London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2013, William and Catherine visited Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of theQueen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations.William hosted his firstinvestitureceremony at Buckingham Palace in October that year.In April 2014, he and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia accompanied by their son George.In August that year, the couple and Prince Harry represented the royal family atWorld War Icommemorations in Belgium.In December, the couple visited New York and Washington DC, where William made a speech at theWorld Bankcondemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In 2015 and 2016 William embarked on various visits of Asian countries, including Japan, China, Bhutan and India;he was the first royal to visit mainland China in almost three decades, with the press referring to William's diplomacy as \"deft\" and \"polished\".In response to media allegations of being \"work-shy\", he asserted his commitment to his duties, emphasizing his dedication to fatherhood and his role in air ambulance work.Countries visited by William and Catherine in 2017 included France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium.In January 2018 the couple visited Sweden and Norway.The visits, which were, like others, requested by theForeign Office, were interpreted to benefitUK-European relationspostBrexit.In June 2018, William toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine. William and Catherine toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years.The tour was a success, helping promote diplomatic relations with Pakistan while also reflecting the couple's personal interests in climate change and the significance of quality education.In November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for COVID-19 in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'.The Daily Telegraphreported he had been \"very ill\" and had isolated away from his family;other sources said that he had not been seriously ill, not bed-ridden and working for most of the time.In December that year, the couple embarked on a tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via theBritish royal train\"to pay tribute to the inspiring work\" of communities and charities in 2020.Boris Johnsonexpressed his support, while Scottish first ministerNicola Sturgeoncriticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; local governments were consulted before planning the tour. In William's capacity asLord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, he and Catherine toured the country in May 2021.The couple attended theG7 summitfor the first time in June 2021 in Cornwall.In March 2022, they embarked on a tour of Belize, the Bahamas and Jamaica as part of theQueen's Platinum Jubilee celebrations.Reparations for slaveryemerged as a major demand of public protesters during the couple's visit.During the unveiling of the National Windrush Monument in London, William described the tour as \"an opportunity to reflect\" and condemnedracism facedby both members of theWindrush generationand British minorities in 2022.In May 2022, he attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time as acounsellor of state, where his father delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of Elizabeth II. Prince of Wales Queen Elizabeth II diedon 8 September 2022, and William's father succeeded as Charles III. William, nowheir apparent, was created Prince of Wales by his father on 9 September.Controversy regarding the titlebecame a topic of public debate in Wales.By 17 September, a petition calling for the end of the title had received over 30,000 signatures,while aYouGovpoll showed 66 per cent support for William to be given the title compared to 22 percent of respondents opposed.On 30 October, Senedd LlywyddElin Jonesnoted that an investiture is not a constitutional requirement and suggested that contemporary Wales would deem it unnecessary.Kensington Palace also stated an investiture is \"not on the table\".As the eldest son of the British monarch, William has inherited the Duchy of Cornwall, which brings him additional income.The duchy is \"a £760 million (about US$1.25 billion) entity established in 1337\" to provide a private income to the monarch's eldest son. William and Catherine visitedAngleseyandSwanseaon 27 September 2022, which marked their first visit to Wales since becoming Prince and Princess of Wales.He visited theSeneddin November 2022, meeting the Welsh first ministerMark Drakeford.In February 2023, William and Catherine visitedFalmouth, marking their first visit to the region since becoming Duke and Duchess of Cornwall.In March 2023, he undertook a solo visit to Poland during which he visitedRzeszówto meet Polish and British troops and Ukrainian refugees, and had talks with Polish presidentAndrzej Dudaat thePresidential Palace.In October 2023, William and Catherine condemned theHamas-led attack on Israel.In February 2024, he visited the headquarters of theBritish Red Cross, where he met humanitarian aid workers supporting civilians during theIsrael–Gaza conflict, and called for an end to the fighting in a statement approved by theUK government.Later that month, William pulled out at the last moment fromthe thanksgiving serviceof his godfather,Constantine II of Greece, due to an undisclosed \"personal matter\".The same month, he visitedWestern Marble Arch Synagogueto acknowledge the increase in antisemitism and human suffering in the Middle East. Charity work William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, he and Harry volunteered at aBritish Red Crossaid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the2004 Boxing Day tsunami.Later, in December 2005, William spent two weeks in North Wales withMountain Rescue England and Wales(MREW).In May 2007, he became patron of MREW and president of theRoyal Marsden Hospital, the latter of which was a role previously held by his mother. In July 2007, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry.In October 2008, the brothers embarked on the 1,000 mile eight-day Enduro Africa motorbike ride across South Africa to raise money forSentebale,UNICEFand theNelson Mandela Children's Fund.In 2010 William became a patron of100 Women in Hedge Funds' philanthropic initiatives for the following three years until 2012.The same year, he succeededLord Attenboroughas the fifth president of theBritish Academy of Film and Television Arts.In March 2011, he and Catherine set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers to donate money to charities supporting the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation in lieu of gifts.The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry is now known asThe Royal Foundation of The Prince and Princess of Wales. Humanitarian causes In March 2020, William appeared in a video for theNational Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised £11 million in its first week, eventually totalling to £90 million, with the money going out to \"front line charities\" and to theUK Community Foundationsto be distributed among \"local community foundations\".In April 2020, he officially became patron of the organisation.Later that month, he made a surprise appearance onThe Big Night In, atelethonheld during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call withStephen Fry, who reprised his role as (a descendant of)Lord Melchett, from theBlackadderseries. In December 2020, William and Catherine became joint patrons ofNHS Charities Together.In February 2021, he visited a vaccination centre inKing's Lynnand later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncingfalse informationthat could causevaccine hesitancy.In May 2021, William got his first dose ofCOVID-19 vaccineby NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.In September 2021, it was reported that he had assisted in the evacuation of an Afghan officer, a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst graduate and aide to British troops, from Kabul airport, along with over 10 of his family members, during the2021 Taliban offensive.In March 2022 amid theRussian invasion of Ukraine, William and Catherine made a donation to help the refugees.In February 2023, they donated to theDisasters Emergency Committee(DEC) which was helping victims of the2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.In July 2023, William became patron of the appeal to launch The Fleming Centre, driving a new global movement to tackleantimicrobial resistance.In July 2024, he and Catherine made donations to help victims ofHurricane Beryl. Conservation William became patron of theTusk Trustin December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development across Africa.He carried out his first official duty with the Trust in launching a 5,000-mile (8,000 km) bike ride across the African continent in April 2008.Later, William helped with launching the Tusk Conservation Awards, which have been presented to selected environmental activists annually since 2013.In June 2010, he and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, undertaking projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children.In 2013 he succeeded his grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, as president ofFields in Trustand transitioned into the role of patron in 2024.He established the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce in December 2014, with the goal of reducing global illegal wildlife trade.In 2014Jane Goodallstated that William had expressed the view that all ivory in the royal collection needed tobe destroyed.William has occasionally commented on the effects ofoverpopulationon thewildlife of Africa, but his remarks have been criticised in the media for not takingresource consumptionand population density into consideration. After two years of research, William launched theEarthshot Prizein October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade.Following the launch, he gave aTED Talkon environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative.Later that month, William took over the patronages ofFauna and Flora Internationaland theBritish Trust for Ornithology, passed on from his grandparents.In the same month, he appeared in an ITV documentary titledPrince William: A Planet For Us Allto discuss environmental issues. In 2021 William made a private donation to the Thin Green Line Foundation, which provides grants for the relatives of conservation park rangers that are killed every year while protecting wildlife.In July 2022, he condemned the murder of South African park ranger Anton Mzimba and asked for the responsible parties to \"be brought to justice\".In August 2022, William voiced his support for the prison sentence given to a man in the United States responsible for trafficking rhinoceros horns and elephant ivory.He had previously called for harsher punishments and penalties for poachers and smugglers at the Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference in 2018. LGBT rights William has spoken out forLGBT rightsas part of his work againstcyberbullying, stating the importance of being \"proud of the person you are\" and discussing the effects of online abuse and discrimination.In 2016 he appeared in the July issue ofAttitudeand became the first member of the royal family to be featured on the cover of a gay magazine.He was recognised at theBritish LGBT Awardsin May 2017.William hosted a commemorativePride Monthdiscussion with mental health charity volunteers at theRoyal Vauxhall Tavernin June 2023. Mental health Since 2009, William has been patron of Child Bereavement UK, which provides support to children and families who have lost a loved one.In 2016 the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by William, Catherine and Harry to de-stigmatise mental health.Legacy programmes include Mental Health at Work, launched in September 2018 to change the approach to workplace mental health in the United Kingdom, as well as Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with theFootball Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults.Later that month, William and Catherine, together with William's brother Harry and sister-in-lawMeghan, launched Shout, the United Kingdom's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues.William later volunteered on the crisis helpline during theCOVID-19 lockdownsto provide support via text message.He attributes his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, his work with the homeless, veterans' welfare, and his wife's anti-addiction advocacy. In March 2020, William and Catherine began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England agency amidst the coronavirus pandemic.In April 2020, the couple announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.In September 2020, William established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders, in partnership withKing's College Londonand the Open University.In May 2021 and 2022, William and Catherine voiced the Mental Health Minute message, which was broadcast on every radio station in the United Kingdom on and asked people to help individuals around them that suffer from loneliness.In October 2022, to mark the World Mental Health Day, the couple took overNewsbeatand interviewed four guests on topics related to mental health.In September 2023, William unveiled two organizations that had partnered with the Duchy of Cornwall to raise better mental well-being and provide mental health services for all its tenants.In October 2023 and to mark World Mental Health Day, he and Catherine took part in a forum for young people in Birmingham, alongside BBC Radio 1 and charity called The Mix, calledExploring our Emotional Worldscontinuing their longstanding work to promote mental well-being.In May 2024, he announced a three-year funding package for the charity We Are Farming Minds to provide mental health support for farmers on the Duchy of Cornwall lands. Homelessness In September 2005, William became patron ofCentrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless.In December 2009, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, the prince spent the night in a sleeping bag nearBlackfriars Bridgeto raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth.He opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50th anniversary. William has been patron of homelessness charityThe Passagesince 2019 after first visiting the centre in 1993 with his mother.In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during theCOVID-19 pandemic.In December 2020, William volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences.In 2022 and 2023, he was spotted selling copies ofThe Big Issueon the streets, copies of which are usually sold by homeless and unemployed people to collect money. In June 2023, William launched Homewards after two years of development, which aims to \"finally end homelessness\" in the United Kingdom.The five-year initiative aims to tackle homelessness in six pilot locations across the United Kingdom with an initial seed funding allocated for each area by the Royal Foundation, working with existing private sector and grassroots charity partners.The project focuses on early intervention and providing housing to families before other issues, such as abuse and joblessness, are addressed.In February 2024, William, in partnership with Cornish charity St Petrocs, announced plans for building 24 homes on Duchy of Cornwall land inNansledanto provide temporary accommodation for people experiencing homelessness in the area.Future plans include building more than 400 social rented homes and a further 475 affordable dwellings inSouth East Faversham. Sport William often playspoloto raise money for charity.He is a fan of football, and supports the English clubAston Villa.He became president ofEngland's Football Association(FA) in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of theWelsh Rugby Union(WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron.The same year, the WRU's decision to name thePrince William Cupdrew criticism as some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it afterRay Gravell.William became patron of the WRU and the FA in 2016 and 2024, respectively. In December 2010, William, alongsideDavid Cameron, attended a meeting withFIFAvice-presidentChung Mong-joonat which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA, considering it a violation of anti-collusion rules.In 2011 William, as president of the English FA, voted againstAustralia's 2022 FIFA bidand instead voted for South Korea, despite beingAustralia's future heir. In 2020 he voted against the jointAustralia–New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bidand instead voted forColombia. In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed atMarcus Rashford, William released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the \"racist abuse... whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media\" as \"despicable\" and stating that \"we all have a responsibility\" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability.In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competitionThe Super League, adding that he \"share the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love.\"In July 2021, he condemned racist attacks against England football players following their loss at theUEFA Euro 2020finale. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association.In 2012, together with his wife Catherine and brother Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the2012 Olympicsand provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach.In May 2020, he appeared in aBBC OneDocumentary titledFootball, Prince William and Our Mental Healthas a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium. Both William and Harry are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns aDucati 1198 S Corse.In May 2014, William, like his father and grandfather, became president of theBritish Sub-Aqua Club(BSAC).He also took part in abandyevent inStockholmin January 2018. In November 2022, William was criticised by Welsh football followers and Welsh actorMichael Sheenfor holding the Prince of Wales title whilst having affiliations with theEngland national football team, particularly after he presented jerseys to the squad in advance of the2022 FIFA World Cupin which bothWalesand England were placed in the same Group B.William commented that he had supported the England football team from a very young age, but happily supportedWelsh rugby union, of which he is patron, over England.In August 2023, he was criticised in segments of the press and social media for not attending2023 FIFA Women's World Cup finalin Australia as president of the FA. Public image William has been one of the most popular members of the British royal family since his birth.Having lived a public life since birth, he was regarded as a \"heartthrob\" and eligible as a young adult, similar to his father.Ruth La Ferla ofThe New York Timescontrasted William's \"refined\" and \"polite\" appeal toLeonardo DiCaprio's \"bad-boy\" popularity.Following his marriage, William's public image assumed a more \"staid\" and fatherly demeanour, having \"settled into a stable domestic order.\" JournalistAnne McElvoyhas described William's public personality as a \"genial presence\" with a \"tougher side\", alongside his mother's \"inimitable style\".Much of his royal duties focus on \"big bet\" projects, rather than \"plaques and patronages\". In 2016 William gave an interview stating his goal was \"how do I make the royal family relevant in the next 20 years ... that's the challenge for me\". In April 2011,Timemagazine listed him asone of the most influential people in the worldalongside his then-newlywed wife Catherine.In August 2023,Gallup, Inc.named him as the most popular public figure in the US after conducting a survey that asked for people's views on 15 prominent individuals.He was found to be the most popular member of the royal family by statistics and polling companyYouGovin December 2022and September 2023,and as the second most popular in April 2024. Privacy and the media The death of William's mother while being chased by thepaparazziin August 1997has since influenced his attitude towards the media.He and Catherine have often requested that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.In 2005 William spoke with ITV reporterTom Bradbyand concluded that it was likely that their voicemails were being accessed.An investigation under thenDeputy Assistant CommissionerPeter Clarkeconcluded that the compromised voice mail accounts belonged to William's aides, includingJamie Lowther-Pinkerton,and not the prince himself.However,Clive Goodmanlater stated that he hadhackedWilliam's phone on 35 occasions.William later suedNews Group Newspapers, publisher ofNews of the WorldandThe Sun, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement in 2020.He and his brother Harry brought a claim privately through their mutual attorneys, but Harry later pursued his case separately with a new solicitor. In 2005, after his then-girlfriend Catherine Middleton was chased by the paparazzi on her way to a job interview, William consulted Middleton andher fatherand wrote a legal letter to newspapers requesting that they respect her privacy.As media attention increased around the time of Middleton's 25th birthday in January 2007, he issued a public statement mentioning that \"the situation is proving unbearable for all those concerned.\"In October 2007, William issued a public statement via his press secretary complaining about the \"aggressive pursuit\" by \"photographers on motorcycles, in vehicles and on foot\" while the couple were leaving a London nightclub and later driving in his car.Following the statement,Daily Mail,Daily Mirror, andDaily Expressall decided against using the paparazzi photos of the couple, butThe Sunpublished photos taken before the couple's car had left.The statement prompted the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) to issue a warning, asking editors not to publish photographs which were taken through harassment.In April 2009, William's lawyers obtained an apology fromThe Daily Starafter the tabloid had claimed he had \"wrecked\" a $2m plane during his pilot training. In September 2012, the French edition ofCloserand Italiangossip magazineChipublished photographs of Catherine sun-bathing topless while on holiday at theChâteau d'Autetin Provence.William and Catherine filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at theTribunal de Grande InstancedeNanterre.The following day the courts granted an injunction againstCloserprohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced that a criminal investigation would be initiated.In September 2017,Closerwas fined €100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000. In October 2014, William and Catherine sent a legal letter to a freelance photographer who had put their son George and his nanny \"under surveillance\", asking the individual to stop \"harassing and following\" them.In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the \"dangerous\" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. In November 2016, William issued a statement supporting Prince Harry and his then-girlfriend,Meghan Markle, following their complaints about the press intrusion, stating that he \"understands the situation concerning privacy and supports the need for Prince Harry to support those closest to him.\"During a visit to the BBC studios in central London in November 2018, he publicly criticised the social media firms' approach to handling \"misinformation and conspiracy\" and added, \"Their self-image is so grounded in their positive power for good that they seem unable to engage in constructive discussion about the social problems they are creating\". In June 2022, a three-minute video of William confronting Terry Harris, a paparazzi photographer, was posted on Harris' YouTube channel.It was recorded by Harris in January 2021 and shows William arguing with Harris as the latter attempts to film William's family on a bike ride near Anmer Hall.Kensington Palace described the video as a breach of the family's privacy and asked for it to be removed from public websites.The couple's lawyers also contacted the photographer, who claimed he was on public roads and had filmed the video after hearing about allegations that the couple had broken the \"rule of six\" as they toured a public attraction at Sandringham while William's uncle and aunt, thenEarlandCountess of Wessex, and their children happened to be in the same spot. Titles, styles, and honours Titles and styles William has been aBritish princesince birth, and was known as \"Prince William of Wales\" until April 2011. He was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of StrathearnandBaron Carrickfergusby his grandmother, Elizabeth II, on the day of his wedding. Theletters patentgranting these titles were issued on 26 May that year. As the eldest son of the monarch, William automatically becameDuke of Cornwall,Duke of Rothesay,Earl of Carrick,Baron of Renfrew,Lord of the Isles, andPrince and Great Steward of Scotlandon the accession of his father on 8 September 2022.From 8 to 9 September, William was styled as \"His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge\".On 9 September, Charles announced the creation of William asPrince of Wales, the traditional title for the male heir apparent to the British monarch. William has since been known as \"His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales\", except in Scotland, where he is called \"His Royal Highness the Duke of Rothesay\" instead.The letters patent formally granting him this title and that ofEarl of Chesterwere issued on 13 February 2023. Honours William is a RoyalKnight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter(KG),an ExtraKnight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle(KT),Great Master of theMost Honourable Order of the Bath(GCB),a member of thePrivy Council of the United Kingdom(PC),and aPersonal Aide-de-Camp(ADC) to the sovereign. Ancestry William's ancestry is royal and aristocratic.Patrilineally, he is a member of theHouse of Windsorand also descends from theHouse of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses. More specifically, he descends from thecadet branchknown as theHouse of Glücksburg. Through his mother, William descends from theEarls Spencer– a cadet branch of theSpencer familydescended from theEarls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now alsoDukes of Marlborough; theBarons Fermoy; and more anciently fromHenry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, andCharles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond– two illegitimate sons of KingCharles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since the death ofAnnein 1714 to undisputedly descend fromCharles Iand the first to descend from Charles II. William descendsmatrilineallyfrom Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his 18th-century ancestor Theodore Forbes – a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company inSurat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as \"a dark-skinned native woman\", \"anArmenianwoman from Bombay\", and \"Mrs. Forbesian\".GenealogistWilliam Addams Reitwiesnerassumed Kewark was Armenian.In June 2013, it was reported thatgenealogical DNA testson two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent. Bibliography Book contributions Authored letters and articles See also Footnotes References Further reading Books Articles External links","Malcolm Bradbury Sir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury,CBE(7 September 1932 – 27 November 2000) was an English author and academic. Life Bradbury was born inSheffield, the son of a railwayman.His family moved to London in 1935, but returned to Sheffield in 1941 with his brother and mother. The family later moved toNottinghamand in 1943 Bradbury attendedWest BridgfordGrammar School, where he remained until 1950. He read English atUniversity College, Leicester, gaining a first-class degree in 1953. He continued his studies atQueen Mary College, University of London, where he gained his MA in 1955. Between 1955 and 1958, Bradbury moved between teaching posts with theUniversity of ManchesterandIndiana Universityin the United States. He returned to England in 1958 for a major heart operation; such was his heart condition that he was not expected to live beyond middle age. In 1959, while in hospital, he completed his first novel,Eating People is Wrong. Bradbury married Elizabeth Salt and they had two sons. He took up his first teaching post as an adult-education tutor at theUniversity of Hull. With his study onEvelyn Waughin 1962 he began his career of writing and editing critical books. From 1961 to 1965 he taught at theUniversity of Birmingham. He completed his PhD inAmerican studiesat the University of Manchester in 1962, moving to theUniversity of East Anglia(his second novel,Stepping Westward, appeared in 1965), where he became Professor of American Studies in 1970 and launched theMA in Creative Writingcourse, attended by bothIan McEwanandKazuo Ishiguro. He publishedPossibilities: Essays on the State of the Novelin 1973,The History Manin 1975,Who Do You Think You Are?in 1976,Rates of Exchangein 1983 andCuts: A Very Short Novelin 1987. He retired from academic life in 1995. Bradbury became aCommander of the Order of the British Empirein 1991 for services to literature and was made aKnight Bachelorin theNew Year Honours 2000, again for services to literature. Bradbury died at Priscilla Bacon Lodge, Colman Hospital, Norwich, on 27 November 2000, attended by his wife and their two sons, Matthew and Dominic. He was buried on 4 December 2000 in the churchyard of St Mary's parish church,Tasburgh, near Norwich where the Bradburys owned a second home. Though he was not an orthodox religious believer, he respected the traditions and socio-cultural role of theChurch of Englandand enjoyed visiting churches in the spirit ofPhilip Larkin's poem, \"Church Going\". Works Bradbury was a productive academic writer as well as a successful teacher; an expert on themodern novel, he published books onEvelyn Waugh,Saul BellowandE. M. Forster, as well as editions of such modern classics asF. Scott Fitzgerald'sThe Great Gatsby, and a number of surveys and handbooks of modern fiction, both British and American. However, he is best known to a wider public as a novelist. Although often compared with his contemporaryDavid Lodge, a friend who has also writtencampus novels, Bradbury's books are consistently darker in mood and less playful both in style and language. In 1986, he wrote a short humorous book titledWhy Come to Slaka?, a parody of travel books, dealing withSlaka, the fictionalEastern Europeancountry that is the setting for his novelRates of Exchange, a 1983 novel that was shortlisted for theBooker Prize. Bradbury also wrote extensively for television, including scripting series such asAnything More Would Be Greedy,The Gravy Train(and its sequel,The Gravy Train Goes East, which explored life in Bradbury's fictional Slaka), and adapting novels such asTom Sharpe'sBlott on the LandscapeandPorterhouse Blue,Alison Lurie'sImaginary Friends,Kingsley Amis'sThe Green Man, and the penultimateInspector MorseepisodeThe Wench is Dead. His last television script was forDalziel and Pascoeseries 5, produced byAndy Rowley. The episode \"Foreign Bodies\" was screened onBBC Oneon 15 July 2000. His work was often humorous and ironic, mockingacademe,British culture, andcommunism, usually with apicaresquetone. Selected bibliography See also References External links","England – inEurope(green & dark grey)– in theUnited Kingdom(green) Englandis acountrythat is part of theUnited Kingdom.It is located on the island ofGreat Britain, of which it covers approximately 62%, andover 100 smaller adjacent islands. It has land borders withScotlandto the north andWalesto the west, and is otherwise surrounded by theNorth Seato the east, theEnglish Channelto the south, theCeltic Seato the south-west, and theIrish Seato the west.Continental Europelies to the south-east, andIrelandto the west. At the2021 census, the population was 56,490,048.Londonis boththe largest cityand thecapital. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during theUpper Paleolithic. It takes its name from theAngles, aGermanictribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world since theAge of Discovery, which began during the 15th century.TheKingdom of England, which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separatesovereign stateon 1 May 1707, when theActs of Unionbrought into effect a political union with theKingdom of Scotlandthat created theKingdom of Great Britain. England is the origin of theEnglish language, theEnglish legal system(which served as the basis for thecommon lawsystems of many other countries),association football, and theAnglicanbranch of Christianity; itsparliamentary system of governmenthas been widely adopted by other nations.TheIndustrial Revolutionbegan in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.England is home tothe two oldest universitiesin the English-speaking world: theUniversity of Oxford, founded in 1096, and theUniversity of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked among the most prestigious in the world. England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills andplains, especially in thecentreandsouth. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in thenorthand west, includingDartmoor, theLake District, thePennines, and theShropshire Hills. The country's capital isLondon, themetropolitan areaof which has a population of 14.2 million as of 2021, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom,largely concentrated around London, theSouth East, and conurbations in theMidlands, theNorth West, theNorth East, andYorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Toponymy The name \"England\" is derived from theOld EnglishnameEnglaland, which means \"land of theAngles\".The Angles were one of theGermanic tribesthat settled in Great Britain during theEarly Middle Ages. They came from theAngelnregion of what is now the German state ofSchleswig-Holstein.The earliest recorded use of the term, as \"Engla londe\", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English ofBede'sEcclesiastical History of the English People. The term was then used to mean \"the land inhabited by the English\", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom ofNorthumbria. TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclerecorded that theDomesday Bookof 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later theChroniclestated that KingMalcolm IIIwent \"out of Scotlande intoLothianin Englaland\", thus using it in the more ancient sense. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work byTacitus,Germania, in which theLatinwordAngliiis used.The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, anangularshape.How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as theSaxons, came to be used for the entire country is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in BritainAngli Saxonesor English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony in Germany.InScottish Gaelic, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);similarly, theWelshname for the English language is \"Saesneg\". A romantic name for England isLoegria, related to the Welsh word for England,Lloegr, and made popular by its use inArthurian legend.Albionis also applied to England in a more poetic capacity,though its original meaning is the island of Britain as a whole. History Prehistory The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that ofHomo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during theUpper Paleolithicperiod, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.After thelast ice ageonly large mammals such asmammoths,bisonandwoolly rhinocerosremained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, when theice sheetsbegan to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of theIberian Peninsula.The sea level was lower than the present day and Britain was connected byland bridgeto Ireland andEurasia.As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. TheBeaker culturearrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.It was during this time that majorNeolithicmonuments such asStonehenge(phase III) andAveburywere constructed. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people madebronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of ironsmeltingallowed the construction of betterploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, withCeltic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons. During theIron Age,Celtic culture, deriving from theHallstattandLa Tène cultures, arrived from Central Europe.Brythonicwas the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according toPtolemy'sGeographiathere were around 20 tribes in the area. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of theRoman Republicattempted toinvade twicein 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up aclient kingfrom theTrinovantes. Ancient history The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of EmperorClaudius, subsequentlyconquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire asBritannia province.The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were theCatuvellauniled byCaratacus. Later, an uprising led byBoudica, Queen of theIceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at theBattle of Watling Street.The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000.This era saw aGreco-Romanculture prevail with the introduction ofRoman law,Roman architecture,aqueducts,sewers, many agricultural items and silk.In the 3rd century, EmperorSeptimius Severusdied atEboracum(nowYork), whereConstantinewas subsequently proclaimed emperor a century later. There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. According toBede, missionaries were sent from Rome byEleutheriusat the request of the chieftainLucius of Britainin 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction throughJoseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.By 410, during thedecline of the Roman Empire, Britain was left exposed by theend of Roman rule in Britainand the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Local \"congregations\" were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated church. Middle Ages Roman militarywithdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Saxons,Angles,Jutesand Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province. These groups then began to settle in increasing numbers over the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, initially in the eastern part of the country.Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at theBattle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, overrunning the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area underBrittoniccontrol to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as aDark Age. Details of theAnglo-Saxon settlement of Britainare consequently subject to considerable disagreement; the emerging consensus is that it occurred on a large scale in the south and east but was less substantial to the north and west, where Celtic languages continued to be spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon control.Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, been replaced in the conquered territories byAnglo-Saxon paganism, but wasreintroduced by missionariesfrom Rome led byAugustinefrom 597.Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at theCouncil of Whitby(664), which was ostensibly abouttonsures(clerical haircuts) and the date of Easter, but more significantly, about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice. During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms includingNorthumbria,Mercia,Wessex,East Anglia,Essex,KentandSussex. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued.The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by theDanesculminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex underAlfred the Greatwas left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of theDanelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished underÆthelstanin 927 and definitively established after further conflicts byEadredin 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom bySweyn Forkbeardin 1013 and again by his sonCnutin 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-livedNorth Sea Empirethat also includedDenmarkandNorway. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession ofEdward the Confessorin 1042. A dispute over the succession to Edward led to an unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion in September 1066 close to York in the North, and the successfulNorman Conquestin October 1066, accomplished by an army led byDuke William of Normandyinvading at Hastings late September 1066.TheNormansthemselves originated fromScandinaviaand had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language. Subsequently, theHouse of PlantagenetfromAnjouinherited the English throne underHenry II, adding England to the buddingAngevin Empireof fiefs the family had inherited in France includingAquitaine.They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs beingRichard I,Edward I,Edward IIIandHenry V.The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing ofMagna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholicmonasticismflourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. ThePrincipality of Walesbecame a Plantagenet fief during the 13th centuryand theLordship of Irelandwas given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and theHouse of Valoisclaimed to be legitimate claimants to theHouse of Capetand of France; the two powers clashed in theHundred Years' War.TheBlack Deathepidemichit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England'sinhabitants. Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war known as theWar of the Roseswaged between the two branches of the royal family, theYorkistsandLancastrians.Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family theTudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed byHenry Tudorwho invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at theBattle of Bosworth Fieldwhere the Yorkist kingRichard IIIwas killed. Early modern period During theTudor period, England began to developnaval skills, and exploration intensified in theAge of Discovery.Henry VIIIbroke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to his divorce, under theActs of Supremacyin 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of theChurch of England. In contrast with much of EuropeanProtestantism, theroots of the splitwere more political than theological.He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters,Mary IandElizabeth I. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy ofAnglicanism. TheElizabethan erais the epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (\"the Virgin Queen\"). Historians often depict it as thegolden agein English history that represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of great art, drama, poetry, music and literature.England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government. Competing withSpain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorerWalter RaleighinVirginiaand namedRoanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.With theEast India Company, England also competed with theDutchandFrenchin the East. During the Elizabethan period, England was at war with Spain. Anarmadasailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet underLord Howard of Effingham. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in1596and1597, but both were driven back by storms. Union with Scotland The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when theKing of Scots,James VI, a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating apersonal union.He styled himselfKing of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.Under the auspices of James VI and I the AuthorisedKing James Versionof the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, theEnglish Civil Warwas fought between the supporters ofParliamentand those of KingCharles I, known colloquially asRoundheadsandCavaliersrespectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifacetedWars of the Three Kingdoms, involvingScotlandandIreland. The Parliamentarians were victorious,Charles I was executedand the kingdom replaced by theCommonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces,Oliver Cromwelldeclared himselfLord Protectorin 1653; a period ofpersonal rulefollowed.After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his sonRichardas Lord Protector,Charles IIwas invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called theRestoration. With the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature and performing arts flourished throughout the Restoration of the \"Merry Monarch\" Charles II.After theGlorious Revolutionof 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with theBill of Rightsin 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.Also since that time, no British monarch has entered theHouse of Commonswhen it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at theState Opening of Parliamentby the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.With the founding of theRoyal Societyin 1660, science was greatly encouraged. In 1666 theGreat Fire of Londongutted the city of London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward with many significant buildings designed by SirChristopher Wren.By the mid-to-late 17th century, two political factions had emerged – theToriesandWhigs. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic kingJames II, some of them, along with the Whigs, during theRevolution of 1688invited the DutchPrince William of Orangeto defeat James and become the king. Some English people, especially in the north, wereJacobitesand continued to support James and his sons. Under theStuart dynastyEngland expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. The Royal Navy developed Europe's largest merchant fleet.After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,the two countries joined inpolitical union, to create theKingdom of Great Britainin 1707.To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. Late modern and contemporary periods Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and otherEnglish initiativescombined with theScottish Enlightenmentto create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth inBritish overseas tradeprotected by theRoyal Navypaved the way for the establishment of theBritish Empire. Domestically it drove theIndustrial Revolution, a period of profound change in thesocioeconomicand cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.The opening of Northwest England'sBridgewater Canalin 1761 ushered in thecanal age in Britain.In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – theStockton and Darlington Railway– opened to the public. During theIndustrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance atBirminghamandManchester,with the latter the world's first industrial city.England maintained relative stability throughout theFrench Revolution, underGeorge IIIandWilliam Pitt the Younger. Theregency of George IVis noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture.During theNapoleonic Wars,Napoleonplanned toinvade from the south-east; however, this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea byHoratio Nelson, and on land byArthur Wellesley. The major victory at theBattle of Trafalgarconfirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept ofBritishnessand a united nationalBritish people, shared with the English, Scots and Welsh. London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during theVictorian era, and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious.Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and prosperity.Political agitation at home from radicals such as theChartistsand thesuffragettesenabled legislative reform anduniversal suffrage. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of theAllies.Two decades later, inWorld War II, the United Kingdom was again one of theAllies. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids duringthe Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapiddecolonisation, and there was a speeding-up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport andFrank Whittle's development of thejet engineled to widerair travel.Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of theNational Health Servicein 1948, providingpublicly funded health careto all permanent residents free at the point of need. Combined, these prompted the reform oflocal government in Englandin the mid-20th century. Since the 20th century, there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of theBritish Isles, but also from theCommonwealth, particularly theIndian subcontinent.Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on theservice industry.As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined acommon marketinitiative called theEuropean Economic Communitywhich became theEuropean Union. Since the late 20th century theadministration of the United Kingdomhas moved towardsdevolved governancein Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.England and Walescontinues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected byreferendum. Governance Politics England is part of the United Kingdom, aconstitutional monarchywith aparliamentary system.There has not been agovernment of Englandsince 1707, when theActs of Union 1707,putting into effect the terms of theTreaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form theKingdom of Great Britain.Before the union England was ruled byits monarchand theParliament of England. Today England is governed directly by theParliament of the United Kingdom, although othercountries of the United Kingdomhavedevolvedgovernments.There has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that variousregions of Englandwould be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by theNorth Eastin a2004 referendum, this has not been carried out.In 2024, an England-only intergovernmental body, known as theMayoral Council, was established to bring together ministers from theUK Government, theMayor of Londonand the leaders ofcombined authorities. In theHouse of Commonswhich is thelower houseof the British Parliament based at thePalace of Westminster, there are 543 members of parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.England is represented by 347 MPs from theLabour Party, 116 from theConservative Party, 65 from theLiberal Democrats, five forReform UKand four for theGreen Party of England and Wales. Law TheEnglish lawlegal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis ofcommon lawlegal systems used in mostCommonwealthcountriesand the United States (exceptLouisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of theCourts of England and Walescontinued, under theTreaty of Union, as a separate legal system fromthe one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge oflegal precedent–stare decisis– to the facts before them. The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of theCourt of Appeal, theHigh Court of Justicefor civil cases, and theCrown Courtfor criminal cases.TheSupreme Court of the United Kingdomis the highest court for criminal and civil cases inEngland and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over thejudicial functions of the House of Lords.A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions. TheSecretary of State for Justiceis the minister responsible to Parliament for thejudiciary, the court system and prisons and probation in England.Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it one of thehighest incarceration ratesin Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.His Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to theMinistry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing 81,309 prisoners in England and Wales as of September 2022. Subdivisions Thesubdivisions of Englandconsist of up to four levels ofsubnational division, controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes oflocal government. Outside the London region, England's highest tier is the 48ceremonial counties.These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference. Of these, 38 developed gradually since theMiddle Ages; these were reformed to 51 in 1974 and to their current number in 1996.Each has aLord LieutenantandHigh Sheriff; these posts are used to represent theBritish monarchlocally.Some counties, such asHerefordshire, are only divided further into civil parishes. The royal county of Berkshire and the metropolitan counties have different types of status to other ceremonial counties. The second tier is made up ofcombined authoritiesand the 27county-tiershire counties. In 1974, all ceremonial counties were two-tier; and with the metropolitan county tier phased out, the 1996 reform separated the ceremonial county and the administrative county tier. England is also divided into local government districts.The district can align to a ceremonial county, or be a district tier within ashire county, be aroyalormetropolitan borough, haveboroughorcity status, or be aunitary authority. At the community level, much of England is divided intocivil parisheswith their owncouncils; in Greater London only one such parish,Queen's Park, exists as of 2014after they wereabolished in 1965until legislationallowed their recreationin 2007. London From 1994 until the early 2010s England was divided for a few purposes into regions; a1998 referendumfor the London Region created theLondon Assemblytwo years later.A failed2004 North East England devolution referendumcancelled furtherregional assemblydevolutionwith the regional structure outside London abolished. Ceremonially and administratively, the region is divided between theCity of LondonandGreater London; these are further divided into the 32London Boroughsand the 25Wards of the City of London. Geography Landscape and rivers Geographically, England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as theIsle of Wightand theIsles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom:to the northby Scotland andto the westby Wales. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. It is separated fromFrance(Hauts-de-France) by a 21-mile (34 km)sea gap, though the two countries are connected by theChannel TunnelnearFolkestone.England also has shores on theIrish Sea,North Seaand Atlantic Ocean. The ports of London,Liverpool, andNewcastlelie on the tidal riversThames,MerseyandTynerespectively. At 220 miles (350 km), theSevernis the longest river flowing through England.It empties into theBristol Channeland is notable for itsSevern Bore(atidal bore), which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length.There are manylakes in England; the largest isWindermere, within the aptly namedLake District. Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include thePennines, a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and theCheviot Hills, straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), isScafell Pikein the Lake District.TheShropshire Hillsare near Wales whileDartmoorandExmoorare two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by theTees–Exe line. The Pennines, known as the \"backbone of England\", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of thePaleozoic Eraaround 300 million years ago.Their geological composition includes, among others,sandstoneandlimestone, and also coal. There arekarstlandscapes in calcite areas such as parts ofYorkshireandDerbyshire. The Pennine landscape is highmoorlandin upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain twonational parks, theYorkshire Dalesand thePeak District. In theWest Country, Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite. TheEnglish Lowlandsare in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including theCotswold Hills,Chiltern Hills,NorthandSouth Downs; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as thecliffs of Dover. This also includes relatively flat plains such as theSalisbury Plain,Somerset Levels,South Coast PlainandThe Fens. Climate England has atemperatemaritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on theEnglish coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to theAtlantic Ocean, its northernlatitudeand the warming of the sea by theGulf Stream.Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of theLake Districtreceive more rain than anywhere else in the country.Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on 19 July 2022 atConingsby,Lincolnshire,while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 inEdgmond, Shropshire. Nature and wildlife The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in theBritish Isleswith a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats.National nature reserves in Englandare designated byNatural Englandas key places forwildlifeand natural features in England. They were established to protect the most significant areas of habitat and of geological formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members ofThe Wildlife Trustspartnership, theNational Trust, and theRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds. There are 221 NNRs in England covering 110,000 hectares (1,100 square kilometres). Often they contain rare species or nationally important populations of plants and animals.. TheEnvironment Agencyis a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by theDepartment for Environment, Food and Rural Affairswith responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.TheSecretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairsis the minister responsible for environmental protection, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England. England has atemperate oceanic climatein most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas ofsubarcticand warmer areas inthe South West. Towards theNorth of Englandthe climate becomes colder and most of England's mountains and high hills are located here and have a major impact on the climate and thus the local fauna of the areas.Deciduouswoodlands are common across all of England and provide a great habitat for much of England's wildlife, but these give way in northern and upland areas of England toconiferousforests (mainly plantations) which also benefit certain forms of wildlife. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban environment, particularly thered fox, which is the most successfulurban mammalafter thebrown rat, and other animals such ascommon wood pigeon, both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas. Major conurbations TheGreater London Built-up Areais by far the largest urban area in Englandand one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered aglobal cityand has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be innorthern Englandor theEnglish Midlands.There are50 settlementswhich have designatedcity status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has 66. While many cities in England are quite large, such asBirmingham,Sheffield,Manchester,Liverpool,Leeds,Newcastle,Bradford,Nottingham, population size is not a prerequisite for city status.Traditionally the status was given to towns withdiocesan cathedrals, so there are smaller cities likeWells,Ely,Ripon,TruroandChichester. Economy England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with an averageGDP per capitaof £37,852 in 2022.HM Treasury, led by theChancellor of the Exchequer, is responsible for developing and executing the government'spublic financepolicy andeconomic policy.Usually regarded as amixed market economy, it has adopted manyfree marketprinciples, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure. The economy of England is the largest part of theUK's economy.England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularlyaerospace, thearms industry, and thesoftware industry. London, home to theLondon Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's mainstock exchangeand the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.London is the largest financial centre in Europe and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world. London has also been named as the fastest growing technology hub in Europe, with England having over 100 unique tech companies with a value of $1 billion or more.TheBank of England, founded in 1694 as private banker to the government of England and astate-owned institutionsince 1946, is the United Kingdom'scentral bank.The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes inEngland and Wales, although not in other parts of the UK. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank'sMonetary Policy Committeefor managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates. England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a moreservice industryoriented economy.Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated bypharmaceuticals, automotives,crude oiland petroleum from the English parts ofNorth Sea oilalong withWytch Farm,aircraft enginesand alcoholic beverages.Thecreative industriesaccounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the remainder to arable crops.The main crops that are grown arewheat,barley,oats,potatoes, andsugar beets. England retains a significant fishing industry. Its fleets bring home a variety of fish, ranging fromsoletoherring. England is also rich in natural resources includingcoal,petroleum,natural gas,tin,limestone,iron ore,salt,clay,chalk,gypsum,lead, and silica. Science and technology Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include SirIsaac Newton,Charles Darwin,Robert Hooke,Alan Turing,Stephen Hawking,Edward Jenner,Francis Crick,Joseph Lister,Joseph Priestley,Thomas Young,Christopher WrenandRichard Dawkins. England was a leading centre of theScientific Revolutionfrom the 17th century.As the birthplace of theIndustrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers includeIsambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of theGreat Western Railway, a series of famoussteamships, and numerous important bridges, revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.Thomas Newcomen'ssteam enginehelped spawn the Industrial Revolution. The Father of Railways,George Stephenson, built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, theLiverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage,Matthew Boulton(business partner ofJames Watt) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.The physicianEdward Jenner'ssmallpox vaccineis said to have \"saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history.\" Inventions and discoveries of the English include thejet engine; the first industrialspinning machine;the first computerand the firstmodern computer; theWorld Wide Webalong withHTML; the first successful humanblood transfusion; the motorisedvacuum cleaner;thelawn mower; theseat belt; thehovercraft; theelectric motor;steam engines; and theories such as the Darwinian theory ofevolutionandatomic theory. Newton developed the ideas ofuniversal gravitation,Newtonian mechanics, andcalculus, andRobert Hookehis eponymously namedlaw of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, thethermosiphon,tarmac, therubber band, themousetrap,\"cat's eye\"road marker, joint development of thelight bulb, steamlocomotives, the modernseed drilland many modern techniques and technologies used inprecision engineering. TheRoyal Society, formallyThe Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge,is alearned societyand theUnited Kingdom's nationalacademy of sciences. Founded on 28 November 1660,It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.TheRoyal Institution of Great Britainwas founded in 1799 by leading English scientists, includingHenry Cavendish.Some experts claim that the earliest concept of ametric systemwas invented byJohn Wilkinsin 1668. Scientific research and development remains important in theuniversities of England, with many establishingscience parksto facilitate production and co-operation with industry.Cambridgeis the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.In 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (after the United States and China).Scientific journals produced in England includeNature, theBritish Medical JournalandThe Lancet. TheDepartment for Science, Innovation and Technology,Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology, andMinister of State for Science, Research and Innovationhas responsibility for science in England. Transport TheDepartment for Transportis the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by theSecretary of State for Transport. England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are manymotorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as theA1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle(much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is theM6, fromRugbythrough theNorth Westup to theAnglo-Scottish border, a distance of 232 miles (373 km).Other major routes include: theM1from London to Leeds, theM25which encircles London, theM60which encircles Manchester, theM4from London to South Wales, theM62from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and theM5from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West. Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies includeArriva,FirstGroup,Go-Ahead Group,Mobico Group,RotalaandStagecoach Group.Bus rapid transitoriginated in England with theRuncornBusway opening in 1971.The reddouble-decker busesin London have become a symbol of England.National Cycle Routeoffers cycling routes nationally. Rail transport in Englandis the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.Much of Britain's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, theChannel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994. Great British Railwaysis a planned state-owned public body that will overseerail transport in Great Britainfrom 2024. TheOffice of Rail and Roadis responsible for the economic and safety regulation of England's railways.Crossrailwas Europe's largest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost, opened in 2022.High Speed 2, a new high-speed north–south railway line, is under construction. There is arapid transitnetwork in two English cities: theLondon Underground, and theTyne and Wear MetroinNewcastle upon Tyne,GatesheadandSunderland.There are several extensive tram networks, such as theManchester Metrolink,Sheffield Supertram,West Midlands Metro,Nottingham Express Transit, andTramlinkin South London.England also has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport isHeathrow, which is theworld's second busiest airport measured by number of international passengers. By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium.There are around 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by theCanal & River Trust,however, water transport is very limited. TheRiver Thamesis the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at thePort of Tilburyin theThames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports. Energy Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reducecarbon dioxideemissions. Notably, the UK isone of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.Wind power contributed 26.8% of UK electricity generation in 2022.England is home toHornsea 2, the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire. TheClimate Change Act 2008was passed in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally bindingclimate change mitigationtarget set by a country.UK government energy policyaims to play a key role in limitinggreenhouse gas emissions, while meeting energy demand. Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country'senergy mixthrough changes in costs. The current energy policy is the responsibility of theDepartment for Energy Security and Net ZeroandSecretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero.TheMinister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growthis responsible for green finance, climate science and innovation, and low carbon generation.In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked 2 out of 180 countries in theEnvironmental Performance Index.A law has been passed thatUK greenhouse gas emissionswill benet zeroby 2050. Healthcare TheNational Health Service(NHS), is the publicly fundedhealthcare systemresponsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of theNational Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of theBeveridge Report, prepared by the economist and social reformer,William Beveridge.The NHS is largely funded by general taxation andNational Insurancepayments;it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care. The government department responsible for the NHS is theDepartment of Health, under theSecretary of State for Health. Most of the department's expenses are on the NHS – £98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.Regulatory bodies such as theGeneral Medical Counciland theNursing and Midwifery Councilare organised on a UK-wide basis, as are non-governmental bodies such as theRoyal Colleges. The averagelife expectancyis 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the fourcountries of the United Kingdom.The south of England has a higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years. Demography Population With over 56 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.England taken as a unit and measured against international states would be the 26th largestcountry by populationin the world. TheEnglish peopleareBritish people.There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially theUnited States,Canada,Australia,South AfricaandNew Zealand.Since the late 1990s, many English peoplehave migratedto Spain.Due in particular to the economic prosperity ofSouth East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom.There has beensignificant Irish migration.The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 81.7%,includingWhite British,GermansandPoles,down from 94.1% in 1991.Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, about 7% of people living in England have familyorigins in the Indian subcontinent, mostlyIndia,PakistanandBangladesh.About 0.7% areChinese,0.6% areArabs.4.0% of the population areblack, from Africa and theCaribbean, especially former British colonies,and 2.9% identified as multiracial ormixed. In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were fromethnic minorityfamilies,and in 2011 that figure was 26.5%.About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. England contains one indigenous national minority, theCornish people, recognised by the UK government under theFramework Convention for the Protection of National Minoritiesin 2014. Language (thousands) English, today widely spoken around the world,originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal tongue. According to a 2011 census, it is spoken well or very well by 98% of the population English language learning and teachingis an importanteconomic activity. There is nolegislationmandating anofficial languagefor England,but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinctregional accents. Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived,and is now protected under theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.It is spoken by 0.1% of people inCornwall,and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools. State schoolsteach students asecond languageorthird languagefrom the ages of seven, most commonly French, Spanish or German.It was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke aforeign languageat home,the most common beingPunjabiandUrdu. However, following the 2011 census data released by theOffice for National Statistics, figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English.In 2022,British Sign Languagebecame an official language of England when theBritish Sign Language Act 2022came into effect. Religion In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that they had no religion, 5% specified that they wereMuslim, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2% did not give an answer.Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. Theestablished churchof England is theChurch of England,which left communion withRomein the 1530s whenHenry VIIIwas unable to annul his marriage toCatherine of Aragon. The church regards itself as both Catholic andProtestant. There areHigh ChurchandLow Churchtraditions and some Anglicans regard themselves asAnglo-Catholics, following theTractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is thesupreme governor of the Church of England, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). It forms part of theAnglican Communionwith theArchbishop of Canterburyacting as its symbolic worldwide head.Manycathedralsand parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such asWestminster Abbey,York Minster,Durham Cathedral, andSalisbury Cathedral. The second-largest Christian denomination is theCatholic Church. Since its reintroduction after theCatholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on anEngland and Walesbasis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).There has been one Pope from England to date,Adrian IV, while saintsBedeandAnselmare regarded asDoctors of the Church. A form ofProtestantismknown asMethodismis the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism throughJohn Wesley.It gained popularity in themill townsofLancashireandYorkshire, and among tin miners inCornwall.There are othernon-conformistminorities, such asBaptists,Quakers,Congregationalists,UnitariansandThe Salvation Army. The patron saint of England isSaint George; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England.There are many other English and associated saints, includingCuthbert,Edmund,Alban,Wilfrid,Aidan,Edward the Confessor,John Fisher,Thomas More,Petroc,Piran,Margaret ClitherowandThomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised.Jewshave a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.They were expelled from England in 1290 following theEdict of Expulsion, and were allowed back in 1656. Especially since the 1950s, religions from theformer British colonieshave grown in numbers, due to immigration.Islamis the most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England.Hinduism,SikhismandBuddhismare next in number, adding up to 2.8% combined,introduced from India andSoutheast Asia. A small minority of the population practise ancientPagan religions.Neopaganism in the United Kingdomis primarily represented byWiccaandNeopagan witchcraft,Druidry, andHeathenry. According to the2011 census, there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,including 11,026Wiccans.24.7% of people in England declaredno religion, compared with 14.6% in 2001.Norwichhad the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed byBrighton and Hoveat 42.4%. Education TheDepartment for Educationis the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.State-funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.Education is the responsibility of theSecretary of State for Education. Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or anEarly Years Foundation Stagereception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. State-funded schools are obliged by law to teach theNational Curriculum; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history, geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education. TheProgramme for International Student Assessmentcoordinated by theOECDcurrently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493. Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are selective intakegrammar schoolsto which entrance is subject to passing theeleven-plusexam. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attendprivate schools, which are funded by private sources.Standards in state schools are monitored by theOffice for Standards in Education, and in private schools by theIndependent Schools Inspectorate. After finishing compulsory education, students takeGCSEexaminations. Students may then opt to continue intofurther educationfor two years.Further education colleges(particularlysixth form colleges) often form part of a secondary school site.A-levelexaminations are sat by a large number of further education students, and often form the basis of an application to university. Further education covers a wide curriculum of study andapprenticeships, includingT-levels,BTEC,NVQand others.Tertiary collegesprovide both academic and vocational courses. Higher education Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for anacademic degree. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which arepublic institutions. TheDepartment for Business, Innovation and Skillsis the government department responsible for higher education in England.Students are generally entitled tostudent loansto covertuition feesand living costs.The first degree offered to undergraduates is thebachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or a doctorate, which takes three or more years. England's universitiesinclude some of the highest-ranked universities in the world. As of 2024, four England-based universities, theUniversity of Cambridge,University of Oxford,Imperial College London, andUniversity College London, are ranked among the top ten in the 2024QS World University Rankings. The University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, and the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, are the twooldest universities in the English-speaking world. TheLondon School of Economicshas been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.TheLondon Business Schoolis considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by theFinancial Times.Academic degreesin England are usually split into classes: first class, upper second class, lower second class, third, and unclassified.The King's School, CanterburyandKing's School, Rochesterare the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.Many of England's most well-known schools, such asWinchester College,Eton,St Paul's School,Harrow SchoolandRugby Schoolare fee-paying institutions. Culture Architecture Many ancientstanding stonemonuments were erected during the prehistoric period; among the best known areStonehenge,Devil's Arrows,Rudston MonolithandCastlerigg.With the introduction ofAncient Roman architecturethere was a development ofbasilicas,baths,amphitheaters,triumphal arches,villas,Roman temples,Roman roads,Roman forts,stockadesandaqueducts.It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example isHadrian's Wallstretching right across northern England.Another well-preserved example is theRoman BathsatBath, Somerset. Early medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber withthatchfor roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis ofHiberno–Saxonmonasticism,toEarly Christianbasilicaand architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 variouscastleswere created; the best known include theTower of London,Warwick Castle,Durham CastleandWindsor Castle. Throughout the Plantagenet era, anEnglish Gothic architectureflourished, with prime examples including themedieval cathedralssuch asCanterbury Cathedral,Westminster AbbeyandYork Minster.Expanding on theNorman basethere was alsocastles,palaces,great houses, universities andparish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-centuryTudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as theTudor arch, was a defining feature as werewattle and daubhouses domestically. In the aftermath of theRenaissancea form of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, theEnglish Baroquestyle of architectChristopher Wrenbeing particularly championed. Georgian architecturefollowed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; theRoyal Crescentat Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence ofromanticismduring Victorian period, aGothic Revivalwas launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such asThe Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s variousmodernistforms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places. Gardens Landscape gardening, as developed byCapability Brown, set an international trend for theEnglish landscape garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples,Gothicruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by theFrench landscape garden, and as far away asPavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, the gardens of the futureEmperor Paul. It also had a major influence on thepublic parksand gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.The English landscape garden was centred on theEnglish country houseand manor houses. English Heritageand theNational Trustpreserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country.TheRHS Chelsea Flower Showis held every year by theRoyal Horticultural Societyand is said to be the largest gardening show in the world. Folklore English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings includepixies,giants,elves,bogeymen,trolls,goblinsanddwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuringOffa of AngelandWayland the Smith,others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuringRobin Hoodand hisMerry MenofSherwood, and their battles with theSheriff of Nottingham, are among the best-known of these. During theHigh Middle Agestales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into theArthurian myth.These were derived fromAnglo-Norman, Welsh and French sources,featuringKing Arthur,Camelot,Excalibur,Merlinand theKnights of the Round Tablesuch asLancelot. These stories are most centrally brought together withinGeoffrey of Monmouth'sHistoria Regum Britanniae(History of the Kings of Britain). Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries.On 5 November people celebrateBonfire Nightto commemorate the foiling of theGunpowder Plotcentred onGuy Fawkes. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such asMorris dancing,Maypole dancing,Rapper swordin the North East,Long Sword dancein Yorkshire,Mummers Plays,bottle-kickingin Leicestershire, andcheese-rollingatCooper's Hill.There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as thePearly Kings and Queensassociated with cockneys, theRoyal Guard, theMorris costumeandBeefeaters. Cuisine Since theearly modern periodthe food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.During theMiddle Agesand the Renaissance, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during theIndustrial Revolutionwith increasing urbanisation. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some good ratings inRestaurant'sbest restaurant in the worldcharts. Traditional examples of English food include theSunday roast, featuring aroasted joint(usually beef,lamb, chicken or pork) served with assorted vegetables,Yorkshire puddingandgravy.Other prominent meals includefish and chipsand thefull English breakfast(generally consisting ofbacon,sausages, grilled tomatoes, fried bread,black pudding,baked beans,mushroomsand eggs).Variousmeat piesare consumed, such assteak and kidney pie,steak and ale pie,cottage pie,pork pie(usually eaten cold)and theCornish pasty. Sausages are commonly eaten, either asbangers and mashortoad in the hole.Lancashire hotpotis a well-known stew originating in the northwest. Some of the more popular cheeses areCheddar,Red Leicester,Wensleydale,Double GloucesterandBlue Stilton. ManyAnglo-Indianhybrid dishes,curries, have been created, such aschicken tikka masalaandbalti. Traditional English dessert dishes includeapple pieor other fruit pies;spotted dick– all generally served withcustard; and, more recently,sticky toffee pudding. Sweet pastries includesconesserved with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves,Eccles cakesandmince piesas well as sweet or spiced biscuits. Common non-alcoholic drinks include teaand coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine,cidersandEnglish beers, such asbitter,mild,stoutandbrown ale. Visual arts The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock andcave artpieces, most prominent inNorth Yorkshire, Northumberland andCumbria, but also feature further south, for example atCreswell Crags.With the arrival ofRoman culturein the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those atLullingstoneandAldborough.During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in theStaffordshire Hoarddiscovered in 2009. Some of these blendedGaelic and Anglianstyles, such as theLindisfarne GospelsandVespasian Psalter.LaterGothic artwas popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such asBenedictional of St. ÆthelwoldandLuttrell Psalter. The Tudor era sawprominent artistsas part of their court; portrait painting, which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by GermanHans Holbein, and natives such asNicholas Hilliardbuilt on this.Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period includeAnthony van Dyck,Peter Lely,Godfrey KnellerandWilliam Dobson.The 18th century saw the founding of theRoyal Academy; aclassicismbased on theHigh Renaissanceprevailed, withThomas GainsboroughandJoshua Reynoldsbecoming two of England's most treasured artists. In the 19th century,John ConstableandJ. M. W. Turnerwere major landscape artists. TheNorwich Schoolcontinued the landscape tradition, while thePre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, led by artists such asHolman Hunt,Dante Gabriel RossettiandJohn Everett Millais, revived theEarly Renaissancestyle with their vivid and detailed style.Prominent among 20th-century artists wasHenry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.TheRoyal Society of Artsis an organisation committed to the arts. Literature, poetry, and philosophy Early authors such asBedeandAlcuinwrote in Latin.The period ofOld English literatureprovided the epic poemBeowulfand the secular prose of theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle,along with Christian writings such asJudith,Cædmon'sHymnandhagiographies.Following the Norman conquestLatincontinued among the educated classes, as well as anAnglo-Norman literature. Middle English literatureemerged withGeoffrey Chaucer, author ofThe Canterbury Tales, along withGower, thePearl PoetandLangland.William of OckhamandRoger Bacon, who wereFranciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages.Julian of Norwich, who wroteRevelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With theEnglish Renaissanceliterature in theEarly Modern Englishstyle appeared.William Shakespeare, whose works includeHamlet,Romeo and Juliet,Macbeth, andA Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature. Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser,Philip Sydney,Thomas Kyd,John Donne, andBen Jonsonare other established authors of theElizabethan age.Francis BaconandThomas Hobbeswrote onempiricismandmaterialism, includingscientific methodandsocial contract.Filmerwrote on theDivine Right of Kings.Marvellwas the best-known poet of theCommonwealth,whileJohn MiltonauthoredParadise Lostduring theRestoration. This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. William Shakespeare. Some of the most prominent philosophers of theEnlightenmentwereJohn Locke,Thomas Paine,Samuel JohnsonandJeremy Bentham. More radical elements were later countered byEdmund Burkewho is regarded as the founder of conservatism.The poetAlexander Popewith his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role inromanticism:Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Lord Byron,John Keats,Mary Shelley,Percy Bysshe Shelley,William BlakeandWilliam Wordsworthwere major figures. In response to theIndustrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way betweenlibertyand tradition;William Cobbett,G. K. ChestertonandHilaire Bellocwere main exponents, while the founder ofguild socialism,Arthur Penty, andcooperative movementadvocateG. D. H. Coleare somewhat related.Empiricism continued throughJohn Stuart MillandBertrand Russell, whileBernard Williamswas involved inanalytics. Authors from around theVictorian eraincludeCharles Dickens, theBrontë sisters,Jane Austen,George Eliot,Rudyard Kipling,Thomas Hardy,H. G. WellsandLewis Carroll.Since then England has continued to produce novelists such asGeorge Orwell,D. H. Lawrence,Virginia Woolf,C. S. Lewis,Enid Blyton,Aldous Huxley,Agatha Christie,Terry Pratchett,J. R. R. Tolkien, andJ. K. Rowling. Performing arts The traditionalfolk music of Englandis centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostlysea shanties,jigs,hornpipesanddance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed byWynkyn de Wordein the 16th century, are an important artefact, as areJohn Playford'sThe Dancing MasterandRobert Harley'sRoxburghe Balladscollections.Some of the best-known songs areGreensleeves,Pastime with Good Company,Maggie MayandSpanish Ladiesamong others. Manynursery rhymesare of English origin such asMary, Mary, Quite Contrary,Roses Are Red,Jack and Jill,London Bridge Is Falling Down,The Grand Old Duke of York,Hey Diddle DiddleandHumpty Dumpty.Traditional English Christmas carols include \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\", \"The First Noel\", \"I Saw Three Ships\" and \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\". Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artistsThomas TallisandWilliam Byrd, followed byHenry Purcellfrom theBaroque periodandThomas Arnewho was well known for his patriotic songRule, Britannia!. German-bornGeorge Frideric Handelspent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios,The Messiah,Solomon,Water Music, andMusic for the Royal Fireworks. Classical music attracted much attention in the 18th century with the formation of theBirmingham Triennial Music Festival, which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in 1912. TheEnglish Musical Renaissancewas a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers, often those lecturing or trained at theRoyal College of Music, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led byEdward Elgar,Benjamin Britten,Frederick Delius,Gustav Holst,Ralph Vaughan Williamsand others.Present-day composers from England includeMichael Nyman, best known forThe Piano, andAndrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have achieved enormous success in theWest Endand worldwide. Inpopular music, many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such asthe Beatles,Led Zeppelin,Pink Floyd,Elton John,Queen,Rod Stewart,David Bowie,the Rolling StonesandDef Leppardare among the highest-selling recording artists in the world.Many musical genres have origins in (or strong associations with) England, such asBritish invasion,progressive rock,hard rock,Mod,glam rock,heavy metal,Britpop,indie rock,gothic rock,shoegazing,acid house,garage,trip hop,drum and bassanddubstep. Large outdoormusic festivalsin the summer and autumn are popular, such asGlastonbury,V Festival, and theReading and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, freeravemovement from the late 1980s, which inspired the pan-European culture ofteknivals.TheBoishakhi Melais aBengali New Yearfestival celebrated by theBritish Bangladeshicommunity. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After theNotting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the UK, attracting over 80,000 visitors. The most prominentopera housein England is theRoyal Opera HouseatCovent Garden.The Promsis a major annual cultural event in the English calendar.The Royal Balletis one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies. TheRoyal Academy of Musicis the oldestconservatoirein the UK, founded in 1822, receiving itsroyal charterin 1830.England is home to numerous major orchestras such as theBBC Symphony Orchestra, theRoyal Philharmonic Orchestra, thePhilharmonia Orchestra, and theLondon Symphony Orchestra.Other forms of entertainment that originated in England include thecircusand thepantomime. Cinema England has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, includingAlfred Hitchcock,Charlie Chaplin,David Lean,Laurence Olivier,Vivien Leigh,John Gielgud,Peter Sellers,Julie Andrews,Michael Caine,Gary Oldman,Helen Mirren,Kate WinsletandDaniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers.Hitchcock'sThe Lodger: A Story of the London Fog(1926) helped shape thethrillergenre in film, while his 1929Blackmailis often regarded as the first Britishsoundfeature film. Major film studios in England includePinewood,ElstreeandShepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of thehighest-grossing film franchises(Harry PotterandJames Bond).Ealing Studiosin London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world.Famous for recording many motion picturefilm scores, theLondon Symphony Orchestrafirst performed film music in 1935.TheHammer Horrorfilms starringChristopher Leesaw the production of the first gory horror films showing blood and guts in colour. TheBFI Top 100 British filmsincludesMonty Python's Life of Brian(1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.English producers are also active ininternational co-productionsand English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council rankedDavid Yates,Christopher Nolan,Mike Newell,Ridley ScottandPaul Greengrassthe five most commercially successful English directors since 2001.Other contemporary English directors includeSam Mendes,Guy RitchieandRichard Curtis. Current actors includeTom Hardy,Daniel Craig,Benedict Cumberbatch,Lena Headey,Felicity Jones,Emilia Clarke,Lashana Lynch, andEmma Watson. Acclaimed for his motion capture work,Andy SerkisopenedThe Imaginarium Studiosin London in 2011.The visual effects companyFramestorein London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people,storiesor events. The 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films includeAlice in Wonderland,The Jungle BookandWinnie the Pooh. Sites and institutions English Heritageis a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by theDepartment for Culture, Media and Sport. A non-governmental charity, theNational Trustholds a complementary role, focussed on landscapes andcountry houses. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCOWorld Heritage Sitesfall within England.Some of the best-known of these are:Hadrian's Wall,Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, theTower of London, theJurassic Coast,Saltaire,Ironbridge Gorge,Blenheim Palaceand theLake District. London'sBritish Museumholds more than seven million objects,one of the largest and most comprehensive collections in the world,illustrating and documenting global human culture from its beginnings to the present. TheBritish Libraryin London is thenational libraryand is one of the world's largestresearch libraries, holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats, including around 25 million books.TheNational GalleryinTrafalgar Squarehouses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.TheTategalleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host theTurner Prize. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility for cultural property and heritage.Ablue plaque, the oldesthistorical markerscheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event. In 2011 there were around 1,600 museums in England.Entry to most museums and galleries is free.Londonis one of the world's most visited cities, regularly taking the top five most visited cities inEurope. It is considered a global centre of finance, art and culture. Media TheBBC, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by thetelevision licence.TheBBC World Serviceis aninternational broadcasterowned and operated by theBBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages. London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, althoughManchesteris also a significant national media centre. The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.National newspapers produced in England includeThe Times,The Guardian,The Daily Telegraph, and theFinancial Times. Magazines and journals published in England that have achieved worldwide circulation includeNature,New Scientist,The Spectator,Prospect,NMEandThe Economist. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility over media and broadcasting in England. Sport England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th centurycodifiedmany sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England includeassociation football,cricket,rugby union,rugby league,tennis,boxing, badminton,squash,rounders,hockey,snooker,billiards,darts, table tennis,bowls,netball,thoroughbredhorseracing,greyhound racingandfox hunting. It has helped the development ofgolf, sailing andFormula One. England has been crowned world champion in several major sports including:Cricket,RugbyandAssociation Football. Football is themost popularof these sports. TheEngland national football team, whose home venue isWembley Stadium, playedScotlandin the first-ever international football match in 1872.Referred to as the \"home of football\" byFIFA, England hosted and won the1966 FIFA World Cup.With a British television audience peak of 32.30 million viewers, thefinalis themost watched television event everin the UK.England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football:Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world's oldest club.TheEngland women's national football teamwon theUEFA Euro 2022, hosted by England. Cricketis generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of theWeald.TheEngland cricket teamis a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries isThe Ashesseries between England andAustralia, contested since 1882.Lord's Cricket Groundsituated in London is sometimes referred to as the \"Mecca of Cricket\".After winning the2019 Cricket World Cup, England became the first country to win the World Cups in football, rugby union, and cricket. William Penny Brookeswas prominent in organising the format for the modernOlympic Games.London has hosted theSummer Olympic Gamesthree times, in1908,1948, and2012. England competes in theCommonwealth Games, held every four years.Sport Englandis the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. Rugby unionoriginated inRugby School, Warwickshire in the early 19th century.The top level of club participation is theEnglish Premiership.Rugby leaguewas born inHuddersfieldin 1895. Since 2008, theEngland national rugby league teamhas been a full test nation in lieu of theGreat Britain national rugby league team, which won threeWorld Cups. Club sides play inSuper League, the present-day embodiment of theRugby Football League Championship. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties ofLancashire, Yorkshire andCumbria. Golfhas been prominent in England, due in part to itscultural and geographical ties to Scotland.There are professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: thePGAand theEuropean Tour. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major isThe Open Championship, played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, theRyder Cup, is named after English businessmanSamuel Ryder. Tenniswas created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, andthe Wimbledon Championshipsis the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.Wimbledon has a major place in the English cultural calendar. Inboxing, under theMarquess of Queensberry Rules, England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies. Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, thethoroughbredis a horse breed best known for its use inhorse racing. TheNational Hunthorse race theGrand National, is held annually atAintree Racecoursein early April. It is the most watched horse race in the UK, and three-time winnerRed Rumis the most successful racehorse in the event's history. The1950 British Grand PrixatSilverstonewas the first race in the newly createdFormula One World Championship.England has seen the manufacture some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations.England also has a rich heritage inGrand Prix motorcycle racing, the premier championship of motorcycleroad racing, and has produced several world champions. Dartsis a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, it is a traditionalpub game.Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games issnooker, and England has produced several world champions. The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitivesailing; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including thematch race, a regatta, and theAmerica's Cup. National symbols The St George's Cross has been the nationalflag of Englandsince the 13th century. Originally, the flag was used by the maritimeRepublic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to theDoge of Genoafrom 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for manyCrusadersin the 12th and 13th centuries, and became associated withSaint George.Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of theUnion Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by KingJames I.During theEnglish Civil WarandInterregnum, theNew Model Army's standards and theCommonwealth'sGreat Sealboth incorporated the flag of Saint George. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including theTudor rose, the nation'sfloral emblem, and the Three Lions featured on theRoyal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of theWars of the Rosesas a symbol of peace.It is asyncreticsymbol in that it merged the white rose of theYorkistsand the red rose of theLancastrians. It is also known as theRose of England.Theoaktree is a symbol of England: theRoyal Oaksymbol andOak Apple Daycommemorate the escape of KingCharles IIafter his father's execution, when he hid in an oak to avoid detection by the parliamentarians before safely reaching exile. The Royal Arms of England, a nationalcoat of armsfeaturing three lions, originated withRichard the Lionheartin 1198. It isblazonedasgules, three lions passant guardant orand it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England. England does not have an official national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole hasGod Save the King. However,Jerusalem,Land of Hope and Glory(used for England during the2002 Commonwealth Games),andI Vow to Thee, My Countryare often considered unofficialEnglish national anthems. England'sNational Dayis 23 April which isSaint George's Day: Saint George is the patron saint of England. See also Notes References Bibliography External links 53°08′N1°23′W / 53.13°N 1.38°W /53.13; -1.38"],"string":"[\n \"Clive Barker Clive Barker(born 5 October 1952) is an English writer, filmmaker and visual artist. He came to prominence in the mid-1980s with a series of short stories, theBooks of Blood, which established him as a leadinghorrorwriter. He has since written many novels and other works. His fiction has been adapted into films, notably theHellraiserseries, the first installment of which he also wrote and directed, and theCandymanseries. Barker's paintings and illustrations have been shown in galleries in the United States, and have appeared in his books. He has also created characters and series for comic books, and some of his more popular horror stories have been featured in ongoing comics series. Early life Barker was born on 5 October 1952 inLiverpool,the son of Joan Ruby (née Revill), a painter and school welfare officer, and Leonard Barker, a personnel director for an industrial relations firm.He was educated atDovedale Primary School,Quarry Bank High Schooland theUniversity of Liverpool, where he studied English and philosophy. When he was three, Barker witnessed the French skydiverLéo Valentinplummet to his death in 1956 during a performance at an air show in Liverpool.He later alluded to Valentin in many of his stories. Theatrical work Barker's involvement in live theatre began while still in school with productions ofVoodooandInfernoin 1967. He collaborated on six plays withTheatre of the Imaginationin 1974 and two more that he was the sole writer of,A Clowns' SodomandDay of the Dog,forThe Mute Pantomime Theatrein 1976 and 1977. He co-founded the avant-garde theatrical troupeThe Dog Companyin 1978 with former school friends and up and coming actors, many of whom would go on to become key collaborators in Barker's film work.Doug Bradleytook on the iconic role of Pinhead in theHellraiserseries while Peter Atkins wrote the scripts for the first threeHellraisersequels.Over the next five years Barker wrote nine plays, often serving as director, including some of his best-known stage productions,The History of The Devil,Frankenstein in Love, andThe Secret Life of Cartoons. From 1982 to 1983, he wroteCrazyface,Subtle BodiesandColossusfor the Cockpit Youth Theatre. His theatrical work came to a close as he shifted focus to writing theBooks of Blood. Writing career Barker is an author of horror andfantasy. He began writing horror early in his career, mostly in the form of short stories (collected inBooks of Blood1–6) and theFaustiannovelThe Damnation Game(1985). Later he moved toward modern-day fantasy andurban fantasywith horror elements inWeaveworld(1987),The Great and Secret Show(1989), the world-spanningImajica(1991), andSacrament(1996). WhenBooks of Bloodwas first published in the United States in paperback,Stephen Kingwas quoted on the book covers: \\\"I have seen the future of horror and his name is Clive Barker.\\\"As influences on his writing, Barker listsHerman Melville,Edgar Allan Poe,Ray Bradbury,William S. Burroughs,William Blake, andJean Cocteau, among others. He is the writer of the best-sellingAbaratseries. In early 2024 he announced he would stop attending conventions and public events so he could focus more on his writing, as he was working on the manuscripts for 31 different projects, some closer to completion than others. Personal life During his early years as a writer, Barker occasionally worked as an escort when his writing did not provide sufficient income.With the success ofWeaveworld, he could permanently retire as a sex worker.In 2003, he received the Davidson/Valentini Award at the15th GLAAD Media Awards. He has been open about his experiences withsadomasochism, and says that \\\"on S&M's sliding scale, I'm probably a 6\\\". Barker is critical of organized religion, but has said that the Bible influences his work and spirituality.Years later, he said on Facebook that he did not identify himself as a Christian. Barker said in a December 2008 online interview (published in March 2009) that he had throat polyps which were so severe, a doctor told him he was taking in only 10% of the air he was supposed to. He has had two surgeries to remove them and believes his voice has improved as a result. He said he did not have cancer, and has given up cigars. In 2012, Barker entered a coma for several days after contractingtoxic shock syndrome, triggered by a visit to a dentist where a spillage of poisonous bacteria entered his bloodstream, almost killing him.Realising he might have just a short time to live, he decided to put his personal concerns about the world and society into the upcoming novelDeep Hill, which he thought could be his final book. As of 2015, he is a member of the board of advisers for the Hollywood Horror Museum. Relationships While appearing on the radio call-in showLovelineon 20 August 1996, Barker said that in his teens he had several relationships with older women, but came to identify himself as homosexual by 18 or 19. His relationship with John Gregson lasted from 1975 until 1986. He later spent 13 years with photographer David Armstrong, described as his husband in the introduction toColdheart Canyon; they separated in 2009. Film work Barker wrote the screenplays forUnderworld(1985) andRawhead Rex(1986), both directed byGeorge Pavlou. Displeased by how his material was handled, he moved to directing withHellraiser(1987), based on his novellaThe Hellbound Heart. After his filmNightbreed(1990) flopped, Barker returned to write and directLord of Illusions(1995). The short story \\\"The Forbidden\\\", from Barker'sBooks of Blood, provided the basis for the 1992 filmCandymanand its three sequels. He had been working on a series of film adaptations of hisThe Abarat Quintetbooks underThe Walt Disney Company's management,but due to creative differences, the project was cancelled. He served as an executive producer for the 1998 filmGods and Monsters,a semi-fictional tale ofFrankensteindirectorJames Whale's later years, which won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.Barker said of his interest in the project: \\\"Whale was gay, I'm gay; Whale was English, I'm English…Whale made some horror movies, and I've made some horror movies. It seemed as if I should be helping to tell this story.\\\"Barker also provided the foreword on the published shooting script. In 2005, Barker and horror film producer Jorge Saralegui created the film production company Midnight Picture Show with the intent of producing two horror films per year. In October 2006, Barker announced through his website that he will be writing the script to a forthcoming remake of the originalHellraiserfilm.He was developing a film based on hisTortured Soulsline of toys fromMcFarlane Toys. In 2020, Barker regained control of theHellraiserfranchise, and served as executive producer on a2022 rebootfilm for the streaming serviceHulu. Television work In May 2015,Varietyreported that Clive Barker was developing a television series adaptation of variouscreepypastasin partnership withWarner Brothers, to be calledClive Barker's Creepypastas, a feature arc based onSlender ManandBen Drowned.Barker was involved in a streaming servicefilm adaptationofThe Books of Bloodin 2020,and is developing aNightbreedtelevision seriesdirected byMichael Doughertyand written byJosh StolbergforSyFy.In April 2020,HBOwas announced to be developing aHellraisertelevision series that would serve as \\\"an elevated continuation and expansion\\\" of its mythology withMark VerheidenandMichael Doughertywriting the series andDavid Gordon Greendirecting several episodes. Verheiden, Dougherty and Green will also be executive producing the series withDanny McBride,Jody Hill,Brandon JamesandRoy LeeofVertigo Entertainment. Visual art Barker is a prolific visual artist, often illustrating his own books. His paintings have been seen first on the covers of his official fan club magazine,Dread, published byFantacoin the early '90s; on the covers of the collections of his plays,Incarnations(1995) andForms of Heaven(1996); and on the second printing of the original British publications of hisBooks of Bloodseries. Barker also provided the artwork for his young adult novelThe Thief of Alwaysand for theAbaratseries. His artwork has been exhibited at Bert Green Fine Art in Los Angeles and Chicago, at the Bess Cutler Gallery in New York and La Luz De Jesus in Los Angeles. Many of his sketches and paintings can be found in the collectionClive Barker, Illustrator, published in 1990 by Arcane/Eclipse Books, and inVisions of Heaven and Hell, published in 2005 by Rizzoli Books. He worked on the horror video gameClive Barker's Undying, providing the voice for the character Ambrose.Undyingwas developed byDreamWorks Interactiveand released in 2001. He worked onClive Barker's JerichoforCodemasters, which was released in late 2007. Barker createdHalloweencostume designs for Disguise Costumes. Around 150 art works by Barker were used in the set of the Academy of the Unseen Arts for the Netflix TV seriesChilling Adventures of Sabrina. Comic books Barker published hisRazorlineimprint viaMarvel Comicsin 1993. Barker horror adaptations and spin-offs in comics include the Marvel/Epic ComicsseriesHellraiser,Nightbreed,Pinhead,The Harrowers,Book of the Damned, andJihad;Eclipse Books' series andgraphic novelsTapping The Vein,Dread,Son of Celluloid,Revelations,The Life of Death,Rawhead RexandThe Yattering and Jack, andDark Horse Comics'Primal, among others. Barker served as a consultant and wrote issues of theHellraiseranthology comic book. In 2005, IDW published a three-issue adaptation of Barker's children's fantasy novelThe Thief of Always, written and painted by Kris Oprisko and Gabriel Hernandez. IDW is publishing a 12 issue adaptation of Barker's novelThe Great and Secret Show. In December 2007, Chris Ryall and Clive Barker announced an upcoming collaboration of an original comic book series,Torakator, to be published by IDW. In 2008, Barker authored a foreword for the first volume of theDEMONICSEXcomic series by Chuck Conner and Sean Platter. In October 2009, IDW publishedSeduth, co-written by Barker. The work was released with three variant covers. In 2011,Boom! Studiosbegan publishing an originalHellraisercomic book series. In 2013, Boom! Studios announcedNext Testament, the first original story by Barker to be published in comic book format. Works Novels Hellraiserseries Books of the Artseries The Books of Abarat Short stories Collections: Uncollected short stories: Plays Collections: All plays: Poems Uncollected poems: Non-fiction Toys Filmography Adaptations Video games See also References Bibliography External links\",\n \"William, Prince of Wales William, Prince of Wales(William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982), is theheir apparentto theBritish throne. He is the elder son of KingCharles IIIandDiana, Princess of Wales. William was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II. He was educated atWetherby School,Ludgrove SchoolandEton College. He earned aMaster of Arts degreeingeographyat theUniversity of St Andrewswhere he met his future wife,Catherine Middleton. They have three children:George,CharlotteandLouis. After university, William trained at theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstprior to serving with theBlues and Royalsregiment. In 2008 he graduated from theRoyal Air Force College Cranwell, joining theRAF Search and Rescue Forcein early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulancefor two years, starting in July 2015. William performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the monarch. He holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations, including theTusk Trust,Centrepoint,The Passage,Wales Air AmbulanceandLondon's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through theRoyal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, homelessness, and emergency workers. In 2020 William launched theEarthshot Prize, a £50 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade. William was madeDuke of Cambridgeimmediately beforehis weddingin April 2011. He becameDuke of CornwallandDuke of Rothesayupon his father's accession to the throne on 8 September 2022. The following day he was madePrince of Wales. Early life Prince William was born at 21:03BSTon 21 June 1982 inSt Mary's Hospital, London, as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (laterKing Charles III), and his first wife,Diana, Princess of Wales, during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II.Buckingham Palace announced his name – William Arthur Philip Louis – on 28 June.William was christened in the Music Room ofBuckingham Palaceby the thenArchbishop of Canterbury,Robert Runcie, on 4 August, coinciding with the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother,Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. William was the first child born to aPrinceandPrincess of WalessincePrince Johnwas born to Prince George and Princess Mary (laterKing George VandQueen Mary) in July 1905.When he was nine months old, William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, as his first trip overseas.It also marked the first time that a royal baby was taken on an overseas tour.His younger brother,Prince Harry, was born in September 1984. Both of them were raised atKensington Palacein London, andHighgrove Housein Gloucestershire. Known informally as \\\"Wills\\\" within his family,William was nicknamed \\\"Willy\\\" by his brother and \\\"Wombat\\\" by his mother.Diana wished her sons to obtain broader and more typical life experiences beyond royal upbringing, taking them toWalt Disney World,McDonald's, AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless.BiographerRobert Laceyasserts that William, a \\\"rambunctious\\\" and \\\"bratty\\\" child, grew \\\"more reflective\\\" with a \\\"noticeably quiet character\\\" as he began boarding school.Diana was reported to have described William as \\\"my little wise old man\\\" on whom she started to rely as her confidant by his early teens. William carried out his first public engagement while accompanying his parents on a visit toLlandaffonSaint David's Dayin 1991.He and Harry travelled to Canada on an official visit with their parents in 1991 and again with Charles in 1998.William's parents divorced in 1996. Dianadied in a car accidentin the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, was staying atBalmoral Castleat the time. The following morning, Charles informed William and Harry of their mother's death.William was reportedly uncertain as to whether he should walk behind his mother's coffin during thefuneral procession. His grandfatherPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, told him: \\\"If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?\\\".At the funeral, William and Harry walked alongside their father, grandfather, and maternal uncle,Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace toWestminster Abbey. After his mother's death, William stated that he was \\\"in a state of shock for many years\\\".He and Harry inherited the majority of the £12.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown to £10 million each by 2014.In 2014 the brothers inherited theirmother's wedding dressalong with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters and paintings. They also received the original lyrics and score of \\\"Candle in the Wind\\\" byBernie TaupinandElton Johnas performed by the latter at Diana's funeral.In 2002The Timesreported that William and Harry would also share £4.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother on their respective 21st birthdays, as well as £8 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. Education William was educated atprivate schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatoryWetherby School, both in London.Following this, he attendedLudgrove SchoolnearWokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers byRory Stewart.At Ludgrove, he participated infootball, swimming, basketball,clay pigeon shooting, andcross country running. He was subsequently admitted toEton College, studying geography, biology, and history of art atA-Level. He obtained an 'A' in geography, a 'C' in biology, and a 'B' in history of art.William was captain of the swimming team and his house football team at Eton, also taking upwater polo. The decision to place William at Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children toGordonstoun, which his father and grandfather both attended. Diana's brother andfatherwere both Eton students.The royal family and the tabloid press agreed that William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life.John Wakeham, chairman of thePress Complaints Commission, stated \\\"Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man.\\\"While at Eton, he often had tea on weekends at the nearbyWindsor Castlewith his grandmother, discussingstate boxesand constitutional duties meant to \\\"prepare as future King.\\\" In June 1991, William was admitted to theRoyal Berkshire Hospitalafter being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on atGreat Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar.The incident received widespread media attention.In 1999 he underwent an operation on his left hand after he broke a finger.After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part inBritish Armytraining exercises in Belize,worked on English dairy farms, and visited Africa.As part of theRaleigh Internationalprogramme in the town ofTortelin southern Chile, William worked for ten weeks on local construction projects and taught English. He lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores.His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himselfSwahili. In 2001 William enrolled at theUniversity of St Andrewsin Scotland.Similar to his time at Eton, the media agreed not to invade his privacy, and students were warned not to leak stories to the press.William embarked on a degree course inArt Historybut later changed his main subject toGeography. He focused hisdissertationon the Indian Ocean'sRodriguescoral reefs and graduated with anundergraduate Master of Arts(MA Hons) degree withupper second class honoursin 2005.While at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004.He was reportedly known as \\\"Steve\\\" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. Early appointments and duties At the age of 21, William was appointed aCounsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended theCommonwealth Heads of Government Meetingin the same year.In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo public engagements on an overseas tour of New Zealand, travelling to participate in World War II commemorations.According to authorTina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to becomeGovernor-General of Australia.In 2009 the Queen set up aprivate officefor William and Harry withDavid Manningas their adviser.Manning accompanied William on his first official tour in January 2010 as the latter touredAucklandandWellington; William opened the new building of theSupreme Court of New Zealandand was welcomed by aMāorichief.The visit spurred crowds of \\\"many thousands\\\", with positive public reception compared to that of his mother's 1983 tour.In March 2011, William visitedChristchurch, New Zealand, shortly after theearthquake,and spoke at the memorial service atHagley Parkon behalf of his grandmother.He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding inQueenslandandVictoria. Before attending Sandhurst, William did a three-week internship at several institutions, including theBank of England, theLondon Stock ExchangeandLloyd's of London.To prepare for his eventual management of theDuchy of Cornwall, in 2014, he enteredSt John's College, Cambridgeto undertake an executive agriculture management degree run by theCambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership(CPSL), of which his father is patron.In April 2019, Kensington Palace announced that William had completed a three-week internship atMI5,MI6andGCHQ,during which he was tasked with monitoring extreme Islamist terror cells, identifying potential threats abroad, and observing code breaking technology. Military and air ambulance service Having decided on a military career, William was admitted to theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstin January 2006; his admission was based on successfully completing a 44-week course as an Officer Cadet which led to his commission as a British Army officer.As \\\"Lieutenant Wales\\\" – a name based on his father's then title Prince of Wales – he followed his brotherinto theBlues and Royalsin December that year as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post atBovington Campin Dorset. Despite the Queen's approval for William to serve on the frontline, his position as second-in-line to the throne at the time cast doubts on his chances of seeing combat.Plans by theMinistry of Defenceto send William to Southern Iraq leaked and the government eventually decided against sending him as it would endanger both his life and the lives of people around him if he was targeted.William instead trained in theRoyal NavyandRoyal Air Force, obtaining his commission as asub-lieutenantin the former and aflying officerin the latter, both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant. After completing his training, he undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force atRAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with hisRAF wingsby his father,who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell.During thissecondment, William flew to Afghanistan in aC-17 Globemasterthat repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson.William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy.He then completed an accelerated Naval Officer training course at theBritannia Royal Naval College.Whilst serving onHMSIron Dukein July 2008, William participated in a £40m drug seizure in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados.He was part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter which helped seize 900 kg of cocaine from a speedboat. In January 2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted toFlight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF'sSearch and Rescue Force.As part of his training across all branches of the military in 2009, he spent up to six weeks with theSpecial Air Service, theSpecial Boat Service, and theSpecial Reconnaissance Regiment.In January 2010, he graduated from theDefence Helicopter Flying SchoolatRAF Shawbury.In the same month, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit atRAF Valley,Anglesey, to receive training on theSea Kingsearch and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010.This made him the first member of the British royal family sinceHenry VIIto live in Wales. William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of a RAF Sea King was in response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard in October 2010.In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue two sailors.He was deployed to theFalkland Islandsfor a six-week tour withNo. 1564 Flightfrom February to March 2012.The Argentine government condemned William's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of theFalklands Waras a \\\"provocative act\\\".In June 2012, he gained a qualification to be captain orpilot in commandof a Sea King rather than a co-pilot.His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.He conducted 156 search and rescue operations, which resulted in 149 people being rescued.He later became patron to theBattle of Britain Memorial Flight. In July 2015, William began working full-time as a pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulance(EAAA) based atCambridge Airport, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous search-and-rescue role.He donated his full salary to the EAAA charity.William required a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to begin his role.He underwent part of his training atNorwich Airport.William described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly withcritical carecases.He also discussed the impact of witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement on his mental health and personal life.TheBBChas written that William was \\\"exposed to theNational Health Servicein a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be.\\\" William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties.After supporting an anniversary campaign forLondon's Air Ambulance Charityin 2019, he became the charity's official patron in March 2020.In May 2020, he granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during theCOVID-19 pandemic.To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his \\\"profound respect\\\" for the community, particularly during the \\\"immeasurably difficult\\\" outbreak.In February 2023, he became patron of theWales Air Ambulancecharity. Personal life Relationship with Catherine Middleton In 2001 William metCatherine Middleton, while they were students in residence atSt Salvator's Hall, at the University of St Andrews, and they became close friends.She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show at the university in 2002 when she appeared on the stage wearing a see-through lace dress.During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends.The couple began dating in 2003.From 2003 to 2005 they both resided at Balgove House on theStrathtyrumestate with two roommates.In 2004 the couple briefly split but reconciled soon afterwards. The relationship was followed closely by the tabloid press.Media attention became so intense that William asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton.In December 2006, Middleton and her family attended William'spassing out paradeat the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.In April 2007, William and Middleton were reported to have split.Middleton and her family attended theConcert for Dianathree months later;the couple were subsequently reported to have \\\"rekindled their relationship\\\".She also attended theOrder of the Garterprocession at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where William was made aRoyal Knight of the Garter.In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on theBodorgan Estatein Anglesey, Wales, where they resided until 2014. Marriage and children The couple became engaged in October 2010, at a remote alpine cabin onMount Kenya, during a 10-day trip to theLewa Wildlife Conservancyto celebrate William's passing the RAF helicopter search and rescue course.Clarence Houseannounced their engagement on 16 November.William gave his fianceé his mother'sengagement ring.The wedding took place in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011.The global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million, whereas 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone.William and Catherine usedNottingham Cottageas their London home until 2013, when £4.5 million renovations completed at Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace, which continues to be their official residence in the capital.The couple were given the country houseAnmer Hall, on theSandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen, where they lived from 2015 to 2017.Kensington Palace was the couple's main residence until 2022, when the family moved toAdelaide CottageinWindsor. Catherine's first pregnancy was announced in December 2012.She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth toPrince George.In September 2014, it was announced that Catherine was pregnant with her second child.She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital where she gave birth toPrincess Charlottethe same day.Catherine's third pregnancy was announced in September 2017;Prince Louiswas born on 23 April 2018.William and Catherine have owned twoEnglish Cocker Spaniels, namedLupoand Orla. Duke of Cambridge William was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of Strathearn, andBaron Carrickferguson the day of his wedding in April 2011.He and Catherinetoured Canadathat summer.Nicholas Witchell, writing forBBC News, noted that the tour to Canada had been an \\\"unqualified success\\\" for the couple as they engaged in various activities from tree planting to street hockey, with their warm interactions and thoughtful gestures enhancing their popularity and reinforcing positive sentiments towards the monarchy in Canada.The couple served as ambassadors for the2012 Summer Olympicsin London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2013, William and Catherine visited Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of theQueen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations.William hosted his firstinvestitureceremony at Buckingham Palace in October that year.In April 2014, he and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia accompanied by their son George.In August that year, the couple and Prince Harry represented the royal family atWorld War Icommemorations in Belgium.In December, the couple visited New York and Washington DC, where William made a speech at theWorld Bankcondemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In 2015 and 2016 William embarked on various visits of Asian countries, including Japan, China, Bhutan and India;he was the first royal to visit mainland China in almost three decades, with the press referring to William's diplomacy as \\\"deft\\\" and \\\"polished\\\".In response to media allegations of being \\\"work-shy\\\", he asserted his commitment to his duties, emphasizing his dedication to fatherhood and his role in air ambulance work.Countries visited by William and Catherine in 2017 included France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium.In January 2018 the couple visited Sweden and Norway.The visits, which were, like others, requested by theForeign Office, were interpreted to benefitUK-European relationspostBrexit.In June 2018, William toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine. William and Catherine toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years.The tour was a success, helping promote diplomatic relations with Pakistan while also reflecting the couple's personal interests in climate change and the significance of quality education.In November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for COVID-19 in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'.The Daily Telegraphreported he had been \\\"very ill\\\" and had isolated away from his family;other sources said that he had not been seriously ill, not bed-ridden and working for most of the time.In December that year, the couple embarked on a tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via theBritish royal train\\\"to pay tribute to the inspiring work\\\" of communities and charities in 2020.Boris Johnsonexpressed his support, while Scottish first ministerNicola Sturgeoncriticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; local governments were consulted before planning the tour. In William's capacity asLord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, he and Catherine toured the country in May 2021.The couple attended theG7 summitfor the first time in June 2021 in Cornwall.In March 2022, they embarked on a tour of Belize, the Bahamas and Jamaica as part of theQueen's Platinum Jubilee celebrations.Reparations for slaveryemerged as a major demand of public protesters during the couple's visit.During the unveiling of the National Windrush Monument in London, William described the tour as \\\"an opportunity to reflect\\\" and condemnedracism facedby both members of theWindrush generationand British minorities in 2022.In May 2022, he attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time as acounsellor of state, where his father delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of Elizabeth II. Prince of Wales Queen Elizabeth II diedon 8 September 2022, and William's father succeeded as Charles III. William, nowheir apparent, was created Prince of Wales by his father on 9 September.Controversy regarding the titlebecame a topic of public debate in Wales.By 17 September, a petition calling for the end of the title had received over 30,000 signatures,while aYouGovpoll showed 66 per cent support for William to be given the title compared to 22 percent of respondents opposed.On 30 October, Senedd LlywyddElin Jonesnoted that an investiture is not a constitutional requirement and suggested that contemporary Wales would deem it unnecessary.Kensington Palace also stated an investiture is \\\"not on the table\\\".As the eldest son of the British monarch, William has inherited the Duchy of Cornwall, which brings him additional income.The duchy is \\\"a £760 million (about US$1.25 billion) entity established in 1337\\\" to provide a private income to the monarch's eldest son. William and Catherine visitedAngleseyandSwanseaon 27 September 2022, which marked their first visit to Wales since becoming Prince and Princess of Wales.He visited theSeneddin November 2022, meeting the Welsh first ministerMark Drakeford.In February 2023, William and Catherine visitedFalmouth, marking their first visit to the region since becoming Duke and Duchess of Cornwall.In March 2023, he undertook a solo visit to Poland during which he visitedRzeszówto meet Polish and British troops and Ukrainian refugees, and had talks with Polish presidentAndrzej Dudaat thePresidential Palace.In October 2023, William and Catherine condemned theHamas-led attack on Israel.In February 2024, he visited the headquarters of theBritish Red Cross, where he met humanitarian aid workers supporting civilians during theIsrael–Gaza conflict, and called for an end to the fighting in a statement approved by theUK government.Later that month, William pulled out at the last moment fromthe thanksgiving serviceof his godfather,Constantine II of Greece, due to an undisclosed \\\"personal matter\\\".The same month, he visitedWestern Marble Arch Synagogueto acknowledge the increase in antisemitism and human suffering in the Middle East. Charity work William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, he and Harry volunteered at aBritish Red Crossaid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the2004 Boxing Day tsunami.Later, in December 2005, William spent two weeks in North Wales withMountain Rescue England and Wales(MREW).In May 2007, he became patron of MREW and president of theRoyal Marsden Hospital, the latter of which was a role previously held by his mother. In July 2007, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry.In October 2008, the brothers embarked on the 1,000 mile eight-day Enduro Africa motorbike ride across South Africa to raise money forSentebale,UNICEFand theNelson Mandela Children's Fund.In 2010 William became a patron of100 Women in Hedge Funds' philanthropic initiatives for the following three years until 2012.The same year, he succeededLord Attenboroughas the fifth president of theBritish Academy of Film and Television Arts.In March 2011, he and Catherine set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers to donate money to charities supporting the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation in lieu of gifts.The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry is now known asThe Royal Foundation of The Prince and Princess of Wales. Humanitarian causes In March 2020, William appeared in a video for theNational Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised £11 million in its first week, eventually totalling to £90 million, with the money going out to \\\"front line charities\\\" and to theUK Community Foundationsto be distributed among \\\"local community foundations\\\".In April 2020, he officially became patron of the organisation.Later that month, he made a surprise appearance onThe Big Night In, atelethonheld during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call withStephen Fry, who reprised his role as (a descendant of)Lord Melchett, from theBlackadderseries. In December 2020, William and Catherine became joint patrons ofNHS Charities Together.In February 2021, he visited a vaccination centre inKing's Lynnand later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncingfalse informationthat could causevaccine hesitancy.In May 2021, William got his first dose ofCOVID-19 vaccineby NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.In September 2021, it was reported that he had assisted in the evacuation of an Afghan officer, a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst graduate and aide to British troops, from Kabul airport, along with over 10 of his family members, during the2021 Taliban offensive.In March 2022 amid theRussian invasion of Ukraine, William and Catherine made a donation to help the refugees.In February 2023, they donated to theDisasters Emergency Committee(DEC) which was helping victims of the2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.In July 2023, William became patron of the appeal to launch The Fleming Centre, driving a new global movement to tackleantimicrobial resistance.In July 2024, he and Catherine made donations to help victims ofHurricane Beryl. Conservation William became patron of theTusk Trustin December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development across Africa.He carried out his first official duty with the Trust in launching a 5,000-mile (8,000 km) bike ride across the African continent in April 2008.Later, William helped with launching the Tusk Conservation Awards, which have been presented to selected environmental activists annually since 2013.In June 2010, he and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, undertaking projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children.In 2013 he succeeded his grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, as president ofFields in Trustand transitioned into the role of patron in 2024.He established the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce in December 2014, with the goal of reducing global illegal wildlife trade.In 2014Jane Goodallstated that William had expressed the view that all ivory in the royal collection needed tobe destroyed.William has occasionally commented on the effects ofoverpopulationon thewildlife of Africa, but his remarks have been criticised in the media for not takingresource consumptionand population density into consideration. After two years of research, William launched theEarthshot Prizein October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade.Following the launch, he gave aTED Talkon environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative.Later that month, William took over the patronages ofFauna and Flora Internationaland theBritish Trust for Ornithology, passed on from his grandparents.In the same month, he appeared in an ITV documentary titledPrince William: A Planet For Us Allto discuss environmental issues. In 2021 William made a private donation to the Thin Green Line Foundation, which provides grants for the relatives of conservation park rangers that are killed every year while protecting wildlife.In July 2022, he condemned the murder of South African park ranger Anton Mzimba and asked for the responsible parties to \\\"be brought to justice\\\".In August 2022, William voiced his support for the prison sentence given to a man in the United States responsible for trafficking rhinoceros horns and elephant ivory.He had previously called for harsher punishments and penalties for poachers and smugglers at the Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference in 2018. LGBT rights William has spoken out forLGBT rightsas part of his work againstcyberbullying, stating the importance of being \\\"proud of the person you are\\\" and discussing the effects of online abuse and discrimination.In 2016 he appeared in the July issue ofAttitudeand became the first member of the royal family to be featured on the cover of a gay magazine.He was recognised at theBritish LGBT Awardsin May 2017.William hosted a commemorativePride Monthdiscussion with mental health charity volunteers at theRoyal Vauxhall Tavernin June 2023. Mental health Since 2009, William has been patron of Child Bereavement UK, which provides support to children and families who have lost a loved one.In 2016 the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by William, Catherine and Harry to de-stigmatise mental health.Legacy programmes include Mental Health at Work, launched in September 2018 to change the approach to workplace mental health in the United Kingdom, as well as Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with theFootball Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults.Later that month, William and Catherine, together with William's brother Harry and sister-in-lawMeghan, launched Shout, the United Kingdom's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues.William later volunteered on the crisis helpline during theCOVID-19 lockdownsto provide support via text message.He attributes his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, his work with the homeless, veterans' welfare, and his wife's anti-addiction advocacy. In March 2020, William and Catherine began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England agency amidst the coronavirus pandemic.In April 2020, the couple announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.In September 2020, William established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders, in partnership withKing's College Londonand the Open University.In May 2021 and 2022, William and Catherine voiced the Mental Health Minute message, which was broadcast on every radio station in the United Kingdom on and asked people to help individuals around them that suffer from loneliness.In October 2022, to mark the World Mental Health Day, the couple took overNewsbeatand interviewed four guests on topics related to mental health.In September 2023, William unveiled two organizations that had partnered with the Duchy of Cornwall to raise better mental well-being and provide mental health services for all its tenants.In October 2023 and to mark World Mental Health Day, he and Catherine took part in a forum for young people in Birmingham, alongside BBC Radio 1 and charity called The Mix, calledExploring our Emotional Worldscontinuing their longstanding work to promote mental well-being.In May 2024, he announced a three-year funding package for the charity We Are Farming Minds to provide mental health support for farmers on the Duchy of Cornwall lands. Homelessness In September 2005, William became patron ofCentrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless.In December 2009, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, the prince spent the night in a sleeping bag nearBlackfriars Bridgeto raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth.He opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50th anniversary. William has been patron of homelessness charityThe Passagesince 2019 after first visiting the centre in 1993 with his mother.In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during theCOVID-19 pandemic.In December 2020, William volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences.In 2022 and 2023, he was spotted selling copies ofThe Big Issueon the streets, copies of which are usually sold by homeless and unemployed people to collect money. In June 2023, William launched Homewards after two years of development, which aims to \\\"finally end homelessness\\\" in the United Kingdom.The five-year initiative aims to tackle homelessness in six pilot locations across the United Kingdom with an initial seed funding allocated for each area by the Royal Foundation, working with existing private sector and grassroots charity partners.The project focuses on early intervention and providing housing to families before other issues, such as abuse and joblessness, are addressed.In February 2024, William, in partnership with Cornish charity St Petrocs, announced plans for building 24 homes on Duchy of Cornwall land inNansledanto provide temporary accommodation for people experiencing homelessness in the area.Future plans include building more than 400 social rented homes and a further 475 affordable dwellings inSouth East Faversham. Sport William often playspoloto raise money for charity.He is a fan of football, and supports the English clubAston Villa.He became president ofEngland's Football Association(FA) in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of theWelsh Rugby Union(WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron.The same year, the WRU's decision to name thePrince William Cupdrew criticism as some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it afterRay Gravell.William became patron of the WRU and the FA in 2016 and 2024, respectively. In December 2010, William, alongsideDavid Cameron, attended a meeting withFIFAvice-presidentChung Mong-joonat which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA, considering it a violation of anti-collusion rules.In 2011 William, as president of the English FA, voted againstAustralia's 2022 FIFA bidand instead voted for South Korea, despite beingAustralia's future heir. In 2020 he voted against the jointAustralia–New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bidand instead voted forColombia. In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed atMarcus Rashford, William released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the \\\"racist abuse... whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media\\\" as \\\"despicable\\\" and stating that \\\"we all have a responsibility\\\" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability.In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competitionThe Super League, adding that he \\\"share the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love.\\\"In July 2021, he condemned racist attacks against England football players following their loss at theUEFA Euro 2020finale. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association.In 2012, together with his wife Catherine and brother Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the2012 Olympicsand provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach.In May 2020, he appeared in aBBC OneDocumentary titledFootball, Prince William and Our Mental Healthas a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium. Both William and Harry are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns aDucati 1198 S Corse.In May 2014, William, like his father and grandfather, became president of theBritish Sub-Aqua Club(BSAC).He also took part in abandyevent inStockholmin January 2018. In November 2022, William was criticised by Welsh football followers and Welsh actorMichael Sheenfor holding the Prince of Wales title whilst having affiliations with theEngland national football team, particularly after he presented jerseys to the squad in advance of the2022 FIFA World Cupin which bothWalesand England were placed in the same Group B.William commented that he had supported the England football team from a very young age, but happily supportedWelsh rugby union, of which he is patron, over England.In August 2023, he was criticised in segments of the press and social media for not attending2023 FIFA Women's World Cup finalin Australia as president of the FA. Public image William has been one of the most popular members of the British royal family since his birth.Having lived a public life since birth, he was regarded as a \\\"heartthrob\\\" and eligible as a young adult, similar to his father.Ruth La Ferla ofThe New York Timescontrasted William's \\\"refined\\\" and \\\"polite\\\" appeal toLeonardo DiCaprio's \\\"bad-boy\\\" popularity.Following his marriage, William's public image assumed a more \\\"staid\\\" and fatherly demeanour, having \\\"settled into a stable domestic order.\\\" JournalistAnne McElvoyhas described William's public personality as a \\\"genial presence\\\" with a \\\"tougher side\\\", alongside his mother's \\\"inimitable style\\\".Much of his royal duties focus on \\\"big bet\\\" projects, rather than \\\"plaques and patronages\\\". In 2016 William gave an interview stating his goal was \\\"how do I make the royal family relevant in the next 20 years ... that's the challenge for me\\\". In April 2011,Timemagazine listed him asone of the most influential people in the worldalongside his then-newlywed wife Catherine.In August 2023,Gallup, Inc.named him as the most popular public figure in the US after conducting a survey that asked for people's views on 15 prominent individuals.He was found to be the most popular member of the royal family by statistics and polling companyYouGovin December 2022and September 2023,and as the second most popular in April 2024. Privacy and the media The death of William's mother while being chased by thepaparazziin August 1997has since influenced his attitude towards the media.He and Catherine have often requested that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.In 2005 William spoke with ITV reporterTom Bradbyand concluded that it was likely that their voicemails were being accessed.An investigation under thenDeputy Assistant CommissionerPeter Clarkeconcluded that the compromised voice mail accounts belonged to William's aides, includingJamie Lowther-Pinkerton,and not the prince himself.However,Clive Goodmanlater stated that he hadhackedWilliam's phone on 35 occasions.William later suedNews Group Newspapers, publisher ofNews of the WorldandThe Sun, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement in 2020.He and his brother Harry brought a claim privately through their mutual attorneys, but Harry later pursued his case separately with a new solicitor. In 2005, after his then-girlfriend Catherine Middleton was chased by the paparazzi on her way to a job interview, William consulted Middleton andher fatherand wrote a legal letter to newspapers requesting that they respect her privacy.As media attention increased around the time of Middleton's 25th birthday in January 2007, he issued a public statement mentioning that \\\"the situation is proving unbearable for all those concerned.\\\"In October 2007, William issued a public statement via his press secretary complaining about the \\\"aggressive pursuit\\\" by \\\"photographers on motorcycles, in vehicles and on foot\\\" while the couple were leaving a London nightclub and later driving in his car.Following the statement,Daily Mail,Daily Mirror, andDaily Expressall decided against using the paparazzi photos of the couple, butThe Sunpublished photos taken before the couple's car had left.The statement prompted the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) to issue a warning, asking editors not to publish photographs which were taken through harassment.In April 2009, William's lawyers obtained an apology fromThe Daily Starafter the tabloid had claimed he had \\\"wrecked\\\" a $2m plane during his pilot training. In September 2012, the French edition ofCloserand Italiangossip magazineChipublished photographs of Catherine sun-bathing topless while on holiday at theChâteau d'Autetin Provence.William and Catherine filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at theTribunal de Grande InstancedeNanterre.The following day the courts granted an injunction againstCloserprohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced that a criminal investigation would be initiated.In September 2017,Closerwas fined €100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000. In October 2014, William and Catherine sent a legal letter to a freelance photographer who had put their son George and his nanny \\\"under surveillance\\\", asking the individual to stop \\\"harassing and following\\\" them.In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the \\\"dangerous\\\" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. In November 2016, William issued a statement supporting Prince Harry and his then-girlfriend,Meghan Markle, following their complaints about the press intrusion, stating that he \\\"understands the situation concerning privacy and supports the need for Prince Harry to support those closest to him.\\\"During a visit to the BBC studios in central London in November 2018, he publicly criticised the social media firms' approach to handling \\\"misinformation and conspiracy\\\" and added, \\\"Their self-image is so grounded in their positive power for good that they seem unable to engage in constructive discussion about the social problems they are creating\\\". In June 2022, a three-minute video of William confronting Terry Harris, a paparazzi photographer, was posted on Harris' YouTube channel.It was recorded by Harris in January 2021 and shows William arguing with Harris as the latter attempts to film William's family on a bike ride near Anmer Hall.Kensington Palace described the video as a breach of the family's privacy and asked for it to be removed from public websites.The couple's lawyers also contacted the photographer, who claimed he was on public roads and had filmed the video after hearing about allegations that the couple had broken the \\\"rule of six\\\" as they toured a public attraction at Sandringham while William's uncle and aunt, thenEarlandCountess of Wessex, and their children happened to be in the same spot. Titles, styles, and honours Titles and styles William has been aBritish princesince birth, and was known as \\\"Prince William of Wales\\\" until April 2011. He was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of StrathearnandBaron Carrickfergusby his grandmother, Elizabeth II, on the day of his wedding. Theletters patentgranting these titles were issued on 26 May that year. As the eldest son of the monarch, William automatically becameDuke of Cornwall,Duke of Rothesay,Earl of Carrick,Baron of Renfrew,Lord of the Isles, andPrince and Great Steward of Scotlandon the accession of his father on 8 September 2022.From 8 to 9 September, William was styled as \\\"His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge\\\".On 9 September, Charles announced the creation of William asPrince of Wales, the traditional title for the male heir apparent to the British monarch. William has since been known as \\\"His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales\\\", except in Scotland, where he is called \\\"His Royal Highness the Duke of Rothesay\\\" instead.The letters patent formally granting him this title and that ofEarl of Chesterwere issued on 13 February 2023. Honours William is a RoyalKnight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter(KG),an ExtraKnight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle(KT),Great Master of theMost Honourable Order of the Bath(GCB),a member of thePrivy Council of the United Kingdom(PC),and aPersonal Aide-de-Camp(ADC) to the sovereign. Ancestry William's ancestry is royal and aristocratic.Patrilineally, he is a member of theHouse of Windsorand also descends from theHouse of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses. More specifically, he descends from thecadet branchknown as theHouse of Glücksburg. Through his mother, William descends from theEarls Spencer– a cadet branch of theSpencer familydescended from theEarls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now alsoDukes of Marlborough; theBarons Fermoy; and more anciently fromHenry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, andCharles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond– two illegitimate sons of KingCharles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since the death ofAnnein 1714 to undisputedly descend fromCharles Iand the first to descend from Charles II. William descendsmatrilineallyfrom Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his 18th-century ancestor Theodore Forbes – a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company inSurat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as \\\"a dark-skinned native woman\\\", \\\"anArmenianwoman from Bombay\\\", and \\\"Mrs. Forbesian\\\".GenealogistWilliam Addams Reitwiesnerassumed Kewark was Armenian.In June 2013, it was reported thatgenealogical DNA testson two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent. Bibliography Book contributions Authored letters and articles See also Footnotes References Further reading Books Articles External links\",\n \"Malcolm Bradbury Sir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury,CBE(7 September 1932 – 27 November 2000) was an English author and academic. Life Bradbury was born inSheffield, the son of a railwayman.His family moved to London in 1935, but returned to Sheffield in 1941 with his brother and mother. The family later moved toNottinghamand in 1943 Bradbury attendedWest BridgfordGrammar School, where he remained until 1950. He read English atUniversity College, Leicester, gaining a first-class degree in 1953. He continued his studies atQueen Mary College, University of London, where he gained his MA in 1955. Between 1955 and 1958, Bradbury moved between teaching posts with theUniversity of ManchesterandIndiana Universityin the United States. He returned to England in 1958 for a major heart operation; such was his heart condition that he was not expected to live beyond middle age. In 1959, while in hospital, he completed his first novel,Eating People is Wrong. Bradbury married Elizabeth Salt and they had two sons. He took up his first teaching post as an adult-education tutor at theUniversity of Hull. With his study onEvelyn Waughin 1962 he began his career of writing and editing critical books. From 1961 to 1965 he taught at theUniversity of Birmingham. He completed his PhD inAmerican studiesat the University of Manchester in 1962, moving to theUniversity of East Anglia(his second novel,Stepping Westward, appeared in 1965), where he became Professor of American Studies in 1970 and launched theMA in Creative Writingcourse, attended by bothIan McEwanandKazuo Ishiguro. He publishedPossibilities: Essays on the State of the Novelin 1973,The History Manin 1975,Who Do You Think You Are?in 1976,Rates of Exchangein 1983 andCuts: A Very Short Novelin 1987. He retired from academic life in 1995. Bradbury became aCommander of the Order of the British Empirein 1991 for services to literature and was made aKnight Bachelorin theNew Year Honours 2000, again for services to literature. Bradbury died at Priscilla Bacon Lodge, Colman Hospital, Norwich, on 27 November 2000, attended by his wife and their two sons, Matthew and Dominic. He was buried on 4 December 2000 in the churchyard of St Mary's parish church,Tasburgh, near Norwich where the Bradburys owned a second home. Though he was not an orthodox religious believer, he respected the traditions and socio-cultural role of theChurch of Englandand enjoyed visiting churches in the spirit ofPhilip Larkin's poem, \\\"Church Going\\\". Works Bradbury was a productive academic writer as well as a successful teacher; an expert on themodern novel, he published books onEvelyn Waugh,Saul BellowandE. M. Forster, as well as editions of such modern classics asF. Scott Fitzgerald'sThe Great Gatsby, and a number of surveys and handbooks of modern fiction, both British and American. However, he is best known to a wider public as a novelist. Although often compared with his contemporaryDavid Lodge, a friend who has also writtencampus novels, Bradbury's books are consistently darker in mood and less playful both in style and language. In 1986, he wrote a short humorous book titledWhy Come to Slaka?, a parody of travel books, dealing withSlaka, the fictionalEastern Europeancountry that is the setting for his novelRates of Exchange, a 1983 novel that was shortlisted for theBooker Prize. Bradbury also wrote extensively for television, including scripting series such asAnything More Would Be Greedy,The Gravy Train(and its sequel,The Gravy Train Goes East, which explored life in Bradbury's fictional Slaka), and adapting novels such asTom Sharpe'sBlott on the LandscapeandPorterhouse Blue,Alison Lurie'sImaginary Friends,Kingsley Amis'sThe Green Man, and the penultimateInspector MorseepisodeThe Wench is Dead. His last television script was forDalziel and Pascoeseries 5, produced byAndy Rowley. The episode \\\"Foreign Bodies\\\" was screened onBBC Oneon 15 July 2000. His work was often humorous and ironic, mockingacademe,British culture, andcommunism, usually with apicaresquetone. Selected bibliography See also References External links\",\n \"England – inEurope(green & dark grey)– in theUnited Kingdom(green) Englandis acountrythat is part of theUnited Kingdom.It is located on the island ofGreat Britain, of which it covers approximately 62%, andover 100 smaller adjacent islands. It has land borders withScotlandto the north andWalesto the west, and is otherwise surrounded by theNorth Seato the east, theEnglish Channelto the south, theCeltic Seato the south-west, and theIrish Seato the west.Continental Europelies to the south-east, andIrelandto the west. At the2021 census, the population was 56,490,048.Londonis boththe largest cityand thecapital. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during theUpper Paleolithic. It takes its name from theAngles, aGermanictribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world since theAge of Discovery, which began during the 15th century.TheKingdom of England, which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separatesovereign stateon 1 May 1707, when theActs of Unionbrought into effect a political union with theKingdom of Scotlandthat created theKingdom of Great Britain. England is the origin of theEnglish language, theEnglish legal system(which served as the basis for thecommon lawsystems of many other countries),association football, and theAnglicanbranch of Christianity; itsparliamentary system of governmenthas been widely adopted by other nations.TheIndustrial Revolutionbegan in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.England is home tothe two oldest universitiesin the English-speaking world: theUniversity of Oxford, founded in 1096, and theUniversity of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked among the most prestigious in the world. England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills andplains, especially in thecentreandsouth. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in thenorthand west, includingDartmoor, theLake District, thePennines, and theShropshire Hills. The country's capital isLondon, themetropolitan areaof which has a population of 14.2 million as of 2021, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom,largely concentrated around London, theSouth East, and conurbations in theMidlands, theNorth West, theNorth East, andYorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Toponymy The name \\\"England\\\" is derived from theOld EnglishnameEnglaland, which means \\\"land of theAngles\\\".The Angles were one of theGermanic tribesthat settled in Great Britain during theEarly Middle Ages. They came from theAngelnregion of what is now the German state ofSchleswig-Holstein.The earliest recorded use of the term, as \\\"Engla londe\\\", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English ofBede'sEcclesiastical History of the English People. The term was then used to mean \\\"the land inhabited by the English\\\", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom ofNorthumbria. TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclerecorded that theDomesday Bookof 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later theChroniclestated that KingMalcolm IIIwent \\\"out of Scotlande intoLothianin Englaland\\\", thus using it in the more ancient sense. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work byTacitus,Germania, in which theLatinwordAngliiis used.The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, anangularshape.How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as theSaxons, came to be used for the entire country is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in BritainAngli Saxonesor English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony in Germany.InScottish Gaelic, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);similarly, theWelshname for the English language is \\\"Saesneg\\\". A romantic name for England isLoegria, related to the Welsh word for England,Lloegr, and made popular by its use inArthurian legend.Albionis also applied to England in a more poetic capacity,though its original meaning is the island of Britain as a whole. History Prehistory The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that ofHomo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during theUpper Paleolithicperiod, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.After thelast ice ageonly large mammals such asmammoths,bisonandwoolly rhinocerosremained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, when theice sheetsbegan to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of theIberian Peninsula.The sea level was lower than the present day and Britain was connected byland bridgeto Ireland andEurasia.As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. TheBeaker culturearrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.It was during this time that majorNeolithicmonuments such asStonehenge(phase III) andAveburywere constructed. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people madebronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of ironsmeltingallowed the construction of betterploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, withCeltic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons. During theIron Age,Celtic culture, deriving from theHallstattandLa Tène cultures, arrived from Central Europe.Brythonicwas the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according toPtolemy'sGeographiathere were around 20 tribes in the area. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of theRoman Republicattempted toinvade twicein 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up aclient kingfrom theTrinovantes. Ancient history The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of EmperorClaudius, subsequentlyconquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire asBritannia province.The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were theCatuvellauniled byCaratacus. Later, an uprising led byBoudica, Queen of theIceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at theBattle of Watling Street.The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000.This era saw aGreco-Romanculture prevail with the introduction ofRoman law,Roman architecture,aqueducts,sewers, many agricultural items and silk.In the 3rd century, EmperorSeptimius Severusdied atEboracum(nowYork), whereConstantinewas subsequently proclaimed emperor a century later. There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. According toBede, missionaries were sent from Rome byEleutheriusat the request of the chieftainLucius of Britainin 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction throughJoseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.By 410, during thedecline of the Roman Empire, Britain was left exposed by theend of Roman rule in Britainand the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Local \\\"congregations\\\" were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated church. Middle Ages Roman militarywithdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Saxons,Angles,Jutesand Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province. These groups then began to settle in increasing numbers over the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, initially in the eastern part of the country.Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at theBattle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, overrunning the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area underBrittoniccontrol to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as aDark Age. Details of theAnglo-Saxon settlement of Britainare consequently subject to considerable disagreement; the emerging consensus is that it occurred on a large scale in the south and east but was less substantial to the north and west, where Celtic languages continued to be spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon control.Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, been replaced in the conquered territories byAnglo-Saxon paganism, but wasreintroduced by missionariesfrom Rome led byAugustinefrom 597.Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at theCouncil of Whitby(664), which was ostensibly abouttonsures(clerical haircuts) and the date of Easter, but more significantly, about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice. During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms includingNorthumbria,Mercia,Wessex,East Anglia,Essex,KentandSussex. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued.The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by theDanesculminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex underAlfred the Greatwas left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of theDanelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished underÆthelstanin 927 and definitively established after further conflicts byEadredin 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom bySweyn Forkbeardin 1013 and again by his sonCnutin 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-livedNorth Sea Empirethat also includedDenmarkandNorway. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession ofEdward the Confessorin 1042. A dispute over the succession to Edward led to an unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion in September 1066 close to York in the North, and the successfulNorman Conquestin October 1066, accomplished by an army led byDuke William of Normandyinvading at Hastings late September 1066.TheNormansthemselves originated fromScandinaviaand had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language. Subsequently, theHouse of PlantagenetfromAnjouinherited the English throne underHenry II, adding England to the buddingAngevin Empireof fiefs the family had inherited in France includingAquitaine.They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs beingRichard I,Edward I,Edward IIIandHenry V.The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing ofMagna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholicmonasticismflourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. ThePrincipality of Walesbecame a Plantagenet fief during the 13th centuryand theLordship of Irelandwas given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and theHouse of Valoisclaimed to be legitimate claimants to theHouse of Capetand of France; the two powers clashed in theHundred Years' War.TheBlack Deathepidemichit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England'sinhabitants. Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war known as theWar of the Roseswaged between the two branches of the royal family, theYorkistsandLancastrians.Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family theTudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed byHenry Tudorwho invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at theBattle of Bosworth Fieldwhere the Yorkist kingRichard IIIwas killed. Early modern period During theTudor period, England began to developnaval skills, and exploration intensified in theAge of Discovery.Henry VIIIbroke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to his divorce, under theActs of Supremacyin 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of theChurch of England. In contrast with much of EuropeanProtestantism, theroots of the splitwere more political than theological.He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters,Mary IandElizabeth I. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy ofAnglicanism. TheElizabethan erais the epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (\\\"the Virgin Queen\\\"). Historians often depict it as thegolden agein English history that represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of great art, drama, poetry, music and literature.England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government. Competing withSpain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorerWalter RaleighinVirginiaand namedRoanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.With theEast India Company, England also competed with theDutchandFrenchin the East. During the Elizabethan period, England was at war with Spain. Anarmadasailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet underLord Howard of Effingham. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in1596and1597, but both were driven back by storms. Union with Scotland The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when theKing of Scots,James VI, a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating apersonal union.He styled himselfKing of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.Under the auspices of James VI and I the AuthorisedKing James Versionof the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, theEnglish Civil Warwas fought between the supporters ofParliamentand those of KingCharles I, known colloquially asRoundheadsandCavaliersrespectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifacetedWars of the Three Kingdoms, involvingScotlandandIreland. The Parliamentarians were victorious,Charles I was executedand the kingdom replaced by theCommonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces,Oliver Cromwelldeclared himselfLord Protectorin 1653; a period ofpersonal rulefollowed.After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his sonRichardas Lord Protector,Charles IIwas invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called theRestoration. With the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature and performing arts flourished throughout the Restoration of the \\\"Merry Monarch\\\" Charles II.After theGlorious Revolutionof 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with theBill of Rightsin 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.Also since that time, no British monarch has entered theHouse of Commonswhen it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at theState Opening of Parliamentby the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.With the founding of theRoyal Societyin 1660, science was greatly encouraged. In 1666 theGreat Fire of Londongutted the city of London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward with many significant buildings designed by SirChristopher Wren.By the mid-to-late 17th century, two political factions had emerged – theToriesandWhigs. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic kingJames II, some of them, along with the Whigs, during theRevolution of 1688invited the DutchPrince William of Orangeto defeat James and become the king. Some English people, especially in the north, wereJacobitesand continued to support James and his sons. Under theStuart dynastyEngland expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. The Royal Navy developed Europe's largest merchant fleet.After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,the two countries joined inpolitical union, to create theKingdom of Great Britainin 1707.To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. Late modern and contemporary periods Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and otherEnglish initiativescombined with theScottish Enlightenmentto create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth inBritish overseas tradeprotected by theRoyal Navypaved the way for the establishment of theBritish Empire. Domestically it drove theIndustrial Revolution, a period of profound change in thesocioeconomicand cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.The opening of Northwest England'sBridgewater Canalin 1761 ushered in thecanal age in Britain.In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – theStockton and Darlington Railway– opened to the public. During theIndustrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance atBirminghamandManchester,with the latter the world's first industrial city.England maintained relative stability throughout theFrench Revolution, underGeorge IIIandWilliam Pitt the Younger. Theregency of George IVis noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture.During theNapoleonic Wars,Napoleonplanned toinvade from the south-east; however, this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea byHoratio Nelson, and on land byArthur Wellesley. The major victory at theBattle of Trafalgarconfirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept ofBritishnessand a united nationalBritish people, shared with the English, Scots and Welsh. London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during theVictorian era, and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious.Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and prosperity.Political agitation at home from radicals such as theChartistsand thesuffragettesenabled legislative reform anduniversal suffrage. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of theAllies.Two decades later, inWorld War II, the United Kingdom was again one of theAllies. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids duringthe Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapiddecolonisation, and there was a speeding-up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport andFrank Whittle's development of thejet engineled to widerair travel.Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of theNational Health Servicein 1948, providingpublicly funded health careto all permanent residents free at the point of need. Combined, these prompted the reform oflocal government in Englandin the mid-20th century. Since the 20th century, there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of theBritish Isles, but also from theCommonwealth, particularly theIndian subcontinent.Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on theservice industry.As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined acommon marketinitiative called theEuropean Economic Communitywhich became theEuropean Union. Since the late 20th century theadministration of the United Kingdomhas moved towardsdevolved governancein Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.England and Walescontinues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected byreferendum. Governance Politics England is part of the United Kingdom, aconstitutional monarchywith aparliamentary system.There has not been agovernment of Englandsince 1707, when theActs of Union 1707,putting into effect the terms of theTreaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form theKingdom of Great Britain.Before the union England was ruled byits monarchand theParliament of England. Today England is governed directly by theParliament of the United Kingdom, although othercountries of the United Kingdomhavedevolvedgovernments.There has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that variousregions of Englandwould be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by theNorth Eastin a2004 referendum, this has not been carried out.In 2024, an England-only intergovernmental body, known as theMayoral Council, was established to bring together ministers from theUK Government, theMayor of Londonand the leaders ofcombined authorities. In theHouse of Commonswhich is thelower houseof the British Parliament based at thePalace of Westminster, there are 543 members of parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.England is represented by 347 MPs from theLabour Party, 116 from theConservative Party, 65 from theLiberal Democrats, five forReform UKand four for theGreen Party of England and Wales. Law TheEnglish lawlegal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis ofcommon lawlegal systems used in mostCommonwealthcountriesand the United States (exceptLouisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of theCourts of England and Walescontinued, under theTreaty of Union, as a separate legal system fromthe one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge oflegal precedent–stare decisis– to the facts before them. The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of theCourt of Appeal, theHigh Court of Justicefor civil cases, and theCrown Courtfor criminal cases.TheSupreme Court of the United Kingdomis the highest court for criminal and civil cases inEngland and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over thejudicial functions of the House of Lords.A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions. TheSecretary of State for Justiceis the minister responsible to Parliament for thejudiciary, the court system and prisons and probation in England.Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it one of thehighest incarceration ratesin Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.His Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to theMinistry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing 81,309 prisoners in England and Wales as of September 2022. Subdivisions Thesubdivisions of Englandconsist of up to four levels ofsubnational division, controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes oflocal government. Outside the London region, England's highest tier is the 48ceremonial counties.These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference. Of these, 38 developed gradually since theMiddle Ages; these were reformed to 51 in 1974 and to their current number in 1996.Each has aLord LieutenantandHigh Sheriff; these posts are used to represent theBritish monarchlocally.Some counties, such asHerefordshire, are only divided further into civil parishes. The royal county of Berkshire and the metropolitan counties have different types of status to other ceremonial counties. The second tier is made up ofcombined authoritiesand the 27county-tiershire counties. In 1974, all ceremonial counties were two-tier; and with the metropolitan county tier phased out, the 1996 reform separated the ceremonial county and the administrative county tier. England is also divided into local government districts.The district can align to a ceremonial county, or be a district tier within ashire county, be aroyalormetropolitan borough, haveboroughorcity status, or be aunitary authority. At the community level, much of England is divided intocivil parisheswith their owncouncils; in Greater London only one such parish,Queen's Park, exists as of 2014after they wereabolished in 1965until legislationallowed their recreationin 2007. London From 1994 until the early 2010s England was divided for a few purposes into regions; a1998 referendumfor the London Region created theLondon Assemblytwo years later.A failed2004 North East England devolution referendumcancelled furtherregional assemblydevolutionwith the regional structure outside London abolished. Ceremonially and administratively, the region is divided between theCity of LondonandGreater London; these are further divided into the 32London Boroughsand the 25Wards of the City of London. Geography Landscape and rivers Geographically, England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as theIsle of Wightand theIsles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom:to the northby Scotland andto the westby Wales. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. It is separated fromFrance(Hauts-de-France) by a 21-mile (34 km)sea gap, though the two countries are connected by theChannel TunnelnearFolkestone.England also has shores on theIrish Sea,North Seaand Atlantic Ocean. The ports of London,Liverpool, andNewcastlelie on the tidal riversThames,MerseyandTynerespectively. At 220 miles (350 km), theSevernis the longest river flowing through England.It empties into theBristol Channeland is notable for itsSevern Bore(atidal bore), which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length.There are manylakes in England; the largest isWindermere, within the aptly namedLake District. Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include thePennines, a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and theCheviot Hills, straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), isScafell Pikein the Lake District.TheShropshire Hillsare near Wales whileDartmoorandExmoorare two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by theTees–Exe line. The Pennines, known as the \\\"backbone of England\\\", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of thePaleozoic Eraaround 300 million years ago.Their geological composition includes, among others,sandstoneandlimestone, and also coal. There arekarstlandscapes in calcite areas such as parts ofYorkshireandDerbyshire. The Pennine landscape is highmoorlandin upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain twonational parks, theYorkshire Dalesand thePeak District. In theWest Country, Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite. TheEnglish Lowlandsare in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including theCotswold Hills,Chiltern Hills,NorthandSouth Downs; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as thecliffs of Dover. This also includes relatively flat plains such as theSalisbury Plain,Somerset Levels,South Coast PlainandThe Fens. Climate England has atemperatemaritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on theEnglish coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to theAtlantic Ocean, its northernlatitudeand the warming of the sea by theGulf Stream.Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of theLake Districtreceive more rain than anywhere else in the country.Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on 19 July 2022 atConingsby,Lincolnshire,while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 inEdgmond, Shropshire. Nature and wildlife The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in theBritish Isleswith a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats.National nature reserves in Englandare designated byNatural Englandas key places forwildlifeand natural features in England. They were established to protect the most significant areas of habitat and of geological formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members ofThe Wildlife Trustspartnership, theNational Trust, and theRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds. There are 221 NNRs in England covering 110,000 hectares (1,100 square kilometres). Often they contain rare species or nationally important populations of plants and animals.. TheEnvironment Agencyis a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by theDepartment for Environment, Food and Rural Affairswith responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.TheSecretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairsis the minister responsible for environmental protection, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England. England has atemperate oceanic climatein most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas ofsubarcticand warmer areas inthe South West. Towards theNorth of Englandthe climate becomes colder and most of England's mountains and high hills are located here and have a major impact on the climate and thus the local fauna of the areas.Deciduouswoodlands are common across all of England and provide a great habitat for much of England's wildlife, but these give way in northern and upland areas of England toconiferousforests (mainly plantations) which also benefit certain forms of wildlife. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban environment, particularly thered fox, which is the most successfulurban mammalafter thebrown rat, and other animals such ascommon wood pigeon, both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas. Major conurbations TheGreater London Built-up Areais by far the largest urban area in Englandand one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered aglobal cityand has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be innorthern Englandor theEnglish Midlands.There are50 settlementswhich have designatedcity status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has 66. While many cities in England are quite large, such asBirmingham,Sheffield,Manchester,Liverpool,Leeds,Newcastle,Bradford,Nottingham, population size is not a prerequisite for city status.Traditionally the status was given to towns withdiocesan cathedrals, so there are smaller cities likeWells,Ely,Ripon,TruroandChichester. Economy England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with an averageGDP per capitaof £37,852 in 2022.HM Treasury, led by theChancellor of the Exchequer, is responsible for developing and executing the government'spublic financepolicy andeconomic policy.Usually regarded as amixed market economy, it has adopted manyfree marketprinciples, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure. The economy of England is the largest part of theUK's economy.England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularlyaerospace, thearms industry, and thesoftware industry. London, home to theLondon Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's mainstock exchangeand the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.London is the largest financial centre in Europe and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world. London has also been named as the fastest growing technology hub in Europe, with England having over 100 unique tech companies with a value of $1 billion or more.TheBank of England, founded in 1694 as private banker to the government of England and astate-owned institutionsince 1946, is the United Kingdom'scentral bank.The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes inEngland and Wales, although not in other parts of the UK. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank'sMonetary Policy Committeefor managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates. England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a moreservice industryoriented economy.Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated bypharmaceuticals, automotives,crude oiland petroleum from the English parts ofNorth Sea oilalong withWytch Farm,aircraft enginesand alcoholic beverages.Thecreative industriesaccounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the remainder to arable crops.The main crops that are grown arewheat,barley,oats,potatoes, andsugar beets. England retains a significant fishing industry. Its fleets bring home a variety of fish, ranging fromsoletoherring. England is also rich in natural resources includingcoal,petroleum,natural gas,tin,limestone,iron ore,salt,clay,chalk,gypsum,lead, and silica. Science and technology Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include SirIsaac Newton,Charles Darwin,Robert Hooke,Alan Turing,Stephen Hawking,Edward Jenner,Francis Crick,Joseph Lister,Joseph Priestley,Thomas Young,Christopher WrenandRichard Dawkins. England was a leading centre of theScientific Revolutionfrom the 17th century.As the birthplace of theIndustrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers includeIsambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of theGreat Western Railway, a series of famoussteamships, and numerous important bridges, revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.Thomas Newcomen'ssteam enginehelped spawn the Industrial Revolution. The Father of Railways,George Stephenson, built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, theLiverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage,Matthew Boulton(business partner ofJames Watt) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.The physicianEdward Jenner'ssmallpox vaccineis said to have \\\"saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history.\\\" Inventions and discoveries of the English include thejet engine; the first industrialspinning machine;the first computerand the firstmodern computer; theWorld Wide Webalong withHTML; the first successful humanblood transfusion; the motorisedvacuum cleaner;thelawn mower; theseat belt; thehovercraft; theelectric motor;steam engines; and theories such as the Darwinian theory ofevolutionandatomic theory. Newton developed the ideas ofuniversal gravitation,Newtonian mechanics, andcalculus, andRobert Hookehis eponymously namedlaw of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, thethermosiphon,tarmac, therubber band, themousetrap,\\\"cat's eye\\\"road marker, joint development of thelight bulb, steamlocomotives, the modernseed drilland many modern techniques and technologies used inprecision engineering. TheRoyal Society, formallyThe Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge,is alearned societyand theUnited Kingdom's nationalacademy of sciences. Founded on 28 November 1660,It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.TheRoyal Institution of Great Britainwas founded in 1799 by leading English scientists, includingHenry Cavendish.Some experts claim that the earliest concept of ametric systemwas invented byJohn Wilkinsin 1668. Scientific research and development remains important in theuniversities of England, with many establishingscience parksto facilitate production and co-operation with industry.Cambridgeis the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.In 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (after the United States and China).Scientific journals produced in England includeNature, theBritish Medical JournalandThe Lancet. TheDepartment for Science, Innovation and Technology,Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology, andMinister of State for Science, Research and Innovationhas responsibility for science in England. Transport TheDepartment for Transportis the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by theSecretary of State for Transport. England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are manymotorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as theA1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle(much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is theM6, fromRugbythrough theNorth Westup to theAnglo-Scottish border, a distance of 232 miles (373 km).Other major routes include: theM1from London to Leeds, theM25which encircles London, theM60which encircles Manchester, theM4from London to South Wales, theM62from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and theM5from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West. Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies includeArriva,FirstGroup,Go-Ahead Group,Mobico Group,RotalaandStagecoach Group.Bus rapid transitoriginated in England with theRuncornBusway opening in 1971.The reddouble-decker busesin London have become a symbol of England.National Cycle Routeoffers cycling routes nationally. Rail transport in Englandis the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.Much of Britain's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, theChannel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994. Great British Railwaysis a planned state-owned public body that will overseerail transport in Great Britainfrom 2024. TheOffice of Rail and Roadis responsible for the economic and safety regulation of England's railways.Crossrailwas Europe's largest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost, opened in 2022.High Speed 2, a new high-speed north–south railway line, is under construction. There is arapid transitnetwork in two English cities: theLondon Underground, and theTyne and Wear MetroinNewcastle upon Tyne,GatesheadandSunderland.There are several extensive tram networks, such as theManchester Metrolink,Sheffield Supertram,West Midlands Metro,Nottingham Express Transit, andTramlinkin South London.England also has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport isHeathrow, which is theworld's second busiest airport measured by number of international passengers. By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium.There are around 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by theCanal & River Trust,however, water transport is very limited. TheRiver Thamesis the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at thePort of Tilburyin theThames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports. Energy Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reducecarbon dioxideemissions. Notably, the UK isone of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.Wind power contributed 26.8% of UK electricity generation in 2022.England is home toHornsea 2, the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire. TheClimate Change Act 2008was passed in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally bindingclimate change mitigationtarget set by a country.UK government energy policyaims to play a key role in limitinggreenhouse gas emissions, while meeting energy demand. Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country'senergy mixthrough changes in costs. The current energy policy is the responsibility of theDepartment for Energy Security and Net ZeroandSecretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero.TheMinister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growthis responsible for green finance, climate science and innovation, and low carbon generation.In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked 2 out of 180 countries in theEnvironmental Performance Index.A law has been passed thatUK greenhouse gas emissionswill benet zeroby 2050. Healthcare TheNational Health Service(NHS), is the publicly fundedhealthcare systemresponsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of theNational Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of theBeveridge Report, prepared by the economist and social reformer,William Beveridge.The NHS is largely funded by general taxation andNational Insurancepayments;it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care. The government department responsible for the NHS is theDepartment of Health, under theSecretary of State for Health. Most of the department's expenses are on the NHS – £98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.Regulatory bodies such as theGeneral Medical Counciland theNursing and Midwifery Councilare organised on a UK-wide basis, as are non-governmental bodies such as theRoyal Colleges. The averagelife expectancyis 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the fourcountries of the United Kingdom.The south of England has a higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years. Demography Population With over 56 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.England taken as a unit and measured against international states would be the 26th largestcountry by populationin the world. TheEnglish peopleareBritish people.There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially theUnited States,Canada,Australia,South AfricaandNew Zealand.Since the late 1990s, many English peoplehave migratedto Spain.Due in particular to the economic prosperity ofSouth East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom.There has beensignificant Irish migration.The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 81.7%,includingWhite British,GermansandPoles,down from 94.1% in 1991.Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, about 7% of people living in England have familyorigins in the Indian subcontinent, mostlyIndia,PakistanandBangladesh.About 0.7% areChinese,0.6% areArabs.4.0% of the population areblack, from Africa and theCaribbean, especially former British colonies,and 2.9% identified as multiracial ormixed. In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were fromethnic minorityfamilies,and in 2011 that figure was 26.5%.About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. England contains one indigenous national minority, theCornish people, recognised by the UK government under theFramework Convention for the Protection of National Minoritiesin 2014. Language (thousands) English, today widely spoken around the world,originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal tongue. According to a 2011 census, it is spoken well or very well by 98% of the population English language learning and teachingis an importanteconomic activity. There is nolegislationmandating anofficial languagefor England,but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinctregional accents. Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived,and is now protected under theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.It is spoken by 0.1% of people inCornwall,and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools. State schoolsteach students asecond languageorthird languagefrom the ages of seven, most commonly French, Spanish or German.It was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke aforeign languageat home,the most common beingPunjabiandUrdu. However, following the 2011 census data released by theOffice for National Statistics, figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English.In 2022,British Sign Languagebecame an official language of England when theBritish Sign Language Act 2022came into effect. Religion In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that they had no religion, 5% specified that they wereMuslim, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2% did not give an answer.Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. Theestablished churchof England is theChurch of England,which left communion withRomein the 1530s whenHenry VIIIwas unable to annul his marriage toCatherine of Aragon. The church regards itself as both Catholic andProtestant. There areHigh ChurchandLow Churchtraditions and some Anglicans regard themselves asAnglo-Catholics, following theTractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is thesupreme governor of the Church of England, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). It forms part of theAnglican Communionwith theArchbishop of Canterburyacting as its symbolic worldwide head.Manycathedralsand parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such asWestminster Abbey,York Minster,Durham Cathedral, andSalisbury Cathedral. The second-largest Christian denomination is theCatholic Church. Since its reintroduction after theCatholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on anEngland and Walesbasis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).There has been one Pope from England to date,Adrian IV, while saintsBedeandAnselmare regarded asDoctors of the Church. A form ofProtestantismknown asMethodismis the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism throughJohn Wesley.It gained popularity in themill townsofLancashireandYorkshire, and among tin miners inCornwall.There are othernon-conformistminorities, such asBaptists,Quakers,Congregationalists,UnitariansandThe Salvation Army. The patron saint of England isSaint George; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England.There are many other English and associated saints, includingCuthbert,Edmund,Alban,Wilfrid,Aidan,Edward the Confessor,John Fisher,Thomas More,Petroc,Piran,Margaret ClitherowandThomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised.Jewshave a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.They were expelled from England in 1290 following theEdict of Expulsion, and were allowed back in 1656. Especially since the 1950s, religions from theformer British colonieshave grown in numbers, due to immigration.Islamis the most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England.Hinduism,SikhismandBuddhismare next in number, adding up to 2.8% combined,introduced from India andSoutheast Asia. A small minority of the population practise ancientPagan religions.Neopaganism in the United Kingdomis primarily represented byWiccaandNeopagan witchcraft,Druidry, andHeathenry. According to the2011 census, there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,including 11,026Wiccans.24.7% of people in England declaredno religion, compared with 14.6% in 2001.Norwichhad the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed byBrighton and Hoveat 42.4%. Education TheDepartment for Educationis the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.State-funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.Education is the responsibility of theSecretary of State for Education. Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or anEarly Years Foundation Stagereception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. State-funded schools are obliged by law to teach theNational Curriculum; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history, geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education. TheProgramme for International Student Assessmentcoordinated by theOECDcurrently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493. Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are selective intakegrammar schoolsto which entrance is subject to passing theeleven-plusexam. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attendprivate schools, which are funded by private sources.Standards in state schools are monitored by theOffice for Standards in Education, and in private schools by theIndependent Schools Inspectorate. After finishing compulsory education, students takeGCSEexaminations. Students may then opt to continue intofurther educationfor two years.Further education colleges(particularlysixth form colleges) often form part of a secondary school site.A-levelexaminations are sat by a large number of further education students, and often form the basis of an application to university. Further education covers a wide curriculum of study andapprenticeships, includingT-levels,BTEC,NVQand others.Tertiary collegesprovide both academic and vocational courses. Higher education Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for anacademic degree. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which arepublic institutions. TheDepartment for Business, Innovation and Skillsis the government department responsible for higher education in England.Students are generally entitled tostudent loansto covertuition feesand living costs.The first degree offered to undergraduates is thebachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or a doctorate, which takes three or more years. England's universitiesinclude some of the highest-ranked universities in the world. As of 2024, four England-based universities, theUniversity of Cambridge,University of Oxford,Imperial College London, andUniversity College London, are ranked among the top ten in the 2024QS World University Rankings. The University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, and the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, are the twooldest universities in the English-speaking world. TheLondon School of Economicshas been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.TheLondon Business Schoolis considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by theFinancial Times.Academic degreesin England are usually split into classes: first class, upper second class, lower second class, third, and unclassified.The King's School, CanterburyandKing's School, Rochesterare the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.Many of England's most well-known schools, such asWinchester College,Eton,St Paul's School,Harrow SchoolandRugby Schoolare fee-paying institutions. Culture Architecture Many ancientstanding stonemonuments were erected during the prehistoric period; among the best known areStonehenge,Devil's Arrows,Rudston MonolithandCastlerigg.With the introduction ofAncient Roman architecturethere was a development ofbasilicas,baths,amphitheaters,triumphal arches,villas,Roman temples,Roman roads,Roman forts,stockadesandaqueducts.It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example isHadrian's Wallstretching right across northern England.Another well-preserved example is theRoman BathsatBath, Somerset. Early medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber withthatchfor roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis ofHiberno–Saxonmonasticism,toEarly Christianbasilicaand architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 variouscastleswere created; the best known include theTower of London,Warwick Castle,Durham CastleandWindsor Castle. Throughout the Plantagenet era, anEnglish Gothic architectureflourished, with prime examples including themedieval cathedralssuch asCanterbury Cathedral,Westminster AbbeyandYork Minster.Expanding on theNorman basethere was alsocastles,palaces,great houses, universities andparish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-centuryTudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as theTudor arch, was a defining feature as werewattle and daubhouses domestically. In the aftermath of theRenaissancea form of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, theEnglish Baroquestyle of architectChristopher Wrenbeing particularly championed. Georgian architecturefollowed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; theRoyal Crescentat Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence ofromanticismduring Victorian period, aGothic Revivalwas launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such asThe Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s variousmodernistforms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places. Gardens Landscape gardening, as developed byCapability Brown, set an international trend for theEnglish landscape garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples,Gothicruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by theFrench landscape garden, and as far away asPavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, the gardens of the futureEmperor Paul. It also had a major influence on thepublic parksand gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.The English landscape garden was centred on theEnglish country houseand manor houses. English Heritageand theNational Trustpreserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country.TheRHS Chelsea Flower Showis held every year by theRoyal Horticultural Societyand is said to be the largest gardening show in the world. Folklore English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings includepixies,giants,elves,bogeymen,trolls,goblinsanddwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuringOffa of AngelandWayland the Smith,others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuringRobin Hoodand hisMerry MenofSherwood, and their battles with theSheriff of Nottingham, are among the best-known of these. During theHigh Middle Agestales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into theArthurian myth.These were derived fromAnglo-Norman, Welsh and French sources,featuringKing Arthur,Camelot,Excalibur,Merlinand theKnights of the Round Tablesuch asLancelot. These stories are most centrally brought together withinGeoffrey of Monmouth'sHistoria Regum Britanniae(History of the Kings of Britain). Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries.On 5 November people celebrateBonfire Nightto commemorate the foiling of theGunpowder Plotcentred onGuy Fawkes. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such asMorris dancing,Maypole dancing,Rapper swordin the North East,Long Sword dancein Yorkshire,Mummers Plays,bottle-kickingin Leicestershire, andcheese-rollingatCooper's Hill.There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as thePearly Kings and Queensassociated with cockneys, theRoyal Guard, theMorris costumeandBeefeaters. Cuisine Since theearly modern periodthe food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.During theMiddle Agesand the Renaissance, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during theIndustrial Revolutionwith increasing urbanisation. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some good ratings inRestaurant'sbest restaurant in the worldcharts. Traditional examples of English food include theSunday roast, featuring aroasted joint(usually beef,lamb, chicken or pork) served with assorted vegetables,Yorkshire puddingandgravy.Other prominent meals includefish and chipsand thefull English breakfast(generally consisting ofbacon,sausages, grilled tomatoes, fried bread,black pudding,baked beans,mushroomsand eggs).Variousmeat piesare consumed, such assteak and kidney pie,steak and ale pie,cottage pie,pork pie(usually eaten cold)and theCornish pasty. Sausages are commonly eaten, either asbangers and mashortoad in the hole.Lancashire hotpotis a well-known stew originating in the northwest. Some of the more popular cheeses areCheddar,Red Leicester,Wensleydale,Double GloucesterandBlue Stilton. ManyAnglo-Indianhybrid dishes,curries, have been created, such aschicken tikka masalaandbalti. Traditional English dessert dishes includeapple pieor other fruit pies;spotted dick– all generally served withcustard; and, more recently,sticky toffee pudding. Sweet pastries includesconesserved with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves,Eccles cakesandmince piesas well as sweet or spiced biscuits. Common non-alcoholic drinks include teaand coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine,cidersandEnglish beers, such asbitter,mild,stoutandbrown ale. Visual arts The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock andcave artpieces, most prominent inNorth Yorkshire, Northumberland andCumbria, but also feature further south, for example atCreswell Crags.With the arrival ofRoman culturein the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those atLullingstoneandAldborough.During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in theStaffordshire Hoarddiscovered in 2009. Some of these blendedGaelic and Anglianstyles, such as theLindisfarne GospelsandVespasian Psalter.LaterGothic artwas popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such asBenedictional of St. ÆthelwoldandLuttrell Psalter. The Tudor era sawprominent artistsas part of their court; portrait painting, which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by GermanHans Holbein, and natives such asNicholas Hilliardbuilt on this.Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period includeAnthony van Dyck,Peter Lely,Godfrey KnellerandWilliam Dobson.The 18th century saw the founding of theRoyal Academy; aclassicismbased on theHigh Renaissanceprevailed, withThomas GainsboroughandJoshua Reynoldsbecoming two of England's most treasured artists. In the 19th century,John ConstableandJ. M. W. Turnerwere major landscape artists. TheNorwich Schoolcontinued the landscape tradition, while thePre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, led by artists such asHolman Hunt,Dante Gabriel RossettiandJohn Everett Millais, revived theEarly Renaissancestyle with their vivid and detailed style.Prominent among 20th-century artists wasHenry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.TheRoyal Society of Artsis an organisation committed to the arts. Literature, poetry, and philosophy Early authors such asBedeandAlcuinwrote in Latin.The period ofOld English literatureprovided the epic poemBeowulfand the secular prose of theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle,along with Christian writings such asJudith,Cædmon'sHymnandhagiographies.Following the Norman conquestLatincontinued among the educated classes, as well as anAnglo-Norman literature. Middle English literatureemerged withGeoffrey Chaucer, author ofThe Canterbury Tales, along withGower, thePearl PoetandLangland.William of OckhamandRoger Bacon, who wereFranciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages.Julian of Norwich, who wroteRevelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With theEnglish Renaissanceliterature in theEarly Modern Englishstyle appeared.William Shakespeare, whose works includeHamlet,Romeo and Juliet,Macbeth, andA Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature. Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser,Philip Sydney,Thomas Kyd,John Donne, andBen Jonsonare other established authors of theElizabethan age.Francis BaconandThomas Hobbeswrote onempiricismandmaterialism, includingscientific methodandsocial contract.Filmerwrote on theDivine Right of Kings.Marvellwas the best-known poet of theCommonwealth,whileJohn MiltonauthoredParadise Lostduring theRestoration. This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. William Shakespeare. Some of the most prominent philosophers of theEnlightenmentwereJohn Locke,Thomas Paine,Samuel JohnsonandJeremy Bentham. More radical elements were later countered byEdmund Burkewho is regarded as the founder of conservatism.The poetAlexander Popewith his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role inromanticism:Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Lord Byron,John Keats,Mary Shelley,Percy Bysshe Shelley,William BlakeandWilliam Wordsworthwere major figures. In response to theIndustrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way betweenlibertyand tradition;William Cobbett,G. K. ChestertonandHilaire Bellocwere main exponents, while the founder ofguild socialism,Arthur Penty, andcooperative movementadvocateG. D. H. Coleare somewhat related.Empiricism continued throughJohn Stuart MillandBertrand Russell, whileBernard Williamswas involved inanalytics. Authors from around theVictorian eraincludeCharles Dickens, theBrontë sisters,Jane Austen,George Eliot,Rudyard Kipling,Thomas Hardy,H. G. WellsandLewis Carroll.Since then England has continued to produce novelists such asGeorge Orwell,D. H. Lawrence,Virginia Woolf,C. S. Lewis,Enid Blyton,Aldous Huxley,Agatha Christie,Terry Pratchett,J. R. R. Tolkien, andJ. K. Rowling. Performing arts The traditionalfolk music of Englandis centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostlysea shanties,jigs,hornpipesanddance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed byWynkyn de Wordein the 16th century, are an important artefact, as areJohn Playford'sThe Dancing MasterandRobert Harley'sRoxburghe Balladscollections.Some of the best-known songs areGreensleeves,Pastime with Good Company,Maggie MayandSpanish Ladiesamong others. Manynursery rhymesare of English origin such asMary, Mary, Quite Contrary,Roses Are Red,Jack and Jill,London Bridge Is Falling Down,The Grand Old Duke of York,Hey Diddle DiddleandHumpty Dumpty.Traditional English Christmas carols include \\\"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\\\", \\\"The First Noel\\\", \\\"I Saw Three Ships\\\" and \\\"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\\\". Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artistsThomas TallisandWilliam Byrd, followed byHenry Purcellfrom theBaroque periodandThomas Arnewho was well known for his patriotic songRule, Britannia!. German-bornGeorge Frideric Handelspent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios,The Messiah,Solomon,Water Music, andMusic for the Royal Fireworks. Classical music attracted much attention in the 18th century with the formation of theBirmingham Triennial Music Festival, which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in 1912. TheEnglish Musical Renaissancewas a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers, often those lecturing or trained at theRoyal College of Music, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led byEdward Elgar,Benjamin Britten,Frederick Delius,Gustav Holst,Ralph Vaughan Williamsand others.Present-day composers from England includeMichael Nyman, best known forThe Piano, andAndrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have achieved enormous success in theWest Endand worldwide. Inpopular music, many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such asthe Beatles,Led Zeppelin,Pink Floyd,Elton John,Queen,Rod Stewart,David Bowie,the Rolling StonesandDef Leppardare among the highest-selling recording artists in the world.Many musical genres have origins in (or strong associations with) England, such asBritish invasion,progressive rock,hard rock,Mod,glam rock,heavy metal,Britpop,indie rock,gothic rock,shoegazing,acid house,garage,trip hop,drum and bassanddubstep. Large outdoormusic festivalsin the summer and autumn are popular, such asGlastonbury,V Festival, and theReading and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, freeravemovement from the late 1980s, which inspired the pan-European culture ofteknivals.TheBoishakhi Melais aBengali New Yearfestival celebrated by theBritish Bangladeshicommunity. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After theNotting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the UK, attracting over 80,000 visitors. The most prominentopera housein England is theRoyal Opera HouseatCovent Garden.The Promsis a major annual cultural event in the English calendar.The Royal Balletis one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies. TheRoyal Academy of Musicis the oldestconservatoirein the UK, founded in 1822, receiving itsroyal charterin 1830.England is home to numerous major orchestras such as theBBC Symphony Orchestra, theRoyal Philharmonic Orchestra, thePhilharmonia Orchestra, and theLondon Symphony Orchestra.Other forms of entertainment that originated in England include thecircusand thepantomime. Cinema England has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, includingAlfred Hitchcock,Charlie Chaplin,David Lean,Laurence Olivier,Vivien Leigh,John Gielgud,Peter Sellers,Julie Andrews,Michael Caine,Gary Oldman,Helen Mirren,Kate WinsletandDaniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers.Hitchcock'sThe Lodger: A Story of the London Fog(1926) helped shape thethrillergenre in film, while his 1929Blackmailis often regarded as the first Britishsoundfeature film. Major film studios in England includePinewood,ElstreeandShepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of thehighest-grossing film franchises(Harry PotterandJames Bond).Ealing Studiosin London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world.Famous for recording many motion picturefilm scores, theLondon Symphony Orchestrafirst performed film music in 1935.TheHammer Horrorfilms starringChristopher Leesaw the production of the first gory horror films showing blood and guts in colour. TheBFI Top 100 British filmsincludesMonty Python's Life of Brian(1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.English producers are also active ininternational co-productionsand English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council rankedDavid Yates,Christopher Nolan,Mike Newell,Ridley ScottandPaul Greengrassthe five most commercially successful English directors since 2001.Other contemporary English directors includeSam Mendes,Guy RitchieandRichard Curtis. Current actors includeTom Hardy,Daniel Craig,Benedict Cumberbatch,Lena Headey,Felicity Jones,Emilia Clarke,Lashana Lynch, andEmma Watson. Acclaimed for his motion capture work,Andy SerkisopenedThe Imaginarium Studiosin London in 2011.The visual effects companyFramestorein London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people,storiesor events. The 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films includeAlice in Wonderland,The Jungle BookandWinnie the Pooh. Sites and institutions English Heritageis a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by theDepartment for Culture, Media and Sport. A non-governmental charity, theNational Trustholds a complementary role, focussed on landscapes andcountry houses. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCOWorld Heritage Sitesfall within England.Some of the best-known of these are:Hadrian's Wall,Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, theTower of London, theJurassic Coast,Saltaire,Ironbridge Gorge,Blenheim Palaceand theLake District. London'sBritish Museumholds more than seven million objects,one of the largest and most comprehensive collections in the world,illustrating and documenting global human culture from its beginnings to the present. TheBritish Libraryin London is thenational libraryand is one of the world's largestresearch libraries, holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats, including around 25 million books.TheNational GalleryinTrafalgar Squarehouses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.TheTategalleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host theTurner Prize. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility for cultural property and heritage.Ablue plaque, the oldesthistorical markerscheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event. In 2011 there were around 1,600 museums in England.Entry to most museums and galleries is free.Londonis one of the world's most visited cities, regularly taking the top five most visited cities inEurope. It is considered a global centre of finance, art and culture. Media TheBBC, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by thetelevision licence.TheBBC World Serviceis aninternational broadcasterowned and operated by theBBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages. London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, althoughManchesteris also a significant national media centre. The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.National newspapers produced in England includeThe Times,The Guardian,The Daily Telegraph, and theFinancial Times. Magazines and journals published in England that have achieved worldwide circulation includeNature,New Scientist,The Spectator,Prospect,NMEandThe Economist. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility over media and broadcasting in England. Sport England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th centurycodifiedmany sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England includeassociation football,cricket,rugby union,rugby league,tennis,boxing, badminton,squash,rounders,hockey,snooker,billiards,darts, table tennis,bowls,netball,thoroughbredhorseracing,greyhound racingandfox hunting. It has helped the development ofgolf, sailing andFormula One. England has been crowned world champion in several major sports including:Cricket,RugbyandAssociation Football. Football is themost popularof these sports. TheEngland national football team, whose home venue isWembley Stadium, playedScotlandin the first-ever international football match in 1872.Referred to as the \\\"home of football\\\" byFIFA, England hosted and won the1966 FIFA World Cup.With a British television audience peak of 32.30 million viewers, thefinalis themost watched television event everin the UK.England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football:Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world's oldest club.TheEngland women's national football teamwon theUEFA Euro 2022, hosted by England. Cricketis generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of theWeald.TheEngland cricket teamis a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries isThe Ashesseries between England andAustralia, contested since 1882.Lord's Cricket Groundsituated in London is sometimes referred to as the \\\"Mecca of Cricket\\\".After winning the2019 Cricket World Cup, England became the first country to win the World Cups in football, rugby union, and cricket. William Penny Brookeswas prominent in organising the format for the modernOlympic Games.London has hosted theSummer Olympic Gamesthree times, in1908,1948, and2012. England competes in theCommonwealth Games, held every four years.Sport Englandis the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. Rugby unionoriginated inRugby School, Warwickshire in the early 19th century.The top level of club participation is theEnglish Premiership.Rugby leaguewas born inHuddersfieldin 1895. Since 2008, theEngland national rugby league teamhas been a full test nation in lieu of theGreat Britain national rugby league team, which won threeWorld Cups. Club sides play inSuper League, the present-day embodiment of theRugby Football League Championship. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties ofLancashire, Yorkshire andCumbria. Golfhas been prominent in England, due in part to itscultural and geographical ties to Scotland.There are professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: thePGAand theEuropean Tour. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major isThe Open Championship, played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, theRyder Cup, is named after English businessmanSamuel Ryder. Tenniswas created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, andthe Wimbledon Championshipsis the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.Wimbledon has a major place in the English cultural calendar. Inboxing, under theMarquess of Queensberry Rules, England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies. Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, thethoroughbredis a horse breed best known for its use inhorse racing. TheNational Hunthorse race theGrand National, is held annually atAintree Racecoursein early April. It is the most watched horse race in the UK, and three-time winnerRed Rumis the most successful racehorse in the event's history. The1950 British Grand PrixatSilverstonewas the first race in the newly createdFormula One World Championship.England has seen the manufacture some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations.England also has a rich heritage inGrand Prix motorcycle racing, the premier championship of motorcycleroad racing, and has produced several world champions. Dartsis a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, it is a traditionalpub game.Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games issnooker, and England has produced several world champions. The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitivesailing; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including thematch race, a regatta, and theAmerica's Cup. National symbols The St George's Cross has been the nationalflag of Englandsince the 13th century. Originally, the flag was used by the maritimeRepublic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to theDoge of Genoafrom 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for manyCrusadersin the 12th and 13th centuries, and became associated withSaint George.Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of theUnion Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by KingJames I.During theEnglish Civil WarandInterregnum, theNew Model Army's standards and theCommonwealth'sGreat Sealboth incorporated the flag of Saint George. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including theTudor rose, the nation'sfloral emblem, and the Three Lions featured on theRoyal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of theWars of the Rosesas a symbol of peace.It is asyncreticsymbol in that it merged the white rose of theYorkistsand the red rose of theLancastrians. It is also known as theRose of England.Theoaktree is a symbol of England: theRoyal Oaksymbol andOak Apple Daycommemorate the escape of KingCharles IIafter his father's execution, when he hid in an oak to avoid detection by the parliamentarians before safely reaching exile. The Royal Arms of England, a nationalcoat of armsfeaturing three lions, originated withRichard the Lionheartin 1198. It isblazonedasgules, three lions passant guardant orand it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England. England does not have an official national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole hasGod Save the King. However,Jerusalem,Land of Hope and Glory(used for England during the2002 Commonwealth Games),andI Vow to Thee, My Countryare often considered unofficialEnglish national anthems. England'sNational Dayis 23 April which isSaint George's Day: Saint George is the patron saint of England. See also Notes References Bibliography External links 53°08′N1°23′W / 53.13°N 1.38°W /53.13; -1.38\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Clive Barker Clive Barker(born 5 October 1952) is an English writer, filmmaker and visual artist. He came to prominence in the mid-1980s with a series of short stories, theBooks of Blood, which established him as a leadinghorrorwriter. He has since written many novels and other works. His fiction has been adapted into films, notably theHellraiserseries, the first installment of which he also wrote and directed, and theCandymanseries. Barker's paintings and illustrations have been shown in galleries in the United States, and have appeared in his books. He has also created characters and series for comic books, and some of his more popular horror stories have been featured in ongoing comics series. Early life Barker was born on 5 October 1952 inLiverpool,the son of Joan Ruby (née Revill), a painter and school welfare officer, and Leonard Barker, a personnel director for an industrial relations firm.He was educated atDovedale Primary School,Quarry Bank High Schooland theUniversity of Liverpool, where he studied","where he studied English and philosophy. When he was three, Barker witnessed the French skydiverLéo Valentinplummet to his death in 1956 during a performance at an air show in Liverpool.He later alluded to Valentin in many of his stories. Theatrical work Barker's involvement in live theatre began while still in school with productions ofVoodooandInfernoin 1967. He collaborated on six plays withTheatre of the Imaginationin 1974 and two more that he was the sole writer of,A Clowns' SodomandDay of the Dog,forThe Mute Pantomime Theatrein 1976 and 1977. He co-founded the avant-garde theatrical troupeThe Dog Companyin 1978 with former school friends and up and coming actors, many of whom would go on to become key collaborators in Barker's film work.Doug Bradleytook on the iconic role of Pinhead in theHellraiserseries while Peter Atkins wrote the scripts for the first threeHellraisersequels.Over the next five years Barker wrote nine plays, often serving as director, including some of his best-known stage","best-known stage productions,The History of The Devil,Frankenstein in Love, andThe Secret Life of Cartoons. From 1982 to 1983, he wroteCrazyface,Subtle BodiesandColossusfor the Cockpit Youth Theatre. His theatrical work came to a close as he shifted focus to writing theBooks of Blood. Writing career Barker is an author of horror andfantasy. He began writing horror early in his career, mostly in the form of short stories (collected inBooks of Blood1–6) and theFaustiannovelThe Damnation Game(1985). Later he moved toward modern-day fantasy andurban fantasywith horror elements inWeaveworld(1987),The Great and Secret Show(1989), the world-spanningImajica(1991), andSacrament(1996). WhenBooks of Bloodwas first published in the United States in paperback,Stephen Kingwas quoted on the book covers: \"I have seen the future of horror and his name is Clive Barker.\"As influences on his writing, Barker listsHerman Melville,Edgar Allan Poe,Ray Bradbury,William S. Burroughs,William Blake, andJean Cocteau, among others. He is","among others. He is the writer of the best-sellingAbaratseries. In early 2024 he announced he would stop attending conventions and public events so he could focus more on his writing, as he was working on the manuscripts for 31 different projects, some closer to completion than others. Personal life During his early years as a writer, Barker occasionally worked as an escort when his writing did not provide sufficient income.With the success ofWeaveworld, he could permanently retire as a sex worker.In 2003, he received the Davidson/Valentini Award at the15th GLAAD Media Awards. He has been open about his experiences withsadomasochism, and says that \"on S&M's sliding scale, I'm probably a 6\". Barker is critical of organized religion, but has said that the Bible influences his work and spirituality.Years later, he said on Facebook that he did not identify himself as a Christian. Barker said in a December 2008 online interview (published in March 2009) that he had throat polyps which were so severe, a doctor","so severe, a doctor told him he was taking in only 10% of the air he was supposed to. He has had two surgeries to remove them and believes his voice has improved as a result. He said he did not have cancer, and has given up cigars. In 2012, Barker entered a coma for several days after contractingtoxic shock syndrome, triggered by a visit to a dentist where a spillage of poisonous bacteria entered his bloodstream, almost killing him.Realising he might have just a short time to live, he decided to put his personal concerns about the world and society into the upcoming novelDeep Hill, which he thought could be his final book. As of 2015, he is a member of the board of advisers for the Hollywood Horror Museum. Relationships While appearing on the radio call-in showLovelineon 20 August 1996, Barker said that in his teens he had several relationships with older women, but came to identify himself as homosexual by 18 or 19. His relationship with John Gregson lasted from 1975 until 1986. He later spent 13 years with","spent 13 years with photographer David Armstrong, described as his husband in the introduction toColdheart Canyon; they separated in 2009. Film work Barker wrote the screenplays forUnderworld(1985) andRawhead Rex(1986), both directed byGeorge Pavlou. Displeased by how his material was handled, he moved to directing withHellraiser(1987), based on his novellaThe Hellbound Heart. After his filmNightbreed(1990) flopped, Barker returned to write and directLord of Illusions(1995). The short story \"The Forbidden\", from Barker'sBooks of Blood, provided the basis for the 1992 filmCandymanand its three sequels. He had been working on a series of film adaptations of hisThe Abarat Quintetbooks underThe Walt Disney Company's management,but due to creative differences, the project was cancelled. He served as an executive producer for the 1998 filmGods and Monsters,a semi-fictional tale ofFrankensteindirectorJames Whale's later years, which won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.Barker said of his interest in the","his interest in the project: \"Whale was gay, I'm gay; Whale was English, I'm English…Whale made some horror movies, and I've made some horror movies. It seemed as if I should be helping to tell this story.\"Barker also provided the foreword on the published shooting script. In 2005, Barker and horror film producer Jorge Saralegui created the film production company Midnight Picture Show with the intent of producing two horror films per year. In October 2006, Barker announced through his website that he will be writing the script to a forthcoming remake of the originalHellraiserfilm.He was developing a film based on hisTortured Soulsline of toys fromMcFarlane Toys. In 2020, Barker regained control of theHellraiserfranchise, and served as executive producer on a2022 rebootfilm for the streaming serviceHulu. Television work In May 2015,Varietyreported that Clive Barker was developing a television series adaptation of variouscreepypastasin partnership withWarner Brothers, to be calledClive Barker's Creepypastas,","Creepypastas, a feature arc based onSlender ManandBen Drowned.Barker was involved in a streaming servicefilm adaptationofThe Books of Bloodin 2020,and is developing aNightbreedtelevision seriesdirected byMichael Doughertyand written byJosh StolbergforSyFy.In April 2020,HBOwas announced to be developing aHellraisertelevision series that would serve as \"an elevated continuation and expansion\" of its mythology withMark VerheidenandMichael Doughertywriting the series andDavid Gordon Greendirecting several episodes. Verheiden, Dougherty and Green will also be executive producing the series withDanny McBride,Jody Hill,Brandon JamesandRoy LeeofVertigo Entertainment. Visual art Barker is a prolific visual artist, often illustrating his own books. His paintings have been seen first on the covers of his official fan club magazine,Dread, published byFantacoin the early '90s; on the covers of the collections of his plays,Incarnations(1995) andForms of Heaven(1996); and on the second printing of the original British","original British publications of hisBooks of Bloodseries. Barker also provided the artwork for his young adult novelThe Thief of Alwaysand for theAbaratseries. His artwork has been exhibited at Bert Green Fine Art in Los Angeles and Chicago, at the Bess Cutler Gallery in New York and La Luz De Jesus in Los Angeles. Many of his sketches and paintings can be found in the collectionClive Barker, Illustrator, published in 1990 by Arcane/Eclipse Books, and inVisions of Heaven and Hell, published in 2005 by Rizzoli Books. He worked on the horror video gameClive Barker's Undying, providing the voice for the character Ambrose.Undyingwas developed byDreamWorks Interactiveand released in 2001. He worked onClive Barker's JerichoforCodemasters, which was released in late 2007. Barker createdHalloweencostume designs for Disguise Costumes. Around 150 art works by Barker were used in the set of the Academy of the Unseen Arts for the Netflix TV seriesChilling Adventures of Sabrina. Comic books Barker published","Barker published hisRazorlineimprint viaMarvel Comicsin 1993. Barker horror adaptations and spin-offs in comics include the Marvel/Epic ComicsseriesHellraiser,Nightbreed,Pinhead,The Harrowers,Book of the Damned, andJihad;Eclipse Books' series andgraphic novelsTapping The Vein,Dread,Son of Celluloid,Revelations,The Life of Death,Rawhead RexandThe Yattering and Jack, andDark Horse Comics'Primal, among others. Barker served as a consultant and wrote issues of theHellraiseranthology comic book. In 2005, IDW published a three-issue adaptation of Barker's children's fantasy novelThe Thief of Always, written and painted by Kris Oprisko and Gabriel Hernandez. IDW is publishing a 12 issue adaptation of Barker's novelThe Great and Secret Show. In December 2007, Chris Ryall and Clive Barker announced an upcoming collaboration of an original comic book series,Torakator, to be published by IDW. In 2008, Barker authored a foreword for the first volume of theDEMONICSEXcomic series by Chuck Conner and Sean Platter. In","Sean Platter. In October 2009, IDW publishedSeduth, co-written by Barker. The work was released with three variant covers. In 2011,Boom! Studiosbegan publishing an originalHellraisercomic book series. In 2013, Boom! Studios announcedNext Testament, the first original story by Barker to be published in comic book format. Works Novels Hellraiserseries Books of the Artseries The Books of Abarat Short stories Collections: Uncollected short stories: Plays Collections: All plays: Poems Uncollected poems: Non-fiction Toys Filmography Adaptations Video games See also References Bibliography External links","William, Prince of Wales William, Prince of Wales(William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982), is theheir apparentto theBritish throne. He is the elder son of KingCharles IIIandDiana, Princess of Wales. William was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II. He was educated atWetherby School,Ludgrove SchoolandEton College. He earned aMaster of Arts degreeingeographyat theUniversity of St Andrewswhere he met his future wife,Catherine Middleton. They have three children:George,CharlotteandLouis. After university, William trained at theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstprior to serving with theBlues and Royalsregiment. In 2008 he graduated from theRoyal Air Force College Cranwell, joining theRAF Search and Rescue Forcein early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulancefor two years, starting in July 2015. William performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the monarch. He holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations,","organisations, including theTusk Trust,Centrepoint,The Passage,Wales Air AmbulanceandLondon's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through theRoyal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, homelessness, and emergency workers. In 2020 William launched theEarthshot Prize, a £50 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade. William was madeDuke of Cambridgeimmediately beforehis weddingin April 2011. He becameDuke of CornwallandDuke of Rothesayupon his father's accession to the throne on 8 September 2022. The following day he was madePrince of Wales. Early life Prince William was born at 21:03BSTon 21 June 1982 inSt Mary's Hospital, London, as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (laterKing Charles III), and his first wife,Diana, Princess of Wales, during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II.Buckingham Palace announced his name – William Arthur Philip Louis – on 28 June.William was christened in the Music","in the Music Room ofBuckingham Palaceby the thenArchbishop of Canterbury,Robert Runcie, on 4 August, coinciding with the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother,Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. William was the first child born to aPrinceandPrincess of WalessincePrince Johnwas born to Prince George and Princess Mary (laterKing George VandQueen Mary) in July 1905.When he was nine months old, William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, as his first trip overseas.It also marked the first time that a royal baby was taken on an overseas tour.His younger brother,Prince Harry, was born in September 1984. Both of them were raised atKensington Palacein London, andHighgrove Housein Gloucestershire. Known informally as \"Wills\" within his family,William was nicknamed \"Willy\" by his brother and \"Wombat\" by his mother.Diana wished her sons to obtain broader and more typical life experiences beyond royal upbringing, taking them toWalt Disney World,McDonald's, AIDS clinics and","AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless.BiographerRobert Laceyasserts that William, a \"rambunctious\" and \"bratty\" child, grew \"more reflective\" with a \"noticeably quiet character\" as he began boarding school.Diana was reported to have described William as \"my little wise old man\" on whom she started to rely as her confidant by his early teens. William carried out his first public engagement while accompanying his parents on a visit toLlandaffonSaint David's Dayin 1991.He and Harry travelled to Canada on an official visit with their parents in 1991 and again with Charles in 1998.William's parents divorced in 1996. Dianadied in a car accidentin the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, was staying atBalmoral Castleat the time. The following morning, Charles informed William and Harry of their mother's death.William was reportedly uncertain as to whether he should walk behind his mother's coffin during thefuneral procession. His","procession. His grandfatherPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, told him: \"If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?\".At the funeral, William and Harry walked alongside their father, grandfather, and maternal uncle,Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace toWestminster Abbey. After his mother's death, William stated that he was \"in a state of shock for many years\".He and Harry inherited the majority of the £12.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown to £10 million each by 2014.In 2014 the brothers inherited theirmother's wedding dressalong with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters and paintings. They also received the original lyrics and score of \"Candle in the Wind\" byBernie TaupinandElton Johnas performed by the latter at Diana's funeral.In 2002The Timesreported that William and Harry would also share £4.9 million from","£4.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother on their respective 21st birthdays, as well as £8 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. Education William was educated atprivate schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatoryWetherby School, both in London.Following this, he attendedLudgrove SchoolnearWokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers byRory Stewart.At Ludgrove, he participated infootball, swimming, basketball,clay pigeon shooting, andcross country running. He was subsequently admitted toEton College, studying geography, biology, and history of art atA-Level. He obtained an 'A' in geography, a 'C' in biology, and a 'B' in history of art.William was captain of the swimming team and his house football team at Eton, also taking upwater polo. The decision to place William at Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children toGordonstoun, which his father and grandfather both attended. Diana's brother andfatherwere","andfatherwere both Eton students.The royal family and the tabloid press agreed that William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life.John Wakeham, chairman of thePress Complaints Commission, stated \"Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man.\"While at Eton, he often had tea on weekends at the nearbyWindsor Castlewith his grandmother, discussingstate boxesand constitutional duties meant to \"prepare as future King.\" In June 1991, William was admitted to theRoyal Berkshire Hospitalafter being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on atGreat Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar.The incident received widespread media attention.In 1999 he underwent an operation on his left hand after","his left hand after he broke a finger.After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part inBritish Armytraining exercises in Belize,worked on English dairy farms, and visited Africa.As part of theRaleigh Internationalprogramme in the town ofTortelin southern Chile, William worked for ten weeks on local construction projects and taught English. He lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores.His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himselfSwahili. In 2001 William enrolled at theUniversity of St Andrewsin Scotland.Similar to his time at Eton, the media agreed not to invade his privacy, and students were warned not to leak stories to the press.William embarked on a degree course inArt Historybut later changed his main subject toGeography. He focused hisdissertationon the Indian Ocean'sRodriguescoral reefs and graduated with anundergraduate Master of Arts(MA Hons) degree withupper second class honoursin 2005.While at university, he","at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004.He was reportedly known as \"Steve\" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. Early appointments and duties At the age of 21, William was appointed aCounsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended theCommonwealth Heads of Government Meetingin the same year.In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo public engagements on an overseas tour of New Zealand, travelling to participate in World War II commemorations.According to authorTina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to becomeGovernor-General of Australia.In 2009 the Queen set up aprivate officefor William and Harry withDavid Manningas their adviser.Manning accompanied William on his first official tour in January 2010 as the latter touredAucklandandWellington; William opened the new building of theSupreme Court of New Zealandand was welcomed by","was welcomed by aMāorichief.The visit spurred crowds of \"many thousands\", with positive public reception compared to that of his mother's 1983 tour.In March 2011, William visitedChristchurch, New Zealand, shortly after theearthquake,and spoke at the memorial service atHagley Parkon behalf of his grandmother.He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding inQueenslandandVictoria. Before attending Sandhurst, William did a three-week internship at several institutions, including theBank of England, theLondon Stock ExchangeandLloyd's of London.To prepare for his eventual management of theDuchy of Cornwall, in 2014, he enteredSt John's College, Cambridgeto undertake an executive agriculture management degree run by theCambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership(CPSL), of which his father is patron.In April 2019, Kensington Palace announced that William had completed a three-week internship atMI5,MI6andGCHQ,during which he was tasked with monitoring extreme Islamist terror cells,","terror cells, identifying potential threats abroad, and observing code breaking technology. Military and air ambulance service Having decided on a military career, William was admitted to theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstin January 2006; his admission was based on successfully completing a 44-week course as an Officer Cadet which led to his commission as a British Army officer.As \"Lieutenant Wales\" – a name based on his father's then title Prince of Wales – he followed his brotherinto theBlues and Royalsin December that year as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post atBovington Campin Dorset. Despite the Queen's approval for William to serve on the frontline, his position as second-in-line to the throne at the time cast doubts on his chances of seeing combat.Plans by theMinistry of Defenceto send William to Southern Iraq leaked and the government eventually decided against sending him as it would endanger both his life and the lives of","and the lives of people around him if he was targeted.William instead trained in theRoyal NavyandRoyal Air Force, obtaining his commission as asub-lieutenantin the former and aflying officerin the latter, both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant. After completing his training, he undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force atRAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with hisRAF wingsby his father,who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell.During thissecondment, William flew to Afghanistan in aC-17 Globemasterthat repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson.William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy.He then completed an accelerated Naval Officer training course at theBritannia Royal Naval College.Whilst serving onHMSIron Dukein July 2008, William participated in a £40m drug seizure in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados.He was part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter which helped seize 900 kg of cocaine from a speedboat. In January 2009, William","2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted toFlight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF'sSearch and Rescue Force.As part of his training across all branches of the military in 2009, he spent up to six weeks with theSpecial Air Service, theSpecial Boat Service, and theSpecial Reconnaissance Regiment.In January 2010, he graduated from theDefence Helicopter Flying SchoolatRAF Shawbury.In the same month, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit atRAF Valley,Anglesey, to receive training on theSea Kingsearch and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010.This made him the first member of the British royal family sinceHenry VIIto live in Wales. William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of a RAF Sea King was in response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard in October 2010.In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue","helped rescue two sailors.He was deployed to theFalkland Islandsfor a six-week tour withNo. 1564 Flightfrom February to March 2012.The Argentine government condemned William's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of theFalklands Waras a \"provocative act\".In June 2012, he gained a qualification to be captain orpilot in commandof a Sea King rather than a co-pilot.His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.He conducted 156 search and rescue operations, which resulted in 149 people being rescued.He later became patron to theBattle of Britain Memorial Flight. In July 2015, William began working full-time as a pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulance(EAAA) based atCambridge Airport, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous search-and-rescue role.He donated his full salary to the EAAA charity.William required a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to begin his role.He underwent part of his training","of his training atNorwich Airport.William described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly withcritical carecases.He also discussed the impact of witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement on his mental health and personal life.TheBBChas written that William was \"exposed to theNational Health Servicein a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be.\" William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties.After supporting an anniversary campaign forLondon's Air Ambulance Charityin 2019, he became the charity's official patron in March 2020.In May 2020, he granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during theCOVID-19 pandemic.To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his \"profound respect\" for the community, particularly during the \"immeasurably difficult\" outbreak.In February 2023, he became patron of theWales Air Ambulancecharity. Personal life Relationship with","Relationship with Catherine Middleton In 2001 William metCatherine Middleton, while they were students in residence atSt Salvator's Hall, at the University of St Andrews, and they became close friends.She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show at the university in 2002 when she appeared on the stage wearing a see-through lace dress.During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends.The couple began dating in 2003.From 2003 to 2005 they both resided at Balgove House on theStrathtyrumestate with two roommates.In 2004 the couple briefly split but reconciled soon afterwards. The relationship was followed closely by the tabloid press.Media attention became so intense that William asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton.In December 2006, Middleton and her family attended William'spassing out paradeat the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.In April 2007, William and Middleton were reported to have split.Middleton and her family attended","her family attended theConcert for Dianathree months later;the couple were subsequently reported to have \"rekindled their relationship\".She also attended theOrder of the Garterprocession at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where William was made aRoyal Knight of the Garter.In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on theBodorgan Estatein Anglesey, Wales, where they resided until 2014. Marriage and children The couple became engaged in October 2010, at a remote alpine cabin onMount Kenya, during a 10-day trip to theLewa Wildlife Conservancyto celebrate William's passing the RAF helicopter search and rescue course.Clarence Houseannounced their engagement on 16 November.William gave his fianceé his mother'sengagement ring.The wedding took place in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011.The global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million, whereas 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone.William and Catherine usedNottingham Cottageas their London home until 2013, when £4.5 million renovations","million renovations completed at Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace, which continues to be their official residence in the capital.The couple were given the country houseAnmer Hall, on theSandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen, where they lived from 2015 to 2017.Kensington Palace was the couple's main residence until 2022, when the family moved toAdelaide CottageinWindsor. Catherine's first pregnancy was announced in December 2012.She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth toPrince George.In September 2014, it was announced that Catherine was pregnant with her second child.She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital where she gave birth toPrincess Charlottethe same day.Catherine's third pregnancy was announced in September 2017;Prince Louiswas born on 23 April 2018.William and Catherine have owned twoEnglish Cocker Spaniels, namedLupoand Orla. Duke of Cambridge William was","William was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of Strathearn, andBaron Carrickferguson the day of his wedding in April 2011.He and Catherinetoured Canadathat summer.Nicholas Witchell, writing forBBC News, noted that the tour to Canada had been an \"unqualified success\" for the couple as they engaged in various activities from tree planting to street hockey, with their warm interactions and thoughtful gestures enhancing their popularity and reinforcing positive sentiments towards the monarchy in Canada.The couple served as ambassadors for the2012 Summer Olympicsin London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2013, William and Catherine visited Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of theQueen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations.William hosted his firstinvestitureceremony at Buckingham Palace in October that year.In April 2014, he and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia accompanied by their son George.In August that year, the couple and Prince","couple and Prince Harry represented the royal family atWorld War Icommemorations in Belgium.In December, the couple visited New York and Washington DC, where William made a speech at theWorld Bankcondemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In 2015 and 2016 William embarked on various visits of Asian countries, including Japan, China, Bhutan and India;he was the first royal to visit mainland China in almost three decades, with the press referring to William's diplomacy as \"deft\" and \"polished\".In response to media allegations of being \"work-shy\", he asserted his commitment to his duties, emphasizing his dedication to fatherhood and his role in air ambulance work.Countries visited by William and Catherine in 2017 included France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium.In January 2018 the couple visited Sweden and Norway.The visits, which were, like others, requested by theForeign Office, were interpreted to benefitUK-European relationspostBrexit.In June 2018, William toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine. William and","William and Catherine toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years.The tour was a success, helping promote diplomatic relations with Pakistan while also reflecting the couple's personal interests in climate change and the significance of quality education.In November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for COVID-19 in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'.The Daily Telegraphreported he had been \"very ill\" and had isolated away from his family;other sources said that he had not been seriously ill, not bed-ridden and working for most of the time.In December that year, the couple embarked on a tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via theBritish royal train\"to pay tribute to the inspiring work\" of communities and charities in 2020.Boris Johnsonexpressed his support, while Scottish first ministerNicola Sturgeoncriticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; local governments were consulted before planning","before planning the tour. In William's capacity asLord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, he and Catherine toured the country in May 2021.The couple attended theG7 summitfor the first time in June 2021 in Cornwall.In March 2022, they embarked on a tour of Belize, the Bahamas and Jamaica as part of theQueen's Platinum Jubilee celebrations.Reparations for slaveryemerged as a major demand of public protesters during the couple's visit.During the unveiling of the National Windrush Monument in London, William described the tour as \"an opportunity to reflect\" and condemnedracism facedby both members of theWindrush generationand British minorities in 2022.In May 2022, he attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time as acounsellor of state, where his father delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of Elizabeth II. Prince of Wales Queen Elizabeth II diedon 8 September 2022, and William's father succeeded as Charles III. William, nowheir apparent, was created Prince of","created Prince of Wales by his father on 9 September.Controversy regarding the titlebecame a topic of public debate in Wales.By 17 September, a petition calling for the end of the title had received over 30,000 signatures,while aYouGovpoll showed 66 per cent support for William to be given the title compared to 22 percent of respondents opposed.On 30 October, Senedd LlywyddElin Jonesnoted that an investiture is not a constitutional requirement and suggested that contemporary Wales would deem it unnecessary.Kensington Palace also stated an investiture is \"not on the table\".As the eldest son of the British monarch, William has inherited the Duchy of Cornwall, which brings him additional income.The duchy is \"a £760 million (about US$1.25 billion) entity established in 1337\" to provide a private income to the monarch's eldest son. William and Catherine visitedAngleseyandSwanseaon 27 September 2022, which marked their first visit to Wales since becoming Prince and Princess of Wales.He visited theSeneddin November","November 2022, meeting the Welsh first ministerMark Drakeford.In February 2023, William and Catherine visitedFalmouth, marking their first visit to the region since becoming Duke and Duchess of Cornwall.In March 2023, he undertook a solo visit to Poland during which he visitedRzeszówto meet Polish and British troops and Ukrainian refugees, and had talks with Polish presidentAndrzej Dudaat thePresidential Palace.In October 2023, William and Catherine condemned theHamas-led attack on Israel.In February 2024, he visited the headquarters of theBritish Red Cross, where he met humanitarian aid workers supporting civilians during theIsrael–Gaza conflict, and called for an end to the fighting in a statement approved by theUK government.Later that month, William pulled out at the last moment fromthe thanksgiving serviceof his godfather,Constantine II of Greece, due to an undisclosed \"personal matter\".The same month, he visitedWestern Marble Arch Synagogueto acknowledge the increase in antisemitism and human suffering","and human suffering in the Middle East. Charity work William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, he and Harry volunteered at aBritish Red Crossaid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the2004 Boxing Day tsunami.Later, in December 2005, William spent two weeks in North Wales withMountain Rescue England and Wales(MREW).In May 2007, he became patron of MREW and president of theRoyal Marsden Hospital, the latter of which was a role previously held by his mother. In July 2007, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry.In October 2008, the brothers embarked on the 1,000 mile eight-day Enduro Africa motorbike ride across South Africa to raise money forSentebale,UNICEFand theNelson Mandela Children's Fund.In 2010 William became a patron of100 Women in Hedge","Women in Hedge Funds' philanthropic initiatives for the following three years until 2012.The same year, he succeededLord Attenboroughas the fifth president of theBritish Academy of Film and Television Arts.In March 2011, he and Catherine set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers to donate money to charities supporting the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation in lieu of gifts.The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry is now known asThe Royal Foundation of The Prince and Princess of Wales. Humanitarian causes In March 2020, William appeared in a video for theNational Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised £11 million in its first week, eventually totalling to £90 million, with the money going out to \"front line charities\" and to theUK Community Foundationsto be distributed among \"local community foundations\".In April 2020, he officially became patron","became patron of the organisation.Later that month, he made a surprise appearance onThe Big Night In, atelethonheld during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call withStephen Fry, who reprised his role as (a descendant of)Lord Melchett, from theBlackadderseries. In December 2020, William and Catherine became joint patrons ofNHS Charities Together.In February 2021, he visited a vaccination centre inKing's Lynnand later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncingfalse informationthat could causevaccine hesitancy.In May 2021, William got his first dose ofCOVID-19 vaccineby NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.In September 2021, it was reported that he had assisted in the evacuation of an Afghan officer, a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst graduate and aide to British troops, from Kabul airport, along with over 10 of his family members, during the2021 Taliban offensive.In March 2022 amid theRussian invasion of Ukraine, William and Catherine made a donation to help the refugees.In February","February 2023, they donated to theDisasters Emergency Committee(DEC) which was helping victims of the2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.In July 2023, William became patron of the appeal to launch The Fleming Centre, driving a new global movement to tackleantimicrobial resistance.In July 2024, he and Catherine made donations to help victims ofHurricane Beryl. Conservation William became patron of theTusk Trustin December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development across Africa.He carried out his first official duty with the Trust in launching a 5,000-mile (8,000 km) bike ride across the African continent in April 2008.Later, William helped with launching the Tusk Conservation Awards, which have been presented to selected environmental activists annually since 2013.In June 2010, he and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, undertaking projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children.In 2013 he succeeded his grandfather, the Duke of","the Duke of Edinburgh, as president ofFields in Trustand transitioned into the role of patron in 2024.He established the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce in December 2014, with the goal of reducing global illegal wildlife trade.In 2014Jane Goodallstated that William had expressed the view that all ivory in the royal collection needed tobe destroyed.William has occasionally commented on the effects ofoverpopulationon thewildlife of Africa, but his remarks have been criticised in the media for not takingresource consumptionand population density into consideration. After two years of research, William launched theEarthshot Prizein October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade.Following the launch, he gave aTED Talkon environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative.Later that month, William took over the patronages ofFauna and Flora Internationaland theBritish Trust for Ornithology, passed on from","passed on from his grandparents.In the same month, he appeared in an ITV documentary titledPrince William: A Planet For Us Allto discuss environmental issues. In 2021 William made a private donation to the Thin Green Line Foundation, which provides grants for the relatives of conservation park rangers that are killed every year while protecting wildlife.In July 2022, he condemned the murder of South African park ranger Anton Mzimba and asked for the responsible parties to \"be brought to justice\".In August 2022, William voiced his support for the prison sentence given to a man in the United States responsible for trafficking rhinoceros horns and elephant ivory.He had previously called for harsher punishments and penalties for poachers and smugglers at the Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference in 2018. LGBT rights William has spoken out forLGBT rightsas part of his work againstcyberbullying, stating the importance of being \"proud of the person you are\" and discussing the effects of online abuse and","of online abuse and discrimination.In 2016 he appeared in the July issue ofAttitudeand became the first member of the royal family to be featured on the cover of a gay magazine.He was recognised at theBritish LGBT Awardsin May 2017.William hosted a commemorativePride Monthdiscussion with mental health charity volunteers at theRoyal Vauxhall Tavernin June 2023. Mental health Since 2009, William has been patron of Child Bereavement UK, which provides support to children and families who have lost a loved one.In 2016 the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by William, Catherine and Harry to de-stigmatise mental health.Legacy programmes include Mental Health at Work, launched in September 2018 to change the approach to workplace mental health in the United Kingdom, as well as Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with theFootball Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults.Later that","adults.Later that month, William and Catherine, together with William's brother Harry and sister-in-lawMeghan, launched Shout, the United Kingdom's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues.William later volunteered on the crisis helpline during theCOVID-19 lockdownsto provide support via text message.He attributes his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, his work with the homeless, veterans' welfare, and his wife's anti-addiction advocacy. In March 2020, William and Catherine began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England agency amidst the coronavirus pandemic.In April 2020, the couple announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.In September 2020, William established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders, in partnership withKing's College Londonand","College Londonand the Open University.In May 2021 and 2022, William and Catherine voiced the Mental Health Minute message, which was broadcast on every radio station in the United Kingdom on and asked people to help individuals around them that suffer from loneliness.In October 2022, to mark the World Mental Health Day, the couple took overNewsbeatand interviewed four guests on topics related to mental health.In September 2023, William unveiled two organizations that had partnered with the Duchy of Cornwall to raise better mental well-being and provide mental health services for all its tenants.In October 2023 and to mark World Mental Health Day, he and Catherine took part in a forum for young people in Birmingham, alongside BBC Radio 1 and charity called The Mix, calledExploring our Emotional Worldscontinuing their longstanding work to promote mental well-being.In May 2024, he announced a three-year funding package for the charity We Are Farming Minds to provide mental health support for farmers on the","for farmers on the Duchy of Cornwall lands. Homelessness In September 2005, William became patron ofCentrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless.In December 2009, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, the prince spent the night in a sleeping bag nearBlackfriars Bridgeto raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth.He opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50th anniversary. William has been patron of homelessness charityThe Passagesince 2019 after first visiting the centre in 1993 with his mother.In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during theCOVID-19 pandemic.In December 2020, William volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences.In 2022 and 2023, he was spotted selling copies ofThe Big Issueon the streets,","the streets, copies of which are usually sold by homeless and unemployed people to collect money. In June 2023, William launched Homewards after two years of development, which aims to \"finally end homelessness\" in the United Kingdom.The five-year initiative aims to tackle homelessness in six pilot locations across the United Kingdom with an initial seed funding allocated for each area by the Royal Foundation, working with existing private sector and grassroots charity partners.The project focuses on early intervention and providing housing to families before other issues, such as abuse and joblessness, are addressed.In February 2024, William, in partnership with Cornish charity St Petrocs, announced plans for building 24 homes on Duchy of Cornwall land inNansledanto provide temporary accommodation for people experiencing homelessness in the area.Future plans include building more than 400 social rented homes and a further 475 affordable dwellings inSouth East Faversham. Sport William often playspoloto raise","playspoloto raise money for charity.He is a fan of football, and supports the English clubAston Villa.He became president ofEngland's Football Association(FA) in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of theWelsh Rugby Union(WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron.The same year, the WRU's decision to name thePrince William Cupdrew criticism as some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it afterRay Gravell.William became patron of the WRU and the FA in 2016 and 2024, respectively. In December 2010, William, alongsideDavid Cameron, attended a meeting withFIFAvice-presidentChung Mong-joonat which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA, considering it a violation of anti-collusion rules.In 2011 William, as president of the English FA, voted againstAustralia's 2022 FIFA bidand instead voted for South Korea, despite beingAustralia's future heir. In 2020 he voted against the","voted against the jointAustralia–New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bidand instead voted forColombia. In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed atMarcus Rashford, William released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the \"racist abuse... whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media\" as \"despicable\" and stating that \"we all have a responsibility\" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability.In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competitionThe Super League, adding that he \"share the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love.\"In July 2021, he condemned racist attacks against England football players following their loss at theUEFA Euro 2020finale. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association.In 2012, together with his wife Catherine and brother Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the2012 Olympicsand provides","provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach.In May 2020, he appeared in aBBC OneDocumentary titledFootball, Prince William and Our Mental Healthas a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium. Both William and Harry are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns aDucati 1198 S Corse.In May 2014, William, like his father and grandfather, became president of theBritish Sub-Aqua Club(BSAC).He also took part in abandyevent inStockholmin January 2018. In November 2022, William was criticised by Welsh football followers and Welsh actorMichael Sheenfor holding the Prince of Wales title whilst having affiliations with theEngland national football team, particularly after he presented jerseys to the squad in advance of the2022 FIFA World Cupin which bothWalesand England were placed in the same Group B.William commented that he had supported the England football team from a very young age, but happily","age, but happily supportedWelsh rugby union, of which he is patron, over England.In August 2023, he was criticised in segments of the press and social media for not attending2023 FIFA Women's World Cup finalin Australia as president of the FA. Public image William has been one of the most popular members of the British royal family since his birth.Having lived a public life since birth, he was regarded as a \"heartthrob\" and eligible as a young adult, similar to his father.Ruth La Ferla ofThe New York Timescontrasted William's \"refined\" and \"polite\" appeal toLeonardo DiCaprio's \"bad-boy\" popularity.Following his marriage, William's public image assumed a more \"staid\" and fatherly demeanour, having \"settled into a stable domestic order.\" JournalistAnne McElvoyhas described William's public personality as a \"genial presence\" with a \"tougher side\", alongside his mother's \"inimitable style\".Much of his royal duties focus on \"big bet\" projects, rather than \"plaques and patronages\". In 2016 William gave an","William gave an interview stating his goal was \"how do I make the royal family relevant in the next 20 years ... that's the challenge for me\". In April 2011,Timemagazine listed him asone of the most influential people in the worldalongside his then-newlywed wife Catherine.In August 2023,Gallup, Inc.named him as the most popular public figure in the US after conducting a survey that asked for people's views on 15 prominent individuals.He was found to be the most popular member of the royal family by statistics and polling companyYouGovin December 2022and September 2023,and as the second most popular in April 2024. Privacy and the media The death of William's mother while being chased by thepaparazziin August 1997has since influenced his attitude towards the media.He and Catherine have often requested that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.In 2005 William spoke with ITV reporterTom Bradbyand concluded that it was likely that their voicemails were being accessed.An investigation under thenDeputy","under thenDeputy Assistant CommissionerPeter Clarkeconcluded that the compromised voice mail accounts belonged to William's aides, includingJamie Lowther-Pinkerton,and not the prince himself.However,Clive Goodmanlater stated that he hadhackedWilliam's phone on 35 occasions.William later suedNews Group Newspapers, publisher ofNews of the WorldandThe Sun, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement in 2020.He and his brother Harry brought a claim privately through their mutual attorneys, but Harry later pursued his case separately with a new solicitor. In 2005, after his then-girlfriend Catherine Middleton was chased by the paparazzi on her way to a job interview, William consulted Middleton andher fatherand wrote a legal letter to newspapers requesting that they respect her privacy.As media attention increased around the time of Middleton's 25th birthday in January 2007, he issued a public statement mentioning that \"the situation is proving unbearable for all those concerned.\"In October 2007, William issued","William issued a public statement via his press secretary complaining about the \"aggressive pursuit\" by \"photographers on motorcycles, in vehicles and on foot\" while the couple were leaving a London nightclub and later driving in his car.Following the statement,Daily Mail,Daily Mirror, andDaily Expressall decided against using the paparazzi photos of the couple, butThe Sunpublished photos taken before the couple's car had left.The statement prompted the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) to issue a warning, asking editors not to publish photographs which were taken through harassment.In April 2009, William's lawyers obtained an apology fromThe Daily Starafter the tabloid had claimed he had \"wrecked\" a $2m plane during his pilot training. In September 2012, the French edition ofCloserand Italiangossip magazineChipublished photographs of Catherine sun-bathing topless while on holiday at theChâteau d'Autetin Provence.William and Catherine filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and","department and launched a claim for civil damages at theTribunal de Grande InstancedeNanterre.The following day the courts granted an injunction againstCloserprohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced that a criminal investigation would be initiated.In September 2017,Closerwas fined €100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000. In October 2014, William and Catherine sent a legal letter to a freelance photographer who had put their son George and his nanny \"under surveillance\", asking the individual to stop \"harassing and following\" them.In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the \"dangerous\" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. In November 2016, William issued a statement supporting Prince Harry and his then-girlfriend,Meghan Markle, following their complaints about the press intrusion, stating that he \"understands the situation concerning","concerning privacy and supports the need for Prince Harry to support those closest to him.\"During a visit to the BBC studios in central London in November 2018, he publicly criticised the social media firms' approach to handling \"misinformation and conspiracy\" and added, \"Their self-image is so grounded in their positive power for good that they seem unable to engage in constructive discussion about the social problems they are creating\". In June 2022, a three-minute video of William confronting Terry Harris, a paparazzi photographer, was posted on Harris' YouTube channel.It was recorded by Harris in January 2021 and shows William arguing with Harris as the latter attempts to film William's family on a bike ride near Anmer Hall.Kensington Palace described the video as a breach of the family's privacy and asked for it to be removed from public websites.The couple's lawyers also contacted the photographer, who claimed he was on public roads and had filmed the video after hearing about allegations that the","that the couple had broken the \"rule of six\" as they toured a public attraction at Sandringham while William's uncle and aunt, thenEarlandCountess of Wessex, and their children happened to be in the same spot. Titles, styles, and honours Titles and styles William has been aBritish princesince birth, and was known as \"Prince William of Wales\" until April 2011. He was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of StrathearnandBaron Carrickfergusby his grandmother, Elizabeth II, on the day of his wedding. Theletters patentgranting these titles were issued on 26 May that year. As the eldest son of the monarch, William automatically becameDuke of Cornwall,Duke of Rothesay,Earl of Carrick,Baron of Renfrew,Lord of the Isles, andPrince and Great Steward of Scotlandon the accession of his father on 8 September 2022.From 8 to 9 September, William was styled as \"His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge\".On 9 September, Charles announced the creation of William asPrince of Wales, the traditional title for the male heir","for the male heir apparent to the British monarch. William has since been known as \"His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales\", except in Scotland, where he is called \"His Royal Highness the Duke of Rothesay\" instead.The letters patent formally granting him this title and that ofEarl of Chesterwere issued on 13 February 2023. Honours William is a RoyalKnight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter(KG),an ExtraKnight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle(KT),Great Master of theMost Honourable Order of the Bath(GCB),a member of thePrivy Council of the United Kingdom(PC),and aPersonal Aide-de-Camp(ADC) to the sovereign. Ancestry William's ancestry is royal and aristocratic.Patrilineally, he is a member of theHouse of Windsorand also descends from theHouse of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses. More specifically, he descends from thecadet branchknown as theHouse of Glücksburg. Through his mother, William descends from theEarls Spencer– a cadet branch of theSpencer","of theSpencer familydescended from theEarls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now alsoDukes of Marlborough; theBarons Fermoy; and more anciently fromHenry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, andCharles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond– two illegitimate sons of KingCharles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since the death ofAnnein 1714 to undisputedly descend fromCharles Iand the first to descend from Charles II. William descendsmatrilineallyfrom Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his 18th-century ancestor Theodore Forbes – a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company inSurat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as \"a dark-skinned native woman\", \"anArmenianwoman from Bombay\", and \"Mrs. Forbesian\".GenealogistWilliam Addams Reitwiesnerassumed Kewark was Armenian.In June 2013, it was reported thatgenealogical DNA testson two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent. Bibliography Book contributions Authored letters and articles","and articles See also Footnotes References Further reading Books Articles External links","Malcolm Bradbury Sir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury,CBE(7 September 1932 – 27 November 2000) was an English author and academic. Life Bradbury was born inSheffield, the son of a railwayman.His family moved to London in 1935, but returned to Sheffield in 1941 with his brother and mother. The family later moved toNottinghamand in 1943 Bradbury attendedWest BridgfordGrammar School, where he remained until 1950. He read English atUniversity College, Leicester, gaining a first-class degree in 1953. He continued his studies atQueen Mary College, University of London, where he gained his MA in 1955. Between 1955 and 1958, Bradbury moved between teaching posts with theUniversity of ManchesterandIndiana Universityin the United States. He returned to England in 1958 for a major heart operation; such was his heart condition that he was not expected to live beyond middle age. In 1959, while in hospital, he completed his first novel,Eating People is Wrong. Bradbury married Elizabeth Salt and they had two sons. He took up his","He took up his first teaching post as an adult-education tutor at theUniversity of Hull. With his study onEvelyn Waughin 1962 he began his career of writing and editing critical books. From 1961 to 1965 he taught at theUniversity of Birmingham. He completed his PhD inAmerican studiesat the University of Manchester in 1962, moving to theUniversity of East Anglia(his second novel,Stepping Westward, appeared in 1965), where he became Professor of American Studies in 1970 and launched theMA in Creative Writingcourse, attended by bothIan McEwanandKazuo Ishiguro. He publishedPossibilities: Essays on the State of the Novelin 1973,The History Manin 1975,Who Do You Think You Are?in 1976,Rates of Exchangein 1983 andCuts: A Very Short Novelin 1987. He retired from academic life in 1995. Bradbury became aCommander of the Order of the British Empirein 1991 for services to literature and was made aKnight Bachelorin theNew Year Honours 2000, again for services to literature. Bradbury died at Priscilla Bacon Lodge, Colman","Bacon Lodge, Colman Hospital, Norwich, on 27 November 2000, attended by his wife and their two sons, Matthew and Dominic. He was buried on 4 December 2000 in the churchyard of St Mary's parish church,Tasburgh, near Norwich where the Bradburys owned a second home. Though he was not an orthodox religious believer, he respected the traditions and socio-cultural role of theChurch of Englandand enjoyed visiting churches in the spirit ofPhilip Larkin's poem, \"Church Going\". Works Bradbury was a productive academic writer as well as a successful teacher; an expert on themodern novel, he published books onEvelyn Waugh,Saul BellowandE. M. Forster, as well as editions of such modern classics asF. Scott Fitzgerald'sThe Great Gatsby, and a number of surveys and handbooks of modern fiction, both British and American. However, he is best known to a wider public as a novelist. Although often compared with his contemporaryDavid Lodge, a friend who has also writtencampus novels, Bradbury's books are consistently darker in","darker in mood and less playful both in style and language. In 1986, he wrote a short humorous book titledWhy Come to Slaka?, a parody of travel books, dealing withSlaka, the fictionalEastern Europeancountry that is the setting for his novelRates of Exchange, a 1983 novel that was shortlisted for theBooker Prize. Bradbury also wrote extensively for television, including scripting series such asAnything More Would Be Greedy,The Gravy Train(and its sequel,The Gravy Train Goes East, which explored life in Bradbury's fictional Slaka), and adapting novels such asTom Sharpe'sBlott on the LandscapeandPorterhouse Blue,Alison Lurie'sImaginary Friends,Kingsley Amis'sThe Green Man, and the penultimateInspector MorseepisodeThe Wench is Dead. His last television script was forDalziel and Pascoeseries 5, produced byAndy Rowley. The episode \"Foreign Bodies\" was screened onBBC Oneon 15 July 2000. His work was often humorous and ironic, mockingacademe,British culture, andcommunism, usually with apicaresquetone. Selected","Selected bibliography See also References External links","England – inEurope(green & dark grey)– in theUnited Kingdom(green) Englandis acountrythat is part of theUnited Kingdom.It is located on the island ofGreat Britain, of which it covers approximately 62%, andover 100 smaller adjacent islands. It has land borders withScotlandto the north andWalesto the west, and is otherwise surrounded by theNorth Seato the east, theEnglish Channelto the south, theCeltic Seato the south-west, and theIrish Seato the west.Continental Europelies to the south-east, andIrelandto the west. At the2021 census, the population was 56,490,048.Londonis boththe largest cityand thecapital. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during theUpper Paleolithic. It takes its name from theAngles, aGermanictribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world since theAge of Discovery, which began during the 15th century.TheKingdom of England, which included","which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separatesovereign stateon 1 May 1707, when theActs of Unionbrought into effect a political union with theKingdom of Scotlandthat created theKingdom of Great Britain. England is the origin of theEnglish language, theEnglish legal system(which served as the basis for thecommon lawsystems of many other countries),association football, and theAnglicanbranch of Christianity; itsparliamentary system of governmenthas been widely adopted by other nations.TheIndustrial Revolutionbegan in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.England is home tothe two oldest universitiesin the English-speaking world: theUniversity of Oxford, founded in 1096, and theUniversity of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked among the most prestigious in the world. England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills andplains, especially in thecentreandsouth. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in thenorthand west,","thenorthand west, includingDartmoor, theLake District, thePennines, and theShropshire Hills. The country's capital isLondon, themetropolitan areaof which has a population of 14.2 million as of 2021, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom,largely concentrated around London, theSouth East, and conurbations in theMidlands, theNorth West, theNorth East, andYorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Toponymy The name \"England\" is derived from theOld EnglishnameEnglaland, which means \"land of theAngles\".The Angles were one of theGermanic tribesthat settled in Great Britain during theEarly Middle Ages. They came from theAngelnregion of what is now the German state ofSchleswig-Holstein.The earliest recorded use of the term, as \"Engla londe\", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English ofBede'sEcclesiastical History of the English People. The term was","The term was then used to mean \"the land inhabited by the English\", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom ofNorthumbria. TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclerecorded that theDomesday Bookof 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later theChroniclestated that KingMalcolm IIIwent \"out of Scotlande intoLothianin Englaland\", thus using it in the more ancient sense. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work byTacitus,Germania, in which theLatinwordAngliiis used.The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, anangularshape.How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as theSaxons, came to be used for the entire country is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in BritainAngli Saxonesor English","Saxonesor English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony in Germany.InScottish Gaelic, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);similarly, theWelshname for the English language is \"Saesneg\". A romantic name for England isLoegria, related to the Welsh word for England,Lloegr, and made popular by its use inArthurian legend.Albionis also applied to England in a more poetic capacity,though its original meaning is the island of Britain as a whole. History Prehistory The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that ofHomo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during theUpper Paleolithicperiod, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.After thelast ice ageonly large mammals such asmammoths,bisonandwoolly rhinocerosremained. Roughly","Roughly 11,000 years ago, when theice sheetsbegan to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of theIberian Peninsula.The sea level was lower than the present day and Britain was connected byland bridgeto Ireland andEurasia.As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. TheBeaker culturearrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.It was during this time that majorNeolithicmonuments such asStonehenge(phase III) andAveburywere constructed. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people madebronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of ironsmeltingallowed the construction of betterploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, withCeltic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons. During theIron Age,Celtic culture,","Age,Celtic culture, deriving from theHallstattandLa Tène cultures, arrived from Central Europe.Brythonicwas the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according toPtolemy'sGeographiathere were around 20 tribes in the area. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of theRoman Republicattempted toinvade twicein 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up aclient kingfrom theTrinovantes. Ancient history The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of EmperorClaudius, subsequentlyconquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire asBritannia province.The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were theCatuvellauniled byCaratacus. Later, an uprising led byBoudica, Queen of theIceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at theBattle of Watling Street.The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders","the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000.This era saw aGreco-Romanculture prevail with the introduction ofRoman law,Roman architecture,aqueducts,sewers, many agricultural items and silk.In the 3rd century, EmperorSeptimius Severusdied atEboracum(nowYork), whereConstantinewas subsequently proclaimed emperor a century later. There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. According toBede, missionaries were sent from Rome byEleutheriusat the request of the chieftainLucius of Britainin 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction throughJoseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.By 410, during thedecline of the Roman Empire, Britain was left exposed by theend of Roman rule in Britainand the withdrawal of Roman army units,","Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Local \"congregations\" were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated church. Middle Ages Roman militarywithdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Saxons,Angles,Jutesand Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province. These groups then began to settle in increasing numbers over the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, initially in the eastern part of the country.Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at theBattle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, overrunning the fertile lowlands of","fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area underBrittoniccontrol to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as aDark Age. Details of theAnglo-Saxon settlement of Britainare consequently subject to considerable disagreement; the emerging consensus is that it occurred on a large scale in the south and east but was less substantial to the north and west, where Celtic languages continued to be spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon control.Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, been replaced in the conquered territories byAnglo-Saxon paganism, but wasreintroduced by missionariesfrom Rome led byAugustinefrom 597.Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at theCouncil of Whitby(664), which was ostensibly abouttonsures(clerical haircuts) and the date of Easter, but more","of Easter, but more significantly, about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice. During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms includingNorthumbria,Mercia,Wessex,East Anglia,Essex,KentandSussex. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued.The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by theDanesculminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex underAlfred the Greatwas left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his","and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of theDanelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished underÆthelstanin 927 and definitively established after further conflicts byEadredin 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom bySweyn Forkbeardin 1013 and again by his sonCnutin 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-livedNorth Sea Empirethat also includedDenmarkandNorway. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession ofEdward the Confessorin 1042. A dispute over the succession to Edward led to an unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion in September 1066 close to York in the North, and the successfulNorman Conquestin October 1066, accomplished by an army led byDuke William of Normandyinvading at Hastings late September 1066.TheNormansthemselves originated fromScandinaviaand had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.This conquest","conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language. Subsequently, theHouse of PlantagenetfromAnjouinherited the English throne underHenry II, adding England to the buddingAngevin Empireof fiefs the family had inherited in France includingAquitaine.They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs beingRichard I,Edward I,Edward IIIandHenry V.The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing ofMagna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholicmonasticismflourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. ThePrincipality of Walesbecame a Plantagenet fief during the 13th centuryand theLordship of Irelandwas given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and","Plantagenets and theHouse of Valoisclaimed to be legitimate claimants to theHouse of Capetand of France; the two powers clashed in theHundred Years' War.TheBlack Deathepidemichit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England'sinhabitants. Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war known as theWar of the Roseswaged between the two branches of the royal family, theYorkistsandLancastrians.Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family theTudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed byHenry Tudorwho invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at theBattle of Bosworth Fieldwhere the Yorkist kingRichard IIIwas killed. Early modern period During theTudor period, England began to developnaval skills, and exploration intensified in theAge of Discovery.Henry VIIIbroke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to his divorce, under theActs of Supremacyin 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of theChurch of England. In contrast","In contrast with much of EuropeanProtestantism, theroots of the splitwere more political than theological.He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters,Mary IandElizabeth I. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy ofAnglicanism. TheElizabethan erais the epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (\"the Virgin Queen\"). Historians often depict it as thegolden agein English history that represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of great art, drama, poetry, music and literature.England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government. Competing withSpain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorerWalter RaleighinVirginiaand namedRoanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony","as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.With theEast India Company, England also competed with theDutchandFrenchin the East. During the Elizabethan period, England was at war with Spain. Anarmadasailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet underLord Howard of Effingham. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in1596and1597, but both were driven back by storms. Union with Scotland The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when theKing of Scots,James VI, a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating apersonal union.He styled himselfKing of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.Under the auspices of James VI and I the AuthorisedKing James","James Versionof the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, theEnglish Civil Warwas fought between the supporters ofParliamentand those of KingCharles I, known colloquially asRoundheadsandCavaliersrespectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifacetedWars of the Three Kingdoms, involvingScotlandandIreland. The Parliamentarians were victorious,Charles I was executedand the kingdom replaced by theCommonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces,Oliver Cromwelldeclared himselfLord Protectorin 1653; a period ofpersonal rulefollowed.After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his sonRichardas Lord Protector,Charles IIwas invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called theRestoration. With the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature and performing arts flourished throughout the","throughout the Restoration of the \"Merry Monarch\" Charles II.After theGlorious Revolutionof 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with theBill of Rightsin 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.Also since that time, no British monarch has entered theHouse of Commonswhen it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at theState Opening of Parliamentby the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.With the founding of theRoyal Societyin 1660, science was greatly encouraged. In 1666 theGreat Fire of Londongutted the city of London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward with","afterward with many significant buildings designed by SirChristopher Wren.By the mid-to-late 17th century, two political factions had emerged – theToriesandWhigs. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic kingJames II, some of them, along with the Whigs, during theRevolution of 1688invited the DutchPrince William of Orangeto defeat James and become the king. Some English people, especially in the north, wereJacobitesand continued to support James and his sons. Under theStuart dynastyEngland expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. The Royal Navy developed Europe's largest merchant fleet.After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,the two countries joined inpolitical union, to create theKingdom of Great Britainin 1707.To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. Late modern and contemporary periods Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and otherEnglish initiativescombined with theScottish","with theScottish Enlightenmentto create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth inBritish overseas tradeprotected by theRoyal Navypaved the way for the establishment of theBritish Empire. Domestically it drove theIndustrial Revolution, a period of profound change in thesocioeconomicand cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.The opening of Northwest England'sBridgewater Canalin 1761 ushered in thecanal age in Britain.In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – theStockton and Darlington Railway– opened to the public. During theIndustrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance atBirminghamandManchester,with the latter the world's first industrial city.England maintained relative","maintained relative stability throughout theFrench Revolution, underGeorge IIIandWilliam Pitt the Younger. Theregency of George IVis noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture.During theNapoleonic Wars,Napoleonplanned toinvade from the south-east; however, this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea byHoratio Nelson, and on land byArthur Wellesley. The major victory at theBattle of Trafalgarconfirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept ofBritishnessand a united nationalBritish people, shared with the English, Scots and Welsh. London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during theVictorian era, and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious.Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and","Kingdom's power and prosperity.Political agitation at home from radicals such as theChartistsand thesuffragettesenabled legislative reform anduniversal suffrage. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of theAllies.Two decades later, inWorld War II, the United Kingdom was again one of theAllies. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids duringthe Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapiddecolonisation, and there was a speeding-up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport andFrank Whittle's development of thejet engineled to widerair travel.Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of theNational Health Servicein 1948, providingpublicly funded health careto all permanent residents free at the point of need. Combined, these prompted the reform oflocal government in Englandin the","in Englandin the mid-20th century. Since the 20th century, there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of theBritish Isles, but also from theCommonwealth, particularly theIndian subcontinent.Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on theservice industry.As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined acommon marketinitiative called theEuropean Economic Communitywhich became theEuropean Union. Since the late 20th century theadministration of the United Kingdomhas moved towardsdevolved governancein Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.England and Walescontinues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected byreferendum. Governance Politics England is part of the United Kingdom, aconstitutional","aconstitutional monarchywith aparliamentary system.There has not been agovernment of Englandsince 1707, when theActs of Union 1707,putting into effect the terms of theTreaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form theKingdom of Great Britain.Before the union England was ruled byits monarchand theParliament of England. Today England is governed directly by theParliament of the United Kingdom, although othercountries of the United Kingdomhavedevolvedgovernments.There has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that variousregions of Englandwould be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by theNorth Eastin a2004 referendum, this has not been carried out.In 2024, an England-only intergovernmental body, known as theMayoral Council, was established to bring together ministers from theUK Government, theMayor of Londonand the leaders ofcombined authorities. In theHouse of Commonswhich is thelower houseof the British Parliament based at thePalace of","at thePalace of Westminster, there are 543 members of parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.England is represented by 347 MPs from theLabour Party, 116 from theConservative Party, 65 from theLiberal Democrats, five forReform UKand four for theGreen Party of England and Wales. Law TheEnglish lawlegal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis ofcommon lawlegal systems used in mostCommonwealthcountriesand the United States (exceptLouisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of theCourts of England and Walescontinued, under theTreaty of Union, as a separate legal system fromthe one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge oflegal precedent–stare decisis– to the facts before them. The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of theCourt of Appeal, theHigh Court of Justicefor civil cases, and theCrown Courtfor","theCrown Courtfor criminal cases.TheSupreme Court of the United Kingdomis the highest court for criminal and civil cases inEngland and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over thejudicial functions of the House of Lords.A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions. TheSecretary of State for Justiceis the minister responsible to Parliament for thejudiciary, the court system and prisons and probation in England.Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it one of thehighest incarceration ratesin Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.His Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to theMinistry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing 81,309 prisoners in England and Wales as of September 2022. Subdivisions Thesubdivisions of Englandconsist of up to four levels ofsubnational division, controlled through a variety of types of","variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes oflocal government. Outside the London region, England's highest tier is the 48ceremonial counties.These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference. Of these, 38 developed gradually since theMiddle Ages; these were reformed to 51 in 1974 and to their current number in 1996.Each has aLord LieutenantandHigh Sheriff; these posts are used to represent theBritish monarchlocally.Some counties, such asHerefordshire, are only divided further into civil parishes. The royal county of Berkshire and the metropolitan counties have different types of status to other ceremonial counties. The second tier is made up ofcombined authoritiesand the 27county-tiershire counties. In 1974, all ceremonial counties were two-tier; and with the metropolitan county tier phased out, the 1996 reform separated the ceremonial county and the administrative county tier. England is also divided into local government districts.The district can align to a","can align to a ceremonial county, or be a district tier within ashire county, be aroyalormetropolitan borough, haveboroughorcity status, or be aunitary authority. At the community level, much of England is divided intocivil parisheswith their owncouncils; in Greater London only one such parish,Queen's Park, exists as of 2014after they wereabolished in 1965until legislationallowed their recreationin 2007. London From 1994 until the early 2010s England was divided for a few purposes into regions; a1998 referendumfor the London Region created theLondon Assemblytwo years later.A failed2004 North East England devolution referendumcancelled furtherregional assemblydevolutionwith the regional structure outside London abolished. Ceremonially and administratively, the region is divided between theCity of LondonandGreater London; these are further divided into the 32London Boroughsand the 25Wards of the City of London. Geography Landscape and rivers Geographically, England includes the central and southern two-thirds","southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as theIsle of Wightand theIsles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom:to the northby Scotland andto the westby Wales. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. It is separated fromFrance(Hauts-de-France) by a 21-mile (34 km)sea gap, though the two countries are connected by theChannel TunnelnearFolkestone.England also has shores on theIrish Sea,North Seaand Atlantic Ocean. The ports of London,Liverpool, andNewcastlelie on the tidal riversThames,MerseyandTynerespectively. At 220 miles (350 km), theSevernis the longest river flowing through England.It empties into theBristol Channeland is notable for itsSevern Bore(atidal bore), which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length.There are manylakes in England; the largest isWindermere, within the aptly namedLake","the aptly namedLake District. Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include thePennines, a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and theCheviot Hills, straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), isScafell Pikein the Lake District.TheShropshire Hillsare near Wales whileDartmoorandExmoorare two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by theTees–Exe line. The Pennines, known as the \"backbone of England\", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of thePaleozoic Eraaround 300 million years ago.Their geological composition includes, among others,sandstoneandlimestone, and also coal. There arekarstlandscapes in calcite areas such as parts ofYorkshireandDerbyshire. The Pennine","The Pennine landscape is highmoorlandin upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain twonational parks, theYorkshire Dalesand thePeak District. In theWest Country, Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite. TheEnglish Lowlandsare in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including theCotswold Hills,Chiltern Hills,NorthandSouth Downs; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as thecliffs of Dover. This also includes relatively flat plains such as theSalisbury Plain,Somerset Levels,South Coast PlainandThe Fens. Climate England has atemperatemaritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on theEnglish coast, while July is normally the warmest","the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to theAtlantic Ocean, its northernlatitudeand the warming of the sea by theGulf Stream.Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of theLake Districtreceive more rain than anywhere else in the country.Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on 19 July 2022 atConingsby,Lincolnshire,while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 inEdgmond, Shropshire. Nature and wildlife The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in theBritish Isleswith a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats.National nature reserves in Englandare designated byNatural Englandas key places forwildlifeand natural features in England. They were established to protect the most significant areas of habitat and of geological formations.","formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members ofThe Wildlife Trustspartnership, theNational Trust, and theRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds. There are 221 NNRs in England covering 110,000 hectares (1,100 square kilometres). Often they contain rare species or nationally important populations of plants and animals.. TheEnvironment Agencyis a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by theDepartment for Environment, Food and Rural Affairswith responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.TheSecretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairsis the minister responsible for environmental protection, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England. England has atemperate oceanic climatein most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas ofsubarcticand warmer areas inthe South West. Towards","South West. Towards theNorth of Englandthe climate becomes colder and most of England's mountains and high hills are located here and have a major impact on the climate and thus the local fauna of the areas.Deciduouswoodlands are common across all of England and provide a great habitat for much of England's wildlife, but these give way in northern and upland areas of England toconiferousforests (mainly plantations) which also benefit certain forms of wildlife. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban environment, particularly thered fox, which is the most successfulurban mammalafter thebrown rat, and other animals such ascommon wood pigeon, both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas. Major conurbations TheGreater London Built-up Areais by far the largest urban area in Englandand one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered aglobal cityand has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.Other urban areas of considerable size and influence","size and influence tend to be innorthern Englandor theEnglish Midlands.There are50 settlementswhich have designatedcity status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has 66. While many cities in England are quite large, such asBirmingham,Sheffield,Manchester,Liverpool,Leeds,Newcastle,Bradford,Nottingham, population size is not a prerequisite for city status.Traditionally the status was given to towns withdiocesan cathedrals, so there are smaller cities likeWells,Ely,Ripon,TruroandChichester. Economy England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with an averageGDP per capitaof £37,852 in 2022.HM Treasury, led by theChancellor of the Exchequer, is responsible for developing and executing the government'spublic financepolicy andeconomic policy.Usually regarded as amixed market economy, it has adopted manyfree marketprinciples, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure. The economy of England is the largest part of theUK's economy.England is a leader in the chemical and","in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularlyaerospace, thearms industry, and thesoftware industry. London, home to theLondon Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's mainstock exchangeand the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.London is the largest financial centre in Europe and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world. London has also been named as the fastest growing technology hub in Europe, with England having over 100 unique tech companies with a value of $1 billion or more.TheBank of England, founded in 1694 as private banker to the government of England and astate-owned institutionsince 1946, is the United Kingdom'scentral bank.The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes inEngland and Wales, although not in other parts of the UK. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank'sMonetary Policy Committeefor managing the monetary policy of the country and setting","country and setting interest rates. England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a moreservice industryoriented economy.Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated bypharmaceuticals, automotives,crude oiland petroleum from the English parts ofNorth Sea oilalong withWytch Farm,aircraft enginesand alcoholic beverages.Thecreative industriesaccounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the remainder to arable crops.The main crops that are grown arewheat,barley,oats,potatoes, andsugar beets. England retains a significant fishing industry. Its fleets bring","Its fleets bring home a variety of fish, ranging fromsoletoherring. England is also rich in natural resources includingcoal,petroleum,natural gas,tin,limestone,iron ore,salt,clay,chalk,gypsum,lead, and silica. Science and technology Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include SirIsaac Newton,Charles Darwin,Robert Hooke,Alan Turing,Stephen Hawking,Edward Jenner,Francis Crick,Joseph Lister,Joseph Priestley,Thomas Young,Christopher WrenandRichard Dawkins. England was a leading centre of theScientific Revolutionfrom the 17th century.As the birthplace of theIndustrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers includeIsambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of theGreat Western Railway, a series of famoussteamships, and numerous important bridges, revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.Thomas Newcomen'ssteam enginehelped spawn the Industrial Revolution. The Father","The Father of Railways,George Stephenson, built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, theLiverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage,Matthew Boulton(business partner ofJames Watt) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.The physicianEdward Jenner'ssmallpox vaccineis said to have \"saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history.\" Inventions and discoveries of the English include thejet engine; the first industrialspinning machine;the first computerand the firstmodern computer; theWorld Wide Webalong withHTML; the first successful humanblood transfusion; the motorisedvacuum cleaner;thelawn mower; theseat belt; thehovercraft; theelectric motor;steam engines; and theories such as the Darwinian theory ofevolutionandatomic theory. Newton developed the ideas ofuniversal gravitation,Newtonian mechanics,","mechanics, andcalculus, andRobert Hookehis eponymously namedlaw of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, thethermosiphon,tarmac, therubber band, themousetrap,\"cat's eye\"road marker, joint development of thelight bulb, steamlocomotives, the modernseed drilland many modern techniques and technologies used inprecision engineering. TheRoyal Society, formallyThe Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge,is alearned societyand theUnited Kingdom's nationalacademy of sciences. Founded on 28 November 1660,It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.TheRoyal Institution of Great Britainwas founded in 1799 by leading English scientists, includingHenry Cavendish.Some experts claim that the earliest concept of ametric systemwas invented byJohn Wilkinsin 1668. Scientific research and development remains important in theuniversities of England, with many establishingscience parksto facilitate production and co-operation with industry.Cambridgeis the most intensive","the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.In 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (after the United States and China).Scientific journals produced in England includeNature, theBritish Medical JournalandThe Lancet. TheDepartment for Science, Innovation and Technology,Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology, andMinister of State for Science, Research and Innovationhas responsibility for science in England. Transport TheDepartment for Transportis the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by theSecretary of State for Transport. England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are manymotorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as theA1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle(much of this section is motorway) and onward to","and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is theM6, fromRugbythrough theNorth Westup to theAnglo-Scottish border, a distance of 232 miles (373 km).Other major routes include: theM1from London to Leeds, theM25which encircles London, theM60which encircles Manchester, theM4from London to South Wales, theM62from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and theM5from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West. Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies includeArriva,FirstGroup,Go-Ahead Group,Mobico Group,RotalaandStagecoach Group.Bus rapid transitoriginated in England with theRuncornBusway opening in 1971.The reddouble-decker busesin London have become a symbol of England.National Cycle Routeoffers cycling routes nationally. Rail transport in Englandis the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.Much of Britain's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively. There is rail transport","is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, theChannel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994. Great British Railwaysis a planned state-owned public body that will overseerail transport in Great Britainfrom 2024. TheOffice of Rail and Roadis responsible for the economic and safety regulation of England's railways.Crossrailwas Europe's largest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost, opened in 2022.High Speed 2, a new high-speed north–south railway line, is under construction. There is arapid transitnetwork in two English cities: theLondon Underground, and theTyne and Wear MetroinNewcastle upon Tyne,GatesheadandSunderland.There are several extensive tram networks, such as theManchester Metrolink,Sheffield Supertram,West Midlands Metro,Nottingham Express Transit, andTramlinkin South London.England also has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport isHeathrow, which is theworld's second busiest airport measured by number of","by number of international passengers. By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium.There are around 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by theCanal & River Trust,however, water transport is very limited. TheRiver Thamesis the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at thePort of Tilburyin theThames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports. Energy Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reducecarbon dioxideemissions. Notably, the UK isone of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.Wind power contributed 26.8% of UK electricity generation in 2022.England is home toHornsea 2, the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire. TheClimate Change Act 2008was passed in Parliament with","in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally bindingclimate change mitigationtarget set by a country.UK government energy policyaims to play a key role in limitinggreenhouse gas emissions, while meeting energy demand. Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country'senergy mixthrough changes in costs. The current energy policy is the responsibility of theDepartment for Energy Security and Net ZeroandSecretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero.TheMinister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growthis responsible for green finance, climate science and innovation, and low carbon generation.In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked 2 out of 180 countries in theEnvironmental Performance Index.A law has been passed thatUK greenhouse gas emissionswill benet zeroby 2050. Healthcare TheNational Health Service(NHS), is the","is the publicly fundedhealthcare systemresponsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of theNational Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of theBeveridge Report, prepared by the economist and social reformer,William Beveridge.The NHS is largely funded by general taxation andNational Insurancepayments;it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care. The government department responsible for the NHS is theDepartment of Health, under theSecretary of State for Health. Most of the department's expenses are on the NHS – £98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.Regulatory bodies such as theGeneral Medical Counciland theNursing and Midwifery Councilare organised on a UK-wide basis, as are non-governmental bodies such as theRoyal Colleges. The averagelife expectancyis 77.5 years for males and","years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the fourcountries of the United Kingdom.The south of England has a higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years. Demography Population With over 56 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.England taken as a unit and measured against international states would be the 26th largestcountry by populationin the world. TheEnglish peopleareBritish people.There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially theUnited States,Canada,Australia,South AfricaandNew Zealand.Since the late 1990s, many English peoplehave migratedto Spain.Due in particular to the economic prosperity ofSouth East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United","parts of the United Kingdom.There has beensignificant Irish migration.The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 81.7%,includingWhite British,GermansandPoles,down from 94.1% in 1991.Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, about 7% of people living in England have familyorigins in the Indian subcontinent, mostlyIndia,PakistanandBangladesh.About 0.7% areChinese,0.6% areArabs.4.0% of the population areblack, from Africa and theCaribbean, especially former British colonies,and 2.9% identified as multiracial ormixed. In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were fromethnic minorityfamilies,and in 2011 that figure was 26.5%.About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. England contains one indigenous national minority, theCornish people, recognised by the UK government under theFramework Convention for the Protection of National Minoritiesin 2014. Language (thousands) English,","English, today widely spoken around the world,originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal tongue. According to a 2011 census, it is spoken well or very well by 98% of the population English language learning and teachingis an importanteconomic activity. There is nolegislationmandating anofficial languagefor England,but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinctregional accents. Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived,and is now protected under theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.It is spoken by 0.1% of people inCornwall,and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools. State schoolsteach students asecond languageorthird languagefrom the ages of seven, most commonly French, Spanish or German.It was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke aforeign languageat home,the most common beingPunjabiandUrdu. However,","However, following the 2011 census data released by theOffice for National Statistics, figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English.In 2022,British Sign Languagebecame an official language of England when theBritish Sign Language Act 2022came into effect. Religion In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that they had no religion, 5% specified that they wereMuslim, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2% did not give an answer.Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. Theestablished churchof England is theChurch of England,which left communion withRomein the 1530s whenHenry VIIIwas unable to annul his marriage toCatherine of Aragon. The church regards itself as both Catholic andProtestant. There areHigh ChurchandLow Churchtraditions and some Anglicans regard themselves asAnglo-Catholics, following theTractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is","United Kingdom is thesupreme governor of the Church of England, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). It forms part of theAnglican Communionwith theArchbishop of Canterburyacting as its symbolic worldwide head.Manycathedralsand parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such asWestminster Abbey,York Minster,Durham Cathedral, andSalisbury Cathedral. The second-largest Christian denomination is theCatholic Church. Since its reintroduction after theCatholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on anEngland and Walesbasis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).There has been one Pope from England to date,Adrian IV, while saintsBedeandAnselmare regarded asDoctors of the Church. A form ofProtestantismknown asMethodismis the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism throughJohn Wesley.It gained popularity in themill townsofLancashireandYorkshire, and","and among tin miners inCornwall.There are othernon-conformistminorities, such asBaptists,Quakers,Congregationalists,UnitariansandThe Salvation Army. The patron saint of England isSaint George; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England.There are many other English and associated saints, includingCuthbert,Edmund,Alban,Wilfrid,Aidan,Edward the Confessor,John Fisher,Thomas More,Petroc,Piran,Margaret ClitherowandThomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised.Jewshave a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.They were expelled from England in 1290 following theEdict of Expulsion, and were allowed back in 1656. Especially since the 1950s, religions from theformer British colonieshave grown in numbers, due to immigration.Islamis the most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England.Hinduism,SikhismandBuddhismare next in number, adding up to 2.8% combined,introduced from India andSoutheast Asia. A small minority of the population practise","population practise ancientPagan religions.Neopaganism in the United Kingdomis primarily represented byWiccaandNeopagan witchcraft,Druidry, andHeathenry. According to the2011 census, there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,including 11,026Wiccans.24.7% of people in England declaredno religion, compared with 14.6% in 2001.Norwichhad the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed byBrighton and Hoveat 42.4%. Education TheDepartment for Educationis the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.State-funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.Education is the responsibility of theSecretary of State for Education. Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or anEarly Years Foundation Stagereception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. State-funded schools are","schools are obliged by law to teach theNational Curriculum; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history, geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education. TheProgramme for International Student Assessmentcoordinated by theOECDcurrently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493. Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are selective intakegrammar schoolsto which entrance is subject to passing theeleven-plusexam. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attendprivate schools, which are funded by private sources.Standards in state schools are monitored by theOffice for Standards in Education, and in private schools by theIndependent Schools Inspectorate. After finishing","After finishing compulsory education, students takeGCSEexaminations. Students may then opt to continue intofurther educationfor two years.Further education colleges(particularlysixth form colleges) often form part of a secondary school site.A-levelexaminations are sat by a large number of further education students, and often form the basis of an application to university. Further education covers a wide curriculum of study andapprenticeships, includingT-levels,BTEC,NVQand others.Tertiary collegesprovide both academic and vocational courses. Higher education Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for anacademic degree. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which arepublic institutions. TheDepartment for Business, Innovation and Skillsis the government department responsible for higher education in England.Students are generally entitled tostudent loansto covertuition feesand living costs.The first degree offered to undergraduates is","undergraduates is thebachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or a doctorate, which takes three or more years. England's universitiesinclude some of the highest-ranked universities in the world. As of 2024, four England-based universities, theUniversity of Cambridge,University of Oxford,Imperial College London, andUniversity College London, are ranked among the top ten in the 2024QS World University Rankings. The University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, and the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, are the twooldest universities in the English-speaking world. TheLondon School of Economicshas been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.TheLondon Business Schoolis considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by theFinancial Times.Academic degreesin England are usually split","are usually split into classes: first class, upper second class, lower second class, third, and unclassified.The King's School, CanterburyandKing's School, Rochesterare the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.Many of England's most well-known schools, such asWinchester College,Eton,St Paul's School,Harrow SchoolandRugby Schoolare fee-paying institutions. Culture Architecture Many ancientstanding stonemonuments were erected during the prehistoric period; among the best known areStonehenge,Devil's Arrows,Rudston MonolithandCastlerigg.With the introduction ofAncient Roman architecturethere was a development ofbasilicas,baths,amphitheaters,triumphal arches,villas,Roman temples,Roman roads,Roman forts,stockadesandaqueducts.It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example isHadrian's Wallstretching right across northern England.Another well-preserved example is theRoman BathsatBath, Somerset. Early medieval","Early medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber withthatchfor roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis ofHiberno–Saxonmonasticism,toEarly Christianbasilicaand architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 variouscastleswere created; the best known include theTower of London,Warwick Castle,Durham CastleandWindsor Castle. Throughout the Plantagenet era, anEnglish Gothic architectureflourished, with prime examples including themedieval cathedralssuch asCanterbury Cathedral,Westminster AbbeyandYork Minster.Expanding on theNorman basethere was alsocastles,palaces,great houses, universities andparish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-centuryTudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as theTudor arch, was a defining feature as werewattle and daubhouses domestically. In the aftermath of theRenaissancea form of architecture","of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, theEnglish Baroquestyle of architectChristopher Wrenbeing particularly championed. Georgian architecturefollowed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; theRoyal Crescentat Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence ofromanticismduring Victorian period, aGothic Revivalwas launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such asThe Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s variousmodernistforms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places. Gardens Landscape gardening, as developed byCapability Brown, set an international trend for theEnglish landscape garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually included","usually included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples,Gothicruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by theFrench landscape garden, and as far away asPavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, the gardens of the futureEmperor Paul. It also had a major influence on thepublic parksand gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.The English landscape garden was centred on theEnglish country houseand manor houses. English Heritageand theNational Trustpreserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country.TheRHS Chelsea Flower Showis held every year by theRoyal Horticultural Societyand is said to be the largest gardening show in the world. Folklore English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common","regions. Common folkloric beings includepixies,giants,elves,bogeymen,trolls,goblinsanddwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuringOffa of AngelandWayland the Smith,others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuringRobin Hoodand hisMerry MenofSherwood, and their battles with theSheriff of Nottingham, are among the best-known of these. During theHigh Middle Agestales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into theArthurian myth.These were derived fromAnglo-Norman, Welsh and French sources,featuringKing Arthur,Camelot,Excalibur,Merlinand theKnights of the Round Tablesuch asLancelot. These stories are most centrally brought together withinGeoffrey of Monmouth'sHistoria Regum Britanniae(History of the Kings of Britain). Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries.On 5 November people celebrateBonfire Nightto commemorate the foiling of","the foiling of theGunpowder Plotcentred onGuy Fawkes. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such asMorris dancing,Maypole dancing,Rapper swordin the North East,Long Sword dancein Yorkshire,Mummers Plays,bottle-kickingin Leicestershire, andcheese-rollingatCooper's Hill.There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as thePearly Kings and Queensassociated with cockneys, theRoyal Guard, theMorris costumeandBeefeaters. Cuisine Since theearly modern periodthe food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.During theMiddle Agesand the Renaissance, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during theIndustrial Revolutionwith increasing urbanisation. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some good ratings inRestaurant'sbest restaurant in the","restaurant in the worldcharts. Traditional examples of English food include theSunday roast, featuring aroasted joint(usually beef,lamb, chicken or pork) served with assorted vegetables,Yorkshire puddingandgravy.Other prominent meals includefish and chipsand thefull English breakfast(generally consisting ofbacon,sausages, grilled tomatoes, fried bread,black pudding,baked beans,mushroomsand eggs).Variousmeat piesare consumed, such assteak and kidney pie,steak and ale pie,cottage pie,pork pie(usually eaten cold)and theCornish pasty. Sausages are commonly eaten, either asbangers and mashortoad in the hole.Lancashire hotpotis a well-known stew originating in the northwest. Some of the more popular cheeses areCheddar,Red Leicester,Wensleydale,Double GloucesterandBlue Stilton. ManyAnglo-Indianhybrid dishes,curries, have been created, such aschicken tikka masalaandbalti. Traditional English dessert dishes includeapple pieor other fruit pies;spotted dick– all generally served withcustard; and, more recently,sticky","recently,sticky toffee pudding. Sweet pastries includesconesserved with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves,Eccles cakesandmince piesas well as sweet or spiced biscuits. Common non-alcoholic drinks include teaand coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine,cidersandEnglish beers, such asbitter,mild,stoutandbrown ale. Visual arts The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock andcave artpieces, most prominent inNorth Yorkshire, Northumberland andCumbria, but also feature further south, for example atCreswell Crags.With the arrival ofRoman culturein the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those atLullingstoneandAldborough.During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in theStaffordshire Hoarddiscovered in 2009. Some of these blendedGaelic and","blendedGaelic and Anglianstyles, such as theLindisfarne GospelsandVespasian Psalter.LaterGothic artwas popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such asBenedictional of St. ÆthelwoldandLuttrell Psalter. The Tudor era sawprominent artistsas part of their court; portrait painting, which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by GermanHans Holbein, and natives such asNicholas Hilliardbuilt on this.Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period includeAnthony van Dyck,Peter Lely,Godfrey KnellerandWilliam Dobson.The 18th century saw the founding of theRoyal Academy; aclassicismbased on theHigh Renaissanceprevailed, withThomas GainsboroughandJoshua Reynoldsbecoming two of England's most treasured artists. In the 19th century,John ConstableandJ. M. W. Turnerwere major landscape artists. TheNorwich Schoolcontinued the landscape tradition, while thePre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, led by artists such asHolman Hunt,Dante Gabriel","Hunt,Dante Gabriel RossettiandJohn Everett Millais, revived theEarly Renaissancestyle with their vivid and detailed style.Prominent among 20th-century artists wasHenry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.TheRoyal Society of Artsis an organisation committed to the arts. Literature, poetry, and philosophy Early authors such asBedeandAlcuinwrote in Latin.The period ofOld English literatureprovided the epic poemBeowulfand the secular prose of theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle,along with Christian writings such asJudith,Cædmon'sHymnandhagiographies.Following the Norman conquestLatincontinued among the educated classes, as well as anAnglo-Norman literature. Middle English literatureemerged withGeoffrey Chaucer, author ofThe Canterbury Tales, along withGower, thePearl PoetandLangland.William of OckhamandRoger Bacon, who wereFranciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages.Julian of Norwich, who wroteRevelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With","mystic. With theEnglish Renaissanceliterature in theEarly Modern Englishstyle appeared.William Shakespeare, whose works includeHamlet,Romeo and Juliet,Macbeth, andA Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature. Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser,Philip Sydney,Thomas Kyd,John Donne, andBen Jonsonare other established authors of theElizabethan age.Francis BaconandThomas Hobbeswrote onempiricismandmaterialism, includingscientific methodandsocial contract.Filmerwrote on theDivine Right of Kings.Marvellwas the best-known poet of theCommonwealth,whileJohn MiltonauthoredParadise Lostduring theRestoration. This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. William Shakespeare. Some of the most prominent philosophers of theEnlightenmentwereJohn Locke,Thomas Paine,Samuel JohnsonandJeremy Bentham. More","Bentham. More radical elements were later countered byEdmund Burkewho is regarded as the founder of conservatism.The poetAlexander Popewith his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role inromanticism:Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Lord Byron,John Keats,Mary Shelley,Percy Bysshe Shelley,William BlakeandWilliam Wordsworthwere major figures. In response to theIndustrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way betweenlibertyand tradition;William Cobbett,G. K. ChestertonandHilaire Bellocwere main exponents, while the founder ofguild socialism,Arthur Penty, andcooperative movementadvocateG. D. H. Coleare somewhat related.Empiricism continued throughJohn Stuart MillandBertrand Russell, whileBernard Williamswas involved inanalytics. Authors from around theVictorian eraincludeCharles Dickens, theBrontë sisters,Jane Austen,George Eliot,Rudyard Kipling,Thomas Hardy,H. G. WellsandLewis Carroll.Since then England has continued to produce novelists such asGeorge Orwell,D. H. Lawrence,Virginia","Lawrence,Virginia Woolf,C. S. Lewis,Enid Blyton,Aldous Huxley,Agatha Christie,Terry Pratchett,J. R. R. Tolkien, andJ. K. Rowling. Performing arts The traditionalfolk music of Englandis centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostlysea shanties,jigs,hornpipesanddance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed byWynkyn de Wordein the 16th century, are an important artefact, as areJohn Playford'sThe Dancing MasterandRobert Harley'sRoxburghe Balladscollections.Some of the best-known songs areGreensleeves,Pastime with Good Company,Maggie MayandSpanish Ladiesamong others. Manynursery rhymesare of English origin such asMary, Mary, Quite Contrary,Roses Are Red,Jack and Jill,London Bridge Is Falling Down,The Grand Old Duke of York,Hey Diddle DiddleandHumpty Dumpty.Traditional English Christmas carols include \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\", \"The First Noel\", \"I Saw Three Ships\" and \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\". Early English","Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artistsThomas TallisandWilliam Byrd, followed byHenry Purcellfrom theBaroque periodandThomas Arnewho was well known for his patriotic songRule, Britannia!. German-bornGeorge Frideric Handelspent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios,The Messiah,Solomon,Water Music, andMusic for the Royal Fireworks. Classical music attracted much attention in the 18th century with the formation of theBirmingham Triennial Music Festival, which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in 1912. TheEnglish Musical Renaissancewas a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers, often those lecturing or trained at theRoyal College of Music, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences. There was a revival in the profile of","in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led byEdward Elgar,Benjamin Britten,Frederick Delius,Gustav Holst,Ralph Vaughan Williamsand others.Present-day composers from England includeMichael Nyman, best known forThe Piano, andAndrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have achieved enormous success in theWest Endand worldwide. Inpopular music, many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such asthe Beatles,Led Zeppelin,Pink Floyd,Elton John,Queen,Rod Stewart,David Bowie,the Rolling StonesandDef Leppardare among the highest-selling recording artists in the world.Many musical genres have origins in (or strong associations with) England, such asBritish invasion,progressive rock,hard rock,Mod,glam rock,heavy metal,Britpop,indie rock,gothic rock,shoegazing,acid house,garage,trip hop,drum and bassanddubstep. Large outdoormusic festivalsin the summer and autumn are popular, such asGlastonbury,V Festival, and theReading and Leeds","and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, freeravemovement from the late 1980s, which inspired the pan-European culture ofteknivals.TheBoishakhi Melais aBengali New Yearfestival celebrated by theBritish Bangladeshicommunity. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After theNotting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the UK, attracting over 80,000 visitors. The most prominentopera housein England is theRoyal Opera HouseatCovent Garden.The Promsis a major annual cultural event in the English calendar.The Royal Balletis one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies. TheRoyal Academy of Musicis the oldestconservatoirein the UK, founded in 1822, receiving itsroyal charterin 1830.England is home to numerous major orchestras such as theBBC Symphony Orchestra, theRoyal Philharmonic Orchestra, thePhilharmonia Orchestra, and theLondon Symphony Orchestra.Other forms of entertainment that originated in England include thecircusand thepantomime. Cinema","Cinema England has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, includingAlfred Hitchcock,Charlie Chaplin,David Lean,Laurence Olivier,Vivien Leigh,John Gielgud,Peter Sellers,Julie Andrews,Michael Caine,Gary Oldman,Helen Mirren,Kate WinsletandDaniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers.Hitchcock'sThe Lodger: A Story of the London Fog(1926) helped shape thethrillergenre in film, while his 1929Blackmailis often regarded as the first Britishsoundfeature film. Major film studios in England includePinewood,ElstreeandShepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of thehighest-grossing film franchises(Harry PotterandJames Bond).Ealing Studiosin London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world.Famous for recording many motion picturefilm scores, theLondon Symphony","theLondon Symphony Orchestrafirst performed film music in 1935.TheHammer Horrorfilms starringChristopher Leesaw the production of the first gory horror films showing blood and guts in colour. TheBFI Top 100 British filmsincludesMonty Python's Life of Brian(1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.English producers are also active ininternational co-productionsand English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council rankedDavid Yates,Christopher Nolan,Mike Newell,Ridley ScottandPaul Greengrassthe five most commercially successful English directors since 2001.Other contemporary English directors includeSam Mendes,Guy RitchieandRichard Curtis. Current actors includeTom Hardy,Daniel Craig,Benedict Cumberbatch,Lena Headey,Felicity Jones,Emilia Clarke,Lashana Lynch, andEmma Watson. Acclaimed for his motion capture work,Andy SerkisopenedThe Imaginarium Studiosin London in 2011.The visual effects companyFramestorein London has produced some of the","some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people,storiesor events. The 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films includeAlice in Wonderland,The Jungle BookandWinnie the Pooh. Sites and institutions English Heritageis a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by theDepartment for Culture, Media and Sport. A non-governmental charity, theNational Trustholds a complementary role, focussed on landscapes andcountry houses. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCOWorld Heritage Sitesfall within England.Some of the best-known of these are:Hadrian's Wall,Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, theTower of London, theJurassic Coast,Saltaire,Ironbridge Gorge,Blenheim Palaceand theLake District. London'sBritish Museumholds more than seven million objects,one of the largest and most comprehensive collections in the world,illustrating and documenting","and documenting global human culture from its beginnings to the present. TheBritish Libraryin London is thenational libraryand is one of the world's largestresearch libraries, holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats, including around 25 million books.TheNational GalleryinTrafalgar Squarehouses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.TheTategalleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host theTurner Prize. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility for cultural property and heritage.Ablue plaque, the oldesthistorical markerscheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event. In 2011 there were around 1,600 museums in England.Entry to most museums and galleries is free.Londonis one of the world's most visited cities, regularly taking the top five most visited","five most visited cities inEurope. It is considered a global centre of finance, art and culture. Media TheBBC, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by thetelevision licence.TheBBC World Serviceis aninternational broadcasterowned and operated by theBBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages. London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, althoughManchesteris also a significant national media centre. The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.National newspapers produced","newspapers produced in England includeThe Times,The Guardian,The Daily Telegraph, and theFinancial Times. Magazines and journals published in England that have achieved worldwide circulation includeNature,New Scientist,The Spectator,Prospect,NMEandThe Economist. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility over media and broadcasting in England. Sport England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th centurycodifiedmany sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England includeassociation football,cricket,rugby union,rugby league,tennis,boxing, badminton,squash,rounders,hockey,snooker,billiards,darts, table tennis,bowls,netball,thoroughbredhorseracing,greyhound racingandfox hunting. It has helped the development ofgolf, sailing andFormula One. England has been crowned world champion in several major sports including:Cricket,RugbyandAssociation Football. Football is themost popularof these sports. TheEngland national football team, whose home","team, whose home venue isWembley Stadium, playedScotlandin the first-ever international football match in 1872.Referred to as the \"home of football\" byFIFA, England hosted and won the1966 FIFA World Cup.With a British television audience peak of 32.30 million viewers, thefinalis themost watched television event everin the UK.England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football:Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world's oldest club.TheEngland women's national football teamwon theUEFA Euro 2022, hosted by England. Cricketis generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of theWeald.TheEngland cricket teamis a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries isThe Ashesseries between England andAustralia, contested since 1882.Lord's Cricket Groundsituated in London is sometimes referred to as the \"Mecca of Cricket\".After winning the2019 Cricket World Cup, England became the first country to win the World Cups","win the World Cups in football, rugby union, and cricket. William Penny Brookeswas prominent in organising the format for the modernOlympic Games.London has hosted theSummer Olympic Gamesthree times, in1908,1948, and2012. England competes in theCommonwealth Games, held every four years.Sport Englandis the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. Rugby unionoriginated inRugby School, Warwickshire in the early 19th century.The top level of club participation is theEnglish Premiership.Rugby leaguewas born inHuddersfieldin 1895. Since 2008, theEngland national rugby league teamhas been a full test nation in lieu of theGreat Britain national rugby league team, which won threeWorld Cups. Club sides play inSuper League, the present-day embodiment of theRugby Football League Championship. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties ofLancashire, Yorkshire andCumbria. Golfhas been prominent in England, due in","in England, due in part to itscultural and geographical ties to Scotland.There are professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: thePGAand theEuropean Tour. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major isThe Open Championship, played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, theRyder Cup, is named after English businessmanSamuel Ryder. Tenniswas created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, andthe Wimbledon Championshipsis the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.Wimbledon has a major place in the English cultural calendar. Inboxing, under theMarquess of Queensberry Rules, England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies. Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, thethoroughbredis a horse breed best known for its use inhorse racing. TheNational Hunthorse race theGrand National, is held annually atAintree Racecoursein early April. It is the most","It is the most watched horse race in the UK, and three-time winnerRed Rumis the most successful racehorse in the event's history. The1950 British Grand PrixatSilverstonewas the first race in the newly createdFormula One World Championship.England has seen the manufacture some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations.England also has a rich heritage inGrand Prix motorcycle racing, the premier championship of motorcycleroad racing, and has produced several world champions. Dartsis a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, it is a traditionalpub game.Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games issnooker, and England has produced several world champions. The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitivesailing; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including thematch race, a regatta, and theAmerica's","and theAmerica's Cup. National symbols The St George's Cross has been the nationalflag of Englandsince the 13th century. Originally, the flag was used by the maritimeRepublic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to theDoge of Genoafrom 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for manyCrusadersin the 12th and 13th centuries, and became associated withSaint George.Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of theUnion Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by KingJames I.During theEnglish Civil WarandInterregnum, theNew Model Army's standards and theCommonwealth'sGreat Sealboth incorporated the flag of Saint George. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including theTudor rose, the nation'sfloral emblem, and the Three Lions featured on theRoyal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of theWars","the time of theWars of the Rosesas a symbol of peace.It is asyncreticsymbol in that it merged the white rose of theYorkistsand the red rose of theLancastrians. It is also known as theRose of England.Theoaktree is a symbol of England: theRoyal Oaksymbol andOak Apple Daycommemorate the escape of KingCharles IIafter his father's execution, when he hid in an oak to avoid detection by the parliamentarians before safely reaching exile. The Royal Arms of England, a nationalcoat of armsfeaturing three lions, originated withRichard the Lionheartin 1198. It isblazonedasgules, three lions passant guardant orand it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England. England does not have an official national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole hasGod Save the King. However,Jerusalem,Land of Hope and Glory(used for England during the2002 Commonwealth Games),andI Vow to Thee, My Countryare often considered unofficialEnglish national anthems. England'sNational Dayis 23 April which isSaint George's Day: Saint George","Day: Saint George is the patron saint of England. See also Notes References Bibliography External links 53°08′N1°23′W / 53.13°N 1.38°W /53.13; -1.38"],"string":"[\n \"Clive Barker Clive Barker(born 5 October 1952) is an English writer, filmmaker and visual artist. He came to prominence in the mid-1980s with a series of short stories, theBooks of Blood, which established him as a leadinghorrorwriter. He has since written many novels and other works. His fiction has been adapted into films, notably theHellraiserseries, the first installment of which he also wrote and directed, and theCandymanseries. Barker's paintings and illustrations have been shown in galleries in the United States, and have appeared in his books. He has also created characters and series for comic books, and some of his more popular horror stories have been featured in ongoing comics series. Early life Barker was born on 5 October 1952 inLiverpool,the son of Joan Ruby (née Revill), a painter and school welfare officer, and Leonard Barker, a personnel director for an industrial relations firm.He was educated atDovedale Primary School,Quarry Bank High Schooland theUniversity of Liverpool, where he studied\",\n \"where he studied English and philosophy. When he was three, Barker witnessed the French skydiverLéo Valentinplummet to his death in 1956 during a performance at an air show in Liverpool.He later alluded to Valentin in many of his stories. Theatrical work Barker's involvement in live theatre began while still in school with productions ofVoodooandInfernoin 1967. He collaborated on six plays withTheatre of the Imaginationin 1974 and two more that he was the sole writer of,A Clowns' SodomandDay of the Dog,forThe Mute Pantomime Theatrein 1976 and 1977. He co-founded the avant-garde theatrical troupeThe Dog Companyin 1978 with former school friends and up and coming actors, many of whom would go on to become key collaborators in Barker's film work.Doug Bradleytook on the iconic role of Pinhead in theHellraiserseries while Peter Atkins wrote the scripts for the first threeHellraisersequels.Over the next five years Barker wrote nine plays, often serving as director, including some of his best-known stage\",\n \"best-known stage productions,The History of The Devil,Frankenstein in Love, andThe Secret Life of Cartoons. From 1982 to 1983, he wroteCrazyface,Subtle BodiesandColossusfor the Cockpit Youth Theatre. His theatrical work came to a close as he shifted focus to writing theBooks of Blood. Writing career Barker is an author of horror andfantasy. He began writing horror early in his career, mostly in the form of short stories (collected inBooks of Blood1–6) and theFaustiannovelThe Damnation Game(1985). Later he moved toward modern-day fantasy andurban fantasywith horror elements inWeaveworld(1987),The Great and Secret Show(1989), the world-spanningImajica(1991), andSacrament(1996). WhenBooks of Bloodwas first published in the United States in paperback,Stephen Kingwas quoted on the book covers: \\\"I have seen the future of horror and his name is Clive Barker.\\\"As influences on his writing, Barker listsHerman Melville,Edgar Allan Poe,Ray Bradbury,William S. Burroughs,William Blake, andJean Cocteau, among others. He is\",\n \"among others. He is the writer of the best-sellingAbaratseries. In early 2024 he announced he would stop attending conventions and public events so he could focus more on his writing, as he was working on the manuscripts for 31 different projects, some closer to completion than others. Personal life During his early years as a writer, Barker occasionally worked as an escort when his writing did not provide sufficient income.With the success ofWeaveworld, he could permanently retire as a sex worker.In 2003, he received the Davidson/Valentini Award at the15th GLAAD Media Awards. He has been open about his experiences withsadomasochism, and says that \\\"on S&M's sliding scale, I'm probably a 6\\\". Barker is critical of organized religion, but has said that the Bible influences his work and spirituality.Years later, he said on Facebook that he did not identify himself as a Christian. Barker said in a December 2008 online interview (published in March 2009) that he had throat polyps which were so severe, a doctor\",\n \"so severe, a doctor told him he was taking in only 10% of the air he was supposed to. He has had two surgeries to remove them and believes his voice has improved as a result. He said he did not have cancer, and has given up cigars. In 2012, Barker entered a coma for several days after contractingtoxic shock syndrome, triggered by a visit to a dentist where a spillage of poisonous bacteria entered his bloodstream, almost killing him.Realising he might have just a short time to live, he decided to put his personal concerns about the world and society into the upcoming novelDeep Hill, which he thought could be his final book. As of 2015, he is a member of the board of advisers for the Hollywood Horror Museum. Relationships While appearing on the radio call-in showLovelineon 20 August 1996, Barker said that in his teens he had several relationships with older women, but came to identify himself as homosexual by 18 or 19. His relationship with John Gregson lasted from 1975 until 1986. He later spent 13 years with\",\n \"spent 13 years with photographer David Armstrong, described as his husband in the introduction toColdheart Canyon; they separated in 2009. Film work Barker wrote the screenplays forUnderworld(1985) andRawhead Rex(1986), both directed byGeorge Pavlou. Displeased by how his material was handled, he moved to directing withHellraiser(1987), based on his novellaThe Hellbound Heart. After his filmNightbreed(1990) flopped, Barker returned to write and directLord of Illusions(1995). The short story \\\"The Forbidden\\\", from Barker'sBooks of Blood, provided the basis for the 1992 filmCandymanand its three sequels. He had been working on a series of film adaptations of hisThe Abarat Quintetbooks underThe Walt Disney Company's management,but due to creative differences, the project was cancelled. He served as an executive producer for the 1998 filmGods and Monsters,a semi-fictional tale ofFrankensteindirectorJames Whale's later years, which won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.Barker said of his interest in the\",\n \"his interest in the project: \\\"Whale was gay, I'm gay; Whale was English, I'm English…Whale made some horror movies, and I've made some horror movies. It seemed as if I should be helping to tell this story.\\\"Barker also provided the foreword on the published shooting script. In 2005, Barker and horror film producer Jorge Saralegui created the film production company Midnight Picture Show with the intent of producing two horror films per year. In October 2006, Barker announced through his website that he will be writing the script to a forthcoming remake of the originalHellraiserfilm.He was developing a film based on hisTortured Soulsline of toys fromMcFarlane Toys. In 2020, Barker regained control of theHellraiserfranchise, and served as executive producer on a2022 rebootfilm for the streaming serviceHulu. Television work In May 2015,Varietyreported that Clive Barker was developing a television series adaptation of variouscreepypastasin partnership withWarner Brothers, to be calledClive Barker's Creepypastas,\",\n \"Creepypastas, a feature arc based onSlender ManandBen Drowned.Barker was involved in a streaming servicefilm adaptationofThe Books of Bloodin 2020,and is developing aNightbreedtelevision seriesdirected byMichael Doughertyand written byJosh StolbergforSyFy.In April 2020,HBOwas announced to be developing aHellraisertelevision series that would serve as \\\"an elevated continuation and expansion\\\" of its mythology withMark VerheidenandMichael Doughertywriting the series andDavid Gordon Greendirecting several episodes. Verheiden, Dougherty and Green will also be executive producing the series withDanny McBride,Jody Hill,Brandon JamesandRoy LeeofVertigo Entertainment. Visual art Barker is a prolific visual artist, often illustrating his own books. His paintings have been seen first on the covers of his official fan club magazine,Dread, published byFantacoin the early '90s; on the covers of the collections of his plays,Incarnations(1995) andForms of Heaven(1996); and on the second printing of the original British\",\n \"original British publications of hisBooks of Bloodseries. Barker also provided the artwork for his young adult novelThe Thief of Alwaysand for theAbaratseries. His artwork has been exhibited at Bert Green Fine Art in Los Angeles and Chicago, at the Bess Cutler Gallery in New York and La Luz De Jesus in Los Angeles. Many of his sketches and paintings can be found in the collectionClive Barker, Illustrator, published in 1990 by Arcane/Eclipse Books, and inVisions of Heaven and Hell, published in 2005 by Rizzoli Books. He worked on the horror video gameClive Barker's Undying, providing the voice for the character Ambrose.Undyingwas developed byDreamWorks Interactiveand released in 2001. He worked onClive Barker's JerichoforCodemasters, which was released in late 2007. Barker createdHalloweencostume designs for Disguise Costumes. Around 150 art works by Barker were used in the set of the Academy of the Unseen Arts for the Netflix TV seriesChilling Adventures of Sabrina. Comic books Barker published\",\n \"Barker published hisRazorlineimprint viaMarvel Comicsin 1993. Barker horror adaptations and spin-offs in comics include the Marvel/Epic ComicsseriesHellraiser,Nightbreed,Pinhead,The Harrowers,Book of the Damned, andJihad;Eclipse Books' series andgraphic novelsTapping The Vein,Dread,Son of Celluloid,Revelations,The Life of Death,Rawhead RexandThe Yattering and Jack, andDark Horse Comics'Primal, among others. Barker served as a consultant and wrote issues of theHellraiseranthology comic book. In 2005, IDW published a three-issue adaptation of Barker's children's fantasy novelThe Thief of Always, written and painted by Kris Oprisko and Gabriel Hernandez. IDW is publishing a 12 issue adaptation of Barker's novelThe Great and Secret Show. In December 2007, Chris Ryall and Clive Barker announced an upcoming collaboration of an original comic book series,Torakator, to be published by IDW. In 2008, Barker authored a foreword for the first volume of theDEMONICSEXcomic series by Chuck Conner and Sean Platter. In\",\n \"Sean Platter. In October 2009, IDW publishedSeduth, co-written by Barker. The work was released with three variant covers. In 2011,Boom! Studiosbegan publishing an originalHellraisercomic book series. In 2013, Boom! Studios announcedNext Testament, the first original story by Barker to be published in comic book format. Works Novels Hellraiserseries Books of the Artseries The Books of Abarat Short stories Collections: Uncollected short stories: Plays Collections: All plays: Poems Uncollected poems: Non-fiction Toys Filmography Adaptations Video games See also References Bibliography External links\",\n \"William, Prince of Wales William, Prince of Wales(William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982), is theheir apparentto theBritish throne. He is the elder son of KingCharles IIIandDiana, Princess of Wales. William was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II. He was educated atWetherby School,Ludgrove SchoolandEton College. He earned aMaster of Arts degreeingeographyat theUniversity of St Andrewswhere he met his future wife,Catherine Middleton. They have three children:George,CharlotteandLouis. After university, William trained at theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstprior to serving with theBlues and Royalsregiment. In 2008 he graduated from theRoyal Air Force College Cranwell, joining theRAF Search and Rescue Forcein early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulancefor two years, starting in July 2015. William performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the monarch. He holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations,\",\n \"organisations, including theTusk Trust,Centrepoint,The Passage,Wales Air AmbulanceandLondon's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through theRoyal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, homelessness, and emergency workers. In 2020 William launched theEarthshot Prize, a £50 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade. William was madeDuke of Cambridgeimmediately beforehis weddingin April 2011. He becameDuke of CornwallandDuke of Rothesayupon his father's accession to the throne on 8 September 2022. The following day he was madePrince of Wales. Early life Prince William was born at 21:03BSTon 21 June 1982 inSt Mary's Hospital, London, as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (laterKing Charles III), and his first wife,Diana, Princess of Wales, during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II.Buckingham Palace announced his name – William Arthur Philip Louis – on 28 June.William was christened in the Music\",\n \"in the Music Room ofBuckingham Palaceby the thenArchbishop of Canterbury,Robert Runcie, on 4 August, coinciding with the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother,Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. William was the first child born to aPrinceandPrincess of WalessincePrince Johnwas born to Prince George and Princess Mary (laterKing George VandQueen Mary) in July 1905.When he was nine months old, William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, as his first trip overseas.It also marked the first time that a royal baby was taken on an overseas tour.His younger brother,Prince Harry, was born in September 1984. Both of them were raised atKensington Palacein London, andHighgrove Housein Gloucestershire. Known informally as \\\"Wills\\\" within his family,William was nicknamed \\\"Willy\\\" by his brother and \\\"Wombat\\\" by his mother.Diana wished her sons to obtain broader and more typical life experiences beyond royal upbringing, taking them toWalt Disney World,McDonald's, AIDS clinics and\",\n \"AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless.BiographerRobert Laceyasserts that William, a \\\"rambunctious\\\" and \\\"bratty\\\" child, grew \\\"more reflective\\\" with a \\\"noticeably quiet character\\\" as he began boarding school.Diana was reported to have described William as \\\"my little wise old man\\\" on whom she started to rely as her confidant by his early teens. William carried out his first public engagement while accompanying his parents on a visit toLlandaffonSaint David's Dayin 1991.He and Harry travelled to Canada on an official visit with their parents in 1991 and again with Charles in 1998.William's parents divorced in 1996. Dianadied in a car accidentin the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, was staying atBalmoral Castleat the time. The following morning, Charles informed William and Harry of their mother's death.William was reportedly uncertain as to whether he should walk behind his mother's coffin during thefuneral procession. His\",\n \"procession. His grandfatherPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, told him: \\\"If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?\\\".At the funeral, William and Harry walked alongside their father, grandfather, and maternal uncle,Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace toWestminster Abbey. After his mother's death, William stated that he was \\\"in a state of shock for many years\\\".He and Harry inherited the majority of the £12.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown to £10 million each by 2014.In 2014 the brothers inherited theirmother's wedding dressalong with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters and paintings. They also received the original lyrics and score of \\\"Candle in the Wind\\\" byBernie TaupinandElton Johnas performed by the latter at Diana's funeral.In 2002The Timesreported that William and Harry would also share £4.9 million from\",\n \"£4.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother on their respective 21st birthdays, as well as £8 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. Education William was educated atprivate schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatoryWetherby School, both in London.Following this, he attendedLudgrove SchoolnearWokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers byRory Stewart.At Ludgrove, he participated infootball, swimming, basketball,clay pigeon shooting, andcross country running. He was subsequently admitted toEton College, studying geography, biology, and history of art atA-Level. He obtained an 'A' in geography, a 'C' in biology, and a 'B' in history of art.William was captain of the swimming team and his house football team at Eton, also taking upwater polo. The decision to place William at Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children toGordonstoun, which his father and grandfather both attended. Diana's brother andfatherwere\",\n \"andfatherwere both Eton students.The royal family and the tabloid press agreed that William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life.John Wakeham, chairman of thePress Complaints Commission, stated \\\"Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man.\\\"While at Eton, he often had tea on weekends at the nearbyWindsor Castlewith his grandmother, discussingstate boxesand constitutional duties meant to \\\"prepare as future King.\\\" In June 1991, William was admitted to theRoyal Berkshire Hospitalafter being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on atGreat Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar.The incident received widespread media attention.In 1999 he underwent an operation on his left hand after\",\n \"his left hand after he broke a finger.After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part inBritish Armytraining exercises in Belize,worked on English dairy farms, and visited Africa.As part of theRaleigh Internationalprogramme in the town ofTortelin southern Chile, William worked for ten weeks on local construction projects and taught English. He lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores.His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himselfSwahili. In 2001 William enrolled at theUniversity of St Andrewsin Scotland.Similar to his time at Eton, the media agreed not to invade his privacy, and students were warned not to leak stories to the press.William embarked on a degree course inArt Historybut later changed his main subject toGeography. He focused hisdissertationon the Indian Ocean'sRodriguescoral reefs and graduated with anundergraduate Master of Arts(MA Hons) degree withupper second class honoursin 2005.While at university, he\",\n \"at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004.He was reportedly known as \\\"Steve\\\" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. Early appointments and duties At the age of 21, William was appointed aCounsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended theCommonwealth Heads of Government Meetingin the same year.In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo public engagements on an overseas tour of New Zealand, travelling to participate in World War II commemorations.According to authorTina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to becomeGovernor-General of Australia.In 2009 the Queen set up aprivate officefor William and Harry withDavid Manningas their adviser.Manning accompanied William on his first official tour in January 2010 as the latter touredAucklandandWellington; William opened the new building of theSupreme Court of New Zealandand was welcomed by\",\n \"was welcomed by aMāorichief.The visit spurred crowds of \\\"many thousands\\\", with positive public reception compared to that of his mother's 1983 tour.In March 2011, William visitedChristchurch, New Zealand, shortly after theearthquake,and spoke at the memorial service atHagley Parkon behalf of his grandmother.He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding inQueenslandandVictoria. Before attending Sandhurst, William did a three-week internship at several institutions, including theBank of England, theLondon Stock ExchangeandLloyd's of London.To prepare for his eventual management of theDuchy of Cornwall, in 2014, he enteredSt John's College, Cambridgeto undertake an executive agriculture management degree run by theCambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership(CPSL), of which his father is patron.In April 2019, Kensington Palace announced that William had completed a three-week internship atMI5,MI6andGCHQ,during which he was tasked with monitoring extreme Islamist terror cells,\",\n \"terror cells, identifying potential threats abroad, and observing code breaking technology. Military and air ambulance service Having decided on a military career, William was admitted to theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstin January 2006; his admission was based on successfully completing a 44-week course as an Officer Cadet which led to his commission as a British Army officer.As \\\"Lieutenant Wales\\\" – a name based on his father's then title Prince of Wales – he followed his brotherinto theBlues and Royalsin December that year as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post atBovington Campin Dorset. Despite the Queen's approval for William to serve on the frontline, his position as second-in-line to the throne at the time cast doubts on his chances of seeing combat.Plans by theMinistry of Defenceto send William to Southern Iraq leaked and the government eventually decided against sending him as it would endanger both his life and the lives of\",\n \"and the lives of people around him if he was targeted.William instead trained in theRoyal NavyandRoyal Air Force, obtaining his commission as asub-lieutenantin the former and aflying officerin the latter, both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant. After completing his training, he undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force atRAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with hisRAF wingsby his father,who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell.During thissecondment, William flew to Afghanistan in aC-17 Globemasterthat repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson.William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy.He then completed an accelerated Naval Officer training course at theBritannia Royal Naval College.Whilst serving onHMSIron Dukein July 2008, William participated in a £40m drug seizure in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados.He was part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter which helped seize 900 kg of cocaine from a speedboat. In January 2009, William\",\n \"2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted toFlight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF'sSearch and Rescue Force.As part of his training across all branches of the military in 2009, he spent up to six weeks with theSpecial Air Service, theSpecial Boat Service, and theSpecial Reconnaissance Regiment.In January 2010, he graduated from theDefence Helicopter Flying SchoolatRAF Shawbury.In the same month, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit atRAF Valley,Anglesey, to receive training on theSea Kingsearch and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010.This made him the first member of the British royal family sinceHenry VIIto live in Wales. William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of a RAF Sea King was in response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard in October 2010.In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue\",\n \"helped rescue two sailors.He was deployed to theFalkland Islandsfor a six-week tour withNo. 1564 Flightfrom February to March 2012.The Argentine government condemned William's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of theFalklands Waras a \\\"provocative act\\\".In June 2012, he gained a qualification to be captain orpilot in commandof a Sea King rather than a co-pilot.His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.He conducted 156 search and rescue operations, which resulted in 149 people being rescued.He later became patron to theBattle of Britain Memorial Flight. In July 2015, William began working full-time as a pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulance(EAAA) based atCambridge Airport, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous search-and-rescue role.He donated his full salary to the EAAA charity.William required a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to begin his role.He underwent part of his training\",\n \"of his training atNorwich Airport.William described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly withcritical carecases.He also discussed the impact of witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement on his mental health and personal life.TheBBChas written that William was \\\"exposed to theNational Health Servicein a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be.\\\" William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties.After supporting an anniversary campaign forLondon's Air Ambulance Charityin 2019, he became the charity's official patron in March 2020.In May 2020, he granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during theCOVID-19 pandemic.To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his \\\"profound respect\\\" for the community, particularly during the \\\"immeasurably difficult\\\" outbreak.In February 2023, he became patron of theWales Air Ambulancecharity. Personal life Relationship with\",\n \"Relationship with Catherine Middleton In 2001 William metCatherine Middleton, while they were students in residence atSt Salvator's Hall, at the University of St Andrews, and they became close friends.She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show at the university in 2002 when she appeared on the stage wearing a see-through lace dress.During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends.The couple began dating in 2003.From 2003 to 2005 they both resided at Balgove House on theStrathtyrumestate with two roommates.In 2004 the couple briefly split but reconciled soon afterwards. The relationship was followed closely by the tabloid press.Media attention became so intense that William asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton.In December 2006, Middleton and her family attended William'spassing out paradeat the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.In April 2007, William and Middleton were reported to have split.Middleton and her family attended\",\n \"her family attended theConcert for Dianathree months later;the couple were subsequently reported to have \\\"rekindled their relationship\\\".She also attended theOrder of the Garterprocession at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where William was made aRoyal Knight of the Garter.In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on theBodorgan Estatein Anglesey, Wales, where they resided until 2014. Marriage and children The couple became engaged in October 2010, at a remote alpine cabin onMount Kenya, during a 10-day trip to theLewa Wildlife Conservancyto celebrate William's passing the RAF helicopter search and rescue course.Clarence Houseannounced their engagement on 16 November.William gave his fianceé his mother'sengagement ring.The wedding took place in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011.The global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million, whereas 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone.William and Catherine usedNottingham Cottageas their London home until 2013, when £4.5 million renovations\",\n \"million renovations completed at Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace, which continues to be their official residence in the capital.The couple were given the country houseAnmer Hall, on theSandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen, where they lived from 2015 to 2017.Kensington Palace was the couple's main residence until 2022, when the family moved toAdelaide CottageinWindsor. Catherine's first pregnancy was announced in December 2012.She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth toPrince George.In September 2014, it was announced that Catherine was pregnant with her second child.She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital where she gave birth toPrincess Charlottethe same day.Catherine's third pregnancy was announced in September 2017;Prince Louiswas born on 23 April 2018.William and Catherine have owned twoEnglish Cocker Spaniels, namedLupoand Orla. Duke of Cambridge William was\",\n \"William was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of Strathearn, andBaron Carrickferguson the day of his wedding in April 2011.He and Catherinetoured Canadathat summer.Nicholas Witchell, writing forBBC News, noted that the tour to Canada had been an \\\"unqualified success\\\" for the couple as they engaged in various activities from tree planting to street hockey, with their warm interactions and thoughtful gestures enhancing their popularity and reinforcing positive sentiments towards the monarchy in Canada.The couple served as ambassadors for the2012 Summer Olympicsin London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2013, William and Catherine visited Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of theQueen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations.William hosted his firstinvestitureceremony at Buckingham Palace in October that year.In April 2014, he and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia accompanied by their son George.In August that year, the couple and Prince\",\n \"couple and Prince Harry represented the royal family atWorld War Icommemorations in Belgium.In December, the couple visited New York and Washington DC, where William made a speech at theWorld Bankcondemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In 2015 and 2016 William embarked on various visits of Asian countries, including Japan, China, Bhutan and India;he was the first royal to visit mainland China in almost three decades, with the press referring to William's diplomacy as \\\"deft\\\" and \\\"polished\\\".In response to media allegations of being \\\"work-shy\\\", he asserted his commitment to his duties, emphasizing his dedication to fatherhood and his role in air ambulance work.Countries visited by William and Catherine in 2017 included France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium.In January 2018 the couple visited Sweden and Norway.The visits, which were, like others, requested by theForeign Office, were interpreted to benefitUK-European relationspostBrexit.In June 2018, William toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine. William and\",\n \"William and Catherine toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years.The tour was a success, helping promote diplomatic relations with Pakistan while also reflecting the couple's personal interests in climate change and the significance of quality education.In November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for COVID-19 in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'.The Daily Telegraphreported he had been \\\"very ill\\\" and had isolated away from his family;other sources said that he had not been seriously ill, not bed-ridden and working for most of the time.In December that year, the couple embarked on a tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via theBritish royal train\\\"to pay tribute to the inspiring work\\\" of communities and charities in 2020.Boris Johnsonexpressed his support, while Scottish first ministerNicola Sturgeoncriticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; local governments were consulted before planning\",\n \"before planning the tour. In William's capacity asLord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, he and Catherine toured the country in May 2021.The couple attended theG7 summitfor the first time in June 2021 in Cornwall.In March 2022, they embarked on a tour of Belize, the Bahamas and Jamaica as part of theQueen's Platinum Jubilee celebrations.Reparations for slaveryemerged as a major demand of public protesters during the couple's visit.During the unveiling of the National Windrush Monument in London, William described the tour as \\\"an opportunity to reflect\\\" and condemnedracism facedby both members of theWindrush generationand British minorities in 2022.In May 2022, he attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time as acounsellor of state, where his father delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of Elizabeth II. Prince of Wales Queen Elizabeth II diedon 8 September 2022, and William's father succeeded as Charles III. William, nowheir apparent, was created Prince of\",\n \"created Prince of Wales by his father on 9 September.Controversy regarding the titlebecame a topic of public debate in Wales.By 17 September, a petition calling for the end of the title had received over 30,000 signatures,while aYouGovpoll showed 66 per cent support for William to be given the title compared to 22 percent of respondents opposed.On 30 October, Senedd LlywyddElin Jonesnoted that an investiture is not a constitutional requirement and suggested that contemporary Wales would deem it unnecessary.Kensington Palace also stated an investiture is \\\"not on the table\\\".As the eldest son of the British monarch, William has inherited the Duchy of Cornwall, which brings him additional income.The duchy is \\\"a £760 million (about US$1.25 billion) entity established in 1337\\\" to provide a private income to the monarch's eldest son. William and Catherine visitedAngleseyandSwanseaon 27 September 2022, which marked their first visit to Wales since becoming Prince and Princess of Wales.He visited theSeneddin November\",\n \"November 2022, meeting the Welsh first ministerMark Drakeford.In February 2023, William and Catherine visitedFalmouth, marking their first visit to the region since becoming Duke and Duchess of Cornwall.In March 2023, he undertook a solo visit to Poland during which he visitedRzeszówto meet Polish and British troops and Ukrainian refugees, and had talks with Polish presidentAndrzej Dudaat thePresidential Palace.In October 2023, William and Catherine condemned theHamas-led attack on Israel.In February 2024, he visited the headquarters of theBritish Red Cross, where he met humanitarian aid workers supporting civilians during theIsrael–Gaza conflict, and called for an end to the fighting in a statement approved by theUK government.Later that month, William pulled out at the last moment fromthe thanksgiving serviceof his godfather,Constantine II of Greece, due to an undisclosed \\\"personal matter\\\".The same month, he visitedWestern Marble Arch Synagogueto acknowledge the increase in antisemitism and human suffering\",\n \"and human suffering in the Middle East. Charity work William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, he and Harry volunteered at aBritish Red Crossaid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the2004 Boxing Day tsunami.Later, in December 2005, William spent two weeks in North Wales withMountain Rescue England and Wales(MREW).In May 2007, he became patron of MREW and president of theRoyal Marsden Hospital, the latter of which was a role previously held by his mother. In July 2007, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry.In October 2008, the brothers embarked on the 1,000 mile eight-day Enduro Africa motorbike ride across South Africa to raise money forSentebale,UNICEFand theNelson Mandela Children's Fund.In 2010 William became a patron of100 Women in Hedge\",\n \"Women in Hedge Funds' philanthropic initiatives for the following three years until 2012.The same year, he succeededLord Attenboroughas the fifth president of theBritish Academy of Film and Television Arts.In March 2011, he and Catherine set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers to donate money to charities supporting the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation in lieu of gifts.The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry is now known asThe Royal Foundation of The Prince and Princess of Wales. Humanitarian causes In March 2020, William appeared in a video for theNational Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised £11 million in its first week, eventually totalling to £90 million, with the money going out to \\\"front line charities\\\" and to theUK Community Foundationsto be distributed among \\\"local community foundations\\\".In April 2020, he officially became patron\",\n \"became patron of the organisation.Later that month, he made a surprise appearance onThe Big Night In, atelethonheld during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call withStephen Fry, who reprised his role as (a descendant of)Lord Melchett, from theBlackadderseries. In December 2020, William and Catherine became joint patrons ofNHS Charities Together.In February 2021, he visited a vaccination centre inKing's Lynnand later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncingfalse informationthat could causevaccine hesitancy.In May 2021, William got his first dose ofCOVID-19 vaccineby NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.In September 2021, it was reported that he had assisted in the evacuation of an Afghan officer, a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst graduate and aide to British troops, from Kabul airport, along with over 10 of his family members, during the2021 Taliban offensive.In March 2022 amid theRussian invasion of Ukraine, William and Catherine made a donation to help the refugees.In February\",\n \"February 2023, they donated to theDisasters Emergency Committee(DEC) which was helping victims of the2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.In July 2023, William became patron of the appeal to launch The Fleming Centre, driving a new global movement to tackleantimicrobial resistance.In July 2024, he and Catherine made donations to help victims ofHurricane Beryl. Conservation William became patron of theTusk Trustin December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development across Africa.He carried out his first official duty with the Trust in launching a 5,000-mile (8,000 km) bike ride across the African continent in April 2008.Later, William helped with launching the Tusk Conservation Awards, which have been presented to selected environmental activists annually since 2013.In June 2010, he and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, undertaking projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children.In 2013 he succeeded his grandfather, the Duke of\",\n \"the Duke of Edinburgh, as president ofFields in Trustand transitioned into the role of patron in 2024.He established the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce in December 2014, with the goal of reducing global illegal wildlife trade.In 2014Jane Goodallstated that William had expressed the view that all ivory in the royal collection needed tobe destroyed.William has occasionally commented on the effects ofoverpopulationon thewildlife of Africa, but his remarks have been criticised in the media for not takingresource consumptionand population density into consideration. After two years of research, William launched theEarthshot Prizein October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade.Following the launch, he gave aTED Talkon environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative.Later that month, William took over the patronages ofFauna and Flora Internationaland theBritish Trust for Ornithology, passed on from\",\n \"passed on from his grandparents.In the same month, he appeared in an ITV documentary titledPrince William: A Planet For Us Allto discuss environmental issues. In 2021 William made a private donation to the Thin Green Line Foundation, which provides grants for the relatives of conservation park rangers that are killed every year while protecting wildlife.In July 2022, he condemned the murder of South African park ranger Anton Mzimba and asked for the responsible parties to \\\"be brought to justice\\\".In August 2022, William voiced his support for the prison sentence given to a man in the United States responsible for trafficking rhinoceros horns and elephant ivory.He had previously called for harsher punishments and penalties for poachers and smugglers at the Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference in 2018. LGBT rights William has spoken out forLGBT rightsas part of his work againstcyberbullying, stating the importance of being \\\"proud of the person you are\\\" and discussing the effects of online abuse and\",\n \"of online abuse and discrimination.In 2016 he appeared in the July issue ofAttitudeand became the first member of the royal family to be featured on the cover of a gay magazine.He was recognised at theBritish LGBT Awardsin May 2017.William hosted a commemorativePride Monthdiscussion with mental health charity volunteers at theRoyal Vauxhall Tavernin June 2023. Mental health Since 2009, William has been patron of Child Bereavement UK, which provides support to children and families who have lost a loved one.In 2016 the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by William, Catherine and Harry to de-stigmatise mental health.Legacy programmes include Mental Health at Work, launched in September 2018 to change the approach to workplace mental health in the United Kingdom, as well as Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with theFootball Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults.Later that\",\n \"adults.Later that month, William and Catherine, together with William's brother Harry and sister-in-lawMeghan, launched Shout, the United Kingdom's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues.William later volunteered on the crisis helpline during theCOVID-19 lockdownsto provide support via text message.He attributes his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, his work with the homeless, veterans' welfare, and his wife's anti-addiction advocacy. In March 2020, William and Catherine began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England agency amidst the coronavirus pandemic.In April 2020, the couple announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.In September 2020, William established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders, in partnership withKing's College Londonand\",\n \"College Londonand the Open University.In May 2021 and 2022, William and Catherine voiced the Mental Health Minute message, which was broadcast on every radio station in the United Kingdom on and asked people to help individuals around them that suffer from loneliness.In October 2022, to mark the World Mental Health Day, the couple took overNewsbeatand interviewed four guests on topics related to mental health.In September 2023, William unveiled two organizations that had partnered with the Duchy of Cornwall to raise better mental well-being and provide mental health services for all its tenants.In October 2023 and to mark World Mental Health Day, he and Catherine took part in a forum for young people in Birmingham, alongside BBC Radio 1 and charity called The Mix, calledExploring our Emotional Worldscontinuing their longstanding work to promote mental well-being.In May 2024, he announced a three-year funding package for the charity We Are Farming Minds to provide mental health support for farmers on the\",\n \"for farmers on the Duchy of Cornwall lands. Homelessness In September 2005, William became patron ofCentrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless.In December 2009, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, the prince spent the night in a sleeping bag nearBlackfriars Bridgeto raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth.He opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50th anniversary. William has been patron of homelessness charityThe Passagesince 2019 after first visiting the centre in 1993 with his mother.In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during theCOVID-19 pandemic.In December 2020, William volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences.In 2022 and 2023, he was spotted selling copies ofThe Big Issueon the streets,\",\n \"the streets, copies of which are usually sold by homeless and unemployed people to collect money. In June 2023, William launched Homewards after two years of development, which aims to \\\"finally end homelessness\\\" in the United Kingdom.The five-year initiative aims to tackle homelessness in six pilot locations across the United Kingdom with an initial seed funding allocated for each area by the Royal Foundation, working with existing private sector and grassroots charity partners.The project focuses on early intervention and providing housing to families before other issues, such as abuse and joblessness, are addressed.In February 2024, William, in partnership with Cornish charity St Petrocs, announced plans for building 24 homes on Duchy of Cornwall land inNansledanto provide temporary accommodation for people experiencing homelessness in the area.Future plans include building more than 400 social rented homes and a further 475 affordable dwellings inSouth East Faversham. Sport William often playspoloto raise\",\n \"playspoloto raise money for charity.He is a fan of football, and supports the English clubAston Villa.He became president ofEngland's Football Association(FA) in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of theWelsh Rugby Union(WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron.The same year, the WRU's decision to name thePrince William Cupdrew criticism as some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it afterRay Gravell.William became patron of the WRU and the FA in 2016 and 2024, respectively. In December 2010, William, alongsideDavid Cameron, attended a meeting withFIFAvice-presidentChung Mong-joonat which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA, considering it a violation of anti-collusion rules.In 2011 William, as president of the English FA, voted againstAustralia's 2022 FIFA bidand instead voted for South Korea, despite beingAustralia's future heir. In 2020 he voted against the\",\n \"voted against the jointAustralia–New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bidand instead voted forColombia. In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed atMarcus Rashford, William released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the \\\"racist abuse... whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media\\\" as \\\"despicable\\\" and stating that \\\"we all have a responsibility\\\" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability.In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competitionThe Super League, adding that he \\\"share the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love.\\\"In July 2021, he condemned racist attacks against England football players following their loss at theUEFA Euro 2020finale. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association.In 2012, together with his wife Catherine and brother Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the2012 Olympicsand provides\",\n \"provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach.In May 2020, he appeared in aBBC OneDocumentary titledFootball, Prince William and Our Mental Healthas a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium. Both William and Harry are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns aDucati 1198 S Corse.In May 2014, William, like his father and grandfather, became president of theBritish Sub-Aqua Club(BSAC).He also took part in abandyevent inStockholmin January 2018. In November 2022, William was criticised by Welsh football followers and Welsh actorMichael Sheenfor holding the Prince of Wales title whilst having affiliations with theEngland national football team, particularly after he presented jerseys to the squad in advance of the2022 FIFA World Cupin which bothWalesand England were placed in the same Group B.William commented that he had supported the England football team from a very young age, but happily\",\n \"age, but happily supportedWelsh rugby union, of which he is patron, over England.In August 2023, he was criticised in segments of the press and social media for not attending2023 FIFA Women's World Cup finalin Australia as president of the FA. Public image William has been one of the most popular members of the British royal family since his birth.Having lived a public life since birth, he was regarded as a \\\"heartthrob\\\" and eligible as a young adult, similar to his father.Ruth La Ferla ofThe New York Timescontrasted William's \\\"refined\\\" and \\\"polite\\\" appeal toLeonardo DiCaprio's \\\"bad-boy\\\" popularity.Following his marriage, William's public image assumed a more \\\"staid\\\" and fatherly demeanour, having \\\"settled into a stable domestic order.\\\" JournalistAnne McElvoyhas described William's public personality as a \\\"genial presence\\\" with a \\\"tougher side\\\", alongside his mother's \\\"inimitable style\\\".Much of his royal duties focus on \\\"big bet\\\" projects, rather than \\\"plaques and patronages\\\". In 2016 William gave an\",\n \"William gave an interview stating his goal was \\\"how do I make the royal family relevant in the next 20 years ... that's the challenge for me\\\". In April 2011,Timemagazine listed him asone of the most influential people in the worldalongside his then-newlywed wife Catherine.In August 2023,Gallup, Inc.named him as the most popular public figure in the US after conducting a survey that asked for people's views on 15 prominent individuals.He was found to be the most popular member of the royal family by statistics and polling companyYouGovin December 2022and September 2023,and as the second most popular in April 2024. Privacy and the media The death of William's mother while being chased by thepaparazziin August 1997has since influenced his attitude towards the media.He and Catherine have often requested that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.In 2005 William spoke with ITV reporterTom Bradbyand concluded that it was likely that their voicemails were being accessed.An investigation under thenDeputy\",\n \"under thenDeputy Assistant CommissionerPeter Clarkeconcluded that the compromised voice mail accounts belonged to William's aides, includingJamie Lowther-Pinkerton,and not the prince himself.However,Clive Goodmanlater stated that he hadhackedWilliam's phone on 35 occasions.William later suedNews Group Newspapers, publisher ofNews of the WorldandThe Sun, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement in 2020.He and his brother Harry brought a claim privately through their mutual attorneys, but Harry later pursued his case separately with a new solicitor. In 2005, after his then-girlfriend Catherine Middleton was chased by the paparazzi on her way to a job interview, William consulted Middleton andher fatherand wrote a legal letter to newspapers requesting that they respect her privacy.As media attention increased around the time of Middleton's 25th birthday in January 2007, he issued a public statement mentioning that \\\"the situation is proving unbearable for all those concerned.\\\"In October 2007, William issued\",\n \"William issued a public statement via his press secretary complaining about the \\\"aggressive pursuit\\\" by \\\"photographers on motorcycles, in vehicles and on foot\\\" while the couple were leaving a London nightclub and later driving in his car.Following the statement,Daily Mail,Daily Mirror, andDaily Expressall decided against using the paparazzi photos of the couple, butThe Sunpublished photos taken before the couple's car had left.The statement prompted the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) to issue a warning, asking editors not to publish photographs which were taken through harassment.In April 2009, William's lawyers obtained an apology fromThe Daily Starafter the tabloid had claimed he had \\\"wrecked\\\" a $2m plane during his pilot training. In September 2012, the French edition ofCloserand Italiangossip magazineChipublished photographs of Catherine sun-bathing topless while on holiday at theChâteau d'Autetin Provence.William and Catherine filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and\",\n \"department and launched a claim for civil damages at theTribunal de Grande InstancedeNanterre.The following day the courts granted an injunction againstCloserprohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced that a criminal investigation would be initiated.In September 2017,Closerwas fined €100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000. In October 2014, William and Catherine sent a legal letter to a freelance photographer who had put their son George and his nanny \\\"under surveillance\\\", asking the individual to stop \\\"harassing and following\\\" them.In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the \\\"dangerous\\\" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. In November 2016, William issued a statement supporting Prince Harry and his then-girlfriend,Meghan Markle, following their complaints about the press intrusion, stating that he \\\"understands the situation concerning\",\n \"concerning privacy and supports the need for Prince Harry to support those closest to him.\\\"During a visit to the BBC studios in central London in November 2018, he publicly criticised the social media firms' approach to handling \\\"misinformation and conspiracy\\\" and added, \\\"Their self-image is so grounded in their positive power for good that they seem unable to engage in constructive discussion about the social problems they are creating\\\". In June 2022, a three-minute video of William confronting Terry Harris, a paparazzi photographer, was posted on Harris' YouTube channel.It was recorded by Harris in January 2021 and shows William arguing with Harris as the latter attempts to film William's family on a bike ride near Anmer Hall.Kensington Palace described the video as a breach of the family's privacy and asked for it to be removed from public websites.The couple's lawyers also contacted the photographer, who claimed he was on public roads and had filmed the video after hearing about allegations that the\",\n \"that the couple had broken the \\\"rule of six\\\" as they toured a public attraction at Sandringham while William's uncle and aunt, thenEarlandCountess of Wessex, and their children happened to be in the same spot. Titles, styles, and honours Titles and styles William has been aBritish princesince birth, and was known as \\\"Prince William of Wales\\\" until April 2011. He was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of StrathearnandBaron Carrickfergusby his grandmother, Elizabeth II, on the day of his wedding. Theletters patentgranting these titles were issued on 26 May that year. As the eldest son of the monarch, William automatically becameDuke of Cornwall,Duke of Rothesay,Earl of Carrick,Baron of Renfrew,Lord of the Isles, andPrince and Great Steward of Scotlandon the accession of his father on 8 September 2022.From 8 to 9 September, William was styled as \\\"His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge\\\".On 9 September, Charles announced the creation of William asPrince of Wales, the traditional title for the male heir\",\n \"for the male heir apparent to the British monarch. William has since been known as \\\"His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales\\\", except in Scotland, where he is called \\\"His Royal Highness the Duke of Rothesay\\\" instead.The letters patent formally granting him this title and that ofEarl of Chesterwere issued on 13 February 2023. Honours William is a RoyalKnight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter(KG),an ExtraKnight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle(KT),Great Master of theMost Honourable Order of the Bath(GCB),a member of thePrivy Council of the United Kingdom(PC),and aPersonal Aide-de-Camp(ADC) to the sovereign. Ancestry William's ancestry is royal and aristocratic.Patrilineally, he is a member of theHouse of Windsorand also descends from theHouse of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses. More specifically, he descends from thecadet branchknown as theHouse of Glücksburg. Through his mother, William descends from theEarls Spencer– a cadet branch of theSpencer\",\n \"of theSpencer familydescended from theEarls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now alsoDukes of Marlborough; theBarons Fermoy; and more anciently fromHenry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, andCharles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond– two illegitimate sons of KingCharles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since the death ofAnnein 1714 to undisputedly descend fromCharles Iand the first to descend from Charles II. William descendsmatrilineallyfrom Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his 18th-century ancestor Theodore Forbes – a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company inSurat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as \\\"a dark-skinned native woman\\\", \\\"anArmenianwoman from Bombay\\\", and \\\"Mrs. Forbesian\\\".GenealogistWilliam Addams Reitwiesnerassumed Kewark was Armenian.In June 2013, it was reported thatgenealogical DNA testson two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent. Bibliography Book contributions Authored letters and articles\",\n \"and articles See also Footnotes References Further reading Books Articles External links\",\n \"Malcolm Bradbury Sir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury,CBE(7 September 1932 – 27 November 2000) was an English author and academic. Life Bradbury was born inSheffield, the son of a railwayman.His family moved to London in 1935, but returned to Sheffield in 1941 with his brother and mother. The family later moved toNottinghamand in 1943 Bradbury attendedWest BridgfordGrammar School, where he remained until 1950. He read English atUniversity College, Leicester, gaining a first-class degree in 1953. He continued his studies atQueen Mary College, University of London, where he gained his MA in 1955. Between 1955 and 1958, Bradbury moved between teaching posts with theUniversity of ManchesterandIndiana Universityin the United States. He returned to England in 1958 for a major heart operation; such was his heart condition that he was not expected to live beyond middle age. In 1959, while in hospital, he completed his first novel,Eating People is Wrong. Bradbury married Elizabeth Salt and they had two sons. He took up his\",\n \"He took up his first teaching post as an adult-education tutor at theUniversity of Hull. With his study onEvelyn Waughin 1962 he began his career of writing and editing critical books. From 1961 to 1965 he taught at theUniversity of Birmingham. He completed his PhD inAmerican studiesat the University of Manchester in 1962, moving to theUniversity of East Anglia(his second novel,Stepping Westward, appeared in 1965), where he became Professor of American Studies in 1970 and launched theMA in Creative Writingcourse, attended by bothIan McEwanandKazuo Ishiguro. He publishedPossibilities: Essays on the State of the Novelin 1973,The History Manin 1975,Who Do You Think You Are?in 1976,Rates of Exchangein 1983 andCuts: A Very Short Novelin 1987. He retired from academic life in 1995. Bradbury became aCommander of the Order of the British Empirein 1991 for services to literature and was made aKnight Bachelorin theNew Year Honours 2000, again for services to literature. Bradbury died at Priscilla Bacon Lodge, Colman\",\n \"Bacon Lodge, Colman Hospital, Norwich, on 27 November 2000, attended by his wife and their two sons, Matthew and Dominic. He was buried on 4 December 2000 in the churchyard of St Mary's parish church,Tasburgh, near Norwich where the Bradburys owned a second home. Though he was not an orthodox religious believer, he respected the traditions and socio-cultural role of theChurch of Englandand enjoyed visiting churches in the spirit ofPhilip Larkin's poem, \\\"Church Going\\\". Works Bradbury was a productive academic writer as well as a successful teacher; an expert on themodern novel, he published books onEvelyn Waugh,Saul BellowandE. M. Forster, as well as editions of such modern classics asF. Scott Fitzgerald'sThe Great Gatsby, and a number of surveys and handbooks of modern fiction, both British and American. However, he is best known to a wider public as a novelist. Although often compared with his contemporaryDavid Lodge, a friend who has also writtencampus novels, Bradbury's books are consistently darker in\",\n \"darker in mood and less playful both in style and language. In 1986, he wrote a short humorous book titledWhy Come to Slaka?, a parody of travel books, dealing withSlaka, the fictionalEastern Europeancountry that is the setting for his novelRates of Exchange, a 1983 novel that was shortlisted for theBooker Prize. Bradbury also wrote extensively for television, including scripting series such asAnything More Would Be Greedy,The Gravy Train(and its sequel,The Gravy Train Goes East, which explored life in Bradbury's fictional Slaka), and adapting novels such asTom Sharpe'sBlott on the LandscapeandPorterhouse Blue,Alison Lurie'sImaginary Friends,Kingsley Amis'sThe Green Man, and the penultimateInspector MorseepisodeThe Wench is Dead. His last television script was forDalziel and Pascoeseries 5, produced byAndy Rowley. The episode \\\"Foreign Bodies\\\" was screened onBBC Oneon 15 July 2000. His work was often humorous and ironic, mockingacademe,British culture, andcommunism, usually with apicaresquetone. Selected\",\n \"Selected bibliography See also References External links\",\n \"England – inEurope(green & dark grey)– in theUnited Kingdom(green) Englandis acountrythat is part of theUnited Kingdom.It is located on the island ofGreat Britain, of which it covers approximately 62%, andover 100 smaller adjacent islands. It has land borders withScotlandto the north andWalesto the west, and is otherwise surrounded by theNorth Seato the east, theEnglish Channelto the south, theCeltic Seato the south-west, and theIrish Seato the west.Continental Europelies to the south-east, andIrelandto the west. At the2021 census, the population was 56,490,048.Londonis boththe largest cityand thecapital. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during theUpper Paleolithic. It takes its name from theAngles, aGermanictribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world since theAge of Discovery, which began during the 15th century.TheKingdom of England, which included\",\n \"which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separatesovereign stateon 1 May 1707, when theActs of Unionbrought into effect a political union with theKingdom of Scotlandthat created theKingdom of Great Britain. England is the origin of theEnglish language, theEnglish legal system(which served as the basis for thecommon lawsystems of many other countries),association football, and theAnglicanbranch of Christianity; itsparliamentary system of governmenthas been widely adopted by other nations.TheIndustrial Revolutionbegan in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.England is home tothe two oldest universitiesin the English-speaking world: theUniversity of Oxford, founded in 1096, and theUniversity of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked among the most prestigious in the world. England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills andplains, especially in thecentreandsouth. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in thenorthand west,\",\n \"thenorthand west, includingDartmoor, theLake District, thePennines, and theShropshire Hills. The country's capital isLondon, themetropolitan areaof which has a population of 14.2 million as of 2021, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom,largely concentrated around London, theSouth East, and conurbations in theMidlands, theNorth West, theNorth East, andYorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Toponymy The name \\\"England\\\" is derived from theOld EnglishnameEnglaland, which means \\\"land of theAngles\\\".The Angles were one of theGermanic tribesthat settled in Great Britain during theEarly Middle Ages. They came from theAngelnregion of what is now the German state ofSchleswig-Holstein.The earliest recorded use of the term, as \\\"Engla londe\\\", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English ofBede'sEcclesiastical History of the English People. The term was\",\n \"The term was then used to mean \\\"the land inhabited by the English\\\", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom ofNorthumbria. TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclerecorded that theDomesday Bookof 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later theChroniclestated that KingMalcolm IIIwent \\\"out of Scotlande intoLothianin Englaland\\\", thus using it in the more ancient sense. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work byTacitus,Germania, in which theLatinwordAngliiis used.The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, anangularshape.How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as theSaxons, came to be used for the entire country is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in BritainAngli Saxonesor English\",\n \"Saxonesor English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony in Germany.InScottish Gaelic, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);similarly, theWelshname for the English language is \\\"Saesneg\\\". A romantic name for England isLoegria, related to the Welsh word for England,Lloegr, and made popular by its use inArthurian legend.Albionis also applied to England in a more poetic capacity,though its original meaning is the island of Britain as a whole. History Prehistory The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that ofHomo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during theUpper Paleolithicperiod, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.After thelast ice ageonly large mammals such asmammoths,bisonandwoolly rhinocerosremained. Roughly\",\n \"Roughly 11,000 years ago, when theice sheetsbegan to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of theIberian Peninsula.The sea level was lower than the present day and Britain was connected byland bridgeto Ireland andEurasia.As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. TheBeaker culturearrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.It was during this time that majorNeolithicmonuments such asStonehenge(phase III) andAveburywere constructed. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people madebronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of ironsmeltingallowed the construction of betterploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, withCeltic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons. During theIron Age,Celtic culture,\",\n \"Age,Celtic culture, deriving from theHallstattandLa Tène cultures, arrived from Central Europe.Brythonicwas the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according toPtolemy'sGeographiathere were around 20 tribes in the area. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of theRoman Republicattempted toinvade twicein 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up aclient kingfrom theTrinovantes. Ancient history The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of EmperorClaudius, subsequentlyconquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire asBritannia province.The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were theCatuvellauniled byCaratacus. Later, an uprising led byBoudica, Queen of theIceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at theBattle of Watling Street.The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders\",\n \"the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000.This era saw aGreco-Romanculture prevail with the introduction ofRoman law,Roman architecture,aqueducts,sewers, many agricultural items and silk.In the 3rd century, EmperorSeptimius Severusdied atEboracum(nowYork), whereConstantinewas subsequently proclaimed emperor a century later. There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. According toBede, missionaries were sent from Rome byEleutheriusat the request of the chieftainLucius of Britainin 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction throughJoseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.By 410, during thedecline of the Roman Empire, Britain was left exposed by theend of Roman rule in Britainand the withdrawal of Roman army units,\",\n \"Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Local \\\"congregations\\\" were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated church. Middle Ages Roman militarywithdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Saxons,Angles,Jutesand Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province. These groups then began to settle in increasing numbers over the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, initially in the eastern part of the country.Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at theBattle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, overrunning the fertile lowlands of\",\n \"fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area underBrittoniccontrol to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as aDark Age. Details of theAnglo-Saxon settlement of Britainare consequently subject to considerable disagreement; the emerging consensus is that it occurred on a large scale in the south and east but was less substantial to the north and west, where Celtic languages continued to be spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon control.Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, been replaced in the conquered territories byAnglo-Saxon paganism, but wasreintroduced by missionariesfrom Rome led byAugustinefrom 597.Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at theCouncil of Whitby(664), which was ostensibly abouttonsures(clerical haircuts) and the date of Easter, but more\",\n \"of Easter, but more significantly, about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice. During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms includingNorthumbria,Mercia,Wessex,East Anglia,Essex,KentandSussex. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued.The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by theDanesculminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex underAlfred the Greatwas left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his\",\n \"and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of theDanelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished underÆthelstanin 927 and definitively established after further conflicts byEadredin 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom bySweyn Forkbeardin 1013 and again by his sonCnutin 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-livedNorth Sea Empirethat also includedDenmarkandNorway. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession ofEdward the Confessorin 1042. A dispute over the succession to Edward led to an unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion in September 1066 close to York in the North, and the successfulNorman Conquestin October 1066, accomplished by an army led byDuke William of Normandyinvading at Hastings late September 1066.TheNormansthemselves originated fromScandinaviaand had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.This conquest\",\n \"conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language. Subsequently, theHouse of PlantagenetfromAnjouinherited the English throne underHenry II, adding England to the buddingAngevin Empireof fiefs the family had inherited in France includingAquitaine.They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs beingRichard I,Edward I,Edward IIIandHenry V.The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing ofMagna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholicmonasticismflourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. ThePrincipality of Walesbecame a Plantagenet fief during the 13th centuryand theLordship of Irelandwas given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and\",\n \"Plantagenets and theHouse of Valoisclaimed to be legitimate claimants to theHouse of Capetand of France; the two powers clashed in theHundred Years' War.TheBlack Deathepidemichit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England'sinhabitants. Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war known as theWar of the Roseswaged between the two branches of the royal family, theYorkistsandLancastrians.Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family theTudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed byHenry Tudorwho invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at theBattle of Bosworth Fieldwhere the Yorkist kingRichard IIIwas killed. Early modern period During theTudor period, England began to developnaval skills, and exploration intensified in theAge of Discovery.Henry VIIIbroke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to his divorce, under theActs of Supremacyin 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of theChurch of England. In contrast\",\n \"In contrast with much of EuropeanProtestantism, theroots of the splitwere more political than theological.He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters,Mary IandElizabeth I. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy ofAnglicanism. TheElizabethan erais the epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (\\\"the Virgin Queen\\\"). Historians often depict it as thegolden agein English history that represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of great art, drama, poetry, music and literature.England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government. Competing withSpain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorerWalter RaleighinVirginiaand namedRoanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony\",\n \"as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.With theEast India Company, England also competed with theDutchandFrenchin the East. During the Elizabethan period, England was at war with Spain. Anarmadasailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet underLord Howard of Effingham. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in1596and1597, but both were driven back by storms. Union with Scotland The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when theKing of Scots,James VI, a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating apersonal union.He styled himselfKing of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.Under the auspices of James VI and I the AuthorisedKing James\",\n \"James Versionof the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, theEnglish Civil Warwas fought between the supporters ofParliamentand those of KingCharles I, known colloquially asRoundheadsandCavaliersrespectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifacetedWars of the Three Kingdoms, involvingScotlandandIreland. The Parliamentarians were victorious,Charles I was executedand the kingdom replaced by theCommonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces,Oliver Cromwelldeclared himselfLord Protectorin 1653; a period ofpersonal rulefollowed.After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his sonRichardas Lord Protector,Charles IIwas invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called theRestoration. With the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature and performing arts flourished throughout the\",\n \"throughout the Restoration of the \\\"Merry Monarch\\\" Charles II.After theGlorious Revolutionof 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with theBill of Rightsin 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.Also since that time, no British monarch has entered theHouse of Commonswhen it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at theState Opening of Parliamentby the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.With the founding of theRoyal Societyin 1660, science was greatly encouraged. In 1666 theGreat Fire of Londongutted the city of London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward with\",\n \"afterward with many significant buildings designed by SirChristopher Wren.By the mid-to-late 17th century, two political factions had emerged – theToriesandWhigs. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic kingJames II, some of them, along with the Whigs, during theRevolution of 1688invited the DutchPrince William of Orangeto defeat James and become the king. Some English people, especially in the north, wereJacobitesand continued to support James and his sons. Under theStuart dynastyEngland expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. The Royal Navy developed Europe's largest merchant fleet.After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,the two countries joined inpolitical union, to create theKingdom of Great Britainin 1707.To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. Late modern and contemporary periods Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and otherEnglish initiativescombined with theScottish\",\n \"with theScottish Enlightenmentto create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth inBritish overseas tradeprotected by theRoyal Navypaved the way for the establishment of theBritish Empire. Domestically it drove theIndustrial Revolution, a period of profound change in thesocioeconomicand cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.The opening of Northwest England'sBridgewater Canalin 1761 ushered in thecanal age in Britain.In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – theStockton and Darlington Railway– opened to the public. During theIndustrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance atBirminghamandManchester,with the latter the world's first industrial city.England maintained relative\",\n \"maintained relative stability throughout theFrench Revolution, underGeorge IIIandWilliam Pitt the Younger. Theregency of George IVis noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture.During theNapoleonic Wars,Napoleonplanned toinvade from the south-east; however, this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea byHoratio Nelson, and on land byArthur Wellesley. The major victory at theBattle of Trafalgarconfirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept ofBritishnessand a united nationalBritish people, shared with the English, Scots and Welsh. London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during theVictorian era, and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious.Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and\",\n \"Kingdom's power and prosperity.Political agitation at home from radicals such as theChartistsand thesuffragettesenabled legislative reform anduniversal suffrage. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of theAllies.Two decades later, inWorld War II, the United Kingdom was again one of theAllies. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids duringthe Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapiddecolonisation, and there was a speeding-up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport andFrank Whittle's development of thejet engineled to widerair travel.Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of theNational Health Servicein 1948, providingpublicly funded health careto all permanent residents free at the point of need. Combined, these prompted the reform oflocal government in Englandin the\",\n \"in Englandin the mid-20th century. Since the 20th century, there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of theBritish Isles, but also from theCommonwealth, particularly theIndian subcontinent.Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on theservice industry.As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined acommon marketinitiative called theEuropean Economic Communitywhich became theEuropean Union. Since the late 20th century theadministration of the United Kingdomhas moved towardsdevolved governancein Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.England and Walescontinues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected byreferendum. Governance Politics England is part of the United Kingdom, aconstitutional\",\n \"aconstitutional monarchywith aparliamentary system.There has not been agovernment of Englandsince 1707, when theActs of Union 1707,putting into effect the terms of theTreaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form theKingdom of Great Britain.Before the union England was ruled byits monarchand theParliament of England. Today England is governed directly by theParliament of the United Kingdom, although othercountries of the United Kingdomhavedevolvedgovernments.There has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that variousregions of Englandwould be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by theNorth Eastin a2004 referendum, this has not been carried out.In 2024, an England-only intergovernmental body, known as theMayoral Council, was established to bring together ministers from theUK Government, theMayor of Londonand the leaders ofcombined authorities. In theHouse of Commonswhich is thelower houseof the British Parliament based at thePalace of\",\n \"at thePalace of Westminster, there are 543 members of parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.England is represented by 347 MPs from theLabour Party, 116 from theConservative Party, 65 from theLiberal Democrats, five forReform UKand four for theGreen Party of England and Wales. Law TheEnglish lawlegal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis ofcommon lawlegal systems used in mostCommonwealthcountriesand the United States (exceptLouisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of theCourts of England and Walescontinued, under theTreaty of Union, as a separate legal system fromthe one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge oflegal precedent–stare decisis– to the facts before them. The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of theCourt of Appeal, theHigh Court of Justicefor civil cases, and theCrown Courtfor\",\n \"theCrown Courtfor criminal cases.TheSupreme Court of the United Kingdomis the highest court for criminal and civil cases inEngland and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over thejudicial functions of the House of Lords.A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions. TheSecretary of State for Justiceis the minister responsible to Parliament for thejudiciary, the court system and prisons and probation in England.Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it one of thehighest incarceration ratesin Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.His Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to theMinistry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing 81,309 prisoners in England and Wales as of September 2022. Subdivisions Thesubdivisions of Englandconsist of up to four levels ofsubnational division, controlled through a variety of types of\",\n \"variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes oflocal government. Outside the London region, England's highest tier is the 48ceremonial counties.These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference. Of these, 38 developed gradually since theMiddle Ages; these were reformed to 51 in 1974 and to their current number in 1996.Each has aLord LieutenantandHigh Sheriff; these posts are used to represent theBritish monarchlocally.Some counties, such asHerefordshire, are only divided further into civil parishes. The royal county of Berkshire and the metropolitan counties have different types of status to other ceremonial counties. The second tier is made up ofcombined authoritiesand the 27county-tiershire counties. In 1974, all ceremonial counties were two-tier; and with the metropolitan county tier phased out, the 1996 reform separated the ceremonial county and the administrative county tier. England is also divided into local government districts.The district can align to a\",\n \"can align to a ceremonial county, or be a district tier within ashire county, be aroyalormetropolitan borough, haveboroughorcity status, or be aunitary authority. At the community level, much of England is divided intocivil parisheswith their owncouncils; in Greater London only one such parish,Queen's Park, exists as of 2014after they wereabolished in 1965until legislationallowed their recreationin 2007. London From 1994 until the early 2010s England was divided for a few purposes into regions; a1998 referendumfor the London Region created theLondon Assemblytwo years later.A failed2004 North East England devolution referendumcancelled furtherregional assemblydevolutionwith the regional structure outside London abolished. Ceremonially and administratively, the region is divided between theCity of LondonandGreater London; these are further divided into the 32London Boroughsand the 25Wards of the City of London. Geography Landscape and rivers Geographically, England includes the central and southern two-thirds\",\n \"southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as theIsle of Wightand theIsles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom:to the northby Scotland andto the westby Wales. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. It is separated fromFrance(Hauts-de-France) by a 21-mile (34 km)sea gap, though the two countries are connected by theChannel TunnelnearFolkestone.England also has shores on theIrish Sea,North Seaand Atlantic Ocean. The ports of London,Liverpool, andNewcastlelie on the tidal riversThames,MerseyandTynerespectively. At 220 miles (350 km), theSevernis the longest river flowing through England.It empties into theBristol Channeland is notable for itsSevern Bore(atidal bore), which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length.There are manylakes in England; the largest isWindermere, within the aptly namedLake\",\n \"the aptly namedLake District. Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include thePennines, a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and theCheviot Hills, straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), isScafell Pikein the Lake District.TheShropshire Hillsare near Wales whileDartmoorandExmoorare two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by theTees–Exe line. The Pennines, known as the \\\"backbone of England\\\", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of thePaleozoic Eraaround 300 million years ago.Their geological composition includes, among others,sandstoneandlimestone, and also coal. There arekarstlandscapes in calcite areas such as parts ofYorkshireandDerbyshire. The Pennine\",\n \"The Pennine landscape is highmoorlandin upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain twonational parks, theYorkshire Dalesand thePeak District. In theWest Country, Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite. TheEnglish Lowlandsare in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including theCotswold Hills,Chiltern Hills,NorthandSouth Downs; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as thecliffs of Dover. This also includes relatively flat plains such as theSalisbury Plain,Somerset Levels,South Coast PlainandThe Fens. Climate England has atemperatemaritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on theEnglish coast, while July is normally the warmest\",\n \"the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to theAtlantic Ocean, its northernlatitudeand the warming of the sea by theGulf Stream.Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of theLake Districtreceive more rain than anywhere else in the country.Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on 19 July 2022 atConingsby,Lincolnshire,while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 inEdgmond, Shropshire. Nature and wildlife The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in theBritish Isleswith a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats.National nature reserves in Englandare designated byNatural Englandas key places forwildlifeand natural features in England. They were established to protect the most significant areas of habitat and of geological formations.\",\n \"formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members ofThe Wildlife Trustspartnership, theNational Trust, and theRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds. There are 221 NNRs in England covering 110,000 hectares (1,100 square kilometres). Often they contain rare species or nationally important populations of plants and animals.. TheEnvironment Agencyis a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by theDepartment for Environment, Food and Rural Affairswith responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.TheSecretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairsis the minister responsible for environmental protection, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England. England has atemperate oceanic climatein most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas ofsubarcticand warmer areas inthe South West. Towards\",\n \"South West. Towards theNorth of Englandthe climate becomes colder and most of England's mountains and high hills are located here and have a major impact on the climate and thus the local fauna of the areas.Deciduouswoodlands are common across all of England and provide a great habitat for much of England's wildlife, but these give way in northern and upland areas of England toconiferousforests (mainly plantations) which also benefit certain forms of wildlife. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban environment, particularly thered fox, which is the most successfulurban mammalafter thebrown rat, and other animals such ascommon wood pigeon, both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas. Major conurbations TheGreater London Built-up Areais by far the largest urban area in Englandand one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered aglobal cityand has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.Other urban areas of considerable size and influence\",\n \"size and influence tend to be innorthern Englandor theEnglish Midlands.There are50 settlementswhich have designatedcity status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has 66. While many cities in England are quite large, such asBirmingham,Sheffield,Manchester,Liverpool,Leeds,Newcastle,Bradford,Nottingham, population size is not a prerequisite for city status.Traditionally the status was given to towns withdiocesan cathedrals, so there are smaller cities likeWells,Ely,Ripon,TruroandChichester. Economy England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with an averageGDP per capitaof £37,852 in 2022.HM Treasury, led by theChancellor of the Exchequer, is responsible for developing and executing the government'spublic financepolicy andeconomic policy.Usually regarded as amixed market economy, it has adopted manyfree marketprinciples, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure. The economy of England is the largest part of theUK's economy.England is a leader in the chemical and\",\n \"in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularlyaerospace, thearms industry, and thesoftware industry. London, home to theLondon Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's mainstock exchangeand the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.London is the largest financial centre in Europe and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world. London has also been named as the fastest growing technology hub in Europe, with England having over 100 unique tech companies with a value of $1 billion or more.TheBank of England, founded in 1694 as private banker to the government of England and astate-owned institutionsince 1946, is the United Kingdom'scentral bank.The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes inEngland and Wales, although not in other parts of the UK. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank'sMonetary Policy Committeefor managing the monetary policy of the country and setting\",\n \"country and setting interest rates. England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a moreservice industryoriented economy.Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated bypharmaceuticals, automotives,crude oiland petroleum from the English parts ofNorth Sea oilalong withWytch Farm,aircraft enginesand alcoholic beverages.Thecreative industriesaccounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the remainder to arable crops.The main crops that are grown arewheat,barley,oats,potatoes, andsugar beets. England retains a significant fishing industry. Its fleets bring\",\n \"Its fleets bring home a variety of fish, ranging fromsoletoherring. England is also rich in natural resources includingcoal,petroleum,natural gas,tin,limestone,iron ore,salt,clay,chalk,gypsum,lead, and silica. Science and technology Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include SirIsaac Newton,Charles Darwin,Robert Hooke,Alan Turing,Stephen Hawking,Edward Jenner,Francis Crick,Joseph Lister,Joseph Priestley,Thomas Young,Christopher WrenandRichard Dawkins. England was a leading centre of theScientific Revolutionfrom the 17th century.As the birthplace of theIndustrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers includeIsambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of theGreat Western Railway, a series of famoussteamships, and numerous important bridges, revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.Thomas Newcomen'ssteam enginehelped spawn the Industrial Revolution. The Father\",\n \"The Father of Railways,George Stephenson, built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, theLiverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage,Matthew Boulton(business partner ofJames Watt) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.The physicianEdward Jenner'ssmallpox vaccineis said to have \\\"saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history.\\\" Inventions and discoveries of the English include thejet engine; the first industrialspinning machine;the first computerand the firstmodern computer; theWorld Wide Webalong withHTML; the first successful humanblood transfusion; the motorisedvacuum cleaner;thelawn mower; theseat belt; thehovercraft; theelectric motor;steam engines; and theories such as the Darwinian theory ofevolutionandatomic theory. Newton developed the ideas ofuniversal gravitation,Newtonian mechanics,\",\n \"mechanics, andcalculus, andRobert Hookehis eponymously namedlaw of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, thethermosiphon,tarmac, therubber band, themousetrap,\\\"cat's eye\\\"road marker, joint development of thelight bulb, steamlocomotives, the modernseed drilland many modern techniques and technologies used inprecision engineering. TheRoyal Society, formallyThe Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge,is alearned societyand theUnited Kingdom's nationalacademy of sciences. Founded on 28 November 1660,It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.TheRoyal Institution of Great Britainwas founded in 1799 by leading English scientists, includingHenry Cavendish.Some experts claim that the earliest concept of ametric systemwas invented byJohn Wilkinsin 1668. Scientific research and development remains important in theuniversities of England, with many establishingscience parksto facilitate production and co-operation with industry.Cambridgeis the most intensive\",\n \"the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.In 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (after the United States and China).Scientific journals produced in England includeNature, theBritish Medical JournalandThe Lancet. TheDepartment for Science, Innovation and Technology,Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology, andMinister of State for Science, Research and Innovationhas responsibility for science in England. Transport TheDepartment for Transportis the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by theSecretary of State for Transport. England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are manymotorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as theA1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle(much of this section is motorway) and onward to\",\n \"and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is theM6, fromRugbythrough theNorth Westup to theAnglo-Scottish border, a distance of 232 miles (373 km).Other major routes include: theM1from London to Leeds, theM25which encircles London, theM60which encircles Manchester, theM4from London to South Wales, theM62from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and theM5from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West. Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies includeArriva,FirstGroup,Go-Ahead Group,Mobico Group,RotalaandStagecoach Group.Bus rapid transitoriginated in England with theRuncornBusway opening in 1971.The reddouble-decker busesin London have become a symbol of England.National Cycle Routeoffers cycling routes nationally. Rail transport in Englandis the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.Much of Britain's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively. There is rail transport\",\n \"is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, theChannel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994. Great British Railwaysis a planned state-owned public body that will overseerail transport in Great Britainfrom 2024. TheOffice of Rail and Roadis responsible for the economic and safety regulation of England's railways.Crossrailwas Europe's largest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost, opened in 2022.High Speed 2, a new high-speed north–south railway line, is under construction. There is arapid transitnetwork in two English cities: theLondon Underground, and theTyne and Wear MetroinNewcastle upon Tyne,GatesheadandSunderland.There are several extensive tram networks, such as theManchester Metrolink,Sheffield Supertram,West Midlands Metro,Nottingham Express Transit, andTramlinkin South London.England also has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport isHeathrow, which is theworld's second busiest airport measured by number of\",\n \"by number of international passengers. By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium.There are around 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by theCanal & River Trust,however, water transport is very limited. TheRiver Thamesis the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at thePort of Tilburyin theThames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports. Energy Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reducecarbon dioxideemissions. Notably, the UK isone of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.Wind power contributed 26.8% of UK electricity generation in 2022.England is home toHornsea 2, the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire. TheClimate Change Act 2008was passed in Parliament with\",\n \"in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally bindingclimate change mitigationtarget set by a country.UK government energy policyaims to play a key role in limitinggreenhouse gas emissions, while meeting energy demand. Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country'senergy mixthrough changes in costs. The current energy policy is the responsibility of theDepartment for Energy Security and Net ZeroandSecretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero.TheMinister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growthis responsible for green finance, climate science and innovation, and low carbon generation.In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked 2 out of 180 countries in theEnvironmental Performance Index.A law has been passed thatUK greenhouse gas emissionswill benet zeroby 2050. Healthcare TheNational Health Service(NHS), is the\",\n \"is the publicly fundedhealthcare systemresponsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of theNational Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of theBeveridge Report, prepared by the economist and social reformer,William Beveridge.The NHS is largely funded by general taxation andNational Insurancepayments;it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care. The government department responsible for the NHS is theDepartment of Health, under theSecretary of State for Health. Most of the department's expenses are on the NHS – £98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.Regulatory bodies such as theGeneral Medical Counciland theNursing and Midwifery Councilare organised on a UK-wide basis, as are non-governmental bodies such as theRoyal Colleges. The averagelife expectancyis 77.5 years for males and\",\n \"years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the fourcountries of the United Kingdom.The south of England has a higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years. Demography Population With over 56 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.England taken as a unit and measured against international states would be the 26th largestcountry by populationin the world. TheEnglish peopleareBritish people.There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially theUnited States,Canada,Australia,South AfricaandNew Zealand.Since the late 1990s, many English peoplehave migratedto Spain.Due in particular to the economic prosperity ofSouth East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United\",\n \"parts of the United Kingdom.There has beensignificant Irish migration.The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 81.7%,includingWhite British,GermansandPoles,down from 94.1% in 1991.Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, about 7% of people living in England have familyorigins in the Indian subcontinent, mostlyIndia,PakistanandBangladesh.About 0.7% areChinese,0.6% areArabs.4.0% of the population areblack, from Africa and theCaribbean, especially former British colonies,and 2.9% identified as multiracial ormixed. In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were fromethnic minorityfamilies,and in 2011 that figure was 26.5%.About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. England contains one indigenous national minority, theCornish people, recognised by the UK government under theFramework Convention for the Protection of National Minoritiesin 2014. Language (thousands) English,\",\n \"English, today widely spoken around the world,originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal tongue. According to a 2011 census, it is spoken well or very well by 98% of the population English language learning and teachingis an importanteconomic activity. There is nolegislationmandating anofficial languagefor England,but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinctregional accents. Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived,and is now protected under theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.It is spoken by 0.1% of people inCornwall,and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools. State schoolsteach students asecond languageorthird languagefrom the ages of seven, most commonly French, Spanish or German.It was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke aforeign languageat home,the most common beingPunjabiandUrdu. However,\",\n \"However, following the 2011 census data released by theOffice for National Statistics, figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English.In 2022,British Sign Languagebecame an official language of England when theBritish Sign Language Act 2022came into effect. Religion In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that they had no religion, 5% specified that they wereMuslim, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2% did not give an answer.Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. Theestablished churchof England is theChurch of England,which left communion withRomein the 1530s whenHenry VIIIwas unable to annul his marriage toCatherine of Aragon. The church regards itself as both Catholic andProtestant. There areHigh ChurchandLow Churchtraditions and some Anglicans regard themselves asAnglo-Catholics, following theTractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is\",\n \"United Kingdom is thesupreme governor of the Church of England, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). It forms part of theAnglican Communionwith theArchbishop of Canterburyacting as its symbolic worldwide head.Manycathedralsand parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such asWestminster Abbey,York Minster,Durham Cathedral, andSalisbury Cathedral. The second-largest Christian denomination is theCatholic Church. Since its reintroduction after theCatholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on anEngland and Walesbasis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).There has been one Pope from England to date,Adrian IV, while saintsBedeandAnselmare regarded asDoctors of the Church. A form ofProtestantismknown asMethodismis the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism throughJohn Wesley.It gained popularity in themill townsofLancashireandYorkshire, and\",\n \"and among tin miners inCornwall.There are othernon-conformistminorities, such asBaptists,Quakers,Congregationalists,UnitariansandThe Salvation Army. The patron saint of England isSaint George; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England.There are many other English and associated saints, includingCuthbert,Edmund,Alban,Wilfrid,Aidan,Edward the Confessor,John Fisher,Thomas More,Petroc,Piran,Margaret ClitherowandThomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised.Jewshave a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.They were expelled from England in 1290 following theEdict of Expulsion, and were allowed back in 1656. Especially since the 1950s, religions from theformer British colonieshave grown in numbers, due to immigration.Islamis the most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England.Hinduism,SikhismandBuddhismare next in number, adding up to 2.8% combined,introduced from India andSoutheast Asia. A small minority of the population practise\",\n \"population practise ancientPagan religions.Neopaganism in the United Kingdomis primarily represented byWiccaandNeopagan witchcraft,Druidry, andHeathenry. According to the2011 census, there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,including 11,026Wiccans.24.7% of people in England declaredno religion, compared with 14.6% in 2001.Norwichhad the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed byBrighton and Hoveat 42.4%. Education TheDepartment for Educationis the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.State-funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.Education is the responsibility of theSecretary of State for Education. Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or anEarly Years Foundation Stagereception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. State-funded schools are\",\n \"schools are obliged by law to teach theNational Curriculum; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history, geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education. TheProgramme for International Student Assessmentcoordinated by theOECDcurrently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493. Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are selective intakegrammar schoolsto which entrance is subject to passing theeleven-plusexam. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attendprivate schools, which are funded by private sources.Standards in state schools are monitored by theOffice for Standards in Education, and in private schools by theIndependent Schools Inspectorate. After finishing\",\n \"After finishing compulsory education, students takeGCSEexaminations. Students may then opt to continue intofurther educationfor two years.Further education colleges(particularlysixth form colleges) often form part of a secondary school site.A-levelexaminations are sat by a large number of further education students, and often form the basis of an application to university. Further education covers a wide curriculum of study andapprenticeships, includingT-levels,BTEC,NVQand others.Tertiary collegesprovide both academic and vocational courses. Higher education Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for anacademic degree. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which arepublic institutions. TheDepartment for Business, Innovation and Skillsis the government department responsible for higher education in England.Students are generally entitled tostudent loansto covertuition feesand living costs.The first degree offered to undergraduates is\",\n \"undergraduates is thebachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or a doctorate, which takes three or more years. England's universitiesinclude some of the highest-ranked universities in the world. As of 2024, four England-based universities, theUniversity of Cambridge,University of Oxford,Imperial College London, andUniversity College London, are ranked among the top ten in the 2024QS World University Rankings. The University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, and the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, are the twooldest universities in the English-speaking world. TheLondon School of Economicshas been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.TheLondon Business Schoolis considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by theFinancial Times.Academic degreesin England are usually split\",\n \"are usually split into classes: first class, upper second class, lower second class, third, and unclassified.The King's School, CanterburyandKing's School, Rochesterare the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.Many of England's most well-known schools, such asWinchester College,Eton,St Paul's School,Harrow SchoolandRugby Schoolare fee-paying institutions. Culture Architecture Many ancientstanding stonemonuments were erected during the prehistoric period; among the best known areStonehenge,Devil's Arrows,Rudston MonolithandCastlerigg.With the introduction ofAncient Roman architecturethere was a development ofbasilicas,baths,amphitheaters,triumphal arches,villas,Roman temples,Roman roads,Roman forts,stockadesandaqueducts.It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example isHadrian's Wallstretching right across northern England.Another well-preserved example is theRoman BathsatBath, Somerset. Early medieval\",\n \"Early medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber withthatchfor roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis ofHiberno–Saxonmonasticism,toEarly Christianbasilicaand architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 variouscastleswere created; the best known include theTower of London,Warwick Castle,Durham CastleandWindsor Castle. Throughout the Plantagenet era, anEnglish Gothic architectureflourished, with prime examples including themedieval cathedralssuch asCanterbury Cathedral,Westminster AbbeyandYork Minster.Expanding on theNorman basethere was alsocastles,palaces,great houses, universities andparish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-centuryTudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as theTudor arch, was a defining feature as werewattle and daubhouses domestically. In the aftermath of theRenaissancea form of architecture\",\n \"of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, theEnglish Baroquestyle of architectChristopher Wrenbeing particularly championed. Georgian architecturefollowed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; theRoyal Crescentat Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence ofromanticismduring Victorian period, aGothic Revivalwas launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such asThe Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s variousmodernistforms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places. Gardens Landscape gardening, as developed byCapability Brown, set an international trend for theEnglish landscape garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually included\",\n \"usually included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples,Gothicruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by theFrench landscape garden, and as far away asPavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, the gardens of the futureEmperor Paul. It also had a major influence on thepublic parksand gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.The English landscape garden was centred on theEnglish country houseand manor houses. English Heritageand theNational Trustpreserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country.TheRHS Chelsea Flower Showis held every year by theRoyal Horticultural Societyand is said to be the largest gardening show in the world. Folklore English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common\",\n \"regions. Common folkloric beings includepixies,giants,elves,bogeymen,trolls,goblinsanddwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuringOffa of AngelandWayland the Smith,others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuringRobin Hoodand hisMerry MenofSherwood, and their battles with theSheriff of Nottingham, are among the best-known of these. During theHigh Middle Agestales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into theArthurian myth.These were derived fromAnglo-Norman, Welsh and French sources,featuringKing Arthur,Camelot,Excalibur,Merlinand theKnights of the Round Tablesuch asLancelot. These stories are most centrally brought together withinGeoffrey of Monmouth'sHistoria Regum Britanniae(History of the Kings of Britain). Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries.On 5 November people celebrateBonfire Nightto commemorate the foiling of\",\n \"the foiling of theGunpowder Plotcentred onGuy Fawkes. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such asMorris dancing,Maypole dancing,Rapper swordin the North East,Long Sword dancein Yorkshire,Mummers Plays,bottle-kickingin Leicestershire, andcheese-rollingatCooper's Hill.There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as thePearly Kings and Queensassociated with cockneys, theRoyal Guard, theMorris costumeandBeefeaters. Cuisine Since theearly modern periodthe food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.During theMiddle Agesand the Renaissance, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during theIndustrial Revolutionwith increasing urbanisation. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some good ratings inRestaurant'sbest restaurant in the\",\n \"restaurant in the worldcharts. Traditional examples of English food include theSunday roast, featuring aroasted joint(usually beef,lamb, chicken or pork) served with assorted vegetables,Yorkshire puddingandgravy.Other prominent meals includefish and chipsand thefull English breakfast(generally consisting ofbacon,sausages, grilled tomatoes, fried bread,black pudding,baked beans,mushroomsand eggs).Variousmeat piesare consumed, such assteak and kidney pie,steak and ale pie,cottage pie,pork pie(usually eaten cold)and theCornish pasty. Sausages are commonly eaten, either asbangers and mashortoad in the hole.Lancashire hotpotis a well-known stew originating in the northwest. Some of the more popular cheeses areCheddar,Red Leicester,Wensleydale,Double GloucesterandBlue Stilton. ManyAnglo-Indianhybrid dishes,curries, have been created, such aschicken tikka masalaandbalti. Traditional English dessert dishes includeapple pieor other fruit pies;spotted dick– all generally served withcustard; and, more recently,sticky\",\n \"recently,sticky toffee pudding. Sweet pastries includesconesserved with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves,Eccles cakesandmince piesas well as sweet or spiced biscuits. Common non-alcoholic drinks include teaand coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine,cidersandEnglish beers, such asbitter,mild,stoutandbrown ale. Visual arts The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock andcave artpieces, most prominent inNorth Yorkshire, Northumberland andCumbria, but also feature further south, for example atCreswell Crags.With the arrival ofRoman culturein the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those atLullingstoneandAldborough.During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in theStaffordshire Hoarddiscovered in 2009. Some of these blendedGaelic and\",\n \"blendedGaelic and Anglianstyles, such as theLindisfarne GospelsandVespasian Psalter.LaterGothic artwas popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such asBenedictional of St. ÆthelwoldandLuttrell Psalter. The Tudor era sawprominent artistsas part of their court; portrait painting, which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by GermanHans Holbein, and natives such asNicholas Hilliardbuilt on this.Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period includeAnthony van Dyck,Peter Lely,Godfrey KnellerandWilliam Dobson.The 18th century saw the founding of theRoyal Academy; aclassicismbased on theHigh Renaissanceprevailed, withThomas GainsboroughandJoshua Reynoldsbecoming two of England's most treasured artists. In the 19th century,John ConstableandJ. M. W. Turnerwere major landscape artists. TheNorwich Schoolcontinued the landscape tradition, while thePre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, led by artists such asHolman Hunt,Dante Gabriel\",\n \"Hunt,Dante Gabriel RossettiandJohn Everett Millais, revived theEarly Renaissancestyle with their vivid and detailed style.Prominent among 20th-century artists wasHenry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.TheRoyal Society of Artsis an organisation committed to the arts. Literature, poetry, and philosophy Early authors such asBedeandAlcuinwrote in Latin.The period ofOld English literatureprovided the epic poemBeowulfand the secular prose of theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle,along with Christian writings such asJudith,Cædmon'sHymnandhagiographies.Following the Norman conquestLatincontinued among the educated classes, as well as anAnglo-Norman literature. Middle English literatureemerged withGeoffrey Chaucer, author ofThe Canterbury Tales, along withGower, thePearl PoetandLangland.William of OckhamandRoger Bacon, who wereFranciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages.Julian of Norwich, who wroteRevelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With\",\n \"mystic. With theEnglish Renaissanceliterature in theEarly Modern Englishstyle appeared.William Shakespeare, whose works includeHamlet,Romeo and Juliet,Macbeth, andA Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature. Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser,Philip Sydney,Thomas Kyd,John Donne, andBen Jonsonare other established authors of theElizabethan age.Francis BaconandThomas Hobbeswrote onempiricismandmaterialism, includingscientific methodandsocial contract.Filmerwrote on theDivine Right of Kings.Marvellwas the best-known poet of theCommonwealth,whileJohn MiltonauthoredParadise Lostduring theRestoration. This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. William Shakespeare. Some of the most prominent philosophers of theEnlightenmentwereJohn Locke,Thomas Paine,Samuel JohnsonandJeremy Bentham. More\",\n \"Bentham. More radical elements were later countered byEdmund Burkewho is regarded as the founder of conservatism.The poetAlexander Popewith his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role inromanticism:Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Lord Byron,John Keats,Mary Shelley,Percy Bysshe Shelley,William BlakeandWilliam Wordsworthwere major figures. In response to theIndustrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way betweenlibertyand tradition;William Cobbett,G. K. ChestertonandHilaire Bellocwere main exponents, while the founder ofguild socialism,Arthur Penty, andcooperative movementadvocateG. D. H. Coleare somewhat related.Empiricism continued throughJohn Stuart MillandBertrand Russell, whileBernard Williamswas involved inanalytics. Authors from around theVictorian eraincludeCharles Dickens, theBrontë sisters,Jane Austen,George Eliot,Rudyard Kipling,Thomas Hardy,H. G. WellsandLewis Carroll.Since then England has continued to produce novelists such asGeorge Orwell,D. H. Lawrence,Virginia\",\n \"Lawrence,Virginia Woolf,C. S. Lewis,Enid Blyton,Aldous Huxley,Agatha Christie,Terry Pratchett,J. R. R. Tolkien, andJ. K. Rowling. Performing arts The traditionalfolk music of Englandis centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostlysea shanties,jigs,hornpipesanddance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed byWynkyn de Wordein the 16th century, are an important artefact, as areJohn Playford'sThe Dancing MasterandRobert Harley'sRoxburghe Balladscollections.Some of the best-known songs areGreensleeves,Pastime with Good Company,Maggie MayandSpanish Ladiesamong others. Manynursery rhymesare of English origin such asMary, Mary, Quite Contrary,Roses Are Red,Jack and Jill,London Bridge Is Falling Down,The Grand Old Duke of York,Hey Diddle DiddleandHumpty Dumpty.Traditional English Christmas carols include \\\"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\\\", \\\"The First Noel\\\", \\\"I Saw Three Ships\\\" and \\\"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\\\". Early English\",\n \"Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artistsThomas TallisandWilliam Byrd, followed byHenry Purcellfrom theBaroque periodandThomas Arnewho was well known for his patriotic songRule, Britannia!. German-bornGeorge Frideric Handelspent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios,The Messiah,Solomon,Water Music, andMusic for the Royal Fireworks. Classical music attracted much attention in the 18th century with the formation of theBirmingham Triennial Music Festival, which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in 1912. TheEnglish Musical Renaissancewas a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers, often those lecturing or trained at theRoyal College of Music, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences. There was a revival in the profile of\",\n \"in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led byEdward Elgar,Benjamin Britten,Frederick Delius,Gustav Holst,Ralph Vaughan Williamsand others.Present-day composers from England includeMichael Nyman, best known forThe Piano, andAndrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have achieved enormous success in theWest Endand worldwide. Inpopular music, many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such asthe Beatles,Led Zeppelin,Pink Floyd,Elton John,Queen,Rod Stewart,David Bowie,the Rolling StonesandDef Leppardare among the highest-selling recording artists in the world.Many musical genres have origins in (or strong associations with) England, such asBritish invasion,progressive rock,hard rock,Mod,glam rock,heavy metal,Britpop,indie rock,gothic rock,shoegazing,acid house,garage,trip hop,drum and bassanddubstep. Large outdoormusic festivalsin the summer and autumn are popular, such asGlastonbury,V Festival, and theReading and Leeds\",\n \"and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, freeravemovement from the late 1980s, which inspired the pan-European culture ofteknivals.TheBoishakhi Melais aBengali New Yearfestival celebrated by theBritish Bangladeshicommunity. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After theNotting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the UK, attracting over 80,000 visitors. The most prominentopera housein England is theRoyal Opera HouseatCovent Garden.The Promsis a major annual cultural event in the English calendar.The Royal Balletis one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies. TheRoyal Academy of Musicis the oldestconservatoirein the UK, founded in 1822, receiving itsroyal charterin 1830.England is home to numerous major orchestras such as theBBC Symphony Orchestra, theRoyal Philharmonic Orchestra, thePhilharmonia Orchestra, and theLondon Symphony Orchestra.Other forms of entertainment that originated in England include thecircusand thepantomime. Cinema\",\n \"Cinema England has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, includingAlfred Hitchcock,Charlie Chaplin,David Lean,Laurence Olivier,Vivien Leigh,John Gielgud,Peter Sellers,Julie Andrews,Michael Caine,Gary Oldman,Helen Mirren,Kate WinsletandDaniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers.Hitchcock'sThe Lodger: A Story of the London Fog(1926) helped shape thethrillergenre in film, while his 1929Blackmailis often regarded as the first Britishsoundfeature film. Major film studios in England includePinewood,ElstreeandShepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of thehighest-grossing film franchises(Harry PotterandJames Bond).Ealing Studiosin London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world.Famous for recording many motion picturefilm scores, theLondon Symphony\",\n \"theLondon Symphony Orchestrafirst performed film music in 1935.TheHammer Horrorfilms starringChristopher Leesaw the production of the first gory horror films showing blood and guts in colour. TheBFI Top 100 British filmsincludesMonty Python's Life of Brian(1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.English producers are also active ininternational co-productionsand English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council rankedDavid Yates,Christopher Nolan,Mike Newell,Ridley ScottandPaul Greengrassthe five most commercially successful English directors since 2001.Other contemporary English directors includeSam Mendes,Guy RitchieandRichard Curtis. Current actors includeTom Hardy,Daniel Craig,Benedict Cumberbatch,Lena Headey,Felicity Jones,Emilia Clarke,Lashana Lynch, andEmma Watson. Acclaimed for his motion capture work,Andy SerkisopenedThe Imaginarium Studiosin London in 2011.The visual effects companyFramestorein London has produced some of the\",\n \"some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people,storiesor events. The 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films includeAlice in Wonderland,The Jungle BookandWinnie the Pooh. Sites and institutions English Heritageis a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by theDepartment for Culture, Media and Sport. A non-governmental charity, theNational Trustholds a complementary role, focussed on landscapes andcountry houses. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCOWorld Heritage Sitesfall within England.Some of the best-known of these are:Hadrian's Wall,Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, theTower of London, theJurassic Coast,Saltaire,Ironbridge Gorge,Blenheim Palaceand theLake District. London'sBritish Museumholds more than seven million objects,one of the largest and most comprehensive collections in the world,illustrating and documenting\",\n \"and documenting global human culture from its beginnings to the present. TheBritish Libraryin London is thenational libraryand is one of the world's largestresearch libraries, holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats, including around 25 million books.TheNational GalleryinTrafalgar Squarehouses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.TheTategalleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host theTurner Prize. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility for cultural property and heritage.Ablue plaque, the oldesthistorical markerscheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event. In 2011 there were around 1,600 museums in England.Entry to most museums and galleries is free.Londonis one of the world's most visited cities, regularly taking the top five most visited\",\n \"five most visited cities inEurope. It is considered a global centre of finance, art and culture. Media TheBBC, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by thetelevision licence.TheBBC World Serviceis aninternational broadcasterowned and operated by theBBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages. London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, althoughManchesteris also a significant national media centre. The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.National newspapers produced\",\n \"newspapers produced in England includeThe Times,The Guardian,The Daily Telegraph, and theFinancial Times. Magazines and journals published in England that have achieved worldwide circulation includeNature,New Scientist,The Spectator,Prospect,NMEandThe Economist. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility over media and broadcasting in England. Sport England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th centurycodifiedmany sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England includeassociation football,cricket,rugby union,rugby league,tennis,boxing, badminton,squash,rounders,hockey,snooker,billiards,darts, table tennis,bowls,netball,thoroughbredhorseracing,greyhound racingandfox hunting. It has helped the development ofgolf, sailing andFormula One. England has been crowned world champion in several major sports including:Cricket,RugbyandAssociation Football. Football is themost popularof these sports. TheEngland national football team, whose home\",\n \"team, whose home venue isWembley Stadium, playedScotlandin the first-ever international football match in 1872.Referred to as the \\\"home of football\\\" byFIFA, England hosted and won the1966 FIFA World Cup.With a British television audience peak of 32.30 million viewers, thefinalis themost watched television event everin the UK.England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football:Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world's oldest club.TheEngland women's national football teamwon theUEFA Euro 2022, hosted by England. Cricketis generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of theWeald.TheEngland cricket teamis a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries isThe Ashesseries between England andAustralia, contested since 1882.Lord's Cricket Groundsituated in London is sometimes referred to as the \\\"Mecca of Cricket\\\".After winning the2019 Cricket World Cup, England became the first country to win the World Cups\",\n \"win the World Cups in football, rugby union, and cricket. William Penny Brookeswas prominent in organising the format for the modernOlympic Games.London has hosted theSummer Olympic Gamesthree times, in1908,1948, and2012. England competes in theCommonwealth Games, held every four years.Sport Englandis the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. Rugby unionoriginated inRugby School, Warwickshire in the early 19th century.The top level of club participation is theEnglish Premiership.Rugby leaguewas born inHuddersfieldin 1895. Since 2008, theEngland national rugby league teamhas been a full test nation in lieu of theGreat Britain national rugby league team, which won threeWorld Cups. Club sides play inSuper League, the present-day embodiment of theRugby Football League Championship. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties ofLancashire, Yorkshire andCumbria. Golfhas been prominent in England, due in\",\n \"in England, due in part to itscultural and geographical ties to Scotland.There are professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: thePGAand theEuropean Tour. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major isThe Open Championship, played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, theRyder Cup, is named after English businessmanSamuel Ryder. Tenniswas created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, andthe Wimbledon Championshipsis the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.Wimbledon has a major place in the English cultural calendar. Inboxing, under theMarquess of Queensberry Rules, England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies. Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, thethoroughbredis a horse breed best known for its use inhorse racing. TheNational Hunthorse race theGrand National, is held annually atAintree Racecoursein early April. It is the most\",\n \"It is the most watched horse race in the UK, and three-time winnerRed Rumis the most successful racehorse in the event's history. The1950 British Grand PrixatSilverstonewas the first race in the newly createdFormula One World Championship.England has seen the manufacture some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations.England also has a rich heritage inGrand Prix motorcycle racing, the premier championship of motorcycleroad racing, and has produced several world champions. Dartsis a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, it is a traditionalpub game.Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games issnooker, and England has produced several world champions. The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitivesailing; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including thematch race, a regatta, and theAmerica's\",\n \"and theAmerica's Cup. National symbols The St George's Cross has been the nationalflag of Englandsince the 13th century. Originally, the flag was used by the maritimeRepublic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to theDoge of Genoafrom 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for manyCrusadersin the 12th and 13th centuries, and became associated withSaint George.Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of theUnion Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by KingJames I.During theEnglish Civil WarandInterregnum, theNew Model Army's standards and theCommonwealth'sGreat Sealboth incorporated the flag of Saint George. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including theTudor rose, the nation'sfloral emblem, and the Three Lions featured on theRoyal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of theWars\",\n \"the time of theWars of the Rosesas a symbol of peace.It is asyncreticsymbol in that it merged the white rose of theYorkistsand the red rose of theLancastrians. It is also known as theRose of England.Theoaktree is a symbol of England: theRoyal Oaksymbol andOak Apple Daycommemorate the escape of KingCharles IIafter his father's execution, when he hid in an oak to avoid detection by the parliamentarians before safely reaching exile. The Royal Arms of England, a nationalcoat of armsfeaturing three lions, originated withRichard the Lionheartin 1198. It isblazonedasgules, three lions passant guardant orand it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England. England does not have an official national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole hasGod Save the King. However,Jerusalem,Land of Hope and Glory(used for England during the2002 Commonwealth Games),andI Vow to Thee, My Countryare often considered unofficialEnglish national anthems. England'sNational Dayis 23 April which isSaint George's Day: Saint George\",\n \"Day: Saint George is the patron saint of England. See also Notes References Bibliography External links 53°08′N1°23′W / 53.13°N 1.38°W /53.13; -1.38\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":270,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What is the English meaning of the name of the smaller of the two constellations which resides in the middle of the Summer Triangle?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Arrow."},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Triangle"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitta"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpecula"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Triangle', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitta', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpecula']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Triangle","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitta","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpecula"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Triangle\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitta\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpecula\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Summer Triangle TheSummer Triangleis an astronomicalasterismin thenorthern celestial hemisphere. The definingverticesof this imaginarytriangleare atAltair,Deneb, andVega, each of which is thebrightest starof itsconstellation(Aquila,Cygnus, andLyra, respectively). The greatest declination is +45° and lowest is +9° meaning the three can be seen from all places in the Northern Hemisphere and from the home of most people resident in the Southern Hemisphere. The two stars in Aquila and Cygnus represent the head of an eagle and tail of a swan that looks east inscribed into the triangle and forming thealtitude of the triangle. Two small constellations,SagittaandVulpecula, lie between Aquila in the south of the triangle and Cygnus and Lyra to the north. History The term was popularized by American authorH. A. Reyand British astronomerPatrick Moorein the 1950s.The name can be found in constellation guidebooks as far back as 1913.The Austrian astronomerOswald Thomasdescribed these stars asGrosses Dreieck(Great Triangle) in the late 1920s andSommerliches Dreieck(Summerly Triangle) in 1934. The asterism was remarked upon byJoseph Johann von Littrow, who described it as the \"conspicuous triangle\" in the text of his atlas (1866), andJohann Elert Bodeconnected the stars in a map in a book in 1816, although without label. These are the same stars recognized in the Chinese legend ofThe Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, a story dating back some 2,600 years, celebrated in theQixi Festival. The stars also bear ceremonial significance in the related celebrations ofTanabata,Chilseok, and Thất Tịch, derived from Qixi. In the mid- to late-20th century, beforeinertial navigation systemsand other electronic and mechanical equipment took their places in military aircraft,United States Air Forcenavigators referred to this asterism as the \"Navigator's Triangle\". Visibility Frommid-to-tropicalnorthern latitudes: From mid-southern latitudes, the asterism is in the north during the culmination season described above. The stars of the Summer Triangle Both Altair and Vega are bluish-white, rapidly-rotating A-type main sequence stars in the local neighbourhood of the sun. However, Deneb is a white supergiant star over 100 times as distant, and one of the most luminous stars in the entire galaxy. See also References External links","Sagitta Sagittais a dim but distinctiveconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor 'arrow', not to be confused with the significantly larger constellationSagittarius'the archer'. It was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomerPtolemy, and it remains one of the88 modern constellationsdefined by theInternational Astronomical Union. Although it dates to antiquity, Sagitta has no star brighter than 3rdmagnitudeand has the third-smallest area of any constellation. Gamma Sagittaeis the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 3.47. It is an agingred giantstar 90% as massive as the Sun that has cooled and expanded to a radius 54 times greater than it.Delta,Epsilon,Zeta, andTheta Sagittaeare eachmultiplestars whose components can be seen in small telescopes.V Sagittaeis acataclysmic variable—abinary star systemcomposed of awhite dwarfaccreting mass of a donor star that is expected to gonovaand briefly become the mostluminousstar in theMilky Wayand one of the brightest stars in our sky around the year 2083. Two star systems in Sagitta are known to have Jupiter-like planets, while a third—15 Sagittae—has abrown dwarfcompanion. History Theancient Greekscalled SagittaOistos'the arrow',and it was one of the 48 constellations described byPtolemy.It was regarded as the weapon thatHerculesused to kill the eagle (Aquila) ofJovethat perpetually gnawedPrometheus' liver.Sagitta is located beyond the north border ofAquila, the Eagle. An amateur naturalist, polymathRichard Hinckley Allenproposed that the constellation could represent the arrow shot by Hercules towards the adjacentStymphalian birds(which feature inHercules' sixth labour) who had claws, beaks, and wings of iron, and who lived on human flesh in the marshes ofArcadia—denoted in the sky by the constellations Aquila the Eagle,Cygnus 'the Swan', andLyra 'the Vulture'—and still lying between them, whence the titleHerculea.Greek scholarEratosthenesclaimed it as the arrow with whichApolloexterminated theCyclopes.The Romans named it Sagitta.In Arabic, it becameal-sahm'arrow', though this name becameShamand was transferred toAlpha Sagittaeonly. The Greek name has also been mistranslated asὁ istos'the loom' and thus in Arabical-nawl. It was also calledal-'anaza'pike/javelin'. Characteristics The four brightest stars make up an arrow-shapedasterismlocated due north of the bright starAltair.Covering 79.9 square degrees and hence 0.194% of the sky, Sagitta ranks 86th of the88 modern constellationsby area. OnlyEquuleusandCruxare smaller.Sagitta is most readily observed from the late spring to early autumn to northern hemisphere observers, with midnightculminationoccurring on 17 July.Its position in theNorthern Celestial Hemispheremeans that the wholeconstellationis visible to observers north of69°S.Sagitta is bordered byVulpeculato the north,Herculesto the west, Aquila to the south, andDelphinusto the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Unionin 1922, is \"Sge\"; American astronomerHenry Norris Russell, who devised the code, had to resort to using thegenitiveform of the name to come up with a letter to include ('e') that was not in the name of the constellation Sagittarius.The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delportein 1930, are defined by a polygon of twelve segments (illustrated in infobox). In theequatorial coordinate system, theright ascensioncoordinates of these borders lie between18h57.2mand20h20.5m, while thedeclinationcoordinates are between 16.08° and 21.64°. Notable features Stars Celestial cartographerJohann BayergaveBayer designationsto eight stars, labelling them Alpha to Theta. English astronomerJohn Flamsteedadded the letters x, mistaken asChi(χ), y and z to 13, 14, and 15 Sagittae in hisCatalogus Britannicus. All three were dropped by later astronomersJohn BevisandFrancis Baily. Bright stars Ptolemy saw the constellation's brightest starGamma Sagittaeas marking the arrow's head,while Bayer saw Gamma, Eta, and Theta as depicting the arrow's shaft.Gamma Sagittae is ared giantof spectral type M0 III,and magnitude 3.47. It lies at a distance of258±4light-yearsfrom Earth.With around 90% of the Sun's mass,it has a radius 54 times that of the Sun and is 575 times as bright. It is most likely on thered-giant branchof itsevolutionarylifespan, having exhausted its core hydrogen and now burning it in a surrounding shell. Delta Sagittaeis the second-brightest star in the constellation and is a binary. Delta and Zeta depicted the spike according to Bayer.The Delta Sagittae system is composed of ared supergiantof spectral type M2 IIthat has 3.9 times the Sun's mass and 152 times its radius and a blue-white B9.5Vmain sequencestar that is 2.9 times as massive as the Sun. The two orbit each other every ten years.Zeta Sagittaeis a triple star system,approximately326 light-yearsfrom Earth. The primary and secondary are A-type stars. In hisUranometria, Bayer depicted Alpha,Beta, andEpsilon Sagittaeas the fins of the arrow.Also known as Sham, Alpha is a yellowbright giantstar ofspectral classG1 II with anapparent magnitudeof 4.38, which lies at a distance of382±8 light-yearsfrom Earth.Four times as massive as the Sun, it has swollen and brightened to 21 times the Sun's radius and 340 times itsluminosity.Also of magnitude 4.38, Beta is a G-typegiantlocated420±10 light-yearsdistant from Earth.Estimated to be around 129 million years old, it is 4.33 times as massive as the Sun,and has expanded to roughly 27 times its radius.Epsilon Sagittae is adouble starwhose component stars can be seen in a small telescope.With an apparent magnitude of 5.77,the main star is a 331-million-year-old yellow giant of spectral type G8 III around 3.09 times as massive as the Sun,that has swollen to18.37+0.65−0.88its radius.It is580±10 light-yearsdistant.The visual companion of magnitude 8.35 is 87.4arcsecondsdistant,but is an unrelatedblue supergiantaround7,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth. Eta Sagittaeis an orange giant of spectral class K2 IIIwith a magnitude of 5.09.Located155.9±0.9 light-yearsfrom Earth, it has a 61.1% chance of being a member of theHyades–Pleiadesstream of stars that share acommon motion through space.Theta Sagittaeis a double star system, with components 12 arcseconds apart visible in a small telescope.At magnitude 6.5, the brighter is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F3 V,located146.1±0.2 light-yearsfrom Earth.The 8.8-magnitude fainter companion is a main sequence star of spectral type G5 V. A 7.4-magnitude orange giant of spectral type K2 III is also visible91″from the binary pair,located842±9 light-yearsaway. Variable stars Variable stars are popular targets for amateur astronomers, their observations providing valuable contributions to understanding star behaviour.R Sagittaeis a member of the rareRV Tauri variableclass of star. It ranges in magnitude from 8.2 to 10.4.It is around8,100 light-yearsdistant.It has a radius61.2+12.4−9.9times that of the Sun, and is2,329+744−638as luminous, yet most likely is less massive than the Sun. An aging star, it has moved on from theasymptotic giant branchof stellar evolution and is on its way to becoming aplanetary nebula.FG Sagittaeis a \"born again\" star, a highly luminous star around4,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth.It reignited fusion of a helium shell shortly before becoming a white dwarf, and has expanded first to a blue supergiant and then to a K-classsupergiantin less than 100 years.It is surrounded by a faint (visual magnitude 23) planetary nebula, Henize 1–5, that formed when FG Sagittae first left the asymptotic giant branch. S Sagittaeis aclassical Cepheidthat varies from magnitude 5.24 to 6.04 every 8.38 days. It is a yellow-white supergiant that pulsates between spectral types F6 Ib and G5 Ib.Around 6 or 7 times as massive and 3,500 times as luminous as the Sun,it is located around5,100 light-yearsfrom Earth.HD 183143is a remote highly luminous star around7,900 light-yearsaway,that has been classified as a bluehypergiant.Infraredbands of ionisedbuckminsterfullerenemolecules have also been found in its spectrum.WR 124is aWolf–Rayet starmoving at great speed surrounded by a nebula of ejected gas. U Sagittaeis an eclipsing binary that varies between magnitudes 6.6 and 9.2 over 3.4 days, making it a suitable target for enthusiasts with small telescopes.There are two component stars—a blue-white star of spectral type B8 V and an ageing star that has cooled and expanded into a yellow subgiant of spectral type G4 III-IV. They orbit each other close enough that the cooler subgiant has filled itsRoche lobeand is passing material to the hotter star, and hence it is asemidetached binarysystem.The system is900±10 light-yearsdistant.Near U Sagittae isX Sagittae, asemiregular variableranging between magnitudes 7.9 and 8.4 over 196 days.Acarbon star, X Sagittae has a surface temperature of2,576K. Located near 18 Sagittae isV Sagittae, the prototype of theV Sagittae variables,cataclysmic variablesthat are alsosuper soft X-ray sources.It is expected to become aluminous red novawhen the two stars merge around the year 2083, and briefly become the most luminous star in theMilky Wayand one of the brightest stars in Earth's sky.WZ Sagittaeis another cataclysmic variable, composed of awhite dwarfthat has about 85% the mass of the Sun, and low-mass star companion that has been calculated to be abrown dwarfof spectral class L2 that is only 8% as massive as the Sun.Normally a faint object dimmer than magnitude 15, it flared up in 1913, 1946 and 1978 to be visible in binoculars.Theblack widow pulsar(B1957+20) is the secondmillisecond pulsarever discovered.It is a massiveneutron starthat isablatingits brown dwarf-sized companion which causes the pulsar's radio signals toattenuateas they pass through the outflowing material. Stars with exoplanets HD 231701is ayellow-white main sequence starhotter and larger than the Sun, with aJupiter-likeplanetthat was discovered in 2007 by theradial velocity technique. The planet orbits at a distance of0.57AUfrom the star with a period of 141.6 days.It has a mass of at least 1.13 Jupiter masses. HAT-P-34 is a star1.392±0.047times as massive as the Sun with1.535+0.135−0.102times its radius and3.63+0.75−0.51times its luminosity. With an apparent magnitude of 10.4,it is819±9 light-yearsdistant.A planet3.328±0.211times as massive as Jupiter was discovered transiting it in 2012. With a period of 5.45 days and a distance of0.06 AUfrom its star, it has an estimated surface temperature of1,520±60 K. 15 Sagittaeis asolar analog—a star similar to the Sun, with1.08±0.04times its mass,1.115±0.021times its radius and1.338±0.03times its luminosity. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.80.It has an L4 brown dwarf substellar companion that is around the same size as Jupiter but 69 times as massive with a surface temperature of between 1,510 and1,850 K, taking around 73.3 years to complete an orbit around the star.The system is estimated to be2.5±1.8billion years old. Deep-sky objects The band of the Milky Way and theGreat Riftwithin it pass though Sagitta, with Alpha, Beta and Epsilon Sagittae marking the Rift's border.Located between Beta and Gamma Sagittae isMessier 71,a very looseglobular clustermistaken for some time for a denseopen cluster.At a distance of about13,000 light-yearsfrom Earth,it was first discovered by the French astronomerPhilippe Loys de Chéseauxin the year 1745 or 1746.The loose globular cluster has a mass of around 53,000M☉and aluminosityof approximately 19,000L☉. There are two notableplanetary nebulaein Sagitta:NGC 6886is composed of a hot central post-AGB star that has 55% of the Sun's mass yet2,700±850times its luminosity, with a surface temperature of142,000 K, and surrounding nebula estimated to have been expanding for between 1,280 and 1,600 years,The nebula was discovered byRalph Copelandin 1884.TheNecklace Nebula—originally a close binary, one component of which swallowed the other as it expanded to become a giant star. The smaller star remained in orbit inside the larger, whose rotation speed increased greatly, resulting in it flinging its outer layers off into space, forming a ring with knots of bright gas formed from clumps of stellar material.It was discovered in 2005 and is around 2 light-years wide.It has a size of0.35′.Both nebulae are around15,000 light-yearsfrom Earth. See also Notes References External links","Vulpecula Vulpecula/vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/is a faintconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor \"littlefox\", although it is commonly known simply as the fox. It was identified in the seventeenth century, and is located in the middle of theSummer Triangle(anasterismconsisting of the bright starsDeneb,Vega, andAltair). Features Stars There are no stars brighter than 4th magnitude in this constellation. The brightest star in Vulpecula isAlpha Vulpeculae, amagnitude4.44mred giantat an approximate distance of 291light-years. The star is anoptical binary(separation of 413.7\") that can be split using binoculars. The star also carries the traditional name Anser, which refers to the goose the little fox holds in its jaws. 23 Vulpeculaeis the second brightest star in the constellation. In 1967, the firstpulsar,PSR B1919+21, was discovered in Vulpecula byJocelyn Bell, supervised byAntony Hewish, inCambridge. While they were searching for scintillation of radio signals ofquasars, they observed pulses which repeated with aperiodof 1.3373seconds.Terrestrial origin of the signal was ruled out because the time it took the object to reappear was asidereal dayinstead of asolar day. This anomaly was finally identified as the signal of a rapidly rotatingneutron star. Fifteen years after the first pulsar was discovered, the firstmillisecond pulsar,PSR B1937+21, was also discovered in Vulpecula, only a few degrees in the sky away from PSR B1919+21. Vulpecula is also home toHD 189733 b, one of the closest extrasolar planets studied by the now-retiredSpitzer Space Telescope. On 11 July 2007, a team led byGiovanna Tinettipublished the results of their observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope concluding there is solid evidence for significant amounts of water vapor in the planet's atmosphere.Although HD 189733b with atmospheric temperatures rising above 1,000 °C is far from being habitable, this finding increases the likelihood that water, an essential component of life, would be found on a more Earth-like planet in the future. Also located in Vulpecula issoft gamma repeaterSGR 1935+2154. In 2020 it emitted afast radio burst, the first one to be observed in the Milky Way. Deep-sky objects TheDumbbell Nebula(M27), is a large, brightplanetary nebulawhich was discovered by the French astronomerCharles Messierin 1764 as the very first object of its kind.It can be seen with goodbinocularsin a dark sky location, appearing as a dimly glowing disk approximately 8arcminutesin diameter.The nebula is approximately 9,800 years old.Atelescopereveals its double-lobed shape, similar to that of an hourglass.Brocchi's Cluster(Collinder 399) is anasterismformerly thought to be anopen cluster. It is also called \"the Coathanger\" because of its distinctive star pattern when viewed with binoculars or a low power telescope. NGC 7052is anelliptical galaxyin Vulpecula at a distance of 214 million light-years from Earth. It has a centraldustydisk with a diameter of 3700 light-years; there is asupermassive black holewith a mass of 300 million solar masses in itsnucleus. Astronomers surmise that the disk is the remnant of a smaller galaxy thatmergedwith NGC 7052.Jetscan be seen emanating from the galaxy, and it has very strongradio emissions. This means that it is also classified as aradio galaxy. The eastern part of Vulpecula is occupied by theHercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall. It is a galaxy filament, with the length of 3,000 megaparsecs, making it the largest known structure in the universe. Stellar association Vulpecula contains an OB-association of young stars, called theVulpecula OB-associationor Vul OB1. The association contains nearly 100OB-starsand over 800young stellar objects.It lies in the galactic plane, at a distance of about 2300parsec. It contains the emission-line nebulae Sh-86, Sh-87 andSh-88. Vul OB1 has a length of about 100 parsec and is sculpting many pillar-like structures in this region. History In the late 17th century, the astronomerJohannes Heveliuscreated Vulpecula. It was originally known asVulpecula cum ansere(\"the little fox with thegoose\") orVulpecula et Anser(\"the little fox and the goose\"), and was illustrated with a goose in the jaws of a fox. Hevelius did not regard the fox and the goose to be two separate constellations, but later the stars were divided into a separate Anser and Vulpecula. Today, they have been merged again under the name of the fox, but the goose is remembered by the name of the star α Vulpeculae:Anser. See also References Sources Footnotes External links"],"string":"[\n \"Summer Triangle TheSummer Triangleis an astronomicalasterismin thenorthern celestial hemisphere. The definingverticesof this imaginarytriangleare atAltair,Deneb, andVega, each of which is thebrightest starof itsconstellation(Aquila,Cygnus, andLyra, respectively). The greatest declination is +45° and lowest is +9° meaning the three can be seen from all places in the Northern Hemisphere and from the home of most people resident in the Southern Hemisphere. The two stars in Aquila and Cygnus represent the head of an eagle and tail of a swan that looks east inscribed into the triangle and forming thealtitude of the triangle. Two small constellations,SagittaandVulpecula, lie between Aquila in the south of the triangle and Cygnus and Lyra to the north. History The term was popularized by American authorH. A. Reyand British astronomerPatrick Moorein the 1950s.The name can be found in constellation guidebooks as far back as 1913.The Austrian astronomerOswald Thomasdescribed these stars asGrosses Dreieck(Great Triangle) in the late 1920s andSommerliches Dreieck(Summerly Triangle) in 1934. The asterism was remarked upon byJoseph Johann von Littrow, who described it as the \\\"conspicuous triangle\\\" in the text of his atlas (1866), andJohann Elert Bodeconnected the stars in a map in a book in 1816, although without label. These are the same stars recognized in the Chinese legend ofThe Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, a story dating back some 2,600 years, celebrated in theQixi Festival. The stars also bear ceremonial significance in the related celebrations ofTanabata,Chilseok, and Thất Tịch, derived from Qixi. In the mid- to late-20th century, beforeinertial navigation systemsand other electronic and mechanical equipment took their places in military aircraft,United States Air Forcenavigators referred to this asterism as the \\\"Navigator's Triangle\\\". Visibility Frommid-to-tropicalnorthern latitudes: From mid-southern latitudes, the asterism is in the north during the culmination season described above. The stars of the Summer Triangle Both Altair and Vega are bluish-white, rapidly-rotating A-type main sequence stars in the local neighbourhood of the sun. However, Deneb is a white supergiant star over 100 times as distant, and one of the most luminous stars in the entire galaxy. See also References External links\",\n \"Sagitta Sagittais a dim but distinctiveconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor 'arrow', not to be confused with the significantly larger constellationSagittarius'the archer'. It was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomerPtolemy, and it remains one of the88 modern constellationsdefined by theInternational Astronomical Union. Although it dates to antiquity, Sagitta has no star brighter than 3rdmagnitudeand has the third-smallest area of any constellation. Gamma Sagittaeis the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 3.47. It is an agingred giantstar 90% as massive as the Sun that has cooled and expanded to a radius 54 times greater than it.Delta,Epsilon,Zeta, andTheta Sagittaeare eachmultiplestars whose components can be seen in small telescopes.V Sagittaeis acataclysmic variable—abinary star systemcomposed of awhite dwarfaccreting mass of a donor star that is expected to gonovaand briefly become the mostluminousstar in theMilky Wayand one of the brightest stars in our sky around the year 2083. Two star systems in Sagitta are known to have Jupiter-like planets, while a third—15 Sagittae—has abrown dwarfcompanion. History Theancient Greekscalled SagittaOistos'the arrow',and it was one of the 48 constellations described byPtolemy.It was regarded as the weapon thatHerculesused to kill the eagle (Aquila) ofJovethat perpetually gnawedPrometheus' liver.Sagitta is located beyond the north border ofAquila, the Eagle. An amateur naturalist, polymathRichard Hinckley Allenproposed that the constellation could represent the arrow shot by Hercules towards the adjacentStymphalian birds(which feature inHercules' sixth labour) who had claws, beaks, and wings of iron, and who lived on human flesh in the marshes ofArcadia—denoted in the sky by the constellations Aquila the Eagle,Cygnus 'the Swan', andLyra 'the Vulture'—and still lying between them, whence the titleHerculea.Greek scholarEratosthenesclaimed it as the arrow with whichApolloexterminated theCyclopes.The Romans named it Sagitta.In Arabic, it becameal-sahm'arrow', though this name becameShamand was transferred toAlpha Sagittaeonly. The Greek name has also been mistranslated asὁ istos'the loom' and thus in Arabical-nawl. It was also calledal-'anaza'pike/javelin'. Characteristics The four brightest stars make up an arrow-shapedasterismlocated due north of the bright starAltair.Covering 79.9 square degrees and hence 0.194% of the sky, Sagitta ranks 86th of the88 modern constellationsby area. OnlyEquuleusandCruxare smaller.Sagitta is most readily observed from the late spring to early autumn to northern hemisphere observers, with midnightculminationoccurring on 17 July.Its position in theNorthern Celestial Hemispheremeans that the wholeconstellationis visible to observers north of69°S.Sagitta is bordered byVulpeculato the north,Herculesto the west, Aquila to the south, andDelphinusto the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Unionin 1922, is \\\"Sge\\\"; American astronomerHenry Norris Russell, who devised the code, had to resort to using thegenitiveform of the name to come up with a letter to include ('e') that was not in the name of the constellation Sagittarius.The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delportein 1930, are defined by a polygon of twelve segments (illustrated in infobox). In theequatorial coordinate system, theright ascensioncoordinates of these borders lie between18h57.2mand20h20.5m, while thedeclinationcoordinates are between 16.08° and 21.64°. Notable features Stars Celestial cartographerJohann BayergaveBayer designationsto eight stars, labelling them Alpha to Theta. English astronomerJohn Flamsteedadded the letters x, mistaken asChi(χ), y and z to 13, 14, and 15 Sagittae in hisCatalogus Britannicus. All three were dropped by later astronomersJohn BevisandFrancis Baily. Bright stars Ptolemy saw the constellation's brightest starGamma Sagittaeas marking the arrow's head,while Bayer saw Gamma, Eta, and Theta as depicting the arrow's shaft.Gamma Sagittae is ared giantof spectral type M0 III,and magnitude 3.47. It lies at a distance of258±4light-yearsfrom Earth.With around 90% of the Sun's mass,it has a radius 54 times that of the Sun and is 575 times as bright. It is most likely on thered-giant branchof itsevolutionarylifespan, having exhausted its core hydrogen and now burning it in a surrounding shell. Delta Sagittaeis the second-brightest star in the constellation and is a binary. Delta and Zeta depicted the spike according to Bayer.The Delta Sagittae system is composed of ared supergiantof spectral type M2 IIthat has 3.9 times the Sun's mass and 152 times its radius and a blue-white B9.5Vmain sequencestar that is 2.9 times as massive as the Sun. The two orbit each other every ten years.Zeta Sagittaeis a triple star system,approximately326 light-yearsfrom Earth. The primary and secondary are A-type stars. In hisUranometria, Bayer depicted Alpha,Beta, andEpsilon Sagittaeas the fins of the arrow.Also known as Sham, Alpha is a yellowbright giantstar ofspectral classG1 II with anapparent magnitudeof 4.38, which lies at a distance of382±8 light-yearsfrom Earth.Four times as massive as the Sun, it has swollen and brightened to 21 times the Sun's radius and 340 times itsluminosity.Also of magnitude 4.38, Beta is a G-typegiantlocated420±10 light-yearsdistant from Earth.Estimated to be around 129 million years old, it is 4.33 times as massive as the Sun,and has expanded to roughly 27 times its radius.Epsilon Sagittae is adouble starwhose component stars can be seen in a small telescope.With an apparent magnitude of 5.77,the main star is a 331-million-year-old yellow giant of spectral type G8 III around 3.09 times as massive as the Sun,that has swollen to18.37+0.65−0.88its radius.It is580±10 light-yearsdistant.The visual companion of magnitude 8.35 is 87.4arcsecondsdistant,but is an unrelatedblue supergiantaround7,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth. Eta Sagittaeis an orange giant of spectral class K2 IIIwith a magnitude of 5.09.Located155.9±0.9 light-yearsfrom Earth, it has a 61.1% chance of being a member of theHyades–Pleiadesstream of stars that share acommon motion through space.Theta Sagittaeis a double star system, with components 12 arcseconds apart visible in a small telescope.At magnitude 6.5, the brighter is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F3 V,located146.1±0.2 light-yearsfrom Earth.The 8.8-magnitude fainter companion is a main sequence star of spectral type G5 V. A 7.4-magnitude orange giant of spectral type K2 III is also visible91″from the binary pair,located842±9 light-yearsaway. Variable stars Variable stars are popular targets for amateur astronomers, their observations providing valuable contributions to understanding star behaviour.R Sagittaeis a member of the rareRV Tauri variableclass of star. It ranges in magnitude from 8.2 to 10.4.It is around8,100 light-yearsdistant.It has a radius61.2+12.4−9.9times that of the Sun, and is2,329+744−638as luminous, yet most likely is less massive than the Sun. An aging star, it has moved on from theasymptotic giant branchof stellar evolution and is on its way to becoming aplanetary nebula.FG Sagittaeis a \\\"born again\\\" star, a highly luminous star around4,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth.It reignited fusion of a helium shell shortly before becoming a white dwarf, and has expanded first to a blue supergiant and then to a K-classsupergiantin less than 100 years.It is surrounded by a faint (visual magnitude 23) planetary nebula, Henize 1–5, that formed when FG Sagittae first left the asymptotic giant branch. S Sagittaeis aclassical Cepheidthat varies from magnitude 5.24 to 6.04 every 8.38 days. It is a yellow-white supergiant that pulsates between spectral types F6 Ib and G5 Ib.Around 6 or 7 times as massive and 3,500 times as luminous as the Sun,it is located around5,100 light-yearsfrom Earth.HD 183143is a remote highly luminous star around7,900 light-yearsaway,that has been classified as a bluehypergiant.Infraredbands of ionisedbuckminsterfullerenemolecules have also been found in its spectrum.WR 124is aWolf–Rayet starmoving at great speed surrounded by a nebula of ejected gas. U Sagittaeis an eclipsing binary that varies between magnitudes 6.6 and 9.2 over 3.4 days, making it a suitable target for enthusiasts with small telescopes.There are two component stars—a blue-white star of spectral type B8 V and an ageing star that has cooled and expanded into a yellow subgiant of spectral type G4 III-IV. They orbit each other close enough that the cooler subgiant has filled itsRoche lobeand is passing material to the hotter star, and hence it is asemidetached binarysystem.The system is900±10 light-yearsdistant.Near U Sagittae isX Sagittae, asemiregular variableranging between magnitudes 7.9 and 8.4 over 196 days.Acarbon star, X Sagittae has a surface temperature of2,576K. Located near 18 Sagittae isV Sagittae, the prototype of theV Sagittae variables,cataclysmic variablesthat are alsosuper soft X-ray sources.It is expected to become aluminous red novawhen the two stars merge around the year 2083, and briefly become the most luminous star in theMilky Wayand one of the brightest stars in Earth's sky.WZ Sagittaeis another cataclysmic variable, composed of awhite dwarfthat has about 85% the mass of the Sun, and low-mass star companion that has been calculated to be abrown dwarfof spectral class L2 that is only 8% as massive as the Sun.Normally a faint object dimmer than magnitude 15, it flared up in 1913, 1946 and 1978 to be visible in binoculars.Theblack widow pulsar(B1957+20) is the secondmillisecond pulsarever discovered.It is a massiveneutron starthat isablatingits brown dwarf-sized companion which causes the pulsar's radio signals toattenuateas they pass through the outflowing material. Stars with exoplanets HD 231701is ayellow-white main sequence starhotter and larger than the Sun, with aJupiter-likeplanetthat was discovered in 2007 by theradial velocity technique. The planet orbits at a distance of0.57AUfrom the star with a period of 141.6 days.It has a mass of at least 1.13 Jupiter masses. HAT-P-34 is a star1.392±0.047times as massive as the Sun with1.535+0.135−0.102times its radius and3.63+0.75−0.51times its luminosity. With an apparent magnitude of 10.4,it is819±9 light-yearsdistant.A planet3.328±0.211times as massive as Jupiter was discovered transiting it in 2012. With a period of 5.45 days and a distance of0.06 AUfrom its star, it has an estimated surface temperature of1,520±60 K. 15 Sagittaeis asolar analog—a star similar to the Sun, with1.08±0.04times its mass,1.115±0.021times its radius and1.338±0.03times its luminosity. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.80.It has an L4 brown dwarf substellar companion that is around the same size as Jupiter but 69 times as massive with a surface temperature of between 1,510 and1,850 K, taking around 73.3 years to complete an orbit around the star.The system is estimated to be2.5±1.8billion years old. Deep-sky objects The band of the Milky Way and theGreat Riftwithin it pass though Sagitta, with Alpha, Beta and Epsilon Sagittae marking the Rift's border.Located between Beta and Gamma Sagittae isMessier 71,a very looseglobular clustermistaken for some time for a denseopen cluster.At a distance of about13,000 light-yearsfrom Earth,it was first discovered by the French astronomerPhilippe Loys de Chéseauxin the year 1745 or 1746.The loose globular cluster has a mass of around 53,000M☉and aluminosityof approximately 19,000L☉. There are two notableplanetary nebulaein Sagitta:NGC 6886is composed of a hot central post-AGB star that has 55% of the Sun's mass yet2,700±850times its luminosity, with a surface temperature of142,000 K, and surrounding nebula estimated to have been expanding for between 1,280 and 1,600 years,The nebula was discovered byRalph Copelandin 1884.TheNecklace Nebula—originally a close binary, one component of which swallowed the other as it expanded to become a giant star. The smaller star remained in orbit inside the larger, whose rotation speed increased greatly, resulting in it flinging its outer layers off into space, forming a ring with knots of bright gas formed from clumps of stellar material.It was discovered in 2005 and is around 2 light-years wide.It has a size of0.35′.Both nebulae are around15,000 light-yearsfrom Earth. See also Notes References External links\",\n \"Vulpecula Vulpecula/vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/is a faintconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor \\\"littlefox\\\", although it is commonly known simply as the fox. It was identified in the seventeenth century, and is located in the middle of theSummer Triangle(anasterismconsisting of the bright starsDeneb,Vega, andAltair). Features Stars There are no stars brighter than 4th magnitude in this constellation. The brightest star in Vulpecula isAlpha Vulpeculae, amagnitude4.44mred giantat an approximate distance of 291light-years. The star is anoptical binary(separation of 413.7\\\") that can be split using binoculars. The star also carries the traditional name Anser, which refers to the goose the little fox holds in its jaws. 23 Vulpeculaeis the second brightest star in the constellation. In 1967, the firstpulsar,PSR B1919+21, was discovered in Vulpecula byJocelyn Bell, supervised byAntony Hewish, inCambridge. While they were searching for scintillation of radio signals ofquasars, they observed pulses which repeated with aperiodof 1.3373seconds.Terrestrial origin of the signal was ruled out because the time it took the object to reappear was asidereal dayinstead of asolar day. This anomaly was finally identified as the signal of a rapidly rotatingneutron star. Fifteen years after the first pulsar was discovered, the firstmillisecond pulsar,PSR B1937+21, was also discovered in Vulpecula, only a few degrees in the sky away from PSR B1919+21. Vulpecula is also home toHD 189733 b, one of the closest extrasolar planets studied by the now-retiredSpitzer Space Telescope. On 11 July 2007, a team led byGiovanna Tinettipublished the results of their observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope concluding there is solid evidence for significant amounts of water vapor in the planet's atmosphere.Although HD 189733b with atmospheric temperatures rising above 1,000 °C is far from being habitable, this finding increases the likelihood that water, an essential component of life, would be found on a more Earth-like planet in the future. Also located in Vulpecula issoft gamma repeaterSGR 1935+2154. In 2020 it emitted afast radio burst, the first one to be observed in the Milky Way. Deep-sky objects TheDumbbell Nebula(M27), is a large, brightplanetary nebulawhich was discovered by the French astronomerCharles Messierin 1764 as the very first object of its kind.It can be seen with goodbinocularsin a dark sky location, appearing as a dimly glowing disk approximately 8arcminutesin diameter.The nebula is approximately 9,800 years old.Atelescopereveals its double-lobed shape, similar to that of an hourglass.Brocchi's Cluster(Collinder 399) is anasterismformerly thought to be anopen cluster. It is also called \\\"the Coathanger\\\" because of its distinctive star pattern when viewed with binoculars or a low power telescope. NGC 7052is anelliptical galaxyin Vulpecula at a distance of 214 million light-years from Earth. It has a centraldustydisk with a diameter of 3700 light-years; there is asupermassive black holewith a mass of 300 million solar masses in itsnucleus. Astronomers surmise that the disk is the remnant of a smaller galaxy thatmergedwith NGC 7052.Jetscan be seen emanating from the galaxy, and it has very strongradio emissions. This means that it is also classified as aradio galaxy. The eastern part of Vulpecula is occupied by theHercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall. It is a galaxy filament, with the length of 3,000 megaparsecs, making it the largest known structure in the universe. Stellar association Vulpecula contains an OB-association of young stars, called theVulpecula OB-associationor Vul OB1. The association contains nearly 100OB-starsand over 800young stellar objects.It lies in the galactic plane, at a distance of about 2300parsec. It contains the emission-line nebulae Sh-86, Sh-87 andSh-88. Vul OB1 has a length of about 100 parsec and is sculpting many pillar-like structures in this region. History In the late 17th century, the astronomerJohannes Heveliuscreated Vulpecula. It was originally known asVulpecula cum ansere(\\\"the little fox with thegoose\\\") orVulpecula et Anser(\\\"the little fox and the goose\\\"), and was illustrated with a goose in the jaws of a fox. Hevelius did not regard the fox and the goose to be two separate constellations, but later the stars were divided into a separate Anser and Vulpecula. Today, they have been merged again under the name of the fox, but the goose is remembered by the name of the star α Vulpeculae:Anser. See also References Sources Footnotes External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Summer Triangle TheSummer Triangleis an astronomicalasterismin thenorthern celestial hemisphere. The definingverticesof this imaginarytriangleare atAltair,Deneb, andVega, each of which is thebrightest starof itsconstellation(Aquila,Cygnus, andLyra, respectively). The greatest declination is +45° and lowest is +9° meaning the three can be seen from all places in the Northern Hemisphere and from the home of most people resident in the Southern Hemisphere. The two stars in Aquila and Cygnus represent the head of an eagle and tail of a swan that looks east inscribed into the triangle and forming thealtitude of the triangle. Two small constellations,SagittaandVulpecula, lie between Aquila in the south of the triangle and Cygnus and Lyra to the north. History The term was popularized by American authorH. A. Reyand British astronomerPatrick Moorein the 1950s.The name can be found in constellation guidebooks as far back as 1913.The Austrian astronomerOswald Thomasdescribed these stars asGrosses Dreieck(Great","Dreieck(Great Triangle) in the late 1920s andSommerliches Dreieck(Summerly Triangle) in 1934. The asterism was remarked upon byJoseph Johann von Littrow, who described it as the \"conspicuous triangle\" in the text of his atlas (1866), andJohann Elert Bodeconnected the stars in a map in a book in 1816, although without label. These are the same stars recognized in the Chinese legend ofThe Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, a story dating back some 2,600 years, celebrated in theQixi Festival. The stars also bear ceremonial significance in the related celebrations ofTanabata,Chilseok, and Thất Tịch, derived from Qixi. In the mid- to late-20th century, beforeinertial navigation systemsand other electronic and mechanical equipment took their places in military aircraft,United States Air Forcenavigators referred to this asterism as the \"Navigator's Triangle\". Visibility Frommid-to-tropicalnorthern latitudes: From mid-southern latitudes, the asterism is in the north during the culmination season described above. The stars","above. The stars of the Summer Triangle Both Altair and Vega are bluish-white, rapidly-rotating A-type main sequence stars in the local neighbourhood of the sun. However, Deneb is a white supergiant star over 100 times as distant, and one of the most luminous stars in the entire galaxy. See also References External links","Sagitta Sagittais a dim but distinctiveconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor 'arrow', not to be confused with the significantly larger constellationSagittarius'the archer'. It was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomerPtolemy, and it remains one of the88 modern constellationsdefined by theInternational Astronomical Union. Although it dates to antiquity, Sagitta has no star brighter than 3rdmagnitudeand has the third-smallest area of any constellation. Gamma Sagittaeis the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 3.47. It is an agingred giantstar 90% as massive as the Sun that has cooled and expanded to a radius 54 times greater than it.Delta,Epsilon,Zeta, andTheta Sagittaeare eachmultiplestars whose components can be seen in small telescopes.V Sagittaeis acataclysmic variable—abinary star systemcomposed of awhite dwarfaccreting mass of a donor star that is expected to gonovaand briefly become the mostluminousstar in theMilky Wayand one of","Wayand one of the brightest stars in our sky around the year 2083. Two star systems in Sagitta are known to have Jupiter-like planets, while a third—15 Sagittae—has abrown dwarfcompanion. History Theancient Greekscalled SagittaOistos'the arrow',and it was one of the 48 constellations described byPtolemy.It was regarded as the weapon thatHerculesused to kill the eagle (Aquila) ofJovethat perpetually gnawedPrometheus' liver.Sagitta is located beyond the north border ofAquila, the Eagle. An amateur naturalist, polymathRichard Hinckley Allenproposed that the constellation could represent the arrow shot by Hercules towards the adjacentStymphalian birds(which feature inHercules' sixth labour) who had claws, beaks, and wings of iron, and who lived on human flesh in the marshes ofArcadia—denoted in the sky by the constellations Aquila the Eagle,Cygnus 'the Swan', andLyra 'the Vulture'—and still lying between them, whence the titleHerculea.Greek scholarEratosthenesclaimed it as the arrow with whichApolloexterminated","theCyclopes.The Romans named it Sagitta.In Arabic, it becameal-sahm'arrow', though this name becameShamand was transferred toAlpha Sagittaeonly. The Greek name has also been mistranslated asὁ istos'the loom' and thus in Arabical-nawl. It was also calledal-'anaza'pike/javelin'. Characteristics The four brightest stars make up an arrow-shapedasterismlocated due north of the bright starAltair.Covering 79.9 square degrees and hence 0.194% of the sky, Sagitta ranks 86th of the88 modern constellationsby area. OnlyEquuleusandCruxare smaller.Sagitta is most readily observed from the late spring to early autumn to northern hemisphere observers, with midnightculminationoccurring on 17 July.Its position in theNorthern Celestial Hemispheremeans that the wholeconstellationis visible to observers north of69°S.Sagitta is bordered byVulpeculato the north,Herculesto the west, Aquila to the south, andDelphinusto the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Unionin","Unionin 1922, is \"Sge\"; American astronomerHenry Norris Russell, who devised the code, had to resort to using thegenitiveform of the name to come up with a letter to include ('e') that was not in the name of the constellation Sagittarius.The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delportein 1930, are defined by a polygon of twelve segments (illustrated in infobox). In theequatorial coordinate system, theright ascensioncoordinates of these borders lie between18h57.2mand20h20.5m, while thedeclinationcoordinates are between 16.08° and 21.64°. Notable features Stars Celestial cartographerJohann BayergaveBayer designationsto eight stars, labelling them Alpha to Theta. English astronomerJohn Flamsteedadded the letters x, mistaken asChi(χ), y and z to 13, 14, and 15 Sagittae in hisCatalogus Britannicus. All three were dropped by later astronomersJohn BevisandFrancis Baily. Bright stars Ptolemy saw the constellation's brightest starGamma Sagittaeas marking the arrow's head,while Bayer","head,while Bayer saw Gamma, Eta, and Theta as depicting the arrow's shaft.Gamma Sagittae is ared giantof spectral type M0 III,and magnitude 3.47. It lies at a distance of258±4light-yearsfrom Earth.With around 90% of the Sun's mass,it has a radius 54 times that of the Sun and is 575 times as bright. It is most likely on thered-giant branchof itsevolutionarylifespan, having exhausted its core hydrogen and now burning it in a surrounding shell. Delta Sagittaeis the second-brightest star in the constellation and is a binary. Delta and Zeta depicted the spike according to Bayer.The Delta Sagittae system is composed of ared supergiantof spectral type M2 IIthat has 3.9 times the Sun's mass and 152 times its radius and a blue-white B9.5Vmain sequencestar that is 2.9 times as massive as the Sun. The two orbit each other every ten years.Zeta Sagittaeis a triple star system,approximately326 light-yearsfrom Earth. The primary and secondary are A-type stars. In hisUranometria, Bayer depicted Alpha,Beta, andEpsilon","andEpsilon Sagittaeas the fins of the arrow.Also known as Sham, Alpha is a yellowbright giantstar ofspectral classG1 II with anapparent magnitudeof 4.38, which lies at a distance of382±8 light-yearsfrom Earth.Four times as massive as the Sun, it has swollen and brightened to 21 times the Sun's radius and 340 times itsluminosity.Also of magnitude 4.38, Beta is a G-typegiantlocated420±10 light-yearsdistant from Earth.Estimated to be around 129 million years old, it is 4.33 times as massive as the Sun,and has expanded to roughly 27 times its radius.Epsilon Sagittae is adouble starwhose component stars can be seen in a small telescope.With an apparent magnitude of 5.77,the main star is a 331-million-year-old yellow giant of spectral type G8 III around 3.09 times as massive as the Sun,that has swollen to18.37+0.65−0.88its radius.It is580±10 light-yearsdistant.The visual companion of magnitude 8.35 is 87.4arcsecondsdistant,but is an unrelatedblue supergiantaround7,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth. Eta Sagittaeis","Eta Sagittaeis an orange giant of spectral class K2 IIIwith a magnitude of 5.09.Located155.9±0.9 light-yearsfrom Earth, it has a 61.1% chance of being a member of theHyades–Pleiadesstream of stars that share acommon motion through space.Theta Sagittaeis a double star system, with components 12 arcseconds apart visible in a small telescope.At magnitude 6.5, the brighter is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F3 V,located146.1±0.2 light-yearsfrom Earth.The 8.8-magnitude fainter companion is a main sequence star of spectral type G5 V. A 7.4-magnitude orange giant of spectral type K2 III is also visible91″from the binary pair,located842±9 light-yearsaway. Variable stars Variable stars are popular targets for amateur astronomers, their observations providing valuable contributions to understanding star behaviour.R Sagittaeis a member of the rareRV Tauri variableclass of star. It ranges in magnitude from 8.2 to 10.4.It is around8,100 light-yearsdistant.It has a radius61.2+12.4−9.9times that of the","that of the Sun, and is2,329+744−638as luminous, yet most likely is less massive than the Sun. An aging star, it has moved on from theasymptotic giant branchof stellar evolution and is on its way to becoming aplanetary nebula.FG Sagittaeis a \"born again\" star, a highly luminous star around4,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth.It reignited fusion of a helium shell shortly before becoming a white dwarf, and has expanded first to a blue supergiant and then to a K-classsupergiantin less than 100 years.It is surrounded by a faint (visual magnitude 23) planetary nebula, Henize 1–5, that formed when FG Sagittae first left the asymptotic giant branch. S Sagittaeis aclassical Cepheidthat varies from magnitude 5.24 to 6.04 every 8.38 days. It is a yellow-white supergiant that pulsates between spectral types F6 Ib and G5 Ib.Around 6 or 7 times as massive and 3,500 times as luminous as the Sun,it is located around5,100 light-yearsfrom Earth.HD 183143is a remote highly luminous star around7,900 light-yearsaway,that has","has been classified as a bluehypergiant.Infraredbands of ionisedbuckminsterfullerenemolecules have also been found in its spectrum.WR 124is aWolf–Rayet starmoving at great speed surrounded by a nebula of ejected gas. U Sagittaeis an eclipsing binary that varies between magnitudes 6.6 and 9.2 over 3.4 days, making it a suitable target for enthusiasts with small telescopes.There are two component stars—a blue-white star of spectral type B8 V and an ageing star that has cooled and expanded into a yellow subgiant of spectral type G4 III-IV. They orbit each other close enough that the cooler subgiant has filled itsRoche lobeand is passing material to the hotter star, and hence it is asemidetached binarysystem.The system is900±10 light-yearsdistant.Near U Sagittae isX Sagittae, asemiregular variableranging between magnitudes 7.9 and 8.4 over 196 days.Acarbon star, X Sagittae has a surface temperature of2,576K. Located near 18 Sagittae isV Sagittae, the prototype of theV Sagittae variables,cataclysmic variablesthat","variablesthat are alsosuper soft X-ray sources.It is expected to become aluminous red novawhen the two stars merge around the year 2083, and briefly become the most luminous star in theMilky Wayand one of the brightest stars in Earth's sky.WZ Sagittaeis another cataclysmic variable, composed of awhite dwarfthat has about 85% the mass of the Sun, and low-mass star companion that has been calculated to be abrown dwarfof spectral class L2 that is only 8% as massive as the Sun.Normally a faint object dimmer than magnitude 15, it flared up in 1913, 1946 and 1978 to be visible in binoculars.Theblack widow pulsar(B1957+20) is the secondmillisecond pulsarever discovered.It is a massiveneutron starthat isablatingits brown dwarf-sized companion which causes the pulsar's radio signals toattenuateas they pass through the outflowing material. Stars with exoplanets HD 231701is ayellow-white main sequence starhotter and larger than the Sun, with aJupiter-likeplanetthat was discovered in 2007 by theradial velocity","theradial velocity technique. The planet orbits at a distance of0.57AUfrom the star with a period of 141.6 days.It has a mass of at least 1.13 Jupiter masses. HAT-P-34 is a star1.392±0.047times as massive as the Sun with1.535+0.135−0.102times its radius and3.63+0.75−0.51times its luminosity. With an apparent magnitude of 10.4,it is819±9 light-yearsdistant.A planet3.328±0.211times as massive as Jupiter was discovered transiting it in 2012. With a period of 5.45 days and a distance of0.06 AUfrom its star, it has an estimated surface temperature of1,520±60 K. 15 Sagittaeis asolar analog—a star similar to the Sun, with1.08±0.04times its mass,1.115±0.021times its radius and1.338±0.03times its luminosity. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.80.It has an L4 brown dwarf substellar companion that is around the same size as Jupiter but 69 times as massive with a surface temperature of between 1,510 and1,850 K, taking around 73.3 years to complete an orbit around the star.The system is estimated to be2.5±1.8billion years","years old. Deep-sky objects The band of the Milky Way and theGreat Riftwithin it pass though Sagitta, with Alpha, Beta and Epsilon Sagittae marking the Rift's border.Located between Beta and Gamma Sagittae isMessier 71,a very looseglobular clustermistaken for some time for a denseopen cluster.At a distance of about13,000 light-yearsfrom Earth,it was first discovered by the French astronomerPhilippe Loys de Chéseauxin the year 1745 or 1746.The loose globular cluster has a mass of around 53,000M☉and aluminosityof approximately 19,000L☉. There are two notableplanetary nebulaein Sagitta:NGC 6886is composed of a hot central post-AGB star that has 55% of the Sun's mass yet2,700±850times its luminosity, with a surface temperature of142,000 K, and surrounding nebula estimated to have been expanding for between 1,280 and 1,600 years,The nebula was discovered byRalph Copelandin 1884.TheNecklace Nebula—originally a close binary, one component of which swallowed the other as it expanded to become a giant star. The","a giant star. The smaller star remained in orbit inside the larger, whose rotation speed increased greatly, resulting in it flinging its outer layers off into space, forming a ring with knots of bright gas formed from clumps of stellar material.It was discovered in 2005 and is around 2 light-years wide.It has a size of0.35′.Both nebulae are around15,000 light-yearsfrom Earth. See also Notes References External links","Vulpecula Vulpecula/vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/is a faintconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor \"littlefox\", although it is commonly known simply as the fox. It was identified in the seventeenth century, and is located in the middle of theSummer Triangle(anasterismconsisting of the bright starsDeneb,Vega, andAltair). Features Stars There are no stars brighter than 4th magnitude in this constellation. The brightest star in Vulpecula isAlpha Vulpeculae, amagnitude4.44mred giantat an approximate distance of 291light-years. The star is anoptical binary(separation of 413.7\") that can be split using binoculars. The star also carries the traditional name Anser, which refers to the goose the little fox holds in its jaws. 23 Vulpeculaeis the second brightest star in the constellation. In 1967, the firstpulsar,PSR B1919+21, was discovered in Vulpecula byJocelyn Bell, supervised byAntony Hewish, inCambridge. While they were searching for scintillation of radio signals ofquasars, they observed pulses which repeated with","which repeated with aperiodof 1.3373seconds.Terrestrial origin of the signal was ruled out because the time it took the object to reappear was asidereal dayinstead of asolar day. This anomaly was finally identified as the signal of a rapidly rotatingneutron star. Fifteen years after the first pulsar was discovered, the firstmillisecond pulsar,PSR B1937+21, was also discovered in Vulpecula, only a few degrees in the sky away from PSR B1919+21. Vulpecula is also home toHD 189733 b, one of the closest extrasolar planets studied by the now-retiredSpitzer Space Telescope. On 11 July 2007, a team led byGiovanna Tinettipublished the results of their observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope concluding there is solid evidence for significant amounts of water vapor in the planet's atmosphere.Although HD 189733b with atmospheric temperatures rising above 1,000 °C is far from being habitable, this finding increases the likelihood that water, an essential component of life, would be found on a more Earth-like","a more Earth-like planet in the future. Also located in Vulpecula issoft gamma repeaterSGR 1935+2154. In 2020 it emitted afast radio burst, the first one to be observed in the Milky Way. Deep-sky objects TheDumbbell Nebula(M27), is a large, brightplanetary nebulawhich was discovered by the French astronomerCharles Messierin 1764 as the very first object of its kind.It can be seen with goodbinocularsin a dark sky location, appearing as a dimly glowing disk approximately 8arcminutesin diameter.The nebula is approximately 9,800 years old.Atelescopereveals its double-lobed shape, similar to that of an hourglass.Brocchi's Cluster(Collinder 399) is anasterismformerly thought to be anopen cluster. It is also called \"the Coathanger\" because of its distinctive star pattern when viewed with binoculars or a low power telescope. NGC 7052is anelliptical galaxyin Vulpecula at a distance of 214 million light-years from Earth. It has a centraldustydisk with a diameter of 3700 light-years; there is asupermassive black","asupermassive black holewith a mass of 300 million solar masses in itsnucleus. Astronomers surmise that the disk is the remnant of a smaller galaxy thatmergedwith NGC 7052.Jetscan be seen emanating from the galaxy, and it has very strongradio emissions. This means that it is also classified as aradio galaxy. The eastern part of Vulpecula is occupied by theHercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall. It is a galaxy filament, with the length of 3,000 megaparsecs, making it the largest known structure in the universe. Stellar association Vulpecula contains an OB-association of young stars, called theVulpecula OB-associationor Vul OB1. The association contains nearly 100OB-starsand over 800young stellar objects.It lies in the galactic plane, at a distance of about 2300parsec. It contains the emission-line nebulae Sh-86, Sh-87 andSh-88. Vul OB1 has a length of about 100 parsec and is sculpting many pillar-like structures in this region. History In the late 17th century, the astronomerJohannes Heveliuscreated Vulpecula.","Vulpecula. It was originally known asVulpecula cum ansere(\"the little fox with thegoose\") orVulpecula et Anser(\"the little fox and the goose\"), and was illustrated with a goose in the jaws of a fox. Hevelius did not regard the fox and the goose to be two separate constellations, but later the stars were divided into a separate Anser and Vulpecula. Today, they have been merged again under the name of the fox, but the goose is remembered by the name of the star α Vulpeculae:Anser. See also References Sources Footnotes External links"],"string":"[\n \"Summer Triangle TheSummer Triangleis an astronomicalasterismin thenorthern celestial hemisphere. The definingverticesof this imaginarytriangleare atAltair,Deneb, andVega, each of which is thebrightest starof itsconstellation(Aquila,Cygnus, andLyra, respectively). The greatest declination is +45° and lowest is +9° meaning the three can be seen from all places in the Northern Hemisphere and from the home of most people resident in the Southern Hemisphere. The two stars in Aquila and Cygnus represent the head of an eagle and tail of a swan that looks east inscribed into the triangle and forming thealtitude of the triangle. Two small constellations,SagittaandVulpecula, lie between Aquila in the south of the triangle and Cygnus and Lyra to the north. History The term was popularized by American authorH. A. Reyand British astronomerPatrick Moorein the 1950s.The name can be found in constellation guidebooks as far back as 1913.The Austrian astronomerOswald Thomasdescribed these stars asGrosses Dreieck(Great\",\n \"Dreieck(Great Triangle) in the late 1920s andSommerliches Dreieck(Summerly Triangle) in 1934. The asterism was remarked upon byJoseph Johann von Littrow, who described it as the \\\"conspicuous triangle\\\" in the text of his atlas (1866), andJohann Elert Bodeconnected the stars in a map in a book in 1816, although without label. These are the same stars recognized in the Chinese legend ofThe Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, a story dating back some 2,600 years, celebrated in theQixi Festival. The stars also bear ceremonial significance in the related celebrations ofTanabata,Chilseok, and Thất Tịch, derived from Qixi. In the mid- to late-20th century, beforeinertial navigation systemsand other electronic and mechanical equipment took their places in military aircraft,United States Air Forcenavigators referred to this asterism as the \\\"Navigator's Triangle\\\". Visibility Frommid-to-tropicalnorthern latitudes: From mid-southern latitudes, the asterism is in the north during the culmination season described above. The stars\",\n \"above. The stars of the Summer Triangle Both Altair and Vega are bluish-white, rapidly-rotating A-type main sequence stars in the local neighbourhood of the sun. However, Deneb is a white supergiant star over 100 times as distant, and one of the most luminous stars in the entire galaxy. See also References External links\",\n \"Sagitta Sagittais a dim but distinctiveconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor 'arrow', not to be confused with the significantly larger constellationSagittarius'the archer'. It was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomerPtolemy, and it remains one of the88 modern constellationsdefined by theInternational Astronomical Union. Although it dates to antiquity, Sagitta has no star brighter than 3rdmagnitudeand has the third-smallest area of any constellation. Gamma Sagittaeis the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 3.47. It is an agingred giantstar 90% as massive as the Sun that has cooled and expanded to a radius 54 times greater than it.Delta,Epsilon,Zeta, andTheta Sagittaeare eachmultiplestars whose components can be seen in small telescopes.V Sagittaeis acataclysmic variable—abinary star systemcomposed of awhite dwarfaccreting mass of a donor star that is expected to gonovaand briefly become the mostluminousstar in theMilky Wayand one of\",\n \"Wayand one of the brightest stars in our sky around the year 2083. Two star systems in Sagitta are known to have Jupiter-like planets, while a third—15 Sagittae—has abrown dwarfcompanion. History Theancient Greekscalled SagittaOistos'the arrow',and it was one of the 48 constellations described byPtolemy.It was regarded as the weapon thatHerculesused to kill the eagle (Aquila) ofJovethat perpetually gnawedPrometheus' liver.Sagitta is located beyond the north border ofAquila, the Eagle. An amateur naturalist, polymathRichard Hinckley Allenproposed that the constellation could represent the arrow shot by Hercules towards the adjacentStymphalian birds(which feature inHercules' sixth labour) who had claws, beaks, and wings of iron, and who lived on human flesh in the marshes ofArcadia—denoted in the sky by the constellations Aquila the Eagle,Cygnus 'the Swan', andLyra 'the Vulture'—and still lying between them, whence the titleHerculea.Greek scholarEratosthenesclaimed it as the arrow with whichApolloexterminated\",\n \"theCyclopes.The Romans named it Sagitta.In Arabic, it becameal-sahm'arrow', though this name becameShamand was transferred toAlpha Sagittaeonly. The Greek name has also been mistranslated asὁ istos'the loom' and thus in Arabical-nawl. It was also calledal-'anaza'pike/javelin'. Characteristics The four brightest stars make up an arrow-shapedasterismlocated due north of the bright starAltair.Covering 79.9 square degrees and hence 0.194% of the sky, Sagitta ranks 86th of the88 modern constellationsby area. OnlyEquuleusandCruxare smaller.Sagitta is most readily observed from the late spring to early autumn to northern hemisphere observers, with midnightculminationoccurring on 17 July.Its position in theNorthern Celestial Hemispheremeans that the wholeconstellationis visible to observers north of69°S.Sagitta is bordered byVulpeculato the north,Herculesto the west, Aquila to the south, andDelphinusto the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Unionin\",\n \"Unionin 1922, is \\\"Sge\\\"; American astronomerHenry Norris Russell, who devised the code, had to resort to using thegenitiveform of the name to come up with a letter to include ('e') that was not in the name of the constellation Sagittarius.The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delportein 1930, are defined by a polygon of twelve segments (illustrated in infobox). In theequatorial coordinate system, theright ascensioncoordinates of these borders lie between18h57.2mand20h20.5m, while thedeclinationcoordinates are between 16.08° and 21.64°. Notable features Stars Celestial cartographerJohann BayergaveBayer designationsto eight stars, labelling them Alpha to Theta. English astronomerJohn Flamsteedadded the letters x, mistaken asChi(χ), y and z to 13, 14, and 15 Sagittae in hisCatalogus Britannicus. All three were dropped by later astronomersJohn BevisandFrancis Baily. Bright stars Ptolemy saw the constellation's brightest starGamma Sagittaeas marking the arrow's head,while Bayer\",\n \"head,while Bayer saw Gamma, Eta, and Theta as depicting the arrow's shaft.Gamma Sagittae is ared giantof spectral type M0 III,and magnitude 3.47. It lies at a distance of258±4light-yearsfrom Earth.With around 90% of the Sun's mass,it has a radius 54 times that of the Sun and is 575 times as bright. It is most likely on thered-giant branchof itsevolutionarylifespan, having exhausted its core hydrogen and now burning it in a surrounding shell. Delta Sagittaeis the second-brightest star in the constellation and is a binary. Delta and Zeta depicted the spike according to Bayer.The Delta Sagittae system is composed of ared supergiantof spectral type M2 IIthat has 3.9 times the Sun's mass and 152 times its radius and a blue-white B9.5Vmain sequencestar that is 2.9 times as massive as the Sun. The two orbit each other every ten years.Zeta Sagittaeis a triple star system,approximately326 light-yearsfrom Earth. The primary and secondary are A-type stars. In hisUranometria, Bayer depicted Alpha,Beta, andEpsilon\",\n \"andEpsilon Sagittaeas the fins of the arrow.Also known as Sham, Alpha is a yellowbright giantstar ofspectral classG1 II with anapparent magnitudeof 4.38, which lies at a distance of382±8 light-yearsfrom Earth.Four times as massive as the Sun, it has swollen and brightened to 21 times the Sun's radius and 340 times itsluminosity.Also of magnitude 4.38, Beta is a G-typegiantlocated420±10 light-yearsdistant from Earth.Estimated to be around 129 million years old, it is 4.33 times as massive as the Sun,and has expanded to roughly 27 times its radius.Epsilon Sagittae is adouble starwhose component stars can be seen in a small telescope.With an apparent magnitude of 5.77,the main star is a 331-million-year-old yellow giant of spectral type G8 III around 3.09 times as massive as the Sun,that has swollen to18.37+0.65−0.88its radius.It is580±10 light-yearsdistant.The visual companion of magnitude 8.35 is 87.4arcsecondsdistant,but is an unrelatedblue supergiantaround7,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth. Eta Sagittaeis\",\n \"Eta Sagittaeis an orange giant of spectral class K2 IIIwith a magnitude of 5.09.Located155.9±0.9 light-yearsfrom Earth, it has a 61.1% chance of being a member of theHyades–Pleiadesstream of stars that share acommon motion through space.Theta Sagittaeis a double star system, with components 12 arcseconds apart visible in a small telescope.At magnitude 6.5, the brighter is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F3 V,located146.1±0.2 light-yearsfrom Earth.The 8.8-magnitude fainter companion is a main sequence star of spectral type G5 V. A 7.4-magnitude orange giant of spectral type K2 III is also visible91″from the binary pair,located842±9 light-yearsaway. Variable stars Variable stars are popular targets for amateur astronomers, their observations providing valuable contributions to understanding star behaviour.R Sagittaeis a member of the rareRV Tauri variableclass of star. It ranges in magnitude from 8.2 to 10.4.It is around8,100 light-yearsdistant.It has a radius61.2+12.4−9.9times that of the\",\n \"that of the Sun, and is2,329+744−638as luminous, yet most likely is less massive than the Sun. An aging star, it has moved on from theasymptotic giant branchof stellar evolution and is on its way to becoming aplanetary nebula.FG Sagittaeis a \\\"born again\\\" star, a highly luminous star around4,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth.It reignited fusion of a helium shell shortly before becoming a white dwarf, and has expanded first to a blue supergiant and then to a K-classsupergiantin less than 100 years.It is surrounded by a faint (visual magnitude 23) planetary nebula, Henize 1–5, that formed when FG Sagittae first left the asymptotic giant branch. S Sagittaeis aclassical Cepheidthat varies from magnitude 5.24 to 6.04 every 8.38 days. It is a yellow-white supergiant that pulsates between spectral types F6 Ib and G5 Ib.Around 6 or 7 times as massive and 3,500 times as luminous as the Sun,it is located around5,100 light-yearsfrom Earth.HD 183143is a remote highly luminous star around7,900 light-yearsaway,that has\",\n \"has been classified as a bluehypergiant.Infraredbands of ionisedbuckminsterfullerenemolecules have also been found in its spectrum.WR 124is aWolf–Rayet starmoving at great speed surrounded by a nebula of ejected gas. U Sagittaeis an eclipsing binary that varies between magnitudes 6.6 and 9.2 over 3.4 days, making it a suitable target for enthusiasts with small telescopes.There are two component stars—a blue-white star of spectral type B8 V and an ageing star that has cooled and expanded into a yellow subgiant of spectral type G4 III-IV. They orbit each other close enough that the cooler subgiant has filled itsRoche lobeand is passing material to the hotter star, and hence it is asemidetached binarysystem.The system is900±10 light-yearsdistant.Near U Sagittae isX Sagittae, asemiregular variableranging between magnitudes 7.9 and 8.4 over 196 days.Acarbon star, X Sagittae has a surface temperature of2,576K. Located near 18 Sagittae isV Sagittae, the prototype of theV Sagittae variables,cataclysmic variablesthat\",\n \"variablesthat are alsosuper soft X-ray sources.It is expected to become aluminous red novawhen the two stars merge around the year 2083, and briefly become the most luminous star in theMilky Wayand one of the brightest stars in Earth's sky.WZ Sagittaeis another cataclysmic variable, composed of awhite dwarfthat has about 85% the mass of the Sun, and low-mass star companion that has been calculated to be abrown dwarfof spectral class L2 that is only 8% as massive as the Sun.Normally a faint object dimmer than magnitude 15, it flared up in 1913, 1946 and 1978 to be visible in binoculars.Theblack widow pulsar(B1957+20) is the secondmillisecond pulsarever discovered.It is a massiveneutron starthat isablatingits brown dwarf-sized companion which causes the pulsar's radio signals toattenuateas they pass through the outflowing material. Stars with exoplanets HD 231701is ayellow-white main sequence starhotter and larger than the Sun, with aJupiter-likeplanetthat was discovered in 2007 by theradial velocity\",\n \"theradial velocity technique. The planet orbits at a distance of0.57AUfrom the star with a period of 141.6 days.It has a mass of at least 1.13 Jupiter masses. HAT-P-34 is a star1.392±0.047times as massive as the Sun with1.535+0.135−0.102times its radius and3.63+0.75−0.51times its luminosity. With an apparent magnitude of 10.4,it is819±9 light-yearsdistant.A planet3.328±0.211times as massive as Jupiter was discovered transiting it in 2012. With a period of 5.45 days and a distance of0.06 AUfrom its star, it has an estimated surface temperature of1,520±60 K. 15 Sagittaeis asolar analog—a star similar to the Sun, with1.08±0.04times its mass,1.115±0.021times its radius and1.338±0.03times its luminosity. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.80.It has an L4 brown dwarf substellar companion that is around the same size as Jupiter but 69 times as massive with a surface temperature of between 1,510 and1,850 K, taking around 73.3 years to complete an orbit around the star.The system is estimated to be2.5±1.8billion years\",\n \"years old. Deep-sky objects The band of the Milky Way and theGreat Riftwithin it pass though Sagitta, with Alpha, Beta and Epsilon Sagittae marking the Rift's border.Located between Beta and Gamma Sagittae isMessier 71,a very looseglobular clustermistaken for some time for a denseopen cluster.At a distance of about13,000 light-yearsfrom Earth,it was first discovered by the French astronomerPhilippe Loys de Chéseauxin the year 1745 or 1746.The loose globular cluster has a mass of around 53,000M☉and aluminosityof approximately 19,000L☉. There are two notableplanetary nebulaein Sagitta:NGC 6886is composed of a hot central post-AGB star that has 55% of the Sun's mass yet2,700±850times its luminosity, with a surface temperature of142,000 K, and surrounding nebula estimated to have been expanding for between 1,280 and 1,600 years,The nebula was discovered byRalph Copelandin 1884.TheNecklace Nebula—originally a close binary, one component of which swallowed the other as it expanded to become a giant star. The\",\n \"a giant star. The smaller star remained in orbit inside the larger, whose rotation speed increased greatly, resulting in it flinging its outer layers off into space, forming a ring with knots of bright gas formed from clumps of stellar material.It was discovered in 2005 and is around 2 light-years wide.It has a size of0.35′.Both nebulae are around15,000 light-yearsfrom Earth. See also Notes References External links\",\n \"Vulpecula Vulpecula/vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/is a faintconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor \\\"littlefox\\\", although it is commonly known simply as the fox. It was identified in the seventeenth century, and is located in the middle of theSummer Triangle(anasterismconsisting of the bright starsDeneb,Vega, andAltair). Features Stars There are no stars brighter than 4th magnitude in this constellation. The brightest star in Vulpecula isAlpha Vulpeculae, amagnitude4.44mred giantat an approximate distance of 291light-years. The star is anoptical binary(separation of 413.7\\\") that can be split using binoculars. The star also carries the traditional name Anser, which refers to the goose the little fox holds in its jaws. 23 Vulpeculaeis the second brightest star in the constellation. In 1967, the firstpulsar,PSR B1919+21, was discovered in Vulpecula byJocelyn Bell, supervised byAntony Hewish, inCambridge. While they were searching for scintillation of radio signals ofquasars, they observed pulses which repeated with\",\n \"which repeated with aperiodof 1.3373seconds.Terrestrial origin of the signal was ruled out because the time it took the object to reappear was asidereal dayinstead of asolar day. This anomaly was finally identified as the signal of a rapidly rotatingneutron star. Fifteen years after the first pulsar was discovered, the firstmillisecond pulsar,PSR B1937+21, was also discovered in Vulpecula, only a few degrees in the sky away from PSR B1919+21. Vulpecula is also home toHD 189733 b, one of the closest extrasolar planets studied by the now-retiredSpitzer Space Telescope. On 11 July 2007, a team led byGiovanna Tinettipublished the results of their observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope concluding there is solid evidence for significant amounts of water vapor in the planet's atmosphere.Although HD 189733b with atmospheric temperatures rising above 1,000 °C is far from being habitable, this finding increases the likelihood that water, an essential component of life, would be found on a more Earth-like\",\n \"a more Earth-like planet in the future. Also located in Vulpecula issoft gamma repeaterSGR 1935+2154. In 2020 it emitted afast radio burst, the first one to be observed in the Milky Way. Deep-sky objects TheDumbbell Nebula(M27), is a large, brightplanetary nebulawhich was discovered by the French astronomerCharles Messierin 1764 as the very first object of its kind.It can be seen with goodbinocularsin a dark sky location, appearing as a dimly glowing disk approximately 8arcminutesin diameter.The nebula is approximately 9,800 years old.Atelescopereveals its double-lobed shape, similar to that of an hourglass.Brocchi's Cluster(Collinder 399) is anasterismformerly thought to be anopen cluster. It is also called \\\"the Coathanger\\\" because of its distinctive star pattern when viewed with binoculars or a low power telescope. NGC 7052is anelliptical galaxyin Vulpecula at a distance of 214 million light-years from Earth. It has a centraldustydisk with a diameter of 3700 light-years; there is asupermassive black\",\n \"asupermassive black holewith a mass of 300 million solar masses in itsnucleus. Astronomers surmise that the disk is the remnant of a smaller galaxy thatmergedwith NGC 7052.Jetscan be seen emanating from the galaxy, and it has very strongradio emissions. This means that it is also classified as aradio galaxy. The eastern part of Vulpecula is occupied by theHercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall. It is a galaxy filament, with the length of 3,000 megaparsecs, making it the largest known structure in the universe. Stellar association Vulpecula contains an OB-association of young stars, called theVulpecula OB-associationor Vul OB1. The association contains nearly 100OB-starsand over 800young stellar objects.It lies in the galactic plane, at a distance of about 2300parsec. It contains the emission-line nebulae Sh-86, Sh-87 andSh-88. Vul OB1 has a length of about 100 parsec and is sculpting many pillar-like structures in this region. History In the late 17th century, the astronomerJohannes Heveliuscreated Vulpecula.\",\n \"Vulpecula. It was originally known asVulpecula cum ansere(\\\"the little fox with thegoose\\\") orVulpecula et Anser(\\\"the little fox and the goose\\\"), and was illustrated with a goose in the jaws of a fox. Hevelius did not regard the fox and the goose to be two separate constellations, but later the stars were divided into a separate Anser and Vulpecula. Today, they have been merged again under the name of the fox, but the goose is remembered by the name of the star α Vulpeculae:Anser. See also References Sources Footnotes External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":271,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who was the president of the USA when the wife of the former HEB Grocery Company CEO Howard Edward Butt Sr. died?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Bill Clinton was president beginning in 1993, the same year that Mary Elizabeth Butt passed away. "},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Butt"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Butt', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Butt","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Butt\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mary Elizabeth Butt Mary Elizabeth Butt(néeHoldsworth; 1903–1993) was a prominentTexasphilanthropist and wife of formerHEB Grocery CompanyCEOHoward Edward Butt Sr., son of HEB founder, Florence Butt. Her philanthropic efforts were particularly focused on the care of emotionally disturbed children and the development of library services. Early life Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt was born on February 4, 1903, nearLoma Vista, Texas, the daughter of Rosa (née Ross) and Thomas Holdsworth. She was the fourth of seven children. Her father, the son of an English schoolteacher, emigrated from England to Texas with his parents in 1880. Her mother was a schoolteacher who grew up and worked inKerrville, Texas.Both her parents were devout, tithingBaptists.In 1924, she marriedHoward Edward Butt. Howard owned a small grocery store in Kerrville. Over time, her husband's business prospered and expanded, enabling Mary Elizabeth to take an active role in supporting numerous and varied charitable causes. Her husband stated: \"I make the money, and Mary spends it (on worthy causes). And I am glad she does.\"In 1940, they moved toCorpus Christi, Texas. Philanthropy In 1929, she moved toBrownsville, Texas, in theRio Grande Valleyand thereafter toHarlingen. Mary Elizabeth started the State Crippled Children's Program using her dining room as an office. She also served as chairwoman of the Cameron County Child Welfare Board. In addition, she started the first tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment program in the region; and also purchased the first equipment used to test the hearing and vision of schoolchildren. In 1934, the Butts formed the H. E. Butt Foundation, one of the first charitable organizations in Texas. The foundation focused on funding public school programs, establishing libraries and constructing recreational facilities.Mary Butt served as its president. In 1940, the Butt family moved toCorpus Christi, Texas, where she organized the local branches of theYWCA; theNueces Countyhome for the aged; the Nueces County Tuberculosis Hospital; and the local branch of theAmerican Cancer Society. She also established the Mary Bethune Day Nursery which addressed shortfalls in access to day care forAfrican-Americanchildren. In 1949, she along with Dr. Robert Sutherland (director of theHogg Foundation for Mental Healthfounded byIma Hoggin 1940) and Margaret Scarbrough (wife of Austin retailer Lemuel Scarbrough and founder of the Scarbrough Foundation), organized and hosted the first Conference of Texas Foundations and Trusts which coordinated philanthropic giving so as to avoid duplication and promoted the exchange ideas and strategies.Texas became the first state to have such an organization and the model was duplicated in other states.The Foundation quickly blossomed from 10 mostly family-sponsored organizations at inception to 48 organizations in 1956.The organization (now known as the Conference of Southwest Foundations) presently consists of 200 member organizations in a seven-state area. In 1953, she helped to establish the Hilltop Hospital which treated tuberculosis patients and eventually serving five years as the chairman of its board. In 1954, the Butts established the H. E. Butt Foundation Camp located on theFrio RiverAs she was particularly dedicated to the care of emotionally disturbed children, she developed a camping program for specifically for their care.As of 2012, the camp continues to serve, without cost, over 20,000 campers annuallyand is also the site of the Laity Lodge, a prominent center of Christian learning founded by their son, Howard E. Butt Jr. In 1955, she was appointed by Texas GovernorAllan Shiversto the governing board of Texas State Hospitals and Special Schools (later theTexas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation). She served as the only woman member of the board for 18 yearsbeing appointed by six different governors. The Butts contributed to the founding of theButt-Holdsworth Memorial Library, which was inaugurated in summer 1967. Personal life and death She had four children with her husband: Another child, Mary Beth Butt, who lived for only 10 days (November 17, 1943 - November 27, 1943), is buried beside Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt at the Glen Rest Cemetery in Kerrville, Texas, was the fourth child of Howard Butt, Sr., and Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt. Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt died in her house in Corpus Christi on October 6, 1993. Awards TheTexas State Historical Associationlists the many awards Butt has received over the years for her philanthropic activities: References External links","Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton(néBlythe; born August 19, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42ndpresident of the United Statesfrom 1993 to 2001. A member of theDemocratic Party, he previously served asgovernor of Arkansasfrom 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy, became known as aNew Democrat. Clinton was born and raised inArkansas. He graduated fromGeorgetown Universityin 1968, and later fromYale Law School, where he met his future wife,Hillary Rodham. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed bytwo non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of theNational Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the1992 election, defeating the incumbentRepublican PartypresidentGeorge H. W. Bushand the independent businessmanRoss Perot. He became the first president to be born in theBaby Boomergeneration. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law theNorth American Free Trade Agreementand theViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Actbut failed to pass his plan fornational health care reform. Starting in the mid-1990s, he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy, advocating for and signing thePersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, theState Children's Health Insurance Programand financial deregulation measures. He appointedRuth Bader GinsburgandStephen Breyerto theU.S. Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in theBosnianandKosovo wars, eventually signing theDayton Peace agreement. He also called for theexpansion of NATOin Eastern Europe and many formerWarsaw Pactmembers joined NATO during his presidency. Clinton's foreign policy in the Middle East saw him sign theIraq Liberation Actwhich gave aid to groups againstSaddam Hussein. He also participated in theOslo I AccordandCamp David Summitto advance theIsraeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted theNorthern Ireland peace process. Clinton won re-election in the1996 election, defeating Republican nomineeBob DoleandReform Partynominee Perot. His second term was dominated by theClinton–Lewinsky scandal, which began in 1995, when he had a sexual relationship with the then 22-year-oldWhite HouseinternMonica Lewinsky. In January 1998, news of the affair made tabloid headlines.This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating in December whenClinton was impeachedby theHouse of Representatives, becoming the first U.S. president to be impeached sinceAndrew Johnson. The two impeachment articles that the House passed were centered aroundperjuryand Clinton using the powers of the presidency to commit obstruction of justice. In 1999,Clinton's impeachment trialbegan in theSenate, where he was acquitted on both charges. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, theCongressional Budget Officereported a budget surplus—the first such surplus since 1969. Clinton left office in 2001 with the joint-highest approval rating of any U.S. president. His presidency ranks among the middle to upper tier inhistorical rankings of U.S. presidents. However, his personal conduct andmisconduct allegationshave made him the subject of substantial scrutiny. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created theClinton Foundationto address international causes such as the prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2009, he was named theUnited Nations special envoy to Haiti. After the2010 Haiti earthquake, Clinton founded theClinton Bush Haiti FundwithGeorge W. BushandBarack Obama. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's2008and2016 presidential campaigns. Early life and career Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital inHope, Arkansas.He is the son ofWilliam Jefferson Blythe Jr., a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, andVirginia Dell Cassidy(later Virginia Kelley).Blythe had initially survived the crash, but drowned in a drainage ditch. His parents had married on September 4, 1943, but this union later proved to be bigamous, as Blythe was still married to his fourth wife.Virginia traveled toNew Orleansto study nursing soon after Bill was born, leaving him in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store.At a time when the southern United States wasracially segregated, Clinton's grandparents sold goods oncreditto people of all races.In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and marriedRoger Clinton Sr., who co-owned anautomobile dealershipinHot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother andEarl T. Ricks.The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950. Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Clinton turned 15that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward him.Clinton has described his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half-brother,Roger Clinton Jr.The physical abuse only ceased after a then-14-year-old Bill challenged his stepfather to \"stand and face\" him, though the verbal/emotional abuse continued.Bill would eventually forgive Roger Sr. for his abusive actions near the latter's death. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and thesegregatedHot Springs High School, where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician.Clinton was in the chorus and played thetenor saxophone, winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. While in high school, Clinton performed for two years in a jazz trio,The 3 Kings, withRandy Goodrum, who became a successful professional pianist. In 1961, Clinton became a member of the Hot Springs Chapter of theOrder of DeMolay, a youth group affiliated withFreemasonry, but he never became a Freemason.He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiographyMy Life: Clinton began an interest in law at Hot Springs High, when he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancientRoman senatorCatilinein a mock trial in his Latin class.After a vigorous defense that made use of his \"budding rhetorical and political skills\", he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck it \"made him realize that someday he would study law\". Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life, both occurring in 1963, that contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit as aBoys Nationsenator to theWhite Houseto meet PresidentJohn F. Kennedy.The other was watchingMartin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 \"I Have a Dream\" speech on TV, which impressed him so much that he later memorized it. College and law school years Georgetown University With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended theSchool of Foreign ServiceatGeorgetown Universityin Washington, D.C., receiving aBachelor of Sciencein foreign service degree in 1968. Georgetown was the only university where Clinton applied. In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won elections forclass president.From 1964 to 1967, he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas SenatorJ. William Fulbright.While in college, he became a brother of service fraternityAlpha Phi Omegaand was elected toPhi Beta Kappa. He is a member ofKappa Kappa Psihonorary band fraternity. Oxford Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won aRhodes ScholarshiptoUniversity College, Oxford, where he initially read for aB.Phil.inphilosophy, politics, and economicsbut transferred to aB.Litt.in politics and, ultimately, a B.Phil. in politics.Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs; this type of activity was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort. He had received an offer to study atYale Law School, and so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford. During his time at Oxford, Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller. In 1969, Aller received adraftletter that mandated deployment to theVietnam War. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton.British writer and feministSara Maitlandsaid of Clinton, \"I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War. I knew nothing about it, and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry. Bill said that feeling bad wasn't good enough. That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren't enough and you had to do something about such things\".Clinton was a member of theOxford University Basketball Cluband also played for Oxford University'srugby unionteam. While Clinton was president in 1994, he received an honoraryDoctor of Civil Lawdegree and a fellowship from theUniversity of Oxford, specifically for being \"a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace\", having \"a powerful collaborator in his wife\", and for winning \"general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget\". Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy During the Vietnam War, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969.While at Oxford, he participated inVietnam War protestsand organized aMoratorium to End the War in Vietnamevent in October 1969.He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. and knew he might lose his deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in theNational Guardand theAir Force officer candidate school, and he then made arrangements to join theReserve Officers' Training Corps(ROTC) program at theUniversity of Arkansas. He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way \"to maintain my political viability within the system\".Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers1 to 310 would bedraftedbefore him, making it unlikely he would be called up. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.) ColonelEugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform. He issued anotarizedstatement during the 1992 presidential campaign: During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in theNavy Reserve, which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then.Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service.Clinton's 1992 campaign manager,James Carville, successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position. Law school After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned aJuris Doctor(J.D.) degree in 1973.In 1971, he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham, in theYale Law Library; she was a class year ahead of him.They began dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his summer plans to be a coordinator for theGeorge McGoverncampaignfor the1972 United States presidential electionin order to move in with her in California.The couple continuedliving togetherin New Haven when they returned to law school. Clinton eventuallymoved to Texas with Rodham in 1972to take a job leading McGovern's effort there. He spent considerable time inDallas, at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. Clinton worked with future two-termmayor of DallasRon Kirk,futuregovernor of TexasAnn Richards,and then unknown television director and filmmakerSteven Spielberg. Failed congressional campaign and tenure as Attorney General of Arkansas After graduating fromYale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a lawprofessorat theUniversity of Arkansas. In 1974, he ran for theHouse of Representatives. Running in the conservative3rd districtagainst incumbent RepublicanJohn Paul Hammerschmidt, Clinton's campaign was bolstered by the anti-Republican and anti-incumbent mood resulting from theWatergate scandal. Hammerschmidt, who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972, defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin. In 1976, Clinton ran forArkansas attorney general. Defeating the secretary of state and the deputy attorney general in the Democratic primary, Clinton was elected with no opposition at all in the general election, as no Republican had run for the office. Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992) In 1978, Clinton entered the Arkansas gubernatorial primary. At just 31 years old, he was one of the youngest gubernatorial candidates in the state's history. Clinton was electedgovernor of Arkansasin1978, having defeated the Republican candidateLynn Lowe, a farmer fromTexarkana. Clinton was only 32 years old when he took office, the youngest governor in the country at the time and the second youngest governor in the history of Arkansas.Due to his youthful appearance, Clinton was often called the \"Boy Governor\".He worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform. However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from theMariel boatlift) detained inFort Chaffeein 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose, ofKingslandinCleveland County, polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat by Republican challengerFrank D. Whitein the general election that year. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. After leaving office in January 1981, Clinton joined friendBruce Lindsey's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings.In 1982, he was elected governor a second time and kept the office for ten years. Effective with the 1986 election, Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years. During his term, he helped transform Arkansas's economy and improved the state's educational system.Forsenior citizens, he removed thesales taxfrom medications and increased the home property-tax exemption.He became a leading figure among theNew Democrats, a group ofDemocratswho advocated welfare reform, smaller government, and other policies not supported by liberals. Formally organized as theDemocratic Leadership Council(DLC), the New Democrats argued that in light of PresidentRonald Reagan'slandslide victory in 1984, the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level.Clinton delivered theDemocratic responseto Reagan's1985 State of the Union Addressand served as chair of theNational Governors Associationfrom 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas. In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority of his gubernatorial administration. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee was chaired by Clinton's wife Hillary, who was also an attorney as well as the chair of theLegal Services Corporation. The committee transformed Arkansas's education system. Proposed reforms included more spending for schools (supported by a sales-tax increase), better opportunities for gifted children, vocational education, higher teachers' salaries, more course variety, and compulsory teacher competency exams. The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a speciallegislative session—the longest in Arkansas history.Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship.He defeated four Republican candidates for governor: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986),JonesborobusinessmenWoody Freeman(1984), andSheffield Nelsonof Little Rock (1990). Also in the 1980s, the Clintons' personal and business affairs included transactions that became the basis of theWhitewater controversyinvestigation, which later dogged his presidential administration.After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas. According to some sources, Clinton was adeath penaltyopponent in his early years, but he eventually switched positions.However he might have felt previously, by 1992, Clinton was insisting that Democrats \"should no longer feel guilty about protecting the innocent\".During Clinton's final term as governor,Arkansas performed its first executionssince 1964 (the death penalty had been reinstated in 1976).As Governor, he oversaw thefirst four executions carried outby the state of Arkansas since the death penalty was reinstated there in 1976: one byelectric chairand three bylethal injection.To draw attention to his stance on capital punishment, Clinton flew home to Arkansas mid-campaign in 1992, in order to affirm in person that the controversial execution ofRicky Ray Rector, would go forward as scheduled. Scandals and allegations During his time as governor in the 1980s, Arkansas was the center of a drug smuggling operation throughMena Airport.CIAagentBarry Sealallegedly imported three to five billion dollars worth ofcocainethrough the airport, and the operation was linked to theIran–Contra affair.Clinton was accused of knowing about this operation, although nothing could be proven against him.JournalistSam Smithtied him to various questionable business dealings.Clinton was also accused byGennifer Flowersto have used cocaine as governorand his half-brother Roger was sentenced to prison in 1985 for possession and smuggling of cocaine, but was laterpardoned by his brotherafter serving his sentence.During his time in Arkansas, there were also other scandals such as theWhitewater controversyinvolving the Clintons' real estate dealings, and Bill Clinton was accused of serious sexual misconduct in Arkansas, including allegations of using theArkansas State Policeto gain access to women (Troopergate affair).Thekilling of Don Henry and Kevin Ivesin 1987 started variousconspiracy theoriesthat accused Clinton and the Arkansas state authorities of covering up the crime. 1988 Democratic presidential primaries In 1987, the media speculated that Clinton would enter the presidential race. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary for governor, initially favored—but ultimately vetoed—by the First Lady).For the nomination, Clinton endorsedMassachusetts governorMichael Dukakis. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the1988 Democratic National Convention, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice the length it was expected to be, was criticized for being too long.Clinton presented himself both as a moderate and as a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, and he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991. 1992 United States presidential election In the first primary contest, theIowa Caucus, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa senatorTom Harkin. During the campaign for theNew Hampshire primary, reports surfaced that Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair withGennifer Flowers. Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts senatorPaul Tsongasin the New Hampshire polls.FollowingSuper Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on60 Minutesto rebuff the charges.Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in theNew Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him \"The Comeback Kid\" for earning a firm second-place finish. Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of theSouthern primariesonSuper Tuesdaygave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However, former California governorJerry Brownwas scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South.With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate.Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California. During the campaign, questions ofconflict of interestregarding state business and the politically powerfulRose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents \"for the price of one\". Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas while campaigning for U.S. president, and he returned to his home state to see thatRicky Ray Rectorwould be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to both Arkansas state law and federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in an article forThe New York Timesas a possible political move to counter \"soft on crime\" accusations. Bush'sapproval ratingswere around 80 percent during theGulf War, and he was described as unbeatable. When Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower federal deficits, he reneged on hispromise not to raise taxes, which hurt his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep.By election time, the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent.Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. WhenPat BuchananandPat Robertsonaddressed Christian themes at theRepublican National Convention—with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform—many moderates were alienated.Clinton then pointed to his moderate, \"New Democrat\" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious.Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton.Clinton and his running mate,Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a \"new beginning\". On March 26, 1992, during a Democraticfund raiserof the presidential campaign,Robert Rafskyconfronted then Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas and asked what he was going to do aboutAIDS, to which Clinton replied, \"I feel your pain\".The televised exchange led to AIDS becoming an issue in the 1992 presidential election. On April 4, then candidate Clinton met with members ofACT UPand other leading AIDS advocates to discuss his AIDS agenda and agreed to make a major AIDS policy speech, to have people with HIV speak to theDemocratic Convention, and to sign onto theAIDS UnitedAction five point plan. Clinton won the1992 presidential election(370 electoral votes) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (168 electoral votes) and billionairepopulistRoss Perot(zero electoral votes), who ran as an independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues. Bush's steep decline in public approval was a significant part of Clinton's success.Clinton's victory in the election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of theUnited States Congress,the first time one party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the96th United States Congressduring thepresidency of Jimmy Carter. According toSeymour Martin Lipset, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was the presence of a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups. Presidency (1993–2001) Clinton's \"third way\" of moderate liberalism built up the nation's fiscal health and put the nation on a firm footing abroad amid globalization and the development of anti-American terrorist organizations. During his presidency,Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, particularly theNorth American Free Trade Agreementandwelfare reform, have been attributed to acentristThird Wayphilosophy of governance.His policy offiscal conservatismhelped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters.Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. TheCongressional Budget Officereported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.Over the years of the recorded surplus, the gross national debt rose each year. At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each of the years a surplus was recorded, the U.S. Treasury reported a gross debt of $5.413 trillion in 1997, $5.526 trillion in 1998, $5.656 trillion in 1999, and $5.674 trillion in 2000.Over the same period, the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year (December 31) gross debt of $5.369 trillion in 1997, $5.478 trillion in 1998, $5.606 in 1999, and $5.629 trillion in 2000.At the end of his presidency, the Clintons moved to 15 Old House Lane inChappaqua, New York, in order to quell political worries about his wife's residency for election as a U.S. Senator from New York. First term (1993–1997) \"Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.\" Inaugural address, January 20, 1993. Afterhis presidential transition, Clinton wasinauguratedas the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993. Clinton was physically exhausted at the time, and had an inexperienced staff. His high levels of public support dropped in the first few weeks, as he made a series of mistakes. His first choice for attorney general had not paid her taxes on babysitters and was forced to withdraw. The second appointee also withdrew for the same reason. Clinton had repeatedly promised to encourage gays in the military service, despite what he knew to be the strong opposition of the military leadership. He tried anyway, and was publicly opposed by the top generals, and forced by Congress to a compromise position of \"Don't ask, don't tell\" whereby gays could serve if and only if they kept it secret.He devised a $16-billion stimulus package primarily to aid inner-city programs desired by liberals, but it was defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate.His popularity at the 100 day mark of his term was the lowest of any president at that point. Public opinion did support one liberal program, and Clinton signed theFamily and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support,and was popular with the public. Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993—the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision inRoe v. Wade—Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and internationalfamily planningprograms that had been imposed by Reagan and Bush.Clinton said abortion should be kept \"safe, legal, and rare\"—a slogan that had been suggested by political scientistSamuel L. Popkinand first used by Clinton in December 1991, while campaigning.During the eight years of the Clinton administration, the abortion rate declined by 18 percent. On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to close abudget deficit.Two days later, in a nationally televised address to ajoint session of Congress, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda.Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes, based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates. President Clinton's attorney generalJanet Renoauthorized the FBI's use of armored vehicles to deploy tear gas into the buildings of the Branch Davidian community near Waco, Texas, in hopes of ending a51 day siege. During the operation on April 19, 1993, the buildings caught fire and 75 of the residents died, including 24 children. The raid had originally been planned by the Bush administration; Clinton had played no role. In August, Clinton signed theOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for 15million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses,and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2 percent of taxpayers. Additionally, it mandated that the budget be balanced over many years through the implementation of spending restraints. On September 22, 1993, Clinton made a major speech to Congress regardinga health care reform plan; the program aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan. This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. The plan was well received in political circles, but it was eventually doomed by well-organized lobby opposition from conservatives, theAmerican Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, Clinton biographerJohn F. Harrissaid the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation byGeorge J. Mitchellfailed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. The failure of the bill was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton administration. On November 30, 1993, Clinton signed into law theBrady Bill, which mandated federalbackground checkson people who purchase firearms in the United States. The law also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until theNICS systemwas implemented in 1998. He also expanded theEarned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low-income workers. In December of the same year, allegations by Arkansas state troopersLarry Pattersonand Roger Perry were first reported byDavid BrockinThe American Spectator.In the affair later known as \"Troopergate\", the officers alleged that they had arranged sexual liaisons for Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman namedPaula, a reference toPaula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated \"bad journalism\", and that \"the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives\". That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\", which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexual orientation a secret. The Act forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation.The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton's proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats, including senatorsJohn McCain(R-AZ) andSam Nunn(D-GA). According toDavid Mixner, Clinton's support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore, who felt that \"the President should lift the ban ... even though was sure to be overridden by the Congress\".Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions.Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that PresidentHarry S. Trumanused executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future.Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not \"out of whack\".The policy remained controversial, and was finallyrepealed in 2011, removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces. On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes in favor and 200 votes opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and one independent opposed). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president. On July 29, 1994, the Clinton administration launched the first official White House website,whitehouse.gov.The site was followed with three more versions, with the final version being launched on July 21, 2000.The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, \"Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011—Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public.\" TheOmnibus Crime Bill, which Clinton signed into law in September 1994,made many changes to U.S. crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, \"My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons.\"It also included a subsection ofassault weapons banfor a ten-year period. After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress to the Republicans in themid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years. A speech delivered by President Bill Clinton at the December 6, 1995White House Conferenceon HIV/AIDS projected that a cure for AIDS and a vaccine to prevent further infection would be developed. The President focused on his administration's accomplishments and efforts related to theepidemic, including an accelerated drug-approval process. He also condemnedhomophobiaand discrimination against people withHIV. Clinton announced three new initiatives: creating a special working group to coordinate AIDS research throughout thefederal government; convening public health experts to develop an action plan that integrates HIV prevention with substance abuse prevention; and launching a new effort by theDepartment of Justiceto ensure that health care facilities provide equal access to people with HIV and AIDS.1996 would mark the first year since the beginning of theHIV/AIDS epidemicthat the number of new HIV/AIDS diagnoses would decline, with the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) even later reporting a significant 47% decline in the number of AIDS-related deaths in 1997 compared to the previous year.Credit for this decline would be given to the growing effectiveness of new drug therapy which was promoted by the Clinton Administration's Department of Health and Human Services, such ashighly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART). On September 21, 1996, Clinton signed into law theDefense of Marriage Act(DOMA), which defined marriage for federal purposes as the legal union of one man and one woman; the legislation allowed individual states to refuse to recognize gay marriages that were performed in other states.Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said Clinton's signing DOMA \"was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election\". In defense of his actions, Clinton has said that DOMA was intended to \"head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states\", a possibility he described as highly likely in the context of a \"very reactionary Congress\".Administration spokesmanRichard Socaridessaid, \"the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected.\"Clinton himself said DOMA was something \"which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for Bush up, I think it's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that\";others were more critical. The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activistEvan Wolfsonhas called these claims \"historic revisionism\".Despite this, it has been noted that other than a brief written response to a Reader's Digest that questioned whether he agreed with it, Clinton had made no documented reference to the issue of gay marriage until May 1996.In a July 2, 2011, editorialThe New York Timesopined, \"The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments.\"Ultimately, inUnited States v. Windsor, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA in June 2013. Despite DOMA, Clinton was the first president to select openly gay persons for administrative positions,and he is generally credited as being the first president to publicly champion gay rights.During his presidency, Clinton issued two substantially controversial executive orders on behalf of gay rights, the first lifting the ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employeesand the second outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian workforce.Under Clinton's leadership, federal funding for HIV/AIDS research, prevention and treatment more than doubled.Clinton also pushed for passing hate crimes laws for gays and for the private sectorEmployment Non-Discrimination Act, which, buoyed by his lobbying, failed to pass the Senate by a single vote in 1996.Advocacy for these issues, paired with the politically unpopular nature of the gay rights movement at the time, led to enthusiastic support for Clinton's election and reelection by theHuman Rights Campaign.Clinton came out for gay marriage in July 2009and urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA in 2013.He was later honored byGLAADfor his prior pro-gay stances and his reversal on DOMA. \"When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web ... Now evenmy cathas its own page.\" Bill Clinton's announcement ofNext Generation Internet initiative, October 1996. The1996 United States campaign finance controversywas an alleged effort byChinato influence the domestic policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.Despite the evidence,theChinese governmentdenied all accusations. As part of a 1996 initiative to curbillegal immigration, Clinton signed theIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act(IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton,theU.S. Commission on Immigration Reformrecommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000. In November 1996, Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines,which was a bridge bomb planted byal-Qaedaand was masterminded byOsama bin Laden. During Clinton's presidency, the attempt remained top secret,and it remains classified as of March 2024, whenReutersreported having spoken with eight retired secret service agents about the incident. 1996 presidential campaign In the1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote over RepublicanBob Dole(40.7 percent of the popular vote) andReformcandidate Ross Perot (8.4 percent of the popular vote). Clinton received 379 of theElectoral Collegevotes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes. With his victory, he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections sinceFranklin D. Roosevelt. Second term (1997–2001) In the January 1997, State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. SenatorsTed Kennedy—a Democrat—andOrrin Hatch—a Republican—teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming theState Children's Health Insurance Program(SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress theAdoption and Safe Families Actand two years later she succeeded in helping pass theFoster Care Independence Act. Bill Clinton negotiated the passage of theBalanced Budget Act of 1997by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth.In 1999, he signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as theGramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed the part of theGlass–Steagall Actthat had prohibited a bank from offering a full range ofinvestment,commercial banking, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933. Investigations In November 1993,David Hale—the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy—alleged that while governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.AU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissioninvestigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair.Investigations byRobert B. FiskeandKen Starrfound insufficient to evidence to prosecute the Clintons. TheWhite House FBI files controversyof June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House toFBIsecurity-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.In March 2000, Independent CounselRobert Raydetermined there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, \"there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved\" in seeking the files. On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office. This caused theWhite House travel office controversyeven though the travel office staff served at the pleasure of the president and could bedismissed without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued a report which accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed their efforts to investigate the affair.Special counsel Robert Fiske said that Hillary Clinton was involved in the firing and gave \"factually false\" testimony to the GAO, congress, and the independent counsel. However Fiske said there was not enough evidence to prosecute. Impeachment and acquittal Aftera House inquiry, Clinton wasimpeachedon December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives. The House voted 228–206 to impeach him for perjury to agrand juryand voted 221–212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice.Clinton was only the second U.S. president (the first beingAndrew Johnson) to be impeached.Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and laterDepartment of Defense) employeeMonica Lewinsky.After theStarr Reportwas submitted to the House providing what it termed \"substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment\",the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before themid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, Republican leadership called alame-duck sessionin December 1998. While theHouse Judiciary Committeehearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony before a grand jury that had been convened to investigate perjury he may have committed in his sworn deposition duringJones v. Clinton,Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit.The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition. The Senate later acquitted Clinton of both charges.The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firmWilliams & Connolly.The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote of 55 not guilty/45 guilty on the perjury chargeand 50 not guilty/50 guilty on the obstruction of justice charge.Both votes fell short of the constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty. On January 19, 2001, Clinton's law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in theJonescase. Pardons and commutations Clintonissued141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.Controversy surroundedMarc Richand allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother,Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.Federal prosecutorMary Jo Whitewas appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-RepublicanJames Comey. The investigation found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part.Clinton also pardoned four defendants in theWhitewater Scandal,Chris Wade,Susan McDougal,Stephen Smith, andRobert W. Palmer, all of whom had ties to Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas.Former ClintonHUD SecretaryHenry Cisneros, who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI, was also among Clinton's pardons. Campaign finance controversies In February 1997 it was discovered upon documents being released by theClinton Administrationthat 938 people had stayed at the White House and that 821 of them had made donations to theDemocratic Partyand got the opportunity to stay in the Lincoln bedroom as a result of the donations.Some donors includedSteven Spielberg,Tom Hanks,Jane Fonda, andJudy Collins. Top donors also got golf games and morning jogs with Clinton as a result of the contributions.Janet Renowas called on to investigate the matter byTrent Lott, but she refused. In 1996, it was found that several Chinese foreigners made contributions to Clinton's reelection campaign and theDemocratic National Committeewith the backing of the People's Republic of China. Some of them also attempted to donate to Clinton's defense fund.This violated United States law forbidding non-American citizens from making campaign contributions. Clinton andAl Gorealso allegedly met with the foreign donors.A Republican investigation led byFred Thompsonfound that Clinton was targeted by the Chinese government. However, Democratic senatorsJoe LiebermanandJohn Glennsaid that the evidence showed that China only targeted congressional elections and not presidential elections. Military and foreign affairs Somalia American troops had first enteredSomaliaduring theBush administrationin response to a humanitarian crisis andcivil war. Though initially involved to assist humanitarian efforts, the Clinton administration shifted the objectives set out in the mission and began pursuing a policy of attempting to neutralize Somali warlords. In 1993, during theBattle of Mogadishu,two U.S. helicopterswere shot down byrocket-propelled grenadeattacks to theirtail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and resulted in one being taken prisoner.Television news programs depicted the supporters of warlordMohammed Aididdesecrating the corpses of troops.The backlash resulting from the incident prompted in a drop in support for American intervention in the country and coincided with a more cautious use of troops throughout the rest of the Clinton administration.Following a subsequent national security policy review, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground. Rwanda In April 1994,genocidebroke out inRwanda. Intelligence reports indicate that Clinton was aware a \"final solution to eliminate allTutsis\" was underway, long before the administration publicly used the word \"genocide\".Fearing a reprisal of the events in Somalia the previous year, Clinton chose not to intervene.Clinton has called his failure to intervene one of his main foreign policy failings, saying \"I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it.\" Bosnia and Herzegovina In 1993 and 1994, Clinton pressured Western European leaders to adopt a strong military policy againstBosnian Serbsduring theBosnian War. This strategy faced staunch opposition from theUnited Nations,NATOallies, and Congressional Republicans, leading Clinton to adopt a more diplomatic approach.In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraftbombed Bosnian Serb targetsto halt attacks on UN safe zones and pressure them into a peace accord that would end theBosnian war. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequentDayton Agreement. Irish peace talks In 1992, before his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy toNorthern Ireland, but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the British government. In November 1995, in a ceasefire duringthe Troubles, Clinton became the first president to visit Northern Ireland, examining both of the two divided communities ofBelfast.Despiteunionistcriticism, Clinton used his visit as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict, playing a key role in thepeace talksthat produced theGood Friday Agreementin 1998. Iran Clinton sought to continue the Bush administration's policy of limiting Iranian influence in the Middle East, which he laid out in thedual containmentstrategy. In 1994, Clinton declared that Iran was a \"state sponsor of terrorism\" and a \"rogue state\", marking the first time that an American President used that term.Subsequent executive orders heavily sanctioned Iran's oil industry and banned almost all trade between U.S. companies and the Iranian government. In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US$131.8million (equivalent to $256.05 million in 2023) in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U.S. in theInternational Court of Justiceafter the shooting down ofIran Air Flight 655by the U.S. Navyguided missile cruiser. Iraq In Clinton's1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress that Iraqi dictatorSaddam Husseinwas building an arsenal of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Clinton signed theIraq Liberation Act of 1998on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of \"regime change\" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign namedOperation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. At the end of this operation Clinton announced that \"So long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. With our allies, we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program, while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors.\"American and British aircraft in the Iraq no-fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000. Osama bin Laden Capturing Osama bin Laden was an objective of the U.S. government during the Clinton presidency (and continued to be untilbin Laden's death in 2011).Despite claims byMansoor Ijazand Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden, and that U.S. authorities rejected each offer,the9/11 Commission Reportstated that \"we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim\". In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Ladenand the1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africaby al-Qaeda (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, all of which were unsuccessful. In August 1998, Clintonordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, targeting theAl-Shifa pharmaceutical factoryin Sudan, which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. The factory was destroyed by the attack, resulting in the death of one employee and the wounding of 11 other people.After the destruction of the factory, there was a medicine shortage in Sudan due to the plant providing 50 percent of Sudan's medicine, and the destruction of the plant led to a shortage of chloroquine, a drug which is used to treat malaria.U.S. officials later acknowledged that there was no evidence the plant was acknowledging manufacturing or storing nerve gas.The attack provoked criticism of Clinton from journalists and academics includingChristopher Hitchens,Seymour Hersh,Max Taylor,and others. Kosovo In the midst of a brutal crackdown onethnic Albanian separatistsin the province ofKosovoby theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia, Clinton authorized the use of U.S. Armed Forces in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, namedOperation Allied Force.The stated reasoning behind the intervention was to stop theethnic cleansing(and what the Clinton administration labeledgenocide)of Albanians by Yugoslav anti-guerilla military units. GeneralWesley ClarkwasSupreme Allied Commander of NATOand oversaw the mission. WithUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized apeacekeeping forceto be deployed to the region.NATO announced its soldiers all survived combat,though two died in anApache helicoptercrash.Journalists in the popular press criticized genocide statements by the Clinton administration as false and greatly exaggerated.Prior to the bombing campaign on March 24, 1999, estimates showed that the number of civilians killed in the over year longconflict in Kosovohad been approximately 1,800, with critics asserting that little or no evidence existed of genocide.In a post-war inquiry, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europenoted \"the patterns of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings, killings, rape, kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24.\"In 2001, theUN-supervisedSupreme Court of Kosovoruled that genocide (theintent to destroya people) did not take place, but recognized \"a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments\" with the intention being the forceful departure of the Albanian population.The term \"ethnic cleansing\" was used as an alternative to \"genocide\" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is little difference.Slobodan Milošević, the president of Yugoslavia at the time of the atrocities, waseventually brought to trialbefore theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslaviainthe Hagueon charges includingcrimes against humanityand war crimes for his role in the war.He died in 2006, before the completion of the trial. China Clinton aimed to increase trade with China, minimizing import tariffs and offering the countrymost favoured nationstatus in 1993, his administration minimized tariff levels in Chinese imports. Clinton initially conditioned extension of this status onhuman rightsreforms, but ultimately decided to extend the status despite a lack of reform in the specified areas, including free emigration, treatment of prisoners in terms of international human rights, and observation of human rights specified by UN resolutions, among others. Relations were damaged briefly by theAmerican bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgradein May 1999. Clinton apologized for the bombing, stating it was accidental. On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law theUnited States–China Relations Act of 2000, which grantedpermanent normal trade relations(PNTR) trade status to China.The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform. In encouraging Congress to approve the agreement and China's accession to theWorld Trade Organization(WTO), Clinton stated that more trade with China would advance America's economic interests, saying that \"economically, this agreement is the equivalent of a one-way street. It requires China to open its markets—with a fifth of the world's population, potentially the biggest markets in the world—to both our products and services in unprecedented new ways.\" Israeli-Palestinian conflict Clinton attempted to end theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict. Secret negotiations mediated by Clinton between Israeli Prime MinisterYitzhak RabinandPalestine Liberation Organization(PLO) ChairmanYasser Arafatled to a historic declaration of peace in September 1993, called theOslo Accords, which were signed at the White House on September 13. The agreement led to theIsrael–Jordan peace treatyin 1994 and theWye River Memorandumin October 1998, however, this did not end the conflict. He brought Israeli prime ministerEhud Barakand Palestinian Authority chairmanYasser Arafattogether atCamp Davidfor the2000 Camp David Summit, which lasted 14 days in July.Following another attempt in December 2000 atBolling Air Force Base, in which the president offered theClinton Parameters, the situation broke down completely after the end of theTaba Summitand with the start of theSecond Intifada. Judicial appointments Clinton appointed two justices to theSupreme Court:Ruth Bader Ginsburgin 1993andStephen Breyerin 1994.Both justices went on to serve until the 2020s, leaving a lasting judicial legacy for President Clinton. Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts.In his eight years in office, 11.6% of Clinton's court of appeals nominees and 17.4% of his district court nominees were black; 32.8% of his court of appeals nominees and 28.5% of his district court nominees were women. Public opinion Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.According to aCBS News/New York Timespoll, Clinton left office with an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.Clinton's averageGallup pollapproval rating for his last quarter in office was 61 percent, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years.Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him; 55 percent thought he \"would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life\"; 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his \"involvement in personal scandal\" than for \"his accomplishments\"; and 58 percent answered \"No\" to the question \"Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?\"The same percentage said he would be remembered as either \"outstanding\" or \"above average\" as a president, while 22 percent said he would be remembered as \"below average\" or \"poor\".ABC Newscharacterized public consensus on Clinton as, \"You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics—and he's done a heck of a good job.\" In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U.S. history. In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in aQuinnipiac University Polling Institutepoll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II, making him the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.The same poll showed that just 3 percent of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II. A 2015 poll byThe Washington Postasked 162 scholars of theAmerican Political Science Associationto rank all the U.S. presidents in order of greatness. According to their findings, Clinton ranked eighth overall, with a rating of 70 percent. Public image Clinton was the firstbaby boomerpresident.Authors Martin Walker andBob Woodwardstated that Clinton's innovative use ofsound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.When Clinton played the saxophone onThe Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as \"the MTV president\".Opponents sometimes referred to him as \"Slick Willie\", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 byPine Bluff CommercialjournalistPaul Greenberg;Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such asWinthrop Rockefeller,Dale BumpersandDavid Pryor.The claim \"Slick Willie\" would last throughout his presidency.His folksy manner led him to benicknamedBubbastarting from the 1992 presidential election.Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as \"The Big Dog\" or \"Big Dog\".His prominent role in campaigning for Obama during the2012 presidential electionand his widely publicized speech at the2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nomineeMitt Romneyand Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname \"Explainer-in-Chief\". Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency.In 1998,NobellaureateToni Morrisoncalled Clinton \"the first black president\", saying, \"Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing,McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas\".Morrison noted that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, and she compared this to the stereotyping anddouble standardsthat, she said, black people typically endure.Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging both to Clinton and to the African-American community. Sexual assault and misconduct allegations Several women have publicly accused Clinton of sexual misconduct, including rape, harassment, and sexual assault. Additionally, some commentators have characterized Clinton's sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non-consensual, despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time. These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018, in light of the#MeToo movement, with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair. In 1994,Paula Jonesinitiated asexual harassment lawsuitagainst Clinton, claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by JudgeSusan Webber Wrighton the grounds that it lacked legal merit.Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998.In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas.Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing \"a pack of lies\" and \"an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States\" funded by Clinton's political enemies.In October 1998, Clinton's attorneys tentatively offered $700,000 to settle the case, which was then the $800,000 which Jones' lawyers sought.Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,Clintondenied having sexual relationswith Monica Lewinsky—a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury. In 1998,Kathleen Willeyalleged that Clinton hadgropedher in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave \"false information\" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released anaffidavit, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office.An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former independent counsel for prosecutorial misconduct. Also in 1998,Juanita Broaddrickalleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she said she did not remember the exact date.To support her charge, Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton, something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press.Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any \"unwelcome sexual advances\" and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition.In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape, Broaddrick said she had denied (under oath) being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly. The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton's legacy, beyond his impeachment in 1998.In the wake of the #MeToo movement (which shed light on the widespread prevalence ofsexual assaultandharassment, especially in the workplace), various commentators and Democratic political leaders, as well as Lewinsky herself, have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual, and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment, in light of the power differential between a president and a 22-year-old intern. In 2018, Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he should have resigned, and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning.During the2018 Congressional elections,The New York Timesalleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal.However, former DNC interim chairDonna Brazilepreviously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections, in spite of New York U.S. senatorKirsten Gillibrand's recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal. Alleged affairs Clinton admitted to having extramarital affairs with singerGennifer FlowersandMonica Lewinsky.ActressElizabeth Gracen,Miss Arkansas winnerSally Perdue,and Dolly Kyle Browningall claimed that they had affairs with Clinton during his time as governor of Arkansas. Browning later sued Clinton,Bruce Lindsey,Robert S. Bennett, andJane Mayer, alleging they engaged in a conspiracy to attempt to block her from publishing a book loosely based on her relationship with Clinton and tried to defame him. However, Browning's lawsuit was dismissed. Post-presidency (2001–present) Activities until 2008 campaign In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences,and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this).In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at theUnited Nations Climate Change conferencein Montreal. TheWilliam J. Clinton Presidential Center and ParkinLittle Rock, Arkansas, was dedicated in 2004.Clinton released a best-selling autobiography,My Life, in 2004.In 2007, he releasedGiving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became aNew York TimesBest Sellerand garnered positive reviews. In the aftermath of the2004 Asian tsunami,U.N. secretary-generalKofi Annanappointed Clinton to head a relief effort.AfterHurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in aSuper Bowl XXXIXpre-game show,and traveled to the affected areas.They also spoke together at the funeral ofBoris Yeltsinin April 2007. Based on his philanthropic worldview,Clinton created theWilliam J. Clinton Foundationto address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. TheClinton Global Initiative(CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as globalpublic health, poverty alleviation and religious andethnic conflict.In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools.Clinton's foundation joined with theLarge Cities Climate Leadership Groupin 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.In 2008, Foundation directorInder Singhannounced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.Clinton also spoke in favor ofCalifornia Proposition 87onalternative energy, which was voted down. 2008 presidential election During the2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rivalBarack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.Considering Bill's remarks, many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.Such remarks led to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the2008 Democratic National Convention, saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is \"ready to lead\".After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt. After the 2008 election In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalistsimprisonedthere.Euna LeeandLaura Linghad been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.Jimmy Carterhad made a similar visit in 1994.After Clinton met with North Korean leaderKim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon. Since then, Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions. He was named United NationsSpecial Envoyto Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused $1 billion in damages.Clinton organized a conference with the Inter-American Development Bank, where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to \"build back better\".In response to the2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.Funds began pouring into Haiti, which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake. While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea, she andCheryl Millsworked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the U.S. State Department, ensuring that the new industrial park would have a key tenant.In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration ofNTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama. 2016 presidential election and after During the2016 presidential election, Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary, and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail.In a series of tweets, then-President-electDonald Trumpcriticized his ability to get people out to vote.Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York. He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running-mateTim Kaine. On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities. In2020, Clinton again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York, casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket ofJoe BidenandKamala Harris. Citizen: My Life After the White House,his autobiography about his life after his presidency, will be released in November 19, 2024. Post-presidential health concerns In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung.On February 11, 2010, he was rushed toNew York-Presbyterian/Columbia Hospitalin Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had twocoronary stentsimplanted in his heart.After this procedure, Clinton adopted a plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet, which had been recommended by doctorsDean OrnishandCaldwell Esselstyn.He has since incorporated fish and lean animal flesh at the suggestion ofMark Hyman, a proponent of thepseudoscientificethos offunctional medicine.As a result, he is no longer a strict vegan. In October 2021, Clinton was treated forsepsisat theUniversity of California, Irvine Medical Center.In December 2022, Clinton tested positive forCOVID-19. Wealth The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency, which were paid off four years after he left office.Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing.In 2016,Forbesreported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240million in the 15years from January 2001, to December 2015, (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).Also in 2016,CNNreported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015.In May 2015,The Hillreported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5million or more from her book,Hard Choices, during the same time period.In July 2014,The Wall Street Journalreported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth between $5million and $25.5million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president.Clinton earned more than $104million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.In June 2014, ABC News andThe Washington Postreported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008,The New York Timesreported that the Clintons' income tax returnsshow they made $109million in the eight years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92million from his speaking and book-writing. Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton $500,000 for a speech inMoscow.Hillary Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially \"broke\" and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House. \"We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education\". She added, \"Bill has worked really hard ... we had to pay off all our debts ... he had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members\". Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein In the early 2000s, Clinton took flights onJeffrey Epstein's private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work.According to Epstein's attorneyGerald B. Lefcourt, Epstein was \"part of the original group that conceived of theClinton Global Initiative\".In 2002, a spokesperson for Clinton praised Epstein as \"a committed philanthropist\" with \"insights and generosity\".While Clinton was president, Epstein visited the White House at least 17 times between 1993 and 1995.Years later, Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges. Clinton's office released a statement in 2019 saying, \"President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago, or those with which he has been recently charged in New York. In 2002 and 2003, President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein's airplane: one to Europe, one to Asia, and two to Africa, which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation. Staff, supporters of the Foundation, and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip. He's not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade.\" However, later reports showed that Clinton had flown on Epstein's plane 26 times.In another statement Clinton said \"one meeting with Epstein in his Harlem office in 2002, and around the same time made one brief visit to Epstein's New York apartment with a staff member and his security detail\". In July 2019 it was reported that Clinton attended a dinner with Epstein in 1995, a meeting with Epstein that Clinton had not previously disclosed. Clinton reportedly used Epstein's private jet to visitLittle St. James Island, where Epstein resided,on multiple occasions between 2002 and 2005.Virginia Roberts, later known as Virginia Giuffre, says in a lawsuit that while working atDonald Trump'sMar-a-Lagoresortshe was lured into asex-traffickingring run by Epstein and while traveling with Epstein she saw Clinton on the island.In a 2011 conversation with her lawyers, Roberts stated that Clinton traveled to Epstein's retreat on Little St. James in 2002.According to Roberts, Epstein told her that Clinton \"owes me favors\" when she asked what he was doing there.She also reportedly claimed that Epstein and Clinton had dined in the presence of two girls aged approximately seventeen whom she believed Epstein had invited to have sex with Clinton, but that Clinton showed no interest in them.AFreedom of Information Actrequest forUnited States Secret Servicerecords of visits Clinton may have made to Little St. James produced no such evidence.According to Epstein's flight logs, Clinton never flew near the U.S. Virgin Islands.In July 2019, a Clinton spokesperson issued a statement saying Clinton never visited the island.When he was personally asked by a journalist about his ties with Epstein in a rally inLaredo, Texasin November 2022, Clinton said \"I think the evidence is clear\".According to former Clinton aide,Doug Band, Clinton visited Epstein's island in January 2003.In 2024, unsealed court documents revealed allegations that Clinton had visited the offices ofVanity Fairand 'threatened' the paper not to print stories about Epstein's sexual trafficking. FormerVanity FaireditorGraydon Carterdenied the incident ever took place. Personal life At the age of 10, he was baptized at Park PlaceBaptistChurch inHot Springs, Arkansas.When he became president in 1993, he became a member ofFoundry United Methodist ChurchinWashington, D.C.with his wife, aMethodist. On October 11, 1975, inFayetteville, Arkansas, he marriedHillary Rodham, whom he met while studying atYale University. They hadChelsea Clinton, their only child, on February 27, 1980.He is the maternal grandfather to Chelsea's three children. Accolades Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, includingDoctorate of LawdegreesandDoctor of Humane Lettersdegrees.He received an honorary degree from Georgetown University, his alma mater, and was the commencement speaker in 1980.He is an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as aRhodes Scholar, although he did not complete his studies there.Schools have been named for Clinton,and statues have been built to pay him homage.U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,Arkansas,Kentucky,and New York.He was presented with theMedal for Distinguished Public ServicebySecretary of DefenseWilliam Cohenin 2001.TheClinton Presidential Centerwas opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in his honor on December 5, 2001. Clinton has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,Papua New Guinea,Germany,and Kosovo.The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during theKosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city ofPristinaasBill Clinton Boulevardand added a monumental Clinton statue. Clinton was selected asTime's\"Man of the Year\" in 1992,and again in 1998, along withKen Starr.From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included inGallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.In 2001, Clinton received theNAACP'sPresident's Award.He has also been honored with a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,aTEDPrize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),and was named as an HonoraryGLAAD Media Awardrecipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community. Clinton, along withMikhail GorbachevandSophia Loren,received the2003 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album for ChildrenforWolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf.Theaudiobookedition of his autobiography,My Life, read by Clinton himself, won the2005 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album,as well as theAudie Awardas the Audiobook of the Year.Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks:Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the Worldin2007andBack to Workin2012. In 2011, Haitian presidentMichel Martellyawarded Clinton with theNational Order of Honour and Meritto the rank of Grand Cross \"for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010\". Clinton declared at the ceremony that \"in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise\". President Obama awarded Clinton thePresidential Medal of Freedomon November 20, 2013. See also References Citations Further reading Primary sources Popular books Scholarly studies Arkansas years External links Official Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other"],"string":"[\n \"Mary Elizabeth Butt Mary Elizabeth Butt(néeHoldsworth; 1903–1993) was a prominentTexasphilanthropist and wife of formerHEB Grocery CompanyCEOHoward Edward Butt Sr., son of HEB founder, Florence Butt. Her philanthropic efforts were particularly focused on the care of emotionally disturbed children and the development of library services. Early life Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt was born on February 4, 1903, nearLoma Vista, Texas, the daughter of Rosa (née Ross) and Thomas Holdsworth. She was the fourth of seven children. Her father, the son of an English schoolteacher, emigrated from England to Texas with his parents in 1880. Her mother was a schoolteacher who grew up and worked inKerrville, Texas.Both her parents were devout, tithingBaptists.In 1924, she marriedHoward Edward Butt. Howard owned a small grocery store in Kerrville. Over time, her husband's business prospered and expanded, enabling Mary Elizabeth to take an active role in supporting numerous and varied charitable causes. Her husband stated: \\\"I make the money, and Mary spends it (on worthy causes). And I am glad she does.\\\"In 1940, they moved toCorpus Christi, Texas. Philanthropy In 1929, she moved toBrownsville, Texas, in theRio Grande Valleyand thereafter toHarlingen. Mary Elizabeth started the State Crippled Children's Program using her dining room as an office. She also served as chairwoman of the Cameron County Child Welfare Board. In addition, she started the first tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment program in the region; and also purchased the first equipment used to test the hearing and vision of schoolchildren. In 1934, the Butts formed the H. E. Butt Foundation, one of the first charitable organizations in Texas. The foundation focused on funding public school programs, establishing libraries and constructing recreational facilities.Mary Butt served as its president. In 1940, the Butt family moved toCorpus Christi, Texas, where she organized the local branches of theYWCA; theNueces Countyhome for the aged; the Nueces County Tuberculosis Hospital; and the local branch of theAmerican Cancer Society. She also established the Mary Bethune Day Nursery which addressed shortfalls in access to day care forAfrican-Americanchildren. In 1949, she along with Dr. Robert Sutherland (director of theHogg Foundation for Mental Healthfounded byIma Hoggin 1940) and Margaret Scarbrough (wife of Austin retailer Lemuel Scarbrough and founder of the Scarbrough Foundation), organized and hosted the first Conference of Texas Foundations and Trusts which coordinated philanthropic giving so as to avoid duplication and promoted the exchange ideas and strategies.Texas became the first state to have such an organization and the model was duplicated in other states.The Foundation quickly blossomed from 10 mostly family-sponsored organizations at inception to 48 organizations in 1956.The organization (now known as the Conference of Southwest Foundations) presently consists of 200 member organizations in a seven-state area. In 1953, she helped to establish the Hilltop Hospital which treated tuberculosis patients and eventually serving five years as the chairman of its board. In 1954, the Butts established the H. E. Butt Foundation Camp located on theFrio RiverAs she was particularly dedicated to the care of emotionally disturbed children, she developed a camping program for specifically for their care.As of 2012, the camp continues to serve, without cost, over 20,000 campers annuallyand is also the site of the Laity Lodge, a prominent center of Christian learning founded by their son, Howard E. Butt Jr. In 1955, she was appointed by Texas GovernorAllan Shiversto the governing board of Texas State Hospitals and Special Schools (later theTexas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation). She served as the only woman member of the board for 18 yearsbeing appointed by six different governors. The Butts contributed to the founding of theButt-Holdsworth Memorial Library, which was inaugurated in summer 1967. Personal life and death She had four children with her husband: Another child, Mary Beth Butt, who lived for only 10 days (November 17, 1943 - November 27, 1943), is buried beside Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt at the Glen Rest Cemetery in Kerrville, Texas, was the fourth child of Howard Butt, Sr., and Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt. Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt died in her house in Corpus Christi on October 6, 1993. Awards TheTexas State Historical Associationlists the many awards Butt has received over the years for her philanthropic activities: References External links\",\n \"Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton(néBlythe; born August 19, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42ndpresident of the United Statesfrom 1993 to 2001. A member of theDemocratic Party, he previously served asgovernor of Arkansasfrom 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \\\"Third Way\\\" political philosophy, became known as aNew Democrat. Clinton was born and raised inArkansas. He graduated fromGeorgetown Universityin 1968, and later fromYale Law School, where he met his future wife,Hillary Rodham. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed bytwo non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of theNational Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the1992 election, defeating the incumbentRepublican PartypresidentGeorge H. W. Bushand the independent businessmanRoss Perot. He became the first president to be born in theBaby Boomergeneration. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law theNorth American Free Trade Agreementand theViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Actbut failed to pass his plan fornational health care reform. Starting in the mid-1990s, he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy, advocating for and signing thePersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, theState Children's Health Insurance Programand financial deregulation measures. He appointedRuth Bader GinsburgandStephen Breyerto theU.S. Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in theBosnianandKosovo wars, eventually signing theDayton Peace agreement. He also called for theexpansion of NATOin Eastern Europe and many formerWarsaw Pactmembers joined NATO during his presidency. Clinton's foreign policy in the Middle East saw him sign theIraq Liberation Actwhich gave aid to groups againstSaddam Hussein. He also participated in theOslo I AccordandCamp David Summitto advance theIsraeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted theNorthern Ireland peace process. Clinton won re-election in the1996 election, defeating Republican nomineeBob DoleandReform Partynominee Perot. His second term was dominated by theClinton–Lewinsky scandal, which began in 1995, when he had a sexual relationship with the then 22-year-oldWhite HouseinternMonica Lewinsky. In January 1998, news of the affair made tabloid headlines.This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating in December whenClinton was impeachedby theHouse of Representatives, becoming the first U.S. president to be impeached sinceAndrew Johnson. The two impeachment articles that the House passed were centered aroundperjuryand Clinton using the powers of the presidency to commit obstruction of justice. In 1999,Clinton's impeachment trialbegan in theSenate, where he was acquitted on both charges. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, theCongressional Budget Officereported a budget surplus—the first such surplus since 1969. Clinton left office in 2001 with the joint-highest approval rating of any U.S. president. His presidency ranks among the middle to upper tier inhistorical rankings of U.S. presidents. However, his personal conduct andmisconduct allegationshave made him the subject of substantial scrutiny. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created theClinton Foundationto address international causes such as the prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2009, he was named theUnited Nations special envoy to Haiti. After the2010 Haiti earthquake, Clinton founded theClinton Bush Haiti FundwithGeorge W. BushandBarack Obama. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's2008and2016 presidential campaigns. Early life and career Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital inHope, Arkansas.He is the son ofWilliam Jefferson Blythe Jr., a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, andVirginia Dell Cassidy(later Virginia Kelley).Blythe had initially survived the crash, but drowned in a drainage ditch. His parents had married on September 4, 1943, but this union later proved to be bigamous, as Blythe was still married to his fourth wife.Virginia traveled toNew Orleansto study nursing soon after Bill was born, leaving him in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store.At a time when the southern United States wasracially segregated, Clinton's grandparents sold goods oncreditto people of all races.In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and marriedRoger Clinton Sr., who co-owned anautomobile dealershipinHot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother andEarl T. Ricks.The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950. Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Clinton turned 15that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward him.Clinton has described his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half-brother,Roger Clinton Jr.The physical abuse only ceased after a then-14-year-old Bill challenged his stepfather to \\\"stand and face\\\" him, though the verbal/emotional abuse continued.Bill would eventually forgive Roger Sr. for his abusive actions near the latter's death. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and thesegregatedHot Springs High School, where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician.Clinton was in the chorus and played thetenor saxophone, winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. While in high school, Clinton performed for two years in a jazz trio,The 3 Kings, withRandy Goodrum, who became a successful professional pianist. In 1961, Clinton became a member of the Hot Springs Chapter of theOrder of DeMolay, a youth group affiliated withFreemasonry, but he never became a Freemason.He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiographyMy Life: Clinton began an interest in law at Hot Springs High, when he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancientRoman senatorCatilinein a mock trial in his Latin class.After a vigorous defense that made use of his \\\"budding rhetorical and political skills\\\", he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck it \\\"made him realize that someday he would study law\\\". Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life, both occurring in 1963, that contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit as aBoys Nationsenator to theWhite Houseto meet PresidentJohn F. Kennedy.The other was watchingMartin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" speech on TV, which impressed him so much that he later memorized it. College and law school years Georgetown University With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended theSchool of Foreign ServiceatGeorgetown Universityin Washington, D.C., receiving aBachelor of Sciencein foreign service degree in 1968. Georgetown was the only university where Clinton applied. In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won elections forclass president.From 1964 to 1967, he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas SenatorJ. William Fulbright.While in college, he became a brother of service fraternityAlpha Phi Omegaand was elected toPhi Beta Kappa. He is a member ofKappa Kappa Psihonorary band fraternity. Oxford Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won aRhodes ScholarshiptoUniversity College, Oxford, where he initially read for aB.Phil.inphilosophy, politics, and economicsbut transferred to aB.Litt.in politics and, ultimately, a B.Phil. in politics.Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs; this type of activity was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort. He had received an offer to study atYale Law School, and so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford. During his time at Oxford, Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller. In 1969, Aller received adraftletter that mandated deployment to theVietnam War. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton.British writer and feministSara Maitlandsaid of Clinton, \\\"I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War. I knew nothing about it, and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry. Bill said that feeling bad wasn't good enough. That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren't enough and you had to do something about such things\\\".Clinton was a member of theOxford University Basketball Cluband also played for Oxford University'srugby unionteam. While Clinton was president in 1994, he received an honoraryDoctor of Civil Lawdegree and a fellowship from theUniversity of Oxford, specifically for being \\\"a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace\\\", having \\\"a powerful collaborator in his wife\\\", and for winning \\\"general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget\\\". Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy During the Vietnam War, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969.While at Oxford, he participated inVietnam War protestsand organized aMoratorium to End the War in Vietnamevent in October 1969.He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. and knew he might lose his deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in theNational Guardand theAir Force officer candidate school, and he then made arrangements to join theReserve Officers' Training Corps(ROTC) program at theUniversity of Arkansas. He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way \\\"to maintain my political viability within the system\\\".Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers1 to 310 would bedraftedbefore him, making it unlikely he would be called up. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.) ColonelEugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform. He issued anotarizedstatement during the 1992 presidential campaign: During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in theNavy Reserve, which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then.Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service.Clinton's 1992 campaign manager,James Carville, successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position. Law school After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned aJuris Doctor(J.D.) degree in 1973.In 1971, he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham, in theYale Law Library; she was a class year ahead of him.They began dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his summer plans to be a coordinator for theGeorge McGoverncampaignfor the1972 United States presidential electionin order to move in with her in California.The couple continuedliving togetherin New Haven when they returned to law school. Clinton eventuallymoved to Texas with Rodham in 1972to take a job leading McGovern's effort there. He spent considerable time inDallas, at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. Clinton worked with future two-termmayor of DallasRon Kirk,futuregovernor of TexasAnn Richards,and then unknown television director and filmmakerSteven Spielberg. Failed congressional campaign and tenure as Attorney General of Arkansas After graduating fromYale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a lawprofessorat theUniversity of Arkansas. In 1974, he ran for theHouse of Representatives. Running in the conservative3rd districtagainst incumbent RepublicanJohn Paul Hammerschmidt, Clinton's campaign was bolstered by the anti-Republican and anti-incumbent mood resulting from theWatergate scandal. Hammerschmidt, who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972, defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin. In 1976, Clinton ran forArkansas attorney general. Defeating the secretary of state and the deputy attorney general in the Democratic primary, Clinton was elected with no opposition at all in the general election, as no Republican had run for the office. Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992) In 1978, Clinton entered the Arkansas gubernatorial primary. At just 31 years old, he was one of the youngest gubernatorial candidates in the state's history. Clinton was electedgovernor of Arkansasin1978, having defeated the Republican candidateLynn Lowe, a farmer fromTexarkana. Clinton was only 32 years old when he took office, the youngest governor in the country at the time and the second youngest governor in the history of Arkansas.Due to his youthful appearance, Clinton was often called the \\\"Boy Governor\\\".He worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform. However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from theMariel boatlift) detained inFort Chaffeein 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose, ofKingslandinCleveland County, polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat by Republican challengerFrank D. Whitein the general election that year. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. After leaving office in January 1981, Clinton joined friendBruce Lindsey's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings.In 1982, he was elected governor a second time and kept the office for ten years. Effective with the 1986 election, Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years. During his term, he helped transform Arkansas's economy and improved the state's educational system.Forsenior citizens, he removed thesales taxfrom medications and increased the home property-tax exemption.He became a leading figure among theNew Democrats, a group ofDemocratswho advocated welfare reform, smaller government, and other policies not supported by liberals. Formally organized as theDemocratic Leadership Council(DLC), the New Democrats argued that in light of PresidentRonald Reagan'slandslide victory in 1984, the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level.Clinton delivered theDemocratic responseto Reagan's1985 State of the Union Addressand served as chair of theNational Governors Associationfrom 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas. In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority of his gubernatorial administration. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee was chaired by Clinton's wife Hillary, who was also an attorney as well as the chair of theLegal Services Corporation. The committee transformed Arkansas's education system. Proposed reforms included more spending for schools (supported by a sales-tax increase), better opportunities for gifted children, vocational education, higher teachers' salaries, more course variety, and compulsory teacher competency exams. The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a speciallegislative session—the longest in Arkansas history.Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship.He defeated four Republican candidates for governor: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986),JonesborobusinessmenWoody Freeman(1984), andSheffield Nelsonof Little Rock (1990). Also in the 1980s, the Clintons' personal and business affairs included transactions that became the basis of theWhitewater controversyinvestigation, which later dogged his presidential administration.After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas. According to some sources, Clinton was adeath penaltyopponent in his early years, but he eventually switched positions.However he might have felt previously, by 1992, Clinton was insisting that Democrats \\\"should no longer feel guilty about protecting the innocent\\\".During Clinton's final term as governor,Arkansas performed its first executionssince 1964 (the death penalty had been reinstated in 1976).As Governor, he oversaw thefirst four executions carried outby the state of Arkansas since the death penalty was reinstated there in 1976: one byelectric chairand three bylethal injection.To draw attention to his stance on capital punishment, Clinton flew home to Arkansas mid-campaign in 1992, in order to affirm in person that the controversial execution ofRicky Ray Rector, would go forward as scheduled. Scandals and allegations During his time as governor in the 1980s, Arkansas was the center of a drug smuggling operation throughMena Airport.CIAagentBarry Sealallegedly imported three to five billion dollars worth ofcocainethrough the airport, and the operation was linked to theIran–Contra affair.Clinton was accused of knowing about this operation, although nothing could be proven against him.JournalistSam Smithtied him to various questionable business dealings.Clinton was also accused byGennifer Flowersto have used cocaine as governorand his half-brother Roger was sentenced to prison in 1985 for possession and smuggling of cocaine, but was laterpardoned by his brotherafter serving his sentence.During his time in Arkansas, there were also other scandals such as theWhitewater controversyinvolving the Clintons' real estate dealings, and Bill Clinton was accused of serious sexual misconduct in Arkansas, including allegations of using theArkansas State Policeto gain access to women (Troopergate affair).Thekilling of Don Henry and Kevin Ivesin 1987 started variousconspiracy theoriesthat accused Clinton and the Arkansas state authorities of covering up the crime. 1988 Democratic presidential primaries In 1987, the media speculated that Clinton would enter the presidential race. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary for governor, initially favored—but ultimately vetoed—by the First Lady).For the nomination, Clinton endorsedMassachusetts governorMichael Dukakis. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the1988 Democratic National Convention, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice the length it was expected to be, was criticized for being too long.Clinton presented himself both as a moderate and as a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, and he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991. 1992 United States presidential election In the first primary contest, theIowa Caucus, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa senatorTom Harkin. During the campaign for theNew Hampshire primary, reports surfaced that Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair withGennifer Flowers. Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts senatorPaul Tsongasin the New Hampshire polls.FollowingSuper Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on60 Minutesto rebuff the charges.Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in theNew Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him \\\"The Comeback Kid\\\" for earning a firm second-place finish. Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of theSouthern primariesonSuper Tuesdaygave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However, former California governorJerry Brownwas scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South.With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate.Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California. During the campaign, questions ofconflict of interestregarding state business and the politically powerfulRose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents \\\"for the price of one\\\". Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas while campaigning for U.S. president, and he returned to his home state to see thatRicky Ray Rectorwould be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to both Arkansas state law and federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in an article forThe New York Timesas a possible political move to counter \\\"soft on crime\\\" accusations. Bush'sapproval ratingswere around 80 percent during theGulf War, and he was described as unbeatable. When Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower federal deficits, he reneged on hispromise not to raise taxes, which hurt his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep.By election time, the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent.Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. WhenPat BuchananandPat Robertsonaddressed Christian themes at theRepublican National Convention—with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform—many moderates were alienated.Clinton then pointed to his moderate, \\\"New Democrat\\\" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious.Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton.Clinton and his running mate,Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a \\\"new beginning\\\". On March 26, 1992, during a Democraticfund raiserof the presidential campaign,Robert Rafskyconfronted then Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas and asked what he was going to do aboutAIDS, to which Clinton replied, \\\"I feel your pain\\\".The televised exchange led to AIDS becoming an issue in the 1992 presidential election. On April 4, then candidate Clinton met with members ofACT UPand other leading AIDS advocates to discuss his AIDS agenda and agreed to make a major AIDS policy speech, to have people with HIV speak to theDemocratic Convention, and to sign onto theAIDS UnitedAction five point plan. Clinton won the1992 presidential election(370 electoral votes) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (168 electoral votes) and billionairepopulistRoss Perot(zero electoral votes), who ran as an independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues. Bush's steep decline in public approval was a significant part of Clinton's success.Clinton's victory in the election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of theUnited States Congress,the first time one party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the96th United States Congressduring thepresidency of Jimmy Carter. According toSeymour Martin Lipset, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was the presence of a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups. Presidency (1993–2001) Clinton's \\\"third way\\\" of moderate liberalism built up the nation's fiscal health and put the nation on a firm footing abroad amid globalization and the development of anti-American terrorist organizations. During his presidency,Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, particularly theNorth American Free Trade Agreementandwelfare reform, have been attributed to acentristThird Wayphilosophy of governance.His policy offiscal conservatismhelped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters.Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. TheCongressional Budget Officereported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.Over the years of the recorded surplus, the gross national debt rose each year. At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each of the years a surplus was recorded, the U.S. Treasury reported a gross debt of $5.413 trillion in 1997, $5.526 trillion in 1998, $5.656 trillion in 1999, and $5.674 trillion in 2000.Over the same period, the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year (December 31) gross debt of $5.369 trillion in 1997, $5.478 trillion in 1998, $5.606 in 1999, and $5.629 trillion in 2000.At the end of his presidency, the Clintons moved to 15 Old House Lane inChappaqua, New York, in order to quell political worries about his wife's residency for election as a U.S. Senator from New York. First term (1993–1997) \\\"Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.\\\" Inaugural address, January 20, 1993. Afterhis presidential transition, Clinton wasinauguratedas the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993. Clinton was physically exhausted at the time, and had an inexperienced staff. His high levels of public support dropped in the first few weeks, as he made a series of mistakes. His first choice for attorney general had not paid her taxes on babysitters and was forced to withdraw. The second appointee also withdrew for the same reason. Clinton had repeatedly promised to encourage gays in the military service, despite what he knew to be the strong opposition of the military leadership. He tried anyway, and was publicly opposed by the top generals, and forced by Congress to a compromise position of \\\"Don't ask, don't tell\\\" whereby gays could serve if and only if they kept it secret.He devised a $16-billion stimulus package primarily to aid inner-city programs desired by liberals, but it was defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate.His popularity at the 100 day mark of his term was the lowest of any president at that point. Public opinion did support one liberal program, and Clinton signed theFamily and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support,and was popular with the public. Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993—the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision inRoe v. Wade—Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and internationalfamily planningprograms that had been imposed by Reagan and Bush.Clinton said abortion should be kept \\\"safe, legal, and rare\\\"—a slogan that had been suggested by political scientistSamuel L. Popkinand first used by Clinton in December 1991, while campaigning.During the eight years of the Clinton administration, the abortion rate declined by 18 percent. On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to close abudget deficit.Two days later, in a nationally televised address to ajoint session of Congress, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda.Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes, based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates. President Clinton's attorney generalJanet Renoauthorized the FBI's use of armored vehicles to deploy tear gas into the buildings of the Branch Davidian community near Waco, Texas, in hopes of ending a51 day siege. During the operation on April 19, 1993, the buildings caught fire and 75 of the residents died, including 24 children. The raid had originally been planned by the Bush administration; Clinton had played no role. In August, Clinton signed theOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for 15million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses,and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2 percent of taxpayers. Additionally, it mandated that the budget be balanced over many years through the implementation of spending restraints. On September 22, 1993, Clinton made a major speech to Congress regardinga health care reform plan; the program aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan. This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. The plan was well received in political circles, but it was eventually doomed by well-organized lobby opposition from conservatives, theAmerican Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, Clinton biographerJohn F. Harrissaid the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation byGeorge J. Mitchellfailed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. The failure of the bill was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton administration. On November 30, 1993, Clinton signed into law theBrady Bill, which mandated federalbackground checkson people who purchase firearms in the United States. The law also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until theNICS systemwas implemented in 1998. He also expanded theEarned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low-income workers. In December of the same year, allegations by Arkansas state troopersLarry Pattersonand Roger Perry were first reported byDavid BrockinThe American Spectator.In the affair later known as \\\"Troopergate\\\", the officers alleged that they had arranged sexual liaisons for Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman namedPaula, a reference toPaula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated \\\"bad journalism\\\", and that \\\"the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives\\\". That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as \\\"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\\\", which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexual orientation a secret. The Act forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation.The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton's proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats, including senatorsJohn McCain(R-AZ) andSam Nunn(D-GA). According toDavid Mixner, Clinton's support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore, who felt that \\\"the President should lift the ban ... even though was sure to be overridden by the Congress\\\".Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions.Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that PresidentHarry S. Trumanused executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future.Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not \\\"out of whack\\\".The policy remained controversial, and was finallyrepealed in 2011, removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces. On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes in favor and 200 votes opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and one independent opposed). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president. On July 29, 1994, the Clinton administration launched the first official White House website,whitehouse.gov.The site was followed with three more versions, with the final version being launched on July 21, 2000.The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, \\\"Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011—Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public.\\\" TheOmnibus Crime Bill, which Clinton signed into law in September 1994,made many changes to U.S. crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, \\\"My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons.\\\"It also included a subsection ofassault weapons banfor a ten-year period. After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress to the Republicans in themid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years. A speech delivered by President Bill Clinton at the December 6, 1995White House Conferenceon HIV/AIDS projected that a cure for AIDS and a vaccine to prevent further infection would be developed. The President focused on his administration's accomplishments and efforts related to theepidemic, including an accelerated drug-approval process. He also condemnedhomophobiaand discrimination against people withHIV. Clinton announced three new initiatives: creating a special working group to coordinate AIDS research throughout thefederal government; convening public health experts to develop an action plan that integrates HIV prevention with substance abuse prevention; and launching a new effort by theDepartment of Justiceto ensure that health care facilities provide equal access to people with HIV and AIDS.1996 would mark the first year since the beginning of theHIV/AIDS epidemicthat the number of new HIV/AIDS diagnoses would decline, with the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) even later reporting a significant 47% decline in the number of AIDS-related deaths in 1997 compared to the previous year.Credit for this decline would be given to the growing effectiveness of new drug therapy which was promoted by the Clinton Administration's Department of Health and Human Services, such ashighly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART). On September 21, 1996, Clinton signed into law theDefense of Marriage Act(DOMA), which defined marriage for federal purposes as the legal union of one man and one woman; the legislation allowed individual states to refuse to recognize gay marriages that were performed in other states.Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said Clinton's signing DOMA \\\"was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election\\\". In defense of his actions, Clinton has said that DOMA was intended to \\\"head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states\\\", a possibility he described as highly likely in the context of a \\\"very reactionary Congress\\\".Administration spokesmanRichard Socaridessaid, \\\"the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected.\\\"Clinton himself said DOMA was something \\\"which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for Bush up, I think it's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that\\\";others were more critical. The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activistEvan Wolfsonhas called these claims \\\"historic revisionism\\\".Despite this, it has been noted that other than a brief written response to a Reader's Digest that questioned whether he agreed with it, Clinton had made no documented reference to the issue of gay marriage until May 1996.In a July 2, 2011, editorialThe New York Timesopined, \\\"The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments.\\\"Ultimately, inUnited States v. Windsor, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA in June 2013. Despite DOMA, Clinton was the first president to select openly gay persons for administrative positions,and he is generally credited as being the first president to publicly champion gay rights.During his presidency, Clinton issued two substantially controversial executive orders on behalf of gay rights, the first lifting the ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employeesand the second outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian workforce.Under Clinton's leadership, federal funding for HIV/AIDS research, prevention and treatment more than doubled.Clinton also pushed for passing hate crimes laws for gays and for the private sectorEmployment Non-Discrimination Act, which, buoyed by his lobbying, failed to pass the Senate by a single vote in 1996.Advocacy for these issues, paired with the politically unpopular nature of the gay rights movement at the time, led to enthusiastic support for Clinton's election and reelection by theHuman Rights Campaign.Clinton came out for gay marriage in July 2009and urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA in 2013.He was later honored byGLAADfor his prior pro-gay stances and his reversal on DOMA. \\\"When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web ... Now evenmy cathas its own page.\\\" Bill Clinton's announcement ofNext Generation Internet initiative, October 1996. The1996 United States campaign finance controversywas an alleged effort byChinato influence the domestic policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.Despite the evidence,theChinese governmentdenied all accusations. As part of a 1996 initiative to curbillegal immigration, Clinton signed theIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act(IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton,theU.S. Commission on Immigration Reformrecommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000. In November 1996, Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines,which was a bridge bomb planted byal-Qaedaand was masterminded byOsama bin Laden. During Clinton's presidency, the attempt remained top secret,and it remains classified as of March 2024, whenReutersreported having spoken with eight retired secret service agents about the incident. 1996 presidential campaign In the1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote over RepublicanBob Dole(40.7 percent of the popular vote) andReformcandidate Ross Perot (8.4 percent of the popular vote). Clinton received 379 of theElectoral Collegevotes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes. With his victory, he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections sinceFranklin D. Roosevelt. Second term (1997–2001) In the January 1997, State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. SenatorsTed Kennedy—a Democrat—andOrrin Hatch—a Republican—teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming theState Children's Health Insurance Program(SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress theAdoption and Safe Families Actand two years later she succeeded in helping pass theFoster Care Independence Act. Bill Clinton negotiated the passage of theBalanced Budget Act of 1997by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth.In 1999, he signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as theGramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed the part of theGlass–Steagall Actthat had prohibited a bank from offering a full range ofinvestment,commercial banking, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933. Investigations In November 1993,David Hale—the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy—alleged that while governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.AU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissioninvestigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair.Investigations byRobert B. FiskeandKen Starrfound insufficient to evidence to prosecute the Clintons. TheWhite House FBI files controversyof June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House toFBIsecurity-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.In March 2000, Independent CounselRobert Raydetermined there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, \\\"there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved\\\" in seeking the files. On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office. This caused theWhite House travel office controversyeven though the travel office staff served at the pleasure of the president and could bedismissed without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued a report which accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed their efforts to investigate the affair.Special counsel Robert Fiske said that Hillary Clinton was involved in the firing and gave \\\"factually false\\\" testimony to the GAO, congress, and the independent counsel. However Fiske said there was not enough evidence to prosecute. Impeachment and acquittal Aftera House inquiry, Clinton wasimpeachedon December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives. The House voted 228–206 to impeach him for perjury to agrand juryand voted 221–212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice.Clinton was only the second U.S. president (the first beingAndrew Johnson) to be impeached.Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and laterDepartment of Defense) employeeMonica Lewinsky.After theStarr Reportwas submitted to the House providing what it termed \\\"substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment\\\",the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before themid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, Republican leadership called alame-duck sessionin December 1998. While theHouse Judiciary Committeehearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony before a grand jury that had been convened to investigate perjury he may have committed in his sworn deposition duringJones v. Clinton,Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit.The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition. The Senate later acquitted Clinton of both charges.The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firmWilliams & Connolly.The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote of 55 not guilty/45 guilty on the perjury chargeand 50 not guilty/50 guilty on the obstruction of justice charge.Both votes fell short of the constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty. On January 19, 2001, Clinton's law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in theJonescase. Pardons and commutations Clintonissued141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.Controversy surroundedMarc Richand allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother,Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.Federal prosecutorMary Jo Whitewas appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-RepublicanJames Comey. The investigation found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part.Clinton also pardoned four defendants in theWhitewater Scandal,Chris Wade,Susan McDougal,Stephen Smith, andRobert W. Palmer, all of whom had ties to Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas.Former ClintonHUD SecretaryHenry Cisneros, who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI, was also among Clinton's pardons. Campaign finance controversies In February 1997 it was discovered upon documents being released by theClinton Administrationthat 938 people had stayed at the White House and that 821 of them had made donations to theDemocratic Partyand got the opportunity to stay in the Lincoln bedroom as a result of the donations.Some donors includedSteven Spielberg,Tom Hanks,Jane Fonda, andJudy Collins. Top donors also got golf games and morning jogs with Clinton as a result of the contributions.Janet Renowas called on to investigate the matter byTrent Lott, but she refused. In 1996, it was found that several Chinese foreigners made contributions to Clinton's reelection campaign and theDemocratic National Committeewith the backing of the People's Republic of China. Some of them also attempted to donate to Clinton's defense fund.This violated United States law forbidding non-American citizens from making campaign contributions. Clinton andAl Gorealso allegedly met with the foreign donors.A Republican investigation led byFred Thompsonfound that Clinton was targeted by the Chinese government. However, Democratic senatorsJoe LiebermanandJohn Glennsaid that the evidence showed that China only targeted congressional elections and not presidential elections. Military and foreign affairs Somalia American troops had first enteredSomaliaduring theBush administrationin response to a humanitarian crisis andcivil war. Though initially involved to assist humanitarian efforts, the Clinton administration shifted the objectives set out in the mission and began pursuing a policy of attempting to neutralize Somali warlords. In 1993, during theBattle of Mogadishu,two U.S. helicopterswere shot down byrocket-propelled grenadeattacks to theirtail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and resulted in one being taken prisoner.Television news programs depicted the supporters of warlordMohammed Aididdesecrating the corpses of troops.The backlash resulting from the incident prompted in a drop in support for American intervention in the country and coincided with a more cautious use of troops throughout the rest of the Clinton administration.Following a subsequent national security policy review, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground. Rwanda In April 1994,genocidebroke out inRwanda. Intelligence reports indicate that Clinton was aware a \\\"final solution to eliminate allTutsis\\\" was underway, long before the administration publicly used the word \\\"genocide\\\".Fearing a reprisal of the events in Somalia the previous year, Clinton chose not to intervene.Clinton has called his failure to intervene one of his main foreign policy failings, saying \\\"I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it.\\\" Bosnia and Herzegovina In 1993 and 1994, Clinton pressured Western European leaders to adopt a strong military policy againstBosnian Serbsduring theBosnian War. This strategy faced staunch opposition from theUnited Nations,NATOallies, and Congressional Republicans, leading Clinton to adopt a more diplomatic approach.In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraftbombed Bosnian Serb targetsto halt attacks on UN safe zones and pressure them into a peace accord that would end theBosnian war. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequentDayton Agreement. Irish peace talks In 1992, before his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy toNorthern Ireland, but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the British government. In November 1995, in a ceasefire duringthe Troubles, Clinton became the first president to visit Northern Ireland, examining both of the two divided communities ofBelfast.Despiteunionistcriticism, Clinton used his visit as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict, playing a key role in thepeace talksthat produced theGood Friday Agreementin 1998. Iran Clinton sought to continue the Bush administration's policy of limiting Iranian influence in the Middle East, which he laid out in thedual containmentstrategy. In 1994, Clinton declared that Iran was a \\\"state sponsor of terrorism\\\" and a \\\"rogue state\\\", marking the first time that an American President used that term.Subsequent executive orders heavily sanctioned Iran's oil industry and banned almost all trade between U.S. companies and the Iranian government. In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US$131.8million (equivalent to $256.05 million in 2023) in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U.S. in theInternational Court of Justiceafter the shooting down ofIran Air Flight 655by the U.S. Navyguided missile cruiser. Iraq In Clinton's1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress that Iraqi dictatorSaddam Husseinwas building an arsenal of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Clinton signed theIraq Liberation Act of 1998on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of \\\"regime change\\\" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign namedOperation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. At the end of this operation Clinton announced that \\\"So long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. With our allies, we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program, while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors.\\\"American and British aircraft in the Iraq no-fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000. Osama bin Laden Capturing Osama bin Laden was an objective of the U.S. government during the Clinton presidency (and continued to be untilbin Laden's death in 2011).Despite claims byMansoor Ijazand Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden, and that U.S. authorities rejected each offer,the9/11 Commission Reportstated that \\\"we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim\\\". In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Ladenand the1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africaby al-Qaeda (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, all of which were unsuccessful. In August 1998, Clintonordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, targeting theAl-Shifa pharmaceutical factoryin Sudan, which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. The factory was destroyed by the attack, resulting in the death of one employee and the wounding of 11 other people.After the destruction of the factory, there was a medicine shortage in Sudan due to the plant providing 50 percent of Sudan's medicine, and the destruction of the plant led to a shortage of chloroquine, a drug which is used to treat malaria.U.S. officials later acknowledged that there was no evidence the plant was acknowledging manufacturing or storing nerve gas.The attack provoked criticism of Clinton from journalists and academics includingChristopher Hitchens,Seymour Hersh,Max Taylor,and others. Kosovo In the midst of a brutal crackdown onethnic Albanian separatistsin the province ofKosovoby theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia, Clinton authorized the use of U.S. Armed Forces in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, namedOperation Allied Force.The stated reasoning behind the intervention was to stop theethnic cleansing(and what the Clinton administration labeledgenocide)of Albanians by Yugoslav anti-guerilla military units. GeneralWesley ClarkwasSupreme Allied Commander of NATOand oversaw the mission. WithUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized apeacekeeping forceto be deployed to the region.NATO announced its soldiers all survived combat,though two died in anApache helicoptercrash.Journalists in the popular press criticized genocide statements by the Clinton administration as false and greatly exaggerated.Prior to the bombing campaign on March 24, 1999, estimates showed that the number of civilians killed in the over year longconflict in Kosovohad been approximately 1,800, with critics asserting that little or no evidence existed of genocide.In a post-war inquiry, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europenoted \\\"the patterns of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings, killings, rape, kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24.\\\"In 2001, theUN-supervisedSupreme Court of Kosovoruled that genocide (theintent to destroya people) did not take place, but recognized \\\"a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments\\\" with the intention being the forceful departure of the Albanian population.The term \\\"ethnic cleansing\\\" was used as an alternative to \\\"genocide\\\" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is little difference.Slobodan Milošević, the president of Yugoslavia at the time of the atrocities, waseventually brought to trialbefore theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslaviainthe Hagueon charges includingcrimes against humanityand war crimes for his role in the war.He died in 2006, before the completion of the trial. China Clinton aimed to increase trade with China, minimizing import tariffs and offering the countrymost favoured nationstatus in 1993, his administration minimized tariff levels in Chinese imports. Clinton initially conditioned extension of this status onhuman rightsreforms, but ultimately decided to extend the status despite a lack of reform in the specified areas, including free emigration, treatment of prisoners in terms of international human rights, and observation of human rights specified by UN resolutions, among others. Relations were damaged briefly by theAmerican bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgradein May 1999. Clinton apologized for the bombing, stating it was accidental. On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law theUnited States–China Relations Act of 2000, which grantedpermanent normal trade relations(PNTR) trade status to China.The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform. In encouraging Congress to approve the agreement and China's accession to theWorld Trade Organization(WTO), Clinton stated that more trade with China would advance America's economic interests, saying that \\\"economically, this agreement is the equivalent of a one-way street. It requires China to open its markets—with a fifth of the world's population, potentially the biggest markets in the world—to both our products and services in unprecedented new ways.\\\" Israeli-Palestinian conflict Clinton attempted to end theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict. Secret negotiations mediated by Clinton between Israeli Prime MinisterYitzhak RabinandPalestine Liberation Organization(PLO) ChairmanYasser Arafatled to a historic declaration of peace in September 1993, called theOslo Accords, which were signed at the White House on September 13. The agreement led to theIsrael–Jordan peace treatyin 1994 and theWye River Memorandumin October 1998, however, this did not end the conflict. He brought Israeli prime ministerEhud Barakand Palestinian Authority chairmanYasser Arafattogether atCamp Davidfor the2000 Camp David Summit, which lasted 14 days in July.Following another attempt in December 2000 atBolling Air Force Base, in which the president offered theClinton Parameters, the situation broke down completely after the end of theTaba Summitand with the start of theSecond Intifada. Judicial appointments Clinton appointed two justices to theSupreme Court:Ruth Bader Ginsburgin 1993andStephen Breyerin 1994.Both justices went on to serve until the 2020s, leaving a lasting judicial legacy for President Clinton. Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts.In his eight years in office, 11.6% of Clinton's court of appeals nominees and 17.4% of his district court nominees were black; 32.8% of his court of appeals nominees and 28.5% of his district court nominees were women. Public opinion Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.According to aCBS News/New York Timespoll, Clinton left office with an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.Clinton's averageGallup pollapproval rating for his last quarter in office was 61 percent, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years.Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him; 55 percent thought he \\\"would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life\\\"; 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his \\\"involvement in personal scandal\\\" than for \\\"his accomplishments\\\"; and 58 percent answered \\\"No\\\" to the question \\\"Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?\\\"The same percentage said he would be remembered as either \\\"outstanding\\\" or \\\"above average\\\" as a president, while 22 percent said he would be remembered as \\\"below average\\\" or \\\"poor\\\".ABC Newscharacterized public consensus on Clinton as, \\\"You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics—and he's done a heck of a good job.\\\" In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U.S. history. In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in aQuinnipiac University Polling Institutepoll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II, making him the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.The same poll showed that just 3 percent of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II. A 2015 poll byThe Washington Postasked 162 scholars of theAmerican Political Science Associationto rank all the U.S. presidents in order of greatness. According to their findings, Clinton ranked eighth overall, with a rating of 70 percent. Public image Clinton was the firstbaby boomerpresident.Authors Martin Walker andBob Woodwardstated that Clinton's innovative use ofsound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.When Clinton played the saxophone onThe Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as \\\"the MTV president\\\".Opponents sometimes referred to him as \\\"Slick Willie\\\", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 byPine Bluff CommercialjournalistPaul Greenberg;Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such asWinthrop Rockefeller,Dale BumpersandDavid Pryor.The claim \\\"Slick Willie\\\" would last throughout his presidency.His folksy manner led him to benicknamedBubbastarting from the 1992 presidential election.Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as \\\"The Big Dog\\\" or \\\"Big Dog\\\".His prominent role in campaigning for Obama during the2012 presidential electionand his widely publicized speech at the2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nomineeMitt Romneyand Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname \\\"Explainer-in-Chief\\\". Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency.In 1998,NobellaureateToni Morrisoncalled Clinton \\\"the first black president\\\", saying, \\\"Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing,McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas\\\".Morrison noted that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, and she compared this to the stereotyping anddouble standardsthat, she said, black people typically endure.Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging both to Clinton and to the African-American community. Sexual assault and misconduct allegations Several women have publicly accused Clinton of sexual misconduct, including rape, harassment, and sexual assault. Additionally, some commentators have characterized Clinton's sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non-consensual, despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time. These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018, in light of the#MeToo movement, with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair. In 1994,Paula Jonesinitiated asexual harassment lawsuitagainst Clinton, claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by JudgeSusan Webber Wrighton the grounds that it lacked legal merit.Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998.In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas.Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing \\\"a pack of lies\\\" and \\\"an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States\\\" funded by Clinton's political enemies.In October 1998, Clinton's attorneys tentatively offered $700,000 to settle the case, which was then the $800,000 which Jones' lawyers sought.Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,Clintondenied having sexual relationswith Monica Lewinsky—a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury. In 1998,Kathleen Willeyalleged that Clinton hadgropedher in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave \\\"false information\\\" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released anaffidavit, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office.An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former independent counsel for prosecutorial misconduct. Also in 1998,Juanita Broaddrickalleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she said she did not remember the exact date.To support her charge, Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton, something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press.Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any \\\"unwelcome sexual advances\\\" and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition.In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape, Broaddrick said she had denied (under oath) being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly. The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton's legacy, beyond his impeachment in 1998.In the wake of the #MeToo movement (which shed light on the widespread prevalence ofsexual assaultandharassment, especially in the workplace), various commentators and Democratic political leaders, as well as Lewinsky herself, have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual, and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment, in light of the power differential between a president and a 22-year-old intern. In 2018, Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he should have resigned, and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning.During the2018 Congressional elections,The New York Timesalleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal.However, former DNC interim chairDonna Brazilepreviously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections, in spite of New York U.S. senatorKirsten Gillibrand's recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal. Alleged affairs Clinton admitted to having extramarital affairs with singerGennifer FlowersandMonica Lewinsky.ActressElizabeth Gracen,Miss Arkansas winnerSally Perdue,and Dolly Kyle Browningall claimed that they had affairs with Clinton during his time as governor of Arkansas. Browning later sued Clinton,Bruce Lindsey,Robert S. Bennett, andJane Mayer, alleging they engaged in a conspiracy to attempt to block her from publishing a book loosely based on her relationship with Clinton and tried to defame him. However, Browning's lawsuit was dismissed. Post-presidency (2001–present) Activities until 2008 campaign In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences,and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this).In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at theUnited Nations Climate Change conferencein Montreal. TheWilliam J. Clinton Presidential Center and ParkinLittle Rock, Arkansas, was dedicated in 2004.Clinton released a best-selling autobiography,My Life, in 2004.In 2007, he releasedGiving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became aNew York TimesBest Sellerand garnered positive reviews. In the aftermath of the2004 Asian tsunami,U.N. secretary-generalKofi Annanappointed Clinton to head a relief effort.AfterHurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in aSuper Bowl XXXIXpre-game show,and traveled to the affected areas.They also spoke together at the funeral ofBoris Yeltsinin April 2007. Based on his philanthropic worldview,Clinton created theWilliam J. Clinton Foundationto address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. TheClinton Global Initiative(CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as globalpublic health, poverty alleviation and religious andethnic conflict.In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools.Clinton's foundation joined with theLarge Cities Climate Leadership Groupin 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.In 2008, Foundation directorInder Singhannounced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.Clinton also spoke in favor ofCalifornia Proposition 87onalternative energy, which was voted down. 2008 presidential election During the2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rivalBarack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.Considering Bill's remarks, many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.Such remarks led to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the2008 Democratic National Convention, saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is \\\"ready to lead\\\".After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt. After the 2008 election In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalistsimprisonedthere.Euna LeeandLaura Linghad been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.Jimmy Carterhad made a similar visit in 1994.After Clinton met with North Korean leaderKim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon. Since then, Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions. He was named United NationsSpecial Envoyto Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused $1 billion in damages.Clinton organized a conference with the Inter-American Development Bank, where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to \\\"build back better\\\".In response to the2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.Funds began pouring into Haiti, which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake. While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea, she andCheryl Millsworked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the U.S. State Department, ensuring that the new industrial park would have a key tenant.In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration ofNTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama. 2016 presidential election and after During the2016 presidential election, Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary, and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail.In a series of tweets, then-President-electDonald Trumpcriticized his ability to get people out to vote.Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York. He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running-mateTim Kaine. On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities. In2020, Clinton again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York, casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket ofJoe BidenandKamala Harris. Citizen: My Life After the White House,his autobiography about his life after his presidency, will be released in November 19, 2024. Post-presidential health concerns In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung.On February 11, 2010, he was rushed toNew York-Presbyterian/Columbia Hospitalin Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had twocoronary stentsimplanted in his heart.After this procedure, Clinton adopted a plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet, which had been recommended by doctorsDean OrnishandCaldwell Esselstyn.He has since incorporated fish and lean animal flesh at the suggestion ofMark Hyman, a proponent of thepseudoscientificethos offunctional medicine.As a result, he is no longer a strict vegan. In October 2021, Clinton was treated forsepsisat theUniversity of California, Irvine Medical Center.In December 2022, Clinton tested positive forCOVID-19. Wealth The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency, which were paid off four years after he left office.Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing.In 2016,Forbesreported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240million in the 15years from January 2001, to December 2015, (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).Also in 2016,CNNreported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015.In May 2015,The Hillreported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5million or more from her book,Hard Choices, during the same time period.In July 2014,The Wall Street Journalreported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth between $5million and $25.5million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president.Clinton earned more than $104million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.In June 2014, ABC News andThe Washington Postreported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008,The New York Timesreported that the Clintons' income tax returnsshow they made $109million in the eight years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92million from his speaking and book-writing. Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton $500,000 for a speech inMoscow.Hillary Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially \\\"broke\\\" and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House. \\\"We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education\\\". She added, \\\"Bill has worked really hard ... we had to pay off all our debts ... he had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members\\\". Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein In the early 2000s, Clinton took flights onJeffrey Epstein's private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work.According to Epstein's attorneyGerald B. Lefcourt, Epstein was \\\"part of the original group that conceived of theClinton Global Initiative\\\".In 2002, a spokesperson for Clinton praised Epstein as \\\"a committed philanthropist\\\" with \\\"insights and generosity\\\".While Clinton was president, Epstein visited the White House at least 17 times between 1993 and 1995.Years later, Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges. Clinton's office released a statement in 2019 saying, \\\"President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago, or those with which he has been recently charged in New York. In 2002 and 2003, President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein's airplane: one to Europe, one to Asia, and two to Africa, which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation. Staff, supporters of the Foundation, and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip. He's not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade.\\\" However, later reports showed that Clinton had flown on Epstein's plane 26 times.In another statement Clinton said \\\"one meeting with Epstein in his Harlem office in 2002, and around the same time made one brief visit to Epstein's New York apartment with a staff member and his security detail\\\". In July 2019 it was reported that Clinton attended a dinner with Epstein in 1995, a meeting with Epstein that Clinton had not previously disclosed. Clinton reportedly used Epstein's private jet to visitLittle St. James Island, where Epstein resided,on multiple occasions between 2002 and 2005.Virginia Roberts, later known as Virginia Giuffre, says in a lawsuit that while working atDonald Trump'sMar-a-Lagoresortshe was lured into asex-traffickingring run by Epstein and while traveling with Epstein she saw Clinton on the island.In a 2011 conversation with her lawyers, Roberts stated that Clinton traveled to Epstein's retreat on Little St. James in 2002.According to Roberts, Epstein told her that Clinton \\\"owes me favors\\\" when she asked what he was doing there.She also reportedly claimed that Epstein and Clinton had dined in the presence of two girls aged approximately seventeen whom she believed Epstein had invited to have sex with Clinton, but that Clinton showed no interest in them.AFreedom of Information Actrequest forUnited States Secret Servicerecords of visits Clinton may have made to Little St. James produced no such evidence.According to Epstein's flight logs, Clinton never flew near the U.S. Virgin Islands.In July 2019, a Clinton spokesperson issued a statement saying Clinton never visited the island.When he was personally asked by a journalist about his ties with Epstein in a rally inLaredo, Texasin November 2022, Clinton said \\\"I think the evidence is clear\\\".According to former Clinton aide,Doug Band, Clinton visited Epstein's island in January 2003.In 2024, unsealed court documents revealed allegations that Clinton had visited the offices ofVanity Fairand 'threatened' the paper not to print stories about Epstein's sexual trafficking. FormerVanity FaireditorGraydon Carterdenied the incident ever took place. Personal life At the age of 10, he was baptized at Park PlaceBaptistChurch inHot Springs, Arkansas.When he became president in 1993, he became a member ofFoundry United Methodist ChurchinWashington, D.C.with his wife, aMethodist. On October 11, 1975, inFayetteville, Arkansas, he marriedHillary Rodham, whom he met while studying atYale University. They hadChelsea Clinton, their only child, on February 27, 1980.He is the maternal grandfather to Chelsea's three children. Accolades Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, includingDoctorate of LawdegreesandDoctor of Humane Lettersdegrees.He received an honorary degree from Georgetown University, his alma mater, and was the commencement speaker in 1980.He is an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as aRhodes Scholar, although he did not complete his studies there.Schools have been named for Clinton,and statues have been built to pay him homage.U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,Arkansas,Kentucky,and New York.He was presented with theMedal for Distinguished Public ServicebySecretary of DefenseWilliam Cohenin 2001.TheClinton Presidential Centerwas opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in his honor on December 5, 2001. Clinton has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,Papua New Guinea,Germany,and Kosovo.The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during theKosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city ofPristinaasBill Clinton Boulevardand added a monumental Clinton statue. Clinton was selected asTime's\\\"Man of the Year\\\" in 1992,and again in 1998, along withKen Starr.From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included inGallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.In 2001, Clinton received theNAACP'sPresident's Award.He has also been honored with a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,aTEDPrize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),and was named as an HonoraryGLAAD Media Awardrecipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community. Clinton, along withMikhail GorbachevandSophia Loren,received the2003 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album for ChildrenforWolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf.Theaudiobookedition of his autobiography,My Life, read by Clinton himself, won the2005 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album,as well as theAudie Awardas the Audiobook of the Year.Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks:Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the Worldin2007andBack to Workin2012. In 2011, Haitian presidentMichel Martellyawarded Clinton with theNational Order of Honour and Meritto the rank of Grand Cross \\\"for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010\\\". Clinton declared at the ceremony that \\\"in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise\\\". President Obama awarded Clinton thePresidential Medal of Freedomon November 20, 2013. See also References Citations Further reading Primary sources Popular books Scholarly studies Arkansas years External links Official Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mary Elizabeth Butt Mary Elizabeth Butt(néeHoldsworth; 1903–1993) was a prominentTexasphilanthropist and wife of formerHEB Grocery CompanyCEOHoward Edward Butt Sr., son of HEB founder, Florence Butt. Her philanthropic efforts were particularly focused on the care of emotionally disturbed children and the development of library services. Early life Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt was born on February 4, 1903, nearLoma Vista, Texas, the daughter of Rosa (née Ross) and Thomas Holdsworth. She was the fourth of seven children. Her father, the son of an English schoolteacher, emigrated from England to Texas with his parents in 1880. Her mother was a schoolteacher who grew up and worked inKerrville, Texas.Both her parents were devout, tithingBaptists.In 1924, she marriedHoward Edward Butt. Howard owned a small grocery store in Kerrville. Over time, her husband's business prospered and expanded, enabling Mary Elizabeth to take an active role in supporting numerous and varied charitable causes. Her husband stated: \"I","husband stated: \"I make the money, and Mary spends it (on worthy causes). And I am glad she does.\"In 1940, they moved toCorpus Christi, Texas. Philanthropy In 1929, she moved toBrownsville, Texas, in theRio Grande Valleyand thereafter toHarlingen. Mary Elizabeth started the State Crippled Children's Program using her dining room as an office. She also served as chairwoman of the Cameron County Child Welfare Board. In addition, she started the first tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment program in the region; and also purchased the first equipment used to test the hearing and vision of schoolchildren. In 1934, the Butts formed the H. E. Butt Foundation, one of the first charitable organizations in Texas. The foundation focused on funding public school programs, establishing libraries and constructing recreational facilities.Mary Butt served as its president. In 1940, the Butt family moved toCorpus Christi, Texas, where she organized the local branches of theYWCA; theNueces Countyhome for the aged; the Nueces","aged; the Nueces County Tuberculosis Hospital; and the local branch of theAmerican Cancer Society. She also established the Mary Bethune Day Nursery which addressed shortfalls in access to day care forAfrican-Americanchildren. In 1949, she along with Dr. Robert Sutherland (director of theHogg Foundation for Mental Healthfounded byIma Hoggin 1940) and Margaret Scarbrough (wife of Austin retailer Lemuel Scarbrough and founder of the Scarbrough Foundation), organized and hosted the first Conference of Texas Foundations and Trusts which coordinated philanthropic giving so as to avoid duplication and promoted the exchange ideas and strategies.Texas became the first state to have such an organization and the model was duplicated in other states.The Foundation quickly blossomed from 10 mostly family-sponsored organizations at inception to 48 organizations in 1956.The organization (now known as the Conference of Southwest Foundations) presently consists of 200 member organizations in a seven-state area. In 1953, she","area. In 1953, she helped to establish the Hilltop Hospital which treated tuberculosis patients and eventually serving five years as the chairman of its board. In 1954, the Butts established the H. E. Butt Foundation Camp located on theFrio RiverAs she was particularly dedicated to the care of emotionally disturbed children, she developed a camping program for specifically for their care.As of 2012, the camp continues to serve, without cost, over 20,000 campers annuallyand is also the site of the Laity Lodge, a prominent center of Christian learning founded by their son, Howard E. Butt Jr. In 1955, she was appointed by Texas GovernorAllan Shiversto the governing board of Texas State Hospitals and Special Schools (later theTexas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation). She served as the only woman member of the board for 18 yearsbeing appointed by six different governors. The Butts contributed to the founding of theButt-Holdsworth Memorial Library, which was inaugurated in summer 1967. Personal","1967. Personal life and death She had four children with her husband: Another child, Mary Beth Butt, who lived for only 10 days (November 17, 1943 - November 27, 1943), is buried beside Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt at the Glen Rest Cemetery in Kerrville, Texas, was the fourth child of Howard Butt, Sr., and Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt. Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt died in her house in Corpus Christi on October 6, 1993. Awards TheTexas State Historical Associationlists the many awards Butt has received over the years for her philanthropic activities: References External links","Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton(néBlythe; born August 19, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42ndpresident of the United Statesfrom 1993 to 2001. A member of theDemocratic Party, he previously served asgovernor of Arkansasfrom 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy, became known as aNew Democrat. Clinton was born and raised inArkansas. He graduated fromGeorgetown Universityin 1968, and later fromYale Law School, where he met his future wife,Hillary Rodham. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed bytwo non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of theNational Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the1992 election, defeating the incumbentRepublican PartypresidentGeorge H. W. Bushand the independent businessmanRoss Perot. He","Perot. He became the first president to be born in theBaby Boomergeneration. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law theNorth American Free Trade Agreementand theViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Actbut failed to pass his plan fornational health care reform. Starting in the mid-1990s, he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy, advocating for and signing thePersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, theState Children's Health Insurance Programand financial deregulation measures. He appointedRuth Bader GinsburgandStephen Breyerto theU.S. Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in theBosnianandKosovo wars, eventually signing theDayton Peace agreement. He also called for theexpansion of NATOin Eastern Europe and many formerWarsaw Pactmembers joined NATO during his presidency. Clinton's foreign policy in the Middle East saw him sign theIraq","him sign theIraq Liberation Actwhich gave aid to groups againstSaddam Hussein. He also participated in theOslo I AccordandCamp David Summitto advance theIsraeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted theNorthern Ireland peace process. Clinton won re-election in the1996 election, defeating Republican nomineeBob DoleandReform Partynominee Perot. His second term was dominated by theClinton–Lewinsky scandal, which began in 1995, when he had a sexual relationship with the then 22-year-oldWhite HouseinternMonica Lewinsky. In January 1998, news of the affair made tabloid headlines.This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating in December whenClinton was impeachedby theHouse of Representatives, becoming the first U.S. president to be impeached sinceAndrew Johnson. The two impeachment articles that the House passed were centered aroundperjuryand Clinton using the powers of the presidency to commit obstruction of justice. In 1999,Clinton's impeachment trialbegan in theSenate, where he was acquitted on both","acquitted on both charges. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, theCongressional Budget Officereported a budget surplus—the first such surplus since 1969. Clinton left office in 2001 with the joint-highest approval rating of any U.S. president. His presidency ranks among the middle to upper tier inhistorical rankings of U.S. presidents. However, his personal conduct andmisconduct allegationshave made him the subject of substantial scrutiny. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created theClinton Foundationto address international causes such as the prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2009, he was named theUnited Nations special envoy to Haiti. After the2010 Haiti earthquake, Clinton founded theClinton Bush Haiti FundwithGeorge W. BushandBarack Obama. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's2008and2016 presidential campaigns. Early life and career Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe","Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital inHope, Arkansas.He is the son ofWilliam Jefferson Blythe Jr., a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, andVirginia Dell Cassidy(later Virginia Kelley).Blythe had initially survived the crash, but drowned in a drainage ditch. His parents had married on September 4, 1943, but this union later proved to be bigamous, as Blythe was still married to his fourth wife.Virginia traveled toNew Orleansto study nursing soon after Bill was born, leaving him in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store.At a time when the southern United States wasracially segregated, Clinton's grandparents sold goods oncreditto people of all races.In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and marriedRoger Clinton Sr., who co-owned anautomobile dealershipinHot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother andEarl T. Ricks.The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950. Although he","1950. Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Clinton turned 15that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward him.Clinton has described his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half-brother,Roger Clinton Jr.The physical abuse only ceased after a then-14-year-old Bill challenged his stepfather to \"stand and face\" him, though the verbal/emotional abuse continued.Bill would eventually forgive Roger Sr. for his abusive actions near the latter's death. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and thesegregatedHot Springs High School, where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician.Clinton was in the chorus and played thetenor saxophone, winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. While in high school, Clinton performed for two years in a jazz trio,The 3 Kings, withRandy Goodrum, who became a successful professional pianist. In","pianist. In 1961, Clinton became a member of the Hot Springs Chapter of theOrder of DeMolay, a youth group affiliated withFreemasonry, but he never became a Freemason.He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiographyMy Life: Clinton began an interest in law at Hot Springs High, when he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancientRoman senatorCatilinein a mock trial in his Latin class.After a vigorous defense that made use of his \"budding rhetorical and political skills\", he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck it \"made him realize that someday he would study law\". Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life, both occurring in 1963, that contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit as aBoys Nationsenator to theWhite Houseto meet PresidentJohn F. Kennedy.The other was watchingMartin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 \"I Have a Dream\" speech on TV, which impressed him so much that he later memorized it. College and law school","and law school years Georgetown University With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended theSchool of Foreign ServiceatGeorgetown Universityin Washington, D.C., receiving aBachelor of Sciencein foreign service degree in 1968. Georgetown was the only university where Clinton applied. In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won elections forclass president.From 1964 to 1967, he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas SenatorJ. William Fulbright.While in college, he became a brother of service fraternityAlpha Phi Omegaand was elected toPhi Beta Kappa. He is a member ofKappa Kappa Psihonorary band fraternity. Oxford Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won aRhodes ScholarshiptoUniversity College, Oxford, where he initially read for aB.Phil.inphilosophy, politics, and economicsbut transferred to aB.Litt.in politics and, ultimately, a B.Phil. in politics.Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs; this type of activity was common among","was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort. He had received an offer to study atYale Law School, and so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford. During his time at Oxford, Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller. In 1969, Aller received adraftletter that mandated deployment to theVietnam War. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton.British writer and feministSara Maitlandsaid of Clinton, \"I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War. I knew nothing about it, and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry. Bill said that feeling bad wasn't good enough. That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren't enough and you had to do something about such things\".Clinton was a member of theOxford University Basketball Cluband also played for Oxford University'srugby","University'srugby unionteam. While Clinton was president in 1994, he received an honoraryDoctor of Civil Lawdegree and a fellowship from theUniversity of Oxford, specifically for being \"a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace\", having \"a powerful collaborator in his wife\", and for winning \"general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget\". Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy During the Vietnam War, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969.While at Oxford, he participated inVietnam War protestsand organized aMoratorium to End the War in Vietnamevent in October 1969.He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. and knew he might lose his deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in theNational Guardand theAir Force officer candidate school, and he then made arrangements to join theReserve Officers' Training Corps(ROTC) program at theUniversity of Arkansas. He","of Arkansas. He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way \"to maintain my political viability within the system\".Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers1 to 310 would bedraftedbefore him, making it unlikely he would be called up. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.) ColonelEugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform. He issued anotarizedstatement during the 1992 presidential campaign: During the","During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in theNavy Reserve, which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then.Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service.Clinton's 1992 campaign manager,James Carville, successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position. Law school After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned aJuris Doctor(J.D.) degree in 1973.In 1971, he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham, in theYale Law Library; she was","Library; she was a class year ahead of him.They began dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his summer plans to be a coordinator for theGeorge McGoverncampaignfor the1972 United States presidential electionin order to move in with her in California.The couple continuedliving togetherin New Haven when they returned to law school. Clinton eventuallymoved to Texas with Rodham in 1972to take a job leading McGovern's effort there. He spent considerable time inDallas, at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. Clinton worked with future two-termmayor of DallasRon Kirk,futuregovernor of TexasAnn Richards,and then unknown television director and filmmakerSteven Spielberg. Failed congressional campaign and tenure as Attorney General of Arkansas After graduating fromYale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a lawprofessorat theUniversity of Arkansas. In 1974, he ran for theHouse of Representatives. Running in the conservative3rd","the conservative3rd districtagainst incumbent RepublicanJohn Paul Hammerschmidt, Clinton's campaign was bolstered by the anti-Republican and anti-incumbent mood resulting from theWatergate scandal. Hammerschmidt, who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972, defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin. In 1976, Clinton ran forArkansas attorney general. Defeating the secretary of state and the deputy attorney general in the Democratic primary, Clinton was elected with no opposition at all in the general election, as no Republican had run for the office. Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992) In 1978, Clinton entered the Arkansas gubernatorial primary. At just 31 years old, he was one of the youngest gubernatorial candidates in the state's history. Clinton was electedgovernor of Arkansasin1978, having defeated the Republican candidateLynn Lowe, a farmer fromTexarkana. Clinton was only 32 years old when he took office, the youngest governor in the country at the time and the second","time and the second youngest governor in the history of Arkansas.Due to his youthful appearance, Clinton was often called the \"Boy Governor\".He worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform. However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from theMariel boatlift) detained inFort Chaffeein 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose, ofKingslandinCleveland County, polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat by Republican challengerFrank D. Whitein the general election that year. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. After leaving office in January 1981, Clinton joined friendBruce Lindsey's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings.In 1982, he was elected governor a second","governor a second time and kept the office for ten years. Effective with the 1986 election, Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years. During his term, he helped transform Arkansas's economy and improved the state's educational system.Forsenior citizens, he removed thesales taxfrom medications and increased the home property-tax exemption.He became a leading figure among theNew Democrats, a group ofDemocratswho advocated welfare reform, smaller government, and other policies not supported by liberals. Formally organized as theDemocratic Leadership Council(DLC), the New Democrats argued that in light of PresidentRonald Reagan'slandslide victory in 1984, the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level.Clinton delivered theDemocratic responseto Reagan's1985 State of the Union Addressand served as chair of theNational Governors Associationfrom 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas. In the early","In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority of his gubernatorial administration. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee was chaired by Clinton's wife Hillary, who was also an attorney as well as the chair of theLegal Services Corporation. The committee transformed Arkansas's education system. Proposed reforms included more spending for schools (supported by a sales-tax increase), better opportunities for gifted children, vocational education, higher teachers' salaries, more course variety, and compulsory teacher competency exams. The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a speciallegislative session—the longest in Arkansas history.Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship.He defeated four Republican candidates for governor: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986),JonesborobusinessmenWoody Freeman(1984), andSheffield Nelsonof Little Rock (1990). Also in the 1980s, the Clintons' personal and business affairs","business affairs included transactions that became the basis of theWhitewater controversyinvestigation, which later dogged his presidential administration.After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas. According to some sources, Clinton was adeath penaltyopponent in his early years, but he eventually switched positions.However he might have felt previously, by 1992, Clinton was insisting that Democrats \"should no longer feel guilty about protecting the innocent\".During Clinton's final term as governor,Arkansas performed its first executionssince 1964 (the death penalty had been reinstated in 1976).As Governor, he oversaw thefirst four executions carried outby the state of Arkansas since the death penalty was reinstated there in 1976: one byelectric chairand three bylethal injection.To draw attention to his stance on capital punishment, Clinton flew home to Arkansas mid-campaign in 1992, in order to affirm in person that the","in person that the controversial execution ofRicky Ray Rector, would go forward as scheduled. Scandals and allegations During his time as governor in the 1980s, Arkansas was the center of a drug smuggling operation throughMena Airport.CIAagentBarry Sealallegedly imported three to five billion dollars worth ofcocainethrough the airport, and the operation was linked to theIran–Contra affair.Clinton was accused of knowing about this operation, although nothing could be proven against him.JournalistSam Smithtied him to various questionable business dealings.Clinton was also accused byGennifer Flowersto have used cocaine as governorand his half-brother Roger was sentenced to prison in 1985 for possession and smuggling of cocaine, but was laterpardoned by his brotherafter serving his sentence.During his time in Arkansas, there were also other scandals such as theWhitewater controversyinvolving the Clintons' real estate dealings, and Bill Clinton was accused of serious sexual misconduct in Arkansas, including","Arkansas, including allegations of using theArkansas State Policeto gain access to women (Troopergate affair).Thekilling of Don Henry and Kevin Ivesin 1987 started variousconspiracy theoriesthat accused Clinton and the Arkansas state authorities of covering up the crime. 1988 Democratic presidential primaries In 1987, the media speculated that Clinton would enter the presidential race. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary for governor, initially favored—but ultimately vetoed—by the First Lady).For the nomination, Clinton endorsedMassachusetts governorMichael Dukakis. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the1988 Democratic National Convention, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice the length it was expected to be, was criticized for being too long.Clinton presented himself both as a moderate and as a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, and he headed the moderate Democratic","moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991. 1992 United States presidential election In the first primary contest, theIowa Caucus, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa senatorTom Harkin. During the campaign for theNew Hampshire primary, reports surfaced that Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair withGennifer Flowers. Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts senatorPaul Tsongasin the New Hampshire polls.FollowingSuper Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on60 Minutesto rebuff the charges.Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in theNew Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him \"The Comeback Kid\" for earning a firm second-place finish. Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of theSouthern primariesonSuper Tuesdaygave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However,","lead. However, former California governorJerry Brownwas scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South.With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate.Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California. During the campaign, questions ofconflict of interestregarding state business and the politically powerfulRose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents \"for the price of one\". Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas while campaigning for U.S. president,","for U.S. president, and he returned to his home state to see thatRicky Ray Rectorwould be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to both Arkansas state law and federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in an article forThe New York Timesas a possible political move to counter \"soft on crime\" accusations. Bush'sapproval ratingswere around 80 percent during theGulf War, and he was described as unbeatable. When Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower federal deficits, he reneged on hispromise not to raise taxes, which hurt his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep.By election time, the economy was","the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent.Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. WhenPat BuchananandPat Robertsonaddressed Christian themes at theRepublican National Convention—with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform—many moderates were alienated.Clinton then pointed to his moderate, \"New Democrat\" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious.Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton.Clinton and his running mate,Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a \"new beginning\". On March 26, 1992, during a Democraticfund raiserof the presidential campaign,Robert Rafskyconfronted then Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas and asked what he was going to do aboutAIDS,","to do aboutAIDS, to which Clinton replied, \"I feel your pain\".The televised exchange led to AIDS becoming an issue in the 1992 presidential election. On April 4, then candidate Clinton met with members ofACT UPand other leading AIDS advocates to discuss his AIDS agenda and agreed to make a major AIDS policy speech, to have people with HIV speak to theDemocratic Convention, and to sign onto theAIDS UnitedAction five point plan. Clinton won the1992 presidential election(370 electoral votes) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (168 electoral votes) and billionairepopulistRoss Perot(zero electoral votes), who ran as an independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues. Bush's steep decline in public approval was a significant part of Clinton's success.Clinton's victory in the election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of theUnited States Congress,the first time one party controlled","party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the96th United States Congressduring thepresidency of Jimmy Carter. According toSeymour Martin Lipset, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was the presence of a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups. Presidency (1993–2001) Clinton's \"third way\" of moderate liberalism built up the nation's fiscal health and put the nation on a firm footing abroad amid globalization and the development of anti-American terrorist organizations. During his presidency,Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, particularly theNorth American Free Trade","American Free Trade Agreementandwelfare reform, have been attributed to acentristThird Wayphilosophy of governance.His policy offiscal conservatismhelped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters.Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. TheCongressional Budget Officereported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.Over the years of the recorded surplus, the gross national debt rose each year. At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each of the years a surplus was recorded, the U.S. Treasury reported a gross debt of $5.413 trillion in 1997, $5.526 trillion in 1998, $5.656 trillion in 1999, and $5.674 trillion in 2000.Over the same period, the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year (December 31) gross debt of $5.369 trillion in 1997, $5.478 trillion in 1998, $5.606 in 1999, and $5.629 trillion in 2000.At the end of his presidency, the","his presidency, the Clintons moved to 15 Old House Lane inChappaqua, New York, in order to quell political worries about his wife's residency for election as a U.S. Senator from New York. First term (1993–1997) \"Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.\" Inaugural address, January 20, 1993. Afterhis presidential transition, Clinton wasinauguratedas the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993. Clinton was physically exhausted at the time, and had an inexperienced staff. His high levels of public support dropped in the first few weeks, as he made a series of mistakes. His first choice for attorney general had not paid her taxes on babysitters and was forced to withdraw. The second appointee also withdrew for the same reason. Clinton had repeatedly promised to encourage gays in the military service, despite what he knew to be the strong opposition of the military","of the military leadership. He tried anyway, and was publicly opposed by the top generals, and forced by Congress to a compromise position of \"Don't ask, don't tell\" whereby gays could serve if and only if they kept it secret.He devised a $16-billion stimulus package primarily to aid inner-city programs desired by liberals, but it was defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate.His popularity at the 100 day mark of his term was the lowest of any president at that point. Public opinion did support one liberal program, and Clinton signed theFamily and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support,and was popular with the public. Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993—the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision inRoe v. Wade—Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and internationalfamily planningprograms that had been imposed by Reagan and","by Reagan and Bush.Clinton said abortion should be kept \"safe, legal, and rare\"—a slogan that had been suggested by political scientistSamuel L. Popkinand first used by Clinton in December 1991, while campaigning.During the eight years of the Clinton administration, the abortion rate declined by 18 percent. On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to close abudget deficit.Two days later, in a nationally televised address to ajoint session of Congress, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda.Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes, based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates. President Clinton's attorney generalJanet Renoauthorized the FBI's use of armored vehicles to deploy tear gas into the buildings of the Branch Davidian community near Waco, Texas, in hopes of","Texas, in hopes of ending a51 day siege. During the operation on April 19, 1993, the buildings caught fire and 75 of the residents died, including 24 children. The raid had originally been planned by the Bush administration; Clinton had played no role. In August, Clinton signed theOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for 15million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses,and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2 percent of taxpayers. Additionally, it mandated that the budget be balanced over many years through the implementation of spending restraints. On September 22, 1993, Clinton made a major speech to Congress regardinga health care reform plan; the program aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan. This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. The plan was well received in political","in political circles, but it was eventually doomed by well-organized lobby opposition from conservatives, theAmerican Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, Clinton biographerJohn F. Harrissaid the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation byGeorge J. Mitchellfailed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. The failure of the bill was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton administration. On November 30, 1993, Clinton signed into law theBrady Bill, which mandated federalbackground checkson people who purchase firearms in the United States. The law also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until theNICS systemwas implemented in 1998. He also expanded theEarned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low-income workers. In December of the same year, allegations by Arkansas state troopersLarry","state troopersLarry Pattersonand Roger Perry were first reported byDavid BrockinThe American Spectator.In the affair later known as \"Troopergate\", the officers alleged that they had arranged sexual liaisons for Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman namedPaula, a reference toPaula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated \"bad journalism\", and that \"the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives\". That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\", which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexual orientation a secret. The Act forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation.The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton's proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats, including senatorsJohn McCain(R-AZ) andSam","McCain(R-AZ) andSam Nunn(D-GA). According toDavid Mixner, Clinton's support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore, who felt that \"the President should lift the ban ... even though was sure to be overridden by the Congress\".Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions.Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that PresidentHarry S. Trumanused executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future.Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not \"out of whack\".The policy remained controversial, and was finallyrepealed in 2011,","in 2011, removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces. On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes in favor and 200 votes opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and one independent opposed). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president. On July 29, 1994, the Clinton administration launched the first official White House website,whitehouse.gov.The site was followed with three more versions, with the final version being launched","being launched on July 21, 2000.The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, \"Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011—Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public.\" TheOmnibus Crime Bill, which Clinton signed into law in September 1994,made many changes to U.S. crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, \"My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug","penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons.\"It also included a subsection ofassault weapons banfor a ten-year period. After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress to the Republicans in themid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years. A speech delivered by President Bill Clinton at the December 6, 1995White House Conferenceon HIV/AIDS projected that a cure for AIDS and a vaccine to prevent further infection would be developed. The President focused on his administration's accomplishments and efforts related to theepidemic, including an accelerated drug-approval process. He also condemnedhomophobiaand discrimination against people withHIV. Clinton announced three new initiatives: creating a special working group to coordinate AIDS research throughout thefederal government; convening public health experts to develop an action plan that integrates HIV prevention with","HIV prevention with substance abuse prevention; and launching a new effort by theDepartment of Justiceto ensure that health care facilities provide equal access to people with HIV and AIDS.1996 would mark the first year since the beginning of theHIV/AIDS epidemicthat the number of new HIV/AIDS diagnoses would decline, with the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) even later reporting a significant 47% decline in the number of AIDS-related deaths in 1997 compared to the previous year.Credit for this decline would be given to the growing effectiveness of new drug therapy which was promoted by the Clinton Administration's Department of Health and Human Services, such ashighly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART). On September 21, 1996, Clinton signed into law theDefense of Marriage Act(DOMA), which defined marriage for federal purposes as the legal union of one man and one woman; the legislation allowed individual states to refuse to recognize gay marriages that were performed in other","performed in other states.Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said Clinton's signing DOMA \"was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election\". In defense of his actions, Clinton has said that DOMA was intended to \"head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states\", a possibility he described as highly likely in the context of a \"very reactionary Congress\".Administration spokesmanRichard Socaridessaid, \"the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected.\"Clinton himself said DOMA was something \"which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for Bush up, I think it's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that\";others were more critical. The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activistEvan Wolfsonhas called these claims \"historic revisionism\".Despite this, it has been noted that","has been noted that other than a brief written response to a Reader's Digest that questioned whether he agreed with it, Clinton had made no documented reference to the issue of gay marriage until May 1996.In a July 2, 2011, editorialThe New York Timesopined, \"The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments.\"Ultimately, inUnited States v. Windsor, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA in June 2013. Despite DOMA, Clinton was the first president to select openly gay persons for administrative positions,and he is generally credited as being the first president to publicly champion gay rights.During his presidency, Clinton issued two substantially controversial executive orders on behalf of gay rights, the first lifting the ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employeesand the second outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian workforce.Under Clinton's leadership, federal","leadership, federal funding for HIV/AIDS research, prevention and treatment more than doubled.Clinton also pushed for passing hate crimes laws for gays and for the private sectorEmployment Non-Discrimination Act, which, buoyed by his lobbying, failed to pass the Senate by a single vote in 1996.Advocacy for these issues, paired with the politically unpopular nature of the gay rights movement at the time, led to enthusiastic support for Clinton's election and reelection by theHuman Rights Campaign.Clinton came out for gay marriage in July 2009and urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA in 2013.He was later honored byGLAADfor his prior pro-gay stances and his reversal on DOMA. \"When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web ... Now evenmy cathas its own page.\" Bill Clinton's announcement ofNext Generation Internet initiative, October 1996. The1996 United States campaign finance controversywas an alleged effort byChinato influence the domestic policies of the","policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.Despite the evidence,theChinese governmentdenied all accusations. As part of a 1996 initiative to curbillegal immigration, Clinton signed theIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act(IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton,theU.S. Commission on Immigration Reformrecommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000. In November 1996, Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines,which was a bridge bomb planted byal-Qaedaand was masterminded byOsama bin Laden. During Clinton's presidency, the attempt remained top secret,and it remains classified as of March 2024, whenReutersreported having spoken with eight retired secret service agents about the incident. 1996 presidential campaign In the1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote","of the popular vote over RepublicanBob Dole(40.7 percent of the popular vote) andReformcandidate Ross Perot (8.4 percent of the popular vote). Clinton received 379 of theElectoral Collegevotes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes. With his victory, he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections sinceFranklin D. Roosevelt. Second term (1997–2001) In the January 1997, State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. SenatorsTed Kennedy—a Democrat—andOrrin Hatch—a Republican—teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming theState Children's Health Insurance Program(SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress theAdoption and Safe Families Actand two years later she succeeded in helping pass theFoster Care Independence Act. Bill Clinton negotiated the","negotiated the passage of theBalanced Budget Act of 1997by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth.In 1999, he signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as theGramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed the part of theGlass–Steagall Actthat had prohibited a bank from offering a full range ofinvestment,commercial banking, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933. Investigations In November 1993,David Hale—the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy—alleged that while governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.AU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissioninvestigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and","never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair.Investigations byRobert B. FiskeandKen Starrfound insufficient to evidence to prosecute the Clintons. TheWhite House FBI files controversyof June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House toFBIsecurity-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.In March 2000, Independent CounselRobert Raydetermined there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, \"there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved\" in seeking the files. On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office. This caused theWhite House travel office controversyeven though the travel office staff served at the","staff served at the pleasure of the president and could bedismissed without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued a report which accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed their efforts to investigate the affair.Special counsel Robert Fiske said that Hillary Clinton was involved in the firing and gave \"factually false\" testimony to the GAO, congress, and the independent counsel. However Fiske said there was not enough evidence to prosecute. Impeachment and acquittal Aftera House inquiry, Clinton wasimpeachedon December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives. The House voted 228–206 to impeach him for perjury to agrand juryand voted","juryand voted 221–212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice.Clinton was only the second U.S. president (the first beingAndrew Johnson) to be impeached.Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and laterDepartment of Defense) employeeMonica Lewinsky.After theStarr Reportwas submitted to the House providing what it termed \"substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment\",the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before themid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, Republican leadership called alame-duck sessionin December 1998. While theHouse Judiciary Committeehearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of","and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony before a grand jury that had been convened to investigate perjury he may have committed in his sworn deposition duringJones v. Clinton,Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit.The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition. The Senate later acquitted Clinton of both charges.The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firmWilliams & Connolly.The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote of 55 not guilty/45 guilty on the perjury chargeand 50 not guilty/50 guilty on the obstruction of justice charge.Both votes fell short of the constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty,","voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty. On January 19, 2001, Clinton's law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in theJonescase. Pardons and commutations Clintonissued141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.Controversy surroundedMarc Richand allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother,Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.Federal prosecutorMary Jo Whitewas appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-RepublicanJames Comey. The investigation found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part.Clinton also pardoned four defendants in theWhitewater Scandal,Chris Wade,Susan McDougal,Stephen Smith, andRobert W. Palmer, all of whom had ties to Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas.Former ClintonHUD SecretaryHenry Cisneros, who pleaded","who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI, was also among Clinton's pardons. Campaign finance controversies In February 1997 it was discovered upon documents being released by theClinton Administrationthat 938 people had stayed at the White House and that 821 of them had made donations to theDemocratic Partyand got the opportunity to stay in the Lincoln bedroom as a result of the donations.Some donors includedSteven Spielberg,Tom Hanks,Jane Fonda, andJudy Collins. Top donors also got golf games and morning jogs with Clinton as a result of the contributions.Janet Renowas called on to investigate the matter byTrent Lott, but she refused. In 1996, it was found that several Chinese foreigners made contributions to Clinton's reelection campaign and theDemocratic National Committeewith the backing of the People's Republic of China. Some of them also attempted to donate to Clinton's defense fund.This violated United States law forbidding non-American citizens from making campaign contributions. Clinton andAl Gorealso","andAl Gorealso allegedly met with the foreign donors.A Republican investigation led byFred Thompsonfound that Clinton was targeted by the Chinese government. However, Democratic senatorsJoe LiebermanandJohn Glennsaid that the evidence showed that China only targeted congressional elections and not presidential elections. Military and foreign affairs Somalia American troops had first enteredSomaliaduring theBush administrationin response to a humanitarian crisis andcivil war. Though initially involved to assist humanitarian efforts, the Clinton administration shifted the objectives set out in the mission and began pursuing a policy of attempting to neutralize Somali warlords. In 1993, during theBattle of Mogadishu,two U.S. helicopterswere shot down byrocket-propelled grenadeattacks to theirtail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and resulted in one being taken prisoner.Television news programs depicted the","depicted the supporters of warlordMohammed Aididdesecrating the corpses of troops.The backlash resulting from the incident prompted in a drop in support for American intervention in the country and coincided with a more cautious use of troops throughout the rest of the Clinton administration.Following a subsequent national security policy review, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground. Rwanda In April 1994,genocidebroke out inRwanda. Intelligence reports indicate that Clinton was aware a \"final solution to eliminate allTutsis\" was underway, long before the administration publicly used the word \"genocide\".Fearing a reprisal of the events in Somalia the previous year, Clinton chose not to intervene.Clinton has called his failure to intervene one of his main foreign policy failings, saying \"I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it.\" Bosnia and Herzegovina In 1993 and 1994, Clinton","and 1994, Clinton pressured Western European leaders to adopt a strong military policy againstBosnian Serbsduring theBosnian War. This strategy faced staunch opposition from theUnited Nations,NATOallies, and Congressional Republicans, leading Clinton to adopt a more diplomatic approach.In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraftbombed Bosnian Serb targetsto halt attacks on UN safe zones and pressure them into a peace accord that would end theBosnian war. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequentDayton Agreement. Irish peace talks In 1992, before his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy toNorthern Ireland, but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the British government. In November 1995, in a ceasefire duringthe Troubles, Clinton became the first president to visit Northern Ireland, examining both of the two divided communities ofBelfast.Despiteunionistcriticism, Clinton used his visit as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict, playing a key role in","a key role in thepeace talksthat produced theGood Friday Agreementin 1998. Iran Clinton sought to continue the Bush administration's policy of limiting Iranian influence in the Middle East, which he laid out in thedual containmentstrategy. In 1994, Clinton declared that Iran was a \"state sponsor of terrorism\" and a \"rogue state\", marking the first time that an American President used that term.Subsequent executive orders heavily sanctioned Iran's oil industry and banned almost all trade between U.S. companies and the Iranian government. In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US$131.8million (equivalent to $256.05 million in 2023) in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U.S. in theInternational Court of Justiceafter the shooting down ofIran Air Flight 655by the U.S. Navyguided missile cruiser. Iraq In Clinton's1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress that Iraqi dictatorSaddam Husseinwas building an arsenal of chemical, biological and nuclear","and nuclear weapons. Clinton signed theIraq Liberation Act of 1998on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of \"regime change\" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign namedOperation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. At the end of this operation Clinton announced that \"So long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. With our allies, we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program, while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors.\"American and British aircraft in the Iraq no-fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000. Osama bin Laden Capturing Osama bin Laden was an objective of the U.S. government during the Clinton presidency (and","presidency (and continued to be untilbin Laden's death in 2011).Despite claims byMansoor Ijazand Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden, and that U.S. authorities rejected each offer,the9/11 Commission Reportstated that \"we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim\". In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Ladenand the1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africaby al-Qaeda (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, all of which were unsuccessful. In August 1998, Clintonordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, targeting theAl-Shifa pharmaceutical factoryin Sudan, which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. The factory was destroyed by the attack, resulting in the death of one employee and the wounding of 11 other","of 11 other people.After the destruction of the factory, there was a medicine shortage in Sudan due to the plant providing 50 percent of Sudan's medicine, and the destruction of the plant led to a shortage of chloroquine, a drug which is used to treat malaria.U.S. officials later acknowledged that there was no evidence the plant was acknowledging manufacturing or storing nerve gas.The attack provoked criticism of Clinton from journalists and academics includingChristopher Hitchens,Seymour Hersh,Max Taylor,and others. Kosovo In the midst of a brutal crackdown onethnic Albanian separatistsin the province ofKosovoby theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia, Clinton authorized the use of U.S. Armed Forces in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, namedOperation Allied Force.The stated reasoning behind the intervention was to stop theethnic cleansing(and what the Clinton administration labeledgenocide)of Albanians by Yugoslav anti-guerilla military units. GeneralWesley ClarkwasSupreme Allied Commander of","Allied Commander of NATOand oversaw the mission. WithUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized apeacekeeping forceto be deployed to the region.NATO announced its soldiers all survived combat,though two died in anApache helicoptercrash.Journalists in the popular press criticized genocide statements by the Clinton administration as false and greatly exaggerated.Prior to the bombing campaign on March 24, 1999, estimates showed that the number of civilians killed in the over year longconflict in Kosovohad been approximately 1,800, with critics asserting that little or no evidence existed of genocide.In a post-war inquiry, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europenoted \"the patterns of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings, killings, rape, kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24.\"In 2001, theUN-supervisedSupreme Court of Kosovoruled that genocide","that genocide (theintent to destroya people) did not take place, but recognized \"a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments\" with the intention being the forceful departure of the Albanian population.The term \"ethnic cleansing\" was used as an alternative to \"genocide\" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is little difference.Slobodan Milošević, the president of Yugoslavia at the time of the atrocities, waseventually brought to trialbefore theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslaviainthe Hagueon charges includingcrimes against humanityand war crimes for his role in the war.He died in 2006, before the completion of the trial. China Clinton aimed to increase trade with China, minimizing import tariffs and offering the countrymost favoured nationstatus in 1993, his administration minimized tariff levels in Chinese imports. Clinton initially conditioned extension of this status onhuman","this status onhuman rightsreforms, but ultimately decided to extend the status despite a lack of reform in the specified areas, including free emigration, treatment of prisoners in terms of international human rights, and observation of human rights specified by UN resolutions, among others. Relations were damaged briefly by theAmerican bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgradein May 1999. Clinton apologized for the bombing, stating it was accidental. On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law theUnited States–China Relations Act of 2000, which grantedpermanent normal trade relations(PNTR) trade status to China.The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform. In encouraging Congress to approve the agreement and China's accession to theWorld Trade Organization(WTO), Clinton stated that more trade with China would advance America's economic interests, saying that \"economically, this agreement is the equivalent of a one-way street. It requires China to open its","China to open its markets—with a fifth of the world's population, potentially the biggest markets in the world—to both our products and services in unprecedented new ways.\" Israeli-Palestinian conflict Clinton attempted to end theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict. Secret negotiations mediated by Clinton between Israeli Prime MinisterYitzhak RabinandPalestine Liberation Organization(PLO) ChairmanYasser Arafatled to a historic declaration of peace in September 1993, called theOslo Accords, which were signed at the White House on September 13. The agreement led to theIsrael–Jordan peace treatyin 1994 and theWye River Memorandumin October 1998, however, this did not end the conflict. He brought Israeli prime ministerEhud Barakand Palestinian Authority chairmanYasser Arafattogether atCamp Davidfor the2000 Camp David Summit, which lasted 14 days in July.Following another attempt in December 2000 atBolling Air Force Base, in which the president offered theClinton Parameters, the situation broke down completely after the","after the end of theTaba Summitand with the start of theSecond Intifada. Judicial appointments Clinton appointed two justices to theSupreme Court:Ruth Bader Ginsburgin 1993andStephen Breyerin 1994.Both justices went on to serve until the 2020s, leaving a lasting judicial legacy for President Clinton. Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts.In his eight years in office, 11.6% of Clinton's court of appeals nominees and 17.4% of his district court nominees were black; 32.8% of his court of appeals nominees and 28.5% of his district court nominees were women. Public opinion Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.According to aCBS News/New York Timespoll, Clinton left office with an approval rating","an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.Clinton's averageGallup pollapproval rating for his last quarter in office was 61 percent, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years.Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him; 55 percent thought he \"would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life\"; 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his \"involvement in personal scandal\" than for \"his accomplishments\"; and 58 percent answered \"No\" to the question \"Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?\"The same percentage said he would be remembered as either \"outstanding\" or \"above average\" as a president, while 22 percent said he would be","said he would be remembered as \"below average\" or \"poor\".ABC Newscharacterized public consensus on Clinton as, \"You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics—and he's done a heck of a good job.\" In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U.S. history. In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in aQuinnipiac University Polling Institutepoll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II, making him the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.The same poll showed that just 3 percent of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II. A 2015 poll byThe Washington Postasked 162 scholars of theAmerican Political Science","Political Science Associationto rank all the U.S. presidents in order of greatness. According to their findings, Clinton ranked eighth overall, with a rating of 70 percent. Public image Clinton was the firstbaby boomerpresident.Authors Martin Walker andBob Woodwardstated that Clinton's innovative use ofsound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.When Clinton played the saxophone onThe Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as \"the MTV president\".Opponents sometimes referred to him as \"Slick Willie\", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 byPine Bluff CommercialjournalistPaul Greenberg;Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such asWinthrop Rockefeller,Dale BumpersandDavid Pryor.The claim \"Slick Willie\" would last throughout his presidency.His folksy manner led him to benicknamedBubbastarting from the 1992","from the 1992 presidential election.Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as \"The Big Dog\" or \"Big Dog\".His prominent role in campaigning for Obama during the2012 presidential electionand his widely publicized speech at the2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nomineeMitt Romneyand Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname \"Explainer-in-Chief\". Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency.In 1998,NobellaureateToni Morrisoncalled Clinton \"the first black president\", saying, \"Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing,McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas\".Morrison noted that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, and she compared this to the stereotyping anddouble standardsthat, she said, black","she said, black people typically endure.Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging both to Clinton and to the African-American community. Sexual assault and misconduct allegations Several women have publicly accused Clinton of sexual misconduct, including rape, harassment, and sexual assault. Additionally, some commentators have characterized Clinton's sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non-consensual, despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time. These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018, in light of the#MeToo movement, with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair. In 1994,Paula Jonesinitiated asexual harassment lawsuitagainst Clinton, claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by JudgeSusan Webber Wrighton the","Webber Wrighton the grounds that it lacked legal merit.Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998.In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas.Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing \"a pack of lies\" and \"an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States\" funded by Clinton's political enemies.In October 1998, Clinton's attorneys tentatively offered $700,000 to settle the case, which was then the $800,000 which Jones' lawyers sought.Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,Clintondenied having sexual relationswith Monica","Monica Lewinsky—a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury. In 1998,Kathleen Willeyalleged that Clinton hadgropedher in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave \"false information\" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released anaffidavit, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office.An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former independent counsel for prosecutorial misconduct. Also in 1998,Juanita Broaddrickalleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she said she did not remember the exact date.To support her charge, Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in","witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton, something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press.Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any \"unwelcome sexual advances\" and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition.In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape, Broaddrick said she had denied (under oath) being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly. The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton's legacy, beyond his impeachment in 1998.In the wake of the #MeToo movement (which shed light on the widespread prevalence ofsexual assaultandharassment, especially in the workplace), various commentators and Democratic political leaders, as well as Lewinsky herself, have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual, and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment, in light of the power differential between a president and a 22-year-old intern. In 2018, Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he","about whether he should have resigned, and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning.During the2018 Congressional elections,The New York Timesalleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal.However, former DNC interim chairDonna Brazilepreviously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections, in spite of New York U.S. senatorKirsten Gillibrand's recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal. Alleged affairs Clinton admitted to having extramarital affairs with singerGennifer FlowersandMonica Lewinsky.ActressElizabeth Gracen,Miss Arkansas winnerSally Perdue,and Dolly Kyle Browningall claimed that they had affairs with Clinton during his time as governor of Arkansas. Browning later sued Clinton,Bruce Lindsey,Robert S. Bennett, andJane Mayer, alleging they engaged in a conspiracy to attempt to block her from publishing a book loosely based on her","based on her relationship with Clinton and tried to defame him. However, Browning's lawsuit was dismissed. Post-presidency (2001–present) Activities until 2008 campaign In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences,and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this).In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at theUnited Nations Climate Change conferencein Montreal. TheWilliam J. Clinton Presidential Center and ParkinLittle Rock, Arkansas, was dedicated in 2004.Clinton released a best-selling autobiography,My Life, in 2004.In 2007, he releasedGiving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became aNew York TimesBest Sellerand garnered positive reviews. In the aftermath of the2004 Asian tsunami,U.N. secretary-generalKofi Annanappointed Clinton to head a relief effort.AfterHurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. W.","George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in aSuper Bowl XXXIXpre-game show,and traveled to the affected areas.They also spoke together at the funeral ofBoris Yeltsinin April 2007. Based on his philanthropic worldview,Clinton created theWilliam J. Clinton Foundationto address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. TheClinton Global Initiative(CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as globalpublic health, poverty alleviation and religious andethnic conflict.In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools.Clinton's foundation joined with theLarge Cities Climate","Cities Climate Leadership Groupin 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.In 2008, Foundation directorInder Singhannounced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.Clinton also spoke in favor ofCalifornia Proposition 87onalternative energy, which was voted down. 2008 presidential election During the2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rivalBarack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008","Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.Considering Bill's remarks, many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.Such remarks led to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the2008 Democratic National Convention, saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is \"ready to lead\".After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt. After the 2008 election In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalistsimprisonedthere.Euna LeeandLaura Linghad been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.Jimmy Carterhad made a similar visit in 1994.After Clinton met with North Korean leaderKim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon. Since then, Clinton has","then, Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions. He was named United NationsSpecial Envoyto Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused $1 billion in damages.Clinton organized a conference with the Inter-American Development Bank, where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to \"build back better\".In response to the2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.Funds began pouring into Haiti, which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake. While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea, she andCheryl Millsworked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the U.S. State Department, ensuring that the new industrial park would have","park would have a key tenant.In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration ofNTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama. 2016 presidential election and after During the2016 presidential election, Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary, and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail.In a series of tweets, then-President-electDonald Trumpcriticized his ability to get people out to vote.Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York. He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running-mateTim Kaine. On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities. In2020, Clinton again served as a","again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York, casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket ofJoe BidenandKamala Harris. Citizen: My Life After the White House,his autobiography about his life after his presidency, will be released in November 19, 2024. Post-presidential health concerns In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung.On February 11, 2010, he was rushed toNew York-Presbyterian/Columbia Hospitalin Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had twocoronary stentsimplanted in his heart.After this procedure, Clinton adopted a plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet, which had been recommended by doctorsDean OrnishandCaldwell Esselstyn.He has since incorporated fish and lean animal flesh at the suggestion ofMark Hyman, a proponent of thepseudoscientificethos offunctional medicine.As a result, he is no longer a strict vegan. In October 2021, Clinton was","2021, Clinton was treated forsepsisat theUniversity of California, Irvine Medical Center.In December 2022, Clinton tested positive forCOVID-19. Wealth The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency, which were paid off four years after he left office.Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing.In 2016,Forbesreported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240million in the 15years from January 2001, to December 2015, (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).Also in 2016,CNNreported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015.In May 2015,The Hillreported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5million or more from her book,Hard Choices, during the same time period.In July 2014,The Wall Street Journalreported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth","Clintons were worth between $5million and $25.5million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president.Clinton earned more than $104million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.In June 2014, ABC News andThe Washington Postreported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008,The New York Timesreported that the Clintons' income tax returnsshow they made $109million in the eight years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92million from his speaking and book-writing. Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton $500,000 for a speech inMoscow.Hillary Clinton","Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially \"broke\" and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House. \"We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education\". She added, \"Bill has worked really hard ... we had to pay off all our debts ... he had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members\". Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein In the early 2000s, Clinton took flights onJeffrey Epstein's private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work.According to Epstein's attorneyGerald B. Lefcourt, Epstein was \"part of the original group that conceived of theClinton Global Initiative\".In 2002, a spokesperson for Clinton praised Epstein as \"a committed philanthropist\" with \"insights and generosity\".While Clinton was president, Epstein visited the White House at least 17","House at least 17 times between 1993 and 1995.Years later, Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges. Clinton's office released a statement in 2019 saying, \"President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago, or those with which he has been recently charged in New York. In 2002 and 2003, President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein's airplane: one to Europe, one to Asia, and two to Africa, which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation. Staff, supporters of the Foundation, and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip. He's not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade.\" However, later reports showed that Clinton had flown on Epstein's plane 26 times.In another statement Clinton said \"one meeting with Epstein in his Harlem office in 2002, and around the same time made one brief visit to Epstein's New York apartment with a staff member and his security detail\". In July 2019 it was","In July 2019 it was reported that Clinton attended a dinner with Epstein in 1995, a meeting with Epstein that Clinton had not previously disclosed. Clinton reportedly used Epstein's private jet to visitLittle St. James Island, where Epstein resided,on multiple occasions between 2002 and 2005.Virginia Roberts, later known as Virginia Giuffre, says in a lawsuit that while working atDonald Trump'sMar-a-Lagoresortshe was lured into asex-traffickingring run by Epstein and while traveling with Epstein she saw Clinton on the island.In a 2011 conversation with her lawyers, Roberts stated that Clinton traveled to Epstein's retreat on Little St. James in 2002.According to Roberts, Epstein told her that Clinton \"owes me favors\" when she asked what he was doing there.She also reportedly claimed that Epstein and Clinton had dined in the presence of two girls aged approximately seventeen whom she believed Epstein had invited to have sex with Clinton, but that Clinton showed no interest in them.AFreedom of Information","of Information Actrequest forUnited States Secret Servicerecords of visits Clinton may have made to Little St. James produced no such evidence.According to Epstein's flight logs, Clinton never flew near the U.S. Virgin Islands.In July 2019, a Clinton spokesperson issued a statement saying Clinton never visited the island.When he was personally asked by a journalist about his ties with Epstein in a rally inLaredo, Texasin November 2022, Clinton said \"I think the evidence is clear\".According to former Clinton aide,Doug Band, Clinton visited Epstein's island in January 2003.In 2024, unsealed court documents revealed allegations that Clinton had visited the offices ofVanity Fairand 'threatened' the paper not to print stories about Epstein's sexual trafficking. FormerVanity FaireditorGraydon Carterdenied the incident ever took place. Personal life At the age of 10, he was baptized at Park PlaceBaptistChurch inHot Springs, Arkansas.When he became president in 1993, he became a member ofFoundry United Methodist","United Methodist ChurchinWashington, D.C.with his wife, aMethodist. On October 11, 1975, inFayetteville, Arkansas, he marriedHillary Rodham, whom he met while studying atYale University. They hadChelsea Clinton, their only child, on February 27, 1980.He is the maternal grandfather to Chelsea's three children. Accolades Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, includingDoctorate of LawdegreesandDoctor of Humane Lettersdegrees.He received an honorary degree from Georgetown University, his alma mater, and was the commencement speaker in 1980.He is an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as aRhodes Scholar, although he did not complete his studies there.Schools have been named for Clinton,and statues have been built to pay him homage.U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,Arkansas,Kentucky,and New York.He was presented with theMedal for Distinguished Public ServicebySecretary of DefenseWilliam Cohenin 2001.TheClinton Presidential","Presidential Centerwas opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in his honor on December 5, 2001. Clinton has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,Papua New Guinea,Germany,and Kosovo.The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during theKosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city ofPristinaasBill Clinton Boulevardand added a monumental Clinton statue. Clinton was selected asTime's\"Man of the Year\" in 1992,and again in 1998, along withKen Starr.From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included inGallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.In 2001, Clinton received theNAACP'sPresident's Award.He has also been honored with a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,aTEDPrize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),and was named as an HonoraryGLAAD Media Awardrecipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community. Clinton, along withMikhail","along withMikhail GorbachevandSophia Loren,received the2003 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album for ChildrenforWolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf.Theaudiobookedition of his autobiography,My Life, read by Clinton himself, won the2005 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album,as well as theAudie Awardas the Audiobook of the Year.Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks:Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the Worldin2007andBack to Workin2012. In 2011, Haitian presidentMichel Martellyawarded Clinton with theNational Order of Honour and Meritto the rank of Grand Cross \"for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010\". Clinton declared at the ceremony that \"in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise\". President Obama awarded Clinton thePresidential Medal of","Medal of Freedomon November 20, 2013. See also References Citations Further reading Primary sources Popular books Scholarly studies Arkansas years External links Official Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other"],"string":"[\n \"Mary Elizabeth Butt Mary Elizabeth Butt(néeHoldsworth; 1903–1993) was a prominentTexasphilanthropist and wife of formerHEB Grocery CompanyCEOHoward Edward Butt Sr., son of HEB founder, Florence Butt. Her philanthropic efforts were particularly focused on the care of emotionally disturbed children and the development of library services. Early life Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt was born on February 4, 1903, nearLoma Vista, Texas, the daughter of Rosa (née Ross) and Thomas Holdsworth. She was the fourth of seven children. Her father, the son of an English schoolteacher, emigrated from England to Texas with his parents in 1880. Her mother was a schoolteacher who grew up and worked inKerrville, Texas.Both her parents were devout, tithingBaptists.In 1924, she marriedHoward Edward Butt. Howard owned a small grocery store in Kerrville. Over time, her husband's business prospered and expanded, enabling Mary Elizabeth to take an active role in supporting numerous and varied charitable causes. Her husband stated: \\\"I\",\n \"husband stated: \\\"I make the money, and Mary spends it (on worthy causes). And I am glad she does.\\\"In 1940, they moved toCorpus Christi, Texas. Philanthropy In 1929, she moved toBrownsville, Texas, in theRio Grande Valleyand thereafter toHarlingen. Mary Elizabeth started the State Crippled Children's Program using her dining room as an office. She also served as chairwoman of the Cameron County Child Welfare Board. In addition, she started the first tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment program in the region; and also purchased the first equipment used to test the hearing and vision of schoolchildren. In 1934, the Butts formed the H. E. Butt Foundation, one of the first charitable organizations in Texas. The foundation focused on funding public school programs, establishing libraries and constructing recreational facilities.Mary Butt served as its president. In 1940, the Butt family moved toCorpus Christi, Texas, where she organized the local branches of theYWCA; theNueces Countyhome for the aged; the Nueces\",\n \"aged; the Nueces County Tuberculosis Hospital; and the local branch of theAmerican Cancer Society. She also established the Mary Bethune Day Nursery which addressed shortfalls in access to day care forAfrican-Americanchildren. In 1949, she along with Dr. Robert Sutherland (director of theHogg Foundation for Mental Healthfounded byIma Hoggin 1940) and Margaret Scarbrough (wife of Austin retailer Lemuel Scarbrough and founder of the Scarbrough Foundation), organized and hosted the first Conference of Texas Foundations and Trusts which coordinated philanthropic giving so as to avoid duplication and promoted the exchange ideas and strategies.Texas became the first state to have such an organization and the model was duplicated in other states.The Foundation quickly blossomed from 10 mostly family-sponsored organizations at inception to 48 organizations in 1956.The organization (now known as the Conference of Southwest Foundations) presently consists of 200 member organizations in a seven-state area. In 1953, she\",\n \"area. In 1953, she helped to establish the Hilltop Hospital which treated tuberculosis patients and eventually serving five years as the chairman of its board. In 1954, the Butts established the H. E. Butt Foundation Camp located on theFrio RiverAs she was particularly dedicated to the care of emotionally disturbed children, she developed a camping program for specifically for their care.As of 2012, the camp continues to serve, without cost, over 20,000 campers annuallyand is also the site of the Laity Lodge, a prominent center of Christian learning founded by their son, Howard E. Butt Jr. In 1955, she was appointed by Texas GovernorAllan Shiversto the governing board of Texas State Hospitals and Special Schools (later theTexas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation). She served as the only woman member of the board for 18 yearsbeing appointed by six different governors. The Butts contributed to the founding of theButt-Holdsworth Memorial Library, which was inaugurated in summer 1967. Personal\",\n \"1967. Personal life and death She had four children with her husband: Another child, Mary Beth Butt, who lived for only 10 days (November 17, 1943 - November 27, 1943), is buried beside Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt at the Glen Rest Cemetery in Kerrville, Texas, was the fourth child of Howard Butt, Sr., and Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt. Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt died in her house in Corpus Christi on October 6, 1993. Awards TheTexas State Historical Associationlists the many awards Butt has received over the years for her philanthropic activities: References External links\",\n \"Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton(néBlythe; born August 19, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42ndpresident of the United Statesfrom 1993 to 2001. A member of theDemocratic Party, he previously served asgovernor of Arkansasfrom 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \\\"Third Way\\\" political philosophy, became known as aNew Democrat. Clinton was born and raised inArkansas. He graduated fromGeorgetown Universityin 1968, and later fromYale Law School, where he met his future wife,Hillary Rodham. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed bytwo non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of theNational Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the1992 election, defeating the incumbentRepublican PartypresidentGeorge H. W. Bushand the independent businessmanRoss Perot. He\",\n \"Perot. He became the first president to be born in theBaby Boomergeneration. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law theNorth American Free Trade Agreementand theViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Actbut failed to pass his plan fornational health care reform. Starting in the mid-1990s, he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy, advocating for and signing thePersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, theState Children's Health Insurance Programand financial deregulation measures. He appointedRuth Bader GinsburgandStephen Breyerto theU.S. Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in theBosnianandKosovo wars, eventually signing theDayton Peace agreement. He also called for theexpansion of NATOin Eastern Europe and many formerWarsaw Pactmembers joined NATO during his presidency. Clinton's foreign policy in the Middle East saw him sign theIraq\",\n \"him sign theIraq Liberation Actwhich gave aid to groups againstSaddam Hussein. He also participated in theOslo I AccordandCamp David Summitto advance theIsraeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted theNorthern Ireland peace process. Clinton won re-election in the1996 election, defeating Republican nomineeBob DoleandReform Partynominee Perot. His second term was dominated by theClinton–Lewinsky scandal, which began in 1995, when he had a sexual relationship with the then 22-year-oldWhite HouseinternMonica Lewinsky. In January 1998, news of the affair made tabloid headlines.This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating in December whenClinton was impeachedby theHouse of Representatives, becoming the first U.S. president to be impeached sinceAndrew Johnson. The two impeachment articles that the House passed were centered aroundperjuryand Clinton using the powers of the presidency to commit obstruction of justice. In 1999,Clinton's impeachment trialbegan in theSenate, where he was acquitted on both\",\n \"acquitted on both charges. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, theCongressional Budget Officereported a budget surplus—the first such surplus since 1969. Clinton left office in 2001 with the joint-highest approval rating of any U.S. president. His presidency ranks among the middle to upper tier inhistorical rankings of U.S. presidents. However, his personal conduct andmisconduct allegationshave made him the subject of substantial scrutiny. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created theClinton Foundationto address international causes such as the prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2009, he was named theUnited Nations special envoy to Haiti. After the2010 Haiti earthquake, Clinton founded theClinton Bush Haiti FundwithGeorge W. BushandBarack Obama. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's2008and2016 presidential campaigns. Early life and career Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe\",\n \"Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital inHope, Arkansas.He is the son ofWilliam Jefferson Blythe Jr., a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, andVirginia Dell Cassidy(later Virginia Kelley).Blythe had initially survived the crash, but drowned in a drainage ditch. His parents had married on September 4, 1943, but this union later proved to be bigamous, as Blythe was still married to his fourth wife.Virginia traveled toNew Orleansto study nursing soon after Bill was born, leaving him in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store.At a time when the southern United States wasracially segregated, Clinton's grandparents sold goods oncreditto people of all races.In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and marriedRoger Clinton Sr., who co-owned anautomobile dealershipinHot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother andEarl T. Ricks.The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950. Although he\",\n \"1950. Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Clinton turned 15that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward him.Clinton has described his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half-brother,Roger Clinton Jr.The physical abuse only ceased after a then-14-year-old Bill challenged his stepfather to \\\"stand and face\\\" him, though the verbal/emotional abuse continued.Bill would eventually forgive Roger Sr. for his abusive actions near the latter's death. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and thesegregatedHot Springs High School, where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician.Clinton was in the chorus and played thetenor saxophone, winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. While in high school, Clinton performed for two years in a jazz trio,The 3 Kings, withRandy Goodrum, who became a successful professional pianist. In\",\n \"pianist. In 1961, Clinton became a member of the Hot Springs Chapter of theOrder of DeMolay, a youth group affiliated withFreemasonry, but he never became a Freemason.He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiographyMy Life: Clinton began an interest in law at Hot Springs High, when he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancientRoman senatorCatilinein a mock trial in his Latin class.After a vigorous defense that made use of his \\\"budding rhetorical and political skills\\\", he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck it \\\"made him realize that someday he would study law\\\". Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life, both occurring in 1963, that contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit as aBoys Nationsenator to theWhite Houseto meet PresidentJohn F. Kennedy.The other was watchingMartin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 \\\"I Have a Dream\\\" speech on TV, which impressed him so much that he later memorized it. College and law school\",\n \"and law school years Georgetown University With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended theSchool of Foreign ServiceatGeorgetown Universityin Washington, D.C., receiving aBachelor of Sciencein foreign service degree in 1968. Georgetown was the only university where Clinton applied. In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won elections forclass president.From 1964 to 1967, he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas SenatorJ. William Fulbright.While in college, he became a brother of service fraternityAlpha Phi Omegaand was elected toPhi Beta Kappa. He is a member ofKappa Kappa Psihonorary band fraternity. Oxford Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won aRhodes ScholarshiptoUniversity College, Oxford, where he initially read for aB.Phil.inphilosophy, politics, and economicsbut transferred to aB.Litt.in politics and, ultimately, a B.Phil. in politics.Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs; this type of activity was common among\",\n \"was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort. He had received an offer to study atYale Law School, and so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford. During his time at Oxford, Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller. In 1969, Aller received adraftletter that mandated deployment to theVietnam War. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton.British writer and feministSara Maitlandsaid of Clinton, \\\"I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War. I knew nothing about it, and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry. Bill said that feeling bad wasn't good enough. That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren't enough and you had to do something about such things\\\".Clinton was a member of theOxford University Basketball Cluband also played for Oxford University'srugby\",\n \"University'srugby unionteam. While Clinton was president in 1994, he received an honoraryDoctor of Civil Lawdegree and a fellowship from theUniversity of Oxford, specifically for being \\\"a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace\\\", having \\\"a powerful collaborator in his wife\\\", and for winning \\\"general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget\\\". Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy During the Vietnam War, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969.While at Oxford, he participated inVietnam War protestsand organized aMoratorium to End the War in Vietnamevent in October 1969.He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. and knew he might lose his deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in theNational Guardand theAir Force officer candidate school, and he then made arrangements to join theReserve Officers' Training Corps(ROTC) program at theUniversity of Arkansas. He\",\n \"of Arkansas. He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way \\\"to maintain my political viability within the system\\\".Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers1 to 310 would bedraftedbefore him, making it unlikely he would be called up. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.) ColonelEugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform. He issued anotarizedstatement during the 1992 presidential campaign: During the\",\n \"During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in theNavy Reserve, which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then.Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service.Clinton's 1992 campaign manager,James Carville, successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position. Law school After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned aJuris Doctor(J.D.) degree in 1973.In 1971, he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham, in theYale Law Library; she was\",\n \"Library; she was a class year ahead of him.They began dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his summer plans to be a coordinator for theGeorge McGoverncampaignfor the1972 United States presidential electionin order to move in with her in California.The couple continuedliving togetherin New Haven when they returned to law school. Clinton eventuallymoved to Texas with Rodham in 1972to take a job leading McGovern's effort there. He spent considerable time inDallas, at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. Clinton worked with future two-termmayor of DallasRon Kirk,futuregovernor of TexasAnn Richards,and then unknown television director and filmmakerSteven Spielberg. Failed congressional campaign and tenure as Attorney General of Arkansas After graduating fromYale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a lawprofessorat theUniversity of Arkansas. In 1974, he ran for theHouse of Representatives. Running in the conservative3rd\",\n \"the conservative3rd districtagainst incumbent RepublicanJohn Paul Hammerschmidt, Clinton's campaign was bolstered by the anti-Republican and anti-incumbent mood resulting from theWatergate scandal. Hammerschmidt, who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972, defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin. In 1976, Clinton ran forArkansas attorney general. Defeating the secretary of state and the deputy attorney general in the Democratic primary, Clinton was elected with no opposition at all in the general election, as no Republican had run for the office. Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992) In 1978, Clinton entered the Arkansas gubernatorial primary. At just 31 years old, he was one of the youngest gubernatorial candidates in the state's history. Clinton was electedgovernor of Arkansasin1978, having defeated the Republican candidateLynn Lowe, a farmer fromTexarkana. Clinton was only 32 years old when he took office, the youngest governor in the country at the time and the second\",\n \"time and the second youngest governor in the history of Arkansas.Due to his youthful appearance, Clinton was often called the \\\"Boy Governor\\\".He worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform. However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from theMariel boatlift) detained inFort Chaffeein 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose, ofKingslandinCleveland County, polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat by Republican challengerFrank D. Whitein the general election that year. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. After leaving office in January 1981, Clinton joined friendBruce Lindsey's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings.In 1982, he was elected governor a second\",\n \"governor a second time and kept the office for ten years. Effective with the 1986 election, Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years. During his term, he helped transform Arkansas's economy and improved the state's educational system.Forsenior citizens, he removed thesales taxfrom medications and increased the home property-tax exemption.He became a leading figure among theNew Democrats, a group ofDemocratswho advocated welfare reform, smaller government, and other policies not supported by liberals. Formally organized as theDemocratic Leadership Council(DLC), the New Democrats argued that in light of PresidentRonald Reagan'slandslide victory in 1984, the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level.Clinton delivered theDemocratic responseto Reagan's1985 State of the Union Addressand served as chair of theNational Governors Associationfrom 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas. In the early\",\n \"In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority of his gubernatorial administration. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee was chaired by Clinton's wife Hillary, who was also an attorney as well as the chair of theLegal Services Corporation. The committee transformed Arkansas's education system. Proposed reforms included more spending for schools (supported by a sales-tax increase), better opportunities for gifted children, vocational education, higher teachers' salaries, more course variety, and compulsory teacher competency exams. The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a speciallegislative session—the longest in Arkansas history.Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship.He defeated four Republican candidates for governor: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986),JonesborobusinessmenWoody Freeman(1984), andSheffield Nelsonof Little Rock (1990). Also in the 1980s, the Clintons' personal and business affairs\",\n \"business affairs included transactions that became the basis of theWhitewater controversyinvestigation, which later dogged his presidential administration.After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas. According to some sources, Clinton was adeath penaltyopponent in his early years, but he eventually switched positions.However he might have felt previously, by 1992, Clinton was insisting that Democrats \\\"should no longer feel guilty about protecting the innocent\\\".During Clinton's final term as governor,Arkansas performed its first executionssince 1964 (the death penalty had been reinstated in 1976).As Governor, he oversaw thefirst four executions carried outby the state of Arkansas since the death penalty was reinstated there in 1976: one byelectric chairand three bylethal injection.To draw attention to his stance on capital punishment, Clinton flew home to Arkansas mid-campaign in 1992, in order to affirm in person that the\",\n \"in person that the controversial execution ofRicky Ray Rector, would go forward as scheduled. Scandals and allegations During his time as governor in the 1980s, Arkansas was the center of a drug smuggling operation throughMena Airport.CIAagentBarry Sealallegedly imported three to five billion dollars worth ofcocainethrough the airport, and the operation was linked to theIran–Contra affair.Clinton was accused of knowing about this operation, although nothing could be proven against him.JournalistSam Smithtied him to various questionable business dealings.Clinton was also accused byGennifer Flowersto have used cocaine as governorand his half-brother Roger was sentenced to prison in 1985 for possession and smuggling of cocaine, but was laterpardoned by his brotherafter serving his sentence.During his time in Arkansas, there were also other scandals such as theWhitewater controversyinvolving the Clintons' real estate dealings, and Bill Clinton was accused of serious sexual misconduct in Arkansas, including\",\n \"Arkansas, including allegations of using theArkansas State Policeto gain access to women (Troopergate affair).Thekilling of Don Henry and Kevin Ivesin 1987 started variousconspiracy theoriesthat accused Clinton and the Arkansas state authorities of covering up the crime. 1988 Democratic presidential primaries In 1987, the media speculated that Clinton would enter the presidential race. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary for governor, initially favored—but ultimately vetoed—by the First Lady).For the nomination, Clinton endorsedMassachusetts governorMichael Dukakis. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the1988 Democratic National Convention, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice the length it was expected to be, was criticized for being too long.Clinton presented himself both as a moderate and as a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, and he headed the moderate Democratic\",\n \"moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991. 1992 United States presidential election In the first primary contest, theIowa Caucus, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa senatorTom Harkin. During the campaign for theNew Hampshire primary, reports surfaced that Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair withGennifer Flowers. Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts senatorPaul Tsongasin the New Hampshire polls.FollowingSuper Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on60 Minutesto rebuff the charges.Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in theNew Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him \\\"The Comeback Kid\\\" for earning a firm second-place finish. Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of theSouthern primariesonSuper Tuesdaygave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However,\",\n \"lead. However, former California governorJerry Brownwas scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South.With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate.Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California. During the campaign, questions ofconflict of interestregarding state business and the politically powerfulRose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents \\\"for the price of one\\\". Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas while campaigning for U.S. president,\",\n \"for U.S. president, and he returned to his home state to see thatRicky Ray Rectorwould be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to both Arkansas state law and federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in an article forThe New York Timesas a possible political move to counter \\\"soft on crime\\\" accusations. Bush'sapproval ratingswere around 80 percent during theGulf War, and he was described as unbeatable. When Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower federal deficits, he reneged on hispromise not to raise taxes, which hurt his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep.By election time, the economy was\",\n \"the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent.Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. WhenPat BuchananandPat Robertsonaddressed Christian themes at theRepublican National Convention—with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform—many moderates were alienated.Clinton then pointed to his moderate, \\\"New Democrat\\\" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious.Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton.Clinton and his running mate,Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a \\\"new beginning\\\". On March 26, 1992, during a Democraticfund raiserof the presidential campaign,Robert Rafskyconfronted then Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas and asked what he was going to do aboutAIDS,\",\n \"to do aboutAIDS, to which Clinton replied, \\\"I feel your pain\\\".The televised exchange led to AIDS becoming an issue in the 1992 presidential election. On April 4, then candidate Clinton met with members ofACT UPand other leading AIDS advocates to discuss his AIDS agenda and agreed to make a major AIDS policy speech, to have people with HIV speak to theDemocratic Convention, and to sign onto theAIDS UnitedAction five point plan. Clinton won the1992 presidential election(370 electoral votes) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (168 electoral votes) and billionairepopulistRoss Perot(zero electoral votes), who ran as an independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues. Bush's steep decline in public approval was a significant part of Clinton's success.Clinton's victory in the election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of theUnited States Congress,the first time one party controlled\",\n \"party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the96th United States Congressduring thepresidency of Jimmy Carter. According toSeymour Martin Lipset, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was the presence of a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups. Presidency (1993–2001) Clinton's \\\"third way\\\" of moderate liberalism built up the nation's fiscal health and put the nation on a firm footing abroad amid globalization and the development of anti-American terrorist organizations. During his presidency,Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, particularly theNorth American Free Trade\",\n \"American Free Trade Agreementandwelfare reform, have been attributed to acentristThird Wayphilosophy of governance.His policy offiscal conservatismhelped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters.Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. TheCongressional Budget Officereported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.Over the years of the recorded surplus, the gross national debt rose each year. At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each of the years a surplus was recorded, the U.S. Treasury reported a gross debt of $5.413 trillion in 1997, $5.526 trillion in 1998, $5.656 trillion in 1999, and $5.674 trillion in 2000.Over the same period, the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year (December 31) gross debt of $5.369 trillion in 1997, $5.478 trillion in 1998, $5.606 in 1999, and $5.629 trillion in 2000.At the end of his presidency, the\",\n \"his presidency, the Clintons moved to 15 Old House Lane inChappaqua, New York, in order to quell political worries about his wife's residency for election as a U.S. Senator from New York. First term (1993–1997) \\\"Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.\\\" Inaugural address, January 20, 1993. Afterhis presidential transition, Clinton wasinauguratedas the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993. Clinton was physically exhausted at the time, and had an inexperienced staff. His high levels of public support dropped in the first few weeks, as he made a series of mistakes. His first choice for attorney general had not paid her taxes on babysitters and was forced to withdraw. The second appointee also withdrew for the same reason. Clinton had repeatedly promised to encourage gays in the military service, despite what he knew to be the strong opposition of the military\",\n \"of the military leadership. He tried anyway, and was publicly opposed by the top generals, and forced by Congress to a compromise position of \\\"Don't ask, don't tell\\\" whereby gays could serve if and only if they kept it secret.He devised a $16-billion stimulus package primarily to aid inner-city programs desired by liberals, but it was defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate.His popularity at the 100 day mark of his term was the lowest of any president at that point. Public opinion did support one liberal program, and Clinton signed theFamily and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support,and was popular with the public. Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993—the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision inRoe v. Wade—Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and internationalfamily planningprograms that had been imposed by Reagan and\",\n \"by Reagan and Bush.Clinton said abortion should be kept \\\"safe, legal, and rare\\\"—a slogan that had been suggested by political scientistSamuel L. Popkinand first used by Clinton in December 1991, while campaigning.During the eight years of the Clinton administration, the abortion rate declined by 18 percent. On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to close abudget deficit.Two days later, in a nationally televised address to ajoint session of Congress, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda.Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes, based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates. President Clinton's attorney generalJanet Renoauthorized the FBI's use of armored vehicles to deploy tear gas into the buildings of the Branch Davidian community near Waco, Texas, in hopes of\",\n \"Texas, in hopes of ending a51 day siege. During the operation on April 19, 1993, the buildings caught fire and 75 of the residents died, including 24 children. The raid had originally been planned by the Bush administration; Clinton had played no role. In August, Clinton signed theOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for 15million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses,and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2 percent of taxpayers. Additionally, it mandated that the budget be balanced over many years through the implementation of spending restraints. On September 22, 1993, Clinton made a major speech to Congress regardinga health care reform plan; the program aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan. This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. The plan was well received in political\",\n \"in political circles, but it was eventually doomed by well-organized lobby opposition from conservatives, theAmerican Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, Clinton biographerJohn F. Harrissaid the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation byGeorge J. Mitchellfailed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. The failure of the bill was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton administration. On November 30, 1993, Clinton signed into law theBrady Bill, which mandated federalbackground checkson people who purchase firearms in the United States. The law also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until theNICS systemwas implemented in 1998. He also expanded theEarned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low-income workers. In December of the same year, allegations by Arkansas state troopersLarry\",\n \"state troopersLarry Pattersonand Roger Perry were first reported byDavid BrockinThe American Spectator.In the affair later known as \\\"Troopergate\\\", the officers alleged that they had arranged sexual liaisons for Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman namedPaula, a reference toPaula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated \\\"bad journalism\\\", and that \\\"the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives\\\". That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as \\\"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\\\", which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexual orientation a secret. The Act forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation.The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton's proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats, including senatorsJohn McCain(R-AZ) andSam\",\n \"McCain(R-AZ) andSam Nunn(D-GA). According toDavid Mixner, Clinton's support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore, who felt that \\\"the President should lift the ban ... even though was sure to be overridden by the Congress\\\".Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions.Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that PresidentHarry S. Trumanused executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future.Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not \\\"out of whack\\\".The policy remained controversial, and was finallyrepealed in 2011,\",\n \"in 2011, removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces. On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes in favor and 200 votes opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and one independent opposed). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president. On July 29, 1994, the Clinton administration launched the first official White House website,whitehouse.gov.The site was followed with three more versions, with the final version being launched\",\n \"being launched on July 21, 2000.The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, \\\"Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011—Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public.\\\" TheOmnibus Crime Bill, which Clinton signed into law in September 1994,made many changes to U.S. crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, \\\"My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug\",\n \"penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons.\\\"It also included a subsection ofassault weapons banfor a ten-year period. After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress to the Republicans in themid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years. A speech delivered by President Bill Clinton at the December 6, 1995White House Conferenceon HIV/AIDS projected that a cure for AIDS and a vaccine to prevent further infection would be developed. The President focused on his administration's accomplishments and efforts related to theepidemic, including an accelerated drug-approval process. He also condemnedhomophobiaand discrimination against people withHIV. Clinton announced three new initiatives: creating a special working group to coordinate AIDS research throughout thefederal government; convening public health experts to develop an action plan that integrates HIV prevention with\",\n \"HIV prevention with substance abuse prevention; and launching a new effort by theDepartment of Justiceto ensure that health care facilities provide equal access to people with HIV and AIDS.1996 would mark the first year since the beginning of theHIV/AIDS epidemicthat the number of new HIV/AIDS diagnoses would decline, with the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) even later reporting a significant 47% decline in the number of AIDS-related deaths in 1997 compared to the previous year.Credit for this decline would be given to the growing effectiveness of new drug therapy which was promoted by the Clinton Administration's Department of Health and Human Services, such ashighly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART). On September 21, 1996, Clinton signed into law theDefense of Marriage Act(DOMA), which defined marriage for federal purposes as the legal union of one man and one woman; the legislation allowed individual states to refuse to recognize gay marriages that were performed in other\",\n \"performed in other states.Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said Clinton's signing DOMA \\\"was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election\\\". In defense of his actions, Clinton has said that DOMA was intended to \\\"head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states\\\", a possibility he described as highly likely in the context of a \\\"very reactionary Congress\\\".Administration spokesmanRichard Socaridessaid, \\\"the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected.\\\"Clinton himself said DOMA was something \\\"which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for Bush up, I think it's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that\\\";others were more critical. The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activistEvan Wolfsonhas called these claims \\\"historic revisionism\\\".Despite this, it has been noted that\",\n \"has been noted that other than a brief written response to a Reader's Digest that questioned whether he agreed with it, Clinton had made no documented reference to the issue of gay marriage until May 1996.In a July 2, 2011, editorialThe New York Timesopined, \\\"The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments.\\\"Ultimately, inUnited States v. Windsor, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA in June 2013. Despite DOMA, Clinton was the first president to select openly gay persons for administrative positions,and he is generally credited as being the first president to publicly champion gay rights.During his presidency, Clinton issued two substantially controversial executive orders on behalf of gay rights, the first lifting the ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employeesand the second outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian workforce.Under Clinton's leadership, federal\",\n \"leadership, federal funding for HIV/AIDS research, prevention and treatment more than doubled.Clinton also pushed for passing hate crimes laws for gays and for the private sectorEmployment Non-Discrimination Act, which, buoyed by his lobbying, failed to pass the Senate by a single vote in 1996.Advocacy for these issues, paired with the politically unpopular nature of the gay rights movement at the time, led to enthusiastic support for Clinton's election and reelection by theHuman Rights Campaign.Clinton came out for gay marriage in July 2009and urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA in 2013.He was later honored byGLAADfor his prior pro-gay stances and his reversal on DOMA. \\\"When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web ... Now evenmy cathas its own page.\\\" Bill Clinton's announcement ofNext Generation Internet initiative, October 1996. The1996 United States campaign finance controversywas an alleged effort byChinato influence the domestic policies of the\",\n \"policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.Despite the evidence,theChinese governmentdenied all accusations. As part of a 1996 initiative to curbillegal immigration, Clinton signed theIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act(IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton,theU.S. Commission on Immigration Reformrecommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000. In November 1996, Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines,which was a bridge bomb planted byal-Qaedaand was masterminded byOsama bin Laden. During Clinton's presidency, the attempt remained top secret,and it remains classified as of March 2024, whenReutersreported having spoken with eight retired secret service agents about the incident. 1996 presidential campaign In the1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote\",\n \"of the popular vote over RepublicanBob Dole(40.7 percent of the popular vote) andReformcandidate Ross Perot (8.4 percent of the popular vote). Clinton received 379 of theElectoral Collegevotes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes. With his victory, he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections sinceFranklin D. Roosevelt. Second term (1997–2001) In the January 1997, State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. SenatorsTed Kennedy—a Democrat—andOrrin Hatch—a Republican—teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming theState Children's Health Insurance Program(SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress theAdoption and Safe Families Actand two years later she succeeded in helping pass theFoster Care Independence Act. Bill Clinton negotiated the\",\n \"negotiated the passage of theBalanced Budget Act of 1997by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth.In 1999, he signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as theGramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed the part of theGlass–Steagall Actthat had prohibited a bank from offering a full range ofinvestment,commercial banking, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933. Investigations In November 1993,David Hale—the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy—alleged that while governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.AU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissioninvestigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and\",\n \"never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair.Investigations byRobert B. FiskeandKen Starrfound insufficient to evidence to prosecute the Clintons. TheWhite House FBI files controversyof June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House toFBIsecurity-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.In March 2000, Independent CounselRobert Raydetermined there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, \\\"there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved\\\" in seeking the files. On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office. This caused theWhite House travel office controversyeven though the travel office staff served at the\",\n \"staff served at the pleasure of the president and could bedismissed without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued a report which accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed their efforts to investigate the affair.Special counsel Robert Fiske said that Hillary Clinton was involved in the firing and gave \\\"factually false\\\" testimony to the GAO, congress, and the independent counsel. However Fiske said there was not enough evidence to prosecute. Impeachment and acquittal Aftera House inquiry, Clinton wasimpeachedon December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives. The House voted 228–206 to impeach him for perjury to agrand juryand voted\",\n \"juryand voted 221–212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice.Clinton was only the second U.S. president (the first beingAndrew Johnson) to be impeached.Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and laterDepartment of Defense) employeeMonica Lewinsky.After theStarr Reportwas submitted to the House providing what it termed \\\"substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment\\\",the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before themid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, Republican leadership called alame-duck sessionin December 1998. While theHouse Judiciary Committeehearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of\",\n \"and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony before a grand jury that had been convened to investigate perjury he may have committed in his sworn deposition duringJones v. Clinton,Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit.The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition. The Senate later acquitted Clinton of both charges.The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firmWilliams & Connolly.The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote of 55 not guilty/45 guilty on the perjury chargeand 50 not guilty/50 guilty on the obstruction of justice charge.Both votes fell short of the constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty,\",\n \"voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty. On January 19, 2001, Clinton's law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in theJonescase. Pardons and commutations Clintonissued141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.Controversy surroundedMarc Richand allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother,Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.Federal prosecutorMary Jo Whitewas appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-RepublicanJames Comey. The investigation found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part.Clinton also pardoned four defendants in theWhitewater Scandal,Chris Wade,Susan McDougal,Stephen Smith, andRobert W. Palmer, all of whom had ties to Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas.Former ClintonHUD SecretaryHenry Cisneros, who pleaded\",\n \"who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI, was also among Clinton's pardons. Campaign finance controversies In February 1997 it was discovered upon documents being released by theClinton Administrationthat 938 people had stayed at the White House and that 821 of them had made donations to theDemocratic Partyand got the opportunity to stay in the Lincoln bedroom as a result of the donations.Some donors includedSteven Spielberg,Tom Hanks,Jane Fonda, andJudy Collins. Top donors also got golf games and morning jogs with Clinton as a result of the contributions.Janet Renowas called on to investigate the matter byTrent Lott, but she refused. In 1996, it was found that several Chinese foreigners made contributions to Clinton's reelection campaign and theDemocratic National Committeewith the backing of the People's Republic of China. Some of them also attempted to donate to Clinton's defense fund.This violated United States law forbidding non-American citizens from making campaign contributions. Clinton andAl Gorealso\",\n \"andAl Gorealso allegedly met with the foreign donors.A Republican investigation led byFred Thompsonfound that Clinton was targeted by the Chinese government. However, Democratic senatorsJoe LiebermanandJohn Glennsaid that the evidence showed that China only targeted congressional elections and not presidential elections. Military and foreign affairs Somalia American troops had first enteredSomaliaduring theBush administrationin response to a humanitarian crisis andcivil war. Though initially involved to assist humanitarian efforts, the Clinton administration shifted the objectives set out in the mission and began pursuing a policy of attempting to neutralize Somali warlords. In 1993, during theBattle of Mogadishu,two U.S. helicopterswere shot down byrocket-propelled grenadeattacks to theirtail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and resulted in one being taken prisoner.Television news programs depicted the\",\n \"depicted the supporters of warlordMohammed Aididdesecrating the corpses of troops.The backlash resulting from the incident prompted in a drop in support for American intervention in the country and coincided with a more cautious use of troops throughout the rest of the Clinton administration.Following a subsequent national security policy review, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground. Rwanda In April 1994,genocidebroke out inRwanda. Intelligence reports indicate that Clinton was aware a \\\"final solution to eliminate allTutsis\\\" was underway, long before the administration publicly used the word \\\"genocide\\\".Fearing a reprisal of the events in Somalia the previous year, Clinton chose not to intervene.Clinton has called his failure to intervene one of his main foreign policy failings, saying \\\"I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it.\\\" Bosnia and Herzegovina In 1993 and 1994, Clinton\",\n \"and 1994, Clinton pressured Western European leaders to adopt a strong military policy againstBosnian Serbsduring theBosnian War. This strategy faced staunch opposition from theUnited Nations,NATOallies, and Congressional Republicans, leading Clinton to adopt a more diplomatic approach.In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraftbombed Bosnian Serb targetsto halt attacks on UN safe zones and pressure them into a peace accord that would end theBosnian war. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequentDayton Agreement. Irish peace talks In 1992, before his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy toNorthern Ireland, but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the British government. In November 1995, in a ceasefire duringthe Troubles, Clinton became the first president to visit Northern Ireland, examining both of the two divided communities ofBelfast.Despiteunionistcriticism, Clinton used his visit as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict, playing a key role in\",\n \"a key role in thepeace talksthat produced theGood Friday Agreementin 1998. Iran Clinton sought to continue the Bush administration's policy of limiting Iranian influence in the Middle East, which he laid out in thedual containmentstrategy. In 1994, Clinton declared that Iran was a \\\"state sponsor of terrorism\\\" and a \\\"rogue state\\\", marking the first time that an American President used that term.Subsequent executive orders heavily sanctioned Iran's oil industry and banned almost all trade between U.S. companies and the Iranian government. In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US$131.8million (equivalent to $256.05 million in 2023) in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U.S. in theInternational Court of Justiceafter the shooting down ofIran Air Flight 655by the U.S. Navyguided missile cruiser. Iraq In Clinton's1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress that Iraqi dictatorSaddam Husseinwas building an arsenal of chemical, biological and nuclear\",\n \"and nuclear weapons. Clinton signed theIraq Liberation Act of 1998on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of \\\"regime change\\\" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign namedOperation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. At the end of this operation Clinton announced that \\\"So long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. With our allies, we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program, while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors.\\\"American and British aircraft in the Iraq no-fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000. Osama bin Laden Capturing Osama bin Laden was an objective of the U.S. government during the Clinton presidency (and\",\n \"presidency (and continued to be untilbin Laden's death in 2011).Despite claims byMansoor Ijazand Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden, and that U.S. authorities rejected each offer,the9/11 Commission Reportstated that \\\"we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim\\\". In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Ladenand the1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africaby al-Qaeda (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, all of which were unsuccessful. In August 1998, Clintonordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, targeting theAl-Shifa pharmaceutical factoryin Sudan, which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. The factory was destroyed by the attack, resulting in the death of one employee and the wounding of 11 other\",\n \"of 11 other people.After the destruction of the factory, there was a medicine shortage in Sudan due to the plant providing 50 percent of Sudan's medicine, and the destruction of the plant led to a shortage of chloroquine, a drug which is used to treat malaria.U.S. officials later acknowledged that there was no evidence the plant was acknowledging manufacturing or storing nerve gas.The attack provoked criticism of Clinton from journalists and academics includingChristopher Hitchens,Seymour Hersh,Max Taylor,and others. Kosovo In the midst of a brutal crackdown onethnic Albanian separatistsin the province ofKosovoby theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia, Clinton authorized the use of U.S. Armed Forces in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, namedOperation Allied Force.The stated reasoning behind the intervention was to stop theethnic cleansing(and what the Clinton administration labeledgenocide)of Albanians by Yugoslav anti-guerilla military units. GeneralWesley ClarkwasSupreme Allied Commander of\",\n \"Allied Commander of NATOand oversaw the mission. WithUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized apeacekeeping forceto be deployed to the region.NATO announced its soldiers all survived combat,though two died in anApache helicoptercrash.Journalists in the popular press criticized genocide statements by the Clinton administration as false and greatly exaggerated.Prior to the bombing campaign on March 24, 1999, estimates showed that the number of civilians killed in the over year longconflict in Kosovohad been approximately 1,800, with critics asserting that little or no evidence existed of genocide.In a post-war inquiry, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europenoted \\\"the patterns of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings, killings, rape, kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24.\\\"In 2001, theUN-supervisedSupreme Court of Kosovoruled that genocide\",\n \"that genocide (theintent to destroya people) did not take place, but recognized \\\"a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments\\\" with the intention being the forceful departure of the Albanian population.The term \\\"ethnic cleansing\\\" was used as an alternative to \\\"genocide\\\" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is little difference.Slobodan Milošević, the president of Yugoslavia at the time of the atrocities, waseventually brought to trialbefore theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslaviainthe Hagueon charges includingcrimes against humanityand war crimes for his role in the war.He died in 2006, before the completion of the trial. China Clinton aimed to increase trade with China, minimizing import tariffs and offering the countrymost favoured nationstatus in 1993, his administration minimized tariff levels in Chinese imports. Clinton initially conditioned extension of this status onhuman\",\n \"this status onhuman rightsreforms, but ultimately decided to extend the status despite a lack of reform in the specified areas, including free emigration, treatment of prisoners in terms of international human rights, and observation of human rights specified by UN resolutions, among others. Relations were damaged briefly by theAmerican bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgradein May 1999. Clinton apologized for the bombing, stating it was accidental. On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law theUnited States–China Relations Act of 2000, which grantedpermanent normal trade relations(PNTR) trade status to China.The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform. In encouraging Congress to approve the agreement and China's accession to theWorld Trade Organization(WTO), Clinton stated that more trade with China would advance America's economic interests, saying that \\\"economically, this agreement is the equivalent of a one-way street. It requires China to open its\",\n \"China to open its markets—with a fifth of the world's population, potentially the biggest markets in the world—to both our products and services in unprecedented new ways.\\\" Israeli-Palestinian conflict Clinton attempted to end theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict. Secret negotiations mediated by Clinton between Israeli Prime MinisterYitzhak RabinandPalestine Liberation Organization(PLO) ChairmanYasser Arafatled to a historic declaration of peace in September 1993, called theOslo Accords, which were signed at the White House on September 13. The agreement led to theIsrael–Jordan peace treatyin 1994 and theWye River Memorandumin October 1998, however, this did not end the conflict. He brought Israeli prime ministerEhud Barakand Palestinian Authority chairmanYasser Arafattogether atCamp Davidfor the2000 Camp David Summit, which lasted 14 days in July.Following another attempt in December 2000 atBolling Air Force Base, in which the president offered theClinton Parameters, the situation broke down completely after the\",\n \"after the end of theTaba Summitand with the start of theSecond Intifada. Judicial appointments Clinton appointed two justices to theSupreme Court:Ruth Bader Ginsburgin 1993andStephen Breyerin 1994.Both justices went on to serve until the 2020s, leaving a lasting judicial legacy for President Clinton. Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts.In his eight years in office, 11.6% of Clinton's court of appeals nominees and 17.4% of his district court nominees were black; 32.8% of his court of appeals nominees and 28.5% of his district court nominees were women. Public opinion Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.According to aCBS News/New York Timespoll, Clinton left office with an approval rating\",\n \"an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.Clinton's averageGallup pollapproval rating for his last quarter in office was 61 percent, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years.Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him; 55 percent thought he \\\"would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life\\\"; 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his \\\"involvement in personal scandal\\\" than for \\\"his accomplishments\\\"; and 58 percent answered \\\"No\\\" to the question \\\"Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?\\\"The same percentage said he would be remembered as either \\\"outstanding\\\" or \\\"above average\\\" as a president, while 22 percent said he would be\",\n \"said he would be remembered as \\\"below average\\\" or \\\"poor\\\".ABC Newscharacterized public consensus on Clinton as, \\\"You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics—and he's done a heck of a good job.\\\" In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U.S. history. In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in aQuinnipiac University Polling Institutepoll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II, making him the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.The same poll showed that just 3 percent of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II. A 2015 poll byThe Washington Postasked 162 scholars of theAmerican Political Science\",\n \"Political Science Associationto rank all the U.S. presidents in order of greatness. According to their findings, Clinton ranked eighth overall, with a rating of 70 percent. Public image Clinton was the firstbaby boomerpresident.Authors Martin Walker andBob Woodwardstated that Clinton's innovative use ofsound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.When Clinton played the saxophone onThe Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as \\\"the MTV president\\\".Opponents sometimes referred to him as \\\"Slick Willie\\\", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 byPine Bluff CommercialjournalistPaul Greenberg;Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such asWinthrop Rockefeller,Dale BumpersandDavid Pryor.The claim \\\"Slick Willie\\\" would last throughout his presidency.His folksy manner led him to benicknamedBubbastarting from the 1992\",\n \"from the 1992 presidential election.Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as \\\"The Big Dog\\\" or \\\"Big Dog\\\".His prominent role in campaigning for Obama during the2012 presidential electionand his widely publicized speech at the2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nomineeMitt Romneyand Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname \\\"Explainer-in-Chief\\\". Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency.In 1998,NobellaureateToni Morrisoncalled Clinton \\\"the first black president\\\", saying, \\\"Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing,McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas\\\".Morrison noted that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, and she compared this to the stereotyping anddouble standardsthat, she said, black\",\n \"she said, black people typically endure.Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging both to Clinton and to the African-American community. Sexual assault and misconduct allegations Several women have publicly accused Clinton of sexual misconduct, including rape, harassment, and sexual assault. Additionally, some commentators have characterized Clinton's sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non-consensual, despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time. These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018, in light of the#MeToo movement, with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair. In 1994,Paula Jonesinitiated asexual harassment lawsuitagainst Clinton, claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by JudgeSusan Webber Wrighton the\",\n \"Webber Wrighton the grounds that it lacked legal merit.Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998.In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas.Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing \\\"a pack of lies\\\" and \\\"an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States\\\" funded by Clinton's political enemies.In October 1998, Clinton's attorneys tentatively offered $700,000 to settle the case, which was then the $800,000 which Jones' lawyers sought.Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,Clintondenied having sexual relationswith Monica\",\n \"Monica Lewinsky—a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury. In 1998,Kathleen Willeyalleged that Clinton hadgropedher in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave \\\"false information\\\" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released anaffidavit, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office.An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former independent counsel for prosecutorial misconduct. Also in 1998,Juanita Broaddrickalleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she said she did not remember the exact date.To support her charge, Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in\",\n \"witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton, something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press.Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any \\\"unwelcome sexual advances\\\" and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition.In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape, Broaddrick said she had denied (under oath) being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly. The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton's legacy, beyond his impeachment in 1998.In the wake of the #MeToo movement (which shed light on the widespread prevalence ofsexual assaultandharassment, especially in the workplace), various commentators and Democratic political leaders, as well as Lewinsky herself, have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual, and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment, in light of the power differential between a president and a 22-year-old intern. In 2018, Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he\",\n \"about whether he should have resigned, and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning.During the2018 Congressional elections,The New York Timesalleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal.However, former DNC interim chairDonna Brazilepreviously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections, in spite of New York U.S. senatorKirsten Gillibrand's recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal. Alleged affairs Clinton admitted to having extramarital affairs with singerGennifer FlowersandMonica Lewinsky.ActressElizabeth Gracen,Miss Arkansas winnerSally Perdue,and Dolly Kyle Browningall claimed that they had affairs with Clinton during his time as governor of Arkansas. Browning later sued Clinton,Bruce Lindsey,Robert S. Bennett, andJane Mayer, alleging they engaged in a conspiracy to attempt to block her from publishing a book loosely based on her\",\n \"based on her relationship with Clinton and tried to defame him. However, Browning's lawsuit was dismissed. Post-presidency (2001–present) Activities until 2008 campaign In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences,and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this).In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at theUnited Nations Climate Change conferencein Montreal. TheWilliam J. Clinton Presidential Center and ParkinLittle Rock, Arkansas, was dedicated in 2004.Clinton released a best-selling autobiography,My Life, in 2004.In 2007, he releasedGiving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became aNew York TimesBest Sellerand garnered positive reviews. In the aftermath of the2004 Asian tsunami,U.N. secretary-generalKofi Annanappointed Clinton to head a relief effort.AfterHurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. W.\",\n \"George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in aSuper Bowl XXXIXpre-game show,and traveled to the affected areas.They also spoke together at the funeral ofBoris Yeltsinin April 2007. Based on his philanthropic worldview,Clinton created theWilliam J. Clinton Foundationto address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. TheClinton Global Initiative(CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as globalpublic health, poverty alleviation and religious andethnic conflict.In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools.Clinton's foundation joined with theLarge Cities Climate\",\n \"Cities Climate Leadership Groupin 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.In 2008, Foundation directorInder Singhannounced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.Clinton also spoke in favor ofCalifornia Proposition 87onalternative energy, which was voted down. 2008 presidential election During the2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rivalBarack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008\",\n \"Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.Considering Bill's remarks, many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.Such remarks led to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the2008 Democratic National Convention, saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is \\\"ready to lead\\\".After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt. After the 2008 election In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalistsimprisonedthere.Euna LeeandLaura Linghad been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.Jimmy Carterhad made a similar visit in 1994.After Clinton met with North Korean leaderKim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon. Since then, Clinton has\",\n \"then, Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions. He was named United NationsSpecial Envoyto Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused $1 billion in damages.Clinton organized a conference with the Inter-American Development Bank, where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to \\\"build back better\\\".In response to the2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.Funds began pouring into Haiti, which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake. While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea, she andCheryl Millsworked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the U.S. State Department, ensuring that the new industrial park would have\",\n \"park would have a key tenant.In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration ofNTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama. 2016 presidential election and after During the2016 presidential election, Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary, and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail.In a series of tweets, then-President-electDonald Trumpcriticized his ability to get people out to vote.Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York. He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running-mateTim Kaine. On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities. In2020, Clinton again served as a\",\n \"again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York, casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket ofJoe BidenandKamala Harris. Citizen: My Life After the White House,his autobiography about his life after his presidency, will be released in November 19, 2024. Post-presidential health concerns In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung.On February 11, 2010, he was rushed toNew York-Presbyterian/Columbia Hospitalin Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had twocoronary stentsimplanted in his heart.After this procedure, Clinton adopted a plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet, which had been recommended by doctorsDean OrnishandCaldwell Esselstyn.He has since incorporated fish and lean animal flesh at the suggestion ofMark Hyman, a proponent of thepseudoscientificethos offunctional medicine.As a result, he is no longer a strict vegan. In October 2021, Clinton was\",\n \"2021, Clinton was treated forsepsisat theUniversity of California, Irvine Medical Center.In December 2022, Clinton tested positive forCOVID-19. Wealth The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency, which were paid off four years after he left office.Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing.In 2016,Forbesreported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240million in the 15years from January 2001, to December 2015, (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).Also in 2016,CNNreported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015.In May 2015,The Hillreported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5million or more from her book,Hard Choices, during the same time period.In July 2014,The Wall Street Journalreported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth\",\n \"Clintons were worth between $5million and $25.5million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president.Clinton earned more than $104million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.In June 2014, ABC News andThe Washington Postreported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008,The New York Timesreported that the Clintons' income tax returnsshow they made $109million in the eight years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92million from his speaking and book-writing. Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton $500,000 for a speech inMoscow.Hillary Clinton\",\n \"Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially \\\"broke\\\" and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House. \\\"We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education\\\". She added, \\\"Bill has worked really hard ... we had to pay off all our debts ... he had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members\\\". Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein In the early 2000s, Clinton took flights onJeffrey Epstein's private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work.According to Epstein's attorneyGerald B. Lefcourt, Epstein was \\\"part of the original group that conceived of theClinton Global Initiative\\\".In 2002, a spokesperson for Clinton praised Epstein as \\\"a committed philanthropist\\\" with \\\"insights and generosity\\\".While Clinton was president, Epstein visited the White House at least 17\",\n \"House at least 17 times between 1993 and 1995.Years later, Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges. Clinton's office released a statement in 2019 saying, \\\"President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago, or those with which he has been recently charged in New York. In 2002 and 2003, President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein's airplane: one to Europe, one to Asia, and two to Africa, which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation. Staff, supporters of the Foundation, and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip. He's not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade.\\\" However, later reports showed that Clinton had flown on Epstein's plane 26 times.In another statement Clinton said \\\"one meeting with Epstein in his Harlem office in 2002, and around the same time made one brief visit to Epstein's New York apartment with a staff member and his security detail\\\". In July 2019 it was\",\n \"In July 2019 it was reported that Clinton attended a dinner with Epstein in 1995, a meeting with Epstein that Clinton had not previously disclosed. Clinton reportedly used Epstein's private jet to visitLittle St. James Island, where Epstein resided,on multiple occasions between 2002 and 2005.Virginia Roberts, later known as Virginia Giuffre, says in a lawsuit that while working atDonald Trump'sMar-a-Lagoresortshe was lured into asex-traffickingring run by Epstein and while traveling with Epstein she saw Clinton on the island.In a 2011 conversation with her lawyers, Roberts stated that Clinton traveled to Epstein's retreat on Little St. James in 2002.According to Roberts, Epstein told her that Clinton \\\"owes me favors\\\" when she asked what he was doing there.She also reportedly claimed that Epstein and Clinton had dined in the presence of two girls aged approximately seventeen whom she believed Epstein had invited to have sex with Clinton, but that Clinton showed no interest in them.AFreedom of Information\",\n \"of Information Actrequest forUnited States Secret Servicerecords of visits Clinton may have made to Little St. James produced no such evidence.According to Epstein's flight logs, Clinton never flew near the U.S. Virgin Islands.In July 2019, a Clinton spokesperson issued a statement saying Clinton never visited the island.When he was personally asked by a journalist about his ties with Epstein in a rally inLaredo, Texasin November 2022, Clinton said \\\"I think the evidence is clear\\\".According to former Clinton aide,Doug Band, Clinton visited Epstein's island in January 2003.In 2024, unsealed court documents revealed allegations that Clinton had visited the offices ofVanity Fairand 'threatened' the paper not to print stories about Epstein's sexual trafficking. FormerVanity FaireditorGraydon Carterdenied the incident ever took place. Personal life At the age of 10, he was baptized at Park PlaceBaptistChurch inHot Springs, Arkansas.When he became president in 1993, he became a member ofFoundry United Methodist\",\n \"United Methodist ChurchinWashington, D.C.with his wife, aMethodist. On October 11, 1975, inFayetteville, Arkansas, he marriedHillary Rodham, whom he met while studying atYale University. They hadChelsea Clinton, their only child, on February 27, 1980.He is the maternal grandfather to Chelsea's three children. Accolades Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, includingDoctorate of LawdegreesandDoctor of Humane Lettersdegrees.He received an honorary degree from Georgetown University, his alma mater, and was the commencement speaker in 1980.He is an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as aRhodes Scholar, although he did not complete his studies there.Schools have been named for Clinton,and statues have been built to pay him homage.U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,Arkansas,Kentucky,and New York.He was presented with theMedal for Distinguished Public ServicebySecretary of DefenseWilliam Cohenin 2001.TheClinton Presidential\",\n \"Presidential Centerwas opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in his honor on December 5, 2001. Clinton has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,Papua New Guinea,Germany,and Kosovo.The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during theKosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city ofPristinaasBill Clinton Boulevardand added a monumental Clinton statue. Clinton was selected asTime's\\\"Man of the Year\\\" in 1992,and again in 1998, along withKen Starr.From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included inGallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.In 2001, Clinton received theNAACP'sPresident's Award.He has also been honored with a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,aTEDPrize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),and was named as an HonoraryGLAAD Media Awardrecipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community. Clinton, along withMikhail\",\n \"along withMikhail GorbachevandSophia Loren,received the2003 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album for ChildrenforWolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf.Theaudiobookedition of his autobiography,My Life, read by Clinton himself, won the2005 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album,as well as theAudie Awardas the Audiobook of the Year.Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks:Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the Worldin2007andBack to Workin2012. In 2011, Haitian presidentMichel Martellyawarded Clinton with theNational Order of Honour and Meritto the rank of Grand Cross \\\"for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010\\\". Clinton declared at the ceremony that \\\"in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise\\\". President Obama awarded Clinton thePresidential Medal of\",\n \"Medal of Freedomon November 20, 2013. See also References Citations Further reading Primary sources Popular books Scholarly studies Arkansas years External links Official Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":272,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What state is the home of the losing team of the World Series three years before \"Old Shufflefoot\" managed his team to victory? "},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Illinois"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Lou Boudreau As manager Louis Boudreau(July 17, 1917 – August 10, 2001), nicknamed \"Old Shufflefoot\", \"Handsome Lou\", and \"the Good Kid\", was an Americanprofessional baseballplayer and manager.He played inMajor League Baseball(MLB) for 15 seasons, primarily as ashortstopon theCleveland Indians, and managed four teams for 15 seasons including 10 seasons as aplayer-manager. He was also a radio announcer for theChicago Cubsand in college was a dual-sport athlete in baseball and basketball, earningAll-Americanhonors in basketball for theUniversity of Illinois. Boudreau was anAll-Starfor seven seasons.In 1948, Boudreau won theAmerican LeagueMost Valuable Player Awardand managed theCleveland Indiansto theWorld Seriestitle. He won the 1944 American League (AL)batting title(.327), and led the league in doubles in 1941, 1944, and 1947. He led AL shortstops in fielding eight times. Boudreau still holds the MLB record for hitting the most consecutive doubles in a game (four), set on July 14, 1946. In 1970, Boudreau was elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fameand his No. 5 was retired by the Indians that same year. Early life Boudreau was born inHarvey, Illinois, the son of Birdie (Henry) and Louis Boudreau.His father was of French-Canadian ancestry, his mother was Jewish, and both of his maternal grandparents were observantOrthodox Jewswith whom when he was young he celebratedPassoverseders.He was raised Catholic by his father after his parents divorced.He graduated fromThornton Township High SchoolinHarvey, Illinois, where he led the \"Flying Clouds\" to three straightIllinois high school championshipgames, winning in 1933 and finishing as runner up in 1934 and 1935. College baseball and basketball Boudreau attended theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was a member ofPhi Sigma Kappafraternity and captain of thebasketballandbaseballteams. During the1936–37 basketballand baseball seasons, Boudreau led each Fighting Illini team to aBig Ten Conferencechampionship.During the1937–38 basketball season, Boudreau was named anNCAA Men's Basketball All-American. While Boudreau was still at Illinois,Cleveland Indiansgeneral managerCy Slapnickapaid him an undisclosed sum in return for agreeing to play baseball for the Indians after he graduated. Due to this agreement, Boudreau was ruled ineligible for collegiate sports by theBig Ten Conferenceofficials.During his senior year at Illinois, he played professional basketball with theHammond Ciesar All-Americansof theNational Basketball League. Despite playing professional baseball with Cleveland, Boudreau earned hisBachelor of Sciencein education from Illinois in 1940 and worked as the Illinois freshman basketball coach for the 1939 and 1940 teams. Boudreau stayed on as an assistant coach for the1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball teamand he was instrumental in recruiting futureNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame InducteeAndy Phillipto play for Illinois. Professional baseball career Cleveland Indians Boudreau made his major league debut on September 9, 1938, for theCleveland Indiansat 21 as a third baseman in his first game. In 1939, Indian managerOssie Vitttold him that he would have to move from his normal third base position toshortstopsince established sluggerKen Keltneralready had the regular third base job. In 1940, his first full year as a starter, he batted .295 with 46doublesand 101RBI, and was selected for theAll-Star Gamefor the first of five consecutive seasons (MLB cancelled the1945 gamedue to war-time travel restrictions and did not name All-Stars). Boudreau helped make history in 1941 as a key figure in stopping the56-game hitting streakbyJoe DiMaggio. After two sparkling stops by Keltner at third base on hard ground balls earlier in the game, Boudreau snagged a bad-hop grounder to short barehanded and started a double play retiring DiMaggio at first.He finished the season with a modest .257 batting average, but had a league-leading 45 doubles. After the 1941 season, ownerAlva Bradleypromoted Indians managerRoger Peckinpaughto general manager and appointed the 25-year-old Boudreau player-manager. Boudreau played and managed the Indians throughout World War II (playing basketball had put a strain on Boudreau's ankles that turned intoarthritis, which classified him as4-Fand thus ineligible for military service).In 1944, Boudreau turned 134double plays, the most ever by a player-manager in MLB history. When he bought the Indians in 1947,Bill Veeck, after being approached by Boudreau, renewed the player-manager agreement with mixed feelings on both sides, as Boudreau stated that he would rather be traded than only play shortstop. Details of possibly trading him forVern Stephensof the St. Louis Browns in 1947 only attracted fans to the side of Boudreau. However, Boudreau hit .355 in 1948; Cleveland won the AL pennant and theWorld Series, the Indians first World Series championship in 28 years and only the second in Indians history, with Veeck and Boudreau publicly acknowledging each other's role in the team's success. Later career Boudreau was released by the Indians as both player and manager following the 1950 season. He signed with theBoston Red Sox, playing full-time in 1951, moving up to player-manager in 1952 and managing from the bench in 1953–54. He then became the first manager of theKansas City Athleticsin 1955 after their move from Philadelphia until he was fired after 104 games in 1957 and replaced byHarry Craft. He last managed the Chicago Cubs, in 1960. Managerial record Boudreau shift Boudreau is credited with inventing theinfield shift, which came to be known colloquially as the \"Boudreau shift.\" Because sluggingRed SoxsuperstarTed Williamswas a dead-pull hitter, he moved most of his Cleveland Indian fielders to the right of second base against the Splendid Splinter, leaving only the third baseman and left fielder to the left of second but also very close to second base, far to the right of their normal positions. With characteristic stubborn pride, Williams refused the obvious advice from teammates to hit orbuntto left against the Boudreau shift, but great hitter that he was, not changing his approach against the shift didn't affect his hitting very much. Boudreau later admitted that the shift was more about \"psyching out\" Williams rather than playing him to pull. \"I always considered the Boudreau shift a psychological, rather than a tactical\" ploy, he declared in his autobiographyPlayer-Manager. Broadcasting Boudreau did play-by-play for Cub games in 1958–59 before switching roles with manager \"Jolly Cholly\"Charlie Grimmin 1960. But after only one season as Cubs manager, Boudreau returned to the radio booth and remained there until 1987. He also did radio play-by-play for theChicago Bullsin 1966–1968 and worked onChicago Blackhawksgames forWGN radioandtelevisionas well. The presence of a Hall of Fame announcer affected at least one game. On June 23, 1976, the Cubs were two runs behind at home in the fourth inning of the second game of a doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates at home when the umpires called the game on account of darkness (since there were no lights atWrigley Fielduntil 1988), announcing that the game would be resumed at the same point the next day as was normally the case in those days. But Boudreau knew the rules better than anyone else in the park, it turned out, for he went down quickly to the clubhouse and pointed out to the umpires that a game that was not yet an official game could not be treated as a suspended game (i.e., it had not gone five innings, or four and a half with the home team leading, as neither was the case), and as such had to be replayed from the first pitch (as was then the rule in a rain-out). The umpires called the National League office, found Boudreau was correct, and removed the two-run Cubs deficit. Later life and honors Boudreau was elected to theBaseball Hall of Famein 1970 with 77.33% of the vote. That same year, his uniform number 5 was retired by theCleveland Indians(he wore number 4 with the Red Sox). In 1973, the city ofClevelandrenamed a street borderingCleveland Municipal Stadiumafter Boudreau.Boudreau Drive in Urbana, Illinois, is also named after Boudreau. In 1990, the Cleveland Indians established The Lou Boudreau Award, which is given every year to the organization's Minor League Player of the Year.In 1992, Boudreau's number 5 jersey was retired by theIllinois Fighting Illini baseballprogram. Boudreau is only one of threeIllinois Fighting Illiniathletes to have their number retired; the other two athletes beingIllinois Fighting Illini footballplayersRed GrangeandDick Butkus. Personal life Boudreau married Della DeRuiter in 1938, and together they had four children. His daughter Sharyn marriedDenny McLain, a former star pitcher with theDetroit Tigerswho was the last 30-game winner in the major leagues (31–6 for the world champion 1968Detroit Tigers). Boudreau had a home inFrankfort, Illinois, for many years. He died on August 10, 2001, due tocardiac arrestat St. James Medical Center inOlympia Fields, Illinois. He was 84. He received a Catholic funeral and his body was interred in the Pleasant Hill Cemetery. See also Notes References Further reading External links","List of World Series champions TheWorld Seriesis the annual championship series ofMajor League Baseball(MLB) and concludes theMLB postseason. First played in 1903,the World Series championship is abest-of-seven playoffand is a contest between the champions of baseball'sNational League(NL) andAmerican League(AL).Often referred to as the \"Fall Classic\",the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions: in1904, when the NL championNew York Giantsdeclined to play the AL championBoston Americans; and in1994, when the series was canceled due to theplayers' strike.The best-of-seven style has been the format of all World Series except in1903,1919,1920,1921, when the winner was determined through abest-of-nine playoff.Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October, a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November. The Series-winning team is awarded theCommissioner's Trophy.Players, coaches and others associated with the team are generally givenWorld Series ringsto commemorate their victory; however, they have received other items such aspocket watchesand medallions in the past.The winning team is traditionally invited to theWhite Houseto meet thePresident of the United States. A total of 119 World Series have been contested through 2023, with the AL champion winning 68 and the NL champion winning 51. TheNew York Yankeesof the AL have played in 40 World Series, winning 27 – the most championship appearances and most victories by any team amongst themajor North American professional sports leagues. TheDodgersof the NL have the most losses with 14, while the Yankees have the most losses among AL teams with 13. TheSt. Louis Cardinalshave won 11 championships, the most championships among NL clubs and second-most all-time behind the Yankees, and have made 19 total appearances, third-most among NL clubs.The Dodgers have represented the NL the most in the World Series with 21 appearances. TheSeattle Marinersare the only MLB franchise that has never appeared in a World Series; theMilwaukee Brewers,San Diego Padres,Tampa Bay Rays, andColorado Rockieshave all played in the Series but have never won it, with the Padres and the Rays appearing twice. TheLos Angeles AngelsandWashington Nationalsare the only teams who have won their only World Series appearance, and theToronto Blue JaysandMiami Marlinsare the only teams with multiple World Series appearances with no losses. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in and win a World Series, winning in 1992 and 1993. TheHouston Astrosare the only franchise to have represented both the NL (2005) and the AL (2017, 2019, 2021, 2022), winning the Series in 2017 and 2022. The 1919 and 2017 World Series were both marred with cheating scandals: theBlack Sox Scandaland theHouston Astros sign stealing scandal. The most recent World Series champions are theTexas Rangers. World Series results Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows: Source for this Table World Series records by franchise In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the \"Season(s)\" column,bold yearsindicate winning appearances. Frequent matchups The following are the 20 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series. All teams that have participated in these were \"Classic Eight\" members of either the American or National League; no expansion team (created in 1961 or later) has faced the same opponent more than once in a World Series. See also References External links","Chicago Chicagois themost populous cityin theU.S. stateofIllinoisand in theMidwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the2020 census,it is thethird-most populous city in the United StatesafterNew York CityandLos Angeles. As theseatofCook County, thesecond-most populous countyin the U.S., Chicago is the center of theChicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called \"Chicagoland\" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on the shore ofLake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near aportagebetween theGreat Lakesand theMississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.In 1871, theGreat Chicago Firedestroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,but Chicago's population continued to grow.Chicago made noted contributions tourban planningandarchitecture, such as theChicago School, the development of theCity Beautiful movement, and the steel-framedskyscraper. Chicago is an international hub for finance,culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, andtransportation. It has the largest and most diverse financederivativesmarket in the world, generating 20% of all volume incommoditiesand financial futures alone.O'Hare International Airportis routinely ranked among theworld's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic,and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.The Chicago area has one of the highestgross domestic products(GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.Chicago's economyisdiverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination fortourism, including visitors to itscultural institutions, and Lake Michiganbeaches. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts,literature, film,theater, comedy (especiallyimprovisational comedy),food, dance, andmusic(particularlyjazz,blues,soul,hip-hop,gospel,andelectronic dance music, includinghouse music). Chicago is home to theChicago Symphony Orchestraand theLyric Opera of Chicago, while theArt Institute of Chicagoprovides an influential visual arts museum andart school. The Chicago area also hosts theUniversity of Chicago,Northwestern University, and theUniversity of Illinois Chicago, amongother institutions of learning. ProfessionalsportsinChicago includeallmajor professional leagues, including twoMajor League Baseballteams. Etymology and nicknames The nameChicagois derived from a French rendering of theindigenousMiami–Illinoiswordshikaakwafor a wild relative of theonion; it is known to botanists asAllium tricoccumand known more commonly as \"ramps\". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as \"Checagou\" was byRobert de LaSallearound 1679 in a memoir.Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild \"garlic\" grew profusely in the area.According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at the said place called \"Chicagou\" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has hadseveral nicknamesthroughout its history, such as theWindy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. History Beginnings In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by thePotawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded theMiami,SaukandMeskwakipeoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was traderJean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was ofAfricandescent, perhaps born in theFrench colonyofSaint-Domingue(Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the \"Founder of Chicago.\" In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in theNorthwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with theTreaty of Greenville. In 1803, theU.S. ArmyconstructedFort Dearborn, which was destroyed during theWar of 1812in theBattle of Fort Dearbornby the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, theOttawa,Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the1833 Treaty of Chicagoand sent west of theMississippi Riveras part of the federal policy ofIndian removal. 19th century On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began withEdmund Dick Tayloras Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of theChicago Portage,the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway,Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and theIllinois and Michigan Canalopened in 1848. The canal allowedsteamboatsandsailing shipson theGreat Lakesto connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities andimmigrantsfrom abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing theAmerican economy.TheChicago Board of Trade(established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized \"exchange-traded\" forward contracts, which were calledfutures contracts. In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of SenatorStephen Douglas, the champion of theKansas–Nebraska Actand the \"popular sovereignty\" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan,Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the1860 Republican National Convention, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called theWigwam. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for theAmerican Civil War. To accommodaterapid population growthand demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approvedChesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.The projectraised much of central Chicagoto a new grade with the use ofjackscrewsfor raising buildings.While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into theChicago River, and subsequently intoLake Michigan, polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly builtwater cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canalthat connects to theIllinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.Much of the city, including railroads andstockyards, survived intact,and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world'sfirst skyscraperin 1885, usingsteel-skeletonconstruction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including theHyde Park Township, which now comprises most of theSouth Side of Chicagoand the far southeast of Chicago, and theJefferson Township, which now makes up most ofChicago's Northwest Side.The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants fromEuropeand migrants from theEastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage.Germans,Irish,Poles,Swedes, andCzechsmade up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflictsfollowed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including theHaymarket affairon May 4, 1886, and in 1894 thePullman Strike. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor ledJane AddamsandEllen Gates Starrto foundHull Housein 1889.Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field ofsocial work. During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics ofcholera,smallpox, andyellow feverwere both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscapedmunicipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago wasJohn H. Rauch, M.D.Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He createdLincoln Parkby closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North Americantime zones.This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted theWorld's Columbian Expositionon former marshland at the present location ofJackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influentialworld's fairin history.TheUniversity of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term \"midway\" for a fair or carnival referred originally to theMidway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects theWashingtonand Jackson Parks. 20th and 21st centuries 1900 to 1939 DuringWorld War Iand the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from theSouthern United States. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.ThisGreat Migrationhad an immense cultural impact, called theChicago Black Renaissance, part of theNew Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music.Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as theChicago race riot of 1919, also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 whenProhibitionwas repealed. The 1920s sawgangsters, includingAl Capone,Dion O'Banion,Bugs MoranandTony Accardobattle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during theProhibition era.Chicago was the location of the infamousSt. Valentine's Day Massacrein 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenantrent strikes, which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called theSociety for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals,Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been aDemocrat. From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, withUnemployed Councilscontributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 theWorkers Alliance of Americabegun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed theMemorial Day massacre of 1937in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago MayorAnton Cermakwas fatally wounded inMiami, Florida, during afailed assassinationattempt on President-electFranklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting theCentury of ProgressInternational ExpositionWorld's Fair.The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. 1940 to 1979 DuringWorld War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more thanNazi Germanyfrom 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in thesecond wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicistEnrico Fermiconducted the world's first controllednuclear reactionat the University of Chicago as part of the top-secretManhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used inWorld War IIin 1945. MayorRichard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era ofmachine politics. In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known aswhite flight– as Blacks continued to move beyond theBlack Belt.While home loan discriminatoryredliningagainst blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known asblockbusting, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966,Martin Luther King Jr.andAlbert Rabyled theChicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as theWillis Tower, which in 1974 became theworld's tallest building),University of Illinois at Chicago,McCormick Place, andO'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.In 1979,Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-riddenCabrini-Greenhousing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. 1980 to present In 1983,Harold Washingtonbecame the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderpersonEugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives forsustainable development, as well as closingMeigs Fieldin the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near theKinzie Street Bridgeproduced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of anabandoned freight tunnel systemextending throughout the downtownLoopdistrict. Thetunnels filledwith 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011,Rahm Emanuel, a formerWhite House Chief of Staffand member of theHouse of Representatives, won the mayoral election.Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.Lori Lightfoot, the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk wasAnna Valenciaand the city treasurer wasMelissa Conyears-Ervin. On May 15, 2023,Brandon Johnsonassumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago. Geography Topography Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in theChicago Metropolitan Area, situated in both theMidwestern United Statesand theGreat Lakes region. The city rests on acontinental divideat the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakeswatersheds. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and theCalumet Riverin the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's hugelake freightersuse the city'sLake Calumet Harboron the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.The overallgradeof the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m)above sea level. While measurements vary somewhat,the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge ofBlue Islandin the city's far south side. Lake Shore Driveruns adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront includeLincoln Park,Grant Park,Burnham Park, andJackson Park. There are 24 publicbeachesacross 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space forNavy Pier,Northerly Island, theMuseum Campus, and large portions of theMcCormick PlaceConvention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entireChicago metropolitan areais \"Chicagoland\", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Communities Major sections of the city include the central business district, calledthe Loop, and the North,South, andWest Sides.The three sides of the city are represented on theFlag of Chicagoby three horizontal white stripes.The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of thePort of Chicago. In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinctcommunity areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally definedneighborhoods. Streetscape Chicago's streets were laid out in astreet gridthat grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.Streets following thePublic Land Survey Systemsection lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in thePlan of Chicago, but only the extension ofOgden Avenuewas ever constructed. In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago'sWestern Avenueis the longest continuous urban street in the world.Other notable streets includeMichigan Avenue,State Street,95th Street,Cicero Avenue,Clark Street, andBelmont Avenue. TheCity Beautiful movementinspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways. Architecture The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the firststeel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in theskyscraper era,which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest. Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;Willis Tower(formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in theWestern HemisphereafterOne World Trade Center, andTrump International Hotel and Toweris the third tallest in the country.The Loop's historic buildings include theChicago Board of Trade Building, theFine Arts Building,35 East Wacker, and theChicago Building,860-880 Lake Shore Drive ApartmentsbyMies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such asDaniel Burnham,Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, andHelmut Jahn. TheMerchandise Mart, once first on thelist of largest buildings in the world, currently listed as 44th-largest 2013 as September 9, 2013, had its ownzip codeuntil 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code),Trump International Hotel and Tower, theAon Center(previously the Standard Oil Building), and theJohn Hancock Center.Industrial districts, such as some areas on theSouth Side, the areas along theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and theNorthwest Indianaarea are clustered. Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to thePrairie School, two movements in architecture.Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brickbungalowsbuilt from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of thePolish Cathedral styleofchurch architecture. The Chicago suburb ofOak Parkwas home to famous architectFrank Lloyd Wright, who had designed TheRobie Houselocated near the University of Chicago. A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River. Monuments and public art Chicago is famous for its outdoorpublic artwith donors establishing funding for such art as far back asBenjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust.A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these areChagall's Four Seasons; theChicago Picasso;Miro's Chicago;Calder'sFlamingo;Oldenburg'sBatcolumn;Moore'sLarge Interior Form, 1953-54,Man Enters the CosmosandNuclear Energy;Dubuffet'sMonument with Standing Beast,Abakanowicz'sAgora; and,Anish Kapoor'sCloud Gatewhich has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including theGreat Northern Migration(Saar) and thecentennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art:Plensa'sCrown Fountainas well asBurnhamand Bennett'sBuckingham Fountain. Climate The city lies within the typical hot-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons.Summersare hot and humid, with frequentheat waves. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake.Wintersare relatively cold and snowy.Blizzardsdo occur, such as inwinter 2011.There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. Apolar vortex in January 2019nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April. Springandautumnare mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity.Dew pointtemperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies withinUSDAplanthardiness zone6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs. According to theNational Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934.Midway Airportreached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded aheat indexof 125 °F (52 °C) during the1995 heatwave.The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded onJanuary 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport.Most of the city's rainfall is brought bythunderstorms, averaging 38 a year. The region is prone tosevere thunderstormsduring the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes. Like other major cities, Chicago experiences anurban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.Northeast winds from wintertimecyclonesdeparting south of the region sometimes bring the citylake-effect snow. Time zone As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of theCentral Time Zone. The border with theEastern Time Zoneis located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan andcertain parts of Indiana. Demographics During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world,and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, includingItalians,Jews,Russians,Poles,Greeks,Lithuanians,Bulgarians,Albanians,Romanians,Turks,Croatians,Serbs,Bosnians,MontenegrinsandCzechs.To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrialworking class, were added an additional influx ofAfrican Americansfrom theAmerican South—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.Chicago has asignificant Bosnian population, many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s. In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called \"Black Belt\" on the city'sSouth Side.A large number of blacks also settled on theWest Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on theNorth Sideis that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue inUptownwas the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York'sHarlem. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago. Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born inMexico,PolandorIndia. Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken byLos Angelesas the United States' second largest city. The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census. According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population. Chicago has the third-largestLGBTpopulation in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ.In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT.Since the 2013 legalization ofsame-sex marriage in Illinois, over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed inCook County, a majority of them in Chicago. Chicago became a \"de jure\"sanctuary cityin 2012 when MayorRahm Emanueland the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance. According to the U.S. Census Bureau'sAmerican Community Surveydata estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million. According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were: Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790. Religion Religion in Chicago (2014) According to a 2014 study by thePew Research Center,Christianityis the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States afterDallas,AtlantaandHouston.Roman CatholicismandProtestantismare the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed byEastern OrthodoxyandJehovah's Witnesseswith 1% each.Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups includeIrreligious(22%),Judaism(3%),Islam(2%),Buddhism(1%) andHinduism(1%). Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including theEvangelical Covenant Churchand theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America. It is the seat of severaldioceses. TheFourth Presbyterian Churchis one of the largestPresbyteriancongregations in the United States based on memberships.Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of theAssyrian Church of the East.In 2014 theCatholic Churchwas the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicagobeing the largest Catholic jurisdiction.Evangelical Protestantismform the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed byMainline Protestants(11%), and historicallyBlack churches(8%). Among denominational Protestant branches,Baptistsformed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%);Lutherans(4%); andPentecostals(3%). Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014.Judaismhas at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population, making it the second largest religion.A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500. The first twoParliament of the World's Religionsin 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, includingMother Teresa, theDalai LamaandPope John Paul IIin 1979. Economy Chicago has the third-largestgross metropolitan productin the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialistsJohn Crerar,John Whitfield Bunn,Richard Teller Crane,Marshall Field,John Farwell,Julius Rosenwald, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, followingMidtown Manhattan.The city is the seat of theFederal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial andfutures exchanges, including theChicago Stock Exchange, theChicago Board Options Exchange(CBOE), and theChicago Mercantile Exchange(the \"Merc\"), which is owned, along with theChicago Board of Trade(CBOT), by Chicago'sCME Group. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives.Chase Bankhas its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago'sChase Tower.Academically, Chicago has been influential through theChicago school of economics, which fielded 12Nobel Prizewinners. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.Illinois is home to 66Fortune1000companies, including those in Chicago.The city of Chicago also hosts 12FortuneGlobal 500 companies and 17Financial Times500 companies. The city claims threeDow 30companies:aerospacegiantBoeing, which moved its headquarters fromSeattleto the Chicago Loop in 2001;McDonald's; andWalgreens Boots Alliance.For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.However, threeFortune500companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City. Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, includingBaxter International,Boeing,Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare division ofGeneral Electric. Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters ofConagra,Ferrara Candy Company,Kraft Heinz,McDonald's,Mondelez International, andQuaker Oats.Chicago has been a hub of theretailsector since its early development, withMontgomery Ward,Sears, andMarshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, includingWalgreens,Sears,Ace Hardware,Claire's,ULTA Beauty, andCrate & Barrel. Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of thebicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introducedstampingto the production process and significantly reduced costs,while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting theBrass Era carbuilder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.Chicago was also the site of theSchwinn Bicycle Company. Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behindLas VegasandOrlando) in number of conventions hosted annually. Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021. Culture and contemporary life The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods fromRogers Parkin the north toSouth Shorein the south.The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include theMexican Americanneighborhoods, such asPilsenalong 18th street, andLa Villitaalong 26th Street; thePuerto Ricanenclave ofPaseo Boricuain theHumboldt Parkneighborhood;Greektown, along SouthHalsted Street, immediately west of downtown;Little Italy, along Taylor Street;ChinatowninArmour Square;Polish PatchesinWest Town;Little SeoulinAlbany Parkaround Lawrence Avenue;Little VietnamnearBroadwayin Uptown; and theDesiarea, alongDevon AvenueinWest Ridge. Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called \"The Loop\", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term \"The Loop\" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes theNear North Side, theNear South Side, and theNear West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famousskyscrapers, abundant restaurants,shopping,museums,Soldier Field, convention facilities,parkland, andbeaches. Lincoln Park contains theLincoln Park Zooand theLincoln Park Conservatory. TheRiver North Gallery Districtfeatures the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.Lake Viewis home toBoystown, the city's largeLGBTnightlife and culture center. TheChicago Pride Parade, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.NorthHalsted Streetis the main thoroughfare of Boystown. The South Side neighborhood ofHyde Parkis the home of former U.S. PresidentBarack Obama. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,and theMuseum of Science and Industry. The 6-mile (9.7 km) longBurnham Parkstretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sitsWashington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called theMidway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African AmericanBud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels throughBronzevilleto Washington Park.Ford Motor Companyhas anautomobile assembly planton the South Side inHegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side. The West Side holds theGarfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here includeHumboldt Park'sInstitute of Puerto Rican Arts and Cultureand the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as theNational Museum of Mexican ArtandSt. Adalbert's ChurchinPilsen. The Near West Side holds theUniversity of Illinois at Chicagoand was once home toOprah Winfrey'sHarpo Studios, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's. The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films likeThe Blues Brothersand television programs like theSaturday Night Liveskit \"Bill Swerski's Superfans\", is an advanced form ofInland Northern American English. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such asCleveland,Milwaukee,Detroit, andRochester, New York, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as theshort 'a'sound as in \"cat\", which can sound more like \"kyet\" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city. Entertainment and the arts Renowned Chicago theater companies include theGoodman Theatrein the Loop; theSteppenwolf Theatre CompanyandVictory Gardens Theaterin Lincoln Park; and theChicago Shakespeare Theaterat Navy Pier.Broadway In Chicagooffers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: theNederlander Theatre,CIBC Theatre,Cadillac Palace Theatre,Auditorium BuildingofRoosevelt University, andBroadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place.Polish languageproductions forChicago's large Polish speaking populationcan be seen at the historicGateway TheatreinJefferson Park. Since 1968, theJoseph Jefferson Awardsare given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modernimprovisational theater, and includes the prominent groupsThe Second CityandI.O.(formerly ImprovOlympic). TheChicago Symphony Orchestra(CSO) performs atSymphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.Also performing regularly atSymphony Centeris theChicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park andMillennium Park.Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. TheCivic Opera Houseis home to theLyric Opera of Chicago.TheLithuanian Opera Company of Chicagowas founded byLithuanian Chicagoansin 1956,and presents operas inLithuanian. TheJoffrey BalletandChicago Festival Balletperform in various venues, including theHarris TheaterinMillennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as theHubbard Street Dance ChicagoandChicago Dance Crash. Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage includeChicago blues,Chicago soul,jazz, andgospel. The city is the birthplace ofhouse music(a popular form of electronic dance music) andindustrial music, and is the site of an influentialhip hop scene. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular foralternative rock,punk, andnew wave. The city has been a center forraveculture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicagoindie.Annual festivalsfeature various acts, such asLollapaloozaand thePitchfork Music Festival.Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by theUniversity of Chicago Cultural Policy Centerranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in \"size of music industry\" and fourth among all U.S. cities in \"number of concerts and performances\". Chicago has a distinctivefine arttradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurativesurrealism, as in the works ofIvan AlbrightandEd Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of theChicago Imagists, such asRoger Brown,Leon Golub,Robert Lostutter,Jim Nutt, andBarbara Rossiproduced bizarre representational paintings.Henry Dargeris one of the most celebrated figures ofoutsider art. Tourism In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.These visitors contributed more thanUS$13.7billion to Chicago's economy.Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largestconventiondestination. A 2017 study byWalk Scoreranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south ofSoldier Field. Navy Pier, located just east ofStreeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. Museums Among the city's museums are theAdler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, theField Museum of Natural History, and theShedd Aquarium. TheMuseum Campusjoins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago'sInstitute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africahas an extensive collection ofancient EgyptianandNear Easternarchaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include theChicago History Museum, theDriehaus Museum, theDuSable Museum of African American History, theMuseum of Contemporary Art, thePeggy Notebaert Nature Museum, thePolish Museum of America, theMuseum of Broadcast Communications, theChicago Architecture Foundation, and theMuseum of Science and Industry. Cuisine Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowneddeep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated atPizzeria Uno.The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.Certain Chicago pizza favorites includeLou Malnati'sandGiordano's. TheChicago-style hot dog, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish,yellow mustard, pickledsport peppers,tomatowedges,dill picklespear and topped off withcelery salton apoppy seedbun.Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use ofketchupas a garnish, but may prefer to addgiardiniera. A distinctly Chicago sandwich, theItalian beefsandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered inau jusand served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. TheMaxwell Street Polishis a grilled or deep-friedkielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. Chicken Vesuviois roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. ThePuerto Rican-influencedjibaritois a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. Themother-in-lawis atamaletopped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.The tradition of serving theGreekdishsaganakiwhile aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused withMetaxaandflambéedtable-side.Chicago-style barbecuefeatures hardwood smokedrib tipsandhot linkswhich were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.Annual festivalsfeature various Chicago signature dishes, such asTaste of Chicagoand the Chicago Food Truck Festival. One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of threeMichelinstars,Alineais located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include:Charlie Trotter,Rick Tramonto,Grant Achatz, andRick Bayless. In 2003,Robb Reportnamed Chicago the country's \"most exceptional dining destination\". Literature Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition ofsocial realism. In theEncyclopedia of Chicago,Northwestern UniversityProfessor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to \"capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people.\" The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of \"high-flown romance\" and \"genteel realism\", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,and create a \"city of feeling\" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. At least three short periods in thehistory of Chicagohave had a lasting influence onAmerican literature.These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of theGreat Depressionthrough the 1940s. What would become the influentialPoetrymagazine was founded in 1912 byHarriet Monroe, who was working as anartcriticfor theChicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets asGwendolyn Brooks,James Merrill, andJohn Ashbery.T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\", was first published byPoetry. Contributors have includedEzra Pound,William Butler Yeats,William Carlos Williams,Langston Hughes, andCarl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching theImagistandObjectivistpoetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, thepoetry slam. Sports The city has twoMajor League Baseball(MLB) teams: theChicago Cubsof the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and theChicago White Soxof the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906. The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;they have played in Chicago since 1871.They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. TheChicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of theNational Football League(NFL), have won nineNFL Championships, including the 1985Super Bowl XX. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. TheChicago Bullsof theNational Basketball Association(NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.During the 1990s, withMichael Jordanleading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons. TheChicago Blackhawksof theNational Hockey League(NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the \"Original Six\" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won sixStanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at theUnited Center. Chicago Fire FCis a member ofMajor League Soccer(MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and fourU.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successfulFIFA World Cupwith games played at Soldier Field. TheChicago Red Starsare a team in theNational Women's Soccer League(NWSL). They previously played inWomen's Professional Soccer(WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play atSeatGeek StadiuminBridgeview, Illinois. TheChicago Skyis a professional basketball team playing in theWomen's National Basketball Association(WNBA). They play home games at theWintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began. TheChicago Marathonhas been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of sixWorld Marathon Majors. Five area colleges play inDivision Iconferences: two from major conferences—theDePaul Blue Demons(Big East Conference) and theNorthwestern Wildcats(Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—theChicago State Cougars(Northeast Conference); theLoyola Ramblers(Atlantic 10 Conference); and theUIC Flames(Missouri Valley Conference). Chicago has also entered intoesportswith the creation of theOpTic Chicago, a professionalCall of Dutyteam that participates within theCDL. Parks and greenspace When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the mottoUrbs in Horto, aLatinphrase which means \"City in a Garden\". Today, theChicago Park Districtconsists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) ofmunicipal parkland. There are 31 sandbeaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors afterCentral ParkinNew York City, and theNational Mall and Memorial ParksinWashington, D.C. There is a historicboulevard system,a network of wide, tree-linedboulevardswhich connect a number of Chicagoparks.The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.A number ofChicago neighborhoodsemerged along these roadways in the 19th century.The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and sixsquares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.TheChicago Park Boulevard System Historic Districtwas listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2018. With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as thePing Tom Memorial Parkin Chinatown,DuSable Parkon the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by theCook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest,prairie,wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,including both theChicago Botanic GardeninGlencoeand theBrookfield ZooinBrookfield.Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago. Law and government Government The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive andlegislativebranches. Themayor of Chicagois the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor isBrandon Johnson. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. TheCity Councilis the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from eachwardin the city.The council takes official action through the passage ofordinancesand resolutions and approves the city budget. TheChicago Police Departmentprovides law enforcement and theChicago Fire Departmentprovides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in theCook County Circuit Courtof the State of Illinois court system, or in theNorthern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinoisstate's attorney; in the Federal court it is the United Statesattorney. Politics During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growingDemocratic Partyorganization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organizedsocialist,anarchistandlabor organizations.For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been \"solid blue\" inpresidential electionssince 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected aRepublicanmayor since 1927, whenWilliam Thompsonwas voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17districtsin theUnited States House of Representatives. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each:Robert P. Hanrahanfrom 1973 to 1975, andMichael Patrick Flanaganfrom 1995 to 1997. Machine politicspersisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal \"independent\" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election ofHarold Washington(in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor,Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democraticprimaryvote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed. The city is home of former United States PresidentBarack Obamaand First LadyMichelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago inKenwoodon the city's south side. Crime Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.Chicago experienced major rises inviolent crimein the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.Chicago's biggestcriminal justicechallenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide,armed robbery, gang violence, andaggravated battery. Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States. Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.The neighborhoods ofEnglewoodon the South Side, andAustinon the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.According to reports in 2013, \"most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,\"and is specifically related to the activities of theSinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities.Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000. Chicago has a long history of publiccorruptionthat regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.Most corruption cases in Chicago are prosecuted by theU.S. Attorney's office, as legaljurisdictionmakes most offenses punishable as a federal crime. Education Schools and libraries Chicago Public Schools(CPS) is the governing body of theschool districtthat contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors andAdvanced Placement(AP) courses.Walter Payton College Prep High Schoolis ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois. Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's \"choice system\", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). Chicago has a network ofLutheran schools,and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as theIda Crown Jewish AcademyinWest Ridge. TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of ChicagooperatesCatholic schools, that includeJesuit preparatory schoolsand others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the privateChicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the publicChicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts. TheChicago Public Librarysystem operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library. Colleges and universities Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top \"National Universities\" in the United States, as determined byU.S. News & World Report.Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University;Illinois Institute of Technology;Loyola University Chicago;DePaul University;Columbia College Chicagoand theUniversity of Illinois Chicago. Other notable schools include:Chicago State University; theSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago;East–West University;National Louis University;North Park University;Northeastern Illinois University;Robert Morris University Illinois;Roosevelt University;Saint Xavier University;Rush University; andShimer College. William Rainey Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of thejunior collegeconcept, establishing nearbyJoliet Junior Collegeas the first in the nation in 1901.His legacy continues with the multiplecommunity collegesin the Chicago proper, including the sevenCity Colleges of Chicago:Richard J. Daley College,Kennedy–King College,Malcolm X College,Olive–Harvey College,Truman College,Harold Washington College, andWilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately heldMacCormac College. Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as theAdler School of Professional Psychology,The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, theErikson Institute,The Institute for Clinical Social Work, theLutheran School of Theology at Chicago, theCatholic Theological Union, theMoody Bible Institute, and theUniversity of Chicago Divinity School. Media Television The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.Each of the big fiveU.S. television networks,NBC,ABC,CBS,FoxandThe CW, directly owns and operates ahigh-definition televisionstation in Chicago (WMAQ5,WLS7,WBBM2,WFLD32 andWGN-TV9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by theNexstar Media Group, which acquired it from its founding ownerTribune Broadcastingin 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as \"WGN America\" oncable and satellite TVnationwide and in parts of theCaribbean. WGN America eventually becameNewsNationin 2021. Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, includingThe Oprah Winfrey Show,Steve Harvey Show,The Rosie Show,The Jerry Springer Show,The Phil Donahue Show,The Jenny Jones Show, and more. The city also has onePBSmember station (its second:WYCC20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017):WTTW11, producer of shows such asSneak Previews,The Frugal Gourmet,Lamb Chop's Play-AlongandThe McLaughlin Group. As of 2018,Windy City Liveis Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner andRyan Chiaveriniat ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999,Judge Mathisalso films his syndicated arbitration-based realitycourt showat theNBC Tower. Beginning in January 2019,Newsybegan producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago. Television stations Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are: Newspapers Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: theChicago Tribuneand theChicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such asChicago, theDziennik Związkowy(Polish Daily News),Draugas(the Lithuanian daily newspaper), theChicago Reader, theSouthtownStar, theChicago Defender, theDaily Herald,Newcity,StreetWiseand theWindy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazineTime Out ChicagoandGRABmagazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazineChicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet,The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication,The A.V. Club. Movies and filming Radio Chicago has five50,000 watt AM radio stations: theAudacy-ownedWBBMandWSCR; theTribune Broadcasting-ownedWGN; theCumulus Media-ownedWLS; and theESPN Radio-ownedWMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, includingBeyond the BeltwaywithBruce DuMonton Sunday evenings. Chicago Public Radioproduces nationally aired programs such asPRI'sThis American LifeandNPR'sWait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. Infrastructure Transportation Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world afterHong KongandSingapore. The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. Parking Due to Chicago'sWheel Tax,residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests. Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to itspublicstreet parking.In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease itsparking metersystem to an operating company created byMorgan Stanley, calledChicago Parking Meters LLC. Daley said the \"agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy.\" The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue forChicago Parking Meters LLCinvestors. Expressways Seven mainline and four auxiliaryinterstate highways(55,57,65(only in Indiana),80(also inIndiana),88,90(also inIndiana),94(also inIndiana),190,290,294, and355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidateAdlai Stevenson. TheKennedyandDan RyanExpressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois. Transit systems TheRegional Transportation Authority(RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace. Greyhound Linesprovides inter-city bus service to and from the city at theChicago Bus Station, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network ofMegabus (North America). Passenger rail Amtraklong distance andcommuter railservices originate fromUnion Station.Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans,Portland,Seattle,Milwaukee,Quincy,St. Louis,Carbondale, Boston,Grand Rapids,Port Huron,Pontiac, Los Angeles, andSan Antonio. Future service will terminate atMoline. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via theChicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed. Bicycle and scooter sharing systems In July 2013, thebicycle-sharing systemDivvywas launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stationsIt is operated byLyftfor theChicago Department of Transportation.As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excludingPullman, Rosedale,Beverly,Belmont CraginandEdison Park. In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leadersBird,Jump,LimeandLyft.Each company was allowed to bring 250electric scooters, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken. Freight rail Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.All fiveClass I railroadsmeet in Chicago. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.CREATE, theChicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area. Airports Chicago is served byO'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,on the far Northwest Side, andMidway International Airporton the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago.Gary/Chicago International AirportandChicago Rockford International Airport, located inGary, IndianaandRockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towardsbuilding an entirely new airportin the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.The City of Chicago is the world headquarters forUnited Airlines, the world's third-largest airline. Port authority The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Utilities Electricity for most ofnorthern Illinoisis provided byCommonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory bordersIroquois Countyto the south, theWisconsinborder to the north, theIowaborder to the west and theIndianaborder to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division ofExelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy. Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary ofIntegrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago. Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is nowlandfilled, mainly in theCalumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had ablue bagprogram to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city. Health systems TheIllinois Medical Districtis on the Near West Side. It includesRush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2014–16, theUniversity of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, andJohn H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation. Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, includingNorthwestern Memorial Hospitaland theUniversity of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes theFeinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2017–18;theShirley Ryan AbilityLab(formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital byU.S. News & World Report;the newPrentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. TheUniversity of Illinois College of Medicineat UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford andUrbana–Champaign). In addition, theChicago Medical Schooland Loyola University Chicago'sStritch School of Medicineare located in the suburbs ofNorth ChicagoandMaywood, respectively. TheMidwestern UniversityChicago College ofOsteopathic Medicineis inDowners Grove. TheAmerican Medical Association,Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education,American Osteopathic Association,American Dental Association,Academy of General Dentistry,Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,American Association of Nurse Anesthetists,American College of Surgeons,American Society for Clinical Pathology,American College of Healthcare Executives, theAmerican Hospital Association, andBlue Cross and Blue Shield Associationare all based in Chicago. Sister cities See also Explanatory notes References Citations Cited references Further reading External links Former:Evanston•Hyde Park•Jefferson•Lake•Lake View•North Chicago•Rogers Park•South Chicago•West Chicago"],"string":"[\n \"Lou Boudreau As manager Louis Boudreau(July 17, 1917 – August 10, 2001), nicknamed \\\"Old Shufflefoot\\\", \\\"Handsome Lou\\\", and \\\"the Good Kid\\\", was an Americanprofessional baseballplayer and manager.He played inMajor League Baseball(MLB) for 15 seasons, primarily as ashortstopon theCleveland Indians, and managed four teams for 15 seasons including 10 seasons as aplayer-manager. He was also a radio announcer for theChicago Cubsand in college was a dual-sport athlete in baseball and basketball, earningAll-Americanhonors in basketball for theUniversity of Illinois. Boudreau was anAll-Starfor seven seasons.In 1948, Boudreau won theAmerican LeagueMost Valuable Player Awardand managed theCleveland Indiansto theWorld Seriestitle. He won the 1944 American League (AL)batting title(.327), and led the league in doubles in 1941, 1944, and 1947. He led AL shortstops in fielding eight times. Boudreau still holds the MLB record for hitting the most consecutive doubles in a game (four), set on July 14, 1946. In 1970, Boudreau was elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fameand his No. 5 was retired by the Indians that same year. Early life Boudreau was born inHarvey, Illinois, the son of Birdie (Henry) and Louis Boudreau.His father was of French-Canadian ancestry, his mother was Jewish, and both of his maternal grandparents were observantOrthodox Jewswith whom when he was young he celebratedPassoverseders.He was raised Catholic by his father after his parents divorced.He graduated fromThornton Township High SchoolinHarvey, Illinois, where he led the \\\"Flying Clouds\\\" to three straightIllinois high school championshipgames, winning in 1933 and finishing as runner up in 1934 and 1935. College baseball and basketball Boudreau attended theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was a member ofPhi Sigma Kappafraternity and captain of thebasketballandbaseballteams. During the1936–37 basketballand baseball seasons, Boudreau led each Fighting Illini team to aBig Ten Conferencechampionship.During the1937–38 basketball season, Boudreau was named anNCAA Men's Basketball All-American. While Boudreau was still at Illinois,Cleveland Indiansgeneral managerCy Slapnickapaid him an undisclosed sum in return for agreeing to play baseball for the Indians after he graduated. Due to this agreement, Boudreau was ruled ineligible for collegiate sports by theBig Ten Conferenceofficials.During his senior year at Illinois, he played professional basketball with theHammond Ciesar All-Americansof theNational Basketball League. Despite playing professional baseball with Cleveland, Boudreau earned hisBachelor of Sciencein education from Illinois in 1940 and worked as the Illinois freshman basketball coach for the 1939 and 1940 teams. Boudreau stayed on as an assistant coach for the1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball teamand he was instrumental in recruiting futureNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame InducteeAndy Phillipto play for Illinois. Professional baseball career Cleveland Indians Boudreau made his major league debut on September 9, 1938, for theCleveland Indiansat 21 as a third baseman in his first game. In 1939, Indian managerOssie Vitttold him that he would have to move from his normal third base position toshortstopsince established sluggerKen Keltneralready had the regular third base job. In 1940, his first full year as a starter, he batted .295 with 46doublesand 101RBI, and was selected for theAll-Star Gamefor the first of five consecutive seasons (MLB cancelled the1945 gamedue to war-time travel restrictions and did not name All-Stars). Boudreau helped make history in 1941 as a key figure in stopping the56-game hitting streakbyJoe DiMaggio. After two sparkling stops by Keltner at third base on hard ground balls earlier in the game, Boudreau snagged a bad-hop grounder to short barehanded and started a double play retiring DiMaggio at first.He finished the season with a modest .257 batting average, but had a league-leading 45 doubles. After the 1941 season, ownerAlva Bradleypromoted Indians managerRoger Peckinpaughto general manager and appointed the 25-year-old Boudreau player-manager. Boudreau played and managed the Indians throughout World War II (playing basketball had put a strain on Boudreau's ankles that turned intoarthritis, which classified him as4-Fand thus ineligible for military service).In 1944, Boudreau turned 134double plays, the most ever by a player-manager in MLB history. When he bought the Indians in 1947,Bill Veeck, after being approached by Boudreau, renewed the player-manager agreement with mixed feelings on both sides, as Boudreau stated that he would rather be traded than only play shortstop. Details of possibly trading him forVern Stephensof the St. Louis Browns in 1947 only attracted fans to the side of Boudreau. However, Boudreau hit .355 in 1948; Cleveland won the AL pennant and theWorld Series, the Indians first World Series championship in 28 years and only the second in Indians history, with Veeck and Boudreau publicly acknowledging each other's role in the team's success. Later career Boudreau was released by the Indians as both player and manager following the 1950 season. He signed with theBoston Red Sox, playing full-time in 1951, moving up to player-manager in 1952 and managing from the bench in 1953–54. He then became the first manager of theKansas City Athleticsin 1955 after their move from Philadelphia until he was fired after 104 games in 1957 and replaced byHarry Craft. He last managed the Chicago Cubs, in 1960. Managerial record Boudreau shift Boudreau is credited with inventing theinfield shift, which came to be known colloquially as the \\\"Boudreau shift.\\\" Because sluggingRed SoxsuperstarTed Williamswas a dead-pull hitter, he moved most of his Cleveland Indian fielders to the right of second base against the Splendid Splinter, leaving only the third baseman and left fielder to the left of second but also very close to second base, far to the right of their normal positions. With characteristic stubborn pride, Williams refused the obvious advice from teammates to hit orbuntto left against the Boudreau shift, but great hitter that he was, not changing his approach against the shift didn't affect his hitting very much. Boudreau later admitted that the shift was more about \\\"psyching out\\\" Williams rather than playing him to pull. \\\"I always considered the Boudreau shift a psychological, rather than a tactical\\\" ploy, he declared in his autobiographyPlayer-Manager. Broadcasting Boudreau did play-by-play for Cub games in 1958–59 before switching roles with manager \\\"Jolly Cholly\\\"Charlie Grimmin 1960. But after only one season as Cubs manager, Boudreau returned to the radio booth and remained there until 1987. He also did radio play-by-play for theChicago Bullsin 1966–1968 and worked onChicago Blackhawksgames forWGN radioandtelevisionas well. The presence of a Hall of Fame announcer affected at least one game. On June 23, 1976, the Cubs were two runs behind at home in the fourth inning of the second game of a doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates at home when the umpires called the game on account of darkness (since there were no lights atWrigley Fielduntil 1988), announcing that the game would be resumed at the same point the next day as was normally the case in those days. But Boudreau knew the rules better than anyone else in the park, it turned out, for he went down quickly to the clubhouse and pointed out to the umpires that a game that was not yet an official game could not be treated as a suspended game (i.e., it had not gone five innings, or four and a half with the home team leading, as neither was the case), and as such had to be replayed from the first pitch (as was then the rule in a rain-out). The umpires called the National League office, found Boudreau was correct, and removed the two-run Cubs deficit. Later life and honors Boudreau was elected to theBaseball Hall of Famein 1970 with 77.33% of the vote. That same year, his uniform number 5 was retired by theCleveland Indians(he wore number 4 with the Red Sox). In 1973, the city ofClevelandrenamed a street borderingCleveland Municipal Stadiumafter Boudreau.Boudreau Drive in Urbana, Illinois, is also named after Boudreau. In 1990, the Cleveland Indians established The Lou Boudreau Award, which is given every year to the organization's Minor League Player of the Year.In 1992, Boudreau's number 5 jersey was retired by theIllinois Fighting Illini baseballprogram. Boudreau is only one of threeIllinois Fighting Illiniathletes to have their number retired; the other two athletes beingIllinois Fighting Illini footballplayersRed GrangeandDick Butkus. Personal life Boudreau married Della DeRuiter in 1938, and together they had four children. His daughter Sharyn marriedDenny McLain, a former star pitcher with theDetroit Tigerswho was the last 30-game winner in the major leagues (31–6 for the world champion 1968Detroit Tigers). Boudreau had a home inFrankfort, Illinois, for many years. He died on August 10, 2001, due tocardiac arrestat St. James Medical Center inOlympia Fields, Illinois. He was 84. He received a Catholic funeral and his body was interred in the Pleasant Hill Cemetery. See also Notes References Further reading External links\",\n \"List of World Series champions TheWorld Seriesis the annual championship series ofMajor League Baseball(MLB) and concludes theMLB postseason. First played in 1903,the World Series championship is abest-of-seven playoffand is a contest between the champions of baseball'sNational League(NL) andAmerican League(AL).Often referred to as the \\\"Fall Classic\\\",the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions: in1904, when the NL championNew York Giantsdeclined to play the AL championBoston Americans; and in1994, when the series was canceled due to theplayers' strike.The best-of-seven style has been the format of all World Series except in1903,1919,1920,1921, when the winner was determined through abest-of-nine playoff.Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October, a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November. The Series-winning team is awarded theCommissioner's Trophy.Players, coaches and others associated with the team are generally givenWorld Series ringsto commemorate their victory; however, they have received other items such aspocket watchesand medallions in the past.The winning team is traditionally invited to theWhite Houseto meet thePresident of the United States. A total of 119 World Series have been contested through 2023, with the AL champion winning 68 and the NL champion winning 51. TheNew York Yankeesof the AL have played in 40 World Series, winning 27 – the most championship appearances and most victories by any team amongst themajor North American professional sports leagues. TheDodgersof the NL have the most losses with 14, while the Yankees have the most losses among AL teams with 13. TheSt. Louis Cardinalshave won 11 championships, the most championships among NL clubs and second-most all-time behind the Yankees, and have made 19 total appearances, third-most among NL clubs.The Dodgers have represented the NL the most in the World Series with 21 appearances. TheSeattle Marinersare the only MLB franchise that has never appeared in a World Series; theMilwaukee Brewers,San Diego Padres,Tampa Bay Rays, andColorado Rockieshave all played in the Series but have never won it, with the Padres and the Rays appearing twice. TheLos Angeles AngelsandWashington Nationalsare the only teams who have won their only World Series appearance, and theToronto Blue JaysandMiami Marlinsare the only teams with multiple World Series appearances with no losses. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in and win a World Series, winning in 1992 and 1993. TheHouston Astrosare the only franchise to have represented both the NL (2005) and the AL (2017, 2019, 2021, 2022), winning the Series in 2017 and 2022. The 1919 and 2017 World Series were both marred with cheating scandals: theBlack Sox Scandaland theHouston Astros sign stealing scandal. The most recent World Series champions are theTexas Rangers. World Series results Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows: Source for this Table World Series records by franchise In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the \\\"Season(s)\\\" column,bold yearsindicate winning appearances. Frequent matchups The following are the 20 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series. All teams that have participated in these were \\\"Classic Eight\\\" members of either the American or National League; no expansion team (created in 1961 or later) has faced the same opponent more than once in a World Series. See also References External links\",\n \"Chicago Chicagois themost populous cityin theU.S. stateofIllinoisand in theMidwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the2020 census,it is thethird-most populous city in the United StatesafterNew York CityandLos Angeles. As theseatofCook County, thesecond-most populous countyin the U.S., Chicago is the center of theChicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called \\\"Chicagoland\\\" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on the shore ofLake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near aportagebetween theGreat Lakesand theMississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.In 1871, theGreat Chicago Firedestroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,but Chicago's population continued to grow.Chicago made noted contributions tourban planningandarchitecture, such as theChicago School, the development of theCity Beautiful movement, and the steel-framedskyscraper. Chicago is an international hub for finance,culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, andtransportation. It has the largest and most diverse financederivativesmarket in the world, generating 20% of all volume incommoditiesand financial futures alone.O'Hare International Airportis routinely ranked among theworld's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic,and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.The Chicago area has one of the highestgross domestic products(GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.Chicago's economyisdiverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination fortourism, including visitors to itscultural institutions, and Lake Michiganbeaches. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts,literature, film,theater, comedy (especiallyimprovisational comedy),food, dance, andmusic(particularlyjazz,blues,soul,hip-hop,gospel,andelectronic dance music, includinghouse music). Chicago is home to theChicago Symphony Orchestraand theLyric Opera of Chicago, while theArt Institute of Chicagoprovides an influential visual arts museum andart school. The Chicago area also hosts theUniversity of Chicago,Northwestern University, and theUniversity of Illinois Chicago, amongother institutions of learning. ProfessionalsportsinChicago includeallmajor professional leagues, including twoMajor League Baseballteams. Etymology and nicknames The nameChicagois derived from a French rendering of theindigenousMiami–Illinoiswordshikaakwafor a wild relative of theonion; it is known to botanists asAllium tricoccumand known more commonly as \\\"ramps\\\". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as \\\"Checagou\\\" was byRobert de LaSallearound 1679 in a memoir.Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild \\\"garlic\\\" grew profusely in the area.According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at the said place called \\\"Chicagou\\\" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has hadseveral nicknamesthroughout its history, such as theWindy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. History Beginnings In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by thePotawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded theMiami,SaukandMeskwakipeoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was traderJean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was ofAfricandescent, perhaps born in theFrench colonyofSaint-Domingue(Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the \\\"Founder of Chicago.\\\" In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in theNorthwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with theTreaty of Greenville. In 1803, theU.S. ArmyconstructedFort Dearborn, which was destroyed during theWar of 1812in theBattle of Fort Dearbornby the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, theOttawa,Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the1833 Treaty of Chicagoand sent west of theMississippi Riveras part of the federal policy ofIndian removal. 19th century On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began withEdmund Dick Tayloras Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of theChicago Portage,the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway,Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and theIllinois and Michigan Canalopened in 1848. The canal allowedsteamboatsandsailing shipson theGreat Lakesto connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities andimmigrantsfrom abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing theAmerican economy.TheChicago Board of Trade(established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized \\\"exchange-traded\\\" forward contracts, which were calledfutures contracts. In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of SenatorStephen Douglas, the champion of theKansas–Nebraska Actand the \\\"popular sovereignty\\\" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan,Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the1860 Republican National Convention, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called theWigwam. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for theAmerican Civil War. To accommodaterapid population growthand demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approvedChesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.The projectraised much of central Chicagoto a new grade with the use ofjackscrewsfor raising buildings.While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into theChicago River, and subsequently intoLake Michigan, polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly builtwater cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canalthat connects to theIllinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.Much of the city, including railroads andstockyards, survived intact,and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world'sfirst skyscraperin 1885, usingsteel-skeletonconstruction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including theHyde Park Township, which now comprises most of theSouth Side of Chicagoand the far southeast of Chicago, and theJefferson Township, which now makes up most ofChicago's Northwest Side.The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants fromEuropeand migrants from theEastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage.Germans,Irish,Poles,Swedes, andCzechsmade up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflictsfollowed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including theHaymarket affairon May 4, 1886, and in 1894 thePullman Strike. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor ledJane AddamsandEllen Gates Starrto foundHull Housein 1889.Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field ofsocial work. During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics ofcholera,smallpox, andyellow feverwere both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscapedmunicipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago wasJohn H. Rauch, M.D.Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He createdLincoln Parkby closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North Americantime zones.This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted theWorld's Columbian Expositionon former marshland at the present location ofJackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influentialworld's fairin history.TheUniversity of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term \\\"midway\\\" for a fair or carnival referred originally to theMidway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects theWashingtonand Jackson Parks. 20th and 21st centuries 1900 to 1939 DuringWorld War Iand the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from theSouthern United States. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.ThisGreat Migrationhad an immense cultural impact, called theChicago Black Renaissance, part of theNew Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music.Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as theChicago race riot of 1919, also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 whenProhibitionwas repealed. The 1920s sawgangsters, includingAl Capone,Dion O'Banion,Bugs MoranandTony Accardobattle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during theProhibition era.Chicago was the location of the infamousSt. Valentine's Day Massacrein 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenantrent strikes, which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called theSociety for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals,Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been aDemocrat. From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, withUnemployed Councilscontributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 theWorkers Alliance of Americabegun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed theMemorial Day massacre of 1937in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago MayorAnton Cermakwas fatally wounded inMiami, Florida, during afailed assassinationattempt on President-electFranklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting theCentury of ProgressInternational ExpositionWorld's Fair.The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. 1940 to 1979 DuringWorld War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more thanNazi Germanyfrom 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in thesecond wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicistEnrico Fermiconducted the world's first controllednuclear reactionat the University of Chicago as part of the top-secretManhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used inWorld War IIin 1945. MayorRichard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era ofmachine politics. In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known aswhite flight– as Blacks continued to move beyond theBlack Belt.While home loan discriminatoryredliningagainst blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known asblockbusting, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966,Martin Luther King Jr.andAlbert Rabyled theChicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as theWillis Tower, which in 1974 became theworld's tallest building),University of Illinois at Chicago,McCormick Place, andO'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.In 1979,Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-riddenCabrini-Greenhousing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. 1980 to present In 1983,Harold Washingtonbecame the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderpersonEugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives forsustainable development, as well as closingMeigs Fieldin the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near theKinzie Street Bridgeproduced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of anabandoned freight tunnel systemextending throughout the downtownLoopdistrict. Thetunnels filledwith 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011,Rahm Emanuel, a formerWhite House Chief of Staffand member of theHouse of Representatives, won the mayoral election.Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.Lori Lightfoot, the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk wasAnna Valenciaand the city treasurer wasMelissa Conyears-Ervin. On May 15, 2023,Brandon Johnsonassumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago. Geography Topography Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in theChicago Metropolitan Area, situated in both theMidwestern United Statesand theGreat Lakes region. The city rests on acontinental divideat the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakeswatersheds. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and theCalumet Riverin the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's hugelake freightersuse the city'sLake Calumet Harboron the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.The overallgradeof the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m)above sea level. While measurements vary somewhat,the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge ofBlue Islandin the city's far south side. Lake Shore Driveruns adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront includeLincoln Park,Grant Park,Burnham Park, andJackson Park. There are 24 publicbeachesacross 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space forNavy Pier,Northerly Island, theMuseum Campus, and large portions of theMcCormick PlaceConvention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entireChicago metropolitan areais \\\"Chicagoland\\\", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Communities Major sections of the city include the central business district, calledthe Loop, and the North,South, andWest Sides.The three sides of the city are represented on theFlag of Chicagoby three horizontal white stripes.The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of thePort of Chicago. In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinctcommunity areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally definedneighborhoods. Streetscape Chicago's streets were laid out in astreet gridthat grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.Streets following thePublic Land Survey Systemsection lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in thePlan of Chicago, but only the extension ofOgden Avenuewas ever constructed. In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago'sWestern Avenueis the longest continuous urban street in the world.Other notable streets includeMichigan Avenue,State Street,95th Street,Cicero Avenue,Clark Street, andBelmont Avenue. TheCity Beautiful movementinspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways. Architecture The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the firststeel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in theskyscraper era,which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest. Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;Willis Tower(formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in theWestern HemisphereafterOne World Trade Center, andTrump International Hotel and Toweris the third tallest in the country.The Loop's historic buildings include theChicago Board of Trade Building, theFine Arts Building,35 East Wacker, and theChicago Building,860-880 Lake Shore Drive ApartmentsbyMies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such asDaniel Burnham,Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, andHelmut Jahn. TheMerchandise Mart, once first on thelist of largest buildings in the world, currently listed as 44th-largest 2013 as September 9, 2013, had its ownzip codeuntil 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code),Trump International Hotel and Tower, theAon Center(previously the Standard Oil Building), and theJohn Hancock Center.Industrial districts, such as some areas on theSouth Side, the areas along theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and theNorthwest Indianaarea are clustered. Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to thePrairie School, two movements in architecture.Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brickbungalowsbuilt from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of thePolish Cathedral styleofchurch architecture. The Chicago suburb ofOak Parkwas home to famous architectFrank Lloyd Wright, who had designed TheRobie Houselocated near the University of Chicago. A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River. Monuments and public art Chicago is famous for its outdoorpublic artwith donors establishing funding for such art as far back asBenjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust.A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these areChagall's Four Seasons; theChicago Picasso;Miro's Chicago;Calder'sFlamingo;Oldenburg'sBatcolumn;Moore'sLarge Interior Form, 1953-54,Man Enters the CosmosandNuclear Energy;Dubuffet'sMonument with Standing Beast,Abakanowicz'sAgora; and,Anish Kapoor'sCloud Gatewhich has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including theGreat Northern Migration(Saar) and thecentennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art:Plensa'sCrown Fountainas well asBurnhamand Bennett'sBuckingham Fountain. Climate The city lies within the typical hot-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons.Summersare hot and humid, with frequentheat waves. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake.Wintersare relatively cold and snowy.Blizzardsdo occur, such as inwinter 2011.There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. Apolar vortex in January 2019nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April. Springandautumnare mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity.Dew pointtemperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies withinUSDAplanthardiness zone6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs. According to theNational Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934.Midway Airportreached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded aheat indexof 125 °F (52 °C) during the1995 heatwave.The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded onJanuary 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport.Most of the city's rainfall is brought bythunderstorms, averaging 38 a year. The region is prone tosevere thunderstormsduring the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes. Like other major cities, Chicago experiences anurban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.Northeast winds from wintertimecyclonesdeparting south of the region sometimes bring the citylake-effect snow. Time zone As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of theCentral Time Zone. The border with theEastern Time Zoneis located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan andcertain parts of Indiana. Demographics During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world,and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, includingItalians,Jews,Russians,Poles,Greeks,Lithuanians,Bulgarians,Albanians,Romanians,Turks,Croatians,Serbs,Bosnians,MontenegrinsandCzechs.To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrialworking class, were added an additional influx ofAfrican Americansfrom theAmerican South—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.Chicago has asignificant Bosnian population, many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s. In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called \\\"Black Belt\\\" on the city'sSouth Side.A large number of blacks also settled on theWest Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on theNorth Sideis that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue inUptownwas the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York'sHarlem. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago. Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born inMexico,PolandorIndia. Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken byLos Angelesas the United States' second largest city. The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census. According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population. Chicago has the third-largestLGBTpopulation in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ.In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT.Since the 2013 legalization ofsame-sex marriage in Illinois, over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed inCook County, a majority of them in Chicago. Chicago became a \\\"de jure\\\"sanctuary cityin 2012 when MayorRahm Emanueland the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance. According to the U.S. Census Bureau'sAmerican Community Surveydata estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million. According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were: Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790. Religion Religion in Chicago (2014) According to a 2014 study by thePew Research Center,Christianityis the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States afterDallas,AtlantaandHouston.Roman CatholicismandProtestantismare the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed byEastern OrthodoxyandJehovah's Witnesseswith 1% each.Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups includeIrreligious(22%),Judaism(3%),Islam(2%),Buddhism(1%) andHinduism(1%). Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including theEvangelical Covenant Churchand theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America. It is the seat of severaldioceses. TheFourth Presbyterian Churchis one of the largestPresbyteriancongregations in the United States based on memberships.Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of theAssyrian Church of the East.In 2014 theCatholic Churchwas the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicagobeing the largest Catholic jurisdiction.Evangelical Protestantismform the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed byMainline Protestants(11%), and historicallyBlack churches(8%). Among denominational Protestant branches,Baptistsformed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%);Lutherans(4%); andPentecostals(3%). Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014.Judaismhas at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population, making it the second largest religion.A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500. The first twoParliament of the World's Religionsin 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, includingMother Teresa, theDalai LamaandPope John Paul IIin 1979. Economy Chicago has the third-largestgross metropolitan productin the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialistsJohn Crerar,John Whitfield Bunn,Richard Teller Crane,Marshall Field,John Farwell,Julius Rosenwald, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, followingMidtown Manhattan.The city is the seat of theFederal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial andfutures exchanges, including theChicago Stock Exchange, theChicago Board Options Exchange(CBOE), and theChicago Mercantile Exchange(the \\\"Merc\\\"), which is owned, along with theChicago Board of Trade(CBOT), by Chicago'sCME Group. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives.Chase Bankhas its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago'sChase Tower.Academically, Chicago has been influential through theChicago school of economics, which fielded 12Nobel Prizewinners. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.Illinois is home to 66Fortune1000companies, including those in Chicago.The city of Chicago also hosts 12FortuneGlobal 500 companies and 17Financial Times500 companies. The city claims threeDow 30companies:aerospacegiantBoeing, which moved its headquarters fromSeattleto the Chicago Loop in 2001;McDonald's; andWalgreens Boots Alliance.For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.However, threeFortune500companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City. Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, includingBaxter International,Boeing,Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare division ofGeneral Electric. Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters ofConagra,Ferrara Candy Company,Kraft Heinz,McDonald's,Mondelez International, andQuaker Oats.Chicago has been a hub of theretailsector since its early development, withMontgomery Ward,Sears, andMarshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, includingWalgreens,Sears,Ace Hardware,Claire's,ULTA Beauty, andCrate & Barrel. Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of thebicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introducedstampingto the production process and significantly reduced costs,while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting theBrass Era carbuilder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.Chicago was also the site of theSchwinn Bicycle Company. Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behindLas VegasandOrlando) in number of conventions hosted annually. Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021. Culture and contemporary life The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods fromRogers Parkin the north toSouth Shorein the south.The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include theMexican Americanneighborhoods, such asPilsenalong 18th street, andLa Villitaalong 26th Street; thePuerto Ricanenclave ofPaseo Boricuain theHumboldt Parkneighborhood;Greektown, along SouthHalsted Street, immediately west of downtown;Little Italy, along Taylor Street;ChinatowninArmour Square;Polish PatchesinWest Town;Little SeoulinAlbany Parkaround Lawrence Avenue;Little VietnamnearBroadwayin Uptown; and theDesiarea, alongDevon AvenueinWest Ridge. Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called \\\"The Loop\\\", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term \\\"The Loop\\\" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes theNear North Side, theNear South Side, and theNear West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famousskyscrapers, abundant restaurants,shopping,museums,Soldier Field, convention facilities,parkland, andbeaches. Lincoln Park contains theLincoln Park Zooand theLincoln Park Conservatory. TheRiver North Gallery Districtfeatures the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.Lake Viewis home toBoystown, the city's largeLGBTnightlife and culture center. TheChicago Pride Parade, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.NorthHalsted Streetis the main thoroughfare of Boystown. The South Side neighborhood ofHyde Parkis the home of former U.S. PresidentBarack Obama. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,and theMuseum of Science and Industry. The 6-mile (9.7 km) longBurnham Parkstretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sitsWashington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called theMidway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African AmericanBud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels throughBronzevilleto Washington Park.Ford Motor Companyhas anautomobile assembly planton the South Side inHegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side. The West Side holds theGarfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here includeHumboldt Park'sInstitute of Puerto Rican Arts and Cultureand the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as theNational Museum of Mexican ArtandSt. Adalbert's ChurchinPilsen. The Near West Side holds theUniversity of Illinois at Chicagoand was once home toOprah Winfrey'sHarpo Studios, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's. The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films likeThe Blues Brothersand television programs like theSaturday Night Liveskit \\\"Bill Swerski's Superfans\\\", is an advanced form ofInland Northern American English. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such asCleveland,Milwaukee,Detroit, andRochester, New York, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as theshort 'a'sound as in \\\"cat\\\", which can sound more like \\\"kyet\\\" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city. Entertainment and the arts Renowned Chicago theater companies include theGoodman Theatrein the Loop; theSteppenwolf Theatre CompanyandVictory Gardens Theaterin Lincoln Park; and theChicago Shakespeare Theaterat Navy Pier.Broadway In Chicagooffers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: theNederlander Theatre,CIBC Theatre,Cadillac Palace Theatre,Auditorium BuildingofRoosevelt University, andBroadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place.Polish languageproductions forChicago's large Polish speaking populationcan be seen at the historicGateway TheatreinJefferson Park. Since 1968, theJoseph Jefferson Awardsare given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modernimprovisational theater, and includes the prominent groupsThe Second CityandI.O.(formerly ImprovOlympic). TheChicago Symphony Orchestra(CSO) performs atSymphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.Also performing regularly atSymphony Centeris theChicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park andMillennium Park.Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. TheCivic Opera Houseis home to theLyric Opera of Chicago.TheLithuanian Opera Company of Chicagowas founded byLithuanian Chicagoansin 1956,and presents operas inLithuanian. TheJoffrey BalletandChicago Festival Balletperform in various venues, including theHarris TheaterinMillennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as theHubbard Street Dance ChicagoandChicago Dance Crash. Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage includeChicago blues,Chicago soul,jazz, andgospel. The city is the birthplace ofhouse music(a popular form of electronic dance music) andindustrial music, and is the site of an influentialhip hop scene. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular foralternative rock,punk, andnew wave. The city has been a center forraveculture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicagoindie.Annual festivalsfeature various acts, such asLollapaloozaand thePitchfork Music Festival.Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by theUniversity of Chicago Cultural Policy Centerranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in \\\"size of music industry\\\" and fourth among all U.S. cities in \\\"number of concerts and performances\\\". Chicago has a distinctivefine arttradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurativesurrealism, as in the works ofIvan AlbrightandEd Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of theChicago Imagists, such asRoger Brown,Leon Golub,Robert Lostutter,Jim Nutt, andBarbara Rossiproduced bizarre representational paintings.Henry Dargeris one of the most celebrated figures ofoutsider art. Tourism In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.These visitors contributed more thanUS$13.7billion to Chicago's economy.Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largestconventiondestination. A 2017 study byWalk Scoreranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south ofSoldier Field. Navy Pier, located just east ofStreeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. Museums Among the city's museums are theAdler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, theField Museum of Natural History, and theShedd Aquarium. TheMuseum Campusjoins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago'sInstitute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africahas an extensive collection ofancient EgyptianandNear Easternarchaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include theChicago History Museum, theDriehaus Museum, theDuSable Museum of African American History, theMuseum of Contemporary Art, thePeggy Notebaert Nature Museum, thePolish Museum of America, theMuseum of Broadcast Communications, theChicago Architecture Foundation, and theMuseum of Science and Industry. Cuisine Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowneddeep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated atPizzeria Uno.The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.Certain Chicago pizza favorites includeLou Malnati'sandGiordano's. TheChicago-style hot dog, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish,yellow mustard, pickledsport peppers,tomatowedges,dill picklespear and topped off withcelery salton apoppy seedbun.Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use ofketchupas a garnish, but may prefer to addgiardiniera. A distinctly Chicago sandwich, theItalian beefsandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered inau jusand served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. TheMaxwell Street Polishis a grilled or deep-friedkielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. Chicken Vesuviois roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. ThePuerto Rican-influencedjibaritois a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. Themother-in-lawis atamaletopped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.The tradition of serving theGreekdishsaganakiwhile aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused withMetaxaandflambéedtable-side.Chicago-style barbecuefeatures hardwood smokedrib tipsandhot linkswhich were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.Annual festivalsfeature various Chicago signature dishes, such asTaste of Chicagoand the Chicago Food Truck Festival. One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of threeMichelinstars,Alineais located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include:Charlie Trotter,Rick Tramonto,Grant Achatz, andRick Bayless. In 2003,Robb Reportnamed Chicago the country's \\\"most exceptional dining destination\\\". Literature Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition ofsocial realism. In theEncyclopedia of Chicago,Northwestern UniversityProfessor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to \\\"capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people.\\\" The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of \\\"high-flown romance\\\" and \\\"genteel realism\\\", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,and create a \\\"city of feeling\\\" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. At least three short periods in thehistory of Chicagohave had a lasting influence onAmerican literature.These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of theGreat Depressionthrough the 1940s. What would become the influentialPoetrymagazine was founded in 1912 byHarriet Monroe, who was working as anartcriticfor theChicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets asGwendolyn Brooks,James Merrill, andJohn Ashbery.T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, \\\"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\\\", was first published byPoetry. Contributors have includedEzra Pound,William Butler Yeats,William Carlos Williams,Langston Hughes, andCarl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching theImagistandObjectivistpoetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, thepoetry slam. Sports The city has twoMajor League Baseball(MLB) teams: theChicago Cubsof the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and theChicago White Soxof the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906. The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;they have played in Chicago since 1871.They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. TheChicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of theNational Football League(NFL), have won nineNFL Championships, including the 1985Super Bowl XX. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. TheChicago Bullsof theNational Basketball Association(NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.During the 1990s, withMichael Jordanleading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons. TheChicago Blackhawksof theNational Hockey League(NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the \\\"Original Six\\\" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won sixStanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at theUnited Center. Chicago Fire FCis a member ofMajor League Soccer(MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and fourU.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successfulFIFA World Cupwith games played at Soldier Field. TheChicago Red Starsare a team in theNational Women's Soccer League(NWSL). They previously played inWomen's Professional Soccer(WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play atSeatGeek StadiuminBridgeview, Illinois. TheChicago Skyis a professional basketball team playing in theWomen's National Basketball Association(WNBA). They play home games at theWintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began. TheChicago Marathonhas been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of sixWorld Marathon Majors. Five area colleges play inDivision Iconferences: two from major conferences—theDePaul Blue Demons(Big East Conference) and theNorthwestern Wildcats(Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—theChicago State Cougars(Northeast Conference); theLoyola Ramblers(Atlantic 10 Conference); and theUIC Flames(Missouri Valley Conference). Chicago has also entered intoesportswith the creation of theOpTic Chicago, a professionalCall of Dutyteam that participates within theCDL. Parks and greenspace When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the mottoUrbs in Horto, aLatinphrase which means \\\"City in a Garden\\\". Today, theChicago Park Districtconsists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) ofmunicipal parkland. There are 31 sandbeaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors afterCentral ParkinNew York City, and theNational Mall and Memorial ParksinWashington, D.C. There is a historicboulevard system,a network of wide, tree-linedboulevardswhich connect a number of Chicagoparks.The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.A number ofChicago neighborhoodsemerged along these roadways in the 19th century.The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and sixsquares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.TheChicago Park Boulevard System Historic Districtwas listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2018. With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as thePing Tom Memorial Parkin Chinatown,DuSable Parkon the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by theCook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest,prairie,wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,including both theChicago Botanic GardeninGlencoeand theBrookfield ZooinBrookfield.Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago. Law and government Government The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive andlegislativebranches. Themayor of Chicagois the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor isBrandon Johnson. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. TheCity Councilis the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from eachwardin the city.The council takes official action through the passage ofordinancesand resolutions and approves the city budget. TheChicago Police Departmentprovides law enforcement and theChicago Fire Departmentprovides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in theCook County Circuit Courtof the State of Illinois court system, or in theNorthern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinoisstate's attorney; in the Federal court it is the United Statesattorney. Politics During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growingDemocratic Partyorganization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organizedsocialist,anarchistandlabor organizations.For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been \\\"solid blue\\\" inpresidential electionssince 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected aRepublicanmayor since 1927, whenWilliam Thompsonwas voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17districtsin theUnited States House of Representatives. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each:Robert P. Hanrahanfrom 1973 to 1975, andMichael Patrick Flanaganfrom 1995 to 1997. Machine politicspersisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal \\\"independent\\\" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election ofHarold Washington(in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor,Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democraticprimaryvote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed. The city is home of former United States PresidentBarack Obamaand First LadyMichelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago inKenwoodon the city's south side. Crime Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.Chicago experienced major rises inviolent crimein the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.Chicago's biggestcriminal justicechallenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide,armed robbery, gang violence, andaggravated battery. Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States. Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.The neighborhoods ofEnglewoodon the South Side, andAustinon the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.According to reports in 2013, \\\"most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,\\\"and is specifically related to the activities of theSinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities.Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000. Chicago has a long history of publiccorruptionthat regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.Most corruption cases in Chicago are prosecuted by theU.S. Attorney's office, as legaljurisdictionmakes most offenses punishable as a federal crime. Education Schools and libraries Chicago Public Schools(CPS) is the governing body of theschool districtthat contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors andAdvanced Placement(AP) courses.Walter Payton College Prep High Schoolis ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois. Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's \\\"choice system\\\", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). Chicago has a network ofLutheran schools,and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as theIda Crown Jewish AcademyinWest Ridge. TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of ChicagooperatesCatholic schools, that includeJesuit preparatory schoolsand others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the privateChicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the publicChicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts. TheChicago Public Librarysystem operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library. Colleges and universities Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top \\\"National Universities\\\" in the United States, as determined byU.S. News & World Report.Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University;Illinois Institute of Technology;Loyola University Chicago;DePaul University;Columbia College Chicagoand theUniversity of Illinois Chicago. Other notable schools include:Chicago State University; theSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago;East–West University;National Louis University;North Park University;Northeastern Illinois University;Robert Morris University Illinois;Roosevelt University;Saint Xavier University;Rush University; andShimer College. William Rainey Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of thejunior collegeconcept, establishing nearbyJoliet Junior Collegeas the first in the nation in 1901.His legacy continues with the multiplecommunity collegesin the Chicago proper, including the sevenCity Colleges of Chicago:Richard J. Daley College,Kennedy–King College,Malcolm X College,Olive–Harvey College,Truman College,Harold Washington College, andWilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately heldMacCormac College. Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as theAdler School of Professional Psychology,The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, theErikson Institute,The Institute for Clinical Social Work, theLutheran School of Theology at Chicago, theCatholic Theological Union, theMoody Bible Institute, and theUniversity of Chicago Divinity School. Media Television The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.Each of the big fiveU.S. television networks,NBC,ABC,CBS,FoxandThe CW, directly owns and operates ahigh-definition televisionstation in Chicago (WMAQ5,WLS7,WBBM2,WFLD32 andWGN-TV9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by theNexstar Media Group, which acquired it from its founding ownerTribune Broadcastingin 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as \\\"WGN America\\\" oncable and satellite TVnationwide and in parts of theCaribbean. WGN America eventually becameNewsNationin 2021. Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, includingThe Oprah Winfrey Show,Steve Harvey Show,The Rosie Show,The Jerry Springer Show,The Phil Donahue Show,The Jenny Jones Show, and more. The city also has onePBSmember station (its second:WYCC20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017):WTTW11, producer of shows such asSneak Previews,The Frugal Gourmet,Lamb Chop's Play-AlongandThe McLaughlin Group. As of 2018,Windy City Liveis Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner andRyan Chiaveriniat ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999,Judge Mathisalso films his syndicated arbitration-based realitycourt showat theNBC Tower. Beginning in January 2019,Newsybegan producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago. Television stations Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are: Newspapers Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: theChicago Tribuneand theChicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such asChicago, theDziennik Związkowy(Polish Daily News),Draugas(the Lithuanian daily newspaper), theChicago Reader, theSouthtownStar, theChicago Defender, theDaily Herald,Newcity,StreetWiseand theWindy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazineTime Out ChicagoandGRABmagazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazineChicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet,The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication,The A.V. Club. Movies and filming Radio Chicago has five50,000 watt AM radio stations: theAudacy-ownedWBBMandWSCR; theTribune Broadcasting-ownedWGN; theCumulus Media-ownedWLS; and theESPN Radio-ownedWMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, includingBeyond the BeltwaywithBruce DuMonton Sunday evenings. Chicago Public Radioproduces nationally aired programs such asPRI'sThis American LifeandNPR'sWait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. Infrastructure Transportation Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world afterHong KongandSingapore. The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. Parking Due to Chicago'sWheel Tax,residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests. Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to itspublicstreet parking.In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease itsparking metersystem to an operating company created byMorgan Stanley, calledChicago Parking Meters LLC. Daley said the \\\"agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy.\\\" The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue forChicago Parking Meters LLCinvestors. Expressways Seven mainline and four auxiliaryinterstate highways(55,57,65(only in Indiana),80(also inIndiana),88,90(also inIndiana),94(also inIndiana),190,290,294, and355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidateAdlai Stevenson. TheKennedyandDan RyanExpressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois. Transit systems TheRegional Transportation Authority(RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace. Greyhound Linesprovides inter-city bus service to and from the city at theChicago Bus Station, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network ofMegabus (North America). Passenger rail Amtraklong distance andcommuter railservices originate fromUnion Station.Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans,Portland,Seattle,Milwaukee,Quincy,St. Louis,Carbondale, Boston,Grand Rapids,Port Huron,Pontiac, Los Angeles, andSan Antonio. Future service will terminate atMoline. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via theChicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed. Bicycle and scooter sharing systems In July 2013, thebicycle-sharing systemDivvywas launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stationsIt is operated byLyftfor theChicago Department of Transportation.As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excludingPullman, Rosedale,Beverly,Belmont CraginandEdison Park. In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leadersBird,Jump,LimeandLyft.Each company was allowed to bring 250electric scooters, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken. Freight rail Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.All fiveClass I railroadsmeet in Chicago. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.CREATE, theChicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area. Airports Chicago is served byO'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,on the far Northwest Side, andMidway International Airporton the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago.Gary/Chicago International AirportandChicago Rockford International Airport, located inGary, IndianaandRockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towardsbuilding an entirely new airportin the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.The City of Chicago is the world headquarters forUnited Airlines, the world's third-largest airline. Port authority The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Utilities Electricity for most ofnorthern Illinoisis provided byCommonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory bordersIroquois Countyto the south, theWisconsinborder to the north, theIowaborder to the west and theIndianaborder to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division ofExelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy. Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary ofIntegrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago. Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is nowlandfilled, mainly in theCalumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had ablue bagprogram to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city. Health systems TheIllinois Medical Districtis on the Near West Side. It includesRush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2014–16, theUniversity of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, andJohn H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation. Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, includingNorthwestern Memorial Hospitaland theUniversity of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes theFeinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2017–18;theShirley Ryan AbilityLab(formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital byU.S. News & World Report;the newPrentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. TheUniversity of Illinois College of Medicineat UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford andUrbana–Champaign). In addition, theChicago Medical Schooland Loyola University Chicago'sStritch School of Medicineare located in the suburbs ofNorth ChicagoandMaywood, respectively. TheMidwestern UniversityChicago College ofOsteopathic Medicineis inDowners Grove. TheAmerican Medical Association,Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education,American Osteopathic Association,American Dental Association,Academy of General Dentistry,Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,American Association of Nurse Anesthetists,American College of Surgeons,American Society for Clinical Pathology,American College of Healthcare Executives, theAmerican Hospital Association, andBlue Cross and Blue Shield Associationare all based in Chicago. Sister cities See also Explanatory notes References Citations Cited references Further reading External links Former:Evanston•Hyde Park•Jefferson•Lake•Lake View•North Chicago•Rogers Park•South Chicago•West Chicago\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Lou Boudreau As manager Louis Boudreau(July 17, 1917 – August 10, 2001), nicknamed \"Old Shufflefoot\", \"Handsome Lou\", and \"the Good Kid\", was an Americanprofessional baseballplayer and manager.He played inMajor League Baseball(MLB) for 15 seasons, primarily as ashortstopon theCleveland Indians, and managed four teams for 15 seasons including 10 seasons as aplayer-manager. He was also a radio announcer for theChicago Cubsand in college was a dual-sport athlete in baseball and basketball, earningAll-Americanhonors in basketball for theUniversity of Illinois. Boudreau was anAll-Starfor seven seasons.In 1948, Boudreau won theAmerican LeagueMost Valuable Player Awardand managed theCleveland Indiansto theWorld Seriestitle. He won the 1944 American League (AL)batting title(.327), and led the league in doubles in 1941, 1944, and 1947. He led AL shortstops in fielding eight times. Boudreau still holds the MLB record for hitting the most consecutive doubles in a game (four), set on July 14, 1946. In 1970, Boudreau was","1970, Boudreau was elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fameand his No. 5 was retired by the Indians that same year. Early life Boudreau was born inHarvey, Illinois, the son of Birdie (Henry) and Louis Boudreau.His father was of French-Canadian ancestry, his mother was Jewish, and both of his maternal grandparents were observantOrthodox Jewswith whom when he was young he celebratedPassoverseders.He was raised Catholic by his father after his parents divorced.He graduated fromThornton Township High SchoolinHarvey, Illinois, where he led the \"Flying Clouds\" to three straightIllinois high school championshipgames, winning in 1933 and finishing as runner up in 1934 and 1935. College baseball and basketball Boudreau attended theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was a member ofPhi Sigma Kappafraternity and captain of thebasketballandbaseballteams. During the1936–37 basketballand baseball seasons, Boudreau led each Fighting Illini team to aBig Ten Conferencechampionship.During the1937–38","the1937–38 basketball season, Boudreau was named anNCAA Men's Basketball All-American. While Boudreau was still at Illinois,Cleveland Indiansgeneral managerCy Slapnickapaid him an undisclosed sum in return for agreeing to play baseball for the Indians after he graduated. Due to this agreement, Boudreau was ruled ineligible for collegiate sports by theBig Ten Conferenceofficials.During his senior year at Illinois, he played professional basketball with theHammond Ciesar All-Americansof theNational Basketball League. Despite playing professional baseball with Cleveland, Boudreau earned hisBachelor of Sciencein education from Illinois in 1940 and worked as the Illinois freshman basketball coach for the 1939 and 1940 teams. Boudreau stayed on as an assistant coach for the1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball teamand he was instrumental in recruiting futureNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame InducteeAndy Phillipto play for Illinois. Professional baseball career Cleveland Indians Boudreau made","Boudreau made his major league debut on September 9, 1938, for theCleveland Indiansat 21 as a third baseman in his first game. In 1939, Indian managerOssie Vitttold him that he would have to move from his normal third base position toshortstopsince established sluggerKen Keltneralready had the regular third base job. In 1940, his first full year as a starter, he batted .295 with 46doublesand 101RBI, and was selected for theAll-Star Gamefor the first of five consecutive seasons (MLB cancelled the1945 gamedue to war-time travel restrictions and did not name All-Stars). Boudreau helped make history in 1941 as a key figure in stopping the56-game hitting streakbyJoe DiMaggio. After two sparkling stops by Keltner at third base on hard ground balls earlier in the game, Boudreau snagged a bad-hop grounder to short barehanded and started a double play retiring DiMaggio at first.He finished the season with a modest .257 batting average, but had a league-leading 45 doubles. After the 1941 season, ownerAlva","season, ownerAlva Bradleypromoted Indians managerRoger Peckinpaughto general manager and appointed the 25-year-old Boudreau player-manager. Boudreau played and managed the Indians throughout World War II (playing basketball had put a strain on Boudreau's ankles that turned intoarthritis, which classified him as4-Fand thus ineligible for military service).In 1944, Boudreau turned 134double plays, the most ever by a player-manager in MLB history. When he bought the Indians in 1947,Bill Veeck, after being approached by Boudreau, renewed the player-manager agreement with mixed feelings on both sides, as Boudreau stated that he would rather be traded than only play shortstop. Details of possibly trading him forVern Stephensof the St. Louis Browns in 1947 only attracted fans to the side of Boudreau. However, Boudreau hit .355 in 1948; Cleveland won the AL pennant and theWorld Series, the Indians first World Series championship in 28 years and only the second in Indians history, with Veeck and Boudreau publicly","Boudreau publicly acknowledging each other's role in the team's success. Later career Boudreau was released by the Indians as both player and manager following the 1950 season. He signed with theBoston Red Sox, playing full-time in 1951, moving up to player-manager in 1952 and managing from the bench in 1953–54. He then became the first manager of theKansas City Athleticsin 1955 after their move from Philadelphia until he was fired after 104 games in 1957 and replaced byHarry Craft. He last managed the Chicago Cubs, in 1960. Managerial record Boudreau shift Boudreau is credited with inventing theinfield shift, which came to be known colloquially as the \"Boudreau shift.\" Because sluggingRed SoxsuperstarTed Williamswas a dead-pull hitter, he moved most of his Cleveland Indian fielders to the right of second base against the Splendid Splinter, leaving only the third baseman and left fielder to the left of second but also very close to second base, far to the right of their normal positions. With characteristic","With characteristic stubborn pride, Williams refused the obvious advice from teammates to hit orbuntto left against the Boudreau shift, but great hitter that he was, not changing his approach against the shift didn't affect his hitting very much. Boudreau later admitted that the shift was more about \"psyching out\" Williams rather than playing him to pull. \"I always considered the Boudreau shift a psychological, rather than a tactical\" ploy, he declared in his autobiographyPlayer-Manager. Broadcasting Boudreau did play-by-play for Cub games in 1958–59 before switching roles with manager \"Jolly Cholly\"Charlie Grimmin 1960. But after only one season as Cubs manager, Boudreau returned to the radio booth and remained there until 1987. He also did radio play-by-play for theChicago Bullsin 1966–1968 and worked onChicago Blackhawksgames forWGN radioandtelevisionas well. The presence of a Hall of Fame announcer affected at least one game. On June 23, 1976, the Cubs were two runs behind at home in the fourth inning of","fourth inning of the second game of a doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates at home when the umpires called the game on account of darkness (since there were no lights atWrigley Fielduntil 1988), announcing that the game would be resumed at the same point the next day as was normally the case in those days. But Boudreau knew the rules better than anyone else in the park, it turned out, for he went down quickly to the clubhouse and pointed out to the umpires that a game that was not yet an official game could not be treated as a suspended game (i.e., it had not gone five innings, or four and a half with the home team leading, as neither was the case), and as such had to be replayed from the first pitch (as was then the rule in a rain-out). The umpires called the National League office, found Boudreau was correct, and removed the two-run Cubs deficit. Later life and honors Boudreau was elected to theBaseball Hall of Famein 1970 with 77.33% of the vote. That same year, his uniform number 5 was retired by","5 was retired by theCleveland Indians(he wore number 4 with the Red Sox). In 1973, the city ofClevelandrenamed a street borderingCleveland Municipal Stadiumafter Boudreau.Boudreau Drive in Urbana, Illinois, is also named after Boudreau. In 1990, the Cleveland Indians established The Lou Boudreau Award, which is given every year to the organization's Minor League Player of the Year.In 1992, Boudreau's number 5 jersey was retired by theIllinois Fighting Illini baseballprogram. Boudreau is only one of threeIllinois Fighting Illiniathletes to have their number retired; the other two athletes beingIllinois Fighting Illini footballplayersRed GrangeandDick Butkus. Personal life Boudreau married Della DeRuiter in 1938, and together they had four children. His daughter Sharyn marriedDenny McLain, a former star pitcher with theDetroit Tigerswho was the last 30-game winner in the major leagues (31–6 for the world champion 1968Detroit Tigers). Boudreau had a home inFrankfort, Illinois, for many years. He died on August","He died on August 10, 2001, due tocardiac arrestat St. James Medical Center inOlympia Fields, Illinois. He was 84. He received a Catholic funeral and his body was interred in the Pleasant Hill Cemetery. See also Notes References Further reading External links","List of World Series champions TheWorld Seriesis the annual championship series ofMajor League Baseball(MLB) and concludes theMLB postseason. First played in 1903,the World Series championship is abest-of-seven playoffand is a contest between the champions of baseball'sNational League(NL) andAmerican League(AL).Often referred to as the \"Fall Classic\",the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions: in1904, when the NL championNew York Giantsdeclined to play the AL championBoston Americans; and in1994, when the series was canceled due to theplayers' strike.The best-of-seven style has been the format of all World Series except in1903,1919,1920,1921, when the winner was determined through abest-of-nine playoff.Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October, a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November. The Series-winning team is awarded theCommissioner's Trophy.Players, coaches and others","coaches and others associated with the team are generally givenWorld Series ringsto commemorate their victory; however, they have received other items such aspocket watchesand medallions in the past.The winning team is traditionally invited to theWhite Houseto meet thePresident of the United States. A total of 119 World Series have been contested through 2023, with the AL champion winning 68 and the NL champion winning 51. TheNew York Yankeesof the AL have played in 40 World Series, winning 27 – the most championship appearances and most victories by any team amongst themajor North American professional sports leagues. TheDodgersof the NL have the most losses with 14, while the Yankees have the most losses among AL teams with 13. TheSt. Louis Cardinalshave won 11 championships, the most championships among NL clubs and second-most all-time behind the Yankees, and have made 19 total appearances, third-most among NL clubs.The Dodgers have represented the NL the most in the World Series with 21 appearances.","21 appearances. TheSeattle Marinersare the only MLB franchise that has never appeared in a World Series; theMilwaukee Brewers,San Diego Padres,Tampa Bay Rays, andColorado Rockieshave all played in the Series but have never won it, with the Padres and the Rays appearing twice. TheLos Angeles AngelsandWashington Nationalsare the only teams who have won their only World Series appearance, and theToronto Blue JaysandMiami Marlinsare the only teams with multiple World Series appearances with no losses. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in and win a World Series, winning in 1992 and 1993. TheHouston Astrosare the only franchise to have represented both the NL (2005) and the AL (2017, 2019, 2021, 2022), winning the Series in 2017 and 2022. The 1919 and 2017 World Series were both marred with cheating scandals: theBlack Sox Scandaland theHouston Astros sign stealing scandal. The most recent World Series champions are theTexas Rangers. World Series results Numbers","results Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows: Source for this Table World Series records by franchise In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the \"Season(s)\" column,bold yearsindicate winning appearances. Frequent matchups The following are the 20 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series. All teams that have participated in these were \"Classic Eight\" members of either the American or National League; no expansion team (created in 1961 or later) has faced the same opponent more than once in a World Series. See also References External links","Chicago Chicagois themost populous cityin theU.S. stateofIllinoisand in theMidwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the2020 census,it is thethird-most populous city in the United StatesafterNew York CityandLos Angeles. As theseatofCook County, thesecond-most populous countyin the U.S., Chicago is the center of theChicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called \"Chicagoland\" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on the shore ofLake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near aportagebetween theGreat Lakesand theMississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.In 1871, theGreat Chicago Firedestroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,but Chicago's population continued to grow.Chicago made noted contributions tourban planningandarchitecture, such as theChicago School, the development of theCity Beautiful movement, and the steel-framedskyscraper. Chicago is an international hub for finance,culture, commerce, industry,","commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, andtransportation. It has the largest and most diverse financederivativesmarket in the world, generating 20% of all volume incommoditiesand financial futures alone.O'Hare International Airportis routinely ranked among theworld's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic,and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.The Chicago area has one of the highestgross domestic products(GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.Chicago's economyisdiverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination fortourism, including visitors to itscultural institutions, and Lake Michiganbeaches. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts,literature, film,theater, comedy (especiallyimprovisational comedy),food, dance, andmusic(particularlyjazz,blues,soul,hip-hop,gospel,andelectronic dance music, includinghouse music). Chicago is home to theChicago Symphony","theChicago Symphony Orchestraand theLyric Opera of Chicago, while theArt Institute of Chicagoprovides an influential visual arts museum andart school. The Chicago area also hosts theUniversity of Chicago,Northwestern University, and theUniversity of Illinois Chicago, amongother institutions of learning. ProfessionalsportsinChicago includeallmajor professional leagues, including twoMajor League Baseballteams. Etymology and nicknames The nameChicagois derived from a French rendering of theindigenousMiami–Illinoiswordshikaakwafor a wild relative of theonion; it is known to botanists asAllium tricoccumand known more commonly as \"ramps\". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as \"Checagou\" was byRobert de LaSallearound 1679 in a memoir.Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild \"garlic\" grew profusely in the area.According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at the said place called \"Chicagou\" which, according to what we were able to","we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has hadseveral nicknamesthroughout its history, such as theWindy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. History Beginnings In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by thePotawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded theMiami,SaukandMeskwakipeoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was traderJean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was ofAfricandescent, perhaps born in theFrench colonyofSaint-Domingue(Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the \"Founder of Chicago.\" In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in theNorthwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with theTreaty of Greenville. In 1803, theU.S. ArmyconstructedFort Dearborn, which was destroyed during theWar of 1812in","theWar of 1812in theBattle of Fort Dearbornby the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, theOttawa,Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the1833 Treaty of Chicagoand sent west of theMississippi Riveras part of the federal policy ofIndian removal. 19th century On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began withEdmund Dick Tayloras Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of theChicago Portage,the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway,Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and theIllinois and Michigan Canalopened in 1848. The","in 1848. The canal allowedsteamboatsandsailing shipson theGreat Lakesto connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities andimmigrantsfrom abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing theAmerican economy.TheChicago Board of Trade(established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized \"exchange-traded\" forward contracts, which were calledfutures contracts. In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of SenatorStephen Douglas, the champion of theKansas–Nebraska Actand the \"popular sovereignty\" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan,Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the1860 Republican National Convention, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called theWigwam. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for theAmerican Civil War. To accommodaterapid","To accommodaterapid population growthand demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approvedChesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.The projectraised much of central Chicagoto a new grade with the use ofjackscrewsfor raising buildings.While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into theChicago River, and subsequently intoLake Michigan, polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly builtwater cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with","was completed with theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canalthat connects to theIllinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.Much of the city, including railroads andstockyards, survived intact,and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world'sfirst skyscraperin 1885, usingsteel-skeletonconstruction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including theHyde Park Township, which now comprises most of theSouth Side of Chicagoand the far southeast of Chicago, and theJefferson Township, which now makes up most ofChicago's Northwest Side.The","Northwest Side.The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants fromEuropeand migrants from theEastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage.Germans,Irish,Poles,Swedes, andCzechsmade up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflictsfollowed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including theHaymarket affairon May 4, 1886, and in 1894 thePullman Strike. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor ledJane AddamsandEllen Gates Starrto foundHull Housein 1889.Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field ofsocial work. During the 1870s and 1880s,","1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics ofcholera,smallpox, andyellow feverwere both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscapedmunicipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago wasJohn H. Rauch, M.D.Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He createdLincoln Parkby closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910","hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North Americantime zones.This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted theWorld's Columbian Expositionon former marshland at the present location ofJackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influentialworld's fairin history.TheUniversity of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term \"midway\" for a fair or carnival referred originally to theMidway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects theWashingtonand Jackson Parks. 20th and 21st centuries 1900 to 1939 DuringWorld War Iand the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from theSouthern United","theSouthern United States. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.ThisGreat Migrationhad an immense cultural impact, called theChicago Black Renaissance, part of theNew Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music.Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as theChicago race riot of 1919, also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 whenProhibitionwas repealed. The 1920s sawgangsters, includingAl Capone,Dion O'Banion,Bugs MoranandTony Accardobattle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during theProhibition era.Chicago was the location of the infamousSt. Valentine's Day Massacrein 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side,","gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenantrent strikes, which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called theSociety for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals,Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were","in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been aDemocrat. From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, withUnemployed Councilscontributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 theWorkers Alliance of Americabegun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed theMemorial Day massacre of 1937in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago MayorAnton Cermakwas fatally wounded inMiami, Florida, during afailed assassinationattempt on President-electFranklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city","and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting theCentury of ProgressInternational ExpositionWorld's Fair.The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. 1940 to 1979 DuringWorld War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more thanNazi Germanyfrom 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in thesecond wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicistEnrico Fermiconducted the world's first controllednuclear reactionat the University of Chicago as part of the top-secretManhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used inWorld War IIin 1945. MayorRichard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era ofmachine politics. In 1956, the city conducted its","city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known aswhite flight– as Blacks continued to move beyond theBlack Belt.While home loan discriminatoryredliningagainst blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known asblockbusting, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966,Martin Luther King Jr.andAlbert Rabyled theChicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years","leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as theWillis Tower, which in 1974 became theworld's tallest building),University of Illinois at Chicago,McCormick Place, andO'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.In 1979,Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-riddenCabrini-Greenhousing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. 1980 to present In 1983,Harold Washingtonbecame the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.Washington was succeeded","was succeeded by 6th ward alderpersonEugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives forsustainable development, as well as closingMeigs Fieldin the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near theKinzie Street Bridgeproduced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of anabandoned freight tunnel systemextending throughout the downtownLoopdistrict. Thetunnels filledwith 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were","weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011,Rahm Emanuel, a formerWhite House Chief of Staffand member of theHouse of Representatives, won the mayoral election.Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.Lori Lightfoot, the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk wasAnna Valenciaand the city treasurer wasMelissa Conyears-Ervin. On May 15, 2023,Brandon Johnsonassumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago. Geography Topography Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in theChicago Metropolitan Area, situated in both theMidwestern United Statesand theGreat Lakes region. The city rests on acontinental divideat the site of the Chicago","site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakeswatersheds. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and theCalumet Riverin the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's hugelake freightersuse the city'sLake Calumet Harboron the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.The overallgradeof the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight","only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m)above sea level. While measurements vary somewhat,the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge ofBlue Islandin the city's far south side. Lake Shore Driveruns adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront includeLincoln Park,Grant Park,Burnham Park, andJackson Park. There are 24 publicbeachesacross 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space forNavy Pier,Northerly Island, theMuseum Campus, and large portions of theMcCormick PlaceConvention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entireChicago metropolitan areais \"Chicagoland\", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Communities","Communities Major sections of the city include the central business district, calledthe Loop, and the North,South, andWest Sides.The three sides of the city are represented on theFlag of Chicagoby three horizontal white stripes.The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of thePort of Chicago. In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinctcommunity areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally definedneighborhoods. Streetscape Chicago's streets were laid out in astreet gridthat grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.Streets following thePublic Land","thePublic Land Survey Systemsection lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in thePlan of Chicago, but only the extension ofOgden Avenuewas ever constructed. In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic.","the street traffic. Chicago'sWestern Avenueis the longest continuous urban street in the world.Other notable streets includeMichigan Avenue,State Street,95th Street,Cicero Avenue,Clark Street, andBelmont Avenue. TheCity Beautiful movementinspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways. Architecture The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the firststeel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in theskyscraper era,which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest. Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;Willis Tower(formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in theWestern HemisphereafterOne World Trade Center, andTrump International Hotel and Toweris the third tallest in the country.The Loop's historic buildings include theChicago Board of Trade Building, theFine Arts","theFine Arts Building,35 East Wacker, and theChicago Building,860-880 Lake Shore Drive ApartmentsbyMies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such asDaniel Burnham,Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, andHelmut Jahn. TheMerchandise Mart, once first on thelist of largest buildings in the world, currently listed as 44th-largest 2013 as September 9, 2013, had its ownzip codeuntil 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code),Trump International Hotel and Tower, theAon Center(previously the Standard Oil Building), and theJohn Hancock Center.Industrial districts, such as some areas on theSouth Side, the areas along theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and theNorthwest Indianaarea are clustered. Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to thePrairie School, two movements","two movements in architecture.Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brickbungalowsbuilt from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of thePolish Cathedral styleofchurch architecture. The Chicago suburb ofOak Parkwas home to famous architectFrank Lloyd Wright, who had designed TheRobie Houselocated near the University of Chicago. A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River. Monuments and public art Chicago is famous for its outdoorpublic artwith donors establishing funding for such art as far back asBenjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust.A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these areChagall's Four Seasons; theChicago Picasso;Miro's Chicago;Calder'sFlamingo;Oldenburg'sBatcolumn;Moore'sLarge Interior Form, 1953-54,Man","Form, 1953-54,Man Enters the CosmosandNuclear Energy;Dubuffet'sMonument with Standing Beast,Abakanowicz'sAgora; and,Anish Kapoor'sCloud Gatewhich has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including theGreat Northern Migration(Saar) and thecentennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art:Plensa'sCrown Fountainas well asBurnhamand Bennett'sBuckingham Fountain. Climate The city lies within the typical hot-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons.Summersare hot and humid, with frequentheat waves. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake.Wintersare relatively cold and snowy.Blizzardsdo occur, such as inwinter","such as inwinter 2011.There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. Apolar vortex in January 2019nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April. Springandautumnare mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity.Dew pointtemperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies withinUSDAplanthardiness zone6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs. According to theNational Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934.Midway Airportreached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded aheat indexof 125 °F (52 °C) during the1995 heatwave.The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C)","of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded onJanuary 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport.Most of the city's rainfall is brought bythunderstorms, averaging 38 a year. The region is prone tosevere thunderstormsduring the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes. Like other major cities, Chicago experiences anurban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.Northeast winds from wintertimecyclonesdeparting south of the region sometimes bring the citylake-effect snow. Time zone As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of theCentral Time Zone. The border with theEastern Time Zoneis located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan andcertain parts of Indiana. Demographics During its first hundred years,","hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world,and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, includingItalians,Jews,Russians,Poles,Greeks,Lithuanians,Bulgarians,Albanians,Romanians,Turks,Croatians,Serbs,Bosnians,MontenegrinsandCzechs.To","these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrialworking class, were added an additional influx ofAfrican Americansfrom theAmerican South—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.Chicago has asignificant Bosnian population, many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s. In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called \"Black Belt\" on the city'sSouth Side.A large number of blacks also settled on theWest Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on theNorth Sideis that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue inUptownwas the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York'sHarlem. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining","and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago. Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born inMexico,PolandorIndia. Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken byLos Angelesas the United States' second largest city. The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census. According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the","at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population. Chicago has the third-largestLGBTpopulation in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ.In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT.Since the 2013 legalization ofsame-sex marriage in Illinois, over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed inCook County, a majority of them in Chicago. Chicago became a \"de jure\"sanctuary cityin 2012 when MayorRahm Emanueland the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance. According to the U.S. Census Bureau'sAmerican Community Surveydata estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly","with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million. According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were: Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790. Religion Religion in Chicago (2014) According to a 2014 study by thePew Research Center,Christianityis the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States afterDallas,AtlantaandHouston.Roman CatholicismandProtestantismare the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed byEastern OrthodoxyandJehovah's Witnesseswith 1% each.Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups includeIrreligious(22%),Judaism(3%),Islam(2%),Buddhism(1%) andHinduism(1%). Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including theEvangelical Covenant Churchand theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America. It is the seat of severaldioceses. TheFourth","TheFourth Presbyterian Churchis one of the largestPresbyteriancongregations in the United States based on memberships.Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of theAssyrian Church of the East.In 2014 theCatholic Churchwas the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicagobeing the largest Catholic jurisdiction.Evangelical Protestantismform the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed byMainline Protestants(11%), and historicallyBlack churches(8%). Among denominational Protestant branches,Baptistsformed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%);Lutherans(4%); andPentecostals(3%). Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014.Judaismhas at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population, making it the second largest religion.A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500. The first","319,500. The first twoParliament of the World's Religionsin 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, includingMother Teresa, theDalai LamaandPope John Paul IIin 1979. Economy Chicago has the third-largestgross metropolitan productin the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialistsJohn Crerar,John Whitfield Bunn,Richard Teller Crane,Marshall Field,John Farwell,Julius Rosenwald, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, followingMidtown Manhattan.The","Manhattan.The city is the seat of theFederal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial andfutures exchanges, including theChicago Stock Exchange, theChicago Board Options Exchange(CBOE), and theChicago Mercantile Exchange(the \"Merc\"), which is owned, along with theChicago Board of Trade(CBOT), by Chicago'sCME Group. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives.Chase Bankhas its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago'sChase Tower.Academically, Chicago has been influential through theChicago school of economics, which fielded 12Nobel Prizewinners. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.Illinois is home to 66Fortune1000companies, including those in Chicago.The city of Chicago also hosts 12FortuneGlobal 500 companies and 17Financial Times500 companies. The city claims threeDow 30companies:aerospacegiantBoeing, which moved its headquarters","its headquarters fromSeattleto the Chicago Loop in 2001;McDonald's; andWalgreens Boots Alliance.For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.However, threeFortune500companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City. Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, includingBaxter International,Boeing,Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare division ofGeneral Electric. Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters ofConagra,Ferrara Candy Company,Kraft Heinz,McDonald's,Mondelez International, andQuaker Oats.Chicago has been a hub of theretailsector since its early development, withMontgomery Ward,Sears, andMarshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers,","several retailers, includingWalgreens,Sears,Ace Hardware,Claire's,ULTA Beauty, andCrate & Barrel. Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of thebicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introducedstampingto the production process and significantly reduced costs,while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting theBrass Era carbuilder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.Chicago was also the site of theSchwinn Bicycle Company. Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behindLas VegasandOrlando) in number of conventions hosted annually. Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021. Culture and contemporary life The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents","attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods fromRogers Parkin the north toSouth Shorein the south.The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include theMexican Americanneighborhoods, such asPilsenalong 18th street, andLa Villitaalong 26th Street; thePuerto Ricanenclave ofPaseo Boricuain theHumboldt Parkneighborhood;Greektown, along SouthHalsted Street, immediately west of downtown;Little Italy, along Taylor Street;ChinatowninArmour Square;Polish PatchesinWest Town;Little SeoulinAlbany Parkaround Lawrence Avenue;Little VietnamnearBroadwayin Uptown; and theDesiarea, alongDevon AvenueinWest Ridge. Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located","are located within a section of downtown called \"The Loop\", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term \"The Loop\" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes theNear North Side, theNear South Side, and theNear West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famousskyscrapers, abundant restaurants,shopping,museums,Soldier Field, convention facilities,parkland, andbeaches. Lincoln Park contains theLincoln Park Zooand theLincoln Park Conservatory. TheRiver North Gallery Districtfeatures the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.Lake Viewis home toBoystown, the city's largeLGBTnightlife and culture center. TheChicago Pride Parade, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.NorthHalsted Streetis the main thoroughfare of Boystown. The South Side neighborhood ofHyde Parkis the home of","Parkis the home of former U.S. PresidentBarack Obama. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,and theMuseum of Science and Industry. The 6-mile (9.7 km) longBurnham Parkstretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sitsWashington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called theMidway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African AmericanBud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels throughBronzevilleto Washington Park.Ford Motor Companyhas anautomobile assembly planton the South Side inHegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side. The West Side holds theGarfield Park","theGarfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here includeHumboldt Park'sInstitute of Puerto Rican Arts and Cultureand the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as theNational Museum of Mexican ArtandSt. Adalbert's ChurchinPilsen. The Near West Side holds theUniversity of Illinois at Chicagoand was once home toOprah Winfrey'sHarpo Studios, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's. The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films likeThe Blues Brothersand television programs like theSaturday Night Liveskit \"Bill Swerski's Superfans\", is an advanced form ofInland Northern American English. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such asCleveland,Milwaukee,Detroit, andRochester, New York, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as theshort 'a'sound as in \"cat\", which can sound more","can sound more like \"kyet\" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city. Entertainment and the arts Renowned Chicago theater companies include theGoodman Theatrein the Loop; theSteppenwolf Theatre CompanyandVictory Gardens Theaterin Lincoln Park; and theChicago Shakespeare Theaterat Navy Pier.Broadway In Chicagooffers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: theNederlander Theatre,CIBC Theatre,Cadillac Palace Theatre,Auditorium BuildingofRoosevelt University, andBroadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place.Polish languageproductions forChicago's large Polish speaking populationcan be seen at the historicGateway TheatreinJefferson Park. Since 1968, theJoseph Jefferson Awardsare given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modernimprovisational theater, and includes the prominent groupsThe Second CityandI.O.(formerly ImprovOlympic). TheChicago Symphony Orchestra(CSO) performs atSymphony Center, and is recognized as one of the","as one of the best orchestras in the world.Also performing regularly atSymphony Centeris theChicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park andMillennium Park.Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. TheCivic Opera Houseis home to theLyric Opera of Chicago.TheLithuanian Opera Company of Chicagowas founded byLithuanian Chicagoansin 1956,and presents operas inLithuanian. TheJoffrey BalletandChicago Festival Balletperform in various venues, including theHarris TheaterinMillennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as theHubbard Street Dance ChicagoandChicago Dance Crash. Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage includeChicago blues,Chicago soul,jazz, andgospel. The city is the birthplace ofhouse music(a popular form of electronic dance music)","dance music) andindustrial music, and is the site of an influentialhip hop scene. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular foralternative rock,punk, andnew wave. The city has been a center forraveculture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicagoindie.Annual festivalsfeature various acts, such asLollapaloozaand thePitchfork Music Festival.Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by theUniversity of Chicago Cultural Policy Centerranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in \"size of music industry\" and fourth among all U.S. cities in \"number of concerts and performances\". Chicago has a distinctivefine arttradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurativesurrealism, as in the works ofIvan","in the works ofIvan AlbrightandEd Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of theChicago Imagists, such asRoger Brown,Leon Golub,Robert Lostutter,Jim Nutt, andBarbara Rossiproduced bizarre representational paintings.Henry Dargeris one of the most celebrated figures ofoutsider art. Tourism In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.These visitors contributed more thanUS$13.7billion to Chicago's economy.Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largestconventiondestination. A 2017 study byWalk Scoreranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south ofSoldier Field. Navy Pier, located just east ofStreeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants,","restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. Museums Among the city's museums are theAdler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, theField Museum of Natural History, and theShedd Aquarium. TheMuseum Campusjoins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago'sInstitute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africahas an extensive collection ofancient EgyptianandNear Easternarchaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include theChicago History Museum, theDriehaus Museum, theDuSable Museum of African American History, theMuseum of Contemporary Art, thePeggy Notebaert Nature Museum, thePolish Museum of America, theMuseum of Broadcast Communications, theChicago Architecture Foundation, and","Foundation, and theMuseum of Science and Industry. Cuisine Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowneddeep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated atPizzeria Uno.The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.Certain Chicago pizza favorites includeLou Malnati'sandGiordano's. TheChicago-style hot dog, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish,yellow mustard, pickledsport peppers,tomatowedges,dill picklespear and topped off withcelery salton apoppy seedbun.Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use ofketchupas a garnish, but may prefer to addgiardiniera. A distinctly Chicago sandwich, theItalian beefsandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered inau jusand served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of","the addition of an Italian sausage. TheMaxwell Street Polishis a grilled or deep-friedkielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. Chicken Vesuviois roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. ThePuerto Rican-influencedjibaritois a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. Themother-in-lawis atamaletopped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.The tradition of serving theGreekdishsaganakiwhile aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused withMetaxaandflambéedtable-side.Chicago-style barbecuefeatures hardwood smokedrib tipsandhot linkswhich were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.Annual festivalsfeature various Chicago signature dishes, such asTaste of Chicagoand the Chicago Food Truck Festival. One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a","restaurants and a recipient of threeMichelinstars,Alineais located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include:Charlie Trotter,Rick Tramonto,Grant Achatz, andRick Bayless. In 2003,Robb Reportnamed Chicago the country's \"most exceptional dining destination\". Literature Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition ofsocial realism. In theEncyclopedia of Chicago,Northwestern UniversityProfessor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to \"capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people.\" The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of \"high-flown romance\" and \"genteel realism\", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a","hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,and create a \"city of feeling\" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. At least three short periods in thehistory of Chicagohave had a lasting influence onAmerican literature.These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of theGreat Depressionthrough the 1940s. What would become the influentialPoetrymagazine was founded in 1912 byHarriet Monroe, who was working as anartcriticfor theChicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets asGwendolyn Brooks,James Merrill, andJohn Ashbery.T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\", was first published byPoetry. Contributors have includedEzra Pound,William Butler Yeats,William Carlos Williams,Langston Hughes,","Hughes, andCarl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching theImagistandObjectivistpoetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, thepoetry slam. Sports The city has twoMajor League Baseball(MLB) teams: theChicago Cubsof the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and theChicago White Soxof the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906. The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;they have played in Chicago since 1871.They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League","six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. TheChicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of theNational Football League(NFL), have won nineNFL Championships, including the 1985Super Bowl XX. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. TheChicago Bullsof theNational Basketball Association(NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.During the 1990s, withMichael Jordanleading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons. TheChicago Blackhawksof theNational Hockey League(NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the \"Original Six\" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won sixStanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at theUnited Center. Chicago Fire FCis a member ofMajor League Soccer(MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and fourU.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successfulFIFA World Cupwith games played at Soldier","played at Soldier Field. TheChicago Red Starsare a team in theNational Women's Soccer League(NWSL). They previously played inWomen's Professional Soccer(WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play atSeatGeek StadiuminBridgeview, Illinois. TheChicago Skyis a professional basketball team playing in theWomen's National Basketball Association(WNBA). They play home games at theWintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began. TheChicago Marathonhas been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of sixWorld Marathon Majors. Five area colleges play inDivision Iconferences: two from major conferences—theDePaul Blue Demons(Big East Conference) and theNorthwestern Wildcats(Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—theChicago State Cougars(Northeast Conference); theLoyola Ramblers(Atlantic 10 Conference); and theUIC Flames(Missouri Valley Conference). Chicago has also","Chicago has also entered intoesportswith the creation of theOpTic Chicago, a professionalCall of Dutyteam that participates within theCDL. Parks and greenspace When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the mottoUrbs in Horto, aLatinphrase which means \"City in a Garden\". Today, theChicago Park Districtconsists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) ofmunicipal parkland. There are 31 sandbeaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors afterCentral ParkinNew York City, and theNational Mall and Memorial ParksinWashington, D.C. There is a historicboulevard system,a network of wide, tree-linedboulevardswhich connect a number of Chicagoparks.The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.A number ofChicago neighborhoodsemerged along these roadways in the 19th","in the 19th century.The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and sixsquares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.TheChicago Park Boulevard System Historic Districtwas listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2018. With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as thePing Tom Memorial Parkin Chinatown,DuSable Parkon the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by theCook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest,prairie,wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which","natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,including both theChicago Botanic GardeninGlencoeand theBrookfield ZooinBrookfield.Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago. Law and government Government The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive andlegislativebranches. Themayor of Chicagois the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor isBrandon Johnson. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. TheCity Councilis the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from eachwardin the city.The council takes official action through the passage ofordinancesand resolutions and approves the city budget. TheChicago Police","TheChicago Police Departmentprovides law enforcement and theChicago Fire Departmentprovides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in theCook County Circuit Courtof the State of Illinois court system, or in theNorthern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinoisstate's attorney; in the Federal court it is the United Statesattorney. Politics During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growingDemocratic Partyorganization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organizedsocialist,anarchistandlabor organizations.For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been \"solid blue\" inpresidential electionssince 1992. Even before then, it was not","then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected aRepublicanmayor since 1927, whenWilliam Thompsonwas voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17districtsin theUnited States House of Representatives. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each:Robert P. Hanrahanfrom 1973 to 1975, andMichael Patrick Flanaganfrom 1995 to 1997. Machine politicspersisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S.","in other large U.S. cities.During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal \"independent\" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election ofHarold Washington(in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor,Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democraticprimaryvote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed. The city is home of former United States PresidentBarack Obamaand First LadyMichelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago inKenwoodon the","inKenwoodon the city's south side. Crime Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.Chicago experienced major rises inviolent crimein the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.Chicago's biggestcriminal justicechallenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide,armed robbery, gang violence, andaggravated battery. Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States. Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.The neighborhoods ofEnglewoodon the South Side, andAustinon the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.According to reports in 2013, \"most of Chicago's violent crime comes from","crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,\"and is specifically related to the activities of theSinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities.Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000. Chicago has a long history of publiccorruptionthat regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.Most corruption cases in Chicago are","in Chicago are prosecuted by theU.S. Attorney's office, as legaljurisdictionmakes most offenses punishable as a federal crime. Education Schools and libraries Chicago Public Schools(CPS) is the governing body of theschool districtthat contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors andAdvanced Placement(AP) courses.Walter Payton College Prep High Schoolis ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois. Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the","on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's \"choice system\", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). Chicago has a network ofLutheran schools,and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as theIda Crown Jewish AcademyinWest Ridge. TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of ChicagooperatesCatholic schools, that includeJesuit preparatory schoolsand others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the privateChicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the publicChicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts. TheChicago Public","TheChicago Public Librarysystem operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library. Colleges and universities Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top \"National Universities\" in the United States, as determined byU.S. News & World Report.Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University;Illinois Institute of Technology;Loyola University Chicago;DePaul University;Columbia College Chicagoand theUniversity of Illinois Chicago. Other notable schools include:Chicago State University; theSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago;East–West University;National Louis University;North Park University;Northeastern Illinois University;Robert Morris University Illinois;Roosevelt University;Saint Xavier University;Rush University; andShimer College. William Rainey Harper, the first president of","first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of thejunior collegeconcept, establishing nearbyJoliet Junior Collegeas the first in the nation in 1901.His legacy continues with the multiplecommunity collegesin the Chicago proper, including the sevenCity Colleges of Chicago:Richard J. Daley College,Kennedy–King College,Malcolm X College,Olive–Harvey College,Truman College,Harold Washington College, andWilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately heldMacCormac College. Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as theAdler School of Professional Psychology,The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, theErikson Institute,The Institute for Clinical Social Work, theLutheran School of Theology at Chicago, theCatholic Theological Union, theMoody Bible Institute, and theUniversity of Chicago Divinity School. Media Television The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the","media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.Each of the big fiveU.S. television networks,NBC,ABC,CBS,FoxandThe CW, directly owns and operates ahigh-definition televisionstation in Chicago (WMAQ5,WLS7,WBBM2,WFLD32 andWGN-TV9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by theNexstar Media Group, which acquired it from its founding ownerTribune Broadcastingin 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as \"WGN America\" oncable and satellite TVnationwide and in parts of theCaribbean. WGN America eventually becameNewsNationin 2021. Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, includingThe Oprah Winfrey Show,Steve Harvey Show,The Rosie Show,The Jerry Springer Show,The Phil Donahue Show,The Jenny Jones Show, and more. The city also has onePBSmember station (its second:WYCC20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017):WTTW11, producer of shows such asSneak Previews,The Frugal","Previews,The Frugal Gourmet,Lamb Chop's Play-AlongandThe McLaughlin Group. As of 2018,Windy City Liveis Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner andRyan Chiaveriniat ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999,Judge Mathisalso films his syndicated arbitration-based realitycourt showat theNBC Tower. Beginning in January 2019,Newsybegan producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago. Television stations Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are: Newspapers Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: theChicago Tribuneand theChicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such asChicago, theDziennik Związkowy(Polish Daily News),Draugas(the Lithuanian daily newspaper), theChicago Reader, theSouthtownStar, theChicago Defender, theDaily","Defender, theDaily Herald,Newcity,StreetWiseand theWindy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazineTime Out ChicagoandGRABmagazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazineChicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet,The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication,The A.V. Club. Movies and filming Radio Chicago has five50,000 watt AM radio stations: theAudacy-ownedWBBMandWSCR; theTribune Broadcasting-ownedWGN; theCumulus Media-ownedWLS; and theESPN Radio-ownedWMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, includingBeyond the BeltwaywithBruce DuMonton Sunday evenings. Chicago Public Radioproduces nationally aired programs such asPRI'sThis American LifeandNPR'sWait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. Infrastructure Transportation Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world afterHong KongandSingapore.","KongandSingapore. The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. Parking Due to Chicago'sWheel Tax,residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests. Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to itspublicstreet parking.In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease itsparking metersystem to an operating company created byMorgan Stanley, calledChicago Parking Meters LLC. Daley said the \"agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1","more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy.\" The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue forChicago Parking Meters LLCinvestors. Expressways Seven mainline and four auxiliaryinterstate highways(55,57,65(only in Indiana),80(also inIndiana),88,90(also inIndiana),94(also inIndiana),190,290,294, and355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidateAdlai Stevenson. TheKennedyandDan RyanExpressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois. Transit systems TheRegional Transportation Authority(RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace. Greyhound Linesprovides inter-city bus service to and from the city at theChicago Bus","at theChicago Bus Station, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network ofMegabus (North America). Passenger rail Amtraklong distance andcommuter railservices originate fromUnion Station.Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans,Portland,Seattle,Milwaukee,Quincy,St. Louis,Carbondale, Boston,Grand Rapids,Port Huron,Pontiac, Los Angeles, andSan Antonio. Future service will terminate atMoline. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via theChicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed. Bicycle and scooter sharing systems In July 2013, thebicycle-sharing systemDivvywas launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stationsIt is operated byLyftfor theChicago Department of Transportation.As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city,","all of the city, excludingPullman, Rosedale,Beverly,Belmont CraginandEdison Park. In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leadersBird,Jump,LimeandLyft.Each company was allowed to bring 250electric scooters, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken. Freight rail Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.All fiveClass I railroadsmeet in Chicago. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase","to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.CREATE, theChicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area. Airports Chicago is served byO'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,on the far Northwest Side, andMidway International Airporton the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago.Gary/Chicago International AirportandChicago Rockford International Airport, located inGary, IndianaandRockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towardsbuilding an","towardsbuilding an entirely new airportin the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.The City of Chicago is the world headquarters forUnited Airlines, the world's third-largest airline. Port authority The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Utilities Electricity for most ofnorthern Illinoisis provided byCommonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory bordersIroquois Countyto the south, theWisconsinborder to the north, theIowaborder to the west and theIndianaborder to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division ofExelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began","the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy. Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary ofIntegrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago. Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is nowlandfilled, mainly in theCalumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had ablue bagprogram to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city. Health systems TheIllinois Medical Districtis on the Near West Side. It includesRush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2014–16, theUniversity of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, andJohn H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation. Two of the country's premier","country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, includingNorthwestern Memorial Hospitaland theUniversity of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes theFeinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2017–18;theShirley Ryan AbilityLab(formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital byU.S. News & World Report;the newPrentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. TheUniversity of Illinois College of Medicineat UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford andUrbana–Champaign). In addition, theChicago Medical Schooland Loyola University Chicago'sStritch School of Medicineare located in the suburbs ofNorth ChicagoandMaywood, respectively. TheMidwestern UniversityChicago","UniversityChicago College ofOsteopathic Medicineis inDowners Grove. TheAmerican Medical Association,Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education,American Osteopathic Association,American Dental Association,Academy of General Dentistry,Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,American Association of Nurse Anesthetists,American College of Surgeons,American Society for Clinical Pathology,American College of Healthcare Executives, theAmerican Hospital Association, andBlue Cross and Blue Shield Associationare all based in Chicago. Sister cities See also Explanatory notes References Citations Cited references Further reading External links Former:Evanston•Hyde Park•Jefferson•Lake•Lake View•North Chicago•Rogers Park•South Chicago•West Chicago"],"string":"[\n \"Lou Boudreau As manager Louis Boudreau(July 17, 1917 – August 10, 2001), nicknamed \\\"Old Shufflefoot\\\", \\\"Handsome Lou\\\", and \\\"the Good Kid\\\", was an Americanprofessional baseballplayer and manager.He played inMajor League Baseball(MLB) for 15 seasons, primarily as ashortstopon theCleveland Indians, and managed four teams for 15 seasons including 10 seasons as aplayer-manager. He was also a radio announcer for theChicago Cubsand in college was a dual-sport athlete in baseball and basketball, earningAll-Americanhonors in basketball for theUniversity of Illinois. Boudreau was anAll-Starfor seven seasons.In 1948, Boudreau won theAmerican LeagueMost Valuable Player Awardand managed theCleveland Indiansto theWorld Seriestitle. He won the 1944 American League (AL)batting title(.327), and led the league in doubles in 1941, 1944, and 1947. He led AL shortstops in fielding eight times. Boudreau still holds the MLB record for hitting the most consecutive doubles in a game (four), set on July 14, 1946. In 1970, Boudreau was\",\n \"1970, Boudreau was elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fameand his No. 5 was retired by the Indians that same year. Early life Boudreau was born inHarvey, Illinois, the son of Birdie (Henry) and Louis Boudreau.His father was of French-Canadian ancestry, his mother was Jewish, and both of his maternal grandparents were observantOrthodox Jewswith whom when he was young he celebratedPassoverseders.He was raised Catholic by his father after his parents divorced.He graduated fromThornton Township High SchoolinHarvey, Illinois, where he led the \\\"Flying Clouds\\\" to three straightIllinois high school championshipgames, winning in 1933 and finishing as runner up in 1934 and 1935. College baseball and basketball Boudreau attended theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was a member ofPhi Sigma Kappafraternity and captain of thebasketballandbaseballteams. During the1936–37 basketballand baseball seasons, Boudreau led each Fighting Illini team to aBig Ten Conferencechampionship.During the1937–38\",\n \"the1937–38 basketball season, Boudreau was named anNCAA Men's Basketball All-American. While Boudreau was still at Illinois,Cleveland Indiansgeneral managerCy Slapnickapaid him an undisclosed sum in return for agreeing to play baseball for the Indians after he graduated. Due to this agreement, Boudreau was ruled ineligible for collegiate sports by theBig Ten Conferenceofficials.During his senior year at Illinois, he played professional basketball with theHammond Ciesar All-Americansof theNational Basketball League. Despite playing professional baseball with Cleveland, Boudreau earned hisBachelor of Sciencein education from Illinois in 1940 and worked as the Illinois freshman basketball coach for the 1939 and 1940 teams. Boudreau stayed on as an assistant coach for the1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball teamand he was instrumental in recruiting futureNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame InducteeAndy Phillipto play for Illinois. Professional baseball career Cleveland Indians Boudreau made\",\n \"Boudreau made his major league debut on September 9, 1938, for theCleveland Indiansat 21 as a third baseman in his first game. In 1939, Indian managerOssie Vitttold him that he would have to move from his normal third base position toshortstopsince established sluggerKen Keltneralready had the regular third base job. In 1940, his first full year as a starter, he batted .295 with 46doublesand 101RBI, and was selected for theAll-Star Gamefor the first of five consecutive seasons (MLB cancelled the1945 gamedue to war-time travel restrictions and did not name All-Stars). Boudreau helped make history in 1941 as a key figure in stopping the56-game hitting streakbyJoe DiMaggio. After two sparkling stops by Keltner at third base on hard ground balls earlier in the game, Boudreau snagged a bad-hop grounder to short barehanded and started a double play retiring DiMaggio at first.He finished the season with a modest .257 batting average, but had a league-leading 45 doubles. After the 1941 season, ownerAlva\",\n \"season, ownerAlva Bradleypromoted Indians managerRoger Peckinpaughto general manager and appointed the 25-year-old Boudreau player-manager. Boudreau played and managed the Indians throughout World War II (playing basketball had put a strain on Boudreau's ankles that turned intoarthritis, which classified him as4-Fand thus ineligible for military service).In 1944, Boudreau turned 134double plays, the most ever by a player-manager in MLB history. When he bought the Indians in 1947,Bill Veeck, after being approached by Boudreau, renewed the player-manager agreement with mixed feelings on both sides, as Boudreau stated that he would rather be traded than only play shortstop. Details of possibly trading him forVern Stephensof the St. Louis Browns in 1947 only attracted fans to the side of Boudreau. However, Boudreau hit .355 in 1948; Cleveland won the AL pennant and theWorld Series, the Indians first World Series championship in 28 years and only the second in Indians history, with Veeck and Boudreau publicly\",\n \"Boudreau publicly acknowledging each other's role in the team's success. Later career Boudreau was released by the Indians as both player and manager following the 1950 season. He signed with theBoston Red Sox, playing full-time in 1951, moving up to player-manager in 1952 and managing from the bench in 1953–54. He then became the first manager of theKansas City Athleticsin 1955 after their move from Philadelphia until he was fired after 104 games in 1957 and replaced byHarry Craft. He last managed the Chicago Cubs, in 1960. Managerial record Boudreau shift Boudreau is credited with inventing theinfield shift, which came to be known colloquially as the \\\"Boudreau shift.\\\" Because sluggingRed SoxsuperstarTed Williamswas a dead-pull hitter, he moved most of his Cleveland Indian fielders to the right of second base against the Splendid Splinter, leaving only the third baseman and left fielder to the left of second but also very close to second base, far to the right of their normal positions. With characteristic\",\n \"With characteristic stubborn pride, Williams refused the obvious advice from teammates to hit orbuntto left against the Boudreau shift, but great hitter that he was, not changing his approach against the shift didn't affect his hitting very much. Boudreau later admitted that the shift was more about \\\"psyching out\\\" Williams rather than playing him to pull. \\\"I always considered the Boudreau shift a psychological, rather than a tactical\\\" ploy, he declared in his autobiographyPlayer-Manager. Broadcasting Boudreau did play-by-play for Cub games in 1958–59 before switching roles with manager \\\"Jolly Cholly\\\"Charlie Grimmin 1960. But after only one season as Cubs manager, Boudreau returned to the radio booth and remained there until 1987. He also did radio play-by-play for theChicago Bullsin 1966–1968 and worked onChicago Blackhawksgames forWGN radioandtelevisionas well. The presence of a Hall of Fame announcer affected at least one game. On June 23, 1976, the Cubs were two runs behind at home in the fourth inning of\",\n \"fourth inning of the second game of a doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates at home when the umpires called the game on account of darkness (since there were no lights atWrigley Fielduntil 1988), announcing that the game would be resumed at the same point the next day as was normally the case in those days. But Boudreau knew the rules better than anyone else in the park, it turned out, for he went down quickly to the clubhouse and pointed out to the umpires that a game that was not yet an official game could not be treated as a suspended game (i.e., it had not gone five innings, or four and a half with the home team leading, as neither was the case), and as such had to be replayed from the first pitch (as was then the rule in a rain-out). The umpires called the National League office, found Boudreau was correct, and removed the two-run Cubs deficit. Later life and honors Boudreau was elected to theBaseball Hall of Famein 1970 with 77.33% of the vote. That same year, his uniform number 5 was retired by\",\n \"5 was retired by theCleveland Indians(he wore number 4 with the Red Sox). In 1973, the city ofClevelandrenamed a street borderingCleveland Municipal Stadiumafter Boudreau.Boudreau Drive in Urbana, Illinois, is also named after Boudreau. In 1990, the Cleveland Indians established The Lou Boudreau Award, which is given every year to the organization's Minor League Player of the Year.In 1992, Boudreau's number 5 jersey was retired by theIllinois Fighting Illini baseballprogram. Boudreau is only one of threeIllinois Fighting Illiniathletes to have their number retired; the other two athletes beingIllinois Fighting Illini footballplayersRed GrangeandDick Butkus. Personal life Boudreau married Della DeRuiter in 1938, and together they had four children. His daughter Sharyn marriedDenny McLain, a former star pitcher with theDetroit Tigerswho was the last 30-game winner in the major leagues (31–6 for the world champion 1968Detroit Tigers). Boudreau had a home inFrankfort, Illinois, for many years. He died on August\",\n \"He died on August 10, 2001, due tocardiac arrestat St. James Medical Center inOlympia Fields, Illinois. He was 84. He received a Catholic funeral and his body was interred in the Pleasant Hill Cemetery. See also Notes References Further reading External links\",\n \"List of World Series champions TheWorld Seriesis the annual championship series ofMajor League Baseball(MLB) and concludes theMLB postseason. First played in 1903,the World Series championship is abest-of-seven playoffand is a contest between the champions of baseball'sNational League(NL) andAmerican League(AL).Often referred to as the \\\"Fall Classic\\\",the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions: in1904, when the NL championNew York Giantsdeclined to play the AL championBoston Americans; and in1994, when the series was canceled due to theplayers' strike.The best-of-seven style has been the format of all World Series except in1903,1919,1920,1921, when the winner was determined through abest-of-nine playoff.Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October, a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November. The Series-winning team is awarded theCommissioner's Trophy.Players, coaches and others\",\n \"coaches and others associated with the team are generally givenWorld Series ringsto commemorate their victory; however, they have received other items such aspocket watchesand medallions in the past.The winning team is traditionally invited to theWhite Houseto meet thePresident of the United States. A total of 119 World Series have been contested through 2023, with the AL champion winning 68 and the NL champion winning 51. TheNew York Yankeesof the AL have played in 40 World Series, winning 27 – the most championship appearances and most victories by any team amongst themajor North American professional sports leagues. TheDodgersof the NL have the most losses with 14, while the Yankees have the most losses among AL teams with 13. TheSt. Louis Cardinalshave won 11 championships, the most championships among NL clubs and second-most all-time behind the Yankees, and have made 19 total appearances, third-most among NL clubs.The Dodgers have represented the NL the most in the World Series with 21 appearances.\",\n \"21 appearances. TheSeattle Marinersare the only MLB franchise that has never appeared in a World Series; theMilwaukee Brewers,San Diego Padres,Tampa Bay Rays, andColorado Rockieshave all played in the Series but have never won it, with the Padres and the Rays appearing twice. TheLos Angeles AngelsandWashington Nationalsare the only teams who have won their only World Series appearance, and theToronto Blue JaysandMiami Marlinsare the only teams with multiple World Series appearances with no losses. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in and win a World Series, winning in 1992 and 1993. TheHouston Astrosare the only franchise to have represented both the NL (2005) and the AL (2017, 2019, 2021, 2022), winning the Series in 2017 and 2022. The 1919 and 2017 World Series were both marred with cheating scandals: theBlack Sox Scandaland theHouston Astros sign stealing scandal. The most recent World Series champions are theTexas Rangers. World Series results Numbers\",\n \"results Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows: Source for this Table World Series records by franchise In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the \\\"Season(s)\\\" column,bold yearsindicate winning appearances. Frequent matchups The following are the 20 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series. All teams that have participated in these were \\\"Classic Eight\\\" members of either the American or National League; no expansion team (created in 1961 or later) has faced the same opponent more than once in a World Series. See also References External links\",\n \"Chicago Chicagois themost populous cityin theU.S. stateofIllinoisand in theMidwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the2020 census,it is thethird-most populous city in the United StatesafterNew York CityandLos Angeles. As theseatofCook County, thesecond-most populous countyin the U.S., Chicago is the center of theChicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called \\\"Chicagoland\\\" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on the shore ofLake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near aportagebetween theGreat Lakesand theMississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.In 1871, theGreat Chicago Firedestroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,but Chicago's population continued to grow.Chicago made noted contributions tourban planningandarchitecture, such as theChicago School, the development of theCity Beautiful movement, and the steel-framedskyscraper. Chicago is an international hub for finance,culture, commerce, industry,\",\n \"commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, andtransportation. It has the largest and most diverse financederivativesmarket in the world, generating 20% of all volume incommoditiesand financial futures alone.O'Hare International Airportis routinely ranked among theworld's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic,and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.The Chicago area has one of the highestgross domestic products(GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.Chicago's economyisdiverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination fortourism, including visitors to itscultural institutions, and Lake Michiganbeaches. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts,literature, film,theater, comedy (especiallyimprovisational comedy),food, dance, andmusic(particularlyjazz,blues,soul,hip-hop,gospel,andelectronic dance music, includinghouse music). Chicago is home to theChicago Symphony\",\n \"theChicago Symphony Orchestraand theLyric Opera of Chicago, while theArt Institute of Chicagoprovides an influential visual arts museum andart school. The Chicago area also hosts theUniversity of Chicago,Northwestern University, and theUniversity of Illinois Chicago, amongother institutions of learning. ProfessionalsportsinChicago includeallmajor professional leagues, including twoMajor League Baseballteams. Etymology and nicknames The nameChicagois derived from a French rendering of theindigenousMiami–Illinoiswordshikaakwafor a wild relative of theonion; it is known to botanists asAllium tricoccumand known more commonly as \\\"ramps\\\". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as \\\"Checagou\\\" was byRobert de LaSallearound 1679 in a memoir.Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild \\\"garlic\\\" grew profusely in the area.According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at the said place called \\\"Chicagou\\\" which, according to what we were able to\",\n \"we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has hadseveral nicknamesthroughout its history, such as theWindy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. History Beginnings In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by thePotawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded theMiami,SaukandMeskwakipeoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was traderJean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was ofAfricandescent, perhaps born in theFrench colonyofSaint-Domingue(Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the \\\"Founder of Chicago.\\\" In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in theNorthwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with theTreaty of Greenville. In 1803, theU.S. ArmyconstructedFort Dearborn, which was destroyed during theWar of 1812in\",\n \"theWar of 1812in theBattle of Fort Dearbornby the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, theOttawa,Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the1833 Treaty of Chicagoand sent west of theMississippi Riveras part of the federal policy ofIndian removal. 19th century On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began withEdmund Dick Tayloras Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of theChicago Portage,the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway,Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and theIllinois and Michigan Canalopened in 1848. The\",\n \"in 1848. The canal allowedsteamboatsandsailing shipson theGreat Lakesto connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities andimmigrantsfrom abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing theAmerican economy.TheChicago Board of Trade(established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized \\\"exchange-traded\\\" forward contracts, which were calledfutures contracts. In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of SenatorStephen Douglas, the champion of theKansas–Nebraska Actand the \\\"popular sovereignty\\\" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan,Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the1860 Republican National Convention, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called theWigwam. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for theAmerican Civil War. To accommodaterapid\",\n \"To accommodaterapid population growthand demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approvedChesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.The projectraised much of central Chicagoto a new grade with the use ofjackscrewsfor raising buildings.While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into theChicago River, and subsequently intoLake Michigan, polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly builtwater cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with\",\n \"was completed with theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canalthat connects to theIllinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.Much of the city, including railroads andstockyards, survived intact,and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world'sfirst skyscraperin 1885, usingsteel-skeletonconstruction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including theHyde Park Township, which now comprises most of theSouth Side of Chicagoand the far southeast of Chicago, and theJefferson Township, which now makes up most ofChicago's Northwest Side.The\",\n \"Northwest Side.The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants fromEuropeand migrants from theEastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage.Germans,Irish,Poles,Swedes, andCzechsmade up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflictsfollowed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including theHaymarket affairon May 4, 1886, and in 1894 thePullman Strike. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor ledJane AddamsandEllen Gates Starrto foundHull Housein 1889.Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field ofsocial work. During the 1870s and 1880s,\",\n \"1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics ofcholera,smallpox, andyellow feverwere both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscapedmunicipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago wasJohn H. Rauch, M.D.Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He createdLincoln Parkby closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910\",\n \"hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North Americantime zones.This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted theWorld's Columbian Expositionon former marshland at the present location ofJackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influentialworld's fairin history.TheUniversity of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term \\\"midway\\\" for a fair or carnival referred originally to theMidway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects theWashingtonand Jackson Parks. 20th and 21st centuries 1900 to 1939 DuringWorld War Iand the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from theSouthern United\",\n \"theSouthern United States. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.ThisGreat Migrationhad an immense cultural impact, called theChicago Black Renaissance, part of theNew Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music.Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as theChicago race riot of 1919, also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 whenProhibitionwas repealed. The 1920s sawgangsters, includingAl Capone,Dion O'Banion,Bugs MoranandTony Accardobattle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during theProhibition era.Chicago was the location of the infamousSt. Valentine's Day Massacrein 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side,\",\n \"gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenantrent strikes, which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called theSociety for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals,Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were\",\n \"in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been aDemocrat. From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, withUnemployed Councilscontributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 theWorkers Alliance of Americabegun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed theMemorial Day massacre of 1937in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago MayorAnton Cermakwas fatally wounded inMiami, Florida, during afailed assassinationattempt on President-electFranklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city\",\n \"and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting theCentury of ProgressInternational ExpositionWorld's Fair.The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. 1940 to 1979 DuringWorld War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more thanNazi Germanyfrom 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in thesecond wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicistEnrico Fermiconducted the world's first controllednuclear reactionat the University of Chicago as part of the top-secretManhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used inWorld War IIin 1945. MayorRichard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era ofmachine politics. In 1956, the city conducted its\",\n \"city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known aswhite flight– as Blacks continued to move beyond theBlack Belt.While home loan discriminatoryredliningagainst blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known asblockbusting, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966,Martin Luther King Jr.andAlbert Rabyled theChicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years\",\n \"leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as theWillis Tower, which in 1974 became theworld's tallest building),University of Illinois at Chicago,McCormick Place, andO'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.In 1979,Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-riddenCabrini-Greenhousing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. 1980 to present In 1983,Harold Washingtonbecame the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.Washington was succeeded\",\n \"was succeeded by 6th ward alderpersonEugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives forsustainable development, as well as closingMeigs Fieldin the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near theKinzie Street Bridgeproduced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of anabandoned freight tunnel systemextending throughout the downtownLoopdistrict. Thetunnels filledwith 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were\",\n \"weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011,Rahm Emanuel, a formerWhite House Chief of Staffand member of theHouse of Representatives, won the mayoral election.Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.Lori Lightfoot, the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk wasAnna Valenciaand the city treasurer wasMelissa Conyears-Ervin. On May 15, 2023,Brandon Johnsonassumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago. Geography Topography Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in theChicago Metropolitan Area, situated in both theMidwestern United Statesand theGreat Lakes region. The city rests on acontinental divideat the site of the Chicago\",\n \"site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakeswatersheds. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and theCalumet Riverin the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's hugelake freightersuse the city'sLake Calumet Harboron the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.The overallgradeof the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight\",\n \"only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m)above sea level. While measurements vary somewhat,the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge ofBlue Islandin the city's far south side. Lake Shore Driveruns adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront includeLincoln Park,Grant Park,Burnham Park, andJackson Park. There are 24 publicbeachesacross 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space forNavy Pier,Northerly Island, theMuseum Campus, and large portions of theMcCormick PlaceConvention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entireChicago metropolitan areais \\\"Chicagoland\\\", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Communities\",\n \"Communities Major sections of the city include the central business district, calledthe Loop, and the North,South, andWest Sides.The three sides of the city are represented on theFlag of Chicagoby three horizontal white stripes.The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of thePort of Chicago. In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinctcommunity areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally definedneighborhoods. Streetscape Chicago's streets were laid out in astreet gridthat grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.Streets following thePublic Land\",\n \"thePublic Land Survey Systemsection lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in thePlan of Chicago, but only the extension ofOgden Avenuewas ever constructed. In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic.\",\n \"the street traffic. Chicago'sWestern Avenueis the longest continuous urban street in the world.Other notable streets includeMichigan Avenue,State Street,95th Street,Cicero Avenue,Clark Street, andBelmont Avenue. TheCity Beautiful movementinspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways. Architecture The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the firststeel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in theskyscraper era,which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest. Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;Willis Tower(formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in theWestern HemisphereafterOne World Trade Center, andTrump International Hotel and Toweris the third tallest in the country.The Loop's historic buildings include theChicago Board of Trade Building, theFine Arts\",\n \"theFine Arts Building,35 East Wacker, and theChicago Building,860-880 Lake Shore Drive ApartmentsbyMies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such asDaniel Burnham,Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, andHelmut Jahn. TheMerchandise Mart, once first on thelist of largest buildings in the world, currently listed as 44th-largest 2013 as September 9, 2013, had its ownzip codeuntil 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code),Trump International Hotel and Tower, theAon Center(previously the Standard Oil Building), and theJohn Hancock Center.Industrial districts, such as some areas on theSouth Side, the areas along theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and theNorthwest Indianaarea are clustered. Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to thePrairie School, two movements\",\n \"two movements in architecture.Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brickbungalowsbuilt from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of thePolish Cathedral styleofchurch architecture. The Chicago suburb ofOak Parkwas home to famous architectFrank Lloyd Wright, who had designed TheRobie Houselocated near the University of Chicago. A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River. Monuments and public art Chicago is famous for its outdoorpublic artwith donors establishing funding for such art as far back asBenjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust.A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these areChagall's Four Seasons; theChicago Picasso;Miro's Chicago;Calder'sFlamingo;Oldenburg'sBatcolumn;Moore'sLarge Interior Form, 1953-54,Man\",\n \"Form, 1953-54,Man Enters the CosmosandNuclear Energy;Dubuffet'sMonument with Standing Beast,Abakanowicz'sAgora; and,Anish Kapoor'sCloud Gatewhich has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including theGreat Northern Migration(Saar) and thecentennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art:Plensa'sCrown Fountainas well asBurnhamand Bennett'sBuckingham Fountain. Climate The city lies within the typical hot-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons.Summersare hot and humid, with frequentheat waves. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake.Wintersare relatively cold and snowy.Blizzardsdo occur, such as inwinter\",\n \"such as inwinter 2011.There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. Apolar vortex in January 2019nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April. Springandautumnare mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity.Dew pointtemperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies withinUSDAplanthardiness zone6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs. According to theNational Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934.Midway Airportreached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded aheat indexof 125 °F (52 °C) during the1995 heatwave.The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C)\",\n \"of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded onJanuary 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport.Most of the city's rainfall is brought bythunderstorms, averaging 38 a year. The region is prone tosevere thunderstormsduring the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes. Like other major cities, Chicago experiences anurban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.Northeast winds from wintertimecyclonesdeparting south of the region sometimes bring the citylake-effect snow. Time zone As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of theCentral Time Zone. The border with theEastern Time Zoneis located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan andcertain parts of Indiana. Demographics During its first hundred years,\",\n \"hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world,and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, includingItalians,Jews,Russians,Poles,Greeks,Lithuanians,Bulgarians,Albanians,Romanians,Turks,Croatians,Serbs,Bosnians,MontenegrinsandCzechs.To\",\n \"these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrialworking class, were added an additional influx ofAfrican Americansfrom theAmerican South—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.Chicago has asignificant Bosnian population, many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s. In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called \\\"Black Belt\\\" on the city'sSouth Side.A large number of blacks also settled on theWest Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on theNorth Sideis that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue inUptownwas the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York'sHarlem. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining\",\n \"and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago. Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born inMexico,PolandorIndia. Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken byLos Angelesas the United States' second largest city. The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census. According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the\",\n \"at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population. Chicago has the third-largestLGBTpopulation in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ.In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT.Since the 2013 legalization ofsame-sex marriage in Illinois, over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed inCook County, a majority of them in Chicago. Chicago became a \\\"de jure\\\"sanctuary cityin 2012 when MayorRahm Emanueland the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance. According to the U.S. Census Bureau'sAmerican Community Surveydata estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly\",\n \"with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million. According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were: Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790. Religion Religion in Chicago (2014) According to a 2014 study by thePew Research Center,Christianityis the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States afterDallas,AtlantaandHouston.Roman CatholicismandProtestantismare the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed byEastern OrthodoxyandJehovah's Witnesseswith 1% each.Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups includeIrreligious(22%),Judaism(3%),Islam(2%),Buddhism(1%) andHinduism(1%). Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including theEvangelical Covenant Churchand theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America. It is the seat of severaldioceses. TheFourth\",\n \"TheFourth Presbyterian Churchis one of the largestPresbyteriancongregations in the United States based on memberships.Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of theAssyrian Church of the East.In 2014 theCatholic Churchwas the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicagobeing the largest Catholic jurisdiction.Evangelical Protestantismform the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed byMainline Protestants(11%), and historicallyBlack churches(8%). Among denominational Protestant branches,Baptistsformed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%);Lutherans(4%); andPentecostals(3%). Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014.Judaismhas at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population, making it the second largest religion.A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500. The first\",\n \"319,500. The first twoParliament of the World's Religionsin 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, includingMother Teresa, theDalai LamaandPope John Paul IIin 1979. Economy Chicago has the third-largestgross metropolitan productin the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialistsJohn Crerar,John Whitfield Bunn,Richard Teller Crane,Marshall Field,John Farwell,Julius Rosenwald, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, followingMidtown Manhattan.The\",\n \"Manhattan.The city is the seat of theFederal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial andfutures exchanges, including theChicago Stock Exchange, theChicago Board Options Exchange(CBOE), and theChicago Mercantile Exchange(the \\\"Merc\\\"), which is owned, along with theChicago Board of Trade(CBOT), by Chicago'sCME Group. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives.Chase Bankhas its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago'sChase Tower.Academically, Chicago has been influential through theChicago school of economics, which fielded 12Nobel Prizewinners. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.Illinois is home to 66Fortune1000companies, including those in Chicago.The city of Chicago also hosts 12FortuneGlobal 500 companies and 17Financial Times500 companies. The city claims threeDow 30companies:aerospacegiantBoeing, which moved its headquarters\",\n \"its headquarters fromSeattleto the Chicago Loop in 2001;McDonald's; andWalgreens Boots Alliance.For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.However, threeFortune500companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City. Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, includingBaxter International,Boeing,Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare division ofGeneral Electric. Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters ofConagra,Ferrara Candy Company,Kraft Heinz,McDonald's,Mondelez International, andQuaker Oats.Chicago has been a hub of theretailsector since its early development, withMontgomery Ward,Sears, andMarshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers,\",\n \"several retailers, includingWalgreens,Sears,Ace Hardware,Claire's,ULTA Beauty, andCrate & Barrel. Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of thebicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introducedstampingto the production process and significantly reduced costs,while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting theBrass Era carbuilder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.Chicago was also the site of theSchwinn Bicycle Company. Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behindLas VegasandOrlando) in number of conventions hosted annually. Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021. Culture and contemporary life The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents\",\n \"attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods fromRogers Parkin the north toSouth Shorein the south.The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include theMexican Americanneighborhoods, such asPilsenalong 18th street, andLa Villitaalong 26th Street; thePuerto Ricanenclave ofPaseo Boricuain theHumboldt Parkneighborhood;Greektown, along SouthHalsted Street, immediately west of downtown;Little Italy, along Taylor Street;ChinatowninArmour Square;Polish PatchesinWest Town;Little SeoulinAlbany Parkaround Lawrence Avenue;Little VietnamnearBroadwayin Uptown; and theDesiarea, alongDevon AvenueinWest Ridge. Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located\",\n \"are located within a section of downtown called \\\"The Loop\\\", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term \\\"The Loop\\\" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes theNear North Side, theNear South Side, and theNear West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famousskyscrapers, abundant restaurants,shopping,museums,Soldier Field, convention facilities,parkland, andbeaches. Lincoln Park contains theLincoln Park Zooand theLincoln Park Conservatory. TheRiver North Gallery Districtfeatures the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.Lake Viewis home toBoystown, the city's largeLGBTnightlife and culture center. TheChicago Pride Parade, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.NorthHalsted Streetis the main thoroughfare of Boystown. The South Side neighborhood ofHyde Parkis the home of\",\n \"Parkis the home of former U.S. PresidentBarack Obama. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,and theMuseum of Science and Industry. The 6-mile (9.7 km) longBurnham Parkstretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sitsWashington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called theMidway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African AmericanBud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels throughBronzevilleto Washington Park.Ford Motor Companyhas anautomobile assembly planton the South Side inHegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side. The West Side holds theGarfield Park\",\n \"theGarfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here includeHumboldt Park'sInstitute of Puerto Rican Arts and Cultureand the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as theNational Museum of Mexican ArtandSt. Adalbert's ChurchinPilsen. The Near West Side holds theUniversity of Illinois at Chicagoand was once home toOprah Winfrey'sHarpo Studios, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's. The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films likeThe Blues Brothersand television programs like theSaturday Night Liveskit \\\"Bill Swerski's Superfans\\\", is an advanced form ofInland Northern American English. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such asCleveland,Milwaukee,Detroit, andRochester, New York, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as theshort 'a'sound as in \\\"cat\\\", which can sound more\",\n \"can sound more like \\\"kyet\\\" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city. Entertainment and the arts Renowned Chicago theater companies include theGoodman Theatrein the Loop; theSteppenwolf Theatre CompanyandVictory Gardens Theaterin Lincoln Park; and theChicago Shakespeare Theaterat Navy Pier.Broadway In Chicagooffers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: theNederlander Theatre,CIBC Theatre,Cadillac Palace Theatre,Auditorium BuildingofRoosevelt University, andBroadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place.Polish languageproductions forChicago's large Polish speaking populationcan be seen at the historicGateway TheatreinJefferson Park. Since 1968, theJoseph Jefferson Awardsare given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modernimprovisational theater, and includes the prominent groupsThe Second CityandI.O.(formerly ImprovOlympic). TheChicago Symphony Orchestra(CSO) performs atSymphony Center, and is recognized as one of the\",\n \"as one of the best orchestras in the world.Also performing regularly atSymphony Centeris theChicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park andMillennium Park.Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. TheCivic Opera Houseis home to theLyric Opera of Chicago.TheLithuanian Opera Company of Chicagowas founded byLithuanian Chicagoansin 1956,and presents operas inLithuanian. TheJoffrey BalletandChicago Festival Balletperform in various venues, including theHarris TheaterinMillennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as theHubbard Street Dance ChicagoandChicago Dance Crash. Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage includeChicago blues,Chicago soul,jazz, andgospel. The city is the birthplace ofhouse music(a popular form of electronic dance music)\",\n \"dance music) andindustrial music, and is the site of an influentialhip hop scene. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular foralternative rock,punk, andnew wave. The city has been a center forraveculture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicagoindie.Annual festivalsfeature various acts, such asLollapaloozaand thePitchfork Music Festival.Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by theUniversity of Chicago Cultural Policy Centerranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in \\\"size of music industry\\\" and fourth among all U.S. cities in \\\"number of concerts and performances\\\". Chicago has a distinctivefine arttradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurativesurrealism, as in the works ofIvan\",\n \"in the works ofIvan AlbrightandEd Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of theChicago Imagists, such asRoger Brown,Leon Golub,Robert Lostutter,Jim Nutt, andBarbara Rossiproduced bizarre representational paintings.Henry Dargeris one of the most celebrated figures ofoutsider art. Tourism In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.These visitors contributed more thanUS$13.7billion to Chicago's economy.Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largestconventiondestination. A 2017 study byWalk Scoreranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south ofSoldier Field. Navy Pier, located just east ofStreeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants,\",\n \"restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. Museums Among the city's museums are theAdler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, theField Museum of Natural History, and theShedd Aquarium. TheMuseum Campusjoins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago'sInstitute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africahas an extensive collection ofancient EgyptianandNear Easternarchaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include theChicago History Museum, theDriehaus Museum, theDuSable Museum of African American History, theMuseum of Contemporary Art, thePeggy Notebaert Nature Museum, thePolish Museum of America, theMuseum of Broadcast Communications, theChicago Architecture Foundation, and\",\n \"Foundation, and theMuseum of Science and Industry. Cuisine Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowneddeep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated atPizzeria Uno.The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.Certain Chicago pizza favorites includeLou Malnati'sandGiordano's. TheChicago-style hot dog, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish,yellow mustard, pickledsport peppers,tomatowedges,dill picklespear and topped off withcelery salton apoppy seedbun.Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use ofketchupas a garnish, but may prefer to addgiardiniera. A distinctly Chicago sandwich, theItalian beefsandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered inau jusand served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of\",\n \"the addition of an Italian sausage. TheMaxwell Street Polishis a grilled or deep-friedkielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. Chicken Vesuviois roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. ThePuerto Rican-influencedjibaritois a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. Themother-in-lawis atamaletopped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.The tradition of serving theGreekdishsaganakiwhile aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused withMetaxaandflambéedtable-side.Chicago-style barbecuefeatures hardwood smokedrib tipsandhot linkswhich were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.Annual festivalsfeature various Chicago signature dishes, such asTaste of Chicagoand the Chicago Food Truck Festival. One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a\",\n \"restaurants and a recipient of threeMichelinstars,Alineais located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include:Charlie Trotter,Rick Tramonto,Grant Achatz, andRick Bayless. In 2003,Robb Reportnamed Chicago the country's \\\"most exceptional dining destination\\\". Literature Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition ofsocial realism. In theEncyclopedia of Chicago,Northwestern UniversityProfessor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to \\\"capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people.\\\" The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of \\\"high-flown romance\\\" and \\\"genteel realism\\\", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a\",\n \"hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,and create a \\\"city of feeling\\\" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. At least three short periods in thehistory of Chicagohave had a lasting influence onAmerican literature.These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of theGreat Depressionthrough the 1940s. What would become the influentialPoetrymagazine was founded in 1912 byHarriet Monroe, who was working as anartcriticfor theChicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets asGwendolyn Brooks,James Merrill, andJohn Ashbery.T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, \\\"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\\\", was first published byPoetry. Contributors have includedEzra Pound,William Butler Yeats,William Carlos Williams,Langston Hughes,\",\n \"Hughes, andCarl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching theImagistandObjectivistpoetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, thepoetry slam. Sports The city has twoMajor League Baseball(MLB) teams: theChicago Cubsof the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and theChicago White Soxof the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906. The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;they have played in Chicago since 1871.They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League\",\n \"six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. TheChicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of theNational Football League(NFL), have won nineNFL Championships, including the 1985Super Bowl XX. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. TheChicago Bullsof theNational Basketball Association(NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.During the 1990s, withMichael Jordanleading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons. TheChicago Blackhawksof theNational Hockey League(NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the \\\"Original Six\\\" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won sixStanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at theUnited Center. Chicago Fire FCis a member ofMajor League Soccer(MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and fourU.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successfulFIFA World Cupwith games played at Soldier\",\n \"played at Soldier Field. TheChicago Red Starsare a team in theNational Women's Soccer League(NWSL). They previously played inWomen's Professional Soccer(WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play atSeatGeek StadiuminBridgeview, Illinois. TheChicago Skyis a professional basketball team playing in theWomen's National Basketball Association(WNBA). They play home games at theWintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began. TheChicago Marathonhas been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of sixWorld Marathon Majors. Five area colleges play inDivision Iconferences: two from major conferences—theDePaul Blue Demons(Big East Conference) and theNorthwestern Wildcats(Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—theChicago State Cougars(Northeast Conference); theLoyola Ramblers(Atlantic 10 Conference); and theUIC Flames(Missouri Valley Conference). Chicago has also\",\n \"Chicago has also entered intoesportswith the creation of theOpTic Chicago, a professionalCall of Dutyteam that participates within theCDL. Parks and greenspace When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the mottoUrbs in Horto, aLatinphrase which means \\\"City in a Garden\\\". Today, theChicago Park Districtconsists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) ofmunicipal parkland. There are 31 sandbeaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors afterCentral ParkinNew York City, and theNational Mall and Memorial ParksinWashington, D.C. There is a historicboulevard system,a network of wide, tree-linedboulevardswhich connect a number of Chicagoparks.The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.A number ofChicago neighborhoodsemerged along these roadways in the 19th\",\n \"in the 19th century.The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and sixsquares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.TheChicago Park Boulevard System Historic Districtwas listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2018. With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as thePing Tom Memorial Parkin Chinatown,DuSable Parkon the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by theCook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest,prairie,wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which\",\n \"natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,including both theChicago Botanic GardeninGlencoeand theBrookfield ZooinBrookfield.Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago. Law and government Government The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive andlegislativebranches. Themayor of Chicagois the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor isBrandon Johnson. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. TheCity Councilis the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from eachwardin the city.The council takes official action through the passage ofordinancesand resolutions and approves the city budget. TheChicago Police\",\n \"TheChicago Police Departmentprovides law enforcement and theChicago Fire Departmentprovides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in theCook County Circuit Courtof the State of Illinois court system, or in theNorthern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinoisstate's attorney; in the Federal court it is the United Statesattorney. Politics During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growingDemocratic Partyorganization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organizedsocialist,anarchistandlabor organizations.For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been \\\"solid blue\\\" inpresidential electionssince 1992. Even before then, it was not\",\n \"then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected aRepublicanmayor since 1927, whenWilliam Thompsonwas voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17districtsin theUnited States House of Representatives. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each:Robert P. Hanrahanfrom 1973 to 1975, andMichael Patrick Flanaganfrom 1995 to 1997. Machine politicspersisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S.\",\n \"in other large U.S. cities.During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal \\\"independent\\\" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election ofHarold Washington(in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor,Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democraticprimaryvote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed. The city is home of former United States PresidentBarack Obamaand First LadyMichelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago inKenwoodon the\",\n \"inKenwoodon the city's south side. Crime Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.Chicago experienced major rises inviolent crimein the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.Chicago's biggestcriminal justicechallenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide,armed robbery, gang violence, andaggravated battery. Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States. Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.The neighborhoods ofEnglewoodon the South Side, andAustinon the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.According to reports in 2013, \\\"most of Chicago's violent crime comes from\",\n \"crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,\\\"and is specifically related to the activities of theSinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities.Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000. Chicago has a long history of publiccorruptionthat regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.Most corruption cases in Chicago are\",\n \"in Chicago are prosecuted by theU.S. Attorney's office, as legaljurisdictionmakes most offenses punishable as a federal crime. Education Schools and libraries Chicago Public Schools(CPS) is the governing body of theschool districtthat contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors andAdvanced Placement(AP) courses.Walter Payton College Prep High Schoolis ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois. Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the\",\n \"on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's \\\"choice system\\\", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). Chicago has a network ofLutheran schools,and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as theIda Crown Jewish AcademyinWest Ridge. TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of ChicagooperatesCatholic schools, that includeJesuit preparatory schoolsand others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the privateChicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the publicChicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts. TheChicago Public\",\n \"TheChicago Public Librarysystem operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library. Colleges and universities Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top \\\"National Universities\\\" in the United States, as determined byU.S. News & World Report.Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University;Illinois Institute of Technology;Loyola University Chicago;DePaul University;Columbia College Chicagoand theUniversity of Illinois Chicago. Other notable schools include:Chicago State University; theSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago;East–West University;National Louis University;North Park University;Northeastern Illinois University;Robert Morris University Illinois;Roosevelt University;Saint Xavier University;Rush University; andShimer College. William Rainey Harper, the first president of\",\n \"first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of thejunior collegeconcept, establishing nearbyJoliet Junior Collegeas the first in the nation in 1901.His legacy continues with the multiplecommunity collegesin the Chicago proper, including the sevenCity Colleges of Chicago:Richard J. Daley College,Kennedy–King College,Malcolm X College,Olive–Harvey College,Truman College,Harold Washington College, andWilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately heldMacCormac College. Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as theAdler School of Professional Psychology,The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, theErikson Institute,The Institute for Clinical Social Work, theLutheran School of Theology at Chicago, theCatholic Theological Union, theMoody Bible Institute, and theUniversity of Chicago Divinity School. Media Television The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the\",\n \"media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.Each of the big fiveU.S. television networks,NBC,ABC,CBS,FoxandThe CW, directly owns and operates ahigh-definition televisionstation in Chicago (WMAQ5,WLS7,WBBM2,WFLD32 andWGN-TV9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by theNexstar Media Group, which acquired it from its founding ownerTribune Broadcastingin 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as \\\"WGN America\\\" oncable and satellite TVnationwide and in parts of theCaribbean. WGN America eventually becameNewsNationin 2021. Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, includingThe Oprah Winfrey Show,Steve Harvey Show,The Rosie Show,The Jerry Springer Show,The Phil Donahue Show,The Jenny Jones Show, and more. The city also has onePBSmember station (its second:WYCC20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017):WTTW11, producer of shows such asSneak Previews,The Frugal\",\n \"Previews,The Frugal Gourmet,Lamb Chop's Play-AlongandThe McLaughlin Group. As of 2018,Windy City Liveis Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner andRyan Chiaveriniat ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999,Judge Mathisalso films his syndicated arbitration-based realitycourt showat theNBC Tower. Beginning in January 2019,Newsybegan producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago. Television stations Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are: Newspapers Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: theChicago Tribuneand theChicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such asChicago, theDziennik Związkowy(Polish Daily News),Draugas(the Lithuanian daily newspaper), theChicago Reader, theSouthtownStar, theChicago Defender, theDaily\",\n \"Defender, theDaily Herald,Newcity,StreetWiseand theWindy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazineTime Out ChicagoandGRABmagazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazineChicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet,The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication,The A.V. Club. Movies and filming Radio Chicago has five50,000 watt AM radio stations: theAudacy-ownedWBBMandWSCR; theTribune Broadcasting-ownedWGN; theCumulus Media-ownedWLS; and theESPN Radio-ownedWMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, includingBeyond the BeltwaywithBruce DuMonton Sunday evenings. Chicago Public Radioproduces nationally aired programs such asPRI'sThis American LifeandNPR'sWait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. Infrastructure Transportation Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world afterHong KongandSingapore.\",\n \"KongandSingapore. The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. Parking Due to Chicago'sWheel Tax,residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests. Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to itspublicstreet parking.In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease itsparking metersystem to an operating company created byMorgan Stanley, calledChicago Parking Meters LLC. Daley said the \\\"agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1\",\n \"more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy.\\\" The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue forChicago Parking Meters LLCinvestors. Expressways Seven mainline and four auxiliaryinterstate highways(55,57,65(only in Indiana),80(also inIndiana),88,90(also inIndiana),94(also inIndiana),190,290,294, and355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidateAdlai Stevenson. TheKennedyandDan RyanExpressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois. Transit systems TheRegional Transportation Authority(RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace. Greyhound Linesprovides inter-city bus service to and from the city at theChicago Bus\",\n \"at theChicago Bus Station, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network ofMegabus (North America). Passenger rail Amtraklong distance andcommuter railservices originate fromUnion Station.Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans,Portland,Seattle,Milwaukee,Quincy,St. Louis,Carbondale, Boston,Grand Rapids,Port Huron,Pontiac, Los Angeles, andSan Antonio. Future service will terminate atMoline. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via theChicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed. Bicycle and scooter sharing systems In July 2013, thebicycle-sharing systemDivvywas launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stationsIt is operated byLyftfor theChicago Department of Transportation.As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city,\",\n \"all of the city, excludingPullman, Rosedale,Beverly,Belmont CraginandEdison Park. In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leadersBird,Jump,LimeandLyft.Each company was allowed to bring 250electric scooters, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken. Freight rail Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.All fiveClass I railroadsmeet in Chicago. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase\",\n \"to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.CREATE, theChicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area. Airports Chicago is served byO'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,on the far Northwest Side, andMidway International Airporton the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago.Gary/Chicago International AirportandChicago Rockford International Airport, located inGary, IndianaandRockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towardsbuilding an\",\n \"towardsbuilding an entirely new airportin the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.The City of Chicago is the world headquarters forUnited Airlines, the world's third-largest airline. Port authority The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Utilities Electricity for most ofnorthern Illinoisis provided byCommonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory bordersIroquois Countyto the south, theWisconsinborder to the north, theIowaborder to the west and theIndianaborder to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division ofExelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began\",\n \"the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy. Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary ofIntegrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago. Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is nowlandfilled, mainly in theCalumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had ablue bagprogram to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city. Health systems TheIllinois Medical Districtis on the Near West Side. It includesRush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2014–16, theUniversity of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, andJohn H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation. Two of the country's premier\",\n \"country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, includingNorthwestern Memorial Hospitaland theUniversity of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes theFeinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2017–18;theShirley Ryan AbilityLab(formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital byU.S. News & World Report;the newPrentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. TheUniversity of Illinois College of Medicineat UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford andUrbana–Champaign). In addition, theChicago Medical Schooland Loyola University Chicago'sStritch School of Medicineare located in the suburbs ofNorth ChicagoandMaywood, respectively. TheMidwestern UniversityChicago\",\n \"UniversityChicago College ofOsteopathic Medicineis inDowners Grove. TheAmerican Medical Association,Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education,American Osteopathic Association,American Dental Association,Academy of General Dentistry,Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,American Association of Nurse Anesthetists,American College of Surgeons,American Society for Clinical Pathology,American College of Healthcare Executives, theAmerican Hospital Association, andBlue Cross and Blue Shield Associationare all based in Chicago. Sister cities See also Explanatory notes References Citations Cited references Further reading External links Former:Evanston•Hyde Park•Jefferson•Lake•Lake View•North Chicago•Rogers Park•South Chicago•West Chicago\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":273,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In Slovakia there is a well known Film Festival called the Bratistlava International Film Festival. What city/ town was the film editor for the Grand Prix winner of 2003 born in?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Roudnice nad Labem"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bratislava International Film Festival TheBratislava International Film Festival(also known asBratislava IFF) is an internationalfilm festivalestablished in 1999 and held annually inBratislava,Slovakia. Apart from the international competition programme, it also regularly features renowned authors' film retrospectives, a European film program,independent filmprogrammes and various theme programmes. Awards Awards are presented in the following categories: Award winners Grand Prix 2003 IFF Bratislava 2004 IFF Bratislava 2005 IFF Bratislava 2006 IFF Bratislava 2007 IFF Bratislava 2008 IFF Bratislava 2009 IFF Bratislava 2010 IFF Bratislava 2011 IFF Bratislava References External links","Boredom in Brno Boredom in Brno(Czech:Nuda v Brně) is aCzechcomedy filmdirected byVladimír Morávek, based on the story \"Standa's Debut\" byPavel Bedura. It was released in 2003, and won fiveCzech Lionawards, including Best Film, Best Director (Morávek), Best Script (Morávek andJan Budař), Best Male Actor in a Leading Role (Budař) and Best Editing (Jiří Brožek). Cast Plot The film follows several couples over one night inBrno. The focus is on a 20-something couple with unspecified learning difficulties, Olinka (Kateřina Holánová) and Standa (Jan Budař), who are preparing to have sex for the first time. Standa has been receiving advice from his brother Jarda (Martin Pechlát), while Olinka has been given tips and guidance by her friends, the women who live in her apartment block. Standa and Jarda travel to Brno fromBrundalfor the occasion. Meanwhile, in a nearby pub, depressed actor Mirek (Miroslav Donutil) is with psychologist Vlasta (Pavla Tomicová), complaining about his life, and the two presently return to Vlasta's flat together where they have sex, and Vlasta counsels Mirek about the state of his marriage. In the same pub are Jaroslava (Ivana Uhlířová), a young woman who habitually attracts unpleasant men, and her current partner Richard (Marek Daniel), a pretentious and self-absorbed man who is tempted by sexual experimentation and submission. This couple return to Richard's flat in the same apartment block where Richard persuades an unwilling Jaroslava to spank him, alongside other requests. Also in the pub are life-long friends Honza (Pavel Liška) and Pavel (Filip Rajmont). While Honza rambles drunkenly about his desire for various women, Pavel has an undeclared love for Honza. At the house, Olinka is horrified to see her controlling mother return unexpectedly to the flat. Panicking, she administersrohypnolinto her mother's coffee, and locks her unconscious in a storage cupboard. Standa arrives and they visit Olinka's friends so Standa can be vetted for their approval. Back down in Olinka's flat, Standa and Olinka share an awkward meal, and then proceed to the bedroom and are extremely nervous, but eventually Olinka manages to initiate sex. Despite Jarda's training, Standa is unable to put on the condom, so they do not use one. Meanwhile Jarda arrives at Olinka's friends' party upstairs to drink with them. Meanwhile, Mirek leaves Vlasta's house to go home, but on the way has a drunken argument with his wife on the phone, and ends up walking home toLíšeňin a drunken depression. Honza and Pavel also head home to Pavel's house, and Pavel is perturbed when Honza kisses his cheek while he sleeps. After having sex, Olinka excitedly tells her friends what happened, but at the same time her mother wakes up and sees Standa dancing in his underwear through the keyhole. When Olinka returns to the flat, the two women argue, and Standa flees the flat in panic. Pavel and Honza leave Pavel's place very early to deliverrohlíkto Líšeň, but on the way Pavel takes his eyes off the road and hits Mirek, killing him. Comforting Pavel, Honza confides that his love is returned. Meanwhile, Olinka releases her mother from the pantry, but then locks her in again when Standa returns to her. A voice over confirms that Olinka is pregnant. External links","Jiří Brožek Jiří Brožek(born 11 March 1947) is a Czech film editor. Biography During 1967‒1973 he attended Editing and Directing atFAMU.Then he started to work inBarrandov Movie Studios, from 1976 Brožek is self-employed. During the career he edited more than 100 feature films, variety of the TV production and many TV series. He cooperated withLadislav Smoljak(Ball Lightning,Waiter, Scarper!,Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping)Karel Kachyňa(Love Between the Raindrops,Forbidden Dreams),Jiří Menzel(Cutting It Short,The Snowdrop Festival,My Sweet Little Village),Věra Chytilová(Calamity,Wolf's Hole) orVáclav Havel(Leaving). Jiří Brožek was awarded nineCzech Lionsfor filmsKrvavý román(1993),Sekal Has to Die(1998),Anděl Exit(2000),Boredom in Brno(2003),The City of the Sun(2005),Pleasant Moments(2006),...a bude hůř(2007),Leaving(2011) andFilthy(2017), twice he gainedSlovakfilm awardSlnko v sietiforThe City of the Sun(2006) andGypsy(2012). He is a member ofCzech Film and Television Academy(ČFTA)and honourable member of Slovak Film and Television Academy (SFTA). He is married and has three children. Filmography Editor Actor Cooperation References External links","Roudnice nad Labem Roudnice nad Labem(Czech pronunciation:;German:Raudnitz an der Elbe) is a town inLitoměřice Districtin theÚstí nad Labem Regionof theCzech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as anurban monument zone. A steel road bridge dating from the early 20th century spans theElbein Roudnice nad Labem. Its medieval predecessor was the third oldest stone bridge inBohemia(afterPragueandPísek) and the first bridge to connect both banks of the river. Roudnice nad Labem features a castle of lateRomanesqueorigin, now reconstructed inBaroquestyle. Administrative parts The village of Podlusky is an administrative part of Roudnice nad Labem. Etymology The initial names Rúdnik and Rúdnica probably come from the iron water of a nearby spring (ruda= 'ore'). Geography Roudnice nad Labem is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast ofLitoměřiceand 37 km (23 mi) north ofPrague. It lies in theLower Ohře Table, in thePolabílowlands. The highest point is on the hill Hostěraz at 265 m (869 ft) above sea level. The town is situated on the left bank of theElbeRiver, which forms the northern municipal border. History Roudnice nad Labem is one of the oldest Czech towns. The first written mentions of Roudnice are from 1167 and 1176,but archeological excavations in the area confirm existence of a prehistoric settlement. The market settlement quickly became economically important due to its location on the Lusatian road, and in the 13th century, it received town status. In the 12th century, aRomanesquecastle was built, used as the summer residence of archbishops and bishops. In 1333, BishopJan IV of Dražiceordered that a bridge be built over the Elbe. It was the first stone bridge over the Elbe and the third stone bridge in Bohemia. At the end of the 14th century, the New Town of Roudnice nad Labem (encompassing today's Jan of Dražice Square and Hus Square) was built and, along with the Old Town of Roudnice nad Labem, surrounded by walls. In 1421, during theHussite Wars, Roudnice nad Labem was conquered byJan Žižka. During the Hussite invasions, the local monastery was destroyed and would never be rebuilt. After the Hussite Wars, the town was sold several times, which did not benefit its development. In 1603, it was acquired by theLobkowicz familyand it remained under their control until 1945. During their rule, the town was rebuilt and expanded. During theThirty Years' War, Roudnice nad Labem was burned down and demolished by theSwedish army. In the 19th century, Roudnice nad Labem became the industrial and economical centre of the Podřipský region, due to several new factories and the railway from Prague to Dresden.Until 1918, the town was part ofAustria-Hungary, in the district of the same name, one of the 94BezirkshauptmannschafteninBohemia. The firstfootballmatch in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in the Czech lands took place on the islet in the middle of the Elbe, located within the town limits, in 1887 (in 1892, according to some sources).In 1910, the old stone bridge was rebuilt into a new steel road bridge. Demographics Transport TheD8 motorwayfrom Prague to Ústí nad Labem runs along the western municipal border. Roudnice nad Labem is located on the intraregional railway line Prague–Děčín. It is also the starting point of a local line toBřízawith four stops within the town. Education There are four high schools in Roudnice nad Labem: Gymnasium Roudnice nad Labem, Vocational School and Training Centre, Podřipská Private Vocational School and Training Centre, and Higher Vocational School and Secondary Vocational School, which also offers higher education.There are also five primary schools, including one special school, and a primary art school. Sport The town has a swimming pool, an ice hockey arena, and football and athletic stadiums. Roudnice airport is located near the southwestern edge of the town and hosts the Memorial Air Show every other year. Sights The historic centre is made up of the castle complex and ofCharlesSquare (Karlovo náměstí),HusSquare (Husovo náměstí),PurkyněSquare (Purkyňovo náměstí) and Jan of Dražice Square (náměstí Jana z Dražic). The town hall is located on Charles Square. It is a pseudo-Renaissance building from 1869. The Gothic stone watchtower is the only preserved remnant of the Old Town's fortifications. It is open to the public as a lookout tower. The church complex is formed of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and the Augustinian monastery. The monastery was built in 1333–1353. The church is a typical Czech Gothic building from the first half of the 14th century. The iron spring after which the town got its name is located there. Roudnice Castle Roudnice Castle was built in the 12th century by Prague bishops to protect an important trade route from Prague toUpper Lusatiaalong theElbe. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style and became a popular summer residence for Prague bishops.There is a common misconception thatJan Huswas ordained as a priest there. In 1421, the Catholic Church sold the castle to noble Jan Smiřický who renovated it again. KingGeorge of Poděbradycaptured Roudnice from Smiřický in 1467. It passed into the ownership ofWilliam of Rosenberg, the Supreme Burgrave and one of the wealthiest men in Bohemia. After Rosenberg's death, his widow Polyxena Pernštejn married Zdeněk Vojtěch ofLobkowicz, Chancellor of the Czech Kingdom, and, later, 1st Prince Lobkowicz, bringing Roudnice into the Lobkowicz family possessions. In 1652, their son,Václav Eusebius, embarked upon an ambitious project to transform the castle into an early Baroque palace. From 1657 untilWorld War II, the Lobkowicz Collection's library was stored in Roudnice Castle, leading to the library being named theRoudnice Lobkowicz Library. Václav Eusebius of Lobkowicz hired two Italian architects, Francesco Caratti and Antonio della Porta, to completely renovate Roudnice Castle. Between 1652 and 1684, they demolished most of the original structure, creating a 200-room baroque residence that included a clock tower, a chapel decorated with elaborate frescoes, a theatre, and large formal gardens. For two and a half centuries Roudnice served as a repository for the Lobkowicz family's collections of artwork, religious objects, musical instruments, and books and manuscripts. The castle was confiscated by the Communist government in 1948; theCzechoslovak People's Armyused the building for the Vít Nejedlý military music school, as well as for administrative offices. After 1989, the castle was restored to the Lobkowicz family, who continued to rent the castle to the school until it closed in 2008. In 2009 the castle underwent major renovations, and it was opened to the public. The Castle Riding Hall was built in the 17th century by Antonio della Porta. Today it houses the Gallery of Modern Art. Notable people Twin towns – sister cities Roudnice nad Labem istwinnedwith: Gallery References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Bratislava International Film Festival TheBratislava International Film Festival(also known asBratislava IFF) is an internationalfilm festivalestablished in 1999 and held annually inBratislava,Slovakia. Apart from the international competition programme, it also regularly features renowned authors' film retrospectives, a European film program,independent filmprogrammes and various theme programmes. Awards Awards are presented in the following categories: Award winners Grand Prix 2003 IFF Bratislava 2004 IFF Bratislava 2005 IFF Bratislava 2006 IFF Bratislava 2007 IFF Bratislava 2008 IFF Bratislava 2009 IFF Bratislava 2010 IFF Bratislava 2011 IFF Bratislava References External links\",\n \"Boredom in Brno Boredom in Brno(Czech:Nuda v Brně) is aCzechcomedy filmdirected byVladimír Morávek, based on the story \\\"Standa's Debut\\\" byPavel Bedura. It was released in 2003, and won fiveCzech Lionawards, including Best Film, Best Director (Morávek), Best Script (Morávek andJan Budař), Best Male Actor in a Leading Role (Budař) and Best Editing (Jiří Brožek). Cast Plot The film follows several couples over one night inBrno. The focus is on a 20-something couple with unspecified learning difficulties, Olinka (Kateřina Holánová) and Standa (Jan Budař), who are preparing to have sex for the first time. Standa has been receiving advice from his brother Jarda (Martin Pechlát), while Olinka has been given tips and guidance by her friends, the women who live in her apartment block. Standa and Jarda travel to Brno fromBrundalfor the occasion. Meanwhile, in a nearby pub, depressed actor Mirek (Miroslav Donutil) is with psychologist Vlasta (Pavla Tomicová), complaining about his life, and the two presently return to Vlasta's flat together where they have sex, and Vlasta counsels Mirek about the state of his marriage. In the same pub are Jaroslava (Ivana Uhlířová), a young woman who habitually attracts unpleasant men, and her current partner Richard (Marek Daniel), a pretentious and self-absorbed man who is tempted by sexual experimentation and submission. This couple return to Richard's flat in the same apartment block where Richard persuades an unwilling Jaroslava to spank him, alongside other requests. Also in the pub are life-long friends Honza (Pavel Liška) and Pavel (Filip Rajmont). While Honza rambles drunkenly about his desire for various women, Pavel has an undeclared love for Honza. At the house, Olinka is horrified to see her controlling mother return unexpectedly to the flat. Panicking, she administersrohypnolinto her mother's coffee, and locks her unconscious in a storage cupboard. Standa arrives and they visit Olinka's friends so Standa can be vetted for their approval. Back down in Olinka's flat, Standa and Olinka share an awkward meal, and then proceed to the bedroom and are extremely nervous, but eventually Olinka manages to initiate sex. Despite Jarda's training, Standa is unable to put on the condom, so they do not use one. Meanwhile Jarda arrives at Olinka's friends' party upstairs to drink with them. Meanwhile, Mirek leaves Vlasta's house to go home, but on the way has a drunken argument with his wife on the phone, and ends up walking home toLíšeňin a drunken depression. Honza and Pavel also head home to Pavel's house, and Pavel is perturbed when Honza kisses his cheek while he sleeps. After having sex, Olinka excitedly tells her friends what happened, but at the same time her mother wakes up and sees Standa dancing in his underwear through the keyhole. When Olinka returns to the flat, the two women argue, and Standa flees the flat in panic. Pavel and Honza leave Pavel's place very early to deliverrohlíkto Líšeň, but on the way Pavel takes his eyes off the road and hits Mirek, killing him. Comforting Pavel, Honza confides that his love is returned. Meanwhile, Olinka releases her mother from the pantry, but then locks her in again when Standa returns to her. A voice over confirms that Olinka is pregnant. External links\",\n \"Jiří Brožek Jiří Brožek(born 11 March 1947) is a Czech film editor. Biography During 1967‒1973 he attended Editing and Directing atFAMU.Then he started to work inBarrandov Movie Studios, from 1976 Brožek is self-employed. During the career he edited more than 100 feature films, variety of the TV production and many TV series. He cooperated withLadislav Smoljak(Ball Lightning,Waiter, Scarper!,Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping)Karel Kachyňa(Love Between the Raindrops,Forbidden Dreams),Jiří Menzel(Cutting It Short,The Snowdrop Festival,My Sweet Little Village),Věra Chytilová(Calamity,Wolf's Hole) orVáclav Havel(Leaving). Jiří Brožek was awarded nineCzech Lionsfor filmsKrvavý román(1993),Sekal Has to Die(1998),Anděl Exit(2000),Boredom in Brno(2003),The City of the Sun(2005),Pleasant Moments(2006),...a bude hůř(2007),Leaving(2011) andFilthy(2017), twice he gainedSlovakfilm awardSlnko v sietiforThe City of the Sun(2006) andGypsy(2012). He is a member ofCzech Film and Television Academy(ČFTA)and honourable member of Slovak Film and Television Academy (SFTA). He is married and has three children. Filmography Editor Actor Cooperation References External links\",\n \"Roudnice nad Labem Roudnice nad Labem(Czech pronunciation:;German:Raudnitz an der Elbe) is a town inLitoměřice Districtin theÚstí nad Labem Regionof theCzech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as anurban monument zone. A steel road bridge dating from the early 20th century spans theElbein Roudnice nad Labem. Its medieval predecessor was the third oldest stone bridge inBohemia(afterPragueandPísek) and the first bridge to connect both banks of the river. Roudnice nad Labem features a castle of lateRomanesqueorigin, now reconstructed inBaroquestyle. Administrative parts The village of Podlusky is an administrative part of Roudnice nad Labem. Etymology The initial names Rúdnik and Rúdnica probably come from the iron water of a nearby spring (ruda= 'ore'). Geography Roudnice nad Labem is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast ofLitoměřiceand 37 km (23 mi) north ofPrague. It lies in theLower Ohře Table, in thePolabílowlands. The highest point is on the hill Hostěraz at 265 m (869 ft) above sea level. The town is situated on the left bank of theElbeRiver, which forms the northern municipal border. History Roudnice nad Labem is one of the oldest Czech towns. The first written mentions of Roudnice are from 1167 and 1176,but archeological excavations in the area confirm existence of a prehistoric settlement. The market settlement quickly became economically important due to its location on the Lusatian road, and in the 13th century, it received town status. In the 12th century, aRomanesquecastle was built, used as the summer residence of archbishops and bishops. In 1333, BishopJan IV of Dražiceordered that a bridge be built over the Elbe. It was the first stone bridge over the Elbe and the third stone bridge in Bohemia. At the end of the 14th century, the New Town of Roudnice nad Labem (encompassing today's Jan of Dražice Square and Hus Square) was built and, along with the Old Town of Roudnice nad Labem, surrounded by walls. In 1421, during theHussite Wars, Roudnice nad Labem was conquered byJan Žižka. During the Hussite invasions, the local monastery was destroyed and would never be rebuilt. After the Hussite Wars, the town was sold several times, which did not benefit its development. In 1603, it was acquired by theLobkowicz familyand it remained under their control until 1945. During their rule, the town was rebuilt and expanded. During theThirty Years' War, Roudnice nad Labem was burned down and demolished by theSwedish army. In the 19th century, Roudnice nad Labem became the industrial and economical centre of the Podřipský region, due to several new factories and the railway from Prague to Dresden.Until 1918, the town was part ofAustria-Hungary, in the district of the same name, one of the 94BezirkshauptmannschafteninBohemia. The firstfootballmatch in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in the Czech lands took place on the islet in the middle of the Elbe, located within the town limits, in 1887 (in 1892, according to some sources).In 1910, the old stone bridge was rebuilt into a new steel road bridge. Demographics Transport TheD8 motorwayfrom Prague to Ústí nad Labem runs along the western municipal border. Roudnice nad Labem is located on the intraregional railway line Prague–Děčín. It is also the starting point of a local line toBřízawith four stops within the town. Education There are four high schools in Roudnice nad Labem: Gymnasium Roudnice nad Labem, Vocational School and Training Centre, Podřipská Private Vocational School and Training Centre, and Higher Vocational School and Secondary Vocational School, which also offers higher education.There are also five primary schools, including one special school, and a primary art school. Sport The town has a swimming pool, an ice hockey arena, and football and athletic stadiums. Roudnice airport is located near the southwestern edge of the town and hosts the Memorial Air Show every other year. Sights The historic centre is made up of the castle complex and ofCharlesSquare (Karlovo náměstí),HusSquare (Husovo náměstí),PurkyněSquare (Purkyňovo náměstí) and Jan of Dražice Square (náměstí Jana z Dražic). The town hall is located on Charles Square. It is a pseudo-Renaissance building from 1869. The Gothic stone watchtower is the only preserved remnant of the Old Town's fortifications. It is open to the public as a lookout tower. The church complex is formed of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and the Augustinian monastery. The monastery was built in 1333–1353. The church is a typical Czech Gothic building from the first half of the 14th century. The iron spring after which the town got its name is located there. Roudnice Castle Roudnice Castle was built in the 12th century by Prague bishops to protect an important trade route from Prague toUpper Lusatiaalong theElbe. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style and became a popular summer residence for Prague bishops.There is a common misconception thatJan Huswas ordained as a priest there. In 1421, the Catholic Church sold the castle to noble Jan Smiřický who renovated it again. KingGeorge of Poděbradycaptured Roudnice from Smiřický in 1467. It passed into the ownership ofWilliam of Rosenberg, the Supreme Burgrave and one of the wealthiest men in Bohemia. After Rosenberg's death, his widow Polyxena Pernštejn married Zdeněk Vojtěch ofLobkowicz, Chancellor of the Czech Kingdom, and, later, 1st Prince Lobkowicz, bringing Roudnice into the Lobkowicz family possessions. In 1652, their son,Václav Eusebius, embarked upon an ambitious project to transform the castle into an early Baroque palace. From 1657 untilWorld War II, the Lobkowicz Collection's library was stored in Roudnice Castle, leading to the library being named theRoudnice Lobkowicz Library. Václav Eusebius of Lobkowicz hired two Italian architects, Francesco Caratti and Antonio della Porta, to completely renovate Roudnice Castle. Between 1652 and 1684, they demolished most of the original structure, creating a 200-room baroque residence that included a clock tower, a chapel decorated with elaborate frescoes, a theatre, and large formal gardens. For two and a half centuries Roudnice served as a repository for the Lobkowicz family's collections of artwork, religious objects, musical instruments, and books and manuscripts. The castle was confiscated by the Communist government in 1948; theCzechoslovak People's Armyused the building for the Vít Nejedlý military music school, as well as for administrative offices. After 1989, the castle was restored to the Lobkowicz family, who continued to rent the castle to the school until it closed in 2008. In 2009 the castle underwent major renovations, and it was opened to the public. The Castle Riding Hall was built in the 17th century by Antonio della Porta. Today it houses the Gallery of Modern Art. Notable people Twin towns – sister cities Roudnice nad Labem istwinnedwith: Gallery References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bratislava International Film Festival TheBratislava International Film Festival(also known asBratislava IFF) is an internationalfilm festivalestablished in 1999 and held annually inBratislava,Slovakia. Apart from the international competition programme, it also regularly features renowned authors' film retrospectives, a European film program,independent filmprogrammes and various theme programmes. Awards Awards are presented in the following categories: Award winners Grand Prix 2003 IFF Bratislava 2004 IFF Bratislava 2005 IFF Bratislava 2006 IFF Bratislava 2007 IFF Bratislava 2008 IFF Bratislava 2009 IFF Bratislava 2010 IFF Bratislava 2011 IFF Bratislava References External links","Boredom in Brno Boredom in Brno(Czech:Nuda v Brně) is aCzechcomedy filmdirected byVladimír Morávek, based on the story \"Standa's Debut\" byPavel Bedura. It was released in 2003, and won fiveCzech Lionawards, including Best Film, Best Director (Morávek), Best Script (Morávek andJan Budař), Best Male Actor in a Leading Role (Budař) and Best Editing (Jiří Brožek). Cast Plot The film follows several couples over one night inBrno. The focus is on a 20-something couple with unspecified learning difficulties, Olinka (Kateřina Holánová) and Standa (Jan Budař), who are preparing to have sex for the first time. Standa has been receiving advice from his brother Jarda (Martin Pechlát), while Olinka has been given tips and guidance by her friends, the women who live in her apartment block. Standa and Jarda travel to Brno fromBrundalfor the occasion. Meanwhile, in a nearby pub, depressed actor Mirek (Miroslav Donutil) is with psychologist Vlasta (Pavla Tomicová), complaining about his life, and the two presently return to","presently return to Vlasta's flat together where they have sex, and Vlasta counsels Mirek about the state of his marriage. In the same pub are Jaroslava (Ivana Uhlířová), a young woman who habitually attracts unpleasant men, and her current partner Richard (Marek Daniel), a pretentious and self-absorbed man who is tempted by sexual experimentation and submission. This couple return to Richard's flat in the same apartment block where Richard persuades an unwilling Jaroslava to spank him, alongside other requests. Also in the pub are life-long friends Honza (Pavel Liška) and Pavel (Filip Rajmont). While Honza rambles drunkenly about his desire for various women, Pavel has an undeclared love for Honza. At the house, Olinka is horrified to see her controlling mother return unexpectedly to the flat. Panicking, she administersrohypnolinto her mother's coffee, and locks her unconscious in a storage cupboard. Standa arrives and they visit Olinka's friends so Standa can be vetted for their approval. Back down in","Back down in Olinka's flat, Standa and Olinka share an awkward meal, and then proceed to the bedroom and are extremely nervous, but eventually Olinka manages to initiate sex. Despite Jarda's training, Standa is unable to put on the condom, so they do not use one. Meanwhile Jarda arrives at Olinka's friends' party upstairs to drink with them. Meanwhile, Mirek leaves Vlasta's house to go home, but on the way has a drunken argument with his wife on the phone, and ends up walking home toLíšeňin a drunken depression. Honza and Pavel also head home to Pavel's house, and Pavel is perturbed when Honza kisses his cheek while he sleeps. After having sex, Olinka excitedly tells her friends what happened, but at the same time her mother wakes up and sees Standa dancing in his underwear through the keyhole. When Olinka returns to the flat, the two women argue, and Standa flees the flat in panic. Pavel and Honza leave Pavel's place very early to deliverrohlíkto Líšeň, but on the way Pavel takes his eyes off the road and","off the road and hits Mirek, killing him. Comforting Pavel, Honza confides that his love is returned. Meanwhile, Olinka releases her mother from the pantry, but then locks her in again when Standa returns to her. A voice over confirms that Olinka is pregnant. External links","Jiří Brožek Jiří Brožek(born 11 March 1947) is a Czech film editor. Biography During 1967‒1973 he attended Editing and Directing atFAMU.Then he started to work inBarrandov Movie Studios, from 1976 Brožek is self-employed. During the career he edited more than 100 feature films, variety of the TV production and many TV series. He cooperated withLadislav Smoljak(Ball Lightning,Waiter, Scarper!,Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping)Karel Kachyňa(Love Between the Raindrops,Forbidden Dreams),Jiří Menzel(Cutting It Short,The Snowdrop Festival,My Sweet Little Village),Věra Chytilová(Calamity,Wolf's Hole) orVáclav Havel(Leaving). Jiří Brožek was awarded nineCzech Lionsfor filmsKrvavý román(1993),Sekal Has to Die(1998),Anděl Exit(2000),Boredom in Brno(2003),The City of the Sun(2005),Pleasant Moments(2006),...a bude hůř(2007),Leaving(2011) andFilthy(2017), twice he gainedSlovakfilm awardSlnko v sietiforThe City of the Sun(2006) andGypsy(2012). He is a member ofCzech Film and Television Academy(ČFTA)and honourable member of","member of Slovak Film and Television Academy (SFTA). He is married and has three children. Filmography Editor Actor Cooperation References External links","Roudnice nad Labem Roudnice nad Labem(Czech pronunciation:;German:Raudnitz an der Elbe) is a town inLitoměřice Districtin theÚstí nad Labem Regionof theCzech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as anurban monument zone. A steel road bridge dating from the early 20th century spans theElbein Roudnice nad Labem. Its medieval predecessor was the third oldest stone bridge inBohemia(afterPragueandPísek) and the first bridge to connect both banks of the river. Roudnice nad Labem features a castle of lateRomanesqueorigin, now reconstructed inBaroquestyle. Administrative parts The village of Podlusky is an administrative part of Roudnice nad Labem. Etymology The initial names Rúdnik and Rúdnica probably come from the iron water of a nearby spring (ruda= 'ore'). Geography Roudnice nad Labem is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast ofLitoměřiceand 37 km (23 mi) north ofPrague. It lies in theLower Ohře Table, in thePolabílowlands. The","The highest point is on the hill Hostěraz at 265 m (869 ft) above sea level. The town is situated on the left bank of theElbeRiver, which forms the northern municipal border. History Roudnice nad Labem is one of the oldest Czech towns. The first written mentions of Roudnice are from 1167 and 1176,but archeological excavations in the area confirm existence of a prehistoric settlement. The market settlement quickly became economically important due to its location on the Lusatian road, and in the 13th century, it received town status. In the 12th century, aRomanesquecastle was built, used as the summer residence of archbishops and bishops. In 1333, BishopJan IV of Dražiceordered that a bridge be built over the Elbe. It was the first stone bridge over the Elbe and the third stone bridge in Bohemia. At the end of the 14th century, the New Town of Roudnice nad Labem (encompassing today's Jan of Dražice Square and Hus Square) was built and, along with the Old Town of Roudnice nad Labem, surrounded by walls. In","by walls. In 1421, during theHussite Wars, Roudnice nad Labem was conquered byJan Žižka. During the Hussite invasions, the local monastery was destroyed and would never be rebuilt. After the Hussite Wars, the town was sold several times, which did not benefit its development. In 1603, it was acquired by theLobkowicz familyand it remained under their control until 1945. During their rule, the town was rebuilt and expanded. During theThirty Years' War, Roudnice nad Labem was burned down and demolished by theSwedish army. In the 19th century, Roudnice nad Labem became the industrial and economical centre of the Podřipský region, due to several new factories and the railway from Prague to Dresden.Until 1918, the town was part ofAustria-Hungary, in the district of the same name, one of the 94BezirkshauptmannschafteninBohemia. The firstfootballmatch in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in the Czech lands took place on the islet in the middle of the Elbe, located within the town limits, in 1887 (in 1892, according to","1892, according to some sources).In 1910, the old stone bridge was rebuilt into a new steel road bridge. Demographics Transport TheD8 motorwayfrom Prague to Ústí nad Labem runs along the western municipal border. Roudnice nad Labem is located on the intraregional railway line Prague–Děčín. It is also the starting point of a local line toBřízawith four stops within the town. Education There are four high schools in Roudnice nad Labem: Gymnasium Roudnice nad Labem, Vocational School and Training Centre, Podřipská Private Vocational School and Training Centre, and Higher Vocational School and Secondary Vocational School, which also offers higher education.There are also five primary schools, including one special school, and a primary art school. Sport The town has a swimming pool, an ice hockey arena, and football and athletic stadiums. Roudnice airport is located near the southwestern edge of the town and hosts the Memorial Air Show every other year. Sights The historic centre is made up of the castle complex","the castle complex and ofCharlesSquare (Karlovo náměstí),HusSquare (Husovo náměstí),PurkyněSquare (Purkyňovo náměstí) and Jan of Dražice Square (náměstí Jana z Dražic). The town hall is located on Charles Square. It is a pseudo-Renaissance building from 1869. The Gothic stone watchtower is the only preserved remnant of the Old Town's fortifications. It is open to the public as a lookout tower. The church complex is formed of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and the Augustinian monastery. The monastery was built in 1333–1353. The church is a typical Czech Gothic building from the first half of the 14th century. The iron spring after which the town got its name is located there. Roudnice Castle Roudnice Castle was built in the 12th century by Prague bishops to protect an important trade route from Prague toUpper Lusatiaalong theElbe. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style and became a popular summer residence for Prague bishops.There is a common misconception thatJan","thatJan Huswas ordained as a priest there. In 1421, the Catholic Church sold the castle to noble Jan Smiřický who renovated it again. KingGeorge of Poděbradycaptured Roudnice from Smiřický in 1467. It passed into the ownership ofWilliam of Rosenberg, the Supreme Burgrave and one of the wealthiest men in Bohemia. After Rosenberg's death, his widow Polyxena Pernštejn married Zdeněk Vojtěch ofLobkowicz, Chancellor of the Czech Kingdom, and, later, 1st Prince Lobkowicz, bringing Roudnice into the Lobkowicz family possessions. In 1652, their son,Václav Eusebius, embarked upon an ambitious project to transform the castle into an early Baroque palace. From 1657 untilWorld War II, the Lobkowicz Collection's library was stored in Roudnice Castle, leading to the library being named theRoudnice Lobkowicz Library. Václav Eusebius of Lobkowicz hired two Italian architects, Francesco Caratti and Antonio della Porta, to completely renovate Roudnice Castle. Between 1652 and 1684, they demolished most of the original","of the original structure, creating a 200-room baroque residence that included a clock tower, a chapel decorated with elaborate frescoes, a theatre, and large formal gardens. For two and a half centuries Roudnice served as a repository for the Lobkowicz family's collections of artwork, religious objects, musical instruments, and books and manuscripts. The castle was confiscated by the Communist government in 1948; theCzechoslovak People's Armyused the building for the Vít Nejedlý military music school, as well as for administrative offices. After 1989, the castle was restored to the Lobkowicz family, who continued to rent the castle to the school until it closed in 2008. In 2009 the castle underwent major renovations, and it was opened to the public. The Castle Riding Hall was built in the 17th century by Antonio della Porta. Today it houses the Gallery of Modern Art. Notable people Twin towns – sister cities Roudnice nad Labem istwinnedwith: Gallery References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Bratislava International Film Festival TheBratislava International Film Festival(also known asBratislava IFF) is an internationalfilm festivalestablished in 1999 and held annually inBratislava,Slovakia. Apart from the international competition programme, it also regularly features renowned authors' film retrospectives, a European film program,independent filmprogrammes and various theme programmes. Awards Awards are presented in the following categories: Award winners Grand Prix 2003 IFF Bratislava 2004 IFF Bratislava 2005 IFF Bratislava 2006 IFF Bratislava 2007 IFF Bratislava 2008 IFF Bratislava 2009 IFF Bratislava 2010 IFF Bratislava 2011 IFF Bratislava References External links\",\n \"Boredom in Brno Boredom in Brno(Czech:Nuda v Brně) is aCzechcomedy filmdirected byVladimír Morávek, based on the story \\\"Standa's Debut\\\" byPavel Bedura. It was released in 2003, and won fiveCzech Lionawards, including Best Film, Best Director (Morávek), Best Script (Morávek andJan Budař), Best Male Actor in a Leading Role (Budař) and Best Editing (Jiří Brožek). Cast Plot The film follows several couples over one night inBrno. The focus is on a 20-something couple with unspecified learning difficulties, Olinka (Kateřina Holánová) and Standa (Jan Budař), who are preparing to have sex for the first time. Standa has been receiving advice from his brother Jarda (Martin Pechlát), while Olinka has been given tips and guidance by her friends, the women who live in her apartment block. Standa and Jarda travel to Brno fromBrundalfor the occasion. Meanwhile, in a nearby pub, depressed actor Mirek (Miroslav Donutil) is with psychologist Vlasta (Pavla Tomicová), complaining about his life, and the two presently return to\",\n \"presently return to Vlasta's flat together where they have sex, and Vlasta counsels Mirek about the state of his marriage. In the same pub are Jaroslava (Ivana Uhlířová), a young woman who habitually attracts unpleasant men, and her current partner Richard (Marek Daniel), a pretentious and self-absorbed man who is tempted by sexual experimentation and submission. This couple return to Richard's flat in the same apartment block where Richard persuades an unwilling Jaroslava to spank him, alongside other requests. Also in the pub are life-long friends Honza (Pavel Liška) and Pavel (Filip Rajmont). While Honza rambles drunkenly about his desire for various women, Pavel has an undeclared love for Honza. At the house, Olinka is horrified to see her controlling mother return unexpectedly to the flat. Panicking, she administersrohypnolinto her mother's coffee, and locks her unconscious in a storage cupboard. Standa arrives and they visit Olinka's friends so Standa can be vetted for their approval. Back down in\",\n \"Back down in Olinka's flat, Standa and Olinka share an awkward meal, and then proceed to the bedroom and are extremely nervous, but eventually Olinka manages to initiate sex. Despite Jarda's training, Standa is unable to put on the condom, so they do not use one. Meanwhile Jarda arrives at Olinka's friends' party upstairs to drink with them. Meanwhile, Mirek leaves Vlasta's house to go home, but on the way has a drunken argument with his wife on the phone, and ends up walking home toLíšeňin a drunken depression. Honza and Pavel also head home to Pavel's house, and Pavel is perturbed when Honza kisses his cheek while he sleeps. After having sex, Olinka excitedly tells her friends what happened, but at the same time her mother wakes up and sees Standa dancing in his underwear through the keyhole. When Olinka returns to the flat, the two women argue, and Standa flees the flat in panic. Pavel and Honza leave Pavel's place very early to deliverrohlíkto Líšeň, but on the way Pavel takes his eyes off the road and\",\n \"off the road and hits Mirek, killing him. Comforting Pavel, Honza confides that his love is returned. Meanwhile, Olinka releases her mother from the pantry, but then locks her in again when Standa returns to her. A voice over confirms that Olinka is pregnant. External links\",\n \"Jiří Brožek Jiří Brožek(born 11 March 1947) is a Czech film editor. Biography During 1967‒1973 he attended Editing and Directing atFAMU.Then he started to work inBarrandov Movie Studios, from 1976 Brožek is self-employed. During the career he edited more than 100 feature films, variety of the TV production and many TV series. He cooperated withLadislav Smoljak(Ball Lightning,Waiter, Scarper!,Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping)Karel Kachyňa(Love Between the Raindrops,Forbidden Dreams),Jiří Menzel(Cutting It Short,The Snowdrop Festival,My Sweet Little Village),Věra Chytilová(Calamity,Wolf's Hole) orVáclav Havel(Leaving). Jiří Brožek was awarded nineCzech Lionsfor filmsKrvavý román(1993),Sekal Has to Die(1998),Anděl Exit(2000),Boredom in Brno(2003),The City of the Sun(2005),Pleasant Moments(2006),...a bude hůř(2007),Leaving(2011) andFilthy(2017), twice he gainedSlovakfilm awardSlnko v sietiforThe City of the Sun(2006) andGypsy(2012). He is a member ofCzech Film and Television Academy(ČFTA)and honourable member of\",\n \"member of Slovak Film and Television Academy (SFTA). He is married and has three children. Filmography Editor Actor Cooperation References External links\",\n \"Roudnice nad Labem Roudnice nad Labem(Czech pronunciation:;German:Raudnitz an der Elbe) is a town inLitoměřice Districtin theÚstí nad Labem Regionof theCzech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as anurban monument zone. A steel road bridge dating from the early 20th century spans theElbein Roudnice nad Labem. Its medieval predecessor was the third oldest stone bridge inBohemia(afterPragueandPísek) and the first bridge to connect both banks of the river. Roudnice nad Labem features a castle of lateRomanesqueorigin, now reconstructed inBaroquestyle. Administrative parts The village of Podlusky is an administrative part of Roudnice nad Labem. Etymology The initial names Rúdnik and Rúdnica probably come from the iron water of a nearby spring (ruda= 'ore'). Geography Roudnice nad Labem is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast ofLitoměřiceand 37 km (23 mi) north ofPrague. It lies in theLower Ohře Table, in thePolabílowlands. The\",\n \"The highest point is on the hill Hostěraz at 265 m (869 ft) above sea level. The town is situated on the left bank of theElbeRiver, which forms the northern municipal border. History Roudnice nad Labem is one of the oldest Czech towns. The first written mentions of Roudnice are from 1167 and 1176,but archeological excavations in the area confirm existence of a prehistoric settlement. The market settlement quickly became economically important due to its location on the Lusatian road, and in the 13th century, it received town status. In the 12th century, aRomanesquecastle was built, used as the summer residence of archbishops and bishops. In 1333, BishopJan IV of Dražiceordered that a bridge be built over the Elbe. It was the first stone bridge over the Elbe and the third stone bridge in Bohemia. At the end of the 14th century, the New Town of Roudnice nad Labem (encompassing today's Jan of Dražice Square and Hus Square) was built and, along with the Old Town of Roudnice nad Labem, surrounded by walls. In\",\n \"by walls. In 1421, during theHussite Wars, Roudnice nad Labem was conquered byJan Žižka. During the Hussite invasions, the local monastery was destroyed and would never be rebuilt. After the Hussite Wars, the town was sold several times, which did not benefit its development. In 1603, it was acquired by theLobkowicz familyand it remained under their control until 1945. During their rule, the town was rebuilt and expanded. During theThirty Years' War, Roudnice nad Labem was burned down and demolished by theSwedish army. In the 19th century, Roudnice nad Labem became the industrial and economical centre of the Podřipský region, due to several new factories and the railway from Prague to Dresden.Until 1918, the town was part ofAustria-Hungary, in the district of the same name, one of the 94BezirkshauptmannschafteninBohemia. The firstfootballmatch in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in the Czech lands took place on the islet in the middle of the Elbe, located within the town limits, in 1887 (in 1892, according to\",\n \"1892, according to some sources).In 1910, the old stone bridge was rebuilt into a new steel road bridge. Demographics Transport TheD8 motorwayfrom Prague to Ústí nad Labem runs along the western municipal border. Roudnice nad Labem is located on the intraregional railway line Prague–Děčín. It is also the starting point of a local line toBřízawith four stops within the town. Education There are four high schools in Roudnice nad Labem: Gymnasium Roudnice nad Labem, Vocational School and Training Centre, Podřipská Private Vocational School and Training Centre, and Higher Vocational School and Secondary Vocational School, which also offers higher education.There are also five primary schools, including one special school, and a primary art school. Sport The town has a swimming pool, an ice hockey arena, and football and athletic stadiums. Roudnice airport is located near the southwestern edge of the town and hosts the Memorial Air Show every other year. Sights The historic centre is made up of the castle complex\",\n \"the castle complex and ofCharlesSquare (Karlovo náměstí),HusSquare (Husovo náměstí),PurkyněSquare (Purkyňovo náměstí) and Jan of Dražice Square (náměstí Jana z Dražic). The town hall is located on Charles Square. It is a pseudo-Renaissance building from 1869. The Gothic stone watchtower is the only preserved remnant of the Old Town's fortifications. It is open to the public as a lookout tower. The church complex is formed of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and the Augustinian monastery. The monastery was built in 1333–1353. The church is a typical Czech Gothic building from the first half of the 14th century. The iron spring after which the town got its name is located there. Roudnice Castle Roudnice Castle was built in the 12th century by Prague bishops to protect an important trade route from Prague toUpper Lusatiaalong theElbe. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style and became a popular summer residence for Prague bishops.There is a common misconception thatJan\",\n \"thatJan Huswas ordained as a priest there. In 1421, the Catholic Church sold the castle to noble Jan Smiřický who renovated it again. KingGeorge of Poděbradycaptured Roudnice from Smiřický in 1467. It passed into the ownership ofWilliam of Rosenberg, the Supreme Burgrave and one of the wealthiest men in Bohemia. After Rosenberg's death, his widow Polyxena Pernštejn married Zdeněk Vojtěch ofLobkowicz, Chancellor of the Czech Kingdom, and, later, 1st Prince Lobkowicz, bringing Roudnice into the Lobkowicz family possessions. In 1652, their son,Václav Eusebius, embarked upon an ambitious project to transform the castle into an early Baroque palace. From 1657 untilWorld War II, the Lobkowicz Collection's library was stored in Roudnice Castle, leading to the library being named theRoudnice Lobkowicz Library. Václav Eusebius of Lobkowicz hired two Italian architects, Francesco Caratti and Antonio della Porta, to completely renovate Roudnice Castle. Between 1652 and 1684, they demolished most of the original\",\n \"of the original structure, creating a 200-room baroque residence that included a clock tower, a chapel decorated with elaborate frescoes, a theatre, and large formal gardens. For two and a half centuries Roudnice served as a repository for the Lobkowicz family's collections of artwork, religious objects, musical instruments, and books and manuscripts. The castle was confiscated by the Communist government in 1948; theCzechoslovak People's Armyused the building for the Vít Nejedlý military music school, as well as for administrative offices. After 1989, the castle was restored to the Lobkowicz family, who continued to rent the castle to the school until it closed in 2008. In 2009 the castle underwent major renovations, and it was opened to the public. The Castle Riding Hall was built in the 17th century by Antonio della Porta. Today it houses the Gallery of Modern Art. Notable people Twin towns – sister cities Roudnice nad Labem istwinnedwith: Gallery References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":274,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who won the season of the dance show that Tate McRae placed third in back in 2016?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Leon \"Kida\" Burns"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_McRae"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series)"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_McRae', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series)']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_McRae","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_McRae\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Tate McRae Tate Rosner McRae(born July 1, 2003) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and dancer. At the age of 13, she gained prominence as the first Canadian finalist on the American reality television seriesSo You Think You Can Dance. McRae was signed byRCA Recordsin 2019 after her songs had gained traction online—including her 2017 viral hit \"One Day\"—and she released her debutextended play(EP),All the Things I Never Said(2020), in January of the following year. Her 2020 single, \"You Broke Me First\", became an international hit and peaked at number 17 on theBillboardHot 100. In 2021, McRae was the youngest musician to be featured on theForbes'30 Under 30list. Her second EP,Too Young to Be Sad(2021) was the most streamed female EP of 2021 onSpotify. Her debut studio album,I Used to Think I Could Fly(2022)was met with favorable critical response and peaked at number 13 on the USBillboard200, also reaching the top ten in several countries. Developing a more pop-oriented image, McRae's 2023 single, \"Greedy\" saw her furthest commercial success; it peaked atop theCanadian Hot 100and reached number three on theBillboardHot 100. Its follow-up, \"Exes\", peaked at numbers nine and 34 on the charts, respectively, and preceded the release of her second studio album,Think Later(2023), which debuted in the top five in various countries. Early life and education Tate Rosner McRaewas born inCalgary, Alberta, onCanada Dayin 2003, to a Canadian father ofScottishdescent and mother ofGermandescent.At the age of four, due to her father's work, she moved with her family toOman, where her mother taught dance lessons, and she lived there for three years.During her time in Oman, McRae attendedThe American International School Muscat(TAISM).McRae began recreational dance training at age six.Having returned to Calgary, at the age of eight, she began to train more intensively in danceand competed with Drewitz Dance Productions. From age 11, she began training in all styles of dance at YYC Dance Project, a dance company owned by her mother,and underwent ballet training at the School of Alberta Ballet, the training school for theAlberta Ballet Company.McRae attendedWestern Canada High Schooland graduatedonlinein 2022. Career 2013–2018: Dance career McRae was awarded MiniBest Female Dancerat the2013 Dance Awardsin New York City.After gaining some prominence,she became a brand ambassador for the American dance manufacturerCapezio.She became a finalist at the New York City Dance Alliance's 2014 National Gala.She also voiced Spot Splatter Splash for theLalaloopsy(2013-2015) franchise. In 2015, McRae was awarded a two-week scholarship at theBerlin State Balletcompany after winning the silver medal as a soloist and the bronze medal for her duet at the2015 Youth America Grand Prix.She danced in the music video forWalk off the Earth's platinum-certified single \"Rule The World\".For the second time, McRae was awarded theBest Female Danceraward at the2015 Dance Awards, this time in the Junior category. In June 2016, she performed atJustin Bieber's concert in Calgary for thePurpose World Tourduring Bieber's performance of \"Children\".In April 2016, McRae performed onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showas part of the DancerPalooza troupe.In June 2016, she took part in thethirteenth seasonof American television showSo You Think You Can Dance.While competing for the America's Favorite Dancer title as a non-American, she was mentored by American dancer and actressKathryn McCormick.She advanced further in the competition than any other Canadian in the show's history, placing third on the final episode.Canadian TV hostMurtz JafferfromToronto Sunreacted, \"The fact that Canadians couldn't vote for Tate makes her third-place finish all the more impressive. While she might not have been voted America's favourite dancer, she certainly might be Canada's.\"She performed at the2016 Teen Choice Awardsas a finalist from theSYTYCDcast.She performed again onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showin October 2016 as part of the Jump Dance Convention troupe. She was featured on the cover ofDance SpiritMagazinein April 2017.In May 2017, she was featured in apas de deuxin Alberta Ballet Company's production, \"Our Canada\"choreographed by Jean Grand-Maître.In November 2017, after performing a dance toDemi Lovato'ssongTell Me You Love Meshe was invited by Lovato to rehearse with their dancers for their performance at theAmerican Music Awards.For the third time, she won Best Female Dancer at the2018 Dance Awardsin Las Vegas, this time in the Teen category,making her the first dancer in the competition's history to win in all categories from mini to teen. In April 2018, she choreographed and danced in the music video for the song \"Just Say When\" by American rock bandNothing More. 2017–2019: Music career beginnings Since its creation in 2011, McRae's YouTube channel has featured a fairly consistent stream of primarily dance videos. In 2017 she started Create With Tate, a video series, focused on showcasing original songs she wrote and recorded in her bedroom.Her upload of the series' first song \"One Day\" which she wrote at the age of 14, attracted over 40 million views, prompting her to self-release the song as an independent single.The song would eventually be certified gold in Canada, making it the first certification of her career.From 2017 to 2019, McRae continued to upload and release independent singles as part of her Create With Tate series. Notable songs include \"Dear Ex Best Friend\" which has over 50 million views and \"Dear Parents\" with over 20 million views. The series led to her being named a YouTube Artist on the Rise. Her earlier upload of \"One Day\" caught the attention of 11 record labels.She eventually signed withRCA Records, in August 2019,because they supported her in maintaining a dance career alongside her music.Following her signing, McRae announced her debut EPAll the Things I Never Saidin December 2019.She released the five-track EP on January 24, 2020, and announced her first headlining tour of Europe and North America.Each stop on the tour was sold out.The tour received a four out of five star rating from Roisin O'Connor ofThe Independentwho described McRae as an impressive performer. The EP's lead single, \"Tear Myself Apart\", was co-written byBillie EilishandFinneas O'Connell.The EP's final single, \"Stupid\" charted in Ireland and Canada, earning significant radio airplay performance in the latter, peaking within the top 15 of the Canadian pop radio charts.\"Stupid\" was certified gold in Canada.\"That Way\", a track from the EP experienced a resurgence in 2021 after going viral on TikTok and charted in the UKand Ireland.McRae released a remix of \"That Way\" withJeremy Zuckeron September 3, 2021.By December 2023, the EP had amassed over 729 million streams on Spotify. 2020–2021:Too Young to Be Sad In April 2020, McRae released the single \"You Broke Me First\" as the lead single for her second EP titledToo Young to Be Sad.The song was an international success, peaking within the top ten of the charts in several countries and becoming her first single to chart on theBillboardHot 100.It was also the longest charting song released by a female artist in 2020 on theBillboard Hot 100, at 38 weeks.It peaked at number 1 on theMediabaseTop 40 chart, breaking the record for the longest climb to number 1 by a female solo artist at 28 weeks. McRae released the single \"Vicious\" featuring American rapperLil Moseyin June 2020and \"Don't Be Sad\" in August 2020.She was nominated for theMTV Video Music Award for Push Best New Artist,and performed \"You Broke Me First\" at theVMAs pre-show.In September 2020, she was featured on the cover ofDorkMagazine. McRae made her first late night TV appearance onJimmy Kimmel Live!in October 21 performing \"You Broke Me First\".The same month, she released the single \"Lie to Me\" with Canadian singerAli Gatie.She again performed \"You Broke Me First\" in November 2020 at the2020 MTV Europe Music Awards. She appeared on the cover ofNotionin November 2020.In December 2020, she released \"r u ok\", the second single from her upcoming EP. McRae gained notable recognition as a rising artist in 2020, being namedYouTube's Artist on the Rise,MTV's Push Artist for July, and aVevoDSCVR artist.She was featured inBillboard's21 Under 21 One to Watch listand named byPandora,The Independent,NME,Amazon Music,andUproxxas an artist to watch in 2021. In December 2020, she was the youngest person listed in theForbes 30 Under 30list in the music category.In the same month, she was named one ofRolling Stone's top ten biggest breakthrough artists of 2020and featured onTikTok's \"The Come Up: Emerging Artists\" list as one of the top emerging artists on the platform.She was also featured onHarper's Bazaar'sOn the Rise series.Towards the end of the year, following the success of \"You Broke Me First\", she signed a worldwide publishing deal withSony/ATV. In January 2021, McRae performed \"You Broke Me First\" onThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.The following day, she released the song \"Rubberband\" as the third single from her upcoming EP.On March 3, 2021, she released the single \"Slower\" and announced her second EP calledToo Young to Be Sad, which was released on March 26, 2021.On that same day, she was announced as anApple MusicUp Nextartist.In March 2021, McRae appeared onJimmy Kimmel Live!performing \"Slower\",and received twoJuno Awardnominations. On April 16, 2021, McRae released the track\"You\"alongsideRegardandTroye Sivan.On May 8, 2021, McRae performed a global virtual show, \"Too Young to Be Sad\".The show was praised by Ali Shutler ofNME, who gave it a four star rating and described the show as slick, impressive, constant spectacle with pop star ambition. Later that month, she signed her first endorsement deal with Essentia Water.In May 2021, McRae was nominated for the Social Star Award at theIHeartRadio Music Awards,and performed \"You\" with Regard andTroye SivanonThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.At the end of the month, she was featured on the soundtrack of theAmazonoriginal seriesPanicwith the track \"Darkest Hour\". In June 2021, she was featured on the song \"U love U\" byBlackbear,performed \"Lie to Me\" at the2021 Juno Awards,and released the track \"Working\", a collaboration withKhalid.In August 2021, McRae was featured on the cover ofHunger.In October 2021, she was featured onBillboard's21 under 21 list for 2021 andPeople'sOne to Watch list for 2021.McRae was featured on the cover ofNuméroin November 2021.By the end of 2021,Too Young to Be Sadhad amassed over 1 billion Spotify streams, becoming the most streamed EP of 2021 by a female artist on Spotify. The EP was nominated forAlbum of the YearandPop Album of the Yearat the2022 Juno Awards. 2021–2022:I Used to Think I Could Fly On November 11, 2021, McRae released \"Feel Like Shit\", the lead single from her debut studio albumI Used to Think I Could Fly, which was released on May 27, 2022.In January 2022, she was nominated for three iHeart Radio Awards. \"She's All I Wanna Be\", the second single from the album, was released on February 4, 2022.The song reached the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, Norway, Singapore, and Belgium. It also charted in the Top 40 in several countries. It debuted at number 52 in the US, becoming her highest debut on the Hot 100 at the time.In February 2022, McRae was announced as a brand ambassador forMaybellineand the face of their new Vinyl Ink liquid lip color. McRae released \"Chaotic\", the third single from the album on March 25, 2022, and released \"What Would You Do?\" as the fourth single on May 13, 2022.On June 3, 2022, Tate released a music video for her single \"Don't Come Back\" exclusively via TikTok, and later released the vertical version of the video on July 11, 2022, on YouTube. In September 2022, McRae released the single \"Uh Oh\".In November 2022, Tate was featured on \"10:35\" byTiësto, a promo-single for the opening of the luxury resortAtlantis The Royal, Dubai.The song became her second UK Top 10. It reached the Top 10 in ten other countries. 2023–present:Think Later McRae was nominated for five Juno Awards in 2023, and performed at the show.In March 2023, McRae teamed up withMCM Worldwidefor their Spring/Summer 2023 Campaign, performing \"uh oh\" and \"She's All I Wanna Be\".On September 15, 2023, she released \"Greedy\" as the lead single for her sophomore studio albumThink Later.Greedy became her biggest debut to date on Spotify,and her first top 10 on the Global Spotify Charts.It debuted at number 1 in NorwayandDenmarkand peaked at number 1 in several countries includingCanada,Denmark,Austria, andthe Netherlands, as well as theBillboard Global 200, making it her first official number 1 single worldwide. McRae’s second studio albumThink Laterwas officially released on December 8, 2023.The album received mixed to positive appraisal from both fans and critics, withRolling StonenotingM.I.A.andAriana Grande’s influences on the project, stating that in terms of the latter,Think Later\"represented a career-defining shift for McRae as she pulled herself from the rubble of grief, heartbreak, and internal turmoil.\"Think Laterdebuted in the top 5 of the charts in US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Belgium and Norway. The second single fromThink Later, \"Exes\", was released on November 17, 2023, and peaked in the top 10 in Canada and the Netherlands, top 20 in the UK and Australia, and top 40 in the US. On November 18, 2023, she performed \"Greedy\" and a then-unreleased song titled \"Grave\" onSaturday Night Live.She also made her debut American award show performance with \"Greedy\" at theBillboard Music Awardson November 19, 2023.McRae performed a medley at the2024 NHL All-Star gameinTorontoin February 2024.In March 2024, she made her debut performance at theBrit Awardswith \"Greedy\"and subsequently performed a medley of \"Greedy\" and \"Exes\" at theiHeartRadio Music Awardsin April.McRae won theJuno Awardfor Artist of the Year, and Single of the Year for \"Greedy\" at the2024 Juno Awards. On September 13, 2024, McRae released the song \"It's OK I'm OK\". Personal life McRae is a fan of theCalgary Flamesof the NHL, and has attended numerous games. From late 2021 to early 2023, McRae was in a relationship withColumbus Blue JacketsplayerCole Sillinger.In April 2024, Australian rapper and singerthe Kid Laroiconfirmed his relationship with McRae. Artistry and public image McRae has namedPost Malone,the Weeknd,Khalid,Jessie Reyez,Ariana GrandeandJeremy Zuckeras her biggest musical influences.She citesZendayaandDua Lipaas all-around influences, and has described both women as her biggest idols,noting that she looks up to them in all aspects of life. She has also namedBruno Mars,Madonna,Christina Aguilera,Britney Spears,Ciara,Jennifer LopezandJustin Timberlakeas inspirations for bringing dance into her performances,while namingTaylor Swift,Julia MichaelsandAlec Benjaminas songwriting inspirations.Further, McRae has called herself a \"huge fan\" of Swift and described her as \"one of the greatest songwriters.\"McRae has also expressed an admiration forBillie EilishandRosalía. McRae has been described as \"the teen dance star turned future pop idol\" byi-D,\"the new teen queen\" byNotion,\"Canada's answer toBillie Eilish\" byElle,and \"one of pop's bright young hopes\" byThe Independent.She has also been noted for her honest lyrics, “impressive” vocals and relatable music.Additionally, McRae has received considerable acclaim as a dancer, and has been praised by artist, dancer and choreographerPaula Abdulwho declared her a \"gift from God\",and choreographers such asStacey TookeyandBlake McGrath, both of whom stated that she's talented beyond her years, with the latter describing her as \"one of the best dancers he has ever worked with\"as well as two-time Emmy winnerTravis Wall,who has named her as one of his muses.Margaret Furher ofDance Spirit Magazinedescribed her dancing as virtuosic both technically and artistically.As of March 2024, her YouTube channel has amassed over 1.5 billion views and she has garnered more than 8.4 billion career streams across all platforms. Discography Studio albums Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Listicles Tours See also References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series"],"string":"[\n \"Tate McRae Tate Rosner McRae(born July 1, 2003) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and dancer. At the age of 13, she gained prominence as the first Canadian finalist on the American reality television seriesSo You Think You Can Dance. McRae was signed byRCA Recordsin 2019 after her songs had gained traction online—including her 2017 viral hit \\\"One Day\\\"—and she released her debutextended play(EP),All the Things I Never Said(2020), in January of the following year. Her 2020 single, \\\"You Broke Me First\\\", became an international hit and peaked at number 17 on theBillboardHot 100. In 2021, McRae was the youngest musician to be featured on theForbes'30 Under 30list. Her second EP,Too Young to Be Sad(2021) was the most streamed female EP of 2021 onSpotify. Her debut studio album,I Used to Think I Could Fly(2022)was met with favorable critical response and peaked at number 13 on the USBillboard200, also reaching the top ten in several countries. Developing a more pop-oriented image, McRae's 2023 single, \\\"Greedy\\\" saw her furthest commercial success; it peaked atop theCanadian Hot 100and reached number three on theBillboardHot 100. Its follow-up, \\\"Exes\\\", peaked at numbers nine and 34 on the charts, respectively, and preceded the release of her second studio album,Think Later(2023), which debuted in the top five in various countries. Early life and education Tate Rosner McRaewas born inCalgary, Alberta, onCanada Dayin 2003, to a Canadian father ofScottishdescent and mother ofGermandescent.At the age of four, due to her father's work, she moved with her family toOman, where her mother taught dance lessons, and she lived there for three years.During her time in Oman, McRae attendedThe American International School Muscat(TAISM).McRae began recreational dance training at age six.Having returned to Calgary, at the age of eight, she began to train more intensively in danceand competed with Drewitz Dance Productions. From age 11, she began training in all styles of dance at YYC Dance Project, a dance company owned by her mother,and underwent ballet training at the School of Alberta Ballet, the training school for theAlberta Ballet Company.McRae attendedWestern Canada High Schooland graduatedonlinein 2022. Career 2013–2018: Dance career McRae was awarded MiniBest Female Dancerat the2013 Dance Awardsin New York City.After gaining some prominence,she became a brand ambassador for the American dance manufacturerCapezio.She became a finalist at the New York City Dance Alliance's 2014 National Gala.She also voiced Spot Splatter Splash for theLalaloopsy(2013-2015) franchise. In 2015, McRae was awarded a two-week scholarship at theBerlin State Balletcompany after winning the silver medal as a soloist and the bronze medal for her duet at the2015 Youth America Grand Prix.She danced in the music video forWalk off the Earth's platinum-certified single \\\"Rule The World\\\".For the second time, McRae was awarded theBest Female Danceraward at the2015 Dance Awards, this time in the Junior category. In June 2016, she performed atJustin Bieber's concert in Calgary for thePurpose World Tourduring Bieber's performance of \\\"Children\\\".In April 2016, McRae performed onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showas part of the DancerPalooza troupe.In June 2016, she took part in thethirteenth seasonof American television showSo You Think You Can Dance.While competing for the America's Favorite Dancer title as a non-American, she was mentored by American dancer and actressKathryn McCormick.She advanced further in the competition than any other Canadian in the show's history, placing third on the final episode.Canadian TV hostMurtz JafferfromToronto Sunreacted, \\\"The fact that Canadians couldn't vote for Tate makes her third-place finish all the more impressive. While she might not have been voted America's favourite dancer, she certainly might be Canada's.\\\"She performed at the2016 Teen Choice Awardsas a finalist from theSYTYCDcast.She performed again onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showin October 2016 as part of the Jump Dance Convention troupe. She was featured on the cover ofDance SpiritMagazinein April 2017.In May 2017, she was featured in apas de deuxin Alberta Ballet Company's production, \\\"Our Canada\\\"choreographed by Jean Grand-Maître.In November 2017, after performing a dance toDemi Lovato'ssongTell Me You Love Meshe was invited by Lovato to rehearse with their dancers for their performance at theAmerican Music Awards.For the third time, she won Best Female Dancer at the2018 Dance Awardsin Las Vegas, this time in the Teen category,making her the first dancer in the competition's history to win in all categories from mini to teen. In April 2018, she choreographed and danced in the music video for the song \\\"Just Say When\\\" by American rock bandNothing More. 2017–2019: Music career beginnings Since its creation in 2011, McRae's YouTube channel has featured a fairly consistent stream of primarily dance videos. In 2017 she started Create With Tate, a video series, focused on showcasing original songs she wrote and recorded in her bedroom.Her upload of the series' first song \\\"One Day\\\" which she wrote at the age of 14, attracted over 40 million views, prompting her to self-release the song as an independent single.The song would eventually be certified gold in Canada, making it the first certification of her career.From 2017 to 2019, McRae continued to upload and release independent singles as part of her Create With Tate series. Notable songs include \\\"Dear Ex Best Friend\\\" which has over 50 million views and \\\"Dear Parents\\\" with over 20 million views. The series led to her being named a YouTube Artist on the Rise. Her earlier upload of \\\"One Day\\\" caught the attention of 11 record labels.She eventually signed withRCA Records, in August 2019,because they supported her in maintaining a dance career alongside her music.Following her signing, McRae announced her debut EPAll the Things I Never Saidin December 2019.She released the five-track EP on January 24, 2020, and announced her first headlining tour of Europe and North America.Each stop on the tour was sold out.The tour received a four out of five star rating from Roisin O'Connor ofThe Independentwho described McRae as an impressive performer. The EP's lead single, \\\"Tear Myself Apart\\\", was co-written byBillie EilishandFinneas O'Connell.The EP's final single, \\\"Stupid\\\" charted in Ireland and Canada, earning significant radio airplay performance in the latter, peaking within the top 15 of the Canadian pop radio charts.\\\"Stupid\\\" was certified gold in Canada.\\\"That Way\\\", a track from the EP experienced a resurgence in 2021 after going viral on TikTok and charted in the UKand Ireland.McRae released a remix of \\\"That Way\\\" withJeremy Zuckeron September 3, 2021.By December 2023, the EP had amassed over 729 million streams on Spotify. 2020–2021:Too Young to Be Sad In April 2020, McRae released the single \\\"You Broke Me First\\\" as the lead single for her second EP titledToo Young to Be Sad.The song was an international success, peaking within the top ten of the charts in several countries and becoming her first single to chart on theBillboardHot 100.It was also the longest charting song released by a female artist in 2020 on theBillboard Hot 100, at 38 weeks.It peaked at number 1 on theMediabaseTop 40 chart, breaking the record for the longest climb to number 1 by a female solo artist at 28 weeks. McRae released the single \\\"Vicious\\\" featuring American rapperLil Moseyin June 2020and \\\"Don't Be Sad\\\" in August 2020.She was nominated for theMTV Video Music Award for Push Best New Artist,and performed \\\"You Broke Me First\\\" at theVMAs pre-show.In September 2020, she was featured on the cover ofDorkMagazine. McRae made her first late night TV appearance onJimmy Kimmel Live!in October 21 performing \\\"You Broke Me First\\\".The same month, she released the single \\\"Lie to Me\\\" with Canadian singerAli Gatie.She again performed \\\"You Broke Me First\\\" in November 2020 at the2020 MTV Europe Music Awards. She appeared on the cover ofNotionin November 2020.In December 2020, she released \\\"r u ok\\\", the second single from her upcoming EP. McRae gained notable recognition as a rising artist in 2020, being namedYouTube's Artist on the Rise,MTV's Push Artist for July, and aVevoDSCVR artist.She was featured inBillboard's21 Under 21 One to Watch listand named byPandora,The Independent,NME,Amazon Music,andUproxxas an artist to watch in 2021. In December 2020, she was the youngest person listed in theForbes 30 Under 30list in the music category.In the same month, she was named one ofRolling Stone's top ten biggest breakthrough artists of 2020and featured onTikTok's \\\"The Come Up: Emerging Artists\\\" list as one of the top emerging artists on the platform.She was also featured onHarper's Bazaar'sOn the Rise series.Towards the end of the year, following the success of \\\"You Broke Me First\\\", she signed a worldwide publishing deal withSony/ATV. In January 2021, McRae performed \\\"You Broke Me First\\\" onThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.The following day, she released the song \\\"Rubberband\\\" as the third single from her upcoming EP.On March 3, 2021, she released the single \\\"Slower\\\" and announced her second EP calledToo Young to Be Sad, which was released on March 26, 2021.On that same day, she was announced as anApple MusicUp Nextartist.In March 2021, McRae appeared onJimmy Kimmel Live!performing \\\"Slower\\\",and received twoJuno Awardnominations. On April 16, 2021, McRae released the track\\\"You\\\"alongsideRegardandTroye Sivan.On May 8, 2021, McRae performed a global virtual show, \\\"Too Young to Be Sad\\\".The show was praised by Ali Shutler ofNME, who gave it a four star rating and described the show as slick, impressive, constant spectacle with pop star ambition. Later that month, she signed her first endorsement deal with Essentia Water.In May 2021, McRae was nominated for the Social Star Award at theIHeartRadio Music Awards,and performed \\\"You\\\" with Regard andTroye SivanonThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.At the end of the month, she was featured on the soundtrack of theAmazonoriginal seriesPanicwith the track \\\"Darkest Hour\\\". In June 2021, she was featured on the song \\\"U love U\\\" byBlackbear,performed \\\"Lie to Me\\\" at the2021 Juno Awards,and released the track \\\"Working\\\", a collaboration withKhalid.In August 2021, McRae was featured on the cover ofHunger.In October 2021, she was featured onBillboard's21 under 21 list for 2021 andPeople'sOne to Watch list for 2021.McRae was featured on the cover ofNuméroin November 2021.By the end of 2021,Too Young to Be Sadhad amassed over 1 billion Spotify streams, becoming the most streamed EP of 2021 by a female artist on Spotify. The EP was nominated forAlbum of the YearandPop Album of the Yearat the2022 Juno Awards. 2021–2022:I Used to Think I Could Fly On November 11, 2021, McRae released \\\"Feel Like Shit\\\", the lead single from her debut studio albumI Used to Think I Could Fly, which was released on May 27, 2022.In January 2022, she was nominated for three iHeart Radio Awards. \\\"She's All I Wanna Be\\\", the second single from the album, was released on February 4, 2022.The song reached the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, Norway, Singapore, and Belgium. It also charted in the Top 40 in several countries. It debuted at number 52 in the US, becoming her highest debut on the Hot 100 at the time.In February 2022, McRae was announced as a brand ambassador forMaybellineand the face of their new Vinyl Ink liquid lip color. McRae released \\\"Chaotic\\\", the third single from the album on March 25, 2022, and released \\\"What Would You Do?\\\" as the fourth single on May 13, 2022.On June 3, 2022, Tate released a music video for her single \\\"Don't Come Back\\\" exclusively via TikTok, and later released the vertical version of the video on July 11, 2022, on YouTube. In September 2022, McRae released the single \\\"Uh Oh\\\".In November 2022, Tate was featured on \\\"10:35\\\" byTiësto, a promo-single for the opening of the luxury resortAtlantis The Royal, Dubai.The song became her second UK Top 10. It reached the Top 10 in ten other countries. 2023–present:Think Later McRae was nominated for five Juno Awards in 2023, and performed at the show.In March 2023, McRae teamed up withMCM Worldwidefor their Spring/Summer 2023 Campaign, performing \\\"uh oh\\\" and \\\"She's All I Wanna Be\\\".On September 15, 2023, she released \\\"Greedy\\\" as the lead single for her sophomore studio albumThink Later.Greedy became her biggest debut to date on Spotify,and her first top 10 on the Global Spotify Charts.It debuted at number 1 in NorwayandDenmarkand peaked at number 1 in several countries includingCanada,Denmark,Austria, andthe Netherlands, as well as theBillboard Global 200, making it her first official number 1 single worldwide. McRae’s second studio albumThink Laterwas officially released on December 8, 2023.The album received mixed to positive appraisal from both fans and critics, withRolling StonenotingM.I.A.andAriana Grande’s influences on the project, stating that in terms of the latter,Think Later\\\"represented a career-defining shift for McRae as she pulled herself from the rubble of grief, heartbreak, and internal turmoil.\\\"Think Laterdebuted in the top 5 of the charts in US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Belgium and Norway. The second single fromThink Later, \\\"Exes\\\", was released on November 17, 2023, and peaked in the top 10 in Canada and the Netherlands, top 20 in the UK and Australia, and top 40 in the US. On November 18, 2023, she performed \\\"Greedy\\\" and a then-unreleased song titled \\\"Grave\\\" onSaturday Night Live.She also made her debut American award show performance with \\\"Greedy\\\" at theBillboard Music Awardson November 19, 2023.McRae performed a medley at the2024 NHL All-Star gameinTorontoin February 2024.In March 2024, she made her debut performance at theBrit Awardswith \\\"Greedy\\\"and subsequently performed a medley of \\\"Greedy\\\" and \\\"Exes\\\" at theiHeartRadio Music Awardsin April.McRae won theJuno Awardfor Artist of the Year, and Single of the Year for \\\"Greedy\\\" at the2024 Juno Awards. On September 13, 2024, McRae released the song \\\"It's OK I'm OK\\\". Personal life McRae is a fan of theCalgary Flamesof the NHL, and has attended numerous games. From late 2021 to early 2023, McRae was in a relationship withColumbus Blue JacketsplayerCole Sillinger.In April 2024, Australian rapper and singerthe Kid Laroiconfirmed his relationship with McRae. Artistry and public image McRae has namedPost Malone,the Weeknd,Khalid,Jessie Reyez,Ariana GrandeandJeremy Zuckeras her biggest musical influences.She citesZendayaandDua Lipaas all-around influences, and has described both women as her biggest idols,noting that she looks up to them in all aspects of life. She has also namedBruno Mars,Madonna,Christina Aguilera,Britney Spears,Ciara,Jennifer LopezandJustin Timberlakeas inspirations for bringing dance into her performances,while namingTaylor Swift,Julia MichaelsandAlec Benjaminas songwriting inspirations.Further, McRae has called herself a \\\"huge fan\\\" of Swift and described her as \\\"one of the greatest songwriters.\\\"McRae has also expressed an admiration forBillie EilishandRosalía. McRae has been described as \\\"the teen dance star turned future pop idol\\\" byi-D,\\\"the new teen queen\\\" byNotion,\\\"Canada's answer toBillie Eilish\\\" byElle,and \\\"one of pop's bright young hopes\\\" byThe Independent.She has also been noted for her honest lyrics, “impressive” vocals and relatable music.Additionally, McRae has received considerable acclaim as a dancer, and has been praised by artist, dancer and choreographerPaula Abdulwho declared her a \\\"gift from God\\\",and choreographers such asStacey TookeyandBlake McGrath, both of whom stated that she's talented beyond her years, with the latter describing her as \\\"one of the best dancers he has ever worked with\\\"as well as two-time Emmy winnerTravis Wall,who has named her as one of his muses.Margaret Furher ofDance Spirit Magazinedescribed her dancing as virtuosic both technically and artistically.As of March 2024, her YouTube channel has amassed over 1.5 billion views and she has garnered more than 8.4 billion career streams across all platforms. Discography Studio albums Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Listicles Tours See also References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Tate McRae Tate Rosner McRae(born July 1, 2003) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and dancer. At the age of 13, she gained prominence as the first Canadian finalist on the American reality television seriesSo You Think You Can Dance. McRae was signed byRCA Recordsin 2019 after her songs had gained traction online—including her 2017 viral hit \"One Day\"—and she released her debutextended play(EP),All the Things I Never Said(2020), in January of the following year. Her 2020 single, \"You Broke Me First\", became an international hit and peaked at number 17 on theBillboardHot 100. In 2021, McRae was the youngest musician to be featured on theForbes'30 Under 30list. Her second EP,Too Young to Be Sad(2021) was the most streamed female EP of 2021 onSpotify. Her debut studio album,I Used to Think I Could Fly(2022)was met with favorable critical response and peaked at number 13 on the USBillboard200, also reaching the top ten in several countries. Developing a more pop-oriented image, McRae's 2023 single, \"Greedy\" saw","\"Greedy\" saw her furthest commercial success; it peaked atop theCanadian Hot 100and reached number three on theBillboardHot 100. Its follow-up, \"Exes\", peaked at numbers nine and 34 on the charts, respectively, and preceded the release of her second studio album,Think Later(2023), which debuted in the top five in various countries. Early life and education Tate Rosner McRaewas born inCalgary, Alberta, onCanada Dayin 2003, to a Canadian father ofScottishdescent and mother ofGermandescent.At the age of four, due to her father's work, she moved with her family toOman, where her mother taught dance lessons, and she lived there for three years.During her time in Oman, McRae attendedThe American International School Muscat(TAISM).McRae began recreational dance training at age six.Having returned to Calgary, at the age of eight, she began to train more intensively in danceand competed with Drewitz Dance Productions. From age 11, she began training in all styles of dance at YYC Dance Project, a dance company owned","dance company owned by her mother,and underwent ballet training at the School of Alberta Ballet, the training school for theAlberta Ballet Company.McRae attendedWestern Canada High Schooland graduatedonlinein 2022. Career 2013–2018: Dance career McRae was awarded MiniBest Female Dancerat the2013 Dance Awardsin New York City.After gaining some prominence,she became a brand ambassador for the American dance manufacturerCapezio.She became a finalist at the New York City Dance Alliance's 2014 National Gala.She also voiced Spot Splatter Splash for theLalaloopsy(2013-2015) franchise. In 2015, McRae was awarded a two-week scholarship at theBerlin State Balletcompany after winning the silver medal as a soloist and the bronze medal for her duet at the2015 Youth America Grand Prix.She danced in the music video forWalk off the Earth's platinum-certified single \"Rule The World\".For the second time, McRae was awarded theBest Female Danceraward at the2015 Dance Awards, this time in the Junior category. In June 2016, she","In June 2016, she performed atJustin Bieber's concert in Calgary for thePurpose World Tourduring Bieber's performance of \"Children\".In April 2016, McRae performed onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showas part of the DancerPalooza troupe.In June 2016, she took part in thethirteenth seasonof American television showSo You Think You Can Dance.While competing for the America's Favorite Dancer title as a non-American, she was mentored by American dancer and actressKathryn McCormick.She advanced further in the competition than any other Canadian in the show's history, placing third on the final episode.Canadian TV hostMurtz JafferfromToronto Sunreacted, \"The fact that Canadians couldn't vote for Tate makes her third-place finish all the more impressive. While she might not have been voted America's favourite dancer, she certainly might be Canada's.\"She performed at the2016 Teen Choice Awardsas a finalist from theSYTYCDcast.She performed again onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showin October 2016 as part of the Jump Dance Convention","Dance Convention troupe. She was featured on the cover ofDance SpiritMagazinein April 2017.In May 2017, she was featured in apas de deuxin Alberta Ballet Company's production, \"Our Canada\"choreographed by Jean Grand-Maître.In November 2017, after performing a dance toDemi Lovato'ssongTell Me You Love Meshe was invited by Lovato to rehearse with their dancers for their performance at theAmerican Music Awards.For the third time, she won Best Female Dancer at the2018 Dance Awardsin Las Vegas, this time in the Teen category,making her the first dancer in the competition's history to win in all categories from mini to teen. In April 2018, she choreographed and danced in the music video for the song \"Just Say When\" by American rock bandNothing More. 2017–2019: Music career beginnings Since its creation in 2011, McRae's YouTube channel has featured a fairly consistent stream of primarily dance videos. In 2017 she started Create With Tate, a video series, focused on showcasing original songs she wrote and recorded","wrote and recorded in her bedroom.Her upload of the series' first song \"One Day\" which she wrote at the age of 14, attracted over 40 million views, prompting her to self-release the song as an independent single.The song would eventually be certified gold in Canada, making it the first certification of her career.From 2017 to 2019, McRae continued to upload and release independent singles as part of her Create With Tate series. Notable songs include \"Dear Ex Best Friend\" which has over 50 million views and \"Dear Parents\" with over 20 million views. The series led to her being named a YouTube Artist on the Rise. Her earlier upload of \"One Day\" caught the attention of 11 record labels.She eventually signed withRCA Records, in August 2019,because they supported her in maintaining a dance career alongside her music.Following her signing, McRae announced her debut EPAll the Things I Never Saidin December 2019.She released the five-track EP on January 24, 2020, and announced her first headlining tour of Europe and","tour of Europe and North America.Each stop on the tour was sold out.The tour received a four out of five star rating from Roisin O'Connor ofThe Independentwho described McRae as an impressive performer. The EP's lead single, \"Tear Myself Apart\", was co-written byBillie EilishandFinneas O'Connell.The EP's final single, \"Stupid\" charted in Ireland and Canada, earning significant radio airplay performance in the latter, peaking within the top 15 of the Canadian pop radio charts.\"Stupid\" was certified gold in Canada.\"That Way\", a track from the EP experienced a resurgence in 2021 after going viral on TikTok and charted in the UKand Ireland.McRae released a remix of \"That Way\" withJeremy Zuckeron September 3, 2021.By December 2023, the EP had amassed over 729 million streams on Spotify. 2020–2021:Too Young to Be Sad In April 2020, McRae released the single \"You Broke Me First\" as the lead single for her second EP titledToo Young to Be Sad.The song was an international success, peaking within the top ten of the","the top ten of the charts in several countries and becoming her first single to chart on theBillboardHot 100.It was also the longest charting song released by a female artist in 2020 on theBillboard Hot 100, at 38 weeks.It peaked at number 1 on theMediabaseTop 40 chart, breaking the record for the longest climb to number 1 by a female solo artist at 28 weeks. McRae released the single \"Vicious\" featuring American rapperLil Moseyin June 2020and \"Don't Be Sad\" in August 2020.She was nominated for theMTV Video Music Award for Push Best New Artist,and performed \"You Broke Me First\" at theVMAs pre-show.In September 2020, she was featured on the cover ofDorkMagazine. McRae made her first late night TV appearance onJimmy Kimmel Live!in October 21 performing \"You Broke Me First\".The same month, she released the single \"Lie to Me\" with Canadian singerAli Gatie.She again performed \"You Broke Me First\" in November 2020 at the2020 MTV Europe Music Awards. She appeared on the cover ofNotionin November 2020.In December","2020.In December 2020, she released \"r u ok\", the second single from her upcoming EP. McRae gained notable recognition as a rising artist in 2020, being namedYouTube's Artist on the Rise,MTV's Push Artist for July, and aVevoDSCVR artist.She was featured inBillboard's21 Under 21 One to Watch listand named byPandora,The Independent,NME,Amazon Music,andUproxxas an artist to watch in 2021. In December 2020, she was the youngest person listed in theForbes 30 Under 30list in the music category.In the same month, she was named one ofRolling Stone's top ten biggest breakthrough artists of 2020and featured onTikTok's \"The Come Up: Emerging Artists\" list as one of the top emerging artists on the platform.She was also featured onHarper's Bazaar'sOn the Rise series.Towards the end of the year, following the success of \"You Broke Me First\", she signed a worldwide publishing deal withSony/ATV. In January 2021, McRae performed \"You Broke Me First\" onThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.The following day, she released the","she released the song \"Rubberband\" as the third single from her upcoming EP.On March 3, 2021, she released the single \"Slower\" and announced her second EP calledToo Young to Be Sad, which was released on March 26, 2021.On that same day, she was announced as anApple MusicUp Nextartist.In March 2021, McRae appeared onJimmy Kimmel Live!performing \"Slower\",and received twoJuno Awardnominations. On April 16, 2021, McRae released the track\"You\"alongsideRegardandTroye Sivan.On May 8, 2021, McRae performed a global virtual show, \"Too Young to Be Sad\".The show was praised by Ali Shutler ofNME, who gave it a four star rating and described the show as slick, impressive, constant spectacle with pop star ambition. Later that month, she signed her first endorsement deal with Essentia Water.In May 2021, McRae was nominated for the Social Star Award at theIHeartRadio Music Awards,and performed \"You\" with Regard andTroye SivanonThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.At the end of the month, she was featured on the soundtrack","on the soundtrack of theAmazonoriginal seriesPanicwith the track \"Darkest Hour\". In June 2021, she was featured on the song \"U love U\" byBlackbear,performed \"Lie to Me\" at the2021 Juno Awards,and released the track \"Working\", a collaboration withKhalid.In August 2021, McRae was featured on the cover ofHunger.In October 2021, she was featured onBillboard's21 under 21 list for 2021 andPeople'sOne to Watch list for 2021.McRae was featured on the cover ofNuméroin November 2021.By the end of 2021,Too Young to Be Sadhad amassed over 1 billion Spotify streams, becoming the most streamed EP of 2021 by a female artist on Spotify. The EP was nominated forAlbum of the YearandPop Album of the Yearat the2022 Juno Awards. 2021–2022:I Used to Think I Could Fly On November 11, 2021, McRae released \"Feel Like Shit\", the lead single from her debut studio albumI Used to Think I Could Fly, which was released on May 27, 2022.In January 2022, she was nominated for three iHeart Radio Awards. \"She's All I Wanna Be\", the second","Be\", the second single from the album, was released on February 4, 2022.The song reached the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, Norway, Singapore, and Belgium. It also charted in the Top 40 in several countries. It debuted at number 52 in the US, becoming her highest debut on the Hot 100 at the time.In February 2022, McRae was announced as a brand ambassador forMaybellineand the face of their new Vinyl Ink liquid lip color. McRae released \"Chaotic\", the third single from the album on March 25, 2022, and released \"What Would You Do?\" as the fourth single on May 13, 2022.On June 3, 2022, Tate released a music video for her single \"Don't Come Back\" exclusively via TikTok, and later released the vertical version of the video on July 11, 2022, on YouTube. In September 2022, McRae released the single \"Uh Oh\".In November 2022, Tate was featured on \"10:35\" byTiësto, a promo-single for the opening of the luxury resortAtlantis The Royal, Dubai.The song became her second UK Top 10. It reached the Top 10 in ten other countries.","other countries. 2023–present:Think Later McRae was nominated for five Juno Awards in 2023, and performed at the show.In March 2023, McRae teamed up withMCM Worldwidefor their Spring/Summer 2023 Campaign, performing \"uh oh\" and \"She's All I Wanna Be\".On September 15, 2023, she released \"Greedy\" as the lead single for her sophomore studio albumThink Later.Greedy became her biggest debut to date on Spotify,and her first top 10 on the Global Spotify Charts.It debuted at number 1 in NorwayandDenmarkand peaked at number 1 in several countries includingCanada,Denmark,Austria, andthe Netherlands, as well as theBillboard Global 200, making it her first official number 1 single worldwide. McRae’s second studio albumThink Laterwas officially released on December 8, 2023.The album received mixed to positive appraisal from both fans and critics, withRolling StonenotingM.I.A.andAriana Grande’s influences on the project, stating that in terms of the latter,Think Later\"represented a career-defining shift for McRae as she","for McRae as she pulled herself from the rubble of grief, heartbreak, and internal turmoil.\"Think Laterdebuted in the top 5 of the charts in US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Belgium and Norway. The second single fromThink Later, \"Exes\", was released on November 17, 2023, and peaked in the top 10 in Canada and the Netherlands, top 20 in the UK and Australia, and top 40 in the US. On November 18, 2023, she performed \"Greedy\" and a then-unreleased song titled \"Grave\" onSaturday Night Live.She also made her debut American award show performance with \"Greedy\" at theBillboard Music Awardson November 19, 2023.McRae performed a medley at the2024 NHL All-Star gameinTorontoin February 2024.In March 2024, she made her debut performance at theBrit Awardswith \"Greedy\"and subsequently performed a medley of \"Greedy\" and \"Exes\" at theiHeartRadio Music Awardsin April.McRae won theJuno Awardfor Artist of the Year, and Single of the Year for \"Greedy\" at the2024 Juno Awards. On September 13, 2024, McRae released the song","released the song \"It's OK I'm OK\". Personal life McRae is a fan of theCalgary Flamesof the NHL, and has attended numerous games. From late 2021 to early 2023, McRae was in a relationship withColumbus Blue JacketsplayerCole Sillinger.In April 2024, Australian rapper and singerthe Kid Laroiconfirmed his relationship with McRae. Artistry and public image McRae has namedPost Malone,the Weeknd,Khalid,Jessie Reyez,Ariana GrandeandJeremy Zuckeras her biggest musical influences.She citesZendayaandDua Lipaas all-around influences, and has described both women as her biggest idols,noting that she looks up to them in all aspects of life. She has also namedBruno Mars,Madonna,Christina Aguilera,Britney Spears,Ciara,Jennifer LopezandJustin Timberlakeas inspirations for bringing dance into her performances,while namingTaylor Swift,Julia MichaelsandAlec Benjaminas songwriting inspirations.Further, McRae has called herself a \"huge fan\" of Swift and described her as \"one of the greatest songwriters.\"McRae has also expressed","has also expressed an admiration forBillie EilishandRosalía. McRae has been described as \"the teen dance star turned future pop idol\" byi-D,\"the new teen queen\" byNotion,\"Canada's answer toBillie Eilish\" byElle,and \"one of pop's bright young hopes\" byThe Independent.She has also been noted for her honest lyrics, “impressive” vocals and relatable music.Additionally, McRae has received considerable acclaim as a dancer, and has been praised by artist, dancer and choreographerPaula Abdulwho declared her a \"gift from God\",and choreographers such asStacey TookeyandBlake McGrath, both of whom stated that she's talented beyond her years, with the latter describing her as \"one of the best dancers he has ever worked with\"as well as two-time Emmy winnerTravis Wall,who has named her as one of his muses.Margaret Furher ofDance Spirit Magazinedescribed her dancing as virtuosic both technically and artistically.As of March 2024, her YouTube channel has amassed over 1.5 billion views and she has garnered more than 8.4","more than 8.4 billion career streams across all platforms. Discography Studio albums Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Listicles Tours See also References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series"],"string":"[\n \"Tate McRae Tate Rosner McRae(born July 1, 2003) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and dancer. At the age of 13, she gained prominence as the first Canadian finalist on the American reality television seriesSo You Think You Can Dance. McRae was signed byRCA Recordsin 2019 after her songs had gained traction online—including her 2017 viral hit \\\"One Day\\\"—and she released her debutextended play(EP),All the Things I Never Said(2020), in January of the following year. Her 2020 single, \\\"You Broke Me First\\\", became an international hit and peaked at number 17 on theBillboardHot 100. In 2021, McRae was the youngest musician to be featured on theForbes'30 Under 30list. Her second EP,Too Young to Be Sad(2021) was the most streamed female EP of 2021 onSpotify. Her debut studio album,I Used to Think I Could Fly(2022)was met with favorable critical response and peaked at number 13 on the USBillboard200, also reaching the top ten in several countries. Developing a more pop-oriented image, McRae's 2023 single, \\\"Greedy\\\" saw\",\n \"\\\"Greedy\\\" saw her furthest commercial success; it peaked atop theCanadian Hot 100and reached number three on theBillboardHot 100. Its follow-up, \\\"Exes\\\", peaked at numbers nine and 34 on the charts, respectively, and preceded the release of her second studio album,Think Later(2023), which debuted in the top five in various countries. Early life and education Tate Rosner McRaewas born inCalgary, Alberta, onCanada Dayin 2003, to a Canadian father ofScottishdescent and mother ofGermandescent.At the age of four, due to her father's work, she moved with her family toOman, where her mother taught dance lessons, and she lived there for three years.During her time in Oman, McRae attendedThe American International School Muscat(TAISM).McRae began recreational dance training at age six.Having returned to Calgary, at the age of eight, she began to train more intensively in danceand competed with Drewitz Dance Productions. From age 11, she began training in all styles of dance at YYC Dance Project, a dance company owned\",\n \"dance company owned by her mother,and underwent ballet training at the School of Alberta Ballet, the training school for theAlberta Ballet Company.McRae attendedWestern Canada High Schooland graduatedonlinein 2022. Career 2013–2018: Dance career McRae was awarded MiniBest Female Dancerat the2013 Dance Awardsin New York City.After gaining some prominence,she became a brand ambassador for the American dance manufacturerCapezio.She became a finalist at the New York City Dance Alliance's 2014 National Gala.She also voiced Spot Splatter Splash for theLalaloopsy(2013-2015) franchise. In 2015, McRae was awarded a two-week scholarship at theBerlin State Balletcompany after winning the silver medal as a soloist and the bronze medal for her duet at the2015 Youth America Grand Prix.She danced in the music video forWalk off the Earth's platinum-certified single \\\"Rule The World\\\".For the second time, McRae was awarded theBest Female Danceraward at the2015 Dance Awards, this time in the Junior category. In June 2016, she\",\n \"In June 2016, she performed atJustin Bieber's concert in Calgary for thePurpose World Tourduring Bieber's performance of \\\"Children\\\".In April 2016, McRae performed onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showas part of the DancerPalooza troupe.In June 2016, she took part in thethirteenth seasonof American television showSo You Think You Can Dance.While competing for the America's Favorite Dancer title as a non-American, she was mentored by American dancer and actressKathryn McCormick.She advanced further in the competition than any other Canadian in the show's history, placing third on the final episode.Canadian TV hostMurtz JafferfromToronto Sunreacted, \\\"The fact that Canadians couldn't vote for Tate makes her third-place finish all the more impressive. While she might not have been voted America's favourite dancer, she certainly might be Canada's.\\\"She performed at the2016 Teen Choice Awardsas a finalist from theSYTYCDcast.She performed again onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showin October 2016 as part of the Jump Dance Convention\",\n \"Dance Convention troupe. She was featured on the cover ofDance SpiritMagazinein April 2017.In May 2017, she was featured in apas de deuxin Alberta Ballet Company's production, \\\"Our Canada\\\"choreographed by Jean Grand-Maître.In November 2017, after performing a dance toDemi Lovato'ssongTell Me You Love Meshe was invited by Lovato to rehearse with their dancers for their performance at theAmerican Music Awards.For the third time, she won Best Female Dancer at the2018 Dance Awardsin Las Vegas, this time in the Teen category,making her the first dancer in the competition's history to win in all categories from mini to teen. In April 2018, she choreographed and danced in the music video for the song \\\"Just Say When\\\" by American rock bandNothing More. 2017–2019: Music career beginnings Since its creation in 2011, McRae's YouTube channel has featured a fairly consistent stream of primarily dance videos. In 2017 she started Create With Tate, a video series, focused on showcasing original songs she wrote and recorded\",\n \"wrote and recorded in her bedroom.Her upload of the series' first song \\\"One Day\\\" which she wrote at the age of 14, attracted over 40 million views, prompting her to self-release the song as an independent single.The song would eventually be certified gold in Canada, making it the first certification of her career.From 2017 to 2019, McRae continued to upload and release independent singles as part of her Create With Tate series. Notable songs include \\\"Dear Ex Best Friend\\\" which has over 50 million views and \\\"Dear Parents\\\" with over 20 million views. The series led to her being named a YouTube Artist on the Rise. Her earlier upload of \\\"One Day\\\" caught the attention of 11 record labels.She eventually signed withRCA Records, in August 2019,because they supported her in maintaining a dance career alongside her music.Following her signing, McRae announced her debut EPAll the Things I Never Saidin December 2019.She released the five-track EP on January 24, 2020, and announced her first headlining tour of Europe and\",\n \"tour of Europe and North America.Each stop on the tour was sold out.The tour received a four out of five star rating from Roisin O'Connor ofThe Independentwho described McRae as an impressive performer. The EP's lead single, \\\"Tear Myself Apart\\\", was co-written byBillie EilishandFinneas O'Connell.The EP's final single, \\\"Stupid\\\" charted in Ireland and Canada, earning significant radio airplay performance in the latter, peaking within the top 15 of the Canadian pop radio charts.\\\"Stupid\\\" was certified gold in Canada.\\\"That Way\\\", a track from the EP experienced a resurgence in 2021 after going viral on TikTok and charted in the UKand Ireland.McRae released a remix of \\\"That Way\\\" withJeremy Zuckeron September 3, 2021.By December 2023, the EP had amassed over 729 million streams on Spotify. 2020–2021:Too Young to Be Sad In April 2020, McRae released the single \\\"You Broke Me First\\\" as the lead single for her second EP titledToo Young to Be Sad.The song was an international success, peaking within the top ten of the\",\n \"the top ten of the charts in several countries and becoming her first single to chart on theBillboardHot 100.It was also the longest charting song released by a female artist in 2020 on theBillboard Hot 100, at 38 weeks.It peaked at number 1 on theMediabaseTop 40 chart, breaking the record for the longest climb to number 1 by a female solo artist at 28 weeks. McRae released the single \\\"Vicious\\\" featuring American rapperLil Moseyin June 2020and \\\"Don't Be Sad\\\" in August 2020.She was nominated for theMTV Video Music Award for Push Best New Artist,and performed \\\"You Broke Me First\\\" at theVMAs pre-show.In September 2020, she was featured on the cover ofDorkMagazine. McRae made her first late night TV appearance onJimmy Kimmel Live!in October 21 performing \\\"You Broke Me First\\\".The same month, she released the single \\\"Lie to Me\\\" with Canadian singerAli Gatie.She again performed \\\"You Broke Me First\\\" in November 2020 at the2020 MTV Europe Music Awards. She appeared on the cover ofNotionin November 2020.In December\",\n \"2020.In December 2020, she released \\\"r u ok\\\", the second single from her upcoming EP. McRae gained notable recognition as a rising artist in 2020, being namedYouTube's Artist on the Rise,MTV's Push Artist for July, and aVevoDSCVR artist.She was featured inBillboard's21 Under 21 One to Watch listand named byPandora,The Independent,NME,Amazon Music,andUproxxas an artist to watch in 2021. In December 2020, she was the youngest person listed in theForbes 30 Under 30list in the music category.In the same month, she was named one ofRolling Stone's top ten biggest breakthrough artists of 2020and featured onTikTok's \\\"The Come Up: Emerging Artists\\\" list as one of the top emerging artists on the platform.She was also featured onHarper's Bazaar'sOn the Rise series.Towards the end of the year, following the success of \\\"You Broke Me First\\\", she signed a worldwide publishing deal withSony/ATV. In January 2021, McRae performed \\\"You Broke Me First\\\" onThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.The following day, she released the\",\n \"she released the song \\\"Rubberband\\\" as the third single from her upcoming EP.On March 3, 2021, she released the single \\\"Slower\\\" and announced her second EP calledToo Young to Be Sad, which was released on March 26, 2021.On that same day, she was announced as anApple MusicUp Nextartist.In March 2021, McRae appeared onJimmy Kimmel Live!performing \\\"Slower\\\",and received twoJuno Awardnominations. On April 16, 2021, McRae released the track\\\"You\\\"alongsideRegardandTroye Sivan.On May 8, 2021, McRae performed a global virtual show, \\\"Too Young to Be Sad\\\".The show was praised by Ali Shutler ofNME, who gave it a four star rating and described the show as slick, impressive, constant spectacle with pop star ambition. Later that month, she signed her first endorsement deal with Essentia Water.In May 2021, McRae was nominated for the Social Star Award at theIHeartRadio Music Awards,and performed \\\"You\\\" with Regard andTroye SivanonThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.At the end of the month, she was featured on the soundtrack\",\n \"on the soundtrack of theAmazonoriginal seriesPanicwith the track \\\"Darkest Hour\\\". In June 2021, she was featured on the song \\\"U love U\\\" byBlackbear,performed \\\"Lie to Me\\\" at the2021 Juno Awards,and released the track \\\"Working\\\", a collaboration withKhalid.In August 2021, McRae was featured on the cover ofHunger.In October 2021, she was featured onBillboard's21 under 21 list for 2021 andPeople'sOne to Watch list for 2021.McRae was featured on the cover ofNuméroin November 2021.By the end of 2021,Too Young to Be Sadhad amassed over 1 billion Spotify streams, becoming the most streamed EP of 2021 by a female artist on Spotify. The EP was nominated forAlbum of the YearandPop Album of the Yearat the2022 Juno Awards. 2021–2022:I Used to Think I Could Fly On November 11, 2021, McRae released \\\"Feel Like Shit\\\", the lead single from her debut studio albumI Used to Think I Could Fly, which was released on May 27, 2022.In January 2022, she was nominated for three iHeart Radio Awards. \\\"She's All I Wanna Be\\\", the second\",\n \"Be\\\", the second single from the album, was released on February 4, 2022.The song reached the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, Norway, Singapore, and Belgium. It also charted in the Top 40 in several countries. It debuted at number 52 in the US, becoming her highest debut on the Hot 100 at the time.In February 2022, McRae was announced as a brand ambassador forMaybellineand the face of their new Vinyl Ink liquid lip color. McRae released \\\"Chaotic\\\", the third single from the album on March 25, 2022, and released \\\"What Would You Do?\\\" as the fourth single on May 13, 2022.On June 3, 2022, Tate released a music video for her single \\\"Don't Come Back\\\" exclusively via TikTok, and later released the vertical version of the video on July 11, 2022, on YouTube. In September 2022, McRae released the single \\\"Uh Oh\\\".In November 2022, Tate was featured on \\\"10:35\\\" byTiësto, a promo-single for the opening of the luxury resortAtlantis The Royal, Dubai.The song became her second UK Top 10. It reached the Top 10 in ten other countries.\",\n \"other countries. 2023–present:Think Later McRae was nominated for five Juno Awards in 2023, and performed at the show.In March 2023, McRae teamed up withMCM Worldwidefor their Spring/Summer 2023 Campaign, performing \\\"uh oh\\\" and \\\"She's All I Wanna Be\\\".On September 15, 2023, she released \\\"Greedy\\\" as the lead single for her sophomore studio albumThink Later.Greedy became her biggest debut to date on Spotify,and her first top 10 on the Global Spotify Charts.It debuted at number 1 in NorwayandDenmarkand peaked at number 1 in several countries includingCanada,Denmark,Austria, andthe Netherlands, as well as theBillboard Global 200, making it her first official number 1 single worldwide. McRae’s second studio albumThink Laterwas officially released on December 8, 2023.The album received mixed to positive appraisal from both fans and critics, withRolling StonenotingM.I.A.andAriana Grande’s influences on the project, stating that in terms of the latter,Think Later\\\"represented a career-defining shift for McRae as she\",\n \"for McRae as she pulled herself from the rubble of grief, heartbreak, and internal turmoil.\\\"Think Laterdebuted in the top 5 of the charts in US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Belgium and Norway. The second single fromThink Later, \\\"Exes\\\", was released on November 17, 2023, and peaked in the top 10 in Canada and the Netherlands, top 20 in the UK and Australia, and top 40 in the US. On November 18, 2023, she performed \\\"Greedy\\\" and a then-unreleased song titled \\\"Grave\\\" onSaturday Night Live.She also made her debut American award show performance with \\\"Greedy\\\" at theBillboard Music Awardson November 19, 2023.McRae performed a medley at the2024 NHL All-Star gameinTorontoin February 2024.In March 2024, she made her debut performance at theBrit Awardswith \\\"Greedy\\\"and subsequently performed a medley of \\\"Greedy\\\" and \\\"Exes\\\" at theiHeartRadio Music Awardsin April.McRae won theJuno Awardfor Artist of the Year, and Single of the Year for \\\"Greedy\\\" at the2024 Juno Awards. On September 13, 2024, McRae released the song\",\n \"released the song \\\"It's OK I'm OK\\\". Personal life McRae is a fan of theCalgary Flamesof the NHL, and has attended numerous games. From late 2021 to early 2023, McRae was in a relationship withColumbus Blue JacketsplayerCole Sillinger.In April 2024, Australian rapper and singerthe Kid Laroiconfirmed his relationship with McRae. Artistry and public image McRae has namedPost Malone,the Weeknd,Khalid,Jessie Reyez,Ariana GrandeandJeremy Zuckeras her biggest musical influences.She citesZendayaandDua Lipaas all-around influences, and has described both women as her biggest idols,noting that she looks up to them in all aspects of life. She has also namedBruno Mars,Madonna,Christina Aguilera,Britney Spears,Ciara,Jennifer LopezandJustin Timberlakeas inspirations for bringing dance into her performances,while namingTaylor Swift,Julia MichaelsandAlec Benjaminas songwriting inspirations.Further, McRae has called herself a \\\"huge fan\\\" of Swift and described her as \\\"one of the greatest songwriters.\\\"McRae has also expressed\",\n \"has also expressed an admiration forBillie EilishandRosalía. McRae has been described as \\\"the teen dance star turned future pop idol\\\" byi-D,\\\"the new teen queen\\\" byNotion,\\\"Canada's answer toBillie Eilish\\\" byElle,and \\\"one of pop's bright young hopes\\\" byThe Independent.She has also been noted for her honest lyrics, “impressive” vocals and relatable music.Additionally, McRae has received considerable acclaim as a dancer, and has been praised by artist, dancer and choreographerPaula Abdulwho declared her a \\\"gift from God\\\",and choreographers such asStacey TookeyandBlake McGrath, both of whom stated that she's talented beyond her years, with the latter describing her as \\\"one of the best dancers he has ever worked with\\\"as well as two-time Emmy winnerTravis Wall,who has named her as one of his muses.Margaret Furher ofDance Spirit Magazinedescribed her dancing as virtuosic both technically and artistically.As of March 2024, her YouTube channel has amassed over 1.5 billion views and she has garnered more than 8.4\",\n \"more than 8.4 billion career streams across all platforms. Discography Studio albums Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Listicles Tours See also References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":275,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"NASA launched an Apollo mission a year after the Stonewall Riots. 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Although the demonstrations werenot the first time American homosexuals fought backagainst government-sponsored persecution ofsexual minorities, the Stonewall riots marked a new beginning for thegay rights movementin the United States and around the world. American gays and lesbians in the 1950s and 1960s faced a legal system more anti-homosexual than those of someWarsaw Pactcountries.Earlyhomophilegroups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society, and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals alike. The last years of the 1960s, however, were very contentious, as many social movements were active, including theAfrican American Civil Rights Movement, theCounterculture of the 1960s, andantiwar demonstrations. These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots. Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. The Stonewall Inn was owned by theMafiaand catered to an assortment of patrons, popular among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community:drag queens, representatives of a newly self-awaretransgendercommunity, effeminate young men,hustlers, and homeless youth. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn and attracted a crowd that was incited toriot. Tensions betweenNew York City policeand gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about theirsexual orientationwithout fear of being arrested. Following the Stonewall riots, sexual minorities in New York City faced gender, class, and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community. In the weeks and months after, they initiated politically active social organizations and launched publications that spoke openly about rights for gay people. The first anniversary of the riots was marked by peaceful demonstrations in several American cities that have since grown to becomepride parades. TheStonewall National Monumentwas established at the site in 2016. Today, pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. Background Homosexuality in 20th-century United States Following the social upheaval ofWorld War II, many people in the United States felt a fervent desire to \"restore the prewar social order and hold off the forces of change\", according to historianBarry Adam.Spurred by the national emphasis onanti-communism, SenatorJoseph McCarthyconducted hearings searching for communists in the U.S. government, theU.S. Army, and other government-funded agencies and institutions, leading to a national paranoia.Anarchists,communists, and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks. Gay men and lesbians wereincludedin this list by theU.S. State Departmenton the theory that they were susceptible toblackmail. In 1950, a Senate investigation chaired byClyde R. Hoeynoted in a report, \"It is generally believed that those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons\",and said all of the government's intelligence agencies \"are in complete agreement that sex perverts in Government constitute security risks\".Between 1947 and 1950, 1,700 federal job applications were denied, 4,380 people were discharged from the military, and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, theFederal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) and police departments kept lists of known homosexuals and their favored establishments and friends; theU.S. Post Officekept track of addresses where material pertaining tohomosexualitywas mailed.State and local governments followed suit: bars catering to gay men and lesbians were shut down and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers. Cities performed \"sweeps\" to rid neighborhoods, parks, bars, and beaches of gay people. They outlawed the wearing of opposite-gender clothes and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual. In 1952, theAmerican Psychiatric Associationlisted homosexuality in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual(DSM) as a mental disorder. A large-scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify the inclusion of the \"disorder\" as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent–child relationships. This view was widely influential in the medical profession.In 1956, the psychologistEvelyn Hookerperformed a study that compared the happiness and well-adjusted nature of self-identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference.Her study stunned the medical community and made her a hero to many gay men and lesbians,but homosexuality remained in theDSMuntil 1974. Homophile activism In response to this trend, two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of gay men and lesbians and provide opportunities where they could socialize without fear of being arrested.Los Angelesarea homosexuals created theMattachine Societyin 1950, in the home of communist activistHarry Hay.Their objectives were to unify homosexuals, educate them, provide leadership, and assist \"sexual deviants\" with legal troubles.Facing enormous opposition to their radical approach, in 1953 the Mattachine shifted their focus to assimilation and respectability. They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gay men and lesbians were normal people, no different from heterosexuals.Soon after, several women inSan Franciscomet in their living rooms to form theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB) for lesbians.Although the eight women who created the DOB initially came together to be able to have a safe place to dance, as the DOB grew they developed similar goals to the Mattachine and urged their members to assimilate into general society. One of the first challenges togovernment repressioncame in 1953. An organization namedONE, Inc.published a magazine calledONE. The U.S. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue, which concerned homosexual people in heterosexual marriages, on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping. The case eventuallywent to the Supreme Court, which in 1958 ruled that ONE, Inc. could mail its materials through the Postal Service. Homophileorganizations—as homosexual groups self-identified in this era—grew in number and spread to the East Coast. Gradually, members of these organizations grew bolder.Frank Kamenyfounded the Mattachine ofWashington, D.C.He had been fired from the U.S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated. Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals, often aiming his efforts atmental health professionals, some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal. In 1965, news onCubanprison work camps for homosexuals inspired Mattachine New York and D.C. to organize protests at theUnited Nationsand theWhite House. Similar demonstrations were then held also at other government buildings. The purpose was to protest the treatment of gay people in Cubaand U.S. employment discrimination. These pickets shocked many gay people and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB.At the same time, demonstrations in the civil rights movement andopposition to the Vietnam Warall grew in prominence, frequency, and severity throughout the 1960s, as did their confrontations with police forces. Earlier resistance and riots On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations. They were effeminate men and masculine women, or people who dressed and lived in contrast to theirsex assigned at birth, either part or full-time. Contemporaneous nomenclature classified them astransvestitesand they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities. They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB asserted homosexuals were respectable, normal people.The Mattachine and DOB considered the trials of being arrested for wearing clothing of the opposite gender as a parallel to the struggles of homophile organizations: similar but distinctly separate. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people staged a smallriot at the Cooper Do-nutscafé in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment.In a larger 1966 event in San Francisco, drag queens, hustlers, and trans womenwere sitting inCompton's Cafeteriawhen the police arrived to arrest people appearing to be physically male who were presenting as women. A riot ensued, with the cafeteria patrons slinging cups, plates, and saucers and breaking theplexiglasswindows in the front of the restaurant and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced.ProfessorSusan Strykerclassifies the Compton's Cafeteria riot as an \"act of anti-transgender discrimination, rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation\" and connects the uprising to the issues of gender, race, and class that were being downplayed by homophile organizations.It marked the beginning oftransgenderactivism in San Francisco. Greenwich Village TheManhattanneighborhoods of Greenwich Village andHarlemwere home to sizable gay and lesbian populations afterWorld War I, when people who had served in the military took advantage of the opportunity to settle in larger cities. The enclaves of gay men and lesbians, described by a newspaper story as \"short-haired women and long-haired men\", developed a distinct subculture through the following two decades.Prohibitioninadvertently benefited gay establishments, as drinking alcohol was pushed underground along with other behaviors considered immoral. New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses, but because alcohol was in high demand,speakeasiesand impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all.However, police raids continued, resulting in the closure of iconic establishments such asEve's Hangoutin 1926. The social repression of the 1950s resulted in a cultural revolution in Greenwich Village. A cohort of poets, later named theBeatpoets, wrote about the evils of the social organization at the time, glorifying anarchy, drugs, and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance, consumerism, and closed-mindedness. Of them,Allen GinsbergandWilliam S. Burroughs—both Greenwich Village residents—also wrote bluntly and honestly about homosexuality. Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal-minded people, as well as homosexuals looking for a community. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in full effect by order of MayorRobert F. Wagner Jr., who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the1964 World's Fair. The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible.Entrapmentusually consisted of an undercover officer who found a man in a bar or public park, engaged him in conversation; if the conversation headed toward the possibility that they might leave together—or the officer bought the man a drink—he was arrested forsolicitation. One story in theNew York Postdescribed an arrest in a gym locker room, where the officer grabbed his crotch, moaning, and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested.Few lawyers would defend cases as undesirable as these and some of those lawyers kicked back their fees to the arresting officer. The Mattachine Society succeeded in getting newly elected mayorJohn Lindsayto end the campaign of police entrapment in New York City. They had a more difficult time with theNew York State Liquor Authority(SLA). While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals, courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become \"disorderly\".Despite the high population of gay men and lesbians who called Greenwich Village home, very few places existed, other than bars, where they were able to congregate openly without being harassed or arrested. In 1966 the New York Mattachine held a \"sip-in\" at a Greenwich Village bar namedJulius, which was frequented by gay men, to illustrate the discrimination homosexuals faced. None of the bars frequented by gay men and lesbians were owned by gay people. Almost all of them were owned and controlled byorganized crime, who treated the regulars poorly, watered down the liquor, and overcharged for drinks. However, they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids. Stonewall Inn The Stonewall Inn, located at 51 and 53Christopher Street, along with several other establishments in the city, was owned by theGenovese crime family.In 1966, three members of the Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff known as agayola, as the Stonewall Inn had noliquor license.It had no running water behind the bar—dirty glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused.There were no fire exits, and the toilets overran consistently.Though the bar was not used for prostitution, drug sales and other black market activities took place. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed;dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club. Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by abouncerwho inspected them through a peephole in the door. The legal drinking age was 18 and to avoid unwittingly letting in undercover police (who were called \"Lily Law\", \"Alice Blue Gown\", or \"Betty Badge\"), visitors would have to be known by the doorman or 'look gay'. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private \"bottle club\", but they rarely signed their real names. There were two dance floors in the Stonewall. The interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights orblack lights. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching.In the rear of the bar was a smaller room frequented by \"queens\"; it was one of two bars where effeminate men who wore makeup and teased their hair (though dressed in men's clothing) could go.Only a few people in fulldragwere allowed in by the bouncers. The customers were \"98 percent male\" but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearbyChristopher Park, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks.The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties and the racial mix was distributed among mainly white, with Black, and Hispanic patrons.Because of its mix of people, its location, and the attraction of dancing, the Stonewall Inn was known by many as \"thegay bar in the city\". Police raids on gay bars were frequent, occurring on average once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized.Bar management usually knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished.During a typical raid, the lights were turned on and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used theirdraft cardsas identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Typically, employees and management of the bars were also arrested.The period immediately before June 28, 1969, was marked by frequent raids of local bars—including a raid at the Stonewall Inn on the Tuesday before the riots—and the closing of the Checkerboard, the Tele-Star, and two other clubs in Greenwich Village. Riots Police raid At 1:20 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, four plainclothes policemen in dark suits, two patrol officers in uniform, Detective Charles Smythe, and Deputy InspectorSeymour Pinearrived at the Stonewall Inn's double doors and announced \"Police! We're taking the place!\"Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen entered the bar early that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once ready, the undercover officers called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night, as was the custom.The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 200 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. Michael Fader remembered, \"Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar.\" The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their sex, upon which any people appearing to be physically male and dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those suspected of cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar. All parties involved recall that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly, started by police who assaulted some of the lesbians by \"feeling some of them up inappropriately\" while frisking them. When did you ever see a fag fight back?... Now, times were a-changin'. Tuesday night was the last night for bullshit... Predominantly, the theme as, \"this shit has got to stop!\" —anonymous Stonewall riots participant The police were to transport the bar's alcohol in patrol wagons. Twenty-eight cases of beer and nineteen bottles of hard liquor were seized, but the patrol wagons had not yet arrived, so patrons were required to wait in line for about 15 minutes.Those who were not arrested were released from the front door, but they did not leave quickly as usual. Instead, they stopped outside and a crowd began to grow and watch. Within minutes, between 100 and 150 people had congregated outside, some after they were released from inside the Stonewall and some after noticing the police cars and the crowd. Although the police forcefully pushed or kicked some patrons out of the bar, some customers released by the police performed for the crowd by posing and saluting the police in an exaggerated fashion. The crowd's applause encouraged them further. When the first patrol wagon arrived, Inspector Pine recalled that the crowd—most of whom were homosexual—had grown to at least ten times the number of people who were arrested and they all became very quiet.Confusion over radio communication delayed the arrival of a second wagon. The police began escorting Mafia members into the first wagon, to the cheers of the bystanders. Next, regular employees were loaded into the wagon. A bystander shouted, \"Gay power!\", someone began singing \"We Shall Overcome\" and the crowd reacted with amusement and general good humor mixed with \"growing and intensive hostility\".An officer shoved a person in drag, who responded by hitting him on the head with her purse. The cop clubbed her over the head, as the crowd began to boo. AuthorEdmund White, who had been passing by, recalled, \"Everyone's restless, angry, and high-spirited. No one has a slogan, no one even has an attitude, but something's brewing.\"Pennies, then beer bottles, were thrown at the wagon as a rumor spread through the crowd that patrons still inside the bar were being beaten. A scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times. She escaped repeatedly and fought with four of the police, swearing and shouting, for about ten minutes. Described as \"a typical New York butch\" and \"a dyke–stone butch\", she had been hit on the head by an officer with abatonfor, as one witness claimed, complaining that her handcuffs were too tight.Bystanders recalled that the woman, whose identity remains unknown (Stormé DeLarveriehas been identified by some, including herself, as the woman, but accounts vary), sparked the crowd to fight when she looked at bystanders and shouted, \"Why don't you guys do something?\" After an officer picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon,the crowd became a mob and became violent. Violence breaks out The police tried to restrain some of the crowd, knocking a few people down, which incited bystanders even more. Some of those handcuffed in the wagon escaped when police left them unattended (deliberately, according to some witnesses).As the crowd tried to overturn the police wagon, two police cars and the wagon—with a few slashed tires—left immediately, with Inspector Pine urging them to return as soon as possible. The commotion attracted more people who learned what was happening. Someone in the crowd declared that the bar had been raided because \"they didn't pay off the cops\", to which someone else yelled, \"Let's pay them off!\"Coins sailed through the air towards the police as the crowd shouted \"Pigs!\" and \"Faggot cops!\" Beer cans were thrown and the police lashed out, dispersing some of the crowd who found a construction site nearby with stacks of bricks. The police, outnumbered by between 500 and 600 people, grabbed several people, including activist folk singer (and mentor ofBob Dylan)Dave Van Ronk—who had been attracted to the revolt from a bar two doors away from the Stonewall. Though Van Ronk was not gay, he had experienced police violence when he participated in antiwar demonstrations: \"As far as I was concerned, anybody who'd stand against the cops was all right with me and that's why I stayed in... Every time you turned around the cops were pulling some outrage or another.\"Van Ronk was the first of thirteen arrested that night.Ten police officers—including two policewomen—barricaded themselves, Van Ronk,Howard Smith(a column writer forThe Village Voice), and several handcuffed detainees inside the Stonewall Inn for their own safety. Multiple accounts of the riot assert that there was no pre-existing organization or apparent cause for the demonstration; what ensued was spontaneous.Michael Fader explained: We all had a collective feeling like we'd had enough of this kind of shit. It wasn't anything tangible anybody said to anyone else, it was just kind of like everything over the years had come to a head on that one particular night in the one particular place and it was not an organized demonstration... The only known photograph from the first night of the riots, taken by freelance photographer Joseph Ambrosini, shows the homeless gay youth who slept in nearby Christopher Park, scuffling with police. Jackie Hormona andTommy Lanigan-Schmidtare on the far left. The Mattachine Society newsletter a month later offered its explanation of why the riots occurred: \"It catered largely to a group of people who are not welcome in, or cannot afford, other places of homosexual social gathering... The Stonewall became home to these kids. When it was raided, they fought for it. That and the fact that they had nothing to lose other than the most tolerant and broadminded gay place in town, explains why.\" Garbage cans, garbage, bottles, rocks, and bricks were hurled at the building, breaking the windows. Witnesses attest that \"flame queens\", hustlers, and gay \"street kids\"—the most outcast people in the gay community—were responsible for the first volley of projectiles, as well as the uprooting of aparking meterused as abattering ramon the doors of the Stonewall Inn. The mob lit garbage on fire and stuffed it through the broken windows as the police grabbed a fire hose. Because it had no water pressure, the hose was ineffective in dispersing the crowd and seemed only to encourage them.Marsha P. Johnsonlater said that it was the police that had started the fire in the bar.When demonstrators broke through the windows—which had been covered byplywoodby the bar owners to deter the police from raiding the bar—the police inside unholstered their pistols. The doors flew open and officers pointed their weapons at the angry crowd, threatening to shoot. Howard Smith, in the bar with the police, took a wrench from the bar and stuffed it in his pants, unsure if he might have to use it against the mob or the police. He watched someone squirtlighter fluidinto the bar; as it was lit and the police took aim,sirenswere heard and fire trucks arrived. The onslaught had lasted 45 minutes. When the violence broke out, the women and transmasculine people being held down the street atThe Women's House of Detentionjoined in by chanting, setting fire to their belongings and tossing them into the street below. The historian Hugh Ryan says, \"When I would talk to people about Stonewall, they would tell me, that night on Stonewall, we looked to the prison because we saw the women rioting and chanting, 'Gay rights, gay rights, gay rights.'\" Escalation TheTactical Patrol Force(TPF) of the New York City Police Department arrived to free the police trapped inside the Stonewall. One officer's eye was cut and a few others were bruised from being struck by flying debris.Bob Kohler, who was walking his dog by the Stonewall that night, saw the TPF arrive: I had been in enough riots to know the fun was over... The cops were totally humiliated. This never, ever happened. They were angrier than I guess they had ever been because everybody else had rioted... but the fairies were not supposed to riot... no group had ever forced cops to retreat before, so the anger was just enormous. I mean, they wanted to kill. With larger numbers, police detained anyone they could and put them in patrol wagons to go to jail, though Inspector Pine recalled, \"Fights erupted with the transvestites, who wouldn't go into the patrol wagon.\" His recollection was corroborated by another witness across the street who said, \"All I could see about who was fighting was that it was transvestites and they were fighting furiously.\" The TPF formed aphalanxand attempted to clear the streets by marching slowly and pushing the crowd back. The mob openly mocked the police. The crowd cheered, started impromptukick linesand sang to the tune of \"Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay\": \"We are the Stonewall girls/ We wear our hair in curls/ We don't wear underwear/ We show our pubic hair.\"Lucian Truscottreported inThe Village Voice: \"A stagnant situation there brought on some gay tomfoolery in the form of achorus linefacing the line of helmeted and club-carrying cops. Just as the line got into a full kick routine, the TPF advanced again and cleared the crowd of screaming gay powerites down Christopher to Seventh Avenue.\"One participant who had been in the Stonewall during the raid recalled, \"The police rushed us and that's when I realized this is not a good thing to do, because they got me in the back with anightstick.\" Another account stated, \"I just can't ever get that one sight out of my mind. The cops with the and the kick line on the other side. It was the most amazing thing... And all the sudden that kick line, which I guess was a spoof on the machismo... I think that's when I felt rage. Because people were getting smashed with bats. And for what? A kick line.\" Marsha P. Johnson, anAfrican-Americanstreet queen,recalled arriving at the bar around \"2:00 \", and that at that point the riots were well underway, with the building in flames.As the riots went on into the early hours of the morning, Johnson, along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona, were noted as \"three individuals known to have been in the vanguard\" of the pushback against the police. Craig Rodwell, owner of theOscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, reported watching police chase participants through the crooked streets, only to see them appear around the next corner behind the police. Members of the mob stopped cars, overturning one of them to block Christopher Street.Jack NicholsandLige Clarke, in their column printed inScrew, declared that \"massive crowds of angry protesters chased for blocks screaming, 'Catch them!'\" By 4:00 am, the streets had nearly been cleared. Many people sat on stoops or gathered nearby in Christopher Park throughout the morning, dazed in disbelief at what had transpired. Many witnesses remembered the surreal and eerie quiet that descended upon Christopher Street, though there continued to be \"electricity in the air\".One commented: \"There was a certain beauty in the aftermath of the riot... It was obvious, at least to me, that a lot of people really were gay and, you know, this was our street.\"Thirteen people had been arrested. Some in the crowd were hospitalized,and four police officers were injured. Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken. Inspector Pine had intended to close and dismantle the Stonewall Inn that night. Pay phones, toilets, mirrors,jukeboxes, and cigarette machines were all smashed, possibly in the riot and possibly by the police. Second night of rioting During the siege of the Stonewall, Craig Rodwell calledThe New York Times, theNew York Post, and theDaily Newsto tell them what was happening. All three papers covered the riots; theDaily Newsplaced coverage on the front page. News of the riot spread quickly throughout Greenwich Village, fueled by rumors that it had been organized by theStudents for a Democratic Society, theBlack Panthers, or triggered by \"a homosexual police officer whose roommate went dancing at the Stonewall against the officer's wishes\".All day Saturday, June 28, people came to stare at the burned and blackened Stonewall Inn.Graffitiappeared on the walls of the bar, declaring \"Drag power\", \"They invaded our rights\", \"Support gay power\" and \"Legalize gay bars\", along with accusations of police looting and—regarding the status of the bar—\"We are open.\" The next night, rioting again surrounded Christopher Street; participants remember differently which night was more frantic or violent. Many of the same people returned from the previous evening—hustlers, street youths, and \"queens\"—but they were joined by \"police provocateurs\", curious bystanders, and even tourists.Remarkable to many was the sudden exhibition of homosexual affection in public, as described by one witness: \"From going to places where you had to knock on a door and speak to someone through a peephole in order to get in. We were just out. We were in the streets.\" Thousands of people had gathered in front of the Stonewall, which had opened again, choking Christopher Street until the crowd spilled into adjoining blocks. The throng surrounded buses and cars, harassing the occupants unless they either admitted they were gay or indicated their support for the demonstrators.Marsha P. Johnson was seen climbing a lamppost and dropping a heavy bag onto the hood of a police car, shattering the windshield. As on the previous evening, fires were started in garbage cans throughout the neighborhood. More than a hundred police were present from the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and NinthPrecincts, but after 2:00 a.m. the TPF arrived again. Kick lines and police chases waxed and waned; when police captured demonstrators, whom the majority of witnesses described as \"sissies\" or \"swishes\", the crowd surged to recapture them.Again, street battling ensued until 4:00 am. Beat poet and longtime Greenwich Village resident Allen Ginsberg lived on Christopher Street and happened upon the jubilant chaos. After he learned of the riot that had occurred the previous evening, he stated, \"Gay power! Isn't that great!... It's about time we did something to assert ourselves\" and visited the open Stonewall Inn for the first time. While walking home, he declared to Lucian Truscott, \"You know, the guys there were so beautiful—they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago.\" ActivistMark Segalrecounts thatMartha ShelleyandMarty Robinsonstood and made speeches from the front door of the Stonewall on June 29, 1969, the second night of the riot. Leaflets, press coverage, and more violence Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic on Monday, June 30, and Tuesday, July 1, partly due to rain. Police and Village residents had a few altercations, as both groups antagonized each other. Craig Rodwell and his partnerFred Sargeanttook the opportunity the morning after the first riot to print and distribute 5,000 leaflets, one of them reading: \"Get the Mafia and the Cops out of Gay Bars.\" The leaflets called for gay people to own their own establishments, for a boycott of the Stonewall and other Mafia-owned bars, and for public pressure on the mayor's office to investigate the \"intolerable situation\". Not everyone in the gay community considered the revolt a positive development. To many older homosexuals and many members of the Mattachine Society who had worked throughout the 1960s to promote homosexuals as no different from heterosexuals, the display of violence and effeminate behavior was embarrassing.Randy Wicker, who had marched in the first gay picket lines before the White House in 1965, said the \"screaming queens forming chorus lines and kicking went against everything that I wanted people to think about homosexuals... that we were a bunch of drag queens in the Village acting disorderly and tacky and cheap.\"Others found the closing of the Stonewall Inn, termed a \"sleaze joint\", as advantageous to the Village. On Wednesday, however,The Village Voiceran reports of the riots, written by Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott, that included unflattering descriptions of the events and its participants: \"forces of faggotry\", \"limp wrists\" and \"Sunday fag follies\".A mob descended upon Christopher Street once again and threatened to burn down the offices ofThe Village Voice,which at the time was headquartered several buildings west of the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street; that proximity gave Truscott and other writers for the newspaper first hand observations of the uprising. Also in the mob of between 500 and 1,000 were other groups that had had unsuccessful confrontations with the police and were curious how the police were defeated in this situation. Another explosive street battle took place, with injuries to demonstrators and police alike, local shops getting looted, and arrests of five people.The incidents on Wednesday night lasted about an hour and were summarized by one witness: \"The word is out. Christopher Street shall be liberated. The fags have had it with oppression.\" Aftermath The feeling of urgency spread throughout Greenwich Village, even to people who had not witnessed the riots. Many who were moved by the rebellion attended organizational meetings, sensing an opportunity to take action. On July 4, 1969, the Mattachine Society performed its annual picket in front ofIndependence HallinPhiladelphia, called theAnnual Reminder. OrganizersCraig Rodwell,Frank Kameny,Randy Wicker,Barbara Gittings, andKay Lahusen, who had all participated for several years, took a bus along with other picketers from New York City to Philadelphia. Since 1965, the pickets had been very controlled: women wore skirts and men wore suits and ties and all marched quietly in organized lines.This year Rodwell remembered feeling restricted by the rules Kameny had set. When two women spontaneously held hands, Kameny broke them apart, saying, \"None of that! None of that!\" Rodwell, however, convinced about ten couples to hold hands. The hand-holding couples made Kameny furious, but they earned more press attention than all of the previous marches.ParticipantLilli Vincenzremembered, \"It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered.\"Rodwell returned to New York City determined to change the established quiet, meek ways of trying to get attention. One of his first priorities was planning Christopher Street Liberation Day. Gay Liberation Front Although the Mattachine Society had existed since the 1950s, many of their methods now seemed too mild for people who had witnessed or been inspired by the riots. Mattachine recognized the shift in attitudes in a story from their newsletter entitled, \"The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World.\"When a Mattachine officer suggested an \"amicable and sweet\" candlelight vigil demonstration, a man in the audience fumed and shouted, \"Sweet!Bullshit!That's the role society has been forcing these queens to play.\"With a flyer announcing: \"Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are!\",theGay Liberation Front(GLF) was soon formed, the first gay organization to usegayin its name. Previous organizations such as theMattachine Society, theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB), and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names. The rise of militancy became apparent to Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings—who had worked in homophile organizations for years and were both very public about their roles—when they attended a GLF meeting to see the new group. A young GLF member demanded to know who they were and what their credentials were. Gittings, nonplussed, stammered, \"I'm gay. That's why I'm here.\"The GLF borrowed tactics from and aligned themselves with black andantiwardemonstrators with the ideal that they \"could work to restructure American society\".They took on causes of the Black Panthers, marching to theWomen's House of Detentionin support ofAfeni Shakurand other radicalNew Leftcauses. Four months after the group formed, however, it disbanded when members were unable to agree on operating procedure. Gay Activists Alliance Within six months of the Stonewall riots, activists started a citywide newspaper calledGay; they considered it necessary because the most liberal publication in the city—The Village Voice—refused to print the wordgayin GLF advertisements seeking new members and volunteers.Two other newspapers were initiated within a six-week period:Come Out!andGay Power; the readership of these three periodicals quickly climbed to between 20,000 and 25,000. GLF members organized several same-sex dances, but GLF meetings were chaotic. When Bob Kohler asked for clothes and money to help the homeless youth who had participated in the riots, many of whom slept in Christopher Park or Sheridan Square, the response was a discussion on the downfall ofcapitalism.In late December 1969, several people who had visited GLF meetings and left out of frustration formed theGay Activists Alliance(GAA). The GAA was to be more orderly and entirely focused on gay issues. Their constitution began, \"We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings.\"The GAA developed and perfected a confrontational tactic called azap: they would catch a politician off guard during a public relations opportunity and force him or her to acknowledge gay and lesbian rights. City councilmen were zapped and mayor John Lindsay was zapped several times—once on television when GAA members made up the majority of the audience. Police raids on gay bars did not stop after the Stonewall riots. In March 1970, deputy inspector Seymour Pine raided the Zodiac and 17 Barrow Street. An after-hours gay club with no liquor or occupancy licenses called The Snake Pit was soon raided and 167 people were arrested. One of them wasDiego Viñales, an Argentinian national so frightened that he might bedeportedas a homosexual that he tried to escape the police precinct by jumping out of a two-story window, impaling himself on a 14-inch (36 cm) spike fence.TheNew York Daily Newsprinted a graphic photo of the young man's impalement on the front page. GAA members organized a march from Christopher Park to the Sixth Precinct in which hundreds of gay men, lesbians, and liberal sympathizers peacefully confronted the TPF.They also sponsored a letter-writing campaign to Mayor Lindsay in which the Greenwich VillageDemocratic Partyand congressmanEd Kochsent pleas to end raids on gay bars in the city. The Stonewall Inn lasted only a few weeks after the riot. By October 1969 it was up for rent. Village residents surmised it was too notorious a location and Rodwell's boycott discouraged business. Gay Pride Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with an assembly on Christopher Street; with simultaneous Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles andChicago, these were the firstGay Pride marchesin US history.The next year, Gay Pride marches took place inBoston,Dallas,Milwaukee,London,Paris,West BerlinandStockholm.Themarch in New Yorkcovered 51 blocks, from Christopher Street toCentral Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.The New York Timesreported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.Reporting byThe Village Voicewas positive, describing \"the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago\". There was little open animosity and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign \"I am a Lesbian\" walked by. —The New York Timescoverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970 By 1972, the participating cities includedAtlanta,Buffalo,Detroit, Washington, D.C.,Miami,Minneapolis, and Philadelphia,as well as San Francisco. Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from them. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department, and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the US government.Ten people marched with Kameny then and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, \"By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred.\" Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as \"one of the greatest mistakes of his life\".The image of gay people retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, \"stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals\".Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, \"Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly, it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale.\"David Carter explained that even though there were several uprisings before Stonewall, the reason Stonewall was so significant was that thousands of people were involved, the riot lasted a long time (six days), it was the first to get major media coverage, and it sparked the formation of many gay rights groups. Trans organizations According toSusan Stryker's book,Transgender History, the Stonewall riots had significant effects on trans rights activism.Sylvia RiveraandMarsha P. Johnsonestablished the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization, as they believed that trans people weren't being adequately represented in the Gay Activists Alliance and Gay Liberation Front. They established politicized versions of \"houses\", which came from Black and Latino queer communities, and were places that marginalized trans youth could seek shelter. Besides STAR, organizations such asTransvestites and Transsexuals(TAT) andQueens' Liberation Front(QLF) were also established. QLF, which was established by drag queen Lee Brewster and heterosexual transvestite Bunny Eisenhower, marched on Christopher Street Liberation Day and fought against drag erasure and for trans visibility. Legacy The Stonewall riots are often considered to be the origin or impetus of thegay liberationmovement, and many studies ofLGBT historyin the U.S. are divided into pre- and post-Stonewall analyses.This has been criticized byhistorians of sexuality. Calls for the rights ofgender and sexual minoritiespredate the Stonewall riots. Thefirst homosexual movementbegan one hundred years earlier, in Germany.West Germanyhad abolished criminal liability for homosexual acts among adults over 21 years of age through a change ofSection 175of the German Criminal Code on June 25, 1969 − just three days before the Stonewall riots began.There was already the emergence of a gay liberation movement in New York at the time of the riots. The Stonewall riots were not the only time LGBT people organized politically amid attacks on LGBT establishments. The event has been said to occupy a unique place in thecollective memoryof many LGBT people,including those outside of the United States,as it \"is marked by an international commemorative ritual – an annual gay pride parade\", according to sociologist Elizabeth A. Armstrong. Community Within two years of the Stonewall riots, there were gay rights groups in every major American city, as well as in Canada, Australia, and Western Europe.People who joined activist organizations after the riots had very little in common other than theirsame-sex attraction. Many who arrived at GLF or GAA meetings were taken aback by the number of gay people in one place.Race, class, ideology, and gender became frequent obstacles in the years after the riots. This was illustrated during the 1973 Stonewall rally when, moments afterBarbara Gittingsexuberantly praised the diversity of the crowd, feminist activistJean O'Learyprotested what she perceived as the mocking of women bycross-dressersanddrag queensin attendance. During a speech by O'Leary, in which she claimed that drag queens made fun of women for entertainment value and profit,Sylvia RiveraandLee Brewsterjumped on the stage and shouted \"You go to bars because of what drag queens did for you andthese bitchestell us to quit being ourselves!\"Both the drag queens and lesbian feminists in attendance left in disgust. O'Leary also worked in the early 1970s to exclude transgender people from gay rights issues because she felt that rights for transgender people would be too difficult to attain.Sylvia Rivera left New York City in the mid-1970s, relocating toupstate New York.She later returned to the city in the mid-1990s, after the 1992 death of friendMarsha P. Johnson. Rivera lived on the \"gay pier\" at the end of Christopher street and advocated for homeless members of the gay community.The initial disagreements among participants in the movements often evolved after further reflection. O'Leary later regretted her stance against the drag queens attending in 1973: \"Looking back, I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then. I would never pick on a transvestite now.\"\"It was horrible. How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians?\" O'Leary was referring to theLavender Menace, an appellation bysecond-wave feministBetty Friedanbased on attempts by members of theNational Organization for Women(NOW) to distance themselves from the perception of NOW as a haven for lesbians. As part of this process,Rita Mae Brownand other lesbians who had been active in NOW were forced out. They staged a protest in 1970 at the Second Congress to Unite Women and earned the support of many NOW members, finally gaining full acceptance in 1971. The growth oflesbian feminismin the 1970s at times so conflicted with the gay liberation movement that some lesbians refused to work with gay men. Many lesbians found men's attitudes patriarchal and chauvinistic and saw in gay men the same misguided notions about women that they saw in heterosexual men.The issues most important to gay men—entrapmentand public solicitation—were not shared by lesbians. In 1977, a Lesbian Pride Rally was organized as an alternative to sharing gay men's issues, especially whatAdrienne Richtermed \"the violent, self-destructive world of the gay bars\".Veteran gay activist Barbara Gittings chose to work in the gay rights movement, explaining, \"It's a matter of where does it hurt the most? For me it hurts the most not in the female arena, but the gay arena.\" Throughout the 1970s, gay activism had significant successes. One of the first and most important was the \"zap\" in May 1970 by the Los Angeles GLF at a convention of theAmerican Psychiatric Association(APA). At a conference onbehavior modification, during a film demonstrating the use ofelectroshock therapyto decrease same-sex attraction,Morris Kightand GLF members in the audience interrupted the film with shouts of \"Torture!\" and \"Barbarism!\"They took over the microphone to announce that medical professionals who prescribed such therapy for their homosexual patients were complicit in torturing them. Although 20 psychiatrists in attendance left, the GLF spent the hour following the zap with those remaining, trying to convince them that homosexual people were not mentally ill.When the APA invited gay activists to speak to the group in 1972, activists broughtJohn E. Fryer, a gay psychiatrist who wore a mask, because he felt his practice was in danger. In December 1973—in large part due to the efforts of gay activists—the APA voted unanimously to remove homosexuality from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual. Gay men and lesbians came together to work ingrassrootspolitical organizations responding to organized resistance in 1977. A coalition of conservatives namedSave Our Childrenstaged a campaign to repeal a civil rights ordinance inMiami-Dade County. Save Our Children was successful enough to influence similar repeals in several American cities in 1978. However, that same year, a campaign in California called theBriggs Initiative, designed to force the dismissal of homosexual public school employees, was defeated.Reaction to the influence of Save Our Children and the Briggs Initiative in the gay community was so significant that it has been called the second Stonewall for many activists, marking their initiation into political participation.The subsequent 1979National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rightswas timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Rejection of prior gay subculture The Stonewall riots marked such a significant turning point that many aspects of priorgay and lesbian culture, such as bar culture formed from decades of shame and secrecy, were forcefully ignored and denied. HistorianMartin Dubermanwrites, \"The decades preceding Stonewall... continue to be regarded by most gay men and lesbians as some vast neolithic wasteland.\"SociologistBarry Adamnotes, \"Every social movement must choose at some point what to retain and what to reject out of its past. What traits are the results of oppression and what are healthy and authentic?\"In conjunction with the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s, roles ofbutch and femmethat developed in lesbian bars in the 1950s and 1960s were rejected, because as one writer put it: \"all role playing is sick.\"Lesbian feminists considered the butch roles as archaic imitations of masculine behavior.Some women, according toLillian Faderman, were eager to shed the roles they felt forced into playing. The roles returned for some women in the 1980s, although they allowed for more flexibility than before Stonewall. Author Michael Bronski highlights the \"attack on pre-Stonewall culture\", particularlygay pulp fictionfor men, where the themes often reflected self-hatred or ambivalence about being gay. Many books ended unsatisfactorily and drastically, often with suicide, and writers portrayed their gay characters as alcoholics or deeply unhappy. These books, which he describes as \"an enormous and cohesive literature by and for gay men\",have not been reissued and are lost to later generations. Dismissing the notion that the rejection was motivated by political correctness, Bronski writes, \"gay liberation was a youth movement whose sense of history was defined to a large degree by rejection of the past.\" Impact and recognition The riots spawned from a bar raid became a literal example of gay men and lesbians fighting back and a symbolic call to arms for many people. Historian David Carter remarks in his book about the Stonewall riots that the bar itself was a complex business that represented a community center, an opportunity for the Mafia to blackmail its own customers, a home, and a place of \"exploitation and degradation\".The true legacy of the Stonewall riots, Carter insists, is the \"ongoing struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender equality\".Historian Nicholas Edsall writes: Stonewall has been compared to any number of acts of radical protest and defiance in American history from the Boston Tea Party on. But the best and certainly a more nearly contemporary analogy is Rosa Parks' refusal to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1955, which sparked the modern civil rights movement. Within months after Stonewall, radical gay liberation groups and newsletters sprang up in cities and on college campuses across America and then across all of northern Europe as well. Before the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn, homosexuals were, as historians Dudley Clendinen andAdam Nagourneywrite: a secret legion of people, known of but discounted, ignored, laughed at or despised. And like the holders of a secret, they had an advantage which was a disadvantage too, and which was true of no other minority group in the United States. They were invisible. Unlike African Americans, women, Native Americans, Jews, the Irish, Italians, Asians, Hispanics, or any other cultural group which struggled for respect and equal rights, homosexuals had no physical or cultural markings, no language or dialect which could identify them to each other, or to anyone else... But that night, for the first time, the usual acquiescence turned into violent resistance... From that night the lives of millions of gay men and lesbians and the attitude toward them of the larger culture in which they lived, began to change rapidly. People began to appear in public as homosexuals, demanding respect. HistorianLillian Fadermancalls the riots the \"shot heard round the world\", explaining, \"The Stonewall Rebellion was crucial because it sounded the rally for that movement. It became an emblem of gay and lesbian power. By calling on the dramatic tactic of violent protest that was being used by other oppressed groups, the events at the Stonewall implied that homosexuals had as much reason to be disaffected as they.\" Joan Nestleco-founded theLesbian Herstory Archivesin 1974 and credits \"its creation to that night and the courage that found its voice in the streets.\"Cautious, however, not to attribute the start of gay activism to the Stonewall riots, Nestle writes: I certainly don't see gay and lesbian history starting with Stonewall... and I don't see resistance starting with Stonewall. What I do see is a historical coming together of forces, and the sixties changed how human beings endured things in this society and what they refused to endure... Certainly, something special happened on that night in 1969 and we've made it more special in our need to have what I call a point of origin... it's more complex than saying that it all started with Stonewall. The events of the early morning of June 28, 1969, were not the first instances of gay men and lesbians fighting back against police in New York City and elsewhere. Not only had the Mattachine Society been active in major cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago, but similarly marginalized people started the riot at Compton's Cafeteria in 1966 and another riot responded to a raid on Los Angeles'Black Cat Tavernin 1967.However, several circumstances were in play that made the Stonewall riots memorable. The location of theLower Manhattanraid was a factor: it was across the street fromThe Village Voiceoffices, and the narrow crooked streets gave the rioters an advantage over the police.Many of the participants and residents of Greenwich Village were involved in political organizations that were effectively able to mobilize a large and cohesive gay community in the weeks and months after the rebellion. The most significant facet of the Stonewall riots, however, was the commemoration of them in Christopher Street Liberation Day, which grew into the annualGay Prideevents around the world. Stonewall(officially Stonewall Equality Limited) is anLGBT rightscharity in the United Kingdom, founded in 1989 and named after theStonewall Innbecause of the Stonewall riots. TheStonewall Awardsis an annual event the charity has held since 2006 to recognize people who have affected the lives of British lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. The middle of the 1990s was marked by the inclusion ofbisexualsas a represented group within the gay community, when they successfully sought to be included on the platform of the 1993March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation. Transgender people also asked to be included but were not, though trans-inclusive language was added to the march's list of demands.The transgender community continued to find itself simultaneously welcome and at odds with the gay community as attitudes aboutnon-binary gender discriminationandpansexual orientationdeveloped and came increasingly into conflict.In 1994, New York City celebrated \"Stonewall 25\" with a march that went past theUnited Nations Headquartersand intoCentral Park. Estimates put the attendance at 1.1 million people.Sylvia Riveraled an alternate march in New York City in 1994 to protest the exclusion of transgender people from the events. Attendance at LGBT Pride events has grown substantially over the decades. Most large cities around the world now have some kind of Pride demonstration; Pride events in some cities mark the largest annual celebration of any kind.The growing trend towards commercializing marches into parades—with events receiving corporate sponsorship—has caused concern about taking away the autonomy of the original grassroots demonstrations. President Barack Obamadeclared June 2009 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, citing the riots as a reason to \"commit to achieving equal justice under law for LGBT Americans\".The year marked the 40th anniversary of the riots. An editorial in theWashington Bladecompared the scruffy, violent activism during and following the Stonewall riots to the lackluster response to failed promises given by President Obama; for being ignored, wealthy LGBT activists reacted by promising to give less money to Democratic causes.Two years later, the Stonewall Inn served as a rallying point for celebrations after theNew York State Senatevoted to passsame-sex marriage. The act was signed into law by GovernorAndrew Cuomoon June 24, 2011. Obama also referenced the Stonewall riots in a call for full equality during hissecond inaugural addresson January 21, 2013: We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths—that all of us are created equal—is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall... Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well. This was a historic moment: the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address. Throughout June 2019,Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, produced byHeritage of Pridein partnership with theI Love New Yorkprogram's LGBT division, took place in New York to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising. The final official estimate included 5 million visitors attending in Manhattan alone, making it thelargest LGBTQ celebrationin history.June is traditionally Pride month in New York City and worldwide, and the events were held under the auspices of the annualNYC Pride March. On June 6, 2019, coinciding withWorldPridebeing celebrated in New York City, Police CommissionerJames P. O'Neillapologized on behalf of the NYPD for the actions of its officers at the Stonewall uprising. The official 50th-anniversary commemoration of the Stonewall Uprising occurred on June 28 on Christopher Street in front ofStonewall Inn. The official commemoration was themed as a rally, in reference to the original rallies in front of Stonewall Inn in 1969. Speakers at this event included mayorBill De Blasio, senatorKirsten Gillibrand, congressmanJerry Nadler, American activistX González, and global activistRémy Bonny. In 2019, Paris, France, officially named a square in theMaraisdistrict asPlace des Émeutes-de-Stonewall(Stonewall Riots Place). Stonewall Day In 2018, 49 years after the uprising, Stonewall Day was announced as a commemoration day byPride Live, a social advocacy and community engagement organization.The second Stonewall Day was held on Friday, June 28, 2019, outside the Stonewall Inn.During this event, Pride Live introduced their Stonewall Ambassadors program, to raise awareness for the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots. Historic landmark and monument In June 1999, theUS Department of the Interiorincluded 51 and 53Christopher Streetand the surrounding area in Greenwich Village into theNational Register of Historic Places, the first of significance to the LGBT community.In a dedication ceremony, Assistant Secretary of the Department of the InteriorJohn Berrystated, \"Let it forever be remembered that here—on this spot—men and women stood proud, they stood fast, so that we may be who we are, we may work where we will, live where we choose, and love whom our hearts desire.\"The Stonewall Inn was also named aNational Historic Landmarkin February 2000. On June 23, 2015, theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissiondesignated Stonewall as a city landmark, the first to be designated based on its LGBT cultural significance alone.On June 24, 2016, PresidentBarack Obamaannounced the establishment of theStonewall National Monument, administered by theNational Park Service.The designation protects Christopher Park and adjacent areas totaling more than seven acres; the Stonewall Inn is within the boundaries of the monument but remains privately owned.TheNational Park Foundationformed a newnonprofit organizationto raise funds for a ranger station and interpretive exhibits for the monument,including the first official national visitor center dedicated to the LGBTQIA+ experience, which was inaugurated on June 28, 2024.TheNew York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed theChristopher Street–Stonewall stationon the same day. Media representations No newsreel or TV footage was taken of the riots and few home movies and photographs exist, but those that do have been used in documentaries. Film Music Theatre See also Analogous events Notes Citations Sources External links","List of Apollo missions TheApollo programwas a United Stateshuman spaceflightprogram carried out from 1961 to 1972 by theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), which landed the firstastronautson theMoon.The program used theSaturn IBandSaturn Vlaunch vehiclesto lift theCommand/Service Module(CSM) andLunar Module(LM) spacecraft into space, and theLittle Joe IIrocket to test alaunch escape systemwhich was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure.Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission. Apollo achieved the first crewed lunar landing on theApollo 11mission, whenNeil ArmstrongandBuzz Aldrinlanded theirLMEaglein theSea of Tranquilityand walked on the lunar surface, whileMichael Collinsremained inlunar orbitin theCSMColumbia, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.Five subsequent missions landed astronauts on various lunar sites, ending in December 1972 withtwelve men having walked on the Moonand 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks andsoilsamples returned to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. Two Apollo missions were failures: a 1967 cabin fire killed the entireApollo 1crew during a ground test in preparation for what was to be the first crewed flight;and the third landing attempt onApollo 13was aborted by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, which disabled the CSMOdyssey's electrical power and life support systems, and made the propulsion system unsafe to use. The crew circled the Moon and were returned safely to Earth using the LMAquariusas a \"lifeboat\" for these functions. Uncrewed test flights From 1961 through 1967,Saturn launch vehiclesandApollo spacecraftcomponents were tested in uncrewed flights. Saturn I TheSaturn Ilaunch vehicle was originally planned to carry crewed Command Module flights intolow Earth orbit, but its 20,000-pound (9,100 kg) payload capacity limit could not lift even a partially fueled Service Module, which would have required building a lightweightretrorocketmodule for deorbit. These plans were eventually scrapped, in favor of using the upratedSaturn IBto launch the Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module for crewed Earth orbit tests. This limited Saturn I flights to Saturn launch vehicle development, CSMboilerplatetesting, and three micrometeoroid satellite launches in support of Apollo. SA-1 15:06 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-2 14:00 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-3 17:45 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-4 20:11 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-5 16:25 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-6 17:07 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-7 17:22 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-9 14:37 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-8 07:35 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-10 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 37B There was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn (AS), or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed toApollo 1posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple \"Apollo\" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renamingAS-201,AS-202, andAS-203as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered. Saturn IB The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designatedSaturn IB, by replacing theS-IVsecond stage with theS-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg), enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module. Two suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one Lunar Module test were conducted. Success of the LM test led to cancellation of a planned second uncrewed flight. SA-201 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-203 14:53 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-202 17:15 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-204 22:48 GMTLaunch Complex 37B Launch escape system tests From August 1963 to January 1966, a number of tests were conducted at theWhite Sands Missile Rangefor development of thelaunch escape system(LES). These included simulated \"pad aborts\", which might occur while the Apollo-Saturnspace vehiclewas still on thelaunch pad, and flights on theLittle Joe IIrocket to simulateMode I abortswhich might occur while the vehicle was in the air. 13:05 GMTLaunch Complex 36 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:01 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:17 GMTLaunch Complex 36 Saturn V Prior toGeorge Mueller's tenure as NASA's Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight starting in 1963, it was assumed that 20Saturn Vs, with at least 10 unpiloted test flights, would be required to achieve a crewed Moon landing, using the conservative one-stage-at-a-time testing philosophy used for the Saturn I. But Mueller introduced the \"all-up\" testing philosophy of using three live stages plus the Apollo spacecraft on every test flight. This achieved development of the Saturn V with far fewer uncrewed tests, and facilitated achieving the Moon landing by the 1969 goal. The size of the Saturn V production lot was reduced from 20 to 15 units. Three uncrewed test flights were planned to human-rate thesuper heavy-liftSaturn Vwhich would take crewed Apollo flights to the Moon. Success of the first flight and qualified success of the second led to the decision to cancel the third uncrewed test. SA-501 12:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A SA-502 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 39A Alphabetical mission types The Apollo program required sequential testing of several major mission elements in the runup to a crewed lunar landing. An alphabetical list of major mission types was proposed byOwen Maynardin September 1967.Two \"A-type\" missions performed uncrewed tests of the CSM and the Saturn V, and one B-type mission performed an uncrewed test of the LM. The C-type mission, the first crewed flight of the CSM in Earth orbit, was performed by Apollo 7. The list was revised uponGeorge Low's proposal to commit a mission to lunar orbit ahead of schedule, an idea influenced by the status of the CSM as a proven craft and production delays of the LM.Apollo 8 was reclassified from its original assignment as a D-type mission, a test of the complete CSM/LM spacecraft in Earth orbit, to a \"C-prime\" mission which would fly humans to the Moon. Once complete, it obviated the need for the E-type objective of amedium Earth orbitaltest. The D-type mission was instead performed by Apollo 9; the F-type mission, Apollo 10, flew the CSM/LM spacecraft to the Moon for final testing, without landing. The G-type mission, Apollo 11, performed the first lunar landing, the central goal of the program. The initial A–Glist was expanded to include later mission types:: 466H-type missions—Apollo 12, 13 (planned) and 14—would perform precision landings, and J-type missions—Apollo 15, 16 and 17—would perform thorough scientific investigation. The I-type objective, which called for extended lunar orbital surveillance of the Moon,was incorporated into the J-type missions.: 466 Crewed missions The Block I CSM spacecraft did not have capability to fly with the LM, and the three crew positions were designated Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot, based onU.S. Air Force pilot ratings. The Block II spacecraft was designed to fly with the Lunar Module, so the corresponding crew positions were designated Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot regardless of whether a Lunar Module was present or not on any mission. Seven of the missions involvedextravehicular activity(EVA), spacewalks or moonwalks outside of the spacecraft. These were of three types: testing the lunar EVA suit in Earth orbit (Apollo 9), exploring the lunar surface, and retrieving film canisters from theScientific Instrument Modulestored in the Service Module. Launch Complex 34(planned) 15:02 GMTLaunch Complex 34 12:51 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-503) 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-504) 16:49 GMTLaunch Complex 39B (SA-505) 13:32 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-506) 16:22 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-507) 19:13 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-508) 21:03 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-509) 13:34 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-510) 17:54 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-511) 05:33 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-512) Canceled missions Several planned missions of the Apollo program were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations. See also There were two NASA post-Apollo crewed spaceflight programs that used Apollo hardware: Notes References Bibliography External links","Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr.(/ˈlʌvəl/LUV-əl; born March 25, 1928) is an American retiredastronaut,naval aviator,test pilotand mechanical engineer. In 1968, ascommand module pilotofApollo 8, he became, withFrank BormanandWilliam Anders, one of the first three astronauts to fly to and orbit the Moon. He then commanded theApollo 13lunar mission in 1970 which, after a critical failure en route, looped around the Moon and returned safely to Earth. A graduate of theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland, in the class of 1952, Lovell flewF2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. In January 1958, he entered a six-month test pilot training course at theNaval Air Test CenteratNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20 and graduated at the top of the class. He was then assigned to Electronics Test, working withradar, and in 1960 he became the Navy'sMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager. The following year he became a flight instructor and safety engineering officer atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, and completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. Lovell was not selected byNASAas one of theMercury Sevenastronauts due to a temporarily highbilirubincount. He was accepted in September 1962 as one of thesecond group of astronautsneeded for theGeminiandApolloprograms. Prior to Apollo, Lovell flew in space on two Gemini missions,Gemini 7(with Borman) in 1965 andGemini 12in 1966. He was the first person to fly into space four times. One of24 people to have flown to the Moon, Lovell was the first to fly to it twice. He is a recipient of theCongressional Space Medal of Honorand thePresidential Medal of Freedom. He co-authored the 1994 bookLost Moon, on which the 1995 filmApollo 13was based. Lovell was featured in acameo appearancein the film. Early life James Arthur Lovell Jr. was born inCleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928, the only child of James Lovell Sr., aToronto, Ontario, Canada-born coal furnace salesman who died in a car accident in 1933and Blanche née Masek, who was ofCzechdescent.For the first two years after the death of his father, Lovell and his mother lived with a relative inTerre Haute, Indiana. They then relocated toMilwaukee, Wisconsin, where he went toJuneau High School.He was a member of theBoy Scoutsduring his childhood and eventually achievedEagle Scout, the organization's highest rank.He became interested in rocketry and built flying models as a teenager. After graduating from high school, Lovell attended theUniversity of WisconsininMadisonfor two years, where he studied engineering under theUnited States Navy's\"Flying Midshipman\" programfrom 1946 to 1948.He would later credit the program for his ability to attend college, citing that he didn't otherwise have the money to attend.At Wisconsin, he playedcollege footballand pledged to theAlpha Phi Omegafraternity.He supplemented his meager Navy stipend by working at a local restaurant washing dishes and busing tables, and caring for the university'slab ratsandmiceon weekends. While Lovell was attending pre-flight training in the summer of 1948, the Navy was beginning to make cutbacks in the program, and cadets were under a great deal of pressure to transfer out. There were concerns that some or most of the students who graduated asnaval aviatorswould not have pilot billets to fill. To avoid this prospect, Lovell decided to apply to theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland.He secured a nomination from his localU.S. Representative,John C. Brophy, and entered Annapolis in July 1948. During his first year, Lovell wrote a treatise on theliquid-propellant rocketengine. He graduated in the spring of 1952 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as anensignin the Navy.On June 6, he married Marilyn Lillie Gerlach in a ceremony atSt. Anne's Churchin Annapolis. The two had begun dating while they were in high school.As a college student, Gerlach had transferred fromWisconsin State Teachers CollegetoGeorge Washington Universityin Washington, D.C., so she could be near him while he was at Annapolis.They had four children: Barbara, James, Susan, and Jeffrey. Navy career Lovell was one of 50 members of his graduating class of 783 initially selected for naval aviation training.He went to flight training atNaval Air Station Pensacolafrom October 1952 to February 1954. He was designated a naval aviator on February 1, 1954, upon completion of pilot training, and was assigned toVC-3atMoffett Fieldnear San Francisco, California. From 1954 to 1956 he flewMcDonnell F2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. Lovell eventually completed 107 carrier deck landings. Upon his return to shore duty, he was reassigned to provide pilot transition training for theNorth American FJ-4 Fury,McDonnell F3H DemonandVought F8U Crusader. In January 1958, Lovell entered a six-monthtest pilottraining course at what was then the Naval Air Test Center (now theUnited States Naval Test Pilot School) atNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20,which also included futureastronautsWally SchirraandPete Conrad,who gave Lovell the nickname \"Shaky\".Lovell graduated at the top of the class.Usually the top graduate was assigned to flight test on graduation, but the head of electronics test had complained about never getting the top graduate, so Lovell was assigned to electronics test, where he worked withradarsets. Later that year, Lovell, Conrad, and Schirra were among 110 military test pilots selected as potential astronaut candidates forProject Mercury. Schirra went on to become one of theMercury Seven, but Lovell was not selected because of a temporarily highbilirubincount.In 1960, electronics test was merged with armaments test to become weapons test, and Lovell became theMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager.During this time future astronautJohn Youngserved under him. In 1961 Lovell received orders forVF-101 \"Detachment Alpha\"atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, as a flight instructor and safety engineering officer,and he completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. NASA career Astronaut selection In 1962,NASAbegan recruiting its second group of astronauts, intended to fly during theGeminiandApolloprograms. This time the process was a public one. Lovell found out about the selection from an advertisement that had been placed inAviation Week & Space Technology, and decided to apply a second time.A three-person selection panel consisting of Mercury Seven astronautsAlan ShepardandDeke Slayton, and NASA test pilotWarren J. North, reduced the candidates to 32 finalists,who were sent toBrooks Air Force BaseinSan Antoniofor medical examinations. The tests there were much the same as those employed to select the Mercury Seven,but this time Lovell passed.The remaining 27 then went toEllington Air Force Basenear Houston, where they were individually interviewed by the selection panel. On September 14, Slayton informed Lovell that he had been accepted.To avoid tipping off the media, all checked into theRice Hotelin Houston under the name of Max Peck, its general manager.On September 17, the media crowded into the 1800-seat Cullen Auditorium at theUniversity of Houstonfor the official announcement, but it was a low-key event compared to the unveiling of the Mercury Seven three years before.The group became known as the \"Next Nine\" or the \"New Nine\".The new astronauts moved to the Houston area in October 1962.Conrad and Lovell built houses inTimber Cove, south of theManned Spacecraft Center(MSC).Developers in Timber Cove offered astronauts mortgages with small down payments and low interest rates.The MSC complex was not yet complete, so NASA temporarily leased office space in Houston. The task of supervising the Next Nine's training fell to Mercury Seven astronautGus Grissom.Initially, each of the astronauts was given four months of classroom instruction on subjects such asspacecraft propulsion,orbital mechanics,astronomy,computing, andspace medicine. Classes were for six hours a day, two days a week, and all sixteen astronauts had to attend. There was also familiarization with the Gemini spacecraft,Titan IIandAtlasboosters, and theAgena target vehicle.Jungle survival training was conducted at theUnited States Air Force(USAF) Tropic Survival School atAlbrook Air Force Stationin thePanama Canal Zone, desert survival training atStead Air Force BaseinNevada, and water survival training on theDilbert Dunkerat the USN school at the Naval Air Station Pensacola and onGalveston Bay.Following the precedent set by the Mercury Seven, each of the Next Nine was assigned a special area in which to develop expertise that could be shared with the others, and to provide astronaut input to designers and engineers.Lovell became responsible for recovery systems. Gemini program Gemini 7 Lovell was selected as backup pilot forGemini 4,which was officially announced on July 29, 1964.It put him in position for his first space flight three missions later, as pilot ofGemini 7with command pilotFrank Borman, under a rotation system devised by Slayton.Borman was a USAF officer, and Lovell had first met him during the evaluation process for astronaut selection.Their selection for the Gemini 7 mission was officially announced on July 1, 1965, along with that ofEdward WhiteandMichael Collinsas their backup crew. Like all Gemini missions, it was part of the preparations for Apollo. The flight's objective was to evaluate the effects on the crew and spacecraft from fourteen days in orbit, this being sufficiently long for any possible Moon mission, and would therefore enable doctors to evaluate the medical aspects of such a flight. Whereas theGemini 6mission preceding it was to demonstrate techniques forspace rendezvous, likewise critical requirement of Apollo. These techniques had been worked out by Dean F. Grimm andBuzz Aldrin, who had written his doctoral thesis on the subject. The Gemini 6 mission, which was commanded by Schirra withTom Staffordas pilot, had a serious setback on October 15, 1965, when the Agena target vehicle that Gemini 6 was supposed to rendezvous with exploded soon after takeoff. Lovell was present at theLaunch Control CenteratCape Kennedywhen this occurred. Officials fromMcDonnell, the manufacturer of the Gemini spacecraft, then raised the possibility of a rendezvous between Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 during the two weeks while Gemini 7 was in orbit.The only change to the latter's flight plan this required was to circularize its orbit to match that intended for the Agena target vehicle. Borman rejected a proposal by Schirra that Lovell and Stafford exchange places, on the grounds that it was hazardous and likely to jeopardize the fourteen-day mission objective through loss of oxygen. In planning the mission, it was decided that both astronauts would sleep at the same time and observe the same work periods, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Experiments were not scheduled, but fitted in when time allowed.Of the twenty experiments, eight were medical, aimed at gathering data about the effects of long-duration space flight. Of the rest, four were tests of spacecraft systems, five involved radiometry or navigation, and three involved photography and observation,To save space, theG5C space suitwas designed that incorporated a soft hood instead of a helmet and zippers instead of a neck ring. It weighed a third less than the standard Gemini space suit and could be stowed more easily. Gemini 7 lifted off on December 4, 1965, and reached its intended 300-kilometer (160 nmi) near-circular orbit. Lovell was taller than Borman and had more difficulty donning and removing his space suit. Initially one astronaut had to be suited, but this made him uncomfortably warm, and eventually mission control relented and allowed both to leave their space suits off.Gemini 6, now called Gemini 6A, attempted to launch on December 12; the engines ignited, but shut down less than two seconds later due to an electrical problem and a fuel cap accidentally having been left in place.After repairs, Gemini 6A successfully lifted off on December 15, and rendezvoused with Gemini 7 on Gemini 6A's fourth orbit. The two spacecraft then flew in tandem for three orbits, the distance between them varying between 0.30 and 90 meters (1 and 300 ft). Gemini 6A returned to Earth on December 16. In the final two days of the mission, Lovell had time to read part ofDrums Along the MohawkbyWalter D. Edmonds. As in earlier long-duration flights, malfunctions accumulated as the flight wore on. Two of the thrusters stopped working. After the flight, this was traced to the fact that they had an old type of laminate in the thrust chamber instead of the new type that had been developed to solve this problem. This proved to be only an annoyance, but there was more concern over a loss of power in thefuel cells. By day thirteen, a warning light was illuminated continuously and it was feared that the cells, which were only giving partial output, might fail completely, and the mission might have to be cut short; tests were carried out inSt. Louisthat demonstrated that the batteries could sustain them for the remainder of the flight. Gemini 7 made a successful return from orbit on December 18.The fourteen-day flight set an endurance record, making 206 orbits. Gemini 12 On January 24, 1966, Lovell was named as the backup command pilot ofGemini 10, with Aldrin as the pilot. On March 21, this was changed as a result of the deaths of theGemini 9prime crew,Elliot SeeandCharles Bassett, inan air crash. The Gemini 9 backup crew of Tom Stafford andGene Cernanbecame the prime crew of Gemini 9A, and Lovell and Aldrin became their backups. This positioned Lovell for his second flight and first command, ofGemini 12. Lovell and Aldrin's selection for this mission was officially announced on June 17, along with that ofGordon Cooperand Gene Cernan as their backups. The goals of Gemini 12, the final Gemini mission, were ill-defined at first. \"Essentially Gemini 12 didn't have a mission\", Lovell later recalled. \"It was, I guess, by default... supposed to wind up the Gemini program and catch all those items that were not caught on previous flights.\"By July, its mission had become to masterextravehicular activity(EVA), something that had proven problematic on earlier Gemini missions, as they had been more strenuous than expected and performing simple tasks had been more complicated. A series of innovations had been developed in response to the problems that had been encountered. It had been found that moving in space was similar to being underwater, and Aldrin made use of this new training technique. A waist restraint was provided on the space suit, and the Gemini spacecraft and the Agena target vehicle had additional handrails, handholds, and rings for tethering the waist restraint. Procedures were modified to minimize fatigue. Gemini 12 lifted off on November 11, and quickly achieved orbit. Its first task was to rendezvous with its Agena target vehicle. This was complicated when the rendezvous radar set failed. Instead, Aldrin, who had written his PhD on the rendezvous, used asextantto measure the angle between the spacecraft and the Agena, and then calculated the required actions using the onboard computer. Lovell then flew the spacecraft accordingly. Rendezvous was achieved, and Gemini successfullydockedwith the Agena, achieving the fifth space rendezvous and fourth space docking with an Agena target vehicle. Lovell then successfully undocked and docked again. Aldrin performed three EVAs. The first was a standup EVA on November 12, in which the spacecraft door was opened and he stood up, but did not leave the spacecraft. The standup EVA mimicked some of the actions he would do during his free-flight EVA, so he could compare the effort expended between the two. It set an EVA record of two hours and twenty minutes. The next day Aldrin performed his free-flight EVA. He climbed across the newly installed hand-holds to the Agena and installed the cable needed for the gravity-gradient stabilization experiment. He performed several tasks, including installing electrical connectors and testing tools that would be needed for Apollo. The EVA concluded after two hours and six minutes.Before returning to the spacecraft, Aldrin cleaned the pilot's window with a cloth, and Lovell jokingly asked him if he could change the oil too.A third, 55-minute standup EVA was conducted on November 14, during which Aldrin took photographs, conducted experiments, and discarded some unneeded items. Gemini 12 returned to Earth on November 15, after 59 orbits. During re-entry a pouch containing books and small pieces of equipment broke free and landed in Lovell's lap. He did not want to grab it, as he feared he might pull on theD-ringthat activated the ejector seat. It did not move any further, and the landing went well. The spacecraft landed just 5.5 kilometers (3.0 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSWasp. Twelve experiments had been carried out.This mission proved that people could work effectively outside the spacecraft, which was required for the Apollo missions with the goal of getting man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Apollo program Apollo 1 On January 27, 1967, Grissom, White andRoger Chaffeewere killed in theApollo 1fire. At the time, Lovell was in Washington, D.C., where, along with fellow astronautsNeil Armstrong,Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper andRichard Gordon, he had attended the signing of theOuter Space Treatyand the reception afterwards in theGreen Roomof theWhite Househosted by PresidentLyndon Johnson. Four days later, Lovell flew toWest Point, New York, with Borman in a NASAT-38for the funeral service for White at theOld Cadet Chapel. After the service, White was laid to rest in theWest Point Cemetery; Lovell served as a pallbearer along with Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Stafford and Aldrin. TheApollo command modulewas redesigned after the fire, and afterwards it underwent a series of qualification tests.In April 1968, Lovell, along with fellow astronautsStuart RoosaandCharles Duke, spent 48 hours in command module CM-007A, bobbing in theGulf of Mexicoto test the seaworthiness of the Apollo spacecraft.The NASA research vesselMVRetrieverstood by with technicians and divers,while the astronauts assessed how quickly the spacecraft's flotation devices could right it from the \"stable II\" (upside down) position. The urine collection hose was used to vacuum up water that entered the cabin.Although this did not seem to bother Lovell, Duke regarded it as his worst experience as an astronaut, and Roosa became quiteseasick.The NASARoundupnewspaper wrote the event up under the headline, \"Yo, Ho, Ho and a Bottle of Marezine\", referencing the brand name ofa motion sickness drug. Apollo 8 Lovell was originally chosen as command module pilot (CMP) on the backup crew for Apollo 9 along with Armstrong as commander (CDR) and Aldrin aslunar modulepilot (LMP). Apollo 9 was planned as a high-apogeeEarth orbital test of the Lunar Module (LM). Lovell later replaced Michael Collins as CMP on the Apollo 9 prime crew in July 1968 when Collins needed to have surgery for abone spuron his spine. This reunited Lovell with his Gemini 7 commander Frank Borman, along with LMPWilliam Anders. Aldrin became Lovell's backup CMP, andFred Haisejoined Armstrong's crew as LMP. Construction delays of the first crewed LM prevented it from being ready in time to fly on Apollo 8, planned as alow Earth orbittest. It was decided to swap the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 prime and backup crews in the flight schedule so that the crew trained for the low-orbit test could fly it asApollo 9, when the LM would be ready. A lunar orbital flight, nowApollo 8, replaced the original Apollo 9 medium Earth orbit test mission.The crew was informed of this decision on August 10, 1968, and the training schedule was adjusted accordingly. Starting in September, the crew spent ten hours a day in the simulator rehearsing the mission. Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, 1968, and Borman, Lovell and Anders became the first crew to ride theSaturn Vrocket, as well as the first to travel to theMoon.Their Apollo craft entered lunar orbit on December 24 (Christmas Eve) and reduced speed to go into a 11-by-312-kilometer (5.9 by 168.5 nmi) orbit. The engine was then fired again to enter a 112-kilometer (60 nmi) circular orbit around the Moon. On Christmas Eve, the crew broadcast black-and-white television pictures of the lunar surface back to Earth. Lovell took his turn with Borman and Anders in reading a passage from the Biblical creation story in theBook of Genesis.They made a total of ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours and ten minutes,and began their return to Earth on December 25 (Christmas Day) with a rocket burn made on the Moon's far side, out of radio contact with Earth. When contact was re-established, Lovell broadcast, \"Please be informed, there is aSanta Claus.\" As CMP, Lovell served as the navigator, using the spacecraft's built-in sextant to determine its position by measuring star positions. This information was then used to calculate required mid-course corrections. Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view stars by using theApollo guidance computerkeyboard. Lovell accidentally erased some of the computer's memory by entering the wrong codes, which caused theinertial measurement unit(IMU) to contain data indicating that the module was in the same relative orientation it had been in before lift-off; the IMU then fired the thrusters to \"correct\" the module's attitude. Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they knew that they would have to reenter the correct data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation. It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the correct values, using the thrusters to get the starsRigelandSiriusaligned,and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer.Sixteen months later, during theApollo 13mission, Lovell would have to perform a similar manual realignment under even more critical conditions after the module's IMU had been turned off to conserve energy. A feature on the Moon's surface (Mount Marilyn) was named by Lovell in honor of his wife. The spacecraftsplashed downsafely before dawn on December 27 after 147 hours of flight, 4.8 kilometers (2.6 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSYorktown. It was estimated that the crew had traveled 933,419 kilometers (504,006 nmi). Apollo 13 Lovell was backup CDR ofApollo 11, with Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP.In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with theNational Aeronautics and Space Councileffective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time.Ken Mattinglywas moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. Under the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly as the prime crew ofApollo 14, butGeorge Mueller, the director of NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight, rejected Slayton's choice of fellow Mercury Seven astronaut Alan Shepard to command Apollo 13. Shepard had only recently returned to flight status after being grounded for several years, and Mueller thought that he needed more training time to prepare for a mission to the Moon. Slayton then asked Lovell if he was willing to switch places with Shepard's crew to give them more training time.\"Sure, why not?\" Lovell replied, \"What could possibly be the difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14?\" There was one more change. Seven days before launch, a member of the Apollo 13 backup crew, Duke, contractedrubellafrom a friend of his son.This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Of the five, only Mattingly was not immune through prior exposure. Normally, if any member of the prime crew had to be grounded, the remaining crew would be replaced as well, and the backup crew substituted, but Duke's illness ruled this out,so two days before launch, Mattingly was replaced byJack Swigertfrom the backup crew.Mattingly never developed rubella and later flew to the Moon onApollo 16. Lovell lifted off aboard Apollo 13 on April 11, 1970.He and Haise were to land near theFra Mauro crater. TheFra Mauro formationwas believed to contain much material spattered by the impact that had filled theImbrium basinearly in the Moon's history, and dating it would provide information about the early history of the Earth and the Moon. \"We have a problem here\", Swigert informed mission control.\"This is Houston, say again please,\" thecapsule communicator,Jack Lousma, responded.\"Houston, we've had a problem,\" Lovell replied. Lovell & Kluger 1995, p. 95 During a routineliquid oxygentank stir in transit to the Moon, a fire started inside an oxygen tank. The most probable cause determined by NASA was damaged electrical insulation on wiring that created a spark that started the fire.A problem with draining the tank had been reported before the mission, and Lovell had approved the action taken to turn on the heaters to purge the oxygen rather than to replace the faulty tank, which would have delayed the mission by a month. Neither he nor the launch pad crew were aware that the tank contained the wrong thermostat switch. The heaters were left on for eight hours, and while this successfully purged the oxygen, it also removedtefloninsulation from the copper electrical wiring.Liquid oxygen rapidly turned into a high-pressure gas, which burst the tank and caused the leak of a second oxygen tank. In just over two hours, all onboard oxygen was lost, disabling the hydrogen fuel cells that provided electrical power to the Command/Service ModuleOdyssey. Apollo 13 was the second mission not to use afree-return trajectory, so that they could explore the western lunar regions.Using theApollo Lunar Moduleas a \"life boat\" providing battery power, oxygen, and propulsion, Lovell and his crew re-established the free return trajectory that they had left, and swung around the Moon to return home.Based on the flight controllers' calculations made on Earth, Lovell had to adjust the course twice by manually controlling the Lunar Module's thrusters and engine. Apollo 13 returned safely to Earth on April 17.\"I'm afraid\", Lovell said, \"this is going to be the last lunar mission for a long time.\"His comment was rebutted byNASA AdministratorThomas O. Paine, who hastened to reassure the public that NASA would be mounting more missions to the Moon.Nine months later, Apollo 14 would make the voyage to Fra Mauro, with modified oxygen tanks and an extra battery for emergencies. Apollo 13's flight trajectory gave Lovell, Haise, and Swigert the record for the farthest distance that humans have ever traveled from Earth.Lovell is one of only three men to travel to the Moon twice, but unlike the other two, John Young and Gene Cernan, he never walked on it.He accrued 715 hours and 5 minutes in space flights on his Gemini and Apollo flights, a personal record that stood until theSkylab 3mission in 1973. Later life Lovell retired from the Navy and the space program on March 1, 1973, and went to work at the Bay-Houston Towing Company inHouston, Texas,taking on the role of CEO in 1975. He became president of Fisk Telephone Systems in 1977,and later worked forCentel Corporationin Chicago, retiring as an executive vice president on January 1, 1991.Lovell was a recipient of theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award.He was also recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with theirSilver Buffalo Award. Lovell served on the board of directors for several organizations, includingFederal Signal Corporationin Chicago from 1984 to 2003, theAstronautics Corporation of Americain his hometown of Milwaukee from 1990 to 1999, and Centel from 1987 to 1991. In 1999, the Lovell family opened a restaurant inLake Forest, Illinois, \"Lovell's of Lake Forest\". The restaurant displayed memorabilia from Lovell's time with NASA and the filming ofApollo 13. The restaurant was sold to son and executive chef James (\"Jay\") in 2006.The restaurant was put on the market for sale in February 2014,and it closed in April 2015, the property being auctioned the same month. Marilyn Lovell (born on July 11, 1930) died of natural causes at the age of 93, at her home in the Lake Forest Place retirement community in Lake Forest, Illinois on August 27, 2023. Upon the death ofFrank Bormanon November 7, 2023, Lovell became the oldest living former astronaut. Awards and decorations Lovell's awards and decorations include: Military, federal service, and foreign awards Other awards and accomplishments The Gemini 6 and 7 crews were awarded theHarmon International Trophyfor 1966 in a ceremony at the White House.Lovell received a second Harmon International Trophy in 1967 when he and Aldrin were selected for their Gemini 12 flight.The Apollo 8 crew won theRobert J. Collier Trophyfor 1968,and PresidentRichard Nixonawarded them theDr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophyin 1969, which Lovell accepted on behalf of the crew.The General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy is normally awarded to Air Force personnel, but an exception was made to include Lovell, and the Apollo 8 crew were awarded the 1968 trophy.Lovell was awarded a third Harmon International Trophy in 1969 for his role in the Apollo 8 mission.The Apollo 8 crew was also awarded theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1970,and were namedTimeMagazine Men of the Yearin 1968.The Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10 crews were awarded the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award for 1969.Lovell was one of ten Gemini astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1982,and, along with the other 12 Gemini astronauts, Lovell was inducted into the secondU.S. Astronaut Hall of Fameclass in 1993.At a parade attended by 500,000 people, Lovell was conferred Chicago's medal of merit.The Apollo 13 crew was awarded the City of New York Gold Medal, but Lovell had already received it for the Apollo 8 mission. In lieu of a second medal, the mayor gifted him a crystal paperweight that he \"invented for the occasion\".He was also awarded the 1970 City ofHoustonMedal for Valor for the mission.He was awarded his second Haley Astronautics Award for his role on Apollo 13. Lovell was featured on the cover ofTimemagazine on January 3, 1969, and April 27, 1970,and on the cover ofLifemagazine on April 24, 1970. Lovell was a recipient of the University of Wisconsin's Distinguished Alumni Service Award in 1970. In his acceptance speech he emphasized the use of words over \"rock throwing\" to help attain political goals.He was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree atWestern Michigan University's summer commencement exercises in 1970.He was also awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree atWilliam Paterson College's commencement exercises in 1974.Lovell was also granted an honorarydoctor of sciencedegree from University of Wisconsin–Madison, his original alma mater, speaking at the December 2016 commencement. Tributes A small crater on thefar side of the Moonwas namedLovellin his honor in 1970.Discovery Worldin Milwaukee was renamed The James Lovell Museum of Science, Economics and Technology. It was at the time located on James Lovell St., also named for Lovell.TheCaptain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Centerwas completed in October 2010, merging theNaval Health Clinic Great Lakesand the North Chicago Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Organizations In popular culture About a month after the return to Earth of Apollo 13, Lovell and his crewmates, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert, appeared onThe Tonight Showwith hostJohnny Carson.In 1976, Lovell made a cameo appearance in the Nicolas Roeg movieThe Man Who Fell to Earth. Lovell andJeffrey Klugerwrote a 1994 book about the Apollo 13 mission,Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13,on which the 1995Ron HowardfilmApollo 13was based. Lovell's first impression on being approached about the film was thatKevin Costnerwould be a good choice to portray him, given the physical resemblance,butTom Hankswas cast in the role.To prepare, Hanks visited James and Marilyn Lovell at their home in Texas and flew with Lovell in his private airplane.Kathleen Quinlanwas nominated for asupporting actress Oscarfor her performance as Marilyn. In the film, Lovell has a cameo as the captain of theUSSIwo Jima. He can be seen as the naval officer shaking Hanks' hand, as Hanks speaks invoice-over, in the scene where the astronauts come aboard theIwo Jima. The filmmakers offered to make Lovell's character an admiral aboard the ship, but Lovell said: \"I retired as a captain and a captain I will be.\" He was cast as the ship's skipper, CaptainLeland Kirkemo. Along with his wife Marilyn, who also has a cameo in the film, Lovell provided a commentary track on both the single disc and the two-disc special edition DVD. Tim Dalyportrayed Lovell in the 1998HBOminiseriesFrom the Earth to the Moon,andPablo Schreiberin the 2018 film about Armstrong,First Man. Notes References External links","Jack Swigert John Leonard Swigert Jr.(August 30, 1931 – December 27, 1982) was an AmericanNASAastronaut,test pilot,mechanical engineer,aerospace engineer,United States Air Forcepilot, andpolitician. In April 1970, as command module pilot ofApollo 13, he became one of24 astronauts who flew to the Moon.Ironically, due to the \"slingshot\" route around the Moon they chose to safely return to Earth, the Apollo 13 astronauts flew farther away from Earth than any other astronauts before or since, though they had to abort the Moon landing. Before joining NASA in 1966, Swigert was a civiliantest pilotandfighter pilotin theAir National Guard. After leaving NASA, he ran forSenatebut lost in a primary election againstBill Armstrong. Later he ran forCongress, but while running was diagnosed with cancer. He won the election for Colorado's new6th districtin 1982, but died before being sworn in. Early life John Leonard Swigert Jr. was born on August 30, 1931, inDenver,Colorado, to parents John Leonard Swigert Sr. (1903–1973) and Virginia Swigert (1906–1993). Swigert's father was anophthalmologist.At the age of 14, he became fascinated by aviation. While he would have been content just watching planes take off from nearby Combs Field, young Jack became determined to do more than be a spectator. He took on a newspaper route to earn money for flying lessons, and by age 16 he was alicensed private pilot.He was a member of theBoy Scouts of Americaand attained the rank ofSecond Class Scout.He attendedBlessed Sacrament School,Regis Jesuit High School, andEast High School, from which he graduated in 1949. Swigert received aBachelor of Sciencedegree inmechanical engineeringfromUniversity of Coloradoin 1953, where he also playedfootballfor theBuffaloes.He later earned aMaster of Sciencedegree inaerospace engineeringfromRensselaer Polytechnic Institute(Hartford campus) in 1965,and aMaster of Business Administrationdegree fromUniversity of Hartfordin 1967. His recreational interests includedgolf,handball,bowling,skiing,swimming, andbasketball. His hobbies includedphotography. Flight experience Following his graduation from Colorado in 1953, Swigert joined theUnited States Air Force(USAF). Upon graduation from the Pilot Training Program andGunnery SchoolatNellis Air Force Base,Nevada, he was assigned as afighter pilotinJapanandSouth Korea. In 1953, he survived his plane crashing into a radar unit on a Korean airstrip. After completing his tour of active duty in the USAF, he served as a jet fighter pilot with theMassachusetts(1957–1960) andConnecticut Air National Guard(1960–1965).Swigert held a position as engineering test pilot forNorth American Aviationbefore joining NASA. He was previously an engineering test pilot forPratt & Whitney, from February 1957 to June 1964. He logged over 7,200 hours in flight, including more than 5,725 hours injet aircraft. NASA career After unsuccessfully applying for NASA'ssecondandthirdastronaut selections,Swigert was accepted into theNASA Astronaut Corpsas part ofNASA Astronaut Group 5in April 1966.Swigert became a specialist on theApollo command module: he was one of the few astronauts who requested to be command module pilots. Swigert was a member ofApollo 7's astronaut support crew, the first support crew for an Apollo mission; he served asCapsule communicator(CAPCOM) during the ascent phase of the flight. Apollo 13 Swigert was one of three astronauts aboard theApollo 13Moon mission launched April 11, 1970. Originally part of the backup crew for the mission, he was assigned to the mission three days before launch, replacing astronautKen Mattingly. The prime crew had been exposed toGerman Measles(the rubella virus) fromCharles Dukeand, because Mattingly had no immunity to the disease, NASA did not want to risk him falling ill during critical phases of the flight. Apollo 13 was the third crewed lunar-landing attempt, but was aborted after the rupture of an oxygen tank in the spacecraft'sservice module. Swigert was the astronaut who first announced, \"Houston, we've had a problem here\".The statement was then repeated by commander of the flightJim Lovell. Swigert, along with fellow astronauts Lovell andFred Haise, traveled around the Moon and returned safely to Earth on April 17 after about 5 days and 23 hours, and received thePresidential Medal of Freedomthe next day. Apollo–Soyuz Test Project NASA Director of Flight Crew OperationsDeke Slayton, who selected the astronauts, recommended Swigert ascommand module pilotfor theApollo–Soyuz Test Project, the first joint mission with theSoviet Union. Slayton felt Swigert deserved another chance to fly after having been selected for Apollo 13 two days before launch, and performing well. During 1972, theApollo 15 postal covers incidentcaused NASA investigators to inquire into other astronauts.A number of Apollo astronauts, including Swigert, had made agreements with West German stamp dealer Hermann Sieger, who originated the idea for theApollo 15covers, to autograph philatelic items in exchange for a payment of about $2,500. Swigert originally denied involvement when interviewed by NASA investigators.According toChristopher C. Kraft, the investigators subpoenaed his bank records, finding more funds than expected, and records of a predated charitable donation.Swigert's subsequent admission caused NASA Deputy AdministratorGeorge M. Lowto remove him from Apollo–Soyuz. Post-NASA career Aware that his spaceflight career was most likely over,Swigert took a leave of absence from NASA in April 1973 and went toWashington, D.C.to become executive director of theCommittee on Science and Astronautics,U.S. House of Representatives. Swigert eventually left NASA and the committee in August 1977 to enter politics.He ran for theU.S. Senatein 1978, but was soundly defeated in the Republican primary in September byCongressmanBill Armstrong, who was far better known.In 1979, Swigert became vice president of B.D.M. Corporation inGolden.He left in 1981 to join International Gold and Minerals Limited as vice president for financial and corporate affairs. In February 1982, Swigert left International Gold and Minerals Limited to run forU.S. Congressin the newly created6th districtas a Republican. When amalignant tumorin his right nasal passage was found, theastronaut-politiciandisclosed this to the voters. Doctors told him he would finish radiation treatments on June 15 and make a complete recovery.However, in August, Swigert developed back pain and was diagnosed withbone marrow cancer.On November 2, 1982, he won the seat with 64% of the popular vote. Death On December 19, 1982, seven weeks after his election, he was airlifted from his home inLittletontoGeorgetown University Hospitalin Washington, D.C. He died ofrespiratory failureat itsLombardi Cancer Centeron December 27, seven days before the beginning of his congressional term, aged 51.He was the last member-elect of the House to die before taking office untilLuke Letlow'sdeath fromCOVID-19in December 2020. Fifteen astronauts, including fellow Apollo 13 crewmatesJim LovellandFred Haise, were among the thousand mourners at hisfull military honorsfuneral in Denver, presided over byArchbishopJames Casey, which included amissing man flyoverbyA-7 Corsairsof theColorado Air National Guard.He is buried alongside his parents inMount Olivet CemeteryinWheat Ridge. Awards, honors, and organizations Swigert received theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA)Octave Chanute Awardfor 1966 for his participation in demonstrating theRogallo wingas a feasible land landing system for returning space vehicles and astronauts. President Richard Nixon awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedomto the Apollo 13 crew shortly after the conclusion of their mission.Following a sparse parade, Swigert received the City of New York Gold Medal on June 3.He received the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor, 1970.Swigert received theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Award for 1970.He was given University of Colorado-Boulder's Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award in 1970.Vice President Spiro Agnew presented the crews of Apollo 11, 12, and 13 with theNASA Distinguished Service Medalin 1970.The Apollo 13 crew also received the AIAA Haley Astronautics Award in 1971, which included a small monetary award and a medal. Swigert was awarded the 1972 Antonian Gold Medal. He was presented anHonorary Doctorate of Sciencedegree fromAmerican International Collegein 1970,anHonorary Doctorate of Lawsdegree fromWestern State Universityin 1970,and anHonorary Doctorate of SciencefromWestern Michigan Universityin 1970. In 1983, Swigert was among 14 Apollo astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Fame. In 1988, Swigert was inducted into theColorado Aviation Hall of Fame. In 1995, Swigert was portrayed byKevin BaconinRon Howard's filmApollo 13. In 1997, Swigert, along with 23 other Apollo astronauts, was posthumously inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of Famewhich is located at the Kennedy Space Center. He was elected in September 2003 to theRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteAlumni Hall of Fame. In 1997, astatue of Swigertmade by George and Mark Lundeen was placed on display in theU.S. Capitol Buildingas one of two statues given by the state of Colorado to theNational Statuary Hall Collection.As of December 2008 the statue is on display in Emancipation Hall in theUnited States Capitol Visitor Center. A duplicate statue is currently on display atDenver International AirportTerminal B, where passengers exit the airport's train system. The Space Foundation was founded in 1983 in part to honor the memory and accomplishments of Swigert.In 2004, the Space Foundation launched theJohn L. \"Jack\" Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration, which is presented annually to an individual, group, or organization that has made a significant contribution to space exploration. On August 18, 2009, theSpace Foundationand Colorado Springs District 11 partnered to open the Jack Swigert Aerospace Academy. Swigert was a member of numerous organizations. He was afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society; associate fellow of theSociety of Experimental Test Pilotsand theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and member of theQuiet Birdmen,Phi Gamma Delta,Pi Tau Sigma, andSigma Tau. See also References Works cited External links","Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr.(/heɪz/HAYZ;born November 14, 1933) is an American formerNASAastronaut,engineer,fighter pilotwith theU.S. Marine CorpsandU.S. Air Force, and atest pilot. He is one of24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown asLunar Modulepilot onApollo 13. He was slated to become the 6th person to walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 landing mission was aborted en route. Haise went on to fly fiveSpace ShuttleApproach and Landing Testsin 1977,before retiring from NASA in 1979. Early life Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. was born on November 14, 1933, and raised inBiloxi, Mississippi, to Fred Wallace Haise (1903–1960) and Lucille (néeBlacksher) Haise (1913–2005).: 1He has a younger sister who was born in 1941.: 6After theattack on Pearl Harboron December 7, 1941, his father enlisted in theU.S. Navyat the age of 38, and the Haise family moved toChicago.: 8The family then moved toKey West, Florida, until his father's ship,YMS-84, deployed to theSouth Pacific, when the family moved back to Biloxi.: 9–10He graduated fromBiloxi High Schoolin 1950.: 13He attendedPerkinston Junior Collegewith a scholarship for journalism,: 13and played on the baseball team.: 14He graduated in 1952,and joined the Naval Aviation Cadet Program.: 16He went to ground school atNAS Pensacola,: 16and then moved toNAS Whiting Fieldin 1952.: 18He trained in theSNJandF6F Hellcat, and completed his flight training in 1954.: 22–26He served as aU.S. Marine Corpsfighterpilot, with VMF-533, then VMF-114 on theF2H-4 BansheeandF9F-8 CougaratMCAS Cherry Point,North Carolina, from March 1954 to September 1956. Haise also served as a tactics and all-weatherflight instructorin the U.S. Navy Advanced Training Command atNAS Kingsville,Texas. Haise has accumulated 9,300 hours flying time, including 6,200 hours injets. After his military service, Haise returned to school and graduated with aBachelor of Sciencedegree with honors inaeronautical engineeringfrom theUniversity of Oklahomain 1959, concurrently serving for two years in theOklahoma Air National Guard, as a fighter interceptor pilot with the185th Fighter Interceptor Squadron,flying theF-86D.He then worked for the newly createdNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), first as a research pilot at theLewis Research CenternearCleveland. HisAir National Guardunit was called up during theBerlin Crisis of 1961and he served ten months as a fighter pilot in theUnited States Air Force.He was a tactical fighter pilot and chief of the 164th Standardization-Evaluation Flight of the164th Tactical Fighter SquadronatMansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base,Ohio,flying theF-84F. Haise completed post-graduate courses at theU.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School(Class 64A) atEdwards Air Force Base,Californiain 1964, and attended the six-weekHarvard Business School'sAdvanced Management Programin 1972. NASA career In 1966, Haise was one of 19 astronauts selected forNASA Astronaut Group 5.He had already worked with NASA for several years as a civilian research pilot. He was the first astronaut in his group to be assigned to a mission, serving as backup Lunar Module Pilot for bothApollo 8andApollo 11. Apollo 13 It only seems interesting to the public if it's the first exploration of another planetary body, or if you're having a problem. Fred Haise According to the rotation of crews during Apollo, Haise was originally assigned as Lunar Module Pilot forApollo 14, but his crew was switched to Apollo 13 so thatAlan Shepardcould have more training time. He flew as Lunar Module Pilot on the abortedApollo 13lunar mission in 1970.Due to the distance between the Earth and Moon during the mission, Haise,Jim Lovell, andJack Swigerthold the record for the farthest distance from the Earth ever traveled by human beings.Haise and Jack Swigert were the first people from Group 5 to fly in space. During this flight Haise developed aurinary tract infectionand later kidney infections. These caused him to be in pain for most of the trip. Haise was slated to become the 6th human to walk on the Moon during Apollo 13 behind Lovell, who was to be 5th.Alan ShepardandEdgar Mitchelleventually became the fifth and sixth, respectively, onApollo 14, which completed Apollo 13's mission to theFra Mauro formation. Haise later served as backup commander forApollo 16. Though there was no formal selection, Haise was prospectively slated to commandApollo 19withWilliam R. Pogueas Command Module Pilot andGerald P. Carras Lunar Module Pilot. However, the mission was canceled in 1970 due to budget cuts. Space Shuttle approach and landing tests After completing his backup assignment on Apollo 16, Haise moved to theSpace Shuttle program. In 1977, he participated in the program'sApproach and Landing Tests(ALT) atEdwards Air Force Base.Along withC. Gordon Fullertonas pilot, Haise as commander piloted theSpace ShuttleEnterprisein free flight to three landings after being released from theShuttle Carrier Aircraft.The tests verified the shuttle's flight characteristics, an important step toward the success of the program. Haise was assigned to commandSTS-2A, withJack R. Lousmaas pilot, the second Space Shuttle mission, which would have delivered theTeleoperator Retrieval Systemthat would have boostedSkylabto a higher orbit, preserving it for future use. Delays in the Shuttle program development as well as an unexpected increase in Skylab's orbital decay led to the mission being canceled. Skylab was destroyed upon entering the Earth's atmosphere in July 1979, while the Space Shuttle did not launch until April 1981. In June 1979, Haise left NASA to become a test pilot andexecutivewithGrumman Aerospace Corporation, where he remained until retiring in 1996.He was the only one of the four astronauts who conducted theEnterpriselanding tests not to fly in space on the Shuttle. Personal life Haise has four children with his first wife Mary Griffin Grant, whom he married on June 4, 1954, and divorced on July 21, 1978.He married Frances Patt Price, on January 9, 1979.On February 7, 2022, Frances died. On August 22, 1973, Haise was piloting aConvair BT-13belonging to theCommemorative Air Forcethat had been converted to look like anAichi D3A\"Val\" torpedo bomber for the 1970 filmTora! Tora! Tora!. While attempting a landing go around atScholes FieldinGalveston, Texas, an undetermined power plant failure led to a crash landing. Haise sufferedsecond‐degree burnsover 50 percent of his body in the post crash fire. Haise published his autobiography,Never Panic Early, about his life and experiences in the Apollo program in 2022. Organizations Haise is afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society(AAS) and theSociety of Experimental Test Pilots(SETP); member,Tau Beta Pi,Sigma Gamma Tau, andPhi Theta Kappa; and honorary member, National WWII Glider Pilots Association. Awards and honors Haise's other awards include theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1971;theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Awards for 1970 and 1977; the City ofNew YorkGold Medal in 1970;the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor in 1970;theJeff DavisAward (1970);the Mississippi Distinguished Civilian Service Medal (1970);the American Defense Ribbon;the SETP's Ray E. Tenhoff Award for 1966;the A. B. Honts Trophy as the outstanding graduate of Class 64A from the Aerospace Research Pilot School in 1964;an honorary doctor of science degree fromWestern Michigan University(1970);theJSCSpecial Achievement Award (1978);theSoaring Society of America's Certificate of Achievement Award (1978); the GeneralThomas D. WhiteUSAF Space Trophy for 1977;the SETP'sIven C. Kincheloe Award(1978);and theAir Force Association'sDavid C. SchillingAward (1978). He received thePresidential Medal of Freedom,NASA Distinguished Service Medal,andNASA Exceptional Service Medal. He was inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1983 and theAerospace Walk of Honorin 1995.He was also one of 24 Apollo astronauts inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of Fameon October 4, 1997. On February 13, 2022, the City of Biloxi unveiled a statue of Haise in the parking lot of the historicBiloxi Lighthouse. Haise was present at the ceremony and had his handprints set in concrete at the statue's base prior to its unveiling. The statue was created by Mississippi artist Mary Ott Tremel Davidson. In September 2023, Haise was inducted into theNational Aviation Hall of Famein Dayton, Ohio. In popular culture In the 1995 motion pictureApollo 13, Haise was played byBill Paxton. See also References Sources External links"],"string":"[\n \"Stonewall riots TheStonewall riots, also known as theStonewall uprising,Stonewall rebellion,Stonewall revolution,or simplyStonewall, were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against apolice raidthat took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at theStonewall Inn, in theGreenwich Villageneighborhood ofNew York City. Although the demonstrations werenot the first time American homosexuals fought backagainst government-sponsored persecution ofsexual minorities, the Stonewall riots marked a new beginning for thegay rights movementin the United States and around the world. American gays and lesbians in the 1950s and 1960s faced a legal system more anti-homosexual than those of someWarsaw Pactcountries.Earlyhomophilegroups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society, and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals alike. The last years of the 1960s, however, were very contentious, as many social movements were active, including theAfrican American Civil Rights Movement, theCounterculture of the 1960s, andantiwar demonstrations. These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots. Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. The Stonewall Inn was owned by theMafiaand catered to an assortment of patrons, popular among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community:drag queens, representatives of a newly self-awaretransgendercommunity, effeminate young men,hustlers, and homeless youth. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn and attracted a crowd that was incited toriot. Tensions betweenNew York City policeand gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about theirsexual orientationwithout fear of being arrested. Following the Stonewall riots, sexual minorities in New York City faced gender, class, and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community. In the weeks and months after, they initiated politically active social organizations and launched publications that spoke openly about rights for gay people. The first anniversary of the riots was marked by peaceful demonstrations in several American cities that have since grown to becomepride parades. TheStonewall National Monumentwas established at the site in 2016. Today, pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. Background Homosexuality in 20th-century United States Following the social upheaval ofWorld War II, many people in the United States felt a fervent desire to \\\"restore the prewar social order and hold off the forces of change\\\", according to historianBarry Adam.Spurred by the national emphasis onanti-communism, SenatorJoseph McCarthyconducted hearings searching for communists in the U.S. government, theU.S. Army, and other government-funded agencies and institutions, leading to a national paranoia.Anarchists,communists, and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks. Gay men and lesbians wereincludedin this list by theU.S. State Departmenton the theory that they were susceptible toblackmail. In 1950, a Senate investigation chaired byClyde R. Hoeynoted in a report, \\\"It is generally believed that those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons\\\",and said all of the government's intelligence agencies \\\"are in complete agreement that sex perverts in Government constitute security risks\\\".Between 1947 and 1950, 1,700 federal job applications were denied, 4,380 people were discharged from the military, and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, theFederal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) and police departments kept lists of known homosexuals and their favored establishments and friends; theU.S. Post Officekept track of addresses where material pertaining tohomosexualitywas mailed.State and local governments followed suit: bars catering to gay men and lesbians were shut down and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers. Cities performed \\\"sweeps\\\" to rid neighborhoods, parks, bars, and beaches of gay people. They outlawed the wearing of opposite-gender clothes and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual. In 1952, theAmerican Psychiatric Associationlisted homosexuality in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual(DSM) as a mental disorder. A large-scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify the inclusion of the \\\"disorder\\\" as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent–child relationships. This view was widely influential in the medical profession.In 1956, the psychologistEvelyn Hookerperformed a study that compared the happiness and well-adjusted nature of self-identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference.Her study stunned the medical community and made her a hero to many gay men and lesbians,but homosexuality remained in theDSMuntil 1974. Homophile activism In response to this trend, two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of gay men and lesbians and provide opportunities where they could socialize without fear of being arrested.Los Angelesarea homosexuals created theMattachine Societyin 1950, in the home of communist activistHarry Hay.Their objectives were to unify homosexuals, educate them, provide leadership, and assist \\\"sexual deviants\\\" with legal troubles.Facing enormous opposition to their radical approach, in 1953 the Mattachine shifted their focus to assimilation and respectability. They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gay men and lesbians were normal people, no different from heterosexuals.Soon after, several women inSan Franciscomet in their living rooms to form theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB) for lesbians.Although the eight women who created the DOB initially came together to be able to have a safe place to dance, as the DOB grew they developed similar goals to the Mattachine and urged their members to assimilate into general society. One of the first challenges togovernment repressioncame in 1953. An organization namedONE, Inc.published a magazine calledONE. The U.S. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue, which concerned homosexual people in heterosexual marriages, on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping. The case eventuallywent to the Supreme Court, which in 1958 ruled that ONE, Inc. could mail its materials through the Postal Service. Homophileorganizations—as homosexual groups self-identified in this era—grew in number and spread to the East Coast. Gradually, members of these organizations grew bolder.Frank Kamenyfounded the Mattachine ofWashington, D.C.He had been fired from the U.S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated. Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals, often aiming his efforts atmental health professionals, some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal. In 1965, news onCubanprison work camps for homosexuals inspired Mattachine New York and D.C. to organize protests at theUnited Nationsand theWhite House. Similar demonstrations were then held also at other government buildings. The purpose was to protest the treatment of gay people in Cubaand U.S. employment discrimination. These pickets shocked many gay people and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB.At the same time, demonstrations in the civil rights movement andopposition to the Vietnam Warall grew in prominence, frequency, and severity throughout the 1960s, as did their confrontations with police forces. Earlier resistance and riots On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations. They were effeminate men and masculine women, or people who dressed and lived in contrast to theirsex assigned at birth, either part or full-time. Contemporaneous nomenclature classified them astransvestitesand they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities. They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB asserted homosexuals were respectable, normal people.The Mattachine and DOB considered the trials of being arrested for wearing clothing of the opposite gender as a parallel to the struggles of homophile organizations: similar but distinctly separate. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people staged a smallriot at the Cooper Do-nutscafé in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment.In a larger 1966 event in San Francisco, drag queens, hustlers, and trans womenwere sitting inCompton's Cafeteriawhen the police arrived to arrest people appearing to be physically male who were presenting as women. A riot ensued, with the cafeteria patrons slinging cups, plates, and saucers and breaking theplexiglasswindows in the front of the restaurant and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced.ProfessorSusan Strykerclassifies the Compton's Cafeteria riot as an \\\"act of anti-transgender discrimination, rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation\\\" and connects the uprising to the issues of gender, race, and class that were being downplayed by homophile organizations.It marked the beginning oftransgenderactivism in San Francisco. Greenwich Village TheManhattanneighborhoods of Greenwich Village andHarlemwere home to sizable gay and lesbian populations afterWorld War I, when people who had served in the military took advantage of the opportunity to settle in larger cities. The enclaves of gay men and lesbians, described by a newspaper story as \\\"short-haired women and long-haired men\\\", developed a distinct subculture through the following two decades.Prohibitioninadvertently benefited gay establishments, as drinking alcohol was pushed underground along with other behaviors considered immoral. New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses, but because alcohol was in high demand,speakeasiesand impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all.However, police raids continued, resulting in the closure of iconic establishments such asEve's Hangoutin 1926. The social repression of the 1950s resulted in a cultural revolution in Greenwich Village. A cohort of poets, later named theBeatpoets, wrote about the evils of the social organization at the time, glorifying anarchy, drugs, and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance, consumerism, and closed-mindedness. Of them,Allen GinsbergandWilliam S. Burroughs—both Greenwich Village residents—also wrote bluntly and honestly about homosexuality. Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal-minded people, as well as homosexuals looking for a community. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in full effect by order of MayorRobert F. Wagner Jr., who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the1964 World's Fair. The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible.Entrapmentusually consisted of an undercover officer who found a man in a bar or public park, engaged him in conversation; if the conversation headed toward the possibility that they might leave together—or the officer bought the man a drink—he was arrested forsolicitation. One story in theNew York Postdescribed an arrest in a gym locker room, where the officer grabbed his crotch, moaning, and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested.Few lawyers would defend cases as undesirable as these and some of those lawyers kicked back their fees to the arresting officer. The Mattachine Society succeeded in getting newly elected mayorJohn Lindsayto end the campaign of police entrapment in New York City. They had a more difficult time with theNew York State Liquor Authority(SLA). While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals, courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become \\\"disorderly\\\".Despite the high population of gay men and lesbians who called Greenwich Village home, very few places existed, other than bars, where they were able to congregate openly without being harassed or arrested. In 1966 the New York Mattachine held a \\\"sip-in\\\" at a Greenwich Village bar namedJulius, which was frequented by gay men, to illustrate the discrimination homosexuals faced. None of the bars frequented by gay men and lesbians were owned by gay people. Almost all of them were owned and controlled byorganized crime, who treated the regulars poorly, watered down the liquor, and overcharged for drinks. However, they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids. Stonewall Inn The Stonewall Inn, located at 51 and 53Christopher Street, along with several other establishments in the city, was owned by theGenovese crime family.In 1966, three members of the Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff known as agayola, as the Stonewall Inn had noliquor license.It had no running water behind the bar—dirty glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused.There were no fire exits, and the toilets overran consistently.Though the bar was not used for prostitution, drug sales and other black market activities took place. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed;dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club. Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by abouncerwho inspected them through a peephole in the door. The legal drinking age was 18 and to avoid unwittingly letting in undercover police (who were called \\\"Lily Law\\\", \\\"Alice Blue Gown\\\", or \\\"Betty Badge\\\"), visitors would have to be known by the doorman or 'look gay'. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private \\\"bottle club\\\", but they rarely signed their real names. There were two dance floors in the Stonewall. The interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights orblack lights. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching.In the rear of the bar was a smaller room frequented by \\\"queens\\\"; it was one of two bars where effeminate men who wore makeup and teased their hair (though dressed in men's clothing) could go.Only a few people in fulldragwere allowed in by the bouncers. The customers were \\\"98 percent male\\\" but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearbyChristopher Park, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks.The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties and the racial mix was distributed among mainly white, with Black, and Hispanic patrons.Because of its mix of people, its location, and the attraction of dancing, the Stonewall Inn was known by many as \\\"thegay bar in the city\\\". Police raids on gay bars were frequent, occurring on average once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized.Bar management usually knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished.During a typical raid, the lights were turned on and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used theirdraft cardsas identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Typically, employees and management of the bars were also arrested.The period immediately before June 28, 1969, was marked by frequent raids of local bars—including a raid at the Stonewall Inn on the Tuesday before the riots—and the closing of the Checkerboard, the Tele-Star, and two other clubs in Greenwich Village. Riots Police raid At 1:20 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, four plainclothes policemen in dark suits, two patrol officers in uniform, Detective Charles Smythe, and Deputy InspectorSeymour Pinearrived at the Stonewall Inn's double doors and announced \\\"Police! We're taking the place!\\\"Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen entered the bar early that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once ready, the undercover officers called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night, as was the custom.The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 200 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. Michael Fader remembered, \\\"Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar.\\\" The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their sex, upon which any people appearing to be physically male and dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those suspected of cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar. All parties involved recall that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly, started by police who assaulted some of the lesbians by \\\"feeling some of them up inappropriately\\\" while frisking them. When did you ever see a fag fight back?... Now, times were a-changin'. Tuesday night was the last night for bullshit... Predominantly, the theme as, \\\"this shit has got to stop!\\\" —anonymous Stonewall riots participant The police were to transport the bar's alcohol in patrol wagons. Twenty-eight cases of beer and nineteen bottles of hard liquor were seized, but the patrol wagons had not yet arrived, so patrons were required to wait in line for about 15 minutes.Those who were not arrested were released from the front door, but they did not leave quickly as usual. Instead, they stopped outside and a crowd began to grow and watch. Within minutes, between 100 and 150 people had congregated outside, some after they were released from inside the Stonewall and some after noticing the police cars and the crowd. Although the police forcefully pushed or kicked some patrons out of the bar, some customers released by the police performed for the crowd by posing and saluting the police in an exaggerated fashion. The crowd's applause encouraged them further. When the first patrol wagon arrived, Inspector Pine recalled that the crowd—most of whom were homosexual—had grown to at least ten times the number of people who were arrested and they all became very quiet.Confusion over radio communication delayed the arrival of a second wagon. The police began escorting Mafia members into the first wagon, to the cheers of the bystanders. Next, regular employees were loaded into the wagon. A bystander shouted, \\\"Gay power!\\\", someone began singing \\\"We Shall Overcome\\\" and the crowd reacted with amusement and general good humor mixed with \\\"growing and intensive hostility\\\".An officer shoved a person in drag, who responded by hitting him on the head with her purse. The cop clubbed her over the head, as the crowd began to boo. AuthorEdmund White, who had been passing by, recalled, \\\"Everyone's restless, angry, and high-spirited. No one has a slogan, no one even has an attitude, but something's brewing.\\\"Pennies, then beer bottles, were thrown at the wagon as a rumor spread through the crowd that patrons still inside the bar were being beaten. A scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times. She escaped repeatedly and fought with four of the police, swearing and shouting, for about ten minutes. Described as \\\"a typical New York butch\\\" and \\\"a dyke–stone butch\\\", she had been hit on the head by an officer with abatonfor, as one witness claimed, complaining that her handcuffs were too tight.Bystanders recalled that the woman, whose identity remains unknown (Stormé DeLarveriehas been identified by some, including herself, as the woman, but accounts vary), sparked the crowd to fight when she looked at bystanders and shouted, \\\"Why don't you guys do something?\\\" After an officer picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon,the crowd became a mob and became violent. Violence breaks out The police tried to restrain some of the crowd, knocking a few people down, which incited bystanders even more. Some of those handcuffed in the wagon escaped when police left them unattended (deliberately, according to some witnesses).As the crowd tried to overturn the police wagon, two police cars and the wagon—with a few slashed tires—left immediately, with Inspector Pine urging them to return as soon as possible. The commotion attracted more people who learned what was happening. Someone in the crowd declared that the bar had been raided because \\\"they didn't pay off the cops\\\", to which someone else yelled, \\\"Let's pay them off!\\\"Coins sailed through the air towards the police as the crowd shouted \\\"Pigs!\\\" and \\\"Faggot cops!\\\" Beer cans were thrown and the police lashed out, dispersing some of the crowd who found a construction site nearby with stacks of bricks. The police, outnumbered by between 500 and 600 people, grabbed several people, including activist folk singer (and mentor ofBob Dylan)Dave Van Ronk—who had been attracted to the revolt from a bar two doors away from the Stonewall. Though Van Ronk was not gay, he had experienced police violence when he participated in antiwar demonstrations: \\\"As far as I was concerned, anybody who'd stand against the cops was all right with me and that's why I stayed in... Every time you turned around the cops were pulling some outrage or another.\\\"Van Ronk was the first of thirteen arrested that night.Ten police officers—including two policewomen—barricaded themselves, Van Ronk,Howard Smith(a column writer forThe Village Voice), and several handcuffed detainees inside the Stonewall Inn for their own safety. Multiple accounts of the riot assert that there was no pre-existing organization or apparent cause for the demonstration; what ensued was spontaneous.Michael Fader explained: We all had a collective feeling like we'd had enough of this kind of shit. It wasn't anything tangible anybody said to anyone else, it was just kind of like everything over the years had come to a head on that one particular night in the one particular place and it was not an organized demonstration... The only known photograph from the first night of the riots, taken by freelance photographer Joseph Ambrosini, shows the homeless gay youth who slept in nearby Christopher Park, scuffling with police. Jackie Hormona andTommy Lanigan-Schmidtare on the far left. The Mattachine Society newsletter a month later offered its explanation of why the riots occurred: \\\"It catered largely to a group of people who are not welcome in, or cannot afford, other places of homosexual social gathering... The Stonewall became home to these kids. When it was raided, they fought for it. That and the fact that they had nothing to lose other than the most tolerant and broadminded gay place in town, explains why.\\\" Garbage cans, garbage, bottles, rocks, and bricks were hurled at the building, breaking the windows. Witnesses attest that \\\"flame queens\\\", hustlers, and gay \\\"street kids\\\"—the most outcast people in the gay community—were responsible for the first volley of projectiles, as well as the uprooting of aparking meterused as abattering ramon the doors of the Stonewall Inn. The mob lit garbage on fire and stuffed it through the broken windows as the police grabbed a fire hose. Because it had no water pressure, the hose was ineffective in dispersing the crowd and seemed only to encourage them.Marsha P. Johnsonlater said that it was the police that had started the fire in the bar.When demonstrators broke through the windows—which had been covered byplywoodby the bar owners to deter the police from raiding the bar—the police inside unholstered their pistols. The doors flew open and officers pointed their weapons at the angry crowd, threatening to shoot. Howard Smith, in the bar with the police, took a wrench from the bar and stuffed it in his pants, unsure if he might have to use it against the mob or the police. He watched someone squirtlighter fluidinto the bar; as it was lit and the police took aim,sirenswere heard and fire trucks arrived. The onslaught had lasted 45 minutes. When the violence broke out, the women and transmasculine people being held down the street atThe Women's House of Detentionjoined in by chanting, setting fire to their belongings and tossing them into the street below. The historian Hugh Ryan says, \\\"When I would talk to people about Stonewall, they would tell me, that night on Stonewall, we looked to the prison because we saw the women rioting and chanting, 'Gay rights, gay rights, gay rights.'\\\" Escalation TheTactical Patrol Force(TPF) of the New York City Police Department arrived to free the police trapped inside the Stonewall. One officer's eye was cut and a few others were bruised from being struck by flying debris.Bob Kohler, who was walking his dog by the Stonewall that night, saw the TPF arrive: I had been in enough riots to know the fun was over... The cops were totally humiliated. This never, ever happened. They were angrier than I guess they had ever been because everybody else had rioted... but the fairies were not supposed to riot... no group had ever forced cops to retreat before, so the anger was just enormous. I mean, they wanted to kill. With larger numbers, police detained anyone they could and put them in patrol wagons to go to jail, though Inspector Pine recalled, \\\"Fights erupted with the transvestites, who wouldn't go into the patrol wagon.\\\" His recollection was corroborated by another witness across the street who said, \\\"All I could see about who was fighting was that it was transvestites and they were fighting furiously.\\\" The TPF formed aphalanxand attempted to clear the streets by marching slowly and pushing the crowd back. The mob openly mocked the police. The crowd cheered, started impromptukick linesand sang to the tune of \\\"Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay\\\": \\\"We are the Stonewall girls/ We wear our hair in curls/ We don't wear underwear/ We show our pubic hair.\\\"Lucian Truscottreported inThe Village Voice: \\\"A stagnant situation there brought on some gay tomfoolery in the form of achorus linefacing the line of helmeted and club-carrying cops. Just as the line got into a full kick routine, the TPF advanced again and cleared the crowd of screaming gay powerites down Christopher to Seventh Avenue.\\\"One participant who had been in the Stonewall during the raid recalled, \\\"The police rushed us and that's when I realized this is not a good thing to do, because they got me in the back with anightstick.\\\" Another account stated, \\\"I just can't ever get that one sight out of my mind. The cops with the and the kick line on the other side. It was the most amazing thing... And all the sudden that kick line, which I guess was a spoof on the machismo... I think that's when I felt rage. Because people were getting smashed with bats. And for what? A kick line.\\\" Marsha P. Johnson, anAfrican-Americanstreet queen,recalled arriving at the bar around \\\"2:00 \\\", and that at that point the riots were well underway, with the building in flames.As the riots went on into the early hours of the morning, Johnson, along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona, were noted as \\\"three individuals known to have been in the vanguard\\\" of the pushback against the police. Craig Rodwell, owner of theOscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, reported watching police chase participants through the crooked streets, only to see them appear around the next corner behind the police. Members of the mob stopped cars, overturning one of them to block Christopher Street.Jack NicholsandLige Clarke, in their column printed inScrew, declared that \\\"massive crowds of angry protesters chased for blocks screaming, 'Catch them!'\\\" By 4:00 am, the streets had nearly been cleared. Many people sat on stoops or gathered nearby in Christopher Park throughout the morning, dazed in disbelief at what had transpired. Many witnesses remembered the surreal and eerie quiet that descended upon Christopher Street, though there continued to be \\\"electricity in the air\\\".One commented: \\\"There was a certain beauty in the aftermath of the riot... It was obvious, at least to me, that a lot of people really were gay and, you know, this was our street.\\\"Thirteen people had been arrested. Some in the crowd were hospitalized,and four police officers were injured. Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken. Inspector Pine had intended to close and dismantle the Stonewall Inn that night. Pay phones, toilets, mirrors,jukeboxes, and cigarette machines were all smashed, possibly in the riot and possibly by the police. Second night of rioting During the siege of the Stonewall, Craig Rodwell calledThe New York Times, theNew York Post, and theDaily Newsto tell them what was happening. All three papers covered the riots; theDaily Newsplaced coverage on the front page. News of the riot spread quickly throughout Greenwich Village, fueled by rumors that it had been organized by theStudents for a Democratic Society, theBlack Panthers, or triggered by \\\"a homosexual police officer whose roommate went dancing at the Stonewall against the officer's wishes\\\".All day Saturday, June 28, people came to stare at the burned and blackened Stonewall Inn.Graffitiappeared on the walls of the bar, declaring \\\"Drag power\\\", \\\"They invaded our rights\\\", \\\"Support gay power\\\" and \\\"Legalize gay bars\\\", along with accusations of police looting and—regarding the status of the bar—\\\"We are open.\\\" The next night, rioting again surrounded Christopher Street; participants remember differently which night was more frantic or violent. Many of the same people returned from the previous evening—hustlers, street youths, and \\\"queens\\\"—but they were joined by \\\"police provocateurs\\\", curious bystanders, and even tourists.Remarkable to many was the sudden exhibition of homosexual affection in public, as described by one witness: \\\"From going to places where you had to knock on a door and speak to someone through a peephole in order to get in. We were just out. We were in the streets.\\\" Thousands of people had gathered in front of the Stonewall, which had opened again, choking Christopher Street until the crowd spilled into adjoining blocks. The throng surrounded buses and cars, harassing the occupants unless they either admitted they were gay or indicated their support for the demonstrators.Marsha P. Johnson was seen climbing a lamppost and dropping a heavy bag onto the hood of a police car, shattering the windshield. As on the previous evening, fires were started in garbage cans throughout the neighborhood. More than a hundred police were present from the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and NinthPrecincts, but after 2:00 a.m. the TPF arrived again. Kick lines and police chases waxed and waned; when police captured demonstrators, whom the majority of witnesses described as \\\"sissies\\\" or \\\"swishes\\\", the crowd surged to recapture them.Again, street battling ensued until 4:00 am. Beat poet and longtime Greenwich Village resident Allen Ginsberg lived on Christopher Street and happened upon the jubilant chaos. After he learned of the riot that had occurred the previous evening, he stated, \\\"Gay power! Isn't that great!... It's about time we did something to assert ourselves\\\" and visited the open Stonewall Inn for the first time. While walking home, he declared to Lucian Truscott, \\\"You know, the guys there were so beautiful—they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago.\\\" ActivistMark Segalrecounts thatMartha ShelleyandMarty Robinsonstood and made speeches from the front door of the Stonewall on June 29, 1969, the second night of the riot. Leaflets, press coverage, and more violence Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic on Monday, June 30, and Tuesday, July 1, partly due to rain. Police and Village residents had a few altercations, as both groups antagonized each other. Craig Rodwell and his partnerFred Sargeanttook the opportunity the morning after the first riot to print and distribute 5,000 leaflets, one of them reading: \\\"Get the Mafia and the Cops out of Gay Bars.\\\" The leaflets called for gay people to own their own establishments, for a boycott of the Stonewall and other Mafia-owned bars, and for public pressure on the mayor's office to investigate the \\\"intolerable situation\\\". Not everyone in the gay community considered the revolt a positive development. To many older homosexuals and many members of the Mattachine Society who had worked throughout the 1960s to promote homosexuals as no different from heterosexuals, the display of violence and effeminate behavior was embarrassing.Randy Wicker, who had marched in the first gay picket lines before the White House in 1965, said the \\\"screaming queens forming chorus lines and kicking went against everything that I wanted people to think about homosexuals... that we were a bunch of drag queens in the Village acting disorderly and tacky and cheap.\\\"Others found the closing of the Stonewall Inn, termed a \\\"sleaze joint\\\", as advantageous to the Village. On Wednesday, however,The Village Voiceran reports of the riots, written by Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott, that included unflattering descriptions of the events and its participants: \\\"forces of faggotry\\\", \\\"limp wrists\\\" and \\\"Sunday fag follies\\\".A mob descended upon Christopher Street once again and threatened to burn down the offices ofThe Village Voice,which at the time was headquartered several buildings west of the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street; that proximity gave Truscott and other writers for the newspaper first hand observations of the uprising. Also in the mob of between 500 and 1,000 were other groups that had had unsuccessful confrontations with the police and were curious how the police were defeated in this situation. Another explosive street battle took place, with injuries to demonstrators and police alike, local shops getting looted, and arrests of five people.The incidents on Wednesday night lasted about an hour and were summarized by one witness: \\\"The word is out. Christopher Street shall be liberated. The fags have had it with oppression.\\\" Aftermath The feeling of urgency spread throughout Greenwich Village, even to people who had not witnessed the riots. Many who were moved by the rebellion attended organizational meetings, sensing an opportunity to take action. On July 4, 1969, the Mattachine Society performed its annual picket in front ofIndependence HallinPhiladelphia, called theAnnual Reminder. OrganizersCraig Rodwell,Frank Kameny,Randy Wicker,Barbara Gittings, andKay Lahusen, who had all participated for several years, took a bus along with other picketers from New York City to Philadelphia. Since 1965, the pickets had been very controlled: women wore skirts and men wore suits and ties and all marched quietly in organized lines.This year Rodwell remembered feeling restricted by the rules Kameny had set. When two women spontaneously held hands, Kameny broke them apart, saying, \\\"None of that! None of that!\\\" Rodwell, however, convinced about ten couples to hold hands. The hand-holding couples made Kameny furious, but they earned more press attention than all of the previous marches.ParticipantLilli Vincenzremembered, \\\"It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered.\\\"Rodwell returned to New York City determined to change the established quiet, meek ways of trying to get attention. One of his first priorities was planning Christopher Street Liberation Day. Gay Liberation Front Although the Mattachine Society had existed since the 1950s, many of their methods now seemed too mild for people who had witnessed or been inspired by the riots. Mattachine recognized the shift in attitudes in a story from their newsletter entitled, \\\"The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World.\\\"When a Mattachine officer suggested an \\\"amicable and sweet\\\" candlelight vigil demonstration, a man in the audience fumed and shouted, \\\"Sweet!Bullshit!That's the role society has been forcing these queens to play.\\\"With a flyer announcing: \\\"Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are!\\\",theGay Liberation Front(GLF) was soon formed, the first gay organization to usegayin its name. Previous organizations such as theMattachine Society, theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB), and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names. The rise of militancy became apparent to Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings—who had worked in homophile organizations for years and were both very public about their roles—when they attended a GLF meeting to see the new group. A young GLF member demanded to know who they were and what their credentials were. Gittings, nonplussed, stammered, \\\"I'm gay. That's why I'm here.\\\"The GLF borrowed tactics from and aligned themselves with black andantiwardemonstrators with the ideal that they \\\"could work to restructure American society\\\".They took on causes of the Black Panthers, marching to theWomen's House of Detentionin support ofAfeni Shakurand other radicalNew Leftcauses. Four months after the group formed, however, it disbanded when members were unable to agree on operating procedure. Gay Activists Alliance Within six months of the Stonewall riots, activists started a citywide newspaper calledGay; they considered it necessary because the most liberal publication in the city—The Village Voice—refused to print the wordgayin GLF advertisements seeking new members and volunteers.Two other newspapers were initiated within a six-week period:Come Out!andGay Power; the readership of these three periodicals quickly climbed to between 20,000 and 25,000. GLF members organized several same-sex dances, but GLF meetings were chaotic. When Bob Kohler asked for clothes and money to help the homeless youth who had participated in the riots, many of whom slept in Christopher Park or Sheridan Square, the response was a discussion on the downfall ofcapitalism.In late December 1969, several people who had visited GLF meetings and left out of frustration formed theGay Activists Alliance(GAA). The GAA was to be more orderly and entirely focused on gay issues. Their constitution began, \\\"We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings.\\\"The GAA developed and perfected a confrontational tactic called azap: they would catch a politician off guard during a public relations opportunity and force him or her to acknowledge gay and lesbian rights. City councilmen were zapped and mayor John Lindsay was zapped several times—once on television when GAA members made up the majority of the audience. Police raids on gay bars did not stop after the Stonewall riots. In March 1970, deputy inspector Seymour Pine raided the Zodiac and 17 Barrow Street. An after-hours gay club with no liquor or occupancy licenses called The Snake Pit was soon raided and 167 people were arrested. One of them wasDiego Viñales, an Argentinian national so frightened that he might bedeportedas a homosexual that he tried to escape the police precinct by jumping out of a two-story window, impaling himself on a 14-inch (36 cm) spike fence.TheNew York Daily Newsprinted a graphic photo of the young man's impalement on the front page. GAA members organized a march from Christopher Park to the Sixth Precinct in which hundreds of gay men, lesbians, and liberal sympathizers peacefully confronted the TPF.They also sponsored a letter-writing campaign to Mayor Lindsay in which the Greenwich VillageDemocratic Partyand congressmanEd Kochsent pleas to end raids on gay bars in the city. The Stonewall Inn lasted only a few weeks after the riot. By October 1969 it was up for rent. Village residents surmised it was too notorious a location and Rodwell's boycott discouraged business. Gay Pride Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with an assembly on Christopher Street; with simultaneous Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles andChicago, these were the firstGay Pride marchesin US history.The next year, Gay Pride marches took place inBoston,Dallas,Milwaukee,London,Paris,West BerlinandStockholm.Themarch in New Yorkcovered 51 blocks, from Christopher Street toCentral Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.The New York Timesreported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.Reporting byThe Village Voicewas positive, describing \\\"the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago\\\". There was little open animosity and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign \\\"I am a Lesbian\\\" walked by. —The New York Timescoverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970 By 1972, the participating cities includedAtlanta,Buffalo,Detroit, Washington, D.C.,Miami,Minneapolis, and Philadelphia,as well as San Francisco. Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from them. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department, and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the US government.Ten people marched with Kameny then and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, \\\"By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred.\\\" Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as \\\"one of the greatest mistakes of his life\\\".The image of gay people retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, \\\"stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals\\\".Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, \\\"Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly, it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale.\\\"David Carter explained that even though there were several uprisings before Stonewall, the reason Stonewall was so significant was that thousands of people were involved, the riot lasted a long time (six days), it was the first to get major media coverage, and it sparked the formation of many gay rights groups. Trans organizations According toSusan Stryker's book,Transgender History, the Stonewall riots had significant effects on trans rights activism.Sylvia RiveraandMarsha P. Johnsonestablished the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization, as they believed that trans people weren't being adequately represented in the Gay Activists Alliance and Gay Liberation Front. They established politicized versions of \\\"houses\\\", which came from Black and Latino queer communities, and were places that marginalized trans youth could seek shelter. Besides STAR, organizations such asTransvestites and Transsexuals(TAT) andQueens' Liberation Front(QLF) were also established. QLF, which was established by drag queen Lee Brewster and heterosexual transvestite Bunny Eisenhower, marched on Christopher Street Liberation Day and fought against drag erasure and for trans visibility. Legacy The Stonewall riots are often considered to be the origin or impetus of thegay liberationmovement, and many studies ofLGBT historyin the U.S. are divided into pre- and post-Stonewall analyses.This has been criticized byhistorians of sexuality. Calls for the rights ofgender and sexual minoritiespredate the Stonewall riots. Thefirst homosexual movementbegan one hundred years earlier, in Germany.West Germanyhad abolished criminal liability for homosexual acts among adults over 21 years of age through a change ofSection 175of the German Criminal Code on June 25, 1969 − just three days before the Stonewall riots began.There was already the emergence of a gay liberation movement in New York at the time of the riots. The Stonewall riots were not the only time LGBT people organized politically amid attacks on LGBT establishments. The event has been said to occupy a unique place in thecollective memoryof many LGBT people,including those outside of the United States,as it \\\"is marked by an international commemorative ritual – an annual gay pride parade\\\", according to sociologist Elizabeth A. Armstrong. Community Within two years of the Stonewall riots, there were gay rights groups in every major American city, as well as in Canada, Australia, and Western Europe.People who joined activist organizations after the riots had very little in common other than theirsame-sex attraction. Many who arrived at GLF or GAA meetings were taken aback by the number of gay people in one place.Race, class, ideology, and gender became frequent obstacles in the years after the riots. This was illustrated during the 1973 Stonewall rally when, moments afterBarbara Gittingsexuberantly praised the diversity of the crowd, feminist activistJean O'Learyprotested what she perceived as the mocking of women bycross-dressersanddrag queensin attendance. During a speech by O'Leary, in which she claimed that drag queens made fun of women for entertainment value and profit,Sylvia RiveraandLee Brewsterjumped on the stage and shouted \\\"You go to bars because of what drag queens did for you andthese bitchestell us to quit being ourselves!\\\"Both the drag queens and lesbian feminists in attendance left in disgust. O'Leary also worked in the early 1970s to exclude transgender people from gay rights issues because she felt that rights for transgender people would be too difficult to attain.Sylvia Rivera left New York City in the mid-1970s, relocating toupstate New York.She later returned to the city in the mid-1990s, after the 1992 death of friendMarsha P. Johnson. Rivera lived on the \\\"gay pier\\\" at the end of Christopher street and advocated for homeless members of the gay community.The initial disagreements among participants in the movements often evolved after further reflection. O'Leary later regretted her stance against the drag queens attending in 1973: \\\"Looking back, I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then. I would never pick on a transvestite now.\\\"\\\"It was horrible. How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians?\\\" O'Leary was referring to theLavender Menace, an appellation bysecond-wave feministBetty Friedanbased on attempts by members of theNational Organization for Women(NOW) to distance themselves from the perception of NOW as a haven for lesbians. As part of this process,Rita Mae Brownand other lesbians who had been active in NOW were forced out. They staged a protest in 1970 at the Second Congress to Unite Women and earned the support of many NOW members, finally gaining full acceptance in 1971. The growth oflesbian feminismin the 1970s at times so conflicted with the gay liberation movement that some lesbians refused to work with gay men. Many lesbians found men's attitudes patriarchal and chauvinistic and saw in gay men the same misguided notions about women that they saw in heterosexual men.The issues most important to gay men—entrapmentand public solicitation—were not shared by lesbians. In 1977, a Lesbian Pride Rally was organized as an alternative to sharing gay men's issues, especially whatAdrienne Richtermed \\\"the violent, self-destructive world of the gay bars\\\".Veteran gay activist Barbara Gittings chose to work in the gay rights movement, explaining, \\\"It's a matter of where does it hurt the most? For me it hurts the most not in the female arena, but the gay arena.\\\" Throughout the 1970s, gay activism had significant successes. One of the first and most important was the \\\"zap\\\" in May 1970 by the Los Angeles GLF at a convention of theAmerican Psychiatric Association(APA). At a conference onbehavior modification, during a film demonstrating the use ofelectroshock therapyto decrease same-sex attraction,Morris Kightand GLF members in the audience interrupted the film with shouts of \\\"Torture!\\\" and \\\"Barbarism!\\\"They took over the microphone to announce that medical professionals who prescribed such therapy for their homosexual patients were complicit in torturing them. Although 20 psychiatrists in attendance left, the GLF spent the hour following the zap with those remaining, trying to convince them that homosexual people were not mentally ill.When the APA invited gay activists to speak to the group in 1972, activists broughtJohn E. Fryer, a gay psychiatrist who wore a mask, because he felt his practice was in danger. In December 1973—in large part due to the efforts of gay activists—the APA voted unanimously to remove homosexuality from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual. Gay men and lesbians came together to work ingrassrootspolitical organizations responding to organized resistance in 1977. A coalition of conservatives namedSave Our Childrenstaged a campaign to repeal a civil rights ordinance inMiami-Dade County. Save Our Children was successful enough to influence similar repeals in several American cities in 1978. However, that same year, a campaign in California called theBriggs Initiative, designed to force the dismissal of homosexual public school employees, was defeated.Reaction to the influence of Save Our Children and the Briggs Initiative in the gay community was so significant that it has been called the second Stonewall for many activists, marking their initiation into political participation.The subsequent 1979National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rightswas timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Rejection of prior gay subculture The Stonewall riots marked such a significant turning point that many aspects of priorgay and lesbian culture, such as bar culture formed from decades of shame and secrecy, were forcefully ignored and denied. HistorianMartin Dubermanwrites, \\\"The decades preceding Stonewall... continue to be regarded by most gay men and lesbians as some vast neolithic wasteland.\\\"SociologistBarry Adamnotes, \\\"Every social movement must choose at some point what to retain and what to reject out of its past. What traits are the results of oppression and what are healthy and authentic?\\\"In conjunction with the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s, roles ofbutch and femmethat developed in lesbian bars in the 1950s and 1960s were rejected, because as one writer put it: \\\"all role playing is sick.\\\"Lesbian feminists considered the butch roles as archaic imitations of masculine behavior.Some women, according toLillian Faderman, were eager to shed the roles they felt forced into playing. The roles returned for some women in the 1980s, although they allowed for more flexibility than before Stonewall. Author Michael Bronski highlights the \\\"attack on pre-Stonewall culture\\\", particularlygay pulp fictionfor men, where the themes often reflected self-hatred or ambivalence about being gay. Many books ended unsatisfactorily and drastically, often with suicide, and writers portrayed their gay characters as alcoholics or deeply unhappy. These books, which he describes as \\\"an enormous and cohesive literature by and for gay men\\\",have not been reissued and are lost to later generations. Dismissing the notion that the rejection was motivated by political correctness, Bronski writes, \\\"gay liberation was a youth movement whose sense of history was defined to a large degree by rejection of the past.\\\" Impact and recognition The riots spawned from a bar raid became a literal example of gay men and lesbians fighting back and a symbolic call to arms for many people. Historian David Carter remarks in his book about the Stonewall riots that the bar itself was a complex business that represented a community center, an opportunity for the Mafia to blackmail its own customers, a home, and a place of \\\"exploitation and degradation\\\".The true legacy of the Stonewall riots, Carter insists, is the \\\"ongoing struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender equality\\\".Historian Nicholas Edsall writes: Stonewall has been compared to any number of acts of radical protest and defiance in American history from the Boston Tea Party on. But the best and certainly a more nearly contemporary analogy is Rosa Parks' refusal to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1955, which sparked the modern civil rights movement. Within months after Stonewall, radical gay liberation groups and newsletters sprang up in cities and on college campuses across America and then across all of northern Europe as well. Before the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn, homosexuals were, as historians Dudley Clendinen andAdam Nagourneywrite: a secret legion of people, known of but discounted, ignored, laughed at or despised. And like the holders of a secret, they had an advantage which was a disadvantage too, and which was true of no other minority group in the United States. They were invisible. Unlike African Americans, women, Native Americans, Jews, the Irish, Italians, Asians, Hispanics, or any other cultural group which struggled for respect and equal rights, homosexuals had no physical or cultural markings, no language or dialect which could identify them to each other, or to anyone else... But that night, for the first time, the usual acquiescence turned into violent resistance... From that night the lives of millions of gay men and lesbians and the attitude toward them of the larger culture in which they lived, began to change rapidly. People began to appear in public as homosexuals, demanding respect. HistorianLillian Fadermancalls the riots the \\\"shot heard round the world\\\", explaining, \\\"The Stonewall Rebellion was crucial because it sounded the rally for that movement. It became an emblem of gay and lesbian power. By calling on the dramatic tactic of violent protest that was being used by other oppressed groups, the events at the Stonewall implied that homosexuals had as much reason to be disaffected as they.\\\" Joan Nestleco-founded theLesbian Herstory Archivesin 1974 and credits \\\"its creation to that night and the courage that found its voice in the streets.\\\"Cautious, however, not to attribute the start of gay activism to the Stonewall riots, Nestle writes: I certainly don't see gay and lesbian history starting with Stonewall... and I don't see resistance starting with Stonewall. What I do see is a historical coming together of forces, and the sixties changed how human beings endured things in this society and what they refused to endure... Certainly, something special happened on that night in 1969 and we've made it more special in our need to have what I call a point of origin... it's more complex than saying that it all started with Stonewall. The events of the early morning of June 28, 1969, were not the first instances of gay men and lesbians fighting back against police in New York City and elsewhere. Not only had the Mattachine Society been active in major cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago, but similarly marginalized people started the riot at Compton's Cafeteria in 1966 and another riot responded to a raid on Los Angeles'Black Cat Tavernin 1967.However, several circumstances were in play that made the Stonewall riots memorable. The location of theLower Manhattanraid was a factor: it was across the street fromThe Village Voiceoffices, and the narrow crooked streets gave the rioters an advantage over the police.Many of the participants and residents of Greenwich Village were involved in political organizations that were effectively able to mobilize a large and cohesive gay community in the weeks and months after the rebellion. The most significant facet of the Stonewall riots, however, was the commemoration of them in Christopher Street Liberation Day, which grew into the annualGay Prideevents around the world. Stonewall(officially Stonewall Equality Limited) is anLGBT rightscharity in the United Kingdom, founded in 1989 and named after theStonewall Innbecause of the Stonewall riots. TheStonewall Awardsis an annual event the charity has held since 2006 to recognize people who have affected the lives of British lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. The middle of the 1990s was marked by the inclusion ofbisexualsas a represented group within the gay community, when they successfully sought to be included on the platform of the 1993March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation. Transgender people also asked to be included but were not, though trans-inclusive language was added to the march's list of demands.The transgender community continued to find itself simultaneously welcome and at odds with the gay community as attitudes aboutnon-binary gender discriminationandpansexual orientationdeveloped and came increasingly into conflict.In 1994, New York City celebrated \\\"Stonewall 25\\\" with a march that went past theUnited Nations Headquartersand intoCentral Park. Estimates put the attendance at 1.1 million people.Sylvia Riveraled an alternate march in New York City in 1994 to protest the exclusion of transgender people from the events. Attendance at LGBT Pride events has grown substantially over the decades. Most large cities around the world now have some kind of Pride demonstration; Pride events in some cities mark the largest annual celebration of any kind.The growing trend towards commercializing marches into parades—with events receiving corporate sponsorship—has caused concern about taking away the autonomy of the original grassroots demonstrations. President Barack Obamadeclared June 2009 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, citing the riots as a reason to \\\"commit to achieving equal justice under law for LGBT Americans\\\".The year marked the 40th anniversary of the riots. An editorial in theWashington Bladecompared the scruffy, violent activism during and following the Stonewall riots to the lackluster response to failed promises given by President Obama; for being ignored, wealthy LGBT activists reacted by promising to give less money to Democratic causes.Two years later, the Stonewall Inn served as a rallying point for celebrations after theNew York State Senatevoted to passsame-sex marriage. The act was signed into law by GovernorAndrew Cuomoon June 24, 2011. Obama also referenced the Stonewall riots in a call for full equality during hissecond inaugural addresson January 21, 2013: We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths—that all of us are created equal—is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall... Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well. This was a historic moment: the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word \\\"gay\\\" in an inaugural address. Throughout June 2019,Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, produced byHeritage of Pridein partnership with theI Love New Yorkprogram's LGBT division, took place in New York to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising. The final official estimate included 5 million visitors attending in Manhattan alone, making it thelargest LGBTQ celebrationin history.June is traditionally Pride month in New York City and worldwide, and the events were held under the auspices of the annualNYC Pride March. On June 6, 2019, coinciding withWorldPridebeing celebrated in New York City, Police CommissionerJames P. O'Neillapologized on behalf of the NYPD for the actions of its officers at the Stonewall uprising. The official 50th-anniversary commemoration of the Stonewall Uprising occurred on June 28 on Christopher Street in front ofStonewall Inn. The official commemoration was themed as a rally, in reference to the original rallies in front of Stonewall Inn in 1969. Speakers at this event included mayorBill De Blasio, senatorKirsten Gillibrand, congressmanJerry Nadler, American activistX González, and global activistRémy Bonny. In 2019, Paris, France, officially named a square in theMaraisdistrict asPlace des Émeutes-de-Stonewall(Stonewall Riots Place). Stonewall Day In 2018, 49 years after the uprising, Stonewall Day was announced as a commemoration day byPride Live, a social advocacy and community engagement organization.The second Stonewall Day was held on Friday, June 28, 2019, outside the Stonewall Inn.During this event, Pride Live introduced their Stonewall Ambassadors program, to raise awareness for the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots. Historic landmark and monument In June 1999, theUS Department of the Interiorincluded 51 and 53Christopher Streetand the surrounding area in Greenwich Village into theNational Register of Historic Places, the first of significance to the LGBT community.In a dedication ceremony, Assistant Secretary of the Department of the InteriorJohn Berrystated, \\\"Let it forever be remembered that here—on this spot—men and women stood proud, they stood fast, so that we may be who we are, we may work where we will, live where we choose, and love whom our hearts desire.\\\"The Stonewall Inn was also named aNational Historic Landmarkin February 2000. On June 23, 2015, theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissiondesignated Stonewall as a city landmark, the first to be designated based on its LGBT cultural significance alone.On June 24, 2016, PresidentBarack Obamaannounced the establishment of theStonewall National Monument, administered by theNational Park Service.The designation protects Christopher Park and adjacent areas totaling more than seven acres; the Stonewall Inn is within the boundaries of the monument but remains privately owned.TheNational Park Foundationformed a newnonprofit organizationto raise funds for a ranger station and interpretive exhibits for the monument,including the first official national visitor center dedicated to the LGBTQIA+ experience, which was inaugurated on June 28, 2024.TheNew York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed theChristopher Street–Stonewall stationon the same day. Media representations No newsreel or TV footage was taken of the riots and few home movies and photographs exist, but those that do have been used in documentaries. Film Music Theatre See also Analogous events Notes Citations Sources External links\",\n \"List of Apollo missions TheApollo programwas a United Stateshuman spaceflightprogram carried out from 1961 to 1972 by theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), which landed the firstastronautson theMoon.The program used theSaturn IBandSaturn Vlaunch vehiclesto lift theCommand/Service Module(CSM) andLunar Module(LM) spacecraft into space, and theLittle Joe IIrocket to test alaunch escape systemwhich was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure.Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission. Apollo achieved the first crewed lunar landing on theApollo 11mission, whenNeil ArmstrongandBuzz Aldrinlanded theirLMEaglein theSea of Tranquilityand walked on the lunar surface, whileMichael Collinsremained inlunar orbitin theCSMColumbia, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.Five subsequent missions landed astronauts on various lunar sites, ending in December 1972 withtwelve men having walked on the Moonand 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks andsoilsamples returned to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. Two Apollo missions were failures: a 1967 cabin fire killed the entireApollo 1crew during a ground test in preparation for what was to be the first crewed flight;and the third landing attempt onApollo 13was aborted by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, which disabled the CSMOdyssey's electrical power and life support systems, and made the propulsion system unsafe to use. The crew circled the Moon and were returned safely to Earth using the LMAquariusas a \\\"lifeboat\\\" for these functions. Uncrewed test flights From 1961 through 1967,Saturn launch vehiclesandApollo spacecraftcomponents were tested in uncrewed flights. Saturn I TheSaturn Ilaunch vehicle was originally planned to carry crewed Command Module flights intolow Earth orbit, but its 20,000-pound (9,100 kg) payload capacity limit could not lift even a partially fueled Service Module, which would have required building a lightweightretrorocketmodule for deorbit. These plans were eventually scrapped, in favor of using the upratedSaturn IBto launch the Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module for crewed Earth orbit tests. This limited Saturn I flights to Saturn launch vehicle development, CSMboilerplatetesting, and three micrometeoroid satellite launches in support of Apollo. SA-1 15:06 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-2 14:00 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-3 17:45 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-4 20:11 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-5 16:25 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-6 17:07 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-7 17:22 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-9 14:37 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-8 07:35 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-10 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 37B There was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn (AS), or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed toApollo 1posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple \\\"Apollo\\\" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renamingAS-201,AS-202, andAS-203as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered. Saturn IB The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designatedSaturn IB, by replacing theS-IVsecond stage with theS-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg), enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module. Two suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one Lunar Module test were conducted. Success of the LM test led to cancellation of a planned second uncrewed flight. SA-201 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-203 14:53 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-202 17:15 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-204 22:48 GMTLaunch Complex 37B Launch escape system tests From August 1963 to January 1966, a number of tests were conducted at theWhite Sands Missile Rangefor development of thelaunch escape system(LES). These included simulated \\\"pad aborts\\\", which might occur while the Apollo-Saturnspace vehiclewas still on thelaunch pad, and flights on theLittle Joe IIrocket to simulateMode I abortswhich might occur while the vehicle was in the air. 13:05 GMTLaunch Complex 36 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:01 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:17 GMTLaunch Complex 36 Saturn V Prior toGeorge Mueller's tenure as NASA's Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight starting in 1963, it was assumed that 20Saturn Vs, with at least 10 unpiloted test flights, would be required to achieve a crewed Moon landing, using the conservative one-stage-at-a-time testing philosophy used for the Saturn I. But Mueller introduced the \\\"all-up\\\" testing philosophy of using three live stages plus the Apollo spacecraft on every test flight. This achieved development of the Saturn V with far fewer uncrewed tests, and facilitated achieving the Moon landing by the 1969 goal. The size of the Saturn V production lot was reduced from 20 to 15 units. Three uncrewed test flights were planned to human-rate thesuper heavy-liftSaturn Vwhich would take crewed Apollo flights to the Moon. Success of the first flight and qualified success of the second led to the decision to cancel the third uncrewed test. SA-501 12:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A SA-502 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 39A Alphabetical mission types The Apollo program required sequential testing of several major mission elements in the runup to a crewed lunar landing. An alphabetical list of major mission types was proposed byOwen Maynardin September 1967.Two \\\"A-type\\\" missions performed uncrewed tests of the CSM and the Saturn V, and one B-type mission performed an uncrewed test of the LM. The C-type mission, the first crewed flight of the CSM in Earth orbit, was performed by Apollo 7. The list was revised uponGeorge Low's proposal to commit a mission to lunar orbit ahead of schedule, an idea influenced by the status of the CSM as a proven craft and production delays of the LM.Apollo 8 was reclassified from its original assignment as a D-type mission, a test of the complete CSM/LM spacecraft in Earth orbit, to a \\\"C-prime\\\" mission which would fly humans to the Moon. Once complete, it obviated the need for the E-type objective of amedium Earth orbitaltest. The D-type mission was instead performed by Apollo 9; the F-type mission, Apollo 10, flew the CSM/LM spacecraft to the Moon for final testing, without landing. The G-type mission, Apollo 11, performed the first lunar landing, the central goal of the program. The initial A–Glist was expanded to include later mission types:: 466H-type missions—Apollo 12, 13 (planned) and 14—would perform precision landings, and J-type missions—Apollo 15, 16 and 17—would perform thorough scientific investigation. The I-type objective, which called for extended lunar orbital surveillance of the Moon,was incorporated into the J-type missions.: 466 Crewed missions The Block I CSM spacecraft did not have capability to fly with the LM, and the three crew positions were designated Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot, based onU.S. Air Force pilot ratings. The Block II spacecraft was designed to fly with the Lunar Module, so the corresponding crew positions were designated Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot regardless of whether a Lunar Module was present or not on any mission. Seven of the missions involvedextravehicular activity(EVA), spacewalks or moonwalks outside of the spacecraft. These were of three types: testing the lunar EVA suit in Earth orbit (Apollo 9), exploring the lunar surface, and retrieving film canisters from theScientific Instrument Modulestored in the Service Module. Launch Complex 34(planned) 15:02 GMTLaunch Complex 34 12:51 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-503) 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-504) 16:49 GMTLaunch Complex 39B (SA-505) 13:32 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-506) 16:22 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-507) 19:13 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-508) 21:03 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-509) 13:34 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-510) 17:54 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-511) 05:33 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-512) Canceled missions Several planned missions of the Apollo program were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations. See also There were two NASA post-Apollo crewed spaceflight programs that used Apollo hardware: Notes References Bibliography External links\",\n \"Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr.(/ˈlʌvəl/LUV-əl; born March 25, 1928) is an American retiredastronaut,naval aviator,test pilotand mechanical engineer. In 1968, ascommand module pilotofApollo 8, he became, withFrank BormanandWilliam Anders, one of the first three astronauts to fly to and orbit the Moon. He then commanded theApollo 13lunar mission in 1970 which, after a critical failure en route, looped around the Moon and returned safely to Earth. A graduate of theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland, in the class of 1952, Lovell flewF2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. In January 1958, he entered a six-month test pilot training course at theNaval Air Test CenteratNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20 and graduated at the top of the class. He was then assigned to Electronics Test, working withradar, and in 1960 he became the Navy'sMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager. The following year he became a flight instructor and safety engineering officer atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, and completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. Lovell was not selected byNASAas one of theMercury Sevenastronauts due to a temporarily highbilirubincount. He was accepted in September 1962 as one of thesecond group of astronautsneeded for theGeminiandApolloprograms. Prior to Apollo, Lovell flew in space on two Gemini missions,Gemini 7(with Borman) in 1965 andGemini 12in 1966. He was the first person to fly into space four times. One of24 people to have flown to the Moon, Lovell was the first to fly to it twice. He is a recipient of theCongressional Space Medal of Honorand thePresidential Medal of Freedom. He co-authored the 1994 bookLost Moon, on which the 1995 filmApollo 13was based. Lovell was featured in acameo appearancein the film. Early life James Arthur Lovell Jr. was born inCleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928, the only child of James Lovell Sr., aToronto, Ontario, Canada-born coal furnace salesman who died in a car accident in 1933and Blanche née Masek, who was ofCzechdescent.For the first two years after the death of his father, Lovell and his mother lived with a relative inTerre Haute, Indiana. They then relocated toMilwaukee, Wisconsin, where he went toJuneau High School.He was a member of theBoy Scoutsduring his childhood and eventually achievedEagle Scout, the organization's highest rank.He became interested in rocketry and built flying models as a teenager. After graduating from high school, Lovell attended theUniversity of WisconsininMadisonfor two years, where he studied engineering under theUnited States Navy's\\\"Flying Midshipman\\\" programfrom 1946 to 1948.He would later credit the program for his ability to attend college, citing that he didn't otherwise have the money to attend.At Wisconsin, he playedcollege footballand pledged to theAlpha Phi Omegafraternity.He supplemented his meager Navy stipend by working at a local restaurant washing dishes and busing tables, and caring for the university'slab ratsandmiceon weekends. While Lovell was attending pre-flight training in the summer of 1948, the Navy was beginning to make cutbacks in the program, and cadets were under a great deal of pressure to transfer out. There were concerns that some or most of the students who graduated asnaval aviatorswould not have pilot billets to fill. To avoid this prospect, Lovell decided to apply to theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland.He secured a nomination from his localU.S. Representative,John C. Brophy, and entered Annapolis in July 1948. During his first year, Lovell wrote a treatise on theliquid-propellant rocketengine. He graduated in the spring of 1952 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as anensignin the Navy.On June 6, he married Marilyn Lillie Gerlach in a ceremony atSt. Anne's Churchin Annapolis. The two had begun dating while they were in high school.As a college student, Gerlach had transferred fromWisconsin State Teachers CollegetoGeorge Washington Universityin Washington, D.C., so she could be near him while he was at Annapolis.They had four children: Barbara, James, Susan, and Jeffrey. Navy career Lovell was one of 50 members of his graduating class of 783 initially selected for naval aviation training.He went to flight training atNaval Air Station Pensacolafrom October 1952 to February 1954. He was designated a naval aviator on February 1, 1954, upon completion of pilot training, and was assigned toVC-3atMoffett Fieldnear San Francisco, California. From 1954 to 1956 he flewMcDonnell F2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. Lovell eventually completed 107 carrier deck landings. Upon his return to shore duty, he was reassigned to provide pilot transition training for theNorth American FJ-4 Fury,McDonnell F3H DemonandVought F8U Crusader. In January 1958, Lovell entered a six-monthtest pilottraining course at what was then the Naval Air Test Center (now theUnited States Naval Test Pilot School) atNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20,which also included futureastronautsWally SchirraandPete Conrad,who gave Lovell the nickname \\\"Shaky\\\".Lovell graduated at the top of the class.Usually the top graduate was assigned to flight test on graduation, but the head of electronics test had complained about never getting the top graduate, so Lovell was assigned to electronics test, where he worked withradarsets. Later that year, Lovell, Conrad, and Schirra were among 110 military test pilots selected as potential astronaut candidates forProject Mercury. Schirra went on to become one of theMercury Seven, but Lovell was not selected because of a temporarily highbilirubincount.In 1960, electronics test was merged with armaments test to become weapons test, and Lovell became theMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager.During this time future astronautJohn Youngserved under him. In 1961 Lovell received orders forVF-101 \\\"Detachment Alpha\\\"atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, as a flight instructor and safety engineering officer,and he completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. NASA career Astronaut selection In 1962,NASAbegan recruiting its second group of astronauts, intended to fly during theGeminiandApolloprograms. This time the process was a public one. Lovell found out about the selection from an advertisement that had been placed inAviation Week & Space Technology, and decided to apply a second time.A three-person selection panel consisting of Mercury Seven astronautsAlan ShepardandDeke Slayton, and NASA test pilotWarren J. North, reduced the candidates to 32 finalists,who were sent toBrooks Air Force BaseinSan Antoniofor medical examinations. The tests there were much the same as those employed to select the Mercury Seven,but this time Lovell passed.The remaining 27 then went toEllington Air Force Basenear Houston, where they were individually interviewed by the selection panel. On September 14, Slayton informed Lovell that he had been accepted.To avoid tipping off the media, all checked into theRice Hotelin Houston under the name of Max Peck, its general manager.On September 17, the media crowded into the 1800-seat Cullen Auditorium at theUniversity of Houstonfor the official announcement, but it was a low-key event compared to the unveiling of the Mercury Seven three years before.The group became known as the \\\"Next Nine\\\" or the \\\"New Nine\\\".The new astronauts moved to the Houston area in October 1962.Conrad and Lovell built houses inTimber Cove, south of theManned Spacecraft Center(MSC).Developers in Timber Cove offered astronauts mortgages with small down payments and low interest rates.The MSC complex was not yet complete, so NASA temporarily leased office space in Houston. The task of supervising the Next Nine's training fell to Mercury Seven astronautGus Grissom.Initially, each of the astronauts was given four months of classroom instruction on subjects such asspacecraft propulsion,orbital mechanics,astronomy,computing, andspace medicine. Classes were for six hours a day, two days a week, and all sixteen astronauts had to attend. There was also familiarization with the Gemini spacecraft,Titan IIandAtlasboosters, and theAgena target vehicle.Jungle survival training was conducted at theUnited States Air Force(USAF) Tropic Survival School atAlbrook Air Force Stationin thePanama Canal Zone, desert survival training atStead Air Force BaseinNevada, and water survival training on theDilbert Dunkerat the USN school at the Naval Air Station Pensacola and onGalveston Bay.Following the precedent set by the Mercury Seven, each of the Next Nine was assigned a special area in which to develop expertise that could be shared with the others, and to provide astronaut input to designers and engineers.Lovell became responsible for recovery systems. Gemini program Gemini 7 Lovell was selected as backup pilot forGemini 4,which was officially announced on July 29, 1964.It put him in position for his first space flight three missions later, as pilot ofGemini 7with command pilotFrank Borman, under a rotation system devised by Slayton.Borman was a USAF officer, and Lovell had first met him during the evaluation process for astronaut selection.Their selection for the Gemini 7 mission was officially announced on July 1, 1965, along with that ofEdward WhiteandMichael Collinsas their backup crew. Like all Gemini missions, it was part of the preparations for Apollo. The flight's objective was to evaluate the effects on the crew and spacecraft from fourteen days in orbit, this being sufficiently long for any possible Moon mission, and would therefore enable doctors to evaluate the medical aspects of such a flight. Whereas theGemini 6mission preceding it was to demonstrate techniques forspace rendezvous, likewise critical requirement of Apollo. These techniques had been worked out by Dean F. Grimm andBuzz Aldrin, who had written his doctoral thesis on the subject. The Gemini 6 mission, which was commanded by Schirra withTom Staffordas pilot, had a serious setback on October 15, 1965, when the Agena target vehicle that Gemini 6 was supposed to rendezvous with exploded soon after takeoff. Lovell was present at theLaunch Control CenteratCape Kennedywhen this occurred. Officials fromMcDonnell, the manufacturer of the Gemini spacecraft, then raised the possibility of a rendezvous between Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 during the two weeks while Gemini 7 was in orbit.The only change to the latter's flight plan this required was to circularize its orbit to match that intended for the Agena target vehicle. Borman rejected a proposal by Schirra that Lovell and Stafford exchange places, on the grounds that it was hazardous and likely to jeopardize the fourteen-day mission objective through loss of oxygen. In planning the mission, it was decided that both astronauts would sleep at the same time and observe the same work periods, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Experiments were not scheduled, but fitted in when time allowed.Of the twenty experiments, eight were medical, aimed at gathering data about the effects of long-duration space flight. Of the rest, four were tests of spacecraft systems, five involved radiometry or navigation, and three involved photography and observation,To save space, theG5C space suitwas designed that incorporated a soft hood instead of a helmet and zippers instead of a neck ring. It weighed a third less than the standard Gemini space suit and could be stowed more easily. Gemini 7 lifted off on December 4, 1965, and reached its intended 300-kilometer (160 nmi) near-circular orbit. Lovell was taller than Borman and had more difficulty donning and removing his space suit. Initially one astronaut had to be suited, but this made him uncomfortably warm, and eventually mission control relented and allowed both to leave their space suits off.Gemini 6, now called Gemini 6A, attempted to launch on December 12; the engines ignited, but shut down less than two seconds later due to an electrical problem and a fuel cap accidentally having been left in place.After repairs, Gemini 6A successfully lifted off on December 15, and rendezvoused with Gemini 7 on Gemini 6A's fourth orbit. The two spacecraft then flew in tandem for three orbits, the distance between them varying between 0.30 and 90 meters (1 and 300 ft). Gemini 6A returned to Earth on December 16. In the final two days of the mission, Lovell had time to read part ofDrums Along the MohawkbyWalter D. Edmonds. As in earlier long-duration flights, malfunctions accumulated as the flight wore on. Two of the thrusters stopped working. After the flight, this was traced to the fact that they had an old type of laminate in the thrust chamber instead of the new type that had been developed to solve this problem. This proved to be only an annoyance, but there was more concern over a loss of power in thefuel cells. By day thirteen, a warning light was illuminated continuously and it was feared that the cells, which were only giving partial output, might fail completely, and the mission might have to be cut short; tests were carried out inSt. Louisthat demonstrated that the batteries could sustain them for the remainder of the flight. Gemini 7 made a successful return from orbit on December 18.The fourteen-day flight set an endurance record, making 206 orbits. Gemini 12 On January 24, 1966, Lovell was named as the backup command pilot ofGemini 10, with Aldrin as the pilot. On March 21, this was changed as a result of the deaths of theGemini 9prime crew,Elliot SeeandCharles Bassett, inan air crash. The Gemini 9 backup crew of Tom Stafford andGene Cernanbecame the prime crew of Gemini 9A, and Lovell and Aldrin became their backups. This positioned Lovell for his second flight and first command, ofGemini 12. Lovell and Aldrin's selection for this mission was officially announced on June 17, along with that ofGordon Cooperand Gene Cernan as their backups. The goals of Gemini 12, the final Gemini mission, were ill-defined at first. \\\"Essentially Gemini 12 didn't have a mission\\\", Lovell later recalled. \\\"It was, I guess, by default... supposed to wind up the Gemini program and catch all those items that were not caught on previous flights.\\\"By July, its mission had become to masterextravehicular activity(EVA), something that had proven problematic on earlier Gemini missions, as they had been more strenuous than expected and performing simple tasks had been more complicated. A series of innovations had been developed in response to the problems that had been encountered. It had been found that moving in space was similar to being underwater, and Aldrin made use of this new training technique. A waist restraint was provided on the space suit, and the Gemini spacecraft and the Agena target vehicle had additional handrails, handholds, and rings for tethering the waist restraint. Procedures were modified to minimize fatigue. Gemini 12 lifted off on November 11, and quickly achieved orbit. Its first task was to rendezvous with its Agena target vehicle. This was complicated when the rendezvous radar set failed. Instead, Aldrin, who had written his PhD on the rendezvous, used asextantto measure the angle between the spacecraft and the Agena, and then calculated the required actions using the onboard computer. Lovell then flew the spacecraft accordingly. Rendezvous was achieved, and Gemini successfullydockedwith the Agena, achieving the fifth space rendezvous and fourth space docking with an Agena target vehicle. Lovell then successfully undocked and docked again. Aldrin performed three EVAs. The first was a standup EVA on November 12, in which the spacecraft door was opened and he stood up, but did not leave the spacecraft. The standup EVA mimicked some of the actions he would do during his free-flight EVA, so he could compare the effort expended between the two. It set an EVA record of two hours and twenty minutes. The next day Aldrin performed his free-flight EVA. He climbed across the newly installed hand-holds to the Agena and installed the cable needed for the gravity-gradient stabilization experiment. He performed several tasks, including installing electrical connectors and testing tools that would be needed for Apollo. The EVA concluded after two hours and six minutes.Before returning to the spacecraft, Aldrin cleaned the pilot's window with a cloth, and Lovell jokingly asked him if he could change the oil too.A third, 55-minute standup EVA was conducted on November 14, during which Aldrin took photographs, conducted experiments, and discarded some unneeded items. Gemini 12 returned to Earth on November 15, after 59 orbits. During re-entry a pouch containing books and small pieces of equipment broke free and landed in Lovell's lap. He did not want to grab it, as he feared he might pull on theD-ringthat activated the ejector seat. It did not move any further, and the landing went well. The spacecraft landed just 5.5 kilometers (3.0 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSWasp. Twelve experiments had been carried out.This mission proved that people could work effectively outside the spacecraft, which was required for the Apollo missions with the goal of getting man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Apollo program Apollo 1 On January 27, 1967, Grissom, White andRoger Chaffeewere killed in theApollo 1fire. At the time, Lovell was in Washington, D.C., where, along with fellow astronautsNeil Armstrong,Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper andRichard Gordon, he had attended the signing of theOuter Space Treatyand the reception afterwards in theGreen Roomof theWhite Househosted by PresidentLyndon Johnson. Four days later, Lovell flew toWest Point, New York, with Borman in a NASAT-38for the funeral service for White at theOld Cadet Chapel. After the service, White was laid to rest in theWest Point Cemetery; Lovell served as a pallbearer along with Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Stafford and Aldrin. TheApollo command modulewas redesigned after the fire, and afterwards it underwent a series of qualification tests.In April 1968, Lovell, along with fellow astronautsStuart RoosaandCharles Duke, spent 48 hours in command module CM-007A, bobbing in theGulf of Mexicoto test the seaworthiness of the Apollo spacecraft.The NASA research vesselMVRetrieverstood by with technicians and divers,while the astronauts assessed how quickly the spacecraft's flotation devices could right it from the \\\"stable II\\\" (upside down) position. The urine collection hose was used to vacuum up water that entered the cabin.Although this did not seem to bother Lovell, Duke regarded it as his worst experience as an astronaut, and Roosa became quiteseasick.The NASARoundupnewspaper wrote the event up under the headline, \\\"Yo, Ho, Ho and a Bottle of Marezine\\\", referencing the brand name ofa motion sickness drug. Apollo 8 Lovell was originally chosen as command module pilot (CMP) on the backup crew for Apollo 9 along with Armstrong as commander (CDR) and Aldrin aslunar modulepilot (LMP). Apollo 9 was planned as a high-apogeeEarth orbital test of the Lunar Module (LM). Lovell later replaced Michael Collins as CMP on the Apollo 9 prime crew in July 1968 when Collins needed to have surgery for abone spuron his spine. This reunited Lovell with his Gemini 7 commander Frank Borman, along with LMPWilliam Anders. Aldrin became Lovell's backup CMP, andFred Haisejoined Armstrong's crew as LMP. Construction delays of the first crewed LM prevented it from being ready in time to fly on Apollo 8, planned as alow Earth orbittest. It was decided to swap the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 prime and backup crews in the flight schedule so that the crew trained for the low-orbit test could fly it asApollo 9, when the LM would be ready. A lunar orbital flight, nowApollo 8, replaced the original Apollo 9 medium Earth orbit test mission.The crew was informed of this decision on August 10, 1968, and the training schedule was adjusted accordingly. Starting in September, the crew spent ten hours a day in the simulator rehearsing the mission. Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, 1968, and Borman, Lovell and Anders became the first crew to ride theSaturn Vrocket, as well as the first to travel to theMoon.Their Apollo craft entered lunar orbit on December 24 (Christmas Eve) and reduced speed to go into a 11-by-312-kilometer (5.9 by 168.5 nmi) orbit. The engine was then fired again to enter a 112-kilometer (60 nmi) circular orbit around the Moon. On Christmas Eve, the crew broadcast black-and-white television pictures of the lunar surface back to Earth. Lovell took his turn with Borman and Anders in reading a passage from the Biblical creation story in theBook of Genesis.They made a total of ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours and ten minutes,and began their return to Earth on December 25 (Christmas Day) with a rocket burn made on the Moon's far side, out of radio contact with Earth. When contact was re-established, Lovell broadcast, \\\"Please be informed, there is aSanta Claus.\\\" As CMP, Lovell served as the navigator, using the spacecraft's built-in sextant to determine its position by measuring star positions. This information was then used to calculate required mid-course corrections. Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view stars by using theApollo guidance computerkeyboard. Lovell accidentally erased some of the computer's memory by entering the wrong codes, which caused theinertial measurement unit(IMU) to contain data indicating that the module was in the same relative orientation it had been in before lift-off; the IMU then fired the thrusters to \\\"correct\\\" the module's attitude. Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they knew that they would have to reenter the correct data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation. It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the correct values, using the thrusters to get the starsRigelandSiriusaligned,and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer.Sixteen months later, during theApollo 13mission, Lovell would have to perform a similar manual realignment under even more critical conditions after the module's IMU had been turned off to conserve energy. A feature on the Moon's surface (Mount Marilyn) was named by Lovell in honor of his wife. The spacecraftsplashed downsafely before dawn on December 27 after 147 hours of flight, 4.8 kilometers (2.6 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSYorktown. It was estimated that the crew had traveled 933,419 kilometers (504,006 nmi). Apollo 13 Lovell was backup CDR ofApollo 11, with Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP.In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with theNational Aeronautics and Space Councileffective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time.Ken Mattinglywas moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. Under the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly as the prime crew ofApollo 14, butGeorge Mueller, the director of NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight, rejected Slayton's choice of fellow Mercury Seven astronaut Alan Shepard to command Apollo 13. Shepard had only recently returned to flight status after being grounded for several years, and Mueller thought that he needed more training time to prepare for a mission to the Moon. Slayton then asked Lovell if he was willing to switch places with Shepard's crew to give them more training time.\\\"Sure, why not?\\\" Lovell replied, \\\"What could possibly be the difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14?\\\" There was one more change. Seven days before launch, a member of the Apollo 13 backup crew, Duke, contractedrubellafrom a friend of his son.This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Of the five, only Mattingly was not immune through prior exposure. Normally, if any member of the prime crew had to be grounded, the remaining crew would be replaced as well, and the backup crew substituted, but Duke's illness ruled this out,so two days before launch, Mattingly was replaced byJack Swigertfrom the backup crew.Mattingly never developed rubella and later flew to the Moon onApollo 16. Lovell lifted off aboard Apollo 13 on April 11, 1970.He and Haise were to land near theFra Mauro crater. TheFra Mauro formationwas believed to contain much material spattered by the impact that had filled theImbrium basinearly in the Moon's history, and dating it would provide information about the early history of the Earth and the Moon. \\\"We have a problem here\\\", Swigert informed mission control.\\\"This is Houston, say again please,\\\" thecapsule communicator,Jack Lousma, responded.\\\"Houston, we've had a problem,\\\" Lovell replied. Lovell & Kluger 1995, p. 95 During a routineliquid oxygentank stir in transit to the Moon, a fire started inside an oxygen tank. The most probable cause determined by NASA was damaged electrical insulation on wiring that created a spark that started the fire.A problem with draining the tank had been reported before the mission, and Lovell had approved the action taken to turn on the heaters to purge the oxygen rather than to replace the faulty tank, which would have delayed the mission by a month. Neither he nor the launch pad crew were aware that the tank contained the wrong thermostat switch. The heaters were left on for eight hours, and while this successfully purged the oxygen, it also removedtefloninsulation from the copper electrical wiring.Liquid oxygen rapidly turned into a high-pressure gas, which burst the tank and caused the leak of a second oxygen tank. In just over two hours, all onboard oxygen was lost, disabling the hydrogen fuel cells that provided electrical power to the Command/Service ModuleOdyssey. Apollo 13 was the second mission not to use afree-return trajectory, so that they could explore the western lunar regions.Using theApollo Lunar Moduleas a \\\"life boat\\\" providing battery power, oxygen, and propulsion, Lovell and his crew re-established the free return trajectory that they had left, and swung around the Moon to return home.Based on the flight controllers' calculations made on Earth, Lovell had to adjust the course twice by manually controlling the Lunar Module's thrusters and engine. Apollo 13 returned safely to Earth on April 17.\\\"I'm afraid\\\", Lovell said, \\\"this is going to be the last lunar mission for a long time.\\\"His comment was rebutted byNASA AdministratorThomas O. Paine, who hastened to reassure the public that NASA would be mounting more missions to the Moon.Nine months later, Apollo 14 would make the voyage to Fra Mauro, with modified oxygen tanks and an extra battery for emergencies. Apollo 13's flight trajectory gave Lovell, Haise, and Swigert the record for the farthest distance that humans have ever traveled from Earth.Lovell is one of only three men to travel to the Moon twice, but unlike the other two, John Young and Gene Cernan, he never walked on it.He accrued 715 hours and 5 minutes in space flights on his Gemini and Apollo flights, a personal record that stood until theSkylab 3mission in 1973. Later life Lovell retired from the Navy and the space program on March 1, 1973, and went to work at the Bay-Houston Towing Company inHouston, Texas,taking on the role of CEO in 1975. He became president of Fisk Telephone Systems in 1977,and later worked forCentel Corporationin Chicago, retiring as an executive vice president on January 1, 1991.Lovell was a recipient of theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award.He was also recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with theirSilver Buffalo Award. Lovell served on the board of directors for several organizations, includingFederal Signal Corporationin Chicago from 1984 to 2003, theAstronautics Corporation of Americain his hometown of Milwaukee from 1990 to 1999, and Centel from 1987 to 1991. In 1999, the Lovell family opened a restaurant inLake Forest, Illinois, \\\"Lovell's of Lake Forest\\\". The restaurant displayed memorabilia from Lovell's time with NASA and the filming ofApollo 13. The restaurant was sold to son and executive chef James (\\\"Jay\\\") in 2006.The restaurant was put on the market for sale in February 2014,and it closed in April 2015, the property being auctioned the same month. Marilyn Lovell (born on July 11, 1930) died of natural causes at the age of 93, at her home in the Lake Forest Place retirement community in Lake Forest, Illinois on August 27, 2023. Upon the death ofFrank Bormanon November 7, 2023, Lovell became the oldest living former astronaut. Awards and decorations Lovell's awards and decorations include: Military, federal service, and foreign awards Other awards and accomplishments The Gemini 6 and 7 crews were awarded theHarmon International Trophyfor 1966 in a ceremony at the White House.Lovell received a second Harmon International Trophy in 1967 when he and Aldrin were selected for their Gemini 12 flight.The Apollo 8 crew won theRobert J. Collier Trophyfor 1968,and PresidentRichard Nixonawarded them theDr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophyin 1969, which Lovell accepted on behalf of the crew.The General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy is normally awarded to Air Force personnel, but an exception was made to include Lovell, and the Apollo 8 crew were awarded the 1968 trophy.Lovell was awarded a third Harmon International Trophy in 1969 for his role in the Apollo 8 mission.The Apollo 8 crew was also awarded theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1970,and were namedTimeMagazine Men of the Yearin 1968.The Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10 crews were awarded the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award for 1969.Lovell was one of ten Gemini astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1982,and, along with the other 12 Gemini astronauts, Lovell was inducted into the secondU.S. Astronaut Hall of Fameclass in 1993.At a parade attended by 500,000 people, Lovell was conferred Chicago's medal of merit.The Apollo 13 crew was awarded the City of New York Gold Medal, but Lovell had already received it for the Apollo 8 mission. In lieu of a second medal, the mayor gifted him a crystal paperweight that he \\\"invented for the occasion\\\".He was also awarded the 1970 City ofHoustonMedal for Valor for the mission.He was awarded his second Haley Astronautics Award for his role on Apollo 13. Lovell was featured on the cover ofTimemagazine on January 3, 1969, and April 27, 1970,and on the cover ofLifemagazine on April 24, 1970. Lovell was a recipient of the University of Wisconsin's Distinguished Alumni Service Award in 1970. In his acceptance speech he emphasized the use of words over \\\"rock throwing\\\" to help attain political goals.He was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree atWestern Michigan University's summer commencement exercises in 1970.He was also awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree atWilliam Paterson College's commencement exercises in 1974.Lovell was also granted an honorarydoctor of sciencedegree from University of Wisconsin–Madison, his original alma mater, speaking at the December 2016 commencement. Tributes A small crater on thefar side of the Moonwas namedLovellin his honor in 1970.Discovery Worldin Milwaukee was renamed The James Lovell Museum of Science, Economics and Technology. It was at the time located on James Lovell St., also named for Lovell.TheCaptain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Centerwas completed in October 2010, merging theNaval Health Clinic Great Lakesand the North Chicago Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Organizations In popular culture About a month after the return to Earth of Apollo 13, Lovell and his crewmates, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert, appeared onThe Tonight Showwith hostJohnny Carson.In 1976, Lovell made a cameo appearance in the Nicolas Roeg movieThe Man Who Fell to Earth. Lovell andJeffrey Klugerwrote a 1994 book about the Apollo 13 mission,Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13,on which the 1995Ron HowardfilmApollo 13was based. Lovell's first impression on being approached about the film was thatKevin Costnerwould be a good choice to portray him, given the physical resemblance,butTom Hankswas cast in the role.To prepare, Hanks visited James and Marilyn Lovell at their home in Texas and flew with Lovell in his private airplane.Kathleen Quinlanwas nominated for asupporting actress Oscarfor her performance as Marilyn. In the film, Lovell has a cameo as the captain of theUSSIwo Jima. He can be seen as the naval officer shaking Hanks' hand, as Hanks speaks invoice-over, in the scene where the astronauts come aboard theIwo Jima. The filmmakers offered to make Lovell's character an admiral aboard the ship, but Lovell said: \\\"I retired as a captain and a captain I will be.\\\" He was cast as the ship's skipper, CaptainLeland Kirkemo. Along with his wife Marilyn, who also has a cameo in the film, Lovell provided a commentary track on both the single disc and the two-disc special edition DVD. Tim Dalyportrayed Lovell in the 1998HBOminiseriesFrom the Earth to the Moon,andPablo Schreiberin the 2018 film about Armstrong,First Man. Notes References External links\",\n \"Jack Swigert John Leonard Swigert Jr.(August 30, 1931 – December 27, 1982) was an AmericanNASAastronaut,test pilot,mechanical engineer,aerospace engineer,United States Air Forcepilot, andpolitician. In April 1970, as command module pilot ofApollo 13, he became one of24 astronauts who flew to the Moon.Ironically, due to the \\\"slingshot\\\" route around the Moon they chose to safely return to Earth, the Apollo 13 astronauts flew farther away from Earth than any other astronauts before or since, though they had to abort the Moon landing. Before joining NASA in 1966, Swigert was a civiliantest pilotandfighter pilotin theAir National Guard. After leaving NASA, he ran forSenatebut lost in a primary election againstBill Armstrong. Later he ran forCongress, but while running was diagnosed with cancer. He won the election for Colorado's new6th districtin 1982, but died before being sworn in. Early life John Leonard Swigert Jr. was born on August 30, 1931, inDenver,Colorado, to parents John Leonard Swigert Sr. (1903–1973) and Virginia Swigert (1906–1993). Swigert's father was anophthalmologist.At the age of 14, he became fascinated by aviation. While he would have been content just watching planes take off from nearby Combs Field, young Jack became determined to do more than be a spectator. He took on a newspaper route to earn money for flying lessons, and by age 16 he was alicensed private pilot.He was a member of theBoy Scouts of Americaand attained the rank ofSecond Class Scout.He attendedBlessed Sacrament School,Regis Jesuit High School, andEast High School, from which he graduated in 1949. Swigert received aBachelor of Sciencedegree inmechanical engineeringfromUniversity of Coloradoin 1953, where he also playedfootballfor theBuffaloes.He later earned aMaster of Sciencedegree inaerospace engineeringfromRensselaer Polytechnic Institute(Hartford campus) in 1965,and aMaster of Business Administrationdegree fromUniversity of Hartfordin 1967. His recreational interests includedgolf,handball,bowling,skiing,swimming, andbasketball. His hobbies includedphotography. Flight experience Following his graduation from Colorado in 1953, Swigert joined theUnited States Air Force(USAF). Upon graduation from the Pilot Training Program andGunnery SchoolatNellis Air Force Base,Nevada, he was assigned as afighter pilotinJapanandSouth Korea. In 1953, he survived his plane crashing into a radar unit on a Korean airstrip. After completing his tour of active duty in the USAF, he served as a jet fighter pilot with theMassachusetts(1957–1960) andConnecticut Air National Guard(1960–1965).Swigert held a position as engineering test pilot forNorth American Aviationbefore joining NASA. He was previously an engineering test pilot forPratt & Whitney, from February 1957 to June 1964. He logged over 7,200 hours in flight, including more than 5,725 hours injet aircraft. NASA career After unsuccessfully applying for NASA'ssecondandthirdastronaut selections,Swigert was accepted into theNASA Astronaut Corpsas part ofNASA Astronaut Group 5in April 1966.Swigert became a specialist on theApollo command module: he was one of the few astronauts who requested to be command module pilots. Swigert was a member ofApollo 7's astronaut support crew, the first support crew for an Apollo mission; he served asCapsule communicator(CAPCOM) during the ascent phase of the flight. Apollo 13 Swigert was one of three astronauts aboard theApollo 13Moon mission launched April 11, 1970. Originally part of the backup crew for the mission, he was assigned to the mission three days before launch, replacing astronautKen Mattingly. The prime crew had been exposed toGerman Measles(the rubella virus) fromCharles Dukeand, because Mattingly had no immunity to the disease, NASA did not want to risk him falling ill during critical phases of the flight. Apollo 13 was the third crewed lunar-landing attempt, but was aborted after the rupture of an oxygen tank in the spacecraft'sservice module. Swigert was the astronaut who first announced, \\\"Houston, we've had a problem here\\\".The statement was then repeated by commander of the flightJim Lovell. Swigert, along with fellow astronauts Lovell andFred Haise, traveled around the Moon and returned safely to Earth on April 17 after about 5 days and 23 hours, and received thePresidential Medal of Freedomthe next day. Apollo–Soyuz Test Project NASA Director of Flight Crew OperationsDeke Slayton, who selected the astronauts, recommended Swigert ascommand module pilotfor theApollo–Soyuz Test Project, the first joint mission with theSoviet Union. Slayton felt Swigert deserved another chance to fly after having been selected for Apollo 13 two days before launch, and performing well. During 1972, theApollo 15 postal covers incidentcaused NASA investigators to inquire into other astronauts.A number of Apollo astronauts, including Swigert, had made agreements with West German stamp dealer Hermann Sieger, who originated the idea for theApollo 15covers, to autograph philatelic items in exchange for a payment of about $2,500. Swigert originally denied involvement when interviewed by NASA investigators.According toChristopher C. Kraft, the investigators subpoenaed his bank records, finding more funds than expected, and records of a predated charitable donation.Swigert's subsequent admission caused NASA Deputy AdministratorGeorge M. Lowto remove him from Apollo–Soyuz. Post-NASA career Aware that his spaceflight career was most likely over,Swigert took a leave of absence from NASA in April 1973 and went toWashington, D.C.to become executive director of theCommittee on Science and Astronautics,U.S. House of Representatives. Swigert eventually left NASA and the committee in August 1977 to enter politics.He ran for theU.S. Senatein 1978, but was soundly defeated in the Republican primary in September byCongressmanBill Armstrong, who was far better known.In 1979, Swigert became vice president of B.D.M. Corporation inGolden.He left in 1981 to join International Gold and Minerals Limited as vice president for financial and corporate affairs. In February 1982, Swigert left International Gold and Minerals Limited to run forU.S. Congressin the newly created6th districtas a Republican. When amalignant tumorin his right nasal passage was found, theastronaut-politiciandisclosed this to the voters. Doctors told him he would finish radiation treatments on June 15 and make a complete recovery.However, in August, Swigert developed back pain and was diagnosed withbone marrow cancer.On November 2, 1982, he won the seat with 64% of the popular vote. Death On December 19, 1982, seven weeks after his election, he was airlifted from his home inLittletontoGeorgetown University Hospitalin Washington, D.C. He died ofrespiratory failureat itsLombardi Cancer Centeron December 27, seven days before the beginning of his congressional term, aged 51.He was the last member-elect of the House to die before taking office untilLuke Letlow'sdeath fromCOVID-19in December 2020. Fifteen astronauts, including fellow Apollo 13 crewmatesJim LovellandFred Haise, were among the thousand mourners at hisfull military honorsfuneral in Denver, presided over byArchbishopJames Casey, which included amissing man flyoverbyA-7 Corsairsof theColorado Air National Guard.He is buried alongside his parents inMount Olivet CemeteryinWheat Ridge. Awards, honors, and organizations Swigert received theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA)Octave Chanute Awardfor 1966 for his participation in demonstrating theRogallo wingas a feasible land landing system for returning space vehicles and astronauts. President Richard Nixon awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedomto the Apollo 13 crew shortly after the conclusion of their mission.Following a sparse parade, Swigert received the City of New York Gold Medal on June 3.He received the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor, 1970.Swigert received theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Award for 1970.He was given University of Colorado-Boulder's Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award in 1970.Vice President Spiro Agnew presented the crews of Apollo 11, 12, and 13 with theNASA Distinguished Service Medalin 1970.The Apollo 13 crew also received the AIAA Haley Astronautics Award in 1971, which included a small monetary award and a medal. Swigert was awarded the 1972 Antonian Gold Medal. He was presented anHonorary Doctorate of Sciencedegree fromAmerican International Collegein 1970,anHonorary Doctorate of Lawsdegree fromWestern State Universityin 1970,and anHonorary Doctorate of SciencefromWestern Michigan Universityin 1970. In 1983, Swigert was among 14 Apollo astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Fame. In 1988, Swigert was inducted into theColorado Aviation Hall of Fame. In 1995, Swigert was portrayed byKevin BaconinRon Howard's filmApollo 13. In 1997, Swigert, along with 23 other Apollo astronauts, was posthumously inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of Famewhich is located at the Kennedy Space Center. He was elected in September 2003 to theRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteAlumni Hall of Fame. In 1997, astatue of Swigertmade by George and Mark Lundeen was placed on display in theU.S. Capitol Buildingas one of two statues given by the state of Colorado to theNational Statuary Hall Collection.As of December 2008 the statue is on display in Emancipation Hall in theUnited States Capitol Visitor Center. A duplicate statue is currently on display atDenver International AirportTerminal B, where passengers exit the airport's train system. The Space Foundation was founded in 1983 in part to honor the memory and accomplishments of Swigert.In 2004, the Space Foundation launched theJohn L. \\\"Jack\\\" Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration, which is presented annually to an individual, group, or organization that has made a significant contribution to space exploration. On August 18, 2009, theSpace Foundationand Colorado Springs District 11 partnered to open the Jack Swigert Aerospace Academy. Swigert was a member of numerous organizations. He was afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society; associate fellow of theSociety of Experimental Test Pilotsand theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and member of theQuiet Birdmen,Phi Gamma Delta,Pi Tau Sigma, andSigma Tau. See also References Works cited External links\",\n \"Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr.(/heɪz/HAYZ;born November 14, 1933) is an American formerNASAastronaut,engineer,fighter pilotwith theU.S. Marine CorpsandU.S. Air Force, and atest pilot. He is one of24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown asLunar Modulepilot onApollo 13. He was slated to become the 6th person to walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 landing mission was aborted en route. Haise went on to fly fiveSpace ShuttleApproach and Landing Testsin 1977,before retiring from NASA in 1979. Early life Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. was born on November 14, 1933, and raised inBiloxi, Mississippi, to Fred Wallace Haise (1903–1960) and Lucille (néeBlacksher) Haise (1913–2005).: 1He has a younger sister who was born in 1941.: 6After theattack on Pearl Harboron December 7, 1941, his father enlisted in theU.S. Navyat the age of 38, and the Haise family moved toChicago.: 8The family then moved toKey West, Florida, until his father's ship,YMS-84, deployed to theSouth Pacific, when the family moved back to Biloxi.: 9–10He graduated fromBiloxi High Schoolin 1950.: 13He attendedPerkinston Junior Collegewith a scholarship for journalism,: 13and played on the baseball team.: 14He graduated in 1952,and joined the Naval Aviation Cadet Program.: 16He went to ground school atNAS Pensacola,: 16and then moved toNAS Whiting Fieldin 1952.: 18He trained in theSNJandF6F Hellcat, and completed his flight training in 1954.: 22–26He served as aU.S. Marine Corpsfighterpilot, with VMF-533, then VMF-114 on theF2H-4 BansheeandF9F-8 CougaratMCAS Cherry Point,North Carolina, from March 1954 to September 1956. Haise also served as a tactics and all-weatherflight instructorin the U.S. Navy Advanced Training Command atNAS Kingsville,Texas. Haise has accumulated 9,300 hours flying time, including 6,200 hours injets. After his military service, Haise returned to school and graduated with aBachelor of Sciencedegree with honors inaeronautical engineeringfrom theUniversity of Oklahomain 1959, concurrently serving for two years in theOklahoma Air National Guard, as a fighter interceptor pilot with the185th Fighter Interceptor Squadron,flying theF-86D.He then worked for the newly createdNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), first as a research pilot at theLewis Research CenternearCleveland. HisAir National Guardunit was called up during theBerlin Crisis of 1961and he served ten months as a fighter pilot in theUnited States Air Force.He was a tactical fighter pilot and chief of the 164th Standardization-Evaluation Flight of the164th Tactical Fighter SquadronatMansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base,Ohio,flying theF-84F. Haise completed post-graduate courses at theU.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School(Class 64A) atEdwards Air Force Base,Californiain 1964, and attended the six-weekHarvard Business School'sAdvanced Management Programin 1972. NASA career In 1966, Haise was one of 19 astronauts selected forNASA Astronaut Group 5.He had already worked with NASA for several years as a civilian research pilot. He was the first astronaut in his group to be assigned to a mission, serving as backup Lunar Module Pilot for bothApollo 8andApollo 11. Apollo 13 It only seems interesting to the public if it's the first exploration of another planetary body, or if you're having a problem. Fred Haise According to the rotation of crews during Apollo, Haise was originally assigned as Lunar Module Pilot forApollo 14, but his crew was switched to Apollo 13 so thatAlan Shepardcould have more training time. He flew as Lunar Module Pilot on the abortedApollo 13lunar mission in 1970.Due to the distance between the Earth and Moon during the mission, Haise,Jim Lovell, andJack Swigerthold the record for the farthest distance from the Earth ever traveled by human beings.Haise and Jack Swigert were the first people from Group 5 to fly in space. During this flight Haise developed aurinary tract infectionand later kidney infections. These caused him to be in pain for most of the trip. Haise was slated to become the 6th human to walk on the Moon during Apollo 13 behind Lovell, who was to be 5th.Alan ShepardandEdgar Mitchelleventually became the fifth and sixth, respectively, onApollo 14, which completed Apollo 13's mission to theFra Mauro formation. Haise later served as backup commander forApollo 16. Though there was no formal selection, Haise was prospectively slated to commandApollo 19withWilliam R. Pogueas Command Module Pilot andGerald P. Carras Lunar Module Pilot. However, the mission was canceled in 1970 due to budget cuts. Space Shuttle approach and landing tests After completing his backup assignment on Apollo 16, Haise moved to theSpace Shuttle program. In 1977, he participated in the program'sApproach and Landing Tests(ALT) atEdwards Air Force Base.Along withC. Gordon Fullertonas pilot, Haise as commander piloted theSpace ShuttleEnterprisein free flight to three landings after being released from theShuttle Carrier Aircraft.The tests verified the shuttle's flight characteristics, an important step toward the success of the program. Haise was assigned to commandSTS-2A, withJack R. Lousmaas pilot, the second Space Shuttle mission, which would have delivered theTeleoperator Retrieval Systemthat would have boostedSkylabto a higher orbit, preserving it for future use. Delays in the Shuttle program development as well as an unexpected increase in Skylab's orbital decay led to the mission being canceled. Skylab was destroyed upon entering the Earth's atmosphere in July 1979, while the Space Shuttle did not launch until April 1981. In June 1979, Haise left NASA to become a test pilot andexecutivewithGrumman Aerospace Corporation, where he remained until retiring in 1996.He was the only one of the four astronauts who conducted theEnterpriselanding tests not to fly in space on the Shuttle. Personal life Haise has four children with his first wife Mary Griffin Grant, whom he married on June 4, 1954, and divorced on July 21, 1978.He married Frances Patt Price, on January 9, 1979.On February 7, 2022, Frances died. On August 22, 1973, Haise was piloting aConvair BT-13belonging to theCommemorative Air Forcethat had been converted to look like anAichi D3A\\\"Val\\\" torpedo bomber for the 1970 filmTora! Tora! Tora!. While attempting a landing go around atScholes FieldinGalveston, Texas, an undetermined power plant failure led to a crash landing. Haise sufferedsecond‐degree burnsover 50 percent of his body in the post crash fire. Haise published his autobiography,Never Panic Early, about his life and experiences in the Apollo program in 2022. Organizations Haise is afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society(AAS) and theSociety of Experimental Test Pilots(SETP); member,Tau Beta Pi,Sigma Gamma Tau, andPhi Theta Kappa; and honorary member, National WWII Glider Pilots Association. Awards and honors Haise's other awards include theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1971;theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Awards for 1970 and 1977; the City ofNew YorkGold Medal in 1970;the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor in 1970;theJeff DavisAward (1970);the Mississippi Distinguished Civilian Service Medal (1970);the American Defense Ribbon;the SETP's Ray E. Tenhoff Award for 1966;the A. B. Honts Trophy as the outstanding graduate of Class 64A from the Aerospace Research Pilot School in 1964;an honorary doctor of science degree fromWestern Michigan University(1970);theJSCSpecial Achievement Award (1978);theSoaring Society of America's Certificate of Achievement Award (1978); the GeneralThomas D. WhiteUSAF Space Trophy for 1977;the SETP'sIven C. Kincheloe Award(1978);and theAir Force Association'sDavid C. SchillingAward (1978). He received thePresidential Medal of Freedom,NASA Distinguished Service Medal,andNASA Exceptional Service Medal. He was inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1983 and theAerospace Walk of Honorin 1995.He was also one of 24 Apollo astronauts inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of Fameon October 4, 1997. On February 13, 2022, the City of Biloxi unveiled a statue of Haise in the parking lot of the historicBiloxi Lighthouse. Haise was present at the ceremony and had his handprints set in concrete at the statue's base prior to its unveiling. The statue was created by Mississippi artist Mary Ott Tremel Davidson. In September 2023, Haise was inducted into theNational Aviation Hall of Famein Dayton, Ohio. In popular culture In the 1995 motion pictureApollo 13, Haise was played byBill Paxton. See also References Sources External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Stonewall riots TheStonewall riots, also known as theStonewall uprising,Stonewall rebellion,Stonewall revolution,or simplyStonewall, were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against apolice raidthat took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at theStonewall Inn, in theGreenwich Villageneighborhood ofNew York City. Although the demonstrations werenot the first time American homosexuals fought backagainst government-sponsored persecution ofsexual minorities, the Stonewall riots marked a new beginning for thegay rights movementin the United States and around the world. American gays and lesbians in the 1950s and 1960s faced a legal system more anti-homosexual than those of someWarsaw Pactcountries.Earlyhomophilegroups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society, and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals alike. The last years of the 1960s, however, were very contentious, as many social movements were active,","were active, including theAfrican American Civil Rights Movement, theCounterculture of the 1960s, andantiwar demonstrations. These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots. Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. The Stonewall Inn was owned by theMafiaand catered to an assortment of patrons, popular among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community:drag queens, representatives of a newly self-awaretransgendercommunity, effeminate young men,hustlers, and homeless youth. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn and attracted a crowd that was incited toriot. Tensions betweenNew York City policeand gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. Within weeks,","Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about theirsexual orientationwithout fear of being arrested. Following the Stonewall riots, sexual minorities in New York City faced gender, class, and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community. In the weeks and months after, they initiated politically active social organizations and launched publications that spoke openly about rights for gay people. The first anniversary of the riots was marked by peaceful demonstrations in several American cities that have since grown to becomepride parades. TheStonewall National Monumentwas established at the site in 2016. Today, pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. Background Homosexuality in 20th-century United States Following the social upheaval ofWorld War II, many people in the United States felt a fervent desire to \"restore the prewar","\"restore the prewar social order and hold off the forces of change\", according to historianBarry Adam.Spurred by the national emphasis onanti-communism, SenatorJoseph McCarthyconducted hearings searching for communists in the U.S. government, theU.S. Army, and other government-funded agencies and institutions, leading to a national paranoia.Anarchists,communists, and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks. Gay men and lesbians wereincludedin this list by theU.S. State Departmenton the theory that they were susceptible toblackmail. In 1950, a Senate investigation chaired byClyde R. Hoeynoted in a report, \"It is generally believed that those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons\",and said all of the government's intelligence agencies \"are in complete agreement that sex perverts in Government constitute security risks\".Between 1947 and 1950, 1,700 federal job applications were denied, 4,380 people were discharged from the","discharged from the military, and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, theFederal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) and police departments kept lists of known homosexuals and their favored establishments and friends; theU.S. Post Officekept track of addresses where material pertaining tohomosexualitywas mailed.State and local governments followed suit: bars catering to gay men and lesbians were shut down and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers. Cities performed \"sweeps\" to rid neighborhoods, parks, bars, and beaches of gay people. They outlawed the wearing of opposite-gender clothes and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual. In 1952, theAmerican Psychiatric Associationlisted homosexuality in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual(DSM) as a mental disorder. A large-scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify the inclusion of the \"disorder\" as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the","hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent–child relationships. This view was widely influential in the medical profession.In 1956, the psychologistEvelyn Hookerperformed a study that compared the happiness and well-adjusted nature of self-identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference.Her study stunned the medical community and made her a hero to many gay men and lesbians,but homosexuality remained in theDSMuntil 1974. Homophile activism In response to this trend, two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of gay men and lesbians and provide opportunities where they could socialize without fear of being arrested.Los Angelesarea homosexuals created theMattachine Societyin 1950, in the home of communist activistHarry Hay.Their objectives were to unify homosexuals, educate them, provide leadership, and assist \"sexual deviants\" with legal troubles.Facing enormous opposition to their radical approach, in 1953 the Mattachine shifted their","shifted their focus to assimilation and respectability. They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gay men and lesbians were normal people, no different from heterosexuals.Soon after, several women inSan Franciscomet in their living rooms to form theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB) for lesbians.Although the eight women who created the DOB initially came together to be able to have a safe place to dance, as the DOB grew they developed similar goals to the Mattachine and urged their members to assimilate into general society. One of the first challenges togovernment repressioncame in 1953. An organization namedONE, Inc.published a magazine calledONE. The U.S. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue, which concerned homosexual people in heterosexual marriages, on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping. The case eventuallywent to the Supreme Court, which in 1958 ruled that ONE, Inc. could mail its materials through the","through the Postal Service. Homophileorganizations—as homosexual groups self-identified in this era—grew in number and spread to the East Coast. Gradually, members of these organizations grew bolder.Frank Kamenyfounded the Mattachine ofWashington, D.C.He had been fired from the U.S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated. Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals, often aiming his efforts atmental health professionals, some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal. In 1965, news onCubanprison work camps for homosexuals inspired Mattachine New York and D.C. to organize protests at theUnited Nationsand theWhite House. Similar demonstrations were then held also at other government buildings. The purpose was to protest the treatment of gay people in Cubaand U.S. employment discrimination. These pickets shocked many gay people and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB.At the same time,","the same time, demonstrations in the civil rights movement andopposition to the Vietnam Warall grew in prominence, frequency, and severity throughout the 1960s, as did their confrontations with police forces. Earlier resistance and riots On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations. They were effeminate men and masculine women, or people who dressed and lived in contrast to theirsex assigned at birth, either part or full-time. Contemporaneous nomenclature classified them astransvestitesand they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities. They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB asserted homosexuals were respectable, normal people.The Mattachine and DOB considered the trials of being arrested for wearing clothing of the opposite gender as a parallel to the struggles of homophile organizations: similar but distinctly separate. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people staged a smallriot at","a smallriot at the Cooper Do-nutscafé in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment.In a larger 1966 event in San Francisco, drag queens, hustlers, and trans womenwere sitting inCompton's Cafeteriawhen the police arrived to arrest people appearing to be physically male who were presenting as women. A riot ensued, with the cafeteria patrons slinging cups, plates, and saucers and breaking theplexiglasswindows in the front of the restaurant and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced.ProfessorSusan Strykerclassifies the Compton's Cafeteria riot as an \"act of anti-transgender discrimination, rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation\" and connects the uprising to the issues of gender, race, and class that were being downplayed by homophile organizations.It marked the beginning oftransgenderactivism in San Francisco. Greenwich Village TheManhattanneighborhoods of Greenwich Village andHarlemwere home to sizable gay and lesbian populations","lesbian populations afterWorld War I, when people who had served in the military took advantage of the opportunity to settle in larger cities. The enclaves of gay men and lesbians, described by a newspaper story as \"short-haired women and long-haired men\", developed a distinct subculture through the following two decades.Prohibitioninadvertently benefited gay establishments, as drinking alcohol was pushed underground along with other behaviors considered immoral. New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses, but because alcohol was in high demand,speakeasiesand impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all.However, police raids continued, resulting in the closure of iconic establishments such asEve's Hangoutin 1926. The social repression of the 1950s resulted in a cultural revolution in Greenwich Village. A cohort of poets, later named theBeatpoets, wrote about the evils of the social organization at the","organization at the time, glorifying anarchy, drugs, and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance, consumerism, and closed-mindedness. Of them,Allen GinsbergandWilliam S. Burroughs—both Greenwich Village residents—also wrote bluntly and honestly about homosexuality. Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal-minded people, as well as homosexuals looking for a community. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in full effect by order of MayorRobert F. Wagner Jr., who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the1964 World's Fair. The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible.Entrapmentusually consisted of an undercover officer who found a man in a bar or public park, engaged him in conversation; if the conversation headed toward the possibility that they might leave together—or the officer bought the man a drink—he was arrested forsolicitation. One story in","One story in theNew York Postdescribed an arrest in a gym locker room, where the officer grabbed his crotch, moaning, and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested.Few lawyers would defend cases as undesirable as these and some of those lawyers kicked back their fees to the arresting officer. The Mattachine Society succeeded in getting newly elected mayorJohn Lindsayto end the campaign of police entrapment in New York City. They had a more difficult time with theNew York State Liquor Authority(SLA). While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals, courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become \"disorderly\".Despite the high population of gay men and lesbians who called Greenwich Village home, very few places existed, other than bars, where they were able to congregate openly without being harassed or arrested. In 1966 the New York Mattachine held a \"sip-in\" at a Greenwich Village bar namedJulius, which was frequented by gay men, to","by gay men, to illustrate the discrimination homosexuals faced. None of the bars frequented by gay men and lesbians were owned by gay people. Almost all of them were owned and controlled byorganized crime, who treated the regulars poorly, watered down the liquor, and overcharged for drinks. However, they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids. Stonewall Inn The Stonewall Inn, located at 51 and 53Christopher Street, along with several other establishments in the city, was owned by theGenovese crime family.In 1966, three members of the Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff known as agayola, as the Stonewall Inn had noliquor license.It had no running water behind the bar—dirty glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused.There were no fire exits, and the toilets overran consistently.Though the bar was not used for","was not used for prostitution, drug sales and other black market activities took place. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed;dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club. Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by abouncerwho inspected them through a peephole in the door. The legal drinking age was 18 and to avoid unwittingly letting in undercover police (who were called \"Lily Law\", \"Alice Blue Gown\", or \"Betty Badge\"), visitors would have to be known by the doorman or 'look gay'. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private \"bottle club\", but they rarely signed their real names. There were two dance floors in the Stonewall. The interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights orblack lights. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching.In the rear of the bar was a smaller room frequented by \"queens\";","by \"queens\"; it was one of two bars where effeminate men who wore makeup and teased their hair (though dressed in men's clothing) could go.Only a few people in fulldragwere allowed in by the bouncers. The customers were \"98 percent male\" but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearbyChristopher Park, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks.The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties and the racial mix was distributed among mainly white, with Black, and Hispanic patrons.Because of its mix of people, its location, and the attraction of dancing, the Stonewall Inn was known by many as \"thegay bar in the city\". Police raids on gay bars were frequent, occurring on average once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized.Bar management usually knew about raids","knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished.During a typical raid, the lights were turned on and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used theirdraft cardsas identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Typically, employees and management of the bars were also arrested.The period immediately before June 28, 1969, was marked by frequent raids of local bars—including a raid at the Stonewall Inn on the Tuesday before the riots—and the closing of the Checkerboard, the Tele-Star, and two other clubs in Greenwich Village. Riots Police raid At 1:20 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, four plainclothes policemen in dark suits, two patrol officers in uniform,","in uniform, Detective Charles Smythe, and Deputy InspectorSeymour Pinearrived at the Stonewall Inn's double doors and announced \"Police! We're taking the place!\"Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen entered the bar early that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once ready, the undercover officers called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night, as was the custom.The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 200 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. Michael Fader remembered, \"Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to","get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar.\" The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their sex, upon which any people appearing to be physically male and dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those suspected of cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar. All parties involved recall that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly, started by police who assaulted some of the lesbians by \"feeling some of them up inappropriately\" while frisking them. When did you ever see a fag fight back?... Now, times were a-changin'. Tuesday night was the last night for bullshit... Predominantly, the theme as, \"this shit has got to","shit has got to stop!\" —anonymous Stonewall riots participant The police were to transport the bar's alcohol in patrol wagons. Twenty-eight cases of beer and nineteen bottles of hard liquor were seized, but the patrol wagons had not yet arrived, so patrons were required to wait in line for about 15 minutes.Those who were not arrested were released from the front door, but they did not leave quickly as usual. Instead, they stopped outside and a crowd began to grow and watch. Within minutes, between 100 and 150 people had congregated outside, some after they were released from inside the Stonewall and some after noticing the police cars and the crowd. Although the police forcefully pushed or kicked some patrons out of the bar, some customers released by the police performed for the crowd by posing and saluting the police in an exaggerated fashion. The crowd's applause encouraged them further. When the first patrol wagon arrived, Inspector Pine recalled that the crowd—most of whom were homosexual—had grown to","grown to at least ten times the number of people who were arrested and they all became very quiet.Confusion over radio communication delayed the arrival of a second wagon. The police began escorting Mafia members into the first wagon, to the cheers of the bystanders. Next, regular employees were loaded into the wagon. A bystander shouted, \"Gay power!\", someone began singing \"We Shall Overcome\" and the crowd reacted with amusement and general good humor mixed with \"growing and intensive hostility\".An officer shoved a person in drag, who responded by hitting him on the head with her purse. The cop clubbed her over the head, as the crowd began to boo. AuthorEdmund White, who had been passing by, recalled, \"Everyone's restless, angry, and high-spirited. No one has a slogan, no one even has an attitude, but something's brewing.\"Pennies, then beer bottles, were thrown at the wagon as a rumor spread through the crowd that patrons still inside the bar were being beaten. A scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs","woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times. She escaped repeatedly and fought with four of the police, swearing and shouting, for about ten minutes. Described as \"a typical New York butch\" and \"a dyke–stone butch\", she had been hit on the head by an officer with abatonfor, as one witness claimed, complaining that her handcuffs were too tight.Bystanders recalled that the woman, whose identity remains unknown (Stormé DeLarveriehas been identified by some, including herself, as the woman, but accounts vary), sparked the crowd to fight when she looked at bystanders and shouted, \"Why don't you guys do something?\" After an officer picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon,the crowd became a mob and became violent. Violence breaks out The police tried to restrain some of the crowd, knocking a few people down, which incited bystanders even more. Some of those handcuffed in the wagon escaped when police left them unattended (deliberately, according","according to some witnesses).As the crowd tried to overturn the police wagon, two police cars and the wagon—with a few slashed tires—left immediately, with Inspector Pine urging them to return as soon as possible. The commotion attracted more people who learned what was happening. Someone in the crowd declared that the bar had been raided because \"they didn't pay off the cops\", to which someone else yelled, \"Let's pay them off!\"Coins sailed through the air towards the police as the crowd shouted \"Pigs!\" and \"Faggot cops!\" Beer cans were thrown and the police lashed out, dispersing some of the crowd who found a construction site nearby with stacks of bricks. The police, outnumbered by between 500 and 600 people, grabbed several people, including activist folk singer (and mentor ofBob Dylan)Dave Van Ronk—who had been attracted to the revolt from a bar two doors away from the Stonewall. Though Van Ronk was not gay, he had experienced police violence when he participated in antiwar demonstrations: \"As far as I","\"As far as I was concerned, anybody who'd stand against the cops was all right with me and that's why I stayed in... Every time you turned around the cops were pulling some outrage or another.\"Van Ronk was the first of thirteen arrested that night.Ten police officers—including two policewomen—barricaded themselves, Van Ronk,Howard Smith(a column writer forThe Village Voice), and several handcuffed detainees inside the Stonewall Inn for their own safety. Multiple accounts of the riot assert that there was no pre-existing organization or apparent cause for the demonstration; what ensued was spontaneous.Michael Fader explained: We all had a collective feeling like we'd had enough of this kind of shit. It wasn't anything tangible anybody said to anyone else, it was just kind of like everything over the years had come to a head on that one particular night in the one particular place and it was not an organized demonstration... The only known photograph from the first night of the riots, taken by freelance","taken by freelance photographer Joseph Ambrosini, shows the homeless gay youth who slept in nearby Christopher Park, scuffling with police. Jackie Hormona andTommy Lanigan-Schmidtare on the far left. The Mattachine Society newsletter a month later offered its explanation of why the riots occurred: \"It catered largely to a group of people who are not welcome in, or cannot afford, other places of homosexual social gathering... The Stonewall became home to these kids. When it was raided, they fought for it. That and the fact that they had nothing to lose other than the most tolerant and broadminded gay place in town, explains why.\" Garbage cans, garbage, bottles, rocks, and bricks were hurled at the building, breaking the windows. Witnesses attest that \"flame queens\", hustlers, and gay \"street kids\"—the most outcast people in the gay community—were responsible for the first volley of projectiles, as well as the uprooting of aparking meterused as abattering ramon the doors of the Stonewall Inn. The mob lit","Inn. The mob lit garbage on fire and stuffed it through the broken windows as the police grabbed a fire hose. Because it had no water pressure, the hose was ineffective in dispersing the crowd and seemed only to encourage them.Marsha P. Johnsonlater said that it was the police that had started the fire in the bar.When demonstrators broke through the windows—which had been covered byplywoodby the bar owners to deter the police from raiding the bar—the police inside unholstered their pistols. The doors flew open and officers pointed their weapons at the angry crowd, threatening to shoot. Howard Smith, in the bar with the police, took a wrench from the bar and stuffed it in his pants, unsure if he might have to use it against the mob or the police. He watched someone squirtlighter fluidinto the bar; as it was lit and the police took aim,sirenswere heard and fire trucks arrived. The onslaught had lasted 45 minutes. When the violence broke out, the women and transmasculine people being held down the street atThe","the street atThe Women's House of Detentionjoined in by chanting, setting fire to their belongings and tossing them into the street below. The historian Hugh Ryan says, \"When I would talk to people about Stonewall, they would tell me, that night on Stonewall, we looked to the prison because we saw the women rioting and chanting, 'Gay rights, gay rights, gay rights.'\" Escalation TheTactical Patrol Force(TPF) of the New York City Police Department arrived to free the police trapped inside the Stonewall. One officer's eye was cut and a few others were bruised from being struck by flying debris.Bob Kohler, who was walking his dog by the Stonewall that night, saw the TPF arrive: I had been in enough riots to know the fun was over... The cops were totally humiliated. This never, ever happened. They were angrier than I guess they had ever been because everybody else had rioted... but the fairies were not supposed to riot... no group had ever forced cops to retreat before, so the anger was just enormous. I mean,","enormous. I mean, they wanted to kill. With larger numbers, police detained anyone they could and put them in patrol wagons to go to jail, though Inspector Pine recalled, \"Fights erupted with the transvestites, who wouldn't go into the patrol wagon.\" His recollection was corroborated by another witness across the street who said, \"All I could see about who was fighting was that it was transvestites and they were fighting furiously.\" The TPF formed aphalanxand attempted to clear the streets by marching slowly and pushing the crowd back. The mob openly mocked the police. The crowd cheered, started impromptukick linesand sang to the tune of \"Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay\": \"We are the Stonewall girls/ We wear our hair in curls/ We don't wear underwear/ We show our pubic hair.\"Lucian Truscottreported inThe Village Voice: \"A stagnant situation there brought on some gay tomfoolery in the form of achorus linefacing the line of helmeted and club-carrying cops. Just as the line got into a full kick routine, the TPF advanced","the TPF advanced again and cleared the crowd of screaming gay powerites down Christopher to Seventh Avenue.\"One participant who had been in the Stonewall during the raid recalled, \"The police rushed us and that's when I realized this is not a good thing to do, because they got me in the back with anightstick.\" Another account stated, \"I just can't ever get that one sight out of my mind. The cops with the and the kick line on the other side. It was the most amazing thing... And all the sudden that kick line, which I guess was a spoof on the machismo... I think that's when I felt rage. Because people were getting smashed with bats. And for what? A kick line.\" Marsha P. Johnson, anAfrican-Americanstreet queen,recalled arriving at the bar around \"2:00 \", and that at that point the riots were well underway, with the building in flames.As the riots went on into the early hours of the morning, Johnson, along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona, were noted as \"three individuals known to have been in the vanguard\" of","in the vanguard\" of the pushback against the police. Craig Rodwell, owner of theOscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, reported watching police chase participants through the crooked streets, only to see them appear around the next corner behind the police. Members of the mob stopped cars, overturning one of them to block Christopher Street.Jack NicholsandLige Clarke, in their column printed inScrew, declared that \"massive crowds of angry protesters chased for blocks screaming, 'Catch them!'\" By 4:00 am, the streets had nearly been cleared. Many people sat on stoops or gathered nearby in Christopher Park throughout the morning, dazed in disbelief at what had transpired. Many witnesses remembered the surreal and eerie quiet that descended upon Christopher Street, though there continued to be \"electricity in the air\".One commented: \"There was a certain beauty in the aftermath of the riot... It was obvious, at least to me, that a lot of people really were gay and, you know, this was our street.\"Thirteen people had","people had been arrested. Some in the crowd were hospitalized,and four police officers were injured. Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken. Inspector Pine had intended to close and dismantle the Stonewall Inn that night. Pay phones, toilets, mirrors,jukeboxes, and cigarette machines were all smashed, possibly in the riot and possibly by the police. Second night of rioting During the siege of the Stonewall, Craig Rodwell calledThe New York Times, theNew York Post, and theDaily Newsto tell them what was happening. All three papers covered the riots; theDaily Newsplaced coverage on the front page. News of the riot spread quickly throughout Greenwich Village, fueled by rumors that it had been organized by theStudents for a Democratic Society, theBlack Panthers, or triggered by \"a homosexual police officer whose roommate went dancing at the Stonewall against the officer's wishes\".All day Saturday, June 28, people came to stare at the burned and blackened Stonewall Inn.Graffitiappeared on the walls of","on the walls of the bar, declaring \"Drag power\", \"They invaded our rights\", \"Support gay power\" and \"Legalize gay bars\", along with accusations of police looting and—regarding the status of the bar—\"We are open.\" The next night, rioting again surrounded Christopher Street; participants remember differently which night was more frantic or violent. Many of the same people returned from the previous evening—hustlers, street youths, and \"queens\"—but they were joined by \"police provocateurs\", curious bystanders, and even tourists.Remarkable to many was the sudden exhibition of homosexual affection in public, as described by one witness: \"From going to places where you had to knock on a door and speak to someone through a peephole in order to get in. We were just out. We were in the streets.\" Thousands of people had gathered in front of the Stonewall, which had opened again, choking Christopher Street until the crowd spilled into adjoining blocks. The throng surrounded buses and cars, harassing the occupants","the occupants unless they either admitted they were gay or indicated their support for the demonstrators.Marsha P. Johnson was seen climbing a lamppost and dropping a heavy bag onto the hood of a police car, shattering the windshield. As on the previous evening, fires were started in garbage cans throughout the neighborhood. More than a hundred police were present from the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and NinthPrecincts, but after 2:00 a.m. the TPF arrived again. Kick lines and police chases waxed and waned; when police captured demonstrators, whom the majority of witnesses described as \"sissies\" or \"swishes\", the crowd surged to recapture them.Again, street battling ensued until 4:00 am. Beat poet and longtime Greenwich Village resident Allen Ginsberg lived on Christopher Street and happened upon the jubilant chaos. After he learned of the riot that had occurred the previous evening, he stated, \"Gay power! Isn't that great!... It's about time we did something to assert ourselves\" and visited the open Stonewall Inn","open Stonewall Inn for the first time. While walking home, he declared to Lucian Truscott, \"You know, the guys there were so beautiful—they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago.\" ActivistMark Segalrecounts thatMartha ShelleyandMarty Robinsonstood and made speeches from the front door of the Stonewall on June 29, 1969, the second night of the riot. Leaflets, press coverage, and more violence Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic on Monday, June 30, and Tuesday, July 1, partly due to rain. Police and Village residents had a few altercations, as both groups antagonized each other. Craig Rodwell and his partnerFred Sargeanttook the opportunity the morning after the first riot to print and distribute 5,000 leaflets, one of them reading: \"Get the Mafia and the Cops out of Gay Bars.\" The leaflets called for gay people to own their own establishments, for a boycott of the Stonewall and other Mafia-owned bars, and for public pressure on the mayor's office to investigate the \"intolerable","the \"intolerable situation\". Not everyone in the gay community considered the revolt a positive development. To many older homosexuals and many members of the Mattachine Society who had worked throughout the 1960s to promote homosexuals as no different from heterosexuals, the display of violence and effeminate behavior was embarrassing.Randy Wicker, who had marched in the first gay picket lines before the White House in 1965, said the \"screaming queens forming chorus lines and kicking went against everything that I wanted people to think about homosexuals... that we were a bunch of drag queens in the Village acting disorderly and tacky and cheap.\"Others found the closing of the Stonewall Inn, termed a \"sleaze joint\", as advantageous to the Village. On Wednesday, however,The Village Voiceran reports of the riots, written by Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott, that included unflattering descriptions of the events and its participants: \"forces of faggotry\", \"limp wrists\" and \"Sunday fag follies\".A mob descended","mob descended upon Christopher Street once again and threatened to burn down the offices ofThe Village Voice,which at the time was headquartered several buildings west of the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street; that proximity gave Truscott and other writers for the newspaper first hand observations of the uprising. Also in the mob of between 500 and 1,000 were other groups that had had unsuccessful confrontations with the police and were curious how the police were defeated in this situation. Another explosive street battle took place, with injuries to demonstrators and police alike, local shops getting looted, and arrests of five people.The incidents on Wednesday night lasted about an hour and were summarized by one witness: \"The word is out. Christopher Street shall be liberated. The fags have had it with oppression.\" Aftermath The feeling of urgency spread throughout Greenwich Village, even to people who had not witnessed the riots. Many who were moved by the rebellion attended organizational meetings,","meetings, sensing an opportunity to take action. On July 4, 1969, the Mattachine Society performed its annual picket in front ofIndependence HallinPhiladelphia, called theAnnual Reminder. OrganizersCraig Rodwell,Frank Kameny,Randy Wicker,Barbara Gittings, andKay Lahusen, who had all participated for several years, took a bus along with other picketers from New York City to Philadelphia. Since 1965, the pickets had been very controlled: women wore skirts and men wore suits and ties and all marched quietly in organized lines.This year Rodwell remembered feeling restricted by the rules Kameny had set. When two women spontaneously held hands, Kameny broke them apart, saying, \"None of that! None of that!\" Rodwell, however, convinced about ten couples to hold hands. The hand-holding couples made Kameny furious, but they earned more press attention than all of the previous marches.ParticipantLilli Vincenzremembered, \"It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered.\"Rodwell","empowered.\"Rodwell returned to New York City determined to change the established quiet, meek ways of trying to get attention. One of his first priorities was planning Christopher Street Liberation Day. Gay Liberation Front Although the Mattachine Society had existed since the 1950s, many of their methods now seemed too mild for people who had witnessed or been inspired by the riots. Mattachine recognized the shift in attitudes in a story from their newsletter entitled, \"The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World.\"When a Mattachine officer suggested an \"amicable and sweet\" candlelight vigil demonstration, a man in the audience fumed and shouted, \"Sweet!Bullshit!That's the role society has been forcing these queens to play.\"With a flyer announcing: \"Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are!\",theGay Liberation Front(GLF) was soon formed, the first gay organization to usegayin its name. Previous organizations such as theMattachine Society, theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB), and various","and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names. The rise of militancy became apparent to Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings—who had worked in homophile organizations for years and were both very public about their roles—when they attended a GLF meeting to see the new group. A young GLF member demanded to know who they were and what their credentials were. Gittings, nonplussed, stammered, \"I'm gay. That's why I'm here.\"The GLF borrowed tactics from and aligned themselves with black andantiwardemonstrators with the ideal that they \"could work to restructure American society\".They took on causes of the Black Panthers, marching to theWomen's House of Detentionin support ofAfeni Shakurand other radicalNew Leftcauses. Four months after the group formed, however, it disbanded when members were unable to agree on operating procedure. Gay Activists Alliance Within six months of the Stonewall riots, activists started a citywide newspaper calledGay; they considered it","they considered it necessary because the most liberal publication in the city—The Village Voice—refused to print the wordgayin GLF advertisements seeking new members and volunteers.Two other newspapers were initiated within a six-week period:Come Out!andGay Power; the readership of these three periodicals quickly climbed to between 20,000 and 25,000. GLF members organized several same-sex dances, but GLF meetings were chaotic. When Bob Kohler asked for clothes and money to help the homeless youth who had participated in the riots, many of whom slept in Christopher Park or Sheridan Square, the response was a discussion on the downfall ofcapitalism.In late December 1969, several people who had visited GLF meetings and left out of frustration formed theGay Activists Alliance(GAA). The GAA was to be more orderly and entirely focused on gay issues. Their constitution began, \"We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings.\"The GAA developed and","GAA developed and perfected a confrontational tactic called azap: they would catch a politician off guard during a public relations opportunity and force him or her to acknowledge gay and lesbian rights. City councilmen were zapped and mayor John Lindsay was zapped several times—once on television when GAA members made up the majority of the audience. Police raids on gay bars did not stop after the Stonewall riots. In March 1970, deputy inspector Seymour Pine raided the Zodiac and 17 Barrow Street. An after-hours gay club with no liquor or occupancy licenses called The Snake Pit was soon raided and 167 people were arrested. One of them wasDiego Viñales, an Argentinian national so frightened that he might bedeportedas a homosexual that he tried to escape the police precinct by jumping out of a two-story window, impaling himself on a 14-inch (36 cm) spike fence.TheNew York Daily Newsprinted a graphic photo of the young man's impalement on the front page. GAA members organized a march from Christopher Park to","Christopher Park to the Sixth Precinct in which hundreds of gay men, lesbians, and liberal sympathizers peacefully confronted the TPF.They also sponsored a letter-writing campaign to Mayor Lindsay in which the Greenwich VillageDemocratic Partyand congressmanEd Kochsent pleas to end raids on gay bars in the city. The Stonewall Inn lasted only a few weeks after the riot. By October 1969 it was up for rent. Village residents surmised it was too notorious a location and Rodwell's boycott discouraged business. Gay Pride Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with an assembly on Christopher Street; with simultaneous Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles andChicago, these were the firstGay Pride marchesin US history.The next year, Gay Pride marches took place inBoston,Dallas,Milwaukee,London,Paris,West BerlinandStockholm.Themarch in New Yorkcovered 51 blocks, from Christopher Street toCentral Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to","time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.The New York Timesreported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.Reporting byThe Village Voicewas positive, describing \"the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago\". There was little open animosity and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign \"I am a Lesbian\" walked by. —The New York Timescoverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970 By 1972, the participating cities includedAtlanta,Buffalo,Detroit, Washington, D.C.,Miami,Minneapolis, and Philadelphia,as well as San Francisco. Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince","trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from them. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department, and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the US government.Ten people marched with Kameny then and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, \"By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred.\" Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as \"one of the greatest mistakes of his life\".The image of gay people retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, \"stirred an unexpected spirit","unexpected spirit among many homosexuals\".Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, \"Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly, it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale.\"David Carter explained that even though there were several uprisings before Stonewall, the reason Stonewall was so significant was that thousands of people were involved, the riot lasted a long time (six days), it was the first to get major media coverage, and it sparked the formation of many gay rights groups. Trans organizations According toSusan Stryker's book,Transgender History, the Stonewall riots had significant effects on trans rights activism.Sylvia RiveraandMarsha P. Johnsonestablished the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization, as they believed that trans people weren't being adequately represented in the Gay Activists Alliance and Gay","Alliance and Gay Liberation Front. They established politicized versions of \"houses\", which came from Black and Latino queer communities, and were places that marginalized trans youth could seek shelter. Besides STAR, organizations such asTransvestites and Transsexuals(TAT) andQueens' Liberation Front(QLF) were also established. QLF, which was established by drag queen Lee Brewster and heterosexual transvestite Bunny Eisenhower, marched on Christopher Street Liberation Day and fought against drag erasure and for trans visibility. Legacy The Stonewall riots are often considered to be the origin or impetus of thegay liberationmovement, and many studies ofLGBT historyin the U.S. are divided into pre- and post-Stonewall analyses.This has been criticized byhistorians of sexuality. Calls for the rights ofgender and sexual minoritiespredate the Stonewall riots. Thefirst homosexual movementbegan one hundred years earlier, in Germany.West Germanyhad abolished criminal liability for homosexual acts among adults over","among adults over 21 years of age through a change ofSection 175of the German Criminal Code on June 25, 1969 − just three days before the Stonewall riots began.There was already the emergence of a gay liberation movement in New York at the time of the riots. The Stonewall riots were not the only time LGBT people organized politically amid attacks on LGBT establishments. The event has been said to occupy a unique place in thecollective memoryof many LGBT people,including those outside of the United States,as it \"is marked by an international commemorative ritual – an annual gay pride parade\", according to sociologist Elizabeth A. Armstrong. Community Within two years of the Stonewall riots, there were gay rights groups in every major American city, as well as in Canada, Australia, and Western Europe.People who joined activist organizations after the riots had very little in common other than theirsame-sex attraction. Many who arrived at GLF or GAA meetings were taken aback by the number of gay people in one","gay people in one place.Race, class, ideology, and gender became frequent obstacles in the years after the riots. This was illustrated during the 1973 Stonewall rally when, moments afterBarbara Gittingsexuberantly praised the diversity of the crowd, feminist activistJean O'Learyprotested what she perceived as the mocking of women bycross-dressersanddrag queensin attendance. During a speech by O'Leary, in which she claimed that drag queens made fun of women for entertainment value and profit,Sylvia RiveraandLee Brewsterjumped on the stage and shouted \"You go to bars because of what drag queens did for you andthese bitchestell us to quit being ourselves!\"Both the drag queens and lesbian feminists in attendance left in disgust. O'Leary also worked in the early 1970s to exclude transgender people from gay rights issues because she felt that rights for transgender people would be too difficult to attain.Sylvia Rivera left New York City in the mid-1970s, relocating toupstate New York.She later returned to the city","to the city in the mid-1990s, after the 1992 death of friendMarsha P. Johnson. Rivera lived on the \"gay pier\" at the end of Christopher street and advocated for homeless members of the gay community.The initial disagreements among participants in the movements often evolved after further reflection. O'Leary later regretted her stance against the drag queens attending in 1973: \"Looking back, I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then. I would never pick on a transvestite now.\"\"It was horrible. How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians?\" O'Leary was referring to theLavender Menace, an appellation bysecond-wave feministBetty Friedanbased on attempts by members of theNational Organization for Women(NOW) to distance themselves from the perception of NOW as a haven for lesbians. As part of this process,Rita Mae Brownand other lesbians who had been active in NOW were forced","in NOW were forced out. They staged a protest in 1970 at the Second Congress to Unite Women and earned the support of many NOW members, finally gaining full acceptance in 1971. The growth oflesbian feminismin the 1970s at times so conflicted with the gay liberation movement that some lesbians refused to work with gay men. Many lesbians found men's attitudes patriarchal and chauvinistic and saw in gay men the same misguided notions about women that they saw in heterosexual men.The issues most important to gay men—entrapmentand public solicitation—were not shared by lesbians. In 1977, a Lesbian Pride Rally was organized as an alternative to sharing gay men's issues, especially whatAdrienne Richtermed \"the violent, self-destructive world of the gay bars\".Veteran gay activist Barbara Gittings chose to work in the gay rights movement, explaining, \"It's a matter of where does it hurt the most? For me it hurts the most not in the female arena, but the gay arena.\" Throughout the 1970s, gay activism had significant","had significant successes. One of the first and most important was the \"zap\" in May 1970 by the Los Angeles GLF at a convention of theAmerican Psychiatric Association(APA). At a conference onbehavior modification, during a film demonstrating the use ofelectroshock therapyto decrease same-sex attraction,Morris Kightand GLF members in the audience interrupted the film with shouts of \"Torture!\" and \"Barbarism!\"They took over the microphone to announce that medical professionals who prescribed such therapy for their homosexual patients were complicit in torturing them. Although 20 psychiatrists in attendance left, the GLF spent the hour following the zap with those remaining, trying to convince them that homosexual people were not mentally ill.When the APA invited gay activists to speak to the group in 1972, activists broughtJohn E. Fryer, a gay psychiatrist who wore a mask, because he felt his practice was in danger. In December 1973—in large part due to the efforts of gay activists—the APA voted unanimously to","unanimously to remove homosexuality from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual. Gay men and lesbians came together to work ingrassrootspolitical organizations responding to organized resistance in 1977. A coalition of conservatives namedSave Our Childrenstaged a campaign to repeal a civil rights ordinance inMiami-Dade County. Save Our Children was successful enough to influence similar repeals in several American cities in 1978. However, that same year, a campaign in California called theBriggs Initiative, designed to force the dismissal of homosexual public school employees, was defeated.Reaction to the influence of Save Our Children and the Briggs Initiative in the gay community was so significant that it has been called the second Stonewall for many activists, marking their initiation into political participation.The subsequent 1979National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rightswas timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Rejection of prior gay subculture The Stonewall","The Stonewall riots marked such a significant turning point that many aspects of priorgay and lesbian culture, such as bar culture formed from decades of shame and secrecy, were forcefully ignored and denied. HistorianMartin Dubermanwrites, \"The decades preceding Stonewall... continue to be regarded by most gay men and lesbians as some vast neolithic wasteland.\"SociologistBarry Adamnotes, \"Every social movement must choose at some point what to retain and what to reject out of its past. What traits are the results of oppression and what are healthy and authentic?\"In conjunction with the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s, roles ofbutch and femmethat developed in lesbian bars in the 1950s and 1960s were rejected, because as one writer put it: \"all role playing is sick.\"Lesbian feminists considered the butch roles as archaic imitations of masculine behavior.Some women, according toLillian Faderman, were eager to shed the roles they felt forced into playing. The roles returned for some women in the","some women in the 1980s, although they allowed for more flexibility than before Stonewall. Author Michael Bronski highlights the \"attack on pre-Stonewall culture\", particularlygay pulp fictionfor men, where the themes often reflected self-hatred or ambivalence about being gay. Many books ended unsatisfactorily and drastically, often with suicide, and writers portrayed their gay characters as alcoholics or deeply unhappy. These books, which he describes as \"an enormous and cohesive literature by and for gay men\",have not been reissued and are lost to later generations. Dismissing the notion that the rejection was motivated by political correctness, Bronski writes, \"gay liberation was a youth movement whose sense of history was defined to a large degree by rejection of the past.\" Impact and recognition The riots spawned from a bar raid became a literal example of gay men and lesbians fighting back and a symbolic call to arms for many people. Historian David Carter remarks in his book about the Stonewall riots","the Stonewall riots that the bar itself was a complex business that represented a community center, an opportunity for the Mafia to blackmail its own customers, a home, and a place of \"exploitation and degradation\".The true legacy of the Stonewall riots, Carter insists, is the \"ongoing struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender equality\".Historian Nicholas Edsall writes: Stonewall has been compared to any number of acts of radical protest and defiance in American history from the Boston Tea Party on. But the best and certainly a more nearly contemporary analogy is Rosa Parks' refusal to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1955, which sparked the modern civil rights movement. Within months after Stonewall, radical gay liberation groups and newsletters sprang up in cities and on college campuses across America and then across all of northern Europe as well. Before the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn, homosexuals were, as historians Dudley Clendinen andAdam Nagourneywrite: a","Nagourneywrite: a secret legion of people, known of but discounted, ignored, laughed at or despised. And like the holders of a secret, they had an advantage which was a disadvantage too, and which was true of no other minority group in the United States. They were invisible. Unlike African Americans, women, Native Americans, Jews, the Irish, Italians, Asians, Hispanics, or any other cultural group which struggled for respect and equal rights, homosexuals had no physical or cultural markings, no language or dialect which could identify them to each other, or to anyone else... But that night, for the first time, the usual acquiescence turned into violent resistance... From that night the lives of millions of gay men and lesbians and the attitude toward them of the larger culture in which they lived, began to change rapidly. People began to appear in public as homosexuals, demanding respect. HistorianLillian Fadermancalls the riots the \"shot heard round the world\", explaining, \"The Stonewall Rebellion was","Rebellion was crucial because it sounded the rally for that movement. It became an emblem of gay and lesbian power. By calling on the dramatic tactic of violent protest that was being used by other oppressed groups, the events at the Stonewall implied that homosexuals had as much reason to be disaffected as they.\" Joan Nestleco-founded theLesbian Herstory Archivesin 1974 and credits \"its creation to that night and the courage that found its voice in the streets.\"Cautious, however, not to attribute the start of gay activism to the Stonewall riots, Nestle writes: I certainly don't see gay and lesbian history starting with Stonewall... and I don't see resistance starting with Stonewall. What I do see is a historical coming together of forces, and the sixties changed how human beings endured things in this society and what they refused to endure... Certainly, something special happened on that night in 1969 and we've made it more special in our need to have what I call a point of origin... it's more complex than","more complex than saying that it all started with Stonewall. The events of the early morning of June 28, 1969, were not the first instances of gay men and lesbians fighting back against police in New York City and elsewhere. Not only had the Mattachine Society been active in major cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago, but similarly marginalized people started the riot at Compton's Cafeteria in 1966 and another riot responded to a raid on Los Angeles'Black Cat Tavernin 1967.However, several circumstances were in play that made the Stonewall riots memorable. The location of theLower Manhattanraid was a factor: it was across the street fromThe Village Voiceoffices, and the narrow crooked streets gave the rioters an advantage over the police.Many of the participants and residents of Greenwich Village were involved in political organizations that were effectively able to mobilize a large and cohesive gay community in the weeks and months after the rebellion. The most significant facet of the Stonewall riots,","Stonewall riots, however, was the commemoration of them in Christopher Street Liberation Day, which grew into the annualGay Prideevents around the world. Stonewall(officially Stonewall Equality Limited) is anLGBT rightscharity in the United Kingdom, founded in 1989 and named after theStonewall Innbecause of the Stonewall riots. TheStonewall Awardsis an annual event the charity has held since 2006 to recognize people who have affected the lives of British lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. The middle of the 1990s was marked by the inclusion ofbisexualsas a represented group within the gay community, when they successfully sought to be included on the platform of the 1993March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation. Transgender people also asked to be included but were not, though trans-inclusive language was added to the march's list of demands.The transgender community continued to find itself simultaneously welcome and at odds with the gay community as attitudes aboutnon-binary","aboutnon-binary gender discriminationandpansexual orientationdeveloped and came increasingly into conflict.In 1994, New York City celebrated \"Stonewall 25\" with a march that went past theUnited Nations Headquartersand intoCentral Park. Estimates put the attendance at 1.1 million people.Sylvia Riveraled an alternate march in New York City in 1994 to protest the exclusion of transgender people from the events. Attendance at LGBT Pride events has grown substantially over the decades. Most large cities around the world now have some kind of Pride demonstration; Pride events in some cities mark the largest annual celebration of any kind.The growing trend towards commercializing marches into parades—with events receiving corporate sponsorship—has caused concern about taking away the autonomy of the original grassroots demonstrations. President Barack Obamadeclared June 2009 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, citing the riots as a reason to \"commit to achieving equal justice under law for LGBT","under law for LGBT Americans\".The year marked the 40th anniversary of the riots. An editorial in theWashington Bladecompared the scruffy, violent activism during and following the Stonewall riots to the lackluster response to failed promises given by President Obama; for being ignored, wealthy LGBT activists reacted by promising to give less money to Democratic causes.Two years later, the Stonewall Inn served as a rallying point for celebrations after theNew York State Senatevoted to passsame-sex marriage. The act was signed into law by GovernorAndrew Cuomoon June 24, 2011. Obama also referenced the Stonewall riots in a call for full equality during hissecond inaugural addresson January 21, 2013: We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths—that all of us are created equal—is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall... Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the","else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well. This was a historic moment: the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address. Throughout June 2019,Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, produced byHeritage of Pridein partnership with theI Love New Yorkprogram's LGBT division, took place in New York to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising. The final official estimate included 5 million visitors attending in Manhattan alone, making it thelargest LGBTQ celebrationin history.June is traditionally Pride month in New York City and worldwide, and the events were held under the auspices of the annualNYC Pride March. On June 6, 2019, coinciding withWorldPridebeing celebrated in New York City, Police CommissionerJames P. O'Neillapologized on behalf of the NYPD for the actions of its officers at the Stonewall uprising. The official 50th-anniversary commemoration of the Stonewall","of the Stonewall Uprising occurred on June 28 on Christopher Street in front ofStonewall Inn. The official commemoration was themed as a rally, in reference to the original rallies in front of Stonewall Inn in 1969. Speakers at this event included mayorBill De Blasio, senatorKirsten Gillibrand, congressmanJerry Nadler, American activistX González, and global activistRémy Bonny. In 2019, Paris, France, officially named a square in theMaraisdistrict asPlace des Émeutes-de-Stonewall(Stonewall Riots Place). Stonewall Day In 2018, 49 years after the uprising, Stonewall Day was announced as a commemoration day byPride Live, a social advocacy and community engagement organization.The second Stonewall Day was held on Friday, June 28, 2019, outside the Stonewall Inn.During this event, Pride Live introduced their Stonewall Ambassadors program, to raise awareness for the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots. Historic landmark and monument In June 1999, theUS Department of the Interiorincluded 51 and 53Christopher","and 53Christopher Streetand the surrounding area in Greenwich Village into theNational Register of Historic Places, the first of significance to the LGBT community.In a dedication ceremony, Assistant Secretary of the Department of the InteriorJohn Berrystated, \"Let it forever be remembered that here—on this spot—men and women stood proud, they stood fast, so that we may be who we are, we may work where we will, live where we choose, and love whom our hearts desire.\"The Stonewall Inn was also named aNational Historic Landmarkin February 2000. On June 23, 2015, theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissiondesignated Stonewall as a city landmark, the first to be designated based on its LGBT cultural significance alone.On June 24, 2016, PresidentBarack Obamaannounced the establishment of theStonewall National Monument, administered by theNational Park Service.The designation protects Christopher Park and adjacent areas totaling more than seven acres; the Stonewall Inn is within the boundaries of the","boundaries of the monument but remains privately owned.TheNational Park Foundationformed a newnonprofit organizationto raise funds for a ranger station and interpretive exhibits for the monument,including the first official national visitor center dedicated to the LGBTQIA+ experience, which was inaugurated on June 28, 2024.TheNew York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed theChristopher Street–Stonewall stationon the same day. Media representations No newsreel or TV footage was taken of the riots and few home movies and photographs exist, but those that do have been used in documentaries. Film Music Theatre See also Analogous events Notes Citations Sources External links","List of Apollo missions TheApollo programwas a United Stateshuman spaceflightprogram carried out from 1961 to 1972 by theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), which landed the firstastronautson theMoon.The program used theSaturn IBandSaturn Vlaunch vehiclesto lift theCommand/Service Module(CSM) andLunar Module(LM) spacecraft into space, and theLittle Joe IIrocket to test alaunch escape systemwhich was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure.Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission. Apollo achieved the first crewed lunar landing on theApollo 11mission, whenNeil ArmstrongandBuzz Aldrinlanded theirLMEaglein theSea of Tranquilityand walked on the lunar surface, whileMichael Collinsremained inlunar orbitin theCSMColumbia, and all three landed safely on","landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.Five subsequent missions landed astronauts on various lunar sites, ending in December 1972 withtwelve men having walked on the Moonand 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks andsoilsamples returned to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. Two Apollo missions were failures: a 1967 cabin fire killed the entireApollo 1crew during a ground test in preparation for what was to be the first crewed flight;and the third landing attempt onApollo 13was aborted by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, which disabled the CSMOdyssey's electrical power and life support systems, and made the propulsion system unsafe to use. The crew circled the Moon and were returned safely to Earth using the LMAquariusas a \"lifeboat\" for these functions. Uncrewed test flights From 1961 through 1967,Saturn launch vehiclesandApollo spacecraftcomponents were tested in uncrewed flights. Saturn I TheSaturn Ilaunch vehicle was originally","was originally planned to carry crewed Command Module flights intolow Earth orbit, but its 20,000-pound (9,100 kg) payload capacity limit could not lift even a partially fueled Service Module, which would have required building a lightweightretrorocketmodule for deorbit. These plans were eventually scrapped, in favor of using the upratedSaturn IBto launch the Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module for crewed Earth orbit tests. This limited Saturn I flights to Saturn launch vehicle development, CSMboilerplatetesting, and three micrometeoroid satellite launches in support of Apollo. SA-1 15:06 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-2 14:00 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-3 17:45 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-4 20:11 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-5 16:25 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-6 17:07 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-7 17:22 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-9 14:37 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-8 07:35 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-10 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 37B There was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn","Apollo-Saturn (AS), or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed toApollo 1posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple \"Apollo\" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renamingAS-201,AS-202, andAS-203as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered. Saturn IB The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designatedSaturn IB, by replacing theS-IVsecond stage with theS-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg), enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module,","Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module. Two suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one Lunar Module test were conducted. Success of the LM test led to cancellation of a planned second uncrewed flight. SA-201 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-203 14:53 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-202 17:15 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-204 22:48 GMTLaunch Complex 37B Launch escape system tests From August 1963 to January 1966, a number of tests were conducted at theWhite Sands Missile Rangefor development of thelaunch escape system(LES). These included simulated \"pad aborts\", which might occur while the Apollo-Saturnspace vehiclewas still on thelaunch pad, and flights on theLittle Joe IIrocket to simulateMode I abortswhich might occur while the vehicle was in the air. 13:05 GMTLaunch Complex 36 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:01 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:17 GMTLaunch","36 15:17 GMTLaunch Complex 36 Saturn V Prior toGeorge Mueller's tenure as NASA's Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight starting in 1963, it was assumed that 20Saturn Vs, with at least 10 unpiloted test flights, would be required to achieve a crewed Moon landing, using the conservative one-stage-at-a-time testing philosophy used for the Saturn I. But Mueller introduced the \"all-up\" testing philosophy of using three live stages plus the Apollo spacecraft on every test flight. This achieved development of the Saturn V with far fewer uncrewed tests, and facilitated achieving the Moon landing by the 1969 goal. The size of the Saturn V production lot was reduced from 20 to 15 units. Three uncrewed test flights were planned to human-rate thesuper heavy-liftSaturn Vwhich would take crewed Apollo flights to the Moon. Success of the first flight and qualified success of the second led to the decision to cancel the third uncrewed test. SA-501 12:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A SA-502 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 39A","Complex 39A Alphabetical mission types The Apollo program required sequential testing of several major mission elements in the runup to a crewed lunar landing. An alphabetical list of major mission types was proposed byOwen Maynardin September 1967.Two \"A-type\" missions performed uncrewed tests of the CSM and the Saturn V, and one B-type mission performed an uncrewed test of the LM. The C-type mission, the first crewed flight of the CSM in Earth orbit, was performed by Apollo 7. The list was revised uponGeorge Low's proposal to commit a mission to lunar orbit ahead of schedule, an idea influenced by the status of the CSM as a proven craft and production delays of the LM.Apollo 8 was reclassified from its original assignment as a D-type mission, a test of the complete CSM/LM spacecraft in Earth orbit, to a \"C-prime\" mission which would fly humans to the Moon. Once complete, it obviated the need for the E-type objective of amedium Earth orbitaltest. The D-type mission was instead performed by Apollo 9; the","by Apollo 9; the F-type mission, Apollo 10, flew the CSM/LM spacecraft to the Moon for final testing, without landing. The G-type mission, Apollo 11, performed the first lunar landing, the central goal of the program. The initial A–Glist was expanded to include later mission types:: 466H-type missions—Apollo 12, 13 (planned) and 14—would perform precision landings, and J-type missions—Apollo 15, 16 and 17—would perform thorough scientific investigation. The I-type objective, which called for extended lunar orbital surveillance of the Moon,was incorporated into the J-type missions.: 466 Crewed missions The Block I CSM spacecraft did not have capability to fly with the LM, and the three crew positions were designated Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot, based onU.S. Air Force pilot ratings. The Block II spacecraft was designed to fly with the Lunar Module, so the corresponding crew positions were designated Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot regardless of whether a Lunar Module was","a Lunar Module was present or not on any mission. Seven of the missions involvedextravehicular activity(EVA), spacewalks or moonwalks outside of the spacecraft. These were of three types: testing the lunar EVA suit in Earth orbit (Apollo 9), exploring the lunar surface, and retrieving film canisters from theScientific Instrument Modulestored in the Service Module. Launch Complex 34(planned) 15:02 GMTLaunch Complex 34 12:51 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-503) 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-504) 16:49 GMTLaunch Complex 39B (SA-505) 13:32 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-506) 16:22 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-507) 19:13 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-508) 21:03 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-509) 13:34 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-510) 17:54 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-511) 05:33 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-512) Canceled missions Several planned missions of the Apollo program were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations. See also There were two","also There were two NASA post-Apollo crewed spaceflight programs that used Apollo hardware: Notes References Bibliography External links","Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr.(/ˈlʌvəl/LUV-əl; born March 25, 1928) is an American retiredastronaut,naval aviator,test pilotand mechanical engineer. In 1968, ascommand module pilotofApollo 8, he became, withFrank BormanandWilliam Anders, one of the first three astronauts to fly to and orbit the Moon. He then commanded theApollo 13lunar mission in 1970 which, after a critical failure en route, looped around the Moon and returned safely to Earth. A graduate of theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland, in the class of 1952, Lovell flewF2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. In January 1958, he entered a six-month test pilot training course at theNaval Air Test CenteratNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20 and graduated at the top of the class. He was then assigned to Electronics Test, working withradar, and in 1960 he became the Navy'sMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager. The following year he","following year he became a flight instructor and safety engineering officer atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, and completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. Lovell was not selected byNASAas one of theMercury Sevenastronauts due to a temporarily highbilirubincount. He was accepted in September 1962 as one of thesecond group of astronautsneeded for theGeminiandApolloprograms. Prior to Apollo, Lovell flew in space on two Gemini missions,Gemini 7(with Borman) in 1965 andGemini 12in 1966. He was the first person to fly into space four times. One of24 people to have flown to the Moon, Lovell was the first to fly to it twice. He is a recipient of theCongressional Space Medal of Honorand thePresidential Medal of Freedom. He co-authored the 1994 bookLost Moon, on which the 1995 filmApollo 13was based. Lovell was featured in acameo appearancein the film. Early life James Arthur Lovell Jr. was born inCleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928, the only child of James Lovell","of James Lovell Sr., aToronto, Ontario, Canada-born coal furnace salesman who died in a car accident in 1933and Blanche née Masek, who was ofCzechdescent.For the first two years after the death of his father, Lovell and his mother lived with a relative inTerre Haute, Indiana. They then relocated toMilwaukee, Wisconsin, where he went toJuneau High School.He was a member of theBoy Scoutsduring his childhood and eventually achievedEagle Scout, the organization's highest rank.He became interested in rocketry and built flying models as a teenager. After graduating from high school, Lovell attended theUniversity of WisconsininMadisonfor two years, where he studied engineering under theUnited States Navy's\"Flying Midshipman\" programfrom 1946 to 1948.He would later credit the program for his ability to attend college, citing that he didn't otherwise have the money to attend.At Wisconsin, he playedcollege footballand pledged to theAlpha Phi Omegafraternity.He supplemented his meager Navy stipend by working at a local","working at a local restaurant washing dishes and busing tables, and caring for the university'slab ratsandmiceon weekends. While Lovell was attending pre-flight training in the summer of 1948, the Navy was beginning to make cutbacks in the program, and cadets were under a great deal of pressure to transfer out. There were concerns that some or most of the students who graduated asnaval aviatorswould not have pilot billets to fill. To avoid this prospect, Lovell decided to apply to theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland.He secured a nomination from his localU.S. Representative,John C. Brophy, and entered Annapolis in July 1948. During his first year, Lovell wrote a treatise on theliquid-propellant rocketengine. He graduated in the spring of 1952 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as anensignin the Navy.On June 6, he married Marilyn Lillie Gerlach in a ceremony atSt. Anne's Churchin Annapolis. The two had begun dating while they were in high school.As a college student, Gerlach","student, Gerlach had transferred fromWisconsin State Teachers CollegetoGeorge Washington Universityin Washington, D.C., so she could be near him while he was at Annapolis.They had four children: Barbara, James, Susan, and Jeffrey. Navy career Lovell was one of 50 members of his graduating class of 783 initially selected for naval aviation training.He went to flight training atNaval Air Station Pensacolafrom October 1952 to February 1954. He was designated a naval aviator on February 1, 1954, upon completion of pilot training, and was assigned toVC-3atMoffett Fieldnear San Francisco, California. From 1954 to 1956 he flewMcDonnell F2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. Lovell eventually completed 107 carrier deck landings. Upon his return to shore duty, he was reassigned to provide pilot transition training for theNorth American FJ-4 Fury,McDonnell F3H DemonandVought F8U Crusader. In January 1958, Lovell entered a six-monthtest","a six-monthtest pilottraining course at what was then the Naval Air Test Center (now theUnited States Naval Test Pilot School) atNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20,which also included futureastronautsWally SchirraandPete Conrad,who gave Lovell the nickname \"Shaky\".Lovell graduated at the top of the class.Usually the top graduate was assigned to flight test on graduation, but the head of electronics test had complained about never getting the top graduate, so Lovell was assigned to electronics test, where he worked withradarsets. Later that year, Lovell, Conrad, and Schirra were among 110 military test pilots selected as potential astronaut candidates forProject Mercury. Schirra went on to become one of theMercury Seven, but Lovell was not selected because of a temporarily highbilirubincount.In 1960, electronics test was merged with armaments test to become weapons test, and Lovell became theMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager.During this time future astronautJohn Youngserved","Youngserved under him. In 1961 Lovell received orders forVF-101 \"Detachment Alpha\"atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, as a flight instructor and safety engineering officer,and he completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. NASA career Astronaut selection In 1962,NASAbegan recruiting its second group of astronauts, intended to fly during theGeminiandApolloprograms. This time the process was a public one. Lovell found out about the selection from an advertisement that had been placed inAviation Week & Space Technology, and decided to apply a second time.A three-person selection panel consisting of Mercury Seven astronautsAlan ShepardandDeke Slayton, and NASA test pilotWarren J. North, reduced the candidates to 32 finalists,who were sent toBrooks Air Force BaseinSan Antoniofor medical examinations. The tests there were much the same as those employed to select the Mercury Seven,but this time Lovell passed.The remaining 27 then went toEllington Air Force Basenear","Air Force Basenear Houston, where they were individually interviewed by the selection panel. On September 14, Slayton informed Lovell that he had been accepted.To avoid tipping off the media, all checked into theRice Hotelin Houston under the name of Max Peck, its general manager.On September 17, the media crowded into the 1800-seat Cullen Auditorium at theUniversity of Houstonfor the official announcement, but it was a low-key event compared to the unveiling of the Mercury Seven three years before.The group became known as the \"Next Nine\" or the \"New Nine\".The new astronauts moved to the Houston area in October 1962.Conrad and Lovell built houses inTimber Cove, south of theManned Spacecraft Center(MSC).Developers in Timber Cove offered astronauts mortgages with small down payments and low interest rates.The MSC complex was not yet complete, so NASA temporarily leased office space in Houston. The task of supervising the Next Nine's training fell to Mercury Seven astronautGus Grissom.Initially, each of the","each of the astronauts was given four months of classroom instruction on subjects such asspacecraft propulsion,orbital mechanics,astronomy,computing, andspace medicine. Classes were for six hours a day, two days a week, and all sixteen astronauts had to attend. There was also familiarization with the Gemini spacecraft,Titan IIandAtlasboosters, and theAgena target vehicle.Jungle survival training was conducted at theUnited States Air Force(USAF) Tropic Survival School atAlbrook Air Force Stationin thePanama Canal Zone, desert survival training atStead Air Force BaseinNevada, and water survival training on theDilbert Dunkerat the USN school at the Naval Air Station Pensacola and onGalveston Bay.Following the precedent set by the Mercury Seven, each of the Next Nine was assigned a special area in which to develop expertise that could be shared with the others, and to provide astronaut input to designers and engineers.Lovell became responsible for recovery systems. Gemini program Gemini 7 Lovell was selected as","was selected as backup pilot forGemini 4,which was officially announced on July 29, 1964.It put him in position for his first space flight three missions later, as pilot ofGemini 7with command pilotFrank Borman, under a rotation system devised by Slayton.Borman was a USAF officer, and Lovell had first met him during the evaluation process for astronaut selection.Their selection for the Gemini 7 mission was officially announced on July 1, 1965, along with that ofEdward WhiteandMichael Collinsas their backup crew. Like all Gemini missions, it was part of the preparations for Apollo. The flight's objective was to evaluate the effects on the crew and spacecraft from fourteen days in orbit, this being sufficiently long for any possible Moon mission, and would therefore enable doctors to evaluate the medical aspects of such a flight. Whereas theGemini 6mission preceding it was to demonstrate techniques forspace rendezvous, likewise critical requirement of Apollo. These techniques had been worked out by Dean F.","out by Dean F. Grimm andBuzz Aldrin, who had written his doctoral thesis on the subject. The Gemini 6 mission, which was commanded by Schirra withTom Staffordas pilot, had a serious setback on October 15, 1965, when the Agena target vehicle that Gemini 6 was supposed to rendezvous with exploded soon after takeoff. Lovell was present at theLaunch Control CenteratCape Kennedywhen this occurred. Officials fromMcDonnell, the manufacturer of the Gemini spacecraft, then raised the possibility of a rendezvous between Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 during the two weeks while Gemini 7 was in orbit.The only change to the latter's flight plan this required was to circularize its orbit to match that intended for the Agena target vehicle. Borman rejected a proposal by Schirra that Lovell and Stafford exchange places, on the grounds that it was hazardous and likely to jeopardize the fourteen-day mission objective through loss of oxygen. In planning the mission, it was decided that both astronauts would sleep at the same time and","the same time and observe the same work periods, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Experiments were not scheduled, but fitted in when time allowed.Of the twenty experiments, eight were medical, aimed at gathering data about the effects of long-duration space flight. Of the rest, four were tests of spacecraft systems, five involved radiometry or navigation, and three involved photography and observation,To save space, theG5C space suitwas designed that incorporated a soft hood instead of a helmet and zippers instead of a neck ring. It weighed a third less than the standard Gemini space suit and could be stowed more easily. Gemini 7 lifted off on December 4, 1965, and reached its intended 300-kilometer (160 nmi) near-circular orbit. Lovell was taller than Borman and had more difficulty donning and removing his space suit. Initially one astronaut had to be suited, but this made him uncomfortably warm, and eventually mission control relented and allowed both to leave their space suits off.Gemini 6,","suits off.Gemini 6, now called Gemini 6A, attempted to launch on December 12; the engines ignited, but shut down less than two seconds later due to an electrical problem and a fuel cap accidentally having been left in place.After repairs, Gemini 6A successfully lifted off on December 15, and rendezvoused with Gemini 7 on Gemini 6A's fourth orbit. The two spacecraft then flew in tandem for three orbits, the distance between them varying between 0.30 and 90 meters (1 and 300 ft). Gemini 6A returned to Earth on December 16. In the final two days of the mission, Lovell had time to read part ofDrums Along the MohawkbyWalter D. Edmonds. As in earlier long-duration flights, malfunctions accumulated as the flight wore on. Two of the thrusters stopped working. After the flight, this was traced to the fact that they had an old type of laminate in the thrust chamber instead of the new type that had been developed to solve this problem. This proved to be only an annoyance, but there was more concern over a loss of power","a loss of power in thefuel cells. By day thirteen, a warning light was illuminated continuously and it was feared that the cells, which were only giving partial output, might fail completely, and the mission might have to be cut short; tests were carried out inSt. Louisthat demonstrated that the batteries could sustain them for the remainder of the flight. Gemini 7 made a successful return from orbit on December 18.The fourteen-day flight set an endurance record, making 206 orbits. Gemini 12 On January 24, 1966, Lovell was named as the backup command pilot ofGemini 10, with Aldrin as the pilot. On March 21, this was changed as a result of the deaths of theGemini 9prime crew,Elliot SeeandCharles Bassett, inan air crash. The Gemini 9 backup crew of Tom Stafford andGene Cernanbecame the prime crew of Gemini 9A, and Lovell and Aldrin became their backups. This positioned Lovell for his second flight and first command, ofGemini 12. Lovell and Aldrin's selection for this mission was officially announced on June","announced on June 17, along with that ofGordon Cooperand Gene Cernan as their backups. The goals of Gemini 12, the final Gemini mission, were ill-defined at first. \"Essentially Gemini 12 didn't have a mission\", Lovell later recalled. \"It was, I guess, by default... supposed to wind up the Gemini program and catch all those items that were not caught on previous flights.\"By July, its mission had become to masterextravehicular activity(EVA), something that had proven problematic on earlier Gemini missions, as they had been more strenuous than expected and performing simple tasks had been more complicated. A series of innovations had been developed in response to the problems that had been encountered. It had been found that moving in space was similar to being underwater, and Aldrin made use of this new training technique. A waist restraint was provided on the space suit, and the Gemini spacecraft and the Agena target vehicle had additional handrails, handholds, and rings for tethering the waist restraint.","waist restraint. Procedures were modified to minimize fatigue. Gemini 12 lifted off on November 11, and quickly achieved orbit. Its first task was to rendezvous with its Agena target vehicle. This was complicated when the rendezvous radar set failed. Instead, Aldrin, who had written his PhD on the rendezvous, used asextantto measure the angle between the spacecraft and the Agena, and then calculated the required actions using the onboard computer. Lovell then flew the spacecraft accordingly. Rendezvous was achieved, and Gemini successfullydockedwith the Agena, achieving the fifth space rendezvous and fourth space docking with an Agena target vehicle. Lovell then successfully undocked and docked again. Aldrin performed three EVAs. The first was a standup EVA on November 12, in which the spacecraft door was opened and he stood up, but did not leave the spacecraft. The standup EVA mimicked some of the actions he would do during his free-flight EVA, so he could compare the effort expended between the two. It set","the two. It set an EVA record of two hours and twenty minutes. The next day Aldrin performed his free-flight EVA. He climbed across the newly installed hand-holds to the Agena and installed the cable needed for the gravity-gradient stabilization experiment. He performed several tasks, including installing electrical connectors and testing tools that would be needed for Apollo. The EVA concluded after two hours and six minutes.Before returning to the spacecraft, Aldrin cleaned the pilot's window with a cloth, and Lovell jokingly asked him if he could change the oil too.A third, 55-minute standup EVA was conducted on November 14, during which Aldrin took photographs, conducted experiments, and discarded some unneeded items. Gemini 12 returned to Earth on November 15, after 59 orbits. During re-entry a pouch containing books and small pieces of equipment broke free and landed in Lovell's lap. He did not want to grab it, as he feared he might pull on theD-ringthat activated the ejector seat. It did not move any","It did not move any further, and the landing went well. The spacecraft landed just 5.5 kilometers (3.0 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSWasp. Twelve experiments had been carried out.This mission proved that people could work effectively outside the spacecraft, which was required for the Apollo missions with the goal of getting man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Apollo program Apollo 1 On January 27, 1967, Grissom, White andRoger Chaffeewere killed in theApollo 1fire. At the time, Lovell was in Washington, D.C., where, along with fellow astronautsNeil Armstrong,Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper andRichard Gordon, he had attended the signing of theOuter Space Treatyand the reception afterwards in theGreen Roomof theWhite Househosted by PresidentLyndon Johnson. Four days later, Lovell flew toWest Point, New York, with Borman in a NASAT-38for the funeral service for White at theOld Cadet Chapel. After the service, White was laid to rest in theWest Point Cemetery; Lovell served as a","Lovell served as a pallbearer along with Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Stafford and Aldrin. TheApollo command modulewas redesigned after the fire, and afterwards it underwent a series of qualification tests.In April 1968, Lovell, along with fellow astronautsStuart RoosaandCharles Duke, spent 48 hours in command module CM-007A, bobbing in theGulf of Mexicoto test the seaworthiness of the Apollo spacecraft.The NASA research vesselMVRetrieverstood by with technicians and divers,while the astronauts assessed how quickly the spacecraft's flotation devices could right it from the \"stable II\" (upside down) position. The urine collection hose was used to vacuum up water that entered the cabin.Although this did not seem to bother Lovell, Duke regarded it as his worst experience as an astronaut, and Roosa became quiteseasick.The NASARoundupnewspaper wrote the event up under the headline, \"Yo, Ho, Ho and a Bottle of Marezine\", referencing the brand name ofa motion sickness drug. Apollo 8 Lovell was originally chosen as","chosen as command module pilot (CMP) on the backup crew for Apollo 9 along with Armstrong as commander (CDR) and Aldrin aslunar modulepilot (LMP). Apollo 9 was planned as a high-apogeeEarth orbital test of the Lunar Module (LM). Lovell later replaced Michael Collins as CMP on the Apollo 9 prime crew in July 1968 when Collins needed to have surgery for abone spuron his spine. This reunited Lovell with his Gemini 7 commander Frank Borman, along with LMPWilliam Anders. Aldrin became Lovell's backup CMP, andFred Haisejoined Armstrong's crew as LMP. Construction delays of the first crewed LM prevented it from being ready in time to fly on Apollo 8, planned as alow Earth orbittest. It was decided to swap the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 prime and backup crews in the flight schedule so that the crew trained for the low-orbit test could fly it asApollo 9, when the LM would be ready. A lunar orbital flight, nowApollo 8, replaced the original Apollo 9 medium Earth orbit test mission.The crew was informed of this decision on","of this decision on August 10, 1968, and the training schedule was adjusted accordingly. Starting in September, the crew spent ten hours a day in the simulator rehearsing the mission. Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, 1968, and Borman, Lovell and Anders became the first crew to ride theSaturn Vrocket, as well as the first to travel to theMoon.Their Apollo craft entered lunar orbit on December 24 (Christmas Eve) and reduced speed to go into a 11-by-312-kilometer (5.9 by 168.5 nmi) orbit. The engine was then fired again to enter a 112-kilometer (60 nmi) circular orbit around the Moon. On Christmas Eve, the crew broadcast black-and-white television pictures of the lunar surface back to Earth. Lovell took his turn with Borman and Anders in reading a passage from the Biblical creation story in theBook of Genesis.They made a total of ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours and ten minutes,and began their return to Earth on December 25 (Christmas Day) with a rocket burn made on the Moon's far side, out of radio","side, out of radio contact with Earth. When contact was re-established, Lovell broadcast, \"Please be informed, there is aSanta Claus.\" As CMP, Lovell served as the navigator, using the spacecraft's built-in sextant to determine its position by measuring star positions. This information was then used to calculate required mid-course corrections. Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view stars by using theApollo guidance computerkeyboard. Lovell accidentally erased some of the computer's memory by entering the wrong codes, which caused theinertial measurement unit(IMU) to contain data indicating that the module was in the same relative orientation it had been in before lift-off; the IMU then fired the thrusters to \"correct\" the module's attitude. Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they knew that they would have to reenter the correct data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation. It took Lovell ten","It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the correct values, using the thrusters to get the starsRigelandSiriusaligned,and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer.Sixteen months later, during theApollo 13mission, Lovell would have to perform a similar manual realignment under even more critical conditions after the module's IMU had been turned off to conserve energy. A feature on the Moon's surface (Mount Marilyn) was named by Lovell in honor of his wife. The spacecraftsplashed downsafely before dawn on December 27 after 147 hours of flight, 4.8 kilometers (2.6 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSYorktown. It was estimated that the crew had traveled 933,419 kilometers (504,006 nmi). Apollo 13 Lovell was backup CDR ofApollo 11, with Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP.In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with theNational Aeronautics and Space Councileffective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time.Ken Mattinglywas moved from the support","from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. Under the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly as the prime crew ofApollo 14, butGeorge Mueller, the director of NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight, rejected Slayton's choice of fellow Mercury Seven astronaut Alan Shepard to command Apollo 13. Shepard had only recently returned to flight status after being grounded for several years, and Mueller thought that he needed more training time to prepare for a mission to the Moon. Slayton then asked Lovell if he was willing to switch places with Shepard's crew to give them more training time.\"Sure, why not?\" Lovell replied, \"What could possibly be the difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14?\" There was one more change. Seven days before launch, a member of the Apollo 13 backup crew, Duke, contractedrubellafrom a friend of","a friend of his son.This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Of the five, only Mattingly was not immune through prior exposure. Normally, if any member of the prime crew had to be grounded, the remaining crew would be replaced as well, and the backup crew substituted, but Duke's illness ruled this out,so two days before launch, Mattingly was replaced byJack Swigertfrom the backup crew.Mattingly never developed rubella and later flew to the Moon onApollo 16. Lovell lifted off aboard Apollo 13 on April 11, 1970.He and Haise were to land near theFra Mauro crater. TheFra Mauro formationwas believed to contain much material spattered by the impact that had filled theImbrium basinearly in the Moon's history, and dating it would provide information about the early history of the Earth and the Moon. \"We have a problem here\", Swigert informed mission control.\"This is Houston, say again please,\" thecapsule communicator,Jack Lousma, responded.\"Houston, we've had a problem,\" Lovell replied.","Lovell replied. Lovell & Kluger 1995, p. 95 During a routineliquid oxygentank stir in transit to the Moon, a fire started inside an oxygen tank. The most probable cause determined by NASA was damaged electrical insulation on wiring that created a spark that started the fire.A problem with draining the tank had been reported before the mission, and Lovell had approved the action taken to turn on the heaters to purge the oxygen rather than to replace the faulty tank, which would have delayed the mission by a month. Neither he nor the launch pad crew were aware that the tank contained the wrong thermostat switch. The heaters were left on for eight hours, and while this successfully purged the oxygen, it also removedtefloninsulation from the copper electrical wiring.Liquid oxygen rapidly turned into a high-pressure gas, which burst the tank and caused the leak of a second oxygen tank. In just over two hours, all onboard oxygen was lost, disabling the hydrogen fuel cells that provided electrical power to the","power to the Command/Service ModuleOdyssey. Apollo 13 was the second mission not to use afree-return trajectory, so that they could explore the western lunar regions.Using theApollo Lunar Moduleas a \"life boat\" providing battery power, oxygen, and propulsion, Lovell and his crew re-established the free return trajectory that they had left, and swung around the Moon to return home.Based on the flight controllers' calculations made on Earth, Lovell had to adjust the course twice by manually controlling the Lunar Module's thrusters and engine. Apollo 13 returned safely to Earth on April 17.\"I'm afraid\", Lovell said, \"this is going to be the last lunar mission for a long time.\"His comment was rebutted byNASA AdministratorThomas O. Paine, who hastened to reassure the public that NASA would be mounting more missions to the Moon.Nine months later, Apollo 14 would make the voyage to Fra Mauro, with modified oxygen tanks and an extra battery for emergencies. Apollo 13's flight trajectory gave Lovell, Haise, and","Lovell, Haise, and Swigert the record for the farthest distance that humans have ever traveled from Earth.Lovell is one of only three men to travel to the Moon twice, but unlike the other two, John Young and Gene Cernan, he never walked on it.He accrued 715 hours and 5 minutes in space flights on his Gemini and Apollo flights, a personal record that stood until theSkylab 3mission in 1973. Later life Lovell retired from the Navy and the space program on March 1, 1973, and went to work at the Bay-Houston Towing Company inHouston, Texas,taking on the role of CEO in 1975. He became president of Fisk Telephone Systems in 1977,and later worked forCentel Corporationin Chicago, retiring as an executive vice president on January 1, 1991.Lovell was a recipient of theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award.He was also recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with theirSilver Buffalo Award. Lovell served on the board of directors for several organizations, includingFederal Signal Corporationin Chicago from 1984 to 2003,","from 1984 to 2003, theAstronautics Corporation of Americain his hometown of Milwaukee from 1990 to 1999, and Centel from 1987 to 1991. In 1999, the Lovell family opened a restaurant inLake Forest, Illinois, \"Lovell's of Lake Forest\". The restaurant displayed memorabilia from Lovell's time with NASA and the filming ofApollo 13. The restaurant was sold to son and executive chef James (\"Jay\") in 2006.The restaurant was put on the market for sale in February 2014,and it closed in April 2015, the property being auctioned the same month. Marilyn Lovell (born on July 11, 1930) died of natural causes at the age of 93, at her home in the Lake Forest Place retirement community in Lake Forest, Illinois on August 27, 2023. Upon the death ofFrank Bormanon November 7, 2023, Lovell became the oldest living former astronaut. Awards and decorations Lovell's awards and decorations include: Military, federal service, and foreign awards Other awards and accomplishments The Gemini 6 and 7 crews were awarded theHarmon","awarded theHarmon International Trophyfor 1966 in a ceremony at the White House.Lovell received a second Harmon International Trophy in 1967 when he and Aldrin were selected for their Gemini 12 flight.The Apollo 8 crew won theRobert J. Collier Trophyfor 1968,and PresidentRichard Nixonawarded them theDr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophyin 1969, which Lovell accepted on behalf of the crew.The General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy is normally awarded to Air Force personnel, but an exception was made to include Lovell, and the Apollo 8 crew were awarded the 1968 trophy.Lovell was awarded a third Harmon International Trophy in 1969 for his role in the Apollo 8 mission.The Apollo 8 crew was also awarded theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1970,and were namedTimeMagazine Men of the Yearin 1968.The Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10 crews were awarded the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award for 1969.Lovell was one of ten Gemini","one of ten Gemini astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1982,and, along with the other 12 Gemini astronauts, Lovell was inducted into the secondU.S. Astronaut Hall of Fameclass in 1993.At a parade attended by 500,000 people, Lovell was conferred Chicago's medal of merit.The Apollo 13 crew was awarded the City of New York Gold Medal, but Lovell had already received it for the Apollo 8 mission. In lieu of a second medal, the mayor gifted him a crystal paperweight that he \"invented for the occasion\".He was also awarded the 1970 City ofHoustonMedal for Valor for the mission.He was awarded his second Haley Astronautics Award for his role on Apollo 13. Lovell was featured on the cover ofTimemagazine on January 3, 1969, and April 27, 1970,and on the cover ofLifemagazine on April 24, 1970. Lovell was a recipient of the University of Wisconsin's Distinguished Alumni Service Award in 1970. In his acceptance speech he emphasized the use of words over \"rock throwing\" to help attain political","attain political goals.He was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree atWestern Michigan University's summer commencement exercises in 1970.He was also awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree atWilliam Paterson College's commencement exercises in 1974.Lovell was also granted an honorarydoctor of sciencedegree from University of Wisconsin–Madison, his original alma mater, speaking at the December 2016 commencement. Tributes A small crater on thefar side of the Moonwas namedLovellin his honor in 1970.Discovery Worldin Milwaukee was renamed The James Lovell Museum of Science, Economics and Technology. It was at the time located on James Lovell St., also named for Lovell.TheCaptain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Centerwas completed in October 2010, merging theNaval Health Clinic Great Lakesand the North Chicago Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Organizations In popular culture About a month after the return to Earth of Apollo 13, Lovell and his crewmates, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert, appeared onThe","appeared onThe Tonight Showwith hostJohnny Carson.In 1976, Lovell made a cameo appearance in the Nicolas Roeg movieThe Man Who Fell to Earth. Lovell andJeffrey Klugerwrote a 1994 book about the Apollo 13 mission,Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13,on which the 1995Ron HowardfilmApollo 13was based. Lovell's first impression on being approached about the film was thatKevin Costnerwould be a good choice to portray him, given the physical resemblance,butTom Hankswas cast in the role.To prepare, Hanks visited James and Marilyn Lovell at their home in Texas and flew with Lovell in his private airplane.Kathleen Quinlanwas nominated for asupporting actress Oscarfor her performance as Marilyn. In the film, Lovell has a cameo as the captain of theUSSIwo Jima. He can be seen as the naval officer shaking Hanks' hand, as Hanks speaks invoice-over, in the scene where the astronauts come aboard theIwo Jima. The filmmakers offered to make Lovell's character an admiral aboard the ship, but Lovell said: \"I retired as","said: \"I retired as a captain and a captain I will be.\" He was cast as the ship's skipper, CaptainLeland Kirkemo. Along with his wife Marilyn, who also has a cameo in the film, Lovell provided a commentary track on both the single disc and the two-disc special edition DVD. Tim Dalyportrayed Lovell in the 1998HBOminiseriesFrom the Earth to the Moon,andPablo Schreiberin the 2018 film about Armstrong,First Man. Notes References External links","Jack Swigert John Leonard Swigert Jr.(August 30, 1931 – December 27, 1982) was an AmericanNASAastronaut,test pilot,mechanical engineer,aerospace engineer,United States Air Forcepilot, andpolitician. In April 1970, as command module pilot ofApollo 13, he became one of24 astronauts who flew to the Moon.Ironically, due to the \"slingshot\" route around the Moon they chose to safely return to Earth, the Apollo 13 astronauts flew farther away from Earth than any other astronauts before or since, though they had to abort the Moon landing. Before joining NASA in 1966, Swigert was a civiliantest pilotandfighter pilotin theAir National Guard. After leaving NASA, he ran forSenatebut lost in a primary election againstBill Armstrong. Later he ran forCongress, but while running was diagnosed with cancer. He won the election for Colorado's new6th districtin 1982, but died before being sworn in. Early life John Leonard Swigert Jr. was born on August 30, 1931, inDenver,Colorado, to parents John Leonard Swigert Sr. (1903–1973)","Sr. (1903–1973) and Virginia Swigert (1906–1993). Swigert's father was anophthalmologist.At the age of 14, he became fascinated by aviation. While he would have been content just watching planes take off from nearby Combs Field, young Jack became determined to do more than be a spectator. He took on a newspaper route to earn money for flying lessons, and by age 16 he was alicensed private pilot.He was a member of theBoy Scouts of Americaand attained the rank ofSecond Class Scout.He attendedBlessed Sacrament School,Regis Jesuit High School, andEast High School, from which he graduated in 1949. Swigert received aBachelor of Sciencedegree inmechanical engineeringfromUniversity of Coloradoin 1953, where he also playedfootballfor theBuffaloes.He later earned aMaster of Sciencedegree inaerospace engineeringfromRensselaer Polytechnic Institute(Hartford campus) in 1965,and aMaster of Business Administrationdegree fromUniversity of Hartfordin 1967. His recreational interests","interests includedgolf,handball,bowling,skiing,swimming, andbasketball. His hobbies includedphotography. Flight experience Following his graduation from Colorado in 1953, Swigert joined theUnited States Air Force(USAF). Upon graduation from the Pilot Training Program andGunnery SchoolatNellis Air Force Base,Nevada, he was assigned as afighter pilotinJapanandSouth Korea. In 1953, he survived his plane crashing into a radar unit on a Korean airstrip. After completing his tour of active duty in the USAF, he served as a jet fighter pilot with theMassachusetts(1957–1960) andConnecticut Air National Guard(1960–1965).Swigert held a position as engineering test pilot forNorth American Aviationbefore joining NASA. He was previously an engineering test pilot forPratt & Whitney, from February 1957 to June 1964. He logged over 7,200 hours in flight, including more than 5,725 hours injet aircraft. NASA career After unsuccessfully applying for NASA'ssecondandthirdastronaut selections,Swigert was accepted into theNASA","into theNASA Astronaut Corpsas part ofNASA Astronaut Group 5in April 1966.Swigert became a specialist on theApollo command module: he was one of the few astronauts who requested to be command module pilots. Swigert was a member ofApollo 7's astronaut support crew, the first support crew for an Apollo mission; he served asCapsule communicator(CAPCOM) during the ascent phase of the flight. Apollo 13 Swigert was one of three astronauts aboard theApollo 13Moon mission launched April 11, 1970. Originally part of the backup crew for the mission, he was assigned to the mission three days before launch, replacing astronautKen Mattingly. The prime crew had been exposed toGerman Measles(the rubella virus) fromCharles Dukeand, because Mattingly had no immunity to the disease, NASA did not want to risk him falling ill during critical phases of the flight. Apollo 13 was the third crewed lunar-landing attempt, but was aborted after the rupture of an oxygen tank in the spacecraft'sservice module. Swigert was the astronaut","was the astronaut who first announced, \"Houston, we've had a problem here\".The statement was then repeated by commander of the flightJim Lovell. Swigert, along with fellow astronauts Lovell andFred Haise, traveled around the Moon and returned safely to Earth on April 17 after about 5 days and 23 hours, and received thePresidential Medal of Freedomthe next day. Apollo–Soyuz Test Project NASA Director of Flight Crew OperationsDeke Slayton, who selected the astronauts, recommended Swigert ascommand module pilotfor theApollo–Soyuz Test Project, the first joint mission with theSoviet Union. Slayton felt Swigert deserved another chance to fly after having been selected for Apollo 13 two days before launch, and performing well. During 1972, theApollo 15 postal covers incidentcaused NASA investigators to inquire into other astronauts.A number of Apollo astronauts, including Swigert, had made agreements with West German stamp dealer Hermann Sieger, who originated the idea for theApollo 15covers, to autograph","to autograph philatelic items in exchange for a payment of about $2,500. Swigert originally denied involvement when interviewed by NASA investigators.According toChristopher C. Kraft, the investigators subpoenaed his bank records, finding more funds than expected, and records of a predated charitable donation.Swigert's subsequent admission caused NASA Deputy AdministratorGeorge M. Lowto remove him from Apollo–Soyuz. Post-NASA career Aware that his spaceflight career was most likely over,Swigert took a leave of absence from NASA in April 1973 and went toWashington, D.C.to become executive director of theCommittee on Science and Astronautics,U.S. House of Representatives. Swigert eventually left NASA and the committee in August 1977 to enter politics.He ran for theU.S. Senatein 1978, but was soundly defeated in the Republican primary in September byCongressmanBill Armstrong, who was far better known.In 1979, Swigert became vice president of B.D.M. Corporation inGolden.He left in 1981 to join International Gold","International Gold and Minerals Limited as vice president for financial and corporate affairs. In February 1982, Swigert left International Gold and Minerals Limited to run forU.S. Congressin the newly created6th districtas a Republican. When amalignant tumorin his right nasal passage was found, theastronaut-politiciandisclosed this to the voters. Doctors told him he would finish radiation treatments on June 15 and make a complete recovery.However, in August, Swigert developed back pain and was diagnosed withbone marrow cancer.On November 2, 1982, he won the seat with 64% of the popular vote. Death On December 19, 1982, seven weeks after his election, he was airlifted from his home inLittletontoGeorgetown University Hospitalin Washington, D.C. He died ofrespiratory failureat itsLombardi Cancer Centeron December 27, seven days before the beginning of his congressional term, aged 51.He was the last member-elect of the House to die before taking office untilLuke Letlow'sdeath fromCOVID-19in December 2020.","December 2020. Fifteen astronauts, including fellow Apollo 13 crewmatesJim LovellandFred Haise, were among the thousand mourners at hisfull military honorsfuneral in Denver, presided over byArchbishopJames Casey, which included amissing man flyoverbyA-7 Corsairsof theColorado Air National Guard.He is buried alongside his parents inMount Olivet CemeteryinWheat Ridge. Awards, honors, and organizations Swigert received theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA)Octave Chanute Awardfor 1966 for his participation in demonstrating theRogallo wingas a feasible land landing system for returning space vehicles and astronauts. President Richard Nixon awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedomto the Apollo 13 crew shortly after the conclusion of their mission.Following a sparse parade, Swigert received the City of New York Gold Medal on June 3.He received the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor, 1970.Swigert received theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Award for 1970.He was given University of","given University of Colorado-Boulder's Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award in 1970.Vice President Spiro Agnew presented the crews of Apollo 11, 12, and 13 with theNASA Distinguished Service Medalin 1970.The Apollo 13 crew also received the AIAA Haley Astronautics Award in 1971, which included a small monetary award and a medal. Swigert was awarded the 1972 Antonian Gold Medal. He was presented anHonorary Doctorate of Sciencedegree fromAmerican International Collegein 1970,anHonorary Doctorate of Lawsdegree fromWestern State Universityin 1970,and anHonorary Doctorate of SciencefromWestern Michigan Universityin 1970. In 1983, Swigert was among 14 Apollo astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Fame. In 1988, Swigert was inducted into theColorado Aviation Hall of Fame. In 1995, Swigert was portrayed byKevin BaconinRon Howard's filmApollo 13. In 1997, Swigert, along with 23 other Apollo astronauts, was posthumously inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of Famewhich is located at the Kennedy","at the Kennedy Space Center. He was elected in September 2003 to theRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteAlumni Hall of Fame. In 1997, astatue of Swigertmade by George and Mark Lundeen was placed on display in theU.S. Capitol Buildingas one of two statues given by the state of Colorado to theNational Statuary Hall Collection.As of December 2008 the statue is on display in Emancipation Hall in theUnited States Capitol Visitor Center. A duplicate statue is currently on display atDenver International AirportTerminal B, where passengers exit the airport's train system. The Space Foundation was founded in 1983 in part to honor the memory and accomplishments of Swigert.In 2004, the Space Foundation launched theJohn L. \"Jack\" Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration, which is presented annually to an individual, group, or organization that has made a significant contribution to space exploration. On August 18, 2009, theSpace Foundationand Colorado Springs District 11 partnered to open the Jack Swigert Aerospace Academy.","Aerospace Academy. Swigert was a member of numerous organizations. He was afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society; associate fellow of theSociety of Experimental Test Pilotsand theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and member of theQuiet Birdmen,Phi Gamma Delta,Pi Tau Sigma, andSigma Tau. See also References Works cited External links","Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr.(/heɪz/HAYZ;born November 14, 1933) is an American formerNASAastronaut,engineer,fighter pilotwith theU.S. Marine CorpsandU.S. Air Force, and atest pilot. He is one of24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown asLunar Modulepilot onApollo 13. He was slated to become the 6th person to walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 landing mission was aborted en route. Haise went on to fly fiveSpace ShuttleApproach and Landing Testsin 1977,before retiring from NASA in 1979. Early life Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. was born on November 14, 1933, and raised inBiloxi, Mississippi, to Fred Wallace Haise (1903–1960) and Lucille (néeBlacksher) Haise (1913–2005).: 1He has a younger sister who was born in 1941.: 6After theattack on Pearl Harboron December 7, 1941, his father enlisted in theU.S. Navyat the age of 38, and the Haise family moved toChicago.: 8The family then moved toKey West, Florida, until his father's ship,YMS-84, deployed to theSouth Pacific, when the family moved back to Biloxi.:","back to Biloxi.: 9–10He graduated fromBiloxi High Schoolin 1950.: 13He attendedPerkinston Junior Collegewith a scholarship for journalism,: 13and played on the baseball team.: 14He graduated in 1952,and joined the Naval Aviation Cadet Program.: 16He went to ground school atNAS Pensacola,: 16and then moved toNAS Whiting Fieldin 1952.: 18He trained in theSNJandF6F Hellcat, and completed his flight training in 1954.: 22–26He served as aU.S. Marine Corpsfighterpilot, with VMF-533, then VMF-114 on theF2H-4 BansheeandF9F-8 CougaratMCAS Cherry Point,North Carolina, from March 1954 to September 1956. Haise also served as a tactics and all-weatherflight instructorin the U.S. Navy Advanced Training Command atNAS Kingsville,Texas. Haise has accumulated 9,300 hours flying time, including 6,200 hours injets. After his military service, Haise returned to school and graduated with aBachelor of Sciencedegree with honors inaeronautical engineeringfrom theUniversity of Oklahomain 1959, concurrently serving for two years in","for two years in theOklahoma Air National Guard, as a fighter interceptor pilot with the185th Fighter Interceptor Squadron,flying theF-86D.He then worked for the newly createdNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), first as a research pilot at theLewis Research CenternearCleveland. HisAir National Guardunit was called up during theBerlin Crisis of 1961and he served ten months as a fighter pilot in theUnited States Air Force.He was a tactical fighter pilot and chief of the 164th Standardization-Evaluation Flight of the164th Tactical Fighter SquadronatMansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base,Ohio,flying theF-84F. Haise completed post-graduate courses at theU.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School(Class 64A) atEdwards Air Force Base,Californiain 1964, and attended the six-weekHarvard Business School'sAdvanced Management Programin 1972. NASA career In 1966, Haise was one of 19 astronauts selected forNASA Astronaut Group 5.He had already worked with NASA for several years as a civilian research","a civilian research pilot. He was the first astronaut in his group to be assigned to a mission, serving as backup Lunar Module Pilot for bothApollo 8andApollo 11. Apollo 13 It only seems interesting to the public if it's the first exploration of another planetary body, or if you're having a problem. Fred Haise According to the rotation of crews during Apollo, Haise was originally assigned as Lunar Module Pilot forApollo 14, but his crew was switched to Apollo 13 so thatAlan Shepardcould have more training time. He flew as Lunar Module Pilot on the abortedApollo 13lunar mission in 1970.Due to the distance between the Earth and Moon during the mission, Haise,Jim Lovell, andJack Swigerthold the record for the farthest distance from the Earth ever traveled by human beings.Haise and Jack Swigert were the first people from Group 5 to fly in space. During this flight Haise developed aurinary tract infectionand later kidney infections. These caused him to be in pain for most of the trip. Haise was slated to become","slated to become the 6th human to walk on the Moon during Apollo 13 behind Lovell, who was to be 5th.Alan ShepardandEdgar Mitchelleventually became the fifth and sixth, respectively, onApollo 14, which completed Apollo 13's mission to theFra Mauro formation. Haise later served as backup commander forApollo 16. Though there was no formal selection, Haise was prospectively slated to commandApollo 19withWilliam R. Pogueas Command Module Pilot andGerald P. Carras Lunar Module Pilot. However, the mission was canceled in 1970 due to budget cuts. Space Shuttle approach and landing tests After completing his backup assignment on Apollo 16, Haise moved to theSpace Shuttle program. In 1977, he participated in the program'sApproach and Landing Tests(ALT) atEdwards Air Force Base.Along withC. Gordon Fullertonas pilot, Haise as commander piloted theSpace ShuttleEnterprisein free flight to three landings after being released from theShuttle Carrier Aircraft.The tests verified the shuttle's flight characteristics, an","characteristics, an important step toward the success of the program. Haise was assigned to commandSTS-2A, withJack R. Lousmaas pilot, the second Space Shuttle mission, which would have delivered theTeleoperator Retrieval Systemthat would have boostedSkylabto a higher orbit, preserving it for future use. Delays in the Shuttle program development as well as an unexpected increase in Skylab's orbital decay led to the mission being canceled. Skylab was destroyed upon entering the Earth's atmosphere in July 1979, while the Space Shuttle did not launch until April 1981. In June 1979, Haise left NASA to become a test pilot andexecutivewithGrumman Aerospace Corporation, where he remained until retiring in 1996.He was the only one of the four astronauts who conducted theEnterpriselanding tests not to fly in space on the Shuttle. Personal life Haise has four children with his first wife Mary Griffin Grant, whom he married on June 4, 1954, and divorced on July 21, 1978.He married Frances Patt Price, on January 9,","on January 9, 1979.On February 7, 2022, Frances died. On August 22, 1973, Haise was piloting aConvair BT-13belonging to theCommemorative Air Forcethat had been converted to look like anAichi D3A\"Val\" torpedo bomber for the 1970 filmTora! Tora! Tora!. While attempting a landing go around atScholes FieldinGalveston, Texas, an undetermined power plant failure led to a crash landing. Haise sufferedsecond‐degree burnsover 50 percent of his body in the post crash fire. Haise published his autobiography,Never Panic Early, about his life and experiences in the Apollo program in 2022. Organizations Haise is afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society(AAS) and theSociety of Experimental Test Pilots(SETP); member,Tau Beta Pi,Sigma Gamma Tau, andPhi Theta Kappa; and honorary member, National WWII Glider Pilots Association. Awards and honors Haise's other awards include theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1971;theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Awards","Achievement Awards for 1970 and 1977; the City ofNew YorkGold Medal in 1970;the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor in 1970;theJeff DavisAward (1970);the Mississippi Distinguished Civilian Service Medal (1970);the American Defense Ribbon;the SETP's Ray E. Tenhoff Award for 1966;the A. B. Honts Trophy as the outstanding graduate of Class 64A from the Aerospace Research Pilot School in 1964;an honorary doctor of science degree fromWestern Michigan University(1970);theJSCSpecial Achievement Award (1978);theSoaring Society of America's Certificate of Achievement Award (1978); the GeneralThomas D. WhiteUSAF Space Trophy for 1977;the SETP'sIven C. Kincheloe Award(1978);and theAir Force Association'sDavid C. SchillingAward (1978). He received thePresidential Medal of Freedom,NASA Distinguished Service Medal,andNASA Exceptional Service Medal. He was inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1983 and theAerospace Walk of Honorin 1995.He was also one of 24 Apollo astronauts inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of","Astronaut Hall of Fameon October 4, 1997. On February 13, 2022, the City of Biloxi unveiled a statue of Haise in the parking lot of the historicBiloxi Lighthouse. Haise was present at the ceremony and had his handprints set in concrete at the statue's base prior to its unveiling. The statue was created by Mississippi artist Mary Ott Tremel Davidson. In September 2023, Haise was inducted into theNational Aviation Hall of Famein Dayton, Ohio. In popular culture In the 1995 motion pictureApollo 13, Haise was played byBill Paxton. See also References Sources External links"],"string":"[\n \"Stonewall riots TheStonewall riots, also known as theStonewall uprising,Stonewall rebellion,Stonewall revolution,or simplyStonewall, were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against apolice raidthat took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at theStonewall Inn, in theGreenwich Villageneighborhood ofNew York City. Although the demonstrations werenot the first time American homosexuals fought backagainst government-sponsored persecution ofsexual minorities, the Stonewall riots marked a new beginning for thegay rights movementin the United States and around the world. American gays and lesbians in the 1950s and 1960s faced a legal system more anti-homosexual than those of someWarsaw Pactcountries.Earlyhomophilegroups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society, and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals alike. The last years of the 1960s, however, were very contentious, as many social movements were active,\",\n \"were active, including theAfrican American Civil Rights Movement, theCounterculture of the 1960s, andantiwar demonstrations. These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots. Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. The Stonewall Inn was owned by theMafiaand catered to an assortment of patrons, popular among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community:drag queens, representatives of a newly self-awaretransgendercommunity, effeminate young men,hustlers, and homeless youth. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn and attracted a crowd that was incited toriot. Tensions betweenNew York City policeand gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. Within weeks,\",\n \"Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about theirsexual orientationwithout fear of being arrested. Following the Stonewall riots, sexual minorities in New York City faced gender, class, and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community. In the weeks and months after, they initiated politically active social organizations and launched publications that spoke openly about rights for gay people. The first anniversary of the riots was marked by peaceful demonstrations in several American cities that have since grown to becomepride parades. TheStonewall National Monumentwas established at the site in 2016. Today, pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. Background Homosexuality in 20th-century United States Following the social upheaval ofWorld War II, many people in the United States felt a fervent desire to \\\"restore the prewar\",\n \"\\\"restore the prewar social order and hold off the forces of change\\\", according to historianBarry Adam.Spurred by the national emphasis onanti-communism, SenatorJoseph McCarthyconducted hearings searching for communists in the U.S. government, theU.S. Army, and other government-funded agencies and institutions, leading to a national paranoia.Anarchists,communists, and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks. Gay men and lesbians wereincludedin this list by theU.S. State Departmenton the theory that they were susceptible toblackmail. In 1950, a Senate investigation chaired byClyde R. Hoeynoted in a report, \\\"It is generally believed that those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons\\\",and said all of the government's intelligence agencies \\\"are in complete agreement that sex perverts in Government constitute security risks\\\".Between 1947 and 1950, 1,700 federal job applications were denied, 4,380 people were discharged from the\",\n \"discharged from the military, and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, theFederal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) and police departments kept lists of known homosexuals and their favored establishments and friends; theU.S. Post Officekept track of addresses where material pertaining tohomosexualitywas mailed.State and local governments followed suit: bars catering to gay men and lesbians were shut down and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers. Cities performed \\\"sweeps\\\" to rid neighborhoods, parks, bars, and beaches of gay people. They outlawed the wearing of opposite-gender clothes and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual. In 1952, theAmerican Psychiatric Associationlisted homosexuality in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual(DSM) as a mental disorder. A large-scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify the inclusion of the \\\"disorder\\\" as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the\",\n \"hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent–child relationships. This view was widely influential in the medical profession.In 1956, the psychologistEvelyn Hookerperformed a study that compared the happiness and well-adjusted nature of self-identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference.Her study stunned the medical community and made her a hero to many gay men and lesbians,but homosexuality remained in theDSMuntil 1974. Homophile activism In response to this trend, two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of gay men and lesbians and provide opportunities where they could socialize without fear of being arrested.Los Angelesarea homosexuals created theMattachine Societyin 1950, in the home of communist activistHarry Hay.Their objectives were to unify homosexuals, educate them, provide leadership, and assist \\\"sexual deviants\\\" with legal troubles.Facing enormous opposition to their radical approach, in 1953 the Mattachine shifted their\",\n \"shifted their focus to assimilation and respectability. They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gay men and lesbians were normal people, no different from heterosexuals.Soon after, several women inSan Franciscomet in their living rooms to form theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB) for lesbians.Although the eight women who created the DOB initially came together to be able to have a safe place to dance, as the DOB grew they developed similar goals to the Mattachine and urged their members to assimilate into general society. One of the first challenges togovernment repressioncame in 1953. An organization namedONE, Inc.published a magazine calledONE. The U.S. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue, which concerned homosexual people in heterosexual marriages, on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping. The case eventuallywent to the Supreme Court, which in 1958 ruled that ONE, Inc. could mail its materials through the\",\n \"through the Postal Service. Homophileorganizations—as homosexual groups self-identified in this era—grew in number and spread to the East Coast. Gradually, members of these organizations grew bolder.Frank Kamenyfounded the Mattachine ofWashington, D.C.He had been fired from the U.S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated. Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals, often aiming his efforts atmental health professionals, some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal. In 1965, news onCubanprison work camps for homosexuals inspired Mattachine New York and D.C. to organize protests at theUnited Nationsand theWhite House. Similar demonstrations were then held also at other government buildings. The purpose was to protest the treatment of gay people in Cubaand U.S. employment discrimination. These pickets shocked many gay people and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB.At the same time,\",\n \"the same time, demonstrations in the civil rights movement andopposition to the Vietnam Warall grew in prominence, frequency, and severity throughout the 1960s, as did their confrontations with police forces. Earlier resistance and riots On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations. They were effeminate men and masculine women, or people who dressed and lived in contrast to theirsex assigned at birth, either part or full-time. Contemporaneous nomenclature classified them astransvestitesand they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities. They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB asserted homosexuals were respectable, normal people.The Mattachine and DOB considered the trials of being arrested for wearing clothing of the opposite gender as a parallel to the struggles of homophile organizations: similar but distinctly separate. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people staged a smallriot at\",\n \"a smallriot at the Cooper Do-nutscafé in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment.In a larger 1966 event in San Francisco, drag queens, hustlers, and trans womenwere sitting inCompton's Cafeteriawhen the police arrived to arrest people appearing to be physically male who were presenting as women. A riot ensued, with the cafeteria patrons slinging cups, plates, and saucers and breaking theplexiglasswindows in the front of the restaurant and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced.ProfessorSusan Strykerclassifies the Compton's Cafeteria riot as an \\\"act of anti-transgender discrimination, rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation\\\" and connects the uprising to the issues of gender, race, and class that were being downplayed by homophile organizations.It marked the beginning oftransgenderactivism in San Francisco. Greenwich Village TheManhattanneighborhoods of Greenwich Village andHarlemwere home to sizable gay and lesbian populations\",\n \"lesbian populations afterWorld War I, when people who had served in the military took advantage of the opportunity to settle in larger cities. The enclaves of gay men and lesbians, described by a newspaper story as \\\"short-haired women and long-haired men\\\", developed a distinct subculture through the following two decades.Prohibitioninadvertently benefited gay establishments, as drinking alcohol was pushed underground along with other behaviors considered immoral. New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses, but because alcohol was in high demand,speakeasiesand impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all.However, police raids continued, resulting in the closure of iconic establishments such asEve's Hangoutin 1926. The social repression of the 1950s resulted in a cultural revolution in Greenwich Village. A cohort of poets, later named theBeatpoets, wrote about the evils of the social organization at the\",\n \"organization at the time, glorifying anarchy, drugs, and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance, consumerism, and closed-mindedness. Of them,Allen GinsbergandWilliam S. Burroughs—both Greenwich Village residents—also wrote bluntly and honestly about homosexuality. Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal-minded people, as well as homosexuals looking for a community. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in full effect by order of MayorRobert F. Wagner Jr., who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the1964 World's Fair. The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible.Entrapmentusually consisted of an undercover officer who found a man in a bar or public park, engaged him in conversation; if the conversation headed toward the possibility that they might leave together—or the officer bought the man a drink—he was arrested forsolicitation. One story in\",\n \"One story in theNew York Postdescribed an arrest in a gym locker room, where the officer grabbed his crotch, moaning, and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested.Few lawyers would defend cases as undesirable as these and some of those lawyers kicked back their fees to the arresting officer. The Mattachine Society succeeded in getting newly elected mayorJohn Lindsayto end the campaign of police entrapment in New York City. They had a more difficult time with theNew York State Liquor Authority(SLA). While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals, courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become \\\"disorderly\\\".Despite the high population of gay men and lesbians who called Greenwich Village home, very few places existed, other than bars, where they were able to congregate openly without being harassed or arrested. In 1966 the New York Mattachine held a \\\"sip-in\\\" at a Greenwich Village bar namedJulius, which was frequented by gay men, to\",\n \"by gay men, to illustrate the discrimination homosexuals faced. None of the bars frequented by gay men and lesbians were owned by gay people. Almost all of them were owned and controlled byorganized crime, who treated the regulars poorly, watered down the liquor, and overcharged for drinks. However, they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids. Stonewall Inn The Stonewall Inn, located at 51 and 53Christopher Street, along with several other establishments in the city, was owned by theGenovese crime family.In 1966, three members of the Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff known as agayola, as the Stonewall Inn had noliquor license.It had no running water behind the bar—dirty glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused.There were no fire exits, and the toilets overran consistently.Though the bar was not used for\",\n \"was not used for prostitution, drug sales and other black market activities took place. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed;dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club. Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by abouncerwho inspected them through a peephole in the door. The legal drinking age was 18 and to avoid unwittingly letting in undercover police (who were called \\\"Lily Law\\\", \\\"Alice Blue Gown\\\", or \\\"Betty Badge\\\"), visitors would have to be known by the doorman or 'look gay'. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private \\\"bottle club\\\", but they rarely signed their real names. There were two dance floors in the Stonewall. The interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights orblack lights. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching.In the rear of the bar was a smaller room frequented by \\\"queens\\\";\",\n \"by \\\"queens\\\"; it was one of two bars where effeminate men who wore makeup and teased their hair (though dressed in men's clothing) could go.Only a few people in fulldragwere allowed in by the bouncers. The customers were \\\"98 percent male\\\" but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearbyChristopher Park, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks.The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties and the racial mix was distributed among mainly white, with Black, and Hispanic patrons.Because of its mix of people, its location, and the attraction of dancing, the Stonewall Inn was known by many as \\\"thegay bar in the city\\\". Police raids on gay bars were frequent, occurring on average once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized.Bar management usually knew about raids\",\n \"knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished.During a typical raid, the lights were turned on and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used theirdraft cardsas identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Typically, employees and management of the bars were also arrested.The period immediately before June 28, 1969, was marked by frequent raids of local bars—including a raid at the Stonewall Inn on the Tuesday before the riots—and the closing of the Checkerboard, the Tele-Star, and two other clubs in Greenwich Village. Riots Police raid At 1:20 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, four plainclothes policemen in dark suits, two patrol officers in uniform,\",\n \"in uniform, Detective Charles Smythe, and Deputy InspectorSeymour Pinearrived at the Stonewall Inn's double doors and announced \\\"Police! We're taking the place!\\\"Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen entered the bar early that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once ready, the undercover officers called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night, as was the custom.The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 200 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. Michael Fader remembered, \\\"Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to\",\n \"get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar.\\\" The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their sex, upon which any people appearing to be physically male and dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those suspected of cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar. All parties involved recall that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly, started by police who assaulted some of the lesbians by \\\"feeling some of them up inappropriately\\\" while frisking them. When did you ever see a fag fight back?... Now, times were a-changin'. Tuesday night was the last night for bullshit... Predominantly, the theme as, \\\"this shit has got to\",\n \"shit has got to stop!\\\" —anonymous Stonewall riots participant The police were to transport the bar's alcohol in patrol wagons. Twenty-eight cases of beer and nineteen bottles of hard liquor were seized, but the patrol wagons had not yet arrived, so patrons were required to wait in line for about 15 minutes.Those who were not arrested were released from the front door, but they did not leave quickly as usual. Instead, they stopped outside and a crowd began to grow and watch. Within minutes, between 100 and 150 people had congregated outside, some after they were released from inside the Stonewall and some after noticing the police cars and the crowd. Although the police forcefully pushed or kicked some patrons out of the bar, some customers released by the police performed for the crowd by posing and saluting the police in an exaggerated fashion. The crowd's applause encouraged them further. When the first patrol wagon arrived, Inspector Pine recalled that the crowd—most of whom were homosexual—had grown to\",\n \"grown to at least ten times the number of people who were arrested and they all became very quiet.Confusion over radio communication delayed the arrival of a second wagon. The police began escorting Mafia members into the first wagon, to the cheers of the bystanders. Next, regular employees were loaded into the wagon. A bystander shouted, \\\"Gay power!\\\", someone began singing \\\"We Shall Overcome\\\" and the crowd reacted with amusement and general good humor mixed with \\\"growing and intensive hostility\\\".An officer shoved a person in drag, who responded by hitting him on the head with her purse. The cop clubbed her over the head, as the crowd began to boo. AuthorEdmund White, who had been passing by, recalled, \\\"Everyone's restless, angry, and high-spirited. No one has a slogan, no one even has an attitude, but something's brewing.\\\"Pennies, then beer bottles, were thrown at the wagon as a rumor spread through the crowd that patrons still inside the bar were being beaten. A scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs\",\n \"woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times. She escaped repeatedly and fought with four of the police, swearing and shouting, for about ten minutes. Described as \\\"a typical New York butch\\\" and \\\"a dyke–stone butch\\\", she had been hit on the head by an officer with abatonfor, as one witness claimed, complaining that her handcuffs were too tight.Bystanders recalled that the woman, whose identity remains unknown (Stormé DeLarveriehas been identified by some, including herself, as the woman, but accounts vary), sparked the crowd to fight when she looked at bystanders and shouted, \\\"Why don't you guys do something?\\\" After an officer picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon,the crowd became a mob and became violent. Violence breaks out The police tried to restrain some of the crowd, knocking a few people down, which incited bystanders even more. Some of those handcuffed in the wagon escaped when police left them unattended (deliberately, according\",\n \"according to some witnesses).As the crowd tried to overturn the police wagon, two police cars and the wagon—with a few slashed tires—left immediately, with Inspector Pine urging them to return as soon as possible. The commotion attracted more people who learned what was happening. Someone in the crowd declared that the bar had been raided because \\\"they didn't pay off the cops\\\", to which someone else yelled, \\\"Let's pay them off!\\\"Coins sailed through the air towards the police as the crowd shouted \\\"Pigs!\\\" and \\\"Faggot cops!\\\" Beer cans were thrown and the police lashed out, dispersing some of the crowd who found a construction site nearby with stacks of bricks. The police, outnumbered by between 500 and 600 people, grabbed several people, including activist folk singer (and mentor ofBob Dylan)Dave Van Ronk—who had been attracted to the revolt from a bar two doors away from the Stonewall. Though Van Ronk was not gay, he had experienced police violence when he participated in antiwar demonstrations: \\\"As far as I\",\n \"\\\"As far as I was concerned, anybody who'd stand against the cops was all right with me and that's why I stayed in... Every time you turned around the cops were pulling some outrage or another.\\\"Van Ronk was the first of thirteen arrested that night.Ten police officers—including two policewomen—barricaded themselves, Van Ronk,Howard Smith(a column writer forThe Village Voice), and several handcuffed detainees inside the Stonewall Inn for their own safety. Multiple accounts of the riot assert that there was no pre-existing organization or apparent cause for the demonstration; what ensued was spontaneous.Michael Fader explained: We all had a collective feeling like we'd had enough of this kind of shit. It wasn't anything tangible anybody said to anyone else, it was just kind of like everything over the years had come to a head on that one particular night in the one particular place and it was not an organized demonstration... The only known photograph from the first night of the riots, taken by freelance\",\n \"taken by freelance photographer Joseph Ambrosini, shows the homeless gay youth who slept in nearby Christopher Park, scuffling with police. Jackie Hormona andTommy Lanigan-Schmidtare on the far left. The Mattachine Society newsletter a month later offered its explanation of why the riots occurred: \\\"It catered largely to a group of people who are not welcome in, or cannot afford, other places of homosexual social gathering... The Stonewall became home to these kids. When it was raided, they fought for it. That and the fact that they had nothing to lose other than the most tolerant and broadminded gay place in town, explains why.\\\" Garbage cans, garbage, bottles, rocks, and bricks were hurled at the building, breaking the windows. Witnesses attest that \\\"flame queens\\\", hustlers, and gay \\\"street kids\\\"—the most outcast people in the gay community—were responsible for the first volley of projectiles, as well as the uprooting of aparking meterused as abattering ramon the doors of the Stonewall Inn. The mob lit\",\n \"Inn. The mob lit garbage on fire and stuffed it through the broken windows as the police grabbed a fire hose. Because it had no water pressure, the hose was ineffective in dispersing the crowd and seemed only to encourage them.Marsha P. Johnsonlater said that it was the police that had started the fire in the bar.When demonstrators broke through the windows—which had been covered byplywoodby the bar owners to deter the police from raiding the bar—the police inside unholstered their pistols. The doors flew open and officers pointed their weapons at the angry crowd, threatening to shoot. Howard Smith, in the bar with the police, took a wrench from the bar and stuffed it in his pants, unsure if he might have to use it against the mob or the police. He watched someone squirtlighter fluidinto the bar; as it was lit and the police took aim,sirenswere heard and fire trucks arrived. The onslaught had lasted 45 minutes. When the violence broke out, the women and transmasculine people being held down the street atThe\",\n \"the street atThe Women's House of Detentionjoined in by chanting, setting fire to their belongings and tossing them into the street below. The historian Hugh Ryan says, \\\"When I would talk to people about Stonewall, they would tell me, that night on Stonewall, we looked to the prison because we saw the women rioting and chanting, 'Gay rights, gay rights, gay rights.'\\\" Escalation TheTactical Patrol Force(TPF) of the New York City Police Department arrived to free the police trapped inside the Stonewall. One officer's eye was cut and a few others were bruised from being struck by flying debris.Bob Kohler, who was walking his dog by the Stonewall that night, saw the TPF arrive: I had been in enough riots to know the fun was over... The cops were totally humiliated. This never, ever happened. They were angrier than I guess they had ever been because everybody else had rioted... but the fairies were not supposed to riot... no group had ever forced cops to retreat before, so the anger was just enormous. I mean,\",\n \"enormous. I mean, they wanted to kill. With larger numbers, police detained anyone they could and put them in patrol wagons to go to jail, though Inspector Pine recalled, \\\"Fights erupted with the transvestites, who wouldn't go into the patrol wagon.\\\" His recollection was corroborated by another witness across the street who said, \\\"All I could see about who was fighting was that it was transvestites and they were fighting furiously.\\\" The TPF formed aphalanxand attempted to clear the streets by marching slowly and pushing the crowd back. The mob openly mocked the police. The crowd cheered, started impromptukick linesand sang to the tune of \\\"Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay\\\": \\\"We are the Stonewall girls/ We wear our hair in curls/ We don't wear underwear/ We show our pubic hair.\\\"Lucian Truscottreported inThe Village Voice: \\\"A stagnant situation there brought on some gay tomfoolery in the form of achorus linefacing the line of helmeted and club-carrying cops. Just as the line got into a full kick routine, the TPF advanced\",\n \"the TPF advanced again and cleared the crowd of screaming gay powerites down Christopher to Seventh Avenue.\\\"One participant who had been in the Stonewall during the raid recalled, \\\"The police rushed us and that's when I realized this is not a good thing to do, because they got me in the back with anightstick.\\\" Another account stated, \\\"I just can't ever get that one sight out of my mind. The cops with the and the kick line on the other side. It was the most amazing thing... And all the sudden that kick line, which I guess was a spoof on the machismo... I think that's when I felt rage. Because people were getting smashed with bats. And for what? A kick line.\\\" Marsha P. Johnson, anAfrican-Americanstreet queen,recalled arriving at the bar around \\\"2:00 \\\", and that at that point the riots were well underway, with the building in flames.As the riots went on into the early hours of the morning, Johnson, along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona, were noted as \\\"three individuals known to have been in the vanguard\\\" of\",\n \"in the vanguard\\\" of the pushback against the police. Craig Rodwell, owner of theOscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, reported watching police chase participants through the crooked streets, only to see them appear around the next corner behind the police. Members of the mob stopped cars, overturning one of them to block Christopher Street.Jack NicholsandLige Clarke, in their column printed inScrew, declared that \\\"massive crowds of angry protesters chased for blocks screaming, 'Catch them!'\\\" By 4:00 am, the streets had nearly been cleared. Many people sat on stoops or gathered nearby in Christopher Park throughout the morning, dazed in disbelief at what had transpired. Many witnesses remembered the surreal and eerie quiet that descended upon Christopher Street, though there continued to be \\\"electricity in the air\\\".One commented: \\\"There was a certain beauty in the aftermath of the riot... It was obvious, at least to me, that a lot of people really were gay and, you know, this was our street.\\\"Thirteen people had\",\n \"people had been arrested. Some in the crowd were hospitalized,and four police officers were injured. Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken. Inspector Pine had intended to close and dismantle the Stonewall Inn that night. Pay phones, toilets, mirrors,jukeboxes, and cigarette machines were all smashed, possibly in the riot and possibly by the police. Second night of rioting During the siege of the Stonewall, Craig Rodwell calledThe New York Times, theNew York Post, and theDaily Newsto tell them what was happening. All three papers covered the riots; theDaily Newsplaced coverage on the front page. News of the riot spread quickly throughout Greenwich Village, fueled by rumors that it had been organized by theStudents for a Democratic Society, theBlack Panthers, or triggered by \\\"a homosexual police officer whose roommate went dancing at the Stonewall against the officer's wishes\\\".All day Saturday, June 28, people came to stare at the burned and blackened Stonewall Inn.Graffitiappeared on the walls of\",\n \"on the walls of the bar, declaring \\\"Drag power\\\", \\\"They invaded our rights\\\", \\\"Support gay power\\\" and \\\"Legalize gay bars\\\", along with accusations of police looting and—regarding the status of the bar—\\\"We are open.\\\" The next night, rioting again surrounded Christopher Street; participants remember differently which night was more frantic or violent. Many of the same people returned from the previous evening—hustlers, street youths, and \\\"queens\\\"—but they were joined by \\\"police provocateurs\\\", curious bystanders, and even tourists.Remarkable to many was the sudden exhibition of homosexual affection in public, as described by one witness: \\\"From going to places where you had to knock on a door and speak to someone through a peephole in order to get in. We were just out. We were in the streets.\\\" Thousands of people had gathered in front of the Stonewall, which had opened again, choking Christopher Street until the crowd spilled into adjoining blocks. The throng surrounded buses and cars, harassing the occupants\",\n \"the occupants unless they either admitted they were gay or indicated their support for the demonstrators.Marsha P. Johnson was seen climbing a lamppost and dropping a heavy bag onto the hood of a police car, shattering the windshield. As on the previous evening, fires were started in garbage cans throughout the neighborhood. More than a hundred police were present from the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and NinthPrecincts, but after 2:00 a.m. the TPF arrived again. Kick lines and police chases waxed and waned; when police captured demonstrators, whom the majority of witnesses described as \\\"sissies\\\" or \\\"swishes\\\", the crowd surged to recapture them.Again, street battling ensued until 4:00 am. Beat poet and longtime Greenwich Village resident Allen Ginsberg lived on Christopher Street and happened upon the jubilant chaos. After he learned of the riot that had occurred the previous evening, he stated, \\\"Gay power! Isn't that great!... It's about time we did something to assert ourselves\\\" and visited the open Stonewall Inn\",\n \"open Stonewall Inn for the first time. While walking home, he declared to Lucian Truscott, \\\"You know, the guys there were so beautiful—they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago.\\\" ActivistMark Segalrecounts thatMartha ShelleyandMarty Robinsonstood and made speeches from the front door of the Stonewall on June 29, 1969, the second night of the riot. Leaflets, press coverage, and more violence Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic on Monday, June 30, and Tuesday, July 1, partly due to rain. Police and Village residents had a few altercations, as both groups antagonized each other. Craig Rodwell and his partnerFred Sargeanttook the opportunity the morning after the first riot to print and distribute 5,000 leaflets, one of them reading: \\\"Get the Mafia and the Cops out of Gay Bars.\\\" The leaflets called for gay people to own their own establishments, for a boycott of the Stonewall and other Mafia-owned bars, and for public pressure on the mayor's office to investigate the \\\"intolerable\",\n \"the \\\"intolerable situation\\\". Not everyone in the gay community considered the revolt a positive development. To many older homosexuals and many members of the Mattachine Society who had worked throughout the 1960s to promote homosexuals as no different from heterosexuals, the display of violence and effeminate behavior was embarrassing.Randy Wicker, who had marched in the first gay picket lines before the White House in 1965, said the \\\"screaming queens forming chorus lines and kicking went against everything that I wanted people to think about homosexuals... that we were a bunch of drag queens in the Village acting disorderly and tacky and cheap.\\\"Others found the closing of the Stonewall Inn, termed a \\\"sleaze joint\\\", as advantageous to the Village. On Wednesday, however,The Village Voiceran reports of the riots, written by Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott, that included unflattering descriptions of the events and its participants: \\\"forces of faggotry\\\", \\\"limp wrists\\\" and \\\"Sunday fag follies\\\".A mob descended\",\n \"mob descended upon Christopher Street once again and threatened to burn down the offices ofThe Village Voice,which at the time was headquartered several buildings west of the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street; that proximity gave Truscott and other writers for the newspaper first hand observations of the uprising. Also in the mob of between 500 and 1,000 were other groups that had had unsuccessful confrontations with the police and were curious how the police were defeated in this situation. Another explosive street battle took place, with injuries to demonstrators and police alike, local shops getting looted, and arrests of five people.The incidents on Wednesday night lasted about an hour and were summarized by one witness: \\\"The word is out. Christopher Street shall be liberated. The fags have had it with oppression.\\\" Aftermath The feeling of urgency spread throughout Greenwich Village, even to people who had not witnessed the riots. Many who were moved by the rebellion attended organizational meetings,\",\n \"meetings, sensing an opportunity to take action. On July 4, 1969, the Mattachine Society performed its annual picket in front ofIndependence HallinPhiladelphia, called theAnnual Reminder. OrganizersCraig Rodwell,Frank Kameny,Randy Wicker,Barbara Gittings, andKay Lahusen, who had all participated for several years, took a bus along with other picketers from New York City to Philadelphia. Since 1965, the pickets had been very controlled: women wore skirts and men wore suits and ties and all marched quietly in organized lines.This year Rodwell remembered feeling restricted by the rules Kameny had set. When two women spontaneously held hands, Kameny broke them apart, saying, \\\"None of that! None of that!\\\" Rodwell, however, convinced about ten couples to hold hands. The hand-holding couples made Kameny furious, but they earned more press attention than all of the previous marches.ParticipantLilli Vincenzremembered, \\\"It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered.\\\"Rodwell\",\n \"empowered.\\\"Rodwell returned to New York City determined to change the established quiet, meek ways of trying to get attention. One of his first priorities was planning Christopher Street Liberation Day. Gay Liberation Front Although the Mattachine Society had existed since the 1950s, many of their methods now seemed too mild for people who had witnessed or been inspired by the riots. Mattachine recognized the shift in attitudes in a story from their newsletter entitled, \\\"The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World.\\\"When a Mattachine officer suggested an \\\"amicable and sweet\\\" candlelight vigil demonstration, a man in the audience fumed and shouted, \\\"Sweet!Bullshit!That's the role society has been forcing these queens to play.\\\"With a flyer announcing: \\\"Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are!\\\",theGay Liberation Front(GLF) was soon formed, the first gay organization to usegayin its name. Previous organizations such as theMattachine Society, theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB), and various\",\n \"and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names. The rise of militancy became apparent to Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings—who had worked in homophile organizations for years and were both very public about their roles—when they attended a GLF meeting to see the new group. A young GLF member demanded to know who they were and what their credentials were. Gittings, nonplussed, stammered, \\\"I'm gay. That's why I'm here.\\\"The GLF borrowed tactics from and aligned themselves with black andantiwardemonstrators with the ideal that they \\\"could work to restructure American society\\\".They took on causes of the Black Panthers, marching to theWomen's House of Detentionin support ofAfeni Shakurand other radicalNew Leftcauses. Four months after the group formed, however, it disbanded when members were unable to agree on operating procedure. Gay Activists Alliance Within six months of the Stonewall riots, activists started a citywide newspaper calledGay; they considered it\",\n \"they considered it necessary because the most liberal publication in the city—The Village Voice—refused to print the wordgayin GLF advertisements seeking new members and volunteers.Two other newspapers were initiated within a six-week period:Come Out!andGay Power; the readership of these three periodicals quickly climbed to between 20,000 and 25,000. GLF members organized several same-sex dances, but GLF meetings were chaotic. When Bob Kohler asked for clothes and money to help the homeless youth who had participated in the riots, many of whom slept in Christopher Park or Sheridan Square, the response was a discussion on the downfall ofcapitalism.In late December 1969, several people who had visited GLF meetings and left out of frustration formed theGay Activists Alliance(GAA). The GAA was to be more orderly and entirely focused on gay issues. Their constitution began, \\\"We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings.\\\"The GAA developed and\",\n \"GAA developed and perfected a confrontational tactic called azap: they would catch a politician off guard during a public relations opportunity and force him or her to acknowledge gay and lesbian rights. City councilmen were zapped and mayor John Lindsay was zapped several times—once on television when GAA members made up the majority of the audience. Police raids on gay bars did not stop after the Stonewall riots. In March 1970, deputy inspector Seymour Pine raided the Zodiac and 17 Barrow Street. An after-hours gay club with no liquor or occupancy licenses called The Snake Pit was soon raided and 167 people were arrested. One of them wasDiego Viñales, an Argentinian national so frightened that he might bedeportedas a homosexual that he tried to escape the police precinct by jumping out of a two-story window, impaling himself on a 14-inch (36 cm) spike fence.TheNew York Daily Newsprinted a graphic photo of the young man's impalement on the front page. GAA members organized a march from Christopher Park to\",\n \"Christopher Park to the Sixth Precinct in which hundreds of gay men, lesbians, and liberal sympathizers peacefully confronted the TPF.They also sponsored a letter-writing campaign to Mayor Lindsay in which the Greenwich VillageDemocratic Partyand congressmanEd Kochsent pleas to end raids on gay bars in the city. The Stonewall Inn lasted only a few weeks after the riot. By October 1969 it was up for rent. Village residents surmised it was too notorious a location and Rodwell's boycott discouraged business. Gay Pride Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with an assembly on Christopher Street; with simultaneous Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles andChicago, these were the firstGay Pride marchesin US history.The next year, Gay Pride marches took place inBoston,Dallas,Milwaukee,London,Paris,West BerlinandStockholm.Themarch in New Yorkcovered 51 blocks, from Christopher Street toCentral Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to\",\n \"time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.The New York Timesreported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.Reporting byThe Village Voicewas positive, describing \\\"the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago\\\". There was little open animosity and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign \\\"I am a Lesbian\\\" walked by. —The New York Timescoverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970 By 1972, the participating cities includedAtlanta,Buffalo,Detroit, Washington, D.C.,Miami,Minneapolis, and Philadelphia,as well as San Francisco. Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince\",\n \"trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from them. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department, and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the US government.Ten people marched with Kameny then and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, \\\"By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred.\\\" Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as \\\"one of the greatest mistakes of his life\\\".The image of gay people retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, \\\"stirred an unexpected spirit\",\n \"unexpected spirit among many homosexuals\\\".Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, \\\"Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly, it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale.\\\"David Carter explained that even though there were several uprisings before Stonewall, the reason Stonewall was so significant was that thousands of people were involved, the riot lasted a long time (six days), it was the first to get major media coverage, and it sparked the formation of many gay rights groups. Trans organizations According toSusan Stryker's book,Transgender History, the Stonewall riots had significant effects on trans rights activism.Sylvia RiveraandMarsha P. Johnsonestablished the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization, as they believed that trans people weren't being adequately represented in the Gay Activists Alliance and Gay\",\n \"Alliance and Gay Liberation Front. They established politicized versions of \\\"houses\\\", which came from Black and Latino queer communities, and were places that marginalized trans youth could seek shelter. Besides STAR, organizations such asTransvestites and Transsexuals(TAT) andQueens' Liberation Front(QLF) were also established. QLF, which was established by drag queen Lee Brewster and heterosexual transvestite Bunny Eisenhower, marched on Christopher Street Liberation Day and fought against drag erasure and for trans visibility. Legacy The Stonewall riots are often considered to be the origin or impetus of thegay liberationmovement, and many studies ofLGBT historyin the U.S. are divided into pre- and post-Stonewall analyses.This has been criticized byhistorians of sexuality. Calls for the rights ofgender and sexual minoritiespredate the Stonewall riots. Thefirst homosexual movementbegan one hundred years earlier, in Germany.West Germanyhad abolished criminal liability for homosexual acts among adults over\",\n \"among adults over 21 years of age through a change ofSection 175of the German Criminal Code on June 25, 1969 − just three days before the Stonewall riots began.There was already the emergence of a gay liberation movement in New York at the time of the riots. The Stonewall riots were not the only time LGBT people organized politically amid attacks on LGBT establishments. The event has been said to occupy a unique place in thecollective memoryof many LGBT people,including those outside of the United States,as it \\\"is marked by an international commemorative ritual – an annual gay pride parade\\\", according to sociologist Elizabeth A. Armstrong. Community Within two years of the Stonewall riots, there were gay rights groups in every major American city, as well as in Canada, Australia, and Western Europe.People who joined activist organizations after the riots had very little in common other than theirsame-sex attraction. Many who arrived at GLF or GAA meetings were taken aback by the number of gay people in one\",\n \"gay people in one place.Race, class, ideology, and gender became frequent obstacles in the years after the riots. This was illustrated during the 1973 Stonewall rally when, moments afterBarbara Gittingsexuberantly praised the diversity of the crowd, feminist activistJean O'Learyprotested what she perceived as the mocking of women bycross-dressersanddrag queensin attendance. During a speech by O'Leary, in which she claimed that drag queens made fun of women for entertainment value and profit,Sylvia RiveraandLee Brewsterjumped on the stage and shouted \\\"You go to bars because of what drag queens did for you andthese bitchestell us to quit being ourselves!\\\"Both the drag queens and lesbian feminists in attendance left in disgust. O'Leary also worked in the early 1970s to exclude transgender people from gay rights issues because she felt that rights for transgender people would be too difficult to attain.Sylvia Rivera left New York City in the mid-1970s, relocating toupstate New York.She later returned to the city\",\n \"to the city in the mid-1990s, after the 1992 death of friendMarsha P. Johnson. Rivera lived on the \\\"gay pier\\\" at the end of Christopher street and advocated for homeless members of the gay community.The initial disagreements among participants in the movements often evolved after further reflection. O'Leary later regretted her stance against the drag queens attending in 1973: \\\"Looking back, I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then. I would never pick on a transvestite now.\\\"\\\"It was horrible. How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians?\\\" O'Leary was referring to theLavender Menace, an appellation bysecond-wave feministBetty Friedanbased on attempts by members of theNational Organization for Women(NOW) to distance themselves from the perception of NOW as a haven for lesbians. As part of this process,Rita Mae Brownand other lesbians who had been active in NOW were forced\",\n \"in NOW were forced out. They staged a protest in 1970 at the Second Congress to Unite Women and earned the support of many NOW members, finally gaining full acceptance in 1971. The growth oflesbian feminismin the 1970s at times so conflicted with the gay liberation movement that some lesbians refused to work with gay men. Many lesbians found men's attitudes patriarchal and chauvinistic and saw in gay men the same misguided notions about women that they saw in heterosexual men.The issues most important to gay men—entrapmentand public solicitation—were not shared by lesbians. In 1977, a Lesbian Pride Rally was organized as an alternative to sharing gay men's issues, especially whatAdrienne Richtermed \\\"the violent, self-destructive world of the gay bars\\\".Veteran gay activist Barbara Gittings chose to work in the gay rights movement, explaining, \\\"It's a matter of where does it hurt the most? For me it hurts the most not in the female arena, but the gay arena.\\\" Throughout the 1970s, gay activism had significant\",\n \"had significant successes. One of the first and most important was the \\\"zap\\\" in May 1970 by the Los Angeles GLF at a convention of theAmerican Psychiatric Association(APA). At a conference onbehavior modification, during a film demonstrating the use ofelectroshock therapyto decrease same-sex attraction,Morris Kightand GLF members in the audience interrupted the film with shouts of \\\"Torture!\\\" and \\\"Barbarism!\\\"They took over the microphone to announce that medical professionals who prescribed such therapy for their homosexual patients were complicit in torturing them. Although 20 psychiatrists in attendance left, the GLF spent the hour following the zap with those remaining, trying to convince them that homosexual people were not mentally ill.When the APA invited gay activists to speak to the group in 1972, activists broughtJohn E. Fryer, a gay psychiatrist who wore a mask, because he felt his practice was in danger. In December 1973—in large part due to the efforts of gay activists—the APA voted unanimously to\",\n \"unanimously to remove homosexuality from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual. Gay men and lesbians came together to work ingrassrootspolitical organizations responding to organized resistance in 1977. A coalition of conservatives namedSave Our Childrenstaged a campaign to repeal a civil rights ordinance inMiami-Dade County. Save Our Children was successful enough to influence similar repeals in several American cities in 1978. However, that same year, a campaign in California called theBriggs Initiative, designed to force the dismissal of homosexual public school employees, was defeated.Reaction to the influence of Save Our Children and the Briggs Initiative in the gay community was so significant that it has been called the second Stonewall for many activists, marking their initiation into political participation.The subsequent 1979National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rightswas timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Rejection of prior gay subculture The Stonewall\",\n \"The Stonewall riots marked such a significant turning point that many aspects of priorgay and lesbian culture, such as bar culture formed from decades of shame and secrecy, were forcefully ignored and denied. HistorianMartin Dubermanwrites, \\\"The decades preceding Stonewall... continue to be regarded by most gay men and lesbians as some vast neolithic wasteland.\\\"SociologistBarry Adamnotes, \\\"Every social movement must choose at some point what to retain and what to reject out of its past. What traits are the results of oppression and what are healthy and authentic?\\\"In conjunction with the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s, roles ofbutch and femmethat developed in lesbian bars in the 1950s and 1960s were rejected, because as one writer put it: \\\"all role playing is sick.\\\"Lesbian feminists considered the butch roles as archaic imitations of masculine behavior.Some women, according toLillian Faderman, were eager to shed the roles they felt forced into playing. The roles returned for some women in the\",\n \"some women in the 1980s, although they allowed for more flexibility than before Stonewall. Author Michael Bronski highlights the \\\"attack on pre-Stonewall culture\\\", particularlygay pulp fictionfor men, where the themes often reflected self-hatred or ambivalence about being gay. Many books ended unsatisfactorily and drastically, often with suicide, and writers portrayed their gay characters as alcoholics or deeply unhappy. These books, which he describes as \\\"an enormous and cohesive literature by and for gay men\\\",have not been reissued and are lost to later generations. Dismissing the notion that the rejection was motivated by political correctness, Bronski writes, \\\"gay liberation was a youth movement whose sense of history was defined to a large degree by rejection of the past.\\\" Impact and recognition The riots spawned from a bar raid became a literal example of gay men and lesbians fighting back and a symbolic call to arms for many people. Historian David Carter remarks in his book about the Stonewall riots\",\n \"the Stonewall riots that the bar itself was a complex business that represented a community center, an opportunity for the Mafia to blackmail its own customers, a home, and a place of \\\"exploitation and degradation\\\".The true legacy of the Stonewall riots, Carter insists, is the \\\"ongoing struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender equality\\\".Historian Nicholas Edsall writes: Stonewall has been compared to any number of acts of radical protest and defiance in American history from the Boston Tea Party on. But the best and certainly a more nearly contemporary analogy is Rosa Parks' refusal to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1955, which sparked the modern civil rights movement. Within months after Stonewall, radical gay liberation groups and newsletters sprang up in cities and on college campuses across America and then across all of northern Europe as well. Before the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn, homosexuals were, as historians Dudley Clendinen andAdam Nagourneywrite: a\",\n \"Nagourneywrite: a secret legion of people, known of but discounted, ignored, laughed at or despised. And like the holders of a secret, they had an advantage which was a disadvantage too, and which was true of no other minority group in the United States. They were invisible. Unlike African Americans, women, Native Americans, Jews, the Irish, Italians, Asians, Hispanics, or any other cultural group which struggled for respect and equal rights, homosexuals had no physical or cultural markings, no language or dialect which could identify them to each other, or to anyone else... But that night, for the first time, the usual acquiescence turned into violent resistance... From that night the lives of millions of gay men and lesbians and the attitude toward them of the larger culture in which they lived, began to change rapidly. People began to appear in public as homosexuals, demanding respect. HistorianLillian Fadermancalls the riots the \\\"shot heard round the world\\\", explaining, \\\"The Stonewall Rebellion was\",\n \"Rebellion was crucial because it sounded the rally for that movement. It became an emblem of gay and lesbian power. By calling on the dramatic tactic of violent protest that was being used by other oppressed groups, the events at the Stonewall implied that homosexuals had as much reason to be disaffected as they.\\\" Joan Nestleco-founded theLesbian Herstory Archivesin 1974 and credits \\\"its creation to that night and the courage that found its voice in the streets.\\\"Cautious, however, not to attribute the start of gay activism to the Stonewall riots, Nestle writes: I certainly don't see gay and lesbian history starting with Stonewall... and I don't see resistance starting with Stonewall. What I do see is a historical coming together of forces, and the sixties changed how human beings endured things in this society and what they refused to endure... Certainly, something special happened on that night in 1969 and we've made it more special in our need to have what I call a point of origin... it's more complex than\",\n \"more complex than saying that it all started with Stonewall. The events of the early morning of June 28, 1969, were not the first instances of gay men and lesbians fighting back against police in New York City and elsewhere. Not only had the Mattachine Society been active in major cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago, but similarly marginalized people started the riot at Compton's Cafeteria in 1966 and another riot responded to a raid on Los Angeles'Black Cat Tavernin 1967.However, several circumstances were in play that made the Stonewall riots memorable. The location of theLower Manhattanraid was a factor: it was across the street fromThe Village Voiceoffices, and the narrow crooked streets gave the rioters an advantage over the police.Many of the participants and residents of Greenwich Village were involved in political organizations that were effectively able to mobilize a large and cohesive gay community in the weeks and months after the rebellion. The most significant facet of the Stonewall riots,\",\n \"Stonewall riots, however, was the commemoration of them in Christopher Street Liberation Day, which grew into the annualGay Prideevents around the world. Stonewall(officially Stonewall Equality Limited) is anLGBT rightscharity in the United Kingdom, founded in 1989 and named after theStonewall Innbecause of the Stonewall riots. TheStonewall Awardsis an annual event the charity has held since 2006 to recognize people who have affected the lives of British lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. The middle of the 1990s was marked by the inclusion ofbisexualsas a represented group within the gay community, when they successfully sought to be included on the platform of the 1993March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation. Transgender people also asked to be included but were not, though trans-inclusive language was added to the march's list of demands.The transgender community continued to find itself simultaneously welcome and at odds with the gay community as attitudes aboutnon-binary\",\n \"aboutnon-binary gender discriminationandpansexual orientationdeveloped and came increasingly into conflict.In 1994, New York City celebrated \\\"Stonewall 25\\\" with a march that went past theUnited Nations Headquartersand intoCentral Park. Estimates put the attendance at 1.1 million people.Sylvia Riveraled an alternate march in New York City in 1994 to protest the exclusion of transgender people from the events. Attendance at LGBT Pride events has grown substantially over the decades. Most large cities around the world now have some kind of Pride demonstration; Pride events in some cities mark the largest annual celebration of any kind.The growing trend towards commercializing marches into parades—with events receiving corporate sponsorship—has caused concern about taking away the autonomy of the original grassroots demonstrations. President Barack Obamadeclared June 2009 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, citing the riots as a reason to \\\"commit to achieving equal justice under law for LGBT\",\n \"under law for LGBT Americans\\\".The year marked the 40th anniversary of the riots. An editorial in theWashington Bladecompared the scruffy, violent activism during and following the Stonewall riots to the lackluster response to failed promises given by President Obama; for being ignored, wealthy LGBT activists reacted by promising to give less money to Democratic causes.Two years later, the Stonewall Inn served as a rallying point for celebrations after theNew York State Senatevoted to passsame-sex marriage. The act was signed into law by GovernorAndrew Cuomoon June 24, 2011. Obama also referenced the Stonewall riots in a call for full equality during hissecond inaugural addresson January 21, 2013: We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths—that all of us are created equal—is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall... Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the\",\n \"else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well. This was a historic moment: the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word \\\"gay\\\" in an inaugural address. Throughout June 2019,Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, produced byHeritage of Pridein partnership with theI Love New Yorkprogram's LGBT division, took place in New York to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising. The final official estimate included 5 million visitors attending in Manhattan alone, making it thelargest LGBTQ celebrationin history.June is traditionally Pride month in New York City and worldwide, and the events were held under the auspices of the annualNYC Pride March. On June 6, 2019, coinciding withWorldPridebeing celebrated in New York City, Police CommissionerJames P. O'Neillapologized on behalf of the NYPD for the actions of its officers at the Stonewall uprising. The official 50th-anniversary commemoration of the Stonewall\",\n \"of the Stonewall Uprising occurred on June 28 on Christopher Street in front ofStonewall Inn. The official commemoration was themed as a rally, in reference to the original rallies in front of Stonewall Inn in 1969. Speakers at this event included mayorBill De Blasio, senatorKirsten Gillibrand, congressmanJerry Nadler, American activistX González, and global activistRémy Bonny. In 2019, Paris, France, officially named a square in theMaraisdistrict asPlace des Émeutes-de-Stonewall(Stonewall Riots Place). Stonewall Day In 2018, 49 years after the uprising, Stonewall Day was announced as a commemoration day byPride Live, a social advocacy and community engagement organization.The second Stonewall Day was held on Friday, June 28, 2019, outside the Stonewall Inn.During this event, Pride Live introduced their Stonewall Ambassadors program, to raise awareness for the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots. Historic landmark and monument In June 1999, theUS Department of the Interiorincluded 51 and 53Christopher\",\n \"and 53Christopher Streetand the surrounding area in Greenwich Village into theNational Register of Historic Places, the first of significance to the LGBT community.In a dedication ceremony, Assistant Secretary of the Department of the InteriorJohn Berrystated, \\\"Let it forever be remembered that here—on this spot—men and women stood proud, they stood fast, so that we may be who we are, we may work where we will, live where we choose, and love whom our hearts desire.\\\"The Stonewall Inn was also named aNational Historic Landmarkin February 2000. On June 23, 2015, theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissiondesignated Stonewall as a city landmark, the first to be designated based on its LGBT cultural significance alone.On June 24, 2016, PresidentBarack Obamaannounced the establishment of theStonewall National Monument, administered by theNational Park Service.The designation protects Christopher Park and adjacent areas totaling more than seven acres; the Stonewall Inn is within the boundaries of the\",\n \"boundaries of the monument but remains privately owned.TheNational Park Foundationformed a newnonprofit organizationto raise funds for a ranger station and interpretive exhibits for the monument,including the first official national visitor center dedicated to the LGBTQIA+ experience, which was inaugurated on June 28, 2024.TheNew York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed theChristopher Street–Stonewall stationon the same day. Media representations No newsreel or TV footage was taken of the riots and few home movies and photographs exist, but those that do have been used in documentaries. Film Music Theatre See also Analogous events Notes Citations Sources External links\",\n \"List of Apollo missions TheApollo programwas a United Stateshuman spaceflightprogram carried out from 1961 to 1972 by theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), which landed the firstastronautson theMoon.The program used theSaturn IBandSaturn Vlaunch vehiclesto lift theCommand/Service Module(CSM) andLunar Module(LM) spacecraft into space, and theLittle Joe IIrocket to test alaunch escape systemwhich was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure.Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission. Apollo achieved the first crewed lunar landing on theApollo 11mission, whenNeil ArmstrongandBuzz Aldrinlanded theirLMEaglein theSea of Tranquilityand walked on the lunar surface, whileMichael Collinsremained inlunar orbitin theCSMColumbia, and all three landed safely on\",\n \"landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.Five subsequent missions landed astronauts on various lunar sites, ending in December 1972 withtwelve men having walked on the Moonand 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks andsoilsamples returned to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. Two Apollo missions were failures: a 1967 cabin fire killed the entireApollo 1crew during a ground test in preparation for what was to be the first crewed flight;and the third landing attempt onApollo 13was aborted by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, which disabled the CSMOdyssey's electrical power and life support systems, and made the propulsion system unsafe to use. The crew circled the Moon and were returned safely to Earth using the LMAquariusas a \\\"lifeboat\\\" for these functions. Uncrewed test flights From 1961 through 1967,Saturn launch vehiclesandApollo spacecraftcomponents were tested in uncrewed flights. Saturn I TheSaturn Ilaunch vehicle was originally\",\n \"was originally planned to carry crewed Command Module flights intolow Earth orbit, but its 20,000-pound (9,100 kg) payload capacity limit could not lift even a partially fueled Service Module, which would have required building a lightweightretrorocketmodule for deorbit. These plans were eventually scrapped, in favor of using the upratedSaturn IBto launch the Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module for crewed Earth orbit tests. This limited Saturn I flights to Saturn launch vehicle development, CSMboilerplatetesting, and three micrometeoroid satellite launches in support of Apollo. SA-1 15:06 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-2 14:00 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-3 17:45 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-4 20:11 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-5 16:25 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-6 17:07 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-7 17:22 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-9 14:37 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-8 07:35 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-10 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 37B There was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn\",\n \"Apollo-Saturn (AS), or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed toApollo 1posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple \\\"Apollo\\\" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renamingAS-201,AS-202, andAS-203as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered. Saturn IB The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designatedSaturn IB, by replacing theS-IVsecond stage with theS-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg), enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module,\",\n \"Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module. Two suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one Lunar Module test were conducted. Success of the LM test led to cancellation of a planned second uncrewed flight. SA-201 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-203 14:53 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-202 17:15 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-204 22:48 GMTLaunch Complex 37B Launch escape system tests From August 1963 to January 1966, a number of tests were conducted at theWhite Sands Missile Rangefor development of thelaunch escape system(LES). These included simulated \\\"pad aborts\\\", which might occur while the Apollo-Saturnspace vehiclewas still on thelaunch pad, and flights on theLittle Joe IIrocket to simulateMode I abortswhich might occur while the vehicle was in the air. 13:05 GMTLaunch Complex 36 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:01 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:17 GMTLaunch\",\n \"36 15:17 GMTLaunch Complex 36 Saturn V Prior toGeorge Mueller's tenure as NASA's Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight starting in 1963, it was assumed that 20Saturn Vs, with at least 10 unpiloted test flights, would be required to achieve a crewed Moon landing, using the conservative one-stage-at-a-time testing philosophy used for the Saturn I. But Mueller introduced the \\\"all-up\\\" testing philosophy of using three live stages plus the Apollo spacecraft on every test flight. This achieved development of the Saturn V with far fewer uncrewed tests, and facilitated achieving the Moon landing by the 1969 goal. The size of the Saturn V production lot was reduced from 20 to 15 units. Three uncrewed test flights were planned to human-rate thesuper heavy-liftSaturn Vwhich would take crewed Apollo flights to the Moon. Success of the first flight and qualified success of the second led to the decision to cancel the third uncrewed test. SA-501 12:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A SA-502 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 39A\",\n \"Complex 39A Alphabetical mission types The Apollo program required sequential testing of several major mission elements in the runup to a crewed lunar landing. An alphabetical list of major mission types was proposed byOwen Maynardin September 1967.Two \\\"A-type\\\" missions performed uncrewed tests of the CSM and the Saturn V, and one B-type mission performed an uncrewed test of the LM. The C-type mission, the first crewed flight of the CSM in Earth orbit, was performed by Apollo 7. The list was revised uponGeorge Low's proposal to commit a mission to lunar orbit ahead of schedule, an idea influenced by the status of the CSM as a proven craft and production delays of the LM.Apollo 8 was reclassified from its original assignment as a D-type mission, a test of the complete CSM/LM spacecraft in Earth orbit, to a \\\"C-prime\\\" mission which would fly humans to the Moon. Once complete, it obviated the need for the E-type objective of amedium Earth orbitaltest. The D-type mission was instead performed by Apollo 9; the\",\n \"by Apollo 9; the F-type mission, Apollo 10, flew the CSM/LM spacecraft to the Moon for final testing, without landing. The G-type mission, Apollo 11, performed the first lunar landing, the central goal of the program. The initial A–Glist was expanded to include later mission types:: 466H-type missions—Apollo 12, 13 (planned) and 14—would perform precision landings, and J-type missions—Apollo 15, 16 and 17—would perform thorough scientific investigation. The I-type objective, which called for extended lunar orbital surveillance of the Moon,was incorporated into the J-type missions.: 466 Crewed missions The Block I CSM spacecraft did not have capability to fly with the LM, and the three crew positions were designated Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot, based onU.S. Air Force pilot ratings. The Block II spacecraft was designed to fly with the Lunar Module, so the corresponding crew positions were designated Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot regardless of whether a Lunar Module was\",\n \"a Lunar Module was present or not on any mission. Seven of the missions involvedextravehicular activity(EVA), spacewalks or moonwalks outside of the spacecraft. These were of three types: testing the lunar EVA suit in Earth orbit (Apollo 9), exploring the lunar surface, and retrieving film canisters from theScientific Instrument Modulestored in the Service Module. Launch Complex 34(planned) 15:02 GMTLaunch Complex 34 12:51 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-503) 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-504) 16:49 GMTLaunch Complex 39B (SA-505) 13:32 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-506) 16:22 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-507) 19:13 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-508) 21:03 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-509) 13:34 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-510) 17:54 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-511) 05:33 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-512) Canceled missions Several planned missions of the Apollo program were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations. See also There were two\",\n \"also There were two NASA post-Apollo crewed spaceflight programs that used Apollo hardware: Notes References Bibliography External links\",\n \"Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr.(/ˈlʌvəl/LUV-əl; born March 25, 1928) is an American retiredastronaut,naval aviator,test pilotand mechanical engineer. In 1968, ascommand module pilotofApollo 8, he became, withFrank BormanandWilliam Anders, one of the first three astronauts to fly to and orbit the Moon. He then commanded theApollo 13lunar mission in 1970 which, after a critical failure en route, looped around the Moon and returned safely to Earth. A graduate of theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland, in the class of 1952, Lovell flewF2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. In January 1958, he entered a six-month test pilot training course at theNaval Air Test CenteratNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20 and graduated at the top of the class. He was then assigned to Electronics Test, working withradar, and in 1960 he became the Navy'sMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager. The following year he\",\n \"following year he became a flight instructor and safety engineering officer atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, and completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. Lovell was not selected byNASAas one of theMercury Sevenastronauts due to a temporarily highbilirubincount. He was accepted in September 1962 as one of thesecond group of astronautsneeded for theGeminiandApolloprograms. Prior to Apollo, Lovell flew in space on two Gemini missions,Gemini 7(with Borman) in 1965 andGemini 12in 1966. He was the first person to fly into space four times. One of24 people to have flown to the Moon, Lovell was the first to fly to it twice. He is a recipient of theCongressional Space Medal of Honorand thePresidential Medal of Freedom. He co-authored the 1994 bookLost Moon, on which the 1995 filmApollo 13was based. Lovell was featured in acameo appearancein the film. Early life James Arthur Lovell Jr. was born inCleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928, the only child of James Lovell\",\n \"of James Lovell Sr., aToronto, Ontario, Canada-born coal furnace salesman who died in a car accident in 1933and Blanche née Masek, who was ofCzechdescent.For the first two years after the death of his father, Lovell and his mother lived with a relative inTerre Haute, Indiana. They then relocated toMilwaukee, Wisconsin, where he went toJuneau High School.He was a member of theBoy Scoutsduring his childhood and eventually achievedEagle Scout, the organization's highest rank.He became interested in rocketry and built flying models as a teenager. After graduating from high school, Lovell attended theUniversity of WisconsininMadisonfor two years, where he studied engineering under theUnited States Navy's\\\"Flying Midshipman\\\" programfrom 1946 to 1948.He would later credit the program for his ability to attend college, citing that he didn't otherwise have the money to attend.At Wisconsin, he playedcollege footballand pledged to theAlpha Phi Omegafraternity.He supplemented his meager Navy stipend by working at a local\",\n \"working at a local restaurant washing dishes and busing tables, and caring for the university'slab ratsandmiceon weekends. While Lovell was attending pre-flight training in the summer of 1948, the Navy was beginning to make cutbacks in the program, and cadets were under a great deal of pressure to transfer out. There were concerns that some or most of the students who graduated asnaval aviatorswould not have pilot billets to fill. To avoid this prospect, Lovell decided to apply to theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland.He secured a nomination from his localU.S. Representative,John C. Brophy, and entered Annapolis in July 1948. During his first year, Lovell wrote a treatise on theliquid-propellant rocketengine. He graduated in the spring of 1952 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as anensignin the Navy.On June 6, he married Marilyn Lillie Gerlach in a ceremony atSt. Anne's Churchin Annapolis. The two had begun dating while they were in high school.As a college student, Gerlach\",\n \"student, Gerlach had transferred fromWisconsin State Teachers CollegetoGeorge Washington Universityin Washington, D.C., so she could be near him while he was at Annapolis.They had four children: Barbara, James, Susan, and Jeffrey. Navy career Lovell was one of 50 members of his graduating class of 783 initially selected for naval aviation training.He went to flight training atNaval Air Station Pensacolafrom October 1952 to February 1954. He was designated a naval aviator on February 1, 1954, upon completion of pilot training, and was assigned toVC-3atMoffett Fieldnear San Francisco, California. From 1954 to 1956 he flewMcDonnell F2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. Lovell eventually completed 107 carrier deck landings. Upon his return to shore duty, he was reassigned to provide pilot transition training for theNorth American FJ-4 Fury,McDonnell F3H DemonandVought F8U Crusader. In January 1958, Lovell entered a six-monthtest\",\n \"a six-monthtest pilottraining course at what was then the Naval Air Test Center (now theUnited States Naval Test Pilot School) atNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20,which also included futureastronautsWally SchirraandPete Conrad,who gave Lovell the nickname \\\"Shaky\\\".Lovell graduated at the top of the class.Usually the top graduate was assigned to flight test on graduation, but the head of electronics test had complained about never getting the top graduate, so Lovell was assigned to electronics test, where he worked withradarsets. Later that year, Lovell, Conrad, and Schirra were among 110 military test pilots selected as potential astronaut candidates forProject Mercury. Schirra went on to become one of theMercury Seven, but Lovell was not selected because of a temporarily highbilirubincount.In 1960, electronics test was merged with armaments test to become weapons test, and Lovell became theMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager.During this time future astronautJohn Youngserved\",\n \"Youngserved under him. In 1961 Lovell received orders forVF-101 \\\"Detachment Alpha\\\"atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, as a flight instructor and safety engineering officer,and he completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. NASA career Astronaut selection In 1962,NASAbegan recruiting its second group of astronauts, intended to fly during theGeminiandApolloprograms. This time the process was a public one. Lovell found out about the selection from an advertisement that had been placed inAviation Week & Space Technology, and decided to apply a second time.A three-person selection panel consisting of Mercury Seven astronautsAlan ShepardandDeke Slayton, and NASA test pilotWarren J. North, reduced the candidates to 32 finalists,who were sent toBrooks Air Force BaseinSan Antoniofor medical examinations. The tests there were much the same as those employed to select the Mercury Seven,but this time Lovell passed.The remaining 27 then went toEllington Air Force Basenear\",\n \"Air Force Basenear Houston, where they were individually interviewed by the selection panel. On September 14, Slayton informed Lovell that he had been accepted.To avoid tipping off the media, all checked into theRice Hotelin Houston under the name of Max Peck, its general manager.On September 17, the media crowded into the 1800-seat Cullen Auditorium at theUniversity of Houstonfor the official announcement, but it was a low-key event compared to the unveiling of the Mercury Seven three years before.The group became known as the \\\"Next Nine\\\" or the \\\"New Nine\\\".The new astronauts moved to the Houston area in October 1962.Conrad and Lovell built houses inTimber Cove, south of theManned Spacecraft Center(MSC).Developers in Timber Cove offered astronauts mortgages with small down payments and low interest rates.The MSC complex was not yet complete, so NASA temporarily leased office space in Houston. The task of supervising the Next Nine's training fell to Mercury Seven astronautGus Grissom.Initially, each of the\",\n \"each of the astronauts was given four months of classroom instruction on subjects such asspacecraft propulsion,orbital mechanics,astronomy,computing, andspace medicine. Classes were for six hours a day, two days a week, and all sixteen astronauts had to attend. There was also familiarization with the Gemini spacecraft,Titan IIandAtlasboosters, and theAgena target vehicle.Jungle survival training was conducted at theUnited States Air Force(USAF) Tropic Survival School atAlbrook Air Force Stationin thePanama Canal Zone, desert survival training atStead Air Force BaseinNevada, and water survival training on theDilbert Dunkerat the USN school at the Naval Air Station Pensacola and onGalveston Bay.Following the precedent set by the Mercury Seven, each of the Next Nine was assigned a special area in which to develop expertise that could be shared with the others, and to provide astronaut input to designers and engineers.Lovell became responsible for recovery systems. Gemini program Gemini 7 Lovell was selected as\",\n \"was selected as backup pilot forGemini 4,which was officially announced on July 29, 1964.It put him in position for his first space flight three missions later, as pilot ofGemini 7with command pilotFrank Borman, under a rotation system devised by Slayton.Borman was a USAF officer, and Lovell had first met him during the evaluation process for astronaut selection.Their selection for the Gemini 7 mission was officially announced on July 1, 1965, along with that ofEdward WhiteandMichael Collinsas their backup crew. Like all Gemini missions, it was part of the preparations for Apollo. The flight's objective was to evaluate the effects on the crew and spacecraft from fourteen days in orbit, this being sufficiently long for any possible Moon mission, and would therefore enable doctors to evaluate the medical aspects of such a flight. Whereas theGemini 6mission preceding it was to demonstrate techniques forspace rendezvous, likewise critical requirement of Apollo. These techniques had been worked out by Dean F.\",\n \"out by Dean F. Grimm andBuzz Aldrin, who had written his doctoral thesis on the subject. The Gemini 6 mission, which was commanded by Schirra withTom Staffordas pilot, had a serious setback on October 15, 1965, when the Agena target vehicle that Gemini 6 was supposed to rendezvous with exploded soon after takeoff. Lovell was present at theLaunch Control CenteratCape Kennedywhen this occurred. Officials fromMcDonnell, the manufacturer of the Gemini spacecraft, then raised the possibility of a rendezvous between Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 during the two weeks while Gemini 7 was in orbit.The only change to the latter's flight plan this required was to circularize its orbit to match that intended for the Agena target vehicle. Borman rejected a proposal by Schirra that Lovell and Stafford exchange places, on the grounds that it was hazardous and likely to jeopardize the fourteen-day mission objective through loss of oxygen. In planning the mission, it was decided that both astronauts would sleep at the same time and\",\n \"the same time and observe the same work periods, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Experiments were not scheduled, but fitted in when time allowed.Of the twenty experiments, eight were medical, aimed at gathering data about the effects of long-duration space flight. Of the rest, four were tests of spacecraft systems, five involved radiometry or navigation, and three involved photography and observation,To save space, theG5C space suitwas designed that incorporated a soft hood instead of a helmet and zippers instead of a neck ring. It weighed a third less than the standard Gemini space suit and could be stowed more easily. Gemini 7 lifted off on December 4, 1965, and reached its intended 300-kilometer (160 nmi) near-circular orbit. Lovell was taller than Borman and had more difficulty donning and removing his space suit. Initially one astronaut had to be suited, but this made him uncomfortably warm, and eventually mission control relented and allowed both to leave their space suits off.Gemini 6,\",\n \"suits off.Gemini 6, now called Gemini 6A, attempted to launch on December 12; the engines ignited, but shut down less than two seconds later due to an electrical problem and a fuel cap accidentally having been left in place.After repairs, Gemini 6A successfully lifted off on December 15, and rendezvoused with Gemini 7 on Gemini 6A's fourth orbit. The two spacecraft then flew in tandem for three orbits, the distance between them varying between 0.30 and 90 meters (1 and 300 ft). Gemini 6A returned to Earth on December 16. In the final two days of the mission, Lovell had time to read part ofDrums Along the MohawkbyWalter D. Edmonds. As in earlier long-duration flights, malfunctions accumulated as the flight wore on. Two of the thrusters stopped working. After the flight, this was traced to the fact that they had an old type of laminate in the thrust chamber instead of the new type that had been developed to solve this problem. This proved to be only an annoyance, but there was more concern over a loss of power\",\n \"a loss of power in thefuel cells. By day thirteen, a warning light was illuminated continuously and it was feared that the cells, which were only giving partial output, might fail completely, and the mission might have to be cut short; tests were carried out inSt. Louisthat demonstrated that the batteries could sustain them for the remainder of the flight. Gemini 7 made a successful return from orbit on December 18.The fourteen-day flight set an endurance record, making 206 orbits. Gemini 12 On January 24, 1966, Lovell was named as the backup command pilot ofGemini 10, with Aldrin as the pilot. On March 21, this was changed as a result of the deaths of theGemini 9prime crew,Elliot SeeandCharles Bassett, inan air crash. The Gemini 9 backup crew of Tom Stafford andGene Cernanbecame the prime crew of Gemini 9A, and Lovell and Aldrin became their backups. This positioned Lovell for his second flight and first command, ofGemini 12. Lovell and Aldrin's selection for this mission was officially announced on June\",\n \"announced on June 17, along with that ofGordon Cooperand Gene Cernan as their backups. The goals of Gemini 12, the final Gemini mission, were ill-defined at first. \\\"Essentially Gemini 12 didn't have a mission\\\", Lovell later recalled. \\\"It was, I guess, by default... supposed to wind up the Gemini program and catch all those items that were not caught on previous flights.\\\"By July, its mission had become to masterextravehicular activity(EVA), something that had proven problematic on earlier Gemini missions, as they had been more strenuous than expected and performing simple tasks had been more complicated. A series of innovations had been developed in response to the problems that had been encountered. It had been found that moving in space was similar to being underwater, and Aldrin made use of this new training technique. A waist restraint was provided on the space suit, and the Gemini spacecraft and the Agena target vehicle had additional handrails, handholds, and rings for tethering the waist restraint.\",\n \"waist restraint. Procedures were modified to minimize fatigue. Gemini 12 lifted off on November 11, and quickly achieved orbit. Its first task was to rendezvous with its Agena target vehicle. This was complicated when the rendezvous radar set failed. Instead, Aldrin, who had written his PhD on the rendezvous, used asextantto measure the angle between the spacecraft and the Agena, and then calculated the required actions using the onboard computer. Lovell then flew the spacecraft accordingly. Rendezvous was achieved, and Gemini successfullydockedwith the Agena, achieving the fifth space rendezvous and fourth space docking with an Agena target vehicle. Lovell then successfully undocked and docked again. Aldrin performed three EVAs. The first was a standup EVA on November 12, in which the spacecraft door was opened and he stood up, but did not leave the spacecraft. The standup EVA mimicked some of the actions he would do during his free-flight EVA, so he could compare the effort expended between the two. It set\",\n \"the two. It set an EVA record of two hours and twenty minutes. The next day Aldrin performed his free-flight EVA. He climbed across the newly installed hand-holds to the Agena and installed the cable needed for the gravity-gradient stabilization experiment. He performed several tasks, including installing electrical connectors and testing tools that would be needed for Apollo. The EVA concluded after two hours and six minutes.Before returning to the spacecraft, Aldrin cleaned the pilot's window with a cloth, and Lovell jokingly asked him if he could change the oil too.A third, 55-minute standup EVA was conducted on November 14, during which Aldrin took photographs, conducted experiments, and discarded some unneeded items. Gemini 12 returned to Earth on November 15, after 59 orbits. During re-entry a pouch containing books and small pieces of equipment broke free and landed in Lovell's lap. He did not want to grab it, as he feared he might pull on theD-ringthat activated the ejector seat. It did not move any\",\n \"It did not move any further, and the landing went well. The spacecraft landed just 5.5 kilometers (3.0 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSWasp. Twelve experiments had been carried out.This mission proved that people could work effectively outside the spacecraft, which was required for the Apollo missions with the goal of getting man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Apollo program Apollo 1 On January 27, 1967, Grissom, White andRoger Chaffeewere killed in theApollo 1fire. At the time, Lovell was in Washington, D.C., where, along with fellow astronautsNeil Armstrong,Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper andRichard Gordon, he had attended the signing of theOuter Space Treatyand the reception afterwards in theGreen Roomof theWhite Househosted by PresidentLyndon Johnson. Four days later, Lovell flew toWest Point, New York, with Borman in a NASAT-38for the funeral service for White at theOld Cadet Chapel. After the service, White was laid to rest in theWest Point Cemetery; Lovell served as a\",\n \"Lovell served as a pallbearer along with Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Stafford and Aldrin. TheApollo command modulewas redesigned after the fire, and afterwards it underwent a series of qualification tests.In April 1968, Lovell, along with fellow astronautsStuart RoosaandCharles Duke, spent 48 hours in command module CM-007A, bobbing in theGulf of Mexicoto test the seaworthiness of the Apollo spacecraft.The NASA research vesselMVRetrieverstood by with technicians and divers,while the astronauts assessed how quickly the spacecraft's flotation devices could right it from the \\\"stable II\\\" (upside down) position. The urine collection hose was used to vacuum up water that entered the cabin.Although this did not seem to bother Lovell, Duke regarded it as his worst experience as an astronaut, and Roosa became quiteseasick.The NASARoundupnewspaper wrote the event up under the headline, \\\"Yo, Ho, Ho and a Bottle of Marezine\\\", referencing the brand name ofa motion sickness drug. Apollo 8 Lovell was originally chosen as\",\n \"chosen as command module pilot (CMP) on the backup crew for Apollo 9 along with Armstrong as commander (CDR) and Aldrin aslunar modulepilot (LMP). Apollo 9 was planned as a high-apogeeEarth orbital test of the Lunar Module (LM). Lovell later replaced Michael Collins as CMP on the Apollo 9 prime crew in July 1968 when Collins needed to have surgery for abone spuron his spine. This reunited Lovell with his Gemini 7 commander Frank Borman, along with LMPWilliam Anders. Aldrin became Lovell's backup CMP, andFred Haisejoined Armstrong's crew as LMP. Construction delays of the first crewed LM prevented it from being ready in time to fly on Apollo 8, planned as alow Earth orbittest. It was decided to swap the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 prime and backup crews in the flight schedule so that the crew trained for the low-orbit test could fly it asApollo 9, when the LM would be ready. A lunar orbital flight, nowApollo 8, replaced the original Apollo 9 medium Earth orbit test mission.The crew was informed of this decision on\",\n \"of this decision on August 10, 1968, and the training schedule was adjusted accordingly. Starting in September, the crew spent ten hours a day in the simulator rehearsing the mission. Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, 1968, and Borman, Lovell and Anders became the first crew to ride theSaturn Vrocket, as well as the first to travel to theMoon.Their Apollo craft entered lunar orbit on December 24 (Christmas Eve) and reduced speed to go into a 11-by-312-kilometer (5.9 by 168.5 nmi) orbit. The engine was then fired again to enter a 112-kilometer (60 nmi) circular orbit around the Moon. On Christmas Eve, the crew broadcast black-and-white television pictures of the lunar surface back to Earth. Lovell took his turn with Borman and Anders in reading a passage from the Biblical creation story in theBook of Genesis.They made a total of ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours and ten minutes,and began their return to Earth on December 25 (Christmas Day) with a rocket burn made on the Moon's far side, out of radio\",\n \"side, out of radio contact with Earth. When contact was re-established, Lovell broadcast, \\\"Please be informed, there is aSanta Claus.\\\" As CMP, Lovell served as the navigator, using the spacecraft's built-in sextant to determine its position by measuring star positions. This information was then used to calculate required mid-course corrections. Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view stars by using theApollo guidance computerkeyboard. Lovell accidentally erased some of the computer's memory by entering the wrong codes, which caused theinertial measurement unit(IMU) to contain data indicating that the module was in the same relative orientation it had been in before lift-off; the IMU then fired the thrusters to \\\"correct\\\" the module's attitude. Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they knew that they would have to reenter the correct data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation. It took Lovell ten\",\n \"It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the correct values, using the thrusters to get the starsRigelandSiriusaligned,and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer.Sixteen months later, during theApollo 13mission, Lovell would have to perform a similar manual realignment under even more critical conditions after the module's IMU had been turned off to conserve energy. A feature on the Moon's surface (Mount Marilyn) was named by Lovell in honor of his wife. The spacecraftsplashed downsafely before dawn on December 27 after 147 hours of flight, 4.8 kilometers (2.6 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSYorktown. It was estimated that the crew had traveled 933,419 kilometers (504,006 nmi). Apollo 13 Lovell was backup CDR ofApollo 11, with Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP.In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with theNational Aeronautics and Space Councileffective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time.Ken Mattinglywas moved from the support\",\n \"from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. Under the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly as the prime crew ofApollo 14, butGeorge Mueller, the director of NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight, rejected Slayton's choice of fellow Mercury Seven astronaut Alan Shepard to command Apollo 13. Shepard had only recently returned to flight status after being grounded for several years, and Mueller thought that he needed more training time to prepare for a mission to the Moon. Slayton then asked Lovell if he was willing to switch places with Shepard's crew to give them more training time.\\\"Sure, why not?\\\" Lovell replied, \\\"What could possibly be the difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14?\\\" There was one more change. Seven days before launch, a member of the Apollo 13 backup crew, Duke, contractedrubellafrom a friend of\",\n \"a friend of his son.This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Of the five, only Mattingly was not immune through prior exposure. Normally, if any member of the prime crew had to be grounded, the remaining crew would be replaced as well, and the backup crew substituted, but Duke's illness ruled this out,so two days before launch, Mattingly was replaced byJack Swigertfrom the backup crew.Mattingly never developed rubella and later flew to the Moon onApollo 16. Lovell lifted off aboard Apollo 13 on April 11, 1970.He and Haise were to land near theFra Mauro crater. TheFra Mauro formationwas believed to contain much material spattered by the impact that had filled theImbrium basinearly in the Moon's history, and dating it would provide information about the early history of the Earth and the Moon. \\\"We have a problem here\\\", Swigert informed mission control.\\\"This is Houston, say again please,\\\" thecapsule communicator,Jack Lousma, responded.\\\"Houston, we've had a problem,\\\" Lovell replied.\",\n \"Lovell replied. Lovell & Kluger 1995, p. 95 During a routineliquid oxygentank stir in transit to the Moon, a fire started inside an oxygen tank. The most probable cause determined by NASA was damaged electrical insulation on wiring that created a spark that started the fire.A problem with draining the tank had been reported before the mission, and Lovell had approved the action taken to turn on the heaters to purge the oxygen rather than to replace the faulty tank, which would have delayed the mission by a month. Neither he nor the launch pad crew were aware that the tank contained the wrong thermostat switch. The heaters were left on for eight hours, and while this successfully purged the oxygen, it also removedtefloninsulation from the copper electrical wiring.Liquid oxygen rapidly turned into a high-pressure gas, which burst the tank and caused the leak of a second oxygen tank. In just over two hours, all onboard oxygen was lost, disabling the hydrogen fuel cells that provided electrical power to the\",\n \"power to the Command/Service ModuleOdyssey. Apollo 13 was the second mission not to use afree-return trajectory, so that they could explore the western lunar regions.Using theApollo Lunar Moduleas a \\\"life boat\\\" providing battery power, oxygen, and propulsion, Lovell and his crew re-established the free return trajectory that they had left, and swung around the Moon to return home.Based on the flight controllers' calculations made on Earth, Lovell had to adjust the course twice by manually controlling the Lunar Module's thrusters and engine. Apollo 13 returned safely to Earth on April 17.\\\"I'm afraid\\\", Lovell said, \\\"this is going to be the last lunar mission for a long time.\\\"His comment was rebutted byNASA AdministratorThomas O. Paine, who hastened to reassure the public that NASA would be mounting more missions to the Moon.Nine months later, Apollo 14 would make the voyage to Fra Mauro, with modified oxygen tanks and an extra battery for emergencies. Apollo 13's flight trajectory gave Lovell, Haise, and\",\n \"Lovell, Haise, and Swigert the record for the farthest distance that humans have ever traveled from Earth.Lovell is one of only three men to travel to the Moon twice, but unlike the other two, John Young and Gene Cernan, he never walked on it.He accrued 715 hours and 5 minutes in space flights on his Gemini and Apollo flights, a personal record that stood until theSkylab 3mission in 1973. Later life Lovell retired from the Navy and the space program on March 1, 1973, and went to work at the Bay-Houston Towing Company inHouston, Texas,taking on the role of CEO in 1975. He became president of Fisk Telephone Systems in 1977,and later worked forCentel Corporationin Chicago, retiring as an executive vice president on January 1, 1991.Lovell was a recipient of theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award.He was also recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with theirSilver Buffalo Award. Lovell served on the board of directors for several organizations, includingFederal Signal Corporationin Chicago from 1984 to 2003,\",\n \"from 1984 to 2003, theAstronautics Corporation of Americain his hometown of Milwaukee from 1990 to 1999, and Centel from 1987 to 1991. In 1999, the Lovell family opened a restaurant inLake Forest, Illinois, \\\"Lovell's of Lake Forest\\\". The restaurant displayed memorabilia from Lovell's time with NASA and the filming ofApollo 13. The restaurant was sold to son and executive chef James (\\\"Jay\\\") in 2006.The restaurant was put on the market for sale in February 2014,and it closed in April 2015, the property being auctioned the same month. Marilyn Lovell (born on July 11, 1930) died of natural causes at the age of 93, at her home in the Lake Forest Place retirement community in Lake Forest, Illinois on August 27, 2023. Upon the death ofFrank Bormanon November 7, 2023, Lovell became the oldest living former astronaut. Awards and decorations Lovell's awards and decorations include: Military, federal service, and foreign awards Other awards and accomplishments The Gemini 6 and 7 crews were awarded theHarmon\",\n \"awarded theHarmon International Trophyfor 1966 in a ceremony at the White House.Lovell received a second Harmon International Trophy in 1967 when he and Aldrin were selected for their Gemini 12 flight.The Apollo 8 crew won theRobert J. Collier Trophyfor 1968,and PresidentRichard Nixonawarded them theDr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophyin 1969, which Lovell accepted on behalf of the crew.The General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy is normally awarded to Air Force personnel, but an exception was made to include Lovell, and the Apollo 8 crew were awarded the 1968 trophy.Lovell was awarded a third Harmon International Trophy in 1969 for his role in the Apollo 8 mission.The Apollo 8 crew was also awarded theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1970,and were namedTimeMagazine Men of the Yearin 1968.The Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10 crews were awarded the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award for 1969.Lovell was one of ten Gemini\",\n \"one of ten Gemini astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1982,and, along with the other 12 Gemini astronauts, Lovell was inducted into the secondU.S. Astronaut Hall of Fameclass in 1993.At a parade attended by 500,000 people, Lovell was conferred Chicago's medal of merit.The Apollo 13 crew was awarded the City of New York Gold Medal, but Lovell had already received it for the Apollo 8 mission. In lieu of a second medal, the mayor gifted him a crystal paperweight that he \\\"invented for the occasion\\\".He was also awarded the 1970 City ofHoustonMedal for Valor for the mission.He was awarded his second Haley Astronautics Award for his role on Apollo 13. Lovell was featured on the cover ofTimemagazine on January 3, 1969, and April 27, 1970,and on the cover ofLifemagazine on April 24, 1970. Lovell was a recipient of the University of Wisconsin's Distinguished Alumni Service Award in 1970. In his acceptance speech he emphasized the use of words over \\\"rock throwing\\\" to help attain political\",\n \"attain political goals.He was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree atWestern Michigan University's summer commencement exercises in 1970.He was also awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree atWilliam Paterson College's commencement exercises in 1974.Lovell was also granted an honorarydoctor of sciencedegree from University of Wisconsin–Madison, his original alma mater, speaking at the December 2016 commencement. Tributes A small crater on thefar side of the Moonwas namedLovellin his honor in 1970.Discovery Worldin Milwaukee was renamed The James Lovell Museum of Science, Economics and Technology. It was at the time located on James Lovell St., also named for Lovell.TheCaptain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Centerwas completed in October 2010, merging theNaval Health Clinic Great Lakesand the North Chicago Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Organizations In popular culture About a month after the return to Earth of Apollo 13, Lovell and his crewmates, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert, appeared onThe\",\n \"appeared onThe Tonight Showwith hostJohnny Carson.In 1976, Lovell made a cameo appearance in the Nicolas Roeg movieThe Man Who Fell to Earth. Lovell andJeffrey Klugerwrote a 1994 book about the Apollo 13 mission,Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13,on which the 1995Ron HowardfilmApollo 13was based. Lovell's first impression on being approached about the film was thatKevin Costnerwould be a good choice to portray him, given the physical resemblance,butTom Hankswas cast in the role.To prepare, Hanks visited James and Marilyn Lovell at their home in Texas and flew with Lovell in his private airplane.Kathleen Quinlanwas nominated for asupporting actress Oscarfor her performance as Marilyn. In the film, Lovell has a cameo as the captain of theUSSIwo Jima. He can be seen as the naval officer shaking Hanks' hand, as Hanks speaks invoice-over, in the scene where the astronauts come aboard theIwo Jima. The filmmakers offered to make Lovell's character an admiral aboard the ship, but Lovell said: \\\"I retired as\",\n \"said: \\\"I retired as a captain and a captain I will be.\\\" He was cast as the ship's skipper, CaptainLeland Kirkemo. Along with his wife Marilyn, who also has a cameo in the film, Lovell provided a commentary track on both the single disc and the two-disc special edition DVD. Tim Dalyportrayed Lovell in the 1998HBOminiseriesFrom the Earth to the Moon,andPablo Schreiberin the 2018 film about Armstrong,First Man. Notes References External links\",\n \"Jack Swigert John Leonard Swigert Jr.(August 30, 1931 – December 27, 1982) was an AmericanNASAastronaut,test pilot,mechanical engineer,aerospace engineer,United States Air Forcepilot, andpolitician. In April 1970, as command module pilot ofApollo 13, he became one of24 astronauts who flew to the Moon.Ironically, due to the \\\"slingshot\\\" route around the Moon they chose to safely return to Earth, the Apollo 13 astronauts flew farther away from Earth than any other astronauts before or since, though they had to abort the Moon landing. Before joining NASA in 1966, Swigert was a civiliantest pilotandfighter pilotin theAir National Guard. After leaving NASA, he ran forSenatebut lost in a primary election againstBill Armstrong. Later he ran forCongress, but while running was diagnosed with cancer. He won the election for Colorado's new6th districtin 1982, but died before being sworn in. Early life John Leonard Swigert Jr. was born on August 30, 1931, inDenver,Colorado, to parents John Leonard Swigert Sr. (1903–1973)\",\n \"Sr. (1903–1973) and Virginia Swigert (1906–1993). Swigert's father was anophthalmologist.At the age of 14, he became fascinated by aviation. While he would have been content just watching planes take off from nearby Combs Field, young Jack became determined to do more than be a spectator. He took on a newspaper route to earn money for flying lessons, and by age 16 he was alicensed private pilot.He was a member of theBoy Scouts of Americaand attained the rank ofSecond Class Scout.He attendedBlessed Sacrament School,Regis Jesuit High School, andEast High School, from which he graduated in 1949. Swigert received aBachelor of Sciencedegree inmechanical engineeringfromUniversity of Coloradoin 1953, where he also playedfootballfor theBuffaloes.He later earned aMaster of Sciencedegree inaerospace engineeringfromRensselaer Polytechnic Institute(Hartford campus) in 1965,and aMaster of Business Administrationdegree fromUniversity of Hartfordin 1967. His recreational interests\",\n \"interests includedgolf,handball,bowling,skiing,swimming, andbasketball. His hobbies includedphotography. Flight experience Following his graduation from Colorado in 1953, Swigert joined theUnited States Air Force(USAF). Upon graduation from the Pilot Training Program andGunnery SchoolatNellis Air Force Base,Nevada, he was assigned as afighter pilotinJapanandSouth Korea. In 1953, he survived his plane crashing into a radar unit on a Korean airstrip. After completing his tour of active duty in the USAF, he served as a jet fighter pilot with theMassachusetts(1957–1960) andConnecticut Air National Guard(1960–1965).Swigert held a position as engineering test pilot forNorth American Aviationbefore joining NASA. He was previously an engineering test pilot forPratt & Whitney, from February 1957 to June 1964. He logged over 7,200 hours in flight, including more than 5,725 hours injet aircraft. NASA career After unsuccessfully applying for NASA'ssecondandthirdastronaut selections,Swigert was accepted into theNASA\",\n \"into theNASA Astronaut Corpsas part ofNASA Astronaut Group 5in April 1966.Swigert became a specialist on theApollo command module: he was one of the few astronauts who requested to be command module pilots. Swigert was a member ofApollo 7's astronaut support crew, the first support crew for an Apollo mission; he served asCapsule communicator(CAPCOM) during the ascent phase of the flight. Apollo 13 Swigert was one of three astronauts aboard theApollo 13Moon mission launched April 11, 1970. Originally part of the backup crew for the mission, he was assigned to the mission three days before launch, replacing astronautKen Mattingly. The prime crew had been exposed toGerman Measles(the rubella virus) fromCharles Dukeand, because Mattingly had no immunity to the disease, NASA did not want to risk him falling ill during critical phases of the flight. Apollo 13 was the third crewed lunar-landing attempt, but was aborted after the rupture of an oxygen tank in the spacecraft'sservice module. Swigert was the astronaut\",\n \"was the astronaut who first announced, \\\"Houston, we've had a problem here\\\".The statement was then repeated by commander of the flightJim Lovell. Swigert, along with fellow astronauts Lovell andFred Haise, traveled around the Moon and returned safely to Earth on April 17 after about 5 days and 23 hours, and received thePresidential Medal of Freedomthe next day. Apollo–Soyuz Test Project NASA Director of Flight Crew OperationsDeke Slayton, who selected the astronauts, recommended Swigert ascommand module pilotfor theApollo–Soyuz Test Project, the first joint mission with theSoviet Union. Slayton felt Swigert deserved another chance to fly after having been selected for Apollo 13 two days before launch, and performing well. During 1972, theApollo 15 postal covers incidentcaused NASA investigators to inquire into other astronauts.A number of Apollo astronauts, including Swigert, had made agreements with West German stamp dealer Hermann Sieger, who originated the idea for theApollo 15covers, to autograph\",\n \"to autograph philatelic items in exchange for a payment of about $2,500. Swigert originally denied involvement when interviewed by NASA investigators.According toChristopher C. Kraft, the investigators subpoenaed his bank records, finding more funds than expected, and records of a predated charitable donation.Swigert's subsequent admission caused NASA Deputy AdministratorGeorge M. Lowto remove him from Apollo–Soyuz. Post-NASA career Aware that his spaceflight career was most likely over,Swigert took a leave of absence from NASA in April 1973 and went toWashington, D.C.to become executive director of theCommittee on Science and Astronautics,U.S. House of Representatives. Swigert eventually left NASA and the committee in August 1977 to enter politics.He ran for theU.S. Senatein 1978, but was soundly defeated in the Republican primary in September byCongressmanBill Armstrong, who was far better known.In 1979, Swigert became vice president of B.D.M. Corporation inGolden.He left in 1981 to join International Gold\",\n \"International Gold and Minerals Limited as vice president for financial and corporate affairs. In February 1982, Swigert left International Gold and Minerals Limited to run forU.S. Congressin the newly created6th districtas a Republican. When amalignant tumorin his right nasal passage was found, theastronaut-politiciandisclosed this to the voters. Doctors told him he would finish radiation treatments on June 15 and make a complete recovery.However, in August, Swigert developed back pain and was diagnosed withbone marrow cancer.On November 2, 1982, he won the seat with 64% of the popular vote. Death On December 19, 1982, seven weeks after his election, he was airlifted from his home inLittletontoGeorgetown University Hospitalin Washington, D.C. He died ofrespiratory failureat itsLombardi Cancer Centeron December 27, seven days before the beginning of his congressional term, aged 51.He was the last member-elect of the House to die before taking office untilLuke Letlow'sdeath fromCOVID-19in December 2020.\",\n \"December 2020. Fifteen astronauts, including fellow Apollo 13 crewmatesJim LovellandFred Haise, were among the thousand mourners at hisfull military honorsfuneral in Denver, presided over byArchbishopJames Casey, which included amissing man flyoverbyA-7 Corsairsof theColorado Air National Guard.He is buried alongside his parents inMount Olivet CemeteryinWheat Ridge. Awards, honors, and organizations Swigert received theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA)Octave Chanute Awardfor 1966 for his participation in demonstrating theRogallo wingas a feasible land landing system for returning space vehicles and astronauts. President Richard Nixon awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedomto the Apollo 13 crew shortly after the conclusion of their mission.Following a sparse parade, Swigert received the City of New York Gold Medal on June 3.He received the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor, 1970.Swigert received theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Award for 1970.He was given University of\",\n \"given University of Colorado-Boulder's Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award in 1970.Vice President Spiro Agnew presented the crews of Apollo 11, 12, and 13 with theNASA Distinguished Service Medalin 1970.The Apollo 13 crew also received the AIAA Haley Astronautics Award in 1971, which included a small monetary award and a medal. Swigert was awarded the 1972 Antonian Gold Medal. He was presented anHonorary Doctorate of Sciencedegree fromAmerican International Collegein 1970,anHonorary Doctorate of Lawsdegree fromWestern State Universityin 1970,and anHonorary Doctorate of SciencefromWestern Michigan Universityin 1970. In 1983, Swigert was among 14 Apollo astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Fame. In 1988, Swigert was inducted into theColorado Aviation Hall of Fame. In 1995, Swigert was portrayed byKevin BaconinRon Howard's filmApollo 13. In 1997, Swigert, along with 23 other Apollo astronauts, was posthumously inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of Famewhich is located at the Kennedy\",\n \"at the Kennedy Space Center. He was elected in September 2003 to theRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteAlumni Hall of Fame. In 1997, astatue of Swigertmade by George and Mark Lundeen was placed on display in theU.S. Capitol Buildingas one of two statues given by the state of Colorado to theNational Statuary Hall Collection.As of December 2008 the statue is on display in Emancipation Hall in theUnited States Capitol Visitor Center. A duplicate statue is currently on display atDenver International AirportTerminal B, where passengers exit the airport's train system. The Space Foundation was founded in 1983 in part to honor the memory and accomplishments of Swigert.In 2004, the Space Foundation launched theJohn L. \\\"Jack\\\" Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration, which is presented annually to an individual, group, or organization that has made a significant contribution to space exploration. On August 18, 2009, theSpace Foundationand Colorado Springs District 11 partnered to open the Jack Swigert Aerospace Academy.\",\n \"Aerospace Academy. Swigert was a member of numerous organizations. He was afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society; associate fellow of theSociety of Experimental Test Pilotsand theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and member of theQuiet Birdmen,Phi Gamma Delta,Pi Tau Sigma, andSigma Tau. See also References Works cited External links\",\n \"Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr.(/heɪz/HAYZ;born November 14, 1933) is an American formerNASAastronaut,engineer,fighter pilotwith theU.S. Marine CorpsandU.S. Air Force, and atest pilot. He is one of24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown asLunar Modulepilot onApollo 13. He was slated to become the 6th person to walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 landing mission was aborted en route. Haise went on to fly fiveSpace ShuttleApproach and Landing Testsin 1977,before retiring from NASA in 1979. Early life Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. was born on November 14, 1933, and raised inBiloxi, Mississippi, to Fred Wallace Haise (1903–1960) and Lucille (néeBlacksher) Haise (1913–2005).: 1He has a younger sister who was born in 1941.: 6After theattack on Pearl Harboron December 7, 1941, his father enlisted in theU.S. Navyat the age of 38, and the Haise family moved toChicago.: 8The family then moved toKey West, Florida, until his father's ship,YMS-84, deployed to theSouth Pacific, when the family moved back to Biloxi.:\",\n \"back to Biloxi.: 9–10He graduated fromBiloxi High Schoolin 1950.: 13He attendedPerkinston Junior Collegewith a scholarship for journalism,: 13and played on the baseball team.: 14He graduated in 1952,and joined the Naval Aviation Cadet Program.: 16He went to ground school atNAS Pensacola,: 16and then moved toNAS Whiting Fieldin 1952.: 18He trained in theSNJandF6F Hellcat, and completed his flight training in 1954.: 22–26He served as aU.S. Marine Corpsfighterpilot, with VMF-533, then VMF-114 on theF2H-4 BansheeandF9F-8 CougaratMCAS Cherry Point,North Carolina, from March 1954 to September 1956. Haise also served as a tactics and all-weatherflight instructorin the U.S. Navy Advanced Training Command atNAS Kingsville,Texas. Haise has accumulated 9,300 hours flying time, including 6,200 hours injets. After his military service, Haise returned to school and graduated with aBachelor of Sciencedegree with honors inaeronautical engineeringfrom theUniversity of Oklahomain 1959, concurrently serving for two years in\",\n \"for two years in theOklahoma Air National Guard, as a fighter interceptor pilot with the185th Fighter Interceptor Squadron,flying theF-86D.He then worked for the newly createdNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), first as a research pilot at theLewis Research CenternearCleveland. HisAir National Guardunit was called up during theBerlin Crisis of 1961and he served ten months as a fighter pilot in theUnited States Air Force.He was a tactical fighter pilot and chief of the 164th Standardization-Evaluation Flight of the164th Tactical Fighter SquadronatMansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base,Ohio,flying theF-84F. Haise completed post-graduate courses at theU.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School(Class 64A) atEdwards Air Force Base,Californiain 1964, and attended the six-weekHarvard Business School'sAdvanced Management Programin 1972. NASA career In 1966, Haise was one of 19 astronauts selected forNASA Astronaut Group 5.He had already worked with NASA for several years as a civilian research\",\n \"a civilian research pilot. He was the first astronaut in his group to be assigned to a mission, serving as backup Lunar Module Pilot for bothApollo 8andApollo 11. Apollo 13 It only seems interesting to the public if it's the first exploration of another planetary body, or if you're having a problem. Fred Haise According to the rotation of crews during Apollo, Haise was originally assigned as Lunar Module Pilot forApollo 14, but his crew was switched to Apollo 13 so thatAlan Shepardcould have more training time. He flew as Lunar Module Pilot on the abortedApollo 13lunar mission in 1970.Due to the distance between the Earth and Moon during the mission, Haise,Jim Lovell, andJack Swigerthold the record for the farthest distance from the Earth ever traveled by human beings.Haise and Jack Swigert were the first people from Group 5 to fly in space. During this flight Haise developed aurinary tract infectionand later kidney infections. These caused him to be in pain for most of the trip. Haise was slated to become\",\n \"slated to become the 6th human to walk on the Moon during Apollo 13 behind Lovell, who was to be 5th.Alan ShepardandEdgar Mitchelleventually became the fifth and sixth, respectively, onApollo 14, which completed Apollo 13's mission to theFra Mauro formation. Haise later served as backup commander forApollo 16. Though there was no formal selection, Haise was prospectively slated to commandApollo 19withWilliam R. Pogueas Command Module Pilot andGerald P. Carras Lunar Module Pilot. However, the mission was canceled in 1970 due to budget cuts. Space Shuttle approach and landing tests After completing his backup assignment on Apollo 16, Haise moved to theSpace Shuttle program. In 1977, he participated in the program'sApproach and Landing Tests(ALT) atEdwards Air Force Base.Along withC. Gordon Fullertonas pilot, Haise as commander piloted theSpace ShuttleEnterprisein free flight to three landings after being released from theShuttle Carrier Aircraft.The tests verified the shuttle's flight characteristics, an\",\n \"characteristics, an important step toward the success of the program. Haise was assigned to commandSTS-2A, withJack R. Lousmaas pilot, the second Space Shuttle mission, which would have delivered theTeleoperator Retrieval Systemthat would have boostedSkylabto a higher orbit, preserving it for future use. Delays in the Shuttle program development as well as an unexpected increase in Skylab's orbital decay led to the mission being canceled. Skylab was destroyed upon entering the Earth's atmosphere in July 1979, while the Space Shuttle did not launch until April 1981. In June 1979, Haise left NASA to become a test pilot andexecutivewithGrumman Aerospace Corporation, where he remained until retiring in 1996.He was the only one of the four astronauts who conducted theEnterpriselanding tests not to fly in space on the Shuttle. Personal life Haise has four children with his first wife Mary Griffin Grant, whom he married on June 4, 1954, and divorced on July 21, 1978.He married Frances Patt Price, on January 9,\",\n \"on January 9, 1979.On February 7, 2022, Frances died. On August 22, 1973, Haise was piloting aConvair BT-13belonging to theCommemorative Air Forcethat had been converted to look like anAichi D3A\\\"Val\\\" torpedo bomber for the 1970 filmTora! Tora! Tora!. While attempting a landing go around atScholes FieldinGalveston, Texas, an undetermined power plant failure led to a crash landing. Haise sufferedsecond‐degree burnsover 50 percent of his body in the post crash fire. Haise published his autobiography,Never Panic Early, about his life and experiences in the Apollo program in 2022. Organizations Haise is afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society(AAS) and theSociety of Experimental Test Pilots(SETP); member,Tau Beta Pi,Sigma Gamma Tau, andPhi Theta Kappa; and honorary member, National WWII Glider Pilots Association. Awards and honors Haise's other awards include theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1971;theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Awards\",\n \"Achievement Awards for 1970 and 1977; the City ofNew YorkGold Medal in 1970;the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor in 1970;theJeff DavisAward (1970);the Mississippi Distinguished Civilian Service Medal (1970);the American Defense Ribbon;the SETP's Ray E. Tenhoff Award for 1966;the A. B. Honts Trophy as the outstanding graduate of Class 64A from the Aerospace Research Pilot School in 1964;an honorary doctor of science degree fromWestern Michigan University(1970);theJSCSpecial Achievement Award (1978);theSoaring Society of America's Certificate of Achievement Award (1978); the GeneralThomas D. WhiteUSAF Space Trophy for 1977;the SETP'sIven C. Kincheloe Award(1978);and theAir Force Association'sDavid C. SchillingAward (1978). He received thePresidential Medal of Freedom,NASA Distinguished Service Medal,andNASA Exceptional Service Medal. He was inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1983 and theAerospace Walk of Honorin 1995.He was also one of 24 Apollo astronauts inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of\",\n \"Astronaut Hall of Fameon October 4, 1997. On February 13, 2022, the City of Biloxi unveiled a statue of Haise in the parking lot of the historicBiloxi Lighthouse. Haise was present at the ceremony and had his handprints set in concrete at the statue's base prior to its unveiling. The statue was created by Mississippi artist Mary Ott Tremel Davidson. In September 2023, Haise was inducted into theNational Aviation Hall of Famein Dayton, Ohio. In popular culture In the 1995 motion pictureApollo 13, Haise was played byBill Paxton. See also References Sources External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":276,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which film, based loosely on the story of Frederick 'Fritz' Niland, won the Golden Globe for best drama at the 56th Golden Globes in 1999?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Saving Private Ryan was loosely based on the story of Frederick 'Fritz' Niland, and won the Golden Globe for best drama at the 56th Golden Globes in 1999."},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niland_brothers"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan#Reception"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niland_brothers', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan#Reception']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niland_brothers","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan#Reception"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niland_brothers\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan#Reception\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Niland brothers TheNiland brotherswere four American brothers fromTonawanda, New York, who served in the military duringWorld War II. They were sons of Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Niland.Two survived the war but, for a time, only one, Frederick \"Fritz\" Niland, was believed to have survived. After the reported deaths of his three brothers, Fritz was sent back to the United States to complete his service, and only later learned that his brother Edward, missing and presumed dead, was captive in aJapanesePOW campinBurma. Brothers Memorials In popular culture Steven Spielberg's1998 filmSaving Private Ryanis loosely based on the brothers' story. See also References External links","Saving Private Ryan Saving Private Ryanis a 1998 Americanepicwar filmdirected bySteven Spielbergand written byRobert Rodat. Set in 1944 inNormandy, France, duringWorld War II, it follows a group of soldiers, led by Captain John Miller (Tom Hanks), on a mission to locate Private James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon) and bring him home safely after his three brothers have been killed in action. The cast also includesEdward Burns,Tom Sizemore,Barry Pepper,Giovanni Ribisi,Vin Diesel,Adam GoldbergandJeremy Davies. Inspired by the books ofStephen E. Ambroseand accounts of multiple soldiers in a single family, such as theNiland brothers, being killed in action, Rodat drafted the script, andParamount Pictureshired him to finish writing it. The project came to the attention of Hanks and Spielberg, whose involvement, due to their previous successes, secured the project's development. Spielberg wanted to makeSaving Private Ryanas authentic as possible and hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto do uncredited rewrites based on research and interviews with veterans. The main cast went through a week-long boot camp to help them understand the soldier's experience. Filming took place from June to September 1997, on a $65–70million budget, almost entirely on location in England and Ireland. The openingOmaha Beachbattle was the most demanding scene, costing $12 million to film over a four-week period, and using 1,500 background actors. Saving Private Ryanbecame one of the year's most successful films, earning critical acclaim for its graphic portrayal of combat. WWII veterans described the combat scenes as the most realistic portrayal of their own experiences they had seen; some said they had been unable to watch it due to their traumatic memories. The film earned $481.8million, making it thesecond-highest-grossing film of 1998, and went on to win many accolades, includingGolden Globe,Academy,BAFTA, andSaturnawards. Consideredone of the greatest films ever made,Saving Private Ryan's battle-scene filming techniques impacted many subsequent war, action, and superhero films, and numerous directors have citedSaving Private Ryanas an influence on them. The picture is credited with having helped to renew interest in WWII at the turn of the century, inspiring other films, television shows, and video gamesset during the war. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Plot On June 6, 1944, theU.S. Armylands atOmaha Beachas part of theNormandy invasion, incurring major losses against the artillery and machine gun fire of the heavily fortifiedGerman forces. Initially dazed by the chaotic battle,2nd Ranger BattalionCaptainJohn H. Miller takes command of a surviving group and leads a successful infiltration behind German lines to secure victory. TheUnited States Department of Warreceives communication that three of four Ryan brothers have been killed in action; the last, James Francis Ryan of the101st Airborne Division, is listed as missing.GeneralGeorge C. Marshallorders that Ryan be found and sent home, to spare his family the loss of all its sons. Miller is tasked with recovering Ryan and assembles a detachment of soldiers to accompany him: Mike Horvath, Richard Reiben, Adrian Caparzo, Stanley Mellish, Daniel Jackson, Irwin Wade, and interpreter Timothy Upham, who lacks any combat experience. The group tracks Ryan to the town ofNeuville-au-Plain, where Caparzo is killed by a German sniper while trying to rescue a young girl. Mourning their friend, the men grow resentful at being forced to risk their lives for one man. They later find James Frederick Ryan, but realize he is the wrong man with a similar name. That evening, the men rest in a chapel, where Miller tells Horvath that his hands began uncontrollably shaking after he joined the war. The men travel to a rallying point where the 101st Airborne might be after landing off course, where they find scores of wounded and displaced soldiers. Wade admonishes Reiben, Mellish, and Jackson for callously searching through a pile of deceased soldiers'dog tagsin front of passing troops, hoping to find Ryan's among them and conclude their mission. Remorseful for ignoring their behavior, Miller shouts for anyone who knows Ryan; one deafened soldier tells him that Ryan was reassigned to defend a vital bridge in the town of Ramelle. On the way, Miller decides to neutralize a German gun nest they discover, against the advice of his men, and although they are successful, Wade is killed. The men prepare to execute a surrendered German soldier in revenge, but Upham intervenes, arguing that they should follow therules of war. Miller releases the soldier, nicknamed \"Steamboat Willie\", ordering that he surrender to the nextAlliedpatrol. Discontented with the mission, Reiben threatens todesert, leading to a standoff between the men that Miller defuses by revealing his civilian background as a teacher and baseball coach, which he had always refused to disclose. Miller muses that people often guessed his career before he became a soldier, while his men could not, implying that war has changed him, and worries whether he is still the man he was and whether his wife will recognize him. In Ramelle, Miller's detachment finds Ryan and informs him of their mission, but Ryan refuses to abandon his post or his fellow soldiers, believing he does not deserve to go home more than anyone else. Horvath convinces Miller that saving Ryan might be the only truly decent thing they can accomplish during the war. Miller takes command of Ryan's group as the only officer present and prepares the soldiers for a German assault. Jackson and Horvath are killed, and Upham stands paralyzed with fear as Mellish is stabbed to death. Steamboat Willie returns and shoots Miller before reinforcements arrive to defeat the Germans. Upham confronts Willie, who attempts to surrender again, and kills him, before sending the other surrendering Germans away. Upham and Reiben observe as the mortally wounded Miller tells Ryan to earn the sacrifices made to send him home. Decades later, an elderly Ryan and his family visit Miller's grave at theNormandy Cemetery. Ryan expresses that he remembers Miller's words every day, lived his life the best he could, and hopes he has earned their sacrifices. Cast The cast also includesGlenn Wrageas Doyle,Corey Johnsonas a radioman,John Sharianas Corporal Loeb, andRolf Saxonas Lieutenant Briggs—Allied soldiers at the Omaha beach landing.Demetri GoritsasandDylan Brunoportray Parker and Private First Class Toynbe, respectively, who aid in the battle of Ramelle.Joerg Stadler appears as Steamboat Willie, a German prisoner.Amanda Boxerportrays Ryan's mother, whileHarrison YoungandKathleen Byronportray the elderly James Ryan and his wife, Margaret.Technical advisor andMarineveteranDale Dyeappears as a War Department colonel. Production Concept ProducerMark Gordonwas a fan of writerRobert Rodat's previous work on films such asTall Tale(1995) andFly Away Home(1996). The pair met in early 1995 to discuss potential projects and ideas. Within a few weeks, Rodat conceived ofSaving Private Ryan.He was inspired by a gift from his wife, the historical bookD-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II(1994), byStephen E. Ambrose, recounting the events of the Normandy landings. Rodat visited a monument inKeene, New Hampshirededicated to American soldiers killed in combat; he noticed the losses included brothers. He said, \"The idea of losing a son to war is painful beyond description... the idea of losing more than one son is inconceivable\".The Ryan family was based on the fourNiland brothersdetailed in Ambrose's book, who were deployed during WWII; two were killed and a third presumed dead; per theSole Survivor Policy, the fourth was returned from the war. Development To developSaving Private Ryan, Gordon founded the independent film studioMutual Film Company, alongside producerGary Levinsohn.Gordon brought Rodat's draft toParamount Picturesexecutives; they responded positively and hired Rodat who wrote the script over the following 12 months.Michael Baywas hired as director, but left the project because he could not resolve how to approach the material.Carin Sage, a junior agent representing Tom Hanks at theCreative Artists Agency, gave the script to Hanks, who was immediately interested and met with Gordon and Levinsohn.Hanks shared the script withSteven Spielbergwho agreed to direct because the pair had wanted to work together for some time.Rodat thought that Paramount would cancel the project after the studio purchased two other WWII-era scripts,CombatandWith Wings as Eagles, with popular actorsBruce WillisandArnold Schwarzeneggerattached, respectively.However, having secured the involvement of Hanks and Spielberg, two of the highest-paid and most successful actors and directors, Gordon suggested Paramount executives prioritizeSaving Private Ryan. Describing what interested him about the project, Spielberg said, \"So what you're doing is sending eight people out, all of whom have parents, to rescue one boy and send him back to his mom when any or all of these kids, along the mission route, could be killed. That was the central tug that made me want to tell the story\".Spielberg had a lifelong interest in WWII, having made war films as a teenager because \"it was the seminal conversation inside my family. My parents talked aboutthe Holocaustand they talked about combat and war. And I was born knowing this.My dadwas a veteran... he had many veterans over to the house, and I became absolutely obsessed... based on my father's stories, recollections, and also based on all the WWII movies\".He described the project as a tribute to his father. With Spielberg on board,DreamWorks Pictures, which he co-founded, became involved as a financier, with his companyAmblin Entertainmentas a production company.Spielberg's clout effectively removed Gordon and Levinsohn from the production, having no creative input, equity, or rights, but receiving a producer's credit and one-off payment. Levinsohn said, \"You just know going in what the score is... I guess it's unspoken that when you hire you're not going to be on the set making decisions\".DreamWorks hiredIan Bryceto replace them. In April 1997,Sumner Redstone, chairman of Paramount's parent companyViacom, had Spielberg flip a coin to determine the film's distribution rights. Spielberg won the toss, giving DreamWorks the favored North American distribution rights and Paramount the international rights. Earnings were held collectively and split evenly between the studios. In exchange, Paramount received the North American distribution rights to DreamWorks'Deep Impact(1998).To keep the budget low, Spielberg and Hanks took minimal upfront salaries in exchange for a guaranteed 17.5% of the gross profits, equivalent to 35 cents of every dollar earned. Rewrite Spielberg's initial concept forSaving Private Ryanwas aBoys' Own–style adventure film in which the search for Ryan was apublic relationseffort by the war department. However, after interviewing WWII veterans for research, he found this idea inappropriate. He decided to embed the story within a realistic portrayal of actual events while portraying the conflicted morality of sending men into life-threatening situations to save one man.He said, \"I cannot tell you how many veterans came up to me... and said: 'Please be honest about it. Please don't make another Hollywood movie about WWII. Please tell our stories...'\" The surviving Niland family was interviewed, and the story was further influenced by other substantial family war losses, including the fiveSullivan brotherskilled during WWII, and the Bixby brothers during theAmerican Civil War; theresulting letterbyAbraham Lincolnis quoted in the film. Spielberg described existing WWII films as \"sanitized\" and sentimentalized, focused on depicting honor and the glory of service in a manner that was \"very safe and wholly untrue\".He wanted to present the courage of the soldiers in the face of \"palpable terror, almost blind terror\": I remember one of the telling me the entire charge up the beach was a blur—not a blur to his memory because he still remembered every single grain of sand when he had his face buried in it from that fusillade raining down on them from above. But he described how everything was not in focus for him. He described the sounds, and he described the vibrations of every concussion of every88 shellthat hit the beach, which gave some of them bloody noses, rattled their ears. The ground would come up and slam into their faces from the concussions.\" Ambrose served as a historical consultant. He disliked glorified depictions of the Normandy landings that ignored the reality of soldiers slowly dying in mud and water, wanting \"their mothers, they wanted morphine. It took a long time.\"Spielberg believed the legacy of theVietnam Warhad made his generation less interested in glorifying combat in film. Even so, he was influenced by early war films such asBattleground(1949),The Steel Helmet(1951), andHell Is for Heroes(1962). Although Rodat's script came close to the ideal WWII project he had hoped for, he believed it had \"a few problems\".He hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto performuncredited script rewrites.The scene begins as the second wave of soldiers arrives on Omaha beach (Darabont's suggestion),so they would be walking into \"Hell on Earth\" instead of empty beaches.Scott Frank performed rewrites based on transcriptions of Spielberg's recorded ideas and two folders of historical facts about the Normandy landings; these gave Frank ideas but he found it difficult to parse the reality of events into original ideas. The Normandy cemetery scene was based on Spielberg's own experience visiting the area as a youth; he witnessed a family accompanying a man who fell to his knees and began to cry at a grave marker. Casting Spielberg wanted older actors for his main cast, claiming that young soldiers would look older than their age under the stresses of war.Miller is the \"adult in the story,\" intended to project a calmness and feeling of safety that is undermined by the character's uncontrollable handshaking.Spielberg wanted Hanks to play Miller because he was the only actor he thought of who would not \"want to use his teeth to pull out a pin from a hand grenade\".Hanks formed Miller's character based on the history of the 2nd Ranger Battalion before Omaha Beach, saying he believed Miller was \"horribly afraid\" of getting more of his men killed.Mel GibsonandHarrison Fordwere considered for the role.Miller's detachment is a diverse group, including a Jew and Italian, reminiscent of earlier WWII films; this was not a deliberate choice, although Spielberg believed he had subconsciously drawn on conventional WWII films.Burns described Reiben as a \"wise guy\" in the script, but the experience of filming the Omaha Beach landing inspired him to give the character a \"much harder edge\".Sizemore was cast inThe Thin Red Line(1998) when Spielberg offered him an alternative role as Horvath, Miller's friend, and confidant.The actor had a history of drug addiction, and Spielberg mandated that he pass regular drug tests to keep his part, or the role would be recast and his scenes re-shot.Describing his character, Sizemore said, \"he was a quiet man; he was taciturn; he followed orders, and he loved the captain... if he had a tragic flaw, it was that he didn't know when he had had enough when it was time to say, 'I can't do this anymore.'\" Diesel was cast after Spielberg saw his self-starring directorial efforts,Multi-Facial(1995) andStrays(1997). The actor was working as a telemarketer at the time, having struggled to secure acting jobs.Goldberg's role did not exist in the script until his casting.Spielberg wanted a relatively unknown actor to portray Private Ryan. Spielberg visited the set ofGood Will Hunting(1997), andRobin Williamsintroduced him to Damon. Spielberg cast him shortly after, believing he possessed a \"great American everyboy look,\" unaware thatGood Will Hunting's success would significantly raise Damon's profile.Neil Patrick Harriswas considered for the role, andEdward Nortonturned it down forAmerican History X(1998).Pete Postlethwaite,Tony Shalhoub, andGarth Brookswere considered for unspecified roles. At Hanks's and Dye's suggestion, Spielberg had the principal cast take part in a six-dayboot camp, wanting them to experience cold, wet, and exhaustive conditions, like those of WWII soldiers.Overseen by Dye and retired U.S. marines, the actors remained in character while simulating attacks, performing five-mile runs with full backpacks, weapons training, military exercises, and push-ups after making mistakes, on three hours of sleep per night in cold and rainy conditions.The men wanted to quit, but Hanks convinced them otherwise, saying they would regret not following through and the experience would help them understand their characters and motivations.Diesel said, \"at that moment we got this huge respect for him in real life, we were all exhausted, we all wanted to leave and here was this guy who was a superstar, who doesn't have to be here, voting to stay\".Dye was present throughout filming to remind the actors of their training.Spielberg kept Damon out of the boot camp because he wanted the other actors to resent him and his character. Pre-production The pre-production forSaving Private Ryanwas truncated because Spielberg chose to filmAmistad(1997) immediately after finishing work onThe Lost World: Jurassic Park(1997). CinematographerJanusz Kamińskispent several weeks performing camera tests to define the film's visual aesthetic. The pair considered filmingmonochromaticallyas Spielberg had with his Holocaust film,Schindler's List(1993). However, they considered that this would seem \"pretentious,\" and were interested in emulating the colored WWII footage from their research. Kamiński let his interpretation of the narrative dictate how to light scenes and narrowed down visual styles by identifying which films he did not wantSaving Private Ryanto emulate.He and Spielberg were visually influenced by WWII documentaries, such asMemphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress(1944),The Battle of Midway(1942),Why We Fight(1942–1945), and theNazi propagandafilms ofLeni Riefenstahl. They also looked at various books, paintings, and photographs of the Omaha Beach invasion taken by the war photographerRobert Capa.Kamiński wanted it to look like a major production \"shot on by a bunch of combat cameramen\". A variety of camera techniques were used to emulate the experience of being on a battlefield: Kamiński removed the protective coating on some lenses, creating a \"flatter\", degraded image akin to WWII-era cameras, and mismatched lenses when using multiple cameras for an inconsistent result; alternatingshutter anglesand speeds; and desynchronizing the camera shutter which created a \"streaking\" effect. Kamiński considered this a risky option because if it failed there was no way to fix the image in post-production.AClairmont Camera Image Shakervibrated the camera to emulate the effects of a nearby explosion or rolling tank.Spielberg chose to film in1.85:1 aspect ratiobecause he believed it was more lifelike and closer to \"the way the human eye really sees,\" and foundwidescreen formatsto be artificial. Three months were spent scouting for a location to portray the Normandy coast. The real location was too developed for their needs, and many other French beaches were restricted by military or wildlife use; Spielberg believed officials were difficult because they did not want him filming there.Beaches researched in England and Scotland lacked either the aesthetics or amenities required, such as housing for the crew, and the filmmakers needed a specific depth for the cast to leap from the landing crafts into the water.Associate producer, Kevin De La Noy's earlier work onBraveheart(1995) in Ireland had developed contacts with the Irish Army and knowledge of local beaches. One such location, the 11 km (6.8 mi) long Curracloe Beach, nearCurracloe, County Wexford, offered the desired golden sands and sheer cliffs and nearby amenities.Spielberg selected a 1 km (0.62 mi) segment of the beach, known as Ballinesker.He said, \"I was a bit disappointed that the beach we used wasn't as broad as the real Omaha Beach... I tried to use certain wide-angle lenses to extend the length of the flats on the sandy beach before the soldiers reach the shingle. I used wider lenses for geography and tighter lenses for the compression of action.A segment adjacent toBlackwater, also in Wexford, was considered, but the local nuns could not make the land available in time.Service roads were built for vehicles to reach Ballinesker.Production designerThomas E. Sandersled construction of the concrete battlements, bunkers,Czech hedgehogs, and barbed wire, much of which was made by local metalworkers.Over eleven weeks were spent preparing Ballinesker for filming.A storm destroyed some of the props just before filming, but they were rebuilt overnight.The main crew arrived on location on June 25, 1997. Filming in Ireland Principal photographybegan on June 27, 1997.Filming completed up to 50 shots per day. Spielberg wanted the actors to get little rest, \"A war is fought fast, and I really wanted to keep all of the actors off-balance. I didn't want them to be able to read 75 pages of a novel... I wanted to work fast enough so that they always felt as if they were in combat... I had to keep them on the set, which meant shooting the film even faster than I normally do. War doesn't give you a break.\"Saving Private Ryanwas shot almost entirely in continuity order, although some of the crew found this \"a mentally demoralizing experience\" because the cast started together and left as their characters died. The Omaha Beach battle was filmed over three to four weeks, for $12million.The scene involved about 1,500 people including 400 crew, 1,000 volunteerreserveandIrish armysoldiers, and dozens of extras and about 30 amputees and paraplegics fitted with prosthetic limbs to portray disfigured soldiers.Their numbers were supplemented with over one thousand detailed mannequins.The extras were divided into platoons with a designated leader, allowing Dye to control their action via four different radios with aid from threenon-commissioned officers.Costume designerJoanna Johnstoncontracted an American company responsible for making boots for soldiers during WWII to create about 2,000 pairs, using the last batch of dye from that period.Soldiers in the ocean wore wet suits beneath their uniforms to minimize hypothermia.ArmorerSimon Atherton was responsible for supplying authentic weapons. TwoHiggins Boatsused in the landings were used in the scene; additional boats from the 1950s were brought from California, Donegal, and Southampton.Hanks recalled: The first day of shooting... I was in the back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was. The air literally went pink and the noise was deafening and there's bits and pieces of stuff falling all on top of you and it was horrifying.\" Soldiers vomiting from the boats was achieved usingmilk of magnesia.Acrane shotmoving from beneath the ocean surface to above the battlefield was achieved by placing the crane on a flatbed trailer and reversing it into the sea. The Omaha Beach sequence was extensively choreographed by stunt coordinatorSimon Crane, withsquibsand explosives managed byNeil Corbould. The only serious accident resulted when an extra's foot was run over by a car.Thousands of gallons of fake blood were used, mainly to turn the ocean and shoreline red.Based on his interviews with veterans, Spielberg had dead fish strewn in the water and around the battlefield, as well as floating a Bible on the surface.Bullet impacts were emulated using air pipes concealed beneath the sand and ocean surface.Drums of diesel fuel were burned to create black smoke, while a series of pickup trucks carried systems to disperse white smoke. During filming, the weather was cold, rainy, and overcast; Kamiński said this matched the weather during the Normandy landings, enhancing the film's accuracy.Artificial light was used sparingly apart from on the boats to highlight the actors' eyes under their helmets.Spielberg had the camera stay close to the ground to appear as if it was the view of a soldier avoiding getting shot or a combat cameraman. He intended for the audience to feel like they were a part of the battle rather than watching.Most ofSaving Private Ryanwas filmed with handheld cameras. This was physically demanding on camera operator Mitch Dubin andSteadicamoperator Chris Haarhoff due to both proximity to the ground and movement through exploding scenery. The camera was close enough that fake blood, water, and sand would stick to the camera lens, but the filmmakers believed this made the footage more authentic. Kamiński considered the extensive setup of explosives, smoke, and choreography of over a thousand characters to be demanding as it could take half a day to reset if something went wrong, but the majority of scenes in the sequence were captured in less than four takes, using up to three cameras simultaneously. Spielberg said, \"I rarely walked away from a scene until I got what I wanted, and I'd say that I got what I wanted from those complex setups about 80 percent of the time.\"He reviewed each day's footage nightly in a local parish hall.The production crew remained after filming to restore the beach to its original state over the following month, per an ecological protection order. Filming in England and France Filming relocated to theHatfield Aerodromein Hertfordshire, England, at the end of August, for the remaining scenes and the battle of Ramelle.French towns and rivers were scouted where a partial set could be built, but this was discarded over environmental concerns of filming contaminating the water. Instead, Sanders and his team built the fictional Ramelle on the grounds of the Aerodrome, based on five towns where fighting took place. Nearly threecity blockslong, the set included fully built buildings, facades, and a custom built, 900 ft (270 m) long river. The river was lined because they \"had to control the height of the water very carefully\". Explosives were used to create bomb craters and damage around Ramelle. Though the battle involved fewer extras than the Omaha Beach scene, several weeks were spent developing the complex choreography based on a battle plan devised by Dye.Spielberg did notstoryboardSaving Private Ryanbecause he wanted to position the camera spontaneously in reaction to what was taking place in each scene and he often relied on Dye and other WWII consultants for advice on staging the combat scenes.Dale also advised on technical aspects of weapons; where Spielberg wanted to use larger explosions typically found in Hollywood action films, Dye would generally advise him to \"go half that size, they were never that big\".The production was estimated to have spent about £8million in the local area. Spielberg's spontaneous approach carried into other aspects; about halfway through filming, he decided to depict the remainder of the film from Upham's perspective, believing he represented the audience's inexperience of war.Goldberg's character was only going to be shot dead until Dye suggested a hand-to-hand combat sequence on the day of filming, leading Mellish to be stabbed through the heart.A separate scene of Ryan talking about his brothers was ad-libbed by Damon. The German machine-gun nest and following ambush of a half-track vehicle were filmed on the grounds ofThame Park, Thame, inOxfordshire; the chapel interior where Miller's men rest was filmed in the Thame Park chapel.The Iowa cornfields where Ryan's mother lives in a house built for filming was set nearWest Kennet, Wiltshire.The American war office was filmed in the Hatfield Aerodrome. Kamiński wanted scenes in America to be more colorful and a relief from the muted tones of the combat scenes, so he positioned very bright lighting outside the windows.Scenes featuring the elderly Ryan were filmed at theNormandy American Cemetery and MemorialinColleville-sur-Mer, France, adjacent to Omaha Beach. Filming concluded ahead of schedule on September 13, 1997, after 12 weeks, with the French church interior scenes.The estimated total budget was $65–$70million. Post-production Kamiński chose to render his footage usingTechnicolor's proprietary ENR process (similar to ableach bypass) which retained more silver in thefilm stockand produced deeper blacks. He used \"70 percent ENR\" for a desaturated image which added a blue hue. Concerned this change would make the fake blood appear inauthentic, the effects department mixed blue coloring into it, giving it a dark red appearance.Visual-effects studioIndustrial Light & Magicprovided digital enhancements; many bullet wounds and blood splatter werecomputer-generated imagery. Michael Kahnedited the final 170-minute cut.Spielberg said that Kahn's style was intended to defy audience expectations and not make every scene or transition clear.Some scenes were cut because of their graphic imagery, such as Miller's unit encounter with burnt out tanks with charred bodies. Mellish's death was also trimmed, removing parts where the character screams in pain, after Spielberg's projectionist said \"It's too painful to watch.\" Spielberg said his movie had to be \"ugly\", but was worried the violent content could be seen as exploitative and earn it a restrictiveNC-17rating from theMotion Picture Association of America, restricting it to audiences over 17 years of age.He anticipated that the \"historical importance\" of the content would be taken into consideration; it received anR rating, meaning children could watch when accompanied by an adult. Music A long-time Spielberg collaborator, composerJohn Williams, produced the score.Spielberg chose little music accompaniment, wanting the sounds of battle and death to be prominent. Using aspottingprocess, he and Williams watched a rough cut of the film to agree on which scenes would feature music.Williams deliberately avoided \"anything grandiose or operatic\".Williams recorded the 55-minute score over three days atSymphony Hallin Boston, with theBoston Symphony Orchestraand vocals by theTanglewood Festival Chorus.The recording cost about $100,000 per hour.Spielberg chose the Orchestra: \"This is a movie about a company of soldiers, and it seemed appropriate to use an experienced company of musicians who are all virtuosos. Also we really wanted the sound of this room, Symphony Hall. On a soundstage you can get acoustically correct sound, but you don't hear the air. Here you get a rich, warm sound off the walls and ceiling, and you do hear the air; Symphony Hall is an instrument too.\" Release Context The 1998 summer theatrical season began in early May withDeep Impact, a surprise box office hit that studios saw as a positive indicator for their upcoming 100 film releases.GodzillaandArmageddonwere expected to be the biggest successes, while industry executives were hopeful for smaller budget films (costing less than $60million) likeSmall Soldiers,The Negotiator,The Parent Trap, andThere's Something About Maryto become sleeper hits. Fewer sequels and less escapist entertainment were scheduled for release, and more films were targeted toward older audiences.Saving Private Ryanwas highly anticipated but analysis suggested the film faced commercial limitations because of its long runtime, restricting the number of times it could be screened daily, and its violent content.DreamWorks' marketing chief Terry Press said it was risky to release a serious drama in the summer, a time generally reserved for family and escapist entertainment, but this was offset by Spielberg and Hanks's popularity.A screening for DreamWorks and Paramount executives was highly praised,but Spielberg had low expectations, believing the film was too violent to attract broad audiences. Box office The film premiered on July 21, 1998. The event was a low-profile affair without a party or many celebrities; Press said of the premiere, \"it would have been inappropriate\".Saving Private Ryanwas released in the United States and Canada on July 24, 1998.During its opening weekend, it earned $30.6million across 2,463 theaters—an average of $12,414 per theater.This figure made it the number-one film of the weekend, ahead ofThe Mask of Zorro($13.4million) in its second weekend,Lethal Weapon 4($13.1million) in its third, andThere's Something About Mary($12.5million), also in its second.The audience was split evenly between women and men, and skewed towards those aged over 25.The New York Timesdescribed it as unusual for a near-three-hour-long drama to perform so well on its opening weekend, crediting positive reviews. DreamWorks believed the box-office figure would have been higher if not for a delay in film prints arriving in hundreds of theaters across California and Arizona until late in the afternoon. In its second weekend,Saving Private Ryanremained the number-one film, with $23.6million, ahead of the debutingThe Parent Trap($11.1million) andThere's Something About Mary($10.9million) in its third.Saving Private Ryanretained the number-one position in its third weekend with ($17.4million), ahead of the debuts ofSnake Eyes($16.3million) andHalloween H20: 20 Years Later($16.1million), and its fourth with $13.2million, ahead of the debuts ofHow Stella Got Her Groove Back($11.3million) andThe Avengers($10.3million).In its fifth weekend,Saving Private Ryanfell to number2 with $10.1million, behind the debut ofBlade($17.1million).Without regaining the number1 position, it ranked among the top ten for 12 weeks.By the end of its theatrical run,Saving Private Ryanearned a total box-office gross of $216.5million, making it the highest-grossing film of the year, ahead ofArmageddon($201.6million) andThere's Something About Mary($176.5million).This also made it only the third R-rated film to earn more than $200million, after 1984'sBeverly Hills Cop($235million) and 1991'sTerminator 2: Judgment Day($205million). Outside of the U.S. and Canada,Saving Private Ryanis estimated to have earned a further $265.3million. This gave the film a cumulative worldwide gross of $481.8million, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1998, behindArmageddon($553.7million). Saving Private Ryanwas seen as the biggest success of the theatrical summer.The New York Timeswrote that the success of a \"prestige film\" during a time of blockbuster entertainment with broad appeal was evidence that audiences were accepting of serious dramas alongside action films, such asArmageddonandGodzilla, and \"gross-out comedy\" likeThere's Something About Mary. The publication wrote that the popularity ofSaving Private Ryanwas, in part, because it depicted a \"nobler, cleaner era\" promoting values of heroism and \"patriotic duty\".The 1998 box office broke records with over $7billion earned. Despite expectations, the biggest successes had relatively modest budgets, such asSaving Private Ryan,There's Something About Mary,Rush Hour, andThe Waterboy, while the anticipated blockbusters, such asGodzillaandArmageddon, were so expensive to make that they were less profitable.Re-releases ofSaving Private Ryanhave raised the box office to $482.3million.Spielberg's and Hanks's pay agreement earned them an estimated $30–$40 million each of the box office. Reception Critical response Saving Private Ryanreceived critical acclaim,and audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.Critics generally agreed thatSaving Private Ryanpresented the grim and brutal reality of the \"Good War\" in a way previously unseen on film.Writing for theLos Angeles Times,Kenneth Turandescribed the film as darker and more pessimistic than any of Spielberg's previous works, dispelling the mythos of WWII as staunchly good heroes fighting against evil forces, to depict the reality of combat where, \"American soldiers mock virtue and shoot surrendering Germans, where decent and altruistic actions tend to be fatal, where death is random, stupid and redeems hardly anything at all\".Some reviewers said this exploration of the limitations of morality in combat asked audiences to consider that the lives lost during the conflict were as valuable as those saved by their sacrifices. Writing for theChicago Tribune,Gene Siskellauded the film's ability to discuss the \"brutality and madness\" of war while \"believably\" celebrating the sacrifices and courage of those fighting it.Salon.com's Gary Kamiya concluded, \"it will forever change the way people imagine the most important event in 20th century history. That is no small achievement.\"InThe New York Times,Stephen Holdensaid \"it's a safe bet thatSaving Private Ryan, a powerful but flawed movie, will be revered as a classic decades hence.\" Many reviewers focused on the film's two major combat sequences, particularly the opening on Omaha Beach.Focus was on the \"horrifying,\" \"visceral,\" \"brutal,\" \"shocking,\" and \"fierce\" violence present in the opening battle, described byEntertainment Weekly'sOwen GleibermanandTime'sRichard Schickelas one of the most revolutionary film sequences ever made.Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesand Schickel compared it with the energy and dread of similar scenes in the Vietnam war filmPlatoon(1986), but with a grander scope depicting masses of men killing each other from afar, drawing the \"horror\" out of a lengthy, sustained sequence, without the audience being allowed to become desensitized.Some reviewers believed that the scene was so impactful and thought-provoking that it overshadowed the rest of the film.Although there was some criticism toward the realistic violence and gore, Turan believed it was done purposely and dispassionately, conveying the chaos and despair experienced by the soldiers, and not done for the sake of entertainment.Spielberg rejected this criticism, affirming he wanted the audience to understand what real combat was like and what the soldiers experienced, not observe it from afar as spectators.Some reviewers believed the concluding battle in Ramelle was more violent than Omaha Beach, particularly the slow death of Mellish as he is stabbed through the chest.The New York Observer'sAndrew Sarriscriticized the \"pornography of violence and cruelty\" depicted in severed limbs and rivers of blood. Turan andJonathan Rosenbaumfound that, outside of the combat, the script was effective but uninspired and derivative of war films by other directors, such asOliver Stone,Stanley Kubrick, andFrancis Ford Coppola.Others criticized \"manipulative\" oversentimentality, particularly in the modern dayframing devicefeaturing the elderly Ryan.Even so, Kamiya described it as \"enormously moving, it serves as a kind of redemption, a necessary if eternally fragile answer to the hell he witnessed\". Hanks's performance was generally praised, with some reviewers calling it the best of his career to date.Many reviewers agreed that hiseverymanpersona allowed him to portray Miller with a gentle weariness, empathy, and vulnerability beneath a surface of strength and decency, but also cynicism toward the war.Ebert and Schickel wrote that he offered a quiet reserve \"hinting at unspoken competencies\" that convince his men and the audience to follow along with him.Turan believed that Hanks's \"indelible\" performance represented how the audience would hope to be when confronted by the same situations.The other main cast also generally received positive reviews, particularly Davies, with Ebert saying that his transformation from inexperienced interpreter to soldier was the conclusion to \"Spielberg's unspoken philosophical argument\".Gleiberman and Turan also highlighted the performances of Pepper, Ribisi, and Sizemore, who Turan believed delivered his career's \"best, most controlled\" performance.Ebert praised the cast for not devolving into cliché or \"zany\" archetypes and effectively portraying the bonds between them.However, Kamiya wrote that Damon's performance was \"jarring\", believing both his more cinematic aesthetic and speech about his brothers to be artificial. The review concluded that Ryan was not very compelling, which made it difficult to care about the mission to save him. Accolades At the56th Golden Globe Awardsin 1999,Saving Private RyanwonBest DramaandBest Director(Spielberg), and was nominated forBest Drama Actor(Hanks),Best Original Score(Williams), andBest Screenplay(Rodat).At the71st Academy Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Director(Spielberg),Best Cinematography(Kamiński),Best Film Editing(Kahn),Best Sound(Gary Rydstrom,Gary Summers,Andy Nelson,Ronald Judkins), andBest Sound Effects Editing(Rydstrom and Richard Hymns) while it was nominated forBest Actor(Hanks),Best Original Screenplay(Rodat),Best Music(Williams),Best Production Design(Sanders andLisa Dean Kavanaugh), andBest Makeup(Lois Burwell,Conor O'Sullivan,Daniel C. Striepeke).Saving Private Ryan's unexpected loss ofBest PicturetoShakespeare in Loveis seen as one of the biggest upsets in the awards history and led to DreamWorks executives accusing its producers,Miramax, of \"overly aggressive campaigning\".A 2015 poll of Academy voters suggested that, given another opportunity, they would have votedSaving Private Ryanas Best Picture. At the52nd British Academy Film Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Special EffectsandBest Sound, and was nominated forBest Film,Best Direction(Spielberg), andBest Actor(Hanks).At the25th Saturn Awards, it wonBest Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.The3rd Golden Satellite Awardsalso earned the filmBest Editing(Kahn), and a nomination forBest Supporting Actor(Sizemore),as well asBest Director(Spielberg) andBest Actor(Hanks) at theEmpire Awards. Saving Private Ryanalso won awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement (Directors Guild of America, Spielberg),Motion Picture Producer of the Year (PGA Awards, Spielberg, Bryce, Gordon, and Levinsohn),Best Casting (Casting Society of America, Denise Chamian),Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture (Grammy Awards, Williams),Best Sound Editing for Dialogue (Motion Picture Sound Editors, Hymns, Rydstrom, Sandina Bailo-Lape, Ethan Van der Ryn, Teresa Eckton, Frank Eulner Karen Wilson, Larry Oatfield, and Bruce Lacey), and Sound Effects (Hymns, Rydstrom, Gwendolyn Yates Whittle, Larry Singer, Ewa Sztompke Oatfield, Sara Bolder, Denise Whiting, and Thomas Whiting)and Best of Show - Audiovisual (Key Art Awards).In 2014, the United StatesLibrary of CongressselectedSaving Private Ryanto be preserved in theNational Film Registryas \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Post-release Historical accuracy and veteran responses Several publications highlighted the accuracy of the Omaha Beach assault, down to the sound of gunfire, although some errors were noted, such as bullets killing soldiers underwater, the absence of Britishcoxswainssteering the boats, and the battle's truncated duration.Historical curator John Delaney said: It's accurate for that unit on that bit of that beach on that day... but you can't say, 'That's what D-Day was like', because it wasn't. Omaha beach is about three and a half miles long. What's happening at one end of the beach isn't what's happening at the other end. Discussing the core narrative, Ambrose said, \"It's a stretch that they would send eight soldiers, but it could have been hard to find him... the paratroopers were scattered everywhere.\" Many World War II veterans described the opening ofSaving Private Ryanas depicting the most realistic representation of combat. Another veteran, interviewed byTime, said \"I remember when I walked out into the lobby of the moviehouse, not a single person coming out of that showing said one word... everybody was stunned by it... It just brought back so many memories.\"There were various reports of some veterans being unable to finish watchingSaving Private Ryanbecause of the memories it brought back.TheUnited States Department of Veterans Affairscreated a dedicated phoneline for viewers affected by the film, and more veterans visited counselors forpost traumatic stress disorder. The rest of the film is less historically accurate. Fictitious elements include the nonexistent town of Ramelle, the battle associated with it, certain military tactical errors (included for dramatic effect), much of the dialogue, and some of the methods used to locate Ryan.Total Filmand some non U.S. veterans were critical of the lack of other Allied forces throughout the film.British broadcasterChannel 4said that these critics had missed the point of the film, in that it was \"unashamedly an American story\". Home media Saving Private Ryanwas released onVHSin May 1999.It became the most successful rental debut of its time, earning $9.6million in its first week and $44million by July 1999.A limited edition two-VHS version was released in November 1999, adding a making-of documentary, as well as a message from Spielberg about D-Day and theNational D-Day Museum. ADVDwas released alongside the limited edition VHS, with the same extras.A two-disc Special Collector's Edition DVD set was released in May 2004 to coincide with the 60th anniversary of D-Day.This edition included additional content, includingbehind-the-scenescontent recorded during filming. Spielberg discussed his interest in WWII, the Niland brothers, the story and character development, the cast's boot camp experience, the involvement of the Irish army and locations, the recreation of Omaha Beach, the music, sound effects, and a farewell from Spielberg.This was released alongside a four-disc deluxe \"The World War II Collection\" DVD package that included a collectible book and two documentaries:Price for Peace(directed byJames Moll) about the use of dogs in WWII, andShooting War(directed by Richard Schickel) about combat photographers, with narration by Hanks. Saving Private Ryanwas released as a two-discBlu-rayin May 2010, including all previously released special features apart fromPrice for Peace.Paramount Home Entertainmentissued a recall of the Blu-rays after discovering that some versions featured an audio synchronization issue. The defect was fixed in versions re-released later that month.For the film's 20th anniversary in 2018, a three-disc \"Commemorative 20th Anniversary\" Blu-ray set was released, including a4K Ultra HD Blu-rayand all previously released features. Other media A novelization, written byMax Allan Collinsand Rodat, was released alongside the film.Saving Private Ryan: The Men, the Mission, the Movie : A Film by Steven Spielbergwas also released in 1998. It features illustrations, color plates, extracts from the screenplay and Ambrose's works, as well as commentary by crew including Spielberg, Hanks, and Damon. Thematic analysis Patriotism Leading into the early 21st century, there was renewed focus in America on glorifying the generation that had fought in WWII, depicted in films such asSaving Private RyanandThe Thin Red Line, the miniseriesBand of Brothers(2001), books such asThe Greatest Generation(1998), and construction of aWorld War II Memorialin Washington, D.C.Many publications believed this resurgence of interest in the war to be a response to decades of American cynicism toward the nation'sfailure in the Vietnam War(1955–1975), and anticlimactic victories in theColdandGulf Warsthat resulted in little diplomatic success or celebration. Many films about the Vietnam War depicted its American combatants as self-hating, \"deeply troubled, or even psychotic,\" offered little respect, and portrayed the conflict itself as one mired in dread, anxiety, and general negativity.Literature professor Marzena Sokołowska-Paryż said the worship of WWII as \"the last Good War\" and its veterans as \"thegreatest generation\" represented a \"therapeutic patriotism\" designed to rehabilitate the modern image of combatants as the enduring legacy of WWII soldiers and the core American national identity while forgetting any lingering guilt over the Vietnam War.Film scholar Albert Auster described this reappraisal as a reversal of attitudes up to the early 1990s where historical wars, including WWII, were not beyond criticism and, particularly in response to the Vietnam War, literary critics aimed to undo the impression of WWII as the \"Good War\".Saving Private Ryanis American-centric, beginning and ending with an image of the nation's flag fluttering in the wind, a desaturated image suggesting a nostalgic image of \"the deep pride we once felt in our flag\".Stephen Holden described it as \"a wholehearted celebration of American pluck and virtue and honor\". Holden and Ebert disagreed with the view of some critics thatSaving Private Ryan's \"harrowing\" and realistic combat scenes were astatement against war. They wrote that it accepts war as a necessity and portrays its main characters not as symbols, but as real people trying to kill the enemy without getting themselves killed.The scenes of the elderly Ryan visiting Miller's grave with his family received some criticism.AuthorJohn Biguenetqueried how such a \"savage and unsentimental film\" could conclude with a scene so sentimentalized. Spielberg said in making the film he was meant to \"wave the flag and be patriotic,\" but that the reality of his father's experiences made him want to also convey the harsh reality.The Omaha Beach landing establishes the distance between the commanders safe at home who order Ryan be rescued, and the soldiers endangered in doing so.It is a sentimental mission intended to spare one family the grief of losing all of its sons, but Miller refers to it as a public relations scheme designed to boost civilian morale.General Marshall quotes a letter by Abraham Lincoln to a similarly affected family, but where Lincoln's letter expresses sentiment and patriotic sacrifice to the mother, it is not sentimental nor does it claim that her grief is greater than any other mother who lost her child at war.Biguenet said Marshall, in comparison, confuses sentimentality for morality. Despite the patriotic American imagery, the characters ofSaving Private Ryando not discuss their home country or protecting democracy fromfascism. The soldiers are only concerned with returning home to their loved ones. Miller's men openly state that they do not care about Ryan, but Miller says that he will go into metaphorical Hell to save him, if it means Miller can return to his wife. The soldiers actively fighting are not sentimental about their mission. Turan and Biguenet saidSaving Private Ryan\"feels like an official act of atonement\" for modern generations failing to acknowledge the \"courage and sacrifice\" of WWII soldiers. When Miller tells Ryan to \"earn this,\" he is effectively speaking about the debt owed to veterans who made \"the ultimate sacrifice\" for their country.Biguenet called this a \"terrible, impossible order\", a moral burden that Ryan will carry until his own death because there is no way to compensate the high price paid by Miller's men. Spielberg suggested the answer was in the living paying homage to the fallen soldiers and the freedom for which they fought.History professor John Bodnar described the image of the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial as depicting a national unity with row after row of white grave markers, serving as a permanent reminder \"to other nations of the sacrifices made by the United States\". Morality and humanity Unlike some older WWII films that portrayed the soldiers as infallible heroes,Saving Private Ryanpresents battles fought by brave but frightened civilians, the majority of whom at Omaha Beach were not combat veterans.Ebert believed much of the audience, including himself, would identify with Upham, someone completely unprepared for the realities of war but who must fight regardless.Miller is the opposite: an experienced soldier who is scared and anxious because he knows exactly what to expect and is haunted by his responsibility for the lives of his men.Although 94 men have died under his command, Miller rationalizes that he can prioritize his mission over his men because each sacrifice was responsible for saving many more lives. However, his mission to rescue Ryan demands he risk the lives of several men to save just one.Turan said Miller's trembling hands were a sign that he is \"dangerously close to coming apart\".Far Outmagazine wrote that the focus on Miller's ailment acknowledges the side effects of war such as post-traumatic stress disorder, something he suppresses to fulfil his duty. Spielberg said the mission to rescue Ryan cannot be morally or patriotically justified, risking eight lives to save one. This theme is reinforced when they encounter the sole survivor of a glider crash caused by heavy steel shielding added to protect a single general on board, resulting in 22 deaths. No character claims that the mission of Miller and his men is heroic, and the men express the grief their own mothers will feel should they be killed on this endeavor. The \"toughest\" soldier, Horvath, gives it meaning when he tells Miller that saving Ryan could be the one decent thing they can accomplish in \"this whole godawful, shitty mess\". Biguenet said that Spielberg is explicitly condemning their mission as an immoral act to force upon soldiers.Ebert considered the decision to deviate from the mission to attack the German gun nest on the way to Ramelle to be a deliberate rebellion against their orders. The action is not part of their mission and it is possible to avoid the situation entirely, but it grants the soldiers the opportunity to do what they came to Europe for: to fight a war.Hanks said the decision to stay with Ryan and defend Ramelle was the characters \"bringing meaning to a situation that until then had been absurd\". While film critic Andrew Sarris found the German characters to match evil archetypes found in other WWII films, concluding with Upham's lesson that Steamboat Willie should have been killed earlier,Saving Private Ryandoes not portray the Allied soldiers as unimpeachable heroes.Following Omaha Beach, two Allied soldiers laugh as they execute two pleading German soldiers, but the soldiers are speaking Czech, indicating they are potentially from German-conquered Czechoslovakia, forcibly conscripted into the war effort.Biguenet wrote that the Germans are not portrayed as any worse than the Americans, as they are similarly affected by the horrors of war and casually execute downed American soldiers. InSaving Private Ryan, allegiances do not matter, all men are equal, and rules only matter until they conflict with the mission objective. Upham's transformation from cowardly interpreter to Willie's executioner shows the transformative realities of combat.Professor William J. Prior and Auster wrote that Upham represents respect for human life and moral decency when he interferes to prevent Steamboat Willie's execution, despite the fact that it would protect the mission. He offers the intellectual perspective of a civilian, but his lack of combat experience makes him unable to kill the prisoner, which results in the deaths of many of his allies.Miller's experience means he is conscious of the risk involved in releasing Willie, but he is simultaneously struggling to cling to his own humanity and decency, believing that every time he kills he is moving \"farther from home\". Although Willie is the enemy, he is also a human with his own right to exist, and summarily executing him would further distance Miller from the self he and his wife knew.His decision to spare Willie and reveal his civilian background, returns to him a semblance of his humanity. Legacy Cultural influence Saving Private Ryanwas credited with renewing interest in World War II leading into the 21st century.NBC Newswrote that in presenting audiences with its \"stomach-churning violence and soul-shaking intensity of that pivotal chapter in the war\", the film had reshaped the United States' \"cultural memory\".It is regarded as one of the most accurate and realistic war films ever made, particularly for the opening Omaha Beach battle.Film historian Steven Jay Rubin said, \"It was a game-changer... it was devastatingly dramatic, visceral, immersive. I didn't touch my popcorn because it felt sacrilegious to eat while I'm watching it.\"Even so, director and Vietnam War veteran Oliver Stone claimed thatSaving Private Ryandepicted a \"worship\" of WWII as \"the good war\" that, alongside films such asGladiator(2000) andBlack Hawk Down, made audiences more in favor of war: \"By the time of theIraq War, we were ready to go back.\"American academicPaul Fussellsimilarly decriedSaving Private Ryanfor providing an \"honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening\" of Omaha Beach before descending into more broadly acceptable action-adventure fare. He said, \"Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious.\" The film is considered to have had a lasting influence on filmmaking, particularly its opening battle scenes.Vanity Fairwrote, \"no films about combat made since would look the way they do without the de-saturated, handheld, blood-splatters-and-all horror of cinema that is this extended sequence... it's a terrifying scene, either honorable or exploitative in its all vérité, depending on whom you ask. Regardless of any moral assessment, it's easily one of the most aped and referenced scenes of the late 20th century.\"Saving Private Ryanwas named by other directors as an influence, such asQuentin Tarantino(Inglourious Basterds, 2009),Christopher Nolan(Dunkirk, 2017), andRobert Altman.TheLos Angeles Timeswrote thatSaving Private Ryan's stylistic choices, such as placing the audience close to the on-screen action, can be seen in war and action media that followed. This includes films such asGladiator(2000),Enemy at the Gates,Pearl Harbor(both 2001),Flags of Our Fathers(2006), andHacksaw Ridge(2016), the \"psychological anguish\" ofAmerican Sniper(2014), and modern superhero films.This influence extends to television, with shows such asGame of Thrones(\"The Spoils of War\", 2017) andThe Pacific(2010).Saving Private Ryanis also seen as an influence on video games.Spielberg and DreamWorks developedMedal of Honor(1999) to translate the realism and setting ofSaving Private Ryan. Its success launched aseries ofMedal of Honorgames, which, in turn, contributed to the creation of theCall of Dutyseries. Modern reception Saving Private Ryanis considered one of thegreatest war films ever made.In a 2018 interview, Spielberg said, \"I didn't anticipate the success of the movie... in very early screenings, certain associates and other people in my life were saying that I made it too tough. I feared that almost nobody would see it because the word of mouth would spread quickly after the first 25 minutes.\" In 2007, theAmerican Film Institute(AFI) listedSaving Private Ryanas71st-greatest American film.The AFI listed it among the mostthrilling,inspiring, andepicAmerican films.A 2014 poll of 2,120 entertainment industry professionals byThe Hollywood ReporterrankedSaving Private Ryanas the 46th-best film.Publications such asParadeandVarietynamed it one of the greatest films of all time.Saving Private Ryanis included in the 2013 film reference book1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,and it is listed onRotten Tomatoes' 300 essential movies.The film is generally considered to be among the best of Spielberg's works,and of Hanks's credits. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 94% approval rating across 149 critics, with an average score of 8.7/10. The consensus reads; \"Anchored by another winning performance from Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre.\"The film has a score of 91 out of 100 onMetacritic, based on 38 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Saving Private Ryanhas remained popular with audiences, with reader and viewer-ranked polling listing it as one of the greatest war films,among the greatest films of the 1990s, and the greatest films of all time. Notes References Citations Works cited External links"],"string":"[\n \"Niland brothers TheNiland brotherswere four American brothers fromTonawanda, New York, who served in the military duringWorld War II. They were sons of Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Niland.Two survived the war but, for a time, only one, Frederick \\\"Fritz\\\" Niland, was believed to have survived. After the reported deaths of his three brothers, Fritz was sent back to the United States to complete his service, and only later learned that his brother Edward, missing and presumed dead, was captive in aJapanesePOW campinBurma. Brothers Memorials In popular culture Steven Spielberg's1998 filmSaving Private Ryanis loosely based on the brothers' story. See also References External links\",\n \"Saving Private Ryan Saving Private Ryanis a 1998 Americanepicwar filmdirected bySteven Spielbergand written byRobert Rodat. Set in 1944 inNormandy, France, duringWorld War II, it follows a group of soldiers, led by Captain John Miller (Tom Hanks), on a mission to locate Private James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon) and bring him home safely after his three brothers have been killed in action. The cast also includesEdward Burns,Tom Sizemore,Barry Pepper,Giovanni Ribisi,Vin Diesel,Adam GoldbergandJeremy Davies. Inspired by the books ofStephen E. Ambroseand accounts of multiple soldiers in a single family, such as theNiland brothers, being killed in action, Rodat drafted the script, andParamount Pictureshired him to finish writing it. The project came to the attention of Hanks and Spielberg, whose involvement, due to their previous successes, secured the project's development. Spielberg wanted to makeSaving Private Ryanas authentic as possible and hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto do uncredited rewrites based on research and interviews with veterans. The main cast went through a week-long boot camp to help them understand the soldier's experience. Filming took place from June to September 1997, on a $65–70million budget, almost entirely on location in England and Ireland. The openingOmaha Beachbattle was the most demanding scene, costing $12 million to film over a four-week period, and using 1,500 background actors. Saving Private Ryanbecame one of the year's most successful films, earning critical acclaim for its graphic portrayal of combat. WWII veterans described the combat scenes as the most realistic portrayal of their own experiences they had seen; some said they had been unable to watch it due to their traumatic memories. The film earned $481.8million, making it thesecond-highest-grossing film of 1998, and went on to win many accolades, includingGolden Globe,Academy,BAFTA, andSaturnawards. Consideredone of the greatest films ever made,Saving Private Ryan's battle-scene filming techniques impacted many subsequent war, action, and superhero films, and numerous directors have citedSaving Private Ryanas an influence on them. The picture is credited with having helped to renew interest in WWII at the turn of the century, inspiring other films, television shows, and video gamesset during the war. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\". Plot On June 6, 1944, theU.S. Armylands atOmaha Beachas part of theNormandy invasion, incurring major losses against the artillery and machine gun fire of the heavily fortifiedGerman forces. Initially dazed by the chaotic battle,2nd Ranger BattalionCaptainJohn H. Miller takes command of a surviving group and leads a successful infiltration behind German lines to secure victory. TheUnited States Department of Warreceives communication that three of four Ryan brothers have been killed in action; the last, James Francis Ryan of the101st Airborne Division, is listed as missing.GeneralGeorge C. Marshallorders that Ryan be found and sent home, to spare his family the loss of all its sons. Miller is tasked with recovering Ryan and assembles a detachment of soldiers to accompany him: Mike Horvath, Richard Reiben, Adrian Caparzo, Stanley Mellish, Daniel Jackson, Irwin Wade, and interpreter Timothy Upham, who lacks any combat experience. The group tracks Ryan to the town ofNeuville-au-Plain, where Caparzo is killed by a German sniper while trying to rescue a young girl. Mourning their friend, the men grow resentful at being forced to risk their lives for one man. They later find James Frederick Ryan, but realize he is the wrong man with a similar name. That evening, the men rest in a chapel, where Miller tells Horvath that his hands began uncontrollably shaking after he joined the war. The men travel to a rallying point where the 101st Airborne might be after landing off course, where they find scores of wounded and displaced soldiers. Wade admonishes Reiben, Mellish, and Jackson for callously searching through a pile of deceased soldiers'dog tagsin front of passing troops, hoping to find Ryan's among them and conclude their mission. Remorseful for ignoring their behavior, Miller shouts for anyone who knows Ryan; one deafened soldier tells him that Ryan was reassigned to defend a vital bridge in the town of Ramelle. On the way, Miller decides to neutralize a German gun nest they discover, against the advice of his men, and although they are successful, Wade is killed. The men prepare to execute a surrendered German soldier in revenge, but Upham intervenes, arguing that they should follow therules of war. Miller releases the soldier, nicknamed \\\"Steamboat Willie\\\", ordering that he surrender to the nextAlliedpatrol. Discontented with the mission, Reiben threatens todesert, leading to a standoff between the men that Miller defuses by revealing his civilian background as a teacher and baseball coach, which he had always refused to disclose. Miller muses that people often guessed his career before he became a soldier, while his men could not, implying that war has changed him, and worries whether he is still the man he was and whether his wife will recognize him. In Ramelle, Miller's detachment finds Ryan and informs him of their mission, but Ryan refuses to abandon his post or his fellow soldiers, believing he does not deserve to go home more than anyone else. Horvath convinces Miller that saving Ryan might be the only truly decent thing they can accomplish during the war. Miller takes command of Ryan's group as the only officer present and prepares the soldiers for a German assault. Jackson and Horvath are killed, and Upham stands paralyzed with fear as Mellish is stabbed to death. Steamboat Willie returns and shoots Miller before reinforcements arrive to defeat the Germans. Upham confronts Willie, who attempts to surrender again, and kills him, before sending the other surrendering Germans away. Upham and Reiben observe as the mortally wounded Miller tells Ryan to earn the sacrifices made to send him home. Decades later, an elderly Ryan and his family visit Miller's grave at theNormandy Cemetery. Ryan expresses that he remembers Miller's words every day, lived his life the best he could, and hopes he has earned their sacrifices. Cast The cast also includesGlenn Wrageas Doyle,Corey Johnsonas a radioman,John Sharianas Corporal Loeb, andRolf Saxonas Lieutenant Briggs—Allied soldiers at the Omaha beach landing.Demetri GoritsasandDylan Brunoportray Parker and Private First Class Toynbe, respectively, who aid in the battle of Ramelle.Joerg Stadler appears as Steamboat Willie, a German prisoner.Amanda Boxerportrays Ryan's mother, whileHarrison YoungandKathleen Byronportray the elderly James Ryan and his wife, Margaret.Technical advisor andMarineveteranDale Dyeappears as a War Department colonel. Production Concept ProducerMark Gordonwas a fan of writerRobert Rodat's previous work on films such asTall Tale(1995) andFly Away Home(1996). The pair met in early 1995 to discuss potential projects and ideas. Within a few weeks, Rodat conceived ofSaving Private Ryan.He was inspired by a gift from his wife, the historical bookD-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II(1994), byStephen E. Ambrose, recounting the events of the Normandy landings. Rodat visited a monument inKeene, New Hampshirededicated to American soldiers killed in combat; he noticed the losses included brothers. He said, \\\"The idea of losing a son to war is painful beyond description... the idea of losing more than one son is inconceivable\\\".The Ryan family was based on the fourNiland brothersdetailed in Ambrose's book, who were deployed during WWII; two were killed and a third presumed dead; per theSole Survivor Policy, the fourth was returned from the war. Development To developSaving Private Ryan, Gordon founded the independent film studioMutual Film Company, alongside producerGary Levinsohn.Gordon brought Rodat's draft toParamount Picturesexecutives; they responded positively and hired Rodat who wrote the script over the following 12 months.Michael Baywas hired as director, but left the project because he could not resolve how to approach the material.Carin Sage, a junior agent representing Tom Hanks at theCreative Artists Agency, gave the script to Hanks, who was immediately interested and met with Gordon and Levinsohn.Hanks shared the script withSteven Spielbergwho agreed to direct because the pair had wanted to work together for some time.Rodat thought that Paramount would cancel the project after the studio purchased two other WWII-era scripts,CombatandWith Wings as Eagles, with popular actorsBruce WillisandArnold Schwarzeneggerattached, respectively.However, having secured the involvement of Hanks and Spielberg, two of the highest-paid and most successful actors and directors, Gordon suggested Paramount executives prioritizeSaving Private Ryan. Describing what interested him about the project, Spielberg said, \\\"So what you're doing is sending eight people out, all of whom have parents, to rescue one boy and send him back to his mom when any or all of these kids, along the mission route, could be killed. That was the central tug that made me want to tell the story\\\".Spielberg had a lifelong interest in WWII, having made war films as a teenager because \\\"it was the seminal conversation inside my family. My parents talked aboutthe Holocaustand they talked about combat and war. And I was born knowing this.My dadwas a veteran... he had many veterans over to the house, and I became absolutely obsessed... based on my father's stories, recollections, and also based on all the WWII movies\\\".He described the project as a tribute to his father. With Spielberg on board,DreamWorks Pictures, which he co-founded, became involved as a financier, with his companyAmblin Entertainmentas a production company.Spielberg's clout effectively removed Gordon and Levinsohn from the production, having no creative input, equity, or rights, but receiving a producer's credit and one-off payment. Levinsohn said, \\\"You just know going in what the score is... I guess it's unspoken that when you hire you're not going to be on the set making decisions\\\".DreamWorks hiredIan Bryceto replace them. In April 1997,Sumner Redstone, chairman of Paramount's parent companyViacom, had Spielberg flip a coin to determine the film's distribution rights. Spielberg won the toss, giving DreamWorks the favored North American distribution rights and Paramount the international rights. Earnings were held collectively and split evenly between the studios. In exchange, Paramount received the North American distribution rights to DreamWorks'Deep Impact(1998).To keep the budget low, Spielberg and Hanks took minimal upfront salaries in exchange for a guaranteed 17.5% of the gross profits, equivalent to 35 cents of every dollar earned. Rewrite Spielberg's initial concept forSaving Private Ryanwas aBoys' Own–style adventure film in which the search for Ryan was apublic relationseffort by the war department. However, after interviewing WWII veterans for research, he found this idea inappropriate. He decided to embed the story within a realistic portrayal of actual events while portraying the conflicted morality of sending men into life-threatening situations to save one man.He said, \\\"I cannot tell you how many veterans came up to me... and said: 'Please be honest about it. Please don't make another Hollywood movie about WWII. Please tell our stories...'\\\" The surviving Niland family was interviewed, and the story was further influenced by other substantial family war losses, including the fiveSullivan brotherskilled during WWII, and the Bixby brothers during theAmerican Civil War; theresulting letterbyAbraham Lincolnis quoted in the film. Spielberg described existing WWII films as \\\"sanitized\\\" and sentimentalized, focused on depicting honor and the glory of service in a manner that was \\\"very safe and wholly untrue\\\".He wanted to present the courage of the soldiers in the face of \\\"palpable terror, almost blind terror\\\": I remember one of the telling me the entire charge up the beach was a blur—not a blur to his memory because he still remembered every single grain of sand when he had his face buried in it from that fusillade raining down on them from above. But he described how everything was not in focus for him. He described the sounds, and he described the vibrations of every concussion of every88 shellthat hit the beach, which gave some of them bloody noses, rattled their ears. The ground would come up and slam into their faces from the concussions.\\\" Ambrose served as a historical consultant. He disliked glorified depictions of the Normandy landings that ignored the reality of soldiers slowly dying in mud and water, wanting \\\"their mothers, they wanted morphine. It took a long time.\\\"Spielberg believed the legacy of theVietnam Warhad made his generation less interested in glorifying combat in film. Even so, he was influenced by early war films such asBattleground(1949),The Steel Helmet(1951), andHell Is for Heroes(1962). Although Rodat's script came close to the ideal WWII project he had hoped for, he believed it had \\\"a few problems\\\".He hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto performuncredited script rewrites.The scene begins as the second wave of soldiers arrives on Omaha beach (Darabont's suggestion),so they would be walking into \\\"Hell on Earth\\\" instead of empty beaches.Scott Frank performed rewrites based on transcriptions of Spielberg's recorded ideas and two folders of historical facts about the Normandy landings; these gave Frank ideas but he found it difficult to parse the reality of events into original ideas. The Normandy cemetery scene was based on Spielberg's own experience visiting the area as a youth; he witnessed a family accompanying a man who fell to his knees and began to cry at a grave marker. Casting Spielberg wanted older actors for his main cast, claiming that young soldiers would look older than their age under the stresses of war.Miller is the \\\"adult in the story,\\\" intended to project a calmness and feeling of safety that is undermined by the character's uncontrollable handshaking.Spielberg wanted Hanks to play Miller because he was the only actor he thought of who would not \\\"want to use his teeth to pull out a pin from a hand grenade\\\".Hanks formed Miller's character based on the history of the 2nd Ranger Battalion before Omaha Beach, saying he believed Miller was \\\"horribly afraid\\\" of getting more of his men killed.Mel GibsonandHarrison Fordwere considered for the role.Miller's detachment is a diverse group, including a Jew and Italian, reminiscent of earlier WWII films; this was not a deliberate choice, although Spielberg believed he had subconsciously drawn on conventional WWII films.Burns described Reiben as a \\\"wise guy\\\" in the script, but the experience of filming the Omaha Beach landing inspired him to give the character a \\\"much harder edge\\\".Sizemore was cast inThe Thin Red Line(1998) when Spielberg offered him an alternative role as Horvath, Miller's friend, and confidant.The actor had a history of drug addiction, and Spielberg mandated that he pass regular drug tests to keep his part, or the role would be recast and his scenes re-shot.Describing his character, Sizemore said, \\\"he was a quiet man; he was taciturn; he followed orders, and he loved the captain... if he had a tragic flaw, it was that he didn't know when he had had enough when it was time to say, 'I can't do this anymore.'\\\" Diesel was cast after Spielberg saw his self-starring directorial efforts,Multi-Facial(1995) andStrays(1997). The actor was working as a telemarketer at the time, having struggled to secure acting jobs.Goldberg's role did not exist in the script until his casting.Spielberg wanted a relatively unknown actor to portray Private Ryan. Spielberg visited the set ofGood Will Hunting(1997), andRobin Williamsintroduced him to Damon. Spielberg cast him shortly after, believing he possessed a \\\"great American everyboy look,\\\" unaware thatGood Will Hunting's success would significantly raise Damon's profile.Neil Patrick Harriswas considered for the role, andEdward Nortonturned it down forAmerican History X(1998).Pete Postlethwaite,Tony Shalhoub, andGarth Brookswere considered for unspecified roles. At Hanks's and Dye's suggestion, Spielberg had the principal cast take part in a six-dayboot camp, wanting them to experience cold, wet, and exhaustive conditions, like those of WWII soldiers.Overseen by Dye and retired U.S. marines, the actors remained in character while simulating attacks, performing five-mile runs with full backpacks, weapons training, military exercises, and push-ups after making mistakes, on three hours of sleep per night in cold and rainy conditions.The men wanted to quit, but Hanks convinced them otherwise, saying they would regret not following through and the experience would help them understand their characters and motivations.Diesel said, \\\"at that moment we got this huge respect for him in real life, we were all exhausted, we all wanted to leave and here was this guy who was a superstar, who doesn't have to be here, voting to stay\\\".Dye was present throughout filming to remind the actors of their training.Spielberg kept Damon out of the boot camp because he wanted the other actors to resent him and his character. Pre-production The pre-production forSaving Private Ryanwas truncated because Spielberg chose to filmAmistad(1997) immediately after finishing work onThe Lost World: Jurassic Park(1997). CinematographerJanusz Kamińskispent several weeks performing camera tests to define the film's visual aesthetic. The pair considered filmingmonochromaticallyas Spielberg had with his Holocaust film,Schindler's List(1993). However, they considered that this would seem \\\"pretentious,\\\" and were interested in emulating the colored WWII footage from their research. Kamiński let his interpretation of the narrative dictate how to light scenes and narrowed down visual styles by identifying which films he did not wantSaving Private Ryanto emulate.He and Spielberg were visually influenced by WWII documentaries, such asMemphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress(1944),The Battle of Midway(1942),Why We Fight(1942–1945), and theNazi propagandafilms ofLeni Riefenstahl. They also looked at various books, paintings, and photographs of the Omaha Beach invasion taken by the war photographerRobert Capa.Kamiński wanted it to look like a major production \\\"shot on by a bunch of combat cameramen\\\". A variety of camera techniques were used to emulate the experience of being on a battlefield: Kamiński removed the protective coating on some lenses, creating a \\\"flatter\\\", degraded image akin to WWII-era cameras, and mismatched lenses when using multiple cameras for an inconsistent result; alternatingshutter anglesand speeds; and desynchronizing the camera shutter which created a \\\"streaking\\\" effect. Kamiński considered this a risky option because if it failed there was no way to fix the image in post-production.AClairmont Camera Image Shakervibrated the camera to emulate the effects of a nearby explosion or rolling tank.Spielberg chose to film in1.85:1 aspect ratiobecause he believed it was more lifelike and closer to \\\"the way the human eye really sees,\\\" and foundwidescreen formatsto be artificial. Three months were spent scouting for a location to portray the Normandy coast. The real location was too developed for their needs, and many other French beaches were restricted by military or wildlife use; Spielberg believed officials were difficult because they did not want him filming there.Beaches researched in England and Scotland lacked either the aesthetics or amenities required, such as housing for the crew, and the filmmakers needed a specific depth for the cast to leap from the landing crafts into the water.Associate producer, Kevin De La Noy's earlier work onBraveheart(1995) in Ireland had developed contacts with the Irish Army and knowledge of local beaches. One such location, the 11 km (6.8 mi) long Curracloe Beach, nearCurracloe, County Wexford, offered the desired golden sands and sheer cliffs and nearby amenities.Spielberg selected a 1 km (0.62 mi) segment of the beach, known as Ballinesker.He said, \\\"I was a bit disappointed that the beach we used wasn't as broad as the real Omaha Beach... I tried to use certain wide-angle lenses to extend the length of the flats on the sandy beach before the soldiers reach the shingle. I used wider lenses for geography and tighter lenses for the compression of action.A segment adjacent toBlackwater, also in Wexford, was considered, but the local nuns could not make the land available in time.Service roads were built for vehicles to reach Ballinesker.Production designerThomas E. Sandersled construction of the concrete battlements, bunkers,Czech hedgehogs, and barbed wire, much of which was made by local metalworkers.Over eleven weeks were spent preparing Ballinesker for filming.A storm destroyed some of the props just before filming, but they were rebuilt overnight.The main crew arrived on location on June 25, 1997. Filming in Ireland Principal photographybegan on June 27, 1997.Filming completed up to 50 shots per day. Spielberg wanted the actors to get little rest, \\\"A war is fought fast, and I really wanted to keep all of the actors off-balance. I didn't want them to be able to read 75 pages of a novel... I wanted to work fast enough so that they always felt as if they were in combat... I had to keep them on the set, which meant shooting the film even faster than I normally do. War doesn't give you a break.\\\"Saving Private Ryanwas shot almost entirely in continuity order, although some of the crew found this \\\"a mentally demoralizing experience\\\" because the cast started together and left as their characters died. The Omaha Beach battle was filmed over three to four weeks, for $12million.The scene involved about 1,500 people including 400 crew, 1,000 volunteerreserveandIrish armysoldiers, and dozens of extras and about 30 amputees and paraplegics fitted with prosthetic limbs to portray disfigured soldiers.Their numbers were supplemented with over one thousand detailed mannequins.The extras were divided into platoons with a designated leader, allowing Dye to control their action via four different radios with aid from threenon-commissioned officers.Costume designerJoanna Johnstoncontracted an American company responsible for making boots for soldiers during WWII to create about 2,000 pairs, using the last batch of dye from that period.Soldiers in the ocean wore wet suits beneath their uniforms to minimize hypothermia.ArmorerSimon Atherton was responsible for supplying authentic weapons. TwoHiggins Boatsused in the landings were used in the scene; additional boats from the 1950s were brought from California, Donegal, and Southampton.Hanks recalled: The first day of shooting... I was in the back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was. The air literally went pink and the noise was deafening and there's bits and pieces of stuff falling all on top of you and it was horrifying.\\\" Soldiers vomiting from the boats was achieved usingmilk of magnesia.Acrane shotmoving from beneath the ocean surface to above the battlefield was achieved by placing the crane on a flatbed trailer and reversing it into the sea. The Omaha Beach sequence was extensively choreographed by stunt coordinatorSimon Crane, withsquibsand explosives managed byNeil Corbould. The only serious accident resulted when an extra's foot was run over by a car.Thousands of gallons of fake blood were used, mainly to turn the ocean and shoreline red.Based on his interviews with veterans, Spielberg had dead fish strewn in the water and around the battlefield, as well as floating a Bible on the surface.Bullet impacts were emulated using air pipes concealed beneath the sand and ocean surface.Drums of diesel fuel were burned to create black smoke, while a series of pickup trucks carried systems to disperse white smoke. During filming, the weather was cold, rainy, and overcast; Kamiński said this matched the weather during the Normandy landings, enhancing the film's accuracy.Artificial light was used sparingly apart from on the boats to highlight the actors' eyes under their helmets.Spielberg had the camera stay close to the ground to appear as if it was the view of a soldier avoiding getting shot or a combat cameraman. He intended for the audience to feel like they were a part of the battle rather than watching.Most ofSaving Private Ryanwas filmed with handheld cameras. This was physically demanding on camera operator Mitch Dubin andSteadicamoperator Chris Haarhoff due to both proximity to the ground and movement through exploding scenery. The camera was close enough that fake blood, water, and sand would stick to the camera lens, but the filmmakers believed this made the footage more authentic. Kamiński considered the extensive setup of explosives, smoke, and choreography of over a thousand characters to be demanding as it could take half a day to reset if something went wrong, but the majority of scenes in the sequence were captured in less than four takes, using up to three cameras simultaneously. Spielberg said, \\\"I rarely walked away from a scene until I got what I wanted, and I'd say that I got what I wanted from those complex setups about 80 percent of the time.\\\"He reviewed each day's footage nightly in a local parish hall.The production crew remained after filming to restore the beach to its original state over the following month, per an ecological protection order. Filming in England and France Filming relocated to theHatfield Aerodromein Hertfordshire, England, at the end of August, for the remaining scenes and the battle of Ramelle.French towns and rivers were scouted where a partial set could be built, but this was discarded over environmental concerns of filming contaminating the water. Instead, Sanders and his team built the fictional Ramelle on the grounds of the Aerodrome, based on five towns where fighting took place. Nearly threecity blockslong, the set included fully built buildings, facades, and a custom built, 900 ft (270 m) long river. The river was lined because they \\\"had to control the height of the water very carefully\\\". Explosives were used to create bomb craters and damage around Ramelle. Though the battle involved fewer extras than the Omaha Beach scene, several weeks were spent developing the complex choreography based on a battle plan devised by Dye.Spielberg did notstoryboardSaving Private Ryanbecause he wanted to position the camera spontaneously in reaction to what was taking place in each scene and he often relied on Dye and other WWII consultants for advice on staging the combat scenes.Dale also advised on technical aspects of weapons; where Spielberg wanted to use larger explosions typically found in Hollywood action films, Dye would generally advise him to \\\"go half that size, they were never that big\\\".The production was estimated to have spent about £8million in the local area. Spielberg's spontaneous approach carried into other aspects; about halfway through filming, he decided to depict the remainder of the film from Upham's perspective, believing he represented the audience's inexperience of war.Goldberg's character was only going to be shot dead until Dye suggested a hand-to-hand combat sequence on the day of filming, leading Mellish to be stabbed through the heart.A separate scene of Ryan talking about his brothers was ad-libbed by Damon. The German machine-gun nest and following ambush of a half-track vehicle were filmed on the grounds ofThame Park, Thame, inOxfordshire; the chapel interior where Miller's men rest was filmed in the Thame Park chapel.The Iowa cornfields where Ryan's mother lives in a house built for filming was set nearWest Kennet, Wiltshire.The American war office was filmed in the Hatfield Aerodrome. Kamiński wanted scenes in America to be more colorful and a relief from the muted tones of the combat scenes, so he positioned very bright lighting outside the windows.Scenes featuring the elderly Ryan were filmed at theNormandy American Cemetery and MemorialinColleville-sur-Mer, France, adjacent to Omaha Beach. Filming concluded ahead of schedule on September 13, 1997, after 12 weeks, with the French church interior scenes.The estimated total budget was $65–$70million. Post-production Kamiński chose to render his footage usingTechnicolor's proprietary ENR process (similar to ableach bypass) which retained more silver in thefilm stockand produced deeper blacks. He used \\\"70 percent ENR\\\" for a desaturated image which added a blue hue. Concerned this change would make the fake blood appear inauthentic, the effects department mixed blue coloring into it, giving it a dark red appearance.Visual-effects studioIndustrial Light & Magicprovided digital enhancements; many bullet wounds and blood splatter werecomputer-generated imagery. Michael Kahnedited the final 170-minute cut.Spielberg said that Kahn's style was intended to defy audience expectations and not make every scene or transition clear.Some scenes were cut because of their graphic imagery, such as Miller's unit encounter with burnt out tanks with charred bodies. Mellish's death was also trimmed, removing parts where the character screams in pain, after Spielberg's projectionist said \\\"It's too painful to watch.\\\" Spielberg said his movie had to be \\\"ugly\\\", but was worried the violent content could be seen as exploitative and earn it a restrictiveNC-17rating from theMotion Picture Association of America, restricting it to audiences over 17 years of age.He anticipated that the \\\"historical importance\\\" of the content would be taken into consideration; it received anR rating, meaning children could watch when accompanied by an adult. Music A long-time Spielberg collaborator, composerJohn Williams, produced the score.Spielberg chose little music accompaniment, wanting the sounds of battle and death to be prominent. Using aspottingprocess, he and Williams watched a rough cut of the film to agree on which scenes would feature music.Williams deliberately avoided \\\"anything grandiose or operatic\\\".Williams recorded the 55-minute score over three days atSymphony Hallin Boston, with theBoston Symphony Orchestraand vocals by theTanglewood Festival Chorus.The recording cost about $100,000 per hour.Spielberg chose the Orchestra: \\\"This is a movie about a company of soldiers, and it seemed appropriate to use an experienced company of musicians who are all virtuosos. Also we really wanted the sound of this room, Symphony Hall. On a soundstage you can get acoustically correct sound, but you don't hear the air. Here you get a rich, warm sound off the walls and ceiling, and you do hear the air; Symphony Hall is an instrument too.\\\" Release Context The 1998 summer theatrical season began in early May withDeep Impact, a surprise box office hit that studios saw as a positive indicator for their upcoming 100 film releases.GodzillaandArmageddonwere expected to be the biggest successes, while industry executives were hopeful for smaller budget films (costing less than $60million) likeSmall Soldiers,The Negotiator,The Parent Trap, andThere's Something About Maryto become sleeper hits. Fewer sequels and less escapist entertainment were scheduled for release, and more films were targeted toward older audiences.Saving Private Ryanwas highly anticipated but analysis suggested the film faced commercial limitations because of its long runtime, restricting the number of times it could be screened daily, and its violent content.DreamWorks' marketing chief Terry Press said it was risky to release a serious drama in the summer, a time generally reserved for family and escapist entertainment, but this was offset by Spielberg and Hanks's popularity.A screening for DreamWorks and Paramount executives was highly praised,but Spielberg had low expectations, believing the film was too violent to attract broad audiences. Box office The film premiered on July 21, 1998. The event was a low-profile affair without a party or many celebrities; Press said of the premiere, \\\"it would have been inappropriate\\\".Saving Private Ryanwas released in the United States and Canada on July 24, 1998.During its opening weekend, it earned $30.6million across 2,463 theaters—an average of $12,414 per theater.This figure made it the number-one film of the weekend, ahead ofThe Mask of Zorro($13.4million) in its second weekend,Lethal Weapon 4($13.1million) in its third, andThere's Something About Mary($12.5million), also in its second.The audience was split evenly between women and men, and skewed towards those aged over 25.The New York Timesdescribed it as unusual for a near-three-hour-long drama to perform so well on its opening weekend, crediting positive reviews. DreamWorks believed the box-office figure would have been higher if not for a delay in film prints arriving in hundreds of theaters across California and Arizona until late in the afternoon. In its second weekend,Saving Private Ryanremained the number-one film, with $23.6million, ahead of the debutingThe Parent Trap($11.1million) andThere's Something About Mary($10.9million) in its third.Saving Private Ryanretained the number-one position in its third weekend with ($17.4million), ahead of the debuts ofSnake Eyes($16.3million) andHalloween H20: 20 Years Later($16.1million), and its fourth with $13.2million, ahead of the debuts ofHow Stella Got Her Groove Back($11.3million) andThe Avengers($10.3million).In its fifth weekend,Saving Private Ryanfell to number2 with $10.1million, behind the debut ofBlade($17.1million).Without regaining the number1 position, it ranked among the top ten for 12 weeks.By the end of its theatrical run,Saving Private Ryanearned a total box-office gross of $216.5million, making it the highest-grossing film of the year, ahead ofArmageddon($201.6million) andThere's Something About Mary($176.5million).This also made it only the third R-rated film to earn more than $200million, after 1984'sBeverly Hills Cop($235million) and 1991'sTerminator 2: Judgment Day($205million). Outside of the U.S. and Canada,Saving Private Ryanis estimated to have earned a further $265.3million. This gave the film a cumulative worldwide gross of $481.8million, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1998, behindArmageddon($553.7million). Saving Private Ryanwas seen as the biggest success of the theatrical summer.The New York Timeswrote that the success of a \\\"prestige film\\\" during a time of blockbuster entertainment with broad appeal was evidence that audiences were accepting of serious dramas alongside action films, such asArmageddonandGodzilla, and \\\"gross-out comedy\\\" likeThere's Something About Mary. The publication wrote that the popularity ofSaving Private Ryanwas, in part, because it depicted a \\\"nobler, cleaner era\\\" promoting values of heroism and \\\"patriotic duty\\\".The 1998 box office broke records with over $7billion earned. Despite expectations, the biggest successes had relatively modest budgets, such asSaving Private Ryan,There's Something About Mary,Rush Hour, andThe Waterboy, while the anticipated blockbusters, such asGodzillaandArmageddon, were so expensive to make that they were less profitable.Re-releases ofSaving Private Ryanhave raised the box office to $482.3million.Spielberg's and Hanks's pay agreement earned them an estimated $30–$40 million each of the box office. Reception Critical response Saving Private Ryanreceived critical acclaim,and audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of \\\"A\\\" on an A+ to F scale.Critics generally agreed thatSaving Private Ryanpresented the grim and brutal reality of the \\\"Good War\\\" in a way previously unseen on film.Writing for theLos Angeles Times,Kenneth Turandescribed the film as darker and more pessimistic than any of Spielberg's previous works, dispelling the mythos of WWII as staunchly good heroes fighting against evil forces, to depict the reality of combat where, \\\"American soldiers mock virtue and shoot surrendering Germans, where decent and altruistic actions tend to be fatal, where death is random, stupid and redeems hardly anything at all\\\".Some reviewers said this exploration of the limitations of morality in combat asked audiences to consider that the lives lost during the conflict were as valuable as those saved by their sacrifices. Writing for theChicago Tribune,Gene Siskellauded the film's ability to discuss the \\\"brutality and madness\\\" of war while \\\"believably\\\" celebrating the sacrifices and courage of those fighting it.Salon.com's Gary Kamiya concluded, \\\"it will forever change the way people imagine the most important event in 20th century history. That is no small achievement.\\\"InThe New York Times,Stephen Holdensaid \\\"it's a safe bet thatSaving Private Ryan, a powerful but flawed movie, will be revered as a classic decades hence.\\\" Many reviewers focused on the film's two major combat sequences, particularly the opening on Omaha Beach.Focus was on the \\\"horrifying,\\\" \\\"visceral,\\\" \\\"brutal,\\\" \\\"shocking,\\\" and \\\"fierce\\\" violence present in the opening battle, described byEntertainment Weekly'sOwen GleibermanandTime'sRichard Schickelas one of the most revolutionary film sequences ever made.Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesand Schickel compared it with the energy and dread of similar scenes in the Vietnam war filmPlatoon(1986), but with a grander scope depicting masses of men killing each other from afar, drawing the \\\"horror\\\" out of a lengthy, sustained sequence, without the audience being allowed to become desensitized.Some reviewers believed that the scene was so impactful and thought-provoking that it overshadowed the rest of the film.Although there was some criticism toward the realistic violence and gore, Turan believed it was done purposely and dispassionately, conveying the chaos and despair experienced by the soldiers, and not done for the sake of entertainment.Spielberg rejected this criticism, affirming he wanted the audience to understand what real combat was like and what the soldiers experienced, not observe it from afar as spectators.Some reviewers believed the concluding battle in Ramelle was more violent than Omaha Beach, particularly the slow death of Mellish as he is stabbed through the chest.The New York Observer'sAndrew Sarriscriticized the \\\"pornography of violence and cruelty\\\" depicted in severed limbs and rivers of blood. Turan andJonathan Rosenbaumfound that, outside of the combat, the script was effective but uninspired and derivative of war films by other directors, such asOliver Stone,Stanley Kubrick, andFrancis Ford Coppola.Others criticized \\\"manipulative\\\" oversentimentality, particularly in the modern dayframing devicefeaturing the elderly Ryan.Even so, Kamiya described it as \\\"enormously moving, it serves as a kind of redemption, a necessary if eternally fragile answer to the hell he witnessed\\\". Hanks's performance was generally praised, with some reviewers calling it the best of his career to date.Many reviewers agreed that hiseverymanpersona allowed him to portray Miller with a gentle weariness, empathy, and vulnerability beneath a surface of strength and decency, but also cynicism toward the war.Ebert and Schickel wrote that he offered a quiet reserve \\\"hinting at unspoken competencies\\\" that convince his men and the audience to follow along with him.Turan believed that Hanks's \\\"indelible\\\" performance represented how the audience would hope to be when confronted by the same situations.The other main cast also generally received positive reviews, particularly Davies, with Ebert saying that his transformation from inexperienced interpreter to soldier was the conclusion to \\\"Spielberg's unspoken philosophical argument\\\".Gleiberman and Turan also highlighted the performances of Pepper, Ribisi, and Sizemore, who Turan believed delivered his career's \\\"best, most controlled\\\" performance.Ebert praised the cast for not devolving into cliché or \\\"zany\\\" archetypes and effectively portraying the bonds between them.However, Kamiya wrote that Damon's performance was \\\"jarring\\\", believing both his more cinematic aesthetic and speech about his brothers to be artificial. The review concluded that Ryan was not very compelling, which made it difficult to care about the mission to save him. Accolades At the56th Golden Globe Awardsin 1999,Saving Private RyanwonBest DramaandBest Director(Spielberg), and was nominated forBest Drama Actor(Hanks),Best Original Score(Williams), andBest Screenplay(Rodat).At the71st Academy Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Director(Spielberg),Best Cinematography(Kamiński),Best Film Editing(Kahn),Best Sound(Gary Rydstrom,Gary Summers,Andy Nelson,Ronald Judkins), andBest Sound Effects Editing(Rydstrom and Richard Hymns) while it was nominated forBest Actor(Hanks),Best Original Screenplay(Rodat),Best Music(Williams),Best Production Design(Sanders andLisa Dean Kavanaugh), andBest Makeup(Lois Burwell,Conor O'Sullivan,Daniel C. Striepeke).Saving Private Ryan's unexpected loss ofBest PicturetoShakespeare in Loveis seen as one of the biggest upsets in the awards history and led to DreamWorks executives accusing its producers,Miramax, of \\\"overly aggressive campaigning\\\".A 2015 poll of Academy voters suggested that, given another opportunity, they would have votedSaving Private Ryanas Best Picture. At the52nd British Academy Film Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Special EffectsandBest Sound, and was nominated forBest Film,Best Direction(Spielberg), andBest Actor(Hanks).At the25th Saturn Awards, it wonBest Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.The3rd Golden Satellite Awardsalso earned the filmBest Editing(Kahn), and a nomination forBest Supporting Actor(Sizemore),as well asBest Director(Spielberg) andBest Actor(Hanks) at theEmpire Awards. Saving Private Ryanalso won awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement (Directors Guild of America, Spielberg),Motion Picture Producer of the Year (PGA Awards, Spielberg, Bryce, Gordon, and Levinsohn),Best Casting (Casting Society of America, Denise Chamian),Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture (Grammy Awards, Williams),Best Sound Editing for Dialogue (Motion Picture Sound Editors, Hymns, Rydstrom, Sandina Bailo-Lape, Ethan Van der Ryn, Teresa Eckton, Frank Eulner Karen Wilson, Larry Oatfield, and Bruce Lacey), and Sound Effects (Hymns, Rydstrom, Gwendolyn Yates Whittle, Larry Singer, Ewa Sztompke Oatfield, Sara Bolder, Denise Whiting, and Thomas Whiting)and Best of Show - Audiovisual (Key Art Awards).In 2014, the United StatesLibrary of CongressselectedSaving Private Ryanto be preserved in theNational Film Registryas \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\". Post-release Historical accuracy and veteran responses Several publications highlighted the accuracy of the Omaha Beach assault, down to the sound of gunfire, although some errors were noted, such as bullets killing soldiers underwater, the absence of Britishcoxswainssteering the boats, and the battle's truncated duration.Historical curator John Delaney said: It's accurate for that unit on that bit of that beach on that day... but you can't say, 'That's what D-Day was like', because it wasn't. Omaha beach is about three and a half miles long. What's happening at one end of the beach isn't what's happening at the other end. Discussing the core narrative, Ambrose said, \\\"It's a stretch that they would send eight soldiers, but it could have been hard to find him... the paratroopers were scattered everywhere.\\\" Many World War II veterans described the opening ofSaving Private Ryanas depicting the most realistic representation of combat. Another veteran, interviewed byTime, said \\\"I remember when I walked out into the lobby of the moviehouse, not a single person coming out of that showing said one word... everybody was stunned by it... It just brought back so many memories.\\\"There were various reports of some veterans being unable to finish watchingSaving Private Ryanbecause of the memories it brought back.TheUnited States Department of Veterans Affairscreated a dedicated phoneline for viewers affected by the film, and more veterans visited counselors forpost traumatic stress disorder. The rest of the film is less historically accurate. Fictitious elements include the nonexistent town of Ramelle, the battle associated with it, certain military tactical errors (included for dramatic effect), much of the dialogue, and some of the methods used to locate Ryan.Total Filmand some non U.S. veterans were critical of the lack of other Allied forces throughout the film.British broadcasterChannel 4said that these critics had missed the point of the film, in that it was \\\"unashamedly an American story\\\". Home media Saving Private Ryanwas released onVHSin May 1999.It became the most successful rental debut of its time, earning $9.6million in its first week and $44million by July 1999.A limited edition two-VHS version was released in November 1999, adding a making-of documentary, as well as a message from Spielberg about D-Day and theNational D-Day Museum. ADVDwas released alongside the limited edition VHS, with the same extras.A two-disc Special Collector's Edition DVD set was released in May 2004 to coincide with the 60th anniversary of D-Day.This edition included additional content, includingbehind-the-scenescontent recorded during filming. Spielberg discussed his interest in WWII, the Niland brothers, the story and character development, the cast's boot camp experience, the involvement of the Irish army and locations, the recreation of Omaha Beach, the music, sound effects, and a farewell from Spielberg.This was released alongside a four-disc deluxe \\\"The World War II Collection\\\" DVD package that included a collectible book and two documentaries:Price for Peace(directed byJames Moll) about the use of dogs in WWII, andShooting War(directed by Richard Schickel) about combat photographers, with narration by Hanks. Saving Private Ryanwas released as a two-discBlu-rayin May 2010, including all previously released special features apart fromPrice for Peace.Paramount Home Entertainmentissued a recall of the Blu-rays after discovering that some versions featured an audio synchronization issue. The defect was fixed in versions re-released later that month.For the film's 20th anniversary in 2018, a three-disc \\\"Commemorative 20th Anniversary\\\" Blu-ray set was released, including a4K Ultra HD Blu-rayand all previously released features. Other media A novelization, written byMax Allan Collinsand Rodat, was released alongside the film.Saving Private Ryan: The Men, the Mission, the Movie : A Film by Steven Spielbergwas also released in 1998. It features illustrations, color plates, extracts from the screenplay and Ambrose's works, as well as commentary by crew including Spielberg, Hanks, and Damon. Thematic analysis Patriotism Leading into the early 21st century, there was renewed focus in America on glorifying the generation that had fought in WWII, depicted in films such asSaving Private RyanandThe Thin Red Line, the miniseriesBand of Brothers(2001), books such asThe Greatest Generation(1998), and construction of aWorld War II Memorialin Washington, D.C.Many publications believed this resurgence of interest in the war to be a response to decades of American cynicism toward the nation'sfailure in the Vietnam War(1955–1975), and anticlimactic victories in theColdandGulf Warsthat resulted in little diplomatic success or celebration. Many films about the Vietnam War depicted its American combatants as self-hating, \\\"deeply troubled, or even psychotic,\\\" offered little respect, and portrayed the conflict itself as one mired in dread, anxiety, and general negativity.Literature professor Marzena Sokołowska-Paryż said the worship of WWII as \\\"the last Good War\\\" and its veterans as \\\"thegreatest generation\\\" represented a \\\"therapeutic patriotism\\\" designed to rehabilitate the modern image of combatants as the enduring legacy of WWII soldiers and the core American national identity while forgetting any lingering guilt over the Vietnam War.Film scholar Albert Auster described this reappraisal as a reversal of attitudes up to the early 1990s where historical wars, including WWII, were not beyond criticism and, particularly in response to the Vietnam War, literary critics aimed to undo the impression of WWII as the \\\"Good War\\\".Saving Private Ryanis American-centric, beginning and ending with an image of the nation's flag fluttering in the wind, a desaturated image suggesting a nostalgic image of \\\"the deep pride we once felt in our flag\\\".Stephen Holden described it as \\\"a wholehearted celebration of American pluck and virtue and honor\\\". Holden and Ebert disagreed with the view of some critics thatSaving Private Ryan's \\\"harrowing\\\" and realistic combat scenes were astatement against war. They wrote that it accepts war as a necessity and portrays its main characters not as symbols, but as real people trying to kill the enemy without getting themselves killed.The scenes of the elderly Ryan visiting Miller's grave with his family received some criticism.AuthorJohn Biguenetqueried how such a \\\"savage and unsentimental film\\\" could conclude with a scene so sentimentalized. Spielberg said in making the film he was meant to \\\"wave the flag and be patriotic,\\\" but that the reality of his father's experiences made him want to also convey the harsh reality.The Omaha Beach landing establishes the distance between the commanders safe at home who order Ryan be rescued, and the soldiers endangered in doing so.It is a sentimental mission intended to spare one family the grief of losing all of its sons, but Miller refers to it as a public relations scheme designed to boost civilian morale.General Marshall quotes a letter by Abraham Lincoln to a similarly affected family, but where Lincoln's letter expresses sentiment and patriotic sacrifice to the mother, it is not sentimental nor does it claim that her grief is greater than any other mother who lost her child at war.Biguenet said Marshall, in comparison, confuses sentimentality for morality. Despite the patriotic American imagery, the characters ofSaving Private Ryando not discuss their home country or protecting democracy fromfascism. The soldiers are only concerned with returning home to their loved ones. Miller's men openly state that they do not care about Ryan, but Miller says that he will go into metaphorical Hell to save him, if it means Miller can return to his wife. The soldiers actively fighting are not sentimental about their mission. Turan and Biguenet saidSaving Private Ryan\\\"feels like an official act of atonement\\\" for modern generations failing to acknowledge the \\\"courage and sacrifice\\\" of WWII soldiers. When Miller tells Ryan to \\\"earn this,\\\" he is effectively speaking about the debt owed to veterans who made \\\"the ultimate sacrifice\\\" for their country.Biguenet called this a \\\"terrible, impossible order\\\", a moral burden that Ryan will carry until his own death because there is no way to compensate the high price paid by Miller's men. Spielberg suggested the answer was in the living paying homage to the fallen soldiers and the freedom for which they fought.History professor John Bodnar described the image of the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial as depicting a national unity with row after row of white grave markers, serving as a permanent reminder \\\"to other nations of the sacrifices made by the United States\\\". Morality and humanity Unlike some older WWII films that portrayed the soldiers as infallible heroes,Saving Private Ryanpresents battles fought by brave but frightened civilians, the majority of whom at Omaha Beach were not combat veterans.Ebert believed much of the audience, including himself, would identify with Upham, someone completely unprepared for the realities of war but who must fight regardless.Miller is the opposite: an experienced soldier who is scared and anxious because he knows exactly what to expect and is haunted by his responsibility for the lives of his men.Although 94 men have died under his command, Miller rationalizes that he can prioritize his mission over his men because each sacrifice was responsible for saving many more lives. However, his mission to rescue Ryan demands he risk the lives of several men to save just one.Turan said Miller's trembling hands were a sign that he is \\\"dangerously close to coming apart\\\".Far Outmagazine wrote that the focus on Miller's ailment acknowledges the side effects of war such as post-traumatic stress disorder, something he suppresses to fulfil his duty. Spielberg said the mission to rescue Ryan cannot be morally or patriotically justified, risking eight lives to save one. This theme is reinforced when they encounter the sole survivor of a glider crash caused by heavy steel shielding added to protect a single general on board, resulting in 22 deaths. No character claims that the mission of Miller and his men is heroic, and the men express the grief their own mothers will feel should they be killed on this endeavor. The \\\"toughest\\\" soldier, Horvath, gives it meaning when he tells Miller that saving Ryan could be the one decent thing they can accomplish in \\\"this whole godawful, shitty mess\\\". Biguenet said that Spielberg is explicitly condemning their mission as an immoral act to force upon soldiers.Ebert considered the decision to deviate from the mission to attack the German gun nest on the way to Ramelle to be a deliberate rebellion against their orders. The action is not part of their mission and it is possible to avoid the situation entirely, but it grants the soldiers the opportunity to do what they came to Europe for: to fight a war.Hanks said the decision to stay with Ryan and defend Ramelle was the characters \\\"bringing meaning to a situation that until then had been absurd\\\". While film critic Andrew Sarris found the German characters to match evil archetypes found in other WWII films, concluding with Upham's lesson that Steamboat Willie should have been killed earlier,Saving Private Ryandoes not portray the Allied soldiers as unimpeachable heroes.Following Omaha Beach, two Allied soldiers laugh as they execute two pleading German soldiers, but the soldiers are speaking Czech, indicating they are potentially from German-conquered Czechoslovakia, forcibly conscripted into the war effort.Biguenet wrote that the Germans are not portrayed as any worse than the Americans, as they are similarly affected by the horrors of war and casually execute downed American soldiers. InSaving Private Ryan, allegiances do not matter, all men are equal, and rules only matter until they conflict with the mission objective. Upham's transformation from cowardly interpreter to Willie's executioner shows the transformative realities of combat.Professor William J. Prior and Auster wrote that Upham represents respect for human life and moral decency when he interferes to prevent Steamboat Willie's execution, despite the fact that it would protect the mission. He offers the intellectual perspective of a civilian, but his lack of combat experience makes him unable to kill the prisoner, which results in the deaths of many of his allies.Miller's experience means he is conscious of the risk involved in releasing Willie, but he is simultaneously struggling to cling to his own humanity and decency, believing that every time he kills he is moving \\\"farther from home\\\". Although Willie is the enemy, he is also a human with his own right to exist, and summarily executing him would further distance Miller from the self he and his wife knew.His decision to spare Willie and reveal his civilian background, returns to him a semblance of his humanity. Legacy Cultural influence Saving Private Ryanwas credited with renewing interest in World War II leading into the 21st century.NBC Newswrote that in presenting audiences with its \\\"stomach-churning violence and soul-shaking intensity of that pivotal chapter in the war\\\", the film had reshaped the United States' \\\"cultural memory\\\".It is regarded as one of the most accurate and realistic war films ever made, particularly for the opening Omaha Beach battle.Film historian Steven Jay Rubin said, \\\"It was a game-changer... it was devastatingly dramatic, visceral, immersive. I didn't touch my popcorn because it felt sacrilegious to eat while I'm watching it.\\\"Even so, director and Vietnam War veteran Oliver Stone claimed thatSaving Private Ryandepicted a \\\"worship\\\" of WWII as \\\"the good war\\\" that, alongside films such asGladiator(2000) andBlack Hawk Down, made audiences more in favor of war: \\\"By the time of theIraq War, we were ready to go back.\\\"American academicPaul Fussellsimilarly decriedSaving Private Ryanfor providing an \\\"honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening\\\" of Omaha Beach before descending into more broadly acceptable action-adventure fare. He said, \\\"Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious.\\\" The film is considered to have had a lasting influence on filmmaking, particularly its opening battle scenes.Vanity Fairwrote, \\\"no films about combat made since would look the way they do without the de-saturated, handheld, blood-splatters-and-all horror of cinema that is this extended sequence... it's a terrifying scene, either honorable or exploitative in its all vérité, depending on whom you ask. Regardless of any moral assessment, it's easily one of the most aped and referenced scenes of the late 20th century.\\\"Saving Private Ryanwas named by other directors as an influence, such asQuentin Tarantino(Inglourious Basterds, 2009),Christopher Nolan(Dunkirk, 2017), andRobert Altman.TheLos Angeles Timeswrote thatSaving Private Ryan's stylistic choices, such as placing the audience close to the on-screen action, can be seen in war and action media that followed. This includes films such asGladiator(2000),Enemy at the Gates,Pearl Harbor(both 2001),Flags of Our Fathers(2006), andHacksaw Ridge(2016), the \\\"psychological anguish\\\" ofAmerican Sniper(2014), and modern superhero films.This influence extends to television, with shows such asGame of Thrones(\\\"The Spoils of War\\\", 2017) andThe Pacific(2010).Saving Private Ryanis also seen as an influence on video games.Spielberg and DreamWorks developedMedal of Honor(1999) to translate the realism and setting ofSaving Private Ryan. Its success launched aseries ofMedal of Honorgames, which, in turn, contributed to the creation of theCall of Dutyseries. Modern reception Saving Private Ryanis considered one of thegreatest war films ever made.In a 2018 interview, Spielberg said, \\\"I didn't anticipate the success of the movie... in very early screenings, certain associates and other people in my life were saying that I made it too tough. I feared that almost nobody would see it because the word of mouth would spread quickly after the first 25 minutes.\\\" In 2007, theAmerican Film Institute(AFI) listedSaving Private Ryanas71st-greatest American film.The AFI listed it among the mostthrilling,inspiring, andepicAmerican films.A 2014 poll of 2,120 entertainment industry professionals byThe Hollywood ReporterrankedSaving Private Ryanas the 46th-best film.Publications such asParadeandVarietynamed it one of the greatest films of all time.Saving Private Ryanis included in the 2013 film reference book1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,and it is listed onRotten Tomatoes' 300 essential movies.The film is generally considered to be among the best of Spielberg's works,and of Hanks's credits. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 94% approval rating across 149 critics, with an average score of 8.7/10. The consensus reads; \\\"Anchored by another winning performance from Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre.\\\"The film has a score of 91 out of 100 onMetacritic, based on 38 critics, indicating \\\"universal acclaim\\\".Saving Private Ryanhas remained popular with audiences, with reader and viewer-ranked polling listing it as one of the greatest war films,among the greatest films of the 1990s, and the greatest films of all time. Notes References Citations Works cited External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Niland brothers TheNiland brotherswere four American brothers fromTonawanda, New York, who served in the military duringWorld War II. They were sons of Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Niland.Two survived the war but, for a time, only one, Frederick \"Fritz\" Niland, was believed to have survived. After the reported deaths of his three brothers, Fritz was sent back to the United States to complete his service, and only later learned that his brother Edward, missing and presumed dead, was captive in aJapanesePOW campinBurma. Brothers Memorials In popular culture Steven Spielberg's1998 filmSaving Private Ryanis loosely based on the brothers' story. See also References External links","Saving Private Ryan Saving Private Ryanis a 1998 Americanepicwar filmdirected bySteven Spielbergand written byRobert Rodat. Set in 1944 inNormandy, France, duringWorld War II, it follows a group of soldiers, led by Captain John Miller (Tom Hanks), on a mission to locate Private James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon) and bring him home safely after his three brothers have been killed in action. The cast also includesEdward Burns,Tom Sizemore,Barry Pepper,Giovanni Ribisi,Vin Diesel,Adam GoldbergandJeremy Davies. Inspired by the books ofStephen E. Ambroseand accounts of multiple soldiers in a single family, such as theNiland brothers, being killed in action, Rodat drafted the script, andParamount Pictureshired him to finish writing it. The project came to the attention of Hanks and Spielberg, whose involvement, due to their previous successes, secured the project's development. Spielberg wanted to makeSaving Private Ryanas authentic as possible and hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto do uncredited rewrites based on","rewrites based on research and interviews with veterans. The main cast went through a week-long boot camp to help them understand the soldier's experience. Filming took place from June to September 1997, on a $65–70million budget, almost entirely on location in England and Ireland. The openingOmaha Beachbattle was the most demanding scene, costing $12 million to film over a four-week period, and using 1,500 background actors. Saving Private Ryanbecame one of the year's most successful films, earning critical acclaim for its graphic portrayal of combat. WWII veterans described the combat scenes as the most realistic portrayal of their own experiences they had seen; some said they had been unable to watch it due to their traumatic memories. The film earned $481.8million, making it thesecond-highest-grossing film of 1998, and went on to win many accolades, includingGolden Globe,Academy,BAFTA, andSaturnawards. Consideredone of the greatest films ever made,Saving Private Ryan's battle-scene filming techniques","filming techniques impacted many subsequent war, action, and superhero films, and numerous directors have citedSaving Private Ryanas an influence on them. The picture is credited with having helped to renew interest in WWII at the turn of the century, inspiring other films, television shows, and video gamesset during the war. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Plot On June 6, 1944, theU.S. Armylands atOmaha Beachas part of theNormandy invasion, incurring major losses against the artillery and machine gun fire of the heavily fortifiedGerman forces. Initially dazed by the chaotic battle,2nd Ranger BattalionCaptainJohn H. Miller takes command of a surviving group and leads a successful infiltration behind German lines to secure victory. TheUnited States Department of Warreceives communication that three of four Ryan brothers have been killed in action; the last, James","the last, James Francis Ryan of the101st Airborne Division, is listed as missing.GeneralGeorge C. Marshallorders that Ryan be found and sent home, to spare his family the loss of all its sons. Miller is tasked with recovering Ryan and assembles a detachment of soldiers to accompany him: Mike Horvath, Richard Reiben, Adrian Caparzo, Stanley Mellish, Daniel Jackson, Irwin Wade, and interpreter Timothy Upham, who lacks any combat experience. The group tracks Ryan to the town ofNeuville-au-Plain, where Caparzo is killed by a German sniper while trying to rescue a young girl. Mourning their friend, the men grow resentful at being forced to risk their lives for one man. They later find James Frederick Ryan, but realize he is the wrong man with a similar name. That evening, the men rest in a chapel, where Miller tells Horvath that his hands began uncontrollably shaking after he joined the war. The men travel to a rallying point where the 101st Airborne might be after landing off course, where they find scores of","they find scores of wounded and displaced soldiers. Wade admonishes Reiben, Mellish, and Jackson for callously searching through a pile of deceased soldiers'dog tagsin front of passing troops, hoping to find Ryan's among them and conclude their mission. Remorseful for ignoring their behavior, Miller shouts for anyone who knows Ryan; one deafened soldier tells him that Ryan was reassigned to defend a vital bridge in the town of Ramelle. On the way, Miller decides to neutralize a German gun nest they discover, against the advice of his men, and although they are successful, Wade is killed. The men prepare to execute a surrendered German soldier in revenge, but Upham intervenes, arguing that they should follow therules of war. Miller releases the soldier, nicknamed \"Steamboat Willie\", ordering that he surrender to the nextAlliedpatrol. Discontented with the mission, Reiben threatens todesert, leading to a standoff between the men that Miller defuses by revealing his civilian background as a teacher and baseball","and baseball coach, which he had always refused to disclose. Miller muses that people often guessed his career before he became a soldier, while his men could not, implying that war has changed him, and worries whether he is still the man he was and whether his wife will recognize him. In Ramelle, Miller's detachment finds Ryan and informs him of their mission, but Ryan refuses to abandon his post or his fellow soldiers, believing he does not deserve to go home more than anyone else. Horvath convinces Miller that saving Ryan might be the only truly decent thing they can accomplish during the war. Miller takes command of Ryan's group as the only officer present and prepares the soldiers for a German assault. Jackson and Horvath are killed, and Upham stands paralyzed with fear as Mellish is stabbed to death. Steamboat Willie returns and shoots Miller before reinforcements arrive to defeat the Germans. Upham confronts Willie, who attempts to surrender again, and kills him, before sending the other surrendering","other surrendering Germans away. Upham and Reiben observe as the mortally wounded Miller tells Ryan to earn the sacrifices made to send him home. Decades later, an elderly Ryan and his family visit Miller's grave at theNormandy Cemetery. Ryan expresses that he remembers Miller's words every day, lived his life the best he could, and hopes he has earned their sacrifices. Cast The cast also includesGlenn Wrageas Doyle,Corey Johnsonas a radioman,John Sharianas Corporal Loeb, andRolf Saxonas Lieutenant Briggs—Allied soldiers at the Omaha beach landing.Demetri GoritsasandDylan Brunoportray Parker and Private First Class Toynbe, respectively, who aid in the battle of Ramelle.Joerg Stadler appears as Steamboat Willie, a German prisoner.Amanda Boxerportrays Ryan's mother, whileHarrison YoungandKathleen Byronportray the elderly James Ryan and his wife, Margaret.Technical advisor andMarineveteranDale Dyeappears as a War Department colonel. Production Concept ProducerMark Gordonwas a fan of writerRobert Rodat's","Rodat's previous work on films such asTall Tale(1995) andFly Away Home(1996). The pair met in early 1995 to discuss potential projects and ideas. Within a few weeks, Rodat conceived ofSaving Private Ryan.He was inspired by a gift from his wife, the historical bookD-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II(1994), byStephen E. Ambrose, recounting the events of the Normandy landings. Rodat visited a monument inKeene, New Hampshirededicated to American soldiers killed in combat; he noticed the losses included brothers. He said, \"The idea of losing a son to war is painful beyond description... the idea of losing more than one son is inconceivable\".The Ryan family was based on the fourNiland brothersdetailed in Ambrose's book, who were deployed during WWII; two were killed and a third presumed dead; per theSole Survivor Policy, the fourth was returned from the war. Development To developSaving Private Ryan, Gordon founded the independent film studioMutual Film Company, alongside producerGary","producerGary Levinsohn.Gordon brought Rodat's draft toParamount Picturesexecutives; they responded positively and hired Rodat who wrote the script over the following 12 months.Michael Baywas hired as director, but left the project because he could not resolve how to approach the material.Carin Sage, a junior agent representing Tom Hanks at theCreative Artists Agency, gave the script to Hanks, who was immediately interested and met with Gordon and Levinsohn.Hanks shared the script withSteven Spielbergwho agreed to direct because the pair had wanted to work together for some time.Rodat thought that Paramount would cancel the project after the studio purchased two other WWII-era scripts,CombatandWith Wings as Eagles, with popular actorsBruce WillisandArnold Schwarzeneggerattached, respectively.However, having secured the involvement of Hanks and Spielberg, two of the highest-paid and most successful actors and directors, Gordon suggested Paramount executives prioritizeSaving Private Ryan. Describing what","Describing what interested him about the project, Spielberg said, \"So what you're doing is sending eight people out, all of whom have parents, to rescue one boy and send him back to his mom when any or all of these kids, along the mission route, could be killed. That was the central tug that made me want to tell the story\".Spielberg had a lifelong interest in WWII, having made war films as a teenager because \"it was the seminal conversation inside my family. My parents talked aboutthe Holocaustand they talked about combat and war. And I was born knowing this.My dadwas a veteran... he had many veterans over to the house, and I became absolutely obsessed... based on my father's stories, recollections, and also based on all the WWII movies\".He described the project as a tribute to his father. With Spielberg on board,DreamWorks Pictures, which he co-founded, became involved as a financier, with his companyAmblin Entertainmentas a production company.Spielberg's clout effectively removed Gordon and Levinsohn from","and Levinsohn from the production, having no creative input, equity, or rights, but receiving a producer's credit and one-off payment. Levinsohn said, \"You just know going in what the score is... I guess it's unspoken that when you hire you're not going to be on the set making decisions\".DreamWorks hiredIan Bryceto replace them. In April 1997,Sumner Redstone, chairman of Paramount's parent companyViacom, had Spielberg flip a coin to determine the film's distribution rights. Spielberg won the toss, giving DreamWorks the favored North American distribution rights and Paramount the international rights. Earnings were held collectively and split evenly between the studios. In exchange, Paramount received the North American distribution rights to DreamWorks'Deep Impact(1998).To keep the budget low, Spielberg and Hanks took minimal upfront salaries in exchange for a guaranteed 17.5% of the gross profits, equivalent to 35 cents of every dollar earned. Rewrite Spielberg's initial concept forSaving Private Ryanwas","Private Ryanwas aBoys' Own–style adventure film in which the search for Ryan was apublic relationseffort by the war department. However, after interviewing WWII veterans for research, he found this idea inappropriate. He decided to embed the story within a realistic portrayal of actual events while portraying the conflicted morality of sending men into life-threatening situations to save one man.He said, \"I cannot tell you how many veterans came up to me... and said: 'Please be honest about it. Please don't make another Hollywood movie about WWII. Please tell our stories...'\" The surviving Niland family was interviewed, and the story was further influenced by other substantial family war losses, including the fiveSullivan brotherskilled during WWII, and the Bixby brothers during theAmerican Civil War; theresulting letterbyAbraham Lincolnis quoted in the film. Spielberg described existing WWII films as \"sanitized\" and sentimentalized, focused on depicting honor and the glory of service in a manner that was","a manner that was \"very safe and wholly untrue\".He wanted to present the courage of the soldiers in the face of \"palpable terror, almost blind terror\": I remember one of the telling me the entire charge up the beach was a blur—not a blur to his memory because he still remembered every single grain of sand when he had his face buried in it from that fusillade raining down on them from above. But he described how everything was not in focus for him. He described the sounds, and he described the vibrations of every concussion of every88 shellthat hit the beach, which gave some of them bloody noses, rattled their ears. The ground would come up and slam into their faces from the concussions.\" Ambrose served as a historical consultant. He disliked glorified depictions of the Normandy landings that ignored the reality of soldiers slowly dying in mud and water, wanting \"their mothers, they wanted morphine. It took a long time.\"Spielberg believed the legacy of theVietnam Warhad made his generation less interested in","less interested in glorifying combat in film. Even so, he was influenced by early war films such asBattleground(1949),The Steel Helmet(1951), andHell Is for Heroes(1962). Although Rodat's script came close to the ideal WWII project he had hoped for, he believed it had \"a few problems\".He hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto performuncredited script rewrites.The scene begins as the second wave of soldiers arrives on Omaha beach (Darabont's suggestion),so they would be walking into \"Hell on Earth\" instead of empty beaches.Scott Frank performed rewrites based on transcriptions of Spielberg's recorded ideas and two folders of historical facts about the Normandy landings; these gave Frank ideas but he found it difficult to parse the reality of events into original ideas. The Normandy cemetery scene was based on Spielberg's own experience visiting the area as a youth; he witnessed a family accompanying a man who fell to his knees and began to cry at a grave marker. Casting Spielberg wanted older actors for his main","actors for his main cast, claiming that young soldiers would look older than their age under the stresses of war.Miller is the \"adult in the story,\" intended to project a calmness and feeling of safety that is undermined by the character's uncontrollable handshaking.Spielberg wanted Hanks to play Miller because he was the only actor he thought of who would not \"want to use his teeth to pull out a pin from a hand grenade\".Hanks formed Miller's character based on the history of the 2nd Ranger Battalion before Omaha Beach, saying he believed Miller was \"horribly afraid\" of getting more of his men killed.Mel GibsonandHarrison Fordwere considered for the role.Miller's detachment is a diverse group, including a Jew and Italian, reminiscent of earlier WWII films; this was not a deliberate choice, although Spielberg believed he had subconsciously drawn on conventional WWII films.Burns described Reiben as a \"wise guy\" in the script, but the experience of filming the Omaha Beach landing inspired him to give the","him to give the character a \"much harder edge\".Sizemore was cast inThe Thin Red Line(1998) when Spielberg offered him an alternative role as Horvath, Miller's friend, and confidant.The actor had a history of drug addiction, and Spielberg mandated that he pass regular drug tests to keep his part, or the role would be recast and his scenes re-shot.Describing his character, Sizemore said, \"he was a quiet man; he was taciturn; he followed orders, and he loved the captain... if he had a tragic flaw, it was that he didn't know when he had had enough when it was time to say, 'I can't do this anymore.'\" Diesel was cast after Spielberg saw his self-starring directorial efforts,Multi-Facial(1995) andStrays(1997). The actor was working as a telemarketer at the time, having struggled to secure acting jobs.Goldberg's role did not exist in the script until his casting.Spielberg wanted a relatively unknown actor to portray Private Ryan. Spielberg visited the set ofGood Will Hunting(1997), andRobin Williamsintroduced him to","him to Damon. Spielberg cast him shortly after, believing he possessed a \"great American everyboy look,\" unaware thatGood Will Hunting's success would significantly raise Damon's profile.Neil Patrick Harriswas considered for the role, andEdward Nortonturned it down forAmerican History X(1998).Pete Postlethwaite,Tony Shalhoub, andGarth Brookswere considered for unspecified roles. At Hanks's and Dye's suggestion, Spielberg had the principal cast take part in a six-dayboot camp, wanting them to experience cold, wet, and exhaustive conditions, like those of WWII soldiers.Overseen by Dye and retired U.S. marines, the actors remained in character while simulating attacks, performing five-mile runs with full backpacks, weapons training, military exercises, and push-ups after making mistakes, on three hours of sleep per night in cold and rainy conditions.The men wanted to quit, but Hanks convinced them otherwise, saying they would regret not following through and the experience would help them understand their","understand their characters and motivations.Diesel said, \"at that moment we got this huge respect for him in real life, we were all exhausted, we all wanted to leave and here was this guy who was a superstar, who doesn't have to be here, voting to stay\".Dye was present throughout filming to remind the actors of their training.Spielberg kept Damon out of the boot camp because he wanted the other actors to resent him and his character. Pre-production The pre-production forSaving Private Ryanwas truncated because Spielberg chose to filmAmistad(1997) immediately after finishing work onThe Lost World: Jurassic Park(1997). CinematographerJanusz Kamińskispent several weeks performing camera tests to define the film's visual aesthetic. The pair considered filmingmonochromaticallyas Spielberg had with his Holocaust film,Schindler's List(1993). However, they considered that this would seem \"pretentious,\" and were interested in emulating the colored WWII footage from their research. Kamiński let his interpretation of","interpretation of the narrative dictate how to light scenes and narrowed down visual styles by identifying which films he did not wantSaving Private Ryanto emulate.He and Spielberg were visually influenced by WWII documentaries, such asMemphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress(1944),The Battle of Midway(1942),Why We Fight(1942–1945), and theNazi propagandafilms ofLeni Riefenstahl. They also looked at various books, paintings, and photographs of the Omaha Beach invasion taken by the war photographerRobert Capa.Kamiński wanted it to look like a major production \"shot on by a bunch of combat cameramen\". A variety of camera techniques were used to emulate the experience of being on a battlefield: Kamiński removed the protective coating on some lenses, creating a \"flatter\", degraded image akin to WWII-era cameras, and mismatched lenses when using multiple cameras for an inconsistent result; alternatingshutter anglesand speeds; and desynchronizing the camera shutter which created a \"streaking\" effect. Kamiński","effect. Kamiński considered this a risky option because if it failed there was no way to fix the image in post-production.AClairmont Camera Image Shakervibrated the camera to emulate the effects of a nearby explosion or rolling tank.Spielberg chose to film in1.85:1 aspect ratiobecause he believed it was more lifelike and closer to \"the way the human eye really sees,\" and foundwidescreen formatsto be artificial. Three months were spent scouting for a location to portray the Normandy coast. The real location was too developed for their needs, and many other French beaches were restricted by military or wildlife use; Spielberg believed officials were difficult because they did not want him filming there.Beaches researched in England and Scotland lacked either the aesthetics or amenities required, such as housing for the crew, and the filmmakers needed a specific depth for the cast to leap from the landing crafts into the water.Associate producer, Kevin De La Noy's earlier work onBraveheart(1995) in Ireland had","in Ireland had developed contacts with the Irish Army and knowledge of local beaches. One such location, the 11 km (6.8 mi) long Curracloe Beach, nearCurracloe, County Wexford, offered the desired golden sands and sheer cliffs and nearby amenities.Spielberg selected a 1 km (0.62 mi) segment of the beach, known as Ballinesker.He said, \"I was a bit disappointed that the beach we used wasn't as broad as the real Omaha Beach... I tried to use certain wide-angle lenses to extend the length of the flats on the sandy beach before the soldiers reach the shingle. I used wider lenses for geography and tighter lenses for the compression of action.A segment adjacent toBlackwater, also in Wexford, was considered, but the local nuns could not make the land available in time.Service roads were built for vehicles to reach Ballinesker.Production designerThomas E. Sandersled construction of the concrete battlements, bunkers,Czech hedgehogs, and barbed wire, much of which was made by local metalworkers.Over eleven weeks were","eleven weeks were spent preparing Ballinesker for filming.A storm destroyed some of the props just before filming, but they were rebuilt overnight.The main crew arrived on location on June 25, 1997. Filming in Ireland Principal photographybegan on June 27, 1997.Filming completed up to 50 shots per day. Spielberg wanted the actors to get little rest, \"A war is fought fast, and I really wanted to keep all of the actors off-balance. I didn't want them to be able to read 75 pages of a novel... I wanted to work fast enough so that they always felt as if they were in combat... I had to keep them on the set, which meant shooting the film even faster than I normally do. War doesn't give you a break.\"Saving Private Ryanwas shot almost entirely in continuity order, although some of the crew found this \"a mentally demoralizing experience\" because the cast started together and left as their characters died. The Omaha Beach battle was filmed over three to four weeks, for $12million.The scene involved about 1,500 people","about 1,500 people including 400 crew, 1,000 volunteerreserveandIrish armysoldiers, and dozens of extras and about 30 amputees and paraplegics fitted with prosthetic limbs to portray disfigured soldiers.Their numbers were supplemented with over one thousand detailed mannequins.The extras were divided into platoons with a designated leader, allowing Dye to control their action via four different radios with aid from threenon-commissioned officers.Costume designerJoanna Johnstoncontracted an American company responsible for making boots for soldiers during WWII to create about 2,000 pairs, using the last batch of dye from that period.Soldiers in the ocean wore wet suits beneath their uniforms to minimize hypothermia.ArmorerSimon Atherton was responsible for supplying authentic weapons. TwoHiggins Boatsused in the landings were used in the scene; additional boats from the 1950s were brought from California, Donegal, and Southampton.Hanks recalled: The first day of shooting... I was in the back of the landing","back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was. The air literally went pink and the noise was deafening and there's bits and pieces of stuff falling all on top of you and it was horrifying.\" Soldiers vomiting from the boats was achieved usingmilk of magnesia.Acrane shotmoving from beneath the ocean surface to above the battlefield was achieved by placing the crane on a flatbed trailer and reversing it into the sea. The Omaha Beach sequence was extensively choreographed by stunt coordinatorSimon Crane, withsquibsand explosives managed byNeil Corbould. The only serious accident resulted when an extra's foot was run over by a car.Thousands of gallons of fake blood were used, mainly to turn the ocean and shoreline red.Based on his interviews with veterans, Spielberg had dead fish strewn in the water and around the battlefield, as well as","as well as floating a Bible on the surface.Bullet impacts were emulated using air pipes concealed beneath the sand and ocean surface.Drums of diesel fuel were burned to create black smoke, while a series of pickup trucks carried systems to disperse white smoke. During filming, the weather was cold, rainy, and overcast; Kamiński said this matched the weather during the Normandy landings, enhancing the film's accuracy.Artificial light was used sparingly apart from on the boats to highlight the actors' eyes under their helmets.Spielberg had the camera stay close to the ground to appear as if it was the view of a soldier avoiding getting shot or a combat cameraman. He intended for the audience to feel like they were a part of the battle rather than watching.Most ofSaving Private Ryanwas filmed with handheld cameras. This was physically demanding on camera operator Mitch Dubin andSteadicamoperator Chris Haarhoff due to both proximity to the ground and movement through exploding scenery. The camera was close","camera was close enough that fake blood, water, and sand would stick to the camera lens, but the filmmakers believed this made the footage more authentic. Kamiński considered the extensive setup of explosives, smoke, and choreography of over a thousand characters to be demanding as it could take half a day to reset if something went wrong, but the majority of scenes in the sequence were captured in less than four takes, using up to three cameras simultaneously. Spielberg said, \"I rarely walked away from a scene until I got what I wanted, and I'd say that I got what I wanted from those complex setups about 80 percent of the time.\"He reviewed each day's footage nightly in a local parish hall.The production crew remained after filming to restore the beach to its original state over the following month, per an ecological protection order. Filming in England and France Filming relocated to theHatfield Aerodromein Hertfordshire, England, at the end of August, for the remaining scenes and the battle of","and the battle of Ramelle.French towns and rivers were scouted where a partial set could be built, but this was discarded over environmental concerns of filming contaminating the water. Instead, Sanders and his team built the fictional Ramelle on the grounds of the Aerodrome, based on five towns where fighting took place. Nearly threecity blockslong, the set included fully built buildings, facades, and a custom built, 900 ft (270 m) long river. The river was lined because they \"had to control the height of the water very carefully\". Explosives were used to create bomb craters and damage around Ramelle. Though the battle involved fewer extras than the Omaha Beach scene, several weeks were spent developing the complex choreography based on a battle plan devised by Dye.Spielberg did notstoryboardSaving Private Ryanbecause he wanted to position the camera spontaneously in reaction to what was taking place in each scene and he often relied on Dye and other WWII consultants for advice on staging the combat","staging the combat scenes.Dale also advised on technical aspects of weapons; where Spielberg wanted to use larger explosions typically found in Hollywood action films, Dye would generally advise him to \"go half that size, they were never that big\".The production was estimated to have spent about £8million in the local area. Spielberg's spontaneous approach carried into other aspects; about halfway through filming, he decided to depict the remainder of the film from Upham's perspective, believing he represented the audience's inexperience of war.Goldberg's character was only going to be shot dead until Dye suggested a hand-to-hand combat sequence on the day of filming, leading Mellish to be stabbed through the heart.A separate scene of Ryan talking about his brothers was ad-libbed by Damon. The German machine-gun nest and following ambush of a half-track vehicle were filmed on the grounds ofThame Park, Thame, inOxfordshire; the chapel interior where Miller's men rest was filmed in the Thame Park chapel.The","Park chapel.The Iowa cornfields where Ryan's mother lives in a house built for filming was set nearWest Kennet, Wiltshire.The American war office was filmed in the Hatfield Aerodrome. Kamiński wanted scenes in America to be more colorful and a relief from the muted tones of the combat scenes, so he positioned very bright lighting outside the windows.Scenes featuring the elderly Ryan were filmed at theNormandy American Cemetery and MemorialinColleville-sur-Mer, France, adjacent to Omaha Beach. Filming concluded ahead of schedule on September 13, 1997, after 12 weeks, with the French church interior scenes.The estimated total budget was $65–$70million. Post-production Kamiński chose to render his footage usingTechnicolor's proprietary ENR process (similar to ableach bypass) which retained more silver in thefilm stockand produced deeper blacks. He used \"70 percent ENR\" for a desaturated image which added a blue hue. Concerned this change would make the fake blood appear inauthentic, the effects department mixed","department mixed blue coloring into it, giving it a dark red appearance.Visual-effects studioIndustrial Light & Magicprovided digital enhancements; many bullet wounds and blood splatter werecomputer-generated imagery. Michael Kahnedited the final 170-minute cut.Spielberg said that Kahn's style was intended to defy audience expectations and not make every scene or transition clear.Some scenes were cut because of their graphic imagery, such as Miller's unit encounter with burnt out tanks with charred bodies. Mellish's death was also trimmed, removing parts where the character screams in pain, after Spielberg's projectionist said \"It's too painful to watch.\" Spielberg said his movie had to be \"ugly\", but was worried the violent content could be seen as exploitative and earn it a restrictiveNC-17rating from theMotion Picture Association of America, restricting it to audiences over 17 years of age.He anticipated that the \"historical importance\" of the content would be taken into consideration; it received anR","it received anR rating, meaning children could watch when accompanied by an adult. Music A long-time Spielberg collaborator, composerJohn Williams, produced the score.Spielberg chose little music accompaniment, wanting the sounds of battle and death to be prominent. Using aspottingprocess, he and Williams watched a rough cut of the film to agree on which scenes would feature music.Williams deliberately avoided \"anything grandiose or operatic\".Williams recorded the 55-minute score over three days atSymphony Hallin Boston, with theBoston Symphony Orchestraand vocals by theTanglewood Festival Chorus.The recording cost about $100,000 per hour.Spielberg chose the Orchestra: \"This is a movie about a company of soldiers, and it seemed appropriate to use an experienced company of musicians who are all virtuosos. Also we really wanted the sound of this room, Symphony Hall. On a soundstage you can get acoustically correct sound, but you don't hear the air. Here you get a rich, warm sound off the walls and ceiling, and","and ceiling, and you do hear the air; Symphony Hall is an instrument too.\" Release Context The 1998 summer theatrical season began in early May withDeep Impact, a surprise box office hit that studios saw as a positive indicator for their upcoming 100 film releases.GodzillaandArmageddonwere expected to be the biggest successes, while industry executives were hopeful for smaller budget films (costing less than $60million) likeSmall Soldiers,The Negotiator,The Parent Trap, andThere's Something About Maryto become sleeper hits. Fewer sequels and less escapist entertainment were scheduled for release, and more films were targeted toward older audiences.Saving Private Ryanwas highly anticipated but analysis suggested the film faced commercial limitations because of its long runtime, restricting the number of times it could be screened daily, and its violent content.DreamWorks' marketing chief Terry Press said it was risky to release a serious drama in the summer, a time generally reserved for family and escapist","family and escapist entertainment, but this was offset by Spielberg and Hanks's popularity.A screening for DreamWorks and Paramount executives was highly praised,but Spielberg had low expectations, believing the film was too violent to attract broad audiences. Box office The film premiered on July 21, 1998. The event was a low-profile affair without a party or many celebrities; Press said of the premiere, \"it would have been inappropriate\".Saving Private Ryanwas released in the United States and Canada on July 24, 1998.During its opening weekend, it earned $30.6million across 2,463 theaters—an average of $12,414 per theater.This figure made it the number-one film of the weekend, ahead ofThe Mask of Zorro($13.4million) in its second weekend,Lethal Weapon 4($13.1million) in its third, andThere's Something About Mary($12.5million), also in its second.The audience was split evenly between women and men, and skewed towards those aged over 25.The New York Timesdescribed it as unusual for a near-three-hour-long","drama to perform so well on its opening weekend, crediting positive reviews. DreamWorks believed the box-office figure would have been higher if not for a delay in film prints arriving in hundreds of theaters across California and Arizona until late in the afternoon. In its second weekend,Saving Private Ryanremained the number-one film, with $23.6million, ahead of the debutingThe Parent Trap($11.1million) andThere's Something About Mary($10.9million) in its third.Saving Private Ryanretained the number-one position in its third weekend with ($17.4million), ahead of the debuts ofSnake Eyes($16.3million) andHalloween H20: 20 Years Later($16.1million), and its fourth with $13.2million, ahead of the debuts ofHow Stella Got Her Groove Back($11.3million) andThe Avengers($10.3million).In its fifth weekend,Saving Private Ryanfell to number2 with $10.1million, behind the debut ofBlade($17.1million).Without regaining the number1 position, it ranked among the top ten for 12 weeks.By the end of its theatrical run,Saving","run,Saving Private Ryanearned a total box-office gross of $216.5million, making it the highest-grossing film of the year, ahead ofArmageddon($201.6million) andThere's Something About Mary($176.5million).This also made it only the third R-rated film to earn more than $200million, after 1984'sBeverly Hills Cop($235million) and 1991'sTerminator 2: Judgment Day($205million). Outside of the U.S. and Canada,Saving Private Ryanis estimated to have earned a further $265.3million. This gave the film a cumulative worldwide gross of $481.8million, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1998, behindArmageddon($553.7million). Saving Private Ryanwas seen as the biggest success of the theatrical summer.The New York Timeswrote that the success of a \"prestige film\" during a time of blockbuster entertainment with broad appeal was evidence that audiences were accepting of serious dramas alongside action films, such asArmageddonandGodzilla, and \"gross-out comedy\" likeThere's Something About Mary. The publication wrote","publication wrote that the popularity ofSaving Private Ryanwas, in part, because it depicted a \"nobler, cleaner era\" promoting values of heroism and \"patriotic duty\".The 1998 box office broke records with over $7billion earned. Despite expectations, the biggest successes had relatively modest budgets, such asSaving Private Ryan,There's Something About Mary,Rush Hour, andThe Waterboy, while the anticipated blockbusters, such asGodzillaandArmageddon, were so expensive to make that they were less profitable.Re-releases ofSaving Private Ryanhave raised the box office to $482.3million.Spielberg's and Hanks's pay agreement earned them an estimated $30–$40 million each of the box office. Reception Critical response Saving Private Ryanreceived critical acclaim,and audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.Critics generally agreed thatSaving Private Ryanpresented the grim and brutal reality of the \"Good War\" in a way previously unseen on film.Writing for theLos Angeles","for theLos Angeles Times,Kenneth Turandescribed the film as darker and more pessimistic than any of Spielberg's previous works, dispelling the mythos of WWII as staunchly good heroes fighting against evil forces, to depict the reality of combat where, \"American soldiers mock virtue and shoot surrendering Germans, where decent and altruistic actions tend to be fatal, where death is random, stupid and redeems hardly anything at all\".Some reviewers said this exploration of the limitations of morality in combat asked audiences to consider that the lives lost during the conflict were as valuable as those saved by their sacrifices. Writing for theChicago Tribune,Gene Siskellauded the film's ability to discuss the \"brutality and madness\" of war while \"believably\" celebrating the sacrifices and courage of those fighting it.Salon.com's Gary Kamiya concluded, \"it will forever change the way people imagine the most important event in 20th century history. That is no small achievement.\"InThe New York Times,Stephen","York Times,Stephen Holdensaid \"it's a safe bet thatSaving Private Ryan, a powerful but flawed movie, will be revered as a classic decades hence.\" Many reviewers focused on the film's two major combat sequences, particularly the opening on Omaha Beach.Focus was on the \"horrifying,\" \"visceral,\" \"brutal,\" \"shocking,\" and \"fierce\" violence present in the opening battle, described byEntertainment Weekly'sOwen GleibermanandTime'sRichard Schickelas one of the most revolutionary film sequences ever made.Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesand Schickel compared it with the energy and dread of similar scenes in the Vietnam war filmPlatoon(1986), but with a grander scope depicting masses of men killing each other from afar, drawing the \"horror\" out of a lengthy, sustained sequence, without the audience being allowed to become desensitized.Some reviewers believed that the scene was so impactful and thought-provoking that it overshadowed the rest of the film.Although there was some criticism toward the realistic violence","realistic violence and gore, Turan believed it was done purposely and dispassionately, conveying the chaos and despair experienced by the soldiers, and not done for the sake of entertainment.Spielberg rejected this criticism, affirming he wanted the audience to understand what real combat was like and what the soldiers experienced, not observe it from afar as spectators.Some reviewers believed the concluding battle in Ramelle was more violent than Omaha Beach, particularly the slow death of Mellish as he is stabbed through the chest.The New York Observer'sAndrew Sarriscriticized the \"pornography of violence and cruelty\" depicted in severed limbs and rivers of blood. Turan andJonathan Rosenbaumfound that, outside of the combat, the script was effective but uninspired and derivative of war films by other directors, such asOliver Stone,Stanley Kubrick, andFrancis Ford Coppola.Others criticized \"manipulative\" oversentimentality, particularly in the modern dayframing devicefeaturing the elderly Ryan.Even so,","Ryan.Even so, Kamiya described it as \"enormously moving, it serves as a kind of redemption, a necessary if eternally fragile answer to the hell he witnessed\". Hanks's performance was generally praised, with some reviewers calling it the best of his career to date.Many reviewers agreed that hiseverymanpersona allowed him to portray Miller with a gentle weariness, empathy, and vulnerability beneath a surface of strength and decency, but also cynicism toward the war.Ebert and Schickel wrote that he offered a quiet reserve \"hinting at unspoken competencies\" that convince his men and the audience to follow along with him.Turan believed that Hanks's \"indelible\" performance represented how the audience would hope to be when confronted by the same situations.The other main cast also generally received positive reviews, particularly Davies, with Ebert saying that his transformation from inexperienced interpreter to soldier was the conclusion to \"Spielberg's unspoken philosophical argument\".Gleiberman and Turan also","and Turan also highlighted the performances of Pepper, Ribisi, and Sizemore, who Turan believed delivered his career's \"best, most controlled\" performance.Ebert praised the cast for not devolving into cliché or \"zany\" archetypes and effectively portraying the bonds between them.However, Kamiya wrote that Damon's performance was \"jarring\", believing both his more cinematic aesthetic and speech about his brothers to be artificial. The review concluded that Ryan was not very compelling, which made it difficult to care about the mission to save him. Accolades At the56th Golden Globe Awardsin 1999,Saving Private RyanwonBest DramaandBest Director(Spielberg), and was nominated forBest Drama Actor(Hanks),Best Original Score(Williams), andBest Screenplay(Rodat).At the71st Academy Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Director(Spielberg),Best Cinematography(Kamiński),Best Film Editing(Kahn),Best Sound(Gary Rydstrom,Gary Summers,Andy Nelson,Ronald Judkins), andBest Sound Effects Editing(Rydstrom and Richard Hymns) while it","Hymns) while it was nominated forBest Actor(Hanks),Best Original Screenplay(Rodat),Best Music(Williams),Best Production Design(Sanders andLisa Dean Kavanaugh), andBest Makeup(Lois Burwell,Conor O'Sullivan,Daniel C. Striepeke).Saving Private Ryan's unexpected loss ofBest PicturetoShakespeare in Loveis seen as one of the biggest upsets in the awards history and led to DreamWorks executives accusing its producers,Miramax, of \"overly aggressive campaigning\".A 2015 poll of Academy voters suggested that, given another opportunity, they would have votedSaving Private Ryanas Best Picture. At the52nd British Academy Film Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Special EffectsandBest Sound, and was nominated forBest Film,Best Direction(Spielberg), andBest Actor(Hanks).At the25th Saturn Awards, it wonBest Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.The3rd Golden Satellite Awardsalso earned the filmBest Editing(Kahn), and a nomination forBest Supporting Actor(Sizemore),as well asBest Director(Spielberg) andBest Actor(Hanks) at","Actor(Hanks) at theEmpire Awards. Saving Private Ryanalso won awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement (Directors Guild of America, Spielberg),Motion Picture Producer of the Year (PGA Awards, Spielberg, Bryce, Gordon, and Levinsohn),Best Casting (Casting Society of America, Denise Chamian),Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture (Grammy Awards, Williams),Best Sound Editing for Dialogue (Motion Picture Sound Editors, Hymns, Rydstrom, Sandina Bailo-Lape, Ethan Van der Ryn, Teresa Eckton, Frank Eulner Karen Wilson, Larry Oatfield, and Bruce Lacey), and Sound Effects (Hymns, Rydstrom, Gwendolyn Yates Whittle, Larry Singer, Ewa Sztompke Oatfield, Sara Bolder, Denise Whiting, and Thomas Whiting)and Best of Show - Audiovisual (Key Art Awards).In 2014, the United StatesLibrary of CongressselectedSaving Private Ryanto be preserved in theNational Film Registryas \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Post-release Historical accuracy and veteran responses Several publications","publications highlighted the accuracy of the Omaha Beach assault, down to the sound of gunfire, although some errors were noted, such as bullets killing soldiers underwater, the absence of Britishcoxswainssteering the boats, and the battle's truncated duration.Historical curator John Delaney said: It's accurate for that unit on that bit of that beach on that day... but you can't say, 'That's what D-Day was like', because it wasn't. Omaha beach is about three and a half miles long. What's happening at one end of the beach isn't what's happening at the other end. Discussing the core narrative, Ambrose said, \"It's a stretch that they would send eight soldiers, but it could have been hard to find him... the paratroopers were scattered everywhere.\" Many World War II veterans described the opening ofSaving Private Ryanas depicting the most realistic representation of combat. Another veteran, interviewed byTime, said \"I remember when I walked out into the lobby of the moviehouse, not a single person coming out of","coming out of that showing said one word... everybody was stunned by it... It just brought back so many memories.\"There were various reports of some veterans being unable to finish watchingSaving Private Ryanbecause of the memories it brought back.TheUnited States Department of Veterans Affairscreated a dedicated phoneline for viewers affected by the film, and more veterans visited counselors forpost traumatic stress disorder. The rest of the film is less historically accurate. Fictitious elements include the nonexistent town of Ramelle, the battle associated with it, certain military tactical errors (included for dramatic effect), much of the dialogue, and some of the methods used to locate Ryan.Total Filmand some non U.S. veterans were critical of the lack of other Allied forces throughout the film.British broadcasterChannel 4said that these critics had missed the point of the film, in that it was \"unashamedly an American story\". Home media Saving Private Ryanwas released onVHSin May 1999.It became the","1999.It became the most successful rental debut of its time, earning $9.6million in its first week and $44million by July 1999.A limited edition two-VHS version was released in November 1999, adding a making-of documentary, as well as a message from Spielberg about D-Day and theNational D-Day Museum. ADVDwas released alongside the limited edition VHS, with the same extras.A two-disc Special Collector's Edition DVD set was released in May 2004 to coincide with the 60th anniversary of D-Day.This edition included additional content, includingbehind-the-scenescontent recorded during filming. Spielberg discussed his interest in WWII, the Niland brothers, the story and character development, the cast's boot camp experience, the involvement of the Irish army and locations, the recreation of Omaha Beach, the music, sound effects, and a farewell from Spielberg.This was released alongside a four-disc deluxe \"The World War II Collection\" DVD package that included a collectible book and two documentaries:Price for","for Peace(directed byJames Moll) about the use of dogs in WWII, andShooting War(directed by Richard Schickel) about combat photographers, with narration by Hanks. Saving Private Ryanwas released as a two-discBlu-rayin May 2010, including all previously released special features apart fromPrice for Peace.Paramount Home Entertainmentissued a recall of the Blu-rays after discovering that some versions featured an audio synchronization issue. The defect was fixed in versions re-released later that month.For the film's 20th anniversary in 2018, a three-disc \"Commemorative 20th Anniversary\" Blu-ray set was released, including a4K Ultra HD Blu-rayand all previously released features. Other media A novelization, written byMax Allan Collinsand Rodat, was released alongside the film.Saving Private Ryan: The Men, the Mission, the Movie : A Film by Steven Spielbergwas also released in 1998. It features illustrations, color plates, extracts from the screenplay and Ambrose's works, as well as commentary by crew including","by crew including Spielberg, Hanks, and Damon. Thematic analysis Patriotism Leading into the early 21st century, there was renewed focus in America on glorifying the generation that had fought in WWII, depicted in films such asSaving Private RyanandThe Thin Red Line, the miniseriesBand of Brothers(2001), books such asThe Greatest Generation(1998), and construction of aWorld War II Memorialin Washington, D.C.Many publications believed this resurgence of interest in the war to be a response to decades of American cynicism toward the nation'sfailure in the Vietnam War(1955–1975), and anticlimactic victories in theColdandGulf Warsthat resulted in little diplomatic success or celebration. Many films about the Vietnam War depicted its American combatants as self-hating, \"deeply troubled, or even psychotic,\" offered little respect, and portrayed the conflict itself as one mired in dread, anxiety, and general negativity.Literature professor Marzena Sokołowska-Paryż said the worship of WWII as \"the last Good War\" and","last Good War\" and its veterans as \"thegreatest generation\" represented a \"therapeutic patriotism\" designed to rehabilitate the modern image of combatants as the enduring legacy of WWII soldiers and the core American national identity while forgetting any lingering guilt over the Vietnam War.Film scholar Albert Auster described this reappraisal as a reversal of attitudes up to the early 1990s where historical wars, including WWII, were not beyond criticism and, particularly in response to the Vietnam War, literary critics aimed to undo the impression of WWII as the \"Good War\".Saving Private Ryanis American-centric, beginning and ending with an image of the nation's flag fluttering in the wind, a desaturated image suggesting a nostalgic image of \"the deep pride we once felt in our flag\".Stephen Holden described it as \"a wholehearted celebration of American pluck and virtue and honor\". Holden and Ebert disagreed with the view of some critics thatSaving Private Ryan's \"harrowing\" and realistic combat scenes","combat scenes were astatement against war. They wrote that it accepts war as a necessity and portrays its main characters not as symbols, but as real people trying to kill the enemy without getting themselves killed.The scenes of the elderly Ryan visiting Miller's grave with his family received some criticism.AuthorJohn Biguenetqueried how such a \"savage and unsentimental film\" could conclude with a scene so sentimentalized. Spielberg said in making the film he was meant to \"wave the flag and be patriotic,\" but that the reality of his father's experiences made him want to also convey the harsh reality.The Omaha Beach landing establishes the distance between the commanders safe at home who order Ryan be rescued, and the soldiers endangered in doing so.It is a sentimental mission intended to spare one family the grief of losing all of its sons, but Miller refers to it as a public relations scheme designed to boost civilian morale.General Marshall quotes a letter by Abraham Lincoln to a similarly affected","similarly affected family, but where Lincoln's letter expresses sentiment and patriotic sacrifice to the mother, it is not sentimental nor does it claim that her grief is greater than any other mother who lost her child at war.Biguenet said Marshall, in comparison, confuses sentimentality for morality. Despite the patriotic American imagery, the characters ofSaving Private Ryando not discuss their home country or protecting democracy fromfascism. The soldiers are only concerned with returning home to their loved ones. Miller's men openly state that they do not care about Ryan, but Miller says that he will go into metaphorical Hell to save him, if it means Miller can return to his wife. The soldiers actively fighting are not sentimental about their mission. Turan and Biguenet saidSaving Private Ryan\"feels like an official act of atonement\" for modern generations failing to acknowledge the \"courage and sacrifice\" of WWII soldiers. When Miller tells Ryan to \"earn this,\" he is effectively speaking about the debt","about the debt owed to veterans who made \"the ultimate sacrifice\" for their country.Biguenet called this a \"terrible, impossible order\", a moral burden that Ryan will carry until his own death because there is no way to compensate the high price paid by Miller's men. Spielberg suggested the answer was in the living paying homage to the fallen soldiers and the freedom for which they fought.History professor John Bodnar described the image of the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial as depicting a national unity with row after row of white grave markers, serving as a permanent reminder \"to other nations of the sacrifices made by the United States\". Morality and humanity Unlike some older WWII films that portrayed the soldiers as infallible heroes,Saving Private Ryanpresents battles fought by brave but frightened civilians, the majority of whom at Omaha Beach were not combat veterans.Ebert believed much of the audience, including himself, would identify with Upham, someone completely unprepared for the","unprepared for the realities of war but who must fight regardless.Miller is the opposite: an experienced soldier who is scared and anxious because he knows exactly what to expect and is haunted by his responsibility for the lives of his men.Although 94 men have died under his command, Miller rationalizes that he can prioritize his mission over his men because each sacrifice was responsible for saving many more lives. However, his mission to rescue Ryan demands he risk the lives of several men to save just one.Turan said Miller's trembling hands were a sign that he is \"dangerously close to coming apart\".Far Outmagazine wrote that the focus on Miller's ailment acknowledges the side effects of war such as post-traumatic stress disorder, something he suppresses to fulfil his duty. Spielberg said the mission to rescue Ryan cannot be morally or patriotically justified, risking eight lives to save one. This theme is reinforced when they encounter the sole survivor of a glider crash caused by heavy steel shielding","steel shielding added to protect a single general on board, resulting in 22 deaths. No character claims that the mission of Miller and his men is heroic, and the men express the grief their own mothers will feel should they be killed on this endeavor. The \"toughest\" soldier, Horvath, gives it meaning when he tells Miller that saving Ryan could be the one decent thing they can accomplish in \"this whole godawful, shitty mess\". Biguenet said that Spielberg is explicitly condemning their mission as an immoral act to force upon soldiers.Ebert considered the decision to deviate from the mission to attack the German gun nest on the way to Ramelle to be a deliberate rebellion against their orders. The action is not part of their mission and it is possible to avoid the situation entirely, but it grants the soldiers the opportunity to do what they came to Europe for: to fight a war.Hanks said the decision to stay with Ryan and defend Ramelle was the characters \"bringing meaning to a situation that until then had been","until then had been absurd\". While film critic Andrew Sarris found the German characters to match evil archetypes found in other WWII films, concluding with Upham's lesson that Steamboat Willie should have been killed earlier,Saving Private Ryandoes not portray the Allied soldiers as unimpeachable heroes.Following Omaha Beach, two Allied soldiers laugh as they execute two pleading German soldiers, but the soldiers are speaking Czech, indicating they are potentially from German-conquered Czechoslovakia, forcibly conscripted into the war effort.Biguenet wrote that the Germans are not portrayed as any worse than the Americans, as they are similarly affected by the horrors of war and casually execute downed American soldiers. InSaving Private Ryan, allegiances do not matter, all men are equal, and rules only matter until they conflict with the mission objective. Upham's transformation from cowardly interpreter to Willie's executioner shows the transformative realities of combat.Professor William J. Prior and","J. Prior and Auster wrote that Upham represents respect for human life and moral decency when he interferes to prevent Steamboat Willie's execution, despite the fact that it would protect the mission. He offers the intellectual perspective of a civilian, but his lack of combat experience makes him unable to kill the prisoner, which results in the deaths of many of his allies.Miller's experience means he is conscious of the risk involved in releasing Willie, but he is simultaneously struggling to cling to his own humanity and decency, believing that every time he kills he is moving \"farther from home\". Although Willie is the enemy, he is also a human with his own right to exist, and summarily executing him would further distance Miller from the self he and his wife knew.His decision to spare Willie and reveal his civilian background, returns to him a semblance of his humanity. Legacy Cultural influence Saving Private Ryanwas credited with renewing interest in World War II leading into the 21st century.NBC","21st century.NBC Newswrote that in presenting audiences with its \"stomach-churning violence and soul-shaking intensity of that pivotal chapter in the war\", the film had reshaped the United States' \"cultural memory\".It is regarded as one of the most accurate and realistic war films ever made, particularly for the opening Omaha Beach battle.Film historian Steven Jay Rubin said, \"It was a game-changer... it was devastatingly dramatic, visceral, immersive. I didn't touch my popcorn because it felt sacrilegious to eat while I'm watching it.\"Even so, director and Vietnam War veteran Oliver Stone claimed thatSaving Private Ryandepicted a \"worship\" of WWII as \"the good war\" that, alongside films such asGladiator(2000) andBlack Hawk Down, made audiences more in favor of war: \"By the time of theIraq War, we were ready to go back.\"American academicPaul Fussellsimilarly decriedSaving Private Ryanfor providing an \"honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening\" of Omaha Beach before descending into more broadly acceptable","broadly acceptable action-adventure fare. He said, \"Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious.\" The film is considered to have had a lasting influence on filmmaking, particularly its opening battle scenes.Vanity Fairwrote, \"no films about combat made since would look the way they do without the de-saturated, handheld, blood-splatters-and-all horror of cinema that is this extended sequence... it's a terrifying scene, either honorable or exploitative in its all vérité, depending on whom you ask. Regardless of any moral assessment, it's easily one of the most aped and referenced scenes of the late 20th century.\"Saving Private Ryanwas named by other directors as an influence, such asQuentin Tarantino(Inglourious Basterds, 2009),Christopher Nolan(Dunkirk, 2017), andRobert Altman.TheLos Angeles Timeswrote thatSaving Private Ryan's stylistic choices, such as placing the audience close to the on-screen action, can be seen in war and action media that followed. This","that followed. This includes films such asGladiator(2000),Enemy at the Gates,Pearl Harbor(both 2001),Flags of Our Fathers(2006), andHacksaw Ridge(2016), the \"psychological anguish\" ofAmerican Sniper(2014), and modern superhero films.This influence extends to television, with shows such asGame of Thrones(\"The Spoils of War\", 2017) andThe Pacific(2010).Saving Private Ryanis also seen as an influence on video games.Spielberg and DreamWorks developedMedal of Honor(1999) to translate the realism and setting ofSaving Private Ryan. Its success launched aseries ofMedal of Honorgames, which, in turn, contributed to the creation of theCall of Dutyseries. Modern reception Saving Private Ryanis considered one of thegreatest war films ever made.In a 2018 interview, Spielberg said, \"I didn't anticipate the success of the movie... in very early screenings, certain associates and other people in my life were saying that I made it too tough. I feared that almost nobody would see it because the word of mouth would spread","mouth would spread quickly after the first 25 minutes.\" In 2007, theAmerican Film Institute(AFI) listedSaving Private Ryanas71st-greatest American film.The AFI listed it among the mostthrilling,inspiring, andepicAmerican films.A 2014 poll of 2,120 entertainment industry professionals byThe Hollywood ReporterrankedSaving Private Ryanas the 46th-best film.Publications such asParadeandVarietynamed it one of the greatest films of all time.Saving Private Ryanis included in the 2013 film reference book1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,and it is listed onRotten Tomatoes' 300 essential movies.The film is generally considered to be among the best of Spielberg's works,and of Hanks's credits. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 94% approval rating across 149 critics, with an average score of 8.7/10. The consensus reads; \"Anchored by another winning performance from Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre.\"The film has a score of 91 out of 100 onMetacritic,","100 onMetacritic, based on 38 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Saving Private Ryanhas remained popular with audiences, with reader and viewer-ranked polling listing it as one of the greatest war films,among the greatest films of the 1990s, and the greatest films of all time. Notes References Citations Works cited External links"],"string":"[\n \"Niland brothers TheNiland brotherswere four American brothers fromTonawanda, New York, who served in the military duringWorld War II. They were sons of Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Niland.Two survived the war but, for a time, only one, Frederick \\\"Fritz\\\" Niland, was believed to have survived. After the reported deaths of his three brothers, Fritz was sent back to the United States to complete his service, and only later learned that his brother Edward, missing and presumed dead, was captive in aJapanesePOW campinBurma. Brothers Memorials In popular culture Steven Spielberg's1998 filmSaving Private Ryanis loosely based on the brothers' story. See also References External links\",\n \"Saving Private Ryan Saving Private Ryanis a 1998 Americanepicwar filmdirected bySteven Spielbergand written byRobert Rodat. Set in 1944 inNormandy, France, duringWorld War II, it follows a group of soldiers, led by Captain John Miller (Tom Hanks), on a mission to locate Private James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon) and bring him home safely after his three brothers have been killed in action. The cast also includesEdward Burns,Tom Sizemore,Barry Pepper,Giovanni Ribisi,Vin Diesel,Adam GoldbergandJeremy Davies. Inspired by the books ofStephen E. Ambroseand accounts of multiple soldiers in a single family, such as theNiland brothers, being killed in action, Rodat drafted the script, andParamount Pictureshired him to finish writing it. The project came to the attention of Hanks and Spielberg, whose involvement, due to their previous successes, secured the project's development. Spielberg wanted to makeSaving Private Ryanas authentic as possible and hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto do uncredited rewrites based on\",\n \"rewrites based on research and interviews with veterans. The main cast went through a week-long boot camp to help them understand the soldier's experience. Filming took place from June to September 1997, on a $65–70million budget, almost entirely on location in England and Ireland. The openingOmaha Beachbattle was the most demanding scene, costing $12 million to film over a four-week period, and using 1,500 background actors. Saving Private Ryanbecame one of the year's most successful films, earning critical acclaim for its graphic portrayal of combat. WWII veterans described the combat scenes as the most realistic portrayal of their own experiences they had seen; some said they had been unable to watch it due to their traumatic memories. The film earned $481.8million, making it thesecond-highest-grossing film of 1998, and went on to win many accolades, includingGolden Globe,Academy,BAFTA, andSaturnawards. Consideredone of the greatest films ever made,Saving Private Ryan's battle-scene filming techniques\",\n \"filming techniques impacted many subsequent war, action, and superhero films, and numerous directors have citedSaving Private Ryanas an influence on them. The picture is credited with having helped to renew interest in WWII at the turn of the century, inspiring other films, television shows, and video gamesset during the war. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\". Plot On June 6, 1944, theU.S. Armylands atOmaha Beachas part of theNormandy invasion, incurring major losses against the artillery and machine gun fire of the heavily fortifiedGerman forces. Initially dazed by the chaotic battle,2nd Ranger BattalionCaptainJohn H. Miller takes command of a surviving group and leads a successful infiltration behind German lines to secure victory. TheUnited States Department of Warreceives communication that three of four Ryan brothers have been killed in action; the last, James\",\n \"the last, James Francis Ryan of the101st Airborne Division, is listed as missing.GeneralGeorge C. Marshallorders that Ryan be found and sent home, to spare his family the loss of all its sons. Miller is tasked with recovering Ryan and assembles a detachment of soldiers to accompany him: Mike Horvath, Richard Reiben, Adrian Caparzo, Stanley Mellish, Daniel Jackson, Irwin Wade, and interpreter Timothy Upham, who lacks any combat experience. The group tracks Ryan to the town ofNeuville-au-Plain, where Caparzo is killed by a German sniper while trying to rescue a young girl. Mourning their friend, the men grow resentful at being forced to risk their lives for one man. They later find James Frederick Ryan, but realize he is the wrong man with a similar name. That evening, the men rest in a chapel, where Miller tells Horvath that his hands began uncontrollably shaking after he joined the war. The men travel to a rallying point where the 101st Airborne might be after landing off course, where they find scores of\",\n \"they find scores of wounded and displaced soldiers. Wade admonishes Reiben, Mellish, and Jackson for callously searching through a pile of deceased soldiers'dog tagsin front of passing troops, hoping to find Ryan's among them and conclude their mission. Remorseful for ignoring their behavior, Miller shouts for anyone who knows Ryan; one deafened soldier tells him that Ryan was reassigned to defend a vital bridge in the town of Ramelle. On the way, Miller decides to neutralize a German gun nest they discover, against the advice of his men, and although they are successful, Wade is killed. The men prepare to execute a surrendered German soldier in revenge, but Upham intervenes, arguing that they should follow therules of war. Miller releases the soldier, nicknamed \\\"Steamboat Willie\\\", ordering that he surrender to the nextAlliedpatrol. Discontented with the mission, Reiben threatens todesert, leading to a standoff between the men that Miller defuses by revealing his civilian background as a teacher and baseball\",\n \"and baseball coach, which he had always refused to disclose. Miller muses that people often guessed his career before he became a soldier, while his men could not, implying that war has changed him, and worries whether he is still the man he was and whether his wife will recognize him. In Ramelle, Miller's detachment finds Ryan and informs him of their mission, but Ryan refuses to abandon his post or his fellow soldiers, believing he does not deserve to go home more than anyone else. Horvath convinces Miller that saving Ryan might be the only truly decent thing they can accomplish during the war. Miller takes command of Ryan's group as the only officer present and prepares the soldiers for a German assault. Jackson and Horvath are killed, and Upham stands paralyzed with fear as Mellish is stabbed to death. Steamboat Willie returns and shoots Miller before reinforcements arrive to defeat the Germans. Upham confronts Willie, who attempts to surrender again, and kills him, before sending the other surrendering\",\n \"other surrendering Germans away. Upham and Reiben observe as the mortally wounded Miller tells Ryan to earn the sacrifices made to send him home. Decades later, an elderly Ryan and his family visit Miller's grave at theNormandy Cemetery. Ryan expresses that he remembers Miller's words every day, lived his life the best he could, and hopes he has earned their sacrifices. Cast The cast also includesGlenn Wrageas Doyle,Corey Johnsonas a radioman,John Sharianas Corporal Loeb, andRolf Saxonas Lieutenant Briggs—Allied soldiers at the Omaha beach landing.Demetri GoritsasandDylan Brunoportray Parker and Private First Class Toynbe, respectively, who aid in the battle of Ramelle.Joerg Stadler appears as Steamboat Willie, a German prisoner.Amanda Boxerportrays Ryan's mother, whileHarrison YoungandKathleen Byronportray the elderly James Ryan and his wife, Margaret.Technical advisor andMarineveteranDale Dyeappears as a War Department colonel. Production Concept ProducerMark Gordonwas a fan of writerRobert Rodat's\",\n \"Rodat's previous work on films such asTall Tale(1995) andFly Away Home(1996). The pair met in early 1995 to discuss potential projects and ideas. Within a few weeks, Rodat conceived ofSaving Private Ryan.He was inspired by a gift from his wife, the historical bookD-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II(1994), byStephen E. Ambrose, recounting the events of the Normandy landings. Rodat visited a monument inKeene, New Hampshirededicated to American soldiers killed in combat; he noticed the losses included brothers. He said, \\\"The idea of losing a son to war is painful beyond description... the idea of losing more than one son is inconceivable\\\".The Ryan family was based on the fourNiland brothersdetailed in Ambrose's book, who were deployed during WWII; two were killed and a third presumed dead; per theSole Survivor Policy, the fourth was returned from the war. Development To developSaving Private Ryan, Gordon founded the independent film studioMutual Film Company, alongside producerGary\",\n \"producerGary Levinsohn.Gordon brought Rodat's draft toParamount Picturesexecutives; they responded positively and hired Rodat who wrote the script over the following 12 months.Michael Baywas hired as director, but left the project because he could not resolve how to approach the material.Carin Sage, a junior agent representing Tom Hanks at theCreative Artists Agency, gave the script to Hanks, who was immediately interested and met with Gordon and Levinsohn.Hanks shared the script withSteven Spielbergwho agreed to direct because the pair had wanted to work together for some time.Rodat thought that Paramount would cancel the project after the studio purchased two other WWII-era scripts,CombatandWith Wings as Eagles, with popular actorsBruce WillisandArnold Schwarzeneggerattached, respectively.However, having secured the involvement of Hanks and Spielberg, two of the highest-paid and most successful actors and directors, Gordon suggested Paramount executives prioritizeSaving Private Ryan. Describing what\",\n \"Describing what interested him about the project, Spielberg said, \\\"So what you're doing is sending eight people out, all of whom have parents, to rescue one boy and send him back to his mom when any or all of these kids, along the mission route, could be killed. That was the central tug that made me want to tell the story\\\".Spielberg had a lifelong interest in WWII, having made war films as a teenager because \\\"it was the seminal conversation inside my family. My parents talked aboutthe Holocaustand they talked about combat and war. And I was born knowing this.My dadwas a veteran... he had many veterans over to the house, and I became absolutely obsessed... based on my father's stories, recollections, and also based on all the WWII movies\\\".He described the project as a tribute to his father. With Spielberg on board,DreamWorks Pictures, which he co-founded, became involved as a financier, with his companyAmblin Entertainmentas a production company.Spielberg's clout effectively removed Gordon and Levinsohn from\",\n \"and Levinsohn from the production, having no creative input, equity, or rights, but receiving a producer's credit and one-off payment. Levinsohn said, \\\"You just know going in what the score is... I guess it's unspoken that when you hire you're not going to be on the set making decisions\\\".DreamWorks hiredIan Bryceto replace them. In April 1997,Sumner Redstone, chairman of Paramount's parent companyViacom, had Spielberg flip a coin to determine the film's distribution rights. Spielberg won the toss, giving DreamWorks the favored North American distribution rights and Paramount the international rights. Earnings were held collectively and split evenly between the studios. In exchange, Paramount received the North American distribution rights to DreamWorks'Deep Impact(1998).To keep the budget low, Spielberg and Hanks took minimal upfront salaries in exchange for a guaranteed 17.5% of the gross profits, equivalent to 35 cents of every dollar earned. Rewrite Spielberg's initial concept forSaving Private Ryanwas\",\n \"Private Ryanwas aBoys' Own–style adventure film in which the search for Ryan was apublic relationseffort by the war department. However, after interviewing WWII veterans for research, he found this idea inappropriate. He decided to embed the story within a realistic portrayal of actual events while portraying the conflicted morality of sending men into life-threatening situations to save one man.He said, \\\"I cannot tell you how many veterans came up to me... and said: 'Please be honest about it. Please don't make another Hollywood movie about WWII. Please tell our stories...'\\\" The surviving Niland family was interviewed, and the story was further influenced by other substantial family war losses, including the fiveSullivan brotherskilled during WWII, and the Bixby brothers during theAmerican Civil War; theresulting letterbyAbraham Lincolnis quoted in the film. Spielberg described existing WWII films as \\\"sanitized\\\" and sentimentalized, focused on depicting honor and the glory of service in a manner that was\",\n \"a manner that was \\\"very safe and wholly untrue\\\".He wanted to present the courage of the soldiers in the face of \\\"palpable terror, almost blind terror\\\": I remember one of the telling me the entire charge up the beach was a blur—not a blur to his memory because he still remembered every single grain of sand when he had his face buried in it from that fusillade raining down on them from above. But he described how everything was not in focus for him. He described the sounds, and he described the vibrations of every concussion of every88 shellthat hit the beach, which gave some of them bloody noses, rattled their ears. The ground would come up and slam into their faces from the concussions.\\\" Ambrose served as a historical consultant. He disliked glorified depictions of the Normandy landings that ignored the reality of soldiers slowly dying in mud and water, wanting \\\"their mothers, they wanted morphine. It took a long time.\\\"Spielberg believed the legacy of theVietnam Warhad made his generation less interested in\",\n \"less interested in glorifying combat in film. Even so, he was influenced by early war films such asBattleground(1949),The Steel Helmet(1951), andHell Is for Heroes(1962). Although Rodat's script came close to the ideal WWII project he had hoped for, he believed it had \\\"a few problems\\\".He hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto performuncredited script rewrites.The scene begins as the second wave of soldiers arrives on Omaha beach (Darabont's suggestion),so they would be walking into \\\"Hell on Earth\\\" instead of empty beaches.Scott Frank performed rewrites based on transcriptions of Spielberg's recorded ideas and two folders of historical facts about the Normandy landings; these gave Frank ideas but he found it difficult to parse the reality of events into original ideas. The Normandy cemetery scene was based on Spielberg's own experience visiting the area as a youth; he witnessed a family accompanying a man who fell to his knees and began to cry at a grave marker. Casting Spielberg wanted older actors for his main\",\n \"actors for his main cast, claiming that young soldiers would look older than their age under the stresses of war.Miller is the \\\"adult in the story,\\\" intended to project a calmness and feeling of safety that is undermined by the character's uncontrollable handshaking.Spielberg wanted Hanks to play Miller because he was the only actor he thought of who would not \\\"want to use his teeth to pull out a pin from a hand grenade\\\".Hanks formed Miller's character based on the history of the 2nd Ranger Battalion before Omaha Beach, saying he believed Miller was \\\"horribly afraid\\\" of getting more of his men killed.Mel GibsonandHarrison Fordwere considered for the role.Miller's detachment is a diverse group, including a Jew and Italian, reminiscent of earlier WWII films; this was not a deliberate choice, although Spielberg believed he had subconsciously drawn on conventional WWII films.Burns described Reiben as a \\\"wise guy\\\" in the script, but the experience of filming the Omaha Beach landing inspired him to give the\",\n \"him to give the character a \\\"much harder edge\\\".Sizemore was cast inThe Thin Red Line(1998) when Spielberg offered him an alternative role as Horvath, Miller's friend, and confidant.The actor had a history of drug addiction, and Spielberg mandated that he pass regular drug tests to keep his part, or the role would be recast and his scenes re-shot.Describing his character, Sizemore said, \\\"he was a quiet man; he was taciturn; he followed orders, and he loved the captain... if he had a tragic flaw, it was that he didn't know when he had had enough when it was time to say, 'I can't do this anymore.'\\\" Diesel was cast after Spielberg saw his self-starring directorial efforts,Multi-Facial(1995) andStrays(1997). The actor was working as a telemarketer at the time, having struggled to secure acting jobs.Goldberg's role did not exist in the script until his casting.Spielberg wanted a relatively unknown actor to portray Private Ryan. Spielberg visited the set ofGood Will Hunting(1997), andRobin Williamsintroduced him to\",\n \"him to Damon. Spielberg cast him shortly after, believing he possessed a \\\"great American everyboy look,\\\" unaware thatGood Will Hunting's success would significantly raise Damon's profile.Neil Patrick Harriswas considered for the role, andEdward Nortonturned it down forAmerican History X(1998).Pete Postlethwaite,Tony Shalhoub, andGarth Brookswere considered for unspecified roles. At Hanks's and Dye's suggestion, Spielberg had the principal cast take part in a six-dayboot camp, wanting them to experience cold, wet, and exhaustive conditions, like those of WWII soldiers.Overseen by Dye and retired U.S. marines, the actors remained in character while simulating attacks, performing five-mile runs with full backpacks, weapons training, military exercises, and push-ups after making mistakes, on three hours of sleep per night in cold and rainy conditions.The men wanted to quit, but Hanks convinced them otherwise, saying they would regret not following through and the experience would help them understand their\",\n \"understand their characters and motivations.Diesel said, \\\"at that moment we got this huge respect for him in real life, we were all exhausted, we all wanted to leave and here was this guy who was a superstar, who doesn't have to be here, voting to stay\\\".Dye was present throughout filming to remind the actors of their training.Spielberg kept Damon out of the boot camp because he wanted the other actors to resent him and his character. Pre-production The pre-production forSaving Private Ryanwas truncated because Spielberg chose to filmAmistad(1997) immediately after finishing work onThe Lost World: Jurassic Park(1997). CinematographerJanusz Kamińskispent several weeks performing camera tests to define the film's visual aesthetic. The pair considered filmingmonochromaticallyas Spielberg had with his Holocaust film,Schindler's List(1993). However, they considered that this would seem \\\"pretentious,\\\" and were interested in emulating the colored WWII footage from their research. Kamiński let his interpretation of\",\n \"interpretation of the narrative dictate how to light scenes and narrowed down visual styles by identifying which films he did not wantSaving Private Ryanto emulate.He and Spielberg were visually influenced by WWII documentaries, such asMemphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress(1944),The Battle of Midway(1942),Why We Fight(1942–1945), and theNazi propagandafilms ofLeni Riefenstahl. They also looked at various books, paintings, and photographs of the Omaha Beach invasion taken by the war photographerRobert Capa.Kamiński wanted it to look like a major production \\\"shot on by a bunch of combat cameramen\\\". A variety of camera techniques were used to emulate the experience of being on a battlefield: Kamiński removed the protective coating on some lenses, creating a \\\"flatter\\\", degraded image akin to WWII-era cameras, and mismatched lenses when using multiple cameras for an inconsistent result; alternatingshutter anglesand speeds; and desynchronizing the camera shutter which created a \\\"streaking\\\" effect. Kamiński\",\n \"effect. Kamiński considered this a risky option because if it failed there was no way to fix the image in post-production.AClairmont Camera Image Shakervibrated the camera to emulate the effects of a nearby explosion or rolling tank.Spielberg chose to film in1.85:1 aspect ratiobecause he believed it was more lifelike and closer to \\\"the way the human eye really sees,\\\" and foundwidescreen formatsto be artificial. Three months were spent scouting for a location to portray the Normandy coast. The real location was too developed for their needs, and many other French beaches were restricted by military or wildlife use; Spielberg believed officials were difficult because they did not want him filming there.Beaches researched in England and Scotland lacked either the aesthetics or amenities required, such as housing for the crew, and the filmmakers needed a specific depth for the cast to leap from the landing crafts into the water.Associate producer, Kevin De La Noy's earlier work onBraveheart(1995) in Ireland had\",\n \"in Ireland had developed contacts with the Irish Army and knowledge of local beaches. One such location, the 11 km (6.8 mi) long Curracloe Beach, nearCurracloe, County Wexford, offered the desired golden sands and sheer cliffs and nearby amenities.Spielberg selected a 1 km (0.62 mi) segment of the beach, known as Ballinesker.He said, \\\"I was a bit disappointed that the beach we used wasn't as broad as the real Omaha Beach... I tried to use certain wide-angle lenses to extend the length of the flats on the sandy beach before the soldiers reach the shingle. I used wider lenses for geography and tighter lenses for the compression of action.A segment adjacent toBlackwater, also in Wexford, was considered, but the local nuns could not make the land available in time.Service roads were built for vehicles to reach Ballinesker.Production designerThomas E. Sandersled construction of the concrete battlements, bunkers,Czech hedgehogs, and barbed wire, much of which was made by local metalworkers.Over eleven weeks were\",\n \"eleven weeks were spent preparing Ballinesker for filming.A storm destroyed some of the props just before filming, but they were rebuilt overnight.The main crew arrived on location on June 25, 1997. Filming in Ireland Principal photographybegan on June 27, 1997.Filming completed up to 50 shots per day. Spielberg wanted the actors to get little rest, \\\"A war is fought fast, and I really wanted to keep all of the actors off-balance. I didn't want them to be able to read 75 pages of a novel... I wanted to work fast enough so that they always felt as if they were in combat... I had to keep them on the set, which meant shooting the film even faster than I normally do. War doesn't give you a break.\\\"Saving Private Ryanwas shot almost entirely in continuity order, although some of the crew found this \\\"a mentally demoralizing experience\\\" because the cast started together and left as their characters died. The Omaha Beach battle was filmed over three to four weeks, for $12million.The scene involved about 1,500 people\",\n \"about 1,500 people including 400 crew, 1,000 volunteerreserveandIrish armysoldiers, and dozens of extras and about 30 amputees and paraplegics fitted with prosthetic limbs to portray disfigured soldiers.Their numbers were supplemented with over one thousand detailed mannequins.The extras were divided into platoons with a designated leader, allowing Dye to control their action via four different radios with aid from threenon-commissioned officers.Costume designerJoanna Johnstoncontracted an American company responsible for making boots for soldiers during WWII to create about 2,000 pairs, using the last batch of dye from that period.Soldiers in the ocean wore wet suits beneath their uniforms to minimize hypothermia.ArmorerSimon Atherton was responsible for supplying authentic weapons. TwoHiggins Boatsused in the landings were used in the scene; additional boats from the 1950s were brought from California, Donegal, and Southampton.Hanks recalled: The first day of shooting... I was in the back of the landing\",\n \"back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was. The air literally went pink and the noise was deafening and there's bits and pieces of stuff falling all on top of you and it was horrifying.\\\" Soldiers vomiting from the boats was achieved usingmilk of magnesia.Acrane shotmoving from beneath the ocean surface to above the battlefield was achieved by placing the crane on a flatbed trailer and reversing it into the sea. The Omaha Beach sequence was extensively choreographed by stunt coordinatorSimon Crane, withsquibsand explosives managed byNeil Corbould. The only serious accident resulted when an extra's foot was run over by a car.Thousands of gallons of fake blood were used, mainly to turn the ocean and shoreline red.Based on his interviews with veterans, Spielberg had dead fish strewn in the water and around the battlefield, as well as\",\n \"as well as floating a Bible on the surface.Bullet impacts were emulated using air pipes concealed beneath the sand and ocean surface.Drums of diesel fuel were burned to create black smoke, while a series of pickup trucks carried systems to disperse white smoke. During filming, the weather was cold, rainy, and overcast; Kamiński said this matched the weather during the Normandy landings, enhancing the film's accuracy.Artificial light was used sparingly apart from on the boats to highlight the actors' eyes under their helmets.Spielberg had the camera stay close to the ground to appear as if it was the view of a soldier avoiding getting shot or a combat cameraman. He intended for the audience to feel like they were a part of the battle rather than watching.Most ofSaving Private Ryanwas filmed with handheld cameras. This was physically demanding on camera operator Mitch Dubin andSteadicamoperator Chris Haarhoff due to both proximity to the ground and movement through exploding scenery. The camera was close\",\n \"camera was close enough that fake blood, water, and sand would stick to the camera lens, but the filmmakers believed this made the footage more authentic. Kamiński considered the extensive setup of explosives, smoke, and choreography of over a thousand characters to be demanding as it could take half a day to reset if something went wrong, but the majority of scenes in the sequence were captured in less than four takes, using up to three cameras simultaneously. Spielberg said, \\\"I rarely walked away from a scene until I got what I wanted, and I'd say that I got what I wanted from those complex setups about 80 percent of the time.\\\"He reviewed each day's footage nightly in a local parish hall.The production crew remained after filming to restore the beach to its original state over the following month, per an ecological protection order. Filming in England and France Filming relocated to theHatfield Aerodromein Hertfordshire, England, at the end of August, for the remaining scenes and the battle of\",\n \"and the battle of Ramelle.French towns and rivers were scouted where a partial set could be built, but this was discarded over environmental concerns of filming contaminating the water. Instead, Sanders and his team built the fictional Ramelle on the grounds of the Aerodrome, based on five towns where fighting took place. Nearly threecity blockslong, the set included fully built buildings, facades, and a custom built, 900 ft (270 m) long river. The river was lined because they \\\"had to control the height of the water very carefully\\\". Explosives were used to create bomb craters and damage around Ramelle. Though the battle involved fewer extras than the Omaha Beach scene, several weeks were spent developing the complex choreography based on a battle plan devised by Dye.Spielberg did notstoryboardSaving Private Ryanbecause he wanted to position the camera spontaneously in reaction to what was taking place in each scene and he often relied on Dye and other WWII consultants for advice on staging the combat\",\n \"staging the combat scenes.Dale also advised on technical aspects of weapons; where Spielberg wanted to use larger explosions typically found in Hollywood action films, Dye would generally advise him to \\\"go half that size, they were never that big\\\".The production was estimated to have spent about £8million in the local area. Spielberg's spontaneous approach carried into other aspects; about halfway through filming, he decided to depict the remainder of the film from Upham's perspective, believing he represented the audience's inexperience of war.Goldberg's character was only going to be shot dead until Dye suggested a hand-to-hand combat sequence on the day of filming, leading Mellish to be stabbed through the heart.A separate scene of Ryan talking about his brothers was ad-libbed by Damon. The German machine-gun nest and following ambush of a half-track vehicle were filmed on the grounds ofThame Park, Thame, inOxfordshire; the chapel interior where Miller's men rest was filmed in the Thame Park chapel.The\",\n \"Park chapel.The Iowa cornfields where Ryan's mother lives in a house built for filming was set nearWest Kennet, Wiltshire.The American war office was filmed in the Hatfield Aerodrome. Kamiński wanted scenes in America to be more colorful and a relief from the muted tones of the combat scenes, so he positioned very bright lighting outside the windows.Scenes featuring the elderly Ryan were filmed at theNormandy American Cemetery and MemorialinColleville-sur-Mer, France, adjacent to Omaha Beach. Filming concluded ahead of schedule on September 13, 1997, after 12 weeks, with the French church interior scenes.The estimated total budget was $65–$70million. Post-production Kamiński chose to render his footage usingTechnicolor's proprietary ENR process (similar to ableach bypass) which retained more silver in thefilm stockand produced deeper blacks. He used \\\"70 percent ENR\\\" for a desaturated image which added a blue hue. Concerned this change would make the fake blood appear inauthentic, the effects department mixed\",\n \"department mixed blue coloring into it, giving it a dark red appearance.Visual-effects studioIndustrial Light & Magicprovided digital enhancements; many bullet wounds and blood splatter werecomputer-generated imagery. Michael Kahnedited the final 170-minute cut.Spielberg said that Kahn's style was intended to defy audience expectations and not make every scene or transition clear.Some scenes were cut because of their graphic imagery, such as Miller's unit encounter with burnt out tanks with charred bodies. Mellish's death was also trimmed, removing parts where the character screams in pain, after Spielberg's projectionist said \\\"It's too painful to watch.\\\" Spielberg said his movie had to be \\\"ugly\\\", but was worried the violent content could be seen as exploitative and earn it a restrictiveNC-17rating from theMotion Picture Association of America, restricting it to audiences over 17 years of age.He anticipated that the \\\"historical importance\\\" of the content would be taken into consideration; it received anR\",\n \"it received anR rating, meaning children could watch when accompanied by an adult. Music A long-time Spielberg collaborator, composerJohn Williams, produced the score.Spielberg chose little music accompaniment, wanting the sounds of battle and death to be prominent. Using aspottingprocess, he and Williams watched a rough cut of the film to agree on which scenes would feature music.Williams deliberately avoided \\\"anything grandiose or operatic\\\".Williams recorded the 55-minute score over three days atSymphony Hallin Boston, with theBoston Symphony Orchestraand vocals by theTanglewood Festival Chorus.The recording cost about $100,000 per hour.Spielberg chose the Orchestra: \\\"This is a movie about a company of soldiers, and it seemed appropriate to use an experienced company of musicians who are all virtuosos. Also we really wanted the sound of this room, Symphony Hall. On a soundstage you can get acoustically correct sound, but you don't hear the air. Here you get a rich, warm sound off the walls and ceiling, and\",\n \"and ceiling, and you do hear the air; Symphony Hall is an instrument too.\\\" Release Context The 1998 summer theatrical season began in early May withDeep Impact, a surprise box office hit that studios saw as a positive indicator for their upcoming 100 film releases.GodzillaandArmageddonwere expected to be the biggest successes, while industry executives were hopeful for smaller budget films (costing less than $60million) likeSmall Soldiers,The Negotiator,The Parent Trap, andThere's Something About Maryto become sleeper hits. Fewer sequels and less escapist entertainment were scheduled for release, and more films were targeted toward older audiences.Saving Private Ryanwas highly anticipated but analysis suggested the film faced commercial limitations because of its long runtime, restricting the number of times it could be screened daily, and its violent content.DreamWorks' marketing chief Terry Press said it was risky to release a serious drama in the summer, a time generally reserved for family and escapist\",\n \"family and escapist entertainment, but this was offset by Spielberg and Hanks's popularity.A screening for DreamWorks and Paramount executives was highly praised,but Spielberg had low expectations, believing the film was too violent to attract broad audiences. Box office The film premiered on July 21, 1998. The event was a low-profile affair without a party or many celebrities; Press said of the premiere, \\\"it would have been inappropriate\\\".Saving Private Ryanwas released in the United States and Canada on July 24, 1998.During its opening weekend, it earned $30.6million across 2,463 theaters—an average of $12,414 per theater.This figure made it the number-one film of the weekend, ahead ofThe Mask of Zorro($13.4million) in its second weekend,Lethal Weapon 4($13.1million) in its third, andThere's Something About Mary($12.5million), also in its second.The audience was split evenly between women and men, and skewed towards those aged over 25.The New York Timesdescribed it as unusual for a near-three-hour-long\",\n \"drama to perform so well on its opening weekend, crediting positive reviews. DreamWorks believed the box-office figure would have been higher if not for a delay in film prints arriving in hundreds of theaters across California and Arizona until late in the afternoon. In its second weekend,Saving Private Ryanremained the number-one film, with $23.6million, ahead of the debutingThe Parent Trap($11.1million) andThere's Something About Mary($10.9million) in its third.Saving Private Ryanretained the number-one position in its third weekend with ($17.4million), ahead of the debuts ofSnake Eyes($16.3million) andHalloween H20: 20 Years Later($16.1million), and its fourth with $13.2million, ahead of the debuts ofHow Stella Got Her Groove Back($11.3million) andThe Avengers($10.3million).In its fifth weekend,Saving Private Ryanfell to number2 with $10.1million, behind the debut ofBlade($17.1million).Without regaining the number1 position, it ranked among the top ten for 12 weeks.By the end of its theatrical run,Saving\",\n \"run,Saving Private Ryanearned a total box-office gross of $216.5million, making it the highest-grossing film of the year, ahead ofArmageddon($201.6million) andThere's Something About Mary($176.5million).This also made it only the third R-rated film to earn more than $200million, after 1984'sBeverly Hills Cop($235million) and 1991'sTerminator 2: Judgment Day($205million). Outside of the U.S. and Canada,Saving Private Ryanis estimated to have earned a further $265.3million. This gave the film a cumulative worldwide gross of $481.8million, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1998, behindArmageddon($553.7million). Saving Private Ryanwas seen as the biggest success of the theatrical summer.The New York Timeswrote that the success of a \\\"prestige film\\\" during a time of blockbuster entertainment with broad appeal was evidence that audiences were accepting of serious dramas alongside action films, such asArmageddonandGodzilla, and \\\"gross-out comedy\\\" likeThere's Something About Mary. The publication wrote\",\n \"publication wrote that the popularity ofSaving Private Ryanwas, in part, because it depicted a \\\"nobler, cleaner era\\\" promoting values of heroism and \\\"patriotic duty\\\".The 1998 box office broke records with over $7billion earned. Despite expectations, the biggest successes had relatively modest budgets, such asSaving Private Ryan,There's Something About Mary,Rush Hour, andThe Waterboy, while the anticipated blockbusters, such asGodzillaandArmageddon, were so expensive to make that they were less profitable.Re-releases ofSaving Private Ryanhave raised the box office to $482.3million.Spielberg's and Hanks's pay agreement earned them an estimated $30–$40 million each of the box office. Reception Critical response Saving Private Ryanreceived critical acclaim,and audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of \\\"A\\\" on an A+ to F scale.Critics generally agreed thatSaving Private Ryanpresented the grim and brutal reality of the \\\"Good War\\\" in a way previously unseen on film.Writing for theLos Angeles\",\n \"for theLos Angeles Times,Kenneth Turandescribed the film as darker and more pessimistic than any of Spielberg's previous works, dispelling the mythos of WWII as staunchly good heroes fighting against evil forces, to depict the reality of combat where, \\\"American soldiers mock virtue and shoot surrendering Germans, where decent and altruistic actions tend to be fatal, where death is random, stupid and redeems hardly anything at all\\\".Some reviewers said this exploration of the limitations of morality in combat asked audiences to consider that the lives lost during the conflict were as valuable as those saved by their sacrifices. Writing for theChicago Tribune,Gene Siskellauded the film's ability to discuss the \\\"brutality and madness\\\" of war while \\\"believably\\\" celebrating the sacrifices and courage of those fighting it.Salon.com's Gary Kamiya concluded, \\\"it will forever change the way people imagine the most important event in 20th century history. That is no small achievement.\\\"InThe New York Times,Stephen\",\n \"York Times,Stephen Holdensaid \\\"it's a safe bet thatSaving Private Ryan, a powerful but flawed movie, will be revered as a classic decades hence.\\\" Many reviewers focused on the film's two major combat sequences, particularly the opening on Omaha Beach.Focus was on the \\\"horrifying,\\\" \\\"visceral,\\\" \\\"brutal,\\\" \\\"shocking,\\\" and \\\"fierce\\\" violence present in the opening battle, described byEntertainment Weekly'sOwen GleibermanandTime'sRichard Schickelas one of the most revolutionary film sequences ever made.Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesand Schickel compared it with the energy and dread of similar scenes in the Vietnam war filmPlatoon(1986), but with a grander scope depicting masses of men killing each other from afar, drawing the \\\"horror\\\" out of a lengthy, sustained sequence, without the audience being allowed to become desensitized.Some reviewers believed that the scene was so impactful and thought-provoking that it overshadowed the rest of the film.Although there was some criticism toward the realistic violence\",\n \"realistic violence and gore, Turan believed it was done purposely and dispassionately, conveying the chaos and despair experienced by the soldiers, and not done for the sake of entertainment.Spielberg rejected this criticism, affirming he wanted the audience to understand what real combat was like and what the soldiers experienced, not observe it from afar as spectators.Some reviewers believed the concluding battle in Ramelle was more violent than Omaha Beach, particularly the slow death of Mellish as he is stabbed through the chest.The New York Observer'sAndrew Sarriscriticized the \\\"pornography of violence and cruelty\\\" depicted in severed limbs and rivers of blood. Turan andJonathan Rosenbaumfound that, outside of the combat, the script was effective but uninspired and derivative of war films by other directors, such asOliver Stone,Stanley Kubrick, andFrancis Ford Coppola.Others criticized \\\"manipulative\\\" oversentimentality, particularly in the modern dayframing devicefeaturing the elderly Ryan.Even so,\",\n \"Ryan.Even so, Kamiya described it as \\\"enormously moving, it serves as a kind of redemption, a necessary if eternally fragile answer to the hell he witnessed\\\". Hanks's performance was generally praised, with some reviewers calling it the best of his career to date.Many reviewers agreed that hiseverymanpersona allowed him to portray Miller with a gentle weariness, empathy, and vulnerability beneath a surface of strength and decency, but also cynicism toward the war.Ebert and Schickel wrote that he offered a quiet reserve \\\"hinting at unspoken competencies\\\" that convince his men and the audience to follow along with him.Turan believed that Hanks's \\\"indelible\\\" performance represented how the audience would hope to be when confronted by the same situations.The other main cast also generally received positive reviews, particularly Davies, with Ebert saying that his transformation from inexperienced interpreter to soldier was the conclusion to \\\"Spielberg's unspoken philosophical argument\\\".Gleiberman and Turan also\",\n \"and Turan also highlighted the performances of Pepper, Ribisi, and Sizemore, who Turan believed delivered his career's \\\"best, most controlled\\\" performance.Ebert praised the cast for not devolving into cliché or \\\"zany\\\" archetypes and effectively portraying the bonds between them.However, Kamiya wrote that Damon's performance was \\\"jarring\\\", believing both his more cinematic aesthetic and speech about his brothers to be artificial. The review concluded that Ryan was not very compelling, which made it difficult to care about the mission to save him. Accolades At the56th Golden Globe Awardsin 1999,Saving Private RyanwonBest DramaandBest Director(Spielberg), and was nominated forBest Drama Actor(Hanks),Best Original Score(Williams), andBest Screenplay(Rodat).At the71st Academy Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Director(Spielberg),Best Cinematography(Kamiński),Best Film Editing(Kahn),Best Sound(Gary Rydstrom,Gary Summers,Andy Nelson,Ronald Judkins), andBest Sound Effects Editing(Rydstrom and Richard Hymns) while it\",\n \"Hymns) while it was nominated forBest Actor(Hanks),Best Original Screenplay(Rodat),Best Music(Williams),Best Production Design(Sanders andLisa Dean Kavanaugh), andBest Makeup(Lois Burwell,Conor O'Sullivan,Daniel C. Striepeke).Saving Private Ryan's unexpected loss ofBest PicturetoShakespeare in Loveis seen as one of the biggest upsets in the awards history and led to DreamWorks executives accusing its producers,Miramax, of \\\"overly aggressive campaigning\\\".A 2015 poll of Academy voters suggested that, given another opportunity, they would have votedSaving Private Ryanas Best Picture. At the52nd British Academy Film Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Special EffectsandBest Sound, and was nominated forBest Film,Best Direction(Spielberg), andBest Actor(Hanks).At the25th Saturn Awards, it wonBest Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.The3rd Golden Satellite Awardsalso earned the filmBest Editing(Kahn), and a nomination forBest Supporting Actor(Sizemore),as well asBest Director(Spielberg) andBest Actor(Hanks) at\",\n \"Actor(Hanks) at theEmpire Awards. Saving Private Ryanalso won awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement (Directors Guild of America, Spielberg),Motion Picture Producer of the Year (PGA Awards, Spielberg, Bryce, Gordon, and Levinsohn),Best Casting (Casting Society of America, Denise Chamian),Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture (Grammy Awards, Williams),Best Sound Editing for Dialogue (Motion Picture Sound Editors, Hymns, Rydstrom, Sandina Bailo-Lape, Ethan Van der Ryn, Teresa Eckton, Frank Eulner Karen Wilson, Larry Oatfield, and Bruce Lacey), and Sound Effects (Hymns, Rydstrom, Gwendolyn Yates Whittle, Larry Singer, Ewa Sztompke Oatfield, Sara Bolder, Denise Whiting, and Thomas Whiting)and Best of Show - Audiovisual (Key Art Awards).In 2014, the United StatesLibrary of CongressselectedSaving Private Ryanto be preserved in theNational Film Registryas \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\". Post-release Historical accuracy and veteran responses Several publications\",\n \"publications highlighted the accuracy of the Omaha Beach assault, down to the sound of gunfire, although some errors were noted, such as bullets killing soldiers underwater, the absence of Britishcoxswainssteering the boats, and the battle's truncated duration.Historical curator John Delaney said: It's accurate for that unit on that bit of that beach on that day... but you can't say, 'That's what D-Day was like', because it wasn't. Omaha beach is about three and a half miles long. What's happening at one end of the beach isn't what's happening at the other end. Discussing the core narrative, Ambrose said, \\\"It's a stretch that they would send eight soldiers, but it could have been hard to find him... the paratroopers were scattered everywhere.\\\" Many World War II veterans described the opening ofSaving Private Ryanas depicting the most realistic representation of combat. Another veteran, interviewed byTime, said \\\"I remember when I walked out into the lobby of the moviehouse, not a single person coming out of\",\n \"coming out of that showing said one word... everybody was stunned by it... It just brought back so many memories.\\\"There were various reports of some veterans being unable to finish watchingSaving Private Ryanbecause of the memories it brought back.TheUnited States Department of Veterans Affairscreated a dedicated phoneline for viewers affected by the film, and more veterans visited counselors forpost traumatic stress disorder. The rest of the film is less historically accurate. Fictitious elements include the nonexistent town of Ramelle, the battle associated with it, certain military tactical errors (included for dramatic effect), much of the dialogue, and some of the methods used to locate Ryan.Total Filmand some non U.S. veterans were critical of the lack of other Allied forces throughout the film.British broadcasterChannel 4said that these critics had missed the point of the film, in that it was \\\"unashamedly an American story\\\". Home media Saving Private Ryanwas released onVHSin May 1999.It became the\",\n \"1999.It became the most successful rental debut of its time, earning $9.6million in its first week and $44million by July 1999.A limited edition two-VHS version was released in November 1999, adding a making-of documentary, as well as a message from Spielberg about D-Day and theNational D-Day Museum. ADVDwas released alongside the limited edition VHS, with the same extras.A two-disc Special Collector's Edition DVD set was released in May 2004 to coincide with the 60th anniversary of D-Day.This edition included additional content, includingbehind-the-scenescontent recorded during filming. Spielberg discussed his interest in WWII, the Niland brothers, the story and character development, the cast's boot camp experience, the involvement of the Irish army and locations, the recreation of Omaha Beach, the music, sound effects, and a farewell from Spielberg.This was released alongside a four-disc deluxe \\\"The World War II Collection\\\" DVD package that included a collectible book and two documentaries:Price for\",\n \"for Peace(directed byJames Moll) about the use of dogs in WWII, andShooting War(directed by Richard Schickel) about combat photographers, with narration by Hanks. Saving Private Ryanwas released as a two-discBlu-rayin May 2010, including all previously released special features apart fromPrice for Peace.Paramount Home Entertainmentissued a recall of the Blu-rays after discovering that some versions featured an audio synchronization issue. The defect was fixed in versions re-released later that month.For the film's 20th anniversary in 2018, a three-disc \\\"Commemorative 20th Anniversary\\\" Blu-ray set was released, including a4K Ultra HD Blu-rayand all previously released features. Other media A novelization, written byMax Allan Collinsand Rodat, was released alongside the film.Saving Private Ryan: The Men, the Mission, the Movie : A Film by Steven Spielbergwas also released in 1998. It features illustrations, color plates, extracts from the screenplay and Ambrose's works, as well as commentary by crew including\",\n \"by crew including Spielberg, Hanks, and Damon. Thematic analysis Patriotism Leading into the early 21st century, there was renewed focus in America on glorifying the generation that had fought in WWII, depicted in films such asSaving Private RyanandThe Thin Red Line, the miniseriesBand of Brothers(2001), books such asThe Greatest Generation(1998), and construction of aWorld War II Memorialin Washington, D.C.Many publications believed this resurgence of interest in the war to be a response to decades of American cynicism toward the nation'sfailure in the Vietnam War(1955–1975), and anticlimactic victories in theColdandGulf Warsthat resulted in little diplomatic success or celebration. Many films about the Vietnam War depicted its American combatants as self-hating, \\\"deeply troubled, or even psychotic,\\\" offered little respect, and portrayed the conflict itself as one mired in dread, anxiety, and general negativity.Literature professor Marzena Sokołowska-Paryż said the worship of WWII as \\\"the last Good War\\\" and\",\n \"last Good War\\\" and its veterans as \\\"thegreatest generation\\\" represented a \\\"therapeutic patriotism\\\" designed to rehabilitate the modern image of combatants as the enduring legacy of WWII soldiers and the core American national identity while forgetting any lingering guilt over the Vietnam War.Film scholar Albert Auster described this reappraisal as a reversal of attitudes up to the early 1990s where historical wars, including WWII, were not beyond criticism and, particularly in response to the Vietnam War, literary critics aimed to undo the impression of WWII as the \\\"Good War\\\".Saving Private Ryanis American-centric, beginning and ending with an image of the nation's flag fluttering in the wind, a desaturated image suggesting a nostalgic image of \\\"the deep pride we once felt in our flag\\\".Stephen Holden described it as \\\"a wholehearted celebration of American pluck and virtue and honor\\\". Holden and Ebert disagreed with the view of some critics thatSaving Private Ryan's \\\"harrowing\\\" and realistic combat scenes\",\n \"combat scenes were astatement against war. They wrote that it accepts war as a necessity and portrays its main characters not as symbols, but as real people trying to kill the enemy without getting themselves killed.The scenes of the elderly Ryan visiting Miller's grave with his family received some criticism.AuthorJohn Biguenetqueried how such a \\\"savage and unsentimental film\\\" could conclude with a scene so sentimentalized. Spielberg said in making the film he was meant to \\\"wave the flag and be patriotic,\\\" but that the reality of his father's experiences made him want to also convey the harsh reality.The Omaha Beach landing establishes the distance between the commanders safe at home who order Ryan be rescued, and the soldiers endangered in doing so.It is a sentimental mission intended to spare one family the grief of losing all of its sons, but Miller refers to it as a public relations scheme designed to boost civilian morale.General Marshall quotes a letter by Abraham Lincoln to a similarly affected\",\n \"similarly affected family, but where Lincoln's letter expresses sentiment and patriotic sacrifice to the mother, it is not sentimental nor does it claim that her grief is greater than any other mother who lost her child at war.Biguenet said Marshall, in comparison, confuses sentimentality for morality. Despite the patriotic American imagery, the characters ofSaving Private Ryando not discuss their home country or protecting democracy fromfascism. The soldiers are only concerned with returning home to their loved ones. Miller's men openly state that they do not care about Ryan, but Miller says that he will go into metaphorical Hell to save him, if it means Miller can return to his wife. The soldiers actively fighting are not sentimental about their mission. Turan and Biguenet saidSaving Private Ryan\\\"feels like an official act of atonement\\\" for modern generations failing to acknowledge the \\\"courage and sacrifice\\\" of WWII soldiers. When Miller tells Ryan to \\\"earn this,\\\" he is effectively speaking about the debt\",\n \"about the debt owed to veterans who made \\\"the ultimate sacrifice\\\" for their country.Biguenet called this a \\\"terrible, impossible order\\\", a moral burden that Ryan will carry until his own death because there is no way to compensate the high price paid by Miller's men. Spielberg suggested the answer was in the living paying homage to the fallen soldiers and the freedom for which they fought.History professor John Bodnar described the image of the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial as depicting a national unity with row after row of white grave markers, serving as a permanent reminder \\\"to other nations of the sacrifices made by the United States\\\". Morality and humanity Unlike some older WWII films that portrayed the soldiers as infallible heroes,Saving Private Ryanpresents battles fought by brave but frightened civilians, the majority of whom at Omaha Beach were not combat veterans.Ebert believed much of the audience, including himself, would identify with Upham, someone completely unprepared for the\",\n \"unprepared for the realities of war but who must fight regardless.Miller is the opposite: an experienced soldier who is scared and anxious because he knows exactly what to expect and is haunted by his responsibility for the lives of his men.Although 94 men have died under his command, Miller rationalizes that he can prioritize his mission over his men because each sacrifice was responsible for saving many more lives. However, his mission to rescue Ryan demands he risk the lives of several men to save just one.Turan said Miller's trembling hands were a sign that he is \\\"dangerously close to coming apart\\\".Far Outmagazine wrote that the focus on Miller's ailment acknowledges the side effects of war such as post-traumatic stress disorder, something he suppresses to fulfil his duty. Spielberg said the mission to rescue Ryan cannot be morally or patriotically justified, risking eight lives to save one. This theme is reinforced when they encounter the sole survivor of a glider crash caused by heavy steel shielding\",\n \"steel shielding added to protect a single general on board, resulting in 22 deaths. No character claims that the mission of Miller and his men is heroic, and the men express the grief their own mothers will feel should they be killed on this endeavor. The \\\"toughest\\\" soldier, Horvath, gives it meaning when he tells Miller that saving Ryan could be the one decent thing they can accomplish in \\\"this whole godawful, shitty mess\\\". Biguenet said that Spielberg is explicitly condemning their mission as an immoral act to force upon soldiers.Ebert considered the decision to deviate from the mission to attack the German gun nest on the way to Ramelle to be a deliberate rebellion against their orders. The action is not part of their mission and it is possible to avoid the situation entirely, but it grants the soldiers the opportunity to do what they came to Europe for: to fight a war.Hanks said the decision to stay with Ryan and defend Ramelle was the characters \\\"bringing meaning to a situation that until then had been\",\n \"until then had been absurd\\\". While film critic Andrew Sarris found the German characters to match evil archetypes found in other WWII films, concluding with Upham's lesson that Steamboat Willie should have been killed earlier,Saving Private Ryandoes not portray the Allied soldiers as unimpeachable heroes.Following Omaha Beach, two Allied soldiers laugh as they execute two pleading German soldiers, but the soldiers are speaking Czech, indicating they are potentially from German-conquered Czechoslovakia, forcibly conscripted into the war effort.Biguenet wrote that the Germans are not portrayed as any worse than the Americans, as they are similarly affected by the horrors of war and casually execute downed American soldiers. InSaving Private Ryan, allegiances do not matter, all men are equal, and rules only matter until they conflict with the mission objective. Upham's transformation from cowardly interpreter to Willie's executioner shows the transformative realities of combat.Professor William J. Prior and\",\n \"J. Prior and Auster wrote that Upham represents respect for human life and moral decency when he interferes to prevent Steamboat Willie's execution, despite the fact that it would protect the mission. He offers the intellectual perspective of a civilian, but his lack of combat experience makes him unable to kill the prisoner, which results in the deaths of many of his allies.Miller's experience means he is conscious of the risk involved in releasing Willie, but he is simultaneously struggling to cling to his own humanity and decency, believing that every time he kills he is moving \\\"farther from home\\\". Although Willie is the enemy, he is also a human with his own right to exist, and summarily executing him would further distance Miller from the self he and his wife knew.His decision to spare Willie and reveal his civilian background, returns to him a semblance of his humanity. Legacy Cultural influence Saving Private Ryanwas credited with renewing interest in World War II leading into the 21st century.NBC\",\n \"21st century.NBC Newswrote that in presenting audiences with its \\\"stomach-churning violence and soul-shaking intensity of that pivotal chapter in the war\\\", the film had reshaped the United States' \\\"cultural memory\\\".It is regarded as one of the most accurate and realistic war films ever made, particularly for the opening Omaha Beach battle.Film historian Steven Jay Rubin said, \\\"It was a game-changer... it was devastatingly dramatic, visceral, immersive. I didn't touch my popcorn because it felt sacrilegious to eat while I'm watching it.\\\"Even so, director and Vietnam War veteran Oliver Stone claimed thatSaving Private Ryandepicted a \\\"worship\\\" of WWII as \\\"the good war\\\" that, alongside films such asGladiator(2000) andBlack Hawk Down, made audiences more in favor of war: \\\"By the time of theIraq War, we were ready to go back.\\\"American academicPaul Fussellsimilarly decriedSaving Private Ryanfor providing an \\\"honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening\\\" of Omaha Beach before descending into more broadly acceptable\",\n \"broadly acceptable action-adventure fare. He said, \\\"Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious.\\\" The film is considered to have had a lasting influence on filmmaking, particularly its opening battle scenes.Vanity Fairwrote, \\\"no films about combat made since would look the way they do without the de-saturated, handheld, blood-splatters-and-all horror of cinema that is this extended sequence... it's a terrifying scene, either honorable or exploitative in its all vérité, depending on whom you ask. Regardless of any moral assessment, it's easily one of the most aped and referenced scenes of the late 20th century.\\\"Saving Private Ryanwas named by other directors as an influence, such asQuentin Tarantino(Inglourious Basterds, 2009),Christopher Nolan(Dunkirk, 2017), andRobert Altman.TheLos Angeles Timeswrote thatSaving Private Ryan's stylistic choices, such as placing the audience close to the on-screen action, can be seen in war and action media that followed. This\",\n \"that followed. This includes films such asGladiator(2000),Enemy at the Gates,Pearl Harbor(both 2001),Flags of Our Fathers(2006), andHacksaw Ridge(2016), the \\\"psychological anguish\\\" ofAmerican Sniper(2014), and modern superhero films.This influence extends to television, with shows such asGame of Thrones(\\\"The Spoils of War\\\", 2017) andThe Pacific(2010).Saving Private Ryanis also seen as an influence on video games.Spielberg and DreamWorks developedMedal of Honor(1999) to translate the realism and setting ofSaving Private Ryan. Its success launched aseries ofMedal of Honorgames, which, in turn, contributed to the creation of theCall of Dutyseries. Modern reception Saving Private Ryanis considered one of thegreatest war films ever made.In a 2018 interview, Spielberg said, \\\"I didn't anticipate the success of the movie... in very early screenings, certain associates and other people in my life were saying that I made it too tough. I feared that almost nobody would see it because the word of mouth would spread\",\n \"mouth would spread quickly after the first 25 minutes.\\\" In 2007, theAmerican Film Institute(AFI) listedSaving Private Ryanas71st-greatest American film.The AFI listed it among the mostthrilling,inspiring, andepicAmerican films.A 2014 poll of 2,120 entertainment industry professionals byThe Hollywood ReporterrankedSaving Private Ryanas the 46th-best film.Publications such asParadeandVarietynamed it one of the greatest films of all time.Saving Private Ryanis included in the 2013 film reference book1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,and it is listed onRotten Tomatoes' 300 essential movies.The film is generally considered to be among the best of Spielberg's works,and of Hanks's credits. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 94% approval rating across 149 critics, with an average score of 8.7/10. The consensus reads; \\\"Anchored by another winning performance from Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre.\\\"The film has a score of 91 out of 100 onMetacritic,\",\n \"100 onMetacritic, based on 38 critics, indicating \\\"universal acclaim\\\".Saving Private Ryanhas remained popular with audiences, with reader and viewer-ranked polling listing it as one of the greatest war films,among the greatest films of the 1990s, and the greatest films of all time. Notes References Citations Works cited External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":277,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who was the Argentinian president who resigned from the position the same year the José Martín Olaeta Stadium was inaugurated?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Pedro Ramírez"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADn_Olaeta"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_in_Argentina"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADn_Olaeta', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_in_Argentina']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADn_Olaeta","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_in_Argentina"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADn_Olaeta\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_in_Argentina\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Estadio José Martín Olaeta Estadio José Martín Olaetais afootballstadiumlocated in the city ofRosarioofSanta Fe Province,Argentina. The stadium is owned and operated byC.A. Argentino. It has a capacity of 8,500 spectators and was inaugurated in 1944. The stadium was named after José Martín Olaeta, president of the club what promoted Argentino's affiliation toArgentine Football Association(AFA) in 1944,as part of being behind the construction of the venue. It has two grandstands, one cement-built and another wooden-built.Olaeta is regarded as the most important executive in club's history. It was declared \"City of Rosario Heritage Site\" in 2012. The statement said \"the stadium's heritage value is not its architectural style but what this means for its neighbors and club members\". History The first Club Argentino stadium was located on Boulevard Avellaneda and Gorriti streets, inBarrio Refinería, then moving to Gorriti and Iguazú street inBarrio Industrial. When the institution requested affiliation to AFA in 1943, the observers requested the club to build a grandstand to fulfil the AFA's regulations for official competitions. Club executives decided to buy one of the boundaries lands to make the refurbishments requested. As the land's owner refused to sell his property, Olaeta (then president of the club) decided to acquire a land in the north side of the city, on Víctor Mercante street, where the stadium was finally built, and affiliation was accepted by the AFA. Club Atlético Argentino made their debut in tournaments organised by AFA in the 1944Torneo de Ascenso(then the second division of Argentine football)playing its first match vsAll Boys, on 15 April 1944, which was also the first match held in Estadio Olaeta. References","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1944_in_Argentina (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"],"string":"[\n \"Estadio José Martín Olaeta Estadio José Martín Olaetais afootballstadiumlocated in the city ofRosarioofSanta Fe Province,Argentina. The stadium is owned and operated byC.A. Argentino. It has a capacity of 8,500 spectators and was inaugurated in 1944. The stadium was named after José Martín Olaeta, president of the club what promoted Argentino's affiliation toArgentine Football Association(AFA) in 1944,as part of being behind the construction of the venue. It has two grandstands, one cement-built and another wooden-built.Olaeta is regarded as the most important executive in club's history. It was declared \\\"City of Rosario Heritage Site\\\" in 2012. The statement said \\\"the stadium's heritage value is not its architectural style but what this means for its neighbors and club members\\\". History The first Club Argentino stadium was located on Boulevard Avellaneda and Gorriti streets, inBarrio Refinería, then moving to Gorriti and Iguazú street inBarrio Industrial. When the institution requested affiliation to AFA in 1943, the observers requested the club to build a grandstand to fulfil the AFA's regulations for official competitions. Club executives decided to buy one of the boundaries lands to make the refurbishments requested. As the land's owner refused to sell his property, Olaeta (then president of the club) decided to acquire a land in the north side of the city, on Víctor Mercante street, where the stadium was finally built, and affiliation was accepted by the AFA. Club Atlético Argentino made their debut in tournaments organised by AFA in the 1944Torneo de Ascenso(then the second division of Argentine football)playing its first match vsAll Boys, on 15 April 1944, which was also the first match held in Estadio Olaeta. References\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1944_in_Argentina (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Estadio José Martín Olaeta Estadio José Martín Olaetais afootballstadiumlocated in the city ofRosarioofSanta Fe Province,Argentina. The stadium is owned and operated byC.A. Argentino. It has a capacity of 8,500 spectators and was inaugurated in 1944. The stadium was named after José Martín Olaeta, president of the club what promoted Argentino's affiliation toArgentine Football Association(AFA) in 1944,as part of being behind the construction of the venue. It has two grandstands, one cement-built and another wooden-built.Olaeta is regarded as the most important executive in club's history. It was declared \"City of Rosario Heritage Site\" in 2012. The statement said \"the stadium's heritage value is not its architectural style but what this means for its neighbors and club members\". History The first Club Argentino stadium was located on Boulevard Avellaneda and Gorriti streets, inBarrio Refinería, then moving to Gorriti and Iguazú street inBarrio Industrial. When the institution requested affiliation to AFA in","to AFA in 1943, the observers requested the club to build a grandstand to fulfil the AFA's regulations for official competitions. Club executives decided to buy one of the boundaries lands to make the refurbishments requested. As the land's owner refused to sell his property, Olaeta (then president of the club) decided to acquire a land in the north side of the city, on Víctor Mercante street, where the stadium was finally built, and affiliation was accepted by the AFA. Club Atlético Argentino made their debut in tournaments organised by AFA in the 1944Torneo de Ascenso(then the second division of Argentine football)playing its first match vsAll Boys, on 15 April 1944, which was also the first match held in Estadio Olaeta. References","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1944_in_Argentina (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"],"string":"[\n \"Estadio José Martín Olaeta Estadio José Martín Olaetais afootballstadiumlocated in the city ofRosarioofSanta Fe Province,Argentina. The stadium is owned and operated byC.A. Argentino. It has a capacity of 8,500 spectators and was inaugurated in 1944. The stadium was named after José Martín Olaeta, president of the club what promoted Argentino's affiliation toArgentine Football Association(AFA) in 1944,as part of being behind the construction of the venue. It has two grandstands, one cement-built and another wooden-built.Olaeta is regarded as the most important executive in club's history. It was declared \\\"City of Rosario Heritage Site\\\" in 2012. The statement said \\\"the stadium's heritage value is not its architectural style but what this means for its neighbors and club members\\\". History The first Club Argentino stadium was located on Boulevard Avellaneda and Gorriti streets, inBarrio Refinería, then moving to Gorriti and Iguazú street inBarrio Industrial. When the institution requested affiliation to AFA in\",\n \"to AFA in 1943, the observers requested the club to build a grandstand to fulfil the AFA's regulations for official competitions. Club executives decided to buy one of the boundaries lands to make the refurbishments requested. As the land's owner refused to sell his property, Olaeta (then president of the club) decided to acquire a land in the north side of the city, on Víctor Mercante street, where the stadium was finally built, and affiliation was accepted by the AFA. Club Atlético Argentino made their debut in tournaments organised by AFA in the 1944Torneo de Ascenso(then the second division of Argentine football)playing its first match vsAll Boys, on 15 April 1944, which was also the first match held in Estadio Olaeta. References\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1944_in_Argentina (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":278,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who was the manager of the team that won the first Football League after the death of Queen Victoria?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Tom Watson was the manager of Liverpool F.C. in 1901."},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Football_League#Final_league_tables"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liverpool_F.C._managers#Managers"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Football_League#Final_league_tables', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liverpool_F.C._managers#Managers']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Football_League#Final_league_tables","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liverpool_F.C._managers#Managers"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Football_League#Final_league_tables\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liverpool_F.C._managers#Managers\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Queen Victoria Victoria(Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) wasQueen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom 20 June 1837 untilher deathin 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days—which waslonger than those of any of her predecessors—constituted theVictorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within theUnited Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of theBritish Empire. In 1876, theBritish Parliamentvoted to grant her the additional title ofEmpress of India. Victoria was the daughter ofPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn(the fourth son ofKing George III), andPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she wasraised under close supervisionby her mother and hercomptroller,John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without survivinglegitimateissue. Victoria, aconstitutional monarch, attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards ofpersonal morality. Victoria marriedher first cousin,Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria thesobriquet\"grandmother of Europe\". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion,British republicanismtemporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. HerGoldenandDiamondjubileeswere times of public celebration. Victoria died atOsborne Houseon theIsle of Wight, at the age of 81. The lastBritish monarchof theHouse of Hanover, she was succeeded by her sonEdward VIIof theHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Early life Birth and ancestry Victoria's father wasPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son ofKing George IIIandQueen Charlotte. Until 1817, King George's only legitimate grandchild was Edward's niecePrincess Charlotte of Wales, the daughter ofGeorge, Prince Regent(who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte's death in 1817 precipitated asuccession crisisthat brought pressure on Prince Edward and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent marriedPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl(1804–1856) andFeodora(1807–1872)—by her first marriage toEmich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen. Her brotherLeopoldwas Princess Charlotte's widower and later the firstking of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria was born at 4:15 a.m. on Monday 24 May 1819 atKensington Palacein London. Victoria was christened privately by theArchbishop of Canterbury,Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.She was baptisedAlexandrinaafter one of her godparents, TsarAlexander I of Russia, andVictoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent. At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV);Frederick, Duke of York;William, Duke of Clarence(later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.Prince George had no surviving children, and Prince Frederick had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William married in 1818, in a joint ceremony with his brother Edward, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter,Princess Elizabeth, lived, from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821. Heir presumptive Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria becameheir presumptive. TheRegency Act 1830made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that aregencycould be avoided. Victoria later described her childhood as \"rather melancholy\".Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \"Kensington System\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineeringcomptroller,Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and herKing Charles Spaniel,Dash.Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,but she spoke only English at home. In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit theMalvern Hills, stopping at towns and greatcountry housesalong the way.Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.William compared the journeys toroyal progressesand was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.AtRamsgatein October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy herprivate secretary.As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household. By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her toPrince Albert,the son of his brotherErnest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit ofPrince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son ofthe Prince of Orange.Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, \" is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful.\"Alexander, on the other hand, she described as \"very plain\". Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her \"best and kindest adviser\",to thank him \"for the prospect ofgreathappiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see.\"However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time. Accession and early reign Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and aregencywas avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me theArchbishop of CanterburyandLord Conynghamwere here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) andalone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently thatIamQueen.\"Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again. Since 1714,Britainhad shared a monarch withHanoverin Germany, but underSalic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother,Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, becameKing of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child. At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by theWhigprime ministerLord Melbourne. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.Charles Grevillesupposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.Her coronationtook place on 28 June 1838 atWestminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.She became the first sovereign to take up residence atBuckingham Palaceand inherited the revenues of the duchies ofLancasterandCornwallas well as being granted acivil listallowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts. At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting,Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.Victoria believed the rumours.She hated Conroy, and despised \"that odious Lady Flora\",because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.Conroy, the Hastings family, and the oppositionToriesorganised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as \"Mrs. Melbourne\". In 1839, Melbourne resigned afterRadicalsand Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution ofJamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with theabolition of slavery.The Queen commissioned a Tory,Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of theRoyal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen'sladies of the bedchamberwere wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the \"bedchamber crisis\", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office. Marriage and public life Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required bysocial conventionto live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.The Duchess was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised \"torment for many years\", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a \"schocking alternative\".Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock. Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived atWindsor.They were married on 10 February 1840, in theChapel RoyalofSt James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary: I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could havehopedto have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such aHusband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life! Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House inBelgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's auntPrincess Augustain 1840, the Duchess was given bothClarence HouseandFrogmore House.Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved. During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-oldEdward Oxfordattempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.He was tried forhigh treason, foundnot guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over theHastings affairand thebedchamber crisis.Her daughter, also namedVictoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant,viewed breast-feeding with disgust,and thought newborn babies were ugly.Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children:Albert Edward,Alice,Alfred,Helena,Louise,Arthur,LeopoldandBeatrice. The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, BaronessLouise LehzenfromHanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoriaand had supported her against the Kensington System.Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended. On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage alongThe Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted totransportation for life,John William Beanalso tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed alongConstitution Hill, London.In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer,Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation. Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the1841 general electionthe Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced. In 1845, Ireland was hit by apotato blight.In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as theGreat Famine.In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \"The Famine Queen\".In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £230,000 and £8.5million in 2022)to theBritish Relief Association, more than any other individual famine relief donor,and supported theMaynooth Grantto a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount toBattersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century. By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of theCorn Laws. Many Tories—by then known also asConservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade orientedliberal conservative\"Peelites\"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced byLord John Russell. Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and theHouse of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with KingLouis Philippe IatChâteau d'Euin Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting ofHenry VIII of EnglandandFrancis I of Franceon theField of the Cloth of Goldin 1520.When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.Louis Philippe was deposed in therevolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England.At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety ofOsborne House,a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.Demonstrations byChartistsandIrish nationalistsfailed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances.Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism. Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.She found particularly offensive theForeign Secretary,Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen.Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of PresidentLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte'scoup in Francewithout consulting the Prime Minister.The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led byLord Derby. In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic,chloroform. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.Victoria may have hadpostnatal depressionafter many of her pregnancies.Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\". In early 1855, the government ofLord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in theCrimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister. Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.Napoleon III met the couple atBoulogneand accompanied them to Paris.They visited theExposition Universelle(a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild theGreat Exhibition) andNapoleon I's tomb atLes Invalides(to which his remains had only beenreturnedin 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at thePalace of Versailles.This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years. On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain calledFelice Orsiniattempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port ofCherbourgon 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of theRoyal Navyin comparison to theFrench Navy.Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office. Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter marriedPrince Frederick William of Prussiain London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17.The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlargingPrussianstate.The Queen felt \"sick at heart\" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; \"It really makes me shudder\", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, \"when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one.\"Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild,Wilhelm, who would become the last German emperor. Widowhood and isolation In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for \"wickedly\" estranging her from her mother.To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son,Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying inKillarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.He was diagnosed withtyphoid feverbyWilliam Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales'sphilandering. He had been \"killed by that dreadful business\", she said.She entered a state ofmourningand wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.Her seclusion earned her the nickname \"widow of Windsor\".Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances. Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847,Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings ofBuckingham Palacethat announced \"these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business\".Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of theRoyal Horticultural SocietyatKensingtonand take a drive through London in an open carriage. Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland,John Brown.Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as \"Mrs. Brown\".The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movieMrs. Brown. A painting by SirEdwin Henry Landseerdepicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at theRoyal Academy, and Victoria published a book,Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly. Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time since Albert's death.The following year she supported the passing of theReform Act 1867which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,though she was not in favour of votes for women.Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced byBenjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. \"Everyone likes flattery,\" he said, \"and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.\"With the phrase \"we authors, Ma'am\", he complimented her.Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival,William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \"a public meeting rather than a woman\". In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of theThird French Republic.A republican rally inTrafalgar Squaredemanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with anabscessin her arm, whichJoseph Listersuccessfully lanced and treated with his new antisepticcarbolic acidspray.In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.To general rejoicing, he recovered.Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving inSt Paul's Cathedralon 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided. On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MPFeargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,and abirching.As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further. Empress of India After theIndian Rebellion of 1857, theBritish East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on theIndian subcontinentwere formally incorporated into theBritish Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.She wrote of \"her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war\",and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state \"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\".At her behest, a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom. In the1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed thePublic Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with thepresbyterianChurch of Scotlandthan theepiscopalChurch of England.Disraeli also pushed theRoyal Titles Act 1876through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \"Empress of India\" from 1 May 1876.The new title was proclaimed at theDelhi Durbarof 1 January 1877. On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had marriedLouis of Hesse, died ofdiphtheriainDarmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as \"almost incredible and most mysterious\".In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth ofPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her \"poor old 60th birthday\". She felt \"aged\" by \"the loss of my beloved child\". Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during theRusso-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with theCongress of Berlin.Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as theAnglo-Zulu Warand theSecond Anglo-Afghan War. \"Ifweare tomaintainour position as afirst-ratePower\", she wrote, \"we must ... bePreparedforattacksandwars,somewhereorother, CONTINUALLY.\"Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \"It is not in our custom to annexe countries\", she said, \"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\"To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by \"fast falling tears\",and erected a memorial tablet \"placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.\" On 2 March 1882,Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,shot at the Queen as her carriage leftWindsor railway station.Gordon Chesney Wilsonand another schoolboy fromEton Collegestruck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was \"worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved\". On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, SirHenry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.Ponsonby andRandall Davidson,Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.The manuscript was destroyed.In early 1884, Victoria did publishMore Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\".On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died inCannes. He was \"the dearest of my dear sons\", she lamented.The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love withPrince Henry of Battenbergat the wedding of Victoria's granddaughterPrincess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhineto Henry's brotherPrince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her. Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.She thought his government was \"the worst I have ever had\", and blamed him for the death ofGeneral Gordonduring theSiege of Khartoum.Gladstone was replaced byLord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a \"half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man\".Gladstone attempted to passa bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated.Inthe ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again. Golden and Diamond Jubilees In 1887, theBritish EmpirecelebratedVictoria's Golden Jubilee. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service inWestminster Abbey.By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.Two days later on 23 June,she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom wasAbdul Karim. He was soon promoted to \"Munshi\": teaching herUrduand acting as a clerk.Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.EquerryFrederick Ponsonby(the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported toLord Elgin,Viceroy of India, \"the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do.\"Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death. Victoria's eldest daughter becameempress consort of Germanyin 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor asWilhelm II. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer inautocracy. Victoria thought he had \"little heart orZartgefühl – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped \". Gladstone returned to power after the1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MPHenry Labouchèreto theCabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointedLord Roseberyas prime minister.His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign. On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as thelongest-reigning monarch in British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide withher Diamond Jubilee,which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of theColonial Secretary,Joseph Chamberlain.The prime ministers of all theself-governingDominionswere invited to London for the festivities.One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson Wilhelm II, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen. Declining health and death Victoria regularly holidayed in mainland Europe. In 1889, during a stay inBiarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to visit Spain by briefly crossing the border.By April 1900, theBoer Warwas so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred (\"Affie\"), died. \"Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too\", she wrote in her journal. \"It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.\" Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.Rheumatismin her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.Through early January, she felt \"weak and unwell\",and by mid-January she was \"drowsy dazed, confused\".Herfavourite petPomeranian, Turi, was laid on her bed as a last request.She died aged 81 on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, in the presence of her eldest son, Albert Edward, and grandson Wilhelm II. Albert Edward immediately succeeded as Edward VII. In 1897, Victoria had written instructions forher funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,and white instead of black.On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.Items ofjewelleryplaced on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown's mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, inSt George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in theRoyal Mausoleum, Frogmore, atWindsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was thelongest-reigning British monarchand thelongest-reigningqueen regnantin world history, until her great-great-granddaughterElizabeth IIsurpassed her on 9 September 2015.She was the last monarch of Britain from theHouse of Hanover; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband'sHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Legacy Reputation According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailedjournal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy,Lord Eshertranscribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited byA. C. Benson,Hector Bolitho,George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher,Roger Fulford, andRichard Houghamong others. In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about five feet (1.5 metres) tall, but she projected a grand image.She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public.Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such asLytton Strachey'sQueen Victoriaof 1921, are now considered out of date.The biographies written byElizabeth LongfordandCecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking. Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modernconstitutional monarchyin Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of theHouse of Commonsat the expense of theHouse of Lordsand the monarch.In 1867,Walter Bagehotwrote that the monarch only retained \"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\".As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \"family monarchy\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified. Descendants and haemophilia Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname \"the grandmother of Europe\".Of thegrandchildren of Victoria and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood. Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting diseasehaemophilia Band at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers.Royal haemophiliacsdescended from Victoria included her great-grandsons,Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia;Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; andInfante Gonzalo of Spain.The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led tomodern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases. Titles, styles, honours, and arms Titles and styles At the end of her reign, the Queen's fullstylewas: \"Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandQueen,Defender of the Faith, Empress of India\". Honours British honours Foreign honours Arms As Sovereign, Victoria used theroyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne. Family Issue Ancestry Family tree Notes References Citations Bibliography Primary sources Further reading External links","1900–01 Football League The1900–01seasonwas the 13th season ofThe Football League. Final league tables Beginning in the 1894–95 season, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded). In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season. During the first six seasons of the league, (up to the 1893–94 season), re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. From the 1894–95 season and until the 1920–21 season the re-election process was required of the clubs which finished in the bottom three of the league. First Division Results Maps Second Division Results Maps See also References","List of Liverpool F.C. managers Liverpool Football Clubis an English association football club based inLiverpool,Merseyside. Liverpool won theFirst Division titlefor the first time in 1901; since then, the club has won a further 18 league titles, along with eightFA Cupsand tenFootball League Cups. They have also been crowned champions of European football on six occasions by winning theEuropean Cup/UEFA Champions Leaguein1977,1978,1981,1984,2005and2019.The club was one of 22 members of thePremier Leaguewhen it was founded in 1992. Liverpool have had 22 full-time managers. The most successful person to manage Liverpool isBob Paisley, who won six Football League titles, sixCharity Shields, three Football League Cups, three European Cups, oneUEFA Super Cupand oneUEFA Cupin his nine-year reign as manager. The club's longest-serving manager wasTom Watson, who managed the club from 1896 to 1915, totalling 19 years.Kenny Dalglishis the only person to have managed the club on two occasions. He first managed Liverpool from 1985 to February 1991, and then from January 2011 to June 2012. This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Liverpool since their foundation in 1892. Each manager's entry includes his dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his care.Caretaker managersare included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge. Managerial history 1892–1959 The first Liverpool managers,William Edward BarclayandJohn McKenna, were appointed in 1892. Barclay acted as secretary-manager, overseeing the administrative side of the club, while McKenna took charge of matters on the field. The two worked in tandem as Liverpool won promotion from the Lancashire League in the club's first season.However, in 1896, McKenna appointedTom Watsonas manager.He went on to win twoFootball League championships. As theFirst World Warbroke out, Watson was embarking on his nineteenth season in charge at Anfield. It was to be his last, because he died in May 1915, aged 56.David Ashworthwas appointed manager when football resumed after the War.Ashworth won one league title, but left forOldham Athleticsoon after this. He was replaced in February 1923 by a Liverpool director,Matt McQueen, who won one league title for the club. However, this marked the beginning of a barren spell spanning more than 20 years before Liverpool finally regained the title in 1947 under the stewardship ofGeorge Kay. Kay also led Liverpool to theFA Cup Finalin1950, but lost the game 2–0 to Arsenal. He retired the following year, owing to ill-health.The next manager,Don Welshbecame the first Liverpool manager to be sacked after leading the club to relegation in 1954. His successor,Phil Taylor, also failed to win a trophy or gain promotion back to the top flight during his reign as boss. 1959–1991 On 1 December 1959,Bill Shanklywas appointed manager, beginning a fifteen-year spell as manager that brought three league titles, twoFA Cupsand a first European trophy, theUEFA Cup, toAnfield.Shankly's reign as manager is famous for the establishment ofthe Anfield boot roomas the location for his tactical discussions with his coaches.When he was not managing the club, Shankly was usually at his typewriter, personally replying to the letters which arrived at Melwood. Shankly even called some supporters at home to discuss the previous day's game, while the accounts of him providing tickets for fans are endless.When Shankly retired in 1974, he was replaced by his assistant,Bob Paisley. During the next nine seasons, Paisley proceeded to win six league titles and threeEuropean Cupsto become the most successful manager in the history of the club.When Paisley retired in 1983, his assistantJoe Fagantook over, and continued the Boot Room tradition, and winning atrebleof League, European Cup andLeague Cupin his first season. He again guided Liverpool to aEuropean Cup Final, but the match was overshadowed by theHeysel Stadium disaster, and he retired soon after.StrikerKenny Dalglishwas then made the club's firstplayer-managerand in his first season in charge, Dalglish led the club to a League and FA Cupdouble.After that great first season, Dalglish led Liverpool to a further two league titles and another FA Cup. However, theHillsborough disasterovershadowed his reign; it was one of the reasons for Dalglish resigning on 22 February 1991. 1991–2015 First-team coachRonnie Morantook charge of team affairs for several weeks beforeGraeme Sounesswas named as Dalglish's successor. Under Souness, Liverpool won the FA Cup in1992, but nothing else. He made way forRoy Evans, who also won just one trophy, the League Cup, beforeGérard Houllierwas appointed joint manager with Evans in 1998. This arrangement lasted only 18 games before Evans resigned, leaving Houllier—Liverpool's first non-British manager—in sole charge. Houllier won nothing until atreblein 2001, consisting of the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup. Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the2001–02season, but the squad was unaffected and managed to hold on to a second-place finish. AlthoughPhil Thompsonstepped in as temporary manager while Houllier was recovering from heart surgery, the matches played under Thompson are included in Houllier's record.Another League Cup was won in2003, but this was to be Houllier's last trophy as Liverpool manager as he and the club parted by mutual consent at the end of the2003–04season,to be replaced byValenciamanager,Rafael Benítez. In Benítez's first season in charge, Liverpool reached theUEFA Champions League Final, where they beatA.C. Milanon penalties, after the match finished 3–3 afterextra time. The following season, Liverpool reached theFA Cup Final, where they beatWest Ham United, again on penalties after a 3–3 draw. Benítez again guided Liverpool to aChampions League Finalin 2007, but this time A.C. Milan beat them 2–1. On 3 June 2010, Benitez paid the price for a disappointing2009–10season when Liverpool announced he had left the club by mutual consent after six years in charge. Benitez, who was one year into a five-year contract, finalised his departure after agreeing a severance payment. Benitez's assistantSammy Leetook over the reins at Liverpool until Managing director Christian Purslow and former managerKenny Dalglishfound a replacement. On 1 July 2010, formerFulhambossRoy Hodgsonwas confirmed as the new manager.After a poor tenure, which included Liverpool being 18th after 6 games, and only one away win during Hodgson's time in charge, Hodgson was sacked on 8 January 2011 and was replaced by former managerKenny Dalglishthe day before a 3rd Round FA Cup game againstManchester United.Dalglish signed a three-year contract as permanent manager in May, but was sacked a year later.Although the 2011–12 season ended with a poor 8th-place finish in the Premier League, Dalglish guided Liverpool to two Cup finals at Wembley, ending a six-year trophy drought by winning theLeague Cup. The second Cup final appearance was theFA Cup, which Liverpool lost toChelsea. He was replaced byBrendan Rodgerson 1 June 2012. Rodgers led them in the2013–14 seasonto a surprise title challenge, however Liverpool ended the league season in second place, despite scoring 101 goals, the club's most since the1895–96 seasonand the third-highest in Premier League history.Rodgers was the first Liverpool manager to win theLMA Manager of The Year Award.However, he was the first manager of the club not to win a major trophy in his first three years at the helm, and on 4 October 2015, he was sacked. 2015–2024 On 8 October 2015, Brendan Rodgers was replaced by formerBorussia DortmundmanagerJürgen Klopp.Klopp made an instant impact on the club and guided them to aLeague Cup Finaland a surpriseEuropa League Finalinhis first seasonat the club.During their Europa League campaign, he beat bothEnglish rivalsManchester United and his former club Borussia Dortmund en route to the final.However, they lost the League Cup Final to Manchester City viapenalty shoot-outand they lost 1–3 to Spanish sideSevillain the Europa League Final.They also finished 8th in the league, meaning they wouldn't qualify for European competition for the2016–17 season. On 8 June 2016, Klopp and his coaching staff signed six-year contract extensions that ran until 2022.Klopp guided the club to a fourth-place finish in the2016–17 season, qualifying them for the2017–18 UEFA Champions Leaguequalifying play-offs, where they beat German club,TSG 1899 Hoffenheim6–3 on aggregate in a two-legged play-off to reach the group stage.Klopp led the team to finish top of their group and beat eventual English champions, Manchester City, and Italian club Roma in the knockout phase en route to the2018 UEFA Champions League Final.Unfortunately for Liverpool, they lost 1–3 to Spanish giantsReal Madrid. During the2018–19 season, Klopp guided Liverpool to their sixth Champions League triumph with a2–0 winover fellow English club, Tottenham Hotspur,and also guided the club toa second-place finish in the league.At the start of the2019–20 season, Klopp's Liverpool side played against Manchester City in theFA Community Shieldand against Chelsea in theUEFA Super Cup.Both matches went into penalty shoot-outs, with Liverpool losing the former and winning the latter.Later in December, Klopp also guided Liverpool to their first ever FIFA club World Cup trophy, making it 3 trophies in 2019. In the 2019–20 season, Klopp secured Liverpool's first Premier League title and first top-flight title since 1990 by finishing on the most points in their history (99 points). The season was notable both for Liverpool's huge points lead over the rest of the league and for its interruption by theCoronavirusshutdown, meaning Liverpool won the Premier League atboth the earliest(7 games to go) and the latest time (June) ever. On 26 January 2024, the club released a statement, sharing Klopp's announcement that he would step down as Liverpool manager at the end of the current season (2023–24).Arne Slotwas announced as the head coach ahead of the2024–25 season. Key Key to record: Key to honours: Managers Information correct as of 20 October 2024. Only competitive matches are counted. Notes References General Specific Bibliography"],"string":"[\n \"Queen Victoria Victoria(Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) wasQueen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom 20 June 1837 untilher deathin 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days—which waslonger than those of any of her predecessors—constituted theVictorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within theUnited Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of theBritish Empire. In 1876, theBritish Parliamentvoted to grant her the additional title ofEmpress of India. Victoria was the daughter ofPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn(the fourth son ofKing George III), andPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she wasraised under close supervisionby her mother and hercomptroller,John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without survivinglegitimateissue. Victoria, aconstitutional monarch, attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards ofpersonal morality. Victoria marriedher first cousin,Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria thesobriquet\\\"grandmother of Europe\\\". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion,British republicanismtemporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. HerGoldenandDiamondjubileeswere times of public celebration. Victoria died atOsborne Houseon theIsle of Wight, at the age of 81. The lastBritish monarchof theHouse of Hanover, she was succeeded by her sonEdward VIIof theHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Early life Birth and ancestry Victoria's father wasPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son ofKing George IIIandQueen Charlotte. Until 1817, King George's only legitimate grandchild was Edward's niecePrincess Charlotte of Wales, the daughter ofGeorge, Prince Regent(who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte's death in 1817 precipitated asuccession crisisthat brought pressure on Prince Edward and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent marriedPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl(1804–1856) andFeodora(1807–1872)—by her first marriage toEmich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen. Her brotherLeopoldwas Princess Charlotte's widower and later the firstking of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria was born at 4:15 a.m. on Monday 24 May 1819 atKensington Palacein London. Victoria was christened privately by theArchbishop of Canterbury,Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.She was baptisedAlexandrinaafter one of her godparents, TsarAlexander I of Russia, andVictoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent. At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV);Frederick, Duke of York;William, Duke of Clarence(later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.Prince George had no surviving children, and Prince Frederick had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William married in 1818, in a joint ceremony with his brother Edward, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter,Princess Elizabeth, lived, from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821. Heir presumptive Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria becameheir presumptive. TheRegency Act 1830made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that aregencycould be avoided. Victoria later described her childhood as \\\"rather melancholy\\\".Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \\\"Kensington System\\\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineeringcomptroller,Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and herKing Charles Spaniel,Dash.Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,but she spoke only English at home. In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit theMalvern Hills, stopping at towns and greatcountry housesalong the way.Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.William compared the journeys toroyal progressesand was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.AtRamsgatein October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy herprivate secretary.As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household. By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her toPrince Albert,the son of his brotherErnest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit ofPrince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son ofthe Prince of Orange.Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, \\\" is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful.\\\"Alexander, on the other hand, she described as \\\"very plain\\\". Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her \\\"best and kindest adviser\\\",to thank him \\\"for the prospect ofgreathappiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see.\\\"However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time. Accession and early reign Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and aregencywas avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.In her diary she wrote, \\\"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me theArchbishop of CanterburyandLord Conynghamwere here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) andalone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently thatIamQueen.\\\"Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again. Since 1714,Britainhad shared a monarch withHanoverin Germany, but underSalic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother,Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, becameKing of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child. At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by theWhigprime ministerLord Melbourne. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.Charles Grevillesupposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \\\"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\\\", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.Her coronationtook place on 28 June 1838 atWestminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.She became the first sovereign to take up residence atBuckingham Palaceand inherited the revenues of the duchies ofLancasterandCornwallas well as being granted acivil listallowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts. At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting,Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.Victoria believed the rumours.She hated Conroy, and despised \\\"that odious Lady Flora\\\",because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.Conroy, the Hastings family, and the oppositionToriesorganised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as \\\"Mrs. Melbourne\\\". In 1839, Melbourne resigned afterRadicalsand Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution ofJamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with theabolition of slavery.The Queen commissioned a Tory,Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of theRoyal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen'sladies of the bedchamberwere wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the \\\"bedchamber crisis\\\", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office. Marriage and public life Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required bysocial conventionto live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.The Duchess was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised \\\"torment for many years\\\", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a \\\"schocking alternative\\\".Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock. Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived atWindsor.They were married on 10 February 1840, in theChapel RoyalofSt James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary: I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could havehopedto have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such aHusband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life! Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House inBelgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's auntPrincess Augustain 1840, the Duchess was given bothClarence HouseandFrogmore House.Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved. During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-oldEdward Oxfordattempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.He was tried forhigh treason, foundnot guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over theHastings affairand thebedchamber crisis.Her daughter, also namedVictoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant,viewed breast-feeding with disgust,and thought newborn babies were ugly.Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children:Albert Edward,Alice,Alfred,Helena,Louise,Arthur,LeopoldandBeatrice. The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, BaronessLouise LehzenfromHanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoriaand had supported her against the Kensington System.Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended. On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage alongThe Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted totransportation for life,John William Beanalso tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed alongConstitution Hill, London.In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer,Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation. Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the1841 general electionthe Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced. In 1845, Ireland was hit by apotato blight.In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as theGreat Famine.In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \\\"The Famine Queen\\\".In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £230,000 and £8.5million in 2022)to theBritish Relief Association, more than any other individual famine relief donor,and supported theMaynooth Grantto a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount toBattersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century. By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of theCorn Laws. Many Tories—by then known also asConservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade orientedliberal conservative\\\"Peelites\\\"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced byLord John Russell. Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and theHouse of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with KingLouis Philippe IatChâteau d'Euin Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting ofHenry VIII of EnglandandFrancis I of Franceon theField of the Cloth of Goldin 1520.When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.Louis Philippe was deposed in therevolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England.At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety ofOsborne House,a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.Demonstrations byChartistsandIrish nationalistsfailed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances.Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism. Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.She found particularly offensive theForeign Secretary,Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen.Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of PresidentLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte'scoup in Francewithout consulting the Prime Minister.The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led byLord Derby. In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic,chloroform. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.Victoria may have hadpostnatal depressionafter many of her pregnancies.Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \\\"continuance of hysterics\\\" over a \\\"miserable trifle\\\". In early 1855, the government ofLord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in theCrimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister. Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.Napoleon III met the couple atBoulogneand accompanied them to Paris.They visited theExposition Universelle(a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild theGreat Exhibition) andNapoleon I's tomb atLes Invalides(to which his remains had only beenreturnedin 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at thePalace of Versailles.This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years. On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain calledFelice Orsiniattempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port ofCherbourgon 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of theRoyal Navyin comparison to theFrench Navy.Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office. Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter marriedPrince Frederick William of Prussiain London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17.The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlargingPrussianstate.The Queen felt \\\"sick at heart\\\" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; \\\"It really makes me shudder\\\", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, \\\"when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one.\\\"Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild,Wilhelm, who would become the last German emperor. Widowhood and isolation In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for \\\"wickedly\\\" estranging her from her mother.To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son,Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying inKillarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.He was diagnosed withtyphoid feverbyWilliam Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales'sphilandering. He had been \\\"killed by that dreadful business\\\", she said.She entered a state ofmourningand wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.Her seclusion earned her the nickname \\\"widow of Windsor\\\".Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances. Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847,Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings ofBuckingham Palacethat announced \\\"these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business\\\".Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of theRoyal Horticultural SocietyatKensingtonand take a drive through London in an open carriage. Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland,John Brown.Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as \\\"Mrs. Brown\\\".The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movieMrs. Brown. A painting by SirEdwin Henry Landseerdepicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at theRoyal Academy, and Victoria published a book,Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly. Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time since Albert's death.The following year she supported the passing of theReform Act 1867which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,though she was not in favour of votes for women.Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced byBenjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. \\\"Everyone likes flattery,\\\" he said, \\\"and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.\\\"With the phrase \\\"we authors, Ma'am\\\", he complimented her.Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival,William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \\\"a public meeting rather than a woman\\\". In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of theThird French Republic.A republican rally inTrafalgar Squaredemanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with anabscessin her arm, whichJoseph Listersuccessfully lanced and treated with his new antisepticcarbolic acidspray.In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.To general rejoicing, he recovered.Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving inSt Paul's Cathedralon 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided. On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MPFeargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,and abirching.As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further. Empress of India After theIndian Rebellion of 1857, theBritish East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on theIndian subcontinentwere formally incorporated into theBritish Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.She wrote of \\\"her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war\\\",and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state \\\"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\\\".At her behest, a reference threatening the \\\"undermining of native religions and customs\\\" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom. In the1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed thePublic Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with thepresbyterianChurch of Scotlandthan theepiscopalChurch of England.Disraeli also pushed theRoyal Titles Act 1876through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \\\"Empress of India\\\" from 1 May 1876.The new title was proclaimed at theDelhi Durbarof 1 January 1877. On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had marriedLouis of Hesse, died ofdiphtheriainDarmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as \\\"almost incredible and most mysterious\\\".In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth ofPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her \\\"poor old 60th birthday\\\". She felt \\\"aged\\\" by \\\"the loss of my beloved child\\\". Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during theRusso-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with theCongress of Berlin.Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as theAnglo-Zulu Warand theSecond Anglo-Afghan War. \\\"Ifweare tomaintainour position as afirst-ratePower\\\", she wrote, \\\"we must ... bePreparedforattacksandwars,somewhereorother, CONTINUALLY.\\\"Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \\\"It is not in our custom to annexe countries\\\", she said, \\\"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\\\"To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by \\\"fast falling tears\\\",and erected a memorial tablet \\\"placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.\\\" On 2 March 1882,Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,shot at the Queen as her carriage leftWindsor railway station.Gordon Chesney Wilsonand another schoolboy fromEton Collegestruck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was \\\"worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved\\\". On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, SirHenry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.Ponsonby andRandall Davidson,Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.The manuscript was destroyed.In early 1884, Victoria did publishMore Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \\\"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\\\".On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died inCannes. He was \\\"the dearest of my dear sons\\\", she lamented.The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love withPrince Henry of Battenbergat the wedding of Victoria's granddaughterPrincess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhineto Henry's brotherPrince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her. Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.She thought his government was \\\"the worst I have ever had\\\", and blamed him for the death ofGeneral Gordonduring theSiege of Khartoum.Gladstone was replaced byLord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a \\\"half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man\\\".Gladstone attempted to passa bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated.Inthe ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again. Golden and Diamond Jubilees In 1887, theBritish EmpirecelebratedVictoria's Golden Jubilee. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service inWestminster Abbey.By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.Two days later on 23 June,she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom wasAbdul Karim. He was soon promoted to \\\"Munshi\\\": teaching herUrduand acting as a clerk.Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.EquerryFrederick Ponsonby(the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported toLord Elgin,Viceroy of India, \\\"the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do.\\\"Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death. Victoria's eldest daughter becameempress consort of Germanyin 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor asWilhelm II. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer inautocracy. Victoria thought he had \\\"little heart orZartgefühl – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped \\\". Gladstone returned to power after the1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MPHenry Labouchèreto theCabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointedLord Roseberyas prime minister.His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign. On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as thelongest-reigning monarch in British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide withher Diamond Jubilee,which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of theColonial Secretary,Joseph Chamberlain.The prime ministers of all theself-governingDominionswere invited to London for the festivities.One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson Wilhelm II, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen. Declining health and death Victoria regularly holidayed in mainland Europe. In 1889, during a stay inBiarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to visit Spain by briefly crossing the border.By April 1900, theBoer Warwas so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred (\\\"Affie\\\"), died. \\\"Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too\\\", she wrote in her journal. \\\"It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.\\\" Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.Rheumatismin her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.Through early January, she felt \\\"weak and unwell\\\",and by mid-January she was \\\"drowsy dazed, confused\\\".Herfavourite petPomeranian, Turi, was laid on her bed as a last request.She died aged 81 on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, in the presence of her eldest son, Albert Edward, and grandson Wilhelm II. Albert Edward immediately succeeded as Edward VII. In 1897, Victoria had written instructions forher funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,and white instead of black.On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.Items ofjewelleryplaced on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown's mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, inSt George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in theRoyal Mausoleum, Frogmore, atWindsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was thelongest-reigning British monarchand thelongest-reigningqueen regnantin world history, until her great-great-granddaughterElizabeth IIsurpassed her on 9 September 2015.She was the last monarch of Britain from theHouse of Hanover; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband'sHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Legacy Reputation According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailedjournal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy,Lord Eshertranscribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited byA. C. Benson,Hector Bolitho,George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher,Roger Fulford, andRichard Houghamong others. In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about five feet (1.5 metres) tall, but she projected a grand image.She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public.Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such asLytton Strachey'sQueen Victoriaof 1921, are now considered out of date.The biographies written byElizabeth LongfordandCecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking. Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modernconstitutional monarchyin Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of theHouse of Commonsat the expense of theHouse of Lordsand the monarch.In 1867,Walter Bagehotwrote that the monarch only retained \\\"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\\\".As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \\\"family monarchy\\\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified. Descendants and haemophilia Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname \\\"the grandmother of Europe\\\".Of thegrandchildren of Victoria and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood. Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting diseasehaemophilia Band at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers.Royal haemophiliacsdescended from Victoria included her great-grandsons,Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia;Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; andInfante Gonzalo of Spain.The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led tomodern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases. Titles, styles, honours, and arms Titles and styles At the end of her reign, the Queen's fullstylewas: \\\"Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandQueen,Defender of the Faith, Empress of India\\\". Honours British honours Foreign honours Arms As Sovereign, Victoria used theroyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne. Family Issue Ancestry Family tree Notes References Citations Bibliography Primary sources Further reading External links\",\n \"1900–01 Football League The1900–01seasonwas the 13th season ofThe Football League. Final league tables Beginning in the 1894–95 season, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded). In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season. During the first six seasons of the league, (up to the 1893–94 season), re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. From the 1894–95 season and until the 1920–21 season the re-election process was required of the clubs which finished in the bottom three of the league. First Division Results Maps Second Division Results Maps See also References\",\n \"List of Liverpool F.C. managers Liverpool Football Clubis an English association football club based inLiverpool,Merseyside. Liverpool won theFirst Division titlefor the first time in 1901; since then, the club has won a further 18 league titles, along with eightFA Cupsand tenFootball League Cups. They have also been crowned champions of European football on six occasions by winning theEuropean Cup/UEFA Champions Leaguein1977,1978,1981,1984,2005and2019.The club was one of 22 members of thePremier Leaguewhen it was founded in 1992. Liverpool have had 22 full-time managers. The most successful person to manage Liverpool isBob Paisley, who won six Football League titles, sixCharity Shields, three Football League Cups, three European Cups, oneUEFA Super Cupand oneUEFA Cupin his nine-year reign as manager. The club's longest-serving manager wasTom Watson, who managed the club from 1896 to 1915, totalling 19 years.Kenny Dalglishis the only person to have managed the club on two occasions. He first managed Liverpool from 1985 to February 1991, and then from January 2011 to June 2012. This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Liverpool since their foundation in 1892. Each manager's entry includes his dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his care.Caretaker managersare included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge. Managerial history 1892–1959 The first Liverpool managers,William Edward BarclayandJohn McKenna, were appointed in 1892. Barclay acted as secretary-manager, overseeing the administrative side of the club, while McKenna took charge of matters on the field. The two worked in tandem as Liverpool won promotion from the Lancashire League in the club's first season.However, in 1896, McKenna appointedTom Watsonas manager.He went on to win twoFootball League championships. As theFirst World Warbroke out, Watson was embarking on his nineteenth season in charge at Anfield. It was to be his last, because he died in May 1915, aged 56.David Ashworthwas appointed manager when football resumed after the War.Ashworth won one league title, but left forOldham Athleticsoon after this. He was replaced in February 1923 by a Liverpool director,Matt McQueen, who won one league title for the club. However, this marked the beginning of a barren spell spanning more than 20 years before Liverpool finally regained the title in 1947 under the stewardship ofGeorge Kay. Kay also led Liverpool to theFA Cup Finalin1950, but lost the game 2–0 to Arsenal. He retired the following year, owing to ill-health.The next manager,Don Welshbecame the first Liverpool manager to be sacked after leading the club to relegation in 1954. His successor,Phil Taylor, also failed to win a trophy or gain promotion back to the top flight during his reign as boss. 1959–1991 On 1 December 1959,Bill Shanklywas appointed manager, beginning a fifteen-year spell as manager that brought three league titles, twoFA Cupsand a first European trophy, theUEFA Cup, toAnfield.Shankly's reign as manager is famous for the establishment ofthe Anfield boot roomas the location for his tactical discussions with his coaches.When he was not managing the club, Shankly was usually at his typewriter, personally replying to the letters which arrived at Melwood. Shankly even called some supporters at home to discuss the previous day's game, while the accounts of him providing tickets for fans are endless.When Shankly retired in 1974, he was replaced by his assistant,Bob Paisley. During the next nine seasons, Paisley proceeded to win six league titles and threeEuropean Cupsto become the most successful manager in the history of the club.When Paisley retired in 1983, his assistantJoe Fagantook over, and continued the Boot Room tradition, and winning atrebleof League, European Cup andLeague Cupin his first season. He again guided Liverpool to aEuropean Cup Final, but the match was overshadowed by theHeysel Stadium disaster, and he retired soon after.StrikerKenny Dalglishwas then made the club's firstplayer-managerand in his first season in charge, Dalglish led the club to a League and FA Cupdouble.After that great first season, Dalglish led Liverpool to a further two league titles and another FA Cup. However, theHillsborough disasterovershadowed his reign; it was one of the reasons for Dalglish resigning on 22 February 1991. 1991–2015 First-team coachRonnie Morantook charge of team affairs for several weeks beforeGraeme Sounesswas named as Dalglish's successor. Under Souness, Liverpool won the FA Cup in1992, but nothing else. He made way forRoy Evans, who also won just one trophy, the League Cup, beforeGérard Houllierwas appointed joint manager with Evans in 1998. This arrangement lasted only 18 games before Evans resigned, leaving Houllier—Liverpool's first non-British manager—in sole charge. Houllier won nothing until atreblein 2001, consisting of the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup. Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the2001–02season, but the squad was unaffected and managed to hold on to a second-place finish. AlthoughPhil Thompsonstepped in as temporary manager while Houllier was recovering from heart surgery, the matches played under Thompson are included in Houllier's record.Another League Cup was won in2003, but this was to be Houllier's last trophy as Liverpool manager as he and the club parted by mutual consent at the end of the2003–04season,to be replaced byValenciamanager,Rafael Benítez. In Benítez's first season in charge, Liverpool reached theUEFA Champions League Final, where they beatA.C. Milanon penalties, after the match finished 3–3 afterextra time. The following season, Liverpool reached theFA Cup Final, where they beatWest Ham United, again on penalties after a 3–3 draw. Benítez again guided Liverpool to aChampions League Finalin 2007, but this time A.C. Milan beat them 2–1. On 3 June 2010, Benitez paid the price for a disappointing2009–10season when Liverpool announced he had left the club by mutual consent after six years in charge. Benitez, who was one year into a five-year contract, finalised his departure after agreeing a severance payment. Benitez's assistantSammy Leetook over the reins at Liverpool until Managing director Christian Purslow and former managerKenny Dalglishfound a replacement. On 1 July 2010, formerFulhambossRoy Hodgsonwas confirmed as the new manager.After a poor tenure, which included Liverpool being 18th after 6 games, and only one away win during Hodgson's time in charge, Hodgson was sacked on 8 January 2011 and was replaced by former managerKenny Dalglishthe day before a 3rd Round FA Cup game againstManchester United.Dalglish signed a three-year contract as permanent manager in May, but was sacked a year later.Although the 2011–12 season ended with a poor 8th-place finish in the Premier League, Dalglish guided Liverpool to two Cup finals at Wembley, ending a six-year trophy drought by winning theLeague Cup. The second Cup final appearance was theFA Cup, which Liverpool lost toChelsea. He was replaced byBrendan Rodgerson 1 June 2012. Rodgers led them in the2013–14 seasonto a surprise title challenge, however Liverpool ended the league season in second place, despite scoring 101 goals, the club's most since the1895–96 seasonand the third-highest in Premier League history.Rodgers was the first Liverpool manager to win theLMA Manager of The Year Award.However, he was the first manager of the club not to win a major trophy in his first three years at the helm, and on 4 October 2015, he was sacked. 2015–2024 On 8 October 2015, Brendan Rodgers was replaced by formerBorussia DortmundmanagerJürgen Klopp.Klopp made an instant impact on the club and guided them to aLeague Cup Finaland a surpriseEuropa League Finalinhis first seasonat the club.During their Europa League campaign, he beat bothEnglish rivalsManchester United and his former club Borussia Dortmund en route to the final.However, they lost the League Cup Final to Manchester City viapenalty shoot-outand they lost 1–3 to Spanish sideSevillain the Europa League Final.They also finished 8th in the league, meaning they wouldn't qualify for European competition for the2016–17 season. On 8 June 2016, Klopp and his coaching staff signed six-year contract extensions that ran until 2022.Klopp guided the club to a fourth-place finish in the2016–17 season, qualifying them for the2017–18 UEFA Champions Leaguequalifying play-offs, where they beat German club,TSG 1899 Hoffenheim6–3 on aggregate in a two-legged play-off to reach the group stage.Klopp led the team to finish top of their group and beat eventual English champions, Manchester City, and Italian club Roma in the knockout phase en route to the2018 UEFA Champions League Final.Unfortunately for Liverpool, they lost 1–3 to Spanish giantsReal Madrid. During the2018–19 season, Klopp guided Liverpool to their sixth Champions League triumph with a2–0 winover fellow English club, Tottenham Hotspur,and also guided the club toa second-place finish in the league.At the start of the2019–20 season, Klopp's Liverpool side played against Manchester City in theFA Community Shieldand against Chelsea in theUEFA Super Cup.Both matches went into penalty shoot-outs, with Liverpool losing the former and winning the latter.Later in December, Klopp also guided Liverpool to their first ever FIFA club World Cup trophy, making it 3 trophies in 2019. In the 2019–20 season, Klopp secured Liverpool's first Premier League title and first top-flight title since 1990 by finishing on the most points in their history (99 points). The season was notable both for Liverpool's huge points lead over the rest of the league and for its interruption by theCoronavirusshutdown, meaning Liverpool won the Premier League atboth the earliest(7 games to go) and the latest time (June) ever. On 26 January 2024, the club released a statement, sharing Klopp's announcement that he would step down as Liverpool manager at the end of the current season (2023–24).Arne Slotwas announced as the head coach ahead of the2024–25 season. Key Key to record: Key to honours: Managers Information correct as of 20 October 2024. Only competitive matches are counted. Notes References General Specific Bibliography\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Queen Victoria Victoria(Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) wasQueen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom 20 June 1837 untilher deathin 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days—which waslonger than those of any of her predecessors—constituted theVictorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within theUnited Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of theBritish Empire. In 1876, theBritish Parliamentvoted to grant her the additional title ofEmpress of India. Victoria was the daughter ofPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn(the fourth son ofKing George III), andPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she wasraised under close supervisionby her mother and hercomptroller,John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without survivinglegitimateissue. Victoria, aconstitutional monarch, attempted privately to influence","to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards ofpersonal morality. Victoria marriedher first cousin,Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria thesobriquet\"grandmother of Europe\". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion,British republicanismtemporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. HerGoldenandDiamondjubileeswere times of public celebration. Victoria died atOsborne Houseon theIsle of Wight, at the age of 81. The lastBritish monarchof theHouse of Hanover, she was succeeded by her sonEdward VIIof theHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Early life Birth and ancestry Victoria's father wasPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son ofKing George IIIandQueen Charlotte. Until","Charlotte. Until 1817, King George's only legitimate grandchild was Edward's niecePrincess Charlotte of Wales, the daughter ofGeorge, Prince Regent(who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte's death in 1817 precipitated asuccession crisisthat brought pressure on Prince Edward and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent marriedPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl(1804–1856) andFeodora(1807–1872)—by her first marriage toEmich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen. Her brotherLeopoldwas Princess Charlotte's widower and later the firstking of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria was born at 4:15 a.m. on Monday 24 May 1819 atKensington Palacein London. Victoria was christened privately by theArchbishop of Canterbury,Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.She was baptisedAlexandrinaafter one of her godparents, TsarAlexander I of Russia, andVictoria, after her","after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent. At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV);Frederick, Duke of York;William, Duke of Clarence(later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.Prince George had no surviving children, and Prince Frederick had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William married in 1818, in a joint ceremony with his brother Edward, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died","grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter,Princess Elizabeth, lived, from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821. Heir presumptive Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria becameheir presumptive. TheRegency Act 1830made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that aregencycould be avoided. Victoria later described her childhood as \"rather melancholy\".Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \"Kensington System\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by","devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineeringcomptroller,Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and herKing Charles Spaniel,Dash.Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,but she spoke only English at home. In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit theMalvern Hills, stopping at towns and greatcountry housesalong the way.Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically","enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.William compared the journeys toroyal progressesand was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.AtRamsgatein October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy herprivate secretary.As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household. By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her","hoped to marry her toPrince Albert,the son of his brotherErnest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit ofPrince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son ofthe Prince of Orange.Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, \" is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful.\"Alexander, on the other hand, she described as \"very plain\". Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her \"best and kindest adviser\",to thank him \"for","thank him \"for the prospect ofgreathappiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see.\"However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time. Accession and early reign Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and aregencywas avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me theArchbishop of CanterburyandLord Conynghamwere here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) andalone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted","then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently thatIamQueen.\"Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again. Since 1714,Britainhad shared a monarch withHanoverin Germany, but underSalic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother,Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, becameKing of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child. At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by theWhigprime ministerLord Melbourne. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.Charles Grevillesupposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\", and Victoria probably","Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.Her coronationtook place on 28 June 1838 atWestminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.She became the first sovereign to take up residence atBuckingham Palaceand inherited the revenues of the duchies ofLancasterandCornwallas well as being granted acivil listallowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts. At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting,Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.Victoria believed the rumours.She hated Conroy, and despised \"that odious Lady Flora\",because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.Conroy,","be a virgin.Conroy, the Hastings family, and the oppositionToriesorganised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as \"Mrs. Melbourne\". In 1839, Melbourne resigned afterRadicalsand Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution ofJamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with theabolition of slavery.The Queen commissioned a Tory,Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of theRoyal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen'sladies of the bedchamberwere wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the \"bedchamber crisis\", Victoria,","crisis\", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office. Marriage and public life Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required bysocial conventionto live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.The Duchess was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised \"torment for many years\", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a \"schocking alternative\".Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock. Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839.","in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived atWindsor.They were married on 10 February 1840, in theChapel RoyalofSt James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary: I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could havehopedto have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such aHusband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life! Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half","in the first half of her life.Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House inBelgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's auntPrincess Augustain 1840, the Duchess was given bothClarence HouseandFrogmore House.Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved. During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-oldEdward Oxfordattempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.He was tried forhigh treason, foundnot guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over theHastings affairand thebedchamber crisis.Her daughter, also namedVictoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being","Queen hated being pregnant,viewed breast-feeding with disgust,and thought newborn babies were ugly.Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children:Albert Edward,Alice,Alfred,Helena,Louise,Arthur,LeopoldandBeatrice. The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, BaronessLouise LehzenfromHanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoriaand had supported her against the Kensington System.Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended. On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage alongThe Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait","attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted totransportation for life,John William Beanalso tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed alongConstitution Hill, London.In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer,Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation. Melbourne's support in the House of","in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the1841 general electionthe Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced. In 1845, Ireland was hit by apotato blight.In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as theGreat Famine.In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \"The Famine Queen\".In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £230,000 and £8.5million in 2022)to theBritish Relief Association, more than any other individual famine relief donor,and supported theMaynooth Grantto a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount toBattersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century. By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of theCorn Laws. Many Tories—by","Many Tories—by then known also asConservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade orientedliberal conservative\"Peelites\"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced byLord John Russell. Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and theHouse of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with KingLouis Philippe IatChâteau d'Euin Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting ofHenry VIII of EnglandandFrancis I of Franceon theField of the Cloth of Goldin 1520.When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.Louis Philippe was deposed in therevolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England.At the height of a","the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety ofOsborne House,a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.Demonstrations byChartistsandIrish nationalistsfailed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances.Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism. Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.She found particularly offensive theForeign Secretary,Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen.Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after","was removed after he announced the British government's approval of PresidentLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte'scoup in Francewithout consulting the Prime Minister.The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led byLord Derby. In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic,chloroform. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.Victoria may have hadpostnatal depressionafter many of her pregnancies.Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her","Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\". In early 1855, the government ofLord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in theCrimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister. Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.Napoleon III met the couple atBoulogneand accompanied them to Paris.They visited theExposition Universelle(a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild theGreat Exhibition) andNapoleon I's tomb atLes Invalides(to which his remains had only beenreturnedin 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at thePalace of Versailles.This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years. On 14 January 1858, an","14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain calledFelice Orsiniattempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port ofCherbourgon 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of theRoyal Navyin comparison to theFrench Navy.Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office. Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter marriedPrince Frederick William of Prussiain London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17.The Queen and Albert","Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlargingPrussianstate.The Queen felt \"sick at heart\" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; \"It really makes me shudder\", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, \"when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one.\"Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild,Wilhelm, who would become the last German emperor. Widowhood and isolation In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for \"wickedly\" estranging her from her mother.To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son,Albert","their son,Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying inKillarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.He was diagnosed withtyphoid feverbyWilliam Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales'sphilandering. He had been \"killed by that dreadful business\", she said.She entered a state ofmourningand wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.Her seclusion earned her the nickname \"widow of Windsor\".Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances. Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and","the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847,Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings ofBuckingham Palacethat announced \"these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business\".Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of theRoyal Horticultural SocietyatKensingtonand take a drive through London in an open carriage. Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland,John Brown.Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as \"Mrs. Brown\".The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movieMrs. Brown. A painting by SirEdwin Henry Landseerdepicting","Landseerdepicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at theRoyal Academy, and Victoria published a book,Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly. Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time since Albert's death.The following year she supported the passing of theReform Act 1867which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,though she was not in favour of votes for women.Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced byBenjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. \"Everyone likes flattery,\" he said, \"and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.\"With the phrase \"we authors, Ma'am\", he complimented her.Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival,William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria","minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \"a public meeting rather than a woman\". In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of theThird French Republic.A republican rally inTrafalgar Squaredemanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with anabscessin her arm, whichJoseph Listersuccessfully lanced and treated with his new antisepticcarbolic acidspray.In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.To general rejoicing, he recovered.Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a","London and a grand service of thanksgiving inSt Paul's Cathedralon 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided. On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MPFeargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,and abirching.As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further. Empress of India After theIndian Rebellion of 1857, theBritish East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on theIndian subcontinentwere formally incorporated into theBritish Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.She wrote of \"her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war\",and insisted, urged on by","urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state \"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\".At her behest, a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom. In the1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed thePublic Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with thepresbyterianChurch of Scotlandthan theepiscopalChurch of England.Disraeli also pushed theRoyal Titles Act 1876through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \"Empress of India\" from 1 May 1876.The new title was proclaimed at theDelhi Durbarof 1 January 1877. On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had marriedLouis of Hesse,","of Hesse, died ofdiphtheriainDarmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as \"almost incredible and most mysterious\".In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth ofPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her \"poor old 60th birthday\". She felt \"aged\" by \"the loss of my beloved child\". Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during theRusso-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with theCongress of Berlin.Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as theAnglo-Zulu Warand theSecond Anglo-Afghan War. \"Ifweare tomaintainour position as afirst-ratePower\", she wrote, \"we must ... bePreparedforattacksandwars,somewhereorother, CONTINUALLY.\"Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \"It is not in our custom to annexe","custom to annexe countries\", she said, \"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\"To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by \"fast falling tears\",and erected a memorial tablet \"placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.\" On 2 March 1882,Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,shot at the Queen as her carriage leftWindsor railway station.Gordon Chesney Wilsonand another schoolboy fromEton Collegestruck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was \"worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved\". On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued","and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, SirHenry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.Ponsonby andRandall Davidson,Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.The manuscript was destroyed.In early 1884, Victoria did publishMore Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\".On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died inCannes. He was \"the dearest of my dear sons\", she lamented.The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love withPrince Henry of Battenbergat the wedding of Victoria's granddaughterPrincess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhineto Henry's","by Rhineto Henry's brotherPrince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her. Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.She thought his government was \"the worst I have ever had\", and blamed him for the death ofGeneral Gordonduring theSiege of Khartoum.Gladstone was replaced byLord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a \"half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man\".Gladstone attempted to passa bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated.Inthe ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again. Golden and Diamond Jubilees In 1887, theBritish EmpirecelebratedVictoria's Golden","Golden Jubilee. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service inWestminster Abbey.By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.Two days later on 23 June,she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom wasAbdul Karim. He was soon promoted to \"Munshi\": teaching herUrduand acting as a clerk.Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.EquerryFrederick Ponsonby(the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported toLord Elgin,Viceroy of India, \"the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do.\"Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death. Victoria's eldest daughter","eldest daughter becameempress consort of Germanyin 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor asWilhelm II. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer inautocracy. Victoria thought he had \"little heart orZartgefühl – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped \". Gladstone returned to power after the1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MPHenry Labouchèreto theCabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointedLord Roseberyas prime minister.His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign. On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as thelongest-reigning monarch in","monarch in British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide withher Diamond Jubilee,which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of theColonial Secretary,Joseph Chamberlain.The prime ministers of all theself-governingDominionswere invited to London for the festivities.One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson Wilhelm II, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the","affection for the 78-year-old Queen. Declining health and death Victoria regularly holidayed in mainland Europe. In 1889, during a stay inBiarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to visit Spain by briefly crossing the border.By April 1900, theBoer Warwas so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred (\"Affie\"), died. \"Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too\", she wrote in her journal. \"It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.\" Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.Rheumatismin her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.Through early January, she felt \"weak and unwell\",and by mid-January she was","mid-January she was \"drowsy dazed, confused\".Herfavourite petPomeranian, Turi, was laid on her bed as a last request.She died aged 81 on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, in the presence of her eldest son, Albert Edward, and grandson Wilhelm II. Albert Edward immediately succeeded as Edward VII. In 1897, Victoria had written instructions forher funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,and white instead of black.On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family","view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.Items ofjewelleryplaced on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown's mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, inSt George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in theRoyal Mausoleum, Frogmore, atWindsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was thelongest-reigning British monarchand thelongest-reigningqueen regnantin world history, until her great-great-granddaughterElizabeth IIsurpassed her on 9 September 2015.She was the last monarch of Britain from theHouse of Hanover; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband'sHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Legacy Reputation According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailedjournal, which eventually encompassed 122","encompassed 122 volumes.After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy,Lord Eshertranscribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited byA. C. Benson,Hector Bolitho,George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher,Roger Fulford, andRichard Houghamong others. In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about five feet (1.5 metres) tall, but she projected a grand image.She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider","known to the wider public.Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such asLytton Strachey'sQueen Victoriaof 1921, are now considered out of date.The biographies written byElizabeth LongfordandCecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking. Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modernconstitutional monarchyin Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of theHouse of Commonsat the expense of theHouse of Lordsand the monarch.In 1867,Walter Bagehotwrote that the monarch only retained \"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\".As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the","members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \"family monarchy\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified. Descendants and haemophilia Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname \"the grandmother of Europe\".Of thegrandchildren of Victoria and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood. Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting diseasehaemophilia Band at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers.Royal haemophiliacsdescended from Victoria included her great-grandsons,Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia;Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; andInfante Gonzalo of Spain.The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led tomodern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even","the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases. Titles, styles, honours, and arms Titles and styles At the end of her reign, the Queen's fullstylewas: \"Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandQueen,Defender of the Faith, Empress of India\". Honours British honours Foreign honours Arms As Sovereign, Victoria used theroyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne. Family Issue Ancestry Family tree Notes References Citations Bibliography Primary sources Further reading External links","1900–01 Football League The1900–01seasonwas the 13th season ofThe Football League. Final league tables Beginning in the 1894–95 season, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded). In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season. During the first six seasons of the league, (up to the 1893–94 season), re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. From the 1894–95 season and until the 1920–21 season the re-election process was required of the clubs which finished in the bottom three of the league. First Division Results Maps Second Division Results Maps See also References","List of Liverpool F.C. managers Liverpool Football Clubis an English association football club based inLiverpool,Merseyside. Liverpool won theFirst Division titlefor the first time in 1901; since then, the club has won a further 18 league titles, along with eightFA Cupsand tenFootball League Cups. They have also been crowned champions of European football on six occasions by winning theEuropean Cup/UEFA Champions Leaguein1977,1978,1981,1984,2005and2019.The club was one of 22 members of thePremier Leaguewhen it was founded in 1992. Liverpool have had 22 full-time managers. The most successful person to manage Liverpool isBob Paisley, who won six Football League titles, sixCharity Shields, three Football League Cups, three European Cups, oneUEFA Super Cupand oneUEFA Cupin his nine-year reign as manager. The club's longest-serving manager wasTom Watson, who managed the club from 1896 to 1915, totalling 19 years.Kenny Dalglishis the only person to have managed the club on two occasions. He first managed Liverpool","managed Liverpool from 1985 to February 1991, and then from January 2011 to June 2012. This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Liverpool since their foundation in 1892. Each manager's entry includes his dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his care.Caretaker managersare included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge. Managerial history 1892–1959 The first Liverpool managers,William Edward BarclayandJohn McKenna, were appointed in 1892. Barclay acted as secretary-manager, overseeing the administrative side of the club, while McKenna took charge of matters on the field. The two worked in tandem as Liverpool won promotion from the Lancashire League in the club's first season.However, in 1896, McKenna appointedTom Watsonas manager.He went on to win twoFootball League championships. As theFirst World Warbroke","World Warbroke out, Watson was embarking on his nineteenth season in charge at Anfield. It was to be his last, because he died in May 1915, aged 56.David Ashworthwas appointed manager when football resumed after the War.Ashworth won one league title, but left forOldham Athleticsoon after this. He was replaced in February 1923 by a Liverpool director,Matt McQueen, who won one league title for the club. However, this marked the beginning of a barren spell spanning more than 20 years before Liverpool finally regained the title in 1947 under the stewardship ofGeorge Kay. Kay also led Liverpool to theFA Cup Finalin1950, but lost the game 2–0 to Arsenal. He retired the following year, owing to ill-health.The next manager,Don Welshbecame the first Liverpool manager to be sacked after leading the club to relegation in 1954. His successor,Phil Taylor, also failed to win a trophy or gain promotion back to the top flight during his reign as boss. 1959–1991 On 1 December 1959,Bill Shanklywas appointed manager, beginning","manager, beginning a fifteen-year spell as manager that brought three league titles, twoFA Cupsand a first European trophy, theUEFA Cup, toAnfield.Shankly's reign as manager is famous for the establishment ofthe Anfield boot roomas the location for his tactical discussions with his coaches.When he was not managing the club, Shankly was usually at his typewriter, personally replying to the letters which arrived at Melwood. Shankly even called some supporters at home to discuss the previous day's game, while the accounts of him providing tickets for fans are endless.When Shankly retired in 1974, he was replaced by his assistant,Bob Paisley. During the next nine seasons, Paisley proceeded to win six league titles and threeEuropean Cupsto become the most successful manager in the history of the club.When Paisley retired in 1983, his assistantJoe Fagantook over, and continued the Boot Room tradition, and winning atrebleof League, European Cup andLeague Cupin his first season. He again guided Liverpool to","guided Liverpool to aEuropean Cup Final, but the match was overshadowed by theHeysel Stadium disaster, and he retired soon after.StrikerKenny Dalglishwas then made the club's firstplayer-managerand in his first season in charge, Dalglish led the club to a League and FA Cupdouble.After that great first season, Dalglish led Liverpool to a further two league titles and another FA Cup. However, theHillsborough disasterovershadowed his reign; it was one of the reasons for Dalglish resigning on 22 February 1991. 1991–2015 First-team coachRonnie Morantook charge of team affairs for several weeks beforeGraeme Sounesswas named as Dalglish's successor. Under Souness, Liverpool won the FA Cup in1992, but nothing else. He made way forRoy Evans, who also won just one trophy, the League Cup, beforeGérard Houllierwas appointed joint manager with Evans in 1998. This arrangement lasted only 18 games before Evans resigned, leaving Houllier—Liverpool's first non-British manager—in sole charge. Houllier won nothing until","won nothing until atreblein 2001, consisting of the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup. Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the2001–02season, but the squad was unaffected and managed to hold on to a second-place finish. AlthoughPhil Thompsonstepped in as temporary manager while Houllier was recovering from heart surgery, the matches played under Thompson are included in Houllier's record.Another League Cup was won in2003, but this was to be Houllier's last trophy as Liverpool manager as he and the club parted by mutual consent at the end of the2003–04season,to be replaced byValenciamanager,Rafael Benítez. In Benítez's first season in charge, Liverpool reached theUEFA Champions League Final, where they beatA.C. Milanon penalties, after the match finished 3–3 afterextra time. The following season, Liverpool reached theFA Cup Final, where they beatWest Ham United, again on penalties after a 3–3 draw. Benítez again guided Liverpool to aChampions League Finalin 2007, but this time A.C. Milan beat them 2–1.","beat them 2–1. On 3 June 2010, Benitez paid the price for a disappointing2009–10season when Liverpool announced he had left the club by mutual consent after six years in charge. Benitez, who was one year into a five-year contract, finalised his departure after agreeing a severance payment. Benitez's assistantSammy Leetook over the reins at Liverpool until Managing director Christian Purslow and former managerKenny Dalglishfound a replacement. On 1 July 2010, formerFulhambossRoy Hodgsonwas confirmed as the new manager.After a poor tenure, which included Liverpool being 18th after 6 games, and only one away win during Hodgson's time in charge, Hodgson was sacked on 8 January 2011 and was replaced by former managerKenny Dalglishthe day before a 3rd Round FA Cup game againstManchester United.Dalglish signed a three-year contract as permanent manager in May, but was sacked a year later.Although the 2011–12 season ended with a poor 8th-place finish in the Premier League, Dalglish guided Liverpool to two Cup finals","to two Cup finals at Wembley, ending a six-year trophy drought by winning theLeague Cup. The second Cup final appearance was theFA Cup, which Liverpool lost toChelsea. He was replaced byBrendan Rodgerson 1 June 2012. Rodgers led them in the2013–14 seasonto a surprise title challenge, however Liverpool ended the league season in second place, despite scoring 101 goals, the club's most since the1895–96 seasonand the third-highest in Premier League history.Rodgers was the first Liverpool manager to win theLMA Manager of The Year Award.However, he was the first manager of the club not to win a major trophy in his first three years at the helm, and on 4 October 2015, he was sacked. 2015–2024 On 8 October 2015, Brendan Rodgers was replaced by formerBorussia DortmundmanagerJürgen Klopp.Klopp made an instant impact on the club and guided them to aLeague Cup Finaland a surpriseEuropa League Finalinhis first seasonat the club.During their Europa League campaign, he beat bothEnglish rivalsManchester United and his","United and his former club Borussia Dortmund en route to the final.However, they lost the League Cup Final to Manchester City viapenalty shoot-outand they lost 1–3 to Spanish sideSevillain the Europa League Final.They also finished 8th in the league, meaning they wouldn't qualify for European competition for the2016–17 season. On 8 June 2016, Klopp and his coaching staff signed six-year contract extensions that ran until 2022.Klopp guided the club to a fourth-place finish in the2016–17 season, qualifying them for the2017–18 UEFA Champions Leaguequalifying play-offs, where they beat German club,TSG 1899 Hoffenheim6–3 on aggregate in a two-legged play-off to reach the group stage.Klopp led the team to finish top of their group and beat eventual English champions, Manchester City, and Italian club Roma in the knockout phase en route to the2018 UEFA Champions League Final.Unfortunately for Liverpool, they lost 1–3 to Spanish giantsReal Madrid. During the2018–19 season, Klopp guided Liverpool to their sixth","to their sixth Champions League triumph with a2–0 winover fellow English club, Tottenham Hotspur,and also guided the club toa second-place finish in the league.At the start of the2019–20 season, Klopp's Liverpool side played against Manchester City in theFA Community Shieldand against Chelsea in theUEFA Super Cup.Both matches went into penalty shoot-outs, with Liverpool losing the former and winning the latter.Later in December, Klopp also guided Liverpool to their first ever FIFA club World Cup trophy, making it 3 trophies in 2019. In the 2019–20 season, Klopp secured Liverpool's first Premier League title and first top-flight title since 1990 by finishing on the most points in their history (99 points). The season was notable both for Liverpool's huge points lead over the rest of the league and for its interruption by theCoronavirusshutdown, meaning Liverpool won the Premier League atboth the earliest(7 games to go) and the latest time (June) ever. On 26 January 2024, the club released a statement, sharing","statement, sharing Klopp's announcement that he would step down as Liverpool manager at the end of the current season (2023–24).Arne Slotwas announced as the head coach ahead of the2024–25 season. Key Key to record: Key to honours: Managers Information correct as of 20 October 2024. Only competitive matches are counted. Notes References General Specific Bibliography"],"string":"[\n \"Queen Victoria Victoria(Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) wasQueen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom 20 June 1837 untilher deathin 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days—which waslonger than those of any of her predecessors—constituted theVictorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within theUnited Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of theBritish Empire. In 1876, theBritish Parliamentvoted to grant her the additional title ofEmpress of India. Victoria was the daughter ofPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn(the fourth son ofKing George III), andPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she wasraised under close supervisionby her mother and hercomptroller,John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without survivinglegitimateissue. Victoria, aconstitutional monarch, attempted privately to influence\",\n \"to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards ofpersonal morality. Victoria marriedher first cousin,Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria thesobriquet\\\"grandmother of Europe\\\". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion,British republicanismtemporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. HerGoldenandDiamondjubileeswere times of public celebration. Victoria died atOsborne Houseon theIsle of Wight, at the age of 81. The lastBritish monarchof theHouse of Hanover, she was succeeded by her sonEdward VIIof theHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Early life Birth and ancestry Victoria's father wasPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son ofKing George IIIandQueen Charlotte. Until\",\n \"Charlotte. Until 1817, King George's only legitimate grandchild was Edward's niecePrincess Charlotte of Wales, the daughter ofGeorge, Prince Regent(who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte's death in 1817 precipitated asuccession crisisthat brought pressure on Prince Edward and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent marriedPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl(1804–1856) andFeodora(1807–1872)—by her first marriage toEmich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen. Her brotherLeopoldwas Princess Charlotte's widower and later the firstking of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria was born at 4:15 a.m. on Monday 24 May 1819 atKensington Palacein London. Victoria was christened privately by theArchbishop of Canterbury,Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.She was baptisedAlexandrinaafter one of her godparents, TsarAlexander I of Russia, andVictoria, after her\",\n \"after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent. At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV);Frederick, Duke of York;William, Duke of Clarence(later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.Prince George had no surviving children, and Prince Frederick had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William married in 1818, in a joint ceremony with his brother Edward, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died\",\n \"grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter,Princess Elizabeth, lived, from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821. Heir presumptive Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria becameheir presumptive. TheRegency Act 1830made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that aregencycould be avoided. Victoria later described her childhood as \\\"rather melancholy\\\".Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \\\"Kensington System\\\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by\",\n \"devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineeringcomptroller,Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and herKing Charles Spaniel,Dash.Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,but she spoke only English at home. In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit theMalvern Hills, stopping at towns and greatcountry housesalong the way.Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically\",\n \"enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.William compared the journeys toroyal progressesand was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.AtRamsgatein October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy herprivate secretary.As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household. By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her\",\n \"hoped to marry her toPrince Albert,the son of his brotherErnest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit ofPrince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son ofthe Prince of Orange.Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, \\\" is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful.\\\"Alexander, on the other hand, she described as \\\"very plain\\\". Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her \\\"best and kindest adviser\\\",to thank him \\\"for\",\n \"thank him \\\"for the prospect ofgreathappiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see.\\\"However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time. Accession and early reign Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and aregencywas avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.In her diary she wrote, \\\"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me theArchbishop of CanterburyandLord Conynghamwere here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) andalone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted\",\n \"then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently thatIamQueen.\\\"Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again. Since 1714,Britainhad shared a monarch withHanoverin Germany, but underSalic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother,Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, becameKing of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child. At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by theWhigprime ministerLord Melbourne. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.Charles Grevillesupposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \\\"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\\\", and Victoria probably\",\n \"Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.Her coronationtook place on 28 June 1838 atWestminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.She became the first sovereign to take up residence atBuckingham Palaceand inherited the revenues of the duchies ofLancasterandCornwallas well as being granted acivil listallowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts. At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting,Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.Victoria believed the rumours.She hated Conroy, and despised \\\"that odious Lady Flora\\\",because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.Conroy,\",\n \"be a virgin.Conroy, the Hastings family, and the oppositionToriesorganised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as \\\"Mrs. Melbourne\\\". In 1839, Melbourne resigned afterRadicalsand Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution ofJamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with theabolition of slavery.The Queen commissioned a Tory,Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of theRoyal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen'sladies of the bedchamberwere wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the \\\"bedchamber crisis\\\", Victoria,\",\n \"crisis\\\", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office. Marriage and public life Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required bysocial conventionto live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.The Duchess was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised \\\"torment for many years\\\", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a \\\"schocking alternative\\\".Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock. Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839.\",\n \"in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived atWindsor.They were married on 10 February 1840, in theChapel RoyalofSt James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary: I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could havehopedto have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such aHusband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life! Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half\",\n \"in the first half of her life.Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House inBelgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's auntPrincess Augustain 1840, the Duchess was given bothClarence HouseandFrogmore House.Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved. During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-oldEdward Oxfordattempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.He was tried forhigh treason, foundnot guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over theHastings affairand thebedchamber crisis.Her daughter, also namedVictoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being\",\n \"Queen hated being pregnant,viewed breast-feeding with disgust,and thought newborn babies were ugly.Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children:Albert Edward,Alice,Alfred,Helena,Louise,Arthur,LeopoldandBeatrice. The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, BaronessLouise LehzenfromHanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoriaand had supported her against the Kensington System.Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended. On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage alongThe Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait\",\n \"attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted totransportation for life,John William Beanalso tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed alongConstitution Hill, London.In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer,Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation. Melbourne's support in the House of\",\n \"in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the1841 general electionthe Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced. In 1845, Ireland was hit by apotato blight.In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as theGreat Famine.In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \\\"The Famine Queen\\\".In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £230,000 and £8.5million in 2022)to theBritish Relief Association, more than any other individual famine relief donor,and supported theMaynooth Grantto a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount toBattersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century. By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of theCorn Laws. Many Tories—by\",\n \"Many Tories—by then known also asConservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade orientedliberal conservative\\\"Peelites\\\"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced byLord John Russell. Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and theHouse of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with KingLouis Philippe IatChâteau d'Euin Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting ofHenry VIII of EnglandandFrancis I of Franceon theField of the Cloth of Goldin 1520.When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.Louis Philippe was deposed in therevolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England.At the height of a\",\n \"the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety ofOsborne House,a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.Demonstrations byChartistsandIrish nationalistsfailed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances.Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism. Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.She found particularly offensive theForeign Secretary,Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen.Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after\",\n \"was removed after he announced the British government's approval of PresidentLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte'scoup in Francewithout consulting the Prime Minister.The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led byLord Derby. In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic,chloroform. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.Victoria may have hadpostnatal depressionafter many of her pregnancies.Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her\",\n \"Victoria about her \\\"continuance of hysterics\\\" over a \\\"miserable trifle\\\". In early 1855, the government ofLord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in theCrimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister. Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.Napoleon III met the couple atBoulogneand accompanied them to Paris.They visited theExposition Universelle(a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild theGreat Exhibition) andNapoleon I's tomb atLes Invalides(to which his remains had only beenreturnedin 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at thePalace of Versailles.This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years. On 14 January 1858, an\",\n \"14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain calledFelice Orsiniattempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port ofCherbourgon 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of theRoyal Navyin comparison to theFrench Navy.Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office. Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter marriedPrince Frederick William of Prussiain London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17.The Queen and Albert\",\n \"Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlargingPrussianstate.The Queen felt \\\"sick at heart\\\" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; \\\"It really makes me shudder\\\", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, \\\"when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one.\\\"Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild,Wilhelm, who would become the last German emperor. Widowhood and isolation In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for \\\"wickedly\\\" estranging her from her mother.To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son,Albert\",\n \"their son,Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying inKillarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.He was diagnosed withtyphoid feverbyWilliam Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales'sphilandering. He had been \\\"killed by that dreadful business\\\", she said.She entered a state ofmourningand wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.Her seclusion earned her the nickname \\\"widow of Windsor\\\".Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances. Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and\",\n \"the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847,Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings ofBuckingham Palacethat announced \\\"these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business\\\".Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of theRoyal Horticultural SocietyatKensingtonand take a drive through London in an open carriage. Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland,John Brown.Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as \\\"Mrs. Brown\\\".The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movieMrs. Brown. A painting by SirEdwin Henry Landseerdepicting\",\n \"Landseerdepicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at theRoyal Academy, and Victoria published a book,Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly. Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time since Albert's death.The following year she supported the passing of theReform Act 1867which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,though she was not in favour of votes for women.Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced byBenjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. \\\"Everyone likes flattery,\\\" he said, \\\"and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.\\\"With the phrase \\\"we authors, Ma'am\\\", he complimented her.Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival,William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria\",\n \"minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \\\"a public meeting rather than a woman\\\". In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of theThird French Republic.A republican rally inTrafalgar Squaredemanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with anabscessin her arm, whichJoseph Listersuccessfully lanced and treated with his new antisepticcarbolic acidspray.In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.To general rejoicing, he recovered.Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a\",\n \"London and a grand service of thanksgiving inSt Paul's Cathedralon 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided. On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MPFeargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,and abirching.As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further. Empress of India After theIndian Rebellion of 1857, theBritish East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on theIndian subcontinentwere formally incorporated into theBritish Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.She wrote of \\\"her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war\\\",and insisted, urged on by\",\n \"urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state \\\"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\\\".At her behest, a reference threatening the \\\"undermining of native religions and customs\\\" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom. In the1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed thePublic Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with thepresbyterianChurch of Scotlandthan theepiscopalChurch of England.Disraeli also pushed theRoyal Titles Act 1876through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \\\"Empress of India\\\" from 1 May 1876.The new title was proclaimed at theDelhi Durbarof 1 January 1877. On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had marriedLouis of Hesse,\",\n \"of Hesse, died ofdiphtheriainDarmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as \\\"almost incredible and most mysterious\\\".In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth ofPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her \\\"poor old 60th birthday\\\". She felt \\\"aged\\\" by \\\"the loss of my beloved child\\\". Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during theRusso-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with theCongress of Berlin.Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as theAnglo-Zulu Warand theSecond Anglo-Afghan War. \\\"Ifweare tomaintainour position as afirst-ratePower\\\", she wrote, \\\"we must ... bePreparedforattacksandwars,somewhereorother, CONTINUALLY.\\\"Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \\\"It is not in our custom to annexe\",\n \"custom to annexe countries\\\", she said, \\\"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\\\"To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by \\\"fast falling tears\\\",and erected a memorial tablet \\\"placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.\\\" On 2 March 1882,Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,shot at the Queen as her carriage leftWindsor railway station.Gordon Chesney Wilsonand another schoolboy fromEton Collegestruck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was \\\"worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved\\\". On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued\",\n \"and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, SirHenry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.Ponsonby andRandall Davidson,Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.The manuscript was destroyed.In early 1884, Victoria did publishMore Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \\\"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\\\".On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died inCannes. He was \\\"the dearest of my dear sons\\\", she lamented.The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love withPrince Henry of Battenbergat the wedding of Victoria's granddaughterPrincess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhineto Henry's\",\n \"by Rhineto Henry's brotherPrince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her. Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.She thought his government was \\\"the worst I have ever had\\\", and blamed him for the death ofGeneral Gordonduring theSiege of Khartoum.Gladstone was replaced byLord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a \\\"half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man\\\".Gladstone attempted to passa bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated.Inthe ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again. Golden and Diamond Jubilees In 1887, theBritish EmpirecelebratedVictoria's Golden\",\n \"Golden Jubilee. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service inWestminster Abbey.By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.Two days later on 23 June,she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom wasAbdul Karim. He was soon promoted to \\\"Munshi\\\": teaching herUrduand acting as a clerk.Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.EquerryFrederick Ponsonby(the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported toLord Elgin,Viceroy of India, \\\"the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do.\\\"Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death. Victoria's eldest daughter\",\n \"eldest daughter becameempress consort of Germanyin 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor asWilhelm II. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer inautocracy. Victoria thought he had \\\"little heart orZartgefühl – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped \\\". Gladstone returned to power after the1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MPHenry Labouchèreto theCabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointedLord Roseberyas prime minister.His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign. On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as thelongest-reigning monarch in\",\n \"monarch in British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide withher Diamond Jubilee,which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of theColonial Secretary,Joseph Chamberlain.The prime ministers of all theself-governingDominionswere invited to London for the festivities.One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson Wilhelm II, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the\",\n \"affection for the 78-year-old Queen. Declining health and death Victoria regularly holidayed in mainland Europe. In 1889, during a stay inBiarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to visit Spain by briefly crossing the border.By April 1900, theBoer Warwas so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred (\\\"Affie\\\"), died. \\\"Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too\\\", she wrote in her journal. \\\"It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.\\\" Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.Rheumatismin her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.Through early January, she felt \\\"weak and unwell\\\",and by mid-January she was\",\n \"mid-January she was \\\"drowsy dazed, confused\\\".Herfavourite petPomeranian, Turi, was laid on her bed as a last request.She died aged 81 on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, in the presence of her eldest son, Albert Edward, and grandson Wilhelm II. Albert Edward immediately succeeded as Edward VII. In 1897, Victoria had written instructions forher funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,and white instead of black.On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family\",\n \"view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.Items ofjewelleryplaced on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown's mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, inSt George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in theRoyal Mausoleum, Frogmore, atWindsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was thelongest-reigning British monarchand thelongest-reigningqueen regnantin world history, until her great-great-granddaughterElizabeth IIsurpassed her on 9 September 2015.She was the last monarch of Britain from theHouse of Hanover; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband'sHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Legacy Reputation According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailedjournal, which eventually encompassed 122\",\n \"encompassed 122 volumes.After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy,Lord Eshertranscribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited byA. C. Benson,Hector Bolitho,George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher,Roger Fulford, andRichard Houghamong others. In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about five feet (1.5 metres) tall, but she projected a grand image.She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider\",\n \"known to the wider public.Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such asLytton Strachey'sQueen Victoriaof 1921, are now considered out of date.The biographies written byElizabeth LongfordandCecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking. Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modernconstitutional monarchyin Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of theHouse of Commonsat the expense of theHouse of Lordsand the monarch.In 1867,Walter Bagehotwrote that the monarch only retained \\\"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\\\".As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the\",\n \"members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \\\"family monarchy\\\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified. Descendants and haemophilia Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname \\\"the grandmother of Europe\\\".Of thegrandchildren of Victoria and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood. Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting diseasehaemophilia Band at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers.Royal haemophiliacsdescended from Victoria included her great-grandsons,Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia;Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; andInfante Gonzalo of Spain.The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led tomodern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even\",\n \"the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases. Titles, styles, honours, and arms Titles and styles At the end of her reign, the Queen's fullstylewas: \\\"Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandQueen,Defender of the Faith, Empress of India\\\". Honours British honours Foreign honours Arms As Sovereign, Victoria used theroyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne. Family Issue Ancestry Family tree Notes References Citations Bibliography Primary sources Further reading External links\",\n \"1900–01 Football League The1900–01seasonwas the 13th season ofThe Football League. Final league tables Beginning in the 1894–95 season, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded). In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season. During the first six seasons of the league, (up to the 1893–94 season), re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. From the 1894–95 season and until the 1920–21 season the re-election process was required of the clubs which finished in the bottom three of the league. First Division Results Maps Second Division Results Maps See also References\",\n \"List of Liverpool F.C. managers Liverpool Football Clubis an English association football club based inLiverpool,Merseyside. Liverpool won theFirst Division titlefor the first time in 1901; since then, the club has won a further 18 league titles, along with eightFA Cupsand tenFootball League Cups. They have also been crowned champions of European football on six occasions by winning theEuropean Cup/UEFA Champions Leaguein1977,1978,1981,1984,2005and2019.The club was one of 22 members of thePremier Leaguewhen it was founded in 1992. Liverpool have had 22 full-time managers. The most successful person to manage Liverpool isBob Paisley, who won six Football League titles, sixCharity Shields, three Football League Cups, three European Cups, oneUEFA Super Cupand oneUEFA Cupin his nine-year reign as manager. The club's longest-serving manager wasTom Watson, who managed the club from 1896 to 1915, totalling 19 years.Kenny Dalglishis the only person to have managed the club on two occasions. He first managed Liverpool\",\n \"managed Liverpool from 1985 to February 1991, and then from January 2011 to June 2012. This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Liverpool since their foundation in 1892. Each manager's entry includes his dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his care.Caretaker managersare included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge. Managerial history 1892–1959 The first Liverpool managers,William Edward BarclayandJohn McKenna, were appointed in 1892. Barclay acted as secretary-manager, overseeing the administrative side of the club, while McKenna took charge of matters on the field. The two worked in tandem as Liverpool won promotion from the Lancashire League in the club's first season.However, in 1896, McKenna appointedTom Watsonas manager.He went on to win twoFootball League championships. As theFirst World Warbroke\",\n \"World Warbroke out, Watson was embarking on his nineteenth season in charge at Anfield. It was to be his last, because he died in May 1915, aged 56.David Ashworthwas appointed manager when football resumed after the War.Ashworth won one league title, but left forOldham Athleticsoon after this. He was replaced in February 1923 by a Liverpool director,Matt McQueen, who won one league title for the club. However, this marked the beginning of a barren spell spanning more than 20 years before Liverpool finally regained the title in 1947 under the stewardship ofGeorge Kay. Kay also led Liverpool to theFA Cup Finalin1950, but lost the game 2–0 to Arsenal. He retired the following year, owing to ill-health.The next manager,Don Welshbecame the first Liverpool manager to be sacked after leading the club to relegation in 1954. His successor,Phil Taylor, also failed to win a trophy or gain promotion back to the top flight during his reign as boss. 1959–1991 On 1 December 1959,Bill Shanklywas appointed manager, beginning\",\n \"manager, beginning a fifteen-year spell as manager that brought three league titles, twoFA Cupsand a first European trophy, theUEFA Cup, toAnfield.Shankly's reign as manager is famous for the establishment ofthe Anfield boot roomas the location for his tactical discussions with his coaches.When he was not managing the club, Shankly was usually at his typewriter, personally replying to the letters which arrived at Melwood. Shankly even called some supporters at home to discuss the previous day's game, while the accounts of him providing tickets for fans are endless.When Shankly retired in 1974, he was replaced by his assistant,Bob Paisley. During the next nine seasons, Paisley proceeded to win six league titles and threeEuropean Cupsto become the most successful manager in the history of the club.When Paisley retired in 1983, his assistantJoe Fagantook over, and continued the Boot Room tradition, and winning atrebleof League, European Cup andLeague Cupin his first season. He again guided Liverpool to\",\n \"guided Liverpool to aEuropean Cup Final, but the match was overshadowed by theHeysel Stadium disaster, and he retired soon after.StrikerKenny Dalglishwas then made the club's firstplayer-managerand in his first season in charge, Dalglish led the club to a League and FA Cupdouble.After that great first season, Dalglish led Liverpool to a further two league titles and another FA Cup. However, theHillsborough disasterovershadowed his reign; it was one of the reasons for Dalglish resigning on 22 February 1991. 1991–2015 First-team coachRonnie Morantook charge of team affairs for several weeks beforeGraeme Sounesswas named as Dalglish's successor. Under Souness, Liverpool won the FA Cup in1992, but nothing else. He made way forRoy Evans, who also won just one trophy, the League Cup, beforeGérard Houllierwas appointed joint manager with Evans in 1998. This arrangement lasted only 18 games before Evans resigned, leaving Houllier—Liverpool's first non-British manager—in sole charge. Houllier won nothing until\",\n \"won nothing until atreblein 2001, consisting of the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup. Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the2001–02season, but the squad was unaffected and managed to hold on to a second-place finish. AlthoughPhil Thompsonstepped in as temporary manager while Houllier was recovering from heart surgery, the matches played under Thompson are included in Houllier's record.Another League Cup was won in2003, but this was to be Houllier's last trophy as Liverpool manager as he and the club parted by mutual consent at the end of the2003–04season,to be replaced byValenciamanager,Rafael Benítez. In Benítez's first season in charge, Liverpool reached theUEFA Champions League Final, where they beatA.C. Milanon penalties, after the match finished 3–3 afterextra time. The following season, Liverpool reached theFA Cup Final, where they beatWest Ham United, again on penalties after a 3–3 draw. Benítez again guided Liverpool to aChampions League Finalin 2007, but this time A.C. Milan beat them 2–1.\",\n \"beat them 2–1. On 3 June 2010, Benitez paid the price for a disappointing2009–10season when Liverpool announced he had left the club by mutual consent after six years in charge. Benitez, who was one year into a five-year contract, finalised his departure after agreeing a severance payment. Benitez's assistantSammy Leetook over the reins at Liverpool until Managing director Christian Purslow and former managerKenny Dalglishfound a replacement. On 1 July 2010, formerFulhambossRoy Hodgsonwas confirmed as the new manager.After a poor tenure, which included Liverpool being 18th after 6 games, and only one away win during Hodgson's time in charge, Hodgson was sacked on 8 January 2011 and was replaced by former managerKenny Dalglishthe day before a 3rd Round FA Cup game againstManchester United.Dalglish signed a three-year contract as permanent manager in May, but was sacked a year later.Although the 2011–12 season ended with a poor 8th-place finish in the Premier League, Dalglish guided Liverpool to two Cup finals\",\n \"to two Cup finals at Wembley, ending a six-year trophy drought by winning theLeague Cup. The second Cup final appearance was theFA Cup, which Liverpool lost toChelsea. He was replaced byBrendan Rodgerson 1 June 2012. Rodgers led them in the2013–14 seasonto a surprise title challenge, however Liverpool ended the league season in second place, despite scoring 101 goals, the club's most since the1895–96 seasonand the third-highest in Premier League history.Rodgers was the first Liverpool manager to win theLMA Manager of The Year Award.However, he was the first manager of the club not to win a major trophy in his first three years at the helm, and on 4 October 2015, he was sacked. 2015–2024 On 8 October 2015, Brendan Rodgers was replaced by formerBorussia DortmundmanagerJürgen Klopp.Klopp made an instant impact on the club and guided them to aLeague Cup Finaland a surpriseEuropa League Finalinhis first seasonat the club.During their Europa League campaign, he beat bothEnglish rivalsManchester United and his\",\n \"United and his former club Borussia Dortmund en route to the final.However, they lost the League Cup Final to Manchester City viapenalty shoot-outand they lost 1–3 to Spanish sideSevillain the Europa League Final.They also finished 8th in the league, meaning they wouldn't qualify for European competition for the2016–17 season. On 8 June 2016, Klopp and his coaching staff signed six-year contract extensions that ran until 2022.Klopp guided the club to a fourth-place finish in the2016–17 season, qualifying them for the2017–18 UEFA Champions Leaguequalifying play-offs, where they beat German club,TSG 1899 Hoffenheim6–3 on aggregate in a two-legged play-off to reach the group stage.Klopp led the team to finish top of their group and beat eventual English champions, Manchester City, and Italian club Roma in the knockout phase en route to the2018 UEFA Champions League Final.Unfortunately for Liverpool, they lost 1–3 to Spanish giantsReal Madrid. During the2018–19 season, Klopp guided Liverpool to their sixth\",\n \"to their sixth Champions League triumph with a2–0 winover fellow English club, Tottenham Hotspur,and also guided the club toa second-place finish in the league.At the start of the2019–20 season, Klopp's Liverpool side played against Manchester City in theFA Community Shieldand against Chelsea in theUEFA Super Cup.Both matches went into penalty shoot-outs, with Liverpool losing the former and winning the latter.Later in December, Klopp also guided Liverpool to their first ever FIFA club World Cup trophy, making it 3 trophies in 2019. In the 2019–20 season, Klopp secured Liverpool's first Premier League title and first top-flight title since 1990 by finishing on the most points in their history (99 points). The season was notable both for Liverpool's huge points lead over the rest of the league and for its interruption by theCoronavirusshutdown, meaning Liverpool won the Premier League atboth the earliest(7 games to go) and the latest time (June) ever. On 26 January 2024, the club released a statement, sharing\",\n \"statement, sharing Klopp's announcement that he would step down as Liverpool manager at the end of the current season (2023–24).Arne Slotwas announced as the head coach ahead of the2024–25 season. Key Key to record: Key to honours: Managers Information correct as of 20 October 2024. Only competitive matches are counted. Notes References General Specific Bibliography\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":279,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What is the name of the rock climber/businessman who co-founded the environmental group that the co-founder of Netflix joined?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Yvon Chouinard"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Randolph"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Percent_for_the_Planet"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Randolph', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Percent_for_the_Planet', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Randolph","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Percent_for_the_Planet","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Randolph\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Percent_for_the_Planet\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Netflix Netflixis an Americansubscription video on-demandover-the-topstreamingservice. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows from various genres, and it is available internationally in multiple languages. Launched in 2007, nearly a decade afterNetflix, Inc.began its pioneeringDVD-by-mailmovie rentalservice, Netflix is themost-subscribed video on demandstreaming mediaservices, with 282.7 million paid memberships in more than 190 countries as of 2024.By 2022, \"Netflix Original\" productions accounted for half of its library in the United States and the namesake company had ventured into other categories, such asvideo game publishingofmobile gamesthrough its flagship service. As of 2023, Netflix is the23rd most-visited website in the world, with 23.66% of its traffic coming from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 5.84%, and Brazil at 5.64%. History Launch as a mail-based rental business (1997–2006) Netflix was founded byMarc RandolphandReed Hastingson August 29, 1997, inScotts Valley, California. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, was a co-founder ofPure Software, which was acquired byRational Softwarethat year for $750 million, the then biggest acquisition inSilicon Valleyhistory.Randolph had worked as a marketing director forPure Softwareafter Pure Atria acquired a company where Randolph worked. He was previously a co-founder ofMicroWarehouse, a computer mail-order company, as well as vice president of marketing forBorland.Hastings and Randolph came up with the idea for Netflix whilecarpoolingbetween their homes inSanta Cruz, California, and Pure Atria's headquarters in Sunnyvale.Patty McCord, later head ofhuman resourcesat Netflix, was also in the carpool group.Randolph admiredAmazonand wanted to find a large category of portable items to sell over theInternetusing a similar model. Hastings and Randolph considered and rejected selling and rentingVHSas too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship.When they heard about DVDs, first introduced in the United States in early 1997, they tested the concept of selling or renting DVDs by mail, by mailing acompact discto Hastings's house in Santa Cruz.When the CD arrived intact, they decided to enter the $16 billionHome-videosales and rental industry.Hastings is often quoted saying that he decided to start Netflix after being fined $40 at a Blockbuster store for being late to return a copy ofApollo 13.Hastings invested $2.5 million into Netflix from the sale of Pure Atria.Netflix launched as the first DVD rental and sales website with 30 employees and 925 titles available—nearly all DVDs published.Randolph and Hastings met withJeff Bezos, whereAmazonoffered to acquire Netflix for between $14 and $16 million. Fearing competition from Amazon, Randolph at first thought the offer was fair, but Hastings, who owned 70% of the company, turned it down on the plane ride home. Initially, Netflix offered a per-rental model for each DVD but introduced a monthly subscription concept in September 1999.The per-rental model was dropped by early 2000, allowing the company to focus on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees.In September 2000, during thedot-com bubble, while Netflix was suffering losses, Hastings and Randolph offered to sell the company toBlockbusterfor $50 million.John Antioco, CEO of Blockbuster, thought the offer was a joke and declined, saying, \"The dot-com hysteria is completely overblown.\"While Netflix experienced fast growth in early 2001, the continued effects of the dot-com bubble collapse and theSeptember 11 attackscaused the company to hold off plans for itsinitial public offering(IPO) and to lay off one-third of its 120 employees. DVD players were a popular gift for holiday sales in late 2001, and demand for DVD subscription services were \"growing like crazy\", according to chief talent officerPatty McCord.The company wentpublicon May 23, 2002, selling 5.5 million shares ofcommon stockat US$15.00 per share.In 2003, Netflix was issued a patent by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office to cover its subscription rental service and several extensions.Netflix posted its first profit in 2003, earning $6.5 million on revenues of $272 million; by 2004, profit had increased to $49 million on over $500 million in revenues.In 2005, 35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day. In 2004, Blockbuster introduced a DVD rental service, which not only allowed users to check out titles through online sites but allowed for them to return them atbrick and-mortarstores.By 2006, Blockbuster's service reached two million users, and while trailing Netflix's subscriber count, was drawing business away from Netflix. Netflix lowered fees in 2007.While it was anurban legendthat Netflix ultimately \"killed\" Blockbuster in the DVD rental market, Blockbuster's debt load and internal disagreements hurt the company. On April 4, 2006, Netflix filed apatent infringementlawsuit in which it demanded ajury trialin theUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging thatBlockbuster'sonline DVD rentalsubscription program violated two patents held by Netflix. The firstcause of actionalleged Blockbuster's infringement of copying the \"dynamic queue\" of DVDs available for each customer, Netflix's method of using the ranked preferences in the queue to send DVDs to subscribers, and Netflix's method permitting the queue to be updated and reordered.The second cause of action alleged infringement of the subscription rental service as well as Netflix's methods of communication and delivery.The companies settled their dispute on June 25, 2007; terms were not disclosed. On October 1, 2006, Netflix announced theNetflix Prize, $1,000,000 to the first developer of a video-recommendationalgorithmthat could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. On September 21, 2009, it awarded the $1,000,000 prize to team \"BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos\".Cinematch, launched in 2000, was a system that recommended movies to its users, many of which might have been entirely new to the user. Through its divisionRed Envelope Entertainment, Netflix licensed and distributed independent films such asBorn into BrothelsandSherrybaby. In late 2006,Red Envelope Entertainmentalso expanded into producing original content with filmmakers such asJohn Waters.Netflix closed Red Envelope Entertainment in 2008. Transition to streaming services (2007–2012) In January 2007, the company launched astreaming mediaservice, introducingvideo on demandvia the Internet. However, at that time it only had 1,000 films available for streaming, compared to 70,000 available on DVD.The company had for some time considered offering movies online, but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net. The original idea was a \"Netflix box\" that could download movies overnight, and be ready to watch the next day. By 2005, Netflix had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service. But after witnessing how popular streaming services such asYouTubewere despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept. In February 2007, Netflix delivered its billionth DVD, a copy ofBabelto a customer in Texas.In April 2007, Netflix recruitedReplayTVfounderAnthony Wood, to build a \"Netflix Player\" that would allow streaming content to be played directly on a television rather than a desktop or laptop.Hastings eventually shut down the project to help encourage other hardware manufacturers to include built-in Netflix support, which would be spun off as thedigital media playerproductRoku. In January 2008, all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost. This change came in a response to the introduction ofHuluand toApple's new video-rental services.In August 2008, the Netflix database was corrupted and the company was not able to ship DVDs to customers for 3 days, leading the company to move all its data to theAmazon Web Servicescloud.In November 2008, Netflix began offering subscribers rentals onBlu-rayand discontinued its sale of used DVDs.In 2009, Netflix streams overtook DVD shipments. On January 6, 2010, Netflix agreed withWarner Bros.to delay new release rentals to 28 days after the DVDs became available for sale, in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies, and similar deals involvingUniversal Picturesand20th Century Foxwere reached on April 9.In July 2010, Netflix signed a deal to stream movies ofRelativity Media.In August 2010, Netflix reached a five-year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films fromParamount,LionsgateandMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The deal increased Netflix's annual spending fees, adding roughly $200 million per year. It spent $117 million in the first six months of 2010 on streaming, up from $31 million in 2009.On September 22, 2010, Netflix launched in Canada, its first international market.In November 2010, Netflix began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals. In 2010, Netflix acquired the rights toBreaking Bad, produced by Sony Pictures Television, after the show's third season, at a point where original broadcasterAMChad expressed the possibility of cancelling the show. Sony pushed Netflix to releaseBreaking Badin time for the fourth season, which as a result, greatly expanded the show's audience on AMC due to new viewers bingeing on the Netflix past episodes, and doubling the viewership by the time of the fifth season.Breaking Badis considered the first such show to have this \"Netflix effect\". In January 2011, Netflix announced agreements with several manufacturers to includebranded Netflix buttonson theremote controlsof devices compatible with the service, such asBlu-ray players.By May 2011, Netflix had become the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America, accounting for 30% of traffic during peak hours. On July 12, 2011, Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services.The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price.On September 11, 2011, Netflix expanded to countries in Latin America.On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster, separating DVD rental and streaming services.On September 26, 2011, Netflix announced a content deal withDreamWorks Animation.On October 10, 2011, Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and that its streaming and DVD-rental plans would remain branded together, citing customer dissatisfaction with the split. In October 2011. Netflix andThe CWsigned a multi-year output deal for its television shows.On January 9, 2012, Netflix started its expansion to Europe, launching in the United Kingdom and Ireland.In February 2012, Netflix reached a multi-year agreement withThe Weinstein Company.In March 2012, Netflix acquired thedomain nameDVD.com.By 2016, Netflix rebranded its DVD-by-mail service under the nameDVD.com, A Netflix Company.In April 2012, Netflix filed with theFederal Election Commission(FEC) to form apolitical action committee(PAC) called FLIXPAC.Netflix spokesperson Joris Evers tweeted that the intent was to \"engage on issues likenet neutrality,bandwidth caps,UBBandVPPA\".In June 2012, Netflix signed a deal withOpen Road Films. On August 23, 2012, Netflix andThe Weinstein Companysigned a multi-year output deal for RADiUS-TWC films.In September 2012,Epixsigned a five-year streaming deal with Netflix. For the initial two years of this agreement, first-run and back-catalog content from Epix was exclusive to Netflix. Epix films came to Netflix 90 days after premiering on Epix.These included films from Paramount, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Lionsgate. On October 18, 2012, Netflix launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.On December 4, 2012, Netflix and Disney announced an exclusive multi-year agreement for first-run United States subscription television rights to Walt Disney Studios' animated and live-action films, with classics such asDumbo,Alice in WonderlandandPocahontasavailable immediately and others available on Netflix beginning in 2016.Direct-to-videoreleases were made available in 2013. On January 14, 2013, Netflix signed an agreement withTime Warner'sTurner Broadcasting Systemand Warner Bros. Television to distributeCartoon Network,Warner Bros. Animation, andAdult Swimcontent, as well asTNT'sDallas, beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs were given to Netflix shortly after deals withViacomto streamNickelodeonandNick Jr. Channelprograms expired. For cost reasons, Netflix stated that it would limit its expansion in 2013,adding only one new market—the Netherlands—in September of that year. This expanded its availability to 40 territories. Development of original programming and distribution expansion (2013–2017) In 2011, Netflix began its efforts into original content development. In March, it made a straight-to-series order fromMRCfor the political dramaHouse of Cards, led byKevin Spacey, outbidding U.S. cable networks. This marked the first instance of a first-run television series being specifically commissioned by the service.In November the same year, Netflix added two more significant productions to its roster: the comedy-dramaOrange Is the New Black, adapted fromPiper Kerman'smemoir,and a new season of the previously cancelled Fox sitcomArrested Development.Netflix acquired the U.S. rights to the Norwegian dramaLilyhammerafter its television premiere on Norway'sNRK1on January 25, 2012. Notably departing from the traditional broadcast television model of weekly episode premieres, Netflix chose to release the entire first season on February 8 of the same year. House of Cardswas released by Netflix on February 1, 2013, marketed as the first \"Netflix Original\" production.Later that month, Netflix announced an agreement withDreamWorks Animationto commission children's television series based on its properties, beginning withTurbo: F.A.S.T., a spin-off of its filmTurbo.Orange is the New Blackwould premiere in July 2013; Netflix stated thatOrange is the New Blackhad been its most-watched original series so far, with all of them having \"an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV.\" On March 13, 2013, Netflix added aFacebooksharing feature, letting United States subscribers access \"Watched by your friends\" and \"Friends' Favorites\" by agreeing.This was not legal until theVideo Privacy Protection Actwas modified in early 2013.On August 1, 2013, Netflix reintroduced the \"Profiles\" feature that permits accounts to accommodate up to five user profiles. In November 2013,Marvel TelevisionandABC Studiosannounced Netflix had ordered a slate offour television seriesbased on theMarvel ComicscharactersDaredevil,Jessica Jones,Iron FistandLuke Cage. Each of the four series received an initial order of 13 episodes, and Netflix also ordered aDefendersminiseries that would tie them together.DaredevilandJessica Jonespremiered in 2015.TheLuke Cageseries premiered on September 30, 2016, followed byIron Fiston March 17, 2017, andThe Defenderson August 18, 2017.Marvel ownerDisneylater entered into other content agreements with Netflix, including acquiring its animatedStar WarsseriesStar Wars: The Clone Wars, and a new sixth season. In February 2014, Netflix began to enter into agreements with U.S. internet service providers, beginning withComcast(whose customers had repeatedly complained of frequentbufferingwhen streaming Netflix), in order to provide the service a direct connection to their networks.In April 2014, Netflix signedArrested DevelopmentcreatorMitchell Hurwitzand his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service.In May 2014, Netflix &Sony Pictures Animationhad a major multi-deal to acquired streaming rights to produce films.It also began to introduce an updated logo, with a flatter appearance and updated typography. In September 2014, Netflix expanded into six new European markets, including Austria, Belgium, France, Germany,Luxembourg, and Switzerland.On September 10, 2014, Netflix participated inInternet Slowdown Dayby deliberately slowing down its speed in support ofnet neutralityregulations in the United States.In October 2014, Netflix announced a four-film deal withAdam Sandlerand hisHappy Madison Productions. In April 2015, following the launch ofDaredevil, Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support foraudio description, and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its other original series over time.The following year, as part of a settlement with theAmerican Council of the Blind, Netflix agreed to provide descriptions for its original series within 30 days of their premiere, and addscreen readersupport and the ability to browse content by availability of descriptions. In March 2015, Netflix expanded to Australia and New Zealand.In September 2015, Netflix launched in Japan, its first country in Asia.In October 2015, Netflix launched in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In January 2016, at theConsumer Electronics Show, Netflix announced a major international expansion of its service into 130 additional countries. It then had become available worldwide except China, Syria, North Korea,KosovoandCrimea.In May 2016, Netflix created a tool called Fast.com to determine the speed of an Internet connection.It received praise for being \"simple\" and \"easy to use\", and does not includeonline advertising, unlike competitors.On November 30, 2016, Netflix launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps onAndroidoriOStocachecontent on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing offline, without an Internet connection. In 2016, Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films, more than any network or cable channel.In April 2016, Hastings stated that the company planned to expand its in-house, Los Angeles-based Netflix Studios to grow its output; Hastings ruled out any potential acquisitions of existing studios. In February 2017, Netflix signed amusic publishingdeal withBMG Rights Management, whereby BMG will oversee rights outside of the United States for music associated with Netflix original content. Netflix continues to handle these tasks in-house in the United States.On April 25, 2017, Netflix signed a licensing deal withIQiyi, a Chinese video streaming platform owned byBaidu, to allow selected Netflix original content to be distributed in China on the platform. On August 7, 2017, Netflix acquiredMillarworld, the creator-owned publishing company of comic book writerMark Millar. The purchase marked the first corporate acquisition to have been made by Netflix.On August 14, 2017, Netflix entered into an exclusive development deal withShonda Rhimesand her production companyShondaland. In September 2017, Netflix announced it would offer its low-broadband mobile technology to airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi so that passengers can watch movies on Netflix while on planes. In September 2017,Minister of HeritageMélanie Jolyannounced that Netflix had agreed to make aCA$500 million(US$400 million) investment over the next five years in producing content in Canada. The company denied that the deal was intended to result in atax break.Netflix realized this goal by December 2018. In October 2017, Netflix iterated a goal of having half of its library consist of original content by 2019, announcing a plan to invest $8 billion on original content in 2018.In October 2017, Netflix introduced the \"Skip Intro\" feature which allows customers to skip the intros to shows on its platform through a variety of techniques including manual reviewing, audio tagging, andmachine learning. In November 2017, Netflix signed an exclusive multi-year deal withOrange Is the New BlackcreatorJenji Kohan.In November 2017, Netflix withdrew from co-hosting a party at the75th Golden Globe AwardswithThe Weinstein Companydue to theHarvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases. Expansion into international productions and new productions (2017–2020) In November 2017, Netflix announced that it would be making its first original Colombian series, to be executive produced byCiro Guerra.In December 2017, Netflix signedStranger Thingsdirector-producerShawn Levyand his production company21 Laps Entertainmentto what sources say is a four-year deal.In 2017, Netflix invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials fromDave Chappelle,Louis C.K.,Chris Rock,Jim Gaffigan,Bill BurrandJerry Seinfeld. In February 2018, Netflix acquired the rights toThe Cloverfield ParadoxfromParamount Picturesfor $50 million and launched on its service on February 4, 2018, shortly after airing its first trailer duringSuper Bowl LII. Analysts believed that Netflix's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release, while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal.Other films acquired by Netflix include international distribution for Paramount'sAnnihilationand Universal'sNews of the Worldand worldwide distribution of Universal'sExtinction,Warner Bros.'Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle,Paramount'sThe Lovebirdsand 20th Century Studios'The Woman in the Window.In March, the service orderedFormula 1: Drive to Survive, a racing docuseries following teams in theFormula Oneworld championship. In March 2018,Sky UKannounced an agreement with Netflix to integrate Netflix's subscription VOD offering into its pay-TV service. Customers with its high-end Sky Q set-top box and service will be able to see Netflix titles alongside their regular Sky channels.In October 2022, Netflix revealed that its annual revenue from the UK subscribers in 2021 was £1.4bn. In April 2018, Netflix pulled out of theCannes Film Festival, in response to new rules requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters. The Cannes premiere ofOkjain 2017 was controversial, and led to discussions over the appropriateness of films with simultaneous digital releases being screened at an event showcasing theatrical film; audience members also booed the Netflixproduction logoat the screening. Netflix's attempts to negotiate to allow a limited release in France were curtailed by organizers, as well as Frenchcultural exceptionlaw—where theatrically screened films are legally forbidden from being made available via video-on-demand services until at least 36 months after their release.Besides traditional Hollywood markets as well as from partners like theBBC, Sarandos said the company also looking to expand investments in non-traditional foreign markets due to the growth of viewers outside of North America. At the time, this included programs such asDarkfrom Germany,Ingobernablefrom Mexico and3%from Brazil. On May 22, 2018, formerpresident,Barack Obama, and his wife,Michelle Obama, signed a deal to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions. In June 2018, Netflix announced a partnership withTelltale Gamesto port itsadventure gamesto the service in a streaming video format, allowing simple controls through a television remote.The first game,Minecraft: Story Mode, was released in November 2018.In July 2018, Netflix earned the most Emmy nominations of any network for the first time with 112 nods. On August 27, 2018, the company signed a five-year exclusive overall deal with international best–selling authorHarlan Coben.On the same day, the company signed an overall deal withGravity FallscreatorAlex Hirsch.In October 2018, Netflix paid under $30 million to acquireAlbuquerque Studios(ABQ Studios), a $91 million film and TV production facility with eight sound stages inAlbuquerque,New Mexico, for its first U.S. production hub, pledging to spend over $1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America.In November 2018,Paramount Picturessigned a multi-picture film deal with Netflix, making Paramount the first major film studio to sign a deal with Netflix.A sequel toAwesomenessTV'sTo All the Boys I've Loved Beforewas released on Netflix under the titleTo All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love Youas part of the agreement.In December 2018, the company announced a partnership withESPN Filmson atelevision documentarychronicling Michael Jordan and the1997–98 Chicago Bulls seasontitledThe Last Dance. It was released internationally on Netflix and became available for streaming in the United States three months after a broadcast airing onESPN. In January 2019,Sex Educationmade its debut as a Netflix original series, receiving much critical acclaim.On January 22, 2019, Netflix sought and was approved for membership into theMotion Picture Association of America(MPAA), making it the first streaming service to join the association.In February 2019,The HauntingcreatorMike Flanaganjoined frequent collaborator Trevor Macy as a partner inIntrepid Picturesand the duo signed an exclusive overall deal with Netflix to produce television content.On May 9, 2019, Netflix contracted withDark Horse Entertainmentto make television series and films based on comics fromDark Horse Comics.In July 2019, Netflix announced that it would be opening a hub atShepperton Studiosas part of a deal withPinewood Group.In early-August 2019, Netflix negotiated an exclusive multi-year film and television deal withGame of Thronescreators and showrunnersDavid BenioffandD.B. Weiss.The first Netflix production created by Benioff and Weiss was planned as an adaptation ofLiu Cixin's science fiction novelThe Three-Body Problem, part of theRemembrance of Earth's Pasttrilogy.On September 30, 2019, in addition to renewingStranger Thingsfor afourth season, Netflix signedThe Duffer Brothersto anoverall dealcovering future film and television projects for the service. On November 13, 2019, Netflix andNickelodeonentered into a multi-year agreement to produce several original animated feature films and television series based on Nickelodeon's library of characters. This agreement expanded on their existing relationship, in which new specials based on the past Nickelodeon seriesInvader ZimandRocko's Modern Life(Invader Zim: Enter the FlorpusandRocko's Modern Life: Static Clingrespectively) were released by Netflix. Other new projects planned under the team-up include a music project featuringSquidward Tentaclesfrom the animated television seriesSpongeBob SquarePants, and films based onThe Loud HouseandRise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.The agreement with Disney ended in 2019 due to the launch ofDisney+, with its Marvel productions moving exclusively to the service in 2022. In November 2019, Netflix announced that it had signed a long-term lease to save the Paris Theatre, the last single-screen movie theater in Manhattan. The company oversaw several renovations at the theater, including new seats and a concession stand. In January 2020, Netflix announced a new four-film deal with Adam Sandler worth up to $275 million.On February 25, 2020, Netflix formed partnerships with six Japanese creators to produce an original Japanese anime project. This partnership includes manga creator group CLAMP, mangaka Shin Kibayashi, mangaka Yasuo Ohtagaki, novelist and film director Otsuichi, novelist Tow Ubutaka, and manga creator Mari Yamazaki.On March 4, 2020,ViacomCBSannounced that it will be producing two spin-off films based onSpongeBob SquarePantsfor Netflix.On April 7, 2020,Peter Chernin'sChernin Entertainmentmade a multi-yearfirst-look dealwith Netflix to make films.On May 29, 2020, Netflix announced the acquisition ofGrauman's Egyptian Theatrefrom theAmerican Cinemathequeto use as a special events venue.In July 2020, Netflix appointed Sarandos as co-CEO.In July 2020, Netflix invested inBlack MirrorcreatorsCharlie BrookerandAnnabel Jones' new production outfit Broke And Bones. In September 2020, Netflix signed a multi-million dollar deal with theDukeandDuchessof Sussex. Harry and Meghan agreed to a multi-year deal promising to create TV shows, films, and children's content as part of their commitment to stepping away from the duties of the royal family.In September 2020, Hastings released a book about Netflix culture titledNo Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention, which was coauthored byErin Meyer.In December 2020, Netflix signed a first-look deal withMillie Bobby Brownto develop and star in several projects including a potential action franchise. Expansion into gaming,Squid Game, new programing and new initiatives (2021–2022) In March 2021, Netflix earned the most Academy Award nominations of any studio, with 36. Netflix won seven Academy Awards, which was the most by any studio.Later that year, Netflix also won more Emmys than any other network or studio with 44 wins, tying the record for most Emmys won in a single year set by CBS in 1974. On April 8, 2021,Sony Pictures Entertainmentannounced an agreement for Netflix to hold the U.S. pay television window rights to its releases beginning in 2022, replacingStarzand expanding upon an existing agreement withSony Pictures Animation. The agreement also includes a first-look deal for any future direct-to-streaming films being produced bySony Pictures, with Netflix required to commit to a minimum number of them.On April 27, Netflix announced that it was opening its first Canadian headquarters inToronto.The company also announced that it would open an office in Sweden as well asRomeandIstanbulto increase its original content in those regions. In early-June, Netflix hosted a first-ever week-long virtual event called \"Geeked Week\", where it shared exclusive news, new trailers, cast appearances and more about upcoming genre titles likeThe Witcher,The Cuphead Show!, andThe Sandman. On June 7, 2021,Jennifer Lopez'sNuyorican Productionssigned a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix spanning feature films, TV series, and unscripted content, with an emphasis on projects that support diverse female actors, writers, and filmmakers.On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced it was launching an online store for curated products tied to the Netflix brand and shows such asStranger ThingsandThe Witcher.On June 21, 2021,Steven Spielberg'sAmblin Partnerssigned a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service.On June 30, 2021,Powerhouse Animation Studios(the studio behind Netflix'sCastlevania) announced signing a first-look deal with the streamer to produce more animated series. In July 2021, Netflix hiredMike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. On July 14, 2021, Netflix signed a first-look deal withJoey King, star ofThe Kissing Boothfranchise, in which King will produce and develop films for Netflix via her All The King's Horses production company.On July 21, 2021,Zack Snyder, director of Netflix'sArmy of the Dead, announced he had signed his production companyThe Stone Quarryto a first-look deal with Netflix; his upcoming projects include a sequel toArmy of the Deadand a sci-fi adventure film titledRebel Moon.In 2019, he agreed to produce ananime-styleweb seriesinspired byNorse mythology. As of August 2021,Netflix Originalsmade up 40% of Netflix's overall library in the United States.The company announced that \"TUDUM: A Netflix Global Fan Event\", a three-hour virtual behind the scenes featuring first-look reveals for 100 of the streamer's series, films and specials, would have its inaugural show in late September 2021.According to Netflix, the show garnered 25.7 million views across Netflix's 29 Netflix YouTube channels, Twitter, Twitch, Facebook, TikTok and Tudum.com. Also in September, the company announced The Queen's Ball: A Bridgerton Experience, launching in 2022 in Los Angeles,Chicago,Montreal, andWashington, D.C.. Squid Game, a South Korean survival drama created and produced byHwang Dong-hyuk, rapidly became the service's most-watched show within a week of its launch in many markets on September 17, 2021, including Korea, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.Within its first 28 days on the service,Squid Gamedrew more than 111 million viewers, surpassingBridgertonand becoming Netflix's most-watched show. On September 20, 2021, Netflix signed a long-term lease withAviva Investorsto operate and expand theLongcross StudiosinSurrey, UK.On September 21, 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire the Roald Dahl Story Company, which manages the rights toRoald Dahl'sstories and characters, for an undisclosed price and would operate it as an independent company.The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, on September 28, 2021. On October 13, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of the Netflix Book Club, partnering withStarbucksfor a social series calledBut Have You Read the Book?.Uzo Adubabecame inaugural host of the series and announced monthly book selections set to be adapted by the streamer. Aduba speaks with the cast, creators, and authors about the book adaptation process over a cup of coffee at Starbucks.Through October 2021, Netflix commonly reported viewership for its programming based on the number of viewers or households that watched a show in a given period (such as the first 28 days from its premiere) for at least two minutes. On the announcement of its quarterly earnings in October 2021, the company stated that it would switch its viewership metrics to measuring the number of hours that a show was watched, including rewatches, which the company said was closer to the measurements used in linear broadcast television, and thus \"our members and the industry can better measure success in the streaming world.\" Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Some games in the collection require an active internet connection to play, while others will be available offline. Netflix Kids' accounts will not have games available.On November 16, Netflix announced the launch of \"Top10 on Netflix.com\", a new website with weekly global and country lists of the most popular titles on their service based on their new viewership metrics.On November 22, Netflix announced that it would acquireScanline VFX, the visual effects and animation company behindCowboy BebopandStranger Things.On the same day,Roberto Patinosigned a deal with Netflix and established his own production banner, Analog Inc., in partnership with the company. Patino's first project under the deal is a series adaptation ofImage Comics'Nocterra. On December 6, 2021, Netflix andStage 32announced that they have teamed up the workshops at the Creating Content for the Global Marketplace program.On December 7, 2021, Netflix partnered with IllumiNative, a woman-led non-profit organization, for the Indigenous Producers Training Program.On December 9, Netflix announced the launch of \"Tudum\", an official companion website that offers news, exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes videos for its original television shows and films.On December 13, Netflix signed a multi-year overall deal withKalinda Vazquez.On December 16, 2021, Netflix signed a multi-year creative partnership withSpike Leeand his production company40 Acres and a Mule Filmworksto develop film and television projects. In compliance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its implementation in France, Netflix reached commitments with French broadcasting authorities and film guilds, as required by law, to invest a specific amount of its annual revenue into original French films and series. These films must be theatrically released and would not be allowed to be carried on Netflix until 15 months after their release. In January 2022, Netflix ordered additional sports docuseries fromDrive to Surviveproducers Box to Box Films, including a series that would followPGA Tourgolfers, and another that would follow professional tennis players on theATPandWTA Tourcircuits. The company announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for €65 million as part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum. On March 15, 2022, Netflix announced a partnership withDr. SeussEnterprises to produce five new series and specials based on Seusspropertiesfollowing the success ofGreen Eggs and Ham.On March 29, 2022, Netflix announced that it would open an office in Poland to serve as a hub for its original productions acrossCentral and Eastern Europe.On March 30, 2022, Netflix extended its lease agreement with Martini Film Studios, just outside Vancouver, Canada, for another five years.On March 31, 2022, Netflix ordered a docuseries that would follow teams in the2022 Tour de France, which would also be co-produced by Box to Box Films. Following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netflix suspended its operations and future projects in Russia.It also announced that it would not comply with a proposed directive byRoskomnadzorrequiring all internet streaming services with more than 100,000 subscribers to integrate the major free-to-air channels (which are primarily state-owned).A month later, ex-Russian subscribers filed a class action lawsuit against Netflix. Netflix stated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others, and that Canada and the United States accounted for 30 million of them. Following these announcements, Netflix's stock price fell by 35 percent.By June 2022, Netflix had laid off 450 full-time and contract employees as part of the company's plan to trim costs amid lower than expected subscriber growth. On April 13, 2022, Netflix released the seriesOur Great National Parks, which was hosted and narrated by former US President Barack Obama.It also partnered with Group Effort Initiative, a company founded byRyan ReynoldsandBlake Lively, to provide opportunities behind the camera for those in underrepresented communities.On the same day, Netflix partnered with Lebanon-basedArab Fund For Arts And Culturefor supporting the Arab female filmmakers. It will provide a one-time grant of $250,000 to female producers and directors in the Arab world through the company's Fund for Creative Equity.Also on the same day, Netflix announced anExploding Kittensmobile card game tied to a new animated TV series, which will launch in May.Netflix formed a creative partnership withJ. Miles Dale.The company also formed a partnership with Japan'sStudio Colorido, signing a multi-film deal to boost their anime content in Asia. The streaming giant is said to co-produce three feature films with the studio, the first of which will premiere in September 2022.On April 28, the company launched its inauguralNetflix Is a Jokecomedy festival, featuring more than 250 shows over 12 nights at 30-plus locations across Los Angeles, including the first-ever stand-up show atDodger Stadium. The first volume ofStranger Things 4logged Netflix's biggest premiere weekend ever for an original series with 286.79 million hours viewed.This was preceded by a newStranger Thingsinteractive experience hosted in New York City that was developed by the show's creators.After the release of the second volume ofStranger Things 4on July 1, 2022, it became Netflix's second title to receive more than one billion hours viewed. On July 19, 2022, Netflix announced plans to acquire Australian animation studioAnimal Logic.That month, in collaboration withSennheiser, Netflix began to add Ambeo 2-channel audio mixes (referred to as \"spatial audio\") to selected original productions, which allows simulatedsurround soundon stereo speakers and headphones. On September 5, 2022, Netflix opened an office inWarsaw, Poland responsible for the service's operations in 28 markets in Central and Eastern Europe. On October 4, 2022, Netflix have signed a creative partnership withAndrea BerloffandJohn Gatins.On October 11, Netflix signed up with theBroadcasters' Audience Research Boardfor external measurement of viewership in the UK.On October 12, Netflix signed to build a production complex atFort MonmouthinEatontown, New Jersey.On October 18, Netflix began exploring a cloud gaming offering and opened a new gaming studio in Southern California. On November 7, 2022, Netflix announced a strategic partnership with The Seven, a Japanese production company owned byTBS Holdings, to produce multiple original live-action titles for the subscribers over the next five years.On December 12, 2022, Netflix announced that sixty-percent of its subscribers had watched aKorean drama.CEO Ted Sarandos attributed the increase in viewership of Korean content among Americans to Korean films and dramas being \"often unpredictable\" and catching \"the American audience by surprise\". On January 10, 2023, Netflix announced plans to open an engineering hub in its Warsaw office. The hub is to provide Netflix's creative partners with software solutions for the production of films and series.In February 2023, Netflix launched a wider rollout of spatial audio, and began allowing Premium subscribers to download content for offline playback on up to six devices (expanded from four). On March 4, 2023, Netflix broadcast its first-ever global live-streaming event, the stand-up comedy specialChris Rock: Selective Outrage. Netflix reworked its viewership metrics again in June 2023. Viewership of shows was measured during the first 91 days of availability, instead of the first 28 days, and now are based on the total viewership hours divided by the total hours of the show itself. This provided more equal considerations for shorter shows and movies compared to longer ones. In August 2023, the company announced Netflix Stories, a collection of interactive narrative games from Netflix series and films such asLove is Blind,Money HeistandVirgin River. Discontinuation of DVD rentals, expansion of live events, WWE agreement (2023–present) On April 18, 2023, Netflix announced that it would discontinue itsDVD-by-mailservice on September 29.Users of the service were able to keep the DVDs that they had received. Over its lifetime the service had sent out over 5 billion shipments. In October 2023, Eunice Kim was promoted to Chief Product Officer and Elizabeth Stone was promoted to Chief Technology Officer.That same month, amid a restructuring of its animation division, Netflix announced a multi-film agreement withSkydance Animationbeginning with the upcomingSpellbound. The agreement partially replaces one it had withApple TV+. In December 2023, Netflix released its first \"What We Watched: A Netflix Engagement Report\", a look at viewership for every original and licensed title watched more than 50,000 hours from January to June 2023. The company also announced plans to publish the report twice a year.In its first report for the first six months of 2023, it reported thatThe Night Agentwas the most watched show on globally in that period. On January 23, 2024, Netflix announced a major agreement withprofessional wrestlingpromotionWWE, under which it will acquire the international rights to its live weekly programRawbeginning in January 2025; the rights will initially cover the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Latin America, and expand to other territories over time. Outside of the United States, it will also hold international rights to all three of WWE's main weekly programs (Raw,SmackDown, andNXT),premium live events, and documentaries among other content. The agreement was reported to be valued at $500 million per-year over ten years. In February 2024, Netflix joined withPeter Morgan, creator of the Netflix seriesThe Crown, to produce the playPatriotsonBroadway. The venture is the first Broadway credit for the company but not its first stage project. It was actively involved as a producer ofStranger Things: The First Shadowin London. Both productions share a lead producer,Sonia Friedman. In May 2024, the company hosted its second Netflix Is a Joke festival in Los Angeles. It streamed several specials from the festival live, includingKatt Williams'sWoke FolkandThe Roast of Tom Brady, both of which ranked on Netflix's global top 10 the following two weeks.That same month, Netflix announced that it would stream bothNational Football LeagueChristmas gamesin 2024. For 2025 and 2026, the streamer will have exclusive rights to at least one NFL Christmas game each year. In June 2024, the company announced plans for Netflix House, a new permanent entertainment venue for fans to experience Netflix series and films. The first locations in the announcement areKing of Prussia Mallin Pennsylvania andGalleria Dallasin Texas. Availability and access Global availability Netflix is available in every country and territory except forChina,North Korea,SyriaandRussia. In January 2016, Netflix announced it would beginVPN blockingsince it can be used to watch videos from a country where they are unavailable.The result of the VPN block is that people can only watch videos available worldwide and other videos are hidden from search results.Variety is present on Netflix. Hebrew and right-to-left interface orientation, which is a common localization strategy in many markets, are what define the Israeli user interface's localization, and in some regions, Netflix offers a more affordable mobile-only subscription. Subscriptions Customers can subscribe to one of three plans; the difference in plans relates to video resolution, the number of simultaneous streams, and the number of devices to which content can be downloaded. At the end of Q1 2022, Netflix estimated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others.In March 2022, Netflix began to charge a fee for additional users in Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica to attempt to controlaccount sharing.On July 18, 2022, Netflix announced that it would test the account sharing feature in more countries, including Argentina, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.On October 17, Netflix launched Profile Transfer to help end account sharing. On July 13, 2022, Netflix announced plans to launch an advertising-supported subscription option.Netflix's planned advertising tier would not allow subscribers to download content like the existing ad-free platform.On July 20, 2022, it was announced that the advertising-supported tier would be coming to Netflix in 2023 but it would not feature the full library of content.In October, the launch date was announced as November 3, 2022, and was launched in 12 countries: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, Japan and South Korea.The ad-supported plan was called \"Basic with Ads\" and it cost $6.99 per month in the United States at launch. On February 24, 2023, Netflix cut subscription prices in more than 30 countries around the world to attract more subscribers from those countries. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Croatia, Venezuela, Kenya, and Iran are on the list of countries where the cost for a subscription will be reduced.In the same month stronger anti-password-sharing rules were expanded to Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain.In May 2023, these measures were further expanded to United States and Brazil subscribers. In July 2023, Netflix added 5.9 million subscribers for the second quarter of the year for a total of 238.39 million subscribers overall. The United States and Canada accounted for 1.2 million subscribers which was the largest regional quarterly gain since 2021. Netflix announced in February that it was going to enforce stricter regulations for password sharing. In May 2023, Netflix began cracking down on password-sharing in the US, UK, and Australia. Under these new rules, multiple people can use and share one account, but they have to be under the same household. Netflix defines a household as people who live in the same location as the owner of the account. Users are asked to set a primary location based on the device's IP address. Netflix reported 8.05 million new subscribers in Q2 2024, up from 5.9 million subscribers added in Q2 2023. In July 2024, Netflix started phasing out its cheapest subscription plan for users in France and the US, a year after the plan was removed for Canada and the UK. Members in these countries have the option to sign up for either the standard ad-free plan or the ad plan. Device support Netflix can be accessed via aweb browser, while Netflix apps are available on various platforms, includingBlu-rayplayers,tablet computers, mobile phones,smart TVs,digital media players, andvideo game consoles. Currently supported game consoles include: Several older devices no longer support Netflix. For home gaming consoles, this includes thePlayStation 2,PlayStation TV,WiiandWii U.For handheld gaming consoles, this includes theNintendo 3DSfamily of systems and thePlayStation Vita.The second and third generationApple TVpreviously supported Netflix with an ad-free plan, but the app was automatically removed on these devices on July 31, 2024. In addition, a growing number ofmultichannel televisionproviders, including cable television andIPTVservices, have added Netflix apps accessible within their ownset-top boxes, sometimes with the ability for its content (along with those of other online video services) to be presented within a unified search interface alongside linear television programming as an \"all-in-one\" solution. The maximum video resolution supported on computers is dependent on theDRMsystems available on a particular operating system and web browser. Content Original programming \"Netflix Originals\" are content that is produced, co-produced, or distributed exclusively by Netflix. Netflix funds its original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign a project, providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series.It keeps licensing rights, which normally give production companies future revenue opportunities from syndication, merchandising, etc. Over the years, Netflix output ballooned to a level unmatched by any television network or streaming service. According toVariety Insight, Netflix produced a total of 240 new original shows and movies in 2018, then climbed to 371 in 2019, a figure \"greater than the number of original series that the entire U.S. TV industry released in 2005.\"The Netflix budget allocated to production increased annually, reaching $13.6 billion in 2021 and projected to hit $18.9 billion by 2025, a figure that once again overshadowed any of its competitors.As of August 2022, original productions made up 50% of Netflix's overall library in the United States. Film and television deals Netflix has exclusivepay TVdeals with several studios. The deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms. Distributors that have licensed content to Netflix include Warner Bros., Universal Pictures,Sony Pictures Entertainmentand previously The Walt Disney Studios. Netflix also holds current and back-catalog rights to television programs distributed byWalt Disney Television,DreamWorks Classics,Kino International,Warner Bros. TelevisionandParamount Global Content Distribution, along with titles from other companies such asHasbro EntertainmentandFunimation. Formerly, the streaming service also held rights to select television programs distributed byNBCUniversal Television Distribution,Sony Pictures Televisionand20th Century Fox Television. Netflix negotiated to distribute animated films from Universal that HBO declined to acquire, such asThe Lorax,ParaNorman, andMinions. Netflix holds exclusive streaming rights to the film library ofStudio Ghibli(exceptGrave of the Fireflies) worldwide except in the U.S. and Japan as part of an agreement signed with Ghibli's international sales holderWild Bunchin 2020. Netflix Games In July 2021, Netflix hired Mike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Verdu said in October 2022 that besides continuing to expand their portfolio of games, they were also interested incloud gamingoptions. To support the games effort, Netflix began acquiring and forming a number of studios. The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, in September 2021.Netflix announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for€65 millionas part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum.Netflix opened a mobile game studio in Helsinki, Finland in September 2022,and a new studio, their fifth total, in southern California in October 2022,alongside the acquisition ofSpry Foxin Seattle. In June 2024, Verdu was moved into a new role focusing on \"innovation in game development.\"The next month, Netflix hired Alain Tascan, vice president of game development atEpic Games, to head up Netflix Games.As of July 2024, Netflix has over 80 games in development, releasing at least one game each month to attract fans. Technology Content delivery Netflix freelypeerswithInternet service providers(ISPs) directly and at commonInternet exchange points. In June 2012, a customcontent delivery network,Open Connect, was announced.For larger ISPs with over 100,000 subscribers, Netflix offers freeNetflix Open Connectcomputer appliancesthat cache their content within the ISPs'data centersor networks to further reduceInternet transitcosts.By August 2016, Netflix closed its last physical data center, but continued to develop its Open Connect technology.A 2016 study at theUniversity of Londondetected 233 individual Open Connect locations on over six continents, with the largest amount of traffic in the US, followed by Mexico. As of July 2017, Netflix series and movies accounted for more than a third of all prime-time download Internet traffic in North America. API On October 1, 2008, Netflix offered access to its service via a publicapplication programming interface(API).It allowed access to data for all Netflix titles, and allows users to manage their movie queues. The API was free and allowed commercial use.In June 2012, Netflix began to restrict the availability of its public API.Netflix instead focused on a small number of known partners using private interfaces, since most traffic came from those private interfaces.In November 2014, Netflix retired the public API.Netflix then partnered with the developers of eight services deemed the most valuable, including Instant Watcher, Fanhattan, Yidio and Nextguide. Recommendations and thumbnails Netflix presents viewers with recommendations based on interactions with the service, such as previous viewing history and ratings of viewed content. These are often grouped into genres and formats, or feature the platform's highest-rated content. Each title is presented with a thumbnail. Before around 2015, these were the samekey artfor everyone, but since then has been customized. Netflix may select a specific key art for a thumbnail based on viewing history,such as an actor or scene type based on genre preferences.Some thumbnails are generated from video stills. The Netflix recommendation system is a vital part of the streaming platform's success, enabling personalized content suggestions for hundreds of millions of subscribers worldwide.Using advanced machine learning algorithms, Netflix analyzes user interactions, including viewing history, searches, and ratings, to deliver personalized recommendations for movies and TV shows. The recommendation system considers individual user preferences, similarities with other users with comparable tastes, specific title attributes (genre, release year, etc.), device usage patterns, and viewing time. As users interact with the platform and provide feedback with their viewing habits, the recommendation system is able to adapt and refine its suggestions over time. Netflix uses a two-tiered ranking system, using the presentation of titles on the homepage for easy navigation to maximize user engagement. This is done by organizing content into rows and ranking the titles within each row based on how much the user would be interested in it.Netflix also uses A/B testing to determine what causes the biggest interest and engagement related to options concerning movie suggestions and how titles are organized. Tags like \"bittersweet\", \"sitcom\", or \"intimate\" are assigned to each title by Netflix employees.Netflix also uses the tags to create recommendation micro-genres like \"Goofy TV Shows\" or \"Girls Night In\". Awards On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the firstPrimetime Emmy Awardsnominations for originalstreamingprograms at the65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its series,Arrested Development,Hemlock GroveandHouse of Cards, earned a combined 14 nominations (nine forHouse of Cards, three forArrested Developmentand two forHemlock Grove).TheHouse of Cardsepisode \"Chapter 1\" received four nominations for both the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, becoming the first episode of a streaming television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination. With its win for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, \"Chapter 1\" became the first episode from a streaming service to be awarded an Emmy.David Fincher's win for Directing for a Drama Series forHouse of Cardsmade the episode the first from a streaming service to win a Primetime Emmy. On November 6, 2013, Netflix earned its first Grammy nomination whenYou've Got TimebyRegina Spektor— the main title theme song forOrange Is the New Black— was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On December 12, 2013, the network earned six nominations forGolden Globe Awards, including four forHouse of Cards.Among those nominations was Wright forGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Dramafor her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won. With the accolade, Wright became the first actress to win a Golden Globe for a streaming television series. It also marked Netflix's first major acting award.House of CardsandOrange is the New Blackalso wonPeabody Awardsin 2013. On January 16, 2014, Netflix became the first streaming service to earn an Academy Award nomination whenThe Squarewas nominated for Best Documentary Feature. On July 10, 2014, Netflix received 31 Emmy nominations. Among other nominations,House of Cardsreceived nominations forOutstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.Orange is the New Blackwas nominated in the comedy categories, earning nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series.Taylor Schilling,Kate Mulgrew, andUzo Adubawere respectively nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (the latter was for Aduba's recurring role in season one, as she was promoted to series regular for the show's second season). Netflix got the largest share of 2016 Emmy Award nominations, with 16 major nominations. However, streaming shows only got 24 nominations out of a total of 139, falling significantly behind cable. The 16 Netflix nominees were:House of Cardswith Kevin Spacey,A Very Murray Christmaswith Bill Murray,Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt,Master of None, andBloodline. Stranger Thingsreceived 19 nominations at the2017 Primetime Emmy Awards, whileThe Crownreceived 13 nominations. In December 2017, Netflix was awardedPETA's Company of the Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries likeForks Over KnivesandWhat the Health. At the90th Academy Awards, held on March 4, 2018, the filmIcarus, distributed by Netflix, won its firstAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film. During his remarks backstage, director and writer Bryan Fogel remarked that Netflix had \"single-handedly changed the documentary world.\"Icarushad its premiere at the 2017Sundance Film Festivaland was bought by Netflix for $5 million, one of the biggest deals ever for a non-fiction film.Netflix became the network whose programs received more nomination at the 2018PrimetimeandCreative Arts Emmy Awardswith 112 nominations, therefore breakingHBO's 17-years record as a network whose programs received more nomination at the Emmys, which received 108 nominations. On January 22, 2019, films distributed by Netflix scored 15 nominations for the91st Academy Awards, includingAcademy Award for Best PictureforAlfonso Cuarón'sRoma, which was nominated for 10 awards.The 15 nominations equal the total nominations films distributed by Netflix had received in previous years. In 2020, Netflix received 20 TV nominations and films distributed by Netflix also got 22 film nominations at the78th Golden Globe Awards. It secured three out of the five nominations forbest drama TV seriesforThe Crown,OzarkandRatchedand four of the five nominations forbest actress in a TV series:Olivia Colman,Emma Corrin,Laura LinneyandSarah Paulson. In 2020, Netflix earned 24 Academy Award nominations, marking the first time a streaming service led all studios. Films and programs distributed by Netflix received 30 nominations at the 2021Screen Actors Guild Awards, more than any other distribution company, where their distributed films and programs won seven awards including best motion picture forThe Trial of the Chicago 7and best TV drama forThe Crown.Netflix also received the most nominations of any studio at the93rd Academy Awards– 35 total nominations with 7 award wins. In February 2022,The Power of the Dog, a gritty western distributed by Netflix and directed by Jane Campion, received 12 nominations, including Best Picture, for the 94th annual Academy Awards. Films distributed by the streamer received a total of 72 nominations.Campion became the third female to receive the Best Director award, winning her second Oscar forThe Power of the Dog.At the50th International Emmy Awards, Netflix originalSex EducationwonBest Comedy Series.Later that year, Netflix received 26 Emmy Awards including six forSquid Game. TheSquid Gamewins forOutstanding Lead Actor in a Drama SeriesandOutstanding Directing for a Drama Serieswere the first-ever for a non-English language series in those categories. In March 2023, Netflix won six Academy Awards including four forAll Quiet on the Western Frontwhich was the most awarded Netflix film in its history.Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchiowas the first streaming film to namedBest Animated FeatureandThe Elephant Whispererswas the first Indian-produced film to receiveBest Documentary Short Film.Netflix received 103 Emmy nominations including 13 each for the limited seriesBeefandDahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story. In July 2024, Netflix received 107 Emmy nominations which was the most of any network. Criticism Netflix has been subject to criticism from various groups and individuals as its popularity and market reach increased in the 2010s. Customers have complained about price increases in Netflix offerings dating back to the company's decision to separate its DVD rental and streaming services, which was quickly reversed. As Netflix increased its streaming output, it has faced calls to limit accessibility tographic violenceand include viewer advisories for issues such as sensationalism and promotion ofpseudoscience. Netflix's content has also been criticized bydisability rights movementadvocates for lack ofclosed captioningquality. Some media organizations and competitors have criticized Netflix for selectively releasing ratings andviewer numbersof its original programming. The company has made claims boasting about viewership records without providing data to substantiate its successes or using problematic estimation methods.In March 2020, some government agencies called for Netflix and other streamers to limit services due to increased broadband and energy consumption as use of the platform increased. In response, the company announced it would reducebit rateacross all streams in Europe, thus decreasing Netflix traffic on European networks by around 25 percent. These same steps were later taken in India. In May 2022, Netflix's shareholder Imperium Irrevocable Trust filed a lawsuit against the company for violating the U.S.securitieslaws.In January 2024, a federal judge dismissed the suit, stating that shareholders failed to provide instances of Netflix lying about subscriber growth. In May 2023, Netflix officially banned the use of password sharing between individuals of different households, meaning sharing an account was only available to those living in the same house. See also References Further reading External links","Marc Randolph Marc Bernays Randolph(born April 29, 1958) is an American tech entrepreneur, advisor and speaker.He is the co-founder and firstCEOofNetflix. A serial entrepreneur who is said to have helped found the U.S. edition ofMacworldmagazine and the computer mail-order businesses MacWarehouse andMicroWarehouse,Randolph now serves on the boards ofLooker Data Sciencesand Chubbies Shorts. He previously served on the boards of Getable, Rafter, ReadyForce. Randolph, who has equated founding companies to his experience as a mountain guide, is the chairman of the board of trustees of theNational Outdoor Leadership School(NOLS) in Lander,Wyoming and a board member of the environmental advocacy group1% for the Planet. Early life and education Randolph was born to aJewishfamily inChappaqua, New York, the eldest child of Stephen Bernays Randolph, an Austrian-born nuclear engineer turned financial adviser and Muriel Lipchik of Brooklyn, New York who ran her own real estate firm.One of Randolph's paternal great-grand uncles was psychoanalysis pioneerSigmund Freud. Another paternal great-uncle of Randolph wasEdward Bernays, an Austrian-American pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda.Randolph spent his summers during high school and college working for the National Outdoor Leadership School, becoming one of its youngest instructors. He graduated fromHamilton Collegein New York with a geology degree. Career Early career Randolph's first job out of college in 1981 was atCherry Lane MusicCompany in New York. Put in charge of the company's small mail-order operation, Randolph taught himself direct mail and marketing techniques while tinkering with different ways to sell Cherry Lane's catalog of sheet music directly to consumers. Randolph's fascination with using computer software to track customers' buying behavior would ultimately inform his decision to create a user interface at Netflix that doubled as a market research platform.He further developed his theories about using direct mail to influence and retain customers doing circulation work while helping found the U.S. version ofMacUsermagazine in 1984. While co-founding computer mail-order firms MacWarehouse andMicroWarehousewith Peter Godfrey and his partners about a year later, Randolph made the connection between overnight delivery and improved customer retention.The discovery later proved crucial to Netflix's growth and survival: the company's subscriber base first blossomed and cut intoBlockbuster Increvenues in cities where Netflix offered overnight DVD delivery. Randolph spent the dawn of the Internet age building direct-to-consumer marketing operations at software giantBorlandInternational starting in 1988. He left Borland in 1995 for a series of short stints at Silicon Valley start-ups, including heading marketing at desktop scanner makerVisioneer, and then as a member of the founding team of Integrity QA, a developer of automated software testing products.In late 1996, software debugging companyPure Atriaacquired the nine-person software startup. Pure Atria's founder and CEOReed Hastingsretained Randolph as vice president of corporate marketing for the rapidly expanding Pure Atria.In late 1996, Pure Atria announced thatRational Softwarewould acquire it in an $850 million stock swap in what was then the richest merger inSilicon Valleyhistory.Hastings and Randolph commuted together between their homes inSanta Cruz, California, into Silicon Valley for about four months while the Rational merger was finalized, and on these drives, the idea for Netflix was born. Netflix Randolph wanted to replicate the e-commerce model pioneered by online booksellerAmazon.com. He had heard that digital-versatile-discs (DVD) were being tested in several U.S. markets, and he wanted to explore the concept of selling the compact new digital format online. He and Hastings could not find a DVD, so they tested the idea with acompact disc.\"Reed and I were in downtown Santa Cruz and we were saying, 'I wonder if we can mail these things',\" Randolph said. \"We went in and bought a music CD and went into one of the stationery stores … and bought a greeting card and stuck the CD in the envelope and mailed it to Reed's house. And the next day, he said, 'It came. It's fine.' If there was an aha moment, that was it.\"Hastings, Randolph's mother, and Integrity QA founder Steve Kahn were initial investors in Netflix when plans first started in 1996-1997.Randolph named the company, designed its initial user interface and branding and acted as chief executive for the first year while Hastings attendedStanford Universitygraduate school. Netflix launched on April 14, 1998, out of an office park inScotts Valley, California.Randolph designed the user interface to act as an online catalog of movies and a market research platform so that he could constantly test different versions to perfect the user experience. The data generated by these market tests led the team to three concepts that they combined in 1999 to create Netflix's successful business model: a subscription-based service with no due dates or late fees and unlimited access to content, a \"Queue\" that allowed subscribers to specify the order in which DVDs should be mailed to them, and a serialized delivery system that automatically mailed out a DVD as soon as the previous rental was returned. The subscriber data collected by the user interface fed a recommendation engine known as Cinematch, that helped manage the company's limited DVD inventory by guiding subscribers to movies and TV shows that were in stock and generally away from new releases. Randolph ceded the CEO post to Hastings in 1999 and turned to product development. He and founding team memberMitch Lowetested a concept for a movie rental kiosk called Netflix Express that Lowe later turned into movie kiosk giantRedboxafter Hastings rejected it as a line of business.Randolph left Netflix in 2002 after helping guide the company through its initial public offering two years earlier.He credited Hastings with successfully scaling the company to 93 million subscribers worldwide,and said he preferred the start-up stage.\"At the beginning, it's very much triage. If there are a hundred things broken and you need the skill to pick the three you've got to fix, I'm really good at that. I'm not good at the other ninety-seven,\" Randolph said. After Netflix Since his departure from Netflix, Randolph has served as a mentor at MiddCOREand a board member ofLooker Data Sciences.He is also Entrepreneur in Residence forHigh Point Universityand its Belk Entrepreneurship Center.In addition to his mentorships he is a keynote speaker, focusing on entrepreneurship, leadership, and innovation. He travels the world speaking about his experience with Netflix and the lessons he has learned from his other startup investments. In September 2019, his book,That Will Never Work: The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Ideawas published byLittle, Brown and Company. Personal life Randolph has been married to Lorraine Kiernan since 1987. They have three children. He now lives in Santa Cruz, California. References External links","One Percent for the Planet One Percent for the Planetis an international organization whose members contribute at least one percent of their annualrevenueto environmental causes to protect the environment. Since 1985,Patagoniapledged 1% of sales to the preservation of restoration of the natural environment. In 2002,1% for the Planetwas founded byYvon Chouinard, founder of Patagonia, and Craig Mathews, owner of Blue Ribbon Flies,to \"encourage more businesses to donate 1% of sales to environmental groups\".Since its creation, the organization has been joined by countries around the world, with a great number of partners in France, Great Britain, Australia, and Japan.France is the only country to have an independent entity. Members BICjoined as a member in 2022 with an eco-friendly product line;Honest Teajoined with a glass product line.Other notable members includeOXO,New Belgium Brewing Company, Klean Kanteen, andNature's Path's EnviroKidz brand. References External links","Yvon Chouinard Yvon Chouinard(born November 9, 1938)is an American rock climber, environmentalist, philanthropist, and outdoor industry businessman. His company,Patagonia, is known for its high quality outdoor products and outerwear. He was named one of the100 most influential people in the worldbyTimemagazine in 2023. Chouinard is also a surfer, kayaker, and falconer and is particularly fond oftenkarafly-fishing.He has written about climbing issues and ethics and on mixingenvironmentalismand business. Early life Chouinard's father was aFrench-Canadianhandyman, mechanic, and plumber. In 1947, Yvon and his family moved fromLewiston, Maineto Southern California. They wereCatholic. His early climbing partners includedRoyal RobbinsandTom Frost.ASierra Clubmember, in his youth he founded the Southern California Falconry Club, and it was his investigations offalconaeriesthat led him to rock climbing.To save money and to make adaptations for the way he was climbing, he decided to make his own climbing tools by teaching himself blacksmithing, and eventually started a business. Yosemite rock climber to leading alpinist Chouinard was one of the leading climbers of the \"Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing.\" He was one of the protagonists of the film made about this era:Valley Uprising(2014). He participated in the first ascent of the North America Wall in 1964 (withRoyal Robbins,Tom Frost, andChuck Pratt), using no fixed ropes. The next year, his and TM Herbert's ascent of the Muir Wall on El Capitan improved the style of previous first ascents.Chouinard became the most articulate advocate of the importance of style, the basis of modern rock climbing. In 1961, he visited Western Canada withFred Beckey, and made several important first ascents, including the North Face ofMount Edith Cavell(Rockies), the Beckey-Chouinard Route on South Howser Tower in theBugaboos(Purcell Mountains), and the North Face ofMount Sir Donald(Selkirk Mountains). These climbs opened his eyes to the idea of applying Yosemite big-wall climbing techniques to mountain climbing, and his advocacy was important to modern,high-grade alpinism. Also in 1961, he visitedShawangunk Ridgefor the first time,freeclimbingthe first pitch of Matinee (the hardest free climb done at Shawangunk Ridge at the time); and introducingchrome-molybdenum steelpitons to the area, which revolutionized climbing protection. In 1968, he climbedCerro FitzroyinPatagoniaby a new route (The Californian Route, 3rd overall ascent of the mountain) with Dick Dorworth,Chris Jones, Lito Tejada-Flores, andDouglas Tompkins. Chouinard has also traveled and climbed in the European Alps and in Pakistan. Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In 1957, he bought a second-hand coal-fired forge, and started making hardened steelpitonsfor use inYosemiteValley. Between time spent surfing and climbing, he sold pitons out of the back of his car to support himself. The improved pitons were a big factor in the birth of big-wall climbing from 1957 to 1960 in Yosemite. The success of his pitons caused him to found Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In the late 1960s, Chouinard and business partnerTom Frostbegan studying ice climbing equipment, and re-invented the basic tools (cramponsand ice axes) to perform on steeper ice. These new tools and his bookClimbing Ice(1978) started the modern sport of ice climbing. Around 1970, he became aware that the use of steel pitons made by his company was causing significant damage to the cracks of Yosemite. These pitons composed 70 percent of his income.In 1971 and 1972, Chouinard and Frost introduced new aluminum chockstones, calledHexentricsand Stoppers, along with the less successful steel Crack-n-Ups, and committed the company to the advocacy of the new tools and a new style of climbing called \"clean climbing.\" This concept revolutionized rock climbing and led to further success of the company, despite cannibalizing the sales of pitons, formerly his most important product. They applied for a U.S. patent on Hexentrics in 1974, and it was granted on April 6, 1976.These are still manufactured byBlack Diamond Equipment. In the latter 1960s, Chouinard attempted a number of significant technological and technique changes to ice climbing after trips to the Alps in Europe and Sierra Nevada ice gullies in autumn. He removed the flex from crampons, making them more rigid for front-pointing. He drew the taper of a rock hammer into a point for better ice purchase. He increased the cross section of ice screws while also using lighter materials. He experimented with pick and blade issues with ice axes. Prior to this, much of ice climbing was seen as mere step cutting. He attempted to replace hand ice picks (climbing type) with a small ice axe head called a Climaxe. In 1989, Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. filed for bankruptcy protection in order to protect it from liability lawsuits. The hard assets of Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. were acquired by its employees through theChapter 11process, and the company was reestablished asBlack Diamond Equipment, Ltd. Patagonia and environmentalism Chouinard is most known for founding the clothing and gear companyPatagonia. Chouinard started to sell clothes by chance as a way to support his moderately profitable equipment business.In 1970 on a trip to Scotland, he purchased some rugby shirts and sold them with great success.From this small start, the Patagonia company developed a wide selection of rugged technical clothing. According to Chouinard, the intent of Patagonia is to make clothes for people under the rugged, southern Andes/Cape Horn conditions of places like Patagonia. Recognizing that the financial success of the company provided the opportunity to also achieve personal goals, Chouinard committed the company to being an outstanding place to work, and to be an important resource for environmental activism. In 1984, Patagonia opened an on-site cafeteria offering \"healthy, mostly vegetarian food,\" and started providing on-site child care.In 1986, Chouinard committed the company to \"tithing\" for environmental activism, committing one percent of sales or ten percent of profits, whichever is the greater. The commitment included paying employees working on local environmental projects so they could commit their efforts full-time. In the early 1990s, an environmental audit of Patagonia revealed the surprising result (at the time), that corporatecotton, although it was a natural material, had a heavy environmental footprint. In 1996, Chouinard committed the company to using all organic cotton. In 2002, Yvon Chouinard founded1% for the Planetand Patagonia became the first business to commit 1% of annual sales to the environment. In 2014, Patagonia supported the advocacy documentary filmDamNation, which is about changing attitudes in America towards its dams. Chouinard was the executive producer of the film, and he was also featured in the film commenting about dams. In 2018, in acknowledgment that sustainability and responsible practices are core to Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard was recognized with theSierra Club's top award, theJohn Muir Award. In 2022, Chouinard announced that he was donating ownership in Patagonia to atrustto ensure profits are used for addressingclimate change.Chouinard's family retains control of the company's voting stock through the Patagonia Purpose Trust. Personal life In 1971, Chouinard met and married his wife, Malinda Pennoyer, who was an art and home economics student atCalifornia State University, Fresno.They have a son (Fletcher) and a daughter (Claire), both of whom work for Patagonia. In 2021, Yvon Chouinard received an honorary degree fromBates College. Publications Notable ascents Related reading References Other sources External links"],"string":"[\n \"Netflix Netflixis an Americansubscription video on-demandover-the-topstreamingservice. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows from various genres, and it is available internationally in multiple languages. Launched in 2007, nearly a decade afterNetflix, Inc.began its pioneeringDVD-by-mailmovie rentalservice, Netflix is themost-subscribed video on demandstreaming mediaservices, with 282.7 million paid memberships in more than 190 countries as of 2024.By 2022, \\\"Netflix Original\\\" productions accounted for half of its library in the United States and the namesake company had ventured into other categories, such asvideo game publishingofmobile gamesthrough its flagship service. As of 2023, Netflix is the23rd most-visited website in the world, with 23.66% of its traffic coming from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 5.84%, and Brazil at 5.64%. History Launch as a mail-based rental business (1997–2006) Netflix was founded byMarc RandolphandReed Hastingson August 29, 1997, inScotts Valley, California. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, was a co-founder ofPure Software, which was acquired byRational Softwarethat year for $750 million, the then biggest acquisition inSilicon Valleyhistory.Randolph had worked as a marketing director forPure Softwareafter Pure Atria acquired a company where Randolph worked. He was previously a co-founder ofMicroWarehouse, a computer mail-order company, as well as vice president of marketing forBorland.Hastings and Randolph came up with the idea for Netflix whilecarpoolingbetween their homes inSanta Cruz, California, and Pure Atria's headquarters in Sunnyvale.Patty McCord, later head ofhuman resourcesat Netflix, was also in the carpool group.Randolph admiredAmazonand wanted to find a large category of portable items to sell over theInternetusing a similar model. Hastings and Randolph considered and rejected selling and rentingVHSas too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship.When they heard about DVDs, first introduced in the United States in early 1997, they tested the concept of selling or renting DVDs by mail, by mailing acompact discto Hastings's house in Santa Cruz.When the CD arrived intact, they decided to enter the $16 billionHome-videosales and rental industry.Hastings is often quoted saying that he decided to start Netflix after being fined $40 at a Blockbuster store for being late to return a copy ofApollo 13.Hastings invested $2.5 million into Netflix from the sale of Pure Atria.Netflix launched as the first DVD rental and sales website with 30 employees and 925 titles available—nearly all DVDs published.Randolph and Hastings met withJeff Bezos, whereAmazonoffered to acquire Netflix for between $14 and $16 million. Fearing competition from Amazon, Randolph at first thought the offer was fair, but Hastings, who owned 70% of the company, turned it down on the plane ride home. Initially, Netflix offered a per-rental model for each DVD but introduced a monthly subscription concept in September 1999.The per-rental model was dropped by early 2000, allowing the company to focus on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees.In September 2000, during thedot-com bubble, while Netflix was suffering losses, Hastings and Randolph offered to sell the company toBlockbusterfor $50 million.John Antioco, CEO of Blockbuster, thought the offer was a joke and declined, saying, \\\"The dot-com hysteria is completely overblown.\\\"While Netflix experienced fast growth in early 2001, the continued effects of the dot-com bubble collapse and theSeptember 11 attackscaused the company to hold off plans for itsinitial public offering(IPO) and to lay off one-third of its 120 employees. DVD players were a popular gift for holiday sales in late 2001, and demand for DVD subscription services were \\\"growing like crazy\\\", according to chief talent officerPatty McCord.The company wentpublicon May 23, 2002, selling 5.5 million shares ofcommon stockat US$15.00 per share.In 2003, Netflix was issued a patent by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office to cover its subscription rental service and several extensions.Netflix posted its first profit in 2003, earning $6.5 million on revenues of $272 million; by 2004, profit had increased to $49 million on over $500 million in revenues.In 2005, 35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day. In 2004, Blockbuster introduced a DVD rental service, which not only allowed users to check out titles through online sites but allowed for them to return them atbrick and-mortarstores.By 2006, Blockbuster's service reached two million users, and while trailing Netflix's subscriber count, was drawing business away from Netflix. Netflix lowered fees in 2007.While it was anurban legendthat Netflix ultimately \\\"killed\\\" Blockbuster in the DVD rental market, Blockbuster's debt load and internal disagreements hurt the company. On April 4, 2006, Netflix filed apatent infringementlawsuit in which it demanded ajury trialin theUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging thatBlockbuster'sonline DVD rentalsubscription program violated two patents held by Netflix. The firstcause of actionalleged Blockbuster's infringement of copying the \\\"dynamic queue\\\" of DVDs available for each customer, Netflix's method of using the ranked preferences in the queue to send DVDs to subscribers, and Netflix's method permitting the queue to be updated and reordered.The second cause of action alleged infringement of the subscription rental service as well as Netflix's methods of communication and delivery.The companies settled their dispute on June 25, 2007; terms were not disclosed. On October 1, 2006, Netflix announced theNetflix Prize, $1,000,000 to the first developer of a video-recommendationalgorithmthat could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. On September 21, 2009, it awarded the $1,000,000 prize to team \\\"BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos\\\".Cinematch, launched in 2000, was a system that recommended movies to its users, many of which might have been entirely new to the user. Through its divisionRed Envelope Entertainment, Netflix licensed and distributed independent films such asBorn into BrothelsandSherrybaby. In late 2006,Red Envelope Entertainmentalso expanded into producing original content with filmmakers such asJohn Waters.Netflix closed Red Envelope Entertainment in 2008. Transition to streaming services (2007–2012) In January 2007, the company launched astreaming mediaservice, introducingvideo on demandvia the Internet. However, at that time it only had 1,000 films available for streaming, compared to 70,000 available on DVD.The company had for some time considered offering movies online, but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net. The original idea was a \\\"Netflix box\\\" that could download movies overnight, and be ready to watch the next day. By 2005, Netflix had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service. But after witnessing how popular streaming services such asYouTubewere despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept. In February 2007, Netflix delivered its billionth DVD, a copy ofBabelto a customer in Texas.In April 2007, Netflix recruitedReplayTVfounderAnthony Wood, to build a \\\"Netflix Player\\\" that would allow streaming content to be played directly on a television rather than a desktop or laptop.Hastings eventually shut down the project to help encourage other hardware manufacturers to include built-in Netflix support, which would be spun off as thedigital media playerproductRoku. In January 2008, all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost. This change came in a response to the introduction ofHuluand toApple's new video-rental services.In August 2008, the Netflix database was corrupted and the company was not able to ship DVDs to customers for 3 days, leading the company to move all its data to theAmazon Web Servicescloud.In November 2008, Netflix began offering subscribers rentals onBlu-rayand discontinued its sale of used DVDs.In 2009, Netflix streams overtook DVD shipments. On January 6, 2010, Netflix agreed withWarner Bros.to delay new release rentals to 28 days after the DVDs became available for sale, in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies, and similar deals involvingUniversal Picturesand20th Century Foxwere reached on April 9.In July 2010, Netflix signed a deal to stream movies ofRelativity Media.In August 2010, Netflix reached a five-year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films fromParamount,LionsgateandMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The deal increased Netflix's annual spending fees, adding roughly $200 million per year. It spent $117 million in the first six months of 2010 on streaming, up from $31 million in 2009.On September 22, 2010, Netflix launched in Canada, its first international market.In November 2010, Netflix began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals. In 2010, Netflix acquired the rights toBreaking Bad, produced by Sony Pictures Television, after the show's third season, at a point where original broadcasterAMChad expressed the possibility of cancelling the show. Sony pushed Netflix to releaseBreaking Badin time for the fourth season, which as a result, greatly expanded the show's audience on AMC due to new viewers bingeing on the Netflix past episodes, and doubling the viewership by the time of the fifth season.Breaking Badis considered the first such show to have this \\\"Netflix effect\\\". In January 2011, Netflix announced agreements with several manufacturers to includebranded Netflix buttonson theremote controlsof devices compatible with the service, such asBlu-ray players.By May 2011, Netflix had become the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America, accounting for 30% of traffic during peak hours. On July 12, 2011, Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services.The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price.On September 11, 2011, Netflix expanded to countries in Latin America.On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster, separating DVD rental and streaming services.On September 26, 2011, Netflix announced a content deal withDreamWorks Animation.On October 10, 2011, Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and that its streaming and DVD-rental plans would remain branded together, citing customer dissatisfaction with the split. In October 2011. Netflix andThe CWsigned a multi-year output deal for its television shows.On January 9, 2012, Netflix started its expansion to Europe, launching in the United Kingdom and Ireland.In February 2012, Netflix reached a multi-year agreement withThe Weinstein Company.In March 2012, Netflix acquired thedomain nameDVD.com.By 2016, Netflix rebranded its DVD-by-mail service under the nameDVD.com, A Netflix Company.In April 2012, Netflix filed with theFederal Election Commission(FEC) to form apolitical action committee(PAC) called FLIXPAC.Netflix spokesperson Joris Evers tweeted that the intent was to \\\"engage on issues likenet neutrality,bandwidth caps,UBBandVPPA\\\".In June 2012, Netflix signed a deal withOpen Road Films. On August 23, 2012, Netflix andThe Weinstein Companysigned a multi-year output deal for RADiUS-TWC films.In September 2012,Epixsigned a five-year streaming deal with Netflix. For the initial two years of this agreement, first-run and back-catalog content from Epix was exclusive to Netflix. Epix films came to Netflix 90 days after premiering on Epix.These included films from Paramount, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Lionsgate. On October 18, 2012, Netflix launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.On December 4, 2012, Netflix and Disney announced an exclusive multi-year agreement for first-run United States subscription television rights to Walt Disney Studios' animated and live-action films, with classics such asDumbo,Alice in WonderlandandPocahontasavailable immediately and others available on Netflix beginning in 2016.Direct-to-videoreleases were made available in 2013. On January 14, 2013, Netflix signed an agreement withTime Warner'sTurner Broadcasting Systemand Warner Bros. Television to distributeCartoon Network,Warner Bros. Animation, andAdult Swimcontent, as well asTNT'sDallas, beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs were given to Netflix shortly after deals withViacomto streamNickelodeonandNick Jr. Channelprograms expired. For cost reasons, Netflix stated that it would limit its expansion in 2013,adding only one new market—the Netherlands—in September of that year. This expanded its availability to 40 territories. Development of original programming and distribution expansion (2013–2017) In 2011, Netflix began its efforts into original content development. In March, it made a straight-to-series order fromMRCfor the political dramaHouse of Cards, led byKevin Spacey, outbidding U.S. cable networks. This marked the first instance of a first-run television series being specifically commissioned by the service.In November the same year, Netflix added two more significant productions to its roster: the comedy-dramaOrange Is the New Black, adapted fromPiper Kerman'smemoir,and a new season of the previously cancelled Fox sitcomArrested Development.Netflix acquired the U.S. rights to the Norwegian dramaLilyhammerafter its television premiere on Norway'sNRK1on January 25, 2012. Notably departing from the traditional broadcast television model of weekly episode premieres, Netflix chose to release the entire first season on February 8 of the same year. House of Cardswas released by Netflix on February 1, 2013, marketed as the first \\\"Netflix Original\\\" production.Later that month, Netflix announced an agreement withDreamWorks Animationto commission children's television series based on its properties, beginning withTurbo: F.A.S.T., a spin-off of its filmTurbo.Orange is the New Blackwould premiere in July 2013; Netflix stated thatOrange is the New Blackhad been its most-watched original series so far, with all of them having \\\"an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV.\\\" On March 13, 2013, Netflix added aFacebooksharing feature, letting United States subscribers access \\\"Watched by your friends\\\" and \\\"Friends' Favorites\\\" by agreeing.This was not legal until theVideo Privacy Protection Actwas modified in early 2013.On August 1, 2013, Netflix reintroduced the \\\"Profiles\\\" feature that permits accounts to accommodate up to five user profiles. In November 2013,Marvel TelevisionandABC Studiosannounced Netflix had ordered a slate offour television seriesbased on theMarvel ComicscharactersDaredevil,Jessica Jones,Iron FistandLuke Cage. Each of the four series received an initial order of 13 episodes, and Netflix also ordered aDefendersminiseries that would tie them together.DaredevilandJessica Jonespremiered in 2015.TheLuke Cageseries premiered on September 30, 2016, followed byIron Fiston March 17, 2017, andThe Defenderson August 18, 2017.Marvel ownerDisneylater entered into other content agreements with Netflix, including acquiring its animatedStar WarsseriesStar Wars: The Clone Wars, and a new sixth season. In February 2014, Netflix began to enter into agreements with U.S. internet service providers, beginning withComcast(whose customers had repeatedly complained of frequentbufferingwhen streaming Netflix), in order to provide the service a direct connection to their networks.In April 2014, Netflix signedArrested DevelopmentcreatorMitchell Hurwitzand his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service.In May 2014, Netflix &Sony Pictures Animationhad a major multi-deal to acquired streaming rights to produce films.It also began to introduce an updated logo, with a flatter appearance and updated typography. In September 2014, Netflix expanded into six new European markets, including Austria, Belgium, France, Germany,Luxembourg, and Switzerland.On September 10, 2014, Netflix participated inInternet Slowdown Dayby deliberately slowing down its speed in support ofnet neutralityregulations in the United States.In October 2014, Netflix announced a four-film deal withAdam Sandlerand hisHappy Madison Productions. In April 2015, following the launch ofDaredevil, Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support foraudio description, and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its other original series over time.The following year, as part of a settlement with theAmerican Council of the Blind, Netflix agreed to provide descriptions for its original series within 30 days of their premiere, and addscreen readersupport and the ability to browse content by availability of descriptions. In March 2015, Netflix expanded to Australia and New Zealand.In September 2015, Netflix launched in Japan, its first country in Asia.In October 2015, Netflix launched in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In January 2016, at theConsumer Electronics Show, Netflix announced a major international expansion of its service into 130 additional countries. It then had become available worldwide except China, Syria, North Korea,KosovoandCrimea.In May 2016, Netflix created a tool called Fast.com to determine the speed of an Internet connection.It received praise for being \\\"simple\\\" and \\\"easy to use\\\", and does not includeonline advertising, unlike competitors.On November 30, 2016, Netflix launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps onAndroidoriOStocachecontent on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing offline, without an Internet connection. In 2016, Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films, more than any network or cable channel.In April 2016, Hastings stated that the company planned to expand its in-house, Los Angeles-based Netflix Studios to grow its output; Hastings ruled out any potential acquisitions of existing studios. In February 2017, Netflix signed amusic publishingdeal withBMG Rights Management, whereby BMG will oversee rights outside of the United States for music associated with Netflix original content. Netflix continues to handle these tasks in-house in the United States.On April 25, 2017, Netflix signed a licensing deal withIQiyi, a Chinese video streaming platform owned byBaidu, to allow selected Netflix original content to be distributed in China on the platform. On August 7, 2017, Netflix acquiredMillarworld, the creator-owned publishing company of comic book writerMark Millar. The purchase marked the first corporate acquisition to have been made by Netflix.On August 14, 2017, Netflix entered into an exclusive development deal withShonda Rhimesand her production companyShondaland. In September 2017, Netflix announced it would offer its low-broadband mobile technology to airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi so that passengers can watch movies on Netflix while on planes. In September 2017,Minister of HeritageMélanie Jolyannounced that Netflix had agreed to make aCA$500 million(US$400 million) investment over the next five years in producing content in Canada. The company denied that the deal was intended to result in atax break.Netflix realized this goal by December 2018. In October 2017, Netflix iterated a goal of having half of its library consist of original content by 2019, announcing a plan to invest $8 billion on original content in 2018.In October 2017, Netflix introduced the \\\"Skip Intro\\\" feature which allows customers to skip the intros to shows on its platform through a variety of techniques including manual reviewing, audio tagging, andmachine learning. In November 2017, Netflix signed an exclusive multi-year deal withOrange Is the New BlackcreatorJenji Kohan.In November 2017, Netflix withdrew from co-hosting a party at the75th Golden Globe AwardswithThe Weinstein Companydue to theHarvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases. Expansion into international productions and new productions (2017–2020) In November 2017, Netflix announced that it would be making its first original Colombian series, to be executive produced byCiro Guerra.In December 2017, Netflix signedStranger Thingsdirector-producerShawn Levyand his production company21 Laps Entertainmentto what sources say is a four-year deal.In 2017, Netflix invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials fromDave Chappelle,Louis C.K.,Chris Rock,Jim Gaffigan,Bill BurrandJerry Seinfeld. In February 2018, Netflix acquired the rights toThe Cloverfield ParadoxfromParamount Picturesfor $50 million and launched on its service on February 4, 2018, shortly after airing its first trailer duringSuper Bowl LII. Analysts believed that Netflix's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release, while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal.Other films acquired by Netflix include international distribution for Paramount'sAnnihilationand Universal'sNews of the Worldand worldwide distribution of Universal'sExtinction,Warner Bros.'Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle,Paramount'sThe Lovebirdsand 20th Century Studios'The Woman in the Window.In March, the service orderedFormula 1: Drive to Survive, a racing docuseries following teams in theFormula Oneworld championship. In March 2018,Sky UKannounced an agreement with Netflix to integrate Netflix's subscription VOD offering into its pay-TV service. Customers with its high-end Sky Q set-top box and service will be able to see Netflix titles alongside their regular Sky channels.In October 2022, Netflix revealed that its annual revenue from the UK subscribers in 2021 was £1.4bn. In April 2018, Netflix pulled out of theCannes Film Festival, in response to new rules requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters. The Cannes premiere ofOkjain 2017 was controversial, and led to discussions over the appropriateness of films with simultaneous digital releases being screened at an event showcasing theatrical film; audience members also booed the Netflixproduction logoat the screening. Netflix's attempts to negotiate to allow a limited release in France were curtailed by organizers, as well as Frenchcultural exceptionlaw—where theatrically screened films are legally forbidden from being made available via video-on-demand services until at least 36 months after their release.Besides traditional Hollywood markets as well as from partners like theBBC, Sarandos said the company also looking to expand investments in non-traditional foreign markets due to the growth of viewers outside of North America. At the time, this included programs such asDarkfrom Germany,Ingobernablefrom Mexico and3%from Brazil. On May 22, 2018, formerpresident,Barack Obama, and his wife,Michelle Obama, signed a deal to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions. In June 2018, Netflix announced a partnership withTelltale Gamesto port itsadventure gamesto the service in a streaming video format, allowing simple controls through a television remote.The first game,Minecraft: Story Mode, was released in November 2018.In July 2018, Netflix earned the most Emmy nominations of any network for the first time with 112 nods. On August 27, 2018, the company signed a five-year exclusive overall deal with international best–selling authorHarlan Coben.On the same day, the company signed an overall deal withGravity FallscreatorAlex Hirsch.In October 2018, Netflix paid under $30 million to acquireAlbuquerque Studios(ABQ Studios), a $91 million film and TV production facility with eight sound stages inAlbuquerque,New Mexico, for its first U.S. production hub, pledging to spend over $1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America.In November 2018,Paramount Picturessigned a multi-picture film deal with Netflix, making Paramount the first major film studio to sign a deal with Netflix.A sequel toAwesomenessTV'sTo All the Boys I've Loved Beforewas released on Netflix under the titleTo All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love Youas part of the agreement.In December 2018, the company announced a partnership withESPN Filmson atelevision documentarychronicling Michael Jordan and the1997–98 Chicago Bulls seasontitledThe Last Dance. It was released internationally on Netflix and became available for streaming in the United States three months after a broadcast airing onESPN. In January 2019,Sex Educationmade its debut as a Netflix original series, receiving much critical acclaim.On January 22, 2019, Netflix sought and was approved for membership into theMotion Picture Association of America(MPAA), making it the first streaming service to join the association.In February 2019,The HauntingcreatorMike Flanaganjoined frequent collaborator Trevor Macy as a partner inIntrepid Picturesand the duo signed an exclusive overall deal with Netflix to produce television content.On May 9, 2019, Netflix contracted withDark Horse Entertainmentto make television series and films based on comics fromDark Horse Comics.In July 2019, Netflix announced that it would be opening a hub atShepperton Studiosas part of a deal withPinewood Group.In early-August 2019, Netflix negotiated an exclusive multi-year film and television deal withGame of Thronescreators and showrunnersDavid BenioffandD.B. Weiss.The first Netflix production created by Benioff and Weiss was planned as an adaptation ofLiu Cixin's science fiction novelThe Three-Body Problem, part of theRemembrance of Earth's Pasttrilogy.On September 30, 2019, in addition to renewingStranger Thingsfor afourth season, Netflix signedThe Duffer Brothersto anoverall dealcovering future film and television projects for the service. On November 13, 2019, Netflix andNickelodeonentered into a multi-year agreement to produce several original animated feature films and television series based on Nickelodeon's library of characters. This agreement expanded on their existing relationship, in which new specials based on the past Nickelodeon seriesInvader ZimandRocko's Modern Life(Invader Zim: Enter the FlorpusandRocko's Modern Life: Static Clingrespectively) were released by Netflix. Other new projects planned under the team-up include a music project featuringSquidward Tentaclesfrom the animated television seriesSpongeBob SquarePants, and films based onThe Loud HouseandRise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.The agreement with Disney ended in 2019 due to the launch ofDisney+, with its Marvel productions moving exclusively to the service in 2022. In November 2019, Netflix announced that it had signed a long-term lease to save the Paris Theatre, the last single-screen movie theater in Manhattan. The company oversaw several renovations at the theater, including new seats and a concession stand. In January 2020, Netflix announced a new four-film deal with Adam Sandler worth up to $275 million.On February 25, 2020, Netflix formed partnerships with six Japanese creators to produce an original Japanese anime project. This partnership includes manga creator group CLAMP, mangaka Shin Kibayashi, mangaka Yasuo Ohtagaki, novelist and film director Otsuichi, novelist Tow Ubutaka, and manga creator Mari Yamazaki.On March 4, 2020,ViacomCBSannounced that it will be producing two spin-off films based onSpongeBob SquarePantsfor Netflix.On April 7, 2020,Peter Chernin'sChernin Entertainmentmade a multi-yearfirst-look dealwith Netflix to make films.On May 29, 2020, Netflix announced the acquisition ofGrauman's Egyptian Theatrefrom theAmerican Cinemathequeto use as a special events venue.In July 2020, Netflix appointed Sarandos as co-CEO.In July 2020, Netflix invested inBlack MirrorcreatorsCharlie BrookerandAnnabel Jones' new production outfit Broke And Bones. In September 2020, Netflix signed a multi-million dollar deal with theDukeandDuchessof Sussex. Harry and Meghan agreed to a multi-year deal promising to create TV shows, films, and children's content as part of their commitment to stepping away from the duties of the royal family.In September 2020, Hastings released a book about Netflix culture titledNo Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention, which was coauthored byErin Meyer.In December 2020, Netflix signed a first-look deal withMillie Bobby Brownto develop and star in several projects including a potential action franchise. Expansion into gaming,Squid Game, new programing and new initiatives (2021–2022) In March 2021, Netflix earned the most Academy Award nominations of any studio, with 36. Netflix won seven Academy Awards, which was the most by any studio.Later that year, Netflix also won more Emmys than any other network or studio with 44 wins, tying the record for most Emmys won in a single year set by CBS in 1974. On April 8, 2021,Sony Pictures Entertainmentannounced an agreement for Netflix to hold the U.S. pay television window rights to its releases beginning in 2022, replacingStarzand expanding upon an existing agreement withSony Pictures Animation. The agreement also includes a first-look deal for any future direct-to-streaming films being produced bySony Pictures, with Netflix required to commit to a minimum number of them.On April 27, Netflix announced that it was opening its first Canadian headquarters inToronto.The company also announced that it would open an office in Sweden as well asRomeandIstanbulto increase its original content in those regions. In early-June, Netflix hosted a first-ever week-long virtual event called \\\"Geeked Week\\\", where it shared exclusive news, new trailers, cast appearances and more about upcoming genre titles likeThe Witcher,The Cuphead Show!, andThe Sandman. On June 7, 2021,Jennifer Lopez'sNuyorican Productionssigned a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix spanning feature films, TV series, and unscripted content, with an emphasis on projects that support diverse female actors, writers, and filmmakers.On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced it was launching an online store for curated products tied to the Netflix brand and shows such asStranger ThingsandThe Witcher.On June 21, 2021,Steven Spielberg'sAmblin Partnerssigned a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service.On June 30, 2021,Powerhouse Animation Studios(the studio behind Netflix'sCastlevania) announced signing a first-look deal with the streamer to produce more animated series. In July 2021, Netflix hiredMike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. On July 14, 2021, Netflix signed a first-look deal withJoey King, star ofThe Kissing Boothfranchise, in which King will produce and develop films for Netflix via her All The King's Horses production company.On July 21, 2021,Zack Snyder, director of Netflix'sArmy of the Dead, announced he had signed his production companyThe Stone Quarryto a first-look deal with Netflix; his upcoming projects include a sequel toArmy of the Deadand a sci-fi adventure film titledRebel Moon.In 2019, he agreed to produce ananime-styleweb seriesinspired byNorse mythology. As of August 2021,Netflix Originalsmade up 40% of Netflix's overall library in the United States.The company announced that \\\"TUDUM: A Netflix Global Fan Event\\\", a three-hour virtual behind the scenes featuring first-look reveals for 100 of the streamer's series, films and specials, would have its inaugural show in late September 2021.According to Netflix, the show garnered 25.7 million views across Netflix's 29 Netflix YouTube channels, Twitter, Twitch, Facebook, TikTok and Tudum.com. Also in September, the company announced The Queen's Ball: A Bridgerton Experience, launching in 2022 in Los Angeles,Chicago,Montreal, andWashington, D.C.. Squid Game, a South Korean survival drama created and produced byHwang Dong-hyuk, rapidly became the service's most-watched show within a week of its launch in many markets on September 17, 2021, including Korea, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.Within its first 28 days on the service,Squid Gamedrew more than 111 million viewers, surpassingBridgertonand becoming Netflix's most-watched show. On September 20, 2021, Netflix signed a long-term lease withAviva Investorsto operate and expand theLongcross StudiosinSurrey, UK.On September 21, 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire the Roald Dahl Story Company, which manages the rights toRoald Dahl'sstories and characters, for an undisclosed price and would operate it as an independent company.The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, on September 28, 2021. On October 13, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of the Netflix Book Club, partnering withStarbucksfor a social series calledBut Have You Read the Book?.Uzo Adubabecame inaugural host of the series and announced monthly book selections set to be adapted by the streamer. Aduba speaks with the cast, creators, and authors about the book adaptation process over a cup of coffee at Starbucks.Through October 2021, Netflix commonly reported viewership for its programming based on the number of viewers or households that watched a show in a given period (such as the first 28 days from its premiere) for at least two minutes. On the announcement of its quarterly earnings in October 2021, the company stated that it would switch its viewership metrics to measuring the number of hours that a show was watched, including rewatches, which the company said was closer to the measurements used in linear broadcast television, and thus \\\"our members and the industry can better measure success in the streaming world.\\\" Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Some games in the collection require an active internet connection to play, while others will be available offline. Netflix Kids' accounts will not have games available.On November 16, Netflix announced the launch of \\\"Top10 on Netflix.com\\\", a new website with weekly global and country lists of the most popular titles on their service based on their new viewership metrics.On November 22, Netflix announced that it would acquireScanline VFX, the visual effects and animation company behindCowboy BebopandStranger Things.On the same day,Roberto Patinosigned a deal with Netflix and established his own production banner, Analog Inc., in partnership with the company. Patino's first project under the deal is a series adaptation ofImage Comics'Nocterra. On December 6, 2021, Netflix andStage 32announced that they have teamed up the workshops at the Creating Content for the Global Marketplace program.On December 7, 2021, Netflix partnered with IllumiNative, a woman-led non-profit organization, for the Indigenous Producers Training Program.On December 9, Netflix announced the launch of \\\"Tudum\\\", an official companion website that offers news, exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes videos for its original television shows and films.On December 13, Netflix signed a multi-year overall deal withKalinda Vazquez.On December 16, 2021, Netflix signed a multi-year creative partnership withSpike Leeand his production company40 Acres and a Mule Filmworksto develop film and television projects. In compliance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its implementation in France, Netflix reached commitments with French broadcasting authorities and film guilds, as required by law, to invest a specific amount of its annual revenue into original French films and series. These films must be theatrically released and would not be allowed to be carried on Netflix until 15 months after their release. In January 2022, Netflix ordered additional sports docuseries fromDrive to Surviveproducers Box to Box Films, including a series that would followPGA Tourgolfers, and another that would follow professional tennis players on theATPandWTA Tourcircuits. The company announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for €65 million as part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum. On March 15, 2022, Netflix announced a partnership withDr. SeussEnterprises to produce five new series and specials based on Seusspropertiesfollowing the success ofGreen Eggs and Ham.On March 29, 2022, Netflix announced that it would open an office in Poland to serve as a hub for its original productions acrossCentral and Eastern Europe.On March 30, 2022, Netflix extended its lease agreement with Martini Film Studios, just outside Vancouver, Canada, for another five years.On March 31, 2022, Netflix ordered a docuseries that would follow teams in the2022 Tour de France, which would also be co-produced by Box to Box Films. Following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netflix suspended its operations and future projects in Russia.It also announced that it would not comply with a proposed directive byRoskomnadzorrequiring all internet streaming services with more than 100,000 subscribers to integrate the major free-to-air channels (which are primarily state-owned).A month later, ex-Russian subscribers filed a class action lawsuit against Netflix. Netflix stated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others, and that Canada and the United States accounted for 30 million of them. Following these announcements, Netflix's stock price fell by 35 percent.By June 2022, Netflix had laid off 450 full-time and contract employees as part of the company's plan to trim costs amid lower than expected subscriber growth. On April 13, 2022, Netflix released the seriesOur Great National Parks, which was hosted and narrated by former US President Barack Obama.It also partnered with Group Effort Initiative, a company founded byRyan ReynoldsandBlake Lively, to provide opportunities behind the camera for those in underrepresented communities.On the same day, Netflix partnered with Lebanon-basedArab Fund For Arts And Culturefor supporting the Arab female filmmakers. It will provide a one-time grant of $250,000 to female producers and directors in the Arab world through the company's Fund for Creative Equity.Also on the same day, Netflix announced anExploding Kittensmobile card game tied to a new animated TV series, which will launch in May.Netflix formed a creative partnership withJ. Miles Dale.The company also formed a partnership with Japan'sStudio Colorido, signing a multi-film deal to boost their anime content in Asia. The streaming giant is said to co-produce three feature films with the studio, the first of which will premiere in September 2022.On April 28, the company launched its inauguralNetflix Is a Jokecomedy festival, featuring more than 250 shows over 12 nights at 30-plus locations across Los Angeles, including the first-ever stand-up show atDodger Stadium. The first volume ofStranger Things 4logged Netflix's biggest premiere weekend ever for an original series with 286.79 million hours viewed.This was preceded by a newStranger Thingsinteractive experience hosted in New York City that was developed by the show's creators.After the release of the second volume ofStranger Things 4on July 1, 2022, it became Netflix's second title to receive more than one billion hours viewed. On July 19, 2022, Netflix announced plans to acquire Australian animation studioAnimal Logic.That month, in collaboration withSennheiser, Netflix began to add Ambeo 2-channel audio mixes (referred to as \\\"spatial audio\\\") to selected original productions, which allows simulatedsurround soundon stereo speakers and headphones. On September 5, 2022, Netflix opened an office inWarsaw, Poland responsible for the service's operations in 28 markets in Central and Eastern Europe. On October 4, 2022, Netflix have signed a creative partnership withAndrea BerloffandJohn Gatins.On October 11, Netflix signed up with theBroadcasters' Audience Research Boardfor external measurement of viewership in the UK.On October 12, Netflix signed to build a production complex atFort MonmouthinEatontown, New Jersey.On October 18, Netflix began exploring a cloud gaming offering and opened a new gaming studio in Southern California. On November 7, 2022, Netflix announced a strategic partnership with The Seven, a Japanese production company owned byTBS Holdings, to produce multiple original live-action titles for the subscribers over the next five years.On December 12, 2022, Netflix announced that sixty-percent of its subscribers had watched aKorean drama.CEO Ted Sarandos attributed the increase in viewership of Korean content among Americans to Korean films and dramas being \\\"often unpredictable\\\" and catching \\\"the American audience by surprise\\\". On January 10, 2023, Netflix announced plans to open an engineering hub in its Warsaw office. The hub is to provide Netflix's creative partners with software solutions for the production of films and series.In February 2023, Netflix launched a wider rollout of spatial audio, and began allowing Premium subscribers to download content for offline playback on up to six devices (expanded from four). On March 4, 2023, Netflix broadcast its first-ever global live-streaming event, the stand-up comedy specialChris Rock: Selective Outrage. Netflix reworked its viewership metrics again in June 2023. Viewership of shows was measured during the first 91 days of availability, instead of the first 28 days, and now are based on the total viewership hours divided by the total hours of the show itself. This provided more equal considerations for shorter shows and movies compared to longer ones. In August 2023, the company announced Netflix Stories, a collection of interactive narrative games from Netflix series and films such asLove is Blind,Money HeistandVirgin River. Discontinuation of DVD rentals, expansion of live events, WWE agreement (2023–present) On April 18, 2023, Netflix announced that it would discontinue itsDVD-by-mailservice on September 29.Users of the service were able to keep the DVDs that they had received. Over its lifetime the service had sent out over 5 billion shipments. In October 2023, Eunice Kim was promoted to Chief Product Officer and Elizabeth Stone was promoted to Chief Technology Officer.That same month, amid a restructuring of its animation division, Netflix announced a multi-film agreement withSkydance Animationbeginning with the upcomingSpellbound. The agreement partially replaces one it had withApple TV+. In December 2023, Netflix released its first \\\"What We Watched: A Netflix Engagement Report\\\", a look at viewership for every original and licensed title watched more than 50,000 hours from January to June 2023. The company also announced plans to publish the report twice a year.In its first report for the first six months of 2023, it reported thatThe Night Agentwas the most watched show on globally in that period. On January 23, 2024, Netflix announced a major agreement withprofessional wrestlingpromotionWWE, under which it will acquire the international rights to its live weekly programRawbeginning in January 2025; the rights will initially cover the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Latin America, and expand to other territories over time. Outside of the United States, it will also hold international rights to all three of WWE's main weekly programs (Raw,SmackDown, andNXT),premium live events, and documentaries among other content. The agreement was reported to be valued at $500 million per-year over ten years. In February 2024, Netflix joined withPeter Morgan, creator of the Netflix seriesThe Crown, to produce the playPatriotsonBroadway. The venture is the first Broadway credit for the company but not its first stage project. It was actively involved as a producer ofStranger Things: The First Shadowin London. Both productions share a lead producer,Sonia Friedman. In May 2024, the company hosted its second Netflix Is a Joke festival in Los Angeles. It streamed several specials from the festival live, includingKatt Williams'sWoke FolkandThe Roast of Tom Brady, both of which ranked on Netflix's global top 10 the following two weeks.That same month, Netflix announced that it would stream bothNational Football LeagueChristmas gamesin 2024. For 2025 and 2026, the streamer will have exclusive rights to at least one NFL Christmas game each year. In June 2024, the company announced plans for Netflix House, a new permanent entertainment venue for fans to experience Netflix series and films. The first locations in the announcement areKing of Prussia Mallin Pennsylvania andGalleria Dallasin Texas. Availability and access Global availability Netflix is available in every country and territory except forChina,North Korea,SyriaandRussia. In January 2016, Netflix announced it would beginVPN blockingsince it can be used to watch videos from a country where they are unavailable.The result of the VPN block is that people can only watch videos available worldwide and other videos are hidden from search results.Variety is present on Netflix. Hebrew and right-to-left interface orientation, which is a common localization strategy in many markets, are what define the Israeli user interface's localization, and in some regions, Netflix offers a more affordable mobile-only subscription. Subscriptions Customers can subscribe to one of three plans; the difference in plans relates to video resolution, the number of simultaneous streams, and the number of devices to which content can be downloaded. At the end of Q1 2022, Netflix estimated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others.In March 2022, Netflix began to charge a fee for additional users in Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica to attempt to controlaccount sharing.On July 18, 2022, Netflix announced that it would test the account sharing feature in more countries, including Argentina, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.On October 17, Netflix launched Profile Transfer to help end account sharing. On July 13, 2022, Netflix announced plans to launch an advertising-supported subscription option.Netflix's planned advertising tier would not allow subscribers to download content like the existing ad-free platform.On July 20, 2022, it was announced that the advertising-supported tier would be coming to Netflix in 2023 but it would not feature the full library of content.In October, the launch date was announced as November 3, 2022, and was launched in 12 countries: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, Japan and South Korea.The ad-supported plan was called \\\"Basic with Ads\\\" and it cost $6.99 per month in the United States at launch. On February 24, 2023, Netflix cut subscription prices in more than 30 countries around the world to attract more subscribers from those countries. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Croatia, Venezuela, Kenya, and Iran are on the list of countries where the cost for a subscription will be reduced.In the same month stronger anti-password-sharing rules were expanded to Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain.In May 2023, these measures were further expanded to United States and Brazil subscribers. In July 2023, Netflix added 5.9 million subscribers for the second quarter of the year for a total of 238.39 million subscribers overall. The United States and Canada accounted for 1.2 million subscribers which was the largest regional quarterly gain since 2021. Netflix announced in February that it was going to enforce stricter regulations for password sharing. In May 2023, Netflix began cracking down on password-sharing in the US, UK, and Australia. Under these new rules, multiple people can use and share one account, but they have to be under the same household. Netflix defines a household as people who live in the same location as the owner of the account. Users are asked to set a primary location based on the device's IP address. Netflix reported 8.05 million new subscribers in Q2 2024, up from 5.9 million subscribers added in Q2 2023. In July 2024, Netflix started phasing out its cheapest subscription plan for users in France and the US, a year after the plan was removed for Canada and the UK. Members in these countries have the option to sign up for either the standard ad-free plan or the ad plan. Device support Netflix can be accessed via aweb browser, while Netflix apps are available on various platforms, includingBlu-rayplayers,tablet computers, mobile phones,smart TVs,digital media players, andvideo game consoles. Currently supported game consoles include: Several older devices no longer support Netflix. For home gaming consoles, this includes thePlayStation 2,PlayStation TV,WiiandWii U.For handheld gaming consoles, this includes theNintendo 3DSfamily of systems and thePlayStation Vita.The second and third generationApple TVpreviously supported Netflix with an ad-free plan, but the app was automatically removed on these devices on July 31, 2024. In addition, a growing number ofmultichannel televisionproviders, including cable television andIPTVservices, have added Netflix apps accessible within their ownset-top boxes, sometimes with the ability for its content (along with those of other online video services) to be presented within a unified search interface alongside linear television programming as an \\\"all-in-one\\\" solution. The maximum video resolution supported on computers is dependent on theDRMsystems available on a particular operating system and web browser. Content Original programming \\\"Netflix Originals\\\" are content that is produced, co-produced, or distributed exclusively by Netflix. Netflix funds its original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign a project, providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series.It keeps licensing rights, which normally give production companies future revenue opportunities from syndication, merchandising, etc. Over the years, Netflix output ballooned to a level unmatched by any television network or streaming service. According toVariety Insight, Netflix produced a total of 240 new original shows and movies in 2018, then climbed to 371 in 2019, a figure \\\"greater than the number of original series that the entire U.S. TV industry released in 2005.\\\"The Netflix budget allocated to production increased annually, reaching $13.6 billion in 2021 and projected to hit $18.9 billion by 2025, a figure that once again overshadowed any of its competitors.As of August 2022, original productions made up 50% of Netflix's overall library in the United States. Film and television deals Netflix has exclusivepay TVdeals with several studios. The deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms. Distributors that have licensed content to Netflix include Warner Bros., Universal Pictures,Sony Pictures Entertainmentand previously The Walt Disney Studios. Netflix also holds current and back-catalog rights to television programs distributed byWalt Disney Television,DreamWorks Classics,Kino International,Warner Bros. TelevisionandParamount Global Content Distribution, along with titles from other companies such asHasbro EntertainmentandFunimation. Formerly, the streaming service also held rights to select television programs distributed byNBCUniversal Television Distribution,Sony Pictures Televisionand20th Century Fox Television. Netflix negotiated to distribute animated films from Universal that HBO declined to acquire, such asThe Lorax,ParaNorman, andMinions. Netflix holds exclusive streaming rights to the film library ofStudio Ghibli(exceptGrave of the Fireflies) worldwide except in the U.S. and Japan as part of an agreement signed with Ghibli's international sales holderWild Bunchin 2020. Netflix Games In July 2021, Netflix hired Mike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Verdu said in October 2022 that besides continuing to expand their portfolio of games, they were also interested incloud gamingoptions. To support the games effort, Netflix began acquiring and forming a number of studios. The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, in September 2021.Netflix announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for€65 millionas part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum.Netflix opened a mobile game studio in Helsinki, Finland in September 2022,and a new studio, their fifth total, in southern California in October 2022,alongside the acquisition ofSpry Foxin Seattle. In June 2024, Verdu was moved into a new role focusing on \\\"innovation in game development.\\\"The next month, Netflix hired Alain Tascan, vice president of game development atEpic Games, to head up Netflix Games.As of July 2024, Netflix has over 80 games in development, releasing at least one game each month to attract fans. Technology Content delivery Netflix freelypeerswithInternet service providers(ISPs) directly and at commonInternet exchange points. In June 2012, a customcontent delivery network,Open Connect, was announced.For larger ISPs with over 100,000 subscribers, Netflix offers freeNetflix Open Connectcomputer appliancesthat cache their content within the ISPs'data centersor networks to further reduceInternet transitcosts.By August 2016, Netflix closed its last physical data center, but continued to develop its Open Connect technology.A 2016 study at theUniversity of Londondetected 233 individual Open Connect locations on over six continents, with the largest amount of traffic in the US, followed by Mexico. As of July 2017, Netflix series and movies accounted for more than a third of all prime-time download Internet traffic in North America. API On October 1, 2008, Netflix offered access to its service via a publicapplication programming interface(API).It allowed access to data for all Netflix titles, and allows users to manage their movie queues. The API was free and allowed commercial use.In June 2012, Netflix began to restrict the availability of its public API.Netflix instead focused on a small number of known partners using private interfaces, since most traffic came from those private interfaces.In November 2014, Netflix retired the public API.Netflix then partnered with the developers of eight services deemed the most valuable, including Instant Watcher, Fanhattan, Yidio and Nextguide. Recommendations and thumbnails Netflix presents viewers with recommendations based on interactions with the service, such as previous viewing history and ratings of viewed content. These are often grouped into genres and formats, or feature the platform's highest-rated content. Each title is presented with a thumbnail. Before around 2015, these were the samekey artfor everyone, but since then has been customized. Netflix may select a specific key art for a thumbnail based on viewing history,such as an actor or scene type based on genre preferences.Some thumbnails are generated from video stills. The Netflix recommendation system is a vital part of the streaming platform's success, enabling personalized content suggestions for hundreds of millions of subscribers worldwide.Using advanced machine learning algorithms, Netflix analyzes user interactions, including viewing history, searches, and ratings, to deliver personalized recommendations for movies and TV shows. The recommendation system considers individual user preferences, similarities with other users with comparable tastes, specific title attributes (genre, release year, etc.), device usage patterns, and viewing time. As users interact with the platform and provide feedback with their viewing habits, the recommendation system is able to adapt and refine its suggestions over time. Netflix uses a two-tiered ranking system, using the presentation of titles on the homepage for easy navigation to maximize user engagement. This is done by organizing content into rows and ranking the titles within each row based on how much the user would be interested in it.Netflix also uses A/B testing to determine what causes the biggest interest and engagement related to options concerning movie suggestions and how titles are organized. Tags like \\\"bittersweet\\\", \\\"sitcom\\\", or \\\"intimate\\\" are assigned to each title by Netflix employees.Netflix also uses the tags to create recommendation micro-genres like \\\"Goofy TV Shows\\\" or \\\"Girls Night In\\\". Awards On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the firstPrimetime Emmy Awardsnominations for originalstreamingprograms at the65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its series,Arrested Development,Hemlock GroveandHouse of Cards, earned a combined 14 nominations (nine forHouse of Cards, three forArrested Developmentand two forHemlock Grove).TheHouse of Cardsepisode \\\"Chapter 1\\\" received four nominations for both the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, becoming the first episode of a streaming television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination. With its win for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, \\\"Chapter 1\\\" became the first episode from a streaming service to be awarded an Emmy.David Fincher's win for Directing for a Drama Series forHouse of Cardsmade the episode the first from a streaming service to win a Primetime Emmy. On November 6, 2013, Netflix earned its first Grammy nomination whenYou've Got TimebyRegina Spektor— the main title theme song forOrange Is the New Black— was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On December 12, 2013, the network earned six nominations forGolden Globe Awards, including four forHouse of Cards.Among those nominations was Wright forGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Dramafor her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won. With the accolade, Wright became the first actress to win a Golden Globe for a streaming television series. It also marked Netflix's first major acting award.House of CardsandOrange is the New Blackalso wonPeabody Awardsin 2013. On January 16, 2014, Netflix became the first streaming service to earn an Academy Award nomination whenThe Squarewas nominated for Best Documentary Feature. On July 10, 2014, Netflix received 31 Emmy nominations. Among other nominations,House of Cardsreceived nominations forOutstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.Orange is the New Blackwas nominated in the comedy categories, earning nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series.Taylor Schilling,Kate Mulgrew, andUzo Adubawere respectively nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (the latter was for Aduba's recurring role in season one, as she was promoted to series regular for the show's second season). Netflix got the largest share of 2016 Emmy Award nominations, with 16 major nominations. However, streaming shows only got 24 nominations out of a total of 139, falling significantly behind cable. The 16 Netflix nominees were:House of Cardswith Kevin Spacey,A Very Murray Christmaswith Bill Murray,Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt,Master of None, andBloodline. Stranger Thingsreceived 19 nominations at the2017 Primetime Emmy Awards, whileThe Crownreceived 13 nominations. In December 2017, Netflix was awardedPETA's Company of the Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries likeForks Over KnivesandWhat the Health. At the90th Academy Awards, held on March 4, 2018, the filmIcarus, distributed by Netflix, won its firstAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film. During his remarks backstage, director and writer Bryan Fogel remarked that Netflix had \\\"single-handedly changed the documentary world.\\\"Icarushad its premiere at the 2017Sundance Film Festivaland was bought by Netflix for $5 million, one of the biggest deals ever for a non-fiction film.Netflix became the network whose programs received more nomination at the 2018PrimetimeandCreative Arts Emmy Awardswith 112 nominations, therefore breakingHBO's 17-years record as a network whose programs received more nomination at the Emmys, which received 108 nominations. On January 22, 2019, films distributed by Netflix scored 15 nominations for the91st Academy Awards, includingAcademy Award for Best PictureforAlfonso Cuarón'sRoma, which was nominated for 10 awards.The 15 nominations equal the total nominations films distributed by Netflix had received in previous years. In 2020, Netflix received 20 TV nominations and films distributed by Netflix also got 22 film nominations at the78th Golden Globe Awards. It secured three out of the five nominations forbest drama TV seriesforThe Crown,OzarkandRatchedand four of the five nominations forbest actress in a TV series:Olivia Colman,Emma Corrin,Laura LinneyandSarah Paulson. In 2020, Netflix earned 24 Academy Award nominations, marking the first time a streaming service led all studios. Films and programs distributed by Netflix received 30 nominations at the 2021Screen Actors Guild Awards, more than any other distribution company, where their distributed films and programs won seven awards including best motion picture forThe Trial of the Chicago 7and best TV drama forThe Crown.Netflix also received the most nominations of any studio at the93rd Academy Awards– 35 total nominations with 7 award wins. In February 2022,The Power of the Dog, a gritty western distributed by Netflix and directed by Jane Campion, received 12 nominations, including Best Picture, for the 94th annual Academy Awards. Films distributed by the streamer received a total of 72 nominations.Campion became the third female to receive the Best Director award, winning her second Oscar forThe Power of the Dog.At the50th International Emmy Awards, Netflix originalSex EducationwonBest Comedy Series.Later that year, Netflix received 26 Emmy Awards including six forSquid Game. TheSquid Gamewins forOutstanding Lead Actor in a Drama SeriesandOutstanding Directing for a Drama Serieswere the first-ever for a non-English language series in those categories. In March 2023, Netflix won six Academy Awards including four forAll Quiet on the Western Frontwhich was the most awarded Netflix film in its history.Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchiowas the first streaming film to namedBest Animated FeatureandThe Elephant Whispererswas the first Indian-produced film to receiveBest Documentary Short Film.Netflix received 103 Emmy nominations including 13 each for the limited seriesBeefandDahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story. In July 2024, Netflix received 107 Emmy nominations which was the most of any network. Criticism Netflix has been subject to criticism from various groups and individuals as its popularity and market reach increased in the 2010s. Customers have complained about price increases in Netflix offerings dating back to the company's decision to separate its DVD rental and streaming services, which was quickly reversed. As Netflix increased its streaming output, it has faced calls to limit accessibility tographic violenceand include viewer advisories for issues such as sensationalism and promotion ofpseudoscience. Netflix's content has also been criticized bydisability rights movementadvocates for lack ofclosed captioningquality. Some media organizations and competitors have criticized Netflix for selectively releasing ratings andviewer numbersof its original programming. The company has made claims boasting about viewership records without providing data to substantiate its successes or using problematic estimation methods.In March 2020, some government agencies called for Netflix and other streamers to limit services due to increased broadband and energy consumption as use of the platform increased. In response, the company announced it would reducebit rateacross all streams in Europe, thus decreasing Netflix traffic on European networks by around 25 percent. These same steps were later taken in India. In May 2022, Netflix's shareholder Imperium Irrevocable Trust filed a lawsuit against the company for violating the U.S.securitieslaws.In January 2024, a federal judge dismissed the suit, stating that shareholders failed to provide instances of Netflix lying about subscriber growth. In May 2023, Netflix officially banned the use of password sharing between individuals of different households, meaning sharing an account was only available to those living in the same house. See also References Further reading External links\",\n \"Marc Randolph Marc Bernays Randolph(born April 29, 1958) is an American tech entrepreneur, advisor and speaker.He is the co-founder and firstCEOofNetflix. A serial entrepreneur who is said to have helped found the U.S. edition ofMacworldmagazine and the computer mail-order businesses MacWarehouse andMicroWarehouse,Randolph now serves on the boards ofLooker Data Sciencesand Chubbies Shorts. He previously served on the boards of Getable, Rafter, ReadyForce. Randolph, who has equated founding companies to his experience as a mountain guide, is the chairman of the board of trustees of theNational Outdoor Leadership School(NOLS) in Lander,Wyoming and a board member of the environmental advocacy group1% for the Planet. Early life and education Randolph was born to aJewishfamily inChappaqua, New York, the eldest child of Stephen Bernays Randolph, an Austrian-born nuclear engineer turned financial adviser and Muriel Lipchik of Brooklyn, New York who ran her own real estate firm.One of Randolph's paternal great-grand uncles was psychoanalysis pioneerSigmund Freud. Another paternal great-uncle of Randolph wasEdward Bernays, an Austrian-American pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda.Randolph spent his summers during high school and college working for the National Outdoor Leadership School, becoming one of its youngest instructors. He graduated fromHamilton Collegein New York with a geology degree. Career Early career Randolph's first job out of college in 1981 was atCherry Lane MusicCompany in New York. Put in charge of the company's small mail-order operation, Randolph taught himself direct mail and marketing techniques while tinkering with different ways to sell Cherry Lane's catalog of sheet music directly to consumers. Randolph's fascination with using computer software to track customers' buying behavior would ultimately inform his decision to create a user interface at Netflix that doubled as a market research platform.He further developed his theories about using direct mail to influence and retain customers doing circulation work while helping found the U.S. version ofMacUsermagazine in 1984. While co-founding computer mail-order firms MacWarehouse andMicroWarehousewith Peter Godfrey and his partners about a year later, Randolph made the connection between overnight delivery and improved customer retention.The discovery later proved crucial to Netflix's growth and survival: the company's subscriber base first blossomed and cut intoBlockbuster Increvenues in cities where Netflix offered overnight DVD delivery. Randolph spent the dawn of the Internet age building direct-to-consumer marketing operations at software giantBorlandInternational starting in 1988. He left Borland in 1995 for a series of short stints at Silicon Valley start-ups, including heading marketing at desktop scanner makerVisioneer, and then as a member of the founding team of Integrity QA, a developer of automated software testing products.In late 1996, software debugging companyPure Atriaacquired the nine-person software startup. Pure Atria's founder and CEOReed Hastingsretained Randolph as vice president of corporate marketing for the rapidly expanding Pure Atria.In late 1996, Pure Atria announced thatRational Softwarewould acquire it in an $850 million stock swap in what was then the richest merger inSilicon Valleyhistory.Hastings and Randolph commuted together between their homes inSanta Cruz, California, into Silicon Valley for about four months while the Rational merger was finalized, and on these drives, the idea for Netflix was born. Netflix Randolph wanted to replicate the e-commerce model pioneered by online booksellerAmazon.com. He had heard that digital-versatile-discs (DVD) were being tested in several U.S. markets, and he wanted to explore the concept of selling the compact new digital format online. He and Hastings could not find a DVD, so they tested the idea with acompact disc.\\\"Reed and I were in downtown Santa Cruz and we were saying, 'I wonder if we can mail these things',\\\" Randolph said. \\\"We went in and bought a music CD and went into one of the stationery stores … and bought a greeting card and stuck the CD in the envelope and mailed it to Reed's house. And the next day, he said, 'It came. It's fine.' If there was an aha moment, that was it.\\\"Hastings, Randolph's mother, and Integrity QA founder Steve Kahn were initial investors in Netflix when plans first started in 1996-1997.Randolph named the company, designed its initial user interface and branding and acted as chief executive for the first year while Hastings attendedStanford Universitygraduate school. Netflix launched on April 14, 1998, out of an office park inScotts Valley, California.Randolph designed the user interface to act as an online catalog of movies and a market research platform so that he could constantly test different versions to perfect the user experience. The data generated by these market tests led the team to three concepts that they combined in 1999 to create Netflix's successful business model: a subscription-based service with no due dates or late fees and unlimited access to content, a \\\"Queue\\\" that allowed subscribers to specify the order in which DVDs should be mailed to them, and a serialized delivery system that automatically mailed out a DVD as soon as the previous rental was returned. The subscriber data collected by the user interface fed a recommendation engine known as Cinematch, that helped manage the company's limited DVD inventory by guiding subscribers to movies and TV shows that were in stock and generally away from new releases. Randolph ceded the CEO post to Hastings in 1999 and turned to product development. He and founding team memberMitch Lowetested a concept for a movie rental kiosk called Netflix Express that Lowe later turned into movie kiosk giantRedboxafter Hastings rejected it as a line of business.Randolph left Netflix in 2002 after helping guide the company through its initial public offering two years earlier.He credited Hastings with successfully scaling the company to 93 million subscribers worldwide,and said he preferred the start-up stage.\\\"At the beginning, it's very much triage. If there are a hundred things broken and you need the skill to pick the three you've got to fix, I'm really good at that. I'm not good at the other ninety-seven,\\\" Randolph said. After Netflix Since his departure from Netflix, Randolph has served as a mentor at MiddCOREand a board member ofLooker Data Sciences.He is also Entrepreneur in Residence forHigh Point Universityand its Belk Entrepreneurship Center.In addition to his mentorships he is a keynote speaker, focusing on entrepreneurship, leadership, and innovation. He travels the world speaking about his experience with Netflix and the lessons he has learned from his other startup investments. In September 2019, his book,That Will Never Work: The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Ideawas published byLittle, Brown and Company. Personal life Randolph has been married to Lorraine Kiernan since 1987. They have three children. He now lives in Santa Cruz, California. References External links\",\n \"One Percent for the Planet One Percent for the Planetis an international organization whose members contribute at least one percent of their annualrevenueto environmental causes to protect the environment. Since 1985,Patagoniapledged 1% of sales to the preservation of restoration of the natural environment. In 2002,1% for the Planetwas founded byYvon Chouinard, founder of Patagonia, and Craig Mathews, owner of Blue Ribbon Flies,to \\\"encourage more businesses to donate 1% of sales to environmental groups\\\".Since its creation, the organization has been joined by countries around the world, with a great number of partners in France, Great Britain, Australia, and Japan.France is the only country to have an independent entity. Members BICjoined as a member in 2022 with an eco-friendly product line;Honest Teajoined with a glass product line.Other notable members includeOXO,New Belgium Brewing Company, Klean Kanteen, andNature's Path's EnviroKidz brand. References External links\",\n \"Yvon Chouinard Yvon Chouinard(born November 9, 1938)is an American rock climber, environmentalist, philanthropist, and outdoor industry businessman. His company,Patagonia, is known for its high quality outdoor products and outerwear. He was named one of the100 most influential people in the worldbyTimemagazine in 2023. Chouinard is also a surfer, kayaker, and falconer and is particularly fond oftenkarafly-fishing.He has written about climbing issues and ethics and on mixingenvironmentalismand business. Early life Chouinard's father was aFrench-Canadianhandyman, mechanic, and plumber. In 1947, Yvon and his family moved fromLewiston, Maineto Southern California. They wereCatholic. His early climbing partners includedRoyal RobbinsandTom Frost.ASierra Clubmember, in his youth he founded the Southern California Falconry Club, and it was his investigations offalconaeriesthat led him to rock climbing.To save money and to make adaptations for the way he was climbing, he decided to make his own climbing tools by teaching himself blacksmithing, and eventually started a business. Yosemite rock climber to leading alpinist Chouinard was one of the leading climbers of the \\\"Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing.\\\" He was one of the protagonists of the film made about this era:Valley Uprising(2014). He participated in the first ascent of the North America Wall in 1964 (withRoyal Robbins,Tom Frost, andChuck Pratt), using no fixed ropes. The next year, his and TM Herbert's ascent of the Muir Wall on El Capitan improved the style of previous first ascents.Chouinard became the most articulate advocate of the importance of style, the basis of modern rock climbing. In 1961, he visited Western Canada withFred Beckey, and made several important first ascents, including the North Face ofMount Edith Cavell(Rockies), the Beckey-Chouinard Route on South Howser Tower in theBugaboos(Purcell Mountains), and the North Face ofMount Sir Donald(Selkirk Mountains). These climbs opened his eyes to the idea of applying Yosemite big-wall climbing techniques to mountain climbing, and his advocacy was important to modern,high-grade alpinism. Also in 1961, he visitedShawangunk Ridgefor the first time,freeclimbingthe first pitch of Matinee (the hardest free climb done at Shawangunk Ridge at the time); and introducingchrome-molybdenum steelpitons to the area, which revolutionized climbing protection. In 1968, he climbedCerro FitzroyinPatagoniaby a new route (The Californian Route, 3rd overall ascent of the mountain) with Dick Dorworth,Chris Jones, Lito Tejada-Flores, andDouglas Tompkins. Chouinard has also traveled and climbed in the European Alps and in Pakistan. Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In 1957, he bought a second-hand coal-fired forge, and started making hardened steelpitonsfor use inYosemiteValley. Between time spent surfing and climbing, he sold pitons out of the back of his car to support himself. The improved pitons were a big factor in the birth of big-wall climbing from 1957 to 1960 in Yosemite. The success of his pitons caused him to found Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In the late 1960s, Chouinard and business partnerTom Frostbegan studying ice climbing equipment, and re-invented the basic tools (cramponsand ice axes) to perform on steeper ice. These new tools and his bookClimbing Ice(1978) started the modern sport of ice climbing. Around 1970, he became aware that the use of steel pitons made by his company was causing significant damage to the cracks of Yosemite. These pitons composed 70 percent of his income.In 1971 and 1972, Chouinard and Frost introduced new aluminum chockstones, calledHexentricsand Stoppers, along with the less successful steel Crack-n-Ups, and committed the company to the advocacy of the new tools and a new style of climbing called \\\"clean climbing.\\\" This concept revolutionized rock climbing and led to further success of the company, despite cannibalizing the sales of pitons, formerly his most important product. They applied for a U.S. patent on Hexentrics in 1974, and it was granted on April 6, 1976.These are still manufactured byBlack Diamond Equipment. In the latter 1960s, Chouinard attempted a number of significant technological and technique changes to ice climbing after trips to the Alps in Europe and Sierra Nevada ice gullies in autumn. He removed the flex from crampons, making them more rigid for front-pointing. He drew the taper of a rock hammer into a point for better ice purchase. He increased the cross section of ice screws while also using lighter materials. He experimented with pick and blade issues with ice axes. Prior to this, much of ice climbing was seen as mere step cutting. He attempted to replace hand ice picks (climbing type) with a small ice axe head called a Climaxe. In 1989, Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. filed for bankruptcy protection in order to protect it from liability lawsuits. The hard assets of Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. were acquired by its employees through theChapter 11process, and the company was reestablished asBlack Diamond Equipment, Ltd. Patagonia and environmentalism Chouinard is most known for founding the clothing and gear companyPatagonia. Chouinard started to sell clothes by chance as a way to support his moderately profitable equipment business.In 1970 on a trip to Scotland, he purchased some rugby shirts and sold them with great success.From this small start, the Patagonia company developed a wide selection of rugged technical clothing. According to Chouinard, the intent of Patagonia is to make clothes for people under the rugged, southern Andes/Cape Horn conditions of places like Patagonia. Recognizing that the financial success of the company provided the opportunity to also achieve personal goals, Chouinard committed the company to being an outstanding place to work, and to be an important resource for environmental activism. In 1984, Patagonia opened an on-site cafeteria offering \\\"healthy, mostly vegetarian food,\\\" and started providing on-site child care.In 1986, Chouinard committed the company to \\\"tithing\\\" for environmental activism, committing one percent of sales or ten percent of profits, whichever is the greater. The commitment included paying employees working on local environmental projects so they could commit their efforts full-time. In the early 1990s, an environmental audit of Patagonia revealed the surprising result (at the time), that corporatecotton, although it was a natural material, had a heavy environmental footprint. In 1996, Chouinard committed the company to using all organic cotton. In 2002, Yvon Chouinard founded1% for the Planetand Patagonia became the first business to commit 1% of annual sales to the environment. In 2014, Patagonia supported the advocacy documentary filmDamNation, which is about changing attitudes in America towards its dams. Chouinard was the executive producer of the film, and he was also featured in the film commenting about dams. In 2018, in acknowledgment that sustainability and responsible practices are core to Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard was recognized with theSierra Club's top award, theJohn Muir Award. In 2022, Chouinard announced that he was donating ownership in Patagonia to atrustto ensure profits are used for addressingclimate change.Chouinard's family retains control of the company's voting stock through the Patagonia Purpose Trust. Personal life In 1971, Chouinard met and married his wife, Malinda Pennoyer, who was an art and home economics student atCalifornia State University, Fresno.They have a son (Fletcher) and a daughter (Claire), both of whom work for Patagonia. In 2021, Yvon Chouinard received an honorary degree fromBates College. Publications Notable ascents Related reading References Other sources External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Netflix Netflixis an Americansubscription video on-demandover-the-topstreamingservice. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows from various genres, and it is available internationally in multiple languages. Launched in 2007, nearly a decade afterNetflix, Inc.began its pioneeringDVD-by-mailmovie rentalservice, Netflix is themost-subscribed video on demandstreaming mediaservices, with 282.7 million paid memberships in more than 190 countries as of 2024.By 2022, \"Netflix Original\" productions accounted for half of its library in the United States and the namesake company had ventured into other categories, such asvideo game publishingofmobile gamesthrough its flagship service. As of 2023, Netflix is the23rd most-visited website in the world, with 23.66% of its traffic coming from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 5.84%, and Brazil at 5.64%. History Launch as a mail-based rental business (1997–2006) Netflix was founded byMarc RandolphandReed Hastingson","Hastingson August 29, 1997, inScotts Valley, California. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, was a co-founder ofPure Software, which was acquired byRational Softwarethat year for $750 million, the then biggest acquisition inSilicon Valleyhistory.Randolph had worked as a marketing director forPure Softwareafter Pure Atria acquired a company where Randolph worked. He was previously a co-founder ofMicroWarehouse, a computer mail-order company, as well as vice president of marketing forBorland.Hastings and Randolph came up with the idea for Netflix whilecarpoolingbetween their homes inSanta Cruz, California, and Pure Atria's headquarters in Sunnyvale.Patty McCord, later head ofhuman resourcesat Netflix, was also in the carpool group.Randolph admiredAmazonand wanted to find a large category of portable items to sell over theInternetusing a similar model. Hastings and Randolph considered and rejected selling and rentingVHSas too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship.When they heard about DVDs,","heard about DVDs, first introduced in the United States in early 1997, they tested the concept of selling or renting DVDs by mail, by mailing acompact discto Hastings's house in Santa Cruz.When the CD arrived intact, they decided to enter the $16 billionHome-videosales and rental industry.Hastings is often quoted saying that he decided to start Netflix after being fined $40 at a Blockbuster store for being late to return a copy ofApollo 13.Hastings invested $2.5 million into Netflix from the sale of Pure Atria.Netflix launched as the first DVD rental and sales website with 30 employees and 925 titles available—nearly all DVDs published.Randolph and Hastings met withJeff Bezos, whereAmazonoffered to acquire Netflix for between $14 and $16 million. Fearing competition from Amazon, Randolph at first thought the offer was fair, but Hastings, who owned 70% of the company, turned it down on the plane ride home. Initially, Netflix offered a per-rental model for each DVD but introduced a monthly subscription concept","concept in September 1999.The per-rental model was dropped by early 2000, allowing the company to focus on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees.In September 2000, during thedot-com bubble, while Netflix was suffering losses, Hastings and Randolph offered to sell the company toBlockbusterfor $50 million.John Antioco, CEO of Blockbuster, thought the offer was a joke and declined, saying, \"The dot-com hysteria is completely overblown.\"While Netflix experienced fast growth in early 2001, the continued effects of the dot-com bubble collapse and theSeptember 11 attackscaused the company to hold off plans for itsinitial public offering(IPO) and to lay off one-third of its 120 employees. DVD players were a popular gift for holiday sales in late 2001, and demand for DVD subscription services were \"growing like crazy\", according to chief talent officerPatty McCord.The company wentpublicon May 23, 2002, selling 5.5 million","selling 5.5 million shares ofcommon stockat US$15.00 per share.In 2003, Netflix was issued a patent by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office to cover its subscription rental service and several extensions.Netflix posted its first profit in 2003, earning $6.5 million on revenues of $272 million; by 2004, profit had increased to $49 million on over $500 million in revenues.In 2005, 35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day. In 2004, Blockbuster introduced a DVD rental service, which not only allowed users to check out titles through online sites but allowed for them to return them atbrick and-mortarstores.By 2006, Blockbuster's service reached two million users, and while trailing Netflix's subscriber count, was drawing business away from Netflix. Netflix lowered fees in 2007.While it was anurban legendthat Netflix ultimately \"killed\" Blockbuster in the DVD rental market, Blockbuster's debt load and internal disagreements hurt the company. On April 4, 2006, Netflix","4, 2006, Netflix filed apatent infringementlawsuit in which it demanded ajury trialin theUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging thatBlockbuster'sonline DVD rentalsubscription program violated two patents held by Netflix. The firstcause of actionalleged Blockbuster's infringement of copying the \"dynamic queue\" of DVDs available for each customer, Netflix's method of using the ranked preferences in the queue to send DVDs to subscribers, and Netflix's method permitting the queue to be updated and reordered.The second cause of action alleged infringement of the subscription rental service as well as Netflix's methods of communication and delivery.The companies settled their dispute on June 25, 2007; terms were not disclosed. On October 1, 2006, Netflix announced theNetflix Prize, $1,000,000 to the first developer of a video-recommendationalgorithmthat could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. On September 21, 2009, it","21, 2009, it awarded the $1,000,000 prize to team \"BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos\".Cinematch, launched in 2000, was a system that recommended movies to its users, many of which might have been entirely new to the user. Through its divisionRed Envelope Entertainment, Netflix licensed and distributed independent films such asBorn into BrothelsandSherrybaby. In late 2006,Red Envelope Entertainmentalso expanded into producing original content with filmmakers such asJohn Waters.Netflix closed Red Envelope Entertainment in 2008. Transition to streaming services (2007–2012) In January 2007, the company launched astreaming mediaservice, introducingvideo on demandvia the Internet. However, at that time it only had 1,000 films available for streaming, compared to 70,000 available on DVD.The company had for some time considered offering movies online, but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net. The original idea was a","original idea was a \"Netflix box\" that could download movies overnight, and be ready to watch the next day. By 2005, Netflix had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service. But after witnessing how popular streaming services such asYouTubewere despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept. In February 2007, Netflix delivered its billionth DVD, a copy ofBabelto a customer in Texas.In April 2007, Netflix recruitedReplayTVfounderAnthony Wood, to build a \"Netflix Player\" that would allow streaming content to be played directly on a television rather than a desktop or laptop.Hastings eventually shut down the project to help encourage other hardware manufacturers to include built-in Netflix support, which would be spun off as thedigital media playerproductRoku. In January 2008, all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost. This change came in a response to the","a response to the introduction ofHuluand toApple's new video-rental services.In August 2008, the Netflix database was corrupted and the company was not able to ship DVDs to customers for 3 days, leading the company to move all its data to theAmazon Web Servicescloud.In November 2008, Netflix began offering subscribers rentals onBlu-rayand discontinued its sale of used DVDs.In 2009, Netflix streams overtook DVD shipments. On January 6, 2010, Netflix agreed withWarner Bros.to delay new release rentals to 28 days after the DVDs became available for sale, in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies, and similar deals involvingUniversal Picturesand20th Century Foxwere reached on April 9.In July 2010, Netflix signed a deal to stream movies ofRelativity Media.In August 2010, Netflix reached a five-year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films fromParamount,LionsgateandMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The deal increased Netflix's annual spending fees, adding roughly $200 million per year. It spent $117 million in the","$117 million in the first six months of 2010 on streaming, up from $31 million in 2009.On September 22, 2010, Netflix launched in Canada, its first international market.In November 2010, Netflix began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals. In 2010, Netflix acquired the rights toBreaking Bad, produced by Sony Pictures Television, after the show's third season, at a point where original broadcasterAMChad expressed the possibility of cancelling the show. Sony pushed Netflix to releaseBreaking Badin time for the fourth season, which as a result, greatly expanded the show's audience on AMC due to new viewers bingeing on the Netflix past episodes, and doubling the viewership by the time of the fifth season.Breaking Badis considered the first such show to have this \"Netflix effect\". In January 2011, Netflix announced agreements with several manufacturers to includebranded Netflix buttonson theremote controlsof devices compatible with the service, such asBlu-ray players.By May 2011,","May 2011, Netflix had become the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America, accounting for 30% of traffic during peak hours. On July 12, 2011, Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services.The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price.On September 11, 2011, Netflix expanded to countries in Latin America.On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster, separating DVD rental and streaming services.On September 26, 2011, Netflix announced a content deal withDreamWorks Animation.On October 10, 2011, Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and that its streaming and DVD-rental plans would remain branded together, citing customer dissatisfaction with the split. In October 2011. Netflix","2011. Netflix andThe CWsigned a multi-year output deal for its television shows.On January 9, 2012, Netflix started its expansion to Europe, launching in the United Kingdom and Ireland.In February 2012, Netflix reached a multi-year agreement withThe Weinstein Company.In March 2012, Netflix acquired thedomain nameDVD.com.By 2016, Netflix rebranded its DVD-by-mail service under the nameDVD.com, A Netflix Company.In April 2012, Netflix filed with theFederal Election Commission(FEC) to form apolitical action committee(PAC) called FLIXPAC.Netflix spokesperson Joris Evers tweeted that the intent was to \"engage on issues likenet neutrality,bandwidth caps,UBBandVPPA\".In June 2012, Netflix signed a deal withOpen Road Films. On August 23, 2012, Netflix andThe Weinstein Companysigned a multi-year output deal for RADiUS-TWC films.In September 2012,Epixsigned a five-year streaming deal with Netflix. For the initial two years of this agreement, first-run and back-catalog content from Epix was exclusive to Netflix. Epix","to Netflix. Epix films came to Netflix 90 days after premiering on Epix.These included films from Paramount, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Lionsgate. On October 18, 2012, Netflix launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.On December 4, 2012, Netflix and Disney announced an exclusive multi-year agreement for first-run United States subscription television rights to Walt Disney Studios' animated and live-action films, with classics such asDumbo,Alice in WonderlandandPocahontasavailable immediately and others available on Netflix beginning in 2016.Direct-to-videoreleases were made available in 2013. On January 14, 2013, Netflix signed an agreement withTime Warner'sTurner Broadcasting Systemand Warner Bros. Television to distributeCartoon Network,Warner Bros. Animation, andAdult Swimcontent, as well asTNT'sDallas, beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs were given to Netflix shortly after deals withViacomto streamNickelodeonandNick Jr. Channelprograms expired. For cost reasons, Netflix stated that","Netflix stated that it would limit its expansion in 2013,adding only one new market—the Netherlands—in September of that year. This expanded its availability to 40 territories. Development of original programming and distribution expansion (2013–2017) In 2011, Netflix began its efforts into original content development. In March, it made a straight-to-series order fromMRCfor the political dramaHouse of Cards, led byKevin Spacey, outbidding U.S. cable networks. This marked the first instance of a first-run television series being specifically commissioned by the service.In November the same year, Netflix added two more significant productions to its roster: the comedy-dramaOrange Is the New Black, adapted fromPiper Kerman'smemoir,and a new season of the previously cancelled Fox sitcomArrested Development.Netflix acquired the U.S. rights to the Norwegian dramaLilyhammerafter its television premiere on Norway'sNRK1on January 25, 2012. Notably departing from the traditional broadcast television model of weekly","model of weekly episode premieres, Netflix chose to release the entire first season on February 8 of the same year. House of Cardswas released by Netflix on February 1, 2013, marketed as the first \"Netflix Original\" production.Later that month, Netflix announced an agreement withDreamWorks Animationto commission children's television series based on its properties, beginning withTurbo: F.A.S.T., a spin-off of its filmTurbo.Orange is the New Blackwould premiere in July 2013; Netflix stated thatOrange is the New Blackhad been its most-watched original series so far, with all of them having \"an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV.\" On March 13, 2013, Netflix added aFacebooksharing feature, letting United States subscribers access \"Watched by your friends\" and \"Friends' Favorites\" by agreeing.This was not legal until theVideo Privacy Protection Actwas modified in early 2013.On August 1, 2013, Netflix reintroduced the \"Profiles\" feature that permits accounts to accommodate up to","accommodate up to five user profiles. In November 2013,Marvel TelevisionandABC Studiosannounced Netflix had ordered a slate offour television seriesbased on theMarvel ComicscharactersDaredevil,Jessica Jones,Iron FistandLuke Cage. Each of the four series received an initial order of 13 episodes, and Netflix also ordered aDefendersminiseries that would tie them together.DaredevilandJessica Jonespremiered in 2015.TheLuke Cageseries premiered on September 30, 2016, followed byIron Fiston March 17, 2017, andThe Defenderson August 18, 2017.Marvel ownerDisneylater entered into other content agreements with Netflix, including acquiring its animatedStar WarsseriesStar Wars: The Clone Wars, and a new sixth season. In February 2014, Netflix began to enter into agreements with U.S. internet service providers, beginning withComcast(whose customers had repeatedly complained of frequentbufferingwhen streaming Netflix), in order to provide the service a direct connection to their networks.In April 2014, Netflix","April 2014, Netflix signedArrested DevelopmentcreatorMitchell Hurwitzand his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service.In May 2014, Netflix &Sony Pictures Animationhad a major multi-deal to acquired streaming rights to produce films.It also began to introduce an updated logo, with a flatter appearance and updated typography. In September 2014, Netflix expanded into six new European markets, including Austria, Belgium, France, Germany,Luxembourg, and Switzerland.On September 10, 2014, Netflix participated inInternet Slowdown Dayby deliberately slowing down its speed in support ofnet neutralityregulations in the United States.In October 2014, Netflix announced a four-film deal withAdam Sandlerand hisHappy Madison Productions. In April 2015, following the launch ofDaredevil, Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support foraudio description, and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its","descriptions to its other original series over time.The following year, as part of a settlement with theAmerican Council of the Blind, Netflix agreed to provide descriptions for its original series within 30 days of their premiere, and addscreen readersupport and the ability to browse content by availability of descriptions. In March 2015, Netflix expanded to Australia and New Zealand.In September 2015, Netflix launched in Japan, its first country in Asia.In October 2015, Netflix launched in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In January 2016, at theConsumer Electronics Show, Netflix announced a major international expansion of its service into 130 additional countries. It then had become available worldwide except China, Syria, North Korea,KosovoandCrimea.In May 2016, Netflix created a tool called Fast.com to determine the speed of an Internet connection.It received praise for being \"simple\" and \"easy to use\", and does not includeonline advertising, unlike competitors.On November 30, 2016, Netflix launched an","Netflix launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps onAndroidoriOStocachecontent on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing offline, without an Internet connection. In 2016, Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films, more than any network or cable channel.In April 2016, Hastings stated that the company planned to expand its in-house, Los Angeles-based Netflix Studios to grow its output; Hastings ruled out any potential acquisitions of existing studios. In February 2017, Netflix signed amusic publishingdeal withBMG Rights Management, whereby BMG will oversee rights outside of the United States for music associated with Netflix original content. Netflix continues to handle these tasks in-house in the United States.On April 25, 2017, Netflix signed a licensing deal withIQiyi, a Chinese video streaming platform owned byBaidu, to allow selected Netflix original content to be distributed in China on the platform. On August 7, 2017, Netflix","7, 2017, Netflix acquiredMillarworld, the creator-owned publishing company of comic book writerMark Millar. The purchase marked the first corporate acquisition to have been made by Netflix.On August 14, 2017, Netflix entered into an exclusive development deal withShonda Rhimesand her production companyShondaland. In September 2017, Netflix announced it would offer its low-broadband mobile technology to airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi so that passengers can watch movies on Netflix while on planes. In September 2017,Minister of HeritageMélanie Jolyannounced that Netflix had agreed to make aCA$500 million(US$400 million) investment over the next five years in producing content in Canada. The company denied that the deal was intended to result in atax break.Netflix realized this goal by December 2018. In October 2017, Netflix iterated a goal of having half of its library consist of original content by 2019, announcing a plan to invest $8 billion on original content in 2018.In October 2017, Netflix","2017, Netflix introduced the \"Skip Intro\" feature which allows customers to skip the intros to shows on its platform through a variety of techniques including manual reviewing, audio tagging, andmachine learning. In November 2017, Netflix signed an exclusive multi-year deal withOrange Is the New BlackcreatorJenji Kohan.In November 2017, Netflix withdrew from co-hosting a party at the75th Golden Globe AwardswithThe Weinstein Companydue to theHarvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases. Expansion into international productions and new productions (2017–2020) In November 2017, Netflix announced that it would be making its first original Colombian series, to be executive produced byCiro Guerra.In December 2017, Netflix signedStranger Thingsdirector-producerShawn Levyand his production company21 Laps Entertainmentto what sources say is a four-year deal.In 2017, Netflix invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials fromDave Chappelle,Louis C.K.,Chris Rock,Jim Gaffigan,Bill BurrandJerry Seinfeld. In February","In February 2018, Netflix acquired the rights toThe Cloverfield ParadoxfromParamount Picturesfor $50 million and launched on its service on February 4, 2018, shortly after airing its first trailer duringSuper Bowl LII. Analysts believed that Netflix's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release, while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal.Other films acquired by Netflix include international distribution for Paramount'sAnnihilationand Universal'sNews of the Worldand worldwide distribution of Universal'sExtinction,Warner Bros.'Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle,Paramount'sThe Lovebirdsand 20th Century Studios'The Woman in the Window.In March, the service orderedFormula 1: Drive to Survive, a racing docuseries following teams in theFormula Oneworld championship. In March 2018,Sky UKannounced an agreement with Netflix to integrate Netflix's subscription VOD offering into its pay-TV service. Customers with its high-end Sky Q","its high-end Sky Q set-top box and service will be able to see Netflix titles alongside their regular Sky channels.In October 2022, Netflix revealed that its annual revenue from the UK subscribers in 2021 was £1.4bn. In April 2018, Netflix pulled out of theCannes Film Festival, in response to new rules requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters. The Cannes premiere ofOkjain 2017 was controversial, and led to discussions over the appropriateness of films with simultaneous digital releases being screened at an event showcasing theatrical film; audience members also booed the Netflixproduction logoat the screening. Netflix's attempts to negotiate to allow a limited release in France were curtailed by organizers, as well as Frenchcultural exceptionlaw—where theatrically screened films are legally forbidden from being made available via video-on-demand services until at least 36 months after their release.Besides traditional Hollywood markets as well as from partners like theBBC,","like theBBC, Sarandos said the company also looking to expand investments in non-traditional foreign markets due to the growth of viewers outside of North America. At the time, this included programs such asDarkfrom Germany,Ingobernablefrom Mexico and3%from Brazil. On May 22, 2018, formerpresident,Barack Obama, and his wife,Michelle Obama, signed a deal to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions. In June 2018, Netflix announced a partnership withTelltale Gamesto port itsadventure gamesto the service in a streaming video format, allowing simple controls through a television remote.The first game,Minecraft: Story Mode, was released in November 2018.In July 2018, Netflix earned the most Emmy nominations of any network for the first time with 112 nods. On August 27, 2018, the company signed a five-year exclusive overall deal with international best–selling authorHarlan Coben.On the same day, the company signed an","company signed an overall deal withGravity FallscreatorAlex Hirsch.In October 2018, Netflix paid under $30 million to acquireAlbuquerque Studios(ABQ Studios), a $91 million film and TV production facility with eight sound stages inAlbuquerque,New Mexico, for its first U.S. production hub, pledging to spend over $1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America.In November 2018,Paramount Picturessigned a multi-picture film deal with Netflix, making Paramount the first major film studio to sign a deal with Netflix.A sequel toAwesomenessTV'sTo All the Boys I've Loved Beforewas released on Netflix under the titleTo All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love Youas part of the agreement.In December 2018, the company announced a partnership withESPN Filmson atelevision documentarychronicling Michael Jordan and the1997–98 Chicago Bulls seasontitledThe Last Dance. It was released internationally on Netflix and became available for streaming in the United States three months after a","months after a broadcast airing onESPN. In January 2019,Sex Educationmade its debut as a Netflix original series, receiving much critical acclaim.On January 22, 2019, Netflix sought and was approved for membership into theMotion Picture Association of America(MPAA), making it the first streaming service to join the association.In February 2019,The HauntingcreatorMike Flanaganjoined frequent collaborator Trevor Macy as a partner inIntrepid Picturesand the duo signed an exclusive overall deal with Netflix to produce television content.On May 9, 2019, Netflix contracted withDark Horse Entertainmentto make television series and films based on comics fromDark Horse Comics.In July 2019, Netflix announced that it would be opening a hub atShepperton Studiosas part of a deal withPinewood Group.In early-August 2019, Netflix negotiated an exclusive multi-year film and television deal withGame of Thronescreators and showrunnersDavid BenioffandD.B. Weiss.The first Netflix production created by Benioff and Weiss was","and Weiss was planned as an adaptation ofLiu Cixin's science fiction novelThe Three-Body Problem, part of theRemembrance of Earth's Pasttrilogy.On September 30, 2019, in addition to renewingStranger Thingsfor afourth season, Netflix signedThe Duffer Brothersto anoverall dealcovering future film and television projects for the service. On November 13, 2019, Netflix andNickelodeonentered into a multi-year agreement to produce several original animated feature films and television series based on Nickelodeon's library of characters. This agreement expanded on their existing relationship, in which new specials based on the past Nickelodeon seriesInvader ZimandRocko's Modern Life(Invader Zim: Enter the FlorpusandRocko's Modern Life: Static Clingrespectively) were released by Netflix. Other new projects planned under the team-up include a music project featuringSquidward Tentaclesfrom the animated television seriesSpongeBob SquarePants, and films based onThe Loud HouseandRise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja","Mutant Ninja Turtles.The agreement with Disney ended in 2019 due to the launch ofDisney+, with its Marvel productions moving exclusively to the service in 2022. In November 2019, Netflix announced that it had signed a long-term lease to save the Paris Theatre, the last single-screen movie theater in Manhattan. The company oversaw several renovations at the theater, including new seats and a concession stand. In January 2020, Netflix announced a new four-film deal with Adam Sandler worth up to $275 million.On February 25, 2020, Netflix formed partnerships with six Japanese creators to produce an original Japanese anime project. This partnership includes manga creator group CLAMP, mangaka Shin Kibayashi, mangaka Yasuo Ohtagaki, novelist and film director Otsuichi, novelist Tow Ubutaka, and manga creator Mari Yamazaki.On March 4, 2020,ViacomCBSannounced that it will be producing two spin-off films based onSpongeBob SquarePantsfor Netflix.On April 7, 2020,Peter Chernin'sChernin Entertainmentmade a","Entertainmentmade a multi-yearfirst-look dealwith Netflix to make films.On May 29, 2020, Netflix announced the acquisition ofGrauman's Egyptian Theatrefrom theAmerican Cinemathequeto use as a special events venue.In July 2020, Netflix appointed Sarandos as co-CEO.In July 2020, Netflix invested inBlack MirrorcreatorsCharlie BrookerandAnnabel Jones' new production outfit Broke And Bones. In September 2020, Netflix signed a multi-million dollar deal with theDukeandDuchessof Sussex. Harry and Meghan agreed to a multi-year deal promising to create TV shows, films, and children's content as part of their commitment to stepping away from the duties of the royal family.In September 2020, Hastings released a book about Netflix culture titledNo Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention, which was coauthored byErin Meyer.In December 2020, Netflix signed a first-look deal withMillie Bobby Brownto develop and star in several projects including a potential action franchise. Expansion into gaming,Squid Game, new","Game, new programing and new initiatives (2021–2022) In March 2021, Netflix earned the most Academy Award nominations of any studio, with 36. Netflix won seven Academy Awards, which was the most by any studio.Later that year, Netflix also won more Emmys than any other network or studio with 44 wins, tying the record for most Emmys won in a single year set by CBS in 1974. On April 8, 2021,Sony Pictures Entertainmentannounced an agreement for Netflix to hold the U.S. pay television window rights to its releases beginning in 2022, replacingStarzand expanding upon an existing agreement withSony Pictures Animation. The agreement also includes a first-look deal for any future direct-to-streaming films being produced bySony Pictures, with Netflix required to commit to a minimum number of them.On April 27, Netflix announced that it was opening its first Canadian headquarters inToronto.The company also announced that it would open an office in Sweden as well asRomeandIstanbulto increase its original content in those","content in those regions. In early-June, Netflix hosted a first-ever week-long virtual event called \"Geeked Week\", where it shared exclusive news, new trailers, cast appearances and more about upcoming genre titles likeThe Witcher,The Cuphead Show!, andThe Sandman. On June 7, 2021,Jennifer Lopez'sNuyorican Productionssigned a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix spanning feature films, TV series, and unscripted content, with an emphasis on projects that support diverse female actors, writers, and filmmakers.On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced it was launching an online store for curated products tied to the Netflix brand and shows such asStranger ThingsandThe Witcher.On June 21, 2021,Steven Spielberg'sAmblin Partnerssigned a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service.On June 30, 2021,Powerhouse Animation Studios(the studio behind Netflix'sCastlevania) announced signing a first-look deal with the streamer to produce more animated series. In July 2021, Netflix","July 2021, Netflix hiredMike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. On July 14, 2021, Netflix signed a first-look deal withJoey King, star ofThe Kissing Boothfranchise, in which King will produce and develop films for Netflix via her All The King's Horses production company.On July 21, 2021,Zack Snyder, director of Netflix'sArmy of the Dead, announced he had signed his production companyThe Stone Quarryto a first-look deal with Netflix; his upcoming projects include a sequel toArmy of the Deadand a sci-fi adventure film titledRebel Moon.In 2019, he agreed to produce","agreed to produce ananime-styleweb seriesinspired byNorse mythology. As of August 2021,Netflix Originalsmade up 40% of Netflix's overall library in the United States.The company announced that \"TUDUM: A Netflix Global Fan Event\", a three-hour virtual behind the scenes featuring first-look reveals for 100 of the streamer's series, films and specials, would have its inaugural show in late September 2021.According to Netflix, the show garnered 25.7 million views across Netflix's 29 Netflix YouTube channels, Twitter, Twitch, Facebook, TikTok and Tudum.com. Also in September, the company announced The Queen's Ball: A Bridgerton Experience, launching in 2022 in Los Angeles,Chicago,Montreal, andWashington, D.C.. Squid Game, a South Korean survival drama created and produced byHwang Dong-hyuk, rapidly became the service's most-watched show within a week of its launch in many markets on September 17, 2021, including Korea, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.Within its first 28 days on the service,Squid Gamedrew more","Gamedrew more than 111 million viewers, surpassingBridgertonand becoming Netflix's most-watched show. On September 20, 2021, Netflix signed a long-term lease withAviva Investorsto operate and expand theLongcross StudiosinSurrey, UK.On September 21, 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire the Roald Dahl Story Company, which manages the rights toRoald Dahl'sstories and characters, for an undisclosed price and would operate it as an independent company.The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, on September 28, 2021. On October 13, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of the Netflix Book Club, partnering withStarbucksfor a social series calledBut Have You Read the Book?.Uzo Adubabecame inaugural host of the series and announced monthly book selections set to be adapted by the streamer. Aduba speaks with the cast, creators, and authors about the book adaptation process over a cup of coffee at Starbucks.Through October 2021, Netflix commonly reported viewership for its","viewership for its programming based on the number of viewers or households that watched a show in a given period (such as the first 28 days from its premiere) for at least two minutes. On the announcement of its quarterly earnings in October 2021, the company stated that it would switch its viewership metrics to measuring the number of hours that a show was watched, including rewatches, which the company said was closer to the measurements used in linear broadcast television, and thus \"our members and the industry can better measure success in the streaming world.\" Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Some games in the collection require an active internet connection to play, while others will be available offline. Netflix Kids'","Netflix Kids' accounts will not have games available.On November 16, Netflix announced the launch of \"Top10 on Netflix.com\", a new website with weekly global and country lists of the most popular titles on their service based on their new viewership metrics.On November 22, Netflix announced that it would acquireScanline VFX, the visual effects and animation company behindCowboy BebopandStranger Things.On the same day,Roberto Patinosigned a deal with Netflix and established his own production banner, Analog Inc., in partnership with the company. Patino's first project under the deal is a series adaptation ofImage Comics'Nocterra. On December 6, 2021, Netflix andStage 32announced that they have teamed up the workshops at the Creating Content for the Global Marketplace program.On December 7, 2021, Netflix partnered with IllumiNative, a woman-led non-profit organization, for the Indigenous Producers Training Program.On December 9, Netflix announced the launch of \"Tudum\", an official companion website that offers","website that offers news, exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes videos for its original television shows and films.On December 13, Netflix signed a multi-year overall deal withKalinda Vazquez.On December 16, 2021, Netflix signed a multi-year creative partnership withSpike Leeand his production company40 Acres and a Mule Filmworksto develop film and television projects. In compliance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its implementation in France, Netflix reached commitments with French broadcasting authorities and film guilds, as required by law, to invest a specific amount of its annual revenue into original French films and series. These films must be theatrically released and would not be allowed to be carried on Netflix until 15 months after their release. In January 2022, Netflix ordered additional sports docuseries fromDrive to Surviveproducers Box to Box Films, including a series that would followPGA Tourgolfers, and another that would follow professional tennis players on","tennis players on theATPandWTA Tourcircuits. The company announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for €65 million as part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum. On March 15, 2022, Netflix announced a partnership withDr. SeussEnterprises to produce five new series and specials based on Seusspropertiesfollowing the success ofGreen Eggs and Ham.On March 29, 2022, Netflix announced that it would open an office in Poland to serve as a hub for its original productions acrossCentral and Eastern Europe.On March 30, 2022, Netflix extended its lease agreement with Martini Film Studios, just outside Vancouver, Canada, for another five years.On March 31, 2022, Netflix ordered a docuseries that would follow teams in the2022 Tour de France, which would also be co-produced by","be co-produced by Box to Box Films. Following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netflix suspended its operations and future projects in Russia.It also announced that it would not comply with a proposed directive byRoskomnadzorrequiring all internet streaming services with more than 100,000 subscribers to integrate the major free-to-air channels (which are primarily state-owned).A month later, ex-Russian subscribers filed a class action lawsuit against Netflix. Netflix stated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others, and that Canada and the United States accounted for 30 million of them. Following these announcements, Netflix's stock price fell by 35 percent.By June 2022, Netflix had laid off 450 full-time and contract employees as part of the company's plan to trim costs amid lower than expected subscriber growth. On April 13, 2022, Netflix released the seriesOur Great National Parks, which was hosted and narrated by former US President Barack Obama.It also","Obama.It also partnered with Group Effort Initiative, a company founded byRyan ReynoldsandBlake Lively, to provide opportunities behind the camera for those in underrepresented communities.On the same day, Netflix partnered with Lebanon-basedArab Fund For Arts And Culturefor supporting the Arab female filmmakers. It will provide a one-time grant of $250,000 to female producers and directors in the Arab world through the company's Fund for Creative Equity.Also on the same day, Netflix announced anExploding Kittensmobile card game tied to a new animated TV series, which will launch in May.Netflix formed a creative partnership withJ. Miles Dale.The company also formed a partnership with Japan'sStudio Colorido, signing a multi-film deal to boost their anime content in Asia. The streaming giant is said to co-produce three feature films with the studio, the first of which will premiere in September 2022.On April 28, the company launched its inauguralNetflix Is a Jokecomedy festival, featuring more than 250 shows","more than 250 shows over 12 nights at 30-plus locations across Los Angeles, including the first-ever stand-up show atDodger Stadium. The first volume ofStranger Things 4logged Netflix's biggest premiere weekend ever for an original series with 286.79 million hours viewed.This was preceded by a newStranger Thingsinteractive experience hosted in New York City that was developed by the show's creators.After the release of the second volume ofStranger Things 4on July 1, 2022, it became Netflix's second title to receive more than one billion hours viewed. On July 19, 2022, Netflix announced plans to acquire Australian animation studioAnimal Logic.That month, in collaboration withSennheiser, Netflix began to add Ambeo 2-channel audio mixes (referred to as \"spatial audio\") to selected original productions, which allows simulatedsurround soundon stereo speakers and headphones. On September 5, 2022, Netflix opened an office inWarsaw, Poland responsible for the service's operations in 28 markets in Central and Eastern","Central and Eastern Europe. On October 4, 2022, Netflix have signed a creative partnership withAndrea BerloffandJohn Gatins.On October 11, Netflix signed up with theBroadcasters' Audience Research Boardfor external measurement of viewership in the UK.On October 12, Netflix signed to build a production complex atFort MonmouthinEatontown, New Jersey.On October 18, Netflix began exploring a cloud gaming offering and opened a new gaming studio in Southern California. On November 7, 2022, Netflix announced a strategic partnership with The Seven, a Japanese production company owned byTBS Holdings, to produce multiple original live-action titles for the subscribers over the next five years.On December 12, 2022, Netflix announced that sixty-percent of its subscribers had watched aKorean drama.CEO Ted Sarandos attributed the increase in viewership of Korean content among Americans to Korean films and dramas being \"often unpredictable\" and catching \"the American audience by surprise\". On January 10, 2023, Netflix","10, 2023, Netflix announced plans to open an engineering hub in its Warsaw office. The hub is to provide Netflix's creative partners with software solutions for the production of films and series.In February 2023, Netflix launched a wider rollout of spatial audio, and began allowing Premium subscribers to download content for offline playback on up to six devices (expanded from four). On March 4, 2023, Netflix broadcast its first-ever global live-streaming event, the stand-up comedy specialChris Rock: Selective Outrage. Netflix reworked its viewership metrics again in June 2023. Viewership of shows was measured during the first 91 days of availability, instead of the first 28 days, and now are based on the total viewership hours divided by the total hours of the show itself. This provided more equal considerations for shorter shows and movies compared to longer ones. In August 2023, the company announced Netflix Stories, a collection of interactive narrative games from Netflix series and films such asLove is","such asLove is Blind,Money HeistandVirgin River. Discontinuation of DVD rentals, expansion of live events, WWE agreement (2023–present) On April 18, 2023, Netflix announced that it would discontinue itsDVD-by-mailservice on September 29.Users of the service were able to keep the DVDs that they had received. Over its lifetime the service had sent out over 5 billion shipments. In October 2023, Eunice Kim was promoted to Chief Product Officer and Elizabeth Stone was promoted to Chief Technology Officer.That same month, amid a restructuring of its animation division, Netflix announced a multi-film agreement withSkydance Animationbeginning with the upcomingSpellbound. The agreement partially replaces one it had withApple TV+. In December 2023, Netflix released its first \"What We Watched: A Netflix Engagement Report\", a look at viewership for every original and licensed title watched more than 50,000 hours from January to June 2023. The company also announced plans to publish the report twice a year.In its first","a year.In its first report for the first six months of 2023, it reported thatThe Night Agentwas the most watched show on globally in that period. On January 23, 2024, Netflix announced a major agreement withprofessional wrestlingpromotionWWE, under which it will acquire the international rights to its live weekly programRawbeginning in January 2025; the rights will initially cover the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Latin America, and expand to other territories over time. Outside of the United States, it will also hold international rights to all three of WWE's main weekly programs (Raw,SmackDown, andNXT),premium live events, and documentaries among other content. The agreement was reported to be valued at $500 million per-year over ten years. In February 2024, Netflix joined withPeter Morgan, creator of the Netflix seriesThe Crown, to produce the playPatriotsonBroadway. The venture is the first Broadway credit for the company but not its first stage project. It was actively involved as a","involved as a producer ofStranger Things: The First Shadowin London. Both productions share a lead producer,Sonia Friedman. In May 2024, the company hosted its second Netflix Is a Joke festival in Los Angeles. It streamed several specials from the festival live, includingKatt Williams'sWoke FolkandThe Roast of Tom Brady, both of which ranked on Netflix's global top 10 the following two weeks.That same month, Netflix announced that it would stream bothNational Football LeagueChristmas gamesin 2024. For 2025 and 2026, the streamer will have exclusive rights to at least one NFL Christmas game each year. In June 2024, the company announced plans for Netflix House, a new permanent entertainment venue for fans to experience Netflix series and films. The first locations in the announcement areKing of Prussia Mallin Pennsylvania andGalleria Dallasin Texas. Availability and access Global availability Netflix is available in every country and territory except forChina,North Korea,SyriaandRussia. In January 2016,","In January 2016, Netflix announced it would beginVPN blockingsince it can be used to watch videos from a country where they are unavailable.The result of the VPN block is that people can only watch videos available worldwide and other videos are hidden from search results.Variety is present on Netflix. Hebrew and right-to-left interface orientation, which is a common localization strategy in many markets, are what define the Israeli user interface's localization, and in some regions, Netflix offers a more affordable mobile-only subscription. Subscriptions Customers can subscribe to one of three plans; the difference in plans relates to video resolution, the number of simultaneous streams, and the number of devices to which content can be downloaded. At the end of Q1 2022, Netflix estimated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others.In March 2022, Netflix began to charge a fee for additional users in Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica to attempt to controlaccount","to controlaccount sharing.On July 18, 2022, Netflix announced that it would test the account sharing feature in more countries, including Argentina, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.On October 17, Netflix launched Profile Transfer to help end account sharing. On July 13, 2022, Netflix announced plans to launch an advertising-supported subscription option.Netflix's planned advertising tier would not allow subscribers to download content like the existing ad-free platform.On July 20, 2022, it was announced that the advertising-supported tier would be coming to Netflix in 2023 but it would not feature the full library of content.In October, the launch date was announced as November 3, 2022, and was launched in 12 countries: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, Japan and South Korea.The ad-supported plan was called \"Basic with Ads\" and it cost $6.99 per month in the United States at launch. On February 24, 2023, Netflix cut","2023, Netflix cut subscription prices in more than 30 countries around the world to attract more subscribers from those countries. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Croatia, Venezuela, Kenya, and Iran are on the list of countries where the cost for a subscription will be reduced.In the same month stronger anti-password-sharing rules were expanded to Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain.In May 2023, these measures were further expanded to United States and Brazil subscribers. In July 2023, Netflix added 5.9 million subscribers for the second quarter of the year for a total of 238.39 million subscribers overall. The United States and Canada accounted for 1.2 million subscribers which was the largest regional quarterly gain since 2021. Netflix announced in February that it was going to enforce stricter regulations for password sharing. In May 2023, Netflix began cracking down on password-sharing in the US, UK, and Australia. Under these new rules, multiple people can use and share one account,","share one account, but they have to be under the same household. Netflix defines a household as people who live in the same location as the owner of the account. Users are asked to set a primary location based on the device's IP address. Netflix reported 8.05 million new subscribers in Q2 2024, up from 5.9 million subscribers added in Q2 2023. In July 2024, Netflix started phasing out its cheapest subscription plan for users in France and the US, a year after the plan was removed for Canada and the UK. Members in these countries have the option to sign up for either the standard ad-free plan or the ad plan. Device support Netflix can be accessed via aweb browser, while Netflix apps are available on various platforms, includingBlu-rayplayers,tablet computers, mobile phones,smart TVs,digital media players, andvideo game consoles. Currently supported game consoles include: Several older devices no longer support Netflix. For home gaming consoles, this includes thePlayStation 2,PlayStation TV,WiiandWii U.For","TV,WiiandWii U.For handheld gaming consoles, this includes theNintendo 3DSfamily of systems and thePlayStation Vita.The second and third generationApple TVpreviously supported Netflix with an ad-free plan, but the app was automatically removed on these devices on July 31, 2024. In addition, a growing number ofmultichannel televisionproviders, including cable television andIPTVservices, have added Netflix apps accessible within their ownset-top boxes, sometimes with the ability for its content (along with those of other online video services) to be presented within a unified search interface alongside linear television programming as an \"all-in-one\" solution. The maximum video resolution supported on computers is dependent on theDRMsystems available on a particular operating system and web browser. Content Original programming \"Netflix Originals\" are content that is produced, co-produced, or distributed exclusively by Netflix. Netflix funds its original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign","when they sign a project, providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series.It keeps licensing rights, which normally give production companies future revenue opportunities from syndication, merchandising, etc. Over the years, Netflix output ballooned to a level unmatched by any television network or streaming service. According toVariety Insight, Netflix produced a total of 240 new original shows and movies in 2018, then climbed to 371 in 2019, a figure \"greater than the number of original series that the entire U.S. TV industry released in 2005.\"The Netflix budget allocated to production increased annually, reaching $13.6 billion in 2021 and projected to hit $18.9 billion by 2025, a figure that once again overshadowed any of its competitors.As of August 2022, original productions made up 50% of Netflix's overall library in the United States. Film and television deals Netflix has exclusivepay TVdeals with several studios. The deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while","rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms. Distributors that have licensed content to Netflix include Warner Bros., Universal Pictures,Sony Pictures Entertainmentand previously The Walt Disney Studios. Netflix also holds current and back-catalog rights to television programs distributed byWalt Disney Television,DreamWorks Classics,Kino International,Warner Bros. TelevisionandParamount Global Content Distribution, along with titles from other companies such asHasbro EntertainmentandFunimation. Formerly, the streaming service also held rights to select television programs distributed byNBCUniversal Television Distribution,Sony Pictures Televisionand20th Century Fox Television. Netflix negotiated to distribute animated films from Universal that HBO declined to acquire, such asThe Lorax,ParaNorman, andMinions. Netflix holds exclusive streaming rights to the film library ofStudio Ghibli(exceptGrave of the Fireflies) worldwide except in the U.S. and Japan as part of an agreement signed","an agreement signed with Ghibli's international sales holderWild Bunchin 2020. Netflix Games In July 2021, Netflix hired Mike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Verdu said in October 2022 that besides continuing to expand their portfolio of games, they were also","they were also interested incloud gamingoptions. To support the games effort, Netflix began acquiring and forming a number of studios. The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, in September 2021.Netflix announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for€65 millionas part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum.Netflix opened a mobile game studio in Helsinki, Finland in September 2022,and a new studio, their fifth total, in southern California in October 2022,alongside the acquisition ofSpry Foxin Seattle. In June 2024, Verdu was moved into a new role focusing on \"innovation in game development.\"The next month, Netflix hired Alain Tascan, vice president of game development atEpic Games, to head up Netflix Games.As of July 2024, Netflix","July 2024, Netflix has over 80 games in development, releasing at least one game each month to attract fans. Technology Content delivery Netflix freelypeerswithInternet service providers(ISPs) directly and at commonInternet exchange points. In June 2012, a customcontent delivery network,Open Connect, was announced.For larger ISPs with over 100,000 subscribers, Netflix offers freeNetflix Open Connectcomputer appliancesthat cache their content within the ISPs'data centersor networks to further reduceInternet transitcosts.By August 2016, Netflix closed its last physical data center, but continued to develop its Open Connect technology.A 2016 study at theUniversity of Londondetected 233 individual Open Connect locations on over six continents, with the largest amount of traffic in the US, followed by Mexico. As of July 2017, Netflix series and movies accounted for more than a third of all prime-time download Internet traffic in North America. API On October 1, 2008, Netflix offered access to its service via a","its service via a publicapplication programming interface(API).It allowed access to data for all Netflix titles, and allows users to manage their movie queues. The API was free and allowed commercial use.In June 2012, Netflix began to restrict the availability of its public API.Netflix instead focused on a small number of known partners using private interfaces, since most traffic came from those private interfaces.In November 2014, Netflix retired the public API.Netflix then partnered with the developers of eight services deemed the most valuable, including Instant Watcher, Fanhattan, Yidio and Nextguide. Recommendations and thumbnails Netflix presents viewers with recommendations based on interactions with the service, such as previous viewing history and ratings of viewed content. These are often grouped into genres and formats, or feature the platform's highest-rated content. Each title is presented with a thumbnail. Before around 2015, these were the samekey artfor everyone, but since then has been","since then has been customized. Netflix may select a specific key art for a thumbnail based on viewing history,such as an actor or scene type based on genre preferences.Some thumbnails are generated from video stills. The Netflix recommendation system is a vital part of the streaming platform's success, enabling personalized content suggestions for hundreds of millions of subscribers worldwide.Using advanced machine learning algorithms, Netflix analyzes user interactions, including viewing history, searches, and ratings, to deliver personalized recommendations for movies and TV shows. The recommendation system considers individual user preferences, similarities with other users with comparable tastes, specific title attributes (genre, release year, etc.), device usage patterns, and viewing time. As users interact with the platform and provide feedback with their viewing habits, the recommendation system is able to adapt and refine its suggestions over time. Netflix uses a two-tiered ranking system, using the","system, using the presentation of titles on the homepage for easy navigation to maximize user engagement. This is done by organizing content into rows and ranking the titles within each row based on how much the user would be interested in it.Netflix also uses A/B testing to determine what causes the biggest interest and engagement related to options concerning movie suggestions and how titles are organized. Tags like \"bittersweet\", \"sitcom\", or \"intimate\" are assigned to each title by Netflix employees.Netflix also uses the tags to create recommendation micro-genres like \"Goofy TV Shows\" or \"Girls Night In\". Awards On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the firstPrimetime Emmy Awardsnominations for originalstreamingprograms at the65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its series,Arrested Development,Hemlock GroveandHouse of Cards, earned a combined 14 nominations (nine forHouse of Cards, three forArrested Developmentand two forHemlock Grove).TheHouse of Cardsepisode \"Chapter 1\" received four nominations for both","for both the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, becoming the first episode of a streaming television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination. With its win for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, \"Chapter 1\" became the first episode from a streaming service to be awarded an Emmy.David Fincher's win for Directing for a Drama Series forHouse of Cardsmade the episode the first from a streaming service to win a Primetime Emmy. On November 6, 2013, Netflix earned its first Grammy nomination whenYou've Got TimebyRegina Spektor— the main title theme song forOrange Is the New Black— was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On December 12, 2013, the network earned six nominations forGolden Globe Awards, including four forHouse of Cards.Among those nominations was Wright forGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Dramafor her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won. With the accolade, Wright became the first","became the first actress to win a Golden Globe for a streaming television series. It also marked Netflix's first major acting award.House of CardsandOrange is the New Blackalso wonPeabody Awardsin 2013. On January 16, 2014, Netflix became the first streaming service to earn an Academy Award nomination whenThe Squarewas nominated for Best Documentary Feature. On July 10, 2014, Netflix received 31 Emmy nominations. Among other nominations,House of Cardsreceived nominations forOutstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.Orange is the New Blackwas nominated in the comedy categories, earning nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series.Taylor Schilling,Kate Mulgrew, andUzo Adubawere respectively nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy","Actress in a Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (the latter was for Aduba's recurring role in season one, as she was promoted to series regular for the show's second season). Netflix got the largest share of 2016 Emmy Award nominations, with 16 major nominations. However, streaming shows only got 24 nominations out of a total of 139, falling significantly behind cable. The 16 Netflix nominees were:House of Cardswith Kevin Spacey,A Very Murray Christmaswith Bill Murray,Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt,Master of None, andBloodline. Stranger Thingsreceived 19 nominations at the2017 Primetime Emmy Awards, whileThe Crownreceived 13 nominations. In December 2017, Netflix was awardedPETA's Company of the Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries likeForks Over KnivesandWhat the Health. At the90th Academy Awards, held on March 4, 2018, the filmIcarus, distributed by Netflix, won its firstAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature","Documentary Feature Film. During his remarks backstage, director and writer Bryan Fogel remarked that Netflix had \"single-handedly changed the documentary world.\"Icarushad its premiere at the 2017Sundance Film Festivaland was bought by Netflix for $5 million, one of the biggest deals ever for a non-fiction film.Netflix became the network whose programs received more nomination at the 2018PrimetimeandCreative Arts Emmy Awardswith 112 nominations, therefore breakingHBO's 17-years record as a network whose programs received more nomination at the Emmys, which received 108 nominations. On January 22, 2019, films distributed by Netflix scored 15 nominations for the91st Academy Awards, includingAcademy Award for Best PictureforAlfonso Cuarón'sRoma, which was nominated for 10 awards.The 15 nominations equal the total nominations films distributed by Netflix had received in previous years. In 2020, Netflix received 20 TV nominations and films distributed by Netflix also got 22 film nominations at the78th Golden","at the78th Golden Globe Awards. It secured three out of the five nominations forbest drama TV seriesforThe Crown,OzarkandRatchedand four of the five nominations forbest actress in a TV series:Olivia Colman,Emma Corrin,Laura LinneyandSarah Paulson. In 2020, Netflix earned 24 Academy Award nominations, marking the first time a streaming service led all studios. Films and programs distributed by Netflix received 30 nominations at the 2021Screen Actors Guild Awards, more than any other distribution company, where their distributed films and programs won seven awards including best motion picture forThe Trial of the Chicago 7and best TV drama forThe Crown.Netflix also received the most nominations of any studio at the93rd Academy Awards– 35 total nominations with 7 award wins. In February 2022,The Power of the Dog, a gritty western distributed by Netflix and directed by Jane Campion, received 12 nominations, including Best Picture, for the 94th annual Academy Awards. Films distributed by the streamer received a","streamer received a total of 72 nominations.Campion became the third female to receive the Best Director award, winning her second Oscar forThe Power of the Dog.At the50th International Emmy Awards, Netflix originalSex EducationwonBest Comedy Series.Later that year, Netflix received 26 Emmy Awards including six forSquid Game. TheSquid Gamewins forOutstanding Lead Actor in a Drama SeriesandOutstanding Directing for a Drama Serieswere the first-ever for a non-English language series in those categories. In March 2023, Netflix won six Academy Awards including four forAll Quiet on the Western Frontwhich was the most awarded Netflix film in its history.Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchiowas the first streaming film to namedBest Animated FeatureandThe Elephant Whispererswas the first Indian-produced film to receiveBest Documentary Short Film.Netflix received 103 Emmy nominations including 13 each for the limited seriesBeefandDahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story. In July 2024, Netflix received 107 Emmy nominations","Emmy nominations which was the most of any network. Criticism Netflix has been subject to criticism from various groups and individuals as its popularity and market reach increased in the 2010s. Customers have complained about price increases in Netflix offerings dating back to the company's decision to separate its DVD rental and streaming services, which was quickly reversed. As Netflix increased its streaming output, it has faced calls to limit accessibility tographic violenceand include viewer advisories for issues such as sensationalism and promotion ofpseudoscience. Netflix's content has also been criticized bydisability rights movementadvocates for lack ofclosed captioningquality. Some media organizations and competitors have criticized Netflix for selectively releasing ratings andviewer numbersof its original programming. The company has made claims boasting about viewership records without providing data to substantiate its successes or using problematic estimation methods.In March 2020, some","March 2020, some government agencies called for Netflix and other streamers to limit services due to increased broadband and energy consumption as use of the platform increased. In response, the company announced it would reducebit rateacross all streams in Europe, thus decreasing Netflix traffic on European networks by around 25 percent. These same steps were later taken in India. In May 2022, Netflix's shareholder Imperium Irrevocable Trust filed a lawsuit against the company for violating the U.S.securitieslaws.In January 2024, a federal judge dismissed the suit, stating that shareholders failed to provide instances of Netflix lying about subscriber growth. In May 2023, Netflix officially banned the use of password sharing between individuals of different households, meaning sharing an account was only available to those living in the same house. See also References Further reading External links","Marc Randolph Marc Bernays Randolph(born April 29, 1958) is an American tech entrepreneur, advisor and speaker.He is the co-founder and firstCEOofNetflix. A serial entrepreneur who is said to have helped found the U.S. edition ofMacworldmagazine and the computer mail-order businesses MacWarehouse andMicroWarehouse,Randolph now serves on the boards ofLooker Data Sciencesand Chubbies Shorts. He previously served on the boards of Getable, Rafter, ReadyForce. Randolph, who has equated founding companies to his experience as a mountain guide, is the chairman of the board of trustees of theNational Outdoor Leadership School(NOLS) in Lander,Wyoming and a board member of the environmental advocacy group1% for the Planet. Early life and education Randolph was born to aJewishfamily inChappaqua, New York, the eldest child of Stephen Bernays Randolph, an Austrian-born nuclear engineer turned financial adviser and Muriel Lipchik of Brooklyn, New York who ran her own real estate firm.One of Randolph's paternal great-grand","great-grand uncles was psychoanalysis pioneerSigmund Freud. Another paternal great-uncle of Randolph wasEdward Bernays, an Austrian-American pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda.Randolph spent his summers during high school and college working for the National Outdoor Leadership School, becoming one of its youngest instructors. He graduated fromHamilton Collegein New York with a geology degree. Career Early career Randolph's first job out of college in 1981 was atCherry Lane MusicCompany in New York. Put in charge of the company's small mail-order operation, Randolph taught himself direct mail and marketing techniques while tinkering with different ways to sell Cherry Lane's catalog of sheet music directly to consumers. Randolph's fascination with using computer software to track customers' buying behavior would ultimately inform his decision to create a user interface at Netflix that doubled as a market research platform.He further developed his theories about using direct mail to","direct mail to influence and retain customers doing circulation work while helping found the U.S. version ofMacUsermagazine in 1984. While co-founding computer mail-order firms MacWarehouse andMicroWarehousewith Peter Godfrey and his partners about a year later, Randolph made the connection between overnight delivery and improved customer retention.The discovery later proved crucial to Netflix's growth and survival: the company's subscriber base first blossomed and cut intoBlockbuster Increvenues in cities where Netflix offered overnight DVD delivery. Randolph spent the dawn of the Internet age building direct-to-consumer marketing operations at software giantBorlandInternational starting in 1988. He left Borland in 1995 for a series of short stints at Silicon Valley start-ups, including heading marketing at desktop scanner makerVisioneer, and then as a member of the founding team of Integrity QA, a developer of automated software testing products.In late 1996, software debugging companyPure Atriaacquired","Atriaacquired the nine-person software startup. Pure Atria's founder and CEOReed Hastingsretained Randolph as vice president of corporate marketing for the rapidly expanding Pure Atria.In late 1996, Pure Atria announced thatRational Softwarewould acquire it in an $850 million stock swap in what was then the richest merger inSilicon Valleyhistory.Hastings and Randolph commuted together between their homes inSanta Cruz, California, into Silicon Valley for about four months while the Rational merger was finalized, and on these drives, the idea for Netflix was born. Netflix Randolph wanted to replicate the e-commerce model pioneered by online booksellerAmazon.com. He had heard that digital-versatile-discs (DVD) were being tested in several U.S. markets, and he wanted to explore the concept of selling the compact new digital format online. He and Hastings could not find a DVD, so they tested the idea with acompact disc.\"Reed and I were in downtown Santa Cruz and we were saying, 'I wonder if we can mail these","we can mail these things',\" Randolph said. \"We went in and bought a music CD and went into one of the stationery stores … and bought a greeting card and stuck the CD in the envelope and mailed it to Reed's house. And the next day, he said, 'It came. It's fine.' If there was an aha moment, that was it.\"Hastings, Randolph's mother, and Integrity QA founder Steve Kahn were initial investors in Netflix when plans first started in 1996-1997.Randolph named the company, designed its initial user interface and branding and acted as chief executive for the first year while Hastings attendedStanford Universitygraduate school. Netflix launched on April 14, 1998, out of an office park inScotts Valley, California.Randolph designed the user interface to act as an online catalog of movies and a market research platform so that he could constantly test different versions to perfect the user experience. The data generated by these market tests led the team to three concepts that they combined in 1999 to create Netflix's","to create Netflix's successful business model: a subscription-based service with no due dates or late fees and unlimited access to content, a \"Queue\" that allowed subscribers to specify the order in which DVDs should be mailed to them, and a serialized delivery system that automatically mailed out a DVD as soon as the previous rental was returned. The subscriber data collected by the user interface fed a recommendation engine known as Cinematch, that helped manage the company's limited DVD inventory by guiding subscribers to movies and TV shows that were in stock and generally away from new releases. Randolph ceded the CEO post to Hastings in 1999 and turned to product development. He and founding team memberMitch Lowetested a concept for a movie rental kiosk called Netflix Express that Lowe later turned into movie kiosk giantRedboxafter Hastings rejected it as a line of business.Randolph left Netflix in 2002 after helping guide the company through its initial public offering two years earlier.He credited","earlier.He credited Hastings with successfully scaling the company to 93 million subscribers worldwide,and said he preferred the start-up stage.\"At the beginning, it's very much triage. If there are a hundred things broken and you need the skill to pick the three you've got to fix, I'm really good at that. I'm not good at the other ninety-seven,\" Randolph said. After Netflix Since his departure from Netflix, Randolph has served as a mentor at MiddCOREand a board member ofLooker Data Sciences.He is also Entrepreneur in Residence forHigh Point Universityand its Belk Entrepreneurship Center.In addition to his mentorships he is a keynote speaker, focusing on entrepreneurship, leadership, and innovation. He travels the world speaking about his experience with Netflix and the lessons he has learned from his other startup investments. In September 2019, his book,That Will Never Work: The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Ideawas published byLittle, Brown and Company. Personal life Randolph has been","Randolph has been married to Lorraine Kiernan since 1987. They have three children. He now lives in Santa Cruz, California. References External links","One Percent for the Planet One Percent for the Planetis an international organization whose members contribute at least one percent of their annualrevenueto environmental causes to protect the environment. Since 1985,Patagoniapledged 1% of sales to the preservation of restoration of the natural environment. In 2002,1% for the Planetwas founded byYvon Chouinard, founder of Patagonia, and Craig Mathews, owner of Blue Ribbon Flies,to \"encourage more businesses to donate 1% of sales to environmental groups\".Since its creation, the organization has been joined by countries around the world, with a great number of partners in France, Great Britain, Australia, and Japan.France is the only country to have an independent entity. Members BICjoined as a member in 2022 with an eco-friendly product line;Honest Teajoined with a glass product line.Other notable members includeOXO,New Belgium Brewing Company, Klean Kanteen, andNature's Path's EnviroKidz brand. References External links","Yvon Chouinard Yvon Chouinard(born November 9, 1938)is an American rock climber, environmentalist, philanthropist, and outdoor industry businessman. His company,Patagonia, is known for its high quality outdoor products and outerwear. He was named one of the100 most influential people in the worldbyTimemagazine in 2023. Chouinard is also a surfer, kayaker, and falconer and is particularly fond oftenkarafly-fishing.He has written about climbing issues and ethics and on mixingenvironmentalismand business. Early life Chouinard's father was aFrench-Canadianhandyman, mechanic, and plumber. In 1947, Yvon and his family moved fromLewiston, Maineto Southern California. They wereCatholic. His early climbing partners includedRoyal RobbinsandTom Frost.ASierra Clubmember, in his youth he founded the Southern California Falconry Club, and it was his investigations offalconaeriesthat led him to rock climbing.To save money and to make adaptations for the way he was climbing, he decided to make his own climbing tools by","climbing tools by teaching himself blacksmithing, and eventually started a business. Yosemite rock climber to leading alpinist Chouinard was one of the leading climbers of the \"Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing.\" He was one of the protagonists of the film made about this era:Valley Uprising(2014). He participated in the first ascent of the North America Wall in 1964 (withRoyal Robbins,Tom Frost, andChuck Pratt), using no fixed ropes. The next year, his and TM Herbert's ascent of the Muir Wall on El Capitan improved the style of previous first ascents.Chouinard became the most articulate advocate of the importance of style, the basis of modern rock climbing. In 1961, he visited Western Canada withFred Beckey, and made several important first ascents, including the North Face ofMount Edith Cavell(Rockies), the Beckey-Chouinard Route on South Howser Tower in theBugaboos(Purcell Mountains), and the North Face ofMount Sir Donald(Selkirk Mountains). These climbs opened his eyes to the idea of applying Yosemite","applying Yosemite big-wall climbing techniques to mountain climbing, and his advocacy was important to modern,high-grade alpinism. Also in 1961, he visitedShawangunk Ridgefor the first time,freeclimbingthe first pitch of Matinee (the hardest free climb done at Shawangunk Ridge at the time); and introducingchrome-molybdenum steelpitons to the area, which revolutionized climbing protection. In 1968, he climbedCerro FitzroyinPatagoniaby a new route (The Californian Route, 3rd overall ascent of the mountain) with Dick Dorworth,Chris Jones, Lito Tejada-Flores, andDouglas Tompkins. Chouinard has also traveled and climbed in the European Alps and in Pakistan. Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In 1957, he bought a second-hand coal-fired forge, and started making hardened steelpitonsfor use inYosemiteValley. Between time spent surfing and climbing, he sold pitons out of the back of his car to support himself. The improved pitons were a big factor in the birth of big-wall climbing from 1957 to 1960 in Yosemite. The success of","The success of his pitons caused him to found Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In the late 1960s, Chouinard and business partnerTom Frostbegan studying ice climbing equipment, and re-invented the basic tools (cramponsand ice axes) to perform on steeper ice. These new tools and his bookClimbing Ice(1978) started the modern sport of ice climbing. Around 1970, he became aware that the use of steel pitons made by his company was causing significant damage to the cracks of Yosemite. These pitons composed 70 percent of his income.In 1971 and 1972, Chouinard and Frost introduced new aluminum chockstones, calledHexentricsand Stoppers, along with the less successful steel Crack-n-Ups, and committed the company to the advocacy of the new tools and a new style of climbing called \"clean climbing.\" This concept revolutionized rock climbing and led to further success of the company, despite cannibalizing the sales of pitons, formerly his most important product. They applied for a U.S. patent on Hexentrics in 1974, and it was","in 1974, and it was granted on April 6, 1976.These are still manufactured byBlack Diamond Equipment. In the latter 1960s, Chouinard attempted a number of significant technological and technique changes to ice climbing after trips to the Alps in Europe and Sierra Nevada ice gullies in autumn. He removed the flex from crampons, making them more rigid for front-pointing. He drew the taper of a rock hammer into a point for better ice purchase. He increased the cross section of ice screws while also using lighter materials. He experimented with pick and blade issues with ice axes. Prior to this, much of ice climbing was seen as mere step cutting. He attempted to replace hand ice picks (climbing type) with a small ice axe head called a Climaxe. In 1989, Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. filed for bankruptcy protection in order to protect it from liability lawsuits. The hard assets of Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. were acquired by its employees through theChapter 11process, and the company was reestablished asBlack Diamond","asBlack Diamond Equipment, Ltd. Patagonia and environmentalism Chouinard is most known for founding the clothing and gear companyPatagonia. Chouinard started to sell clothes by chance as a way to support his moderately profitable equipment business.In 1970 on a trip to Scotland, he purchased some rugby shirts and sold them with great success.From this small start, the Patagonia company developed a wide selection of rugged technical clothing. According to Chouinard, the intent of Patagonia is to make clothes for people under the rugged, southern Andes/Cape Horn conditions of places like Patagonia. Recognizing that the financial success of the company provided the opportunity to also achieve personal goals, Chouinard committed the company to being an outstanding place to work, and to be an important resource for environmental activism. In 1984, Patagonia opened an on-site cafeteria offering \"healthy, mostly vegetarian food,\" and started providing on-site child care.In 1986, Chouinard committed the company to","the company to \"tithing\" for environmental activism, committing one percent of sales or ten percent of profits, whichever is the greater. The commitment included paying employees working on local environmental projects so they could commit their efforts full-time. In the early 1990s, an environmental audit of Patagonia revealed the surprising result (at the time), that corporatecotton, although it was a natural material, had a heavy environmental footprint. In 1996, Chouinard committed the company to using all organic cotton. In 2002, Yvon Chouinard founded1% for the Planetand Patagonia became the first business to commit 1% of annual sales to the environment. In 2014, Patagonia supported the advocacy documentary filmDamNation, which is about changing attitudes in America towards its dams. Chouinard was the executive producer of the film, and he was also featured in the film commenting about dams. In 2018, in acknowledgment that sustainability and responsible practices are core to Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard","Yvon Chouinard was recognized with theSierra Club's top award, theJohn Muir Award. In 2022, Chouinard announced that he was donating ownership in Patagonia to atrustto ensure profits are used for addressingclimate change.Chouinard's family retains control of the company's voting stock through the Patagonia Purpose Trust. Personal life In 1971, Chouinard met and married his wife, Malinda Pennoyer, who was an art and home economics student atCalifornia State University, Fresno.They have a son (Fletcher) and a daughter (Claire), both of whom work for Patagonia. In 2021, Yvon Chouinard received an honorary degree fromBates College. Publications Notable ascents Related reading References Other sources External links"],"string":"[\n \"Netflix Netflixis an Americansubscription video on-demandover-the-topstreamingservice. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows from various genres, and it is available internationally in multiple languages. Launched in 2007, nearly a decade afterNetflix, Inc.began its pioneeringDVD-by-mailmovie rentalservice, Netflix is themost-subscribed video on demandstreaming mediaservices, with 282.7 million paid memberships in more than 190 countries as of 2024.By 2022, \\\"Netflix Original\\\" productions accounted for half of its library in the United States and the namesake company had ventured into other categories, such asvideo game publishingofmobile gamesthrough its flagship service. As of 2023, Netflix is the23rd most-visited website in the world, with 23.66% of its traffic coming from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 5.84%, and Brazil at 5.64%. History Launch as a mail-based rental business (1997–2006) Netflix was founded byMarc RandolphandReed Hastingson\",\n \"Hastingson August 29, 1997, inScotts Valley, California. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, was a co-founder ofPure Software, which was acquired byRational Softwarethat year for $750 million, the then biggest acquisition inSilicon Valleyhistory.Randolph had worked as a marketing director forPure Softwareafter Pure Atria acquired a company where Randolph worked. He was previously a co-founder ofMicroWarehouse, a computer mail-order company, as well as vice president of marketing forBorland.Hastings and Randolph came up with the idea for Netflix whilecarpoolingbetween their homes inSanta Cruz, California, and Pure Atria's headquarters in Sunnyvale.Patty McCord, later head ofhuman resourcesat Netflix, was also in the carpool group.Randolph admiredAmazonand wanted to find a large category of portable items to sell over theInternetusing a similar model. Hastings and Randolph considered and rejected selling and rentingVHSas too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship.When they heard about DVDs,\",\n \"heard about DVDs, first introduced in the United States in early 1997, they tested the concept of selling or renting DVDs by mail, by mailing acompact discto Hastings's house in Santa Cruz.When the CD arrived intact, they decided to enter the $16 billionHome-videosales and rental industry.Hastings is often quoted saying that he decided to start Netflix after being fined $40 at a Blockbuster store for being late to return a copy ofApollo 13.Hastings invested $2.5 million into Netflix from the sale of Pure Atria.Netflix launched as the first DVD rental and sales website with 30 employees and 925 titles available—nearly all DVDs published.Randolph and Hastings met withJeff Bezos, whereAmazonoffered to acquire Netflix for between $14 and $16 million. Fearing competition from Amazon, Randolph at first thought the offer was fair, but Hastings, who owned 70% of the company, turned it down on the plane ride home. Initially, Netflix offered a per-rental model for each DVD but introduced a monthly subscription concept\",\n \"concept in September 1999.The per-rental model was dropped by early 2000, allowing the company to focus on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees.In September 2000, during thedot-com bubble, while Netflix was suffering losses, Hastings and Randolph offered to sell the company toBlockbusterfor $50 million.John Antioco, CEO of Blockbuster, thought the offer was a joke and declined, saying, \\\"The dot-com hysteria is completely overblown.\\\"While Netflix experienced fast growth in early 2001, the continued effects of the dot-com bubble collapse and theSeptember 11 attackscaused the company to hold off plans for itsinitial public offering(IPO) and to lay off one-third of its 120 employees. DVD players were a popular gift for holiday sales in late 2001, and demand for DVD subscription services were \\\"growing like crazy\\\", according to chief talent officerPatty McCord.The company wentpublicon May 23, 2002, selling 5.5 million\",\n \"selling 5.5 million shares ofcommon stockat US$15.00 per share.In 2003, Netflix was issued a patent by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office to cover its subscription rental service and several extensions.Netflix posted its first profit in 2003, earning $6.5 million on revenues of $272 million; by 2004, profit had increased to $49 million on over $500 million in revenues.In 2005, 35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day. In 2004, Blockbuster introduced a DVD rental service, which not only allowed users to check out titles through online sites but allowed for them to return them atbrick and-mortarstores.By 2006, Blockbuster's service reached two million users, and while trailing Netflix's subscriber count, was drawing business away from Netflix. Netflix lowered fees in 2007.While it was anurban legendthat Netflix ultimately \\\"killed\\\" Blockbuster in the DVD rental market, Blockbuster's debt load and internal disagreements hurt the company. On April 4, 2006, Netflix\",\n \"4, 2006, Netflix filed apatent infringementlawsuit in which it demanded ajury trialin theUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging thatBlockbuster'sonline DVD rentalsubscription program violated two patents held by Netflix. The firstcause of actionalleged Blockbuster's infringement of copying the \\\"dynamic queue\\\" of DVDs available for each customer, Netflix's method of using the ranked preferences in the queue to send DVDs to subscribers, and Netflix's method permitting the queue to be updated and reordered.The second cause of action alleged infringement of the subscription rental service as well as Netflix's methods of communication and delivery.The companies settled their dispute on June 25, 2007; terms were not disclosed. On October 1, 2006, Netflix announced theNetflix Prize, $1,000,000 to the first developer of a video-recommendationalgorithmthat could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. On September 21, 2009, it\",\n \"21, 2009, it awarded the $1,000,000 prize to team \\\"BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos\\\".Cinematch, launched in 2000, was a system that recommended movies to its users, many of which might have been entirely new to the user. Through its divisionRed Envelope Entertainment, Netflix licensed and distributed independent films such asBorn into BrothelsandSherrybaby. In late 2006,Red Envelope Entertainmentalso expanded into producing original content with filmmakers such asJohn Waters.Netflix closed Red Envelope Entertainment in 2008. Transition to streaming services (2007–2012) In January 2007, the company launched astreaming mediaservice, introducingvideo on demandvia the Internet. However, at that time it only had 1,000 films available for streaming, compared to 70,000 available on DVD.The company had for some time considered offering movies online, but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net. The original idea was a\",\n \"original idea was a \\\"Netflix box\\\" that could download movies overnight, and be ready to watch the next day. By 2005, Netflix had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service. But after witnessing how popular streaming services such asYouTubewere despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept. In February 2007, Netflix delivered its billionth DVD, a copy ofBabelto a customer in Texas.In April 2007, Netflix recruitedReplayTVfounderAnthony Wood, to build a \\\"Netflix Player\\\" that would allow streaming content to be played directly on a television rather than a desktop or laptop.Hastings eventually shut down the project to help encourage other hardware manufacturers to include built-in Netflix support, which would be spun off as thedigital media playerproductRoku. In January 2008, all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost. This change came in a response to the\",\n \"a response to the introduction ofHuluand toApple's new video-rental services.In August 2008, the Netflix database was corrupted and the company was not able to ship DVDs to customers for 3 days, leading the company to move all its data to theAmazon Web Servicescloud.In November 2008, Netflix began offering subscribers rentals onBlu-rayand discontinued its sale of used DVDs.In 2009, Netflix streams overtook DVD shipments. On January 6, 2010, Netflix agreed withWarner Bros.to delay new release rentals to 28 days after the DVDs became available for sale, in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies, and similar deals involvingUniversal Picturesand20th Century Foxwere reached on April 9.In July 2010, Netflix signed a deal to stream movies ofRelativity Media.In August 2010, Netflix reached a five-year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films fromParamount,LionsgateandMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The deal increased Netflix's annual spending fees, adding roughly $200 million per year. It spent $117 million in the\",\n \"$117 million in the first six months of 2010 on streaming, up from $31 million in 2009.On September 22, 2010, Netflix launched in Canada, its first international market.In November 2010, Netflix began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals. In 2010, Netflix acquired the rights toBreaking Bad, produced by Sony Pictures Television, after the show's third season, at a point where original broadcasterAMChad expressed the possibility of cancelling the show. Sony pushed Netflix to releaseBreaking Badin time for the fourth season, which as a result, greatly expanded the show's audience on AMC due to new viewers bingeing on the Netflix past episodes, and doubling the viewership by the time of the fifth season.Breaking Badis considered the first such show to have this \\\"Netflix effect\\\". In January 2011, Netflix announced agreements with several manufacturers to includebranded Netflix buttonson theremote controlsof devices compatible with the service, such asBlu-ray players.By May 2011,\",\n \"May 2011, Netflix had become the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America, accounting for 30% of traffic during peak hours. On July 12, 2011, Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services.The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price.On September 11, 2011, Netflix expanded to countries in Latin America.On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster, separating DVD rental and streaming services.On September 26, 2011, Netflix announced a content deal withDreamWorks Animation.On October 10, 2011, Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and that its streaming and DVD-rental plans would remain branded together, citing customer dissatisfaction with the split. In October 2011. Netflix\",\n \"2011. Netflix andThe CWsigned a multi-year output deal for its television shows.On January 9, 2012, Netflix started its expansion to Europe, launching in the United Kingdom and Ireland.In February 2012, Netflix reached a multi-year agreement withThe Weinstein Company.In March 2012, Netflix acquired thedomain nameDVD.com.By 2016, Netflix rebranded its DVD-by-mail service under the nameDVD.com, A Netflix Company.In April 2012, Netflix filed with theFederal Election Commission(FEC) to form apolitical action committee(PAC) called FLIXPAC.Netflix spokesperson Joris Evers tweeted that the intent was to \\\"engage on issues likenet neutrality,bandwidth caps,UBBandVPPA\\\".In June 2012, Netflix signed a deal withOpen Road Films. On August 23, 2012, Netflix andThe Weinstein Companysigned a multi-year output deal for RADiUS-TWC films.In September 2012,Epixsigned a five-year streaming deal with Netflix. For the initial two years of this agreement, first-run and back-catalog content from Epix was exclusive to Netflix. Epix\",\n \"to Netflix. Epix films came to Netflix 90 days after premiering on Epix.These included films from Paramount, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Lionsgate. On October 18, 2012, Netflix launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.On December 4, 2012, Netflix and Disney announced an exclusive multi-year agreement for first-run United States subscription television rights to Walt Disney Studios' animated and live-action films, with classics such asDumbo,Alice in WonderlandandPocahontasavailable immediately and others available on Netflix beginning in 2016.Direct-to-videoreleases were made available in 2013. On January 14, 2013, Netflix signed an agreement withTime Warner'sTurner Broadcasting Systemand Warner Bros. Television to distributeCartoon Network,Warner Bros. Animation, andAdult Swimcontent, as well asTNT'sDallas, beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs were given to Netflix shortly after deals withViacomto streamNickelodeonandNick Jr. Channelprograms expired. For cost reasons, Netflix stated that\",\n \"Netflix stated that it would limit its expansion in 2013,adding only one new market—the Netherlands—in September of that year. This expanded its availability to 40 territories. Development of original programming and distribution expansion (2013–2017) In 2011, Netflix began its efforts into original content development. In March, it made a straight-to-series order fromMRCfor the political dramaHouse of Cards, led byKevin Spacey, outbidding U.S. cable networks. This marked the first instance of a first-run television series being specifically commissioned by the service.In November the same year, Netflix added two more significant productions to its roster: the comedy-dramaOrange Is the New Black, adapted fromPiper Kerman'smemoir,and a new season of the previously cancelled Fox sitcomArrested Development.Netflix acquired the U.S. rights to the Norwegian dramaLilyhammerafter its television premiere on Norway'sNRK1on January 25, 2012. Notably departing from the traditional broadcast television model of weekly\",\n \"model of weekly episode premieres, Netflix chose to release the entire first season on February 8 of the same year. House of Cardswas released by Netflix on February 1, 2013, marketed as the first \\\"Netflix Original\\\" production.Later that month, Netflix announced an agreement withDreamWorks Animationto commission children's television series based on its properties, beginning withTurbo: F.A.S.T., a spin-off of its filmTurbo.Orange is the New Blackwould premiere in July 2013; Netflix stated thatOrange is the New Blackhad been its most-watched original series so far, with all of them having \\\"an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV.\\\" On March 13, 2013, Netflix added aFacebooksharing feature, letting United States subscribers access \\\"Watched by your friends\\\" and \\\"Friends' Favorites\\\" by agreeing.This was not legal until theVideo Privacy Protection Actwas modified in early 2013.On August 1, 2013, Netflix reintroduced the \\\"Profiles\\\" feature that permits accounts to accommodate up to\",\n \"accommodate up to five user profiles. In November 2013,Marvel TelevisionandABC Studiosannounced Netflix had ordered a slate offour television seriesbased on theMarvel ComicscharactersDaredevil,Jessica Jones,Iron FistandLuke Cage. Each of the four series received an initial order of 13 episodes, and Netflix also ordered aDefendersminiseries that would tie them together.DaredevilandJessica Jonespremiered in 2015.TheLuke Cageseries premiered on September 30, 2016, followed byIron Fiston March 17, 2017, andThe Defenderson August 18, 2017.Marvel ownerDisneylater entered into other content agreements with Netflix, including acquiring its animatedStar WarsseriesStar Wars: The Clone Wars, and a new sixth season. In February 2014, Netflix began to enter into agreements with U.S. internet service providers, beginning withComcast(whose customers had repeatedly complained of frequentbufferingwhen streaming Netflix), in order to provide the service a direct connection to their networks.In April 2014, Netflix\",\n \"April 2014, Netflix signedArrested DevelopmentcreatorMitchell Hurwitzand his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service.In May 2014, Netflix &Sony Pictures Animationhad a major multi-deal to acquired streaming rights to produce films.It also began to introduce an updated logo, with a flatter appearance and updated typography. In September 2014, Netflix expanded into six new European markets, including Austria, Belgium, France, Germany,Luxembourg, and Switzerland.On September 10, 2014, Netflix participated inInternet Slowdown Dayby deliberately slowing down its speed in support ofnet neutralityregulations in the United States.In October 2014, Netflix announced a four-film deal withAdam Sandlerand hisHappy Madison Productions. In April 2015, following the launch ofDaredevil, Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support foraudio description, and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its\",\n \"descriptions to its other original series over time.The following year, as part of a settlement with theAmerican Council of the Blind, Netflix agreed to provide descriptions for its original series within 30 days of their premiere, and addscreen readersupport and the ability to browse content by availability of descriptions. In March 2015, Netflix expanded to Australia and New Zealand.In September 2015, Netflix launched in Japan, its first country in Asia.In October 2015, Netflix launched in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In January 2016, at theConsumer Electronics Show, Netflix announced a major international expansion of its service into 130 additional countries. It then had become available worldwide except China, Syria, North Korea,KosovoandCrimea.In May 2016, Netflix created a tool called Fast.com to determine the speed of an Internet connection.It received praise for being \\\"simple\\\" and \\\"easy to use\\\", and does not includeonline advertising, unlike competitors.On November 30, 2016, Netflix launched an\",\n \"Netflix launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps onAndroidoriOStocachecontent on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing offline, without an Internet connection. In 2016, Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films, more than any network or cable channel.In April 2016, Hastings stated that the company planned to expand its in-house, Los Angeles-based Netflix Studios to grow its output; Hastings ruled out any potential acquisitions of existing studios. In February 2017, Netflix signed amusic publishingdeal withBMG Rights Management, whereby BMG will oversee rights outside of the United States for music associated with Netflix original content. Netflix continues to handle these tasks in-house in the United States.On April 25, 2017, Netflix signed a licensing deal withIQiyi, a Chinese video streaming platform owned byBaidu, to allow selected Netflix original content to be distributed in China on the platform. On August 7, 2017, Netflix\",\n \"7, 2017, Netflix acquiredMillarworld, the creator-owned publishing company of comic book writerMark Millar. The purchase marked the first corporate acquisition to have been made by Netflix.On August 14, 2017, Netflix entered into an exclusive development deal withShonda Rhimesand her production companyShondaland. In September 2017, Netflix announced it would offer its low-broadband mobile technology to airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi so that passengers can watch movies on Netflix while on planes. In September 2017,Minister of HeritageMélanie Jolyannounced that Netflix had agreed to make aCA$500 million(US$400 million) investment over the next five years in producing content in Canada. The company denied that the deal was intended to result in atax break.Netflix realized this goal by December 2018. In October 2017, Netflix iterated a goal of having half of its library consist of original content by 2019, announcing a plan to invest $8 billion on original content in 2018.In October 2017, Netflix\",\n \"2017, Netflix introduced the \\\"Skip Intro\\\" feature which allows customers to skip the intros to shows on its platform through a variety of techniques including manual reviewing, audio tagging, andmachine learning. In November 2017, Netflix signed an exclusive multi-year deal withOrange Is the New BlackcreatorJenji Kohan.In November 2017, Netflix withdrew from co-hosting a party at the75th Golden Globe AwardswithThe Weinstein Companydue to theHarvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases. Expansion into international productions and new productions (2017–2020) In November 2017, Netflix announced that it would be making its first original Colombian series, to be executive produced byCiro Guerra.In December 2017, Netflix signedStranger Thingsdirector-producerShawn Levyand his production company21 Laps Entertainmentto what sources say is a four-year deal.In 2017, Netflix invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials fromDave Chappelle,Louis C.K.,Chris Rock,Jim Gaffigan,Bill BurrandJerry Seinfeld. In February\",\n \"In February 2018, Netflix acquired the rights toThe Cloverfield ParadoxfromParamount Picturesfor $50 million and launched on its service on February 4, 2018, shortly after airing its first trailer duringSuper Bowl LII. Analysts believed that Netflix's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release, while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal.Other films acquired by Netflix include international distribution for Paramount'sAnnihilationand Universal'sNews of the Worldand worldwide distribution of Universal'sExtinction,Warner Bros.'Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle,Paramount'sThe Lovebirdsand 20th Century Studios'The Woman in the Window.In March, the service orderedFormula 1: Drive to Survive, a racing docuseries following teams in theFormula Oneworld championship. In March 2018,Sky UKannounced an agreement with Netflix to integrate Netflix's subscription VOD offering into its pay-TV service. Customers with its high-end Sky Q\",\n \"its high-end Sky Q set-top box and service will be able to see Netflix titles alongside their regular Sky channels.In October 2022, Netflix revealed that its annual revenue from the UK subscribers in 2021 was £1.4bn. In April 2018, Netflix pulled out of theCannes Film Festival, in response to new rules requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters. The Cannes premiere ofOkjain 2017 was controversial, and led to discussions over the appropriateness of films with simultaneous digital releases being screened at an event showcasing theatrical film; audience members also booed the Netflixproduction logoat the screening. Netflix's attempts to negotiate to allow a limited release in France were curtailed by organizers, as well as Frenchcultural exceptionlaw—where theatrically screened films are legally forbidden from being made available via video-on-demand services until at least 36 months after their release.Besides traditional Hollywood markets as well as from partners like theBBC,\",\n \"like theBBC, Sarandos said the company also looking to expand investments in non-traditional foreign markets due to the growth of viewers outside of North America. At the time, this included programs such asDarkfrom Germany,Ingobernablefrom Mexico and3%from Brazil. On May 22, 2018, formerpresident,Barack Obama, and his wife,Michelle Obama, signed a deal to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions. In June 2018, Netflix announced a partnership withTelltale Gamesto port itsadventure gamesto the service in a streaming video format, allowing simple controls through a television remote.The first game,Minecraft: Story Mode, was released in November 2018.In July 2018, Netflix earned the most Emmy nominations of any network for the first time with 112 nods. On August 27, 2018, the company signed a five-year exclusive overall deal with international best–selling authorHarlan Coben.On the same day, the company signed an\",\n \"company signed an overall deal withGravity FallscreatorAlex Hirsch.In October 2018, Netflix paid under $30 million to acquireAlbuquerque Studios(ABQ Studios), a $91 million film and TV production facility with eight sound stages inAlbuquerque,New Mexico, for its first U.S. production hub, pledging to spend over $1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America.In November 2018,Paramount Picturessigned a multi-picture film deal with Netflix, making Paramount the first major film studio to sign a deal with Netflix.A sequel toAwesomenessTV'sTo All the Boys I've Loved Beforewas released on Netflix under the titleTo All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love Youas part of the agreement.In December 2018, the company announced a partnership withESPN Filmson atelevision documentarychronicling Michael Jordan and the1997–98 Chicago Bulls seasontitledThe Last Dance. It was released internationally on Netflix and became available for streaming in the United States three months after a\",\n \"months after a broadcast airing onESPN. In January 2019,Sex Educationmade its debut as a Netflix original series, receiving much critical acclaim.On January 22, 2019, Netflix sought and was approved for membership into theMotion Picture Association of America(MPAA), making it the first streaming service to join the association.In February 2019,The HauntingcreatorMike Flanaganjoined frequent collaborator Trevor Macy as a partner inIntrepid Picturesand the duo signed an exclusive overall deal with Netflix to produce television content.On May 9, 2019, Netflix contracted withDark Horse Entertainmentto make television series and films based on comics fromDark Horse Comics.In July 2019, Netflix announced that it would be opening a hub atShepperton Studiosas part of a deal withPinewood Group.In early-August 2019, Netflix negotiated an exclusive multi-year film and television deal withGame of Thronescreators and showrunnersDavid BenioffandD.B. Weiss.The first Netflix production created by Benioff and Weiss was\",\n \"and Weiss was planned as an adaptation ofLiu Cixin's science fiction novelThe Three-Body Problem, part of theRemembrance of Earth's Pasttrilogy.On September 30, 2019, in addition to renewingStranger Thingsfor afourth season, Netflix signedThe Duffer Brothersto anoverall dealcovering future film and television projects for the service. On November 13, 2019, Netflix andNickelodeonentered into a multi-year agreement to produce several original animated feature films and television series based on Nickelodeon's library of characters. This agreement expanded on their existing relationship, in which new specials based on the past Nickelodeon seriesInvader ZimandRocko's Modern Life(Invader Zim: Enter the FlorpusandRocko's Modern Life: Static Clingrespectively) were released by Netflix. Other new projects planned under the team-up include a music project featuringSquidward Tentaclesfrom the animated television seriesSpongeBob SquarePants, and films based onThe Loud HouseandRise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja\",\n \"Mutant Ninja Turtles.The agreement with Disney ended in 2019 due to the launch ofDisney+, with its Marvel productions moving exclusively to the service in 2022. In November 2019, Netflix announced that it had signed a long-term lease to save the Paris Theatre, the last single-screen movie theater in Manhattan. The company oversaw several renovations at the theater, including new seats and a concession stand. In January 2020, Netflix announced a new four-film deal with Adam Sandler worth up to $275 million.On February 25, 2020, Netflix formed partnerships with six Japanese creators to produce an original Japanese anime project. This partnership includes manga creator group CLAMP, mangaka Shin Kibayashi, mangaka Yasuo Ohtagaki, novelist and film director Otsuichi, novelist Tow Ubutaka, and manga creator Mari Yamazaki.On March 4, 2020,ViacomCBSannounced that it will be producing two spin-off films based onSpongeBob SquarePantsfor Netflix.On April 7, 2020,Peter Chernin'sChernin Entertainmentmade a\",\n \"Entertainmentmade a multi-yearfirst-look dealwith Netflix to make films.On May 29, 2020, Netflix announced the acquisition ofGrauman's Egyptian Theatrefrom theAmerican Cinemathequeto use as a special events venue.In July 2020, Netflix appointed Sarandos as co-CEO.In July 2020, Netflix invested inBlack MirrorcreatorsCharlie BrookerandAnnabel Jones' new production outfit Broke And Bones. In September 2020, Netflix signed a multi-million dollar deal with theDukeandDuchessof Sussex. Harry and Meghan agreed to a multi-year deal promising to create TV shows, films, and children's content as part of their commitment to stepping away from the duties of the royal family.In September 2020, Hastings released a book about Netflix culture titledNo Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention, which was coauthored byErin Meyer.In December 2020, Netflix signed a first-look deal withMillie Bobby Brownto develop and star in several projects including a potential action franchise. Expansion into gaming,Squid Game, new\",\n \"Game, new programing and new initiatives (2021–2022) In March 2021, Netflix earned the most Academy Award nominations of any studio, with 36. Netflix won seven Academy Awards, which was the most by any studio.Later that year, Netflix also won more Emmys than any other network or studio with 44 wins, tying the record for most Emmys won in a single year set by CBS in 1974. On April 8, 2021,Sony Pictures Entertainmentannounced an agreement for Netflix to hold the U.S. pay television window rights to its releases beginning in 2022, replacingStarzand expanding upon an existing agreement withSony Pictures Animation. The agreement also includes a first-look deal for any future direct-to-streaming films being produced bySony Pictures, with Netflix required to commit to a minimum number of them.On April 27, Netflix announced that it was opening its first Canadian headquarters inToronto.The company also announced that it would open an office in Sweden as well asRomeandIstanbulto increase its original content in those\",\n \"content in those regions. In early-June, Netflix hosted a first-ever week-long virtual event called \\\"Geeked Week\\\", where it shared exclusive news, new trailers, cast appearances and more about upcoming genre titles likeThe Witcher,The Cuphead Show!, andThe Sandman. On June 7, 2021,Jennifer Lopez'sNuyorican Productionssigned a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix spanning feature films, TV series, and unscripted content, with an emphasis on projects that support diverse female actors, writers, and filmmakers.On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced it was launching an online store for curated products tied to the Netflix brand and shows such asStranger ThingsandThe Witcher.On June 21, 2021,Steven Spielberg'sAmblin Partnerssigned a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service.On June 30, 2021,Powerhouse Animation Studios(the studio behind Netflix'sCastlevania) announced signing a first-look deal with the streamer to produce more animated series. In July 2021, Netflix\",\n \"July 2021, Netflix hiredMike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. On July 14, 2021, Netflix signed a first-look deal withJoey King, star ofThe Kissing Boothfranchise, in which King will produce and develop films for Netflix via her All The King's Horses production company.On July 21, 2021,Zack Snyder, director of Netflix'sArmy of the Dead, announced he had signed his production companyThe Stone Quarryto a first-look deal with Netflix; his upcoming projects include a sequel toArmy of the Deadand a sci-fi adventure film titledRebel Moon.In 2019, he agreed to produce\",\n \"agreed to produce ananime-styleweb seriesinspired byNorse mythology. As of August 2021,Netflix Originalsmade up 40% of Netflix's overall library in the United States.The company announced that \\\"TUDUM: A Netflix Global Fan Event\\\", a three-hour virtual behind the scenes featuring first-look reveals for 100 of the streamer's series, films and specials, would have its inaugural show in late September 2021.According to Netflix, the show garnered 25.7 million views across Netflix's 29 Netflix YouTube channels, Twitter, Twitch, Facebook, TikTok and Tudum.com. Also in September, the company announced The Queen's Ball: A Bridgerton Experience, launching in 2022 in Los Angeles,Chicago,Montreal, andWashington, D.C.. Squid Game, a South Korean survival drama created and produced byHwang Dong-hyuk, rapidly became the service's most-watched show within a week of its launch in many markets on September 17, 2021, including Korea, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.Within its first 28 days on the service,Squid Gamedrew more\",\n \"Gamedrew more than 111 million viewers, surpassingBridgertonand becoming Netflix's most-watched show. On September 20, 2021, Netflix signed a long-term lease withAviva Investorsto operate and expand theLongcross StudiosinSurrey, UK.On September 21, 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire the Roald Dahl Story Company, which manages the rights toRoald Dahl'sstories and characters, for an undisclosed price and would operate it as an independent company.The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, on September 28, 2021. On October 13, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of the Netflix Book Club, partnering withStarbucksfor a social series calledBut Have You Read the Book?.Uzo Adubabecame inaugural host of the series and announced monthly book selections set to be adapted by the streamer. Aduba speaks with the cast, creators, and authors about the book adaptation process over a cup of coffee at Starbucks.Through October 2021, Netflix commonly reported viewership for its\",\n \"viewership for its programming based on the number of viewers or households that watched a show in a given period (such as the first 28 days from its premiere) for at least two minutes. On the announcement of its quarterly earnings in October 2021, the company stated that it would switch its viewership metrics to measuring the number of hours that a show was watched, including rewatches, which the company said was closer to the measurements used in linear broadcast television, and thus \\\"our members and the industry can better measure success in the streaming world.\\\" Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Some games in the collection require an active internet connection to play, while others will be available offline. Netflix Kids'\",\n \"Netflix Kids' accounts will not have games available.On November 16, Netflix announced the launch of \\\"Top10 on Netflix.com\\\", a new website with weekly global and country lists of the most popular titles on their service based on their new viewership metrics.On November 22, Netflix announced that it would acquireScanline VFX, the visual effects and animation company behindCowboy BebopandStranger Things.On the same day,Roberto Patinosigned a deal with Netflix and established his own production banner, Analog Inc., in partnership with the company. Patino's first project under the deal is a series adaptation ofImage Comics'Nocterra. On December 6, 2021, Netflix andStage 32announced that they have teamed up the workshops at the Creating Content for the Global Marketplace program.On December 7, 2021, Netflix partnered with IllumiNative, a woman-led non-profit organization, for the Indigenous Producers Training Program.On December 9, Netflix announced the launch of \\\"Tudum\\\", an official companion website that offers\",\n \"website that offers news, exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes videos for its original television shows and films.On December 13, Netflix signed a multi-year overall deal withKalinda Vazquez.On December 16, 2021, Netflix signed a multi-year creative partnership withSpike Leeand his production company40 Acres and a Mule Filmworksto develop film and television projects. In compliance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its implementation in France, Netflix reached commitments with French broadcasting authorities and film guilds, as required by law, to invest a specific amount of its annual revenue into original French films and series. These films must be theatrically released and would not be allowed to be carried on Netflix until 15 months after their release. In January 2022, Netflix ordered additional sports docuseries fromDrive to Surviveproducers Box to Box Films, including a series that would followPGA Tourgolfers, and another that would follow professional tennis players on\",\n \"tennis players on theATPandWTA Tourcircuits. The company announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for €65 million as part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum. On March 15, 2022, Netflix announced a partnership withDr. SeussEnterprises to produce five new series and specials based on Seusspropertiesfollowing the success ofGreen Eggs and Ham.On March 29, 2022, Netflix announced that it would open an office in Poland to serve as a hub for its original productions acrossCentral and Eastern Europe.On March 30, 2022, Netflix extended its lease agreement with Martini Film Studios, just outside Vancouver, Canada, for another five years.On March 31, 2022, Netflix ordered a docuseries that would follow teams in the2022 Tour de France, which would also be co-produced by\",\n \"be co-produced by Box to Box Films. Following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netflix suspended its operations and future projects in Russia.It also announced that it would not comply with a proposed directive byRoskomnadzorrequiring all internet streaming services with more than 100,000 subscribers to integrate the major free-to-air channels (which are primarily state-owned).A month later, ex-Russian subscribers filed a class action lawsuit against Netflix. Netflix stated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others, and that Canada and the United States accounted for 30 million of them. Following these announcements, Netflix's stock price fell by 35 percent.By June 2022, Netflix had laid off 450 full-time and contract employees as part of the company's plan to trim costs amid lower than expected subscriber growth. On April 13, 2022, Netflix released the seriesOur Great National Parks, which was hosted and narrated by former US President Barack Obama.It also\",\n \"Obama.It also partnered with Group Effort Initiative, a company founded byRyan ReynoldsandBlake Lively, to provide opportunities behind the camera for those in underrepresented communities.On the same day, Netflix partnered with Lebanon-basedArab Fund For Arts And Culturefor supporting the Arab female filmmakers. It will provide a one-time grant of $250,000 to female producers and directors in the Arab world through the company's Fund for Creative Equity.Also on the same day, Netflix announced anExploding Kittensmobile card game tied to a new animated TV series, which will launch in May.Netflix formed a creative partnership withJ. Miles Dale.The company also formed a partnership with Japan'sStudio Colorido, signing a multi-film deal to boost their anime content in Asia. The streaming giant is said to co-produce three feature films with the studio, the first of which will premiere in September 2022.On April 28, the company launched its inauguralNetflix Is a Jokecomedy festival, featuring more than 250 shows\",\n \"more than 250 shows over 12 nights at 30-plus locations across Los Angeles, including the first-ever stand-up show atDodger Stadium. The first volume ofStranger Things 4logged Netflix's biggest premiere weekend ever for an original series with 286.79 million hours viewed.This was preceded by a newStranger Thingsinteractive experience hosted in New York City that was developed by the show's creators.After the release of the second volume ofStranger Things 4on July 1, 2022, it became Netflix's second title to receive more than one billion hours viewed. On July 19, 2022, Netflix announced plans to acquire Australian animation studioAnimal Logic.That month, in collaboration withSennheiser, Netflix began to add Ambeo 2-channel audio mixes (referred to as \\\"spatial audio\\\") to selected original productions, which allows simulatedsurround soundon stereo speakers and headphones. On September 5, 2022, Netflix opened an office inWarsaw, Poland responsible for the service's operations in 28 markets in Central and Eastern\",\n \"Central and Eastern Europe. On October 4, 2022, Netflix have signed a creative partnership withAndrea BerloffandJohn Gatins.On October 11, Netflix signed up with theBroadcasters' Audience Research Boardfor external measurement of viewership in the UK.On October 12, Netflix signed to build a production complex atFort MonmouthinEatontown, New Jersey.On October 18, Netflix began exploring a cloud gaming offering and opened a new gaming studio in Southern California. On November 7, 2022, Netflix announced a strategic partnership with The Seven, a Japanese production company owned byTBS Holdings, to produce multiple original live-action titles for the subscribers over the next five years.On December 12, 2022, Netflix announced that sixty-percent of its subscribers had watched aKorean drama.CEO Ted Sarandos attributed the increase in viewership of Korean content among Americans to Korean films and dramas being \\\"often unpredictable\\\" and catching \\\"the American audience by surprise\\\". On January 10, 2023, Netflix\",\n \"10, 2023, Netflix announced plans to open an engineering hub in its Warsaw office. The hub is to provide Netflix's creative partners with software solutions for the production of films and series.In February 2023, Netflix launched a wider rollout of spatial audio, and began allowing Premium subscribers to download content for offline playback on up to six devices (expanded from four). On March 4, 2023, Netflix broadcast its first-ever global live-streaming event, the stand-up comedy specialChris Rock: Selective Outrage. Netflix reworked its viewership metrics again in June 2023. Viewership of shows was measured during the first 91 days of availability, instead of the first 28 days, and now are based on the total viewership hours divided by the total hours of the show itself. This provided more equal considerations for shorter shows and movies compared to longer ones. In August 2023, the company announced Netflix Stories, a collection of interactive narrative games from Netflix series and films such asLove is\",\n \"such asLove is Blind,Money HeistandVirgin River. Discontinuation of DVD rentals, expansion of live events, WWE agreement (2023–present) On April 18, 2023, Netflix announced that it would discontinue itsDVD-by-mailservice on September 29.Users of the service were able to keep the DVDs that they had received. Over its lifetime the service had sent out over 5 billion shipments. In October 2023, Eunice Kim was promoted to Chief Product Officer and Elizabeth Stone was promoted to Chief Technology Officer.That same month, amid a restructuring of its animation division, Netflix announced a multi-film agreement withSkydance Animationbeginning with the upcomingSpellbound. The agreement partially replaces one it had withApple TV+. In December 2023, Netflix released its first \\\"What We Watched: A Netflix Engagement Report\\\", a look at viewership for every original and licensed title watched more than 50,000 hours from January to June 2023. The company also announced plans to publish the report twice a year.In its first\",\n \"a year.In its first report for the first six months of 2023, it reported thatThe Night Agentwas the most watched show on globally in that period. On January 23, 2024, Netflix announced a major agreement withprofessional wrestlingpromotionWWE, under which it will acquire the international rights to its live weekly programRawbeginning in January 2025; the rights will initially cover the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Latin America, and expand to other territories over time. Outside of the United States, it will also hold international rights to all three of WWE's main weekly programs (Raw,SmackDown, andNXT),premium live events, and documentaries among other content. The agreement was reported to be valued at $500 million per-year over ten years. In February 2024, Netflix joined withPeter Morgan, creator of the Netflix seriesThe Crown, to produce the playPatriotsonBroadway. The venture is the first Broadway credit for the company but not its first stage project. It was actively involved as a\",\n \"involved as a producer ofStranger Things: The First Shadowin London. Both productions share a lead producer,Sonia Friedman. In May 2024, the company hosted its second Netflix Is a Joke festival in Los Angeles. It streamed several specials from the festival live, includingKatt Williams'sWoke FolkandThe Roast of Tom Brady, both of which ranked on Netflix's global top 10 the following two weeks.That same month, Netflix announced that it would stream bothNational Football LeagueChristmas gamesin 2024. For 2025 and 2026, the streamer will have exclusive rights to at least one NFL Christmas game each year. In June 2024, the company announced plans for Netflix House, a new permanent entertainment venue for fans to experience Netflix series and films. The first locations in the announcement areKing of Prussia Mallin Pennsylvania andGalleria Dallasin Texas. Availability and access Global availability Netflix is available in every country and territory except forChina,North Korea,SyriaandRussia. In January 2016,\",\n \"In January 2016, Netflix announced it would beginVPN blockingsince it can be used to watch videos from a country where they are unavailable.The result of the VPN block is that people can only watch videos available worldwide and other videos are hidden from search results.Variety is present on Netflix. Hebrew and right-to-left interface orientation, which is a common localization strategy in many markets, are what define the Israeli user interface's localization, and in some regions, Netflix offers a more affordable mobile-only subscription. Subscriptions Customers can subscribe to one of three plans; the difference in plans relates to video resolution, the number of simultaneous streams, and the number of devices to which content can be downloaded. At the end of Q1 2022, Netflix estimated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others.In March 2022, Netflix began to charge a fee for additional users in Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica to attempt to controlaccount\",\n \"to controlaccount sharing.On July 18, 2022, Netflix announced that it would test the account sharing feature in more countries, including Argentina, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.On October 17, Netflix launched Profile Transfer to help end account sharing. On July 13, 2022, Netflix announced plans to launch an advertising-supported subscription option.Netflix's planned advertising tier would not allow subscribers to download content like the existing ad-free platform.On July 20, 2022, it was announced that the advertising-supported tier would be coming to Netflix in 2023 but it would not feature the full library of content.In October, the launch date was announced as November 3, 2022, and was launched in 12 countries: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, Japan and South Korea.The ad-supported plan was called \\\"Basic with Ads\\\" and it cost $6.99 per month in the United States at launch. On February 24, 2023, Netflix cut\",\n \"2023, Netflix cut subscription prices in more than 30 countries around the world to attract more subscribers from those countries. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Croatia, Venezuela, Kenya, and Iran are on the list of countries where the cost for a subscription will be reduced.In the same month stronger anti-password-sharing rules were expanded to Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain.In May 2023, these measures were further expanded to United States and Brazil subscribers. In July 2023, Netflix added 5.9 million subscribers for the second quarter of the year for a total of 238.39 million subscribers overall. The United States and Canada accounted for 1.2 million subscribers which was the largest regional quarterly gain since 2021. Netflix announced in February that it was going to enforce stricter regulations for password sharing. In May 2023, Netflix began cracking down on password-sharing in the US, UK, and Australia. Under these new rules, multiple people can use and share one account,\",\n \"share one account, but they have to be under the same household. Netflix defines a household as people who live in the same location as the owner of the account. Users are asked to set a primary location based on the device's IP address. Netflix reported 8.05 million new subscribers in Q2 2024, up from 5.9 million subscribers added in Q2 2023. In July 2024, Netflix started phasing out its cheapest subscription plan for users in France and the US, a year after the plan was removed for Canada and the UK. Members in these countries have the option to sign up for either the standard ad-free plan or the ad plan. Device support Netflix can be accessed via aweb browser, while Netflix apps are available on various platforms, includingBlu-rayplayers,tablet computers, mobile phones,smart TVs,digital media players, andvideo game consoles. Currently supported game consoles include: Several older devices no longer support Netflix. For home gaming consoles, this includes thePlayStation 2,PlayStation TV,WiiandWii U.For\",\n \"TV,WiiandWii U.For handheld gaming consoles, this includes theNintendo 3DSfamily of systems and thePlayStation Vita.The second and third generationApple TVpreviously supported Netflix with an ad-free plan, but the app was automatically removed on these devices on July 31, 2024. In addition, a growing number ofmultichannel televisionproviders, including cable television andIPTVservices, have added Netflix apps accessible within their ownset-top boxes, sometimes with the ability for its content (along with those of other online video services) to be presented within a unified search interface alongside linear television programming as an \\\"all-in-one\\\" solution. The maximum video resolution supported on computers is dependent on theDRMsystems available on a particular operating system and web browser. Content Original programming \\\"Netflix Originals\\\" are content that is produced, co-produced, or distributed exclusively by Netflix. Netflix funds its original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign\",\n \"when they sign a project, providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series.It keeps licensing rights, which normally give production companies future revenue opportunities from syndication, merchandising, etc. Over the years, Netflix output ballooned to a level unmatched by any television network or streaming service. According toVariety Insight, Netflix produced a total of 240 new original shows and movies in 2018, then climbed to 371 in 2019, a figure \\\"greater than the number of original series that the entire U.S. TV industry released in 2005.\\\"The Netflix budget allocated to production increased annually, reaching $13.6 billion in 2021 and projected to hit $18.9 billion by 2025, a figure that once again overshadowed any of its competitors.As of August 2022, original productions made up 50% of Netflix's overall library in the United States. Film and television deals Netflix has exclusivepay TVdeals with several studios. The deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while\",\n \"rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms. Distributors that have licensed content to Netflix include Warner Bros., Universal Pictures,Sony Pictures Entertainmentand previously The Walt Disney Studios. Netflix also holds current and back-catalog rights to television programs distributed byWalt Disney Television,DreamWorks Classics,Kino International,Warner Bros. TelevisionandParamount Global Content Distribution, along with titles from other companies such asHasbro EntertainmentandFunimation. Formerly, the streaming service also held rights to select television programs distributed byNBCUniversal Television Distribution,Sony Pictures Televisionand20th Century Fox Television. Netflix negotiated to distribute animated films from Universal that HBO declined to acquire, such asThe Lorax,ParaNorman, andMinions. Netflix holds exclusive streaming rights to the film library ofStudio Ghibli(exceptGrave of the Fireflies) worldwide except in the U.S. and Japan as part of an agreement signed\",\n \"an agreement signed with Ghibli's international sales holderWild Bunchin 2020. Netflix Games In July 2021, Netflix hired Mike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Verdu said in October 2022 that besides continuing to expand their portfolio of games, they were also\",\n \"they were also interested incloud gamingoptions. To support the games effort, Netflix began acquiring and forming a number of studios. The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, in September 2021.Netflix announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for€65 millionas part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum.Netflix opened a mobile game studio in Helsinki, Finland in September 2022,and a new studio, their fifth total, in southern California in October 2022,alongside the acquisition ofSpry Foxin Seattle. In June 2024, Verdu was moved into a new role focusing on \\\"innovation in game development.\\\"The next month, Netflix hired Alain Tascan, vice president of game development atEpic Games, to head up Netflix Games.As of July 2024, Netflix\",\n \"July 2024, Netflix has over 80 games in development, releasing at least one game each month to attract fans. Technology Content delivery Netflix freelypeerswithInternet service providers(ISPs) directly and at commonInternet exchange points. In June 2012, a customcontent delivery network,Open Connect, was announced.For larger ISPs with over 100,000 subscribers, Netflix offers freeNetflix Open Connectcomputer appliancesthat cache their content within the ISPs'data centersor networks to further reduceInternet transitcosts.By August 2016, Netflix closed its last physical data center, but continued to develop its Open Connect technology.A 2016 study at theUniversity of Londondetected 233 individual Open Connect locations on over six continents, with the largest amount of traffic in the US, followed by Mexico. As of July 2017, Netflix series and movies accounted for more than a third of all prime-time download Internet traffic in North America. API On October 1, 2008, Netflix offered access to its service via a\",\n \"its service via a publicapplication programming interface(API).It allowed access to data for all Netflix titles, and allows users to manage their movie queues. The API was free and allowed commercial use.In June 2012, Netflix began to restrict the availability of its public API.Netflix instead focused on a small number of known partners using private interfaces, since most traffic came from those private interfaces.In November 2014, Netflix retired the public API.Netflix then partnered with the developers of eight services deemed the most valuable, including Instant Watcher, Fanhattan, Yidio and Nextguide. Recommendations and thumbnails Netflix presents viewers with recommendations based on interactions with the service, such as previous viewing history and ratings of viewed content. These are often grouped into genres and formats, or feature the platform's highest-rated content. Each title is presented with a thumbnail. Before around 2015, these were the samekey artfor everyone, but since then has been\",\n \"since then has been customized. Netflix may select a specific key art for a thumbnail based on viewing history,such as an actor or scene type based on genre preferences.Some thumbnails are generated from video stills. The Netflix recommendation system is a vital part of the streaming platform's success, enabling personalized content suggestions for hundreds of millions of subscribers worldwide.Using advanced machine learning algorithms, Netflix analyzes user interactions, including viewing history, searches, and ratings, to deliver personalized recommendations for movies and TV shows. The recommendation system considers individual user preferences, similarities with other users with comparable tastes, specific title attributes (genre, release year, etc.), device usage patterns, and viewing time. As users interact with the platform and provide feedback with their viewing habits, the recommendation system is able to adapt and refine its suggestions over time. Netflix uses a two-tiered ranking system, using the\",\n \"system, using the presentation of titles on the homepage for easy navigation to maximize user engagement. This is done by organizing content into rows and ranking the titles within each row based on how much the user would be interested in it.Netflix also uses A/B testing to determine what causes the biggest interest and engagement related to options concerning movie suggestions and how titles are organized. Tags like \\\"bittersweet\\\", \\\"sitcom\\\", or \\\"intimate\\\" are assigned to each title by Netflix employees.Netflix also uses the tags to create recommendation micro-genres like \\\"Goofy TV Shows\\\" or \\\"Girls Night In\\\". Awards On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the firstPrimetime Emmy Awardsnominations for originalstreamingprograms at the65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its series,Arrested Development,Hemlock GroveandHouse of Cards, earned a combined 14 nominations (nine forHouse of Cards, three forArrested Developmentand two forHemlock Grove).TheHouse of Cardsepisode \\\"Chapter 1\\\" received four nominations for both\",\n \"for both the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, becoming the first episode of a streaming television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination. With its win for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, \\\"Chapter 1\\\" became the first episode from a streaming service to be awarded an Emmy.David Fincher's win for Directing for a Drama Series forHouse of Cardsmade the episode the first from a streaming service to win a Primetime Emmy. On November 6, 2013, Netflix earned its first Grammy nomination whenYou've Got TimebyRegina Spektor— the main title theme song forOrange Is the New Black— was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On December 12, 2013, the network earned six nominations forGolden Globe Awards, including four forHouse of Cards.Among those nominations was Wright forGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Dramafor her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won. With the accolade, Wright became the first\",\n \"became the first actress to win a Golden Globe for a streaming television series. It also marked Netflix's first major acting award.House of CardsandOrange is the New Blackalso wonPeabody Awardsin 2013. On January 16, 2014, Netflix became the first streaming service to earn an Academy Award nomination whenThe Squarewas nominated for Best Documentary Feature. On July 10, 2014, Netflix received 31 Emmy nominations. Among other nominations,House of Cardsreceived nominations forOutstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.Orange is the New Blackwas nominated in the comedy categories, earning nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series.Taylor Schilling,Kate Mulgrew, andUzo Adubawere respectively nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy\",\n \"Actress in a Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (the latter was for Aduba's recurring role in season one, as she was promoted to series regular for the show's second season). Netflix got the largest share of 2016 Emmy Award nominations, with 16 major nominations. However, streaming shows only got 24 nominations out of a total of 139, falling significantly behind cable. The 16 Netflix nominees were:House of Cardswith Kevin Spacey,A Very Murray Christmaswith Bill Murray,Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt,Master of None, andBloodline. Stranger Thingsreceived 19 nominations at the2017 Primetime Emmy Awards, whileThe Crownreceived 13 nominations. In December 2017, Netflix was awardedPETA's Company of the Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries likeForks Over KnivesandWhat the Health. At the90th Academy Awards, held on March 4, 2018, the filmIcarus, distributed by Netflix, won its firstAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature\",\n \"Documentary Feature Film. During his remarks backstage, director and writer Bryan Fogel remarked that Netflix had \\\"single-handedly changed the documentary world.\\\"Icarushad its premiere at the 2017Sundance Film Festivaland was bought by Netflix for $5 million, one of the biggest deals ever for a non-fiction film.Netflix became the network whose programs received more nomination at the 2018PrimetimeandCreative Arts Emmy Awardswith 112 nominations, therefore breakingHBO's 17-years record as a network whose programs received more nomination at the Emmys, which received 108 nominations. On January 22, 2019, films distributed by Netflix scored 15 nominations for the91st Academy Awards, includingAcademy Award for Best PictureforAlfonso Cuarón'sRoma, which was nominated for 10 awards.The 15 nominations equal the total nominations films distributed by Netflix had received in previous years. In 2020, Netflix received 20 TV nominations and films distributed by Netflix also got 22 film nominations at the78th Golden\",\n \"at the78th Golden Globe Awards. It secured three out of the five nominations forbest drama TV seriesforThe Crown,OzarkandRatchedand four of the five nominations forbest actress in a TV series:Olivia Colman,Emma Corrin,Laura LinneyandSarah Paulson. In 2020, Netflix earned 24 Academy Award nominations, marking the first time a streaming service led all studios. Films and programs distributed by Netflix received 30 nominations at the 2021Screen Actors Guild Awards, more than any other distribution company, where their distributed films and programs won seven awards including best motion picture forThe Trial of the Chicago 7and best TV drama forThe Crown.Netflix also received the most nominations of any studio at the93rd Academy Awards– 35 total nominations with 7 award wins. In February 2022,The Power of the Dog, a gritty western distributed by Netflix and directed by Jane Campion, received 12 nominations, including Best Picture, for the 94th annual Academy Awards. Films distributed by the streamer received a\",\n \"streamer received a total of 72 nominations.Campion became the third female to receive the Best Director award, winning her second Oscar forThe Power of the Dog.At the50th International Emmy Awards, Netflix originalSex EducationwonBest Comedy Series.Later that year, Netflix received 26 Emmy Awards including six forSquid Game. TheSquid Gamewins forOutstanding Lead Actor in a Drama SeriesandOutstanding Directing for a Drama Serieswere the first-ever for a non-English language series in those categories. In March 2023, Netflix won six Academy Awards including four forAll Quiet on the Western Frontwhich was the most awarded Netflix film in its history.Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchiowas the first streaming film to namedBest Animated FeatureandThe Elephant Whispererswas the first Indian-produced film to receiveBest Documentary Short Film.Netflix received 103 Emmy nominations including 13 each for the limited seriesBeefandDahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story. In July 2024, Netflix received 107 Emmy nominations\",\n \"Emmy nominations which was the most of any network. Criticism Netflix has been subject to criticism from various groups and individuals as its popularity and market reach increased in the 2010s. Customers have complained about price increases in Netflix offerings dating back to the company's decision to separate its DVD rental and streaming services, which was quickly reversed. As Netflix increased its streaming output, it has faced calls to limit accessibility tographic violenceand include viewer advisories for issues such as sensationalism and promotion ofpseudoscience. Netflix's content has also been criticized bydisability rights movementadvocates for lack ofclosed captioningquality. Some media organizations and competitors have criticized Netflix for selectively releasing ratings andviewer numbersof its original programming. The company has made claims boasting about viewership records without providing data to substantiate its successes or using problematic estimation methods.In March 2020, some\",\n \"March 2020, some government agencies called for Netflix and other streamers to limit services due to increased broadband and energy consumption as use of the platform increased. In response, the company announced it would reducebit rateacross all streams in Europe, thus decreasing Netflix traffic on European networks by around 25 percent. These same steps were later taken in India. In May 2022, Netflix's shareholder Imperium Irrevocable Trust filed a lawsuit against the company for violating the U.S.securitieslaws.In January 2024, a federal judge dismissed the suit, stating that shareholders failed to provide instances of Netflix lying about subscriber growth. In May 2023, Netflix officially banned the use of password sharing between individuals of different households, meaning sharing an account was only available to those living in the same house. See also References Further reading External links\",\n \"Marc Randolph Marc Bernays Randolph(born April 29, 1958) is an American tech entrepreneur, advisor and speaker.He is the co-founder and firstCEOofNetflix. A serial entrepreneur who is said to have helped found the U.S. edition ofMacworldmagazine and the computer mail-order businesses MacWarehouse andMicroWarehouse,Randolph now serves on the boards ofLooker Data Sciencesand Chubbies Shorts. He previously served on the boards of Getable, Rafter, ReadyForce. Randolph, who has equated founding companies to his experience as a mountain guide, is the chairman of the board of trustees of theNational Outdoor Leadership School(NOLS) in Lander,Wyoming and a board member of the environmental advocacy group1% for the Planet. Early life and education Randolph was born to aJewishfamily inChappaqua, New York, the eldest child of Stephen Bernays Randolph, an Austrian-born nuclear engineer turned financial adviser and Muriel Lipchik of Brooklyn, New York who ran her own real estate firm.One of Randolph's paternal great-grand\",\n \"great-grand uncles was psychoanalysis pioneerSigmund Freud. Another paternal great-uncle of Randolph wasEdward Bernays, an Austrian-American pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda.Randolph spent his summers during high school and college working for the National Outdoor Leadership School, becoming one of its youngest instructors. He graduated fromHamilton Collegein New York with a geology degree. Career Early career Randolph's first job out of college in 1981 was atCherry Lane MusicCompany in New York. Put in charge of the company's small mail-order operation, Randolph taught himself direct mail and marketing techniques while tinkering with different ways to sell Cherry Lane's catalog of sheet music directly to consumers. Randolph's fascination with using computer software to track customers' buying behavior would ultimately inform his decision to create a user interface at Netflix that doubled as a market research platform.He further developed his theories about using direct mail to\",\n \"direct mail to influence and retain customers doing circulation work while helping found the U.S. version ofMacUsermagazine in 1984. While co-founding computer mail-order firms MacWarehouse andMicroWarehousewith Peter Godfrey and his partners about a year later, Randolph made the connection between overnight delivery and improved customer retention.The discovery later proved crucial to Netflix's growth and survival: the company's subscriber base first blossomed and cut intoBlockbuster Increvenues in cities where Netflix offered overnight DVD delivery. Randolph spent the dawn of the Internet age building direct-to-consumer marketing operations at software giantBorlandInternational starting in 1988. He left Borland in 1995 for a series of short stints at Silicon Valley start-ups, including heading marketing at desktop scanner makerVisioneer, and then as a member of the founding team of Integrity QA, a developer of automated software testing products.In late 1996, software debugging companyPure Atriaacquired\",\n \"Atriaacquired the nine-person software startup. Pure Atria's founder and CEOReed Hastingsretained Randolph as vice president of corporate marketing for the rapidly expanding Pure Atria.In late 1996, Pure Atria announced thatRational Softwarewould acquire it in an $850 million stock swap in what was then the richest merger inSilicon Valleyhistory.Hastings and Randolph commuted together between their homes inSanta Cruz, California, into Silicon Valley for about four months while the Rational merger was finalized, and on these drives, the idea for Netflix was born. Netflix Randolph wanted to replicate the e-commerce model pioneered by online booksellerAmazon.com. He had heard that digital-versatile-discs (DVD) were being tested in several U.S. markets, and he wanted to explore the concept of selling the compact new digital format online. He and Hastings could not find a DVD, so they tested the idea with acompact disc.\\\"Reed and I were in downtown Santa Cruz and we were saying, 'I wonder if we can mail these\",\n \"we can mail these things',\\\" Randolph said. \\\"We went in and bought a music CD and went into one of the stationery stores … and bought a greeting card and stuck the CD in the envelope and mailed it to Reed's house. And the next day, he said, 'It came. It's fine.' If there was an aha moment, that was it.\\\"Hastings, Randolph's mother, and Integrity QA founder Steve Kahn were initial investors in Netflix when plans first started in 1996-1997.Randolph named the company, designed its initial user interface and branding and acted as chief executive for the first year while Hastings attendedStanford Universitygraduate school. Netflix launched on April 14, 1998, out of an office park inScotts Valley, California.Randolph designed the user interface to act as an online catalog of movies and a market research platform so that he could constantly test different versions to perfect the user experience. The data generated by these market tests led the team to three concepts that they combined in 1999 to create Netflix's\",\n \"to create Netflix's successful business model: a subscription-based service with no due dates or late fees and unlimited access to content, a \\\"Queue\\\" that allowed subscribers to specify the order in which DVDs should be mailed to them, and a serialized delivery system that automatically mailed out a DVD as soon as the previous rental was returned. The subscriber data collected by the user interface fed a recommendation engine known as Cinematch, that helped manage the company's limited DVD inventory by guiding subscribers to movies and TV shows that were in stock and generally away from new releases. Randolph ceded the CEO post to Hastings in 1999 and turned to product development. He and founding team memberMitch Lowetested a concept for a movie rental kiosk called Netflix Express that Lowe later turned into movie kiosk giantRedboxafter Hastings rejected it as a line of business.Randolph left Netflix in 2002 after helping guide the company through its initial public offering two years earlier.He credited\",\n \"earlier.He credited Hastings with successfully scaling the company to 93 million subscribers worldwide,and said he preferred the start-up stage.\\\"At the beginning, it's very much triage. If there are a hundred things broken and you need the skill to pick the three you've got to fix, I'm really good at that. I'm not good at the other ninety-seven,\\\" Randolph said. After Netflix Since his departure from Netflix, Randolph has served as a mentor at MiddCOREand a board member ofLooker Data Sciences.He is also Entrepreneur in Residence forHigh Point Universityand its Belk Entrepreneurship Center.In addition to his mentorships he is a keynote speaker, focusing on entrepreneurship, leadership, and innovation. He travels the world speaking about his experience with Netflix and the lessons he has learned from his other startup investments. In September 2019, his book,That Will Never Work: The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Ideawas published byLittle, Brown and Company. Personal life Randolph has been\",\n \"Randolph has been married to Lorraine Kiernan since 1987. They have three children. He now lives in Santa Cruz, California. References External links\",\n \"One Percent for the Planet One Percent for the Planetis an international organization whose members contribute at least one percent of their annualrevenueto environmental causes to protect the environment. Since 1985,Patagoniapledged 1% of sales to the preservation of restoration of the natural environment. In 2002,1% for the Planetwas founded byYvon Chouinard, founder of Patagonia, and Craig Mathews, owner of Blue Ribbon Flies,to \\\"encourage more businesses to donate 1% of sales to environmental groups\\\".Since its creation, the organization has been joined by countries around the world, with a great number of partners in France, Great Britain, Australia, and Japan.France is the only country to have an independent entity. Members BICjoined as a member in 2022 with an eco-friendly product line;Honest Teajoined with a glass product line.Other notable members includeOXO,New Belgium Brewing Company, Klean Kanteen, andNature's Path's EnviroKidz brand. References External links\",\n \"Yvon Chouinard Yvon Chouinard(born November 9, 1938)is an American rock climber, environmentalist, philanthropist, and outdoor industry businessman. His company,Patagonia, is known for its high quality outdoor products and outerwear. He was named one of the100 most influential people in the worldbyTimemagazine in 2023. Chouinard is also a surfer, kayaker, and falconer and is particularly fond oftenkarafly-fishing.He has written about climbing issues and ethics and on mixingenvironmentalismand business. Early life Chouinard's father was aFrench-Canadianhandyman, mechanic, and plumber. In 1947, Yvon and his family moved fromLewiston, Maineto Southern California. They wereCatholic. His early climbing partners includedRoyal RobbinsandTom Frost.ASierra Clubmember, in his youth he founded the Southern California Falconry Club, and it was his investigations offalconaeriesthat led him to rock climbing.To save money and to make adaptations for the way he was climbing, he decided to make his own climbing tools by\",\n \"climbing tools by teaching himself blacksmithing, and eventually started a business. Yosemite rock climber to leading alpinist Chouinard was one of the leading climbers of the \\\"Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing.\\\" He was one of the protagonists of the film made about this era:Valley Uprising(2014). He participated in the first ascent of the North America Wall in 1964 (withRoyal Robbins,Tom Frost, andChuck Pratt), using no fixed ropes. The next year, his and TM Herbert's ascent of the Muir Wall on El Capitan improved the style of previous first ascents.Chouinard became the most articulate advocate of the importance of style, the basis of modern rock climbing. In 1961, he visited Western Canada withFred Beckey, and made several important first ascents, including the North Face ofMount Edith Cavell(Rockies), the Beckey-Chouinard Route on South Howser Tower in theBugaboos(Purcell Mountains), and the North Face ofMount Sir Donald(Selkirk Mountains). These climbs opened his eyes to the idea of applying Yosemite\",\n \"applying Yosemite big-wall climbing techniques to mountain climbing, and his advocacy was important to modern,high-grade alpinism. Also in 1961, he visitedShawangunk Ridgefor the first time,freeclimbingthe first pitch of Matinee (the hardest free climb done at Shawangunk Ridge at the time); and introducingchrome-molybdenum steelpitons to the area, which revolutionized climbing protection. In 1968, he climbedCerro FitzroyinPatagoniaby a new route (The Californian Route, 3rd overall ascent of the mountain) with Dick Dorworth,Chris Jones, Lito Tejada-Flores, andDouglas Tompkins. Chouinard has also traveled and climbed in the European Alps and in Pakistan. Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In 1957, he bought a second-hand coal-fired forge, and started making hardened steelpitonsfor use inYosemiteValley. Between time spent surfing and climbing, he sold pitons out of the back of his car to support himself. The improved pitons were a big factor in the birth of big-wall climbing from 1957 to 1960 in Yosemite. The success of\",\n \"The success of his pitons caused him to found Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In the late 1960s, Chouinard and business partnerTom Frostbegan studying ice climbing equipment, and re-invented the basic tools (cramponsand ice axes) to perform on steeper ice. These new tools and his bookClimbing Ice(1978) started the modern sport of ice climbing. Around 1970, he became aware that the use of steel pitons made by his company was causing significant damage to the cracks of Yosemite. These pitons composed 70 percent of his income.In 1971 and 1972, Chouinard and Frost introduced new aluminum chockstones, calledHexentricsand Stoppers, along with the less successful steel Crack-n-Ups, and committed the company to the advocacy of the new tools and a new style of climbing called \\\"clean climbing.\\\" This concept revolutionized rock climbing and led to further success of the company, despite cannibalizing the sales of pitons, formerly his most important product. They applied for a U.S. patent on Hexentrics in 1974, and it was\",\n \"in 1974, and it was granted on April 6, 1976.These are still manufactured byBlack Diamond Equipment. In the latter 1960s, Chouinard attempted a number of significant technological and technique changes to ice climbing after trips to the Alps in Europe and Sierra Nevada ice gullies in autumn. He removed the flex from crampons, making them more rigid for front-pointing. He drew the taper of a rock hammer into a point for better ice purchase. He increased the cross section of ice screws while also using lighter materials. He experimented with pick and blade issues with ice axes. Prior to this, much of ice climbing was seen as mere step cutting. He attempted to replace hand ice picks (climbing type) with a small ice axe head called a Climaxe. In 1989, Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. filed for bankruptcy protection in order to protect it from liability lawsuits. The hard assets of Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. were acquired by its employees through theChapter 11process, and the company was reestablished asBlack Diamond\",\n \"asBlack Diamond Equipment, Ltd. Patagonia and environmentalism Chouinard is most known for founding the clothing and gear companyPatagonia. Chouinard started to sell clothes by chance as a way to support his moderately profitable equipment business.In 1970 on a trip to Scotland, he purchased some rugby shirts and sold them with great success.From this small start, the Patagonia company developed a wide selection of rugged technical clothing. According to Chouinard, the intent of Patagonia is to make clothes for people under the rugged, southern Andes/Cape Horn conditions of places like Patagonia. Recognizing that the financial success of the company provided the opportunity to also achieve personal goals, Chouinard committed the company to being an outstanding place to work, and to be an important resource for environmental activism. In 1984, Patagonia opened an on-site cafeteria offering \\\"healthy, mostly vegetarian food,\\\" and started providing on-site child care.In 1986, Chouinard committed the company to\",\n \"the company to \\\"tithing\\\" for environmental activism, committing one percent of sales or ten percent of profits, whichever is the greater. The commitment included paying employees working on local environmental projects so they could commit their efforts full-time. In the early 1990s, an environmental audit of Patagonia revealed the surprising result (at the time), that corporatecotton, although it was a natural material, had a heavy environmental footprint. In 1996, Chouinard committed the company to using all organic cotton. In 2002, Yvon Chouinard founded1% for the Planetand Patagonia became the first business to commit 1% of annual sales to the environment. In 2014, Patagonia supported the advocacy documentary filmDamNation, which is about changing attitudes in America towards its dams. Chouinard was the executive producer of the film, and he was also featured in the film commenting about dams. In 2018, in acknowledgment that sustainability and responsible practices are core to Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard\",\n \"Yvon Chouinard was recognized with theSierra Club's top award, theJohn Muir Award. In 2022, Chouinard announced that he was donating ownership in Patagonia to atrustto ensure profits are used for addressingclimate change.Chouinard's family retains control of the company's voting stock through the Patagonia Purpose Trust. Personal life In 1971, Chouinard met and married his wife, Malinda Pennoyer, who was an art and home economics student atCalifornia State University, Fresno.They have a son (Fletcher) and a daughter (Claire), both of whom work for Patagonia. In 2021, Yvon Chouinard received an honorary degree fromBates College. Publications Notable ascents Related reading References Other sources External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":280,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Is the time between Oasis's first album and 2024 shorter or longer than between Oasis's first album and The Beatles' last album?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Longer."},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/The_Beatles (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"],"string":"[\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/The_Beatles (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/The_Beatles (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"],"string":"[\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/The_Beatles (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":281,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many years did Cardi B's rap career overlap with Tupac's rap career?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Zero"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cardi B Belcalis Marlenis Cephus(néeAlmánzar;born October 11, 1992), known professionally asCardi B, is an American rapper and songwriter. Distinguished for her aggressiveflowand outspoken clever lyrics, Cardi B has established herself as one of the most successful female artists in contemporary music. From 2015 to early 2017, she gained recognition onVineandInstagram, as a cast member onVH1'sLove & Hip Hop: New York, and by releasingtwo mixtapes. Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy(2018), debuted at number one on theBillboard200andBillboardranked it the top female rap album of the 2010s. Critically acclaimed, it made Cardi B the only solo female artist to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Album, andRolling Stoneranked it the best debut album of all time by a female rapper. Its singles \"Bodak Yellow\" and \"I Like It\" both topped theBillboardHot 100and were certifieddiamondby theRIAA; the former made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the Hot 100 with a solo song in the 21st century and the first to achieve a diamond-certified song, while the latter made her the first with multiple number-one songs. Her third US number-one, the collaboration \"Girls Like You\" (2018) withMaroon 5, made her the first female rapper to earn multiple RIAA diamond-certified songs. She released \"WAP\" (withMegan Thee Stallion) in 2020 and \"Up\" in 2021, both of which topped the Hot 100 and other charts worldwide. \"WAP\" is the only female rap collaboration to debut atop the Hot 100, made Cardi B the first lead artist to top theBillboardGlobal 200, and had a large cultural impact. Recognized byForbesas one of the most influential female rappers of all time, Cardi B holds various records among women in hip hop; she isthe female rapper with the most number-one singles(five) on theBillboardHot 100, the only female rapper to achieve multiple solo number-ones, and the only to earn number-one singles in two decades (2010s and 2020s). She further isthe highest-certified(digital singles) female rapper of all time in the US,the female rapper with the most diamond-certified songs(three) by the RIAA, and has over 100 million certifiedunitssold in the US. Additionally,Invasion of Privacyis the most-streamed female rap album onApple MusicandSpotify.Her accoladesinclude aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards, sixGuinness World Records, sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, 14BET Hip Hop Awardsand twoASCAPSongwriter of the Yearawards.Timelisted her as one of the100 most influential people in the worldin 2018 andBillboardnamed herWoman of the Yearin 2020. Outside of music, Cardi B served as a judge on the music competition seriesRhythm + Flow(2019), appeared in the filmsHustlers(2019) andF9(2021), and had a voice role inBaby Shark's Big Movie!(2023). In 2022, she became thecreative directorof entertainment magazinePlayboy. Early life Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar was born on October 11, 1992, in theWashington Heightsneighborhood ofManhattan,New York City.Her father Carlos isDominicanand her mother Clara is aTrinidadianofAfricanandSpanishdescent; Almánzar identifies as anAfro-Latina.Almánzar was raised in theHighbridgeneighborhood of theSouth Bronx,and spent much time at her paternal grandmother's home in Washington Heights, which she credits with giving her \"such a thick accent.\"Almánzar developed the stage name \"Cardi B\" as a derivation ofBacardi, arumbrand that was formerly her nickname.She has a younger sister, Hennessy Carolina, who was born in 1995. She has said she was a gang member with theBloodsin her youth, since age 16,but stated she would not encourage joining a gang.She attended Renaissance High School for Musical Theater & Technology, avocational high schoolon theHerbert H. Lehman High Schoolcampus. During her teens, Cardi B was employed at a grocery store inTribeca.She was fired and became a dancer at a strip club across the street.Cardi B has said that becoming a stripper was positive for her life in many ways: \"It really saved me from a lot of things. When I started stripping I went back to school.\"She stated that she became a stripper to escape poverty anddomestic violence, having been in an abusive relationship at the time after being kicked out of her mother's house,and that stripping was her only way to earn enough money to escape the situation and get an education.She attendedBorough of Manhattan Community Collegebefore eventually dropping out.While stripping, Cardi B lied to her mother by telling her she was making money bybabysitting. In 2013, she began to gain publicity due to several of her videos spreading on social media, onVineand herInstagrampage. Career 2015–2016: Career beginnings In 2015, Cardi B joined the cast of theVH1reality television seriesLove & Hip Hop: New York, debuting in season six.Jezebelconsidered her the breakout star of the show's sixth season.The New York Timeswrote that she garnered popularity with \"her ability to rattle off one-liners\".The sixth and seventh seasons chronicle her rise to stardom and her turbulent relationship with her incarcerated fiancé. On December 30, 2016, after two seasons, she announced that she would be leaving the show to further pursue a career in music. In November 2015, Cardi B made her musical debut on Jamaicanreggae fusionsingerShaggy's remix to his single \"Boom Boom\", alongside fellow JamaicandancehallsingerPopcaan.She made her music video debut on December 15, 2015, with the song \"Cheap Ass Weave\", her rendition of BritishrapperLady Leshurr's \"Queen's Speech 4\".On March 7, 2016, Cardi B released her first full-length project, amixtapetitledGangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1.In November 2016, she was featured on the digital cover ofVibemagazine's \"Viva\" issue. On September 12, 2016, KSR Group released the compilationUnderestimated: The Album, which is a collaboration between KSR Group artists Cardi B,HoodCelebrityy, SwiftOnDemand, Cashflow Harlem, andJosh X. It was previously released only to attendees of their U.S. tour. the label's flagship artist, Cardi B, said: \"I wanted to make a song that would make girls dance,twerkand at the same time encourage them to go get that Shmoney,\" in regard to the compilation's single \"What a Girl Likes\". She appeared on the December 9, 2015, episode ofUncommon Sense with Charlamagne.On April 6, 2016, she was on the twelfth episode ofKhloé Kardashian'sKocktails with Khloé: in this episode, she revealed how she told her mother that she was a stripper.In November 2016, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of theBETseriesBeing Mary Jane.TVLinedescribes her character, Mercedes, as a \"round-the-way beauty with a big weave, big boobs and a big booty to match her oversize, ratchet personality.\" In 2016, Cardi B was featured in her first endorsement deal withRomantic Depot, a large New York chain of lingerie stores that sell sexual health and wellness products. The ad campaign was featured on radio and cable TV. 2017–2018: Breakthrough withInvasion of Privacy On January 20, 2017, Cardi B released her second mixtape,Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2.In February 2017, Cardi B partnered withMAC Cosmeticsand Rio Uribe'sGypsy Sportfor an event forNew York Fashion Week.In late February, Cardi B signed her first major record label recording contract withAtlantic Records.On February 25, 2017, Cardi B was theopening actforEast Coast hip hopgroupThe Lox'sFilthy America... It's BeautifulTour, alongside fellow New York City-based rappersLil' KimandRemy Ma.In April 2017, she was featured ini-D's\"A-Z of Music\" video sponsored byMarc Jacobs.Cardi guest-starred on the celebritypanel showHip Hop Squares, appearing on the March 13 and April 3, 2017, episodes.She also released thefreestyle\"Red Barz\". In May 2017, the nominees for the2017 BET Awardswere announced, revealing that Cardi B had been nominated forBest New ArtistandBest Female Hip-Hop Artist.AlthoughChance the Rapperand Remy Ma won those categories, respectively, Cardi B performed at theBET AwardsAfterpartyshow.On June 11, 2017, duringHot 97's annualSummer Jammusic festival, Remy Ma brought out Cardi B, along withThe Lady of Rage,MC Lyte,Young M.A,Monie Love, Lil' Kim, andQueen Latifah, to celebrate female rappers and perform Latifah's 1993 hit single \"U.N.I.T.Y.\" aboutfemale empowerment.In June 2017, it was revealed that Cardi B would be on the cover ofThe Fader's Summer Music issue for July/August 2017.She performed atMoMA PS1on August 19 to a crowd of 4,000. On June 16, 2017, Atlantic Records released Cardi B's commercial debut single, \"Bodak Yellow\", viadigital distribution.She performed the single onThe Wendy Williams ShowandJimmy Kimmel Live!The song climbed the charts for several months, and, on theBillboardHot 100chart dated September 25, 2017, \"Bodak Yellow\" reached the number one spot, making Cardi B the first female rapper to do so with a solo single sinceLauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" debuted atop the chart in 1998.The song stayed atop the charts for three consecutive weeks, tying with American pop singerTaylor Swift's \"Look What You Made Me Do\" as the longest running female at the number one spot in 2017. Cardi B became the first person of Dominican descent to reach number one in the history of the Hot 100 since it was launched in 1958.An editor ofThe New York Timescalled it \"the rap anthem of the summer\".Selected byThe Washington PostandPitchforkmusic critics as the best song of 2017,\"Bodak Yellow\" was eventually certifiedDiamondby theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). The song received nominations forBest Rap PerformanceandBest Rap Songat the60th Grammy Awards.It won Single of the Year at the2017 BET Hip Hop Awards. With her collaborations \"No Limit\" and \"MotorSport\", she became the first female rapper to land her first three entries in the top 10 of the Hot 100,and the first female artist to achieve the same on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart.In October 2017, Cardi B headlinedPower 105.1's annual Powerhouse music celebration, alongsidethe Weeknd,Migos, andLil Uzi Vert, at theBarclays Centerin Brooklyn, New York.In December, she released two songs: a collaboration with Puerto Rican singerOzunatitled \"La Modelo\",and \"Bartier Cardi\", the second single from herdebut album. On January 3, 2018, Cardi B was featured on the remix ofBruno Mars' single \"Finesse\",and appeared in the 90s inspired video. It reached the top three on the Hot 100, Canada and New Zealand. On January 18, 2018, Cardi B became the first female rapper to have five top 10 singles simultaneously on theBillboardHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.She released another single, \"Be Careful\", on March 30, 2018, a week before her album's release. Her debut studio album,Invasion of Privacy, was released on April 6, 2018, to universal acclaim from music critics.Editors fromVarietyandThe New York Timescalled it \"one of the most powerful debuts of this millennium\" and \"a hip-hop album that doesn't sound like any of its temporal peers,\" respectively.The album entered at number one in the United States, while she became the first female artist to chart 13 entries simultaneously on theBillboardHot 100, on the chart issue dated April 21.It became the moststreamedalbum by a female artist in a single week inApple Music,and the largest on-demand audio streaming week ever for an album by a woman.Cardi held the latter recorduntil 2019.The album's title reflects Cardi B's feeling that as she gained popularity her privacy was being invaded in a variety of ways.Following the album's release, during a performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B officially announced her pregnancy, after much media speculation.She also co-hosted an episode ofThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Several months later, in July 2018, the album's fourth single, \"I Like It\", which features vocals fromBad BunnyandJ Balvin, reached number one on theHot 100; this marked her second number one on the chart and made her the first female rapper to achieve multiple chart-toppers.It received critical acclaim,withRolling Stonenaming it \"thebest summer songof all time\" in 2020.Her collaboration withMaroon 5, \"Girls Like You\", also reached number one on the Hot 100 chart, extending her record among female rappersand also making her the sixth female artist to achieve three number-one singles on the chart during the 2010s.The song's music video has received more than 3 billion views onYouTubeand was thefifth-best selling songof the year globally. With \"Girls Like You\" following \"I Like It\" at the top of theBillboardRadio Songschart, Cardi B became thefirst female rapperto replace herself at number one on the chart.The single spent seven weeks atop the Hot 100, making Cardi the female rapper with the most cumulative weeks atop the chart, with eleven weeks.It spent 33 weeks in the top 10, tying bothEd Sheeran's \"Shape of You\" andPost MaloneandSwae Lee's \"Sunflower\" for the longest top 10 run in the chart's archives at the time.In October 2018,Invasion of Privacywas certifieddouble platinumby the RIAA, and the following year it was updated to triple platinum. With the thirteen tracks, she became the first female artist to have all songs from an album certified gold or higher in the US. Cardi B received the most nominations for the2018 MTV Video Music Awardswith 12 mentions—including forVideo of the Year, winning three awards.She tied withDrakefor the most nominations at the2018 American Music Awards. She won three AMAs and performed at the ceremony.Her single \"Money\" earned her a fourth Video Music Award, with visuals that feature Cardi playing characters in different locations, including in an art museum, a bank and a strip club.Her collaboration withDJ Snake\"Taki Taki\" topped the charts in a number of Hispanic countries, made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the SpotifyGlobal 50chart,and has garnered more than 2 billion views. Both singles were certified multiple-platinum by the RIAA.People en Españolnamed her Star of the Year,andEntertainment Weeklydeemed her \"a pop culture phenomenon\", as she was named one of \"2018 Entertainers of the Year\". On November 30, 2018, Cardi B was honored atEbony's annual Power 100 Gala.Cardi ranked fifth on the 2018BillboardYear-EndTop Artists chart, whileInvasion of Privacyranked sixth. She achieved the most-streamed album of the year by a female artist globally inApple Music,and ranked as the most streamed female artist of the year in the United States inSpotify.Editorial staff from Apple Music andBillboardnamed \"I Like It\" the best song of 2018,whileTimemagazineandRolling StonenamedInvasion of Privacythe best album of the year.Also in 2018,Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world.In its decade-end review article,NMEstated that the era secured \"her crown as the newQueen of Rap.\" 2019–2020:Hustlers,Rhythm + Flowand \"WAP\" Cardi B received five nominations at the61st Grammy Awards, including forAlbum of the Year,Best Rap AlbumandRecord of the Year(\"I Like It\").She became the third female rapper to be nominated for Album of the Year, followingLauryn Hill(1999) andMissy Elliott(2004).On February 10, 2019, she then performed at the award ceremony, where she wore three vintageThierry Muglercouture looks during the telecast and became the first female rapper to winBest Rap Albumas a solo artist. Cardi B led the2019 Billboard Music Awardsnominations, with 21, earning the most nominations in a single year by a female artist and the third most nominations in a year (behind Drake and The Chainsmokers, who both had 22 in a year).She ended up winning six awards, including forTop Hot 100 Song, bringing her career total wins to seven—the most of any female rapper in history.An article byOmaha World-Heraldcalled her \"the biggest rapper in the world.\" On February 15, 2019, Cardi B released \"Please Me\", a collaboration with Bruno Mars, which became her seventh top-ten song on the Hot 100, reaching number three.The song marked Cardi and Bruno's second collaboration, following \"Finesse\" in 2018. The official music video was released two weeks later.On March 1, Cardi set a new attendance record at theHouston Livestock Show and Rodeo, with 75,580 fans in the audience.With \"Backin' It Up\", \"Twerk\" and \"Money\", Cardi became the first female artist to occupy the top three on theBillboardMainstream R&B/Hip-Hop airplay chart. Her following single titled \"Press\" was released on May 31, 2019.Theparental-advisorylabeled music video marked her directorial debut—being credited as co-director, and was released on June 26, 2019.It had its debut performance at the2019 BET Awards, where she received the most nominations with seven, and wonAlbum of the Year.During the summer of 2019, she embarked on an arena tour.In September, she led theBET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with ten. Cardi B made her film debut inHustlersdirected byLorene Scafaria, oppositeJennifer Lopez,Constance Wu, andLili Reinhart.The film was released on September 13, 2019.Cardi B, along withChance the RapperandT.I., were confirmed as judges for theNetflixseriesRhythm + Flow, a ten-part hip-hop talent search that premiered on October 9, 2019, which she alsoexecutive produced. In December 2019, Cardi B embarked on her first tour of Africa, performing in Nigeria and Ghana.Her collaboration \"Clout\" was nominated for aGrammy Award for Best Rap Performance.She was the most streamed female rapper of 2019 in the US, according to Spotify.Consequence of Sounddeemed her \"one of the most formidable hip-hop artists of the decade.\"In March 2020, Cardi B created a reaction video about thecoronavirus pandemic. DJ iMarkkeyz, a Brooklyn DJ known for turning memes and online moments into full-length songs, created a track, based on her reaction titled \"Coronavirus\", which became aninternet memeand was released to music platforms.Netflix announced the return ofRhythm + Flowfor 2021. Cardi B released the single \"WAP\" featuring American rapperMegan Thee Stallionon August 7, 2020, as the lead single off her forthcoming second studio album.The song received critical acclaim and was praised for itssex positivemessages.TheColin Tilley-directed music video accompanied the song itself, and broke the record for the biggest 24-hour debut for an all-female collaboration on YouTube.She became the only female rap artist to top the Global Spotify chart multiple times.\"WAP\" debuted at number-one on theBillboardHot 100chart, garnering Cardi B her fourth chart-topper in the US, extending her record as the female rapper with the most number-one singles, and also making her the first female rapper to achieve Hot 100 number one singles in two different decades (2010s and 2020s). With 93 million streaming units, it became the largest first-week streams for a song, breaking the all-time record held byAriana Grande's \"7 Rings\".It has spent four weeks atop the Hot 100. The single has also spent multiple weeks at number one in seven other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom. Neil Shah ofThe Wall Street Journaldeemed it \"a big moment for female rappers\" and \"a historic sign that women artists are making their mark on hip-hop like never before\".\"WAP\" became the first number one single on the inauguralBillboardGlobal 200chart. It became critics' best song of the year according to a compilation of rankings made by theBBC,with publications such asPitchforkandRolling Stoneplacing it at number one. Cardi B won theBillboardMusic Award for Top Rap Female Artistfor the third time at the2020 ceremony.In December 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards.With her win for \"WAP\" at theAmerican Music Awards, she became the first artist to win theAmerican Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Songmultiple times, following her win for \"Bodak Yellow\" in 2018. 2021–present: Upcoming second studio album On February 5, 2021, Cardi B released \"Up\", the second single from her upcoming studio album. A music video for the single was released alongside it. The song was praised byNMEmagazine for its lyricism and fresh approach as a successor to \"WAP\".\"Up\" debuted at number two on the USBillboardHot 100chart, marking the highest debut for a solo female rap song sinceLauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" in 1998.The song debuted at number one on theRolling StoneTop 100, becoming both Cardi B's second number-one single and second number-one debut, as well as the first time a female rapper debuts atop the chart with a solo song.Cardi B became the first female artist and first lead artist with consecutive number-one debuts on the USHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart, and second overall performer followingDrakein 2016.\"Up\" reached number one on theBillboardHot 100 after herGrammy Awardsperformance, making her the only female rapper to reach number one multiple times with solo songs, following \"Bodak Yellow\", and extended her record as the female rapper with the most number-one songs on the Hot 100 as her fifth chart-topper.Cardi B received a second nomination for theBrit Award for International Female Solo Artist. Cardi B made a last-minute appearance in \"Big Paper\", from DJ Khaled's albumKhaled Khaledreleased on April 30, 2021.Cardi received two nominations for theBET Award for Video of the Year, for the videos \"Up\" and \"WAP\", winning for the latter and becoming the first female rapper to win Video of the Year as a lead artist. This became the 10th time that an artist has had two nominated videos in this category as a lead artist, and the second time for her, following her nominations for \"Money\" and \"Please Me\" in 2019. She announced her second pregnancy during the performance of her Migos collaboration \"Type Shit\" at the2021 ceremony.She also appeared inF9, which was released on June 25, 2021, byUniversal Pictures.On July 16, 2021, Cardi B was featured on theNormanisingle \"Wild Side\".Cardi collaborated withLizzoon \"Rumors\", which debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi B's tenth top 10 single on the chart, and her seventh number-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Cardi B received six nominations at the2021 MTV Video Music Awards, including her second nomination for Video of the Year.She also led the nominations for the2021 BET Hip Hop Awardsalong with Megan Thee Stallion, with nine each;both rappers won the most awards during the ceremony with three for \"WAP\", with Cardi becoming the first female artist to win Best Hip Hop Video twice (2019 and 2021). On October 28, 2021, Cardi B previewed her second album to Atlantic Records via her Instagram Story. She captioned \"The money people liking the album sounds\".On November 2, Cardi B was announced as the host of the2021 American Music Awards(AMAs). The award show was held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles on November 21,and marked the most social telecast of the year per interactions across social media.During the ceremony, \"Up\" won the award forFavorite Hip Hop Song, making Cardi B the first artist to win the category three times.Cardi B featured onSummer Walker's 2021 albumStill Over Iton the opening track \"Bitter\".Warner Records released the soundtrack forHalle Berry's directorial debut filmBruisedon November 19. Selected by executive producers Berry and Cardi B, the Netflix film's soundtrack features six original songs by female artists, including Cardi,H.E.R., City Girls,Flo Milli,Saweetie, andLatto, and seven additional female rap songs inspired by the film. In March 2022, Cardi B appeared on the extended version of Summer Walker andSZA's collaboration, \"No Love\".The following month, she featured on rapper Kay Flock's song, \"Shake It\"; it samplesAkon's 2005 song \"Belly Dancer (Bananza)\".Also in April, Cardi guest-voiced as Sharki B, her \"aquatic alter ego\", on \"The Seaweed Sway\" episode of theNickelodeonanimated seriesBaby Shark's Big Show!—and performed a song of the same name.She appeared alongside Offset and her daughter.On July 1, 2022, Cardi B released \"Hot Shit\", featuring rappersKanye WestandLil Durk, as the third single from her upcoming second studio album.The song was first announced during aBET Awards 2022commercial break.On July 8 and 9, she headlined the 2022Wireless Festivalin London andBirmingham.Cardi B worked with cousin and fellow rapperGloRillaon the remix to her song \"Tomorrow\", titled \"Tomorrow 2\", which was released in September 2022.The remix peaked at number nine on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi's eleventh top-ten single.HipHopDXlisted it as the \"Best Hip-Hop Collaboration\" of 2022 while it was also the highest-listed song by a female rapper onBillboard's 100 Best Songs of 2022 list.On October 1, Cardi B made a surprise appearance at theInglewoodshow of Puerto Rican rapperBad Bunny's concert tour, theWorld's Hottest Tour.In November, she signed with entertainment executiveIrving Azoff's Full Stop Management.In December 2022, she gave a 35-minute private performance at theMiami Art Baselfor which she was paid $1 million.Later that month, a remix of Spanish artistRosalía's song \"Despechá\" featuring Cardi, was released. Cardi B appeared as a surprise performer at the New York City shows of SZA and GloRilla's tours: theSOS Tourand Anyways, Life's Great Tour, in early 2023.In April, she served as one of three headliners of the inauguralRolling Loud Thailandfestival inPattaya, along withTravis ScottandChris Brown.In June, she featured on \"Put It on da Floor Again\", the remix to rapper Latto's \"Put It on da Floor\".It peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100, becoming Cardi's 20th top-twenty single.On June 4, Cardi B headlined the 2023Summer Jamfestival inElmont, New York.ln July, she featured on \"Point Me 2\", the remix to drill rapper FendiDa Rappa's single \"Point Me to the Slut's\".Later that month, she collaborated with Offset on two tracks of his second solo album,Set It Off(2023): \"Freaky\" and \"Jealousy\".The latter was released as the lead single of the record; it samplesThree 6 Mafia's \"Jealous Ass Bitches\".Cardi released \"Bongos\" featuring Megan Thee Stallion on September 8, 2023, as the fourth single of her upcoming second studio album. The song marks the pair's second collaboration after \"WAP\" (2020).The music video, directed byTanu Muino,cost over $2 million.\"Bongos\" reached number 14 in the US.Cardi led the2023 BET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with21 Savage, with twelve each.She reprised her voice role as Sharki B for the children's animated film,Baby Shark's Big Movie!, in which ch she appeared alongside Offset and their two children. It premiered in December onParamount+and Nickelodeon.Cardi B co-headlinedTikTok's inaugural In the Mix festival on December 10 inMesa, Arizona,which was released as a concert special on Disney+ and Hulu on December 15.She performed at theFontainebleau Miami Beach, accompanied by DJGryffin, on December 31, 2023, which aired live for the 2024 edition ofDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. She released the promotional single \"Like What (Freestyle)\" on March 1, 2024, with an accompanying music video directed by Offset.Her first solo song since \"Up\" (2021), it is afreestyleof rapperMissy Elliot's \"She's a Bitch\" (1999).The track reached the top 40 in the US and became Cardi's 19th top-ten and 11th chart-topper onHot Rap Songsand Hot Rap Digital Songs.It was followed by \"Enough (Miami)\" on March 15,which marked her 12th top-ten on the Hot 100 and seventh number-one on the Digital Songs chart.A remix ofFlo Milli's \"Never Lose Me\" was released on the same day, featuring SZA and Cardi B.On March 11, Cardi joinedMadonnaonstage for a guest appearance at the Inglewood show of herCelebration Tour.She appeared on \"Puntería\" withShakira, the opening track and eighth single of the latter's twelfth albumLas Mujeres Ya No Lloran, released on March 22, 2024.\"Puntería\" reached number one on theLatin Airplaychart and topped theLatin Pop Airplaychart for nine weeks.On May 21, Cardi B appeared as a surprise performer at theMadison Square Gardenshow of Megan Thee Stallion'sHot Girl Summer Tour.She featured on the remix of Thee Stallion and GloRilla's \"Wanna Be\", released on May 31.In June, Cardi featured on \"Put Em in the Fridge\" fromPeso Pluma's fourth albumÉxodo.She co-headlined theBET Experiencefestival at theCrypto.com Arenaon June 28.Her collaboration withRob49, titled \"On Dat Money\", was released on July 19. In August, Cardi confirmed that her second studio album would be released in late 2024, stating that it was \"three-quarters of the way done\".Previously iterated for a 2023 release,she revealed that she was \"just holding it\" because she felt \" missing a couple of things\" and \"gotta make sure that everything is just planned out\".In October, Cardi will co-headline the 2024 One Musicfest inAtlanta. Artistry Influences InBillboard's \"You Should Know\" series, Cardi B said the first albums she ever purchased were by American entertainersMissy ElliottandTweet, respectively.She has credited Puerto Rican rapperIvy Queenand Jamaican dancehall artistSpiceas influences, as well asBeyoncé,Lady Gaga,Lil' Kim,Madonna,andSelena.She has mentionedChicago drill musicas an important influence.When asked about the initial direction for her music, Cardi B said in an interview, \"When I first started rapping I liked certain songs fromKhiaandTrina, and they fighting songs. I haven't heard fighting songs for a very long time,\" crediting the two female rappers for her aggressive rap style. She continued, saying \"a lot of girls they cannot affordred bottoms, a lot of girls they cannot afford foreign cars but I know that every girl has beef with a girl I know that every bitch don't like some bitch, and it's like 'that's what I wanna rap about.'\" She also credits growing up in the South Bronx and real life experiences as influences for her songwriting; \"I wouldn't be able to rap about the things that I rap about now .\" Musical style Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy, is primarily ahip hoprecord, which comprises elements oftrap,Latin music, andR&B.Consequence of Sounddescribed her flow as \"acrobatic and nimble.\"AllMusiceditor David Jeffries called Cardi B \"a raw and aggressive rapper\".Stereogumcalled her voice \"a full-bodied New Yawk nasal bleat, the sort of thing that you've heard if someone has ever told you that you stupid for taking too long at swiping yourMetroCard.\" They continued to call her voice \"an unabashedly loud and sexual fuck-you New York honk—that translates perfectly to rap.\" In a 2017Complexarticle about her, the editor wrote \"unapologetic does not begin to describe the totally unfiltered and sheer Cardi B-ness of Cardi B's personality. She's a hood chick who's not afraid to be hood no matter the setting. Cardi B is Cardi B24/7, 365, this is why she resonates with people, and that same energy comes out in her music.\"Herflowhas been described as aggressiveIn 2019,NMEdescribed her lyrics as \"sexually free\" performed with \"rapid\" flow,and other publications have further described her lyrics as outspoken,while her punchlines have been praised, by such publications asPitchforkandThe Source, as clever and quotable.She possesses aNew York-Dominicanaccent. Cardi B has defended her musical content featuring sexually-charged lyrics—like most contemporary female rappers; she stated that the content \"seems like that's what people want to hear\", since she faced negative reactions after releasing her more emotional song, \"Be Careful\".She has declared, \" is the type of artist I always wanted to be: I like to rap about the streets, and I like to rap about my pussy. I don't give a fuck about it.\"She has stated that writing and performing songs about her personal life and relationships initially caused her a \"weird and uncomfortable\" feeling and shyness. Cardi B employs different vocal styles in her music; in \"WAP\" her vocal performance has been described as \"throaty\"and \"staccato\",while in \"Up\" she raps withalliteration, atongue twister-run, and \"some classically comedic Cardi\"punch lines. Other ventures Products and endorsements In February 2017, she partnered withM.A.Cand Rio Uribe's Gypsy Sport for aNew York Fashion Weekevent.Her April appearance ini-D's \"A-Z of Music\" video was sponsored by designerMarc Jacobs,and she made the cover ofThe Fader's July/August 2017 Summer Music issue.Tom Ford's Cardi B-inspired lipstick, named after her, was released in September 2018. It sold out within 24 hours.In November, she released a clothing line collection withFashion Nova.The same month she partnered withReebok, promoting the brand's Aztrek sneaker.In partnership with Reebok, she released a footwear and apparel collection in 2020, inspired by her personal style and paying homage to \"classic 80s styling\" and motifs.She released her second collection with Reebok in 2021, titled \"Let Me Be...In My World\", comprising sneakers, tracksuits, and corsets, inspired by everyday life in New York City.The third collection with the brand, \"Mommy & Me\", was released in May 2021 in recognition ofMother's Day, which includes Cardi's iteration of Club C shoes for adults, children, and infants.The next, titled \"Let Me Be...Enchanted\" was released in two parts in June and July 2022; it was revealed to be inspired by \"a state of enchantment and euphoria\" and included crop tops, faux fur jackets, and leotards along with footwear.The fifth and final collection, \"Let Me Be...Next Level Energy\", was also released in two parts in September and December 2022, concluding her four-year partnership with Reebok.Inspired by Cardi B's \"unmatched energy\", the collection consisted of bodysuits, crop tops, footwear, leggings, and woven jackets—of a color palette based oncrystals. Cardi B teamed up withPepsifor three television commercials, which aired during theSuper Bowl LIII, the61st Annual Grammy Awards, and Christmas.In early 2019, Cardi also joined other hip hop artists (including her husbandOffset, as part ofMigos) in releasing her flavors of snack food Rap Snacks: two flavors of chips, and two of popcorn. The bags' artwork was designed by Jai Manselle and inspired by the cover ofInvasion of Privacy. In December 2021, Cardi B partnered withPLBY Group Inc.ascreative directorin residence forPlayboyand founding member of Centerfold, a creator-driven website in the works. The partnership also includes fashion and sexual wellness products. In February 2023, Cardi B and Offset partnered withMcDonald'sto create the Cardi B and Offset meal, which was launched onValentine's Day.The meal was first announced in the2023McDonald'sSuper Bowl commercialwhich the couple appeared in.In October, she fronted the campaign forSkims' Cotton Collection.The campaign generated over $4 million in media impact value (MIV).In December 2023, she made her runway debut at the Balenciaga fall 2024 show in Los Angeles. In February 2024, Cardi B starred inNYX Cosmetics' inaugural Super Bowl commercial forSuper Bowl LVIII, titled \"Lips Only\".An edited version of the advert—centered around the company's Duck Plump lip gloss—was broadcast during the commercial break, due toribald themesof humor.In May 2024, she appeared alongside sprinterSha'Carri Richardsonin a commercial for the2024 Summer Olympics.In July, Cardi fronted theMarc Jacobsfall 2024 campaign. Whipshots In collaboration with Starco Brands, Cardi B launched avodka-infused,veganwhipped cream, called Whipshots, in the US in December 2021.It has sold over five million cans as of March 2024. Cardi Tries She premiered the seriesCardi TriesviaFacebook Messengerin December 2020, with herself as one of the executive producers.The web series ran for three seasons until April 2023. Philanthropy In 2022, Cardi B donated $100,000 to the elementary school she attended, I.S. 232 inThe Bronx. Public image Political statements Cardi B identifies as afeminist.The rapper has been called \"unabashedly, directly political\"and often uses social media to advocate for causes she believes in, such asgun control.During the2016 presidential primaries, she warned her fans ofDonald Trump's immigration policies and encouraged them to vote for SenatorBernie Sanders.At theGrammy Awardsin 2018, she appeared in a video along withHillary Clintonto narrate a portion ofFire and Fury,Michael Wolff's insider's account of Trump's administration, and stated \"Why am I even reading this shit? I can't believe this. I can't believe—this is how he really lives his life?\" Early in 2018 she used her social media to demand transparency ontax policy, asking for detailed information on how her taxpayer dollars are being spent in New York state and criticizing the maintenance of its streets, prisons, andpublic transportation.Cardi B endorsed Sanders once again in hissecond bidfor the presidency in the2020 United States presidential election, while praising U.S. RepresentativeTim Ryan.She stated that one of the reasons for her endorsement is Sanders' long-time involvement in supporting underprivileged minorities and \"people gettingMedicarebecause he knows they can't afford it,\"whilePoliticoargued that she \"might be one of Bernie's most powerful 2020 allies.\" She has used her social pages to raise awareness for victims ofpolice brutality, and has encouraged people to vote for mayors, judges anddistrict attorneysin local elections.In a conversation with Democratic candidateJoe BidenforElle, they discussed Medicare,free college tuition, and racial equality.According to a study published byThe Hollywood Reporter, Cardi B ranked as the fifth most influential celebrity, and fourth amongGeneration Z, for the 2020 presidential election. In November 2023, Cardi B stated that she no longer supports Joe Biden for president,saying that she would \"not endorsing no fucking president's no more\" as a result of Biden's \"spending on wars\". She has praised PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltfor advocating for theSocial Securityprogram and theNew Dealproject.She said of Roosevelt, \"he helped us get over theDepression, all while he was in a wheelchair. Like, this man was suffering frompolioat the time of his presidency, and yet all he was worried about was trying to make America great—make America great again for real. He's the real 'Make America Great Again,' because if it wasn't for him, old people wouldn't even get Social Security.\"Sanders has praised her for her \"leading role\" in calling attention to Social Security. Fashion Cardi has a noted affinity forChristian Louboutinheels, a running theme in her song \"Bodak Yellow\".She has also mentioned her affinity for cheap,fast fashionbrands stating \"I don't care if it cost $20 or $15. If it looks good on me, it looks good on me\".During an interview in early 2017, Cardi B spoke on being rejected by some fashion designers.Cardi wore vintageThierry Muglerto the2019 Grammy Awards, with ani-Darticle stating that the fashion house's \"resurgence onto the fashion scene can almost single-handedly be attributed\" to theSwarovski crystal-embroidered crinoline sheath gown she wore at the ceremony. Mugler's collaboration with Cardi B marked the second time in 25 years that the Paris house opened its archives to dress a celebrity, the first beingBeyoncéfor her 2009 concert tour.Wmagazine credited the \"WAP\" music video for popularizing the Mugler bodysuit in the mainstream.Cardi has acknowledged Mugler as one of the first designers to \"take a major chance on \" for their fashion collaborations. Vogue,The Telegraph,Time, andVibehave referred to her as afashion icon.An article fromVoguenoted she \"is famous for her statement getups—whether she's rocking archival Mugler on the red carpet, or dripping in Chanel while sitting courtside at a basketball game.\"Her over-the-top manicures, designed bynail artistJenny Buiand studded withSwarovski crystals, has become a part of her signature look.EditorChristian Allairefrom the magazine in 2021 commented that her signature \"bold\" ensembles \"create a spectacle\" duringfashion weeks. In 2018, she became the first female rapper in the US to appear on the cover ofVoguemagazine. Photographed byAnnie Leibovitz, the cover, one of four for the January 2019 issue that includedStella McCartney,features her in a red and whiteMichael Korsdress and matching redJimmy Chooshoes, while holding her daughter, Kulture. In 2019, theCouncil of Fashion Designers of Americaincluded her on their list of \"28 Black Fashion Forces\".Vogueeditor-in-chiefAnna Wintourcommended her fashion sense, declaring that she \"completely rethought opinion of Cardi B's style\" after the 2019Met Gala, where the rapper wore aThom Browne-designed burgundy gown that extends outward in concentric circles for about ten feet and was inspired by thefemale form. Cardi B became the face ofBalenciaga's ad campaign for the winter 2020 season. The campaign includes billboards in several international locations, such as theLouvremuseum.Vogue's Brooke Bobb commented, \"This is Cardi's first campaign for a luxury fashion house, though she's definitely no stranger to the Parisian style scene\", citing her floral printedRichard Quinnensemble \"that literally covered her from head to toe\" and her being \"a front row fixture\" athigh fashionshows, adding, \"She and her stylist Kollin Carter have been wildly successful in carving out a much-needed space for Cardi within the fashion industry, and they've cultivated a personal style that is all her own while being inspiring to all\". In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be awarded by theFN Achievement Awardswhen she won the Style Influencer of the Year award, which was presented to her byChristian Louboutin. In a press release for the awards show, she was called an \"influence just about everything in pop culture—from music, fashion and style to social media, politics and even public service\".In 2022,Rolling Stoneranked her as the second most-stylish woman in music, behindLady Gaga,andGQconsidered her \"one of fashion's preeminent risk-takers.\" Impact Cardi B has been referred to as the \"Reigning Queen of Hip Hop\" by multiple publications, includingBillboard,The Hollywood Reporter,Entertainment Weekly,Omaha World-Herald,Black Enterprise,Newsweek, andThe A.V. Club,and as the \"Queen of Rap\" byNME,Essence,Harper's Bazaar Malaysia,The Jakarta Post,Uproxx,iHeartRadio,Geo TV,Vanity Fair,Joe,Boston Herald,Refinery 29,France 24, and Nigerian mediaThe Guardian,BBC News, andDaily Trust. Spinstaff credited her for opening \"the table to a new generation of pop artists remaking American music in their own image and accents,\" as Cardi B \"recognized thatPOCartists no longer need to pander or soften themselves in order to become household names.\"Billboardeditors stated that with \"Bodak Yellow\"'s commercial success, \"she left an indelible mark on the summer of 2017, not only because she rewrote history, but she gave hope to the have nots...\".Several publications have credited \"I Like It\", the firstLatin trapsong to reach number one on theHot 100, for introducing the \"musical movement\" to a mainstream, massive audience.Billboard'sCarl Lamarre considered \"WAP\"'s achievements \"a clever Trojan horse for the myriad ways Cardi influences the culture with every move she makes.\" The Wall Street Journal's Neil Shah stated in 2020 that her breakthrough and success influenced \"today's female-rap renaissance,\" whileGeniusstaff credited her for \"helping jumpstart a new wave of female hip-hop signings and promotion at labels,\"andNPR Musiccommented that the \"renaissance\" of the dynamism of women in rap grew \"in enthusiasm and breadth\" since Cardi's \"first historic run\" in 2017.Similarly,Clover Hope's bookThe Motherlode(2021) stated thatInvasion of Privacy\"jump-started a new era for women rappers in which success felt much more tangible\" as Cardi B \"multiplied the wealth of talent and resurrected the idea that numerous women who controlled their own stories could dominate rap at once.\" The New Yorkerhas credited her for \"changing a genre that has rarely allowed for more than one female superstar at a time.\"Uproxxnoted Cardi B for promoting up-and-coming female rappers; \" choosing to use her position at the height of stardom to open doors for other women to flourish in hip-hop at a greater level than any since theGolden Eraand 'Ladies First',\" considering it \"something of a departure from tradition; for the decade previous to Cardi's precipitous come-up, it seemed hip-hop had an unspoken,Highlander-esque rule in place regarding women.\"Varietydeemed her a \"hip-hop icon\",andThe Independentcalled her \"the people's pop culture icon\", writing that she \"has become one of the most recognisable cultural figures of the past 10 years\". NPRdefined \"Cardi B effect\" as \"abranding powerrooted in specific authenticity, created and permeated by rapper Cardi B\" and noticed that with her breakthrough, \"brands finally started to become hip to effect, noticing the cultural markers outside of the rap world that were proving it wasn't limited to clubs, concerts and radio.\"Business magazineInc.stated that her success \"shows how social media changed everything we knew abouttraditional marketingand media\", which no longer relies on a \"well-thought marketing scheme or millions of dollars in advertising.\"In 2019, a life-sized sculpture of her was on display at theBrooklyn Museum, as part ofSpotify's RapCaviar \"Pantheon\". Bloombergreported that her data bill helped to boost Ghana's GDP growth in 2019, after it was part of a concert tour.She inspired the creation of the sitcomPartners in Rhyme, executively produced byMC Lyteabout a young woman in high school who \"aspires to be the next Cardi B.\"P-Valleycreator and executive producerKatori Hallcited her an inspiration for the TV series, and credited her for \"helping prepare the public\" for its storyline. Several artists have cited Cardi B's work as an inspiration, includingRosalía,Olivia Rodrigo,Jazmine Sullivan,Selena Gomez,Blackpink,Spice,Greta Gerwig,Nathy Peluso,Rubi Rose,María Becerra,andAbigail Asante.Cardi B has been credited for supporting and uniting female rappers in the industry,with a writer fromUproxxconsidering her co-sign \"the newDrakeeffect\" for women in hip hop. Achievements Cardi B is the recipient of numerous accolades, including aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards(including three consecutiveTop Rap Female Artistwins), sixGuinness World Records,sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, sixBET Awards(includingAlbum of the Year), and fourteenBET Hip Hop Awards.Invasion of Privacy—which made her the first female rapper to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Albumas a solo artist—became the first female rap albumin fifteen yearsto be nominated for aGrammy Award for Album of the Year. Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018.She received theASCAPaward forSongwriter of the Yearin 2019, becoming the first female rapper to win the award.She received the honor for the second time in 2020, making her the first female songwriter to win the award twice.In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards. Cardi B is the female rapper with the mostBillboardHot 100number one singles (5)and the one with the most total weeks on the top position (16).\"I Like It\" became the first song led by a female rapper to surpassa billion streamsonSpotify, making her the first woman in hip hop with multiple billion-streamers on the service, and the female rapper with the second-most, with a total of four so far.With the singles \"Taki Taki\" and \"WAP\" she became the only female rapper to top the global Spotify chart multiple times.Since August 2020, \"WAP\" holds the record of the biggest first-week streams for a song in the United States.Invasion of Privacywas the top female rap album of the 2010s, according to theBillboard200decade-end chart.It became the longest-charting album by a female rapper on theBillboard200,and the most-streamed female rap album on Spotify. Cardi is the female rapper with the mostDiamond-certifiedsongs by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) (3): \"Bodak Yellow\", which made her the first female rapper to have a song certified Diamond; \"Girls Like You\", which made her the only female rapper to achieve multiple Diamond-certified songs; and \"I Like It\", a tie for the second-most among women artists.Cardi B has topped twicePitchfork'sannual list of best songs of the year(2017 and 2020).Billboardstaff andRolling Stoneranked her debut album number 13 and 34 on their critics' lists of the best albums of the 2010s respectively, both the highest rank for a female rapper for the decade.Cardi B has become the highest-certified female rapper of all time on theRIAA's Top Artists (Digital Singles)ranking, with 58 million certified units, also being among the highest-certified female artists overall.In October 2022, five years after her major-label debut, she reached 100 million units sold in RIAA certifications, across her album, singles and guest appearances. In the US, Cardi has achieved three times the best-performing song of the year by a female artist—the first act to do so this century—in 2017, 2018, and 2020.As of 2021, \"I Like It\" is the most-streamed song by a female rapper in the United Kingdom.In August 2021, \"Bodak Yellow\" made Cardi B the first female rapper to have two videos on herYouTubechannel with more than 1 billion views, joining \"I Like It\", and became the fastest solo female rap song to reach that mark on the platform.She has the most-viewed music videos on YouTube, both as a solo act and feature, among female rappers (\"Bodak Yellow\"; \"Girls Like You\"). As of September 2024, she has one music video with over 3 billion views (\"Girls Like You\"); one video with over 2 billion views (\"Taki Taki\"); and three videos with over a billion views (\"I Like It\", \"Bodak Yellow\", \"Girls Like You (Volume 2)\") on YouTube. Cardi is the only female rapper ranked onBillboard's Greatest Hot 100 Hits of All Time, with \"Girls Like You\" at number 30. Personal life Cardi B defined herself as a practicingCatholic.In 2016, Cardi B said that, while working as a stripper during her younger years, she used to drug and rob men to get money.Following controversies on the matter, sparked in 2019, she defended herself by saying that she took money from them because they \"wasted her time by falling asleep\", and then \"kept coming back.\"In 2024, she spoke on the matter again, saying she \"doesn't feel bad\" about drugging and robbing men and would do it again. She identifies asbisexual.In connection with theMe Too movement, she has discussed being sexually assaulted in the past while working as a stripper. In a 2018 interview, Cardi B talked about beingAfro-LatinaandAfro-Caribbean: We are Caribbean people. Some people want to decide if you're black or not, depending on your skin complexion, because they don't understand Caribbean people or our culture. I don't got to tell you that I'm black. I expect you to know about it. When my father taught me about Caribbean countries, he told me that Europeans took over our lands. That's why we all speak different languages. Just like everybody else, we came over here the same way. I hate when people try to take my roots from me. Because we know that there's African roots inside of us. Relationships In early 2017, Cardi B began dating fellow rapperOffset.They became engaged on October 27, 2017.On April 7, 2018, during her second performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B revealed her pregnancy; she was about six months (24 weeks) pregnant at the time.On June 25, 2018,TMZfound a marriage license revealing Cardi B and Offset had actually secretly married in September 2017, one month before the public proposal. She later confirmed this in a social media post. Cardi B gave birth to her daughter on July 10, 2018.In December 2018, she announced onInstagramthat she and Offset had separated, though the pair later reunited.In February 2019, the couple made a public appearance for the Grammys.He accompanied her onstage during her acceptance speech forBest Rap Album. In September 2020, it was reported that Cardi B had filed for divorce from Offset,but the following month it was revealed they were back together.In June 2021, Cardi B revealed she was pregnant with her second child, a boy.She gave birth to her son on September 4, 2021.On the fifth anniversary of her marriage, Cardi B announced she was planning her official wedding.In December 2023, Cardi shared via Instagram that she had been \"single for a minute,\" confirming that she and Offset were no longer together.However, as of March 2024, the current status of their marriage became unclear as they were still working together, with Offset having directed a music video for Cardi B.In July 2024, Cardi officially filed for divorce from Offset. She announced her third pregnancy the day after.She gave birth to her third child, on September 7, 2024. Legal issues On October 1, 2018, Cardi B was accused of an alleged assault of two female bartenders.The victims claimed that Cardi B and her entourage \"threw bottles and alcohol at them.\"She denied involvement.She was charged with twomisdemeanors: assault and reckless endangerment.Cardi B appeared in court for her arraignment on December 7, 2018, after she did not show up for the originally scheduled date due to a scheduling conflict, according to her attorney.On June 21, 2019, a jury indicted Cardi B on 14 charges, including two counts of felony assault with intent to cause serious physical injury, stemming from the incident.She was arraigned on June 25, 2019, and pleaded not guilty on all charges.On September 15, 2022, she pleaded guilty to third-degree assault and second-degree reckless endangerment, resulting in a sentence of 15 days of community service. On January 24, 2022, Cardi won a million-dollar defamation verdict against YouTuber Latasha Kebe (Tasha K) for waging a \"malicious campaign\" to hurt her reputation by posting false rumors. She stated that the lies had led her to contemplate suicide in 2019.The jury issued a verdict that Cardi B had been defamed and awarded $1.25 million in damages.Further proceedings brought the total fine against Kebe to $3.82 million. On March 25, 2022, Cardi, her sister Hennessy, and Hennessy's girlfriend won a defamation lawsuit filed against them by three men over an incident at a Suffolk County beach. In July 2023, Cardi B threw her microphone into the crowd at aLas Vegasconcert of hers after a fan threw a liquid at her. Subsequently, one fan attempted to press charges but theClark CountyPolice Department following an investigation decided not to move forward with a case. Controversies Cardi B sparked controversy after throwing one of her high heel shoes at and attempting to physically attack fellow rapperNicki Minajat aNew York Fashion Weekafter-party in September 2018; bodyguards intervened before she could reach Minaj, leaving her a large bump on her forehead.Following the altercation, she alleged on Instagram that Minaj had previously \"liked\" social media comments that spoke negatively of Cardi B's ability to take care of her newborn daughter.Minaj denied the allegations on her Queen Radio show and expressed embarrassment at the fight.She accused Cardi B of building \"her career off of sympathy and payola\" and of bribing DJs and radio outlets with sex to play her records. Minaj also criticized Cardi B's rapping ability, saying, \"Do you know what it's like to sit in your room for hours writing raps? You came into my fucking culture. I never had to fuck a DJ to play my songs.\"Minaj also called Cardi B a \"disgusting pig\" for allegedlycyberbullyinga guest caller on Minaj's show and unearthed posts calling dark-skinned black women \"cockroaches\", which she had defended earlier by saying that it is a derogatory term inthe Bronxused for anyone being disrespectful.Cardi B was on the cover of the 2019 spring fashion issue ofHarper's Bazaar, which featured her in aCinderella-themed photo shoot wearing a red gown and leaving a shoe behind. Some interpreted this as a reference to the incident. After the release of \"Girls\" in May 2018, a collaboration where she had a featured verse, Cardi B responded to accusations of the song trivializingLGBTrelationships; she tweeted, \"We never try to cause harm or had bad intentions with the song.\" She went on to add, \"I personally myself had experiences with other women.\" Discography Filmography Commercials See also Notes References Further reading External links","Tupac Shakur Tupac Amaru Shakur(/ˈtuːpɑːkʃəˈkʊər/ⓘ; bornLesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names2PacandMakaveli, was an American rapper and actor. Considered to be one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time,academics regard him as one of the most influential music artists of the 20th century and a prominent political activist forBlack America.In addition to his music career, Shakur also wrote poetry and had numerous starring roles in movies. Shakur is among thebest-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide.His lyrical content has been noted for addressing social injustice, political issues, and the marginalization of otherAfrican-Americans,but he was also synonymous withgangsta rapand violent lyrics. Shakur was born inNew York Cityto parents who were both political activists andBlack Panther Partymembers. Raised by his mother,Afeni Shakur, he relocated toBaltimorein 1984 and to theSan Francisco Bay Areain 1988. With the release of his debut album2Pacalypse Nowin 1991, he became a central figure inWest Coast hip hopfor hisconscious rapandpolitical raplyrics.Shakur achieved further critical and commercialmulti-platinumsuccess with his follow-up albumsStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...(1993) andMe Against the World(1995).HisDiamondcertified albumAll Eyez on Me(1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.In addition to his music career, Shakur starred roles inJuice(1992),Poetic Justice(1993),Above the Rim(1994),Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Shakur's most notable songs include \"California Love,\" \"Changes,\" \"Dear Mama,\" \"Hail Mary,\" \"Keep Ya Head Up,\" \"Hit 'Em Up,\" \"Ambitionz az a Ridah,\" \"All Eyez on Me,\" \"Ghetto Gospel,\" \"Do for Love,\" \"So Many Tears,\" \"To Live & Die in L.A.,\" \"How Do U Want It,\" \"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted,\" \"Brenda's Got a Baby\" and \"I Get Around.\" Alongside his solo career, Shakur was part of the groupThug Lifeand collaborated with artists likeSnoop Dogg,Dr. Dre, and theOutlawz. During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, includingincarceration. He served eight months in prison onsexual abusecharges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction in 1995.Following his release, he signed toMarion \"Suge\" Knight's labelDeath Row Recordsand became heavily involved in the growingEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.On September 7, 1996, Shakur wasshot four timesby an unidentified assailant in adrive-by shootinginLas Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur's friend-turned-rival,the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered inanother drive-by shootingsix months later in March 1997, while visiting Los Angeles.On September 22, 1996, a peace summit was convened atMosque MaryambyLouis Farrakhanin response to hisassassination. Shakur's double-length posthumous albumGreatest Hits(1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.Five more albums have been released since Shakur's death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous albumThe Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory(1996)under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified multi-platinum in the United States.In 2002, Shakur was inducted into theHip-Hop Hall of Fame.In 2017, he was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Famein his first year of eligibility.Rolling Stoneranked Shakur among the100 Greatest Artists of All Time.In 2023, he was awarded a posthumous star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His influence in music, activism, songwriting, and other areas of culture has been the subject of academic studies. Early life Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, inEast Harlem, Manhattan, New York City.While born Lesane Parish Crooks, at age one he was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.He was named afterTúpac Amaru II, a descendant of the lastIncanruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after hisrevoltagainstSpanish rule.Shakur's motherAfeni Shakurexplained, \"I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood.\"Tupac's surname came from Lumumba Shakur, a Sunni Muslim, whom his mother married in November 1968. Their marriage fell apart when it was discovered that Lumumba was not Tupac's biological father. Shakur had an older stepbrother,Mopreme \"Komani\" Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior. Panther heritage Shakur's parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, William \"Billy\" Garland, had been activeBlack Panther Partymembers in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.A month before Shakur's birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of thePanther 21criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges. Other family members who were involved in theBlack Panthers'Black Liberation Armywere convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur's stepfather,Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years as one of theFBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur'sgodfather,Elmer \"Geronimo\" Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was wrongly convicted of murdering a schoolteacher during a 1968 robbery. After he spent 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution's having concealed evidence that proved his innocence. Shakur's godmother,Assata Shakur, is a former member of theBlack Liberation Armywho was convicted in 1977 of thefirst-degree murderof aNew Jersey State Trooper. Since 2013, she has been in theFBI Most Wanted Terroristslist after she escapedprisonin 1979. Education In the 1980s, Shakur's mother found it difficult to find work and struggled with drug addiction.In 1984, his family moved from New York City toBaltimore, Maryland.Beginning in 1984 when Shakur was 13, he lived in thePen Lucyneighborhood with his mother and younger sister at 3955 Greenmount Ave.The home was a two-storyrowhousethat had been subdivided into two separate rental units; the Shakur family lived on the first floor.After his death, the block was renamed Tupac Shakur Way. While living in Baltimore, Shakur attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade atPaul Laurence Dunbar High School.He transferred to theBaltimore School for the Artsin the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry,jazz, and ballet.He performed inShakespeare plays—the themes of which he identified in patterns of gang warfare—and as the Mouse King inThe Nutcrackerballet. At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actressJada Pinkett, who became the subject of some of his poems (\"Jada\" and \"The Tears in Cupid's Eyes\").With his friend Dana \"Mouse\" Smith as abeatbox, he won competitions for the school's best rapper.Known for his humor, he was popular with all crowds of students.He listened to a diverse range of music that includedKate Bush,Culture Club,Sinéad O'Connor, andU2. Upon connecting with the BaltimoreYoung Communist League USA,Shakur dated Mary Baldridge, who was the daughter of the director of the local chapter of theCommunist Party USA. In 1988, Shakur moved toMarin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.In nearbyMill Valley, he attendedTamalpais High School,where he performed in several theater productions.Shakur did not graduate from high school, but later earned hisGED. Music career MC New York Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.That year, he began attending the poetry classes ofLeila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap groupDigital Underground.In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as aroadieandbackup dancer. Digital Underground Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac onDigital Underground, under a new record label,Interscope Records, on the group's January 1991 single \"Same Song\". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, starringDan Aykroyd,John Candy,Chevy Chase, andDemi Moore.The song opened the group's January 1991 EP titledThis Is an EP Release,while Shakur appeared in the music video. At the request of Steinberg, Digital Underground co-founder Jimi \"Chopmaster J\" Dright worked with Shakur,Ray Luvand Dize, a DJ, on their earliest studio recordings. Dright recalls that Shakur did not work well as part of a group, and added, \"this guy was on a mission. From day one. Maybe he knew he wasn't going to be around seven years later.\" From 1988 to 1991, Dright and Digital Underground produced Shakur's earliest work with his crew at the time, Strictly Dope.The recordings were rediscovered in 2000 and released asThe Lost Tapes: Circa 1989.Afeni Shakur sued to stop the sale of the recordings but the suit was settled in June 2001 and rereleased asBeginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991. Shakur's early days withDigital Undergroundmade him acquainted withRandy \"Stretch\" Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team,Live Squad, inQueens, New York.Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground's 1991 albumSons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often. 2Pacalypse Now Shakur's debut album,2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 filmApocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—likeNas,Eminem,Game, andTalib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.Aside from \"If My Homie Calls\", the singles \"Trapped\" and \"Brenda's Got a Baby\" poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage. U.S. Vice PresidentDan Quaylesaid, \"There's no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society.\" Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,explained, in part: I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males. When I said that, I didn't know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males, to be the media's kicking post for young black males. 2Pacalypse Nowwascertified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day. Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... Shakur's second album,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..., was released in February 1993.A critical and commercial success, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200.An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac's sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song \"Last Wordz\" featuresIce Cube, co-writer ofN.W.A's\"Fuck tha Police\", who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantlypolitical, andgangsta rapperIce-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his bandBody Count's track \"Cop Killer\". In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the \"Black Side\", while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the \"Dark Side\".The album carries the single \"I Get Around\", a party anthem featuring Digital Underground'sShock GandMoney-B, which became Shakur's breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, theBillboardHot 100.And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, \"Keep Ya Head Up\", an anthem forwomen's empowerment.The album was certifiedPlatinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies. Thug Life In late 1993, Shakur formed the groupThug Lifewith Tyrus \"Big Syke\" Himes, Diron \"Macadoshis\" Rivers, his stepbrotherMopreme Shakur, and Walter \"Rated R\" Burns.Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac. Thug Life released its only album,Thug Life, Volume I, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single \"Pour Out a Little Liquor\", produced byJohnny \"J\" Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur's albumAll Eyez on Me. The track also appears on theAbove the Rimsoundtrack.Due togangsta rapbeing under heavy criticism at the time, the album's original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, \"Out on Bail\", which was never released, at the1994 Source Awards. The Notorious B.I.G. and Junior M.A.F.I.A. In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles,the Notorious B.I.G.asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.Together, they recorded the songs \"Runnin' from tha Police\" and \"House of Pain\". Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him thatSean Combswould make him a star.Yet in the meantime, Shakur's lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, theJunior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friendsLil' CeaseandLil' Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994. Me Against the World Shakur's third album,Me Against the World,was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.It is now hailed as hismagnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.The album debuted at No. 1 on theBillboard200and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper. The lead single, \"Dear Mama\", was released in February 1995 with \"Old School\" as theB-side.It is the album's most successful single, topping theHot Rap Singleschart, and peaking at No. 9 on theBillboardHot 100.In July, it was certified Platinum.It ranked No. 51 on theyear-end charts. The second single, \"So Many Tears\", was released in June 1995,reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.The final single, \"Temptations\", was released in August 1995.It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for \"Temptations\". Shakur won best rap album at the1996 Soul Train Music Awards.In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the U.S. All Eyez on Me While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contactDeath Row RecordsfounderSuge Knightin Los Angeles.Reportedly, Shakur's mother promptly received $15,000.After an August visit toClinton Correctional Facilityin northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the2nd Annual Source Awardsceremony. Meanwhile, anEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalrywas brewing between Death Row andBad Boy Records.In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending. Shakur's fourth album,All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996.It was rap's first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur's contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.The album shows Shakurrapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.Music journalistKevin Powellnoted that Shakur, once released from prison, became more aggressive, and \"seemed like a completely transformed person\". As Shakur's second album to hit No. 1 on both theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and the pop albums chart, theBillboard200,it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it wascertified5× Multi-Platinum in April.The singles \"How Do U Want It\" and \"California Love\" reached No. 1 on theBillboardHot 100.Death Row released Shakur's diss track \"Hit 'Em Up\" as the non-album B-side to \"How Do U Want It\". In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed \"Bad Boy killer\" threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duoMobb Deepand rapperChino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute. All Eyez on Mewon R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the1997 Soul Train Music Awards.At the1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,and 10× in July 2014. Posthumous albums At the time of his death, a fifth solo album was already finished,The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded during the summer of 1996 and released that year.The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com rankedThe 7 Day Theoryat No. 9 among hip hop's greatest albums ever,and by 2006 a classic album.Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans. According to George \"Papa G\" Pryce, Death Row Records' then director ofpublic relations, the album was meant to be \"underground\", and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.It peaked at No. 1 onBillboard'sTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and on theBillboard200,with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum. Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are: Poetry collection Before and during his hip-hop career, Shakur wrote dozens of poems.Some of the most notable are \"Can U C The Pride in The Panther\", \"If I fail\", \"Family Tree\", and \"The Rose that grew from the concrete\". In 1993 Tupac played a character named “Lucky” in the film titledPoetic JusticealongsideJanet Jackson. Poet and activistMaya Angelou, whom worked withMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm Xduring the civil rights movement, wrote the poems used in the 1993 film. In April 2022, handwritten poems written by Tupac when he was 11 years old were up for sale for $300,000 USD but only sold for $90,000.The poems were forJamal Josephand three otherBlack Panther Partymembers while they were incarcerated atLeavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur's writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The poems feature a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart and the phrase \"Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter\". In October, 2023, sexually explicit poems he wrote toJada Pinkett Smithwhile in prison went public in the book \"Tupac Shakur: The Authorized Biography.\"Pinkett Smith celebrated Shakur's 50th birthday by showing a unreleased poem on Instagram called \"Lost Soulz.\"According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\"Tupac had passion for theater and admiration ofWilliam Shakespeare. Years after Tupac's death,Nassaid \"I put Tupac beyond Shakespeare.\" Film career Shakur's first film appearance was in the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, acameoby the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred inJuice, in which he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual.Rolling Stone'sPeter Traverscalls him \"the film's most magnetic figure\". In 1993, Shakur starred alongsideJanet JacksoninJohn Singleton's romance film,Poetic Justice.Singleton later fired Shakur from the 1995 filmHigher Learningbecause the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.For the lead role in the eventual 2001 filmBaby Boy, a role played byTyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.Ultimately, theset designincludes a Shakur mural in the protagonist's bedroom, and the film's score includes Shakur's song \"Hail Mary\". DirectorAllen Hugheshad cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 filmMenace II Societybut replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors \"because he was bigger than the movie\". Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 filmAbove the Rim.By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealerJacques \"Haitian Jack\" Agnant,who managed and promoted rappers.Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the warning.Through Haitian Jack, Shakur metJames \"Jimmy Henchman\" Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager. Soon after Shakur's death, three more films starring him were released,Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Posthumous rumored roles andStar Wars It was rumored that Shakur was being considered byGeorge Lucasto portrayJedi MasterMace Winduin theStar Warsprequel films (1999–2005). According to formerDeath Row Recordschief engineer Rick Clifford, George Lucas was eyeing Tupac to star in his return to the \"Star Wars\" saga. Clifford talked about how excited Tupac was for the role, \"'Pac found out that I worked for Brian Austin Green, who was on90210, then he found out I some movies, so we always talked about his film career and stuff. He was telling me that he was supposed to read for George Lucas and them. They wanted him to be a Jedi. I'm serious. Samuel L. got Tupac's part. said , 'Old man, keep your fingers crossed.' He said, 'I've got three movies coming up. One of them, I've got to read for George Lucas.\" The Phantom Menacescript had begun being written in 1996 and the eventual film seeing release in 1999. Lucas had asked Jackson to ask Shakur to audition but due to Shakur's untimely death the role ultimately went toSamuel L. Jackson. The two had worked on the filmJuicetogether. Personal life In his 1995 interview withVibemagazine, Shakur listedJada Pinkett,Jasmine Guy,TreachandMickey Rourkeamong the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.Shakur also mentioned thatMadonnawas a supportive friend.Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994. Shakur became close friends with Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.He helped Pinkett land her first movie role in the filmMenace II Society(1993).In turn, Pinkett secured Shakur a guest starring role on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.She appeared in his music videos \"Keep Ya Head Up\" and \"Temptations\".She also came up with the concept for his \"California Love\" music video and had intended to direct it, but removed herself from the project.In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur's bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.Pinkett later revealed that she turned down hismarriage proposalwhile he was incarcerated atRikers Islandin 1995.Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: \"Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life. We'll be old together. Jada can ask me to do anything and she can have it.\"Pinkett said Shakur was \"one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime\". After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy's home.They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.Guy appeared in his music video \"Temptations\" and later wrote his mother's 2004 biography,Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary. Shakur befriended Treach when they were both roadies on Public Enemy's tour in 1990.He made a cameo inNaughty by Nature's music video \"Uptown Anthem\" in 1992.Treach collaborated on Shakur's song \"5 Deadly Venomz\" and appeared in the music video for Shakur's \"Temptations\".Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996. In 1993, during a police raid of Shakur's room at New York City'sParker Meridian Hotel, a videotape was confiscated which showed Shakur having sex with his then-girlfriend Desiree Smith. Officers were attempting to build their case against Shakur for the allegedsodomyof Ayanna Jackson. In 2022, Smith insisted she was neither underage nor intoxicated at the time of their tryst.In 2011, asex tapefeaturing Shakur receivingoral sexfrom a groupie while rapping and dancing along to one of his own unreleased songs, was sold to a private collector. The video, which was filmed in 1993, also features rapperMoney BfromDigital Underground. Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the movieBulletin 1994.Rourke recalled that Shakur \"was there for me during some very hard times.\" Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, includingMike TysonChuck D,Jim Carrey,andAlanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together. On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris, apre-lawstudent.Their marriage was annulled ten months later. In a 1993 interview published inThe Source, Shakur criticized record producerQuincy Jonesfor hisinterracial marriageto actressPeggy Lipton.Their daughterRashida Jonesresponded with an irate open letter.Shakur later apologized to her sisterKidada Jones, whom he began dating in 1996.Shakur and Jones attendedMen's Fashion Weekin Milan and walked the runway together for aVersacefashion show.Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot. Legal issues Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release In November 1993, Shakur and two other men were charged in New York withsodomizinga woman in Shakur's hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room on a later day, when Shakur, record executiveJacques \"Haitian Jack\" Agnant, Shakur's road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended and forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.Shakur was also charged withillegal possession of a firearmas two guns were found in the hotel room.Interviewed onThe Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that \"a woman would accuse me of taking something from her\", as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life. On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for \"forcibly touching the woman's buttocks\" in his hotel room.Jurors have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.Shakur's lawyer characterized the sentence as \"out of line\" with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as \"inhumane\". Shakur's accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequentlysettled. After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant's case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.A. J. Benzareported inNew York Daily NewsShakur's new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant andJames \"Henchman\" Rosemond, who he considered to be behind the 1994 Quad Studios shooting. Shakur was unable to post the $3 million bond to keep himself free until sentencing so he surrendered himself to authorities at theBellevue Hospital Jail Wardin New York City on December 23, 1994.At the time, he was still recovering from injuries he received on November 30, when he was shot five times and robbed at Quad Studios.In January 1995, Shakur was moved to the North Infirmary Command (NIC) onRikers Islandinthe Bronx.On February 7, 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to4+1⁄2years in prison by a judge who decried \"an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman\". In March 1995, Shakur was transferred toClinton Correctional FacilityinDannemora.While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such asThe Princeby Italian philosopherNiccolò MachiavelliandThe Art of Warby Chinese military strategistSun Tzusparked Shakur's interest inphilosophy,philosophy of warandmilitary strategy.On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such asJim CarreyandTony Danzaamong others.He was also visited byAl Sharpton, who helped Shakur get released fromsolitary confinement. By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum securityDannemoraClinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,onceSuge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arraigned for posting of his $1.4 million bond. 1993 shooting in Atlanta On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.As they argued with the driver, Shakur's car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them first. Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur's car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from aHenry Countypolice evidence room.Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell's suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell's $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper's estate in 1998. 1994 Quad Studios shooting On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.Music managerJames \"Jimmy Henchman\" Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his clientLittle Shawn.Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up. Against medical advice, Shakur checked out ofMetropolitan Hospital Centera few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actressJasmine Guyto recuperate.The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury's verdict for his sexual abuse case.Shakur spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy's home.TheFruit of Islamand former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him. Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G. In a 1995 interview withVibe, Shakur accusedSean Combs,Jimmy Henchman,and the Notorious B.I.G, – who were at Quad Studios at the time – among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting.Vibealerted the names of the accused.The accusations were significant to the East–West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track \"Who Shot Ya?\", which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released adiss song, \"Hit 'Em Up\", in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs,their record label,Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of \"Hit 'Em Up\", he mentions rivalsMobb DeepandChino XL. In March 2008,Chuck Philips, in theLos Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman's order.Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources. Other criminal or civil cases 1991 Oakland Police Department lawsuit On October 17, 1991, twoOakland Police Departmentofficers stopped Shakur forjaywalkingat a downtown intersection.According to Shakur, officers Alex Boyovic and Kevin Rogers asked him for his ID and pressed him about his name before choking him, throwing him to the ground and slamming his head on the concrete.Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the officers forpolice brutality.The case wassettledfor about $43,000.It was later revealed that this incident was the onset of Shakur's autoimmune diseasealopecia, which led him to shave his head bald. Misdemeanor assault convictions On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert atMichigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show, that he never swung it, and that there was no criminal intent.Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to amisdemeanorand was sentenced to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended on condition that he complete 35 hours of community service. Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993Hughes Brothers' filmMenace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film's directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.The prosecution's evidence included aYo! MTV Rapsinterview in which Shakur boasted that he had \"beat up the director ofMenace II Society\". Concealed weapon case In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals pending in other cases. 1995 wrongful death suit On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carriedColt Mustangbut dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged. About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa'id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a.38-caliberpistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa'id's mother filed awrongful death suitagainst Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000. C. Delores Tucker lawsuit Civil rights activist and fierce rap criticC. Delores Tuckersued Shakur's estate in federal court, claiming that lyrics in \"How Do U Want It\" and \"Wonda Why They Call U Bitch\" inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.The case was later dismissed. Murder and aftermath On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada to attend theBruce Seldon vs. Mike Tysonboxing match with Suge Knight at theMGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby one of Knight's associates spottedOrlando \"Baby Lane\" Anderson, aSouthside ComptonCrip, and told Shakur he had tried to rob them earlier that year. The hotel'ssurveillancefootage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a blackBMW 750iLsedan, part of a larger convoy. At about 11 p.m. onLas Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk, and the car was released without a ticket.At about 11:15 p.m. at a stop light, a white, four-door, late-modelCadillacsedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chestwith one bullet entering his right lung.Shards hit Knight's head. Frank Alexander, Shakur's bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur's girlfriend,Kidada Jones. Shakur was taken to theUniversity Medical Center of Southern Nevadawhere he was heavily sedated and put on life support.In theintensive-care uniton the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died frominternal bleeding.He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m.The official causes of death arerespiratory failureandcardiopulmonary arrestassociated with multiple gunshot wounds.Shakur's body wascrematedthe next day. Members of theOutlawz, recalling a line in his song \"Black Jesus\", (although uncertain of the artist's attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some of his body's ashes after mixing them withmarijuana. In 2002, investigative journalistChuck Philips,after a year of work, reported in theLos Angeles Timesthat Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur's entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips's 2002 article also alleges the involvement ofChristopher \"Notorious B.I.G.\" Wallaceand several within New York City's criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.Music journalist John Leland, inThe New York Times, called the evidence \"inconclusive\". In 2011, via theFreedom of Information Act, theFBIreleased documents related to its investigation which described anextortionscheme by theJewish Defense League(classified as \"aright wing terroristgroup\" by theFBI) that included makingdeath threatsagainst Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder. On July 18, 2023, theLas Vegas Police Departmentexecuted asearch warrantin connection with Shakur's murder. On September 29, 2023, theAPreported that Las Vegas police had arrested a suspect,Duane \"Keefe D\" Davis, in Shakur's murder. Police had two months previously served a search warrant at his wife's home in the Las Vegas suburb of Henderson.Davis pleaded not guilty on November 2, 2023, in Las Vegas. Artistry Musical style Shakur's music and philosophical outlook were deeply influenced by a wide range of American,African American, and global influences, including theBlack Panther Party,black nationalism,egalitarianism, and the concept ofliberty. Moreover, Shakur's artistic sensibilities were enriched by his passion for theater and admiration for the works ofWilliam Shakespeare. Notably, he honed his theatrical skills as a student at theBaltimore School for the Arts, where he delved into the psychological complexities inherent in inter-gang warfare and inter-cultural conflicts, reflecting themes explored in Shakespearean dramas. 2Pacalypse Now(1991), showcased his socially conscious perspective. Through powerful tracks like \"Brenda's Got a Baby\", \"Trapped\", and \"Part Time Mutha\", Shakur addressed social injustice, poverty, and police brutality. In doing so, he contributed to the ongoing success of rap groups such asBoogie Down Productions,Public Enemy,X-Clan, andGrandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, while establishing himself as one of the pioneering socially conscious rappers from the West Coast. Continuing his focus on the social challenges faced by African American people, Shakur's second album featured songs like \"The Streetz R Deathrow\" and \"Last Wordz\". Simultaneously, he showcased his compassionate side with the empowering anthem \"Keep Ya Head Up\", and his legendary intensity with the title track from the albumStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...Additionally, he paid homage to his former groupDigital Undergroundby including them on the playful track \"I Get Around\". Throughout his career, Shakur's subsequent albums reflected a growing assertiveness in his approach. Shakur's body of work encompassed contrasting themes, includingsocial inequality,injustice, compassion, playfulness, andhope. These elements continued to shape his artistry, exemplified by his explosive 1995 albumMe Against the World.The release ofAll Eyez on Mein 1996 further solidified his reputation, with tracks like \"Ambitionz az a Ridah\", \"I Ain't Mad at Cha\", \"California Love\", \"Life Goes On\", and \"Picture Me Rollin'\" being hailed as classics by critics. Shakur describedAll Eyez on Meas a celebration of life, and the album achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success.According toEminem, Tupac is the greatest songwriter of all time.Nassaid in 2002: \"I put Tupac beyondShakespeare.\" Vocal style Singers can manipulate different parts of their body to create various sounds. For instance, the \"head voice\" involves singing high-pitched tones resonating from the head, while the \"chest voice\" utilizes the chest area. In the documentary \"Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel,\"Greg \"Shock G\" Jacobs, one of Shakur's early producers, discusses how rappers also utilize different bodily areas to project their voices. According to him, \"Slick Rick rhymed from the nasal palate, Nas from the back of his throat, and Pac from the pit of his stomach, which is where his power came from.\" Shakur's influences stemmed from powerful orators likeMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm X. Despite not being physically imposing, Shakur's voice carried immense weight and power, reminiscent of these influential speakers. Shakur was also known for his technique of stacking or layering vocals, adding depth and rawness to his voice. This approach, demonstrated notably on tracks like \"Dear Mama\" from his 1995 albumMe Against the World, involves overlaying multiple vocal lines to highlight rhythms and emphasize words and phrases. Mastering this technique requires precision to maintain flow and clarity, as heard in the lyrics \"and even though I act crazy/I gotta thank the Lord that you made me,\" where Shakur's voice transitions from full to husky, underscoring the emotional depth of the lyrics. Despite its difficulty, Shakur's background in jazz, poetry, and theater endowed him with exceptional rhythm control, enabling him to layer vocals seamlessly while preserving cohesion and flow. Legacy and remembrance Shakur is considered one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.He was listed as one of the greatest artists of all time byRolling Stone.He is widely credited as an important figure inhip hop culture, and his prominence inpop culturein general has been noted.Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, \"Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure.\"Yet to some, he was a \"father figure\" who, said rapperYG, \"makes you want to be better—at every level.\"In 2023,Billboardranked Tupac at number 4 among the top 50 rappers of all time. AllMusic'sStephen Thomas Erlewinedescribed Shakur as \"the unlikely martyr ofgangsta rap\", with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along withSnoop Dogg.The online rap magazineAllHipHopheld a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappersCormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duoMobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.Shakur emerged as a celebrated artist, earning recognition for his astonishingly prolific output and unwavering commitment to his craft.According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\" In 2017, American rapperSnoop Doggcalled Tupac “the greatest rapper of all time” during hisRock & Roll Hall of Fametribute.In 2021,SaweetietoldComplexthat Tupac was “the greatest rapper that ever lived”. According to British writer Rob Marriott, he deemed the act of tying abandanainto rabbit ears as one of the most distinctive and instantly recognizable style choices in the world ofhip-hop. Regarded as asex symbol, his unique style helped shape the fashion landscape of the 1990s and continues to influence artists and fashion enthusiasts to this day. In 2010, writingRolling Stonemagazine's entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the \"100 greatest artists\", New York rapper50 Centappraised: Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. People either try to emulate him in some way, or they go in a different direction because they didn't like what he did. But whatever you think of him, he definitely developed his own style: He didn't sound like anyone who came before him. According to music journalistChuck Philips, Shakur \"had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon.\"Philips writes, \"The slaying silenced one of modern music's most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds.\"Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as amartyr, \"the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use\", academicMichael Eric Dysonconcedes.But Dyson adds, \"Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac's martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs.\" In 2014,BETexplained that \"his confounding mixture of ladies' man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In50 Cent,Ja Rule,Lil Wayne, newcomers likeFreddie Gibbsand even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it's easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world's attention the way Tupac did and still does.\"More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.In 2020, former California Senator and current vice-presidentKamala Harriscalled Shakur the \"best rapper alive\", which she explained as being because \"West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on\".According to writerKevin Powell: \"He deserves to be put in the same category asBob Dylan,Bob Marley, asJohn Lennon, in terms of his global impact.\"Tupac is regarded as one of the most influential artists in music and popular culture in general and an icon of activism. Palestinian rapperTamer Nafar, leader and a founding member ofDAM, became passionate about hip hop by listening to Tupac saying, “The imagery in Shakur’s videos was similar to our reality in Lod.\" Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation In 1997, Shakur's mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to \"provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents.\"The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened theTupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, inStone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015. Academic appraisal In 1997, theUniversity of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled \"History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur\".In April 2003,Harvard Universitycosponsored the symposium \"All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero\".Where Shakur's influence as both an artist and an activist was analyzed.The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.Calling him a \"Thug Nigga Intellectual\", an \"organic intellectual\",English scholarMark Anthony Nealassessed his death as leaving a \"leadership void amongst hip-hop artists\",as this \"walking contradiction\" helps, Neal explained, \"make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people.\" Tracing Shakur'smythicalstatus, Murray Forman discussed him as \"O.G.\", or \"Ostensibly Gone\", with fans, using digital mediums, \"resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force.\"Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a \"Black folk hero\", traced his persona to Black American folklore'stricksters, which, afterabolition, evolved into the urban \"bad-man\". Yet in Shakur's \"terrible sense of urgency\", Price identified instead a quest to \"unify mind, body, and spirit.\"According to Price, Tupac had surpassed the legacies ofJohn ColtraneandMahalia Jacksonwithin the tradition of black music. In 2012, the NorwegianUniversity of Osloorganized the course: \"Tupac, hiphop og kulturhistorie (Tupac, hip hop and cultural history).\" As Knut Aukrust, Norwegian professor and academic scholar of cultural studies at the University of Oslo, puts it:\"Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) is one of the most famous and controversial representatives of hip-hop culture. He has become an icon with saint status far beyond his fans. References to him and his message appear all over the world, from Barack Obama's slogan about \"changes\", to Palestinians and Israelis longing for peace in the Middle East, to the people of Groruddalen who want their experiences to be taken on board serious. The course highlights how a single person can fit into a wider network of cultural models and how a local storytelling tradition has become an international cultural phenomenon.\" Jeffrey Ogbonna Green Ogbar, professor of History and Popular Music at theUniversity of Connecticut, described Shakur as \"one of the most iconic and influential music artists of the 20th century\", and also a \"politically conscious activist voice for Black America.\" Multimedia releases In 2005, Death Row released on DVD,Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006,Tupac Shakur Legacy, an \"interactive biography\" byJamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur albumPac's Lifewas released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry's most popular releases.In 2008, his estate made about $15 million. On April 15, 2012, at theCoachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg andDr. Drejoined a Shakur \"hologram\" (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with theMusion Eyeliner),and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs \"Hail Mary\" and \"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted\".There were talks of a tour,but Dre refused.Meanwhile, theGreatest Hitsalbum, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew sales gains. Film and stage The documentary filmTupac: Resurrectionwas released in November 2003. It was nominated forBest Documentaryat the2005 Academy Awards. In 2014, the playHoller If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur's lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway's worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic,All Eyez on Me, began filming inAtlantain December 2015.It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur's 46th birthday,albeit to generally negative reviews. In August 2019, adocuseriesdirected byAllen Hughes,Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced. Awards and honors In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the firstHip Hop Honors. In 2006, Shakur's close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored Shakur's 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him. In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added \"Changes\", a1998 posthumoustrack, to its online playlist.On June 23, 2010, theLibrary of Congressadded \"Dear Mama\" to theNational Recording Registry, the third rap song. In 2015, theGrammy Museumopened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur. In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017. In January 2022, the exhibitionTupac Shakur: Wake Me When I'm Freeopened at The Canvas atL.A. Livein Los Angeles. On May 16, 2023, Oakland City Council voted to name the section of MacArthur Boulevard between Grand Avenue and Van Buren Avenue \"Tupac Shakur Way\". On June 7, 2023, Shakur received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His half-sister, Sekyiwa \"Set\" Shakur, accepted the award in his honor. Rankings Final resting place in Soweto In 2006, on the 10th anniversary of Tupac Shakur's passing, his ashes were laid to rest inSoweto. Shakur's mother Afeni transported them to the \"birthplace of his ancestors\" and conducted a memorial service in what's considered as one of the most renownedSouth African townships. Afeni Shakur explained that Soweto had been selected due to its significance as the \"birthplace of the South African struggle fordemocracyand againstapartheid.\" TheCity of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipalitydonated a five-acre plot of undeveloped land in theZolaarea of Soweto to build a memorial honoring Shakur. A portion of the land was designated to be transformed into a park for the benefit of local children as well as aimed at promotingenvironmental education, pathways, orphanages, bridges, skateboard ramps and a golf range while plans also included the construction of anamphitheaterand a museum showcasing South African music and arts. The project was funded by Johannesburg city authorities and the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation. The memorial was hosted by South African musician and actorZola 7. SingerMacy Grayand members of the Outlawz were amongst the attendees who paid their respects. Discography Filmography Portrayals in film Documentaries Shakur's life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominatedTupac: Resurrection(2003). See also References Further reading External links"],"string":"[\n \"Cardi B Belcalis Marlenis Cephus(néeAlmánzar;born October 11, 1992), known professionally asCardi B, is an American rapper and songwriter. Distinguished for her aggressiveflowand outspoken clever lyrics, Cardi B has established herself as one of the most successful female artists in contemporary music. From 2015 to early 2017, she gained recognition onVineandInstagram, as a cast member onVH1'sLove & Hip Hop: New York, and by releasingtwo mixtapes. Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy(2018), debuted at number one on theBillboard200andBillboardranked it the top female rap album of the 2010s. Critically acclaimed, it made Cardi B the only solo female artist to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Album, andRolling Stoneranked it the best debut album of all time by a female rapper. Its singles \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" and \\\"I Like It\\\" both topped theBillboardHot 100and were certifieddiamondby theRIAA; the former made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the Hot 100 with a solo song in the 21st century and the first to achieve a diamond-certified song, while the latter made her the first with multiple number-one songs. Her third US number-one, the collaboration \\\"Girls Like You\\\" (2018) withMaroon 5, made her the first female rapper to earn multiple RIAA diamond-certified songs. She released \\\"WAP\\\" (withMegan Thee Stallion) in 2020 and \\\"Up\\\" in 2021, both of which topped the Hot 100 and other charts worldwide. \\\"WAP\\\" is the only female rap collaboration to debut atop the Hot 100, made Cardi B the first lead artist to top theBillboardGlobal 200, and had a large cultural impact. Recognized byForbesas one of the most influential female rappers of all time, Cardi B holds various records among women in hip hop; she isthe female rapper with the most number-one singles(five) on theBillboardHot 100, the only female rapper to achieve multiple solo number-ones, and the only to earn number-one singles in two decades (2010s and 2020s). She further isthe highest-certified(digital singles) female rapper of all time in the US,the female rapper with the most diamond-certified songs(three) by the RIAA, and has over 100 million certifiedunitssold in the US. Additionally,Invasion of Privacyis the most-streamed female rap album onApple MusicandSpotify.Her accoladesinclude aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards, sixGuinness World Records, sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, 14BET Hip Hop Awardsand twoASCAPSongwriter of the Yearawards.Timelisted her as one of the100 most influential people in the worldin 2018 andBillboardnamed herWoman of the Yearin 2020. Outside of music, Cardi B served as a judge on the music competition seriesRhythm + Flow(2019), appeared in the filmsHustlers(2019) andF9(2021), and had a voice role inBaby Shark's Big Movie!(2023). In 2022, she became thecreative directorof entertainment magazinePlayboy. Early life Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar was born on October 11, 1992, in theWashington Heightsneighborhood ofManhattan,New York City.Her father Carlos isDominicanand her mother Clara is aTrinidadianofAfricanandSpanishdescent; Almánzar identifies as anAfro-Latina.Almánzar was raised in theHighbridgeneighborhood of theSouth Bronx,and spent much time at her paternal grandmother's home in Washington Heights, which she credits with giving her \\\"such a thick accent.\\\"Almánzar developed the stage name \\\"Cardi B\\\" as a derivation ofBacardi, arumbrand that was formerly her nickname.She has a younger sister, Hennessy Carolina, who was born in 1995. She has said she was a gang member with theBloodsin her youth, since age 16,but stated she would not encourage joining a gang.She attended Renaissance High School for Musical Theater & Technology, avocational high schoolon theHerbert H. Lehman High Schoolcampus. During her teens, Cardi B was employed at a grocery store inTribeca.She was fired and became a dancer at a strip club across the street.Cardi B has said that becoming a stripper was positive for her life in many ways: \\\"It really saved me from a lot of things. When I started stripping I went back to school.\\\"She stated that she became a stripper to escape poverty anddomestic violence, having been in an abusive relationship at the time after being kicked out of her mother's house,and that stripping was her only way to earn enough money to escape the situation and get an education.She attendedBorough of Manhattan Community Collegebefore eventually dropping out.While stripping, Cardi B lied to her mother by telling her she was making money bybabysitting. In 2013, she began to gain publicity due to several of her videos spreading on social media, onVineand herInstagrampage. Career 2015–2016: Career beginnings In 2015, Cardi B joined the cast of theVH1reality television seriesLove & Hip Hop: New York, debuting in season six.Jezebelconsidered her the breakout star of the show's sixth season.The New York Timeswrote that she garnered popularity with \\\"her ability to rattle off one-liners\\\".The sixth and seventh seasons chronicle her rise to stardom and her turbulent relationship with her incarcerated fiancé. On December 30, 2016, after two seasons, she announced that she would be leaving the show to further pursue a career in music. In November 2015, Cardi B made her musical debut on Jamaicanreggae fusionsingerShaggy's remix to his single \\\"Boom Boom\\\", alongside fellow JamaicandancehallsingerPopcaan.She made her music video debut on December 15, 2015, with the song \\\"Cheap Ass Weave\\\", her rendition of BritishrapperLady Leshurr's \\\"Queen's Speech 4\\\".On March 7, 2016, Cardi B released her first full-length project, amixtapetitledGangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1.In November 2016, she was featured on the digital cover ofVibemagazine's \\\"Viva\\\" issue. On September 12, 2016, KSR Group released the compilationUnderestimated: The Album, which is a collaboration between KSR Group artists Cardi B,HoodCelebrityy, SwiftOnDemand, Cashflow Harlem, andJosh X. It was previously released only to attendees of their U.S. tour. the label's flagship artist, Cardi B, said: \\\"I wanted to make a song that would make girls dance,twerkand at the same time encourage them to go get that Shmoney,\\\" in regard to the compilation's single \\\"What a Girl Likes\\\". She appeared on the December 9, 2015, episode ofUncommon Sense with Charlamagne.On April 6, 2016, she was on the twelfth episode ofKhloé Kardashian'sKocktails with Khloé: in this episode, she revealed how she told her mother that she was a stripper.In November 2016, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of theBETseriesBeing Mary Jane.TVLinedescribes her character, Mercedes, as a \\\"round-the-way beauty with a big weave, big boobs and a big booty to match her oversize, ratchet personality.\\\" In 2016, Cardi B was featured in her first endorsement deal withRomantic Depot, a large New York chain of lingerie stores that sell sexual health and wellness products. The ad campaign was featured on radio and cable TV. 2017–2018: Breakthrough withInvasion of Privacy On January 20, 2017, Cardi B released her second mixtape,Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2.In February 2017, Cardi B partnered withMAC Cosmeticsand Rio Uribe'sGypsy Sportfor an event forNew York Fashion Week.In late February, Cardi B signed her first major record label recording contract withAtlantic Records.On February 25, 2017, Cardi B was theopening actforEast Coast hip hopgroupThe Lox'sFilthy America... It's BeautifulTour, alongside fellow New York City-based rappersLil' KimandRemy Ma.In April 2017, she was featured ini-D's\\\"A-Z of Music\\\" video sponsored byMarc Jacobs.Cardi guest-starred on the celebritypanel showHip Hop Squares, appearing on the March 13 and April 3, 2017, episodes.She also released thefreestyle\\\"Red Barz\\\". In May 2017, the nominees for the2017 BET Awardswere announced, revealing that Cardi B had been nominated forBest New ArtistandBest Female Hip-Hop Artist.AlthoughChance the Rapperand Remy Ma won those categories, respectively, Cardi B performed at theBET AwardsAfterpartyshow.On June 11, 2017, duringHot 97's annualSummer Jammusic festival, Remy Ma brought out Cardi B, along withThe Lady of Rage,MC Lyte,Young M.A,Monie Love, Lil' Kim, andQueen Latifah, to celebrate female rappers and perform Latifah's 1993 hit single \\\"U.N.I.T.Y.\\\" aboutfemale empowerment.In June 2017, it was revealed that Cardi B would be on the cover ofThe Fader's Summer Music issue for July/August 2017.She performed atMoMA PS1on August 19 to a crowd of 4,000. On June 16, 2017, Atlantic Records released Cardi B's commercial debut single, \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\", viadigital distribution.She performed the single onThe Wendy Williams ShowandJimmy Kimmel Live!The song climbed the charts for several months, and, on theBillboardHot 100chart dated September 25, 2017, \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" reached the number one spot, making Cardi B the first female rapper to do so with a solo single sinceLauryn Hill's \\\"Doo Wop (That Thing)\\\" debuted atop the chart in 1998.The song stayed atop the charts for three consecutive weeks, tying with American pop singerTaylor Swift's \\\"Look What You Made Me Do\\\" as the longest running female at the number one spot in 2017. Cardi B became the first person of Dominican descent to reach number one in the history of the Hot 100 since it was launched in 1958.An editor ofThe New York Timescalled it \\\"the rap anthem of the summer\\\".Selected byThe Washington PostandPitchforkmusic critics as the best song of 2017,\\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" was eventually certifiedDiamondby theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). The song received nominations forBest Rap PerformanceandBest Rap Songat the60th Grammy Awards.It won Single of the Year at the2017 BET Hip Hop Awards. With her collaborations \\\"No Limit\\\" and \\\"MotorSport\\\", she became the first female rapper to land her first three entries in the top 10 of the Hot 100,and the first female artist to achieve the same on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart.In October 2017, Cardi B headlinedPower 105.1's annual Powerhouse music celebration, alongsidethe Weeknd,Migos, andLil Uzi Vert, at theBarclays Centerin Brooklyn, New York.In December, she released two songs: a collaboration with Puerto Rican singerOzunatitled \\\"La Modelo\\\",and \\\"Bartier Cardi\\\", the second single from herdebut album. On January 3, 2018, Cardi B was featured on the remix ofBruno Mars' single \\\"Finesse\\\",and appeared in the 90s inspired video. It reached the top three on the Hot 100, Canada and New Zealand. On January 18, 2018, Cardi B became the first female rapper to have five top 10 singles simultaneously on theBillboardHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.She released another single, \\\"Be Careful\\\", on March 30, 2018, a week before her album's release. Her debut studio album,Invasion of Privacy, was released on April 6, 2018, to universal acclaim from music critics.Editors fromVarietyandThe New York Timescalled it \\\"one of the most powerful debuts of this millennium\\\" and \\\"a hip-hop album that doesn't sound like any of its temporal peers,\\\" respectively.The album entered at number one in the United States, while she became the first female artist to chart 13 entries simultaneously on theBillboardHot 100, on the chart issue dated April 21.It became the moststreamedalbum by a female artist in a single week inApple Music,and the largest on-demand audio streaming week ever for an album by a woman.Cardi held the latter recorduntil 2019.The album's title reflects Cardi B's feeling that as she gained popularity her privacy was being invaded in a variety of ways.Following the album's release, during a performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B officially announced her pregnancy, after much media speculation.She also co-hosted an episode ofThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Several months later, in July 2018, the album's fourth single, \\\"I Like It\\\", which features vocals fromBad BunnyandJ Balvin, reached number one on theHot 100; this marked her second number one on the chart and made her the first female rapper to achieve multiple chart-toppers.It received critical acclaim,withRolling Stonenaming it \\\"thebest summer songof all time\\\" in 2020.Her collaboration withMaroon 5, \\\"Girls Like You\\\", also reached number one on the Hot 100 chart, extending her record among female rappersand also making her the sixth female artist to achieve three number-one singles on the chart during the 2010s.The song's music video has received more than 3 billion views onYouTubeand was thefifth-best selling songof the year globally. With \\\"Girls Like You\\\" following \\\"I Like It\\\" at the top of theBillboardRadio Songschart, Cardi B became thefirst female rapperto replace herself at number one on the chart.The single spent seven weeks atop the Hot 100, making Cardi the female rapper with the most cumulative weeks atop the chart, with eleven weeks.It spent 33 weeks in the top 10, tying bothEd Sheeran's \\\"Shape of You\\\" andPost MaloneandSwae Lee's \\\"Sunflower\\\" for the longest top 10 run in the chart's archives at the time.In October 2018,Invasion of Privacywas certifieddouble platinumby the RIAA, and the following year it was updated to triple platinum. With the thirteen tracks, she became the first female artist to have all songs from an album certified gold or higher in the US. Cardi B received the most nominations for the2018 MTV Video Music Awardswith 12 mentions—including forVideo of the Year, winning three awards.She tied withDrakefor the most nominations at the2018 American Music Awards. She won three AMAs and performed at the ceremony.Her single \\\"Money\\\" earned her a fourth Video Music Award, with visuals that feature Cardi playing characters in different locations, including in an art museum, a bank and a strip club.Her collaboration withDJ Snake\\\"Taki Taki\\\" topped the charts in a number of Hispanic countries, made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the SpotifyGlobal 50chart,and has garnered more than 2 billion views. Both singles were certified multiple-platinum by the RIAA.People en Españolnamed her Star of the Year,andEntertainment Weeklydeemed her \\\"a pop culture phenomenon\\\", as she was named one of \\\"2018 Entertainers of the Year\\\". On November 30, 2018, Cardi B was honored atEbony's annual Power 100 Gala.Cardi ranked fifth on the 2018BillboardYear-EndTop Artists chart, whileInvasion of Privacyranked sixth. She achieved the most-streamed album of the year by a female artist globally inApple Music,and ranked as the most streamed female artist of the year in the United States inSpotify.Editorial staff from Apple Music andBillboardnamed \\\"I Like It\\\" the best song of 2018,whileTimemagazineandRolling StonenamedInvasion of Privacythe best album of the year.Also in 2018,Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world.In its decade-end review article,NMEstated that the era secured \\\"her crown as the newQueen of Rap.\\\" 2019–2020:Hustlers,Rhythm + Flowand \\\"WAP\\\" Cardi B received five nominations at the61st Grammy Awards, including forAlbum of the Year,Best Rap AlbumandRecord of the Year(\\\"I Like It\\\").She became the third female rapper to be nominated for Album of the Year, followingLauryn Hill(1999) andMissy Elliott(2004).On February 10, 2019, she then performed at the award ceremony, where she wore three vintageThierry Muglercouture looks during the telecast and became the first female rapper to winBest Rap Albumas a solo artist. Cardi B led the2019 Billboard Music Awardsnominations, with 21, earning the most nominations in a single year by a female artist and the third most nominations in a year (behind Drake and The Chainsmokers, who both had 22 in a year).She ended up winning six awards, including forTop Hot 100 Song, bringing her career total wins to seven—the most of any female rapper in history.An article byOmaha World-Heraldcalled her \\\"the biggest rapper in the world.\\\" On February 15, 2019, Cardi B released \\\"Please Me\\\", a collaboration with Bruno Mars, which became her seventh top-ten song on the Hot 100, reaching number three.The song marked Cardi and Bruno's second collaboration, following \\\"Finesse\\\" in 2018. The official music video was released two weeks later.On March 1, Cardi set a new attendance record at theHouston Livestock Show and Rodeo, with 75,580 fans in the audience.With \\\"Backin' It Up\\\", \\\"Twerk\\\" and \\\"Money\\\", Cardi became the first female artist to occupy the top three on theBillboardMainstream R&B/Hip-Hop airplay chart. Her following single titled \\\"Press\\\" was released on May 31, 2019.Theparental-advisorylabeled music video marked her directorial debut—being credited as co-director, and was released on June 26, 2019.It had its debut performance at the2019 BET Awards, where she received the most nominations with seven, and wonAlbum of the Year.During the summer of 2019, she embarked on an arena tour.In September, she led theBET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with ten. Cardi B made her film debut inHustlersdirected byLorene Scafaria, oppositeJennifer Lopez,Constance Wu, andLili Reinhart.The film was released on September 13, 2019.Cardi B, along withChance the RapperandT.I., were confirmed as judges for theNetflixseriesRhythm + Flow, a ten-part hip-hop talent search that premiered on October 9, 2019, which she alsoexecutive produced. In December 2019, Cardi B embarked on her first tour of Africa, performing in Nigeria and Ghana.Her collaboration \\\"Clout\\\" was nominated for aGrammy Award for Best Rap Performance.She was the most streamed female rapper of 2019 in the US, according to Spotify.Consequence of Sounddeemed her \\\"one of the most formidable hip-hop artists of the decade.\\\"In March 2020, Cardi B created a reaction video about thecoronavirus pandemic. DJ iMarkkeyz, a Brooklyn DJ known for turning memes and online moments into full-length songs, created a track, based on her reaction titled \\\"Coronavirus\\\", which became aninternet memeand was released to music platforms.Netflix announced the return ofRhythm + Flowfor 2021. Cardi B released the single \\\"WAP\\\" featuring American rapperMegan Thee Stallionon August 7, 2020, as the lead single off her forthcoming second studio album.The song received critical acclaim and was praised for itssex positivemessages.TheColin Tilley-directed music video accompanied the song itself, and broke the record for the biggest 24-hour debut for an all-female collaboration on YouTube.She became the only female rap artist to top the Global Spotify chart multiple times.\\\"WAP\\\" debuted at number-one on theBillboardHot 100chart, garnering Cardi B her fourth chart-topper in the US, extending her record as the female rapper with the most number-one singles, and also making her the first female rapper to achieve Hot 100 number one singles in two different decades (2010s and 2020s). With 93 million streaming units, it became the largest first-week streams for a song, breaking the all-time record held byAriana Grande's \\\"7 Rings\\\".It has spent four weeks atop the Hot 100. The single has also spent multiple weeks at number one in seven other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom. Neil Shah ofThe Wall Street Journaldeemed it \\\"a big moment for female rappers\\\" and \\\"a historic sign that women artists are making their mark on hip-hop like never before\\\".\\\"WAP\\\" became the first number one single on the inauguralBillboardGlobal 200chart. It became critics' best song of the year according to a compilation of rankings made by theBBC,with publications such asPitchforkandRolling Stoneplacing it at number one. Cardi B won theBillboardMusic Award for Top Rap Female Artistfor the third time at the2020 ceremony.In December 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards.With her win for \\\"WAP\\\" at theAmerican Music Awards, she became the first artist to win theAmerican Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Songmultiple times, following her win for \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" in 2018. 2021–present: Upcoming second studio album On February 5, 2021, Cardi B released \\\"Up\\\", the second single from her upcoming studio album. A music video for the single was released alongside it. The song was praised byNMEmagazine for its lyricism and fresh approach as a successor to \\\"WAP\\\".\\\"Up\\\" debuted at number two on the USBillboardHot 100chart, marking the highest debut for a solo female rap song sinceLauryn Hill's \\\"Doo Wop (That Thing)\\\" in 1998.The song debuted at number one on theRolling StoneTop 100, becoming both Cardi B's second number-one single and second number-one debut, as well as the first time a female rapper debuts atop the chart with a solo song.Cardi B became the first female artist and first lead artist with consecutive number-one debuts on the USHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart, and second overall performer followingDrakein 2016.\\\"Up\\\" reached number one on theBillboardHot 100 after herGrammy Awardsperformance, making her the only female rapper to reach number one multiple times with solo songs, following \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\", and extended her record as the female rapper with the most number-one songs on the Hot 100 as her fifth chart-topper.Cardi B received a second nomination for theBrit Award for International Female Solo Artist. Cardi B made a last-minute appearance in \\\"Big Paper\\\", from DJ Khaled's albumKhaled Khaledreleased on April 30, 2021.Cardi received two nominations for theBET Award for Video of the Year, for the videos \\\"Up\\\" and \\\"WAP\\\", winning for the latter and becoming the first female rapper to win Video of the Year as a lead artist. This became the 10th time that an artist has had two nominated videos in this category as a lead artist, and the second time for her, following her nominations for \\\"Money\\\" and \\\"Please Me\\\" in 2019. She announced her second pregnancy during the performance of her Migos collaboration \\\"Type Shit\\\" at the2021 ceremony.She also appeared inF9, which was released on June 25, 2021, byUniversal Pictures.On July 16, 2021, Cardi B was featured on theNormanisingle \\\"Wild Side\\\".Cardi collaborated withLizzoon \\\"Rumors\\\", which debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi B's tenth top 10 single on the chart, and her seventh number-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Cardi B received six nominations at the2021 MTV Video Music Awards, including her second nomination for Video of the Year.She also led the nominations for the2021 BET Hip Hop Awardsalong with Megan Thee Stallion, with nine each;both rappers won the most awards during the ceremony with three for \\\"WAP\\\", with Cardi becoming the first female artist to win Best Hip Hop Video twice (2019 and 2021). On October 28, 2021, Cardi B previewed her second album to Atlantic Records via her Instagram Story. She captioned \\\"The money people liking the album sounds\\\".On November 2, Cardi B was announced as the host of the2021 American Music Awards(AMAs). The award show was held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles on November 21,and marked the most social telecast of the year per interactions across social media.During the ceremony, \\\"Up\\\" won the award forFavorite Hip Hop Song, making Cardi B the first artist to win the category three times.Cardi B featured onSummer Walker's 2021 albumStill Over Iton the opening track \\\"Bitter\\\".Warner Records released the soundtrack forHalle Berry's directorial debut filmBruisedon November 19. Selected by executive producers Berry and Cardi B, the Netflix film's soundtrack features six original songs by female artists, including Cardi,H.E.R., City Girls,Flo Milli,Saweetie, andLatto, and seven additional female rap songs inspired by the film. In March 2022, Cardi B appeared on the extended version of Summer Walker andSZA's collaboration, \\\"No Love\\\".The following month, she featured on rapper Kay Flock's song, \\\"Shake It\\\"; it samplesAkon's 2005 song \\\"Belly Dancer (Bananza)\\\".Also in April, Cardi guest-voiced as Sharki B, her \\\"aquatic alter ego\\\", on \\\"The Seaweed Sway\\\" episode of theNickelodeonanimated seriesBaby Shark's Big Show!—and performed a song of the same name.She appeared alongside Offset and her daughter.On July 1, 2022, Cardi B released \\\"Hot Shit\\\", featuring rappersKanye WestandLil Durk, as the third single from her upcoming second studio album.The song was first announced during aBET Awards 2022commercial break.On July 8 and 9, she headlined the 2022Wireless Festivalin London andBirmingham.Cardi B worked with cousin and fellow rapperGloRillaon the remix to her song \\\"Tomorrow\\\", titled \\\"Tomorrow 2\\\", which was released in September 2022.The remix peaked at number nine on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi's eleventh top-ten single.HipHopDXlisted it as the \\\"Best Hip-Hop Collaboration\\\" of 2022 while it was also the highest-listed song by a female rapper onBillboard's 100 Best Songs of 2022 list.On October 1, Cardi B made a surprise appearance at theInglewoodshow of Puerto Rican rapperBad Bunny's concert tour, theWorld's Hottest Tour.In November, she signed with entertainment executiveIrving Azoff's Full Stop Management.In December 2022, she gave a 35-minute private performance at theMiami Art Baselfor which she was paid $1 million.Later that month, a remix of Spanish artistRosalía's song \\\"Despechá\\\" featuring Cardi, was released. Cardi B appeared as a surprise performer at the New York City shows of SZA and GloRilla's tours: theSOS Tourand Anyways, Life's Great Tour, in early 2023.In April, she served as one of three headliners of the inauguralRolling Loud Thailandfestival inPattaya, along withTravis ScottandChris Brown.In June, she featured on \\\"Put It on da Floor Again\\\", the remix to rapper Latto's \\\"Put It on da Floor\\\".It peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100, becoming Cardi's 20th top-twenty single.On June 4, Cardi B headlined the 2023Summer Jamfestival inElmont, New York.ln July, she featured on \\\"Point Me 2\\\", the remix to drill rapper FendiDa Rappa's single \\\"Point Me to the Slut's\\\".Later that month, she collaborated with Offset on two tracks of his second solo album,Set It Off(2023): \\\"Freaky\\\" and \\\"Jealousy\\\".The latter was released as the lead single of the record; it samplesThree 6 Mafia's \\\"Jealous Ass Bitches\\\".Cardi released \\\"Bongos\\\" featuring Megan Thee Stallion on September 8, 2023, as the fourth single of her upcoming second studio album. The song marks the pair's second collaboration after \\\"WAP\\\" (2020).The music video, directed byTanu Muino,cost over $2 million.\\\"Bongos\\\" reached number 14 in the US.Cardi led the2023 BET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with21 Savage, with twelve each.She reprised her voice role as Sharki B for the children's animated film,Baby Shark's Big Movie!, in which ch she appeared alongside Offset and their two children. It premiered in December onParamount+and Nickelodeon.Cardi B co-headlinedTikTok's inaugural In the Mix festival on December 10 inMesa, Arizona,which was released as a concert special on Disney+ and Hulu on December 15.She performed at theFontainebleau Miami Beach, accompanied by DJGryffin, on December 31, 2023, which aired live for the 2024 edition ofDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. She released the promotional single \\\"Like What (Freestyle)\\\" on March 1, 2024, with an accompanying music video directed by Offset.Her first solo song since \\\"Up\\\" (2021), it is afreestyleof rapperMissy Elliot's \\\"She's a Bitch\\\" (1999).The track reached the top 40 in the US and became Cardi's 19th top-ten and 11th chart-topper onHot Rap Songsand Hot Rap Digital Songs.It was followed by \\\"Enough (Miami)\\\" on March 15,which marked her 12th top-ten on the Hot 100 and seventh number-one on the Digital Songs chart.A remix ofFlo Milli's \\\"Never Lose Me\\\" was released on the same day, featuring SZA and Cardi B.On March 11, Cardi joinedMadonnaonstage for a guest appearance at the Inglewood show of herCelebration Tour.She appeared on \\\"Puntería\\\" withShakira, the opening track and eighth single of the latter's twelfth albumLas Mujeres Ya No Lloran, released on March 22, 2024.\\\"Puntería\\\" reached number one on theLatin Airplaychart and topped theLatin Pop Airplaychart for nine weeks.On May 21, Cardi B appeared as a surprise performer at theMadison Square Gardenshow of Megan Thee Stallion'sHot Girl Summer Tour.She featured on the remix of Thee Stallion and GloRilla's \\\"Wanna Be\\\", released on May 31.In June, Cardi featured on \\\"Put Em in the Fridge\\\" fromPeso Pluma's fourth albumÉxodo.She co-headlined theBET Experiencefestival at theCrypto.com Arenaon June 28.Her collaboration withRob49, titled \\\"On Dat Money\\\", was released on July 19. In August, Cardi confirmed that her second studio album would be released in late 2024, stating that it was \\\"three-quarters of the way done\\\".Previously iterated for a 2023 release,she revealed that she was \\\"just holding it\\\" because she felt \\\" missing a couple of things\\\" and \\\"gotta make sure that everything is just planned out\\\".In October, Cardi will co-headline the 2024 One Musicfest inAtlanta. Artistry Influences InBillboard's \\\"You Should Know\\\" series, Cardi B said the first albums she ever purchased were by American entertainersMissy ElliottandTweet, respectively.She has credited Puerto Rican rapperIvy Queenand Jamaican dancehall artistSpiceas influences, as well asBeyoncé,Lady Gaga,Lil' Kim,Madonna,andSelena.She has mentionedChicago drill musicas an important influence.When asked about the initial direction for her music, Cardi B said in an interview, \\\"When I first started rapping I liked certain songs fromKhiaandTrina, and they fighting songs. I haven't heard fighting songs for a very long time,\\\" crediting the two female rappers for her aggressive rap style. She continued, saying \\\"a lot of girls they cannot affordred bottoms, a lot of girls they cannot afford foreign cars but I know that every girl has beef with a girl I know that every bitch don't like some bitch, and it's like 'that's what I wanna rap about.'\\\" She also credits growing up in the South Bronx and real life experiences as influences for her songwriting; \\\"I wouldn't be able to rap about the things that I rap about now .\\\" Musical style Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy, is primarily ahip hoprecord, which comprises elements oftrap,Latin music, andR&B.Consequence of Sounddescribed her flow as \\\"acrobatic and nimble.\\\"AllMusiceditor David Jeffries called Cardi B \\\"a raw and aggressive rapper\\\".Stereogumcalled her voice \\\"a full-bodied New Yawk nasal bleat, the sort of thing that you've heard if someone has ever told you that you stupid for taking too long at swiping yourMetroCard.\\\" They continued to call her voice \\\"an unabashedly loud and sexual fuck-you New York honk—that translates perfectly to rap.\\\" In a 2017Complexarticle about her, the editor wrote \\\"unapologetic does not begin to describe the totally unfiltered and sheer Cardi B-ness of Cardi B's personality. She's a hood chick who's not afraid to be hood no matter the setting. Cardi B is Cardi B24/7, 365, this is why she resonates with people, and that same energy comes out in her music.\\\"Herflowhas been described as aggressiveIn 2019,NMEdescribed her lyrics as \\\"sexually free\\\" performed with \\\"rapid\\\" flow,and other publications have further described her lyrics as outspoken,while her punchlines have been praised, by such publications asPitchforkandThe Source, as clever and quotable.She possesses aNew York-Dominicanaccent. Cardi B has defended her musical content featuring sexually-charged lyrics—like most contemporary female rappers; she stated that the content \\\"seems like that's what people want to hear\\\", since she faced negative reactions after releasing her more emotional song, \\\"Be Careful\\\".She has declared, \\\" is the type of artist I always wanted to be: I like to rap about the streets, and I like to rap about my pussy. I don't give a fuck about it.\\\"She has stated that writing and performing songs about her personal life and relationships initially caused her a \\\"weird and uncomfortable\\\" feeling and shyness. Cardi B employs different vocal styles in her music; in \\\"WAP\\\" her vocal performance has been described as \\\"throaty\\\"and \\\"staccato\\\",while in \\\"Up\\\" she raps withalliteration, atongue twister-run, and \\\"some classically comedic Cardi\\\"punch lines. Other ventures Products and endorsements In February 2017, she partnered withM.A.Cand Rio Uribe's Gypsy Sport for aNew York Fashion Weekevent.Her April appearance ini-D's \\\"A-Z of Music\\\" video was sponsored by designerMarc Jacobs,and she made the cover ofThe Fader's July/August 2017 Summer Music issue.Tom Ford's Cardi B-inspired lipstick, named after her, was released in September 2018. It sold out within 24 hours.In November, she released a clothing line collection withFashion Nova.The same month she partnered withReebok, promoting the brand's Aztrek sneaker.In partnership with Reebok, she released a footwear and apparel collection in 2020, inspired by her personal style and paying homage to \\\"classic 80s styling\\\" and motifs.She released her second collection with Reebok in 2021, titled \\\"Let Me Be...In My World\\\", comprising sneakers, tracksuits, and corsets, inspired by everyday life in New York City.The third collection with the brand, \\\"Mommy & Me\\\", was released in May 2021 in recognition ofMother's Day, which includes Cardi's iteration of Club C shoes for adults, children, and infants.The next, titled \\\"Let Me Be...Enchanted\\\" was released in two parts in June and July 2022; it was revealed to be inspired by \\\"a state of enchantment and euphoria\\\" and included crop tops, faux fur jackets, and leotards along with footwear.The fifth and final collection, \\\"Let Me Be...Next Level Energy\\\", was also released in two parts in September and December 2022, concluding her four-year partnership with Reebok.Inspired by Cardi B's \\\"unmatched energy\\\", the collection consisted of bodysuits, crop tops, footwear, leggings, and woven jackets—of a color palette based oncrystals. Cardi B teamed up withPepsifor three television commercials, which aired during theSuper Bowl LIII, the61st Annual Grammy Awards, and Christmas.In early 2019, Cardi also joined other hip hop artists (including her husbandOffset, as part ofMigos) in releasing her flavors of snack food Rap Snacks: two flavors of chips, and two of popcorn. The bags' artwork was designed by Jai Manselle and inspired by the cover ofInvasion of Privacy. In December 2021, Cardi B partnered withPLBY Group Inc.ascreative directorin residence forPlayboyand founding member of Centerfold, a creator-driven website in the works. The partnership also includes fashion and sexual wellness products. In February 2023, Cardi B and Offset partnered withMcDonald'sto create the Cardi B and Offset meal, which was launched onValentine's Day.The meal was first announced in the2023McDonald'sSuper Bowl commercialwhich the couple appeared in.In October, she fronted the campaign forSkims' Cotton Collection.The campaign generated over $4 million in media impact value (MIV).In December 2023, she made her runway debut at the Balenciaga fall 2024 show in Los Angeles. In February 2024, Cardi B starred inNYX Cosmetics' inaugural Super Bowl commercial forSuper Bowl LVIII, titled \\\"Lips Only\\\".An edited version of the advert—centered around the company's Duck Plump lip gloss—was broadcast during the commercial break, due toribald themesof humor.In May 2024, she appeared alongside sprinterSha'Carri Richardsonin a commercial for the2024 Summer Olympics.In July, Cardi fronted theMarc Jacobsfall 2024 campaign. Whipshots In collaboration with Starco Brands, Cardi B launched avodka-infused,veganwhipped cream, called Whipshots, in the US in December 2021.It has sold over five million cans as of March 2024. Cardi Tries She premiered the seriesCardi TriesviaFacebook Messengerin December 2020, with herself as one of the executive producers.The web series ran for three seasons until April 2023. Philanthropy In 2022, Cardi B donated $100,000 to the elementary school she attended, I.S. 232 inThe Bronx. Public image Political statements Cardi B identifies as afeminist.The rapper has been called \\\"unabashedly, directly political\\\"and often uses social media to advocate for causes she believes in, such asgun control.During the2016 presidential primaries, she warned her fans ofDonald Trump's immigration policies and encouraged them to vote for SenatorBernie Sanders.At theGrammy Awardsin 2018, she appeared in a video along withHillary Clintonto narrate a portion ofFire and Fury,Michael Wolff's insider's account of Trump's administration, and stated \\\"Why am I even reading this shit? I can't believe this. I can't believe—this is how he really lives his life?\\\" Early in 2018 she used her social media to demand transparency ontax policy, asking for detailed information on how her taxpayer dollars are being spent in New York state and criticizing the maintenance of its streets, prisons, andpublic transportation.Cardi B endorsed Sanders once again in hissecond bidfor the presidency in the2020 United States presidential election, while praising U.S. RepresentativeTim Ryan.She stated that one of the reasons for her endorsement is Sanders' long-time involvement in supporting underprivileged minorities and \\\"people gettingMedicarebecause he knows they can't afford it,\\\"whilePoliticoargued that she \\\"might be one of Bernie's most powerful 2020 allies.\\\" She has used her social pages to raise awareness for victims ofpolice brutality, and has encouraged people to vote for mayors, judges anddistrict attorneysin local elections.In a conversation with Democratic candidateJoe BidenforElle, they discussed Medicare,free college tuition, and racial equality.According to a study published byThe Hollywood Reporter, Cardi B ranked as the fifth most influential celebrity, and fourth amongGeneration Z, for the 2020 presidential election. In November 2023, Cardi B stated that she no longer supports Joe Biden for president,saying that she would \\\"not endorsing no fucking president's no more\\\" as a result of Biden's \\\"spending on wars\\\". She has praised PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltfor advocating for theSocial Securityprogram and theNew Dealproject.She said of Roosevelt, \\\"he helped us get over theDepression, all while he was in a wheelchair. Like, this man was suffering frompolioat the time of his presidency, and yet all he was worried about was trying to make America great—make America great again for real. He's the real 'Make America Great Again,' because if it wasn't for him, old people wouldn't even get Social Security.\\\"Sanders has praised her for her \\\"leading role\\\" in calling attention to Social Security. Fashion Cardi has a noted affinity forChristian Louboutinheels, a running theme in her song \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\".She has also mentioned her affinity for cheap,fast fashionbrands stating \\\"I don't care if it cost $20 or $15. If it looks good on me, it looks good on me\\\".During an interview in early 2017, Cardi B spoke on being rejected by some fashion designers.Cardi wore vintageThierry Muglerto the2019 Grammy Awards, with ani-Darticle stating that the fashion house's \\\"resurgence onto the fashion scene can almost single-handedly be attributed\\\" to theSwarovski crystal-embroidered crinoline sheath gown she wore at the ceremony. Mugler's collaboration with Cardi B marked the second time in 25 years that the Paris house opened its archives to dress a celebrity, the first beingBeyoncéfor her 2009 concert tour.Wmagazine credited the \\\"WAP\\\" music video for popularizing the Mugler bodysuit in the mainstream.Cardi has acknowledged Mugler as one of the first designers to \\\"take a major chance on \\\" for their fashion collaborations. Vogue,The Telegraph,Time, andVibehave referred to her as afashion icon.An article fromVoguenoted she \\\"is famous for her statement getups—whether she's rocking archival Mugler on the red carpet, or dripping in Chanel while sitting courtside at a basketball game.\\\"Her over-the-top manicures, designed bynail artistJenny Buiand studded withSwarovski crystals, has become a part of her signature look.EditorChristian Allairefrom the magazine in 2021 commented that her signature \\\"bold\\\" ensembles \\\"create a spectacle\\\" duringfashion weeks. In 2018, she became the first female rapper in the US to appear on the cover ofVoguemagazine. Photographed byAnnie Leibovitz, the cover, one of four for the January 2019 issue that includedStella McCartney,features her in a red and whiteMichael Korsdress and matching redJimmy Chooshoes, while holding her daughter, Kulture. In 2019, theCouncil of Fashion Designers of Americaincluded her on their list of \\\"28 Black Fashion Forces\\\".Vogueeditor-in-chiefAnna Wintourcommended her fashion sense, declaring that she \\\"completely rethought opinion of Cardi B's style\\\" after the 2019Met Gala, where the rapper wore aThom Browne-designed burgundy gown that extends outward in concentric circles for about ten feet and was inspired by thefemale form. Cardi B became the face ofBalenciaga's ad campaign for the winter 2020 season. The campaign includes billboards in several international locations, such as theLouvremuseum.Vogue's Brooke Bobb commented, \\\"This is Cardi's first campaign for a luxury fashion house, though she's definitely no stranger to the Parisian style scene\\\", citing her floral printedRichard Quinnensemble \\\"that literally covered her from head to toe\\\" and her being \\\"a front row fixture\\\" athigh fashionshows, adding, \\\"She and her stylist Kollin Carter have been wildly successful in carving out a much-needed space for Cardi within the fashion industry, and they've cultivated a personal style that is all her own while being inspiring to all\\\". In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be awarded by theFN Achievement Awardswhen she won the Style Influencer of the Year award, which was presented to her byChristian Louboutin. In a press release for the awards show, she was called an \\\"influence just about everything in pop culture—from music, fashion and style to social media, politics and even public service\\\".In 2022,Rolling Stoneranked her as the second most-stylish woman in music, behindLady Gaga,andGQconsidered her \\\"one of fashion's preeminent risk-takers.\\\" Impact Cardi B has been referred to as the \\\"Reigning Queen of Hip Hop\\\" by multiple publications, includingBillboard,The Hollywood Reporter,Entertainment Weekly,Omaha World-Herald,Black Enterprise,Newsweek, andThe A.V. Club,and as the \\\"Queen of Rap\\\" byNME,Essence,Harper's Bazaar Malaysia,The Jakarta Post,Uproxx,iHeartRadio,Geo TV,Vanity Fair,Joe,Boston Herald,Refinery 29,France 24, and Nigerian mediaThe Guardian,BBC News, andDaily Trust. Spinstaff credited her for opening \\\"the table to a new generation of pop artists remaking American music in their own image and accents,\\\" as Cardi B \\\"recognized thatPOCartists no longer need to pander or soften themselves in order to become household names.\\\"Billboardeditors stated that with \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\"'s commercial success, \\\"she left an indelible mark on the summer of 2017, not only because she rewrote history, but she gave hope to the have nots...\\\".Several publications have credited \\\"I Like It\\\", the firstLatin trapsong to reach number one on theHot 100, for introducing the \\\"musical movement\\\" to a mainstream, massive audience.Billboard'sCarl Lamarre considered \\\"WAP\\\"'s achievements \\\"a clever Trojan horse for the myriad ways Cardi influences the culture with every move she makes.\\\" The Wall Street Journal's Neil Shah stated in 2020 that her breakthrough and success influenced \\\"today's female-rap renaissance,\\\" whileGeniusstaff credited her for \\\"helping jumpstart a new wave of female hip-hop signings and promotion at labels,\\\"andNPR Musiccommented that the \\\"renaissance\\\" of the dynamism of women in rap grew \\\"in enthusiasm and breadth\\\" since Cardi's \\\"first historic run\\\" in 2017.Similarly,Clover Hope's bookThe Motherlode(2021) stated thatInvasion of Privacy\\\"jump-started a new era for women rappers in which success felt much more tangible\\\" as Cardi B \\\"multiplied the wealth of talent and resurrected the idea that numerous women who controlled their own stories could dominate rap at once.\\\" The New Yorkerhas credited her for \\\"changing a genre that has rarely allowed for more than one female superstar at a time.\\\"Uproxxnoted Cardi B for promoting up-and-coming female rappers; \\\" choosing to use her position at the height of stardom to open doors for other women to flourish in hip-hop at a greater level than any since theGolden Eraand 'Ladies First',\\\" considering it \\\"something of a departure from tradition; for the decade previous to Cardi's precipitous come-up, it seemed hip-hop had an unspoken,Highlander-esque rule in place regarding women.\\\"Varietydeemed her a \\\"hip-hop icon\\\",andThe Independentcalled her \\\"the people's pop culture icon\\\", writing that she \\\"has become one of the most recognisable cultural figures of the past 10 years\\\". NPRdefined \\\"Cardi B effect\\\" as \\\"abranding powerrooted in specific authenticity, created and permeated by rapper Cardi B\\\" and noticed that with her breakthrough, \\\"brands finally started to become hip to effect, noticing the cultural markers outside of the rap world that were proving it wasn't limited to clubs, concerts and radio.\\\"Business magazineInc.stated that her success \\\"shows how social media changed everything we knew abouttraditional marketingand media\\\", which no longer relies on a \\\"well-thought marketing scheme or millions of dollars in advertising.\\\"In 2019, a life-sized sculpture of her was on display at theBrooklyn Museum, as part ofSpotify's RapCaviar \\\"Pantheon\\\". Bloombergreported that her data bill helped to boost Ghana's GDP growth in 2019, after it was part of a concert tour.She inspired the creation of the sitcomPartners in Rhyme, executively produced byMC Lyteabout a young woman in high school who \\\"aspires to be the next Cardi B.\\\"P-Valleycreator and executive producerKatori Hallcited her an inspiration for the TV series, and credited her for \\\"helping prepare the public\\\" for its storyline. Several artists have cited Cardi B's work as an inspiration, includingRosalía,Olivia Rodrigo,Jazmine Sullivan,Selena Gomez,Blackpink,Spice,Greta Gerwig,Nathy Peluso,Rubi Rose,María Becerra,andAbigail Asante.Cardi B has been credited for supporting and uniting female rappers in the industry,with a writer fromUproxxconsidering her co-sign \\\"the newDrakeeffect\\\" for women in hip hop. Achievements Cardi B is the recipient of numerous accolades, including aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards(including three consecutiveTop Rap Female Artistwins), sixGuinness World Records,sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, sixBET Awards(includingAlbum of the Year), and fourteenBET Hip Hop Awards.Invasion of Privacy—which made her the first female rapper to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Albumas a solo artist—became the first female rap albumin fifteen yearsto be nominated for aGrammy Award for Album of the Year. Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018.She received theASCAPaward forSongwriter of the Yearin 2019, becoming the first female rapper to win the award.She received the honor for the second time in 2020, making her the first female songwriter to win the award twice.In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards. Cardi B is the female rapper with the mostBillboardHot 100number one singles (5)and the one with the most total weeks on the top position (16).\\\"I Like It\\\" became the first song led by a female rapper to surpassa billion streamsonSpotify, making her the first woman in hip hop with multiple billion-streamers on the service, and the female rapper with the second-most, with a total of four so far.With the singles \\\"Taki Taki\\\" and \\\"WAP\\\" she became the only female rapper to top the global Spotify chart multiple times.Since August 2020, \\\"WAP\\\" holds the record of the biggest first-week streams for a song in the United States.Invasion of Privacywas the top female rap album of the 2010s, according to theBillboard200decade-end chart.It became the longest-charting album by a female rapper on theBillboard200,and the most-streamed female rap album on Spotify. Cardi is the female rapper with the mostDiamond-certifiedsongs by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) (3): \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\", which made her the first female rapper to have a song certified Diamond; \\\"Girls Like You\\\", which made her the only female rapper to achieve multiple Diamond-certified songs; and \\\"I Like It\\\", a tie for the second-most among women artists.Cardi B has topped twicePitchfork'sannual list of best songs of the year(2017 and 2020).Billboardstaff andRolling Stoneranked her debut album number 13 and 34 on their critics' lists of the best albums of the 2010s respectively, both the highest rank for a female rapper for the decade.Cardi B has become the highest-certified female rapper of all time on theRIAA's Top Artists (Digital Singles)ranking, with 58 million certified units, also being among the highest-certified female artists overall.In October 2022, five years after her major-label debut, she reached 100 million units sold in RIAA certifications, across her album, singles and guest appearances. In the US, Cardi has achieved three times the best-performing song of the year by a female artist—the first act to do so this century—in 2017, 2018, and 2020.As of 2021, \\\"I Like It\\\" is the most-streamed song by a female rapper in the United Kingdom.In August 2021, \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" made Cardi B the first female rapper to have two videos on herYouTubechannel with more than 1 billion views, joining \\\"I Like It\\\", and became the fastest solo female rap song to reach that mark on the platform.She has the most-viewed music videos on YouTube, both as a solo act and feature, among female rappers (\\\"Bodak Yellow\\\"; \\\"Girls Like You\\\"). As of September 2024, she has one music video with over 3 billion views (\\\"Girls Like You\\\"); one video with over 2 billion views (\\\"Taki Taki\\\"); and three videos with over a billion views (\\\"I Like It\\\", \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\", \\\"Girls Like You (Volume 2)\\\") on YouTube. Cardi is the only female rapper ranked onBillboard's Greatest Hot 100 Hits of All Time, with \\\"Girls Like You\\\" at number 30. Personal life Cardi B defined herself as a practicingCatholic.In 2016, Cardi B said that, while working as a stripper during her younger years, she used to drug and rob men to get money.Following controversies on the matter, sparked in 2019, she defended herself by saying that she took money from them because they \\\"wasted her time by falling asleep\\\", and then \\\"kept coming back.\\\"In 2024, she spoke on the matter again, saying she \\\"doesn't feel bad\\\" about drugging and robbing men and would do it again. She identifies asbisexual.In connection with theMe Too movement, she has discussed being sexually assaulted in the past while working as a stripper. In a 2018 interview, Cardi B talked about beingAfro-LatinaandAfro-Caribbean: We are Caribbean people. Some people want to decide if you're black or not, depending on your skin complexion, because they don't understand Caribbean people or our culture. I don't got to tell you that I'm black. I expect you to know about it. When my father taught me about Caribbean countries, he told me that Europeans took over our lands. That's why we all speak different languages. Just like everybody else, we came over here the same way. I hate when people try to take my roots from me. Because we know that there's African roots inside of us. Relationships In early 2017, Cardi B began dating fellow rapperOffset.They became engaged on October 27, 2017.On April 7, 2018, during her second performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B revealed her pregnancy; she was about six months (24 weeks) pregnant at the time.On June 25, 2018,TMZfound a marriage license revealing Cardi B and Offset had actually secretly married in September 2017, one month before the public proposal. She later confirmed this in a social media post. Cardi B gave birth to her daughter on July 10, 2018.In December 2018, she announced onInstagramthat she and Offset had separated, though the pair later reunited.In February 2019, the couple made a public appearance for the Grammys.He accompanied her onstage during her acceptance speech forBest Rap Album. In September 2020, it was reported that Cardi B had filed for divorce from Offset,but the following month it was revealed they were back together.In June 2021, Cardi B revealed she was pregnant with her second child, a boy.She gave birth to her son on September 4, 2021.On the fifth anniversary of her marriage, Cardi B announced she was planning her official wedding.In December 2023, Cardi shared via Instagram that she had been \\\"single for a minute,\\\" confirming that she and Offset were no longer together.However, as of March 2024, the current status of their marriage became unclear as they were still working together, with Offset having directed a music video for Cardi B.In July 2024, Cardi officially filed for divorce from Offset. She announced her third pregnancy the day after.She gave birth to her third child, on September 7, 2024. Legal issues On October 1, 2018, Cardi B was accused of an alleged assault of two female bartenders.The victims claimed that Cardi B and her entourage \\\"threw bottles and alcohol at them.\\\"She denied involvement.She was charged with twomisdemeanors: assault and reckless endangerment.Cardi B appeared in court for her arraignment on December 7, 2018, after she did not show up for the originally scheduled date due to a scheduling conflict, according to her attorney.On June 21, 2019, a jury indicted Cardi B on 14 charges, including two counts of felony assault with intent to cause serious physical injury, stemming from the incident.She was arraigned on June 25, 2019, and pleaded not guilty on all charges.On September 15, 2022, she pleaded guilty to third-degree assault and second-degree reckless endangerment, resulting in a sentence of 15 days of community service. On January 24, 2022, Cardi won a million-dollar defamation verdict against YouTuber Latasha Kebe (Tasha K) for waging a \\\"malicious campaign\\\" to hurt her reputation by posting false rumors. She stated that the lies had led her to contemplate suicide in 2019.The jury issued a verdict that Cardi B had been defamed and awarded $1.25 million in damages.Further proceedings brought the total fine against Kebe to $3.82 million. On March 25, 2022, Cardi, her sister Hennessy, and Hennessy's girlfriend won a defamation lawsuit filed against them by three men over an incident at a Suffolk County beach. In July 2023, Cardi B threw her microphone into the crowd at aLas Vegasconcert of hers after a fan threw a liquid at her. Subsequently, one fan attempted to press charges but theClark CountyPolice Department following an investigation decided not to move forward with a case. Controversies Cardi B sparked controversy after throwing one of her high heel shoes at and attempting to physically attack fellow rapperNicki Minajat aNew York Fashion Weekafter-party in September 2018; bodyguards intervened before she could reach Minaj, leaving her a large bump on her forehead.Following the altercation, she alleged on Instagram that Minaj had previously \\\"liked\\\" social media comments that spoke negatively of Cardi B's ability to take care of her newborn daughter.Minaj denied the allegations on her Queen Radio show and expressed embarrassment at the fight.She accused Cardi B of building \\\"her career off of sympathy and payola\\\" and of bribing DJs and radio outlets with sex to play her records. Minaj also criticized Cardi B's rapping ability, saying, \\\"Do you know what it's like to sit in your room for hours writing raps? You came into my fucking culture. I never had to fuck a DJ to play my songs.\\\"Minaj also called Cardi B a \\\"disgusting pig\\\" for allegedlycyberbullyinga guest caller on Minaj's show and unearthed posts calling dark-skinned black women \\\"cockroaches\\\", which she had defended earlier by saying that it is a derogatory term inthe Bronxused for anyone being disrespectful.Cardi B was on the cover of the 2019 spring fashion issue ofHarper's Bazaar, which featured her in aCinderella-themed photo shoot wearing a red gown and leaving a shoe behind. Some interpreted this as a reference to the incident. After the release of \\\"Girls\\\" in May 2018, a collaboration where she had a featured verse, Cardi B responded to accusations of the song trivializingLGBTrelationships; she tweeted, \\\"We never try to cause harm or had bad intentions with the song.\\\" She went on to add, \\\"I personally myself had experiences with other women.\\\" Discography Filmography Commercials See also Notes References Further reading External links\",\n \"Tupac Shakur Tupac Amaru Shakur(/ˈtuːpɑːkʃəˈkʊər/ⓘ; bornLesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names2PacandMakaveli, was an American rapper and actor. Considered to be one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time,academics regard him as one of the most influential music artists of the 20th century and a prominent political activist forBlack America.In addition to his music career, Shakur also wrote poetry and had numerous starring roles in movies. Shakur is among thebest-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide.His lyrical content has been noted for addressing social injustice, political issues, and the marginalization of otherAfrican-Americans,but he was also synonymous withgangsta rapand violent lyrics. Shakur was born inNew York Cityto parents who were both political activists andBlack Panther Partymembers. Raised by his mother,Afeni Shakur, he relocated toBaltimorein 1984 and to theSan Francisco Bay Areain 1988. With the release of his debut album2Pacalypse Nowin 1991, he became a central figure inWest Coast hip hopfor hisconscious rapandpolitical raplyrics.Shakur achieved further critical and commercialmulti-platinumsuccess with his follow-up albumsStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...(1993) andMe Against the World(1995).HisDiamondcertified albumAll Eyez on Me(1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.In addition to his music career, Shakur starred roles inJuice(1992),Poetic Justice(1993),Above the Rim(1994),Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Shakur's most notable songs include \\\"California Love,\\\" \\\"Changes,\\\" \\\"Dear Mama,\\\" \\\"Hail Mary,\\\" \\\"Keep Ya Head Up,\\\" \\\"Hit 'Em Up,\\\" \\\"Ambitionz az a Ridah,\\\" \\\"All Eyez on Me,\\\" \\\"Ghetto Gospel,\\\" \\\"Do for Love,\\\" \\\"So Many Tears,\\\" \\\"To Live & Die in L.A.,\\\" \\\"How Do U Want It,\\\" \\\"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted,\\\" \\\"Brenda's Got a Baby\\\" and \\\"I Get Around.\\\" Alongside his solo career, Shakur was part of the groupThug Lifeand collaborated with artists likeSnoop Dogg,Dr. Dre, and theOutlawz. During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, includingincarceration. He served eight months in prison onsexual abusecharges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction in 1995.Following his release, he signed toMarion \\\"Suge\\\" Knight's labelDeath Row Recordsand became heavily involved in the growingEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.On September 7, 1996, Shakur wasshot four timesby an unidentified assailant in adrive-by shootinginLas Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur's friend-turned-rival,the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered inanother drive-by shootingsix months later in March 1997, while visiting Los Angeles.On September 22, 1996, a peace summit was convened atMosque MaryambyLouis Farrakhanin response to hisassassination. Shakur's double-length posthumous albumGreatest Hits(1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.Five more albums have been released since Shakur's death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous albumThe Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory(1996)under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified multi-platinum in the United States.In 2002, Shakur was inducted into theHip-Hop Hall of Fame.In 2017, he was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Famein his first year of eligibility.Rolling Stoneranked Shakur among the100 Greatest Artists of All Time.In 2023, he was awarded a posthumous star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His influence in music, activism, songwriting, and other areas of culture has been the subject of academic studies. Early life Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, inEast Harlem, Manhattan, New York City.While born Lesane Parish Crooks, at age one he was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.He was named afterTúpac Amaru II, a descendant of the lastIncanruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after hisrevoltagainstSpanish rule.Shakur's motherAfeni Shakurexplained, \\\"I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood.\\\"Tupac's surname came from Lumumba Shakur, a Sunni Muslim, whom his mother married in November 1968. Their marriage fell apart when it was discovered that Lumumba was not Tupac's biological father. Shakur had an older stepbrother,Mopreme \\\"Komani\\\" Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior. Panther heritage Shakur's parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, William \\\"Billy\\\" Garland, had been activeBlack Panther Partymembers in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.A month before Shakur's birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of thePanther 21criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges. Other family members who were involved in theBlack Panthers'Black Liberation Armywere convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur's stepfather,Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years as one of theFBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur'sgodfather,Elmer \\\"Geronimo\\\" Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was wrongly convicted of murdering a schoolteacher during a 1968 robbery. After he spent 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution's having concealed evidence that proved his innocence. Shakur's godmother,Assata Shakur, is a former member of theBlack Liberation Armywho was convicted in 1977 of thefirst-degree murderof aNew Jersey State Trooper. Since 2013, she has been in theFBI Most Wanted Terroristslist after she escapedprisonin 1979. Education In the 1980s, Shakur's mother found it difficult to find work and struggled with drug addiction.In 1984, his family moved from New York City toBaltimore, Maryland.Beginning in 1984 when Shakur was 13, he lived in thePen Lucyneighborhood with his mother and younger sister at 3955 Greenmount Ave.The home was a two-storyrowhousethat had been subdivided into two separate rental units; the Shakur family lived on the first floor.After his death, the block was renamed Tupac Shakur Way. While living in Baltimore, Shakur attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade atPaul Laurence Dunbar High School.He transferred to theBaltimore School for the Artsin the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry,jazz, and ballet.He performed inShakespeare plays—the themes of which he identified in patterns of gang warfare—and as the Mouse King inThe Nutcrackerballet. At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actressJada Pinkett, who became the subject of some of his poems (\\\"Jada\\\" and \\\"The Tears in Cupid's Eyes\\\").With his friend Dana \\\"Mouse\\\" Smith as abeatbox, he won competitions for the school's best rapper.Known for his humor, he was popular with all crowds of students.He listened to a diverse range of music that includedKate Bush,Culture Club,Sinéad O'Connor, andU2. Upon connecting with the BaltimoreYoung Communist League USA,Shakur dated Mary Baldridge, who was the daughter of the director of the local chapter of theCommunist Party USA. In 1988, Shakur moved toMarin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.In nearbyMill Valley, he attendedTamalpais High School,where he performed in several theater productions.Shakur did not graduate from high school, but later earned hisGED. Music career MC New York Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.That year, he began attending the poetry classes ofLeila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap groupDigital Underground.In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as aroadieandbackup dancer. Digital Underground Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac onDigital Underground, under a new record label,Interscope Records, on the group's January 1991 single \\\"Same Song\\\". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, starringDan Aykroyd,John Candy,Chevy Chase, andDemi Moore.The song opened the group's January 1991 EP titledThis Is an EP Release,while Shakur appeared in the music video. At the request of Steinberg, Digital Underground co-founder Jimi \\\"Chopmaster J\\\" Dright worked with Shakur,Ray Luvand Dize, a DJ, on their earliest studio recordings. Dright recalls that Shakur did not work well as part of a group, and added, \\\"this guy was on a mission. From day one. Maybe he knew he wasn't going to be around seven years later.\\\" From 1988 to 1991, Dright and Digital Underground produced Shakur's earliest work with his crew at the time, Strictly Dope.The recordings were rediscovered in 2000 and released asThe Lost Tapes: Circa 1989.Afeni Shakur sued to stop the sale of the recordings but the suit was settled in June 2001 and rereleased asBeginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991. Shakur's early days withDigital Undergroundmade him acquainted withRandy \\\"Stretch\\\" Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team,Live Squad, inQueens, New York.Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground's 1991 albumSons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often. 2Pacalypse Now Shakur's debut album,2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 filmApocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—likeNas,Eminem,Game, andTalib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.Aside from \\\"If My Homie Calls\\\", the singles \\\"Trapped\\\" and \\\"Brenda's Got a Baby\\\" poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage. U.S. Vice PresidentDan Quaylesaid, \\\"There's no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society.\\\" Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,explained, in part: I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males. When I said that, I didn't know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males, to be the media's kicking post for young black males. 2Pacalypse Nowwascertified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day. Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... Shakur's second album,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..., was released in February 1993.A critical and commercial success, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200.An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac's sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song \\\"Last Wordz\\\" featuresIce Cube, co-writer ofN.W.A's\\\"Fuck tha Police\\\", who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantlypolitical, andgangsta rapperIce-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his bandBody Count's track \\\"Cop Killer\\\". In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the \\\"Black Side\\\", while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the \\\"Dark Side\\\".The album carries the single \\\"I Get Around\\\", a party anthem featuring Digital Underground'sShock GandMoney-B, which became Shakur's breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, theBillboardHot 100.And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, \\\"Keep Ya Head Up\\\", an anthem forwomen's empowerment.The album was certifiedPlatinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies. Thug Life In late 1993, Shakur formed the groupThug Lifewith Tyrus \\\"Big Syke\\\" Himes, Diron \\\"Macadoshis\\\" Rivers, his stepbrotherMopreme Shakur, and Walter \\\"Rated R\\\" Burns.Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac. Thug Life released its only album,Thug Life, Volume I, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single \\\"Pour Out a Little Liquor\\\", produced byJohnny \\\"J\\\" Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur's albumAll Eyez on Me. The track also appears on theAbove the Rimsoundtrack.Due togangsta rapbeing under heavy criticism at the time, the album's original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, \\\"Out on Bail\\\", which was never released, at the1994 Source Awards. The Notorious B.I.G. and Junior M.A.F.I.A. In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles,the Notorious B.I.G.asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.Together, they recorded the songs \\\"Runnin' from tha Police\\\" and \\\"House of Pain\\\". Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him thatSean Combswould make him a star.Yet in the meantime, Shakur's lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, theJunior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friendsLil' CeaseandLil' Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994. Me Against the World Shakur's third album,Me Against the World,was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.It is now hailed as hismagnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.The album debuted at No. 1 on theBillboard200and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper. The lead single, \\\"Dear Mama\\\", was released in February 1995 with \\\"Old School\\\" as theB-side.It is the album's most successful single, topping theHot Rap Singleschart, and peaking at No. 9 on theBillboardHot 100.In July, it was certified Platinum.It ranked No. 51 on theyear-end charts. The second single, \\\"So Many Tears\\\", was released in June 1995,reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.The final single, \\\"Temptations\\\", was released in August 1995.It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for \\\"Temptations\\\". Shakur won best rap album at the1996 Soul Train Music Awards.In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the U.S. All Eyez on Me While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contactDeath Row RecordsfounderSuge Knightin Los Angeles.Reportedly, Shakur's mother promptly received $15,000.After an August visit toClinton Correctional Facilityin northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the2nd Annual Source Awardsceremony. Meanwhile, anEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalrywas brewing between Death Row andBad Boy Records.In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending. Shakur's fourth album,All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996.It was rap's first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur's contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.The album shows Shakurrapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.Music journalistKevin Powellnoted that Shakur, once released from prison, became more aggressive, and \\\"seemed like a completely transformed person\\\". As Shakur's second album to hit No. 1 on both theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and the pop albums chart, theBillboard200,it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it wascertified5× Multi-Platinum in April.The singles \\\"How Do U Want It\\\" and \\\"California Love\\\" reached No. 1 on theBillboardHot 100.Death Row released Shakur's diss track \\\"Hit 'Em Up\\\" as the non-album B-side to \\\"How Do U Want It\\\". In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed \\\"Bad Boy killer\\\" threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duoMobb Deepand rapperChino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute. All Eyez on Mewon R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the1997 Soul Train Music Awards.At the1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,and 10× in July 2014. Posthumous albums At the time of his death, a fifth solo album was already finished,The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded during the summer of 1996 and released that year.The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com rankedThe 7 Day Theoryat No. 9 among hip hop's greatest albums ever,and by 2006 a classic album.Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans. According to George \\\"Papa G\\\" Pryce, Death Row Records' then director ofpublic relations, the album was meant to be \\\"underground\\\", and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.It peaked at No. 1 onBillboard'sTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and on theBillboard200,with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum. Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are: Poetry collection Before and during his hip-hop career, Shakur wrote dozens of poems.Some of the most notable are \\\"Can U C The Pride in The Panther\\\", \\\"If I fail\\\", \\\"Family Tree\\\", and \\\"The Rose that grew from the concrete\\\". In 1993 Tupac played a character named “Lucky” in the film titledPoetic JusticealongsideJanet Jackson. Poet and activistMaya Angelou, whom worked withMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm Xduring the civil rights movement, wrote the poems used in the 1993 film. In April 2022, handwritten poems written by Tupac when he was 11 years old were up for sale for $300,000 USD but only sold for $90,000.The poems were forJamal Josephand three otherBlack Panther Partymembers while they were incarcerated atLeavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur's writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The poems feature a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart and the phrase \\\"Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter\\\". In October, 2023, sexually explicit poems he wrote toJada Pinkett Smithwhile in prison went public in the book \\\"Tupac Shakur: The Authorized Biography.\\\"Pinkett Smith celebrated Shakur's 50th birthday by showing a unreleased poem on Instagram called \\\"Lost Soulz.\\\"According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\\\"Tupac had passion for theater and admiration ofWilliam Shakespeare. Years after Tupac's death,Nassaid \\\"I put Tupac beyond Shakespeare.\\\" Film career Shakur's first film appearance was in the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, acameoby the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred inJuice, in which he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual.Rolling Stone'sPeter Traverscalls him \\\"the film's most magnetic figure\\\". In 1993, Shakur starred alongsideJanet JacksoninJohn Singleton's romance film,Poetic Justice.Singleton later fired Shakur from the 1995 filmHigher Learningbecause the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.For the lead role in the eventual 2001 filmBaby Boy, a role played byTyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.Ultimately, theset designincludes a Shakur mural in the protagonist's bedroom, and the film's score includes Shakur's song \\\"Hail Mary\\\". DirectorAllen Hugheshad cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 filmMenace II Societybut replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors \\\"because he was bigger than the movie\\\". Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 filmAbove the Rim.By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealerJacques \\\"Haitian Jack\\\" Agnant,who managed and promoted rappers.Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the warning.Through Haitian Jack, Shakur metJames \\\"Jimmy Henchman\\\" Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager. Soon after Shakur's death, three more films starring him were released,Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Posthumous rumored roles andStar Wars It was rumored that Shakur was being considered byGeorge Lucasto portrayJedi MasterMace Winduin theStar Warsprequel films (1999–2005). According to formerDeath Row Recordschief engineer Rick Clifford, George Lucas was eyeing Tupac to star in his return to the \\\"Star Wars\\\" saga. Clifford talked about how excited Tupac was for the role, \\\"'Pac found out that I worked for Brian Austin Green, who was on90210, then he found out I some movies, so we always talked about his film career and stuff. He was telling me that he was supposed to read for George Lucas and them. They wanted him to be a Jedi. I'm serious. Samuel L. got Tupac's part. said , 'Old man, keep your fingers crossed.' He said, 'I've got three movies coming up. One of them, I've got to read for George Lucas.\\\" The Phantom Menacescript had begun being written in 1996 and the eventual film seeing release in 1999. Lucas had asked Jackson to ask Shakur to audition but due to Shakur's untimely death the role ultimately went toSamuel L. Jackson. The two had worked on the filmJuicetogether. Personal life In his 1995 interview withVibemagazine, Shakur listedJada Pinkett,Jasmine Guy,TreachandMickey Rourkeamong the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.Shakur also mentioned thatMadonnawas a supportive friend.Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994. Shakur became close friends with Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.He helped Pinkett land her first movie role in the filmMenace II Society(1993).In turn, Pinkett secured Shakur a guest starring role on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.She appeared in his music videos \\\"Keep Ya Head Up\\\" and \\\"Temptations\\\".She also came up with the concept for his \\\"California Love\\\" music video and had intended to direct it, but removed herself from the project.In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur's bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.Pinkett later revealed that she turned down hismarriage proposalwhile he was incarcerated atRikers Islandin 1995.Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: \\\"Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life. We'll be old together. Jada can ask me to do anything and she can have it.\\\"Pinkett said Shakur was \\\"one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime\\\". After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy's home.They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.Guy appeared in his music video \\\"Temptations\\\" and later wrote his mother's 2004 biography,Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary. Shakur befriended Treach when they were both roadies on Public Enemy's tour in 1990.He made a cameo inNaughty by Nature's music video \\\"Uptown Anthem\\\" in 1992.Treach collaborated on Shakur's song \\\"5 Deadly Venomz\\\" and appeared in the music video for Shakur's \\\"Temptations\\\".Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996. In 1993, during a police raid of Shakur's room at New York City'sParker Meridian Hotel, a videotape was confiscated which showed Shakur having sex with his then-girlfriend Desiree Smith. Officers were attempting to build their case against Shakur for the allegedsodomyof Ayanna Jackson. In 2022, Smith insisted she was neither underage nor intoxicated at the time of their tryst.In 2011, asex tapefeaturing Shakur receivingoral sexfrom a groupie while rapping and dancing along to one of his own unreleased songs, was sold to a private collector. The video, which was filmed in 1993, also features rapperMoney BfromDigital Underground. Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the movieBulletin 1994.Rourke recalled that Shakur \\\"was there for me during some very hard times.\\\" Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, includingMike TysonChuck D,Jim Carrey,andAlanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together. On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris, apre-lawstudent.Their marriage was annulled ten months later. In a 1993 interview published inThe Source, Shakur criticized record producerQuincy Jonesfor hisinterracial marriageto actressPeggy Lipton.Their daughterRashida Jonesresponded with an irate open letter.Shakur later apologized to her sisterKidada Jones, whom he began dating in 1996.Shakur and Jones attendedMen's Fashion Weekin Milan and walked the runway together for aVersacefashion show.Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot. Legal issues Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release In November 1993, Shakur and two other men were charged in New York withsodomizinga woman in Shakur's hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room on a later day, when Shakur, record executiveJacques \\\"Haitian Jack\\\" Agnant, Shakur's road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended and forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.Shakur was also charged withillegal possession of a firearmas two guns were found in the hotel room.Interviewed onThe Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that \\\"a woman would accuse me of taking something from her\\\", as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life. On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for \\\"forcibly touching the woman's buttocks\\\" in his hotel room.Jurors have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.Shakur's lawyer characterized the sentence as \\\"out of line\\\" with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as \\\"inhumane\\\". Shakur's accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequentlysettled. After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant's case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.A. J. Benzareported inNew York Daily NewsShakur's new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant andJames \\\"Henchman\\\" Rosemond, who he considered to be behind the 1994 Quad Studios shooting. Shakur was unable to post the $3 million bond to keep himself free until sentencing so he surrendered himself to authorities at theBellevue Hospital Jail Wardin New York City on December 23, 1994.At the time, he was still recovering from injuries he received on November 30, when he was shot five times and robbed at Quad Studios.In January 1995, Shakur was moved to the North Infirmary Command (NIC) onRikers Islandinthe Bronx.On February 7, 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to4+1⁄2years in prison by a judge who decried \\\"an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman\\\". In March 1995, Shakur was transferred toClinton Correctional FacilityinDannemora.While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such asThe Princeby Italian philosopherNiccolò MachiavelliandThe Art of Warby Chinese military strategistSun Tzusparked Shakur's interest inphilosophy,philosophy of warandmilitary strategy.On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such asJim CarreyandTony Danzaamong others.He was also visited byAl Sharpton, who helped Shakur get released fromsolitary confinement. By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum securityDannemoraClinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,onceSuge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arraigned for posting of his $1.4 million bond. 1993 shooting in Atlanta On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.As they argued with the driver, Shakur's car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them first. Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur's car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from aHenry Countypolice evidence room.Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell's suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell's $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper's estate in 1998. 1994 Quad Studios shooting On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.Music managerJames \\\"Jimmy Henchman\\\" Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his clientLittle Shawn.Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up. Against medical advice, Shakur checked out ofMetropolitan Hospital Centera few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actressJasmine Guyto recuperate.The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury's verdict for his sexual abuse case.Shakur spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy's home.TheFruit of Islamand former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him. Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G. In a 1995 interview withVibe, Shakur accusedSean Combs,Jimmy Henchman,and the Notorious B.I.G, – who were at Quad Studios at the time – among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting.Vibealerted the names of the accused.The accusations were significant to the East–West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track \\\"Who Shot Ya?\\\", which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released adiss song, \\\"Hit 'Em Up\\\", in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs,their record label,Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of \\\"Hit 'Em Up\\\", he mentions rivalsMobb DeepandChino XL. In March 2008,Chuck Philips, in theLos Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman's order.Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources. Other criminal or civil cases 1991 Oakland Police Department lawsuit On October 17, 1991, twoOakland Police Departmentofficers stopped Shakur forjaywalkingat a downtown intersection.According to Shakur, officers Alex Boyovic and Kevin Rogers asked him for his ID and pressed him about his name before choking him, throwing him to the ground and slamming his head on the concrete.Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the officers forpolice brutality.The case wassettledfor about $43,000.It was later revealed that this incident was the onset of Shakur's autoimmune diseasealopecia, which led him to shave his head bald. Misdemeanor assault convictions On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert atMichigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show, that he never swung it, and that there was no criminal intent.Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to amisdemeanorand was sentenced to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended on condition that he complete 35 hours of community service. Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993Hughes Brothers' filmMenace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film's directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.The prosecution's evidence included aYo! MTV Rapsinterview in which Shakur boasted that he had \\\"beat up the director ofMenace II Society\\\". Concealed weapon case In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals pending in other cases. 1995 wrongful death suit On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carriedColt Mustangbut dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged. About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa'id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a.38-caliberpistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa'id's mother filed awrongful death suitagainst Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000. C. Delores Tucker lawsuit Civil rights activist and fierce rap criticC. Delores Tuckersued Shakur's estate in federal court, claiming that lyrics in \\\"How Do U Want It\\\" and \\\"Wonda Why They Call U Bitch\\\" inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.The case was later dismissed. Murder and aftermath On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada to attend theBruce Seldon vs. Mike Tysonboxing match with Suge Knight at theMGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby one of Knight's associates spottedOrlando \\\"Baby Lane\\\" Anderson, aSouthside ComptonCrip, and told Shakur he had tried to rob them earlier that year. The hotel'ssurveillancefootage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a blackBMW 750iLsedan, part of a larger convoy. At about 11 p.m. onLas Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk, and the car was released without a ticket.At about 11:15 p.m. at a stop light, a white, four-door, late-modelCadillacsedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chestwith one bullet entering his right lung.Shards hit Knight's head. Frank Alexander, Shakur's bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur's girlfriend,Kidada Jones. Shakur was taken to theUniversity Medical Center of Southern Nevadawhere he was heavily sedated and put on life support.In theintensive-care uniton the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died frominternal bleeding.He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m.The official causes of death arerespiratory failureandcardiopulmonary arrestassociated with multiple gunshot wounds.Shakur's body wascrematedthe next day. Members of theOutlawz, recalling a line in his song \\\"Black Jesus\\\", (although uncertain of the artist's attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some of his body's ashes after mixing them withmarijuana. In 2002, investigative journalistChuck Philips,after a year of work, reported in theLos Angeles Timesthat Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur's entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips's 2002 article also alleges the involvement ofChristopher \\\"Notorious B.I.G.\\\" Wallaceand several within New York City's criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.Music journalist John Leland, inThe New York Times, called the evidence \\\"inconclusive\\\". In 2011, via theFreedom of Information Act, theFBIreleased documents related to its investigation which described anextortionscheme by theJewish Defense League(classified as \\\"aright wing terroristgroup\\\" by theFBI) that included makingdeath threatsagainst Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder. On July 18, 2023, theLas Vegas Police Departmentexecuted asearch warrantin connection with Shakur's murder. On September 29, 2023, theAPreported that Las Vegas police had arrested a suspect,Duane \\\"Keefe D\\\" Davis, in Shakur's murder. Police had two months previously served a search warrant at his wife's home in the Las Vegas suburb of Henderson.Davis pleaded not guilty on November 2, 2023, in Las Vegas. Artistry Musical style Shakur's music and philosophical outlook were deeply influenced by a wide range of American,African American, and global influences, including theBlack Panther Party,black nationalism,egalitarianism, and the concept ofliberty. Moreover, Shakur's artistic sensibilities were enriched by his passion for theater and admiration for the works ofWilliam Shakespeare. Notably, he honed his theatrical skills as a student at theBaltimore School for the Arts, where he delved into the psychological complexities inherent in inter-gang warfare and inter-cultural conflicts, reflecting themes explored in Shakespearean dramas. 2Pacalypse Now(1991), showcased his socially conscious perspective. Through powerful tracks like \\\"Brenda's Got a Baby\\\", \\\"Trapped\\\", and \\\"Part Time Mutha\\\", Shakur addressed social injustice, poverty, and police brutality. In doing so, he contributed to the ongoing success of rap groups such asBoogie Down Productions,Public Enemy,X-Clan, andGrandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, while establishing himself as one of the pioneering socially conscious rappers from the West Coast. Continuing his focus on the social challenges faced by African American people, Shakur's second album featured songs like \\\"The Streetz R Deathrow\\\" and \\\"Last Wordz\\\". Simultaneously, he showcased his compassionate side with the empowering anthem \\\"Keep Ya Head Up\\\", and his legendary intensity with the title track from the albumStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...Additionally, he paid homage to his former groupDigital Undergroundby including them on the playful track \\\"I Get Around\\\". Throughout his career, Shakur's subsequent albums reflected a growing assertiveness in his approach. Shakur's body of work encompassed contrasting themes, includingsocial inequality,injustice, compassion, playfulness, andhope. These elements continued to shape his artistry, exemplified by his explosive 1995 albumMe Against the World.The release ofAll Eyez on Mein 1996 further solidified his reputation, with tracks like \\\"Ambitionz az a Ridah\\\", \\\"I Ain't Mad at Cha\\\", \\\"California Love\\\", \\\"Life Goes On\\\", and \\\"Picture Me Rollin'\\\" being hailed as classics by critics. Shakur describedAll Eyez on Meas a celebration of life, and the album achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success.According toEminem, Tupac is the greatest songwriter of all time.Nassaid in 2002: \\\"I put Tupac beyondShakespeare.\\\" Vocal style Singers can manipulate different parts of their body to create various sounds. For instance, the \\\"head voice\\\" involves singing high-pitched tones resonating from the head, while the \\\"chest voice\\\" utilizes the chest area. In the documentary \\\"Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel,\\\"Greg \\\"Shock G\\\" Jacobs, one of Shakur's early producers, discusses how rappers also utilize different bodily areas to project their voices. According to him, \\\"Slick Rick rhymed from the nasal palate, Nas from the back of his throat, and Pac from the pit of his stomach, which is where his power came from.\\\" Shakur's influences stemmed from powerful orators likeMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm X. Despite not being physically imposing, Shakur's voice carried immense weight and power, reminiscent of these influential speakers. Shakur was also known for his technique of stacking or layering vocals, adding depth and rawness to his voice. This approach, demonstrated notably on tracks like \\\"Dear Mama\\\" from his 1995 albumMe Against the World, involves overlaying multiple vocal lines to highlight rhythms and emphasize words and phrases. Mastering this technique requires precision to maintain flow and clarity, as heard in the lyrics \\\"and even though I act crazy/I gotta thank the Lord that you made me,\\\" where Shakur's voice transitions from full to husky, underscoring the emotional depth of the lyrics. Despite its difficulty, Shakur's background in jazz, poetry, and theater endowed him with exceptional rhythm control, enabling him to layer vocals seamlessly while preserving cohesion and flow. Legacy and remembrance Shakur is considered one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.He was listed as one of the greatest artists of all time byRolling Stone.He is widely credited as an important figure inhip hop culture, and his prominence inpop culturein general has been noted.Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, \\\"Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure.\\\"Yet to some, he was a \\\"father figure\\\" who, said rapperYG, \\\"makes you want to be better—at every level.\\\"In 2023,Billboardranked Tupac at number 4 among the top 50 rappers of all time. AllMusic'sStephen Thomas Erlewinedescribed Shakur as \\\"the unlikely martyr ofgangsta rap\\\", with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along withSnoop Dogg.The online rap magazineAllHipHopheld a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappersCormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duoMobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.Shakur emerged as a celebrated artist, earning recognition for his astonishingly prolific output and unwavering commitment to his craft.According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\\\" In 2017, American rapperSnoop Doggcalled Tupac “the greatest rapper of all time” during hisRock & Roll Hall of Fametribute.In 2021,SaweetietoldComplexthat Tupac was “the greatest rapper that ever lived”. According to British writer Rob Marriott, he deemed the act of tying abandanainto rabbit ears as one of the most distinctive and instantly recognizable style choices in the world ofhip-hop. Regarded as asex symbol, his unique style helped shape the fashion landscape of the 1990s and continues to influence artists and fashion enthusiasts to this day. In 2010, writingRolling Stonemagazine's entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the \\\"100 greatest artists\\\", New York rapper50 Centappraised: Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. People either try to emulate him in some way, or they go in a different direction because they didn't like what he did. But whatever you think of him, he definitely developed his own style: He didn't sound like anyone who came before him. According to music journalistChuck Philips, Shakur \\\"had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon.\\\"Philips writes, \\\"The slaying silenced one of modern music's most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds.\\\"Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as amartyr, \\\"the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use\\\", academicMichael Eric Dysonconcedes.But Dyson adds, \\\"Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac's martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs.\\\" In 2014,BETexplained that \\\"his confounding mixture of ladies' man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In50 Cent,Ja Rule,Lil Wayne, newcomers likeFreddie Gibbsand even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it's easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world's attention the way Tupac did and still does.\\\"More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.In 2020, former California Senator and current vice-presidentKamala Harriscalled Shakur the \\\"best rapper alive\\\", which she explained as being because \\\"West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on\\\".According to writerKevin Powell: \\\"He deserves to be put in the same category asBob Dylan,Bob Marley, asJohn Lennon, in terms of his global impact.\\\"Tupac is regarded as one of the most influential artists in music and popular culture in general and an icon of activism. Palestinian rapperTamer Nafar, leader and a founding member ofDAM, became passionate about hip hop by listening to Tupac saying, “The imagery in Shakur’s videos was similar to our reality in Lod.\\\" Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation In 1997, Shakur's mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to \\\"provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents.\\\"The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened theTupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, inStone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015. Academic appraisal In 1997, theUniversity of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled \\\"History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur\\\".In April 2003,Harvard Universitycosponsored the symposium \\\"All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero\\\".Where Shakur's influence as both an artist and an activist was analyzed.The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.Calling him a \\\"Thug Nigga Intellectual\\\", an \\\"organic intellectual\\\",English scholarMark Anthony Nealassessed his death as leaving a \\\"leadership void amongst hip-hop artists\\\",as this \\\"walking contradiction\\\" helps, Neal explained, \\\"make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people.\\\" Tracing Shakur'smythicalstatus, Murray Forman discussed him as \\\"O.G.\\\", or \\\"Ostensibly Gone\\\", with fans, using digital mediums, \\\"resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force.\\\"Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a \\\"Black folk hero\\\", traced his persona to Black American folklore'stricksters, which, afterabolition, evolved into the urban \\\"bad-man\\\". Yet in Shakur's \\\"terrible sense of urgency\\\", Price identified instead a quest to \\\"unify mind, body, and spirit.\\\"According to Price, Tupac had surpassed the legacies ofJohn ColtraneandMahalia Jacksonwithin the tradition of black music. In 2012, the NorwegianUniversity of Osloorganized the course: \\\"Tupac, hiphop og kulturhistorie (Tupac, hip hop and cultural history).\\\" As Knut Aukrust, Norwegian professor and academic scholar of cultural studies at the University of Oslo, puts it:\\\"Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) is one of the most famous and controversial representatives of hip-hop culture. He has become an icon with saint status far beyond his fans. References to him and his message appear all over the world, from Barack Obama's slogan about \\\"changes\\\", to Palestinians and Israelis longing for peace in the Middle East, to the people of Groruddalen who want their experiences to be taken on board serious. The course highlights how a single person can fit into a wider network of cultural models and how a local storytelling tradition has become an international cultural phenomenon.\\\" Jeffrey Ogbonna Green Ogbar, professor of History and Popular Music at theUniversity of Connecticut, described Shakur as \\\"one of the most iconic and influential music artists of the 20th century\\\", and also a \\\"politically conscious activist voice for Black America.\\\" Multimedia releases In 2005, Death Row released on DVD,Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006,Tupac Shakur Legacy, an \\\"interactive biography\\\" byJamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur albumPac's Lifewas released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry's most popular releases.In 2008, his estate made about $15 million. On April 15, 2012, at theCoachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg andDr. Drejoined a Shakur \\\"hologram\\\" (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with theMusion Eyeliner),and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs \\\"Hail Mary\\\" and \\\"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted\\\".There were talks of a tour,but Dre refused.Meanwhile, theGreatest Hitsalbum, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew sales gains. Film and stage The documentary filmTupac: Resurrectionwas released in November 2003. It was nominated forBest Documentaryat the2005 Academy Awards. In 2014, the playHoller If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur's lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway's worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic,All Eyez on Me, began filming inAtlantain December 2015.It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur's 46th birthday,albeit to generally negative reviews. In August 2019, adocuseriesdirected byAllen Hughes,Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced. Awards and honors In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the firstHip Hop Honors. In 2006, Shakur's close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored Shakur's 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him. In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added \\\"Changes\\\", a1998 posthumoustrack, to its online playlist.On June 23, 2010, theLibrary of Congressadded \\\"Dear Mama\\\" to theNational Recording Registry, the third rap song. In 2015, theGrammy Museumopened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur. In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017. In January 2022, the exhibitionTupac Shakur: Wake Me When I'm Freeopened at The Canvas atL.A. Livein Los Angeles. On May 16, 2023, Oakland City Council voted to name the section of MacArthur Boulevard between Grand Avenue and Van Buren Avenue \\\"Tupac Shakur Way\\\". On June 7, 2023, Shakur received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His half-sister, Sekyiwa \\\"Set\\\" Shakur, accepted the award in his honor. Rankings Final resting place in Soweto In 2006, on the 10th anniversary of Tupac Shakur's passing, his ashes were laid to rest inSoweto. Shakur's mother Afeni transported them to the \\\"birthplace of his ancestors\\\" and conducted a memorial service in what's considered as one of the most renownedSouth African townships. Afeni Shakur explained that Soweto had been selected due to its significance as the \\\"birthplace of the South African struggle fordemocracyand againstapartheid.\\\" TheCity of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipalitydonated a five-acre plot of undeveloped land in theZolaarea of Soweto to build a memorial honoring Shakur. A portion of the land was designated to be transformed into a park for the benefit of local children as well as aimed at promotingenvironmental education, pathways, orphanages, bridges, skateboard ramps and a golf range while plans also included the construction of anamphitheaterand a museum showcasing South African music and arts. The project was funded by Johannesburg city authorities and the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation. The memorial was hosted by South African musician and actorZola 7. SingerMacy Grayand members of the Outlawz were amongst the attendees who paid their respects. Discography Filmography Portrayals in film Documentaries Shakur's life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominatedTupac: Resurrection(2003). See also References Further reading External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cardi B Belcalis Marlenis Cephus(néeAlmánzar;born October 11, 1992), known professionally asCardi B, is an American rapper and songwriter. Distinguished for her aggressiveflowand outspoken clever lyrics, Cardi B has established herself as one of the most successful female artists in contemporary music. From 2015 to early 2017, she gained recognition onVineandInstagram, as a cast member onVH1'sLove & Hip Hop: New York, and by releasingtwo mixtapes. Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy(2018), debuted at number one on theBillboard200andBillboardranked it the top female rap album of the 2010s. Critically acclaimed, it made Cardi B the only solo female artist to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Album, andRolling Stoneranked it the best debut album of all time by a female rapper. Its singles \"Bodak Yellow\" and \"I Like It\" both topped theBillboardHot 100and were certifieddiamondby theRIAA; the former made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the Hot 100 with a solo song in the 21st century and the first to","and the first to achieve a diamond-certified song, while the latter made her the first with multiple number-one songs. Her third US number-one, the collaboration \"Girls Like You\" (2018) withMaroon 5, made her the first female rapper to earn multiple RIAA diamond-certified songs. She released \"WAP\" (withMegan Thee Stallion) in 2020 and \"Up\" in 2021, both of which topped the Hot 100 and other charts worldwide. \"WAP\" is the only female rap collaboration to debut atop the Hot 100, made Cardi B the first lead artist to top theBillboardGlobal 200, and had a large cultural impact. Recognized byForbesas one of the most influential female rappers of all time, Cardi B holds various records among women in hip hop; she isthe female rapper with the most number-one singles(five) on theBillboardHot 100, the only female rapper to achieve multiple solo number-ones, and the only to earn number-one singles in two decades (2010s and 2020s). She further isthe highest-certified(digital singles) female rapper of all time in the","of all time in the US,the female rapper with the most diamond-certified songs(three) by the RIAA, and has over 100 million certifiedunitssold in the US. Additionally,Invasion of Privacyis the most-streamed female rap album onApple MusicandSpotify.Her accoladesinclude aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards, sixGuinness World Records, sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, 14BET Hip Hop Awardsand twoASCAPSongwriter of the Yearawards.Timelisted her as one of the100 most influential people in the worldin 2018 andBillboardnamed herWoman of the Yearin 2020. Outside of music, Cardi B served as a judge on the music competition seriesRhythm + Flow(2019), appeared in the filmsHustlers(2019) andF9(2021), and had a voice role inBaby Shark's Big Movie!(2023). In 2022, she became thecreative directorof entertainment magazinePlayboy. Early life Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar was born on October 11, 1992, in theWashington Heightsneighborhood ofManhattan,New York City.Her father Carlos isDominicanand her mother","her mother Clara is aTrinidadianofAfricanandSpanishdescent; Almánzar identifies as anAfro-Latina.Almánzar was raised in theHighbridgeneighborhood of theSouth Bronx,and spent much time at her paternal grandmother's home in Washington Heights, which she credits with giving her \"such a thick accent.\"Almánzar developed the stage name \"Cardi B\" as a derivation ofBacardi, arumbrand that was formerly her nickname.She has a younger sister, Hennessy Carolina, who was born in 1995. She has said she was a gang member with theBloodsin her youth, since age 16,but stated she would not encourage joining a gang.She attended Renaissance High School for Musical Theater & Technology, avocational high schoolon theHerbert H. Lehman High Schoolcampus. During her teens, Cardi B was employed at a grocery store inTribeca.She was fired and became a dancer at a strip club across the street.Cardi B has said that becoming a stripper was positive for her life in many ways: \"It really saved me from a lot of things. When I started","When I started stripping I went back to school.\"She stated that she became a stripper to escape poverty anddomestic violence, having been in an abusive relationship at the time after being kicked out of her mother's house,and that stripping was her only way to earn enough money to escape the situation and get an education.She attendedBorough of Manhattan Community Collegebefore eventually dropping out.While stripping, Cardi B lied to her mother by telling her she was making money bybabysitting. In 2013, she began to gain publicity due to several of her videos spreading on social media, onVineand herInstagrampage. Career 2015–2016: Career beginnings In 2015, Cardi B joined the cast of theVH1reality television seriesLove & Hip Hop: New York, debuting in season six.Jezebelconsidered her the breakout star of the show's sixth season.The New York Timeswrote that she garnered popularity with \"her ability to rattle off one-liners\".The sixth and seventh seasons chronicle her rise to stardom and her turbulent","and her turbulent relationship with her incarcerated fiancé. On December 30, 2016, after two seasons, she announced that she would be leaving the show to further pursue a career in music. In November 2015, Cardi B made her musical debut on Jamaicanreggae fusionsingerShaggy's remix to his single \"Boom Boom\", alongside fellow JamaicandancehallsingerPopcaan.She made her music video debut on December 15, 2015, with the song \"Cheap Ass Weave\", her rendition of BritishrapperLady Leshurr's \"Queen's Speech 4\".On March 7, 2016, Cardi B released her first full-length project, amixtapetitledGangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1.In November 2016, she was featured on the digital cover ofVibemagazine's \"Viva\" issue. On September 12, 2016, KSR Group released the compilationUnderestimated: The Album, which is a collaboration between KSR Group artists Cardi B,HoodCelebrityy, SwiftOnDemand, Cashflow Harlem, andJosh X. It was previously released only to attendees of their U.S. tour. the label's flagship artist, Cardi B, said: \"I wanted","B, said: \"I wanted to make a song that would make girls dance,twerkand at the same time encourage them to go get that Shmoney,\" in regard to the compilation's single \"What a Girl Likes\". She appeared on the December 9, 2015, episode ofUncommon Sense with Charlamagne.On April 6, 2016, she was on the twelfth episode ofKhloé Kardashian'sKocktails with Khloé: in this episode, she revealed how she told her mother that she was a stripper.In November 2016, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of theBETseriesBeing Mary Jane.TVLinedescribes her character, Mercedes, as a \"round-the-way beauty with a big weave, big boobs and a big booty to match her oversize, ratchet personality.\" In 2016, Cardi B was featured in her first endorsement deal withRomantic Depot, a large New York chain of lingerie stores that sell sexual health and wellness products. The ad campaign was featured on radio and cable TV. 2017–2018: Breakthrough withInvasion of Privacy On January 20, 2017, Cardi B released her second","released her second mixtape,Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2.In February 2017, Cardi B partnered withMAC Cosmeticsand Rio Uribe'sGypsy Sportfor an event forNew York Fashion Week.In late February, Cardi B signed her first major record label recording contract withAtlantic Records.On February 25, 2017, Cardi B was theopening actforEast Coast hip hopgroupThe Lox'sFilthy America... It's BeautifulTour, alongside fellow New York City-based rappersLil' KimandRemy Ma.In April 2017, she was featured ini-D's\"A-Z of Music\" video sponsored byMarc Jacobs.Cardi guest-starred on the celebritypanel showHip Hop Squares, appearing on the March 13 and April 3, 2017, episodes.She also released thefreestyle\"Red Barz\". In May 2017, the nominees for the2017 BET Awardswere announced, revealing that Cardi B had been nominated forBest New ArtistandBest Female Hip-Hop Artist.AlthoughChance the Rapperand Remy Ma won those categories, respectively, Cardi B performed at theBET AwardsAfterpartyshow.On June 11, 2017, duringHot 97's annualSummer","97's annualSummer Jammusic festival, Remy Ma brought out Cardi B, along withThe Lady of Rage,MC Lyte,Young M.A,Monie Love, Lil' Kim, andQueen Latifah, to celebrate female rappers and perform Latifah's 1993 hit single \"U.N.I.T.Y.\" aboutfemale empowerment.In June 2017, it was revealed that Cardi B would be on the cover ofThe Fader's Summer Music issue for July/August 2017.She performed atMoMA PS1on August 19 to a crowd of 4,000. On June 16, 2017, Atlantic Records released Cardi B's commercial debut single, \"Bodak Yellow\", viadigital distribution.She performed the single onThe Wendy Williams ShowandJimmy Kimmel Live!The song climbed the charts for several months, and, on theBillboardHot 100chart dated September 25, 2017, \"Bodak Yellow\" reached the number one spot, making Cardi B the first female rapper to do so with a solo single sinceLauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" debuted atop the chart in 1998.The song stayed atop the charts for three consecutive weeks, tying with American pop singerTaylor Swift's \"Look","Swift's \"Look What You Made Me Do\" as the longest running female at the number one spot in 2017. Cardi B became the first person of Dominican descent to reach number one in the history of the Hot 100 since it was launched in 1958.An editor ofThe New York Timescalled it \"the rap anthem of the summer\".Selected byThe Washington PostandPitchforkmusic critics as the best song of 2017,\"Bodak Yellow\" was eventually certifiedDiamondby theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). The song received nominations forBest Rap PerformanceandBest Rap Songat the60th Grammy Awards.It won Single of the Year at the2017 BET Hip Hop Awards. With her collaborations \"No Limit\" and \"MotorSport\", she became the first female rapper to land her first three entries in the top 10 of the Hot 100,and the first female artist to achieve the same on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart.In October 2017, Cardi B headlinedPower 105.1's annual Powerhouse music celebration, alongsidethe Weeknd,Migos, andLil Uzi Vert, at theBarclays Centerin","Centerin Brooklyn, New York.In December, she released two songs: a collaboration with Puerto Rican singerOzunatitled \"La Modelo\",and \"Bartier Cardi\", the second single from herdebut album. On January 3, 2018, Cardi B was featured on the remix ofBruno Mars' single \"Finesse\",and appeared in the 90s inspired video. It reached the top three on the Hot 100, Canada and New Zealand. On January 18, 2018, Cardi B became the first female rapper to have five top 10 singles simultaneously on theBillboardHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.She released another single, \"Be Careful\", on March 30, 2018, a week before her album's release. Her debut studio album,Invasion of Privacy, was released on April 6, 2018, to universal acclaim from music critics.Editors fromVarietyandThe New York Timescalled it \"one of the most powerful debuts of this millennium\" and \"a hip-hop album that doesn't sound like any of its temporal peers,\" respectively.The album entered at number one in the United States, while she became the first female artist to","female artist to chart 13 entries simultaneously on theBillboardHot 100, on the chart issue dated April 21.It became the moststreamedalbum by a female artist in a single week inApple Music,and the largest on-demand audio streaming week ever for an album by a woman.Cardi held the latter recorduntil 2019.The album's title reflects Cardi B's feeling that as she gained popularity her privacy was being invaded in a variety of ways.Following the album's release, during a performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B officially announced her pregnancy, after much media speculation.She also co-hosted an episode ofThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Several months later, in July 2018, the album's fourth single, \"I Like It\", which features vocals fromBad BunnyandJ Balvin, reached number one on theHot 100; this marked her second number one on the chart and made her the first female rapper to achieve multiple chart-toppers.It received critical acclaim,withRolling Stonenaming it \"thebest summer songof all time\" in","songof all time\" in 2020.Her collaboration withMaroon 5, \"Girls Like You\", also reached number one on the Hot 100 chart, extending her record among female rappersand also making her the sixth female artist to achieve three number-one singles on the chart during the 2010s.The song's music video has received more than 3 billion views onYouTubeand was thefifth-best selling songof the year globally. With \"Girls Like You\" following \"I Like It\" at the top of theBillboardRadio Songschart, Cardi B became thefirst female rapperto replace herself at number one on the chart.The single spent seven weeks atop the Hot 100, making Cardi the female rapper with the most cumulative weeks atop the chart, with eleven weeks.It spent 33 weeks in the top 10, tying bothEd Sheeran's \"Shape of You\" andPost MaloneandSwae Lee's \"Sunflower\" for the longest top 10 run in the chart's archives at the time.In October 2018,Invasion of Privacywas certifieddouble platinumby the RIAA, and the following year it was updated to triple platinum.","to triple platinum. With the thirteen tracks, she became the first female artist to have all songs from an album certified gold or higher in the US. Cardi B received the most nominations for the2018 MTV Video Music Awardswith 12 mentions—including forVideo of the Year, winning three awards.She tied withDrakefor the most nominations at the2018 American Music Awards. She won three AMAs and performed at the ceremony.Her single \"Money\" earned her a fourth Video Music Award, with visuals that feature Cardi playing characters in different locations, including in an art museum, a bank and a strip club.Her collaboration withDJ Snake\"Taki Taki\" topped the charts in a number of Hispanic countries, made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the SpotifyGlobal 50chart,and has garnered more than 2 billion views. Both singles were certified multiple-platinum by the RIAA.People en Españolnamed her Star of the Year,andEntertainment Weeklydeemed her \"a pop culture phenomenon\", as she was named one of \"2018 Entertainers of","Entertainers of the Year\". On November 30, 2018, Cardi B was honored atEbony's annual Power 100 Gala.Cardi ranked fifth on the 2018BillboardYear-EndTop Artists chart, whileInvasion of Privacyranked sixth. She achieved the most-streamed album of the year by a female artist globally inApple Music,and ranked as the most streamed female artist of the year in the United States inSpotify.Editorial staff from Apple Music andBillboardnamed \"I Like It\" the best song of 2018,whileTimemagazineandRolling StonenamedInvasion of Privacythe best album of the year.Also in 2018,Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world.In its decade-end review article,NMEstated that the era secured \"her crown as the newQueen of Rap.\" 2019–2020:Hustlers,Rhythm + Flowand \"WAP\" Cardi B received five nominations at the61st Grammy Awards, including forAlbum of the Year,Best Rap AlbumandRecord of the Year(\"I Like It\").She became the third female rapper to be nominated for Album of the Year, followingLauryn","followingLauryn Hill(1999) andMissy Elliott(2004).On February 10, 2019, she then performed at the award ceremony, where she wore three vintageThierry Muglercouture looks during the telecast and became the first female rapper to winBest Rap Albumas a solo artist. Cardi B led the2019 Billboard Music Awardsnominations, with 21, earning the most nominations in a single year by a female artist and the third most nominations in a year (behind Drake and The Chainsmokers, who both had 22 in a year).She ended up winning six awards, including forTop Hot 100 Song, bringing her career total wins to seven—the most of any female rapper in history.An article byOmaha World-Heraldcalled her \"the biggest rapper in the world.\" On February 15, 2019, Cardi B released \"Please Me\", a collaboration with Bruno Mars, which became her seventh top-ten song on the Hot 100, reaching number three.The song marked Cardi and Bruno's second collaboration, following \"Finesse\" in 2018. The official music video was released two weeks later.On","two weeks later.On March 1, Cardi set a new attendance record at theHouston Livestock Show and Rodeo, with 75,580 fans in the audience.With \"Backin' It Up\", \"Twerk\" and \"Money\", Cardi became the first female artist to occupy the top three on theBillboardMainstream R&B/Hip-Hop airplay chart. Her following single titled \"Press\" was released on May 31, 2019.Theparental-advisorylabeled music video marked her directorial debut—being credited as co-director, and was released on June 26, 2019.It had its debut performance at the2019 BET Awards, where she received the most nominations with seven, and wonAlbum of the Year.During the summer of 2019, she embarked on an arena tour.In September, she led theBET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with ten. Cardi B made her film debut inHustlersdirected byLorene Scafaria, oppositeJennifer Lopez,Constance Wu, andLili Reinhart.The film was released on September 13, 2019.Cardi B, along withChance the RapperandT.I., were confirmed as judges for theNetflixseriesRhythm + Flow, a ten-part","+ Flow, a ten-part hip-hop talent search that premiered on October 9, 2019, which she alsoexecutive produced. In December 2019, Cardi B embarked on her first tour of Africa, performing in Nigeria and Ghana.Her collaboration \"Clout\" was nominated for aGrammy Award for Best Rap Performance.She was the most streamed female rapper of 2019 in the US, according to Spotify.Consequence of Sounddeemed her \"one of the most formidable hip-hop artists of the decade.\"In March 2020, Cardi B created a reaction video about thecoronavirus pandemic. DJ iMarkkeyz, a Brooklyn DJ known for turning memes and online moments into full-length songs, created a track, based on her reaction titled \"Coronavirus\", which became aninternet memeand was released to music platforms.Netflix announced the return ofRhythm + Flowfor 2021. Cardi B released the single \"WAP\" featuring American rapperMegan Thee Stallionon August 7, 2020, as the lead single off her forthcoming second studio album.The song received critical acclaim and was praised for","and was praised for itssex positivemessages.TheColin Tilley-directed music video accompanied the song itself, and broke the record for the biggest 24-hour debut for an all-female collaboration on YouTube.She became the only female rap artist to top the Global Spotify chart multiple times.\"WAP\" debuted at number-one on theBillboardHot 100chart, garnering Cardi B her fourth chart-topper in the US, extending her record as the female rapper with the most number-one singles, and also making her the first female rapper to achieve Hot 100 number one singles in two different decades (2010s and 2020s). With 93 million streaming units, it became the largest first-week streams for a song, breaking the all-time record held byAriana Grande's \"7 Rings\".It has spent four weeks atop the Hot 100. The single has also spent multiple weeks at number one in seven other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom. Neil Shah ofThe Wall Street Journaldeemed it \"a big moment for female rappers\" and \"a historic sign that","historic sign that women artists are making their mark on hip-hop like never before\".\"WAP\" became the first number one single on the inauguralBillboardGlobal 200chart. It became critics' best song of the year according to a compilation of rankings made by theBBC,with publications such asPitchforkandRolling Stoneplacing it at number one. Cardi B won theBillboardMusic Award for Top Rap Female Artistfor the third time at the2020 ceremony.In December 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards.With her win for \"WAP\" at theAmerican Music Awards, she became the first artist to win theAmerican Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Songmultiple times, following her win for \"Bodak Yellow\" in 2018. 2021–present: Upcoming second studio album On February 5, 2021, Cardi B released \"Up\", the second single from her upcoming studio album. A music video for the single was released alongside it. The song was praised byNMEmagazine for its lyricism and fresh","lyricism and fresh approach as a successor to \"WAP\".\"Up\" debuted at number two on the USBillboardHot 100chart, marking the highest debut for a solo female rap song sinceLauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" in 1998.The song debuted at number one on theRolling StoneTop 100, becoming both Cardi B's second number-one single and second number-one debut, as well as the first time a female rapper debuts atop the chart with a solo song.Cardi B became the first female artist and first lead artist with consecutive number-one debuts on the USHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart, and second overall performer followingDrakein 2016.\"Up\" reached number one on theBillboardHot 100 after herGrammy Awardsperformance, making her the only female rapper to reach number one multiple times with solo songs, following \"Bodak Yellow\", and extended her record as the female rapper with the most number-one songs on the Hot 100 as her fifth chart-topper.Cardi B received a second nomination for theBrit Award for International Female Solo Artist.","Female Solo Artist. Cardi B made a last-minute appearance in \"Big Paper\", from DJ Khaled's albumKhaled Khaledreleased on April 30, 2021.Cardi received two nominations for theBET Award for Video of the Year, for the videos \"Up\" and \"WAP\", winning for the latter and becoming the first female rapper to win Video of the Year as a lead artist. This became the 10th time that an artist has had two nominated videos in this category as a lead artist, and the second time for her, following her nominations for \"Money\" and \"Please Me\" in 2019. She announced her second pregnancy during the performance of her Migos collaboration \"Type Shit\" at the2021 ceremony.She also appeared inF9, which was released on June 25, 2021, byUniversal Pictures.On July 16, 2021, Cardi B was featured on theNormanisingle \"Wild Side\".Cardi collaborated withLizzoon \"Rumors\", which debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi B's tenth top 10 single on the chart, and her seventh number-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Cardi","Songs chart. Cardi B received six nominations at the2021 MTV Video Music Awards, including her second nomination for Video of the Year.She also led the nominations for the2021 BET Hip Hop Awardsalong with Megan Thee Stallion, with nine each;both rappers won the most awards during the ceremony with three for \"WAP\", with Cardi becoming the first female artist to win Best Hip Hop Video twice (2019 and 2021). On October 28, 2021, Cardi B previewed her second album to Atlantic Records via her Instagram Story. She captioned \"The money people liking the album sounds\".On November 2, Cardi B was announced as the host of the2021 American Music Awards(AMAs). The award show was held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles on November 21,and marked the most social telecast of the year per interactions across social media.During the ceremony, \"Up\" won the award forFavorite Hip Hop Song, making Cardi B the first artist to win the category three times.Cardi B featured onSummer Walker's 2021 albumStill Over Iton the opening","Iton the opening track \"Bitter\".Warner Records released the soundtrack forHalle Berry's directorial debut filmBruisedon November 19. Selected by executive producers Berry and Cardi B, the Netflix film's soundtrack features six original songs by female artists, including Cardi,H.E.R., City Girls,Flo Milli,Saweetie, andLatto, and seven additional female rap songs inspired by the film. In March 2022, Cardi B appeared on the extended version of Summer Walker andSZA's collaboration, \"No Love\".The following month, she featured on rapper Kay Flock's song, \"Shake It\"; it samplesAkon's 2005 song \"Belly Dancer (Bananza)\".Also in April, Cardi guest-voiced as Sharki B, her \"aquatic alter ego\", on \"The Seaweed Sway\" episode of theNickelodeonanimated seriesBaby Shark's Big Show!—and performed a song of the same name.She appeared alongside Offset and her daughter.On July 1, 2022, Cardi B released \"Hot Shit\", featuring rappersKanye WestandLil Durk, as the third single from her upcoming second studio album.The song was first","song was first announced during aBET Awards 2022commercial break.On July 8 and 9, she headlined the 2022Wireless Festivalin London andBirmingham.Cardi B worked with cousin and fellow rapperGloRillaon the remix to her song \"Tomorrow\", titled \"Tomorrow 2\", which was released in September 2022.The remix peaked at number nine on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi's eleventh top-ten single.HipHopDXlisted it as the \"Best Hip-Hop Collaboration\" of 2022 while it was also the highest-listed song by a female rapper onBillboard's 100 Best Songs of 2022 list.On October 1, Cardi B made a surprise appearance at theInglewoodshow of Puerto Rican rapperBad Bunny's concert tour, theWorld's Hottest Tour.In November, she signed with entertainment executiveIrving Azoff's Full Stop Management.In December 2022, she gave a 35-minute private performance at theMiami Art Baselfor which she was paid $1 million.Later that month, a remix of Spanish artistRosalía's song \"Despechá\" featuring Cardi, was released. Cardi B appeared as a","B appeared as a surprise performer at the New York City shows of SZA and GloRilla's tours: theSOS Tourand Anyways, Life's Great Tour, in early 2023.In April, she served as one of three headliners of the inauguralRolling Loud Thailandfestival inPattaya, along withTravis ScottandChris Brown.In June, she featured on \"Put It on da Floor Again\", the remix to rapper Latto's \"Put It on da Floor\".It peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100, becoming Cardi's 20th top-twenty single.On June 4, Cardi B headlined the 2023Summer Jamfestival inElmont, New York.ln July, she featured on \"Point Me 2\", the remix to drill rapper FendiDa Rappa's single \"Point Me to the Slut's\".Later that month, she collaborated with Offset on two tracks of his second solo album,Set It Off(2023): \"Freaky\" and \"Jealousy\".The latter was released as the lead single of the record; it samplesThree 6 Mafia's \"Jealous Ass Bitches\".Cardi released \"Bongos\" featuring Megan Thee Stallion on September 8, 2023, as the fourth single of her upcoming second studio","second studio album. The song marks the pair's second collaboration after \"WAP\" (2020).The music video, directed byTanu Muino,cost over $2 million.\"Bongos\" reached number 14 in the US.Cardi led the2023 BET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with21 Savage, with twelve each.She reprised her voice role as Sharki B for the children's animated film,Baby Shark's Big Movie!, in which ch she appeared alongside Offset and their two children. It premiered in December onParamount+and Nickelodeon.Cardi B co-headlinedTikTok's inaugural In the Mix festival on December 10 inMesa, Arizona,which was released as a concert special on Disney+ and Hulu on December 15.She performed at theFontainebleau Miami Beach, accompanied by DJGryffin, on December 31, 2023, which aired live for the 2024 edition ofDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. She released the promotional single \"Like What (Freestyle)\" on March 1, 2024, with an accompanying music video directed by Offset.Her first solo song since \"Up\" (2021), it is afreestyleof rapperMissy","rapperMissy Elliot's \"She's a Bitch\" (1999).The track reached the top 40 in the US and became Cardi's 19th top-ten and 11th chart-topper onHot Rap Songsand Hot Rap Digital Songs.It was followed by \"Enough (Miami)\" on March 15,which marked her 12th top-ten on the Hot 100 and seventh number-one on the Digital Songs chart.A remix ofFlo Milli's \"Never Lose Me\" was released on the same day, featuring SZA and Cardi B.On March 11, Cardi joinedMadonnaonstage for a guest appearance at the Inglewood show of herCelebration Tour.She appeared on \"Puntería\" withShakira, the opening track and eighth single of the latter's twelfth albumLas Mujeres Ya No Lloran, released on March 22, 2024.\"Puntería\" reached number one on theLatin Airplaychart and topped theLatin Pop Airplaychart for nine weeks.On May 21, Cardi B appeared as a surprise performer at theMadison Square Gardenshow of Megan Thee Stallion'sHot Girl Summer Tour.She featured on the remix of Thee Stallion and GloRilla's \"Wanna Be\", released on May 31.In June, Cardi","31.In June, Cardi featured on \"Put Em in the Fridge\" fromPeso Pluma's fourth albumÉxodo.She co-headlined theBET Experiencefestival at theCrypto.com Arenaon June 28.Her collaboration withRob49, titled \"On Dat Money\", was released on July 19. In August, Cardi confirmed that her second studio album would be released in late 2024, stating that it was \"three-quarters of the way done\".Previously iterated for a 2023 release,she revealed that she was \"just holding it\" because she felt \" missing a couple of things\" and \"gotta make sure that everything is just planned out\".In October, Cardi will co-headline the 2024 One Musicfest inAtlanta. Artistry Influences InBillboard's \"You Should Know\" series, Cardi B said the first albums she ever purchased were by American entertainersMissy ElliottandTweet, respectively.She has credited Puerto Rican rapperIvy Queenand Jamaican dancehall artistSpiceas influences, as well asBeyoncé,Lady Gaga,Lil' Kim,Madonna,andSelena.She has mentionedChicago drill musicas an important","an important influence.When asked about the initial direction for her music, Cardi B said in an interview, \"When I first started rapping I liked certain songs fromKhiaandTrina, and they fighting songs. I haven't heard fighting songs for a very long time,\" crediting the two female rappers for her aggressive rap style. She continued, saying \"a lot of girls they cannot affordred bottoms, a lot of girls they cannot afford foreign cars but I know that every girl has beef with a girl I know that every bitch don't like some bitch, and it's like 'that's what I wanna rap about.'\" She also credits growing up in the South Bronx and real life experiences as influences for her songwriting; \"I wouldn't be able to rap about the things that I rap about now .\" Musical style Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy, is primarily ahip hoprecord, which comprises elements oftrap,Latin music, andR&B.Consequence of Sounddescribed her flow as \"acrobatic and nimble.\"AllMusiceditor David Jeffries called Cardi B \"a raw and","Cardi B \"a raw and aggressive rapper\".Stereogumcalled her voice \"a full-bodied New Yawk nasal bleat, the sort of thing that you've heard if someone has ever told you that you stupid for taking too long at swiping yourMetroCard.\" They continued to call her voice \"an unabashedly loud and sexual fuck-you New York honk—that translates perfectly to rap.\" In a 2017Complexarticle about her, the editor wrote \"unapologetic does not begin to describe the totally unfiltered and sheer Cardi B-ness of Cardi B's personality. She's a hood chick who's not afraid to be hood no matter the setting. Cardi B is Cardi B24/7, 365, this is why she resonates with people, and that same energy comes out in her music.\"Herflowhas been described as aggressiveIn 2019,NMEdescribed her lyrics as \"sexually free\" performed with \"rapid\" flow,and other publications have further described her lyrics as outspoken,while her punchlines have been praised, by such publications asPitchforkandThe Source, as clever and quotable.She possesses aNew","possesses aNew York-Dominicanaccent. Cardi B has defended her musical content featuring sexually-charged lyrics—like most contemporary female rappers; she stated that the content \"seems like that's what people want to hear\", since she faced negative reactions after releasing her more emotional song, \"Be Careful\".She has declared, \" is the type of artist I always wanted to be: I like to rap about the streets, and I like to rap about my pussy. I don't give a fuck about it.\"She has stated that writing and performing songs about her personal life and relationships initially caused her a \"weird and uncomfortable\" feeling and shyness. Cardi B employs different vocal styles in her music; in \"WAP\" her vocal performance has been described as \"throaty\"and \"staccato\",while in \"Up\" she raps withalliteration, atongue twister-run, and \"some classically comedic Cardi\"punch lines. Other ventures Products and endorsements In February 2017, she partnered withM.A.Cand Rio Uribe's Gypsy Sport for aNew York Fashion Weekevent.Her","Weekevent.Her April appearance ini-D's \"A-Z of Music\" video was sponsored by designerMarc Jacobs,and she made the cover ofThe Fader's July/August 2017 Summer Music issue.Tom Ford's Cardi B-inspired lipstick, named after her, was released in September 2018. It sold out within 24 hours.In November, she released a clothing line collection withFashion Nova.The same month she partnered withReebok, promoting the brand's Aztrek sneaker.In partnership with Reebok, she released a footwear and apparel collection in 2020, inspired by her personal style and paying homage to \"classic 80s styling\" and motifs.She released her second collection with Reebok in 2021, titled \"Let Me Be...In My World\", comprising sneakers, tracksuits, and corsets, inspired by everyday life in New York City.The third collection with the brand, \"Mommy & Me\", was released in May 2021 in recognition ofMother's Day, which includes Cardi's iteration of Club C shoes for adults, children, and infants.The next, titled \"Let Me Be...Enchanted\" was","Be...Enchanted\" was released in two parts in June and July 2022; it was revealed to be inspired by \"a state of enchantment and euphoria\" and included crop tops, faux fur jackets, and leotards along with footwear.The fifth and final collection, \"Let Me Be...Next Level Energy\", was also released in two parts in September and December 2022, concluding her four-year partnership with Reebok.Inspired by Cardi B's \"unmatched energy\", the collection consisted of bodysuits, crop tops, footwear, leggings, and woven jackets—of a color palette based oncrystals. Cardi B teamed up withPepsifor three television commercials, which aired during theSuper Bowl LIII, the61st Annual Grammy Awards, and Christmas.In early 2019, Cardi also joined other hip hop artists (including her husbandOffset, as part ofMigos) in releasing her flavors of snack food Rap Snacks: two flavors of chips, and two of popcorn. The bags' artwork was designed by Jai Manselle and inspired by the cover ofInvasion of Privacy. In December 2021, Cardi B","2021, Cardi B partnered withPLBY Group Inc.ascreative directorin residence forPlayboyand founding member of Centerfold, a creator-driven website in the works. The partnership also includes fashion and sexual wellness products. In February 2023, Cardi B and Offset partnered withMcDonald'sto create the Cardi B and Offset meal, which was launched onValentine's Day.The meal was first announced in the2023McDonald'sSuper Bowl commercialwhich the couple appeared in.In October, she fronted the campaign forSkims' Cotton Collection.The campaign generated over $4 million in media impact value (MIV).In December 2023, she made her runway debut at the Balenciaga fall 2024 show in Los Angeles. In February 2024, Cardi B starred inNYX Cosmetics' inaugural Super Bowl commercial forSuper Bowl LVIII, titled \"Lips Only\".An edited version of the advert—centered around the company's Duck Plump lip gloss—was broadcast during the commercial break, due toribald themesof humor.In May 2024, she appeared alongside sprinterSha'Carri","sprinterSha'Carri Richardsonin a commercial for the2024 Summer Olympics.In July, Cardi fronted theMarc Jacobsfall 2024 campaign. Whipshots In collaboration with Starco Brands, Cardi B launched avodka-infused,veganwhipped cream, called Whipshots, in the US in December 2021.It has sold over five million cans as of March 2024. Cardi Tries She premiered the seriesCardi TriesviaFacebook Messengerin December 2020, with herself as one of the executive producers.The web series ran for three seasons until April 2023. Philanthropy In 2022, Cardi B donated $100,000 to the elementary school she attended, I.S. 232 inThe Bronx. Public image Political statements Cardi B identifies as afeminist.The rapper has been called \"unabashedly, directly political\"and often uses social media to advocate for causes she believes in, such asgun control.During the2016 presidential primaries, she warned her fans ofDonald Trump's immigration policies and encouraged them to vote for SenatorBernie Sanders.At theGrammy Awardsin 2018, she","Awardsin 2018, she appeared in a video along withHillary Clintonto narrate a portion ofFire and Fury,Michael Wolff's insider's account of Trump's administration, and stated \"Why am I even reading this shit? I can't believe this. I can't believe—this is how he really lives his life?\" Early in 2018 she used her social media to demand transparency ontax policy, asking for detailed information on how her taxpayer dollars are being spent in New York state and criticizing the maintenance of its streets, prisons, andpublic transportation.Cardi B endorsed Sanders once again in hissecond bidfor the presidency in the2020 United States presidential election, while praising U.S. RepresentativeTim Ryan.She stated that one of the reasons for her endorsement is Sanders' long-time involvement in supporting underprivileged minorities and \"people gettingMedicarebecause he knows they can't afford it,\"whilePoliticoargued that she \"might be one of Bernie's most powerful 2020 allies.\" She has used her social pages to raise","pages to raise awareness for victims ofpolice brutality, and has encouraged people to vote for mayors, judges anddistrict attorneysin local elections.In a conversation with Democratic candidateJoe BidenforElle, they discussed Medicare,free college tuition, and racial equality.According to a study published byThe Hollywood Reporter, Cardi B ranked as the fifth most influential celebrity, and fourth amongGeneration Z, for the 2020 presidential election. In November 2023, Cardi B stated that she no longer supports Joe Biden for president,saying that she would \"not endorsing no fucking president's no more\" as a result of Biden's \"spending on wars\". She has praised PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltfor advocating for theSocial Securityprogram and theNew Dealproject.She said of Roosevelt, \"he helped us get over theDepression, all while he was in a wheelchair. Like, this man was suffering frompolioat the time of his presidency, and yet all he was worried about was trying to make America great—make America great again","America great again for real. He's the real 'Make America Great Again,' because if it wasn't for him, old people wouldn't even get Social Security.\"Sanders has praised her for her \"leading role\" in calling attention to Social Security. Fashion Cardi has a noted affinity forChristian Louboutinheels, a running theme in her song \"Bodak Yellow\".She has also mentioned her affinity for cheap,fast fashionbrands stating \"I don't care if it cost $20 or $15. If it looks good on me, it looks good on me\".During an interview in early 2017, Cardi B spoke on being rejected by some fashion designers.Cardi wore vintageThierry Muglerto the2019 Grammy Awards, with ani-Darticle stating that the fashion house's \"resurgence onto the fashion scene can almost single-handedly be attributed\" to theSwarovski crystal-embroidered crinoline sheath gown she wore at the ceremony. Mugler's collaboration with Cardi B marked the second time in 25 years that the Paris house opened its archives to dress a celebrity, the first beingBeyoncéfor","beingBeyoncéfor her 2009 concert tour.Wmagazine credited the \"WAP\" music video for popularizing the Mugler bodysuit in the mainstream.Cardi has acknowledged Mugler as one of the first designers to \"take a major chance on \" for their fashion collaborations. Vogue,The Telegraph,Time, andVibehave referred to her as afashion icon.An article fromVoguenoted she \"is famous for her statement getups—whether she's rocking archival Mugler on the red carpet, or dripping in Chanel while sitting courtside at a basketball game.\"Her over-the-top manicures, designed bynail artistJenny Buiand studded withSwarovski crystals, has become a part of her signature look.EditorChristian Allairefrom the magazine in 2021 commented that her signature \"bold\" ensembles \"create a spectacle\" duringfashion weeks. In 2018, she became the first female rapper in the US to appear on the cover ofVoguemagazine. Photographed byAnnie Leibovitz, the cover, one of four for the January 2019 issue that includedStella McCartney,features her in a red and","her in a red and whiteMichael Korsdress and matching redJimmy Chooshoes, while holding her daughter, Kulture. In 2019, theCouncil of Fashion Designers of Americaincluded her on their list of \"28 Black Fashion Forces\".Vogueeditor-in-chiefAnna Wintourcommended her fashion sense, declaring that she \"completely rethought opinion of Cardi B's style\" after the 2019Met Gala, where the rapper wore aThom Browne-designed burgundy gown that extends outward in concentric circles for about ten feet and was inspired by thefemale form. Cardi B became the face ofBalenciaga's ad campaign for the winter 2020 season. The campaign includes billboards in several international locations, such as theLouvremuseum.Vogue's Brooke Bobb commented, \"This is Cardi's first campaign for a luxury fashion house, though she's definitely no stranger to the Parisian style scene\", citing her floral printedRichard Quinnensemble \"that literally covered her from head to toe\" and her being \"a front row fixture\" athigh fashionshows, adding, \"She and","adding, \"She and her stylist Kollin Carter have been wildly successful in carving out a much-needed space for Cardi within the fashion industry, and they've cultivated a personal style that is all her own while being inspiring to all\". In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be awarded by theFN Achievement Awardswhen she won the Style Influencer of the Year award, which was presented to her byChristian Louboutin. In a press release for the awards show, she was called an \"influence just about everything in pop culture—from music, fashion and style to social media, politics and even public service\".In 2022,Rolling Stoneranked her as the second most-stylish woman in music, behindLady Gaga,andGQconsidered her \"one of fashion's preeminent risk-takers.\" Impact Cardi B has been referred to as the \"Reigning Queen of Hip Hop\" by multiple publications, includingBillboard,The Hollywood Reporter,Entertainment Weekly,Omaha World-Herald,Black Enterprise,Newsweek, andThe A.V. Club,and as the \"Queen of Rap\"","the \"Queen of Rap\" byNME,Essence,Harper's Bazaar Malaysia,The Jakarta Post,Uproxx,iHeartRadio,Geo TV,Vanity Fair,Joe,Boston Herald,Refinery 29,France 24, and Nigerian mediaThe Guardian,BBC News, andDaily Trust. Spinstaff credited her for opening \"the table to a new generation of pop artists remaking American music in their own image and accents,\" as Cardi B \"recognized thatPOCartists no longer need to pander or soften themselves in order to become household names.\"Billboardeditors stated that with \"Bodak Yellow\"'s commercial success, \"she left an indelible mark on the summer of 2017, not only because she rewrote history, but she gave hope to the have nots...\".Several publications have credited \"I Like It\", the firstLatin trapsong to reach number one on theHot 100, for introducing the \"musical movement\" to a mainstream, massive audience.Billboard'sCarl Lamarre considered \"WAP\"'s achievements \"a clever Trojan horse for the myriad ways Cardi influences the culture with every move she makes.\" The Wall Street","The Wall Street Journal's Neil Shah stated in 2020 that her breakthrough and success influenced \"today's female-rap renaissance,\" whileGeniusstaff credited her for \"helping jumpstart a new wave of female hip-hop signings and promotion at labels,\"andNPR Musiccommented that the \"renaissance\" of the dynamism of women in rap grew \"in enthusiasm and breadth\" since Cardi's \"first historic run\" in 2017.Similarly,Clover Hope's bookThe Motherlode(2021) stated thatInvasion of Privacy\"jump-started a new era for women rappers in which success felt much more tangible\" as Cardi B \"multiplied the wealth of talent and resurrected the idea that numerous women who controlled their own stories could dominate rap at once.\" The New Yorkerhas credited her for \"changing a genre that has rarely allowed for more than one female superstar at a time.\"Uproxxnoted Cardi B for promoting up-and-coming female rappers; \" choosing to use her position at the height of stardom to open doors for other women to flourish in hip-hop at a greater","at a greater level than any since theGolden Eraand 'Ladies First',\" considering it \"something of a departure from tradition; for the decade previous to Cardi's precipitous come-up, it seemed hip-hop had an unspoken,Highlander-esque rule in place regarding women.\"Varietydeemed her a \"hip-hop icon\",andThe Independentcalled her \"the people's pop culture icon\", writing that she \"has become one of the most recognisable cultural figures of the past 10 years\". NPRdefined \"Cardi B effect\" as \"abranding powerrooted in specific authenticity, created and permeated by rapper Cardi B\" and noticed that with her breakthrough, \"brands finally started to become hip to effect, noticing the cultural markers outside of the rap world that were proving it wasn't limited to clubs, concerts and radio.\"Business magazineInc.stated that her success \"shows how social media changed everything we knew abouttraditional marketingand media\", which no longer relies on a \"well-thought marketing scheme or millions of dollars in","of dollars in advertising.\"In 2019, a life-sized sculpture of her was on display at theBrooklyn Museum, as part ofSpotify's RapCaviar \"Pantheon\". Bloombergreported that her data bill helped to boost Ghana's GDP growth in 2019, after it was part of a concert tour.She inspired the creation of the sitcomPartners in Rhyme, executively produced byMC Lyteabout a young woman in high school who \"aspires to be the next Cardi B.\"P-Valleycreator and executive producerKatori Hallcited her an inspiration for the TV series, and credited her for \"helping prepare the public\" for its storyline. Several artists have cited Cardi B's work as an inspiration, includingRosalía,Olivia Rodrigo,Jazmine Sullivan,Selena Gomez,Blackpink,Spice,Greta Gerwig,Nathy Peluso,Rubi Rose,María Becerra,andAbigail Asante.Cardi B has been credited for supporting and uniting female rappers in the industry,with a writer fromUproxxconsidering her co-sign \"the newDrakeeffect\" for women in hip hop. Achievements Cardi B is the recipient of numerous","of numerous accolades, including aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards(including three consecutiveTop Rap Female Artistwins), sixGuinness World Records,sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, sixBET Awards(includingAlbum of the Year), and fourteenBET Hip Hop Awards.Invasion of Privacy—which made her the first female rapper to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Albumas a solo artist—became the first female rap albumin fifteen yearsto be nominated for aGrammy Award for Album of the Year. Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018.She received theASCAPaward forSongwriter of the Yearin 2019, becoming the first female rapper to win the award.She received the honor for the second time in 2020, making her the first female songwriter to win the award twice.In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards. Cardi B is the female rapper with the mostBillboardHot 100number one singles (5)and","one singles (5)and the one with the most total weeks on the top position (16).\"I Like It\" became the first song led by a female rapper to surpassa billion streamsonSpotify, making her the first woman in hip hop with multiple billion-streamers on the service, and the female rapper with the second-most, with a total of four so far.With the singles \"Taki Taki\" and \"WAP\" she became the only female rapper to top the global Spotify chart multiple times.Since August 2020, \"WAP\" holds the record of the biggest first-week streams for a song in the United States.Invasion of Privacywas the top female rap album of the 2010s, according to theBillboard200decade-end chart.It became the longest-charting album by a female rapper on theBillboard200,and the most-streamed female rap album on Spotify. Cardi is the female rapper with the mostDiamond-certifiedsongs by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) (3): \"Bodak Yellow\", which made her the first female rapper to have a song certified Diamond; \"Girls Like You\",","\"Girls Like You\", which made her the only female rapper to achieve multiple Diamond-certified songs; and \"I Like It\", a tie for the second-most among women artists.Cardi B has topped twicePitchfork'sannual list of best songs of the year(2017 and 2020).Billboardstaff andRolling Stoneranked her debut album number 13 and 34 on their critics' lists of the best albums of the 2010s respectively, both the highest rank for a female rapper for the decade.Cardi B has become the highest-certified female rapper of all time on theRIAA's Top Artists (Digital Singles)ranking, with 58 million certified units, also being among the highest-certified female artists overall.In October 2022, five years after her major-label debut, she reached 100 million units sold in RIAA certifications, across her album, singles and guest appearances. In the US, Cardi has achieved three times the best-performing song of the year by a female artist—the first act to do so this century—in 2017, 2018, and 2020.As of 2021, \"I Like It\" is the","\"I Like It\" is the most-streamed song by a female rapper in the United Kingdom.In August 2021, \"Bodak Yellow\" made Cardi B the first female rapper to have two videos on herYouTubechannel with more than 1 billion views, joining \"I Like It\", and became the fastest solo female rap song to reach that mark on the platform.She has the most-viewed music videos on YouTube, both as a solo act and feature, among female rappers (\"Bodak Yellow\"; \"Girls Like You\"). As of September 2024, she has one music video with over 3 billion views (\"Girls Like You\"); one video with over 2 billion views (\"Taki Taki\"); and three videos with over a billion views (\"I Like It\", \"Bodak Yellow\", \"Girls Like You (Volume 2)\") on YouTube. Cardi is the only female rapper ranked onBillboard's Greatest Hot 100 Hits of All Time, with \"Girls Like You\" at number 30. Personal life Cardi B defined herself as a practicingCatholic.In 2016, Cardi B said that, while working as a stripper during her younger years, she used to drug and rob men to get","and rob men to get money.Following controversies on the matter, sparked in 2019, she defended herself by saying that she took money from them because they \"wasted her time by falling asleep\", and then \"kept coming back.\"In 2024, she spoke on the matter again, saying she \"doesn't feel bad\" about drugging and robbing men and would do it again. She identifies asbisexual.In connection with theMe Too movement, she has discussed being sexually assaulted in the past while working as a stripper. In a 2018 interview, Cardi B talked about beingAfro-LatinaandAfro-Caribbean: We are Caribbean people. Some people want to decide if you're black or not, depending on your skin complexion, because they don't understand Caribbean people or our culture. I don't got to tell you that I'm black. I expect you to know about it. When my father taught me about Caribbean countries, he told me that Europeans took over our lands. That's why we all speak different languages. Just like everybody else, we came over here the same way. I","the same way. I hate when people try to take my roots from me. Because we know that there's African roots inside of us. Relationships In early 2017, Cardi B began dating fellow rapperOffset.They became engaged on October 27, 2017.On April 7, 2018, during her second performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B revealed her pregnancy; she was about six months (24 weeks) pregnant at the time.On June 25, 2018,TMZfound a marriage license revealing Cardi B and Offset had actually secretly married in September 2017, one month before the public proposal. She later confirmed this in a social media post. Cardi B gave birth to her daughter on July 10, 2018.In December 2018, she announced onInstagramthat she and Offset had separated, though the pair later reunited.In February 2019, the couple made a public appearance for the Grammys.He accompanied her onstage during her acceptance speech forBest Rap Album. In September 2020, it was reported that Cardi B had filed for divorce from Offset,but the following month it was","month it was revealed they were back together.In June 2021, Cardi B revealed she was pregnant with her second child, a boy.She gave birth to her son on September 4, 2021.On the fifth anniversary of her marriage, Cardi B announced she was planning her official wedding.In December 2023, Cardi shared via Instagram that she had been \"single for a minute,\" confirming that she and Offset were no longer together.However, as of March 2024, the current status of their marriage became unclear as they were still working together, with Offset having directed a music video for Cardi B.In July 2024, Cardi officially filed for divorce from Offset. She announced her third pregnancy the day after.She gave birth to her third child, on September 7, 2024. Legal issues On October 1, 2018, Cardi B was accused of an alleged assault of two female bartenders.The victims claimed that Cardi B and her entourage \"threw bottles and alcohol at them.\"She denied involvement.She was charged with twomisdemeanors: assault and reckless","and reckless endangerment.Cardi B appeared in court for her arraignment on December 7, 2018, after she did not show up for the originally scheduled date due to a scheduling conflict, according to her attorney.On June 21, 2019, a jury indicted Cardi B on 14 charges, including two counts of felony assault with intent to cause serious physical injury, stemming from the incident.She was arraigned on June 25, 2019, and pleaded not guilty on all charges.On September 15, 2022, she pleaded guilty to third-degree assault and second-degree reckless endangerment, resulting in a sentence of 15 days of community service. On January 24, 2022, Cardi won a million-dollar defamation verdict against YouTuber Latasha Kebe (Tasha K) for waging a \"malicious campaign\" to hurt her reputation by posting false rumors. She stated that the lies had led her to contemplate suicide in 2019.The jury issued a verdict that Cardi B had been defamed and awarded $1.25 million in damages.Further proceedings brought the total fine against Kebe","fine against Kebe to $3.82 million. On March 25, 2022, Cardi, her sister Hennessy, and Hennessy's girlfriend won a defamation lawsuit filed against them by three men over an incident at a Suffolk County beach. In July 2023, Cardi B threw her microphone into the crowd at aLas Vegasconcert of hers after a fan threw a liquid at her. Subsequently, one fan attempted to press charges but theClark CountyPolice Department following an investigation decided not to move forward with a case. Controversies Cardi B sparked controversy after throwing one of her high heel shoes at and attempting to physically attack fellow rapperNicki Minajat aNew York Fashion Weekafter-party in September 2018; bodyguards intervened before she could reach Minaj, leaving her a large bump on her forehead.Following the altercation, she alleged on Instagram that Minaj had previously \"liked\" social media comments that spoke negatively of Cardi B's ability to take care of her newborn daughter.Minaj denied the allegations on her Queen Radio show","Queen Radio show and expressed embarrassment at the fight.She accused Cardi B of building \"her career off of sympathy and payola\" and of bribing DJs and radio outlets with sex to play her records. Minaj also criticized Cardi B's rapping ability, saying, \"Do you know what it's like to sit in your room for hours writing raps? You came into my fucking culture. I never had to fuck a DJ to play my songs.\"Minaj also called Cardi B a \"disgusting pig\" for allegedlycyberbullyinga guest caller on Minaj's show and unearthed posts calling dark-skinned black women \"cockroaches\", which she had defended earlier by saying that it is a derogatory term inthe Bronxused for anyone being disrespectful.Cardi B was on the cover of the 2019 spring fashion issue ofHarper's Bazaar, which featured her in aCinderella-themed photo shoot wearing a red gown and leaving a shoe behind. Some interpreted this as a reference to the incident. After the release of \"Girls\" in May 2018, a collaboration where she had a featured verse, Cardi B","verse, Cardi B responded to accusations of the song trivializingLGBTrelationships; she tweeted, \"We never try to cause harm or had bad intentions with the song.\" She went on to add, \"I personally myself had experiences with other women.\" Discography Filmography Commercials See also Notes References Further reading External links","Tupac Shakur Tupac Amaru Shakur(/ˈtuːpɑːkʃəˈkʊər/ⓘ; bornLesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names2PacandMakaveli, was an American rapper and actor. Considered to be one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time,academics regard him as one of the most influential music artists of the 20th century and a prominent political activist forBlack America.In addition to his music career, Shakur also wrote poetry and had numerous starring roles in movies. Shakur is among thebest-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide.His lyrical content has been noted for addressing social injustice, political issues, and the marginalization of otherAfrican-Americans,but he was also synonymous withgangsta rapand violent lyrics. Shakur was born inNew York Cityto parents who were both political activists andBlack Panther Partymembers. Raised by his mother,Afeni Shakur, he relocated toBaltimorein 1984 and to theSan Francisco Bay Areain 1988.","Bay Areain 1988. With the release of his debut album2Pacalypse Nowin 1991, he became a central figure inWest Coast hip hopfor hisconscious rapandpolitical raplyrics.Shakur achieved further critical and commercialmulti-platinumsuccess with his follow-up albumsStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...(1993) andMe Against the World(1995).HisDiamondcertified albumAll Eyez on Me(1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.In addition to his music career, Shakur starred roles inJuice(1992),Poetic Justice(1993),Above the Rim(1994),Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Shakur's most notable songs include \"California Love,\" \"Changes,\" \"Dear Mama,\" \"Hail Mary,\" \"Keep Ya Head Up,\" \"Hit 'Em Up,\" \"Ambitionz az a Ridah,\" \"All Eyez on Me,\" \"Ghetto Gospel,\" \"Do for Love,\" \"So Many Tears,\" \"To Live & Die in L.A.,\" \"How Do U Want It,\" \"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted,\" \"Brenda's Got a Baby\" and \"I Get Around.\" Alongside his solo career, Shakur was part of","Shakur was part of the groupThug Lifeand collaborated with artists likeSnoop Dogg,Dr. Dre, and theOutlawz. During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, includingincarceration. He served eight months in prison onsexual abusecharges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction in 1995.Following his release, he signed toMarion \"Suge\" Knight's labelDeath Row Recordsand became heavily involved in the growingEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.On September 7, 1996, Shakur wasshot four timesby an unidentified assailant in adrive-by shootinginLas Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur's friend-turned-rival,the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered inanother drive-by shootingsix months later in March 1997, while visiting Los Angeles.On September 22, 1996, a peace summit was convened atMosque MaryambyLouis Farrakhanin response to","response to hisassassination. Shakur's double-length posthumous albumGreatest Hits(1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.Five more albums have been released since Shakur's death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous albumThe Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory(1996)under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified multi-platinum in the United States.In 2002, Shakur was inducted into theHip-Hop Hall of Fame.In 2017, he was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Famein his first year of eligibility.Rolling Stoneranked Shakur among the100 Greatest Artists of All Time.In 2023, he was awarded a posthumous star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His influence in music, activism, songwriting, and other areas of culture has been the subject of academic studies. Early life Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, inEast Harlem, Manhattan, New York City.While born Lesane Parish Crooks, at age one he was renamed Tupac","was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.He was named afterTúpac Amaru II, a descendant of the lastIncanruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after hisrevoltagainstSpanish rule.Shakur's motherAfeni Shakurexplained, \"I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood.\"Tupac's surname came from Lumumba Shakur, a Sunni Muslim, whom his mother married in November 1968. Their marriage fell apart when it was discovered that Lumumba was not Tupac's biological father. Shakur had an older stepbrother,Mopreme \"Komani\" Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior. Panther heritage Shakur's parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, William \"Billy\" Garland, had been activeBlack Panther Partymembers in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.A month before Shakur's birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of thePanther 21criminal","21criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges. Other family members who were involved in theBlack Panthers'Black Liberation Armywere convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur's stepfather,Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years as one of theFBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur'sgodfather,Elmer \"Geronimo\" Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was wrongly convicted of murdering a schoolteacher during a 1968 robbery. After he spent 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution's having concealed evidence that proved his innocence. Shakur's godmother,Assata Shakur, is a former member of theBlack Liberation Armywho was convicted in 1977 of thefirst-degree murderof aNew Jersey State Trooper. Since 2013, she has been in theFBI Most Wanted Terroristslist after she escapedprisonin 1979. Education In the","Education In the 1980s, Shakur's mother found it difficult to find work and struggled with drug addiction.In 1984, his family moved from New York City toBaltimore, Maryland.Beginning in 1984 when Shakur was 13, he lived in thePen Lucyneighborhood with his mother and younger sister at 3955 Greenmount Ave.The home was a two-storyrowhousethat had been subdivided into two separate rental units; the Shakur family lived on the first floor.After his death, the block was renamed Tupac Shakur Way. While living in Baltimore, Shakur attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade atPaul Laurence Dunbar High School.He transferred to theBaltimore School for the Artsin the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry,jazz, and ballet.He performed inShakespeare plays—the themes of which he identified in patterns of gang warfare—and as the Mouse King inThe Nutcrackerballet. At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actressJada Pinkett, who became the subject of some of his poems (\"Jada\"","his poems (\"Jada\" and \"The Tears in Cupid's Eyes\").With his friend Dana \"Mouse\" Smith as abeatbox, he won competitions for the school's best rapper.Known for his humor, he was popular with all crowds of students.He listened to a diverse range of music that includedKate Bush,Culture Club,Sinéad O'Connor, andU2. Upon connecting with the BaltimoreYoung Communist League USA,Shakur dated Mary Baldridge, who was the daughter of the director of the local chapter of theCommunist Party USA. In 1988, Shakur moved toMarin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.In nearbyMill Valley, he attendedTamalpais High School,where he performed in several theater productions.Shakur did not graduate from high school, but later earned hisGED. Music career MC New York Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.That year, he began attending the poetry classes ofLeila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly","rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap groupDigital Underground.In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as aroadieandbackup dancer. Digital Underground Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac onDigital Underground, under a new record label,Interscope Records, on the group's January 1991 single \"Same Song\". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, starringDan Aykroyd,John Candy,Chevy Chase, andDemi Moore.The song opened the group's January 1991 EP titledThis Is an EP Release,while Shakur appeared in the music video. At the request of Steinberg, Digital Underground co-founder Jimi \"Chopmaster J\" Dright worked with Shakur,Ray Luvand Dize, a DJ, on their earliest studio recordings. Dright recalls that Shakur did not work well as part of a group, and added, \"this guy was on a mission. From day one. Maybe he knew he wasn't going to be around seven years later.\" From 1988 to 1991, Dright and Digital","Dright and Digital Underground produced Shakur's earliest work with his crew at the time, Strictly Dope.The recordings were rediscovered in 2000 and released asThe Lost Tapes: Circa 1989.Afeni Shakur sued to stop the sale of the recordings but the suit was settled in June 2001 and rereleased asBeginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991. Shakur's early days withDigital Undergroundmade him acquainted withRandy \"Stretch\" Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team,Live Squad, inQueens, New York.Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground's 1991 albumSons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often. 2Pacalypse Now Shakur's debut album,2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 filmApocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—likeNas,Eminem,Game, andTalib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.Aside from \"If My Homie Calls\", the singles \"Trapped\" and \"Brenda's Got a Baby\"","Got a Baby\" poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage. U.S. Vice PresidentDan Quaylesaid, \"There's no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society.\" Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,explained, in part: I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males. When I said that, I didn't know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males, to be the media's kicking post for young black males. 2Pacalypse Nowwascertified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day. Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... Shakur's second album,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..., was released in February 1993.A critical and commercial success, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200.An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac's sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song \"Last Wordz\"","song \"Last Wordz\" featuresIce Cube, co-writer ofN.W.A's\"Fuck tha Police\", who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantlypolitical, andgangsta rapperIce-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his bandBody Count's track \"Cop Killer\". In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the \"Black Side\", while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the \"Dark Side\".The album carries the single \"I Get Around\", a party anthem featuring Digital Underground'sShock GandMoney-B, which became Shakur's breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, theBillboardHot 100.And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, \"Keep Ya Head Up\", an anthem forwomen's empowerment.The album was certifiedPlatinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies. Thug Life In late 1993, Shakur formed the groupThug Lifewith Tyrus \"Big Syke\" Himes, Diron \"Macadoshis\" Rivers, his","Rivers, his stepbrotherMopreme Shakur, and Walter \"Rated R\" Burns.Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac. Thug Life released its only album,Thug Life, Volume I, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single \"Pour Out a Little Liquor\", produced byJohnny \"J\" Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur's albumAll Eyez on Me. The track also appears on theAbove the Rimsoundtrack.Due togangsta rapbeing under heavy criticism at the time, the album's original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, \"Out on Bail\", which was never released, at the1994 Source Awards. The Notorious B.I.G. and Junior M.A.F.I.A. In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles,the Notorious B.I.G.asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call","Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.Together, they recorded the songs \"Runnin' from tha Police\" and \"House of Pain\". Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him thatSean Combswould make him a star.Yet in the meantime, Shakur's lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, theJunior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friendsLil' CeaseandLil' Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994. Me Against the World Shakur's third album,Me Against the World,was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.It is now hailed as hismagnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.The album debuted at No. 1 on theBillboard200and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper. The lead single,","The lead single, \"Dear Mama\", was released in February 1995 with \"Old School\" as theB-side.It is the album's most successful single, topping theHot Rap Singleschart, and peaking at No. 9 on theBillboardHot 100.In July, it was certified Platinum.It ranked No. 51 on theyear-end charts. The second single, \"So Many Tears\", was released in June 1995,reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.The final single, \"Temptations\", was released in August 1995.It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for \"Temptations\". Shakur won best rap album at the1996 Soul Train Music Awards.In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the U.S. All Eyez on Me While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contactDeath Row RecordsfounderSuge","RecordsfounderSuge Knightin Los Angeles.Reportedly, Shakur's mother promptly received $15,000.After an August visit toClinton Correctional Facilityin northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the2nd Annual Source Awardsceremony. Meanwhile, anEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalrywas brewing between Death Row andBad Boy Records.In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending. Shakur's fourth album,All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996.It was rap's first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur's contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.The album shows Shakurrapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.Music journalistKevin Powellnoted that Shakur, once released from prison, became","from prison, became more aggressive, and \"seemed like a completely transformed person\". As Shakur's second album to hit No. 1 on both theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and the pop albums chart, theBillboard200,it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it wascertified5× Multi-Platinum in April.The singles \"How Do U Want It\" and \"California Love\" reached No. 1 on theBillboardHot 100.Death Row released Shakur's diss track \"Hit 'Em Up\" as the non-album B-side to \"How Do U Want It\". In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed \"Bad Boy killer\" threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duoMobb Deepand rapperChino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute. All Eyez on Mewon R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the1997 Soul Train Music Awards.At the1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,and 10× in July","10× in July 2014. Posthumous albums At the time of his death, a fifth solo album was already finished,The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded during the summer of 1996 and released that year.The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com rankedThe 7 Day Theoryat No. 9 among hip hop's greatest albums ever,and by 2006 a classic album.Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans. According to George \"Papa G\" Pryce, Death Row Records' then director ofpublic relations, the album was meant to be \"underground\", and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.It peaked at No. 1 onBillboard'sTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and on theBillboard200,with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum. Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are: Poetry","albums are: Poetry collection Before and during his hip-hop career, Shakur wrote dozens of poems.Some of the most notable are \"Can U C The Pride in The Panther\", \"If I fail\", \"Family Tree\", and \"The Rose that grew from the concrete\". In 1993 Tupac played a character named “Lucky” in the film titledPoetic JusticealongsideJanet Jackson. Poet and activistMaya Angelou, whom worked withMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm Xduring the civil rights movement, wrote the poems used in the 1993 film. In April 2022, handwritten poems written by Tupac when he was 11 years old were up for sale for $300,000 USD but only sold for $90,000.The poems were forJamal Josephand three otherBlack Panther Partymembers while they were incarcerated atLeavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur's writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The poems feature a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart","signed with a heart and the phrase \"Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter\". In October, 2023, sexually explicit poems he wrote toJada Pinkett Smithwhile in prison went public in the book \"Tupac Shakur: The Authorized Biography.\"Pinkett Smith celebrated Shakur's 50th birthday by showing a unreleased poem on Instagram called \"Lost Soulz.\"According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\"Tupac had passion for theater and admiration ofWilliam Shakespeare. Years after Tupac's death,Nassaid \"I put Tupac beyond Shakespeare.\" Film career Shakur's first film appearance was in the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, acameoby the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred inJuice, in which he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual.Rolling Stone'sPeter Traverscalls him \"the film's most magnetic figure\". In 1993, Shakur starred alongsideJanet JacksoninJohn Singleton's romance film,Poetic Justice.Singleton later fired","later fired Shakur from the 1995 filmHigher Learningbecause the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.For the lead role in the eventual 2001 filmBaby Boy, a role played byTyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.Ultimately, theset designincludes a Shakur mural in the protagonist's bedroom, and the film's score includes Shakur's song \"Hail Mary\". DirectorAllen Hugheshad cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 filmMenace II Societybut replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors \"because he was bigger than the movie\". Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 filmAbove the Rim.By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealerJacques \"Haitian Jack\" Agnant,who managed and promoted rappers.Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the","disregarded the warning.Through Haitian Jack, Shakur metJames \"Jimmy Henchman\" Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager. Soon after Shakur's death, three more films starring him were released,Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Posthumous rumored roles andStar Wars It was rumored that Shakur was being considered byGeorge Lucasto portrayJedi MasterMace Winduin theStar Warsprequel films (1999–2005). According to formerDeath Row Recordschief engineer Rick Clifford, George Lucas was eyeing Tupac to star in his return to the \"Star Wars\" saga. Clifford talked about how excited Tupac was for the role, \"'Pac found out that I worked for Brian Austin Green, who was on90210, then he found out I some movies, so we always talked about his film career and stuff. He was telling me that he was supposed to read for George Lucas and them. They wanted him to be a Jedi. I'm serious. Samuel L. got Tupac's part. said , 'Old man, keep your fingers crossed.' He said, 'I've got three movies","got three movies coming up. One of them, I've got to read for George Lucas.\" The Phantom Menacescript had begun being written in 1996 and the eventual film seeing release in 1999. Lucas had asked Jackson to ask Shakur to audition but due to Shakur's untimely death the role ultimately went toSamuel L. Jackson. The two had worked on the filmJuicetogether. Personal life In his 1995 interview withVibemagazine, Shakur listedJada Pinkett,Jasmine Guy,TreachandMickey Rourkeamong the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.Shakur also mentioned thatMadonnawas a supportive friend.Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994. Shakur became close friends with Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.He helped Pinkett land her first movie role in the filmMenace II Society(1993).In turn, Pinkett secured Shakur a guest starring role on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.She appeared in his music videos \"Keep Ya Head Up\" and \"Temptations\".She also came up with the concept for","the concept for his \"California Love\" music video and had intended to direct it, but removed herself from the project.In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur's bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.Pinkett later revealed that she turned down hismarriage proposalwhile he was incarcerated atRikers Islandin 1995.Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: \"Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life. We'll be old together. Jada can ask me to do anything and she can have it.\"Pinkett said Shakur was \"one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime\". After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy's home.They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.Guy appeared in his music video \"Temptations\" and later wrote his mother's 2004 biography,Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary. Shakur befriended Treach when they were both","when they were both roadies on Public Enemy's tour in 1990.He made a cameo inNaughty by Nature's music video \"Uptown Anthem\" in 1992.Treach collaborated on Shakur's song \"5 Deadly Venomz\" and appeared in the music video for Shakur's \"Temptations\".Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996. In 1993, during a police raid of Shakur's room at New York City'sParker Meridian Hotel, a videotape was confiscated which showed Shakur having sex with his then-girlfriend Desiree Smith. Officers were attempting to build their case against Shakur for the allegedsodomyof Ayanna Jackson. In 2022, Smith insisted she was neither underage nor intoxicated at the time of their tryst.In 2011, asex tapefeaturing Shakur receivingoral sexfrom a groupie while rapping and dancing along to one of his own unreleased songs, was sold to a private collector. The video, which was filmed in 1993, also features rapperMoney BfromDigital Underground. Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the","while filming the movieBulletin 1994.Rourke recalled that Shakur \"was there for me during some very hard times.\" Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, includingMike TysonChuck D,Jim Carrey,andAlanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together. On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris, apre-lawstudent.Their marriage was annulled ten months later. In a 1993 interview published inThe Source, Shakur criticized record producerQuincy Jonesfor hisinterracial marriageto actressPeggy Lipton.Their daughterRashida Jonesresponded with an irate open letter.Shakur later apologized to her sisterKidada Jones, whom he began dating in 1996.Shakur and Jones attendedMen's Fashion Weekin Milan and walked the runway together for aVersacefashion show.Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot. Legal issues Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release In November 1993, Shakur and two","Shakur and two other men were charged in New York withsodomizinga woman in Shakur's hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room on a later day, when Shakur, record executiveJacques \"Haitian Jack\" Agnant, Shakur's road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended and forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.Shakur was also charged withillegal possession of a firearmas two guns were found in the hotel room.Interviewed onThe Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that \"a woman would accuse me of taking something from her\", as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life. On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for \"forcibly touching the woman's buttocks\" in his hotel room.Jurors have said the","have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.Shakur's lawyer characterized the sentence as \"out of line\" with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as \"inhumane\". Shakur's accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequentlysettled. After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant's case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.A. J. Benzareported inNew York Daily NewsShakur's new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant andJames \"Henchman\" Rosemond, who he considered to be behind the 1994 Quad Studios shooting. Shakur was unable to post the $3 million bond to keep himself free until sentencing so he surrendered himself to authorities at theBellevue Hospital Jail Wardin New York City on December 23, 1994.At the time, he was still recovering from injuries","from injuries he received on November 30, when he was shot five times and robbed at Quad Studios.In January 1995, Shakur was moved to the North Infirmary Command (NIC) onRikers Islandinthe Bronx.On February 7, 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to4+1⁄2years in prison by a judge who decried \"an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman\". In March 1995, Shakur was transferred toClinton Correctional FacilityinDannemora.While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such asThe Princeby Italian philosopherNiccolò MachiavelliandThe Art of Warby Chinese military strategistSun Tzusparked Shakur's interest inphilosophy,philosophy of warandmilitary strategy.On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such asJim CarreyandTony Danzaamong others.He was also visited byAl Sharpton, who helped Shakur get","helped Shakur get released fromsolitary confinement. By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum securityDannemoraClinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,onceSuge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arraigned for posting of his $1.4 million bond. 1993 shooting in Atlanta On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.As they argued with the driver, Shakur's car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them","shot at them first. Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur's car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from aHenry Countypolice evidence room.Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell's suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell's $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper's estate in 1998. 1994 Quad Studios shooting On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.Music managerJames \"Jimmy Henchman\" Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his clientLittle Shawn.Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed","as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up. Against medical advice, Shakur checked out ofMetropolitan Hospital Centera few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actressJasmine Guyto recuperate.The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury's verdict for his sexual abuse case.Shakur spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy's home.TheFruit of Islamand former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him. Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G. In a 1995 interview withVibe, Shakur accusedSean Combs,Jimmy Henchman,and the Notorious B.I.G, – who were at Quad Studios at the time – among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting.Vibealerted the names of","the names of the accused.The accusations were significant to the East–West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track \"Who Shot Ya?\", which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released adiss song, \"Hit 'Em Up\", in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs,their record label,Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of \"Hit 'Em Up\", he mentions rivalsMobb DeepandChino XL. In March 2008,Chuck Philips, in theLos Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman's order.Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources. Other criminal or civil cases 1991 Oakland Police Department","Police Department lawsuit On October 17, 1991, twoOakland Police Departmentofficers stopped Shakur forjaywalkingat a downtown intersection.According to Shakur, officers Alex Boyovic and Kevin Rogers asked him for his ID and pressed him about his name before choking him, throwing him to the ground and slamming his head on the concrete.Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the officers forpolice brutality.The case wassettledfor about $43,000.It was later revealed that this incident was the onset of Shakur's autoimmune diseasealopecia, which led him to shave his head bald. Misdemeanor assault convictions On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert atMichigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show, that he never swung it, and that there was no criminal intent.Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to amisdemeanorand was sentenced to 30 days","to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended on condition that he complete 35 hours of community service. Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993Hughes Brothers' filmMenace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film's directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.The prosecution's evidence included aYo! MTV Rapsinterview in which Shakur boasted that he had \"beat up the director ofMenace II Society\". Concealed weapon case In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals","via appeals pending in other cases. 1995 wrongful death suit On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carriedColt Mustangbut dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged. About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa'id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a.38-caliberpistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa'id's mother filed awrongful death suitagainst Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000. C. Delores Tucker lawsuit Civil rights activist and fierce rap criticC. Delores Tuckersued Shakur's estate in federal court, claiming that","claiming that lyrics in \"How Do U Want It\" and \"Wonda Why They Call U Bitch\" inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.The case was later dismissed. Murder and aftermath On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada to attend theBruce Seldon vs. Mike Tysonboxing match with Suge Knight at theMGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby one of Knight's associates spottedOrlando \"Baby Lane\" Anderson, aSouthside ComptonCrip, and told Shakur he had tried to rob them earlier that year. The hotel'ssurveillancefootage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a blackBMW 750iLsedan, part of a larger convoy. At about 11 p.m. onLas Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk, and the car was released without a ticket.At about 11:15 p.m. at a stop light, a white, four-door,","a white, four-door, late-modelCadillacsedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chestwith one bullet entering his right lung.Shards hit Knight's head. Frank Alexander, Shakur's bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur's girlfriend,Kidada Jones. Shakur was taken to theUniversity Medical Center of Southern Nevadawhere he was heavily sedated and put on life support.In theintensive-care uniton the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died frominternal bleeding.He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m.The official causes of death arerespiratory failureandcardiopulmonary arrestassociated with multiple gunshot wounds.Shakur's body wascrematedthe next day. Members of theOutlawz, recalling a line in his song \"Black Jesus\", (although uncertain of the artist's attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some","smoked some of his body's ashes after mixing them withmarijuana. In 2002, investigative journalistChuck Philips,after a year of work, reported in theLos Angeles Timesthat Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur's entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips's 2002 article also alleges the involvement ofChristopher \"Notorious B.I.G.\" Wallaceand several within New York City's criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.Music journalist John Leland, inThe New York Times, called the evidence \"inconclusive\". In 2011, via theFreedom of Information Act, theFBIreleased documents related to its investigation which described anextortionscheme by theJewish Defense League(classified as \"aright wing terroristgroup\" by theFBI) that included makingdeath threatsagainst Shakur","Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder. On July 18, 2023, theLas Vegas Police Departmentexecuted asearch warrantin connection with Shakur's murder. On September 29, 2023, theAPreported that Las Vegas police had arrested a suspect,Duane \"Keefe D\" Davis, in Shakur's murder. Police had two months previously served a search warrant at his wife's home in the Las Vegas suburb of Henderson.Davis pleaded not guilty on November 2, 2023, in Las Vegas. Artistry Musical style Shakur's music and philosophical outlook were deeply influenced by a wide range of American,African American, and global influences, including theBlack Panther Party,black nationalism,egalitarianism, and the concept ofliberty. Moreover, Shakur's artistic sensibilities were enriched by his passion for theater and admiration for the works ofWilliam Shakespeare. Notably, he honed his theatrical skills as a student at theBaltimore School for the Arts, where he delved into the psychological complexities inherent","inherent in inter-gang warfare and inter-cultural conflicts, reflecting themes explored in Shakespearean dramas. 2Pacalypse Now(1991), showcased his socially conscious perspective. Through powerful tracks like \"Brenda's Got a Baby\", \"Trapped\", and \"Part Time Mutha\", Shakur addressed social injustice, poverty, and police brutality. In doing so, he contributed to the ongoing success of rap groups such asBoogie Down Productions,Public Enemy,X-Clan, andGrandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, while establishing himself as one of the pioneering socially conscious rappers from the West Coast. Continuing his focus on the social challenges faced by African American people, Shakur's second album featured songs like \"The Streetz R Deathrow\" and \"Last Wordz\". Simultaneously, he showcased his compassionate side with the empowering anthem \"Keep Ya Head Up\", and his legendary intensity with the title track from the albumStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...Additionally, he paid homage to his former groupDigital Undergroundby","Undergroundby including them on the playful track \"I Get Around\". Throughout his career, Shakur's subsequent albums reflected a growing assertiveness in his approach. Shakur's body of work encompassed contrasting themes, includingsocial inequality,injustice, compassion, playfulness, andhope. These elements continued to shape his artistry, exemplified by his explosive 1995 albumMe Against the World.The release ofAll Eyez on Mein 1996 further solidified his reputation, with tracks like \"Ambitionz az a Ridah\", \"I Ain't Mad at Cha\", \"California Love\", \"Life Goes On\", and \"Picture Me Rollin'\" being hailed as classics by critics. Shakur describedAll Eyez on Meas a celebration of life, and the album achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success.According toEminem, Tupac is the greatest songwriter of all time.Nassaid in 2002: \"I put Tupac beyondShakespeare.\" Vocal style Singers can manipulate different parts of their body to create various sounds. For instance, the \"head voice\" involves singing high-pitched","high-pitched tones resonating from the head, while the \"chest voice\" utilizes the chest area. In the documentary \"Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel,\"Greg \"Shock G\" Jacobs, one of Shakur's early producers, discusses how rappers also utilize different bodily areas to project their voices. According to him, \"Slick Rick rhymed from the nasal palate, Nas from the back of his throat, and Pac from the pit of his stomach, which is where his power came from.\" Shakur's influences stemmed from powerful orators likeMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm X. Despite not being physically imposing, Shakur's voice carried immense weight and power, reminiscent of these influential speakers. Shakur was also known for his technique of stacking or layering vocals, adding depth and rawness to his voice. This approach, demonstrated notably on tracks like \"Dear Mama\" from his 1995 albumMe Against the World, involves overlaying multiple vocal lines to highlight rhythms and emphasize words and phrases. Mastering this technique requires precision to","precision to maintain flow and clarity, as heard in the lyrics \"and even though I act crazy/I gotta thank the Lord that you made me,\" where Shakur's voice transitions from full to husky, underscoring the emotional depth of the lyrics. Despite its difficulty, Shakur's background in jazz, poetry, and theater endowed him with exceptional rhythm control, enabling him to layer vocals seamlessly while preserving cohesion and flow. Legacy and remembrance Shakur is considered one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.He was listed as one of the greatest artists of all time byRolling Stone.He is widely credited as an important figure inhip hop culture, and his prominence inpop culturein general has been noted.Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, \"Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure.\"Yet to some, he was a \"father figure\" who, said rapperYG, \"makes you","\"makes you want to be better—at every level.\"In 2023,Billboardranked Tupac at number 4 among the top 50 rappers of all time. AllMusic'sStephen Thomas Erlewinedescribed Shakur as \"the unlikely martyr ofgangsta rap\", with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along withSnoop Dogg.The online rap magazineAllHipHopheld a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappersCormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duoMobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.Shakur emerged as a celebrated artist, earning recognition for his astonishingly prolific output and unwavering commitment to his craft.According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\" In 2017, American rapperSnoop Doggcalled Tupac “the greatest rapper of all time” during hisRock & Roll Hall of Fametribute.In 2021,SaweetietoldComplexthat Tupac was “the greatest","was “the greatest rapper that ever lived”. According to British writer Rob Marriott, he deemed the act of tying abandanainto rabbit ears as one of the most distinctive and instantly recognizable style choices in the world ofhip-hop. Regarded as asex symbol, his unique style helped shape the fashion landscape of the 1990s and continues to influence artists and fashion enthusiasts to this day. In 2010, writingRolling Stonemagazine's entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the \"100 greatest artists\", New York rapper50 Centappraised: Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. People either try to emulate him in some way, or they go in a different direction because they didn't like what he did. But whatever you think of him, he definitely developed his own style: He didn't sound like anyone who came before him. According to music journalistChuck Philips, Shakur \"had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon.\"Philips","phenomenon.\"Philips writes, \"The slaying silenced one of modern music's most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds.\"Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as amartyr, \"the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use\", academicMichael Eric Dysonconcedes.But Dyson adds, \"Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac's martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs.\" In 2014,BETexplained that \"his confounding mixture of ladies' man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In50 Cent,Ja Rule,Lil Wayne, newcomers likeFreddie Gibbsand even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it's easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta","statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world's attention the way Tupac did and still does.\"More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.In 2020, former California Senator and current vice-presidentKamala Harriscalled Shakur the \"best rapper alive\", which she explained as being because \"West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on\".According to writerKevin Powell: \"He deserves to be put in the same category asBob Dylan,Bob Marley, asJohn Lennon, in terms of his global impact.\"Tupac is regarded as one of the most influential artists in music and popular culture in general and an icon of activism. Palestinian rapperTamer Nafar, leader and a founding member ofDAM, became passionate about hip hop by listening to Tupac saying, “The imagery in Shakur’s videos was similar to our reality in Lod.\" Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation In 1997, Shakur's mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru","the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to \"provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents.\"The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened theTupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, inStone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015. Academic appraisal In 1997, theUniversity of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled \"History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur\".In April 2003,Harvard Universitycosponsored the symposium \"All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero\".Where Shakur's influence as both an artist and an activist was analyzed.The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.Calling him a \"Thug Nigga Intellectual\", an \"organic intellectual\",English scholarMark Anthony Nealassessed his death as leaving a \"leadership void amongst","void amongst hip-hop artists\",as this \"walking contradiction\" helps, Neal explained, \"make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people.\" Tracing Shakur'smythicalstatus, Murray Forman discussed him as \"O.G.\", or \"Ostensibly Gone\", with fans, using digital mediums, \"resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force.\"Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a \"Black folk hero\", traced his persona to Black American folklore'stricksters, which, afterabolition, evolved into the urban \"bad-man\". Yet in Shakur's \"terrible sense of urgency\", Price identified instead a quest to \"unify mind, body, and spirit.\"According to Price, Tupac had surpassed the legacies ofJohn ColtraneandMahalia Jacksonwithin the tradition of black music. In 2012, the NorwegianUniversity of Osloorganized the course: \"Tupac, hiphop og kulturhistorie (Tupac, hip hop and cultural history).\" As Knut Aukrust, Norwegian professor and academic scholar of cultural studies at the University of Oslo, puts it:\"Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) is one of","is one of the most famous and controversial representatives of hip-hop culture. He has become an icon with saint status far beyond his fans. References to him and his message appear all over the world, from Barack Obama's slogan about \"changes\", to Palestinians and Israelis longing for peace in the Middle East, to the people of Groruddalen who want their experiences to be taken on board serious. The course highlights how a single person can fit into a wider network of cultural models and how a local storytelling tradition has become an international cultural phenomenon.\" Jeffrey Ogbonna Green Ogbar, professor of History and Popular Music at theUniversity of Connecticut, described Shakur as \"one of the most iconic and influential music artists of the 20th century\", and also a \"politically conscious activist voice for Black America.\" Multimedia releases In 2005, Death Row released on DVD,Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006,Tupac","August 2006,Tupac Shakur Legacy, an \"interactive biography\" byJamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur albumPac's Lifewas released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry's most popular releases.In 2008, his estate made about $15 million. On April 15, 2012, at theCoachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg andDr. Drejoined a Shakur \"hologram\" (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with theMusion Eyeliner),and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs \"Hail Mary\" and \"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted\".There were talks of a tour,but Dre refused.Meanwhile, theGreatest Hitsalbum, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew","and singles drew sales gains. Film and stage The documentary filmTupac: Resurrectionwas released in November 2003. It was nominated forBest Documentaryat the2005 Academy Awards. In 2014, the playHoller If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur's lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway's worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic,All Eyez on Me, began filming inAtlantain December 2015.It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur's 46th birthday,albeit to generally negative reviews. In August 2019, adocuseriesdirected byAllen Hughes,Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced. Awards and honors In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the firstHip Hop Honors. In 2006, Shakur's close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored","Smith honored Shakur's 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him. In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added \"Changes\", a1998 posthumoustrack, to its online playlist.On June 23, 2010, theLibrary of Congressadded \"Dear Mama\" to theNational Recording Registry, the third rap song. In 2015, theGrammy Museumopened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur. In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017. In January 2022, the exhibitionTupac Shakur: Wake Me When I'm Freeopened at The Canvas atL.A. Livein Los Angeles. On May 16, 2023, Oakland City Council voted to name the section of MacArthur Boulevard between Grand Avenue and Van Buren Avenue \"Tupac Shakur Way\". On June 7, 2023, Shakur received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His half-sister, Sekyiwa \"Set\" Shakur, accepted the award in his honor. Rankings Final resting place in Soweto In 2006, on the 10th anniversary of Tupac Shakur's passing, his ashes were laid to rest","were laid to rest inSoweto. Shakur's mother Afeni transported them to the \"birthplace of his ancestors\" and conducted a memorial service in what's considered as one of the most renownedSouth African townships. Afeni Shakur explained that Soweto had been selected due to its significance as the \"birthplace of the South African struggle fordemocracyand againstapartheid.\" TheCity of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipalitydonated a five-acre plot of undeveloped land in theZolaarea of Soweto to build a memorial honoring Shakur. A portion of the land was designated to be transformed into a park for the benefit of local children as well as aimed at promotingenvironmental education, pathways, orphanages, bridges, skateboard ramps and a golf range while plans also included the construction of anamphitheaterand a museum showcasing South African music and arts. The project was funded by Johannesburg city authorities and the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation. The memorial was hosted by South African musician and actorZola 7.","and actorZola 7. SingerMacy Grayand members of the Outlawz were amongst the attendees who paid their respects. Discography Filmography Portrayals in film Documentaries Shakur's life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominatedTupac: Resurrection(2003). See also References Further reading External links"],"string":"[\n \"Cardi B Belcalis Marlenis Cephus(néeAlmánzar;born October 11, 1992), known professionally asCardi B, is an American rapper and songwriter. Distinguished for her aggressiveflowand outspoken clever lyrics, Cardi B has established herself as one of the most successful female artists in contemporary music. From 2015 to early 2017, she gained recognition onVineandInstagram, as a cast member onVH1'sLove & Hip Hop: New York, and by releasingtwo mixtapes. Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy(2018), debuted at number one on theBillboard200andBillboardranked it the top female rap album of the 2010s. Critically acclaimed, it made Cardi B the only solo female artist to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Album, andRolling Stoneranked it the best debut album of all time by a female rapper. Its singles \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" and \\\"I Like It\\\" both topped theBillboardHot 100and were certifieddiamondby theRIAA; the former made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the Hot 100 with a solo song in the 21st century and the first to\",\n \"and the first to achieve a diamond-certified song, while the latter made her the first with multiple number-one songs. Her third US number-one, the collaboration \\\"Girls Like You\\\" (2018) withMaroon 5, made her the first female rapper to earn multiple RIAA diamond-certified songs. She released \\\"WAP\\\" (withMegan Thee Stallion) in 2020 and \\\"Up\\\" in 2021, both of which topped the Hot 100 and other charts worldwide. \\\"WAP\\\" is the only female rap collaboration to debut atop the Hot 100, made Cardi B the first lead artist to top theBillboardGlobal 200, and had a large cultural impact. Recognized byForbesas one of the most influential female rappers of all time, Cardi B holds various records among women in hip hop; she isthe female rapper with the most number-one singles(five) on theBillboardHot 100, the only female rapper to achieve multiple solo number-ones, and the only to earn number-one singles in two decades (2010s and 2020s). She further isthe highest-certified(digital singles) female rapper of all time in the\",\n \"of all time in the US,the female rapper with the most diamond-certified songs(three) by the RIAA, and has over 100 million certifiedunitssold in the US. Additionally,Invasion of Privacyis the most-streamed female rap album onApple MusicandSpotify.Her accoladesinclude aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards, sixGuinness World Records, sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, 14BET Hip Hop Awardsand twoASCAPSongwriter of the Yearawards.Timelisted her as one of the100 most influential people in the worldin 2018 andBillboardnamed herWoman of the Yearin 2020. Outside of music, Cardi B served as a judge on the music competition seriesRhythm + Flow(2019), appeared in the filmsHustlers(2019) andF9(2021), and had a voice role inBaby Shark's Big Movie!(2023). In 2022, she became thecreative directorof entertainment magazinePlayboy. Early life Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar was born on October 11, 1992, in theWashington Heightsneighborhood ofManhattan,New York City.Her father Carlos isDominicanand her mother\",\n \"her mother Clara is aTrinidadianofAfricanandSpanishdescent; Almánzar identifies as anAfro-Latina.Almánzar was raised in theHighbridgeneighborhood of theSouth Bronx,and spent much time at her paternal grandmother's home in Washington Heights, which she credits with giving her \\\"such a thick accent.\\\"Almánzar developed the stage name \\\"Cardi B\\\" as a derivation ofBacardi, arumbrand that was formerly her nickname.She has a younger sister, Hennessy Carolina, who was born in 1995. She has said she was a gang member with theBloodsin her youth, since age 16,but stated she would not encourage joining a gang.She attended Renaissance High School for Musical Theater & Technology, avocational high schoolon theHerbert H. Lehman High Schoolcampus. During her teens, Cardi B was employed at a grocery store inTribeca.She was fired and became a dancer at a strip club across the street.Cardi B has said that becoming a stripper was positive for her life in many ways: \\\"It really saved me from a lot of things. When I started\",\n \"When I started stripping I went back to school.\\\"She stated that she became a stripper to escape poverty anddomestic violence, having been in an abusive relationship at the time after being kicked out of her mother's house,and that stripping was her only way to earn enough money to escape the situation and get an education.She attendedBorough of Manhattan Community Collegebefore eventually dropping out.While stripping, Cardi B lied to her mother by telling her she was making money bybabysitting. In 2013, she began to gain publicity due to several of her videos spreading on social media, onVineand herInstagrampage. Career 2015–2016: Career beginnings In 2015, Cardi B joined the cast of theVH1reality television seriesLove & Hip Hop: New York, debuting in season six.Jezebelconsidered her the breakout star of the show's sixth season.The New York Timeswrote that she garnered popularity with \\\"her ability to rattle off one-liners\\\".The sixth and seventh seasons chronicle her rise to stardom and her turbulent\",\n \"and her turbulent relationship with her incarcerated fiancé. On December 30, 2016, after two seasons, she announced that she would be leaving the show to further pursue a career in music. In November 2015, Cardi B made her musical debut on Jamaicanreggae fusionsingerShaggy's remix to his single \\\"Boom Boom\\\", alongside fellow JamaicandancehallsingerPopcaan.She made her music video debut on December 15, 2015, with the song \\\"Cheap Ass Weave\\\", her rendition of BritishrapperLady Leshurr's \\\"Queen's Speech 4\\\".On March 7, 2016, Cardi B released her first full-length project, amixtapetitledGangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1.In November 2016, she was featured on the digital cover ofVibemagazine's \\\"Viva\\\" issue. On September 12, 2016, KSR Group released the compilationUnderestimated: The Album, which is a collaboration between KSR Group artists Cardi B,HoodCelebrityy, SwiftOnDemand, Cashflow Harlem, andJosh X. It was previously released only to attendees of their U.S. tour. the label's flagship artist, Cardi B, said: \\\"I wanted\",\n \"B, said: \\\"I wanted to make a song that would make girls dance,twerkand at the same time encourage them to go get that Shmoney,\\\" in regard to the compilation's single \\\"What a Girl Likes\\\". She appeared on the December 9, 2015, episode ofUncommon Sense with Charlamagne.On April 6, 2016, she was on the twelfth episode ofKhloé Kardashian'sKocktails with Khloé: in this episode, she revealed how she told her mother that she was a stripper.In November 2016, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of theBETseriesBeing Mary Jane.TVLinedescribes her character, Mercedes, as a \\\"round-the-way beauty with a big weave, big boobs and a big booty to match her oversize, ratchet personality.\\\" In 2016, Cardi B was featured in her first endorsement deal withRomantic Depot, a large New York chain of lingerie stores that sell sexual health and wellness products. The ad campaign was featured on radio and cable TV. 2017–2018: Breakthrough withInvasion of Privacy On January 20, 2017, Cardi B released her second\",\n \"released her second mixtape,Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2.In February 2017, Cardi B partnered withMAC Cosmeticsand Rio Uribe'sGypsy Sportfor an event forNew York Fashion Week.In late February, Cardi B signed her first major record label recording contract withAtlantic Records.On February 25, 2017, Cardi B was theopening actforEast Coast hip hopgroupThe Lox'sFilthy America... It's BeautifulTour, alongside fellow New York City-based rappersLil' KimandRemy Ma.In April 2017, she was featured ini-D's\\\"A-Z of Music\\\" video sponsored byMarc Jacobs.Cardi guest-starred on the celebritypanel showHip Hop Squares, appearing on the March 13 and April 3, 2017, episodes.She also released thefreestyle\\\"Red Barz\\\". In May 2017, the nominees for the2017 BET Awardswere announced, revealing that Cardi B had been nominated forBest New ArtistandBest Female Hip-Hop Artist.AlthoughChance the Rapperand Remy Ma won those categories, respectively, Cardi B performed at theBET AwardsAfterpartyshow.On June 11, 2017, duringHot 97's annualSummer\",\n \"97's annualSummer Jammusic festival, Remy Ma brought out Cardi B, along withThe Lady of Rage,MC Lyte,Young M.A,Monie Love, Lil' Kim, andQueen Latifah, to celebrate female rappers and perform Latifah's 1993 hit single \\\"U.N.I.T.Y.\\\" aboutfemale empowerment.In June 2017, it was revealed that Cardi B would be on the cover ofThe Fader's Summer Music issue for July/August 2017.She performed atMoMA PS1on August 19 to a crowd of 4,000. On June 16, 2017, Atlantic Records released Cardi B's commercial debut single, \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\", viadigital distribution.She performed the single onThe Wendy Williams ShowandJimmy Kimmel Live!The song climbed the charts for several months, and, on theBillboardHot 100chart dated September 25, 2017, \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" reached the number one spot, making Cardi B the first female rapper to do so with a solo single sinceLauryn Hill's \\\"Doo Wop (That Thing)\\\" debuted atop the chart in 1998.The song stayed atop the charts for three consecutive weeks, tying with American pop singerTaylor Swift's \\\"Look\",\n \"Swift's \\\"Look What You Made Me Do\\\" as the longest running female at the number one spot in 2017. Cardi B became the first person of Dominican descent to reach number one in the history of the Hot 100 since it was launched in 1958.An editor ofThe New York Timescalled it \\\"the rap anthem of the summer\\\".Selected byThe Washington PostandPitchforkmusic critics as the best song of 2017,\\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" was eventually certifiedDiamondby theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). The song received nominations forBest Rap PerformanceandBest Rap Songat the60th Grammy Awards.It won Single of the Year at the2017 BET Hip Hop Awards. With her collaborations \\\"No Limit\\\" and \\\"MotorSport\\\", she became the first female rapper to land her first three entries in the top 10 of the Hot 100,and the first female artist to achieve the same on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart.In October 2017, Cardi B headlinedPower 105.1's annual Powerhouse music celebration, alongsidethe Weeknd,Migos, andLil Uzi Vert, at theBarclays Centerin\",\n \"Centerin Brooklyn, New York.In December, she released two songs: a collaboration with Puerto Rican singerOzunatitled \\\"La Modelo\\\",and \\\"Bartier Cardi\\\", the second single from herdebut album. On January 3, 2018, Cardi B was featured on the remix ofBruno Mars' single \\\"Finesse\\\",and appeared in the 90s inspired video. It reached the top three on the Hot 100, Canada and New Zealand. On January 18, 2018, Cardi B became the first female rapper to have five top 10 singles simultaneously on theBillboardHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.She released another single, \\\"Be Careful\\\", on March 30, 2018, a week before her album's release. Her debut studio album,Invasion of Privacy, was released on April 6, 2018, to universal acclaim from music critics.Editors fromVarietyandThe New York Timescalled it \\\"one of the most powerful debuts of this millennium\\\" and \\\"a hip-hop album that doesn't sound like any of its temporal peers,\\\" respectively.The album entered at number one in the United States, while she became the first female artist to\",\n \"female artist to chart 13 entries simultaneously on theBillboardHot 100, on the chart issue dated April 21.It became the moststreamedalbum by a female artist in a single week inApple Music,and the largest on-demand audio streaming week ever for an album by a woman.Cardi held the latter recorduntil 2019.The album's title reflects Cardi B's feeling that as she gained popularity her privacy was being invaded in a variety of ways.Following the album's release, during a performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B officially announced her pregnancy, after much media speculation.She also co-hosted an episode ofThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Several months later, in July 2018, the album's fourth single, \\\"I Like It\\\", which features vocals fromBad BunnyandJ Balvin, reached number one on theHot 100; this marked her second number one on the chart and made her the first female rapper to achieve multiple chart-toppers.It received critical acclaim,withRolling Stonenaming it \\\"thebest summer songof all time\\\" in\",\n \"songof all time\\\" in 2020.Her collaboration withMaroon 5, \\\"Girls Like You\\\", also reached number one on the Hot 100 chart, extending her record among female rappersand also making her the sixth female artist to achieve three number-one singles on the chart during the 2010s.The song's music video has received more than 3 billion views onYouTubeand was thefifth-best selling songof the year globally. With \\\"Girls Like You\\\" following \\\"I Like It\\\" at the top of theBillboardRadio Songschart, Cardi B became thefirst female rapperto replace herself at number one on the chart.The single spent seven weeks atop the Hot 100, making Cardi the female rapper with the most cumulative weeks atop the chart, with eleven weeks.It spent 33 weeks in the top 10, tying bothEd Sheeran's \\\"Shape of You\\\" andPost MaloneandSwae Lee's \\\"Sunflower\\\" for the longest top 10 run in the chart's archives at the time.In October 2018,Invasion of Privacywas certifieddouble platinumby the RIAA, and the following year it was updated to triple platinum.\",\n \"to triple platinum. With the thirteen tracks, she became the first female artist to have all songs from an album certified gold or higher in the US. Cardi B received the most nominations for the2018 MTV Video Music Awardswith 12 mentions—including forVideo of the Year, winning three awards.She tied withDrakefor the most nominations at the2018 American Music Awards. She won three AMAs and performed at the ceremony.Her single \\\"Money\\\" earned her a fourth Video Music Award, with visuals that feature Cardi playing characters in different locations, including in an art museum, a bank and a strip club.Her collaboration withDJ Snake\\\"Taki Taki\\\" topped the charts in a number of Hispanic countries, made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the SpotifyGlobal 50chart,and has garnered more than 2 billion views. Both singles were certified multiple-platinum by the RIAA.People en Españolnamed her Star of the Year,andEntertainment Weeklydeemed her \\\"a pop culture phenomenon\\\", as she was named one of \\\"2018 Entertainers of\",\n \"Entertainers of the Year\\\". On November 30, 2018, Cardi B was honored atEbony's annual Power 100 Gala.Cardi ranked fifth on the 2018BillboardYear-EndTop Artists chart, whileInvasion of Privacyranked sixth. She achieved the most-streamed album of the year by a female artist globally inApple Music,and ranked as the most streamed female artist of the year in the United States inSpotify.Editorial staff from Apple Music andBillboardnamed \\\"I Like It\\\" the best song of 2018,whileTimemagazineandRolling StonenamedInvasion of Privacythe best album of the year.Also in 2018,Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world.In its decade-end review article,NMEstated that the era secured \\\"her crown as the newQueen of Rap.\\\" 2019–2020:Hustlers,Rhythm + Flowand \\\"WAP\\\" Cardi B received five nominations at the61st Grammy Awards, including forAlbum of the Year,Best Rap AlbumandRecord of the Year(\\\"I Like It\\\").She became the third female rapper to be nominated for Album of the Year, followingLauryn\",\n \"followingLauryn Hill(1999) andMissy Elliott(2004).On February 10, 2019, she then performed at the award ceremony, where she wore three vintageThierry Muglercouture looks during the telecast and became the first female rapper to winBest Rap Albumas a solo artist. Cardi B led the2019 Billboard Music Awardsnominations, with 21, earning the most nominations in a single year by a female artist and the third most nominations in a year (behind Drake and The Chainsmokers, who both had 22 in a year).She ended up winning six awards, including forTop Hot 100 Song, bringing her career total wins to seven—the most of any female rapper in history.An article byOmaha World-Heraldcalled her \\\"the biggest rapper in the world.\\\" On February 15, 2019, Cardi B released \\\"Please Me\\\", a collaboration with Bruno Mars, which became her seventh top-ten song on the Hot 100, reaching number three.The song marked Cardi and Bruno's second collaboration, following \\\"Finesse\\\" in 2018. The official music video was released two weeks later.On\",\n \"two weeks later.On March 1, Cardi set a new attendance record at theHouston Livestock Show and Rodeo, with 75,580 fans in the audience.With \\\"Backin' It Up\\\", \\\"Twerk\\\" and \\\"Money\\\", Cardi became the first female artist to occupy the top three on theBillboardMainstream R&B/Hip-Hop airplay chart. Her following single titled \\\"Press\\\" was released on May 31, 2019.Theparental-advisorylabeled music video marked her directorial debut—being credited as co-director, and was released on June 26, 2019.It had its debut performance at the2019 BET Awards, where she received the most nominations with seven, and wonAlbum of the Year.During the summer of 2019, she embarked on an arena tour.In September, she led theBET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with ten. Cardi B made her film debut inHustlersdirected byLorene Scafaria, oppositeJennifer Lopez,Constance Wu, andLili Reinhart.The film was released on September 13, 2019.Cardi B, along withChance the RapperandT.I., were confirmed as judges for theNetflixseriesRhythm + Flow, a ten-part\",\n \"+ Flow, a ten-part hip-hop talent search that premiered on October 9, 2019, which she alsoexecutive produced. In December 2019, Cardi B embarked on her first tour of Africa, performing in Nigeria and Ghana.Her collaboration \\\"Clout\\\" was nominated for aGrammy Award for Best Rap Performance.She was the most streamed female rapper of 2019 in the US, according to Spotify.Consequence of Sounddeemed her \\\"one of the most formidable hip-hop artists of the decade.\\\"In March 2020, Cardi B created a reaction video about thecoronavirus pandemic. DJ iMarkkeyz, a Brooklyn DJ known for turning memes and online moments into full-length songs, created a track, based on her reaction titled \\\"Coronavirus\\\", which became aninternet memeand was released to music platforms.Netflix announced the return ofRhythm + Flowfor 2021. Cardi B released the single \\\"WAP\\\" featuring American rapperMegan Thee Stallionon August 7, 2020, as the lead single off her forthcoming second studio album.The song received critical acclaim and was praised for\",\n \"and was praised for itssex positivemessages.TheColin Tilley-directed music video accompanied the song itself, and broke the record for the biggest 24-hour debut for an all-female collaboration on YouTube.She became the only female rap artist to top the Global Spotify chart multiple times.\\\"WAP\\\" debuted at number-one on theBillboardHot 100chart, garnering Cardi B her fourth chart-topper in the US, extending her record as the female rapper with the most number-one singles, and also making her the first female rapper to achieve Hot 100 number one singles in two different decades (2010s and 2020s). With 93 million streaming units, it became the largest first-week streams for a song, breaking the all-time record held byAriana Grande's \\\"7 Rings\\\".It has spent four weeks atop the Hot 100. The single has also spent multiple weeks at number one in seven other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom. Neil Shah ofThe Wall Street Journaldeemed it \\\"a big moment for female rappers\\\" and \\\"a historic sign that\",\n \"historic sign that women artists are making their mark on hip-hop like never before\\\".\\\"WAP\\\" became the first number one single on the inauguralBillboardGlobal 200chart. It became critics' best song of the year according to a compilation of rankings made by theBBC,with publications such asPitchforkandRolling Stoneplacing it at number one. Cardi B won theBillboardMusic Award for Top Rap Female Artistfor the third time at the2020 ceremony.In December 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards.With her win for \\\"WAP\\\" at theAmerican Music Awards, she became the first artist to win theAmerican Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Songmultiple times, following her win for \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" in 2018. 2021–present: Upcoming second studio album On February 5, 2021, Cardi B released \\\"Up\\\", the second single from her upcoming studio album. A music video for the single was released alongside it. The song was praised byNMEmagazine for its lyricism and fresh\",\n \"lyricism and fresh approach as a successor to \\\"WAP\\\".\\\"Up\\\" debuted at number two on the USBillboardHot 100chart, marking the highest debut for a solo female rap song sinceLauryn Hill's \\\"Doo Wop (That Thing)\\\" in 1998.The song debuted at number one on theRolling StoneTop 100, becoming both Cardi B's second number-one single and second number-one debut, as well as the first time a female rapper debuts atop the chart with a solo song.Cardi B became the first female artist and first lead artist with consecutive number-one debuts on the USHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart, and second overall performer followingDrakein 2016.\\\"Up\\\" reached number one on theBillboardHot 100 after herGrammy Awardsperformance, making her the only female rapper to reach number one multiple times with solo songs, following \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\", and extended her record as the female rapper with the most number-one songs on the Hot 100 as her fifth chart-topper.Cardi B received a second nomination for theBrit Award for International Female Solo Artist.\",\n \"Female Solo Artist. Cardi B made a last-minute appearance in \\\"Big Paper\\\", from DJ Khaled's albumKhaled Khaledreleased on April 30, 2021.Cardi received two nominations for theBET Award for Video of the Year, for the videos \\\"Up\\\" and \\\"WAP\\\", winning for the latter and becoming the first female rapper to win Video of the Year as a lead artist. This became the 10th time that an artist has had two nominated videos in this category as a lead artist, and the second time for her, following her nominations for \\\"Money\\\" and \\\"Please Me\\\" in 2019. She announced her second pregnancy during the performance of her Migos collaboration \\\"Type Shit\\\" at the2021 ceremony.She also appeared inF9, which was released on June 25, 2021, byUniversal Pictures.On July 16, 2021, Cardi B was featured on theNormanisingle \\\"Wild Side\\\".Cardi collaborated withLizzoon \\\"Rumors\\\", which debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi B's tenth top 10 single on the chart, and her seventh number-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Cardi\",\n \"Songs chart. Cardi B received six nominations at the2021 MTV Video Music Awards, including her second nomination for Video of the Year.She also led the nominations for the2021 BET Hip Hop Awardsalong with Megan Thee Stallion, with nine each;both rappers won the most awards during the ceremony with three for \\\"WAP\\\", with Cardi becoming the first female artist to win Best Hip Hop Video twice (2019 and 2021). On October 28, 2021, Cardi B previewed her second album to Atlantic Records via her Instagram Story. She captioned \\\"The money people liking the album sounds\\\".On November 2, Cardi B was announced as the host of the2021 American Music Awards(AMAs). The award show was held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles on November 21,and marked the most social telecast of the year per interactions across social media.During the ceremony, \\\"Up\\\" won the award forFavorite Hip Hop Song, making Cardi B the first artist to win the category three times.Cardi B featured onSummer Walker's 2021 albumStill Over Iton the opening\",\n \"Iton the opening track \\\"Bitter\\\".Warner Records released the soundtrack forHalle Berry's directorial debut filmBruisedon November 19. Selected by executive producers Berry and Cardi B, the Netflix film's soundtrack features six original songs by female artists, including Cardi,H.E.R., City Girls,Flo Milli,Saweetie, andLatto, and seven additional female rap songs inspired by the film. In March 2022, Cardi B appeared on the extended version of Summer Walker andSZA's collaboration, \\\"No Love\\\".The following month, she featured on rapper Kay Flock's song, \\\"Shake It\\\"; it samplesAkon's 2005 song \\\"Belly Dancer (Bananza)\\\".Also in April, Cardi guest-voiced as Sharki B, her \\\"aquatic alter ego\\\", on \\\"The Seaweed Sway\\\" episode of theNickelodeonanimated seriesBaby Shark's Big Show!—and performed a song of the same name.She appeared alongside Offset and her daughter.On July 1, 2022, Cardi B released \\\"Hot Shit\\\", featuring rappersKanye WestandLil Durk, as the third single from her upcoming second studio album.The song was first\",\n \"song was first announced during aBET Awards 2022commercial break.On July 8 and 9, she headlined the 2022Wireless Festivalin London andBirmingham.Cardi B worked with cousin and fellow rapperGloRillaon the remix to her song \\\"Tomorrow\\\", titled \\\"Tomorrow 2\\\", which was released in September 2022.The remix peaked at number nine on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi's eleventh top-ten single.HipHopDXlisted it as the \\\"Best Hip-Hop Collaboration\\\" of 2022 while it was also the highest-listed song by a female rapper onBillboard's 100 Best Songs of 2022 list.On October 1, Cardi B made a surprise appearance at theInglewoodshow of Puerto Rican rapperBad Bunny's concert tour, theWorld's Hottest Tour.In November, she signed with entertainment executiveIrving Azoff's Full Stop Management.In December 2022, she gave a 35-minute private performance at theMiami Art Baselfor which she was paid $1 million.Later that month, a remix of Spanish artistRosalía's song \\\"Despechá\\\" featuring Cardi, was released. Cardi B appeared as a\",\n \"B appeared as a surprise performer at the New York City shows of SZA and GloRilla's tours: theSOS Tourand Anyways, Life's Great Tour, in early 2023.In April, she served as one of three headliners of the inauguralRolling Loud Thailandfestival inPattaya, along withTravis ScottandChris Brown.In June, she featured on \\\"Put It on da Floor Again\\\", the remix to rapper Latto's \\\"Put It on da Floor\\\".It peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100, becoming Cardi's 20th top-twenty single.On June 4, Cardi B headlined the 2023Summer Jamfestival inElmont, New York.ln July, she featured on \\\"Point Me 2\\\", the remix to drill rapper FendiDa Rappa's single \\\"Point Me to the Slut's\\\".Later that month, she collaborated with Offset on two tracks of his second solo album,Set It Off(2023): \\\"Freaky\\\" and \\\"Jealousy\\\".The latter was released as the lead single of the record; it samplesThree 6 Mafia's \\\"Jealous Ass Bitches\\\".Cardi released \\\"Bongos\\\" featuring Megan Thee Stallion on September 8, 2023, as the fourth single of her upcoming second studio\",\n \"second studio album. The song marks the pair's second collaboration after \\\"WAP\\\" (2020).The music video, directed byTanu Muino,cost over $2 million.\\\"Bongos\\\" reached number 14 in the US.Cardi led the2023 BET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with21 Savage, with twelve each.She reprised her voice role as Sharki B for the children's animated film,Baby Shark's Big Movie!, in which ch she appeared alongside Offset and their two children. It premiered in December onParamount+and Nickelodeon.Cardi B co-headlinedTikTok's inaugural In the Mix festival on December 10 inMesa, Arizona,which was released as a concert special on Disney+ and Hulu on December 15.She performed at theFontainebleau Miami Beach, accompanied by DJGryffin, on December 31, 2023, which aired live for the 2024 edition ofDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. She released the promotional single \\\"Like What (Freestyle)\\\" on March 1, 2024, with an accompanying music video directed by Offset.Her first solo song since \\\"Up\\\" (2021), it is afreestyleof rapperMissy\",\n \"rapperMissy Elliot's \\\"She's a Bitch\\\" (1999).The track reached the top 40 in the US and became Cardi's 19th top-ten and 11th chart-topper onHot Rap Songsand Hot Rap Digital Songs.It was followed by \\\"Enough (Miami)\\\" on March 15,which marked her 12th top-ten on the Hot 100 and seventh number-one on the Digital Songs chart.A remix ofFlo Milli's \\\"Never Lose Me\\\" was released on the same day, featuring SZA and Cardi B.On March 11, Cardi joinedMadonnaonstage for a guest appearance at the Inglewood show of herCelebration Tour.She appeared on \\\"Puntería\\\" withShakira, the opening track and eighth single of the latter's twelfth albumLas Mujeres Ya No Lloran, released on March 22, 2024.\\\"Puntería\\\" reached number one on theLatin Airplaychart and topped theLatin Pop Airplaychart for nine weeks.On May 21, Cardi B appeared as a surprise performer at theMadison Square Gardenshow of Megan Thee Stallion'sHot Girl Summer Tour.She featured on the remix of Thee Stallion and GloRilla's \\\"Wanna Be\\\", released on May 31.In June, Cardi\",\n \"31.In June, Cardi featured on \\\"Put Em in the Fridge\\\" fromPeso Pluma's fourth albumÉxodo.She co-headlined theBET Experiencefestival at theCrypto.com Arenaon June 28.Her collaboration withRob49, titled \\\"On Dat Money\\\", was released on July 19. In August, Cardi confirmed that her second studio album would be released in late 2024, stating that it was \\\"three-quarters of the way done\\\".Previously iterated for a 2023 release,she revealed that she was \\\"just holding it\\\" because she felt \\\" missing a couple of things\\\" and \\\"gotta make sure that everything is just planned out\\\".In October, Cardi will co-headline the 2024 One Musicfest inAtlanta. Artistry Influences InBillboard's \\\"You Should Know\\\" series, Cardi B said the first albums she ever purchased were by American entertainersMissy ElliottandTweet, respectively.She has credited Puerto Rican rapperIvy Queenand Jamaican dancehall artistSpiceas influences, as well asBeyoncé,Lady Gaga,Lil' Kim,Madonna,andSelena.She has mentionedChicago drill musicas an important\",\n \"an important influence.When asked about the initial direction for her music, Cardi B said in an interview, \\\"When I first started rapping I liked certain songs fromKhiaandTrina, and they fighting songs. I haven't heard fighting songs for a very long time,\\\" crediting the two female rappers for her aggressive rap style. She continued, saying \\\"a lot of girls they cannot affordred bottoms, a lot of girls they cannot afford foreign cars but I know that every girl has beef with a girl I know that every bitch don't like some bitch, and it's like 'that's what I wanna rap about.'\\\" She also credits growing up in the South Bronx and real life experiences as influences for her songwriting; \\\"I wouldn't be able to rap about the things that I rap about now .\\\" Musical style Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy, is primarily ahip hoprecord, which comprises elements oftrap,Latin music, andR&B.Consequence of Sounddescribed her flow as \\\"acrobatic and nimble.\\\"AllMusiceditor David Jeffries called Cardi B \\\"a raw and\",\n \"Cardi B \\\"a raw and aggressive rapper\\\".Stereogumcalled her voice \\\"a full-bodied New Yawk nasal bleat, the sort of thing that you've heard if someone has ever told you that you stupid for taking too long at swiping yourMetroCard.\\\" They continued to call her voice \\\"an unabashedly loud and sexual fuck-you New York honk—that translates perfectly to rap.\\\" In a 2017Complexarticle about her, the editor wrote \\\"unapologetic does not begin to describe the totally unfiltered and sheer Cardi B-ness of Cardi B's personality. She's a hood chick who's not afraid to be hood no matter the setting. Cardi B is Cardi B24/7, 365, this is why she resonates with people, and that same energy comes out in her music.\\\"Herflowhas been described as aggressiveIn 2019,NMEdescribed her lyrics as \\\"sexually free\\\" performed with \\\"rapid\\\" flow,and other publications have further described her lyrics as outspoken,while her punchlines have been praised, by such publications asPitchforkandThe Source, as clever and quotable.She possesses aNew\",\n \"possesses aNew York-Dominicanaccent. Cardi B has defended her musical content featuring sexually-charged lyrics—like most contemporary female rappers; she stated that the content \\\"seems like that's what people want to hear\\\", since she faced negative reactions after releasing her more emotional song, \\\"Be Careful\\\".She has declared, \\\" is the type of artist I always wanted to be: I like to rap about the streets, and I like to rap about my pussy. I don't give a fuck about it.\\\"She has stated that writing and performing songs about her personal life and relationships initially caused her a \\\"weird and uncomfortable\\\" feeling and shyness. Cardi B employs different vocal styles in her music; in \\\"WAP\\\" her vocal performance has been described as \\\"throaty\\\"and \\\"staccato\\\",while in \\\"Up\\\" she raps withalliteration, atongue twister-run, and \\\"some classically comedic Cardi\\\"punch lines. Other ventures Products and endorsements In February 2017, she partnered withM.A.Cand Rio Uribe's Gypsy Sport for aNew York Fashion Weekevent.Her\",\n \"Weekevent.Her April appearance ini-D's \\\"A-Z of Music\\\" video was sponsored by designerMarc Jacobs,and she made the cover ofThe Fader's July/August 2017 Summer Music issue.Tom Ford's Cardi B-inspired lipstick, named after her, was released in September 2018. It sold out within 24 hours.In November, she released a clothing line collection withFashion Nova.The same month she partnered withReebok, promoting the brand's Aztrek sneaker.In partnership with Reebok, she released a footwear and apparel collection in 2020, inspired by her personal style and paying homage to \\\"classic 80s styling\\\" and motifs.She released her second collection with Reebok in 2021, titled \\\"Let Me Be...In My World\\\", comprising sneakers, tracksuits, and corsets, inspired by everyday life in New York City.The third collection with the brand, \\\"Mommy & Me\\\", was released in May 2021 in recognition ofMother's Day, which includes Cardi's iteration of Club C shoes for adults, children, and infants.The next, titled \\\"Let Me Be...Enchanted\\\" was\",\n \"Be...Enchanted\\\" was released in two parts in June and July 2022; it was revealed to be inspired by \\\"a state of enchantment and euphoria\\\" and included crop tops, faux fur jackets, and leotards along with footwear.The fifth and final collection, \\\"Let Me Be...Next Level Energy\\\", was also released in two parts in September and December 2022, concluding her four-year partnership with Reebok.Inspired by Cardi B's \\\"unmatched energy\\\", the collection consisted of bodysuits, crop tops, footwear, leggings, and woven jackets—of a color palette based oncrystals. Cardi B teamed up withPepsifor three television commercials, which aired during theSuper Bowl LIII, the61st Annual Grammy Awards, and Christmas.In early 2019, Cardi also joined other hip hop artists (including her husbandOffset, as part ofMigos) in releasing her flavors of snack food Rap Snacks: two flavors of chips, and two of popcorn. The bags' artwork was designed by Jai Manselle and inspired by the cover ofInvasion of Privacy. In December 2021, Cardi B\",\n \"2021, Cardi B partnered withPLBY Group Inc.ascreative directorin residence forPlayboyand founding member of Centerfold, a creator-driven website in the works. The partnership also includes fashion and sexual wellness products. In February 2023, Cardi B and Offset partnered withMcDonald'sto create the Cardi B and Offset meal, which was launched onValentine's Day.The meal was first announced in the2023McDonald'sSuper Bowl commercialwhich the couple appeared in.In October, she fronted the campaign forSkims' Cotton Collection.The campaign generated over $4 million in media impact value (MIV).In December 2023, she made her runway debut at the Balenciaga fall 2024 show in Los Angeles. In February 2024, Cardi B starred inNYX Cosmetics' inaugural Super Bowl commercial forSuper Bowl LVIII, titled \\\"Lips Only\\\".An edited version of the advert—centered around the company's Duck Plump lip gloss—was broadcast during the commercial break, due toribald themesof humor.In May 2024, she appeared alongside sprinterSha'Carri\",\n \"sprinterSha'Carri Richardsonin a commercial for the2024 Summer Olympics.In July, Cardi fronted theMarc Jacobsfall 2024 campaign. Whipshots In collaboration with Starco Brands, Cardi B launched avodka-infused,veganwhipped cream, called Whipshots, in the US in December 2021.It has sold over five million cans as of March 2024. Cardi Tries She premiered the seriesCardi TriesviaFacebook Messengerin December 2020, with herself as one of the executive producers.The web series ran for three seasons until April 2023. Philanthropy In 2022, Cardi B donated $100,000 to the elementary school she attended, I.S. 232 inThe Bronx. Public image Political statements Cardi B identifies as afeminist.The rapper has been called \\\"unabashedly, directly political\\\"and often uses social media to advocate for causes she believes in, such asgun control.During the2016 presidential primaries, she warned her fans ofDonald Trump's immigration policies and encouraged them to vote for SenatorBernie Sanders.At theGrammy Awardsin 2018, she\",\n \"Awardsin 2018, she appeared in a video along withHillary Clintonto narrate a portion ofFire and Fury,Michael Wolff's insider's account of Trump's administration, and stated \\\"Why am I even reading this shit? I can't believe this. I can't believe—this is how he really lives his life?\\\" Early in 2018 she used her social media to demand transparency ontax policy, asking for detailed information on how her taxpayer dollars are being spent in New York state and criticizing the maintenance of its streets, prisons, andpublic transportation.Cardi B endorsed Sanders once again in hissecond bidfor the presidency in the2020 United States presidential election, while praising U.S. RepresentativeTim Ryan.She stated that one of the reasons for her endorsement is Sanders' long-time involvement in supporting underprivileged minorities and \\\"people gettingMedicarebecause he knows they can't afford it,\\\"whilePoliticoargued that she \\\"might be one of Bernie's most powerful 2020 allies.\\\" She has used her social pages to raise\",\n \"pages to raise awareness for victims ofpolice brutality, and has encouraged people to vote for mayors, judges anddistrict attorneysin local elections.In a conversation with Democratic candidateJoe BidenforElle, they discussed Medicare,free college tuition, and racial equality.According to a study published byThe Hollywood Reporter, Cardi B ranked as the fifth most influential celebrity, and fourth amongGeneration Z, for the 2020 presidential election. In November 2023, Cardi B stated that she no longer supports Joe Biden for president,saying that she would \\\"not endorsing no fucking president's no more\\\" as a result of Biden's \\\"spending on wars\\\". She has praised PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltfor advocating for theSocial Securityprogram and theNew Dealproject.She said of Roosevelt, \\\"he helped us get over theDepression, all while he was in a wheelchair. Like, this man was suffering frompolioat the time of his presidency, and yet all he was worried about was trying to make America great—make America great again\",\n \"America great again for real. He's the real 'Make America Great Again,' because if it wasn't for him, old people wouldn't even get Social Security.\\\"Sanders has praised her for her \\\"leading role\\\" in calling attention to Social Security. Fashion Cardi has a noted affinity forChristian Louboutinheels, a running theme in her song \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\".She has also mentioned her affinity for cheap,fast fashionbrands stating \\\"I don't care if it cost $20 or $15. If it looks good on me, it looks good on me\\\".During an interview in early 2017, Cardi B spoke on being rejected by some fashion designers.Cardi wore vintageThierry Muglerto the2019 Grammy Awards, with ani-Darticle stating that the fashion house's \\\"resurgence onto the fashion scene can almost single-handedly be attributed\\\" to theSwarovski crystal-embroidered crinoline sheath gown she wore at the ceremony. Mugler's collaboration with Cardi B marked the second time in 25 years that the Paris house opened its archives to dress a celebrity, the first beingBeyoncéfor\",\n \"beingBeyoncéfor her 2009 concert tour.Wmagazine credited the \\\"WAP\\\" music video for popularizing the Mugler bodysuit in the mainstream.Cardi has acknowledged Mugler as one of the first designers to \\\"take a major chance on \\\" for their fashion collaborations. Vogue,The Telegraph,Time, andVibehave referred to her as afashion icon.An article fromVoguenoted she \\\"is famous for her statement getups—whether she's rocking archival Mugler on the red carpet, or dripping in Chanel while sitting courtside at a basketball game.\\\"Her over-the-top manicures, designed bynail artistJenny Buiand studded withSwarovski crystals, has become a part of her signature look.EditorChristian Allairefrom the magazine in 2021 commented that her signature \\\"bold\\\" ensembles \\\"create a spectacle\\\" duringfashion weeks. In 2018, she became the first female rapper in the US to appear on the cover ofVoguemagazine. Photographed byAnnie Leibovitz, the cover, one of four for the January 2019 issue that includedStella McCartney,features her in a red and\",\n \"her in a red and whiteMichael Korsdress and matching redJimmy Chooshoes, while holding her daughter, Kulture. In 2019, theCouncil of Fashion Designers of Americaincluded her on their list of \\\"28 Black Fashion Forces\\\".Vogueeditor-in-chiefAnna Wintourcommended her fashion sense, declaring that she \\\"completely rethought opinion of Cardi B's style\\\" after the 2019Met Gala, where the rapper wore aThom Browne-designed burgundy gown that extends outward in concentric circles for about ten feet and was inspired by thefemale form. Cardi B became the face ofBalenciaga's ad campaign for the winter 2020 season. The campaign includes billboards in several international locations, such as theLouvremuseum.Vogue's Brooke Bobb commented, \\\"This is Cardi's first campaign for a luxury fashion house, though she's definitely no stranger to the Parisian style scene\\\", citing her floral printedRichard Quinnensemble \\\"that literally covered her from head to toe\\\" and her being \\\"a front row fixture\\\" athigh fashionshows, adding, \\\"She and\",\n \"adding, \\\"She and her stylist Kollin Carter have been wildly successful in carving out a much-needed space for Cardi within the fashion industry, and they've cultivated a personal style that is all her own while being inspiring to all\\\". In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be awarded by theFN Achievement Awardswhen she won the Style Influencer of the Year award, which was presented to her byChristian Louboutin. In a press release for the awards show, she was called an \\\"influence just about everything in pop culture—from music, fashion and style to social media, politics and even public service\\\".In 2022,Rolling Stoneranked her as the second most-stylish woman in music, behindLady Gaga,andGQconsidered her \\\"one of fashion's preeminent risk-takers.\\\" Impact Cardi B has been referred to as the \\\"Reigning Queen of Hip Hop\\\" by multiple publications, includingBillboard,The Hollywood Reporter,Entertainment Weekly,Omaha World-Herald,Black Enterprise,Newsweek, andThe A.V. Club,and as the \\\"Queen of Rap\\\"\",\n \"the \\\"Queen of Rap\\\" byNME,Essence,Harper's Bazaar Malaysia,The Jakarta Post,Uproxx,iHeartRadio,Geo TV,Vanity Fair,Joe,Boston Herald,Refinery 29,France 24, and Nigerian mediaThe Guardian,BBC News, andDaily Trust. Spinstaff credited her for opening \\\"the table to a new generation of pop artists remaking American music in their own image and accents,\\\" as Cardi B \\\"recognized thatPOCartists no longer need to pander or soften themselves in order to become household names.\\\"Billboardeditors stated that with \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\"'s commercial success, \\\"she left an indelible mark on the summer of 2017, not only because she rewrote history, but she gave hope to the have nots...\\\".Several publications have credited \\\"I Like It\\\", the firstLatin trapsong to reach number one on theHot 100, for introducing the \\\"musical movement\\\" to a mainstream, massive audience.Billboard'sCarl Lamarre considered \\\"WAP\\\"'s achievements \\\"a clever Trojan horse for the myriad ways Cardi influences the culture with every move she makes.\\\" The Wall Street\",\n \"The Wall Street Journal's Neil Shah stated in 2020 that her breakthrough and success influenced \\\"today's female-rap renaissance,\\\" whileGeniusstaff credited her for \\\"helping jumpstart a new wave of female hip-hop signings and promotion at labels,\\\"andNPR Musiccommented that the \\\"renaissance\\\" of the dynamism of women in rap grew \\\"in enthusiasm and breadth\\\" since Cardi's \\\"first historic run\\\" in 2017.Similarly,Clover Hope's bookThe Motherlode(2021) stated thatInvasion of Privacy\\\"jump-started a new era for women rappers in which success felt much more tangible\\\" as Cardi B \\\"multiplied the wealth of talent and resurrected the idea that numerous women who controlled their own stories could dominate rap at once.\\\" The New Yorkerhas credited her for \\\"changing a genre that has rarely allowed for more than one female superstar at a time.\\\"Uproxxnoted Cardi B for promoting up-and-coming female rappers; \\\" choosing to use her position at the height of stardom to open doors for other women to flourish in hip-hop at a greater\",\n \"at a greater level than any since theGolden Eraand 'Ladies First',\\\" considering it \\\"something of a departure from tradition; for the decade previous to Cardi's precipitous come-up, it seemed hip-hop had an unspoken,Highlander-esque rule in place regarding women.\\\"Varietydeemed her a \\\"hip-hop icon\\\",andThe Independentcalled her \\\"the people's pop culture icon\\\", writing that she \\\"has become one of the most recognisable cultural figures of the past 10 years\\\". NPRdefined \\\"Cardi B effect\\\" as \\\"abranding powerrooted in specific authenticity, created and permeated by rapper Cardi B\\\" and noticed that with her breakthrough, \\\"brands finally started to become hip to effect, noticing the cultural markers outside of the rap world that were proving it wasn't limited to clubs, concerts and radio.\\\"Business magazineInc.stated that her success \\\"shows how social media changed everything we knew abouttraditional marketingand media\\\", which no longer relies on a \\\"well-thought marketing scheme or millions of dollars in\",\n \"of dollars in advertising.\\\"In 2019, a life-sized sculpture of her was on display at theBrooklyn Museum, as part ofSpotify's RapCaviar \\\"Pantheon\\\". Bloombergreported that her data bill helped to boost Ghana's GDP growth in 2019, after it was part of a concert tour.She inspired the creation of the sitcomPartners in Rhyme, executively produced byMC Lyteabout a young woman in high school who \\\"aspires to be the next Cardi B.\\\"P-Valleycreator and executive producerKatori Hallcited her an inspiration for the TV series, and credited her for \\\"helping prepare the public\\\" for its storyline. Several artists have cited Cardi B's work as an inspiration, includingRosalía,Olivia Rodrigo,Jazmine Sullivan,Selena Gomez,Blackpink,Spice,Greta Gerwig,Nathy Peluso,Rubi Rose,María Becerra,andAbigail Asante.Cardi B has been credited for supporting and uniting female rappers in the industry,with a writer fromUproxxconsidering her co-sign \\\"the newDrakeeffect\\\" for women in hip hop. Achievements Cardi B is the recipient of numerous\",\n \"of numerous accolades, including aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards(including three consecutiveTop Rap Female Artistwins), sixGuinness World Records,sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, sixBET Awards(includingAlbum of the Year), and fourteenBET Hip Hop Awards.Invasion of Privacy—which made her the first female rapper to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Albumas a solo artist—became the first female rap albumin fifteen yearsto be nominated for aGrammy Award for Album of the Year. Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018.She received theASCAPaward forSongwriter of the Yearin 2019, becoming the first female rapper to win the award.She received the honor for the second time in 2020, making her the first female songwriter to win the award twice.In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards. Cardi B is the female rapper with the mostBillboardHot 100number one singles (5)and\",\n \"one singles (5)and the one with the most total weeks on the top position (16).\\\"I Like It\\\" became the first song led by a female rapper to surpassa billion streamsonSpotify, making her the first woman in hip hop with multiple billion-streamers on the service, and the female rapper with the second-most, with a total of four so far.With the singles \\\"Taki Taki\\\" and \\\"WAP\\\" she became the only female rapper to top the global Spotify chart multiple times.Since August 2020, \\\"WAP\\\" holds the record of the biggest first-week streams for a song in the United States.Invasion of Privacywas the top female rap album of the 2010s, according to theBillboard200decade-end chart.It became the longest-charting album by a female rapper on theBillboard200,and the most-streamed female rap album on Spotify. Cardi is the female rapper with the mostDiamond-certifiedsongs by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) (3): \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\", which made her the first female rapper to have a song certified Diamond; \\\"Girls Like You\\\",\",\n \"\\\"Girls Like You\\\", which made her the only female rapper to achieve multiple Diamond-certified songs; and \\\"I Like It\\\", a tie for the second-most among women artists.Cardi B has topped twicePitchfork'sannual list of best songs of the year(2017 and 2020).Billboardstaff andRolling Stoneranked her debut album number 13 and 34 on their critics' lists of the best albums of the 2010s respectively, both the highest rank for a female rapper for the decade.Cardi B has become the highest-certified female rapper of all time on theRIAA's Top Artists (Digital Singles)ranking, with 58 million certified units, also being among the highest-certified female artists overall.In October 2022, five years after her major-label debut, she reached 100 million units sold in RIAA certifications, across her album, singles and guest appearances. In the US, Cardi has achieved three times the best-performing song of the year by a female artist—the first act to do so this century—in 2017, 2018, and 2020.As of 2021, \\\"I Like It\\\" is the\",\n \"\\\"I Like It\\\" is the most-streamed song by a female rapper in the United Kingdom.In August 2021, \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\" made Cardi B the first female rapper to have two videos on herYouTubechannel with more than 1 billion views, joining \\\"I Like It\\\", and became the fastest solo female rap song to reach that mark on the platform.She has the most-viewed music videos on YouTube, both as a solo act and feature, among female rappers (\\\"Bodak Yellow\\\"; \\\"Girls Like You\\\"). As of September 2024, she has one music video with over 3 billion views (\\\"Girls Like You\\\"); one video with over 2 billion views (\\\"Taki Taki\\\"); and three videos with over a billion views (\\\"I Like It\\\", \\\"Bodak Yellow\\\", \\\"Girls Like You (Volume 2)\\\") on YouTube. Cardi is the only female rapper ranked onBillboard's Greatest Hot 100 Hits of All Time, with \\\"Girls Like You\\\" at number 30. Personal life Cardi B defined herself as a practicingCatholic.In 2016, Cardi B said that, while working as a stripper during her younger years, she used to drug and rob men to get\",\n \"and rob men to get money.Following controversies on the matter, sparked in 2019, she defended herself by saying that she took money from them because they \\\"wasted her time by falling asleep\\\", and then \\\"kept coming back.\\\"In 2024, she spoke on the matter again, saying she \\\"doesn't feel bad\\\" about drugging and robbing men and would do it again. She identifies asbisexual.In connection with theMe Too movement, she has discussed being sexually assaulted in the past while working as a stripper. In a 2018 interview, Cardi B talked about beingAfro-LatinaandAfro-Caribbean: We are Caribbean people. Some people want to decide if you're black or not, depending on your skin complexion, because they don't understand Caribbean people or our culture. I don't got to tell you that I'm black. I expect you to know about it. When my father taught me about Caribbean countries, he told me that Europeans took over our lands. That's why we all speak different languages. Just like everybody else, we came over here the same way. I\",\n \"the same way. I hate when people try to take my roots from me. Because we know that there's African roots inside of us. Relationships In early 2017, Cardi B began dating fellow rapperOffset.They became engaged on October 27, 2017.On April 7, 2018, during her second performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B revealed her pregnancy; she was about six months (24 weeks) pregnant at the time.On June 25, 2018,TMZfound a marriage license revealing Cardi B and Offset had actually secretly married in September 2017, one month before the public proposal. She later confirmed this in a social media post. Cardi B gave birth to her daughter on July 10, 2018.In December 2018, she announced onInstagramthat she and Offset had separated, though the pair later reunited.In February 2019, the couple made a public appearance for the Grammys.He accompanied her onstage during her acceptance speech forBest Rap Album. In September 2020, it was reported that Cardi B had filed for divorce from Offset,but the following month it was\",\n \"month it was revealed they were back together.In June 2021, Cardi B revealed she was pregnant with her second child, a boy.She gave birth to her son on September 4, 2021.On the fifth anniversary of her marriage, Cardi B announced she was planning her official wedding.In December 2023, Cardi shared via Instagram that she had been \\\"single for a minute,\\\" confirming that she and Offset were no longer together.However, as of March 2024, the current status of their marriage became unclear as they were still working together, with Offset having directed a music video for Cardi B.In July 2024, Cardi officially filed for divorce from Offset. She announced her third pregnancy the day after.She gave birth to her third child, on September 7, 2024. Legal issues On October 1, 2018, Cardi B was accused of an alleged assault of two female bartenders.The victims claimed that Cardi B and her entourage \\\"threw bottles and alcohol at them.\\\"She denied involvement.She was charged with twomisdemeanors: assault and reckless\",\n \"and reckless endangerment.Cardi B appeared in court for her arraignment on December 7, 2018, after she did not show up for the originally scheduled date due to a scheduling conflict, according to her attorney.On June 21, 2019, a jury indicted Cardi B on 14 charges, including two counts of felony assault with intent to cause serious physical injury, stemming from the incident.She was arraigned on June 25, 2019, and pleaded not guilty on all charges.On September 15, 2022, she pleaded guilty to third-degree assault and second-degree reckless endangerment, resulting in a sentence of 15 days of community service. On January 24, 2022, Cardi won a million-dollar defamation verdict against YouTuber Latasha Kebe (Tasha K) for waging a \\\"malicious campaign\\\" to hurt her reputation by posting false rumors. She stated that the lies had led her to contemplate suicide in 2019.The jury issued a verdict that Cardi B had been defamed and awarded $1.25 million in damages.Further proceedings brought the total fine against Kebe\",\n \"fine against Kebe to $3.82 million. On March 25, 2022, Cardi, her sister Hennessy, and Hennessy's girlfriend won a defamation lawsuit filed against them by three men over an incident at a Suffolk County beach. In July 2023, Cardi B threw her microphone into the crowd at aLas Vegasconcert of hers after a fan threw a liquid at her. Subsequently, one fan attempted to press charges but theClark CountyPolice Department following an investigation decided not to move forward with a case. Controversies Cardi B sparked controversy after throwing one of her high heel shoes at and attempting to physically attack fellow rapperNicki Minajat aNew York Fashion Weekafter-party in September 2018; bodyguards intervened before she could reach Minaj, leaving her a large bump on her forehead.Following the altercation, she alleged on Instagram that Minaj had previously \\\"liked\\\" social media comments that spoke negatively of Cardi B's ability to take care of her newborn daughter.Minaj denied the allegations on her Queen Radio show\",\n \"Queen Radio show and expressed embarrassment at the fight.She accused Cardi B of building \\\"her career off of sympathy and payola\\\" and of bribing DJs and radio outlets with sex to play her records. Minaj also criticized Cardi B's rapping ability, saying, \\\"Do you know what it's like to sit in your room for hours writing raps? You came into my fucking culture. I never had to fuck a DJ to play my songs.\\\"Minaj also called Cardi B a \\\"disgusting pig\\\" for allegedlycyberbullyinga guest caller on Minaj's show and unearthed posts calling dark-skinned black women \\\"cockroaches\\\", which she had defended earlier by saying that it is a derogatory term inthe Bronxused for anyone being disrespectful.Cardi B was on the cover of the 2019 spring fashion issue ofHarper's Bazaar, which featured her in aCinderella-themed photo shoot wearing a red gown and leaving a shoe behind. Some interpreted this as a reference to the incident. After the release of \\\"Girls\\\" in May 2018, a collaboration where she had a featured verse, Cardi B\",\n \"verse, Cardi B responded to accusations of the song trivializingLGBTrelationships; she tweeted, \\\"We never try to cause harm or had bad intentions with the song.\\\" She went on to add, \\\"I personally myself had experiences with other women.\\\" Discography Filmography Commercials See also Notes References Further reading External links\",\n \"Tupac Shakur Tupac Amaru Shakur(/ˈtuːpɑːkʃəˈkʊər/ⓘ; bornLesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names2PacandMakaveli, was an American rapper and actor. Considered to be one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time,academics regard him as one of the most influential music artists of the 20th century and a prominent political activist forBlack America.In addition to his music career, Shakur also wrote poetry and had numerous starring roles in movies. Shakur is among thebest-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide.His lyrical content has been noted for addressing social injustice, political issues, and the marginalization of otherAfrican-Americans,but he was also synonymous withgangsta rapand violent lyrics. Shakur was born inNew York Cityto parents who were both political activists andBlack Panther Partymembers. Raised by his mother,Afeni Shakur, he relocated toBaltimorein 1984 and to theSan Francisco Bay Areain 1988.\",\n \"Bay Areain 1988. With the release of his debut album2Pacalypse Nowin 1991, he became a central figure inWest Coast hip hopfor hisconscious rapandpolitical raplyrics.Shakur achieved further critical and commercialmulti-platinumsuccess with his follow-up albumsStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...(1993) andMe Against the World(1995).HisDiamondcertified albumAll Eyez on Me(1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.In addition to his music career, Shakur starred roles inJuice(1992),Poetic Justice(1993),Above the Rim(1994),Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Shakur's most notable songs include \\\"California Love,\\\" \\\"Changes,\\\" \\\"Dear Mama,\\\" \\\"Hail Mary,\\\" \\\"Keep Ya Head Up,\\\" \\\"Hit 'Em Up,\\\" \\\"Ambitionz az a Ridah,\\\" \\\"All Eyez on Me,\\\" \\\"Ghetto Gospel,\\\" \\\"Do for Love,\\\" \\\"So Many Tears,\\\" \\\"To Live & Die in L.A.,\\\" \\\"How Do U Want It,\\\" \\\"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted,\\\" \\\"Brenda's Got a Baby\\\" and \\\"I Get Around.\\\" Alongside his solo career, Shakur was part of\",\n \"Shakur was part of the groupThug Lifeand collaborated with artists likeSnoop Dogg,Dr. Dre, and theOutlawz. During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, includingincarceration. He served eight months in prison onsexual abusecharges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction in 1995.Following his release, he signed toMarion \\\"Suge\\\" Knight's labelDeath Row Recordsand became heavily involved in the growingEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.On September 7, 1996, Shakur wasshot four timesby an unidentified assailant in adrive-by shootinginLas Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur's friend-turned-rival,the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered inanother drive-by shootingsix months later in March 1997, while visiting Los Angeles.On September 22, 1996, a peace summit was convened atMosque MaryambyLouis Farrakhanin response to\",\n \"response to hisassassination. Shakur's double-length posthumous albumGreatest Hits(1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.Five more albums have been released since Shakur's death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous albumThe Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory(1996)under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified multi-platinum in the United States.In 2002, Shakur was inducted into theHip-Hop Hall of Fame.In 2017, he was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Famein his first year of eligibility.Rolling Stoneranked Shakur among the100 Greatest Artists of All Time.In 2023, he was awarded a posthumous star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His influence in music, activism, songwriting, and other areas of culture has been the subject of academic studies. Early life Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, inEast Harlem, Manhattan, New York City.While born Lesane Parish Crooks, at age one he was renamed Tupac\",\n \"was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.He was named afterTúpac Amaru II, a descendant of the lastIncanruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after hisrevoltagainstSpanish rule.Shakur's motherAfeni Shakurexplained, \\\"I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood.\\\"Tupac's surname came from Lumumba Shakur, a Sunni Muslim, whom his mother married in November 1968. Their marriage fell apart when it was discovered that Lumumba was not Tupac's biological father. Shakur had an older stepbrother,Mopreme \\\"Komani\\\" Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior. Panther heritage Shakur's parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, William \\\"Billy\\\" Garland, had been activeBlack Panther Partymembers in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.A month before Shakur's birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of thePanther 21criminal\",\n \"21criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges. Other family members who were involved in theBlack Panthers'Black Liberation Armywere convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur's stepfather,Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years as one of theFBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur'sgodfather,Elmer \\\"Geronimo\\\" Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was wrongly convicted of murdering a schoolteacher during a 1968 robbery. After he spent 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution's having concealed evidence that proved his innocence. Shakur's godmother,Assata Shakur, is a former member of theBlack Liberation Armywho was convicted in 1977 of thefirst-degree murderof aNew Jersey State Trooper. Since 2013, she has been in theFBI Most Wanted Terroristslist after she escapedprisonin 1979. Education In the\",\n \"Education In the 1980s, Shakur's mother found it difficult to find work and struggled with drug addiction.In 1984, his family moved from New York City toBaltimore, Maryland.Beginning in 1984 when Shakur was 13, he lived in thePen Lucyneighborhood with his mother and younger sister at 3955 Greenmount Ave.The home was a two-storyrowhousethat had been subdivided into two separate rental units; the Shakur family lived on the first floor.After his death, the block was renamed Tupac Shakur Way. While living in Baltimore, Shakur attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade atPaul Laurence Dunbar High School.He transferred to theBaltimore School for the Artsin the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry,jazz, and ballet.He performed inShakespeare plays—the themes of which he identified in patterns of gang warfare—and as the Mouse King inThe Nutcrackerballet. At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actressJada Pinkett, who became the subject of some of his poems (\\\"Jada\\\"\",\n \"his poems (\\\"Jada\\\" and \\\"The Tears in Cupid's Eyes\\\").With his friend Dana \\\"Mouse\\\" Smith as abeatbox, he won competitions for the school's best rapper.Known for his humor, he was popular with all crowds of students.He listened to a diverse range of music that includedKate Bush,Culture Club,Sinéad O'Connor, andU2. Upon connecting with the BaltimoreYoung Communist League USA,Shakur dated Mary Baldridge, who was the daughter of the director of the local chapter of theCommunist Party USA. In 1988, Shakur moved toMarin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.In nearbyMill Valley, he attendedTamalpais High School,where he performed in several theater productions.Shakur did not graduate from high school, but later earned hisGED. Music career MC New York Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.That year, he began attending the poetry classes ofLeila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly\",\n \"rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap groupDigital Underground.In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as aroadieandbackup dancer. Digital Underground Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac onDigital Underground, under a new record label,Interscope Records, on the group's January 1991 single \\\"Same Song\\\". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, starringDan Aykroyd,John Candy,Chevy Chase, andDemi Moore.The song opened the group's January 1991 EP titledThis Is an EP Release,while Shakur appeared in the music video. At the request of Steinberg, Digital Underground co-founder Jimi \\\"Chopmaster J\\\" Dright worked with Shakur,Ray Luvand Dize, a DJ, on their earliest studio recordings. Dright recalls that Shakur did not work well as part of a group, and added, \\\"this guy was on a mission. From day one. Maybe he knew he wasn't going to be around seven years later.\\\" From 1988 to 1991, Dright and Digital\",\n \"Dright and Digital Underground produced Shakur's earliest work with his crew at the time, Strictly Dope.The recordings were rediscovered in 2000 and released asThe Lost Tapes: Circa 1989.Afeni Shakur sued to stop the sale of the recordings but the suit was settled in June 2001 and rereleased asBeginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991. Shakur's early days withDigital Undergroundmade him acquainted withRandy \\\"Stretch\\\" Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team,Live Squad, inQueens, New York.Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground's 1991 albumSons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often. 2Pacalypse Now Shakur's debut album,2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 filmApocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—likeNas,Eminem,Game, andTalib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.Aside from \\\"If My Homie Calls\\\", the singles \\\"Trapped\\\" and \\\"Brenda's Got a Baby\\\"\",\n \"Got a Baby\\\" poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage. U.S. Vice PresidentDan Quaylesaid, \\\"There's no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society.\\\" Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,explained, in part: I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males. When I said that, I didn't know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males, to be the media's kicking post for young black males. 2Pacalypse Nowwascertified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day. Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... Shakur's second album,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..., was released in February 1993.A critical and commercial success, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200.An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac's sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song \\\"Last Wordz\\\"\",\n \"song \\\"Last Wordz\\\" featuresIce Cube, co-writer ofN.W.A's\\\"Fuck tha Police\\\", who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantlypolitical, andgangsta rapperIce-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his bandBody Count's track \\\"Cop Killer\\\". In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the \\\"Black Side\\\", while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the \\\"Dark Side\\\".The album carries the single \\\"I Get Around\\\", a party anthem featuring Digital Underground'sShock GandMoney-B, which became Shakur's breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, theBillboardHot 100.And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, \\\"Keep Ya Head Up\\\", an anthem forwomen's empowerment.The album was certifiedPlatinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies. Thug Life In late 1993, Shakur formed the groupThug Lifewith Tyrus \\\"Big Syke\\\" Himes, Diron \\\"Macadoshis\\\" Rivers, his\",\n \"Rivers, his stepbrotherMopreme Shakur, and Walter \\\"Rated R\\\" Burns.Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac. Thug Life released its only album,Thug Life, Volume I, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single \\\"Pour Out a Little Liquor\\\", produced byJohnny \\\"J\\\" Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur's albumAll Eyez on Me. The track also appears on theAbove the Rimsoundtrack.Due togangsta rapbeing under heavy criticism at the time, the album's original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, \\\"Out on Bail\\\", which was never released, at the1994 Source Awards. The Notorious B.I.G. and Junior M.A.F.I.A. In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles,the Notorious B.I.G.asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call\",\n \"Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.Together, they recorded the songs \\\"Runnin' from tha Police\\\" and \\\"House of Pain\\\". Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him thatSean Combswould make him a star.Yet in the meantime, Shakur's lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, theJunior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friendsLil' CeaseandLil' Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994. Me Against the World Shakur's third album,Me Against the World,was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.It is now hailed as hismagnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.The album debuted at No. 1 on theBillboard200and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper. The lead single,\",\n \"The lead single, \\\"Dear Mama\\\", was released in February 1995 with \\\"Old School\\\" as theB-side.It is the album's most successful single, topping theHot Rap Singleschart, and peaking at No. 9 on theBillboardHot 100.In July, it was certified Platinum.It ranked No. 51 on theyear-end charts. The second single, \\\"So Many Tears\\\", was released in June 1995,reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.The final single, \\\"Temptations\\\", was released in August 1995.It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for \\\"Temptations\\\". Shakur won best rap album at the1996 Soul Train Music Awards.In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the U.S. All Eyez on Me While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contactDeath Row RecordsfounderSuge\",\n \"RecordsfounderSuge Knightin Los Angeles.Reportedly, Shakur's mother promptly received $15,000.After an August visit toClinton Correctional Facilityin northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the2nd Annual Source Awardsceremony. Meanwhile, anEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalrywas brewing between Death Row andBad Boy Records.In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending. Shakur's fourth album,All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996.It was rap's first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur's contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.The album shows Shakurrapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.Music journalistKevin Powellnoted that Shakur, once released from prison, became\",\n \"from prison, became more aggressive, and \\\"seemed like a completely transformed person\\\". As Shakur's second album to hit No. 1 on both theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and the pop albums chart, theBillboard200,it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it wascertified5× Multi-Platinum in April.The singles \\\"How Do U Want It\\\" and \\\"California Love\\\" reached No. 1 on theBillboardHot 100.Death Row released Shakur's diss track \\\"Hit 'Em Up\\\" as the non-album B-side to \\\"How Do U Want It\\\". In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed \\\"Bad Boy killer\\\" threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duoMobb Deepand rapperChino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute. All Eyez on Mewon R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the1997 Soul Train Music Awards.At the1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,and 10× in July\",\n \"10× in July 2014. Posthumous albums At the time of his death, a fifth solo album was already finished,The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded during the summer of 1996 and released that year.The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com rankedThe 7 Day Theoryat No. 9 among hip hop's greatest albums ever,and by 2006 a classic album.Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans. According to George \\\"Papa G\\\" Pryce, Death Row Records' then director ofpublic relations, the album was meant to be \\\"underground\\\", and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.It peaked at No. 1 onBillboard'sTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and on theBillboard200,with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum. Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are: Poetry\",\n \"albums are: Poetry collection Before and during his hip-hop career, Shakur wrote dozens of poems.Some of the most notable are \\\"Can U C The Pride in The Panther\\\", \\\"If I fail\\\", \\\"Family Tree\\\", and \\\"The Rose that grew from the concrete\\\". In 1993 Tupac played a character named “Lucky” in the film titledPoetic JusticealongsideJanet Jackson. Poet and activistMaya Angelou, whom worked withMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm Xduring the civil rights movement, wrote the poems used in the 1993 film. In April 2022, handwritten poems written by Tupac when he was 11 years old were up for sale for $300,000 USD but only sold for $90,000.The poems were forJamal Josephand three otherBlack Panther Partymembers while they were incarcerated atLeavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur's writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The poems feature a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart\",\n \"signed with a heart and the phrase \\\"Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter\\\". In October, 2023, sexually explicit poems he wrote toJada Pinkett Smithwhile in prison went public in the book \\\"Tupac Shakur: The Authorized Biography.\\\"Pinkett Smith celebrated Shakur's 50th birthday by showing a unreleased poem on Instagram called \\\"Lost Soulz.\\\"According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\\\"Tupac had passion for theater and admiration ofWilliam Shakespeare. Years after Tupac's death,Nassaid \\\"I put Tupac beyond Shakespeare.\\\" Film career Shakur's first film appearance was in the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, acameoby the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred inJuice, in which he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual.Rolling Stone'sPeter Traverscalls him \\\"the film's most magnetic figure\\\". In 1993, Shakur starred alongsideJanet JacksoninJohn Singleton's romance film,Poetic Justice.Singleton later fired\",\n \"later fired Shakur from the 1995 filmHigher Learningbecause the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.For the lead role in the eventual 2001 filmBaby Boy, a role played byTyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.Ultimately, theset designincludes a Shakur mural in the protagonist's bedroom, and the film's score includes Shakur's song \\\"Hail Mary\\\". DirectorAllen Hugheshad cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 filmMenace II Societybut replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors \\\"because he was bigger than the movie\\\". Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 filmAbove the Rim.By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealerJacques \\\"Haitian Jack\\\" Agnant,who managed and promoted rappers.Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the\",\n \"disregarded the warning.Through Haitian Jack, Shakur metJames \\\"Jimmy Henchman\\\" Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager. Soon after Shakur's death, three more films starring him were released,Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Posthumous rumored roles andStar Wars It was rumored that Shakur was being considered byGeorge Lucasto portrayJedi MasterMace Winduin theStar Warsprequel films (1999–2005). According to formerDeath Row Recordschief engineer Rick Clifford, George Lucas was eyeing Tupac to star in his return to the \\\"Star Wars\\\" saga. Clifford talked about how excited Tupac was for the role, \\\"'Pac found out that I worked for Brian Austin Green, who was on90210, then he found out I some movies, so we always talked about his film career and stuff. He was telling me that he was supposed to read for George Lucas and them. They wanted him to be a Jedi. I'm serious. Samuel L. got Tupac's part. said , 'Old man, keep your fingers crossed.' He said, 'I've got three movies\",\n \"got three movies coming up. One of them, I've got to read for George Lucas.\\\" The Phantom Menacescript had begun being written in 1996 and the eventual film seeing release in 1999. Lucas had asked Jackson to ask Shakur to audition but due to Shakur's untimely death the role ultimately went toSamuel L. Jackson. The two had worked on the filmJuicetogether. Personal life In his 1995 interview withVibemagazine, Shakur listedJada Pinkett,Jasmine Guy,TreachandMickey Rourkeamong the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.Shakur also mentioned thatMadonnawas a supportive friend.Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994. Shakur became close friends with Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.He helped Pinkett land her first movie role in the filmMenace II Society(1993).In turn, Pinkett secured Shakur a guest starring role on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.She appeared in his music videos \\\"Keep Ya Head Up\\\" and \\\"Temptations\\\".She also came up with the concept for\",\n \"the concept for his \\\"California Love\\\" music video and had intended to direct it, but removed herself from the project.In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur's bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.Pinkett later revealed that she turned down hismarriage proposalwhile he was incarcerated atRikers Islandin 1995.Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: \\\"Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life. We'll be old together. Jada can ask me to do anything and she can have it.\\\"Pinkett said Shakur was \\\"one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime\\\". After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy's home.They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.Guy appeared in his music video \\\"Temptations\\\" and later wrote his mother's 2004 biography,Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary. Shakur befriended Treach when they were both\",\n \"when they were both roadies on Public Enemy's tour in 1990.He made a cameo inNaughty by Nature's music video \\\"Uptown Anthem\\\" in 1992.Treach collaborated on Shakur's song \\\"5 Deadly Venomz\\\" and appeared in the music video for Shakur's \\\"Temptations\\\".Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996. In 1993, during a police raid of Shakur's room at New York City'sParker Meridian Hotel, a videotape was confiscated which showed Shakur having sex with his then-girlfriend Desiree Smith. Officers were attempting to build their case against Shakur for the allegedsodomyof Ayanna Jackson. In 2022, Smith insisted she was neither underage nor intoxicated at the time of their tryst.In 2011, asex tapefeaturing Shakur receivingoral sexfrom a groupie while rapping and dancing along to one of his own unreleased songs, was sold to a private collector. The video, which was filmed in 1993, also features rapperMoney BfromDigital Underground. Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the\",\n \"while filming the movieBulletin 1994.Rourke recalled that Shakur \\\"was there for me during some very hard times.\\\" Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, includingMike TysonChuck D,Jim Carrey,andAlanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together. On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris, apre-lawstudent.Their marriage was annulled ten months later. In a 1993 interview published inThe Source, Shakur criticized record producerQuincy Jonesfor hisinterracial marriageto actressPeggy Lipton.Their daughterRashida Jonesresponded with an irate open letter.Shakur later apologized to her sisterKidada Jones, whom he began dating in 1996.Shakur and Jones attendedMen's Fashion Weekin Milan and walked the runway together for aVersacefashion show.Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot. Legal issues Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release In November 1993, Shakur and two\",\n \"Shakur and two other men were charged in New York withsodomizinga woman in Shakur's hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room on a later day, when Shakur, record executiveJacques \\\"Haitian Jack\\\" Agnant, Shakur's road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended and forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.Shakur was also charged withillegal possession of a firearmas two guns were found in the hotel room.Interviewed onThe Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that \\\"a woman would accuse me of taking something from her\\\", as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life. On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for \\\"forcibly touching the woman's buttocks\\\" in his hotel room.Jurors have said the\",\n \"have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.Shakur's lawyer characterized the sentence as \\\"out of line\\\" with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as \\\"inhumane\\\". Shakur's accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequentlysettled. After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant's case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.A. J. Benzareported inNew York Daily NewsShakur's new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant andJames \\\"Henchman\\\" Rosemond, who he considered to be behind the 1994 Quad Studios shooting. Shakur was unable to post the $3 million bond to keep himself free until sentencing so he surrendered himself to authorities at theBellevue Hospital Jail Wardin New York City on December 23, 1994.At the time, he was still recovering from injuries\",\n \"from injuries he received on November 30, when he was shot five times and robbed at Quad Studios.In January 1995, Shakur was moved to the North Infirmary Command (NIC) onRikers Islandinthe Bronx.On February 7, 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to4+1⁄2years in prison by a judge who decried \\\"an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman\\\". In March 1995, Shakur was transferred toClinton Correctional FacilityinDannemora.While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such asThe Princeby Italian philosopherNiccolò MachiavelliandThe Art of Warby Chinese military strategistSun Tzusparked Shakur's interest inphilosophy,philosophy of warandmilitary strategy.On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such asJim CarreyandTony Danzaamong others.He was also visited byAl Sharpton, who helped Shakur get\",\n \"helped Shakur get released fromsolitary confinement. By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum securityDannemoraClinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,onceSuge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arraigned for posting of his $1.4 million bond. 1993 shooting in Atlanta On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.As they argued with the driver, Shakur's car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them\",\n \"shot at them first. Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur's car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from aHenry Countypolice evidence room.Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell's suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell's $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper's estate in 1998. 1994 Quad Studios shooting On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.Music managerJames \\\"Jimmy Henchman\\\" Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his clientLittle Shawn.Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed\",\n \"as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up. Against medical advice, Shakur checked out ofMetropolitan Hospital Centera few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actressJasmine Guyto recuperate.The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury's verdict for his sexual abuse case.Shakur spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy's home.TheFruit of Islamand former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him. Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G. In a 1995 interview withVibe, Shakur accusedSean Combs,Jimmy Henchman,and the Notorious B.I.G, – who were at Quad Studios at the time – among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting.Vibealerted the names of\",\n \"the names of the accused.The accusations were significant to the East–West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track \\\"Who Shot Ya?\\\", which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released adiss song, \\\"Hit 'Em Up\\\", in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs,their record label,Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of \\\"Hit 'Em Up\\\", he mentions rivalsMobb DeepandChino XL. In March 2008,Chuck Philips, in theLos Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman's order.Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources. Other criminal or civil cases 1991 Oakland Police Department\",\n \"Police Department lawsuit On October 17, 1991, twoOakland Police Departmentofficers stopped Shakur forjaywalkingat a downtown intersection.According to Shakur, officers Alex Boyovic and Kevin Rogers asked him for his ID and pressed him about his name before choking him, throwing him to the ground and slamming his head on the concrete.Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the officers forpolice brutality.The case wassettledfor about $43,000.It was later revealed that this incident was the onset of Shakur's autoimmune diseasealopecia, which led him to shave his head bald. Misdemeanor assault convictions On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert atMichigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show, that he never swung it, and that there was no criminal intent.Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to amisdemeanorand was sentenced to 30 days\",\n \"to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended on condition that he complete 35 hours of community service. Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993Hughes Brothers' filmMenace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film's directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.The prosecution's evidence included aYo! MTV Rapsinterview in which Shakur boasted that he had \\\"beat up the director ofMenace II Society\\\". Concealed weapon case In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals\",\n \"via appeals pending in other cases. 1995 wrongful death suit On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carriedColt Mustangbut dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged. About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa'id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a.38-caliberpistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa'id's mother filed awrongful death suitagainst Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000. C. Delores Tucker lawsuit Civil rights activist and fierce rap criticC. Delores Tuckersued Shakur's estate in federal court, claiming that\",\n \"claiming that lyrics in \\\"How Do U Want It\\\" and \\\"Wonda Why They Call U Bitch\\\" inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.The case was later dismissed. Murder and aftermath On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada to attend theBruce Seldon vs. Mike Tysonboxing match with Suge Knight at theMGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby one of Knight's associates spottedOrlando \\\"Baby Lane\\\" Anderson, aSouthside ComptonCrip, and told Shakur he had tried to rob them earlier that year. The hotel'ssurveillancefootage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a blackBMW 750iLsedan, part of a larger convoy. At about 11 p.m. onLas Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk, and the car was released without a ticket.At about 11:15 p.m. at a stop light, a white, four-door,\",\n \"a white, four-door, late-modelCadillacsedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chestwith one bullet entering his right lung.Shards hit Knight's head. Frank Alexander, Shakur's bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur's girlfriend,Kidada Jones. Shakur was taken to theUniversity Medical Center of Southern Nevadawhere he was heavily sedated and put on life support.In theintensive-care uniton the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died frominternal bleeding.He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m.The official causes of death arerespiratory failureandcardiopulmonary arrestassociated with multiple gunshot wounds.Shakur's body wascrematedthe next day. Members of theOutlawz, recalling a line in his song \\\"Black Jesus\\\", (although uncertain of the artist's attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some\",\n \"smoked some of his body's ashes after mixing them withmarijuana. In 2002, investigative journalistChuck Philips,after a year of work, reported in theLos Angeles Timesthat Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur's entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips's 2002 article also alleges the involvement ofChristopher \\\"Notorious B.I.G.\\\" Wallaceand several within New York City's criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.Music journalist John Leland, inThe New York Times, called the evidence \\\"inconclusive\\\". In 2011, via theFreedom of Information Act, theFBIreleased documents related to its investigation which described anextortionscheme by theJewish Defense League(classified as \\\"aright wing terroristgroup\\\" by theFBI) that included makingdeath threatsagainst Shakur\",\n \"Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder. On July 18, 2023, theLas Vegas Police Departmentexecuted asearch warrantin connection with Shakur's murder. On September 29, 2023, theAPreported that Las Vegas police had arrested a suspect,Duane \\\"Keefe D\\\" Davis, in Shakur's murder. Police had two months previously served a search warrant at his wife's home in the Las Vegas suburb of Henderson.Davis pleaded not guilty on November 2, 2023, in Las Vegas. Artistry Musical style Shakur's music and philosophical outlook were deeply influenced by a wide range of American,African American, and global influences, including theBlack Panther Party,black nationalism,egalitarianism, and the concept ofliberty. Moreover, Shakur's artistic sensibilities were enriched by his passion for theater and admiration for the works ofWilliam Shakespeare. Notably, he honed his theatrical skills as a student at theBaltimore School for the Arts, where he delved into the psychological complexities inherent\",\n \"inherent in inter-gang warfare and inter-cultural conflicts, reflecting themes explored in Shakespearean dramas. 2Pacalypse Now(1991), showcased his socially conscious perspective. Through powerful tracks like \\\"Brenda's Got a Baby\\\", \\\"Trapped\\\", and \\\"Part Time Mutha\\\", Shakur addressed social injustice, poverty, and police brutality. In doing so, he contributed to the ongoing success of rap groups such asBoogie Down Productions,Public Enemy,X-Clan, andGrandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, while establishing himself as one of the pioneering socially conscious rappers from the West Coast. Continuing his focus on the social challenges faced by African American people, Shakur's second album featured songs like \\\"The Streetz R Deathrow\\\" and \\\"Last Wordz\\\". Simultaneously, he showcased his compassionate side with the empowering anthem \\\"Keep Ya Head Up\\\", and his legendary intensity with the title track from the albumStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...Additionally, he paid homage to his former groupDigital Undergroundby\",\n \"Undergroundby including them on the playful track \\\"I Get Around\\\". Throughout his career, Shakur's subsequent albums reflected a growing assertiveness in his approach. Shakur's body of work encompassed contrasting themes, includingsocial inequality,injustice, compassion, playfulness, andhope. These elements continued to shape his artistry, exemplified by his explosive 1995 albumMe Against the World.The release ofAll Eyez on Mein 1996 further solidified his reputation, with tracks like \\\"Ambitionz az a Ridah\\\", \\\"I Ain't Mad at Cha\\\", \\\"California Love\\\", \\\"Life Goes On\\\", and \\\"Picture Me Rollin'\\\" being hailed as classics by critics. Shakur describedAll Eyez on Meas a celebration of life, and the album achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success.According toEminem, Tupac is the greatest songwriter of all time.Nassaid in 2002: \\\"I put Tupac beyondShakespeare.\\\" Vocal style Singers can manipulate different parts of their body to create various sounds. For instance, the \\\"head voice\\\" involves singing high-pitched\",\n \"high-pitched tones resonating from the head, while the \\\"chest voice\\\" utilizes the chest area. In the documentary \\\"Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel,\\\"Greg \\\"Shock G\\\" Jacobs, one of Shakur's early producers, discusses how rappers also utilize different bodily areas to project their voices. According to him, \\\"Slick Rick rhymed from the nasal palate, Nas from the back of his throat, and Pac from the pit of his stomach, which is where his power came from.\\\" Shakur's influences stemmed from powerful orators likeMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm X. Despite not being physically imposing, Shakur's voice carried immense weight and power, reminiscent of these influential speakers. Shakur was also known for his technique of stacking or layering vocals, adding depth and rawness to his voice. This approach, demonstrated notably on tracks like \\\"Dear Mama\\\" from his 1995 albumMe Against the World, involves overlaying multiple vocal lines to highlight rhythms and emphasize words and phrases. Mastering this technique requires precision to\",\n \"precision to maintain flow and clarity, as heard in the lyrics \\\"and even though I act crazy/I gotta thank the Lord that you made me,\\\" where Shakur's voice transitions from full to husky, underscoring the emotional depth of the lyrics. Despite its difficulty, Shakur's background in jazz, poetry, and theater endowed him with exceptional rhythm control, enabling him to layer vocals seamlessly while preserving cohesion and flow. Legacy and remembrance Shakur is considered one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.He was listed as one of the greatest artists of all time byRolling Stone.He is widely credited as an important figure inhip hop culture, and his prominence inpop culturein general has been noted.Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, \\\"Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure.\\\"Yet to some, he was a \\\"father figure\\\" who, said rapperYG, \\\"makes you\",\n \"\\\"makes you want to be better—at every level.\\\"In 2023,Billboardranked Tupac at number 4 among the top 50 rappers of all time. AllMusic'sStephen Thomas Erlewinedescribed Shakur as \\\"the unlikely martyr ofgangsta rap\\\", with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along withSnoop Dogg.The online rap magazineAllHipHopheld a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappersCormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duoMobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.Shakur emerged as a celebrated artist, earning recognition for his astonishingly prolific output and unwavering commitment to his craft.According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\\\" In 2017, American rapperSnoop Doggcalled Tupac “the greatest rapper of all time” during hisRock & Roll Hall of Fametribute.In 2021,SaweetietoldComplexthat Tupac was “the greatest\",\n \"was “the greatest rapper that ever lived”. According to British writer Rob Marriott, he deemed the act of tying abandanainto rabbit ears as one of the most distinctive and instantly recognizable style choices in the world ofhip-hop. Regarded as asex symbol, his unique style helped shape the fashion landscape of the 1990s and continues to influence artists and fashion enthusiasts to this day. In 2010, writingRolling Stonemagazine's entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the \\\"100 greatest artists\\\", New York rapper50 Centappraised: Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. People either try to emulate him in some way, or they go in a different direction because they didn't like what he did. But whatever you think of him, he definitely developed his own style: He didn't sound like anyone who came before him. According to music journalistChuck Philips, Shakur \\\"had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon.\\\"Philips\",\n \"phenomenon.\\\"Philips writes, \\\"The slaying silenced one of modern music's most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds.\\\"Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as amartyr, \\\"the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use\\\", academicMichael Eric Dysonconcedes.But Dyson adds, \\\"Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac's martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs.\\\" In 2014,BETexplained that \\\"his confounding mixture of ladies' man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In50 Cent,Ja Rule,Lil Wayne, newcomers likeFreddie Gibbsand even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it's easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta\",\n \"statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world's attention the way Tupac did and still does.\\\"More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.In 2020, former California Senator and current vice-presidentKamala Harriscalled Shakur the \\\"best rapper alive\\\", which she explained as being because \\\"West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on\\\".According to writerKevin Powell: \\\"He deserves to be put in the same category asBob Dylan,Bob Marley, asJohn Lennon, in terms of his global impact.\\\"Tupac is regarded as one of the most influential artists in music and popular culture in general and an icon of activism. Palestinian rapperTamer Nafar, leader and a founding member ofDAM, became passionate about hip hop by listening to Tupac saying, “The imagery in Shakur’s videos was similar to our reality in Lod.\\\" Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation In 1997, Shakur's mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru\",\n \"the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to \\\"provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents.\\\"The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened theTupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, inStone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015. Academic appraisal In 1997, theUniversity of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled \\\"History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur\\\".In April 2003,Harvard Universitycosponsored the symposium \\\"All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero\\\".Where Shakur's influence as both an artist and an activist was analyzed.The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.Calling him a \\\"Thug Nigga Intellectual\\\", an \\\"organic intellectual\\\",English scholarMark Anthony Nealassessed his death as leaving a \\\"leadership void amongst\",\n \"void amongst hip-hop artists\\\",as this \\\"walking contradiction\\\" helps, Neal explained, \\\"make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people.\\\" Tracing Shakur'smythicalstatus, Murray Forman discussed him as \\\"O.G.\\\", or \\\"Ostensibly Gone\\\", with fans, using digital mediums, \\\"resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force.\\\"Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a \\\"Black folk hero\\\", traced his persona to Black American folklore'stricksters, which, afterabolition, evolved into the urban \\\"bad-man\\\". Yet in Shakur's \\\"terrible sense of urgency\\\", Price identified instead a quest to \\\"unify mind, body, and spirit.\\\"According to Price, Tupac had surpassed the legacies ofJohn ColtraneandMahalia Jacksonwithin the tradition of black music. In 2012, the NorwegianUniversity of Osloorganized the course: \\\"Tupac, hiphop og kulturhistorie (Tupac, hip hop and cultural history).\\\" As Knut Aukrust, Norwegian professor and academic scholar of cultural studies at the University of Oslo, puts it:\\\"Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) is one of\",\n \"is one of the most famous and controversial representatives of hip-hop culture. He has become an icon with saint status far beyond his fans. References to him and his message appear all over the world, from Barack Obama's slogan about \\\"changes\\\", to Palestinians and Israelis longing for peace in the Middle East, to the people of Groruddalen who want their experiences to be taken on board serious. The course highlights how a single person can fit into a wider network of cultural models and how a local storytelling tradition has become an international cultural phenomenon.\\\" Jeffrey Ogbonna Green Ogbar, professor of History and Popular Music at theUniversity of Connecticut, described Shakur as \\\"one of the most iconic and influential music artists of the 20th century\\\", and also a \\\"politically conscious activist voice for Black America.\\\" Multimedia releases In 2005, Death Row released on DVD,Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006,Tupac\",\n \"August 2006,Tupac Shakur Legacy, an \\\"interactive biography\\\" byJamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur albumPac's Lifewas released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry's most popular releases.In 2008, his estate made about $15 million. On April 15, 2012, at theCoachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg andDr. Drejoined a Shakur \\\"hologram\\\" (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with theMusion Eyeliner),and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs \\\"Hail Mary\\\" and \\\"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted\\\".There were talks of a tour,but Dre refused.Meanwhile, theGreatest Hitsalbum, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew\",\n \"and singles drew sales gains. Film and stage The documentary filmTupac: Resurrectionwas released in November 2003. It was nominated forBest Documentaryat the2005 Academy Awards. In 2014, the playHoller If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur's lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway's worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic,All Eyez on Me, began filming inAtlantain December 2015.It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur's 46th birthday,albeit to generally negative reviews. In August 2019, adocuseriesdirected byAllen Hughes,Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced. Awards and honors In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the firstHip Hop Honors. In 2006, Shakur's close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored\",\n \"Smith honored Shakur's 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him. In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added \\\"Changes\\\", a1998 posthumoustrack, to its online playlist.On June 23, 2010, theLibrary of Congressadded \\\"Dear Mama\\\" to theNational Recording Registry, the third rap song. In 2015, theGrammy Museumopened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur. In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017. In January 2022, the exhibitionTupac Shakur: Wake Me When I'm Freeopened at The Canvas atL.A. Livein Los Angeles. On May 16, 2023, Oakland City Council voted to name the section of MacArthur Boulevard between Grand Avenue and Van Buren Avenue \\\"Tupac Shakur Way\\\". On June 7, 2023, Shakur received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His half-sister, Sekyiwa \\\"Set\\\" Shakur, accepted the award in his honor. Rankings Final resting place in Soweto In 2006, on the 10th anniversary of Tupac Shakur's passing, his ashes were laid to rest\",\n \"were laid to rest inSoweto. Shakur's mother Afeni transported them to the \\\"birthplace of his ancestors\\\" and conducted a memorial service in what's considered as one of the most renownedSouth African townships. Afeni Shakur explained that Soweto had been selected due to its significance as the \\\"birthplace of the South African struggle fordemocracyand againstapartheid.\\\" TheCity of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipalitydonated a five-acre plot of undeveloped land in theZolaarea of Soweto to build a memorial honoring Shakur. A portion of the land was designated to be transformed into a park for the benefit of local children as well as aimed at promotingenvironmental education, pathways, orphanages, bridges, skateboard ramps and a golf range while plans also included the construction of anamphitheaterand a museum showcasing South African music and arts. The project was funded by Johannesburg city authorities and the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation. The memorial was hosted by South African musician and actorZola 7.\",\n \"and actorZola 7. SingerMacy Grayand members of the Outlawz were amongst the attendees who paid their respects. Discography Filmography Portrayals in film Documentaries Shakur's life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominatedTupac: Resurrection(2003). See also References Further reading External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":282,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What BTS member turned 5 years old the soonest after BoA's first album was released?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Jimin"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoA#Discography"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID;_Peace_B"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoA#Discography', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID;_Peace_B', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoA#Discography","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID;_Peace_B","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoA#Discography\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID;_Peace_B\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["BoA Kwon Bo-ah(Korean:권보아; born November 5, 1986), known professionally asBoAand often referred to as the \"Queen of K-pop\", is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, and actress. Born and raised inGyeonggi-do, South Korea, BoA was discovered bySM Entertainmenttalent agents when she accompanied her older brother, a music video director, to a talent search in 1998. She was trained for two years and made her debut withID; Peace B(2000). BoA has since released twenty studio albums, including ten in Korean, nine in Japanese, and one in English. On television, she appeared as a judge on the reality competition showK-pop Star(2011–2013), as an actress on the television dramaListen to Love(2016), as a host for thesecond seasonofProduce 101(2017), and as a coach for thethird seasonofThe Voice of Korea(2020). With the release of her debut Japanese studio album,Listen to My Heart(2002), BoA became the first South Korean pop star to break through in Japan following the fall of barriers that had restricted the import and export of entertainment between the countries since the end ofWorld War II. Her Japanese albumsValenti(2003) andBest of Soul(2005) went on to sell over one million copies each according toOricon; the latter of which remained the last album to do so by a non-Japanese artist for 16 years. Herself-titled English album(2009) became the first record by a K-pop artist to appear on theBillboard200, debuting at number 127. BoA has sold over ten million albums throughout her career and is one of only three female artists with six consecutive number-one studio albums on theOricon Albums Chartsince her debut, alongside Japanese singersAyumi HamasakiandHikaru Utada. She is the recipient of numerous awards in South Korea and Japan, including eightMAMA Awards, sixSBS Music Awards, fiveJapan Record Awards, and fiveJapan Gold Disc Awards. In 2013,Mnetincluded her in their Legend 100 Artists list of the most influential artists in South Korea. Life and career 2000–2003: Debut and commercial success in South Korea and Japan Kwon Bo-ah was born on November 5, 1986.At the age of eleven, BoA accompanied her older brother to an SM Entertainment talent search.Though her brother was the one who auditioned as a break-dancer,SMtalent scoutsinstead took notice of BoA and offered her a contract on the same night as the auditions.Her parents initially opposed the notion of BoA leaving school to enter the entertainment business but eventually consented at her older brothers' persuasion.She has said that her early influence as a singer wasSeo Taiji. BoA underwent two years of training (involving vocal, dance, English, and Japanese lessons), and at the age of thirteen she released her debut albumID; Peace Bin South Korea on August 25, 2000.The album was moderately successful; it entered the Top 10 of the South Korean charts and sold around 156,000 units.Meanwhile, her Korean record label, SM Entertainment, made arrangements with Japanese labelAvex Traxto launch her music career in Japan. She was forced to quit school to prepareand in early 2001, BoA released her firstmini-album,Don't Start Now; it sold around 90,000 units. After its release, she took a hiatus from the Korean music industry to focus on the Japanese market at which time she worked to solidify her skills in Japanese. BoA began her Japanese music career singing at the Avex-owned clubVelfarre.Her debut Japanese album,Listen to My Heart, was released on March 13, 2002. The album was a breakthrough in BoA's career, becoming anRIAJ-certified million-seller and debuted atop the Oricon, the first album by a Korean artist to do so.It was promoted with several singles: the Top 20 hit \"ID; Peace B\" (originally from the eponymous album), \"Amazing Kiss\", \"Kimochi wa Tsutawaru\", the Top 5 hit \"Listen to My Heart\", and the Top 10 \"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\". After theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks, BoA recorded the charity single \"The Meaning of Peace\" withKumi Kodaas part of Avex'sSong Nationproject to raise funds for charity.From 2001 to 2007, BoA hostedBeat it BoA's World, a radio program on theJapan FM Network. After the release ofListen to My Heart, BoA released her second Korean studio album,No. 1, a month later on April 12, 2002.The album sold around 544,853 units and became the fourth-best-selling record of the year in South Korea.Jumping into the World(a Japanese re-release of the mini-albumDon't Start Now) and the Japanese single \"Don't Start Now\" were released a month later on the same day.At the end of the year, BoA released her second Korean mini-albumMiracle. BoA's second Japanese studio album,Valenti(January 2003), became her best-selling album, with over 1,249,000 copies sold.Three singles preceded its release: \"Valenti\", which peaked at the number-two position on the Oricon chart,\"Kiseki / No.1\" and \"Jewel Song / Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\", both which also peaked at the number-three position. In support of the album, BoA launchedBoA 1st Live Tour Valenti, her first Japanese concert tour.Later in the same year, BoA released her third Korean-language studio album,Atlantis Princesson May 30, 2003,and then released a mini-albumShine We Are!on December 4, 2003. The former was the fifth-best-selling South Korean record of the year with around 345,000 units sold; the latter sold around 58,000 units. 2004–2008: New image, foray into China, and creative control Her third Japanese studio album,Love & Honesty(January 2004) was a musical \"change in direction\": it contained a rock-dance song (\"Rock with You\") and \"harder\" R&B.Though the album failed to matchValentiin sales, it topped the Oricon chart for two weeks and became RIAJ-certified triple-platinum.In support of the album, BoA held a tour,Live Concert Tour 2004: Love & Honesty, spanning nine performances and attracted approximately 105,000 attendants.In contrast with1st Live Tour, which \"emphasized exotic Asian design\", theLove & Honestytour had an \"outer-space, sci-fi\" theme; among the props were a three-storey-highspace shipand the robotAsimo. Her firstcompilation album,Best of Soul(February 2005), however, sold over a million copies, making BoA the first non-Japanese Asian singer to have two million-selling albums in Japan.It remained the last album by a foreign artist to have sold over a million copies in Japan for 16 years, untilBTSin 2021. BoA reinvented her image for her fourth and fifth Korean albums,My Name(June 2004) andGirls on Top(June 2005), shedding the \"cute\" and \"youthful\" style that had characterized previous years and adopted a more \"sexy\" and \"sultry\" look.The sales of BoA's Korean albums began to decline:My Namesold 191,000 units and became the eleventh-best-selling South Korean album in 2004whileGirls on Topranked fourteenth in 2005 with 113,000 units sold.In September 2004, BoA instigated controversy in Japan when she donated₩50 million to a memorial project forKorean independenceactivist and nationalistAn Jung-geun. Her fourth Japanese studio album,Outgrow, (February 2006) reached the number-one spot on the Oricon chart for its first week of release, making it her fourth consecutive original Japanese album to do so. With 220,000 copies sold, it became her lowest-selling first-week debut for a studio album at that point.\"Do the Motion\", the first single from the album, reached the top spot, making her the fourth non-Japanese Asian to have a number-one single on the Oricon charts.\"Merry Christmas from BoA\" (2005), the album's last single, was the singer's first digital single. That May, BoA renewed her contract with SM Entertainment until 2012. At the time it was noted that she had a shareholding in the company of 100,000 (Approximately worth $1m USD).She performed \"Everlasting\", the image song for Roman Polanski'sOliver Twist (2005 film).She also voiced Heather the possum in the Korean and Japanese version of the animated filmOver the Hedge.On September 21, 2006, she released her first digital single in Korea, a Korean version of \"Key of Heart\". In support ofOutgrow, BoA launched a specialZepptour, B0A The Live, on September 29, 2006, which lasted until October 29.She staged her first Christmas concert on December 7, 2006. Three singles preceded BoA's fifth Japanese studio album,Made in Twenty(January 2007): the Top 3 \"Nanairo no Ashita (Brand New Beat)/Your Color,\" the Top 10 \"Key of Heart\", and the No. 2 hit \"Winter Love\". The album, which contained R&B and dance songs as well as ballads, debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making the album her sixth in a row to do so (including one compilation).Having previously compose the song \"No More Make Me Sick\" forMade in Twenty,BoA assumed creative control over her sixth Japanese album,The Face(February 2008).The album debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making BoA one of only two artists in Japan to have six consecutive studio albums top the Oricon weekly charts (the other isAyumi Hamasaki, who has eight consecutive number-one albums).On June 9, 2008, BoA and nine other artists from around the world recorded an English cover ofWei Wei's \"Dedication of Love\". Produced byRoald Hoffmannand Brian Alan, the single was used to raise funds for victims of theSichuan earthquake.But due to a tight schedule, BoA was pulled back from this project. Korean jewelry brand Ramee also released, \"Ramee by BoA\", a line of jewelry designed by the singer herself. 2008–2012: American expansion and return to Asia On September 2, 2008, it was announced that BoA would make her American debut under a new subsidiary label, SM Entertainment USA.Hoping to become a \"world-renowned entertainer\" in the vein ofJanet Jackson,BoA's debut American single \"Eat You Up\", was produced byThomas Troelsen, and released on October 21, 2008. It charted at No. 9 on theBillboardHot Dance Club Playchart.To promote the single, BoA performed \"Eat You Up\" as well as other songs at YouTube's Tokyo Live concert, and performed in New York City on December 3, 2008, as well as theJingle Ballat theAnaheim Honda Centeron December 6, 2008.The following year, she released \"Eien/Universe/Believe in Love\" and was also featured inRavex's single \"Believe in Love\". BoA'sself-titled English albumwas released in the U.S. on March 17 and featured tracks by producersBloodshy and Avantas well as a duet withSean Garrett.Her second Japanese compilation album,Best & USAwas released on March 18 tying together a compilation of recent hits in Japan with her English-language debut. Though she stated that \"t has always been my dream to debut in America,\" she found English tougher to learn than Japanese and despite living in West Beverly Hills, found it difficult to make friends.BoA later headlined theSan Francisco Pride Festivalon June 28, 2009, alongsideSolange KnowlesandThe Cliks,where she also performed the song \"Energetic\" for the first time in public, in addition to \"Eat You Up\" and \"I Did It for Love\".On August 31, SM USA releasedBoA Deluxe, a repackaged version of her debut English album. The album contained two new tracks and the radio edit version of \"Energetic\". With her U.S. career struggling to gain traction, BoA returned to East Asia to release her seventh Japanese album,Identity(February 2010). Promoted by the singles \"Bump Bump!\" featuringVerbalfromM-Floand \"Mamoritai: White Wishes\" (December 2009), the album only charted at No. 4, selling 37,606 copies in its first week. With little promotion from her label, it ended her run of six consecutive No. 1 albums, suggesting that it would be impossible for her to sustain her career in three territories simultaneously.Her first Korean album in five years,Hurricane Venus,was released on August 5, 2010,and sold 55,776 units making it the 22nd best selling album in South Korea for 2010.She also represented South Korea and performed at the7th Asia Song Festival, organized byKorea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, at theSeoul Olympic Stadium. BoA made her Hollywood movie debut in the dance filmMake Your Move 3D, playing the character Aya oppositeDerek Hough. Although production ended in 2011, the film was released in 2013. The movie received mixed reviews, with Inkoo Kang of theLos Angeles Timespraising the choreography but stating that \"henever actor Derek Hough and BoA stop leaping and twirling, is an underwritten mess.\"To celebrate the 10th anniversary of her Japanese debut, BoA released \"Milestone\", which ranked at No. 4 on the Oricon Weekly Music-DVD charts.She also held her 10th anniversary concert on December 10–11 at Tokyo International Forum. Following the concert, BoA shifted her activities to her native county, joining the judging panel onSBS's audition programK-pop Staras a representative of S.M. Entertainment, alongsideYang Hyun-sukfromYG EntertainmentandPark Jin-youngfromJYP Entertainment. BoA received praise for her ability as a judge with her insightful comments and discerning eyes,and also sang the theme song \"One Dream\".For her seventh Korean album,Only One(July 2012), BoA wrote and composed its title track,while its dance steps choreographed by NappyTabs, who has previously worked with BoA inCobu.Upon its release, \"Only One\" achieved an all-kill on several music charts.She followed this up with the second \"The Shadow\", was released August 18, 2012.Additionally, she recorded the song \"Lookin'\" featuringThe Quiettfor Hyundai's 'Premium Younique Lifestyle' campaign. 2013–2015: Music production, television role, and 15th anniversary BoA launched her first Korean tour withBoA Special Live 2013: Here I Amtour at the Olympic Hall,and released the song \"Disturbance\", which she wrote and composed, to commemorate her first concert tour in South Korea.In September 2013, BoA starred in KBS' two-episode drama specialExpect to DatealongsideChoi DanielandIm Si-wan, her full first role in a drama, following a string of cameo appearances.She received praise for her acting performance.She also participated inInfinity Challenge'sbi-annual song festival and was paired withLeessang'sGil, with the two co-produced the song \"G.A.B\".In March 2014, BoA was appointed as a de facto creative director in S.M. Entertainment, alongside labelmateKangta; she was placed in charge of mental care of artists who debut at a young age. The singles for BoA's eighth Japanese album,Who's Back?(September 2014),were released over a span of four years prior to the album's release:\"Woo Weekend\" and \"I See Me\" in 2010, \"Milestone\" in 2011,Only One\", \"Tail of Hope\" and \"Message / Call My Name\" in 2013,and \"Shout It Out\"and \"Masayume Chasing\" in 2014.To promote the album, she embarked on her BoA Live Tour 2014 Who's Back? tour in September, her first Japanese tour in four years.After the tour concluded, BoA starred in her first Korean film,Big MatchalongsideLee Jung-jaeandShin Ha-kyunthough a Japanese single \"Fly\" was released on December 3, 2014. Her eighth Korean albumKiss My Lips(May 2015)became her first entirely self-written, self-produced album, working alongside American producers The Underdogs and Stereotypes.The single \"Who Are You\" (feat. Gaeko) was released prior to the album's unveiling, along with its accompanying music video, which starred EXO'sSehunas the male lead.The rest of the album was unveiled on May 12 along with an official music video of the eponymous title track.Billboardcalled the singer a promising songwriter despite moments of musical blandness. In July, she performed at the BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness to commemorate her 15th anniversary. The concert took place on August 22 and 23 at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts in South Korea, making BoA the first female idol to hold a solo concert at the venue.This was followed by BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness in Japan which took place on December 11, 2015, at Tokyo International Forum Hall-A.Her 15th anniversary in Japan the following year was celebrated in a similar fashion,including the release of the song \"Lookbook\", and a 15th anniversary edition of BoA's Japanese Winter hit, \"Meri Kuri\". As part of S.M. Entertainment's special winter project,Winter Garden,BoA released a digital single entitled \"Christmas Paradise\". 2016–present: Musical projects, television production, and acting debut On January 12, 2016, BoA released an English-language single \"Make Me Complete\", which serves as the theme song for the Fuji TV special dramaOoku, starring Sawajiri Erika and Watanabe Mayu.In June, she collaborated with Korean rapperBeenzinoforS.M. Entertainment'sSM Stationproject. The duo released the single \"No Matter What\", which ranked atop five domestic charts.BoA worked with BeatBurger for anotherSM Stationsingle titled \"Music Is Wonderful\", where she participated in the composing and writing of the track.From October to November 2016, BoA starred in JTBC's romance melodramaListen to Love, returning to the small screen after three years. The following year, BoA became one of the producers forMnet'sboy groupsurvival reality show,Produce 101 Season 2, which aired from April 7 to June 16.BoA later released another song forSM Station, \"Spring Rain\", an R&B number produced by Kenzie.In May, BoA embarked on her BoA The live inBillboardLive Tour, held in Tokyo and Osaka.She also released the single \"Camo,\" a dance song with a heavy emphasis on bass and synthesizer sounds, which was a change in sound from her previous materials and produced by The Underdogs.In July, she released the Japanese single \"Right Here, Right Everywhere\" for the soundtrack of dramaYaneura no Koibito.She later starred in the filmAutumn Sonataalongside Lee Hak-joo, playing a terminally ill patient. In 2018, BoA returned to Japan and released her ninth Japanese albumWatashi Konomama de Iinokanaon February 14, 2018, followed by EPUnchainedin March. To accompany the release of the EP, she embarked on the BoA The Live 2018: Unchained Tour from March 15 to April 4. People who attend the concerts received a copy ofUnchained.On January 31, she released \"Nega Dola\", which served as a single for BoA's then-upcoming first extended play.The EP,One Shot, Two Shot, was released on February 20, alongside its titular lead single and the song's music video.The EP peaked at number six at the South Korean Gaon Album Chart and number seven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart.On October 24, she released her ninth Korean albumWomanalongside a lead single of the same name.The album peaked at number six at the Gaon Album Chart, number eleven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart. On June 4, 2019, she released the single \"Feedback\", which features rapperNucksal, alongside the song's music video.BoA embarked on her #Mood Tour, which had six dates in Japan and two dates in Seoul, from September to October 2019.On October 23, she released a new Japanese single, \"Wishing Well\", which she earlier debuted on the tour.On December 11, 2019, she released her second extended playStarry Night. In May 2020, BoA was featured as one of the coaches for the third season ofThe Voice of Korea, alongsideDynamic Duo,Sung Si-kyung, andKim Jong-kook.On December 1, 2020, she released her tenth Korean albumBetter.SpoTV News shared BoA to join as a judge for Mnet Dance program \"Street Woman Fighter\". It is a female dance crew competition premiering in August 2021.On November 5, 2021, BoA released the Japanese single, \"My Dear\", to commemorate her 20th anniversary. BoA was revealed as a member of the supergroupGot the Beaton December 27, 2021. The group debuted on January 3, 2022.To celebrate her 20th anniversary, BoA released the Japanese compilation albumThe Greateston May 30, 2022.On November 8, 2022, BoA announced her third EPForgive Mealong with the title track on the same name on November 22, 2022.In 2024, BoA appeared in the dramaMarry My Husband, where she played Oh Yu-ra. Her performance in the drama was met with negative reviews. Image and artistry BoA lists hip hop as her main musical influence, though she also enjoys R&B. Her favorite musicians areWhitney Houston,Michael Jackson,Justin Timberlake, andNe-Yo;as a result, much of BoA's music is eitherdance-popor R&B. Because she also singsballads, she is often compared to Japanese singersNamie AmuroandAyumi Hamasaki. Her debut album,ID; Peace B, containedurban pop, \"slickly produced\" ballads, and \"upbeat dance tunes\". As her career went on, she began experimenting with different styles:Valenticontained mostly ballads;Love and Honestywas an experiment with \"harder\" R&B and rock music. Though her earlier releases were marked by a \"cute\" and \"youthful\" style, BoA began to present a more \"mature\" image starting from the albumMy Name. In aTalk Asiainterview,Anjali Raonoted that some felt thatMy Namemarked the beginning of BoA's decline in popularity and asked if the public would always see the singer as \"Little Baby BoA\"; BoA replied, \"So while I apologize to those people who still want the baby BoA, in fact, what can I do? I just keep growing up! I can't stop that from happening.\" The Facewas influenced byelectropopand included \"happy spring\" songs (\"Sweet Impact\" and \"Bad Drive\"), a guitar-driven \"groovy dance\" song (\"Lose Your Mind\"), and ballads.Because the composition and writing of BoA's songs is handled mostly by her staff, BoA has been criticized as being a \"manufactured pop star\".In response to such criticism, BoA said that \"if one person were to force their own will on something, then things that should have gone right could easily go wrong\" and that she is \"not all that unhappy with the expression that a manufactured star. In a way, that is true. Because SM Entertainment created the environment and all the surrounding conditions, able to be successful in the way now.\"She later assumed creative control withThe Face,whileKiss My Lipsbecame her first entirely self-written, self-produced album. BoA has collaborated with high-profile artists. Among the Japanese artists she has performed with are the hip hop groupM-Flo(for the single \"The Love Bug\"), pop singerKumi Koda, andhouseDJMondo Grosso. She has performed with Western artists: the song \"Flying Without Wings\" from her albumNext Worldwas a collaboration with Irish bandWestlifecovering theoriginal song; theBratzsingle \"Show Me What You Got\" was performed withHowie Dof the American bandBackstreet Boys.She also worked withAkon, singing the song \"Beautiful\", which was featured on the Japanese release of his third album,Freedom.Other artists she has collaborated with areSoul'd Out, Dabo, Verbal (of M-Flo), Rah-D,Seamo,TVXQ, Yutaka Furakawa (of the band Doping Panda), andCrystal Kay(for her single \"After Love: First Boyfriend/Girlfriend\").American rock bandWeezercovered \"Meri Kuri\" on the Japanese version of their albumWeezer. Cultural impact and legacy BoA is regarded as one of South Korea's most influential and prominent singers and is widely referred to as the \"Queen of K-pop\",in recognition of her contributions in spearheading theKorean waveinto Japan.BoA's success in the Japanese market has been deemed a catalyst in the Japanese interest in Korean pop music beginning in the early 2000s, when the two countries began promoting cultural exchanges since the end ofWorld War II.Music critics have recognized BoA for improving \"civil relations between the Korean and Japanese public through her music and appearances in Japanese radio and television\",with Oxford Political Review noting \"BoA's role in strengthening Japan-South Korea ties as a cultural envoy\".In Alisa Freedman'sIntroducing Japanese Pop Culture, BoA was noted for \"herald a new phase of Japanese engagement with Korean singers\", registering \"remarkable success during the first half of the 2000s in Japan\". She highlighted that the timing of her success coincided with several political and cultural developments; these of which include the implementation of Korea's Open-Door Policy, theKorea Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup, and the popularity of the drama seriesWinter Sonata. Freedman evaluated BoA's career path and localization strategies in Japan for having set \"the first trend\" of the Korean wave into the country. Voxhailed BoA as \"one of South Korea's best-known exports\" in the years after her debut whileThe Korea Timescalled BoA \"the forerunner of the new generation of idols who popularized K-pop in Japan and elsewhere.\"In 2004, theMinistry of Culture, Sports and Tourismhonored BoA with the Asian Cultural Exchange Merit Award for her contributions in raising the status of K-pop throughout Asia.The Diplomatstated that BoA \"paved the way\" for future K-pop artists \"to later captivate Japanese fans despite souring relations between Seoul and Tokyo.\" Music critic Lim Jin-mo wrote that BoA \"opened many doors for pop acts from her country in the second largest music market in the world\", acting \"as a figurehead for breakthroughs in Japan for South Korean acts\" and became \"a pivotal figure in K-pop's history\". Yim Hyun-su fromThe Korea Heraldviewed her for \"forever changing the landscape of South Korea's music industry\".In 2016, she was honored with the Presidential Commendation at theKorean Popular Culture and Arts Awardsfor her contributions to the spread of the Korean wave, and for laying \"the foundation for the revival of K-pop\". With nearly 15 years in the entertainment industry, BoA has little to prove in Korea, where she's widely regarded as a pioneer in K-pop's modern-day international platform. —Billboard(2015) In 2013, 50 music experts, professors and critics organized byMnetnamed BoA one of the 100 most influential artists in South Korean music.\"No. 1\" was ranked number 27 in a 2006Gallup Koreasurvey of 100 all-time favorite Korean songsand was included in Mnet's Legend 100 list of popular Korean songs since the 1960s.In 2021, a panel of 35 music experts organized byMelonandSeoul Shinmunranked \"No. 1\" and \"Atlantis Princess\" number 1 and number 93 in their list of the greatest K-pop songs of all time.Critic Rhian Daly forThe Forty-Fiveranked \"Atlantis Princess\" number 1 in her list of the best K-pop songs of all-time.Rolling Stoneranked \"No. 1\" at number 18 in their list of the greatest songs in the history of K-pop, writing it represents \"her most emblematic crossover hit\". BoA has been cited by many artists in the South Korean music industry as an influence and role model,includingAespa,Girls' Generation'sTaeyeon,Sunny,Tiffany,Hyoyeon,Seohyun,Shinee'sKey,Exo'sSehun,Red Velvet'sIrene,Ailee,Chungha,Yukika Teramoto,Kwon Eun-bi,Baek A-yeon,Mamamoo'sSolar,f(x)'sLuna,Kiss of Life'sNatty,Lovelyz's Kei,andBilllie's Tsuki.Aespa's Giselle said in aRolling Stoneinterview that \"Everyone knows her. She's not just famous — she's a legend\". Other ventures Endorsements Because of her wide appeal, BoA has appeared in advertisements for many brands.Among the brands she has promoted areOlympus,Lotte,Nike,L'Oréal, Japanese cosmetic companyKosé,Skechers,Audio-Technica,GM DaewooandL'Occitane.Several of her songs have been used in affiliation with television shows. \"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\" was used as the ending theme for theanimeInuYasha;\"Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\" was used as the opening theme for the animeMonkey Typhoon;\"Key of Heart\" was the theme song for the Japanese release ofOver the Hedge;\"Your Color\" was the theme song of the video gameNinety-Nine Nights;\"Mamoritai: White Wishes\" was the theme song of the video gameTales of Graces.\"Tail of Hope\" was used as the theme for the Japanese dramaHakui no Namida,and \"Masayume Chasing\" was used as the 15th opening theme song for the animeFairy Tail. In 2007,Anycall(aSamsungbrand) signed BoA,Xiah(of TVXQ),Tablo(ofEpik High), and jazz pianistJin Boraonto \"Anyband\", a band created specifically to promote Anycall. The band released only one single, \"AnyBand\".In December 2010, she recorded \"I See Me\" for to promote Audio Technica headphones in Japan.The song \"Woo Weekend\" was used to promote Disney on Ice's 25th Anniversary in Japanwhile \"Lookbook\" served as the ending theme for the NTV Kei programTokui to Goto to Uruwashi no Shelley ga Konya Kurabete Mimashita.BoA served as ambassador for Asia Youth Day in 2014.In August 2017, it was announced that BoA was chosen as promotional ambassador for Jeju Biennale, an inaugural international art event on the resort island of Jeju.In Her widespread popularity has also made her a \"cultural ambassador\"; she has represented South Korea in inter-Asian musical events and has appeared in anOxford University Press-published English-language textbook. Discography Korean albums Japanese albums English albums Filmography Film Television series Television shows Concerts and tours Japan tours Asia tours Concert participation Awards and nominations See also Footnotes References External links","ID; Peace B ID; Peace Bis the debut Korean-languagestudio albumby South Korean singerBoA, released on August 25, 2000 bySM Entertainment.It saw moderate levels of success in South Korea upon its release, peaking at number 16 on the Recording Industry Association of Korea's monthly album chart in October 2000.The album sold 156,354 copies in 2000 and was the 59th best-selling album of the year.The album was released on May 29, 2002 in Japan, where it reached number 30 on theOricon Albums Chart. Production and lyrics The song \"Sara\" is about a cat, \"I'm Sorry\" is about the tragedy of loving the lover of her older sister, and \"ID; Peace B\" is about the generation gap due to the use of the internet. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Monthly charts Year-end charts Release history References","BTS BTS(Korean:방탄소년단;RR:Bangtan Sonyeondan;lit.Bulletproof Boy Scouts), also known as theBangtan Boys, is a South Koreanboy bandformed in 2010. The band consists ofJin,Suga,J-Hope,RM,Jimin,V, andJungkook, who co-write or co-produce much of their material. Originally ahip hopgroup, they expanded their musical style to incorporate a wide range of genres, while their lyrics have focused on subjects including mental health, the troubles of school-age youth andcoming of age, loss, the journey towards self-love, individualism, and the consequences of fame and recognition. Their discography and adjacent work has also referenced literature, philosophy and psychology, and includes analternate universestoryline. BTS debuted in 2013 underBig Hit Entertainmentwith the single album2 Cool 4 Skool.BTS released their first Korean and Japanese-language studio albums,Dark & WildandWake Uprespectively, in 2014. The group's second Korean studio album,Wings(2016), was their first to sell one million copies in South Korea. By 2017, BTS had crossed into the global music market and led theKorean Waveinto the United States, becoming the first Korean ensemble to receive aGold certificationfrom theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) for their single \"Mic Drop\", as well as the first act from South Korea to top theBillboard200with their studio albumLove Yourself: Tear(2018). In 2020, BTS became the fastest group sincethe Beatlesto chart four US number-one albums in less than two years, withLove Yourself: Answer(2018) becoming the first Korean album certified Platinum by the RIAA; in the same year, they also became the first all-South Korean act to reach number one on both theBillboardHot 100andBillboardGlobal 200with their Grammy-nominated single \"Dynamite\". Follow-up releases \"Savage Love\", \"Life Goes On\", \"Butter\", and \"Permission to Dance\" made them the fastest act to earn four US number-one singles sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006. As of 2023, BTS is the best-selling musical act in South Korean history according to theCircle Chart, having sold in excess of 40 million albums.Their studio albumMap of the Soul: 7(2020) is thefourth best-selling album of all time in South Korea, as well as the first in the country to surpass both four and five million registered sales. They are the first non-English-speaking and Asian act to sell out concerts atWembley Stadiumand theRose Bowl(Love Yourself World Tour, 2019), and were named theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry's (IFPI)Global Recording Artist of the Yearfor both 2020 and 2021. The group'saccoladesinclude multipleAmerican Music Awards,BillboardMusic Awards,Golden Disc Awards, and nominations for fiveGrammy Awards. Outside of music, they have addressed three sessions of theUnited Nations General Assemblyand partnered withUNICEFin 2017 to establish theLove Myselfanti-violence campaign. Featured onTime'sinternational cover as \"Next Generation Leaders\" and dubbed the \"Princes of Pop\", BTS has also appeared onTime'slists of the 25 most influential people on the internet (2017–2019) and the100 most influential people in the world(2019), and in 2018 became the youngest recipients of the South KoreanOrder of Cultural Meritfor their contributions in spreading the Korean culture and language. On June 14, 2022, the group announced a scheduled pause in group activities to enable the members to complete their 18 months ofmandatory South Korean military service, with a reunion planned for 2025.Jin, the eldest member, enlisted on December 13, 2022; the others followed in 2023. Name BTS stands for the Korean phraseBangtan Sonyeondan(Korean:방탄소년단; Hanja:防彈少年團), which translates literally to 'Bulletproof Boy Scouts'. According to memberJ-Hope, the name signifies the group's desire \"to block out stereotypes, criticisms, and expectations that aim on adolescents like bullets\".In Japan, they are known asBōdan Shōnendan(防弾少年団).In July 2017, BTS announced that their name would also stand for \"Beyond the Scene\" as part of their newbrand identity.This extended the meaning of their name to encompass the idea of growth \"from a boy to an adult who opens the doors that are facing forward\". History 2010–2014: Formation and early years BTS was formed in 2010, after Big Hit Entertainment CEOBang Si-hyukwanted to form ahip hop grouparoundRM(Kim Nam-joon), an underground rapper well known on the music scene inSeoul. At the time,physical album saleswere on the decline and digital revenues were not yet high enough to compensate.Seeing a need for diversified income streams, Bang decided to form an idol group instead, because of the potential for live concert performances and passionate support from fans of such groups. Many trainees refused to become part of an idol group, butJ-Hope, RM, andSugaremained.Bang chose to vary from the usual, highly regimented idol groups and create one where the members would be individuals rather than an ensemble and free to express themselves.Auditions were held in 2010 with plans to launch the following year.The band members lived together, practicing up to 15 hours a day, and first performed before a small crowd of industry insiders in 2013. We started to tell the stories that people wanted to hear and were ready to hear, stories that other people could not or would not tell. We said what other people were feeling—like pain, anxieties and worries. That was our goal, to create this empathy that people can relate to. —Suga BTS's representation by Big Hit, rather than one of the three agencies that dominated K-pop at the time, allowed the individual members leeway to express their individuality and have input into the music.On June 12, 2013, BTS released their debutsingle album2 Cool 4 Skool, along with thelead single\"No More Dream\", neither of which sold particularly well at the time.On June 13, 2013, BTS made their stage debut onM Countdownwith the single, \"No More Dream\".Nevertheless, according to Kathy Sprinkel in her book on BTS, that single was \"spotlighting young people's anxiety in the face of lofty parental expectations, sent shock waves through the K-pop ranks. Here was a musical act that wasn't pulling any punches. More specifically, they had a point of view, and they weren't afraid to take on topics that are considered taboo in South Korean society and elsewhere.\"The album reached the top five on South Korea's Gaon Music Chart.In2 Cool 4 Skool, BTS employed an old-school hip-hop sound from the 1990s.The album's release was followed by appearances on Korean music shows, which caught the attention of reviewers and viewers. In September 2013, BTS released the second entry in their \"school trilogy\": theEP,O!RUL8,2?.The album was released alongside the single \"N.O.\"Similarly to2 Cool 4 Skool, the new release had a theme of students feeling under pressure and needing to sacrifice their dreams and aspirations.According to scholar Kyung Hyun Kim, many of BTS's earlier works such as \"N.O.\" and \"No More Dreams\" were \"expressions of rebellion against the establishment that tapped into Korean teenagers' frustrations with the country's educational system\" and, he stated, helped them build a fan base among young people in North America and Europe.That same month, BTS starred in their own variety show,SBS MTV'sRookie King Channel Bangtan, in which members parodied variety shows such asVJ Special ForcesandMasterChef Korea.At the end of the year, BTS was recognized with several New Artist of the Year awards in South Korea. 2014–2017 Skool Luv Affairand first concert tour The last entry in BTS \"school trilogy\", theSkool Luv AffairEP, was released in February 2014.The release topped theGaon Album Chart,and appeared onBillboard'sWorld AlbumsChart for the first time, peaking at number three.The EP was supported by two singles: \"Boy in Luv\" and \"Just One Day\".FollowingSkool Luv Affair's release, BTS played at their first fan meeting inSeoul, selecting the name A.R.M.Y. for the fan club.In July 2014, BTS hosted a concert inWest Hollywood, their first show in the United States,and in August, they appeared atKCONin Los Angeles. In August 2014, BTS released the albumDark & Wild, which reached number two in South Korea.It was supported by two singles: \"Danger\" and \"War of Hormone\".The group embarked on their firstconcert tour,2014 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, which lasted from October to December 2014.The band launched their first Japanese studio album,Wake Up, in December 2014; the release peaked at number three on theOricon Albums Chart.After the album's release, BTS held their1st Japan Tour 2015 Wake Up: Open Your Eyesin February 2015.The Red Bullet Tour that had begun on October 17, 2014, in South Korea was resumed on June 6, 2015, in Malaysia and toured Australia, North America and Latin America before ending in Hong Kong that August. In all, the entire tour attracted 80,000 spectators at 18 cities in 13 countries. Mainstream breakthrough and commercial success BTS experimented with other styles of music besides hip-hop inThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 1, released in 2015.BTS wanted to express the beauty and anxiousness of youth and settled on the title of \"花樣年華\" (Korean:화양연화;RR:Hwayangyeonhwa), loosely interpreted to define \"youth\" metaphorically as \"the most beautiful moment in life\".The album served as an introduction to their youth trilogy, a triptych of albums dedicated to the struggles of young people.The single \"I Need U\" was a top-five hit in South Korea and garnered the group a win on SBS MTV'sThe Show.The second single \"Dope (Korean:쩔어;RR:Jjeoreo;lit.It's awesome)\" reached number three onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart and its music video was viewed over 100 million times on YouTube.The group began the world tour extension of their Red Bullet Tour in June, titled2015 Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, visiting cities throughout Asia, Oceania, North America, and Latin America.\"For You\", in Japanese, was released together with Japanese versions of \"War of Hormone\" and \"Let Me Know\" on June 17, 2015, and immediately topped Oricon's daily chart. In November, BTS commenced their third concert tour,2015 BTS LIVE \"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: On Stage\", beginning with three sold-out shows in Seoul. The tour marked the debut of their fourth EP,The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2, and was later extended to Japan.Thematically, the EP focused more on the serious and speculative aspects of youth, touching on the pursuit of success, loneliness, affection for their origins, and the suffering of the younger generation due to unfavorable conditions in current society.The album topped the weekly Gaon Album andBillboardWorld Albums charts.It also marked their first appearance on theBillboard200chart,making it for one week at number 171,and eight of the tracks appeared onBillboard's World Digital Song Sales chart. Their compilation album and the finale to their \"youth trilogy\",The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwas released on May 2, 2016. With 300,000 presold copies,it included three new singles: \"Epilogue: Young Forever\", \"Fire\", and \"Save Me\",which debuted in the top three spots on theBillboardWorld Digital Charts.The album topped the Gaon Album Chart in South Korea fortwo consecutive weeksand reached number 107 on theBillboard200.The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwon Album of the Year at the2016 Melon Music Awards.BTS embarked on their Asia tour extension,2016 BTS LIVE \"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage: Epilogue\"from May to August 2016. Tickets for the 14 shows in 10 Asian cities sold out, some in as little as five seconds. In September 2016, BTS released their second Japanese studio albumYouth.The album sold 44,547 copies on the first day of its release, and charted 1st in the Oricon Daily Album Chart.The album was eventually certified Gold with sales of roughly over 100,000 in Japan.It was followed one month later in October,by their next studio albumWings,which combined the themes of youth presented in their previous \"youth trilogy\" with temptation and adversity.The album and its tracks, including the single \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" immediately rose to the top on eight music charts, including the Gaon Music Chart, and led theiTunesalbum charts in 23 countries.Wingsopened at number 26 on theBillboard200, with 16,000album-equivalent unitsin the US for the week of its release, the best week ever there for a K-pop album.It became the best-selling album in Gaon Album Chart history. You Never Walk AloneandLove Yourself: Her In February 2017, BTS released the repackaged edition ofWingsentitledYou Never Walk Alone. The 700,000 pre-orders of it (an increase from the 500,000 pre-orders ofWings) helped break the record for most albums sold in a month in South Korea, as it reached 1.49 million copies by the end of its first month.The lead single was \"Spring Day\"and it won Best Song of the Year at the2017 Melon Music Awards.BTS's second world tour,2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour, began in February.On the tour, BTS played arenas in the US, such as New Jersey'sPrudential Centerand California'sHonda Center. Tickets for the North American leg sold out within hours and two shows were added.After completing the North American leg, BTS attended the24thBillboardMusic Awardsin May and wonTop Social Artist,the first K-pop group to win a Billboard award.BTS fans cast over 300million votes for the band and broke a six-year winning streak held byJustin Bieber, a performer with 100millionTwitterfollowers.This caused the international media to focus on the ability of BTS's fandom to propel the group to such a victory. BTS released a remake ofSeo Taiji's \"Come Back Home\" (1995) in July 2017, giving it new lyrics but maintaining the theme of urging societal change.Later that year, BTS embarked on their \"Love Yourself\" album series, with theme of the enlightenment of self-love through the \"起承轉結\" (Korean:기승전결;RR:Giseungjeongyeol) narrative sequence of \"beginning, development, turn, and conclusion.\"BTS released its first part, their fifth EP,Love Yourself: Her, on September 18.RM considered \"DNA\", the lead single from that album,as \"taking BTS to new ground. We tried to apply new grammar and perspectives.\"He said of the album, \"I believe it's going to be the starting point of a second chapter of our career; the beginning of our Chapter Two.\"Sonically, the EP served as \"a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings\". Love Yourself: Herdebuted at number seven on theBillboard200.The album had 1,664,041 sales in May 2017 to lead the Gaon Chart,and was the first in 16 years to exceed 1.2 million copies sold sinceg.o.d's fourth albumChapter 4(2001).\"DNA\" was released simultaneously with the EP, and its music video accumulated 21 million views in its first 24 hours.It became BTS's first entry on theBillboardHot 100, charting at number 85, making them the first K-pop boy band to reach that chart.The single rose to number 67 the following week and became the highest-charting song on the Hot 100 for any K-pop group.A remix of \"Mic Drop\" from the album, featuringDesiigner, was released as a single and peaked at number 28, the first time a K-pop group had cracked the top forty.Both singles attained Gold certification from theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) in early 2018.\"Mic Drop\" achieved Platinum status in the US later that year. In November 2017, BTS became the first K-pop group to perform at theAmerican Music Awards.BTS wonArtist of the Yearat the19th Mnet Asian Music Awardsin December, winning for the second consecutive year.They released \"DNA\" and \"Mic Drop\" together with a new song \"Crystal Snow\" as a single album in Japan on December 6, 2017, though the songs were made digitally available elsewhere.It topped the Oricon Chart for the week of its release. It was the only album by a foreign artist to be certified Double Platinum in Japan in 2017. Later that month, they made their Japanese television prime time music show debut onMusic Station Super Live,and ended the year by performing onDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. In 2017, BTS partnered withUNICEFon the \"Love Myself\" campaign, intended to help end violence, abuse, and bullying, and to promote self-esteem and well-being among young people. Both Big Hit and the group pledged money to promote the campaign, and BTS sold special \"Love Myself\" merchandise and set up dedicated booths at concert venues. The campaign was renewed in 2021, with UNICEF deeming it to have been successful. 2018–2020 Love Yourselfalbum series BTS won major awards at the Golden Disc and Seoul Music Awards in January 2018.In March, the group premiered an eight-episode documentary titledBurn the Stagethat offered a behind-the-scenes look at their 2017 Wings Tour, exclusively onYouTube Premium.Their third Japanese studio album,Face Yourself, was released on April 4, 2018,and quickly reached the top 5 of the U.S. iTunes Albums chart. A nine-minute short film, titledEuphoria: Theme of \"Love Yourself: Wonder\"and featuring the song \"Euphoria\", followed the next day as a prelude to the group's third Korean-language studio album,Love Yourself: Tear.BTS promotedTear's May 18, 2018, release with an appearance at the25thBillboardMusic Awardstwo days later,where they made their initial BBMA performance with their single, \"Fake Love\".The group also won Top Social Artist for a second consecutive time.The album coincided with the \"轉\" or \"turn\" of the series, touching on the tortuous enlightenment of loving without being loved, the pains and sorrows of separation, and providing encouragement to those without dreams. Love Yourself: Teardebuted at number one its first week on theBillboard200, becoming BTS's first number-one album in the US and the first K-pop album to top the US albums chart.It also became BTS's first top-10 release in Britain, reaching number eight on theUK Albums Chart.\"Fake Love\" became BTS's top-10 single on the Hot100, the first time a song sung mostly in a language other than English had debuted in the top 10.BTS released their compilation albumLove Yourself: Answerin August 2018.The album was supported by the single \"Idol\" and its alternative digital release featuringNicki Minaj. Love Yourself: Answersold over 1.9 million copies on the Gaon Album Chart in August2018.The album became BTS's second number-one on theBillboard200 and led to their highest US sales week in the country to that point with 185,000 album equivalent units.In November 2018,Love Yourself: Answerbecame the first Korean language album to be certified Gold by the RIAA.\"Idol\" andLove Yourself: Answerboth received Platinum certifications in the US, with sales of more than 1million. In conjunction withLove Yourself: Answer's release in August2018, BTS commenced their world tour,BTS World Tour: Love Yourself, with two concerts in the Seoul Olympic Stadium, which sold out in a matter of seconds, as did others of the 22 shows in 12 countries.In October, BTS released their collaboration with Steve Aoki \"Waste It on Me\", their first all-English language feature.For the final stop of the North American leg, the group performed at Citi Field in New York City, marking the first time a Korean act performed at a US stadium.According toStubHub, BTS was the second best-selling concert act outside the US, behind onlyEd Sheeran.That October, BTS renewed their contract with Big Hit Entertainment through 2026. In early November 2018, a popular Japanese music show cancelled BTS's performance, citing a T-shirt a member wore the year before, bearing a photograph of amushroom cloudfollowing thebombing of Nagasaki.In the same month, the Jewish human rights organizationSimon Wiesenthal Center(SWC) stated that BTS owed an apology for that shirt, and for clothing and flags with Nazi symbolism.Big Hit Entertainment issued an apology, explaining that the images were not intended to be hurtful to the victims ofNazismor atomic bombings and that the group and management would take steps to prevent future mistakes.They also stated the flags were meant to be a commentary on the Korean school system.The apology was accepted by SWC and the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim Association.John Lie, in his scholarly article on BTS, opined that the Nazi incident showed that the group is not tightly controlled, as are other K-pop ensembles, whose every move seems scripted, and that the members have opinions and are not afraid to express them. At the20th Mnet Asian Music Awards, BTS won Artist of the Year and ranked number eight onBillboard'syear-end Top Artist Chart and were also the number two act of the year in the Duo/Group ranking, only behindImagine Dragons.They were also listed asone of the 50 most influential people by Bloombergfor their \"willingness to address social issues, mental health, and politics, despite being in a genre often painted as bubble gum pop\". Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour andBTS World In February 2019, BTS, for the first time, were presenters atthe Grammy Awards.In April,Timenamed them one of theTime100, the most influential people of 2019.Their EP,Map of the Soul: Persona, was released on April12 with the single \"Boy with Luv\" (Korean:작은 것들을 위한 시;RR:Jageun geotdeureul wihan si), featuring American singerHalsey.The EP's release was followed by a performance onSaturday Night Live, the first K-pop act to appear there.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the first Korean-language album to reach the number one position in both the UK and Australia,and the group's third album to top theBillboard200 in less than a year.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the best-selling album ever in South Korea in terms of physical copies sold, with more than 3.2 million sales in less than a month.\"Boy with Luv\" debuted at number eight on theBillboardHot 100 in April 2019, the highest placement ever for a K-pop song. Following their two wins at the26thBillboardMusic Awardsin May, including forTop Duo/Group,BTS embarked on their world tour stadium extension,Love Yourself: Speak Yourself.Due to the demand, BTS added more shows after tickets for the first dates sold out within two hours.In the lead up to the release of their mobile gameBTS World, in June 2019 BTS released \"Dream Glow\" featuringCharli XCX,\"A Brand New Day\" withZara Larsson,and \"All Night\" withJuice Wrld.The group released the song \"Heartbeat\" with a music video from the game's official soundtrack, titledBTS World: Original Soundtrack.The soundtrack was certified Double Platinum by Gaon.On July 3, 2019, pre-orders for the single\"Lights\"crossed one million copies, marking the first time a foreign artist had accomplished this in Japan sinceCeline Dionin 1995.\"Lights\" debuted at number 81 on theBillboardJapan Hot 100for the chart issue date of July 8, 2019, and reached number one the following week.On August 8, 2019, \"Lights\" receivedMillioncertificationfrom the RIAJ, denoting shipments of one million copies. Love Yourself: HerandLove Yourself: Tearboth crossed 2 million copies in August.All three albums of theLove Yourselfseries have sold more than 2 million copies each in South Korea.Love Yourself: Teargained silver certification by the BPI for sales in the UK, becoming their third album to do so followingLove Yourself: AnswerandMap of the Soul: Persona.For the final stop of their record-breaking Love Yourself: Speak Yourself World Tour, the group played Seoul's Olympic Stadium.BTS was the third top-grossing touring musical act of 2019.That same month, they released a remix version of the song \"Make It Right\" featuringLauv.In November, BTS won three times at the2019 American Music Awards, for Best Tour, Favorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rock, and Favorite Social Artist (the second consecutive year). In December, they attended both the2019 Melon Music Awardsand the2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards. In each case, they became the first group to sweep the four major awards.At the34th Golden Disc Awards, BTS became the first artists in history to win grand prizes in both the physical and digital categories in a single year.Map of the Soul: Personawas named the second best-selling physical album of 2019 in the US byNielsen MusicbehindTaylor Swift'sLoverand was ranked sixth overall on the chart of Top10 Albums (Total Sales) in the US.BTS wrapped 2019 as the fourth-highest-ranked group onBillboard's TopBillboard200 Artists–Duo/Group ranking, behindQueen, Imagine Dragons and the Beatles.Map of the Soul: Personawas named as the third best-selling album of 2019 by theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry(IFPI), making BTS the first Korean artist to be listed on the Global Top10 Album Chart in consecutive years.The IFPI named BTS as one of the best-selling artists of 2019 for a second consecutive year, making them the first non-English speaking act to achieve this. Map of the Soul: 7, \"Dynamite\" andBe In January 2020, BTS released \"Black Swan\" along with a choreography art film performed by MN Dance Company of Slovenia as the first single from their albumMap of the Soul: 7.Album distributorDreamusreported that stock pre-orders of the album reached a record-breaking 4.02 million.Later that month, BTS performed at the62nd Annual Grammy Awards, making BTS the first Korean act to perform at the Grammys.Map of the Soul: 7was released on February 21 to favorable reviews.The album was supported by the single \"On\" and an alternative digital release of it featuring Australian singerSia.According toGaon Chart,Map of the Soul: 7sold over 4.1 million copies in nine days after its release, surpassingMap of the Soul: Personato become the best-selling album in South Korean history and the first album to be certified quadruple million.The album debuted atop the USBillboard200, making BTS the fastest group to earn four number one albums sincethe Beatlesin 1966–1968.\"On\" debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, giving BTS its first top-five hit, and the most Hot 100 top-10 entries of any Korean act, with three.BTS planned to support theMap of the Soulalbum series with a concert series,Map of the Soul Tour, beginning in April,but this was indefinitely postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, BTS became the first K-pop artist to sell more than 20 million albums cumulatively,making them the best-selling artist in South Korean history.That month, amid the pandemic restrictions, BTS held a two-day online streaming concert event titledBang Bang Con, where the group shared footage of past concerts on their YouTube channel.On June 7, BTS headlined YouTube'sDear Class of 2020online graduation event, performing \"Boy with Luv\", \"Spring Day\", and \"Mikrokosmos\".Their commencement speeches highlighted their own graduations and offered \"messages of hope and inspiration for the class of 2020 in both Korean and English\".On June 14, BTS held an online live concert,Bang Bang Con: The Live, as part of the seventh anniversary of their debut.It garnered peak viewership of 756,000live viewers in 107countries and territories, setting the record for the largest audience for a paid virtual concert.On June 19, BTS released the Japanese single, \"Stay Gold\", from their fourth Japanese album,Map of the Soul: 7 – The Journey, which was released worldwide on July 14.It surpassed 564,000copies in its first week, breaking the record for highest first week album sales by male foreign artists in Japan. BTS released their first English-language single, \"Dynamite\", on August 21.\"Dynamite\" debuted at number one on the USBillboardHot 100 chart, earning BTS their first chart topper and making them the first all-South Korean act to earn a number one single in the US.The single also toppedBillboard'snewGlobal 200for the week ending September 24, as well asGlobal Excluding UScharts, becoming the first single to top both simultaneously.\"Dynamite\" peaked at number five on the USMainstream Top 40and on the.Billboard Pop Singleschart, becoming their first Top 10 on each and the former the highest-charting entry by a Korean act.On August 31, BTS made theirMTV Video Music Awards(VMAs) debut with the first live performance of \"Dynamite\"and won four awards: Best Group, Best Choreography, Best Pop Video, and Best K-pop (the last three for their music video for \"On\").On October 14, they performed the single at the 2020BillboardMusic Awards and won the Top Social Artist award for a fourth consecutive year. On October 2, 2020, BTS released a remix ofJawsh 685andJason Derulo's single \"Savage Love (Laxed – Siren Beat)\".It topped the Hot 100.On October 10 and 11, BTS hosted a two-day virtualpay-per-viewconcert at KSPO Dome in Seoul, calledMap of the Soul ON:E, which drew 993,000 viewers from 191 countries and territories.On November 20, BTS released their fifth Korean studio albumBe, led by the single \"Life Goes On\".\"Life Goes On\" debuted at number one on the Hot 100,BTS's third consecutive US number-one single in three months and the first song performed primarily in Korean to top the chart. On November 24, 2020, BTS became the first Korean pop artists recognized bythe Recording Academywhen \"Dynamite\" received a nomination forBest Pop Duo/Group Performanceat the63rd Annual Grammy Awards.The group won the Special International Music Award at the62nd Japan Record Awards.Kim, in his book on the influence of Korean popular culture, suggested that 2020, the worst year in many people's lives, was a noteworthy one for Korean culture, withParasitewinning theAcademy Award for Best Pictureand BTS posting three number-one hits on theBillboardGlobal 200. 2021–present \"Butter\", \"Permission to Dance\" andProof On March 4, 2021, the IFPI named BTS its Global Recording Artist of the Year for 2020, the first Asian and first non-English speaking act to top the ranking.BTS occupied three spots in the Global Album Sales Chart of 2020, withMap of the Soul: 7at number one,Be (Deluxe Edition)at number two, andMap of the Soul: 7–The Journeyat number eight.On the newly launched Global Album All Format Chart,Map of the Soul: 7claimed first place andBe (Deluxe Edition)claimed fourth.On March 14, 2021, BTS performed \"Dynamite\" at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming the first Korean nominee to perform, though they did not win the award.On April 1, BTS released \"Film Out\", the first single from their then-upcoming Japanese compilation album,BTS, the Best.BTS held a two-day online streaming event on their YouTube channel beginning April 17, titledBang Bang Con 21, and aired three of their previous in-person concerts. On May 21, BTS released their second English-language single, \"Butter\".It debuted at number one on the Hot 100—their fourth number one in nine months—making them the quickest act to achieve four chart-toppers sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006, and the fastest group sincethe Jackson 5in 1970.Their next English-language single, \"Permission to Dance\", was released on July 9.It became BTS's eighth number-one on theDigital Songschart, extending their record as the group with the most number-one entries on the ranking.On September24, 2021, the band released the single \"My Universe\" withColdplay.The single debuted at number one on the Hot 100, making it the first collaboration between two groups to debut at number one.The band held an online concert, titledPermission to Dance on Stage, on October 24, 2021, in Seoul.On November 23, \"Butter\" earned a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the64th Annual Grammy Awards.Between November 27 and December 2, BTS held their first live performances before an in-person audience since before the pandemic. The band playedfour sold-out showsatSoFi Stadiumin Los Angeles as a continuation of their Permission to Dance on Stage concert series. On January 15, 2022, a fictionalwebtoonbased on BTS, titled7Fates: Chakho, was released. The comic surpassed 15million views globally in its first two days of availability and became the highest-viewed title ever launched byWebtoon.The band held three limited-capacity concerts at Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 10, 12 and 13—the largest music gatheringsapproved by the South Korean government since the pandemic restrictions were imposed—with a total audience of 45,000people.On April 3, BTS performed \"Butter\" at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards,though the song did not win the award for which it was nominated.On April 8, the band earned seven nominations at the2022BillboardMusic Awardsand won three, making them the most-nominated and the most-awarded group in the show's history. On June 10, 2022, BTS released their three-CDanthologyalbumProof.On June 14, during their ninth anniversary celebrations, the band announced a temporary suspension of group activities to focus on solo projects and other endeavors.Hybe Corporation, which owns Big Hit,clarified in subsequent statements that BTS was neither disbanding nor going on hiatus, but would be actively furthering their individual careers with the label's full support while still participating in group activities, including the filming ofRun BTS.The incident caused Hybe Corporation's stock to decline rapidly, resulting in a decrease in market value of US$1.7billion.On August 24,Billboardmagazine reported that BTS would be performing inBusanon October 15 in a benefit concert in support of the city's efforts to have aWorld Expositionin 2030, participating under the bannerYet to Come. Military service and contract renewal In spite of the announcement of the October 2022 benefit concert, Hybe Corporation's stock prices dropped to below its originalIPOamid continuing market speculation about the implications of the upcoming mandatorymilitary enlistmentof the band's members.Under South Korean laws, all able-bodied males must complete between 18 and 21 months of military service, usually by age 28.Bloomberg Newsreported the concert as a success but also indicated that there were no further concert dates scheduled. It was estimated that if the band members completed their service, Hybe Corporation would lose nearly US$10 billion over ten years, with the loss to the South Korean economy at nearly US$39 billion. In October 2022, Big Hit confirmed that Jin, the band's oldest member, aged 29, had withdrawn his enlistment deferral request.The other members planned to enlist later, with the group planning to reunite in 2025 following discharge.At the end of October 2022, BTS earned five nominations for the2022 MAMA Awards, with the band members receiving eight further nominations as solo artists.On November 15, BTS earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards, including a nomination forBest Music Videofor \"Yet to Come\".\"My Universe\" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, making BTS the only act to be nominated three years in a row in this category since its introduction in 2011.The band was also nominated forAlbum of the Yearas featured artists on Coldplay'sMusic of the Spheres.Jin enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 13.On February 26, 2023, Big Hit announced that J-Hope had requested cancellation of the postponement of his military service. Following their scheduled separation, the band'sBTS 'Yet to Come' in Busanconcert film was released on February 1, 2023.During a trip to Spain, RM toldEFEthat BTS \"will come together again when we finish our military service, and we will look for new synergies between us to enter a second phase.\"Hybe chairman Bang Si-hyuk stated on March 15, 2023, that their comeback might not occur in 2025 since it was hard to target a specific date, and that they had not discussed their contract renewal yet.J-Hope enlisted as an active duty soldier on April 18.On May 12, BTS released a soundtrack \"The Planet\" for the South KoreananimatedseriesBastions.To commemorate their tenth anniversary, the group released the song \"Take Two\" on June 9. On September 20, 2023, Hybe confirmed through a press release that BTS would renew their exclusive contracts. The members will sign these agreements sequentially, considering their military service, after a board resolution with Big Hit Music, solidifying their commitment to future projects starting from 2025 onwards. Hybe expressed their anticipation for supporting BTS' group endeavors and pledged unwavering support to enhance their worldwide influence, ensuring the group's continuity even after completing their military service.On September 22, 2023, Suga enlisted as a social worker.RM and V enlisted on December 11, 2023, followed by Jimin and Jungkook on December 12.On June 12, 2024, Jin became the first BTS member to complete his mandatory military service and was officially discharged. Artistry Influences BTS have cited Seo Taiji and Boys,Nas,Eminem,Kanye West,Drake,Post Malone,Charlie Puth, andDangeras musical inspirations.They have also cited Queen as an influence, saying they \"grew up watching videos ofLive Aid\".During their concert at Wembley Stadium in London, Jin paid tribute to Queen by leading the crowd in a version ofFreddie Mercury's \"ay-oh\" chant.\"Hip Hop Phile\" which was released when BTS's hip-hop concept was at its height, pays homage to the artists who influenced them, including the South Korean groupEpik High,Jay-Z,Biggie,CL Smooth, and others. Their 2016 albumWingswas inspired byHermann Hesse'scoming of agenovel,Demian.Their song \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" quotesFriedrich Nietzsche'sThus Spoke Zarathustra, and its music video features visual references toHerbert James Draper'sThe Lament for Icarus,Pieter Bruegel'sLandscape with the Fall of Icarus, and Bruegel'sThe Fall of the Rebel Angels.Among the literary and other sources that have inspired their works are those byHaruki Murakami,Ursula K. Le Guin,Carl Jung,George Orwelland Nietzsche.TheLove Yourselfseries was influenced byErich Fromm'sThe Art of Loving,and their 2018 song \"Magic Shop\" fromLove Yourself: Tearwas inspired byJames R. Doty's memoirInto the Magic Shop. Musical style Since their inception, BTS have emphasized hip hop as their musical base, largely due to the influence of RM and Suga's background as underground rappers;during early visits to the US, the group received mentoring from American rappers.Bang Si-hyukpreviously acknowledged that K-pop as a whole draws fromblack music,and author Crystal S. Anderson stated, \"BTS's rising popularity in the US represents the continuation of the ways that K-pop functions as part of a global R&B tradition.\"T.K. Park and Youngdae Kim ofVulturedeemed the track \"Outro: Her\" fromLove Yourself: Heras the best example of the group's understanding ofold-school hip hop, with raps inspired byChuck DandTupacand jazzy chords from the 1990s to create a classic hip hop sound. The release of \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" in 2016 accelerated BTS's transition from a hip hop to a pop group. Park and Kim noted that the song draws fromdancehall,reggaeton, andmoombahtonbut opts for a \"baroque mysticism\" rather than the \"partylike atmosphere of its influences\".The group also began incorporating traditional Korean elements into their music. For example, their single \"Idol\" (2018) features an adlib fromPansori, a Korean form of operatic storytelling, and vocal imitations of the sounds of Koreanjanggudrums. While BTS maintains roots in hip hop, their sound has diversified. They first experimented withR&B,rockandjazz hip hoponDark & Wildin 2014;EDMin theirThe Most Beautiful Moment in Lifealbum series;moombahton andtropical houseonWingsandYou Never Walk Alone;future bassandLatin popin theirLove Yourselfalbum series;slow-dance ballads,emo rap,Afro pop,funk,trap,pop rock, andhip popin theirMap of the Soulalbum series;anddiscoin their single \"Dynamite\".The band members have explored different genres on solo tracks, such asneo soulon V's \"Stigma\" and flowing R&B on Jimin's \"Lie\". Lyrical themes Since their formation, BTS have believed that telling their own stories is the best way for the younger generation to relate to their music.Writing many of their own lyrics,the group discusses universal life experiences such as sadness and loneliness in their work and turn them into something lighter and more manageable. RM stated that BTS tries to avoid a preaching or reprimanding tone in their songs \"because that's not the way that we want to spread our message ... We're born with different lives, but you cannot choose some things. So we thought that love, the real meaning of it, starts with loving ourselves and accepting some ironies and some destinies that we have from the very start.\"When asked if it is difficult to write about things like mental health, Suga responded, We feel that people who have the platform to talk about those things really should talk more, because they say depression is something where you go to the hospital and you're diagnosed, but you can't really know until the doctor talks to you ... More and more, I think artists or celebrities who have a voice should talk about these problems and bring it up to the surface. Themes explored in BTS's discography range from exploring \"the troubles and anxieties of school-age youth\" to \"themes like love, friendship, loss, death, and more.\"Early BTS songs, such as \"No More Dream\" and \"N.O\" from their school trilogy, were described by Tamar Herman as motivated by personal experiences with South Korea's rigid approach to education and called for change to the educational system and societal expectations.The members' experiences with South Korean youth culture also inspired the songs \"Dope\" and \"Silver Spoon\" (Korean:뱁새;RR:Baepsae) from their youth trilogy. These songs reference generational disparity andmillennialsgiving up romantic relationships, marriage, children, proper employment, homes, and social life in the face of economic difficulties and societal ills while facing condemnation from the media and older generations.The group's label dubbedThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever, the conclusion to their youth trilogy, \"a special album that marks the conclusion of the epic journey of the series, containing the last stories told by young people who, despite an uncertain and insecure reality (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt. 1) continue to surge forward (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt. 2).\"Wingsfocused on mental health, criticisms of the K-pop \"idol\" scene, and delivering a female empowerment message.TheLove Yourselfseries introduced new themes regarding youth culture in South Korea, including the excitement of love, pain of farewell, and enlightenment of self-love.According to Kathy Sprinkel, BTS's 2020 \"quarantine album\"Be\"chronicles the group's coming to terms with a suddenly new reality and offers support for their listeners going through the same upheaval and uncertainty\". BTS's lyrics have also addressed topics outside youth culture. The song \"Am I Wrong\" fromWingsquestioned societal apathy towards changing the status quo; the lyric \"We're all dogs and pigs / we become dogs because we're angry\" appeared to reference South KoreanMinistry of Educationofficial Na Hyang-wook, who advocated acaste systemfor the country and who reportedly described average people as \"dogs and pigs\". BTS released the song amid the2016 South Korean political scandalthat resulted in the impeachment of presidentPark Geun-hye.RM and Suga's personal struggles with mental health have inspired some of their music.\"Not Today\" from 2017'sYou Never Walk Aloneis ananti-establishmentanthem, urging \"all the underdogs in the world\" to keep fighting,and \"Spring Day\" honored the victims of theSewol Ferry tragedy.Journalist Jeff Benjamin praised BTS inFusefor \"speak honestly about topics they deem important, even in a conservative society\".Former South Korean presidentMoon Jae-insaid: \"Each of the seven members sings in a way that is true to himself and the life he wants to live. Their melody and lyrics transcend regional borders, language, culture, and institutions.\" Impact On April 29, 2019,Timemagazine named BTS one of the100 most influential people of the year, labeling them the \"Princes of Pop\".Billboardexecutive Silvio Pietroluongo compared the group's influence to that of the Beatles.MRC Dataexecutive Helena Kosinski noted that \"although BTS weren't the first to open the doors to K-Pop worldwide, they were the first to become mainstream. They don't just appeal to young people but also to the 50s and 60s age demographic.\"The first non-English speaking artist to make the Global Artist Chart in 2018, BTS was the second best-selling artists worldwide across multiple media platforms, second only to Drake.In 2020, BTS became the first non-western and non-English speaking artist to be named IFPI's Global Recording Artist of the Year.In South Korea, BTS accounted for 41.9 percent of album sales in the first half of 2019, up from their market share of 25.3 percent the previous year. In 2022, Youna Kim described BTS as having spearheaded the Korean Wave, representing the global expansion of Korean culture as effectively as Psy did in the previous decade and with the strength of influence that theAcademy Award-winning South Korean filmParasitehad in 2020.South Korea's central bank, theBank of Korea, found in 2021 that BTS, including a \"ripple effect\" that included increased tourism to South Korea; increased interest in Korean culture, movies, and study of the Korean language; and added approximately US$5billion per year to South Korea's economy, a growth of about 0.5 percent.A 2018 study showed that, on average, 800,000foreigners per year had visited South Korea over the past four years for BTS-related reasons. Writers identified BTS as leaders even among other highly influential K-pop groups such asGirls' Generation,Super Junior,Exo,Twice, andBlackpinkand note that BTS's success shows the importance of a strong, active fan base in the age of social media, where fan campaigning can be as important as musical quality to a song's success.The group has also distinguished themselves at the forefront of the business side of the K-pop industry by pursuing less restrictive contracts with their management company to maximize their artistic originality and creativity.With this newer approach to career management, BTS created closer ties to the South Korean youth and encourage individuality and authenticity among their audience. Diplomacy In his 1990 essaySoft Power, political scientistJoseph Nyedeveloped the concept of a second type of power different from traditional authoritarianism.Nye wrote, \"This second aspect of power – which occurs when one country gets other countries to want what it wants – might be called co-optive orsoft powerin contrast with the hard or command power of ordering others to do what it wants.\"Researchers such as Maud Quessard have applied the concept of soft power to BTS and their influence on entertainment diplomacy and international relations.Youna Kim and Maud Quessard all read the currency of soft power as includingculture, politicalvalues, andforeign policy, which applies to BTS's ability to be co-optive in their approach to spreading their message of harmony, acceptance, and addressing life's setbacks via their broad appeal on the international stage. BTS was invited to address theUnited Nations General Assemblyin New York in September 2018.That same year they performed in Paris before an audience of 400, including President Moon Jae-in and other officials, at the 2018 Korea-France Friendship Concert, a summit celebrating the friendly relations between France and South Korea.That year, BTS became the youngest recipients of theOrder of Cultural Merit. Despite cultural medals traditionally being given to recipients with over 15 years of achievement, Moon recognized the group, five years into their career, for their contributions in spreading Korean culture and language worldwide.In September2019, BTS were mentioned by Moon while announcing strategies for the content industries, for having pioneered innovative business models through direct communication with fans.In 2020, BTS received theJames A. Van Fleet Awardin recognition of their outstanding contributions to the promotion of US-Korea relations, the youngest honorees to receive the award.In July2021, they were appointedSpecial Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and Cultureby President Moon. In their role as envoys, they help to \"raise awareness on global agendas, such as sustainable development, to our future generations and to strengthen the nation's diplomatic power across the world\"and appear at international events such as the76th United Nations General Assembly.On May 31, 2022, BTS visited USPresident Joe Bidenat theWhite Houseto discuss the recent rise in anti-Asian hate crimes and discrimination. Fandom According to Kyung Hyun Kim, BTS's rise was facilitated by a great increase in music video programming and consumption on YouTube and the coming of an idol empire, including merchandising of nonmusical products, games, and fantasy fiction, as well as an expansion of online music fandom.The group has a large, highly organized, online community of fans known as ARMY (Adorable Representative M.C. for Youth), which translates the group's lyrics and social media posts into other languages and matches charitable contributions of BTS's members. As of 2020, some 40million ARMY members subscribe to the band's YouTube channel, with more than 30million following the official BTS Twitter andInstagramaccounts.The fan community helps generate BTS's number-one chart rankings via coordinated campaigns on streaming platforms,as well as pushes to feature BTS's music on radio stations and television.Some ARMY members may even surpass the group itself in influence among BTS fans. BTS interacted and engaged with their followers from their earliest days via social media,as well as viaBTS Universe, analternate storylineinvolving the members told through music videos, mobile games, books, short films, and more that gives fans room to theorize.Kim suggested that ARMY are drawn to BTS since the members are seen as underdogs, originating from the Korean countryside and a relatively minor Korean entertainment company, which allows young fans to identify with them.BTS's lyrics speak to social values, and fans respond by trying to improve the world. As a result, the fandom regularly embraces activism on charitable causes and socio-political issues such as refugee crises,racial discrimination,children's rights,climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic.Feedback from ARMY to BTS affects the group's actions and lyrics; BTS has eliminated certain Korean words that sound like American racial slurs from their songs and ended collaboration with a Japanese producer when Korean ARMY members deemed his views extreme. Per South Korean author Jiyoung Lee, the relationship between BTS and ARMY is \"a mutual exchange between artists and their fans\" that is about more than merely \"ensuring the band's primacy\", but also \"extending the band's message of positivity into the world\". Lee opines that BTS and ARMY are \"a symbol of change in zeitgeist, not just of generational change\".The band members themselves agree and have long acknowledged their fans' role in their success.According to Sarah Keith, \"BTS embody a moment of generational transformation. ARMY represents a 'coming of age' for the young, in which cultural production and influence are global and meaningful, and where the youth are politically and socially engaged.\" Other ventures Endorsements BTS partnered withPumabeginning in 2015, initially as Puma Korea's brand ambassadors before expanding to global ambassadors in 2018, and promoting the remix of Puma's \"Turin\" and \"Sportstyle\" line worldwide.In 2019, BTS signed withFilato endorse its sportswear.BTS has also served as global brand ambassadors forLG Electronics'smartphones,andHyundai Motors'2019 flagshipSUVthe \"Palisade\"andhydrogenfuel cell electricSUV, the \"Nexo\".BTS became global ambassadors of the electric street racing seriesFormula Eto promote how electric vehicles can helpcombat climate change.In 2020, BTS partnered withSamsung Electronics,releasing a limited BTS-themed version of theGalaxy S20+andGalaxy Buds+.As the first male pop group ever to collaborate withDior, BTS sported ensembles fromKim Jones' Pre-Fall 2019 collection at their concert atStade de France.The band became global brand ambassadors forLouis Vuittonin April 2021. Philanthropy BTS are known for their philanthropic endeavors. Several members of the band have been inducted into prestigious donation clubs, such as theUNICEFHonors Club and the Green Noble Club, in acknowledgement of the size and frequency of their donations.They have also received awards for their donations, with one member receiving a Patron of the Arts Award for donations to the arts,and BTS as a whole receiving a UNICEF Inspire Award for their Love Myself campaign. They often donate privately, with theirpatronagelater being made public by the organizations they support and the media.The band's efforts have motivated their fans to also engage in various charitable andhumanitarianactivities, and on occasion even match their donations. Accolades BTS have received numerous awards throughout their career. They have consecutively won theBillboard Music Award for Top Social Artistsince 2017; are the only K-pop group to winTop Duo/Group, at the2019 Billboard Music Awards;and are the most-awarded group inBBMA historyas of2022, with 12 wins overall.BTS are also the only K-pop group to winFavorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rockand Favorite Social Artist at theAmerican Music Awards,and became the first Asian act in the show's history to win Artist of the Year in 2021.They are the first Korean pop act to receive aGrammy Awardnomination,and the first Korean artist to be nominated for aBrit Award.With 30 awards overall, including a record four consecutive wins for Artist of the Year (Asia), BTS are the most-awarded foreign artist in the history of theJapan Gold Disc Awards. They have also received a total of 50 trophies at theMAMA Awards. Members Discography Korean-language studio albums Japanese-language studio albums Filmography Films Online shows Bibliography Concert tours Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links","Jimin Park Ji-min(Korean:박지민; born October 13, 1995), knownmononymouslyasJimin, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and dancer. In 2013, he made his debut as a member of the South Koreanboy bandBTS, under the record labelBig Hit Entertainment. Jimin has released three solo tracks under BTS' name—\"Lie\" in 2016, \"Serendipity\" in 2017, and \"Filter\" in 2020—all of which have charted on South Korea'sGaon Digital Chart. He released his first credited solo song, the digital track \"Promise\", which he co-wrote, in 2018 and recorded the duet \"With You\" withHa Sung-woonfor the soundtrack for theTvNdramaOur Bluesin 2022. Jimin released his debut solo album,Facein 2023, which debuted at number one in South Korea and Japan and number two on the USBillboard200, making him the highest-charting Korean solo artist on the latter chart. The album's single \"Like Crazy\" became the first song by a Korean solo artist to debut at number one on the USBillboardHot 100in history. Jimin also became the first Korean solo artist to top theBillboardArtist 100chart. In 2024, he released his second album,Muse, and its lead single \"Who\", which debuted at number one on theBillboardGlobal 200. Early life and education Park Ji-min was born on October 13, 1995, inGeumjeong District,Busan, South Korea.He is of theMilyang Park clan.His immediate family includes his mother, father, and younger brother. When he was a child, he attended Busan's Hodong Elementary School and Yonsan Middle School.In middle school, he attended Just Dance Academy, where he learnedpoppingandlocking.Prior to becoming a trainee, Jimin studiedcontemporary danceat Busan High School of Arts and was a top student in the modern dance department.A teacher suggested that he join an entertainment company, leading him toBig Hit Entertainment. Once he passed the auditions in 2012, he transferred toKorean Arts High School, graduating in 2014. Jimin graduated from Global Cyber University in August 2020 with a major in Broadcasting and Entertainment. He was awarded the President's Award, the school's highest honor.As of 2021, he is enrolled atHanyang Cyber University, pursuing aMaster of Business Administrationin Advertising and Media. Career 2013–present: BTS Jimin was the last Big Hit trainee to be added to the lineup that would eventually becomeBTS. Of the band's seven members, he spent the shortest period of time—six months—as a trainee prior to debuting.On June 13, 2013, he debuted as a vocalist and dancer in BTS with the song \"No More Dream\" from their first single2 Cool 4 Skool.Under the band's name, he released three solo songs: \"Lie\", \"Serendipity\", and \"Filter\". \"Lie\" was released in 2016, as part of the band's second Korean studio album,Wings. It was described as stunning and dramatic, conveying dark undertones and emotions in line with the overall concept of the album.In contrast, \"Serendipity\", from the band'sLove Yourself: Her(2017)extended play(EP), was soft and sensual, expressing the joy, conviction, and curiosity of love.\"Filter\", a track from BTS' 2020 studio albumMap of the Soul: 7, had aLatin popflair, with lyrics reflecting the different sides of Jimin that he shows to the world and those around him.Jimin additionally co-wrote and co-produced another track included on that album, \"Friends\", which was later featured in theMarvel StudiosfilmEternals. \"Serendipity\" and \"Lie\" both surpassed fifty million streams onSpotifyin 2018, followed shortly thereafter by the former's full length version from BTS'Love Yourself: Answer(2018) compilation album, which achieved the milestone in early 2019. Jimin became the first Korean artist to have three solo tracks accumulate over 50 million streams each, surpassingPsy, who previously crossed the 50 million streams mark twice with \"Gangnam Style\" (2012) and \"Gentleman\" (2013).Both songs were also the only solos by a BTS member included in theOfficial Charts Company's (OCC) list of the top 20 most streamed BTS songs in the United Kingdom as of October 2018, ranking at number 17 and 19 respectively.In April 2019, the list was expanded to reflect the top 40, and both tracks were the highest ranked solos included that year, at numbers 18 and 20 respectively. In May 2019, Jimin became the first BTS member to have a solo music video achieve 100 million views onYouTubewhen \"Serendipity\" surpassed the milestone.He remained the only BTS member with multiple solo songs in the January 2020 update of the OCC's top 40 list: \"Lie\" and \"Serendipity\" were the second and third most-streamed solos, at numbers 24 and 29 respectively, with the full-length version of the latter at number 38.The following month, Jimin earned his first entry on theBillboardHot 100with \"Filter\", which debuted at number 87 on the chart,as well his first number one on the World Digital Song Sales chart. The song set the record for the biggest streaming debut among all Korean songs on Spotify, accruing over 2.2 million streams in its first 24 hours of release, and went on to become the fastest Korean solo in the platform's history to surpass 20–60 million streams.It was also the only solo album track by BTS to receive a Song of the Year nomination at theGaon Chart Music Awards.In March 2021, \"Filter\" became the 15th BTS song to spend a full year onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart.It was the longest-charting Korean song released in 2020 on the ranking,having spent 80 weeks on the chart as of the issue dated October 9, 2021. Jimin was awarded the fifth-class HwagwanOrder of Cultural Meritin 2018, alongside his bandmates, by thePresident of South Korea,Moon Jae-in, for their contributions to the promotion of Korean culture.Three years later, Moon appointed himSpecial Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and Culture, alongside his bandmates, to help \"lead the global agenda for future generations\" and \"expand South Korea's diplomatic efforts and global standing\" in the international community. 2014–present: Solo work In 2014, Jimin collaborated with bandmateJungkookon a song called \"Christmas Day\", a Korean rendition ofJustin Bieber's \"Mistletoe\"; Jimin wrote the Korean lyrics himself.The two collaborated again in 2017, on a cover ofCharlie Puth's \"We Don't Talk Anymore\" featuringSelena Gomez.Jungkook previously released a solo version of the song in February, and the two prepared the duet as a special gift to the band's fandom, releasing it on June 2, during BTS' fourth anniversary celebrations.Teen Voguewrote that \"adding Jimin's voice to the mix makes the rendition all the more lovely\",while the Canadian outletFlaremagazine stated that \"it honestly might be better than the original\".Elite Dailydescribed the cover as \"nothing short of flawless\". Jimin appeared on several variety shows such asHello Counselor,Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, andGod's Workplacein 2016.He also served as a special MC ondomestic television music programssuch asShow! Music CoreandM Countdown.In December 2016, he participated in a dance duet at theKBS Song FestivalwithTaeminfromShinee. On December 30, 2018, Jimin released \"Promise\", his first credited song as a solo artist, for free on BTS'SoundCloudpage.It earned the biggest 24-hour debut in SoundCloud history with 8.5 million streams, surpassing previous record holderDrake's \"Duppy Freestyle\" which received 4.9 million streams,and would go on to become the most streamed song on the platform by December 2021, with over 300 million streams.Described byBillboardas a \"mellowpop ballad\",the song was composed by Jimin and Big Hit producer Slow Rabbit, who also produced the track,and features lyrics written by Jimin and bandmateRM.Jimin released his second solo song \"Christmas Love\", about his childhood memories of the holidays, on December 24, 2020.In 2022, he contributed the single \"With You\", a duet withHa Sung-woon, to the soundtrack of theTvNdramaOur Blues; the single was released on April 24. In January 2023, Jimin co-wrote and featured on the single \"Vibe\" byTaeyang.His first official solo project since BTS announced an increased focus on individual music endeavors a year prior,the single earned Jimin his debut entry on theBillboardHot 100as a solo artist, at number 76.He was announced as aglobal ambassadorforDiorlater that month,and forTiffany & Co.in March.\"Promise\" and \"Christmas Love\" were made available on streaming platforms worldwide as official singles under Jimin's name on March 6.His debut solo albumFacewas released on March 24.It set several chart and sales records, debuting at number one in South Korea and Japan,and number two in the US, making Jimin the highest-charting Korean solo artist of all time on theBillboard200.The album's two singles, \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" and \"Like Crazy\", released on March 17 and 24 respectively,both entered the Hot 100: the former debuted at number 30,while the latter debuted at number one, making Jimin the first South Korean solo artist in history to top the chart.The album's release led Jimin to become the first Korean solo artist to reach number one on theBillboardArtist 100.In May, he appeared as a featured artist, alongsideJvkeandMuni Long, on the single \"Angel Pt. 1\" byKodak BlackandNLE Choppa, as part of the soundtrack for the filmFast X.The digital single \"Closer Than This\" was released on December 22, shortly after Jiminenlistedin theSouth Korean Army. Originally recorded during the production ofFace, it is a song dedicated to the BTS fandom in gratitude for their support. Big Hit announced an eight-episode travel reality series,Are You Sure?!, featuring Jimin and Jungkook on July 2, 2024. Available forstreamingexclusively onDisney+, the premiere episode aired August 8, with subsequent episodes following weekly through September 19.The label released Jimin's second solo album,Muse, on July 19, while he was carrying out his mandatory military service. It was supported by the singles \"Smeraldo Garden Marching Band\" and \"Who\".\"Who\" became Jimin's first song to debut atop both ofBillboard'sglobal charts. Artistry Jimin's vocals have been described as delicate and sweet.He is regarded as an exceptional dancer among the members of BTS and in K-pop in general,often praised for his \"smooth and elegant movements\" and charm on stage. In the documentaryBurn the Stagereleased in 2018, Jimin addressed hisperfectionism.In 2023, Jimin stated that as a pop artist, he \"aims to excel at both dancing and singing and perform a diverse range of musical genres and themes\" while \"taking a healthy and sustainable approach to do so\". He has cited singerRainas an inspiration and one of the reasons why he wanted to become a singer and performer. Impact and influence In 2016, Jimin was ranked as the 14th most popular idol in an annual survey conducted byGallup Korea.He subsequently ranked seventh in 2017, and then consecutively ranked first in 2018 and 2019,as the only idol to top the survey for two consecutive years.In 2018, Jimin was the ninth most-tweeted about celebrity and the eighth most-tweeted about musician globally.He was named the 17th best boy band member in history byThe Guardian.From January to May 2018, Jimin won the monthly \"Top K-Pop Artist–Individual\" award forPeeper x Billboard, a collaboration between thePeepersocial media app andBillboardKoreathat collects fan votes for their favorite K-pop artists. The prize was a donation toUNICEFin his name. The Cultural Conservation Society awarded Jimin a plaque of appreciation in 2019, for performingbuchaechum, a traditional Korean fan dance, during the2018 Melon Music Awardsand helping spread the dance outside of Korea.In October 2021, he became the first idol to spend 34 consecutive months atop the brand reputation ranking for individual boy group idolsand the only one to top the overall ranking for three consecutive years. Jimin is often cited as a role model by various idols in theK-popindustry, many of whom try to emulate his style of dance, mannerisms, and stage presence; media outlets have called him the \"Idol of Idols\", \"Idol's Bible\", and \"Rookies' Bible\". Artists who have cited him as an influence include Arthur ofKingdom, Bic ofMCND, Kim Si-hun ofBDC, Woochul ofNewkidd, Hyunjin ofStray Kids, Wooyoung ofAteez, Lim Se-jun ofVicton, Huening Kai and Beomgyu ofTomorrow X Together, and Ni-ki and Jay ofEnhypen.British internet personalityOli Londonunderwent 15 cosmetic surgeries by 2020 to resemble Jimin. Jimin has also been acknowledged beyond theK-popindustry. In 2019, Award-winning director and photographerGus Van Santnamed Jimin as the artist he wished to work with.In 2021, Olympic figure skaterYuzuru Hanyushared being aBTSfan and mentioned Jimin as a source of inspiration for his dance movements on the rink.In 2023,Ryan Goslinggifted Jimin the guitar his character Ken used in the movieBarbie. Gosling gave Jimin the custom guitar as homage for jimin'sPermission to Danceoutfit serving as inspiration for one of the outfits Gosling wore for his role as Ken. Forbes Koreaincluded Jimin on theForbes Korea Power Celebrity 40for 2024, at number seven, making him the highest ranking K-pop soloist and second-highest ranking soloist on the list. Philanthropy Jimin is a supporter of education and the arts. From 2016 to 2018, he covered uniform expenses of students at his alma mater, Busan Hodong Elementary School. After the school's closing was announced, he donated summer and winter middle school uniforms to the final graduates and gifted autographed albums to the entire student body.In early 2019, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$85,810.58) to the Busan Department of Education to help support students from low income families. Of the total,₩30 million (US$25,743.17) went to his alma mater, Busan Arts High School.In July 2020, he donated₩100 million (US$84,726.68) to the Jeonnam Future Education Foundation to fund the creation of a scholarship fund for talented students from South Jeolla Province who were struggling financially. In July 2021, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) toRotary Internationalto help polio patients. As with previous donations, the benefaction was made privately but became public in September, when the Go-seong Rotary Club displayed a banner thanking him for the donation.He was announced as a member of the Green Noble Club, a group of major donors to the Green Umbrella Children's Foundation who have contributed ₩100 million or more, on October 12. In September 2022, Jimin made a donation to the Gangwon Provincial Office of Education.In February 2023, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) through the Korean UNICEF Committee toward emergency relief for children affected by theTurkey–Syria earthquake.In March, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the North Chungcheong Provincial Office of Education to fund books and reading education programs for students.In August, Jimin participated in the \"Hometown Love Donation System\", a program allowing non-residents to donate to support welfare in the district of Nam-gu, Busan. He donated the maximum allowed donation amount of₩5 million (US$4,370.82) and proceeded to re-donate his campaign's donor return gifts to people in need in the region.In February 2024, Jimin was inducted in the Nam-gu Hometown Love Donation System Donor Hall of Fame for his contribution to the district welfare programs.In May, he made a donation of₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the South Gyeongsang Provincial Office of Education to create a scholarship for underprivileged students. Personal life Jimin used to live inHannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea, with his bandmates.In 2021, he purchased a property in the area worth₩5.9billion(US$5.16 million). Health In 2017, during BTS'Wings Tour, Jimin was unable to participate in the show inMacaudue to neck and shoulder cramping.The following year, while inLondonfor theLove Yourself World Tour, he withdrew from the band's scheduled performance onThe Graham Norton Showbecause of \"severe muscle pain in his neck and back\", according to a statement released byBig Hit Entertainment. In 2022, Jimin was hospitalized after having abdominal pain and a mild sore throat. He underwentappendicitissurgery on January 31, and received a positiveCOVID-19diagnosis. Military service On November 22, 2023, Big Hit announced throughWeversethat Jimin, along with bandmatesRM,V, andJungkook, had started the enlistment process to carry out hismandatory military service.He enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 12 at the Army 5th Division Recruit Training Center inYeoncheon.He completed his five weeks of basic training in January 2024, placing first as an outstanding trainee and received the Best trainee commendation award from the Division Commander, taking an oath as the representative of all trainees in his unit.He was then appointed to an Artillery Unit in the5th Infantry Division. Discography Studio albums Singles As lead artist As featured artist Other charted songs Other songs Writing credits All song credits are adapted from theKorea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted. Filmography Television Music videos Awards and nominations World records Notes References External links"],"string":"[\n \"BoA Kwon Bo-ah(Korean:권보아; born November 5, 1986), known professionally asBoAand often referred to as the \\\"Queen of K-pop\\\", is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, and actress. Born and raised inGyeonggi-do, South Korea, BoA was discovered bySM Entertainmenttalent agents when she accompanied her older brother, a music video director, to a talent search in 1998. She was trained for two years and made her debut withID; Peace B(2000). BoA has since released twenty studio albums, including ten in Korean, nine in Japanese, and one in English. On television, she appeared as a judge on the reality competition showK-pop Star(2011–2013), as an actress on the television dramaListen to Love(2016), as a host for thesecond seasonofProduce 101(2017), and as a coach for thethird seasonofThe Voice of Korea(2020). With the release of her debut Japanese studio album,Listen to My Heart(2002), BoA became the first South Korean pop star to break through in Japan following the fall of barriers that had restricted the import and export of entertainment between the countries since the end ofWorld War II. Her Japanese albumsValenti(2003) andBest of Soul(2005) went on to sell over one million copies each according toOricon; the latter of which remained the last album to do so by a non-Japanese artist for 16 years. Herself-titled English album(2009) became the first record by a K-pop artist to appear on theBillboard200, debuting at number 127. BoA has sold over ten million albums throughout her career and is one of only three female artists with six consecutive number-one studio albums on theOricon Albums Chartsince her debut, alongside Japanese singersAyumi HamasakiandHikaru Utada. She is the recipient of numerous awards in South Korea and Japan, including eightMAMA Awards, sixSBS Music Awards, fiveJapan Record Awards, and fiveJapan Gold Disc Awards. In 2013,Mnetincluded her in their Legend 100 Artists list of the most influential artists in South Korea. Life and career 2000–2003: Debut and commercial success in South Korea and Japan Kwon Bo-ah was born on November 5, 1986.At the age of eleven, BoA accompanied her older brother to an SM Entertainment talent search.Though her brother was the one who auditioned as a break-dancer,SMtalent scoutsinstead took notice of BoA and offered her a contract on the same night as the auditions.Her parents initially opposed the notion of BoA leaving school to enter the entertainment business but eventually consented at her older brothers' persuasion.She has said that her early influence as a singer wasSeo Taiji. BoA underwent two years of training (involving vocal, dance, English, and Japanese lessons), and at the age of thirteen she released her debut albumID; Peace Bin South Korea on August 25, 2000.The album was moderately successful; it entered the Top 10 of the South Korean charts and sold around 156,000 units.Meanwhile, her Korean record label, SM Entertainment, made arrangements with Japanese labelAvex Traxto launch her music career in Japan. She was forced to quit school to prepareand in early 2001, BoA released her firstmini-album,Don't Start Now; it sold around 90,000 units. After its release, she took a hiatus from the Korean music industry to focus on the Japanese market at which time she worked to solidify her skills in Japanese. BoA began her Japanese music career singing at the Avex-owned clubVelfarre.Her debut Japanese album,Listen to My Heart, was released on March 13, 2002. The album was a breakthrough in BoA's career, becoming anRIAJ-certified million-seller and debuted atop the Oricon, the first album by a Korean artist to do so.It was promoted with several singles: the Top 20 hit \\\"ID; Peace B\\\" (originally from the eponymous album), \\\"Amazing Kiss\\\", \\\"Kimochi wa Tsutawaru\\\", the Top 5 hit \\\"Listen to My Heart\\\", and the Top 10 \\\"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\\\". After theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks, BoA recorded the charity single \\\"The Meaning of Peace\\\" withKumi Kodaas part of Avex'sSong Nationproject to raise funds for charity.From 2001 to 2007, BoA hostedBeat it BoA's World, a radio program on theJapan FM Network. After the release ofListen to My Heart, BoA released her second Korean studio album,No. 1, a month later on April 12, 2002.The album sold around 544,853 units and became the fourth-best-selling record of the year in South Korea.Jumping into the World(a Japanese re-release of the mini-albumDon't Start Now) and the Japanese single \\\"Don't Start Now\\\" were released a month later on the same day.At the end of the year, BoA released her second Korean mini-albumMiracle. BoA's second Japanese studio album,Valenti(January 2003), became her best-selling album, with over 1,249,000 copies sold.Three singles preceded its release: \\\"Valenti\\\", which peaked at the number-two position on the Oricon chart,\\\"Kiseki / No.1\\\" and \\\"Jewel Song / Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\\\", both which also peaked at the number-three position. In support of the album, BoA launchedBoA 1st Live Tour Valenti, her first Japanese concert tour.Later in the same year, BoA released her third Korean-language studio album,Atlantis Princesson May 30, 2003,and then released a mini-albumShine We Are!on December 4, 2003. The former was the fifth-best-selling South Korean record of the year with around 345,000 units sold; the latter sold around 58,000 units. 2004–2008: New image, foray into China, and creative control Her third Japanese studio album,Love & Honesty(January 2004) was a musical \\\"change in direction\\\": it contained a rock-dance song (\\\"Rock with You\\\") and \\\"harder\\\" R&B.Though the album failed to matchValentiin sales, it topped the Oricon chart for two weeks and became RIAJ-certified triple-platinum.In support of the album, BoA held a tour,Live Concert Tour 2004: Love & Honesty, spanning nine performances and attracted approximately 105,000 attendants.In contrast with1st Live Tour, which \\\"emphasized exotic Asian design\\\", theLove & Honestytour had an \\\"outer-space, sci-fi\\\" theme; among the props were a three-storey-highspace shipand the robotAsimo. Her firstcompilation album,Best of Soul(February 2005), however, sold over a million copies, making BoA the first non-Japanese Asian singer to have two million-selling albums in Japan.It remained the last album by a foreign artist to have sold over a million copies in Japan for 16 years, untilBTSin 2021. BoA reinvented her image for her fourth and fifth Korean albums,My Name(June 2004) andGirls on Top(June 2005), shedding the \\\"cute\\\" and \\\"youthful\\\" style that had characterized previous years and adopted a more \\\"sexy\\\" and \\\"sultry\\\" look.The sales of BoA's Korean albums began to decline:My Namesold 191,000 units and became the eleventh-best-selling South Korean album in 2004whileGirls on Topranked fourteenth in 2005 with 113,000 units sold.In September 2004, BoA instigated controversy in Japan when she donated₩50 million to a memorial project forKorean independenceactivist and nationalistAn Jung-geun. Her fourth Japanese studio album,Outgrow, (February 2006) reached the number-one spot on the Oricon chart for its first week of release, making it her fourth consecutive original Japanese album to do so. With 220,000 copies sold, it became her lowest-selling first-week debut for a studio album at that point.\\\"Do the Motion\\\", the first single from the album, reached the top spot, making her the fourth non-Japanese Asian to have a number-one single on the Oricon charts.\\\"Merry Christmas from BoA\\\" (2005), the album's last single, was the singer's first digital single. That May, BoA renewed her contract with SM Entertainment until 2012. At the time it was noted that she had a shareholding in the company of 100,000 (Approximately worth $1m USD).She performed \\\"Everlasting\\\", the image song for Roman Polanski'sOliver Twist (2005 film).She also voiced Heather the possum in the Korean and Japanese version of the animated filmOver the Hedge.On September 21, 2006, she released her first digital single in Korea, a Korean version of \\\"Key of Heart\\\". In support ofOutgrow, BoA launched a specialZepptour, B0A The Live, on September 29, 2006, which lasted until October 29.She staged her first Christmas concert on December 7, 2006. Three singles preceded BoA's fifth Japanese studio album,Made in Twenty(January 2007): the Top 3 \\\"Nanairo no Ashita (Brand New Beat)/Your Color,\\\" the Top 10 \\\"Key of Heart\\\", and the No. 2 hit \\\"Winter Love\\\". The album, which contained R&B and dance songs as well as ballads, debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making the album her sixth in a row to do so (including one compilation).Having previously compose the song \\\"No More Make Me Sick\\\" forMade in Twenty,BoA assumed creative control over her sixth Japanese album,The Face(February 2008).The album debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making BoA one of only two artists in Japan to have six consecutive studio albums top the Oricon weekly charts (the other isAyumi Hamasaki, who has eight consecutive number-one albums).On June 9, 2008, BoA and nine other artists from around the world recorded an English cover ofWei Wei's \\\"Dedication of Love\\\". Produced byRoald Hoffmannand Brian Alan, the single was used to raise funds for victims of theSichuan earthquake.But due to a tight schedule, BoA was pulled back from this project. Korean jewelry brand Ramee also released, \\\"Ramee by BoA\\\", a line of jewelry designed by the singer herself. 2008–2012: American expansion and return to Asia On September 2, 2008, it was announced that BoA would make her American debut under a new subsidiary label, SM Entertainment USA.Hoping to become a \\\"world-renowned entertainer\\\" in the vein ofJanet Jackson,BoA's debut American single \\\"Eat You Up\\\", was produced byThomas Troelsen, and released on October 21, 2008. It charted at No. 9 on theBillboardHot Dance Club Playchart.To promote the single, BoA performed \\\"Eat You Up\\\" as well as other songs at YouTube's Tokyo Live concert, and performed in New York City on December 3, 2008, as well as theJingle Ballat theAnaheim Honda Centeron December 6, 2008.The following year, she released \\\"Eien/Universe/Believe in Love\\\" and was also featured inRavex's single \\\"Believe in Love\\\". BoA'sself-titled English albumwas released in the U.S. on March 17 and featured tracks by producersBloodshy and Avantas well as a duet withSean Garrett.Her second Japanese compilation album,Best & USAwas released on March 18 tying together a compilation of recent hits in Japan with her English-language debut. Though she stated that \\\"t has always been my dream to debut in America,\\\" she found English tougher to learn than Japanese and despite living in West Beverly Hills, found it difficult to make friends.BoA later headlined theSan Francisco Pride Festivalon June 28, 2009, alongsideSolange KnowlesandThe Cliks,where she also performed the song \\\"Energetic\\\" for the first time in public, in addition to \\\"Eat You Up\\\" and \\\"I Did It for Love\\\".On August 31, SM USA releasedBoA Deluxe, a repackaged version of her debut English album. The album contained two new tracks and the radio edit version of \\\"Energetic\\\". With her U.S. career struggling to gain traction, BoA returned to East Asia to release her seventh Japanese album,Identity(February 2010). Promoted by the singles \\\"Bump Bump!\\\" featuringVerbalfromM-Floand \\\"Mamoritai: White Wishes\\\" (December 2009), the album only charted at No. 4, selling 37,606 copies in its first week. With little promotion from her label, it ended her run of six consecutive No. 1 albums, suggesting that it would be impossible for her to sustain her career in three territories simultaneously.Her first Korean album in five years,Hurricane Venus,was released on August 5, 2010,and sold 55,776 units making it the 22nd best selling album in South Korea for 2010.She also represented South Korea and performed at the7th Asia Song Festival, organized byKorea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, at theSeoul Olympic Stadium. BoA made her Hollywood movie debut in the dance filmMake Your Move 3D, playing the character Aya oppositeDerek Hough. Although production ended in 2011, the film was released in 2013. The movie received mixed reviews, with Inkoo Kang of theLos Angeles Timespraising the choreography but stating that \\\"henever actor Derek Hough and BoA stop leaping and twirling, is an underwritten mess.\\\"To celebrate the 10th anniversary of her Japanese debut, BoA released \\\"Milestone\\\", which ranked at No. 4 on the Oricon Weekly Music-DVD charts.She also held her 10th anniversary concert on December 10–11 at Tokyo International Forum. Following the concert, BoA shifted her activities to her native county, joining the judging panel onSBS's audition programK-pop Staras a representative of S.M. Entertainment, alongsideYang Hyun-sukfromYG EntertainmentandPark Jin-youngfromJYP Entertainment. BoA received praise for her ability as a judge with her insightful comments and discerning eyes,and also sang the theme song \\\"One Dream\\\".For her seventh Korean album,Only One(July 2012), BoA wrote and composed its title track,while its dance steps choreographed by NappyTabs, who has previously worked with BoA inCobu.Upon its release, \\\"Only One\\\" achieved an all-kill on several music charts.She followed this up with the second \\\"The Shadow\\\", was released August 18, 2012.Additionally, she recorded the song \\\"Lookin'\\\" featuringThe Quiettfor Hyundai's 'Premium Younique Lifestyle' campaign. 2013–2015: Music production, television role, and 15th anniversary BoA launched her first Korean tour withBoA Special Live 2013: Here I Amtour at the Olympic Hall,and released the song \\\"Disturbance\\\", which she wrote and composed, to commemorate her first concert tour in South Korea.In September 2013, BoA starred in KBS' two-episode drama specialExpect to DatealongsideChoi DanielandIm Si-wan, her full first role in a drama, following a string of cameo appearances.She received praise for her acting performance.She also participated inInfinity Challenge'sbi-annual song festival and was paired withLeessang'sGil, with the two co-produced the song \\\"G.A.B\\\".In March 2014, BoA was appointed as a de facto creative director in S.M. Entertainment, alongside labelmateKangta; she was placed in charge of mental care of artists who debut at a young age. The singles for BoA's eighth Japanese album,Who's Back?(September 2014),were released over a span of four years prior to the album's release:\\\"Woo Weekend\\\" and \\\"I See Me\\\" in 2010, \\\"Milestone\\\" in 2011,Only One\\\", \\\"Tail of Hope\\\" and \\\"Message / Call My Name\\\" in 2013,and \\\"Shout It Out\\\"and \\\"Masayume Chasing\\\" in 2014.To promote the album, she embarked on her BoA Live Tour 2014 Who's Back? tour in September, her first Japanese tour in four years.After the tour concluded, BoA starred in her first Korean film,Big MatchalongsideLee Jung-jaeandShin Ha-kyunthough a Japanese single \\\"Fly\\\" was released on December 3, 2014. Her eighth Korean albumKiss My Lips(May 2015)became her first entirely self-written, self-produced album, working alongside American producers The Underdogs and Stereotypes.The single \\\"Who Are You\\\" (feat. Gaeko) was released prior to the album's unveiling, along with its accompanying music video, which starred EXO'sSehunas the male lead.The rest of the album was unveiled on May 12 along with an official music video of the eponymous title track.Billboardcalled the singer a promising songwriter despite moments of musical blandness. In July, she performed at the BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness to commemorate her 15th anniversary. The concert took place on August 22 and 23 at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts in South Korea, making BoA the first female idol to hold a solo concert at the venue.This was followed by BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness in Japan which took place on December 11, 2015, at Tokyo International Forum Hall-A.Her 15th anniversary in Japan the following year was celebrated in a similar fashion,including the release of the song \\\"Lookbook\\\", and a 15th anniversary edition of BoA's Japanese Winter hit, \\\"Meri Kuri\\\". As part of S.M. Entertainment's special winter project,Winter Garden,BoA released a digital single entitled \\\"Christmas Paradise\\\". 2016–present: Musical projects, television production, and acting debut On January 12, 2016, BoA released an English-language single \\\"Make Me Complete\\\", which serves as the theme song for the Fuji TV special dramaOoku, starring Sawajiri Erika and Watanabe Mayu.In June, she collaborated with Korean rapperBeenzinoforS.M. Entertainment'sSM Stationproject. The duo released the single \\\"No Matter What\\\", which ranked atop five domestic charts.BoA worked with BeatBurger for anotherSM Stationsingle titled \\\"Music Is Wonderful\\\", where she participated in the composing and writing of the track.From October to November 2016, BoA starred in JTBC's romance melodramaListen to Love, returning to the small screen after three years. The following year, BoA became one of the producers forMnet'sboy groupsurvival reality show,Produce 101 Season 2, which aired from April 7 to June 16.BoA later released another song forSM Station, \\\"Spring Rain\\\", an R&B number produced by Kenzie.In May, BoA embarked on her BoA The live inBillboardLive Tour, held in Tokyo and Osaka.She also released the single \\\"Camo,\\\" a dance song with a heavy emphasis on bass and synthesizer sounds, which was a change in sound from her previous materials and produced by The Underdogs.In July, she released the Japanese single \\\"Right Here, Right Everywhere\\\" for the soundtrack of dramaYaneura no Koibito.She later starred in the filmAutumn Sonataalongside Lee Hak-joo, playing a terminally ill patient. In 2018, BoA returned to Japan and released her ninth Japanese albumWatashi Konomama de Iinokanaon February 14, 2018, followed by EPUnchainedin March. To accompany the release of the EP, she embarked on the BoA The Live 2018: Unchained Tour from March 15 to April 4. People who attend the concerts received a copy ofUnchained.On January 31, she released \\\"Nega Dola\\\", which served as a single for BoA's then-upcoming first extended play.The EP,One Shot, Two Shot, was released on February 20, alongside its titular lead single and the song's music video.The EP peaked at number six at the South Korean Gaon Album Chart and number seven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart.On October 24, she released her ninth Korean albumWomanalongside a lead single of the same name.The album peaked at number six at the Gaon Album Chart, number eleven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart. On June 4, 2019, she released the single \\\"Feedback\\\", which features rapperNucksal, alongside the song's music video.BoA embarked on her #Mood Tour, which had six dates in Japan and two dates in Seoul, from September to October 2019.On October 23, she released a new Japanese single, \\\"Wishing Well\\\", which she earlier debuted on the tour.On December 11, 2019, she released her second extended playStarry Night. In May 2020, BoA was featured as one of the coaches for the third season ofThe Voice of Korea, alongsideDynamic Duo,Sung Si-kyung, andKim Jong-kook.On December 1, 2020, she released her tenth Korean albumBetter.SpoTV News shared BoA to join as a judge for Mnet Dance program \\\"Street Woman Fighter\\\". It is a female dance crew competition premiering in August 2021.On November 5, 2021, BoA released the Japanese single, \\\"My Dear\\\", to commemorate her 20th anniversary. BoA was revealed as a member of the supergroupGot the Beaton December 27, 2021. The group debuted on January 3, 2022.To celebrate her 20th anniversary, BoA released the Japanese compilation albumThe Greateston May 30, 2022.On November 8, 2022, BoA announced her third EPForgive Mealong with the title track on the same name on November 22, 2022.In 2024, BoA appeared in the dramaMarry My Husband, where she played Oh Yu-ra. Her performance in the drama was met with negative reviews. Image and artistry BoA lists hip hop as her main musical influence, though she also enjoys R&B. Her favorite musicians areWhitney Houston,Michael Jackson,Justin Timberlake, andNe-Yo;as a result, much of BoA's music is eitherdance-popor R&B. Because she also singsballads, she is often compared to Japanese singersNamie AmuroandAyumi Hamasaki. Her debut album,ID; Peace B, containedurban pop, \\\"slickly produced\\\" ballads, and \\\"upbeat dance tunes\\\". As her career went on, she began experimenting with different styles:Valenticontained mostly ballads;Love and Honestywas an experiment with \\\"harder\\\" R&B and rock music. Though her earlier releases were marked by a \\\"cute\\\" and \\\"youthful\\\" style, BoA began to present a more \\\"mature\\\" image starting from the albumMy Name. In aTalk Asiainterview,Anjali Raonoted that some felt thatMy Namemarked the beginning of BoA's decline in popularity and asked if the public would always see the singer as \\\"Little Baby BoA\\\"; BoA replied, \\\"So while I apologize to those people who still want the baby BoA, in fact, what can I do? I just keep growing up! I can't stop that from happening.\\\" The Facewas influenced byelectropopand included \\\"happy spring\\\" songs (\\\"Sweet Impact\\\" and \\\"Bad Drive\\\"), a guitar-driven \\\"groovy dance\\\" song (\\\"Lose Your Mind\\\"), and ballads.Because the composition and writing of BoA's songs is handled mostly by her staff, BoA has been criticized as being a \\\"manufactured pop star\\\".In response to such criticism, BoA said that \\\"if one person were to force their own will on something, then things that should have gone right could easily go wrong\\\" and that she is \\\"not all that unhappy with the expression that a manufactured star. In a way, that is true. Because SM Entertainment created the environment and all the surrounding conditions, able to be successful in the way now.\\\"She later assumed creative control withThe Face,whileKiss My Lipsbecame her first entirely self-written, self-produced album. BoA has collaborated with high-profile artists. Among the Japanese artists she has performed with are the hip hop groupM-Flo(for the single \\\"The Love Bug\\\"), pop singerKumi Koda, andhouseDJMondo Grosso. She has performed with Western artists: the song \\\"Flying Without Wings\\\" from her albumNext Worldwas a collaboration with Irish bandWestlifecovering theoriginal song; theBratzsingle \\\"Show Me What You Got\\\" was performed withHowie Dof the American bandBackstreet Boys.She also worked withAkon, singing the song \\\"Beautiful\\\", which was featured on the Japanese release of his third album,Freedom.Other artists she has collaborated with areSoul'd Out, Dabo, Verbal (of M-Flo), Rah-D,Seamo,TVXQ, Yutaka Furakawa (of the band Doping Panda), andCrystal Kay(for her single \\\"After Love: First Boyfriend/Girlfriend\\\").American rock bandWeezercovered \\\"Meri Kuri\\\" on the Japanese version of their albumWeezer. Cultural impact and legacy BoA is regarded as one of South Korea's most influential and prominent singers and is widely referred to as the \\\"Queen of K-pop\\\",in recognition of her contributions in spearheading theKorean waveinto Japan.BoA's success in the Japanese market has been deemed a catalyst in the Japanese interest in Korean pop music beginning in the early 2000s, when the two countries began promoting cultural exchanges since the end ofWorld War II.Music critics have recognized BoA for improving \\\"civil relations between the Korean and Japanese public through her music and appearances in Japanese radio and television\\\",with Oxford Political Review noting \\\"BoA's role in strengthening Japan-South Korea ties as a cultural envoy\\\".In Alisa Freedman'sIntroducing Japanese Pop Culture, BoA was noted for \\\"herald a new phase of Japanese engagement with Korean singers\\\", registering \\\"remarkable success during the first half of the 2000s in Japan\\\". She highlighted that the timing of her success coincided with several political and cultural developments; these of which include the implementation of Korea's Open-Door Policy, theKorea Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup, and the popularity of the drama seriesWinter Sonata. Freedman evaluated BoA's career path and localization strategies in Japan for having set \\\"the first trend\\\" of the Korean wave into the country. Voxhailed BoA as \\\"one of South Korea's best-known exports\\\" in the years after her debut whileThe Korea Timescalled BoA \\\"the forerunner of the new generation of idols who popularized K-pop in Japan and elsewhere.\\\"In 2004, theMinistry of Culture, Sports and Tourismhonored BoA with the Asian Cultural Exchange Merit Award for her contributions in raising the status of K-pop throughout Asia.The Diplomatstated that BoA \\\"paved the way\\\" for future K-pop artists \\\"to later captivate Japanese fans despite souring relations between Seoul and Tokyo.\\\" Music critic Lim Jin-mo wrote that BoA \\\"opened many doors for pop acts from her country in the second largest music market in the world\\\", acting \\\"as a figurehead for breakthroughs in Japan for South Korean acts\\\" and became \\\"a pivotal figure in K-pop's history\\\". Yim Hyun-su fromThe Korea Heraldviewed her for \\\"forever changing the landscape of South Korea's music industry\\\".In 2016, she was honored with the Presidential Commendation at theKorean Popular Culture and Arts Awardsfor her contributions to the spread of the Korean wave, and for laying \\\"the foundation for the revival of K-pop\\\". With nearly 15 years in the entertainment industry, BoA has little to prove in Korea, where she's widely regarded as a pioneer in K-pop's modern-day international platform. —Billboard(2015) In 2013, 50 music experts, professors and critics organized byMnetnamed BoA one of the 100 most influential artists in South Korean music.\\\"No. 1\\\" was ranked number 27 in a 2006Gallup Koreasurvey of 100 all-time favorite Korean songsand was included in Mnet's Legend 100 list of popular Korean songs since the 1960s.In 2021, a panel of 35 music experts organized byMelonandSeoul Shinmunranked \\\"No. 1\\\" and \\\"Atlantis Princess\\\" number 1 and number 93 in their list of the greatest K-pop songs of all time.Critic Rhian Daly forThe Forty-Fiveranked \\\"Atlantis Princess\\\" number 1 in her list of the best K-pop songs of all-time.Rolling Stoneranked \\\"No. 1\\\" at number 18 in their list of the greatest songs in the history of K-pop, writing it represents \\\"her most emblematic crossover hit\\\". BoA has been cited by many artists in the South Korean music industry as an influence and role model,includingAespa,Girls' Generation'sTaeyeon,Sunny,Tiffany,Hyoyeon,Seohyun,Shinee'sKey,Exo'sSehun,Red Velvet'sIrene,Ailee,Chungha,Yukika Teramoto,Kwon Eun-bi,Baek A-yeon,Mamamoo'sSolar,f(x)'sLuna,Kiss of Life'sNatty,Lovelyz's Kei,andBilllie's Tsuki.Aespa's Giselle said in aRolling Stoneinterview that \\\"Everyone knows her. She's not just famous — she's a legend\\\". Other ventures Endorsements Because of her wide appeal, BoA has appeared in advertisements for many brands.Among the brands she has promoted areOlympus,Lotte,Nike,L'Oréal, Japanese cosmetic companyKosé,Skechers,Audio-Technica,GM DaewooandL'Occitane.Several of her songs have been used in affiliation with television shows. \\\"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\\\" was used as the ending theme for theanimeInuYasha;\\\"Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\\\" was used as the opening theme for the animeMonkey Typhoon;\\\"Key of Heart\\\" was the theme song for the Japanese release ofOver the Hedge;\\\"Your Color\\\" was the theme song of the video gameNinety-Nine Nights;\\\"Mamoritai: White Wishes\\\" was the theme song of the video gameTales of Graces.\\\"Tail of Hope\\\" was used as the theme for the Japanese dramaHakui no Namida,and \\\"Masayume Chasing\\\" was used as the 15th opening theme song for the animeFairy Tail. In 2007,Anycall(aSamsungbrand) signed BoA,Xiah(of TVXQ),Tablo(ofEpik High), and jazz pianistJin Boraonto \\\"Anyband\\\", a band created specifically to promote Anycall. The band released only one single, \\\"AnyBand\\\".In December 2010, she recorded \\\"I See Me\\\" for to promote Audio Technica headphones in Japan.The song \\\"Woo Weekend\\\" was used to promote Disney on Ice's 25th Anniversary in Japanwhile \\\"Lookbook\\\" served as the ending theme for the NTV Kei programTokui to Goto to Uruwashi no Shelley ga Konya Kurabete Mimashita.BoA served as ambassador for Asia Youth Day in 2014.In August 2017, it was announced that BoA was chosen as promotional ambassador for Jeju Biennale, an inaugural international art event on the resort island of Jeju.In Her widespread popularity has also made her a \\\"cultural ambassador\\\"; she has represented South Korea in inter-Asian musical events and has appeared in anOxford University Press-published English-language textbook. Discography Korean albums Japanese albums English albums Filmography Film Television series Television shows Concerts and tours Japan tours Asia tours Concert participation Awards and nominations See also Footnotes References External links\",\n \"ID; Peace B ID; Peace Bis the debut Korean-languagestudio albumby South Korean singerBoA, released on August 25, 2000 bySM Entertainment.It saw moderate levels of success in South Korea upon its release, peaking at number 16 on the Recording Industry Association of Korea's monthly album chart in October 2000.The album sold 156,354 copies in 2000 and was the 59th best-selling album of the year.The album was released on May 29, 2002 in Japan, where it reached number 30 on theOricon Albums Chart. Production and lyrics The song \\\"Sara\\\" is about a cat, \\\"I'm Sorry\\\" is about the tragedy of loving the lover of her older sister, and \\\"ID; Peace B\\\" is about the generation gap due to the use of the internet. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Monthly charts Year-end charts Release history References\",\n \"BTS BTS(Korean:방탄소년단;RR:Bangtan Sonyeondan;lit.Bulletproof Boy Scouts), also known as theBangtan Boys, is a South Koreanboy bandformed in 2010. The band consists ofJin,Suga,J-Hope,RM,Jimin,V, andJungkook, who co-write or co-produce much of their material. Originally ahip hopgroup, they expanded their musical style to incorporate a wide range of genres, while their lyrics have focused on subjects including mental health, the troubles of school-age youth andcoming of age, loss, the journey towards self-love, individualism, and the consequences of fame and recognition. Their discography and adjacent work has also referenced literature, philosophy and psychology, and includes analternate universestoryline. BTS debuted in 2013 underBig Hit Entertainmentwith the single album2 Cool 4 Skool.BTS released their first Korean and Japanese-language studio albums,Dark & WildandWake Uprespectively, in 2014. The group's second Korean studio album,Wings(2016), was their first to sell one million copies in South Korea. By 2017, BTS had crossed into the global music market and led theKorean Waveinto the United States, becoming the first Korean ensemble to receive aGold certificationfrom theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) for their single \\\"Mic Drop\\\", as well as the first act from South Korea to top theBillboard200with their studio albumLove Yourself: Tear(2018). In 2020, BTS became the fastest group sincethe Beatlesto chart four US number-one albums in less than two years, withLove Yourself: Answer(2018) becoming the first Korean album certified Platinum by the RIAA; in the same year, they also became the first all-South Korean act to reach number one on both theBillboardHot 100andBillboardGlobal 200with their Grammy-nominated single \\\"Dynamite\\\". Follow-up releases \\\"Savage Love\\\", \\\"Life Goes On\\\", \\\"Butter\\\", and \\\"Permission to Dance\\\" made them the fastest act to earn four US number-one singles sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006. As of 2023, BTS is the best-selling musical act in South Korean history according to theCircle Chart, having sold in excess of 40 million albums.Their studio albumMap of the Soul: 7(2020) is thefourth best-selling album of all time in South Korea, as well as the first in the country to surpass both four and five million registered sales. They are the first non-English-speaking and Asian act to sell out concerts atWembley Stadiumand theRose Bowl(Love Yourself World Tour, 2019), and were named theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry's (IFPI)Global Recording Artist of the Yearfor both 2020 and 2021. The group'saccoladesinclude multipleAmerican Music Awards,BillboardMusic Awards,Golden Disc Awards, and nominations for fiveGrammy Awards. Outside of music, they have addressed three sessions of theUnited Nations General Assemblyand partnered withUNICEFin 2017 to establish theLove Myselfanti-violence campaign. Featured onTime'sinternational cover as \\\"Next Generation Leaders\\\" and dubbed the \\\"Princes of Pop\\\", BTS has also appeared onTime'slists of the 25 most influential people on the internet (2017–2019) and the100 most influential people in the world(2019), and in 2018 became the youngest recipients of the South KoreanOrder of Cultural Meritfor their contributions in spreading the Korean culture and language. On June 14, 2022, the group announced a scheduled pause in group activities to enable the members to complete their 18 months ofmandatory South Korean military service, with a reunion planned for 2025.Jin, the eldest member, enlisted on December 13, 2022; the others followed in 2023. Name BTS stands for the Korean phraseBangtan Sonyeondan(Korean:방탄소년단; Hanja:防彈少年團), which translates literally to 'Bulletproof Boy Scouts'. According to memberJ-Hope, the name signifies the group's desire \\\"to block out stereotypes, criticisms, and expectations that aim on adolescents like bullets\\\".In Japan, they are known asBōdan Shōnendan(防弾少年団).In July 2017, BTS announced that their name would also stand for \\\"Beyond the Scene\\\" as part of their newbrand identity.This extended the meaning of their name to encompass the idea of growth \\\"from a boy to an adult who opens the doors that are facing forward\\\". History 2010–2014: Formation and early years BTS was formed in 2010, after Big Hit Entertainment CEOBang Si-hyukwanted to form ahip hop grouparoundRM(Kim Nam-joon), an underground rapper well known on the music scene inSeoul. At the time,physical album saleswere on the decline and digital revenues were not yet high enough to compensate.Seeing a need for diversified income streams, Bang decided to form an idol group instead, because of the potential for live concert performances and passionate support from fans of such groups. Many trainees refused to become part of an idol group, butJ-Hope, RM, andSugaremained.Bang chose to vary from the usual, highly regimented idol groups and create one where the members would be individuals rather than an ensemble and free to express themselves.Auditions were held in 2010 with plans to launch the following year.The band members lived together, practicing up to 15 hours a day, and first performed before a small crowd of industry insiders in 2013. We started to tell the stories that people wanted to hear and were ready to hear, stories that other people could not or would not tell. We said what other people were feeling—like pain, anxieties and worries. That was our goal, to create this empathy that people can relate to. —Suga BTS's representation by Big Hit, rather than one of the three agencies that dominated K-pop at the time, allowed the individual members leeway to express their individuality and have input into the music.On June 12, 2013, BTS released their debutsingle album2 Cool 4 Skool, along with thelead single\\\"No More Dream\\\", neither of which sold particularly well at the time.On June 13, 2013, BTS made their stage debut onM Countdownwith the single, \\\"No More Dream\\\".Nevertheless, according to Kathy Sprinkel in her book on BTS, that single was \\\"spotlighting young people's anxiety in the face of lofty parental expectations, sent shock waves through the K-pop ranks. Here was a musical act that wasn't pulling any punches. More specifically, they had a point of view, and they weren't afraid to take on topics that are considered taboo in South Korean society and elsewhere.\\\"The album reached the top five on South Korea's Gaon Music Chart.In2 Cool 4 Skool, BTS employed an old-school hip-hop sound from the 1990s.The album's release was followed by appearances on Korean music shows, which caught the attention of reviewers and viewers. In September 2013, BTS released the second entry in their \\\"school trilogy\\\": theEP,O!RUL8,2?.The album was released alongside the single \\\"N.O.\\\"Similarly to2 Cool 4 Skool, the new release had a theme of students feeling under pressure and needing to sacrifice their dreams and aspirations.According to scholar Kyung Hyun Kim, many of BTS's earlier works such as \\\"N.O.\\\" and \\\"No More Dreams\\\" were \\\"expressions of rebellion against the establishment that tapped into Korean teenagers' frustrations with the country's educational system\\\" and, he stated, helped them build a fan base among young people in North America and Europe.That same month, BTS starred in their own variety show,SBS MTV'sRookie King Channel Bangtan, in which members parodied variety shows such asVJ Special ForcesandMasterChef Korea.At the end of the year, BTS was recognized with several New Artist of the Year awards in South Korea. 2014–2017 Skool Luv Affairand first concert tour The last entry in BTS \\\"school trilogy\\\", theSkool Luv AffairEP, was released in February 2014.The release topped theGaon Album Chart,and appeared onBillboard'sWorld AlbumsChart for the first time, peaking at number three.The EP was supported by two singles: \\\"Boy in Luv\\\" and \\\"Just One Day\\\".FollowingSkool Luv Affair's release, BTS played at their first fan meeting inSeoul, selecting the name A.R.M.Y. for the fan club.In July 2014, BTS hosted a concert inWest Hollywood, their first show in the United States,and in August, they appeared atKCONin Los Angeles. In August 2014, BTS released the albumDark & Wild, which reached number two in South Korea.It was supported by two singles: \\\"Danger\\\" and \\\"War of Hormone\\\".The group embarked on their firstconcert tour,2014 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, which lasted from October to December 2014.The band launched their first Japanese studio album,Wake Up, in December 2014; the release peaked at number three on theOricon Albums Chart.After the album's release, BTS held their1st Japan Tour 2015 Wake Up: Open Your Eyesin February 2015.The Red Bullet Tour that had begun on October 17, 2014, in South Korea was resumed on June 6, 2015, in Malaysia and toured Australia, North America and Latin America before ending in Hong Kong that August. In all, the entire tour attracted 80,000 spectators at 18 cities in 13 countries. Mainstream breakthrough and commercial success BTS experimented with other styles of music besides hip-hop inThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 1, released in 2015.BTS wanted to express the beauty and anxiousness of youth and settled on the title of \\\"花樣年華\\\" (Korean:화양연화;RR:Hwayangyeonhwa), loosely interpreted to define \\\"youth\\\" metaphorically as \\\"the most beautiful moment in life\\\".The album served as an introduction to their youth trilogy, a triptych of albums dedicated to the struggles of young people.The single \\\"I Need U\\\" was a top-five hit in South Korea and garnered the group a win on SBS MTV'sThe Show.The second single \\\"Dope (Korean:쩔어;RR:Jjeoreo;lit.It's awesome)\\\" reached number three onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart and its music video was viewed over 100 million times on YouTube.The group began the world tour extension of their Red Bullet Tour in June, titled2015 Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, visiting cities throughout Asia, Oceania, North America, and Latin America.\\\"For You\\\", in Japanese, was released together with Japanese versions of \\\"War of Hormone\\\" and \\\"Let Me Know\\\" on June 17, 2015, and immediately topped Oricon's daily chart. In November, BTS commenced their third concert tour,2015 BTS LIVE \\\"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: On Stage\\\", beginning with three sold-out shows in Seoul. The tour marked the debut of their fourth EP,The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2, and was later extended to Japan.Thematically, the EP focused more on the serious and speculative aspects of youth, touching on the pursuit of success, loneliness, affection for their origins, and the suffering of the younger generation due to unfavorable conditions in current society.The album topped the weekly Gaon Album andBillboardWorld Albums charts.It also marked their first appearance on theBillboard200chart,making it for one week at number 171,and eight of the tracks appeared onBillboard's World Digital Song Sales chart. Their compilation album and the finale to their \\\"youth trilogy\\\",The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwas released on May 2, 2016. With 300,000 presold copies,it included three new singles: \\\"Epilogue: Young Forever\\\", \\\"Fire\\\", and \\\"Save Me\\\",which debuted in the top three spots on theBillboardWorld Digital Charts.The album topped the Gaon Album Chart in South Korea fortwo consecutive weeksand reached number 107 on theBillboard200.The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwon Album of the Year at the2016 Melon Music Awards.BTS embarked on their Asia tour extension,2016 BTS LIVE \\\"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage: Epilogue\\\"from May to August 2016. Tickets for the 14 shows in 10 Asian cities sold out, some in as little as five seconds. In September 2016, BTS released their second Japanese studio albumYouth.The album sold 44,547 copies on the first day of its release, and charted 1st in the Oricon Daily Album Chart.The album was eventually certified Gold with sales of roughly over 100,000 in Japan.It was followed one month later in October,by their next studio albumWings,which combined the themes of youth presented in their previous \\\"youth trilogy\\\" with temptation and adversity.The album and its tracks, including the single \\\"Blood Sweat & Tears\\\" immediately rose to the top on eight music charts, including the Gaon Music Chart, and led theiTunesalbum charts in 23 countries.Wingsopened at number 26 on theBillboard200, with 16,000album-equivalent unitsin the US for the week of its release, the best week ever there for a K-pop album.It became the best-selling album in Gaon Album Chart history. You Never Walk AloneandLove Yourself: Her In February 2017, BTS released the repackaged edition ofWingsentitledYou Never Walk Alone. The 700,000 pre-orders of it (an increase from the 500,000 pre-orders ofWings) helped break the record for most albums sold in a month in South Korea, as it reached 1.49 million copies by the end of its first month.The lead single was \\\"Spring Day\\\"and it won Best Song of the Year at the2017 Melon Music Awards.BTS's second world tour,2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour, began in February.On the tour, BTS played arenas in the US, such as New Jersey'sPrudential Centerand California'sHonda Center. Tickets for the North American leg sold out within hours and two shows were added.After completing the North American leg, BTS attended the24thBillboardMusic Awardsin May and wonTop Social Artist,the first K-pop group to win a Billboard award.BTS fans cast over 300million votes for the band and broke a six-year winning streak held byJustin Bieber, a performer with 100millionTwitterfollowers.This caused the international media to focus on the ability of BTS's fandom to propel the group to such a victory. BTS released a remake ofSeo Taiji's \\\"Come Back Home\\\" (1995) in July 2017, giving it new lyrics but maintaining the theme of urging societal change.Later that year, BTS embarked on their \\\"Love Yourself\\\" album series, with theme of the enlightenment of self-love through the \\\"起承轉結\\\" (Korean:기승전결;RR:Giseungjeongyeol) narrative sequence of \\\"beginning, development, turn, and conclusion.\\\"BTS released its first part, their fifth EP,Love Yourself: Her, on September 18.RM considered \\\"DNA\\\", the lead single from that album,as \\\"taking BTS to new ground. We tried to apply new grammar and perspectives.\\\"He said of the album, \\\"I believe it's going to be the starting point of a second chapter of our career; the beginning of our Chapter Two.\\\"Sonically, the EP served as \\\"a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings\\\". Love Yourself: Herdebuted at number seven on theBillboard200.The album had 1,664,041 sales in May 2017 to lead the Gaon Chart,and was the first in 16 years to exceed 1.2 million copies sold sinceg.o.d's fourth albumChapter 4(2001).\\\"DNA\\\" was released simultaneously with the EP, and its music video accumulated 21 million views in its first 24 hours.It became BTS's first entry on theBillboardHot 100, charting at number 85, making them the first K-pop boy band to reach that chart.The single rose to number 67 the following week and became the highest-charting song on the Hot 100 for any K-pop group.A remix of \\\"Mic Drop\\\" from the album, featuringDesiigner, was released as a single and peaked at number 28, the first time a K-pop group had cracked the top forty.Both singles attained Gold certification from theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) in early 2018.\\\"Mic Drop\\\" achieved Platinum status in the US later that year. In November 2017, BTS became the first K-pop group to perform at theAmerican Music Awards.BTS wonArtist of the Yearat the19th Mnet Asian Music Awardsin December, winning for the second consecutive year.They released \\\"DNA\\\" and \\\"Mic Drop\\\" together with a new song \\\"Crystal Snow\\\" as a single album in Japan on December 6, 2017, though the songs were made digitally available elsewhere.It topped the Oricon Chart for the week of its release. It was the only album by a foreign artist to be certified Double Platinum in Japan in 2017. Later that month, they made their Japanese television prime time music show debut onMusic Station Super Live,and ended the year by performing onDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. In 2017, BTS partnered withUNICEFon the \\\"Love Myself\\\" campaign, intended to help end violence, abuse, and bullying, and to promote self-esteem and well-being among young people. Both Big Hit and the group pledged money to promote the campaign, and BTS sold special \\\"Love Myself\\\" merchandise and set up dedicated booths at concert venues. The campaign was renewed in 2021, with UNICEF deeming it to have been successful. 2018–2020 Love Yourselfalbum series BTS won major awards at the Golden Disc and Seoul Music Awards in January 2018.In March, the group premiered an eight-episode documentary titledBurn the Stagethat offered a behind-the-scenes look at their 2017 Wings Tour, exclusively onYouTube Premium.Their third Japanese studio album,Face Yourself, was released on April 4, 2018,and quickly reached the top 5 of the U.S. iTunes Albums chart. A nine-minute short film, titledEuphoria: Theme of \\\"Love Yourself: Wonder\\\"and featuring the song \\\"Euphoria\\\", followed the next day as a prelude to the group's third Korean-language studio album,Love Yourself: Tear.BTS promotedTear's May 18, 2018, release with an appearance at the25thBillboardMusic Awardstwo days later,where they made their initial BBMA performance with their single, \\\"Fake Love\\\".The group also won Top Social Artist for a second consecutive time.The album coincided with the \\\"轉\\\" or \\\"turn\\\" of the series, touching on the tortuous enlightenment of loving without being loved, the pains and sorrows of separation, and providing encouragement to those without dreams. Love Yourself: Teardebuted at number one its first week on theBillboard200, becoming BTS's first number-one album in the US and the first K-pop album to top the US albums chart.It also became BTS's first top-10 release in Britain, reaching number eight on theUK Albums Chart.\\\"Fake Love\\\" became BTS's top-10 single on the Hot100, the first time a song sung mostly in a language other than English had debuted in the top 10.BTS released their compilation albumLove Yourself: Answerin August 2018.The album was supported by the single \\\"Idol\\\" and its alternative digital release featuringNicki Minaj. Love Yourself: Answersold over 1.9 million copies on the Gaon Album Chart in August2018.The album became BTS's second number-one on theBillboard200 and led to their highest US sales week in the country to that point with 185,000 album equivalent units.In November 2018,Love Yourself: Answerbecame the first Korean language album to be certified Gold by the RIAA.\\\"Idol\\\" andLove Yourself: Answerboth received Platinum certifications in the US, with sales of more than 1million. In conjunction withLove Yourself: Answer's release in August2018, BTS commenced their world tour,BTS World Tour: Love Yourself, with two concerts in the Seoul Olympic Stadium, which sold out in a matter of seconds, as did others of the 22 shows in 12 countries.In October, BTS released their collaboration with Steve Aoki \\\"Waste It on Me\\\", their first all-English language feature.For the final stop of the North American leg, the group performed at Citi Field in New York City, marking the first time a Korean act performed at a US stadium.According toStubHub, BTS was the second best-selling concert act outside the US, behind onlyEd Sheeran.That October, BTS renewed their contract with Big Hit Entertainment through 2026. In early November 2018, a popular Japanese music show cancelled BTS's performance, citing a T-shirt a member wore the year before, bearing a photograph of amushroom cloudfollowing thebombing of Nagasaki.In the same month, the Jewish human rights organizationSimon Wiesenthal Center(SWC) stated that BTS owed an apology for that shirt, and for clothing and flags with Nazi symbolism.Big Hit Entertainment issued an apology, explaining that the images were not intended to be hurtful to the victims ofNazismor atomic bombings and that the group and management would take steps to prevent future mistakes.They also stated the flags were meant to be a commentary on the Korean school system.The apology was accepted by SWC and the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim Association.John Lie, in his scholarly article on BTS, opined that the Nazi incident showed that the group is not tightly controlled, as are other K-pop ensembles, whose every move seems scripted, and that the members have opinions and are not afraid to express them. At the20th Mnet Asian Music Awards, BTS won Artist of the Year and ranked number eight onBillboard'syear-end Top Artist Chart and were also the number two act of the year in the Duo/Group ranking, only behindImagine Dragons.They were also listed asone of the 50 most influential people by Bloombergfor their \\\"willingness to address social issues, mental health, and politics, despite being in a genre often painted as bubble gum pop\\\". Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour andBTS World In February 2019, BTS, for the first time, were presenters atthe Grammy Awards.In April,Timenamed them one of theTime100, the most influential people of 2019.Their EP,Map of the Soul: Persona, was released on April12 with the single \\\"Boy with Luv\\\" (Korean:작은 것들을 위한 시;RR:Jageun geotdeureul wihan si), featuring American singerHalsey.The EP's release was followed by a performance onSaturday Night Live, the first K-pop act to appear there.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the first Korean-language album to reach the number one position in both the UK and Australia,and the group's third album to top theBillboard200 in less than a year.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the best-selling album ever in South Korea in terms of physical copies sold, with more than 3.2 million sales in less than a month.\\\"Boy with Luv\\\" debuted at number eight on theBillboardHot 100 in April 2019, the highest placement ever for a K-pop song. Following their two wins at the26thBillboardMusic Awardsin May, including forTop Duo/Group,BTS embarked on their world tour stadium extension,Love Yourself: Speak Yourself.Due to the demand, BTS added more shows after tickets for the first dates sold out within two hours.In the lead up to the release of their mobile gameBTS World, in June 2019 BTS released \\\"Dream Glow\\\" featuringCharli XCX,\\\"A Brand New Day\\\" withZara Larsson,and \\\"All Night\\\" withJuice Wrld.The group released the song \\\"Heartbeat\\\" with a music video from the game's official soundtrack, titledBTS World: Original Soundtrack.The soundtrack was certified Double Platinum by Gaon.On July 3, 2019, pre-orders for the single\\\"Lights\\\"crossed one million copies, marking the first time a foreign artist had accomplished this in Japan sinceCeline Dionin 1995.\\\"Lights\\\" debuted at number 81 on theBillboardJapan Hot 100for the chart issue date of July 8, 2019, and reached number one the following week.On August 8, 2019, \\\"Lights\\\" receivedMillioncertificationfrom the RIAJ, denoting shipments of one million copies. Love Yourself: HerandLove Yourself: Tearboth crossed 2 million copies in August.All three albums of theLove Yourselfseries have sold more than 2 million copies each in South Korea.Love Yourself: Teargained silver certification by the BPI for sales in the UK, becoming their third album to do so followingLove Yourself: AnswerandMap of the Soul: Persona.For the final stop of their record-breaking Love Yourself: Speak Yourself World Tour, the group played Seoul's Olympic Stadium.BTS was the third top-grossing touring musical act of 2019.That same month, they released a remix version of the song \\\"Make It Right\\\" featuringLauv.In November, BTS won three times at the2019 American Music Awards, for Best Tour, Favorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rock, and Favorite Social Artist (the second consecutive year). In December, they attended both the2019 Melon Music Awardsand the2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards. In each case, they became the first group to sweep the four major awards.At the34th Golden Disc Awards, BTS became the first artists in history to win grand prizes in both the physical and digital categories in a single year.Map of the Soul: Personawas named the second best-selling physical album of 2019 in the US byNielsen MusicbehindTaylor Swift'sLoverand was ranked sixth overall on the chart of Top10 Albums (Total Sales) in the US.BTS wrapped 2019 as the fourth-highest-ranked group onBillboard's TopBillboard200 Artists–Duo/Group ranking, behindQueen, Imagine Dragons and the Beatles.Map of the Soul: Personawas named as the third best-selling album of 2019 by theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry(IFPI), making BTS the first Korean artist to be listed on the Global Top10 Album Chart in consecutive years.The IFPI named BTS as one of the best-selling artists of 2019 for a second consecutive year, making them the first non-English speaking act to achieve this. Map of the Soul: 7, \\\"Dynamite\\\" andBe In January 2020, BTS released \\\"Black Swan\\\" along with a choreography art film performed by MN Dance Company of Slovenia as the first single from their albumMap of the Soul: 7.Album distributorDreamusreported that stock pre-orders of the album reached a record-breaking 4.02 million.Later that month, BTS performed at the62nd Annual Grammy Awards, making BTS the first Korean act to perform at the Grammys.Map of the Soul: 7was released on February 21 to favorable reviews.The album was supported by the single \\\"On\\\" and an alternative digital release of it featuring Australian singerSia.According toGaon Chart,Map of the Soul: 7sold over 4.1 million copies in nine days after its release, surpassingMap of the Soul: Personato become the best-selling album in South Korean history and the first album to be certified quadruple million.The album debuted atop the USBillboard200, making BTS the fastest group to earn four number one albums sincethe Beatlesin 1966–1968.\\\"On\\\" debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, giving BTS its first top-five hit, and the most Hot 100 top-10 entries of any Korean act, with three.BTS planned to support theMap of the Soulalbum series with a concert series,Map of the Soul Tour, beginning in April,but this was indefinitely postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, BTS became the first K-pop artist to sell more than 20 million albums cumulatively,making them the best-selling artist in South Korean history.That month, amid the pandemic restrictions, BTS held a two-day online streaming concert event titledBang Bang Con, where the group shared footage of past concerts on their YouTube channel.On June 7, BTS headlined YouTube'sDear Class of 2020online graduation event, performing \\\"Boy with Luv\\\", \\\"Spring Day\\\", and \\\"Mikrokosmos\\\".Their commencement speeches highlighted their own graduations and offered \\\"messages of hope and inspiration for the class of 2020 in both Korean and English\\\".On June 14, BTS held an online live concert,Bang Bang Con: The Live, as part of the seventh anniversary of their debut.It garnered peak viewership of 756,000live viewers in 107countries and territories, setting the record for the largest audience for a paid virtual concert.On June 19, BTS released the Japanese single, \\\"Stay Gold\\\", from their fourth Japanese album,Map of the Soul: 7 – The Journey, which was released worldwide on July 14.It surpassed 564,000copies in its first week, breaking the record for highest first week album sales by male foreign artists in Japan. BTS released their first English-language single, \\\"Dynamite\\\", on August 21.\\\"Dynamite\\\" debuted at number one on the USBillboardHot 100 chart, earning BTS their first chart topper and making them the first all-South Korean act to earn a number one single in the US.The single also toppedBillboard'snewGlobal 200for the week ending September 24, as well asGlobal Excluding UScharts, becoming the first single to top both simultaneously.\\\"Dynamite\\\" peaked at number five on the USMainstream Top 40and on the.Billboard Pop Singleschart, becoming their first Top 10 on each and the former the highest-charting entry by a Korean act.On August 31, BTS made theirMTV Video Music Awards(VMAs) debut with the first live performance of \\\"Dynamite\\\"and won four awards: Best Group, Best Choreography, Best Pop Video, and Best K-pop (the last three for their music video for \\\"On\\\").On October 14, they performed the single at the 2020BillboardMusic Awards and won the Top Social Artist award for a fourth consecutive year. On October 2, 2020, BTS released a remix ofJawsh 685andJason Derulo's single \\\"Savage Love (Laxed – Siren Beat)\\\".It topped the Hot 100.On October 10 and 11, BTS hosted a two-day virtualpay-per-viewconcert at KSPO Dome in Seoul, calledMap of the Soul ON:E, which drew 993,000 viewers from 191 countries and territories.On November 20, BTS released their fifth Korean studio albumBe, led by the single \\\"Life Goes On\\\".\\\"Life Goes On\\\" debuted at number one on the Hot 100,BTS's third consecutive US number-one single in three months and the first song performed primarily in Korean to top the chart. On November 24, 2020, BTS became the first Korean pop artists recognized bythe Recording Academywhen \\\"Dynamite\\\" received a nomination forBest Pop Duo/Group Performanceat the63rd Annual Grammy Awards.The group won the Special International Music Award at the62nd Japan Record Awards.Kim, in his book on the influence of Korean popular culture, suggested that 2020, the worst year in many people's lives, was a noteworthy one for Korean culture, withParasitewinning theAcademy Award for Best Pictureand BTS posting three number-one hits on theBillboardGlobal 200. 2021–present \\\"Butter\\\", \\\"Permission to Dance\\\" andProof On March 4, 2021, the IFPI named BTS its Global Recording Artist of the Year for 2020, the first Asian and first non-English speaking act to top the ranking.BTS occupied three spots in the Global Album Sales Chart of 2020, withMap of the Soul: 7at number one,Be (Deluxe Edition)at number two, andMap of the Soul: 7–The Journeyat number eight.On the newly launched Global Album All Format Chart,Map of the Soul: 7claimed first place andBe (Deluxe Edition)claimed fourth.On March 14, 2021, BTS performed \\\"Dynamite\\\" at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming the first Korean nominee to perform, though they did not win the award.On April 1, BTS released \\\"Film Out\\\", the first single from their then-upcoming Japanese compilation album,BTS, the Best.BTS held a two-day online streaming event on their YouTube channel beginning April 17, titledBang Bang Con 21, and aired three of their previous in-person concerts. On May 21, BTS released their second English-language single, \\\"Butter\\\".It debuted at number one on the Hot 100—their fourth number one in nine months—making them the quickest act to achieve four chart-toppers sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006, and the fastest group sincethe Jackson 5in 1970.Their next English-language single, \\\"Permission to Dance\\\", was released on July 9.It became BTS's eighth number-one on theDigital Songschart, extending their record as the group with the most number-one entries on the ranking.On September24, 2021, the band released the single \\\"My Universe\\\" withColdplay.The single debuted at number one on the Hot 100, making it the first collaboration between two groups to debut at number one.The band held an online concert, titledPermission to Dance on Stage, on October 24, 2021, in Seoul.On November 23, \\\"Butter\\\" earned a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the64th Annual Grammy Awards.Between November 27 and December 2, BTS held their first live performances before an in-person audience since before the pandemic. The band playedfour sold-out showsatSoFi Stadiumin Los Angeles as a continuation of their Permission to Dance on Stage concert series. On January 15, 2022, a fictionalwebtoonbased on BTS, titled7Fates: Chakho, was released. The comic surpassed 15million views globally in its first two days of availability and became the highest-viewed title ever launched byWebtoon.The band held three limited-capacity concerts at Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 10, 12 and 13—the largest music gatheringsapproved by the South Korean government since the pandemic restrictions were imposed—with a total audience of 45,000people.On April 3, BTS performed \\\"Butter\\\" at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards,though the song did not win the award for which it was nominated.On April 8, the band earned seven nominations at the2022BillboardMusic Awardsand won three, making them the most-nominated and the most-awarded group in the show's history. On June 10, 2022, BTS released their three-CDanthologyalbumProof.On June 14, during their ninth anniversary celebrations, the band announced a temporary suspension of group activities to focus on solo projects and other endeavors.Hybe Corporation, which owns Big Hit,clarified in subsequent statements that BTS was neither disbanding nor going on hiatus, but would be actively furthering their individual careers with the label's full support while still participating in group activities, including the filming ofRun BTS.The incident caused Hybe Corporation's stock to decline rapidly, resulting in a decrease in market value of US$1.7billion.On August 24,Billboardmagazine reported that BTS would be performing inBusanon October 15 in a benefit concert in support of the city's efforts to have aWorld Expositionin 2030, participating under the bannerYet to Come. Military service and contract renewal In spite of the announcement of the October 2022 benefit concert, Hybe Corporation's stock prices dropped to below its originalIPOamid continuing market speculation about the implications of the upcoming mandatorymilitary enlistmentof the band's members.Under South Korean laws, all able-bodied males must complete between 18 and 21 months of military service, usually by age 28.Bloomberg Newsreported the concert as a success but also indicated that there were no further concert dates scheduled. It was estimated that if the band members completed their service, Hybe Corporation would lose nearly US$10 billion over ten years, with the loss to the South Korean economy at nearly US$39 billion. In October 2022, Big Hit confirmed that Jin, the band's oldest member, aged 29, had withdrawn his enlistment deferral request.The other members planned to enlist later, with the group planning to reunite in 2025 following discharge.At the end of October 2022, BTS earned five nominations for the2022 MAMA Awards, with the band members receiving eight further nominations as solo artists.On November 15, BTS earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards, including a nomination forBest Music Videofor \\\"Yet to Come\\\".\\\"My Universe\\\" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, making BTS the only act to be nominated three years in a row in this category since its introduction in 2011.The band was also nominated forAlbum of the Yearas featured artists on Coldplay'sMusic of the Spheres.Jin enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 13.On February 26, 2023, Big Hit announced that J-Hope had requested cancellation of the postponement of his military service. Following their scheduled separation, the band'sBTS 'Yet to Come' in Busanconcert film was released on February 1, 2023.During a trip to Spain, RM toldEFEthat BTS \\\"will come together again when we finish our military service, and we will look for new synergies between us to enter a second phase.\\\"Hybe chairman Bang Si-hyuk stated on March 15, 2023, that their comeback might not occur in 2025 since it was hard to target a specific date, and that they had not discussed their contract renewal yet.J-Hope enlisted as an active duty soldier on April 18.On May 12, BTS released a soundtrack \\\"The Planet\\\" for the South KoreananimatedseriesBastions.To commemorate their tenth anniversary, the group released the song \\\"Take Two\\\" on June 9. On September 20, 2023, Hybe confirmed through a press release that BTS would renew their exclusive contracts. The members will sign these agreements sequentially, considering their military service, after a board resolution with Big Hit Music, solidifying their commitment to future projects starting from 2025 onwards. Hybe expressed their anticipation for supporting BTS' group endeavors and pledged unwavering support to enhance their worldwide influence, ensuring the group's continuity even after completing their military service.On September 22, 2023, Suga enlisted as a social worker.RM and V enlisted on December 11, 2023, followed by Jimin and Jungkook on December 12.On June 12, 2024, Jin became the first BTS member to complete his mandatory military service and was officially discharged. Artistry Influences BTS have cited Seo Taiji and Boys,Nas,Eminem,Kanye West,Drake,Post Malone,Charlie Puth, andDangeras musical inspirations.They have also cited Queen as an influence, saying they \\\"grew up watching videos ofLive Aid\\\".During their concert at Wembley Stadium in London, Jin paid tribute to Queen by leading the crowd in a version ofFreddie Mercury's \\\"ay-oh\\\" chant.\\\"Hip Hop Phile\\\" which was released when BTS's hip-hop concept was at its height, pays homage to the artists who influenced them, including the South Korean groupEpik High,Jay-Z,Biggie,CL Smooth, and others. Their 2016 albumWingswas inspired byHermann Hesse'scoming of agenovel,Demian.Their song \\\"Blood Sweat & Tears\\\" quotesFriedrich Nietzsche'sThus Spoke Zarathustra, and its music video features visual references toHerbert James Draper'sThe Lament for Icarus,Pieter Bruegel'sLandscape with the Fall of Icarus, and Bruegel'sThe Fall of the Rebel Angels.Among the literary and other sources that have inspired their works are those byHaruki Murakami,Ursula K. Le Guin,Carl Jung,George Orwelland Nietzsche.TheLove Yourselfseries was influenced byErich Fromm'sThe Art of Loving,and their 2018 song \\\"Magic Shop\\\" fromLove Yourself: Tearwas inspired byJames R. Doty's memoirInto the Magic Shop. Musical style Since their inception, BTS have emphasized hip hop as their musical base, largely due to the influence of RM and Suga's background as underground rappers;during early visits to the US, the group received mentoring from American rappers.Bang Si-hyukpreviously acknowledged that K-pop as a whole draws fromblack music,and author Crystal S. Anderson stated, \\\"BTS's rising popularity in the US represents the continuation of the ways that K-pop functions as part of a global R&B tradition.\\\"T.K. Park and Youngdae Kim ofVulturedeemed the track \\\"Outro: Her\\\" fromLove Yourself: Heras the best example of the group's understanding ofold-school hip hop, with raps inspired byChuck DandTupacand jazzy chords from the 1990s to create a classic hip hop sound. The release of \\\"Blood Sweat & Tears\\\" in 2016 accelerated BTS's transition from a hip hop to a pop group. Park and Kim noted that the song draws fromdancehall,reggaeton, andmoombahtonbut opts for a \\\"baroque mysticism\\\" rather than the \\\"partylike atmosphere of its influences\\\".The group also began incorporating traditional Korean elements into their music. For example, their single \\\"Idol\\\" (2018) features an adlib fromPansori, a Korean form of operatic storytelling, and vocal imitations of the sounds of Koreanjanggudrums. While BTS maintains roots in hip hop, their sound has diversified. They first experimented withR&B,rockandjazz hip hoponDark & Wildin 2014;EDMin theirThe Most Beautiful Moment in Lifealbum series;moombahton andtropical houseonWingsandYou Never Walk Alone;future bassandLatin popin theirLove Yourselfalbum series;slow-dance ballads,emo rap,Afro pop,funk,trap,pop rock, andhip popin theirMap of the Soulalbum series;anddiscoin their single \\\"Dynamite\\\".The band members have explored different genres on solo tracks, such asneo soulon V's \\\"Stigma\\\" and flowing R&B on Jimin's \\\"Lie\\\". Lyrical themes Since their formation, BTS have believed that telling their own stories is the best way for the younger generation to relate to their music.Writing many of their own lyrics,the group discusses universal life experiences such as sadness and loneliness in their work and turn them into something lighter and more manageable. RM stated that BTS tries to avoid a preaching or reprimanding tone in their songs \\\"because that's not the way that we want to spread our message ... We're born with different lives, but you cannot choose some things. So we thought that love, the real meaning of it, starts with loving ourselves and accepting some ironies and some destinies that we have from the very start.\\\"When asked if it is difficult to write about things like mental health, Suga responded, We feel that people who have the platform to talk about those things really should talk more, because they say depression is something where you go to the hospital and you're diagnosed, but you can't really know until the doctor talks to you ... More and more, I think artists or celebrities who have a voice should talk about these problems and bring it up to the surface. Themes explored in BTS's discography range from exploring \\\"the troubles and anxieties of school-age youth\\\" to \\\"themes like love, friendship, loss, death, and more.\\\"Early BTS songs, such as \\\"No More Dream\\\" and \\\"N.O\\\" from their school trilogy, were described by Tamar Herman as motivated by personal experiences with South Korea's rigid approach to education and called for change to the educational system and societal expectations.The members' experiences with South Korean youth culture also inspired the songs \\\"Dope\\\" and \\\"Silver Spoon\\\" (Korean:뱁새;RR:Baepsae) from their youth trilogy. These songs reference generational disparity andmillennialsgiving up romantic relationships, marriage, children, proper employment, homes, and social life in the face of economic difficulties and societal ills while facing condemnation from the media and older generations.The group's label dubbedThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever, the conclusion to their youth trilogy, \\\"a special album that marks the conclusion of the epic journey of the series, containing the last stories told by young people who, despite an uncertain and insecure reality (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt. 1) continue to surge forward (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt. 2).\\\"Wingsfocused on mental health, criticisms of the K-pop \\\"idol\\\" scene, and delivering a female empowerment message.TheLove Yourselfseries introduced new themes regarding youth culture in South Korea, including the excitement of love, pain of farewell, and enlightenment of self-love.According to Kathy Sprinkel, BTS's 2020 \\\"quarantine album\\\"Be\\\"chronicles the group's coming to terms with a suddenly new reality and offers support for their listeners going through the same upheaval and uncertainty\\\". BTS's lyrics have also addressed topics outside youth culture. The song \\\"Am I Wrong\\\" fromWingsquestioned societal apathy towards changing the status quo; the lyric \\\"We're all dogs and pigs / we become dogs because we're angry\\\" appeared to reference South KoreanMinistry of Educationofficial Na Hyang-wook, who advocated acaste systemfor the country and who reportedly described average people as \\\"dogs and pigs\\\". BTS released the song amid the2016 South Korean political scandalthat resulted in the impeachment of presidentPark Geun-hye.RM and Suga's personal struggles with mental health have inspired some of their music.\\\"Not Today\\\" from 2017'sYou Never Walk Aloneis ananti-establishmentanthem, urging \\\"all the underdogs in the world\\\" to keep fighting,and \\\"Spring Day\\\" honored the victims of theSewol Ferry tragedy.Journalist Jeff Benjamin praised BTS inFusefor \\\"speak honestly about topics they deem important, even in a conservative society\\\".Former South Korean presidentMoon Jae-insaid: \\\"Each of the seven members sings in a way that is true to himself and the life he wants to live. Their melody and lyrics transcend regional borders, language, culture, and institutions.\\\" Impact On April 29, 2019,Timemagazine named BTS one of the100 most influential people of the year, labeling them the \\\"Princes of Pop\\\".Billboardexecutive Silvio Pietroluongo compared the group's influence to that of the Beatles.MRC Dataexecutive Helena Kosinski noted that \\\"although BTS weren't the first to open the doors to K-Pop worldwide, they were the first to become mainstream. They don't just appeal to young people but also to the 50s and 60s age demographic.\\\"The first non-English speaking artist to make the Global Artist Chart in 2018, BTS was the second best-selling artists worldwide across multiple media platforms, second only to Drake.In 2020, BTS became the first non-western and non-English speaking artist to be named IFPI's Global Recording Artist of the Year.In South Korea, BTS accounted for 41.9 percent of album sales in the first half of 2019, up from their market share of 25.3 percent the previous year. In 2022, Youna Kim described BTS as having spearheaded the Korean Wave, representing the global expansion of Korean culture as effectively as Psy did in the previous decade and with the strength of influence that theAcademy Award-winning South Korean filmParasitehad in 2020.South Korea's central bank, theBank of Korea, found in 2021 that BTS, including a \\\"ripple effect\\\" that included increased tourism to South Korea; increased interest in Korean culture, movies, and study of the Korean language; and added approximately US$5billion per year to South Korea's economy, a growth of about 0.5 percent.A 2018 study showed that, on average, 800,000foreigners per year had visited South Korea over the past four years for BTS-related reasons. Writers identified BTS as leaders even among other highly influential K-pop groups such asGirls' Generation,Super Junior,Exo,Twice, andBlackpinkand note that BTS's success shows the importance of a strong, active fan base in the age of social media, where fan campaigning can be as important as musical quality to a song's success.The group has also distinguished themselves at the forefront of the business side of the K-pop industry by pursuing less restrictive contracts with their management company to maximize their artistic originality and creativity.With this newer approach to career management, BTS created closer ties to the South Korean youth and encourage individuality and authenticity among their audience. Diplomacy In his 1990 essaySoft Power, political scientistJoseph Nyedeveloped the concept of a second type of power different from traditional authoritarianism.Nye wrote, \\\"This second aspect of power – which occurs when one country gets other countries to want what it wants – might be called co-optive orsoft powerin contrast with the hard or command power of ordering others to do what it wants.\\\"Researchers such as Maud Quessard have applied the concept of soft power to BTS and their influence on entertainment diplomacy and international relations.Youna Kim and Maud Quessard all read the currency of soft power as includingculture, politicalvalues, andforeign policy, which applies to BTS's ability to be co-optive in their approach to spreading their message of harmony, acceptance, and addressing life's setbacks via their broad appeal on the international stage. BTS was invited to address theUnited Nations General Assemblyin New York in September 2018.That same year they performed in Paris before an audience of 400, including President Moon Jae-in and other officials, at the 2018 Korea-France Friendship Concert, a summit celebrating the friendly relations between France and South Korea.That year, BTS became the youngest recipients of theOrder of Cultural Merit. Despite cultural medals traditionally being given to recipients with over 15 years of achievement, Moon recognized the group, five years into their career, for their contributions in spreading Korean culture and language worldwide.In September2019, BTS were mentioned by Moon while announcing strategies for the content industries, for having pioneered innovative business models through direct communication with fans.In 2020, BTS received theJames A. Van Fleet Awardin recognition of their outstanding contributions to the promotion of US-Korea relations, the youngest honorees to receive the award.In July2021, they were appointedSpecial Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and Cultureby President Moon. In their role as envoys, they help to \\\"raise awareness on global agendas, such as sustainable development, to our future generations and to strengthen the nation's diplomatic power across the world\\\"and appear at international events such as the76th United Nations General Assembly.On May 31, 2022, BTS visited USPresident Joe Bidenat theWhite Houseto discuss the recent rise in anti-Asian hate crimes and discrimination. Fandom According to Kyung Hyun Kim, BTS's rise was facilitated by a great increase in music video programming and consumption on YouTube and the coming of an idol empire, including merchandising of nonmusical products, games, and fantasy fiction, as well as an expansion of online music fandom.The group has a large, highly organized, online community of fans known as ARMY (Adorable Representative M.C. for Youth), which translates the group's lyrics and social media posts into other languages and matches charitable contributions of BTS's members. As of 2020, some 40million ARMY members subscribe to the band's YouTube channel, with more than 30million following the official BTS Twitter andInstagramaccounts.The fan community helps generate BTS's number-one chart rankings via coordinated campaigns on streaming platforms,as well as pushes to feature BTS's music on radio stations and television.Some ARMY members may even surpass the group itself in influence among BTS fans. BTS interacted and engaged with their followers from their earliest days via social media,as well as viaBTS Universe, analternate storylineinvolving the members told through music videos, mobile games, books, short films, and more that gives fans room to theorize.Kim suggested that ARMY are drawn to BTS since the members are seen as underdogs, originating from the Korean countryside and a relatively minor Korean entertainment company, which allows young fans to identify with them.BTS's lyrics speak to social values, and fans respond by trying to improve the world. As a result, the fandom regularly embraces activism on charitable causes and socio-political issues such as refugee crises,racial discrimination,children's rights,climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic.Feedback from ARMY to BTS affects the group's actions and lyrics; BTS has eliminated certain Korean words that sound like American racial slurs from their songs and ended collaboration with a Japanese producer when Korean ARMY members deemed his views extreme. Per South Korean author Jiyoung Lee, the relationship between BTS and ARMY is \\\"a mutual exchange between artists and their fans\\\" that is about more than merely \\\"ensuring the band's primacy\\\", but also \\\"extending the band's message of positivity into the world\\\". Lee opines that BTS and ARMY are \\\"a symbol of change in zeitgeist, not just of generational change\\\".The band members themselves agree and have long acknowledged their fans' role in their success.According to Sarah Keith, \\\"BTS embody a moment of generational transformation. ARMY represents a 'coming of age' for the young, in which cultural production and influence are global and meaningful, and where the youth are politically and socially engaged.\\\" Other ventures Endorsements BTS partnered withPumabeginning in 2015, initially as Puma Korea's brand ambassadors before expanding to global ambassadors in 2018, and promoting the remix of Puma's \\\"Turin\\\" and \\\"Sportstyle\\\" line worldwide.In 2019, BTS signed withFilato endorse its sportswear.BTS has also served as global brand ambassadors forLG Electronics'smartphones,andHyundai Motors'2019 flagshipSUVthe \\\"Palisade\\\"andhydrogenfuel cell electricSUV, the \\\"Nexo\\\".BTS became global ambassadors of the electric street racing seriesFormula Eto promote how electric vehicles can helpcombat climate change.In 2020, BTS partnered withSamsung Electronics,releasing a limited BTS-themed version of theGalaxy S20+andGalaxy Buds+.As the first male pop group ever to collaborate withDior, BTS sported ensembles fromKim Jones' Pre-Fall 2019 collection at their concert atStade de France.The band became global brand ambassadors forLouis Vuittonin April 2021. Philanthropy BTS are known for their philanthropic endeavors. Several members of the band have been inducted into prestigious donation clubs, such as theUNICEFHonors Club and the Green Noble Club, in acknowledgement of the size and frequency of their donations.They have also received awards for their donations, with one member receiving a Patron of the Arts Award for donations to the arts,and BTS as a whole receiving a UNICEF Inspire Award for their Love Myself campaign. They often donate privately, with theirpatronagelater being made public by the organizations they support and the media.The band's efforts have motivated their fans to also engage in various charitable andhumanitarianactivities, and on occasion even match their donations. Accolades BTS have received numerous awards throughout their career. They have consecutively won theBillboard Music Award for Top Social Artistsince 2017; are the only K-pop group to winTop Duo/Group, at the2019 Billboard Music Awards;and are the most-awarded group inBBMA historyas of2022, with 12 wins overall.BTS are also the only K-pop group to winFavorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rockand Favorite Social Artist at theAmerican Music Awards,and became the first Asian act in the show's history to win Artist of the Year in 2021.They are the first Korean pop act to receive aGrammy Awardnomination,and the first Korean artist to be nominated for aBrit Award.With 30 awards overall, including a record four consecutive wins for Artist of the Year (Asia), BTS are the most-awarded foreign artist in the history of theJapan Gold Disc Awards. They have also received a total of 50 trophies at theMAMA Awards. Members Discography Korean-language studio albums Japanese-language studio albums Filmography Films Online shows Bibliography Concert tours Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links\",\n \"Jimin Park Ji-min(Korean:박지민; born October 13, 1995), knownmononymouslyasJimin, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and dancer. In 2013, he made his debut as a member of the South Koreanboy bandBTS, under the record labelBig Hit Entertainment. Jimin has released three solo tracks under BTS' name—\\\"Lie\\\" in 2016, \\\"Serendipity\\\" in 2017, and \\\"Filter\\\" in 2020—all of which have charted on South Korea'sGaon Digital Chart. He released his first credited solo song, the digital track \\\"Promise\\\", which he co-wrote, in 2018 and recorded the duet \\\"With You\\\" withHa Sung-woonfor the soundtrack for theTvNdramaOur Bluesin 2022. Jimin released his debut solo album,Facein 2023, which debuted at number one in South Korea and Japan and number two on the USBillboard200, making him the highest-charting Korean solo artist on the latter chart. The album's single \\\"Like Crazy\\\" became the first song by a Korean solo artist to debut at number one on the USBillboardHot 100in history. Jimin also became the first Korean solo artist to top theBillboardArtist 100chart. In 2024, he released his second album,Muse, and its lead single \\\"Who\\\", which debuted at number one on theBillboardGlobal 200. Early life and education Park Ji-min was born on October 13, 1995, inGeumjeong District,Busan, South Korea.He is of theMilyang Park clan.His immediate family includes his mother, father, and younger brother. When he was a child, he attended Busan's Hodong Elementary School and Yonsan Middle School.In middle school, he attended Just Dance Academy, where he learnedpoppingandlocking.Prior to becoming a trainee, Jimin studiedcontemporary danceat Busan High School of Arts and was a top student in the modern dance department.A teacher suggested that he join an entertainment company, leading him toBig Hit Entertainment. Once he passed the auditions in 2012, he transferred toKorean Arts High School, graduating in 2014. Jimin graduated from Global Cyber University in August 2020 with a major in Broadcasting and Entertainment. He was awarded the President's Award, the school's highest honor.As of 2021, he is enrolled atHanyang Cyber University, pursuing aMaster of Business Administrationin Advertising and Media. Career 2013–present: BTS Jimin was the last Big Hit trainee to be added to the lineup that would eventually becomeBTS. Of the band's seven members, he spent the shortest period of time—six months—as a trainee prior to debuting.On June 13, 2013, he debuted as a vocalist and dancer in BTS with the song \\\"No More Dream\\\" from their first single2 Cool 4 Skool.Under the band's name, he released three solo songs: \\\"Lie\\\", \\\"Serendipity\\\", and \\\"Filter\\\". \\\"Lie\\\" was released in 2016, as part of the band's second Korean studio album,Wings. It was described as stunning and dramatic, conveying dark undertones and emotions in line with the overall concept of the album.In contrast, \\\"Serendipity\\\", from the band'sLove Yourself: Her(2017)extended play(EP), was soft and sensual, expressing the joy, conviction, and curiosity of love.\\\"Filter\\\", a track from BTS' 2020 studio albumMap of the Soul: 7, had aLatin popflair, with lyrics reflecting the different sides of Jimin that he shows to the world and those around him.Jimin additionally co-wrote and co-produced another track included on that album, \\\"Friends\\\", which was later featured in theMarvel StudiosfilmEternals. \\\"Serendipity\\\" and \\\"Lie\\\" both surpassed fifty million streams onSpotifyin 2018, followed shortly thereafter by the former's full length version from BTS'Love Yourself: Answer(2018) compilation album, which achieved the milestone in early 2019. Jimin became the first Korean artist to have three solo tracks accumulate over 50 million streams each, surpassingPsy, who previously crossed the 50 million streams mark twice with \\\"Gangnam Style\\\" (2012) and \\\"Gentleman\\\" (2013).Both songs were also the only solos by a BTS member included in theOfficial Charts Company's (OCC) list of the top 20 most streamed BTS songs in the United Kingdom as of October 2018, ranking at number 17 and 19 respectively.In April 2019, the list was expanded to reflect the top 40, and both tracks were the highest ranked solos included that year, at numbers 18 and 20 respectively. In May 2019, Jimin became the first BTS member to have a solo music video achieve 100 million views onYouTubewhen \\\"Serendipity\\\" surpassed the milestone.He remained the only BTS member with multiple solo songs in the January 2020 update of the OCC's top 40 list: \\\"Lie\\\" and \\\"Serendipity\\\" were the second and third most-streamed solos, at numbers 24 and 29 respectively, with the full-length version of the latter at number 38.The following month, Jimin earned his first entry on theBillboardHot 100with \\\"Filter\\\", which debuted at number 87 on the chart,as well his first number one on the World Digital Song Sales chart. The song set the record for the biggest streaming debut among all Korean songs on Spotify, accruing over 2.2 million streams in its first 24 hours of release, and went on to become the fastest Korean solo in the platform's history to surpass 20–60 million streams.It was also the only solo album track by BTS to receive a Song of the Year nomination at theGaon Chart Music Awards.In March 2021, \\\"Filter\\\" became the 15th BTS song to spend a full year onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart.It was the longest-charting Korean song released in 2020 on the ranking,having spent 80 weeks on the chart as of the issue dated October 9, 2021. Jimin was awarded the fifth-class HwagwanOrder of Cultural Meritin 2018, alongside his bandmates, by thePresident of South Korea,Moon Jae-in, for their contributions to the promotion of Korean culture.Three years later, Moon appointed himSpecial Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and Culture, alongside his bandmates, to help \\\"lead the global agenda for future generations\\\" and \\\"expand South Korea's diplomatic efforts and global standing\\\" in the international community. 2014–present: Solo work In 2014, Jimin collaborated with bandmateJungkookon a song called \\\"Christmas Day\\\", a Korean rendition ofJustin Bieber's \\\"Mistletoe\\\"; Jimin wrote the Korean lyrics himself.The two collaborated again in 2017, on a cover ofCharlie Puth's \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\" featuringSelena Gomez.Jungkook previously released a solo version of the song in February, and the two prepared the duet as a special gift to the band's fandom, releasing it on June 2, during BTS' fourth anniversary celebrations.Teen Voguewrote that \\\"adding Jimin's voice to the mix makes the rendition all the more lovely\\\",while the Canadian outletFlaremagazine stated that \\\"it honestly might be better than the original\\\".Elite Dailydescribed the cover as \\\"nothing short of flawless\\\". Jimin appeared on several variety shows such asHello Counselor,Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, andGod's Workplacein 2016.He also served as a special MC ondomestic television music programssuch asShow! Music CoreandM Countdown.In December 2016, he participated in a dance duet at theKBS Song FestivalwithTaeminfromShinee. On December 30, 2018, Jimin released \\\"Promise\\\", his first credited song as a solo artist, for free on BTS'SoundCloudpage.It earned the biggest 24-hour debut in SoundCloud history with 8.5 million streams, surpassing previous record holderDrake's \\\"Duppy Freestyle\\\" which received 4.9 million streams,and would go on to become the most streamed song on the platform by December 2021, with over 300 million streams.Described byBillboardas a \\\"mellowpop ballad\\\",the song was composed by Jimin and Big Hit producer Slow Rabbit, who also produced the track,and features lyrics written by Jimin and bandmateRM.Jimin released his second solo song \\\"Christmas Love\\\", about his childhood memories of the holidays, on December 24, 2020.In 2022, he contributed the single \\\"With You\\\", a duet withHa Sung-woon, to the soundtrack of theTvNdramaOur Blues; the single was released on April 24. In January 2023, Jimin co-wrote and featured on the single \\\"Vibe\\\" byTaeyang.His first official solo project since BTS announced an increased focus on individual music endeavors a year prior,the single earned Jimin his debut entry on theBillboardHot 100as a solo artist, at number 76.He was announced as aglobal ambassadorforDiorlater that month,and forTiffany & Co.in March.\\\"Promise\\\" and \\\"Christmas Love\\\" were made available on streaming platforms worldwide as official singles under Jimin's name on March 6.His debut solo albumFacewas released on March 24.It set several chart and sales records, debuting at number one in South Korea and Japan,and number two in the US, making Jimin the highest-charting Korean solo artist of all time on theBillboard200.The album's two singles, \\\"Set Me Free Pt. 2\\\" and \\\"Like Crazy\\\", released on March 17 and 24 respectively,both entered the Hot 100: the former debuted at number 30,while the latter debuted at number one, making Jimin the first South Korean solo artist in history to top the chart.The album's release led Jimin to become the first Korean solo artist to reach number one on theBillboardArtist 100.In May, he appeared as a featured artist, alongsideJvkeandMuni Long, on the single \\\"Angel Pt. 1\\\" byKodak BlackandNLE Choppa, as part of the soundtrack for the filmFast X.The digital single \\\"Closer Than This\\\" was released on December 22, shortly after Jiminenlistedin theSouth Korean Army. Originally recorded during the production ofFace, it is a song dedicated to the BTS fandom in gratitude for their support. Big Hit announced an eight-episode travel reality series,Are You Sure?!, featuring Jimin and Jungkook on July 2, 2024. Available forstreamingexclusively onDisney+, the premiere episode aired August 8, with subsequent episodes following weekly through September 19.The label released Jimin's second solo album,Muse, on July 19, while he was carrying out his mandatory military service. It was supported by the singles \\\"Smeraldo Garden Marching Band\\\" and \\\"Who\\\".\\\"Who\\\" became Jimin's first song to debut atop both ofBillboard'sglobal charts. Artistry Jimin's vocals have been described as delicate and sweet.He is regarded as an exceptional dancer among the members of BTS and in K-pop in general,often praised for his \\\"smooth and elegant movements\\\" and charm on stage. In the documentaryBurn the Stagereleased in 2018, Jimin addressed hisperfectionism.In 2023, Jimin stated that as a pop artist, he \\\"aims to excel at both dancing and singing and perform a diverse range of musical genres and themes\\\" while \\\"taking a healthy and sustainable approach to do so\\\". He has cited singerRainas an inspiration and one of the reasons why he wanted to become a singer and performer. Impact and influence In 2016, Jimin was ranked as the 14th most popular idol in an annual survey conducted byGallup Korea.He subsequently ranked seventh in 2017, and then consecutively ranked first in 2018 and 2019,as the only idol to top the survey for two consecutive years.In 2018, Jimin was the ninth most-tweeted about celebrity and the eighth most-tweeted about musician globally.He was named the 17th best boy band member in history byThe Guardian.From January to May 2018, Jimin won the monthly \\\"Top K-Pop Artist–Individual\\\" award forPeeper x Billboard, a collaboration between thePeepersocial media app andBillboardKoreathat collects fan votes for their favorite K-pop artists. The prize was a donation toUNICEFin his name. The Cultural Conservation Society awarded Jimin a plaque of appreciation in 2019, for performingbuchaechum, a traditional Korean fan dance, during the2018 Melon Music Awardsand helping spread the dance outside of Korea.In October 2021, he became the first idol to spend 34 consecutive months atop the brand reputation ranking for individual boy group idolsand the only one to top the overall ranking for three consecutive years. Jimin is often cited as a role model by various idols in theK-popindustry, many of whom try to emulate his style of dance, mannerisms, and stage presence; media outlets have called him the \\\"Idol of Idols\\\", \\\"Idol's Bible\\\", and \\\"Rookies' Bible\\\". Artists who have cited him as an influence include Arthur ofKingdom, Bic ofMCND, Kim Si-hun ofBDC, Woochul ofNewkidd, Hyunjin ofStray Kids, Wooyoung ofAteez, Lim Se-jun ofVicton, Huening Kai and Beomgyu ofTomorrow X Together, and Ni-ki and Jay ofEnhypen.British internet personalityOli Londonunderwent 15 cosmetic surgeries by 2020 to resemble Jimin. Jimin has also been acknowledged beyond theK-popindustry. In 2019, Award-winning director and photographerGus Van Santnamed Jimin as the artist he wished to work with.In 2021, Olympic figure skaterYuzuru Hanyushared being aBTSfan and mentioned Jimin as a source of inspiration for his dance movements on the rink.In 2023,Ryan Goslinggifted Jimin the guitar his character Ken used in the movieBarbie. Gosling gave Jimin the custom guitar as homage for jimin'sPermission to Danceoutfit serving as inspiration for one of the outfits Gosling wore for his role as Ken. Forbes Koreaincluded Jimin on theForbes Korea Power Celebrity 40for 2024, at number seven, making him the highest ranking K-pop soloist and second-highest ranking soloist on the list. Philanthropy Jimin is a supporter of education and the arts. From 2016 to 2018, he covered uniform expenses of students at his alma mater, Busan Hodong Elementary School. After the school's closing was announced, he donated summer and winter middle school uniforms to the final graduates and gifted autographed albums to the entire student body.In early 2019, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$85,810.58) to the Busan Department of Education to help support students from low income families. Of the total,₩30 million (US$25,743.17) went to his alma mater, Busan Arts High School.In July 2020, he donated₩100 million (US$84,726.68) to the Jeonnam Future Education Foundation to fund the creation of a scholarship fund for talented students from South Jeolla Province who were struggling financially. In July 2021, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) toRotary Internationalto help polio patients. As with previous donations, the benefaction was made privately but became public in September, when the Go-seong Rotary Club displayed a banner thanking him for the donation.He was announced as a member of the Green Noble Club, a group of major donors to the Green Umbrella Children's Foundation who have contributed ₩100 million or more, on October 12. In September 2022, Jimin made a donation to the Gangwon Provincial Office of Education.In February 2023, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) through the Korean UNICEF Committee toward emergency relief for children affected by theTurkey–Syria earthquake.In March, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the North Chungcheong Provincial Office of Education to fund books and reading education programs for students.In August, Jimin participated in the \\\"Hometown Love Donation System\\\", a program allowing non-residents to donate to support welfare in the district of Nam-gu, Busan. He donated the maximum allowed donation amount of₩5 million (US$4,370.82) and proceeded to re-donate his campaign's donor return gifts to people in need in the region.In February 2024, Jimin was inducted in the Nam-gu Hometown Love Donation System Donor Hall of Fame for his contribution to the district welfare programs.In May, he made a donation of₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the South Gyeongsang Provincial Office of Education to create a scholarship for underprivileged students. Personal life Jimin used to live inHannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea, with his bandmates.In 2021, he purchased a property in the area worth₩5.9billion(US$5.16 million). Health In 2017, during BTS'Wings Tour, Jimin was unable to participate in the show inMacaudue to neck and shoulder cramping.The following year, while inLondonfor theLove Yourself World Tour, he withdrew from the band's scheduled performance onThe Graham Norton Showbecause of \\\"severe muscle pain in his neck and back\\\", according to a statement released byBig Hit Entertainment. In 2022, Jimin was hospitalized after having abdominal pain and a mild sore throat. He underwentappendicitissurgery on January 31, and received a positiveCOVID-19diagnosis. Military service On November 22, 2023, Big Hit announced throughWeversethat Jimin, along with bandmatesRM,V, andJungkook, had started the enlistment process to carry out hismandatory military service.He enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 12 at the Army 5th Division Recruit Training Center inYeoncheon.He completed his five weeks of basic training in January 2024, placing first as an outstanding trainee and received the Best trainee commendation award from the Division Commander, taking an oath as the representative of all trainees in his unit.He was then appointed to an Artillery Unit in the5th Infantry Division. Discography Studio albums Singles As lead artist As featured artist Other charted songs Other songs Writing credits All song credits are adapted from theKorea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted. Filmography Television Music videos Awards and nominations World records Notes References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["BoA Kwon Bo-ah(Korean:권보아; born November 5, 1986), known professionally asBoAand often referred to as the \"Queen of K-pop\", is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, and actress. Born and raised inGyeonggi-do, South Korea, BoA was discovered bySM Entertainmenttalent agents when she accompanied her older brother, a music video director, to a talent search in 1998. She was trained for two years and made her debut withID; Peace B(2000). BoA has since released twenty studio albums, including ten in Korean, nine in Japanese, and one in English. On television, she appeared as a judge on the reality competition showK-pop Star(2011–2013), as an actress on the television dramaListen to Love(2016), as a host for thesecond seasonofProduce 101(2017), and as a coach for thethird seasonofThe Voice of Korea(2020). With the release of her debut Japanese studio album,Listen to My Heart(2002), BoA became the first South Korean pop star to break through in Japan following the fall of barriers that had restricted","that had restricted the import and export of entertainment between the countries since the end ofWorld War II. Her Japanese albumsValenti(2003) andBest of Soul(2005) went on to sell over one million copies each according toOricon; the latter of which remained the last album to do so by a non-Japanese artist for 16 years. Herself-titled English album(2009) became the first record by a K-pop artist to appear on theBillboard200, debuting at number 127. BoA has sold over ten million albums throughout her career and is one of only three female artists with six consecutive number-one studio albums on theOricon Albums Chartsince her debut, alongside Japanese singersAyumi HamasakiandHikaru Utada. She is the recipient of numerous awards in South Korea and Japan, including eightMAMA Awards, sixSBS Music Awards, fiveJapan Record Awards, and fiveJapan Gold Disc Awards. In 2013,Mnetincluded her in their Legend 100 Artists list of the most influential artists in South Korea. Life and career 2000–2003: Debut and commercial","and commercial success in South Korea and Japan Kwon Bo-ah was born on November 5, 1986.At the age of eleven, BoA accompanied her older brother to an SM Entertainment talent search.Though her brother was the one who auditioned as a break-dancer,SMtalent scoutsinstead took notice of BoA and offered her a contract on the same night as the auditions.Her parents initially opposed the notion of BoA leaving school to enter the entertainment business but eventually consented at her older brothers' persuasion.She has said that her early influence as a singer wasSeo Taiji. BoA underwent two years of training (involving vocal, dance, English, and Japanese lessons), and at the age of thirteen she released her debut albumID; Peace Bin South Korea on August 25, 2000.The album was moderately successful; it entered the Top 10 of the South Korean charts and sold around 156,000 units.Meanwhile, her Korean record label, SM Entertainment, made arrangements with Japanese labelAvex Traxto launch her music career in Japan. She","in Japan. She was forced to quit school to prepareand in early 2001, BoA released her firstmini-album,Don't Start Now; it sold around 90,000 units. After its release, she took a hiatus from the Korean music industry to focus on the Japanese market at which time she worked to solidify her skills in Japanese. BoA began her Japanese music career singing at the Avex-owned clubVelfarre.Her debut Japanese album,Listen to My Heart, was released on March 13, 2002. The album was a breakthrough in BoA's career, becoming anRIAJ-certified million-seller and debuted atop the Oricon, the first album by a Korean artist to do so.It was promoted with several singles: the Top 20 hit \"ID; Peace B\" (originally from the eponymous album), \"Amazing Kiss\", \"Kimochi wa Tsutawaru\", the Top 5 hit \"Listen to My Heart\", and the Top 10 \"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\". After theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks, BoA recorded the charity single \"The Meaning of Peace\" withKumi Kodaas part of Avex'sSong Nationproject to raise funds for charity.From","for charity.From 2001 to 2007, BoA hostedBeat it BoA's World, a radio program on theJapan FM Network. After the release ofListen to My Heart, BoA released her second Korean studio album,No. 1, a month later on April 12, 2002.The album sold around 544,853 units and became the fourth-best-selling record of the year in South Korea.Jumping into the World(a Japanese re-release of the mini-albumDon't Start Now) and the Japanese single \"Don't Start Now\" were released a month later on the same day.At the end of the year, BoA released her second Korean mini-albumMiracle. BoA's second Japanese studio album,Valenti(January 2003), became her best-selling album, with over 1,249,000 copies sold.Three singles preceded its release: \"Valenti\", which peaked at the number-two position on the Oricon chart,\"Kiseki / No.1\" and \"Jewel Song / Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\", both which also peaked at the number-three position. In support of the album, BoA launchedBoA 1st Live Tour Valenti, her first Japanese concert tour.Later in the","tour.Later in the same year, BoA released her third Korean-language studio album,Atlantis Princesson May 30, 2003,and then released a mini-albumShine We Are!on December 4, 2003. The former was the fifth-best-selling South Korean record of the year with around 345,000 units sold; the latter sold around 58,000 units. 2004–2008: New image, foray into China, and creative control Her third Japanese studio album,Love & Honesty(January 2004) was a musical \"change in direction\": it contained a rock-dance song (\"Rock with You\") and \"harder\" R&B.Though the album failed to matchValentiin sales, it topped the Oricon chart for two weeks and became RIAJ-certified triple-platinum.In support of the album, BoA held a tour,Live Concert Tour 2004: Love & Honesty, spanning nine performances and attracted approximately 105,000 attendants.In contrast with1st Live Tour, which \"emphasized exotic Asian design\", theLove & Honestytour had an \"outer-space, sci-fi\" theme; among the props were a three-storey-highspace shipand the","shipand the robotAsimo. Her firstcompilation album,Best of Soul(February 2005), however, sold over a million copies, making BoA the first non-Japanese Asian singer to have two million-selling albums in Japan.It remained the last album by a foreign artist to have sold over a million copies in Japan for 16 years, untilBTSin 2021. BoA reinvented her image for her fourth and fifth Korean albums,My Name(June 2004) andGirls on Top(June 2005), shedding the \"cute\" and \"youthful\" style that had characterized previous years and adopted a more \"sexy\" and \"sultry\" look.The sales of BoA's Korean albums began to decline:My Namesold 191,000 units and became the eleventh-best-selling South Korean album in 2004whileGirls on Topranked fourteenth in 2005 with 113,000 units sold.In September 2004, BoA instigated controversy in Japan when she donated₩50 million to a memorial project forKorean independenceactivist and nationalistAn Jung-geun. Her fourth Japanese studio album,Outgrow, (February 2006) reached the number-one spot on","number-one spot on the Oricon chart for its first week of release, making it her fourth consecutive original Japanese album to do so. With 220,000 copies sold, it became her lowest-selling first-week debut for a studio album at that point.\"Do the Motion\", the first single from the album, reached the top spot, making her the fourth non-Japanese Asian to have a number-one single on the Oricon charts.\"Merry Christmas from BoA\" (2005), the album's last single, was the singer's first digital single. That May, BoA renewed her contract with SM Entertainment until 2012. At the time it was noted that she had a shareholding in the company of 100,000 (Approximately worth $1m USD).She performed \"Everlasting\", the image song for Roman Polanski'sOliver Twist (2005 film).She also voiced Heather the possum in the Korean and Japanese version of the animated filmOver the Hedge.On September 21, 2006, she released her first digital single in Korea, a Korean version of \"Key of Heart\". In support ofOutgrow, BoA launched a","BoA launched a specialZepptour, B0A The Live, on September 29, 2006, which lasted until October 29.She staged her first Christmas concert on December 7, 2006. Three singles preceded BoA's fifth Japanese studio album,Made in Twenty(January 2007): the Top 3 \"Nanairo no Ashita (Brand New Beat)/Your Color,\" the Top 10 \"Key of Heart\", and the No. 2 hit \"Winter Love\". The album, which contained R&B and dance songs as well as ballads, debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making the album her sixth in a row to do so (including one compilation).Having previously compose the song \"No More Make Me Sick\" forMade in Twenty,BoA assumed creative control over her sixth Japanese album,The Face(February 2008).The album debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making BoA one of only two artists in Japan to have six consecutive studio albums top the Oricon weekly charts (the other isAyumi Hamasaki, who has eight consecutive number-one albums).On June 9, 2008, BoA and nine other artists from around the world","around the world recorded an English cover ofWei Wei's \"Dedication of Love\". Produced byRoald Hoffmannand Brian Alan, the single was used to raise funds for victims of theSichuan earthquake.But due to a tight schedule, BoA was pulled back from this project. Korean jewelry brand Ramee also released, \"Ramee by BoA\", a line of jewelry designed by the singer herself. 2008–2012: American expansion and return to Asia On September 2, 2008, it was announced that BoA would make her American debut under a new subsidiary label, SM Entertainment USA.Hoping to become a \"world-renowned entertainer\" in the vein ofJanet Jackson,BoA's debut American single \"Eat You Up\", was produced byThomas Troelsen, and released on October 21, 2008. It charted at No. 9 on theBillboardHot Dance Club Playchart.To promote the single, BoA performed \"Eat You Up\" as well as other songs at YouTube's Tokyo Live concert, and performed in New York City on December 3, 2008, as well as theJingle Ballat theAnaheim Honda Centeron December 6, 2008.The","6, 2008.The following year, she released \"Eien/Universe/Believe in Love\" and was also featured inRavex's single \"Believe in Love\". BoA'sself-titled English albumwas released in the U.S. on March 17 and featured tracks by producersBloodshy and Avantas well as a duet withSean Garrett.Her second Japanese compilation album,Best & USAwas released on March 18 tying together a compilation of recent hits in Japan with her English-language debut. Though she stated that \"t has always been my dream to debut in America,\" she found English tougher to learn than Japanese and despite living in West Beverly Hills, found it difficult to make friends.BoA later headlined theSan Francisco Pride Festivalon June 28, 2009, alongsideSolange KnowlesandThe Cliks,where she also performed the song \"Energetic\" for the first time in public, in addition to \"Eat You Up\" and \"I Did It for Love\".On August 31, SM USA releasedBoA Deluxe, a repackaged version of her debut English album. The album contained two new tracks and the radio edit","and the radio edit version of \"Energetic\". With her U.S. career struggling to gain traction, BoA returned to East Asia to release her seventh Japanese album,Identity(February 2010). Promoted by the singles \"Bump Bump!\" featuringVerbalfromM-Floand \"Mamoritai: White Wishes\" (December 2009), the album only charted at No. 4, selling 37,606 copies in its first week. With little promotion from her label, it ended her run of six consecutive No. 1 albums, suggesting that it would be impossible for her to sustain her career in three territories simultaneously.Her first Korean album in five years,Hurricane Venus,was released on August 5, 2010,and sold 55,776 units making it the 22nd best selling album in South Korea for 2010.She also represented South Korea and performed at the7th Asia Song Festival, organized byKorea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, at theSeoul Olympic Stadium. BoA made her Hollywood movie debut in the dance filmMake Your Move 3D, playing the character Aya oppositeDerek Hough. Although","Hough. Although production ended in 2011, the film was released in 2013. The movie received mixed reviews, with Inkoo Kang of theLos Angeles Timespraising the choreography but stating that \"henever actor Derek Hough and BoA stop leaping and twirling, is an underwritten mess.\"To celebrate the 10th anniversary of her Japanese debut, BoA released \"Milestone\", which ranked at No. 4 on the Oricon Weekly Music-DVD charts.She also held her 10th anniversary concert on December 10–11 at Tokyo International Forum. Following the concert, BoA shifted her activities to her native county, joining the judging panel onSBS's audition programK-pop Staras a representative of S.M. Entertainment, alongsideYang Hyun-sukfromYG EntertainmentandPark Jin-youngfromJYP Entertainment. BoA received praise for her ability as a judge with her insightful comments and discerning eyes,and also sang the theme song \"One Dream\".For her seventh Korean album,Only One(July 2012), BoA wrote and composed its title track,while its dance steps","its dance steps choreographed by NappyTabs, who has previously worked with BoA inCobu.Upon its release, \"Only One\" achieved an all-kill on several music charts.She followed this up with the second \"The Shadow\", was released August 18, 2012.Additionally, she recorded the song \"Lookin'\" featuringThe Quiettfor Hyundai's 'Premium Younique Lifestyle' campaign. 2013–2015: Music production, television role, and 15th anniversary BoA launched her first Korean tour withBoA Special Live 2013: Here I Amtour at the Olympic Hall,and released the song \"Disturbance\", which she wrote and composed, to commemorate her first concert tour in South Korea.In September 2013, BoA starred in KBS' two-episode drama specialExpect to DatealongsideChoi DanielandIm Si-wan, her full first role in a drama, following a string of cameo appearances.She received praise for her acting performance.She also participated inInfinity Challenge'sbi-annual song festival and was paired withLeessang'sGil, with the two co-produced the song \"G.A.B\".In","the song \"G.A.B\".In March 2014, BoA was appointed as a de facto creative director in S.M. Entertainment, alongside labelmateKangta; she was placed in charge of mental care of artists who debut at a young age. The singles for BoA's eighth Japanese album,Who's Back?(September 2014),were released over a span of four years prior to the album's release:\"Woo Weekend\" and \"I See Me\" in 2010, \"Milestone\" in 2011,Only One\", \"Tail of Hope\" and \"Message / Call My Name\" in 2013,and \"Shout It Out\"and \"Masayume Chasing\" in 2014.To promote the album, she embarked on her BoA Live Tour 2014 Who's Back? tour in September, her first Japanese tour in four years.After the tour concluded, BoA starred in her first Korean film,Big MatchalongsideLee Jung-jaeandShin Ha-kyunthough a Japanese single \"Fly\" was released on December 3, 2014. Her eighth Korean albumKiss My Lips(May 2015)became her first entirely self-written, self-produced album, working alongside American producers The Underdogs and Stereotypes.The single \"Who Are You\"","\"Who Are You\" (feat. Gaeko) was released prior to the album's unveiling, along with its accompanying music video, which starred EXO'sSehunas the male lead.The rest of the album was unveiled on May 12 along with an official music video of the eponymous title track.Billboardcalled the singer a promising songwriter despite moments of musical blandness. In July, she performed at the BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness to commemorate her 15th anniversary. The concert took place on August 22 and 23 at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts in South Korea, making BoA the first female idol to hold a solo concert at the venue.This was followed by BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness in Japan which took place on December 11, 2015, at Tokyo International Forum Hall-A.Her 15th anniversary in Japan the following year was celebrated in a similar fashion,including the release of the song \"Lookbook\", and a 15th anniversary edition of BoA's Japanese Winter hit, \"Meri Kuri\". As part of S.M. Entertainment's special winter","special winter project,Winter Garden,BoA released a digital single entitled \"Christmas Paradise\". 2016–present: Musical projects, television production, and acting debut On January 12, 2016, BoA released an English-language single \"Make Me Complete\", which serves as the theme song for the Fuji TV special dramaOoku, starring Sawajiri Erika and Watanabe Mayu.In June, she collaborated with Korean rapperBeenzinoforS.M. Entertainment'sSM Stationproject. The duo released the single \"No Matter What\", which ranked atop five domestic charts.BoA worked with BeatBurger for anotherSM Stationsingle titled \"Music Is Wonderful\", where she participated in the composing and writing of the track.From October to November 2016, BoA starred in JTBC's romance melodramaListen to Love, returning to the small screen after three years. The following year, BoA became one of the producers forMnet'sboy groupsurvival reality show,Produce 101 Season 2, which aired from April 7 to June 16.BoA later released another song forSM Station,","song forSM Station, \"Spring Rain\", an R&B number produced by Kenzie.In May, BoA embarked on her BoA The live inBillboardLive Tour, held in Tokyo and Osaka.She also released the single \"Camo,\" a dance song with a heavy emphasis on bass and synthesizer sounds, which was a change in sound from her previous materials and produced by The Underdogs.In July, she released the Japanese single \"Right Here, Right Everywhere\" for the soundtrack of dramaYaneura no Koibito.She later starred in the filmAutumn Sonataalongside Lee Hak-joo, playing a terminally ill patient. In 2018, BoA returned to Japan and released her ninth Japanese albumWatashi Konomama de Iinokanaon February 14, 2018, followed by EPUnchainedin March. To accompany the release of the EP, she embarked on the BoA The Live 2018: Unchained Tour from March 15 to April 4. People who attend the concerts received a copy ofUnchained.On January 31, she released \"Nega Dola\", which served as a single for BoA's then-upcoming first extended play.The EP,One Shot, Two","EP,One Shot, Two Shot, was released on February 20, alongside its titular lead single and the song's music video.The EP peaked at number six at the South Korean Gaon Album Chart and number seven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart.On October 24, she released her ninth Korean albumWomanalongside a lead single of the same name.The album peaked at number six at the Gaon Album Chart, number eleven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart. On June 4, 2019, she released the single \"Feedback\", which features rapperNucksal, alongside the song's music video.BoA embarked on her #Mood Tour, which had six dates in Japan and two dates in Seoul, from September to October 2019.On October 23, she released a new Japanese single, \"Wishing Well\", which she earlier debuted on the tour.On December 11, 2019, she released her second extended playStarry Night. In May 2020, BoA was featured as one of the coaches for the third season ofThe Voice of Korea, alongsideDynamic Duo,Sung Si-kyung, andKim Jong-kook.On December 1, 2020, she released","2020, she released her tenth Korean albumBetter.SpoTV News shared BoA to join as a judge for Mnet Dance program \"Street Woman Fighter\". It is a female dance crew competition premiering in August 2021.On November 5, 2021, BoA released the Japanese single, \"My Dear\", to commemorate her 20th anniversary. BoA was revealed as a member of the supergroupGot the Beaton December 27, 2021. The group debuted on January 3, 2022.To celebrate her 20th anniversary, BoA released the Japanese compilation albumThe Greateston May 30, 2022.On November 8, 2022, BoA announced her third EPForgive Mealong with the title track on the same name on November 22, 2022.In 2024, BoA appeared in the dramaMarry My Husband, where she played Oh Yu-ra. Her performance in the drama was met with negative reviews. Image and artistry BoA lists hip hop as her main musical influence, though she also enjoys R&B. Her favorite musicians areWhitney Houston,Michael Jackson,Justin Timberlake, andNe-Yo;as a result, much of BoA's music is eitherdance-popor","eitherdance-popor R&B. Because she also singsballads, she is often compared to Japanese singersNamie AmuroandAyumi Hamasaki. Her debut album,ID; Peace B, containedurban pop, \"slickly produced\" ballads, and \"upbeat dance tunes\". As her career went on, she began experimenting with different styles:Valenticontained mostly ballads;Love and Honestywas an experiment with \"harder\" R&B and rock music. Though her earlier releases were marked by a \"cute\" and \"youthful\" style, BoA began to present a more \"mature\" image starting from the albumMy Name. In aTalk Asiainterview,Anjali Raonoted that some felt thatMy Namemarked the beginning of BoA's decline in popularity and asked if the public would always see the singer as \"Little Baby BoA\"; BoA replied, \"So while I apologize to those people who still want the baby BoA, in fact, what can I do? I just keep growing up! I can't stop that from happening.\" The Facewas influenced byelectropopand included \"happy spring\" songs (\"Sweet Impact\" and \"Bad Drive\"), a guitar-driven","a guitar-driven \"groovy dance\" song (\"Lose Your Mind\"), and ballads.Because the composition and writing of BoA's songs is handled mostly by her staff, BoA has been criticized as being a \"manufactured pop star\".In response to such criticism, BoA said that \"if one person were to force their own will on something, then things that should have gone right could easily go wrong\" and that she is \"not all that unhappy with the expression that a manufactured star. In a way, that is true. Because SM Entertainment created the environment and all the surrounding conditions, able to be successful in the way now.\"She later assumed creative control withThe Face,whileKiss My Lipsbecame her first entirely self-written, self-produced album. BoA has collaborated with high-profile artists. Among the Japanese artists she has performed with are the hip hop groupM-Flo(for the single \"The Love Bug\"), pop singerKumi Koda, andhouseDJMondo Grosso. She has performed with Western artists: the song \"Flying Without Wings\" from her","Wings\" from her albumNext Worldwas a collaboration with Irish bandWestlifecovering theoriginal song; theBratzsingle \"Show Me What You Got\" was performed withHowie Dof the American bandBackstreet Boys.She also worked withAkon, singing the song \"Beautiful\", which was featured on the Japanese release of his third album,Freedom.Other artists she has collaborated with areSoul'd Out, Dabo, Verbal (of M-Flo), Rah-D,Seamo,TVXQ, Yutaka Furakawa (of the band Doping Panda), andCrystal Kay(for her single \"After Love: First Boyfriend/Girlfriend\").American rock bandWeezercovered \"Meri Kuri\" on the Japanese version of their albumWeezer. Cultural impact and legacy BoA is regarded as one of South Korea's most influential and prominent singers and is widely referred to as the \"Queen of K-pop\",in recognition of her contributions in spearheading theKorean waveinto Japan.BoA's success in the Japanese market has been deemed a catalyst in the Japanese interest in Korean pop music beginning in the early 2000s, when the two","2000s, when the two countries began promoting cultural exchanges since the end ofWorld War II.Music critics have recognized BoA for improving \"civil relations between the Korean and Japanese public through her music and appearances in Japanese radio and television\",with Oxford Political Review noting \"BoA's role in strengthening Japan-South Korea ties as a cultural envoy\".In Alisa Freedman'sIntroducing Japanese Pop Culture, BoA was noted for \"herald a new phase of Japanese engagement with Korean singers\", registering \"remarkable success during the first half of the 2000s in Japan\". She highlighted that the timing of her success coincided with several political and cultural developments; these of which include the implementation of Korea's Open-Door Policy, theKorea Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup, and the popularity of the drama seriesWinter Sonata. Freedman evaluated BoA's career path and localization strategies in Japan for having set \"the first trend\" of the Korean wave into the country. Voxhailed BoA as \"one","BoA as \"one of South Korea's best-known exports\" in the years after her debut whileThe Korea Timescalled BoA \"the forerunner of the new generation of idols who popularized K-pop in Japan and elsewhere.\"In 2004, theMinistry of Culture, Sports and Tourismhonored BoA with the Asian Cultural Exchange Merit Award for her contributions in raising the status of K-pop throughout Asia.The Diplomatstated that BoA \"paved the way\" for future K-pop artists \"to later captivate Japanese fans despite souring relations between Seoul and Tokyo.\" Music critic Lim Jin-mo wrote that BoA \"opened many doors for pop acts from her country in the second largest music market in the world\", acting \"as a figurehead for breakthroughs in Japan for South Korean acts\" and became \"a pivotal figure in K-pop's history\". Yim Hyun-su fromThe Korea Heraldviewed her for \"forever changing the landscape of South Korea's music industry\".In 2016, she was honored with the Presidential Commendation at theKorean Popular Culture and Arts Awardsfor her","Arts Awardsfor her contributions to the spread of the Korean wave, and for laying \"the foundation for the revival of K-pop\". With nearly 15 years in the entertainment industry, BoA has little to prove in Korea, where she's widely regarded as a pioneer in K-pop's modern-day international platform. —Billboard(2015) In 2013, 50 music experts, professors and critics organized byMnetnamed BoA one of the 100 most influential artists in South Korean music.\"No. 1\" was ranked number 27 in a 2006Gallup Koreasurvey of 100 all-time favorite Korean songsand was included in Mnet's Legend 100 list of popular Korean songs since the 1960s.In 2021, a panel of 35 music experts organized byMelonandSeoul Shinmunranked \"No. 1\" and \"Atlantis Princess\" number 1 and number 93 in their list of the greatest K-pop songs of all time.Critic Rhian Daly forThe Forty-Fiveranked \"Atlantis Princess\" number 1 in her list of the best K-pop songs of all-time.Rolling Stoneranked \"No. 1\" at number 18 in their list of the greatest songs in the","songs in the history of K-pop, writing it represents \"her most emblematic crossover hit\". BoA has been cited by many artists in the South Korean music industry as an influence and role model,includingAespa,Girls' Generation'sTaeyeon,Sunny,Tiffany,Hyoyeon,Seohyun,Shinee'sKey,Exo'sSehun,Red Velvet'sIrene,Ailee,Chungha,Yukika Teramoto,Kwon Eun-bi,Baek A-yeon,Mamamoo'sSolar,f(x)'sLuna,Kiss of Life'sNatty,Lovelyz's Kei,andBilllie's Tsuki.Aespa's Giselle said in aRolling Stoneinterview that \"Everyone knows her. She's not just famous — she's a legend\". Other ventures Endorsements Because of her wide appeal, BoA has appeared in advertisements for many brands.Among the brands she has promoted areOlympus,Lotte,Nike,L'Oréal, Japanese cosmetic companyKosé,Skechers,Audio-Technica,GM DaewooandL'Occitane.Several of her songs have been used in affiliation with television shows. \"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\" was used as the ending theme for theanimeInuYasha;\"Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\" was used as the opening theme for","opening theme for the animeMonkey Typhoon;\"Key of Heart\" was the theme song for the Japanese release ofOver the Hedge;\"Your Color\" was the theme song of the video gameNinety-Nine Nights;\"Mamoritai: White Wishes\" was the theme song of the video gameTales of Graces.\"Tail of Hope\" was used as the theme for the Japanese dramaHakui no Namida,and \"Masayume Chasing\" was used as the 15th opening theme song for the animeFairy Tail. In 2007,Anycall(aSamsungbrand) signed BoA,Xiah(of TVXQ),Tablo(ofEpik High), and jazz pianistJin Boraonto \"Anyband\", a band created specifically to promote Anycall. The band released only one single, \"AnyBand\".In December 2010, she recorded \"I See Me\" for to promote Audio Technica headphones in Japan.The song \"Woo Weekend\" was used to promote Disney on Ice's 25th Anniversary in Japanwhile \"Lookbook\" served as the ending theme for the NTV Kei programTokui to Goto to Uruwashi no Shelley ga Konya Kurabete Mimashita.BoA served as ambassador for Asia Youth Day in 2014.In August 2017, it was","August 2017, it was announced that BoA was chosen as promotional ambassador for Jeju Biennale, an inaugural international art event on the resort island of Jeju.In Her widespread popularity has also made her a \"cultural ambassador\"; she has represented South Korea in inter-Asian musical events and has appeared in anOxford University Press-published English-language textbook. Discography Korean albums Japanese albums English albums Filmography Film Television series Television shows Concerts and tours Japan tours Asia tours Concert participation Awards and nominations See also Footnotes References External links","ID; Peace B ID; Peace Bis the debut Korean-languagestudio albumby South Korean singerBoA, released on August 25, 2000 bySM Entertainment.It saw moderate levels of success in South Korea upon its release, peaking at number 16 on the Recording Industry Association of Korea's monthly album chart in October 2000.The album sold 156,354 copies in 2000 and was the 59th best-selling album of the year.The album was released on May 29, 2002 in Japan, where it reached number 30 on theOricon Albums Chart. Production and lyrics The song \"Sara\" is about a cat, \"I'm Sorry\" is about the tragedy of loving the lover of her older sister, and \"ID; Peace B\" is about the generation gap due to the use of the internet. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Monthly charts Year-end charts Release history References","BTS BTS(Korean:방탄소년단;RR:Bangtan Sonyeondan;lit.Bulletproof Boy Scouts), also known as theBangtan Boys, is a South Koreanboy bandformed in 2010. The band consists ofJin,Suga,J-Hope,RM,Jimin,V, andJungkook, who co-write or co-produce much of their material. Originally ahip hopgroup, they expanded their musical style to incorporate a wide range of genres, while their lyrics have focused on subjects including mental health, the troubles of school-age youth andcoming of age, loss, the journey towards self-love, individualism, and the consequences of fame and recognition. Their discography and adjacent work has also referenced literature, philosophy and psychology, and includes analternate universestoryline. BTS debuted in 2013 underBig Hit Entertainmentwith the single album2 Cool 4 Skool.BTS released their first Korean and Japanese-language studio albums,Dark & WildandWake Uprespectively, in 2014. The group's second Korean studio album,Wings(2016), was their first to sell one million copies in South Korea. By","in South Korea. By 2017, BTS had crossed into the global music market and led theKorean Waveinto the United States, becoming the first Korean ensemble to receive aGold certificationfrom theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) for their single \"Mic Drop\", as well as the first act from South Korea to top theBillboard200with their studio albumLove Yourself: Tear(2018). In 2020, BTS became the fastest group sincethe Beatlesto chart four US number-one albums in less than two years, withLove Yourself: Answer(2018) becoming the first Korean album certified Platinum by the RIAA; in the same year, they also became the first all-South Korean act to reach number one on both theBillboardHot 100andBillboardGlobal 200with their Grammy-nominated single \"Dynamite\". Follow-up releases \"Savage Love\", \"Life Goes On\", \"Butter\", and \"Permission to Dance\" made them the fastest act to earn four US number-one singles sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006. As of 2023, BTS is the best-selling musical act in South Korean history","Korean history according to theCircle Chart, having sold in excess of 40 million albums.Their studio albumMap of the Soul: 7(2020) is thefourth best-selling album of all time in South Korea, as well as the first in the country to surpass both four and five million registered sales. They are the first non-English-speaking and Asian act to sell out concerts atWembley Stadiumand theRose Bowl(Love Yourself World Tour, 2019), and were named theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry's (IFPI)Global Recording Artist of the Yearfor both 2020 and 2021. The group'saccoladesinclude multipleAmerican Music Awards,BillboardMusic Awards,Golden Disc Awards, and nominations for fiveGrammy Awards. Outside of music, they have addressed three sessions of theUnited Nations General Assemblyand partnered withUNICEFin 2017 to establish theLove Myselfanti-violence campaign. Featured onTime'sinternational cover as \"Next Generation Leaders\" and dubbed the \"Princes of Pop\", BTS has also appeared onTime'slists of the 25","of the 25 most influential people on the internet (2017–2019) and the100 most influential people in the world(2019), and in 2018 became the youngest recipients of the South KoreanOrder of Cultural Meritfor their contributions in spreading the Korean culture and language. On June 14, 2022, the group announced a scheduled pause in group activities to enable the members to complete their 18 months ofmandatory South Korean military service, with a reunion planned for 2025.Jin, the eldest member, enlisted on December 13, 2022; the others followed in 2023. Name BTS stands for the Korean phraseBangtan Sonyeondan(Korean:방탄소년단; Hanja:防彈少年團), which translates literally to 'Bulletproof Boy Scouts'. According to memberJ-Hope, the name signifies the group's desire \"to block out stereotypes, criticisms, and expectations that aim on adolescents like bullets\".In Japan, they are known asBōdan Shōnendan(防弾少年団).In July 2017, BTS announced that their name would also stand for \"Beyond the Scene\" as part of their newbrand","of their newbrand identity.This extended the meaning of their name to encompass the idea of growth \"from a boy to an adult who opens the doors that are facing forward\". History 2010–2014: Formation and early years BTS was formed in 2010, after Big Hit Entertainment CEOBang Si-hyukwanted to form ahip hop grouparoundRM(Kim Nam-joon), an underground rapper well known on the music scene inSeoul. At the time,physical album saleswere on the decline and digital revenues were not yet high enough to compensate.Seeing a need for diversified income streams, Bang decided to form an idol group instead, because of the potential for live concert performances and passionate support from fans of such groups. Many trainees refused to become part of an idol group, butJ-Hope, RM, andSugaremained.Bang chose to vary from the usual, highly regimented idol groups and create one where the members would be individuals rather than an ensemble and free to express themselves.Auditions were held in 2010 with plans to launch the following","the following year.The band members lived together, practicing up to 15 hours a day, and first performed before a small crowd of industry insiders in 2013. We started to tell the stories that people wanted to hear and were ready to hear, stories that other people could not or would not tell. We said what other people were feeling—like pain, anxieties and worries. That was our goal, to create this empathy that people can relate to. —Suga BTS's representation by Big Hit, rather than one of the three agencies that dominated K-pop at the time, allowed the individual members leeway to express their individuality and have input into the music.On June 12, 2013, BTS released their debutsingle album2 Cool 4 Skool, along with thelead single\"No More Dream\", neither of which sold particularly well at the time.On June 13, 2013, BTS made their stage debut onM Countdownwith the single, \"No More Dream\".Nevertheless, according to Kathy Sprinkel in her book on BTS, that single was \"spotlighting young people's anxiety in the","anxiety in the face of lofty parental expectations, sent shock waves through the K-pop ranks. Here was a musical act that wasn't pulling any punches. More specifically, they had a point of view, and they weren't afraid to take on topics that are considered taboo in South Korean society and elsewhere.\"The album reached the top five on South Korea's Gaon Music Chart.In2 Cool 4 Skool, BTS employed an old-school hip-hop sound from the 1990s.The album's release was followed by appearances on Korean music shows, which caught the attention of reviewers and viewers. In September 2013, BTS released the second entry in their \"school trilogy\": theEP,O!RUL8,2?.The album was released alongside the single \"N.O.\"Similarly to2 Cool 4 Skool, the new release had a theme of students feeling under pressure and needing to sacrifice their dreams and aspirations.According to scholar Kyung Hyun Kim, many of BTS's earlier works such as \"N.O.\" and \"No More Dreams\" were \"expressions of rebellion against the establishment that tapped","that tapped into Korean teenagers' frustrations with the country's educational system\" and, he stated, helped them build a fan base among young people in North America and Europe.That same month, BTS starred in their own variety show,SBS MTV'sRookie King Channel Bangtan, in which members parodied variety shows such asVJ Special ForcesandMasterChef Korea.At the end of the year, BTS was recognized with several New Artist of the Year awards in South Korea. 2014–2017 Skool Luv Affairand first concert tour The last entry in BTS \"school trilogy\", theSkool Luv AffairEP, was released in February 2014.The release topped theGaon Album Chart,and appeared onBillboard'sWorld AlbumsChart for the first time, peaking at number three.The EP was supported by two singles: \"Boy in Luv\" and \"Just One Day\".FollowingSkool Luv Affair's release, BTS played at their first fan meeting inSeoul, selecting the name A.R.M.Y. for the fan club.In July 2014, BTS hosted a concert inWest Hollywood, their first show in the United States,and in","States,and in August, they appeared atKCONin Los Angeles. In August 2014, BTS released the albumDark & Wild, which reached number two in South Korea.It was supported by two singles: \"Danger\" and \"War of Hormone\".The group embarked on their firstconcert tour,2014 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, which lasted from October to December 2014.The band launched their first Japanese studio album,Wake Up, in December 2014; the release peaked at number three on theOricon Albums Chart.After the album's release, BTS held their1st Japan Tour 2015 Wake Up: Open Your Eyesin February 2015.The Red Bullet Tour that had begun on October 17, 2014, in South Korea was resumed on June 6, 2015, in Malaysia and toured Australia, North America and Latin America before ending in Hong Kong that August. In all, the entire tour attracted 80,000 spectators at 18 cities in 13 countries. Mainstream breakthrough and commercial success BTS experimented with other styles of music besides hip-hop inThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life,","Moment in Life, Pt. 1, released in 2015.BTS wanted to express the beauty and anxiousness of youth and settled on the title of \"花樣年華\" (Korean:화양연화;RR:Hwayangyeonhwa), loosely interpreted to define \"youth\" metaphorically as \"the most beautiful moment in life\".The album served as an introduction to their youth trilogy, a triptych of albums dedicated to the struggles of young people.The single \"I Need U\" was a top-five hit in South Korea and garnered the group a win on SBS MTV'sThe Show.The second single \"Dope (Korean:쩔어;RR:Jjeoreo;lit.It's awesome)\" reached number three onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart and its music video was viewed over 100 million times on YouTube.The group began the world tour extension of their Red Bullet Tour in June, titled2015 Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, visiting cities throughout Asia, Oceania, North America, and Latin America.\"For You\", in Japanese, was released together with Japanese versions of \"War of Hormone\" and \"Let Me Know\" on June 17, 2015, and","June 17, 2015, and immediately topped Oricon's daily chart. In November, BTS commenced their third concert tour,2015 BTS LIVE \"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: On Stage\", beginning with three sold-out shows in Seoul. The tour marked the debut of their fourth EP,The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2, and was later extended to Japan.Thematically, the EP focused more on the serious and speculative aspects of youth, touching on the pursuit of success, loneliness, affection for their origins, and the suffering of the younger generation due to unfavorable conditions in current society.The album topped the weekly Gaon Album andBillboardWorld Albums charts.It also marked their first appearance on theBillboard200chart,making it for one week at number 171,and eight of the tracks appeared onBillboard's World Digital Song Sales chart. Their compilation album and the finale to their \"youth trilogy\",The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwas released on May 2, 2016. With 300,000 presold copies,it included","copies,it included three new singles: \"Epilogue: Young Forever\", \"Fire\", and \"Save Me\",which debuted in the top three spots on theBillboardWorld Digital Charts.The album topped the Gaon Album Chart in South Korea fortwo consecutive weeksand reached number 107 on theBillboard200.The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwon Album of the Year at the2016 Melon Music Awards.BTS embarked on their Asia tour extension,2016 BTS LIVE \"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage: Epilogue\"from May to August 2016. Tickets for the 14 shows in 10 Asian cities sold out, some in as little as five seconds. In September 2016, BTS released their second Japanese studio albumYouth.The album sold 44,547 copies on the first day of its release, and charted 1st in the Oricon Daily Album Chart.The album was eventually certified Gold with sales of roughly over 100,000 in Japan.It was followed one month later in October,by their next studio albumWings,which combined the themes of youth presented in their previous \"youth trilogy\"","\"youth trilogy\" with temptation and adversity.The album and its tracks, including the single \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" immediately rose to the top on eight music charts, including the Gaon Music Chart, and led theiTunesalbum charts in 23 countries.Wingsopened at number 26 on theBillboard200, with 16,000album-equivalent unitsin the US for the week of its release, the best week ever there for a K-pop album.It became the best-selling album in Gaon Album Chart history. You Never Walk AloneandLove Yourself: Her In February 2017, BTS released the repackaged edition ofWingsentitledYou Never Walk Alone. The 700,000 pre-orders of it (an increase from the 500,000 pre-orders ofWings) helped break the record for most albums sold in a month in South Korea, as it reached 1.49 million copies by the end of its first month.The lead single was \"Spring Day\"and it won Best Song of the Year at the2017 Melon Music Awards.BTS's second world tour,2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour, began in February.On the tour, BTS","the tour, BTS played arenas in the US, such as New Jersey'sPrudential Centerand California'sHonda Center. Tickets for the North American leg sold out within hours and two shows were added.After completing the North American leg, BTS attended the24thBillboardMusic Awardsin May and wonTop Social Artist,the first K-pop group to win a Billboard award.BTS fans cast over 300million votes for the band and broke a six-year winning streak held byJustin Bieber, a performer with 100millionTwitterfollowers.This caused the international media to focus on the ability of BTS's fandom to propel the group to such a victory. BTS released a remake ofSeo Taiji's \"Come Back Home\" (1995) in July 2017, giving it new lyrics but maintaining the theme of urging societal change.Later that year, BTS embarked on their \"Love Yourself\" album series, with theme of the enlightenment of self-love through the \"起承轉結\" (Korean:기승전결;RR:Giseungjeongyeol) narrative sequence of \"beginning, development, turn, and conclusion.\"BTS released its first","released its first part, their fifth EP,Love Yourself: Her, on September 18.RM considered \"DNA\", the lead single from that album,as \"taking BTS to new ground. We tried to apply new grammar and perspectives.\"He said of the album, \"I believe it's going to be the starting point of a second chapter of our career; the beginning of our Chapter Two.\"Sonically, the EP served as \"a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings\". Love Yourself: Herdebuted at number seven on theBillboard200.The album had 1,664,041 sales in May 2017 to lead the Gaon Chart,and was the first in 16 years to exceed 1.2 million copies sold sinceg.o.d's fourth albumChapter 4(2001).\"DNA\" was released simultaneously with the EP, and its music video accumulated 21 million views in its first 24 hours.It became BTS's first entry on theBillboardHot 100, charting at number 85, making them the first K-pop boy band to reach that chart.The single rose to number 67 the following week and became the highest-charting song on the Hot 100","song on the Hot 100 for any K-pop group.A remix of \"Mic Drop\" from the album, featuringDesiigner, was released as a single and peaked at number 28, the first time a K-pop group had cracked the top forty.Both singles attained Gold certification from theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) in early 2018.\"Mic Drop\" achieved Platinum status in the US later that year. In November 2017, BTS became the first K-pop group to perform at theAmerican Music Awards.BTS wonArtist of the Yearat the19th Mnet Asian Music Awardsin December, winning for the second consecutive year.They released \"DNA\" and \"Mic Drop\" together with a new song \"Crystal Snow\" as a single album in Japan on December 6, 2017, though the songs were made digitally available elsewhere.It topped the Oricon Chart for the week of its release. It was the only album by a foreign artist to be certified Double Platinum in Japan in 2017. Later that month, they made their Japanese television prime time music show debut onMusic Station Super Live,and","Super Live,and ended the year by performing onDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. In 2017, BTS partnered withUNICEFon the \"Love Myself\" campaign, intended to help end violence, abuse, and bullying, and to promote self-esteem and well-being among young people. Both Big Hit and the group pledged money to promote the campaign, and BTS sold special \"Love Myself\" merchandise and set up dedicated booths at concert venues. The campaign was renewed in 2021, with UNICEF deeming it to have been successful. 2018–2020 Love Yourselfalbum series BTS won major awards at the Golden Disc and Seoul Music Awards in January 2018.In March, the group premiered an eight-episode documentary titledBurn the Stagethat offered a behind-the-scenes look at their 2017 Wings Tour, exclusively onYouTube Premium.Their third Japanese studio album,Face Yourself, was released on April 4, 2018,and quickly reached the top 5 of the U.S. iTunes Albums chart. A nine-minute short film, titledEuphoria: Theme of \"Love Yourself: Wonder\"and featuring","featuring the song \"Euphoria\", followed the next day as a prelude to the group's third Korean-language studio album,Love Yourself: Tear.BTS promotedTear's May 18, 2018, release with an appearance at the25thBillboardMusic Awardstwo days later,where they made their initial BBMA performance with their single, \"Fake Love\".The group also won Top Social Artist for a second consecutive time.The album coincided with the \"轉\" or \"turn\" of the series, touching on the tortuous enlightenment of loving without being loved, the pains and sorrows of separation, and providing encouragement to those without dreams. Love Yourself: Teardebuted at number one its first week on theBillboard200, becoming BTS's first number-one album in the US and the first K-pop album to top the US albums chart.It also became BTS's first top-10 release in Britain, reaching number eight on theUK Albums Chart.\"Fake Love\" became BTS's top-10 single on the Hot100, the first time a song sung mostly in a language other than English had debuted in the top","debuted in the top 10.BTS released their compilation albumLove Yourself: Answerin August 2018.The album was supported by the single \"Idol\" and its alternative digital release featuringNicki Minaj. Love Yourself: Answersold over 1.9 million copies on the Gaon Album Chart in August2018.The album became BTS's second number-one on theBillboard200 and led to their highest US sales week in the country to that point with 185,000 album equivalent units.In November 2018,Love Yourself: Answerbecame the first Korean language album to be certified Gold by the RIAA.\"Idol\" andLove Yourself: Answerboth received Platinum certifications in the US, with sales of more than 1million. In conjunction withLove Yourself: Answer's release in August2018, BTS commenced their world tour,BTS World Tour: Love Yourself, with two concerts in the Seoul Olympic Stadium, which sold out in a matter of seconds, as did others of the 22 shows in 12 countries.In October, BTS released their collaboration with Steve Aoki \"Waste It on Me\", their","It on Me\", their first all-English language feature.For the final stop of the North American leg, the group performed at Citi Field in New York City, marking the first time a Korean act performed at a US stadium.According toStubHub, BTS was the second best-selling concert act outside the US, behind onlyEd Sheeran.That October, BTS renewed their contract with Big Hit Entertainment through 2026. In early November 2018, a popular Japanese music show cancelled BTS's performance, citing a T-shirt a member wore the year before, bearing a photograph of amushroom cloudfollowing thebombing of Nagasaki.In the same month, the Jewish human rights organizationSimon Wiesenthal Center(SWC) stated that BTS owed an apology for that shirt, and for clothing and flags with Nazi symbolism.Big Hit Entertainment issued an apology, explaining that the images were not intended to be hurtful to the victims ofNazismor atomic bombings and that the group and management would take steps to prevent future mistakes.They also stated the","also stated the flags were meant to be a commentary on the Korean school system.The apology was accepted by SWC and the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim Association.John Lie, in his scholarly article on BTS, opined that the Nazi incident showed that the group is not tightly controlled, as are other K-pop ensembles, whose every move seems scripted, and that the members have opinions and are not afraid to express them. At the20th Mnet Asian Music Awards, BTS won Artist of the Year and ranked number eight onBillboard'syear-end Top Artist Chart and were also the number two act of the year in the Duo/Group ranking, only behindImagine Dragons.They were also listed asone of the 50 most influential people by Bloombergfor their \"willingness to address social issues, mental health, and politics, despite being in a genre often painted as bubble gum pop\". Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour andBTS World In February 2019, BTS, for the first time, were presenters atthe Grammy Awards.In April,Timenamed them one of","them one of theTime100, the most influential people of 2019.Their EP,Map of the Soul: Persona, was released on April12 with the single \"Boy with Luv\" (Korean:작은 것들을 위한 시;RR:Jageun geotdeureul wihan si), featuring American singerHalsey.The EP's release was followed by a performance onSaturday Night Live, the first K-pop act to appear there.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the first Korean-language album to reach the number one position in both the UK and Australia,and the group's third album to top theBillboard200 in less than a year.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the best-selling album ever in South Korea in terms of physical copies sold, with more than 3.2 million sales in less than a month.\"Boy with Luv\" debuted at number eight on theBillboardHot 100 in April 2019, the highest placement ever for a K-pop song. Following their two wins at the26thBillboardMusic Awardsin May, including forTop Duo/Group,BTS embarked on their world tour stadium extension,Love Yourself: Speak Yourself.Due to the demand, BTS added","demand, BTS added more shows after tickets for the first dates sold out within two hours.In the lead up to the release of their mobile gameBTS World, in June 2019 BTS released \"Dream Glow\" featuringCharli XCX,\"A Brand New Day\" withZara Larsson,and \"All Night\" withJuice Wrld.The group released the song \"Heartbeat\" with a music video from the game's official soundtrack, titledBTS World: Original Soundtrack.The soundtrack was certified Double Platinum by Gaon.On July 3, 2019, pre-orders for the single\"Lights\"crossed one million copies, marking the first time a foreign artist had accomplished this in Japan sinceCeline Dionin 1995.\"Lights\" debuted at number 81 on theBillboardJapan Hot 100for the chart issue date of July 8, 2019, and reached number one the following week.On August 8, 2019, \"Lights\" receivedMillioncertificationfrom the RIAJ, denoting shipments of one million copies. Love Yourself: HerandLove Yourself: Tearboth crossed 2 million copies in August.All three albums of theLove Yourselfseries have sold","have sold more than 2 million copies each in South Korea.Love Yourself: Teargained silver certification by the BPI for sales in the UK, becoming their third album to do so followingLove Yourself: AnswerandMap of the Soul: Persona.For the final stop of their record-breaking Love Yourself: Speak Yourself World Tour, the group played Seoul's Olympic Stadium.BTS was the third top-grossing touring musical act of 2019.That same month, they released a remix version of the song \"Make It Right\" featuringLauv.In November, BTS won three times at the2019 American Music Awards, for Best Tour, Favorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rock, and Favorite Social Artist (the second consecutive year). In December, they attended both the2019 Melon Music Awardsand the2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards. In each case, they became the first group to sweep the four major awards.At the34th Golden Disc Awards, BTS became the first artists in history to win grand prizes in both the physical and digital categories in a single year.Map of the Soul:","of the Soul: Personawas named the second best-selling physical album of 2019 in the US byNielsen MusicbehindTaylor Swift'sLoverand was ranked sixth overall on the chart of Top10 Albums (Total Sales) in the US.BTS wrapped 2019 as the fourth-highest-ranked group onBillboard's TopBillboard200 Artists–Duo/Group ranking, behindQueen, Imagine Dragons and the Beatles.Map of the Soul: Personawas named as the third best-selling album of 2019 by theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry(IFPI), making BTS the first Korean artist to be listed on the Global Top10 Album Chart in consecutive years.The IFPI named BTS as one of the best-selling artists of 2019 for a second consecutive year, making them the first non-English speaking act to achieve this. Map of the Soul: 7, \"Dynamite\" andBe In January 2020, BTS released \"Black Swan\" along with a choreography art film performed by MN Dance Company of Slovenia as the first single from their albumMap of the Soul: 7.Album distributorDreamusreported that stock","that stock pre-orders of the album reached a record-breaking 4.02 million.Later that month, BTS performed at the62nd Annual Grammy Awards, making BTS the first Korean act to perform at the Grammys.Map of the Soul: 7was released on February 21 to favorable reviews.The album was supported by the single \"On\" and an alternative digital release of it featuring Australian singerSia.According toGaon Chart,Map of the Soul: 7sold over 4.1 million copies in nine days after its release, surpassingMap of the Soul: Personato become the best-selling album in South Korean history and the first album to be certified quadruple million.The album debuted atop the USBillboard200, making BTS the fastest group to earn four number one albums sincethe Beatlesin 1966–1968.\"On\" debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, giving BTS its first top-five hit, and the most Hot 100 top-10 entries of any Korean act, with three.BTS planned to support theMap of the Soulalbum series with a concert series,Map of the Soul Tour, beginning in","Tour, beginning in April,but this was indefinitely postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, BTS became the first K-pop artist to sell more than 20 million albums cumulatively,making them the best-selling artist in South Korean history.That month, amid the pandemic restrictions, BTS held a two-day online streaming concert event titledBang Bang Con, where the group shared footage of past concerts on their YouTube channel.On June 7, BTS headlined YouTube'sDear Class of 2020online graduation event, performing \"Boy with Luv\", \"Spring Day\", and \"Mikrokosmos\".Their commencement speeches highlighted their own graduations and offered \"messages of hope and inspiration for the class of 2020 in both Korean and English\".On June 14, BTS held an online live concert,Bang Bang Con: The Live, as part of the seventh anniversary of their debut.It garnered peak viewership of 756,000live viewers in 107countries and territories, setting the record for the largest audience for a paid virtual concert.On June 19, BTS","June 19, BTS released the Japanese single, \"Stay Gold\", from their fourth Japanese album,Map of the Soul: 7 – The Journey, which was released worldwide on July 14.It surpassed 564,000copies in its first week, breaking the record for highest first week album sales by male foreign artists in Japan. BTS released their first English-language single, \"Dynamite\", on August 21.\"Dynamite\" debuted at number one on the USBillboardHot 100 chart, earning BTS their first chart topper and making them the first all-South Korean act to earn a number one single in the US.The single also toppedBillboard'snewGlobal 200for the week ending September 24, as well asGlobal Excluding UScharts, becoming the first single to top both simultaneously.\"Dynamite\" peaked at number five on the USMainstream Top 40and on the.Billboard Pop Singleschart, becoming their first Top 10 on each and the former the highest-charting entry by a Korean act.On August 31, BTS made theirMTV Video Music Awards(VMAs) debut with the first live performance of","live performance of \"Dynamite\"and won four awards: Best Group, Best Choreography, Best Pop Video, and Best K-pop (the last three for their music video for \"On\").On October 14, they performed the single at the 2020BillboardMusic Awards and won the Top Social Artist award for a fourth consecutive year. On October 2, 2020, BTS released a remix ofJawsh 685andJason Derulo's single \"Savage Love (Laxed – Siren Beat)\".It topped the Hot 100.On October 10 and 11, BTS hosted a two-day virtualpay-per-viewconcert at KSPO Dome in Seoul, calledMap of the Soul ON:E, which drew 993,000 viewers from 191 countries and territories.On November 20, BTS released their fifth Korean studio albumBe, led by the single \"Life Goes On\".\"Life Goes On\" debuted at number one on the Hot 100,BTS's third consecutive US number-one single in three months and the first song performed primarily in Korean to top the chart. On November 24, 2020, BTS became the first Korean pop artists recognized bythe Recording Academywhen \"Dynamite\" received a","received a nomination forBest Pop Duo/Group Performanceat the63rd Annual Grammy Awards.The group won the Special International Music Award at the62nd Japan Record Awards.Kim, in his book on the influence of Korean popular culture, suggested that 2020, the worst year in many people's lives, was a noteworthy one for Korean culture, withParasitewinning theAcademy Award for Best Pictureand BTS posting three number-one hits on theBillboardGlobal 200. 2021–present \"Butter\", \"Permission to Dance\" andProof On March 4, 2021, the IFPI named BTS its Global Recording Artist of the Year for 2020, the first Asian and first non-English speaking act to top the ranking.BTS occupied three spots in the Global Album Sales Chart of 2020, withMap of the Soul: 7at number one,Be (Deluxe Edition)at number two, andMap of the Soul: 7–The Journeyat number eight.On the newly launched Global Album All Format Chart,Map of the Soul: 7claimed first place andBe (Deluxe Edition)claimed fourth.On March 14, 2021, BTS performed \"Dynamite\" at the","\"Dynamite\" at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming the first Korean nominee to perform, though they did not win the award.On April 1, BTS released \"Film Out\", the first single from their then-upcoming Japanese compilation album,BTS, the Best.BTS held a two-day online streaming event on their YouTube channel beginning April 17, titledBang Bang Con 21, and aired three of their previous in-person concerts. On May 21, BTS released their second English-language single, \"Butter\".It debuted at number one on the Hot 100—their fourth number one in nine months—making them the quickest act to achieve four chart-toppers sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006, and the fastest group sincethe Jackson 5in 1970.Their next English-language single, \"Permission to Dance\", was released on July 9.It became BTS's eighth number-one on theDigital Songschart, extending their record as the group with the most number-one entries on the ranking.On September24, 2021, the band released the single \"My Universe\" withColdplay.The single debuted at","single debuted at number one on the Hot 100, making it the first collaboration between two groups to debut at number one.The band held an online concert, titledPermission to Dance on Stage, on October 24, 2021, in Seoul.On November 23, \"Butter\" earned a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the64th Annual Grammy Awards.Between November 27 and December 2, BTS held their first live performances before an in-person audience since before the pandemic. The band playedfour sold-out showsatSoFi Stadiumin Los Angeles as a continuation of their Permission to Dance on Stage concert series. On January 15, 2022, a fictionalwebtoonbased on BTS, titled7Fates: Chakho, was released. The comic surpassed 15million views globally in its first two days of availability and became the highest-viewed title ever launched byWebtoon.The band held three limited-capacity concerts at Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 10, 12 and 13—the largest music gatheringsapproved by the South Korean government since the pandemic","since the pandemic restrictions were imposed—with a total audience of 45,000people.On April 3, BTS performed \"Butter\" at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards,though the song did not win the award for which it was nominated.On April 8, the band earned seven nominations at the2022BillboardMusic Awardsand won three, making them the most-nominated and the most-awarded group in the show's history. On June 10, 2022, BTS released their three-CDanthologyalbumProof.On June 14, during their ninth anniversary celebrations, the band announced a temporary suspension of group activities to focus on solo projects and other endeavors.Hybe Corporation, which owns Big Hit,clarified in subsequent statements that BTS was neither disbanding nor going on hiatus, but would be actively furthering their individual careers with the label's full support while still participating in group activities, including the filming ofRun BTS.The incident caused Hybe Corporation's stock to decline rapidly, resulting in a decrease in market value of","in market value of US$1.7billion.On August 24,Billboardmagazine reported that BTS would be performing inBusanon October 15 in a benefit concert in support of the city's efforts to have aWorld Expositionin 2030, participating under the bannerYet to Come. Military service and contract renewal In spite of the announcement of the October 2022 benefit concert, Hybe Corporation's stock prices dropped to below its originalIPOamid continuing market speculation about the implications of the upcoming mandatorymilitary enlistmentof the band's members.Under South Korean laws, all able-bodied males must complete between 18 and 21 months of military service, usually by age 28.Bloomberg Newsreported the concert as a success but also indicated that there were no further concert dates scheduled. It was estimated that if the band members completed their service, Hybe Corporation would lose nearly US$10 billion over ten years, with the loss to the South Korean economy at nearly US$39 billion. In October 2022, Big Hit confirmed","Big Hit confirmed that Jin, the band's oldest member, aged 29, had withdrawn his enlistment deferral request.The other members planned to enlist later, with the group planning to reunite in 2025 following discharge.At the end of October 2022, BTS earned five nominations for the2022 MAMA Awards, with the band members receiving eight further nominations as solo artists.On November 15, BTS earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards, including a nomination forBest Music Videofor \"Yet to Come\".\"My Universe\" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, making BTS the only act to be nominated three years in a row in this category since its introduction in 2011.The band was also nominated forAlbum of the Yearas featured artists on Coldplay'sMusic of the Spheres.Jin enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 13.On February 26, 2023, Big Hit announced that J-Hope had requested cancellation of the postponement of his military service. Following their scheduled separation, the band'sBTS 'Yet to","band'sBTS 'Yet to Come' in Busanconcert film was released on February 1, 2023.During a trip to Spain, RM toldEFEthat BTS \"will come together again when we finish our military service, and we will look for new synergies between us to enter a second phase.\"Hybe chairman Bang Si-hyuk stated on March 15, 2023, that their comeback might not occur in 2025 since it was hard to target a specific date, and that they had not discussed their contract renewal yet.J-Hope enlisted as an active duty soldier on April 18.On May 12, BTS released a soundtrack \"The Planet\" for the South KoreananimatedseriesBastions.To commemorate their tenth anniversary, the group released the song \"Take Two\" on June 9. On September 20, 2023, Hybe confirmed through a press release that BTS would renew their exclusive contracts. The members will sign these agreements sequentially, considering their military service, after a board resolution with Big Hit Music, solidifying their commitment to future projects starting from 2025 onwards. Hybe","2025 onwards. Hybe expressed their anticipation for supporting BTS' group endeavors and pledged unwavering support to enhance their worldwide influence, ensuring the group's continuity even after completing their military service.On September 22, 2023, Suga enlisted as a social worker.RM and V enlisted on December 11, 2023, followed by Jimin and Jungkook on December 12.On June 12, 2024, Jin became the first BTS member to complete his mandatory military service and was officially discharged. Artistry Influences BTS have cited Seo Taiji and Boys,Nas,Eminem,Kanye West,Drake,Post Malone,Charlie Puth, andDangeras musical inspirations.They have also cited Queen as an influence, saying they \"grew up watching videos ofLive Aid\".During their concert at Wembley Stadium in London, Jin paid tribute to Queen by leading the crowd in a version ofFreddie Mercury's \"ay-oh\" chant.\"Hip Hop Phile\" which was released when BTS's hip-hop concept was at its height, pays homage to the artists who influenced them, including the South","including the South Korean groupEpik High,Jay-Z,Biggie,CL Smooth, and others. Their 2016 albumWingswas inspired byHermann Hesse'scoming of agenovel,Demian.Their song \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" quotesFriedrich Nietzsche'sThus Spoke Zarathustra, and its music video features visual references toHerbert James Draper'sThe Lament for Icarus,Pieter Bruegel'sLandscape with the Fall of Icarus, and Bruegel'sThe Fall of the Rebel Angels.Among the literary and other sources that have inspired their works are those byHaruki Murakami,Ursula K. Le Guin,Carl Jung,George Orwelland Nietzsche.TheLove Yourselfseries was influenced byErich Fromm'sThe Art of Loving,and their 2018 song \"Magic Shop\" fromLove Yourself: Tearwas inspired byJames R. Doty's memoirInto the Magic Shop. Musical style Since their inception, BTS have emphasized hip hop as their musical base, largely due to the influence of RM and Suga's background as underground rappers;during early visits to the US, the group received mentoring from American rappers.Bang","rappers.Bang Si-hyukpreviously acknowledged that K-pop as a whole draws fromblack music,and author Crystal S. Anderson stated, \"BTS's rising popularity in the US represents the continuation of the ways that K-pop functions as part of a global R&B tradition.\"T.K. Park and Youngdae Kim ofVulturedeemed the track \"Outro: Her\" fromLove Yourself: Heras the best example of the group's understanding ofold-school hip hop, with raps inspired byChuck DandTupacand jazzy chords from the 1990s to create a classic hip hop sound. The release of \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" in 2016 accelerated BTS's transition from a hip hop to a pop group. Park and Kim noted that the song draws fromdancehall,reggaeton, andmoombahtonbut opts for a \"baroque mysticism\" rather than the \"partylike atmosphere of its influences\".The group also began incorporating traditional Korean elements into their music. For example, their single \"Idol\" (2018) features an adlib fromPansori, a Korean form of operatic storytelling, and vocal imitations of the sounds of","of the sounds of Koreanjanggudrums. While BTS maintains roots in hip hop, their sound has diversified. They first experimented withR&B,rockandjazz hip hoponDark & Wildin 2014;EDMin theirThe Most Beautiful Moment in Lifealbum series;moombahton andtropical houseonWingsandYou Never Walk Alone;future bassandLatin popin theirLove Yourselfalbum series;slow-dance ballads,emo rap,Afro pop,funk,trap,pop rock, andhip popin theirMap of the Soulalbum series;anddiscoin their single \"Dynamite\".The band members have explored different genres on solo tracks, such asneo soulon V's \"Stigma\" and flowing R&B on Jimin's \"Lie\". Lyrical themes Since their formation, BTS have believed that telling their own stories is the best way for the younger generation to relate to their music.Writing many of their own lyrics,the group discusses universal life experiences such as sadness and loneliness in their work and turn them into something lighter and more manageable. RM stated that BTS tries to avoid a preaching or reprimanding tone in","tone in their songs \"because that's not the way that we want to spread our message ... We're born with different lives, but you cannot choose some things. So we thought that love, the real meaning of it, starts with loving ourselves and accepting some ironies and some destinies that we have from the very start.\"When asked if it is difficult to write about things like mental health, Suga responded, We feel that people who have the platform to talk about those things really should talk more, because they say depression is something where you go to the hospital and you're diagnosed, but you can't really know until the doctor talks to you ... More and more, I think artists or celebrities who have a voice should talk about these problems and bring it up to the surface. Themes explored in BTS's discography range from exploring \"the troubles and anxieties of school-age youth\" to \"themes like love, friendship, loss, death, and more.\"Early BTS songs, such as \"No More Dream\" and \"N.O\" from their school trilogy, were","trilogy, were described by Tamar Herman as motivated by personal experiences with South Korea's rigid approach to education and called for change to the educational system and societal expectations.The members' experiences with South Korean youth culture also inspired the songs \"Dope\" and \"Silver Spoon\" (Korean:뱁새;RR:Baepsae) from their youth trilogy. These songs reference generational disparity andmillennialsgiving up romantic relationships, marriage, children, proper employment, homes, and social life in the face of economic difficulties and societal ills while facing condemnation from the media and older generations.The group's label dubbedThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever, the conclusion to their youth trilogy, \"a special album that marks the conclusion of the epic journey of the series, containing the last stories told by young people who, despite an uncertain and insecure reality (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt. 1) continue to surge forward (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt.","Moment in Life Pt. 2).\"Wingsfocused on mental health, criticisms of the K-pop \"idol\" scene, and delivering a female empowerment message.TheLove Yourselfseries introduced new themes regarding youth culture in South Korea, including the excitement of love, pain of farewell, and enlightenment of self-love.According to Kathy Sprinkel, BTS's 2020 \"quarantine album\"Be\"chronicles the group's coming to terms with a suddenly new reality and offers support for their listeners going through the same upheaval and uncertainty\". BTS's lyrics have also addressed topics outside youth culture. The song \"Am I Wrong\" fromWingsquestioned societal apathy towards changing the status quo; the lyric \"We're all dogs and pigs / we become dogs because we're angry\" appeared to reference South KoreanMinistry of Educationofficial Na Hyang-wook, who advocated acaste systemfor the country and who reportedly described average people as \"dogs and pigs\". BTS released the song amid the2016 South Korean political scandalthat resulted in the","resulted in the impeachment of presidentPark Geun-hye.RM and Suga's personal struggles with mental health have inspired some of their music.\"Not Today\" from 2017'sYou Never Walk Aloneis ananti-establishmentanthem, urging \"all the underdogs in the world\" to keep fighting,and \"Spring Day\" honored the victims of theSewol Ferry tragedy.Journalist Jeff Benjamin praised BTS inFusefor \"speak honestly about topics they deem important, even in a conservative society\".Former South Korean presidentMoon Jae-insaid: \"Each of the seven members sings in a way that is true to himself and the life he wants to live. Their melody and lyrics transcend regional borders, language, culture, and institutions.\" Impact On April 29, 2019,Timemagazine named BTS one of the100 most influential people of the year, labeling them the \"Princes of Pop\".Billboardexecutive Silvio Pietroluongo compared the group's influence to that of the Beatles.MRC Dataexecutive Helena Kosinski noted that \"although BTS weren't the first to open the doors to","open the doors to K-Pop worldwide, they were the first to become mainstream. They don't just appeal to young people but also to the 50s and 60s age demographic.\"The first non-English speaking artist to make the Global Artist Chart in 2018, BTS was the second best-selling artists worldwide across multiple media platforms, second only to Drake.In 2020, BTS became the first non-western and non-English speaking artist to be named IFPI's Global Recording Artist of the Year.In South Korea, BTS accounted for 41.9 percent of album sales in the first half of 2019, up from their market share of 25.3 percent the previous year. In 2022, Youna Kim described BTS as having spearheaded the Korean Wave, representing the global expansion of Korean culture as effectively as Psy did in the previous decade and with the strength of influence that theAcademy Award-winning South Korean filmParasitehad in 2020.South Korea's central bank, theBank of Korea, found in 2021 that BTS, including a \"ripple effect\" that included increased","included increased tourism to South Korea; increased interest in Korean culture, movies, and study of the Korean language; and added approximately US$5billion per year to South Korea's economy, a growth of about 0.5 percent.A 2018 study showed that, on average, 800,000foreigners per year had visited South Korea over the past four years for BTS-related reasons. Writers identified BTS as leaders even among other highly influential K-pop groups such asGirls' Generation,Super Junior,Exo,Twice, andBlackpinkand note that BTS's success shows the importance of a strong, active fan base in the age of social media, where fan campaigning can be as important as musical quality to a song's success.The group has also distinguished themselves at the forefront of the business side of the K-pop industry by pursuing less restrictive contracts with their management company to maximize their artistic originality and creativity.With this newer approach to career management, BTS created closer ties to the South Korean youth and","Korean youth and encourage individuality and authenticity among their audience. Diplomacy In his 1990 essaySoft Power, political scientistJoseph Nyedeveloped the concept of a second type of power different from traditional authoritarianism.Nye wrote, \"This second aspect of power – which occurs when one country gets other countries to want what it wants – might be called co-optive orsoft powerin contrast with the hard or command power of ordering others to do what it wants.\"Researchers such as Maud Quessard have applied the concept of soft power to BTS and their influence on entertainment diplomacy and international relations.Youna Kim and Maud Quessard all read the currency of soft power as includingculture, politicalvalues, andforeign policy, which applies to BTS's ability to be co-optive in their approach to spreading their message of harmony, acceptance, and addressing life's setbacks via their broad appeal on the international stage. BTS was invited to address theUnited Nations General Assemblyin New","Assemblyin New York in September 2018.That same year they performed in Paris before an audience of 400, including President Moon Jae-in and other officials, at the 2018 Korea-France Friendship Concert, a summit celebrating the friendly relations between France and South Korea.That year, BTS became the youngest recipients of theOrder of Cultural Merit. Despite cultural medals traditionally being given to recipients with over 15 years of achievement, Moon recognized the group, five years into their career, for their contributions in spreading Korean culture and language worldwide.In September2019, BTS were mentioned by Moon while announcing strategies for the content industries, for having pioneered innovative business models through direct communication with fans.In 2020, BTS received theJames A. Van Fleet Awardin recognition of their outstanding contributions to the promotion of US-Korea relations, the youngest honorees to receive the award.In July2021, they were appointedSpecial Presidential Envoy for","Envoy for Future Generations and Cultureby President Moon. In their role as envoys, they help to \"raise awareness on global agendas, such as sustainable development, to our future generations and to strengthen the nation's diplomatic power across the world\"and appear at international events such as the76th United Nations General Assembly.On May 31, 2022, BTS visited USPresident Joe Bidenat theWhite Houseto discuss the recent rise in anti-Asian hate crimes and discrimination. Fandom According to Kyung Hyun Kim, BTS's rise was facilitated by a great increase in music video programming and consumption on YouTube and the coming of an idol empire, including merchandising of nonmusical products, games, and fantasy fiction, as well as an expansion of online music fandom.The group has a large, highly organized, online community of fans known as ARMY (Adorable Representative M.C. for Youth), which translates the group's lyrics and social media posts into other languages and matches charitable contributions of BTS's","of BTS's members. As of 2020, some 40million ARMY members subscribe to the band's YouTube channel, with more than 30million following the official BTS Twitter andInstagramaccounts.The fan community helps generate BTS's number-one chart rankings via coordinated campaigns on streaming platforms,as well as pushes to feature BTS's music on radio stations and television.Some ARMY members may even surpass the group itself in influence among BTS fans. BTS interacted and engaged with their followers from their earliest days via social media,as well as viaBTS Universe, analternate storylineinvolving the members told through music videos, mobile games, books, short films, and more that gives fans room to theorize.Kim suggested that ARMY are drawn to BTS since the members are seen as underdogs, originating from the Korean countryside and a relatively minor Korean entertainment company, which allows young fans to identify with them.BTS's lyrics speak to social values, and fans respond by trying to improve the world. As","the world. As a result, the fandom regularly embraces activism on charitable causes and socio-political issues such as refugee crises,racial discrimination,children's rights,climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic.Feedback from ARMY to BTS affects the group's actions and lyrics; BTS has eliminated certain Korean words that sound like American racial slurs from their songs and ended collaboration with a Japanese producer when Korean ARMY members deemed his views extreme. Per South Korean author Jiyoung Lee, the relationship between BTS and ARMY is \"a mutual exchange between artists and their fans\" that is about more than merely \"ensuring the band's primacy\", but also \"extending the band's message of positivity into the world\". Lee opines that BTS and ARMY are \"a symbol of change in zeitgeist, not just of generational change\".The band members themselves agree and have long acknowledged their fans' role in their success.According to Sarah Keith, \"BTS embody a moment of generational transformation. ARMY","ARMY represents a 'coming of age' for the young, in which cultural production and influence are global and meaningful, and where the youth are politically and socially engaged.\" Other ventures Endorsements BTS partnered withPumabeginning in 2015, initially as Puma Korea's brand ambassadors before expanding to global ambassadors in 2018, and promoting the remix of Puma's \"Turin\" and \"Sportstyle\" line worldwide.In 2019, BTS signed withFilato endorse its sportswear.BTS has also served as global brand ambassadors forLG Electronics'smartphones,andHyundai Motors'2019 flagshipSUVthe \"Palisade\"andhydrogenfuel cell electricSUV, the \"Nexo\".BTS became global ambassadors of the electric street racing seriesFormula Eto promote how electric vehicles can helpcombat climate change.In 2020, BTS partnered withSamsung Electronics,releasing a limited BTS-themed version of theGalaxy S20+andGalaxy Buds+.As the first male pop group ever to collaborate withDior, BTS sported ensembles fromKim Jones' Pre-Fall 2019 collection at their","collection at their concert atStade de France.The band became global brand ambassadors forLouis Vuittonin April 2021. Philanthropy BTS are known for their philanthropic endeavors. Several members of the band have been inducted into prestigious donation clubs, such as theUNICEFHonors Club and the Green Noble Club, in acknowledgement of the size and frequency of their donations.They have also received awards for their donations, with one member receiving a Patron of the Arts Award for donations to the arts,and BTS as a whole receiving a UNICEF Inspire Award for their Love Myself campaign. They often donate privately, with theirpatronagelater being made public by the organizations they support and the media.The band's efforts have motivated their fans to also engage in various charitable andhumanitarianactivities, and on occasion even match their donations. Accolades BTS have received numerous awards throughout their career. They have consecutively won theBillboard Music Award for Top Social Artistsince 2017;","Artistsince 2017; are the only K-pop group to winTop Duo/Group, at the2019 Billboard Music Awards;and are the most-awarded group inBBMA historyas of2022, with 12 wins overall.BTS are also the only K-pop group to winFavorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rockand Favorite Social Artist at theAmerican Music Awards,and became the first Asian act in the show's history to win Artist of the Year in 2021.They are the first Korean pop act to receive aGrammy Awardnomination,and the first Korean artist to be nominated for aBrit Award.With 30 awards overall, including a record four consecutive wins for Artist of the Year (Asia), BTS are the most-awarded foreign artist in the history of theJapan Gold Disc Awards. They have also received a total of 50 trophies at theMAMA Awards. Members Discography Korean-language studio albums Japanese-language studio albums Filmography Films Online shows Bibliography Concert tours Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links","Jimin Park Ji-min(Korean:박지민; born October 13, 1995), knownmononymouslyasJimin, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and dancer. In 2013, he made his debut as a member of the South Koreanboy bandBTS, under the record labelBig Hit Entertainment. Jimin has released three solo tracks under BTS' name—\"Lie\" in 2016, \"Serendipity\" in 2017, and \"Filter\" in 2020—all of which have charted on South Korea'sGaon Digital Chart. He released his first credited solo song, the digital track \"Promise\", which he co-wrote, in 2018 and recorded the duet \"With You\" withHa Sung-woonfor the soundtrack for theTvNdramaOur Bluesin 2022. Jimin released his debut solo album,Facein 2023, which debuted at number one in South Korea and Japan and number two on the USBillboard200, making him the highest-charting Korean solo artist on the latter chart. The album's single \"Like Crazy\" became the first song by a Korean solo artist to debut at number one on the USBillboardHot 100in history. Jimin also became the first Korean solo artist to top","solo artist to top theBillboardArtist 100chart. In 2024, he released his second album,Muse, and its lead single \"Who\", which debuted at number one on theBillboardGlobal 200. Early life and education Park Ji-min was born on October 13, 1995, inGeumjeong District,Busan, South Korea.He is of theMilyang Park clan.His immediate family includes his mother, father, and younger brother. When he was a child, he attended Busan's Hodong Elementary School and Yonsan Middle School.In middle school, he attended Just Dance Academy, where he learnedpoppingandlocking.Prior to becoming a trainee, Jimin studiedcontemporary danceat Busan High School of Arts and was a top student in the modern dance department.A teacher suggested that he join an entertainment company, leading him toBig Hit Entertainment. Once he passed the auditions in 2012, he transferred toKorean Arts High School, graduating in 2014. Jimin graduated from Global Cyber University in August 2020 with a major in Broadcasting and Entertainment. He was awarded the","He was awarded the President's Award, the school's highest honor.As of 2021, he is enrolled atHanyang Cyber University, pursuing aMaster of Business Administrationin Advertising and Media. Career 2013–present: BTS Jimin was the last Big Hit trainee to be added to the lineup that would eventually becomeBTS. Of the band's seven members, he spent the shortest period of time—six months—as a trainee prior to debuting.On June 13, 2013, he debuted as a vocalist and dancer in BTS with the song \"No More Dream\" from their first single2 Cool 4 Skool.Under the band's name, he released three solo songs: \"Lie\", \"Serendipity\", and \"Filter\". \"Lie\" was released in 2016, as part of the band's second Korean studio album,Wings. It was described as stunning and dramatic, conveying dark undertones and emotions in line with the overall concept of the album.In contrast, \"Serendipity\", from the band'sLove Yourself: Her(2017)extended play(EP), was soft and sensual, expressing the joy, conviction, and curiosity of love.\"Filter\", a","of love.\"Filter\", a track from BTS' 2020 studio albumMap of the Soul: 7, had aLatin popflair, with lyrics reflecting the different sides of Jimin that he shows to the world and those around him.Jimin additionally co-wrote and co-produced another track included on that album, \"Friends\", which was later featured in theMarvel StudiosfilmEternals. \"Serendipity\" and \"Lie\" both surpassed fifty million streams onSpotifyin 2018, followed shortly thereafter by the former's full length version from BTS'Love Yourself: Answer(2018) compilation album, which achieved the milestone in early 2019. Jimin became the first Korean artist to have three solo tracks accumulate over 50 million streams each, surpassingPsy, who previously crossed the 50 million streams mark twice with \"Gangnam Style\" (2012) and \"Gentleman\" (2013).Both songs were also the only solos by a BTS member included in theOfficial Charts Company's (OCC) list of the top 20 most streamed BTS songs in the United Kingdom as of October 2018, ranking at number 17","at number 17 and 19 respectively.In April 2019, the list was expanded to reflect the top 40, and both tracks were the highest ranked solos included that year, at numbers 18 and 20 respectively. In May 2019, Jimin became the first BTS member to have a solo music video achieve 100 million views onYouTubewhen \"Serendipity\" surpassed the milestone.He remained the only BTS member with multiple solo songs in the January 2020 update of the OCC's top 40 list: \"Lie\" and \"Serendipity\" were the second and third most-streamed solos, at numbers 24 and 29 respectively, with the full-length version of the latter at number 38.The following month, Jimin earned his first entry on theBillboardHot 100with \"Filter\", which debuted at number 87 on the chart,as well his first number one on the World Digital Song Sales chart. The song set the record for the biggest streaming debut among all Korean songs on Spotify, accruing over 2.2 million streams in its first 24 hours of release, and went on to become the fastest Korean solo in","Korean solo in the platform's history to surpass 20–60 million streams.It was also the only solo album track by BTS to receive a Song of the Year nomination at theGaon Chart Music Awards.In March 2021, \"Filter\" became the 15th BTS song to spend a full year onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart.It was the longest-charting Korean song released in 2020 on the ranking,having spent 80 weeks on the chart as of the issue dated October 9, 2021. Jimin was awarded the fifth-class HwagwanOrder of Cultural Meritin 2018, alongside his bandmates, by thePresident of South Korea,Moon Jae-in, for their contributions to the promotion of Korean culture.Three years later, Moon appointed himSpecial Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and Culture, alongside his bandmates, to help \"lead the global agenda for future generations\" and \"expand South Korea's diplomatic efforts and global standing\" in the international community. 2014–present: Solo work In 2014, Jimin collaborated with bandmateJungkookon a song called","a song called \"Christmas Day\", a Korean rendition ofJustin Bieber's \"Mistletoe\"; Jimin wrote the Korean lyrics himself.The two collaborated again in 2017, on a cover ofCharlie Puth's \"We Don't Talk Anymore\" featuringSelena Gomez.Jungkook previously released a solo version of the song in February, and the two prepared the duet as a special gift to the band's fandom, releasing it on June 2, during BTS' fourth anniversary celebrations.Teen Voguewrote that \"adding Jimin's voice to the mix makes the rendition all the more lovely\",while the Canadian outletFlaremagazine stated that \"it honestly might be better than the original\".Elite Dailydescribed the cover as \"nothing short of flawless\". Jimin appeared on several variety shows such asHello Counselor,Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, andGod's Workplacein 2016.He also served as a special MC ondomestic television music programssuch asShow! Music CoreandM Countdown.In December 2016, he participated in a dance duet at theKBS Song FestivalwithTaeminfromShinee. On","On December 30, 2018, Jimin released \"Promise\", his first credited song as a solo artist, for free on BTS'SoundCloudpage.It earned the biggest 24-hour debut in SoundCloud history with 8.5 million streams, surpassing previous record holderDrake's \"Duppy Freestyle\" which received 4.9 million streams,and would go on to become the most streamed song on the platform by December 2021, with over 300 million streams.Described byBillboardas a \"mellowpop ballad\",the song was composed by Jimin and Big Hit producer Slow Rabbit, who also produced the track,and features lyrics written by Jimin and bandmateRM.Jimin released his second solo song \"Christmas Love\", about his childhood memories of the holidays, on December 24, 2020.In 2022, he contributed the single \"With You\", a duet withHa Sung-woon, to the soundtrack of theTvNdramaOur Blues; the single was released on April 24. In January 2023, Jimin co-wrote and featured on the single \"Vibe\" byTaeyang.His first official solo project since BTS announced an increased focus","an increased focus on individual music endeavors a year prior,the single earned Jimin his debut entry on theBillboardHot 100as a solo artist, at number 76.He was announced as aglobal ambassadorforDiorlater that month,and forTiffany & Co.in March.\"Promise\" and \"Christmas Love\" were made available on streaming platforms worldwide as official singles under Jimin's name on March 6.His debut solo albumFacewas released on March 24.It set several chart and sales records, debuting at number one in South Korea and Japan,and number two in the US, making Jimin the highest-charting Korean solo artist of all time on theBillboard200.The album's two singles, \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" and \"Like Crazy\", released on March 17 and 24 respectively,both entered the Hot 100: the former debuted at number 30,while the latter debuted at number one, making Jimin the first South Korean solo artist in history to top the chart.The album's release led Jimin to become the first Korean solo artist to reach number one on theBillboardArtist 100.In","100.In May, he appeared as a featured artist, alongsideJvkeandMuni Long, on the single \"Angel Pt. 1\" byKodak BlackandNLE Choppa, as part of the soundtrack for the filmFast X.The digital single \"Closer Than This\" was released on December 22, shortly after Jiminenlistedin theSouth Korean Army. Originally recorded during the production ofFace, it is a song dedicated to the BTS fandom in gratitude for their support. Big Hit announced an eight-episode travel reality series,Are You Sure?!, featuring Jimin and Jungkook on July 2, 2024. Available forstreamingexclusively onDisney+, the premiere episode aired August 8, with subsequent episodes following weekly through September 19.The label released Jimin's second solo album,Muse, on July 19, while he was carrying out his mandatory military service. It was supported by the singles \"Smeraldo Garden Marching Band\" and \"Who\".\"Who\" became Jimin's first song to debut atop both ofBillboard'sglobal charts. Artistry Jimin's vocals have been described as delicate and sweet.He","and sweet.He is regarded as an exceptional dancer among the members of BTS and in K-pop in general,often praised for his \"smooth and elegant movements\" and charm on stage. In the documentaryBurn the Stagereleased in 2018, Jimin addressed hisperfectionism.In 2023, Jimin stated that as a pop artist, he \"aims to excel at both dancing and singing and perform a diverse range of musical genres and themes\" while \"taking a healthy and sustainable approach to do so\". He has cited singerRainas an inspiration and one of the reasons why he wanted to become a singer and performer. Impact and influence In 2016, Jimin was ranked as the 14th most popular idol in an annual survey conducted byGallup Korea.He subsequently ranked seventh in 2017, and then consecutively ranked first in 2018 and 2019,as the only idol to top the survey for two consecutive years.In 2018, Jimin was the ninth most-tweeted about celebrity and the eighth most-tweeted about musician globally.He was named the 17th best boy band member in history byThe","in history byThe Guardian.From January to May 2018, Jimin won the monthly \"Top K-Pop Artist–Individual\" award forPeeper x Billboard, a collaboration between thePeepersocial media app andBillboardKoreathat collects fan votes for their favorite K-pop artists. The prize was a donation toUNICEFin his name. The Cultural Conservation Society awarded Jimin a plaque of appreciation in 2019, for performingbuchaechum, a traditional Korean fan dance, during the2018 Melon Music Awardsand helping spread the dance outside of Korea.In October 2021, he became the first idol to spend 34 consecutive months atop the brand reputation ranking for individual boy group idolsand the only one to top the overall ranking for three consecutive years. Jimin is often cited as a role model by various idols in theK-popindustry, many of whom try to emulate his style of dance, mannerisms, and stage presence; media outlets have called him the \"Idol of Idols\", \"Idol's Bible\", and \"Rookies' Bible\". Artists who have cited him as an influence","him as an influence include Arthur ofKingdom, Bic ofMCND, Kim Si-hun ofBDC, Woochul ofNewkidd, Hyunjin ofStray Kids, Wooyoung ofAteez, Lim Se-jun ofVicton, Huening Kai and Beomgyu ofTomorrow X Together, and Ni-ki and Jay ofEnhypen.British internet personalityOli Londonunderwent 15 cosmetic surgeries by 2020 to resemble Jimin. Jimin has also been acknowledged beyond theK-popindustry. In 2019, Award-winning director and photographerGus Van Santnamed Jimin as the artist he wished to work with.In 2021, Olympic figure skaterYuzuru Hanyushared being aBTSfan and mentioned Jimin as a source of inspiration for his dance movements on the rink.In 2023,Ryan Goslinggifted Jimin the guitar his character Ken used in the movieBarbie. Gosling gave Jimin the custom guitar as homage for jimin'sPermission to Danceoutfit serving as inspiration for one of the outfits Gosling wore for his role as Ken. Forbes Koreaincluded Jimin on theForbes Korea Power Celebrity 40for 2024, at number seven, making him the highest ranking K-pop","ranking K-pop soloist and second-highest ranking soloist on the list. Philanthropy Jimin is a supporter of education and the arts. From 2016 to 2018, he covered uniform expenses of students at his alma mater, Busan Hodong Elementary School. After the school's closing was announced, he donated summer and winter middle school uniforms to the final graduates and gifted autographed albums to the entire student body.In early 2019, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$85,810.58) to the Busan Department of Education to help support students from low income families. Of the total,₩30 million (US$25,743.17) went to his alma mater, Busan Arts High School.In July 2020, he donated₩100 million (US$84,726.68) to the Jeonnam Future Education Foundation to fund the creation of a scholarship fund for talented students from South Jeolla Province who were struggling financially. In July 2021, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) toRotary Internationalto help polio patients. As with previous donations, the benefaction was made","was made privately but became public in September, when the Go-seong Rotary Club displayed a banner thanking him for the donation.He was announced as a member of the Green Noble Club, a group of major donors to the Green Umbrella Children's Foundation who have contributed ₩100 million or more, on October 12. In September 2022, Jimin made a donation to the Gangwon Provincial Office of Education.In February 2023, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) through the Korean UNICEF Committee toward emergency relief for children affected by theTurkey–Syria earthquake.In March, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the North Chungcheong Provincial Office of Education to fund books and reading education programs for students.In August, Jimin participated in the \"Hometown Love Donation System\", a program allowing non-residents to donate to support welfare in the district of Nam-gu, Busan. He donated the maximum allowed donation amount of₩5 million (US$4,370.82) and proceeded to re-donate his campaign's donor return","donor return gifts to people in need in the region.In February 2024, Jimin was inducted in the Nam-gu Hometown Love Donation System Donor Hall of Fame for his contribution to the district welfare programs.In May, he made a donation of₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the South Gyeongsang Provincial Office of Education to create a scholarship for underprivileged students. Personal life Jimin used to live inHannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea, with his bandmates.In 2021, he purchased a property in the area worth₩5.9billion(US$5.16 million). Health In 2017, during BTS'Wings Tour, Jimin was unable to participate in the show inMacaudue to neck and shoulder cramping.The following year, while inLondonfor theLove Yourself World Tour, he withdrew from the band's scheduled performance onThe Graham Norton Showbecause of \"severe muscle pain in his neck and back\", according to a statement released byBig Hit Entertainment. In 2022, Jimin was hospitalized after having abdominal pain and a mild sore throat. He","sore throat. He underwentappendicitissurgery on January 31, and received a positiveCOVID-19diagnosis. Military service On November 22, 2023, Big Hit announced throughWeversethat Jimin, along with bandmatesRM,V, andJungkook, had started the enlistment process to carry out hismandatory military service.He enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 12 at the Army 5th Division Recruit Training Center inYeoncheon.He completed his five weeks of basic training in January 2024, placing first as an outstanding trainee and received the Best trainee commendation award from the Division Commander, taking an oath as the representative of all trainees in his unit.He was then appointed to an Artillery Unit in the5th Infantry Division. Discography Studio albums Singles As lead artist As featured artist Other charted songs Other songs Writing credits All song credits are adapted from theKorea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted. Filmography Television Music videos Awards and nominations World","nominations World records Notes References External links"],"string":"[\n \"BoA Kwon Bo-ah(Korean:권보아; born November 5, 1986), known professionally asBoAand often referred to as the \\\"Queen of K-pop\\\", is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, and actress. Born and raised inGyeonggi-do, South Korea, BoA was discovered bySM Entertainmenttalent agents when she accompanied her older brother, a music video director, to a talent search in 1998. She was trained for two years and made her debut withID; Peace B(2000). BoA has since released twenty studio albums, including ten in Korean, nine in Japanese, and one in English. On television, she appeared as a judge on the reality competition showK-pop Star(2011–2013), as an actress on the television dramaListen to Love(2016), as a host for thesecond seasonofProduce 101(2017), and as a coach for thethird seasonofThe Voice of Korea(2020). With the release of her debut Japanese studio album,Listen to My Heart(2002), BoA became the first South Korean pop star to break through in Japan following the fall of barriers that had restricted\",\n \"that had restricted the import and export of entertainment between the countries since the end ofWorld War II. Her Japanese albumsValenti(2003) andBest of Soul(2005) went on to sell over one million copies each according toOricon; the latter of which remained the last album to do so by a non-Japanese artist for 16 years. Herself-titled English album(2009) became the first record by a K-pop artist to appear on theBillboard200, debuting at number 127. BoA has sold over ten million albums throughout her career and is one of only three female artists with six consecutive number-one studio albums on theOricon Albums Chartsince her debut, alongside Japanese singersAyumi HamasakiandHikaru Utada. She is the recipient of numerous awards in South Korea and Japan, including eightMAMA Awards, sixSBS Music Awards, fiveJapan Record Awards, and fiveJapan Gold Disc Awards. In 2013,Mnetincluded her in their Legend 100 Artists list of the most influential artists in South Korea. Life and career 2000–2003: Debut and commercial\",\n \"and commercial success in South Korea and Japan Kwon Bo-ah was born on November 5, 1986.At the age of eleven, BoA accompanied her older brother to an SM Entertainment talent search.Though her brother was the one who auditioned as a break-dancer,SMtalent scoutsinstead took notice of BoA and offered her a contract on the same night as the auditions.Her parents initially opposed the notion of BoA leaving school to enter the entertainment business but eventually consented at her older brothers' persuasion.She has said that her early influence as a singer wasSeo Taiji. BoA underwent two years of training (involving vocal, dance, English, and Japanese lessons), and at the age of thirteen she released her debut albumID; Peace Bin South Korea on August 25, 2000.The album was moderately successful; it entered the Top 10 of the South Korean charts and sold around 156,000 units.Meanwhile, her Korean record label, SM Entertainment, made arrangements with Japanese labelAvex Traxto launch her music career in Japan. She\",\n \"in Japan. She was forced to quit school to prepareand in early 2001, BoA released her firstmini-album,Don't Start Now; it sold around 90,000 units. After its release, she took a hiatus from the Korean music industry to focus on the Japanese market at which time she worked to solidify her skills in Japanese. BoA began her Japanese music career singing at the Avex-owned clubVelfarre.Her debut Japanese album,Listen to My Heart, was released on March 13, 2002. The album was a breakthrough in BoA's career, becoming anRIAJ-certified million-seller and debuted atop the Oricon, the first album by a Korean artist to do so.It was promoted with several singles: the Top 20 hit \\\"ID; Peace B\\\" (originally from the eponymous album), \\\"Amazing Kiss\\\", \\\"Kimochi wa Tsutawaru\\\", the Top 5 hit \\\"Listen to My Heart\\\", and the Top 10 \\\"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\\\". After theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks, BoA recorded the charity single \\\"The Meaning of Peace\\\" withKumi Kodaas part of Avex'sSong Nationproject to raise funds for charity.From\",\n \"for charity.From 2001 to 2007, BoA hostedBeat it BoA's World, a radio program on theJapan FM Network. After the release ofListen to My Heart, BoA released her second Korean studio album,No. 1, a month later on April 12, 2002.The album sold around 544,853 units and became the fourth-best-selling record of the year in South Korea.Jumping into the World(a Japanese re-release of the mini-albumDon't Start Now) and the Japanese single \\\"Don't Start Now\\\" were released a month later on the same day.At the end of the year, BoA released her second Korean mini-albumMiracle. BoA's second Japanese studio album,Valenti(January 2003), became her best-selling album, with over 1,249,000 copies sold.Three singles preceded its release: \\\"Valenti\\\", which peaked at the number-two position on the Oricon chart,\\\"Kiseki / No.1\\\" and \\\"Jewel Song / Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\\\", both which also peaked at the number-three position. In support of the album, BoA launchedBoA 1st Live Tour Valenti, her first Japanese concert tour.Later in the\",\n \"tour.Later in the same year, BoA released her third Korean-language studio album,Atlantis Princesson May 30, 2003,and then released a mini-albumShine We Are!on December 4, 2003. The former was the fifth-best-selling South Korean record of the year with around 345,000 units sold; the latter sold around 58,000 units. 2004–2008: New image, foray into China, and creative control Her third Japanese studio album,Love & Honesty(January 2004) was a musical \\\"change in direction\\\": it contained a rock-dance song (\\\"Rock with You\\\") and \\\"harder\\\" R&B.Though the album failed to matchValentiin sales, it topped the Oricon chart for two weeks and became RIAJ-certified triple-platinum.In support of the album, BoA held a tour,Live Concert Tour 2004: Love & Honesty, spanning nine performances and attracted approximately 105,000 attendants.In contrast with1st Live Tour, which \\\"emphasized exotic Asian design\\\", theLove & Honestytour had an \\\"outer-space, sci-fi\\\" theme; among the props were a three-storey-highspace shipand the\",\n \"shipand the robotAsimo. Her firstcompilation album,Best of Soul(February 2005), however, sold over a million copies, making BoA the first non-Japanese Asian singer to have two million-selling albums in Japan.It remained the last album by a foreign artist to have sold over a million copies in Japan for 16 years, untilBTSin 2021. BoA reinvented her image for her fourth and fifth Korean albums,My Name(June 2004) andGirls on Top(June 2005), shedding the \\\"cute\\\" and \\\"youthful\\\" style that had characterized previous years and adopted a more \\\"sexy\\\" and \\\"sultry\\\" look.The sales of BoA's Korean albums began to decline:My Namesold 191,000 units and became the eleventh-best-selling South Korean album in 2004whileGirls on Topranked fourteenth in 2005 with 113,000 units sold.In September 2004, BoA instigated controversy in Japan when she donated₩50 million to a memorial project forKorean independenceactivist and nationalistAn Jung-geun. Her fourth Japanese studio album,Outgrow, (February 2006) reached the number-one spot on\",\n \"number-one spot on the Oricon chart for its first week of release, making it her fourth consecutive original Japanese album to do so. With 220,000 copies sold, it became her lowest-selling first-week debut for a studio album at that point.\\\"Do the Motion\\\", the first single from the album, reached the top spot, making her the fourth non-Japanese Asian to have a number-one single on the Oricon charts.\\\"Merry Christmas from BoA\\\" (2005), the album's last single, was the singer's first digital single. That May, BoA renewed her contract with SM Entertainment until 2012. At the time it was noted that she had a shareholding in the company of 100,000 (Approximately worth $1m USD).She performed \\\"Everlasting\\\", the image song for Roman Polanski'sOliver Twist (2005 film).She also voiced Heather the possum in the Korean and Japanese version of the animated filmOver the Hedge.On September 21, 2006, she released her first digital single in Korea, a Korean version of \\\"Key of Heart\\\". In support ofOutgrow, BoA launched a\",\n \"BoA launched a specialZepptour, B0A The Live, on September 29, 2006, which lasted until October 29.She staged her first Christmas concert on December 7, 2006. Three singles preceded BoA's fifth Japanese studio album,Made in Twenty(January 2007): the Top 3 \\\"Nanairo no Ashita (Brand New Beat)/Your Color,\\\" the Top 10 \\\"Key of Heart\\\", and the No. 2 hit \\\"Winter Love\\\". The album, which contained R&B and dance songs as well as ballads, debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making the album her sixth in a row to do so (including one compilation).Having previously compose the song \\\"No More Make Me Sick\\\" forMade in Twenty,BoA assumed creative control over her sixth Japanese album,The Face(February 2008).The album debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making BoA one of only two artists in Japan to have six consecutive studio albums top the Oricon weekly charts (the other isAyumi Hamasaki, who has eight consecutive number-one albums).On June 9, 2008, BoA and nine other artists from around the world\",\n \"around the world recorded an English cover ofWei Wei's \\\"Dedication of Love\\\". Produced byRoald Hoffmannand Brian Alan, the single was used to raise funds for victims of theSichuan earthquake.But due to a tight schedule, BoA was pulled back from this project. Korean jewelry brand Ramee also released, \\\"Ramee by BoA\\\", a line of jewelry designed by the singer herself. 2008–2012: American expansion and return to Asia On September 2, 2008, it was announced that BoA would make her American debut under a new subsidiary label, SM Entertainment USA.Hoping to become a \\\"world-renowned entertainer\\\" in the vein ofJanet Jackson,BoA's debut American single \\\"Eat You Up\\\", was produced byThomas Troelsen, and released on October 21, 2008. It charted at No. 9 on theBillboardHot Dance Club Playchart.To promote the single, BoA performed \\\"Eat You Up\\\" as well as other songs at YouTube's Tokyo Live concert, and performed in New York City on December 3, 2008, as well as theJingle Ballat theAnaheim Honda Centeron December 6, 2008.The\",\n \"6, 2008.The following year, she released \\\"Eien/Universe/Believe in Love\\\" and was also featured inRavex's single \\\"Believe in Love\\\". BoA'sself-titled English albumwas released in the U.S. on March 17 and featured tracks by producersBloodshy and Avantas well as a duet withSean Garrett.Her second Japanese compilation album,Best & USAwas released on March 18 tying together a compilation of recent hits in Japan with her English-language debut. Though she stated that \\\"t has always been my dream to debut in America,\\\" she found English tougher to learn than Japanese and despite living in West Beverly Hills, found it difficult to make friends.BoA later headlined theSan Francisco Pride Festivalon June 28, 2009, alongsideSolange KnowlesandThe Cliks,where she also performed the song \\\"Energetic\\\" for the first time in public, in addition to \\\"Eat You Up\\\" and \\\"I Did It for Love\\\".On August 31, SM USA releasedBoA Deluxe, a repackaged version of her debut English album. The album contained two new tracks and the radio edit\",\n \"and the radio edit version of \\\"Energetic\\\". With her U.S. career struggling to gain traction, BoA returned to East Asia to release her seventh Japanese album,Identity(February 2010). Promoted by the singles \\\"Bump Bump!\\\" featuringVerbalfromM-Floand \\\"Mamoritai: White Wishes\\\" (December 2009), the album only charted at No. 4, selling 37,606 copies in its first week. With little promotion from her label, it ended her run of six consecutive No. 1 albums, suggesting that it would be impossible for her to sustain her career in three territories simultaneously.Her first Korean album in five years,Hurricane Venus,was released on August 5, 2010,and sold 55,776 units making it the 22nd best selling album in South Korea for 2010.She also represented South Korea and performed at the7th Asia Song Festival, organized byKorea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, at theSeoul Olympic Stadium. BoA made her Hollywood movie debut in the dance filmMake Your Move 3D, playing the character Aya oppositeDerek Hough. Although\",\n \"Hough. Although production ended in 2011, the film was released in 2013. The movie received mixed reviews, with Inkoo Kang of theLos Angeles Timespraising the choreography but stating that \\\"henever actor Derek Hough and BoA stop leaping and twirling, is an underwritten mess.\\\"To celebrate the 10th anniversary of her Japanese debut, BoA released \\\"Milestone\\\", which ranked at No. 4 on the Oricon Weekly Music-DVD charts.She also held her 10th anniversary concert on December 10–11 at Tokyo International Forum. Following the concert, BoA shifted her activities to her native county, joining the judging panel onSBS's audition programK-pop Staras a representative of S.M. Entertainment, alongsideYang Hyun-sukfromYG EntertainmentandPark Jin-youngfromJYP Entertainment. BoA received praise for her ability as a judge with her insightful comments and discerning eyes,and also sang the theme song \\\"One Dream\\\".For her seventh Korean album,Only One(July 2012), BoA wrote and composed its title track,while its dance steps\",\n \"its dance steps choreographed by NappyTabs, who has previously worked with BoA inCobu.Upon its release, \\\"Only One\\\" achieved an all-kill on several music charts.She followed this up with the second \\\"The Shadow\\\", was released August 18, 2012.Additionally, she recorded the song \\\"Lookin'\\\" featuringThe Quiettfor Hyundai's 'Premium Younique Lifestyle' campaign. 2013–2015: Music production, television role, and 15th anniversary BoA launched her first Korean tour withBoA Special Live 2013: Here I Amtour at the Olympic Hall,and released the song \\\"Disturbance\\\", which she wrote and composed, to commemorate her first concert tour in South Korea.In September 2013, BoA starred in KBS' two-episode drama specialExpect to DatealongsideChoi DanielandIm Si-wan, her full first role in a drama, following a string of cameo appearances.She received praise for her acting performance.She also participated inInfinity Challenge'sbi-annual song festival and was paired withLeessang'sGil, with the two co-produced the song \\\"G.A.B\\\".In\",\n \"the song \\\"G.A.B\\\".In March 2014, BoA was appointed as a de facto creative director in S.M. Entertainment, alongside labelmateKangta; she was placed in charge of mental care of artists who debut at a young age. The singles for BoA's eighth Japanese album,Who's Back?(September 2014),were released over a span of four years prior to the album's release:\\\"Woo Weekend\\\" and \\\"I See Me\\\" in 2010, \\\"Milestone\\\" in 2011,Only One\\\", \\\"Tail of Hope\\\" and \\\"Message / Call My Name\\\" in 2013,and \\\"Shout It Out\\\"and \\\"Masayume Chasing\\\" in 2014.To promote the album, she embarked on her BoA Live Tour 2014 Who's Back? tour in September, her first Japanese tour in four years.After the tour concluded, BoA starred in her first Korean film,Big MatchalongsideLee Jung-jaeandShin Ha-kyunthough a Japanese single \\\"Fly\\\" was released on December 3, 2014. Her eighth Korean albumKiss My Lips(May 2015)became her first entirely self-written, self-produced album, working alongside American producers The Underdogs and Stereotypes.The single \\\"Who Are You\\\"\",\n \"\\\"Who Are You\\\" (feat. Gaeko) was released prior to the album's unveiling, along with its accompanying music video, which starred EXO'sSehunas the male lead.The rest of the album was unveiled on May 12 along with an official music video of the eponymous title track.Billboardcalled the singer a promising songwriter despite moments of musical blandness. In July, she performed at the BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness to commemorate her 15th anniversary. The concert took place on August 22 and 23 at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts in South Korea, making BoA the first female idol to hold a solo concert at the venue.This was followed by BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness in Japan which took place on December 11, 2015, at Tokyo International Forum Hall-A.Her 15th anniversary in Japan the following year was celebrated in a similar fashion,including the release of the song \\\"Lookbook\\\", and a 15th anniversary edition of BoA's Japanese Winter hit, \\\"Meri Kuri\\\". As part of S.M. Entertainment's special winter\",\n \"special winter project,Winter Garden,BoA released a digital single entitled \\\"Christmas Paradise\\\". 2016–present: Musical projects, television production, and acting debut On January 12, 2016, BoA released an English-language single \\\"Make Me Complete\\\", which serves as the theme song for the Fuji TV special dramaOoku, starring Sawajiri Erika and Watanabe Mayu.In June, she collaborated with Korean rapperBeenzinoforS.M. Entertainment'sSM Stationproject. The duo released the single \\\"No Matter What\\\", which ranked atop five domestic charts.BoA worked with BeatBurger for anotherSM Stationsingle titled \\\"Music Is Wonderful\\\", where she participated in the composing and writing of the track.From October to November 2016, BoA starred in JTBC's romance melodramaListen to Love, returning to the small screen after three years. The following year, BoA became one of the producers forMnet'sboy groupsurvival reality show,Produce 101 Season 2, which aired from April 7 to June 16.BoA later released another song forSM Station,\",\n \"song forSM Station, \\\"Spring Rain\\\", an R&B number produced by Kenzie.In May, BoA embarked on her BoA The live inBillboardLive Tour, held in Tokyo and Osaka.She also released the single \\\"Camo,\\\" a dance song with a heavy emphasis on bass and synthesizer sounds, which was a change in sound from her previous materials and produced by The Underdogs.In July, she released the Japanese single \\\"Right Here, Right Everywhere\\\" for the soundtrack of dramaYaneura no Koibito.She later starred in the filmAutumn Sonataalongside Lee Hak-joo, playing a terminally ill patient. In 2018, BoA returned to Japan and released her ninth Japanese albumWatashi Konomama de Iinokanaon February 14, 2018, followed by EPUnchainedin March. To accompany the release of the EP, she embarked on the BoA The Live 2018: Unchained Tour from March 15 to April 4. People who attend the concerts received a copy ofUnchained.On January 31, she released \\\"Nega Dola\\\", which served as a single for BoA's then-upcoming first extended play.The EP,One Shot, Two\",\n \"EP,One Shot, Two Shot, was released on February 20, alongside its titular lead single and the song's music video.The EP peaked at number six at the South Korean Gaon Album Chart and number seven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart.On October 24, she released her ninth Korean albumWomanalongside a lead single of the same name.The album peaked at number six at the Gaon Album Chart, number eleven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart. On June 4, 2019, she released the single \\\"Feedback\\\", which features rapperNucksal, alongside the song's music video.BoA embarked on her #Mood Tour, which had six dates in Japan and two dates in Seoul, from September to October 2019.On October 23, she released a new Japanese single, \\\"Wishing Well\\\", which she earlier debuted on the tour.On December 11, 2019, she released her second extended playStarry Night. In May 2020, BoA was featured as one of the coaches for the third season ofThe Voice of Korea, alongsideDynamic Duo,Sung Si-kyung, andKim Jong-kook.On December 1, 2020, she released\",\n \"2020, she released her tenth Korean albumBetter.SpoTV News shared BoA to join as a judge for Mnet Dance program \\\"Street Woman Fighter\\\". It is a female dance crew competition premiering in August 2021.On November 5, 2021, BoA released the Japanese single, \\\"My Dear\\\", to commemorate her 20th anniversary. BoA was revealed as a member of the supergroupGot the Beaton December 27, 2021. The group debuted on January 3, 2022.To celebrate her 20th anniversary, BoA released the Japanese compilation albumThe Greateston May 30, 2022.On November 8, 2022, BoA announced her third EPForgive Mealong with the title track on the same name on November 22, 2022.In 2024, BoA appeared in the dramaMarry My Husband, where she played Oh Yu-ra. Her performance in the drama was met with negative reviews. Image and artistry BoA lists hip hop as her main musical influence, though she also enjoys R&B. Her favorite musicians areWhitney Houston,Michael Jackson,Justin Timberlake, andNe-Yo;as a result, much of BoA's music is eitherdance-popor\",\n \"eitherdance-popor R&B. Because she also singsballads, she is often compared to Japanese singersNamie AmuroandAyumi Hamasaki. Her debut album,ID; Peace B, containedurban pop, \\\"slickly produced\\\" ballads, and \\\"upbeat dance tunes\\\". As her career went on, she began experimenting with different styles:Valenticontained mostly ballads;Love and Honestywas an experiment with \\\"harder\\\" R&B and rock music. Though her earlier releases were marked by a \\\"cute\\\" and \\\"youthful\\\" style, BoA began to present a more \\\"mature\\\" image starting from the albumMy Name. In aTalk Asiainterview,Anjali Raonoted that some felt thatMy Namemarked the beginning of BoA's decline in popularity and asked if the public would always see the singer as \\\"Little Baby BoA\\\"; BoA replied, \\\"So while I apologize to those people who still want the baby BoA, in fact, what can I do? I just keep growing up! I can't stop that from happening.\\\" The Facewas influenced byelectropopand included \\\"happy spring\\\" songs (\\\"Sweet Impact\\\" and \\\"Bad Drive\\\"), a guitar-driven\",\n \"a guitar-driven \\\"groovy dance\\\" song (\\\"Lose Your Mind\\\"), and ballads.Because the composition and writing of BoA's songs is handled mostly by her staff, BoA has been criticized as being a \\\"manufactured pop star\\\".In response to such criticism, BoA said that \\\"if one person were to force their own will on something, then things that should have gone right could easily go wrong\\\" and that she is \\\"not all that unhappy with the expression that a manufactured star. In a way, that is true. Because SM Entertainment created the environment and all the surrounding conditions, able to be successful in the way now.\\\"She later assumed creative control withThe Face,whileKiss My Lipsbecame her first entirely self-written, self-produced album. BoA has collaborated with high-profile artists. Among the Japanese artists she has performed with are the hip hop groupM-Flo(for the single \\\"The Love Bug\\\"), pop singerKumi Koda, andhouseDJMondo Grosso. She has performed with Western artists: the song \\\"Flying Without Wings\\\" from her\",\n \"Wings\\\" from her albumNext Worldwas a collaboration with Irish bandWestlifecovering theoriginal song; theBratzsingle \\\"Show Me What You Got\\\" was performed withHowie Dof the American bandBackstreet Boys.She also worked withAkon, singing the song \\\"Beautiful\\\", which was featured on the Japanese release of his third album,Freedom.Other artists she has collaborated with areSoul'd Out, Dabo, Verbal (of M-Flo), Rah-D,Seamo,TVXQ, Yutaka Furakawa (of the band Doping Panda), andCrystal Kay(for her single \\\"After Love: First Boyfriend/Girlfriend\\\").American rock bandWeezercovered \\\"Meri Kuri\\\" on the Japanese version of their albumWeezer. Cultural impact and legacy BoA is regarded as one of South Korea's most influential and prominent singers and is widely referred to as the \\\"Queen of K-pop\\\",in recognition of her contributions in spearheading theKorean waveinto Japan.BoA's success in the Japanese market has been deemed a catalyst in the Japanese interest in Korean pop music beginning in the early 2000s, when the two\",\n \"2000s, when the two countries began promoting cultural exchanges since the end ofWorld War II.Music critics have recognized BoA for improving \\\"civil relations between the Korean and Japanese public through her music and appearances in Japanese radio and television\\\",with Oxford Political Review noting \\\"BoA's role in strengthening Japan-South Korea ties as a cultural envoy\\\".In Alisa Freedman'sIntroducing Japanese Pop Culture, BoA was noted for \\\"herald a new phase of Japanese engagement with Korean singers\\\", registering \\\"remarkable success during the first half of the 2000s in Japan\\\". She highlighted that the timing of her success coincided with several political and cultural developments; these of which include the implementation of Korea's Open-Door Policy, theKorea Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup, and the popularity of the drama seriesWinter Sonata. Freedman evaluated BoA's career path and localization strategies in Japan for having set \\\"the first trend\\\" of the Korean wave into the country. Voxhailed BoA as \\\"one\",\n \"BoA as \\\"one of South Korea's best-known exports\\\" in the years after her debut whileThe Korea Timescalled BoA \\\"the forerunner of the new generation of idols who popularized K-pop in Japan and elsewhere.\\\"In 2004, theMinistry of Culture, Sports and Tourismhonored BoA with the Asian Cultural Exchange Merit Award for her contributions in raising the status of K-pop throughout Asia.The Diplomatstated that BoA \\\"paved the way\\\" for future K-pop artists \\\"to later captivate Japanese fans despite souring relations between Seoul and Tokyo.\\\" Music critic Lim Jin-mo wrote that BoA \\\"opened many doors for pop acts from her country in the second largest music market in the world\\\", acting \\\"as a figurehead for breakthroughs in Japan for South Korean acts\\\" and became \\\"a pivotal figure in K-pop's history\\\". Yim Hyun-su fromThe Korea Heraldviewed her for \\\"forever changing the landscape of South Korea's music industry\\\".In 2016, she was honored with the Presidential Commendation at theKorean Popular Culture and Arts Awardsfor her\",\n \"Arts Awardsfor her contributions to the spread of the Korean wave, and for laying \\\"the foundation for the revival of K-pop\\\". With nearly 15 years in the entertainment industry, BoA has little to prove in Korea, where she's widely regarded as a pioneer in K-pop's modern-day international platform. —Billboard(2015) In 2013, 50 music experts, professors and critics organized byMnetnamed BoA one of the 100 most influential artists in South Korean music.\\\"No. 1\\\" was ranked number 27 in a 2006Gallup Koreasurvey of 100 all-time favorite Korean songsand was included in Mnet's Legend 100 list of popular Korean songs since the 1960s.In 2021, a panel of 35 music experts organized byMelonandSeoul Shinmunranked \\\"No. 1\\\" and \\\"Atlantis Princess\\\" number 1 and number 93 in their list of the greatest K-pop songs of all time.Critic Rhian Daly forThe Forty-Fiveranked \\\"Atlantis Princess\\\" number 1 in her list of the best K-pop songs of all-time.Rolling Stoneranked \\\"No. 1\\\" at number 18 in their list of the greatest songs in the\",\n \"songs in the history of K-pop, writing it represents \\\"her most emblematic crossover hit\\\". BoA has been cited by many artists in the South Korean music industry as an influence and role model,includingAespa,Girls' Generation'sTaeyeon,Sunny,Tiffany,Hyoyeon,Seohyun,Shinee'sKey,Exo'sSehun,Red Velvet'sIrene,Ailee,Chungha,Yukika Teramoto,Kwon Eun-bi,Baek A-yeon,Mamamoo'sSolar,f(x)'sLuna,Kiss of Life'sNatty,Lovelyz's Kei,andBilllie's Tsuki.Aespa's Giselle said in aRolling Stoneinterview that \\\"Everyone knows her. She's not just famous — she's a legend\\\". Other ventures Endorsements Because of her wide appeal, BoA has appeared in advertisements for many brands.Among the brands she has promoted areOlympus,Lotte,Nike,L'Oréal, Japanese cosmetic companyKosé,Skechers,Audio-Technica,GM DaewooandL'Occitane.Several of her songs have been used in affiliation with television shows. \\\"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\\\" was used as the ending theme for theanimeInuYasha;\\\"Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\\\" was used as the opening theme for\",\n \"opening theme for the animeMonkey Typhoon;\\\"Key of Heart\\\" was the theme song for the Japanese release ofOver the Hedge;\\\"Your Color\\\" was the theme song of the video gameNinety-Nine Nights;\\\"Mamoritai: White Wishes\\\" was the theme song of the video gameTales of Graces.\\\"Tail of Hope\\\" was used as the theme for the Japanese dramaHakui no Namida,and \\\"Masayume Chasing\\\" was used as the 15th opening theme song for the animeFairy Tail. In 2007,Anycall(aSamsungbrand) signed BoA,Xiah(of TVXQ),Tablo(ofEpik High), and jazz pianistJin Boraonto \\\"Anyband\\\", a band created specifically to promote Anycall. The band released only one single, \\\"AnyBand\\\".In December 2010, she recorded \\\"I See Me\\\" for to promote Audio Technica headphones in Japan.The song \\\"Woo Weekend\\\" was used to promote Disney on Ice's 25th Anniversary in Japanwhile \\\"Lookbook\\\" served as the ending theme for the NTV Kei programTokui to Goto to Uruwashi no Shelley ga Konya Kurabete Mimashita.BoA served as ambassador for Asia Youth Day in 2014.In August 2017, it was\",\n \"August 2017, it was announced that BoA was chosen as promotional ambassador for Jeju Biennale, an inaugural international art event on the resort island of Jeju.In Her widespread popularity has also made her a \\\"cultural ambassador\\\"; she has represented South Korea in inter-Asian musical events and has appeared in anOxford University Press-published English-language textbook. Discography Korean albums Japanese albums English albums Filmography Film Television series Television shows Concerts and tours Japan tours Asia tours Concert participation Awards and nominations See also Footnotes References External links\",\n \"ID; Peace B ID; Peace Bis the debut Korean-languagestudio albumby South Korean singerBoA, released on August 25, 2000 bySM Entertainment.It saw moderate levels of success in South Korea upon its release, peaking at number 16 on the Recording Industry Association of Korea's monthly album chart in October 2000.The album sold 156,354 copies in 2000 and was the 59th best-selling album of the year.The album was released on May 29, 2002 in Japan, where it reached number 30 on theOricon Albums Chart. Production and lyrics The song \\\"Sara\\\" is about a cat, \\\"I'm Sorry\\\" is about the tragedy of loving the lover of her older sister, and \\\"ID; Peace B\\\" is about the generation gap due to the use of the internet. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Monthly charts Year-end charts Release history References\",\n \"BTS BTS(Korean:방탄소년단;RR:Bangtan Sonyeondan;lit.Bulletproof Boy Scouts), also known as theBangtan Boys, is a South Koreanboy bandformed in 2010. The band consists ofJin,Suga,J-Hope,RM,Jimin,V, andJungkook, who co-write or co-produce much of their material. Originally ahip hopgroup, they expanded their musical style to incorporate a wide range of genres, while their lyrics have focused on subjects including mental health, the troubles of school-age youth andcoming of age, loss, the journey towards self-love, individualism, and the consequences of fame and recognition. Their discography and adjacent work has also referenced literature, philosophy and psychology, and includes analternate universestoryline. BTS debuted in 2013 underBig Hit Entertainmentwith the single album2 Cool 4 Skool.BTS released their first Korean and Japanese-language studio albums,Dark & WildandWake Uprespectively, in 2014. The group's second Korean studio album,Wings(2016), was their first to sell one million copies in South Korea. By\",\n \"in South Korea. By 2017, BTS had crossed into the global music market and led theKorean Waveinto the United States, becoming the first Korean ensemble to receive aGold certificationfrom theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) for their single \\\"Mic Drop\\\", as well as the first act from South Korea to top theBillboard200with their studio albumLove Yourself: Tear(2018). In 2020, BTS became the fastest group sincethe Beatlesto chart four US number-one albums in less than two years, withLove Yourself: Answer(2018) becoming the first Korean album certified Platinum by the RIAA; in the same year, they also became the first all-South Korean act to reach number one on both theBillboardHot 100andBillboardGlobal 200with their Grammy-nominated single \\\"Dynamite\\\". Follow-up releases \\\"Savage Love\\\", \\\"Life Goes On\\\", \\\"Butter\\\", and \\\"Permission to Dance\\\" made them the fastest act to earn four US number-one singles sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006. As of 2023, BTS is the best-selling musical act in South Korean history\",\n \"Korean history according to theCircle Chart, having sold in excess of 40 million albums.Their studio albumMap of the Soul: 7(2020) is thefourth best-selling album of all time in South Korea, as well as the first in the country to surpass both four and five million registered sales. They are the first non-English-speaking and Asian act to sell out concerts atWembley Stadiumand theRose Bowl(Love Yourself World Tour, 2019), and were named theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry's (IFPI)Global Recording Artist of the Yearfor both 2020 and 2021. The group'saccoladesinclude multipleAmerican Music Awards,BillboardMusic Awards,Golden Disc Awards, and nominations for fiveGrammy Awards. Outside of music, they have addressed three sessions of theUnited Nations General Assemblyand partnered withUNICEFin 2017 to establish theLove Myselfanti-violence campaign. Featured onTime'sinternational cover as \\\"Next Generation Leaders\\\" and dubbed the \\\"Princes of Pop\\\", BTS has also appeared onTime'slists of the 25\",\n \"of the 25 most influential people on the internet (2017–2019) and the100 most influential people in the world(2019), and in 2018 became the youngest recipients of the South KoreanOrder of Cultural Meritfor their contributions in spreading the Korean culture and language. On June 14, 2022, the group announced a scheduled pause in group activities to enable the members to complete their 18 months ofmandatory South Korean military service, with a reunion planned for 2025.Jin, the eldest member, enlisted on December 13, 2022; the others followed in 2023. Name BTS stands for the Korean phraseBangtan Sonyeondan(Korean:방탄소년단; Hanja:防彈少年團), which translates literally to 'Bulletproof Boy Scouts'. According to memberJ-Hope, the name signifies the group's desire \\\"to block out stereotypes, criticisms, and expectations that aim on adolescents like bullets\\\".In Japan, they are known asBōdan Shōnendan(防弾少年団).In July 2017, BTS announced that their name would also stand for \\\"Beyond the Scene\\\" as part of their newbrand\",\n \"of their newbrand identity.This extended the meaning of their name to encompass the idea of growth \\\"from a boy to an adult who opens the doors that are facing forward\\\". History 2010–2014: Formation and early years BTS was formed in 2010, after Big Hit Entertainment CEOBang Si-hyukwanted to form ahip hop grouparoundRM(Kim Nam-joon), an underground rapper well known on the music scene inSeoul. At the time,physical album saleswere on the decline and digital revenues were not yet high enough to compensate.Seeing a need for diversified income streams, Bang decided to form an idol group instead, because of the potential for live concert performances and passionate support from fans of such groups. Many trainees refused to become part of an idol group, butJ-Hope, RM, andSugaremained.Bang chose to vary from the usual, highly regimented idol groups and create one where the members would be individuals rather than an ensemble and free to express themselves.Auditions were held in 2010 with plans to launch the following\",\n \"the following year.The band members lived together, practicing up to 15 hours a day, and first performed before a small crowd of industry insiders in 2013. We started to tell the stories that people wanted to hear and were ready to hear, stories that other people could not or would not tell. We said what other people were feeling—like pain, anxieties and worries. That was our goal, to create this empathy that people can relate to. —Suga BTS's representation by Big Hit, rather than one of the three agencies that dominated K-pop at the time, allowed the individual members leeway to express their individuality and have input into the music.On June 12, 2013, BTS released their debutsingle album2 Cool 4 Skool, along with thelead single\\\"No More Dream\\\", neither of which sold particularly well at the time.On June 13, 2013, BTS made their stage debut onM Countdownwith the single, \\\"No More Dream\\\".Nevertheless, according to Kathy Sprinkel in her book on BTS, that single was \\\"spotlighting young people's anxiety in the\",\n \"anxiety in the face of lofty parental expectations, sent shock waves through the K-pop ranks. Here was a musical act that wasn't pulling any punches. More specifically, they had a point of view, and they weren't afraid to take on topics that are considered taboo in South Korean society and elsewhere.\\\"The album reached the top five on South Korea's Gaon Music Chart.In2 Cool 4 Skool, BTS employed an old-school hip-hop sound from the 1990s.The album's release was followed by appearances on Korean music shows, which caught the attention of reviewers and viewers. In September 2013, BTS released the second entry in their \\\"school trilogy\\\": theEP,O!RUL8,2?.The album was released alongside the single \\\"N.O.\\\"Similarly to2 Cool 4 Skool, the new release had a theme of students feeling under pressure and needing to sacrifice their dreams and aspirations.According to scholar Kyung Hyun Kim, many of BTS's earlier works such as \\\"N.O.\\\" and \\\"No More Dreams\\\" were \\\"expressions of rebellion against the establishment that tapped\",\n \"that tapped into Korean teenagers' frustrations with the country's educational system\\\" and, he stated, helped them build a fan base among young people in North America and Europe.That same month, BTS starred in their own variety show,SBS MTV'sRookie King Channel Bangtan, in which members parodied variety shows such asVJ Special ForcesandMasterChef Korea.At the end of the year, BTS was recognized with several New Artist of the Year awards in South Korea. 2014–2017 Skool Luv Affairand first concert tour The last entry in BTS \\\"school trilogy\\\", theSkool Luv AffairEP, was released in February 2014.The release topped theGaon Album Chart,and appeared onBillboard'sWorld AlbumsChart for the first time, peaking at number three.The EP was supported by two singles: \\\"Boy in Luv\\\" and \\\"Just One Day\\\".FollowingSkool Luv Affair's release, BTS played at their first fan meeting inSeoul, selecting the name A.R.M.Y. for the fan club.In July 2014, BTS hosted a concert inWest Hollywood, their first show in the United States,and in\",\n \"States,and in August, they appeared atKCONin Los Angeles. In August 2014, BTS released the albumDark & Wild, which reached number two in South Korea.It was supported by two singles: \\\"Danger\\\" and \\\"War of Hormone\\\".The group embarked on their firstconcert tour,2014 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, which lasted from October to December 2014.The band launched their first Japanese studio album,Wake Up, in December 2014; the release peaked at number three on theOricon Albums Chart.After the album's release, BTS held their1st Japan Tour 2015 Wake Up: Open Your Eyesin February 2015.The Red Bullet Tour that had begun on October 17, 2014, in South Korea was resumed on June 6, 2015, in Malaysia and toured Australia, North America and Latin America before ending in Hong Kong that August. In all, the entire tour attracted 80,000 spectators at 18 cities in 13 countries. Mainstream breakthrough and commercial success BTS experimented with other styles of music besides hip-hop inThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life,\",\n \"Moment in Life, Pt. 1, released in 2015.BTS wanted to express the beauty and anxiousness of youth and settled on the title of \\\"花樣年華\\\" (Korean:화양연화;RR:Hwayangyeonhwa), loosely interpreted to define \\\"youth\\\" metaphorically as \\\"the most beautiful moment in life\\\".The album served as an introduction to their youth trilogy, a triptych of albums dedicated to the struggles of young people.The single \\\"I Need U\\\" was a top-five hit in South Korea and garnered the group a win on SBS MTV'sThe Show.The second single \\\"Dope (Korean:쩔어;RR:Jjeoreo;lit.It's awesome)\\\" reached number three onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart and its music video was viewed over 100 million times on YouTube.The group began the world tour extension of their Red Bullet Tour in June, titled2015 Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, visiting cities throughout Asia, Oceania, North America, and Latin America.\\\"For You\\\", in Japanese, was released together with Japanese versions of \\\"War of Hormone\\\" and \\\"Let Me Know\\\" on June 17, 2015, and\",\n \"June 17, 2015, and immediately topped Oricon's daily chart. In November, BTS commenced their third concert tour,2015 BTS LIVE \\\"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: On Stage\\\", beginning with three sold-out shows in Seoul. The tour marked the debut of their fourth EP,The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2, and was later extended to Japan.Thematically, the EP focused more on the serious and speculative aspects of youth, touching on the pursuit of success, loneliness, affection for their origins, and the suffering of the younger generation due to unfavorable conditions in current society.The album topped the weekly Gaon Album andBillboardWorld Albums charts.It also marked their first appearance on theBillboard200chart,making it for one week at number 171,and eight of the tracks appeared onBillboard's World Digital Song Sales chart. Their compilation album and the finale to their \\\"youth trilogy\\\",The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwas released on May 2, 2016. With 300,000 presold copies,it included\",\n \"copies,it included three new singles: \\\"Epilogue: Young Forever\\\", \\\"Fire\\\", and \\\"Save Me\\\",which debuted in the top three spots on theBillboardWorld Digital Charts.The album topped the Gaon Album Chart in South Korea fortwo consecutive weeksand reached number 107 on theBillboard200.The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwon Album of the Year at the2016 Melon Music Awards.BTS embarked on their Asia tour extension,2016 BTS LIVE \\\"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage: Epilogue\\\"from May to August 2016. Tickets for the 14 shows in 10 Asian cities sold out, some in as little as five seconds. In September 2016, BTS released their second Japanese studio albumYouth.The album sold 44,547 copies on the first day of its release, and charted 1st in the Oricon Daily Album Chart.The album was eventually certified Gold with sales of roughly over 100,000 in Japan.It was followed one month later in October,by their next studio albumWings,which combined the themes of youth presented in their previous \\\"youth trilogy\\\"\",\n \"\\\"youth trilogy\\\" with temptation and adversity.The album and its tracks, including the single \\\"Blood Sweat & Tears\\\" immediately rose to the top on eight music charts, including the Gaon Music Chart, and led theiTunesalbum charts in 23 countries.Wingsopened at number 26 on theBillboard200, with 16,000album-equivalent unitsin the US for the week of its release, the best week ever there for a K-pop album.It became the best-selling album in Gaon Album Chart history. You Never Walk AloneandLove Yourself: Her In February 2017, BTS released the repackaged edition ofWingsentitledYou Never Walk Alone. The 700,000 pre-orders of it (an increase from the 500,000 pre-orders ofWings) helped break the record for most albums sold in a month in South Korea, as it reached 1.49 million copies by the end of its first month.The lead single was \\\"Spring Day\\\"and it won Best Song of the Year at the2017 Melon Music Awards.BTS's second world tour,2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour, began in February.On the tour, BTS\",\n \"the tour, BTS played arenas in the US, such as New Jersey'sPrudential Centerand California'sHonda Center. Tickets for the North American leg sold out within hours and two shows were added.After completing the North American leg, BTS attended the24thBillboardMusic Awardsin May and wonTop Social Artist,the first K-pop group to win a Billboard award.BTS fans cast over 300million votes for the band and broke a six-year winning streak held byJustin Bieber, a performer with 100millionTwitterfollowers.This caused the international media to focus on the ability of BTS's fandom to propel the group to such a victory. BTS released a remake ofSeo Taiji's \\\"Come Back Home\\\" (1995) in July 2017, giving it new lyrics but maintaining the theme of urging societal change.Later that year, BTS embarked on their \\\"Love Yourself\\\" album series, with theme of the enlightenment of self-love through the \\\"起承轉結\\\" (Korean:기승전결;RR:Giseungjeongyeol) narrative sequence of \\\"beginning, development, turn, and conclusion.\\\"BTS released its first\",\n \"released its first part, their fifth EP,Love Yourself: Her, on September 18.RM considered \\\"DNA\\\", the lead single from that album,as \\\"taking BTS to new ground. We tried to apply new grammar and perspectives.\\\"He said of the album, \\\"I believe it's going to be the starting point of a second chapter of our career; the beginning of our Chapter Two.\\\"Sonically, the EP served as \\\"a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings\\\". Love Yourself: Herdebuted at number seven on theBillboard200.The album had 1,664,041 sales in May 2017 to lead the Gaon Chart,and was the first in 16 years to exceed 1.2 million copies sold sinceg.o.d's fourth albumChapter 4(2001).\\\"DNA\\\" was released simultaneously with the EP, and its music video accumulated 21 million views in its first 24 hours.It became BTS's first entry on theBillboardHot 100, charting at number 85, making them the first K-pop boy band to reach that chart.The single rose to number 67 the following week and became the highest-charting song on the Hot 100\",\n \"song on the Hot 100 for any K-pop group.A remix of \\\"Mic Drop\\\" from the album, featuringDesiigner, was released as a single and peaked at number 28, the first time a K-pop group had cracked the top forty.Both singles attained Gold certification from theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) in early 2018.\\\"Mic Drop\\\" achieved Platinum status in the US later that year. In November 2017, BTS became the first K-pop group to perform at theAmerican Music Awards.BTS wonArtist of the Yearat the19th Mnet Asian Music Awardsin December, winning for the second consecutive year.They released \\\"DNA\\\" and \\\"Mic Drop\\\" together with a new song \\\"Crystal Snow\\\" as a single album in Japan on December 6, 2017, though the songs were made digitally available elsewhere.It topped the Oricon Chart for the week of its release. It was the only album by a foreign artist to be certified Double Platinum in Japan in 2017. Later that month, they made their Japanese television prime time music show debut onMusic Station Super Live,and\",\n \"Super Live,and ended the year by performing onDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. In 2017, BTS partnered withUNICEFon the \\\"Love Myself\\\" campaign, intended to help end violence, abuse, and bullying, and to promote self-esteem and well-being among young people. Both Big Hit and the group pledged money to promote the campaign, and BTS sold special \\\"Love Myself\\\" merchandise and set up dedicated booths at concert venues. The campaign was renewed in 2021, with UNICEF deeming it to have been successful. 2018–2020 Love Yourselfalbum series BTS won major awards at the Golden Disc and Seoul Music Awards in January 2018.In March, the group premiered an eight-episode documentary titledBurn the Stagethat offered a behind-the-scenes look at their 2017 Wings Tour, exclusively onYouTube Premium.Their third Japanese studio album,Face Yourself, was released on April 4, 2018,and quickly reached the top 5 of the U.S. iTunes Albums chart. A nine-minute short film, titledEuphoria: Theme of \\\"Love Yourself: Wonder\\\"and featuring\",\n \"featuring the song \\\"Euphoria\\\", followed the next day as a prelude to the group's third Korean-language studio album,Love Yourself: Tear.BTS promotedTear's May 18, 2018, release with an appearance at the25thBillboardMusic Awardstwo days later,where they made their initial BBMA performance with their single, \\\"Fake Love\\\".The group also won Top Social Artist for a second consecutive time.The album coincided with the \\\"轉\\\" or \\\"turn\\\" of the series, touching on the tortuous enlightenment of loving without being loved, the pains and sorrows of separation, and providing encouragement to those without dreams. Love Yourself: Teardebuted at number one its first week on theBillboard200, becoming BTS's first number-one album in the US and the first K-pop album to top the US albums chart.It also became BTS's first top-10 release in Britain, reaching number eight on theUK Albums Chart.\\\"Fake Love\\\" became BTS's top-10 single on the Hot100, the first time a song sung mostly in a language other than English had debuted in the top\",\n \"debuted in the top 10.BTS released their compilation albumLove Yourself: Answerin August 2018.The album was supported by the single \\\"Idol\\\" and its alternative digital release featuringNicki Minaj. Love Yourself: Answersold over 1.9 million copies on the Gaon Album Chart in August2018.The album became BTS's second number-one on theBillboard200 and led to their highest US sales week in the country to that point with 185,000 album equivalent units.In November 2018,Love Yourself: Answerbecame the first Korean language album to be certified Gold by the RIAA.\\\"Idol\\\" andLove Yourself: Answerboth received Platinum certifications in the US, with sales of more than 1million. In conjunction withLove Yourself: Answer's release in August2018, BTS commenced their world tour,BTS World Tour: Love Yourself, with two concerts in the Seoul Olympic Stadium, which sold out in a matter of seconds, as did others of the 22 shows in 12 countries.In October, BTS released their collaboration with Steve Aoki \\\"Waste It on Me\\\", their\",\n \"It on Me\\\", their first all-English language feature.For the final stop of the North American leg, the group performed at Citi Field in New York City, marking the first time a Korean act performed at a US stadium.According toStubHub, BTS was the second best-selling concert act outside the US, behind onlyEd Sheeran.That October, BTS renewed their contract with Big Hit Entertainment through 2026. In early November 2018, a popular Japanese music show cancelled BTS's performance, citing a T-shirt a member wore the year before, bearing a photograph of amushroom cloudfollowing thebombing of Nagasaki.In the same month, the Jewish human rights organizationSimon Wiesenthal Center(SWC) stated that BTS owed an apology for that shirt, and for clothing and flags with Nazi symbolism.Big Hit Entertainment issued an apology, explaining that the images were not intended to be hurtful to the victims ofNazismor atomic bombings and that the group and management would take steps to prevent future mistakes.They also stated the\",\n \"also stated the flags were meant to be a commentary on the Korean school system.The apology was accepted by SWC and the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim Association.John Lie, in his scholarly article on BTS, opined that the Nazi incident showed that the group is not tightly controlled, as are other K-pop ensembles, whose every move seems scripted, and that the members have opinions and are not afraid to express them. At the20th Mnet Asian Music Awards, BTS won Artist of the Year and ranked number eight onBillboard'syear-end Top Artist Chart and were also the number two act of the year in the Duo/Group ranking, only behindImagine Dragons.They were also listed asone of the 50 most influential people by Bloombergfor their \\\"willingness to address social issues, mental health, and politics, despite being in a genre often painted as bubble gum pop\\\". Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour andBTS World In February 2019, BTS, for the first time, were presenters atthe Grammy Awards.In April,Timenamed them one of\",\n \"them one of theTime100, the most influential people of 2019.Their EP,Map of the Soul: Persona, was released on April12 with the single \\\"Boy with Luv\\\" (Korean:작은 것들을 위한 시;RR:Jageun geotdeureul wihan si), featuring American singerHalsey.The EP's release was followed by a performance onSaturday Night Live, the first K-pop act to appear there.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the first Korean-language album to reach the number one position in both the UK and Australia,and the group's third album to top theBillboard200 in less than a year.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the best-selling album ever in South Korea in terms of physical copies sold, with more than 3.2 million sales in less than a month.\\\"Boy with Luv\\\" debuted at number eight on theBillboardHot 100 in April 2019, the highest placement ever for a K-pop song. Following their two wins at the26thBillboardMusic Awardsin May, including forTop Duo/Group,BTS embarked on their world tour stadium extension,Love Yourself: Speak Yourself.Due to the demand, BTS added\",\n \"demand, BTS added more shows after tickets for the first dates sold out within two hours.In the lead up to the release of their mobile gameBTS World, in June 2019 BTS released \\\"Dream Glow\\\" featuringCharli XCX,\\\"A Brand New Day\\\" withZara Larsson,and \\\"All Night\\\" withJuice Wrld.The group released the song \\\"Heartbeat\\\" with a music video from the game's official soundtrack, titledBTS World: Original Soundtrack.The soundtrack was certified Double Platinum by Gaon.On July 3, 2019, pre-orders for the single\\\"Lights\\\"crossed one million copies, marking the first time a foreign artist had accomplished this in Japan sinceCeline Dionin 1995.\\\"Lights\\\" debuted at number 81 on theBillboardJapan Hot 100for the chart issue date of July 8, 2019, and reached number one the following week.On August 8, 2019, \\\"Lights\\\" receivedMillioncertificationfrom the RIAJ, denoting shipments of one million copies. Love Yourself: HerandLove Yourself: Tearboth crossed 2 million copies in August.All three albums of theLove Yourselfseries have sold\",\n \"have sold more than 2 million copies each in South Korea.Love Yourself: Teargained silver certification by the BPI for sales in the UK, becoming their third album to do so followingLove Yourself: AnswerandMap of the Soul: Persona.For the final stop of their record-breaking Love Yourself: Speak Yourself World Tour, the group played Seoul's Olympic Stadium.BTS was the third top-grossing touring musical act of 2019.That same month, they released a remix version of the song \\\"Make It Right\\\" featuringLauv.In November, BTS won three times at the2019 American Music Awards, for Best Tour, Favorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rock, and Favorite Social Artist (the second consecutive year). In December, they attended both the2019 Melon Music Awardsand the2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards. In each case, they became the first group to sweep the four major awards.At the34th Golden Disc Awards, BTS became the first artists in history to win grand prizes in both the physical and digital categories in a single year.Map of the Soul:\",\n \"of the Soul: Personawas named the second best-selling physical album of 2019 in the US byNielsen MusicbehindTaylor Swift'sLoverand was ranked sixth overall on the chart of Top10 Albums (Total Sales) in the US.BTS wrapped 2019 as the fourth-highest-ranked group onBillboard's TopBillboard200 Artists–Duo/Group ranking, behindQueen, Imagine Dragons and the Beatles.Map of the Soul: Personawas named as the third best-selling album of 2019 by theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry(IFPI), making BTS the first Korean artist to be listed on the Global Top10 Album Chart in consecutive years.The IFPI named BTS as one of the best-selling artists of 2019 for a second consecutive year, making them the first non-English speaking act to achieve this. Map of the Soul: 7, \\\"Dynamite\\\" andBe In January 2020, BTS released \\\"Black Swan\\\" along with a choreography art film performed by MN Dance Company of Slovenia as the first single from their albumMap of the Soul: 7.Album distributorDreamusreported that stock\",\n \"that stock pre-orders of the album reached a record-breaking 4.02 million.Later that month, BTS performed at the62nd Annual Grammy Awards, making BTS the first Korean act to perform at the Grammys.Map of the Soul: 7was released on February 21 to favorable reviews.The album was supported by the single \\\"On\\\" and an alternative digital release of it featuring Australian singerSia.According toGaon Chart,Map of the Soul: 7sold over 4.1 million copies in nine days after its release, surpassingMap of the Soul: Personato become the best-selling album in South Korean history and the first album to be certified quadruple million.The album debuted atop the USBillboard200, making BTS the fastest group to earn four number one albums sincethe Beatlesin 1966–1968.\\\"On\\\" debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, giving BTS its first top-five hit, and the most Hot 100 top-10 entries of any Korean act, with three.BTS planned to support theMap of the Soulalbum series with a concert series,Map of the Soul Tour, beginning in\",\n \"Tour, beginning in April,but this was indefinitely postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, BTS became the first K-pop artist to sell more than 20 million albums cumulatively,making them the best-selling artist in South Korean history.That month, amid the pandemic restrictions, BTS held a two-day online streaming concert event titledBang Bang Con, where the group shared footage of past concerts on their YouTube channel.On June 7, BTS headlined YouTube'sDear Class of 2020online graduation event, performing \\\"Boy with Luv\\\", \\\"Spring Day\\\", and \\\"Mikrokosmos\\\".Their commencement speeches highlighted their own graduations and offered \\\"messages of hope and inspiration for the class of 2020 in both Korean and English\\\".On June 14, BTS held an online live concert,Bang Bang Con: The Live, as part of the seventh anniversary of their debut.It garnered peak viewership of 756,000live viewers in 107countries and territories, setting the record for the largest audience for a paid virtual concert.On June 19, BTS\",\n \"June 19, BTS released the Japanese single, \\\"Stay Gold\\\", from their fourth Japanese album,Map of the Soul: 7 – The Journey, which was released worldwide on July 14.It surpassed 564,000copies in its first week, breaking the record for highest first week album sales by male foreign artists in Japan. BTS released their first English-language single, \\\"Dynamite\\\", on August 21.\\\"Dynamite\\\" debuted at number one on the USBillboardHot 100 chart, earning BTS their first chart topper and making them the first all-South Korean act to earn a number one single in the US.The single also toppedBillboard'snewGlobal 200for the week ending September 24, as well asGlobal Excluding UScharts, becoming the first single to top both simultaneously.\\\"Dynamite\\\" peaked at number five on the USMainstream Top 40and on the.Billboard Pop Singleschart, becoming their first Top 10 on each and the former the highest-charting entry by a Korean act.On August 31, BTS made theirMTV Video Music Awards(VMAs) debut with the first live performance of\",\n \"live performance of \\\"Dynamite\\\"and won four awards: Best Group, Best Choreography, Best Pop Video, and Best K-pop (the last three for their music video for \\\"On\\\").On October 14, they performed the single at the 2020BillboardMusic Awards and won the Top Social Artist award for a fourth consecutive year. On October 2, 2020, BTS released a remix ofJawsh 685andJason Derulo's single \\\"Savage Love (Laxed – Siren Beat)\\\".It topped the Hot 100.On October 10 and 11, BTS hosted a two-day virtualpay-per-viewconcert at KSPO Dome in Seoul, calledMap of the Soul ON:E, which drew 993,000 viewers from 191 countries and territories.On November 20, BTS released their fifth Korean studio albumBe, led by the single \\\"Life Goes On\\\".\\\"Life Goes On\\\" debuted at number one on the Hot 100,BTS's third consecutive US number-one single in three months and the first song performed primarily in Korean to top the chart. On November 24, 2020, BTS became the first Korean pop artists recognized bythe Recording Academywhen \\\"Dynamite\\\" received a\",\n \"received a nomination forBest Pop Duo/Group Performanceat the63rd Annual Grammy Awards.The group won the Special International Music Award at the62nd Japan Record Awards.Kim, in his book on the influence of Korean popular culture, suggested that 2020, the worst year in many people's lives, was a noteworthy one for Korean culture, withParasitewinning theAcademy Award for Best Pictureand BTS posting three number-one hits on theBillboardGlobal 200. 2021–present \\\"Butter\\\", \\\"Permission to Dance\\\" andProof On March 4, 2021, the IFPI named BTS its Global Recording Artist of the Year for 2020, the first Asian and first non-English speaking act to top the ranking.BTS occupied three spots in the Global Album Sales Chart of 2020, withMap of the Soul: 7at number one,Be (Deluxe Edition)at number two, andMap of the Soul: 7–The Journeyat number eight.On the newly launched Global Album All Format Chart,Map of the Soul: 7claimed first place andBe (Deluxe Edition)claimed fourth.On March 14, 2021, BTS performed \\\"Dynamite\\\" at the\",\n \"\\\"Dynamite\\\" at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming the first Korean nominee to perform, though they did not win the award.On April 1, BTS released \\\"Film Out\\\", the first single from their then-upcoming Japanese compilation album,BTS, the Best.BTS held a two-day online streaming event on their YouTube channel beginning April 17, titledBang Bang Con 21, and aired three of their previous in-person concerts. On May 21, BTS released their second English-language single, \\\"Butter\\\".It debuted at number one on the Hot 100—their fourth number one in nine months—making them the quickest act to achieve four chart-toppers sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006, and the fastest group sincethe Jackson 5in 1970.Their next English-language single, \\\"Permission to Dance\\\", was released on July 9.It became BTS's eighth number-one on theDigital Songschart, extending their record as the group with the most number-one entries on the ranking.On September24, 2021, the band released the single \\\"My Universe\\\" withColdplay.The single debuted at\",\n \"single debuted at number one on the Hot 100, making it the first collaboration between two groups to debut at number one.The band held an online concert, titledPermission to Dance on Stage, on October 24, 2021, in Seoul.On November 23, \\\"Butter\\\" earned a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the64th Annual Grammy Awards.Between November 27 and December 2, BTS held their first live performances before an in-person audience since before the pandemic. The band playedfour sold-out showsatSoFi Stadiumin Los Angeles as a continuation of their Permission to Dance on Stage concert series. On January 15, 2022, a fictionalwebtoonbased on BTS, titled7Fates: Chakho, was released. The comic surpassed 15million views globally in its first two days of availability and became the highest-viewed title ever launched byWebtoon.The band held three limited-capacity concerts at Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 10, 12 and 13—the largest music gatheringsapproved by the South Korean government since the pandemic\",\n \"since the pandemic restrictions were imposed—with a total audience of 45,000people.On April 3, BTS performed \\\"Butter\\\" at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards,though the song did not win the award for which it was nominated.On April 8, the band earned seven nominations at the2022BillboardMusic Awardsand won three, making them the most-nominated and the most-awarded group in the show's history. On June 10, 2022, BTS released their three-CDanthologyalbumProof.On June 14, during their ninth anniversary celebrations, the band announced a temporary suspension of group activities to focus on solo projects and other endeavors.Hybe Corporation, which owns Big Hit,clarified in subsequent statements that BTS was neither disbanding nor going on hiatus, but would be actively furthering their individual careers with the label's full support while still participating in group activities, including the filming ofRun BTS.The incident caused Hybe Corporation's stock to decline rapidly, resulting in a decrease in market value of\",\n \"in market value of US$1.7billion.On August 24,Billboardmagazine reported that BTS would be performing inBusanon October 15 in a benefit concert in support of the city's efforts to have aWorld Expositionin 2030, participating under the bannerYet to Come. Military service and contract renewal In spite of the announcement of the October 2022 benefit concert, Hybe Corporation's stock prices dropped to below its originalIPOamid continuing market speculation about the implications of the upcoming mandatorymilitary enlistmentof the band's members.Under South Korean laws, all able-bodied males must complete between 18 and 21 months of military service, usually by age 28.Bloomberg Newsreported the concert as a success but also indicated that there were no further concert dates scheduled. It was estimated that if the band members completed their service, Hybe Corporation would lose nearly US$10 billion over ten years, with the loss to the South Korean economy at nearly US$39 billion. In October 2022, Big Hit confirmed\",\n \"Big Hit confirmed that Jin, the band's oldest member, aged 29, had withdrawn his enlistment deferral request.The other members planned to enlist later, with the group planning to reunite in 2025 following discharge.At the end of October 2022, BTS earned five nominations for the2022 MAMA Awards, with the band members receiving eight further nominations as solo artists.On November 15, BTS earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards, including a nomination forBest Music Videofor \\\"Yet to Come\\\".\\\"My Universe\\\" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, making BTS the only act to be nominated three years in a row in this category since its introduction in 2011.The band was also nominated forAlbum of the Yearas featured artists on Coldplay'sMusic of the Spheres.Jin enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 13.On February 26, 2023, Big Hit announced that J-Hope had requested cancellation of the postponement of his military service. Following their scheduled separation, the band'sBTS 'Yet to\",\n \"band'sBTS 'Yet to Come' in Busanconcert film was released on February 1, 2023.During a trip to Spain, RM toldEFEthat BTS \\\"will come together again when we finish our military service, and we will look for new synergies between us to enter a second phase.\\\"Hybe chairman Bang Si-hyuk stated on March 15, 2023, that their comeback might not occur in 2025 since it was hard to target a specific date, and that they had not discussed their contract renewal yet.J-Hope enlisted as an active duty soldier on April 18.On May 12, BTS released a soundtrack \\\"The Planet\\\" for the South KoreananimatedseriesBastions.To commemorate their tenth anniversary, the group released the song \\\"Take Two\\\" on June 9. On September 20, 2023, Hybe confirmed through a press release that BTS would renew their exclusive contracts. The members will sign these agreements sequentially, considering their military service, after a board resolution with Big Hit Music, solidifying their commitment to future projects starting from 2025 onwards. Hybe\",\n \"2025 onwards. Hybe expressed their anticipation for supporting BTS' group endeavors and pledged unwavering support to enhance their worldwide influence, ensuring the group's continuity even after completing their military service.On September 22, 2023, Suga enlisted as a social worker.RM and V enlisted on December 11, 2023, followed by Jimin and Jungkook on December 12.On June 12, 2024, Jin became the first BTS member to complete his mandatory military service and was officially discharged. Artistry Influences BTS have cited Seo Taiji and Boys,Nas,Eminem,Kanye West,Drake,Post Malone,Charlie Puth, andDangeras musical inspirations.They have also cited Queen as an influence, saying they \\\"grew up watching videos ofLive Aid\\\".During their concert at Wembley Stadium in London, Jin paid tribute to Queen by leading the crowd in a version ofFreddie Mercury's \\\"ay-oh\\\" chant.\\\"Hip Hop Phile\\\" which was released when BTS's hip-hop concept was at its height, pays homage to the artists who influenced them, including the South\",\n \"including the South Korean groupEpik High,Jay-Z,Biggie,CL Smooth, and others. Their 2016 albumWingswas inspired byHermann Hesse'scoming of agenovel,Demian.Their song \\\"Blood Sweat & Tears\\\" quotesFriedrich Nietzsche'sThus Spoke Zarathustra, and its music video features visual references toHerbert James Draper'sThe Lament for Icarus,Pieter Bruegel'sLandscape with the Fall of Icarus, and Bruegel'sThe Fall of the Rebel Angels.Among the literary and other sources that have inspired their works are those byHaruki Murakami,Ursula K. Le Guin,Carl Jung,George Orwelland Nietzsche.TheLove Yourselfseries was influenced byErich Fromm'sThe Art of Loving,and their 2018 song \\\"Magic Shop\\\" fromLove Yourself: Tearwas inspired byJames R. Doty's memoirInto the Magic Shop. Musical style Since their inception, BTS have emphasized hip hop as their musical base, largely due to the influence of RM and Suga's background as underground rappers;during early visits to the US, the group received mentoring from American rappers.Bang\",\n \"rappers.Bang Si-hyukpreviously acknowledged that K-pop as a whole draws fromblack music,and author Crystal S. Anderson stated, \\\"BTS's rising popularity in the US represents the continuation of the ways that K-pop functions as part of a global R&B tradition.\\\"T.K. Park and Youngdae Kim ofVulturedeemed the track \\\"Outro: Her\\\" fromLove Yourself: Heras the best example of the group's understanding ofold-school hip hop, with raps inspired byChuck DandTupacand jazzy chords from the 1990s to create a classic hip hop sound. The release of \\\"Blood Sweat & Tears\\\" in 2016 accelerated BTS's transition from a hip hop to a pop group. Park and Kim noted that the song draws fromdancehall,reggaeton, andmoombahtonbut opts for a \\\"baroque mysticism\\\" rather than the \\\"partylike atmosphere of its influences\\\".The group also began incorporating traditional Korean elements into their music. For example, their single \\\"Idol\\\" (2018) features an adlib fromPansori, a Korean form of operatic storytelling, and vocal imitations of the sounds of\",\n \"of the sounds of Koreanjanggudrums. While BTS maintains roots in hip hop, their sound has diversified. They first experimented withR&B,rockandjazz hip hoponDark & Wildin 2014;EDMin theirThe Most Beautiful Moment in Lifealbum series;moombahton andtropical houseonWingsandYou Never Walk Alone;future bassandLatin popin theirLove Yourselfalbum series;slow-dance ballads,emo rap,Afro pop,funk,trap,pop rock, andhip popin theirMap of the Soulalbum series;anddiscoin their single \\\"Dynamite\\\".The band members have explored different genres on solo tracks, such asneo soulon V's \\\"Stigma\\\" and flowing R&B on Jimin's \\\"Lie\\\". Lyrical themes Since their formation, BTS have believed that telling their own stories is the best way for the younger generation to relate to their music.Writing many of their own lyrics,the group discusses universal life experiences such as sadness and loneliness in their work and turn them into something lighter and more manageable. RM stated that BTS tries to avoid a preaching or reprimanding tone in\",\n \"tone in their songs \\\"because that's not the way that we want to spread our message ... We're born with different lives, but you cannot choose some things. So we thought that love, the real meaning of it, starts with loving ourselves and accepting some ironies and some destinies that we have from the very start.\\\"When asked if it is difficult to write about things like mental health, Suga responded, We feel that people who have the platform to talk about those things really should talk more, because they say depression is something where you go to the hospital and you're diagnosed, but you can't really know until the doctor talks to you ... More and more, I think artists or celebrities who have a voice should talk about these problems and bring it up to the surface. Themes explored in BTS's discography range from exploring \\\"the troubles and anxieties of school-age youth\\\" to \\\"themes like love, friendship, loss, death, and more.\\\"Early BTS songs, such as \\\"No More Dream\\\" and \\\"N.O\\\" from their school trilogy, were\",\n \"trilogy, were described by Tamar Herman as motivated by personal experiences with South Korea's rigid approach to education and called for change to the educational system and societal expectations.The members' experiences with South Korean youth culture also inspired the songs \\\"Dope\\\" and \\\"Silver Spoon\\\" (Korean:뱁새;RR:Baepsae) from their youth trilogy. These songs reference generational disparity andmillennialsgiving up romantic relationships, marriage, children, proper employment, homes, and social life in the face of economic difficulties and societal ills while facing condemnation from the media and older generations.The group's label dubbedThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever, the conclusion to their youth trilogy, \\\"a special album that marks the conclusion of the epic journey of the series, containing the last stories told by young people who, despite an uncertain and insecure reality (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt. 1) continue to surge forward (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt.\",\n \"Moment in Life Pt. 2).\\\"Wingsfocused on mental health, criticisms of the K-pop \\\"idol\\\" scene, and delivering a female empowerment message.TheLove Yourselfseries introduced new themes regarding youth culture in South Korea, including the excitement of love, pain of farewell, and enlightenment of self-love.According to Kathy Sprinkel, BTS's 2020 \\\"quarantine album\\\"Be\\\"chronicles the group's coming to terms with a suddenly new reality and offers support for their listeners going through the same upheaval and uncertainty\\\". BTS's lyrics have also addressed topics outside youth culture. The song \\\"Am I Wrong\\\" fromWingsquestioned societal apathy towards changing the status quo; the lyric \\\"We're all dogs and pigs / we become dogs because we're angry\\\" appeared to reference South KoreanMinistry of Educationofficial Na Hyang-wook, who advocated acaste systemfor the country and who reportedly described average people as \\\"dogs and pigs\\\". BTS released the song amid the2016 South Korean political scandalthat resulted in the\",\n \"resulted in the impeachment of presidentPark Geun-hye.RM and Suga's personal struggles with mental health have inspired some of their music.\\\"Not Today\\\" from 2017'sYou Never Walk Aloneis ananti-establishmentanthem, urging \\\"all the underdogs in the world\\\" to keep fighting,and \\\"Spring Day\\\" honored the victims of theSewol Ferry tragedy.Journalist Jeff Benjamin praised BTS inFusefor \\\"speak honestly about topics they deem important, even in a conservative society\\\".Former South Korean presidentMoon Jae-insaid: \\\"Each of the seven members sings in a way that is true to himself and the life he wants to live. Their melody and lyrics transcend regional borders, language, culture, and institutions.\\\" Impact On April 29, 2019,Timemagazine named BTS one of the100 most influential people of the year, labeling them the \\\"Princes of Pop\\\".Billboardexecutive Silvio Pietroluongo compared the group's influence to that of the Beatles.MRC Dataexecutive Helena Kosinski noted that \\\"although BTS weren't the first to open the doors to\",\n \"open the doors to K-Pop worldwide, they were the first to become mainstream. They don't just appeal to young people but also to the 50s and 60s age demographic.\\\"The first non-English speaking artist to make the Global Artist Chart in 2018, BTS was the second best-selling artists worldwide across multiple media platforms, second only to Drake.In 2020, BTS became the first non-western and non-English speaking artist to be named IFPI's Global Recording Artist of the Year.In South Korea, BTS accounted for 41.9 percent of album sales in the first half of 2019, up from their market share of 25.3 percent the previous year. In 2022, Youna Kim described BTS as having spearheaded the Korean Wave, representing the global expansion of Korean culture as effectively as Psy did in the previous decade and with the strength of influence that theAcademy Award-winning South Korean filmParasitehad in 2020.South Korea's central bank, theBank of Korea, found in 2021 that BTS, including a \\\"ripple effect\\\" that included increased\",\n \"included increased tourism to South Korea; increased interest in Korean culture, movies, and study of the Korean language; and added approximately US$5billion per year to South Korea's economy, a growth of about 0.5 percent.A 2018 study showed that, on average, 800,000foreigners per year had visited South Korea over the past four years for BTS-related reasons. Writers identified BTS as leaders even among other highly influential K-pop groups such asGirls' Generation,Super Junior,Exo,Twice, andBlackpinkand note that BTS's success shows the importance of a strong, active fan base in the age of social media, where fan campaigning can be as important as musical quality to a song's success.The group has also distinguished themselves at the forefront of the business side of the K-pop industry by pursuing less restrictive contracts with their management company to maximize their artistic originality and creativity.With this newer approach to career management, BTS created closer ties to the South Korean youth and\",\n \"Korean youth and encourage individuality and authenticity among their audience. Diplomacy In his 1990 essaySoft Power, political scientistJoseph Nyedeveloped the concept of a second type of power different from traditional authoritarianism.Nye wrote, \\\"This second aspect of power – which occurs when one country gets other countries to want what it wants – might be called co-optive orsoft powerin contrast with the hard or command power of ordering others to do what it wants.\\\"Researchers such as Maud Quessard have applied the concept of soft power to BTS and their influence on entertainment diplomacy and international relations.Youna Kim and Maud Quessard all read the currency of soft power as includingculture, politicalvalues, andforeign policy, which applies to BTS's ability to be co-optive in their approach to spreading their message of harmony, acceptance, and addressing life's setbacks via their broad appeal on the international stage. BTS was invited to address theUnited Nations General Assemblyin New\",\n \"Assemblyin New York in September 2018.That same year they performed in Paris before an audience of 400, including President Moon Jae-in and other officials, at the 2018 Korea-France Friendship Concert, a summit celebrating the friendly relations between France and South Korea.That year, BTS became the youngest recipients of theOrder of Cultural Merit. Despite cultural medals traditionally being given to recipients with over 15 years of achievement, Moon recognized the group, five years into their career, for their contributions in spreading Korean culture and language worldwide.In September2019, BTS were mentioned by Moon while announcing strategies for the content industries, for having pioneered innovative business models through direct communication with fans.In 2020, BTS received theJames A. Van Fleet Awardin recognition of their outstanding contributions to the promotion of US-Korea relations, the youngest honorees to receive the award.In July2021, they were appointedSpecial Presidential Envoy for\",\n \"Envoy for Future Generations and Cultureby President Moon. In their role as envoys, they help to \\\"raise awareness on global agendas, such as sustainable development, to our future generations and to strengthen the nation's diplomatic power across the world\\\"and appear at international events such as the76th United Nations General Assembly.On May 31, 2022, BTS visited USPresident Joe Bidenat theWhite Houseto discuss the recent rise in anti-Asian hate crimes and discrimination. Fandom According to Kyung Hyun Kim, BTS's rise was facilitated by a great increase in music video programming and consumption on YouTube and the coming of an idol empire, including merchandising of nonmusical products, games, and fantasy fiction, as well as an expansion of online music fandom.The group has a large, highly organized, online community of fans known as ARMY (Adorable Representative M.C. for Youth), which translates the group's lyrics and social media posts into other languages and matches charitable contributions of BTS's\",\n \"of BTS's members. As of 2020, some 40million ARMY members subscribe to the band's YouTube channel, with more than 30million following the official BTS Twitter andInstagramaccounts.The fan community helps generate BTS's number-one chart rankings via coordinated campaigns on streaming platforms,as well as pushes to feature BTS's music on radio stations and television.Some ARMY members may even surpass the group itself in influence among BTS fans. BTS interacted and engaged with their followers from their earliest days via social media,as well as viaBTS Universe, analternate storylineinvolving the members told through music videos, mobile games, books, short films, and more that gives fans room to theorize.Kim suggested that ARMY are drawn to BTS since the members are seen as underdogs, originating from the Korean countryside and a relatively minor Korean entertainment company, which allows young fans to identify with them.BTS's lyrics speak to social values, and fans respond by trying to improve the world. As\",\n \"the world. As a result, the fandom regularly embraces activism on charitable causes and socio-political issues such as refugee crises,racial discrimination,children's rights,climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic.Feedback from ARMY to BTS affects the group's actions and lyrics; BTS has eliminated certain Korean words that sound like American racial slurs from their songs and ended collaboration with a Japanese producer when Korean ARMY members deemed his views extreme. Per South Korean author Jiyoung Lee, the relationship between BTS and ARMY is \\\"a mutual exchange between artists and their fans\\\" that is about more than merely \\\"ensuring the band's primacy\\\", but also \\\"extending the band's message of positivity into the world\\\". Lee opines that BTS and ARMY are \\\"a symbol of change in zeitgeist, not just of generational change\\\".The band members themselves agree and have long acknowledged their fans' role in their success.According to Sarah Keith, \\\"BTS embody a moment of generational transformation. ARMY\",\n \"ARMY represents a 'coming of age' for the young, in which cultural production and influence are global and meaningful, and where the youth are politically and socially engaged.\\\" Other ventures Endorsements BTS partnered withPumabeginning in 2015, initially as Puma Korea's brand ambassadors before expanding to global ambassadors in 2018, and promoting the remix of Puma's \\\"Turin\\\" and \\\"Sportstyle\\\" line worldwide.In 2019, BTS signed withFilato endorse its sportswear.BTS has also served as global brand ambassadors forLG Electronics'smartphones,andHyundai Motors'2019 flagshipSUVthe \\\"Palisade\\\"andhydrogenfuel cell electricSUV, the \\\"Nexo\\\".BTS became global ambassadors of the electric street racing seriesFormula Eto promote how electric vehicles can helpcombat climate change.In 2020, BTS partnered withSamsung Electronics,releasing a limited BTS-themed version of theGalaxy S20+andGalaxy Buds+.As the first male pop group ever to collaborate withDior, BTS sported ensembles fromKim Jones' Pre-Fall 2019 collection at their\",\n \"collection at their concert atStade de France.The band became global brand ambassadors forLouis Vuittonin April 2021. Philanthropy BTS are known for their philanthropic endeavors. Several members of the band have been inducted into prestigious donation clubs, such as theUNICEFHonors Club and the Green Noble Club, in acknowledgement of the size and frequency of their donations.They have also received awards for their donations, with one member receiving a Patron of the Arts Award for donations to the arts,and BTS as a whole receiving a UNICEF Inspire Award for their Love Myself campaign. They often donate privately, with theirpatronagelater being made public by the organizations they support and the media.The band's efforts have motivated their fans to also engage in various charitable andhumanitarianactivities, and on occasion even match their donations. Accolades BTS have received numerous awards throughout their career. They have consecutively won theBillboard Music Award for Top Social Artistsince 2017;\",\n \"Artistsince 2017; are the only K-pop group to winTop Duo/Group, at the2019 Billboard Music Awards;and are the most-awarded group inBBMA historyas of2022, with 12 wins overall.BTS are also the only K-pop group to winFavorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rockand Favorite Social Artist at theAmerican Music Awards,and became the first Asian act in the show's history to win Artist of the Year in 2021.They are the first Korean pop act to receive aGrammy Awardnomination,and the first Korean artist to be nominated for aBrit Award.With 30 awards overall, including a record four consecutive wins for Artist of the Year (Asia), BTS are the most-awarded foreign artist in the history of theJapan Gold Disc Awards. They have also received a total of 50 trophies at theMAMA Awards. Members Discography Korean-language studio albums Japanese-language studio albums Filmography Films Online shows Bibliography Concert tours Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links\",\n \"Jimin Park Ji-min(Korean:박지민; born October 13, 1995), knownmononymouslyasJimin, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and dancer. In 2013, he made his debut as a member of the South Koreanboy bandBTS, under the record labelBig Hit Entertainment. Jimin has released three solo tracks under BTS' name—\\\"Lie\\\" in 2016, \\\"Serendipity\\\" in 2017, and \\\"Filter\\\" in 2020—all of which have charted on South Korea'sGaon Digital Chart. He released his first credited solo song, the digital track \\\"Promise\\\", which he co-wrote, in 2018 and recorded the duet \\\"With You\\\" withHa Sung-woonfor the soundtrack for theTvNdramaOur Bluesin 2022. Jimin released his debut solo album,Facein 2023, which debuted at number one in South Korea and Japan and number two on the USBillboard200, making him the highest-charting Korean solo artist on the latter chart. The album's single \\\"Like Crazy\\\" became the first song by a Korean solo artist to debut at number one on the USBillboardHot 100in history. Jimin also became the first Korean solo artist to top\",\n \"solo artist to top theBillboardArtist 100chart. In 2024, he released his second album,Muse, and its lead single \\\"Who\\\", which debuted at number one on theBillboardGlobal 200. Early life and education Park Ji-min was born on October 13, 1995, inGeumjeong District,Busan, South Korea.He is of theMilyang Park clan.His immediate family includes his mother, father, and younger brother. When he was a child, he attended Busan's Hodong Elementary School and Yonsan Middle School.In middle school, he attended Just Dance Academy, where he learnedpoppingandlocking.Prior to becoming a trainee, Jimin studiedcontemporary danceat Busan High School of Arts and was a top student in the modern dance department.A teacher suggested that he join an entertainment company, leading him toBig Hit Entertainment. Once he passed the auditions in 2012, he transferred toKorean Arts High School, graduating in 2014. Jimin graduated from Global Cyber University in August 2020 with a major in Broadcasting and Entertainment. He was awarded the\",\n \"He was awarded the President's Award, the school's highest honor.As of 2021, he is enrolled atHanyang Cyber University, pursuing aMaster of Business Administrationin Advertising and Media. Career 2013–present: BTS Jimin was the last Big Hit trainee to be added to the lineup that would eventually becomeBTS. Of the band's seven members, he spent the shortest period of time—six months—as a trainee prior to debuting.On June 13, 2013, he debuted as a vocalist and dancer in BTS with the song \\\"No More Dream\\\" from their first single2 Cool 4 Skool.Under the band's name, he released three solo songs: \\\"Lie\\\", \\\"Serendipity\\\", and \\\"Filter\\\". \\\"Lie\\\" was released in 2016, as part of the band's second Korean studio album,Wings. It was described as stunning and dramatic, conveying dark undertones and emotions in line with the overall concept of the album.In contrast, \\\"Serendipity\\\", from the band'sLove Yourself: Her(2017)extended play(EP), was soft and sensual, expressing the joy, conviction, and curiosity of love.\\\"Filter\\\", a\",\n \"of love.\\\"Filter\\\", a track from BTS' 2020 studio albumMap of the Soul: 7, had aLatin popflair, with lyrics reflecting the different sides of Jimin that he shows to the world and those around him.Jimin additionally co-wrote and co-produced another track included on that album, \\\"Friends\\\", which was later featured in theMarvel StudiosfilmEternals. \\\"Serendipity\\\" and \\\"Lie\\\" both surpassed fifty million streams onSpotifyin 2018, followed shortly thereafter by the former's full length version from BTS'Love Yourself: Answer(2018) compilation album, which achieved the milestone in early 2019. Jimin became the first Korean artist to have three solo tracks accumulate over 50 million streams each, surpassingPsy, who previously crossed the 50 million streams mark twice with \\\"Gangnam Style\\\" (2012) and \\\"Gentleman\\\" (2013).Both songs were also the only solos by a BTS member included in theOfficial Charts Company's (OCC) list of the top 20 most streamed BTS songs in the United Kingdom as of October 2018, ranking at number 17\",\n \"at number 17 and 19 respectively.In April 2019, the list was expanded to reflect the top 40, and both tracks were the highest ranked solos included that year, at numbers 18 and 20 respectively. In May 2019, Jimin became the first BTS member to have a solo music video achieve 100 million views onYouTubewhen \\\"Serendipity\\\" surpassed the milestone.He remained the only BTS member with multiple solo songs in the January 2020 update of the OCC's top 40 list: \\\"Lie\\\" and \\\"Serendipity\\\" were the second and third most-streamed solos, at numbers 24 and 29 respectively, with the full-length version of the latter at number 38.The following month, Jimin earned his first entry on theBillboardHot 100with \\\"Filter\\\", which debuted at number 87 on the chart,as well his first number one on the World Digital Song Sales chart. The song set the record for the biggest streaming debut among all Korean songs on Spotify, accruing over 2.2 million streams in its first 24 hours of release, and went on to become the fastest Korean solo in\",\n \"Korean solo in the platform's history to surpass 20–60 million streams.It was also the only solo album track by BTS to receive a Song of the Year nomination at theGaon Chart Music Awards.In March 2021, \\\"Filter\\\" became the 15th BTS song to spend a full year onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart.It was the longest-charting Korean song released in 2020 on the ranking,having spent 80 weeks on the chart as of the issue dated October 9, 2021. Jimin was awarded the fifth-class HwagwanOrder of Cultural Meritin 2018, alongside his bandmates, by thePresident of South Korea,Moon Jae-in, for their contributions to the promotion of Korean culture.Three years later, Moon appointed himSpecial Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and Culture, alongside his bandmates, to help \\\"lead the global agenda for future generations\\\" and \\\"expand South Korea's diplomatic efforts and global standing\\\" in the international community. 2014–present: Solo work In 2014, Jimin collaborated with bandmateJungkookon a song called\",\n \"a song called \\\"Christmas Day\\\", a Korean rendition ofJustin Bieber's \\\"Mistletoe\\\"; Jimin wrote the Korean lyrics himself.The two collaborated again in 2017, on a cover ofCharlie Puth's \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\" featuringSelena Gomez.Jungkook previously released a solo version of the song in February, and the two prepared the duet as a special gift to the band's fandom, releasing it on June 2, during BTS' fourth anniversary celebrations.Teen Voguewrote that \\\"adding Jimin's voice to the mix makes the rendition all the more lovely\\\",while the Canadian outletFlaremagazine stated that \\\"it honestly might be better than the original\\\".Elite Dailydescribed the cover as \\\"nothing short of flawless\\\". Jimin appeared on several variety shows such asHello Counselor,Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, andGod's Workplacein 2016.He also served as a special MC ondomestic television music programssuch asShow! Music CoreandM Countdown.In December 2016, he participated in a dance duet at theKBS Song FestivalwithTaeminfromShinee. On\",\n \"On December 30, 2018, Jimin released \\\"Promise\\\", his first credited song as a solo artist, for free on BTS'SoundCloudpage.It earned the biggest 24-hour debut in SoundCloud history with 8.5 million streams, surpassing previous record holderDrake's \\\"Duppy Freestyle\\\" which received 4.9 million streams,and would go on to become the most streamed song on the platform by December 2021, with over 300 million streams.Described byBillboardas a \\\"mellowpop ballad\\\",the song was composed by Jimin and Big Hit producer Slow Rabbit, who also produced the track,and features lyrics written by Jimin and bandmateRM.Jimin released his second solo song \\\"Christmas Love\\\", about his childhood memories of the holidays, on December 24, 2020.In 2022, he contributed the single \\\"With You\\\", a duet withHa Sung-woon, to the soundtrack of theTvNdramaOur Blues; the single was released on April 24. In January 2023, Jimin co-wrote and featured on the single \\\"Vibe\\\" byTaeyang.His first official solo project since BTS announced an increased focus\",\n \"an increased focus on individual music endeavors a year prior,the single earned Jimin his debut entry on theBillboardHot 100as a solo artist, at number 76.He was announced as aglobal ambassadorforDiorlater that month,and forTiffany & Co.in March.\\\"Promise\\\" and \\\"Christmas Love\\\" were made available on streaming platforms worldwide as official singles under Jimin's name on March 6.His debut solo albumFacewas released on March 24.It set several chart and sales records, debuting at number one in South Korea and Japan,and number two in the US, making Jimin the highest-charting Korean solo artist of all time on theBillboard200.The album's two singles, \\\"Set Me Free Pt. 2\\\" and \\\"Like Crazy\\\", released on March 17 and 24 respectively,both entered the Hot 100: the former debuted at number 30,while the latter debuted at number one, making Jimin the first South Korean solo artist in history to top the chart.The album's release led Jimin to become the first Korean solo artist to reach number one on theBillboardArtist 100.In\",\n \"100.In May, he appeared as a featured artist, alongsideJvkeandMuni Long, on the single \\\"Angel Pt. 1\\\" byKodak BlackandNLE Choppa, as part of the soundtrack for the filmFast X.The digital single \\\"Closer Than This\\\" was released on December 22, shortly after Jiminenlistedin theSouth Korean Army. Originally recorded during the production ofFace, it is a song dedicated to the BTS fandom in gratitude for their support. Big Hit announced an eight-episode travel reality series,Are You Sure?!, featuring Jimin and Jungkook on July 2, 2024. Available forstreamingexclusively onDisney+, the premiere episode aired August 8, with subsequent episodes following weekly through September 19.The label released Jimin's second solo album,Muse, on July 19, while he was carrying out his mandatory military service. It was supported by the singles \\\"Smeraldo Garden Marching Band\\\" and \\\"Who\\\".\\\"Who\\\" became Jimin's first song to debut atop both ofBillboard'sglobal charts. Artistry Jimin's vocals have been described as delicate and sweet.He\",\n \"and sweet.He is regarded as an exceptional dancer among the members of BTS and in K-pop in general,often praised for his \\\"smooth and elegant movements\\\" and charm on stage. In the documentaryBurn the Stagereleased in 2018, Jimin addressed hisperfectionism.In 2023, Jimin stated that as a pop artist, he \\\"aims to excel at both dancing and singing and perform a diverse range of musical genres and themes\\\" while \\\"taking a healthy and sustainable approach to do so\\\". He has cited singerRainas an inspiration and one of the reasons why he wanted to become a singer and performer. Impact and influence In 2016, Jimin was ranked as the 14th most popular idol in an annual survey conducted byGallup Korea.He subsequently ranked seventh in 2017, and then consecutively ranked first in 2018 and 2019,as the only idol to top the survey for two consecutive years.In 2018, Jimin was the ninth most-tweeted about celebrity and the eighth most-tweeted about musician globally.He was named the 17th best boy band member in history byThe\",\n \"in history byThe Guardian.From January to May 2018, Jimin won the monthly \\\"Top K-Pop Artist–Individual\\\" award forPeeper x Billboard, a collaboration between thePeepersocial media app andBillboardKoreathat collects fan votes for their favorite K-pop artists. The prize was a donation toUNICEFin his name. The Cultural Conservation Society awarded Jimin a plaque of appreciation in 2019, for performingbuchaechum, a traditional Korean fan dance, during the2018 Melon Music Awardsand helping spread the dance outside of Korea.In October 2021, he became the first idol to spend 34 consecutive months atop the brand reputation ranking for individual boy group idolsand the only one to top the overall ranking for three consecutive years. Jimin is often cited as a role model by various idols in theK-popindustry, many of whom try to emulate his style of dance, mannerisms, and stage presence; media outlets have called him the \\\"Idol of Idols\\\", \\\"Idol's Bible\\\", and \\\"Rookies' Bible\\\". Artists who have cited him as an influence\",\n \"him as an influence include Arthur ofKingdom, Bic ofMCND, Kim Si-hun ofBDC, Woochul ofNewkidd, Hyunjin ofStray Kids, Wooyoung ofAteez, Lim Se-jun ofVicton, Huening Kai and Beomgyu ofTomorrow X Together, and Ni-ki and Jay ofEnhypen.British internet personalityOli Londonunderwent 15 cosmetic surgeries by 2020 to resemble Jimin. Jimin has also been acknowledged beyond theK-popindustry. In 2019, Award-winning director and photographerGus Van Santnamed Jimin as the artist he wished to work with.In 2021, Olympic figure skaterYuzuru Hanyushared being aBTSfan and mentioned Jimin as a source of inspiration for his dance movements on the rink.In 2023,Ryan Goslinggifted Jimin the guitar his character Ken used in the movieBarbie. Gosling gave Jimin the custom guitar as homage for jimin'sPermission to Danceoutfit serving as inspiration for one of the outfits Gosling wore for his role as Ken. Forbes Koreaincluded Jimin on theForbes Korea Power Celebrity 40for 2024, at number seven, making him the highest ranking K-pop\",\n \"ranking K-pop soloist and second-highest ranking soloist on the list. Philanthropy Jimin is a supporter of education and the arts. From 2016 to 2018, he covered uniform expenses of students at his alma mater, Busan Hodong Elementary School. After the school's closing was announced, he donated summer and winter middle school uniforms to the final graduates and gifted autographed albums to the entire student body.In early 2019, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$85,810.58) to the Busan Department of Education to help support students from low income families. Of the total,₩30 million (US$25,743.17) went to his alma mater, Busan Arts High School.In July 2020, he donated₩100 million (US$84,726.68) to the Jeonnam Future Education Foundation to fund the creation of a scholarship fund for talented students from South Jeolla Province who were struggling financially. In July 2021, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) toRotary Internationalto help polio patients. As with previous donations, the benefaction was made\",\n \"was made privately but became public in September, when the Go-seong Rotary Club displayed a banner thanking him for the donation.He was announced as a member of the Green Noble Club, a group of major donors to the Green Umbrella Children's Foundation who have contributed ₩100 million or more, on October 12. In September 2022, Jimin made a donation to the Gangwon Provincial Office of Education.In February 2023, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) through the Korean UNICEF Committee toward emergency relief for children affected by theTurkey–Syria earthquake.In March, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the North Chungcheong Provincial Office of Education to fund books and reading education programs for students.In August, Jimin participated in the \\\"Hometown Love Donation System\\\", a program allowing non-residents to donate to support welfare in the district of Nam-gu, Busan. He donated the maximum allowed donation amount of₩5 million (US$4,370.82) and proceeded to re-donate his campaign's donor return\",\n \"donor return gifts to people in need in the region.In February 2024, Jimin was inducted in the Nam-gu Hometown Love Donation System Donor Hall of Fame for his contribution to the district welfare programs.In May, he made a donation of₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the South Gyeongsang Provincial Office of Education to create a scholarship for underprivileged students. Personal life Jimin used to live inHannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea, with his bandmates.In 2021, he purchased a property in the area worth₩5.9billion(US$5.16 million). Health In 2017, during BTS'Wings Tour, Jimin was unable to participate in the show inMacaudue to neck and shoulder cramping.The following year, while inLondonfor theLove Yourself World Tour, he withdrew from the band's scheduled performance onThe Graham Norton Showbecause of \\\"severe muscle pain in his neck and back\\\", according to a statement released byBig Hit Entertainment. In 2022, Jimin was hospitalized after having abdominal pain and a mild sore throat. He\",\n \"sore throat. He underwentappendicitissurgery on January 31, and received a positiveCOVID-19diagnosis. Military service On November 22, 2023, Big Hit announced throughWeversethat Jimin, along with bandmatesRM,V, andJungkook, had started the enlistment process to carry out hismandatory military service.He enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 12 at the Army 5th Division Recruit Training Center inYeoncheon.He completed his five weeks of basic training in January 2024, placing first as an outstanding trainee and received the Best trainee commendation award from the Division Commander, taking an oath as the representative of all trainees in his unit.He was then appointed to an Artillery Unit in the5th Infantry Division. Discography Studio albums Singles As lead artist As featured artist Other charted songs Other songs Writing credits All song credits are adapted from theKorea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted. Filmography Television Music videos Awards and nominations World\",\n \"nominations World records Notes References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":283,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What is the difference in mean flow rate (in cubic feet per second) between the River Avon at Great Somerford and its tributary, the River Marden?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"75.5 cubic ft/s"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Avon,_Bristol#Hydrology_and_water_quality"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Marden"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Avon,_Bristol#Hydrology_and_water_quality', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Marden']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Avon,_Bristol#Hydrology_and_water_quality","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Marden"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Avon,_Bristol#Hydrology_and_water_quality\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Marden\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["River Avon, Bristol TheRiver Avon/ˈeɪvən/is a river in the southwest of England. To distinguish it from a number of otherrivers of the same name, it is often called theBristol Avon. The name 'Avon' isloanedfrom an ancestor of theWelshwordafon, meaning 'river'. The Avonrisesjust north of the village ofActon TurvilleinSouth Gloucestershire, before flowing throughWiltshireintoSomerset. In its lower reaches fromBath(where it meets theKennet and Avon Canal) to theSevern EstuaryatAvonmouthnearBristol, the river is navigable and is known as theAvon Navigation. The Avon is the19th longestriver in the United Kingdom, at 83 miles (134 km), although there are just 19 miles (31 km)as the crow fliesbetween the source and its mouth in theSevern Estuary. Thecatchment areais 2,220 square kilometres (860 sq mi). Etymology The name \"Avon\" isloanedfrom theCommon Brittonicabona, \"river\", which survives in theWelshwordafon. \"River Avon\", therefore, literally means \"river river\"; several other English and Scottish rivers share the name.TheCounty of Avonthat existed from 1974 to 1996 was named after the river, and coveredBristol,Bath, and the lower Avon valley. Course The Avonriseson the southern edge of theCotswold hills, atDidmartonin Gloucestershire;at Joyce's Pool a plaque marks the source.It flows south-east into Wiltshire toSherston, where it is joined by the Luckington Brook which drains an area west ofLuckingtonthat includes theBadminton Houseestate. From Sherston the river flows east toMalmesbury, where it is joined by its first major tributary, theTetbury Avon, which rises just east ofTetburyin Gloucestershire.This is known locally as the Ingleburn,which inOld Englishmeans 'English river'. The two rivers flow north and south of a rocky outcrop, almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of Malmesbury to sit on. Upstream of this confluence the river is sometimes referred to as the 'River Avon (Sherston branch)' to distinguish it from the Tetbury branch. After the two rivers merge, the Avon turns southeast away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clayDauntsey Vale, where it is joined by theRiver Marden, until it reaches the biggest town so far,Chippenham. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on viaLacocktoMelksham, then turns north-west throughBradford-on-Avon, where the centre of the town grew up around aford, hence the origin of the town's name (\"Broad-Ford\").This was supplemented inNormantimes by theGrade I listedbridge that still stands today; originally apackhorse bridge, it was widened in the 17th century by rebuilding the downstream side. The Avon Valley between Bradford-on-Avon and Bath is an example of a valley where four forms of ground transport are found: road, rail, river, canal. The river passes under theAvoncliffandDundas Aqueductswhich carry theKennet and Avon Canal, and atFreshfordis joined by the SomersetRiver Frome. Avoncliff Aqueduct was built byJohn Rennieand chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801. Theaqueductconsists of three arches and is 110 yards (100 m) long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.The Dundas Aqueduct was built by the same team between 1797 and 1801 and completed in 1805.James McIlquhamwas appointed contractor.The aqueduct is 150 yards (137.2 m) long with three arches built ofBath Stone, withDoricpilasters, and balustrades at each end.The central semicircular arch spans 64 feet (19.5 m); the two oval side arches span 20 feet (6.1 m).It is aGrade I listedstructure,and was the first canal structure to be designated as aScheduled Ancient Monumentin 1951.The stretch of river below and above the aqueduct, where it is joined byMidford Brook, has been used by rowing crews fromMonkton Combe Schoolsince at least the beginning of the 1900s. It then flows pastClaverton Pumping Station, which pumped water from the River Avon byWarleigh Weirinto the canal, using power from the flow of the river. The pumping station is located in a pump house built of Bath Stone, located at river level. Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about 200 yd (180 m) upstream. The water flows down aleatto the pumping station, where it powers awater wheel, 24 ft (7.3 m) wide and 17 ft (5.2 m) in diameter, with 48 wooden slats. At full power the wheel uses 2tons(2tonnes) of water per second and rotates five times a minute.The water wheel drives gearing which increases the speed to 16rpm. From here, cranks drive vertical connecting rods which transfer the energy to two 18 ft (5.5 m) longcast ironrocking beams. Each rocking beam in turn drives an 18 in (0.5 m) diameterlift pump, which also take their supply from the mill leat. Each pump stroke raises 50 imperial gallons (230 L; 60 US gal) of water to the canal.In 1981,British Waterwaysinstalled two 75 horsepower (56 kW) electric pumps just upstream from the station. The Avon then flows throughBathford, where it is joined by theBybrook River, andBathamptonwhere it passes under theBathampton Toll Bridge. It is joined by theLam Brookat Lambridge inBathand then passes underClevelandandPulteney Bridgesand over the weir. Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826 byWilliam Hazledine,owner of theCoalbrookdaleIronworks, withHenry Goodridgeas the architect,on the site of aRomanferry crossing. Named after the 3rdDuke of Cleveland, it spans the River Avon atBathwick, and enabled further development ofGeorgianBath to take place on the south side of the river. It was designed by architectHenry Goodridgeto take the traffic of his day, horse-drawn vehicles and pedestrians, and was constructed usingBath Stoneand acast ironarchedspan. Pulteney Bridge was completed in 1773 and is designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade I listed structure.The bridge was designed byRobert Adam,and is one of only four bridges in the world with shops across the full span on both sides.It is named afterFrances Pulteney, heiress in 1767 of the Bathwick estate across the river from Bath. Floods in 1799 and 1800 wrecked the north side of the bridge, which had been constructed with inadequate support. It was rebuilt byJohn Pinch the Elder, surveyor to the Pulteney estate, in a less ambitious version of Adam's design.Bath and North East Somersetcouncil have discussed plans to ban vehicles from the bridge and turn it into a pedestrianised zone,but it remains open to buses and taxis. Some 700 metres below Pulteney weir, the river is joined by theKennet and Avon Canalwhich connects throughBath Locks. Together with theKennet Navigationwhich joins theRiver Thamesat Reading, this provides a through route for canal boats from Bristol to London. From this point downstream the river is known as the Avon Navigation. Navigation The Avon above Bath remains navigable as far as Bathampton where there is the remains of aflash lock. However, the lock past the weir below Pulteney Bridge was demolished when the weir was reconstructed, so passage between the sections is only possible for dinghies and canoes using the roller slipway on the side of the weir. Beyond its junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, the Avon flows throughKeynshamtowardsBristol. For much of its course after leaving Wiltshire, it marks the traditional boundary between Somerset and Gloucestershire. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural riverbed, with six locks overcoming a rise of 30 feet (9 m). From Bath toNetham Lockwhere it divides into the New Cut and the Floating Harbour is 12 miles (19 km). The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs. In the centre of Bath it passes under various bridges including theMidland Bridgewhich was originally built by theMidland RailwayCompany to allow theSomerset and Dorset Joint Railwayaccess to and from itsGreen Park Terminus Station. In November 2011 the navigation between Bath and Bristol was closed because of safety concerns aboutVictoria Bridge.Weston Lockon the outskirts of Bath is in what now forms theNewbridgearea. Weston Cut is a man made channel, opened in 1727, for boats to approach and pass through Weston Lock; the island created between the cut and the river weir became known as Dutch Island after the owner of thebrass millestablished on the riverside in the early 18th century. Kelston Lockand weir have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by.Saltford Lockand weir are overlooked by the remains of theKelstonBrass Mill, which was working until 1925. It is a Grade IIlisted building.Alongside the lock is apub, whose garden extends over the lock to the small island between the lock and weir. The lock was opened in 1727 and destroyed in 1738 by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation.In its heyday, between 1709 and 1859,Swinefordhad an activebrassand copper industry aroundSwineford Lock, served by the river which also provided water power for the cloth industry,as did theRiver Boyd, a tributary which flows into the Avon nearBitton.Keynsham Lockopened in 1727.Just above the lock are visitor moorings and a pub, on an island between the lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of theRiver Chew.Hanhamis the last tidal lock,after which the river is joined byBrislington Brook. Netham Lockis the point atNethamin Bristol at which boats from the Avon gain access to Bristol'sfloating harbour. Construction started in 1804 to build the tidalNew Cut, where it is joined by theRiver Malago, and divert the Avon along theFeeder Canalto the harbour; a system designed and built byWilliam Jessopand later improved byIsambard Kingdom Brunel.A weir carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent lock. Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.Netham Lock and the weir form part of Bristol's flood defence mechanisms. It was announced in December 2008 that they would be upgraded as part of the £11 million City Docks Capital Project. In central Bristol, where the river istidal, it is diverted from its original course into the New Cut, a channel dug between 1804 and 1809 at a cost of £600,000.The original course is held at a constant level by lock gates (designed by Jessop) and is known as thefloating harbour. The harbour is protected by an 1870s replacement for Jessop's locks. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and itstributaries, theRiver FromeandSiston Brook, and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the floating harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft. The harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol, the river passes through the deepAvon Gorge, spanned by Brunel'sClifton Suspension Bridge: the river is tidal and is navigable by seagoing vessels at high tide but dries to a steep-sided muddy channel at low tide. It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the floating harbour as commercial docks and saw them replaced by docks atAvonmouthwhere the Avon joins theSevern Estuary. Before reaching its mouth, the Avon is joined by theRiver TrymatSea Millswhich was the site ofPortus Abonae, aRomanport. Shortly after, it passes the village ofPillon the south bank where the Pill Hobblers were based in order to tow ships up the river to Bristol and where yachts and other boats still have moorings in Chapel Pill and Crockerne Pill.It then passes under theAvonmouth Bridgewhich carries theM5 motorway. The main span is 538 ft (164 m) long, and the bridge is 4,554 ft (1,388 m) long, with an air draught above mean high water level of 98.4 ft (30 m). The river then serves two major dock areas. TheRoyal Portbury Dockis on the southern side of the mouth of the river. The deepwater dock was constructed between 1972 and 1977, and is now a major port for the import ofmotor vehicles. The Royal Portbury Dock has the largest entrance lock into any UK port, accommodating vessels up to 41 m (135 ft) beam, 290 m (951 ft) length and 14.5 m (48 ft) draft. TheAvonmouth Docksare on the north side of the river and are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables. The first dock at Avonmouth, Avonmouth Old Dock, was opened in 1877 and acquired by Bristol Corporation in 1884. In 1907, a much larger dock, the Royal Edward Dock, was opened. The docks form part of thePort of Bristoland were operated by the Port of Bristol Authority, part ofBristol City Council, until 1991 when the council granted a 150-year lease to the Bristol Port Company. Pilotage is provided by Bristol Pilots LLP who supply authorised pilots for the River Avon and Bristol City docks, as well as the Severn estuary and the Bristol channel; they are based at Avonmouth Docks. Hydrology and water quality At Great Somerford the Avon has a mean flow rate of 3.355 cubic metres per second (118.5 cu ft/s),and a typical river level range between 0.16 metres (6.3 in) and 0.74 metres (2 ft 5 in) with a highest level of 2.43 metres (8 ft 0 in).At Melksham the Avon has a mean flow rate of 6.703 cubic metres per second (236.7 cu ft/s).December 2013 was the highest level recorded at Bradford on Avon when the level reached 3.42 metres (11.2 ft) with a normal range at the monitoring station being 1.01 metres (3 ft 4 in) to 1.40 metres (4 ft 7 in).At Bathford the highest river level was also in December 2013 when it reached 4.41 metres (14.5 ft) while the normal range is 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) and 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in),with a flow rate of 18.274 cubic metres per second (645.3 cu ft/s). In Bath at St James, which is 180 metres (590 ft) upstream of Pultney Weir the mean flow is 20.466 cubic metres per second (722.7 cu ft/s),with a similar flow (20.984 cubic metres per second (741.0 cu ft/s)) downstream of the weir.At the Destructor Bridge in Bath the typical height range is 0.40 metres (1 ft 4 in) to 0.81 metres (2 ft 8 in) with a high of 1.64 metres (5 ft 5 in) also in December 2013. At Saltford the range is 0.46 metres (1 ft 6 in) to 1.41 metres (4 ft 8 in) with a highest recording of 2.31 metres (7 ft 7 in) on 24 December 2013.At Keynsham the typical range is between 0.23 metres (9.1 in) and 2.09 metres (6 ft 10 in). The highest was on 25 December 2013 when it reached 5.36 metres (17.6 ft).At Netham Weir where the new cut carries the flow away from Bristol Harbour the typical range for the depth of the river is 0.15 metres (5.9 in) to 0.84 metres (2 ft 9 in) with the highest ever recorded being 3.22 metres (10.6 ft). For the purpose of water quality monitoring and improvement the river is divided into several catchment management areas; South of Malmesbury, Bristol Avon Rural and Bristol Avon Urban.In the rural area 22 water bodies are classified as good, 46 as moderate and 8 as poor. The main reasons for not achieving good scores are pollution from waste water, agriculture and rural land management.In the urban area one water body is rated good, while 12 are rated moderate and one is poor. The pollution from upstream is added to by the effects of industry, manufacturing and other businesses and is significantly affected by physical modifications to the water course.Within the catchment area there are 137 river water bodies and 6 lakes; of these 22 per cent of rivers are rated as good ecological status, 40 per cent good for chemical status and 31 per cent good for biological status. Conservation areas The river is important for its dragonfly communities, with a strong population ofscarce chaser(found in only six other areas in England),together with a strong population ofwhite-legged damselfly.red-eyed damselflyis also found. The river is also important for aquatic plants, includingLoddon pondweed. TheKellaways – West TythertonSite of Special Scientific Interest, 3 miles (4.8 km) north east ofChippenham, is of geological interest as the river bank exposesCallovianhighly-fossiliferous sandstone which contains well-preservedbivalves,gastropods,brachiopods,belemnitesandammonites.Further downstream atNewton St LoetheNewton St Loe SSSIis anotherGeological Conservation ReviewSSSI. It represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferousPleistocenegravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, it has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of earlyglaciationwithinSouth West England. The bodies ofmammoths(Mammuthus) and horses (Equus) have been found at the site. TheAvon Gorgehas been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it supports some rare fauna and flora, including species unique to the gorge. There are a total of 24 rare plant species and two unique trees: theBristolandWilmotts's whitebeams.Other notable plants includeBristol rock-cress,Bristol onion,spiked speedwell,autumn squillandhonewort.Other areas along the river which have this designation includeBickley Wood,Cleeve Wood, Hanhamfor its large population of Bath asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum).Stidham FarmnearKeynshamcontains at least At least 2 metres (7 ft) ofPleistoceneterrace-gravels, consisting oflimestoneclastsmainly, but also withMillstone Grit,Pennant Sandstone, flint and chert clasts. The site is of considerable importance for studies relating to the possible glaciation of the area, and of the terracestratigraphy, particularly as it is one of only two accessible terrace deposits in this part of the Avon valley.Newton St Loe SSSIis also listed for geological reasons as it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, they have aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation withinSouth West England. AtHorseshoe Bend, Shirehamptonthe wooded cliff and a narrowsalt marshare supported by rocks of Devonian ageOld Red SandstoneandCarboniferous Limestone, overlain by withTriassicdolomiticconglomerate. The site's principal interest and the reason for its designation as an SSSI is the presence of a population of thetrue service-tree(Sorbus domestica) growing on the cliffs. This tree is nationally rare in Britain, and this site hosts the largest known population in England. Other notable species ofSorbushere are the whitebeamsSorbus eminensandSorbus anglica, both of which are also nationally rare in Britain. The nationally scarcelarge-leaved lime(Tilia platyphyllos) also occurs, and herbs includefield garlic(Allium oleraceum) andpale St. John's-wort(Hypericum montanum). The saltmarsh vegetation, which lies at the base of the cliff, is predominantly made up ofsea aster(Aster tripolium) andEnglish scurvygrass(Cochlearia anglica). There are however two nationally scarce vascular plant species here as well –slender hare's-ear(Bupleurum tenuissimum) andlong-stalked orache(Atriplex longipes). The tidal reaches of the River Avon provide habitat for waterbirds, with 64 species having been recorded up to 2004,including 21 species ofshorebird,and 13 species ofgull. Authorities A catchment board for the Avon was created by theLand Drainage Act 1930and became the Bristol AvonRiver Boardunder theRiver Boards Act 1948; the board was in turn replaced by the Bristol AvonRiver Authorityunder theWater Resources Act 1963. Twenty-five minor watercourses were added to the Authority's jurisdiction in 1973.Reorganisation in 1974, under theWater Act 1973brought the Avon catchment into a newregional body, the Wessex Water Authority.Privatisationsaw responsibility for the catchment pass to theNational Rivers Authorityon its formation on 1 September 1989. In 1996 the authority became part of theEnvironment Agency. Navigation conservancy in the lower river from Avonmouth to the lock at Hotwells is the responsibility of The Bristol Port Company as both statutory and competent harbour authority.Navigation within Bristol's floating harbour is retained byBristol City Councilas statutory and competent harbour authority. History The distribution of archaeological finds suggests that the western end of the river between Bath and Avonmouth formed a border between theDobunniandDurotrigesduring the lateIron Age, prior to theRoman conquest of Britain. Further east, between Bath and what is now Wiltshire, it may also have formed a border of the territory ruled by theBelgae. After the Roman occupation the river formed a boundary between the lands of theHwicce(which becameMercia) and the kingdom ofWessex. The river Avon had been navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century but construction of mills on the river forced its closure.Thefloodplainof the Avon, on which the city centre ofBathis built, has an altitude of about 59 ft (18 m) abovesea level.The river, once an unnavigable series ofbraided streamsbroken up byswampsand ponds, has been managed byweirsinto a single channel. Periodic flooding, which shortened the life of many buildings in the lowest part of the city, was normal until major flood control works were completed in the 1970s. The Bristol Avon Navigation, which runs the 15 miles (24 km) from the Kennet and Avon Canal at Hanham Lock to the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth, was constructed between 1724 and 1727,following legislation passed byQueen Anne,by a company of proprietors and the engineerJohn HoreofNewbury. The first cargo of 'Deal boards, Pig-Lead and Meal' arrived in Bath in December 1727.It is now administered by theCanal & River Trust. Throughout Bristol's history theAvon Gorgehas been an important transport route, carrying the River Avon, major roads and two railways. The Bristol Channel has a very high tidal range of 15 metres (49 ft),second only toBay of FundyinEastern Canada;and the gorge is relatively narrow and meandering, making it notoriously difficult to navigate. Several vessels have grounded in the gorge including theSS Demerarasoon after her launch in 1851, the schoonerGipsyin 1878, the steam tugBlack Eaglein 1861 and theLlandaff City. In 1877, Halfpenny Bridge, a pedestrian toll bridge crossing the river fromBath Spa railway stationtoWidcombe, collapsed with the loss of about 10 lives amongst a large crowd going to theBath and West Agricultural show. The Avon has flooded several times in its recorded history. These floods include the one in 1799/1800 damagingPulteney Bridge.Various points along the river including the valley aroundFreshfordare at risk offluvialflooding, as a result of sediment entering the river and narrowing the channel. To help cope with this some areas on the banks of the river are designated as a functional floodplain to cope with increased flow volumes.The potential changes to weather patterns as a result of climate change suggest that further measures are likely to be needed to protect the population from flooding risk.A tidal surge, combined with high water levels from theflooding of the surrounding areacaused flooding in the city of Bristol. Route and points of interest Download coordinates as: See also References External links Media related toRiver Avon, South-West Englandat Wikimedia Commons","River Marden TheRiver Mardenis a smalltributaryof theRiver Avonin England. It flows from the hills surroundingCalneand meets the Avon about a mile upstream ofChippenham. The river has a mean flow of 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s). Course The Marden rises just north of the valley of Ranscombe Bottom nearCalstone WellingtoninWiltshire.It then flows in a north-west direction through theBlacklandarea, where it forms a small ornamental lake at Blackland House, and on toQuemerford, where it is joined on the right bank by the Rivers Brook. In Calne, the Abberd Brook joins on the right. The river turns in a westerly direction and is joined by the overspill from Bowood Lake, part of theBowood Houseestate, on the left at Studleybrook Farm. The river is then joined by the combined Fisher's and Cowage brooks before turning to the north-west, past the village ofStanley. 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later it joins the Bristol Avon to the north-east ofChippenham. History TheDomesday surveyof England in 1086 records fourwatermillson the Marden at Calne. In the 18th century fourfullingmills are recorded and one of these, Upper Mill, became a paper mill in 1768 and continued in operation until 1860. Hassell's Mill atStudleyremained in operation until 1960. A branch of theWilts & Berks Canal, opened in 1810, paralleled the course of the Marden west of Calne. The canal was closed in 1914 following the collapse into the river of the Stanley aqueduct in 1901. Traces of the canal and its towpath survive. Hydrology TheEnvironment Agencygauging station at Stanley has measured the mean flow of the river as 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s), with a maximum recorded flow of 1,529 cubic feet per second (43.3 m3/s) on 30 October 2000 and a minimum of 3.9 cubic feet per second (0.11 m3/s) on 21 August 1976. References"],"string":"[\n \"River Avon, Bristol TheRiver Avon/ˈeɪvən/is a river in the southwest of England. To distinguish it from a number of otherrivers of the same name, it is often called theBristol Avon. The name 'Avon' isloanedfrom an ancestor of theWelshwordafon, meaning 'river'. The Avonrisesjust north of the village ofActon TurvilleinSouth Gloucestershire, before flowing throughWiltshireintoSomerset. In its lower reaches fromBath(where it meets theKennet and Avon Canal) to theSevern EstuaryatAvonmouthnearBristol, the river is navigable and is known as theAvon Navigation. The Avon is the19th longestriver in the United Kingdom, at 83 miles (134 km), although there are just 19 miles (31 km)as the crow fliesbetween the source and its mouth in theSevern Estuary. Thecatchment areais 2,220 square kilometres (860 sq mi). Etymology The name \\\"Avon\\\" isloanedfrom theCommon Brittonicabona, \\\"river\\\", which survives in theWelshwordafon. \\\"River Avon\\\", therefore, literally means \\\"river river\\\"; several other English and Scottish rivers share the name.TheCounty of Avonthat existed from 1974 to 1996 was named after the river, and coveredBristol,Bath, and the lower Avon valley. Course The Avonriseson the southern edge of theCotswold hills, atDidmartonin Gloucestershire;at Joyce's Pool a plaque marks the source.It flows south-east into Wiltshire toSherston, where it is joined by the Luckington Brook which drains an area west ofLuckingtonthat includes theBadminton Houseestate. From Sherston the river flows east toMalmesbury, where it is joined by its first major tributary, theTetbury Avon, which rises just east ofTetburyin Gloucestershire.This is known locally as the Ingleburn,which inOld Englishmeans 'English river'. The two rivers flow north and south of a rocky outcrop, almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of Malmesbury to sit on. Upstream of this confluence the river is sometimes referred to as the 'River Avon (Sherston branch)' to distinguish it from the Tetbury branch. After the two rivers merge, the Avon turns southeast away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clayDauntsey Vale, where it is joined by theRiver Marden, until it reaches the biggest town so far,Chippenham. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on viaLacocktoMelksham, then turns north-west throughBradford-on-Avon, where the centre of the town grew up around aford, hence the origin of the town's name (\\\"Broad-Ford\\\").This was supplemented inNormantimes by theGrade I listedbridge that still stands today; originally apackhorse bridge, it was widened in the 17th century by rebuilding the downstream side. The Avon Valley between Bradford-on-Avon and Bath is an example of a valley where four forms of ground transport are found: road, rail, river, canal. The river passes under theAvoncliffandDundas Aqueductswhich carry theKennet and Avon Canal, and atFreshfordis joined by the SomersetRiver Frome. Avoncliff Aqueduct was built byJohn Rennieand chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801. Theaqueductconsists of three arches and is 110 yards (100 m) long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.The Dundas Aqueduct was built by the same team between 1797 and 1801 and completed in 1805.James McIlquhamwas appointed contractor.The aqueduct is 150 yards (137.2 m) long with three arches built ofBath Stone, withDoricpilasters, and balustrades at each end.The central semicircular arch spans 64 feet (19.5 m); the two oval side arches span 20 feet (6.1 m).It is aGrade I listedstructure,and was the first canal structure to be designated as aScheduled Ancient Monumentin 1951.The stretch of river below and above the aqueduct, where it is joined byMidford Brook, has been used by rowing crews fromMonkton Combe Schoolsince at least the beginning of the 1900s. It then flows pastClaverton Pumping Station, which pumped water from the River Avon byWarleigh Weirinto the canal, using power from the flow of the river. The pumping station is located in a pump house built of Bath Stone, located at river level. Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about 200 yd (180 m) upstream. The water flows down aleatto the pumping station, where it powers awater wheel, 24 ft (7.3 m) wide and 17 ft (5.2 m) in diameter, with 48 wooden slats. At full power the wheel uses 2tons(2tonnes) of water per second and rotates five times a minute.The water wheel drives gearing which increases the speed to 16rpm. From here, cranks drive vertical connecting rods which transfer the energy to two 18 ft (5.5 m) longcast ironrocking beams. Each rocking beam in turn drives an 18 in (0.5 m) diameterlift pump, which also take their supply from the mill leat. Each pump stroke raises 50 imperial gallons (230 L; 60 US gal) of water to the canal.In 1981,British Waterwaysinstalled two 75 horsepower (56 kW) electric pumps just upstream from the station. The Avon then flows throughBathford, where it is joined by theBybrook River, andBathamptonwhere it passes under theBathampton Toll Bridge. It is joined by theLam Brookat Lambridge inBathand then passes underClevelandandPulteney Bridgesand over the weir. Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826 byWilliam Hazledine,owner of theCoalbrookdaleIronworks, withHenry Goodridgeas the architect,on the site of aRomanferry crossing. Named after the 3rdDuke of Cleveland, it spans the River Avon atBathwick, and enabled further development ofGeorgianBath to take place on the south side of the river. It was designed by architectHenry Goodridgeto take the traffic of his day, horse-drawn vehicles and pedestrians, and was constructed usingBath Stoneand acast ironarchedspan. Pulteney Bridge was completed in 1773 and is designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade I listed structure.The bridge was designed byRobert Adam,and is one of only four bridges in the world with shops across the full span on both sides.It is named afterFrances Pulteney, heiress in 1767 of the Bathwick estate across the river from Bath. Floods in 1799 and 1800 wrecked the north side of the bridge, which had been constructed with inadequate support. It was rebuilt byJohn Pinch the Elder, surveyor to the Pulteney estate, in a less ambitious version of Adam's design.Bath and North East Somersetcouncil have discussed plans to ban vehicles from the bridge and turn it into a pedestrianised zone,but it remains open to buses and taxis. Some 700 metres below Pulteney weir, the river is joined by theKennet and Avon Canalwhich connects throughBath Locks. Together with theKennet Navigationwhich joins theRiver Thamesat Reading, this provides a through route for canal boats from Bristol to London. From this point downstream the river is known as the Avon Navigation. Navigation The Avon above Bath remains navigable as far as Bathampton where there is the remains of aflash lock. However, the lock past the weir below Pulteney Bridge was demolished when the weir was reconstructed, so passage between the sections is only possible for dinghies and canoes using the roller slipway on the side of the weir. Beyond its junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, the Avon flows throughKeynshamtowardsBristol. For much of its course after leaving Wiltshire, it marks the traditional boundary between Somerset and Gloucestershire. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural riverbed, with six locks overcoming a rise of 30 feet (9 m). From Bath toNetham Lockwhere it divides into the New Cut and the Floating Harbour is 12 miles (19 km). The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs. In the centre of Bath it passes under various bridges including theMidland Bridgewhich was originally built by theMidland RailwayCompany to allow theSomerset and Dorset Joint Railwayaccess to and from itsGreen Park Terminus Station. In November 2011 the navigation between Bath and Bristol was closed because of safety concerns aboutVictoria Bridge.Weston Lockon the outskirts of Bath is in what now forms theNewbridgearea. Weston Cut is a man made channel, opened in 1727, for boats to approach and pass through Weston Lock; the island created between the cut and the river weir became known as Dutch Island after the owner of thebrass millestablished on the riverside in the early 18th century. Kelston Lockand weir have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by.Saltford Lockand weir are overlooked by the remains of theKelstonBrass Mill, which was working until 1925. It is a Grade IIlisted building.Alongside the lock is apub, whose garden extends over the lock to the small island between the lock and weir. The lock was opened in 1727 and destroyed in 1738 by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation.In its heyday, between 1709 and 1859,Swinefordhad an activebrassand copper industry aroundSwineford Lock, served by the river which also provided water power for the cloth industry,as did theRiver Boyd, a tributary which flows into the Avon nearBitton.Keynsham Lockopened in 1727.Just above the lock are visitor moorings and a pub, on an island between the lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of theRiver Chew.Hanhamis the last tidal lock,after which the river is joined byBrislington Brook. Netham Lockis the point atNethamin Bristol at which boats from the Avon gain access to Bristol'sfloating harbour. Construction started in 1804 to build the tidalNew Cut, where it is joined by theRiver Malago, and divert the Avon along theFeeder Canalto the harbour; a system designed and built byWilliam Jessopand later improved byIsambard Kingdom Brunel.A weir carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent lock. Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.Netham Lock and the weir form part of Bristol's flood defence mechanisms. It was announced in December 2008 that they would be upgraded as part of the £11 million City Docks Capital Project. In central Bristol, where the river istidal, it is diverted from its original course into the New Cut, a channel dug between 1804 and 1809 at a cost of £600,000.The original course is held at a constant level by lock gates (designed by Jessop) and is known as thefloating harbour. The harbour is protected by an 1870s replacement for Jessop's locks. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and itstributaries, theRiver FromeandSiston Brook, and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the floating harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft. The harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol, the river passes through the deepAvon Gorge, spanned by Brunel'sClifton Suspension Bridge: the river is tidal and is navigable by seagoing vessels at high tide but dries to a steep-sided muddy channel at low tide. It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the floating harbour as commercial docks and saw them replaced by docks atAvonmouthwhere the Avon joins theSevern Estuary. Before reaching its mouth, the Avon is joined by theRiver TrymatSea Millswhich was the site ofPortus Abonae, aRomanport. Shortly after, it passes the village ofPillon the south bank where the Pill Hobblers were based in order to tow ships up the river to Bristol and where yachts and other boats still have moorings in Chapel Pill and Crockerne Pill.It then passes under theAvonmouth Bridgewhich carries theM5 motorway. The main span is 538 ft (164 m) long, and the bridge is 4,554 ft (1,388 m) long, with an air draught above mean high water level of 98.4 ft (30 m). The river then serves two major dock areas. TheRoyal Portbury Dockis on the southern side of the mouth of the river. The deepwater dock was constructed between 1972 and 1977, and is now a major port for the import ofmotor vehicles. The Royal Portbury Dock has the largest entrance lock into any UK port, accommodating vessels up to 41 m (135 ft) beam, 290 m (951 ft) length and 14.5 m (48 ft) draft. TheAvonmouth Docksare on the north side of the river and are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables. The first dock at Avonmouth, Avonmouth Old Dock, was opened in 1877 and acquired by Bristol Corporation in 1884. In 1907, a much larger dock, the Royal Edward Dock, was opened. The docks form part of thePort of Bristoland were operated by the Port of Bristol Authority, part ofBristol City Council, until 1991 when the council granted a 150-year lease to the Bristol Port Company. Pilotage is provided by Bristol Pilots LLP who supply authorised pilots for the River Avon and Bristol City docks, as well as the Severn estuary and the Bristol channel; they are based at Avonmouth Docks. Hydrology and water quality At Great Somerford the Avon has a mean flow rate of 3.355 cubic metres per second (118.5 cu ft/s),and a typical river level range between 0.16 metres (6.3 in) and 0.74 metres (2 ft 5 in) with a highest level of 2.43 metres (8 ft 0 in).At Melksham the Avon has a mean flow rate of 6.703 cubic metres per second (236.7 cu ft/s).December 2013 was the highest level recorded at Bradford on Avon when the level reached 3.42 metres (11.2 ft) with a normal range at the monitoring station being 1.01 metres (3 ft 4 in) to 1.40 metres (4 ft 7 in).At Bathford the highest river level was also in December 2013 when it reached 4.41 metres (14.5 ft) while the normal range is 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) and 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in),with a flow rate of 18.274 cubic metres per second (645.3 cu ft/s). In Bath at St James, which is 180 metres (590 ft) upstream of Pultney Weir the mean flow is 20.466 cubic metres per second (722.7 cu ft/s),with a similar flow (20.984 cubic metres per second (741.0 cu ft/s)) downstream of the weir.At the Destructor Bridge in Bath the typical height range is 0.40 metres (1 ft 4 in) to 0.81 metres (2 ft 8 in) with a high of 1.64 metres (5 ft 5 in) also in December 2013. At Saltford the range is 0.46 metres (1 ft 6 in) to 1.41 metres (4 ft 8 in) with a highest recording of 2.31 metres (7 ft 7 in) on 24 December 2013.At Keynsham the typical range is between 0.23 metres (9.1 in) and 2.09 metres (6 ft 10 in). The highest was on 25 December 2013 when it reached 5.36 metres (17.6 ft).At Netham Weir where the new cut carries the flow away from Bristol Harbour the typical range for the depth of the river is 0.15 metres (5.9 in) to 0.84 metres (2 ft 9 in) with the highest ever recorded being 3.22 metres (10.6 ft). For the purpose of water quality monitoring and improvement the river is divided into several catchment management areas; South of Malmesbury, Bristol Avon Rural and Bristol Avon Urban.In the rural area 22 water bodies are classified as good, 46 as moderate and 8 as poor. The main reasons for not achieving good scores are pollution from waste water, agriculture and rural land management.In the urban area one water body is rated good, while 12 are rated moderate and one is poor. The pollution from upstream is added to by the effects of industry, manufacturing and other businesses and is significantly affected by physical modifications to the water course.Within the catchment area there are 137 river water bodies and 6 lakes; of these 22 per cent of rivers are rated as good ecological status, 40 per cent good for chemical status and 31 per cent good for biological status. Conservation areas The river is important for its dragonfly communities, with a strong population ofscarce chaser(found in only six other areas in England),together with a strong population ofwhite-legged damselfly.red-eyed damselflyis also found. The river is also important for aquatic plants, includingLoddon pondweed. TheKellaways – West TythertonSite of Special Scientific Interest, 3 miles (4.8 km) north east ofChippenham, is of geological interest as the river bank exposesCallovianhighly-fossiliferous sandstone which contains well-preservedbivalves,gastropods,brachiopods,belemnitesandammonites.Further downstream atNewton St LoetheNewton St Loe SSSIis anotherGeological Conservation ReviewSSSI. It represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferousPleistocenegravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, it has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of earlyglaciationwithinSouth West England. The bodies ofmammoths(Mammuthus) and horses (Equus) have been found at the site. TheAvon Gorgehas been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it supports some rare fauna and flora, including species unique to the gorge. There are a total of 24 rare plant species and two unique trees: theBristolandWilmotts's whitebeams.Other notable plants includeBristol rock-cress,Bristol onion,spiked speedwell,autumn squillandhonewort.Other areas along the river which have this designation includeBickley Wood,Cleeve Wood, Hanhamfor its large population of Bath asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum).Stidham FarmnearKeynshamcontains at least At least 2 metres (7 ft) ofPleistoceneterrace-gravels, consisting oflimestoneclastsmainly, but also withMillstone Grit,Pennant Sandstone, flint and chert clasts. The site is of considerable importance for studies relating to the possible glaciation of the area, and of the terracestratigraphy, particularly as it is one of only two accessible terrace deposits in this part of the Avon valley.Newton St Loe SSSIis also listed for geological reasons as it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, they have aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation withinSouth West England. AtHorseshoe Bend, Shirehamptonthe wooded cliff and a narrowsalt marshare supported by rocks of Devonian ageOld Red SandstoneandCarboniferous Limestone, overlain by withTriassicdolomiticconglomerate. The site's principal interest and the reason for its designation as an SSSI is the presence of a population of thetrue service-tree(Sorbus domestica) growing on the cliffs. This tree is nationally rare in Britain, and this site hosts the largest known population in England. Other notable species ofSorbushere are the whitebeamsSorbus eminensandSorbus anglica, both of which are also nationally rare in Britain. The nationally scarcelarge-leaved lime(Tilia platyphyllos) also occurs, and herbs includefield garlic(Allium oleraceum) andpale St. John's-wort(Hypericum montanum). The saltmarsh vegetation, which lies at the base of the cliff, is predominantly made up ofsea aster(Aster tripolium) andEnglish scurvygrass(Cochlearia anglica). There are however two nationally scarce vascular plant species here as well –slender hare's-ear(Bupleurum tenuissimum) andlong-stalked orache(Atriplex longipes). The tidal reaches of the River Avon provide habitat for waterbirds, with 64 species having been recorded up to 2004,including 21 species ofshorebird,and 13 species ofgull. Authorities A catchment board for the Avon was created by theLand Drainage Act 1930and became the Bristol AvonRiver Boardunder theRiver Boards Act 1948; the board was in turn replaced by the Bristol AvonRiver Authorityunder theWater Resources Act 1963. Twenty-five minor watercourses were added to the Authority's jurisdiction in 1973.Reorganisation in 1974, under theWater Act 1973brought the Avon catchment into a newregional body, the Wessex Water Authority.Privatisationsaw responsibility for the catchment pass to theNational Rivers Authorityon its formation on 1 September 1989. In 1996 the authority became part of theEnvironment Agency. Navigation conservancy in the lower river from Avonmouth to the lock at Hotwells is the responsibility of The Bristol Port Company as both statutory and competent harbour authority.Navigation within Bristol's floating harbour is retained byBristol City Councilas statutory and competent harbour authority. History The distribution of archaeological finds suggests that the western end of the river between Bath and Avonmouth formed a border between theDobunniandDurotrigesduring the lateIron Age, prior to theRoman conquest of Britain. Further east, between Bath and what is now Wiltshire, it may also have formed a border of the territory ruled by theBelgae. After the Roman occupation the river formed a boundary between the lands of theHwicce(which becameMercia) and the kingdom ofWessex. The river Avon had been navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century but construction of mills on the river forced its closure.Thefloodplainof the Avon, on which the city centre ofBathis built, has an altitude of about 59 ft (18 m) abovesea level.The river, once an unnavigable series ofbraided streamsbroken up byswampsand ponds, has been managed byweirsinto a single channel. Periodic flooding, which shortened the life of many buildings in the lowest part of the city, was normal until major flood control works were completed in the 1970s. The Bristol Avon Navigation, which runs the 15 miles (24 km) from the Kennet and Avon Canal at Hanham Lock to the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth, was constructed between 1724 and 1727,following legislation passed byQueen Anne,by a company of proprietors and the engineerJohn HoreofNewbury. The first cargo of 'Deal boards, Pig-Lead and Meal' arrived in Bath in December 1727.It is now administered by theCanal & River Trust. Throughout Bristol's history theAvon Gorgehas been an important transport route, carrying the River Avon, major roads and two railways. The Bristol Channel has a very high tidal range of 15 metres (49 ft),second only toBay of FundyinEastern Canada;and the gorge is relatively narrow and meandering, making it notoriously difficult to navigate. Several vessels have grounded in the gorge including theSS Demerarasoon after her launch in 1851, the schoonerGipsyin 1878, the steam tugBlack Eaglein 1861 and theLlandaff City. In 1877, Halfpenny Bridge, a pedestrian toll bridge crossing the river fromBath Spa railway stationtoWidcombe, collapsed with the loss of about 10 lives amongst a large crowd going to theBath and West Agricultural show. The Avon has flooded several times in its recorded history. These floods include the one in 1799/1800 damagingPulteney Bridge.Various points along the river including the valley aroundFreshfordare at risk offluvialflooding, as a result of sediment entering the river and narrowing the channel. To help cope with this some areas on the banks of the river are designated as a functional floodplain to cope with increased flow volumes.The potential changes to weather patterns as a result of climate change suggest that further measures are likely to be needed to protect the population from flooding risk.A tidal surge, combined with high water levels from theflooding of the surrounding areacaused flooding in the city of Bristol. Route and points of interest Download coordinates as: See also References External links Media related toRiver Avon, South-West Englandat Wikimedia Commons\",\n \"River Marden TheRiver Mardenis a smalltributaryof theRiver Avonin England. It flows from the hills surroundingCalneand meets the Avon about a mile upstream ofChippenham. The river has a mean flow of 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s). Course The Marden rises just north of the valley of Ranscombe Bottom nearCalstone WellingtoninWiltshire.It then flows in a north-west direction through theBlacklandarea, where it forms a small ornamental lake at Blackland House, and on toQuemerford, where it is joined on the right bank by the Rivers Brook. In Calne, the Abberd Brook joins on the right. The river turns in a westerly direction and is joined by the overspill from Bowood Lake, part of theBowood Houseestate, on the left at Studleybrook Farm. The river is then joined by the combined Fisher's and Cowage brooks before turning to the north-west, past the village ofStanley. 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later it joins the Bristol Avon to the north-east ofChippenham. History TheDomesday surveyof England in 1086 records fourwatermillson the Marden at Calne. In the 18th century fourfullingmills are recorded and one of these, Upper Mill, became a paper mill in 1768 and continued in operation until 1860. Hassell's Mill atStudleyremained in operation until 1960. A branch of theWilts & Berks Canal, opened in 1810, paralleled the course of the Marden west of Calne. The canal was closed in 1914 following the collapse into the river of the Stanley aqueduct in 1901. Traces of the canal and its towpath survive. Hydrology TheEnvironment Agencygauging station at Stanley has measured the mean flow of the river as 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s), with a maximum recorded flow of 1,529 cubic feet per second (43.3 m3/s) on 30 October 2000 and a minimum of 3.9 cubic feet per second (0.11 m3/s) on 21 August 1976. References\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["River Avon, Bristol TheRiver Avon/ˈeɪvən/is a river in the southwest of England. To distinguish it from a number of otherrivers of the same name, it is often called theBristol Avon. The name 'Avon' isloanedfrom an ancestor of theWelshwordafon, meaning 'river'. The Avonrisesjust north of the village ofActon TurvilleinSouth Gloucestershire, before flowing throughWiltshireintoSomerset. In its lower reaches fromBath(where it meets theKennet and Avon Canal) to theSevern EstuaryatAvonmouthnearBristol, the river is navigable and is known as theAvon Navigation. The Avon is the19th longestriver in the United Kingdom, at 83 miles (134 km), although there are just 19 miles (31 km)as the crow fliesbetween the source and its mouth in theSevern Estuary. Thecatchment areais 2,220 square kilometres (860 sq mi). Etymology The name \"Avon\" isloanedfrom theCommon Brittonicabona, \"river\", which survives in theWelshwordafon. \"River Avon\", therefore, literally means \"river river\"; several other English and Scottish rivers share the","rivers share the name.TheCounty of Avonthat existed from 1974 to 1996 was named after the river, and coveredBristol,Bath, and the lower Avon valley. Course The Avonriseson the southern edge of theCotswold hills, atDidmartonin Gloucestershire;at Joyce's Pool a plaque marks the source.It flows south-east into Wiltshire toSherston, where it is joined by the Luckington Brook which drains an area west ofLuckingtonthat includes theBadminton Houseestate. From Sherston the river flows east toMalmesbury, where it is joined by its first major tributary, theTetbury Avon, which rises just east ofTetburyin Gloucestershire.This is known locally as the Ingleburn,which inOld Englishmeans 'English river'. The two rivers flow north and south of a rocky outcrop, almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of Malmesbury to sit on. Upstream of this confluence the river is sometimes referred to as the 'River Avon (Sherston branch)' to distinguish it from the Tetbury branch. After the two rivers merge, the Avon turns","the Avon turns southeast away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clayDauntsey Vale, where it is joined by theRiver Marden, until it reaches the biggest town so far,Chippenham. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on viaLacocktoMelksham, then turns north-west throughBradford-on-Avon, where the centre of the town grew up around aford, hence the origin of the town's name (\"Broad-Ford\").This was supplemented inNormantimes by theGrade I listedbridge that still stands today; originally apackhorse bridge, it was widened in the 17th century by rebuilding the downstream side. The Avon Valley between Bradford-on-Avon and Bath is an example of a valley where four forms of ground transport are found: road, rail, river, canal. The river passes under theAvoncliffandDundas Aqueductswhich carry theKennet and Avon Canal, and atFreshfordis joined by the SomersetRiver Frome. Avoncliff Aqueduct was built byJohn Rennieand chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801.","1797 and 1801. Theaqueductconsists of three arches and is 110 yards (100 m) long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.The Dundas Aqueduct was built by the same team between 1797 and 1801 and completed in 1805.James McIlquhamwas appointed contractor.The aqueduct is 150 yards (137.2 m) long with three arches built ofBath Stone, withDoricpilasters, and balustrades at each end.The central semicircular arch spans 64 feet (19.5 m); the two oval side arches span 20 feet (6.1 m).It is aGrade I listedstructure,and was the first canal structure to be designated as aScheduled Ancient Monumentin 1951.The stretch of river below and above the aqueduct, where it is joined byMidford Brook, has been used by rowing crews fromMonkton Combe","fromMonkton Combe Schoolsince at least the beginning of the 1900s. It then flows pastClaverton Pumping Station, which pumped water from the River Avon byWarleigh Weirinto the canal, using power from the flow of the river. The pumping station is located in a pump house built of Bath Stone, located at river level. Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about 200 yd (180 m) upstream. The water flows down aleatto the pumping station, where it powers awater wheel, 24 ft (7.3 m) wide and 17 ft (5.2 m) in diameter, with 48 wooden slats. At full power the wheel uses 2tons(2tonnes) of water per second and rotates five times a minute.The water wheel drives gearing which increases the speed to 16rpm. From here, cranks drive vertical connecting rods which transfer the energy to two 18 ft (5.5 m) longcast ironrocking beams. Each rocking beam in turn drives an 18 in (0.5 m) diameterlift pump, which also take their supply from the mill leat. Each pump stroke raises 50 imperial gallons (230 L; 60 US gal) of","L; 60 US gal) of water to the canal.In 1981,British Waterwaysinstalled two 75 horsepower (56 kW) electric pumps just upstream from the station. The Avon then flows throughBathford, where it is joined by theBybrook River, andBathamptonwhere it passes under theBathampton Toll Bridge. It is joined by theLam Brookat Lambridge inBathand then passes underClevelandandPulteney Bridgesand over the weir. Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826 byWilliam Hazledine,owner of theCoalbrookdaleIronworks, withHenry Goodridgeas the architect,on the site of aRomanferry crossing. Named after the 3rdDuke of Cleveland, it spans the River Avon atBathwick, and enabled further development ofGeorgianBath to take place on the south side of the river. It was designed by architectHenry Goodridgeto take the traffic of his day, horse-drawn vehicles and pedestrians, and was constructed usingBath Stoneand acast ironarchedspan. Pulteney Bridge was completed in 1773 and is designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade I listed structure.The bridge was","bridge was designed byRobert Adam,and is one of only four bridges in the world with shops across the full span on both sides.It is named afterFrances Pulteney, heiress in 1767 of the Bathwick estate across the river from Bath. Floods in 1799 and 1800 wrecked the north side of the bridge, which had been constructed with inadequate support. It was rebuilt byJohn Pinch the Elder, surveyor to the Pulteney estate, in a less ambitious version of Adam's design.Bath and North East Somersetcouncil have discussed plans to ban vehicles from the bridge and turn it into a pedestrianised zone,but it remains open to buses and taxis. Some 700 metres below Pulteney weir, the river is joined by theKennet and Avon Canalwhich connects throughBath Locks. Together with theKennet Navigationwhich joins theRiver Thamesat Reading, this provides a through route for canal boats from Bristol to London. From this point downstream the river is known as the Avon Navigation. Navigation The Avon above Bath remains navigable as far as","navigable as far as Bathampton where there is the remains of aflash lock. However, the lock past the weir below Pulteney Bridge was demolished when the weir was reconstructed, so passage between the sections is only possible for dinghies and canoes using the roller slipway on the side of the weir. Beyond its junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, the Avon flows throughKeynshamtowardsBristol. For much of its course after leaving Wiltshire, it marks the traditional boundary between Somerset and Gloucestershire. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural riverbed, with six locks overcoming a rise of 30 feet (9 m). From Bath toNetham Lockwhere it divides into the New Cut and the Floating Harbour is 12 miles (19 km). The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs. In the centre of Bath it passes under various bridges including theMidland Bridgewhich was originally built by theMidland RailwayCompany to allow theSomerset and Dorset Joint Railwayaccess to and from itsGreen Park","from itsGreen Park Terminus Station. In November 2011 the navigation between Bath and Bristol was closed because of safety concerns aboutVictoria Bridge.Weston Lockon the outskirts of Bath is in what now forms theNewbridgearea. Weston Cut is a man made channel, opened in 1727, for boats to approach and pass through Weston Lock; the island created between the cut and the river weir became known as Dutch Island after the owner of thebrass millestablished on the riverside in the early 18th century. Kelston Lockand weir have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by.Saltford Lockand weir are overlooked by the remains of theKelstonBrass Mill, which was working until 1925. It is a Grade IIlisted building.Alongside the lock is apub, whose garden extends over the lock to the small island between the lock and weir. The lock was opened in 1727 and destroyed in 1738 by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation.In its heyday, between 1709","between 1709 and 1859,Swinefordhad an activebrassand copper industry aroundSwineford Lock, served by the river which also provided water power for the cloth industry,as did theRiver Boyd, a tributary which flows into the Avon nearBitton.Keynsham Lockopened in 1727.Just above the lock are visitor moorings and a pub, on an island between the lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of theRiver Chew.Hanhamis the last tidal lock,after which the river is joined byBrislington Brook. Netham Lockis the point atNethamin Bristol at which boats from the Avon gain access to Bristol'sfloating harbour. Construction started in 1804 to build the tidalNew Cut, where it is joined by theRiver Malago, and divert the Avon along theFeeder Canalto the harbour; a system designed and built byWilliam Jessopand later improved byIsambard Kingdom Brunel.A weir carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent lock. Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open","keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.Netham Lock and the weir form part of Bristol's flood defence mechanisms. It was announced in December 2008 that they would be upgraded as part of the £11 million City Docks Capital Project. In central Bristol, where the river istidal, it is diverted from its original course into the New Cut, a channel dug between 1804 and 1809 at a cost of £600,000.The original course is held at a constant level by lock gates (designed by Jessop) and is known as thefloating harbour. The harbour is protected by an 1870s replacement for Jessop's locks. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and itstributaries, theRiver FromeandSiston Brook, and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the floating harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the","with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft. The harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol, the river passes through the deepAvon Gorge, spanned by Brunel'sClifton Suspension Bridge: the river is tidal and is navigable by seagoing vessels at high tide but dries to a steep-sided muddy channel at low tide. It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the floating harbour as commercial docks and saw them replaced by docks atAvonmouthwhere the Avon joins theSevern Estuary. Before reaching its mouth, the Avon is joined by theRiver TrymatSea Millswhich was the site ofPortus Abonae, aRomanport. Shortly after, it passes the village ofPillon the south bank where the Pill Hobblers were based in order to tow ships up the river to Bristol and where yachts and other boats still have moorings in","have moorings in Chapel Pill and Crockerne Pill.It then passes under theAvonmouth Bridgewhich carries theM5 motorway. The main span is 538 ft (164 m) long, and the bridge is 4,554 ft (1,388 m) long, with an air draught above mean high water level of 98.4 ft (30 m). The river then serves two major dock areas. TheRoyal Portbury Dockis on the southern side of the mouth of the river. The deepwater dock was constructed between 1972 and 1977, and is now a major port for the import ofmotor vehicles. The Royal Portbury Dock has the largest entrance lock into any UK port, accommodating vessels up to 41 m (135 ft) beam, 290 m (951 ft) length and 14.5 m (48 ft) draft. TheAvonmouth Docksare on the north side of the river and are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables. The first dock at Avonmouth, Avonmouth Old Dock, was opened in 1877 and acquired by Bristol Corporation in 1884. In 1907, a much larger dock, the Royal Edward Dock, was opened. The docks form part of thePort of","part of thePort of Bristoland were operated by the Port of Bristol Authority, part ofBristol City Council, until 1991 when the council granted a 150-year lease to the Bristol Port Company. Pilotage is provided by Bristol Pilots LLP who supply authorised pilots for the River Avon and Bristol City docks, as well as the Severn estuary and the Bristol channel; they are based at Avonmouth Docks. Hydrology and water quality At Great Somerford the Avon has a mean flow rate of 3.355 cubic metres per second (118.5 cu ft/s),and a typical river level range between 0.16 metres (6.3 in) and 0.74 metres (2 ft 5 in) with a highest level of 2.43 metres (8 ft 0 in).At Melksham the Avon has a mean flow rate of 6.703 cubic metres per second (236.7 cu ft/s).December 2013 was the highest level recorded at Bradford on Avon when the level reached 3.42 metres (11.2 ft) with a normal range at the monitoring station being 1.01 metres (3 ft 4 in) to 1.40 metres (4 ft 7 in).At Bathford the highest river level was also in December 2013","in December 2013 when it reached 4.41 metres (14.5 ft) while the normal range is 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) and 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in),with a flow rate of 18.274 cubic metres per second (645.3 cu ft/s). In Bath at St James, which is 180 metres (590 ft) upstream of Pultney Weir the mean flow is 20.466 cubic metres per second (722.7 cu ft/s),with a similar flow (20.984 cubic metres per second (741.0 cu ft/s)) downstream of the weir.At the Destructor Bridge in Bath the typical height range is 0.40 metres (1 ft 4 in) to 0.81 metres (2 ft 8 in) with a high of 1.64 metres (5 ft 5 in) also in December 2013. At Saltford the range is 0.46 metres (1 ft 6 in) to 1.41 metres (4 ft 8 in) with a highest recording of 2.31 metres (7 ft 7 in) on 24 December 2013.At Keynsham the typical range is between 0.23 metres (9.1 in) and 2.09 metres (6 ft 10 in). The highest was on 25 December 2013 when it reached 5.36 metres (17.6 ft).At Netham Weir where the new cut carries the flow away from Bristol Harbour the typical range for the","range for the depth of the river is 0.15 metres (5.9 in) to 0.84 metres (2 ft 9 in) with the highest ever recorded being 3.22 metres (10.6 ft). For the purpose of water quality monitoring and improvement the river is divided into several catchment management areas; South of Malmesbury, Bristol Avon Rural and Bristol Avon Urban.In the rural area 22 water bodies are classified as good, 46 as moderate and 8 as poor. The main reasons for not achieving good scores are pollution from waste water, agriculture and rural land management.In the urban area one water body is rated good, while 12 are rated moderate and one is poor. The pollution from upstream is added to by the effects of industry, manufacturing and other businesses and is significantly affected by physical modifications to the water course.Within the catchment area there are 137 river water bodies and 6 lakes; of these 22 per cent of rivers are rated as good ecological status, 40 per cent good for chemical status and 31 per cent good for biological","good for biological status. Conservation areas The river is important for its dragonfly communities, with a strong population ofscarce chaser(found in only six other areas in England),together with a strong population ofwhite-legged damselfly.red-eyed damselflyis also found. The river is also important for aquatic plants, includingLoddon pondweed. TheKellaways – West TythertonSite of Special Scientific Interest, 3 miles (4.8 km) north east ofChippenham, is of geological interest as the river bank exposesCallovianhighly-fossiliferous sandstone which contains well-preservedbivalves,gastropods,brachiopods,belemnitesandammonites.Further downstream atNewton St LoetheNewton St Loe SSSIis anotherGeological Conservation ReviewSSSI. It represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferousPleistocenegravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, it has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of earlyglaciationwithinSouth West England. The bodies","England. The bodies ofmammoths(Mammuthus) and horses (Equus) have been found at the site. TheAvon Gorgehas been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it supports some rare fauna and flora, including species unique to the gorge. There are a total of 24 rare plant species and two unique trees: theBristolandWilmotts's whitebeams.Other notable plants includeBristol rock-cress,Bristol onion,spiked speedwell,autumn squillandhonewort.Other areas along the river which have this designation includeBickley Wood,Cleeve Wood, Hanhamfor its large population of Bath asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum).Stidham FarmnearKeynshamcontains at least At least 2 metres (7 ft) ofPleistoceneterrace-gravels, consisting oflimestoneclastsmainly, but also withMillstone Grit,Pennant Sandstone, flint and chert clasts. The site is of considerable importance for studies relating to the possible glaciation of the area, and of the terracestratigraphy, particularly as it is one of only two accessible terrace deposits in","terrace deposits in this part of the Avon valley.Newton St Loe SSSIis also listed for geological reasons as it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, they have aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation withinSouth West England. AtHorseshoe Bend, Shirehamptonthe wooded cliff and a narrowsalt marshare supported by rocks of Devonian ageOld Red SandstoneandCarboniferous Limestone, overlain by withTriassicdolomiticconglomerate. The site's principal interest and the reason for its designation as an SSSI is the presence of a population of thetrue service-tree(Sorbus domestica) growing on the cliffs. This tree is nationally rare in Britain, and this site hosts the largest known population in England. Other notable species ofSorbushere are the whitebeamsSorbus eminensandSorbus anglica, both of which are also nationally rare in Britain. The nationally","The nationally scarcelarge-leaved lime(Tilia platyphyllos) also occurs, and herbs includefield garlic(Allium oleraceum) andpale St. John's-wort(Hypericum montanum). The saltmarsh vegetation, which lies at the base of the cliff, is predominantly made up ofsea aster(Aster tripolium) andEnglish scurvygrass(Cochlearia anglica). There are however two nationally scarce vascular plant species here as well –slender hare's-ear(Bupleurum tenuissimum) andlong-stalked orache(Atriplex longipes). The tidal reaches of the River Avon provide habitat for waterbirds, with 64 species having been recorded up to 2004,including 21 species ofshorebird,and 13 species ofgull. Authorities A catchment board for the Avon was created by theLand Drainage Act 1930and became the Bristol AvonRiver Boardunder theRiver Boards Act 1948; the board was in turn replaced by the Bristol AvonRiver Authorityunder theWater Resources Act 1963. Twenty-five minor watercourses were added to the Authority's jurisdiction in 1973.Reorganisation in 1974,","in 1974, under theWater Act 1973brought the Avon catchment into a newregional body, the Wessex Water Authority.Privatisationsaw responsibility for the catchment pass to theNational Rivers Authorityon its formation on 1 September 1989. In 1996 the authority became part of theEnvironment Agency. Navigation conservancy in the lower river from Avonmouth to the lock at Hotwells is the responsibility of The Bristol Port Company as both statutory and competent harbour authority.Navigation within Bristol's floating harbour is retained byBristol City Councilas statutory and competent harbour authority. History The distribution of archaeological finds suggests that the western end of the river between Bath and Avonmouth formed a border between theDobunniandDurotrigesduring the lateIron Age, prior to theRoman conquest of Britain. Further east, between Bath and what is now Wiltshire, it may also have formed a border of the territory ruled by theBelgae. After the Roman occupation the river formed a boundary between the","between the lands of theHwicce(which becameMercia) and the kingdom ofWessex. The river Avon had been navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century but construction of mills on the river forced its closure.Thefloodplainof the Avon, on which the city centre ofBathis built, has an altitude of about 59 ft (18 m) abovesea level.The river, once an unnavigable series ofbraided streamsbroken up byswampsand ponds, has been managed byweirsinto a single channel. Periodic flooding, which shortened the life of many buildings in the lowest part of the city, was normal until major flood control works were completed in the 1970s. The Bristol Avon Navigation, which runs the 15 miles (24 km) from the Kennet and Avon Canal at Hanham Lock to the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth, was constructed between 1724 and 1727,following legislation passed byQueen Anne,by a company of proprietors and the engineerJohn HoreofNewbury. The first cargo of 'Deal boards, Pig-Lead and Meal' arrived in Bath in December","in Bath in December 1727.It is now administered by theCanal & River Trust. Throughout Bristol's history theAvon Gorgehas been an important transport route, carrying the River Avon, major roads and two railways. The Bristol Channel has a very high tidal range of 15 metres (49 ft),second only toBay of FundyinEastern Canada;and the gorge is relatively narrow and meandering, making it notoriously difficult to navigate. Several vessels have grounded in the gorge including theSS Demerarasoon after her launch in 1851, the schoonerGipsyin 1878, the steam tugBlack Eaglein 1861 and theLlandaff City. In 1877, Halfpenny Bridge, a pedestrian toll bridge crossing the river fromBath Spa railway stationtoWidcombe, collapsed with the loss of about 10 lives amongst a large crowd going to theBath and West Agricultural show. The Avon has flooded several times in its recorded history. These floods include the one in 1799/1800 damagingPulteney Bridge.Various points along the river including the valley aroundFreshfordare at risk","at risk offluvialflooding, as a result of sediment entering the river and narrowing the channel. To help cope with this some areas on the banks of the river are designated as a functional floodplain to cope with increased flow volumes.The potential changes to weather patterns as a result of climate change suggest that further measures are likely to be needed to protect the population from flooding risk.A tidal surge, combined with high water levels from theflooding of the surrounding areacaused flooding in the city of Bristol. Route and points of interest Download coordinates as: See also References External links Media related toRiver Avon, South-West Englandat Wikimedia Commons","River Marden TheRiver Mardenis a smalltributaryof theRiver Avonin England. It flows from the hills surroundingCalneand meets the Avon about a mile upstream ofChippenham. The river has a mean flow of 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s). Course The Marden rises just north of the valley of Ranscombe Bottom nearCalstone WellingtoninWiltshire.It then flows in a north-west direction through theBlacklandarea, where it forms a small ornamental lake at Blackland House, and on toQuemerford, where it is joined on the right bank by the Rivers Brook. In Calne, the Abberd Brook joins on the right. The river turns in a westerly direction and is joined by the overspill from Bowood Lake, part of theBowood Houseestate, on the left at Studleybrook Farm. The river is then joined by the combined Fisher's and Cowage brooks before turning to the north-west, past the village ofStanley. 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later it joins the Bristol Avon to the north-east ofChippenham. History TheDomesday surveyof England in 1086 records","in 1086 records fourwatermillson the Marden at Calne. In the 18th century fourfullingmills are recorded and one of these, Upper Mill, became a paper mill in 1768 and continued in operation until 1860. Hassell's Mill atStudleyremained in operation until 1960. A branch of theWilts & Berks Canal, opened in 1810, paralleled the course of the Marden west of Calne. The canal was closed in 1914 following the collapse into the river of the Stanley aqueduct in 1901. Traces of the canal and its towpath survive. Hydrology TheEnvironment Agencygauging station at Stanley has measured the mean flow of the river as 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s), with a maximum recorded flow of 1,529 cubic feet per second (43.3 m3/s) on 30 October 2000 and a minimum of 3.9 cubic feet per second (0.11 m3/s) on 21 August 1976. References"],"string":"[\n \"River Avon, Bristol TheRiver Avon/ˈeɪvən/is a river in the southwest of England. To distinguish it from a number of otherrivers of the same name, it is often called theBristol Avon. The name 'Avon' isloanedfrom an ancestor of theWelshwordafon, meaning 'river'. The Avonrisesjust north of the village ofActon TurvilleinSouth Gloucestershire, before flowing throughWiltshireintoSomerset. In its lower reaches fromBath(where it meets theKennet and Avon Canal) to theSevern EstuaryatAvonmouthnearBristol, the river is navigable and is known as theAvon Navigation. The Avon is the19th longestriver in the United Kingdom, at 83 miles (134 km), although there are just 19 miles (31 km)as the crow fliesbetween the source and its mouth in theSevern Estuary. Thecatchment areais 2,220 square kilometres (860 sq mi). Etymology The name \\\"Avon\\\" isloanedfrom theCommon Brittonicabona, \\\"river\\\", which survives in theWelshwordafon. \\\"River Avon\\\", therefore, literally means \\\"river river\\\"; several other English and Scottish rivers share the\",\n \"rivers share the name.TheCounty of Avonthat existed from 1974 to 1996 was named after the river, and coveredBristol,Bath, and the lower Avon valley. Course The Avonriseson the southern edge of theCotswold hills, atDidmartonin Gloucestershire;at Joyce's Pool a plaque marks the source.It flows south-east into Wiltshire toSherston, where it is joined by the Luckington Brook which drains an area west ofLuckingtonthat includes theBadminton Houseestate. From Sherston the river flows east toMalmesbury, where it is joined by its first major tributary, theTetbury Avon, which rises just east ofTetburyin Gloucestershire.This is known locally as the Ingleburn,which inOld Englishmeans 'English river'. The two rivers flow north and south of a rocky outcrop, almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of Malmesbury to sit on. Upstream of this confluence the river is sometimes referred to as the 'River Avon (Sherston branch)' to distinguish it from the Tetbury branch. After the two rivers merge, the Avon turns\",\n \"the Avon turns southeast away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clayDauntsey Vale, where it is joined by theRiver Marden, until it reaches the biggest town so far,Chippenham. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on viaLacocktoMelksham, then turns north-west throughBradford-on-Avon, where the centre of the town grew up around aford, hence the origin of the town's name (\\\"Broad-Ford\\\").This was supplemented inNormantimes by theGrade I listedbridge that still stands today; originally apackhorse bridge, it was widened in the 17th century by rebuilding the downstream side. The Avon Valley between Bradford-on-Avon and Bath is an example of a valley where four forms of ground transport are found: road, rail, river, canal. The river passes under theAvoncliffandDundas Aqueductswhich carry theKennet and Avon Canal, and atFreshfordis joined by the SomersetRiver Frome. Avoncliff Aqueduct was built byJohn Rennieand chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801.\",\n \"1797 and 1801. Theaqueductconsists of three arches and is 110 yards (100 m) long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.The Dundas Aqueduct was built by the same team between 1797 and 1801 and completed in 1805.James McIlquhamwas appointed contractor.The aqueduct is 150 yards (137.2 m) long with three arches built ofBath Stone, withDoricpilasters, and balustrades at each end.The central semicircular arch spans 64 feet (19.5 m); the two oval side arches span 20 feet (6.1 m).It is aGrade I listedstructure,and was the first canal structure to be designated as aScheduled Ancient Monumentin 1951.The stretch of river below and above the aqueduct, where it is joined byMidford Brook, has been used by rowing crews fromMonkton Combe\",\n \"fromMonkton Combe Schoolsince at least the beginning of the 1900s. It then flows pastClaverton Pumping Station, which pumped water from the River Avon byWarleigh Weirinto the canal, using power from the flow of the river. The pumping station is located in a pump house built of Bath Stone, located at river level. Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about 200 yd (180 m) upstream. The water flows down aleatto the pumping station, where it powers awater wheel, 24 ft (7.3 m) wide and 17 ft (5.2 m) in diameter, with 48 wooden slats. At full power the wheel uses 2tons(2tonnes) of water per second and rotates five times a minute.The water wheel drives gearing which increases the speed to 16rpm. From here, cranks drive vertical connecting rods which transfer the energy to two 18 ft (5.5 m) longcast ironrocking beams. Each rocking beam in turn drives an 18 in (0.5 m) diameterlift pump, which also take their supply from the mill leat. Each pump stroke raises 50 imperial gallons (230 L; 60 US gal) of\",\n \"L; 60 US gal) of water to the canal.In 1981,British Waterwaysinstalled two 75 horsepower (56 kW) electric pumps just upstream from the station. The Avon then flows throughBathford, where it is joined by theBybrook River, andBathamptonwhere it passes under theBathampton Toll Bridge. It is joined by theLam Brookat Lambridge inBathand then passes underClevelandandPulteney Bridgesand over the weir. Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826 byWilliam Hazledine,owner of theCoalbrookdaleIronworks, withHenry Goodridgeas the architect,on the site of aRomanferry crossing. Named after the 3rdDuke of Cleveland, it spans the River Avon atBathwick, and enabled further development ofGeorgianBath to take place on the south side of the river. It was designed by architectHenry Goodridgeto take the traffic of his day, horse-drawn vehicles and pedestrians, and was constructed usingBath Stoneand acast ironarchedspan. Pulteney Bridge was completed in 1773 and is designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade I listed structure.The bridge was\",\n \"bridge was designed byRobert Adam,and is one of only four bridges in the world with shops across the full span on both sides.It is named afterFrances Pulteney, heiress in 1767 of the Bathwick estate across the river from Bath. Floods in 1799 and 1800 wrecked the north side of the bridge, which had been constructed with inadequate support. It was rebuilt byJohn Pinch the Elder, surveyor to the Pulteney estate, in a less ambitious version of Adam's design.Bath and North East Somersetcouncil have discussed plans to ban vehicles from the bridge and turn it into a pedestrianised zone,but it remains open to buses and taxis. Some 700 metres below Pulteney weir, the river is joined by theKennet and Avon Canalwhich connects throughBath Locks. Together with theKennet Navigationwhich joins theRiver Thamesat Reading, this provides a through route for canal boats from Bristol to London. From this point downstream the river is known as the Avon Navigation. Navigation The Avon above Bath remains navigable as far as\",\n \"navigable as far as Bathampton where there is the remains of aflash lock. However, the lock past the weir below Pulteney Bridge was demolished when the weir was reconstructed, so passage between the sections is only possible for dinghies and canoes using the roller slipway on the side of the weir. Beyond its junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, the Avon flows throughKeynshamtowardsBristol. For much of its course after leaving Wiltshire, it marks the traditional boundary between Somerset and Gloucestershire. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural riverbed, with six locks overcoming a rise of 30 feet (9 m). From Bath toNetham Lockwhere it divides into the New Cut and the Floating Harbour is 12 miles (19 km). The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs. In the centre of Bath it passes under various bridges including theMidland Bridgewhich was originally built by theMidland RailwayCompany to allow theSomerset and Dorset Joint Railwayaccess to and from itsGreen Park\",\n \"from itsGreen Park Terminus Station. In November 2011 the navigation between Bath and Bristol was closed because of safety concerns aboutVictoria Bridge.Weston Lockon the outskirts of Bath is in what now forms theNewbridgearea. Weston Cut is a man made channel, opened in 1727, for boats to approach and pass through Weston Lock; the island created between the cut and the river weir became known as Dutch Island after the owner of thebrass millestablished on the riverside in the early 18th century. Kelston Lockand weir have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by.Saltford Lockand weir are overlooked by the remains of theKelstonBrass Mill, which was working until 1925. It is a Grade IIlisted building.Alongside the lock is apub, whose garden extends over the lock to the small island between the lock and weir. The lock was opened in 1727 and destroyed in 1738 by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation.In its heyday, between 1709\",\n \"between 1709 and 1859,Swinefordhad an activebrassand copper industry aroundSwineford Lock, served by the river which also provided water power for the cloth industry,as did theRiver Boyd, a tributary which flows into the Avon nearBitton.Keynsham Lockopened in 1727.Just above the lock are visitor moorings and a pub, on an island between the lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of theRiver Chew.Hanhamis the last tidal lock,after which the river is joined byBrislington Brook. Netham Lockis the point atNethamin Bristol at which boats from the Avon gain access to Bristol'sfloating harbour. Construction started in 1804 to build the tidalNew Cut, where it is joined by theRiver Malago, and divert the Avon along theFeeder Canalto the harbour; a system designed and built byWilliam Jessopand later improved byIsambard Kingdom Brunel.A weir carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent lock. Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open\",\n \"keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.Netham Lock and the weir form part of Bristol's flood defence mechanisms. It was announced in December 2008 that they would be upgraded as part of the £11 million City Docks Capital Project. In central Bristol, where the river istidal, it is diverted from its original course into the New Cut, a channel dug between 1804 and 1809 at a cost of £600,000.The original course is held at a constant level by lock gates (designed by Jessop) and is known as thefloating harbour. The harbour is protected by an 1870s replacement for Jessop's locks. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and itstributaries, theRiver FromeandSiston Brook, and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the floating harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the\",\n \"with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft. The harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol, the river passes through the deepAvon Gorge, spanned by Brunel'sClifton Suspension Bridge: the river is tidal and is navigable by seagoing vessels at high tide but dries to a steep-sided muddy channel at low tide. It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the floating harbour as commercial docks and saw them replaced by docks atAvonmouthwhere the Avon joins theSevern Estuary. Before reaching its mouth, the Avon is joined by theRiver TrymatSea Millswhich was the site ofPortus Abonae, aRomanport. Shortly after, it passes the village ofPillon the south bank where the Pill Hobblers were based in order to tow ships up the river to Bristol and where yachts and other boats still have moorings in\",\n \"have moorings in Chapel Pill and Crockerne Pill.It then passes under theAvonmouth Bridgewhich carries theM5 motorway. The main span is 538 ft (164 m) long, and the bridge is 4,554 ft (1,388 m) long, with an air draught above mean high water level of 98.4 ft (30 m). The river then serves two major dock areas. TheRoyal Portbury Dockis on the southern side of the mouth of the river. The deepwater dock was constructed between 1972 and 1977, and is now a major port for the import ofmotor vehicles. The Royal Portbury Dock has the largest entrance lock into any UK port, accommodating vessels up to 41 m (135 ft) beam, 290 m (951 ft) length and 14.5 m (48 ft) draft. TheAvonmouth Docksare on the north side of the river and are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables. The first dock at Avonmouth, Avonmouth Old Dock, was opened in 1877 and acquired by Bristol Corporation in 1884. In 1907, a much larger dock, the Royal Edward Dock, was opened. The docks form part of thePort of\",\n \"part of thePort of Bristoland were operated by the Port of Bristol Authority, part ofBristol City Council, until 1991 when the council granted a 150-year lease to the Bristol Port Company. Pilotage is provided by Bristol Pilots LLP who supply authorised pilots for the River Avon and Bristol City docks, as well as the Severn estuary and the Bristol channel; they are based at Avonmouth Docks. Hydrology and water quality At Great Somerford the Avon has a mean flow rate of 3.355 cubic metres per second (118.5 cu ft/s),and a typical river level range between 0.16 metres (6.3 in) and 0.74 metres (2 ft 5 in) with a highest level of 2.43 metres (8 ft 0 in).At Melksham the Avon has a mean flow rate of 6.703 cubic metres per second (236.7 cu ft/s).December 2013 was the highest level recorded at Bradford on Avon when the level reached 3.42 metres (11.2 ft) with a normal range at the monitoring station being 1.01 metres (3 ft 4 in) to 1.40 metres (4 ft 7 in).At Bathford the highest river level was also in December 2013\",\n \"in December 2013 when it reached 4.41 metres (14.5 ft) while the normal range is 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) and 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in),with a flow rate of 18.274 cubic metres per second (645.3 cu ft/s). In Bath at St James, which is 180 metres (590 ft) upstream of Pultney Weir the mean flow is 20.466 cubic metres per second (722.7 cu ft/s),with a similar flow (20.984 cubic metres per second (741.0 cu ft/s)) downstream of the weir.At the Destructor Bridge in Bath the typical height range is 0.40 metres (1 ft 4 in) to 0.81 metres (2 ft 8 in) with a high of 1.64 metres (5 ft 5 in) also in December 2013. At Saltford the range is 0.46 metres (1 ft 6 in) to 1.41 metres (4 ft 8 in) with a highest recording of 2.31 metres (7 ft 7 in) on 24 December 2013.At Keynsham the typical range is between 0.23 metres (9.1 in) and 2.09 metres (6 ft 10 in). The highest was on 25 December 2013 when it reached 5.36 metres (17.6 ft).At Netham Weir where the new cut carries the flow away from Bristol Harbour the typical range for the\",\n \"range for the depth of the river is 0.15 metres (5.9 in) to 0.84 metres (2 ft 9 in) with the highest ever recorded being 3.22 metres (10.6 ft). For the purpose of water quality monitoring and improvement the river is divided into several catchment management areas; South of Malmesbury, Bristol Avon Rural and Bristol Avon Urban.In the rural area 22 water bodies are classified as good, 46 as moderate and 8 as poor. The main reasons for not achieving good scores are pollution from waste water, agriculture and rural land management.In the urban area one water body is rated good, while 12 are rated moderate and one is poor. The pollution from upstream is added to by the effects of industry, manufacturing and other businesses and is significantly affected by physical modifications to the water course.Within the catchment area there are 137 river water bodies and 6 lakes; of these 22 per cent of rivers are rated as good ecological status, 40 per cent good for chemical status and 31 per cent good for biological\",\n \"good for biological status. Conservation areas The river is important for its dragonfly communities, with a strong population ofscarce chaser(found in only six other areas in England),together with a strong population ofwhite-legged damselfly.red-eyed damselflyis also found. The river is also important for aquatic plants, includingLoddon pondweed. TheKellaways – West TythertonSite of Special Scientific Interest, 3 miles (4.8 km) north east ofChippenham, is of geological interest as the river bank exposesCallovianhighly-fossiliferous sandstone which contains well-preservedbivalves,gastropods,brachiopods,belemnitesandammonites.Further downstream atNewton St LoetheNewton St Loe SSSIis anotherGeological Conservation ReviewSSSI. It represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferousPleistocenegravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, it has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of earlyglaciationwithinSouth West England. The bodies\",\n \"England. The bodies ofmammoths(Mammuthus) and horses (Equus) have been found at the site. TheAvon Gorgehas been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it supports some rare fauna and flora, including species unique to the gorge. There are a total of 24 rare plant species and two unique trees: theBristolandWilmotts's whitebeams.Other notable plants includeBristol rock-cress,Bristol onion,spiked speedwell,autumn squillandhonewort.Other areas along the river which have this designation includeBickley Wood,Cleeve Wood, Hanhamfor its large population of Bath asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum).Stidham FarmnearKeynshamcontains at least At least 2 metres (7 ft) ofPleistoceneterrace-gravels, consisting oflimestoneclastsmainly, but also withMillstone Grit,Pennant Sandstone, flint and chert clasts. The site is of considerable importance for studies relating to the possible glaciation of the area, and of the terracestratigraphy, particularly as it is one of only two accessible terrace deposits in\",\n \"terrace deposits in this part of the Avon valley.Newton St Loe SSSIis also listed for geological reasons as it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, they have aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation withinSouth West England. AtHorseshoe Bend, Shirehamptonthe wooded cliff and a narrowsalt marshare supported by rocks of Devonian ageOld Red SandstoneandCarboniferous Limestone, overlain by withTriassicdolomiticconglomerate. The site's principal interest and the reason for its designation as an SSSI is the presence of a population of thetrue service-tree(Sorbus domestica) growing on the cliffs. This tree is nationally rare in Britain, and this site hosts the largest known population in England. Other notable species ofSorbushere are the whitebeamsSorbus eminensandSorbus anglica, both of which are also nationally rare in Britain. The nationally\",\n \"The nationally scarcelarge-leaved lime(Tilia platyphyllos) also occurs, and herbs includefield garlic(Allium oleraceum) andpale St. John's-wort(Hypericum montanum). The saltmarsh vegetation, which lies at the base of the cliff, is predominantly made up ofsea aster(Aster tripolium) andEnglish scurvygrass(Cochlearia anglica). There are however two nationally scarce vascular plant species here as well –slender hare's-ear(Bupleurum tenuissimum) andlong-stalked orache(Atriplex longipes). The tidal reaches of the River Avon provide habitat for waterbirds, with 64 species having been recorded up to 2004,including 21 species ofshorebird,and 13 species ofgull. Authorities A catchment board for the Avon was created by theLand Drainage Act 1930and became the Bristol AvonRiver Boardunder theRiver Boards Act 1948; the board was in turn replaced by the Bristol AvonRiver Authorityunder theWater Resources Act 1963. Twenty-five minor watercourses were added to the Authority's jurisdiction in 1973.Reorganisation in 1974,\",\n \"in 1974, under theWater Act 1973brought the Avon catchment into a newregional body, the Wessex Water Authority.Privatisationsaw responsibility for the catchment pass to theNational Rivers Authorityon its formation on 1 September 1989. In 1996 the authority became part of theEnvironment Agency. Navigation conservancy in the lower river from Avonmouth to the lock at Hotwells is the responsibility of The Bristol Port Company as both statutory and competent harbour authority.Navigation within Bristol's floating harbour is retained byBristol City Councilas statutory and competent harbour authority. History The distribution of archaeological finds suggests that the western end of the river between Bath and Avonmouth formed a border between theDobunniandDurotrigesduring the lateIron Age, prior to theRoman conquest of Britain. Further east, between Bath and what is now Wiltshire, it may also have formed a border of the territory ruled by theBelgae. After the Roman occupation the river formed a boundary between the\",\n \"between the lands of theHwicce(which becameMercia) and the kingdom ofWessex. The river Avon had been navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century but construction of mills on the river forced its closure.Thefloodplainof the Avon, on which the city centre ofBathis built, has an altitude of about 59 ft (18 m) abovesea level.The river, once an unnavigable series ofbraided streamsbroken up byswampsand ponds, has been managed byweirsinto a single channel. Periodic flooding, which shortened the life of many buildings in the lowest part of the city, was normal until major flood control works were completed in the 1970s. The Bristol Avon Navigation, which runs the 15 miles (24 km) from the Kennet and Avon Canal at Hanham Lock to the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth, was constructed between 1724 and 1727,following legislation passed byQueen Anne,by a company of proprietors and the engineerJohn HoreofNewbury. The first cargo of 'Deal boards, Pig-Lead and Meal' arrived in Bath in December\",\n \"in Bath in December 1727.It is now administered by theCanal & River Trust. Throughout Bristol's history theAvon Gorgehas been an important transport route, carrying the River Avon, major roads and two railways. The Bristol Channel has a very high tidal range of 15 metres (49 ft),second only toBay of FundyinEastern Canada;and the gorge is relatively narrow and meandering, making it notoriously difficult to navigate. Several vessels have grounded in the gorge including theSS Demerarasoon after her launch in 1851, the schoonerGipsyin 1878, the steam tugBlack Eaglein 1861 and theLlandaff City. In 1877, Halfpenny Bridge, a pedestrian toll bridge crossing the river fromBath Spa railway stationtoWidcombe, collapsed with the loss of about 10 lives amongst a large crowd going to theBath and West Agricultural show. The Avon has flooded several times in its recorded history. These floods include the one in 1799/1800 damagingPulteney Bridge.Various points along the river including the valley aroundFreshfordare at risk\",\n \"at risk offluvialflooding, as a result of sediment entering the river and narrowing the channel. To help cope with this some areas on the banks of the river are designated as a functional floodplain to cope with increased flow volumes.The potential changes to weather patterns as a result of climate change suggest that further measures are likely to be needed to protect the population from flooding risk.A tidal surge, combined with high water levels from theflooding of the surrounding areacaused flooding in the city of Bristol. Route and points of interest Download coordinates as: See also References External links Media related toRiver Avon, South-West Englandat Wikimedia Commons\",\n \"River Marden TheRiver Mardenis a smalltributaryof theRiver Avonin England. It flows from the hills surroundingCalneand meets the Avon about a mile upstream ofChippenham. The river has a mean flow of 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s). Course The Marden rises just north of the valley of Ranscombe Bottom nearCalstone WellingtoninWiltshire.It then flows in a north-west direction through theBlacklandarea, where it forms a small ornamental lake at Blackland House, and on toQuemerford, where it is joined on the right bank by the Rivers Brook. In Calne, the Abberd Brook joins on the right. The river turns in a westerly direction and is joined by the overspill from Bowood Lake, part of theBowood Houseestate, on the left at Studleybrook Farm. The river is then joined by the combined Fisher's and Cowage brooks before turning to the north-west, past the village ofStanley. 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later it joins the Bristol Avon to the north-east ofChippenham. History TheDomesday surveyof England in 1086 records\",\n \"in 1086 records fourwatermillson the Marden at Calne. In the 18th century fourfullingmills are recorded and one of these, Upper Mill, became a paper mill in 1768 and continued in operation until 1860. Hassell's Mill atStudleyremained in operation until 1960. A branch of theWilts & Berks Canal, opened in 1810, paralleled the course of the Marden west of Calne. The canal was closed in 1914 following the collapse into the river of the Stanley aqueduct in 1901. Traces of the canal and its towpath survive. Hydrology TheEnvironment Agencygauging station at Stanley has measured the mean flow of the river as 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s), with a maximum recorded flow of 1,529 cubic feet per second (43.3 m3/s) on 30 October 2000 and a minimum of 3.9 cubic feet per second (0.11 m3/s) on 21 August 1976. References\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":284,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"As noted in the 2020 census, what is the population of the county in which Waterville, Maine, resides?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"123,642"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterville,_Maine"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebec_County,_Maine"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterville,_Maine', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebec_County,_Maine']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterville,_Maine","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebec_County,_Maine"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterville,_Maine\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebec_County,_Maine\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Waterville, Maine Watervilleis a city inKennebec County, Maine, United States, on the west bank of theKennebec River. A college town, the city is home toColby College, aNESCACcollege, andThomas College. It is also home to the headquarters of HealthReach Community Health Centers. As of the2020 censusthe population was 15,828.Along withAugusta, Waterville is one of the principal cities of theAugusta-Waterville, ME Micropolitan Statistical Area. History The area now known as Waterville was once inhabited by theCanibastribe of theAbenakipeople. Called \"Taconnet\" after Chief Taconnet, the main village was located on the east bank of the Kennebec River at its confluence with theSebasticook Riverat what is nowWinslow. Known as \"Ticonic\" byEnglish settlers, it was burned in 1692 duringKing William's War, after which the Canibas tribe abandoned the area.Fort Halifaxwas built by GeneralJohn Winslowin 1754, and the last skirmish with indigenous peoples occurred on May 18, 1757. The township would be organized as Kingfield Plantation, then incorporated asWinslowin 1771. When residents on the west side of the Kennebec found themselves unable to cross the river to attendtown meetings, Waterville was founded from the western parts of Winslow and incorporated on June 23, 1802. In 1824 a bridge was built joining the communities. Early industries includedfishing,lumbering,agricultureandship building, with larger boats launched in spring duringfreshets. By the early 1900s, there were five shipyards in the community. Ticonic Falls blocked navigation farther upriver, so Waterville developed as the terminus for trade and shipping. The Kennebec River and Messalonskee Stream providedwater powerfor mills, including severalsawmills, agristmill, asashandblindfactory, a furniture factory, and a shovel handle factory. There was also a carriage and sleigh factory, boot shop,brickyard, andtannery. On September 27, 1849, theAndroscoggin and Kennebec Railroadopened to Waterville. It would become part of theMaine Central Railroad, which in 1870 establishedlocomotiveand car repair shops in the thrivingmill town. West Waterville (renamedOakland) was set off as a town in 1873. Waterville was incorporated as a city on January 12, 1888. The Ticonic Water Power & Manufacturing Company was formed in 1866 and soon built a dam across the Kennebec. After a change of ownership in 1873, the company began construction on what would become the Lockwood Manufacturing Company, acottontextile plant. A second mill was added, and by 1900 the firm dominated the riverfront and employed 1,300 workers. Lockwood Mills survived until the mid-1950s. The ironWaterville-Winslow Footbridgeopened in 1901, as a means for Waterville residents to commute to Winslow for work in theHollingsworth & Whitney Co.and Wyandotte Worsted Co. mills, but in less than a year was carried away by the highest river level since 1832. Rebuilt in 1903, it would be called the Two Cent Bridge because of itstoll.In 1902, theBeaux-Artsstyle City Hall and Opera House designed by George Gilman Adams was dedicated. In 2002, theC.F. Hathaway Company, one of the last remaining factories in the United States producing high-enddress shirts, was purchased by Warren Buffett'sBerkshire Hathawaycompany and was closed after over 160 years of operation in the city. Waterville also developed as an educational center. In 1813, theMaine Literary and Theological Institutionwas established. It would be renamed Waterville College in 1821, thenColby Collegein 1867.Thomas Collegewas established in 1894. The Latin School was founded in 1820 to prepare students to attend Colby and other colleges, and was subsequently named Waterville Academy, Waterville Classical Institute, and Coburn Classical Institute; the Institute merged with the Oak Grove School inVassalboroin 1970, and remained open until 1989. The first public high school was built in 1877, while the current Waterville Senior High School was built in 1961. Geography Waterville is in northern Kennebec County, in central Maine, at44°33′07″N69°38′45″W / 44.552051°N 69.645839°W /44.552051; -69.645839.Its northern boundary is theSomerset Countyline. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.05 square miles (36.39 km2), of which 13.58 square miles (35.17 km2) is land and 0.47 square miles (1.22 km2), or 3.36%, is water.Situated beside theKennebec River, Waterville is drained by the Messalonskee Stream. Waterville is served byInterstate 95,U.S. Route 201, and Maine State Routes137and104. It is bordered byFairfieldon the north in Somerset County,Winslowon the east,Sidneyon the south andOaklandon the west. Climate Thisclimaticregion is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, Waterville has ahumid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps. Waterville Pump Stn, Maine – Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature (1958 to 2012) Demographics 2010 census As of thecensusof 2010, there were 15,722 people, 6,370 households, and 3,274 families living in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 1,157.7 inhabitants per square mile (447.0/km2). There were 7,065 housing units at an average density of 520.3 per square mile (200.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.9%White, 1.1%African American, 0.6%Native American, 1.2%Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 0.8% fromother races, and 2.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 6,370 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% weremarried couplesliving together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.6% were non-families. Of all households 38.9% were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 17.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 18.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.8% male and 53.2% female. 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 15,605 people, 6,218 households, and 3,370 families living in the city. The population density was 1,148.7 inhabitants per square mile (443.5/km2). There were 6,819 housing units at an average density of 501.9 per square mile (193.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.81%White, 0.78%African American, 0.56%Native American, 1.03%Asian, 0.03%Pacific Islander, 0.42% fromother races, and 1.36% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 1.10% of the population. 32% reported French and French Canadian ancestry, 18% English, 11% Irish, and 6% German. There were 6,218households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% weremarried couplesliving together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. Of all households 38.6% were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.84. In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 18.5% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,816, and the median income for a family was $38,052. Males had a median income of $30,086 versus $22,037 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $16,430. 19.2% of the population and 15.1% of families were below the federalpovertylevel. Statewide, 10.9% of the population was below the poverty level.In Kennebec County, 11.1% of the population was below the federal poverty level. Thus, although the county poverty rate was close to the state poverty rate, the poverty rate for Waterville was higher—typical for a regional center whose suburbs had grown in population. Out of the total population, 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Economy and redevelopment Like many other towns in Maine and in the United States, Waterville has seen development in the suburbs and the decline of the downtown area.There have been new businesses and new facilities built byInland Hospitalon Kennedy Memorial Drive.Walmart,Home Depot, and a small strip mall of other stores have been built in the northern part of the city as part of an open-air shopping center. Because of this growth, the existing and now-neighboring Elm Plaza shopping center has recently had its exterior renovated and filled most or all of its previous vacancies. In contrast, the downtown area has had its share of hardships due to chain store growth in the city. Stores that had a long history in the downtown area have closed in recent decades, including Levine's, Butlers, Sterns, Dunhams, Alvina and Delias, and LaVerdieres. The large vacancy in The Concourse shopping center that once housed theAmes,Zayredepartment store, as well asBrooks Pharmacyis struggling to find tenants; as is the now vacant Main Street location of aCVSpharmacy (it moved to a brand new building on Kennedy Memorial Drive).Organizations likeWaterville Main Stcontinue their efforts to revitalize downtown. Colby College has built a new dormitory for students on Main Street, and the boutique Lockwood Hotel opened in August 2022. The Paul J. Schupf Art Center is currently under construction. Developer Paul Boghossian has converted the old Hathaway Mill to retail, office, and residential use.MaineGeneral Health agreed at the end of June 2007 to become the first tenant. Waterville's top employers include MaineGeneral Medical Center, Colby College,HealthReach Community Health Centers, Northern Light Inland Hospital,Hannaford Supermarket,Shaw's Supermarket,Wal-Mart, Mount St. Joseph Nursing Home, Kennebec Valley Community Action Program, Thomas College, City of Waterville, The Woodlands Residential Care, andCentral Maine Newspapers. Government Local government Waterville has amayorandcouncil-managerform of government, led by a mayor and a seven-member city council. The city council is the governing board, and the city manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, responsible for the management of all city affairs. Waterville adopted acity charterin the 1970s.For some 40 years, the city had a \"strong mayor\" system in which the mayor enjoyed broad executive powers, including the power to veto measures passed by the city council and toline-item vetobudget items passed by the council.In 2005, the charter was substantially revised, changing the city government to a \"weak mayor\"council-manager system.Under the present system, thecity manageris the chief executive.The charter revision was approved by city voters by a 4–1 margin.The city is currently divided into seven geographicwards, each of which elects one member of the Waterville City Council and one member of the Waterville School Board. Since 1970, the following people have served as mayor of Waterville:Richard \"Spike\" Carey(1970–1978), Paul Laverdiere (Republican, 1978–1982); Ann Gilbride Hill (Democrat, 1982–1986); Thomas Nale (1986–1987);Judy C. Kany(Democrat, 1988–1989); David E. Bernier (1990–1993); Thomas J. Brazier (1994–1995); Nelson Megna (1995–1996); Ruth Joseph (Democrat, 1996–1998);Nelson Madore(Democrat, 1999–2004);Paul R. LePage(Republican, 2004–2011); Dana W. Sennett (Democrat, 2011);Karen Heck(independent, 2012–2014); Nicholas Isgro (Republican, 2015–2020); Jay Coelho (2021–present). In 2018, Isgro faced arecall electionafter he made aTwitterpost insulting a gun control activist present during theStoneman Douglas High School shootinginParkland, Florida. The recall effort was backed by former MayorKaren Heck, a Democrat who had previously endorsed Isgro. Isgro later made his Twitter feed private and said that he had deleted the post.During the recall effort, Isgro asserted that outside interests and the City Council were plotting to oust him over disputes over the city budget and taxation.After an acrimonious recall campaign,Waterville voters defeated the recall attempt, with 1,563 \"no\" votes (51%) to 1,472 \"yes\" votes (49%). Political makeup Waterville is considered aDemocraticstronghold inMaine's 1st congressional district.Barack Obamareceived 70% of Waterville's votes in the2008 presidential election. Voter registration Transportation Education Waterville Public Schoolsprovides the city primary and secondary education. It was a part ofKennebec Valley Consolidated Schools(AOS92) from 2009 to 2018. Kennebec Valley Community CollegeinFairfieldis the local publiccommunity college. Colby College and Thomas College are private 4-year colleges located in the city. Colby is the third highest ranked liberal arts college in Maine, according toU.S. News. Media Waterville is home to one daily newspaper, theMorning Sentinel, and a weekly college newspaper,The Colby Echo.The city is also home toFoxaffiliateWPFOandDaystarrebroadcasterWFYW-LP, both serving thePortlandmarket, and to several radio stations, including Colby'sWMHB,countryWEBB, andMPBNon 91.3 FM. The 2001 satirical comedy movieWet Hot American Summeris set in a fictional summer camp near Waterville, with some scenes taking place in the city. The movie was filmed in Pennsylvania,but signs displaying \"Waterville Maine Est. 1802 Pop. 17,173\" and \"Waterville C.B. Radio Supply Inc.\" are shown in these scenes. Gary, a character played byA. D. Miles, asks, \"Hey, guys, how was Waterville?\" after the group returns to camp from the city. Sister cities Sites of interest Notable people See also References External links","Kennebec County, Maine Kennebec Countyis acountylocated in the South-central portion of theU.S. stateofMaine. At the2020 census, the population was 123,642.Itscounty seatisAugusta,thestate capital. The county was established on February 20, 1799, from portions ofCumberlandandLincolnCounties. The name Kennebec comes from theEastern Abenaki/kínipekʷ/, meaning \"large body of still water, large bay.\" Kennebec County comprises theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, thecenter of populationof Maine was in Kennebec County, in the city of Augusta. Geography According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 951 square miles (2,460 km2), of which 868 square miles (2,250 km2) is land and 84 square miles (220 km2) (8.8%) is water. The county is nearly bisected by theKennebec River, which also forms parts of the county line in the north and south of the county. The county is also dotted by many lakes and ponds, as well as the Kennebec Highlands in the northwest part of the county. Adjacent counties Major highways Demographics 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 117,114 people, 47,683 households, and 31,327 families living in the county. Thepopulation densitywas 135 people per square mile (52 people/km2). There were 56,364 housing units at an average density of 65 per square mile (25/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.45%White, 0.34%BlackorAfrican American, 0.40%Native American, 0.59%Asian, 0.02%Pacific Islander, 0.18% fromother races, and 1.02% from two or more races. 0.73% of the population wereHispanicorLatinoof any race. 20.6% were ofEnglish, 17.4%French, 13.4%French Canadian, 10.9%United Statesor American and 9.9%Irishancestry. 92.5% spoke onlyEnglishat home, while 5.48% spokeFrench. There were 47,683 households, out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.60% weremarried couplesliving together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.30% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.80% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 24.90% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males. The median income for a household in the county was $36,498, and the median income for a family was $43,814. Males had a median income of $32,279 versus $24,032 for females. Theper capita incomefor the county was $18,520. About 8.50% of families and 11.10% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 13.20% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the2010 United States Census, there were 122,151 people, 51,128 households, and 32,368 families living in the county.The population density was 140.8 inhabitants per square mile (54.4/km2). There were 60,972 housing units at an average density of 70.3 units per square mile (27.1 units/km2).The racial makeup of the county was % from other races, and % from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up % of the population.In terms of ancestry, 24.2% wereEnglish, 17.0% wereIrish, 8.3% wereGerman, 7.7% wereFrench Canadian, 5.7% wereAmerican, and 5.4% wereScottish. The median income for a household in the county was $45,973 and the median income for a family was $56,853. Males had a median income of $42,176 versus $32,471 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,656. About 7.8% of families and 12.5% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over. Micropolitan statistical area TheUnited States Office of Management and Budgethas designated Kennebec County as theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical Area(μSA). As of the2010 U.S. Censusthe micropolitan area ranked the most populous in the State of Maine and also the only micropolitan area within the state. The area also ranks14th most populousin the United States with a population of 125,540 as of July 2022. Economy Kennebec County's economy has traditionally been industrial. A large amount of paper and textiles were produced, and mills sprung up along the Kennebec river. The median household income is $36,498. The unemployment rate is 4.2%. Education There are three colleges:Colby CollegeandThomas College(both inWaterville), and theUniversity of Maine at Augusta. There are 19 school districts (however, 4 are consolidated ones). In China Maine, there is no public high school, but a private school (Erskine Academy) exists, and the town pays for students tuition if they choose to attend. Students from Vassalboro can pick from one of four school districts (Cony in Augusta, Erskine, Winslow, or Waterville). However, many towns have local public high schools. K-12 school districts include: Politics Kennebec County has consistently voted for Democrats in recent elections, until2016when it voted for RepublicanDonald Trump, the first time it had voted Republican since1988. While the more rural areas support theRepublican Party, the urban areas are stronglyDemocratic. Kennebec County is the only county in Maine that is split between Maine's two congressional districts. The larger, southern portion of the county is in the1st Congressional District, while the northern, smaller portion is in the2nd Congressional District. Historically, the county was more Democratic-leaning than the rest of the state in presidential elections. The county voted for DemocratFranklin D. Rooseveltin1940even as RepublicanWendell Willkiecarried Maine, and it voted for DemocratJimmy Carterin1976as RepublicanGerald Fordwon the state. In more recent elections, the county voted in-line with the state, voting for the statewide winner in every election from1980to2012. In2016, Kennebec voted for RepublicanDonald Trumpeven as DemocratHillary Clintoncarried Maine.In2020, it was the closest county in the state, with DemocratJoe Bidendefeating Trump by just 181 votes. Voter registration Communities Cities Towns Unorganized territory Census-designated places Other unincorporated villages See also Footnotes Further reading External links 44°25′N69°46′W / 44.41°N 69.77°W /44.41; -69.77"],"string":"[\n \"Waterville, Maine Watervilleis a city inKennebec County, Maine, United States, on the west bank of theKennebec River. A college town, the city is home toColby College, aNESCACcollege, andThomas College. It is also home to the headquarters of HealthReach Community Health Centers. As of the2020 censusthe population was 15,828.Along withAugusta, Waterville is one of the principal cities of theAugusta-Waterville, ME Micropolitan Statistical Area. History The area now known as Waterville was once inhabited by theCanibastribe of theAbenakipeople. Called \\\"Taconnet\\\" after Chief Taconnet, the main village was located on the east bank of the Kennebec River at its confluence with theSebasticook Riverat what is nowWinslow. Known as \\\"Ticonic\\\" byEnglish settlers, it was burned in 1692 duringKing William's War, after which the Canibas tribe abandoned the area.Fort Halifaxwas built by GeneralJohn Winslowin 1754, and the last skirmish with indigenous peoples occurred on May 18, 1757. The township would be organized as Kingfield Plantation, then incorporated asWinslowin 1771. When residents on the west side of the Kennebec found themselves unable to cross the river to attendtown meetings, Waterville was founded from the western parts of Winslow and incorporated on June 23, 1802. In 1824 a bridge was built joining the communities. Early industries includedfishing,lumbering,agricultureandship building, with larger boats launched in spring duringfreshets. By the early 1900s, there were five shipyards in the community. Ticonic Falls blocked navigation farther upriver, so Waterville developed as the terminus for trade and shipping. The Kennebec River and Messalonskee Stream providedwater powerfor mills, including severalsawmills, agristmill, asashandblindfactory, a furniture factory, and a shovel handle factory. There was also a carriage and sleigh factory, boot shop,brickyard, andtannery. On September 27, 1849, theAndroscoggin and Kennebec Railroadopened to Waterville. It would become part of theMaine Central Railroad, which in 1870 establishedlocomotiveand car repair shops in the thrivingmill town. West Waterville (renamedOakland) was set off as a town in 1873. Waterville was incorporated as a city on January 12, 1888. The Ticonic Water Power & Manufacturing Company was formed in 1866 and soon built a dam across the Kennebec. After a change of ownership in 1873, the company began construction on what would become the Lockwood Manufacturing Company, acottontextile plant. A second mill was added, and by 1900 the firm dominated the riverfront and employed 1,300 workers. Lockwood Mills survived until the mid-1950s. The ironWaterville-Winslow Footbridgeopened in 1901, as a means for Waterville residents to commute to Winslow for work in theHollingsworth & Whitney Co.and Wyandotte Worsted Co. mills, but in less than a year was carried away by the highest river level since 1832. Rebuilt in 1903, it would be called the Two Cent Bridge because of itstoll.In 1902, theBeaux-Artsstyle City Hall and Opera House designed by George Gilman Adams was dedicated. In 2002, theC.F. Hathaway Company, one of the last remaining factories in the United States producing high-enddress shirts, was purchased by Warren Buffett'sBerkshire Hathawaycompany and was closed after over 160 years of operation in the city. Waterville also developed as an educational center. In 1813, theMaine Literary and Theological Institutionwas established. It would be renamed Waterville College in 1821, thenColby Collegein 1867.Thomas Collegewas established in 1894. The Latin School was founded in 1820 to prepare students to attend Colby and other colleges, and was subsequently named Waterville Academy, Waterville Classical Institute, and Coburn Classical Institute; the Institute merged with the Oak Grove School inVassalboroin 1970, and remained open until 1989. The first public high school was built in 1877, while the current Waterville Senior High School was built in 1961. Geography Waterville is in northern Kennebec County, in central Maine, at44°33′07″N69°38′45″W / 44.552051°N 69.645839°W /44.552051; -69.645839.Its northern boundary is theSomerset Countyline. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.05 square miles (36.39 km2), of which 13.58 square miles (35.17 km2) is land and 0.47 square miles (1.22 km2), or 3.36%, is water.Situated beside theKennebec River, Waterville is drained by the Messalonskee Stream. Waterville is served byInterstate 95,U.S. Route 201, and Maine State Routes137and104. It is bordered byFairfieldon the north in Somerset County,Winslowon the east,Sidneyon the south andOaklandon the west. Climate Thisclimaticregion is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, Waterville has ahumid continental climate, abbreviated \\\"Dfb\\\" on climate maps. Waterville Pump Stn, Maine – Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature (1958 to 2012) Demographics 2010 census As of thecensusof 2010, there were 15,722 people, 6,370 households, and 3,274 families living in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 1,157.7 inhabitants per square mile (447.0/km2). There were 7,065 housing units at an average density of 520.3 per square mile (200.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.9%White, 1.1%African American, 0.6%Native American, 1.2%Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 0.8% fromother races, and 2.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 6,370 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% weremarried couplesliving together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.6% were non-families. Of all households 38.9% were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 17.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 18.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.8% male and 53.2% female. 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 15,605 people, 6,218 households, and 3,370 families living in the city. The population density was 1,148.7 inhabitants per square mile (443.5/km2). There were 6,819 housing units at an average density of 501.9 per square mile (193.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.81%White, 0.78%African American, 0.56%Native American, 1.03%Asian, 0.03%Pacific Islander, 0.42% fromother races, and 1.36% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 1.10% of the population. 32% reported French and French Canadian ancestry, 18% English, 11% Irish, and 6% German. There were 6,218households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% weremarried couplesliving together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. Of all households 38.6% were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.84. In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 18.5% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,816, and the median income for a family was $38,052. Males had a median income of $30,086 versus $22,037 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $16,430. 19.2% of the population and 15.1% of families were below the federalpovertylevel. Statewide, 10.9% of the population was below the poverty level.In Kennebec County, 11.1% of the population was below the federal poverty level. Thus, although the county poverty rate was close to the state poverty rate, the poverty rate for Waterville was higher—typical for a regional center whose suburbs had grown in population. Out of the total population, 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Economy and redevelopment Like many other towns in Maine and in the United States, Waterville has seen development in the suburbs and the decline of the downtown area.There have been new businesses and new facilities built byInland Hospitalon Kennedy Memorial Drive.Walmart,Home Depot, and a small strip mall of other stores have been built in the northern part of the city as part of an open-air shopping center. Because of this growth, the existing and now-neighboring Elm Plaza shopping center has recently had its exterior renovated and filled most or all of its previous vacancies. In contrast, the downtown area has had its share of hardships due to chain store growth in the city. Stores that had a long history in the downtown area have closed in recent decades, including Levine's, Butlers, Sterns, Dunhams, Alvina and Delias, and LaVerdieres. The large vacancy in The Concourse shopping center that once housed theAmes,Zayredepartment store, as well asBrooks Pharmacyis struggling to find tenants; as is the now vacant Main Street location of aCVSpharmacy (it moved to a brand new building on Kennedy Memorial Drive).Organizations likeWaterville Main Stcontinue their efforts to revitalize downtown. Colby College has built a new dormitory for students on Main Street, and the boutique Lockwood Hotel opened in August 2022. The Paul J. Schupf Art Center is currently under construction. Developer Paul Boghossian has converted the old Hathaway Mill to retail, office, and residential use.MaineGeneral Health agreed at the end of June 2007 to become the first tenant. Waterville's top employers include MaineGeneral Medical Center, Colby College,HealthReach Community Health Centers, Northern Light Inland Hospital,Hannaford Supermarket,Shaw's Supermarket,Wal-Mart, Mount St. Joseph Nursing Home, Kennebec Valley Community Action Program, Thomas College, City of Waterville, The Woodlands Residential Care, andCentral Maine Newspapers. Government Local government Waterville has amayorandcouncil-managerform of government, led by a mayor and a seven-member city council. The city council is the governing board, and the city manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, responsible for the management of all city affairs. Waterville adopted acity charterin the 1970s.For some 40 years, the city had a \\\"strong mayor\\\" system in which the mayor enjoyed broad executive powers, including the power to veto measures passed by the city council and toline-item vetobudget items passed by the council.In 2005, the charter was substantially revised, changing the city government to a \\\"weak mayor\\\"council-manager system.Under the present system, thecity manageris the chief executive.The charter revision was approved by city voters by a 4–1 margin.The city is currently divided into seven geographicwards, each of which elects one member of the Waterville City Council and one member of the Waterville School Board. Since 1970, the following people have served as mayor of Waterville:Richard \\\"Spike\\\" Carey(1970–1978), Paul Laverdiere (Republican, 1978–1982); Ann Gilbride Hill (Democrat, 1982–1986); Thomas Nale (1986–1987);Judy C. Kany(Democrat, 1988–1989); David E. Bernier (1990–1993); Thomas J. Brazier (1994–1995); Nelson Megna (1995–1996); Ruth Joseph (Democrat, 1996–1998);Nelson Madore(Democrat, 1999–2004);Paul R. LePage(Republican, 2004–2011); Dana W. Sennett (Democrat, 2011);Karen Heck(independent, 2012–2014); Nicholas Isgro (Republican, 2015–2020); Jay Coelho (2021–present). In 2018, Isgro faced arecall electionafter he made aTwitterpost insulting a gun control activist present during theStoneman Douglas High School shootinginParkland, Florida. The recall effort was backed by former MayorKaren Heck, a Democrat who had previously endorsed Isgro. Isgro later made his Twitter feed private and said that he had deleted the post.During the recall effort, Isgro asserted that outside interests and the City Council were plotting to oust him over disputes over the city budget and taxation.After an acrimonious recall campaign,Waterville voters defeated the recall attempt, with 1,563 \\\"no\\\" votes (51%) to 1,472 \\\"yes\\\" votes (49%). Political makeup Waterville is considered aDemocraticstronghold inMaine's 1st congressional district.Barack Obamareceived 70% of Waterville's votes in the2008 presidential election. Voter registration Transportation Education Waterville Public Schoolsprovides the city primary and secondary education. It was a part ofKennebec Valley Consolidated Schools(AOS92) from 2009 to 2018. Kennebec Valley Community CollegeinFairfieldis the local publiccommunity college. Colby College and Thomas College are private 4-year colleges located in the city. Colby is the third highest ranked liberal arts college in Maine, according toU.S. News. Media Waterville is home to one daily newspaper, theMorning Sentinel, and a weekly college newspaper,The Colby Echo.The city is also home toFoxaffiliateWPFOandDaystarrebroadcasterWFYW-LP, both serving thePortlandmarket, and to several radio stations, including Colby'sWMHB,countryWEBB, andMPBNon 91.3 FM. The 2001 satirical comedy movieWet Hot American Summeris set in a fictional summer camp near Waterville, with some scenes taking place in the city. The movie was filmed in Pennsylvania,but signs displaying \\\"Waterville Maine Est. 1802 Pop. 17,173\\\" and \\\"Waterville C.B. Radio Supply Inc.\\\" are shown in these scenes. Gary, a character played byA. D. Miles, asks, \\\"Hey, guys, how was Waterville?\\\" after the group returns to camp from the city. Sister cities Sites of interest Notable people See also References External links\",\n \"Kennebec County, Maine Kennebec Countyis acountylocated in the South-central portion of theU.S. stateofMaine. At the2020 census, the population was 123,642.Itscounty seatisAugusta,thestate capital. The county was established on February 20, 1799, from portions ofCumberlandandLincolnCounties. The name Kennebec comes from theEastern Abenaki/kínipekʷ/, meaning \\\"large body of still water, large bay.\\\" Kennebec County comprises theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, thecenter of populationof Maine was in Kennebec County, in the city of Augusta. Geography According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 951 square miles (2,460 km2), of which 868 square miles (2,250 km2) is land and 84 square miles (220 km2) (8.8%) is water. The county is nearly bisected by theKennebec River, which also forms parts of the county line in the north and south of the county. The county is also dotted by many lakes and ponds, as well as the Kennebec Highlands in the northwest part of the county. Adjacent counties Major highways Demographics 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 117,114 people, 47,683 households, and 31,327 families living in the county. Thepopulation densitywas 135 people per square mile (52 people/km2). There were 56,364 housing units at an average density of 65 per square mile (25/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.45%White, 0.34%BlackorAfrican American, 0.40%Native American, 0.59%Asian, 0.02%Pacific Islander, 0.18% fromother races, and 1.02% from two or more races. 0.73% of the population wereHispanicorLatinoof any race. 20.6% were ofEnglish, 17.4%French, 13.4%French Canadian, 10.9%United Statesor American and 9.9%Irishancestry. 92.5% spoke onlyEnglishat home, while 5.48% spokeFrench. There were 47,683 households, out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.60% weremarried couplesliving together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.30% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.80% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 24.90% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males. The median income for a household in the county was $36,498, and the median income for a family was $43,814. Males had a median income of $32,279 versus $24,032 for females. Theper capita incomefor the county was $18,520. About 8.50% of families and 11.10% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 13.20% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the2010 United States Census, there were 122,151 people, 51,128 households, and 32,368 families living in the county.The population density was 140.8 inhabitants per square mile (54.4/km2). There were 60,972 housing units at an average density of 70.3 units per square mile (27.1 units/km2).The racial makeup of the county was % from other races, and % from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up % of the population.In terms of ancestry, 24.2% wereEnglish, 17.0% wereIrish, 8.3% wereGerman, 7.7% wereFrench Canadian, 5.7% wereAmerican, and 5.4% wereScottish. The median income for a household in the county was $45,973 and the median income for a family was $56,853. Males had a median income of $42,176 versus $32,471 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,656. About 7.8% of families and 12.5% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over. Micropolitan statistical area TheUnited States Office of Management and Budgethas designated Kennebec County as theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical Area(μSA). As of the2010 U.S. Censusthe micropolitan area ranked the most populous in the State of Maine and also the only micropolitan area within the state. The area also ranks14th most populousin the United States with a population of 125,540 as of July 2022. Economy Kennebec County's economy has traditionally been industrial. A large amount of paper and textiles were produced, and mills sprung up along the Kennebec river. The median household income is $36,498. The unemployment rate is 4.2%. Education There are three colleges:Colby CollegeandThomas College(both inWaterville), and theUniversity of Maine at Augusta. There are 19 school districts (however, 4 are consolidated ones). In China Maine, there is no public high school, but a private school (Erskine Academy) exists, and the town pays for students tuition if they choose to attend. Students from Vassalboro can pick from one of four school districts (Cony in Augusta, Erskine, Winslow, or Waterville). However, many towns have local public high schools. K-12 school districts include: Politics Kennebec County has consistently voted for Democrats in recent elections, until2016when it voted for RepublicanDonald Trump, the first time it had voted Republican since1988. While the more rural areas support theRepublican Party, the urban areas are stronglyDemocratic. Kennebec County is the only county in Maine that is split between Maine's two congressional districts. The larger, southern portion of the county is in the1st Congressional District, while the northern, smaller portion is in the2nd Congressional District. Historically, the county was more Democratic-leaning than the rest of the state in presidential elections. The county voted for DemocratFranklin D. Rooseveltin1940even as RepublicanWendell Willkiecarried Maine, and it voted for DemocratJimmy Carterin1976as RepublicanGerald Fordwon the state. In more recent elections, the county voted in-line with the state, voting for the statewide winner in every election from1980to2012. In2016, Kennebec voted for RepublicanDonald Trumpeven as DemocratHillary Clintoncarried Maine.In2020, it was the closest county in the state, with DemocratJoe Bidendefeating Trump by just 181 votes. Voter registration Communities Cities Towns Unorganized territory Census-designated places Other unincorporated villages See also Footnotes Further reading External links 44°25′N69°46′W / 44.41°N 69.77°W /44.41; -69.77\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Waterville, Maine Watervilleis a city inKennebec County, Maine, United States, on the west bank of theKennebec River. A college town, the city is home toColby College, aNESCACcollege, andThomas College. It is also home to the headquarters of HealthReach Community Health Centers. As of the2020 censusthe population was 15,828.Along withAugusta, Waterville is one of the principal cities of theAugusta-Waterville, ME Micropolitan Statistical Area. History The area now known as Waterville was once inhabited by theCanibastribe of theAbenakipeople. Called \"Taconnet\" after Chief Taconnet, the main village was located on the east bank of the Kennebec River at its confluence with theSebasticook Riverat what is nowWinslow. Known as \"Ticonic\" byEnglish settlers, it was burned in 1692 duringKing William's War, after which the Canibas tribe abandoned the area.Fort Halifaxwas built by GeneralJohn Winslowin 1754, and the last skirmish with indigenous peoples occurred on May 18, 1757. The township would be organized as","be organized as Kingfield Plantation, then incorporated asWinslowin 1771. When residents on the west side of the Kennebec found themselves unable to cross the river to attendtown meetings, Waterville was founded from the western parts of Winslow and incorporated on June 23, 1802. In 1824 a bridge was built joining the communities. Early industries includedfishing,lumbering,agricultureandship building, with larger boats launched in spring duringfreshets. By the early 1900s, there were five shipyards in the community. Ticonic Falls blocked navigation farther upriver, so Waterville developed as the terminus for trade and shipping. The Kennebec River and Messalonskee Stream providedwater powerfor mills, including severalsawmills, agristmill, asashandblindfactory, a furniture factory, and a shovel handle factory. There was also a carriage and sleigh factory, boot shop,brickyard, andtannery. On September 27, 1849, theAndroscoggin and Kennebec Railroadopened to Waterville. It would become part of theMaine Central","of theMaine Central Railroad, which in 1870 establishedlocomotiveand car repair shops in the thrivingmill town. West Waterville (renamedOakland) was set off as a town in 1873. Waterville was incorporated as a city on January 12, 1888. The Ticonic Water Power & Manufacturing Company was formed in 1866 and soon built a dam across the Kennebec. After a change of ownership in 1873, the company began construction on what would become the Lockwood Manufacturing Company, acottontextile plant. A second mill was added, and by 1900 the firm dominated the riverfront and employed 1,300 workers. Lockwood Mills survived until the mid-1950s. The ironWaterville-Winslow Footbridgeopened in 1901, as a means for Waterville residents to commute to Winslow for work in theHollingsworth & Whitney Co.and Wyandotte Worsted Co. mills, but in less than a year was carried away by the highest river level since 1832. Rebuilt in 1903, it would be called the Two Cent Bridge because of itstoll.In 1902, theBeaux-Artsstyle City Hall and Opera","City Hall and Opera House designed by George Gilman Adams was dedicated. In 2002, theC.F. Hathaway Company, one of the last remaining factories in the United States producing high-enddress shirts, was purchased by Warren Buffett'sBerkshire Hathawaycompany and was closed after over 160 years of operation in the city. Waterville also developed as an educational center. In 1813, theMaine Literary and Theological Institutionwas established. It would be renamed Waterville College in 1821, thenColby Collegein 1867.Thomas Collegewas established in 1894. The Latin School was founded in 1820 to prepare students to attend Colby and other colleges, and was subsequently named Waterville Academy, Waterville Classical Institute, and Coburn Classical Institute; the Institute merged with the Oak Grove School inVassalboroin 1970, and remained open until 1989. The first public high school was built in 1877, while the current Waterville Senior High School was built in 1961. Geography Waterville is in northern Kennebec County,","Kennebec County, in central Maine, at44°33′07″N69°38′45″W / 44.552051°N 69.645839°W /44.552051; -69.645839.Its northern boundary is theSomerset Countyline. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.05 square miles (36.39 km2), of which 13.58 square miles (35.17 km2) is land and 0.47 square miles (1.22 km2), or 3.36%, is water.Situated beside theKennebec River, Waterville is drained by the Messalonskee Stream. Waterville is served byInterstate 95,U.S. Route 201, and Maine State Routes137and104. It is bordered byFairfieldon the north in Somerset County,Winslowon the east,Sidneyon the south andOaklandon the west. Climate Thisclimaticregion is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, Waterville has ahumid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps. Waterville Pump Stn, Maine – Period of Record General Climate Summary –","Climate Summary – Temperature (1958 to 2012) Demographics 2010 census As of thecensusof 2010, there were 15,722 people, 6,370 households, and 3,274 families living in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 1,157.7 inhabitants per square mile (447.0/km2). There were 7,065 housing units at an average density of 520.3 per square mile (200.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.9%White, 1.1%African American, 0.6%Native American, 1.2%Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 0.8% fromother races, and 2.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 6,370 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% weremarried couplesliving together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.6% were non-families. Of all households 38.9% were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average","and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 17.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 18.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.8% male and 53.2% female. 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 15,605 people, 6,218 households, and 3,370 families living in the city. The population density was 1,148.7 inhabitants per square mile (443.5/km2). There were 6,819 housing units at an average density of 501.9 per square mile (193.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.81%White, 0.78%African American, 0.56%Native American, 1.03%Asian, 0.03%Pacific Islander, 0.42% fromother races, and 1.36% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 1.10% of the population. 32% reported French and French Canadian ancestry, 18% English, 11% Irish, and 6% German. There were 6,218households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18","under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% weremarried couplesliving together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. Of all households 38.6% were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.84. In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 18.5% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,816, and the median income for a family was $38,052. Males had a median income of $30,086 versus $22,037 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $16,430. 19.2% of the population and 15.1% of families were below the federalpovertylevel. Statewide, 10.9% of the population was","the population was below the poverty level.In Kennebec County, 11.1% of the population was below the federal poverty level. Thus, although the county poverty rate was close to the state poverty rate, the poverty rate for Waterville was higher—typical for a regional center whose suburbs had grown in population. Out of the total population, 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Economy and redevelopment Like many other towns in Maine and in the United States, Waterville has seen development in the suburbs and the decline of the downtown area.There have been new businesses and new facilities built byInland Hospitalon Kennedy Memorial Drive.Walmart,Home Depot, and a small strip mall of other stores have been built in the northern part of the city as part of an open-air shopping center. Because of this growth, the existing and now-neighboring Elm Plaza shopping center has recently had its exterior renovated and filled most or all of its previous","all of its previous vacancies. In contrast, the downtown area has had its share of hardships due to chain store growth in the city. Stores that had a long history in the downtown area have closed in recent decades, including Levine's, Butlers, Sterns, Dunhams, Alvina and Delias, and LaVerdieres. The large vacancy in The Concourse shopping center that once housed theAmes,Zayredepartment store, as well asBrooks Pharmacyis struggling to find tenants; as is the now vacant Main Street location of aCVSpharmacy (it moved to a brand new building on Kennedy Memorial Drive).Organizations likeWaterville Main Stcontinue their efforts to revitalize downtown. Colby College has built a new dormitory for students on Main Street, and the boutique Lockwood Hotel opened in August 2022. The Paul J. Schupf Art Center is currently under construction. Developer Paul Boghossian has converted the old Hathaway Mill to retail, office, and residential use.MaineGeneral Health agreed at the end of June 2007 to become the first tenant.","the first tenant. Waterville's top employers include MaineGeneral Medical Center, Colby College,HealthReach Community Health Centers, Northern Light Inland Hospital,Hannaford Supermarket,Shaw's Supermarket,Wal-Mart, Mount St. Joseph Nursing Home, Kennebec Valley Community Action Program, Thomas College, City of Waterville, The Woodlands Residential Care, andCentral Maine Newspapers. Government Local government Waterville has amayorandcouncil-managerform of government, led by a mayor and a seven-member city council. The city council is the governing board, and the city manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, responsible for the management of all city affairs. Waterville adopted acity charterin the 1970s.For some 40 years, the city had a \"strong mayor\" system in which the mayor enjoyed broad executive powers, including the power to veto measures passed by the city council and toline-item vetobudget items passed by the council.In 2005, the charter was substantially revised, changing the city","changing the city government to a \"weak mayor\"council-manager system.Under the present system, thecity manageris the chief executive.The charter revision was approved by city voters by a 4–1 margin.The city is currently divided into seven geographicwards, each of which elects one member of the Waterville City Council and one member of the Waterville School Board. Since 1970, the following people have served as mayor of Waterville:Richard \"Spike\" Carey(1970–1978), Paul Laverdiere (Republican, 1978–1982); Ann Gilbride Hill (Democrat, 1982–1986); Thomas Nale (1986–1987);Judy C. Kany(Democrat, 1988–1989); David E. Bernier (1990–1993); Thomas J. Brazier (1994–1995); Nelson Megna (1995–1996); Ruth Joseph (Democrat, 1996–1998);Nelson Madore(Democrat, 1999–2004);Paul R. LePage(Republican, 2004–2011); Dana W. Sennett (Democrat, 2011);Karen Heck(independent, 2012–2014); Nicholas Isgro (Republican, 2015–2020); Jay Coelho (2021–present). In 2018, Isgro faced arecall electionafter he made aTwitterpost insulting a gun","insulting a gun control activist present during theStoneman Douglas High School shootinginParkland, Florida. The recall effort was backed by former MayorKaren Heck, a Democrat who had previously endorsed Isgro. Isgro later made his Twitter feed private and said that he had deleted the post.During the recall effort, Isgro asserted that outside interests and the City Council were plotting to oust him over disputes over the city budget and taxation.After an acrimonious recall campaign,Waterville voters defeated the recall attempt, with 1,563 \"no\" votes (51%) to 1,472 \"yes\" votes (49%). Political makeup Waterville is considered aDemocraticstronghold inMaine's 1st congressional district.Barack Obamareceived 70% of Waterville's votes in the2008 presidential election. Voter registration Transportation Education Waterville Public Schoolsprovides the city primary and secondary education. It was a part ofKennebec Valley Consolidated Schools(AOS92) from 2009 to 2018. Kennebec Valley Community CollegeinFairfieldis the","the local publiccommunity college. Colby College and Thomas College are private 4-year colleges located in the city. Colby is the third highest ranked liberal arts college in Maine, according toU.S. News. Media Waterville is home to one daily newspaper, theMorning Sentinel, and a weekly college newspaper,The Colby Echo.The city is also home toFoxaffiliateWPFOandDaystarrebroadcasterWFYW-LP, both serving thePortlandmarket, and to several radio stations, including Colby'sWMHB,countryWEBB, andMPBNon 91.3 FM. The 2001 satirical comedy movieWet Hot American Summeris set in a fictional summer camp near Waterville, with some scenes taking place in the city. The movie was filmed in Pennsylvania,but signs displaying \"Waterville Maine Est. 1802 Pop. 17,173\" and \"Waterville C.B. Radio Supply Inc.\" are shown in these scenes. Gary, a character played byA. D. Miles, asks, \"Hey, guys, how was Waterville?\" after the group returns to camp from the city. Sister cities Sites of interest Notable people See also References","See also References External links","Kennebec County, Maine Kennebec Countyis acountylocated in the South-central portion of theU.S. stateofMaine. At the2020 census, the population was 123,642.Itscounty seatisAugusta,thestate capital. The county was established on February 20, 1799, from portions ofCumberlandandLincolnCounties. The name Kennebec comes from theEastern Abenaki/kínipekʷ/, meaning \"large body of still water, large bay.\" Kennebec County comprises theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, thecenter of populationof Maine was in Kennebec County, in the city of Augusta. Geography According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 951 square miles (2,460 km2), of which 868 square miles (2,250 km2) is land and 84 square miles (220 km2) (8.8%) is water. The county is nearly bisected by theKennebec River, which also forms parts of the county line in the north and south of the county. The county is also dotted by many lakes and ponds, as well as the Kennebec Highlands in the northwest part of the county.","part of the county. Adjacent counties Major highways Demographics 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 117,114 people, 47,683 households, and 31,327 families living in the county. Thepopulation densitywas 135 people per square mile (52 people/km2). There were 56,364 housing units at an average density of 65 per square mile (25/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.45%White, 0.34%BlackorAfrican American, 0.40%Native American, 0.59%Asian, 0.02%Pacific Islander, 0.18% fromother races, and 1.02% from two or more races. 0.73% of the population wereHispanicorLatinoof any race. 20.6% were ofEnglish, 17.4%French, 13.4%French Canadian, 10.9%United Statesor American and 9.9%Irishancestry. 92.5% spoke onlyEnglishat home, while 5.48% spokeFrench. There were 47,683 households, out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.60% weremarried couplesliving together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.30% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were","all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.80% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 24.90% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males. The median income for a household in the county was $36,498, and the median income for a family was $43,814. Males had a median income of $32,279 versus $24,032 for females. Theper capita incomefor the county was $18,520. About 8.50% of families and 11.10% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 13.20% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the2010 United States Census, there were 122,151 people, 51,128 households, and 32,368 families living in the","living in the county.The population density was 140.8 inhabitants per square mile (54.4/km2). There were 60,972 housing units at an average density of 70.3 units per square mile (27.1 units/km2).The racial makeup of the county was % from other races, and % from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up % of the population.In terms of ancestry, 24.2% wereEnglish, 17.0% wereIrish, 8.3% wereGerman, 7.7% wereFrench Canadian, 5.7% wereAmerican, and 5.4% wereScottish. The median income for a household in the county was $45,973 and the median income for a family was $56,853. Males had a median income of $42,176 versus $32,471 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,656. About 7.8% of families and 12.5% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over. Micropolitan statistical area TheUnited States Office of Management and Budgethas designated Kennebec County as theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical","Statistical Area(μSA). As of the2010 U.S. Censusthe micropolitan area ranked the most populous in the State of Maine and also the only micropolitan area within the state. The area also ranks14th most populousin the United States with a population of 125,540 as of July 2022. Economy Kennebec County's economy has traditionally been industrial. A large amount of paper and textiles were produced, and mills sprung up along the Kennebec river. The median household income is $36,498. The unemployment rate is 4.2%. Education There are three colleges:Colby CollegeandThomas College(both inWaterville), and theUniversity of Maine at Augusta. There are 19 school districts (however, 4 are consolidated ones). In China Maine, there is no public high school, but a private school (Erskine Academy) exists, and the town pays for students tuition if they choose to attend. Students from Vassalboro can pick from one of four school districts (Cony in Augusta, Erskine, Winslow, or Waterville). However, many towns have local public","have local public high schools. K-12 school districts include: Politics Kennebec County has consistently voted for Democrats in recent elections, until2016when it voted for RepublicanDonald Trump, the first time it had voted Republican since1988. While the more rural areas support theRepublican Party, the urban areas are stronglyDemocratic. Kennebec County is the only county in Maine that is split between Maine's two congressional districts. The larger, southern portion of the county is in the1st Congressional District, while the northern, smaller portion is in the2nd Congressional District. Historically, the county was more Democratic-leaning than the rest of the state in presidential elections. The county voted for DemocratFranklin D. Rooseveltin1940even as RepublicanWendell Willkiecarried Maine, and it voted for DemocratJimmy Carterin1976as RepublicanGerald Fordwon the state. In more recent elections, the county voted in-line with the state, voting for the statewide winner in every election","in every election from1980to2012. In2016, Kennebec voted for RepublicanDonald Trumpeven as DemocratHillary Clintoncarried Maine.In2020, it was the closest county in the state, with DemocratJoe Bidendefeating Trump by just 181 votes. Voter registration Communities Cities Towns Unorganized territory Census-designated places Other unincorporated villages See also Footnotes Further reading External links 44°25′N69°46′W / 44.41°N 69.77°W /44.41; -69.77"],"string":"[\n \"Waterville, Maine Watervilleis a city inKennebec County, Maine, United States, on the west bank of theKennebec River. A college town, the city is home toColby College, aNESCACcollege, andThomas College. It is also home to the headquarters of HealthReach Community Health Centers. As of the2020 censusthe population was 15,828.Along withAugusta, Waterville is one of the principal cities of theAugusta-Waterville, ME Micropolitan Statistical Area. History The area now known as Waterville was once inhabited by theCanibastribe of theAbenakipeople. Called \\\"Taconnet\\\" after Chief Taconnet, the main village was located on the east bank of the Kennebec River at its confluence with theSebasticook Riverat what is nowWinslow. Known as \\\"Ticonic\\\" byEnglish settlers, it was burned in 1692 duringKing William's War, after which the Canibas tribe abandoned the area.Fort Halifaxwas built by GeneralJohn Winslowin 1754, and the last skirmish with indigenous peoples occurred on May 18, 1757. The township would be organized as\",\n \"be organized as Kingfield Plantation, then incorporated asWinslowin 1771. When residents on the west side of the Kennebec found themselves unable to cross the river to attendtown meetings, Waterville was founded from the western parts of Winslow and incorporated on June 23, 1802. In 1824 a bridge was built joining the communities. Early industries includedfishing,lumbering,agricultureandship building, with larger boats launched in spring duringfreshets. By the early 1900s, there were five shipyards in the community. Ticonic Falls blocked navigation farther upriver, so Waterville developed as the terminus for trade and shipping. The Kennebec River and Messalonskee Stream providedwater powerfor mills, including severalsawmills, agristmill, asashandblindfactory, a furniture factory, and a shovel handle factory. There was also a carriage and sleigh factory, boot shop,brickyard, andtannery. On September 27, 1849, theAndroscoggin and Kennebec Railroadopened to Waterville. It would become part of theMaine Central\",\n \"of theMaine Central Railroad, which in 1870 establishedlocomotiveand car repair shops in the thrivingmill town. West Waterville (renamedOakland) was set off as a town in 1873. Waterville was incorporated as a city on January 12, 1888. The Ticonic Water Power & Manufacturing Company was formed in 1866 and soon built a dam across the Kennebec. After a change of ownership in 1873, the company began construction on what would become the Lockwood Manufacturing Company, acottontextile plant. A second mill was added, and by 1900 the firm dominated the riverfront and employed 1,300 workers. Lockwood Mills survived until the mid-1950s. The ironWaterville-Winslow Footbridgeopened in 1901, as a means for Waterville residents to commute to Winslow for work in theHollingsworth & Whitney Co.and Wyandotte Worsted Co. mills, but in less than a year was carried away by the highest river level since 1832. Rebuilt in 1903, it would be called the Two Cent Bridge because of itstoll.In 1902, theBeaux-Artsstyle City Hall and Opera\",\n \"City Hall and Opera House designed by George Gilman Adams was dedicated. In 2002, theC.F. Hathaway Company, one of the last remaining factories in the United States producing high-enddress shirts, was purchased by Warren Buffett'sBerkshire Hathawaycompany and was closed after over 160 years of operation in the city. Waterville also developed as an educational center. In 1813, theMaine Literary and Theological Institutionwas established. It would be renamed Waterville College in 1821, thenColby Collegein 1867.Thomas Collegewas established in 1894. The Latin School was founded in 1820 to prepare students to attend Colby and other colleges, and was subsequently named Waterville Academy, Waterville Classical Institute, and Coburn Classical Institute; the Institute merged with the Oak Grove School inVassalboroin 1970, and remained open until 1989. The first public high school was built in 1877, while the current Waterville Senior High School was built in 1961. Geography Waterville is in northern Kennebec County,\",\n \"Kennebec County, in central Maine, at44°33′07″N69°38′45″W / 44.552051°N 69.645839°W /44.552051; -69.645839.Its northern boundary is theSomerset Countyline. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.05 square miles (36.39 km2), of which 13.58 square miles (35.17 km2) is land and 0.47 square miles (1.22 km2), or 3.36%, is water.Situated beside theKennebec River, Waterville is drained by the Messalonskee Stream. Waterville is served byInterstate 95,U.S. Route 201, and Maine State Routes137and104. It is bordered byFairfieldon the north in Somerset County,Winslowon the east,Sidneyon the south andOaklandon the west. Climate Thisclimaticregion is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, Waterville has ahumid continental climate, abbreviated \\\"Dfb\\\" on climate maps. Waterville Pump Stn, Maine – Period of Record General Climate Summary –\",\n \"Climate Summary – Temperature (1958 to 2012) Demographics 2010 census As of thecensusof 2010, there were 15,722 people, 6,370 households, and 3,274 families living in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 1,157.7 inhabitants per square mile (447.0/km2). There were 7,065 housing units at an average density of 520.3 per square mile (200.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.9%White, 1.1%African American, 0.6%Native American, 1.2%Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 0.8% fromother races, and 2.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 6,370 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% weremarried couplesliving together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.6% were non-families. Of all households 38.9% were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average\",\n \"and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 17.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 18.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.8% male and 53.2% female. 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 15,605 people, 6,218 households, and 3,370 families living in the city. The population density was 1,148.7 inhabitants per square mile (443.5/km2). There were 6,819 housing units at an average density of 501.9 per square mile (193.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.81%White, 0.78%African American, 0.56%Native American, 1.03%Asian, 0.03%Pacific Islander, 0.42% fromother races, and 1.36% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 1.10% of the population. 32% reported French and French Canadian ancestry, 18% English, 11% Irish, and 6% German. There were 6,218households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18\",\n \"under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% weremarried couplesliving together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. Of all households 38.6% were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.84. In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 18.5% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,816, and the median income for a family was $38,052. Males had a median income of $30,086 versus $22,037 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $16,430. 19.2% of the population and 15.1% of families were below the federalpovertylevel. Statewide, 10.9% of the population was\",\n \"the population was below the poverty level.In Kennebec County, 11.1% of the population was below the federal poverty level. Thus, although the county poverty rate was close to the state poverty rate, the poverty rate for Waterville was higher—typical for a regional center whose suburbs had grown in population. Out of the total population, 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Economy and redevelopment Like many other towns in Maine and in the United States, Waterville has seen development in the suburbs and the decline of the downtown area.There have been new businesses and new facilities built byInland Hospitalon Kennedy Memorial Drive.Walmart,Home Depot, and a small strip mall of other stores have been built in the northern part of the city as part of an open-air shopping center. Because of this growth, the existing and now-neighboring Elm Plaza shopping center has recently had its exterior renovated and filled most or all of its previous\",\n \"all of its previous vacancies. In contrast, the downtown area has had its share of hardships due to chain store growth in the city. Stores that had a long history in the downtown area have closed in recent decades, including Levine's, Butlers, Sterns, Dunhams, Alvina and Delias, and LaVerdieres. The large vacancy in The Concourse shopping center that once housed theAmes,Zayredepartment store, as well asBrooks Pharmacyis struggling to find tenants; as is the now vacant Main Street location of aCVSpharmacy (it moved to a brand new building on Kennedy Memorial Drive).Organizations likeWaterville Main Stcontinue their efforts to revitalize downtown. Colby College has built a new dormitory for students on Main Street, and the boutique Lockwood Hotel opened in August 2022. The Paul J. Schupf Art Center is currently under construction. Developer Paul Boghossian has converted the old Hathaway Mill to retail, office, and residential use.MaineGeneral Health agreed at the end of June 2007 to become the first tenant.\",\n \"the first tenant. Waterville's top employers include MaineGeneral Medical Center, Colby College,HealthReach Community Health Centers, Northern Light Inland Hospital,Hannaford Supermarket,Shaw's Supermarket,Wal-Mart, Mount St. Joseph Nursing Home, Kennebec Valley Community Action Program, Thomas College, City of Waterville, The Woodlands Residential Care, andCentral Maine Newspapers. Government Local government Waterville has amayorandcouncil-managerform of government, led by a mayor and a seven-member city council. The city council is the governing board, and the city manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, responsible for the management of all city affairs. Waterville adopted acity charterin the 1970s.For some 40 years, the city had a \\\"strong mayor\\\" system in which the mayor enjoyed broad executive powers, including the power to veto measures passed by the city council and toline-item vetobudget items passed by the council.In 2005, the charter was substantially revised, changing the city\",\n \"changing the city government to a \\\"weak mayor\\\"council-manager system.Under the present system, thecity manageris the chief executive.The charter revision was approved by city voters by a 4–1 margin.The city is currently divided into seven geographicwards, each of which elects one member of the Waterville City Council and one member of the Waterville School Board. Since 1970, the following people have served as mayor of Waterville:Richard \\\"Spike\\\" Carey(1970–1978), Paul Laverdiere (Republican, 1978–1982); Ann Gilbride Hill (Democrat, 1982–1986); Thomas Nale (1986–1987);Judy C. Kany(Democrat, 1988–1989); David E. Bernier (1990–1993); Thomas J. Brazier (1994–1995); Nelson Megna (1995–1996); Ruth Joseph (Democrat, 1996–1998);Nelson Madore(Democrat, 1999–2004);Paul R. LePage(Republican, 2004–2011); Dana W. Sennett (Democrat, 2011);Karen Heck(independent, 2012–2014); Nicholas Isgro (Republican, 2015–2020); Jay Coelho (2021–present). In 2018, Isgro faced arecall electionafter he made aTwitterpost insulting a gun\",\n \"insulting a gun control activist present during theStoneman Douglas High School shootinginParkland, Florida. The recall effort was backed by former MayorKaren Heck, a Democrat who had previously endorsed Isgro. Isgro later made his Twitter feed private and said that he had deleted the post.During the recall effort, Isgro asserted that outside interests and the City Council were plotting to oust him over disputes over the city budget and taxation.After an acrimonious recall campaign,Waterville voters defeated the recall attempt, with 1,563 \\\"no\\\" votes (51%) to 1,472 \\\"yes\\\" votes (49%). Political makeup Waterville is considered aDemocraticstronghold inMaine's 1st congressional district.Barack Obamareceived 70% of Waterville's votes in the2008 presidential election. Voter registration Transportation Education Waterville Public Schoolsprovides the city primary and secondary education. It was a part ofKennebec Valley Consolidated Schools(AOS92) from 2009 to 2018. Kennebec Valley Community CollegeinFairfieldis the\",\n \"the local publiccommunity college. Colby College and Thomas College are private 4-year colleges located in the city. Colby is the third highest ranked liberal arts college in Maine, according toU.S. News. Media Waterville is home to one daily newspaper, theMorning Sentinel, and a weekly college newspaper,The Colby Echo.The city is also home toFoxaffiliateWPFOandDaystarrebroadcasterWFYW-LP, both serving thePortlandmarket, and to several radio stations, including Colby'sWMHB,countryWEBB, andMPBNon 91.3 FM. The 2001 satirical comedy movieWet Hot American Summeris set in a fictional summer camp near Waterville, with some scenes taking place in the city. The movie was filmed in Pennsylvania,but signs displaying \\\"Waterville Maine Est. 1802 Pop. 17,173\\\" and \\\"Waterville C.B. Radio Supply Inc.\\\" are shown in these scenes. Gary, a character played byA. D. Miles, asks, \\\"Hey, guys, how was Waterville?\\\" after the group returns to camp from the city. Sister cities Sites of interest Notable people See also References\",\n \"See also References External links\",\n \"Kennebec County, Maine Kennebec Countyis acountylocated in the South-central portion of theU.S. stateofMaine. At the2020 census, the population was 123,642.Itscounty seatisAugusta,thestate capital. The county was established on February 20, 1799, from portions ofCumberlandandLincolnCounties. The name Kennebec comes from theEastern Abenaki/kínipekʷ/, meaning \\\"large body of still water, large bay.\\\" Kennebec County comprises theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, thecenter of populationof Maine was in Kennebec County, in the city of Augusta. Geography According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 951 square miles (2,460 km2), of which 868 square miles (2,250 km2) is land and 84 square miles (220 km2) (8.8%) is water. The county is nearly bisected by theKennebec River, which also forms parts of the county line in the north and south of the county. The county is also dotted by many lakes and ponds, as well as the Kennebec Highlands in the northwest part of the county.\",\n \"part of the county. Adjacent counties Major highways Demographics 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 117,114 people, 47,683 households, and 31,327 families living in the county. Thepopulation densitywas 135 people per square mile (52 people/km2). There were 56,364 housing units at an average density of 65 per square mile (25/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.45%White, 0.34%BlackorAfrican American, 0.40%Native American, 0.59%Asian, 0.02%Pacific Islander, 0.18% fromother races, and 1.02% from two or more races. 0.73% of the population wereHispanicorLatinoof any race. 20.6% were ofEnglish, 17.4%French, 13.4%French Canadian, 10.9%United Statesor American and 9.9%Irishancestry. 92.5% spoke onlyEnglishat home, while 5.48% spokeFrench. There were 47,683 households, out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.60% weremarried couplesliving together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.30% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were\",\n \"all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.80% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 24.90% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males. The median income for a household in the county was $36,498, and the median income for a family was $43,814. Males had a median income of $32,279 versus $24,032 for females. Theper capita incomefor the county was $18,520. About 8.50% of families and 11.10% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 13.20% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the2010 United States Census, there were 122,151 people, 51,128 households, and 32,368 families living in the\",\n \"living in the county.The population density was 140.8 inhabitants per square mile (54.4/km2). There were 60,972 housing units at an average density of 70.3 units per square mile (27.1 units/km2).The racial makeup of the county was % from other races, and % from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up % of the population.In terms of ancestry, 24.2% wereEnglish, 17.0% wereIrish, 8.3% wereGerman, 7.7% wereFrench Canadian, 5.7% wereAmerican, and 5.4% wereScottish. The median income for a household in the county was $45,973 and the median income for a family was $56,853. Males had a median income of $42,176 versus $32,471 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,656. About 7.8% of families and 12.5% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over. Micropolitan statistical area TheUnited States Office of Management and Budgethas designated Kennebec County as theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical\",\n \"Statistical Area(μSA). As of the2010 U.S. Censusthe micropolitan area ranked the most populous in the State of Maine and also the only micropolitan area within the state. The area also ranks14th most populousin the United States with a population of 125,540 as of July 2022. Economy Kennebec County's economy has traditionally been industrial. A large amount of paper and textiles were produced, and mills sprung up along the Kennebec river. The median household income is $36,498. The unemployment rate is 4.2%. Education There are three colleges:Colby CollegeandThomas College(both inWaterville), and theUniversity of Maine at Augusta. There are 19 school districts (however, 4 are consolidated ones). In China Maine, there is no public high school, but a private school (Erskine Academy) exists, and the town pays for students tuition if they choose to attend. Students from Vassalboro can pick from one of four school districts (Cony in Augusta, Erskine, Winslow, or Waterville). However, many towns have local public\",\n \"have local public high schools. K-12 school districts include: Politics Kennebec County has consistently voted for Democrats in recent elections, until2016when it voted for RepublicanDonald Trump, the first time it had voted Republican since1988. While the more rural areas support theRepublican Party, the urban areas are stronglyDemocratic. Kennebec County is the only county in Maine that is split between Maine's two congressional districts. The larger, southern portion of the county is in the1st Congressional District, while the northern, smaller portion is in the2nd Congressional District. Historically, the county was more Democratic-leaning than the rest of the state in presidential elections. The county voted for DemocratFranklin D. Rooseveltin1940even as RepublicanWendell Willkiecarried Maine, and it voted for DemocratJimmy Carterin1976as RepublicanGerald Fordwon the state. In more recent elections, the county voted in-line with the state, voting for the statewide winner in every election\",\n \"in every election from1980to2012. In2016, Kennebec voted for RepublicanDonald Trumpeven as DemocratHillary Clintoncarried Maine.In2020, it was the closest county in the state, with DemocratJoe Bidendefeating Trump by just 181 votes. Voter registration Communities Cities Towns Unorganized territory Census-designated places Other unincorporated villages See also Footnotes Further reading External links 44°25′N69°46′W / 44.41°N 69.77°W /44.41; -69.77\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":285,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many years earlier would Punxsutawney Phil have to be canonically alive to have made a Groundhog Day prediction in the same state as the US capitol?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"87"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney Phil(/ˌpʌŋksəˈtɔːni/) is agroundhogresiding inYoung TownshipnearPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania, United States, who is the central figure in Punxsutawney's annualGroundhog Daycelebration. Folklore On February 2 each year,Punxsutawneyholds a civic festival with music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) southeast of the town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks ofwinter-like weather.If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an \"earlyspring.\"Punxsutawney's event is the most famous of many Groundhog Day festivals held in the United States and Canada. The event formally began in 1887, although its roots go back even further. The event is based upon a communal light-heartedsuspension of disbeliefwhich extends to the assertion that the same groundhog has been making predictions since the 19th century. The event is organized by the \"Inner Circle\" – recognizable by theirtop hatsandtuxedos– who ostensibly communicate with Phil to receive his prediction. The vice president of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. At daybreak on February 2, Punxsutawney Phil awakens from his burrow on Gobbler's Knob, is helped to the top of the stump by his handlers, and purportedly explains to the president of the Inner Circle, in a language known as \"Groundhogese\",whether he has seen his shadow. The president of the Inner Circle, the only person able to understand Groundhogese through his possession of an ancientacaciawood cane, then interprets Phil's message, and directs the vice president to read the proper scroll to the crowd gathered on Gobbler's Knob and the masses of \"phaithphil phollowers\" tuned in to live broadcasts around the world. The Inner Circle scripts the Groundhog Day ceremonies in advance, with the Inner Circle deciding beforehand whether Phil will see his shadow.The Stormfax Almanac has made note of the weather conditions on each Groundhog Day since 1999; the almanac has recorded 12 incidents in a 20-year span in which the Inner Circle said the groundhog saw his shadow while the sky was cloudy or there was rain or snow coming down, and in one case said the groundhog did not see his shadow despite sunshine.Outside of Groundhog Day, Phil resides with a mate, Phyllis, at the Punxsutawney Memorial Library in a climate-controlled environment. In March 2024, the Inner Circle announced that Phil had sired two babies, the first time in the history of the event that such a siring had happened; the birth surprised the Inner Circle, which had assumed that groundhogs do not breed in captivity. As a result of the births, the family will move permanently to Gobblers Knob. The Inner Circle disowned the babies from ever inheriting their father's position. Punxsutawney Phil canon The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil's predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other groundhogs are impostors.It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of \"groundhog punch\" or \"elixir of life\" administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall.The lifespan of a groundhog in the wild is roughly six years. According to the Groundhog Club, Phil, after the prediction, speaks to the club president in the language of 'Groundhogese', which supposedly only the current president can understand, and then his prediction is translated and revealed to all. The Groundhog Day celebration is rooted inGermanictradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Christian celebration ofCandlemas, winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, ahedgehogwould cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May.When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs. Several other towns in the region holdsimilar Groundhog Day events. Phil first received his name in 1961. The origins of the name are unclear, but speculation suggests that it may have been indirectly named afterPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Reception Prior to 1993, the Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney attracted crowds of approximately 2,000. The popularity of the filmGroundhog Daybrought significantly more attention to the event, with annual crowds rising to 10,000–20,000. A notable exception was 2021, when the event took place without any crowds due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.Since approximately 2018, the event is streamed online each year. Also given the recent increase in crowd sizes, three sitting governors of Pennsylvania have attended the festivities, all since 2000:Ed Rendellin 2003,Tom Corbettin 2012, andJosh Shapiroin 2023 and 2024. Phil was named the \"Official\" State Meteorologist by Governor Shapiro during the 2024 ceremony. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animalsobject to the event, claiming that Phil is put under stress. They suggest replacing Phil with a robotic groundhog. In some cases where Phil's prognostications have been incorrect, organizations have jokingly made legal threats against the groundhog. Such tongue-in-cheek actions have been made by a prosecutor in Ohio,the sheriff's office ofMonroe County, Pennsylvania,and theMerrimack, New HampshirePolice Department. In media and popular culture Past predictions Predictive accuracy The Inner Circle, in keeping with thesuspension of disbelief, claims a 100% accuracy rate, and an approximately 80% accuracy rate in recorded predictions. They claim that whenever the prediction is wrong, the person in charge of translating the message must have made a mistake in their interpretation. Impartial estimates place the groundhog's accuracy between 35% and 41%. See also References Further reading External links 40°55′49″N78°57′28″W / 40.9302°N 78.9578°W /40.9302; -78.9578","United States Capitol TheUnited States Capitol, often called theCapitolor theCapitol Building, is theseatof theUnited States Congress, thelegislative branchof thefederal government. It is located onCapitol Hillat the eastern end of theNational MallinWashington, D.C.Although no longer at the geographic center of thenational capital, the U.S. Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well asits four quadrants. Like the principal buildings of theexecutiveandjudicialbranches, the Capitol is built in aneoclassical styleand has a white exterior. Central sections of the present building were completed in 1800. These were partly destroyed in the1814 Burning of Washington, then were fully restored within five years. The building was enlarged in the 1850s by extending the wings for the chambers for thebicamerallegislature, theHouse of Representativesin the south wing and theSenatein the north wing. The massivedomewas completed around 1866 just after theAmerican Civil War. The east front portico was extended in 1958. The building'sVisitors Centerwas opened in the early 21st century. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to asfronts, although only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries, while the west front is now used for presidential inauguration ceremonies. The building and grounds are overseen by thearchitect of the Capitol, who also oversees the surroundingCapitol Complex. History 18th century Prior to establishing the nation's capital inWashington, D.C., theUnited States Congressand its predecessors met atIndependence HallandCongress HallinPhiladelphia,Federal HallinNew York City, and five additional locations:York, Pennsylvania,Lancaster, Pennsylvania, theMaryland State HouseinAnnapolis, Maryland, andNassau HallinPrinceton, New Jersey, andTrenton, New Jersey.In September 1774, theFirst Continental Congressbrought together delegates from thecoloniesin Philadelphia, followed by theSecond Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781. After adopting theArticles of Confederationin York, Pennsylvania, theCongress of the Confederationwas formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during theAmerican Revolutionary War. Congress requested thatJohn Dickinson, theGovernor of Pennsylvania, call up themilitiato defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as thePennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee toPrinceton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,and met inAnnapolis, Maryland, andTrenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City. The U.S. Congress was established uponratificationof theU.S. Constitutionand formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,when theResidence Actwas passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, butAlexander Hamiltonhelped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support fromnorthern statesfor locating the capital along thePotomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready. Pierre L'Enfantwas charged with creatingthe city planfor the new capital city and the major public buildings.The Congress House would be built on Jenkins Hill, now known asCapitol Hill, which L'Enfant described as a \"pedestal awaiting a monument.\"L'Enfant connected Congress House with the President's House viaPennsylvania Avenuewith a width set at 160 feet, identical to the narrowest points of theChamps-Élyséesin Paris. Westwards was a 400-foot-wide (122 m) garden-lined \"grand avenue\" containing a public walk (later known as theNational Mall) that would travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along the east–west line. The term \"Capitol\" (from LatinCapitolium) originally denoted theCapitoline Hillin Rome and theTemple of Jupiterthat stood on its summit.The Roman Capitol was sometimes misconceived of as a meeting place for senators, and this led the term to be applied to legislative buildings; the first such building was theWilliamsburg CapitolinVirginia.Thomas Jeffersonhad sat here as a member of theHouse of Burgesses, and it was he who applied the name \"Capitol\" to what on L'Enfant's plan had been called the \"Congress House\".\"Capitol\" has since become a general term for government buildings, especially in the United States. It is often confused with \"capital\"; one, however, denotes a building or complex of buildings, while the other denotes a city. In early 1792, afterPierre L'Enfantwas dismissed from the federal city project, Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the \"President's House\", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time. The most promising of the submissions was byStephen Hallet, a trained French architect who was a draftsman to Pierre L'Enfant on the city plan.However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.However, the design did incorporate the concept for a \"great circular room and dome\" which had originated with L'Enfant.John Trumbullwas given a tour of \"Jenkins Hill\" by L'Enfant himself and confirmed this in his autobiography years later. On January 31, 1793, a late entry by amateur architectWilliam Thorntonwas submitted, and was met with praise for its \"Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty\" by Washington, along with praise from Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by theeast front of the Louvre, as well as theParis Pantheonfor the center portion of the design.Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, and Thornton served as the firstarchitect of the Capitol(and later first superintendent of theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office).In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic. In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along withJames Hoban(winning architect of the \"President's Palace\") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan. Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan, which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton.The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an openrecessin the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan. The original design by Thornton was later significantly altered byBenjamin Henry Latrobe, and laterCharles Bulfinch.Thecurrent cast-iron domeand the House's new southern extension andSenatenew northern wing were designed byThomas Ustick WalterandAugust Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,and were completed under the supervision ofEdward Clark. L'Enfant secured the lease ofquarriesatWigginton Islandand alongAquia CreekinVirginiafor use in thefoundationsand outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted.On September 18, 1793, President Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed inmasonicregalia,laid the cornerstone, which was made bysilversmithCaleb Bentley. Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision ofJames Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the \"President's House\" (also later known as the \"Executive Mansion\"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.George Hadfieldwas hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far. 19th century The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until theHouse of Representatives(south) wing was finally completed in 1811, with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be. However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held itsfirst sessionof the U.S. Congress with both chambers in session on November 17, 1800. The National Legislature was moved toWashingtonprematurely, at the urging of PresidentJohn Adams, in hopes of securing enoughSouthernvotes in theElectoral Collegeto be re-elected for a second term as president. In March 1803,James MadisonappointedBenjamin Henry Latrobeto the position of \"Surveyor of Public Buildings\", with the principal responsibility of completing construction of the Capitol's south and north wings. Work on the north wing began in November 1806. Although occupied for only six years, it had suffered from falling plaster, rotting floors and a leaking roof. Instead of repairing it, Latrobe demolished, redesigned and rebuilt the interiors within the existing brick and sandstone walls. Notably, Latrobe designed the Supreme Court and Senate chambers. The former was a particular architectural achievement; the size and structure of its vaulted, semi-circular ceiling was then unprecedented in the United States. For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the \"hall\" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the \"Oven\", which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now calledStatuary Hall). When held in the House chamber, the Speaker's podium was used as the preacher's pulpit. According to theU.S. Library of CongressexhibitReligion and the Founding of the American Republic: It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) and ofJames Madison(1809–1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House – a practice that continued until after theCivil War– were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist,Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson,Vice PresidentAaron Burr, and a \"crowded audience\". Not long after the completion of both wings, the Capitol waspartially burnedby theBritishon August 24, 1814, during theWar of 1812. After the fires, Latrobe was rehired as Architect of the Capitol to oversee restoration works. George BomfordandJoseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in theOld Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interiorRotundarising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor Bulfinch also played a major role, such as design of the first low dome covered in copper. By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and PresidentMillard Fillmoreappointed Philadelphia architectThomas U. Walterto carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added: a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north. When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out byslaves\"who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks\".The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe. However, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts; African Americans, some free and some enslaved, along with Scottish stonemasons, comprised most of the workforce. Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the United States Capitol; it dwarfed the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed byCharles Bulfinchwhich was no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building. In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the \"wedding-cake style\" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed byThomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. LikeMansart's dome atLes InvalidesinParis(which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a largeoculusin the inner dome, through which is seenThe Apotheosis of Washingtonpainted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and thetholosthat supports theStatue of Freedom, a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. The statue invokes the goddessesMinervaorAthena.Thecast ironfor the dome weighs 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).The dome'scast iron framewas supplied and constructed by the iron foundryJanes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co.The thirty-six Corinthian columns that surround the base of the dome were provided by the Baltimore ironworks ofPoole & Hunt. When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the EastPortico, built in 1828. 20th century In 1904, the East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt, following a design of the architectsCarrère and Hastings, who designed theRussell SenateandCannon Houseoffice buildings earlier that year. In 1958, the next major expansion to the Capitol started, with a 33.5-foot (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.In 1960, two years into the project, the dome underwent a restoration.A marble duplicate of thesandstoneEast Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front. In 1962, a connecting extension repurposed what had been an outside wall as an inside wall. In the process, the original sandstoneCorinthiancolumnswere removed and replaced with marble. It was not until 1984 that landscape designerRussell Pagecreated a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at theU.S. National Arboretumin northeast Washington as theNational Capitol Columns, where they were combined with a reflecting pool into an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins ofPersepolis, inPersia. Besides the columns, two hundred tons of the original stone were removed in several hundred block, which were first stored on site at the Capitol, and then stored in an unused yard at theCapitol Power Plantuntil 1975.The same year, the power plant was renovated and expanded in accordance with legislation passed in 1970, and the stones fell to the Commission on the Extension of the United States Capitol.As this body was long-defunct, responsibility for the material passed to the House and Senate office building commissions.These commissions then arranged for theNational Park Serviceto store the debris at the back of a NPS maintenance yard inRock Creek Park. With the permission of theSpeaker of the House, the United States Capitol Historical Society has periodically mined the blocks for sandstone since 1975. The stone removed is used to make commemorative bookends, which are still sold to support the Capitol Historical Society.By 1982, more than $20,000 (nearly $60,000adjusted) had been raised through such sales.Unpursued uses for the stones proposed by the Capitol Historical Society have included their sale as cornerstones in new housing developments. On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared aNational Historic Landmarkby the National Park Service.The building was ranked #6 in a 2007 survey conducted for theAmerican Institute of Architects' \"America's Favorite Architecture\" list. The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome ofSt. Peter's Basilicain theVaticanandSt. Paul's Cathedralin London.On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly theU.S. flagwhen either is in session. On September 18, 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted. U.S. SenatorStrom Thurmondwas one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony. 21st century On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for theCapitol Visitor Center, which opened on December 2, 2008.From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of mostpresidential inaugurationsuntilRonald Reaganbegan a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol. Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as aservice tunnel. A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, theSenate Appropriations Committeevoted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014. In 2014, extensive scaffolding was erected, enclosing and obscuring the dome.All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016. With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network forWi-Fiand mobile-phone within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center. The winning bidder was anIsraeli companycalled Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired byCorning Incorporated. Interior The Capitol building is marked by its centraldomeabove arotundain the central section of the structure (which also includes the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north and inner south) containing the two original smallermeeting chambersfor the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example ofneoclassical architecture. Tunnels and internalsubwaysconnect the Capitol building with theCongressional office buildingsin theCapitol Complex. All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S (for Senate) or H (for House), depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol. Art Since 1856, the Capitol has featured some the most prominentart in the United States, includingItalianandGreek AmericanartistConstantino Brumidi, whosemuralsare located in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as theBrumidi Corridors,reflect great moments and people inUnited States history. Among the original works are those depictingBenjamin Franklin,John Fitch,Robert Fulton, and events such as theCession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and naturalfloraindigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are theSpirit of St. Louis, theMoon landing, and theSpace ShuttleChallengercrew. Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He paintedThe Apotheosis of Washingtonbeneath the top of the dome, and also theFrieze of American History.The Apotheosis of Washingtonwas completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify afounding father. Washington is depicted surrounded by 13maidensin an inner ring with manyGreekandRoman gods and goddessesbelow him in a second ring. Thefriezeis located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing ofChristopher Columbusto theWright Brothers's flight inKitty Hawk,North Carolina. The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists: Brumidi,Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, andAllyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began hisFrieze of the United States History. Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings includeThe Baptism ofPocahontasbyJohn Gadsby Chapman,The Embarkation of thePilgrimsbyRobert Walter Weir,The Discovery of theMississippibyWilliam Henry Powell, andThe Landing of ColumbusbyJohn Vanderlyn. The paintings on the west side are byJohn Trumbull:Declaration of Independence,Surrender of General Burgoyne,Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, andGeneral George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in theAmerican Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait intoSurrender of Lord Cornwallis. First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, an 1864 painting byFrancis Bicknell Carpenter, hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing. The Capitol also houses theNational Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of thefifty statesto honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues in theNational Statuary Hallis abronze statue of King Kamehamehadonated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959. The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center. The 100th, and last statue for the collection, that ofPo'payfrom the state ofNew Mexico, was added on September 22, 2005. It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall. Crypt On the ground floor is an area known asthe Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place ofGeorge Washington, with a ringedbalustradeat the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his lastwill, Washington was buried atMount Vernon. The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. Acompass starinlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for howaddresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE,NW,SE, orSW). Gutzon Borglum's massiveAbraham Lincoln Bustis housed in the crypt. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block ofmarble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908; it was donated to the Congress byEugene Meyer Jr.and accepted by theJoint Committee on the Librarythe same year. The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all the sculptures in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.Borglum was a patriot and believed the \"monuments we have built are not our own\"; he looked to create art that was \"American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement\", according to a 1908 interview article.Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate thatRobert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as \"the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen\".Supposedly, according to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing the left ear) to symbolize Lincoln'sunfinished life. Features A statue ofJohn C. Calhounis located at one end of the room near theOld Supreme Court Chamber. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the1998 shooting incidentis clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue. Twelve presidents havelain in statein the Rotunda for public viewing, most recentlyGeorge H. W. Bush. The tomb meant for Washington stored thecatafalquewhich is used to supportcoffinslying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque now on display in the Exhibition Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center was used for President Lincoln. TheHall of Columnsis located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were aspa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and amassage parlor. A steep metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.The number of steps represents each day of the year.Also in the basement, the weeklyJummahprayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers. Height Contrary to a popular myth,building height lawshave never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m).Indeed, the Capitol is only thefourth-tallest structure in Washington. House Chamber TheHouse of RepresentativesChamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike senators, representatives do not have assigned seats.The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests forjoint sessionsof Congress such as theState of the Unionspeech and other events. The Chamber is adorned withrelief portraitsof famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout Western and Near Eastern history. TheUnited States national motto\"In God We Trust\" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits, only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits. In order, clockwise around the chamber: There is a quote by statesmanDaniel Websteretched in the marble of the chamber, as stated: \"Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered.\" Senate Chamber The currentSenateChamber opened in 1859and is adorned withwhite marble bustsof the formerPresidents of the Senate(Vice Presidents). Old Chambers Statuary Hall The NationalStatuary Hallis a chamber in the United States Capitol devoted to sculptures of prominent Americans. The hall, also known as the Old Hall of the House, is a large, two-story, semicircular room with a second story gallery along the curved perimeter. It is located immediately south of the Rotunda. It was the meeting place of the U.S. House of Representatives for nearly 50 years (1807–1857). After a few years of disuse, in 1864, it was repurposed as a statuary hall. Old Senate and Supreme Court Chambers TheOld Senate Chamberis a room in the United States Capitol that was the legislative chamber of the United States Senate from 1810 to 1859, and served as the Supreme Court chamber from 1860 until 1935. This room was originally the lower half of theOld Senate Chamberfrom 1800 to 1806. After division of the chamber in two levels, this room was used from 1806 until 1860 as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, theSupreme Courtbegan using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. In 1935, the Supreme Court vacated the Capitol Building and began meeting in the newly constructedUnited States Supreme Court Buildingacross the street. Floor plans Exterior Landscaping TheCapitol Groundscover approximately 274 acres (1.11 km2), with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol includingThe RescueandGeorge Washington. The current grounds were designed by noted Americanlandscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted, who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted proposed the construction of themarbleterraceson the north, west, and south sides of the building creating an enveloping base. This addressed issues with the placement of the original structure; it had been built too far westwards on the crest of the hill and gave the appearance as if the building might slide into the marshy terrain below. Olmsted also designed the Summerhouse, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Threearchesopen into thehexagonalstructure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window which looks onto an artificialgrotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summerhouse was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Moderndrinking fountainshave since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summerhouse on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation. Flag Up to fourU.S. flagscan be seen flying over the Capitol. Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides. These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night sinceWorld War I. The other two flagpoles are above the North (Senate) and South (House of Representatives) wings of the building, and fly only when the chamber below is in session. The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered byHouse pages. The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers. To raise the flag, Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from theSenate Sergeant at Arms's office. Several auxiliary flagpoles, to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground, are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol.Constituentspay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of aveteranfamily member. Major events The Capitol and the grounds ofCapitol Hillhave played host to major events, includingpresidential inaugurations, which are held every four years. During an inauguration, the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase. Annual events at the Capitol includeIndependence Daycelebrations, and theNational Memorial Day Concert. The general public has paid respect to a number of individualslying in stateat the Capitol, including numerous former presidents, senators, and other officials. Other Americans lying in honor includeOfficersJacob ChestnutandJohn Gibson, the two officers killed in the1998 shooting incident. Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol. The public also paid respect toRosa Parks, an icon of thecivil rights movement, at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev.Billy Grahambecame the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda. On September 24, 2015,Pope Francisgave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so. Security The U.S. Capitol is believed to have been the intended target ofUnited Airlines Flight 93, one of the four planes that were hijacked in theSeptember 11 attacks. The plane crashed nearShanksville, Pennsylvaniaafter passengers tried to regain control of the plane from the hijackers. Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.The level of screening employed varies. On the main east–west thoroughfares ofConstitutionandIndependence Avenues,barricadesare implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger thanpickupsare interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes. On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent \"emergency\" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass. All Capitol visitors are screened by amagnetometer, and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by anx-ray device. In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency. Structures ranging from scores ofJersey barriersto hundreds of ornamentalbollardshave been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways. After theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack, security increased again. Additional security fences were installed around the perimeter, andNational Guardtroops were deployed to bolster security. List of security incidents Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion spacefor the US Congress. The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors,and offers visitors a food court, restrooms, and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome.It also featuresskylightsaffording views of the actual dome. Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was$621 million. Gallery See also Citations References Further reading External links"],"string":"[\n \"Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney Phil(/ˌpʌŋksəˈtɔːni/) is agroundhogresiding inYoung TownshipnearPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania, United States, who is the central figure in Punxsutawney's annualGroundhog Daycelebration. Folklore On February 2 each year,Punxsutawneyholds a civic festival with music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) southeast of the town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks ofwinter-like weather.If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an \\\"earlyspring.\\\"Punxsutawney's event is the most famous of many Groundhog Day festivals held in the United States and Canada. The event formally began in 1887, although its roots go back even further. The event is based upon a communal light-heartedsuspension of disbeliefwhich extends to the assertion that the same groundhog has been making predictions since the 19th century. The event is organized by the \\\"Inner Circle\\\" – recognizable by theirtop hatsandtuxedos– who ostensibly communicate with Phil to receive his prediction. The vice president of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. At daybreak on February 2, Punxsutawney Phil awakens from his burrow on Gobbler's Knob, is helped to the top of the stump by his handlers, and purportedly explains to the president of the Inner Circle, in a language known as \\\"Groundhogese\\\",whether he has seen his shadow. The president of the Inner Circle, the only person able to understand Groundhogese through his possession of an ancientacaciawood cane, then interprets Phil's message, and directs the vice president to read the proper scroll to the crowd gathered on Gobbler's Knob and the masses of \\\"phaithphil phollowers\\\" tuned in to live broadcasts around the world. The Inner Circle scripts the Groundhog Day ceremonies in advance, with the Inner Circle deciding beforehand whether Phil will see his shadow.The Stormfax Almanac has made note of the weather conditions on each Groundhog Day since 1999; the almanac has recorded 12 incidents in a 20-year span in which the Inner Circle said the groundhog saw his shadow while the sky was cloudy or there was rain or snow coming down, and in one case said the groundhog did not see his shadow despite sunshine.Outside of Groundhog Day, Phil resides with a mate, Phyllis, at the Punxsutawney Memorial Library in a climate-controlled environment. In March 2024, the Inner Circle announced that Phil had sired two babies, the first time in the history of the event that such a siring had happened; the birth surprised the Inner Circle, which had assumed that groundhogs do not breed in captivity. As a result of the births, the family will move permanently to Gobblers Knob. The Inner Circle disowned the babies from ever inheriting their father's position. Punxsutawney Phil canon The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil's predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other groundhogs are impostors.It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of \\\"groundhog punch\\\" or \\\"elixir of life\\\" administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall.The lifespan of a groundhog in the wild is roughly six years. According to the Groundhog Club, Phil, after the prediction, speaks to the club president in the language of 'Groundhogese', which supposedly only the current president can understand, and then his prediction is translated and revealed to all. The Groundhog Day celebration is rooted inGermanictradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Christian celebration ofCandlemas, winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, ahedgehogwould cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May.When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs. Several other towns in the region holdsimilar Groundhog Day events. Phil first received his name in 1961. The origins of the name are unclear, but speculation suggests that it may have been indirectly named afterPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Reception Prior to 1993, the Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney attracted crowds of approximately 2,000. The popularity of the filmGroundhog Daybrought significantly more attention to the event, with annual crowds rising to 10,000–20,000. A notable exception was 2021, when the event took place without any crowds due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.Since approximately 2018, the event is streamed online each year. Also given the recent increase in crowd sizes, three sitting governors of Pennsylvania have attended the festivities, all since 2000:Ed Rendellin 2003,Tom Corbettin 2012, andJosh Shapiroin 2023 and 2024. Phil was named the \\\"Official\\\" State Meteorologist by Governor Shapiro during the 2024 ceremony. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animalsobject to the event, claiming that Phil is put under stress. They suggest replacing Phil with a robotic groundhog. In some cases where Phil's prognostications have been incorrect, organizations have jokingly made legal threats against the groundhog. Such tongue-in-cheek actions have been made by a prosecutor in Ohio,the sheriff's office ofMonroe County, Pennsylvania,and theMerrimack, New HampshirePolice Department. In media and popular culture Past predictions Predictive accuracy The Inner Circle, in keeping with thesuspension of disbelief, claims a 100% accuracy rate, and an approximately 80% accuracy rate in recorded predictions. They claim that whenever the prediction is wrong, the person in charge of translating the message must have made a mistake in their interpretation. Impartial estimates place the groundhog's accuracy between 35% and 41%. See also References Further reading External links 40°55′49″N78°57′28″W / 40.9302°N 78.9578°W /40.9302; -78.9578\",\n \"United States Capitol TheUnited States Capitol, often called theCapitolor theCapitol Building, is theseatof theUnited States Congress, thelegislative branchof thefederal government. It is located onCapitol Hillat the eastern end of theNational MallinWashington, D.C.Although no longer at the geographic center of thenational capital, the U.S. Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well asits four quadrants. Like the principal buildings of theexecutiveandjudicialbranches, the Capitol is built in aneoclassical styleand has a white exterior. Central sections of the present building were completed in 1800. These were partly destroyed in the1814 Burning of Washington, then were fully restored within five years. The building was enlarged in the 1850s by extending the wings for the chambers for thebicamerallegislature, theHouse of Representativesin the south wing and theSenatein the north wing. The massivedomewas completed around 1866 just after theAmerican Civil War. The east front portico was extended in 1958. The building'sVisitors Centerwas opened in the early 21st century. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to asfronts, although only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries, while the west front is now used for presidential inauguration ceremonies. The building and grounds are overseen by thearchitect of the Capitol, who also oversees the surroundingCapitol Complex. History 18th century Prior to establishing the nation's capital inWashington, D.C., theUnited States Congressand its predecessors met atIndependence HallandCongress HallinPhiladelphia,Federal HallinNew York City, and five additional locations:York, Pennsylvania,Lancaster, Pennsylvania, theMaryland State HouseinAnnapolis, Maryland, andNassau HallinPrinceton, New Jersey, andTrenton, New Jersey.In September 1774, theFirst Continental Congressbrought together delegates from thecoloniesin Philadelphia, followed by theSecond Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781. After adopting theArticles of Confederationin York, Pennsylvania, theCongress of the Confederationwas formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during theAmerican Revolutionary War. Congress requested thatJohn Dickinson, theGovernor of Pennsylvania, call up themilitiato defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as thePennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee toPrinceton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,and met inAnnapolis, Maryland, andTrenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City. The U.S. Congress was established uponratificationof theU.S. Constitutionand formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,when theResidence Actwas passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, butAlexander Hamiltonhelped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support fromnorthern statesfor locating the capital along thePotomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready. Pierre L'Enfantwas charged with creatingthe city planfor the new capital city and the major public buildings.The Congress House would be built on Jenkins Hill, now known asCapitol Hill, which L'Enfant described as a \\\"pedestal awaiting a monument.\\\"L'Enfant connected Congress House with the President's House viaPennsylvania Avenuewith a width set at 160 feet, identical to the narrowest points of theChamps-Élyséesin Paris. Westwards was a 400-foot-wide (122 m) garden-lined \\\"grand avenue\\\" containing a public walk (later known as theNational Mall) that would travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along the east–west line. The term \\\"Capitol\\\" (from LatinCapitolium) originally denoted theCapitoline Hillin Rome and theTemple of Jupiterthat stood on its summit.The Roman Capitol was sometimes misconceived of as a meeting place for senators, and this led the term to be applied to legislative buildings; the first such building was theWilliamsburg CapitolinVirginia.Thomas Jeffersonhad sat here as a member of theHouse of Burgesses, and it was he who applied the name \\\"Capitol\\\" to what on L'Enfant's plan had been called the \\\"Congress House\\\".\\\"Capitol\\\" has since become a general term for government buildings, especially in the United States. It is often confused with \\\"capital\\\"; one, however, denotes a building or complex of buildings, while the other denotes a city. In early 1792, afterPierre L'Enfantwas dismissed from the federal city project, Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the \\\"President's House\\\", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time. The most promising of the submissions was byStephen Hallet, a trained French architect who was a draftsman to Pierre L'Enfant on the city plan.However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.However, the design did incorporate the concept for a \\\"great circular room and dome\\\" which had originated with L'Enfant.John Trumbullwas given a tour of \\\"Jenkins Hill\\\" by L'Enfant himself and confirmed this in his autobiography years later. On January 31, 1793, a late entry by amateur architectWilliam Thorntonwas submitted, and was met with praise for its \\\"Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty\\\" by Washington, along with praise from Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by theeast front of the Louvre, as well as theParis Pantheonfor the center portion of the design.Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, and Thornton served as the firstarchitect of the Capitol(and later first superintendent of theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office).In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic. In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along withJames Hoban(winning architect of the \\\"President's Palace\\\") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan. Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan, which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton.The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an openrecessin the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan. The original design by Thornton was later significantly altered byBenjamin Henry Latrobe, and laterCharles Bulfinch.Thecurrent cast-iron domeand the House's new southern extension andSenatenew northern wing were designed byThomas Ustick WalterandAugust Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,and were completed under the supervision ofEdward Clark. L'Enfant secured the lease ofquarriesatWigginton Islandand alongAquia CreekinVirginiafor use in thefoundationsand outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted.On September 18, 1793, President Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed inmasonicregalia,laid the cornerstone, which was made bysilversmithCaleb Bentley. Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision ofJames Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the \\\"President's House\\\" (also later known as the \\\"Executive Mansion\\\"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.George Hadfieldwas hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far. 19th century The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until theHouse of Representatives(south) wing was finally completed in 1811, with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be. However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held itsfirst sessionof the U.S. Congress with both chambers in session on November 17, 1800. The National Legislature was moved toWashingtonprematurely, at the urging of PresidentJohn Adams, in hopes of securing enoughSouthernvotes in theElectoral Collegeto be re-elected for a second term as president. In March 1803,James MadisonappointedBenjamin Henry Latrobeto the position of \\\"Surveyor of Public Buildings\\\", with the principal responsibility of completing construction of the Capitol's south and north wings. Work on the north wing began in November 1806. Although occupied for only six years, it had suffered from falling plaster, rotting floors and a leaking roof. Instead of repairing it, Latrobe demolished, redesigned and rebuilt the interiors within the existing brick and sandstone walls. Notably, Latrobe designed the Supreme Court and Senate chambers. The former was a particular architectural achievement; the size and structure of its vaulted, semi-circular ceiling was then unprecedented in the United States. For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the \\\"hall\\\" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the \\\"Oven\\\", which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now calledStatuary Hall). When held in the House chamber, the Speaker's podium was used as the preacher's pulpit. According to theU.S. Library of CongressexhibitReligion and the Founding of the American Republic: It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) and ofJames Madison(1809–1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House – a practice that continued until after theCivil War– were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist,Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson,Vice PresidentAaron Burr, and a \\\"crowded audience\\\". Not long after the completion of both wings, the Capitol waspartially burnedby theBritishon August 24, 1814, during theWar of 1812. After the fires, Latrobe was rehired as Architect of the Capitol to oversee restoration works. George BomfordandJoseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in theOld Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interiorRotundarising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor Bulfinch also played a major role, such as design of the first low dome covered in copper. By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and PresidentMillard Fillmoreappointed Philadelphia architectThomas U. Walterto carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added: a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north. When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out byslaves\\\"who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks\\\".The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe. However, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts; African Americans, some free and some enslaved, along with Scottish stonemasons, comprised most of the workforce. Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the United States Capitol; it dwarfed the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed byCharles Bulfinchwhich was no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building. In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the \\\"wedding-cake style\\\" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed byThomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. LikeMansart's dome atLes InvalidesinParis(which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a largeoculusin the inner dome, through which is seenThe Apotheosis of Washingtonpainted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and thetholosthat supports theStatue of Freedom, a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. The statue invokes the goddessesMinervaorAthena.Thecast ironfor the dome weighs 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).The dome'scast iron framewas supplied and constructed by the iron foundryJanes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co.The thirty-six Corinthian columns that surround the base of the dome were provided by the Baltimore ironworks ofPoole & Hunt. When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the EastPortico, built in 1828. 20th century In 1904, the East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt, following a design of the architectsCarrère and Hastings, who designed theRussell SenateandCannon Houseoffice buildings earlier that year. In 1958, the next major expansion to the Capitol started, with a 33.5-foot (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.In 1960, two years into the project, the dome underwent a restoration.A marble duplicate of thesandstoneEast Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front. In 1962, a connecting extension repurposed what had been an outside wall as an inside wall. In the process, the original sandstoneCorinthiancolumnswere removed and replaced with marble. It was not until 1984 that landscape designerRussell Pagecreated a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at theU.S. National Arboretumin northeast Washington as theNational Capitol Columns, where they were combined with a reflecting pool into an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins ofPersepolis, inPersia. Besides the columns, two hundred tons of the original stone were removed in several hundred block, which were first stored on site at the Capitol, and then stored in an unused yard at theCapitol Power Plantuntil 1975.The same year, the power plant was renovated and expanded in accordance with legislation passed in 1970, and the stones fell to the Commission on the Extension of the United States Capitol.As this body was long-defunct, responsibility for the material passed to the House and Senate office building commissions.These commissions then arranged for theNational Park Serviceto store the debris at the back of a NPS maintenance yard inRock Creek Park. With the permission of theSpeaker of the House, the United States Capitol Historical Society has periodically mined the blocks for sandstone since 1975. The stone removed is used to make commemorative bookends, which are still sold to support the Capitol Historical Society.By 1982, more than $20,000 (nearly $60,000adjusted) had been raised through such sales.Unpursued uses for the stones proposed by the Capitol Historical Society have included their sale as cornerstones in new housing developments. On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared aNational Historic Landmarkby the National Park Service.The building was ranked #6 in a 2007 survey conducted for theAmerican Institute of Architects' \\\"America's Favorite Architecture\\\" list. The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome ofSt. Peter's Basilicain theVaticanandSt. Paul's Cathedralin London.On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly theU.S. flagwhen either is in session. On September 18, 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted. U.S. SenatorStrom Thurmondwas one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony. 21st century On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for theCapitol Visitor Center, which opened on December 2, 2008.From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of mostpresidential inaugurationsuntilRonald Reaganbegan a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol. Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as aservice tunnel. A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, theSenate Appropriations Committeevoted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014. In 2014, extensive scaffolding was erected, enclosing and obscuring the dome.All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016. With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network forWi-Fiand mobile-phone within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center. The winning bidder was anIsraeli companycalled Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired byCorning Incorporated. Interior The Capitol building is marked by its centraldomeabove arotundain the central section of the structure (which also includes the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north and inner south) containing the two original smallermeeting chambersfor the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example ofneoclassical architecture. Tunnels and internalsubwaysconnect the Capitol building with theCongressional office buildingsin theCapitol Complex. All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S (for Senate) or H (for House), depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol. Art Since 1856, the Capitol has featured some the most prominentart in the United States, includingItalianandGreek AmericanartistConstantino Brumidi, whosemuralsare located in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as theBrumidi Corridors,reflect great moments and people inUnited States history. Among the original works are those depictingBenjamin Franklin,John Fitch,Robert Fulton, and events such as theCession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and naturalfloraindigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are theSpirit of St. Louis, theMoon landing, and theSpace ShuttleChallengercrew. Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He paintedThe Apotheosis of Washingtonbeneath the top of the dome, and also theFrieze of American History.The Apotheosis of Washingtonwas completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify afounding father. Washington is depicted surrounded by 13maidensin an inner ring with manyGreekandRoman gods and goddessesbelow him in a second ring. Thefriezeis located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing ofChristopher Columbusto theWright Brothers's flight inKitty Hawk,North Carolina. The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists: Brumidi,Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, andAllyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began hisFrieze of the United States History. Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings includeThe Baptism ofPocahontasbyJohn Gadsby Chapman,The Embarkation of thePilgrimsbyRobert Walter Weir,The Discovery of theMississippibyWilliam Henry Powell, andThe Landing of ColumbusbyJohn Vanderlyn. The paintings on the west side are byJohn Trumbull:Declaration of Independence,Surrender of General Burgoyne,Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, andGeneral George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in theAmerican Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait intoSurrender of Lord Cornwallis. First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, an 1864 painting byFrancis Bicknell Carpenter, hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing. The Capitol also houses theNational Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of thefifty statesto honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues in theNational Statuary Hallis abronze statue of King Kamehamehadonated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959. The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center. The 100th, and last statue for the collection, that ofPo'payfrom the state ofNew Mexico, was added on September 22, 2005. It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall. Crypt On the ground floor is an area known asthe Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place ofGeorge Washington, with a ringedbalustradeat the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his lastwill, Washington was buried atMount Vernon. The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. Acompass starinlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for howaddresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE,NW,SE, orSW). Gutzon Borglum's massiveAbraham Lincoln Bustis housed in the crypt. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block ofmarble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908; it was donated to the Congress byEugene Meyer Jr.and accepted by theJoint Committee on the Librarythe same year. The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all the sculptures in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.Borglum was a patriot and believed the \\\"monuments we have built are not our own\\\"; he looked to create art that was \\\"American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement\\\", according to a 1908 interview article.Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate thatRobert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as \\\"the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen\\\".Supposedly, according to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing the left ear) to symbolize Lincoln'sunfinished life. Features A statue ofJohn C. Calhounis located at one end of the room near theOld Supreme Court Chamber. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the1998 shooting incidentis clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue. Twelve presidents havelain in statein the Rotunda for public viewing, most recentlyGeorge H. W. Bush. The tomb meant for Washington stored thecatafalquewhich is used to supportcoffinslying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque now on display in the Exhibition Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center was used for President Lincoln. TheHall of Columnsis located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were aspa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and amassage parlor. A steep metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.The number of steps represents each day of the year.Also in the basement, the weeklyJummahprayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers. Height Contrary to a popular myth,building height lawshave never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m).Indeed, the Capitol is only thefourth-tallest structure in Washington. House Chamber TheHouse of RepresentativesChamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike senators, representatives do not have assigned seats.The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests forjoint sessionsof Congress such as theState of the Unionspeech and other events. The Chamber is adorned withrelief portraitsof famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout Western and Near Eastern history. TheUnited States national motto\\\"In God We Trust\\\" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits, only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits. In order, clockwise around the chamber: There is a quote by statesmanDaniel Websteretched in the marble of the chamber, as stated: \\\"Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered.\\\" Senate Chamber The currentSenateChamber opened in 1859and is adorned withwhite marble bustsof the formerPresidents of the Senate(Vice Presidents). Old Chambers Statuary Hall The NationalStatuary Hallis a chamber in the United States Capitol devoted to sculptures of prominent Americans. The hall, also known as the Old Hall of the House, is a large, two-story, semicircular room with a second story gallery along the curved perimeter. It is located immediately south of the Rotunda. It was the meeting place of the U.S. House of Representatives for nearly 50 years (1807–1857). After a few years of disuse, in 1864, it was repurposed as a statuary hall. Old Senate and Supreme Court Chambers TheOld Senate Chamberis a room in the United States Capitol that was the legislative chamber of the United States Senate from 1810 to 1859, and served as the Supreme Court chamber from 1860 until 1935. This room was originally the lower half of theOld Senate Chamberfrom 1800 to 1806. After division of the chamber in two levels, this room was used from 1806 until 1860 as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, theSupreme Courtbegan using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. In 1935, the Supreme Court vacated the Capitol Building and began meeting in the newly constructedUnited States Supreme Court Buildingacross the street. Floor plans Exterior Landscaping TheCapitol Groundscover approximately 274 acres (1.11 km2), with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol includingThe RescueandGeorge Washington. The current grounds were designed by noted Americanlandscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted, who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted proposed the construction of themarbleterraceson the north, west, and south sides of the building creating an enveloping base. This addressed issues with the placement of the original structure; it had been built too far westwards on the crest of the hill and gave the appearance as if the building might slide into the marshy terrain below. Olmsted also designed the Summerhouse, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Threearchesopen into thehexagonalstructure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window which looks onto an artificialgrotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summerhouse was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Moderndrinking fountainshave since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summerhouse on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation. Flag Up to fourU.S. flagscan be seen flying over the Capitol. Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides. These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night sinceWorld War I. The other two flagpoles are above the North (Senate) and South (House of Representatives) wings of the building, and fly only when the chamber below is in session. The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered byHouse pages. The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers. To raise the flag, Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from theSenate Sergeant at Arms's office. Several auxiliary flagpoles, to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground, are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol.Constituentspay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of aveteranfamily member. Major events The Capitol and the grounds ofCapitol Hillhave played host to major events, includingpresidential inaugurations, which are held every four years. During an inauguration, the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase. Annual events at the Capitol includeIndependence Daycelebrations, and theNational Memorial Day Concert. The general public has paid respect to a number of individualslying in stateat the Capitol, including numerous former presidents, senators, and other officials. Other Americans lying in honor includeOfficersJacob ChestnutandJohn Gibson, the two officers killed in the1998 shooting incident. Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol. The public also paid respect toRosa Parks, an icon of thecivil rights movement, at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev.Billy Grahambecame the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda. On September 24, 2015,Pope Francisgave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so. Security The U.S. Capitol is believed to have been the intended target ofUnited Airlines Flight 93, one of the four planes that were hijacked in theSeptember 11 attacks. The plane crashed nearShanksville, Pennsylvaniaafter passengers tried to regain control of the plane from the hijackers. Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.The level of screening employed varies. On the main east–west thoroughfares ofConstitutionandIndependence Avenues,barricadesare implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger thanpickupsare interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes. On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent \\\"emergency\\\" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass. All Capitol visitors are screened by amagnetometer, and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by anx-ray device. In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency. Structures ranging from scores ofJersey barriersto hundreds of ornamentalbollardshave been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways. After theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack, security increased again. Additional security fences were installed around the perimeter, andNational Guardtroops were deployed to bolster security. List of security incidents Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion spacefor the US Congress. The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors,and offers visitors a food court, restrooms, and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome.It also featuresskylightsaffording views of the actual dome. Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was$621 million. Gallery See also Citations References Further reading External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney Phil(/ˌpʌŋksəˈtɔːni/) is agroundhogresiding inYoung TownshipnearPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania, United States, who is the central figure in Punxsutawney's annualGroundhog Daycelebration. Folklore On February 2 each year,Punxsutawneyholds a civic festival with music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) southeast of the town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks ofwinter-like weather.If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an \"earlyspring.\"Punxsutawney's event is the most famous of many Groundhog Day festivals held in the United States and Canada. The event formally began in 1887, although its roots go back even further. The event is based upon a communal light-heartedsuspension of disbeliefwhich extends to the assertion that the same groundhog has been making","has been making predictions since the 19th century. The event is organized by the \"Inner Circle\" – recognizable by theirtop hatsandtuxedos– who ostensibly communicate with Phil to receive his prediction. The vice president of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. At daybreak on February 2, Punxsutawney Phil awakens from his burrow on Gobbler's Knob, is helped to the top of the stump by his handlers, and purportedly explains to the president of the Inner Circle, in a language known as \"Groundhogese\",whether he has seen his shadow. The president of the Inner Circle, the only person able to understand Groundhogese through his possession of an ancientacaciawood cane, then interprets Phil's message, and directs the vice president to read the proper scroll to the crowd gathered on Gobbler's Knob and the masses of \"phaithphil phollowers\" tuned in to live broadcasts around the world. The Inner Circle","The Inner Circle scripts the Groundhog Day ceremonies in advance, with the Inner Circle deciding beforehand whether Phil will see his shadow.The Stormfax Almanac has made note of the weather conditions on each Groundhog Day since 1999; the almanac has recorded 12 incidents in a 20-year span in which the Inner Circle said the groundhog saw his shadow while the sky was cloudy or there was rain or snow coming down, and in one case said the groundhog did not see his shadow despite sunshine.Outside of Groundhog Day, Phil resides with a mate, Phyllis, at the Punxsutawney Memorial Library in a climate-controlled environment. In March 2024, the Inner Circle announced that Phil had sired two babies, the first time in the history of the event that such a siring had happened; the birth surprised the Inner Circle, which had assumed that groundhogs do not breed in captivity. As a result of the births, the family will move permanently to Gobblers Knob. The Inner Circle disowned the babies from ever inheriting their","inheriting their father's position. Punxsutawney Phil canon The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil's predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other groundhogs are impostors.It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of \"groundhog punch\" or \"elixir of life\" administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall.The lifespan of a groundhog in the wild is roughly six years. According to the Groundhog Club, Phil, after the prediction, speaks to the club president in the language of 'Groundhogese', which supposedly only the current president can understand, and then his prediction is translated and revealed to all. The Groundhog Day celebration is rooted inGermanictradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Christian celebration ofCandlemas, winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no","six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, ahedgehogwould cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May.When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs. Several other towns in the region holdsimilar Groundhog Day events. Phil first received his name in 1961. The origins of the name are unclear, but speculation suggests that it may have been indirectly named afterPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Reception Prior to 1993, the Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney attracted crowds of approximately 2,000. The popularity of the filmGroundhog Daybrought significantly more attention to the event, with annual crowds rising to 10,000–20,000. A notable exception was 2021, when the event took place without any crowds due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.Since approximately 2018, the event is streamed online each year. Also given","year. Also given the recent increase in crowd sizes, three sitting governors of Pennsylvania have attended the festivities, all since 2000:Ed Rendellin 2003,Tom Corbettin 2012, andJosh Shapiroin 2023 and 2024. Phil was named the \"Official\" State Meteorologist by Governor Shapiro during the 2024 ceremony. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animalsobject to the event, claiming that Phil is put under stress. They suggest replacing Phil with a robotic groundhog. In some cases where Phil's prognostications have been incorrect, organizations have jokingly made legal threats against the groundhog. Such tongue-in-cheek actions have been made by a prosecutor in Ohio,the sheriff's office ofMonroe County, Pennsylvania,and theMerrimack, New HampshirePolice Department. In media and popular culture Past predictions Predictive accuracy The Inner Circle, in keeping with thesuspension of disbelief, claims a 100% accuracy rate, and an approximately 80% accuracy rate in recorded predictions. They claim that whenever the","that whenever the prediction is wrong, the person in charge of translating the message must have made a mistake in their interpretation. Impartial estimates place the groundhog's accuracy between 35% and 41%. See also References Further reading External links 40°55′49″N78°57′28″W / 40.9302°N 78.9578°W /40.9302; -78.9578","United States Capitol TheUnited States Capitol, often called theCapitolor theCapitol Building, is theseatof theUnited States Congress, thelegislative branchof thefederal government. It is located onCapitol Hillat the eastern end of theNational MallinWashington, D.C.Although no longer at the geographic center of thenational capital, the U.S. Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well asits four quadrants. Like the principal buildings of theexecutiveandjudicialbranches, the Capitol is built in aneoclassical styleand has a white exterior. Central sections of the present building were completed in 1800. These were partly destroyed in the1814 Burning of Washington, then were fully restored within five years. The building was enlarged in the 1850s by extending the wings for the chambers for thebicamerallegislature, theHouse of Representativesin the south wing and theSenatein the north wing. The massivedomewas completed around 1866 just after theAmerican Civil War. The","Civil War. The east front portico was extended in 1958. The building'sVisitors Centerwas opened in the early 21st century. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to asfronts, although only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries, while the west front is now used for presidential inauguration ceremonies. The building and grounds are overseen by thearchitect of the Capitol, who also oversees the surroundingCapitol Complex. History 18th century Prior to establishing the nation's capital inWashington, D.C., theUnited States Congressand its predecessors met atIndependence HallandCongress HallinPhiladelphia,Federal HallinNew York City, and five additional locations:York, Pennsylvania,Lancaster, Pennsylvania, theMaryland State HouseinAnnapolis, Maryland, andNassau HallinPrinceton, New Jersey, andTrenton, New Jersey.In September 1774, theFirst Continental Congressbrought together delegates from thecoloniesin Philadelphia, followed by theSecond Continental Congress,","Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781. After adopting theArticles of Confederationin York, Pennsylvania, theCongress of the Confederationwas formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during theAmerican Revolutionary War. Congress requested thatJohn Dickinson, theGovernor of Pennsylvania, call up themilitiato defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as thePennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee toPrinceton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,and met inAnnapolis, Maryland, andTrenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City. The U.S. Congress was established uponratificationof theU.S. Constitutionand formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,when theResidence Actwas passed to pave the","passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, butAlexander Hamiltonhelped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support fromnorthern statesfor locating the capital along thePotomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready. Pierre L'Enfantwas charged with creatingthe city planfor the new capital city and the major public buildings.The Congress House would be built on Jenkins Hill, now known asCapitol Hill, which L'Enfant described as a \"pedestal awaiting a monument.\"L'Enfant connected Congress House with the President's House viaPennsylvania Avenuewith a width set at 160 feet, identical to the narrowest points of theChamps-Élyséesin Paris. Westwards was a 400-foot-wide (122 m) garden-lined \"grand avenue\"","\"grand avenue\" containing a public walk (later known as theNational Mall) that would travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along the east–west line. The term \"Capitol\" (from LatinCapitolium) originally denoted theCapitoline Hillin Rome and theTemple of Jupiterthat stood on its summit.The Roman Capitol was sometimes misconceived of as a meeting place for senators, and this led the term to be applied to legislative buildings; the first such building was theWilliamsburg CapitolinVirginia.Thomas Jeffersonhad sat here as a member of theHouse of Burgesses, and it was he who applied the name \"Capitol\" to what on L'Enfant's plan had been called the \"Congress House\".\"Capitol\" has since become a general term for government buildings, especially in the United States. It is often confused with \"capital\"; one, however, denotes a building or complex of buildings, while the other denotes a city. In early 1792, afterPierre L'Enfantwas dismissed from the federal city project, Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit","to solicit designs for the Capitol and the \"President's House\", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time. The most promising of the submissions was byStephen Hallet, a trained French architect who was a draftsman to Pierre L'Enfant on the city plan.However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.However, the design did incorporate the concept for a \"great circular room and dome\" which had originated with L'Enfant.John Trumbullwas given a tour of \"Jenkins Hill\" by L'Enfant himself and confirmed this in his autobiography years later. On January 31, 1793, a late entry by amateur architectWilliam Thorntonwas submitted, and was met with praise for its \"Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty\" by","and Beauty\" by Washington, along with praise from Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by theeast front of the Louvre, as well as theParis Pantheonfor the center portion of the design.Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, and Thornton served as the firstarchitect of the Capitol(and later first superintendent of theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office).In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic. In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along withJames Hoban(winning architect of the \"President's Palace\") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan. Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan, which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton.The","by Thornton.The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an openrecessin the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan. The original design by Thornton was later significantly altered byBenjamin Henry Latrobe, and laterCharles Bulfinch.Thecurrent cast-iron domeand the House's new southern extension andSenatenew northern wing were designed byThomas Ustick WalterandAugust Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,and were completed under the supervision ofEdward Clark. L'Enfant secured the lease ofquarriesatWigginton Islandand alongAquia CreekinVirginiafor use in thefoundationsand outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted.On September 18, 1793, President Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed inmasonicregalia,laid the cornerstone, which was made bysilversmithCaleb Bentley. Construction proceeded with Hallet working","with Hallet working under supervision ofJames Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the \"President's House\" (also later known as the \"Executive Mansion\"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.George Hadfieldwas hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far. 19th century The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until theHouse of Representatives(south) wing was finally","wing was finally completed in 1811, with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be. However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held itsfirst sessionof the U.S. Congress with both chambers in session on November 17, 1800. The National Legislature was moved toWashingtonprematurely, at the urging of PresidentJohn Adams, in hopes of securing enoughSouthernvotes in theElectoral Collegeto be re-elected for a second term as president. In March 1803,James MadisonappointedBenjamin Henry Latrobeto the position of \"Surveyor of Public Buildings\", with the principal responsibility of completing construction of the Capitol's south and north wings. Work on the north wing began in November 1806. Although occupied for only six years, it had suffered from falling plaster, rotting floors and a leaking roof.","and a leaking roof. Instead of repairing it, Latrobe demolished, redesigned and rebuilt the interiors within the existing brick and sandstone walls. Notably, Latrobe designed the Supreme Court and Senate chambers. The former was a particular architectural achievement; the size and structure of its vaulted, semi-circular ceiling was then unprecedented in the United States. For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the \"hall\" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the \"Oven\", which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now calledStatuary Hall). When held in the House chamber, the Speaker's podium was used as the preacher's pulpit. According to","According to theU.S. Library of CongressexhibitReligion and the Founding of the American Republic: It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) and ofJames Madison(1809–1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House – a practice that continued until after theCivil War– were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist,Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson,Vice PresidentAaron Burr, and a \"crowded audience\". Not long after the completion","the completion of both wings, the Capitol waspartially burnedby theBritishon August 24, 1814, during theWar of 1812. After the fires, Latrobe was rehired as Architect of the Capitol to oversee restoration works. George BomfordandJoseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in theOld Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interiorRotundarising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor Bulfinch also played a major role, such as design of the first low dome covered in copper. By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not","Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and PresidentMillard Fillmoreappointed Philadelphia architectThomas U. Walterto carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added: a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north. When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out byslaves\"who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks\".The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe. However, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts; African Americans, some free and some enslaved, along with Scottish stonemasons, comprised most of the workforce. Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the United States Capitol; it dwarfed the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed byCharles Bulfinchwhich was no longer in proportion with the increased size of","increased size of the building. In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the \"wedding-cake style\" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed byThomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. LikeMansart's dome atLes InvalidesinParis(which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a largeoculusin the inner dome, through which is seenThe Apotheosis of Washingtonpainted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and thetholosthat supports theStatue of Freedom, a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. The statue invokes the goddessesMinervaorAthena.Thecast ironfor the dome weighs 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).The dome'scast iron framewas supplied and constructed by the iron foundryJanes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co.The thirty-six Corinthian columns that surround the base","surround the base of the dome were provided by the Baltimore ironworks ofPoole & Hunt. When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the EastPortico, built in 1828. 20th century In 1904, the East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt, following a design of the architectsCarrère and Hastings, who designed theRussell SenateandCannon Houseoffice buildings earlier that year. In 1958, the next major expansion to the Capitol started, with a 33.5-foot (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.In 1960, two years into the project, the dome underwent a restoration.A marble duplicate of thesandstoneEast Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front. In 1962, a connecting extension repurposed what had been an outside wall as an inside wall. In the process, the original sandstoneCorinthiancolumnswere removed and replaced with marble. It was not until 1984 that landscape designerRussell Pagecreated a suitable setting for them","setting for them in a large meadow at theU.S. National Arboretumin northeast Washington as theNational Capitol Columns, where they were combined with a reflecting pool into an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins ofPersepolis, inPersia. Besides the columns, two hundred tons of the original stone were removed in several hundred block, which were first stored on site at the Capitol, and then stored in an unused yard at theCapitol Power Plantuntil 1975.The same year, the power plant was renovated and expanded in accordance with legislation passed in 1970, and the stones fell to the Commission on the Extension of the United States Capitol.As this body was long-defunct, responsibility for the material passed to the House and Senate office building commissions.These commissions then arranged for theNational Park Serviceto store the debris at the back of a NPS maintenance yard inRock Creek Park. With the permission of theSpeaker of the House, the United States Capitol Historical Society has periodically","has periodically mined the blocks for sandstone since 1975. The stone removed is used to make commemorative bookends, which are still sold to support the Capitol Historical Society.By 1982, more than $20,000 (nearly $60,000adjusted) had been raised through such sales.Unpursued uses for the stones proposed by the Capitol Historical Society have included their sale as cornerstones in new housing developments. On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared aNational Historic Landmarkby the National Park Service.The building was ranked #6 in a 2007 survey conducted for theAmerican Institute of Architects' \"America's Favorite Architecture\" list. The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome ofSt. Peter's Basilicain theVaticanandSt. Paul's Cathedralin London.On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly theU.S. flagwhen either is in session. On September 18, 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic","the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted. U.S. SenatorStrom Thurmondwas one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony. 21st century On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for theCapitol Visitor Center, which opened on December 2, 2008.From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of mostpresidential inaugurationsuntilRonald Reaganbegan a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol. Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as aservice tunnel. A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since","such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, theSenate Appropriations Committeevoted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014. In 2014, extensive scaffolding was erected, enclosing and obscuring the dome.All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016. With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network forWi-Fiand mobile-phone within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed","annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center. The winning bidder was anIsraeli companycalled Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired byCorning Incorporated. Interior The Capitol building is marked by its centraldomeabove arotundain the central section of the structure (which also includes the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north and inner south) containing the two original smallermeeting chambersfor the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example ofneoclassical architecture. Tunnels and internalsubwaysconnect the Capitol building","Capitol building with theCongressional office buildingsin theCapitol Complex. All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S (for Senate) or H (for House), depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol. Art Since 1856, the Capitol has featured some the most prominentart in the United States, includingItalianandGreek AmericanartistConstantino Brumidi, whosemuralsare located in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as theBrumidi Corridors,reflect great moments and people inUnited States history. Among the original works are those depictingBenjamin Franklin,John Fitch,Robert Fulton, and events such as theCession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and naturalfloraindigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are theSpirit of St. Louis, theMoon landing, and theSpace ShuttleChallengercrew. Brumidi also worked","Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He paintedThe Apotheosis of Washingtonbeneath the top of the dome, and also theFrieze of American History.The Apotheosis of Washingtonwas completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify afounding father. Washington is depicted surrounded by 13maidensin an inner ring with manyGreekandRoman gods and goddessesbelow him in a second ring. Thefriezeis located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing ofChristopher Columbusto theWright Brothers's flight inKitty Hawk,North Carolina. The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists: Brumidi,Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, andAllyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began hisFrieze of the United States History.","States History. Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings includeThe Baptism ofPocahontasbyJohn Gadsby Chapman,The Embarkation of thePilgrimsbyRobert Walter Weir,The Discovery of theMississippibyWilliam Henry Powell, andThe Landing of ColumbusbyJohn Vanderlyn. The paintings on the west side are byJohn Trumbull:Declaration of Independence,Surrender of General Burgoyne,Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, andGeneral George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in theAmerican Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait intoSurrender of Lord Cornwallis. First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, an 1864 painting byFrancis Bicknell Carpenter, hangs over the west","hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing. The Capitol also houses theNational Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of thefifty statesto honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues in theNational Statuary Hallis abronze statue of King Kamehamehadonated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959. The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center. The 100th, and last statue for the collection, that ofPo'payfrom the state ofNew Mexico, was added on September 22, 2005. It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall. Crypt On the ground floor is an area known asthe Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place ofGeorge Washington, with a ringedbalustradeat the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his lastwill, Washington was","Washington was buried atMount Vernon. The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. Acompass starinlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for howaddresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE,NW,SE, orSW). Gutzon Borglum's massiveAbraham Lincoln Bustis housed in the crypt. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block ofmarble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908; it was donated to the Congress byEugene Meyer Jr.and accepted by theJoint Committee on the Librarythe same year. The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all the sculptures in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.Borglum was a patriot and believed the \"monuments we have built are not our own\"; he looked to create art that was \"American, drawn from","drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement\", according to a 1908 interview article.Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate thatRobert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as \"the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen\".Supposedly, according to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing the left ear) to symbolize Lincoln'sunfinished life. Features A statue ofJohn C. Calhounis located at one end of the room near theOld Supreme Court Chamber. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the1998 shooting incidentis clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue. Twelve presidents havelain in statein the Rotunda for public viewing, most recentlyGeorge H. W. Bush. The tomb meant for Washington stored thecatafalquewhich is used to supportcoffinslying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque now on display in the Exhibition Hall of the Capitol Visitor","the Capitol Visitor Center was used for President Lincoln. TheHall of Columnsis located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were aspa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and amassage parlor. A steep metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.The number of steps represents each day of the year.Also in the basement, the weeklyJummahprayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers. Height Contrary to a popular myth,building height lawshave never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m).Indeed, the Capitol is only thefourth-tallest","thefourth-tallest structure in Washington. House Chamber TheHouse of RepresentativesChamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike senators, representatives do not have assigned seats.The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests forjoint sessionsof Congress such as theState of the Unionspeech and other events. The Chamber is adorned withrelief portraitsof famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout Western and Near Eastern history. TheUnited States national motto\"In God We Trust\" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits, only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits. In order, clockwise around the chamber: There is a quote by statesmanDaniel Websteretched in the marble of the chamber, as stated: \"Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions,","its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered.\" Senate Chamber The currentSenateChamber opened in 1859and is adorned withwhite marble bustsof the formerPresidents of the Senate(Vice Presidents). Old Chambers Statuary Hall The NationalStatuary Hallis a chamber in the United States Capitol devoted to sculptures of prominent Americans. The hall, also known as the Old Hall of the House, is a large, two-story, semicircular room with a second story gallery along the curved perimeter. It is located immediately south of the Rotunda. It was the meeting place of the U.S. House of Representatives for nearly 50 years (1807–1857). After a few years of disuse, in 1864, it was repurposed as a statuary hall. Old Senate and Supreme Court Chambers TheOld Senate Chamberis a room in the United States Capitol that was the legislative chamber of the United States Senate from 1810 to 1859, and served as the Supreme Court","the Supreme Court chamber from 1860 until 1935. This room was originally the lower half of theOld Senate Chamberfrom 1800 to 1806. After division of the chamber in two levels, this room was used from 1806 until 1860 as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, theSupreme Courtbegan using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. In 1935, the Supreme Court vacated the Capitol Building and began meeting in the newly constructedUnited States Supreme Court Buildingacross the street. Floor plans Exterior Landscaping TheCapitol Groundscover approximately 274 acres (1.11 km2), with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol includingThe RescueandGeorge Washington. The current grounds were designed by noted Americanlandscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted, who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted","Olmsted proposed the construction of themarbleterraceson the north, west, and south sides of the building creating an enveloping base. This addressed issues with the placement of the original structure; it had been built too far westwards on the crest of the hill and gave the appearance as if the building might slide into the marshy terrain below. Olmsted also designed the Summerhouse, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Threearchesopen into thehexagonalstructure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window which looks onto an artificialgrotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summerhouse was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Moderndrinking fountainshave since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summerhouse on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional","but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation. Flag Up to fourU.S. flagscan be seen flying over the Capitol. Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides. These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night sinceWorld War I. The other two flagpoles are above the North (Senate) and South (House of Representatives) wings of the building, and fly only when the chamber below is in session. The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered byHouse pages. The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers. To raise the flag, Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from theSenate Sergeant at Arms's office. Several auxiliary flagpoles, to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground, are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol.Constituentspay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of aveteranfamily member. Major events The Capitol","events The Capitol and the grounds ofCapitol Hillhave played host to major events, includingpresidential inaugurations, which are held every four years. During an inauguration, the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase. Annual events at the Capitol includeIndependence Daycelebrations, and theNational Memorial Day Concert. The general public has paid respect to a number of individualslying in stateat the Capitol, including numerous former presidents, senators, and other officials. Other Americans lying in honor includeOfficersJacob ChestnutandJohn Gibson, the two officers killed in the1998 shooting incident. Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol. The public also paid respect toRosa Parks, an icon of thecivil rights movement, at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev.Billy Grahambecame the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the","lie in honor in the Rotunda. On September 24, 2015,Pope Francisgave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so. Security The U.S. Capitol is believed to have been the intended target ofUnited Airlines Flight 93, one of the four planes that were hijacked in theSeptember 11 attacks. The plane crashed nearShanksville, Pennsylvaniaafter passengers tried to regain control of the plane from the hijackers. Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.The level of screening employed varies. On the main east–west thoroughfares ofConstitutionandIndependence Avenues,barricadesare implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger thanpickupsare interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes. On the checkpoints at","the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent \"emergency\" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass. All Capitol visitors are screened by amagnetometer, and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by anx-ray device. In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency. Structures ranging from scores ofJersey barriersto hundreds of ornamentalbollardshave been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways. After theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack, security increased again. Additional security fences were installed around the perimeter, andNational Guardtroops were deployed to bolster security. List of security incidents Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East,","1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion spacefor the US Congress. The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors,and offers visitors a food court, restrooms, and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome.It also featuresskylightsaffording views of the actual dome. Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was$621 million. Gallery See also Citations References Further reading External links"],"string":"[\n \"Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney Phil(/ˌpʌŋksəˈtɔːni/) is agroundhogresiding inYoung TownshipnearPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania, United States, who is the central figure in Punxsutawney's annualGroundhog Daycelebration. Folklore On February 2 each year,Punxsutawneyholds a civic festival with music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) southeast of the town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks ofwinter-like weather.If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an \\\"earlyspring.\\\"Punxsutawney's event is the most famous of many Groundhog Day festivals held in the United States and Canada. The event formally began in 1887, although its roots go back even further. The event is based upon a communal light-heartedsuspension of disbeliefwhich extends to the assertion that the same groundhog has been making\",\n \"has been making predictions since the 19th century. The event is organized by the \\\"Inner Circle\\\" – recognizable by theirtop hatsandtuxedos– who ostensibly communicate with Phil to receive his prediction. The vice president of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. At daybreak on February 2, Punxsutawney Phil awakens from his burrow on Gobbler's Knob, is helped to the top of the stump by his handlers, and purportedly explains to the president of the Inner Circle, in a language known as \\\"Groundhogese\\\",whether he has seen his shadow. The president of the Inner Circle, the only person able to understand Groundhogese through his possession of an ancientacaciawood cane, then interprets Phil's message, and directs the vice president to read the proper scroll to the crowd gathered on Gobbler's Knob and the masses of \\\"phaithphil phollowers\\\" tuned in to live broadcasts around the world. The Inner Circle\",\n \"The Inner Circle scripts the Groundhog Day ceremonies in advance, with the Inner Circle deciding beforehand whether Phil will see his shadow.The Stormfax Almanac has made note of the weather conditions on each Groundhog Day since 1999; the almanac has recorded 12 incidents in a 20-year span in which the Inner Circle said the groundhog saw his shadow while the sky was cloudy or there was rain or snow coming down, and in one case said the groundhog did not see his shadow despite sunshine.Outside of Groundhog Day, Phil resides with a mate, Phyllis, at the Punxsutawney Memorial Library in a climate-controlled environment. In March 2024, the Inner Circle announced that Phil had sired two babies, the first time in the history of the event that such a siring had happened; the birth surprised the Inner Circle, which had assumed that groundhogs do not breed in captivity. As a result of the births, the family will move permanently to Gobblers Knob. The Inner Circle disowned the babies from ever inheriting their\",\n \"inheriting their father's position. Punxsutawney Phil canon The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil's predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other groundhogs are impostors.It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of \\\"groundhog punch\\\" or \\\"elixir of life\\\" administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall.The lifespan of a groundhog in the wild is roughly six years. According to the Groundhog Club, Phil, after the prediction, speaks to the club president in the language of 'Groundhogese', which supposedly only the current president can understand, and then his prediction is translated and revealed to all. The Groundhog Day celebration is rooted inGermanictradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Christian celebration ofCandlemas, winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no\",\n \"six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, ahedgehogwould cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May.When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs. Several other towns in the region holdsimilar Groundhog Day events. Phil first received his name in 1961. The origins of the name are unclear, but speculation suggests that it may have been indirectly named afterPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Reception Prior to 1993, the Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney attracted crowds of approximately 2,000. The popularity of the filmGroundhog Daybrought significantly more attention to the event, with annual crowds rising to 10,000–20,000. A notable exception was 2021, when the event took place without any crowds due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.Since approximately 2018, the event is streamed online each year. Also given\",\n \"year. Also given the recent increase in crowd sizes, three sitting governors of Pennsylvania have attended the festivities, all since 2000:Ed Rendellin 2003,Tom Corbettin 2012, andJosh Shapiroin 2023 and 2024. Phil was named the \\\"Official\\\" State Meteorologist by Governor Shapiro during the 2024 ceremony. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animalsobject to the event, claiming that Phil is put under stress. They suggest replacing Phil with a robotic groundhog. In some cases where Phil's prognostications have been incorrect, organizations have jokingly made legal threats against the groundhog. Such tongue-in-cheek actions have been made by a prosecutor in Ohio,the sheriff's office ofMonroe County, Pennsylvania,and theMerrimack, New HampshirePolice Department. In media and popular culture Past predictions Predictive accuracy The Inner Circle, in keeping with thesuspension of disbelief, claims a 100% accuracy rate, and an approximately 80% accuracy rate in recorded predictions. They claim that whenever the\",\n \"that whenever the prediction is wrong, the person in charge of translating the message must have made a mistake in their interpretation. Impartial estimates place the groundhog's accuracy between 35% and 41%. See also References Further reading External links 40°55′49″N78°57′28″W / 40.9302°N 78.9578°W /40.9302; -78.9578\",\n \"United States Capitol TheUnited States Capitol, often called theCapitolor theCapitol Building, is theseatof theUnited States Congress, thelegislative branchof thefederal government. It is located onCapitol Hillat the eastern end of theNational MallinWashington, D.C.Although no longer at the geographic center of thenational capital, the U.S. Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well asits four quadrants. Like the principal buildings of theexecutiveandjudicialbranches, the Capitol is built in aneoclassical styleand has a white exterior. Central sections of the present building were completed in 1800. These were partly destroyed in the1814 Burning of Washington, then were fully restored within five years. The building was enlarged in the 1850s by extending the wings for the chambers for thebicamerallegislature, theHouse of Representativesin the south wing and theSenatein the north wing. The massivedomewas completed around 1866 just after theAmerican Civil War. The\",\n \"Civil War. The east front portico was extended in 1958. The building'sVisitors Centerwas opened in the early 21st century. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to asfronts, although only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries, while the west front is now used for presidential inauguration ceremonies. The building and grounds are overseen by thearchitect of the Capitol, who also oversees the surroundingCapitol Complex. History 18th century Prior to establishing the nation's capital inWashington, D.C., theUnited States Congressand its predecessors met atIndependence HallandCongress HallinPhiladelphia,Federal HallinNew York City, and five additional locations:York, Pennsylvania,Lancaster, Pennsylvania, theMaryland State HouseinAnnapolis, Maryland, andNassau HallinPrinceton, New Jersey, andTrenton, New Jersey.In September 1774, theFirst Continental Congressbrought together delegates from thecoloniesin Philadelphia, followed by theSecond Continental Congress,\",\n \"Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781. After adopting theArticles of Confederationin York, Pennsylvania, theCongress of the Confederationwas formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during theAmerican Revolutionary War. Congress requested thatJohn Dickinson, theGovernor of Pennsylvania, call up themilitiato defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as thePennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee toPrinceton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,and met inAnnapolis, Maryland, andTrenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City. The U.S. Congress was established uponratificationof theU.S. Constitutionand formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,when theResidence Actwas passed to pave the\",\n \"passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, butAlexander Hamiltonhelped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support fromnorthern statesfor locating the capital along thePotomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready. Pierre L'Enfantwas charged with creatingthe city planfor the new capital city and the major public buildings.The Congress House would be built on Jenkins Hill, now known asCapitol Hill, which L'Enfant described as a \\\"pedestal awaiting a monument.\\\"L'Enfant connected Congress House with the President's House viaPennsylvania Avenuewith a width set at 160 feet, identical to the narrowest points of theChamps-Élyséesin Paris. Westwards was a 400-foot-wide (122 m) garden-lined \\\"grand avenue\\\"\",\n \"\\\"grand avenue\\\" containing a public walk (later known as theNational Mall) that would travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along the east–west line. The term \\\"Capitol\\\" (from LatinCapitolium) originally denoted theCapitoline Hillin Rome and theTemple of Jupiterthat stood on its summit.The Roman Capitol was sometimes misconceived of as a meeting place for senators, and this led the term to be applied to legislative buildings; the first such building was theWilliamsburg CapitolinVirginia.Thomas Jeffersonhad sat here as a member of theHouse of Burgesses, and it was he who applied the name \\\"Capitol\\\" to what on L'Enfant's plan had been called the \\\"Congress House\\\".\\\"Capitol\\\" has since become a general term for government buildings, especially in the United States. It is often confused with \\\"capital\\\"; one, however, denotes a building or complex of buildings, while the other denotes a city. In early 1792, afterPierre L'Enfantwas dismissed from the federal city project, Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit\",\n \"to solicit designs for the Capitol and the \\\"President's House\\\", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time. The most promising of the submissions was byStephen Hallet, a trained French architect who was a draftsman to Pierre L'Enfant on the city plan.However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.However, the design did incorporate the concept for a \\\"great circular room and dome\\\" which had originated with L'Enfant.John Trumbullwas given a tour of \\\"Jenkins Hill\\\" by L'Enfant himself and confirmed this in his autobiography years later. On January 31, 1793, a late entry by amateur architectWilliam Thorntonwas submitted, and was met with praise for its \\\"Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty\\\" by\",\n \"and Beauty\\\" by Washington, along with praise from Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by theeast front of the Louvre, as well as theParis Pantheonfor the center portion of the design.Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, and Thornton served as the firstarchitect of the Capitol(and later first superintendent of theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office).In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic. In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along withJames Hoban(winning architect of the \\\"President's Palace\\\") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan. Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan, which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton.The\",\n \"by Thornton.The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an openrecessin the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan. The original design by Thornton was later significantly altered byBenjamin Henry Latrobe, and laterCharles Bulfinch.Thecurrent cast-iron domeand the House's new southern extension andSenatenew northern wing were designed byThomas Ustick WalterandAugust Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,and were completed under the supervision ofEdward Clark. L'Enfant secured the lease ofquarriesatWigginton Islandand alongAquia CreekinVirginiafor use in thefoundationsand outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted.On September 18, 1793, President Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed inmasonicregalia,laid the cornerstone, which was made bysilversmithCaleb Bentley. Construction proceeded with Hallet working\",\n \"with Hallet working under supervision ofJames Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the \\\"President's House\\\" (also later known as the \\\"Executive Mansion\\\"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.George Hadfieldwas hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far. 19th century The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until theHouse of Representatives(south) wing was finally\",\n \"wing was finally completed in 1811, with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be. However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held itsfirst sessionof the U.S. Congress with both chambers in session on November 17, 1800. The National Legislature was moved toWashingtonprematurely, at the urging of PresidentJohn Adams, in hopes of securing enoughSouthernvotes in theElectoral Collegeto be re-elected for a second term as president. In March 1803,James MadisonappointedBenjamin Henry Latrobeto the position of \\\"Surveyor of Public Buildings\\\", with the principal responsibility of completing construction of the Capitol's south and north wings. Work on the north wing began in November 1806. Although occupied for only six years, it had suffered from falling plaster, rotting floors and a leaking roof.\",\n \"and a leaking roof. Instead of repairing it, Latrobe demolished, redesigned and rebuilt the interiors within the existing brick and sandstone walls. Notably, Latrobe designed the Supreme Court and Senate chambers. The former was a particular architectural achievement; the size and structure of its vaulted, semi-circular ceiling was then unprecedented in the United States. For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the \\\"hall\\\" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the \\\"Oven\\\", which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now calledStatuary Hall). When held in the House chamber, the Speaker's podium was used as the preacher's pulpit. According to\",\n \"According to theU.S. Library of CongressexhibitReligion and the Founding of the American Republic: It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) and ofJames Madison(1809–1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House – a practice that continued until after theCivil War– were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist,Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson,Vice PresidentAaron Burr, and a \\\"crowded audience\\\". Not long after the completion\",\n \"the completion of both wings, the Capitol waspartially burnedby theBritishon August 24, 1814, during theWar of 1812. After the fires, Latrobe was rehired as Architect of the Capitol to oversee restoration works. George BomfordandJoseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in theOld Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interiorRotundarising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor Bulfinch also played a major role, such as design of the first low dome covered in copper. By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not\",\n \"Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and PresidentMillard Fillmoreappointed Philadelphia architectThomas U. Walterto carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added: a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north. When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out byslaves\\\"who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks\\\".The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe. However, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts; African Americans, some free and some enslaved, along with Scottish stonemasons, comprised most of the workforce. Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the United States Capitol; it dwarfed the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed byCharles Bulfinchwhich was no longer in proportion with the increased size of\",\n \"increased size of the building. In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the \\\"wedding-cake style\\\" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed byThomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. LikeMansart's dome atLes InvalidesinParis(which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a largeoculusin the inner dome, through which is seenThe Apotheosis of Washingtonpainted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and thetholosthat supports theStatue of Freedom, a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. The statue invokes the goddessesMinervaorAthena.Thecast ironfor the dome weighs 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).The dome'scast iron framewas supplied and constructed by the iron foundryJanes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co.The thirty-six Corinthian columns that surround the base\",\n \"surround the base of the dome were provided by the Baltimore ironworks ofPoole & Hunt. When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the EastPortico, built in 1828. 20th century In 1904, the East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt, following a design of the architectsCarrère and Hastings, who designed theRussell SenateandCannon Houseoffice buildings earlier that year. In 1958, the next major expansion to the Capitol started, with a 33.5-foot (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.In 1960, two years into the project, the dome underwent a restoration.A marble duplicate of thesandstoneEast Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front. In 1962, a connecting extension repurposed what had been an outside wall as an inside wall. In the process, the original sandstoneCorinthiancolumnswere removed and replaced with marble. It was not until 1984 that landscape designerRussell Pagecreated a suitable setting for them\",\n \"setting for them in a large meadow at theU.S. National Arboretumin northeast Washington as theNational Capitol Columns, where they were combined with a reflecting pool into an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins ofPersepolis, inPersia. Besides the columns, two hundred tons of the original stone were removed in several hundred block, which were first stored on site at the Capitol, and then stored in an unused yard at theCapitol Power Plantuntil 1975.The same year, the power plant was renovated and expanded in accordance with legislation passed in 1970, and the stones fell to the Commission on the Extension of the United States Capitol.As this body was long-defunct, responsibility for the material passed to the House and Senate office building commissions.These commissions then arranged for theNational Park Serviceto store the debris at the back of a NPS maintenance yard inRock Creek Park. With the permission of theSpeaker of the House, the United States Capitol Historical Society has periodically\",\n \"has periodically mined the blocks for sandstone since 1975. The stone removed is used to make commemorative bookends, which are still sold to support the Capitol Historical Society.By 1982, more than $20,000 (nearly $60,000adjusted) had been raised through such sales.Unpursued uses for the stones proposed by the Capitol Historical Society have included their sale as cornerstones in new housing developments. On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared aNational Historic Landmarkby the National Park Service.The building was ranked #6 in a 2007 survey conducted for theAmerican Institute of Architects' \\\"America's Favorite Architecture\\\" list. The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome ofSt. Peter's Basilicain theVaticanandSt. Paul's Cathedralin London.On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly theU.S. flagwhen either is in session. On September 18, 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic\",\n \"the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted. U.S. SenatorStrom Thurmondwas one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony. 21st century On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for theCapitol Visitor Center, which opened on December 2, 2008.From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of mostpresidential inaugurationsuntilRonald Reaganbegan a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol. Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as aservice tunnel. A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since\",\n \"such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, theSenate Appropriations Committeevoted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014. In 2014, extensive scaffolding was erected, enclosing and obscuring the dome.All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016. With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network forWi-Fiand mobile-phone within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed\",\n \"annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center. The winning bidder was anIsraeli companycalled Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired byCorning Incorporated. Interior The Capitol building is marked by its centraldomeabove arotundain the central section of the structure (which also includes the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north and inner south) containing the two original smallermeeting chambersfor the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example ofneoclassical architecture. Tunnels and internalsubwaysconnect the Capitol building\",\n \"Capitol building with theCongressional office buildingsin theCapitol Complex. All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S (for Senate) or H (for House), depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol. Art Since 1856, the Capitol has featured some the most prominentart in the United States, includingItalianandGreek AmericanartistConstantino Brumidi, whosemuralsare located in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as theBrumidi Corridors,reflect great moments and people inUnited States history. Among the original works are those depictingBenjamin Franklin,John Fitch,Robert Fulton, and events such as theCession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and naturalfloraindigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are theSpirit of St. Louis, theMoon landing, and theSpace ShuttleChallengercrew. Brumidi also worked\",\n \"Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He paintedThe Apotheosis of Washingtonbeneath the top of the dome, and also theFrieze of American History.The Apotheosis of Washingtonwas completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify afounding father. Washington is depicted surrounded by 13maidensin an inner ring with manyGreekandRoman gods and goddessesbelow him in a second ring. Thefriezeis located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing ofChristopher Columbusto theWright Brothers's flight inKitty Hawk,North Carolina. The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists: Brumidi,Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, andAllyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began hisFrieze of the United States History.\",\n \"States History. Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings includeThe Baptism ofPocahontasbyJohn Gadsby Chapman,The Embarkation of thePilgrimsbyRobert Walter Weir,The Discovery of theMississippibyWilliam Henry Powell, andThe Landing of ColumbusbyJohn Vanderlyn. The paintings on the west side are byJohn Trumbull:Declaration of Independence,Surrender of General Burgoyne,Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, andGeneral George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in theAmerican Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait intoSurrender of Lord Cornwallis. First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, an 1864 painting byFrancis Bicknell Carpenter, hangs over the west\",\n \"hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing. The Capitol also houses theNational Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of thefifty statesto honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues in theNational Statuary Hallis abronze statue of King Kamehamehadonated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959. The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center. The 100th, and last statue for the collection, that ofPo'payfrom the state ofNew Mexico, was added on September 22, 2005. It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall. Crypt On the ground floor is an area known asthe Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place ofGeorge Washington, with a ringedbalustradeat the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his lastwill, Washington was\",\n \"Washington was buried atMount Vernon. The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. Acompass starinlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for howaddresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE,NW,SE, orSW). Gutzon Borglum's massiveAbraham Lincoln Bustis housed in the crypt. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block ofmarble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908; it was donated to the Congress byEugene Meyer Jr.and accepted by theJoint Committee on the Librarythe same year. The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all the sculptures in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.Borglum was a patriot and believed the \\\"monuments we have built are not our own\\\"; he looked to create art that was \\\"American, drawn from\",\n \"drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement\\\", according to a 1908 interview article.Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate thatRobert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as \\\"the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen\\\".Supposedly, according to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing the left ear) to symbolize Lincoln'sunfinished life. Features A statue ofJohn C. Calhounis located at one end of the room near theOld Supreme Court Chamber. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the1998 shooting incidentis clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue. Twelve presidents havelain in statein the Rotunda for public viewing, most recentlyGeorge H. W. Bush. The tomb meant for Washington stored thecatafalquewhich is used to supportcoffinslying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque now on display in the Exhibition Hall of the Capitol Visitor\",\n \"the Capitol Visitor Center was used for President Lincoln. TheHall of Columnsis located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were aspa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and amassage parlor. A steep metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.The number of steps represents each day of the year.Also in the basement, the weeklyJummahprayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers. Height Contrary to a popular myth,building height lawshave never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m).Indeed, the Capitol is only thefourth-tallest\",\n \"thefourth-tallest structure in Washington. House Chamber TheHouse of RepresentativesChamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike senators, representatives do not have assigned seats.The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests forjoint sessionsof Congress such as theState of the Unionspeech and other events. The Chamber is adorned withrelief portraitsof famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout Western and Near Eastern history. TheUnited States national motto\\\"In God We Trust\\\" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits, only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits. In order, clockwise around the chamber: There is a quote by statesmanDaniel Websteretched in the marble of the chamber, as stated: \\\"Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions,\",\n \"its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered.\\\" Senate Chamber The currentSenateChamber opened in 1859and is adorned withwhite marble bustsof the formerPresidents of the Senate(Vice Presidents). Old Chambers Statuary Hall The NationalStatuary Hallis a chamber in the United States Capitol devoted to sculptures of prominent Americans. The hall, also known as the Old Hall of the House, is a large, two-story, semicircular room with a second story gallery along the curved perimeter. It is located immediately south of the Rotunda. It was the meeting place of the U.S. House of Representatives for nearly 50 years (1807–1857). After a few years of disuse, in 1864, it was repurposed as a statuary hall. Old Senate and Supreme Court Chambers TheOld Senate Chamberis a room in the United States Capitol that was the legislative chamber of the United States Senate from 1810 to 1859, and served as the Supreme Court\",\n \"the Supreme Court chamber from 1860 until 1935. This room was originally the lower half of theOld Senate Chamberfrom 1800 to 1806. After division of the chamber in two levels, this room was used from 1806 until 1860 as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, theSupreme Courtbegan using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. In 1935, the Supreme Court vacated the Capitol Building and began meeting in the newly constructedUnited States Supreme Court Buildingacross the street. Floor plans Exterior Landscaping TheCapitol Groundscover approximately 274 acres (1.11 km2), with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol includingThe RescueandGeorge Washington. The current grounds were designed by noted Americanlandscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted, who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted\",\n \"Olmsted proposed the construction of themarbleterraceson the north, west, and south sides of the building creating an enveloping base. This addressed issues with the placement of the original structure; it had been built too far westwards on the crest of the hill and gave the appearance as if the building might slide into the marshy terrain below. Olmsted also designed the Summerhouse, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Threearchesopen into thehexagonalstructure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window which looks onto an artificialgrotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summerhouse was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Moderndrinking fountainshave since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summerhouse on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional\",\n \"but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation. Flag Up to fourU.S. flagscan be seen flying over the Capitol. Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides. These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night sinceWorld War I. The other two flagpoles are above the North (Senate) and South (House of Representatives) wings of the building, and fly only when the chamber below is in session. The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered byHouse pages. The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers. To raise the flag, Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from theSenate Sergeant at Arms's office. Several auxiliary flagpoles, to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground, are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol.Constituentspay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of aveteranfamily member. Major events The Capitol\",\n \"events The Capitol and the grounds ofCapitol Hillhave played host to major events, includingpresidential inaugurations, which are held every four years. During an inauguration, the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase. Annual events at the Capitol includeIndependence Daycelebrations, and theNational Memorial Day Concert. The general public has paid respect to a number of individualslying in stateat the Capitol, including numerous former presidents, senators, and other officials. Other Americans lying in honor includeOfficersJacob ChestnutandJohn Gibson, the two officers killed in the1998 shooting incident. Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol. The public also paid respect toRosa Parks, an icon of thecivil rights movement, at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev.Billy Grahambecame the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the\",\n \"lie in honor in the Rotunda. On September 24, 2015,Pope Francisgave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so. Security The U.S. Capitol is believed to have been the intended target ofUnited Airlines Flight 93, one of the four planes that were hijacked in theSeptember 11 attacks. The plane crashed nearShanksville, Pennsylvaniaafter passengers tried to regain control of the plane from the hijackers. Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.The level of screening employed varies. On the main east–west thoroughfares ofConstitutionandIndependence Avenues,barricadesare implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger thanpickupsare interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes. On the checkpoints at\",\n \"the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent \\\"emergency\\\" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass. All Capitol visitors are screened by amagnetometer, and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by anx-ray device. In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency. Structures ranging from scores ofJersey barriersto hundreds of ornamentalbollardshave been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways. After theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack, security increased again. Additional security fences were installed around the perimeter, andNational Guardtroops were deployed to bolster security. List of security incidents Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East,\",\n \"1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion spacefor the US Congress. The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors,and offers visitors a food court, restrooms, and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome.It also featuresskylightsaffording views of the actual dome. Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was$621 million. Gallery See also Citations References Further reading External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":286,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Emma Lazarus's most famous poem inspired the founding of an order of nursing nuns. What disease does this order specialize in treating?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Cancer"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarus"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Sisters_of_Hawthorne"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarus', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Sisters_of_Hawthorne']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarus","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Sisters_of_Hawthorne"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarus\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Sisters_of_Hawthorne\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Emma Lazarus Emma Lazarus(July 22, 1849 – November 19, 1887) was an American author of poetry, prose, and translations, as well as an activist for Jewish andGeorgistcauses. She is remembered for writing thesonnet\"The New Colossus\", which was inspired by theStatue of Liberty, in 1883.Its lines appear inscribed on abronzeplaque, installed in 1903,on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.Lazarus was involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fledantisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe, and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.The last lines of the sonnet were set to music byIrving Berlinas the song \"Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor\" for the 1949 musicalMiss Liberty, which was based on the sculpting of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). The latter part of the sonnet was also set byLee Hoibyin his song \"The Lady of the Harbor\" written in 1985 as part of his song cycle \"Three Women\". Lazarus was also the author ofPoems and Translations(New York, 1867);Admetus, and other Poems(1871);Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life(Philadelphia, 1874);Poems and Ballads of Heine(New York, 1881);Poems, 2 Vols.;Narrative, Lyric and Dramatic; as well asJewish Poems and Translations. Early years and education Emma Lazarus was born inNew York City, July 22, 1849,into a large Jewish family. She was the fourth of seven children of Moses Lazarus, a wealthy merchantand sugar refiner,and Esther Nathan (of a long-established German-Jewish New York family).One of her great-grandfathers on the Lazarus side was from Germany;the rest of her Lazarus ancestors were originally fromPortugaland they were among theoriginal twenty-three Portuguese Jews who arrived in New Amsterdamafter they fledRecife,Brazilin an attempt to flee from theInquisition.Lazarus's great-great-grandmother on her mother's side,Grace Seixas Nathan(born inStratford, Connecticut, in 1752) was also a poet.Lazarus was related through her mother toBenjamin N. Cardozo,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Her siblings included sistersJosephine, Sarah, Mary, Agnes and Annie, and a brother, Frank. Privately educated by tutors from an early age, she studied American and British literature as well as several languages, includingGerman,French, andItalian.She was attracted in youth to poetry, writing her first lyrics when she was eleven years old. Career Writer The first stimulus for Lazarus's writing was offered by theAmerican Civil War. A collection of herPoems and Translations, verses written between the ages of fourteen and seventeen, appeared in 1867 (New York), and was commended byWilliam Cullen Bryant.It included translations fromFriedrich Schiller,Heinrich Heine,Alexandre Dumas, andVictor Hugo.Admetus and Other Poemsfollowed in 1871. The title poem was dedicated \"To my friendRalph Waldo Emerson\", whose works and personality were exercising an abiding influence upon the poet's intellectual growth.During the next decade, in which \"Phantasies\" and \"Epochs\" were written, her poems appeared chiefly inLippincott's Monthly MagazineandScribner's Monthly. By this time, Lazarus's work had won recognition abroad. Her first prose production,Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life, a romance treating of theFriederike Brionincident, was published in 1874 (Philadelphia), and was followed byThe Spagnoletto(1876), a tragedy.Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine(New York, 1881) followed, and was prefixed by a biographical sketch of Heine; Lazarus's renderings of some of Heine's verse are considered among the best in English.In the same year, 1881, she became friends withRose Hawthorne Lathrop.In April 1882, Lazarus published inThe Century Magazinethe article \"Was theEarl of Beaconsfielda Representative Jew?\" Her statement of the reasons for answering this question in the affirmative may be taken to close what may be termed the Hellenic and journeyman period of Lazarus's life, during which her subjects were drawn from classic and romantic sources. Lazarus also wroteThe Crowing of the Red Cock,and the sixteen-part cycle poem \"Epochs\".In addition to writing her own poems, Lazarus edited many adaptations of German poems, notably those ofJohann Wolfgang von Goetheand Heinrich Heine.She also wrote a novel and two plays in five acts,The Spagnoletto, a tragic verse drama aboutthe titular figureandThe Dance to Death, a dramatization of a German short story about the burning of Jews inNordhausenduring theBlack Death.During the time Lazarus became interested in her Jewish roots, she continued her purely literary and critical work in magazines with such articles as \"Tommaso Salvini\", \"Salvini's 'King Lear'\", \"Emerson's Personality\", \"Heine, the Poet\", \"A Day in Surrey with William Morris\", and others. Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.\"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!\" cries sheWith silent lips. \"Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!\" (1883) Lines from her sonnet \"The New Colossus\" appear on a bronze plaque which was placed in the pedestal of theStatue of Libertyin 1903.The sonnet was written in 1883 and donated to an auction, conducted by the \"Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of theBartholdiPedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty\" in order to raise funds to build the pedestal.Lazarus's close friendRose Hawthorne Lathropwas inspired by \"The New Colossus\" to found theDominican Sisters of Hawthorne. She traveled twice to Europe, first in 1883 and again from 1885 to 1887.On one of those trips,Georgiana Burne-Jones, the wife of thePre-RaphaelitepainterEdward Burne-Jones, introduced her toWilliam Morrisat her home.She also met withHenry James,Robert BrowningandThomas Huxleyduring her European travels.A collection ofPoems in Prose(1887) was her last book. HerComplete Poems with a Memoirappeared in 1888, at Boston. Activism Lazarus was a friend and admirer of the American political economistHenry George. She believed deeply inGeorgisteconomic reforms and became active in the \"single tax\" movement forland value tax. Lazarus published a poem in theNew York Timesnamed after George's book,Progress and Poverty. Lazarus became more interested in her Jewish ancestry as she heard of the Russianpogromsthat followed theassassination of Tsar Alexander IIin 1881. As a result of thisanti-Semiticviolence, and the poor standard of living in Russia in general, thousands of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the RussianPale of Settlementto New York. Lazarus began to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish immigrants. She helped establish theHebrew Technical Institutein New York to providevocational trainingto assist destitute Jewish immigrants to become self-supporting. Lazarus volunteered as well in theHebrew Emigrant Aid Societyemployment bureau, although she eventually criticized its organization.In 1883, she founded the Society for the Improvement and Colonization of East European Jews. The literary fruits of identification with her religion were poems like \"The Crowing of the Red Cock\", \"The Banner of the Jew\", \"The Choice\", \"The New Ezekiel\", \"The Dance to Death\" (a strong, though unequally executed drama), and her last published work (March 1887), \"By the Waters of Babylon: Little Poems in Prose\", which constituted her strongest claim to a foremost rank in American literature. During the same period (1882–87), Lazarus translated the Hebrew poets of medieval Spain with the aid of the German versions of Michael Sachs and Abraham Geiger, and wrote articles, signed and unsigned, upon Jewish subjects for the Jewish press, besides essays on \"Bar Kochba\", \"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\", \"M. Renan and the Jews\", and others for Jewish literary associations.Several of her translations from medieval Hebrew writers found a place in the ritual of American synagogues.Lazarus's most notable series of articles was that titled \"An Epistle to the Hebrews\" (The American Hebrew, November 10, 1882 – February 24, 1883), in which she discussed the Jewish problems of the day, urged a technical and a Jewish education for Jews, and ranged herself among the advocates of an independent Jewish nationality and of Jewish repatriation in Palestine. The only collection of poems issued during this period wasSongs of a Semite: The Dance to Death and Other Poems(New York, 1882), dedicated to the memory of George Eliot. Death and legacy Lazarus returned to New York City seriously ill after she completed her second trip to Europe, and she died two months later, on November 19, 1887,most likely fromHodgkin's lymphoma. She never married.Lazarus was buried inBeth Olam CemeteryinCypress Hills, Brooklyn.The Poems of Emma Lazarus(2 vols., Boston and New York, 1889) was published after her death, comprising most of her poetic work from previous collections, periodical publications, and some of the literary heritage which her executors deemed appropriate to preserve for posterity.Her papers are kept by the American Jewish Historical Society,Center for Jewish History,and her letters are collected atColumbia University. TheEmma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs, founded in 1951, was named after Lazarus. A stamp featuring the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus's poem \"The New Colossus\" was issued byAntigua and Barbudain 1985.In 1992, she was named as a Women's History Month Honoree by theNational Women's History Project.Lazarus was honored by the Office of theManhattan Borough Presidentin March 2008, and her home on West10th Streetwas included on a map ofWomen's Rights Historic Sites.In 2009, she was inducted into theNational Women's Hall of Fame.TheMuseum of Jewish Heritagefeatured an exhibition about Lazarus in 2012. The Emma Lazarus Art and Music Venue, as well as a park are named in her honor in Carrick, a refugee-friendly neighborhood in the Carrick, a neighborhood on the South Side of the City of Pittsburgh. BiographerEsther Schorpraised Lazarus' lasting contribution: The irony is that the statue goes on speaking, even when the tide turns against immigration — even against immigrants themselves, as they adjust to their American lives. You can't think of the statue without hearing the words Emma Lazarus gave her. Style and themes Lazarus contributed toward shaping the self-image of the United States as well as how the country understands the needs of those who emigrate to the United States. Her themes produced sensitivity and enduring lessons regarding immigrants and their need for dignity.What was needed to make her a poet of the people as well as one of literary merit was a great theme, the establishment of instant communication between some stirring reality and her still hidden and irresolute subjectivity. Such a theme was provided by the immigration of Russian Jews to America, consequent upon the proscriptiveMay Lawsof 1882. She rose to the defense of her ethnic compatriots in powerful articles, as contributions toThe Century(May 1882 and February 1883). Hitherto, her life had held no Jewish inspiration. Though of Sephardic ancestry, and ostensibly Orthodox in belief, her family had till then not participated in the activities of thesynagogueor of the Jewish community. Contact with the unfortunates from Russia led her to study the Torah, the Hebrew language, Judaism, and Jewish history.While her early poetry demonstrated no Jewish themes, herSongs of a Semite(1882) is considered to be the earliest volume of Jewish American poetry. A review ofAlidebyLippincott's Monthly Magazinewas critical of Lazarus's style and elements of technique. Notes References Citations Attribution Bibliography External links","Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne TheDominican Sisters of Hawthorneare aRoman Catholiccongregationofreligious sisters, who are a part of theThird Order of Saint Dominic. The Congregation was founded on December 8, 1900, byRose Hawthorne Lathrop, a daughter of the famednovelistNathaniel Hawthorne. They specialize in caring for those suffering fromterminalcancerand have no financial resources. History Early in life, Rose Hawthorne marriedGeorge Parsons Lathrop, both of whom converted toRoman Catholicismin 1891. Rose had seemingly married well as a young woman, and they moved from her nativeMassachusettstoNew York Cityand then to Connecticut after their marriage. Her husband soon turned out to be unreliable and difficult. Eventually she was driven in 1895 to seek permission from the Church to live apart from him, and this was granted. Finding herself alone and with few financial resources, she began to seek some meaning to her life. She learned of the plight of the poor who were diagnosed with incurable cancer. At the time, this disease was believed by many to be highly contagious, so there was a deep fear of contact with those suffering from this affliction. Lathrop soon found a special vocation to this work. In the fall of 1896, after having taken a three-month nursing course at New York's Cancer Hospital, Lathrop moved into a three-roomcold-water flaton New York City's impoverishedLower East Sideand began to nurse the poor with incurable cancer.In March 1898 Alice Huber, having responded to an article Lathrop had written about her work, joined her in this service. Shortly afterwards Rose's husband George died. As others came to join them, Lathrop was inspired to found a religious congregation. One of her early supporters was Josephine Lazarus, sister of the poetEmma Lazaruswho had been Rose's friend until her death from cancer. A new congregation The community became established as a congregation of Religious Sisters in 1900 and were given the Dominicanhabit.They termed themselves \"the Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer\", and their purpose was to provide for the well-being of incurably ill and destitute cancer patients. Lathrop was elected as mother superior of the community and became known as Mother Mary Alphonsa. The Sisters took only the most destitute, and provided them with all the care they needed, doing so without any form of compensation. In 1901 she established a nursing home in a smallhamletofWestchester County, some twenty miles north of New York City. Rosary Hill Home, as it was named, was formally opened to both male and female patients on June 5, 1901.Mother Mary Alphonsa lived at Rosary Hill for the rest of her life and rarely left, even declining an invitation fromHarriett Lothropto participate in a centennial celebration for her father at their former homeThe WaysideinConcord, Massachusetts. The Sisters took a strict daily routine under Mother Mary Alphonsa, rising for prayers in the chapel at 4:30 in the morning before breakfast, then care for the sick and perform tasks like milking cows.The area around Rosary Hill later came to be calledHawthorne, New York, in honor of Lathrop's father. The order founded a second home in 1912 at 71 Jackson Street in Manhattan.It was named St. Rose's Free Home for Incurable Cancer. Mother Alphonsa wanted a better environment for her charges than the bleak dirty streets of that part of Manhattan. In 1930 the sisters opened the thirty-five bed skilled nursing facility, Sacred Heart Home in Philadelphia. In 1939 the Dominicans opened Our Lady of Perpetual Help Home in Atlanta, Georgia. In December 1941, the sisters opened Our Lady of Good Counsel Home in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 2009, the Sisters turned over operation of the home to the Franciscan Health Community, who continue to provide free care to those in need at end-of-life. Present situation The order continues to refuse any payment from the patients or their families or from government funds from eitherSocial SecurityorMedicare, nor do they accept money from private insurance. By the end of the 20th century, like many other religious communities, the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne were greatly reduced in numbers. In Fall 2002, the order closed the Rose Hawthorne Lathrop House inFall River, Massachusetts.St. Rose's Home in Manhattan closed March 31, 2009. As of 2013 the order numbered fifty-three sisters.The Sisters continue to serve at Rosary Hill in New York and at homes inPhiladelphia, andAtlanta. References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Emma Lazarus Emma Lazarus(July 22, 1849 – November 19, 1887) was an American author of poetry, prose, and translations, as well as an activist for Jewish andGeorgistcauses. She is remembered for writing thesonnet\\\"The New Colossus\\\", which was inspired by theStatue of Liberty, in 1883.Its lines appear inscribed on abronzeplaque, installed in 1903,on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.Lazarus was involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fledantisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe, and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.The last lines of the sonnet were set to music byIrving Berlinas the song \\\"Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor\\\" for the 1949 musicalMiss Liberty, which was based on the sculpting of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). The latter part of the sonnet was also set byLee Hoibyin his song \\\"The Lady of the Harbor\\\" written in 1985 as part of his song cycle \\\"Three Women\\\". Lazarus was also the author ofPoems and Translations(New York, 1867);Admetus, and other Poems(1871);Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life(Philadelphia, 1874);Poems and Ballads of Heine(New York, 1881);Poems, 2 Vols.;Narrative, Lyric and Dramatic; as well asJewish Poems and Translations. Early years and education Emma Lazarus was born inNew York City, July 22, 1849,into a large Jewish family. She was the fourth of seven children of Moses Lazarus, a wealthy merchantand sugar refiner,and Esther Nathan (of a long-established German-Jewish New York family).One of her great-grandfathers on the Lazarus side was from Germany;the rest of her Lazarus ancestors were originally fromPortugaland they were among theoriginal twenty-three Portuguese Jews who arrived in New Amsterdamafter they fledRecife,Brazilin an attempt to flee from theInquisition.Lazarus's great-great-grandmother on her mother's side,Grace Seixas Nathan(born inStratford, Connecticut, in 1752) was also a poet.Lazarus was related through her mother toBenjamin N. Cardozo,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Her siblings included sistersJosephine, Sarah, Mary, Agnes and Annie, and a brother, Frank. Privately educated by tutors from an early age, she studied American and British literature as well as several languages, includingGerman,French, andItalian.She was attracted in youth to poetry, writing her first lyrics when she was eleven years old. Career Writer The first stimulus for Lazarus's writing was offered by theAmerican Civil War. A collection of herPoems and Translations, verses written between the ages of fourteen and seventeen, appeared in 1867 (New York), and was commended byWilliam Cullen Bryant.It included translations fromFriedrich Schiller,Heinrich Heine,Alexandre Dumas, andVictor Hugo.Admetus and Other Poemsfollowed in 1871. The title poem was dedicated \\\"To my friendRalph Waldo Emerson\\\", whose works and personality were exercising an abiding influence upon the poet's intellectual growth.During the next decade, in which \\\"Phantasies\\\" and \\\"Epochs\\\" were written, her poems appeared chiefly inLippincott's Monthly MagazineandScribner's Monthly. By this time, Lazarus's work had won recognition abroad. Her first prose production,Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life, a romance treating of theFriederike Brionincident, was published in 1874 (Philadelphia), and was followed byThe Spagnoletto(1876), a tragedy.Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine(New York, 1881) followed, and was prefixed by a biographical sketch of Heine; Lazarus's renderings of some of Heine's verse are considered among the best in English.In the same year, 1881, she became friends withRose Hawthorne Lathrop.In April 1882, Lazarus published inThe Century Magazinethe article \\\"Was theEarl of Beaconsfielda Representative Jew?\\\" Her statement of the reasons for answering this question in the affirmative may be taken to close what may be termed the Hellenic and journeyman period of Lazarus's life, during which her subjects were drawn from classic and romantic sources. Lazarus also wroteThe Crowing of the Red Cock,and the sixteen-part cycle poem \\\"Epochs\\\".In addition to writing her own poems, Lazarus edited many adaptations of German poems, notably those ofJohann Wolfgang von Goetheand Heinrich Heine.She also wrote a novel and two plays in five acts,The Spagnoletto, a tragic verse drama aboutthe titular figureandThe Dance to Death, a dramatization of a German short story about the burning of Jews inNordhausenduring theBlack Death.During the time Lazarus became interested in her Jewish roots, she continued her purely literary and critical work in magazines with such articles as \\\"Tommaso Salvini\\\", \\\"Salvini's 'King Lear'\\\", \\\"Emerson's Personality\\\", \\\"Heine, the Poet\\\", \\\"A Day in Surrey with William Morris\\\", and others. Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.\\\"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!\\\" cries sheWith silent lips. \\\"Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!\\\" (1883) Lines from her sonnet \\\"The New Colossus\\\" appear on a bronze plaque which was placed in the pedestal of theStatue of Libertyin 1903.The sonnet was written in 1883 and donated to an auction, conducted by the \\\"Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of theBartholdiPedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty\\\" in order to raise funds to build the pedestal.Lazarus's close friendRose Hawthorne Lathropwas inspired by \\\"The New Colossus\\\" to found theDominican Sisters of Hawthorne. She traveled twice to Europe, first in 1883 and again from 1885 to 1887.On one of those trips,Georgiana Burne-Jones, the wife of thePre-RaphaelitepainterEdward Burne-Jones, introduced her toWilliam Morrisat her home.She also met withHenry James,Robert BrowningandThomas Huxleyduring her European travels.A collection ofPoems in Prose(1887) was her last book. HerComplete Poems with a Memoirappeared in 1888, at Boston. Activism Lazarus was a friend and admirer of the American political economistHenry George. She believed deeply inGeorgisteconomic reforms and became active in the \\\"single tax\\\" movement forland value tax. Lazarus published a poem in theNew York Timesnamed after George's book,Progress and Poverty. Lazarus became more interested in her Jewish ancestry as she heard of the Russianpogromsthat followed theassassination of Tsar Alexander IIin 1881. As a result of thisanti-Semiticviolence, and the poor standard of living in Russia in general, thousands of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the RussianPale of Settlementto New York. Lazarus began to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish immigrants. She helped establish theHebrew Technical Institutein New York to providevocational trainingto assist destitute Jewish immigrants to become self-supporting. Lazarus volunteered as well in theHebrew Emigrant Aid Societyemployment bureau, although she eventually criticized its organization.In 1883, she founded the Society for the Improvement and Colonization of East European Jews. The literary fruits of identification with her religion were poems like \\\"The Crowing of the Red Cock\\\", \\\"The Banner of the Jew\\\", \\\"The Choice\\\", \\\"The New Ezekiel\\\", \\\"The Dance to Death\\\" (a strong, though unequally executed drama), and her last published work (March 1887), \\\"By the Waters of Babylon: Little Poems in Prose\\\", which constituted her strongest claim to a foremost rank in American literature. During the same period (1882–87), Lazarus translated the Hebrew poets of medieval Spain with the aid of the German versions of Michael Sachs and Abraham Geiger, and wrote articles, signed and unsigned, upon Jewish subjects for the Jewish press, besides essays on \\\"Bar Kochba\\\", \\\"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\\\", \\\"M. Renan and the Jews\\\", and others for Jewish literary associations.Several of her translations from medieval Hebrew writers found a place in the ritual of American synagogues.Lazarus's most notable series of articles was that titled \\\"An Epistle to the Hebrews\\\" (The American Hebrew, November 10, 1882 – February 24, 1883), in which she discussed the Jewish problems of the day, urged a technical and a Jewish education for Jews, and ranged herself among the advocates of an independent Jewish nationality and of Jewish repatriation in Palestine. The only collection of poems issued during this period wasSongs of a Semite: The Dance to Death and Other Poems(New York, 1882), dedicated to the memory of George Eliot. Death and legacy Lazarus returned to New York City seriously ill after she completed her second trip to Europe, and she died two months later, on November 19, 1887,most likely fromHodgkin's lymphoma. She never married.Lazarus was buried inBeth Olam CemeteryinCypress Hills, Brooklyn.The Poems of Emma Lazarus(2 vols., Boston and New York, 1889) was published after her death, comprising most of her poetic work from previous collections, periodical publications, and some of the literary heritage which her executors deemed appropriate to preserve for posterity.Her papers are kept by the American Jewish Historical Society,Center for Jewish History,and her letters are collected atColumbia University. TheEmma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs, founded in 1951, was named after Lazarus. A stamp featuring the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus's poem \\\"The New Colossus\\\" was issued byAntigua and Barbudain 1985.In 1992, she was named as a Women's History Month Honoree by theNational Women's History Project.Lazarus was honored by the Office of theManhattan Borough Presidentin March 2008, and her home on West10th Streetwas included on a map ofWomen's Rights Historic Sites.In 2009, she was inducted into theNational Women's Hall of Fame.TheMuseum of Jewish Heritagefeatured an exhibition about Lazarus in 2012. The Emma Lazarus Art and Music Venue, as well as a park are named in her honor in Carrick, a refugee-friendly neighborhood in the Carrick, a neighborhood on the South Side of the City of Pittsburgh. BiographerEsther Schorpraised Lazarus' lasting contribution: The irony is that the statue goes on speaking, even when the tide turns against immigration — even against immigrants themselves, as they adjust to their American lives. You can't think of the statue without hearing the words Emma Lazarus gave her. Style and themes Lazarus contributed toward shaping the self-image of the United States as well as how the country understands the needs of those who emigrate to the United States. Her themes produced sensitivity and enduring lessons regarding immigrants and their need for dignity.What was needed to make her a poet of the people as well as one of literary merit was a great theme, the establishment of instant communication between some stirring reality and her still hidden and irresolute subjectivity. Such a theme was provided by the immigration of Russian Jews to America, consequent upon the proscriptiveMay Lawsof 1882. She rose to the defense of her ethnic compatriots in powerful articles, as contributions toThe Century(May 1882 and February 1883). Hitherto, her life had held no Jewish inspiration. Though of Sephardic ancestry, and ostensibly Orthodox in belief, her family had till then not participated in the activities of thesynagogueor of the Jewish community. Contact with the unfortunates from Russia led her to study the Torah, the Hebrew language, Judaism, and Jewish history.While her early poetry demonstrated no Jewish themes, herSongs of a Semite(1882) is considered to be the earliest volume of Jewish American poetry. A review ofAlidebyLippincott's Monthly Magazinewas critical of Lazarus's style and elements of technique. Notes References Citations Attribution Bibliography External links\",\n \"Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne TheDominican Sisters of Hawthorneare aRoman Catholiccongregationofreligious sisters, who are a part of theThird Order of Saint Dominic. The Congregation was founded on December 8, 1900, byRose Hawthorne Lathrop, a daughter of the famednovelistNathaniel Hawthorne. They specialize in caring for those suffering fromterminalcancerand have no financial resources. History Early in life, Rose Hawthorne marriedGeorge Parsons Lathrop, both of whom converted toRoman Catholicismin 1891. Rose had seemingly married well as a young woman, and they moved from her nativeMassachusettstoNew York Cityand then to Connecticut after their marriage. Her husband soon turned out to be unreliable and difficult. Eventually she was driven in 1895 to seek permission from the Church to live apart from him, and this was granted. Finding herself alone and with few financial resources, she began to seek some meaning to her life. She learned of the plight of the poor who were diagnosed with incurable cancer. At the time, this disease was believed by many to be highly contagious, so there was a deep fear of contact with those suffering from this affliction. Lathrop soon found a special vocation to this work. In the fall of 1896, after having taken a three-month nursing course at New York's Cancer Hospital, Lathrop moved into a three-roomcold-water flaton New York City's impoverishedLower East Sideand began to nurse the poor with incurable cancer.In March 1898 Alice Huber, having responded to an article Lathrop had written about her work, joined her in this service. Shortly afterwards Rose's husband George died. As others came to join them, Lathrop was inspired to found a religious congregation. One of her early supporters was Josephine Lazarus, sister of the poetEmma Lazaruswho had been Rose's friend until her death from cancer. A new congregation The community became established as a congregation of Religious Sisters in 1900 and were given the Dominicanhabit.They termed themselves \\\"the Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer\\\", and their purpose was to provide for the well-being of incurably ill and destitute cancer patients. Lathrop was elected as mother superior of the community and became known as Mother Mary Alphonsa. The Sisters took only the most destitute, and provided them with all the care they needed, doing so without any form of compensation. In 1901 she established a nursing home in a smallhamletofWestchester County, some twenty miles north of New York City. Rosary Hill Home, as it was named, was formally opened to both male and female patients on June 5, 1901.Mother Mary Alphonsa lived at Rosary Hill for the rest of her life and rarely left, even declining an invitation fromHarriett Lothropto participate in a centennial celebration for her father at their former homeThe WaysideinConcord, Massachusetts. The Sisters took a strict daily routine under Mother Mary Alphonsa, rising for prayers in the chapel at 4:30 in the morning before breakfast, then care for the sick and perform tasks like milking cows.The area around Rosary Hill later came to be calledHawthorne, New York, in honor of Lathrop's father. The order founded a second home in 1912 at 71 Jackson Street in Manhattan.It was named St. Rose's Free Home for Incurable Cancer. Mother Alphonsa wanted a better environment for her charges than the bleak dirty streets of that part of Manhattan. In 1930 the sisters opened the thirty-five bed skilled nursing facility, Sacred Heart Home in Philadelphia. In 1939 the Dominicans opened Our Lady of Perpetual Help Home in Atlanta, Georgia. In December 1941, the sisters opened Our Lady of Good Counsel Home in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 2009, the Sisters turned over operation of the home to the Franciscan Health Community, who continue to provide free care to those in need at end-of-life. Present situation The order continues to refuse any payment from the patients or their families or from government funds from eitherSocial SecurityorMedicare, nor do they accept money from private insurance. By the end of the 20th century, like many other religious communities, the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne were greatly reduced in numbers. In Fall 2002, the order closed the Rose Hawthorne Lathrop House inFall River, Massachusetts.St. Rose's Home in Manhattan closed March 31, 2009. As of 2013 the order numbered fifty-three sisters.The Sisters continue to serve at Rosary Hill in New York and at homes inPhiladelphia, andAtlanta. References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Emma Lazarus Emma Lazarus(July 22, 1849 – November 19, 1887) was an American author of poetry, prose, and translations, as well as an activist for Jewish andGeorgistcauses. She is remembered for writing thesonnet\"The New Colossus\", which was inspired by theStatue of Liberty, in 1883.Its lines appear inscribed on abronzeplaque, installed in 1903,on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.Lazarus was involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fledantisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe, and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.The last lines of the sonnet were set to music byIrving Berlinas the song \"Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor\" for the 1949 musicalMiss Liberty, which was based on the sculpting of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). The latter part of the sonnet was also set byLee Hoibyin his song \"The Lady of the Harbor\" written in 1985 as part of his song cycle \"Three Women\". Lazarus was also the author ofPoems and Translations(New York,","York, 1867);Admetus, and other Poems(1871);Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life(Philadelphia, 1874);Poems and Ballads of Heine(New York, 1881);Poems, 2 Vols.;Narrative, Lyric and Dramatic; as well asJewish Poems and Translations. Early years and education Emma Lazarus was born inNew York City, July 22, 1849,into a large Jewish family. She was the fourth of seven children of Moses Lazarus, a wealthy merchantand sugar refiner,and Esther Nathan (of a long-established German-Jewish New York family).One of her great-grandfathers on the Lazarus side was from Germany;the rest of her Lazarus ancestors were originally fromPortugaland they were among theoriginal twenty-three Portuguese Jews who arrived in New Amsterdamafter they fledRecife,Brazilin an attempt to flee from theInquisition.Lazarus's great-great-grandmother on her mother's side,Grace Seixas Nathan(born inStratford, Connecticut, in 1752) was also a poet.Lazarus was related through her mother toBenjamin N. Cardozo,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the","Court of the United States. Her siblings included sistersJosephine, Sarah, Mary, Agnes and Annie, and a brother, Frank. Privately educated by tutors from an early age, she studied American and British literature as well as several languages, includingGerman,French, andItalian.She was attracted in youth to poetry, writing her first lyrics when she was eleven years old. Career Writer The first stimulus for Lazarus's writing was offered by theAmerican Civil War. A collection of herPoems and Translations, verses written between the ages of fourteen and seventeen, appeared in 1867 (New York), and was commended byWilliam Cullen Bryant.It included translations fromFriedrich Schiller,Heinrich Heine,Alexandre Dumas, andVictor Hugo.Admetus and Other Poemsfollowed in 1871. The title poem was dedicated \"To my friendRalph Waldo Emerson\", whose works and personality were exercising an abiding influence upon the poet's intellectual growth.During the next decade, in which \"Phantasies\" and \"Epochs\" were written, her poems","written, her poems appeared chiefly inLippincott's Monthly MagazineandScribner's Monthly. By this time, Lazarus's work had won recognition abroad. Her first prose production,Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life, a romance treating of theFriederike Brionincident, was published in 1874 (Philadelphia), and was followed byThe Spagnoletto(1876), a tragedy.Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine(New York, 1881) followed, and was prefixed by a biographical sketch of Heine; Lazarus's renderings of some of Heine's verse are considered among the best in English.In the same year, 1881, she became friends withRose Hawthorne Lathrop.In April 1882, Lazarus published inThe Century Magazinethe article \"Was theEarl of Beaconsfielda Representative Jew?\" Her statement of the reasons for answering this question in the affirmative may be taken to close what may be termed the Hellenic and journeyman period of Lazarus's life, during which her subjects were drawn from classic and romantic sources. Lazarus also wroteThe Crowing of the Red","Crowing of the Red Cock,and the sixteen-part cycle poem \"Epochs\".In addition to writing her own poems, Lazarus edited many adaptations of German poems, notably those ofJohann Wolfgang von Goetheand Heinrich Heine.She also wrote a novel and two plays in five acts,The Spagnoletto, a tragic verse drama aboutthe titular figureandThe Dance to Death, a dramatization of a German short story about the burning of Jews inNordhausenduring theBlack Death.During the time Lazarus became interested in her Jewish roots, she continued her purely literary and critical work in magazines with such articles as \"Tommaso Salvini\", \"Salvini's 'King Lear'\", \"Emerson's Personality\", \"Heine, the Poet\", \"A Day in Surrey with William Morris\", and others. Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her","welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.\"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!\" cries sheWith silent lips. \"Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!\" (1883) Lines from her sonnet \"The New Colossus\" appear on a bronze plaque which was placed in the pedestal of theStatue of Libertyin 1903.The sonnet was written in 1883 and donated to an auction, conducted by the \"Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of theBartholdiPedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty\" in order to raise funds to build the pedestal.Lazarus's close friendRose Hawthorne Lathropwas inspired by \"The New Colossus\" to found theDominican Sisters of Hawthorne. She traveled twice to Europe, first in 1883 and again from 1885 to 1887.On one of those trips,Georgiana Burne-Jones, the wife of thePre-RaphaelitepainterEdward Burne-Jones, introduced her toWilliam","her toWilliam Morrisat her home.She also met withHenry James,Robert BrowningandThomas Huxleyduring her European travels.A collection ofPoems in Prose(1887) was her last book. HerComplete Poems with a Memoirappeared in 1888, at Boston. Activism Lazarus was a friend and admirer of the American political economistHenry George. She believed deeply inGeorgisteconomic reforms and became active in the \"single tax\" movement forland value tax. Lazarus published a poem in theNew York Timesnamed after George's book,Progress and Poverty. Lazarus became more interested in her Jewish ancestry as she heard of the Russianpogromsthat followed theassassination of Tsar Alexander IIin 1881. As a result of thisanti-Semiticviolence, and the poor standard of living in Russia in general, thousands of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the RussianPale of Settlementto New York. Lazarus began to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish immigrants. She helped establish theHebrew Technical Institutein New York to providevocational","providevocational trainingto assist destitute Jewish immigrants to become self-supporting. Lazarus volunteered as well in theHebrew Emigrant Aid Societyemployment bureau, although she eventually criticized its organization.In 1883, she founded the Society for the Improvement and Colonization of East European Jews. The literary fruits of identification with her religion were poems like \"The Crowing of the Red Cock\", \"The Banner of the Jew\", \"The Choice\", \"The New Ezekiel\", \"The Dance to Death\" (a strong, though unequally executed drama), and her last published work (March 1887), \"By the Waters of Babylon: Little Poems in Prose\", which constituted her strongest claim to a foremost rank in American literature. During the same period (1882–87), Lazarus translated the Hebrew poets of medieval Spain with the aid of the German versions of Michael Sachs and Abraham Geiger, and wrote articles, signed and unsigned, upon Jewish subjects for the Jewish press, besides essays on \"Bar Kochba\", \"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\",","Longfellow\", \"M. Renan and the Jews\", and others for Jewish literary associations.Several of her translations from medieval Hebrew writers found a place in the ritual of American synagogues.Lazarus's most notable series of articles was that titled \"An Epistle to the Hebrews\" (The American Hebrew, November 10, 1882 – February 24, 1883), in which she discussed the Jewish problems of the day, urged a technical and a Jewish education for Jews, and ranged herself among the advocates of an independent Jewish nationality and of Jewish repatriation in Palestine. The only collection of poems issued during this period wasSongs of a Semite: The Dance to Death and Other Poems(New York, 1882), dedicated to the memory of George Eliot. Death and legacy Lazarus returned to New York City seriously ill after she completed her second trip to Europe, and she died two months later, on November 19, 1887,most likely fromHodgkin's lymphoma. She never married.Lazarus was buried inBeth Olam CemeteryinCypress Hills, Brooklyn.The Poems","Brooklyn.The Poems of Emma Lazarus(2 vols., Boston and New York, 1889) was published after her death, comprising most of her poetic work from previous collections, periodical publications, and some of the literary heritage which her executors deemed appropriate to preserve for posterity.Her papers are kept by the American Jewish Historical Society,Center for Jewish History,and her letters are collected atColumbia University. TheEmma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs, founded in 1951, was named after Lazarus. A stamp featuring the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus's poem \"The New Colossus\" was issued byAntigua and Barbudain 1985.In 1992, she was named as a Women's History Month Honoree by theNational Women's History Project.Lazarus was honored by the Office of theManhattan Borough Presidentin March 2008, and her home on West10th Streetwas included on a map ofWomen's Rights Historic Sites.In 2009, she was inducted into theNational Women's Hall of Fame.TheMuseum of Jewish Heritagefeatured an exhibition","an exhibition about Lazarus in 2012. The Emma Lazarus Art and Music Venue, as well as a park are named in her honor in Carrick, a refugee-friendly neighborhood in the Carrick, a neighborhood on the South Side of the City of Pittsburgh. BiographerEsther Schorpraised Lazarus' lasting contribution: The irony is that the statue goes on speaking, even when the tide turns against immigration — even against immigrants themselves, as they adjust to their American lives. You can't think of the statue without hearing the words Emma Lazarus gave her. Style and themes Lazarus contributed toward shaping the self-image of the United States as well as how the country understands the needs of those who emigrate to the United States. Her themes produced sensitivity and enduring lessons regarding immigrants and their need for dignity.What was needed to make her a poet of the people as well as one of literary merit was a great theme, the establishment of instant communication between some stirring reality and her still hidden","her still hidden and irresolute subjectivity. Such a theme was provided by the immigration of Russian Jews to America, consequent upon the proscriptiveMay Lawsof 1882. She rose to the defense of her ethnic compatriots in powerful articles, as contributions toThe Century(May 1882 and February 1883). Hitherto, her life had held no Jewish inspiration. Though of Sephardic ancestry, and ostensibly Orthodox in belief, her family had till then not participated in the activities of thesynagogueor of the Jewish community. Contact with the unfortunates from Russia led her to study the Torah, the Hebrew language, Judaism, and Jewish history.While her early poetry demonstrated no Jewish themes, herSongs of a Semite(1882) is considered to be the earliest volume of Jewish American poetry. A review ofAlidebyLippincott's Monthly Magazinewas critical of Lazarus's style and elements of technique. Notes References Citations Attribution Bibliography External links","Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne TheDominican Sisters of Hawthorneare aRoman Catholiccongregationofreligious sisters, who are a part of theThird Order of Saint Dominic. The Congregation was founded on December 8, 1900, byRose Hawthorne Lathrop, a daughter of the famednovelistNathaniel Hawthorne. They specialize in caring for those suffering fromterminalcancerand have no financial resources. History Early in life, Rose Hawthorne marriedGeorge Parsons Lathrop, both of whom converted toRoman Catholicismin 1891. Rose had seemingly married well as a young woman, and they moved from her nativeMassachusettstoNew York Cityand then to Connecticut after their marriage. Her husband soon turned out to be unreliable and difficult. Eventually she was driven in 1895 to seek permission from the Church to live apart from him, and this was granted. Finding herself alone and with few financial resources, she began to seek some meaning to her life. She learned of the plight of the poor who were diagnosed with incurable cancer. At","cancer. At the time, this disease was believed by many to be highly contagious, so there was a deep fear of contact with those suffering from this affliction. Lathrop soon found a special vocation to this work. In the fall of 1896, after having taken a three-month nursing course at New York's Cancer Hospital, Lathrop moved into a three-roomcold-water flaton New York City's impoverishedLower East Sideand began to nurse the poor with incurable cancer.In March 1898 Alice Huber, having responded to an article Lathrop had written about her work, joined her in this service. Shortly afterwards Rose's husband George died. As others came to join them, Lathrop was inspired to found a religious congregation. One of her early supporters was Josephine Lazarus, sister of the poetEmma Lazaruswho had been Rose's friend until her death from cancer. A new congregation The community became established as a congregation of Religious Sisters in 1900 and were given the Dominicanhabit.They termed themselves \"the Servants of Relief","Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer\", and their purpose was to provide for the well-being of incurably ill and destitute cancer patients. Lathrop was elected as mother superior of the community and became known as Mother Mary Alphonsa. The Sisters took only the most destitute, and provided them with all the care they needed, doing so without any form of compensation. In 1901 she established a nursing home in a smallhamletofWestchester County, some twenty miles north of New York City. Rosary Hill Home, as it was named, was formally opened to both male and female patients on June 5, 1901.Mother Mary Alphonsa lived at Rosary Hill for the rest of her life and rarely left, even declining an invitation fromHarriett Lothropto participate in a centennial celebration for her father at their former homeThe WaysideinConcord, Massachusetts. The Sisters took a strict daily routine under Mother Mary Alphonsa, rising for prayers in the chapel at 4:30 in the morning before breakfast, then care for the sick and perform","sick and perform tasks like milking cows.The area around Rosary Hill later came to be calledHawthorne, New York, in honor of Lathrop's father. The order founded a second home in 1912 at 71 Jackson Street in Manhattan.It was named St. Rose's Free Home for Incurable Cancer. Mother Alphonsa wanted a better environment for her charges than the bleak dirty streets of that part of Manhattan. In 1930 the sisters opened the thirty-five bed skilled nursing facility, Sacred Heart Home in Philadelphia. In 1939 the Dominicans opened Our Lady of Perpetual Help Home in Atlanta, Georgia. In December 1941, the sisters opened Our Lady of Good Counsel Home in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 2009, the Sisters turned over operation of the home to the Franciscan Health Community, who continue to provide free care to those in need at end-of-life. Present situation The order continues to refuse any payment from the patients or their families or from government funds from eitherSocial SecurityorMedicare, nor do they accept money from","accept money from private insurance. By the end of the 20th century, like many other religious communities, the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne were greatly reduced in numbers. In Fall 2002, the order closed the Rose Hawthorne Lathrop House inFall River, Massachusetts.St. Rose's Home in Manhattan closed March 31, 2009. As of 2013 the order numbered fifty-three sisters.The Sisters continue to serve at Rosary Hill in New York and at homes inPhiladelphia, andAtlanta. References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Emma Lazarus Emma Lazarus(July 22, 1849 – November 19, 1887) was an American author of poetry, prose, and translations, as well as an activist for Jewish andGeorgistcauses. She is remembered for writing thesonnet\\\"The New Colossus\\\", which was inspired by theStatue of Liberty, in 1883.Its lines appear inscribed on abronzeplaque, installed in 1903,on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.Lazarus was involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fledantisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe, and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.The last lines of the sonnet were set to music byIrving Berlinas the song \\\"Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor\\\" for the 1949 musicalMiss Liberty, which was based on the sculpting of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). The latter part of the sonnet was also set byLee Hoibyin his song \\\"The Lady of the Harbor\\\" written in 1985 as part of his song cycle \\\"Three Women\\\". Lazarus was also the author ofPoems and Translations(New York,\",\n \"York, 1867);Admetus, and other Poems(1871);Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life(Philadelphia, 1874);Poems and Ballads of Heine(New York, 1881);Poems, 2 Vols.;Narrative, Lyric and Dramatic; as well asJewish Poems and Translations. Early years and education Emma Lazarus was born inNew York City, July 22, 1849,into a large Jewish family. She was the fourth of seven children of Moses Lazarus, a wealthy merchantand sugar refiner,and Esther Nathan (of a long-established German-Jewish New York family).One of her great-grandfathers on the Lazarus side was from Germany;the rest of her Lazarus ancestors were originally fromPortugaland they were among theoriginal twenty-three Portuguese Jews who arrived in New Amsterdamafter they fledRecife,Brazilin an attempt to flee from theInquisition.Lazarus's great-great-grandmother on her mother's side,Grace Seixas Nathan(born inStratford, Connecticut, in 1752) was also a poet.Lazarus was related through her mother toBenjamin N. Cardozo,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the\",\n \"Court of the United States. Her siblings included sistersJosephine, Sarah, Mary, Agnes and Annie, and a brother, Frank. Privately educated by tutors from an early age, she studied American and British literature as well as several languages, includingGerman,French, andItalian.She was attracted in youth to poetry, writing her first lyrics when she was eleven years old. Career Writer The first stimulus for Lazarus's writing was offered by theAmerican Civil War. A collection of herPoems and Translations, verses written between the ages of fourteen and seventeen, appeared in 1867 (New York), and was commended byWilliam Cullen Bryant.It included translations fromFriedrich Schiller,Heinrich Heine,Alexandre Dumas, andVictor Hugo.Admetus and Other Poemsfollowed in 1871. The title poem was dedicated \\\"To my friendRalph Waldo Emerson\\\", whose works and personality were exercising an abiding influence upon the poet's intellectual growth.During the next decade, in which \\\"Phantasies\\\" and \\\"Epochs\\\" were written, her poems\",\n \"written, her poems appeared chiefly inLippincott's Monthly MagazineandScribner's Monthly. By this time, Lazarus's work had won recognition abroad. Her first prose production,Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life, a romance treating of theFriederike Brionincident, was published in 1874 (Philadelphia), and was followed byThe Spagnoletto(1876), a tragedy.Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine(New York, 1881) followed, and was prefixed by a biographical sketch of Heine; Lazarus's renderings of some of Heine's verse are considered among the best in English.In the same year, 1881, she became friends withRose Hawthorne Lathrop.In April 1882, Lazarus published inThe Century Magazinethe article \\\"Was theEarl of Beaconsfielda Representative Jew?\\\" Her statement of the reasons for answering this question in the affirmative may be taken to close what may be termed the Hellenic and journeyman period of Lazarus's life, during which her subjects were drawn from classic and romantic sources. Lazarus also wroteThe Crowing of the Red\",\n \"Crowing of the Red Cock,and the sixteen-part cycle poem \\\"Epochs\\\".In addition to writing her own poems, Lazarus edited many adaptations of German poems, notably those ofJohann Wolfgang von Goetheand Heinrich Heine.She also wrote a novel and two plays in five acts,The Spagnoletto, a tragic verse drama aboutthe titular figureandThe Dance to Death, a dramatization of a German short story about the burning of Jews inNordhausenduring theBlack Death.During the time Lazarus became interested in her Jewish roots, she continued her purely literary and critical work in magazines with such articles as \\\"Tommaso Salvini\\\", \\\"Salvini's 'King Lear'\\\", \\\"Emerson's Personality\\\", \\\"Heine, the Poet\\\", \\\"A Day in Surrey with William Morris\\\", and others. Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her\",\n \"welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.\\\"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!\\\" cries sheWith silent lips. \\\"Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!\\\" (1883) Lines from her sonnet \\\"The New Colossus\\\" appear on a bronze plaque which was placed in the pedestal of theStatue of Libertyin 1903.The sonnet was written in 1883 and donated to an auction, conducted by the \\\"Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of theBartholdiPedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty\\\" in order to raise funds to build the pedestal.Lazarus's close friendRose Hawthorne Lathropwas inspired by \\\"The New Colossus\\\" to found theDominican Sisters of Hawthorne. She traveled twice to Europe, first in 1883 and again from 1885 to 1887.On one of those trips,Georgiana Burne-Jones, the wife of thePre-RaphaelitepainterEdward Burne-Jones, introduced her toWilliam\",\n \"her toWilliam Morrisat her home.She also met withHenry James,Robert BrowningandThomas Huxleyduring her European travels.A collection ofPoems in Prose(1887) was her last book. HerComplete Poems with a Memoirappeared in 1888, at Boston. Activism Lazarus was a friend and admirer of the American political economistHenry George. She believed deeply inGeorgisteconomic reforms and became active in the \\\"single tax\\\" movement forland value tax. Lazarus published a poem in theNew York Timesnamed after George's book,Progress and Poverty. Lazarus became more interested in her Jewish ancestry as she heard of the Russianpogromsthat followed theassassination of Tsar Alexander IIin 1881. As a result of thisanti-Semiticviolence, and the poor standard of living in Russia in general, thousands of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the RussianPale of Settlementto New York. Lazarus began to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish immigrants. She helped establish theHebrew Technical Institutein New York to providevocational\",\n \"providevocational trainingto assist destitute Jewish immigrants to become self-supporting. Lazarus volunteered as well in theHebrew Emigrant Aid Societyemployment bureau, although she eventually criticized its organization.In 1883, she founded the Society for the Improvement and Colonization of East European Jews. The literary fruits of identification with her religion were poems like \\\"The Crowing of the Red Cock\\\", \\\"The Banner of the Jew\\\", \\\"The Choice\\\", \\\"The New Ezekiel\\\", \\\"The Dance to Death\\\" (a strong, though unequally executed drama), and her last published work (March 1887), \\\"By the Waters of Babylon: Little Poems in Prose\\\", which constituted her strongest claim to a foremost rank in American literature. During the same period (1882–87), Lazarus translated the Hebrew poets of medieval Spain with the aid of the German versions of Michael Sachs and Abraham Geiger, and wrote articles, signed and unsigned, upon Jewish subjects for the Jewish press, besides essays on \\\"Bar Kochba\\\", \\\"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\\\",\",\n \"Longfellow\\\", \\\"M. Renan and the Jews\\\", and others for Jewish literary associations.Several of her translations from medieval Hebrew writers found a place in the ritual of American synagogues.Lazarus's most notable series of articles was that titled \\\"An Epistle to the Hebrews\\\" (The American Hebrew, November 10, 1882 – February 24, 1883), in which she discussed the Jewish problems of the day, urged a technical and a Jewish education for Jews, and ranged herself among the advocates of an independent Jewish nationality and of Jewish repatriation in Palestine. The only collection of poems issued during this period wasSongs of a Semite: The Dance to Death and Other Poems(New York, 1882), dedicated to the memory of George Eliot. Death and legacy Lazarus returned to New York City seriously ill after she completed her second trip to Europe, and she died two months later, on November 19, 1887,most likely fromHodgkin's lymphoma. She never married.Lazarus was buried inBeth Olam CemeteryinCypress Hills, Brooklyn.The Poems\",\n \"Brooklyn.The Poems of Emma Lazarus(2 vols., Boston and New York, 1889) was published after her death, comprising most of her poetic work from previous collections, periodical publications, and some of the literary heritage which her executors deemed appropriate to preserve for posterity.Her papers are kept by the American Jewish Historical Society,Center for Jewish History,and her letters are collected atColumbia University. TheEmma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs, founded in 1951, was named after Lazarus. A stamp featuring the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus's poem \\\"The New Colossus\\\" was issued byAntigua and Barbudain 1985.In 1992, she was named as a Women's History Month Honoree by theNational Women's History Project.Lazarus was honored by the Office of theManhattan Borough Presidentin March 2008, and her home on West10th Streetwas included on a map ofWomen's Rights Historic Sites.In 2009, she was inducted into theNational Women's Hall of Fame.TheMuseum of Jewish Heritagefeatured an exhibition\",\n \"an exhibition about Lazarus in 2012. The Emma Lazarus Art and Music Venue, as well as a park are named in her honor in Carrick, a refugee-friendly neighborhood in the Carrick, a neighborhood on the South Side of the City of Pittsburgh. BiographerEsther Schorpraised Lazarus' lasting contribution: The irony is that the statue goes on speaking, even when the tide turns against immigration — even against immigrants themselves, as they adjust to their American lives. You can't think of the statue without hearing the words Emma Lazarus gave her. Style and themes Lazarus contributed toward shaping the self-image of the United States as well as how the country understands the needs of those who emigrate to the United States. Her themes produced sensitivity and enduring lessons regarding immigrants and their need for dignity.What was needed to make her a poet of the people as well as one of literary merit was a great theme, the establishment of instant communication between some stirring reality and her still hidden\",\n \"her still hidden and irresolute subjectivity. Such a theme was provided by the immigration of Russian Jews to America, consequent upon the proscriptiveMay Lawsof 1882. She rose to the defense of her ethnic compatriots in powerful articles, as contributions toThe Century(May 1882 and February 1883). Hitherto, her life had held no Jewish inspiration. Though of Sephardic ancestry, and ostensibly Orthodox in belief, her family had till then not participated in the activities of thesynagogueor of the Jewish community. Contact with the unfortunates from Russia led her to study the Torah, the Hebrew language, Judaism, and Jewish history.While her early poetry demonstrated no Jewish themes, herSongs of a Semite(1882) is considered to be the earliest volume of Jewish American poetry. A review ofAlidebyLippincott's Monthly Magazinewas critical of Lazarus's style and elements of technique. Notes References Citations Attribution Bibliography External links\",\n \"Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne TheDominican Sisters of Hawthorneare aRoman Catholiccongregationofreligious sisters, who are a part of theThird Order of Saint Dominic. The Congregation was founded on December 8, 1900, byRose Hawthorne Lathrop, a daughter of the famednovelistNathaniel Hawthorne. They specialize in caring for those suffering fromterminalcancerand have no financial resources. History Early in life, Rose Hawthorne marriedGeorge Parsons Lathrop, both of whom converted toRoman Catholicismin 1891. Rose had seemingly married well as a young woman, and they moved from her nativeMassachusettstoNew York Cityand then to Connecticut after their marriage. Her husband soon turned out to be unreliable and difficult. Eventually she was driven in 1895 to seek permission from the Church to live apart from him, and this was granted. Finding herself alone and with few financial resources, she began to seek some meaning to her life. She learned of the plight of the poor who were diagnosed with incurable cancer. At\",\n \"cancer. At the time, this disease was believed by many to be highly contagious, so there was a deep fear of contact with those suffering from this affliction. Lathrop soon found a special vocation to this work. In the fall of 1896, after having taken a three-month nursing course at New York's Cancer Hospital, Lathrop moved into a three-roomcold-water flaton New York City's impoverishedLower East Sideand began to nurse the poor with incurable cancer.In March 1898 Alice Huber, having responded to an article Lathrop had written about her work, joined her in this service. Shortly afterwards Rose's husband George died. As others came to join them, Lathrop was inspired to found a religious congregation. One of her early supporters was Josephine Lazarus, sister of the poetEmma Lazaruswho had been Rose's friend until her death from cancer. A new congregation The community became established as a congregation of Religious Sisters in 1900 and were given the Dominicanhabit.They termed themselves \\\"the Servants of Relief\",\n \"Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer\\\", and their purpose was to provide for the well-being of incurably ill and destitute cancer patients. Lathrop was elected as mother superior of the community and became known as Mother Mary Alphonsa. The Sisters took only the most destitute, and provided them with all the care they needed, doing so without any form of compensation. In 1901 she established a nursing home in a smallhamletofWestchester County, some twenty miles north of New York City. Rosary Hill Home, as it was named, was formally opened to both male and female patients on June 5, 1901.Mother Mary Alphonsa lived at Rosary Hill for the rest of her life and rarely left, even declining an invitation fromHarriett Lothropto participate in a centennial celebration for her father at their former homeThe WaysideinConcord, Massachusetts. The Sisters took a strict daily routine under Mother Mary Alphonsa, rising for prayers in the chapel at 4:30 in the morning before breakfast, then care for the sick and perform\",\n \"sick and perform tasks like milking cows.The area around Rosary Hill later came to be calledHawthorne, New York, in honor of Lathrop's father. The order founded a second home in 1912 at 71 Jackson Street in Manhattan.It was named St. Rose's Free Home for Incurable Cancer. Mother Alphonsa wanted a better environment for her charges than the bleak dirty streets of that part of Manhattan. In 1930 the sisters opened the thirty-five bed skilled nursing facility, Sacred Heart Home in Philadelphia. In 1939 the Dominicans opened Our Lady of Perpetual Help Home in Atlanta, Georgia. In December 1941, the sisters opened Our Lady of Good Counsel Home in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 2009, the Sisters turned over operation of the home to the Franciscan Health Community, who continue to provide free care to those in need at end-of-life. Present situation The order continues to refuse any payment from the patients or their families or from government funds from eitherSocial SecurityorMedicare, nor do they accept money from\",\n \"accept money from private insurance. By the end of the 20th century, like many other religious communities, the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne were greatly reduced in numbers. In Fall 2002, the order closed the Rose Hawthorne Lathrop House inFall River, Massachusetts.St. Rose's Home in Manhattan closed March 31, 2009. As of 2013 the order numbered fifty-three sisters.The Sisters continue to serve at Rosary Hill in New York and at homes inPhiladelphia, andAtlanta. References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":287,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"If Anastasia Romanov had still been alive when the 90s cartoon movie based on her was released, how old would she be?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Duchess Anastasia Romanov would have been 96 years old."},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film)"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia', 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film)']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia","https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia\",\n \"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia(Russian:Анастасия Николаевна Романова,romanized:Anastasiya Nikolaevna Romanova; 18 June 1901 – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter ofTsar Nicholas II, the last sovereign ofImperial Russia, and his wife,Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. Anastasia was the younger sister of Grand DuchessesOlga,Tatiana, andMaria(commonly known together as theOTMAsisters) and was the elder sister ofAlexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia. She wasmurdered with her familyby a group ofBolsheviksinYekaterinburgon 17 July 1918. Persistent rumors of her possible escape circulated after her death, fueled by the fact that the location of her burial was unknown during the decades ofcommunistrule. The abandoned mine serving as a mass grave nearYekaterinburgwhich held the acidified remains of the Tsar, his wife, and three of their daughters was revealed in 1991. These remains were put to rest atPeter and Paul Fortressin 1998. The bodies of Alexei and the remaining daughter—either Anastasia or her older sister Maria—were discovered in 2007. Her purported survival has been conclusively disproven. Scientific analysis includingDNA testingconfirmed that the remains are those of theimperial family, showing that Anastasia was killed alongside her family. Several women falsely claimed to have been Anastasia; the best known impostor wasAnna Anderson. Anderson's body was cremated upon her death in 1984; DNA testing in 1994 on pieces of Anderson's tissue and hair showed no relation to the Romanov family. Contents Biography Early years Anastasia was born on 18 June 1901. She was the fourth daughter ofTsar Nicholas IIandTsarina Alexandra. When she was born, her parents and extended family were disappointed that she was a girl. They had hoped for a son who would have becomeheir apparentto the throne. Her father went for a long walk to compose himself before going to visit his wife and their newborn child for the first time.Her paternal auntGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russiasaid, \"My God! What a disappointment!... a fourth girl!\"Her first cousin twice removedGrand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovichwrote, \"Forgive us, Lord, if we all felt disappointment instead of joy. We were so hoping for a boy, and it's a daughter.\"The travel writerBurton Holmeswrote, \"Nicholas would part with half his Empire in exchange for one Imperial boy.\" Anastasia was named for the fourth-century martyrSt. Anastasia.\"Anastasia\" is a Greek name (Αναστασία), meaning \"of the resurrection\", a fact often alluded to later in stories about her rumored survival. Anastasia's title is most precisely translated as \"Grand Princess\". \"Grand Duchess\" became the most widely used translation of the title into English from Russian. The Tsar's children were raised as simply as possible. They slept on hard camp cots without pillows, except when they were ill, took cold baths in the morning, and were expected to tidy their rooms and do needlework to be sold at various charity events when they were not otherwise occupied. Most in the household, including the servants, generally called the Grand Duchess by her first name andpatronym, \"Anastasia Nikolaevna\", and did not use her title or style. She was occasionally called by the French version of her name, \"Anastasie\", or by the Russian nicknames \"Nastasya\", \"Nastya\", \"Nastas\", or \"Nastenka\". Other family nicknames for Anastasia were \"Malenkaya\", meaning \"little (one)\" in Russian,or \"Shvybzik\", meaning \"merry little one\"or \"little mischief\"inGerman. Anastasia and her older sister Maria were known within the family as \"The Little Pair\". The two girls shared a room, often wore variations of the same dress, and spent much of their time together. Their older sisters Olga and Tatiana also shared a room and were known as \"The Big Pair\". The four girls sometimes signed letters using the nicknameOTMA, which derived from the first letters of their first names. DNA testing on the remains of the imperial family proved conclusively in 2009 that Anastasia’s younger brother, Alexei, suffered fromHemophilia B, a rare form of the disease. His mother and one sister, identified alternatively as Maria or Anastasia, were carriers. Symptomatic carriers of the gene, while not hemophiliacs themselves, can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normalblood-clottingfactor that can lead to heavy bleeding.If Anastasia lived to have children of her own, it is genetically probable that they would have been afflicted by the disease. Appearance and personality Anastasia was short and inclined to be chubby, and she had blue eyesand blonde hair.BaronessSophie Buxhoeveden, her mother's lady-in-waiting, reflected that \"her features were regular and finely cut. She had fair hair, fine eyes, with impish laughter in their depths, and dark eyebrows that nearly met.\"Buxhoeveden believed that Anastasia resembled her mother, saying that she \"was more like her mother's than her father's family. She was rather short even at seventeen, and was, then decidedly fat, but it was the fatness of youth. She would have outgrown it, as had her sister Marie.\" Anastasia was a vivacious and energetic child.Margaretta Eagar, a governess to the four grand duchesses, said one person commented that the toddler Anastasia had the greatest personal charm of any child she had ever seen. While often described as gifted and bright, she was never interested in the restrictions of the school room, according to her tutorsPierre GilliardandSydney Gibbes. Gibbes, Gilliard, andladies-in-waitingLili DehnandAnna Vyrubovadescribed Anastasia as lively, mischievous, and a gifted actress. Her sharp, witty remarks sometimes hit sensitive spots.However, she was also very amusing: \"Even as a baby she had entertained grave old men, who were her neighbors at table, with her astonishing remarks.\" Anastasia's daring occasionally exceeded the limits of acceptable behavior. \"She undoubtedly held the record for punishable deeds in her family, for in naughtiness she was a true genius\", saidGleb Botkin, son of the court physicianYevgeny Botkin, who later died with the family at Yekaterinburg.Anastasia sometimes tripped the servants and played pranks on her tutors. As a child, she would climb trees and refuse to come down. Once, during asnowball fightat the family's Polish estate, Anastasia rolled a rock into a snowball and threw it at her older sister Tatiana, knocking her to the ground.A distant cousin,Princess Nina Georgievna, recalled that \"Anastasia was nasty to the point of being evil\", and would cheat, kick and scratch her playmates during games; she was affronted because the younger Nina was taller than she was.She was less concerned about her appearance than her sisters.Hallie Erminie Rives, a best-selling American author and wife of an American diplomat, described how 10-year-old Anastasia ate chocolates without bothering to remove her long, whiteopera glovesat the St. Petersburg opera house. Despite her energy, Anastasia's physical health was sometimes poor. The Grand Duchess suffered from painfulbunions, which affected both of her big toes.Anastasia had a weak muscle in her back and was prescribed twice-weekly massage. She hid under the bed or in a cupboard to put off the massage.Anastasia's older sister, Maria, reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils, according to her paternal auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, who was interviewed later in her life. The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Maria's mother. Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of thehemophiliagene, like their mother. Association with Grigori Rasputin Her mother relied on the counsel ofGrigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wanderingstaretsor \"holy man,\" and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions. Anastasia and her siblings were taught to view Rasputin as \"Our Friend\" and to share confidences with him. In the autumn of 1907, Anastasia's auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russiawas escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin. Anastasia, her sisters and brother Alexei were all wearing their long white nightgowns. \"All the children seemed to like him,\" Olga Alexandrovna recalled. \"They were completely at ease with him.\"Rasputin's friendship with the imperial children was evident in some of the messages he sent to them. In February 1909, Rasputin sent the imperial children a telegram, advising them to \"Love the whole of God's nature, the whole of His creation in particular this earth. The Mother of God was always occupied with flowers and needlework.\" However, one of the girls' governesses,Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva, was horrified in 1910 that Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns and wanted him barred. Nicholas asked Rasputin to avoid going to the nurseries in the future. The children were aware of the tension and feared that their mother would be angered by Tyutcheva's actions. \"I am so afr(aid) that S.I. (governess Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva) can speak ... about our friend something bad,\" Anastasia's twelve-year-old sister Tatiana wrote to their mother on 8 March 1910. \"I hope our nurse will be nice to our friend now.\" Tyutcheva was eventually fired. She took her story to other members of the family.While Rasputin's visits to the children were, by all accounts, completely innocent in nature, the family was scandalized. Tyutcheva told Nicholas's sister,Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, that Rasputin visited the girls, talked with them while they were getting ready for bed, and hugged and patted them. Tyutcheva said the children had been taught not to discuss Rasputin with her and were careful to hide his visits from the nursery staff. Xenia wrote on 15 March 1910, that she could not understand \"...the attitude of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory (whom they consider to be almost a saint, when in fact he's only akhlyst!)\" In the spring of 1910, Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova, a royal governess, claimed that Rasputin had raped her. Vishnyakova said the empress refused to believe her account of the assault, and insisted that \"everything Rasputin does is holy.\"Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova's claim had been immediately investigated, but instead \"they caught the young woman in bed with aCossackof the Imperial Guard.\" Vishnyakova was kept from seeing Rasputin after she made her accusation and was eventually dismissed from her post in 1913. However, rumors persisted and it was later whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four grand duchesses.This was followed by circulation ofpornographic cartoons, which depicted Rasputin having relations with the Empress, her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova.After the scandal, Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time, much to Alexandra's displeasure, and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage toPalestine.Despite the rumors, the imperial family's association with Rasputin continued until his murder on 17 December 1916. \"Our Friend is so contented with our girlies, says they have gone through heavy 'courses' for their age and their souls have much developed\", Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on 6 December 1916. In his memoirs, A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared \"cold and visibly terribly upset\" by Rasputin's death, and sat \"huddled up closely together\" on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news. Mordvinov recalled that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed.Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on its reverse by Anastasia, her mother and her sisters. She attended his funeral on 21 December 1916, and her family planned to build a church over the site of Rasputin's grave.After they were killed by the Bolsheviks, it was discovered Anastasia and her sisters were all wearing amulets bearing Rasputin's picture and a prayer. Captivity during World War I and Russian Revolution During World War I, Anastasia, along with her sister Maria, visited wounded soldiers at aprivate hospitalin the grounds atTsarskoye Selo. The two teenagers, too young to becomeRed Crossnurses like their mother and elder sisters, played games ofcheckersandbilliardswith the soldiers and tried to lift their spirits. Felix Dassel, who was treated at the hospital and knew Anastasia, recalled that the grand duchess had a \"laugh like a squirrel\", and walked rapidly \"as though shetrippedalong.\" In February 1917, Anastasia and her family were placed underhouse arrestat theAlexander Palacein Tsarskoye Selo during theRussian Revolution. Nicholas II abdicated on 15 March 1917. As theBolsheviksapproached,Alexander Kerenskyof theProvisional Governmenthad them moved toTobolsk,Siberia, where they were housed in theGovernor's Mansion.After the Bolsheviks seized majority control of Russia, Anastasia and her family were moved to theIpatiev House, or House of Special Purpose, atYekaterinburg. The stress and uncertainty of captivity took their toll on Anastasia as well as her family. \"Goodby \", she wrote to a friend in the winter of 1917. \"Don't forget us.\"At Tobolsk, she wrote a melancholy theme for her English tutor, filled with spelling mistakes, about \"Evelyn Hope\", a poem byRobert Browningabout a girl: \"When she died she was only sixteen years old ... Ther(e) was a man who loved her without having seen her but (k)new her very well. And she he(a)rd of him also. He never could tell her that he loved her, and now she was dead. But still he thought that when he and she will live next life whenever it will be that ...\", she wrote. Upon arriving in Yekaterinburg, Pierre Gilliard recalled his last sight of the children: \"The sailor Nagorny, who attended to Alexei Nikolaevitch, passed my window carrying the sick boy in his arms, behind him came the Grand Duchesses loaded with valises and small personal belongings. I tried to get out, but was roughly pushed back into the carriage by the sentry. I came back to the window. Tatiana Nikolayevna came last carrying her little dog and struggling to drag a heavy brown valise. It was raining and I saw her feet sink into the mud at every step. Nagorny tried to come to her assistance; he was roughly pushed back by one of the commisars ...\" Baroness Sophie Buxhoevedentold of her sad last glimpse of Anastasia: \"Once, standing on some steps at the door of a house close by, I saw a hand and a pink-sleeved arm opening the topmost pane. According to the blouse the hand must have belonged either to the Grand Duchess Marie or Anastasia. They could not see me through their windows, and this was to be the last glimpse that I was to have of any of them!\" However, even in the last months of her life, she found ways to enjoy herself. She and other members of the household performed plays for the enjoyment of their parents and others in the spring of 1918. Anastasia's performance made everyone howl with laughter, according to her tutor Sydney Gibbes. On 7 May 1918, in a letter fromTobolskto her sister Maria in Yekaterinburg, Anastasia described a moment of joy despite her sadness and loneliness and worry for the sick Alexei: \"We played on the swing, that was when I roared with laughter, the fall was so wonderful! Indeed! I told the sisters about it so many times yesterday that they got quite fed up, but I could go on telling it masses of times ... What weather we've had! One could simply shout with joy.\" In his memoirs, one of the guards at the Ipatiev House, Alexander Strekotin, remembered Anastasia as \"very friendly and full of fun\", while another guard said Anastasia was \"a very charming devil! She was mischievous and, I think, rarely tired. She was lively, and was fond of performing comic mimes with the dogs, as though they were performing in a circus.\"Yet another of the guards, however, called the youngest grand duchess \"offensive and a terrorist\" and complained that her occasionally provocative comments sometimes caused tension in the ranks.Anastasia and her sisters helped their maid darn stockings and assisted the cook in making bread and other kitchen chores while they were in captivity at the Ipatiev House. In the summer, the privations of the captivity, including their closer confinement at the Ipatiev House negatively affected the family. On 14 July 1918, local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family. They reported that Anastasia and her family, contrary to custom, fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead, and that the girls had become despondent and hopeless, and no longer sang the replies in the service. Noticing this dramatic change in their demeanor since his last visit, one priest told the other, \"Something has happened to them in there.\"But the next day, on 15 July 1918, Anastasia and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked and helped move the beds in their shared bedroom so that cleaning women could clean the floors. They helped the women scrub the floors and whispered to them when the guards were not watching. Anastasia stuck her tongue out atYakov Yurovsky, the head of the detachment, when he momentarily turned his back and left the room. Death After theBolshevik revolutionin October 1917, Russia quickly disintegrated intocivil war. Negotiations for the release of the Romanovs between their Bolshevik (commonly referred to as 'Reds') captors and their extended family, many of whom were prominent members of the royal houses of Europe, stalled.As the Whites (anti-Bolshevik forces, although not necessarily supportive of the Tsar) advanced toward Yekaterinburg, the Reds were in a precarious situation. The Reds knew Yekaterinburg would fall to the better manned and equippedWhite Army. When the Whites reached Yekaterinburg, the imperial family had simply disappeared. The most widely accepted account was that the family had been murdered. This was due to an investigation by White Army investigator Nicholas Sokolov, who came to the conclusion based on items that had belonged to the family being found thrown down a mine shaft atGanina Yama. The \"Yurovsky Note\", an account of the event filed by Yurovsky to his Bolshevik superiors following the killings, was found in 1989 and detailed inEdvard Radzinsky's 1992 book,The Last Tsar. According to the note, on the night of the deaths, the family was awakened and told to dress. They were told they were being moved to a new location to ensure their safety in anticipation of the violence that might ensue when theWhite Armyreached Yekaterinburg. Once dressed, the family and the small circle of servants who had remained with them were herded into a small room in the house's sub-basement and told to wait. Alexandra and Alexei sat in chairs provided by guards at the Empress's request. After several minutes, the guards entered the room, led by Yurovsky, who quickly informed the Tsar and his family that they were to be executed. The Tsar had time to say only \"What?\" and turn to his family before he was killed by several bullets to the chest (not, as is commonly stated, to the head; his skull, recovered in 1991, bears no bullet wounds).The Tsarina and her daughter Olga tried to make the sign of the cross but were killed in the initial volley of bullets fired by the executioners. The rest of the Imperial retinue were shot in short order, with the exception ofAnna Demidova, Alexandra's maid. Demidova survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall of the basement while trying to defend herself with a small pillow she had carried into the sub-basement that was filled with precious gems and jewels. The \"Yurovsky Note\" further reported that once the thick smoke that had filled the room from so many weapons being fired in such close proximity cleared, it was discovered that the executioners' bullets had ricocheted off the corsets of two or three of the Grand Duchesses. The executioners later came to find out that this was because the family's crown jewels and diamonds had been sewn inside the linings of the corsets to hide them from their captors. The corsets thus served as a form of \"armor\" against the bullets. Anastasia and Maria were said to have crouched up against a wall, covering their heads in terror, until they were shot down by bullets, recalled Yurovsky. However, another guard, Peter Ermakov, told his wife that Anastasia had been finished off with bayonets. As the bodies were carried out, one or more of the girls cried out, and were clubbed on the back of the head, wrote Yurovsky. False reports of survival Anastasia's supposed escape and possible survival was one of the most popular historical mysteries of the 20th century, provoking many books and films. At least ten women claimed to be her, offering varying stories as to how she had survived.Anna Anderson, the best known Anastasiaimpostor, first surfaced publicly between 1920 and 1922. She contended that she had feigned death among the bodies of her family and servants, and was able to make her escape with the help of a compassionate guard who noticed she was still breathing and took sympathy upon her.Her legal battle for recognition from 1938 to 1970 continued a lifelong controversy and was the longest running case ever heard by the German courts, where it was officially filed. The final decision of the court was that Anderson had not provided sufficient proof to claim the identity of the grand duchess. Anderson died in 1984 and her body was cremated. DNA tests were conducted in 1994 on a tissue sample from Anderson located in a hospital and the blood ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a great-nephew of Empress Alexandra. According to Dr Gill who conducted the tests, \"If you accept that these samples came from Anna Anderson, then Anna Anderson could not be related to Tsar Nicholas or Tsarina Alexandra.\" Anderson'smitochondrial DNAwas a match with a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska, a missing Polish factory worker.Some supporters of Anderson's claim acknowledged that the DNA tests proving she could not have been the Grand Duchess had \"won the day\". Other lesser known claimants wereNadezhda Ivanovna VasilyevaandEugenia Smith.Two young women claiming to be Anastasia and her sister Maria were taken in by a priest in theUral Mountainsin 1919 where they lived as nuns until their deaths in 1964. They were buried under the names Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna. Rumors of Anastasia's survival were embellished with various contemporary reports of trains and houses being searched for \"Anastasia Romanov\" by Bolshevik soldiers and secret police.When she was briefly imprisoned atPermin 1918,Princess Helena Petrovna, the wife of Anastasia's distant cousin,Prince John Constantinovich of Russia, reported that a guard brought a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked if the girl was the daughter of the Tsar. Helena Petrovna said she did not recognize the girl and the guard took her away.Although other witnesses in Perm later reported that they saw Anastasia, her mother and sisters in Perm after the murders, this story is now widely discredited.Rumors that they were alive were fueled by deliberate misinformation designed to hide the fact that the family was dead. A few days after they had been murdered, the German government sent several telegrams to Russia demanding \"the safety of the princesses of German blood\". Russia had recently signed apeace treatywith the Germans, and did not want to upset them by letting them know the women were dead, so they told them they had been moved to a safer location. In another incident, eight witnesses reported the recapture of a young woman after an apparent escape attempt in September 1918 at a railway station at Siding 37, northwest of Perm. These witnesses were Maxim Grigoyev, Tatiana Sitnikova (and her son Fyodor Sitnikov), Ivan Kuklin and Matrina Kuklina, Vassily Ryabov, Ustinya Varankina, and Dr Pavel Utkin, a physician who treated the girl after the incident.Some of the witnesses identified the girl as Anastasia when they were shown photographs of the grand duchess byWhite RussianArmy investigators. Utkin also told the White Russian Army investigators that the injured girl, whom he treated atChekaheadquarters in Perm, told him, \"I am the daughter of the ruler, Anastasia.\" Utkin obtained a prescription from a pharmacy for a patient named \"N\" at the orders of the secret police. White Army investigators later independently located records for the prescription.During the same time period in mid-1918, there were several reports of young people in Russia passing themselves off as Romanov escapees.Boris Soloviev, the husband of Rasputin's daughterMaria, defrauded prominent Russian families by asking for money for a Romanov impostor to escape to China. Soloviev also found young women willing to masquerade as one of the grand duchesses to assist in deceiving the families he had defrauded. Some biographers' accounts speculated that the opportunity for one or more of the guards to rescue a survivor existed.Yakov Yurovskydemanded that the guards come to his office and turn over items they had stolen following the murder. There was reportedly a span of time when the bodies of the victims were left largely unattended in the truck, in the basement and in the corridor of the house. Some guards who had not participated in the murders and had been sympathetic to the grand duchesses were reportedly left in the basement with the bodies. Romanov graves and DNA proof In 1991, the presumed burial site of the imperial family and their servants was excavated in the woods outsideYekaterinburg. The grave had been found nearly a decade earlier, but was kept hidden by its discoverers from the Communists who were still ruling Russia at the time. The grave only held nine of the expected eleven sets of remains. DNA and skeletal analysis matched these remains to Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of the four grand duchesses (Olga, Tatiana and presumably Maria). The other remains, with unrelated DNA, correspond to the family's doctor (Yevgeny Botkin), their valet (Alexei Trupp), their cook (Ivan Kharitonov), and Alexandra's maid (Anna Demidova). Forensic expertWilliam R. Maplesfound that the Tsarevitch Alexei and Anastasia's bodies were missing from the family's grave. Russian scientists contested this conclusion, however, claiming it was the body of Maria that was missing. The Russians identified the body as that of Anastasia by using acomputer programto compare photos of the youngest grand duchess with the skulls of the victims from the mass grave. They estimated the height and width of the skulls where pieces of bone were missing. American scientists found this method inexact. American scientists thought the missing body to be Anastasia because none of the female skeletons showed the evidence of immaturity, such as an immature collarbone, undescendedwisdom teeth, or immature vertebrae in the back, that they would have expected to find in a seventeen-year-old. In 1998, when the remains of the imperial family were finally interred, a body measuring approximately 5'7\" was buried under the name of Anastasia. Photographs taken of her standing beside her three sisters up until six months before the murders demonstrate that Anastasia was several inches shorter than all of them. Her mother commented on sixteen-year-old Anastasia's short stature in a 15 December 1917 letter, written seven months before the murders. \"Anastasia, to her despair, is now very fat, as Maria was, round and fat to the waist, with short legs. I do hope she will grow.\"Scientists considered it unlikely that the teenager could have grown so much in the last months of her life. Her actual height was approximately 5'2\". The account of the \"Yurovsky Note\" indicated that two of the bodies were removed from the main grave and cremated at an undisclosed area in order to further disguise the burials of the Tsar and his retinue, if the remains were discovered by the Whites, since the body count would not be correct. Searches of the area in subsequent years failed to turn up a cremation site or the remains of the two missing Romanov children. However, on 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones were from a boy who was roughly between the ages of twelve and fifteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of fifteen and nineteen years old.Anastasia was seventeen years and one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old respectively at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found \"shards of a container ofsulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber\". The site was initially found withmetal detectorsand by using metal rods as probes. DNA testing by multiple international laboratories including theArmed Forces DNA Identification LaboratoryandInnsbruck Medical Universityconfirmed that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, proving conclusively that all family members, including Anastasia, died in 1918. The parents and all five children are now accounted for, and each has his or her own unique DNA profile.While the tests have confirmed that all the Romanov bodies have been found, one of the studies was still unsure which body from the two graves was Maria's and which was Anastasia's: a well publicized debate over which daughter, Maria (according to Russian experts) or Anastasia (according to US experts), has been recovered from the second grave cannot be settled based upon the DNA results reported here. In the absence of a DNA reference from each sister, we can only conclusively identify Alexei – the only son of Nicholas and Alexandra. Sainthood In 2000, Anastasia and her family werecanonizedaspassion bearersby theRussian Orthodox Church. The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by theRussian Orthodox Church Abroadasholy martyrs. The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were finally interred in the St. Catherine Chapel atSaints Peter and Paul Cathedral, St Petersburgon 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.As of 2018 the bones of Alexei and Maria (or possibly Anastasia) were still being held by the Orthodox Church. Depictions in art, media, and literature The purported survival of Anastasia has been the subject ofcinema(such as the1997 animated filmand the1956 filmthat inspired it starringIngrid BergmanandYul Brynner),made-for-televisionfilms, and aBroadway musical. The earliest, made in 1928, was calledClothes Make the Woman. The story followed a woman who turns up to play the part of a rescued Anastasia for a Hollywood film, and ends up being recognized by the Russian soldier who originally rescued her from her would-be assassins. Ancestry Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film"],"string":"[\n \"Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia(Russian:Анастасия Николаевна Романова,romanized:Anastasiya Nikolaevna Romanova; 18 June 1901 – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter ofTsar Nicholas II, the last sovereign ofImperial Russia, and his wife,Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. Anastasia was the younger sister of Grand DuchessesOlga,Tatiana, andMaria(commonly known together as theOTMAsisters) and was the elder sister ofAlexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia. She wasmurdered with her familyby a group ofBolsheviksinYekaterinburgon 17 July 1918. Persistent rumors of her possible escape circulated after her death, fueled by the fact that the location of her burial was unknown during the decades ofcommunistrule. The abandoned mine serving as a mass grave nearYekaterinburgwhich held the acidified remains of the Tsar, his wife, and three of their daughters was revealed in 1991. These remains were put to rest atPeter and Paul Fortressin 1998. The bodies of Alexei and the remaining daughter—either Anastasia or her older sister Maria—were discovered in 2007. Her purported survival has been conclusively disproven. Scientific analysis includingDNA testingconfirmed that the remains are those of theimperial family, showing that Anastasia was killed alongside her family. Several women falsely claimed to have been Anastasia; the best known impostor wasAnna Anderson. Anderson's body was cremated upon her death in 1984; DNA testing in 1994 on pieces of Anderson's tissue and hair showed no relation to the Romanov family. Contents Biography Early years Anastasia was born on 18 June 1901. She was the fourth daughter ofTsar Nicholas IIandTsarina Alexandra. When she was born, her parents and extended family were disappointed that she was a girl. They had hoped for a son who would have becomeheir apparentto the throne. Her father went for a long walk to compose himself before going to visit his wife and their newborn child for the first time.Her paternal auntGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russiasaid, \\\"My God! What a disappointment!... a fourth girl!\\\"Her first cousin twice removedGrand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovichwrote, \\\"Forgive us, Lord, if we all felt disappointment instead of joy. We were so hoping for a boy, and it's a daughter.\\\"The travel writerBurton Holmeswrote, \\\"Nicholas would part with half his Empire in exchange for one Imperial boy.\\\" Anastasia was named for the fourth-century martyrSt. Anastasia.\\\"Anastasia\\\" is a Greek name (Αναστασία), meaning \\\"of the resurrection\\\", a fact often alluded to later in stories about her rumored survival. Anastasia's title is most precisely translated as \\\"Grand Princess\\\". \\\"Grand Duchess\\\" became the most widely used translation of the title into English from Russian. The Tsar's children were raised as simply as possible. They slept on hard camp cots without pillows, except when they were ill, took cold baths in the morning, and were expected to tidy their rooms and do needlework to be sold at various charity events when they were not otherwise occupied. Most in the household, including the servants, generally called the Grand Duchess by her first name andpatronym, \\\"Anastasia Nikolaevna\\\", and did not use her title or style. She was occasionally called by the French version of her name, \\\"Anastasie\\\", or by the Russian nicknames \\\"Nastasya\\\", \\\"Nastya\\\", \\\"Nastas\\\", or \\\"Nastenka\\\". Other family nicknames for Anastasia were \\\"Malenkaya\\\", meaning \\\"little (one)\\\" in Russian,or \\\"Shvybzik\\\", meaning \\\"merry little one\\\"or \\\"little mischief\\\"inGerman. Anastasia and her older sister Maria were known within the family as \\\"The Little Pair\\\". The two girls shared a room, often wore variations of the same dress, and spent much of their time together. Their older sisters Olga and Tatiana also shared a room and were known as \\\"The Big Pair\\\". The four girls sometimes signed letters using the nicknameOTMA, which derived from the first letters of their first names. DNA testing on the remains of the imperial family proved conclusively in 2009 that Anastasia’s younger brother, Alexei, suffered fromHemophilia B, a rare form of the disease. His mother and one sister, identified alternatively as Maria or Anastasia, were carriers. Symptomatic carriers of the gene, while not hemophiliacs themselves, can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normalblood-clottingfactor that can lead to heavy bleeding.If Anastasia lived to have children of her own, it is genetically probable that they would have been afflicted by the disease. Appearance and personality Anastasia was short and inclined to be chubby, and she had blue eyesand blonde hair.BaronessSophie Buxhoeveden, her mother's lady-in-waiting, reflected that \\\"her features were regular and finely cut. She had fair hair, fine eyes, with impish laughter in their depths, and dark eyebrows that nearly met.\\\"Buxhoeveden believed that Anastasia resembled her mother, saying that she \\\"was more like her mother's than her father's family. She was rather short even at seventeen, and was, then decidedly fat, but it was the fatness of youth. She would have outgrown it, as had her sister Marie.\\\" Anastasia was a vivacious and energetic child.Margaretta Eagar, a governess to the four grand duchesses, said one person commented that the toddler Anastasia had the greatest personal charm of any child she had ever seen. While often described as gifted and bright, she was never interested in the restrictions of the school room, according to her tutorsPierre GilliardandSydney Gibbes. Gibbes, Gilliard, andladies-in-waitingLili DehnandAnna Vyrubovadescribed Anastasia as lively, mischievous, and a gifted actress. Her sharp, witty remarks sometimes hit sensitive spots.However, she was also very amusing: \\\"Even as a baby she had entertained grave old men, who were her neighbors at table, with her astonishing remarks.\\\" Anastasia's daring occasionally exceeded the limits of acceptable behavior. \\\"She undoubtedly held the record for punishable deeds in her family, for in naughtiness she was a true genius\\\", saidGleb Botkin, son of the court physicianYevgeny Botkin, who later died with the family at Yekaterinburg.Anastasia sometimes tripped the servants and played pranks on her tutors. As a child, she would climb trees and refuse to come down. Once, during asnowball fightat the family's Polish estate, Anastasia rolled a rock into a snowball and threw it at her older sister Tatiana, knocking her to the ground.A distant cousin,Princess Nina Georgievna, recalled that \\\"Anastasia was nasty to the point of being evil\\\", and would cheat, kick and scratch her playmates during games; she was affronted because the younger Nina was taller than she was.She was less concerned about her appearance than her sisters.Hallie Erminie Rives, a best-selling American author and wife of an American diplomat, described how 10-year-old Anastasia ate chocolates without bothering to remove her long, whiteopera glovesat the St. Petersburg opera house. Despite her energy, Anastasia's physical health was sometimes poor. The Grand Duchess suffered from painfulbunions, which affected both of her big toes.Anastasia had a weak muscle in her back and was prescribed twice-weekly massage. She hid under the bed or in a cupboard to put off the massage.Anastasia's older sister, Maria, reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils, according to her paternal auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, who was interviewed later in her life. The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Maria's mother. Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of thehemophiliagene, like their mother. Association with Grigori Rasputin Her mother relied on the counsel ofGrigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wanderingstaretsor \\\"holy man,\\\" and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions. Anastasia and her siblings were taught to view Rasputin as \\\"Our Friend\\\" and to share confidences with him. In the autumn of 1907, Anastasia's auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russiawas escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin. Anastasia, her sisters and brother Alexei were all wearing their long white nightgowns. \\\"All the children seemed to like him,\\\" Olga Alexandrovna recalled. \\\"They were completely at ease with him.\\\"Rasputin's friendship with the imperial children was evident in some of the messages he sent to them. In February 1909, Rasputin sent the imperial children a telegram, advising them to \\\"Love the whole of God's nature, the whole of His creation in particular this earth. The Mother of God was always occupied with flowers and needlework.\\\" However, one of the girls' governesses,Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva, was horrified in 1910 that Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns and wanted him barred. Nicholas asked Rasputin to avoid going to the nurseries in the future. The children were aware of the tension and feared that their mother would be angered by Tyutcheva's actions. \\\"I am so afr(aid) that S.I. (governess Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva) can speak ... about our friend something bad,\\\" Anastasia's twelve-year-old sister Tatiana wrote to their mother on 8 March 1910. \\\"I hope our nurse will be nice to our friend now.\\\" Tyutcheva was eventually fired. She took her story to other members of the family.While Rasputin's visits to the children were, by all accounts, completely innocent in nature, the family was scandalized. Tyutcheva told Nicholas's sister,Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, that Rasputin visited the girls, talked with them while they were getting ready for bed, and hugged and patted them. Tyutcheva said the children had been taught not to discuss Rasputin with her and were careful to hide his visits from the nursery staff. Xenia wrote on 15 March 1910, that she could not understand \\\"...the attitude of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory (whom they consider to be almost a saint, when in fact he's only akhlyst!)\\\" In the spring of 1910, Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova, a royal governess, claimed that Rasputin had raped her. Vishnyakova said the empress refused to believe her account of the assault, and insisted that \\\"everything Rasputin does is holy.\\\"Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova's claim had been immediately investigated, but instead \\\"they caught the young woman in bed with aCossackof the Imperial Guard.\\\" Vishnyakova was kept from seeing Rasputin after she made her accusation and was eventually dismissed from her post in 1913. However, rumors persisted and it was later whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four grand duchesses.This was followed by circulation ofpornographic cartoons, which depicted Rasputin having relations with the Empress, her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova.After the scandal, Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time, much to Alexandra's displeasure, and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage toPalestine.Despite the rumors, the imperial family's association with Rasputin continued until his murder on 17 December 1916. \\\"Our Friend is so contented with our girlies, says they have gone through heavy 'courses' for their age and their souls have much developed\\\", Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on 6 December 1916. In his memoirs, A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared \\\"cold and visibly terribly upset\\\" by Rasputin's death, and sat \\\"huddled up closely together\\\" on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news. Mordvinov recalled that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed.Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on its reverse by Anastasia, her mother and her sisters. She attended his funeral on 21 December 1916, and her family planned to build a church over the site of Rasputin's grave.After they were killed by the Bolsheviks, it was discovered Anastasia and her sisters were all wearing amulets bearing Rasputin's picture and a prayer. Captivity during World War I and Russian Revolution During World War I, Anastasia, along with her sister Maria, visited wounded soldiers at aprivate hospitalin the grounds atTsarskoye Selo. The two teenagers, too young to becomeRed Crossnurses like their mother and elder sisters, played games ofcheckersandbilliardswith the soldiers and tried to lift their spirits. Felix Dassel, who was treated at the hospital and knew Anastasia, recalled that the grand duchess had a \\\"laugh like a squirrel\\\", and walked rapidly \\\"as though shetrippedalong.\\\" In February 1917, Anastasia and her family were placed underhouse arrestat theAlexander Palacein Tsarskoye Selo during theRussian Revolution. Nicholas II abdicated on 15 March 1917. As theBolsheviksapproached,Alexander Kerenskyof theProvisional Governmenthad them moved toTobolsk,Siberia, where they were housed in theGovernor's Mansion.After the Bolsheviks seized majority control of Russia, Anastasia and her family were moved to theIpatiev House, or House of Special Purpose, atYekaterinburg. The stress and uncertainty of captivity took their toll on Anastasia as well as her family. \\\"Goodby \\\", she wrote to a friend in the winter of 1917. \\\"Don't forget us.\\\"At Tobolsk, she wrote a melancholy theme for her English tutor, filled with spelling mistakes, about \\\"Evelyn Hope\\\", a poem byRobert Browningabout a girl: \\\"When she died she was only sixteen years old ... Ther(e) was a man who loved her without having seen her but (k)new her very well. And she he(a)rd of him also. He never could tell her that he loved her, and now she was dead. But still he thought that when he and she will live next life whenever it will be that ...\\\", she wrote. Upon arriving in Yekaterinburg, Pierre Gilliard recalled his last sight of the children: \\\"The sailor Nagorny, who attended to Alexei Nikolaevitch, passed my window carrying the sick boy in his arms, behind him came the Grand Duchesses loaded with valises and small personal belongings. I tried to get out, but was roughly pushed back into the carriage by the sentry. I came back to the window. Tatiana Nikolayevna came last carrying her little dog and struggling to drag a heavy brown valise. It was raining and I saw her feet sink into the mud at every step. Nagorny tried to come to her assistance; he was roughly pushed back by one of the commisars ...\\\" Baroness Sophie Buxhoevedentold of her sad last glimpse of Anastasia: \\\"Once, standing on some steps at the door of a house close by, I saw a hand and a pink-sleeved arm opening the topmost pane. According to the blouse the hand must have belonged either to the Grand Duchess Marie or Anastasia. They could not see me through their windows, and this was to be the last glimpse that I was to have of any of them!\\\" However, even in the last months of her life, she found ways to enjoy herself. She and other members of the household performed plays for the enjoyment of their parents and others in the spring of 1918. Anastasia's performance made everyone howl with laughter, according to her tutor Sydney Gibbes. On 7 May 1918, in a letter fromTobolskto her sister Maria in Yekaterinburg, Anastasia described a moment of joy despite her sadness and loneliness and worry for the sick Alexei: \\\"We played on the swing, that was when I roared with laughter, the fall was so wonderful! Indeed! I told the sisters about it so many times yesterday that they got quite fed up, but I could go on telling it masses of times ... What weather we've had! One could simply shout with joy.\\\" In his memoirs, one of the guards at the Ipatiev House, Alexander Strekotin, remembered Anastasia as \\\"very friendly and full of fun\\\", while another guard said Anastasia was \\\"a very charming devil! She was mischievous and, I think, rarely tired. She was lively, and was fond of performing comic mimes with the dogs, as though they were performing in a circus.\\\"Yet another of the guards, however, called the youngest grand duchess \\\"offensive and a terrorist\\\" and complained that her occasionally provocative comments sometimes caused tension in the ranks.Anastasia and her sisters helped their maid darn stockings and assisted the cook in making bread and other kitchen chores while they were in captivity at the Ipatiev House. In the summer, the privations of the captivity, including their closer confinement at the Ipatiev House negatively affected the family. On 14 July 1918, local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family. They reported that Anastasia and her family, contrary to custom, fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead, and that the girls had become despondent and hopeless, and no longer sang the replies in the service. Noticing this dramatic change in their demeanor since his last visit, one priest told the other, \\\"Something has happened to them in there.\\\"But the next day, on 15 July 1918, Anastasia and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked and helped move the beds in their shared bedroom so that cleaning women could clean the floors. They helped the women scrub the floors and whispered to them when the guards were not watching. Anastasia stuck her tongue out atYakov Yurovsky, the head of the detachment, when he momentarily turned his back and left the room. Death After theBolshevik revolutionin October 1917, Russia quickly disintegrated intocivil war. Negotiations for the release of the Romanovs between their Bolshevik (commonly referred to as 'Reds') captors and their extended family, many of whom were prominent members of the royal houses of Europe, stalled.As the Whites (anti-Bolshevik forces, although not necessarily supportive of the Tsar) advanced toward Yekaterinburg, the Reds were in a precarious situation. The Reds knew Yekaterinburg would fall to the better manned and equippedWhite Army. When the Whites reached Yekaterinburg, the imperial family had simply disappeared. The most widely accepted account was that the family had been murdered. This was due to an investigation by White Army investigator Nicholas Sokolov, who came to the conclusion based on items that had belonged to the family being found thrown down a mine shaft atGanina Yama. The \\\"Yurovsky Note\\\", an account of the event filed by Yurovsky to his Bolshevik superiors following the killings, was found in 1989 and detailed inEdvard Radzinsky's 1992 book,The Last Tsar. According to the note, on the night of the deaths, the family was awakened and told to dress. They were told they were being moved to a new location to ensure their safety in anticipation of the violence that might ensue when theWhite Armyreached Yekaterinburg. Once dressed, the family and the small circle of servants who had remained with them were herded into a small room in the house's sub-basement and told to wait. Alexandra and Alexei sat in chairs provided by guards at the Empress's request. After several minutes, the guards entered the room, led by Yurovsky, who quickly informed the Tsar and his family that they were to be executed. The Tsar had time to say only \\\"What?\\\" and turn to his family before he was killed by several bullets to the chest (not, as is commonly stated, to the head; his skull, recovered in 1991, bears no bullet wounds).The Tsarina and her daughter Olga tried to make the sign of the cross but were killed in the initial volley of bullets fired by the executioners. The rest of the Imperial retinue were shot in short order, with the exception ofAnna Demidova, Alexandra's maid. Demidova survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall of the basement while trying to defend herself with a small pillow she had carried into the sub-basement that was filled with precious gems and jewels. The \\\"Yurovsky Note\\\" further reported that once the thick smoke that had filled the room from so many weapons being fired in such close proximity cleared, it was discovered that the executioners' bullets had ricocheted off the corsets of two or three of the Grand Duchesses. The executioners later came to find out that this was because the family's crown jewels and diamonds had been sewn inside the linings of the corsets to hide them from their captors. The corsets thus served as a form of \\\"armor\\\" against the bullets. Anastasia and Maria were said to have crouched up against a wall, covering their heads in terror, until they were shot down by bullets, recalled Yurovsky. However, another guard, Peter Ermakov, told his wife that Anastasia had been finished off with bayonets. As the bodies were carried out, one or more of the girls cried out, and were clubbed on the back of the head, wrote Yurovsky. False reports of survival Anastasia's supposed escape and possible survival was one of the most popular historical mysteries of the 20th century, provoking many books and films. At least ten women claimed to be her, offering varying stories as to how she had survived.Anna Anderson, the best known Anastasiaimpostor, first surfaced publicly between 1920 and 1922. She contended that she had feigned death among the bodies of her family and servants, and was able to make her escape with the help of a compassionate guard who noticed she was still breathing and took sympathy upon her.Her legal battle for recognition from 1938 to 1970 continued a lifelong controversy and was the longest running case ever heard by the German courts, where it was officially filed. The final decision of the court was that Anderson had not provided sufficient proof to claim the identity of the grand duchess. Anderson died in 1984 and her body was cremated. DNA tests were conducted in 1994 on a tissue sample from Anderson located in a hospital and the blood ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a great-nephew of Empress Alexandra. According to Dr Gill who conducted the tests, \\\"If you accept that these samples came from Anna Anderson, then Anna Anderson could not be related to Tsar Nicholas or Tsarina Alexandra.\\\" Anderson'smitochondrial DNAwas a match with a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska, a missing Polish factory worker.Some supporters of Anderson's claim acknowledged that the DNA tests proving she could not have been the Grand Duchess had \\\"won the day\\\". Other lesser known claimants wereNadezhda Ivanovna VasilyevaandEugenia Smith.Two young women claiming to be Anastasia and her sister Maria were taken in by a priest in theUral Mountainsin 1919 where they lived as nuns until their deaths in 1964. They were buried under the names Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna. Rumors of Anastasia's survival were embellished with various contemporary reports of trains and houses being searched for \\\"Anastasia Romanov\\\" by Bolshevik soldiers and secret police.When she was briefly imprisoned atPermin 1918,Princess Helena Petrovna, the wife of Anastasia's distant cousin,Prince John Constantinovich of Russia, reported that a guard brought a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked if the girl was the daughter of the Tsar. Helena Petrovna said she did not recognize the girl and the guard took her away.Although other witnesses in Perm later reported that they saw Anastasia, her mother and sisters in Perm after the murders, this story is now widely discredited.Rumors that they were alive were fueled by deliberate misinformation designed to hide the fact that the family was dead. A few days after they had been murdered, the German government sent several telegrams to Russia demanding \\\"the safety of the princesses of German blood\\\". Russia had recently signed apeace treatywith the Germans, and did not want to upset them by letting them know the women were dead, so they told them they had been moved to a safer location. In another incident, eight witnesses reported the recapture of a young woman after an apparent escape attempt in September 1918 at a railway station at Siding 37, northwest of Perm. These witnesses were Maxim Grigoyev, Tatiana Sitnikova (and her son Fyodor Sitnikov), Ivan Kuklin and Matrina Kuklina, Vassily Ryabov, Ustinya Varankina, and Dr Pavel Utkin, a physician who treated the girl after the incident.Some of the witnesses identified the girl as Anastasia when they were shown photographs of the grand duchess byWhite RussianArmy investigators. Utkin also told the White Russian Army investigators that the injured girl, whom he treated atChekaheadquarters in Perm, told him, \\\"I am the daughter of the ruler, Anastasia.\\\" Utkin obtained a prescription from a pharmacy for a patient named \\\"N\\\" at the orders of the secret police. White Army investigators later independently located records for the prescription.During the same time period in mid-1918, there were several reports of young people in Russia passing themselves off as Romanov escapees.Boris Soloviev, the husband of Rasputin's daughterMaria, defrauded prominent Russian families by asking for money for a Romanov impostor to escape to China. Soloviev also found young women willing to masquerade as one of the grand duchesses to assist in deceiving the families he had defrauded. Some biographers' accounts speculated that the opportunity for one or more of the guards to rescue a survivor existed.Yakov Yurovskydemanded that the guards come to his office and turn over items they had stolen following the murder. There was reportedly a span of time when the bodies of the victims were left largely unattended in the truck, in the basement and in the corridor of the house. Some guards who had not participated in the murders and had been sympathetic to the grand duchesses were reportedly left in the basement with the bodies. Romanov graves and DNA proof In 1991, the presumed burial site of the imperial family and their servants was excavated in the woods outsideYekaterinburg. The grave had been found nearly a decade earlier, but was kept hidden by its discoverers from the Communists who were still ruling Russia at the time. The grave only held nine of the expected eleven sets of remains. DNA and skeletal analysis matched these remains to Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of the four grand duchesses (Olga, Tatiana and presumably Maria). The other remains, with unrelated DNA, correspond to the family's doctor (Yevgeny Botkin), their valet (Alexei Trupp), their cook (Ivan Kharitonov), and Alexandra's maid (Anna Demidova). Forensic expertWilliam R. Maplesfound that the Tsarevitch Alexei and Anastasia's bodies were missing from the family's grave. Russian scientists contested this conclusion, however, claiming it was the body of Maria that was missing. The Russians identified the body as that of Anastasia by using acomputer programto compare photos of the youngest grand duchess with the skulls of the victims from the mass grave. They estimated the height and width of the skulls where pieces of bone were missing. American scientists found this method inexact. American scientists thought the missing body to be Anastasia because none of the female skeletons showed the evidence of immaturity, such as an immature collarbone, undescendedwisdom teeth, or immature vertebrae in the back, that they would have expected to find in a seventeen-year-old. In 1998, when the remains of the imperial family were finally interred, a body measuring approximately 5'7\\\" was buried under the name of Anastasia. Photographs taken of her standing beside her three sisters up until six months before the murders demonstrate that Anastasia was several inches shorter than all of them. Her mother commented on sixteen-year-old Anastasia's short stature in a 15 December 1917 letter, written seven months before the murders. \\\"Anastasia, to her despair, is now very fat, as Maria was, round and fat to the waist, with short legs. I do hope she will grow.\\\"Scientists considered it unlikely that the teenager could have grown so much in the last months of her life. Her actual height was approximately 5'2\\\". The account of the \\\"Yurovsky Note\\\" indicated that two of the bodies were removed from the main grave and cremated at an undisclosed area in order to further disguise the burials of the Tsar and his retinue, if the remains were discovered by the Whites, since the body count would not be correct. Searches of the area in subsequent years failed to turn up a cremation site or the remains of the two missing Romanov children. However, on 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones were from a boy who was roughly between the ages of twelve and fifteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of fifteen and nineteen years old.Anastasia was seventeen years and one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old respectively at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found \\\"shards of a container ofsulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber\\\". The site was initially found withmetal detectorsand by using metal rods as probes. DNA testing by multiple international laboratories including theArmed Forces DNA Identification LaboratoryandInnsbruck Medical Universityconfirmed that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, proving conclusively that all family members, including Anastasia, died in 1918. The parents and all five children are now accounted for, and each has his or her own unique DNA profile.While the tests have confirmed that all the Romanov bodies have been found, one of the studies was still unsure which body from the two graves was Maria's and which was Anastasia's: a well publicized debate over which daughter, Maria (according to Russian experts) or Anastasia (according to US experts), has been recovered from the second grave cannot be settled based upon the DNA results reported here. In the absence of a DNA reference from each sister, we can only conclusively identify Alexei – the only son of Nicholas and Alexandra. Sainthood In 2000, Anastasia and her family werecanonizedaspassion bearersby theRussian Orthodox Church. The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by theRussian Orthodox Church Abroadasholy martyrs. The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were finally interred in the St. Catherine Chapel atSaints Peter and Paul Cathedral, St Petersburgon 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.As of 2018 the bones of Alexei and Maria (or possibly Anastasia) were still being held by the Orthodox Church. Depictions in art, media, and literature The purported survival of Anastasia has been the subject ofcinema(such as the1997 animated filmand the1956 filmthat inspired it starringIngrid BergmanandYul Brynner),made-for-televisionfilms, and aBroadway musical. The earliest, made in 1928, was calledClothes Make the Woman. The story followed a woman who turns up to play the part of a rescued Anastasia for a Hollywood film, and ends up being recognized by the Russian soldier who originally rescued her from her would-be assassins. Ancestry Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia(Russian:Анастасия Николаевна Романова,romanized:Anastasiya Nikolaevna Romanova; 18 June 1901 – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter ofTsar Nicholas II, the last sovereign ofImperial Russia, and his wife,Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. Anastasia was the younger sister of Grand DuchessesOlga,Tatiana, andMaria(commonly known together as theOTMAsisters) and was the elder sister ofAlexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia. She wasmurdered with her familyby a group ofBolsheviksinYekaterinburgon 17 July 1918. Persistent rumors of her possible escape circulated after her death, fueled by the fact that the location of her burial was unknown during the decades ofcommunistrule. The abandoned mine serving as a mass grave nearYekaterinburgwhich held the acidified remains of the Tsar, his wife, and three of their daughters was revealed in 1991. These remains were put to rest atPeter and Paul Fortressin 1998. The bodies of Alexei and","of Alexei and the remaining daughter—either Anastasia or her older sister Maria—were discovered in 2007. Her purported survival has been conclusively disproven. Scientific analysis includingDNA testingconfirmed that the remains are those of theimperial family, showing that Anastasia was killed alongside her family. Several women falsely claimed to have been Anastasia; the best known impostor wasAnna Anderson. Anderson's body was cremated upon her death in 1984; DNA testing in 1994 on pieces of Anderson's tissue and hair showed no relation to the Romanov family. Contents Biography Early years Anastasia was born on 18 June 1901. She was the fourth daughter ofTsar Nicholas IIandTsarina Alexandra. When she was born, her parents and extended family were disappointed that she was a girl. They had hoped for a son who would have becomeheir apparentto the throne. Her father went for a long walk to compose himself before going to visit his wife and their newborn child for the first time.Her paternal auntGrand Duchess","auntGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russiasaid, \"My God! What a disappointment!... a fourth girl!\"Her first cousin twice removedGrand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovichwrote, \"Forgive us, Lord, if we all felt disappointment instead of joy. We were so hoping for a boy, and it's a daughter.\"The travel writerBurton Holmeswrote, \"Nicholas would part with half his Empire in exchange for one Imperial boy.\" Anastasia was named for the fourth-century martyrSt. Anastasia.\"Anastasia\" is a Greek name (Αναστασία), meaning \"of the resurrection\", a fact often alluded to later in stories about her rumored survival. Anastasia's title is most precisely translated as \"Grand Princess\". \"Grand Duchess\" became the most widely used translation of the title into English from Russian. The Tsar's children were raised as simply as possible. They slept on hard camp cots without pillows, except when they were ill, took cold baths in the morning, and were expected to tidy their rooms and do needlework to be sold at various charity","at various charity events when they were not otherwise occupied. Most in the household, including the servants, generally called the Grand Duchess by her first name andpatronym, \"Anastasia Nikolaevna\", and did not use her title or style. She was occasionally called by the French version of her name, \"Anastasie\", or by the Russian nicknames \"Nastasya\", \"Nastya\", \"Nastas\", or \"Nastenka\". Other family nicknames for Anastasia were \"Malenkaya\", meaning \"little (one)\" in Russian,or \"Shvybzik\", meaning \"merry little one\"or \"little mischief\"inGerman. Anastasia and her older sister Maria were known within the family as \"The Little Pair\". The two girls shared a room, often wore variations of the same dress, and spent much of their time together. Their older sisters Olga and Tatiana also shared a room and were known as \"The Big Pair\". The four girls sometimes signed letters using the nicknameOTMA, which derived from the first letters of their first names. DNA testing on the remains of the imperial family proved","family proved conclusively in 2009 that Anastasia’s younger brother, Alexei, suffered fromHemophilia B, a rare form of the disease. His mother and one sister, identified alternatively as Maria or Anastasia, were carriers. Symptomatic carriers of the gene, while not hemophiliacs themselves, can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normalblood-clottingfactor that can lead to heavy bleeding.If Anastasia lived to have children of her own, it is genetically probable that they would have been afflicted by the disease. Appearance and personality Anastasia was short and inclined to be chubby, and she had blue eyesand blonde hair.BaronessSophie Buxhoeveden, her mother's lady-in-waiting, reflected that \"her features were regular and finely cut. She had fair hair, fine eyes, with impish laughter in their depths, and dark eyebrows that nearly met.\"Buxhoeveden believed that Anastasia resembled her mother, saying that she \"was more like her mother's than her father's family. She was rather short even at","short even at seventeen, and was, then decidedly fat, but it was the fatness of youth. She would have outgrown it, as had her sister Marie.\" Anastasia was a vivacious and energetic child.Margaretta Eagar, a governess to the four grand duchesses, said one person commented that the toddler Anastasia had the greatest personal charm of any child she had ever seen. While often described as gifted and bright, she was never interested in the restrictions of the school room, according to her tutorsPierre GilliardandSydney Gibbes. Gibbes, Gilliard, andladies-in-waitingLili DehnandAnna Vyrubovadescribed Anastasia as lively, mischievous, and a gifted actress. Her sharp, witty remarks sometimes hit sensitive spots.However, she was also very amusing: \"Even as a baby she had entertained grave old men, who were her neighbors at table, with her astonishing remarks.\" Anastasia's daring occasionally exceeded the limits of acceptable behavior. \"She undoubtedly held the record for punishable deeds in her family, for in","her family, for in naughtiness she was a true genius\", saidGleb Botkin, son of the court physicianYevgeny Botkin, who later died with the family at Yekaterinburg.Anastasia sometimes tripped the servants and played pranks on her tutors. As a child, she would climb trees and refuse to come down. Once, during asnowball fightat the family's Polish estate, Anastasia rolled a rock into a snowball and threw it at her older sister Tatiana, knocking her to the ground.A distant cousin,Princess Nina Georgievna, recalled that \"Anastasia was nasty to the point of being evil\", and would cheat, kick and scratch her playmates during games; she was affronted because the younger Nina was taller than she was.She was less concerned about her appearance than her sisters.Hallie Erminie Rives, a best-selling American author and wife of an American diplomat, described how 10-year-old Anastasia ate chocolates without bothering to remove her long, whiteopera glovesat the St. Petersburg opera house. Despite her energy, Anastasia's","energy, Anastasia's physical health was sometimes poor. The Grand Duchess suffered from painfulbunions, which affected both of her big toes.Anastasia had a weak muscle in her back and was prescribed twice-weekly massage. She hid under the bed or in a cupboard to put off the massage.Anastasia's older sister, Maria, reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils, according to her paternal auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, who was interviewed later in her life. The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Maria's mother. Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of thehemophiliagene, like their mother. Association with Grigori Rasputin Her mother relied on the counsel ofGrigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wanderingstaretsor \"holy man,\" and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions. Anastasia and her","Anastasia and her siblings were taught to view Rasputin as \"Our Friend\" and to share confidences with him. In the autumn of 1907, Anastasia's auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russiawas escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin. Anastasia, her sisters and brother Alexei were all wearing their long white nightgowns. \"All the children seemed to like him,\" Olga Alexandrovna recalled. \"They were completely at ease with him.\"Rasputin's friendship with the imperial children was evident in some of the messages he sent to them. In February 1909, Rasputin sent the imperial children a telegram, advising them to \"Love the whole of God's nature, the whole of His creation in particular this earth. The Mother of God was always occupied with flowers and needlework.\" However, one of the girls' governesses,Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva, was horrified in 1910 that Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns and wanted him barred. Nicholas asked Rasputin to avoid going","to avoid going to the nurseries in the future. The children were aware of the tension and feared that their mother would be angered by Tyutcheva's actions. \"I am so afr(aid) that S.I. (governess Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva) can speak ... about our friend something bad,\" Anastasia's twelve-year-old sister Tatiana wrote to their mother on 8 March 1910. \"I hope our nurse will be nice to our friend now.\" Tyutcheva was eventually fired. She took her story to other members of the family.While Rasputin's visits to the children were, by all accounts, completely innocent in nature, the family was scandalized. Tyutcheva told Nicholas's sister,Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, that Rasputin visited the girls, talked with them while they were getting ready for bed, and hugged and patted them. Tyutcheva said the children had been taught not to discuss Rasputin with her and were careful to hide his visits from the nursery staff. Xenia wrote on 15 March 1910, that she could not understand \"...the attitude of Alix","attitude of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory (whom they consider to be almost a saint, when in fact he's only akhlyst!)\" In the spring of 1910, Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova, a royal governess, claimed that Rasputin had raped her. Vishnyakova said the empress refused to believe her account of the assault, and insisted that \"everything Rasputin does is holy.\"Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova's claim had been immediately investigated, but instead \"they caught the young woman in bed with aCossackof the Imperial Guard.\" Vishnyakova was kept from seeing Rasputin after she made her accusation and was eventually dismissed from her post in 1913. However, rumors persisted and it was later whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four grand duchesses.This was followed by circulation ofpornographic cartoons, which depicted Rasputin having relations with the Empress, her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova.After the scandal, Nicholas ordered","Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time, much to Alexandra's displeasure, and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage toPalestine.Despite the rumors, the imperial family's association with Rasputin continued until his murder on 17 December 1916. \"Our Friend is so contented with our girlies, says they have gone through heavy 'courses' for their age and their souls have much developed\", Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on 6 December 1916. In his memoirs, A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared \"cold and visibly terribly upset\" by Rasputin's death, and sat \"huddled up closely together\" on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news. Mordvinov recalled that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed.Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on its reverse by Anastasia, her mother and her sisters. She attended his funeral on 21 December 1916, and her family planned to build a church over the","a church over the site of Rasputin's grave.After they were killed by the Bolsheviks, it was discovered Anastasia and her sisters were all wearing amulets bearing Rasputin's picture and a prayer. Captivity during World War I and Russian Revolution During World War I, Anastasia, along with her sister Maria, visited wounded soldiers at aprivate hospitalin the grounds atTsarskoye Selo. The two teenagers, too young to becomeRed Crossnurses like their mother and elder sisters, played games ofcheckersandbilliardswith the soldiers and tried to lift their spirits. Felix Dassel, who was treated at the hospital and knew Anastasia, recalled that the grand duchess had a \"laugh like a squirrel\", and walked rapidly \"as though shetrippedalong.\" In February 1917, Anastasia and her family were placed underhouse arrestat theAlexander Palacein Tsarskoye Selo during theRussian Revolution. Nicholas II abdicated on 15 March 1917. As theBolsheviksapproached,Alexander Kerenskyof theProvisional Governmenthad them moved","them moved toTobolsk,Siberia, where they were housed in theGovernor's Mansion.After the Bolsheviks seized majority control of Russia, Anastasia and her family were moved to theIpatiev House, or House of Special Purpose, atYekaterinburg. The stress and uncertainty of captivity took their toll on Anastasia as well as her family. \"Goodby \", she wrote to a friend in the winter of 1917. \"Don't forget us.\"At Tobolsk, she wrote a melancholy theme for her English tutor, filled with spelling mistakes, about \"Evelyn Hope\", a poem byRobert Browningabout a girl: \"When she died she was only sixteen years old ... Ther(e) was a man who loved her without having seen her but (k)new her very well. And she he(a)rd of him also. He never could tell her that he loved her, and now she was dead. But still he thought that when he and she will live next life whenever it will be that ...\", she wrote. Upon arriving in Yekaterinburg, Pierre Gilliard recalled his last sight of the children: \"The sailor Nagorny, who attended to Alexei","attended to Alexei Nikolaevitch, passed my window carrying the sick boy in his arms, behind him came the Grand Duchesses loaded with valises and small personal belongings. I tried to get out, but was roughly pushed back into the carriage by the sentry. I came back to the window. Tatiana Nikolayevna came last carrying her little dog and struggling to drag a heavy brown valise. It was raining and I saw her feet sink into the mud at every step. Nagorny tried to come to her assistance; he was roughly pushed back by one of the commisars ...\" Baroness Sophie Buxhoevedentold of her sad last glimpse of Anastasia: \"Once, standing on some steps at the door of a house close by, I saw a hand and a pink-sleeved arm opening the topmost pane. According to the blouse the hand must have belonged either to the Grand Duchess Marie or Anastasia. They could not see me through their windows, and this was to be the last glimpse that I was to have of any of them!\" However, even in the last months of her life, she found ways to","she found ways to enjoy herself. She and other members of the household performed plays for the enjoyment of their parents and others in the spring of 1918. Anastasia's performance made everyone howl with laughter, according to her tutor Sydney Gibbes. On 7 May 1918, in a letter fromTobolskto her sister Maria in Yekaterinburg, Anastasia described a moment of joy despite her sadness and loneliness and worry for the sick Alexei: \"We played on the swing, that was when I roared with laughter, the fall was so wonderful! Indeed! I told the sisters about it so many times yesterday that they got quite fed up, but I could go on telling it masses of times ... What weather we've had! One could simply shout with joy.\" In his memoirs, one of the guards at the Ipatiev House, Alexander Strekotin, remembered Anastasia as \"very friendly and full of fun\", while another guard said Anastasia was \"a very charming devil! She was mischievous and, I think, rarely tired. She was lively, and was fond of performing comic mimes with","comic mimes with the dogs, as though they were performing in a circus.\"Yet another of the guards, however, called the youngest grand duchess \"offensive and a terrorist\" and complained that her occasionally provocative comments sometimes caused tension in the ranks.Anastasia and her sisters helped their maid darn stockings and assisted the cook in making bread and other kitchen chores while they were in captivity at the Ipatiev House. In the summer, the privations of the captivity, including their closer confinement at the Ipatiev House negatively affected the family. On 14 July 1918, local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family. They reported that Anastasia and her family, contrary to custom, fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead, and that the girls had become despondent and hopeless, and no longer sang the replies in the service. Noticing this dramatic change in their demeanor since his last visit, one priest told the other, \"Something has happened to them in","happened to them in there.\"But the next day, on 15 July 1918, Anastasia and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked and helped move the beds in their shared bedroom so that cleaning women could clean the floors. They helped the women scrub the floors and whispered to them when the guards were not watching. Anastasia stuck her tongue out atYakov Yurovsky, the head of the detachment, when he momentarily turned his back and left the room. Death After theBolshevik revolutionin October 1917, Russia quickly disintegrated intocivil war. Negotiations for the release of the Romanovs between their Bolshevik (commonly referred to as 'Reds') captors and their extended family, many of whom were prominent members of the royal houses of Europe, stalled.As the Whites (anti-Bolshevik forces, although not necessarily supportive of the Tsar) advanced toward Yekaterinburg, the Reds were in a precarious situation. The Reds knew Yekaterinburg would fall to the better manned and equippedWhite Army. When the Whites","When the Whites reached Yekaterinburg, the imperial family had simply disappeared. The most widely accepted account was that the family had been murdered. This was due to an investigation by White Army investigator Nicholas Sokolov, who came to the conclusion based on items that had belonged to the family being found thrown down a mine shaft atGanina Yama. The \"Yurovsky Note\", an account of the event filed by Yurovsky to his Bolshevik superiors following the killings, was found in 1989 and detailed inEdvard Radzinsky's 1992 book,The Last Tsar. According to the note, on the night of the deaths, the family was awakened and told to dress. They were told they were being moved to a new location to ensure their safety in anticipation of the violence that might ensue when theWhite Armyreached Yekaterinburg. Once dressed, the family and the small circle of servants who had remained with them were herded into a small room in the house's sub-basement and told to wait. Alexandra and Alexei sat in chairs provided by","chairs provided by guards at the Empress's request. After several minutes, the guards entered the room, led by Yurovsky, who quickly informed the Tsar and his family that they were to be executed. The Tsar had time to say only \"What?\" and turn to his family before he was killed by several bullets to the chest (not, as is commonly stated, to the head; his skull, recovered in 1991, bears no bullet wounds).The Tsarina and her daughter Olga tried to make the sign of the cross but were killed in the initial volley of bullets fired by the executioners. The rest of the Imperial retinue were shot in short order, with the exception ofAnna Demidova, Alexandra's maid. Demidova survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall of the basement while trying to defend herself with a small pillow she had carried into the sub-basement that was filled with precious gems and jewels. The \"Yurovsky Note\" further reported that once the thick smoke that had filled the room from so many weapons","so many weapons being fired in such close proximity cleared, it was discovered that the executioners' bullets had ricocheted off the corsets of two or three of the Grand Duchesses. The executioners later came to find out that this was because the family's crown jewels and diamonds had been sewn inside the linings of the corsets to hide them from their captors. The corsets thus served as a form of \"armor\" against the bullets. Anastasia and Maria were said to have crouched up against a wall, covering their heads in terror, until they were shot down by bullets, recalled Yurovsky. However, another guard, Peter Ermakov, told his wife that Anastasia had been finished off with bayonets. As the bodies were carried out, one or more of the girls cried out, and were clubbed on the back of the head, wrote Yurovsky. False reports of survival Anastasia's supposed escape and possible survival was one of the most popular historical mysteries of the 20th century, provoking many books and films. At least ten women claimed to","women claimed to be her, offering varying stories as to how she had survived.Anna Anderson, the best known Anastasiaimpostor, first surfaced publicly between 1920 and 1922. She contended that she had feigned death among the bodies of her family and servants, and was able to make her escape with the help of a compassionate guard who noticed she was still breathing and took sympathy upon her.Her legal battle for recognition from 1938 to 1970 continued a lifelong controversy and was the longest running case ever heard by the German courts, where it was officially filed. The final decision of the court was that Anderson had not provided sufficient proof to claim the identity of the grand duchess. Anderson died in 1984 and her body was cremated. DNA tests were conducted in 1994 on a tissue sample from Anderson located in a hospital and the blood ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a great-nephew of Empress Alexandra. According to Dr Gill who conducted the tests, \"If you accept that these samples came from Anna","came from Anna Anderson, then Anna Anderson could not be related to Tsar Nicholas or Tsarina Alexandra.\" Anderson'smitochondrial DNAwas a match with a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska, a missing Polish factory worker.Some supporters of Anderson's claim acknowledged that the DNA tests proving she could not have been the Grand Duchess had \"won the day\". Other lesser known claimants wereNadezhda Ivanovna VasilyevaandEugenia Smith.Two young women claiming to be Anastasia and her sister Maria were taken in by a priest in theUral Mountainsin 1919 where they lived as nuns until their deaths in 1964. They were buried under the names Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna. Rumors of Anastasia's survival were embellished with various contemporary reports of trains and houses being searched for \"Anastasia Romanov\" by Bolshevik soldiers and secret police.When she was briefly imprisoned atPermin 1918,Princess Helena Petrovna, the wife of Anastasia's distant cousin,Prince John Constantinovich of Russia, reported that a","reported that a guard brought a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked if the girl was the daughter of the Tsar. Helena Petrovna said she did not recognize the girl and the guard took her away.Although other witnesses in Perm later reported that they saw Anastasia, her mother and sisters in Perm after the murders, this story is now widely discredited.Rumors that they were alive were fueled by deliberate misinformation designed to hide the fact that the family was dead. A few days after they had been murdered, the German government sent several telegrams to Russia demanding \"the safety of the princesses of German blood\". Russia had recently signed apeace treatywith the Germans, and did not want to upset them by letting them know the women were dead, so they told them they had been moved to a safer location. In another incident, eight witnesses reported the recapture of a young woman after an apparent escape attempt in September 1918 at a railway station at Siding 37, northwest of","37, northwest of Perm. These witnesses were Maxim Grigoyev, Tatiana Sitnikova (and her son Fyodor Sitnikov), Ivan Kuklin and Matrina Kuklina, Vassily Ryabov, Ustinya Varankina, and Dr Pavel Utkin, a physician who treated the girl after the incident.Some of the witnesses identified the girl as Anastasia when they were shown photographs of the grand duchess byWhite RussianArmy investigators. Utkin also told the White Russian Army investigators that the injured girl, whom he treated atChekaheadquarters in Perm, told him, \"I am the daughter of the ruler, Anastasia.\" Utkin obtained a prescription from a pharmacy for a patient named \"N\" at the orders of the secret police. White Army investigators later independently located records for the prescription.During the same time period in mid-1918, there were several reports of young people in Russia passing themselves off as Romanov escapees.Boris Soloviev, the husband of Rasputin's daughterMaria, defrauded prominent Russian families by asking for money for a Romanov","money for a Romanov impostor to escape to China. Soloviev also found young women willing to masquerade as one of the grand duchesses to assist in deceiving the families he had defrauded. Some biographers' accounts speculated that the opportunity for one or more of the guards to rescue a survivor existed.Yakov Yurovskydemanded that the guards come to his office and turn over items they had stolen following the murder. There was reportedly a span of time when the bodies of the victims were left largely unattended in the truck, in the basement and in the corridor of the house. Some guards who had not participated in the murders and had been sympathetic to the grand duchesses were reportedly left in the basement with the bodies. Romanov graves and DNA proof In 1991, the presumed burial site of the imperial family and their servants was excavated in the woods outsideYekaterinburg. The grave had been found nearly a decade earlier, but was kept hidden by its discoverers from the Communists who were still ruling","were still ruling Russia at the time. The grave only held nine of the expected eleven sets of remains. DNA and skeletal analysis matched these remains to Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of the four grand duchesses (Olga, Tatiana and presumably Maria). The other remains, with unrelated DNA, correspond to the family's doctor (Yevgeny Botkin), their valet (Alexei Trupp), their cook (Ivan Kharitonov), and Alexandra's maid (Anna Demidova). Forensic expertWilliam R. Maplesfound that the Tsarevitch Alexei and Anastasia's bodies were missing from the family's grave. Russian scientists contested this conclusion, however, claiming it was the body of Maria that was missing. The Russians identified the body as that of Anastasia by using acomputer programto compare photos of the youngest grand duchess with the skulls of the victims from the mass grave. They estimated the height and width of the skulls where pieces of bone were missing. American scientists found this method inexact. American scientists","American scientists thought the missing body to be Anastasia because none of the female skeletons showed the evidence of immaturity, such as an immature collarbone, undescendedwisdom teeth, or immature vertebrae in the back, that they would have expected to find in a seventeen-year-old. In 1998, when the remains of the imperial family were finally interred, a body measuring approximately 5'7\" was buried under the name of Anastasia. Photographs taken of her standing beside her three sisters up until six months before the murders demonstrate that Anastasia was several inches shorter than all of them. Her mother commented on sixteen-year-old Anastasia's short stature in a 15 December 1917 letter, written seven months before the murders. \"Anastasia, to her despair, is now very fat, as Maria was, round and fat to the waist, with short legs. I do hope she will grow.\"Scientists considered it unlikely that the teenager could have grown so much in the last months of her life. Her actual height was approximately 5'2\".","approximately 5'2\". The account of the \"Yurovsky Note\" indicated that two of the bodies were removed from the main grave and cremated at an undisclosed area in order to further disguise the burials of the Tsar and his retinue, if the remains were discovered by the Whites, since the body count would not be correct. Searches of the area in subsequent years failed to turn up a cremation site or the remains of the two missing Romanov children. However, on 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones were from a boy who was roughly between the ages of twelve and fifteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of fifteen and nineteen years old.Anastasia was seventeen years and one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and","one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old respectively at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found \"shards of a container ofsulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber\". The site was initially found withmetal detectorsand by using metal rods as probes. DNA testing by multiple international laboratories including theArmed Forces DNA Identification LaboratoryandInnsbruck Medical Universityconfirmed that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, proving conclusively that all family members, including Anastasia, died in 1918. The parents and all five children are now accounted for, and each has his or her own unique DNA profile.While the tests have confirmed that all the Romanov bodies have been found, one of the studies was still unsure which body from the two graves","from the two graves was Maria's and which was Anastasia's: a well publicized debate over which daughter, Maria (according to Russian experts) or Anastasia (according to US experts), has been recovered from the second grave cannot be settled based upon the DNA results reported here. In the absence of a DNA reference from each sister, we can only conclusively identify Alexei – the only son of Nicholas and Alexandra. Sainthood In 2000, Anastasia and her family werecanonizedaspassion bearersby theRussian Orthodox Church. The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by theRussian Orthodox Church Abroadasholy martyrs. The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were finally interred in the St. Catherine Chapel atSaints Peter and Paul Cathedral, St Petersburgon 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.As of 2018 the bones of Alexei and Maria (or possibly Anastasia) were still being held by the Orthodox Church. Depictions in art, media, and literature The purported","The purported survival of Anastasia has been the subject ofcinema(such as the1997 animated filmand the1956 filmthat inspired it starringIngrid BergmanandYul Brynner),made-for-televisionfilms, and aBroadway musical. The earliest, made in 1928, was calledClothes Make the Woman. The story followed a woman who turns up to play the part of a rescued Anastasia for a Hollywood film, and ends up being recognized by the Russian soldier who originally rescued her from her would-be assassins. Ancestry Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film"],"string":"[\n \"Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia(Russian:Анастасия Николаевна Романова,romanized:Anastasiya Nikolaevna Romanova; 18 June 1901 – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter ofTsar Nicholas II, the last sovereign ofImperial Russia, and his wife,Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. Anastasia was the younger sister of Grand DuchessesOlga,Tatiana, andMaria(commonly known together as theOTMAsisters) and was the elder sister ofAlexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia. She wasmurdered with her familyby a group ofBolsheviksinYekaterinburgon 17 July 1918. Persistent rumors of her possible escape circulated after her death, fueled by the fact that the location of her burial was unknown during the decades ofcommunistrule. The abandoned mine serving as a mass grave nearYekaterinburgwhich held the acidified remains of the Tsar, his wife, and three of their daughters was revealed in 1991. These remains were put to rest atPeter and Paul Fortressin 1998. The bodies of Alexei and\",\n \"of Alexei and the remaining daughter—either Anastasia or her older sister Maria—were discovered in 2007. Her purported survival has been conclusively disproven. Scientific analysis includingDNA testingconfirmed that the remains are those of theimperial family, showing that Anastasia was killed alongside her family. Several women falsely claimed to have been Anastasia; the best known impostor wasAnna Anderson. Anderson's body was cremated upon her death in 1984; DNA testing in 1994 on pieces of Anderson's tissue and hair showed no relation to the Romanov family. Contents Biography Early years Anastasia was born on 18 June 1901. She was the fourth daughter ofTsar Nicholas IIandTsarina Alexandra. When she was born, her parents and extended family were disappointed that she was a girl. They had hoped for a son who would have becomeheir apparentto the throne. Her father went for a long walk to compose himself before going to visit his wife and their newborn child for the first time.Her paternal auntGrand Duchess\",\n \"auntGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russiasaid, \\\"My God! What a disappointment!... a fourth girl!\\\"Her first cousin twice removedGrand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovichwrote, \\\"Forgive us, Lord, if we all felt disappointment instead of joy. We were so hoping for a boy, and it's a daughter.\\\"The travel writerBurton Holmeswrote, \\\"Nicholas would part with half his Empire in exchange for one Imperial boy.\\\" Anastasia was named for the fourth-century martyrSt. Anastasia.\\\"Anastasia\\\" is a Greek name (Αναστασία), meaning \\\"of the resurrection\\\", a fact often alluded to later in stories about her rumored survival. Anastasia's title is most precisely translated as \\\"Grand Princess\\\". \\\"Grand Duchess\\\" became the most widely used translation of the title into English from Russian. The Tsar's children were raised as simply as possible. They slept on hard camp cots without pillows, except when they were ill, took cold baths in the morning, and were expected to tidy their rooms and do needlework to be sold at various charity\",\n \"at various charity events when they were not otherwise occupied. Most in the household, including the servants, generally called the Grand Duchess by her first name andpatronym, \\\"Anastasia Nikolaevna\\\", and did not use her title or style. She was occasionally called by the French version of her name, \\\"Anastasie\\\", or by the Russian nicknames \\\"Nastasya\\\", \\\"Nastya\\\", \\\"Nastas\\\", or \\\"Nastenka\\\". Other family nicknames for Anastasia were \\\"Malenkaya\\\", meaning \\\"little (one)\\\" in Russian,or \\\"Shvybzik\\\", meaning \\\"merry little one\\\"or \\\"little mischief\\\"inGerman. Anastasia and her older sister Maria were known within the family as \\\"The Little Pair\\\". The two girls shared a room, often wore variations of the same dress, and spent much of their time together. Their older sisters Olga and Tatiana also shared a room and were known as \\\"The Big Pair\\\". The four girls sometimes signed letters using the nicknameOTMA, which derived from the first letters of their first names. DNA testing on the remains of the imperial family proved\",\n \"family proved conclusively in 2009 that Anastasia’s younger brother, Alexei, suffered fromHemophilia B, a rare form of the disease. His mother and one sister, identified alternatively as Maria or Anastasia, were carriers. Symptomatic carriers of the gene, while not hemophiliacs themselves, can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normalblood-clottingfactor that can lead to heavy bleeding.If Anastasia lived to have children of her own, it is genetically probable that they would have been afflicted by the disease. Appearance and personality Anastasia was short and inclined to be chubby, and she had blue eyesand blonde hair.BaronessSophie Buxhoeveden, her mother's lady-in-waiting, reflected that \\\"her features were regular and finely cut. She had fair hair, fine eyes, with impish laughter in their depths, and dark eyebrows that nearly met.\\\"Buxhoeveden believed that Anastasia resembled her mother, saying that she \\\"was more like her mother's than her father's family. She was rather short even at\",\n \"short even at seventeen, and was, then decidedly fat, but it was the fatness of youth. She would have outgrown it, as had her sister Marie.\\\" Anastasia was a vivacious and energetic child.Margaretta Eagar, a governess to the four grand duchesses, said one person commented that the toddler Anastasia had the greatest personal charm of any child she had ever seen. While often described as gifted and bright, she was never interested in the restrictions of the school room, according to her tutorsPierre GilliardandSydney Gibbes. Gibbes, Gilliard, andladies-in-waitingLili DehnandAnna Vyrubovadescribed Anastasia as lively, mischievous, and a gifted actress. Her sharp, witty remarks sometimes hit sensitive spots.However, she was also very amusing: \\\"Even as a baby she had entertained grave old men, who were her neighbors at table, with her astonishing remarks.\\\" Anastasia's daring occasionally exceeded the limits of acceptable behavior. \\\"She undoubtedly held the record for punishable deeds in her family, for in\",\n \"her family, for in naughtiness she was a true genius\\\", saidGleb Botkin, son of the court physicianYevgeny Botkin, who later died with the family at Yekaterinburg.Anastasia sometimes tripped the servants and played pranks on her tutors. As a child, she would climb trees and refuse to come down. Once, during asnowball fightat the family's Polish estate, Anastasia rolled a rock into a snowball and threw it at her older sister Tatiana, knocking her to the ground.A distant cousin,Princess Nina Georgievna, recalled that \\\"Anastasia was nasty to the point of being evil\\\", and would cheat, kick and scratch her playmates during games; she was affronted because the younger Nina was taller than she was.She was less concerned about her appearance than her sisters.Hallie Erminie Rives, a best-selling American author and wife of an American diplomat, described how 10-year-old Anastasia ate chocolates without bothering to remove her long, whiteopera glovesat the St. Petersburg opera house. Despite her energy, Anastasia's\",\n \"energy, Anastasia's physical health was sometimes poor. The Grand Duchess suffered from painfulbunions, which affected both of her big toes.Anastasia had a weak muscle in her back and was prescribed twice-weekly massage. She hid under the bed or in a cupboard to put off the massage.Anastasia's older sister, Maria, reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils, according to her paternal auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, who was interviewed later in her life. The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Maria's mother. Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of thehemophiliagene, like their mother. Association with Grigori Rasputin Her mother relied on the counsel ofGrigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wanderingstaretsor \\\"holy man,\\\" and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions. Anastasia and her\",\n \"Anastasia and her siblings were taught to view Rasputin as \\\"Our Friend\\\" and to share confidences with him. In the autumn of 1907, Anastasia's auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russiawas escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin. Anastasia, her sisters and brother Alexei were all wearing their long white nightgowns. \\\"All the children seemed to like him,\\\" Olga Alexandrovna recalled. \\\"They were completely at ease with him.\\\"Rasputin's friendship with the imperial children was evident in some of the messages he sent to them. In February 1909, Rasputin sent the imperial children a telegram, advising them to \\\"Love the whole of God's nature, the whole of His creation in particular this earth. The Mother of God was always occupied with flowers and needlework.\\\" However, one of the girls' governesses,Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva, was horrified in 1910 that Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns and wanted him barred. Nicholas asked Rasputin to avoid going\",\n \"to avoid going to the nurseries in the future. The children were aware of the tension and feared that their mother would be angered by Tyutcheva's actions. \\\"I am so afr(aid) that S.I. (governess Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva) can speak ... about our friend something bad,\\\" Anastasia's twelve-year-old sister Tatiana wrote to their mother on 8 March 1910. \\\"I hope our nurse will be nice to our friend now.\\\" Tyutcheva was eventually fired. She took her story to other members of the family.While Rasputin's visits to the children were, by all accounts, completely innocent in nature, the family was scandalized. Tyutcheva told Nicholas's sister,Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, that Rasputin visited the girls, talked with them while they were getting ready for bed, and hugged and patted them. Tyutcheva said the children had been taught not to discuss Rasputin with her and were careful to hide his visits from the nursery staff. Xenia wrote on 15 March 1910, that she could not understand \\\"...the attitude of Alix\",\n \"attitude of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory (whom they consider to be almost a saint, when in fact he's only akhlyst!)\\\" In the spring of 1910, Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova, a royal governess, claimed that Rasputin had raped her. Vishnyakova said the empress refused to believe her account of the assault, and insisted that \\\"everything Rasputin does is holy.\\\"Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova's claim had been immediately investigated, but instead \\\"they caught the young woman in bed with aCossackof the Imperial Guard.\\\" Vishnyakova was kept from seeing Rasputin after she made her accusation and was eventually dismissed from her post in 1913. However, rumors persisted and it was later whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four grand duchesses.This was followed by circulation ofpornographic cartoons, which depicted Rasputin having relations with the Empress, her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova.After the scandal, Nicholas ordered\",\n \"Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time, much to Alexandra's displeasure, and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage toPalestine.Despite the rumors, the imperial family's association with Rasputin continued until his murder on 17 December 1916. \\\"Our Friend is so contented with our girlies, says they have gone through heavy 'courses' for their age and their souls have much developed\\\", Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on 6 December 1916. In his memoirs, A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared \\\"cold and visibly terribly upset\\\" by Rasputin's death, and sat \\\"huddled up closely together\\\" on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news. Mordvinov recalled that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed.Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on its reverse by Anastasia, her mother and her sisters. She attended his funeral on 21 December 1916, and her family planned to build a church over the\",\n \"a church over the site of Rasputin's grave.After they were killed by the Bolsheviks, it was discovered Anastasia and her sisters were all wearing amulets bearing Rasputin's picture and a prayer. Captivity during World War I and Russian Revolution During World War I, Anastasia, along with her sister Maria, visited wounded soldiers at aprivate hospitalin the grounds atTsarskoye Selo. The two teenagers, too young to becomeRed Crossnurses like their mother and elder sisters, played games ofcheckersandbilliardswith the soldiers and tried to lift their spirits. Felix Dassel, who was treated at the hospital and knew Anastasia, recalled that the grand duchess had a \\\"laugh like a squirrel\\\", and walked rapidly \\\"as though shetrippedalong.\\\" In February 1917, Anastasia and her family were placed underhouse arrestat theAlexander Palacein Tsarskoye Selo during theRussian Revolution. Nicholas II abdicated on 15 March 1917. As theBolsheviksapproached,Alexander Kerenskyof theProvisional Governmenthad them moved\",\n \"them moved toTobolsk,Siberia, where they were housed in theGovernor's Mansion.After the Bolsheviks seized majority control of Russia, Anastasia and her family were moved to theIpatiev House, or House of Special Purpose, atYekaterinburg. The stress and uncertainty of captivity took their toll on Anastasia as well as her family. \\\"Goodby \\\", she wrote to a friend in the winter of 1917. \\\"Don't forget us.\\\"At Tobolsk, she wrote a melancholy theme for her English tutor, filled with spelling mistakes, about \\\"Evelyn Hope\\\", a poem byRobert Browningabout a girl: \\\"When she died she was only sixteen years old ... Ther(e) was a man who loved her without having seen her but (k)new her very well. And she he(a)rd of him also. He never could tell her that he loved her, and now she was dead. But still he thought that when he and she will live next life whenever it will be that ...\\\", she wrote. Upon arriving in Yekaterinburg, Pierre Gilliard recalled his last sight of the children: \\\"The sailor Nagorny, who attended to Alexei\",\n \"attended to Alexei Nikolaevitch, passed my window carrying the sick boy in his arms, behind him came the Grand Duchesses loaded with valises and small personal belongings. I tried to get out, but was roughly pushed back into the carriage by the sentry. I came back to the window. Tatiana Nikolayevna came last carrying her little dog and struggling to drag a heavy brown valise. It was raining and I saw her feet sink into the mud at every step. Nagorny tried to come to her assistance; he was roughly pushed back by one of the commisars ...\\\" Baroness Sophie Buxhoevedentold of her sad last glimpse of Anastasia: \\\"Once, standing on some steps at the door of a house close by, I saw a hand and a pink-sleeved arm opening the topmost pane. According to the blouse the hand must have belonged either to the Grand Duchess Marie or Anastasia. They could not see me through their windows, and this was to be the last glimpse that I was to have of any of them!\\\" However, even in the last months of her life, she found ways to\",\n \"she found ways to enjoy herself. She and other members of the household performed plays for the enjoyment of their parents and others in the spring of 1918. Anastasia's performance made everyone howl with laughter, according to her tutor Sydney Gibbes. On 7 May 1918, in a letter fromTobolskto her sister Maria in Yekaterinburg, Anastasia described a moment of joy despite her sadness and loneliness and worry for the sick Alexei: \\\"We played on the swing, that was when I roared with laughter, the fall was so wonderful! Indeed! I told the sisters about it so many times yesterday that they got quite fed up, but I could go on telling it masses of times ... What weather we've had! One could simply shout with joy.\\\" In his memoirs, one of the guards at the Ipatiev House, Alexander Strekotin, remembered Anastasia as \\\"very friendly and full of fun\\\", while another guard said Anastasia was \\\"a very charming devil! She was mischievous and, I think, rarely tired. She was lively, and was fond of performing comic mimes with\",\n \"comic mimes with the dogs, as though they were performing in a circus.\\\"Yet another of the guards, however, called the youngest grand duchess \\\"offensive and a terrorist\\\" and complained that her occasionally provocative comments sometimes caused tension in the ranks.Anastasia and her sisters helped their maid darn stockings and assisted the cook in making bread and other kitchen chores while they were in captivity at the Ipatiev House. In the summer, the privations of the captivity, including their closer confinement at the Ipatiev House negatively affected the family. On 14 July 1918, local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family. They reported that Anastasia and her family, contrary to custom, fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead, and that the girls had become despondent and hopeless, and no longer sang the replies in the service. Noticing this dramatic change in their demeanor since his last visit, one priest told the other, \\\"Something has happened to them in\",\n \"happened to them in there.\\\"But the next day, on 15 July 1918, Anastasia and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked and helped move the beds in their shared bedroom so that cleaning women could clean the floors. They helped the women scrub the floors and whispered to them when the guards were not watching. Anastasia stuck her tongue out atYakov Yurovsky, the head of the detachment, when he momentarily turned his back and left the room. Death After theBolshevik revolutionin October 1917, Russia quickly disintegrated intocivil war. Negotiations for the release of the Romanovs between their Bolshevik (commonly referred to as 'Reds') captors and their extended family, many of whom were prominent members of the royal houses of Europe, stalled.As the Whites (anti-Bolshevik forces, although not necessarily supportive of the Tsar) advanced toward Yekaterinburg, the Reds were in a precarious situation. The Reds knew Yekaterinburg would fall to the better manned and equippedWhite Army. When the Whites\",\n \"When the Whites reached Yekaterinburg, the imperial family had simply disappeared. The most widely accepted account was that the family had been murdered. This was due to an investigation by White Army investigator Nicholas Sokolov, who came to the conclusion based on items that had belonged to the family being found thrown down a mine shaft atGanina Yama. The \\\"Yurovsky Note\\\", an account of the event filed by Yurovsky to his Bolshevik superiors following the killings, was found in 1989 and detailed inEdvard Radzinsky's 1992 book,The Last Tsar. According to the note, on the night of the deaths, the family was awakened and told to dress. They were told they were being moved to a new location to ensure their safety in anticipation of the violence that might ensue when theWhite Armyreached Yekaterinburg. Once dressed, the family and the small circle of servants who had remained with them were herded into a small room in the house's sub-basement and told to wait. Alexandra and Alexei sat in chairs provided by\",\n \"chairs provided by guards at the Empress's request. After several minutes, the guards entered the room, led by Yurovsky, who quickly informed the Tsar and his family that they were to be executed. The Tsar had time to say only \\\"What?\\\" and turn to his family before he was killed by several bullets to the chest (not, as is commonly stated, to the head; his skull, recovered in 1991, bears no bullet wounds).The Tsarina and her daughter Olga tried to make the sign of the cross but were killed in the initial volley of bullets fired by the executioners. The rest of the Imperial retinue were shot in short order, with the exception ofAnna Demidova, Alexandra's maid. Demidova survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall of the basement while trying to defend herself with a small pillow she had carried into the sub-basement that was filled with precious gems and jewels. The \\\"Yurovsky Note\\\" further reported that once the thick smoke that had filled the room from so many weapons\",\n \"so many weapons being fired in such close proximity cleared, it was discovered that the executioners' bullets had ricocheted off the corsets of two or three of the Grand Duchesses. The executioners later came to find out that this was because the family's crown jewels and diamonds had been sewn inside the linings of the corsets to hide them from their captors. The corsets thus served as a form of \\\"armor\\\" against the bullets. Anastasia and Maria were said to have crouched up against a wall, covering their heads in terror, until they were shot down by bullets, recalled Yurovsky. However, another guard, Peter Ermakov, told his wife that Anastasia had been finished off with bayonets. As the bodies were carried out, one or more of the girls cried out, and were clubbed on the back of the head, wrote Yurovsky. False reports of survival Anastasia's supposed escape and possible survival was one of the most popular historical mysteries of the 20th century, provoking many books and films. At least ten women claimed to\",\n \"women claimed to be her, offering varying stories as to how she had survived.Anna Anderson, the best known Anastasiaimpostor, first surfaced publicly between 1920 and 1922. She contended that she had feigned death among the bodies of her family and servants, and was able to make her escape with the help of a compassionate guard who noticed she was still breathing and took sympathy upon her.Her legal battle for recognition from 1938 to 1970 continued a lifelong controversy and was the longest running case ever heard by the German courts, where it was officially filed. The final decision of the court was that Anderson had not provided sufficient proof to claim the identity of the grand duchess. Anderson died in 1984 and her body was cremated. DNA tests were conducted in 1994 on a tissue sample from Anderson located in a hospital and the blood ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a great-nephew of Empress Alexandra. According to Dr Gill who conducted the tests, \\\"If you accept that these samples came from Anna\",\n \"came from Anna Anderson, then Anna Anderson could not be related to Tsar Nicholas or Tsarina Alexandra.\\\" Anderson'smitochondrial DNAwas a match with a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska, a missing Polish factory worker.Some supporters of Anderson's claim acknowledged that the DNA tests proving she could not have been the Grand Duchess had \\\"won the day\\\". Other lesser known claimants wereNadezhda Ivanovna VasilyevaandEugenia Smith.Two young women claiming to be Anastasia and her sister Maria were taken in by a priest in theUral Mountainsin 1919 where they lived as nuns until their deaths in 1964. They were buried under the names Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna. Rumors of Anastasia's survival were embellished with various contemporary reports of trains and houses being searched for \\\"Anastasia Romanov\\\" by Bolshevik soldiers and secret police.When she was briefly imprisoned atPermin 1918,Princess Helena Petrovna, the wife of Anastasia's distant cousin,Prince John Constantinovich of Russia, reported that a\",\n \"reported that a guard brought a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked if the girl was the daughter of the Tsar. Helena Petrovna said she did not recognize the girl and the guard took her away.Although other witnesses in Perm later reported that they saw Anastasia, her mother and sisters in Perm after the murders, this story is now widely discredited.Rumors that they were alive were fueled by deliberate misinformation designed to hide the fact that the family was dead. A few days after they had been murdered, the German government sent several telegrams to Russia demanding \\\"the safety of the princesses of German blood\\\". Russia had recently signed apeace treatywith the Germans, and did not want to upset them by letting them know the women were dead, so they told them they had been moved to a safer location. In another incident, eight witnesses reported the recapture of a young woman after an apparent escape attempt in September 1918 at a railway station at Siding 37, northwest of\",\n \"37, northwest of Perm. These witnesses were Maxim Grigoyev, Tatiana Sitnikova (and her son Fyodor Sitnikov), Ivan Kuklin and Matrina Kuklina, Vassily Ryabov, Ustinya Varankina, and Dr Pavel Utkin, a physician who treated the girl after the incident.Some of the witnesses identified the girl as Anastasia when they were shown photographs of the grand duchess byWhite RussianArmy investigators. Utkin also told the White Russian Army investigators that the injured girl, whom he treated atChekaheadquarters in Perm, told him, \\\"I am the daughter of the ruler, Anastasia.\\\" Utkin obtained a prescription from a pharmacy for a patient named \\\"N\\\" at the orders of the secret police. White Army investigators later independently located records for the prescription.During the same time period in mid-1918, there were several reports of young people in Russia passing themselves off as Romanov escapees.Boris Soloviev, the husband of Rasputin's daughterMaria, defrauded prominent Russian families by asking for money for a Romanov\",\n \"money for a Romanov impostor to escape to China. Soloviev also found young women willing to masquerade as one of the grand duchesses to assist in deceiving the families he had defrauded. Some biographers' accounts speculated that the opportunity for one or more of the guards to rescue a survivor existed.Yakov Yurovskydemanded that the guards come to his office and turn over items they had stolen following the murder. There was reportedly a span of time when the bodies of the victims were left largely unattended in the truck, in the basement and in the corridor of the house. Some guards who had not participated in the murders and had been sympathetic to the grand duchesses were reportedly left in the basement with the bodies. Romanov graves and DNA proof In 1991, the presumed burial site of the imperial family and their servants was excavated in the woods outsideYekaterinburg. The grave had been found nearly a decade earlier, but was kept hidden by its discoverers from the Communists who were still ruling\",\n \"were still ruling Russia at the time. The grave only held nine of the expected eleven sets of remains. DNA and skeletal analysis matched these remains to Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of the four grand duchesses (Olga, Tatiana and presumably Maria). The other remains, with unrelated DNA, correspond to the family's doctor (Yevgeny Botkin), their valet (Alexei Trupp), their cook (Ivan Kharitonov), and Alexandra's maid (Anna Demidova). Forensic expertWilliam R. Maplesfound that the Tsarevitch Alexei and Anastasia's bodies were missing from the family's grave. Russian scientists contested this conclusion, however, claiming it was the body of Maria that was missing. The Russians identified the body as that of Anastasia by using acomputer programto compare photos of the youngest grand duchess with the skulls of the victims from the mass grave. They estimated the height and width of the skulls where pieces of bone were missing. American scientists found this method inexact. American scientists\",\n \"American scientists thought the missing body to be Anastasia because none of the female skeletons showed the evidence of immaturity, such as an immature collarbone, undescendedwisdom teeth, or immature vertebrae in the back, that they would have expected to find in a seventeen-year-old. In 1998, when the remains of the imperial family were finally interred, a body measuring approximately 5'7\\\" was buried under the name of Anastasia. Photographs taken of her standing beside her three sisters up until six months before the murders demonstrate that Anastasia was several inches shorter than all of them. Her mother commented on sixteen-year-old Anastasia's short stature in a 15 December 1917 letter, written seven months before the murders. \\\"Anastasia, to her despair, is now very fat, as Maria was, round and fat to the waist, with short legs. I do hope she will grow.\\\"Scientists considered it unlikely that the teenager could have grown so much in the last months of her life. Her actual height was approximately 5'2\\\".\",\n \"approximately 5'2\\\". The account of the \\\"Yurovsky Note\\\" indicated that two of the bodies were removed from the main grave and cremated at an undisclosed area in order to further disguise the burials of the Tsar and his retinue, if the remains were discovered by the Whites, since the body count would not be correct. Searches of the area in subsequent years failed to turn up a cremation site or the remains of the two missing Romanov children. However, on 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones were from a boy who was roughly between the ages of twelve and fifteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of fifteen and nineteen years old.Anastasia was seventeen years and one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and\",\n \"one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old respectively at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found \\\"shards of a container ofsulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber\\\". The site was initially found withmetal detectorsand by using metal rods as probes. DNA testing by multiple international laboratories including theArmed Forces DNA Identification LaboratoryandInnsbruck Medical Universityconfirmed that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, proving conclusively that all family members, including Anastasia, died in 1918. The parents and all five children are now accounted for, and each has his or her own unique DNA profile.While the tests have confirmed that all the Romanov bodies have been found, one of the studies was still unsure which body from the two graves\",\n \"from the two graves was Maria's and which was Anastasia's: a well publicized debate over which daughter, Maria (according to Russian experts) or Anastasia (according to US experts), has been recovered from the second grave cannot be settled based upon the DNA results reported here. In the absence of a DNA reference from each sister, we can only conclusively identify Alexei – the only son of Nicholas and Alexandra. Sainthood In 2000, Anastasia and her family werecanonizedaspassion bearersby theRussian Orthodox Church. The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by theRussian Orthodox Church Abroadasholy martyrs. The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were finally interred in the St. Catherine Chapel atSaints Peter and Paul Cathedral, St Petersburgon 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.As of 2018 the bones of Alexei and Maria (or possibly Anastasia) were still being held by the Orthodox Church. Depictions in art, media, and literature The purported\",\n \"The purported survival of Anastasia has been the subject ofcinema(such as the1997 animated filmand the1956 filmthat inspired it starringIngrid BergmanandYul Brynner),made-for-televisionfilms, and aBroadway musical. The earliest, made in 1928, was calledClothes Make the Woman. The story followed a woman who turns up to play the part of a rescued Anastasia for a Hollywood film, and ends up being recognized by the Russian soldier who originally rescued her from her would-be assassins. Ancestry Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":288,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How old were the founders of the firm that designed the Empire State Building when construction on the building began?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Richmond Shreve was 52 years old and William Lamb was 46 years old."},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreve,_Lamb_%26_Harmon"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Shreve"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Lamb"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreve,_Lamb_%26_Harmon', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Shreve', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Lamb']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreve,_Lamb_%26_Harmon","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Shreve","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Lamb"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreve,_Lamb_%26_Harmon\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Shreve\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Lamb\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Empire State Building TheEmpire State Buildingis a 102-storyArt Decoskyscraper in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City. The building was designed byShreve, Lamb & Harmonand built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from \"Empire State\", thenicknameof the state ofNew York. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including itsantenna. The Empire State Building was the world's tallest building until the first tower of theWorld Trade Centerwastopped out in 1970; following theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building was New York City's tallest building until it was surpassed in 2012 byOne World Trade Center. As of 2022, the building is theseventh-tallest building in New York City, theninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, and the54th-tallest in the world. The site of the Empire State Building, on the west side ofFifth Avenuebetween West33rdand34th Streets, was developed in 1893 as theWaldorf–Astoria Hotel. In 1929, Empire State Inc. acquired the site and devised plans for a skyscraper there. The design for the Empire State Building was changed fifteen times until it was ensured to be the world's tallest building. Construction started on March 17, 1930, and the building opened thirteen and a half months afterward on May 1, 1931. Despite favorable publicity related to the building's construction, because of theGreat DepressionandWorld War II, its owners did not make a profit until the early 1950s. The building'sArt Deco architecture, height, andobservation deckshave made it a popular attraction. Around four million tourists from around the world annually visit the building's 86th- and 102nd-floor observatories; an additional indoor observatory on the 80th floor opened in 2019. The Empire State Building is an internationalcultural icon: it has been featured in more than 250 television series and films since the filmKing Kongwas released in 1933. The building's size has been used as a standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. A symbol of New York City, the building has been named as one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldby theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers. It was ranked first on theAmerican Institute of Architects' List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecturein 2007. Additionally, the Empire State Building and its ground-floor interior were designated city landmarks by theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionin 1980, and were added to theNational Register of Historic Placesas aNational Historic Landmarkin 1986. Site The Empire State Building is located on the west side ofFifth Avenue, between33rd Streetto the south and34th Streetto the north, in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City.Tenants enter the building through theArt Decolobby located at 350 Fifth Avenue. Visitors to the observatories use an entrance at 20 West 34th Street; prior to August 2018, visitors entered through the Fifth Avenue lobby.Although physically located in South Midtown,a mixed residential and commercial area,the building is so large that it was assigned its ownZIP Code, 10118;as of 2012, it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that have their own ZIP codes. The areas surrounding the Empire State Building are home to other major points of interest, includingMacy'satHerald SquareonSixth Avenueand 34th Street,andKoreatownon 32nd Street betweenMadisonand Sixth avenues.To the east of the Empire State Building isMurray Hill,a neighborhood with a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment activity.The block directly to the northeast contains theB. Altman and Company Building, which houses theCity University of New York'sGraduate Center.The nearestNew York City Subwaystations are34th Street–Herald Square, one block west, and33rd StreetatPark Avenue, two blocks east; there is also aPATHstation at33rd Street and Sixth Avenue. Architecture The Empire State Building was designed byShreve, Lamb and Harmonin theArt Decostyle.The Empire State Building is 1,250 ft (381 m) tall to its 102nd floor, or1,453 feet8+9⁄16inches (443.092 m) including its 203-foot (61.9 m) pinnacle.It was the first building in the world to be more than 100 stories tall,though only the lowest 86 stories are usable. The first through 85th floors contain 2.158 million square feet (200,500 m2) of commercial and office space, while the 86th floor contains an observatory.The remaining 16 stories are part of the spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd floor; the spire does not contain any intermediate levels and is used mostly for mechanical purposes.Atop the 102nd story is the 203 ft (61.9 m) pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with alightning rod. Form The Empire State Building has a symmetricalmassingbecause of its large lot and relatively short base. Itsarticulationconsists of three horizontal sections—a base, shaft, andcapital—similar to the components of acolumn.The five-story base occupies the entire lot, while the 81-story shaft above it isset backsharply from the base.The setback above the 5th story is 60 feet (18 m) deep on all sides.There are smaller setbacks on the upper stories, allowing sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors while also positioning these floors away from the noisy streets below.The setbacks are located at the 21st, 25th, 30th, 72nd, 81st, and 85th stories.The setbacks correspond to the tops of elevator shafts, allowing interior spaces to be at most 28 feet (8.5 m) deep (see§ Interior). The setbacks were mandated by the1916 Zoning Resolution, which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well.Normally, a building of the Empire State's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on the 33rd Street and 34th Street sides, before it would have to utilize setbacks.However, with the largest setback being located above the base, the tower stories could contain a uniform shape.According to architectural writerRobert A. M. Stern, the building's form contrasted with the nearly contemporary, similarly designed500 Fifth Avenueeight blocks north, which had an asymmetrical massing on a smaller lot. Facade The Empire State Building's Art Deco design is typical of pre–World War II architecture in New York City.Thefacadeis clad inIndiana limestonepanels made by the Indiana Limestone Companyand sourced from a quarry in south-central Indiana;the panels give the building its signature blonde color.According to official fact sheets, the facade uses 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3) of limestone and granite, ten million bricks, and 730 short tons (650 long tons) of aluminum and stainless steel.The building also contains 6,514 windows.The decorative features on the facade are largely geometric, in contrast with earlier buildings, whose decorations often were intended to represent a specific narrative. The main entrance, composed of three sets of metal doors, is at the center of the facade's Fifth Avenueelevation, flanked by molded piers that are topped with eagles. Above the main entrance is atransom, a triple-height transom window with geometric patterns, and the golden letters \"Empire State\" above the fifth-floor windows.There are two entrances each on 33rd and 34th streets, with modernistic,stainless steelcanopies projecting from the entrances on 33rd and 34th streets there. Above the secondary entrances are triple windows, less elaborate in design than those on Fifth Avenue. The storefronts on the first floor contain aluminum-framed doors and windows within a black granite cladding.The second through fourth stories consist of windows alternating with wide stonepiersand narrower stonemullions. The fifth story contains windows alternating with wide and narrow mullions, and is topped by a horizontal stone sill. The facade of the tower stories is split into several verticalbayson each side, with windows projecting slightly from the limestone cladding. The bays are arranged into sets of one, two, or three windows on each floor.The bays are separated by alternating narrow and wide piers, the inclusion of which may have been influenced by the design of the contemporaryDaily News Building.The windows in each bay are separated by vertical nickel-chrome steelmullionsand connected by horizontal aluminumspandrelsbetween each floor.The windows are placed within stainless-steel frames, which saved money by eliminating the need to apply a stonefinisharound the windows. In addition, the use of aluminum spandrels obviated the need for cross-bonding, which would have been required if stone had been used instead. Lights The building was originally equipped with whitesearchlightsat the top. They were first used in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt's victory over Hoover in thepresidential election of that year.These were later swapped for four \"Freedom Lights\" in 1956.In February 1964, flood lights were added on the 72nd floorto illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year.The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of theenergy crisisat the time.In 1976, the businessmanDouglas Leighsuggested that Wien and Helmsley install 204metal-halide lights, which were four times as bright as the 1,000 incandescent lights they were to replace.New red, white, and blue metal-halide lights were installed in time for the country'sbicentennialthat July.After the bicentennial, Helmsley retained the new lights due to the reduced maintenance cost, about $116 a year. Since October 12, 1977, the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays.Organizations are allowed to make requests through the building's website.The building is also lit in the colors of New York-based sports teams on nights when they host games: for example, orange, blue, and white for theNew York Knicks; red, white, and blue for theNew York Rangers.The spire can also be lit to commemorate events including disasters, anniversaries, or deaths, as well as for celebrations such asPrideandHalloween. In 1998, the building was lit in blue after the death of singerFrank Sinatra, who was nicknamed \"Ol' Blue Eyes\". The structure was lit in red, white, and blue for several months after thecollapse of the World Trade CenteronSeptember 11, 2001.On January 13, 2012, the building was lit in red, orange, and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of theNBCprogramThe Today Show.After retired basketball playerKobe Bryant'sJanuary 2020 death, the building was lit in purple and gold, signifying the colors of his former team, theLos Angeles Lakers.The evening after iconic actorJames Earl Jonesdied, September 9, 2024, the building was lit up to look like Jones's iconicDarth Vadervillain from “Star Wars.” In addition to lightings, the Empire State Building is able to do immersive visual projections on the building's exterior. It partnered with Netflix in May 2022 to celebrate the return ofStranger Thingsfourth season by projecting the Upside Down onto the Empire State Building. In 2012, the building's four hundredmetal halidelamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200LEDfixtures, increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million.The computer-controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels.For instance,CNNused the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard during the2012 United States presidential election, using red and blue lights to representRepublicanandDemocraticelectoral votes respectively.Also, on November 26, 2012, the building had its first synchronized light show, using music from recording artistAlicia Keys.Artists such as Eminem and OneRepublic have been featured in later shows, including the building's annual Holiday Music-to-Lights Show.The building's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights; for instance, they do not use the lights to play advertisements. Interior According to official fact sheets, the Empire State Building weighs 365,000 short tons (331,122 t) and has an internal volume of 37 million cubic feet (1,000,000 m3).The interior required 1,172 miles (1,886 km) of elevator cable and 2 million feet (609,600 m) of electrical wires.It has a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft (257,211 m2), and each of the floors in the base cover 2 acres (1 ha).This gives the building capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors. Therivetedsteel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building's gravitational stresses andwind loads.The amount of material used in the building's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to otherskyscrapers, with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot (2.0 kPa) versus theWillis Tower's 33 pounds per square foot (1.6 kPa) and theJohn Hancock Center's 26 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa).A December 1930 feature inPopular Mechanicsestimated that a building with the Empire State's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons (45 long tons). Utilities are grouped in a central shaft.On the 6th through 86th stories, the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides.Per the final specifications of the building, the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet (8.5 m) deep, maximizing office space at a time before air conditioning became commonplace.Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it, which provide structural stability but limits the amount of open space on these floors.The relative dearth of stone in the Empire State Building allows for more space overall, with a 1:200 stone-to-building ratio compared to a 1:50 ratio in similar buildings. Lobby The original main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue, on the building's east side, and is the only place in the building where the design contains narrative motifs.It contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair ofrevolving doors. At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif depicting one of three \"crafts or industries\" used in the building's construction—Electricity, Masonry, and Heating.The three-story-high space runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets.The lobby contains two tiers of marble: awainscotingof darker marble, topped by lighter marble. There is a pattern of zigzaggingterrazzotiles on the lobby floor, which leads from east to west.To the north and south are storefronts, which are flanked by tubes of dark rounded marble and topped by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble.Until the 1960s, there was aLongchampsrestaurant next to the lobby, with six oval murals designed byWinold Reiss; these murals were placed in storage when the Longchamps closed. The western ends of the north and south walls include escalators to a mezzanine level.At the west end of the lobby, behind the security desk, is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was originally built (without the antenna).The relief, which was intended to provide a welcoming effect,contains an embossed outline of the building, with rays radiating from the spire and the sun behind it.In the background is a state map of New York with the building's location marked by a \"medallion\" in the very southeast portion of the outline. A compass is depicted in the bottom right and a plaque to the building's major developers is on the bottom left.A scale model of the building was also placed south of the security desk. The plaque at the western end of the lobby is on the eastern interior wall of a one-story-tall rectangular-shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators, with a similar design to the lobby.The rectangular-shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle,as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side.At both ends of the northern and southern corridors, there is a bank of four low-rise elevators in between the corridors.The western side of the rectangular elevator-bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance. It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators (originally stairs), which go both to the second floor and to the basement. Going from west to east, there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from the northern and southern corridors, respectively.The side entrances from 33rd and 34th Street lead to two-story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel-and-glass-enclosed bridges at the mezzanine floor. Until the 1960s, anArt Decomural, inspired by both the sky and theMachine Age, was installed in the lobby ceilings.Subsequent damage to these murals, designed by artist Leif Neandross, resulted in reproductions being installed. Renovations to the lobby in 2009, such as replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with ananemometerand installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it originally opened, revived much of its original grandeur.The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels created in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov, in time for the1964 World's Fair, depicting the building as theEighth Wonder of the Worldalongside the traditional seven.The building's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artistKysa Johnsonin the concourse level. Johnson later filed a federal lawsuit, in January 2014, under theVisual Artists Rights Actalleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist.As part of the building's 2010 renovation,Denise Amsescommissioned a work consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles, superimposed on a 13-by-5-foot (4.0 by 1.5 m)etched-glassinstallation, in the lobby. Elevators The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all, including service elevators.Its original 64 elevators, built by theOtis Elevator Company,in a central core and are of varying heights, with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor.As originally built, there were four \"express\" elevators that connected the lobby, 80th floor, and several landings in between; the other 60 \"local\" elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings.Of the 64 total elevators, 58 were for passenger use (comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators), and eight were for freight deliveries.The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min). At the time of the skyscraper's construction, their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute (213 m/min) per city law, but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened. Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it, as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved.The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011, when they were replaced with automatic elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building.An additional elevator connects the 86th and 102nd floor observatories, which allows visitors access the 102nd floor observatory after having their tickets scanned. It also allows employees to access the mechanical floors located between the 87th and 101st floors. Observation decks The 80th, 86th, and 102nd floors contain observatories.The latter two observatories saw a combined average of four million visitors per year in 2010.Since opening, the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at30 Rockefeller Plaza, the Chrysler Building, the first One World Trade Center, or theWoolworth Building, despite being more expensive.There are variable charges to enter the observatories; one ticket allows visitors to go as high as the 86th floor, and there is an additional charge to visit the 102nd floor. Other ticket options for visitors include scheduled access to view the sunrise from the observatory, a \"premium\" guided tour with VIP access, and the \"AM/PM\" package which allows for two visits in the same day. The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed viewing gallery and an open-air outdoor viewing area, allowing for it to remain open 365 days a year regardless of the weather. The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller in size. The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005 due to limited viewing capacity and long lines.The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979.The 102nd floor was again redesigned in a project that was completed in 2019, allowing the windows to be extended from floor to ceiling and widening the space in the observatory overall.An observatory on the 80th floor, opened in 2019, includes various exhibits as well as a mural of the skyline drawn by British artistStephen Wiltshire.An interactive multimedia museum, with multiple hands-on exhibitions about the building's history, was added during this project.The design of the 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) Observatory Experience was inspired by the plans and designs of the original Empire State Building. According to a 2010 report byConcierge.com, the five lines to enter the observation decks are \"as legendary as the building itself\". Concierge.com stated that there were five lines: the sidewalk line, the lobby elevator line, the ticket purchase line, the second elevator line, and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck.In 2016, New York City's official tourism website made note of only three lines: the security check line, the ticket purchase line, and the second elevator line.Following renovations completed in 2019, designed to streamline queuing and reduce wait times, guests enter from a single entrance on 34th Street, where they make their way through 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibits on their way up to the observatories. Guests were offered a variety of ticket packages, including a package that enables them to skip the lines throughout the duration of their stay.The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks, making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years. New York Skyride In early 1994, amotion simulatorattraction was built on the 2nd floor,as a complement to the observation deck.The original cinematic presentation lasted approximately 25 minutes, while the simulation was about eight minutes.The ride had two incarnations. The original version, which ran from 1994 until around 2002, featuredJames Doohan,Star Trek'sScotty, as the airplane's pilot who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm.After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the ride was closed.An updated version debuted in mid-2002, featuring actorKevin Baconas the pilot, with the new flight also going haywire.This new version served a more informative goal, as opposed to the old version's main purpose of entertainment, and contained details about the 9/11 attacks.The simulator received mixed reviews, with assessments of the ride ranging from \"great\" to \"satisfactory\" to \"corny\". Spire Above the 102nd floor The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast, a 158-foot (48 m) steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities, above the 86th floor.The spire of the Empire State Building was originally intended to serve as a mooring mast for zeppelins and other airships, although the plan was abandoned after high winds made that impossible.At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd-floor docking station.Inside, the elevators would ascend 167 feet (51 m) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33-foot-wide (10 m) 101st-floorwaiting room.From there, stairs would lead to the 102nd floor,where passengers would enter the airships.The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor. As constructed, the mast contains four rectangular tiers topped by a cylindrical shaft with a conical pinnacle.On the 102nd floor (formerly the 101st floor), there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor (formerly the 102nd).This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building's spire, and has a circular balcony outside.It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance. The room now contains electrical equipment, but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there.Above the 103rd floor, there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work.The mast's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015.The mast serves as the base of the building's broadcasting antenna. Inflatable objects have sometimes been mounted to the spire for promotional purposes. For example, aKing Kongballoon was attached to the spire in 1983 to mark the 50th anniversary of the character's introduction,and am inflatable dragon was placed on the spire in 2024 to promote the TV seriesHouse of Dragon. Broadcast stations Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22, 1931, whenNBCandRCAbegan transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the mast, with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data. They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there.In 1934, RCA was joined byEdwin Howard Armstrongin a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building's antenna.This setup, which entailed the installation of the world's firstFM transmitter,continued only until October of the next year due to disputes between RCA and Armstrong.Specifically, NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong's transmitter was located. After some time, the 85th floor became home to RCA's New York television operations initially as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then, from 1941, as commercial station WNBT channel 1 (nowWNBCchannel 4). NBC's FM station, W2XDG, began transmitting from the antenna in 1940.NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 when theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated. The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York-area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted. Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors, often along with sister FM stations.Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27, 1950,with TV, and FM, transmissions starting in 1951. The 200-foot (61 m) broadcast tower was completed in 1953.From 1951, six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $600,000 per year for the use of the antenna.In 1965, a separate set of FM antennae was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna. The placement of the stations in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the construction of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in the late 1960s, and early 1970s. The greater height of the Twin Towers would reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building, eventually resulting in some broadcasters relocating to the newer towers instead of suing the developer, thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey.Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984, most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971. The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in theNorth Tower, as well as pay the broadcasters' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984.Only a few broadcasters renewed their leases in the Empire State Building. The September 11 attacks destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it, leaving most of the city's stations without a transmitter for ten days until theArmstrong TowerinAlpine, New Jersey, was re-activated temporarily.By October 2001, nearly all of the city's commercial broadcast stations (both television and FM radio) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building. In a report thatCongresscommissioned about the transition fromanalog televisiontodigital television, it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered \"problematic\" due to interference from nearby buildings. In comparison, the congressional report stated that the former Twin Towers had very few buildings of comparable height nearby thus signals suffered little interference.In 2003, a few FM stations were relocated to the nearbyCondé Nast Buildingto reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building.Eleventelevisionstations and twenty-twoFMstations had signed 15-year leases in the building by May 2003. It was expected that a taller broadcast tower inBayonne, New Jersey, orGovernors Island, would be built in the meantime with the Empire State Building being used as a \"backup\" since signal transmissions from the building were generally of poorer quality.Following the construction ofOne World Trade Centerin the late 2000s and early 2010s, some TV stations began moving their transmitting facilities there. As of 2021, the Empire State Building is home to the following stations: History The site was previously owned byJohn Jacob Astorof the prominentAstor family, who had owned the site since the mid-1820s.In 1893, John Jacob Astor Sr.'s grandsonWilliam Waldorf Astoropened the Waldorf Hotel on the site.Four years later, his cousin,John Jacob Astor IV, opened the 16-story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site.The two portions of theWaldorf–Astoriahotel had 1,300 bedrooms, making it the largest hotel in the world at the time.After the death of its founding proprietor,George Boldt, in early 1918, the hotel lease was purchased byThomas Coleman du Pont.By the 1920s, the old Waldorf–Astoria was becoming dated and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north.Additionally, many stores had opened on Fifth Avenue north of 34th Street.The Astor family decided to build areplacement hotelonPark Avenueand sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14–16 million.The hotel closed shortly thereafter on May 3, 1929. Planning Early plans Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25-story office building on the Waldorf–Astoria site. The company's president, Floyd De L. Brown, paid $100,000 of the $1 milliondown paymentrequired to start construction on the building, with the promise that the difference would be paid later.Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank butdefaultedon the loan. After Brown was unable to secure additional funding,the land was resold to Empire State Inc., a group of wealthy investors that includedLouis G. Kaufman,Ellis P. Earle,John J. Raskob, Coleman du Pont, andPierre S. du Pont.The name came from thestate nicknamefor New York.Alfred E. Smith, a formerGovernor of New Yorkand U.S. presidential candidate whose1928 campaignhad been managed by Raskob,was appointed head of the company.The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the 2 acres (1 ha) needed for the base, with the combined plot measuring 425 feet (130 m) wide by 200 feet (61 m) long.The Empire State Inc. consortium was announced to the public in August 1929.Concurrently, Smith announced the construction of an 80-story building on the site, to be taller than any other buildings in existence. Empire State Inc. contractedWilliam F. Lamb, of architectural firmShreve, Lamb and Harmon, to create the building design.Lamb produced the initial building design in just two weeks using the firm's earlier designs for theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem, North Carolina, as the basis.He had also been inspired byRaymond Hood's design for theDaily News Building, which was being constructed at the same time.Concurrently, Lamb's partnerRichmond Shrevecreated \"bug diagrams\" of the project requirements.The1916 Zoning Actforced Lamb to design a structure that incorporatedsetbacksresulting in the lower floors being larger than the upper floors.Consequently, the building was conceived from the top down,giving it a pencil-like shape.The plans were devised within a budget of $50 million and a stipulation that the building be ready for occupancy within 18 months of the start of construction.Design drawings and construction were concurrent. Steel drawings were completed in mid-January 1930, when foundations were underway. Design changes The original plan of the building was 50 stories,but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories.Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildingsto ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80-story, 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) buildingwould have unobstructed views of the city.The New York Timeslauded the site's proximity tomass transit, with theBrooklyn–Manhattan Transit's34th Streetstation and theHudson and Manhattan Railroad's33rd Streetterminal one block away, as well asPenn Stationtwo blocks away andGrand Central Terminalnine blocks away at its closest. It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of proposed floor space near \"one of the busiest sections in the world\".The Empire State Building was to be a typical office building, but Raskob intended to build it \"better and in a bigger way\", according to architectural writer Donald J. Reynolds. While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized, an intense competition in New York for the title of \"world's tallest building\" was underway.40 Wall Street(then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and theChrysler Buildingin Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building.The \"Race into the Sky\", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities.The race was defined by at least five other proposals, although only the Empire State Building would survive theWall Street Crash of 1929.The 40 Wall Street tower was revised, in April 1929, from 840 feet (260 m) to 925 feet (282 m) making it the world's tallest.The Chrysler Building added its 185-foot (56 m) steel tip to its roof in October 1929, thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street.The Chrysler Building's developer,Walter Chrysler, realized that his tower's height would exceed the Empire State Building's as well, having instructed his architect,William Van Alen, to change the Chrysler's original roof from a stubbyRomanesquedome to a narrow steel spire.Raskob, wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world's tallest, reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire; however, the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the extension.On November 18, 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27–31 West 33rd Street, adding 75 feet (23 m) to the width of the proposed office building's site.Two days later, Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper. The plans included an observation deck on the 86th-floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler's 71st-floor observation deck. The 1,050-foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet (1.2 m) taller than the Chrysler Building,and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to \"pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute.\"The plans were revised one last time in December 1929, to include a 16-story, 200-foot (61 m) metal \"crown\" and an additional 222-foot (68 m) mooring mast intended fordirigibles. The roof height was now 1,250 feet (380 m), making it the tallest building in the world by far, even without the antenna.The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor, the now-enclosed 86th floor, would have to be built below the crown;however, unlike the Chrysler's spire, the Empire State's mast would serve a practical purpose.A revised plan was announced to the public in late December 1929, just before the start of construction.The final plan was sketched within two hours, the night before the plan was supposed to be presented to the site's owners in January 1930.The New York Timesreported that the spire was facing some \"technical problems\", but they were \"no greater than might be expected under such a novel plan.\"By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved.Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final, approved plan: The program was short enough—a fixed budget, no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor, as many stories of such space as possible, an exterior of limestone, and completion date of , 1931, which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches. Construction The contractors wereStarrett Brothers and Eken, which were composed ofPaulandWilliam A. StarrettandAndrew J. Eken.The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont,whileJames Farley's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials.John W. Bowserwas the construction superintendent of the project,and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom.The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized. Hotel demolition Demolition of the old Waldorf–Astoria began on October 1, 1929.Stripping the building down was an arduous process, as the hotel had been constructed using more rigid material than earlier buildings had been. Furthermore, the old hotel's granite, wood chips, and \"'precious' metals such as lead, brass, and zinc\" were not in high demand, resulting in issues with disposal.Most of the wood was deposited into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp elsewhere. Much of the other materials that made up the old hotel, including the granite and bronze, were dumped into theAtlantic OceannearSandy Hook, New Jersey. By the time the hotel's demolition started, Raskob had secured the required funding for the construction of the building.The plan was to start construction later that year but, on October 24, theNew York Stock Exchangeexperienced the major and suddenWall Street Crash, marking the beginning of the decade-longGreat Depression. Despite the economic downturn, Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point.Neither Raskob, who had ceasedspeculationin the stock market the previous year, nor Smith, who had no stock investments, suffered financially in the crash.However, most of the investors were affected and as a result, in December 1929, Empire State Inc. obtained a $27.5 million loan fromMetropolitan Life Insurance Companyso construction could begin.The stock market crash resulted in no demand for new office space; Raskob and Smith nonetheless started construction,as canceling the project would have resulted in greater losses for the investors. Steel structure A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12, 1930,with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22,before the old hotel had been completely demolished.Two twelve-hour shifts, consisting of 300 men each, worked continuously to dig the 55-foot (17 m) deep foundation.Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork.Excavation was nearly complete by early March,and construction on the building itself started on March 17,with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished.Around this time, Lamb held a press conference on the building plans. He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows, the large-blockIndiana Limestonefacade that was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks, and the building's vertical lines.Four colossal columns, intended for installation in the center of the building site, were delivered; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) when the building was finished. The structural steel was pre-ordered andpre-fabricatedin anticipation of a revision to the city's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch (120,000 kPa), up from 16,000 pounds per square inch (110,000 kPa), thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building. Although the 18,000-psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities, MayorJimmy Walkerdid not sign the new codes into law until March 26, 1930, just before construction was due to commence.The first steel framework was installed on April 1, 1930.From there, construction proceeded at a rapid pace; during one stretch of 10 working days, the builders erected fourteen floors.This was made possible through precise coordination of the building's planning, as well as themass productionof common materials such as windows andspandrels.On one occasion, when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble, Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble. The scale of the project was massive, with trucks carrying \"16,000 partition tiles, 5,000 bags of cement, 450 cubic yards of sand and 300 bags of lime\" arriving at the construction site every day.There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch.Temporary water taps were also built so workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level.Additionally, carts running on a small railway system transported materials from the basement storageto elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors where they would then be distributed throughout that level using another set of tracks.The 57,480 short tons (51,320 long tons) of steel ordered for the project was the largest-ever single order of steel at the time, comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined.According to historianJohn Tauranac, building materials were sourced from numerous, and distant, sources with \"limestone from Indiana, steel girders from Pittsburgh, cement and mortar from upper New York State, marble from Italy, France, and England, wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests, hardware from New England.\"The facade, too, used a variety of material, most prominently Indiana limestone but alsoSwedish black granite,terracotta, andbrick. By June 20, the skyscraper's supportingsteel structurehad risen to the 26th floor, and by July 27, half of the steel structure had been completed.Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction, achieving a pace of four and a half stories per week;prior to this, the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been three and a half stories per week.While construction progressed, the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up (as opposed to the general design, which had been from the roof down). Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval, with several orders placed within an hour of a plan being finalized.On September 10, as steelwork was nearing completion, Smith laid the building'scornerstoneduring a ceremony attended by thousands. The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts including the previous day'sNew York Times, a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930, a history of the site and building, and photographs of the people involved in construction.The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet (319 m) on September 19, twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of construction.Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone. Completion and scale Work on the building's interior and crowning mast commenced after the topping out.The mooring mast topped out on November 21, two months after the steelwork had been completed.Meanwhile, work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace, with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor.The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November.Because of the building's height, it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins, so the builders contracted with theOtis Elevator Companyto make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min), which represented the largest-ever elevator order at the time. In addition to the time constraint builders had, there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly, and trucks needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic. This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing the materials in the building's first floor and basements.Concrete mixers, brick hoppers, and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public.At one point, over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day.A series of relay and erectionderricks, placed on platforms erected near the building, lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations.The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced.Al Smith shot the final rivet, which was made of solid gold. The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak,including 3,439 on a single day, August 14, 1930.Many of the workers were Irish and Italian immigrants,with a sizable minority ofMohawkironworkersfrom theKahnawakereserve nearMontreal.According to official accounts, five workers died during the construction,although theNew York Daily Newsgave reports of 14 deathsand a headline in the socialist magazineThe New Massesspread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths.The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build (equivalent to $661 million in 2023),including demolition of the Waldorf–Astoria. This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction. Lewis Hinecaptured many photographs of the construction, documenting not only the work itself but also providing insight into the daily life of workers in that era.Hine's images were used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases.According to the writerJim Rasenberger, Hine \"climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture, as no one ever had before (or has since), the dizzy work of building skyscrapers\". In Rasenberger's words, Hine turned what might have been an assignment of \"corporate flak\" into \"exhilarating art\".These images were later organized into their own collection.Onlookers were enraptured by the sheer height at which the steelworkers operated.New Yorkmagazine wrote of the steelworkers: \"Like little spiders they toiled, spinning a fabric of steel against the sky\". Opening and early years The Empire State Building officially opened on May 1, 1931, forty-five days ahead of its projected opening date, and eighteen months from the start of construction.The opening was marked with an event featuring United States PresidentHerbert Hoover, who turned on the building's lights with the ceremonial button push fromWashington, D.C.Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony, and following luncheon, at the 86th floor includingJimmy Walker, GovernorFranklin D. Roosevelt, andAl Smith.An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog, with other landmarks such as theStatue of Libertybeing \"lost in the mist\" enveloping New York City.The Empire State Building officially opened the next day.Advertisements for the building's observatories were placed in local newspapers, while nearby hotels also capitalized on the events by releasing advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened building. According toThe New York Times, builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250-foot-tall (380 m) Empire State Building would be the world's tallest building \"for many years\", thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry. At the time, most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than 1,200 feet (370 m), even with the hardy Manhattanbedrockas a foundation.Technically, it was believed possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet (610 m), but it was deemed uneconomical to do so, especially during the Great Depression.As the tallest building in the world, at that time, and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and, ultimately, of the nation. In 1932, the Fifth Avenue Association gave the building its 1931 \"gold medal\" for architectural excellence, signifying that the Empire State had been the best-designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931.A year later, on March 2, 1933, the movieKing Kongwas released. The movie, which depicted a largestop motionape namedKongclimbing the Empire State Building, made the still-new building into a cinematic icon. Tenants and tourism At the beginning of 1931, Fifth Avenue was experiencing high demand for storefront space, with only 12 of 224 stores being unoccupied. The Empire State Building, along with 500 Fifth Avenue and608 Fifth Avenue, were expected to add a combined 11 stores.The office space was less successful, as the Empire State Building's opening had coincided with theGreat Depression in the United States.In the first year, only 23 percent of the available space was rented,as compared to the early 1920s, where the average building would be 52 percent occupied upon opening and 90 percent occupied within five years.The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the \"Empty State Building\"or \"Smith's Folly\". The earliest tenants in the Empire State Building were large companies, banks, and garment industries.Jack Brod, one of the building's longest resident tenants,co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931and rented space in the building until he died in 2008.Brod recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening, including him,and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh-floor offices.Generally, during the early 1930s, it was rare for more than a single office space to be rented in the building, despite Smith's and Raskob's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew.The building's lights were continuously left on, even in the unrented spaces, to give the impression of occupancy. This was exacerbated by competition fromRockefeller Centeras well as from buildings on42nd Street, which, when combined with the Empire State Building, resulted in surplus of office space in a slow market during the 1930s. Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building's status as the world's tallest.The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets.The building became a popular tourist attraction, with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931.In its first year of operation, the observation deck made approximately $2 million in revenue, as much as its owners made in rent that year.By 1936, the observation deck was crowded on a daily basis, with food and drink available for purchase at the top,and by 1944 the building had received its five-millionth visitor.In 1931,NBCtook up tenancy, leasing space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts.From the outset the building was in debt, losing $1 million per year by 1935. Real estate developerSeymour Durstrecalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor, as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob/Du Pont offices on the 81st floor. Other events Per the original plans, the Empire State Building'sspirewas intended to be anairshipdocking station. Raskob and Smith had proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor, while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor.An elevator would ferry passengers from the 86th to the 101st floorafter they had checked in on the 86th floor,after which passengers would have climbed steep ladders to board the airship.The idea, however, was impractical and dangerous due to powerful updrafts caused by the building itself,the wind currents across Manhattan,and the spires of nearby skyscrapers.Furthermore, even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles, its crew would have to jettison someballastby releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability, and then tie the craft's nose to the spire with no mooring lines securing the tail end of the craft.On September 15, 1931, a small commercialUnited States Navyairship circled 25 times in 45-mile-per-hour (72 km/h) winds.The airship then attempted to dock at the mast, but its ballast spilled and the craft was rocked by unpredictableeddies.The near-disaster scuttled plans to turn the building's spire into an airship terminal, although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward. On July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbombercrashedinto the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 79th and 80th floors.One engine completely penetrated the building and landed in a neighboring block, while the other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft. Fourteen people were killed in the incident,but the building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later. Profitability By the 1940s, the Empire State Building was 98 percent occupied.The structurebroke evenfor the first time in the 1950s.At the time, mass transit options in the building's vicinity were limited compared to the present day. Despite this challenge, the Empire State Building began to attract renters due to its reputation.A 222-foot (68 m)radio antennawas erected on top of the towers starting in 1950,allowing the area's television stations to be broadcast from the building. Despite the turnaround in the building's fortunes, Raskob listed it for sale in 1951,with a minimum asking price of $50 million.The property was purchased by business partnersRoger L. Stevens,Henry Crown, Alfred R. Glancy andBen Tobin.The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company, a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan,for $51 million, the highest price paid for a single structure at the time.By this time, the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building, according to theCortland Standard.That same year, six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use thebuilding's antenna,which was completed in 1953.Crown bought out his partners' ownership stakes in 1954, becoming the sole owner.The following year, theAmerican Society of Civil Engineersnamed the building one of the \"Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders\". In 1961,Lawrence A. Wiensigned a contract to purchase the Empire State Building for $65 million, withHarry B. Helmsleyacting as partners in the building's operating lease.This became the new highest price for a single structure.Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates. The company in turnsubleasedthe building to another company headed by Helmsley and Wien, raising $33 million of the funds needed to pay the purchase price.In a separate transaction,the land underneath the building was sold toPrudential Insurancefor $29 million.Helmsley, Wien, and Peter Malkin quickly started a program of minor improvement projects, including the first-ever full-building facade refurbishment and window-washing in 1962,the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964,and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966.The little-used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964, at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly sought retail area. Loss of \"tallest building\" title In 1961, the same year that Helmsley, Wien, and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building, thePort Authority of New York and New Jerseyformally backed plans for a newWorld Trade CenterinLower Manhattan.The plan originally included 66-story twin towers with column-free open spaces. The Empire State's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers' 7.6 million square feet (710,000 m2) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building's profits from lessees.A revision in the World Trade Center's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet (420 m) each or 110 stories, taller than the Empire State.Opponents of the new project included prominent real-estate developerRobert Tishman, as well as Wien's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center.In response to Wien's opposition, Port Authority executive directorAustin J. Tobinsaid that Wien was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world's tallest building. The World Trade Center's twin towers startedconstructionin 1966.The following year, theOstankino Towersucceeded the Empire State Building as thetallest freestanding structure in the world.In 1970, the Empire State surrendered its position as the world's tallest building,when the World Trade Center's still-under-construction North Tower surpassed it, on October 19;the North Tower wastopped outon December 23, 1970. In December 1975, the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers, significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire State Building.The latter was also losing revenue during this period, particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984.The Empire State Building was still seen as prestigious, having seen its forty-millionth visitor in March 1971. 1980s and 1990s By 1980, there were nearly two million annual visitors,although a building official had previously estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors.The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 in a roll out of 63 new postal codes in Manhattan. At the time, its tenants collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail daily.The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1, 1981, with a much-publicized, but poorly received, laser light show,as well as an \"Empire State Building Week\" that ran through to May 8.TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commission(LPC) voted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981, Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million.Because all of the building's windows were being replaced at the same time, the LPC mandated a paint-color test for the windows; the test revealed that the Empire State Building's original windows were actually red.The improvements also entailed replacing alarm systems, elevators, windows, and air conditioning; making the observation deck compliant with theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA); and refurbishing the limestone facade.The observation deck renovation was added after disability rights groups and theUnited States Department of Justicefiled a lawsuit against the building in 1992, in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law.A settlement was reached in 1994, in which Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA-compliant elements, such as new elevators, ramps, and automatic doors, during the renovation. Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelierHideki Yokoi, who was imprisoned at the time in connection with the deadlyHotel New Japan Fireat theHotel New JapaninTokyo.In 1994,Donald Trumpentered into a joint-venture agreement with Yokoi, with a shared goal of breaking the Empire State Building's lease on the land in an effort to gain total ownership of the building so that, if successful, the two could reap the potential profits of merging the ownership of the building with the land beneath it.Having secured a half-ownership of the land, Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it, even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project.He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995, claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a \"high-rise slum\"and a \"second-rate, rodent-infested\" office tower.Trump had intended to have Empire State Building Associates evicted for violating the terms of their lease,but was denied.This led to Helmsley's companies countersuing Trump in May.This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years,partly arising from Trump's desire to obtain the building's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates.Upon Harry Helmsley's death in 1997, the Malkins sued Helmsley's widow,Leona Helmsley, for control of the building. 21st century 2000s Following the destruction of the World Trade Center during theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building again became thetallest building in New York City, but was only thesecond-tallest building in the Americasafter theSears (later Willis) Towerin Chicago.As a result of the attacks, transmissions from nearly all of the city's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building.The attacks also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against prominent sites in New York City. In 2002, Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates, now headed by Malkin, in a $57.5 million sale.This action merged the building's title and lease for the first time in half a century.Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9/11 attacks, the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004, compared to about 2.8 million in 2003. Even though she maintained her ownership stake in the building until the post-consolidation IPO in October 2013,Leona Helmsleyhanded over day-to-day operations of the building in 2006 to Peter Malkin's company.In 2008, the building was temporarily \"stolen\" by theNew York Daily Newsto show how easy it was to transfer the deed on a property, since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information, as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money. The paperwork submitted to the city included the names ofFay Wray, the famous star ofKing Kong, andWillie Sutton, a notorious New York bank robber. The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners, who at that time were Empire State Land Associates. 2010s to present Starting in 2009, the building's public areas received a $550 million renovation, with improvements to the air conditioning and waterproofing, renovations to the observation deck and main lobby,and relocation of the gift shop to the 80th floor.About $120 million was spent on improving theenergy efficiencyof the building, with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38% within five years.For example, all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film-coated \"superwindows\" which block heat but pass light.Air conditioningoperating costs on hot days were reduced, saving $17 million of the project's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits.The Empire State Building won theLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)Gold for Existing Buildings rating in September 2011, as well as theWorld Federation of Great Towers' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010.For the LEED Gold certification, the building's energy reduction was considered, as was a large purchase ofcarbon offsets. Other factors included low-flow bathroom fixtures, green cleaning supplies, and use of recycled paper products. On April 30, 2012,One World Trade Centertopped out, taking the Empire State Building's record of tallest in the city.By 2014, the building was owned by the Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT), with Anthony Malkin as chairman, CEO, and president.The ESRT was apublic company, having begun trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange the previous year.In August 2016, the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) was issued new fully diluted shares equivalent to 9.9% of the trust; this investment gave them partial ownership of the entirety of the ESRT's portfolio, and as a result, partial ownership of the Empire State Building.The trust's president John Kessler called it an \"endorsement of the company's irreplaceable assets\".The investment has been described by the real-estate magazineThe Real Dealas \"an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund\", as these funds typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies.Other foreign entities that have a stake in the ESRT include investors from Norway, Japan, and Australia. A renovation of the Empire State Building was commenced in the 2010s to further improve energy efficiency, public areas, and amenities.In August 2018, to improve the flow of visitor traffic, the main visitor's entrance was shifted to 20 West 34th Street as part of a major renovation of the observatory lobby.The new lobby includes several technological features, including large LED panels, digital ticket kiosks in nine languages, and a two-story architectural model of the building surrounded by two metal staircases.The first phase of the renovation, completed in 2019, features an updated exterior lighting system and digital hosts.The new lobby also features free Wi-Fi provided for those waiting.A 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibit with nine galleries opened in July 2019.The 102nd floor observatory, the third phase of the redesign, reopened to the public on October 12, 2019.That portion of the project included outfitting the space with floor-to-ceiling glass windows and a brand-new glass elevator.The final portion of the renovations to be completed was a new observatory on the 80th floor, which opened on December 2, 2019.In total, the renovation cost $160 millionor $165 million and took four years to finish. A comprehensive restoration of the building's mooring and antenna masts also began in June 2019. Antennas on the mooring mast were removed or relocated to the upper mast, while the aluminum panels were cleaned and coated with silver paint.To minimize disruption to the observation decks, the restoration work took place at night. The project was completed by late 2020. Height records The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper (to structural height), which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by theNorth Towerof the World Trade Center in October 1970.The Empire State Building was also thetallest human-made structurein the world before it was surpassed by theGriffin Television Tower Oklahoma(KWTV Mast) in 1954,and thetallest freestanding structure in the worlduntil the completion of theOstankino Towerin 1967.An early-1970s proposal to dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors, which would have brought the building's height to 1,494 feet (455 m) and made it once again the world's tallest at the time, was considered but ultimately rejected. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in theSeptember 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became thetallest building in New York City, and thesecond-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by theWillis Towerin Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the newOne World Trade Centerreached a greater height in April 2012.As of 2022, it is the seventh-tallest building in New York City and thetenth-tallest in the United States.The Empire State Building is the49th-tallest in the worldas of February 2021.It is also theeleventh-tallest freestanding structure in the Americasbehind the tallest U.S. buildings and theCN Tower. Notable tenants As of 2013, the building housed around 1,000 businesses.Current tenants include: Former tenants include: Incidents 1945 plane crash At 9:40 am on July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbomber, piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr.,crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors (then the offices of theNational Catholic Welfare Council).One engine completely penetrated the building, landing on the roof of a nearby building where it started a fire that destroyed a penthouse.The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft, causing a fire that was extinguished in 40 minutes. Fourteen people were killed in the incident.Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver fell 75 stories and survived, which still holds theGuinness World Recordfor the longest survived elevator fall recorded. Despite the damage and loss of life, many floors were open two days later.The crash helped spur the passage of the long-pendingFederal Tort Claims Actof 1946, as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the incident.Also as a result of the crash, theCivil Aeronautics Administrationenacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City, setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level regardless of the weather conditions. A year later, on July 24, 1946, another airplane narrowly missed striking the building. The unidentified twin-engine plane scraped past the observation deck, frightening the tourists there. 2000 elevator plunge On January 24, 2000, an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin's maximum speed was severed.The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor, where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system. Despite the 40-floor fall, both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured. After the fall, building inspectors reviewed all of the building's elevators. Suicide attempts Because of the building's iconic status, it and other Midtown landmarks are common locations forsuicideattempts.More than 30 people haveattempted suicideover the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building, with most attempts being successful. The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7, 1931, before it was even completed, when a carpenter who had been laid-off went to the 58th floor and jumped.The first suicide after the building's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory in February 1935, when Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet (314 m) onto amarquee sign.On December 16, 1943, William Lloyd Rambo jumped to his death from the 86th floor, landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below.In the early morning of September 27, 1946,shell-shockedMarine Douglas W. Brashear Jr. jumped from the 76th-floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency; police found his shoes 50 feet (15 m) from his body. On May 1, 1947,Evelyn McHaleleapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and landed on alimousineparked at the curb. Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death. The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck: \"He is much better off without me.... I wouldn't make a good wife for anybody\". The photo ran in the May 12, 1947, edition ofLifemagazineand is often referred to as \"The Most Beautiful Suicide\". It was later used by visual artistAndy Warholin one of his prints entitledSuicide (Fallen Body).A 7-foot (2.1 m) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three-week span in October and November of that year.By then, sixteen people had died from suicide jumps. Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory. Frederick Eckert ofAstoriaran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd-floor gallery on November 3, 1932, and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended fordirigiblepassengers. He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade. Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor. On December 2, 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with abroken hip.On April 25, 2013, a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck, but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th-floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation. Shootings Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building. Abu Kamal, a 69-year-old Palestinian teacher,shot seven peopleon the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23, 1997. He killed one person and wounded six others before committing suicide.Kamal reportedly committed the shooting in response to events happening inPalestineandIsrael. On the morning of August 24, 2012, 58-year-old Jeffrey T. Johnsonshot and killeda former co-worker on the building's Fifth Avenue sidewalk. He had been laid off from his job in 2011. Two police officers confronted the gunman, and he aimed his firearm at them. They responded by firing 16 shots, killing him but also wounding nine bystanders. Most of the injured were hit by bullet fragments, although three took direct hits from bullets. Impact As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation.In 2013,Timemagazine noted that the Empire State Building \"seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with\".The historian John Tauranac called it \"'the' twentieth-century New York building\", despite the existence of taller and moremodernistbuildings. TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionvoted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981,citing the historic nature of the first and second floors, as well as \"the fixtures and interior components\" of the upper floors.TheNew York City Planning Commissionendorsed the landmark status.The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986in close alignment with the New York City Landmarks report.The Empire State Building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesthe following year due to its architectural significance. Contemporary reception Early architectural critics also focused on the Empire State Building's exterior ornamentation.Architectural critic Talbot Hamlin wrote in 1931, \"That it is the world's tallest building is purely incidental.\"George Shepard Chappell, writing inThe New Yorkerunder the pseudonym \"T-Square\", wrote the same year that the Empire State Building had a \"palpably enormous\" appeal to the general public, and that \"its difference and distinction in the extreme sensitiveness of its entire design\".Edmund Wilson ofThe New Republicwrote that the building's neutral color palette made it \"New York's handsomest skyscraper\". Architectural critics also wrote negatively of the mast, especially in light of its failure to become a real air terminal. Chappell called the mast \"a silly gesture\", andLewis Mumfordcalled it \"a public comfort station for migratory birds\".Nevertheless, architecture criticDouglas Haskellsaid the Empire State Building's appeal came from the fact that it was \"caught at the exact moment of transition—caught between metal and stone, between the idea of 'monumental mass' and that of airy volume, between handicraft and machine design, and in the swing from what was essentially handicraft to what will be essentially industrial methods of fabrication.\" As icon Early in the building's history, travel companies such asShort Line Motor Coach ServiceandNew York Central Railroadused the building as an icon to symbolize the city.In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, fourteen ranked the Empire State Building as the United States' best building; the Empire State Building received more votes than any building except theLincoln Memorial.After the construction of the first World Trade Center, architectPaul Goldbergernoted that the Empire State Building \"is famous for being tall, but it is good enough to be famous for being good.\" As an icon of the United States, it is also very popular among Americans. In a 2007 survey, the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was \"America's favorite building\".The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression, as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants.The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was \"a building intended to celebrate a new America, built by men (both clients and construction workers) who were themselves new Americans.\"The architectural criticJonathan Glanceyrefers to the building as an \"icon of American design\".Additionally, in 2007, the Empire State Building was first on the AIA's List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecture. The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a \"wonder of the world\" due to the massive effort expended during construction.The Washington Starlisted it as part of one of the \"seven wonders of the modern world\" in 1931, whileHolidaymagazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State's height would be taller than the combined heights of theEiffel Towerand theGreat Pyramid of Giza.TheAmerican Society of Civil Engineersalso declared the building \"A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States\" in 1958and one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldin 1994.Ron Miller, in a 2010 book, also described the Empire State Building as one of the \"seven wonders of engineering\".It has often been called theEighth Wonder of the Worldas well, an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening.The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this, showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building.The Empire State Building also became the standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures globally, both natural and human-made. The building has also inspired replicas. TheNew York-New York Hotel and CasinoinParadise, Nevada, contains the \"Empire Tower\",a 47-story replica of the Empire State Building.A portion of the hotel's interior was also designed to resemble the Empire State Building's interior. In media As an icon of New York City, the Empire State Building has been featured in various films, books, TV shows, and video games. According to the building's official website, more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building.In his book about the building, John Tauranac writes that its first documented appearance in popular culture wasSwiss Family Manhattan, a 1932 children's story byChristopher Morley.A year later, the filmKing KongdepictedKong, a giantstop motionape that climbs the Empire State Building during the film's climax,bringing the building into the popular imagination.Later movies such asAn Affair to Remember(1957),Sleepless in Seattle(1993), andIndependence Day(1996) also prominently featured the building.The building has also been featured in other works, such as \"Daleks in Manhattan\", a 2007 episode of the TV seriesDoctor Who;andEmpire, an eight-hour black-and-whitesilent filmbyAndy Warhol,which was later added to theLibrary of Congress'sNational Film Registry. Throughout its history, the Empire State Building has welcomed celebrities, royalty, and dignitaries to visit the observation deck. From celebrities likeTaylor SwiftandZendayato royalty such asPrince William, the Empire State Building hosts notable figures every year. Empire State Building Run-Up The Empire State Building Run-Up, a foot race from ground level to the 86th-floor observation deck, has been held annually since 1978.It is organized byNYCRUNS.Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers, and are oftentower runningenthusiasts. The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 ft (320 m) and takes in 1,576 steps. The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds, achieved by Australian professional cyclistPaul Crakein 2003, at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft (2,010 m) per hour. See also References Notes Citations Sources Further reading External links","Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, founded asShreve & Lamb, was anarchitectural firmbest known for designing theEmpire State Building, the tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1931. The firm was prominent in the proliferation ofArt Deco architecture in New York City. History The firm was founded in 1920 as Shreve & Lamb, a partnership ofRichmond Harold (\"R.H.\") Shreve, a Canadian fromNova Scotia, andWilliam F. Lamb, fromBrooklyn, New York. Shreve was the administrator, while Lamb was the architect. The two met while working atCarrère & Hastings, and Shreve & Lamb was initially a Carrère & Hastings firm. In 1924 the pair decided to leave Carrère & Hastings and became an autonomous architectural company. In 1929,Arthur Loomis Harmon, fromChicago, Illinois, joined Shreve & Lamb, and the firm became Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.Prior to joining the firm, Harmon's works included battle monuments at Tours, Cantigny and Somme-Py in France, a YMCA inJerusalem, and the Shelton Hotel in New York, U.S. For the construction of the Empire State Building, the firm's most notable work and a symbol of theAmerican expression of the Art Decostyle, Lamb was responsible for the design, while Shreve's planning skills facilitated the completion of the construction in a year. Shreve's planning skills were recognized in New York, and he was involved in projects beyond the firm, such as theSlum ClearanceCommittee of New York. Shreve, Lamb & Harmon's primary focus was commercial office buildings, and their work in this area was described as \"spare and functional\" in 2010 by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. However, the firm completed numerous residential projects, such as No. 130 East 57th Street, and this facet of the company's work was mainly conducted in neo-Tudor, as well as other popular historical styles of the 1920s. Shreve, Lamb and Harmon had also employed the future architect behind the originalWorld Trade Centercomplex,Minoru Yamasaki, after he had completed a masters degree in architecture in 1936. Lasting until 1945, this professional relationship was cut short when Yamasaki took a job atSmith, Hinchman & Grylls. It is not entirely clear when the company went out of business, with 1989 being a likely date. The archivesof Shreve, Lamb & Harmon are kept at theAvery Architectural and Fine Arts LibraryofColumbia University. Notable buildings All buildings are located inNew York Cityunless otherwise indicated: References Notes External links","Richmond Shreve Richmond Harold Shreve(June 25, 1877 – September 11, 1946) was a Canadian-American architect. Biography He was born on June 25, 1877, inCornwallis, Nova Scotia, the son of Richmond Shreve, an Anglican priest, and Mary Catherine Parker Hocken.Shreve attendedCornell University, taught there from 1902 to 1906, and was a member of theSphinx Head Society. He was president of theAmerican Institute of Architectsfrom 1941 through 1943. He died on September 11, 1946, inHastings-on-Hudson, New York. Legacy His companyShreve, Lamb and Harmonled the construction of theEmpire State Buildingas well as severalCornell Universitybuildings.Shreve was also the lead architect for the landmark 1937Williamsburg Houseshousing development in Brooklyn. He was profiled in the bookThe 100 Most Notable Cornellians. Notes External links","William F. Lamb William Frederick LambFAIA(November 21, 1883 – September 8, 1952), was an Americanarchitect, chiefly known as one of the principal designers of theEmpire State Building. Biography Lamb joined the New York architecture firmCarrère & Hastingsin 1911, shortly after returning from Paris, where he earned a diploma at theÉcole des Beaux-Arts. Lamb became a partner in 1920; the firm would be known as Shreve & Lamb from 1924 to 1929 and thereafter asShreve, Lamb and Harmon. Lamb's notable projects include theEmpire State Building, theStandard Oil Building, 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, and the General Motors Building in New York City; the Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Building in Washington, D.C.; and academic buildings for the Connecticut College for Women, Williams College, Cornell University, and Wesleyan University. In addition to his studies at the École des Beaux Arts, Lamb received a bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1904 and did graduate work at the School of Architecture,Columbia University, from 1904 to 1906. Lamb received an honorary doctorate from Williams College in 1932; other honors include two gold medals from the Fifth Avenue Association (1930, 1931), a medal from theArchitectural League of New York(1931), and a medal of honor from the New York Chapter of theAmerican Institute of Architects(1932). He was a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters, the Art Commission of the City of New York, theBeaux-Arts Institute of Design, and the Architectural League of New York. In the period preceding the 1939 New York World's fair, Lamb served as \"Coordinator of Design\" for the fair's board of planners.Lamb served on theU.S. Commission of Fine Artsfrom 1937 to 1945, including as vice chairman from 1941 to 1945.In 1942 he was elected into theNational Academy of Designas an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1950. The firm also designed 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, theStandard Oil Building, and theBankers Trust Buildingand worked with H. Craig Severance on40 Wall Streetin New York. He also designed theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem,North Carolina He died in New York on September 8, 1952. References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Empire State Building TheEmpire State Buildingis a 102-storyArt Decoskyscraper in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City. The building was designed byShreve, Lamb & Harmonand built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from \\\"Empire State\\\", thenicknameof the state ofNew York. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including itsantenna. The Empire State Building was the world's tallest building until the first tower of theWorld Trade Centerwastopped out in 1970; following theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building was New York City's tallest building until it was surpassed in 2012 byOne World Trade Center. As of 2022, the building is theseventh-tallest building in New York City, theninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, and the54th-tallest in the world. The site of the Empire State Building, on the west side ofFifth Avenuebetween West33rdand34th Streets, was developed in 1893 as theWaldorf–Astoria Hotel. In 1929, Empire State Inc. acquired the site and devised plans for a skyscraper there. The design for the Empire State Building was changed fifteen times until it was ensured to be the world's tallest building. Construction started on March 17, 1930, and the building opened thirteen and a half months afterward on May 1, 1931. Despite favorable publicity related to the building's construction, because of theGreat DepressionandWorld War II, its owners did not make a profit until the early 1950s. The building'sArt Deco architecture, height, andobservation deckshave made it a popular attraction. Around four million tourists from around the world annually visit the building's 86th- and 102nd-floor observatories; an additional indoor observatory on the 80th floor opened in 2019. The Empire State Building is an internationalcultural icon: it has been featured in more than 250 television series and films since the filmKing Kongwas released in 1933. The building's size has been used as a standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. A symbol of New York City, the building has been named as one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldby theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers. It was ranked first on theAmerican Institute of Architects' List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecturein 2007. Additionally, the Empire State Building and its ground-floor interior were designated city landmarks by theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionin 1980, and were added to theNational Register of Historic Placesas aNational Historic Landmarkin 1986. Site The Empire State Building is located on the west side ofFifth Avenue, between33rd Streetto the south and34th Streetto the north, in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City.Tenants enter the building through theArt Decolobby located at 350 Fifth Avenue. Visitors to the observatories use an entrance at 20 West 34th Street; prior to August 2018, visitors entered through the Fifth Avenue lobby.Although physically located in South Midtown,a mixed residential and commercial area,the building is so large that it was assigned its ownZIP Code, 10118;as of 2012, it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that have their own ZIP codes. The areas surrounding the Empire State Building are home to other major points of interest, includingMacy'satHerald SquareonSixth Avenueand 34th Street,andKoreatownon 32nd Street betweenMadisonand Sixth avenues.To the east of the Empire State Building isMurray Hill,a neighborhood with a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment activity.The block directly to the northeast contains theB. Altman and Company Building, which houses theCity University of New York'sGraduate Center.The nearestNew York City Subwaystations are34th Street–Herald Square, one block west, and33rd StreetatPark Avenue, two blocks east; there is also aPATHstation at33rd Street and Sixth Avenue. Architecture The Empire State Building was designed byShreve, Lamb and Harmonin theArt Decostyle.The Empire State Building is 1,250 ft (381 m) tall to its 102nd floor, or1,453 feet8+9⁄16inches (443.092 m) including its 203-foot (61.9 m) pinnacle.It was the first building in the world to be more than 100 stories tall,though only the lowest 86 stories are usable. The first through 85th floors contain 2.158 million square feet (200,500 m2) of commercial and office space, while the 86th floor contains an observatory.The remaining 16 stories are part of the spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd floor; the spire does not contain any intermediate levels and is used mostly for mechanical purposes.Atop the 102nd story is the 203 ft (61.9 m) pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with alightning rod. Form The Empire State Building has a symmetricalmassingbecause of its large lot and relatively short base. Itsarticulationconsists of three horizontal sections—a base, shaft, andcapital—similar to the components of acolumn.The five-story base occupies the entire lot, while the 81-story shaft above it isset backsharply from the base.The setback above the 5th story is 60 feet (18 m) deep on all sides.There are smaller setbacks on the upper stories, allowing sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors while also positioning these floors away from the noisy streets below.The setbacks are located at the 21st, 25th, 30th, 72nd, 81st, and 85th stories.The setbacks correspond to the tops of elevator shafts, allowing interior spaces to be at most 28 feet (8.5 m) deep (see§ Interior). The setbacks were mandated by the1916 Zoning Resolution, which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well.Normally, a building of the Empire State's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on the 33rd Street and 34th Street sides, before it would have to utilize setbacks.However, with the largest setback being located above the base, the tower stories could contain a uniform shape.According to architectural writerRobert A. M. Stern, the building's form contrasted with the nearly contemporary, similarly designed500 Fifth Avenueeight blocks north, which had an asymmetrical massing on a smaller lot. Facade The Empire State Building's Art Deco design is typical of pre–World War II architecture in New York City.Thefacadeis clad inIndiana limestonepanels made by the Indiana Limestone Companyand sourced from a quarry in south-central Indiana;the panels give the building its signature blonde color.According to official fact sheets, the facade uses 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3) of limestone and granite, ten million bricks, and 730 short tons (650 long tons) of aluminum and stainless steel.The building also contains 6,514 windows.The decorative features on the facade are largely geometric, in contrast with earlier buildings, whose decorations often were intended to represent a specific narrative. The main entrance, composed of three sets of metal doors, is at the center of the facade's Fifth Avenueelevation, flanked by molded piers that are topped with eagles. Above the main entrance is atransom, a triple-height transom window with geometric patterns, and the golden letters \\\"Empire State\\\" above the fifth-floor windows.There are two entrances each on 33rd and 34th streets, with modernistic,stainless steelcanopies projecting from the entrances on 33rd and 34th streets there. Above the secondary entrances are triple windows, less elaborate in design than those on Fifth Avenue. The storefronts on the first floor contain aluminum-framed doors and windows within a black granite cladding.The second through fourth stories consist of windows alternating with wide stonepiersand narrower stonemullions. The fifth story contains windows alternating with wide and narrow mullions, and is topped by a horizontal stone sill. The facade of the tower stories is split into several verticalbayson each side, with windows projecting slightly from the limestone cladding. The bays are arranged into sets of one, two, or three windows on each floor.The bays are separated by alternating narrow and wide piers, the inclusion of which may have been influenced by the design of the contemporaryDaily News Building.The windows in each bay are separated by vertical nickel-chrome steelmullionsand connected by horizontal aluminumspandrelsbetween each floor.The windows are placed within stainless-steel frames, which saved money by eliminating the need to apply a stonefinisharound the windows. In addition, the use of aluminum spandrels obviated the need for cross-bonding, which would have been required if stone had been used instead. Lights The building was originally equipped with whitesearchlightsat the top. They were first used in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt's victory over Hoover in thepresidential election of that year.These were later swapped for four \\\"Freedom Lights\\\" in 1956.In February 1964, flood lights were added on the 72nd floorto illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year.The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of theenergy crisisat the time.In 1976, the businessmanDouglas Leighsuggested that Wien and Helmsley install 204metal-halide lights, which were four times as bright as the 1,000 incandescent lights they were to replace.New red, white, and blue metal-halide lights were installed in time for the country'sbicentennialthat July.After the bicentennial, Helmsley retained the new lights due to the reduced maintenance cost, about $116 a year. Since October 12, 1977, the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays.Organizations are allowed to make requests through the building's website.The building is also lit in the colors of New York-based sports teams on nights when they host games: for example, orange, blue, and white for theNew York Knicks; red, white, and blue for theNew York Rangers.The spire can also be lit to commemorate events including disasters, anniversaries, or deaths, as well as for celebrations such asPrideandHalloween. In 1998, the building was lit in blue after the death of singerFrank Sinatra, who was nicknamed \\\"Ol' Blue Eyes\\\". The structure was lit in red, white, and blue for several months after thecollapse of the World Trade CenteronSeptember 11, 2001.On January 13, 2012, the building was lit in red, orange, and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of theNBCprogramThe Today Show.After retired basketball playerKobe Bryant'sJanuary 2020 death, the building was lit in purple and gold, signifying the colors of his former team, theLos Angeles Lakers.The evening after iconic actorJames Earl Jonesdied, September 9, 2024, the building was lit up to look like Jones's iconicDarth Vadervillain from “Star Wars.” In addition to lightings, the Empire State Building is able to do immersive visual projections on the building's exterior. It partnered with Netflix in May 2022 to celebrate the return ofStranger Thingsfourth season by projecting the Upside Down onto the Empire State Building. In 2012, the building's four hundredmetal halidelamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200LEDfixtures, increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million.The computer-controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels.For instance,CNNused the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard during the2012 United States presidential election, using red and blue lights to representRepublicanandDemocraticelectoral votes respectively.Also, on November 26, 2012, the building had its first synchronized light show, using music from recording artistAlicia Keys.Artists such as Eminem and OneRepublic have been featured in later shows, including the building's annual Holiday Music-to-Lights Show.The building's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights; for instance, they do not use the lights to play advertisements. Interior According to official fact sheets, the Empire State Building weighs 365,000 short tons (331,122 t) and has an internal volume of 37 million cubic feet (1,000,000 m3).The interior required 1,172 miles (1,886 km) of elevator cable and 2 million feet (609,600 m) of electrical wires.It has a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft (257,211 m2), and each of the floors in the base cover 2 acres (1 ha).This gives the building capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors. Therivetedsteel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building's gravitational stresses andwind loads.The amount of material used in the building's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to otherskyscrapers, with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot (2.0 kPa) versus theWillis Tower's 33 pounds per square foot (1.6 kPa) and theJohn Hancock Center's 26 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa).A December 1930 feature inPopular Mechanicsestimated that a building with the Empire State's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons (45 long tons). Utilities are grouped in a central shaft.On the 6th through 86th stories, the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides.Per the final specifications of the building, the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet (8.5 m) deep, maximizing office space at a time before air conditioning became commonplace.Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it, which provide structural stability but limits the amount of open space on these floors.The relative dearth of stone in the Empire State Building allows for more space overall, with a 1:200 stone-to-building ratio compared to a 1:50 ratio in similar buildings. Lobby The original main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue, on the building's east side, and is the only place in the building where the design contains narrative motifs.It contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair ofrevolving doors. At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif depicting one of three \\\"crafts or industries\\\" used in the building's construction—Electricity, Masonry, and Heating.The three-story-high space runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets.The lobby contains two tiers of marble: awainscotingof darker marble, topped by lighter marble. There is a pattern of zigzaggingterrazzotiles on the lobby floor, which leads from east to west.To the north and south are storefronts, which are flanked by tubes of dark rounded marble and topped by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble.Until the 1960s, there was aLongchampsrestaurant next to the lobby, with six oval murals designed byWinold Reiss; these murals were placed in storage when the Longchamps closed. The western ends of the north and south walls include escalators to a mezzanine level.At the west end of the lobby, behind the security desk, is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was originally built (without the antenna).The relief, which was intended to provide a welcoming effect,contains an embossed outline of the building, with rays radiating from the spire and the sun behind it.In the background is a state map of New York with the building's location marked by a \\\"medallion\\\" in the very southeast portion of the outline. A compass is depicted in the bottom right and a plaque to the building's major developers is on the bottom left.A scale model of the building was also placed south of the security desk. The plaque at the western end of the lobby is on the eastern interior wall of a one-story-tall rectangular-shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators, with a similar design to the lobby.The rectangular-shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle,as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side.At both ends of the northern and southern corridors, there is a bank of four low-rise elevators in between the corridors.The western side of the rectangular elevator-bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance. It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators (originally stairs), which go both to the second floor and to the basement. Going from west to east, there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from the northern and southern corridors, respectively.The side entrances from 33rd and 34th Street lead to two-story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel-and-glass-enclosed bridges at the mezzanine floor. Until the 1960s, anArt Decomural, inspired by both the sky and theMachine Age, was installed in the lobby ceilings.Subsequent damage to these murals, designed by artist Leif Neandross, resulted in reproductions being installed. Renovations to the lobby in 2009, such as replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with ananemometerand installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it originally opened, revived much of its original grandeur.The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels created in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov, in time for the1964 World's Fair, depicting the building as theEighth Wonder of the Worldalongside the traditional seven.The building's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artistKysa Johnsonin the concourse level. Johnson later filed a federal lawsuit, in January 2014, under theVisual Artists Rights Actalleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist.As part of the building's 2010 renovation,Denise Amsescommissioned a work consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles, superimposed on a 13-by-5-foot (4.0 by 1.5 m)etched-glassinstallation, in the lobby. Elevators The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all, including service elevators.Its original 64 elevators, built by theOtis Elevator Company,in a central core and are of varying heights, with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor.As originally built, there were four \\\"express\\\" elevators that connected the lobby, 80th floor, and several landings in between; the other 60 \\\"local\\\" elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings.Of the 64 total elevators, 58 were for passenger use (comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators), and eight were for freight deliveries.The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min). At the time of the skyscraper's construction, their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute (213 m/min) per city law, but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened. Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it, as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved.The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011, when they were replaced with automatic elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building.An additional elevator connects the 86th and 102nd floor observatories, which allows visitors access the 102nd floor observatory after having their tickets scanned. It also allows employees to access the mechanical floors located between the 87th and 101st floors. Observation decks The 80th, 86th, and 102nd floors contain observatories.The latter two observatories saw a combined average of four million visitors per year in 2010.Since opening, the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at30 Rockefeller Plaza, the Chrysler Building, the first One World Trade Center, or theWoolworth Building, despite being more expensive.There are variable charges to enter the observatories; one ticket allows visitors to go as high as the 86th floor, and there is an additional charge to visit the 102nd floor. Other ticket options for visitors include scheduled access to view the sunrise from the observatory, a \\\"premium\\\" guided tour with VIP access, and the \\\"AM/PM\\\" package which allows for two visits in the same day. The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed viewing gallery and an open-air outdoor viewing area, allowing for it to remain open 365 days a year regardless of the weather. The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller in size. The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005 due to limited viewing capacity and long lines.The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979.The 102nd floor was again redesigned in a project that was completed in 2019, allowing the windows to be extended from floor to ceiling and widening the space in the observatory overall.An observatory on the 80th floor, opened in 2019, includes various exhibits as well as a mural of the skyline drawn by British artistStephen Wiltshire.An interactive multimedia museum, with multiple hands-on exhibitions about the building's history, was added during this project.The design of the 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) Observatory Experience was inspired by the plans and designs of the original Empire State Building. According to a 2010 report byConcierge.com, the five lines to enter the observation decks are \\\"as legendary as the building itself\\\". Concierge.com stated that there were five lines: the sidewalk line, the lobby elevator line, the ticket purchase line, the second elevator line, and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck.In 2016, New York City's official tourism website made note of only three lines: the security check line, the ticket purchase line, and the second elevator line.Following renovations completed in 2019, designed to streamline queuing and reduce wait times, guests enter from a single entrance on 34th Street, where they make their way through 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibits on their way up to the observatories. Guests were offered a variety of ticket packages, including a package that enables them to skip the lines throughout the duration of their stay.The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks, making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years. New York Skyride In early 1994, amotion simulatorattraction was built on the 2nd floor,as a complement to the observation deck.The original cinematic presentation lasted approximately 25 minutes, while the simulation was about eight minutes.The ride had two incarnations. The original version, which ran from 1994 until around 2002, featuredJames Doohan,Star Trek'sScotty, as the airplane's pilot who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm.After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the ride was closed.An updated version debuted in mid-2002, featuring actorKevin Baconas the pilot, with the new flight also going haywire.This new version served a more informative goal, as opposed to the old version's main purpose of entertainment, and contained details about the 9/11 attacks.The simulator received mixed reviews, with assessments of the ride ranging from \\\"great\\\" to \\\"satisfactory\\\" to \\\"corny\\\". Spire Above the 102nd floor The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast, a 158-foot (48 m) steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities, above the 86th floor.The spire of the Empire State Building was originally intended to serve as a mooring mast for zeppelins and other airships, although the plan was abandoned after high winds made that impossible.At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd-floor docking station.Inside, the elevators would ascend 167 feet (51 m) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33-foot-wide (10 m) 101st-floorwaiting room.From there, stairs would lead to the 102nd floor,where passengers would enter the airships.The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor. As constructed, the mast contains four rectangular tiers topped by a cylindrical shaft with a conical pinnacle.On the 102nd floor (formerly the 101st floor), there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor (formerly the 102nd).This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building's spire, and has a circular balcony outside.It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance. The room now contains electrical equipment, but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there.Above the 103rd floor, there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work.The mast's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015.The mast serves as the base of the building's broadcasting antenna. Inflatable objects have sometimes been mounted to the spire for promotional purposes. For example, aKing Kongballoon was attached to the spire in 1983 to mark the 50th anniversary of the character's introduction,and am inflatable dragon was placed on the spire in 2024 to promote the TV seriesHouse of Dragon. Broadcast stations Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22, 1931, whenNBCandRCAbegan transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the mast, with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data. They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there.In 1934, RCA was joined byEdwin Howard Armstrongin a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building's antenna.This setup, which entailed the installation of the world's firstFM transmitter,continued only until October of the next year due to disputes between RCA and Armstrong.Specifically, NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong's transmitter was located. After some time, the 85th floor became home to RCA's New York television operations initially as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then, from 1941, as commercial station WNBT channel 1 (nowWNBCchannel 4). NBC's FM station, W2XDG, began transmitting from the antenna in 1940.NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 when theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated. The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York-area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted. Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors, often along with sister FM stations.Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27, 1950,with TV, and FM, transmissions starting in 1951. The 200-foot (61 m) broadcast tower was completed in 1953.From 1951, six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $600,000 per year for the use of the antenna.In 1965, a separate set of FM antennae was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna. The placement of the stations in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the construction of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in the late 1960s, and early 1970s. The greater height of the Twin Towers would reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building, eventually resulting in some broadcasters relocating to the newer towers instead of suing the developer, thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey.Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984, most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971. The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in theNorth Tower, as well as pay the broadcasters' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984.Only a few broadcasters renewed their leases in the Empire State Building. The September 11 attacks destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it, leaving most of the city's stations without a transmitter for ten days until theArmstrong TowerinAlpine, New Jersey, was re-activated temporarily.By October 2001, nearly all of the city's commercial broadcast stations (both television and FM radio) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building. In a report thatCongresscommissioned about the transition fromanalog televisiontodigital television, it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered \\\"problematic\\\" due to interference from nearby buildings. In comparison, the congressional report stated that the former Twin Towers had very few buildings of comparable height nearby thus signals suffered little interference.In 2003, a few FM stations were relocated to the nearbyCondé Nast Buildingto reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building.Eleventelevisionstations and twenty-twoFMstations had signed 15-year leases in the building by May 2003. It was expected that a taller broadcast tower inBayonne, New Jersey, orGovernors Island, would be built in the meantime with the Empire State Building being used as a \\\"backup\\\" since signal transmissions from the building were generally of poorer quality.Following the construction ofOne World Trade Centerin the late 2000s and early 2010s, some TV stations began moving their transmitting facilities there. As of 2021, the Empire State Building is home to the following stations: History The site was previously owned byJohn Jacob Astorof the prominentAstor family, who had owned the site since the mid-1820s.In 1893, John Jacob Astor Sr.'s grandsonWilliam Waldorf Astoropened the Waldorf Hotel on the site.Four years later, his cousin,John Jacob Astor IV, opened the 16-story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site.The two portions of theWaldorf–Astoriahotel had 1,300 bedrooms, making it the largest hotel in the world at the time.After the death of its founding proprietor,George Boldt, in early 1918, the hotel lease was purchased byThomas Coleman du Pont.By the 1920s, the old Waldorf–Astoria was becoming dated and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north.Additionally, many stores had opened on Fifth Avenue north of 34th Street.The Astor family decided to build areplacement hotelonPark Avenueand sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14–16 million.The hotel closed shortly thereafter on May 3, 1929. Planning Early plans Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25-story office building on the Waldorf–Astoria site. The company's president, Floyd De L. Brown, paid $100,000 of the $1 milliondown paymentrequired to start construction on the building, with the promise that the difference would be paid later.Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank butdefaultedon the loan. After Brown was unable to secure additional funding,the land was resold to Empire State Inc., a group of wealthy investors that includedLouis G. Kaufman,Ellis P. Earle,John J. Raskob, Coleman du Pont, andPierre S. du Pont.The name came from thestate nicknamefor New York.Alfred E. Smith, a formerGovernor of New Yorkand U.S. presidential candidate whose1928 campaignhad been managed by Raskob,was appointed head of the company.The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the 2 acres (1 ha) needed for the base, with the combined plot measuring 425 feet (130 m) wide by 200 feet (61 m) long.The Empire State Inc. consortium was announced to the public in August 1929.Concurrently, Smith announced the construction of an 80-story building on the site, to be taller than any other buildings in existence. Empire State Inc. contractedWilliam F. Lamb, of architectural firmShreve, Lamb and Harmon, to create the building design.Lamb produced the initial building design in just two weeks using the firm's earlier designs for theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem, North Carolina, as the basis.He had also been inspired byRaymond Hood's design for theDaily News Building, which was being constructed at the same time.Concurrently, Lamb's partnerRichmond Shrevecreated \\\"bug diagrams\\\" of the project requirements.The1916 Zoning Actforced Lamb to design a structure that incorporatedsetbacksresulting in the lower floors being larger than the upper floors.Consequently, the building was conceived from the top down,giving it a pencil-like shape.The plans were devised within a budget of $50 million and a stipulation that the building be ready for occupancy within 18 months of the start of construction.Design drawings and construction were concurrent. Steel drawings were completed in mid-January 1930, when foundations were underway. Design changes The original plan of the building was 50 stories,but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories.Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildingsto ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80-story, 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) buildingwould have unobstructed views of the city.The New York Timeslauded the site's proximity tomass transit, with theBrooklyn–Manhattan Transit's34th Streetstation and theHudson and Manhattan Railroad's33rd Streetterminal one block away, as well asPenn Stationtwo blocks away andGrand Central Terminalnine blocks away at its closest. It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of proposed floor space near \\\"one of the busiest sections in the world\\\".The Empire State Building was to be a typical office building, but Raskob intended to build it \\\"better and in a bigger way\\\", according to architectural writer Donald J. Reynolds. While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized, an intense competition in New York for the title of \\\"world's tallest building\\\" was underway.40 Wall Street(then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and theChrysler Buildingin Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building.The \\\"Race into the Sky\\\", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities.The race was defined by at least five other proposals, although only the Empire State Building would survive theWall Street Crash of 1929.The 40 Wall Street tower was revised, in April 1929, from 840 feet (260 m) to 925 feet (282 m) making it the world's tallest.The Chrysler Building added its 185-foot (56 m) steel tip to its roof in October 1929, thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street.The Chrysler Building's developer,Walter Chrysler, realized that his tower's height would exceed the Empire State Building's as well, having instructed his architect,William Van Alen, to change the Chrysler's original roof from a stubbyRomanesquedome to a narrow steel spire.Raskob, wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world's tallest, reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire; however, the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the extension.On November 18, 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27–31 West 33rd Street, adding 75 feet (23 m) to the width of the proposed office building's site.Two days later, Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper. The plans included an observation deck on the 86th-floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler's 71st-floor observation deck. The 1,050-foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet (1.2 m) taller than the Chrysler Building,and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to \\\"pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute.\\\"The plans were revised one last time in December 1929, to include a 16-story, 200-foot (61 m) metal \\\"crown\\\" and an additional 222-foot (68 m) mooring mast intended fordirigibles. The roof height was now 1,250 feet (380 m), making it the tallest building in the world by far, even without the antenna.The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor, the now-enclosed 86th floor, would have to be built below the crown;however, unlike the Chrysler's spire, the Empire State's mast would serve a practical purpose.A revised plan was announced to the public in late December 1929, just before the start of construction.The final plan was sketched within two hours, the night before the plan was supposed to be presented to the site's owners in January 1930.The New York Timesreported that the spire was facing some \\\"technical problems\\\", but they were \\\"no greater than might be expected under such a novel plan.\\\"By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved.Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final, approved plan: The program was short enough—a fixed budget, no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor, as many stories of such space as possible, an exterior of limestone, and completion date of , 1931, which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches. Construction The contractors wereStarrett Brothers and Eken, which were composed ofPaulandWilliam A. StarrettandAndrew J. Eken.The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont,whileJames Farley's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials.John W. Bowserwas the construction superintendent of the project,and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom.The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized. Hotel demolition Demolition of the old Waldorf–Astoria began on October 1, 1929.Stripping the building down was an arduous process, as the hotel had been constructed using more rigid material than earlier buildings had been. Furthermore, the old hotel's granite, wood chips, and \\\"'precious' metals such as lead, brass, and zinc\\\" were not in high demand, resulting in issues with disposal.Most of the wood was deposited into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp elsewhere. Much of the other materials that made up the old hotel, including the granite and bronze, were dumped into theAtlantic OceannearSandy Hook, New Jersey. By the time the hotel's demolition started, Raskob had secured the required funding for the construction of the building.The plan was to start construction later that year but, on October 24, theNew York Stock Exchangeexperienced the major and suddenWall Street Crash, marking the beginning of the decade-longGreat Depression. Despite the economic downturn, Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point.Neither Raskob, who had ceasedspeculationin the stock market the previous year, nor Smith, who had no stock investments, suffered financially in the crash.However, most of the investors were affected and as a result, in December 1929, Empire State Inc. obtained a $27.5 million loan fromMetropolitan Life Insurance Companyso construction could begin.The stock market crash resulted in no demand for new office space; Raskob and Smith nonetheless started construction,as canceling the project would have resulted in greater losses for the investors. Steel structure A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12, 1930,with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22,before the old hotel had been completely demolished.Two twelve-hour shifts, consisting of 300 men each, worked continuously to dig the 55-foot (17 m) deep foundation.Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork.Excavation was nearly complete by early March,and construction on the building itself started on March 17,with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished.Around this time, Lamb held a press conference on the building plans. He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows, the large-blockIndiana Limestonefacade that was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks, and the building's vertical lines.Four colossal columns, intended for installation in the center of the building site, were delivered; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) when the building was finished. The structural steel was pre-ordered andpre-fabricatedin anticipation of a revision to the city's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch (120,000 kPa), up from 16,000 pounds per square inch (110,000 kPa), thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building. Although the 18,000-psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities, MayorJimmy Walkerdid not sign the new codes into law until March 26, 1930, just before construction was due to commence.The first steel framework was installed on April 1, 1930.From there, construction proceeded at a rapid pace; during one stretch of 10 working days, the builders erected fourteen floors.This was made possible through precise coordination of the building's planning, as well as themass productionof common materials such as windows andspandrels.On one occasion, when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble, Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble. The scale of the project was massive, with trucks carrying \\\"16,000 partition tiles, 5,000 bags of cement, 450 cubic yards of sand and 300 bags of lime\\\" arriving at the construction site every day.There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch.Temporary water taps were also built so workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level.Additionally, carts running on a small railway system transported materials from the basement storageto elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors where they would then be distributed throughout that level using another set of tracks.The 57,480 short tons (51,320 long tons) of steel ordered for the project was the largest-ever single order of steel at the time, comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined.According to historianJohn Tauranac, building materials were sourced from numerous, and distant, sources with \\\"limestone from Indiana, steel girders from Pittsburgh, cement and mortar from upper New York State, marble from Italy, France, and England, wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests, hardware from New England.\\\"The facade, too, used a variety of material, most prominently Indiana limestone but alsoSwedish black granite,terracotta, andbrick. By June 20, the skyscraper's supportingsteel structurehad risen to the 26th floor, and by July 27, half of the steel structure had been completed.Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction, achieving a pace of four and a half stories per week;prior to this, the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been three and a half stories per week.While construction progressed, the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up (as opposed to the general design, which had been from the roof down). Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval, with several orders placed within an hour of a plan being finalized.On September 10, as steelwork was nearing completion, Smith laid the building'scornerstoneduring a ceremony attended by thousands. The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts including the previous day'sNew York Times, a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930, a history of the site and building, and photographs of the people involved in construction.The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet (319 m) on September 19, twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of construction.Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone. Completion and scale Work on the building's interior and crowning mast commenced after the topping out.The mooring mast topped out on November 21, two months after the steelwork had been completed.Meanwhile, work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace, with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor.The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November.Because of the building's height, it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins, so the builders contracted with theOtis Elevator Companyto make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min), which represented the largest-ever elevator order at the time. In addition to the time constraint builders had, there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly, and trucks needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic. This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing the materials in the building's first floor and basements.Concrete mixers, brick hoppers, and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public.At one point, over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day.A series of relay and erectionderricks, placed on platforms erected near the building, lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations.The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced.Al Smith shot the final rivet, which was made of solid gold. The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak,including 3,439 on a single day, August 14, 1930.Many of the workers were Irish and Italian immigrants,with a sizable minority ofMohawkironworkersfrom theKahnawakereserve nearMontreal.According to official accounts, five workers died during the construction,although theNew York Daily Newsgave reports of 14 deathsand a headline in the socialist magazineThe New Massesspread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths.The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build (equivalent to $661 million in 2023),including demolition of the Waldorf–Astoria. This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction. Lewis Hinecaptured many photographs of the construction, documenting not only the work itself but also providing insight into the daily life of workers in that era.Hine's images were used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases.According to the writerJim Rasenberger, Hine \\\"climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture, as no one ever had before (or has since), the dizzy work of building skyscrapers\\\". In Rasenberger's words, Hine turned what might have been an assignment of \\\"corporate flak\\\" into \\\"exhilarating art\\\".These images were later organized into their own collection.Onlookers were enraptured by the sheer height at which the steelworkers operated.New Yorkmagazine wrote of the steelworkers: \\\"Like little spiders they toiled, spinning a fabric of steel against the sky\\\". Opening and early years The Empire State Building officially opened on May 1, 1931, forty-five days ahead of its projected opening date, and eighteen months from the start of construction.The opening was marked with an event featuring United States PresidentHerbert Hoover, who turned on the building's lights with the ceremonial button push fromWashington, D.C.Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony, and following luncheon, at the 86th floor includingJimmy Walker, GovernorFranklin D. Roosevelt, andAl Smith.An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog, with other landmarks such as theStatue of Libertybeing \\\"lost in the mist\\\" enveloping New York City.The Empire State Building officially opened the next day.Advertisements for the building's observatories were placed in local newspapers, while nearby hotels also capitalized on the events by releasing advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened building. According toThe New York Times, builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250-foot-tall (380 m) Empire State Building would be the world's tallest building \\\"for many years\\\", thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry. At the time, most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than 1,200 feet (370 m), even with the hardy Manhattanbedrockas a foundation.Technically, it was believed possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet (610 m), but it was deemed uneconomical to do so, especially during the Great Depression.As the tallest building in the world, at that time, and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and, ultimately, of the nation. In 1932, the Fifth Avenue Association gave the building its 1931 \\\"gold medal\\\" for architectural excellence, signifying that the Empire State had been the best-designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931.A year later, on March 2, 1933, the movieKing Kongwas released. The movie, which depicted a largestop motionape namedKongclimbing the Empire State Building, made the still-new building into a cinematic icon. Tenants and tourism At the beginning of 1931, Fifth Avenue was experiencing high demand for storefront space, with only 12 of 224 stores being unoccupied. The Empire State Building, along with 500 Fifth Avenue and608 Fifth Avenue, were expected to add a combined 11 stores.The office space was less successful, as the Empire State Building's opening had coincided with theGreat Depression in the United States.In the first year, only 23 percent of the available space was rented,as compared to the early 1920s, where the average building would be 52 percent occupied upon opening and 90 percent occupied within five years.The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the \\\"Empty State Building\\\"or \\\"Smith's Folly\\\". The earliest tenants in the Empire State Building were large companies, banks, and garment industries.Jack Brod, one of the building's longest resident tenants,co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931and rented space in the building until he died in 2008.Brod recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening, including him,and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh-floor offices.Generally, during the early 1930s, it was rare for more than a single office space to be rented in the building, despite Smith's and Raskob's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew.The building's lights were continuously left on, even in the unrented spaces, to give the impression of occupancy. This was exacerbated by competition fromRockefeller Centeras well as from buildings on42nd Street, which, when combined with the Empire State Building, resulted in surplus of office space in a slow market during the 1930s. Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building's status as the world's tallest.The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets.The building became a popular tourist attraction, with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931.In its first year of operation, the observation deck made approximately $2 million in revenue, as much as its owners made in rent that year.By 1936, the observation deck was crowded on a daily basis, with food and drink available for purchase at the top,and by 1944 the building had received its five-millionth visitor.In 1931,NBCtook up tenancy, leasing space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts.From the outset the building was in debt, losing $1 million per year by 1935. Real estate developerSeymour Durstrecalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor, as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob/Du Pont offices on the 81st floor. Other events Per the original plans, the Empire State Building'sspirewas intended to be anairshipdocking station. Raskob and Smith had proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor, while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor.An elevator would ferry passengers from the 86th to the 101st floorafter they had checked in on the 86th floor,after which passengers would have climbed steep ladders to board the airship.The idea, however, was impractical and dangerous due to powerful updrafts caused by the building itself,the wind currents across Manhattan,and the spires of nearby skyscrapers.Furthermore, even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles, its crew would have to jettison someballastby releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability, and then tie the craft's nose to the spire with no mooring lines securing the tail end of the craft.On September 15, 1931, a small commercialUnited States Navyairship circled 25 times in 45-mile-per-hour (72 km/h) winds.The airship then attempted to dock at the mast, but its ballast spilled and the craft was rocked by unpredictableeddies.The near-disaster scuttled plans to turn the building's spire into an airship terminal, although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward. On July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbombercrashedinto the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 79th and 80th floors.One engine completely penetrated the building and landed in a neighboring block, while the other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft. Fourteen people were killed in the incident,but the building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later. Profitability By the 1940s, the Empire State Building was 98 percent occupied.The structurebroke evenfor the first time in the 1950s.At the time, mass transit options in the building's vicinity were limited compared to the present day. Despite this challenge, the Empire State Building began to attract renters due to its reputation.A 222-foot (68 m)radio antennawas erected on top of the towers starting in 1950,allowing the area's television stations to be broadcast from the building. Despite the turnaround in the building's fortunes, Raskob listed it for sale in 1951,with a minimum asking price of $50 million.The property was purchased by business partnersRoger L. Stevens,Henry Crown, Alfred R. Glancy andBen Tobin.The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company, a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan,for $51 million, the highest price paid for a single structure at the time.By this time, the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building, according to theCortland Standard.That same year, six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use thebuilding's antenna,which was completed in 1953.Crown bought out his partners' ownership stakes in 1954, becoming the sole owner.The following year, theAmerican Society of Civil Engineersnamed the building one of the \\\"Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders\\\". In 1961,Lawrence A. Wiensigned a contract to purchase the Empire State Building for $65 million, withHarry B. Helmsleyacting as partners in the building's operating lease.This became the new highest price for a single structure.Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates. The company in turnsubleasedthe building to another company headed by Helmsley and Wien, raising $33 million of the funds needed to pay the purchase price.In a separate transaction,the land underneath the building was sold toPrudential Insurancefor $29 million.Helmsley, Wien, and Peter Malkin quickly started a program of minor improvement projects, including the first-ever full-building facade refurbishment and window-washing in 1962,the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964,and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966.The little-used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964, at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly sought retail area. Loss of \\\"tallest building\\\" title In 1961, the same year that Helmsley, Wien, and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building, thePort Authority of New York and New Jerseyformally backed plans for a newWorld Trade CenterinLower Manhattan.The plan originally included 66-story twin towers with column-free open spaces. The Empire State's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers' 7.6 million square feet (710,000 m2) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building's profits from lessees.A revision in the World Trade Center's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet (420 m) each or 110 stories, taller than the Empire State.Opponents of the new project included prominent real-estate developerRobert Tishman, as well as Wien's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center.In response to Wien's opposition, Port Authority executive directorAustin J. Tobinsaid that Wien was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world's tallest building. The World Trade Center's twin towers startedconstructionin 1966.The following year, theOstankino Towersucceeded the Empire State Building as thetallest freestanding structure in the world.In 1970, the Empire State surrendered its position as the world's tallest building,when the World Trade Center's still-under-construction North Tower surpassed it, on October 19;the North Tower wastopped outon December 23, 1970. In December 1975, the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers, significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire State Building.The latter was also losing revenue during this period, particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984.The Empire State Building was still seen as prestigious, having seen its forty-millionth visitor in March 1971. 1980s and 1990s By 1980, there were nearly two million annual visitors,although a building official had previously estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors.The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 in a roll out of 63 new postal codes in Manhattan. At the time, its tenants collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail daily.The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1, 1981, with a much-publicized, but poorly received, laser light show,as well as an \\\"Empire State Building Week\\\" that ran through to May 8.TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commission(LPC) voted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981, Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million.Because all of the building's windows were being replaced at the same time, the LPC mandated a paint-color test for the windows; the test revealed that the Empire State Building's original windows were actually red.The improvements also entailed replacing alarm systems, elevators, windows, and air conditioning; making the observation deck compliant with theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA); and refurbishing the limestone facade.The observation deck renovation was added after disability rights groups and theUnited States Department of Justicefiled a lawsuit against the building in 1992, in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law.A settlement was reached in 1994, in which Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA-compliant elements, such as new elevators, ramps, and automatic doors, during the renovation. Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelierHideki Yokoi, who was imprisoned at the time in connection with the deadlyHotel New Japan Fireat theHotel New JapaninTokyo.In 1994,Donald Trumpentered into a joint-venture agreement with Yokoi, with a shared goal of breaking the Empire State Building's lease on the land in an effort to gain total ownership of the building so that, if successful, the two could reap the potential profits of merging the ownership of the building with the land beneath it.Having secured a half-ownership of the land, Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it, even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project.He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995, claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a \\\"high-rise slum\\\"and a \\\"second-rate, rodent-infested\\\" office tower.Trump had intended to have Empire State Building Associates evicted for violating the terms of their lease,but was denied.This led to Helmsley's companies countersuing Trump in May.This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years,partly arising from Trump's desire to obtain the building's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates.Upon Harry Helmsley's death in 1997, the Malkins sued Helmsley's widow,Leona Helmsley, for control of the building. 21st century 2000s Following the destruction of the World Trade Center during theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building again became thetallest building in New York City, but was only thesecond-tallest building in the Americasafter theSears (later Willis) Towerin Chicago.As a result of the attacks, transmissions from nearly all of the city's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building.The attacks also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against prominent sites in New York City. In 2002, Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates, now headed by Malkin, in a $57.5 million sale.This action merged the building's title and lease for the first time in half a century.Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9/11 attacks, the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004, compared to about 2.8 million in 2003. Even though she maintained her ownership stake in the building until the post-consolidation IPO in October 2013,Leona Helmsleyhanded over day-to-day operations of the building in 2006 to Peter Malkin's company.In 2008, the building was temporarily \\\"stolen\\\" by theNew York Daily Newsto show how easy it was to transfer the deed on a property, since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information, as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money. The paperwork submitted to the city included the names ofFay Wray, the famous star ofKing Kong, andWillie Sutton, a notorious New York bank robber. The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners, who at that time were Empire State Land Associates. 2010s to present Starting in 2009, the building's public areas received a $550 million renovation, with improvements to the air conditioning and waterproofing, renovations to the observation deck and main lobby,and relocation of the gift shop to the 80th floor.About $120 million was spent on improving theenergy efficiencyof the building, with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38% within five years.For example, all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film-coated \\\"superwindows\\\" which block heat but pass light.Air conditioningoperating costs on hot days were reduced, saving $17 million of the project's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits.The Empire State Building won theLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)Gold for Existing Buildings rating in September 2011, as well as theWorld Federation of Great Towers' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010.For the LEED Gold certification, the building's energy reduction was considered, as was a large purchase ofcarbon offsets. Other factors included low-flow bathroom fixtures, green cleaning supplies, and use of recycled paper products. On April 30, 2012,One World Trade Centertopped out, taking the Empire State Building's record of tallest in the city.By 2014, the building was owned by the Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT), with Anthony Malkin as chairman, CEO, and president.The ESRT was apublic company, having begun trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange the previous year.In August 2016, the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) was issued new fully diluted shares equivalent to 9.9% of the trust; this investment gave them partial ownership of the entirety of the ESRT's portfolio, and as a result, partial ownership of the Empire State Building.The trust's president John Kessler called it an \\\"endorsement of the company's irreplaceable assets\\\".The investment has been described by the real-estate magazineThe Real Dealas \\\"an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund\\\", as these funds typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies.Other foreign entities that have a stake in the ESRT include investors from Norway, Japan, and Australia. A renovation of the Empire State Building was commenced in the 2010s to further improve energy efficiency, public areas, and amenities.In August 2018, to improve the flow of visitor traffic, the main visitor's entrance was shifted to 20 West 34th Street as part of a major renovation of the observatory lobby.The new lobby includes several technological features, including large LED panels, digital ticket kiosks in nine languages, and a two-story architectural model of the building surrounded by two metal staircases.The first phase of the renovation, completed in 2019, features an updated exterior lighting system and digital hosts.The new lobby also features free Wi-Fi provided for those waiting.A 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibit with nine galleries opened in July 2019.The 102nd floor observatory, the third phase of the redesign, reopened to the public on October 12, 2019.That portion of the project included outfitting the space with floor-to-ceiling glass windows and a brand-new glass elevator.The final portion of the renovations to be completed was a new observatory on the 80th floor, which opened on December 2, 2019.In total, the renovation cost $160 millionor $165 million and took four years to finish. A comprehensive restoration of the building's mooring and antenna masts also began in June 2019. Antennas on the mooring mast were removed or relocated to the upper mast, while the aluminum panels were cleaned and coated with silver paint.To minimize disruption to the observation decks, the restoration work took place at night. The project was completed by late 2020. Height records The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper (to structural height), which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by theNorth Towerof the World Trade Center in October 1970.The Empire State Building was also thetallest human-made structurein the world before it was surpassed by theGriffin Television Tower Oklahoma(KWTV Mast) in 1954,and thetallest freestanding structure in the worlduntil the completion of theOstankino Towerin 1967.An early-1970s proposal to dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors, which would have brought the building's height to 1,494 feet (455 m) and made it once again the world's tallest at the time, was considered but ultimately rejected. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in theSeptember 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became thetallest building in New York City, and thesecond-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by theWillis Towerin Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the newOne World Trade Centerreached a greater height in April 2012.As of 2022, it is the seventh-tallest building in New York City and thetenth-tallest in the United States.The Empire State Building is the49th-tallest in the worldas of February 2021.It is also theeleventh-tallest freestanding structure in the Americasbehind the tallest U.S. buildings and theCN Tower. Notable tenants As of 2013, the building housed around 1,000 businesses.Current tenants include: Former tenants include: Incidents 1945 plane crash At 9:40 am on July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbomber, piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr.,crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors (then the offices of theNational Catholic Welfare Council).One engine completely penetrated the building, landing on the roof of a nearby building where it started a fire that destroyed a penthouse.The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft, causing a fire that was extinguished in 40 minutes. Fourteen people were killed in the incident.Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver fell 75 stories and survived, which still holds theGuinness World Recordfor the longest survived elevator fall recorded. Despite the damage and loss of life, many floors were open two days later.The crash helped spur the passage of the long-pendingFederal Tort Claims Actof 1946, as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the incident.Also as a result of the crash, theCivil Aeronautics Administrationenacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City, setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level regardless of the weather conditions. A year later, on July 24, 1946, another airplane narrowly missed striking the building. The unidentified twin-engine plane scraped past the observation deck, frightening the tourists there. 2000 elevator plunge On January 24, 2000, an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin's maximum speed was severed.The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor, where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system. Despite the 40-floor fall, both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured. After the fall, building inspectors reviewed all of the building's elevators. Suicide attempts Because of the building's iconic status, it and other Midtown landmarks are common locations forsuicideattempts.More than 30 people haveattempted suicideover the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building, with most attempts being successful. The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7, 1931, before it was even completed, when a carpenter who had been laid-off went to the 58th floor and jumped.The first suicide after the building's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory in February 1935, when Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet (314 m) onto amarquee sign.On December 16, 1943, William Lloyd Rambo jumped to his death from the 86th floor, landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below.In the early morning of September 27, 1946,shell-shockedMarine Douglas W. Brashear Jr. jumped from the 76th-floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency; police found his shoes 50 feet (15 m) from his body. On May 1, 1947,Evelyn McHaleleapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and landed on alimousineparked at the curb. Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death. The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck: \\\"He is much better off without me.... I wouldn't make a good wife for anybody\\\". The photo ran in the May 12, 1947, edition ofLifemagazineand is often referred to as \\\"The Most Beautiful Suicide\\\". It was later used by visual artistAndy Warholin one of his prints entitledSuicide (Fallen Body).A 7-foot (2.1 m) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three-week span in October and November of that year.By then, sixteen people had died from suicide jumps. Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory. Frederick Eckert ofAstoriaran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd-floor gallery on November 3, 1932, and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended fordirigiblepassengers. He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade. Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor. On December 2, 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with abroken hip.On April 25, 2013, a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck, but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th-floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation. Shootings Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building. Abu Kamal, a 69-year-old Palestinian teacher,shot seven peopleon the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23, 1997. He killed one person and wounded six others before committing suicide.Kamal reportedly committed the shooting in response to events happening inPalestineandIsrael. On the morning of August 24, 2012, 58-year-old Jeffrey T. Johnsonshot and killeda former co-worker on the building's Fifth Avenue sidewalk. He had been laid off from his job in 2011. Two police officers confronted the gunman, and he aimed his firearm at them. They responded by firing 16 shots, killing him but also wounding nine bystanders. Most of the injured were hit by bullet fragments, although three took direct hits from bullets. Impact As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation.In 2013,Timemagazine noted that the Empire State Building \\\"seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with\\\".The historian John Tauranac called it \\\"'the' twentieth-century New York building\\\", despite the existence of taller and moremodernistbuildings. TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionvoted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981,citing the historic nature of the first and second floors, as well as \\\"the fixtures and interior components\\\" of the upper floors.TheNew York City Planning Commissionendorsed the landmark status.The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986in close alignment with the New York City Landmarks report.The Empire State Building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesthe following year due to its architectural significance. Contemporary reception Early architectural critics also focused on the Empire State Building's exterior ornamentation.Architectural critic Talbot Hamlin wrote in 1931, \\\"That it is the world's tallest building is purely incidental.\\\"George Shepard Chappell, writing inThe New Yorkerunder the pseudonym \\\"T-Square\\\", wrote the same year that the Empire State Building had a \\\"palpably enormous\\\" appeal to the general public, and that \\\"its difference and distinction in the extreme sensitiveness of its entire design\\\".Edmund Wilson ofThe New Republicwrote that the building's neutral color palette made it \\\"New York's handsomest skyscraper\\\". Architectural critics also wrote negatively of the mast, especially in light of its failure to become a real air terminal. Chappell called the mast \\\"a silly gesture\\\", andLewis Mumfordcalled it \\\"a public comfort station for migratory birds\\\".Nevertheless, architecture criticDouglas Haskellsaid the Empire State Building's appeal came from the fact that it was \\\"caught at the exact moment of transition—caught between metal and stone, between the idea of 'monumental mass' and that of airy volume, between handicraft and machine design, and in the swing from what was essentially handicraft to what will be essentially industrial methods of fabrication.\\\" As icon Early in the building's history, travel companies such asShort Line Motor Coach ServiceandNew York Central Railroadused the building as an icon to symbolize the city.In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, fourteen ranked the Empire State Building as the United States' best building; the Empire State Building received more votes than any building except theLincoln Memorial.After the construction of the first World Trade Center, architectPaul Goldbergernoted that the Empire State Building \\\"is famous for being tall, but it is good enough to be famous for being good.\\\" As an icon of the United States, it is also very popular among Americans. In a 2007 survey, the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was \\\"America's favorite building\\\".The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression, as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants.The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was \\\"a building intended to celebrate a new America, built by men (both clients and construction workers) who were themselves new Americans.\\\"The architectural criticJonathan Glanceyrefers to the building as an \\\"icon of American design\\\".Additionally, in 2007, the Empire State Building was first on the AIA's List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecture. The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a \\\"wonder of the world\\\" due to the massive effort expended during construction.The Washington Starlisted it as part of one of the \\\"seven wonders of the modern world\\\" in 1931, whileHolidaymagazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State's height would be taller than the combined heights of theEiffel Towerand theGreat Pyramid of Giza.TheAmerican Society of Civil Engineersalso declared the building \\\"A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States\\\" in 1958and one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldin 1994.Ron Miller, in a 2010 book, also described the Empire State Building as one of the \\\"seven wonders of engineering\\\".It has often been called theEighth Wonder of the Worldas well, an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening.The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this, showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building.The Empire State Building also became the standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures globally, both natural and human-made. The building has also inspired replicas. TheNew York-New York Hotel and CasinoinParadise, Nevada, contains the \\\"Empire Tower\\\",a 47-story replica of the Empire State Building.A portion of the hotel's interior was also designed to resemble the Empire State Building's interior. In media As an icon of New York City, the Empire State Building has been featured in various films, books, TV shows, and video games. According to the building's official website, more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building.In his book about the building, John Tauranac writes that its first documented appearance in popular culture wasSwiss Family Manhattan, a 1932 children's story byChristopher Morley.A year later, the filmKing KongdepictedKong, a giantstop motionape that climbs the Empire State Building during the film's climax,bringing the building into the popular imagination.Later movies such asAn Affair to Remember(1957),Sleepless in Seattle(1993), andIndependence Day(1996) also prominently featured the building.The building has also been featured in other works, such as \\\"Daleks in Manhattan\\\", a 2007 episode of the TV seriesDoctor Who;andEmpire, an eight-hour black-and-whitesilent filmbyAndy Warhol,which was later added to theLibrary of Congress'sNational Film Registry. Throughout its history, the Empire State Building has welcomed celebrities, royalty, and dignitaries to visit the observation deck. From celebrities likeTaylor SwiftandZendayato royalty such asPrince William, the Empire State Building hosts notable figures every year. Empire State Building Run-Up The Empire State Building Run-Up, a foot race from ground level to the 86th-floor observation deck, has been held annually since 1978.It is organized byNYCRUNS.Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers, and are oftentower runningenthusiasts. The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 ft (320 m) and takes in 1,576 steps. The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds, achieved by Australian professional cyclistPaul Crakein 2003, at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft (2,010 m) per hour. See also References Notes Citations Sources Further reading External links\",\n \"Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, founded asShreve & Lamb, was anarchitectural firmbest known for designing theEmpire State Building, the tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1931. The firm was prominent in the proliferation ofArt Deco architecture in New York City. History The firm was founded in 1920 as Shreve & Lamb, a partnership ofRichmond Harold (\\\"R.H.\\\") Shreve, a Canadian fromNova Scotia, andWilliam F. Lamb, fromBrooklyn, New York. Shreve was the administrator, while Lamb was the architect. The two met while working atCarrère & Hastings, and Shreve & Lamb was initially a Carrère & Hastings firm. In 1924 the pair decided to leave Carrère & Hastings and became an autonomous architectural company. In 1929,Arthur Loomis Harmon, fromChicago, Illinois, joined Shreve & Lamb, and the firm became Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.Prior to joining the firm, Harmon's works included battle monuments at Tours, Cantigny and Somme-Py in France, a YMCA inJerusalem, and the Shelton Hotel in New York, U.S. For the construction of the Empire State Building, the firm's most notable work and a symbol of theAmerican expression of the Art Decostyle, Lamb was responsible for the design, while Shreve's planning skills facilitated the completion of the construction in a year. Shreve's planning skills were recognized in New York, and he was involved in projects beyond the firm, such as theSlum ClearanceCommittee of New York. Shreve, Lamb & Harmon's primary focus was commercial office buildings, and their work in this area was described as \\\"spare and functional\\\" in 2010 by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. However, the firm completed numerous residential projects, such as No. 130 East 57th Street, and this facet of the company's work was mainly conducted in neo-Tudor, as well as other popular historical styles of the 1920s. Shreve, Lamb and Harmon had also employed the future architect behind the originalWorld Trade Centercomplex,Minoru Yamasaki, after he had completed a masters degree in architecture in 1936. Lasting until 1945, this professional relationship was cut short when Yamasaki took a job atSmith, Hinchman & Grylls. It is not entirely clear when the company went out of business, with 1989 being a likely date. The archivesof Shreve, Lamb & Harmon are kept at theAvery Architectural and Fine Arts LibraryofColumbia University. Notable buildings All buildings are located inNew York Cityunless otherwise indicated: References Notes External links\",\n \"Richmond Shreve Richmond Harold Shreve(June 25, 1877 – September 11, 1946) was a Canadian-American architect. Biography He was born on June 25, 1877, inCornwallis, Nova Scotia, the son of Richmond Shreve, an Anglican priest, and Mary Catherine Parker Hocken.Shreve attendedCornell University, taught there from 1902 to 1906, and was a member of theSphinx Head Society. He was president of theAmerican Institute of Architectsfrom 1941 through 1943. He died on September 11, 1946, inHastings-on-Hudson, New York. Legacy His companyShreve, Lamb and Harmonled the construction of theEmpire State Buildingas well as severalCornell Universitybuildings.Shreve was also the lead architect for the landmark 1937Williamsburg Houseshousing development in Brooklyn. He was profiled in the bookThe 100 Most Notable Cornellians. Notes External links\",\n \"William F. Lamb William Frederick LambFAIA(November 21, 1883 – September 8, 1952), was an Americanarchitect, chiefly known as one of the principal designers of theEmpire State Building. Biography Lamb joined the New York architecture firmCarrère & Hastingsin 1911, shortly after returning from Paris, where he earned a diploma at theÉcole des Beaux-Arts. Lamb became a partner in 1920; the firm would be known as Shreve & Lamb from 1924 to 1929 and thereafter asShreve, Lamb and Harmon. Lamb's notable projects include theEmpire State Building, theStandard Oil Building, 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, and the General Motors Building in New York City; the Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Building in Washington, D.C.; and academic buildings for the Connecticut College for Women, Williams College, Cornell University, and Wesleyan University. In addition to his studies at the École des Beaux Arts, Lamb received a bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1904 and did graduate work at the School of Architecture,Columbia University, from 1904 to 1906. Lamb received an honorary doctorate from Williams College in 1932; other honors include two gold medals from the Fifth Avenue Association (1930, 1931), a medal from theArchitectural League of New York(1931), and a medal of honor from the New York Chapter of theAmerican Institute of Architects(1932). He was a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters, the Art Commission of the City of New York, theBeaux-Arts Institute of Design, and the Architectural League of New York. In the period preceding the 1939 New York World's fair, Lamb served as \\\"Coordinator of Design\\\" for the fair's board of planners.Lamb served on theU.S. Commission of Fine Artsfrom 1937 to 1945, including as vice chairman from 1941 to 1945.In 1942 he was elected into theNational Academy of Designas an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1950. The firm also designed 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, theStandard Oil Building, and theBankers Trust Buildingand worked with H. Craig Severance on40 Wall Streetin New York. He also designed theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem,North Carolina He died in New York on September 8, 1952. References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Empire State Building TheEmpire State Buildingis a 102-storyArt Decoskyscraper in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City. The building was designed byShreve, Lamb & Harmonand built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from \"Empire State\", thenicknameof the state ofNew York. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including itsantenna. The Empire State Building was the world's tallest building until the first tower of theWorld Trade Centerwastopped out in 1970; following theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building was New York City's tallest building until it was surpassed in 2012 byOne World Trade Center. As of 2022, the building is theseventh-tallest building in New York City, theninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, and the54th-tallest in the world. The site of the Empire State Building, on the west side ofFifth Avenuebetween West33rdand34th Streets, was developed in 1893 as theWaldorf–Astoria","theWaldorf–Astoria Hotel. In 1929, Empire State Inc. acquired the site and devised plans for a skyscraper there. The design for the Empire State Building was changed fifteen times until it was ensured to be the world's tallest building. Construction started on March 17, 1930, and the building opened thirteen and a half months afterward on May 1, 1931. Despite favorable publicity related to the building's construction, because of theGreat DepressionandWorld War II, its owners did not make a profit until the early 1950s. The building'sArt Deco architecture, height, andobservation deckshave made it a popular attraction. Around four million tourists from around the world annually visit the building's 86th- and 102nd-floor observatories; an additional indoor observatory on the 80th floor opened in 2019. The Empire State Building is an internationalcultural icon: it has been featured in more than 250 television series and films since the filmKing Kongwas released in 1933. The building's size has been used as a","has been used as a standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. A symbol of New York City, the building has been named as one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldby theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers. It was ranked first on theAmerican Institute of Architects' List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecturein 2007. Additionally, the Empire State Building and its ground-floor interior were designated city landmarks by theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionin 1980, and were added to theNational Register of Historic Placesas aNational Historic Landmarkin 1986. Site The Empire State Building is located on the west side ofFifth Avenue, between33rd Streetto the south and34th Streetto the north, in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City.Tenants enter the building through theArt Decolobby located at 350 Fifth Avenue. Visitors to the observatories use an entrance at 20 West 34th Street; prior to August 2018, visitors entered through the Fifth Avenue","the Fifth Avenue lobby.Although physically located in South Midtown,a mixed residential and commercial area,the building is so large that it was assigned its ownZIP Code, 10118;as of 2012, it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that have their own ZIP codes. The areas surrounding the Empire State Building are home to other major points of interest, includingMacy'satHerald SquareonSixth Avenueand 34th Street,andKoreatownon 32nd Street betweenMadisonand Sixth avenues.To the east of the Empire State Building isMurray Hill,a neighborhood with a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment activity.The block directly to the northeast contains theB. Altman and Company Building, which houses theCity University of New York'sGraduate Center.The nearestNew York City Subwaystations are34th Street–Herald Square, one block west, and33rd StreetatPark Avenue, two blocks east; there is also aPATHstation at33rd Street and Sixth Avenue. Architecture The Empire State Building was designed byShreve, Lamb and Harmonin","Lamb and Harmonin theArt Decostyle.The Empire State Building is 1,250 ft (381 m) tall to its 102nd floor, or1,453 feet8+9⁄16inches (443.092 m) including its 203-foot (61.9 m) pinnacle.It was the first building in the world to be more than 100 stories tall,though only the lowest 86 stories are usable. The first through 85th floors contain 2.158 million square feet (200,500 m2) of commercial and office space, while the 86th floor contains an observatory.The remaining 16 stories are part of the spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd floor; the spire does not contain any intermediate levels and is used mostly for mechanical purposes.Atop the 102nd story is the 203 ft (61.9 m) pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with alightning rod. Form The Empire State Building has a symmetricalmassingbecause of its large lot and relatively short base. Itsarticulationconsists of three horizontal sections—a base, shaft, andcapital—similar to the components of acolumn.The","of acolumn.The five-story base occupies the entire lot, while the 81-story shaft above it isset backsharply from the base.The setback above the 5th story is 60 feet (18 m) deep on all sides.There are smaller setbacks on the upper stories, allowing sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors while also positioning these floors away from the noisy streets below.The setbacks are located at the 21st, 25th, 30th, 72nd, 81st, and 85th stories.The setbacks correspond to the tops of elevator shafts, allowing interior spaces to be at most 28 feet (8.5 m) deep (see§ Interior). The setbacks were mandated by the1916 Zoning Resolution, which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well.Normally, a building of the Empire State's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on the 33rd Street and 34th Street sides, before it would have to utilize setbacks.However, with the largest setback being located above the base, the tower stories","the tower stories could contain a uniform shape.According to architectural writerRobert A. M. Stern, the building's form contrasted with the nearly contemporary, similarly designed500 Fifth Avenueeight blocks north, which had an asymmetrical massing on a smaller lot. Facade The Empire State Building's Art Deco design is typical of pre–World War II architecture in New York City.Thefacadeis clad inIndiana limestonepanels made by the Indiana Limestone Companyand sourced from a quarry in south-central Indiana;the panels give the building its signature blonde color.According to official fact sheets, the facade uses 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3) of limestone and granite, ten million bricks, and 730 short tons (650 long tons) of aluminum and stainless steel.The building also contains 6,514 windows.The decorative features on the facade are largely geometric, in contrast with earlier buildings, whose decorations often were intended to represent a specific narrative. The main entrance, composed of three sets of metal","three sets of metal doors, is at the center of the facade's Fifth Avenueelevation, flanked by molded piers that are topped with eagles. Above the main entrance is atransom, a triple-height transom window with geometric patterns, and the golden letters \"Empire State\" above the fifth-floor windows.There are two entrances each on 33rd and 34th streets, with modernistic,stainless steelcanopies projecting from the entrances on 33rd and 34th streets there. Above the secondary entrances are triple windows, less elaborate in design than those on Fifth Avenue. The storefronts on the first floor contain aluminum-framed doors and windows within a black granite cladding.The second through fourth stories consist of windows alternating with wide stonepiersand narrower stonemullions. The fifth story contains windows alternating with wide and narrow mullions, and is topped by a horizontal stone sill. The facade of the tower stories is split into several verticalbayson each side, with windows projecting slightly from the","slightly from the limestone cladding. The bays are arranged into sets of one, two, or three windows on each floor.The bays are separated by alternating narrow and wide piers, the inclusion of which may have been influenced by the design of the contemporaryDaily News Building.The windows in each bay are separated by vertical nickel-chrome steelmullionsand connected by horizontal aluminumspandrelsbetween each floor.The windows are placed within stainless-steel frames, which saved money by eliminating the need to apply a stonefinisharound the windows. In addition, the use of aluminum spandrels obviated the need for cross-bonding, which would have been required if stone had been used instead. Lights The building was originally equipped with whitesearchlightsat the top. They were first used in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt's victory over Hoover in thepresidential election of that year.These were later swapped for four \"Freedom Lights\" in 1956.In February 1964, flood lights were added on the","were added on the 72nd floorto illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year.The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of theenergy crisisat the time.In 1976, the businessmanDouglas Leighsuggested that Wien and Helmsley install 204metal-halide lights, which were four times as bright as the 1,000 incandescent lights they were to replace.New red, white, and blue metal-halide lights were installed in time for the country'sbicentennialthat July.After the bicentennial, Helmsley retained the new lights due to the reduced maintenance cost, about $116 a year. Since October 12, 1977, the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays.Organizations are allowed to make requests through the building's website.The building is also lit in the colors of New York-based sports teams on nights when they host games: for example, orange, blue, and white for theNew York Knicks; red, white, and blue for theNew","and blue for theNew York Rangers.The spire can also be lit to commemorate events including disasters, anniversaries, or deaths, as well as for celebrations such asPrideandHalloween. In 1998, the building was lit in blue after the death of singerFrank Sinatra, who was nicknamed \"Ol' Blue Eyes\". The structure was lit in red, white, and blue for several months after thecollapse of the World Trade CenteronSeptember 11, 2001.On January 13, 2012, the building was lit in red, orange, and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of theNBCprogramThe Today Show.After retired basketball playerKobe Bryant'sJanuary 2020 death, the building was lit in purple and gold, signifying the colors of his former team, theLos Angeles Lakers.The evening after iconic actorJames Earl Jonesdied, September 9, 2024, the building was lit up to look like Jones's iconicDarth Vadervillain from “Star Wars.” In addition to lightings, the Empire State Building is able to do immersive visual projections on the building's exterior. It partnered with","It partnered with Netflix in May 2022 to celebrate the return ofStranger Thingsfourth season by projecting the Upside Down onto the Empire State Building. In 2012, the building's four hundredmetal halidelamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200LEDfixtures, increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million.The computer-controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels.For instance,CNNused the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard during the2012 United States presidential election, using red and blue lights to representRepublicanandDemocraticelectoral votes respectively.Also, on November 26, 2012, the building had its first synchronized light show, using music from recording artistAlicia Keys.Artists such as Eminem and OneRepublic have been featured in later shows, including the building's annual Holiday Music-to-Lights Show.The building's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights; for instance, they","for instance, they do not use the lights to play advertisements. Interior According to official fact sheets, the Empire State Building weighs 365,000 short tons (331,122 t) and has an internal volume of 37 million cubic feet (1,000,000 m3).The interior required 1,172 miles (1,886 km) of elevator cable and 2 million feet (609,600 m) of electrical wires.It has a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft (257,211 m2), and each of the floors in the base cover 2 acres (1 ha).This gives the building capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors. Therivetedsteel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building's gravitational stresses andwind loads.The amount of material used in the building's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to otherskyscrapers, with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot (2.0 kPa) versus theWillis Tower's 33 pounds per square foot (1.6 kPa) and theJohn Hancock Center's 26 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa).A December 1930 feature","1930 feature inPopular Mechanicsestimated that a building with the Empire State's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons (45 long tons). Utilities are grouped in a central shaft.On the 6th through 86th stories, the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides.Per the final specifications of the building, the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet (8.5 m) deep, maximizing office space at a time before air conditioning became commonplace.Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it, which provide structural stability but limits the amount of open space on these floors.The relative dearth of stone in the Empire State Building allows for more space overall, with a 1:200 stone-to-building ratio compared to a 1:50 ratio in similar buildings. Lobby The original main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue, on the building's east side, and is the only place in the building where the design contains narrative motifs.It contains an","contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair ofrevolving doors. At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif depicting one of three \"crafts or industries\" used in the building's construction—Electricity, Masonry, and Heating.The three-story-high space runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets.The lobby contains two tiers of marble: awainscotingof darker marble, topped by lighter marble. There is a pattern of zigzaggingterrazzotiles on the lobby floor, which leads from east to west.To the north and south are storefronts, which are flanked by tubes of dark rounded marble and topped by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble.Until the 1960s, there was aLongchampsrestaurant next to the lobby, with six oval murals designed byWinold Reiss; these murals were placed in storage when the Longchamps closed. The western ends of the north and south walls include escalators to a mezzanine level.At the west end of the lobby, behind the security desk, is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was","as it was originally built (without the antenna).The relief, which was intended to provide a welcoming effect,contains an embossed outline of the building, with rays radiating from the spire and the sun behind it.In the background is a state map of New York with the building's location marked by a \"medallion\" in the very southeast portion of the outline. A compass is depicted in the bottom right and a plaque to the building's major developers is on the bottom left.A scale model of the building was also placed south of the security desk. The plaque at the western end of the lobby is on the eastern interior wall of a one-story-tall rectangular-shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators, with a similar design to the lobby.The rectangular-shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle,as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side.At both ends of the northern and southern corridors, there is a","there is a bank of four low-rise elevators in between the corridors.The western side of the rectangular elevator-bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance. It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators (originally stairs), which go both to the second floor and to the basement. Going from west to east, there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from the northern and southern corridors, respectively.The side entrances from 33rd and 34th Street lead to two-story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel-and-glass-enclosed bridges at the mezzanine floor. Until the 1960s, anArt Decomural, inspired by both the sky and theMachine Age, was installed in the lobby ceilings.Subsequent damage to these murals, designed by artist Leif Neandross, resulted in reproductions being installed. Renovations to the lobby in 2009, such as replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with ananemometerand","ananemometerand installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it originally opened, revived much of its original grandeur.The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels created in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov, in time for the1964 World's Fair, depicting the building as theEighth Wonder of the Worldalongside the traditional seven.The building's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artistKysa Johnsonin the concourse level. Johnson later filed a federal lawsuit, in January 2014, under theVisual Artists Rights Actalleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist.As part of the building's 2010 renovation,Denise Amsescommissioned a work consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles, superimposed on a 13-by-5-foot (4.0 by 1.5 m)etched-glassinstallation, in the lobby. Elevators The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all, including service elevators.Its original 64 elevators, built by theOtis Elevator Company,in","Elevator Company,in a central core and are of varying heights, with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor.As originally built, there were four \"express\" elevators that connected the lobby, 80th floor, and several landings in between; the other 60 \"local\" elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings.Of the 64 total elevators, 58 were for passenger use (comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators), and eight were for freight deliveries.The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min). At the time of the skyscraper's construction, their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute (213 m/min) per city law, but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened. Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it, as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved.The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011, when they were replaced","they were replaced with automatic elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building.An additional elevator connects the 86th and 102nd floor observatories, which allows visitors access the 102nd floor observatory after having their tickets scanned. It also allows employees to access the mechanical floors located between the 87th and 101st floors. Observation decks The 80th, 86th, and 102nd floors contain observatories.The latter two observatories saw a combined average of four million visitors per year in 2010.Since opening, the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at30 Rockefeller Plaza, the Chrysler Building, the first One World Trade Center, or theWoolworth Building, despite being more expensive.There are variable charges to enter the observatories; one ticket allows visitors to go as high as the 86th floor, and there is an additional charge to visit the 102nd floor. Other ticket options for visitors include scheduled access to view the sunrise from the observatory, a","the observatory, a \"premium\" guided tour with VIP access, and the \"AM/PM\" package which allows for two visits in the same day. The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed viewing gallery and an open-air outdoor viewing area, allowing for it to remain open 365 days a year regardless of the weather. The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller in size. The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005 due to limited viewing capacity and long lines.The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979.The 102nd floor was again redesigned in a project that was completed in 2019, allowing the windows to be extended from floor to ceiling and widening the space in the observatory overall.An observatory on the 80th floor, opened in 2019, includes various exhibits as well as a mural of the skyline drawn by British artistStephen Wiltshire.An interactive multimedia museum, with multiple hands-on exhibitions about the building's history, was added during this","added during this project.The design of the 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) Observatory Experience was inspired by the plans and designs of the original Empire State Building. According to a 2010 report byConcierge.com, the five lines to enter the observation decks are \"as legendary as the building itself\". Concierge.com stated that there were five lines: the sidewalk line, the lobby elevator line, the ticket purchase line, the second elevator line, and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck.In 2016, New York City's official tourism website made note of only three lines: the security check line, the ticket purchase line, and the second elevator line.Following renovations completed in 2019, designed to streamline queuing and reduce wait times, guests enter from a single entrance on 34th Street, where they make their way through 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibits on their way up to the observatories. Guests were offered a variety of ticket packages, including a package that enables them to skip","them to skip the lines throughout the duration of their stay.The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks, making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years. New York Skyride In early 1994, amotion simulatorattraction was built on the 2nd floor,as a complement to the observation deck.The original cinematic presentation lasted approximately 25 minutes, while the simulation was about eight minutes.The ride had two incarnations. The original version, which ran from 1994 until around 2002, featuredJames Doohan,Star Trek'sScotty, as the airplane's pilot who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm.After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the ride was closed.An updated version debuted in mid-2002, featuring actorKevin Baconas the pilot, with the new flight also going haywire.This new version served a more informative goal, as opposed to the old version's main purpose of entertainment, and","entertainment, and contained details about the 9/11 attacks.The simulator received mixed reviews, with assessments of the ride ranging from \"great\" to \"satisfactory\" to \"corny\". Spire Above the 102nd floor The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast, a 158-foot (48 m) steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities, above the 86th floor.The spire of the Empire State Building was originally intended to serve as a mooring mast for zeppelins and other airships, although the plan was abandoned after high winds made that impossible.At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd-floor docking station.Inside, the elevators would ascend 167 feet (51 m) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33-foot-wide (10 m) 101st-floorwaiting room.From there, stairs would lead to the 102nd floor,where passengers would enter the airships.The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor. As constructed, the mast contains four rectangular tiers topped by a","tiers topped by a cylindrical shaft with a conical pinnacle.On the 102nd floor (formerly the 101st floor), there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor (formerly the 102nd).This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building's spire, and has a circular balcony outside.It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance. The room now contains electrical equipment, but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there.Above the 103rd floor, there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work.The mast's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015.The mast serves as the base of the building's broadcasting antenna. Inflatable objects have sometimes been mounted to the spire for promotional purposes. For example, aKing Kongballoon was attached to the spire in 1983 to mark the 50th anniversary of the character's introduction,and am inflatable dragon was placed on the spire in 2024 to promote the TV seriesHouse of","TV seriesHouse of Dragon. Broadcast stations Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22, 1931, whenNBCandRCAbegan transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the mast, with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data. They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there.In 1934, RCA was joined byEdwin Howard Armstrongin a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building's antenna.This setup, which entailed the installation of the world's firstFM transmitter,continued only until October of the next year due to disputes between RCA and Armstrong.Specifically, NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong's transmitter was located. After some time, the 85th floor became home to RCA's New York television operations initially as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then, from 1941, as commercial station WNBT channel 1 (nowWNBCchannel 4). NBC's FM station, W2XDG, began transmitting from the antenna in 1940.NBC","antenna in 1940.NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 when theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated. The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York-area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted. Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors, often along with sister FM stations.Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27, 1950,with TV, and FM, transmissions starting in 1951. The 200-foot (61 m) broadcast tower was completed in 1953.From 1951, six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $600,000 per year for the use of the antenna.In 1965, a separate set of FM antennae was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna. The placement of the stations in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the","issue with the construction of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in the late 1960s, and early 1970s. The greater height of the Twin Towers would reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building, eventually resulting in some broadcasters relocating to the newer towers instead of suing the developer, thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey.Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984, most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971. The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in theNorth Tower, as well as pay the broadcasters' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984.Only a few broadcasters renewed their leases in the Empire State Building. The September 11 attacks destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it, leaving most of the city's stations without a","stations without a transmitter for ten days until theArmstrong TowerinAlpine, New Jersey, was re-activated temporarily.By October 2001, nearly all of the city's commercial broadcast stations (both television and FM radio) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building. In a report thatCongresscommissioned about the transition fromanalog televisiontodigital television, it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered \"problematic\" due to interference from nearby buildings. In comparison, the congressional report stated that the former Twin Towers had very few buildings of comparable height nearby thus signals suffered little interference.In 2003, a few FM stations were relocated to the nearbyCondé Nast Buildingto reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building.Eleventelevisionstations and twenty-twoFMstations had signed 15-year leases in the building by May 2003. It was expected that a taller broadcast tower","broadcast tower inBayonne, New Jersey, orGovernors Island, would be built in the meantime with the Empire State Building being used as a \"backup\" since signal transmissions from the building were generally of poorer quality.Following the construction ofOne World Trade Centerin the late 2000s and early 2010s, some TV stations began moving their transmitting facilities there. As of 2021, the Empire State Building is home to the following stations: History The site was previously owned byJohn Jacob Astorof the prominentAstor family, who had owned the site since the mid-1820s.In 1893, John Jacob Astor Sr.'s grandsonWilliam Waldorf Astoropened the Waldorf Hotel on the site.Four years later, his cousin,John Jacob Astor IV, opened the 16-story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site.The two portions of theWaldorf–Astoriahotel had 1,300 bedrooms, making it the largest hotel in the world at the time.After the death of its founding proprietor,George Boldt, in early 1918, the hotel lease was purchased byThomas Coleman du","byThomas Coleman du Pont.By the 1920s, the old Waldorf–Astoria was becoming dated and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north.Additionally, many stores had opened on Fifth Avenue north of 34th Street.The Astor family decided to build areplacement hotelonPark Avenueand sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14–16 million.The hotel closed shortly thereafter on May 3, 1929. Planning Early plans Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25-story office building on the Waldorf–Astoria site. The company's president, Floyd De L. Brown, paid $100,000 of the $1 milliondown paymentrequired to start construction on the building, with the promise that the difference would be paid later.Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank butdefaultedon the loan. After Brown was unable to secure additional funding,the land was resold to Empire State Inc., a group of wealthy investors that includedLouis G. Kaufman,Ellis P. Earle,John J. Raskob, Coleman du Pont,","Coleman du Pont, andPierre S. du Pont.The name came from thestate nicknamefor New York.Alfred E. Smith, a formerGovernor of New Yorkand U.S. presidential candidate whose1928 campaignhad been managed by Raskob,was appointed head of the company.The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the 2 acres (1 ha) needed for the base, with the combined plot measuring 425 feet (130 m) wide by 200 feet (61 m) long.The Empire State Inc. consortium was announced to the public in August 1929.Concurrently, Smith announced the construction of an 80-story building on the site, to be taller than any other buildings in existence. Empire State Inc. contractedWilliam F. Lamb, of architectural firmShreve, Lamb and Harmon, to create the building design.Lamb produced the initial building design in just two weeks using the firm's earlier designs for theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem, North Carolina, as the basis.He had also been inspired byRaymond Hood's design for theDaily News Building, which was being constructed at","constructed at the same time.Concurrently, Lamb's partnerRichmond Shrevecreated \"bug diagrams\" of the project requirements.The1916 Zoning Actforced Lamb to design a structure that incorporatedsetbacksresulting in the lower floors being larger than the upper floors.Consequently, the building was conceived from the top down,giving it a pencil-like shape.The plans were devised within a budget of $50 million and a stipulation that the building be ready for occupancy within 18 months of the start of construction.Design drawings and construction were concurrent. Steel drawings were completed in mid-January 1930, when foundations were underway. Design changes The original plan of the building was 50 stories,but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories.Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildingsto ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80-story, 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) buildingwould have unobstructed views of the city.The New York Timeslauded the site's proximity tomass transit, with","transit, with theBrooklyn–Manhattan Transit's34th Streetstation and theHudson and Manhattan Railroad's33rd Streetterminal one block away, as well asPenn Stationtwo blocks away andGrand Central Terminalnine blocks away at its closest. It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of proposed floor space near \"one of the busiest sections in the world\".The Empire State Building was to be a typical office building, but Raskob intended to build it \"better and in a bigger way\", according to architectural writer Donald J. Reynolds. While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized, an intense competition in New York for the title of \"world's tallest building\" was underway.40 Wall Street(then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and theChrysler Buildingin Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building.The \"Race into the Sky\", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s,","in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities.The race was defined by at least five other proposals, although only the Empire State Building would survive theWall Street Crash of 1929.The 40 Wall Street tower was revised, in April 1929, from 840 feet (260 m) to 925 feet (282 m) making it the world's tallest.The Chrysler Building added its 185-foot (56 m) steel tip to its roof in October 1929, thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street.The Chrysler Building's developer,Walter Chrysler, realized that his tower's height would exceed the Empire State Building's as well, having instructed his architect,William Van Alen, to change the Chrysler's original roof from a stubbyRomanesquedome to a narrow steel spire.Raskob, wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world's tallest, reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire; however, the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the","pressure on the extension.On November 18, 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27–31 West 33rd Street, adding 75 feet (23 m) to the width of the proposed office building's site.Two days later, Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper. The plans included an observation deck on the 86th-floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler's 71st-floor observation deck. The 1,050-foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet (1.2 m) taller than the Chrysler Building,and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to \"pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute.\"The plans were revised one last time in December 1929, to include a 16-story, 200-foot (61 m) metal \"crown\" and an additional 222-foot (68 m) mooring mast intended fordirigibles. The roof height was now 1,250 feet (380 m), making it the tallest building in the world by far, even without the antenna.The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor, the now-enclosed 86th floor,","86th floor, would have to be built below the crown;however, unlike the Chrysler's spire, the Empire State's mast would serve a practical purpose.A revised plan was announced to the public in late December 1929, just before the start of construction.The final plan was sketched within two hours, the night before the plan was supposed to be presented to the site's owners in January 1930.The New York Timesreported that the spire was facing some \"technical problems\", but they were \"no greater than might be expected under such a novel plan.\"By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved.Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final, approved plan: The program was short enough—a fixed budget, no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor, as many stories of such space as possible, an exterior of limestone, and completion date of , 1931, which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches. Construction The","Construction The contractors wereStarrett Brothers and Eken, which were composed ofPaulandWilliam A. StarrettandAndrew J. Eken.The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont,whileJames Farley's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials.John W. Bowserwas the construction superintendent of the project,and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom.The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized. Hotel demolition Demolition of the old Waldorf–Astoria began on October 1, 1929.Stripping the building down was an arduous process, as the hotel had been constructed using more rigid material than earlier buildings had been. Furthermore, the old hotel's granite, wood chips, and \"'precious' metals such as lead, brass, and zinc\" were not in high demand, resulting in issues with disposal.Most of the wood was deposited into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp","burned in a swamp elsewhere. Much of the other materials that made up the old hotel, including the granite and bronze, were dumped into theAtlantic OceannearSandy Hook, New Jersey. By the time the hotel's demolition started, Raskob had secured the required funding for the construction of the building.The plan was to start construction later that year but, on October 24, theNew York Stock Exchangeexperienced the major and suddenWall Street Crash, marking the beginning of the decade-longGreat Depression. Despite the economic downturn, Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point.Neither Raskob, who had ceasedspeculationin the stock market the previous year, nor Smith, who had no stock investments, suffered financially in the crash.However, most of the investors were affected and as a result, in December 1929, Empire State Inc. obtained a $27.5 million loan fromMetropolitan Life Insurance Companyso construction could begin.The stock market crash resulted in no","resulted in no demand for new office space; Raskob and Smith nonetheless started construction,as canceling the project would have resulted in greater losses for the investors. Steel structure A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12, 1930,with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22,before the old hotel had been completely demolished.Two twelve-hour shifts, consisting of 300 men each, worked continuously to dig the 55-foot (17 m) deep foundation.Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork.Excavation was nearly complete by early March,and construction on the building itself started on March 17,with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished.Around this time, Lamb held a press conference on the building plans. He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows, the large-blockIndiana Limestonefacade that was slightly more","was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks, and the building's vertical lines.Four colossal columns, intended for installation in the center of the building site, were delivered; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) when the building was finished. The structural steel was pre-ordered andpre-fabricatedin anticipation of a revision to the city's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch (120,000 kPa), up from 16,000 pounds per square inch (110,000 kPa), thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building. Although the 18,000-psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities, MayorJimmy Walkerdid not sign the new codes into law until March 26, 1930, just before construction was due to commence.The first steel framework was installed on April 1, 1930.From there, construction proceeded at a rapid pace; during one stretch of 10 working days, the builders erected fourteen floors.This was made","was made possible through precise coordination of the building's planning, as well as themass productionof common materials such as windows andspandrels.On one occasion, when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble, Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble. The scale of the project was massive, with trucks carrying \"16,000 partition tiles, 5,000 bags of cement, 450 cubic yards of sand and 300 bags of lime\" arriving at the construction site every day.There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch.Temporary water taps were also built so workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level.Additionally, carts running on a small railway system transported materials from the basement storageto elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors where they would","where they would then be distributed throughout that level using another set of tracks.The 57,480 short tons (51,320 long tons) of steel ordered for the project was the largest-ever single order of steel at the time, comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined.According to historianJohn Tauranac, building materials were sourced from numerous, and distant, sources with \"limestone from Indiana, steel girders from Pittsburgh, cement and mortar from upper New York State, marble from Italy, France, and England, wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests, hardware from New England.\"The facade, too, used a variety of material, most prominently Indiana limestone but alsoSwedish black granite,terracotta, andbrick. By June 20, the skyscraper's supportingsteel structurehad risen to the 26th floor, and by July 27, half of the steel structure had been completed.Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction, achieving a","achieving a pace of four and a half stories per week;prior to this, the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been three and a half stories per week.While construction progressed, the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up (as opposed to the general design, which had been from the roof down). Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval, with several orders placed within an hour of a plan being finalized.On September 10, as steelwork was nearing completion, Smith laid the building'scornerstoneduring a ceremony attended by thousands. The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts including the previous day'sNew York Times, a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930, a history of the site and building, and photographs of the people involved in construction.The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet (319 m) on September 19, twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of","after the start of construction.Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone. Completion and scale Work on the building's interior and crowning mast commenced after the topping out.The mooring mast topped out on November 21, two months after the steelwork had been completed.Meanwhile, work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace, with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor.The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November.Because of the building's height, it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins, so the builders contracted with theOtis Elevator Companyto make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min), which represented the largest-ever elevator order at the time. In addition to the time constraint builders had, there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly, and trucks needed to drop off","needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic. This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing the materials in the building's first floor and basements.Concrete mixers, brick hoppers, and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public.At one point, over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day.A series of relay and erectionderricks, placed on platforms erected near the building, lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations.The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced.Al Smith shot the final rivet, which was made of solid gold. The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak,including 3,439 on a single day, August 14, 1930.Many of the workers were Irish and","were Irish and Italian immigrants,with a sizable minority ofMohawkironworkersfrom theKahnawakereserve nearMontreal.According to official accounts, five workers died during the construction,although theNew York Daily Newsgave reports of 14 deathsand a headline in the socialist magazineThe New Massesspread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths.The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build (equivalent to $661 million in 2023),including demolition of the Waldorf–Astoria. This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction. Lewis Hinecaptured many photographs of the construction, documenting not only the work itself but also providing insight into the daily life of workers in that era.Hine's images were used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases.According to the writerJim Rasenberger, Hine \"climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture, as no one ever had before (or has since), the dizzy work of building","work of building skyscrapers\". In Rasenberger's words, Hine turned what might have been an assignment of \"corporate flak\" into \"exhilarating art\".These images were later organized into their own collection.Onlookers were enraptured by the sheer height at which the steelworkers operated.New Yorkmagazine wrote of the steelworkers: \"Like little spiders they toiled, spinning a fabric of steel against the sky\". Opening and early years The Empire State Building officially opened on May 1, 1931, forty-five days ahead of its projected opening date, and eighteen months from the start of construction.The opening was marked with an event featuring United States PresidentHerbert Hoover, who turned on the building's lights with the ceremonial button push fromWashington, D.C.Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony, and following luncheon, at the 86th floor includingJimmy Walker, GovernorFranklin D. Roosevelt, andAl Smith.An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog, with","by a fog, with other landmarks such as theStatue of Libertybeing \"lost in the mist\" enveloping New York City.The Empire State Building officially opened the next day.Advertisements for the building's observatories were placed in local newspapers, while nearby hotels also capitalized on the events by releasing advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened building. According toThe New York Times, builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250-foot-tall (380 m) Empire State Building would be the world's tallest building \"for many years\", thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry. At the time, most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than 1,200 feet (370 m), even with the hardy Manhattanbedrockas a foundation.Technically, it was believed possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet (610 m), but it was deemed uneconomical to do so, especially during the Great Depression.As the tallest building in the world, at that time, and the","that time, and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and, ultimately, of the nation. In 1932, the Fifth Avenue Association gave the building its 1931 \"gold medal\" for architectural excellence, signifying that the Empire State had been the best-designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931.A year later, on March 2, 1933, the movieKing Kongwas released. The movie, which depicted a largestop motionape namedKongclimbing the Empire State Building, made the still-new building into a cinematic icon. Tenants and tourism At the beginning of 1931, Fifth Avenue was experiencing high demand for storefront space, with only 12 of 224 stores being unoccupied. The Empire State Building, along with 500 Fifth Avenue and608 Fifth Avenue, were expected to add a combined 11 stores.The office space was less successful, as the Empire State Building's opening had coincided with theGreat Depression in the United States.In the first year, only 23 percent of the available space","the available space was rented,as compared to the early 1920s, where the average building would be 52 percent occupied upon opening and 90 percent occupied within five years.The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the \"Empty State Building\"or \"Smith's Folly\". The earliest tenants in the Empire State Building were large companies, banks, and garment industries.Jack Brod, one of the building's longest resident tenants,co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931and rented space in the building until he died in 2008.Brod recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening, including him,and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh-floor offices.Generally, during the early 1930s, it was rare for more than a single office space to be rented in the building, despite Smith's and Raskob's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew.The building's lights were continuously left","continuously left on, even in the unrented spaces, to give the impression of occupancy. This was exacerbated by competition fromRockefeller Centeras well as from buildings on42nd Street, which, when combined with the Empire State Building, resulted in surplus of office space in a slow market during the 1930s. Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building's status as the world's tallest.The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets.The building became a popular tourist attraction, with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931.In its first year of operation, the observation deck made approximately $2 million in revenue, as much as its owners made in rent that year.By 1936, the observation deck was crowded on a daily basis, with food and drink available for purchase at the top,and by 1944 the building had received its five-millionth visitor.In 1931,NBCtook up tenancy, leasing space on the 85th","space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts.From the outset the building was in debt, losing $1 million per year by 1935. Real estate developerSeymour Durstrecalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor, as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob/Du Pont offices on the 81st floor. Other events Per the original plans, the Empire State Building'sspirewas intended to be anairshipdocking station. Raskob and Smith had proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor, while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor.An elevator would ferry passengers from the 86th to the 101st floorafter they had checked in on the 86th floor,after which passengers would have climbed steep ladders to board the airship.The idea, however, was impractical and dangerous due to powerful updrafts caused by the building itself,the wind currents","wind currents across Manhattan,and the spires of nearby skyscrapers.Furthermore, even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles, its crew would have to jettison someballastby releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability, and then tie the craft's nose to the spire with no mooring lines securing the tail end of the craft.On September 15, 1931, a small commercialUnited States Navyairship circled 25 times in 45-mile-per-hour (72 km/h) winds.The airship then attempted to dock at the mast, but its ballast spilled and the craft was rocked by unpredictableeddies.The near-disaster scuttled plans to turn the building's spire into an airship terminal, although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward. On July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbombercrashedinto the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 79th and 80th floors.One engine completely penetrated the building and landed in a neighboring block, while the other engine and part of the","and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft. Fourteen people were killed in the incident,but the building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later. Profitability By the 1940s, the Empire State Building was 98 percent occupied.The structurebroke evenfor the first time in the 1950s.At the time, mass transit options in the building's vicinity were limited compared to the present day. Despite this challenge, the Empire State Building began to attract renters due to its reputation.A 222-foot (68 m)radio antennawas erected on top of the towers starting in 1950,allowing the area's television stations to be broadcast from the building. Despite the turnaround in the building's fortunes, Raskob listed it for sale in 1951,with a minimum asking price of $50 million.The property was purchased by business partnersRoger L. Stevens,Henry Crown, Alfred R. Glancy andBen Tobin.The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company, a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan,for $51 million,","$51 million, the highest price paid for a single structure at the time.By this time, the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building, according to theCortland Standard.That same year, six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use thebuilding's antenna,which was completed in 1953.Crown bought out his partners' ownership stakes in 1954, becoming the sole owner.The following year, theAmerican Society of Civil Engineersnamed the building one of the \"Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders\". In 1961,Lawrence A. Wiensigned a contract to purchase the Empire State Building for $65 million, withHarry B. Helmsleyacting as partners in the building's operating lease.This became the new highest price for a single structure.Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates. The company in turnsubleasedthe building to another company headed by Helmsley","headed by Helmsley and Wien, raising $33 million of the funds needed to pay the purchase price.In a separate transaction,the land underneath the building was sold toPrudential Insurancefor $29 million.Helmsley, Wien, and Peter Malkin quickly started a program of minor improvement projects, including the first-ever full-building facade refurbishment and window-washing in 1962,the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964,and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966.The little-used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964, at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly sought retail area. Loss of \"tallest building\" title In 1961, the same year that Helmsley, Wien, and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building, thePort Authority of New York and New Jerseyformally backed plans for a newWorld Trade CenterinLower Manhattan.The plan originally included 66-story twin towers with","twin towers with column-free open spaces. The Empire State's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers' 7.6 million square feet (710,000 m2) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building's profits from lessees.A revision in the World Trade Center's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet (420 m) each or 110 stories, taller than the Empire State.Opponents of the new project included prominent real-estate developerRobert Tishman, as well as Wien's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center.In response to Wien's opposition, Port Authority executive directorAustin J. Tobinsaid that Wien was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world's tallest building. The World Trade Center's twin towers startedconstructionin 1966.The following year, theOstankino Towersucceeded the Empire State Building as thetallest freestanding structure in the world.In 1970, the Empire State","the Empire State surrendered its position as the world's tallest building,when the World Trade Center's still-under-construction North Tower surpassed it, on October 19;the North Tower wastopped outon December 23, 1970. In December 1975, the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers, significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire State Building.The latter was also losing revenue during this period, particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984.The Empire State Building was still seen as prestigious, having seen its forty-millionth visitor in March 1971. 1980s and 1990s By 1980, there were nearly two million annual visitors,although a building official had previously estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors.The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 in a roll out of 63 new postal codes in","new postal codes in Manhattan. At the time, its tenants collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail daily.The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1, 1981, with a much-publicized, but poorly received, laser light show,as well as an \"Empire State Building Week\" that ran through to May 8.TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commission(LPC) voted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981, Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million.Because all of the building's windows were being replaced at the same time, the LPC mandated a paint-color test for the windows; the test revealed that the Empire State Building's original windows were actually red.The improvements also entailed replacing alarm systems, elevators, windows, and air conditioning; making the observation deck compliant with theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA); and refurbishing the limestone facade.The observation","observation deck renovation was added after disability rights groups and theUnited States Department of Justicefiled a lawsuit against the building in 1992, in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law.A settlement was reached in 1994, in which Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA-compliant elements, such as new elevators, ramps, and automatic doors, during the renovation. Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelierHideki Yokoi, who was imprisoned at the time in connection with the deadlyHotel New Japan Fireat theHotel New JapaninTokyo.In 1994,Donald Trumpentered into a joint-venture agreement with Yokoi, with a shared goal of breaking the Empire State Building's lease on the land in an effort to gain total ownership of the building so that, if successful, the two could reap the potential profits of merging the ownership of the building with the land beneath it.Having secured a half-ownership of the land, Trump","of the land, Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it, even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project.He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995, claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a \"high-rise slum\"and a \"second-rate, rodent-infested\" office tower.Trump had intended to have Empire State Building Associates evicted for violating the terms of their lease,but was denied.This led to Helmsley's companies countersuing Trump in May.This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years,partly arising from Trump's desire to obtain the building's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates.Upon Harry Helmsley's death in 1997, the Malkins sued Helmsley's widow,Leona Helmsley, for control of the building. 21st century 2000s Following the destruction of the World Trade Center during theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building again became thetallest","became thetallest building in New York City, but was only thesecond-tallest building in the Americasafter theSears (later Willis) Towerin Chicago.As a result of the attacks, transmissions from nearly all of the city's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building.The attacks also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against prominent sites in New York City. In 2002, Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates, now headed by Malkin, in a $57.5 million sale.This action merged the building's title and lease for the first time in half a century.Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9/11 attacks, the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004, compared to about 2.8 million in 2003. Even though she maintained her ownership stake in the building until the post-consolidation IPO in October 2013,Leona Helmsleyhanded over day-to-day operations of the","operations of the building in 2006 to Peter Malkin's company.In 2008, the building was temporarily \"stolen\" by theNew York Daily Newsto show how easy it was to transfer the deed on a property, since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information, as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money. The paperwork submitted to the city included the names ofFay Wray, the famous star ofKing Kong, andWillie Sutton, a notorious New York bank robber. The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners, who at that time were Empire State Land Associates. 2010s to present Starting in 2009, the building's public areas received a $550 million renovation, with improvements to the air conditioning and waterproofing, renovations to the observation deck and main lobby,and relocation of the gift shop to the 80th floor.About $120 million was spent on improving theenergy efficiencyof the","efficiencyof the building, with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38% within five years.For example, all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film-coated \"superwindows\" which block heat but pass light.Air conditioningoperating costs on hot days were reduced, saving $17 million of the project's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits.The Empire State Building won theLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)Gold for Existing Buildings rating in September 2011, as well as theWorld Federation of Great Towers' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010.For the LEED Gold certification, the building's energy reduction was considered, as was a large purchase ofcarbon offsets. Other factors included low-flow bathroom fixtures, green cleaning supplies, and use of recycled paper products. On April 30, 2012,One World Trade Centertopped out, taking the Empire State Building's record of tallest in the city.By 2014, the building was owned by the Empire State Realty","Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT), with Anthony Malkin as chairman, CEO, and president.The ESRT was apublic company, having begun trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange the previous year.In August 2016, the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) was issued new fully diluted shares equivalent to 9.9% of the trust; this investment gave them partial ownership of the entirety of the ESRT's portfolio, and as a result, partial ownership of the Empire State Building.The trust's president John Kessler called it an \"endorsement of the company's irreplaceable assets\".The investment has been described by the real-estate magazineThe Real Dealas \"an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund\", as these funds typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies.Other foreign entities that have a stake in the ESRT include investors from Norway, Japan, and Australia. A renovation of the Empire State Building was commenced in the 2010s to further improve energy efficiency, public areas, and amenities.In","and amenities.In August 2018, to improve the flow of visitor traffic, the main visitor's entrance was shifted to 20 West 34th Street as part of a major renovation of the observatory lobby.The new lobby includes several technological features, including large LED panels, digital ticket kiosks in nine languages, and a two-story architectural model of the building surrounded by two metal staircases.The first phase of the renovation, completed in 2019, features an updated exterior lighting system and digital hosts.The new lobby also features free Wi-Fi provided for those waiting.A 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibit with nine galleries opened in July 2019.The 102nd floor observatory, the third phase of the redesign, reopened to the public on October 12, 2019.That portion of the project included outfitting the space with floor-to-ceiling glass windows and a brand-new glass elevator.The final portion of the renovations to be completed was a new observatory on the 80th floor, which opened on December 2, 2019.In","December 2, 2019.In total, the renovation cost $160 millionor $165 million and took four years to finish. A comprehensive restoration of the building's mooring and antenna masts also began in June 2019. Antennas on the mooring mast were removed or relocated to the upper mast, while the aluminum panels were cleaned and coated with silver paint.To minimize disruption to the observation decks, the restoration work took place at night. The project was completed by late 2020. Height records The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper (to structural height), which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by theNorth Towerof the World Trade Center in October 1970.The Empire State Building was also thetallest human-made structurein the world before it was surpassed by theGriffin Television Tower Oklahoma(KWTV Mast) in 1954,and thetallest freestanding structure in the worlduntil the completion of theOstankino Towerin 1967.An early-1970s proposal to dismantle the spire","dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors, which would have brought the building's height to 1,494 feet (455 m) and made it once again the world's tallest at the time, was considered but ultimately rejected. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in theSeptember 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became thetallest building in New York City, and thesecond-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by theWillis Towerin Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the newOne World Trade Centerreached a greater height in April 2012.As of 2022, it is the seventh-tallest building in New York City and thetenth-tallest in the United States.The Empire State Building is the49th-tallest in the worldas of February 2021.It is also theeleventh-tallest freestanding structure in the Americasbehind the tallest U.S. buildings and theCN Tower. Notable tenants As of 2013, the building housed around 1,000 businesses.Current tenants include: Former","include: Former tenants include: Incidents 1945 plane crash At 9:40 am on July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbomber, piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr.,crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors (then the offices of theNational Catholic Welfare Council).One engine completely penetrated the building, landing on the roof of a nearby building where it started a fire that destroyed a penthouse.The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft, causing a fire that was extinguished in 40 minutes. Fourteen people were killed in the incident.Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver fell 75 stories and survived, which still holds theGuinness World Recordfor the longest survived elevator fall recorded. Despite the damage and loss of life, many floors were open two days later.The crash helped spur the passage of the long-pendingFederal Tort Claims Actof 1946, as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the","provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the incident.Also as a result of the crash, theCivil Aeronautics Administrationenacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City, setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level regardless of the weather conditions. A year later, on July 24, 1946, another airplane narrowly missed striking the building. The unidentified twin-engine plane scraped past the observation deck, frightening the tourists there. 2000 elevator plunge On January 24, 2000, an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin's maximum speed was severed.The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor, where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system. Despite the 40-floor fall, both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured. After the fall, building inspectors reviewed all of the building's elevators. Suicide attempts Because of the","Because of the building's iconic status, it and other Midtown landmarks are common locations forsuicideattempts.More than 30 people haveattempted suicideover the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building, with most attempts being successful. The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7, 1931, before it was even completed, when a carpenter who had been laid-off went to the 58th floor and jumped.The first suicide after the building's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory in February 1935, when Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet (314 m) onto amarquee sign.On December 16, 1943, William Lloyd Rambo jumped to his death from the 86th floor, landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below.In the early morning of September 27, 1946,shell-shockedMarine Douglas W. Brashear Jr. jumped from the 76th-floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency; police found his shoes 50 feet (15 m) from his body. On May 1, 1947,Evelyn McHaleleapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and","deck and landed on alimousineparked at the curb. Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death. The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck: \"He is much better off without me.... I wouldn't make a good wife for anybody\". The photo ran in the May 12, 1947, edition ofLifemagazineand is often referred to as \"The Most Beautiful Suicide\". It was later used by visual artistAndy Warholin one of his prints entitledSuicide (Fallen Body).A 7-foot (2.1 m) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three-week span in October and November of that year.By then, sixteen people had died from suicide jumps. Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory. Frederick Eckert ofAstoriaran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd-floor gallery on November 3, 1932, and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended fordirigiblepassengers. He landed and","He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade. Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor. On December 2, 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with abroken hip.On April 25, 2013, a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck, but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th-floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation. Shootings Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building. Abu Kamal, a 69-year-old Palestinian teacher,shot seven peopleon the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23, 1997. He killed one person and wounded six others before committing suicide.Kamal reportedly committed the shooting in response to events happening inPalestineandIsrael. On the morning of August 24, 2012, 58-year-old Jeffrey T. Johnsonshot and","T. Johnsonshot and killeda former co-worker on the building's Fifth Avenue sidewalk. He had been laid off from his job in 2011. Two police officers confronted the gunman, and he aimed his firearm at them. They responded by firing 16 shots, killing him but also wounding nine bystanders. Most of the injured were hit by bullet fragments, although three took direct hits from bullets. Impact As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation.In 2013,Timemagazine noted that the Empire State Building \"seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with\".The historian John Tauranac called it \"'the' twentieth-century New York building\", despite the existence of taller and moremodernistbuildings. TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionvoted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981,citing the historic nature of the first and second floors, as well as \"the","as well as \"the fixtures and interior components\" of the upper floors.TheNew York City Planning Commissionendorsed the landmark status.The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986in close alignment with the New York City Landmarks report.The Empire State Building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesthe following year due to its architectural significance. Contemporary reception Early architectural critics also focused on the Empire State Building's exterior ornamentation.Architectural critic Talbot Hamlin wrote in 1931, \"That it is the world's tallest building is purely incidental.\"George Shepard Chappell, writing inThe New Yorkerunder the pseudonym \"T-Square\", wrote the same year that the Empire State Building had a \"palpably enormous\" appeal to the general public, and that \"its difference and distinction in the extreme sensitiveness of its entire design\".Edmund Wilson ofThe New Republicwrote that the building's neutral color palette made it \"New York's handsomest skyscraper\".","skyscraper\". Architectural critics also wrote negatively of the mast, especially in light of its failure to become a real air terminal. Chappell called the mast \"a silly gesture\", andLewis Mumfordcalled it \"a public comfort station for migratory birds\".Nevertheless, architecture criticDouglas Haskellsaid the Empire State Building's appeal came from the fact that it was \"caught at the exact moment of transition—caught between metal and stone, between the idea of 'monumental mass' and that of airy volume, between handicraft and machine design, and in the swing from what was essentially handicraft to what will be essentially industrial methods of fabrication.\" As icon Early in the building's history, travel companies such asShort Line Motor Coach ServiceandNew York Central Railroadused the building as an icon to symbolize the city.In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, fourteen ranked the Empire State Building as the United States' best building; the Empire State Building received more votes than any","more votes than any building except theLincoln Memorial.After the construction of the first World Trade Center, architectPaul Goldbergernoted that the Empire State Building \"is famous for being tall, but it is good enough to be famous for being good.\" As an icon of the United States, it is also very popular among Americans. In a 2007 survey, the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was \"America's favorite building\".The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression, as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants.The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was \"a building intended to celebrate a new America, built by men (both clients and construction workers) who were themselves new Americans.\"The architectural criticJonathan Glanceyrefers to the building as an \"icon of American design\".Additionally, in 2007, the Empire State Building was first on the AIA's List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecture. The Empire State","The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a \"wonder of the world\" due to the massive effort expended during construction.The Washington Starlisted it as part of one of the \"seven wonders of the modern world\" in 1931, whileHolidaymagazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State's height would be taller than the combined heights of theEiffel Towerand theGreat Pyramid of Giza.TheAmerican Society of Civil Engineersalso declared the building \"A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States\" in 1958and one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldin 1994.Ron Miller, in a 2010 book, also described the Empire State Building as one of the \"seven wonders of engineering\".It has often been called theEighth Wonder of the Worldas well, an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening.The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this, showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building.The Empire State Building also became the standard of reference to describe the","to describe the height and length of other structures globally, both natural and human-made. The building has also inspired replicas. TheNew York-New York Hotel and CasinoinParadise, Nevada, contains the \"Empire Tower\",a 47-story replica of the Empire State Building.A portion of the hotel's interior was also designed to resemble the Empire State Building's interior. In media As an icon of New York City, the Empire State Building has been featured in various films, books, TV shows, and video games. According to the building's official website, more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building.In his book about the building, John Tauranac writes that its first documented appearance in popular culture wasSwiss Family Manhattan, a 1932 children's story byChristopher Morley.A year later, the filmKing KongdepictedKong, a giantstop motionape that climbs the Empire State Building during the film's climax,bringing the building into the popular imagination.Later movies such asAn Affair to","such asAn Affair to Remember(1957),Sleepless in Seattle(1993), andIndependence Day(1996) also prominently featured the building.The building has also been featured in other works, such as \"Daleks in Manhattan\", a 2007 episode of the TV seriesDoctor Who;andEmpire, an eight-hour black-and-whitesilent filmbyAndy Warhol,which was later added to theLibrary of Congress'sNational Film Registry. Throughout its history, the Empire State Building has welcomed celebrities, royalty, and dignitaries to visit the observation deck. From celebrities likeTaylor SwiftandZendayato royalty such asPrince William, the Empire State Building hosts notable figures every year. Empire State Building Run-Up The Empire State Building Run-Up, a foot race from ground level to the 86th-floor observation deck, has been held annually since 1978.It is organized byNYCRUNS.Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers, and are oftentower runningenthusiasts. The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 ft (320 m) and takes in","m) and takes in 1,576 steps. The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds, achieved by Australian professional cyclistPaul Crakein 2003, at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft (2,010 m) per hour. See also References Notes Citations Sources Further reading External links","Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, founded asShreve & Lamb, was anarchitectural firmbest known for designing theEmpire State Building, the tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1931. The firm was prominent in the proliferation ofArt Deco architecture in New York City. History The firm was founded in 1920 as Shreve & Lamb, a partnership ofRichmond Harold (\"R.H.\") Shreve, a Canadian fromNova Scotia, andWilliam F. Lamb, fromBrooklyn, New York. Shreve was the administrator, while Lamb was the architect. The two met while working atCarrère & Hastings, and Shreve & Lamb was initially a Carrère & Hastings firm. In 1924 the pair decided to leave Carrère & Hastings and became an autonomous architectural company. In 1929,Arthur Loomis Harmon, fromChicago, Illinois, joined Shreve & Lamb, and the firm became Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.Prior to joining the firm, Harmon's works included battle monuments at Tours, Cantigny and Somme-Py in France, a YMCA inJerusalem, and the Shelton Hotel in","Shelton Hotel in New York, U.S. For the construction of the Empire State Building, the firm's most notable work and a symbol of theAmerican expression of the Art Decostyle, Lamb was responsible for the design, while Shreve's planning skills facilitated the completion of the construction in a year. Shreve's planning skills were recognized in New York, and he was involved in projects beyond the firm, such as theSlum ClearanceCommittee of New York. Shreve, Lamb & Harmon's primary focus was commercial office buildings, and their work in this area was described as \"spare and functional\" in 2010 by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. However, the firm completed numerous residential projects, such as No. 130 East 57th Street, and this facet of the company's work was mainly conducted in neo-Tudor, as well as other popular historical styles of the 1920s. Shreve, Lamb and Harmon had also employed the future architect behind the originalWorld Trade Centercomplex,Minoru Yamasaki, after he had completed a masters","completed a masters degree in architecture in 1936. Lasting until 1945, this professional relationship was cut short when Yamasaki took a job atSmith, Hinchman & Grylls. It is not entirely clear when the company went out of business, with 1989 being a likely date. The archivesof Shreve, Lamb & Harmon are kept at theAvery Architectural and Fine Arts LibraryofColumbia University. Notable buildings All buildings are located inNew York Cityunless otherwise indicated: References Notes External links","Richmond Shreve Richmond Harold Shreve(June 25, 1877 – September 11, 1946) was a Canadian-American architect. Biography He was born on June 25, 1877, inCornwallis, Nova Scotia, the son of Richmond Shreve, an Anglican priest, and Mary Catherine Parker Hocken.Shreve attendedCornell University, taught there from 1902 to 1906, and was a member of theSphinx Head Society. He was president of theAmerican Institute of Architectsfrom 1941 through 1943. He died on September 11, 1946, inHastings-on-Hudson, New York. Legacy His companyShreve, Lamb and Harmonled the construction of theEmpire State Buildingas well as severalCornell Universitybuildings.Shreve was also the lead architect for the landmark 1937Williamsburg Houseshousing development in Brooklyn. He was profiled in the bookThe 100 Most Notable Cornellians. Notes External links","William F. Lamb William Frederick LambFAIA(November 21, 1883 – September 8, 1952), was an Americanarchitect, chiefly known as one of the principal designers of theEmpire State Building. Biography Lamb joined the New York architecture firmCarrère & Hastingsin 1911, shortly after returning from Paris, where he earned a diploma at theÉcole des Beaux-Arts. Lamb became a partner in 1920; the firm would be known as Shreve & Lamb from 1924 to 1929 and thereafter asShreve, Lamb and Harmon. Lamb's notable projects include theEmpire State Building, theStandard Oil Building, 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, and the General Motors Building in New York City; the Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Building in Washington, D.C.; and academic buildings for the Connecticut College for Women, Williams College, Cornell University, and Wesleyan University. In addition to his studies at the École des Beaux Arts, Lamb received a bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1904 and did graduate work at the School of","at the School of Architecture,Columbia University, from 1904 to 1906. Lamb received an honorary doctorate from Williams College in 1932; other honors include two gold medals from the Fifth Avenue Association (1930, 1931), a medal from theArchitectural League of New York(1931), and a medal of honor from the New York Chapter of theAmerican Institute of Architects(1932). He was a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters, the Art Commission of the City of New York, theBeaux-Arts Institute of Design, and the Architectural League of New York. In the period preceding the 1939 New York World's fair, Lamb served as \"Coordinator of Design\" for the fair's board of planners.Lamb served on theU.S. Commission of Fine Artsfrom 1937 to 1945, including as vice chairman from 1941 to 1945.In 1942 he was elected into theNational Academy of Designas an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1950. The firm also designed 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, theStandard Oil Building, and theBankers","and theBankers Trust Buildingand worked with H. Craig Severance on40 Wall Streetin New York. He also designed theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem,North Carolina He died in New York on September 8, 1952. References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Empire State Building TheEmpire State Buildingis a 102-storyArt Decoskyscraper in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City. The building was designed byShreve, Lamb & Harmonand built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from \\\"Empire State\\\", thenicknameof the state ofNew York. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including itsantenna. The Empire State Building was the world's tallest building until the first tower of theWorld Trade Centerwastopped out in 1970; following theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building was New York City's tallest building until it was surpassed in 2012 byOne World Trade Center. As of 2022, the building is theseventh-tallest building in New York City, theninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, and the54th-tallest in the world. The site of the Empire State Building, on the west side ofFifth Avenuebetween West33rdand34th Streets, was developed in 1893 as theWaldorf–Astoria\",\n \"theWaldorf–Astoria Hotel. In 1929, Empire State Inc. acquired the site and devised plans for a skyscraper there. The design for the Empire State Building was changed fifteen times until it was ensured to be the world's tallest building. Construction started on March 17, 1930, and the building opened thirteen and a half months afterward on May 1, 1931. Despite favorable publicity related to the building's construction, because of theGreat DepressionandWorld War II, its owners did not make a profit until the early 1950s. The building'sArt Deco architecture, height, andobservation deckshave made it a popular attraction. Around four million tourists from around the world annually visit the building's 86th- and 102nd-floor observatories; an additional indoor observatory on the 80th floor opened in 2019. The Empire State Building is an internationalcultural icon: it has been featured in more than 250 television series and films since the filmKing Kongwas released in 1933. The building's size has been used as a\",\n \"has been used as a standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. A symbol of New York City, the building has been named as one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldby theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers. It was ranked first on theAmerican Institute of Architects' List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecturein 2007. Additionally, the Empire State Building and its ground-floor interior were designated city landmarks by theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionin 1980, and were added to theNational Register of Historic Placesas aNational Historic Landmarkin 1986. Site The Empire State Building is located on the west side ofFifth Avenue, between33rd Streetto the south and34th Streetto the north, in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City.Tenants enter the building through theArt Decolobby located at 350 Fifth Avenue. Visitors to the observatories use an entrance at 20 West 34th Street; prior to August 2018, visitors entered through the Fifth Avenue\",\n \"the Fifth Avenue lobby.Although physically located in South Midtown,a mixed residential and commercial area,the building is so large that it was assigned its ownZIP Code, 10118;as of 2012, it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that have their own ZIP codes. The areas surrounding the Empire State Building are home to other major points of interest, includingMacy'satHerald SquareonSixth Avenueand 34th Street,andKoreatownon 32nd Street betweenMadisonand Sixth avenues.To the east of the Empire State Building isMurray Hill,a neighborhood with a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment activity.The block directly to the northeast contains theB. Altman and Company Building, which houses theCity University of New York'sGraduate Center.The nearestNew York City Subwaystations are34th Street–Herald Square, one block west, and33rd StreetatPark Avenue, two blocks east; there is also aPATHstation at33rd Street and Sixth Avenue. Architecture The Empire State Building was designed byShreve, Lamb and Harmonin\",\n \"Lamb and Harmonin theArt Decostyle.The Empire State Building is 1,250 ft (381 m) tall to its 102nd floor, or1,453 feet8+9⁄16inches (443.092 m) including its 203-foot (61.9 m) pinnacle.It was the first building in the world to be more than 100 stories tall,though only the lowest 86 stories are usable. The first through 85th floors contain 2.158 million square feet (200,500 m2) of commercial and office space, while the 86th floor contains an observatory.The remaining 16 stories are part of the spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd floor; the spire does not contain any intermediate levels and is used mostly for mechanical purposes.Atop the 102nd story is the 203 ft (61.9 m) pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with alightning rod. Form The Empire State Building has a symmetricalmassingbecause of its large lot and relatively short base. Itsarticulationconsists of three horizontal sections—a base, shaft, andcapital—similar to the components of acolumn.The\",\n \"of acolumn.The five-story base occupies the entire lot, while the 81-story shaft above it isset backsharply from the base.The setback above the 5th story is 60 feet (18 m) deep on all sides.There are smaller setbacks on the upper stories, allowing sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors while also positioning these floors away from the noisy streets below.The setbacks are located at the 21st, 25th, 30th, 72nd, 81st, and 85th stories.The setbacks correspond to the tops of elevator shafts, allowing interior spaces to be at most 28 feet (8.5 m) deep (see§ Interior). The setbacks were mandated by the1916 Zoning Resolution, which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well.Normally, a building of the Empire State's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on the 33rd Street and 34th Street sides, before it would have to utilize setbacks.However, with the largest setback being located above the base, the tower stories\",\n \"the tower stories could contain a uniform shape.According to architectural writerRobert A. M. Stern, the building's form contrasted with the nearly contemporary, similarly designed500 Fifth Avenueeight blocks north, which had an asymmetrical massing on a smaller lot. Facade The Empire State Building's Art Deco design is typical of pre–World War II architecture in New York City.Thefacadeis clad inIndiana limestonepanels made by the Indiana Limestone Companyand sourced from a quarry in south-central Indiana;the panels give the building its signature blonde color.According to official fact sheets, the facade uses 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3) of limestone and granite, ten million bricks, and 730 short tons (650 long tons) of aluminum and stainless steel.The building also contains 6,514 windows.The decorative features on the facade are largely geometric, in contrast with earlier buildings, whose decorations often were intended to represent a specific narrative. The main entrance, composed of three sets of metal\",\n \"three sets of metal doors, is at the center of the facade's Fifth Avenueelevation, flanked by molded piers that are topped with eagles. Above the main entrance is atransom, a triple-height transom window with geometric patterns, and the golden letters \\\"Empire State\\\" above the fifth-floor windows.There are two entrances each on 33rd and 34th streets, with modernistic,stainless steelcanopies projecting from the entrances on 33rd and 34th streets there. Above the secondary entrances are triple windows, less elaborate in design than those on Fifth Avenue. The storefronts on the first floor contain aluminum-framed doors and windows within a black granite cladding.The second through fourth stories consist of windows alternating with wide stonepiersand narrower stonemullions. The fifth story contains windows alternating with wide and narrow mullions, and is topped by a horizontal stone sill. The facade of the tower stories is split into several verticalbayson each side, with windows projecting slightly from the\",\n \"slightly from the limestone cladding. The bays are arranged into sets of one, two, or three windows on each floor.The bays are separated by alternating narrow and wide piers, the inclusion of which may have been influenced by the design of the contemporaryDaily News Building.The windows in each bay are separated by vertical nickel-chrome steelmullionsand connected by horizontal aluminumspandrelsbetween each floor.The windows are placed within stainless-steel frames, which saved money by eliminating the need to apply a stonefinisharound the windows. In addition, the use of aluminum spandrels obviated the need for cross-bonding, which would have been required if stone had been used instead. Lights The building was originally equipped with whitesearchlightsat the top. They were first used in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt's victory over Hoover in thepresidential election of that year.These were later swapped for four \\\"Freedom Lights\\\" in 1956.In February 1964, flood lights were added on the\",\n \"were added on the 72nd floorto illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year.The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of theenergy crisisat the time.In 1976, the businessmanDouglas Leighsuggested that Wien and Helmsley install 204metal-halide lights, which were four times as bright as the 1,000 incandescent lights they were to replace.New red, white, and blue metal-halide lights were installed in time for the country'sbicentennialthat July.After the bicentennial, Helmsley retained the new lights due to the reduced maintenance cost, about $116 a year. Since October 12, 1977, the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays.Organizations are allowed to make requests through the building's website.The building is also lit in the colors of New York-based sports teams on nights when they host games: for example, orange, blue, and white for theNew York Knicks; red, white, and blue for theNew\",\n \"and blue for theNew York Rangers.The spire can also be lit to commemorate events including disasters, anniversaries, or deaths, as well as for celebrations such asPrideandHalloween. In 1998, the building was lit in blue after the death of singerFrank Sinatra, who was nicknamed \\\"Ol' Blue Eyes\\\". The structure was lit in red, white, and blue for several months after thecollapse of the World Trade CenteronSeptember 11, 2001.On January 13, 2012, the building was lit in red, orange, and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of theNBCprogramThe Today Show.After retired basketball playerKobe Bryant'sJanuary 2020 death, the building was lit in purple and gold, signifying the colors of his former team, theLos Angeles Lakers.The evening after iconic actorJames Earl Jonesdied, September 9, 2024, the building was lit up to look like Jones's iconicDarth Vadervillain from “Star Wars.” In addition to lightings, the Empire State Building is able to do immersive visual projections on the building's exterior. It partnered with\",\n \"It partnered with Netflix in May 2022 to celebrate the return ofStranger Thingsfourth season by projecting the Upside Down onto the Empire State Building. In 2012, the building's four hundredmetal halidelamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200LEDfixtures, increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million.The computer-controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels.For instance,CNNused the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard during the2012 United States presidential election, using red and blue lights to representRepublicanandDemocraticelectoral votes respectively.Also, on November 26, 2012, the building had its first synchronized light show, using music from recording artistAlicia Keys.Artists such as Eminem and OneRepublic have been featured in later shows, including the building's annual Holiday Music-to-Lights Show.The building's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights; for instance, they\",\n \"for instance, they do not use the lights to play advertisements. Interior According to official fact sheets, the Empire State Building weighs 365,000 short tons (331,122 t) and has an internal volume of 37 million cubic feet (1,000,000 m3).The interior required 1,172 miles (1,886 km) of elevator cable and 2 million feet (609,600 m) of electrical wires.It has a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft (257,211 m2), and each of the floors in the base cover 2 acres (1 ha).This gives the building capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors. Therivetedsteel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building's gravitational stresses andwind loads.The amount of material used in the building's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to otherskyscrapers, with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot (2.0 kPa) versus theWillis Tower's 33 pounds per square foot (1.6 kPa) and theJohn Hancock Center's 26 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa).A December 1930 feature\",\n \"1930 feature inPopular Mechanicsestimated that a building with the Empire State's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons (45 long tons). Utilities are grouped in a central shaft.On the 6th through 86th stories, the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides.Per the final specifications of the building, the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet (8.5 m) deep, maximizing office space at a time before air conditioning became commonplace.Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it, which provide structural stability but limits the amount of open space on these floors.The relative dearth of stone in the Empire State Building allows for more space overall, with a 1:200 stone-to-building ratio compared to a 1:50 ratio in similar buildings. Lobby The original main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue, on the building's east side, and is the only place in the building where the design contains narrative motifs.It contains an\",\n \"contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair ofrevolving doors. At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif depicting one of three \\\"crafts or industries\\\" used in the building's construction—Electricity, Masonry, and Heating.The three-story-high space runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets.The lobby contains two tiers of marble: awainscotingof darker marble, topped by lighter marble. There is a pattern of zigzaggingterrazzotiles on the lobby floor, which leads from east to west.To the north and south are storefronts, which are flanked by tubes of dark rounded marble and topped by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble.Until the 1960s, there was aLongchampsrestaurant next to the lobby, with six oval murals designed byWinold Reiss; these murals were placed in storage when the Longchamps closed. The western ends of the north and south walls include escalators to a mezzanine level.At the west end of the lobby, behind the security desk, is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was\",\n \"as it was originally built (without the antenna).The relief, which was intended to provide a welcoming effect,contains an embossed outline of the building, with rays radiating from the spire and the sun behind it.In the background is a state map of New York with the building's location marked by a \\\"medallion\\\" in the very southeast portion of the outline. A compass is depicted in the bottom right and a plaque to the building's major developers is on the bottom left.A scale model of the building was also placed south of the security desk. The plaque at the western end of the lobby is on the eastern interior wall of a one-story-tall rectangular-shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators, with a similar design to the lobby.The rectangular-shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle,as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side.At both ends of the northern and southern corridors, there is a\",\n \"there is a bank of four low-rise elevators in between the corridors.The western side of the rectangular elevator-bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance. It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators (originally stairs), which go both to the second floor and to the basement. Going from west to east, there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from the northern and southern corridors, respectively.The side entrances from 33rd and 34th Street lead to two-story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel-and-glass-enclosed bridges at the mezzanine floor. Until the 1960s, anArt Decomural, inspired by both the sky and theMachine Age, was installed in the lobby ceilings.Subsequent damage to these murals, designed by artist Leif Neandross, resulted in reproductions being installed. Renovations to the lobby in 2009, such as replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with ananemometerand\",\n \"ananemometerand installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it originally opened, revived much of its original grandeur.The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels created in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov, in time for the1964 World's Fair, depicting the building as theEighth Wonder of the Worldalongside the traditional seven.The building's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artistKysa Johnsonin the concourse level. Johnson later filed a federal lawsuit, in January 2014, under theVisual Artists Rights Actalleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist.As part of the building's 2010 renovation,Denise Amsescommissioned a work consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles, superimposed on a 13-by-5-foot (4.0 by 1.5 m)etched-glassinstallation, in the lobby. Elevators The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all, including service elevators.Its original 64 elevators, built by theOtis Elevator Company,in\",\n \"Elevator Company,in a central core and are of varying heights, with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor.As originally built, there were four \\\"express\\\" elevators that connected the lobby, 80th floor, and several landings in between; the other 60 \\\"local\\\" elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings.Of the 64 total elevators, 58 were for passenger use (comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators), and eight were for freight deliveries.The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min). At the time of the skyscraper's construction, their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute (213 m/min) per city law, but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened. Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it, as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved.The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011, when they were replaced\",\n \"they were replaced with automatic elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building.An additional elevator connects the 86th and 102nd floor observatories, which allows visitors access the 102nd floor observatory after having their tickets scanned. It also allows employees to access the mechanical floors located between the 87th and 101st floors. Observation decks The 80th, 86th, and 102nd floors contain observatories.The latter two observatories saw a combined average of four million visitors per year in 2010.Since opening, the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at30 Rockefeller Plaza, the Chrysler Building, the first One World Trade Center, or theWoolworth Building, despite being more expensive.There are variable charges to enter the observatories; one ticket allows visitors to go as high as the 86th floor, and there is an additional charge to visit the 102nd floor. Other ticket options for visitors include scheduled access to view the sunrise from the observatory, a\",\n \"the observatory, a \\\"premium\\\" guided tour with VIP access, and the \\\"AM/PM\\\" package which allows for two visits in the same day. The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed viewing gallery and an open-air outdoor viewing area, allowing for it to remain open 365 days a year regardless of the weather. The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller in size. The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005 due to limited viewing capacity and long lines.The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979.The 102nd floor was again redesigned in a project that was completed in 2019, allowing the windows to be extended from floor to ceiling and widening the space in the observatory overall.An observatory on the 80th floor, opened in 2019, includes various exhibits as well as a mural of the skyline drawn by British artistStephen Wiltshire.An interactive multimedia museum, with multiple hands-on exhibitions about the building's history, was added during this\",\n \"added during this project.The design of the 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) Observatory Experience was inspired by the plans and designs of the original Empire State Building. According to a 2010 report byConcierge.com, the five lines to enter the observation decks are \\\"as legendary as the building itself\\\". Concierge.com stated that there were five lines: the sidewalk line, the lobby elevator line, the ticket purchase line, the second elevator line, and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck.In 2016, New York City's official tourism website made note of only three lines: the security check line, the ticket purchase line, and the second elevator line.Following renovations completed in 2019, designed to streamline queuing and reduce wait times, guests enter from a single entrance on 34th Street, where they make their way through 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibits on their way up to the observatories. Guests were offered a variety of ticket packages, including a package that enables them to skip\",\n \"them to skip the lines throughout the duration of their stay.The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks, making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years. New York Skyride In early 1994, amotion simulatorattraction was built on the 2nd floor,as a complement to the observation deck.The original cinematic presentation lasted approximately 25 minutes, while the simulation was about eight minutes.The ride had two incarnations. The original version, which ran from 1994 until around 2002, featuredJames Doohan,Star Trek'sScotty, as the airplane's pilot who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm.After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the ride was closed.An updated version debuted in mid-2002, featuring actorKevin Baconas the pilot, with the new flight also going haywire.This new version served a more informative goal, as opposed to the old version's main purpose of entertainment, and\",\n \"entertainment, and contained details about the 9/11 attacks.The simulator received mixed reviews, with assessments of the ride ranging from \\\"great\\\" to \\\"satisfactory\\\" to \\\"corny\\\". Spire Above the 102nd floor The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast, a 158-foot (48 m) steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities, above the 86th floor.The spire of the Empire State Building was originally intended to serve as a mooring mast for zeppelins and other airships, although the plan was abandoned after high winds made that impossible.At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd-floor docking station.Inside, the elevators would ascend 167 feet (51 m) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33-foot-wide (10 m) 101st-floorwaiting room.From there, stairs would lead to the 102nd floor,where passengers would enter the airships.The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor. As constructed, the mast contains four rectangular tiers topped by a\",\n \"tiers topped by a cylindrical shaft with a conical pinnacle.On the 102nd floor (formerly the 101st floor), there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor (formerly the 102nd).This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building's spire, and has a circular balcony outside.It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance. The room now contains electrical equipment, but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there.Above the 103rd floor, there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work.The mast's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015.The mast serves as the base of the building's broadcasting antenna. Inflatable objects have sometimes been mounted to the spire for promotional purposes. For example, aKing Kongballoon was attached to the spire in 1983 to mark the 50th anniversary of the character's introduction,and am inflatable dragon was placed on the spire in 2024 to promote the TV seriesHouse of\",\n \"TV seriesHouse of Dragon. Broadcast stations Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22, 1931, whenNBCandRCAbegan transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the mast, with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data. They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there.In 1934, RCA was joined byEdwin Howard Armstrongin a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building's antenna.This setup, which entailed the installation of the world's firstFM transmitter,continued only until October of the next year due to disputes between RCA and Armstrong.Specifically, NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong's transmitter was located. After some time, the 85th floor became home to RCA's New York television operations initially as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then, from 1941, as commercial station WNBT channel 1 (nowWNBCchannel 4). NBC's FM station, W2XDG, began transmitting from the antenna in 1940.NBC\",\n \"antenna in 1940.NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 when theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated. The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York-area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted. Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors, often along with sister FM stations.Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27, 1950,with TV, and FM, transmissions starting in 1951. The 200-foot (61 m) broadcast tower was completed in 1953.From 1951, six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $600,000 per year for the use of the antenna.In 1965, a separate set of FM antennae was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna. The placement of the stations in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the\",\n \"issue with the construction of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in the late 1960s, and early 1970s. The greater height of the Twin Towers would reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building, eventually resulting in some broadcasters relocating to the newer towers instead of suing the developer, thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey.Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984, most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971. The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in theNorth Tower, as well as pay the broadcasters' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984.Only a few broadcasters renewed their leases in the Empire State Building. The September 11 attacks destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it, leaving most of the city's stations without a\",\n \"stations without a transmitter for ten days until theArmstrong TowerinAlpine, New Jersey, was re-activated temporarily.By October 2001, nearly all of the city's commercial broadcast stations (both television and FM radio) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building. In a report thatCongresscommissioned about the transition fromanalog televisiontodigital television, it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered \\\"problematic\\\" due to interference from nearby buildings. In comparison, the congressional report stated that the former Twin Towers had very few buildings of comparable height nearby thus signals suffered little interference.In 2003, a few FM stations were relocated to the nearbyCondé Nast Buildingto reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building.Eleventelevisionstations and twenty-twoFMstations had signed 15-year leases in the building by May 2003. It was expected that a taller broadcast tower\",\n \"broadcast tower inBayonne, New Jersey, orGovernors Island, would be built in the meantime with the Empire State Building being used as a \\\"backup\\\" since signal transmissions from the building were generally of poorer quality.Following the construction ofOne World Trade Centerin the late 2000s and early 2010s, some TV stations began moving their transmitting facilities there. As of 2021, the Empire State Building is home to the following stations: History The site was previously owned byJohn Jacob Astorof the prominentAstor family, who had owned the site since the mid-1820s.In 1893, John Jacob Astor Sr.'s grandsonWilliam Waldorf Astoropened the Waldorf Hotel on the site.Four years later, his cousin,John Jacob Astor IV, opened the 16-story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site.The two portions of theWaldorf–Astoriahotel had 1,300 bedrooms, making it the largest hotel in the world at the time.After the death of its founding proprietor,George Boldt, in early 1918, the hotel lease was purchased byThomas Coleman du\",\n \"byThomas Coleman du Pont.By the 1920s, the old Waldorf–Astoria was becoming dated and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north.Additionally, many stores had opened on Fifth Avenue north of 34th Street.The Astor family decided to build areplacement hotelonPark Avenueand sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14–16 million.The hotel closed shortly thereafter on May 3, 1929. Planning Early plans Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25-story office building on the Waldorf–Astoria site. The company's president, Floyd De L. Brown, paid $100,000 of the $1 milliondown paymentrequired to start construction on the building, with the promise that the difference would be paid later.Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank butdefaultedon the loan. After Brown was unable to secure additional funding,the land was resold to Empire State Inc., a group of wealthy investors that includedLouis G. Kaufman,Ellis P. Earle,John J. Raskob, Coleman du Pont,\",\n \"Coleman du Pont, andPierre S. du Pont.The name came from thestate nicknamefor New York.Alfred E. Smith, a formerGovernor of New Yorkand U.S. presidential candidate whose1928 campaignhad been managed by Raskob,was appointed head of the company.The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the 2 acres (1 ha) needed for the base, with the combined plot measuring 425 feet (130 m) wide by 200 feet (61 m) long.The Empire State Inc. consortium was announced to the public in August 1929.Concurrently, Smith announced the construction of an 80-story building on the site, to be taller than any other buildings in existence. Empire State Inc. contractedWilliam F. Lamb, of architectural firmShreve, Lamb and Harmon, to create the building design.Lamb produced the initial building design in just two weeks using the firm's earlier designs for theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem, North Carolina, as the basis.He had also been inspired byRaymond Hood's design for theDaily News Building, which was being constructed at\",\n \"constructed at the same time.Concurrently, Lamb's partnerRichmond Shrevecreated \\\"bug diagrams\\\" of the project requirements.The1916 Zoning Actforced Lamb to design a structure that incorporatedsetbacksresulting in the lower floors being larger than the upper floors.Consequently, the building was conceived from the top down,giving it a pencil-like shape.The plans were devised within a budget of $50 million and a stipulation that the building be ready for occupancy within 18 months of the start of construction.Design drawings and construction were concurrent. Steel drawings were completed in mid-January 1930, when foundations were underway. Design changes The original plan of the building was 50 stories,but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories.Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildingsto ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80-story, 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) buildingwould have unobstructed views of the city.The New York Timeslauded the site's proximity tomass transit, with\",\n \"transit, with theBrooklyn–Manhattan Transit's34th Streetstation and theHudson and Manhattan Railroad's33rd Streetterminal one block away, as well asPenn Stationtwo blocks away andGrand Central Terminalnine blocks away at its closest. It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of proposed floor space near \\\"one of the busiest sections in the world\\\".The Empire State Building was to be a typical office building, but Raskob intended to build it \\\"better and in a bigger way\\\", according to architectural writer Donald J. Reynolds. While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized, an intense competition in New York for the title of \\\"world's tallest building\\\" was underway.40 Wall Street(then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and theChrysler Buildingin Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building.The \\\"Race into the Sky\\\", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s,\",\n \"in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities.The race was defined by at least five other proposals, although only the Empire State Building would survive theWall Street Crash of 1929.The 40 Wall Street tower was revised, in April 1929, from 840 feet (260 m) to 925 feet (282 m) making it the world's tallest.The Chrysler Building added its 185-foot (56 m) steel tip to its roof in October 1929, thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street.The Chrysler Building's developer,Walter Chrysler, realized that his tower's height would exceed the Empire State Building's as well, having instructed his architect,William Van Alen, to change the Chrysler's original roof from a stubbyRomanesquedome to a narrow steel spire.Raskob, wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world's tallest, reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire; however, the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the\",\n \"pressure on the extension.On November 18, 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27–31 West 33rd Street, adding 75 feet (23 m) to the width of the proposed office building's site.Two days later, Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper. The plans included an observation deck on the 86th-floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler's 71st-floor observation deck. The 1,050-foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet (1.2 m) taller than the Chrysler Building,and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to \\\"pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute.\\\"The plans were revised one last time in December 1929, to include a 16-story, 200-foot (61 m) metal \\\"crown\\\" and an additional 222-foot (68 m) mooring mast intended fordirigibles. The roof height was now 1,250 feet (380 m), making it the tallest building in the world by far, even without the antenna.The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor, the now-enclosed 86th floor,\",\n \"86th floor, would have to be built below the crown;however, unlike the Chrysler's spire, the Empire State's mast would serve a practical purpose.A revised plan was announced to the public in late December 1929, just before the start of construction.The final plan was sketched within two hours, the night before the plan was supposed to be presented to the site's owners in January 1930.The New York Timesreported that the spire was facing some \\\"technical problems\\\", but they were \\\"no greater than might be expected under such a novel plan.\\\"By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved.Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final, approved plan: The program was short enough—a fixed budget, no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor, as many stories of such space as possible, an exterior of limestone, and completion date of , 1931, which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches. Construction The\",\n \"Construction The contractors wereStarrett Brothers and Eken, which were composed ofPaulandWilliam A. StarrettandAndrew J. Eken.The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont,whileJames Farley's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials.John W. Bowserwas the construction superintendent of the project,and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom.The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized. Hotel demolition Demolition of the old Waldorf–Astoria began on October 1, 1929.Stripping the building down was an arduous process, as the hotel had been constructed using more rigid material than earlier buildings had been. Furthermore, the old hotel's granite, wood chips, and \\\"'precious' metals such as lead, brass, and zinc\\\" were not in high demand, resulting in issues with disposal.Most of the wood was deposited into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp\",\n \"burned in a swamp elsewhere. Much of the other materials that made up the old hotel, including the granite and bronze, were dumped into theAtlantic OceannearSandy Hook, New Jersey. By the time the hotel's demolition started, Raskob had secured the required funding for the construction of the building.The plan was to start construction later that year but, on October 24, theNew York Stock Exchangeexperienced the major and suddenWall Street Crash, marking the beginning of the decade-longGreat Depression. Despite the economic downturn, Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point.Neither Raskob, who had ceasedspeculationin the stock market the previous year, nor Smith, who had no stock investments, suffered financially in the crash.However, most of the investors were affected and as a result, in December 1929, Empire State Inc. obtained a $27.5 million loan fromMetropolitan Life Insurance Companyso construction could begin.The stock market crash resulted in no\",\n \"resulted in no demand for new office space; Raskob and Smith nonetheless started construction,as canceling the project would have resulted in greater losses for the investors. Steel structure A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12, 1930,with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22,before the old hotel had been completely demolished.Two twelve-hour shifts, consisting of 300 men each, worked continuously to dig the 55-foot (17 m) deep foundation.Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork.Excavation was nearly complete by early March,and construction on the building itself started on March 17,with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished.Around this time, Lamb held a press conference on the building plans. He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows, the large-blockIndiana Limestonefacade that was slightly more\",\n \"was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks, and the building's vertical lines.Four colossal columns, intended for installation in the center of the building site, were delivered; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) when the building was finished. The structural steel was pre-ordered andpre-fabricatedin anticipation of a revision to the city's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch (120,000 kPa), up from 16,000 pounds per square inch (110,000 kPa), thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building. Although the 18,000-psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities, MayorJimmy Walkerdid not sign the new codes into law until March 26, 1930, just before construction was due to commence.The first steel framework was installed on April 1, 1930.From there, construction proceeded at a rapid pace; during one stretch of 10 working days, the builders erected fourteen floors.This was made\",\n \"was made possible through precise coordination of the building's planning, as well as themass productionof common materials such as windows andspandrels.On one occasion, when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble, Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble. The scale of the project was massive, with trucks carrying \\\"16,000 partition tiles, 5,000 bags of cement, 450 cubic yards of sand and 300 bags of lime\\\" arriving at the construction site every day.There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch.Temporary water taps were also built so workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level.Additionally, carts running on a small railway system transported materials from the basement storageto elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors where they would\",\n \"where they would then be distributed throughout that level using another set of tracks.The 57,480 short tons (51,320 long tons) of steel ordered for the project was the largest-ever single order of steel at the time, comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined.According to historianJohn Tauranac, building materials were sourced from numerous, and distant, sources with \\\"limestone from Indiana, steel girders from Pittsburgh, cement and mortar from upper New York State, marble from Italy, France, and England, wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests, hardware from New England.\\\"The facade, too, used a variety of material, most prominently Indiana limestone but alsoSwedish black granite,terracotta, andbrick. By June 20, the skyscraper's supportingsteel structurehad risen to the 26th floor, and by July 27, half of the steel structure had been completed.Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction, achieving a\",\n \"achieving a pace of four and a half stories per week;prior to this, the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been three and a half stories per week.While construction progressed, the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up (as opposed to the general design, which had been from the roof down). Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval, with several orders placed within an hour of a plan being finalized.On September 10, as steelwork was nearing completion, Smith laid the building'scornerstoneduring a ceremony attended by thousands. The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts including the previous day'sNew York Times, a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930, a history of the site and building, and photographs of the people involved in construction.The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet (319 m) on September 19, twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of\",\n \"after the start of construction.Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone. Completion and scale Work on the building's interior and crowning mast commenced after the topping out.The mooring mast topped out on November 21, two months after the steelwork had been completed.Meanwhile, work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace, with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor.The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November.Because of the building's height, it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins, so the builders contracted with theOtis Elevator Companyto make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min), which represented the largest-ever elevator order at the time. In addition to the time constraint builders had, there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly, and trucks needed to drop off\",\n \"needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic. This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing the materials in the building's first floor and basements.Concrete mixers, brick hoppers, and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public.At one point, over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day.A series of relay and erectionderricks, placed on platforms erected near the building, lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations.The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced.Al Smith shot the final rivet, which was made of solid gold. The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak,including 3,439 on a single day, August 14, 1930.Many of the workers were Irish and\",\n \"were Irish and Italian immigrants,with a sizable minority ofMohawkironworkersfrom theKahnawakereserve nearMontreal.According to official accounts, five workers died during the construction,although theNew York Daily Newsgave reports of 14 deathsand a headline in the socialist magazineThe New Massesspread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths.The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build (equivalent to $661 million in 2023),including demolition of the Waldorf–Astoria. This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction. Lewis Hinecaptured many photographs of the construction, documenting not only the work itself but also providing insight into the daily life of workers in that era.Hine's images were used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases.According to the writerJim Rasenberger, Hine \\\"climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture, as no one ever had before (or has since), the dizzy work of building\",\n \"work of building skyscrapers\\\". In Rasenberger's words, Hine turned what might have been an assignment of \\\"corporate flak\\\" into \\\"exhilarating art\\\".These images were later organized into their own collection.Onlookers were enraptured by the sheer height at which the steelworkers operated.New Yorkmagazine wrote of the steelworkers: \\\"Like little spiders they toiled, spinning a fabric of steel against the sky\\\". Opening and early years The Empire State Building officially opened on May 1, 1931, forty-five days ahead of its projected opening date, and eighteen months from the start of construction.The opening was marked with an event featuring United States PresidentHerbert Hoover, who turned on the building's lights with the ceremonial button push fromWashington, D.C.Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony, and following luncheon, at the 86th floor includingJimmy Walker, GovernorFranklin D. Roosevelt, andAl Smith.An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog, with\",\n \"by a fog, with other landmarks such as theStatue of Libertybeing \\\"lost in the mist\\\" enveloping New York City.The Empire State Building officially opened the next day.Advertisements for the building's observatories were placed in local newspapers, while nearby hotels also capitalized on the events by releasing advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened building. According toThe New York Times, builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250-foot-tall (380 m) Empire State Building would be the world's tallest building \\\"for many years\\\", thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry. At the time, most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than 1,200 feet (370 m), even with the hardy Manhattanbedrockas a foundation.Technically, it was believed possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet (610 m), but it was deemed uneconomical to do so, especially during the Great Depression.As the tallest building in the world, at that time, and the\",\n \"that time, and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and, ultimately, of the nation. In 1932, the Fifth Avenue Association gave the building its 1931 \\\"gold medal\\\" for architectural excellence, signifying that the Empire State had been the best-designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931.A year later, on March 2, 1933, the movieKing Kongwas released. The movie, which depicted a largestop motionape namedKongclimbing the Empire State Building, made the still-new building into a cinematic icon. Tenants and tourism At the beginning of 1931, Fifth Avenue was experiencing high demand for storefront space, with only 12 of 224 stores being unoccupied. The Empire State Building, along with 500 Fifth Avenue and608 Fifth Avenue, were expected to add a combined 11 stores.The office space was less successful, as the Empire State Building's opening had coincided with theGreat Depression in the United States.In the first year, only 23 percent of the available space\",\n \"the available space was rented,as compared to the early 1920s, where the average building would be 52 percent occupied upon opening and 90 percent occupied within five years.The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the \\\"Empty State Building\\\"or \\\"Smith's Folly\\\". The earliest tenants in the Empire State Building were large companies, banks, and garment industries.Jack Brod, one of the building's longest resident tenants,co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931and rented space in the building until he died in 2008.Brod recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening, including him,and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh-floor offices.Generally, during the early 1930s, it was rare for more than a single office space to be rented in the building, despite Smith's and Raskob's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew.The building's lights were continuously left\",\n \"continuously left on, even in the unrented spaces, to give the impression of occupancy. This was exacerbated by competition fromRockefeller Centeras well as from buildings on42nd Street, which, when combined with the Empire State Building, resulted in surplus of office space in a slow market during the 1930s. Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building's status as the world's tallest.The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets.The building became a popular tourist attraction, with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931.In its first year of operation, the observation deck made approximately $2 million in revenue, as much as its owners made in rent that year.By 1936, the observation deck was crowded on a daily basis, with food and drink available for purchase at the top,and by 1944 the building had received its five-millionth visitor.In 1931,NBCtook up tenancy, leasing space on the 85th\",\n \"space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts.From the outset the building was in debt, losing $1 million per year by 1935. Real estate developerSeymour Durstrecalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor, as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob/Du Pont offices on the 81st floor. Other events Per the original plans, the Empire State Building'sspirewas intended to be anairshipdocking station. Raskob and Smith had proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor, while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor.An elevator would ferry passengers from the 86th to the 101st floorafter they had checked in on the 86th floor,after which passengers would have climbed steep ladders to board the airship.The idea, however, was impractical and dangerous due to powerful updrafts caused by the building itself,the wind currents\",\n \"wind currents across Manhattan,and the spires of nearby skyscrapers.Furthermore, even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles, its crew would have to jettison someballastby releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability, and then tie the craft's nose to the spire with no mooring lines securing the tail end of the craft.On September 15, 1931, a small commercialUnited States Navyairship circled 25 times in 45-mile-per-hour (72 km/h) winds.The airship then attempted to dock at the mast, but its ballast spilled and the craft was rocked by unpredictableeddies.The near-disaster scuttled plans to turn the building's spire into an airship terminal, although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward. On July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbombercrashedinto the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 79th and 80th floors.One engine completely penetrated the building and landed in a neighboring block, while the other engine and part of the\",\n \"and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft. Fourteen people were killed in the incident,but the building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later. Profitability By the 1940s, the Empire State Building was 98 percent occupied.The structurebroke evenfor the first time in the 1950s.At the time, mass transit options in the building's vicinity were limited compared to the present day. Despite this challenge, the Empire State Building began to attract renters due to its reputation.A 222-foot (68 m)radio antennawas erected on top of the towers starting in 1950,allowing the area's television stations to be broadcast from the building. Despite the turnaround in the building's fortunes, Raskob listed it for sale in 1951,with a minimum asking price of $50 million.The property was purchased by business partnersRoger L. Stevens,Henry Crown, Alfred R. Glancy andBen Tobin.The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company, a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan,for $51 million,\",\n \"$51 million, the highest price paid for a single structure at the time.By this time, the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building, according to theCortland Standard.That same year, six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use thebuilding's antenna,which was completed in 1953.Crown bought out his partners' ownership stakes in 1954, becoming the sole owner.The following year, theAmerican Society of Civil Engineersnamed the building one of the \\\"Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders\\\". In 1961,Lawrence A. Wiensigned a contract to purchase the Empire State Building for $65 million, withHarry B. Helmsleyacting as partners in the building's operating lease.This became the new highest price for a single structure.Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates. The company in turnsubleasedthe building to another company headed by Helmsley\",\n \"headed by Helmsley and Wien, raising $33 million of the funds needed to pay the purchase price.In a separate transaction,the land underneath the building was sold toPrudential Insurancefor $29 million.Helmsley, Wien, and Peter Malkin quickly started a program of minor improvement projects, including the first-ever full-building facade refurbishment and window-washing in 1962,the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964,and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966.The little-used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964, at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly sought retail area. Loss of \\\"tallest building\\\" title In 1961, the same year that Helmsley, Wien, and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building, thePort Authority of New York and New Jerseyformally backed plans for a newWorld Trade CenterinLower Manhattan.The plan originally included 66-story twin towers with\",\n \"twin towers with column-free open spaces. The Empire State's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers' 7.6 million square feet (710,000 m2) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building's profits from lessees.A revision in the World Trade Center's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet (420 m) each or 110 stories, taller than the Empire State.Opponents of the new project included prominent real-estate developerRobert Tishman, as well as Wien's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center.In response to Wien's opposition, Port Authority executive directorAustin J. Tobinsaid that Wien was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world's tallest building. The World Trade Center's twin towers startedconstructionin 1966.The following year, theOstankino Towersucceeded the Empire State Building as thetallest freestanding structure in the world.In 1970, the Empire State\",\n \"the Empire State surrendered its position as the world's tallest building,when the World Trade Center's still-under-construction North Tower surpassed it, on October 19;the North Tower wastopped outon December 23, 1970. In December 1975, the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers, significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire State Building.The latter was also losing revenue during this period, particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984.The Empire State Building was still seen as prestigious, having seen its forty-millionth visitor in March 1971. 1980s and 1990s By 1980, there were nearly two million annual visitors,although a building official had previously estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors.The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 in a roll out of 63 new postal codes in\",\n \"new postal codes in Manhattan. At the time, its tenants collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail daily.The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1, 1981, with a much-publicized, but poorly received, laser light show,as well as an \\\"Empire State Building Week\\\" that ran through to May 8.TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commission(LPC) voted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981, Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million.Because all of the building's windows were being replaced at the same time, the LPC mandated a paint-color test for the windows; the test revealed that the Empire State Building's original windows were actually red.The improvements also entailed replacing alarm systems, elevators, windows, and air conditioning; making the observation deck compliant with theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA); and refurbishing the limestone facade.The observation\",\n \"observation deck renovation was added after disability rights groups and theUnited States Department of Justicefiled a lawsuit against the building in 1992, in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law.A settlement was reached in 1994, in which Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA-compliant elements, such as new elevators, ramps, and automatic doors, during the renovation. Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelierHideki Yokoi, who was imprisoned at the time in connection with the deadlyHotel New Japan Fireat theHotel New JapaninTokyo.In 1994,Donald Trumpentered into a joint-venture agreement with Yokoi, with a shared goal of breaking the Empire State Building's lease on the land in an effort to gain total ownership of the building so that, if successful, the two could reap the potential profits of merging the ownership of the building with the land beneath it.Having secured a half-ownership of the land, Trump\",\n \"of the land, Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it, even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project.He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995, claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a \\\"high-rise slum\\\"and a \\\"second-rate, rodent-infested\\\" office tower.Trump had intended to have Empire State Building Associates evicted for violating the terms of their lease,but was denied.This led to Helmsley's companies countersuing Trump in May.This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years,partly arising from Trump's desire to obtain the building's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates.Upon Harry Helmsley's death in 1997, the Malkins sued Helmsley's widow,Leona Helmsley, for control of the building. 21st century 2000s Following the destruction of the World Trade Center during theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building again became thetallest\",\n \"became thetallest building in New York City, but was only thesecond-tallest building in the Americasafter theSears (later Willis) Towerin Chicago.As a result of the attacks, transmissions from nearly all of the city's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building.The attacks also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against prominent sites in New York City. In 2002, Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates, now headed by Malkin, in a $57.5 million sale.This action merged the building's title and lease for the first time in half a century.Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9/11 attacks, the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004, compared to about 2.8 million in 2003. Even though she maintained her ownership stake in the building until the post-consolidation IPO in October 2013,Leona Helmsleyhanded over day-to-day operations of the\",\n \"operations of the building in 2006 to Peter Malkin's company.In 2008, the building was temporarily \\\"stolen\\\" by theNew York Daily Newsto show how easy it was to transfer the deed on a property, since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information, as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money. The paperwork submitted to the city included the names ofFay Wray, the famous star ofKing Kong, andWillie Sutton, a notorious New York bank robber. The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners, who at that time were Empire State Land Associates. 2010s to present Starting in 2009, the building's public areas received a $550 million renovation, with improvements to the air conditioning and waterproofing, renovations to the observation deck and main lobby,and relocation of the gift shop to the 80th floor.About $120 million was spent on improving theenergy efficiencyof the\",\n \"efficiencyof the building, with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38% within five years.For example, all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film-coated \\\"superwindows\\\" which block heat but pass light.Air conditioningoperating costs on hot days were reduced, saving $17 million of the project's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits.The Empire State Building won theLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)Gold for Existing Buildings rating in September 2011, as well as theWorld Federation of Great Towers' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010.For the LEED Gold certification, the building's energy reduction was considered, as was a large purchase ofcarbon offsets. Other factors included low-flow bathroom fixtures, green cleaning supplies, and use of recycled paper products. On April 30, 2012,One World Trade Centertopped out, taking the Empire State Building's record of tallest in the city.By 2014, the building was owned by the Empire State Realty\",\n \"Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT), with Anthony Malkin as chairman, CEO, and president.The ESRT was apublic company, having begun trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange the previous year.In August 2016, the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) was issued new fully diluted shares equivalent to 9.9% of the trust; this investment gave them partial ownership of the entirety of the ESRT's portfolio, and as a result, partial ownership of the Empire State Building.The trust's president John Kessler called it an \\\"endorsement of the company's irreplaceable assets\\\".The investment has been described by the real-estate magazineThe Real Dealas \\\"an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund\\\", as these funds typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies.Other foreign entities that have a stake in the ESRT include investors from Norway, Japan, and Australia. A renovation of the Empire State Building was commenced in the 2010s to further improve energy efficiency, public areas, and amenities.In\",\n \"and amenities.In August 2018, to improve the flow of visitor traffic, the main visitor's entrance was shifted to 20 West 34th Street as part of a major renovation of the observatory lobby.The new lobby includes several technological features, including large LED panels, digital ticket kiosks in nine languages, and a two-story architectural model of the building surrounded by two metal staircases.The first phase of the renovation, completed in 2019, features an updated exterior lighting system and digital hosts.The new lobby also features free Wi-Fi provided for those waiting.A 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibit with nine galleries opened in July 2019.The 102nd floor observatory, the third phase of the redesign, reopened to the public on October 12, 2019.That portion of the project included outfitting the space with floor-to-ceiling glass windows and a brand-new glass elevator.The final portion of the renovations to be completed was a new observatory on the 80th floor, which opened on December 2, 2019.In\",\n \"December 2, 2019.In total, the renovation cost $160 millionor $165 million and took four years to finish. A comprehensive restoration of the building's mooring and antenna masts also began in June 2019. Antennas on the mooring mast were removed or relocated to the upper mast, while the aluminum panels were cleaned and coated with silver paint.To minimize disruption to the observation decks, the restoration work took place at night. The project was completed by late 2020. Height records The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper (to structural height), which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by theNorth Towerof the World Trade Center in October 1970.The Empire State Building was also thetallest human-made structurein the world before it was surpassed by theGriffin Television Tower Oklahoma(KWTV Mast) in 1954,and thetallest freestanding structure in the worlduntil the completion of theOstankino Towerin 1967.An early-1970s proposal to dismantle the spire\",\n \"dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors, which would have brought the building's height to 1,494 feet (455 m) and made it once again the world's tallest at the time, was considered but ultimately rejected. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in theSeptember 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became thetallest building in New York City, and thesecond-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by theWillis Towerin Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the newOne World Trade Centerreached a greater height in April 2012.As of 2022, it is the seventh-tallest building in New York City and thetenth-tallest in the United States.The Empire State Building is the49th-tallest in the worldas of February 2021.It is also theeleventh-tallest freestanding structure in the Americasbehind the tallest U.S. buildings and theCN Tower. Notable tenants As of 2013, the building housed around 1,000 businesses.Current tenants include: Former\",\n \"include: Former tenants include: Incidents 1945 plane crash At 9:40 am on July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbomber, piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr.,crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors (then the offices of theNational Catholic Welfare Council).One engine completely penetrated the building, landing on the roof of a nearby building where it started a fire that destroyed a penthouse.The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft, causing a fire that was extinguished in 40 minutes. Fourteen people were killed in the incident.Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver fell 75 stories and survived, which still holds theGuinness World Recordfor the longest survived elevator fall recorded. Despite the damage and loss of life, many floors were open two days later.The crash helped spur the passage of the long-pendingFederal Tort Claims Actof 1946, as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the\",\n \"provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the incident.Also as a result of the crash, theCivil Aeronautics Administrationenacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City, setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level regardless of the weather conditions. A year later, on July 24, 1946, another airplane narrowly missed striking the building. The unidentified twin-engine plane scraped past the observation deck, frightening the tourists there. 2000 elevator plunge On January 24, 2000, an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin's maximum speed was severed.The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor, where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system. Despite the 40-floor fall, both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured. After the fall, building inspectors reviewed all of the building's elevators. Suicide attempts Because of the\",\n \"Because of the building's iconic status, it and other Midtown landmarks are common locations forsuicideattempts.More than 30 people haveattempted suicideover the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building, with most attempts being successful. The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7, 1931, before it was even completed, when a carpenter who had been laid-off went to the 58th floor and jumped.The first suicide after the building's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory in February 1935, when Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet (314 m) onto amarquee sign.On December 16, 1943, William Lloyd Rambo jumped to his death from the 86th floor, landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below.In the early morning of September 27, 1946,shell-shockedMarine Douglas W. Brashear Jr. jumped from the 76th-floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency; police found his shoes 50 feet (15 m) from his body. On May 1, 1947,Evelyn McHaleleapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and\",\n \"deck and landed on alimousineparked at the curb. Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death. The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck: \\\"He is much better off without me.... I wouldn't make a good wife for anybody\\\". The photo ran in the May 12, 1947, edition ofLifemagazineand is often referred to as \\\"The Most Beautiful Suicide\\\". It was later used by visual artistAndy Warholin one of his prints entitledSuicide (Fallen Body).A 7-foot (2.1 m) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three-week span in October and November of that year.By then, sixteen people had died from suicide jumps. Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory. Frederick Eckert ofAstoriaran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd-floor gallery on November 3, 1932, and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended fordirigiblepassengers. He landed and\",\n \"He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade. Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor. On December 2, 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with abroken hip.On April 25, 2013, a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck, but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th-floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation. Shootings Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building. Abu Kamal, a 69-year-old Palestinian teacher,shot seven peopleon the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23, 1997. He killed one person and wounded six others before committing suicide.Kamal reportedly committed the shooting in response to events happening inPalestineandIsrael. On the morning of August 24, 2012, 58-year-old Jeffrey T. Johnsonshot and\",\n \"T. Johnsonshot and killeda former co-worker on the building's Fifth Avenue sidewalk. He had been laid off from his job in 2011. Two police officers confronted the gunman, and he aimed his firearm at them. They responded by firing 16 shots, killing him but also wounding nine bystanders. Most of the injured were hit by bullet fragments, although three took direct hits from bullets. Impact As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation.In 2013,Timemagazine noted that the Empire State Building \\\"seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with\\\".The historian John Tauranac called it \\\"'the' twentieth-century New York building\\\", despite the existence of taller and moremodernistbuildings. TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionvoted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981,citing the historic nature of the first and second floors, as well as \\\"the\",\n \"as well as \\\"the fixtures and interior components\\\" of the upper floors.TheNew York City Planning Commissionendorsed the landmark status.The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986in close alignment with the New York City Landmarks report.The Empire State Building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesthe following year due to its architectural significance. Contemporary reception Early architectural critics also focused on the Empire State Building's exterior ornamentation.Architectural critic Talbot Hamlin wrote in 1931, \\\"That it is the world's tallest building is purely incidental.\\\"George Shepard Chappell, writing inThe New Yorkerunder the pseudonym \\\"T-Square\\\", wrote the same year that the Empire State Building had a \\\"palpably enormous\\\" appeal to the general public, and that \\\"its difference and distinction in the extreme sensitiveness of its entire design\\\".Edmund Wilson ofThe New Republicwrote that the building's neutral color palette made it \\\"New York's handsomest skyscraper\\\".\",\n \"skyscraper\\\". Architectural critics also wrote negatively of the mast, especially in light of its failure to become a real air terminal. Chappell called the mast \\\"a silly gesture\\\", andLewis Mumfordcalled it \\\"a public comfort station for migratory birds\\\".Nevertheless, architecture criticDouglas Haskellsaid the Empire State Building's appeal came from the fact that it was \\\"caught at the exact moment of transition—caught between metal and stone, between the idea of 'monumental mass' and that of airy volume, between handicraft and machine design, and in the swing from what was essentially handicraft to what will be essentially industrial methods of fabrication.\\\" As icon Early in the building's history, travel companies such asShort Line Motor Coach ServiceandNew York Central Railroadused the building as an icon to symbolize the city.In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, fourteen ranked the Empire State Building as the United States' best building; the Empire State Building received more votes than any\",\n \"more votes than any building except theLincoln Memorial.After the construction of the first World Trade Center, architectPaul Goldbergernoted that the Empire State Building \\\"is famous for being tall, but it is good enough to be famous for being good.\\\" As an icon of the United States, it is also very popular among Americans. In a 2007 survey, the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was \\\"America's favorite building\\\".The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression, as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants.The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was \\\"a building intended to celebrate a new America, built by men (both clients and construction workers) who were themselves new Americans.\\\"The architectural criticJonathan Glanceyrefers to the building as an \\\"icon of American design\\\".Additionally, in 2007, the Empire State Building was first on the AIA's List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecture. The Empire State\",\n \"The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a \\\"wonder of the world\\\" due to the massive effort expended during construction.The Washington Starlisted it as part of one of the \\\"seven wonders of the modern world\\\" in 1931, whileHolidaymagazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State's height would be taller than the combined heights of theEiffel Towerand theGreat Pyramid of Giza.TheAmerican Society of Civil Engineersalso declared the building \\\"A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States\\\" in 1958and one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldin 1994.Ron Miller, in a 2010 book, also described the Empire State Building as one of the \\\"seven wonders of engineering\\\".It has often been called theEighth Wonder of the Worldas well, an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening.The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this, showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building.The Empire State Building also became the standard of reference to describe the\",\n \"to describe the height and length of other structures globally, both natural and human-made. The building has also inspired replicas. TheNew York-New York Hotel and CasinoinParadise, Nevada, contains the \\\"Empire Tower\\\",a 47-story replica of the Empire State Building.A portion of the hotel's interior was also designed to resemble the Empire State Building's interior. In media As an icon of New York City, the Empire State Building has been featured in various films, books, TV shows, and video games. According to the building's official website, more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building.In his book about the building, John Tauranac writes that its first documented appearance in popular culture wasSwiss Family Manhattan, a 1932 children's story byChristopher Morley.A year later, the filmKing KongdepictedKong, a giantstop motionape that climbs the Empire State Building during the film's climax,bringing the building into the popular imagination.Later movies such asAn Affair to\",\n \"such asAn Affair to Remember(1957),Sleepless in Seattle(1993), andIndependence Day(1996) also prominently featured the building.The building has also been featured in other works, such as \\\"Daleks in Manhattan\\\", a 2007 episode of the TV seriesDoctor Who;andEmpire, an eight-hour black-and-whitesilent filmbyAndy Warhol,which was later added to theLibrary of Congress'sNational Film Registry. Throughout its history, the Empire State Building has welcomed celebrities, royalty, and dignitaries to visit the observation deck. From celebrities likeTaylor SwiftandZendayato royalty such asPrince William, the Empire State Building hosts notable figures every year. Empire State Building Run-Up The Empire State Building Run-Up, a foot race from ground level to the 86th-floor observation deck, has been held annually since 1978.It is organized byNYCRUNS.Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers, and are oftentower runningenthusiasts. The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 ft (320 m) and takes in\",\n \"m) and takes in 1,576 steps. The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds, achieved by Australian professional cyclistPaul Crakein 2003, at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft (2,010 m) per hour. See also References Notes Citations Sources Further reading External links\",\n \"Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, founded asShreve & Lamb, was anarchitectural firmbest known for designing theEmpire State Building, the tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1931. The firm was prominent in the proliferation ofArt Deco architecture in New York City. History The firm was founded in 1920 as Shreve & Lamb, a partnership ofRichmond Harold (\\\"R.H.\\\") Shreve, a Canadian fromNova Scotia, andWilliam F. Lamb, fromBrooklyn, New York. Shreve was the administrator, while Lamb was the architect. The two met while working atCarrère & Hastings, and Shreve & Lamb was initially a Carrère & Hastings firm. In 1924 the pair decided to leave Carrère & Hastings and became an autonomous architectural company. In 1929,Arthur Loomis Harmon, fromChicago, Illinois, joined Shreve & Lamb, and the firm became Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.Prior to joining the firm, Harmon's works included battle monuments at Tours, Cantigny and Somme-Py in France, a YMCA inJerusalem, and the Shelton Hotel in\",\n \"Shelton Hotel in New York, U.S. For the construction of the Empire State Building, the firm's most notable work and a symbol of theAmerican expression of the Art Decostyle, Lamb was responsible for the design, while Shreve's planning skills facilitated the completion of the construction in a year. Shreve's planning skills were recognized in New York, and he was involved in projects beyond the firm, such as theSlum ClearanceCommittee of New York. Shreve, Lamb & Harmon's primary focus was commercial office buildings, and their work in this area was described as \\\"spare and functional\\\" in 2010 by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. However, the firm completed numerous residential projects, such as No. 130 East 57th Street, and this facet of the company's work was mainly conducted in neo-Tudor, as well as other popular historical styles of the 1920s. Shreve, Lamb and Harmon had also employed the future architect behind the originalWorld Trade Centercomplex,Minoru Yamasaki, after he had completed a masters\",\n \"completed a masters degree in architecture in 1936. Lasting until 1945, this professional relationship was cut short when Yamasaki took a job atSmith, Hinchman & Grylls. It is not entirely clear when the company went out of business, with 1989 being a likely date. The archivesof Shreve, Lamb & Harmon are kept at theAvery Architectural and Fine Arts LibraryofColumbia University. Notable buildings All buildings are located inNew York Cityunless otherwise indicated: References Notes External links\",\n \"Richmond Shreve Richmond Harold Shreve(June 25, 1877 – September 11, 1946) was a Canadian-American architect. Biography He was born on June 25, 1877, inCornwallis, Nova Scotia, the son of Richmond Shreve, an Anglican priest, and Mary Catherine Parker Hocken.Shreve attendedCornell University, taught there from 1902 to 1906, and was a member of theSphinx Head Society. He was president of theAmerican Institute of Architectsfrom 1941 through 1943. He died on September 11, 1946, inHastings-on-Hudson, New York. Legacy His companyShreve, Lamb and Harmonled the construction of theEmpire State Buildingas well as severalCornell Universitybuildings.Shreve was also the lead architect for the landmark 1937Williamsburg Houseshousing development in Brooklyn. He was profiled in the bookThe 100 Most Notable Cornellians. Notes External links\",\n \"William F. Lamb William Frederick LambFAIA(November 21, 1883 – September 8, 1952), was an Americanarchitect, chiefly known as one of the principal designers of theEmpire State Building. Biography Lamb joined the New York architecture firmCarrère & Hastingsin 1911, shortly after returning from Paris, where he earned a diploma at theÉcole des Beaux-Arts. Lamb became a partner in 1920; the firm would be known as Shreve & Lamb from 1924 to 1929 and thereafter asShreve, Lamb and Harmon. Lamb's notable projects include theEmpire State Building, theStandard Oil Building, 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, and the General Motors Building in New York City; the Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Building in Washington, D.C.; and academic buildings for the Connecticut College for Women, Williams College, Cornell University, and Wesleyan University. In addition to his studies at the École des Beaux Arts, Lamb received a bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1904 and did graduate work at the School of\",\n \"at the School of Architecture,Columbia University, from 1904 to 1906. Lamb received an honorary doctorate from Williams College in 1932; other honors include two gold medals from the Fifth Avenue Association (1930, 1931), a medal from theArchitectural League of New York(1931), and a medal of honor from the New York Chapter of theAmerican Institute of Architects(1932). He was a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters, the Art Commission of the City of New York, theBeaux-Arts Institute of Design, and the Architectural League of New York. In the period preceding the 1939 New York World's fair, Lamb served as \\\"Coordinator of Design\\\" for the fair's board of planners.Lamb served on theU.S. Commission of Fine Artsfrom 1937 to 1945, including as vice chairman from 1941 to 1945.In 1942 he was elected into theNational Academy of Designas an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1950. The firm also designed 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, theStandard Oil Building, and theBankers\",\n \"and theBankers Trust Buildingand worked with H. Craig Severance on40 Wall Streetin New York. He also designed theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem,North Carolina He died in New York on September 8, 1952. References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":289,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Out of every team that has won at least one official global Valorant tournament, which team has also won at least one League of Legends World Championship and at least one CS:GO Major Championship as of 2024? "},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Fnatic"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valorant_Champions_Tour"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends_World_Championship"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Strike_Major_Championships"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valorant_Champions_Tour', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends_World_Championship', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Strike_Major_Championships']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valorant_Champions_Tour","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends_World_Championship","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Strike_Major_Championships"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valorant_Champions_Tour\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends_World_Championship\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Strike_Major_Championships\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["ValorantChampions Tour TheValorantChampions Tour(VCT) is a global competitiveesportstournament series for the video gameValorantorganised byRiot Games, the game's developers. The series runs multiple events throughout each season, culminating inValorantChampions, the top-level event of the tour. The VCT was announced in 2020, with its inaugural season taking place in 2021. History 2021–2022: Open-qualifiers era In November 2020,Riot Gamesannounced the firstValorantChampions Tour, a tournament series divided into three tiers: Challengers, Masters, and Champions. Challengers would act as the lowest tier, split into seven regions: North America, Brazil, Latin America (Hispanic America), EMEA, Southeast Asia (later included South Asia and Oceania, become to Asia-Pacific), Korea, Japan. Teams that advance past Challengers would move on to Masters, where teams would not be divided by regions anymore, and the top 16 teams from Masters would move on to Champions, the final tournament of VCT.In February 2021, they announced the VCT Game Changers, a supplementary tournament initiative for women and marginalized genders. Riot hired esports infrastructure company Nerd Street Gamers as operators and producers for all North American Challengers and Masters events.They also hired several third-party companies to broadcast their events, such as Liga de Videojuegos Profesional (LVP) for their Spanish-language broadcasts andLetsPlay.Livefor theirOceaniabroadcasts.The2021 Champions tournamenttook place on December 1–12 at theVerti Music Hallin Berlin, Germany, concluding with team Acend defeatingGambit Esportsin the grand finals by a score of 3–2. Over 10,000 teams competed in the VCT in 2021. Outside of Champions, VCT saw its highest viewership at theReykjavíkMasters tournament in May, with a peak viewership of 1,085,850. The Champions grand finals match in December reached a peak viewership of 1,089,068, making it the VCT's highest peak viewership. Riot made several changes to the format of VCT for its second iteration. While the overall structure of Challengers, Masters, and Champions remained unchanged, it reduced the number of stages of Challengers and Masters events from three to two. VCT Challengers began on February 11, 2022.The2022 ChampionsTournament took place from September 1 to 18 in Istanbul, Turkey. 2023–present: Partnerships era Riot Games announced a new format starting in 2023.The season will be split into three international regions –Americas,EMEA, andPacificinstead of the 7 regions format used in previous years. Each international region will have its own International League that replaces the Challengers to become the domestic competitions to qualify for Masters and Champions. On September 21, 2022, Riot Games announced the thirty teams that had been selected as part of their new partnership format. ForChina, Riot Games showed favor towards players here by given Chinese teams a number of direct slots to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through third parties competitions in Hong Kong server, instead of having to play through Pacific league. In a June 2023 press conference, Riot COO Whalen Rozelle confirmed that Valorant would launch inChinain July under the name 无畏契约 (\"Fearless Contract\"), with hopes to launch a VCT league there in 2024.Shortly after in August, Riot announced an own regional league for China, and raising the number of partnered teams to 40. Leagues and format Franchised leagues International Leagues As of 2023, 30 teams are selected to be partner teams in International Leagues for five years with 10 teams per region. Non-partner teams compete in many sub-regions of Challengers events to qualify for \"Ascension\" events. The Ascension events will have one winner per region, which earns them a two-year promotion into their regions' International League. The promoted teams will have a chance to qualify for the global tournaments (Masters and Champions), as well as get benefits provided to other partnered teams. Each year through the Challengers promotion system, the three International Leagues will expand by one team each, until they reach a cap of 12 teams in each region in 2025 (beforehand this was supposed to be a 14-team cap by 2027). Teams in each International League will play onLANin a centralized local: the Riot Games Arena inLos Angelesfor VCT Americas,Riot Games Arena inBerlinfor VCT EMEA,andSeoulfor VCT Pacific.The Americas and EMEA venues are shared with theLeague of Legendsregional leagues'League Championship Series(LCS) andLeague of Legends EMEA Championship(LEC) respectively. China League Right from global launch, althoughValoranthad not been licensed for release in China, Riot Games showed favor towards Chinese players by allowed Chinese teams to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through achievements in domestic tournaments organized by third parties, played atHong Kongserver. Since 2024, withValorantlicensed for release servers inmainland, Riot launched the VCT CN specifically for the only country that they considers a pro region on the same level as the three International Leagues for many countries, as well as competition slots for only teams from China at Masters and Champions.They also announced thesecond Mastersevent of the year to take place inShanghaiand released a new Chinese agentIsoalongside previous agentSage. The China League is based at the VCT CN Arena in Shanghai. ValorantMasters TheValorantMasters is an biannualValorantinternational tournament organized by Riot Games in the middle of years since 2021.Similar to theMid-Season InvitationalforLeague of Legends, it is the second most important internationalValoranttournament after Champions.Teams must place near the top of their regional league to qualify for Masters. ValorantChampions TheValorantChampions is the annual professionalValorantworld championship tournament hosted by Riot Games and is the culmination of each VCT season. Teams compete for the world champion title ofValorantesports. Non-franchised leagues Challengers and Ascension Non-partner teams compete in Challengers events of sub-regions in Americas, EMEA and Pacific to qualify for \"Ascension\", the yearly promotion event to the respective International Leagues. Originally, it was announced that teams would have two-year stays in their International League after winning Ascension, with one team promoted every year until 2026, when two teams would be promoted every year until 2028. The leagues would have 14 teams each, totaling to 42 teams across the three leagues. On June 21, 2024, Riot announced changes to the Ascension format from 2025, with teams promoted to the International Leagues for one-year stays instead, after which they would be relegated toChallengersagain if they did not finish in the top 8 in their region's International League; if they qualified forChampionshowever, they get to stay for another year; if they finished between 5th and 8th in the International League, they qualify for that year'sAscensionfor a chance to keep their place in the league. In 2023-24, there are 23 minor regional leagues across the three international territories.From 2025, decreased to 15. ValorantGame Changers ValorantGame Changers is a series of domestic competitions for women and other marginalized genders withinValorantesports.Teams that finish in top places qualify for theValorant Game Changers Championship, the world championship event of Game Changers, and also earn the chance to be promoted to their region's Challengers league. Results International Leagues & China League winners Global tournaments Teams won titles *Team or organization no longer participates inValorantesports. *Team or organization no longer participates in Tier 1Valorantesports. Regions' titles Ascension winners ValorantGame Changers Championship Awards Masters The original masters trophy was unveiled by Riot at a May 2021 media preview event in the build up to Masters Reykjavik. It features a metal bottom and a glass top. The trophy was redesigned in 2023, again by Volpin Props, to be reusable for Masters tournaments in multiple regions.It stands at 18 inches (46 cm) and features a swappable 'Radianite' core. ForMasters Tokyo, it featured duelist Yoru's ultimateOnimask. The body of the trophy is palladium-plated with plastic components. Champions The Valorant Champions trophy was first unveiled ahead of Valorant Champions 2021. Also designed and built by Volpin Props ofAtlanta, Georgia, it stands at 2 feet (61 cm) tall and is partially 3D-printed, with 24 karat gold decoration overlayed. Notes References External links","League of LegendsWorld Championship TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championship(commonly abbreviated asWorlds) is the annual professionalLeague of Legendsworld championship tournament hosted byRiot Gamesand is the culmination of each season. Teams compete for the champion title, the 44-pound (20-kilogram) Summoner's Cup, and a multi-million-dollar championship prize. In 2018, the final was watched by 99.6 million people, breaking2017's final's viewer record.The tournament has been praised for its ceremonial performances,while receiving attention worldwide due to its dramatic and emotional nature. TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championships has gained tremendous success and popularity, making it among the world's most prestigious and watched tournaments, as well as the most watched esports event in the world. The tournament rotates its venues across different major countries and regions each year. South Korea'sT1is the most successful team in the tournament's history, having won four world championships. History Season 1 (2011) The Season 1 Championshipwas held in June 2011 atDreamhack Summer 2011, and featured a US$100,000 tournament prize pool.8 teams from Europe, North America, Southeast Asiaparticipated in the championship.Over 1.6 million viewers watched the streaming broadcast of the event, with a peak of over 210,069 simultaneous viewers in the final.Maciej \"Shushei\" Ratuszniak of the winning teamFnaticwas named themost valuable player(MVP) of the tournament. Season 2 (2012) After Season 1, Riot announced thatUS$5,000,000 would be paid out over Season 2. Of this $5 million, $2 million went to Riot's partners including theIGN Pro Leagueand other majoresportsassociations. Another $2 million went to Riot's Season 2 qualifiers and championship. The final $1 million went to other organizers who applied to Riot to host independentLeague of Legendstournaments. The Season 2 World Championship was held in early October 2012 inLos Angeles, Californiato conclude theUS$5 million season. Twelve qualifying teams from around the world participated in the championship, which boasted the largest prize pool in the history of esports tournaments at the time atUS$2 million, withUS$1 million going to the champions. The group stage, quarterfinal, and semifinal matches took place between 4 and 6 October. The grand final took place a week after, on 13 October in theUniversity of Southern California'sGalen Centerin front of 10,000 fans, and were broadcast in 13 different languages.In the grand final,Taiwan's professional teamTaipei Assassinstriumphed overSouth Korea's Azubu Frost 3 to 1 and claimed theUS$1 million in prize money. Over 8 million viewers tuned in to the Season 2 World Championship broadcast, with a maximum of 1.1 million concurrent viewers during the grand finale, making the Season 2 World Championship the most watched esports event in history at the time. Season 3 (2013) The Season 3 World Championship was held in late 2013 inLos Angeles, California. 14 teams from North America, Korea, China, Southeast Asia, Europe, and one of the emergingLeague of Legendsterritories measured up at the World Playoffs after having qualified through their regional competitions.The grand final was held in theStaples Centeron 4 October 2013, where Korean teamSK Telecom T1defeated the Chinese team Royal Club,granting them the title of the Season 3 world champions, the Summoner's Cup and the $1 million prize. The Season 3 World Championship grand final broadcast on 4 October was watched by 32 million people with a peak concurrent viewership of 8.5 million.The numbers once again beat the previous records for esports viewership. 2014 The 2014 World Championship featured 16 teams competing for a $2.13 million prize pool, with 14 teams qualifying from the primaryLeague of Legendsregions (China, Europe, North America, Korea and Taiwan/SEA) and two international wildcard teams. Riot stopped numbering seasons and instead simply used the year for the 2014 and future championships. The group stage began on 18 September inTaipeiand concluded on 28 September inSingaporewith eight teams advancing to the bracket stage.The bracket stage started on 3 October inBusan, South Korea, and concluded on 19 October with the grand final hosted at the 45,000-seatsSeoul World Cup Stadium,where South Korean teamSamsung Galaxy Whitebeat the Chinese team Star Horn Royal Club to become the 2014League of Legendsworld champions.Support player Cho \"Mata\" Se-hyeong was named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP). American bandImagine Dragonscontributed the theme song \"Warriors\" for the tournament,and performed live on the grand final stage in South Korea.All games were made available for free via live streaming. The 2014 World Championship games were streamed live by 40 broadcast partners and cast in 19 languages. The grand final was watched by 27 million people, with concurrent viewership peaking at over 11 million viewers. 2015 After the 2014 season,Riot Gamesintroduced a number of changes to competitiveLeague of Legends. The number of teams in theLeague Championship Serieswas increased from 8 to 10 in both the North America and Europe regions.A second Riot Games official international tournament was announced, the Mid-Season Invitational, which took place in May 2015, and featured a single team from each major region and one international wildcard.Additionally, starting from 2015, all teams are required to field a head coach in their competitive matches, who will stay on stage and speak with the team via voice-chat in the pick–ban phase of the game. This change makes the head coach an officially recognized member of the team. The 2015 World Championship concluded the 2015 season and was held at several venues across Europe in October 2015. Like the 2014 World Championship, the 2015 World Championship was a multi-city, multi-country event.2015 Worlds was won bySK Telecom T1, their second title, as they won the 2013 Worlds too. SKT top lanerJang \"MaRin\" Gyeong-hwanwas named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP). The final was watched by 36 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14 million viewers. 2016 The various stages of the 2016 Worlds were held throughout theUnited StatesinChicago,San Francisco,New York City, and the final inLos Angeles. The groups of teams were decided through a live group draw show on 10 September. The games were played on the 6.18 patch of the game with Yorick disabled, and Aurelion Sol disabled for days 1–3. There were 16 teams and 4 groups that consisted of 4 teams. The group stage was Bo1 and the top two teams from each group would advance to the Knockout Stage. The Knockout Stage was Bo5 and the #1 vs #2 teams from each group would face each other in the bracket. The total prize pool was US$5,070,000 and it was spread among the teams. The first place (SK Telecom T1) took $2,028,000, the second team (Samsung Galaxy) took $760,500, and the third and fourth place (ROX Tigers and H2K) took $380,250 divided among the 2 teams. The rest of the prize pool was distributed among the 5th–16th places. SKT won 3–2 versus Samsung Galaxy in the 2016 World Championship final, with Faker winning the MVP award.The final was watched by 43 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14.7 million viewers, breaking 2015's final's viewer records. 2017 The 2017 World Championship series started in September 2017, and concluded in November 2017. It was held in 4 different locations throughout China:Wuhan(play-in and groups),Guangzhou(quarterfinals),Shanghai(semifinals), andBeijing(final).It was played on patch 7.18, with the newest champion Ornn being disabled. Patch 7.18 is slightly older than patches 7.19 and 7.20, which are the new standard for online matches during the September - November period. The most notable difference being the stronger Ardent Censer support meta with patch 7.18. A total of 24 teams participated in the tournament: 3 teams from South Korea, China, North America, Europe and Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau; 1 team from Brazil, Latin America North, Latin America South, Japan, Oceania, Turkey, Southeast Asia and CIS/Russia; and 1 team from the Wildcard region with the highest rank finish at the 2017 Mid-Season Invitational (GPL in Southeast Asia, due to Gigabyte Marines from Vietnam prevailing there, and Vietnam received 1 more slot for VCS's second seed to participate GPL 2017 summer split). Samsung Galaxy reversed the previous year's result and defeated SK Telecom T1 3–0 in the 2017 World Championship final.Park \"Ruler\" Jae-hyuk, the AD carry of Samsung, was named MVP.The final was watched by 60 million people, breaking 2016's final's viewer records. The tournament is widely praised for its high quality of plays and amazing ceremonial performances, while receiving worldwide attention for its dramatic and emotional series. It is currently the most watched tournament inLeague of Legends'history and is lauded as one of the best. 2018 The 2018 World Championship was held from 1 October to 3 November, 2018, in 4 cities acrossSouth Korea:Seoul(play-in),Busan(groups & quarterfinals),Gwangju(semifinals), andIncheon(final).Twenty four teams qualified for the tournament based on their placement in regional circuits such as those in North America, Europe, South Korea, and China, with twelve of those teams having to reach the group stage via a play-in round. The 2018 World Championship was played on Patch 8.19. Notably, champions Aatrox, Alistar and Urgot were extremely prevalent in the tournament, with the three characters being picked or banned in over 90 percent of the 78 games played.The World Championship final was played between Invictus Gaming and Fnatic. Invictus Gaming won 3–0 against Fnatic, granting China and theLPLtheir first World Championship. Gao \"Ning\" Zhenning was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by 99.6 million unique viewers, with concurrent viewership reaching a peak of 44 million viewers, breaking 2017's final's viewership record. 2019 The 2019 World Championship was held between 2 October to 10 November 2019, in three countries and cities inEurope:Berlin(play-in & groups),Madrid(quarterfinals and semifinals), andParis(final).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play. The 2019 World Championship was played on Patch 9.19 from start to finish.The World Championship final was played on 10 November 2019 betweenLPL'sFunPlus PhoenixandLEC'sG2 EsportsatAccorHotels Arenain Paris. FunPlus Phoenix won 3–0 against G2 Esports, granting China and the LPL back-to-back World Championships. Gao \"Tian\" Tianliang was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by more than 100 million viewers, peaking at 44 million concurrent views. 2020 The 2020 World Championship was held from 25 September to 31 October 2020 inShanghai, China. 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere unable to attend the event. All games leading up to the final were hosted in the Shanghai Media Tech Studio with no fans in attendance. The final was hosted in thePudong Football Stadiumas the building's inaugural event, hosting a limited number of 6,312 fans due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The final was played on 31 October 2020 betweenSuning, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, andDamwon Gaming, fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Damwon Gaming winning the championship 3–1. During the second game, Suning's top laner Chen \"Bin\" Zebin achieved the first \"Pentakill\" in the final of a World Championship.Damwon Gaming's jungler, Kim \"Canyon\" Geon-bu, was named the MVP of the series.Damwon's win ended the LPL's back-to-back streak of world championship victories.The final was watched at its peak by 46.07 million viewers. 2021 The 2021 World Championship was held from 5 October to 6 November 2021 inReykjavík, Iceland. In line with last year's iteration, 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere once again unable to attend the event. All games of the tournament were hosted in theLaugardalshöll, with no fans in attendance due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Iceland. The final was played on 6 November 2021 betweenEdward Gaming, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, and defending championsDWG KIA(formerly Damwon Gaming), fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Edward Gaming winning the championship 3–2, ending DWG KIA's chance to win back-to-back world championships.Edward Gaming's mid laner, Lee \"Scout\" Ye-chan, was named the MVP of the series.The final had an average audience of 30.6 million, peaking at 73.86 million concurrent viewers. 2022 The 2022 World Championship was held from 29 September to 5 November, 2022, with the event taking place in 4 cities acrossNorth America:Mexico City(play-in),New York City(groups & quarterfinals),Atlanta(semifinals) andSan Francisco(finals).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of theRussian invasion of Ukraine, theLeague of Legends Continental Leaguefrom theCISregion was unable to send a representative to participate in the event. The finals was played at theChase Centeron 5 November 2022 betweenT1andDRX, both from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK). Riot Games collaborated withLil Nas Xto releaseSTAR WALKIN'for the finals. He appeared at the Chase Center in San Francisco, California, and he was broadcast through over 20 music stations live for tens of millions of people.In the final, DRX defeated T1 3–2 in a close series, becoming the first team to win the championship after starting from the play-in stage.DRX's top laner, Hwang \"Kingen\" Seong-hoon, was named the MVP of the series.Their victory was considered aCinderellaandunderdogsuccess story, as they had come from the play-in stage as Korea's fourth seed representative, and had beaten some of the more favored and accomplished teams along the way, including the previous worlds championsEdward Gamingin a 3–2 reverse sweep in the quarterfinals, and defeating theLCK Summer Split championsGen.G3–1 in the semifinals. 2023 The 2023 World Championship was held from 10 October to 19 November 2023, with the event taking place in two cities across South Korea:SeoulandBusan. Twenty-two teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.Albeit, one team qualified for the event through the newly inaugurated Worlds Qualifying Series between the fourth-seeded teams from the LEC and LCS. The format for the event differed to the previous editions, with the introduction of a play-in stage, consisting of eight teams who are split into two double elimination brackets. There, three teams qualified to the second stage of the event where the qualifying teams, along with thirteen other teams, faced off in aswiss-system tournamentto determine the qualifiers to the knockout stage, with the eventual champions being crowned at the conclusion of the single-elimination knockout stage. The finals was played at theGocheok Sky Domeon 19 November 2023 betweenWeibo Gamingfrom theLeague of Legends Pro League(LPL), and previous years' finalistT1from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK).In the final, T1 defeated Weibo Gaming 3–0, extending their record for the most world championships won by single team with four titles.T1's top laner,Choi \"Zeus\" Woo-je, was named the MVP of the series, while teammateLee \"Faker\" Sang-hyeokbecame the first player to win four World Championships. 2024 The 2024 World Championship will be held from 25 September to 2 November 2024, with the event taking place in three cities across Europe:Berlin,ParisandLondon. Twenty-two teams will qualify to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and results gained inthis years' Mid-Season Invitational(MSI), with the LCK and LPL's 4th seeds in the Swiss stage reallocated to the winner and a team from the best performing region of the event. It was revealed during the finals' broadcast of the 2023 World Championship, that the finals of this years' Worlds is set to take place in London atThe O2 Arenaon 2 November 2024. 2025 Details about the 2025 World Championship's location and dates are yet to be known. However, this edition of the tournament will feature 17 teams in total, with the MSI slots being kept and three teams from each ofLeague's new competitive regions (Americas, EMEA, Korea, China and Asia-Pacific) qualifying on top. One best-of-5 play-in match will be held before the Swiss stage between two teams. Trophy Riot Games, which ownsLeague of Legends, commissioned the winner's trophy as the Summoner's Cup. Riot specified that it should weigh 70 pounds (about 32 kilograms), though the actual weight of the finished cup was reduced so it would not be too heavy to lift in victory. The World Championship Cups for 2012 and for 2014 were created byThomas Lyte. In 2022, Riot Games announced the formation of a multi-year partnership with American jewelry brandTiffany & Co., producing a newly designed Summoner's Cup with a weight of 44 pounds (about 20 kilograms). Results By year By region By team Italicsindicates a team/organization has been disbanded, acquired or no longer participates in the regional league. Notes References","Counter-StrikeMajor Championships Counter-StrikeMajor Championships, commonly known as theMajors, areCounter-Strike(CS)esportstournaments sponsored byValve, the game's developer. The first Valve-recognized Major took place in 2013 inJönköping,Swedenand was hosted byDreamHackwith a total prize pool ofUS$250,000split among 16 teams. This, along with the following 18 Majors, was played inCounter-Strike: Global Offensive. As of the 2023 release ofCounter-Strike 2(CS2),Counter-Strikeesports, including the Majors, are played in CS2. Since then, the Major circuit has expanded significantly, with recent tournaments advertising aUS$2,000,000prize pool and featuring twenty-four teams from around the world. The Majors are considered to be the most important and prestigious tournaments in the Counter-Strike scene. The current champions areNatus Vincere, who won their second Major atPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the first to be held inCounter-Strike 2.Astralishold the record for the most Major titles with four. History Counter-Strike: Global Offensiveis amultiplayerfirst-person shootervideo game developed byHidden Path EntertainmentandValve. It is the fourth game in theCounter-Strikeseries. The first game in the series,Counter-Strike 1.6, was officially released in 2000 and competitive play began soon after. The first significant international tournament was the 2001Cyberathlete Professional LeagueWinter Championship, considered the first \"Major\".The CPL Summer and Winter Championships, along with theWorld Cyber Games,Electronic Sports World CupandIntel Extreme MastersWorld Championships, were considered Majors by the community, although Valve did not sponsor or give any official designation to the tournaments. Swedish teams, most notablySK Gaming,dominated early Majors but the Polish roster known as the Golden Five were the most successful lineup.Many teams from other parts of the world would win Majors, includingTeam 3Dfrom the United States at CPL Winter 2002and WCG 2004,NoA from Norway at CPL Winter 2004,mibrfrom Brazil at ESWC 2006,andWeMade FOXfrom South Korea at WEM 2010. On September 16, 2013, a year after the release ofGlobal Offensive, Valve announced aUS$250,000community-funded prize pool for the first official CS:GO Major.The money was partially community-funded through the game's Arms Deal update, which allowed players to buyin-game skins.Valve announced the tournament would take place in Sweden and would be hosted byDreamHack.The tournament took place in late November and was won by the Swedish teamFnaticwho upsetNinjas in Pyjamasin the finals.After Dreamhack 2013, Valve announced they would partner with tournament organizers to host three Majors per year. These Majors are the most prestigious events in the competitive CS:GO scene, and the professional players' legacies are often judged by their performances at these tournaments. The early Majors were dominated by Swedish teams, as Fnatic and NiP combined to win the four of the first six Majors. NiP would play in five of the first six grand finals. When Fnatic won Cologne 2015, they became the first team to win back to back Majors, and the first to win a third Major in total.Only the Danish teamAstralishas since matched that total. At the end of 2015, Valve announced thatMLGwould host the first Major in North America.On February 23, 2016, withMLG Columbus 2016coming up, Valve announced a permanent increase in the prize pool fromUS$250,000toUS$1,000,000.However, Valve reduced the number of Majors per year from three to two.Luminosity Gaming, a Brazilian team, won the event to becomes the first non-European team to win a Major.This roster would also go on to win back to back Majors, with their second asSK GamingatESL One Cologne 2016. Gambit Esports, made up primarily of players from Kazakhstan, wonPGL Major Kraków 2017to become the first Asian and CIS team to win a Major. On December 13, 2017, the general manager ofELEAGUE, the hosts of theELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, announced a revised format designed by Valve and ELEAGUE that would expand the number of teams in the Major from sixteen to twenty-four.This was also the first Major to take place in multiple cities, as the group stages took place inAtlantaat theTurner Studios.Cloud9, an American team, won the event to become the first North American team to win a Major. After Boston 2018, the Danish team Astralis became the top team in CS:GO and one of the best teams inCounter-Strikehistory.With wins atLondon 2018,Katowice 2019, andBerlin 2019, Astralis become the first team to win three Majors in a row and four majors total.After Berlin 2019, Valve and ESL announced the following Major,ESL One Rio 2020, which was to be the first Major to be hosted in South America.Rio 2020, originally scheduled for May, was then postponed to November due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The November Major was announced with aUS$2,000,000prize pool, combining the amounts that would have been set aside for both Majors.In September 2020, the Rio Major was officially canceled due to COVID-19.In December 2020, Valve moved the 2021 Major from May to October and November, citing concerns over the pandemic.On January 14, 2021, Valve announced that the championship would be held between October 23 and November 7 in Stockholm.Over two years after the last Major,PGL Major Stockholm 2021took place, with favouritesNatus Vinceredominating the tournament and becoming the first team in CS:GO history to win a Major without dropping a single map throughout the tournament. PGL Major Stockholm 2021 surpassed the long-standing Counter-Strike viewership record 4 times; reaching 2.75 million concurrent viewers in the final. FaZe Clanwon thePGL Major Antwerp 2022, defeating Natus Vincere 2-0, and becoming the first international team in CS:GO history to win a Major. The previously cancelledESL One Rio 2020Major was replaced withIEM Rio Major 2022and was held inRio de Janeiro, Brazilon October 31 - November 13, 2022.Outsiders, a neutral name for esports organizationVirtus.produe to ties with the Russian government in light of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, won the tournament defeatingHeroicin the grand final 2-0. BLAST Paris Major 2023was held inParison May 8 - May 21, 2023 with a prize pool of $1,250,000USD.Shortly after the announcement of Counter-Strike 2, the official CS:GO Twitter account announced that the BLAST Paris Major would be the last CS:GO Major with the next major happening in March 2024 in CS2.Team Vitality, a French organization with native star playerMathieu 'ZywOo' Herbaut, defeateddark horseGamerLegionby 2–0 to clinch the final CS:GO Major title. The firstCounter-Strike 2Major was announced to be thePGL CS2 Major Copenhagen 2024which was held from March 17–31 in theRoyal Arena.On November 12, 2023,Perfect World, who are responsible for distributingCounter-Strike 2in China, announced the second major following the release ofCounter-Strike 2, taking place inShanghaibetween December 1-15, 2024. Format Qualification Starting after Dreamhack 2013, the top eight teams from each Major (those who made it to the playoff stage) earned automatic berths to the next Major.These teams are called \"Legends\". The other eight teams, called \"Challengers\", were decided by regional qualifiers, mainly from Europe and North America.A small number of teams have been directly invited or earned attendance from a last chance qualifier to fill final open spots when necessary.Beginning with theDreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015qualification cycle, Valve created a single 16-team main qualifier before the Major. The bottom eight teams from the previous Major earn automatic berths to the newly formed Major qualifier, and the regional qualifiers now send teams to the main qualifier, instead of directly to the Major. For MLG Columbus 2016 the regional qualifiers, leading into the Major qualifier, were replaced by \"Minors\".The Columbus Minor system involved four regional qualifiers and two \"last chance\" qualifiers, and results in invites going to one team from the Americas, two Asian teams, oneCISteam, one European team, and three last chance qualifier spots. The system was simplified in the following Major,ESL One Cologne 2016, with the removal of the last chance qualifiers.Four Minors—Asia, CIS, Europe, Americas—were used. Two teams from each qualifier would go to the Major qualifier, joining the bottom eight teams from the previous Major.The top eight teams from the 16-team Major qualifier advance to the Major. At ELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, the Major qualifier was integrated into the full Major as the first of three phases, expanding the number of teams in each Major to 24.The Major qualifier was renamed the \"Challengers Stage\", the former group stage was renamed the \"Legends Stage\", and the playoff stage was named the \"Champions Stage\".This increased the number of teams getting automatic invites to Majors to 16, while retaining the Minor system to fill the remaining eight spots in phase one of the Major. The Legends—still made up of the teams who reach the playoff stage—earn an automatic invitation to the Legends Stage of the following Major, while the teams placing 9-16 earn automatic invitations to the Challengers Stage of the following Major.On August 28, 2018, shortly before the start of theFACEIT Major: London 2018, Valve announced that they were reducing the number of automatic Major invites to fourteen, starting with the London 2018 Major: the two teams that go winless in the first phase must go through the Minors to get back to the next Major. From thePGL Major Stockholm 2021onwards, no automatic berths have been given to any team regardless of their record in the previous Major. Instead, a Regional Major Ranking (RMR) system has been used, which at first was a yearly points circuit where each region would have three qualifying tournaments where teams can receive points towards qualifying for the Major, which included Contenders, Challengers and Legends distinctions (As well as the Legends bye) for the top teams within each region.Despite initially being used for the ESL One Rio Major 2020, the event's cancellation would mean that PGL Major Stockholm 2021 was the first Major that utilized the RMR system.The very next Major,PGL Major Antwerp 2022, would scrap the points circuit in favor of qualifying tournaments that bear the RMR name, initially (and still) 2 for Europe (which included the CIS region), 1 for the Americas and 1 for Asia-Pacific. Teams qualify for their regional RMRs via being the top teams in their region in the Valve rankings (before thePerfect World Shanghai Major 2024, the teams who placed in the Legends Stage of the previous Major would qualify automatically for the RMRs) or via online qualifying made up of Open Qualifiers (if needed) and Closed Qualifiers, where the next-best ranked teams compete for the remaining RMR spots. In addition, regions can gain or lose Challengers and Legends spots in the Major based on the region's results from the previous Major, with 3 Challengers spots reserved for Europe and the Americas and 2 for Asia-Pacific. For example, afterPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the Americas region would go from 1 Legends spot and 4 Challengers spot, to 7 Challengers spots for Perfect World Shanghai, after 4 teams from the Americas qualified for the Elimination Stage, with none making the Playoff stage. Unlike traditional sports or other esports leagues, Valve considers the players in each team to have the Major spots, rather than the organization itself.For instance, at theELEAGUE Major 2017,Team EnVyUsplaced ninth, meaning it would have an automatic berth at the next Major qualifier. However, before the next Major, three of EnVyUs's players transferred toG2 Esports, meaning Team EnVyUs lost its spot at the Major qualifier. Tournament format Although the playoff stage of the Majors has generally followed a standard 8-team single-elimination format, the group stages have changed multiple times. From 2013 to 2016, Majors used a four group GSL format for the group stage.In each four-team group, the two higher seeds would initially face the two lower seeds. The two winners from the first round of matches would then play to determine which team gets the top seed. The two losers would also play to eliminate one team. After this second round of matches, the remaining two teams play to determine which team takes the final playoff spot.All group stage games at the first Majors were best-of-ones. The last Major of 2015 and both Majors in 2016 featured a best-of-three decider in the final match of each group. The group stage of ESL One Cologne 2015 worked differently. Initially, the first three matches of the group stage started out the same way as the standard GSL format, determining the group winner. However, teams were then reassigned afterwards so that the two losers played from different groups and then the decider match would also be teams from different groups. Beginning in 2017, the group stage has featured aSwiss-system group stage.Before the tournament, teams are divided into four pots, with pot one having the four highest seeds, pot two having the next four highest seeds, and so on. A randomly selected team from pot one would face off against a randomly selected team from pot four. The same process is done with the pots two and three. After the initial seeded match, teams play five rounds against randomly drawn teams with the same record.No two teams play twice unless necessary. If a team wins three matches, then that team moves on to the next stage. If a team loses three matches, that team is eliminated. All games were best-of-one until the London 2018 Major. The Boston 2018 Major featured two Swiss group stages; the stage formerly known as the offline Major qualifier was now called the New Challengers stage and the group stage was now rebranded as the New Legends stage. The London 2018 Major used a slightly different form of the Swiss system, called the Buchholz system, in which matchups were seeded instead of random and the last round featured best-of-three sets.The next Major,Katowice 2019, featured a crowdsourcedElo system, in which participating teams ranked the 15 other teams before the Legends Stage to create a seeding system for each round of the Swiss system.TheCopenhagen 2024 Majorwill have the names of the two Swiss stages changed, with the Challengers Stage becoming the Opening Stage and the Legends Stage becoming the Elimination Stage, while the first round match-up seeding for the Swiss stages will be tweaked. The Playoffs, known as the New Champions stage and Champions stage beforehand, have featured eight teams at all Majors. All matches are best-of-three, single-elimination series. When the GSL format was used for group stages, group winners earned top seeds and group runner-ups earned bottom seeds. Each top seed played a bottom seed in quarterfinals. With current Swiss format seeding, the two teams that finish undefeated in the group stage earn the highest seeds. Two of the three lowest seeds from the group stage (teams that advance with two losses) are randomly selected to play against the high seeds. Two of the three middle seeds (teams that advance with one loss) are randomly selected to play each other, and the remaining two teams face each other to finalize the bracket. Banned players Valve has banned players from attending the Majors for violations of competitive integrity. AValve Anti-Cheat(VAC) ban is the most common way players get banned. VAC is an anti-cheat program designed by Valve to detect cheats running in various games, includingCounter-Strike. If cheats are detected, the account is given a permanent lifetime ban from playing on VAC-secured servers. Other server providers, such asFACEITandESEA, have their own anti-cheat systems and work with Valve to detect new cheats.One of the most high-profile VAC bans was given to Hovik \"KQLY\" Tovmassian. KQLY, along with several other professional players, was banned while playing for France's best team,Titan. Valve has also banned players from Valve-sponsored events formatch fixing. The first Valve ban for match fixing was a response to theiBUYPOWER match fixing scandal, in which esports journalistRichard Lewisrevealed that one of North America's best teams, iBUYPOWER, had thrown a match for high-valueskins.Valve indefinitely banned seven players who were involved in the scandal from attending any Majors. Tyler \"Skadoodle\" Latham was the only iBUYPOWER player not to be banned, as he did not receive any payment after the game.Valve would later make the bans permanent, causing some controversy in the Counter-Strike community.Although tournament organizersESLandDreamHacklifted their own bans on the former iBUYPOWER players in 2017,the Major ban effectively ended the high level careers of two of North America's best in-game leaders (Sam \"DaZeD\" Marine and Joshua \"steel\" Nissan) and Braxton \"swag\" Pierce.Skadoodle would go on to win a Major with Cloud9. Following the iBUYPOWER ban, there have been two other match fixing bans, resulting in nine other players being barred from the Majors. List of Major Championships Titles by organization Titles by players Features Stickers Stickers are virtual items in the game which players can buy or get from sticker capsules. The stickers can then be applied toin-game gun skins. Valve has released a sticker design for each team attending a Major since Katowice 2014,and a sticker for each professional player's signature since Cologne 2015.These two types of stickers come in a variety of styles: paper, glitter, holographic, foil, and gold.With each sticker purchase, half of the proceeds go to the player or team and half go to Valve. These sticker capsules are unique for each tournament and can only be purchased at the time of the tournament. Because of this forced rarity, stickers from early majors tend to become more expensive over time.After initially costing less thanUS$10, a \"Titan\" holographic sticker from Katowice 2014 sold on secondary markets forUS$80,000in 2023,making it the most expensive public sticker trade in the game's history. Souvenir packages Souvenir packages are virtual packages containing a gun skin that are exclusive to CS:GO Majors.These \"souvenir skins\" can rank among the most expensive skins in the game because of their rarity. After Cloud9 became the first ever North American CS:GO Major champion at Boston 2018, a souvenir skin with the signature of the finals MVP, Tyler \"Skadoodle\" Latham, sold forUS$61,000. In-game tributes After certain significant or iconic moments inGlobal OffensiveMajors, Valve has added in-game memorials to the location of the event, usually in the form of graffiti or signs.Thus far, there have been six moments in Majors that have been memorialized by Valve, though one graffiti was removed whenDust IIwas updated. Notes References"],"string":"[\n \"ValorantChampions Tour TheValorantChampions Tour(VCT) is a global competitiveesportstournament series for the video gameValorantorganised byRiot Games, the game's developers. The series runs multiple events throughout each season, culminating inValorantChampions, the top-level event of the tour. The VCT was announced in 2020, with its inaugural season taking place in 2021. History 2021–2022: Open-qualifiers era In November 2020,Riot Gamesannounced the firstValorantChampions Tour, a tournament series divided into three tiers: Challengers, Masters, and Champions. Challengers would act as the lowest tier, split into seven regions: North America, Brazil, Latin America (Hispanic America), EMEA, Southeast Asia (later included South Asia and Oceania, become to Asia-Pacific), Korea, Japan. Teams that advance past Challengers would move on to Masters, where teams would not be divided by regions anymore, and the top 16 teams from Masters would move on to Champions, the final tournament of VCT.In February 2021, they announced the VCT Game Changers, a supplementary tournament initiative for women and marginalized genders. Riot hired esports infrastructure company Nerd Street Gamers as operators and producers for all North American Challengers and Masters events.They also hired several third-party companies to broadcast their events, such as Liga de Videojuegos Profesional (LVP) for their Spanish-language broadcasts andLetsPlay.Livefor theirOceaniabroadcasts.The2021 Champions tournamenttook place on December 1–12 at theVerti Music Hallin Berlin, Germany, concluding with team Acend defeatingGambit Esportsin the grand finals by a score of 3–2. Over 10,000 teams competed in the VCT in 2021. Outside of Champions, VCT saw its highest viewership at theReykjavíkMasters tournament in May, with a peak viewership of 1,085,850. The Champions grand finals match in December reached a peak viewership of 1,089,068, making it the VCT's highest peak viewership. Riot made several changes to the format of VCT for its second iteration. While the overall structure of Challengers, Masters, and Champions remained unchanged, it reduced the number of stages of Challengers and Masters events from three to two. VCT Challengers began on February 11, 2022.The2022 ChampionsTournament took place from September 1 to 18 in Istanbul, Turkey. 2023–present: Partnerships era Riot Games announced a new format starting in 2023.The season will be split into three international regions –Americas,EMEA, andPacificinstead of the 7 regions format used in previous years. Each international region will have its own International League that replaces the Challengers to become the domestic competitions to qualify for Masters and Champions. On September 21, 2022, Riot Games announced the thirty teams that had been selected as part of their new partnership format. ForChina, Riot Games showed favor towards players here by given Chinese teams a number of direct slots to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through third parties competitions in Hong Kong server, instead of having to play through Pacific league. In a June 2023 press conference, Riot COO Whalen Rozelle confirmed that Valorant would launch inChinain July under the name 无畏契约 (\\\"Fearless Contract\\\"), with hopes to launch a VCT league there in 2024.Shortly after in August, Riot announced an own regional league for China, and raising the number of partnered teams to 40. Leagues and format Franchised leagues International Leagues As of 2023, 30 teams are selected to be partner teams in International Leagues for five years with 10 teams per region. Non-partner teams compete in many sub-regions of Challengers events to qualify for \\\"Ascension\\\" events. The Ascension events will have one winner per region, which earns them a two-year promotion into their regions' International League. The promoted teams will have a chance to qualify for the global tournaments (Masters and Champions), as well as get benefits provided to other partnered teams. Each year through the Challengers promotion system, the three International Leagues will expand by one team each, until they reach a cap of 12 teams in each region in 2025 (beforehand this was supposed to be a 14-team cap by 2027). Teams in each International League will play onLANin a centralized local: the Riot Games Arena inLos Angelesfor VCT Americas,Riot Games Arena inBerlinfor VCT EMEA,andSeoulfor VCT Pacific.The Americas and EMEA venues are shared with theLeague of Legendsregional leagues'League Championship Series(LCS) andLeague of Legends EMEA Championship(LEC) respectively. China League Right from global launch, althoughValoranthad not been licensed for release in China, Riot Games showed favor towards Chinese players by allowed Chinese teams to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through achievements in domestic tournaments organized by third parties, played atHong Kongserver. Since 2024, withValorantlicensed for release servers inmainland, Riot launched the VCT CN specifically for the only country that they considers a pro region on the same level as the three International Leagues for many countries, as well as competition slots for only teams from China at Masters and Champions.They also announced thesecond Mastersevent of the year to take place inShanghaiand released a new Chinese agentIsoalongside previous agentSage. The China League is based at the VCT CN Arena in Shanghai. ValorantMasters TheValorantMasters is an biannualValorantinternational tournament organized by Riot Games in the middle of years since 2021.Similar to theMid-Season InvitationalforLeague of Legends, it is the second most important internationalValoranttournament after Champions.Teams must place near the top of their regional league to qualify for Masters. ValorantChampions TheValorantChampions is the annual professionalValorantworld championship tournament hosted by Riot Games and is the culmination of each VCT season. Teams compete for the world champion title ofValorantesports. Non-franchised leagues Challengers and Ascension Non-partner teams compete in Challengers events of sub-regions in Americas, EMEA and Pacific to qualify for \\\"Ascension\\\", the yearly promotion event to the respective International Leagues. Originally, it was announced that teams would have two-year stays in their International League after winning Ascension, with one team promoted every year until 2026, when two teams would be promoted every year until 2028. The leagues would have 14 teams each, totaling to 42 teams across the three leagues. On June 21, 2024, Riot announced changes to the Ascension format from 2025, with teams promoted to the International Leagues for one-year stays instead, after which they would be relegated toChallengersagain if they did not finish in the top 8 in their region's International League; if they qualified forChampionshowever, they get to stay for another year; if they finished between 5th and 8th in the International League, they qualify for that year'sAscensionfor a chance to keep their place in the league. In 2023-24, there are 23 minor regional leagues across the three international territories.From 2025, decreased to 15. ValorantGame Changers ValorantGame Changers is a series of domestic competitions for women and other marginalized genders withinValorantesports.Teams that finish in top places qualify for theValorant Game Changers Championship, the world championship event of Game Changers, and also earn the chance to be promoted to their region's Challengers league. Results International Leagues & China League winners Global tournaments Teams won titles *Team or organization no longer participates inValorantesports. *Team or organization no longer participates in Tier 1Valorantesports. Regions' titles Ascension winners ValorantGame Changers Championship Awards Masters The original masters trophy was unveiled by Riot at a May 2021 media preview event in the build up to Masters Reykjavik. It features a metal bottom and a glass top. The trophy was redesigned in 2023, again by Volpin Props, to be reusable for Masters tournaments in multiple regions.It stands at 18 inches (46 cm) and features a swappable 'Radianite' core. ForMasters Tokyo, it featured duelist Yoru's ultimateOnimask. The body of the trophy is palladium-plated with plastic components. Champions The Valorant Champions trophy was first unveiled ahead of Valorant Champions 2021. Also designed and built by Volpin Props ofAtlanta, Georgia, it stands at 2 feet (61 cm) tall and is partially 3D-printed, with 24 karat gold decoration overlayed. Notes References External links\",\n \"League of LegendsWorld Championship TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championship(commonly abbreviated asWorlds) is the annual professionalLeague of Legendsworld championship tournament hosted byRiot Gamesand is the culmination of each season. Teams compete for the champion title, the 44-pound (20-kilogram) Summoner's Cup, and a multi-million-dollar championship prize. In 2018, the final was watched by 99.6 million people, breaking2017's final's viewer record.The tournament has been praised for its ceremonial performances,while receiving attention worldwide due to its dramatic and emotional nature. TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championships has gained tremendous success and popularity, making it among the world's most prestigious and watched tournaments, as well as the most watched esports event in the world. The tournament rotates its venues across different major countries and regions each year. South Korea'sT1is the most successful team in the tournament's history, having won four world championships. History Season 1 (2011) The Season 1 Championshipwas held in June 2011 atDreamhack Summer 2011, and featured a US$100,000 tournament prize pool.8 teams from Europe, North America, Southeast Asiaparticipated in the championship.Over 1.6 million viewers watched the streaming broadcast of the event, with a peak of over 210,069 simultaneous viewers in the final.Maciej \\\"Shushei\\\" Ratuszniak of the winning teamFnaticwas named themost valuable player(MVP) of the tournament. Season 2 (2012) After Season 1, Riot announced thatUS$5,000,000 would be paid out over Season 2. Of this $5 million, $2 million went to Riot's partners including theIGN Pro Leagueand other majoresportsassociations. Another $2 million went to Riot's Season 2 qualifiers and championship. The final $1 million went to other organizers who applied to Riot to host independentLeague of Legendstournaments. The Season 2 World Championship was held in early October 2012 inLos Angeles, Californiato conclude theUS$5 million season. Twelve qualifying teams from around the world participated in the championship, which boasted the largest prize pool in the history of esports tournaments at the time atUS$2 million, withUS$1 million going to the champions. The group stage, quarterfinal, and semifinal matches took place between 4 and 6 October. The grand final took place a week after, on 13 October in theUniversity of Southern California'sGalen Centerin front of 10,000 fans, and were broadcast in 13 different languages.In the grand final,Taiwan's professional teamTaipei Assassinstriumphed overSouth Korea's Azubu Frost 3 to 1 and claimed theUS$1 million in prize money. Over 8 million viewers tuned in to the Season 2 World Championship broadcast, with a maximum of 1.1 million concurrent viewers during the grand finale, making the Season 2 World Championship the most watched esports event in history at the time. Season 3 (2013) The Season 3 World Championship was held in late 2013 inLos Angeles, California. 14 teams from North America, Korea, China, Southeast Asia, Europe, and one of the emergingLeague of Legendsterritories measured up at the World Playoffs after having qualified through their regional competitions.The grand final was held in theStaples Centeron 4 October 2013, where Korean teamSK Telecom T1defeated the Chinese team Royal Club,granting them the title of the Season 3 world champions, the Summoner's Cup and the $1 million prize. The Season 3 World Championship grand final broadcast on 4 October was watched by 32 million people with a peak concurrent viewership of 8.5 million.The numbers once again beat the previous records for esports viewership. 2014 The 2014 World Championship featured 16 teams competing for a $2.13 million prize pool, with 14 teams qualifying from the primaryLeague of Legendsregions (China, Europe, North America, Korea and Taiwan/SEA) and two international wildcard teams. Riot stopped numbering seasons and instead simply used the year for the 2014 and future championships. The group stage began on 18 September inTaipeiand concluded on 28 September inSingaporewith eight teams advancing to the bracket stage.The bracket stage started on 3 October inBusan, South Korea, and concluded on 19 October with the grand final hosted at the 45,000-seatsSeoul World Cup Stadium,where South Korean teamSamsung Galaxy Whitebeat the Chinese team Star Horn Royal Club to become the 2014League of Legendsworld champions.Support player Cho \\\"Mata\\\" Se-hyeong was named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP). American bandImagine Dragonscontributed the theme song \\\"Warriors\\\" for the tournament,and performed live on the grand final stage in South Korea.All games were made available for free via live streaming. The 2014 World Championship games were streamed live by 40 broadcast partners and cast in 19 languages. The grand final was watched by 27 million people, with concurrent viewership peaking at over 11 million viewers. 2015 After the 2014 season,Riot Gamesintroduced a number of changes to competitiveLeague of Legends. The number of teams in theLeague Championship Serieswas increased from 8 to 10 in both the North America and Europe regions.A second Riot Games official international tournament was announced, the Mid-Season Invitational, which took place in May 2015, and featured a single team from each major region and one international wildcard.Additionally, starting from 2015, all teams are required to field a head coach in their competitive matches, who will stay on stage and speak with the team via voice-chat in the pick–ban phase of the game. This change makes the head coach an officially recognized member of the team. The 2015 World Championship concluded the 2015 season and was held at several venues across Europe in October 2015. Like the 2014 World Championship, the 2015 World Championship was a multi-city, multi-country event.2015 Worlds was won bySK Telecom T1, their second title, as they won the 2013 Worlds too. SKT top lanerJang \\\"MaRin\\\" Gyeong-hwanwas named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP). The final was watched by 36 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14 million viewers. 2016 The various stages of the 2016 Worlds were held throughout theUnited StatesinChicago,San Francisco,New York City, and the final inLos Angeles. The groups of teams were decided through a live group draw show on 10 September. The games were played on the 6.18 patch of the game with Yorick disabled, and Aurelion Sol disabled for days 1–3. There were 16 teams and 4 groups that consisted of 4 teams. The group stage was Bo1 and the top two teams from each group would advance to the Knockout Stage. The Knockout Stage was Bo5 and the #1 vs #2 teams from each group would face each other in the bracket. The total prize pool was US$5,070,000 and it was spread among the teams. The first place (SK Telecom T1) took $2,028,000, the second team (Samsung Galaxy) took $760,500, and the third and fourth place (ROX Tigers and H2K) took $380,250 divided among the 2 teams. The rest of the prize pool was distributed among the 5th–16th places. SKT won 3–2 versus Samsung Galaxy in the 2016 World Championship final, with Faker winning the MVP award.The final was watched by 43 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14.7 million viewers, breaking 2015's final's viewer records. 2017 The 2017 World Championship series started in September 2017, and concluded in November 2017. It was held in 4 different locations throughout China:Wuhan(play-in and groups),Guangzhou(quarterfinals),Shanghai(semifinals), andBeijing(final).It was played on patch 7.18, with the newest champion Ornn being disabled. Patch 7.18 is slightly older than patches 7.19 and 7.20, which are the new standard for online matches during the September - November period. The most notable difference being the stronger Ardent Censer support meta with patch 7.18. A total of 24 teams participated in the tournament: 3 teams from South Korea, China, North America, Europe and Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau; 1 team from Brazil, Latin America North, Latin America South, Japan, Oceania, Turkey, Southeast Asia and CIS/Russia; and 1 team from the Wildcard region with the highest rank finish at the 2017 Mid-Season Invitational (GPL in Southeast Asia, due to Gigabyte Marines from Vietnam prevailing there, and Vietnam received 1 more slot for VCS's second seed to participate GPL 2017 summer split). Samsung Galaxy reversed the previous year's result and defeated SK Telecom T1 3–0 in the 2017 World Championship final.Park \\\"Ruler\\\" Jae-hyuk, the AD carry of Samsung, was named MVP.The final was watched by 60 million people, breaking 2016's final's viewer records. The tournament is widely praised for its high quality of plays and amazing ceremonial performances, while receiving worldwide attention for its dramatic and emotional series. It is currently the most watched tournament inLeague of Legends'history and is lauded as one of the best. 2018 The 2018 World Championship was held from 1 October to 3 November, 2018, in 4 cities acrossSouth Korea:Seoul(play-in),Busan(groups & quarterfinals),Gwangju(semifinals), andIncheon(final).Twenty four teams qualified for the tournament based on their placement in regional circuits such as those in North America, Europe, South Korea, and China, with twelve of those teams having to reach the group stage via a play-in round. The 2018 World Championship was played on Patch 8.19. Notably, champions Aatrox, Alistar and Urgot were extremely prevalent in the tournament, with the three characters being picked or banned in over 90 percent of the 78 games played.The World Championship final was played between Invictus Gaming and Fnatic. Invictus Gaming won 3–0 against Fnatic, granting China and theLPLtheir first World Championship. Gao \\\"Ning\\\" Zhenning was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by 99.6 million unique viewers, with concurrent viewership reaching a peak of 44 million viewers, breaking 2017's final's viewership record. 2019 The 2019 World Championship was held between 2 October to 10 November 2019, in three countries and cities inEurope:Berlin(play-in & groups),Madrid(quarterfinals and semifinals), andParis(final).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play. The 2019 World Championship was played on Patch 9.19 from start to finish.The World Championship final was played on 10 November 2019 betweenLPL'sFunPlus PhoenixandLEC'sG2 EsportsatAccorHotels Arenain Paris. FunPlus Phoenix won 3–0 against G2 Esports, granting China and the LPL back-to-back World Championships. Gao \\\"Tian\\\" Tianliang was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by more than 100 million viewers, peaking at 44 million concurrent views. 2020 The 2020 World Championship was held from 25 September to 31 October 2020 inShanghai, China. 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere unable to attend the event. All games leading up to the final were hosted in the Shanghai Media Tech Studio with no fans in attendance. The final was hosted in thePudong Football Stadiumas the building's inaugural event, hosting a limited number of 6,312 fans due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The final was played on 31 October 2020 betweenSuning, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, andDamwon Gaming, fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Damwon Gaming winning the championship 3–1. During the second game, Suning's top laner Chen \\\"Bin\\\" Zebin achieved the first \\\"Pentakill\\\" in the final of a World Championship.Damwon Gaming's jungler, Kim \\\"Canyon\\\" Geon-bu, was named the MVP of the series.Damwon's win ended the LPL's back-to-back streak of world championship victories.The final was watched at its peak by 46.07 million viewers. 2021 The 2021 World Championship was held from 5 October to 6 November 2021 inReykjavík, Iceland. In line with last year's iteration, 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere once again unable to attend the event. All games of the tournament were hosted in theLaugardalshöll, with no fans in attendance due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Iceland. The final was played on 6 November 2021 betweenEdward Gaming, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, and defending championsDWG KIA(formerly Damwon Gaming), fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Edward Gaming winning the championship 3–2, ending DWG KIA's chance to win back-to-back world championships.Edward Gaming's mid laner, Lee \\\"Scout\\\" Ye-chan, was named the MVP of the series.The final had an average audience of 30.6 million, peaking at 73.86 million concurrent viewers. 2022 The 2022 World Championship was held from 29 September to 5 November, 2022, with the event taking place in 4 cities acrossNorth America:Mexico City(play-in),New York City(groups & quarterfinals),Atlanta(semifinals) andSan Francisco(finals).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of theRussian invasion of Ukraine, theLeague of Legends Continental Leaguefrom theCISregion was unable to send a representative to participate in the event. The finals was played at theChase Centeron 5 November 2022 betweenT1andDRX, both from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK). Riot Games collaborated withLil Nas Xto releaseSTAR WALKIN'for the finals. He appeared at the Chase Center in San Francisco, California, and he was broadcast through over 20 music stations live for tens of millions of people.In the final, DRX defeated T1 3–2 in a close series, becoming the first team to win the championship after starting from the play-in stage.DRX's top laner, Hwang \\\"Kingen\\\" Seong-hoon, was named the MVP of the series.Their victory was considered aCinderellaandunderdogsuccess story, as they had come from the play-in stage as Korea's fourth seed representative, and had beaten some of the more favored and accomplished teams along the way, including the previous worlds championsEdward Gamingin a 3–2 reverse sweep in the quarterfinals, and defeating theLCK Summer Split championsGen.G3–1 in the semifinals. 2023 The 2023 World Championship was held from 10 October to 19 November 2023, with the event taking place in two cities across South Korea:SeoulandBusan. Twenty-two teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.Albeit, one team qualified for the event through the newly inaugurated Worlds Qualifying Series between the fourth-seeded teams from the LEC and LCS. The format for the event differed to the previous editions, with the introduction of a play-in stage, consisting of eight teams who are split into two double elimination brackets. There, three teams qualified to the second stage of the event where the qualifying teams, along with thirteen other teams, faced off in aswiss-system tournamentto determine the qualifiers to the knockout stage, with the eventual champions being crowned at the conclusion of the single-elimination knockout stage. The finals was played at theGocheok Sky Domeon 19 November 2023 betweenWeibo Gamingfrom theLeague of Legends Pro League(LPL), and previous years' finalistT1from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK).In the final, T1 defeated Weibo Gaming 3–0, extending their record for the most world championships won by single team with four titles.T1's top laner,Choi \\\"Zeus\\\" Woo-je, was named the MVP of the series, while teammateLee \\\"Faker\\\" Sang-hyeokbecame the first player to win four World Championships. 2024 The 2024 World Championship will be held from 25 September to 2 November 2024, with the event taking place in three cities across Europe:Berlin,ParisandLondon. Twenty-two teams will qualify to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and results gained inthis years' Mid-Season Invitational(MSI), with the LCK and LPL's 4th seeds in the Swiss stage reallocated to the winner and a team from the best performing region of the event. It was revealed during the finals' broadcast of the 2023 World Championship, that the finals of this years' Worlds is set to take place in London atThe O2 Arenaon 2 November 2024. 2025 Details about the 2025 World Championship's location and dates are yet to be known. However, this edition of the tournament will feature 17 teams in total, with the MSI slots being kept and three teams from each ofLeague's new competitive regions (Americas, EMEA, Korea, China and Asia-Pacific) qualifying on top. One best-of-5 play-in match will be held before the Swiss stage between two teams. Trophy Riot Games, which ownsLeague of Legends, commissioned the winner's trophy as the Summoner's Cup. Riot specified that it should weigh 70 pounds (about 32 kilograms), though the actual weight of the finished cup was reduced so it would not be too heavy to lift in victory. The World Championship Cups for 2012 and for 2014 were created byThomas Lyte. In 2022, Riot Games announced the formation of a multi-year partnership with American jewelry brandTiffany & Co., producing a newly designed Summoner's Cup with a weight of 44 pounds (about 20 kilograms). Results By year By region By team Italicsindicates a team/organization has been disbanded, acquired or no longer participates in the regional league. Notes References\",\n \"Counter-StrikeMajor Championships Counter-StrikeMajor Championships, commonly known as theMajors, areCounter-Strike(CS)esportstournaments sponsored byValve, the game's developer. The first Valve-recognized Major took place in 2013 inJönköping,Swedenand was hosted byDreamHackwith a total prize pool ofUS$250,000split among 16 teams. This, along with the following 18 Majors, was played inCounter-Strike: Global Offensive. As of the 2023 release ofCounter-Strike 2(CS2),Counter-Strikeesports, including the Majors, are played in CS2. Since then, the Major circuit has expanded significantly, with recent tournaments advertising aUS$2,000,000prize pool and featuring twenty-four teams from around the world. The Majors are considered to be the most important and prestigious tournaments in the Counter-Strike scene. The current champions areNatus Vincere, who won their second Major atPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the first to be held inCounter-Strike 2.Astralishold the record for the most Major titles with four. History Counter-Strike: Global Offensiveis amultiplayerfirst-person shootervideo game developed byHidden Path EntertainmentandValve. It is the fourth game in theCounter-Strikeseries. The first game in the series,Counter-Strike 1.6, was officially released in 2000 and competitive play began soon after. The first significant international tournament was the 2001Cyberathlete Professional LeagueWinter Championship, considered the first \\\"Major\\\".The CPL Summer and Winter Championships, along with theWorld Cyber Games,Electronic Sports World CupandIntel Extreme MastersWorld Championships, were considered Majors by the community, although Valve did not sponsor or give any official designation to the tournaments. Swedish teams, most notablySK Gaming,dominated early Majors but the Polish roster known as the Golden Five were the most successful lineup.Many teams from other parts of the world would win Majors, includingTeam 3Dfrom the United States at CPL Winter 2002and WCG 2004,NoA from Norway at CPL Winter 2004,mibrfrom Brazil at ESWC 2006,andWeMade FOXfrom South Korea at WEM 2010. On September 16, 2013, a year after the release ofGlobal Offensive, Valve announced aUS$250,000community-funded prize pool for the first official CS:GO Major.The money was partially community-funded through the game's Arms Deal update, which allowed players to buyin-game skins.Valve announced the tournament would take place in Sweden and would be hosted byDreamHack.The tournament took place in late November and was won by the Swedish teamFnaticwho upsetNinjas in Pyjamasin the finals.After Dreamhack 2013, Valve announced they would partner with tournament organizers to host three Majors per year. These Majors are the most prestigious events in the competitive CS:GO scene, and the professional players' legacies are often judged by their performances at these tournaments. The early Majors were dominated by Swedish teams, as Fnatic and NiP combined to win the four of the first six Majors. NiP would play in five of the first six grand finals. When Fnatic won Cologne 2015, they became the first team to win back to back Majors, and the first to win a third Major in total.Only the Danish teamAstralishas since matched that total. At the end of 2015, Valve announced thatMLGwould host the first Major in North America.On February 23, 2016, withMLG Columbus 2016coming up, Valve announced a permanent increase in the prize pool fromUS$250,000toUS$1,000,000.However, Valve reduced the number of Majors per year from three to two.Luminosity Gaming, a Brazilian team, won the event to becomes the first non-European team to win a Major.This roster would also go on to win back to back Majors, with their second asSK GamingatESL One Cologne 2016. Gambit Esports, made up primarily of players from Kazakhstan, wonPGL Major Kraków 2017to become the first Asian and CIS team to win a Major. On December 13, 2017, the general manager ofELEAGUE, the hosts of theELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, announced a revised format designed by Valve and ELEAGUE that would expand the number of teams in the Major from sixteen to twenty-four.This was also the first Major to take place in multiple cities, as the group stages took place inAtlantaat theTurner Studios.Cloud9, an American team, won the event to become the first North American team to win a Major. After Boston 2018, the Danish team Astralis became the top team in CS:GO and one of the best teams inCounter-Strikehistory.With wins atLondon 2018,Katowice 2019, andBerlin 2019, Astralis become the first team to win three Majors in a row and four majors total.After Berlin 2019, Valve and ESL announced the following Major,ESL One Rio 2020, which was to be the first Major to be hosted in South America.Rio 2020, originally scheduled for May, was then postponed to November due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The November Major was announced with aUS$2,000,000prize pool, combining the amounts that would have been set aside for both Majors.In September 2020, the Rio Major was officially canceled due to COVID-19.In December 2020, Valve moved the 2021 Major from May to October and November, citing concerns over the pandemic.On January 14, 2021, Valve announced that the championship would be held between October 23 and November 7 in Stockholm.Over two years after the last Major,PGL Major Stockholm 2021took place, with favouritesNatus Vinceredominating the tournament and becoming the first team in CS:GO history to win a Major without dropping a single map throughout the tournament. PGL Major Stockholm 2021 surpassed the long-standing Counter-Strike viewership record 4 times; reaching 2.75 million concurrent viewers in the final. FaZe Clanwon thePGL Major Antwerp 2022, defeating Natus Vincere 2-0, and becoming the first international team in CS:GO history to win a Major. The previously cancelledESL One Rio 2020Major was replaced withIEM Rio Major 2022and was held inRio de Janeiro, Brazilon October 31 - November 13, 2022.Outsiders, a neutral name for esports organizationVirtus.produe to ties with the Russian government in light of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, won the tournament defeatingHeroicin the grand final 2-0. BLAST Paris Major 2023was held inParison May 8 - May 21, 2023 with a prize pool of $1,250,000USD.Shortly after the announcement of Counter-Strike 2, the official CS:GO Twitter account announced that the BLAST Paris Major would be the last CS:GO Major with the next major happening in March 2024 in CS2.Team Vitality, a French organization with native star playerMathieu 'ZywOo' Herbaut, defeateddark horseGamerLegionby 2–0 to clinch the final CS:GO Major title. The firstCounter-Strike 2Major was announced to be thePGL CS2 Major Copenhagen 2024which was held from March 17–31 in theRoyal Arena.On November 12, 2023,Perfect World, who are responsible for distributingCounter-Strike 2in China, announced the second major following the release ofCounter-Strike 2, taking place inShanghaibetween December 1-15, 2024. Format Qualification Starting after Dreamhack 2013, the top eight teams from each Major (those who made it to the playoff stage) earned automatic berths to the next Major.These teams are called \\\"Legends\\\". The other eight teams, called \\\"Challengers\\\", were decided by regional qualifiers, mainly from Europe and North America.A small number of teams have been directly invited or earned attendance from a last chance qualifier to fill final open spots when necessary.Beginning with theDreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015qualification cycle, Valve created a single 16-team main qualifier before the Major. The bottom eight teams from the previous Major earn automatic berths to the newly formed Major qualifier, and the regional qualifiers now send teams to the main qualifier, instead of directly to the Major. For MLG Columbus 2016 the regional qualifiers, leading into the Major qualifier, were replaced by \\\"Minors\\\".The Columbus Minor system involved four regional qualifiers and two \\\"last chance\\\" qualifiers, and results in invites going to one team from the Americas, two Asian teams, oneCISteam, one European team, and three last chance qualifier spots. The system was simplified in the following Major,ESL One Cologne 2016, with the removal of the last chance qualifiers.Four Minors—Asia, CIS, Europe, Americas—were used. Two teams from each qualifier would go to the Major qualifier, joining the bottom eight teams from the previous Major.The top eight teams from the 16-team Major qualifier advance to the Major. At ELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, the Major qualifier was integrated into the full Major as the first of three phases, expanding the number of teams in each Major to 24.The Major qualifier was renamed the \\\"Challengers Stage\\\", the former group stage was renamed the \\\"Legends Stage\\\", and the playoff stage was named the \\\"Champions Stage\\\".This increased the number of teams getting automatic invites to Majors to 16, while retaining the Minor system to fill the remaining eight spots in phase one of the Major. The Legends—still made up of the teams who reach the playoff stage—earn an automatic invitation to the Legends Stage of the following Major, while the teams placing 9-16 earn automatic invitations to the Challengers Stage of the following Major.On August 28, 2018, shortly before the start of theFACEIT Major: London 2018, Valve announced that they were reducing the number of automatic Major invites to fourteen, starting with the London 2018 Major: the two teams that go winless in the first phase must go through the Minors to get back to the next Major. From thePGL Major Stockholm 2021onwards, no automatic berths have been given to any team regardless of their record in the previous Major. Instead, a Regional Major Ranking (RMR) system has been used, which at first was a yearly points circuit where each region would have three qualifying tournaments where teams can receive points towards qualifying for the Major, which included Contenders, Challengers and Legends distinctions (As well as the Legends bye) for the top teams within each region.Despite initially being used for the ESL One Rio Major 2020, the event's cancellation would mean that PGL Major Stockholm 2021 was the first Major that utilized the RMR system.The very next Major,PGL Major Antwerp 2022, would scrap the points circuit in favor of qualifying tournaments that bear the RMR name, initially (and still) 2 for Europe (which included the CIS region), 1 for the Americas and 1 for Asia-Pacific. Teams qualify for their regional RMRs via being the top teams in their region in the Valve rankings (before thePerfect World Shanghai Major 2024, the teams who placed in the Legends Stage of the previous Major would qualify automatically for the RMRs) or via online qualifying made up of Open Qualifiers (if needed) and Closed Qualifiers, where the next-best ranked teams compete for the remaining RMR spots. In addition, regions can gain or lose Challengers and Legends spots in the Major based on the region's results from the previous Major, with 3 Challengers spots reserved for Europe and the Americas and 2 for Asia-Pacific. For example, afterPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the Americas region would go from 1 Legends spot and 4 Challengers spot, to 7 Challengers spots for Perfect World Shanghai, after 4 teams from the Americas qualified for the Elimination Stage, with none making the Playoff stage. Unlike traditional sports or other esports leagues, Valve considers the players in each team to have the Major spots, rather than the organization itself.For instance, at theELEAGUE Major 2017,Team EnVyUsplaced ninth, meaning it would have an automatic berth at the next Major qualifier. However, before the next Major, three of EnVyUs's players transferred toG2 Esports, meaning Team EnVyUs lost its spot at the Major qualifier. Tournament format Although the playoff stage of the Majors has generally followed a standard 8-team single-elimination format, the group stages have changed multiple times. From 2013 to 2016, Majors used a four group GSL format for the group stage.In each four-team group, the two higher seeds would initially face the two lower seeds. The two winners from the first round of matches would then play to determine which team gets the top seed. The two losers would also play to eliminate one team. After this second round of matches, the remaining two teams play to determine which team takes the final playoff spot.All group stage games at the first Majors were best-of-ones. The last Major of 2015 and both Majors in 2016 featured a best-of-three decider in the final match of each group. The group stage of ESL One Cologne 2015 worked differently. Initially, the first three matches of the group stage started out the same way as the standard GSL format, determining the group winner. However, teams were then reassigned afterwards so that the two losers played from different groups and then the decider match would also be teams from different groups. Beginning in 2017, the group stage has featured aSwiss-system group stage.Before the tournament, teams are divided into four pots, with pot one having the four highest seeds, pot two having the next four highest seeds, and so on. A randomly selected team from pot one would face off against a randomly selected team from pot four. The same process is done with the pots two and three. After the initial seeded match, teams play five rounds against randomly drawn teams with the same record.No two teams play twice unless necessary. If a team wins three matches, then that team moves on to the next stage. If a team loses three matches, that team is eliminated. All games were best-of-one until the London 2018 Major. The Boston 2018 Major featured two Swiss group stages; the stage formerly known as the offline Major qualifier was now called the New Challengers stage and the group stage was now rebranded as the New Legends stage. The London 2018 Major used a slightly different form of the Swiss system, called the Buchholz system, in which matchups were seeded instead of random and the last round featured best-of-three sets.The next Major,Katowice 2019, featured a crowdsourcedElo system, in which participating teams ranked the 15 other teams before the Legends Stage to create a seeding system for each round of the Swiss system.TheCopenhagen 2024 Majorwill have the names of the two Swiss stages changed, with the Challengers Stage becoming the Opening Stage and the Legends Stage becoming the Elimination Stage, while the first round match-up seeding for the Swiss stages will be tweaked. The Playoffs, known as the New Champions stage and Champions stage beforehand, have featured eight teams at all Majors. All matches are best-of-three, single-elimination series. When the GSL format was used for group stages, group winners earned top seeds and group runner-ups earned bottom seeds. Each top seed played a bottom seed in quarterfinals. With current Swiss format seeding, the two teams that finish undefeated in the group stage earn the highest seeds. Two of the three lowest seeds from the group stage (teams that advance with two losses) are randomly selected to play against the high seeds. Two of the three middle seeds (teams that advance with one loss) are randomly selected to play each other, and the remaining two teams face each other to finalize the bracket. Banned players Valve has banned players from attending the Majors for violations of competitive integrity. AValve Anti-Cheat(VAC) ban is the most common way players get banned. VAC is an anti-cheat program designed by Valve to detect cheats running in various games, includingCounter-Strike. If cheats are detected, the account is given a permanent lifetime ban from playing on VAC-secured servers. Other server providers, such asFACEITandESEA, have their own anti-cheat systems and work with Valve to detect new cheats.One of the most high-profile VAC bans was given to Hovik \\\"KQLY\\\" Tovmassian. KQLY, along with several other professional players, was banned while playing for France's best team,Titan. Valve has also banned players from Valve-sponsored events formatch fixing. The first Valve ban for match fixing was a response to theiBUYPOWER match fixing scandal, in which esports journalistRichard Lewisrevealed that one of North America's best teams, iBUYPOWER, had thrown a match for high-valueskins.Valve indefinitely banned seven players who were involved in the scandal from attending any Majors. Tyler \\\"Skadoodle\\\" Latham was the only iBUYPOWER player not to be banned, as he did not receive any payment after the game.Valve would later make the bans permanent, causing some controversy in the Counter-Strike community.Although tournament organizersESLandDreamHacklifted their own bans on the former iBUYPOWER players in 2017,the Major ban effectively ended the high level careers of two of North America's best in-game leaders (Sam \\\"DaZeD\\\" Marine and Joshua \\\"steel\\\" Nissan) and Braxton \\\"swag\\\" Pierce.Skadoodle would go on to win a Major with Cloud9. Following the iBUYPOWER ban, there have been two other match fixing bans, resulting in nine other players being barred from the Majors. List of Major Championships Titles by organization Titles by players Features Stickers Stickers are virtual items in the game which players can buy or get from sticker capsules. The stickers can then be applied toin-game gun skins. Valve has released a sticker design for each team attending a Major since Katowice 2014,and a sticker for each professional player's signature since Cologne 2015.These two types of stickers come in a variety of styles: paper, glitter, holographic, foil, and gold.With each sticker purchase, half of the proceeds go to the player or team and half go to Valve. These sticker capsules are unique for each tournament and can only be purchased at the time of the tournament. Because of this forced rarity, stickers from early majors tend to become more expensive over time.After initially costing less thanUS$10, a \\\"Titan\\\" holographic sticker from Katowice 2014 sold on secondary markets forUS$80,000in 2023,making it the most expensive public sticker trade in the game's history. Souvenir packages Souvenir packages are virtual packages containing a gun skin that are exclusive to CS:GO Majors.These \\\"souvenir skins\\\" can rank among the most expensive skins in the game because of their rarity. After Cloud9 became the first ever North American CS:GO Major champion at Boston 2018, a souvenir skin with the signature of the finals MVP, Tyler \\\"Skadoodle\\\" Latham, sold forUS$61,000. In-game tributes After certain significant or iconic moments inGlobal OffensiveMajors, Valve has added in-game memorials to the location of the event, usually in the form of graffiti or signs.Thus far, there have been six moments in Majors that have been memorialized by Valve, though one graffiti was removed whenDust IIwas updated. Notes References\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["ValorantChampions Tour TheValorantChampions Tour(VCT) is a global competitiveesportstournament series for the video gameValorantorganised byRiot Games, the game's developers. The series runs multiple events throughout each season, culminating inValorantChampions, the top-level event of the tour. The VCT was announced in 2020, with its inaugural season taking place in 2021. History 2021–2022: Open-qualifiers era In November 2020,Riot Gamesannounced the firstValorantChampions Tour, a tournament series divided into three tiers: Challengers, Masters, and Champions. Challengers would act as the lowest tier, split into seven regions: North America, Brazil, Latin America (Hispanic America), EMEA, Southeast Asia (later included South Asia and Oceania, become to Asia-Pacific), Korea, Japan. Teams that advance past Challengers would move on to Masters, where teams would not be divided by regions anymore, and the top 16 teams from Masters would move on to Champions, the final tournament of VCT.In February 2021, they","February 2021, they announced the VCT Game Changers, a supplementary tournament initiative for women and marginalized genders. Riot hired esports infrastructure company Nerd Street Gamers as operators and producers for all North American Challengers and Masters events.They also hired several third-party companies to broadcast their events, such as Liga de Videojuegos Profesional (LVP) for their Spanish-language broadcasts andLetsPlay.Livefor theirOceaniabroadcasts.The2021 Champions tournamenttook place on December 1–12 at theVerti Music Hallin Berlin, Germany, concluding with team Acend defeatingGambit Esportsin the grand finals by a score of 3–2. Over 10,000 teams competed in the VCT in 2021. Outside of Champions, VCT saw its highest viewership at theReykjavíkMasters tournament in May, with a peak viewership of 1,085,850. The Champions grand finals match in December reached a peak viewership of 1,089,068, making it the VCT's highest peak viewership. Riot made several changes to the format of VCT for its","of VCT for its second iteration. While the overall structure of Challengers, Masters, and Champions remained unchanged, it reduced the number of stages of Challengers and Masters events from three to two. VCT Challengers began on February 11, 2022.The2022 ChampionsTournament took place from September 1 to 18 in Istanbul, Turkey. 2023–present: Partnerships era Riot Games announced a new format starting in 2023.The season will be split into three international regions –Americas,EMEA, andPacificinstead of the 7 regions format used in previous years. Each international region will have its own International League that replaces the Challengers to become the domestic competitions to qualify for Masters and Champions. On September 21, 2022, Riot Games announced the thirty teams that had been selected as part of their new partnership format. ForChina, Riot Games showed favor towards players here by given Chinese teams a number of direct slots to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through","Champions) through third parties competitions in Hong Kong server, instead of having to play through Pacific league. In a June 2023 press conference, Riot COO Whalen Rozelle confirmed that Valorant would launch inChinain July under the name 无畏契约 (\"Fearless Contract\"), with hopes to launch a VCT league there in 2024.Shortly after in August, Riot announced an own regional league for China, and raising the number of partnered teams to 40. Leagues and format Franchised leagues International Leagues As of 2023, 30 teams are selected to be partner teams in International Leagues for five years with 10 teams per region. Non-partner teams compete in many sub-regions of Challengers events to qualify for \"Ascension\" events. The Ascension events will have one winner per region, which earns them a two-year promotion into their regions' International League. The promoted teams will have a chance to qualify for the global tournaments (Masters and Champions), as well as get benefits provided to other partnered teams. Each","teams. Each year through the Challengers promotion system, the three International Leagues will expand by one team each, until they reach a cap of 12 teams in each region in 2025 (beforehand this was supposed to be a 14-team cap by 2027). Teams in each International League will play onLANin a centralized local: the Riot Games Arena inLos Angelesfor VCT Americas,Riot Games Arena inBerlinfor VCT EMEA,andSeoulfor VCT Pacific.The Americas and EMEA venues are shared with theLeague of Legendsregional leagues'League Championship Series(LCS) andLeague of Legends EMEA Championship(LEC) respectively. China League Right from global launch, althoughValoranthad not been licensed for release in China, Riot Games showed favor towards Chinese players by allowed Chinese teams to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through achievements in domestic tournaments organized by third parties, played atHong Kongserver. Since 2024, withValorantlicensed for release servers inmainland, Riot launched the VCT CN","launched the VCT CN specifically for the only country that they considers a pro region on the same level as the three International Leagues for many countries, as well as competition slots for only teams from China at Masters and Champions.They also announced thesecond Mastersevent of the year to take place inShanghaiand released a new Chinese agentIsoalongside previous agentSage. The China League is based at the VCT CN Arena in Shanghai. ValorantMasters TheValorantMasters is an biannualValorantinternational tournament organized by Riot Games in the middle of years since 2021.Similar to theMid-Season InvitationalforLeague of Legends, it is the second most important internationalValoranttournament after Champions.Teams must place near the top of their regional league to qualify for Masters. ValorantChampions TheValorantChampions is the annual professionalValorantworld championship tournament hosted by Riot Games and is the culmination of each VCT season. Teams compete for the world champion title","champion title ofValorantesports. Non-franchised leagues Challengers and Ascension Non-partner teams compete in Challengers events of sub-regions in Americas, EMEA and Pacific to qualify for \"Ascension\", the yearly promotion event to the respective International Leagues. Originally, it was announced that teams would have two-year stays in their International League after winning Ascension, with one team promoted every year until 2026, when two teams would be promoted every year until 2028. The leagues would have 14 teams each, totaling to 42 teams across the three leagues. On June 21, 2024, Riot announced changes to the Ascension format from 2025, with teams promoted to the International Leagues for one-year stays instead, after which they would be relegated toChallengersagain if they did not finish in the top 8 in their region's International League; if they qualified forChampionshowever, they get to stay for another year; if they finished between 5th and 8th in the International League, they qualify for","they qualify for that year'sAscensionfor a chance to keep their place in the league. In 2023-24, there are 23 minor regional leagues across the three international territories.From 2025, decreased to 15. ValorantGame Changers ValorantGame Changers is a series of domestic competitions for women and other marginalized genders withinValorantesports.Teams that finish in top places qualify for theValorant Game Changers Championship, the world championship event of Game Changers, and also earn the chance to be promoted to their region's Challengers league. Results International Leagues & China League winners Global tournaments Teams won titles *Team or organization no longer participates inValorantesports. *Team or organization no longer participates in Tier 1Valorantesports. Regions' titles Ascension winners ValorantGame Changers Championship Awards Masters The original masters trophy was unveiled by Riot at a May 2021 media preview event in the build up to Masters Reykjavik. It features a metal bottom and a","metal bottom and a glass top. The trophy was redesigned in 2023, again by Volpin Props, to be reusable for Masters tournaments in multiple regions.It stands at 18 inches (46 cm) and features a swappable 'Radianite' core. ForMasters Tokyo, it featured duelist Yoru's ultimateOnimask. The body of the trophy is palladium-plated with plastic components. Champions The Valorant Champions trophy was first unveiled ahead of Valorant Champions 2021. Also designed and built by Volpin Props ofAtlanta, Georgia, it stands at 2 feet (61 cm) tall and is partially 3D-printed, with 24 karat gold decoration overlayed. Notes References External links","League of LegendsWorld Championship TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championship(commonly abbreviated asWorlds) is the annual professionalLeague of Legendsworld championship tournament hosted byRiot Gamesand is the culmination of each season. Teams compete for the champion title, the 44-pound (20-kilogram) Summoner's Cup, and a multi-million-dollar championship prize. In 2018, the final was watched by 99.6 million people, breaking2017's final's viewer record.The tournament has been praised for its ceremonial performances,while receiving attention worldwide due to its dramatic and emotional nature. TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championships has gained tremendous success and popularity, making it among the world's most prestigious and watched tournaments, as well as the most watched esports event in the world. The tournament rotates its venues across different major countries and regions each year. South Korea'sT1is the most successful team in the tournament's history, having won four world championships. History Season","History Season 1 (2011) The Season 1 Championshipwas held in June 2011 atDreamhack Summer 2011, and featured a US$100,000 tournament prize pool.8 teams from Europe, North America, Southeast Asiaparticipated in the championship.Over 1.6 million viewers watched the streaming broadcast of the event, with a peak of over 210,069 simultaneous viewers in the final.Maciej \"Shushei\" Ratuszniak of the winning teamFnaticwas named themost valuable player(MVP) of the tournament. Season 2 (2012) After Season 1, Riot announced thatUS$5,000,000 would be paid out over Season 2. Of this $5 million, $2 million went to Riot's partners including theIGN Pro Leagueand other majoresportsassociations. Another $2 million went to Riot's Season 2 qualifiers and championship. The final $1 million went to other organizers who applied to Riot to host independentLeague of Legendstournaments. The Season 2 World Championship was held in early October 2012 inLos Angeles, Californiato conclude theUS$5 million season. Twelve qualifying teams","qualifying teams from around the world participated in the championship, which boasted the largest prize pool in the history of esports tournaments at the time atUS$2 million, withUS$1 million going to the champions. The group stage, quarterfinal, and semifinal matches took place between 4 and 6 October. The grand final took place a week after, on 13 October in theUniversity of Southern California'sGalen Centerin front of 10,000 fans, and were broadcast in 13 different languages.In the grand final,Taiwan's professional teamTaipei Assassinstriumphed overSouth Korea's Azubu Frost 3 to 1 and claimed theUS$1 million in prize money. Over 8 million viewers tuned in to the Season 2 World Championship broadcast, with a maximum of 1.1 million concurrent viewers during the grand finale, making the Season 2 World Championship the most watched esports event in history at the time. Season 3 (2013) The Season 3 World Championship was held in late 2013 inLos Angeles, California. 14 teams from North America, Korea, China,","Korea, China, Southeast Asia, Europe, and one of the emergingLeague of Legendsterritories measured up at the World Playoffs after having qualified through their regional competitions.The grand final was held in theStaples Centeron 4 October 2013, where Korean teamSK Telecom T1defeated the Chinese team Royal Club,granting them the title of the Season 3 world champions, the Summoner's Cup and the $1 million prize. The Season 3 World Championship grand final broadcast on 4 October was watched by 32 million people with a peak concurrent viewership of 8.5 million.The numbers once again beat the previous records for esports viewership. 2014 The 2014 World Championship featured 16 teams competing for a $2.13 million prize pool, with 14 teams qualifying from the primaryLeague of Legendsregions (China, Europe, North America, Korea and Taiwan/SEA) and two international wildcard teams. Riot stopped numbering seasons and instead simply used the year for the 2014 and future championships. The group stage began on 18","stage began on 18 September inTaipeiand concluded on 28 September inSingaporewith eight teams advancing to the bracket stage.The bracket stage started on 3 October inBusan, South Korea, and concluded on 19 October with the grand final hosted at the 45,000-seatsSeoul World Cup Stadium,where South Korean teamSamsung Galaxy Whitebeat the Chinese team Star Horn Royal Club to become the 2014League of Legendsworld champions.Support player Cho \"Mata\" Se-hyeong was named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP). American bandImagine Dragonscontributed the theme song \"Warriors\" for the tournament,and performed live on the grand final stage in South Korea.All games were made available for free via live streaming. The 2014 World Championship games were streamed live by 40 broadcast partners and cast in 19 languages. The grand final was watched by 27 million people, with concurrent viewership peaking at over 11 million viewers. 2015 After the 2014 season,Riot Gamesintroduced a number of changes to competitiveLeague of","of Legends. The number of teams in theLeague Championship Serieswas increased from 8 to 10 in both the North America and Europe regions.A second Riot Games official international tournament was announced, the Mid-Season Invitational, which took place in May 2015, and featured a single team from each major region and one international wildcard.Additionally, starting from 2015, all teams are required to field a head coach in their competitive matches, who will stay on stage and speak with the team via voice-chat in the pick–ban phase of the game. This change makes the head coach an officially recognized member of the team. The 2015 World Championship concluded the 2015 season and was held at several venues across Europe in October 2015. Like the 2014 World Championship, the 2015 World Championship was a multi-city, multi-country event.2015 Worlds was won bySK Telecom T1, their second title, as they won the 2013 Worlds too. SKT top lanerJang \"MaRin\" Gyeong-hwanwas named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP).","player(MVP). The final was watched by 36 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14 million viewers. 2016 The various stages of the 2016 Worlds were held throughout theUnited StatesinChicago,San Francisco,New York City, and the final inLos Angeles. The groups of teams were decided through a live group draw show on 10 September. The games were played on the 6.18 patch of the game with Yorick disabled, and Aurelion Sol disabled for days 1–3. There were 16 teams and 4 groups that consisted of 4 teams. The group stage was Bo1 and the top two teams from each group would advance to the Knockout Stage. The Knockout Stage was Bo5 and the #1 vs #2 teams from each group would face each other in the bracket. The total prize pool was US$5,070,000 and it was spread among the teams. The first place (SK Telecom T1) took $2,028,000, the second team (Samsung Galaxy) took $760,500, and the third and fourth place (ROX Tigers and H2K) took $380,250 divided among the 2 teams. The rest of the prize pool was","the prize pool was distributed among the 5th–16th places. SKT won 3–2 versus Samsung Galaxy in the 2016 World Championship final, with Faker winning the MVP award.The final was watched by 43 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14.7 million viewers, breaking 2015's final's viewer records. 2017 The 2017 World Championship series started in September 2017, and concluded in November 2017. It was held in 4 different locations throughout China:Wuhan(play-in and groups),Guangzhou(quarterfinals),Shanghai(semifinals), andBeijing(final).It was played on patch 7.18, with the newest champion Ornn being disabled. Patch 7.18 is slightly older than patches 7.19 and 7.20, which are the new standard for online matches during the September - November period. The most notable difference being the stronger Ardent Censer support meta with patch 7.18. A total of 24 teams participated in the tournament: 3 teams from South Korea, China, North America, Europe and Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau; 1 team from Brazil, Latin","from Brazil, Latin America North, Latin America South, Japan, Oceania, Turkey, Southeast Asia and CIS/Russia; and 1 team from the Wildcard region with the highest rank finish at the 2017 Mid-Season Invitational (GPL in Southeast Asia, due to Gigabyte Marines from Vietnam prevailing there, and Vietnam received 1 more slot for VCS's second seed to participate GPL 2017 summer split). Samsung Galaxy reversed the previous year's result and defeated SK Telecom T1 3–0 in the 2017 World Championship final.Park \"Ruler\" Jae-hyuk, the AD carry of Samsung, was named MVP.The final was watched by 60 million people, breaking 2016's final's viewer records. The tournament is widely praised for its high quality of plays and amazing ceremonial performances, while receiving worldwide attention for its dramatic and emotional series. It is currently the most watched tournament inLeague of Legends'history and is lauded as one of the best. 2018 The 2018 World Championship was held from 1 October to 3 November, 2018, in 4 cities","2018, in 4 cities acrossSouth Korea:Seoul(play-in),Busan(groups & quarterfinals),Gwangju(semifinals), andIncheon(final).Twenty four teams qualified for the tournament based on their placement in regional circuits such as those in North America, Europe, South Korea, and China, with twelve of those teams having to reach the group stage via a play-in round. The 2018 World Championship was played on Patch 8.19. Notably, champions Aatrox, Alistar and Urgot were extremely prevalent in the tournament, with the three characters being picked or banned in over 90 percent of the 78 games played.The World Championship final was played between Invictus Gaming and Fnatic. Invictus Gaming won 3–0 against Fnatic, granting China and theLPLtheir first World Championship. Gao \"Ning\" Zhenning was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by 99.6 million unique viewers, with concurrent viewership reaching a peak of 44 million viewers, breaking 2017's final's viewership record. 2019 The 2019 World","2019 The 2019 World Championship was held between 2 October to 10 November 2019, in three countries and cities inEurope:Berlin(play-in & groups),Madrid(quarterfinals and semifinals), andParis(final).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play. The 2019 World Championship was played on Patch 9.19 from start to finish.The World Championship final was played on 10 November 2019 betweenLPL'sFunPlus PhoenixandLEC'sG2 EsportsatAccorHotels Arenain Paris. FunPlus Phoenix won 3–0 against G2 Esports, granting China and the LPL back-to-back World Championships. Gao \"Tian\" Tianliang was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by more than 100 million viewers, peaking at 44 million concurrent views. 2020 The 2020 World Championship was held from 25 September to 31 October 2020 inShanghai, China. 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on","based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere unable to attend the event. All games leading up to the final were hosted in the Shanghai Media Tech Studio with no fans in attendance. The final was hosted in thePudong Football Stadiumas the building's inaugural event, hosting a limited number of 6,312 fans due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The final was played on 31 October 2020 betweenSuning, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, andDamwon Gaming, fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Damwon Gaming winning the championship 3–1. During the second game, Suning's top laner Chen \"Bin\" Zebin achieved the first \"Pentakill\" in the final of a World Championship.Damwon Gaming's jungler, Kim \"Canyon\" Geon-bu, was named the MVP of the series.Damwon's win ended the LPL's back-to-back streak of world championship","world championship victories.The final was watched at its peak by 46.07 million viewers. 2021 The 2021 World Championship was held from 5 October to 6 November 2021 inReykjavík, Iceland. In line with last year's iteration, 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere once again unable to attend the event. All games of the tournament were hosted in theLaugardalshöll, with no fans in attendance due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Iceland. The final was played on 6 November 2021 betweenEdward Gaming, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, and defending championsDWG KIA(formerly Damwon Gaming), fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Edward Gaming winning the championship 3–2, ending DWG KIA's chance to win back-to-back world championships.Edward Gaming's","Gaming's mid laner, Lee \"Scout\" Ye-chan, was named the MVP of the series.The final had an average audience of 30.6 million, peaking at 73.86 million concurrent viewers. 2022 The 2022 World Championship was held from 29 September to 5 November, 2022, with the event taking place in 4 cities acrossNorth America:Mexico City(play-in),New York City(groups & quarterfinals),Atlanta(semifinals) andSan Francisco(finals).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of theRussian invasion of Ukraine, theLeague of Legends Continental Leaguefrom theCISregion was unable to send a representative to participate in the event. The finals was played at theChase Centeron 5 November 2022 betweenT1andDRX, both from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK). Riot Games collaborated withLil Nas Xto releaseSTAR WALKIN'for the finals. He appeared at the Chase Center in San Francisco, California,","California, and he was broadcast through over 20 music stations live for tens of millions of people.In the final, DRX defeated T1 3–2 in a close series, becoming the first team to win the championship after starting from the play-in stage.DRX's top laner, Hwang \"Kingen\" Seong-hoon, was named the MVP of the series.Their victory was considered aCinderellaandunderdogsuccess story, as they had come from the play-in stage as Korea's fourth seed representative, and had beaten some of the more favored and accomplished teams along the way, including the previous worlds championsEdward Gamingin a 3–2 reverse sweep in the quarterfinals, and defeating theLCK Summer Split championsGen.G3–1 in the semifinals. 2023 The 2023 World Championship was held from 10 October to 19 November 2023, with the event taking place in two cities across South Korea:SeoulandBusan. Twenty-two teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in","regional results in international play.Albeit, one team qualified for the event through the newly inaugurated Worlds Qualifying Series between the fourth-seeded teams from the LEC and LCS. The format for the event differed to the previous editions, with the introduction of a play-in stage, consisting of eight teams who are split into two double elimination brackets. There, three teams qualified to the second stage of the event where the qualifying teams, along with thirteen other teams, faced off in aswiss-system tournamentto determine the qualifiers to the knockout stage, with the eventual champions being crowned at the conclusion of the single-elimination knockout stage. The finals was played at theGocheok Sky Domeon 19 November 2023 betweenWeibo Gamingfrom theLeague of Legends Pro League(LPL), and previous years' finalistT1from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK).In the final, T1 defeated Weibo Gaming 3–0, extending their record for the most world championships won by single team with four","team with four titles.T1's top laner,Choi \"Zeus\" Woo-je, was named the MVP of the series, while teammateLee \"Faker\" Sang-hyeokbecame the first player to win four World Championships. 2024 The 2024 World Championship will be held from 25 September to 2 November 2024, with the event taking place in three cities across Europe:Berlin,ParisandLondon. Twenty-two teams will qualify to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and results gained inthis years' Mid-Season Invitational(MSI), with the LCK and LPL's 4th seeds in the Swiss stage reallocated to the winner and a team from the best performing region of the event. It was revealed during the finals' broadcast of the 2023 World Championship, that the finals of this years' Worlds is set to take place in London atThe O2 Arenaon 2 November 2024. 2025 Details about the 2025 World Championship's location and dates are yet to be known. However, this edition of the tournament will feature 17 teams in total, with the MSI","total, with the MSI slots being kept and three teams from each ofLeague's new competitive regions (Americas, EMEA, Korea, China and Asia-Pacific) qualifying on top. One best-of-5 play-in match will be held before the Swiss stage between two teams. Trophy Riot Games, which ownsLeague of Legends, commissioned the winner's trophy as the Summoner's Cup. Riot specified that it should weigh 70 pounds (about 32 kilograms), though the actual weight of the finished cup was reduced so it would not be too heavy to lift in victory. The World Championship Cups for 2012 and for 2014 were created byThomas Lyte. In 2022, Riot Games announced the formation of a multi-year partnership with American jewelry brandTiffany & Co., producing a newly designed Summoner's Cup with a weight of 44 pounds (about 20 kilograms). Results By year By region By team Italicsindicates a team/organization has been disbanded, acquired or no longer participates in the regional league. Notes References","Counter-StrikeMajor Championships Counter-StrikeMajor Championships, commonly known as theMajors, areCounter-Strike(CS)esportstournaments sponsored byValve, the game's developer. The first Valve-recognized Major took place in 2013 inJönköping,Swedenand was hosted byDreamHackwith a total prize pool ofUS$250,000split among 16 teams. This, along with the following 18 Majors, was played inCounter-Strike: Global Offensive. As of the 2023 release ofCounter-Strike 2(CS2),Counter-Strikeesports, including the Majors, are played in CS2. Since then, the Major circuit has expanded significantly, with recent tournaments advertising aUS$2,000,000prize pool and featuring twenty-four teams from around the world. The Majors are considered to be the most important and prestigious tournaments in the Counter-Strike scene. The current champions areNatus Vincere, who won their second Major atPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the first to be held inCounter-Strike 2.Astralishold the record for the most Major titles with four. History","with four. History Counter-Strike: Global Offensiveis amultiplayerfirst-person shootervideo game developed byHidden Path EntertainmentandValve. It is the fourth game in theCounter-Strikeseries. The first game in the series,Counter-Strike 1.6, was officially released in 2000 and competitive play began soon after. The first significant international tournament was the 2001Cyberathlete Professional LeagueWinter Championship, considered the first \"Major\".The CPL Summer and Winter Championships, along with theWorld Cyber Games,Electronic Sports World CupandIntel Extreme MastersWorld Championships, were considered Majors by the community, although Valve did not sponsor or give any official designation to the tournaments. Swedish teams, most notablySK Gaming,dominated early Majors but the Polish roster known as the Golden Five were the most successful lineup.Many teams from other parts of the world would win Majors, includingTeam 3Dfrom the United States at CPL Winter 2002and WCG 2004,NoA from Norway at CPL Winter","at CPL Winter 2004,mibrfrom Brazil at ESWC 2006,andWeMade FOXfrom South Korea at WEM 2010. On September 16, 2013, a year after the release ofGlobal Offensive, Valve announced aUS$250,000community-funded prize pool for the first official CS:GO Major.The money was partially community-funded through the game's Arms Deal update, which allowed players to buyin-game skins.Valve announced the tournament would take place in Sweden and would be hosted byDreamHack.The tournament took place in late November and was won by the Swedish teamFnaticwho upsetNinjas in Pyjamasin the finals.After Dreamhack 2013, Valve announced they would partner with tournament organizers to host three Majors per year. These Majors are the most prestigious events in the competitive CS:GO scene, and the professional players' legacies are often judged by their performances at these tournaments. The early Majors were dominated by Swedish teams, as Fnatic and NiP combined to win the four of the first six Majors. NiP would play in five of the","play in five of the first six grand finals. When Fnatic won Cologne 2015, they became the first team to win back to back Majors, and the first to win a third Major in total.Only the Danish teamAstralishas since matched that total. At the end of 2015, Valve announced thatMLGwould host the first Major in North America.On February 23, 2016, withMLG Columbus 2016coming up, Valve announced a permanent increase in the prize pool fromUS$250,000toUS$1,000,000.However, Valve reduced the number of Majors per year from three to two.Luminosity Gaming, a Brazilian team, won the event to becomes the first non-European team to win a Major.This roster would also go on to win back to back Majors, with their second asSK GamingatESL One Cologne 2016. Gambit Esports, made up primarily of players from Kazakhstan, wonPGL Major Kraków 2017to become the first Asian and CIS team to win a Major. On December 13, 2017, the general manager ofELEAGUE, the hosts of theELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, announced a revised format designed by","format designed by Valve and ELEAGUE that would expand the number of teams in the Major from sixteen to twenty-four.This was also the first Major to take place in multiple cities, as the group stages took place inAtlantaat theTurner Studios.Cloud9, an American team, won the event to become the first North American team to win a Major. After Boston 2018, the Danish team Astralis became the top team in CS:GO and one of the best teams inCounter-Strikehistory.With wins atLondon 2018,Katowice 2019, andBerlin 2019, Astralis become the first team to win three Majors in a row and four majors total.After Berlin 2019, Valve and ESL announced the following Major,ESL One Rio 2020, which was to be the first Major to be hosted in South America.Rio 2020, originally scheduled for May, was then postponed to November due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The November Major was announced with aUS$2,000,000prize pool, combining the amounts that would have been set aside for both Majors.In September 2020, the Rio Major was officially","was officially canceled due to COVID-19.In December 2020, Valve moved the 2021 Major from May to October and November, citing concerns over the pandemic.On January 14, 2021, Valve announced that the championship would be held between October 23 and November 7 in Stockholm.Over two years after the last Major,PGL Major Stockholm 2021took place, with favouritesNatus Vinceredominating the tournament and becoming the first team in CS:GO history to win a Major without dropping a single map throughout the tournament. PGL Major Stockholm 2021 surpassed the long-standing Counter-Strike viewership record 4 times; reaching 2.75 million concurrent viewers in the final. FaZe Clanwon thePGL Major Antwerp 2022, defeating Natus Vincere 2-0, and becoming the first international team in CS:GO history to win a Major. The previously cancelledESL One Rio 2020Major was replaced withIEM Rio Major 2022and was held inRio de Janeiro, Brazilon October 31 - November 13, 2022.Outsiders, a neutral name for esports","name for esports organizationVirtus.produe to ties with the Russian government in light of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, won the tournament defeatingHeroicin the grand final 2-0. BLAST Paris Major 2023was held inParison May 8 - May 21, 2023 with a prize pool of $1,250,000USD.Shortly after the announcement of Counter-Strike 2, the official CS:GO Twitter account announced that the BLAST Paris Major would be the last CS:GO Major with the next major happening in March 2024 in CS2.Team Vitality, a French organization with native star playerMathieu 'ZywOo' Herbaut, defeateddark horseGamerLegionby 2–0 to clinch the final CS:GO Major title. The firstCounter-Strike 2Major was announced to be thePGL CS2 Major Copenhagen 2024which was held from March 17–31 in theRoyal Arena.On November 12, 2023,Perfect World, who are responsible for distributingCounter-Strike 2in China, announced the second major following the release ofCounter-Strike 2, taking place inShanghaibetween December 1-15, 2024. Format Qualification","Qualification Starting after Dreamhack 2013, the top eight teams from each Major (those who made it to the playoff stage) earned automatic berths to the next Major.These teams are called \"Legends\". The other eight teams, called \"Challengers\", were decided by regional qualifiers, mainly from Europe and North America.A small number of teams have been directly invited or earned attendance from a last chance qualifier to fill final open spots when necessary.Beginning with theDreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015qualification cycle, Valve created a single 16-team main qualifier before the Major. The bottom eight teams from the previous Major earn automatic berths to the newly formed Major qualifier, and the regional qualifiers now send teams to the main qualifier, instead of directly to the Major. For MLG Columbus 2016 the regional qualifiers, leading into the Major qualifier, were replaced by \"Minors\".The Columbus Minor system involved four regional qualifiers and two \"last chance\" qualifiers, and results in invites","results in invites going to one team from the Americas, two Asian teams, oneCISteam, one European team, and three last chance qualifier spots. The system was simplified in the following Major,ESL One Cologne 2016, with the removal of the last chance qualifiers.Four Minors—Asia, CIS, Europe, Americas—were used. Two teams from each qualifier would go to the Major qualifier, joining the bottom eight teams from the previous Major.The top eight teams from the 16-team Major qualifier advance to the Major. At ELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, the Major qualifier was integrated into the full Major as the first of three phases, expanding the number of teams in each Major to 24.The Major qualifier was renamed the \"Challengers Stage\", the former group stage was renamed the \"Legends Stage\", and the playoff stage was named the \"Champions Stage\".This increased the number of teams getting automatic invites to Majors to 16, while retaining the Minor system to fill the remaining eight spots in phase one of the Major. The","of the Major. The Legends—still made up of the teams who reach the playoff stage—earn an automatic invitation to the Legends Stage of the following Major, while the teams placing 9-16 earn automatic invitations to the Challengers Stage of the following Major.On August 28, 2018, shortly before the start of theFACEIT Major: London 2018, Valve announced that they were reducing the number of automatic Major invites to fourteen, starting with the London 2018 Major: the two teams that go winless in the first phase must go through the Minors to get back to the next Major. From thePGL Major Stockholm 2021onwards, no automatic berths have been given to any team regardless of their record in the previous Major. Instead, a Regional Major Ranking (RMR) system has been used, which at first was a yearly points circuit where each region would have three qualifying tournaments where teams can receive points towards qualifying for the Major, which included Contenders, Challengers and Legends distinctions (As well as the","(As well as the Legends bye) for the top teams within each region.Despite initially being used for the ESL One Rio Major 2020, the event's cancellation would mean that PGL Major Stockholm 2021 was the first Major that utilized the RMR system.The very next Major,PGL Major Antwerp 2022, would scrap the points circuit in favor of qualifying tournaments that bear the RMR name, initially (and still) 2 for Europe (which included the CIS region), 1 for the Americas and 1 for Asia-Pacific. Teams qualify for their regional RMRs via being the top teams in their region in the Valve rankings (before thePerfect World Shanghai Major 2024, the teams who placed in the Legends Stage of the previous Major would qualify automatically for the RMRs) or via online qualifying made up of Open Qualifiers (if needed) and Closed Qualifiers, where the next-best ranked teams compete for the remaining RMR spots. In addition, regions can gain or lose Challengers and Legends spots in the Major based on the region's results from the","results from the previous Major, with 3 Challengers spots reserved for Europe and the Americas and 2 for Asia-Pacific. For example, afterPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the Americas region would go from 1 Legends spot and 4 Challengers spot, to 7 Challengers spots for Perfect World Shanghai, after 4 teams from the Americas qualified for the Elimination Stage, with none making the Playoff stage. Unlike traditional sports or other esports leagues, Valve considers the players in each team to have the Major spots, rather than the organization itself.For instance, at theELEAGUE Major 2017,Team EnVyUsplaced ninth, meaning it would have an automatic berth at the next Major qualifier. However, before the next Major, three of EnVyUs's players transferred toG2 Esports, meaning Team EnVyUs lost its spot at the Major qualifier. Tournament format Although the playoff stage of the Majors has generally followed a standard 8-team single-elimination format, the group stages have changed multiple times. From 2013 to 2016, Majors","to 2016, Majors used a four group GSL format for the group stage.In each four-team group, the two higher seeds would initially face the two lower seeds. The two winners from the first round of matches would then play to determine which team gets the top seed. The two losers would also play to eliminate one team. After this second round of matches, the remaining two teams play to determine which team takes the final playoff spot.All group stage games at the first Majors were best-of-ones. The last Major of 2015 and both Majors in 2016 featured a best-of-three decider in the final match of each group. The group stage of ESL One Cologne 2015 worked differently. Initially, the first three matches of the group stage started out the same way as the standard GSL format, determining the group winner. However, teams were then reassigned afterwards so that the two losers played from different groups and then the decider match would also be teams from different groups. Beginning in 2017, the group stage has featured","stage has featured aSwiss-system group stage.Before the tournament, teams are divided into four pots, with pot one having the four highest seeds, pot two having the next four highest seeds, and so on. A randomly selected team from pot one would face off against a randomly selected team from pot four. The same process is done with the pots two and three. After the initial seeded match, teams play five rounds against randomly drawn teams with the same record.No two teams play twice unless necessary. If a team wins three matches, then that team moves on to the next stage. If a team loses three matches, that team is eliminated. All games were best-of-one until the London 2018 Major. The Boston 2018 Major featured two Swiss group stages; the stage formerly known as the offline Major qualifier was now called the New Challengers stage and the group stage was now rebranded as the New Legends stage. The London 2018 Major used a slightly different form of the Swiss system, called the Buchholz system, in which matchups","in which matchups were seeded instead of random and the last round featured best-of-three sets.The next Major,Katowice 2019, featured a crowdsourcedElo system, in which participating teams ranked the 15 other teams before the Legends Stage to create a seeding system for each round of the Swiss system.TheCopenhagen 2024 Majorwill have the names of the two Swiss stages changed, with the Challengers Stage becoming the Opening Stage and the Legends Stage becoming the Elimination Stage, while the first round match-up seeding for the Swiss stages will be tweaked. The Playoffs, known as the New Champions stage and Champions stage beforehand, have featured eight teams at all Majors. All matches are best-of-three, single-elimination series. When the GSL format was used for group stages, group winners earned top seeds and group runner-ups earned bottom seeds. Each top seed played a bottom seed in quarterfinals. With current Swiss format seeding, the two teams that finish undefeated in the group stage earn the highest","earn the highest seeds. Two of the three lowest seeds from the group stage (teams that advance with two losses) are randomly selected to play against the high seeds. Two of the three middle seeds (teams that advance with one loss) are randomly selected to play each other, and the remaining two teams face each other to finalize the bracket. Banned players Valve has banned players from attending the Majors for violations of competitive integrity. AValve Anti-Cheat(VAC) ban is the most common way players get banned. VAC is an anti-cheat program designed by Valve to detect cheats running in various games, includingCounter-Strike. If cheats are detected, the account is given a permanent lifetime ban from playing on VAC-secured servers. Other server providers, such asFACEITandESEA, have their own anti-cheat systems and work with Valve to detect new cheats.One of the most high-profile VAC bans was given to Hovik \"KQLY\" Tovmassian. KQLY, along with several other professional players, was banned while playing for","while playing for France's best team,Titan. Valve has also banned players from Valve-sponsored events formatch fixing. The first Valve ban for match fixing was a response to theiBUYPOWER match fixing scandal, in which esports journalistRichard Lewisrevealed that one of North America's best teams, iBUYPOWER, had thrown a match for high-valueskins.Valve indefinitely banned seven players who were involved in the scandal from attending any Majors. Tyler \"Skadoodle\" Latham was the only iBUYPOWER player not to be banned, as he did not receive any payment after the game.Valve would later make the bans permanent, causing some controversy in the Counter-Strike community.Although tournament organizersESLandDreamHacklifted their own bans on the former iBUYPOWER players in 2017,the Major ban effectively ended the high level careers of two of North America's best in-game leaders (Sam \"DaZeD\" Marine and Joshua \"steel\" Nissan) and Braxton \"swag\" Pierce.Skadoodle would go on to win a Major with Cloud9. Following the","Following the iBUYPOWER ban, there have been two other match fixing bans, resulting in nine other players being barred from the Majors. List of Major Championships Titles by organization Titles by players Features Stickers Stickers are virtual items in the game which players can buy or get from sticker capsules. The stickers can then be applied toin-game gun skins. Valve has released a sticker design for each team attending a Major since Katowice 2014,and a sticker for each professional player's signature since Cologne 2015.These two types of stickers come in a variety of styles: paper, glitter, holographic, foil, and gold.With each sticker purchase, half of the proceeds go to the player or team and half go to Valve. These sticker capsules are unique for each tournament and can only be purchased at the time of the tournament. Because of this forced rarity, stickers from early majors tend to become more expensive over time.After initially costing less thanUS$10, a \"Titan\" holographic sticker from Katowice","from Katowice 2014 sold on secondary markets forUS$80,000in 2023,making it the most expensive public sticker trade in the game's history. Souvenir packages Souvenir packages are virtual packages containing a gun skin that are exclusive to CS:GO Majors.These \"souvenir skins\" can rank among the most expensive skins in the game because of their rarity. After Cloud9 became the first ever North American CS:GO Major champion at Boston 2018, a souvenir skin with the signature of the finals MVP, Tyler \"Skadoodle\" Latham, sold forUS$61,000. In-game tributes After certain significant or iconic moments inGlobal OffensiveMajors, Valve has added in-game memorials to the location of the event, usually in the form of graffiti or signs.Thus far, there have been six moments in Majors that have been memorialized by Valve, though one graffiti was removed whenDust IIwas updated. Notes References"],"string":"[\n \"ValorantChampions Tour TheValorantChampions Tour(VCT) is a global competitiveesportstournament series for the video gameValorantorganised byRiot Games, the game's developers. The series runs multiple events throughout each season, culminating inValorantChampions, the top-level event of the tour. The VCT was announced in 2020, with its inaugural season taking place in 2021. History 2021–2022: Open-qualifiers era In November 2020,Riot Gamesannounced the firstValorantChampions Tour, a tournament series divided into three tiers: Challengers, Masters, and Champions. Challengers would act as the lowest tier, split into seven regions: North America, Brazil, Latin America (Hispanic America), EMEA, Southeast Asia (later included South Asia and Oceania, become to Asia-Pacific), Korea, Japan. Teams that advance past Challengers would move on to Masters, where teams would not be divided by regions anymore, and the top 16 teams from Masters would move on to Champions, the final tournament of VCT.In February 2021, they\",\n \"February 2021, they announced the VCT Game Changers, a supplementary tournament initiative for women and marginalized genders. Riot hired esports infrastructure company Nerd Street Gamers as operators and producers for all North American Challengers and Masters events.They also hired several third-party companies to broadcast their events, such as Liga de Videojuegos Profesional (LVP) for their Spanish-language broadcasts andLetsPlay.Livefor theirOceaniabroadcasts.The2021 Champions tournamenttook place on December 1–12 at theVerti Music Hallin Berlin, Germany, concluding with team Acend defeatingGambit Esportsin the grand finals by a score of 3–2. Over 10,000 teams competed in the VCT in 2021. Outside of Champions, VCT saw its highest viewership at theReykjavíkMasters tournament in May, with a peak viewership of 1,085,850. The Champions grand finals match in December reached a peak viewership of 1,089,068, making it the VCT's highest peak viewership. Riot made several changes to the format of VCT for its\",\n \"of VCT for its second iteration. While the overall structure of Challengers, Masters, and Champions remained unchanged, it reduced the number of stages of Challengers and Masters events from three to two. VCT Challengers began on February 11, 2022.The2022 ChampionsTournament took place from September 1 to 18 in Istanbul, Turkey. 2023–present: Partnerships era Riot Games announced a new format starting in 2023.The season will be split into three international regions –Americas,EMEA, andPacificinstead of the 7 regions format used in previous years. Each international region will have its own International League that replaces the Challengers to become the domestic competitions to qualify for Masters and Champions. On September 21, 2022, Riot Games announced the thirty teams that had been selected as part of their new partnership format. ForChina, Riot Games showed favor towards players here by given Chinese teams a number of direct slots to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through\",\n \"Champions) through third parties competitions in Hong Kong server, instead of having to play through Pacific league. In a June 2023 press conference, Riot COO Whalen Rozelle confirmed that Valorant would launch inChinain July under the name 无畏契约 (\\\"Fearless Contract\\\"), with hopes to launch a VCT league there in 2024.Shortly after in August, Riot announced an own regional league for China, and raising the number of partnered teams to 40. Leagues and format Franchised leagues International Leagues As of 2023, 30 teams are selected to be partner teams in International Leagues for five years with 10 teams per region. Non-partner teams compete in many sub-regions of Challengers events to qualify for \\\"Ascension\\\" events. The Ascension events will have one winner per region, which earns them a two-year promotion into their regions' International League. The promoted teams will have a chance to qualify for the global tournaments (Masters and Champions), as well as get benefits provided to other partnered teams. Each\",\n \"teams. Each year through the Challengers promotion system, the three International Leagues will expand by one team each, until they reach a cap of 12 teams in each region in 2025 (beforehand this was supposed to be a 14-team cap by 2027). Teams in each International League will play onLANin a centralized local: the Riot Games Arena inLos Angelesfor VCT Americas,Riot Games Arena inBerlinfor VCT EMEA,andSeoulfor VCT Pacific.The Americas and EMEA venues are shared with theLeague of Legendsregional leagues'League Championship Series(LCS) andLeague of Legends EMEA Championship(LEC) respectively. China League Right from global launch, althoughValoranthad not been licensed for release in China, Riot Games showed favor towards Chinese players by allowed Chinese teams to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through achievements in domestic tournaments organized by third parties, played atHong Kongserver. Since 2024, withValorantlicensed for release servers inmainland, Riot launched the VCT CN\",\n \"launched the VCT CN specifically for the only country that they considers a pro region on the same level as the three International Leagues for many countries, as well as competition slots for only teams from China at Masters and Champions.They also announced thesecond Mastersevent of the year to take place inShanghaiand released a new Chinese agentIsoalongside previous agentSage. The China League is based at the VCT CN Arena in Shanghai. ValorantMasters TheValorantMasters is an biannualValorantinternational tournament organized by Riot Games in the middle of years since 2021.Similar to theMid-Season InvitationalforLeague of Legends, it is the second most important internationalValoranttournament after Champions.Teams must place near the top of their regional league to qualify for Masters. ValorantChampions TheValorantChampions is the annual professionalValorantworld championship tournament hosted by Riot Games and is the culmination of each VCT season. Teams compete for the world champion title\",\n \"champion title ofValorantesports. Non-franchised leagues Challengers and Ascension Non-partner teams compete in Challengers events of sub-regions in Americas, EMEA and Pacific to qualify for \\\"Ascension\\\", the yearly promotion event to the respective International Leagues. Originally, it was announced that teams would have two-year stays in their International League after winning Ascension, with one team promoted every year until 2026, when two teams would be promoted every year until 2028. The leagues would have 14 teams each, totaling to 42 teams across the three leagues. On June 21, 2024, Riot announced changes to the Ascension format from 2025, with teams promoted to the International Leagues for one-year stays instead, after which they would be relegated toChallengersagain if they did not finish in the top 8 in their region's International League; if they qualified forChampionshowever, they get to stay for another year; if they finished between 5th and 8th in the International League, they qualify for\",\n \"they qualify for that year'sAscensionfor a chance to keep their place in the league. In 2023-24, there are 23 minor regional leagues across the three international territories.From 2025, decreased to 15. ValorantGame Changers ValorantGame Changers is a series of domestic competitions for women and other marginalized genders withinValorantesports.Teams that finish in top places qualify for theValorant Game Changers Championship, the world championship event of Game Changers, and also earn the chance to be promoted to their region's Challengers league. Results International Leagues & China League winners Global tournaments Teams won titles *Team or organization no longer participates inValorantesports. *Team or organization no longer participates in Tier 1Valorantesports. Regions' titles Ascension winners ValorantGame Changers Championship Awards Masters The original masters trophy was unveiled by Riot at a May 2021 media preview event in the build up to Masters Reykjavik. It features a metal bottom and a\",\n \"metal bottom and a glass top. The trophy was redesigned in 2023, again by Volpin Props, to be reusable for Masters tournaments in multiple regions.It stands at 18 inches (46 cm) and features a swappable 'Radianite' core. ForMasters Tokyo, it featured duelist Yoru's ultimateOnimask. The body of the trophy is palladium-plated with plastic components. Champions The Valorant Champions trophy was first unveiled ahead of Valorant Champions 2021. Also designed and built by Volpin Props ofAtlanta, Georgia, it stands at 2 feet (61 cm) tall and is partially 3D-printed, with 24 karat gold decoration overlayed. Notes References External links\",\n \"League of LegendsWorld Championship TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championship(commonly abbreviated asWorlds) is the annual professionalLeague of Legendsworld championship tournament hosted byRiot Gamesand is the culmination of each season. Teams compete for the champion title, the 44-pound (20-kilogram) Summoner's Cup, and a multi-million-dollar championship prize. In 2018, the final was watched by 99.6 million people, breaking2017's final's viewer record.The tournament has been praised for its ceremonial performances,while receiving attention worldwide due to its dramatic and emotional nature. TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championships has gained tremendous success and popularity, making it among the world's most prestigious and watched tournaments, as well as the most watched esports event in the world. The tournament rotates its venues across different major countries and regions each year. South Korea'sT1is the most successful team in the tournament's history, having won four world championships. History Season\",\n \"History Season 1 (2011) The Season 1 Championshipwas held in June 2011 atDreamhack Summer 2011, and featured a US$100,000 tournament prize pool.8 teams from Europe, North America, Southeast Asiaparticipated in the championship.Over 1.6 million viewers watched the streaming broadcast of the event, with a peak of over 210,069 simultaneous viewers in the final.Maciej \\\"Shushei\\\" Ratuszniak of the winning teamFnaticwas named themost valuable player(MVP) of the tournament. Season 2 (2012) After Season 1, Riot announced thatUS$5,000,000 would be paid out over Season 2. Of this $5 million, $2 million went to Riot's partners including theIGN Pro Leagueand other majoresportsassociations. Another $2 million went to Riot's Season 2 qualifiers and championship. The final $1 million went to other organizers who applied to Riot to host independentLeague of Legendstournaments. The Season 2 World Championship was held in early October 2012 inLos Angeles, Californiato conclude theUS$5 million season. Twelve qualifying teams\",\n \"qualifying teams from around the world participated in the championship, which boasted the largest prize pool in the history of esports tournaments at the time atUS$2 million, withUS$1 million going to the champions. The group stage, quarterfinal, and semifinal matches took place between 4 and 6 October. The grand final took place a week after, on 13 October in theUniversity of Southern California'sGalen Centerin front of 10,000 fans, and were broadcast in 13 different languages.In the grand final,Taiwan's professional teamTaipei Assassinstriumphed overSouth Korea's Azubu Frost 3 to 1 and claimed theUS$1 million in prize money. Over 8 million viewers tuned in to the Season 2 World Championship broadcast, with a maximum of 1.1 million concurrent viewers during the grand finale, making the Season 2 World Championship the most watched esports event in history at the time. Season 3 (2013) The Season 3 World Championship was held in late 2013 inLos Angeles, California. 14 teams from North America, Korea, China,\",\n \"Korea, China, Southeast Asia, Europe, and one of the emergingLeague of Legendsterritories measured up at the World Playoffs after having qualified through their regional competitions.The grand final was held in theStaples Centeron 4 October 2013, where Korean teamSK Telecom T1defeated the Chinese team Royal Club,granting them the title of the Season 3 world champions, the Summoner's Cup and the $1 million prize. The Season 3 World Championship grand final broadcast on 4 October was watched by 32 million people with a peak concurrent viewership of 8.5 million.The numbers once again beat the previous records for esports viewership. 2014 The 2014 World Championship featured 16 teams competing for a $2.13 million prize pool, with 14 teams qualifying from the primaryLeague of Legendsregions (China, Europe, North America, Korea and Taiwan/SEA) and two international wildcard teams. Riot stopped numbering seasons and instead simply used the year for the 2014 and future championships. The group stage began on 18\",\n \"stage began on 18 September inTaipeiand concluded on 28 September inSingaporewith eight teams advancing to the bracket stage.The bracket stage started on 3 October inBusan, South Korea, and concluded on 19 October with the grand final hosted at the 45,000-seatsSeoul World Cup Stadium,where South Korean teamSamsung Galaxy Whitebeat the Chinese team Star Horn Royal Club to become the 2014League of Legendsworld champions.Support player Cho \\\"Mata\\\" Se-hyeong was named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP). American bandImagine Dragonscontributed the theme song \\\"Warriors\\\" for the tournament,and performed live on the grand final stage in South Korea.All games were made available for free via live streaming. The 2014 World Championship games were streamed live by 40 broadcast partners and cast in 19 languages. The grand final was watched by 27 million people, with concurrent viewership peaking at over 11 million viewers. 2015 After the 2014 season,Riot Gamesintroduced a number of changes to competitiveLeague of\",\n \"of Legends. The number of teams in theLeague Championship Serieswas increased from 8 to 10 in both the North America and Europe regions.A second Riot Games official international tournament was announced, the Mid-Season Invitational, which took place in May 2015, and featured a single team from each major region and one international wildcard.Additionally, starting from 2015, all teams are required to field a head coach in their competitive matches, who will stay on stage and speak with the team via voice-chat in the pick–ban phase of the game. This change makes the head coach an officially recognized member of the team. The 2015 World Championship concluded the 2015 season and was held at several venues across Europe in October 2015. Like the 2014 World Championship, the 2015 World Championship was a multi-city, multi-country event.2015 Worlds was won bySK Telecom T1, their second title, as they won the 2013 Worlds too. SKT top lanerJang \\\"MaRin\\\" Gyeong-hwanwas named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP).\",\n \"player(MVP). The final was watched by 36 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14 million viewers. 2016 The various stages of the 2016 Worlds were held throughout theUnited StatesinChicago,San Francisco,New York City, and the final inLos Angeles. The groups of teams were decided through a live group draw show on 10 September. The games were played on the 6.18 patch of the game with Yorick disabled, and Aurelion Sol disabled for days 1–3. There were 16 teams and 4 groups that consisted of 4 teams. The group stage was Bo1 and the top two teams from each group would advance to the Knockout Stage. The Knockout Stage was Bo5 and the #1 vs #2 teams from each group would face each other in the bracket. The total prize pool was US$5,070,000 and it was spread among the teams. The first place (SK Telecom T1) took $2,028,000, the second team (Samsung Galaxy) took $760,500, and the third and fourth place (ROX Tigers and H2K) took $380,250 divided among the 2 teams. The rest of the prize pool was\",\n \"the prize pool was distributed among the 5th–16th places. SKT won 3–2 versus Samsung Galaxy in the 2016 World Championship final, with Faker winning the MVP award.The final was watched by 43 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14.7 million viewers, breaking 2015's final's viewer records. 2017 The 2017 World Championship series started in September 2017, and concluded in November 2017. It was held in 4 different locations throughout China:Wuhan(play-in and groups),Guangzhou(quarterfinals),Shanghai(semifinals), andBeijing(final).It was played on patch 7.18, with the newest champion Ornn being disabled. Patch 7.18 is slightly older than patches 7.19 and 7.20, which are the new standard for online matches during the September - November period. The most notable difference being the stronger Ardent Censer support meta with patch 7.18. A total of 24 teams participated in the tournament: 3 teams from South Korea, China, North America, Europe and Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau; 1 team from Brazil, Latin\",\n \"from Brazil, Latin America North, Latin America South, Japan, Oceania, Turkey, Southeast Asia and CIS/Russia; and 1 team from the Wildcard region with the highest rank finish at the 2017 Mid-Season Invitational (GPL in Southeast Asia, due to Gigabyte Marines from Vietnam prevailing there, and Vietnam received 1 more slot for VCS's second seed to participate GPL 2017 summer split). Samsung Galaxy reversed the previous year's result and defeated SK Telecom T1 3–0 in the 2017 World Championship final.Park \\\"Ruler\\\" Jae-hyuk, the AD carry of Samsung, was named MVP.The final was watched by 60 million people, breaking 2016's final's viewer records. The tournament is widely praised for its high quality of plays and amazing ceremonial performances, while receiving worldwide attention for its dramatic and emotional series. It is currently the most watched tournament inLeague of Legends'history and is lauded as one of the best. 2018 The 2018 World Championship was held from 1 October to 3 November, 2018, in 4 cities\",\n \"2018, in 4 cities acrossSouth Korea:Seoul(play-in),Busan(groups & quarterfinals),Gwangju(semifinals), andIncheon(final).Twenty four teams qualified for the tournament based on their placement in regional circuits such as those in North America, Europe, South Korea, and China, with twelve of those teams having to reach the group stage via a play-in round. The 2018 World Championship was played on Patch 8.19. Notably, champions Aatrox, Alistar and Urgot were extremely prevalent in the tournament, with the three characters being picked or banned in over 90 percent of the 78 games played.The World Championship final was played between Invictus Gaming and Fnatic. Invictus Gaming won 3–0 against Fnatic, granting China and theLPLtheir first World Championship. Gao \\\"Ning\\\" Zhenning was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by 99.6 million unique viewers, with concurrent viewership reaching a peak of 44 million viewers, breaking 2017's final's viewership record. 2019 The 2019 World\",\n \"2019 The 2019 World Championship was held between 2 October to 10 November 2019, in three countries and cities inEurope:Berlin(play-in & groups),Madrid(quarterfinals and semifinals), andParis(final).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play. The 2019 World Championship was played on Patch 9.19 from start to finish.The World Championship final was played on 10 November 2019 betweenLPL'sFunPlus PhoenixandLEC'sG2 EsportsatAccorHotels Arenain Paris. FunPlus Phoenix won 3–0 against G2 Esports, granting China and the LPL back-to-back World Championships. Gao \\\"Tian\\\" Tianliang was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by more than 100 million viewers, peaking at 44 million concurrent views. 2020 The 2020 World Championship was held from 25 September to 31 October 2020 inShanghai, China. 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on\",\n \"based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere unable to attend the event. All games leading up to the final were hosted in the Shanghai Media Tech Studio with no fans in attendance. The final was hosted in thePudong Football Stadiumas the building's inaugural event, hosting a limited number of 6,312 fans due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The final was played on 31 October 2020 betweenSuning, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, andDamwon Gaming, fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Damwon Gaming winning the championship 3–1. During the second game, Suning's top laner Chen \\\"Bin\\\" Zebin achieved the first \\\"Pentakill\\\" in the final of a World Championship.Damwon Gaming's jungler, Kim \\\"Canyon\\\" Geon-bu, was named the MVP of the series.Damwon's win ended the LPL's back-to-back streak of world championship\",\n \"world championship victories.The final was watched at its peak by 46.07 million viewers. 2021 The 2021 World Championship was held from 5 October to 6 November 2021 inReykjavík, Iceland. In line with last year's iteration, 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere once again unable to attend the event. All games of the tournament were hosted in theLaugardalshöll, with no fans in attendance due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Iceland. The final was played on 6 November 2021 betweenEdward Gaming, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, and defending championsDWG KIA(formerly Damwon Gaming), fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Edward Gaming winning the championship 3–2, ending DWG KIA's chance to win back-to-back world championships.Edward Gaming's\",\n \"Gaming's mid laner, Lee \\\"Scout\\\" Ye-chan, was named the MVP of the series.The final had an average audience of 30.6 million, peaking at 73.86 million concurrent viewers. 2022 The 2022 World Championship was held from 29 September to 5 November, 2022, with the event taking place in 4 cities acrossNorth America:Mexico City(play-in),New York City(groups & quarterfinals),Atlanta(semifinals) andSan Francisco(finals).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of theRussian invasion of Ukraine, theLeague of Legends Continental Leaguefrom theCISregion was unable to send a representative to participate in the event. The finals was played at theChase Centeron 5 November 2022 betweenT1andDRX, both from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK). Riot Games collaborated withLil Nas Xto releaseSTAR WALKIN'for the finals. He appeared at the Chase Center in San Francisco, California,\",\n \"California, and he was broadcast through over 20 music stations live for tens of millions of people.In the final, DRX defeated T1 3–2 in a close series, becoming the first team to win the championship after starting from the play-in stage.DRX's top laner, Hwang \\\"Kingen\\\" Seong-hoon, was named the MVP of the series.Their victory was considered aCinderellaandunderdogsuccess story, as they had come from the play-in stage as Korea's fourth seed representative, and had beaten some of the more favored and accomplished teams along the way, including the previous worlds championsEdward Gamingin a 3–2 reverse sweep in the quarterfinals, and defeating theLCK Summer Split championsGen.G3–1 in the semifinals. 2023 The 2023 World Championship was held from 10 October to 19 November 2023, with the event taking place in two cities across South Korea:SeoulandBusan. Twenty-two teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in\",\n \"regional results in international play.Albeit, one team qualified for the event through the newly inaugurated Worlds Qualifying Series between the fourth-seeded teams from the LEC and LCS. The format for the event differed to the previous editions, with the introduction of a play-in stage, consisting of eight teams who are split into two double elimination brackets. There, three teams qualified to the second stage of the event where the qualifying teams, along with thirteen other teams, faced off in aswiss-system tournamentto determine the qualifiers to the knockout stage, with the eventual champions being crowned at the conclusion of the single-elimination knockout stage. The finals was played at theGocheok Sky Domeon 19 November 2023 betweenWeibo Gamingfrom theLeague of Legends Pro League(LPL), and previous years' finalistT1from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK).In the final, T1 defeated Weibo Gaming 3–0, extending their record for the most world championships won by single team with four\",\n \"team with four titles.T1's top laner,Choi \\\"Zeus\\\" Woo-je, was named the MVP of the series, while teammateLee \\\"Faker\\\" Sang-hyeokbecame the first player to win four World Championships. 2024 The 2024 World Championship will be held from 25 September to 2 November 2024, with the event taking place in three cities across Europe:Berlin,ParisandLondon. Twenty-two teams will qualify to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and results gained inthis years' Mid-Season Invitational(MSI), with the LCK and LPL's 4th seeds in the Swiss stage reallocated to the winner and a team from the best performing region of the event. It was revealed during the finals' broadcast of the 2023 World Championship, that the finals of this years' Worlds is set to take place in London atThe O2 Arenaon 2 November 2024. 2025 Details about the 2025 World Championship's location and dates are yet to be known. However, this edition of the tournament will feature 17 teams in total, with the MSI\",\n \"total, with the MSI slots being kept and three teams from each ofLeague's new competitive regions (Americas, EMEA, Korea, China and Asia-Pacific) qualifying on top. One best-of-5 play-in match will be held before the Swiss stage between two teams. Trophy Riot Games, which ownsLeague of Legends, commissioned the winner's trophy as the Summoner's Cup. Riot specified that it should weigh 70 pounds (about 32 kilograms), though the actual weight of the finished cup was reduced so it would not be too heavy to lift in victory. The World Championship Cups for 2012 and for 2014 were created byThomas Lyte. In 2022, Riot Games announced the formation of a multi-year partnership with American jewelry brandTiffany & Co., producing a newly designed Summoner's Cup with a weight of 44 pounds (about 20 kilograms). Results By year By region By team Italicsindicates a team/organization has been disbanded, acquired or no longer participates in the regional league. Notes References\",\n \"Counter-StrikeMajor Championships Counter-StrikeMajor Championships, commonly known as theMajors, areCounter-Strike(CS)esportstournaments sponsored byValve, the game's developer. The first Valve-recognized Major took place in 2013 inJönköping,Swedenand was hosted byDreamHackwith a total prize pool ofUS$250,000split among 16 teams. This, along with the following 18 Majors, was played inCounter-Strike: Global Offensive. As of the 2023 release ofCounter-Strike 2(CS2),Counter-Strikeesports, including the Majors, are played in CS2. Since then, the Major circuit has expanded significantly, with recent tournaments advertising aUS$2,000,000prize pool and featuring twenty-four teams from around the world. The Majors are considered to be the most important and prestigious tournaments in the Counter-Strike scene. The current champions areNatus Vincere, who won their second Major atPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the first to be held inCounter-Strike 2.Astralishold the record for the most Major titles with four. History\",\n \"with four. History Counter-Strike: Global Offensiveis amultiplayerfirst-person shootervideo game developed byHidden Path EntertainmentandValve. It is the fourth game in theCounter-Strikeseries. The first game in the series,Counter-Strike 1.6, was officially released in 2000 and competitive play began soon after. The first significant international tournament was the 2001Cyberathlete Professional LeagueWinter Championship, considered the first \\\"Major\\\".The CPL Summer and Winter Championships, along with theWorld Cyber Games,Electronic Sports World CupandIntel Extreme MastersWorld Championships, were considered Majors by the community, although Valve did not sponsor or give any official designation to the tournaments. Swedish teams, most notablySK Gaming,dominated early Majors but the Polish roster known as the Golden Five were the most successful lineup.Many teams from other parts of the world would win Majors, includingTeam 3Dfrom the United States at CPL Winter 2002and WCG 2004,NoA from Norway at CPL Winter\",\n \"at CPL Winter 2004,mibrfrom Brazil at ESWC 2006,andWeMade FOXfrom South Korea at WEM 2010. On September 16, 2013, a year after the release ofGlobal Offensive, Valve announced aUS$250,000community-funded prize pool for the first official CS:GO Major.The money was partially community-funded through the game's Arms Deal update, which allowed players to buyin-game skins.Valve announced the tournament would take place in Sweden and would be hosted byDreamHack.The tournament took place in late November and was won by the Swedish teamFnaticwho upsetNinjas in Pyjamasin the finals.After Dreamhack 2013, Valve announced they would partner with tournament organizers to host three Majors per year. These Majors are the most prestigious events in the competitive CS:GO scene, and the professional players' legacies are often judged by their performances at these tournaments. The early Majors were dominated by Swedish teams, as Fnatic and NiP combined to win the four of the first six Majors. NiP would play in five of the\",\n \"play in five of the first six grand finals. When Fnatic won Cologne 2015, they became the first team to win back to back Majors, and the first to win a third Major in total.Only the Danish teamAstralishas since matched that total. At the end of 2015, Valve announced thatMLGwould host the first Major in North America.On February 23, 2016, withMLG Columbus 2016coming up, Valve announced a permanent increase in the prize pool fromUS$250,000toUS$1,000,000.However, Valve reduced the number of Majors per year from three to two.Luminosity Gaming, a Brazilian team, won the event to becomes the first non-European team to win a Major.This roster would also go on to win back to back Majors, with their second asSK GamingatESL One Cologne 2016. Gambit Esports, made up primarily of players from Kazakhstan, wonPGL Major Kraków 2017to become the first Asian and CIS team to win a Major. On December 13, 2017, the general manager ofELEAGUE, the hosts of theELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, announced a revised format designed by\",\n \"format designed by Valve and ELEAGUE that would expand the number of teams in the Major from sixteen to twenty-four.This was also the first Major to take place in multiple cities, as the group stages took place inAtlantaat theTurner Studios.Cloud9, an American team, won the event to become the first North American team to win a Major. After Boston 2018, the Danish team Astralis became the top team in CS:GO and one of the best teams inCounter-Strikehistory.With wins atLondon 2018,Katowice 2019, andBerlin 2019, Astralis become the first team to win three Majors in a row and four majors total.After Berlin 2019, Valve and ESL announced the following Major,ESL One Rio 2020, which was to be the first Major to be hosted in South America.Rio 2020, originally scheduled for May, was then postponed to November due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The November Major was announced with aUS$2,000,000prize pool, combining the amounts that would have been set aside for both Majors.In September 2020, the Rio Major was officially\",\n \"was officially canceled due to COVID-19.In December 2020, Valve moved the 2021 Major from May to October and November, citing concerns over the pandemic.On January 14, 2021, Valve announced that the championship would be held between October 23 and November 7 in Stockholm.Over two years after the last Major,PGL Major Stockholm 2021took place, with favouritesNatus Vinceredominating the tournament and becoming the first team in CS:GO history to win a Major without dropping a single map throughout the tournament. PGL Major Stockholm 2021 surpassed the long-standing Counter-Strike viewership record 4 times; reaching 2.75 million concurrent viewers in the final. FaZe Clanwon thePGL Major Antwerp 2022, defeating Natus Vincere 2-0, and becoming the first international team in CS:GO history to win a Major. The previously cancelledESL One Rio 2020Major was replaced withIEM Rio Major 2022and was held inRio de Janeiro, Brazilon October 31 - November 13, 2022.Outsiders, a neutral name for esports\",\n \"name for esports organizationVirtus.produe to ties with the Russian government in light of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, won the tournament defeatingHeroicin the grand final 2-0. BLAST Paris Major 2023was held inParison May 8 - May 21, 2023 with a prize pool of $1,250,000USD.Shortly after the announcement of Counter-Strike 2, the official CS:GO Twitter account announced that the BLAST Paris Major would be the last CS:GO Major with the next major happening in March 2024 in CS2.Team Vitality, a French organization with native star playerMathieu 'ZywOo' Herbaut, defeateddark horseGamerLegionby 2–0 to clinch the final CS:GO Major title. The firstCounter-Strike 2Major was announced to be thePGL CS2 Major Copenhagen 2024which was held from March 17–31 in theRoyal Arena.On November 12, 2023,Perfect World, who are responsible for distributingCounter-Strike 2in China, announced the second major following the release ofCounter-Strike 2, taking place inShanghaibetween December 1-15, 2024. Format Qualification\",\n \"Qualification Starting after Dreamhack 2013, the top eight teams from each Major (those who made it to the playoff stage) earned automatic berths to the next Major.These teams are called \\\"Legends\\\". The other eight teams, called \\\"Challengers\\\", were decided by regional qualifiers, mainly from Europe and North America.A small number of teams have been directly invited or earned attendance from a last chance qualifier to fill final open spots when necessary.Beginning with theDreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015qualification cycle, Valve created a single 16-team main qualifier before the Major. The bottom eight teams from the previous Major earn automatic berths to the newly formed Major qualifier, and the regional qualifiers now send teams to the main qualifier, instead of directly to the Major. For MLG Columbus 2016 the regional qualifiers, leading into the Major qualifier, were replaced by \\\"Minors\\\".The Columbus Minor system involved four regional qualifiers and two \\\"last chance\\\" qualifiers, and results in invites\",\n \"results in invites going to one team from the Americas, two Asian teams, oneCISteam, one European team, and three last chance qualifier spots. The system was simplified in the following Major,ESL One Cologne 2016, with the removal of the last chance qualifiers.Four Minors—Asia, CIS, Europe, Americas—were used. Two teams from each qualifier would go to the Major qualifier, joining the bottom eight teams from the previous Major.The top eight teams from the 16-team Major qualifier advance to the Major. At ELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, the Major qualifier was integrated into the full Major as the first of three phases, expanding the number of teams in each Major to 24.The Major qualifier was renamed the \\\"Challengers Stage\\\", the former group stage was renamed the \\\"Legends Stage\\\", and the playoff stage was named the \\\"Champions Stage\\\".This increased the number of teams getting automatic invites to Majors to 16, while retaining the Minor system to fill the remaining eight spots in phase one of the Major. The\",\n \"of the Major. The Legends—still made up of the teams who reach the playoff stage—earn an automatic invitation to the Legends Stage of the following Major, while the teams placing 9-16 earn automatic invitations to the Challengers Stage of the following Major.On August 28, 2018, shortly before the start of theFACEIT Major: London 2018, Valve announced that they were reducing the number of automatic Major invites to fourteen, starting with the London 2018 Major: the two teams that go winless in the first phase must go through the Minors to get back to the next Major. From thePGL Major Stockholm 2021onwards, no automatic berths have been given to any team regardless of their record in the previous Major. Instead, a Regional Major Ranking (RMR) system has been used, which at first was a yearly points circuit where each region would have three qualifying tournaments where teams can receive points towards qualifying for the Major, which included Contenders, Challengers and Legends distinctions (As well as the\",\n \"(As well as the Legends bye) for the top teams within each region.Despite initially being used for the ESL One Rio Major 2020, the event's cancellation would mean that PGL Major Stockholm 2021 was the first Major that utilized the RMR system.The very next Major,PGL Major Antwerp 2022, would scrap the points circuit in favor of qualifying tournaments that bear the RMR name, initially (and still) 2 for Europe (which included the CIS region), 1 for the Americas and 1 for Asia-Pacific. Teams qualify for their regional RMRs via being the top teams in their region in the Valve rankings (before thePerfect World Shanghai Major 2024, the teams who placed in the Legends Stage of the previous Major would qualify automatically for the RMRs) or via online qualifying made up of Open Qualifiers (if needed) and Closed Qualifiers, where the next-best ranked teams compete for the remaining RMR spots. In addition, regions can gain or lose Challengers and Legends spots in the Major based on the region's results from the\",\n \"results from the previous Major, with 3 Challengers spots reserved for Europe and the Americas and 2 for Asia-Pacific. For example, afterPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the Americas region would go from 1 Legends spot and 4 Challengers spot, to 7 Challengers spots for Perfect World Shanghai, after 4 teams from the Americas qualified for the Elimination Stage, with none making the Playoff stage. Unlike traditional sports or other esports leagues, Valve considers the players in each team to have the Major spots, rather than the organization itself.For instance, at theELEAGUE Major 2017,Team EnVyUsplaced ninth, meaning it would have an automatic berth at the next Major qualifier. However, before the next Major, three of EnVyUs's players transferred toG2 Esports, meaning Team EnVyUs lost its spot at the Major qualifier. Tournament format Although the playoff stage of the Majors has generally followed a standard 8-team single-elimination format, the group stages have changed multiple times. From 2013 to 2016, Majors\",\n \"to 2016, Majors used a four group GSL format for the group stage.In each four-team group, the two higher seeds would initially face the two lower seeds. The two winners from the first round of matches would then play to determine which team gets the top seed. The two losers would also play to eliminate one team. After this second round of matches, the remaining two teams play to determine which team takes the final playoff spot.All group stage games at the first Majors were best-of-ones. The last Major of 2015 and both Majors in 2016 featured a best-of-three decider in the final match of each group. The group stage of ESL One Cologne 2015 worked differently. Initially, the first three matches of the group stage started out the same way as the standard GSL format, determining the group winner. However, teams were then reassigned afterwards so that the two losers played from different groups and then the decider match would also be teams from different groups. Beginning in 2017, the group stage has featured\",\n \"stage has featured aSwiss-system group stage.Before the tournament, teams are divided into four pots, with pot one having the four highest seeds, pot two having the next four highest seeds, and so on. A randomly selected team from pot one would face off against a randomly selected team from pot four. The same process is done with the pots two and three. After the initial seeded match, teams play five rounds against randomly drawn teams with the same record.No two teams play twice unless necessary. If a team wins three matches, then that team moves on to the next stage. If a team loses three matches, that team is eliminated. All games were best-of-one until the London 2018 Major. The Boston 2018 Major featured two Swiss group stages; the stage formerly known as the offline Major qualifier was now called the New Challengers stage and the group stage was now rebranded as the New Legends stage. The London 2018 Major used a slightly different form of the Swiss system, called the Buchholz system, in which matchups\",\n \"in which matchups were seeded instead of random and the last round featured best-of-three sets.The next Major,Katowice 2019, featured a crowdsourcedElo system, in which participating teams ranked the 15 other teams before the Legends Stage to create a seeding system for each round of the Swiss system.TheCopenhagen 2024 Majorwill have the names of the two Swiss stages changed, with the Challengers Stage becoming the Opening Stage and the Legends Stage becoming the Elimination Stage, while the first round match-up seeding for the Swiss stages will be tweaked. The Playoffs, known as the New Champions stage and Champions stage beforehand, have featured eight teams at all Majors. All matches are best-of-three, single-elimination series. When the GSL format was used for group stages, group winners earned top seeds and group runner-ups earned bottom seeds. Each top seed played a bottom seed in quarterfinals. With current Swiss format seeding, the two teams that finish undefeated in the group stage earn the highest\",\n \"earn the highest seeds. Two of the three lowest seeds from the group stage (teams that advance with two losses) are randomly selected to play against the high seeds. Two of the three middle seeds (teams that advance with one loss) are randomly selected to play each other, and the remaining two teams face each other to finalize the bracket. Banned players Valve has banned players from attending the Majors for violations of competitive integrity. AValve Anti-Cheat(VAC) ban is the most common way players get banned. VAC is an anti-cheat program designed by Valve to detect cheats running in various games, includingCounter-Strike. If cheats are detected, the account is given a permanent lifetime ban from playing on VAC-secured servers. Other server providers, such asFACEITandESEA, have their own anti-cheat systems and work with Valve to detect new cheats.One of the most high-profile VAC bans was given to Hovik \\\"KQLY\\\" Tovmassian. KQLY, along with several other professional players, was banned while playing for\",\n \"while playing for France's best team,Titan. Valve has also banned players from Valve-sponsored events formatch fixing. The first Valve ban for match fixing was a response to theiBUYPOWER match fixing scandal, in which esports journalistRichard Lewisrevealed that one of North America's best teams, iBUYPOWER, had thrown a match for high-valueskins.Valve indefinitely banned seven players who were involved in the scandal from attending any Majors. Tyler \\\"Skadoodle\\\" Latham was the only iBUYPOWER player not to be banned, as he did not receive any payment after the game.Valve would later make the bans permanent, causing some controversy in the Counter-Strike community.Although tournament organizersESLandDreamHacklifted their own bans on the former iBUYPOWER players in 2017,the Major ban effectively ended the high level careers of two of North America's best in-game leaders (Sam \\\"DaZeD\\\" Marine and Joshua \\\"steel\\\" Nissan) and Braxton \\\"swag\\\" Pierce.Skadoodle would go on to win a Major with Cloud9. Following the\",\n \"Following the iBUYPOWER ban, there have been two other match fixing bans, resulting in nine other players being barred from the Majors. List of Major Championships Titles by organization Titles by players Features Stickers Stickers are virtual items in the game which players can buy or get from sticker capsules. The stickers can then be applied toin-game gun skins. Valve has released a sticker design for each team attending a Major since Katowice 2014,and a sticker for each professional player's signature since Cologne 2015.These two types of stickers come in a variety of styles: paper, glitter, holographic, foil, and gold.With each sticker purchase, half of the proceeds go to the player or team and half go to Valve. These sticker capsules are unique for each tournament and can only be purchased at the time of the tournament. Because of this forced rarity, stickers from early majors tend to become more expensive over time.After initially costing less thanUS$10, a \\\"Titan\\\" holographic sticker from Katowice\",\n \"from Katowice 2014 sold on secondary markets forUS$80,000in 2023,making it the most expensive public sticker trade in the game's history. Souvenir packages Souvenir packages are virtual packages containing a gun skin that are exclusive to CS:GO Majors.These \\\"souvenir skins\\\" can rank among the most expensive skins in the game because of their rarity. After Cloud9 became the first ever North American CS:GO Major champion at Boston 2018, a souvenir skin with the signature of the finals MVP, Tyler \\\"Skadoodle\\\" Latham, sold forUS$61,000. In-game tributes After certain significant or iconic moments inGlobal OffensiveMajors, Valve has added in-game memorials to the location of the event, usually in the form of graffiti or signs.Thus far, there have been six moments in Majors that have been memorialized by Valve, though one graffiti was removed whenDust IIwas updated. Notes References\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":290,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In what city were the Summer Olympic Games held in the year the RMS _Titanic_ sank?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Stockholm (Sweden)"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Titanic (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"],"string":"[\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Titanic (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Titanic (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))","Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"],"string":"[\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Titanic (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\",\n \"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics (Caused by NewConnectionError(': Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":291,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many more points did Michael Jordan average in his sophomore season (regular season) in the NBA than the first black NBA player averaged during his career (regular season)? Show me a math equation to justify your answer."},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"14.3 PPG 22.7 - 8.4 = 14.3"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_NBA"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Lloyd"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Post processing | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_NBA', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Lloyd']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_NBA","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Lloyd"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_NBA\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Lloyd\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Michael Jordan Michael Jeffrey Jordan(born February 17, 1963), also known by his initialsMJ,is an American businessman and former professionalbasketballplayer. He played 15 seasons in theNational Basketball Association(NBA) between 1984 and 2003, winning sixNBA championshipswith theChicago Bulls. He was integral in popularizing basketball and the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s,becoming a globalcultural icon.His profile on the NBA website states, \"By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time.\" Jordan playedcollege basketballwith theNorth Carolina Tar Heels. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in1982.Jordan joined the Bulls in1984as the third overall draft pickand quickly emerged as a league star, entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring while gaining a reputation as one of the best defensive players.His leaping ability, demonstrated by performingslam dunksfrom thefree-throw lineinSlam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames \"Air Jordan\" and \"His Airness\".Jordan won his first NBA title with the Bulls in1991and followed that achievement with titles in1992and1993, securing athree-peat. Citing \"physical and mental exhaustion\" from basketball and superstardom, Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the1993–94 NBA seasonto playMinor League Baseballin theChicago White Soxorganization. He returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three more championships in1996,1997, and1998, as well as a then-record 72 regular season wins in the1995–96 NBA season.Jordan retired for the second time in January 1999, returning for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of theWashington Wizards.He was selected to play for theUnited States national teamduring his college and NBA careers, winning fourgold medals—at the1983 Pan American Games,1984 Summer Olympics,1992 Tournament of the Americasand1992 Summer Olympics—while also being undefeated. Jordan's individual accolades include sixNBA Finals Most Valuable Player(MVP) awards, tenNBA scoring titles(both all-time records), fiveNBA MVPawards, 10All-NBAFirst Team designations, nineAll-DefensiveFirst Team honors, fourteenNBA All-Star Gameselections, threeNBA All-Star Game MVPawards, threeNBA steals titles, and the 1988NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award.He holds theNBA recordsfor career regular season scoring average (30.1 points per game) and career playoff scoring average (33.4 points per game).In 1999, Jordan was named the 20th century's greatest North American athlete byESPNand was second toBabe Ruthon theAssociated Press' list of athletes of the century.Jordan was twice inducted into theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, once in 2009 for his individual career,and again in 2010 as part of the1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team(\"The Dream Team\").He became a member of theUnited States Olympic Hall of Famein 2009,a member of theNorth Carolina Sports Hall of Famein 2010,and an individual member of theFIBA Hall of Famein 2015 and a \"Dream Team\" member in 2017.Jordan was named to theNBA 50th Anniversary Teamin 1996 and to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.The trophy for theNBA Most Valuable Player Awardis named in his honor. One of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation, Jordan made many product endorsements.He fueled the success ofNike'sAir Jordansneakers, which were introduced in 1984 and remain popular.Jordan starred as himself in the live-action/animation hybrid filmSpace Jam(1996) and was the central focus of theEmmy-winning documentary seriesThe Last Dance(2020). He became part-owner and head of basketball operations for theCharlotte Hornets(then named the Bobcats) in 2006 and bought a controlling interest in 2010, before selling his majority stake in 2023. Jordan is also a co-owner of23XI Racingin theNASCAR Cup Series. In 2016, he became the first billionaire player in NBA history.That same year, PresidentBarack Obamaawarded Jordan thePresidential Medal of Freedom.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes. Early life Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born atCumberland Hospitalin Brooklyn, New York City, on February 17, 1963,to bank employee Deloris (née Peoples) and equipment supervisorJames R. Jordan Sr.He has two older brothers, James Jr. and basketball playerLarry, as well as an older sister named Deloris and a younger sister named Roslyn.Jordan and his siblings were raised in theMethodistfaith. In 1968, the family moved toWilmington, North Carolina.Jordan attendedEmsley A. Laney High School, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the basketballvarsity teamduring his sophomore year, but at a height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m), he was deemed too short. His taller friendHarvest Leroy Smithwas the only sophomore to make the team.Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney'sjunior varsity teamand tallied some 40-point games.The following summer, he grew four inches (10 cm) and trained rigorously.Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged more than 25points per game(ppg) over his final two seasons of high school play.As a senior, he was selected to play in the1981 McDonald's All-American Gameand scored 30points,after averaging 26.8 ppg,11.6rebounds(rpg), and 10.1assistsper game (apg) for the season. Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, includingDuke,North Carolina,South Carolina,Syracuse, andVirginia.In 1981, he accepted a basketball scholarship to theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where Jordan majored incultural geography.He chose this field of study because of its relationship tometeorology, as Jordan was interested in a career as ameteorologist. College career As a freshman in coachDean Smith's team-oriented system, Jordan was namedACCFreshman of the Year after averaging 13.4 ppg on 53.4% shooting (field goal percentage).He made the game-winningjump shotin the1982 NCAA Championship gameagainstGeorgetown, which was led by future NBA rivalPatrick Ewing.Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.During his three seasons with theTar Heels, Jordan averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting and added 5.0 rpg and 1.8 apg. Jordan was selected by consensus to theNCAA All-American First Teamin both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons.After winning theNaismithand theWoodenCollege Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina a year before his scheduled graduation to enter the1984 NBA draft. Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986,when he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography.In 2002, Jordan was named to theACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball teamhonoring the 50 greatest players in ACC history. Professional career Chicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998) Early NBA years (1984–1987) TheChicago Bullsselected Jordan with the third overall pick of the1984 NBA draftafterHakeem Olajuwon(Houston Rockets) andSam Bowie(Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of acenter.Trail Blazers general managerStu Inmancontended that it was not a matter of drafting a center but more a matter of taking Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already hadClyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan.Citing Bowie's injury-laden college career,ESPNnamed the Blazers' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history. Jordan made his NBA debut atChicago Stadiumon October 26, 1984, and scored 16 points. In 2021, a ticket stub from the game sold at auction for $264,000, setting a record for a collectible ticket stub.During his rookie1984–85 seasonwith the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting,and helped the Bulls improve from 28-54 to 38-44. Jordan quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas.Roy S. Johnson ofThe New York Timesdescribed Jordan as \"the phenomenal rookie of the Bulls\" in November,and he appeared on the cover ofSports Illustratedwith the heading \"A Star Is Born\" in December.The fans voted in Jordan as anAll-Starstarter during his rookie season.Controversy arose before the1985 NBA All-Star Gamewhen word surfaced that several veteran players, led byIsiah Thomas, were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.This led to a so-called \"freeze-out\" on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him.The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted theNBA Rookie of the Year.The Bulls finished the season 38–44,and lost to theMilwaukee Bucksin four games in the first round ofthe playoffs. An often-cited moment was on August 26, 1985,when Jordan shook the arena during a Nike exhibition game inTrieste, Italy, by shattering the glass of the backboard with a dunk.The moment was filmed and is often referred to as an important milestone in Jordan's rise.The shoes Jordan wore during the game were auctioned in August 2020 for $615,000, a record for a pair of sneakers.Jordan's1985–86 seasonwas cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games.The Bulls madethe playoffsdespite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record,at the time the fifth-worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history.Jordan recovered in time to participate in the postseason and performed well upon his return. On April 20 at theBoston Garden, in Game 2 of the First Round, a 135–131 double overtime loss to the eventualNBA championBoston Celtics, Jordan scored a playoff career-high 63 points, breakingElgin Baylor'ssingle-game playoff scoring record.The Celtics team, though, swept the series in three games. Jordan completely recovered in time for the1986–87 season,and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history; he became the only player other thanWilt Chamberlainto score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league-high 37.1 ppg on 48.2% shooting.Jordan also demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200stealsand 100blocked shotsin a season.Despite Jordan's success,Magic Johnsonwon theNBA Most Valuable Player Award.The Bulls reached 40 wins,and advanced tothe playoffsfor the third consecutive year but were again swept by theCeltics. Pistons roadblock (1987–1990) Jordan led the league in scoring during the1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting,and won his first league MVP Award. He was named theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearafter averaging 1.6 blocks per game (bpg), a league-high 3.1 steals per game (spg),and leading the Bulls defense to the fewest points per game allowed in the league.The Bulls finished 50–32,and made it past the first round ofthe playoffsfor the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated theCleveland Cavaliersin five games.In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, the Bulls lost in five games to the more experiencedDetroit Pistons,who were led byIsiah Thomasand a group of physical players known as the \"Bad Boys\". In the1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8.0 rpg and 8.0 apg.During the season,Sam Vincent, Chicago'spoint guard, was having trouble running the offense, and Jordan expressed his frustration with head coachDoug Collins, who then put Jordan at point guard. In his time as a point guard, Jordan had 10triple-doublesin 11 games, with averages of 33.6 ppg, 11.4 rpg, 10.8 apg, 2.9 spg, and 0.8 bpg on 51% shooting. The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,and advanced to theEastern ConferenceFinals, defeating theCavaliersandNew York Knicksalong the way.The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit \"The Shot\" overCraig Ehloat the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.In the Eastern Conference Finals, thePistonsagain defeated the Bulls, this time in six games,by utilizing their \"Jordan Rules\" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double andtriple teaminghim every time he touched the ball. The Bulls entered the1989–90 seasonas a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players likeScottie PippenandHorace Grant, and under the guidance of new coachPhil Jackson.On March 28, 1990, Jordan scored a career-high 69 points in a 117–113 road win over the Cavaliers.He averaged a league-leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg,in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating theBucksandPhiladelphia 76ers;despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to thePistonsfor the third consecutive season. First three-peat (1991–1993) Jackson sought to instill the principles of the triangle offense more deeply within the team, and this required Michael Jordan to change his playing style. As Jackson explained in his bookEleven Rings, \"I was planning to ask Michael... to reduce the number of shots he took so that other members of the team could get more involved.\" Jackson worked with Jordan to ensure he could still pursue scoring titles, but now in a way that better integrated his personal ambitions with the team's success. In the1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in sixteen years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.WithScottie Pippendeveloping into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated theNew York Knicksand thePhiladelphia 76ersin the opening two rounds ofthe playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, theDetroit Pistons, awaited them;this time, the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four-game sweep. The Bulls advanced tothe Finalsfor the first time in franchise history to face theLos Angeles Lakers. The Bulls won the series in five games, and compiled a 15–2 playoff record along the way.Perhaps the best-known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potentialSam Perkinsblock by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket.In his first Finals appearance, Jordan had 31.2 ppg on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 apg, 6.6 rpg, 2.8 spg, and 1.4 bpg.Jordan won his firstNBA Finals MVPawardand cried while holding the Finals trophy. Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the1991–92 season, establishing a 67–15 record, topping their franchise record from the 1990–91 campaign.Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 ppg, 6.4 rpg, and 6.1 apg on 52% shooting.After winning a physical seven-game series over theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffsand finishing off theCleveland Cavaliersin the Conference Finals in six games, the Bulls metClyde Drexlerand thePortland Trail Blazersinthe Finals. The media, hoping to recreate aMagic–Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between \"Air\" Jordan and Clyde \"The Glide\" during the pre-Finals hype. In a Game 1 victory, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting sixthree-point field goals.After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside.Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying: \"I can't believe I'm doing this.\"The Bulls went on to defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row,and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 52.6% from the floor. In the1992–93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign, including a second-place finish in Defensive Player of the Year voting,Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended, as he lost the award to his friendCharles Barkley,upsetting him.Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and hisPhoenix Sunsin the1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game-winning shot byJohn Paxsonand a last-second block byHorace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's leader. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,and became the first player in NBA history to win three consecutive Finals MVP awards.Jordan scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in four consecutive games.With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life. Gambling During the1993 NBA playoffs, Jordan was seen gambling inAtlantic City, New Jersey, the night before Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals against theNew York Knicks.The previous year, he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book in 1993 claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.David Stern, thecommissioner of the NBA, denied in 1995 and 2006 that Jordan's 1993 retirement was a secret suspension by the league for gambling,but the rumor spread widely. In 2005, Jordan discussed his gambling withEd Bradleyof60 Minutesand admitted that he made reckless decisions. Jordan stated: Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah. When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied: \"No.\"In 2010,Ron Shelton, director ofJordan Rides the Bus, said that he began working on the documentary believing that the NBA had suspended him, but that research \"convinced was nonsense\". First retirement and stint in Minor League Baseball (1993–1995) On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, saying that he lost his desire to play basketball. He later said that the murder of his father three months earlier helped shape his decision.James R. Jordan Sr.was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highwayrest areainLumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked hisLexus.His body, dumped in a South Carolina swamp, was not discovered until August 3.Green and Demery were sentenced to life imprisonment.However, inThe Last Dance, Jordan stated that he retired due to physical and mental exhaustion from basketball and superstardom, and that he had made up his mind during the Bulls' playoff run and discussed the decision with his father. Jordan was close to his father; as a child, Jordan imitated the way his father stuck out his tongue while absorbed in work. Jordan later adopted it as his own signature, often displaying it as he drove to the basket.In 1996, Jordan founded a Chicago-areaBoys & Girls Cluband dedicated it to his father.In his 1998 autobiographyFor the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he was preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.The added exhaustion due to the \"Dream Team\" run in the1992 Summer Olympicssolidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world. Jordan further surprised the sports world by signing aMinor League Baseball(MiLB) contract with theChicago White Soxon February 7, 1994.He reported tospring traininginSarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31.Jordan said that this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who always envisioned his son as aMajor League Baseball(MLB) player.The White Sox were owned by Bulls ownerJerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. In 1994, Jordan played for theBirmingham Barons, aDouble-Aminor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox,batting.202 with threehome runs, 51runs batted in, 30stolen bases, 114strikeouts, 51bases on balls, and 11errors.His strikeout total led the team and his games played tied for the team lead. His 30 stolen bases were second on the team only toDoug Brady.Jordan also appeared for theScottsdale Scorpionsin the 1994Arizona Fall League, batting .252 against the top prospects in baseball.On November 1, 1994, hisNo.23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known asThe Spiritoutside the newUnited Center. Return to the NBA (1995) The Bulls went 55–27 in1993–94without Jordan in the lineupand lost to theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffs.In the1994–95 Bulls, Jordan surprised many by returning to the Bulls midway through the season. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball because he feared he might become areplacement playerduring theMajor League Baseball strike.On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA in a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\"The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face theIndiana PacersinIndianapolis, scoring 19 points.The game had the highestNielsen ratingof any regular season NBA game since 1975.Although he could have worn his original number even though the Bulls retired it, Jordan wore No. 45, his baseball number. Despite his 18-month hiatus from the NBA, Jordan played well, making a game-winning jump shot againstAtlantain his fourth game back. He scored 55 points in his next game, against theNew York KnicksatMadison Square Gardenon March 28, 1995.Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to makethe playoffsand advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against theOrlando Magic.At the end of Game 1, Orlando'sNick Andersonstripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket for the Magic; he later commented that Jordan \"didn't look like the old Michael Jordan\",and said, \"No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to\". Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former No. 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA.Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black.He averaged 31 ppg in the playoffs, but Orlando won the series in six games. Second three-peat (1996–1998) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the1995–96 season.The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialistDennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41–3.The Bulls finished with the best regular season record in NBA history, 72–10, a mark broken two decades later by the2015–16 Golden State Warriors.Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg,and he won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards. Inthe playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat3–0,New York Knicks4–1, andOrlando Magic4–0), as they defeated theSeattle SuperSonics4–2 in theNBA Finalsto win their fourth championship.The series was one of the tougher ones for Jordan as he shot 41%, 32%, and 26% from the field in three of the six games.Nevertheless, Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time;he achieved only the second sweep of the MVP awards in the All-Star Game, regular season, and NBA Finals afterWillis Reedin the1969–70 season.Upon winning the championship, his first since his father's murder, Jordan reacted emotionally, clutching the game ball and crying on the locker room floor. In the1996–97 season, the Bulls stood at a 69–11 record but ended the season by losing their final two games to finish the year 69–13, missing out on a second consecutive 70-win season.The Bulls again advanced tothe Finals, where they faced theUtah Jazz.That team includedKarl Malone, who had beaten Jordan for the NBA MVP award in a tight race (986–957).The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with abuzzer-beatingjump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied 2–2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as \"The Flu Game\", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-winning three-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.During the1997 NBA All-Star Game, he posted the first triple-double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort, but the MVP award went toGlen Rice. The Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the1997–98 season.Jordan led the league with 28.7 ppg,securing his fifth regular season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team, and the All-Star Game MVP.The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven-game series with theIndiana Pacersin the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with theNew York Knicks.After winning, they moved on for a rematch with theJazzinthe Finals. The Bulls returned to theDelta CenterforGame 6on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.With 41.9 seconds remaining and the Bulls trailing 86–83, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and sank a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting Utah's lead to 86–85.The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to Malone, who was set up in thelow postand was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and stole the ball out of his hands. Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guardBryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call afoul.With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan made the climactic shot of his Bulls career,a top-key jumper over a stumbling Russell to give Chicago an 87–86 lead. Afterwards, the Jazz'John Stocktonnarrowly missed a game-winning three-pointer, and the buzzer sounded as Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship,achieving a second three-peat in the decade.Once again, Jordan was voted Finals MVP for a record sixth time,having led all scorers by averaging 33.5 ppg, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series,and Game 6 holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history. Second retirement (1999–2001) WithPhil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures ofScottie PippenandDennis Rodmanlooming, and being in the latter stages of an owner-inducedlockoutof NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999.On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player but as part owner and president of basketball operations for theWashington Wizards.Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive, as he controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters; opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (like forwardJuwan Howardand point guardRod Strickland)but used the first pick in the2001 NBA draftto select high school studentKwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons. Despite his January 1999 claim that he was \"99.9% certain\" he would never play another NBA game,Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback in the summer of 2001, this time with his new team.Inspired by theNHLcomeback of his friendMario Lemieuxthe previous winter,Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach,Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return. Washington Wizards (2001–2003) On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of theSeptember 11 attacks.In an injury-plagued2001–02 season, Jordan led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.4 spg),and was an MVP candidate, as he led the Wizards to a winning record and playoff contention;Jordan would eventually finish 13th in the MVP ballot.After he suffered torncartilagein his right knee,and subsequent knee soreness,the Wizards missed the playoffs,and Jordan's season ended after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the1994–95 season.Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 ppg, 5.4 apg, and 6.0 rpg, and shooting 41.9% from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.The Wizards finished the season with a 37–45 record, an 18-game improvement. Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in2003, Jordan passedKareem Abdul-Jabbaras the all-time leading scorer in All-Star Game history, a record since broken byKobe BryantandLeBron James.That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them as he came off the bench in 15. Jordan averaged 20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 spg per game.He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free-throw line.Although Jordan turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at theMCI Centerwere sold out and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.Jordan's final two seasons did not result in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and he was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.At several points, Jordan openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that ofKwame Brown, thenumber-one draft pickin the2001 NBA draft. Final retirement (2003) With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at theUnited Centerin Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.TheMiami Heatretired the No. 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team.At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot fromTracy McGradyandAllen Iversonbut refused both;he accepted the spot ofVince Carter.Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, inPhiladelphia. After scoring 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds left in the third quarter and his team trailing thePhiladelphia 76ers75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, theFirst Union Centercrowd began chanting \"We want Mike!\" After much encouragement from coachDoug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacingLarry Hugheswith 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers'Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookieJohn Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled byBobby Simmonsone second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. He received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans. National team career Jordan made his debut as a college player for theU.S. national basketball teamat the1983 Pan American GamesinCaracas, Venezuela. He led the team in scoring with 17.3 ppg as the U.S., coached byJack Hartman, won thegold medal.The following year, Jordan won another gold medal in the1984 Summer Olympics. The1984 U.S. teamwas coached byBob Knightand featured young players such asPatrick Ewing,Sam Perkins,Chris Mullin,Steve Alford, andWayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament. In 1992, Jordan, now an NBA player, was a member of the star-studded squad that was dubbed the \"Dream Team\", which includedLarry Birdand Magic Johnson. The team won two gold medals: the first in the1992 Tournament of the Americas,and the second in the1992 Summer Olympics. Jordan was the only player to start all eight games in the Olympics. He averaged 14.9 ppg on 45% shooting from the field and 68% from the free-throw line. He was second on the team in scoring.He was undefeated in the four tournaments he played for the United States national team, and Jordan won all 30 games he took part in. Player profile Jordan was ashooting guardwho could also play as asmall forward, the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with theWashington Wizards.Jordan was known throughout his career as a strongclutchperformer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests.His competitiveness was visible in his prolifictrash talkand well-known work ethic.Jordan often used perceived slights to fuel his performances. SportswriterWright Thompsondescribed him as \"a killer, in the Darwinian sense of the word, immediately sensing and attacking someone's weakest spot\".As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not \"tough enough\" to compete with him in practice. To improve his defense, Jordan spent hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvization.Jordan's fierce competitiveness greatly impacted his teammates, sometimes motivating them but also leading to tension and alienation. Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986–87 to 2001–02, when he injured his right knee.Of the 15 seasons Jordan was in the NBA, he played all 82 regular season games nine times.Jordan has frequently citedDavid Thompson,Walter Davis, andJerry Westas influences.Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a special \"Love of the Game Clause\" written into his contract, which was unusual at the time, and allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere. Jordan had a versatile offensive game and was capable of aggressivelydrivingto the basket as well as drawingfoulsfrom his opponents at a high rate. His 8,772free throwattempts are the 11th-highest total in NBA history.Early in Jordan's career, he weighed in at around 200 pounds (91 kg) and was more athletic in terms of play style.As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability topost uphis opponents and score with his trademarkfadeawayjump shot, using his leaping ability to avoid block attempts. According toHubie Brown, this move alone made Jordan nearly unstoppable.Around this time, he bulked up to 215 pounds (98 kg) in order to adapt to the increased physicality of NBA defenses during the 1990s, sacrificing some athleticism for added strength in the post.Despite media criticism by some as a selfish player early in his career, Jordan was willing to defer to this teammates, with a career average of 5.3 apg and a season-high of 8.0 apg.For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder, finishing with 6.2 rpg. Defensively, he averaged 2.3 spg and 0.8 bpg. Thethree-point field goalwas not Jordan's strength, especially in his early years. Later on in his career, Jordan improved his three-point shooting, and finished his career with a three-point field goal percentage of 32%.His best years shooting from three occurred in the 1989-90 and 1992-93 seasons, where he shot 37% and 35% from three, respectively (Jordan did shoot higher percentages from 1994-97, but in those years, the three-point line was temporarily moved inwards). Overall, Jordan was a highly efficient scorer. Hiseffective field goal percentagewas 50%, and he had six seasons with at least 50% shooting, five of which consecutively (1988–1992); Jordan also shot 51% and 50% from the field, and 30% and 33% from the three-point range, throughout his first and second retirements, respectively, finishing his Bulls career with 31.5 points per game on 50.5 FG% shooting and his overall career with 49.7 FG% shooting. In 1988, Jordan was honored with theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearand theMost Valuable Playerawards, becoming the first NBA player to win both awards in a career let alone season. He also set both seasonal and career records forblocked shotsby a guard,and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. Despite his defensive prowess, the 1988 season has come under scrutiny due to the large discrepancy between Jordan's steals' numbers at home versus on the road. Such stat inflation was common, and a 2024 study by Tom Haberstroh found that there were games where Jordan was often credited with steals that could not have happened. For example, in one game, he was credited with more steals than the opposing team had live-ball turnovers.Jordan ranks fourth in NBA history in totalstealswith 2,514, trailingJohn Stockton,Jason KiddandChris Paul.Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.Doc Riversdeclared Jordan \"the best superstar defender in the history of the game\". Jordan was known to have strong eyesight. BroadcasterAl Michaelssaid that Jordan was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away.During the2001 NBA Finals,Phil Jacksoncompared Jordan's dominance toShaquille O'Neal, stating: \"Michael would get fouled on every play and still have to play through it and just clear himself for shots instead and would rise to that occasion.\" Legacy Jordan's talent was clear from his first NBA season; by November 1984, he was being compared toJulius Erving.Larry Birdsaid that rookie Jordan was the best player he ever saw, and that Jordan was \"one of a kind\", and comparable toWayne Gretzkyas an athlete.In his first game in Madison Square Garden against theNew York Knicks, Jordan received a near minute-long standing ovation.After Jordan established the single game playoff record of 63 points against theBoston Celticson April 20, 1986, Bird described him as \"God disguised as Michael Jordan\". Jordanled the NBA in scoringin 10 seasons (NBA record) and tiedWilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles.Jordan was a fixture of theNBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared withGary Payton,Kevin Garnett, andKobe Bryant).He also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 ppg, respectively.By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time.Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second-highest amongNBA career playoff scoring leaders.He scored 32,292 points in the regular season,placing him fifth on theNBA all-time scoring listbehindLeBron James,Kareem Abdul-Jabbar,Karl Malone, and Bryant. With five regular season MVPs (tied for second place withBill Russell—only Abdul-Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and threeNBA All-Star Game MVPs, Jordan is among the most decorated player in NBA history.He finished among the top three in regular season MVP voting 10 times.Jordan was named one of the50 Greatest Players in NBA Historyin 1996,and selected to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men's basketball teams).Since 1976, the year of theABA–NBA merger,Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team.In theAll-Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other player. \"There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us.\" —Magic Johnson Many of Jordan's contemporaries have said that he is the greatest basketball player of all time.In 1999, anESPNsurvey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century.Jordan placed second toBabe Ruthin theAssociated Press' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes.The Associated Press also voted Jordan the greatest basketball player of the 20th century.He has also appeared on the front cover ofSports Illustrateda record 50 times.In the September 1996 issue ofSport, which was the publication's 50th-anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years. Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-backSlam Dunk Contestchampionships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players.Several NBA players, including James andDwyane Wade, have stated that they considered Jordan as their role model while they were growing up.Commentators have also dubbed a number of next-generation players \"the next Michael Jordan\" upon their entry to the NBA, includingPenny Hardaway,Grant Hill,Allen Iverson, Bryant,Vince Carter, James, and Wade.Some analysts, such asThe Ringer's Dan Devine, drew parallels between Jordan's experiment at point guard in the 1988–89 season and the modern NBA; for Devine, it \"inadvertently foreshadowed the modern game's stylistic shift toward monster-usage primary playmakers\", such asRussell Westbrook,James Harden,Luka Dončić, and James.Don Nelsonstated: \"I would've been playing him at point guard the day he showed up as a rookie.\" Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his \"Air Jordan\" image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,a fact Jordan himself has lamented, saying: \"I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized.\"During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game; television ratings increased only during his time in the league.The popularity of the NBA in the U.S. declined after his last title.As late as 2022,NBA Finals television ratingshad not returned to the level reached during his last championship-winning season. In August 2009, theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FameinSpringfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers as well as from the 1992 \"Dream Team\"; the exhibit also has a battingbaseball gloveto signify Jordan's short career in theMinor League Baseball.After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 memberDavid Thompsonto present him.As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels when growing up in North Carolina but greatly admired Thompson, who played for the rivalNC State Wolfpack. In September, Jordan was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, includingScottie Pippen,Dennis Rodman,Charles Oakley,Ron Harper,Steve Kerr, andToni Kukoč.Dean SmithandDoug Collins, two of Jordan's former coaches, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech when Jordan began to cry was captured by Associated Press photographerStephan Savoiaand would later go viral on social media as the \"Crying Jordan\" Internet meme.In 2016, PresidentBarack Obamahonored Jordan with thePresidential Medal of Freedom.In October 2021, he was named to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team.In September 2022, Jordan's jersey in which he played the opening game of the 1998 NBA Finals was sold for $10.1 million, making it the most expensive game-worn sports memorabilia in history.In December 2022, the NBA unveiled a new MVP trophy, named in Jordan's honor, to be awarded beginning with the2022–23 season, which replaced the original trophy, named in honor of former NBA commissionerMaurice Podoloff. NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Awards and honors NBA USA Basketball NCAA High school Halls of Fame Media National State/local Post-retirement After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.Jordan's previous tenure had produced mixed results and may have also influenced the trade ofRichard \"Rip\" HamiltonforJerry Stackhouse, although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002.On May 7, 2003, Wizards ownerAbe Pollinfired Jordan from the role.Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring, he never would have come back to play for the Wizards. Over the next few years, Jordan played golf in celebrity charity tournaments and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles.Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with twoSuzukisin thepremier Superbike championshipsanctioned by theAmerican Motorcyclist Association(AMA) until the end of the 2013 season. Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in theCharlotte Bobcats(known as theHornetssince 2013), becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority ownerRobert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title Managing Member of Basketball Operations.Despite his previous success as an endorser, Jordan made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.A decade earlier, he had made a bid to become part-owner of Charlotte's original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when ownerGeorge Shinnrefused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations. In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and formerHouston RocketspresidentGeorge Postoloswere the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team from Johnson pending NBA approval.On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team,and the league's only African-American majority owner. During the2011 NBA lockout,The New York Timeswrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during thelabor dispute in 1998, Jordan toldWashington Wizardsthen-ownerAbe Pollin: \"If you can't make a profit, you should sell your team.\"Jason WhitlockofFoxSports.comcalled Jordan \"a hypocriteselloutwho can easily betray the very people who made him a billionaire global icon\" for wanting \"current players to pay for his incompetence\".He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing playersKwame BrownandAdam Morrison. During the2011–12 NBA seasonthat was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. The team closed out the season with a 23-game losing streak; their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.Before the next season, Jordan said: \"I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating.\" During the 2019 NBA offseason, Jordan sold a minority piece of the Hornets to Gabe Plotkin and Daniel Sundheim, retaining the majority for himself,as well as the role of chairman.In 2023, Jordan finalized the sale of his majority stake to Gabe Plotkin and Rick Schnall, ending his 13-year tenure as majority owner, although he kept a minority stake.The sale was officially completed in August 2023 for approximately $3 billion, more than 10 times the $275 million Jordan had paid for the team. 23XI Racing On September 21, 2020, Jordan andNASCARdriverDenny Hamlinannounced they would be fielding aNASCAR Cup Seriesteam withBubba Wallacedriving, beginning competition in the2021 season.On October 22, the team's name was confirmed to be23XI Racing(pronounced twenty-three eleven) and the team's entry would bear No. 23.After the team's inaugural season, it added a second car with No. 45, driven byKurt Buschin2022andTyler Reddickin2023.Ty Gibbs,John Hunter Nemechek, andDaniel Hemricalso drove for 23XI as substitute drivers during the 2022 season.The team fielded a third car, No. 67, driven byTravis Pastranain the2023 Daytona 500.23XI Racing has won seven races, two by Wallace, four by Reddick, and one by Busch.Reddick won the2024 NASCAR Cup Seriesregular season championship, the first for the team. Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy atA Little White Wedding ChapelinLas Vegason September 2, 1989.They had three children:Jeffrey,Marcus, and Jasmine.The Jordans filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made \"mutually and amicably\".It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $254 million in 2023), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time. In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot inHighland Park, Illinois, where he planned to build a 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m2) mansion. It was completed in 1995. Jordan listed the mansion for sale in 2012.He also owns homes inNorth CarolinaandJupiter Island, Florida. On July 21, 2006, a judge inCook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim.Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file apaternity suitafter Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991; aDNA testshowed that Jordan was not the father of the child. Jordan proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American modelYvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011,and they were married on April 27, 2013, atBethesda-by-the-SeaEpiscopal Church.It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together.On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.In 2019, Jordan became a grandfather when his daughter Jasmine gave birth to a son, whose father is professional basketball playerRakeem Christmas. Media figure and business interests Endorsements Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands asNike,Coca-Cola,Chevrolet,Gatorade,McDonald's,Ball Park Franks,Rayovac,Wheaties,Hanes, andMCI.Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the \"Be Like Mike\" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan. Nike created a signature shoe for Jordan, called theAir Jordan, in 1984.One of his more popular commercials for the shoe involvedSpike Leeplaying the part ofMars Blackmon. In the commercials, Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that \"it's gotta be the shoes\".The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of \"shoe-jackings\", in which people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the \"Jordan Brand\". The company features a list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers.The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those ofNorth Carolina,UCLA,California,Oklahoma,Florida,Georgetown, andMarquette. Jordan also has been associated with theLooney Tunescartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992'sSuper Bowl XXVIfeatured Jordan andBugs Bunnyplaying basketball.The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996live action/animatedfilmSpace Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former's first retirement from basketball.They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.Jordan also made an appearance in the music video forMichael Jackson's \"Jam\" (1992). Since 2008, Jordan's yearly income from endorsements is estimated to be over $40 million.In addition, when his power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games.Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US$30 million per season.An academic study found that his first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion. Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent,David Falk.Jordan has described Falk as \"the best at what he does\" and that \"marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan'.\" Business ventures In June 2010, Jordan was ranked byForbesas the 20th-most-powerful celebrity in the world, with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According toForbes, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%.On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with theCharlotte Business Journal's Business Person of the Year for 2014.In 2017, he became a part owner of theMiami MarlinsofMajor League Baseball. Forbesdesignated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017.From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes,making him thefifth-richest African-American, behindRobert F. Smith,David Steward,Oprah Winfrey, andRihanna. Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name. The company has aNissandealership inDurham, North Carolina, acquired in 1990,and formerly had aLincoln–Mercurydealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009.The company also owned a Nissan franchise inGlen Burnie, Maryland.The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan's. Restaurants he has owned include asteakhousein New York City'sGrand Central Terminal, among others;that restaurant closed in 2018.Jordan is the majority investor in a golf course, Grove XXIII inHobe Sound, Florida. In September 2020, Jordan became an investor and advisor forDraftKings. Philanthropy From 2001 to 2014, Jordan hosted an annual golf tournament, the Michael Jordan Celebrity Invitational, that raised money for various charities.In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago'sHales Franciscan High School.TheJordan Brandhas made donations toHabitat for Humanityand aLouisianabranch of theBoys & Girls Clubs of America. TheMake-A-Wish Foundationnamed Jordan its Chief Wish Ambassador in 2008.In 2013, he granted his 200th wish for the organization.As of 2019, Jordan has raised more than $5 million for the Make-A-Wish Foundation.In 2023, he donated $10 million to the organization for his 60th birthday. In 2015, Jordan donated a settlement of undisclosed size from a lawsuit against supermarkets that had used his name without permission to 23 different Chicago charities.In 2017, Jordan funded twoNovant HealthMichael Jordan Family Clinics inCharlotte, North Carolina, by giving $7 million, the biggest donation he had made at the time.The following year, afterHurricane Florencedamaged parts of North Carolina, including his former hometown of Wilmington, Jordan donated $2 million to relief efforts.He gave $1 million to aid the Bahamas' recovery followingHurricane Dorianin 2019. On June 5, 2020, in the wake ofthe protestsfollowing themurder of George Floyd, Jordan and his brand announced in a joint statement that they would be donating $100 million over the next 10 years to organizations dedicated to \"ensuring racial equality, social justice and greater access to education\".In February 2021, Jordan funded two Novant Health Michael Jordan Family Clinics inNew Hanover County, North Carolina, by giving $10 million.In 2024, he funded the opening of another Novant Health Clinic, this time in Wilmington. Film and television Jordan played himself in the 1996 comedy filmSpace Jam. The film received mixed reviews,but it was a box office success, making $230 million worldwide, and earned more than $1 billion through merchandise sales. In 2000, Jordan was the subject of anIMAXdocumentary about his career with the Chicago Bulls, especially the1998 NBA playoffs, titledMichael Jordan to the Max.Two decades later, the same period of Jordan's life was covered in much greater and more personal detail by theEmmy Award-winningThe Last Dance, a 10-part TV documentary which debuted onESPNin April and May 2020.The Last Dancerelied heavily on about 500 hours of candid film of Jordan's and his teammates' off-court activities which anNBA Entertainmentcrew had shot over the course of the1997–98 NBA seasonfor use in a documentary. The project was delayed for many years because Jordan had not yet given his permission for the footage to be used.Jordan was interviewed at three homes associated with the production and did not want cameras in his home or on his plane, as according to director Jason Hehir \"there are certain aspects of his life that he wants to keep private\". Jordan granted rapperTravis Scottpermission to film a music video for his single \"Franchise\" at his home inHighland Park, Illinois.Jordan appeared in the 2022 miniseriesThe Captain, which follows the life and career ofDerek Jeter. Books Jordan has authored several books focusing on his life, basketball career, and world view. See also Notes References Sources Further reading External links","Race and ethnicity in the NBA The composition ofraceandethnicityin theNational Basketball Association(NBA) has changed throughout the league's history. The firstnon-whiteplayer to play in the league was anAsian American,Wat Misaka, in 1947.African Americansentered the league beginning in 1950. According toracial equalityactivistRichard Lapchick, the NBA in 2021 was composed of 73.2 percentblackplayers, 16.8 percentwhiteplayers, 3.1 percentLatinoplayers of any race, and 0.4 percentAsianplayers. Additionally, 6.6 percent of the players were classified as either multiracial or \"other\" races.The league has the highest percentage of black players of anymajor professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. History Players The NBA was founded in June 1946, with its first season played in1946–47.Wat Misakadebuted in1947–48as the first non-white player and the firstAsian Americanto play in the league. African Americansfirst appeared in the NBA in 1950.Chuck Cooperwas the first black playerdraftedin the NBA.On April 26, 1950,Harold Huntersigned with theWashington Capitols, becoming the firstAfrican Americanto sign a contract with any NBA team in history.However, Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.On May 24,Nathaniel \"Sweetwater\" Cliftonwas the second African American player to sign an NBA contract.Earl Lloydwas the first to play in the NBA.Hank DeZoniealso played that year.In 1953,Don Barksdalebecame the first African American to play in anNBA All-Star Game. With the emergence of African American players by the 1960s, the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim. Many of the league's great players were black. At that time, African Americans believed they were limited by anunofficialleague quota of four black players per team. Puerto RicanButch Leein 1978 was the first Latino in the league.Wang Zhizhibecame the first Chinese player in 2001.In 2010,Jeremy Linbecame the first American of Chinese or Taiwanese descent to play in the NBA. In 2011,Richard LapchickwithThe Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport(TIDES) of theUniversity of Central Floridareported in their annualRacial and Gender Report Cardthat 17 percent of the league's players werewhite, the lowest since the report began in 1990.Hall of Fameplayer andIndiana Pacerspresident of basketball operationsLarry Bird, who is white, stated in 2004 that the league needed more white players since the league's fans are mostly white. \"And if you just had a couple of white guys in there, you might get them a little excited. But it is a black man's game, and it will be forever. I mean, the greatest athletes in the world are African American,\" said Bird.Contrary to Bird's assertion, as of 2017, White Americans, made up only 34% of the NBA's viewership, making it the only major sports league inNorth America, that doesn't have a majority white viewership. At the same time, the black share of viewership stands at 47 percent, while Hispanic (of any race) stood at 11% and Asian viewership stood at 8%. More recently, a number of commentators and fans have remarked on the league's dwindling number ofwhite Americanplayers. While a TIDES study found that the NBA was 18.3 percent white in the 2015–16 season, this number also included non-Americans, most notably Europeans. During the entire 1996–97 season, only three NBA teams did not field an American-born white; on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, eight teams did not have a white American on their roster, and an additional 10 teams had only one. At the latter point in time, fewer than 10 percent of NBA players were American-born whites (43 out of a possible 450). Coaches Bill Russellin 1966 became the first non-white and African Americanhead coachin the NBA.In the late 1980s, teams began hiring black coaches in large numbers.At the start of the2015–16 season, there were seven black head coaches in the league, down 50 percent from three years earlier, and the fewest in 16 years.At the conclusion of the 2016-17 season there were eight African American head coaches. Owners Robert Johnsonof theCharlotte Bobcats(now known as the Charlotte Hornets) was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004–05.He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010–11 by another African American,Michael Jordan.In 2013–14, Jordan andSacramento KingsownerVivek Ranadivé, who is Indian, marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U.S. that there were two non-white majority owners in a league.The number of NBA teams with non-white majority owners increased to three in September 2019 with the league approval of Taiwanese Canadian entrepreneurJoseph Tsai's purchase of RussianMikhail Prokhorov's 51 percent share in theBrooklyn Nets. Tsai had previously held a 49 percent interest in the team, having acquired that stake from Prokhorov in 2018, and exercised an option to purchase the remaining interest before its 2021 expiration date. Viewership demographics Among NBA fans during the 2013–14 season, African Americans (844 minutes) andAsian Americans(719) spent the most time watching the league, followed byHispanics(of any race, 390) and Whites (290).Furthermore, according to a Nielsen's survey, the NBA has the highest share ofblackviewers, with 45 percent of its viewers being black and 40 percent of viewers beingwhite, making it the only top North American sport that did not have a white majority audience. During the 2016–17 season, 66 percent of the league's viewers were racial and ethnic minorities. Its audience was 47 percent Blacks, 34 percent Whites, 11 percent Hispanics (of any race), and 8 percent Asians. Timothy J. Piper examines how the NBA uses archival sports video in its advertising to give the impression that racial issues don't exist in the league, despite the fact that they do. The NBA tried to revitalize its brand prior to 2007 as a result of issues like dwindling attendance and broadcast ratings. In particular, it introduced a \"business casual\" attire policy for players in 2005 as part of its effort to distance itself from facets of hip-hop culture. The league's efforts to solve its economic fall were tied to this clothing code, which was intended to redefine player uniforms for NBA commerce, according to then-NBA Commissioner David Stern. This was all in order to enhance the league's image; some players welcomed this idea. The article also notes the NBA's 2007 advertising campaign, \"Where Amazing Happens,\" which featured archival footage and signaled a change in the league's branding approach. The goal of this campaign, which marked a change from prior ones, was to portray the NBA as varied but \"raceless\". See also Notes References Further reading External links","Earl Lloyd Earl Francis Lloyd(April 3, 1928 – February 26, 2015) was an American professionalbasketballplayer and coach. He was the firstAfrican Americanplayer to play a game in theNational Basketball Association(NBA). An All–American player atWest Virginia State University, Lloyd helped lead West Virginia State to an undefeated season in 1948. As a professional, Lloyd helped lead theSyracuse Nationalsto the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd was inducted into theNaismith Basketball Hall of Famein 2003. Early life Earl Lloyd was born inAlexandria, Virginia, on April 3, 1928, to Theodore Lloyd Sr. and Daisy Lloyd. His father worked in the coal industry and his mother was a stay-at-home mom. Being a high school standout, Lloyd was named to the All-South Atlantic Conference three times and the All-State Virginia Interscholastic Conference twice. Lloyd did attend a segregated school, but gives gratitude to his family and educators for helping him through the tough times and his success after school. Lloyd was a 1946 graduate of Parker–Grey High School, where he played for Coach Louis Randolph Johnson. He received a scholarship to play basketball atWest Virginia State University, home of theYellow Jackets. In school he was nicknamed \"Moon Fixer\" because of his size and was known as a defensive specialist. College career Lloyd led West Virginia State to twoCentral Intercollegiate Athletic Association(CIAA) Conference and Tournament Championships in 1948 and 1949. He was named All–Conference three times (1948–50) and wasAll-Americantwice, as named by thePittsburgh Courier(1949–50). As a senior, he averaged 14 points and 8 rebounds per game, while leading West Virginia State to a second–place finish in the CIAA Conference and Tournament Championship. In 1947–48, West Virginia State was the only undefeated team in the United States, with a 30–0 record.Lloyd graduated from WVSU with his B.S. degree in physical education in 1950. Harlem Globetrotter Prior to being drafted in the ninth round of the 1950 NBA Draft, Lloyd starred in the lineup of the Harlem Globetrotters. Lloyd led the team to two wins over the reigning Minneapolis Lakers; this proved his talents beyond his race. Except for racial segregation, he was one of the finest artists of his time.Lloyd's talents were recognized amongst other black teammates, the two being Chuck Cooper and Nathaniel \"Sweetwater\" Clifton. All three would go on to be drafted by the NBA, Clifton in 1947, Cooper in 1950, and Lloyd in 1950, the 100th overall pick. NBA career Lloyd was drafted in the 9th round with pick #100 by theWashington Capitolsin the1950 NBA draft. Nicknamed \"The Big Cat\", Lloyd was one of three black players to enter the NBA at the same time. It was because of the order in which the team's season openers fell that Lloyd was the first to actually play in a game in the NBA, scoring six points on Halloween night.The date was October 31, 1950, one day ahead ofChuck Cooperof theBoston Celticsand four days beforeNat \"Sweetwater\" Cliftonof theNew York Knicks. Lloyd played in over 560 games in nine seasons. The 6-foot-5, 225-pound forward played in only seven games for the Washington Capitols before the team folded on January 9, 1951. He was then drafted into the U.S. Army atFort Sill,Oklahoma. While fulfilling his military duty, theSyracuse Nationalspicked him up on waivers. Lloyd served time fighting in theKorean Warbefore coming back to basketball in 1952. In the 1953–54 season, Lloyd led the NBA in both personal fouls and disqualifications. In 1954–1955, Lloyd averaged career highs of 10.2 points and 7.7 rebounds for Syracuse, which beat theFort Wayne Pistons4 games to 3 to win the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd andJim Tuckerbecame the first African–Americans to play on an NBA championship team. Lloyd spent six seasons with Syracuse and two with theDetroit Pistonsbefore retiring in 1961. Regarding the racism black players faced in the early years of the NBA, Lloyd recalled being refused service multiple times and an incident where a fan in Indiana spit on him. He even went as far as to detail a time in which he was told to \"go back\" to Africa, and a plethora of times racial slurs were used towards him. However, Lloyd persevered and said that these instances only pushed him and made him play harder.Saying he didn't encounter racial animosity from teammates or opposing players, Lloyd said of fans' antics, “My philosophy was: If they weren’t calling you names, you weren’t doing nothing. If they’re calling you names, you were hurting them.” \"In 1950, basketball was like a babe in the woods; it didn't enjoy the notoriety that baseball enjoyed,\" Lloyd once said. \"I don't think my situation was anything like Jackie Robinson's-a guy who played in a hostile environment, where some of his teammates didn't want him around. In basketball, folks were used to seeing integrated college teams. There was a different mentality.\" “He’s an unsung star. Anybody can score. Lloyd was an excellent defensive player. That was No. 1 on my roster,” said his Syracuse Coach Al Cervi. In his NBA career with theWashington Capitols(1950–1951),Syracuse Nationals(1952–1958) andDetroit Pistons(1958–1960), Earl averaged 8.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 560 games over nine seasons. Coaching and scouting career According to Detroit News sportswriter Jerry Green, in 1965 Detroit Pistons General Manager Don Wattrick wanted to hire Lloyd as the team's head coach.Dave DeBusscherewas instead named Pistons player–coach. Lloyd was the first African–American assistant coach and was named head coach for the 1971–72 season, making him the third African–American head coach, afterJohn McLendonandBill Russell.A 2–5 start to thefollowing campaignresulted in Lloyd being relieved of his duties and replaced by assistant coachRay Scotton October 28, 1972.He had an overall record of 22–55 with the Pistons. Lloyd worked for the Pistons as a scout for five seasons. Lloyd is credited with helping draftBailey Howelland discoveringWillis Reed,Earl Monroe,Ray ScottandWally Jones. Personal life After his basketball career, Lloyd worked during the 1970s and 1980s as a job placement administrator for the Detroit public school system. During this time, Lloyd also ran programs for underprivileged children teaching job skills. Lloyd served as Community Relations Director for the Bing Group, a Detroit manufacturing company in the 1990s. Approached by a young African–American player who said he was indebted to Lloyd for opening the doors for future generations of black players, Lloyd replied that he owed him absolutely nothing. “You cannot understand what an honor this is,” Lloyd said in 2007 about the court atT. C. Williams High Schoolbeing named in his honor. “There’s no better honor than being validated by people who know you best. I will always, always treasure this.” Lloyd and his wife, Charlita, had three sons and four grandchildren. Lloyd resided inFairfield Glade, Tennessee, just outsideCrossville, Tennessee, until his death on February 26, 2015. Honors NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Head coaching record See also References Further reading External links # denotes interim head coach"],"string":"[\n \"Michael Jordan Michael Jeffrey Jordan(born February 17, 1963), also known by his initialsMJ,is an American businessman and former professionalbasketballplayer. He played 15 seasons in theNational Basketball Association(NBA) between 1984 and 2003, winning sixNBA championshipswith theChicago Bulls. He was integral in popularizing basketball and the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s,becoming a globalcultural icon.His profile on the NBA website states, \\\"By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time.\\\" Jordan playedcollege basketballwith theNorth Carolina Tar Heels. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in1982.Jordan joined the Bulls in1984as the third overall draft pickand quickly emerged as a league star, entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring while gaining a reputation as one of the best defensive players.His leaping ability, demonstrated by performingslam dunksfrom thefree-throw lineinSlam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames \\\"Air Jordan\\\" and \\\"His Airness\\\".Jordan won his first NBA title with the Bulls in1991and followed that achievement with titles in1992and1993, securing athree-peat. Citing \\\"physical and mental exhaustion\\\" from basketball and superstardom, Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the1993–94 NBA seasonto playMinor League Baseballin theChicago White Soxorganization. He returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three more championships in1996,1997, and1998, as well as a then-record 72 regular season wins in the1995–96 NBA season.Jordan retired for the second time in January 1999, returning for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of theWashington Wizards.He was selected to play for theUnited States national teamduring his college and NBA careers, winning fourgold medals—at the1983 Pan American Games,1984 Summer Olympics,1992 Tournament of the Americasand1992 Summer Olympics—while also being undefeated. Jordan's individual accolades include sixNBA Finals Most Valuable Player(MVP) awards, tenNBA scoring titles(both all-time records), fiveNBA MVPawards, 10All-NBAFirst Team designations, nineAll-DefensiveFirst Team honors, fourteenNBA All-Star Gameselections, threeNBA All-Star Game MVPawards, threeNBA steals titles, and the 1988NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award.He holds theNBA recordsfor career regular season scoring average (30.1 points per game) and career playoff scoring average (33.4 points per game).In 1999, Jordan was named the 20th century's greatest North American athlete byESPNand was second toBabe Ruthon theAssociated Press' list of athletes of the century.Jordan was twice inducted into theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, once in 2009 for his individual career,and again in 2010 as part of the1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team(\\\"The Dream Team\\\").He became a member of theUnited States Olympic Hall of Famein 2009,a member of theNorth Carolina Sports Hall of Famein 2010,and an individual member of theFIBA Hall of Famein 2015 and a \\\"Dream Team\\\" member in 2017.Jordan was named to theNBA 50th Anniversary Teamin 1996 and to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.The trophy for theNBA Most Valuable Player Awardis named in his honor. One of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation, Jordan made many product endorsements.He fueled the success ofNike'sAir Jordansneakers, which were introduced in 1984 and remain popular.Jordan starred as himself in the live-action/animation hybrid filmSpace Jam(1996) and was the central focus of theEmmy-winning documentary seriesThe Last Dance(2020). He became part-owner and head of basketball operations for theCharlotte Hornets(then named the Bobcats) in 2006 and bought a controlling interest in 2010, before selling his majority stake in 2023. Jordan is also a co-owner of23XI Racingin theNASCAR Cup Series. In 2016, he became the first billionaire player in NBA history.That same year, PresidentBarack Obamaawarded Jordan thePresidential Medal of Freedom.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes. Early life Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born atCumberland Hospitalin Brooklyn, New York City, on February 17, 1963,to bank employee Deloris (née Peoples) and equipment supervisorJames R. Jordan Sr.He has two older brothers, James Jr. and basketball playerLarry, as well as an older sister named Deloris and a younger sister named Roslyn.Jordan and his siblings were raised in theMethodistfaith. In 1968, the family moved toWilmington, North Carolina.Jordan attendedEmsley A. Laney High School, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the basketballvarsity teamduring his sophomore year, but at a height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m), he was deemed too short. His taller friendHarvest Leroy Smithwas the only sophomore to make the team.Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney'sjunior varsity teamand tallied some 40-point games.The following summer, he grew four inches (10 cm) and trained rigorously.Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged more than 25points per game(ppg) over his final two seasons of high school play.As a senior, he was selected to play in the1981 McDonald's All-American Gameand scored 30points,after averaging 26.8 ppg,11.6rebounds(rpg), and 10.1assistsper game (apg) for the season. Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, includingDuke,North Carolina,South Carolina,Syracuse, andVirginia.In 1981, he accepted a basketball scholarship to theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where Jordan majored incultural geography.He chose this field of study because of its relationship tometeorology, as Jordan was interested in a career as ameteorologist. College career As a freshman in coachDean Smith's team-oriented system, Jordan was namedACCFreshman of the Year after averaging 13.4 ppg on 53.4% shooting (field goal percentage).He made the game-winningjump shotin the1982 NCAA Championship gameagainstGeorgetown, which was led by future NBA rivalPatrick Ewing.Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.During his three seasons with theTar Heels, Jordan averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting and added 5.0 rpg and 1.8 apg. Jordan was selected by consensus to theNCAA All-American First Teamin both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons.After winning theNaismithand theWoodenCollege Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina a year before his scheduled graduation to enter the1984 NBA draft. Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986,when he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography.In 2002, Jordan was named to theACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball teamhonoring the 50 greatest players in ACC history. Professional career Chicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998) Early NBA years (1984–1987) TheChicago Bullsselected Jordan with the third overall pick of the1984 NBA draftafterHakeem Olajuwon(Houston Rockets) andSam Bowie(Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of acenter.Trail Blazers general managerStu Inmancontended that it was not a matter of drafting a center but more a matter of taking Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already hadClyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan.Citing Bowie's injury-laden college career,ESPNnamed the Blazers' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history. Jordan made his NBA debut atChicago Stadiumon October 26, 1984, and scored 16 points. In 2021, a ticket stub from the game sold at auction for $264,000, setting a record for a collectible ticket stub.During his rookie1984–85 seasonwith the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting,and helped the Bulls improve from 28-54 to 38-44. Jordan quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas.Roy S. Johnson ofThe New York Timesdescribed Jordan as \\\"the phenomenal rookie of the Bulls\\\" in November,and he appeared on the cover ofSports Illustratedwith the heading \\\"A Star Is Born\\\" in December.The fans voted in Jordan as anAll-Starstarter during his rookie season.Controversy arose before the1985 NBA All-Star Gamewhen word surfaced that several veteran players, led byIsiah Thomas, were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.This led to a so-called \\\"freeze-out\\\" on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him.The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted theNBA Rookie of the Year.The Bulls finished the season 38–44,and lost to theMilwaukee Bucksin four games in the first round ofthe playoffs. An often-cited moment was on August 26, 1985,when Jordan shook the arena during a Nike exhibition game inTrieste, Italy, by shattering the glass of the backboard with a dunk.The moment was filmed and is often referred to as an important milestone in Jordan's rise.The shoes Jordan wore during the game were auctioned in August 2020 for $615,000, a record for a pair of sneakers.Jordan's1985–86 seasonwas cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games.The Bulls madethe playoffsdespite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record,at the time the fifth-worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history.Jordan recovered in time to participate in the postseason and performed well upon his return. On April 20 at theBoston Garden, in Game 2 of the First Round, a 135–131 double overtime loss to the eventualNBA championBoston Celtics, Jordan scored a playoff career-high 63 points, breakingElgin Baylor'ssingle-game playoff scoring record.The Celtics team, though, swept the series in three games. Jordan completely recovered in time for the1986–87 season,and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history; he became the only player other thanWilt Chamberlainto score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league-high 37.1 ppg on 48.2% shooting.Jordan also demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200stealsand 100blocked shotsin a season.Despite Jordan's success,Magic Johnsonwon theNBA Most Valuable Player Award.The Bulls reached 40 wins,and advanced tothe playoffsfor the third consecutive year but were again swept by theCeltics. Pistons roadblock (1987–1990) Jordan led the league in scoring during the1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting,and won his first league MVP Award. He was named theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearafter averaging 1.6 blocks per game (bpg), a league-high 3.1 steals per game (spg),and leading the Bulls defense to the fewest points per game allowed in the league.The Bulls finished 50–32,and made it past the first round ofthe playoffsfor the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated theCleveland Cavaliersin five games.In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, the Bulls lost in five games to the more experiencedDetroit Pistons,who were led byIsiah Thomasand a group of physical players known as the \\\"Bad Boys\\\". In the1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8.0 rpg and 8.0 apg.During the season,Sam Vincent, Chicago'spoint guard, was having trouble running the offense, and Jordan expressed his frustration with head coachDoug Collins, who then put Jordan at point guard. In his time as a point guard, Jordan had 10triple-doublesin 11 games, with averages of 33.6 ppg, 11.4 rpg, 10.8 apg, 2.9 spg, and 0.8 bpg on 51% shooting. The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,and advanced to theEastern ConferenceFinals, defeating theCavaliersandNew York Knicksalong the way.The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit \\\"The Shot\\\" overCraig Ehloat the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.In the Eastern Conference Finals, thePistonsagain defeated the Bulls, this time in six games,by utilizing their \\\"Jordan Rules\\\" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double andtriple teaminghim every time he touched the ball. The Bulls entered the1989–90 seasonas a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players likeScottie PippenandHorace Grant, and under the guidance of new coachPhil Jackson.On March 28, 1990, Jordan scored a career-high 69 points in a 117–113 road win over the Cavaliers.He averaged a league-leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg,in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating theBucksandPhiladelphia 76ers;despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to thePistonsfor the third consecutive season. First three-peat (1991–1993) Jackson sought to instill the principles of the triangle offense more deeply within the team, and this required Michael Jordan to change his playing style. As Jackson explained in his bookEleven Rings, \\\"I was planning to ask Michael... to reduce the number of shots he took so that other members of the team could get more involved.\\\" Jackson worked with Jordan to ensure he could still pursue scoring titles, but now in a way that better integrated his personal ambitions with the team's success. In the1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in sixteen years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.WithScottie Pippendeveloping into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated theNew York Knicksand thePhiladelphia 76ersin the opening two rounds ofthe playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, theDetroit Pistons, awaited them;this time, the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four-game sweep. The Bulls advanced tothe Finalsfor the first time in franchise history to face theLos Angeles Lakers. The Bulls won the series in five games, and compiled a 15–2 playoff record along the way.Perhaps the best-known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potentialSam Perkinsblock by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket.In his first Finals appearance, Jordan had 31.2 ppg on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 apg, 6.6 rpg, 2.8 spg, and 1.4 bpg.Jordan won his firstNBA Finals MVPawardand cried while holding the Finals trophy. Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the1991–92 season, establishing a 67–15 record, topping their franchise record from the 1990–91 campaign.Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 ppg, 6.4 rpg, and 6.1 apg on 52% shooting.After winning a physical seven-game series over theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffsand finishing off theCleveland Cavaliersin the Conference Finals in six games, the Bulls metClyde Drexlerand thePortland Trail Blazersinthe Finals. The media, hoping to recreate aMagic–Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between \\\"Air\\\" Jordan and Clyde \\\"The Glide\\\" during the pre-Finals hype. In a Game 1 victory, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting sixthree-point field goals.After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside.Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying: \\\"I can't believe I'm doing this.\\\"The Bulls went on to defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row,and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 52.6% from the floor. In the1992–93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign, including a second-place finish in Defensive Player of the Year voting,Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended, as he lost the award to his friendCharles Barkley,upsetting him.Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and hisPhoenix Sunsin the1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game-winning shot byJohn Paxsonand a last-second block byHorace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's leader. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,and became the first player in NBA history to win three consecutive Finals MVP awards.Jordan scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in four consecutive games.With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life. Gambling During the1993 NBA playoffs, Jordan was seen gambling inAtlantic City, New Jersey, the night before Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals against theNew York Knicks.The previous year, he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book in 1993 claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.David Stern, thecommissioner of the NBA, denied in 1995 and 2006 that Jordan's 1993 retirement was a secret suspension by the league for gambling,but the rumor spread widely. In 2005, Jordan discussed his gambling withEd Bradleyof60 Minutesand admitted that he made reckless decisions. Jordan stated: Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah. When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied: \\\"No.\\\"In 2010,Ron Shelton, director ofJordan Rides the Bus, said that he began working on the documentary believing that the NBA had suspended him, but that research \\\"convinced was nonsense\\\". First retirement and stint in Minor League Baseball (1993–1995) On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, saying that he lost his desire to play basketball. He later said that the murder of his father three months earlier helped shape his decision.James R. Jordan Sr.was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highwayrest areainLumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked hisLexus.His body, dumped in a South Carolina swamp, was not discovered until August 3.Green and Demery were sentenced to life imprisonment.However, inThe Last Dance, Jordan stated that he retired due to physical and mental exhaustion from basketball and superstardom, and that he had made up his mind during the Bulls' playoff run and discussed the decision with his father. Jordan was close to his father; as a child, Jordan imitated the way his father stuck out his tongue while absorbed in work. Jordan later adopted it as his own signature, often displaying it as he drove to the basket.In 1996, Jordan founded a Chicago-areaBoys & Girls Cluband dedicated it to his father.In his 1998 autobiographyFor the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he was preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.The added exhaustion due to the \\\"Dream Team\\\" run in the1992 Summer Olympicssolidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world. Jordan further surprised the sports world by signing aMinor League Baseball(MiLB) contract with theChicago White Soxon February 7, 1994.He reported tospring traininginSarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31.Jordan said that this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who always envisioned his son as aMajor League Baseball(MLB) player.The White Sox were owned by Bulls ownerJerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. In 1994, Jordan played for theBirmingham Barons, aDouble-Aminor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox,batting.202 with threehome runs, 51runs batted in, 30stolen bases, 114strikeouts, 51bases on balls, and 11errors.His strikeout total led the team and his games played tied for the team lead. His 30 stolen bases were second on the team only toDoug Brady.Jordan also appeared for theScottsdale Scorpionsin the 1994Arizona Fall League, batting .252 against the top prospects in baseball.On November 1, 1994, hisNo.23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known asThe Spiritoutside the newUnited Center. Return to the NBA (1995) The Bulls went 55–27 in1993–94without Jordan in the lineupand lost to theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffs.In the1994–95 Bulls, Jordan surprised many by returning to the Bulls midway through the season. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball because he feared he might become areplacement playerduring theMajor League Baseball strike.On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA in a two-word press release: \\\"I'm back.\\\"The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face theIndiana PacersinIndianapolis, scoring 19 points.The game had the highestNielsen ratingof any regular season NBA game since 1975.Although he could have worn his original number even though the Bulls retired it, Jordan wore No. 45, his baseball number. Despite his 18-month hiatus from the NBA, Jordan played well, making a game-winning jump shot againstAtlantain his fourth game back. He scored 55 points in his next game, against theNew York KnicksatMadison Square Gardenon March 28, 1995.Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to makethe playoffsand advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against theOrlando Magic.At the end of Game 1, Orlando'sNick Andersonstripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket for the Magic; he later commented that Jordan \\\"didn't look like the old Michael Jordan\\\",and said, \\\"No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to\\\". Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former No. 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA.Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black.He averaged 31 ppg in the playoffs, but Orlando won the series in six games. Second three-peat (1996–1998) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the1995–96 season.The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialistDennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41–3.The Bulls finished with the best regular season record in NBA history, 72–10, a mark broken two decades later by the2015–16 Golden State Warriors.Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg,and he won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards. Inthe playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat3–0,New York Knicks4–1, andOrlando Magic4–0), as they defeated theSeattle SuperSonics4–2 in theNBA Finalsto win their fourth championship.The series was one of the tougher ones for Jordan as he shot 41%, 32%, and 26% from the field in three of the six games.Nevertheless, Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time;he achieved only the second sweep of the MVP awards in the All-Star Game, regular season, and NBA Finals afterWillis Reedin the1969–70 season.Upon winning the championship, his first since his father's murder, Jordan reacted emotionally, clutching the game ball and crying on the locker room floor. In the1996–97 season, the Bulls stood at a 69–11 record but ended the season by losing their final two games to finish the year 69–13, missing out on a second consecutive 70-win season.The Bulls again advanced tothe Finals, where they faced theUtah Jazz.That team includedKarl Malone, who had beaten Jordan for the NBA MVP award in a tight race (986–957).The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with abuzzer-beatingjump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied 2–2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as \\\"The Flu Game\\\", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-winning three-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.During the1997 NBA All-Star Game, he posted the first triple-double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort, but the MVP award went toGlen Rice. The Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the1997–98 season.Jordan led the league with 28.7 ppg,securing his fifth regular season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team, and the All-Star Game MVP.The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven-game series with theIndiana Pacersin the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with theNew York Knicks.After winning, they moved on for a rematch with theJazzinthe Finals. The Bulls returned to theDelta CenterforGame 6on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.With 41.9 seconds remaining and the Bulls trailing 86–83, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and sank a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting Utah's lead to 86–85.The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to Malone, who was set up in thelow postand was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and stole the ball out of his hands. Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guardBryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call afoul.With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan made the climactic shot of his Bulls career,a top-key jumper over a stumbling Russell to give Chicago an 87–86 lead. Afterwards, the Jazz'John Stocktonnarrowly missed a game-winning three-pointer, and the buzzer sounded as Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship,achieving a second three-peat in the decade.Once again, Jordan was voted Finals MVP for a record sixth time,having led all scorers by averaging 33.5 ppg, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series,and Game 6 holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history. Second retirement (1999–2001) WithPhil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures ofScottie PippenandDennis Rodmanlooming, and being in the latter stages of an owner-inducedlockoutof NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999.On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player but as part owner and president of basketball operations for theWashington Wizards.Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive, as he controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters; opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (like forwardJuwan Howardand point guardRod Strickland)but used the first pick in the2001 NBA draftto select high school studentKwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons. Despite his January 1999 claim that he was \\\"99.9% certain\\\" he would never play another NBA game,Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback in the summer of 2001, this time with his new team.Inspired by theNHLcomeback of his friendMario Lemieuxthe previous winter,Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach,Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return. Washington Wizards (2001–2003) On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of theSeptember 11 attacks.In an injury-plagued2001–02 season, Jordan led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.4 spg),and was an MVP candidate, as he led the Wizards to a winning record and playoff contention;Jordan would eventually finish 13th in the MVP ballot.After he suffered torncartilagein his right knee,and subsequent knee soreness,the Wizards missed the playoffs,and Jordan's season ended after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the1994–95 season.Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 ppg, 5.4 apg, and 6.0 rpg, and shooting 41.9% from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.The Wizards finished the season with a 37–45 record, an 18-game improvement. Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in2003, Jordan passedKareem Abdul-Jabbaras the all-time leading scorer in All-Star Game history, a record since broken byKobe BryantandLeBron James.That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them as he came off the bench in 15. Jordan averaged 20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 spg per game.He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free-throw line.Although Jordan turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at theMCI Centerwere sold out and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.Jordan's final two seasons did not result in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and he was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.At several points, Jordan openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that ofKwame Brown, thenumber-one draft pickin the2001 NBA draft. Final retirement (2003) With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at theUnited Centerin Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.TheMiami Heatretired the No. 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team.At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot fromTracy McGradyandAllen Iversonbut refused both;he accepted the spot ofVince Carter.Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, inPhiladelphia. After scoring 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds left in the third quarter and his team trailing thePhiladelphia 76ers75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, theFirst Union Centercrowd began chanting \\\"We want Mike!\\\" After much encouragement from coachDoug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacingLarry Hugheswith 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers'Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookieJohn Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled byBobby Simmonsone second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. He received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans. National team career Jordan made his debut as a college player for theU.S. national basketball teamat the1983 Pan American GamesinCaracas, Venezuela. He led the team in scoring with 17.3 ppg as the U.S., coached byJack Hartman, won thegold medal.The following year, Jordan won another gold medal in the1984 Summer Olympics. The1984 U.S. teamwas coached byBob Knightand featured young players such asPatrick Ewing,Sam Perkins,Chris Mullin,Steve Alford, andWayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament. In 1992, Jordan, now an NBA player, was a member of the star-studded squad that was dubbed the \\\"Dream Team\\\", which includedLarry Birdand Magic Johnson. The team won two gold medals: the first in the1992 Tournament of the Americas,and the second in the1992 Summer Olympics. Jordan was the only player to start all eight games in the Olympics. He averaged 14.9 ppg on 45% shooting from the field and 68% from the free-throw line. He was second on the team in scoring.He was undefeated in the four tournaments he played for the United States national team, and Jordan won all 30 games he took part in. Player profile Jordan was ashooting guardwho could also play as asmall forward, the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with theWashington Wizards.Jordan was known throughout his career as a strongclutchperformer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests.His competitiveness was visible in his prolifictrash talkand well-known work ethic.Jordan often used perceived slights to fuel his performances. SportswriterWright Thompsondescribed him as \\\"a killer, in the Darwinian sense of the word, immediately sensing and attacking someone's weakest spot\\\".As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not \\\"tough enough\\\" to compete with him in practice. To improve his defense, Jordan spent hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvization.Jordan's fierce competitiveness greatly impacted his teammates, sometimes motivating them but also leading to tension and alienation. Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986–87 to 2001–02, when he injured his right knee.Of the 15 seasons Jordan was in the NBA, he played all 82 regular season games nine times.Jordan has frequently citedDavid Thompson,Walter Davis, andJerry Westas influences.Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a special \\\"Love of the Game Clause\\\" written into his contract, which was unusual at the time, and allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere. Jordan had a versatile offensive game and was capable of aggressivelydrivingto the basket as well as drawingfoulsfrom his opponents at a high rate. His 8,772free throwattempts are the 11th-highest total in NBA history.Early in Jordan's career, he weighed in at around 200 pounds (91 kg) and was more athletic in terms of play style.As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability topost uphis opponents and score with his trademarkfadeawayjump shot, using his leaping ability to avoid block attempts. According toHubie Brown, this move alone made Jordan nearly unstoppable.Around this time, he bulked up to 215 pounds (98 kg) in order to adapt to the increased physicality of NBA defenses during the 1990s, sacrificing some athleticism for added strength in the post.Despite media criticism by some as a selfish player early in his career, Jordan was willing to defer to this teammates, with a career average of 5.3 apg and a season-high of 8.0 apg.For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder, finishing with 6.2 rpg. Defensively, he averaged 2.3 spg and 0.8 bpg. Thethree-point field goalwas not Jordan's strength, especially in his early years. Later on in his career, Jordan improved his three-point shooting, and finished his career with a three-point field goal percentage of 32%.His best years shooting from three occurred in the 1989-90 and 1992-93 seasons, where he shot 37% and 35% from three, respectively (Jordan did shoot higher percentages from 1994-97, but in those years, the three-point line was temporarily moved inwards). Overall, Jordan was a highly efficient scorer. Hiseffective field goal percentagewas 50%, and he had six seasons with at least 50% shooting, five of which consecutively (1988–1992); Jordan also shot 51% and 50% from the field, and 30% and 33% from the three-point range, throughout his first and second retirements, respectively, finishing his Bulls career with 31.5 points per game on 50.5 FG% shooting and his overall career with 49.7 FG% shooting. In 1988, Jordan was honored with theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearand theMost Valuable Playerawards, becoming the first NBA player to win both awards in a career let alone season. He also set both seasonal and career records forblocked shotsby a guard,and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. Despite his defensive prowess, the 1988 season has come under scrutiny due to the large discrepancy between Jordan's steals' numbers at home versus on the road. Such stat inflation was common, and a 2024 study by Tom Haberstroh found that there were games where Jordan was often credited with steals that could not have happened. For example, in one game, he was credited with more steals than the opposing team had live-ball turnovers.Jordan ranks fourth in NBA history in totalstealswith 2,514, trailingJohn Stockton,Jason KiddandChris Paul.Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.Doc Riversdeclared Jordan \\\"the best superstar defender in the history of the game\\\". Jordan was known to have strong eyesight. BroadcasterAl Michaelssaid that Jordan was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away.During the2001 NBA Finals,Phil Jacksoncompared Jordan's dominance toShaquille O'Neal, stating: \\\"Michael would get fouled on every play and still have to play through it and just clear himself for shots instead and would rise to that occasion.\\\" Legacy Jordan's talent was clear from his first NBA season; by November 1984, he was being compared toJulius Erving.Larry Birdsaid that rookie Jordan was the best player he ever saw, and that Jordan was \\\"one of a kind\\\", and comparable toWayne Gretzkyas an athlete.In his first game in Madison Square Garden against theNew York Knicks, Jordan received a near minute-long standing ovation.After Jordan established the single game playoff record of 63 points against theBoston Celticson April 20, 1986, Bird described him as \\\"God disguised as Michael Jordan\\\". Jordanled the NBA in scoringin 10 seasons (NBA record) and tiedWilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles.Jordan was a fixture of theNBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared withGary Payton,Kevin Garnett, andKobe Bryant).He also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 ppg, respectively.By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time.Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second-highest amongNBA career playoff scoring leaders.He scored 32,292 points in the regular season,placing him fifth on theNBA all-time scoring listbehindLeBron James,Kareem Abdul-Jabbar,Karl Malone, and Bryant. With five regular season MVPs (tied for second place withBill Russell—only Abdul-Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and threeNBA All-Star Game MVPs, Jordan is among the most decorated player in NBA history.He finished among the top three in regular season MVP voting 10 times.Jordan was named one of the50 Greatest Players in NBA Historyin 1996,and selected to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men's basketball teams).Since 1976, the year of theABA–NBA merger,Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team.In theAll-Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other player. \\\"There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us.\\\" —Magic Johnson Many of Jordan's contemporaries have said that he is the greatest basketball player of all time.In 1999, anESPNsurvey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century.Jordan placed second toBabe Ruthin theAssociated Press' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes.The Associated Press also voted Jordan the greatest basketball player of the 20th century.He has also appeared on the front cover ofSports Illustrateda record 50 times.In the September 1996 issue ofSport, which was the publication's 50th-anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years. Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-backSlam Dunk Contestchampionships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players.Several NBA players, including James andDwyane Wade, have stated that they considered Jordan as their role model while they were growing up.Commentators have also dubbed a number of next-generation players \\\"the next Michael Jordan\\\" upon their entry to the NBA, includingPenny Hardaway,Grant Hill,Allen Iverson, Bryant,Vince Carter, James, and Wade.Some analysts, such asThe Ringer's Dan Devine, drew parallels between Jordan's experiment at point guard in the 1988–89 season and the modern NBA; for Devine, it \\\"inadvertently foreshadowed the modern game's stylistic shift toward monster-usage primary playmakers\\\", such asRussell Westbrook,James Harden,Luka Dončić, and James.Don Nelsonstated: \\\"I would've been playing him at point guard the day he showed up as a rookie.\\\" Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his \\\"Air Jordan\\\" image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,a fact Jordan himself has lamented, saying: \\\"I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized.\\\"During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game; television ratings increased only during his time in the league.The popularity of the NBA in the U.S. declined after his last title.As late as 2022,NBA Finals television ratingshad not returned to the level reached during his last championship-winning season. In August 2009, theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FameinSpringfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers as well as from the 1992 \\\"Dream Team\\\"; the exhibit also has a battingbaseball gloveto signify Jordan's short career in theMinor League Baseball.After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 memberDavid Thompsonto present him.As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels when growing up in North Carolina but greatly admired Thompson, who played for the rivalNC State Wolfpack. In September, Jordan was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, includingScottie Pippen,Dennis Rodman,Charles Oakley,Ron Harper,Steve Kerr, andToni Kukoč.Dean SmithandDoug Collins, two of Jordan's former coaches, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech when Jordan began to cry was captured by Associated Press photographerStephan Savoiaand would later go viral on social media as the \\\"Crying Jordan\\\" Internet meme.In 2016, PresidentBarack Obamahonored Jordan with thePresidential Medal of Freedom.In October 2021, he was named to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team.In September 2022, Jordan's jersey in which he played the opening game of the 1998 NBA Finals was sold for $10.1 million, making it the most expensive game-worn sports memorabilia in history.In December 2022, the NBA unveiled a new MVP trophy, named in Jordan's honor, to be awarded beginning with the2022–23 season, which replaced the original trophy, named in honor of former NBA commissionerMaurice Podoloff. NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Awards and honors NBA USA Basketball NCAA High school Halls of Fame Media National State/local Post-retirement After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.Jordan's previous tenure had produced mixed results and may have also influenced the trade ofRichard \\\"Rip\\\" HamiltonforJerry Stackhouse, although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002.On May 7, 2003, Wizards ownerAbe Pollinfired Jordan from the role.Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring, he never would have come back to play for the Wizards. Over the next few years, Jordan played golf in celebrity charity tournaments and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles.Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with twoSuzukisin thepremier Superbike championshipsanctioned by theAmerican Motorcyclist Association(AMA) until the end of the 2013 season. Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in theCharlotte Bobcats(known as theHornetssince 2013), becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority ownerRobert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title Managing Member of Basketball Operations.Despite his previous success as an endorser, Jordan made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.A decade earlier, he had made a bid to become part-owner of Charlotte's original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when ownerGeorge Shinnrefused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations. In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and formerHouston RocketspresidentGeorge Postoloswere the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team from Johnson pending NBA approval.On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team,and the league's only African-American majority owner. During the2011 NBA lockout,The New York Timeswrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during thelabor dispute in 1998, Jordan toldWashington Wizardsthen-ownerAbe Pollin: \\\"If you can't make a profit, you should sell your team.\\\"Jason WhitlockofFoxSports.comcalled Jordan \\\"a hypocriteselloutwho can easily betray the very people who made him a billionaire global icon\\\" for wanting \\\"current players to pay for his incompetence\\\".He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing playersKwame BrownandAdam Morrison. During the2011–12 NBA seasonthat was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. The team closed out the season with a 23-game losing streak; their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.Before the next season, Jordan said: \\\"I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating.\\\" During the 2019 NBA offseason, Jordan sold a minority piece of the Hornets to Gabe Plotkin and Daniel Sundheim, retaining the majority for himself,as well as the role of chairman.In 2023, Jordan finalized the sale of his majority stake to Gabe Plotkin and Rick Schnall, ending his 13-year tenure as majority owner, although he kept a minority stake.The sale was officially completed in August 2023 for approximately $3 billion, more than 10 times the $275 million Jordan had paid for the team. 23XI Racing On September 21, 2020, Jordan andNASCARdriverDenny Hamlinannounced they would be fielding aNASCAR Cup Seriesteam withBubba Wallacedriving, beginning competition in the2021 season.On October 22, the team's name was confirmed to be23XI Racing(pronounced twenty-three eleven) and the team's entry would bear No. 23.After the team's inaugural season, it added a second car with No. 45, driven byKurt Buschin2022andTyler Reddickin2023.Ty Gibbs,John Hunter Nemechek, andDaniel Hemricalso drove for 23XI as substitute drivers during the 2022 season.The team fielded a third car, No. 67, driven byTravis Pastranain the2023 Daytona 500.23XI Racing has won seven races, two by Wallace, four by Reddick, and one by Busch.Reddick won the2024 NASCAR Cup Seriesregular season championship, the first for the team. Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy atA Little White Wedding ChapelinLas Vegason September 2, 1989.They had three children:Jeffrey,Marcus, and Jasmine.The Jordans filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made \\\"mutually and amicably\\\".It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $254 million in 2023), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time. In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot inHighland Park, Illinois, where he planned to build a 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m2) mansion. It was completed in 1995. Jordan listed the mansion for sale in 2012.He also owns homes inNorth CarolinaandJupiter Island, Florida. On July 21, 2006, a judge inCook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim.Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file apaternity suitafter Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991; aDNA testshowed that Jordan was not the father of the child. Jordan proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American modelYvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011,and they were married on April 27, 2013, atBethesda-by-the-SeaEpiscopal Church.It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together.On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.In 2019, Jordan became a grandfather when his daughter Jasmine gave birth to a son, whose father is professional basketball playerRakeem Christmas. Media figure and business interests Endorsements Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands asNike,Coca-Cola,Chevrolet,Gatorade,McDonald's,Ball Park Franks,Rayovac,Wheaties,Hanes, andMCI.Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the \\\"Be Like Mike\\\" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan. Nike created a signature shoe for Jordan, called theAir Jordan, in 1984.One of his more popular commercials for the shoe involvedSpike Leeplaying the part ofMars Blackmon. In the commercials, Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that \\\"it's gotta be the shoes\\\".The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of \\\"shoe-jackings\\\", in which people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the \\\"Jordan Brand\\\". The company features a list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers.The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those ofNorth Carolina,UCLA,California,Oklahoma,Florida,Georgetown, andMarquette. Jordan also has been associated with theLooney Tunescartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992'sSuper Bowl XXVIfeatured Jordan andBugs Bunnyplaying basketball.The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996live action/animatedfilmSpace Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former's first retirement from basketball.They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.Jordan also made an appearance in the music video forMichael Jackson's \\\"Jam\\\" (1992). Since 2008, Jordan's yearly income from endorsements is estimated to be over $40 million.In addition, when his power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games.Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US$30 million per season.An academic study found that his first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion. Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent,David Falk.Jordan has described Falk as \\\"the best at what he does\\\" and that \\\"marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan'.\\\" Business ventures In June 2010, Jordan was ranked byForbesas the 20th-most-powerful celebrity in the world, with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According toForbes, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%.On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with theCharlotte Business Journal's Business Person of the Year for 2014.In 2017, he became a part owner of theMiami MarlinsofMajor League Baseball. Forbesdesignated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017.From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes,making him thefifth-richest African-American, behindRobert F. Smith,David Steward,Oprah Winfrey, andRihanna. Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name. The company has aNissandealership inDurham, North Carolina, acquired in 1990,and formerly had aLincoln–Mercurydealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009.The company also owned a Nissan franchise inGlen Burnie, Maryland.The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan's. Restaurants he has owned include asteakhousein New York City'sGrand Central Terminal, among others;that restaurant closed in 2018.Jordan is the majority investor in a golf course, Grove XXIII inHobe Sound, Florida. In September 2020, Jordan became an investor and advisor forDraftKings. Philanthropy From 2001 to 2014, Jordan hosted an annual golf tournament, the Michael Jordan Celebrity Invitational, that raised money for various charities.In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago'sHales Franciscan High School.TheJordan Brandhas made donations toHabitat for Humanityand aLouisianabranch of theBoys & Girls Clubs of America. TheMake-A-Wish Foundationnamed Jordan its Chief Wish Ambassador in 2008.In 2013, he granted his 200th wish for the organization.As of 2019, Jordan has raised more than $5 million for the Make-A-Wish Foundation.In 2023, he donated $10 million to the organization for his 60th birthday. In 2015, Jordan donated a settlement of undisclosed size from a lawsuit against supermarkets that had used his name without permission to 23 different Chicago charities.In 2017, Jordan funded twoNovant HealthMichael Jordan Family Clinics inCharlotte, North Carolina, by giving $7 million, the biggest donation he had made at the time.The following year, afterHurricane Florencedamaged parts of North Carolina, including his former hometown of Wilmington, Jordan donated $2 million to relief efforts.He gave $1 million to aid the Bahamas' recovery followingHurricane Dorianin 2019. On June 5, 2020, in the wake ofthe protestsfollowing themurder of George Floyd, Jordan and his brand announced in a joint statement that they would be donating $100 million over the next 10 years to organizations dedicated to \\\"ensuring racial equality, social justice and greater access to education\\\".In February 2021, Jordan funded two Novant Health Michael Jordan Family Clinics inNew Hanover County, North Carolina, by giving $10 million.In 2024, he funded the opening of another Novant Health Clinic, this time in Wilmington. Film and television Jordan played himself in the 1996 comedy filmSpace Jam. The film received mixed reviews,but it was a box office success, making $230 million worldwide, and earned more than $1 billion through merchandise sales. In 2000, Jordan was the subject of anIMAXdocumentary about his career with the Chicago Bulls, especially the1998 NBA playoffs, titledMichael Jordan to the Max.Two decades later, the same period of Jordan's life was covered in much greater and more personal detail by theEmmy Award-winningThe Last Dance, a 10-part TV documentary which debuted onESPNin April and May 2020.The Last Dancerelied heavily on about 500 hours of candid film of Jordan's and his teammates' off-court activities which anNBA Entertainmentcrew had shot over the course of the1997–98 NBA seasonfor use in a documentary. The project was delayed for many years because Jordan had not yet given his permission for the footage to be used.Jordan was interviewed at three homes associated with the production and did not want cameras in his home or on his plane, as according to director Jason Hehir \\\"there are certain aspects of his life that he wants to keep private\\\". Jordan granted rapperTravis Scottpermission to film a music video for his single \\\"Franchise\\\" at his home inHighland Park, Illinois.Jordan appeared in the 2022 miniseriesThe Captain, which follows the life and career ofDerek Jeter. Books Jordan has authored several books focusing on his life, basketball career, and world view. See also Notes References Sources Further reading External links\",\n \"Race and ethnicity in the NBA The composition ofraceandethnicityin theNational Basketball Association(NBA) has changed throughout the league's history. The firstnon-whiteplayer to play in the league was anAsian American,Wat Misaka, in 1947.African Americansentered the league beginning in 1950. According toracial equalityactivistRichard Lapchick, the NBA in 2021 was composed of 73.2 percentblackplayers, 16.8 percentwhiteplayers, 3.1 percentLatinoplayers of any race, and 0.4 percentAsianplayers. Additionally, 6.6 percent of the players were classified as either multiracial or \\\"other\\\" races.The league has the highest percentage of black players of anymajor professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. History Players The NBA was founded in June 1946, with its first season played in1946–47.Wat Misakadebuted in1947–48as the first non-white player and the firstAsian Americanto play in the league. African Americansfirst appeared in the NBA in 1950.Chuck Cooperwas the first black playerdraftedin the NBA.On April 26, 1950,Harold Huntersigned with theWashington Capitols, becoming the firstAfrican Americanto sign a contract with any NBA team in history.However, Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.On May 24,Nathaniel \\\"Sweetwater\\\" Cliftonwas the second African American player to sign an NBA contract.Earl Lloydwas the first to play in the NBA.Hank DeZoniealso played that year.In 1953,Don Barksdalebecame the first African American to play in anNBA All-Star Game. With the emergence of African American players by the 1960s, the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim. Many of the league's great players were black. At that time, African Americans believed they were limited by anunofficialleague quota of four black players per team. Puerto RicanButch Leein 1978 was the first Latino in the league.Wang Zhizhibecame the first Chinese player in 2001.In 2010,Jeremy Linbecame the first American of Chinese or Taiwanese descent to play in the NBA. In 2011,Richard LapchickwithThe Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport(TIDES) of theUniversity of Central Floridareported in their annualRacial and Gender Report Cardthat 17 percent of the league's players werewhite, the lowest since the report began in 1990.Hall of Fameplayer andIndiana Pacerspresident of basketball operationsLarry Bird, who is white, stated in 2004 that the league needed more white players since the league's fans are mostly white. \\\"And if you just had a couple of white guys in there, you might get them a little excited. But it is a black man's game, and it will be forever. I mean, the greatest athletes in the world are African American,\\\" said Bird.Contrary to Bird's assertion, as of 2017, White Americans, made up only 34% of the NBA's viewership, making it the only major sports league inNorth America, that doesn't have a majority white viewership. At the same time, the black share of viewership stands at 47 percent, while Hispanic (of any race) stood at 11% and Asian viewership stood at 8%. More recently, a number of commentators and fans have remarked on the league's dwindling number ofwhite Americanplayers. While a TIDES study found that the NBA was 18.3 percent white in the 2015–16 season, this number also included non-Americans, most notably Europeans. During the entire 1996–97 season, only three NBA teams did not field an American-born white; on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, eight teams did not have a white American on their roster, and an additional 10 teams had only one. At the latter point in time, fewer than 10 percent of NBA players were American-born whites (43 out of a possible 450). Coaches Bill Russellin 1966 became the first non-white and African Americanhead coachin the NBA.In the late 1980s, teams began hiring black coaches in large numbers.At the start of the2015–16 season, there were seven black head coaches in the league, down 50 percent from three years earlier, and the fewest in 16 years.At the conclusion of the 2016-17 season there were eight African American head coaches. Owners Robert Johnsonof theCharlotte Bobcats(now known as the Charlotte Hornets) was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004–05.He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010–11 by another African American,Michael Jordan.In 2013–14, Jordan andSacramento KingsownerVivek Ranadivé, who is Indian, marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U.S. that there were two non-white majority owners in a league.The number of NBA teams with non-white majority owners increased to three in September 2019 with the league approval of Taiwanese Canadian entrepreneurJoseph Tsai's purchase of RussianMikhail Prokhorov's 51 percent share in theBrooklyn Nets. Tsai had previously held a 49 percent interest in the team, having acquired that stake from Prokhorov in 2018, and exercised an option to purchase the remaining interest before its 2021 expiration date. Viewership demographics Among NBA fans during the 2013–14 season, African Americans (844 minutes) andAsian Americans(719) spent the most time watching the league, followed byHispanics(of any race, 390) and Whites (290).Furthermore, according to a Nielsen's survey, the NBA has the highest share ofblackviewers, with 45 percent of its viewers being black and 40 percent of viewers beingwhite, making it the only top North American sport that did not have a white majority audience. During the 2016–17 season, 66 percent of the league's viewers were racial and ethnic minorities. Its audience was 47 percent Blacks, 34 percent Whites, 11 percent Hispanics (of any race), and 8 percent Asians. Timothy J. Piper examines how the NBA uses archival sports video in its advertising to give the impression that racial issues don't exist in the league, despite the fact that they do. The NBA tried to revitalize its brand prior to 2007 as a result of issues like dwindling attendance and broadcast ratings. In particular, it introduced a \\\"business casual\\\" attire policy for players in 2005 as part of its effort to distance itself from facets of hip-hop culture. The league's efforts to solve its economic fall were tied to this clothing code, which was intended to redefine player uniforms for NBA commerce, according to then-NBA Commissioner David Stern. This was all in order to enhance the league's image; some players welcomed this idea. The article also notes the NBA's 2007 advertising campaign, \\\"Where Amazing Happens,\\\" which featured archival footage and signaled a change in the league's branding approach. The goal of this campaign, which marked a change from prior ones, was to portray the NBA as varied but \\\"raceless\\\". See also Notes References Further reading External links\",\n \"Earl Lloyd Earl Francis Lloyd(April 3, 1928 – February 26, 2015) was an American professionalbasketballplayer and coach. He was the firstAfrican Americanplayer to play a game in theNational Basketball Association(NBA). An All–American player atWest Virginia State University, Lloyd helped lead West Virginia State to an undefeated season in 1948. As a professional, Lloyd helped lead theSyracuse Nationalsto the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd was inducted into theNaismith Basketball Hall of Famein 2003. Early life Earl Lloyd was born inAlexandria, Virginia, on April 3, 1928, to Theodore Lloyd Sr. and Daisy Lloyd. His father worked in the coal industry and his mother was a stay-at-home mom. Being a high school standout, Lloyd was named to the All-South Atlantic Conference three times and the All-State Virginia Interscholastic Conference twice. Lloyd did attend a segregated school, but gives gratitude to his family and educators for helping him through the tough times and his success after school. Lloyd was a 1946 graduate of Parker–Grey High School, where he played for Coach Louis Randolph Johnson. He received a scholarship to play basketball atWest Virginia State University, home of theYellow Jackets. In school he was nicknamed \\\"Moon Fixer\\\" because of his size and was known as a defensive specialist. College career Lloyd led West Virginia State to twoCentral Intercollegiate Athletic Association(CIAA) Conference and Tournament Championships in 1948 and 1949. He was named All–Conference three times (1948–50) and wasAll-Americantwice, as named by thePittsburgh Courier(1949–50). As a senior, he averaged 14 points and 8 rebounds per game, while leading West Virginia State to a second–place finish in the CIAA Conference and Tournament Championship. In 1947–48, West Virginia State was the only undefeated team in the United States, with a 30–0 record.Lloyd graduated from WVSU with his B.S. degree in physical education in 1950. Harlem Globetrotter Prior to being drafted in the ninth round of the 1950 NBA Draft, Lloyd starred in the lineup of the Harlem Globetrotters. Lloyd led the team to two wins over the reigning Minneapolis Lakers; this proved his talents beyond his race. Except for racial segregation, he was one of the finest artists of his time.Lloyd's talents were recognized amongst other black teammates, the two being Chuck Cooper and Nathaniel \\\"Sweetwater\\\" Clifton. All three would go on to be drafted by the NBA, Clifton in 1947, Cooper in 1950, and Lloyd in 1950, the 100th overall pick. NBA career Lloyd was drafted in the 9th round with pick #100 by theWashington Capitolsin the1950 NBA draft. Nicknamed \\\"The Big Cat\\\", Lloyd was one of three black players to enter the NBA at the same time. It was because of the order in which the team's season openers fell that Lloyd was the first to actually play in a game in the NBA, scoring six points on Halloween night.The date was October 31, 1950, one day ahead ofChuck Cooperof theBoston Celticsand four days beforeNat \\\"Sweetwater\\\" Cliftonof theNew York Knicks. Lloyd played in over 560 games in nine seasons. The 6-foot-5, 225-pound forward played in only seven games for the Washington Capitols before the team folded on January 9, 1951. He was then drafted into the U.S. Army atFort Sill,Oklahoma. While fulfilling his military duty, theSyracuse Nationalspicked him up on waivers. Lloyd served time fighting in theKorean Warbefore coming back to basketball in 1952. In the 1953–54 season, Lloyd led the NBA in both personal fouls and disqualifications. In 1954–1955, Lloyd averaged career highs of 10.2 points and 7.7 rebounds for Syracuse, which beat theFort Wayne Pistons4 games to 3 to win the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd andJim Tuckerbecame the first African–Americans to play on an NBA championship team. Lloyd spent six seasons with Syracuse and two with theDetroit Pistonsbefore retiring in 1961. Regarding the racism black players faced in the early years of the NBA, Lloyd recalled being refused service multiple times and an incident where a fan in Indiana spit on him. He even went as far as to detail a time in which he was told to \\\"go back\\\" to Africa, and a plethora of times racial slurs were used towards him. However, Lloyd persevered and said that these instances only pushed him and made him play harder.Saying he didn't encounter racial animosity from teammates or opposing players, Lloyd said of fans' antics, “My philosophy was: If they weren’t calling you names, you weren’t doing nothing. If they’re calling you names, you were hurting them.” \\\"In 1950, basketball was like a babe in the woods; it didn't enjoy the notoriety that baseball enjoyed,\\\" Lloyd once said. \\\"I don't think my situation was anything like Jackie Robinson's-a guy who played in a hostile environment, where some of his teammates didn't want him around. In basketball, folks were used to seeing integrated college teams. There was a different mentality.\\\" “He’s an unsung star. Anybody can score. Lloyd was an excellent defensive player. That was No. 1 on my roster,” said his Syracuse Coach Al Cervi. In his NBA career with theWashington Capitols(1950–1951),Syracuse Nationals(1952–1958) andDetroit Pistons(1958–1960), Earl averaged 8.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 560 games over nine seasons. Coaching and scouting career According to Detroit News sportswriter Jerry Green, in 1965 Detroit Pistons General Manager Don Wattrick wanted to hire Lloyd as the team's head coach.Dave DeBusscherewas instead named Pistons player–coach. Lloyd was the first African–American assistant coach and was named head coach for the 1971–72 season, making him the third African–American head coach, afterJohn McLendonandBill Russell.A 2–5 start to thefollowing campaignresulted in Lloyd being relieved of his duties and replaced by assistant coachRay Scotton October 28, 1972.He had an overall record of 22–55 with the Pistons. Lloyd worked for the Pistons as a scout for five seasons. Lloyd is credited with helping draftBailey Howelland discoveringWillis Reed,Earl Monroe,Ray ScottandWally Jones. Personal life After his basketball career, Lloyd worked during the 1970s and 1980s as a job placement administrator for the Detroit public school system. During this time, Lloyd also ran programs for underprivileged children teaching job skills. Lloyd served as Community Relations Director for the Bing Group, a Detroit manufacturing company in the 1990s. Approached by a young African–American player who said he was indebted to Lloyd for opening the doors for future generations of black players, Lloyd replied that he owed him absolutely nothing. “You cannot understand what an honor this is,” Lloyd said in 2007 about the court atT. C. Williams High Schoolbeing named in his honor. “There’s no better honor than being validated by people who know you best. I will always, always treasure this.” Lloyd and his wife, Charlita, had three sons and four grandchildren. Lloyd resided inFairfield Glade, Tennessee, just outsideCrossville, Tennessee, until his death on February 26, 2015. Honors NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Head coaching record See also References Further reading External links # denotes interim head coach\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Michael Jordan Michael Jeffrey Jordan(born February 17, 1963), also known by his initialsMJ,is an American businessman and former professionalbasketballplayer. He played 15 seasons in theNational Basketball Association(NBA) between 1984 and 2003, winning sixNBA championshipswith theChicago Bulls. He was integral in popularizing basketball and the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s,becoming a globalcultural icon.His profile on the NBA website states, \"By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time.\" Jordan playedcollege basketballwith theNorth Carolina Tar Heels. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in1982.Jordan joined the Bulls in1984as the third overall draft pickand quickly emerged as a league star, entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring while gaining a reputation as one of the best defensive players.His leaping ability, demonstrated by performingslam dunksfrom thefree-throw lineinSlam Dunk Contests, earned him the","earned him the nicknames \"Air Jordan\" and \"His Airness\".Jordan won his first NBA title with the Bulls in1991and followed that achievement with titles in1992and1993, securing athree-peat. Citing \"physical and mental exhaustion\" from basketball and superstardom, Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the1993–94 NBA seasonto playMinor League Baseballin theChicago White Soxorganization. He returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three more championships in1996,1997, and1998, as well as a then-record 72 regular season wins in the1995–96 NBA season.Jordan retired for the second time in January 1999, returning for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of theWashington Wizards.He was selected to play for theUnited States national teamduring his college and NBA careers, winning fourgold medals—at the1983 Pan American Games,1984 Summer Olympics,1992 Tournament of the Americasand1992 Summer Olympics—while also being undefeated. Jordan's individual accolades include sixNBA Finals Most","sixNBA Finals Most Valuable Player(MVP) awards, tenNBA scoring titles(both all-time records), fiveNBA MVPawards, 10All-NBAFirst Team designations, nineAll-DefensiveFirst Team honors, fourteenNBA All-Star Gameselections, threeNBA All-Star Game MVPawards, threeNBA steals titles, and the 1988NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award.He holds theNBA recordsfor career regular season scoring average (30.1 points per game) and career playoff scoring average (33.4 points per game).In 1999, Jordan was named the 20th century's greatest North American athlete byESPNand was second toBabe Ruthon theAssociated Press' list of athletes of the century.Jordan was twice inducted into theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, once in 2009 for his individual career,and again in 2010 as part of the1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team(\"The Dream Team\").He became a member of theUnited States Olympic Hall of Famein 2009,a member of theNorth Carolina Sports Hall of Famein 2010,and an individual member of theFIBA Hall of","of theFIBA Hall of Famein 2015 and a \"Dream Team\" member in 2017.Jordan was named to theNBA 50th Anniversary Teamin 1996 and to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.The trophy for theNBA Most Valuable Player Awardis named in his honor. One of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation, Jordan made many product endorsements.He fueled the success ofNike'sAir Jordansneakers, which were introduced in 1984 and remain popular.Jordan starred as himself in the live-action/animation hybrid filmSpace Jam(1996) and was the central focus of theEmmy-winning documentary seriesThe Last Dance(2020). He became part-owner and head of basketball operations for theCharlotte Hornets(then named the Bobcats) in 2006 and bought a controlling interest in 2010, before selling his majority stake in 2023. Jordan is also a co-owner of23XI Racingin theNASCAR Cup Series. In 2016, he became the first billionaire player in NBA history.That same year, PresidentBarack Obamaawarded Jordan thePresidential Medal of Freedom.As of","of Freedom.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes. Early life Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born atCumberland Hospitalin Brooklyn, New York City, on February 17, 1963,to bank employee Deloris (née Peoples) and equipment supervisorJames R. Jordan Sr.He has two older brothers, James Jr. and basketball playerLarry, as well as an older sister named Deloris and a younger sister named Roslyn.Jordan and his siblings were raised in theMethodistfaith. In 1968, the family moved toWilmington, North Carolina.Jordan attendedEmsley A. Laney High School, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the basketballvarsity teamduring his sophomore year, but at a height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m), he was deemed too short. His taller friendHarvest Leroy Smithwas the only sophomore to make the team.Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney'sjunior varsity teamand tallied some 40-point games.The following summer, he grew four","he grew four inches (10 cm) and trained rigorously.Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged more than 25points per game(ppg) over his final two seasons of high school play.As a senior, he was selected to play in the1981 McDonald's All-American Gameand scored 30points,after averaging 26.8 ppg,11.6rebounds(rpg), and 10.1assistsper game (apg) for the season. Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, includingDuke,North Carolina,South Carolina,Syracuse, andVirginia.In 1981, he accepted a basketball scholarship to theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where Jordan majored incultural geography.He chose this field of study because of its relationship tometeorology, as Jordan was interested in a career as ameteorologist. College career As a freshman in coachDean Smith's team-oriented system, Jordan was namedACCFreshman of the Year after averaging 13.4 ppg on 53.4% shooting (field goal percentage).He made the game-winningjump shotin the1982 NCAA Championship","NCAA Championship gameagainstGeorgetown, which was led by future NBA rivalPatrick Ewing.Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.During his three seasons with theTar Heels, Jordan averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting and added 5.0 rpg and 1.8 apg. Jordan was selected by consensus to theNCAA All-American First Teamin both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons.After winning theNaismithand theWoodenCollege Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina a year before his scheduled graduation to enter the1984 NBA draft. Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986,when he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography.In 2002, Jordan was named to theACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball teamhonoring the 50 greatest players in ACC history. Professional career Chicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998) Early NBA years (1984–1987) TheChicago Bullsselected Jordan with the third overall pick of the1984 NBA draftafterHakeem","draftafterHakeem Olajuwon(Houston Rockets) andSam Bowie(Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of acenter.Trail Blazers general managerStu Inmancontended that it was not a matter of drafting a center but more a matter of taking Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already hadClyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan.Citing Bowie's injury-laden college career,ESPNnamed the Blazers' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history. Jordan made his NBA debut atChicago Stadiumon October 26, 1984, and scored 16 points. In 2021, a ticket stub from the game sold at auction for $264,000, setting a record for a collectible ticket stub.During his rookie1984–85 seasonwith the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting,and helped the Bulls improve from 28-54 to 38-44. Jordan quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas.Roy S. Johnson ofThe New York","ofThe New York Timesdescribed Jordan as \"the phenomenal rookie of the Bulls\" in November,and he appeared on the cover ofSports Illustratedwith the heading \"A Star Is Born\" in December.The fans voted in Jordan as anAll-Starstarter during his rookie season.Controversy arose before the1985 NBA All-Star Gamewhen word surfaced that several veteran players, led byIsiah Thomas, were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.This led to a so-called \"freeze-out\" on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him.The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted theNBA Rookie of the Year.The Bulls finished the season 38–44,and lost to theMilwaukee Bucksin four games in the first round ofthe playoffs. An often-cited moment was on August 26, 1985,when Jordan shook the arena during a Nike exhibition game inTrieste, Italy, by shattering the glass of the backboard with a dunk.The moment was filmed and is often referred to as an","referred to as an important milestone in Jordan's rise.The shoes Jordan wore during the game were auctioned in August 2020 for $615,000, a record for a pair of sneakers.Jordan's1985–86 seasonwas cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games.The Bulls madethe playoffsdespite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record,at the time the fifth-worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history.Jordan recovered in time to participate in the postseason and performed well upon his return. On April 20 at theBoston Garden, in Game 2 of the First Round, a 135–131 double overtime loss to the eventualNBA championBoston Celtics, Jordan scored a playoff career-high 63 points, breakingElgin Baylor'ssingle-game playoff scoring record.The Celtics team, though, swept the series in three games. Jordan completely recovered in time for the1986–87 season,and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history; he became the only player other thanWilt Chamberlainto","Chamberlainto score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league-high 37.1 ppg on 48.2% shooting.Jordan also demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200stealsand 100blocked shotsin a season.Despite Jordan's success,Magic Johnsonwon theNBA Most Valuable Player Award.The Bulls reached 40 wins,and advanced tothe playoffsfor the third consecutive year but were again swept by theCeltics. Pistons roadblock (1987–1990) Jordan led the league in scoring during the1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting,and won his first league MVP Award. He was named theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearafter averaging 1.6 blocks per game (bpg), a league-high 3.1 steals per game (spg),and leading the Bulls defense to the fewest points per game allowed in the league.The Bulls finished 50–32,and made it past the first round ofthe playoffsfor the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated theCleveland Cavaliersin five games.In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, the Bulls","the Bulls lost in five games to the more experiencedDetroit Pistons,who were led byIsiah Thomasand a group of physical players known as the \"Bad Boys\". In the1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8.0 rpg and 8.0 apg.During the season,Sam Vincent, Chicago'spoint guard, was having trouble running the offense, and Jordan expressed his frustration with head coachDoug Collins, who then put Jordan at point guard. In his time as a point guard, Jordan had 10triple-doublesin 11 games, with averages of 33.6 ppg, 11.4 rpg, 10.8 apg, 2.9 spg, and 0.8 bpg on 51% shooting. The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,and advanced to theEastern ConferenceFinals, defeating theCavaliersandNew York Knicksalong the way.The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit \"The Shot\" overCraig Ehloat the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.In the Eastern Conference Finals, thePistonsagain defeated the Bulls, this time in","Bulls, this time in six games,by utilizing their \"Jordan Rules\" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double andtriple teaminghim every time he touched the ball. The Bulls entered the1989–90 seasonas a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players likeScottie PippenandHorace Grant, and under the guidance of new coachPhil Jackson.On March 28, 1990, Jordan scored a career-high 69 points in a 117–113 road win over the Cavaliers.He averaged a league-leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg,in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating theBucksandPhiladelphia 76ers;despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to thePistonsfor the third consecutive season. First three-peat (1991–1993) Jackson sought to instill the principles of the triangle offense more deeply within the team, and this required Michael Jordan to change his playing style. As Jackson explained in his bookEleven","in his bookEleven Rings, \"I was planning to ask Michael... to reduce the number of shots he took so that other members of the team could get more involved.\" Jackson worked with Jordan to ensure he could still pursue scoring titles, but now in a way that better integrated his personal ambitions with the team's success. In the1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in sixteen years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.WithScottie Pippendeveloping into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated theNew York Knicksand thePhiladelphia 76ersin the opening two rounds ofthe playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, theDetroit Pistons, awaited them;this time, the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four-game sweep. The Bulls advanced tothe Finalsfor the first time in franchise","time in franchise history to face theLos Angeles Lakers. The Bulls won the series in five games, and compiled a 15–2 playoff record along the way.Perhaps the best-known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potentialSam Perkinsblock by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket.In his first Finals appearance, Jordan had 31.2 ppg on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 apg, 6.6 rpg, 2.8 spg, and 1.4 bpg.Jordan won his firstNBA Finals MVPawardand cried while holding the Finals trophy. Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the1991–92 season, establishing a 67–15 record, topping their franchise record from the 1990–91 campaign.Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 ppg, 6.4 rpg, and 6.1 apg on 52% shooting.After winning a physical seven-game series over theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffsand finishing off theCleveland Cavaliersin the Conference Finals in six games, the","in six games, the Bulls metClyde Drexlerand thePortland Trail Blazersinthe Finals. The media, hoping to recreate aMagic–Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between \"Air\" Jordan and Clyde \"The Glide\" during the pre-Finals hype. In a Game 1 victory, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting sixthree-point field goals.After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside.Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying: \"I can't believe I'm doing this.\"The Bulls went on to defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row,and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 52.6% from the floor. In the1992–93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign, including a second-place finish in Defensive Player of the Year voting,Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended, as he lost the award to his","the award to his friendCharles Barkley,upsetting him.Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and hisPhoenix Sunsin the1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game-winning shot byJohn Paxsonand a last-second block byHorace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's leader. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,and became the first player in NBA history to win three consecutive Finals MVP awards.Jordan scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in four consecutive games.With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life. Gambling During the1993 NBA playoffs, Jordan was seen gambling inAtlantic City, New Jersey, the night before Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals against theNew York Knicks.The previous year, he admitted that he","he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book in 1993 claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.David Stern, thecommissioner of the NBA, denied in 1995 and 2006 that Jordan's 1993 retirement was a secret suspension by the league for gambling,but the rumor spread widely. In 2005, Jordan discussed his gambling withEd Bradleyof60 Minutesand admitted that he made reckless decisions. Jordan stated: Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah. When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied: \"No.\"In 2010,Ron Shelton, director ofJordan Rides the Bus, said that he began working on the documentary believing that the NBA had suspended him, but that research \"convinced was","\"convinced was nonsense\". First retirement and stint in Minor League Baseball (1993–1995) On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, saying that he lost his desire to play basketball. He later said that the murder of his father three months earlier helped shape his decision.James R. Jordan Sr.was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highwayrest areainLumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked hisLexus.His body, dumped in a South Carolina swamp, was not discovered until August 3.Green and Demery were sentenced to life imprisonment.However, inThe Last Dance, Jordan stated that he retired due to physical and mental exhaustion from basketball and superstardom, and that he had made up his mind during the Bulls' playoff run and discussed the decision with his father. Jordan was close to his father; as a child, Jordan imitated the way his father stuck out his tongue while absorbed in work. Jordan later adopted it as his own signature, often displaying it","often displaying it as he drove to the basket.In 1996, Jordan founded a Chicago-areaBoys & Girls Cluband dedicated it to his father.In his 1998 autobiographyFor the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he was preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.The added exhaustion due to the \"Dream Team\" run in the1992 Summer Olympicssolidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world. Jordan further surprised the sports world by signing aMinor League Baseball(MiLB) contract with theChicago White Soxon February 7, 1994.He reported tospring traininginSarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31.Jordan said that this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who always envisioned his son as aMajor League Baseball(MLB) player.The White Sox were owned by Bulls ownerJerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's","to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. In 1994, Jordan played for theBirmingham Barons, aDouble-Aminor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox,batting.202 with threehome runs, 51runs batted in, 30stolen bases, 114strikeouts, 51bases on balls, and 11errors.His strikeout total led the team and his games played tied for the team lead. His 30 stolen bases were second on the team only toDoug Brady.Jordan also appeared for theScottsdale Scorpionsin the 1994Arizona Fall League, batting .252 against the top prospects in baseball.On November 1, 1994, hisNo.23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known asThe Spiritoutside the newUnited Center. Return to the NBA (1995) The Bulls went 55–27 in1993–94without Jordan in the lineupand lost to theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffs.In the1994–95 Bulls, Jordan surprised many by returning to the Bulls midway through the season. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit","decided to quit baseball because he feared he might become areplacement playerduring theMajor League Baseball strike.On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA in a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\"The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face theIndiana PacersinIndianapolis, scoring 19 points.The game had the highestNielsen ratingof any regular season NBA game since 1975.Although he could have worn his original number even though the Bulls retired it, Jordan wore No. 45, his baseball number. Despite his 18-month hiatus from the NBA, Jordan played well, making a game-winning jump shot againstAtlantain his fourth game back. He scored 55 points in his next game, against theNew York KnicksatMadison Square Gardenon March 28, 1995.Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to makethe playoffsand advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against theOrlando Magic.At the end of Game 1, Orlando'sNick Andersonstripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket","game-winning basket for the Magic; he later commented that Jordan \"didn't look like the old Michael Jordan\",and said, \"No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to\". Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former No. 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA.Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black.He averaged 31 ppg in the playoffs, but Orlando won the series in six games. Second three-peat (1996–1998) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the1995–96 season.The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialistDennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41–3.The Bulls finished with the best regular season record in NBA history, 72–10, a mark broken two decades later by the2015–16 Golden State","Golden State Warriors.Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg,and he won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards. Inthe playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat3–0,New York Knicks4–1, andOrlando Magic4–0), as they defeated theSeattle SuperSonics4–2 in theNBA Finalsto win their fourth championship.The series was one of the tougher ones for Jordan as he shot 41%, 32%, and 26% from the field in three of the six games.Nevertheless, Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time;he achieved only the second sweep of the MVP awards in the All-Star Game, regular season, and NBA Finals afterWillis Reedin the1969–70 season.Upon winning the championship, his first since his father's murder, Jordan reacted emotionally, clutching the game ball and crying on the locker room floor. In the1996–97 season, the Bulls stood at a 69–11 record but ended the season by losing their final two games to finish the year 69–13, missing out on a second consecutive 70-win","consecutive 70-win season.The Bulls again advanced tothe Finals, where they faced theUtah Jazz.That team includedKarl Malone, who had beaten Jordan for the NBA MVP award in a tight race (986–957).The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with abuzzer-beatingjump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied 2–2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as \"The Flu Game\", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-winning three-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.During the1997 NBA All-Star Game, he posted the first triple-double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort, but the MVP award went toGlen Rice. The Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the1997–98 season.Jordan led the league with 28.7 ppg,securing his fifth regular season MVP","regular season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team, and the All-Star Game MVP.The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven-game series with theIndiana Pacersin the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with theNew York Knicks.After winning, they moved on for a rematch with theJazzinthe Finals. The Bulls returned to theDelta CenterforGame 6on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.With 41.9 seconds remaining and the Bulls trailing 86–83, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and sank a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting Utah's lead to 86–85.The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to Malone, who was set up in thelow postand was being","postand was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and stole the ball out of his hands. Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guardBryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call afoul.With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan made the climactic shot of his Bulls career,a top-key jumper over a stumbling Russell to give Chicago an 87–86 lead. Afterwards, the Jazz'John Stocktonnarrowly missed a game-winning three-pointer, and the buzzer sounded as Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship,achieving a second three-peat in the decade.Once again, Jordan was voted Finals MVP for a record sixth time,having led all scorers by averaging 33.5 ppg, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series,and Game 6 holds the highest television rating","television rating of any game in NBA history. Second retirement (1999–2001) WithPhil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures ofScottie PippenandDennis Rodmanlooming, and being in the latter stages of an owner-inducedlockoutof NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999.On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player but as part owner and president of basketball operations for theWashington Wizards.Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive, as he controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters; opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (like forwardJuwan Howardand point guardRod Strickland)but used the first pick in the2001 NBA draftto select high school studentKwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons. Despite his January 1999 claim that he was","claim that he was \"99.9% certain\" he would never play another NBA game,Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback in the summer of 2001, this time with his new team.Inspired by theNHLcomeback of his friendMario Lemieuxthe previous winter,Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach,Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return. Washington Wizards (2001–2003) On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of theSeptember 11 attacks.In an injury-plagued2001–02 season, Jordan led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.4 spg),and was an MVP candidate, as he led the Wizards to a winning record and playoff contention;Jordan would","would eventually finish 13th in the MVP ballot.After he suffered torncartilagein his right knee,and subsequent knee soreness,the Wizards missed the playoffs,and Jordan's season ended after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the1994–95 season.Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 ppg, 5.4 apg, and 6.0 rpg, and shooting 41.9% from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.The Wizards finished the season with a 37–45 record, an 18-game improvement. Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in2003, Jordan passedKareem Abdul-Jabbaras the all-time leading scorer in All-Star Game history, a record since broken byKobe BryantandLeBron James.That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them as he came off the bench in 15. Jordan averaged 20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg,","20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 spg per game.He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free-throw line.Although Jordan turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at theMCI Centerwere sold out and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.Jordan's final two seasons did not result in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and he was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.At several points, Jordan openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that ofKwame Brown, thenumber-one draft pickin the2001 NBA draft. Final retirement (2003) With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him","were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at theUnited Centerin Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.TheMiami Heatretired the No. 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team.At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot fromTracy McGradyandAllen Iversonbut refused both;he accepted the spot ofVince Carter.Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, inPhiladelphia. After scoring 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds left in the third quarter and his team trailing thePhiladelphia 76ers75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, theFirst Union Centercrowd began chanting \"We want Mike!\" After much encouragement from coachDoug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacingLarry Hugheswith 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers'Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws.","both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookieJohn Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled byBobby Simmonsone second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. He received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans. National team career Jordan made his debut as a college player for theU.S. national basketball teamat the1983 Pan American GamesinCaracas, Venezuela. He led the team in scoring with 17.3 ppg as the U.S., coached byJack Hartman, won thegold medal.The following year, Jordan won another gold medal in the1984 Summer Olympics. The1984 U.S. teamwas coached byBob Knightand featured young players such asPatrick Ewing,Sam Perkins,Chris Mullin,Steve Alford, andWayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament. In 1992, Jordan, now an NBA player, was a member of the star-studded squad that was dubbed the \"Dream Team\", which includedLarry","which includedLarry Birdand Magic Johnson. The team won two gold medals: the first in the1992 Tournament of the Americas,and the second in the1992 Summer Olympics. Jordan was the only player to start all eight games in the Olympics. He averaged 14.9 ppg on 45% shooting from the field and 68% from the free-throw line. He was second on the team in scoring.He was undefeated in the four tournaments he played for the United States national team, and Jordan won all 30 games he took part in. Player profile Jordan was ashooting guardwho could also play as asmall forward, the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with theWashington Wizards.Jordan was known throughout his career as a strongclutchperformer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests.His competitiveness was visible in his prolifictrash talkand well-known work ethic.Jordan often used perceived","used perceived slights to fuel his performances. SportswriterWright Thompsondescribed him as \"a killer, in the Darwinian sense of the word, immediately sensing and attacking someone's weakest spot\".As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not \"tough enough\" to compete with him in practice. To improve his defense, Jordan spent hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvization.Jordan's fierce competitiveness greatly impacted his teammates, sometimes motivating them but also leading to tension and alienation. Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986–87 to 2001–02, when he injured his right knee.Of the 15 seasons Jordan was in the NBA, he played all 82 regular season games nine times.Jordan has frequently citedDavid Thompson,Walter Davis, andJerry Westas influences.Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a","on, Jordan had a special \"Love of the Game Clause\" written into his contract, which was unusual at the time, and allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere. Jordan had a versatile offensive game and was capable of aggressivelydrivingto the basket as well as drawingfoulsfrom his opponents at a high rate. His 8,772free throwattempts are the 11th-highest total in NBA history.Early in Jordan's career, he weighed in at around 200 pounds (91 kg) and was more athletic in terms of play style.As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability topost uphis opponents and score with his trademarkfadeawayjump shot, using his leaping ability to avoid block attempts. According toHubie Brown, this move alone made Jordan nearly unstoppable.Around this time, he bulked up to 215 pounds (98 kg) in order to adapt to the increased physicality of NBA defenses during the 1990s, sacrificing some athleticism for added strength in the post.Despite media criticism by some as a selfish player early in","player early in his career, Jordan was willing to defer to this teammates, with a career average of 5.3 apg and a season-high of 8.0 apg.For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder, finishing with 6.2 rpg. Defensively, he averaged 2.3 spg and 0.8 bpg. Thethree-point field goalwas not Jordan's strength, especially in his early years. Later on in his career, Jordan improved his three-point shooting, and finished his career with a three-point field goal percentage of 32%.His best years shooting from three occurred in the 1989-90 and 1992-93 seasons, where he shot 37% and 35% from three, respectively (Jordan did shoot higher percentages from 1994-97, but in those years, the three-point line was temporarily moved inwards). Overall, Jordan was a highly efficient scorer. Hiseffective field goal percentagewas 50%, and he had six seasons with at least 50% shooting, five of which consecutively (1988–1992); Jordan also shot 51% and 50% from the field, and 30% and 33% from the three-point range, throughout his first","his first and second retirements, respectively, finishing his Bulls career with 31.5 points per game on 50.5 FG% shooting and his overall career with 49.7 FG% shooting. In 1988, Jordan was honored with theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearand theMost Valuable Playerawards, becoming the first NBA player to win both awards in a career let alone season. He also set both seasonal and career records forblocked shotsby a guard,and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. Despite his defensive prowess, the 1988 season has come under scrutiny due to the large discrepancy between Jordan's steals' numbers at home versus on the road. Such stat inflation was common, and a 2024 study by Tom Haberstroh found that there were games where Jordan was often credited with steals that could not have happened. For example, in one game, he was credited with more steals than the opposing team had live-ball turnovers.Jordan ranks fourth in NBA history in totalstealswith 2,514, trailingJohn","2,514, trailingJohn Stockton,Jason KiddandChris Paul.Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.Doc Riversdeclared Jordan \"the best superstar defender in the history of the game\". Jordan was known to have strong eyesight. BroadcasterAl Michaelssaid that Jordan was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away.During the2001 NBA Finals,Phil Jacksoncompared Jordan's dominance toShaquille O'Neal, stating: \"Michael would get fouled on every play and still have to play through it and just clear himself for shots instead and would rise to that occasion.\" Legacy Jordan's talent was clear from his first NBA season; by November 1984, he was being compared toJulius Erving.Larry Birdsaid that rookie Jordan was the best player he ever saw, and that Jordan was \"one of a kind\", and comparable toWayne Gretzkyas an athlete.In his first game in Madison Square Garden against theNew York Knicks,","theNew York Knicks, Jordan received a near minute-long standing ovation.After Jordan established the single game playoff record of 63 points against theBoston Celticson April 20, 1986, Bird described him as \"God disguised as Michael Jordan\". Jordanled the NBA in scoringin 10 seasons (NBA record) and tiedWilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles.Jordan was a fixture of theNBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared withGary Payton,Kevin Garnett, andKobe Bryant).He also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 ppg, respectively.By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time.Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second-highest amongNBA career playoff scoring","playoff scoring leaders.He scored 32,292 points in the regular season,placing him fifth on theNBA all-time scoring listbehindLeBron James,Kareem Abdul-Jabbar,Karl Malone, and Bryant. With five regular season MVPs (tied for second place withBill Russell—only Abdul-Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and threeNBA All-Star Game MVPs, Jordan is among the most decorated player in NBA history.He finished among the top three in regular season MVP voting 10 times.Jordan was named one of the50 Greatest Players in NBA Historyin 1996,and selected to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men's basketball teams).Since 1976, the year of theABA–NBA merger,Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team.In theAll-Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other","more than any other player. \"There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us.\" —Magic Johnson Many of Jordan's contemporaries have said that he is the greatest basketball player of all time.In 1999, anESPNsurvey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century.Jordan placed second toBabe Ruthin theAssociated Press' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes.The Associated Press also voted Jordan the greatest basketball player of the 20th century.He has also appeared on the front cover ofSports Illustrateda record 50 times.In the September 1996 issue ofSport, which was the publication's 50th-anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years. Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-backSlam Dunk Contestchampionships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players.Several NBA players, including James andDwyane Wade, have stated that","have stated that they considered Jordan as their role model while they were growing up.Commentators have also dubbed a number of next-generation players \"the next Michael Jordan\" upon their entry to the NBA, includingPenny Hardaway,Grant Hill,Allen Iverson, Bryant,Vince Carter, James, and Wade.Some analysts, such asThe Ringer's Dan Devine, drew parallels between Jordan's experiment at point guard in the 1988–89 season and the modern NBA; for Devine, it \"inadvertently foreshadowed the modern game's stylistic shift toward monster-usage primary playmakers\", such asRussell Westbrook,James Harden,Luka Dončić, and James.Don Nelsonstated: \"I would've been playing him at point guard the day he showed up as a rookie.\" Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his \"Air Jordan\" image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,a fact Jordan himself has lamented, saying: \"I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael","of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized.\"During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game; television ratings increased only during his time in the league.The popularity of the NBA in the U.S. declined after his last title.As late as 2022,NBA Finals television ratingshad not returned to the level reached during his last championship-winning season. In August 2009, theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FameinSpringfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers as well as from the 1992 \"Dream Team\"; the exhibit also has a battingbaseball gloveto signify Jordan's short career in theMinor League Baseball.After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 memberDavid Thompsonto present him.As Jordan would later","Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels when growing up in North Carolina but greatly admired Thompson, who played for the rivalNC State Wolfpack. In September, Jordan was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, includingScottie Pippen,Dennis Rodman,Charles Oakley,Ron Harper,Steve Kerr, andToni Kukoč.Dean SmithandDoug Collins, two of Jordan's former coaches, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech when Jordan began to cry was captured by Associated Press photographerStephan Savoiaand would later go viral on social media as the \"Crying Jordan\" Internet meme.In 2016, PresidentBarack Obamahonored Jordan with thePresidential Medal of Freedom.In October 2021, he was named to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team.In September 2022, Jordan's jersey in which he played the opening game of the 1998 NBA Finals was sold for $10.1 million, making it the most expensive game-worn sports memorabilia","sports memorabilia in history.In December 2022, the NBA unveiled a new MVP trophy, named in Jordan's honor, to be awarded beginning with the2022–23 season, which replaced the original trophy, named in honor of former NBA commissionerMaurice Podoloff. NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Awards and honors NBA USA Basketball NCAA High school Halls of Fame Media National State/local Post-retirement After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.Jordan's previous tenure had produced mixed results and may have also influenced the trade ofRichard \"Rip\" HamiltonforJerry Stackhouse, although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002.On May 7, 2003, Wizards ownerAbe Pollinfired Jordan from the role.Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring, he never would have come back to play for the Wizards. Over the next few","Over the next few years, Jordan played golf in celebrity charity tournaments and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles.Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with twoSuzukisin thepremier Superbike championshipsanctioned by theAmerican Motorcyclist Association(AMA) until the end of the 2013 season. Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in theCharlotte Bobcats(known as theHornetssince 2013), becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority ownerRobert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title Managing Member of Basketball Operations.Despite his previous success as an endorser, Jordan made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.A decade earlier, he had made a bid to become part-owner of Charlotte's original","original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when ownerGeorge Shinnrefused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations. In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and formerHouston RocketspresidentGeorge Postoloswere the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team from Johnson pending NBA approval.On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team,and the league's only African-American majority owner. During the2011 NBA lockout,The New York Timeswrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during","that, during thelabor dispute in 1998, Jordan toldWashington Wizardsthen-ownerAbe Pollin: \"If you can't make a profit, you should sell your team.\"Jason WhitlockofFoxSports.comcalled Jordan \"a hypocriteselloutwho can easily betray the very people who made him a billionaire global icon\" for wanting \"current players to pay for his incompetence\".He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing playersKwame BrownandAdam Morrison. During the2011–12 NBA seasonthat was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. The team closed out the season with a 23-game losing streak; their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.Before the next season, Jordan said: \"I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating.\" During the 2019 NBA offseason, Jordan sold a minority piece of the Hornets to Gabe Plotkin and Daniel Sundheim, retaining the majority for himself,as well as the role of chairman.In 2023, Jordan finalized the sale of his","the sale of his majority stake to Gabe Plotkin and Rick Schnall, ending his 13-year tenure as majority owner, although he kept a minority stake.The sale was officially completed in August 2023 for approximately $3 billion, more than 10 times the $275 million Jordan had paid for the team. 23XI Racing On September 21, 2020, Jordan andNASCARdriverDenny Hamlinannounced they would be fielding aNASCAR Cup Seriesteam withBubba Wallacedriving, beginning competition in the2021 season.On October 22, the team's name was confirmed to be23XI Racing(pronounced twenty-three eleven) and the team's entry would bear No. 23.After the team's inaugural season, it added a second car with No. 45, driven byKurt Buschin2022andTyler Reddickin2023.Ty Gibbs,John Hunter Nemechek, andDaniel Hemricalso drove for 23XI as substitute drivers during the 2022 season.The team fielded a third car, No. 67, driven byTravis Pastranain the2023 Daytona 500.23XI Racing has won seven races, two by Wallace, four by Reddick, and one by Busch.Reddick won","Busch.Reddick won the2024 NASCAR Cup Seriesregular season championship, the first for the team. Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy atA Little White Wedding ChapelinLas Vegason September 2, 1989.They had three children:Jeffrey,Marcus, and Jasmine.The Jordans filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made \"mutually and amicably\".It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $254 million in 2023), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time. In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot inHighland Park, Illinois, where he planned to build a 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m2) mansion. It was completed in 1995. Jordan listed the mansion for sale in 2012.He also owns homes inNorth CarolinaandJupiter Island, Florida. On July 21, 2006, a judge inCook","a judge inCook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim.Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file apaternity suitafter Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991; aDNA testshowed that Jordan was not the father of the child. Jordan proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American modelYvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011,and they were married on April 27, 2013, atBethesda-by-the-SeaEpiscopal Church.It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together.On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.In 2019, Jordan became a grandfather when his daughter Jasmine gave birth to a son, whose father is professional basketball playerRakeem Christmas. Media figure and business interests Endorsements Jordan is one of the","is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands asNike,Coca-Cola,Chevrolet,Gatorade,McDonald's,Ball Park Franks,Rayovac,Wheaties,Hanes, andMCI.Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the \"Be Like Mike\" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan. Nike created a signature shoe for Jordan, called theAir Jordan, in 1984.One of his more popular commercials for the shoe involvedSpike Leeplaying the part ofMars Blackmon. In the commercials, Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that \"it's gotta be the shoes\".The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of \"shoe-jackings\", in which people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the \"Jordan Brand\". The company features a list of athletes and celebrities as","and celebrities as endorsers.The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those ofNorth Carolina,UCLA,California,Oklahoma,Florida,Georgetown, andMarquette. Jordan also has been associated with theLooney Tunescartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992'sSuper Bowl XXVIfeatured Jordan andBugs Bunnyplaying basketball.The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996live action/animatedfilmSpace Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former's first retirement from basketball.They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.Jordan also made an appearance in the music video forMichael Jackson's \"Jam\" (1992). Since 2008, Jordan's yearly income from endorsements is estimated to be over $40 million.In addition, when his power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games.Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US$30 million per","US$30 million per season.An academic study found that his first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion. Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent,David Falk.Jordan has described Falk as \"the best at what he does\" and that \"marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan'.\" Business ventures In June 2010, Jordan was ranked byForbesas the 20th-most-powerful celebrity in the world, with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According toForbes, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%.On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with theCharlotte Business Journal's Business Person of the Year for 2014.In 2017, he became a part owner of theMiami MarlinsofMajor League Baseball.","League Baseball. Forbesdesignated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017.From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes,making him thefifth-richest African-American, behindRobert F. Smith,David Steward,Oprah Winfrey, andRihanna. Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name. The company has aNissandealership inDurham, North Carolina, acquired in 1990,and formerly had aLincoln–Mercurydealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009.The company also owned a Nissan franchise inGlen Burnie, Maryland.The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan's. Restaurants he has owned include asteakhousein New York City'sGrand Central Terminal, among others;that restaurant closed in 2018.Jordan is the majority investor in a golf course, Grove XXIII inHobe Sound, Florida. In September 2020, Jordan became an investor and advisor","and advisor forDraftKings. Philanthropy From 2001 to 2014, Jordan hosted an annual golf tournament, the Michael Jordan Celebrity Invitational, that raised money for various charities.In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago'sHales Franciscan High School.TheJordan Brandhas made donations toHabitat for Humanityand aLouisianabranch of theBoys & Girls Clubs of America. TheMake-A-Wish Foundationnamed Jordan its Chief Wish Ambassador in 2008.In 2013, he granted his 200th wish for the organization.As of 2019, Jordan has raised more than $5 million for the Make-A-Wish Foundation.In 2023, he donated $10 million to the organization for his 60th birthday. In 2015, Jordan donated a settlement of undisclosed size from a lawsuit against supermarkets that had used his name without permission to 23 different Chicago charities.In 2017, Jordan funded twoNovant HealthMichael Jordan Family Clinics inCharlotte, North Carolina, by giving $7 million, the biggest donation he had made at the time.The","at the time.The following year, afterHurricane Florencedamaged parts of North Carolina, including his former hometown of Wilmington, Jordan donated $2 million to relief efforts.He gave $1 million to aid the Bahamas' recovery followingHurricane Dorianin 2019. On June 5, 2020, in the wake ofthe protestsfollowing themurder of George Floyd, Jordan and his brand announced in a joint statement that they would be donating $100 million over the next 10 years to organizations dedicated to \"ensuring racial equality, social justice and greater access to education\".In February 2021, Jordan funded two Novant Health Michael Jordan Family Clinics inNew Hanover County, North Carolina, by giving $10 million.In 2024, he funded the opening of another Novant Health Clinic, this time in Wilmington. Film and television Jordan played himself in the 1996 comedy filmSpace Jam. The film received mixed reviews,but it was a box office success, making $230 million worldwide, and earned more than $1 billion through merchandise sales. In","sales. In 2000, Jordan was the subject of anIMAXdocumentary about his career with the Chicago Bulls, especially the1998 NBA playoffs, titledMichael Jordan to the Max.Two decades later, the same period of Jordan's life was covered in much greater and more personal detail by theEmmy Award-winningThe Last Dance, a 10-part TV documentary which debuted onESPNin April and May 2020.The Last Dancerelied heavily on about 500 hours of candid film of Jordan's and his teammates' off-court activities which anNBA Entertainmentcrew had shot over the course of the1997–98 NBA seasonfor use in a documentary. The project was delayed for many years because Jordan had not yet given his permission for the footage to be used.Jordan was interviewed at three homes associated with the production and did not want cameras in his home or on his plane, as according to director Jason Hehir \"there are certain aspects of his life that he wants to keep private\". Jordan granted rapperTravis Scottpermission to film a music video for his single","for his single \"Franchise\" at his home inHighland Park, Illinois.Jordan appeared in the 2022 miniseriesThe Captain, which follows the life and career ofDerek Jeter. Books Jordan has authored several books focusing on his life, basketball career, and world view. See also Notes References Sources Further reading External links","Race and ethnicity in the NBA The composition ofraceandethnicityin theNational Basketball Association(NBA) has changed throughout the league's history. The firstnon-whiteplayer to play in the league was anAsian American,Wat Misaka, in 1947.African Americansentered the league beginning in 1950. According toracial equalityactivistRichard Lapchick, the NBA in 2021 was composed of 73.2 percentblackplayers, 16.8 percentwhiteplayers, 3.1 percentLatinoplayers of any race, and 0.4 percentAsianplayers. Additionally, 6.6 percent of the players were classified as either multiracial or \"other\" races.The league has the highest percentage of black players of anymajor professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. History Players The NBA was founded in June 1946, with its first season played in1946–47.Wat Misakadebuted in1947–48as the first non-white player and the firstAsian Americanto play in the league. African Americansfirst appeared in the NBA in 1950.Chuck Cooperwas the first black playerdraftedin the","playerdraftedin the NBA.On April 26, 1950,Harold Huntersigned with theWashington Capitols, becoming the firstAfrican Americanto sign a contract with any NBA team in history.However, Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.On May 24,Nathaniel \"Sweetwater\" Cliftonwas the second African American player to sign an NBA contract.Earl Lloydwas the first to play in the NBA.Hank DeZoniealso played that year.In 1953,Don Barksdalebecame the first African American to play in anNBA All-Star Game. With the emergence of African American players by the 1960s, the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim. Many of the league's great players were black. At that time, African Americans believed they were limited by anunofficialleague quota of four black players per team. Puerto RicanButch Leein 1978 was the first Latino in the league.Wang Zhizhibecame the first Chinese player in 2001.In 2010,Jeremy Linbecame the first American of Chinese or Taiwanese descent to","descent to play in the NBA. In 2011,Richard LapchickwithThe Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport(TIDES) of theUniversity of Central Floridareported in their annualRacial and Gender Report Cardthat 17 percent of the league's players werewhite, the lowest since the report began in 1990.Hall of Fameplayer andIndiana Pacerspresident of basketball operationsLarry Bird, who is white, stated in 2004 that the league needed more white players since the league's fans are mostly white. \"And if you just had a couple of white guys in there, you might get them a little excited. But it is a black man's game, and it will be forever. I mean, the greatest athletes in the world are African American,\" said Bird.Contrary to Bird's assertion, as of 2017, White Americans, made up only 34% of the NBA's viewership, making it the only major sports league inNorth America, that doesn't have a majority white viewership. At the same time, the black share of viewership stands at 47 percent, while Hispanic (of any race) stood at","any race) stood at 11% and Asian viewership stood at 8%. More recently, a number of commentators and fans have remarked on the league's dwindling number ofwhite Americanplayers. While a TIDES study found that the NBA was 18.3 percent white in the 2015–16 season, this number also included non-Americans, most notably Europeans. During the entire 1996–97 season, only three NBA teams did not field an American-born white; on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, eight teams did not have a white American on their roster, and an additional 10 teams had only one. At the latter point in time, fewer than 10 percent of NBA players were American-born whites (43 out of a possible 450). Coaches Bill Russellin 1966 became the first non-white and African Americanhead coachin the NBA.In the late 1980s, teams began hiring black coaches in large numbers.At the start of the2015–16 season, there were seven black head coaches in the league, down 50 percent from three years earlier, and the fewest in 16 years.At the conclusion of","the conclusion of the 2016-17 season there were eight African American head coaches. Owners Robert Johnsonof theCharlotte Bobcats(now known as the Charlotte Hornets) was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004–05.He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010–11 by another African American,Michael Jordan.In 2013–14, Jordan andSacramento KingsownerVivek Ranadivé, who is Indian, marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U.S. that there were two non-white majority owners in a league.The number of NBA teams with non-white majority owners increased to three in September 2019 with the league approval of Taiwanese Canadian entrepreneurJoseph Tsai's purchase of RussianMikhail Prokhorov's 51 percent share in theBrooklyn Nets. Tsai had previously held a 49 percent interest in the team, having acquired that stake from Prokhorov in 2018, and exercised an option to purchase the remaining interest before its 2021 expiration date. Viewership demographics Among NBA fans during the","NBA fans during the 2013–14 season, African Americans (844 minutes) andAsian Americans(719) spent the most time watching the league, followed byHispanics(of any race, 390) and Whites (290).Furthermore, according to a Nielsen's survey, the NBA has the highest share ofblackviewers, with 45 percent of its viewers being black and 40 percent of viewers beingwhite, making it the only top North American sport that did not have a white majority audience. During the 2016–17 season, 66 percent of the league's viewers were racial and ethnic minorities. Its audience was 47 percent Blacks, 34 percent Whites, 11 percent Hispanics (of any race), and 8 percent Asians. Timothy J. Piper examines how the NBA uses archival sports video in its advertising to give the impression that racial issues don't exist in the league, despite the fact that they do. The NBA tried to revitalize its brand prior to 2007 as a result of issues like dwindling attendance and broadcast ratings. In particular, it introduced a \"business casual\" attire","casual\" attire policy for players in 2005 as part of its effort to distance itself from facets of hip-hop culture. The league's efforts to solve its economic fall were tied to this clothing code, which was intended to redefine player uniforms for NBA commerce, according to then-NBA Commissioner David Stern. This was all in order to enhance the league's image; some players welcomed this idea. The article also notes the NBA's 2007 advertising campaign, \"Where Amazing Happens,\" which featured archival footage and signaled a change in the league's branding approach. The goal of this campaign, which marked a change from prior ones, was to portray the NBA as varied but \"raceless\". See also Notes References Further reading External links","Earl Lloyd Earl Francis Lloyd(April 3, 1928 – February 26, 2015) was an American professionalbasketballplayer and coach. He was the firstAfrican Americanplayer to play a game in theNational Basketball Association(NBA). An All–American player atWest Virginia State University, Lloyd helped lead West Virginia State to an undefeated season in 1948. As a professional, Lloyd helped lead theSyracuse Nationalsto the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd was inducted into theNaismith Basketball Hall of Famein 2003. Early life Earl Lloyd was born inAlexandria, Virginia, on April 3, 1928, to Theodore Lloyd Sr. and Daisy Lloyd. His father worked in the coal industry and his mother was a stay-at-home mom. Being a high school standout, Lloyd was named to the All-South Atlantic Conference three times and the All-State Virginia Interscholastic Conference twice. Lloyd did attend a segregated school, but gives gratitude to his family and educators for helping him through the tough times and his success after school. Lloyd was a 1946","Lloyd was a 1946 graduate of Parker–Grey High School, where he played for Coach Louis Randolph Johnson. He received a scholarship to play basketball atWest Virginia State University, home of theYellow Jackets. In school he was nicknamed \"Moon Fixer\" because of his size and was known as a defensive specialist. College career Lloyd led West Virginia State to twoCentral Intercollegiate Athletic Association(CIAA) Conference and Tournament Championships in 1948 and 1949. He was named All–Conference three times (1948–50) and wasAll-Americantwice, as named by thePittsburgh Courier(1949–50). As a senior, he averaged 14 points and 8 rebounds per game, while leading West Virginia State to a second–place finish in the CIAA Conference and Tournament Championship. In 1947–48, West Virginia State was the only undefeated team in the United States, with a 30–0 record.Lloyd graduated from WVSU with his B.S. degree in physical education in 1950. Harlem Globetrotter Prior to being drafted in the ninth round of the 1950 NBA","of the 1950 NBA Draft, Lloyd starred in the lineup of the Harlem Globetrotters. Lloyd led the team to two wins over the reigning Minneapolis Lakers; this proved his talents beyond his race. Except for racial segregation, he was one of the finest artists of his time.Lloyd's talents were recognized amongst other black teammates, the two being Chuck Cooper and Nathaniel \"Sweetwater\" Clifton. All three would go on to be drafted by the NBA, Clifton in 1947, Cooper in 1950, and Lloyd in 1950, the 100th overall pick. NBA career Lloyd was drafted in the 9th round with pick #100 by theWashington Capitolsin the1950 NBA draft. Nicknamed \"The Big Cat\", Lloyd was one of three black players to enter the NBA at the same time. It was because of the order in which the team's season openers fell that Lloyd was the first to actually play in a game in the NBA, scoring six points on Halloween night.The date was October 31, 1950, one day ahead ofChuck Cooperof theBoston Celticsand four days beforeNat \"Sweetwater\" Cliftonof theNew","Cliftonof theNew York Knicks. Lloyd played in over 560 games in nine seasons. The 6-foot-5, 225-pound forward played in only seven games for the Washington Capitols before the team folded on January 9, 1951. He was then drafted into the U.S. Army atFort Sill,Oklahoma. While fulfilling his military duty, theSyracuse Nationalspicked him up on waivers. Lloyd served time fighting in theKorean Warbefore coming back to basketball in 1952. In the 1953–54 season, Lloyd led the NBA in both personal fouls and disqualifications. In 1954–1955, Lloyd averaged career highs of 10.2 points and 7.7 rebounds for Syracuse, which beat theFort Wayne Pistons4 games to 3 to win the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd andJim Tuckerbecame the first African–Americans to play on an NBA championship team. Lloyd spent six seasons with Syracuse and two with theDetroit Pistonsbefore retiring in 1961. Regarding the racism black players faced in the early years of the NBA, Lloyd recalled being refused service multiple times and an incident where a","an incident where a fan in Indiana spit on him. He even went as far as to detail a time in which he was told to \"go back\" to Africa, and a plethora of times racial slurs were used towards him. However, Lloyd persevered and said that these instances only pushed him and made him play harder.Saying he didn't encounter racial animosity from teammates or opposing players, Lloyd said of fans' antics, “My philosophy was: If they weren’t calling you names, you weren’t doing nothing. If they’re calling you names, you were hurting them.” \"In 1950, basketball was like a babe in the woods; it didn't enjoy the notoriety that baseball enjoyed,\" Lloyd once said. \"I don't think my situation was anything like Jackie Robinson's-a guy who played in a hostile environment, where some of his teammates didn't want him around. In basketball, folks were used to seeing integrated college teams. There was a different mentality.\" “He’s an unsung star. Anybody can score. Lloyd was an excellent defensive player. That was No. 1 on my","was No. 1 on my roster,” said his Syracuse Coach Al Cervi. In his NBA career with theWashington Capitols(1950–1951),Syracuse Nationals(1952–1958) andDetroit Pistons(1958–1960), Earl averaged 8.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 560 games over nine seasons. Coaching and scouting career According to Detroit News sportswriter Jerry Green, in 1965 Detroit Pistons General Manager Don Wattrick wanted to hire Lloyd as the team's head coach.Dave DeBusscherewas instead named Pistons player–coach. Lloyd was the first African–American assistant coach and was named head coach for the 1971–72 season, making him the third African–American head coach, afterJohn McLendonandBill Russell.A 2–5 start to thefollowing campaignresulted in Lloyd being relieved of his duties and replaced by assistant coachRay Scotton October 28, 1972.He had an overall record of 22–55 with the Pistons. Lloyd worked for the Pistons as a scout for five seasons. Lloyd is credited with helping draftBailey Howelland discoveringWillis Reed,Earl","Reed,Earl Monroe,Ray ScottandWally Jones. Personal life After his basketball career, Lloyd worked during the 1970s and 1980s as a job placement administrator for the Detroit public school system. During this time, Lloyd also ran programs for underprivileged children teaching job skills. Lloyd served as Community Relations Director for the Bing Group, a Detroit manufacturing company in the 1990s. Approached by a young African–American player who said he was indebted to Lloyd for opening the doors for future generations of black players, Lloyd replied that he owed him absolutely nothing. “You cannot understand what an honor this is,” Lloyd said in 2007 about the court atT. C. Williams High Schoolbeing named in his honor. “There’s no better honor than being validated by people who know you best. I will always, always treasure this.” Lloyd and his wife, Charlita, had three sons and four grandchildren. Lloyd resided inFairfield Glade, Tennessee, just outsideCrossville, Tennessee, until his death on February 26,","on February 26, 2015. Honors NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Head coaching record See also References Further reading External links # denotes interim head coach"],"string":"[\n \"Michael Jordan Michael Jeffrey Jordan(born February 17, 1963), also known by his initialsMJ,is an American businessman and former professionalbasketballplayer. He played 15 seasons in theNational Basketball Association(NBA) between 1984 and 2003, winning sixNBA championshipswith theChicago Bulls. He was integral in popularizing basketball and the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s,becoming a globalcultural icon.His profile on the NBA website states, \\\"By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time.\\\" Jordan playedcollege basketballwith theNorth Carolina Tar Heels. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in1982.Jordan joined the Bulls in1984as the third overall draft pickand quickly emerged as a league star, entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring while gaining a reputation as one of the best defensive players.His leaping ability, demonstrated by performingslam dunksfrom thefree-throw lineinSlam Dunk Contests, earned him the\",\n \"earned him the nicknames \\\"Air Jordan\\\" and \\\"His Airness\\\".Jordan won his first NBA title with the Bulls in1991and followed that achievement with titles in1992and1993, securing athree-peat. Citing \\\"physical and mental exhaustion\\\" from basketball and superstardom, Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the1993–94 NBA seasonto playMinor League Baseballin theChicago White Soxorganization. He returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three more championships in1996,1997, and1998, as well as a then-record 72 regular season wins in the1995–96 NBA season.Jordan retired for the second time in January 1999, returning for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of theWashington Wizards.He was selected to play for theUnited States national teamduring his college and NBA careers, winning fourgold medals—at the1983 Pan American Games,1984 Summer Olympics,1992 Tournament of the Americasand1992 Summer Olympics—while also being undefeated. Jordan's individual accolades include sixNBA Finals Most\",\n \"sixNBA Finals Most Valuable Player(MVP) awards, tenNBA scoring titles(both all-time records), fiveNBA MVPawards, 10All-NBAFirst Team designations, nineAll-DefensiveFirst Team honors, fourteenNBA All-Star Gameselections, threeNBA All-Star Game MVPawards, threeNBA steals titles, and the 1988NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award.He holds theNBA recordsfor career regular season scoring average (30.1 points per game) and career playoff scoring average (33.4 points per game).In 1999, Jordan was named the 20th century's greatest North American athlete byESPNand was second toBabe Ruthon theAssociated Press' list of athletes of the century.Jordan was twice inducted into theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, once in 2009 for his individual career,and again in 2010 as part of the1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team(\\\"The Dream Team\\\").He became a member of theUnited States Olympic Hall of Famein 2009,a member of theNorth Carolina Sports Hall of Famein 2010,and an individual member of theFIBA Hall of\",\n \"of theFIBA Hall of Famein 2015 and a \\\"Dream Team\\\" member in 2017.Jordan was named to theNBA 50th Anniversary Teamin 1996 and to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.The trophy for theNBA Most Valuable Player Awardis named in his honor. One of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation, Jordan made many product endorsements.He fueled the success ofNike'sAir Jordansneakers, which were introduced in 1984 and remain popular.Jordan starred as himself in the live-action/animation hybrid filmSpace Jam(1996) and was the central focus of theEmmy-winning documentary seriesThe Last Dance(2020). He became part-owner and head of basketball operations for theCharlotte Hornets(then named the Bobcats) in 2006 and bought a controlling interest in 2010, before selling his majority stake in 2023. Jordan is also a co-owner of23XI Racingin theNASCAR Cup Series. In 2016, he became the first billionaire player in NBA history.That same year, PresidentBarack Obamaawarded Jordan thePresidential Medal of Freedom.As of\",\n \"of Freedom.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes. Early life Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born atCumberland Hospitalin Brooklyn, New York City, on February 17, 1963,to bank employee Deloris (née Peoples) and equipment supervisorJames R. Jordan Sr.He has two older brothers, James Jr. and basketball playerLarry, as well as an older sister named Deloris and a younger sister named Roslyn.Jordan and his siblings were raised in theMethodistfaith. In 1968, the family moved toWilmington, North Carolina.Jordan attendedEmsley A. Laney High School, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the basketballvarsity teamduring his sophomore year, but at a height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m), he was deemed too short. His taller friendHarvest Leroy Smithwas the only sophomore to make the team.Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney'sjunior varsity teamand tallied some 40-point games.The following summer, he grew four\",\n \"he grew four inches (10 cm) and trained rigorously.Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged more than 25points per game(ppg) over his final two seasons of high school play.As a senior, he was selected to play in the1981 McDonald's All-American Gameand scored 30points,after averaging 26.8 ppg,11.6rebounds(rpg), and 10.1assistsper game (apg) for the season. Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, includingDuke,North Carolina,South Carolina,Syracuse, andVirginia.In 1981, he accepted a basketball scholarship to theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where Jordan majored incultural geography.He chose this field of study because of its relationship tometeorology, as Jordan was interested in a career as ameteorologist. College career As a freshman in coachDean Smith's team-oriented system, Jordan was namedACCFreshman of the Year after averaging 13.4 ppg on 53.4% shooting (field goal percentage).He made the game-winningjump shotin the1982 NCAA Championship\",\n \"NCAA Championship gameagainstGeorgetown, which was led by future NBA rivalPatrick Ewing.Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.During his three seasons with theTar Heels, Jordan averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting and added 5.0 rpg and 1.8 apg. Jordan was selected by consensus to theNCAA All-American First Teamin both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons.After winning theNaismithand theWoodenCollege Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina a year before his scheduled graduation to enter the1984 NBA draft. Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986,when he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography.In 2002, Jordan was named to theACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball teamhonoring the 50 greatest players in ACC history. Professional career Chicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998) Early NBA years (1984–1987) TheChicago Bullsselected Jordan with the third overall pick of the1984 NBA draftafterHakeem\",\n \"draftafterHakeem Olajuwon(Houston Rockets) andSam Bowie(Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of acenter.Trail Blazers general managerStu Inmancontended that it was not a matter of drafting a center but more a matter of taking Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already hadClyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan.Citing Bowie's injury-laden college career,ESPNnamed the Blazers' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history. Jordan made his NBA debut atChicago Stadiumon October 26, 1984, and scored 16 points. In 2021, a ticket stub from the game sold at auction for $264,000, setting a record for a collectible ticket stub.During his rookie1984–85 seasonwith the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting,and helped the Bulls improve from 28-54 to 38-44. Jordan quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas.Roy S. Johnson ofThe New York\",\n \"ofThe New York Timesdescribed Jordan as \\\"the phenomenal rookie of the Bulls\\\" in November,and he appeared on the cover ofSports Illustratedwith the heading \\\"A Star Is Born\\\" in December.The fans voted in Jordan as anAll-Starstarter during his rookie season.Controversy arose before the1985 NBA All-Star Gamewhen word surfaced that several veteran players, led byIsiah Thomas, were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.This led to a so-called \\\"freeze-out\\\" on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him.The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted theNBA Rookie of the Year.The Bulls finished the season 38–44,and lost to theMilwaukee Bucksin four games in the first round ofthe playoffs. An often-cited moment was on August 26, 1985,when Jordan shook the arena during a Nike exhibition game inTrieste, Italy, by shattering the glass of the backboard with a dunk.The moment was filmed and is often referred to as an\",\n \"referred to as an important milestone in Jordan's rise.The shoes Jordan wore during the game were auctioned in August 2020 for $615,000, a record for a pair of sneakers.Jordan's1985–86 seasonwas cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games.The Bulls madethe playoffsdespite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record,at the time the fifth-worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history.Jordan recovered in time to participate in the postseason and performed well upon his return. On April 20 at theBoston Garden, in Game 2 of the First Round, a 135–131 double overtime loss to the eventualNBA championBoston Celtics, Jordan scored a playoff career-high 63 points, breakingElgin Baylor'ssingle-game playoff scoring record.The Celtics team, though, swept the series in three games. Jordan completely recovered in time for the1986–87 season,and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history; he became the only player other thanWilt Chamberlainto\",\n \"Chamberlainto score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league-high 37.1 ppg on 48.2% shooting.Jordan also demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200stealsand 100blocked shotsin a season.Despite Jordan's success,Magic Johnsonwon theNBA Most Valuable Player Award.The Bulls reached 40 wins,and advanced tothe playoffsfor the third consecutive year but were again swept by theCeltics. Pistons roadblock (1987–1990) Jordan led the league in scoring during the1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting,and won his first league MVP Award. He was named theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearafter averaging 1.6 blocks per game (bpg), a league-high 3.1 steals per game (spg),and leading the Bulls defense to the fewest points per game allowed in the league.The Bulls finished 50–32,and made it past the first round ofthe playoffsfor the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated theCleveland Cavaliersin five games.In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, the Bulls\",\n \"the Bulls lost in five games to the more experiencedDetroit Pistons,who were led byIsiah Thomasand a group of physical players known as the \\\"Bad Boys\\\". In the1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8.0 rpg and 8.0 apg.During the season,Sam Vincent, Chicago'spoint guard, was having trouble running the offense, and Jordan expressed his frustration with head coachDoug Collins, who then put Jordan at point guard. In his time as a point guard, Jordan had 10triple-doublesin 11 games, with averages of 33.6 ppg, 11.4 rpg, 10.8 apg, 2.9 spg, and 0.8 bpg on 51% shooting. The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,and advanced to theEastern ConferenceFinals, defeating theCavaliersandNew York Knicksalong the way.The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit \\\"The Shot\\\" overCraig Ehloat the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.In the Eastern Conference Finals, thePistonsagain defeated the Bulls, this time in\",\n \"Bulls, this time in six games,by utilizing their \\\"Jordan Rules\\\" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double andtriple teaminghim every time he touched the ball. The Bulls entered the1989–90 seasonas a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players likeScottie PippenandHorace Grant, and under the guidance of new coachPhil Jackson.On March 28, 1990, Jordan scored a career-high 69 points in a 117–113 road win over the Cavaliers.He averaged a league-leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg,in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating theBucksandPhiladelphia 76ers;despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to thePistonsfor the third consecutive season. First three-peat (1991–1993) Jackson sought to instill the principles of the triangle offense more deeply within the team, and this required Michael Jordan to change his playing style. As Jackson explained in his bookEleven\",\n \"in his bookEleven Rings, \\\"I was planning to ask Michael... to reduce the number of shots he took so that other members of the team could get more involved.\\\" Jackson worked with Jordan to ensure he could still pursue scoring titles, but now in a way that better integrated his personal ambitions with the team's success. In the1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in sixteen years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.WithScottie Pippendeveloping into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated theNew York Knicksand thePhiladelphia 76ersin the opening two rounds ofthe playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, theDetroit Pistons, awaited them;this time, the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four-game sweep. The Bulls advanced tothe Finalsfor the first time in franchise\",\n \"time in franchise history to face theLos Angeles Lakers. The Bulls won the series in five games, and compiled a 15–2 playoff record along the way.Perhaps the best-known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potentialSam Perkinsblock by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket.In his first Finals appearance, Jordan had 31.2 ppg on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 apg, 6.6 rpg, 2.8 spg, and 1.4 bpg.Jordan won his firstNBA Finals MVPawardand cried while holding the Finals trophy. Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the1991–92 season, establishing a 67–15 record, topping their franchise record from the 1990–91 campaign.Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 ppg, 6.4 rpg, and 6.1 apg on 52% shooting.After winning a physical seven-game series over theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffsand finishing off theCleveland Cavaliersin the Conference Finals in six games, the\",\n \"in six games, the Bulls metClyde Drexlerand thePortland Trail Blazersinthe Finals. The media, hoping to recreate aMagic–Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between \\\"Air\\\" Jordan and Clyde \\\"The Glide\\\" during the pre-Finals hype. In a Game 1 victory, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting sixthree-point field goals.After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside.Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying: \\\"I can't believe I'm doing this.\\\"The Bulls went on to defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row,and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 52.6% from the floor. In the1992–93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign, including a second-place finish in Defensive Player of the Year voting,Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended, as he lost the award to his\",\n \"the award to his friendCharles Barkley,upsetting him.Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and hisPhoenix Sunsin the1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game-winning shot byJohn Paxsonand a last-second block byHorace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's leader. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,and became the first player in NBA history to win three consecutive Finals MVP awards.Jordan scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in four consecutive games.With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life. Gambling During the1993 NBA playoffs, Jordan was seen gambling inAtlantic City, New Jersey, the night before Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals against theNew York Knicks.The previous year, he admitted that he\",\n \"he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book in 1993 claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.David Stern, thecommissioner of the NBA, denied in 1995 and 2006 that Jordan's 1993 retirement was a secret suspension by the league for gambling,but the rumor spread widely. In 2005, Jordan discussed his gambling withEd Bradleyof60 Minutesand admitted that he made reckless decisions. Jordan stated: Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah. When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied: \\\"No.\\\"In 2010,Ron Shelton, director ofJordan Rides the Bus, said that he began working on the documentary believing that the NBA had suspended him, but that research \\\"convinced was\",\n \"\\\"convinced was nonsense\\\". First retirement and stint in Minor League Baseball (1993–1995) On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, saying that he lost his desire to play basketball. He later said that the murder of his father three months earlier helped shape his decision.James R. Jordan Sr.was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highwayrest areainLumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked hisLexus.His body, dumped in a South Carolina swamp, was not discovered until August 3.Green and Demery were sentenced to life imprisonment.However, inThe Last Dance, Jordan stated that he retired due to physical and mental exhaustion from basketball and superstardom, and that he had made up his mind during the Bulls' playoff run and discussed the decision with his father. Jordan was close to his father; as a child, Jordan imitated the way his father stuck out his tongue while absorbed in work. Jordan later adopted it as his own signature, often displaying it\",\n \"often displaying it as he drove to the basket.In 1996, Jordan founded a Chicago-areaBoys & Girls Cluband dedicated it to his father.In his 1998 autobiographyFor the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he was preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.The added exhaustion due to the \\\"Dream Team\\\" run in the1992 Summer Olympicssolidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world. Jordan further surprised the sports world by signing aMinor League Baseball(MiLB) contract with theChicago White Soxon February 7, 1994.He reported tospring traininginSarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31.Jordan said that this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who always envisioned his son as aMajor League Baseball(MLB) player.The White Sox were owned by Bulls ownerJerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's\",\n \"to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. In 1994, Jordan played for theBirmingham Barons, aDouble-Aminor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox,batting.202 with threehome runs, 51runs batted in, 30stolen bases, 114strikeouts, 51bases on balls, and 11errors.His strikeout total led the team and his games played tied for the team lead. His 30 stolen bases were second on the team only toDoug Brady.Jordan also appeared for theScottsdale Scorpionsin the 1994Arizona Fall League, batting .252 against the top prospects in baseball.On November 1, 1994, hisNo.23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known asThe Spiritoutside the newUnited Center. Return to the NBA (1995) The Bulls went 55–27 in1993–94without Jordan in the lineupand lost to theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffs.In the1994–95 Bulls, Jordan surprised many by returning to the Bulls midway through the season. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit\",\n \"decided to quit baseball because he feared he might become areplacement playerduring theMajor League Baseball strike.On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA in a two-word press release: \\\"I'm back.\\\"The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face theIndiana PacersinIndianapolis, scoring 19 points.The game had the highestNielsen ratingof any regular season NBA game since 1975.Although he could have worn his original number even though the Bulls retired it, Jordan wore No. 45, his baseball number. Despite his 18-month hiatus from the NBA, Jordan played well, making a game-winning jump shot againstAtlantain his fourth game back. He scored 55 points in his next game, against theNew York KnicksatMadison Square Gardenon March 28, 1995.Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to makethe playoffsand advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against theOrlando Magic.At the end of Game 1, Orlando'sNick Andersonstripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket\",\n \"game-winning basket for the Magic; he later commented that Jordan \\\"didn't look like the old Michael Jordan\\\",and said, \\\"No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to\\\". Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former No. 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA.Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black.He averaged 31 ppg in the playoffs, but Orlando won the series in six games. Second three-peat (1996–1998) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the1995–96 season.The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialistDennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41–3.The Bulls finished with the best regular season record in NBA history, 72–10, a mark broken two decades later by the2015–16 Golden State\",\n \"Golden State Warriors.Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg,and he won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards. Inthe playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat3–0,New York Knicks4–1, andOrlando Magic4–0), as they defeated theSeattle SuperSonics4–2 in theNBA Finalsto win their fourth championship.The series was one of the tougher ones for Jordan as he shot 41%, 32%, and 26% from the field in three of the six games.Nevertheless, Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time;he achieved only the second sweep of the MVP awards in the All-Star Game, regular season, and NBA Finals afterWillis Reedin the1969–70 season.Upon winning the championship, his first since his father's murder, Jordan reacted emotionally, clutching the game ball and crying on the locker room floor. In the1996–97 season, the Bulls stood at a 69–11 record but ended the season by losing their final two games to finish the year 69–13, missing out on a second consecutive 70-win\",\n \"consecutive 70-win season.The Bulls again advanced tothe Finals, where they faced theUtah Jazz.That team includedKarl Malone, who had beaten Jordan for the NBA MVP award in a tight race (986–957).The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with abuzzer-beatingjump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied 2–2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as \\\"The Flu Game\\\", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-winning three-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.During the1997 NBA All-Star Game, he posted the first triple-double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort, but the MVP award went toGlen Rice. The Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the1997–98 season.Jordan led the league with 28.7 ppg,securing his fifth regular season MVP\",\n \"regular season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team, and the All-Star Game MVP.The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven-game series with theIndiana Pacersin the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with theNew York Knicks.After winning, they moved on for a rematch with theJazzinthe Finals. The Bulls returned to theDelta CenterforGame 6on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.With 41.9 seconds remaining and the Bulls trailing 86–83, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and sank a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting Utah's lead to 86–85.The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to Malone, who was set up in thelow postand was being\",\n \"postand was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and stole the ball out of his hands. Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guardBryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call afoul.With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan made the climactic shot of his Bulls career,a top-key jumper over a stumbling Russell to give Chicago an 87–86 lead. Afterwards, the Jazz'John Stocktonnarrowly missed a game-winning three-pointer, and the buzzer sounded as Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship,achieving a second three-peat in the decade.Once again, Jordan was voted Finals MVP for a record sixth time,having led all scorers by averaging 33.5 ppg, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series,and Game 6 holds the highest television rating\",\n \"television rating of any game in NBA history. Second retirement (1999–2001) WithPhil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures ofScottie PippenandDennis Rodmanlooming, and being in the latter stages of an owner-inducedlockoutof NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999.On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player but as part owner and president of basketball operations for theWashington Wizards.Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive, as he controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters; opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (like forwardJuwan Howardand point guardRod Strickland)but used the first pick in the2001 NBA draftto select high school studentKwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons. Despite his January 1999 claim that he was\",\n \"claim that he was \\\"99.9% certain\\\" he would never play another NBA game,Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback in the summer of 2001, this time with his new team.Inspired by theNHLcomeback of his friendMario Lemieuxthe previous winter,Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach,Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return. Washington Wizards (2001–2003) On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of theSeptember 11 attacks.In an injury-plagued2001–02 season, Jordan led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.4 spg),and was an MVP candidate, as he led the Wizards to a winning record and playoff contention;Jordan would\",\n \"would eventually finish 13th in the MVP ballot.After he suffered torncartilagein his right knee,and subsequent knee soreness,the Wizards missed the playoffs,and Jordan's season ended after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the1994–95 season.Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 ppg, 5.4 apg, and 6.0 rpg, and shooting 41.9% from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.The Wizards finished the season with a 37–45 record, an 18-game improvement. Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in2003, Jordan passedKareem Abdul-Jabbaras the all-time leading scorer in All-Star Game history, a record since broken byKobe BryantandLeBron James.That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them as he came off the bench in 15. Jordan averaged 20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg,\",\n \"20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 spg per game.He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free-throw line.Although Jordan turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at theMCI Centerwere sold out and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.Jordan's final two seasons did not result in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and he was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.At several points, Jordan openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that ofKwame Brown, thenumber-one draft pickin the2001 NBA draft. Final retirement (2003) With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him\",\n \"were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at theUnited Centerin Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.TheMiami Heatretired the No. 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team.At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot fromTracy McGradyandAllen Iversonbut refused both;he accepted the spot ofVince Carter.Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, inPhiladelphia. After scoring 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds left in the third quarter and his team trailing thePhiladelphia 76ers75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, theFirst Union Centercrowd began chanting \\\"We want Mike!\\\" After much encouragement from coachDoug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacingLarry Hugheswith 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers'Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws.\",\n \"both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookieJohn Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled byBobby Simmonsone second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. He received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans. National team career Jordan made his debut as a college player for theU.S. national basketball teamat the1983 Pan American GamesinCaracas, Venezuela. He led the team in scoring with 17.3 ppg as the U.S., coached byJack Hartman, won thegold medal.The following year, Jordan won another gold medal in the1984 Summer Olympics. The1984 U.S. teamwas coached byBob Knightand featured young players such asPatrick Ewing,Sam Perkins,Chris Mullin,Steve Alford, andWayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament. In 1992, Jordan, now an NBA player, was a member of the star-studded squad that was dubbed the \\\"Dream Team\\\", which includedLarry\",\n \"which includedLarry Birdand Magic Johnson. The team won two gold medals: the first in the1992 Tournament of the Americas,and the second in the1992 Summer Olympics. Jordan was the only player to start all eight games in the Olympics. He averaged 14.9 ppg on 45% shooting from the field and 68% from the free-throw line. He was second on the team in scoring.He was undefeated in the four tournaments he played for the United States national team, and Jordan won all 30 games he took part in. Player profile Jordan was ashooting guardwho could also play as asmall forward, the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with theWashington Wizards.Jordan was known throughout his career as a strongclutchperformer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests.His competitiveness was visible in his prolifictrash talkand well-known work ethic.Jordan often used perceived\",\n \"used perceived slights to fuel his performances. SportswriterWright Thompsondescribed him as \\\"a killer, in the Darwinian sense of the word, immediately sensing and attacking someone's weakest spot\\\".As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not \\\"tough enough\\\" to compete with him in practice. To improve his defense, Jordan spent hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvization.Jordan's fierce competitiveness greatly impacted his teammates, sometimes motivating them but also leading to tension and alienation. Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986–87 to 2001–02, when he injured his right knee.Of the 15 seasons Jordan was in the NBA, he played all 82 regular season games nine times.Jordan has frequently citedDavid Thompson,Walter Davis, andJerry Westas influences.Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a\",\n \"on, Jordan had a special \\\"Love of the Game Clause\\\" written into his contract, which was unusual at the time, and allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere. Jordan had a versatile offensive game and was capable of aggressivelydrivingto the basket as well as drawingfoulsfrom his opponents at a high rate. His 8,772free throwattempts are the 11th-highest total in NBA history.Early in Jordan's career, he weighed in at around 200 pounds (91 kg) and was more athletic in terms of play style.As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability topost uphis opponents and score with his trademarkfadeawayjump shot, using his leaping ability to avoid block attempts. According toHubie Brown, this move alone made Jordan nearly unstoppable.Around this time, he bulked up to 215 pounds (98 kg) in order to adapt to the increased physicality of NBA defenses during the 1990s, sacrificing some athleticism for added strength in the post.Despite media criticism by some as a selfish player early in\",\n \"player early in his career, Jordan was willing to defer to this teammates, with a career average of 5.3 apg and a season-high of 8.0 apg.For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder, finishing with 6.2 rpg. Defensively, he averaged 2.3 spg and 0.8 bpg. Thethree-point field goalwas not Jordan's strength, especially in his early years. Later on in his career, Jordan improved his three-point shooting, and finished his career with a three-point field goal percentage of 32%.His best years shooting from three occurred in the 1989-90 and 1992-93 seasons, where he shot 37% and 35% from three, respectively (Jordan did shoot higher percentages from 1994-97, but in those years, the three-point line was temporarily moved inwards). Overall, Jordan was a highly efficient scorer. Hiseffective field goal percentagewas 50%, and he had six seasons with at least 50% shooting, five of which consecutively (1988–1992); Jordan also shot 51% and 50% from the field, and 30% and 33% from the three-point range, throughout his first\",\n \"his first and second retirements, respectively, finishing his Bulls career with 31.5 points per game on 50.5 FG% shooting and his overall career with 49.7 FG% shooting. In 1988, Jordan was honored with theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearand theMost Valuable Playerawards, becoming the first NBA player to win both awards in a career let alone season. He also set both seasonal and career records forblocked shotsby a guard,and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. Despite his defensive prowess, the 1988 season has come under scrutiny due to the large discrepancy between Jordan's steals' numbers at home versus on the road. Such stat inflation was common, and a 2024 study by Tom Haberstroh found that there were games where Jordan was often credited with steals that could not have happened. For example, in one game, he was credited with more steals than the opposing team had live-ball turnovers.Jordan ranks fourth in NBA history in totalstealswith 2,514, trailingJohn\",\n \"2,514, trailingJohn Stockton,Jason KiddandChris Paul.Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.Doc Riversdeclared Jordan \\\"the best superstar defender in the history of the game\\\". Jordan was known to have strong eyesight. BroadcasterAl Michaelssaid that Jordan was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away.During the2001 NBA Finals,Phil Jacksoncompared Jordan's dominance toShaquille O'Neal, stating: \\\"Michael would get fouled on every play and still have to play through it and just clear himself for shots instead and would rise to that occasion.\\\" Legacy Jordan's talent was clear from his first NBA season; by November 1984, he was being compared toJulius Erving.Larry Birdsaid that rookie Jordan was the best player he ever saw, and that Jordan was \\\"one of a kind\\\", and comparable toWayne Gretzkyas an athlete.In his first game in Madison Square Garden against theNew York Knicks,\",\n \"theNew York Knicks, Jordan received a near minute-long standing ovation.After Jordan established the single game playoff record of 63 points against theBoston Celticson April 20, 1986, Bird described him as \\\"God disguised as Michael Jordan\\\". Jordanled the NBA in scoringin 10 seasons (NBA record) and tiedWilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles.Jordan was a fixture of theNBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared withGary Payton,Kevin Garnett, andKobe Bryant).He also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 ppg, respectively.By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time.Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second-highest amongNBA career playoff scoring\",\n \"playoff scoring leaders.He scored 32,292 points in the regular season,placing him fifth on theNBA all-time scoring listbehindLeBron James,Kareem Abdul-Jabbar,Karl Malone, and Bryant. With five regular season MVPs (tied for second place withBill Russell—only Abdul-Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and threeNBA All-Star Game MVPs, Jordan is among the most decorated player in NBA history.He finished among the top three in regular season MVP voting 10 times.Jordan was named one of the50 Greatest Players in NBA Historyin 1996,and selected to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men's basketball teams).Since 1976, the year of theABA–NBA merger,Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team.In theAll-Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other\",\n \"more than any other player. \\\"There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us.\\\" —Magic Johnson Many of Jordan's contemporaries have said that he is the greatest basketball player of all time.In 1999, anESPNsurvey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century.Jordan placed second toBabe Ruthin theAssociated Press' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes.The Associated Press also voted Jordan the greatest basketball player of the 20th century.He has also appeared on the front cover ofSports Illustrateda record 50 times.In the September 1996 issue ofSport, which was the publication's 50th-anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years. Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-backSlam Dunk Contestchampionships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players.Several NBA players, including James andDwyane Wade, have stated that\",\n \"have stated that they considered Jordan as their role model while they were growing up.Commentators have also dubbed a number of next-generation players \\\"the next Michael Jordan\\\" upon their entry to the NBA, includingPenny Hardaway,Grant Hill,Allen Iverson, Bryant,Vince Carter, James, and Wade.Some analysts, such asThe Ringer's Dan Devine, drew parallels between Jordan's experiment at point guard in the 1988–89 season and the modern NBA; for Devine, it \\\"inadvertently foreshadowed the modern game's stylistic shift toward monster-usage primary playmakers\\\", such asRussell Westbrook,James Harden,Luka Dončić, and James.Don Nelsonstated: \\\"I would've been playing him at point guard the day he showed up as a rookie.\\\" Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his \\\"Air Jordan\\\" image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,a fact Jordan himself has lamented, saying: \\\"I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael\",\n \"of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized.\\\"During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game; television ratings increased only during his time in the league.The popularity of the NBA in the U.S. declined after his last title.As late as 2022,NBA Finals television ratingshad not returned to the level reached during his last championship-winning season. In August 2009, theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FameinSpringfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers as well as from the 1992 \\\"Dream Team\\\"; the exhibit also has a battingbaseball gloveto signify Jordan's short career in theMinor League Baseball.After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 memberDavid Thompsonto present him.As Jordan would later\",\n \"Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels when growing up in North Carolina but greatly admired Thompson, who played for the rivalNC State Wolfpack. In September, Jordan was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, includingScottie Pippen,Dennis Rodman,Charles Oakley,Ron Harper,Steve Kerr, andToni Kukoč.Dean SmithandDoug Collins, two of Jordan's former coaches, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech when Jordan began to cry was captured by Associated Press photographerStephan Savoiaand would later go viral on social media as the \\\"Crying Jordan\\\" Internet meme.In 2016, PresidentBarack Obamahonored Jordan with thePresidential Medal of Freedom.In October 2021, he was named to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team.In September 2022, Jordan's jersey in which he played the opening game of the 1998 NBA Finals was sold for $10.1 million, making it the most expensive game-worn sports memorabilia\",\n \"sports memorabilia in history.In December 2022, the NBA unveiled a new MVP trophy, named in Jordan's honor, to be awarded beginning with the2022–23 season, which replaced the original trophy, named in honor of former NBA commissionerMaurice Podoloff. NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Awards and honors NBA USA Basketball NCAA High school Halls of Fame Media National State/local Post-retirement After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.Jordan's previous tenure had produced mixed results and may have also influenced the trade ofRichard \\\"Rip\\\" HamiltonforJerry Stackhouse, although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002.On May 7, 2003, Wizards ownerAbe Pollinfired Jordan from the role.Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring, he never would have come back to play for the Wizards. Over the next few\",\n \"Over the next few years, Jordan played golf in celebrity charity tournaments and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles.Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with twoSuzukisin thepremier Superbike championshipsanctioned by theAmerican Motorcyclist Association(AMA) until the end of the 2013 season. Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in theCharlotte Bobcats(known as theHornetssince 2013), becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority ownerRobert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title Managing Member of Basketball Operations.Despite his previous success as an endorser, Jordan made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.A decade earlier, he had made a bid to become part-owner of Charlotte's original\",\n \"original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when ownerGeorge Shinnrefused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations. In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and formerHouston RocketspresidentGeorge Postoloswere the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team from Johnson pending NBA approval.On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team,and the league's only African-American majority owner. During the2011 NBA lockout,The New York Timeswrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during\",\n \"that, during thelabor dispute in 1998, Jordan toldWashington Wizardsthen-ownerAbe Pollin: \\\"If you can't make a profit, you should sell your team.\\\"Jason WhitlockofFoxSports.comcalled Jordan \\\"a hypocriteselloutwho can easily betray the very people who made him a billionaire global icon\\\" for wanting \\\"current players to pay for his incompetence\\\".He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing playersKwame BrownandAdam Morrison. During the2011–12 NBA seasonthat was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. The team closed out the season with a 23-game losing streak; their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.Before the next season, Jordan said: \\\"I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating.\\\" During the 2019 NBA offseason, Jordan sold a minority piece of the Hornets to Gabe Plotkin and Daniel Sundheim, retaining the majority for himself,as well as the role of chairman.In 2023, Jordan finalized the sale of his\",\n \"the sale of his majority stake to Gabe Plotkin and Rick Schnall, ending his 13-year tenure as majority owner, although he kept a minority stake.The sale was officially completed in August 2023 for approximately $3 billion, more than 10 times the $275 million Jordan had paid for the team. 23XI Racing On September 21, 2020, Jordan andNASCARdriverDenny Hamlinannounced they would be fielding aNASCAR Cup Seriesteam withBubba Wallacedriving, beginning competition in the2021 season.On October 22, the team's name was confirmed to be23XI Racing(pronounced twenty-three eleven) and the team's entry would bear No. 23.After the team's inaugural season, it added a second car with No. 45, driven byKurt Buschin2022andTyler Reddickin2023.Ty Gibbs,John Hunter Nemechek, andDaniel Hemricalso drove for 23XI as substitute drivers during the 2022 season.The team fielded a third car, No. 67, driven byTravis Pastranain the2023 Daytona 500.23XI Racing has won seven races, two by Wallace, four by Reddick, and one by Busch.Reddick won\",\n \"Busch.Reddick won the2024 NASCAR Cup Seriesregular season championship, the first for the team. Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy atA Little White Wedding ChapelinLas Vegason September 2, 1989.They had three children:Jeffrey,Marcus, and Jasmine.The Jordans filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made \\\"mutually and amicably\\\".It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $254 million in 2023), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time. In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot inHighland Park, Illinois, where he planned to build a 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m2) mansion. It was completed in 1995. Jordan listed the mansion for sale in 2012.He also owns homes inNorth CarolinaandJupiter Island, Florida. On July 21, 2006, a judge inCook\",\n \"a judge inCook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim.Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file apaternity suitafter Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991; aDNA testshowed that Jordan was not the father of the child. Jordan proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American modelYvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011,and they were married on April 27, 2013, atBethesda-by-the-SeaEpiscopal Church.It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together.On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.In 2019, Jordan became a grandfather when his daughter Jasmine gave birth to a son, whose father is professional basketball playerRakeem Christmas. Media figure and business interests Endorsements Jordan is one of the\",\n \"is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands asNike,Coca-Cola,Chevrolet,Gatorade,McDonald's,Ball Park Franks,Rayovac,Wheaties,Hanes, andMCI.Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the \\\"Be Like Mike\\\" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan. Nike created a signature shoe for Jordan, called theAir Jordan, in 1984.One of his more popular commercials for the shoe involvedSpike Leeplaying the part ofMars Blackmon. In the commercials, Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that \\\"it's gotta be the shoes\\\".The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of \\\"shoe-jackings\\\", in which people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the \\\"Jordan Brand\\\". The company features a list of athletes and celebrities as\",\n \"and celebrities as endorsers.The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those ofNorth Carolina,UCLA,California,Oklahoma,Florida,Georgetown, andMarquette. Jordan also has been associated with theLooney Tunescartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992'sSuper Bowl XXVIfeatured Jordan andBugs Bunnyplaying basketball.The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996live action/animatedfilmSpace Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former's first retirement from basketball.They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.Jordan also made an appearance in the music video forMichael Jackson's \\\"Jam\\\" (1992). Since 2008, Jordan's yearly income from endorsements is estimated to be over $40 million.In addition, when his power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games.Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US$30 million per\",\n \"US$30 million per season.An academic study found that his first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion. Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent,David Falk.Jordan has described Falk as \\\"the best at what he does\\\" and that \\\"marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan'.\\\" Business ventures In June 2010, Jordan was ranked byForbesas the 20th-most-powerful celebrity in the world, with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According toForbes, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%.On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with theCharlotte Business Journal's Business Person of the Year for 2014.In 2017, he became a part owner of theMiami MarlinsofMajor League Baseball.\",\n \"League Baseball. Forbesdesignated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017.From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes,making him thefifth-richest African-American, behindRobert F. Smith,David Steward,Oprah Winfrey, andRihanna. Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name. The company has aNissandealership inDurham, North Carolina, acquired in 1990,and formerly had aLincoln–Mercurydealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009.The company also owned a Nissan franchise inGlen Burnie, Maryland.The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan's. Restaurants he has owned include asteakhousein New York City'sGrand Central Terminal, among others;that restaurant closed in 2018.Jordan is the majority investor in a golf course, Grove XXIII inHobe Sound, Florida. In September 2020, Jordan became an investor and advisor\",\n \"and advisor forDraftKings. Philanthropy From 2001 to 2014, Jordan hosted an annual golf tournament, the Michael Jordan Celebrity Invitational, that raised money for various charities.In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago'sHales Franciscan High School.TheJordan Brandhas made donations toHabitat for Humanityand aLouisianabranch of theBoys & Girls Clubs of America. TheMake-A-Wish Foundationnamed Jordan its Chief Wish Ambassador in 2008.In 2013, he granted his 200th wish for the organization.As of 2019, Jordan has raised more than $5 million for the Make-A-Wish Foundation.In 2023, he donated $10 million to the organization for his 60th birthday. In 2015, Jordan donated a settlement of undisclosed size from a lawsuit against supermarkets that had used his name without permission to 23 different Chicago charities.In 2017, Jordan funded twoNovant HealthMichael Jordan Family Clinics inCharlotte, North Carolina, by giving $7 million, the biggest donation he had made at the time.The\",\n \"at the time.The following year, afterHurricane Florencedamaged parts of North Carolina, including his former hometown of Wilmington, Jordan donated $2 million to relief efforts.He gave $1 million to aid the Bahamas' recovery followingHurricane Dorianin 2019. On June 5, 2020, in the wake ofthe protestsfollowing themurder of George Floyd, Jordan and his brand announced in a joint statement that they would be donating $100 million over the next 10 years to organizations dedicated to \\\"ensuring racial equality, social justice and greater access to education\\\".In February 2021, Jordan funded two Novant Health Michael Jordan Family Clinics inNew Hanover County, North Carolina, by giving $10 million.In 2024, he funded the opening of another Novant Health Clinic, this time in Wilmington. Film and television Jordan played himself in the 1996 comedy filmSpace Jam. The film received mixed reviews,but it was a box office success, making $230 million worldwide, and earned more than $1 billion through merchandise sales. In\",\n \"sales. In 2000, Jordan was the subject of anIMAXdocumentary about his career with the Chicago Bulls, especially the1998 NBA playoffs, titledMichael Jordan to the Max.Two decades later, the same period of Jordan's life was covered in much greater and more personal detail by theEmmy Award-winningThe Last Dance, a 10-part TV documentary which debuted onESPNin April and May 2020.The Last Dancerelied heavily on about 500 hours of candid film of Jordan's and his teammates' off-court activities which anNBA Entertainmentcrew had shot over the course of the1997–98 NBA seasonfor use in a documentary. The project was delayed for many years because Jordan had not yet given his permission for the footage to be used.Jordan was interviewed at three homes associated with the production and did not want cameras in his home or on his plane, as according to director Jason Hehir \\\"there are certain aspects of his life that he wants to keep private\\\". Jordan granted rapperTravis Scottpermission to film a music video for his single\",\n \"for his single \\\"Franchise\\\" at his home inHighland Park, Illinois.Jordan appeared in the 2022 miniseriesThe Captain, which follows the life and career ofDerek Jeter. Books Jordan has authored several books focusing on his life, basketball career, and world view. See also Notes References Sources Further reading External links\",\n \"Race and ethnicity in the NBA The composition ofraceandethnicityin theNational Basketball Association(NBA) has changed throughout the league's history. The firstnon-whiteplayer to play in the league was anAsian American,Wat Misaka, in 1947.African Americansentered the league beginning in 1950. According toracial equalityactivistRichard Lapchick, the NBA in 2021 was composed of 73.2 percentblackplayers, 16.8 percentwhiteplayers, 3.1 percentLatinoplayers of any race, and 0.4 percentAsianplayers. Additionally, 6.6 percent of the players were classified as either multiracial or \\\"other\\\" races.The league has the highest percentage of black players of anymajor professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. History Players The NBA was founded in June 1946, with its first season played in1946–47.Wat Misakadebuted in1947–48as the first non-white player and the firstAsian Americanto play in the league. African Americansfirst appeared in the NBA in 1950.Chuck Cooperwas the first black playerdraftedin the\",\n \"playerdraftedin the NBA.On April 26, 1950,Harold Huntersigned with theWashington Capitols, becoming the firstAfrican Americanto sign a contract with any NBA team in history.However, Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.On May 24,Nathaniel \\\"Sweetwater\\\" Cliftonwas the second African American player to sign an NBA contract.Earl Lloydwas the first to play in the NBA.Hank DeZoniealso played that year.In 1953,Don Barksdalebecame the first African American to play in anNBA All-Star Game. With the emergence of African American players by the 1960s, the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim. Many of the league's great players were black. At that time, African Americans believed they were limited by anunofficialleague quota of four black players per team. Puerto RicanButch Leein 1978 was the first Latino in the league.Wang Zhizhibecame the first Chinese player in 2001.In 2010,Jeremy Linbecame the first American of Chinese or Taiwanese descent to\",\n \"descent to play in the NBA. In 2011,Richard LapchickwithThe Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport(TIDES) of theUniversity of Central Floridareported in their annualRacial and Gender Report Cardthat 17 percent of the league's players werewhite, the lowest since the report began in 1990.Hall of Fameplayer andIndiana Pacerspresident of basketball operationsLarry Bird, who is white, stated in 2004 that the league needed more white players since the league's fans are mostly white. \\\"And if you just had a couple of white guys in there, you might get them a little excited. But it is a black man's game, and it will be forever. I mean, the greatest athletes in the world are African American,\\\" said Bird.Contrary to Bird's assertion, as of 2017, White Americans, made up only 34% of the NBA's viewership, making it the only major sports league inNorth America, that doesn't have a majority white viewership. At the same time, the black share of viewership stands at 47 percent, while Hispanic (of any race) stood at\",\n \"any race) stood at 11% and Asian viewership stood at 8%. More recently, a number of commentators and fans have remarked on the league's dwindling number ofwhite Americanplayers. While a TIDES study found that the NBA was 18.3 percent white in the 2015–16 season, this number also included non-Americans, most notably Europeans. During the entire 1996–97 season, only three NBA teams did not field an American-born white; on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, eight teams did not have a white American on their roster, and an additional 10 teams had only one. At the latter point in time, fewer than 10 percent of NBA players were American-born whites (43 out of a possible 450). Coaches Bill Russellin 1966 became the first non-white and African Americanhead coachin the NBA.In the late 1980s, teams began hiring black coaches in large numbers.At the start of the2015–16 season, there were seven black head coaches in the league, down 50 percent from three years earlier, and the fewest in 16 years.At the conclusion of\",\n \"the conclusion of the 2016-17 season there were eight African American head coaches. Owners Robert Johnsonof theCharlotte Bobcats(now known as the Charlotte Hornets) was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004–05.He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010–11 by another African American,Michael Jordan.In 2013–14, Jordan andSacramento KingsownerVivek Ranadivé, who is Indian, marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U.S. that there were two non-white majority owners in a league.The number of NBA teams with non-white majority owners increased to three in September 2019 with the league approval of Taiwanese Canadian entrepreneurJoseph Tsai's purchase of RussianMikhail Prokhorov's 51 percent share in theBrooklyn Nets. Tsai had previously held a 49 percent interest in the team, having acquired that stake from Prokhorov in 2018, and exercised an option to purchase the remaining interest before its 2021 expiration date. Viewership demographics Among NBA fans during the\",\n \"NBA fans during the 2013–14 season, African Americans (844 minutes) andAsian Americans(719) spent the most time watching the league, followed byHispanics(of any race, 390) and Whites (290).Furthermore, according to a Nielsen's survey, the NBA has the highest share ofblackviewers, with 45 percent of its viewers being black and 40 percent of viewers beingwhite, making it the only top North American sport that did not have a white majority audience. During the 2016–17 season, 66 percent of the league's viewers were racial and ethnic minorities. Its audience was 47 percent Blacks, 34 percent Whites, 11 percent Hispanics (of any race), and 8 percent Asians. Timothy J. Piper examines how the NBA uses archival sports video in its advertising to give the impression that racial issues don't exist in the league, despite the fact that they do. The NBA tried to revitalize its brand prior to 2007 as a result of issues like dwindling attendance and broadcast ratings. In particular, it introduced a \\\"business casual\\\" attire\",\n \"casual\\\" attire policy for players in 2005 as part of its effort to distance itself from facets of hip-hop culture. The league's efforts to solve its economic fall were tied to this clothing code, which was intended to redefine player uniforms for NBA commerce, according to then-NBA Commissioner David Stern. This was all in order to enhance the league's image; some players welcomed this idea. The article also notes the NBA's 2007 advertising campaign, \\\"Where Amazing Happens,\\\" which featured archival footage and signaled a change in the league's branding approach. The goal of this campaign, which marked a change from prior ones, was to portray the NBA as varied but \\\"raceless\\\". See also Notes References Further reading External links\",\n \"Earl Lloyd Earl Francis Lloyd(April 3, 1928 – February 26, 2015) was an American professionalbasketballplayer and coach. He was the firstAfrican Americanplayer to play a game in theNational Basketball Association(NBA). An All–American player atWest Virginia State University, Lloyd helped lead West Virginia State to an undefeated season in 1948. As a professional, Lloyd helped lead theSyracuse Nationalsto the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd was inducted into theNaismith Basketball Hall of Famein 2003. Early life Earl Lloyd was born inAlexandria, Virginia, on April 3, 1928, to Theodore Lloyd Sr. and Daisy Lloyd. His father worked in the coal industry and his mother was a stay-at-home mom. Being a high school standout, Lloyd was named to the All-South Atlantic Conference three times and the All-State Virginia Interscholastic Conference twice. Lloyd did attend a segregated school, but gives gratitude to his family and educators for helping him through the tough times and his success after school. Lloyd was a 1946\",\n \"Lloyd was a 1946 graduate of Parker–Grey High School, where he played for Coach Louis Randolph Johnson. He received a scholarship to play basketball atWest Virginia State University, home of theYellow Jackets. In school he was nicknamed \\\"Moon Fixer\\\" because of his size and was known as a defensive specialist. College career Lloyd led West Virginia State to twoCentral Intercollegiate Athletic Association(CIAA) Conference and Tournament Championships in 1948 and 1949. He was named All–Conference three times (1948–50) and wasAll-Americantwice, as named by thePittsburgh Courier(1949–50). As a senior, he averaged 14 points and 8 rebounds per game, while leading West Virginia State to a second–place finish in the CIAA Conference and Tournament Championship. In 1947–48, West Virginia State was the only undefeated team in the United States, with a 30–0 record.Lloyd graduated from WVSU with his B.S. degree in physical education in 1950. Harlem Globetrotter Prior to being drafted in the ninth round of the 1950 NBA\",\n \"of the 1950 NBA Draft, Lloyd starred in the lineup of the Harlem Globetrotters. Lloyd led the team to two wins over the reigning Minneapolis Lakers; this proved his talents beyond his race. Except for racial segregation, he was one of the finest artists of his time.Lloyd's talents were recognized amongst other black teammates, the two being Chuck Cooper and Nathaniel \\\"Sweetwater\\\" Clifton. All three would go on to be drafted by the NBA, Clifton in 1947, Cooper in 1950, and Lloyd in 1950, the 100th overall pick. NBA career Lloyd was drafted in the 9th round with pick #100 by theWashington Capitolsin the1950 NBA draft. Nicknamed \\\"The Big Cat\\\", Lloyd was one of three black players to enter the NBA at the same time. It was because of the order in which the team's season openers fell that Lloyd was the first to actually play in a game in the NBA, scoring six points on Halloween night.The date was October 31, 1950, one day ahead ofChuck Cooperof theBoston Celticsand four days beforeNat \\\"Sweetwater\\\" Cliftonof theNew\",\n \"Cliftonof theNew York Knicks. Lloyd played in over 560 games in nine seasons. The 6-foot-5, 225-pound forward played in only seven games for the Washington Capitols before the team folded on January 9, 1951. He was then drafted into the U.S. Army atFort Sill,Oklahoma. While fulfilling his military duty, theSyracuse Nationalspicked him up on waivers. Lloyd served time fighting in theKorean Warbefore coming back to basketball in 1952. In the 1953–54 season, Lloyd led the NBA in both personal fouls and disqualifications. In 1954–1955, Lloyd averaged career highs of 10.2 points and 7.7 rebounds for Syracuse, which beat theFort Wayne Pistons4 games to 3 to win the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd andJim Tuckerbecame the first African–Americans to play on an NBA championship team. Lloyd spent six seasons with Syracuse and two with theDetroit Pistonsbefore retiring in 1961. Regarding the racism black players faced in the early years of the NBA, Lloyd recalled being refused service multiple times and an incident where a\",\n \"an incident where a fan in Indiana spit on him. He even went as far as to detail a time in which he was told to \\\"go back\\\" to Africa, and a plethora of times racial slurs were used towards him. However, Lloyd persevered and said that these instances only pushed him and made him play harder.Saying he didn't encounter racial animosity from teammates or opposing players, Lloyd said of fans' antics, “My philosophy was: If they weren’t calling you names, you weren’t doing nothing. If they’re calling you names, you were hurting them.” \\\"In 1950, basketball was like a babe in the woods; it didn't enjoy the notoriety that baseball enjoyed,\\\" Lloyd once said. \\\"I don't think my situation was anything like Jackie Robinson's-a guy who played in a hostile environment, where some of his teammates didn't want him around. In basketball, folks were used to seeing integrated college teams. There was a different mentality.\\\" “He’s an unsung star. Anybody can score. Lloyd was an excellent defensive player. That was No. 1 on my\",\n \"was No. 1 on my roster,” said his Syracuse Coach Al Cervi. In his NBA career with theWashington Capitols(1950–1951),Syracuse Nationals(1952–1958) andDetroit Pistons(1958–1960), Earl averaged 8.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 560 games over nine seasons. Coaching and scouting career According to Detroit News sportswriter Jerry Green, in 1965 Detroit Pistons General Manager Don Wattrick wanted to hire Lloyd as the team's head coach.Dave DeBusscherewas instead named Pistons player–coach. Lloyd was the first African–American assistant coach and was named head coach for the 1971–72 season, making him the third African–American head coach, afterJohn McLendonandBill Russell.A 2–5 start to thefollowing campaignresulted in Lloyd being relieved of his duties and replaced by assistant coachRay Scotton October 28, 1972.He had an overall record of 22–55 with the Pistons. Lloyd worked for the Pistons as a scout for five seasons. Lloyd is credited with helping draftBailey Howelland discoveringWillis Reed,Earl\",\n \"Reed,Earl Monroe,Ray ScottandWally Jones. Personal life After his basketball career, Lloyd worked during the 1970s and 1980s as a job placement administrator for the Detroit public school system. During this time, Lloyd also ran programs for underprivileged children teaching job skills. Lloyd served as Community Relations Director for the Bing Group, a Detroit manufacturing company in the 1990s. Approached by a young African–American player who said he was indebted to Lloyd for opening the doors for future generations of black players, Lloyd replied that he owed him absolutely nothing. “You cannot understand what an honor this is,” Lloyd said in 2007 about the court atT. C. Williams High Schoolbeing named in his honor. “There’s no better honor than being validated by people who know you best. I will always, always treasure this.” Lloyd and his wife, Charlita, had three sons and four grandchildren. Lloyd resided inFairfield Glade, Tennessee, just outsideCrossville, Tennessee, until his death on February 26,\",\n \"on February 26, 2015. Honors NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Head coaching record See also References Further reading External links # denotes interim head coach\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":292,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"As of 2024, how many total Academy award nominations has the the man who won the Academy award for best actor one year before 1999 received?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"12"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Post processing | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["70th Academy Awards The70th Academy Awardsceremony, organized by theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences(AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at theShrine AuditoriuminLos Angelesbeginning at 6:00 p.m.PST/ 9:00 p.m.EST. During the show, AMPAS presentedAcademy Awards(commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoringfilms released in 1997. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States byABC, was produced byGil Catesand directed by Louis J. Horvitz.ActorBilly Crystalhosted the show for the sixth time.He had first hosted the62nd ceremonyheld in 1990, and most recently theprevious year's awards.Nearly a month earlier in an event held at theRegent Beverly Wilshire HotelinBeverly Hills, Californiaon February 28, theAcademy Awards for Technical Achievementwere presented by hostAshley Judd. Titanicwon 11 awards, includingBest Picture, a number that is tied withBen-HurandThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.Other winners includedAs Good as It Gets,Good Will Hunting, andL.A. Confidentialwith two awards, andCharacter,The Full Monty,Geri's Game,The Long Way Home,Men in Black,A Story of Healing, andVisas and Virtuewith one. The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States, making it the most-watched Oscars broadcast in history. Winners and nominees The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, byRobert Rehme, president of the academy, and actressGeena Davis.Titanicreceived the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950'sAll About Eve, and later 2016'sLa La Land, also achieved this distinction);Good Will HuntingandL.A. Confidentialcame in second with nine apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards,Titanictied withBen-Hurfor the most Academy Awards in Oscar history.It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenwriting nomination since 1965'sThe Sound of Music.Jack Nicholsonbecame the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars.Both Nicholson andHelen Huntwon for their roles inAs Good as It Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards.Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater inTitanic, Best Actress nomineeKate Winsletand Best Supporting Actress nomineeGloria Stuartbecame the first pair of actresses nominated for portraying the same character in the same film.At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar. Awards Winners are listed first, highlighted inboldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡). Academy Honorary Award Films with multiple nominations and awards The following 16 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: Presenters and performers The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. Presenters Performers Ceremony information In December 1997, the academy hired veteran Oscar telecast producerGil Catesto oversee the 1998 ceremony.\"Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer, consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast,\" said AMPAS President Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection. \"His shows are full of wit, charm and surprise.\"A few days later, actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast. Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying, \"Billy's performance last year was spectacular. There is nobody like him.\"In an article published inUSA Todayhe initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after theprevious year's ceremonythat he would like to take a break from hosting duties. However, pressure from the academy, Cates, and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision.His sixth stint would make him second only toBob Hopein number of ceremonies hosted. To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards, 70 actors who have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar's Family Album.Each former winner was acknowledged by announcerNorman Rosewith the films he or she won for. At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger, Helen Hunt, and Robin Williams joined them. This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the50th ceremonyheld in 1978. Several others participated in the production of the ceremony.Bill Contiserved as musical director for the telecast.DancerDaniel Ezralowchoreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score.Bart the Bearmade a surprise appearance during the presentation of theBest Sound Effects Editingaward withMike Myers. Box office performance of nominees At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film.Titanicwas the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts.The film was followed byAs Good as It Gets($92.6 million),Good Will Hunting($68.9 million),L.A. Confidential($39.7 million), and finallyThe Full Monty($38.7 million). Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list. OnlyTitanic(1st),As Good as It Gets(16th),Good Will Hunting(20th), andIn & Out(24th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations wereMen in Black(2nd),The Lost World: Jurassic Park(3rd),Air Force One(5th),My Best Friends Wedding(7th),Face/Off(9th),Con Air(12th),Contact(13th),Hercules(14th),The Fifth Element(25th),Anastasia(30th), andStarship Troopers(34th). Critical response The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television criticHoward Rosenbergof theLos Angeles Timeslauded Crystal's performance writing that he \"would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes.\"San Francisco Chroniclecolumnist John Carman raved,\"It was the best Oscar show in two decades.\" He also gave high marks for the host, commenting, \"But last night, Crystal was back in razor form.\"The Seattle Timestelevision editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that \"he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment.\" In addition, she noted that while the ceremony dragged on, \"Last night was one of television's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory.\" Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Ray Richmond ofVarietycomplained that the ceremony proved to be a \"Yawner of an Oscarcast.\" He added that Crystal's \"off-the-cuff one-liners sank faster than the great ship herself.\"Boston Globetelevision critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned,\"There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night's Oscarcast.\"Film critic Carrie Rickey fromThe Philadelphia Inquirerlamented that the inevitableTitanicsweep \"sank a telecast loaded with montages of previous years' Oscar highlights.\" Ratings and reception The popularity ofTitanicgreatly increased television ratings for the ceremony.The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length, which was a 29% increase from theprevious year's ceremony.An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.The show also earned higherNielsen ratingscompared to the previous ceremony with 35.32% of households watching over a 55.77 share.In addition, it garnered a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic.It overtook the network's own telecast of the1983 Academy Awardsto become, as it remains to date, the highest viewership for both an Academy Award telecast (since figures were compiled beginning with the46th ceremonyin 1974) and any live awards show airing in U.S. television history. In July 1998, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the50th Primetime Emmys.Two months later, the ceremony won five of those nominations forOutstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program(Billy Crystal), Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program (Louis J Horvitz), Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, or Movie (Bob Barnhart, Robert Dickinson, Matt Ford, Andy O'Reilly), Outstanding Music Direction (Bill Conti), and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Tommy Vicari). \"In Memoriam\" The annual \"In Memoriam\" tribute was presented by actressWhoopi Goldberg. The montage featured an excerpt of \"Appassionata\" fromThe Passagecomposed by Michael J. Lewis. See also References Bibliography External links Official websites Analysis Other resources","Jack Nicholson John Joseph Nicholson(born April 22, 1937) is a retired American actor and filmmaker.Nicholson is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of the 20th century.Throughout his five-decade career he receivednumerous accolades, including threeAcademy Awards, threeBAFTA Film Awards, sixGolden Globe Awards, and aGrammy Award. He also received theAmerican Film Institute's Life Achievement Awardin 1994 and theKennedy Center Honorin 2001. In many of his films, he played rebels against the social structure. Nicholson has won threeAcademy Awards, forBest ActorinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest(1975) and inAs Good as It Gets(1997), and forBest Supporting ActorinTerms of Endearment(1983). He was Oscar-nominated forEasy Rider(1969),Five Easy Pieces(1970),The Last Detail(1974),Chinatown(1974),Reds(1981),Prizzi's Honor(1986),Ironweed(1987),A Few Good Men(1992) andAbout Schmidt(2002). Nicholson is also known for his notable roles inCarnal Knowledge(1971),The Shining(1980),Heartburn(1986),Broadcast News(1987),Batman(1989),Hoffa(1992),Mars Attacks!(1996),Something's Gotta Give(2003),The Departed(2006) andThe Bucket List(2007). Nicholson has directed three films,Drive, He Said(1971),Goin' South(1978), andThe Two Jakes(1990). He is one of only threemale actors to win three Academy Awardsand one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in films made in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s (alongsideMichael Caine). His 12 Academy Award nominations make himthe most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Early life and education John Joseph Nicholson was born on April 22, 1937, inNeptune City, New Jersey,the son of ashowgirl, June Frances Nicholson (stage name June Nilson; 1918–1963).Nicholson's mother was of Irish, English, German, andWelshdescent. Nicholson has identified as Irish, comparing himself to the playwrightEugene O'Neill, whom he played in the filmReds(1981): \"I'm not saying I'm as dark as he was ... but I am a writer, I am Irish, I have had problems with my family.\"His mother marriedItalian-Americanshowman Donald Furcillo (stage name Donald Rose; 1909–1997) in 1936, before realizing that he was already married.: 8BiographerPatrick McGilliganstated in his bookJack's Lifethat Latvian-born Eddie King (originally Edgar A. Kirschfeld),June's manager, may have been Nicholson's biological father, rather than Furcillo. Other sources suggest June Nicholson was unsure of the father's identity. As June was only 17 and unmarried, her parentsagreed to raise Nicholson as their own child without revealing his true parentage, with June acting as his sister.In 1974,Timemagazine researchers learned, and informed Nicholson, that his \"sister\", June, was actually his mother, and his other \"sister\", Lorraine, was really his aunt.By this time, both his mother and grandmother had died (in 1963 and 1970, respectively). On finding out, Nicholson said it was \"a pretty dramatic event, but it wasn't what I'd call traumatizing ... I was pretty well psychologically formed\". Nicholson grew up inNeptune City, New Jersey.: 7Before starting high school, his family moved to an apartment inSpring Lake, New Jersey.: 16\"Nick\", as he was known to his high school friends, attended nearbyManasquan High School, where he was voted \"Class Clown\" by the Class of 1954. He was in detention every day for a whole school year.A theatre and a drama award at the school are named in his honor. In 2004, Nicholson attended his 50-yearhigh school reunionaccompanied by his aunt Lorraine. Military service In 1957, Nicholson joined theCalifornia Air National Guard,a move he sometimes characterized as an effort to \"dodge the draft\";theKorean Warera'sMilitary Selective Service Actwas still in force, and draftees were required to perform up to two years of active duty. After completing theAir Force'sbasic trainingatLackland Air Force Base,Nicholson performed weekend drills and two-week annual training as a firefighter assigned to the unit based at theVan Nuys Airport.During theBerlin Crisis of 1961, Nicholson was called up for several months of extended active duty,and he was discharged at the end of his enlistment in 1962. Career 1958–1969: Early roles and breakthrough Nicholson first came to California in 1950, when he was 13, to visit his sister. He took a job as an office worker for animation directorsWilliam HannaandJoseph Barberaat theMGM cartoon studio. They offered him an entry-level job as an animator, but he declined, citing his desire to become an actor.While accepting theCecil B. DeMille Awardat the56th Golden Globe Awards, he recalled that his first day as a working actor (onTales of Wells Fargo) was May 5, 1955, which he considered lucky, as 5 was the jersey number of his boyhood idol,Joe DiMaggio.He trained to be an actor with a group called the Players Ring Theater, after which he found small parts performing on the stage and in TV soap operas.He made his film debut in a low-budget teen dramaThe Cry Baby Killer(1958), playing the title role. For the next decade, Nicholson frequently collaborated with the film's producer,Roger Corman. Corman directed Nicholson on several occasions, such as inThe Little Shop of Horrorsas undertaker (andmasochisticdental patient) Wilbur Force; inThe Raven;The Terror, where he plays a French officer seduced by an evil ghost; andThe St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Nicholson frequently worked with directorMonte Hellmanon low-budget westerns; two of them—Ride in the WhirlwindandThe Shooting—initially failed to interest U.S. film distributors but gained cult success on the French art-house circuit and were later sold to television. Nicholson also appeared in two episodes ofThe Andy Griffith Show, and starred as a rebellious dirt-track race driver in the 1960 filmThe Wild Ride. With his acting career foundering, Nicholson seemed resigned to a career behind the camera as a writer/director. His first real taste of writing success was the screenplay for the 1967counterculturefilmThe Trip(directed by Corman), starringPeter FondaandDennis Hopper. After first reading the script, Fonda told Nicholson he was impressed by the writing and felt it could become a great film. But Fonda was disappointed with how the film turned out and blamed the editing for turning it into a \"predictable\" film and said so publicly. \"I was livid\", he recalls.Nicholson also co-wrote, withBob Rafelson, the movieHead, which starredThe Monkees, and arranged the movie's soundtrack. Nicholson's first big acting break came when a role opened up in Fonda and Hopper'sEasy Rider(1969). He played alcoholic lawyer George Hanson, for which he received his first Oscar nomination. The film cost only $400,000 to make, and became a blockbuster, grossing $40 million.BiographerJohn Parkerwrites that Nicholson's interpretation of his role placed him in the company of earlierantiheroactors, such asJames CagneyandHumphrey Bogart, while promoting him into an \"overnight number-one hero of the counter-culture movement\".The part was a lucky break for Nicholson. The role had been written forRip Torn, who withdrew from the project after an argument with Hopper.Nicholson later acknowledged the importance of being cast inEasy Rider: \"All I could see in the early films, beforeEasy Rider, was this desperate young actor trying to vault out of the screen and create a movie career.\"Stanley Kubrick, who was impressed by his performance inEasy Rider, cast Nicholson asNapoleonin a film about his life, and although production on the film commenced,the project fizzled out, partly due to a change in ownership at MGM. 1970–1989: Stardom and acclaim In 1970, Nicholson starred inFive Easy PiecesalongsideKaren Blackin what became his persona-defining role. Nicholson and Black were nominated for Academy Awards for their performances. Nicholson played Bobby Dupea, an oil rig worker, and Black played his waitress girlfriend. Black noted that Nicholson's character in the film was very subdued and very different from Nicholson's real personality. She said that the now-infamous restaurant scene was partly improvised by Nicholson, and was out of character for Bobby, who would not have cared enough to argue with a waitress.\"I think that Jack really has very little in common with Bobby. I think Bobby has given up looking for love. But Jack hasn't, he's very interested in love, in finding out things. Jack is a very curious, alive human being. Always ready for a new idea.\": 37Nicholson himself said as much, telling an interviewer, \"I like listening to everybody. This to me is the elixir of life.\" There isJames Cagney,Spencer Tracy,Humphrey Bogart, andHenry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson? —Mike Nichols, director Black later admitted that she had a crush on Nicholson from the time they met, although they dated only briefly. \"He was very beautiful. He just looked right at you ... I liked him a lot ... He really sort of wanted to date me but I didn't think of him that way because I was going withPeter Kastner... Then I went to doEasy Rider, but didn't see him because we didn't have any scenes together ... At the premiere, I saw him out in the lobby afterward and I started crying ... He didn't understand that, but what it was was that I really loved him a lot, and I didn't know it until I saw him again, because it all welled up.\": 36 Within a month after its release that September,Five Easy Piecesbecame a blockbuster, making Nicholson aleading manand the \"new American anti-hero\", according to McDougal.: 130Critics began speculating as to whether he might become anotherMarlon BrandoorJames Dean. His career and income skyrocketed. He said, \"I have much sought after. Your name becomes a brand image like a product. You become Campbell's soup, with thirty-one different varieties of roles you can play.\": 130He told his new agent, Sandy Bresler, to find him unusual roles so he could stretch his acting skill: \"I like to play people that haven't existed yet, a 'cusp character'\", he said, \"I have that creative yearning. Much in the wayChagallflies figures into the air: once it becomes part of the conventional wisdom, it doesn't seem particularly adventurous or weird or wild.\": 130 Also in 1970, Nicholson appeared in the film adaptation ofOn a Clear Day You Can See Forever, although most of his performance was left on thecutting room floor. His agent turned down a starring role inDeliverancewhen the film's producer and director,John Boorman, refused to pay what Nicholson's agent wanted.: 130In 1971, Nicholson starred inCarnal Knowledge, a comedy-drama directed byMike Nicholsand co-starringArt Garfunkel,Ann-Margret, andCandice Bergen. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Award for Best Actor. Nichols felt few actors could handle the role, saying, \"There is James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, Humphrey Bogart, and Henry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson?\"During the filming, Nicholson struck up what became a lifelong friendship with Garfunkel. When he visited Los Angeles, Garfunkel stayed at Nicholson's home in a room Nicholson jokingly called \"the Arthur Garfunkel Suite\".: 127 Other Nicholson roles includedHal Ashby'sThe Last Detail(1973), withRandy Quaid, for which Nicholson wonBest Actorat theCannes Film Festivaland was nominated for his third Oscar and a Golden Globe. Television journalistDavid Gilmourwrites that one of his favorite Nicholson scenes from all his films was the often censored one in this film, when Nicholson slaps his gun on the bar yelling hewasthe Shore Patrol.CriticRoger Ebertcalled it a very good movie, but credited Nicholson's acting as the main reason: \"He creates a character so complete and so complex that we stop thinking about the movie and just watch to see what he'll do next.\"In 1974, Nicholson starred inRoman Polanski's noir thrillerChinatown, and was again nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actorfor his role as Jake Gittes, a private detective. The film co-starredFaye DunawayandJohn Huston, and included a cameo role with Polanski. Ebert called Nicholson's portrayal sharp-edged, menacing, and aggressive, a character who knew \"how to go over the top\", as he did inOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. That edge keptChinatownfrom becoming a typical genre crime film.Ebert also notes the importance of the role for Nicholson's career, seeing it as a major transition from the exploitation films of the previous decade. \"As Jake Gittes, he stepped into Bogart's shoes\", says Ebert. \"As a man attractive to audiences because he suggests both comfort and danger ... From Gittes forward, Nicholson created the persona of a man who had seen it all and was still capable of being wickedly amused.\" Nicholson had been friends with Polanski long before themurderof Polanski's wife,Sharon Tate, by theManson Family, and supported him in the days following her death.: 109–110After Tate's death, Nicholson began sleeping with a hammer under his pillowand took breaks from work to attend Manson's trial. In 1977, three years afterChinatown, Polanski was arrested at Nicholson's home for thesexual assaultof 13-year-old Samantha Geimer, who was modeling for Polanski during a magazine photo shoot around the pool. At the time, Nicholson was out of town making a film, but his steady girlfriend, actressAnjelica Huston, had dropped by unannounced to pick up some items. She heard Polanski in the other room say, \"We'll be right out.\"Polanski then came out with Geimer and introduced her to Huston, and they chatted about Nicholson's two large dogs, which were sitting nearby. Huston recalled Geimer was wearing platform heels and appeared quite tall.After a few minutes of talking, Polanski had packed up his camera gear and Huston saw them drive off in his car. Huston told police the next day, after Polanski was arrested, that she \"had witnessed nothing untoward\" and never saw them together in the other room. Geimer learned afterward that Huston herself was not supposed to be at Nicholson's house that day, since they had recently broken up, but stopped over to pick up some belongings. Geimer described Nicholson's house as \"definitely\" a guy's house, with lots of wood and shelves crowded with photos and mementos. One of Nicholson's successes came in 1975, with his role asRandle P. McMurphyinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The movie was an adaptation ofKen Kesey's novel of thesame name, and was directed byMiloš Formanand co-produced byMichael Douglas. Nicholson plays an anti-authoritarian patient at a mental hospital where he becomes an inspiring leader for the other patients. Playing one of the patients wasDanny DeVitoin an early role. Nicholson learned afterward that DeVito grew up in the same area of New Jersey, and they knew many of the same people.The film received nine nominations at the Academy Awards, and won five, including Nicholson's first forBest Actor.The role seemed perfect for Nicholson, with biographer Ken Burke noting that his \"smartass demeanor balances his genuine concern for the treatment of his fellow patients with his independent spirit too free to exist in a repressive social structure\".Forman allowed Nicholson to improvise throughout the film, including most of the group therapy sequences.: 273ReviewerMarie Brennernotes that his bravura performance \"transcends the screen\" and continually inspires the other actors by lightening their mental illnesses with his comic dialogue. She describes his performance: Nicholson is everywhere; his energy propels the ward of loonies and makes of them an ensemble, a chorus of people caught in a bummer with nowhere else to go, but still fighting for some frail sense of themselves. ... There are scenes inCuckoo's Nestthat are as intimate—and in their language, twice as rough—as the best moments inThe Godfather... far above the general run of Hollywood performances. — Marie Brenner,Texas Monthly Also in 1975, Nicholson starred inMichelangelo Antonioni'sThe Passenger(1975), which co-starredMaria Schneider. Nicholson plays a journalist, David Locke, who during an assignment in North Africa decides to quit journalism and disappear by taking on a new hidden identity. Unfortunately, the dead person whose identity he takes on turns out to have been a weapons smuggler on the run. Antonioni's unusual plot included convincing dialogue and fine acting, states film criticSeymour Chatman.It was shot in Algeria, Spain, Germany, and England. The film received good reviews and revived Antonioni's reputation as a great director.He said he wanted the film to have more of a \"spy feeling be more political\".Nicholson began shooting the film from an unfinished script, notesJudith Crist,yet upon its completion he thought so highly of the film that he bought the world rights and recorded a reminiscence of working with Antonioni. Critic and screenwriterPenelope Gilliattprovides an overview of Nicholson's role, \"The Passengeris an unidealized portrait of a drained man whose one remaining stimulus is to push his luck. Again and again, in the movie, we watch him court danger. It interests him to walk the edge of risk. He does it with passivity as if he were taking part in an expressionless game of double-dare with life. Jack Nicholson's performance is a wonder of insight. How to animate a personality that is barely there.: 443 Nicholson continued to take more unusual roles. He took a small role inThe Last TycoonoppositeRobert De Niro. He took a less sympathetic role inArthur Penn's westernThe Missouri Breaks(1976), specifically to work withMarlon Brando. Nicholson was especially inspired by Brando's acting ability, recalling that in his youth, as an assistant manager at a theater, he watchedOn the Waterfrontabout 40 times. He once stated, \"Marlon Brando influenced me strongly. Today, it's hard for people who weren't there to realize the impact that Brando had on an audience. ... He's always been the patron saint of actors\".\"I'm part of the first generation that idolized Marlon Brando\", he said. Nicholson has observed that while both De Niro and Brando were noted for their skill asmethod actors, he himself has seldom been described as one, a fact he sees as an accomplishment: \"I'm still fooling them\", he toldSean Penn. \"I consider it an accomplishment because there's probably no one who understands Method acting better academically than I do—or actually uses it more in his work. But it's funny, nobody really sees that. It's perception versus reality, I guess.\" His work is always interesting, clearly conceived, and has the X-factor, magic. Jack is particularly suited for roles that require intelligence. He is an intelligent and literate man, and these are almost impossible to act. InThe Shiningyou believe he's a writer, failed or otherwise. —Stanley Kubrick Although he garnered noAcademy AwardforStanley Kubrick's adaptation ofStephen King'sThe Shining(1980), his role in the film as writerJack Torranceremains one of his more significant. He was Kubrick's first choice to play the role, although the book's author, Stephen King, wanted more of an \"everyman\". Kubrick won the argument and called Nicholson's acting \"on a par with the greatest stars of the past, likeSpencer TracyandJimmy Cagney\".In preparation for the role, Nicholson drew upon his own experiences as a writer and slept short hours to help remain in an agitated state during the shoot. His co-starShelley Duvallrecalled that she and Nicholson spent many hours discussing their characters, with Nicholson maintaining that his character be cold to her from the start.On the set, Nicholson always appeared in character and if Kubrick felt confident that Nicholson knew his lines well enough, he encouraged him to improvise beyond the script.: 434For example, Nicholson improvised his now-famous \"Here's Johnny!\" line,: 433along with a scene in which he unleashes his anger on his wife when she interrupts his work.: 445There were also extensive takes of scenes, due to Kubrick's perfectionism. Nicholson shot a scene with the ghostly bartender 36 times.He said, \"Stanley's demanding. He'll do a scene fifty times, and you have to be good to do that.\": 38 In 1982, he starred as an immigration enforcement agent inThe Border, directed byTony Richardson. It co-starredWarren Oates, who played a corrupt border official.Richardson wanted Nicholson to play his role less expressively than he had in his earlier roles. \"Less is more\", he told him, and wanted him to wear reflecting sunglasses to portray what patrolmen wore.: 318Richardson recalled that Nicholson worked hard on the set: He's what the Thirties and Forties stars were like. He can come on the set and deliver, without any fuss, without taking a long time walking around getting into it. \"What do you want? Okay.\" And he just does it straight off. And then if you want him to do it another way on the next take, he can adapt to that too.: 318 Nicholson won his second Oscar, anAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for his role of retired astronaut Garrett Breedlove inTerms of Endearment(1983), directed byJames L. Brooks. It starredShirley MacLaineandDebra Winger. McGilligan claims it was one of Nicholson's most complex and unforgettable characters. He and MacLaine played many of their scenes in different ways, constantly testing and making adjustments. Their scenes together gave the film its \"buoyant edge\", states McGilligan, and describes Nicholson's acting as \"Jack floating like a butterfly\".: 330 Nicholson continued to work prolifically in the 1980s, starring in such films as:The Postman Always Rings Twice(1981);Reds(1981), where Nicholson portrays the writerEugene O'Neillwith a quiet intensity;Prizzi's Honor(1985);Heartburn(1986);The Witches of Eastwick(1987);Broadcast News(1987); andIronweed(1987). Three Oscar nominations also followed (Reds,Prizzi's Honor, andIronweed).John Huston, who directedPrizzi's Honor, said of Nicholson's acting, \"He just illuminates the book. He impressed me in one scene after another; the movie is composed largely of first takes with him.\"In the 1989Batmanmovie, Nicholson played the psychotic villain,the Joker. The film was an international smash hit, and a lucrative deal earned him a percentage of the box office gross estimated at $60 million to $90 million.Nicholson said that he was \"particularly proud\" of his performance as the Joker: \"I considered it a piece ofpop art\", he said. 1990–1999: Established actor For his role as hot-headed Col. Nathan R. Jessup inA Few Good Men(1992), a movie about a murder in aU.S. Marine Corpsunit, Nicholson received yet another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.One review describes his performance as \"spellbinding\", adding that he portrayed \"the essence of the quintessential military mindset\".Critic David Thomson notes that Nicholson's character \"blazed and roared\".The film's director,Rob Reiner, recalls how Nicholson's level of acting experience affected the other actors during rehearsals: \"I had the luck of having Jack Nicholson there. He knows what he's doing, and he comes to play, every time out, full-out performance! And what it says to a lot of the other actors is, 'Oooooh, I better get on my game here because this guy's coming to play! So I can't hold back; I've got to come up to him.' He sets the tone.\" In 1996, Nicholson collaborated once more withBatmandirectorTim BurtononMars Attacks!, pulling double duty as two contrasting characters, President James Dale andLas Vegasproperty developer Art Land. Not all of Nicholson's performances have been well received. He was nominated forRazzie Awardsas worst actor forMan Trouble(1992) andHoffa(1992). But his performance inHoffaalso earned him aGolden Globenomination.David Thomson states that the film was terribly neglected, since Nicholson portrayed one of his best screen characters, someone who is \"snarly, dumb, smart, noble, rascally—all the parts of 'Jack'\".Roger Ebertalso praised his performance writing, \"Nicholson is an actor who can reflect almost anything in his face. One reason his performance is so good as Hoffa is that he reveals almost nothing.\" Nicholson won his nextAcademy Award for Best Actorin the romantic comedyAs Good as It Gets(1997), his third film directed byJames L. Brooks. He played Melvin Udall, a \"wickedly funny\",mean-spirited novelist withobsessive-compulsive disorder. \"I'm a studioMethod actor\", he said. \"So I was prone to give some kind of clinical presentation of the disorder.\"His Oscar was matched by theAcademy Award for Best ActressforHelen Hunt, who played a Manhattan single mother drawn into a love/hate friendship with Udall, a frequent diner in the restaurant where she works as a waitress. The film was a box-office success, grossing $314 million, making it Nicholson's second-best-grossing film, afterBatman.The win was Nicholson's third Academy Award, tying him with six other actors,Walter Brennan,Ingrid Bergman,Meryl Streep,Daniel Day-Lewis, andFrances McDormandwho all have three acting Oscars. Nicholson admits he initially disliked playing a middle-aged man alongside a much younger Hunt, seeing it as a movie cliché. \"But Helen disarmed that at the first meeting\", he says, \"and I stopped thinking about it.\" They got along well during the filming, with Hunt saying that he \"treated me like a queen\", and they connected immediately: \"It wasn't even what we said\", she said. \"It was just some frequency we both could tune into that was very, very compatible.\"Critic Jack Mathews ofNewsdaysaid Nicholson was \"in rare form\", adding, \"it's one of those performances that make you aware how much fun the actor is having\".Author and screenwriter Andrew Horton describes their on-screen relationship as being like \"fire and ice, oil and water—seemingly complete opposites\". 2000–present: Later roles and retirement In 2001, Nicholson was the first actor to receive theStanislavsky Awardat the23rd Moscow International Film Festivalfor \"conquering the heights of acting and faithfulness\".That same year Nicholson starred inThe Pledge, amysterydrama where he portrays retired police detective Jerry Black, who vows to find a murderer of a young girl. Nicholson was praised for his performance; Bob Graham of theSan Francisco Chroniclecalled it \"deeply felt\" compared to some of Nicholson's other films.Nicholson acted inAlexander Payne's comedy-dramaAbout Schmidt(2002), playing a retiredOmaha,Nebraska,actuarywho questions his own life after his wife dies. His quietly restrained performance earned him nominations for anAcademy Award,BAFTA Award,Golden Globe AwardandScreen Actors Guild Awardfor Best Actor. InAnger Management(2003), he played an aggressive therapist assigned to help an overly pacifist man (Adam Sandler). In 2003, Nicholson also starred in theNancy Meyersdirected romantic comedySomething's Gotta Giveplaying an aging playboy who falls for the mother (Diane Keaton) of his young girlfriend. For his performance he was nominated for theGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. In late 2006, Nicholson marked his return to the dark side inMartin Scorsese'sOscar-winning filmThe Departed, a remake ofAndrew Lau'sInfernal Affairs,playingFrank Costello, a nefariousBostonIrish Mobboss based onWhitey Bulger, who was still on the run at the time. The role earned Nicholson worldwide critical praise, along with various awards and nominations, including aGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picturenomination. In 2007, Nicholson co-starred withMorgan FreemaninRob Reiner'sThe Bucket List,in which Nicholson and Freeman portrayed dying men who fulfill their list of goals. In researching the role, Nicholson visited a Los Angeles hospital to see how cancer patients coped with their illnesses. Nicholson is the Hollywood celebrity who is most like a character in some ongoing novel of our times. He is also the most beloved of stars—not even his huge wealth, his reckless aging, and the public disasters of his private life can detract from this ... For he is still a touchstone, someone we value for the way he helps us see ourselves. —David Thomson, a film critic. Nicholson's next film role saw him reunite withJames L. Brooks, director ofTerms of Endearment,Broadcast NewsandAs Good as It Gets, for a supporting role for the 2010 filmHow Do You KnowstarringPaul Rudd,Reese Witherspoon, andOwen Wilson. The film was a financial and critical failure. In a September 2013Vanity Fairarticle, Nicholson said that he did not consider himself retired, but that he was now less driven to \"be out there anymore\".As of 2023,How Do You Knowremains Nicholson's last film role, and brings his filmography to 80 films.In 2013, Nicholson co-presented theAcademy Award for Best Picturewith First LadyMichelle Obama,the eighth time he presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2013). On February 15, 2015, Nicholson made a special appearance as a presenter onSNL 40, the 40th anniversary special ofSaturday Night Live.After the death of boxerMuhammad Alion June 3, 2016, Nicholson appeared onHBO'sThe Fight Game withJim Lampleyfor an exclusive interview about his friendship with Ali.He was reported to be starring in an English-language remake ofToni Erdmannin 2017 oppositeKristen Wiig, his first feature film role sinceHow Do You Know,but the project was later abandoned.In October 2019, with the release ofThe ShiningsequelDoctor Sleep, directorMike Flanaganrevealed he approached Nicholson for acameo appearance, but Nicholson declined with best wishes.Flanagan also disclosed that Nicholson had previously been approached to appear inSteven Spielberg's science-fiction filmReady Player One(2018). During an appearance in the November 2, 2023, episode ofMarc Maron's podcast,WTF with Marc Maron, record producerLou Adler, a longtime friend of Nicholson's, related an anecdote pertaining to the unofficial retirement of the actor, who had not done a film in the 13 years sinceHow Do You Know, saying, \"A friend of mine wanted to put him in a movie. And he had a conversation with him. But Jack says, 'I don't want to do it.' He goes, 'You know what I did today? I sat under a tree and I read a book.' That sounds like Jack.\" Adler stated that Nicholson was \"doing whatever he really wants to do,\" adding, \"He wants to be quiet. He wants to eat what he wants. He wants to live the life he wants.\" Influence Nicholson has describedMarlon Brandoas a major influence on his career. He stated, \"Actors don't normally discuss who the best actor in the world is, because it's obvious—Brando is the best.” He also namedJohn Ford,Akira Kurosawa, andOrson Wellesas his favorite directors. Actors who have cited Nicholson as an influence includeLeonardo DiCaprio,Alden Ehrenreich,andMorgan Freeman. Personal life Relationships and children In his personal life, Nicholson is notorious for his inability to \"settle down\";he has fathered six children by five women but married only once.Nicholson's marriage was toThe Terrorco-starSandra Knightfrom 1962 to 1968, though they separated in 1966.The couple had one daughter, Jennifer (born September 13, 1963). Five Easy Piecesco-starSusan Anspachcontended that her son Caleb (born September 26, 1970), whose legal father wasMark Goddard, was actually Nicholson's biological son.In 1984, Nicholson said he was not convinced of this,but in 1996, Caleb said that Nicholson had recognized him as his son in private.By 1998, Nicholson publicly acknowledged Caleb as his son and said that they got along \"beautifully now.\" In 1971 and 1972, Nicholson was in a relationship with singerMichelle Phillips, the ex-wife of his best friendDennis Hopper, during which time she suffered a miscarriage.Nicholson's longest relationship was 17 years with actressAnjelica Huston, from 1973 until 1990. Their on-again, off-again romance included several periods of overlap with other women, notably former Bond girlJill St. Johnand Danish model Winnie Hollman, with whom Nicholson fathered a daughter, Honey Hollman (born January 26, 1982).Winnie Hollman has claimed that a DNA test during her pregnancy confirmed that Nicholson was the biological father. However, in 2024, it was revealed that Nicholson was not the biological father of Honey,who did a DNA test herself in 1999. Honey said in 2006 that she has a “normal father-daughter relationship” with Nicholson. The relationship with Huston ended amid actress/waitressRebecca Broussard's first pregnancy by Nicholson. He and Broussard had two children,Lorraine(born April 16, 1990) andRaymond(born February 20, 1992).The pair split up in 1994, and that same year, Nicholson supposedly had a daughter, Tessa (born August 15, 1994), with waitress Jeannine Gourin.Nicholson has never publicly acknowledged his paternity. Beginning in the late 1990s, Nicholson was involved with actressLara Flynn Boyle. The two initially broke up in 2000, later reuniting before splitting permanently in 2004, after which Nicholson was linked to English supermodelKate Moss.In 2006, Nicholson dated actressPaz de la Huerta. Nicholson has said that children \"give your life a resonance that it can't have without them ... As a father, I'm there all the time. I give unconditional love\".He has also lamented that he \"didn't see enough of my eldest daughter because I was trying to make a career\". Legal issues In a criminalcomplaintfiled on February 8, 1994, Robert Blank stated that Nicholson, then 56, approached Blank'sMercedes-Benzwhile he was stopped at a red light inNorth Hollywood. After accusing Blank of cutting him off in traffic, Nicholson used a golf club to bash the roof and windshield of Blank's car. A witness confirmed Blank's account of the incident andmisdemeanorcharges of assault and vandalism were filed against Nicholson. Charges were dropped after Nicholson apologized to Blank, and the two reached an undisclosed settlement, which included a reported $500,000 check from Nicholson. In 1996, a lawsuit was brought against him alleging that he promised a woman named Catherine Sheehan $1,000 for sex and then assaulted her when she asked for the money. Sheehan received a settlement of about $40,000, but filed another lawsuit against him, arguing that the settlement was insufficient to cover the injuries inflicted upon her, includingbrain trauma, which she said were \"actually killing her.\"The case was dismissed. Celebrity friendships Nicholson lived next door toMarlon Brandofor a number of years onMulholland DriveinBeverly Hills, California.Warren Beattyalso lived nearby, earning the road the nickname \"Bad Boy Drive\". After Brando's death in 2004, Nicholson purchased his bungalow for $6.1 million, with the purpose of having it demolished. Nicholson said he did so out of respect for Brando's legacy, as it had become too expensive to renovate the \"derelict\" building, which was plagued by mold. Nicholson's friendship with author-journalistHunter S. Thompsonis described in Thompson's autobiographyKingdom of Fear(2003).After Thompson died in 2005, Nicholson and fellow actorsJohnny Depp,John Cusack, andSean Pennattended his private memorial service in Colorado.Nicholson was also a close friend ofRobert Evans, the producer ofChinatown, and after Evans lost Woodland, his home, as the result of a 1980s drug bust, Nicholson and other friends of Evans bought Woodland to give it back to him.Nicholson is also friends with fellow New JerseyansDanny DeVitoandJoe Pesci. Hobbies Nicholson is a fan of theNew York YankeesandLos Angeles Lakers. He became a Lakers season ticket holder in1970, and held courtside seats next to the opponent's benches both atThe ForumandStaples Center. He was described as a \"fixture\" at the games, though his regular attendance had stopped by 2021, as he withdrew from public appearances.Nicholson occasionally argued with game officials and opposing players, and even walked onto the court.He was almost ejected from a Lakers playoff game in May 2003 after yelling at a referee.After the death of former Lakers starKobe Bryantin ahelicopter crashin January 2020, Nicholson gave a rare phone interview to Los Angeles stationKCBS-TVexpressing his grief.He attended a2023 playoff game, which media outlets noted was his first appearance at a Lakers game in nearly two years. Nicholson is a collector of 20th-century and contemporary paintings, including those ofHenri Matisse,Tamara de Lempicka,Andy WarholandJack Vettriano.In 1995, artistEdward Ruschasaid that Nicholson has \"one of the best collections out here\". Political views Nicholson has called himself a \"lifelongIrishDemocrat.”He supportedGeorge McGovernin the 1972 presidential election,Michael Dukakisin 1988,Hillary Clintonin 2008, andBernie Sandersin 2020. Nicholson supportssolar energy,decriminalizing drugs,monopoly laws, and raising teachers' pay.Although personally againstabortion, he ispro-choice. He has said, \"I'm pro-choice but against abortion because I'm an illegitimate child myself, and it would be hypocritical to take any other position. I'd be dead. I wouldn't exist.\" He has also said that he has \"nothing but total admiration, gratitude, and respect for the strength of the women who made the decision they made in my individual case\". Religious beliefs Nicholson was raisedRoman Catholicand has expressed admiration for the religion, calling it \"the only officialdogmatraining I've had. I liked it. It's a smart religion.\"It has been asserted that some of Nicholson's 1970s movie roles were influenced by Catholicism.In a 1992Vanity Fairinterview, Nicholson said, \"I don't believe in God now. I can still work up an envy for someone who has faith. I can see how that could be a deeply soothing experience.\" Acting credits and accolades During his career Nicholson has appeared in 80 films.Among some of Nicholson's films are: With 12Academy Awardnominations (eight for Best Actor and four for Best Supporting Actor), Nicholson is the most nominated male actor in Academy Awards history. Only Nicholson (1960s–2000s),Michael Caine(1960s–2000s),Meryl Streep(1970s–2010s),Paul Newman(1950s–1960s, 1980s–2000s),Katharine Hepburn(1930s–1960s, 1980s),Frances McDormand(1980s–2020s),Denzel Washington(1980s–2020s), andLaurence Olivier(1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties withWalter Brennan,Daniel Day-Lewis,Ingrid Bergman,Frances McDormandandMeryl Streepfor the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. OnlyKatharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Academy. In May 2008, then-California GovernorArnold Schwarzeneggerand First LadyMaria Shriverannounced that Nicholson would be inducted into theCalifornia Hall of Fame, located atThe California MuseuminSacramento. The induction ceremony took place on December 15, 2008, where he was inducted alongside 11 other Californians.In 2010, Nicholson was inducted into theNew Jersey Hall of Fame.In 2011, Nicholson received an honoraryDoctor of Fine Artsdegree fromBrown Universityat its 243rd commencement. At the ceremony,Ruth Simmons, Brown University's president, called him \"the most skilled actor of our lifetime\". Explanatory note References General bibliography External links"],"string":"[\n \"70th Academy Awards The70th Academy Awardsceremony, organized by theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences(AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at theShrine AuditoriuminLos Angelesbeginning at 6:00 p.m.PST/ 9:00 p.m.EST. During the show, AMPAS presentedAcademy Awards(commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoringfilms released in 1997. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States byABC, was produced byGil Catesand directed by Louis J. Horvitz.ActorBilly Crystalhosted the show for the sixth time.He had first hosted the62nd ceremonyheld in 1990, and most recently theprevious year's awards.Nearly a month earlier in an event held at theRegent Beverly Wilshire HotelinBeverly Hills, Californiaon February 28, theAcademy Awards for Technical Achievementwere presented by hostAshley Judd. Titanicwon 11 awards, includingBest Picture, a number that is tied withBen-HurandThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.Other winners includedAs Good as It Gets,Good Will Hunting, andL.A. Confidentialwith two awards, andCharacter,The Full Monty,Geri's Game,The Long Way Home,Men in Black,A Story of Healing, andVisas and Virtuewith one. The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States, making it the most-watched Oscars broadcast in history. Winners and nominees The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, byRobert Rehme, president of the academy, and actressGeena Davis.Titanicreceived the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950'sAll About Eve, and later 2016'sLa La Land, also achieved this distinction);Good Will HuntingandL.A. Confidentialcame in second with nine apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards,Titanictied withBen-Hurfor the most Academy Awards in Oscar history.It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenwriting nomination since 1965'sThe Sound of Music.Jack Nicholsonbecame the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars.Both Nicholson andHelen Huntwon for their roles inAs Good as It Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards.Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater inTitanic, Best Actress nomineeKate Winsletand Best Supporting Actress nomineeGloria Stuartbecame the first pair of actresses nominated for portraying the same character in the same film.At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar. Awards Winners are listed first, highlighted inboldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡). Academy Honorary Award Films with multiple nominations and awards The following 16 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: Presenters and performers The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. Presenters Performers Ceremony information In December 1997, the academy hired veteran Oscar telecast producerGil Catesto oversee the 1998 ceremony.\\\"Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer, consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast,\\\" said AMPAS President Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection. \\\"His shows are full of wit, charm and surprise.\\\"A few days later, actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast. Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying, \\\"Billy's performance last year was spectacular. There is nobody like him.\\\"In an article published inUSA Todayhe initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after theprevious year's ceremonythat he would like to take a break from hosting duties. However, pressure from the academy, Cates, and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision.His sixth stint would make him second only toBob Hopein number of ceremonies hosted. To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards, 70 actors who have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar's Family Album.Each former winner was acknowledged by announcerNorman Rosewith the films he or she won for. At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger, Helen Hunt, and Robin Williams joined them. This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the50th ceremonyheld in 1978. Several others participated in the production of the ceremony.Bill Contiserved as musical director for the telecast.DancerDaniel Ezralowchoreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score.Bart the Bearmade a surprise appearance during the presentation of theBest Sound Effects Editingaward withMike Myers. Box office performance of nominees At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film.Titanicwas the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts.The film was followed byAs Good as It Gets($92.6 million),Good Will Hunting($68.9 million),L.A. Confidential($39.7 million), and finallyThe Full Monty($38.7 million). Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list. OnlyTitanic(1st),As Good as It Gets(16th),Good Will Hunting(20th), andIn & Out(24th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations wereMen in Black(2nd),The Lost World: Jurassic Park(3rd),Air Force One(5th),My Best Friends Wedding(7th),Face/Off(9th),Con Air(12th),Contact(13th),Hercules(14th),The Fifth Element(25th),Anastasia(30th), andStarship Troopers(34th). Critical response The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television criticHoward Rosenbergof theLos Angeles Timeslauded Crystal's performance writing that he \\\"would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes.\\\"San Francisco Chroniclecolumnist John Carman raved,\\\"It was the best Oscar show in two decades.\\\" He also gave high marks for the host, commenting, \\\"But last night, Crystal was back in razor form.\\\"The Seattle Timestelevision editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that \\\"he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment.\\\" In addition, she noted that while the ceremony dragged on, \\\"Last night was one of television's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory.\\\" Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Ray Richmond ofVarietycomplained that the ceremony proved to be a \\\"Yawner of an Oscarcast.\\\" He added that Crystal's \\\"off-the-cuff one-liners sank faster than the great ship herself.\\\"Boston Globetelevision critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned,\\\"There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night's Oscarcast.\\\"Film critic Carrie Rickey fromThe Philadelphia Inquirerlamented that the inevitableTitanicsweep \\\"sank a telecast loaded with montages of previous years' Oscar highlights.\\\" Ratings and reception The popularity ofTitanicgreatly increased television ratings for the ceremony.The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length, which was a 29% increase from theprevious year's ceremony.An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.The show also earned higherNielsen ratingscompared to the previous ceremony with 35.32% of households watching over a 55.77 share.In addition, it garnered a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic.It overtook the network's own telecast of the1983 Academy Awardsto become, as it remains to date, the highest viewership for both an Academy Award telecast (since figures were compiled beginning with the46th ceremonyin 1974) and any live awards show airing in U.S. television history. In July 1998, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the50th Primetime Emmys.Two months later, the ceremony won five of those nominations forOutstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program(Billy Crystal), Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program (Louis J Horvitz), Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, or Movie (Bob Barnhart, Robert Dickinson, Matt Ford, Andy O'Reilly), Outstanding Music Direction (Bill Conti), and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Tommy Vicari). \\\"In Memoriam\\\" The annual \\\"In Memoriam\\\" tribute was presented by actressWhoopi Goldberg. The montage featured an excerpt of \\\"Appassionata\\\" fromThe Passagecomposed by Michael J. Lewis. See also References Bibliography External links Official websites Analysis Other resources\",\n \"Jack Nicholson John Joseph Nicholson(born April 22, 1937) is a retired American actor and filmmaker.Nicholson is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of the 20th century.Throughout his five-decade career he receivednumerous accolades, including threeAcademy Awards, threeBAFTA Film Awards, sixGolden Globe Awards, and aGrammy Award. He also received theAmerican Film Institute's Life Achievement Awardin 1994 and theKennedy Center Honorin 2001. In many of his films, he played rebels against the social structure. Nicholson has won threeAcademy Awards, forBest ActorinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest(1975) and inAs Good as It Gets(1997), and forBest Supporting ActorinTerms of Endearment(1983). He was Oscar-nominated forEasy Rider(1969),Five Easy Pieces(1970),The Last Detail(1974),Chinatown(1974),Reds(1981),Prizzi's Honor(1986),Ironweed(1987),A Few Good Men(1992) andAbout Schmidt(2002). Nicholson is also known for his notable roles inCarnal Knowledge(1971),The Shining(1980),Heartburn(1986),Broadcast News(1987),Batman(1989),Hoffa(1992),Mars Attacks!(1996),Something's Gotta Give(2003),The Departed(2006) andThe Bucket List(2007). Nicholson has directed three films,Drive, He Said(1971),Goin' South(1978), andThe Two Jakes(1990). He is one of only threemale actors to win three Academy Awardsand one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in films made in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s (alongsideMichael Caine). His 12 Academy Award nominations make himthe most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Early life and education John Joseph Nicholson was born on April 22, 1937, inNeptune City, New Jersey,the son of ashowgirl, June Frances Nicholson (stage name June Nilson; 1918–1963).Nicholson's mother was of Irish, English, German, andWelshdescent. Nicholson has identified as Irish, comparing himself to the playwrightEugene O'Neill, whom he played in the filmReds(1981): \\\"I'm not saying I'm as dark as he was ... but I am a writer, I am Irish, I have had problems with my family.\\\"His mother marriedItalian-Americanshowman Donald Furcillo (stage name Donald Rose; 1909–1997) in 1936, before realizing that he was already married.: 8BiographerPatrick McGilliganstated in his bookJack's Lifethat Latvian-born Eddie King (originally Edgar A. Kirschfeld),June's manager, may have been Nicholson's biological father, rather than Furcillo. Other sources suggest June Nicholson was unsure of the father's identity. As June was only 17 and unmarried, her parentsagreed to raise Nicholson as their own child without revealing his true parentage, with June acting as his sister.In 1974,Timemagazine researchers learned, and informed Nicholson, that his \\\"sister\\\", June, was actually his mother, and his other \\\"sister\\\", Lorraine, was really his aunt.By this time, both his mother and grandmother had died (in 1963 and 1970, respectively). On finding out, Nicholson said it was \\\"a pretty dramatic event, but it wasn't what I'd call traumatizing ... I was pretty well psychologically formed\\\". Nicholson grew up inNeptune City, New Jersey.: 7Before starting high school, his family moved to an apartment inSpring Lake, New Jersey.: 16\\\"Nick\\\", as he was known to his high school friends, attended nearbyManasquan High School, where he was voted \\\"Class Clown\\\" by the Class of 1954. He was in detention every day for a whole school year.A theatre and a drama award at the school are named in his honor. In 2004, Nicholson attended his 50-yearhigh school reunionaccompanied by his aunt Lorraine. Military service In 1957, Nicholson joined theCalifornia Air National Guard,a move he sometimes characterized as an effort to \\\"dodge the draft\\\";theKorean Warera'sMilitary Selective Service Actwas still in force, and draftees were required to perform up to two years of active duty. After completing theAir Force'sbasic trainingatLackland Air Force Base,Nicholson performed weekend drills and two-week annual training as a firefighter assigned to the unit based at theVan Nuys Airport.During theBerlin Crisis of 1961, Nicholson was called up for several months of extended active duty,and he was discharged at the end of his enlistment in 1962. Career 1958–1969: Early roles and breakthrough Nicholson first came to California in 1950, when he was 13, to visit his sister. He took a job as an office worker for animation directorsWilliam HannaandJoseph Barberaat theMGM cartoon studio. They offered him an entry-level job as an animator, but he declined, citing his desire to become an actor.While accepting theCecil B. DeMille Awardat the56th Golden Globe Awards, he recalled that his first day as a working actor (onTales of Wells Fargo) was May 5, 1955, which he considered lucky, as 5 was the jersey number of his boyhood idol,Joe DiMaggio.He trained to be an actor with a group called the Players Ring Theater, after which he found small parts performing on the stage and in TV soap operas.He made his film debut in a low-budget teen dramaThe Cry Baby Killer(1958), playing the title role. For the next decade, Nicholson frequently collaborated with the film's producer,Roger Corman. Corman directed Nicholson on several occasions, such as inThe Little Shop of Horrorsas undertaker (andmasochisticdental patient) Wilbur Force; inThe Raven;The Terror, where he plays a French officer seduced by an evil ghost; andThe St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Nicholson frequently worked with directorMonte Hellmanon low-budget westerns; two of them—Ride in the WhirlwindandThe Shooting—initially failed to interest U.S. film distributors but gained cult success on the French art-house circuit and were later sold to television. Nicholson also appeared in two episodes ofThe Andy Griffith Show, and starred as a rebellious dirt-track race driver in the 1960 filmThe Wild Ride. With his acting career foundering, Nicholson seemed resigned to a career behind the camera as a writer/director. His first real taste of writing success was the screenplay for the 1967counterculturefilmThe Trip(directed by Corman), starringPeter FondaandDennis Hopper. After first reading the script, Fonda told Nicholson he was impressed by the writing and felt it could become a great film. But Fonda was disappointed with how the film turned out and blamed the editing for turning it into a \\\"predictable\\\" film and said so publicly. \\\"I was livid\\\", he recalls.Nicholson also co-wrote, withBob Rafelson, the movieHead, which starredThe Monkees, and arranged the movie's soundtrack. Nicholson's first big acting break came when a role opened up in Fonda and Hopper'sEasy Rider(1969). He played alcoholic lawyer George Hanson, for which he received his first Oscar nomination. The film cost only $400,000 to make, and became a blockbuster, grossing $40 million.BiographerJohn Parkerwrites that Nicholson's interpretation of his role placed him in the company of earlierantiheroactors, such asJames CagneyandHumphrey Bogart, while promoting him into an \\\"overnight number-one hero of the counter-culture movement\\\".The part was a lucky break for Nicholson. The role had been written forRip Torn, who withdrew from the project after an argument with Hopper.Nicholson later acknowledged the importance of being cast inEasy Rider: \\\"All I could see in the early films, beforeEasy Rider, was this desperate young actor trying to vault out of the screen and create a movie career.\\\"Stanley Kubrick, who was impressed by his performance inEasy Rider, cast Nicholson asNapoleonin a film about his life, and although production on the film commenced,the project fizzled out, partly due to a change in ownership at MGM. 1970–1989: Stardom and acclaim In 1970, Nicholson starred inFive Easy PiecesalongsideKaren Blackin what became his persona-defining role. Nicholson and Black were nominated for Academy Awards for their performances. Nicholson played Bobby Dupea, an oil rig worker, and Black played his waitress girlfriend. Black noted that Nicholson's character in the film was very subdued and very different from Nicholson's real personality. She said that the now-infamous restaurant scene was partly improvised by Nicholson, and was out of character for Bobby, who would not have cared enough to argue with a waitress.\\\"I think that Jack really has very little in common with Bobby. I think Bobby has given up looking for love. But Jack hasn't, he's very interested in love, in finding out things. Jack is a very curious, alive human being. Always ready for a new idea.\\\": 37Nicholson himself said as much, telling an interviewer, \\\"I like listening to everybody. This to me is the elixir of life.\\\" There isJames Cagney,Spencer Tracy,Humphrey Bogart, andHenry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson? —Mike Nichols, director Black later admitted that she had a crush on Nicholson from the time they met, although they dated only briefly. \\\"He was very beautiful. He just looked right at you ... I liked him a lot ... He really sort of wanted to date me but I didn't think of him that way because I was going withPeter Kastner... Then I went to doEasy Rider, but didn't see him because we didn't have any scenes together ... At the premiere, I saw him out in the lobby afterward and I started crying ... He didn't understand that, but what it was was that I really loved him a lot, and I didn't know it until I saw him again, because it all welled up.\\\": 36 Within a month after its release that September,Five Easy Piecesbecame a blockbuster, making Nicholson aleading manand the \\\"new American anti-hero\\\", according to McDougal.: 130Critics began speculating as to whether he might become anotherMarlon BrandoorJames Dean. His career and income skyrocketed. He said, \\\"I have much sought after. Your name becomes a brand image like a product. You become Campbell's soup, with thirty-one different varieties of roles you can play.\\\": 130He told his new agent, Sandy Bresler, to find him unusual roles so he could stretch his acting skill: \\\"I like to play people that haven't existed yet, a 'cusp character'\\\", he said, \\\"I have that creative yearning. Much in the wayChagallflies figures into the air: once it becomes part of the conventional wisdom, it doesn't seem particularly adventurous or weird or wild.\\\": 130 Also in 1970, Nicholson appeared in the film adaptation ofOn a Clear Day You Can See Forever, although most of his performance was left on thecutting room floor. His agent turned down a starring role inDeliverancewhen the film's producer and director,John Boorman, refused to pay what Nicholson's agent wanted.: 130In 1971, Nicholson starred inCarnal Knowledge, a comedy-drama directed byMike Nicholsand co-starringArt Garfunkel,Ann-Margret, andCandice Bergen. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Award for Best Actor. Nichols felt few actors could handle the role, saying, \\\"There is James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, Humphrey Bogart, and Henry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson?\\\"During the filming, Nicholson struck up what became a lifelong friendship with Garfunkel. When he visited Los Angeles, Garfunkel stayed at Nicholson's home in a room Nicholson jokingly called \\\"the Arthur Garfunkel Suite\\\".: 127 Other Nicholson roles includedHal Ashby'sThe Last Detail(1973), withRandy Quaid, for which Nicholson wonBest Actorat theCannes Film Festivaland was nominated for his third Oscar and a Golden Globe. Television journalistDavid Gilmourwrites that one of his favorite Nicholson scenes from all his films was the often censored one in this film, when Nicholson slaps his gun on the bar yelling hewasthe Shore Patrol.CriticRoger Ebertcalled it a very good movie, but credited Nicholson's acting as the main reason: \\\"He creates a character so complete and so complex that we stop thinking about the movie and just watch to see what he'll do next.\\\"In 1974, Nicholson starred inRoman Polanski's noir thrillerChinatown, and was again nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actorfor his role as Jake Gittes, a private detective. The film co-starredFaye DunawayandJohn Huston, and included a cameo role with Polanski. Ebert called Nicholson's portrayal sharp-edged, menacing, and aggressive, a character who knew \\\"how to go over the top\\\", as he did inOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. That edge keptChinatownfrom becoming a typical genre crime film.Ebert also notes the importance of the role for Nicholson's career, seeing it as a major transition from the exploitation films of the previous decade. \\\"As Jake Gittes, he stepped into Bogart's shoes\\\", says Ebert. \\\"As a man attractive to audiences because he suggests both comfort and danger ... From Gittes forward, Nicholson created the persona of a man who had seen it all and was still capable of being wickedly amused.\\\" Nicholson had been friends with Polanski long before themurderof Polanski's wife,Sharon Tate, by theManson Family, and supported him in the days following her death.: 109–110After Tate's death, Nicholson began sleeping with a hammer under his pillowand took breaks from work to attend Manson's trial. In 1977, three years afterChinatown, Polanski was arrested at Nicholson's home for thesexual assaultof 13-year-old Samantha Geimer, who was modeling for Polanski during a magazine photo shoot around the pool. At the time, Nicholson was out of town making a film, but his steady girlfriend, actressAnjelica Huston, had dropped by unannounced to pick up some items. She heard Polanski in the other room say, \\\"We'll be right out.\\\"Polanski then came out with Geimer and introduced her to Huston, and they chatted about Nicholson's two large dogs, which were sitting nearby. Huston recalled Geimer was wearing platform heels and appeared quite tall.After a few minutes of talking, Polanski had packed up his camera gear and Huston saw them drive off in his car. Huston told police the next day, after Polanski was arrested, that she \\\"had witnessed nothing untoward\\\" and never saw them together in the other room. Geimer learned afterward that Huston herself was not supposed to be at Nicholson's house that day, since they had recently broken up, but stopped over to pick up some belongings. Geimer described Nicholson's house as \\\"definitely\\\" a guy's house, with lots of wood and shelves crowded with photos and mementos. One of Nicholson's successes came in 1975, with his role asRandle P. McMurphyinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The movie was an adaptation ofKen Kesey's novel of thesame name, and was directed byMiloš Formanand co-produced byMichael Douglas. Nicholson plays an anti-authoritarian patient at a mental hospital where he becomes an inspiring leader for the other patients. Playing one of the patients wasDanny DeVitoin an early role. Nicholson learned afterward that DeVito grew up in the same area of New Jersey, and they knew many of the same people.The film received nine nominations at the Academy Awards, and won five, including Nicholson's first forBest Actor.The role seemed perfect for Nicholson, with biographer Ken Burke noting that his \\\"smartass demeanor balances his genuine concern for the treatment of his fellow patients with his independent spirit too free to exist in a repressive social structure\\\".Forman allowed Nicholson to improvise throughout the film, including most of the group therapy sequences.: 273ReviewerMarie Brennernotes that his bravura performance \\\"transcends the screen\\\" and continually inspires the other actors by lightening their mental illnesses with his comic dialogue. She describes his performance: Nicholson is everywhere; his energy propels the ward of loonies and makes of them an ensemble, a chorus of people caught in a bummer with nowhere else to go, but still fighting for some frail sense of themselves. ... There are scenes inCuckoo's Nestthat are as intimate—and in their language, twice as rough—as the best moments inThe Godfather... far above the general run of Hollywood performances. — Marie Brenner,Texas Monthly Also in 1975, Nicholson starred inMichelangelo Antonioni'sThe Passenger(1975), which co-starredMaria Schneider. Nicholson plays a journalist, David Locke, who during an assignment in North Africa decides to quit journalism and disappear by taking on a new hidden identity. Unfortunately, the dead person whose identity he takes on turns out to have been a weapons smuggler on the run. Antonioni's unusual plot included convincing dialogue and fine acting, states film criticSeymour Chatman.It was shot in Algeria, Spain, Germany, and England. The film received good reviews and revived Antonioni's reputation as a great director.He said he wanted the film to have more of a \\\"spy feeling be more political\\\".Nicholson began shooting the film from an unfinished script, notesJudith Crist,yet upon its completion he thought so highly of the film that he bought the world rights and recorded a reminiscence of working with Antonioni. Critic and screenwriterPenelope Gilliattprovides an overview of Nicholson's role, \\\"The Passengeris an unidealized portrait of a drained man whose one remaining stimulus is to push his luck. Again and again, in the movie, we watch him court danger. It interests him to walk the edge of risk. He does it with passivity as if he were taking part in an expressionless game of double-dare with life. Jack Nicholson's performance is a wonder of insight. How to animate a personality that is barely there.: 443 Nicholson continued to take more unusual roles. He took a small role inThe Last TycoonoppositeRobert De Niro. He took a less sympathetic role inArthur Penn's westernThe Missouri Breaks(1976), specifically to work withMarlon Brando. Nicholson was especially inspired by Brando's acting ability, recalling that in his youth, as an assistant manager at a theater, he watchedOn the Waterfrontabout 40 times. He once stated, \\\"Marlon Brando influenced me strongly. Today, it's hard for people who weren't there to realize the impact that Brando had on an audience. ... He's always been the patron saint of actors\\\".\\\"I'm part of the first generation that idolized Marlon Brando\\\", he said. Nicholson has observed that while both De Niro and Brando were noted for their skill asmethod actors, he himself has seldom been described as one, a fact he sees as an accomplishment: \\\"I'm still fooling them\\\", he toldSean Penn. \\\"I consider it an accomplishment because there's probably no one who understands Method acting better academically than I do—or actually uses it more in his work. But it's funny, nobody really sees that. It's perception versus reality, I guess.\\\" His work is always interesting, clearly conceived, and has the X-factor, magic. Jack is particularly suited for roles that require intelligence. He is an intelligent and literate man, and these are almost impossible to act. InThe Shiningyou believe he's a writer, failed or otherwise. —Stanley Kubrick Although he garnered noAcademy AwardforStanley Kubrick's adaptation ofStephen King'sThe Shining(1980), his role in the film as writerJack Torranceremains one of his more significant. He was Kubrick's first choice to play the role, although the book's author, Stephen King, wanted more of an \\\"everyman\\\". Kubrick won the argument and called Nicholson's acting \\\"on a par with the greatest stars of the past, likeSpencer TracyandJimmy Cagney\\\".In preparation for the role, Nicholson drew upon his own experiences as a writer and slept short hours to help remain in an agitated state during the shoot. His co-starShelley Duvallrecalled that she and Nicholson spent many hours discussing their characters, with Nicholson maintaining that his character be cold to her from the start.On the set, Nicholson always appeared in character and if Kubrick felt confident that Nicholson knew his lines well enough, he encouraged him to improvise beyond the script.: 434For example, Nicholson improvised his now-famous \\\"Here's Johnny!\\\" line,: 433along with a scene in which he unleashes his anger on his wife when she interrupts his work.: 445There were also extensive takes of scenes, due to Kubrick's perfectionism. Nicholson shot a scene with the ghostly bartender 36 times.He said, \\\"Stanley's demanding. He'll do a scene fifty times, and you have to be good to do that.\\\": 38 In 1982, he starred as an immigration enforcement agent inThe Border, directed byTony Richardson. It co-starredWarren Oates, who played a corrupt border official.Richardson wanted Nicholson to play his role less expressively than he had in his earlier roles. \\\"Less is more\\\", he told him, and wanted him to wear reflecting sunglasses to portray what patrolmen wore.: 318Richardson recalled that Nicholson worked hard on the set: He's what the Thirties and Forties stars were like. He can come on the set and deliver, without any fuss, without taking a long time walking around getting into it. \\\"What do you want? Okay.\\\" And he just does it straight off. And then if you want him to do it another way on the next take, he can adapt to that too.: 318 Nicholson won his second Oscar, anAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for his role of retired astronaut Garrett Breedlove inTerms of Endearment(1983), directed byJames L. Brooks. It starredShirley MacLaineandDebra Winger. McGilligan claims it was one of Nicholson's most complex and unforgettable characters. He and MacLaine played many of their scenes in different ways, constantly testing and making adjustments. Their scenes together gave the film its \\\"buoyant edge\\\", states McGilligan, and describes Nicholson's acting as \\\"Jack floating like a butterfly\\\".: 330 Nicholson continued to work prolifically in the 1980s, starring in such films as:The Postman Always Rings Twice(1981);Reds(1981), where Nicholson portrays the writerEugene O'Neillwith a quiet intensity;Prizzi's Honor(1985);Heartburn(1986);The Witches of Eastwick(1987);Broadcast News(1987); andIronweed(1987). Three Oscar nominations also followed (Reds,Prizzi's Honor, andIronweed).John Huston, who directedPrizzi's Honor, said of Nicholson's acting, \\\"He just illuminates the book. He impressed me in one scene after another; the movie is composed largely of first takes with him.\\\"In the 1989Batmanmovie, Nicholson played the psychotic villain,the Joker. The film was an international smash hit, and a lucrative deal earned him a percentage of the box office gross estimated at $60 million to $90 million.Nicholson said that he was \\\"particularly proud\\\" of his performance as the Joker: \\\"I considered it a piece ofpop art\\\", he said. 1990–1999: Established actor For his role as hot-headed Col. Nathan R. Jessup inA Few Good Men(1992), a movie about a murder in aU.S. Marine Corpsunit, Nicholson received yet another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.One review describes his performance as \\\"spellbinding\\\", adding that he portrayed \\\"the essence of the quintessential military mindset\\\".Critic David Thomson notes that Nicholson's character \\\"blazed and roared\\\".The film's director,Rob Reiner, recalls how Nicholson's level of acting experience affected the other actors during rehearsals: \\\"I had the luck of having Jack Nicholson there. He knows what he's doing, and he comes to play, every time out, full-out performance! And what it says to a lot of the other actors is, 'Oooooh, I better get on my game here because this guy's coming to play! So I can't hold back; I've got to come up to him.' He sets the tone.\\\" In 1996, Nicholson collaborated once more withBatmandirectorTim BurtononMars Attacks!, pulling double duty as two contrasting characters, President James Dale andLas Vegasproperty developer Art Land. Not all of Nicholson's performances have been well received. He was nominated forRazzie Awardsas worst actor forMan Trouble(1992) andHoffa(1992). But his performance inHoffaalso earned him aGolden Globenomination.David Thomson states that the film was terribly neglected, since Nicholson portrayed one of his best screen characters, someone who is \\\"snarly, dumb, smart, noble, rascally—all the parts of 'Jack'\\\".Roger Ebertalso praised his performance writing, \\\"Nicholson is an actor who can reflect almost anything in his face. One reason his performance is so good as Hoffa is that he reveals almost nothing.\\\" Nicholson won his nextAcademy Award for Best Actorin the romantic comedyAs Good as It Gets(1997), his third film directed byJames L. Brooks. He played Melvin Udall, a \\\"wickedly funny\\\",mean-spirited novelist withobsessive-compulsive disorder. \\\"I'm a studioMethod actor\\\", he said. \\\"So I was prone to give some kind of clinical presentation of the disorder.\\\"His Oscar was matched by theAcademy Award for Best ActressforHelen Hunt, who played a Manhattan single mother drawn into a love/hate friendship with Udall, a frequent diner in the restaurant where she works as a waitress. The film was a box-office success, grossing $314 million, making it Nicholson's second-best-grossing film, afterBatman.The win was Nicholson's third Academy Award, tying him with six other actors,Walter Brennan,Ingrid Bergman,Meryl Streep,Daniel Day-Lewis, andFrances McDormandwho all have three acting Oscars. Nicholson admits he initially disliked playing a middle-aged man alongside a much younger Hunt, seeing it as a movie cliché. \\\"But Helen disarmed that at the first meeting\\\", he says, \\\"and I stopped thinking about it.\\\" They got along well during the filming, with Hunt saying that he \\\"treated me like a queen\\\", and they connected immediately: \\\"It wasn't even what we said\\\", she said. \\\"It was just some frequency we both could tune into that was very, very compatible.\\\"Critic Jack Mathews ofNewsdaysaid Nicholson was \\\"in rare form\\\", adding, \\\"it's one of those performances that make you aware how much fun the actor is having\\\".Author and screenwriter Andrew Horton describes their on-screen relationship as being like \\\"fire and ice, oil and water—seemingly complete opposites\\\". 2000–present: Later roles and retirement In 2001, Nicholson was the first actor to receive theStanislavsky Awardat the23rd Moscow International Film Festivalfor \\\"conquering the heights of acting and faithfulness\\\".That same year Nicholson starred inThe Pledge, amysterydrama where he portrays retired police detective Jerry Black, who vows to find a murderer of a young girl. Nicholson was praised for his performance; Bob Graham of theSan Francisco Chroniclecalled it \\\"deeply felt\\\" compared to some of Nicholson's other films.Nicholson acted inAlexander Payne's comedy-dramaAbout Schmidt(2002), playing a retiredOmaha,Nebraska,actuarywho questions his own life after his wife dies. His quietly restrained performance earned him nominations for anAcademy Award,BAFTA Award,Golden Globe AwardandScreen Actors Guild Awardfor Best Actor. InAnger Management(2003), he played an aggressive therapist assigned to help an overly pacifist man (Adam Sandler). In 2003, Nicholson also starred in theNancy Meyersdirected romantic comedySomething's Gotta Giveplaying an aging playboy who falls for the mother (Diane Keaton) of his young girlfriend. For his performance he was nominated for theGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. In late 2006, Nicholson marked his return to the dark side inMartin Scorsese'sOscar-winning filmThe Departed, a remake ofAndrew Lau'sInfernal Affairs,playingFrank Costello, a nefariousBostonIrish Mobboss based onWhitey Bulger, who was still on the run at the time. The role earned Nicholson worldwide critical praise, along with various awards and nominations, including aGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picturenomination. In 2007, Nicholson co-starred withMorgan FreemaninRob Reiner'sThe Bucket List,in which Nicholson and Freeman portrayed dying men who fulfill their list of goals. In researching the role, Nicholson visited a Los Angeles hospital to see how cancer patients coped with their illnesses. Nicholson is the Hollywood celebrity who is most like a character in some ongoing novel of our times. He is also the most beloved of stars—not even his huge wealth, his reckless aging, and the public disasters of his private life can detract from this ... For he is still a touchstone, someone we value for the way he helps us see ourselves. —David Thomson, a film critic. Nicholson's next film role saw him reunite withJames L. Brooks, director ofTerms of Endearment,Broadcast NewsandAs Good as It Gets, for a supporting role for the 2010 filmHow Do You KnowstarringPaul Rudd,Reese Witherspoon, andOwen Wilson. The film was a financial and critical failure. In a September 2013Vanity Fairarticle, Nicholson said that he did not consider himself retired, but that he was now less driven to \\\"be out there anymore\\\".As of 2023,How Do You Knowremains Nicholson's last film role, and brings his filmography to 80 films.In 2013, Nicholson co-presented theAcademy Award for Best Picturewith First LadyMichelle Obama,the eighth time he presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2013). On February 15, 2015, Nicholson made a special appearance as a presenter onSNL 40, the 40th anniversary special ofSaturday Night Live.After the death of boxerMuhammad Alion June 3, 2016, Nicholson appeared onHBO'sThe Fight Game withJim Lampleyfor an exclusive interview about his friendship with Ali.He was reported to be starring in an English-language remake ofToni Erdmannin 2017 oppositeKristen Wiig, his first feature film role sinceHow Do You Know,but the project was later abandoned.In October 2019, with the release ofThe ShiningsequelDoctor Sleep, directorMike Flanaganrevealed he approached Nicholson for acameo appearance, but Nicholson declined with best wishes.Flanagan also disclosed that Nicholson had previously been approached to appear inSteven Spielberg's science-fiction filmReady Player One(2018). During an appearance in the November 2, 2023, episode ofMarc Maron's podcast,WTF with Marc Maron, record producerLou Adler, a longtime friend of Nicholson's, related an anecdote pertaining to the unofficial retirement of the actor, who had not done a film in the 13 years sinceHow Do You Know, saying, \\\"A friend of mine wanted to put him in a movie. And he had a conversation with him. But Jack says, 'I don't want to do it.' He goes, 'You know what I did today? I sat under a tree and I read a book.' That sounds like Jack.\\\" Adler stated that Nicholson was \\\"doing whatever he really wants to do,\\\" adding, \\\"He wants to be quiet. He wants to eat what he wants. He wants to live the life he wants.\\\" Influence Nicholson has describedMarlon Brandoas a major influence on his career. He stated, \\\"Actors don't normally discuss who the best actor in the world is, because it's obvious—Brando is the best.” He also namedJohn Ford,Akira Kurosawa, andOrson Wellesas his favorite directors. Actors who have cited Nicholson as an influence includeLeonardo DiCaprio,Alden Ehrenreich,andMorgan Freeman. Personal life Relationships and children In his personal life, Nicholson is notorious for his inability to \\\"settle down\\\";he has fathered six children by five women but married only once.Nicholson's marriage was toThe Terrorco-starSandra Knightfrom 1962 to 1968, though they separated in 1966.The couple had one daughter, Jennifer (born September 13, 1963). Five Easy Piecesco-starSusan Anspachcontended that her son Caleb (born September 26, 1970), whose legal father wasMark Goddard, was actually Nicholson's biological son.In 1984, Nicholson said he was not convinced of this,but in 1996, Caleb said that Nicholson had recognized him as his son in private.By 1998, Nicholson publicly acknowledged Caleb as his son and said that they got along \\\"beautifully now.\\\" In 1971 and 1972, Nicholson was in a relationship with singerMichelle Phillips, the ex-wife of his best friendDennis Hopper, during which time she suffered a miscarriage.Nicholson's longest relationship was 17 years with actressAnjelica Huston, from 1973 until 1990. Their on-again, off-again romance included several periods of overlap with other women, notably former Bond girlJill St. Johnand Danish model Winnie Hollman, with whom Nicholson fathered a daughter, Honey Hollman (born January 26, 1982).Winnie Hollman has claimed that a DNA test during her pregnancy confirmed that Nicholson was the biological father. However, in 2024, it was revealed that Nicholson was not the biological father of Honey,who did a DNA test herself in 1999. Honey said in 2006 that she has a “normal father-daughter relationship” with Nicholson. The relationship with Huston ended amid actress/waitressRebecca Broussard's first pregnancy by Nicholson. He and Broussard had two children,Lorraine(born April 16, 1990) andRaymond(born February 20, 1992).The pair split up in 1994, and that same year, Nicholson supposedly had a daughter, Tessa (born August 15, 1994), with waitress Jeannine Gourin.Nicholson has never publicly acknowledged his paternity. Beginning in the late 1990s, Nicholson was involved with actressLara Flynn Boyle. The two initially broke up in 2000, later reuniting before splitting permanently in 2004, after which Nicholson was linked to English supermodelKate Moss.In 2006, Nicholson dated actressPaz de la Huerta. Nicholson has said that children \\\"give your life a resonance that it can't have without them ... As a father, I'm there all the time. I give unconditional love\\\".He has also lamented that he \\\"didn't see enough of my eldest daughter because I was trying to make a career\\\". Legal issues In a criminalcomplaintfiled on February 8, 1994, Robert Blank stated that Nicholson, then 56, approached Blank'sMercedes-Benzwhile he was stopped at a red light inNorth Hollywood. After accusing Blank of cutting him off in traffic, Nicholson used a golf club to bash the roof and windshield of Blank's car. A witness confirmed Blank's account of the incident andmisdemeanorcharges of assault and vandalism were filed against Nicholson. Charges were dropped after Nicholson apologized to Blank, and the two reached an undisclosed settlement, which included a reported $500,000 check from Nicholson. In 1996, a lawsuit was brought against him alleging that he promised a woman named Catherine Sheehan $1,000 for sex and then assaulted her when she asked for the money. Sheehan received a settlement of about $40,000, but filed another lawsuit against him, arguing that the settlement was insufficient to cover the injuries inflicted upon her, includingbrain trauma, which she said were \\\"actually killing her.\\\"The case was dismissed. Celebrity friendships Nicholson lived next door toMarlon Brandofor a number of years onMulholland DriveinBeverly Hills, California.Warren Beattyalso lived nearby, earning the road the nickname \\\"Bad Boy Drive\\\". After Brando's death in 2004, Nicholson purchased his bungalow for $6.1 million, with the purpose of having it demolished. Nicholson said he did so out of respect for Brando's legacy, as it had become too expensive to renovate the \\\"derelict\\\" building, which was plagued by mold. Nicholson's friendship with author-journalistHunter S. Thompsonis described in Thompson's autobiographyKingdom of Fear(2003).After Thompson died in 2005, Nicholson and fellow actorsJohnny Depp,John Cusack, andSean Pennattended his private memorial service in Colorado.Nicholson was also a close friend ofRobert Evans, the producer ofChinatown, and after Evans lost Woodland, his home, as the result of a 1980s drug bust, Nicholson and other friends of Evans bought Woodland to give it back to him.Nicholson is also friends with fellow New JerseyansDanny DeVitoandJoe Pesci. Hobbies Nicholson is a fan of theNew York YankeesandLos Angeles Lakers. He became a Lakers season ticket holder in1970, and held courtside seats next to the opponent's benches both atThe ForumandStaples Center. He was described as a \\\"fixture\\\" at the games, though his regular attendance had stopped by 2021, as he withdrew from public appearances.Nicholson occasionally argued with game officials and opposing players, and even walked onto the court.He was almost ejected from a Lakers playoff game in May 2003 after yelling at a referee.After the death of former Lakers starKobe Bryantin ahelicopter crashin January 2020, Nicholson gave a rare phone interview to Los Angeles stationKCBS-TVexpressing his grief.He attended a2023 playoff game, which media outlets noted was his first appearance at a Lakers game in nearly two years. Nicholson is a collector of 20th-century and contemporary paintings, including those ofHenri Matisse,Tamara de Lempicka,Andy WarholandJack Vettriano.In 1995, artistEdward Ruschasaid that Nicholson has \\\"one of the best collections out here\\\". Political views Nicholson has called himself a \\\"lifelongIrishDemocrat.”He supportedGeorge McGovernin the 1972 presidential election,Michael Dukakisin 1988,Hillary Clintonin 2008, andBernie Sandersin 2020. Nicholson supportssolar energy,decriminalizing drugs,monopoly laws, and raising teachers' pay.Although personally againstabortion, he ispro-choice. He has said, \\\"I'm pro-choice but against abortion because I'm an illegitimate child myself, and it would be hypocritical to take any other position. I'd be dead. I wouldn't exist.\\\" He has also said that he has \\\"nothing but total admiration, gratitude, and respect for the strength of the women who made the decision they made in my individual case\\\". Religious beliefs Nicholson was raisedRoman Catholicand has expressed admiration for the religion, calling it \\\"the only officialdogmatraining I've had. I liked it. It's a smart religion.\\\"It has been asserted that some of Nicholson's 1970s movie roles were influenced by Catholicism.In a 1992Vanity Fairinterview, Nicholson said, \\\"I don't believe in God now. I can still work up an envy for someone who has faith. I can see how that could be a deeply soothing experience.\\\" Acting credits and accolades During his career Nicholson has appeared in 80 films.Among some of Nicholson's films are: With 12Academy Awardnominations (eight for Best Actor and four for Best Supporting Actor), Nicholson is the most nominated male actor in Academy Awards history. Only Nicholson (1960s–2000s),Michael Caine(1960s–2000s),Meryl Streep(1970s–2010s),Paul Newman(1950s–1960s, 1980s–2000s),Katharine Hepburn(1930s–1960s, 1980s),Frances McDormand(1980s–2020s),Denzel Washington(1980s–2020s), andLaurence Olivier(1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties withWalter Brennan,Daniel Day-Lewis,Ingrid Bergman,Frances McDormandandMeryl Streepfor the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. OnlyKatharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Academy. In May 2008, then-California GovernorArnold Schwarzeneggerand First LadyMaria Shriverannounced that Nicholson would be inducted into theCalifornia Hall of Fame, located atThe California MuseuminSacramento. The induction ceremony took place on December 15, 2008, where he was inducted alongside 11 other Californians.In 2010, Nicholson was inducted into theNew Jersey Hall of Fame.In 2011, Nicholson received an honoraryDoctor of Fine Artsdegree fromBrown Universityat its 243rd commencement. At the ceremony,Ruth Simmons, Brown University's president, called him \\\"the most skilled actor of our lifetime\\\". Explanatory note References General bibliography External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["70th Academy Awards The70th Academy Awardsceremony, organized by theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences(AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at theShrine AuditoriuminLos Angelesbeginning at 6:00 p.m.PST/ 9:00 p.m.EST. During the show, AMPAS presentedAcademy Awards(commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoringfilms released in 1997. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States byABC, was produced byGil Catesand directed by Louis J. Horvitz.ActorBilly Crystalhosted the show for the sixth time.He had first hosted the62nd ceremonyheld in 1990, and most recently theprevious year's awards.Nearly a month earlier in an event held at theRegent Beverly Wilshire HotelinBeverly Hills, Californiaon February 28, theAcademy Awards for Technical Achievementwere presented by hostAshley Judd. Titanicwon 11 awards, includingBest Picture, a number that is tied withBen-HurandThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.Other winners includedAs Good as It Gets,Good Will Hunting, andL.A.","Hunting, andL.A. Confidentialwith two awards, andCharacter,The Full Monty,Geri's Game,The Long Way Home,Men in Black,A Story of Healing, andVisas and Virtuewith one. The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States, making it the most-watched Oscars broadcast in history. Winners and nominees The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, byRobert Rehme, president of the academy, and actressGeena Davis.Titanicreceived the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950'sAll About Eve, and later 2016'sLa La Land, also achieved this distinction);Good Will HuntingandL.A. Confidentialcame in second with nine apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards,Titanictied withBen-Hurfor the most Academy Awards in Oscar history.It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenwriting nomination since 1965'sThe Sound of Music.Jack","Sound of Music.Jack Nicholsonbecame the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars.Both Nicholson andHelen Huntwon for their roles inAs Good as It Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards.Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater inTitanic, Best Actress nomineeKate Winsletand Best Supporting Actress nomineeGloria Stuartbecame the first pair of actresses nominated for portraying the same character in the same film.At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar. Awards Winners are listed first, highlighted inboldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡). Academy Honorary Award Films with multiple nominations and awards The following 16 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: Presenters and performers The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. Presenters Performers Ceremony information In December 1997, the academy hired veteran Oscar telecast","Oscar telecast producerGil Catesto oversee the 1998 ceremony.\"Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer, consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast,\" said AMPAS President Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection. \"His shows are full of wit, charm and surprise.\"A few days later, actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast. Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying, \"Billy's performance last year was spectacular. There is nobody like him.\"In an article published inUSA Todayhe initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after theprevious year's ceremonythat he would like to take a break from hosting duties. However, pressure from the academy, Cates, and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision.His sixth stint would make him second only toBob Hopein number of ceremonies hosted. To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards, 70 actors who have received both","have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar's Family Album.Each former winner was acknowledged by announcerNorman Rosewith the films he or she won for. At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger, Helen Hunt, and Robin Williams joined them. This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the50th ceremonyheld in 1978. Several others participated in the production of the ceremony.Bill Contiserved as musical director for the telecast.DancerDaniel Ezralowchoreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score.Bart the Bearmade a surprise appearance during the presentation of theBest Sound Effects Editingaward withMike Myers. Box office performance of nominees At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film.Titanicwas the highest earner among the Best Picture","the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts.The film was followed byAs Good as It Gets($92.6 million),Good Will Hunting($68.9 million),L.A. Confidential($39.7 million), and finallyThe Full Monty($38.7 million). Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list. OnlyTitanic(1st),As Good as It Gets(16th),Good Will Hunting(20th), andIn & Out(24th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations wereMen in Black(2nd),The Lost World: Jurassic Park(3rd),Air Force One(5th),My Best Friends Wedding(7th),Face/Off(9th),Con Air(12th),Contact(13th),Hercules(14th),The Fifth Element(25th),Anastasia(30th), andStarship Troopers(34th). Critical response The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television criticHoward Rosenbergof theLos Angeles Timeslauded Crystal's performance writing that he \"would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful","comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes.\"San Francisco Chroniclecolumnist John Carman raved,\"It was the best Oscar show in two decades.\" He also gave high marks for the host, commenting, \"But last night, Crystal was back in razor form.\"The Seattle Timestelevision editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that \"he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment.\" In addition, she noted that while the ceremony dragged on, \"Last night was one of television's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory.\" Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Ray Richmond ofVarietycomplained that the ceremony proved to be a \"Yawner of an Oscarcast.\" He added that Crystal's \"off-the-cuff one-liners sank faster than the great ship herself.\"Boston Globetelevision critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned,\"There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night's Oscarcast.\"Film critic Carrie Rickey fromThe Philadelphia Inquirerlamented that the inevitableTitanicsweep \"sank a telecast loaded with montages of","with montages of previous years' Oscar highlights.\" Ratings and reception The popularity ofTitanicgreatly increased television ratings for the ceremony.The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length, which was a 29% increase from theprevious year's ceremony.An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.The show also earned higherNielsen ratingscompared to the previous ceremony with 35.32% of households watching over a 55.77 share.In addition, it garnered a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic.It overtook the network's own telecast of the1983 Academy Awardsto become, as it remains to date, the highest viewership for both an Academy Award telecast (since figures were compiled beginning with the46th ceremonyin 1974) and any live awards show airing in U.S. television history. In July 1998, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the50th Primetime Emmys.Two months","Emmys.Two months later, the ceremony won five of those nominations forOutstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program(Billy Crystal), Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program (Louis J Horvitz), Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, or Movie (Bob Barnhart, Robert Dickinson, Matt Ford, Andy O'Reilly), Outstanding Music Direction (Bill Conti), and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Tommy Vicari). \"In Memoriam\" The annual \"In Memoriam\" tribute was presented by actressWhoopi Goldberg. The montage featured an excerpt of \"Appassionata\" fromThe Passagecomposed by Michael J. Lewis. See also References Bibliography External links Official websites Analysis Other resources","Jack Nicholson John Joseph Nicholson(born April 22, 1937) is a retired American actor and filmmaker.Nicholson is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of the 20th century.Throughout his five-decade career he receivednumerous accolades, including threeAcademy Awards, threeBAFTA Film Awards, sixGolden Globe Awards, and aGrammy Award. He also received theAmerican Film Institute's Life Achievement Awardin 1994 and theKennedy Center Honorin 2001. In many of his films, he played rebels against the social structure. Nicholson has won threeAcademy Awards, forBest ActorinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest(1975) and inAs Good as It Gets(1997), and forBest Supporting ActorinTerms of Endearment(1983). He was Oscar-nominated forEasy Rider(1969),Five Easy Pieces(1970),The Last Detail(1974),Chinatown(1974),Reds(1981),Prizzi's Honor(1986),Ironweed(1987),A Few Good Men(1992) andAbout Schmidt(2002). Nicholson is also known for his notable roles inCarnal Knowledge(1971),The Shining(1980),Heartburn(1986),Broadcast","News(1987),Batman(1989),Hoffa(1992),Mars Attacks!(1996),Something's Gotta Give(2003),The Departed(2006) andThe Bucket List(2007). Nicholson has directed three films,Drive, He Said(1971),Goin' South(1978), andThe Two Jakes(1990). He is one of only threemale actors to win three Academy Awardsand one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in films made in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s (alongsideMichael Caine). His 12 Academy Award nominations make himthe most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Early life and education John Joseph Nicholson was born on April 22, 1937, inNeptune City, New Jersey,the son of ashowgirl, June Frances Nicholson (stage name June Nilson; 1918–1963).Nicholson's mother was of Irish, English, German, andWelshdescent. Nicholson has identified as Irish, comparing himself to the playwrightEugene O'Neill, whom he played in the filmReds(1981): \"I'm not saying I'm as dark as he was ... but I am a writer, I am Irish, I have had problems with my","problems with my family.\"His mother marriedItalian-Americanshowman Donald Furcillo (stage name Donald Rose; 1909–1997) in 1936, before realizing that he was already married.: 8BiographerPatrick McGilliganstated in his bookJack's Lifethat Latvian-born Eddie King (originally Edgar A. Kirschfeld),June's manager, may have been Nicholson's biological father, rather than Furcillo. Other sources suggest June Nicholson was unsure of the father's identity. As June was only 17 and unmarried, her parentsagreed to raise Nicholson as their own child without revealing his true parentage, with June acting as his sister.In 1974,Timemagazine researchers learned, and informed Nicholson, that his \"sister\", June, was actually his mother, and his other \"sister\", Lorraine, was really his aunt.By this time, both his mother and grandmother had died (in 1963 and 1970, respectively). On finding out, Nicholson said it was \"a pretty dramatic event, but it wasn't what I'd call traumatizing ... I was pretty well psychologically formed\".","formed\". Nicholson grew up inNeptune City, New Jersey.: 7Before starting high school, his family moved to an apartment inSpring Lake, New Jersey.: 16\"Nick\", as he was known to his high school friends, attended nearbyManasquan High School, where he was voted \"Class Clown\" by the Class of 1954. He was in detention every day for a whole school year.A theatre and a drama award at the school are named in his honor. In 2004, Nicholson attended his 50-yearhigh school reunionaccompanied by his aunt Lorraine. Military service In 1957, Nicholson joined theCalifornia Air National Guard,a move he sometimes characterized as an effort to \"dodge the draft\";theKorean Warera'sMilitary Selective Service Actwas still in force, and draftees were required to perform up to two years of active duty. After completing theAir Force'sbasic trainingatLackland Air Force Base,Nicholson performed weekend drills and two-week annual training as a firefighter assigned to the unit based at theVan Nuys Airport.During theBerlin Crisis of 1961,","Crisis of 1961, Nicholson was called up for several months of extended active duty,and he was discharged at the end of his enlistment in 1962. Career 1958–1969: Early roles and breakthrough Nicholson first came to California in 1950, when he was 13, to visit his sister. He took a job as an office worker for animation directorsWilliam HannaandJoseph Barberaat theMGM cartoon studio. They offered him an entry-level job as an animator, but he declined, citing his desire to become an actor.While accepting theCecil B. DeMille Awardat the56th Golden Globe Awards, he recalled that his first day as a working actor (onTales of Wells Fargo) was May 5, 1955, which he considered lucky, as 5 was the jersey number of his boyhood idol,Joe DiMaggio.He trained to be an actor with a group called the Players Ring Theater, after which he found small parts performing on the stage and in TV soap operas.He made his film debut in a low-budget teen dramaThe Cry Baby Killer(1958), playing the title role. For the next decade, Nicholson","decade, Nicholson frequently collaborated with the film's producer,Roger Corman. Corman directed Nicholson on several occasions, such as inThe Little Shop of Horrorsas undertaker (andmasochisticdental patient) Wilbur Force; inThe Raven;The Terror, where he plays a French officer seduced by an evil ghost; andThe St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Nicholson frequently worked with directorMonte Hellmanon low-budget westerns; two of them—Ride in the WhirlwindandThe Shooting—initially failed to interest U.S. film distributors but gained cult success on the French art-house circuit and were later sold to television. Nicholson also appeared in two episodes ofThe Andy Griffith Show, and starred as a rebellious dirt-track race driver in the 1960 filmThe Wild Ride. With his acting career foundering, Nicholson seemed resigned to a career behind the camera as a writer/director. His first real taste of writing success was the screenplay for the 1967counterculturefilmThe Trip(directed by Corman), starringPeter FondaandDennis","FondaandDennis Hopper. After first reading the script, Fonda told Nicholson he was impressed by the writing and felt it could become a great film. But Fonda was disappointed with how the film turned out and blamed the editing for turning it into a \"predictable\" film and said so publicly. \"I was livid\", he recalls.Nicholson also co-wrote, withBob Rafelson, the movieHead, which starredThe Monkees, and arranged the movie's soundtrack. Nicholson's first big acting break came when a role opened up in Fonda and Hopper'sEasy Rider(1969). He played alcoholic lawyer George Hanson, for which he received his first Oscar nomination. The film cost only $400,000 to make, and became a blockbuster, grossing $40 million.BiographerJohn Parkerwrites that Nicholson's interpretation of his role placed him in the company of earlierantiheroactors, such asJames CagneyandHumphrey Bogart, while promoting him into an \"overnight number-one hero of the counter-culture movement\".The part was a lucky break for Nicholson. The role had been","The role had been written forRip Torn, who withdrew from the project after an argument with Hopper.Nicholson later acknowledged the importance of being cast inEasy Rider: \"All I could see in the early films, beforeEasy Rider, was this desperate young actor trying to vault out of the screen and create a movie career.\"Stanley Kubrick, who was impressed by his performance inEasy Rider, cast Nicholson asNapoleonin a film about his life, and although production on the film commenced,the project fizzled out, partly due to a change in ownership at MGM. 1970–1989: Stardom and acclaim In 1970, Nicholson starred inFive Easy PiecesalongsideKaren Blackin what became his persona-defining role. Nicholson and Black were nominated for Academy Awards for their performances. Nicholson played Bobby Dupea, an oil rig worker, and Black played his waitress girlfriend. Black noted that Nicholson's character in the film was very subdued and very different from Nicholson's real personality. She said that the now-infamous restaurant","restaurant scene was partly improvised by Nicholson, and was out of character for Bobby, who would not have cared enough to argue with a waitress.\"I think that Jack really has very little in common with Bobby. I think Bobby has given up looking for love. But Jack hasn't, he's very interested in love, in finding out things. Jack is a very curious, alive human being. Always ready for a new idea.\": 37Nicholson himself said as much, telling an interviewer, \"I like listening to everybody. This to me is the elixir of life.\" There isJames Cagney,Spencer Tracy,Humphrey Bogart, andHenry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson? —Mike Nichols, director Black later admitted that she had a crush on Nicholson from the time they met, although they dated only briefly. \"He was very beautiful. He just looked right at you ... I liked him a lot ... He really sort of wanted to date me but I didn't think of him that way because I was going withPeter Kastner... Then I went to doEasy Rider, but didn't see him because we","see him because we didn't have any scenes together ... At the premiere, I saw him out in the lobby afterward and I started crying ... He didn't understand that, but what it was was that I really loved him a lot, and I didn't know it until I saw him again, because it all welled up.\": 36 Within a month after its release that September,Five Easy Piecesbecame a blockbuster, making Nicholson aleading manand the \"new American anti-hero\", according to McDougal.: 130Critics began speculating as to whether he might become anotherMarlon BrandoorJames Dean. His career and income skyrocketed. He said, \"I have much sought after. Your name becomes a brand image like a product. You become Campbell's soup, with thirty-one different varieties of roles you can play.\": 130He told his new agent, Sandy Bresler, to find him unusual roles so he could stretch his acting skill: \"I like to play people that haven't existed yet, a 'cusp character'\", he said, \"I have that creative yearning. Much in the wayChagallflies figures into the","figures into the air: once it becomes part of the conventional wisdom, it doesn't seem particularly adventurous or weird or wild.\": 130 Also in 1970, Nicholson appeared in the film adaptation ofOn a Clear Day You Can See Forever, although most of his performance was left on thecutting room floor. His agent turned down a starring role inDeliverancewhen the film's producer and director,John Boorman, refused to pay what Nicholson's agent wanted.: 130In 1971, Nicholson starred inCarnal Knowledge, a comedy-drama directed byMike Nicholsand co-starringArt Garfunkel,Ann-Margret, andCandice Bergen. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Award for Best Actor. Nichols felt few actors could handle the role, saying, \"There is James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, Humphrey Bogart, and Henry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson?\"During the filming, Nicholson struck up what became a lifelong friendship with Garfunkel. When he visited Los Angeles, Garfunkel stayed at Nicholson's home in a room Nicholson jokingly called \"the","called \"the Arthur Garfunkel Suite\".: 127 Other Nicholson roles includedHal Ashby'sThe Last Detail(1973), withRandy Quaid, for which Nicholson wonBest Actorat theCannes Film Festivaland was nominated for his third Oscar and a Golden Globe. Television journalistDavid Gilmourwrites that one of his favorite Nicholson scenes from all his films was the often censored one in this film, when Nicholson slaps his gun on the bar yelling hewasthe Shore Patrol.CriticRoger Ebertcalled it a very good movie, but credited Nicholson's acting as the main reason: \"He creates a character so complete and so complex that we stop thinking about the movie and just watch to see what he'll do next.\"In 1974, Nicholson starred inRoman Polanski's noir thrillerChinatown, and was again nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actorfor his role as Jake Gittes, a private detective. The film co-starredFaye DunawayandJohn Huston, and included a cameo role with Polanski. Ebert called Nicholson's portrayal sharp-edged, menacing, and aggressive,","and aggressive, a character who knew \"how to go over the top\", as he did inOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. That edge keptChinatownfrom becoming a typical genre crime film.Ebert also notes the importance of the role for Nicholson's career, seeing it as a major transition from the exploitation films of the previous decade. \"As Jake Gittes, he stepped into Bogart's shoes\", says Ebert. \"As a man attractive to audiences because he suggests both comfort and danger ... From Gittes forward, Nicholson created the persona of a man who had seen it all and was still capable of being wickedly amused.\" Nicholson had been friends with Polanski long before themurderof Polanski's wife,Sharon Tate, by theManson Family, and supported him in the days following her death.: 109–110After Tate's death, Nicholson began sleeping with a hammer under his pillowand took breaks from work to attend Manson's trial. In 1977, three years afterChinatown, Polanski was arrested at Nicholson's home for thesexual assaultof 13-year-old Samantha","Samantha Geimer, who was modeling for Polanski during a magazine photo shoot around the pool. At the time, Nicholson was out of town making a film, but his steady girlfriend, actressAnjelica Huston, had dropped by unannounced to pick up some items. She heard Polanski in the other room say, \"We'll be right out.\"Polanski then came out with Geimer and introduced her to Huston, and they chatted about Nicholson's two large dogs, which were sitting nearby. Huston recalled Geimer was wearing platform heels and appeared quite tall.After a few minutes of talking, Polanski had packed up his camera gear and Huston saw them drive off in his car. Huston told police the next day, after Polanski was arrested, that she \"had witnessed nothing untoward\" and never saw them together in the other room. Geimer learned afterward that Huston herself was not supposed to be at Nicholson's house that day, since they had recently broken up, but stopped over to pick up some belongings. Geimer described Nicholson's house as \"definitely\"","as \"definitely\" a guy's house, with lots of wood and shelves crowded with photos and mementos. One of Nicholson's successes came in 1975, with his role asRandle P. McMurphyinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The movie was an adaptation ofKen Kesey's novel of thesame name, and was directed byMiloš Formanand co-produced byMichael Douglas. Nicholson plays an anti-authoritarian patient at a mental hospital where he becomes an inspiring leader for the other patients. Playing one of the patients wasDanny DeVitoin an early role. Nicholson learned afterward that DeVito grew up in the same area of New Jersey, and they knew many of the same people.The film received nine nominations at the Academy Awards, and won five, including Nicholson's first forBest Actor.The role seemed perfect for Nicholson, with biographer Ken Burke noting that his \"smartass demeanor balances his genuine concern for the treatment of his fellow patients with his independent spirit too free to exist in a repressive social structure\".Forman allowed","allowed Nicholson to improvise throughout the film, including most of the group therapy sequences.: 273ReviewerMarie Brennernotes that his bravura performance \"transcends the screen\" and continually inspires the other actors by lightening their mental illnesses with his comic dialogue. She describes his performance: Nicholson is everywhere; his energy propels the ward of loonies and makes of them an ensemble, a chorus of people caught in a bummer with nowhere else to go, but still fighting for some frail sense of themselves. ... There are scenes inCuckoo's Nestthat are as intimate—and in their language, twice as rough—as the best moments inThe Godfather... far above the general run of Hollywood performances. — Marie Brenner,Texas Monthly Also in 1975, Nicholson starred inMichelangelo Antonioni'sThe Passenger(1975), which co-starredMaria Schneider. Nicholson plays a journalist, David Locke, who during an assignment in North Africa decides to quit journalism and disappear by taking on a new hidden identity.","hidden identity. Unfortunately, the dead person whose identity he takes on turns out to have been a weapons smuggler on the run. Antonioni's unusual plot included convincing dialogue and fine acting, states film criticSeymour Chatman.It was shot in Algeria, Spain, Germany, and England. The film received good reviews and revived Antonioni's reputation as a great director.He said he wanted the film to have more of a \"spy feeling be more political\".Nicholson began shooting the film from an unfinished script, notesJudith Crist,yet upon its completion he thought so highly of the film that he bought the world rights and recorded a reminiscence of working with Antonioni. Critic and screenwriterPenelope Gilliattprovides an overview of Nicholson's role, \"The Passengeris an unidealized portrait of a drained man whose one remaining stimulus is to push his luck. Again and again, in the movie, we watch him court danger. It interests him to walk the edge of risk. He does it with passivity as if he were taking part in an","taking part in an expressionless game of double-dare with life. Jack Nicholson's performance is a wonder of insight. How to animate a personality that is barely there.: 443 Nicholson continued to take more unusual roles. He took a small role inThe Last TycoonoppositeRobert De Niro. He took a less sympathetic role inArthur Penn's westernThe Missouri Breaks(1976), specifically to work withMarlon Brando. Nicholson was especially inspired by Brando's acting ability, recalling that in his youth, as an assistant manager at a theater, he watchedOn the Waterfrontabout 40 times. He once stated, \"Marlon Brando influenced me strongly. Today, it's hard for people who weren't there to realize the impact that Brando had on an audience. ... He's always been the patron saint of actors\".\"I'm part of the first generation that idolized Marlon Brando\", he said. Nicholson has observed that while both De Niro and Brando were noted for their skill asmethod actors, he himself has seldom been described as one, a fact he sees as an","fact he sees as an accomplishment: \"I'm still fooling them\", he toldSean Penn. \"I consider it an accomplishment because there's probably no one who understands Method acting better academically than I do—or actually uses it more in his work. But it's funny, nobody really sees that. It's perception versus reality, I guess.\" His work is always interesting, clearly conceived, and has the X-factor, magic. Jack is particularly suited for roles that require intelligence. He is an intelligent and literate man, and these are almost impossible to act. InThe Shiningyou believe he's a writer, failed or otherwise. —Stanley Kubrick Although he garnered noAcademy AwardforStanley Kubrick's adaptation ofStephen King'sThe Shining(1980), his role in the film as writerJack Torranceremains one of his more significant. He was Kubrick's first choice to play the role, although the book's author, Stephen King, wanted more of an \"everyman\". Kubrick won the argument and called Nicholson's acting \"on a par with the greatest stars of","greatest stars of the past, likeSpencer TracyandJimmy Cagney\".In preparation for the role, Nicholson drew upon his own experiences as a writer and slept short hours to help remain in an agitated state during the shoot. His co-starShelley Duvallrecalled that she and Nicholson spent many hours discussing their characters, with Nicholson maintaining that his character be cold to her from the start.On the set, Nicholson always appeared in character and if Kubrick felt confident that Nicholson knew his lines well enough, he encouraged him to improvise beyond the script.: 434For example, Nicholson improvised his now-famous \"Here's Johnny!\" line,: 433along with a scene in which he unleashes his anger on his wife when she interrupts his work.: 445There were also extensive takes of scenes, due to Kubrick's perfectionism. Nicholson shot a scene with the ghostly bartender 36 times.He said, \"Stanley's demanding. He'll do a scene fifty times, and you have to be good to do that.\": 38 In 1982, he starred as an immigration","as an immigration enforcement agent inThe Border, directed byTony Richardson. It co-starredWarren Oates, who played a corrupt border official.Richardson wanted Nicholson to play his role less expressively than he had in his earlier roles. \"Less is more\", he told him, and wanted him to wear reflecting sunglasses to portray what patrolmen wore.: 318Richardson recalled that Nicholson worked hard on the set: He's what the Thirties and Forties stars were like. He can come on the set and deliver, without any fuss, without taking a long time walking around getting into it. \"What do you want? Okay.\" And he just does it straight off. And then if you want him to do it another way on the next take, he can adapt to that too.: 318 Nicholson won his second Oscar, anAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for his role of retired astronaut Garrett Breedlove inTerms of Endearment(1983), directed byJames L. Brooks. It starredShirley MacLaineandDebra Winger. McGilligan claims it was one of Nicholson's most complex and","most complex and unforgettable characters. He and MacLaine played many of their scenes in different ways, constantly testing and making adjustments. Their scenes together gave the film its \"buoyant edge\", states McGilligan, and describes Nicholson's acting as \"Jack floating like a butterfly\".: 330 Nicholson continued to work prolifically in the 1980s, starring in such films as:The Postman Always Rings Twice(1981);Reds(1981), where Nicholson portrays the writerEugene O'Neillwith a quiet intensity;Prizzi's Honor(1985);Heartburn(1986);The Witches of Eastwick(1987);Broadcast News(1987); andIronweed(1987). Three Oscar nominations also followed (Reds,Prizzi's Honor, andIronweed).John Huston, who directedPrizzi's Honor, said of Nicholson's acting, \"He just illuminates the book. He impressed me in one scene after another; the movie is composed largely of first takes with him.\"In the 1989Batmanmovie, Nicholson played the psychotic villain,the Joker. The film was an international smash hit, and a lucrative deal earned","deal earned him a percentage of the box office gross estimated at $60 million to $90 million.Nicholson said that he was \"particularly proud\" of his performance as the Joker: \"I considered it a piece ofpop art\", he said. 1990–1999: Established actor For his role as hot-headed Col. Nathan R. Jessup inA Few Good Men(1992), a movie about a murder in aU.S. Marine Corpsunit, Nicholson received yet another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.One review describes his performance as \"spellbinding\", adding that he portrayed \"the essence of the quintessential military mindset\".Critic David Thomson notes that Nicholson's character \"blazed and roared\".The film's director,Rob Reiner, recalls how Nicholson's level of acting experience affected the other actors during rehearsals: \"I had the luck of having Jack Nicholson there. He knows what he's doing, and he comes to play, every time out, full-out performance! And what it says to a lot of the other actors is, 'Oooooh, I better get on my game here because","game here because this guy's coming to play! So I can't hold back; I've got to come up to him.' He sets the tone.\" In 1996, Nicholson collaborated once more withBatmandirectorTim BurtononMars Attacks!, pulling double duty as two contrasting characters, President James Dale andLas Vegasproperty developer Art Land. Not all of Nicholson's performances have been well received. He was nominated forRazzie Awardsas worst actor forMan Trouble(1992) andHoffa(1992). But his performance inHoffaalso earned him aGolden Globenomination.David Thomson states that the film was terribly neglected, since Nicholson portrayed one of his best screen characters, someone who is \"snarly, dumb, smart, noble, rascally—all the parts of 'Jack'\".Roger Ebertalso praised his performance writing, \"Nicholson is an actor who can reflect almost anything in his face. One reason his performance is so good as Hoffa is that he reveals almost nothing.\" Nicholson won his nextAcademy Award for Best Actorin the romantic comedyAs Good as It Gets(1997),","as It Gets(1997), his third film directed byJames L. Brooks. He played Melvin Udall, a \"wickedly funny\",mean-spirited novelist withobsessive-compulsive disorder. \"I'm a studioMethod actor\", he said. \"So I was prone to give some kind of clinical presentation of the disorder.\"His Oscar was matched by theAcademy Award for Best ActressforHelen Hunt, who played a Manhattan single mother drawn into a love/hate friendship with Udall, a frequent diner in the restaurant where she works as a waitress. The film was a box-office success, grossing $314 million, making it Nicholson's second-best-grossing film, afterBatman.The win was Nicholson's third Academy Award, tying him with six other actors,Walter Brennan,Ingrid Bergman,Meryl Streep,Daniel Day-Lewis, andFrances McDormandwho all have three acting Oscars. Nicholson admits he initially disliked playing a middle-aged man alongside a much younger Hunt, seeing it as a movie cliché. \"But Helen disarmed that at the first meeting\", he says, \"and I stopped thinking about","thinking about it.\" They got along well during the filming, with Hunt saying that he \"treated me like a queen\", and they connected immediately: \"It wasn't even what we said\", she said. \"It was just some frequency we both could tune into that was very, very compatible.\"Critic Jack Mathews ofNewsdaysaid Nicholson was \"in rare form\", adding, \"it's one of those performances that make you aware how much fun the actor is having\".Author and screenwriter Andrew Horton describes their on-screen relationship as being like \"fire and ice, oil and water—seemingly complete opposites\". 2000–present: Later roles and retirement In 2001, Nicholson was the first actor to receive theStanislavsky Awardat the23rd Moscow International Film Festivalfor \"conquering the heights of acting and faithfulness\".That same year Nicholson starred inThe Pledge, amysterydrama where he portrays retired police detective Jerry Black, who vows to find a murderer of a young girl. Nicholson was praised for his performance; Bob Graham of theSan","Graham of theSan Francisco Chroniclecalled it \"deeply felt\" compared to some of Nicholson's other films.Nicholson acted inAlexander Payne's comedy-dramaAbout Schmidt(2002), playing a retiredOmaha,Nebraska,actuarywho questions his own life after his wife dies. His quietly restrained performance earned him nominations for anAcademy Award,BAFTA Award,Golden Globe AwardandScreen Actors Guild Awardfor Best Actor. InAnger Management(2003), he played an aggressive therapist assigned to help an overly pacifist man (Adam Sandler). In 2003, Nicholson also starred in theNancy Meyersdirected romantic comedySomething's Gotta Giveplaying an aging playboy who falls for the mother (Diane Keaton) of his young girlfriend. For his performance he was nominated for theGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. In late 2006, Nicholson marked his return to the dark side inMartin Scorsese'sOscar-winning filmThe Departed, a remake ofAndrew Lau'sInfernal Affairs,playingFrank Costello, a nefariousBostonIrish","Mobboss based onWhitey Bulger, who was still on the run at the time. The role earned Nicholson worldwide critical praise, along with various awards and nominations, including aGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picturenomination. In 2007, Nicholson co-starred withMorgan FreemaninRob Reiner'sThe Bucket List,in which Nicholson and Freeman portrayed dying men who fulfill their list of goals. In researching the role, Nicholson visited a Los Angeles hospital to see how cancer patients coped with their illnesses. Nicholson is the Hollywood celebrity who is most like a character in some ongoing novel of our times. He is also the most beloved of stars—not even his huge wealth, his reckless aging, and the public disasters of his private life can detract from this ... For he is still a touchstone, someone we value for the way he helps us see ourselves. —David Thomson, a film critic. Nicholson's next film role saw him reunite withJames L. Brooks, director ofTerms of Endearment,Broadcast NewsandAs","NewsandAs Good as It Gets, for a supporting role for the 2010 filmHow Do You KnowstarringPaul Rudd,Reese Witherspoon, andOwen Wilson. The film was a financial and critical failure. In a September 2013Vanity Fairarticle, Nicholson said that he did not consider himself retired, but that he was now less driven to \"be out there anymore\".As of 2023,How Do You Knowremains Nicholson's last film role, and brings his filmography to 80 films.In 2013, Nicholson co-presented theAcademy Award for Best Picturewith First LadyMichelle Obama,the eighth time he presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2013). On February 15, 2015, Nicholson made a special appearance as a presenter onSNL 40, the 40th anniversary special ofSaturday Night Live.After the death of boxerMuhammad Alion June 3, 2016, Nicholson appeared onHBO'sThe Fight Game withJim Lampleyfor an exclusive interview about his friendship with Ali.He was reported to be starring in an English-language remake ofToni","remake ofToni Erdmannin 2017 oppositeKristen Wiig, his first feature film role sinceHow Do You Know,but the project was later abandoned.In October 2019, with the release ofThe ShiningsequelDoctor Sleep, directorMike Flanaganrevealed he approached Nicholson for acameo appearance, but Nicholson declined with best wishes.Flanagan also disclosed that Nicholson had previously been approached to appear inSteven Spielberg's science-fiction filmReady Player One(2018). During an appearance in the November 2, 2023, episode ofMarc Maron's podcast,WTF with Marc Maron, record producerLou Adler, a longtime friend of Nicholson's, related an anecdote pertaining to the unofficial retirement of the actor, who had not done a film in the 13 years sinceHow Do You Know, saying, \"A friend of mine wanted to put him in a movie. And he had a conversation with him. But Jack says, 'I don't want to do it.' He goes, 'You know what I did today? I sat under a tree and I read a book.' That sounds like Jack.\" Adler stated that Nicholson was","that Nicholson was \"doing whatever he really wants to do,\" adding, \"He wants to be quiet. He wants to eat what he wants. He wants to live the life he wants.\" Influence Nicholson has describedMarlon Brandoas a major influence on his career. He stated, \"Actors don't normally discuss who the best actor in the world is, because it's obvious—Brando is the best.” He also namedJohn Ford,Akira Kurosawa, andOrson Wellesas his favorite directors. Actors who have cited Nicholson as an influence includeLeonardo DiCaprio,Alden Ehrenreich,andMorgan Freeman. Personal life Relationships and children In his personal life, Nicholson is notorious for his inability to \"settle down\";he has fathered six children by five women but married only once.Nicholson's marriage was toThe Terrorco-starSandra Knightfrom 1962 to 1968, though they separated in 1966.The couple had one daughter, Jennifer (born September 13, 1963). Five Easy Piecesco-starSusan Anspachcontended that her son Caleb (born September 26, 1970), whose legal father","whose legal father wasMark Goddard, was actually Nicholson's biological son.In 1984, Nicholson said he was not convinced of this,but in 1996, Caleb said that Nicholson had recognized him as his son in private.By 1998, Nicholson publicly acknowledged Caleb as his son and said that they got along \"beautifully now.\" In 1971 and 1972, Nicholson was in a relationship with singerMichelle Phillips, the ex-wife of his best friendDennis Hopper, during which time she suffered a miscarriage.Nicholson's longest relationship was 17 years with actressAnjelica Huston, from 1973 until 1990. Their on-again, off-again romance included several periods of overlap with other women, notably former Bond girlJill St. Johnand Danish model Winnie Hollman, with whom Nicholson fathered a daughter, Honey Hollman (born January 26, 1982).Winnie Hollman has claimed that a DNA test during her pregnancy confirmed that Nicholson was the biological father. However, in 2024, it was revealed that Nicholson was not the biological father of","father of Honey,who did a DNA test herself in 1999. Honey said in 2006 that she has a “normal father-daughter relationship” with Nicholson. The relationship with Huston ended amid actress/waitressRebecca Broussard's first pregnancy by Nicholson. He and Broussard had two children,Lorraine(born April 16, 1990) andRaymond(born February 20, 1992).The pair split up in 1994, and that same year, Nicholson supposedly had a daughter, Tessa (born August 15, 1994), with waitress Jeannine Gourin.Nicholson has never publicly acknowledged his paternity. Beginning in the late 1990s, Nicholson was involved with actressLara Flynn Boyle. The two initially broke up in 2000, later reuniting before splitting permanently in 2004, after which Nicholson was linked to English supermodelKate Moss.In 2006, Nicholson dated actressPaz de la Huerta. Nicholson has said that children \"give your life a resonance that it can't have without them ... As a father, I'm there all the time. I give unconditional love\".He has also lamented that he","lamented that he \"didn't see enough of my eldest daughter because I was trying to make a career\". Legal issues In a criminalcomplaintfiled on February 8, 1994, Robert Blank stated that Nicholson, then 56, approached Blank'sMercedes-Benzwhile he was stopped at a red light inNorth Hollywood. After accusing Blank of cutting him off in traffic, Nicholson used a golf club to bash the roof and windshield of Blank's car. A witness confirmed Blank's account of the incident andmisdemeanorcharges of assault and vandalism were filed against Nicholson. Charges were dropped after Nicholson apologized to Blank, and the two reached an undisclosed settlement, which included a reported $500,000 check from Nicholson. In 1996, a lawsuit was brought against him alleging that he promised a woman named Catherine Sheehan $1,000 for sex and then assaulted her when she asked for the money. Sheehan received a settlement of about $40,000, but filed another lawsuit against him, arguing that the settlement was insufficient to cover the","to cover the injuries inflicted upon her, includingbrain trauma, which she said were \"actually killing her.\"The case was dismissed. Celebrity friendships Nicholson lived next door toMarlon Brandofor a number of years onMulholland DriveinBeverly Hills, California.Warren Beattyalso lived nearby, earning the road the nickname \"Bad Boy Drive\". After Brando's death in 2004, Nicholson purchased his bungalow for $6.1 million, with the purpose of having it demolished. Nicholson said he did so out of respect for Brando's legacy, as it had become too expensive to renovate the \"derelict\" building, which was plagued by mold. Nicholson's friendship with author-journalistHunter S. Thompsonis described in Thompson's autobiographyKingdom of Fear(2003).After Thompson died in 2005, Nicholson and fellow actorsJohnny Depp,John Cusack, andSean Pennattended his private memorial service in Colorado.Nicholson was also a close friend ofRobert Evans, the producer ofChinatown, and after Evans lost Woodland, his home, as the result of","as the result of a 1980s drug bust, Nicholson and other friends of Evans bought Woodland to give it back to him.Nicholson is also friends with fellow New JerseyansDanny DeVitoandJoe Pesci. Hobbies Nicholson is a fan of theNew York YankeesandLos Angeles Lakers. He became a Lakers season ticket holder in1970, and held courtside seats next to the opponent's benches both atThe ForumandStaples Center. He was described as a \"fixture\" at the games, though his regular attendance had stopped by 2021, as he withdrew from public appearances.Nicholson occasionally argued with game officials and opposing players, and even walked onto the court.He was almost ejected from a Lakers playoff game in May 2003 after yelling at a referee.After the death of former Lakers starKobe Bryantin ahelicopter crashin January 2020, Nicholson gave a rare phone interview to Los Angeles stationKCBS-TVexpressing his grief.He attended a2023 playoff game, which media outlets noted was his first appearance at a Lakers game in nearly two years.","nearly two years. Nicholson is a collector of 20th-century and contemporary paintings, including those ofHenri Matisse,Tamara de Lempicka,Andy WarholandJack Vettriano.In 1995, artistEdward Ruschasaid that Nicholson has \"one of the best collections out here\". Political views Nicholson has called himself a \"lifelongIrishDemocrat.”He supportedGeorge McGovernin the 1972 presidential election,Michael Dukakisin 1988,Hillary Clintonin 2008, andBernie Sandersin 2020. Nicholson supportssolar energy,decriminalizing drugs,monopoly laws, and raising teachers' pay.Although personally againstabortion, he ispro-choice. He has said, \"I'm pro-choice but against abortion because I'm an illegitimate child myself, and it would be hypocritical to take any other position. I'd be dead. I wouldn't exist.\" He has also said that he has \"nothing but total admiration, gratitude, and respect for the strength of the women who made the decision they made in my individual case\". Religious beliefs Nicholson was raisedRoman Catholicand has","Catholicand has expressed admiration for the religion, calling it \"the only officialdogmatraining I've had. I liked it. It's a smart religion.\"It has been asserted that some of Nicholson's 1970s movie roles were influenced by Catholicism.In a 1992Vanity Fairinterview, Nicholson said, \"I don't believe in God now. I can still work up an envy for someone who has faith. I can see how that could be a deeply soothing experience.\" Acting credits and accolades During his career Nicholson has appeared in 80 films.Among some of Nicholson's films are: With 12Academy Awardnominations (eight for Best Actor and four for Best Supporting Actor), Nicholson is the most nominated male actor in Academy Awards history. Only Nicholson (1960s–2000s),Michael Caine(1960s–2000s),Meryl Streep(1970s–2010s),Paul Newman(1950s–1960s, 1980s–2000s),Katharine Hepburn(1930s–1960s, 1980s),Frances McDormand(1980s–2020s),Denzel Washington(1980s–2020s), andLaurence Olivier(1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting)","or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties withWalter Brennan,Daniel Day-Lewis,Ingrid Bergman,Frances McDormandandMeryl Streepfor the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. OnlyKatharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Academy. In May 2008, then-California GovernorArnold Schwarzeneggerand First LadyMaria Shriverannounced that Nicholson would be inducted into theCalifornia Hall of Fame, located atThe California MuseuminSacramento. The induction ceremony took place on December 15, 2008, where he was inducted alongside 11 other Californians.In 2010, Nicholson was inducted into theNew Jersey Hall of Fame.In 2011, Nicholson received an honoraryDoctor of Fine Artsdegree fromBrown Universityat its 243rd commencement. At the ceremony,Ruth Simmons, Brown University's president, called him \"the most skilled actor of our lifetime\". Explanatory note References General bibliography External links"],"string":"[\n \"70th Academy Awards The70th Academy Awardsceremony, organized by theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences(AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at theShrine AuditoriuminLos Angelesbeginning at 6:00 p.m.PST/ 9:00 p.m.EST. During the show, AMPAS presentedAcademy Awards(commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoringfilms released in 1997. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States byABC, was produced byGil Catesand directed by Louis J. Horvitz.ActorBilly Crystalhosted the show for the sixth time.He had first hosted the62nd ceremonyheld in 1990, and most recently theprevious year's awards.Nearly a month earlier in an event held at theRegent Beverly Wilshire HotelinBeverly Hills, Californiaon February 28, theAcademy Awards for Technical Achievementwere presented by hostAshley Judd. Titanicwon 11 awards, includingBest Picture, a number that is tied withBen-HurandThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.Other winners includedAs Good as It Gets,Good Will Hunting, andL.A.\",\n \"Hunting, andL.A. Confidentialwith two awards, andCharacter,The Full Monty,Geri's Game,The Long Way Home,Men in Black,A Story of Healing, andVisas and Virtuewith one. The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States, making it the most-watched Oscars broadcast in history. Winners and nominees The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, byRobert Rehme, president of the academy, and actressGeena Davis.Titanicreceived the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950'sAll About Eve, and later 2016'sLa La Land, also achieved this distinction);Good Will HuntingandL.A. Confidentialcame in second with nine apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards,Titanictied withBen-Hurfor the most Academy Awards in Oscar history.It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenwriting nomination since 1965'sThe Sound of Music.Jack\",\n \"Sound of Music.Jack Nicholsonbecame the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars.Both Nicholson andHelen Huntwon for their roles inAs Good as It Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards.Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater inTitanic, Best Actress nomineeKate Winsletand Best Supporting Actress nomineeGloria Stuartbecame the first pair of actresses nominated for portraying the same character in the same film.At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar. Awards Winners are listed first, highlighted inboldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡). Academy Honorary Award Films with multiple nominations and awards The following 16 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: Presenters and performers The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. Presenters Performers Ceremony information In December 1997, the academy hired veteran Oscar telecast\",\n \"Oscar telecast producerGil Catesto oversee the 1998 ceremony.\\\"Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer, consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast,\\\" said AMPAS President Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection. \\\"His shows are full of wit, charm and surprise.\\\"A few days later, actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast. Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying, \\\"Billy's performance last year was spectacular. There is nobody like him.\\\"In an article published inUSA Todayhe initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after theprevious year's ceremonythat he would like to take a break from hosting duties. However, pressure from the academy, Cates, and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision.His sixth stint would make him second only toBob Hopein number of ceremonies hosted. To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards, 70 actors who have received both\",\n \"have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar's Family Album.Each former winner was acknowledged by announcerNorman Rosewith the films he or she won for. At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger, Helen Hunt, and Robin Williams joined them. This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the50th ceremonyheld in 1978. Several others participated in the production of the ceremony.Bill Contiserved as musical director for the telecast.DancerDaniel Ezralowchoreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score.Bart the Bearmade a surprise appearance during the presentation of theBest Sound Effects Editingaward withMike Myers. Box office performance of nominees At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film.Titanicwas the highest earner among the Best Picture\",\n \"the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts.The film was followed byAs Good as It Gets($92.6 million),Good Will Hunting($68.9 million),L.A. Confidential($39.7 million), and finallyThe Full Monty($38.7 million). Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list. OnlyTitanic(1st),As Good as It Gets(16th),Good Will Hunting(20th), andIn & Out(24th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations wereMen in Black(2nd),The Lost World: Jurassic Park(3rd),Air Force One(5th),My Best Friends Wedding(7th),Face/Off(9th),Con Air(12th),Contact(13th),Hercules(14th),The Fifth Element(25th),Anastasia(30th), andStarship Troopers(34th). Critical response The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television criticHoward Rosenbergof theLos Angeles Timeslauded Crystal's performance writing that he \\\"would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful\",\n \"comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes.\\\"San Francisco Chroniclecolumnist John Carman raved,\\\"It was the best Oscar show in two decades.\\\" He also gave high marks for the host, commenting, \\\"But last night, Crystal was back in razor form.\\\"The Seattle Timestelevision editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that \\\"he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment.\\\" In addition, she noted that while the ceremony dragged on, \\\"Last night was one of television's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory.\\\" Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Ray Richmond ofVarietycomplained that the ceremony proved to be a \\\"Yawner of an Oscarcast.\\\" He added that Crystal's \\\"off-the-cuff one-liners sank faster than the great ship herself.\\\"Boston Globetelevision critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned,\\\"There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night's Oscarcast.\\\"Film critic Carrie Rickey fromThe Philadelphia Inquirerlamented that the inevitableTitanicsweep \\\"sank a telecast loaded with montages of\",\n \"with montages of previous years' Oscar highlights.\\\" Ratings and reception The popularity ofTitanicgreatly increased television ratings for the ceremony.The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length, which was a 29% increase from theprevious year's ceremony.An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.The show also earned higherNielsen ratingscompared to the previous ceremony with 35.32% of households watching over a 55.77 share.In addition, it garnered a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic.It overtook the network's own telecast of the1983 Academy Awardsto become, as it remains to date, the highest viewership for both an Academy Award telecast (since figures were compiled beginning with the46th ceremonyin 1974) and any live awards show airing in U.S. television history. In July 1998, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the50th Primetime Emmys.Two months\",\n \"Emmys.Two months later, the ceremony won five of those nominations forOutstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program(Billy Crystal), Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program (Louis J Horvitz), Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, or Movie (Bob Barnhart, Robert Dickinson, Matt Ford, Andy O'Reilly), Outstanding Music Direction (Bill Conti), and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Tommy Vicari). \\\"In Memoriam\\\" The annual \\\"In Memoriam\\\" tribute was presented by actressWhoopi Goldberg. The montage featured an excerpt of \\\"Appassionata\\\" fromThe Passagecomposed by Michael J. Lewis. See also References Bibliography External links Official websites Analysis Other resources\",\n \"Jack Nicholson John Joseph Nicholson(born April 22, 1937) is a retired American actor and filmmaker.Nicholson is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of the 20th century.Throughout his five-decade career he receivednumerous accolades, including threeAcademy Awards, threeBAFTA Film Awards, sixGolden Globe Awards, and aGrammy Award. He also received theAmerican Film Institute's Life Achievement Awardin 1994 and theKennedy Center Honorin 2001. In many of his films, he played rebels against the social structure. Nicholson has won threeAcademy Awards, forBest ActorinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest(1975) and inAs Good as It Gets(1997), and forBest Supporting ActorinTerms of Endearment(1983). He was Oscar-nominated forEasy Rider(1969),Five Easy Pieces(1970),The Last Detail(1974),Chinatown(1974),Reds(1981),Prizzi's Honor(1986),Ironweed(1987),A Few Good Men(1992) andAbout Schmidt(2002). Nicholson is also known for his notable roles inCarnal Knowledge(1971),The Shining(1980),Heartburn(1986),Broadcast\",\n \"News(1987),Batman(1989),Hoffa(1992),Mars Attacks!(1996),Something's Gotta Give(2003),The Departed(2006) andThe Bucket List(2007). Nicholson has directed three films,Drive, He Said(1971),Goin' South(1978), andThe Two Jakes(1990). He is one of only threemale actors to win three Academy Awardsand one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in films made in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s (alongsideMichael Caine). His 12 Academy Award nominations make himthe most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Early life and education John Joseph Nicholson was born on April 22, 1937, inNeptune City, New Jersey,the son of ashowgirl, June Frances Nicholson (stage name June Nilson; 1918–1963).Nicholson's mother was of Irish, English, German, andWelshdescent. Nicholson has identified as Irish, comparing himself to the playwrightEugene O'Neill, whom he played in the filmReds(1981): \\\"I'm not saying I'm as dark as he was ... but I am a writer, I am Irish, I have had problems with my\",\n \"problems with my family.\\\"His mother marriedItalian-Americanshowman Donald Furcillo (stage name Donald Rose; 1909–1997) in 1936, before realizing that he was already married.: 8BiographerPatrick McGilliganstated in his bookJack's Lifethat Latvian-born Eddie King (originally Edgar A. Kirschfeld),June's manager, may have been Nicholson's biological father, rather than Furcillo. Other sources suggest June Nicholson was unsure of the father's identity. As June was only 17 and unmarried, her parentsagreed to raise Nicholson as their own child without revealing his true parentage, with June acting as his sister.In 1974,Timemagazine researchers learned, and informed Nicholson, that his \\\"sister\\\", June, was actually his mother, and his other \\\"sister\\\", Lorraine, was really his aunt.By this time, both his mother and grandmother had died (in 1963 and 1970, respectively). On finding out, Nicholson said it was \\\"a pretty dramatic event, but it wasn't what I'd call traumatizing ... I was pretty well psychologically formed\\\".\",\n \"formed\\\". Nicholson grew up inNeptune City, New Jersey.: 7Before starting high school, his family moved to an apartment inSpring Lake, New Jersey.: 16\\\"Nick\\\", as he was known to his high school friends, attended nearbyManasquan High School, where he was voted \\\"Class Clown\\\" by the Class of 1954. He was in detention every day for a whole school year.A theatre and a drama award at the school are named in his honor. In 2004, Nicholson attended his 50-yearhigh school reunionaccompanied by his aunt Lorraine. Military service In 1957, Nicholson joined theCalifornia Air National Guard,a move he sometimes characterized as an effort to \\\"dodge the draft\\\";theKorean Warera'sMilitary Selective Service Actwas still in force, and draftees were required to perform up to two years of active duty. After completing theAir Force'sbasic trainingatLackland Air Force Base,Nicholson performed weekend drills and two-week annual training as a firefighter assigned to the unit based at theVan Nuys Airport.During theBerlin Crisis of 1961,\",\n \"Crisis of 1961, Nicholson was called up for several months of extended active duty,and he was discharged at the end of his enlistment in 1962. Career 1958–1969: Early roles and breakthrough Nicholson first came to California in 1950, when he was 13, to visit his sister. He took a job as an office worker for animation directorsWilliam HannaandJoseph Barberaat theMGM cartoon studio. They offered him an entry-level job as an animator, but he declined, citing his desire to become an actor.While accepting theCecil B. DeMille Awardat the56th Golden Globe Awards, he recalled that his first day as a working actor (onTales of Wells Fargo) was May 5, 1955, which he considered lucky, as 5 was the jersey number of his boyhood idol,Joe DiMaggio.He trained to be an actor with a group called the Players Ring Theater, after which he found small parts performing on the stage and in TV soap operas.He made his film debut in a low-budget teen dramaThe Cry Baby Killer(1958), playing the title role. For the next decade, Nicholson\",\n \"decade, Nicholson frequently collaborated with the film's producer,Roger Corman. Corman directed Nicholson on several occasions, such as inThe Little Shop of Horrorsas undertaker (andmasochisticdental patient) Wilbur Force; inThe Raven;The Terror, where he plays a French officer seduced by an evil ghost; andThe St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Nicholson frequently worked with directorMonte Hellmanon low-budget westerns; two of them—Ride in the WhirlwindandThe Shooting—initially failed to interest U.S. film distributors but gained cult success on the French art-house circuit and were later sold to television. Nicholson also appeared in two episodes ofThe Andy Griffith Show, and starred as a rebellious dirt-track race driver in the 1960 filmThe Wild Ride. With his acting career foundering, Nicholson seemed resigned to a career behind the camera as a writer/director. His first real taste of writing success was the screenplay for the 1967counterculturefilmThe Trip(directed by Corman), starringPeter FondaandDennis\",\n \"FondaandDennis Hopper. After first reading the script, Fonda told Nicholson he was impressed by the writing and felt it could become a great film. But Fonda was disappointed with how the film turned out and blamed the editing for turning it into a \\\"predictable\\\" film and said so publicly. \\\"I was livid\\\", he recalls.Nicholson also co-wrote, withBob Rafelson, the movieHead, which starredThe Monkees, and arranged the movie's soundtrack. Nicholson's first big acting break came when a role opened up in Fonda and Hopper'sEasy Rider(1969). He played alcoholic lawyer George Hanson, for which he received his first Oscar nomination. The film cost only $400,000 to make, and became a blockbuster, grossing $40 million.BiographerJohn Parkerwrites that Nicholson's interpretation of his role placed him in the company of earlierantiheroactors, such asJames CagneyandHumphrey Bogart, while promoting him into an \\\"overnight number-one hero of the counter-culture movement\\\".The part was a lucky break for Nicholson. The role had been\",\n \"The role had been written forRip Torn, who withdrew from the project after an argument with Hopper.Nicholson later acknowledged the importance of being cast inEasy Rider: \\\"All I could see in the early films, beforeEasy Rider, was this desperate young actor trying to vault out of the screen and create a movie career.\\\"Stanley Kubrick, who was impressed by his performance inEasy Rider, cast Nicholson asNapoleonin a film about his life, and although production on the film commenced,the project fizzled out, partly due to a change in ownership at MGM. 1970–1989: Stardom and acclaim In 1970, Nicholson starred inFive Easy PiecesalongsideKaren Blackin what became his persona-defining role. Nicholson and Black were nominated for Academy Awards for their performances. Nicholson played Bobby Dupea, an oil rig worker, and Black played his waitress girlfriend. Black noted that Nicholson's character in the film was very subdued and very different from Nicholson's real personality. She said that the now-infamous restaurant\",\n \"restaurant scene was partly improvised by Nicholson, and was out of character for Bobby, who would not have cared enough to argue with a waitress.\\\"I think that Jack really has very little in common with Bobby. I think Bobby has given up looking for love. But Jack hasn't, he's very interested in love, in finding out things. Jack is a very curious, alive human being. Always ready for a new idea.\\\": 37Nicholson himself said as much, telling an interviewer, \\\"I like listening to everybody. This to me is the elixir of life.\\\" There isJames Cagney,Spencer Tracy,Humphrey Bogart, andHenry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson? —Mike Nichols, director Black later admitted that she had a crush on Nicholson from the time they met, although they dated only briefly. \\\"He was very beautiful. He just looked right at you ... I liked him a lot ... He really sort of wanted to date me but I didn't think of him that way because I was going withPeter Kastner... Then I went to doEasy Rider, but didn't see him because we\",\n \"see him because we didn't have any scenes together ... At the premiere, I saw him out in the lobby afterward and I started crying ... He didn't understand that, but what it was was that I really loved him a lot, and I didn't know it until I saw him again, because it all welled up.\\\": 36 Within a month after its release that September,Five Easy Piecesbecame a blockbuster, making Nicholson aleading manand the \\\"new American anti-hero\\\", according to McDougal.: 130Critics began speculating as to whether he might become anotherMarlon BrandoorJames Dean. His career and income skyrocketed. He said, \\\"I have much sought after. Your name becomes a brand image like a product. You become Campbell's soup, with thirty-one different varieties of roles you can play.\\\": 130He told his new agent, Sandy Bresler, to find him unusual roles so he could stretch his acting skill: \\\"I like to play people that haven't existed yet, a 'cusp character'\\\", he said, \\\"I have that creative yearning. Much in the wayChagallflies figures into the\",\n \"figures into the air: once it becomes part of the conventional wisdom, it doesn't seem particularly adventurous or weird or wild.\\\": 130 Also in 1970, Nicholson appeared in the film adaptation ofOn a Clear Day You Can See Forever, although most of his performance was left on thecutting room floor. His agent turned down a starring role inDeliverancewhen the film's producer and director,John Boorman, refused to pay what Nicholson's agent wanted.: 130In 1971, Nicholson starred inCarnal Knowledge, a comedy-drama directed byMike Nicholsand co-starringArt Garfunkel,Ann-Margret, andCandice Bergen. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Award for Best Actor. Nichols felt few actors could handle the role, saying, \\\"There is James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, Humphrey Bogart, and Henry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson?\\\"During the filming, Nicholson struck up what became a lifelong friendship with Garfunkel. When he visited Los Angeles, Garfunkel stayed at Nicholson's home in a room Nicholson jokingly called \\\"the\",\n \"called \\\"the Arthur Garfunkel Suite\\\".: 127 Other Nicholson roles includedHal Ashby'sThe Last Detail(1973), withRandy Quaid, for which Nicholson wonBest Actorat theCannes Film Festivaland was nominated for his third Oscar and a Golden Globe. Television journalistDavid Gilmourwrites that one of his favorite Nicholson scenes from all his films was the often censored one in this film, when Nicholson slaps his gun on the bar yelling hewasthe Shore Patrol.CriticRoger Ebertcalled it a very good movie, but credited Nicholson's acting as the main reason: \\\"He creates a character so complete and so complex that we stop thinking about the movie and just watch to see what he'll do next.\\\"In 1974, Nicholson starred inRoman Polanski's noir thrillerChinatown, and was again nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actorfor his role as Jake Gittes, a private detective. The film co-starredFaye DunawayandJohn Huston, and included a cameo role with Polanski. Ebert called Nicholson's portrayal sharp-edged, menacing, and aggressive,\",\n \"and aggressive, a character who knew \\\"how to go over the top\\\", as he did inOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. That edge keptChinatownfrom becoming a typical genre crime film.Ebert also notes the importance of the role for Nicholson's career, seeing it as a major transition from the exploitation films of the previous decade. \\\"As Jake Gittes, he stepped into Bogart's shoes\\\", says Ebert. \\\"As a man attractive to audiences because he suggests both comfort and danger ... From Gittes forward, Nicholson created the persona of a man who had seen it all and was still capable of being wickedly amused.\\\" Nicholson had been friends with Polanski long before themurderof Polanski's wife,Sharon Tate, by theManson Family, and supported him in the days following her death.: 109–110After Tate's death, Nicholson began sleeping with a hammer under his pillowand took breaks from work to attend Manson's trial. In 1977, three years afterChinatown, Polanski was arrested at Nicholson's home for thesexual assaultof 13-year-old Samantha\",\n \"Samantha Geimer, who was modeling for Polanski during a magazine photo shoot around the pool. At the time, Nicholson was out of town making a film, but his steady girlfriend, actressAnjelica Huston, had dropped by unannounced to pick up some items. She heard Polanski in the other room say, \\\"We'll be right out.\\\"Polanski then came out with Geimer and introduced her to Huston, and they chatted about Nicholson's two large dogs, which were sitting nearby. Huston recalled Geimer was wearing platform heels and appeared quite tall.After a few minutes of talking, Polanski had packed up his camera gear and Huston saw them drive off in his car. Huston told police the next day, after Polanski was arrested, that she \\\"had witnessed nothing untoward\\\" and never saw them together in the other room. Geimer learned afterward that Huston herself was not supposed to be at Nicholson's house that day, since they had recently broken up, but stopped over to pick up some belongings. Geimer described Nicholson's house as \\\"definitely\\\"\",\n \"as \\\"definitely\\\" a guy's house, with lots of wood and shelves crowded with photos and mementos. One of Nicholson's successes came in 1975, with his role asRandle P. McMurphyinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The movie was an adaptation ofKen Kesey's novel of thesame name, and was directed byMiloš Formanand co-produced byMichael Douglas. Nicholson plays an anti-authoritarian patient at a mental hospital where he becomes an inspiring leader for the other patients. Playing one of the patients wasDanny DeVitoin an early role. Nicholson learned afterward that DeVito grew up in the same area of New Jersey, and they knew many of the same people.The film received nine nominations at the Academy Awards, and won five, including Nicholson's first forBest Actor.The role seemed perfect for Nicholson, with biographer Ken Burke noting that his \\\"smartass demeanor balances his genuine concern for the treatment of his fellow patients with his independent spirit too free to exist in a repressive social structure\\\".Forman allowed\",\n \"allowed Nicholson to improvise throughout the film, including most of the group therapy sequences.: 273ReviewerMarie Brennernotes that his bravura performance \\\"transcends the screen\\\" and continually inspires the other actors by lightening their mental illnesses with his comic dialogue. She describes his performance: Nicholson is everywhere; his energy propels the ward of loonies and makes of them an ensemble, a chorus of people caught in a bummer with nowhere else to go, but still fighting for some frail sense of themselves. ... There are scenes inCuckoo's Nestthat are as intimate—and in their language, twice as rough—as the best moments inThe Godfather... far above the general run of Hollywood performances. — Marie Brenner,Texas Monthly Also in 1975, Nicholson starred inMichelangelo Antonioni'sThe Passenger(1975), which co-starredMaria Schneider. Nicholson plays a journalist, David Locke, who during an assignment in North Africa decides to quit journalism and disappear by taking on a new hidden identity.\",\n \"hidden identity. Unfortunately, the dead person whose identity he takes on turns out to have been a weapons smuggler on the run. Antonioni's unusual plot included convincing dialogue and fine acting, states film criticSeymour Chatman.It was shot in Algeria, Spain, Germany, and England. The film received good reviews and revived Antonioni's reputation as a great director.He said he wanted the film to have more of a \\\"spy feeling be more political\\\".Nicholson began shooting the film from an unfinished script, notesJudith Crist,yet upon its completion he thought so highly of the film that he bought the world rights and recorded a reminiscence of working with Antonioni. Critic and screenwriterPenelope Gilliattprovides an overview of Nicholson's role, \\\"The Passengeris an unidealized portrait of a drained man whose one remaining stimulus is to push his luck. Again and again, in the movie, we watch him court danger. It interests him to walk the edge of risk. He does it with passivity as if he were taking part in an\",\n \"taking part in an expressionless game of double-dare with life. Jack Nicholson's performance is a wonder of insight. How to animate a personality that is barely there.: 443 Nicholson continued to take more unusual roles. He took a small role inThe Last TycoonoppositeRobert De Niro. He took a less sympathetic role inArthur Penn's westernThe Missouri Breaks(1976), specifically to work withMarlon Brando. Nicholson was especially inspired by Brando's acting ability, recalling that in his youth, as an assistant manager at a theater, he watchedOn the Waterfrontabout 40 times. He once stated, \\\"Marlon Brando influenced me strongly. Today, it's hard for people who weren't there to realize the impact that Brando had on an audience. ... He's always been the patron saint of actors\\\".\\\"I'm part of the first generation that idolized Marlon Brando\\\", he said. Nicholson has observed that while both De Niro and Brando were noted for their skill asmethod actors, he himself has seldom been described as one, a fact he sees as an\",\n \"fact he sees as an accomplishment: \\\"I'm still fooling them\\\", he toldSean Penn. \\\"I consider it an accomplishment because there's probably no one who understands Method acting better academically than I do—or actually uses it more in his work. But it's funny, nobody really sees that. It's perception versus reality, I guess.\\\" His work is always interesting, clearly conceived, and has the X-factor, magic. Jack is particularly suited for roles that require intelligence. He is an intelligent and literate man, and these are almost impossible to act. InThe Shiningyou believe he's a writer, failed or otherwise. —Stanley Kubrick Although he garnered noAcademy AwardforStanley Kubrick's adaptation ofStephen King'sThe Shining(1980), his role in the film as writerJack Torranceremains one of his more significant. He was Kubrick's first choice to play the role, although the book's author, Stephen King, wanted more of an \\\"everyman\\\". Kubrick won the argument and called Nicholson's acting \\\"on a par with the greatest stars of\",\n \"greatest stars of the past, likeSpencer TracyandJimmy Cagney\\\".In preparation for the role, Nicholson drew upon his own experiences as a writer and slept short hours to help remain in an agitated state during the shoot. His co-starShelley Duvallrecalled that she and Nicholson spent many hours discussing their characters, with Nicholson maintaining that his character be cold to her from the start.On the set, Nicholson always appeared in character and if Kubrick felt confident that Nicholson knew his lines well enough, he encouraged him to improvise beyond the script.: 434For example, Nicholson improvised his now-famous \\\"Here's Johnny!\\\" line,: 433along with a scene in which he unleashes his anger on his wife when she interrupts his work.: 445There were also extensive takes of scenes, due to Kubrick's perfectionism. Nicholson shot a scene with the ghostly bartender 36 times.He said, \\\"Stanley's demanding. He'll do a scene fifty times, and you have to be good to do that.\\\": 38 In 1982, he starred as an immigration\",\n \"as an immigration enforcement agent inThe Border, directed byTony Richardson. It co-starredWarren Oates, who played a corrupt border official.Richardson wanted Nicholson to play his role less expressively than he had in his earlier roles. \\\"Less is more\\\", he told him, and wanted him to wear reflecting sunglasses to portray what patrolmen wore.: 318Richardson recalled that Nicholson worked hard on the set: He's what the Thirties and Forties stars were like. He can come on the set and deliver, without any fuss, without taking a long time walking around getting into it. \\\"What do you want? Okay.\\\" And he just does it straight off. And then if you want him to do it another way on the next take, he can adapt to that too.: 318 Nicholson won his second Oscar, anAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for his role of retired astronaut Garrett Breedlove inTerms of Endearment(1983), directed byJames L. Brooks. It starredShirley MacLaineandDebra Winger. McGilligan claims it was one of Nicholson's most complex and\",\n \"most complex and unforgettable characters. He and MacLaine played many of their scenes in different ways, constantly testing and making adjustments. Their scenes together gave the film its \\\"buoyant edge\\\", states McGilligan, and describes Nicholson's acting as \\\"Jack floating like a butterfly\\\".: 330 Nicholson continued to work prolifically in the 1980s, starring in such films as:The Postman Always Rings Twice(1981);Reds(1981), where Nicholson portrays the writerEugene O'Neillwith a quiet intensity;Prizzi's Honor(1985);Heartburn(1986);The Witches of Eastwick(1987);Broadcast News(1987); andIronweed(1987). Three Oscar nominations also followed (Reds,Prizzi's Honor, andIronweed).John Huston, who directedPrizzi's Honor, said of Nicholson's acting, \\\"He just illuminates the book. He impressed me in one scene after another; the movie is composed largely of first takes with him.\\\"In the 1989Batmanmovie, Nicholson played the psychotic villain,the Joker. The film was an international smash hit, and a lucrative deal earned\",\n \"deal earned him a percentage of the box office gross estimated at $60 million to $90 million.Nicholson said that he was \\\"particularly proud\\\" of his performance as the Joker: \\\"I considered it a piece ofpop art\\\", he said. 1990–1999: Established actor For his role as hot-headed Col. Nathan R. Jessup inA Few Good Men(1992), a movie about a murder in aU.S. Marine Corpsunit, Nicholson received yet another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.One review describes his performance as \\\"spellbinding\\\", adding that he portrayed \\\"the essence of the quintessential military mindset\\\".Critic David Thomson notes that Nicholson's character \\\"blazed and roared\\\".The film's director,Rob Reiner, recalls how Nicholson's level of acting experience affected the other actors during rehearsals: \\\"I had the luck of having Jack Nicholson there. He knows what he's doing, and he comes to play, every time out, full-out performance! And what it says to a lot of the other actors is, 'Oooooh, I better get on my game here because\",\n \"game here because this guy's coming to play! So I can't hold back; I've got to come up to him.' He sets the tone.\\\" In 1996, Nicholson collaborated once more withBatmandirectorTim BurtononMars Attacks!, pulling double duty as two contrasting characters, President James Dale andLas Vegasproperty developer Art Land. Not all of Nicholson's performances have been well received. He was nominated forRazzie Awardsas worst actor forMan Trouble(1992) andHoffa(1992). But his performance inHoffaalso earned him aGolden Globenomination.David Thomson states that the film was terribly neglected, since Nicholson portrayed one of his best screen characters, someone who is \\\"snarly, dumb, smart, noble, rascally—all the parts of 'Jack'\\\".Roger Ebertalso praised his performance writing, \\\"Nicholson is an actor who can reflect almost anything in his face. One reason his performance is so good as Hoffa is that he reveals almost nothing.\\\" Nicholson won his nextAcademy Award for Best Actorin the romantic comedyAs Good as It Gets(1997),\",\n \"as It Gets(1997), his third film directed byJames L. Brooks. He played Melvin Udall, a \\\"wickedly funny\\\",mean-spirited novelist withobsessive-compulsive disorder. \\\"I'm a studioMethod actor\\\", he said. \\\"So I was prone to give some kind of clinical presentation of the disorder.\\\"His Oscar was matched by theAcademy Award for Best ActressforHelen Hunt, who played a Manhattan single mother drawn into a love/hate friendship with Udall, a frequent diner in the restaurant where she works as a waitress. The film was a box-office success, grossing $314 million, making it Nicholson's second-best-grossing film, afterBatman.The win was Nicholson's third Academy Award, tying him with six other actors,Walter Brennan,Ingrid Bergman,Meryl Streep,Daniel Day-Lewis, andFrances McDormandwho all have three acting Oscars. Nicholson admits he initially disliked playing a middle-aged man alongside a much younger Hunt, seeing it as a movie cliché. \\\"But Helen disarmed that at the first meeting\\\", he says, \\\"and I stopped thinking about\",\n \"thinking about it.\\\" They got along well during the filming, with Hunt saying that he \\\"treated me like a queen\\\", and they connected immediately: \\\"It wasn't even what we said\\\", she said. \\\"It was just some frequency we both could tune into that was very, very compatible.\\\"Critic Jack Mathews ofNewsdaysaid Nicholson was \\\"in rare form\\\", adding, \\\"it's one of those performances that make you aware how much fun the actor is having\\\".Author and screenwriter Andrew Horton describes their on-screen relationship as being like \\\"fire and ice, oil and water—seemingly complete opposites\\\". 2000–present: Later roles and retirement In 2001, Nicholson was the first actor to receive theStanislavsky Awardat the23rd Moscow International Film Festivalfor \\\"conquering the heights of acting and faithfulness\\\".That same year Nicholson starred inThe Pledge, amysterydrama where he portrays retired police detective Jerry Black, who vows to find a murderer of a young girl. Nicholson was praised for his performance; Bob Graham of theSan\",\n \"Graham of theSan Francisco Chroniclecalled it \\\"deeply felt\\\" compared to some of Nicholson's other films.Nicholson acted inAlexander Payne's comedy-dramaAbout Schmidt(2002), playing a retiredOmaha,Nebraska,actuarywho questions his own life after his wife dies. His quietly restrained performance earned him nominations for anAcademy Award,BAFTA Award,Golden Globe AwardandScreen Actors Guild Awardfor Best Actor. InAnger Management(2003), he played an aggressive therapist assigned to help an overly pacifist man (Adam Sandler). In 2003, Nicholson also starred in theNancy Meyersdirected romantic comedySomething's Gotta Giveplaying an aging playboy who falls for the mother (Diane Keaton) of his young girlfriend. For his performance he was nominated for theGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. In late 2006, Nicholson marked his return to the dark side inMartin Scorsese'sOscar-winning filmThe Departed, a remake ofAndrew Lau'sInfernal Affairs,playingFrank Costello, a nefariousBostonIrish\",\n \"Mobboss based onWhitey Bulger, who was still on the run at the time. The role earned Nicholson worldwide critical praise, along with various awards and nominations, including aGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picturenomination. In 2007, Nicholson co-starred withMorgan FreemaninRob Reiner'sThe Bucket List,in which Nicholson and Freeman portrayed dying men who fulfill their list of goals. In researching the role, Nicholson visited a Los Angeles hospital to see how cancer patients coped with their illnesses. Nicholson is the Hollywood celebrity who is most like a character in some ongoing novel of our times. He is also the most beloved of stars—not even his huge wealth, his reckless aging, and the public disasters of his private life can detract from this ... For he is still a touchstone, someone we value for the way he helps us see ourselves. —David Thomson, a film critic. Nicholson's next film role saw him reunite withJames L. Brooks, director ofTerms of Endearment,Broadcast NewsandAs\",\n \"NewsandAs Good as It Gets, for a supporting role for the 2010 filmHow Do You KnowstarringPaul Rudd,Reese Witherspoon, andOwen Wilson. The film was a financial and critical failure. In a September 2013Vanity Fairarticle, Nicholson said that he did not consider himself retired, but that he was now less driven to \\\"be out there anymore\\\".As of 2023,How Do You Knowremains Nicholson's last film role, and brings his filmography to 80 films.In 2013, Nicholson co-presented theAcademy Award for Best Picturewith First LadyMichelle Obama,the eighth time he presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2013). On February 15, 2015, Nicholson made a special appearance as a presenter onSNL 40, the 40th anniversary special ofSaturday Night Live.After the death of boxerMuhammad Alion June 3, 2016, Nicholson appeared onHBO'sThe Fight Game withJim Lampleyfor an exclusive interview about his friendship with Ali.He was reported to be starring in an English-language remake ofToni\",\n \"remake ofToni Erdmannin 2017 oppositeKristen Wiig, his first feature film role sinceHow Do You Know,but the project was later abandoned.In October 2019, with the release ofThe ShiningsequelDoctor Sleep, directorMike Flanaganrevealed he approached Nicholson for acameo appearance, but Nicholson declined with best wishes.Flanagan also disclosed that Nicholson had previously been approached to appear inSteven Spielberg's science-fiction filmReady Player One(2018). During an appearance in the November 2, 2023, episode ofMarc Maron's podcast,WTF with Marc Maron, record producerLou Adler, a longtime friend of Nicholson's, related an anecdote pertaining to the unofficial retirement of the actor, who had not done a film in the 13 years sinceHow Do You Know, saying, \\\"A friend of mine wanted to put him in a movie. And he had a conversation with him. But Jack says, 'I don't want to do it.' He goes, 'You know what I did today? I sat under a tree and I read a book.' That sounds like Jack.\\\" Adler stated that Nicholson was\",\n \"that Nicholson was \\\"doing whatever he really wants to do,\\\" adding, \\\"He wants to be quiet. He wants to eat what he wants. He wants to live the life he wants.\\\" Influence Nicholson has describedMarlon Brandoas a major influence on his career. He stated, \\\"Actors don't normally discuss who the best actor in the world is, because it's obvious—Brando is the best.” He also namedJohn Ford,Akira Kurosawa, andOrson Wellesas his favorite directors. Actors who have cited Nicholson as an influence includeLeonardo DiCaprio,Alden Ehrenreich,andMorgan Freeman. Personal life Relationships and children In his personal life, Nicholson is notorious for his inability to \\\"settle down\\\";he has fathered six children by five women but married only once.Nicholson's marriage was toThe Terrorco-starSandra Knightfrom 1962 to 1968, though they separated in 1966.The couple had one daughter, Jennifer (born September 13, 1963). Five Easy Piecesco-starSusan Anspachcontended that her son Caleb (born September 26, 1970), whose legal father\",\n \"whose legal father wasMark Goddard, was actually Nicholson's biological son.In 1984, Nicholson said he was not convinced of this,but in 1996, Caleb said that Nicholson had recognized him as his son in private.By 1998, Nicholson publicly acknowledged Caleb as his son and said that they got along \\\"beautifully now.\\\" In 1971 and 1972, Nicholson was in a relationship with singerMichelle Phillips, the ex-wife of his best friendDennis Hopper, during which time she suffered a miscarriage.Nicholson's longest relationship was 17 years with actressAnjelica Huston, from 1973 until 1990. Their on-again, off-again romance included several periods of overlap with other women, notably former Bond girlJill St. Johnand Danish model Winnie Hollman, with whom Nicholson fathered a daughter, Honey Hollman (born January 26, 1982).Winnie Hollman has claimed that a DNA test during her pregnancy confirmed that Nicholson was the biological father. However, in 2024, it was revealed that Nicholson was not the biological father of\",\n \"father of Honey,who did a DNA test herself in 1999. Honey said in 2006 that she has a “normal father-daughter relationship” with Nicholson. The relationship with Huston ended amid actress/waitressRebecca Broussard's first pregnancy by Nicholson. He and Broussard had two children,Lorraine(born April 16, 1990) andRaymond(born February 20, 1992).The pair split up in 1994, and that same year, Nicholson supposedly had a daughter, Tessa (born August 15, 1994), with waitress Jeannine Gourin.Nicholson has never publicly acknowledged his paternity. Beginning in the late 1990s, Nicholson was involved with actressLara Flynn Boyle. The two initially broke up in 2000, later reuniting before splitting permanently in 2004, after which Nicholson was linked to English supermodelKate Moss.In 2006, Nicholson dated actressPaz de la Huerta. Nicholson has said that children \\\"give your life a resonance that it can't have without them ... As a father, I'm there all the time. I give unconditional love\\\".He has also lamented that he\",\n \"lamented that he \\\"didn't see enough of my eldest daughter because I was trying to make a career\\\". Legal issues In a criminalcomplaintfiled on February 8, 1994, Robert Blank stated that Nicholson, then 56, approached Blank'sMercedes-Benzwhile he was stopped at a red light inNorth Hollywood. After accusing Blank of cutting him off in traffic, Nicholson used a golf club to bash the roof and windshield of Blank's car. A witness confirmed Blank's account of the incident andmisdemeanorcharges of assault and vandalism were filed against Nicholson. Charges were dropped after Nicholson apologized to Blank, and the two reached an undisclosed settlement, which included a reported $500,000 check from Nicholson. In 1996, a lawsuit was brought against him alleging that he promised a woman named Catherine Sheehan $1,000 for sex and then assaulted her when she asked for the money. Sheehan received a settlement of about $40,000, but filed another lawsuit against him, arguing that the settlement was insufficient to cover the\",\n \"to cover the injuries inflicted upon her, includingbrain trauma, which she said were \\\"actually killing her.\\\"The case was dismissed. Celebrity friendships Nicholson lived next door toMarlon Brandofor a number of years onMulholland DriveinBeverly Hills, California.Warren Beattyalso lived nearby, earning the road the nickname \\\"Bad Boy Drive\\\". After Brando's death in 2004, Nicholson purchased his bungalow for $6.1 million, with the purpose of having it demolished. Nicholson said he did so out of respect for Brando's legacy, as it had become too expensive to renovate the \\\"derelict\\\" building, which was plagued by mold. Nicholson's friendship with author-journalistHunter S. Thompsonis described in Thompson's autobiographyKingdom of Fear(2003).After Thompson died in 2005, Nicholson and fellow actorsJohnny Depp,John Cusack, andSean Pennattended his private memorial service in Colorado.Nicholson was also a close friend ofRobert Evans, the producer ofChinatown, and after Evans lost Woodland, his home, as the result of\",\n \"as the result of a 1980s drug bust, Nicholson and other friends of Evans bought Woodland to give it back to him.Nicholson is also friends with fellow New JerseyansDanny DeVitoandJoe Pesci. Hobbies Nicholson is a fan of theNew York YankeesandLos Angeles Lakers. He became a Lakers season ticket holder in1970, and held courtside seats next to the opponent's benches both atThe ForumandStaples Center. He was described as a \\\"fixture\\\" at the games, though his regular attendance had stopped by 2021, as he withdrew from public appearances.Nicholson occasionally argued with game officials and opposing players, and even walked onto the court.He was almost ejected from a Lakers playoff game in May 2003 after yelling at a referee.After the death of former Lakers starKobe Bryantin ahelicopter crashin January 2020, Nicholson gave a rare phone interview to Los Angeles stationKCBS-TVexpressing his grief.He attended a2023 playoff game, which media outlets noted was his first appearance at a Lakers game in nearly two years.\",\n \"nearly two years. Nicholson is a collector of 20th-century and contemporary paintings, including those ofHenri Matisse,Tamara de Lempicka,Andy WarholandJack Vettriano.In 1995, artistEdward Ruschasaid that Nicholson has \\\"one of the best collections out here\\\". Political views Nicholson has called himself a \\\"lifelongIrishDemocrat.”He supportedGeorge McGovernin the 1972 presidential election,Michael Dukakisin 1988,Hillary Clintonin 2008, andBernie Sandersin 2020. Nicholson supportssolar energy,decriminalizing drugs,monopoly laws, and raising teachers' pay.Although personally againstabortion, he ispro-choice. He has said, \\\"I'm pro-choice but against abortion because I'm an illegitimate child myself, and it would be hypocritical to take any other position. I'd be dead. I wouldn't exist.\\\" He has also said that he has \\\"nothing but total admiration, gratitude, and respect for the strength of the women who made the decision they made in my individual case\\\". Religious beliefs Nicholson was raisedRoman Catholicand has\",\n \"Catholicand has expressed admiration for the religion, calling it \\\"the only officialdogmatraining I've had. I liked it. It's a smart religion.\\\"It has been asserted that some of Nicholson's 1970s movie roles were influenced by Catholicism.In a 1992Vanity Fairinterview, Nicholson said, \\\"I don't believe in God now. I can still work up an envy for someone who has faith. I can see how that could be a deeply soothing experience.\\\" Acting credits and accolades During his career Nicholson has appeared in 80 films.Among some of Nicholson's films are: With 12Academy Awardnominations (eight for Best Actor and four for Best Supporting Actor), Nicholson is the most nominated male actor in Academy Awards history. Only Nicholson (1960s–2000s),Michael Caine(1960s–2000s),Meryl Streep(1970s–2010s),Paul Newman(1950s–1960s, 1980s–2000s),Katharine Hepburn(1930s–1960s, 1980s),Frances McDormand(1980s–2020s),Denzel Washington(1980s–2020s), andLaurence Olivier(1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting)\",\n \"or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties withWalter Brennan,Daniel Day-Lewis,Ingrid Bergman,Frances McDormandandMeryl Streepfor the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. OnlyKatharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Academy. In May 2008, then-California GovernorArnold Schwarzeneggerand First LadyMaria Shriverannounced that Nicholson would be inducted into theCalifornia Hall of Fame, located atThe California MuseuminSacramento. The induction ceremony took place on December 15, 2008, where he was inducted alongside 11 other Californians.In 2010, Nicholson was inducted into theNew Jersey Hall of Fame.In 2011, Nicholson received an honoraryDoctor of Fine Artsdegree fromBrown Universityat its 243rd commencement. At the ceremony,Ruth Simmons, Brown University's president, called him \\\"the most skilled actor of our lifetime\\\". Explanatory note References General bibliography External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":293,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In 1994, Linus Roache starred in Priest. Who composed the music on his next film?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Edward Shearmur"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film)"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Roache"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film)"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Tabular reasoning | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Roache', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film)']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Roache","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Roache\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film","Linus Roache Linus William Roache(born 1 February 1964) is a British actor. He played Executive ADAMichael Cutterin theNBCdramasLaw & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012), and also playedEcbert, King of WessexinVikingsfrom 2014 to 2017. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Awardfor playingRobert F. KennedyinRFK(2002) and won aSatellite Award for Best Supporting Actor (TV)for his role asRalph WigraminThe Gathering Storm(2002). His film appearances includePriest(1994),The Wings of the Dove(1997),Pandaemonium(2000),The Chronicles of Riddick(2004),Batman Begins(2005),Non-Stop(2014) andMandy(2018). In 2018 and 2020, he had a recurring role in the final two seasons ofHomeland. In 2023, he played the role of Senator Wesley Smith in Showtime'sFellow Travelers. Early life Roache was born inManchester, England, the son ofCoronation StreetactorWilliam Roacheand actressAnna Cropper.Roache was educated atBishop Luffa SchoolinChichester, West Sussex,and atRydal SchoolinColwyn Bayinnorth Wales.He studied acting at theCentral School of Speech and Drama.He married actressRosalind BennettinMalvern Hills,Worcestershire, in 2002. Career In 1975 Roache appeared inCoronation StreetplayingPeter Barlow, the son of his father's character Ken Barlow.Roache is also a past member of theRoyal Shakespeare Company. In the 1990s, Roache began a career in films while remaining active in television and on stage. In 1994 he took a leading role inAntonia Bird'sPriest. In 1997, he starred oppositeHelena Bonham Carterin the filmThe Wings of the Dove.In 2001, he won theEvening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor, for his performance asSamuel Taylor Coleridgein theJulien Templedirected filmPandaemoniumalongsideSamantha Morton. In 2005, he playedThomas Wayne, father ofBatman, inBatman Begins.On television he playedExecutive Assistant District AttorneyMichael Cutterin two American series,Law & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012). In June 2010, it was announced that he would return to play Laurence Cunningham alongside his father William Roache inCoronation Street. The following month, he was cast in theHBOpilotThe Miraculous Year. In April 2011, Roache was cast as the lead in theITVminiseriesTitanic, airing in March and April 2012 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the sinking ofthe ship. In February 2014, Roache debuted in season two of the TV seriesVikingsasEcbert, King of Wessex. He starred in seasons seven and eight of the TV seriesHomelandas David Wellington in 2017–2019. Filmography Film Television Selected theatre Awards and nominations References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film"],"string":"[\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film\",\n \"Linus Roache Linus William Roache(born 1 February 1964) is a British actor. He played Executive ADAMichael Cutterin theNBCdramasLaw & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012), and also playedEcbert, King of WessexinVikingsfrom 2014 to 2017. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Awardfor playingRobert F. KennedyinRFK(2002) and won aSatellite Award for Best Supporting Actor (TV)for his role asRalph WigraminThe Gathering Storm(2002). His film appearances includePriest(1994),The Wings of the Dove(1997),Pandaemonium(2000),The Chronicles of Riddick(2004),Batman Begins(2005),Non-Stop(2014) andMandy(2018). In 2018 and 2020, he had a recurring role in the final two seasons ofHomeland. In 2023, he played the role of Senator Wesley Smith in Showtime'sFellow Travelers. Early life Roache was born inManchester, England, the son ofCoronation StreetactorWilliam Roacheand actressAnna Cropper.Roache was educated atBishop Luffa SchoolinChichester, West Sussex,and atRydal SchoolinColwyn Bayinnorth Wales.He studied acting at theCentral School of Speech and Drama.He married actressRosalind BennettinMalvern Hills,Worcestershire, in 2002. Career In 1975 Roache appeared inCoronation StreetplayingPeter Barlow, the son of his father's character Ken Barlow.Roache is also a past member of theRoyal Shakespeare Company. In the 1990s, Roache began a career in films while remaining active in television and on stage. In 1994 he took a leading role inAntonia Bird'sPriest. In 1997, he starred oppositeHelena Bonham Carterin the filmThe Wings of the Dove.In 2001, he won theEvening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor, for his performance asSamuel Taylor Coleridgein theJulien Templedirected filmPandaemoniumalongsideSamantha Morton. In 2005, he playedThomas Wayne, father ofBatman, inBatman Begins.On television he playedExecutive Assistant District AttorneyMichael Cutterin two American series,Law & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012). In June 2010, it was announced that he would return to play Laurence Cunningham alongside his father William Roache inCoronation Street. The following month, he was cast in theHBOpilotThe Miraculous Year. In April 2011, Roache was cast as the lead in theITVminiseriesTitanic, airing in March and April 2012 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the sinking ofthe ship. In February 2014, Roache debuted in season two of the TV seriesVikingsasEcbert, King of Wessex. He starred in seasons seven and eight of the TV seriesHomelandas David Wellington in 2017–2019. Filmography Film Television Selected theatre Awards and nominations References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film","Linus Roache Linus William Roache(born 1 February 1964) is a British actor. He played Executive ADAMichael Cutterin theNBCdramasLaw & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012), and also playedEcbert, King of WessexinVikingsfrom 2014 to 2017. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Awardfor playingRobert F. KennedyinRFK(2002) and won aSatellite Award for Best Supporting Actor (TV)for his role asRalph WigraminThe Gathering Storm(2002). His film appearances includePriest(1994),The Wings of the Dove(1997),Pandaemonium(2000),The Chronicles of Riddick(2004),Batman Begins(2005),Non-Stop(2014) andMandy(2018). In 2018 and 2020, he had a recurring role in the final two seasons ofHomeland. In 2023, he played the role of Senator Wesley Smith in Showtime'sFellow Travelers. Early life Roache was born inManchester, England, the son ofCoronation StreetactorWilliam Roacheand actressAnna Cropper.Roache was educated atBishop Luffa SchoolinChichester, West Sussex,and atRydal SchoolinColwyn Bayinnorth Wales.He","Bayinnorth Wales.He studied acting at theCentral School of Speech and Drama.He married actressRosalind BennettinMalvern Hills,Worcestershire, in 2002. Career In 1975 Roache appeared inCoronation StreetplayingPeter Barlow, the son of his father's character Ken Barlow.Roache is also a past member of theRoyal Shakespeare Company. In the 1990s, Roache began a career in films while remaining active in television and on stage. In 1994 he took a leading role inAntonia Bird'sPriest. In 1997, he starred oppositeHelena Bonham Carterin the filmThe Wings of the Dove.In 2001, he won theEvening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor, for his performance asSamuel Taylor Coleridgein theJulien Templedirected filmPandaemoniumalongsideSamantha Morton. In 2005, he playedThomas Wayne, father ofBatman, inBatman Begins.On television he playedExecutive Assistant District AttorneyMichael Cutterin two American series,Law & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012). In June 2010, it was announced that he","announced that he would return to play Laurence Cunningham alongside his father William Roache inCoronation Street. The following month, he was cast in theHBOpilotThe Miraculous Year. In April 2011, Roache was cast as the lead in theITVminiseriesTitanic, airing in March and April 2012 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the sinking ofthe ship. In February 2014, Roache debuted in season two of the TV seriesVikingsasEcbert, King of Wessex. He starred in seasons seven and eight of the TV seriesHomelandas David Wellington in 2017–2019. Filmography Film Television Selected theatre Awards and nominations References External links","Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film"],"string":"[\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film\",\n \"Linus Roache Linus William Roache(born 1 February 1964) is a British actor. He played Executive ADAMichael Cutterin theNBCdramasLaw & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012), and also playedEcbert, King of WessexinVikingsfrom 2014 to 2017. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Awardfor playingRobert F. KennedyinRFK(2002) and won aSatellite Award for Best Supporting Actor (TV)for his role asRalph WigraminThe Gathering Storm(2002). His film appearances includePriest(1994),The Wings of the Dove(1997),Pandaemonium(2000),The Chronicles of Riddick(2004),Batman Begins(2005),Non-Stop(2014) andMandy(2018). In 2018 and 2020, he had a recurring role in the final two seasons ofHomeland. In 2023, he played the role of Senator Wesley Smith in Showtime'sFellow Travelers. Early life Roache was born inManchester, England, the son ofCoronation StreetactorWilliam Roacheand actressAnna Cropper.Roache was educated atBishop Luffa SchoolinChichester, West Sussex,and atRydal SchoolinColwyn Bayinnorth Wales.He\",\n \"Bayinnorth Wales.He studied acting at theCentral School of Speech and Drama.He married actressRosalind BennettinMalvern Hills,Worcestershire, in 2002. Career In 1975 Roache appeared inCoronation StreetplayingPeter Barlow, the son of his father's character Ken Barlow.Roache is also a past member of theRoyal Shakespeare Company. In the 1990s, Roache began a career in films while remaining active in television and on stage. In 1994 he took a leading role inAntonia Bird'sPriest. In 1997, he starred oppositeHelena Bonham Carterin the filmThe Wings of the Dove.In 2001, he won theEvening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor, for his performance asSamuel Taylor Coleridgein theJulien Templedirected filmPandaemoniumalongsideSamantha Morton. In 2005, he playedThomas Wayne, father ofBatman, inBatman Begins.On television he playedExecutive Assistant District AttorneyMichael Cutterin two American series,Law & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012). In June 2010, it was announced that he\",\n \"announced that he would return to play Laurence Cunningham alongside his father William Roache inCoronation Street. The following month, he was cast in theHBOpilotThe Miraculous Year. In April 2011, Roache was cast as the lead in theITVminiseriesTitanic, airing in March and April 2012 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the sinking ofthe ship. In February 2014, Roache debuted in season two of the TV seriesVikingsasEcbert, King of Wessex. He starred in seasons seven and eight of the TV seriesHomelandas David Wellington in 2017–2019. Filmography Film Television Selected theatre Awards and nominations References External links\",\n \"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":294,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many more full seasons already existed of the longest running cartoon television series ever in the United States of all time than seasons of \"X-Men: The Animated Series\" when Barack Obama was elected president of the United States. Show me your reasoning using a mathematical equation. Write out your answer in words, but give me the mathematical equation in numerical form. "},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Fourteen 19 - 5 = 14"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Post processing | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \"Barry\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \"Barry\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana, andcocaineduring his teenage years to \"push questions of who I was out of my mind\".Obama was also a member of the \"Choom Gang\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\" he said. \"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \"was not raised in a religious household.\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\", and \"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\" He described his father as a \"confirmedatheist\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \"of all the different people I've met along the way\", adding: \"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\" The items, \"a whole bowl full\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \"it's not too late\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\"House Divided\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \"It Begins with Us\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \"strict guidelines\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \"common-sense gun reform\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \"postracial America\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \"a great deal\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \"Cash for Clunkers\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \"unusually uncertain\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \"it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \"defining challenge of our time\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \"Obamacare\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \"out-of-pocket\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \"closely-held\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \"established by the State\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \"new era\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \"break\" and \"reset\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \"A New Beginning\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \"Joint Planning Cell\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays.\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \"Panther Brigade\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \"dangerous distraction\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\", an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \"greatest threat\" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \"surgical raid\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \"dangerous\" and \"bad.\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\" and that it was \"a mess\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \"worst mistake\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \"red line\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \"Complex Modernization\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \"call to action\" and remarked: \"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \"thanks, Obama\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\"#thanks Obama\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \"wokeness\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \"an absolute chaotic disaster\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \"could ultimately backfire.\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian Zelizercredits Obama with \"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\" Zeitzer calls this the \"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \"in areas many Progressives hold dear\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \"a disappointingly conventional president\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \"skinny repeal\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \"mixed\", adding that \"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other","X-Men: The Animated Series X-Men: The Animated Series, also known asX-Men, is ananimatedsuperherotelevision series aired in the United States for five seasons from October 31, 1992, to September 20, 1997, onFox'sFox Kidsprogramming block.It wasMarvel Comics' second attempt at an animatedX-Mentelevision series after the pilotX-Men: Pryde of the X-Menwas not picked up.Set in the samefictional universeasSpider-Man(1994–1998), Earth-92131,it was followed by arevival,X-Men '97, which began airing on March 20, 2024, onDisney+to critical acclaim. Production In March 1990,Margaret Loesch(who had previously worked as president and chief executive officer atMarvel Productions) became head ofFox Children's Network.Having championed thePryde of the X-Menpilotin 1989, she ordered 13 episodes ofX-Men.Saban Entertainmentwas contracted to produce the show and hired a small studio,Graz Entertainment, to produce episodes because, at the time, they lacked sufficient staff to handle in-house production. Mark Edward Edens and Eric Lewald were to write the show, with the two dividing the job between Edens as head writer and Lewald as story editor.The voice work was done throughCanadianstudios, andSouth KoreanstudioAKOMwas hired to animate episodes.X-Menwas initially set to premiere overLabor Dayweekend in September; however, due to production delays, it was delayed to the end of October. When AKOM turned in the first episode, it contained several animation errors, which they refused to fix. Because of time constraints, the episode was aired unfinished;when Fox re-aired the pilot in early 1993, the errors were corrected.The second episode was submitted just before the deadline, with 50 scenes missing and a single day reserved for editing.The two-part episode \"Night of the Sentinels\" originally aired as a \"sneak preview\" on October 31. Because of the production delays and animation errors, Fox threatened to sever AKOM's contracts.The series earned top ratings throughout its first season,and was renewed for a second season of 13 episodes. Throughout its run, producers had to deal with quality control issues, including attempts to cut costs and requests to change the tone of the series to more child-friendly and integrated toys. The show was originally planned to run for 65 episodes, but as a result of its success, Saban funded eleven more episodes, albeit with a reduced budget due to Marvel's bankruptcy. The series is currently owned and distributed byThe Walt Disney Company(Marvel's parent company), which acquired all Fox Kids-related properties fromNews CorporationandSaban Internationalin 2001. The series was added to streaming serviceDisney+following its launch on November 12, 2019, with a revival,X-Men '97, subsequently announced to be in development.The series premiered on March 20, 2024. Episodes Synopsis The show features a team similar to that of the early 1990sX-Mencomics byJim Lee, specifically the Blue Team established early on inX-Men (vol. 2). It consists ofCyclops,Wolverine,Rogue,Storm,Beast,Gambit,Jubilee,Jean Grey, andProfessor X, as well as original characterMorph, who is based onChangeling. All 76 episodes were directed by Larry Houston. The series deals with social issues, including divorce (\"Proteus\"), religion (\"Nightcrawler\" and \"Bloodlines\"),the Holocaust(\"Enter Magneto\", \"Deadly Reunions\", \"Days of Future Past\" and \"The Phalanx Covenant\"),AIDShysteria (\"Time Fugitives\"), and loneliness (\"No Mutant Is an Island\"). It satirizes television in the episodes \"Mojovision\" and \"Longshot\". It crossed over withSpider-Manwhen Spider-Man seeks the X-Men's help to stop his progressing mutation. In theabbreviated formof the Secret Wars storyline, theBeyonderandMadame Webselect Spider-Man to lead a team of heroes against a group of villains. An earlier draft of \"Secret Wars\" involved all the X-Men, but transporting the voice cast from Canada to Los Angeles, where production for theSpider-Mananimated series was based, had been too costly in previous crossovers, so the episode was rewritten to feature only Storm, whose actress, Iona Morris, lived in Los Angeles. In the first season, the X-Men come into conflict with human conspirators buildingSentinelrobots to kill mutants, Magneto's plan to instigate a human-mutant war, and the powerful mutantApocalypse's plan to eradicate the weak. Other storylines include X-Men member Morph's death at the hands of the Sentinels, Beast's incarceration, and Apocalypse's minions attempting to assassinate U.S. Senator Kelly to turn humans against mutants. In the second season, Cyclops and Jean are married and targeted byMister Sinister, who seeks to use the genetically perfect combination of their DNA to create an army of obedient mutants. Morph returns, having been rescued by Sinister and brainwashed into forcing the X-Men apart. Over time, a rift grows between humans and mutants, with the Friends of Humanity, an anti-mutant group, leading their persecution. Apocalypse returns, developing a deadly plague that he plans to blame on mutants to fuel hatred against them. It features a parallel narrative of Professor X and Magneto being lost in the Savage Land. The third season involves thePhoenix, a cosmic force that merges with Jean Grey and turns her into the Dark Phoenix. It introduces theShi'ar Empire, which includes Lilandra and Gladiator, and seeks to stop the Dark Phoenix. Other storylines include the introduction of Wolverine's former lover turned mercenary, Lady Deathstrike, former X-Men memberIceman, and the villainousShadow King. Volume 5 of theOfficial Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z Hardcoverslists the cartoon as part of the Marvel multiverse, inhabiting Earth-92131. As well, the plague-infested future thatBishoptries to prevent in Season 2 is listed as Earth-13393, whileCable's release of the cure is listed as Earth-121893. Voice cast The series' voice acting was recorded in Toronto studios, with Dan Hennessey serving as voice director. Toronto voice actors had also been used in the 1960s Marvel Comics cartoons.Catherine Disherhad originally auditioned for the part ofStormbefore she was cast asJean Grey.Chris Potterwas cast in the role ofGambitduring filming forKung Fu: The Legend Continues(1993-1997) which was helpful since his co-starDavid Carradine, a big fan of the comics, helped as he was unfamiliar.Alyson CourtandCal Doddwere neighbors when Court was a child and Dodd was a well-known actor in Canada long before voicing bothJubileeandWolverinerespectively, attributing their characters' chemistry to being previously acquainted with one another. Another voice actor originally had been cast as Jubilee, but Court was cast when the original voice was deemed too sweet and innocent for the role. Principal cast Additional cast Other versions The original opening sequence, used throughout the first four seasons, features the X-Men demonstrating their mutant abilities to an instrumental theme written byRon Wassermanand composed byHaim SabanandShuki Levy. A modified version is introduced in season five, episode one (\"Phalanx Covenant, Part One\"), which slightly changes the beginning of the theme. WhenUPNbegan airing reruns on Sunday mornings, an alternate credits sequence was used: a high-quality Japanese-animated version of the original opening. This modified version occasionally appears in the digital streaming release of the show, which was used for re-runs on Toon Disney. In Italy, where the series began airing in 1994 onCanale 5, the intro and outro sequences were replaced by a new sequence and theme song: \"Insuperabili X-Men\", sung by Marco Destro and Pietro Ubaldi. X-Menoriginally aired onTV Tokyofrom 1994 to 1995. For the TV Tokyo dub of the series, the intro was replaced with a new, Japanese-animated sequence and a new theme: \"Rising\" by Ambience. Starting with episode 42, a second intro was used, featuring the song \"Dakishimetai Dare Yori Mo\"(抱きしめたい誰よりも, \"I want to embrace you more than anyone else\"). The end credits sequence was also changed: it featured shots of AmericanX-Mencomic books set to the song \"Back to You\", also by Ambience. The TV Tokyo dub was directed by Yoshikazu Iwanami and featured scripts rewritten to include a more humorous, self-satirical tone with an emphasis on comical adlibbing, a hallmark of his dubbing style. Episodes were edited for time so that new segments could be added to the end to promoteX-Men: Children of the Atom, which featured the dub actors pretending to play the game as their characters. A second dub was made in the early 2000s for broadcast onToon Disney (Japan)that is more faithful to the original English scripts and does not cut episodes for time. This version used the original American intro and end credits rather than the unique ones created for the TV Tokyo version. Two versions of the episode \"No Mutant is an Island\" exist, each with a different animation. The first version was aired for Toon Disney reruns, can be seen on digital streaming services such as Amazon Video, aired on Fox Kids in the United States, and uses the remixed intro theme from Season 5. The second version is available on Region 1 DVD, aired on Fox Kids overseas, and uses the default intro theme from Seasons 1–4. Viewership In its prime,X-Mengarnered very highratingsfor a Saturday morning cartoon and received praise for adapting many different storylines from the comics. Haim Saban credits the success of the series in assisting him to sell his next project to Fox:Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. X-Menreached a viewership of over23 millionhouseholds. Legacy X-Men '97 By 2019, there were ongoing talks withDisney+to revive the series.In November 2021, it was revealed that a revival titledX-Men '97was in development which will continue the plot of the series.X-Men '97eventually premiered on March 20, 2024. Beau DeMayo served ashead writerfor the first two seasons, with most of the surviving cast members of the original series reprising their roles, including Dodd, Zann, Buza, Disher, Potter, Sealy-Smith, Hough, and Britton. They were joined byJennifer Hale, Anniwaa Buachie,Ray Chase, Matthew Waterson,JP Karliak, Holly Chou,Jeff Bennett, andA.J. LoCascio. Alyson Court did not reprise her role as Jubilee, requesting that Jubilee be voiced by an Asian actress. She instead returned to voice an alternate version of the character.The series is produced byMarvel Studios Animation, but does not take place within theMarvel Cinematic Universe. Comics X-Men Adventures X-Men Adventureswas acomic bookspin-offof the animated series. Beginning in November 1992, it adapted the first three seasons of the show; in April 1996, it becameAdventures of the X-Men, which contained original stories set within the same continuity.The comic book lasted until March 1997, shortly after the show's cancellation by theFox Network. Bibliography Additionally, stories featuring the same characters were printed through the 19 issues ofSpider-Man Magazine, published between March 1994 and March 1997, alongside stories inspired by the animated seriesSpider-Man. X-Men '92 The comic book seriesX-Men '92was first released as one of the many tie-in titles for Marvel's 2015Secret Warsevent, and continued in its second volume as a regular series in early 2016, starring characters of the TV show's reality. In January 2022 Marvel announced a new series inspired by the cartoon,X-Men '92: House of XCII. Scheduled for publication in April of that same year, the series will explore an alternate universe where the events ofJonathan Hickman'sHouse of X and Powers of Xhappened decades earlier, in the '90s of the original show. Manga Books Previously on X-Men In 2017, series developer and showrunner Eric Lewald released the bookPreviously on X-Men: The Making of an Animated Series, which features his interviews with 36 of the staff and voice cast behind the TV series, as well as Lewald's personal experiences on the series' development and production. X-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series In 2020, Eric Lewald and Julia Lewald released the bookX-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series, which features previously unseen concept art, storyboards, character models, background layouts, animation cels, and other production/promotional materials, along with new interviews with the series principal artists and production staff. Video games In film The series was credited for being responsible for the beginning development of the 2000X-Menfilm. Fox Kids owner20th Century Foxwas impressed by the success of the TV show, and producerLauren Shuler Donnerpurchased the film rights for them in 1994.The film's success led to afilm franchise, which includes a series of sequels, prequels, and spin-offs, for two decades up to 2020, when the series came to an end due toDisney'sacquisition of Fox, with the character rights reverting to Marvel Studios. Potter revealed that he once auditioned for the role of Cyclops in the 2000 film before losing it toJames Marsden, while Buza would appear in the film proper as a truck driver. In the 2022Marvel Cinematic UniversefilmDoctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, produced by Marvel Studios, the theme song from the TV series (orchestrated byDanny Elfmanand credited asX-Men '97 Theme) is played whenCharles Xavier(portrayed byPatrick Stewart) first appears; in the film, unlike his previous performances as the character in Fox'sX-Menfranchise, Stewart's Xavier is visually redesigned to match his animated counterpart, complete with his iconic green suit, blue and black tie, and yellow hoverchair. In television In theMs. Marvelepisode \"No Normal\", set in the MCU, the theme song from theX-Menanimated series is played whenKamala Khandiscovers that she is a \"mutant\". Lawsuit On October 9, 2019, Hungarian immigrant Zoltán Krisko, manager of the estate ofGyörgy Vukán, filed a lawsuit againstMarvel Entertainment Group,Warner Chappell Music,Haim Saban,Shuki Levy,Ron Wasserman,UMG Recordings, the current distributor of Disney Music Group, andFox Corporation. He claims the theme music was plagiarized from the theme song to the 1984–1991 Hungarian action-adventure television seriesLinda, which was composed by Vukán. Notes References Sources External links","The Simpsons The Simpsonsis an Americananimated sitcomcreated byMatt Groeningfor theFox Broadcasting Company.Developed by Groening,James L. Brooks, andSam Simon, the series is asatiricaldepiction of American life, epitomized by theSimpson family, which consists ofHomer,Marge,Bart,Lisa, andMaggie. Set in the fictional town ofSpringfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and thehuman condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series ofanimated shortswith producer Brooks. He created adysfunctional familyand named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to \"simpleton\".The shorts became a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). Since its debut on December 17, 1989,771 episodesof the show have been broadcast. It is thelongest-running American animated series,longest-running American sitcom, and thelongest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in seasons and individual episodes. A feature-length film,The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, to critical and commercial success, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerouscomic book series,video games,books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollarmerchandising industry.The Simpsonsis produced byGracie Filmswith20th Televisiondistributing the series.It has been distributed under the20th Television Animationlabel since 2021, although the animation studio has produced animation for the series since season 28. On January 26, 2023, the series was renewed for its 35th and 36th seasons, taking the show through the 2024–25 television season.Both seasons contain a combined total of 51 episodes. Seven of these episodes are season 34 holdovers, while the other 44 will be produced in the production cycle of the upcoming seasons, bringing the show's overall episode total up to 801.Season 35 premiered on October 1, 2023.Season 36 premiered on September 29, 2024. The Simpsonsreceived widespread acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its \"golden age\". Since then, it has been criticized for aperceived decline in quality.Timenamed it the 20th century's best television series,and Erik Adams ofThe A.V. Clubnamed it \"television's crowning achievement regardless of format\".On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 37Primetime Emmy Awards, 34Annie Awards, and 2Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of \"D'oh!\" has been adopted into the English language, whileThe Simpsonshas influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series. Premise Characters The main characters are theSimpson family, who live in the fictional \"Middle America\" town of Springfield.Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at theSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married toMarge(néeBouvier), a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children:Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster;Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; andMaggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family also owns agreyhound,Santa's Little Helper, (who first appeared in the episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\") and a cat,Snowball II, who is replaced by a cat also called Snowball II in the fifteenth-season episode \"I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot\".Extended members of the Simpson and Bouvier family in the main cast include Homer's fatherAbeand Marge's sistersPatty and Selma. Marge's motherJacquelineand Homer's motherMonaappear less frequently. The show includes a vast array of quirky supporting characters, which include Homer's friendsBarney Gumble,Lenny LeonardandCarl Carlson; the school principalSeymour Skinnerand staff members such asEdna KrabappelandGroundskeeper Willie; students such asMilhouse Van Houten,Nelson MuntzandRalph Wiggum; shopkeepers such asApu Nahasapeemapetilon,Comic Book GuyandMoe Szyslak; government figuresMayor \"Diamond\" Joe QuimbyandClancy Wiggum; next-door neighborNed Flanders; local celebrities such asKrusty the Clownand news reporterKent Brockman; nuclear tycoonMontgomery Burnsand his devoted assistantWaylon Smithers; anddozens more. The creators originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town. A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes. According to Matt Groening, the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the comedy showSCTV. Continuity and the floating timeline Despite the depiction of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays passing, the characters never age. The series uses afloating timelinein which episodes generally take place in the year the episode is produced. Flashbacks and flashforwards do occasionally depict the characters at other points in their lives, with the timeline of these depictions also generally floating relative to the year the episode is produced. For example, the 1991 episodes \"The Way We Was\" and \"I Married Marge\" depict Homer and Marge as high schoolers in the 1970s who had Bart (who is always 10 years old) in the early '80s, while the 2008 episode \"That '90s Show\" depicts Homer and Marge as a childless couple in the '90s, and the 2021 episode \"Do Pizza Bots Dream of Electric Guitars\" portrays Homer as an adolescent in the same period. The 1995 episode \"Lisa's Wedding\" takes place during Lisa's college years in the then-future year of 2010, the same year the show began airing its22nd season, in which Lisa was still 8. Regarding the contradictory flashbacks, Selman stated that \"they all kind of happened in their imaginary world.\" The show follows a loose and inconsistent continuity. For example,Krusty the Clownmay be able to read in one episode, but not inanother. However, it is consistently portrayed that he isJewish, that his father was arabbi, and that his career began in the 1960s. The latter point introduces another snag in the floating timeline: historical periods that are a core part of a character's backstory remain so even when their age makes it unlikely or impossible, such asGrampa SimpsonandPrincipal Skinner's respective service inWorld War IIandVietnam. The only episodes not part of the series' main canon are theTreehouse of Horrorepisodes, which often feature the deaths of main characters. Characters who die in \"regular\" episodes, such asMaude Flanders,Mona SimpsonandEdna Krabappel, however, stay dead. Most episodes end with thestatus quobeing restored, though occasionally major changes will stick, such as Lisa's conversions tovegetarianismandBuddhism, the divorce ofMilhouse van Houten's parents, and the marriage and subsequent parenthood ofApuandManjula. Setting The Simpsonstakes place in a fictional American town calledSpringfield. Although there are many real settlements in America named Springfield,the town the show is set in is fictional. The state it is in is not established. In fact, the show is intentionally evasive with regard to Springfield's location.Springfield's geography and that of its surroundings is inconsistent: from one episode to another, it may have coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, mountains, or whatever the story or joke requires.Groening has said that Springfield has much in common withPortland, Oregon, the city where he grew up.Groening has said that he named it afterSpringfield, Oregon, and the fictitious Springfield which was the setting of the seriesFather Knows Best. He \"figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do.\"Many landmarks, including street names, have connections to Portland. Production Development When producerJames L. Brookswas working on the television variety showThe Tracey Ullman Show, he decided to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonistMatt Groening'sLife in Hellcomic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts. Groening initially intended to present an animated version of hisLife in Hellseries.However, Groening later realized that animatingLife in Hellwould require the rescinding ofpublication rightsfor his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons.He named the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name, adopting ananagramof the wordbrat. The Simpson family first appeared asshortsinThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987.Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts.The animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo,withWes Archer,David Silverman, andBill Koppbeing animators for the first season.The colorist, \"Georgie\" Gyorgyi Kovacs Peluce (Kovács Györgyike)made the characters yellow; as Bart, Lisa and Maggie have no hairlines, she felt they would look strange if they were flesh-colored. Groening supported the decision, saying: \"Marge is yellow with blue hair? That's hilarious — let's do it!\" In 1989, a team of production companies adaptedThe Simpsonsinto a half-hour series for theFox Broadcasting Company. The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content.Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \"the mainstream trash\" that they were watching.The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989, with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\".\"Some Enchanted Evening\" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990, as the last episode of the first season, because of animation problems.In 1992,Tracey Ullmanfiled a lawsuit against Fox, claiming that her show was the source of the series' success. The suit said she should receive a share of the profits ofThe Simpsons—a claim rejected by the courts. Executive producers and showrunners List of showrunners throughout the series' run: Matt Groening and James L. Brooks have served as executive producers during the show's entire history, and also function as creative consultants.Sam Simon, described by formerSimpsonsdirectorBrad Birdas \"the unsung hero\" of the show,served as creative supervisor for the first four seasons. He was constantly at odds with Groening, Brooks and the show's production companyGracie Filmsand left in 1993.Before leaving, he negotiated a deal that sees him receive a share of the profits every year, and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since 1993,at least until his passing in 2015.A more involved position on the show is theshowrunner, who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season. Writing The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted ofJohn Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,George Meyer,Jeff Martin,Al Jean,Mike Reiss,Jay KogenandWallace Wolodarsky.NewerSimpsons'writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December.The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers.Until 2004,George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits.Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events. Credited with sixty episodes,John Swartzwelderis the most prolific writer onThe Simpsons.One of the best-known former writers isConan O'Brien, who contributed to several episodes in the early 1990s before replacingDavid Lettermanas host of the talk showLate Night.English comedianRicky Gervaiswrote the episode \"Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife\", becoming the first celebrity both to write and guest star in the same episode.Seth RogenandEvan Goldberg, writers of the filmSuperbad, wrote the episode \"Homer the Whopper\", with Rogen voicing a character in it. At the end of 2007, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. The show's writers had joined the guild in 1998. In May 2023, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. Voice actors The Simpsonshas six main cast members:Dan Castellaneta,Julie Kavner,Nancy Cartwright,Yeardley Smith,Hank Azaria, andHarry Shearer. Castellaneta voicesHomer Simpson,Grampa Simpson,Krusty the Clown,Groundskeeper Willie,Mayor Quimby,Barney Gumble, and other adult male characters.Julie KavnervoicesMarge SimpsonandPatty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showcast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be needed.Cartwright voicesBart Simpson,Nelson Muntz,Ralph Wiggumand other children.Smith, the voice ofLisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting directorBonita Pietilabelieved her voice was too high,so she was given the role of Lisa instead.Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa, but upon arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, clever\".Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.Cartwright is the only one of the six mainSimpsonscast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family, but play a majority of the male townspeople. Azaria, who has been a part of the main voice cast since the second season in one episode \"Old Money\" and then perpetually part of the regular main voice cast since the third season, voices recurring characters such asMoe Szyslak,Chief Wiggum,Apu NahasapeemapetilonandProfessor Frink. Shearer provides voices forMr. Burns,Mr. Smithers,Principal Skinner,Ned Flanders,Reverend Lovejoyand formerlyDr. Hibbert.Every main cast member has won aPrimetime Emmy AwardforOutstanding Voice-Over Performance. With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice. Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and, therefore, closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists.However, the network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode \"Old Money\", because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work.In 2003, the cast appeared in an episode ofInside the Actors Studio, doing live performances of their characters' voices. The six main actors were paid $30,000 per episode, until 1998, when they were involved in a pay dispute with Fox. The company threatened to replace them with new actors, even going as far as preparing for casting of new voices, but series creator Groening supported the actors in their action.The issue was soon resolved and, from 1998 to 2004, they were paid $125,000 per episode. The show's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales, and in April 2004 the main cast stopped appearing for script readings, demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode.The strike was resolved a month laterand their salaries were increased to something between $250,000and $360,000 per episode.In 2008, production for thetwentieth seasonwas put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors, who wanted a \"healthy bump\" in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode.The negotiations were soon completed, and the actors' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode.Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, the cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode. In addition to the main cast,Pamela Hayden,Tress MacNeille,Marcia Wallace,Maggie Roswell, andRussi Taylorvoice supporting characters.From 1999 to 2002, Roswell's characters were voiced byMarcia Mitzman Gaven.Karl Wiedergotthas also appeared in minor roles, but does not voice any recurring characters.Wiedergott left the show in 2010, and since thenChris Edgerlyhas appeared regularly to voice minor characters. Repeat \"special guest\" cast members includeAlbert Brooks,Phil Hartman,Jon Lovitz,Joe Mantegna,Maurice LaMarche, andKelsey Grammer.Following Hartman's death in 1998, the characters he voiced (Troy McClureandLionel Hutz) were retired;Wallace's character ofEdna Krabappelwas retired as well after her death in 2013. Following Taylor's death in 2019, her characters (includingSherri, Terri, andMartin Prince) are now voiced byGrey Griffin. Episodes will quite often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians and scientists. In the earlier seasons, most of the guest stars voiced characters, but eventually more started appearing as themselves.Tony Bennettwas the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing briefly in the season two episode \"Dancin' Homer\".The Simpsonsholds theworld recordfor \"Most Guest Stars Featured in a Television Series\". The Simpsonshas been dubbed intoseveral other languages, including Japanese, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is also one of the few programs dubbed in bothstandard FrenchandQuebec French.The show has been broadcast in Arabic, but due toIslamiccustoms, numerous aspects of the show have been changed. For example, Homer drinkssodainstead of beer and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. Because of such changes, the Arabized version of the series met with a negative reaction from the lifelongSimpsonsfans in the area. Animation Several different U.S. and international studios animateThe Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts onThe Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo.With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several local and foreign studios.These areAKOM,Anivision,Rough Draft Studios,USAnimation,and Toonzone Entertainment. For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animatedThe Simpsonsin the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Gracie Films, switched domestic production toFilm Roman,who continued to animate the show until 2016 when they were replaced byFox Television Animation, which allowed the show to be made more in-house. InSeason 14, production switched from traditionalcel animationtodigital ink and paint.The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was \"Radioactive Man\" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of theseason 12episode \"Tennis the Menace\", but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed \"Tennis the Menace\" was broadcast as made. The production staff at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, drawsstoryboards, designs new characters, backgrounds, props and draws character and background layouts, which in turn becomeanimaticsto be screened for the writers at Gracie Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas. The overseas studios then draw theinbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later. The series beganhigh-definitionproduction in Season 20; the first episode, \"Take My Life, Please\", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV included a new opening sequence.Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation. Themes The Simpsonsuses the standard setup of a situational comedy, or sitcom, as its premise. The series centers on a family and their life in a typical American town,serving as asatiricalparody of amiddle classAmerican lifestyle.However, because of its animated nature,The Simpsons'scope is larger than that of a regular sitcom. The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society. By having Homer work in anuclear power plant, the show can comment on the state of the environment.Through Bart and Lisa's days atSpringfield Elementary School, the show's writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education. The town features a vast array of television channels, which enables the producers to make jokes about the entertainment industry and the press. Some commentators say the show is political in nature and susceptible to a left-wing bias.Al Jeanacknowledged in an interview that \"We are ofliberalbent.\"The writers often evince an appreciation forprogressive leanings, but the show makes jokes across the political spectrum.The show portrays government and large corporations as evil entities that take advantage of the common worker.Thus, the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light. InThe Simpsons, politicians are corrupt, ministers such asReverend Lovejoyare dismissive to churchgoers, and the local police force is incompetent.Religion also figures as a recurring theme.In times of crisis, the family often turns to God, and the show has dealt with most of the major religions. Sexualityis often a source of jokes in the series or serves as the theme of certain episodes. Even though homosexuals are sometimes sources of gags, the series often comments on how American society treats them, with \"Homer's Phobia\" devoting an entire episode to the family making a gay friend and Homer's initial hostility to him. In 1990,The Simpsonsbecame the first animated early evening show to depict a kiss between two men in \"Simpson and Delilah\". Hallmarks Opening sequence The Simpsons'opening sequenceis one of the show's most memorable hallmarks. The standard opening has gone through three iterations (a replacement of some shots at the start of the second season, and a brand new sequence when the show switched to high-definition in 2009). Each has the same basic sequence of events: the camera zooms throughcumulus clouds, through the show's title towards the town ofSpringfield. The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home. Upon entering their house, the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television. The original opening was created byDavid Silverman, and was the first task he did when production began on the show.The series' distinctivetheme songwascomposedby musicianDanny Elfmanin 1989, after Groening approached him requesting a retro-style piece. This piece has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career. One of the most distinctive aspects of the opening is that three of its elements change from episode to episode: Bart writes different things on the school chalkboard,Lisa plays different solos on her saxophone (or occasionally a different instrument), and different gags accompany the family as they enter their living room to sit on the couch. Halloween episodes The specialHalloweenepisode has become an annual tradition. \"Treehouse of Horror\" first broadcast in 1990 as part ofseason twoand established the pattern of three separate, self-contained stories in each Halloween episode.These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres.They always take place outside the normal continuity of the show. Although theTreehouseseries is meant to be seen on Halloween, this changed by the 2000s (and again in 2020), when new installments have premiered after Halloween due toFox's currentcontractwithMajor League Baseball'sWorld Series.Prior to 2020 (between 2011 and 2019), everyTreehouse of Horrorepisode had aired in October. Humor The show's humor turns on cultural references that cover a wide spectrum of society so that viewers from all generations can enjoy the show. Such references, for example, come from movies, television, music, literature, science, and history.The animators also regularly add jokes or sight gags into the show's background via humorous or incongruous bits of text in signs, newspapers,billboards, and elsewhere. The audience may often not notice the visual jokes in a single viewing. Some are so fleeting that they become apparent only by pausing a video recording of the show or viewing it in slow motion.Kristin Thompson argues thatThe Simpsonsuses a \"flurry of cultural references, intentionally inconsistent characterization, and considerable self-reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show.\" One of Bart's earlyhallmarkswas his prank calls toMoe's TavernownerMoe Szyslakwhere he asks for agag name. Moe tries to find that person in the bar, but soon realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart. These calls were apparently based on a series of prank calls known as theTube Bar recordings, though Groening has denied any causal connection.Moe was based partly on Tube Bar ownerLouis \"Red\" Deutsch, whose often profane responses inspired Moe's violent side.As the series progressed, it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe's angry response, and the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season.The Simpsonsalso often includesself-referential humor.The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting.For example, the episode \"She Used to Be My Girl\" included a scene in which aFox News Channelvan drove down the street while displaying a large \"Bush Cheney 2004\" banner and playingQueen's \"We Are the Champions\", in reference to the2004 U.S. presidential electionand claims ofconservative bias in Fox News. The show usescatchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have at least one each.Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \"D'oh!\", Mr. Burns' \"Excellent\" andNelson Muntz's \"Ha-ha!\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \"¡Ay, caramba!\", \"Don't have a cow, man!\" and \"Eat my shorts!\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days.However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through themerchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on theKrusty the Clown Showsolely for saying \"I didn't do it.\" Purported foreshadowing of actual events The Simpsonshas gained notoriety for jokes that appeared to become reality. Perhaps the most famous example comes from the episode \"Bart to the Future\", which mentions billionaireDonald Trumphaving been president of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke.The episode first aired in 2000, sixteen years before Trump (who at the time wasexploring a presidential run) was elected.Another episode, \"When You Dish Upon a Star\", lampooned20th Century Foxas a division ofThe Walt Disney Company. Nineteen years later,Disney purchased Fox.Other examples purported asThe Simpsonspredicting the future include the introduction of thesmartwatch,video chatservices,Richard Branson's spaceflightandLady Gaga's acrobatic performance at theSuper Bowl LI halftime show. Al Jeanhas commented on the show's purported ability to predict the future, explaining that they are really just \"educated guesses\" and stating that \"if you throw enough darts, you're going to get some bullseyes.\"ProducerBill Oakleystated, \"There are very few cases whereThe Simpsonspredicted something. It's mainly just coincidence because the episodes are so old that history repeats itself.\"Fact-checkingsources such asSnopeshave debunked many of the claimed prophecies, explaining that the show's extensive run means \"a lot of jokes, and a lot of opportunities for coincidences to appear\" and \"most of these 'predictions' have rather simple and mundane explanations\".For example, the device shown onThe Simpsonswith autocorrection is anApple Newton, a real 1993 device notorious for its poorhandwriting recognition.Technologically advanced watches have appeared in numerous works of fiction, decades beforeThe Simpsons. Influence and legacy Idioms A number ofneologismsthat originated onThe Simpsonshave entered popular vernacular.Mark Liberman, director of theLinguistic Data Consortium, remarked, \"The Simpsonshas apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual allusions.\"The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: \"D'oh!\" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in theOxford English Dictionary, but without the apostrophe.Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase fromJames Finlayson, an actor in manyLaurel and Hardycomedies, who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone. The staff ofThe Simpsonstold Castellaneta to shorten the noise, and it went on to become the well-known exclamation in the television series. Groundskeeper Willie's description of the French as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\" was used byNational ReviewcolumnistJonah Goldbergin 2003, after France's opposition to the proposedinvasion of Iraq. The phrase quickly spread to other journalists.\"Cromulent\" and \"embiggen\", words used in \"Lisa the Iconoclast\", have since appeared in theDictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon,and scientific journals respectively.\"Kwyjibo\", a fakeScrabbleword invented by Bart in \"Bart the Genius\", was used as one of the aliases of the creator of theMelissa worm.\"I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords\", was used byKent Brockmanin \"Deep Space Homer\" and has become asnowclone,with variants of the utterance used to express obsequious submission. It has been used in media, such asNew Scientistmagazine.The dismissive term \"Meh\", believed to have been popularized by the show,entered theCollins English Dictionaryin 2008.Other words credited as stemming from the show include \"yoink\" and \"craptacular\". The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotationsincludes several quotations from the show. As well as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", Homer's lines, \"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try\", from \"Burns' Heir\" (season five, 1994) as well as \"Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all\", from \"Eight Misbehavin'\"(season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007. Many quotes/scenes have become popularInternet memes, including Jasper Beardley's quote \"That's a paddlin'\" from \"The PTA Disbands\" (season 6, 1995) and \"Steamed Hams\" from \"22 Short Films About Springfield\" (season 7, 1996). Television The Simpsonswas the first successful animated program in American prime time sinceWait Till Your Father Gets Homein the 1970s.During most of the 1980s, US pundits considered animated shows as appropriate only for children, and animating a show was too expensive to achieve a quality suitable for prime-time television.The Simpsonschanged this perception,initially leading to a short period where networks attempted to recreate prime-time cartoon success with shows likeCapitol Critters,Fish Police, andFamily Dog, which were expensive and unsuccessful.The Simpsons'use of Korean animation studios fortweening, coloring, and filming made the episodes cheaper. The success ofThe Simpsonsand the lower production cost prompted US television networks to take chances on other adult animated series.This development led US producers to a 1990s boom in new, animated prime-time shows for adults, such asBeavis and Butt-Head,South Park,Family Guy,King of the Hill,Futurama(which was created by Matt Groening), andThe Critic(which was also produced by Gracie Films).ForFamily GuycreatorSeth MacFarlane, \"The Simpsonscreated an audience for prime-time animation that had not been there for many, many years ... As far as I'm concerned, they basically re-invented the wheel. They created what is in many ways—you could classify it as—a wholly new medium.\" The Simpsonshas had crossovers with four other shows. In the episode \"A Star Is Burns\", Marge invites Jay Sherman, the main character ofThe Critic, to be a judge for a film festival in Springfield. Matt Groening had his name removed from the episode since he had no involvement withThe Critic.South Parklater paid homage toThe Simpsonswith the episode \"Simpsons Already Did It\".In \"Simpsorama\", the Planet Express crew fromFuturamacome to Springfield in the present to prevent the Simpsons from destroying the future.In theFamily Guyepisode \"The Simpsons Guy\", the Griffins visit Springfield and meet the Simpsons. The Simpsonshas also influenced live-action shows likeMalcolm in the Middle, which featured the use ofsight gagsand did not use alaugh trackunlike most sitcoms.Malcolm in the Middledebuted January 9, 2000, in the time slot afterThe Simpsons.Ricky GervaiscalledThe Simpsonsan influence onThe Office,and fellow British sitcomSpacedwas, according to its directorEdgar Wright, \"an attempt to do a live-actionThe Simpsons\".InGeorgia, the animated television sitcomThe Samsonadzes, launched in November 2009, has been noted for its very strong resemblance withThe Simpsons, which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged. LGBT representation The Simpsonshas historically been open to portrayals ofLGBTcharacters and settings, and it has routinely challengedheteronormativity.It was one of several animated television shows in the United States that began introducing characters that were LGBT, both openly and implied, in the 1990s.While early episodes involving LGBT characters primarily included them through the use of stereotypes,The Simpsonsdeveloped several prominent LGBT characters over its run.Producers of the show, such asMatt GroeningandAl Jean, have expressed their opinion that LGBT representation in media is important, and that they seek to actively include it.Some characters, such as Julio, were created with their sexual orientation in mind, with it being central to their character.The show expanded its roster of openly LGBT characters through episodes in which prominent charactersPatty BouvierandWaylon Smitherscame out in seasons16and27, respectively. Release Broadcast Syndication The cable television networkFXX, a sibling of 20th Television and formerly the Fox network, hasexclusive cable and digital syndicationrights forThe Simpsons.Original contracts had previously stated that syndication rights forThe Simpsonswould not be sold to cable until the series conclusion, at a time when cable syndication deals were highly rare. The series has been syndicated to local broadcast stations in nearly all markets throughout the United States since September 1994. FXX premieredThe Simpsonson their network on August 21, 2014, by starting a twelve-daymarathonwhich featured the first 552 episodes (every single episode that had already been released at the time) aired chronologically, includingThe Simpsons Movie, which FX Networks had already owned the rights to air. It was the longest continuous marathon in the history of television (untilVH1 Classicaired a 433-hour, nineteen-day, marathon ofSaturday Night Livein 2015; celebrating that program's 40th anniversary).The first day of the marathon was the highest rated broadcast day in the history of the network so far, the ratings more than tripled those of regular prime time programming for FXX.Ratings during the first six nights of the marathon grew night after night, with the network ranking within the top 5 networks in basic cable each night.In Australia, a marathon of every episode of the show (at the time) aired from December 16, 2019, to January 5, 2020, onFox8(a cable network operated on pay TV providerFoxteland a corporate sibling to the American Fox network). After Disneyacquiredboth 20th Television and FX Networks, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswould air on the company'sFreeformchannel starting October 2, 2019. Streaming and digital sell-through On October 21, 2014, a digital service courtesy of theFXNOWapp, calledSimpsons World, launched with every episode of the series accessible to authenticated FX subscribers, and is available on game consoles such asXbox One, streaming devices such asRokuandApple TV, and online via web browser.There was early criticism of both wrong aspect ratios for earlier episodes and the length of commercial breaks on the streaming service, but that problem was soon amended with fewer commercial breaks during individual episodes.Later it was announced thatSimpsons Worldwould now let users watch all of the SD episodes in their original format.Simpsons Worldwas discontinued after the launch ofDisney+on November 12, 2019, where the series streams exclusively.Initially, the series was only available cropped to16:9without the option to view the original4:3versions, reigniting criticisms of cropping old episodes.In response, Disney announced that \"in early 2020, Disney+ will make the first 19 seasons (and some episodes from season 20) ofThe Simpsonsavailable in their original 4:3 aspect ratio, giving subscribers a choice of how they prefer to view the popular series.\"On May 28, 2020, Disney+ made the first 19 seasons, along with some episodes from season 20, ofThe Simpsonsavailable in both 16:9 and the original 4:3 aspect ratio.Season 31 came to Disney+ on October 2, 2020, withHulustreaming the latest episodes of season 32 the next day. Season 32 came to Disney+ on September 29, 2021. The season 3 premiere \"Stark Raving Dad\", which featuresMichael Jacksonas the voice of Leon Kompowsky, was pulled out of rotation in 2019 by Matt Groening, James L. Brooks and Al Jean afterHBOaired the documentaryLeaving Neverland, in which two men share details into how Jackson allegedly abused them as children.It is therefore unavailable on Disney+. However, the episode is still available onThe Complete Third SeasonDVD box set released on August 26, 2003. In July 2017, all episodes from seasons 4 to 19 were made available for purchase on theiTunes Storein Canada. On August 10, 2024, it was announced that four episodes of season 36 would air exclusively on Disney+. Reception and achievements Early success The Simpsonswas the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows.In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \"Bartmania\".He became the most prevalentSimpsonscharacter on memorabilia, such asT-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold;as many as one million were sold on some days.Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\".The Simpsonsmerchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 theFox Networkdecided to switchThe Simpsons'time slot from 8:00 p.m.ETon Sunday night to the same time on Thursday, where it competed withThe Cosby ShowonNBC, thenumber one showat the time.Through the summer, several news outlets published stories about the supposed \"Bill vs. Bart\" rivalry.\"Bart Gets an 'F'\"(season two, 1990) was the first episode to air againstThe Cosby Show, and it received a lowerNielsen rating, tying for eighth behindThe Cosby Show, which had an 18.5 rating. The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show, butNielsen Media Researchestimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network,and it is still the highest rated episode in the history ofThe Simpsons.The show moved back to its Sunday slot in 1994 and has remained there ever since. The Simpsonshas received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, and it has been noted for being described as \"the most irreverent and unapologetic show on the air.\"In a 1990 review of the show, Ken Tucker ofEntertainment Weeklydescribed it as \"the American family at its most complicated, drawn as simple cartoons. It's this neat paradox that makes millions of people turn away from the three big networks on Sunday nights to concentrate on The Simpsons.\"Tucker also described the show as a \"pop-cultural phenomenon, a prime-time cartoon show that appeals to the entire family.\" Run length achievements On February 9, 1997,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Flintstoneswith the episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States.In 2004,The SimpsonsreplacedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet(1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States in terms of the number of years airing.In 2009,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet's record of 435 episodes and is now recognized byGuinness World Recordsas the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count).In October 2004,Scooby-Doobriefly overtookThe Simpsonsas the American animated show with the highest number of episodes (albeit under several different iterations).However, network executives in April 2005 again canceledScooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, andThe Simpsonsreclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season.In May 2007,The Simpsonsreached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. WhileThe Simpsonshas the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassedThe Simpsons.For example, the JapaneseanimeseriesSazae-sanhas over 2,000 episodes (7,000+ segments) to its credit. In 2009, Fox began a year-long celebration of the show titled \"Best. 20 Years. Ever.\" to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the premiere ofThe Simpsons. One of the first parts of the celebration is the \"Unleash Your Yellow\" contest in which entrants must design a poster for the show.The celebration ended on January 10, 2010 (almost 20 years after \"Bart the Genius\" aired on January 14, 1990), withThe Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!, a documentary special by documentary filmmakerMorgan Spurlockthat examines the \"cultural phenomenon ofThe Simpsons\". As of the twenty-first season (2009–2010),The Simpsonsbecame the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, having surpassed the 1955–1975 run ofGunsmoke. On April 29, 2018,The Simpsonsalso surpassedGunsmoke's 635-episode count with the episode \"Forgive and Regret\". The Simpsonsis both the longest-running and the highest ranking animated series to feature onTV Time's top 50 most followed TV shows ever. On February 6, 2019, it was announced thatThe Simpsonshas been renewed for seasons 31 and 32. On March 3, 2021, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswas renewed for seasons 33 and 34. Awards and honors The Simpsonshas won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 34Primetime Emmy Awards,34Annie Awardsand aPeabody Award.In a 1999 issue celebrating the 20th century's greatest achievements in arts and entertainment,TimenamedThe Simpsonsthe century's best television series, writing: \"Dazzlingly intelligent and unapologetically vulgar, the Simpsons have surpassed the humor, topicality and, yes, humanity of past TV greats.\"In that same issue,Timeincluded Bart Simpson in theTime 100, the publication's list of the century's 100 most influential people.Bart was the only fictional character on the list. On January 14, 2000, the Simpsons were awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.Also in 2000,Entertainment Weeklymagazine TV critic Ken Tucker namedThe Simpsonsthe greatest television show of the1990s. Furthermore, viewers of the UK television channelChannel 4have votedThe Simpsonsat the top of two polls: 2001's 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows (despite the show not being aimed at children),and 2005's The 100 Greatest Cartoons,with Homer Simpson voted into first place in 2001's 100 Greatest TV Characters.Homer also placed ninth onEntertainment Weekly'slist of the \"50 Greatest TV icons\".In 2002,The Simpsonsranked No. 8 onTV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time,and was ranked the No. 6 cult show in 2004.In 2007, it moved to No. 8 on TV Guide's cult shows listand was included inTime'slist of the \"100 Best TV Shows of All Time\".In 2008 the show was placed in first onEntertainment Weekly's\"Top 100 Shows of the Past 25 Years\".Empirenamed it the greatest TV show of all time.In 2010,Entertainment Weeklynamed Homer \"the greatest character of the last 20 years\",while in 2013 theWriters Guild of AmericalistedThe Simpsonsas the 11th \"best written\" series in television history.In 2013,TV GuiderankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest TV cartoon of all timeand the tenth greatest show of all time.A 2015The Hollywood Reportersurvey of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named it as their No. 10 favorite show.In 2015, British newspaperThe TelegraphnamedThe Simpsonsas one of the 10 best TV sitcoms of all time.Television criticsAlan SepinwallandMatt Zoller SeitzrankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 bookTV (The Book).In 2022,Rolling StonerankedThe Simpsonsas the second-greatest TV show of all time.In 2023,VarietyrankedThe Simpsonsas the fourth-greatest TV show of all time. Criticism Controversy Bart's rebellious, bad boy nature, which underlies his misbehavior and rarely leads to any punishment, led some people to characterize him as a poorrole modelfor children.In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a \"threat to learning\" because of his \"underachiever and proud of it\" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.Others described him as \"egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited\".In a 1991 interview,Bill Cosbydescribed Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him \"angry, confused, frustrated\". In response, Matt Groening said, \"That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do.\"On January 27, 1992, then-PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushsaid, \"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more likethe Waltonsand a lot less like the Simpsons.\"The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment that aired three days later before a rerun of \"Stark Raving Dad\" in which Bart replied, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end tothe Depression, too.\" The show also received criticism from the nuclear power industry in its early years, with its portrayal of the evil boss Mr. Burns and \"bungling idiot\" employees (including Homer Simpson himself) with their lack of safety and security.In a letter to the nuclear power-backedU.S. Council for Energy Awareness, producer Sam Simon apologized, stating, \"I apologize that the Simpsons have offended a lot of people in the energy industry. I agree with you that in real life, Homer Simpson would not be employed at a nuclear power plant. On the other hand, he probably wouldn't be employed anywhere.\" Various episodes of the show have generated controversy. The Simpsons visit Australia in \"Bart vs. Australia\" (season six, 1995) and Brazil in \"Blame It on Lisa\" (season 13, 2002) and both episodes generated controversy and negative reaction in the visited countries.In the latter case, Rio de Janeiro's tourist board—which claimed that the city was portrayed as having rampant street crime, kidnappings, slums, and monkey and rat infestations—went so far as to threaten Fox with legal action.Groening was a fierce and vocal critic of the episode \"A Star Is Burns\" (season six, 1995), which featured acrossoverwithThe Critic. He felt that it was just an advertisement forThe Critic, and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him. When he was unsuccessful in getting the episode pulled, he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns, openly criticizing James L. Brooks and saying the episode \"violates the Simpsons' universe.\" In response, Brooks said, \"I am furious with Matt, ... he's allowed his opinion, but airing this publicly in the press is going too far. ... his behavior right now is rotten.\" \"The Principal and the Pauper\" (season nine, 1997) is one of the most controversial episodes ofThe Simpsons. Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation thatSeymour Skinner, a recurring character since the first season, was an impostor. The episode has been criticized by Groening and byHarry Shearer, who provides the voice of Skinner. In a 2001 interview, Shearer recalled that after reading the script, he told the writers, \"That'ssowrong. You're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason, for a story we've done before with other characters. It's so arbitrary and gratuitous, and it's disrespectful to the audience.\" Bans The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries. China banned it from prime-time television in August 2006, \"in an effort to protect China's struggling animation studios.\"In 2008,Venezuelabarred the show from airing on morning television as it was deemed \"unsuitable for children\".The same year, several RussianPentecostalchurches demanded thatThe Simpsons,South Parkand some other Western cartoons be removed from broadcast schedules \"for propaganda of various vices\" and the broadcaster's license to be revoked. However, a court decision later dismissed this request. Perceived decline in quality Critics' reviews of earlySimpsonsepisodes praised the show for its sassy humor, wit, realism, and intelligence.However, in the late 1990s, around the airing ofseason 9, the tone and emphasis of the show began to change. Some critics started calling the show \"tired\".By 2000, some long-term fans had become disillusioned with the show, and pointed to its shift from character-driven plots to what they perceived as an overemphasis on zany antics.Jim Schembri ofThe Sydney Morning Heraldattributed the decline in quality to an abandonment of character-driven storylines in favor of celebritycameo appearancesand references to popular culture. Schembri wrote in 2011: \"The central tragedy ofThe Simpsonsis that it has gone from commanding attention to merely being attention-seeking. It began by proving that cartoon characters don't have to be caricatures; they can be invested with real emotions. Now the show has in essence fermented into a limp parody of itself. Memorable story arcs have been sacrificed for the sake of celebrity walk-ons and punchline-hungry dialogue.\" In 2010, the BBC noted \"the common consensus is thatThe Simpsons'golden era ended afterseason nine\",and Todd Leopold of CNN, in an article looking at its perceived decline, stated \"for many fans ... the glory days are long past.\"Similarly, Tyler Wilson ofCoeur d'Alene Presshas referred to seasons one to nine as the show's \"golden age\",and Ian Nathan ofEmpiredescribed the show's classic era as being \"say, the first ten seasons\".Jon HeacockofLucidWorksstated that \"for the first ten years , the show was consistently at the top of its game\", with \"so many moments, quotations, and references – both epic and obscure – that helped turn the Simpson family into the cultural icons that they remain to this day\". Mike Scully, who was showrunner during seasons nine throughtwelve, has been the subject of criticism.Chris Suellentrop ofSlatewrote that \"under Scully's tenure,The Simpsonsbecame, well, a cartoon ... Episodes that once would have ended withHomer and Marge bicycling into the sunsetnow end withHomer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge's neck. The show's still funny, but it hasn't been touching in years.\"When asked in 2007 how the series' longevity is sustained, Scully joked: \"Lower your quality standards. Once you've done that you can go on forever.\" Al Jean, who was showrunner during seasonsthirteenthroughthirty-three,has also been the subject of criticism, with some arguing that the show has continued to decline in quality under his tenure. Former writers have complained that under Jean, the show is \"on auto-pilot\", \"too sentimental\", and the episodes are \"just being cranked out\". Some critics believe that the show has \"entered a steady decline under Jean and is no longer really funny\".John Ortved, author ofThe Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History, characterized the Jean era as \"toothless\",and criticized what he perceived as the show's increase in social and political commentary.Jean responded: \"Well, it's possible that we've declined. But honestly, I've been here the whole time and I do remember in season two people saying, 'It's gone downhill.' If we'd listened to that then we would have stopped after episode 13. I'm glad we didn't.\" In 2004, cast memberHarry Shearercriticized what he perceived as the show's declining quality: \"I rate the last three seasons as among the worst, soseason fourlooks very good to me now.\"Cast memberDan Castellanetaresponded: \"I don't agree, ... I think Harry's issue is that the show isn't as grounded as it was in the first three or four seasons, that it's gotten crazy or a little more madcap. I think it organically changes to stay fresh.\"Also in 2004 authorDouglas Couplanddescribed claims of declining quality in the series as \"hogwash\", saying \"The Simpsonshasn't fumbled the ball in fourteen years, it's hardly likely to fumble it now.\"In an April 2006 interview, Groening said: \"I honestly don't see any end in sight. I think it's possible that the show will get too financially cumbersome ... but right now, the show is creatively, I think, as good or better than it's ever been. The animation is incredibly detailed and imaginative, the stories do things that we haven't done before, so creatively there's no reason to quit.\" In 2016, popular culture writer Anna Leszkiewicz suggested that even thoughThe Simpsonsstill holds cultural relevance, \"contemporary appeal\" is only for the \"first ten or so seasons\", with recent episodes only garnering mainstream attention when a favorite character from the golden era is killed off, or when new information and shock twists are given for old characters.The series' ratings have also declined; while thefirst seasonenjoyed an average of 13.4 million viewing households per episode in the U.S.,thetwenty-first seasonhad an average of 7.2 million viewers. Alan SepinwallandMatt Zoller Seitzargued in their 2016 book titledTV (The Book)that the peak ofThe Simpsonsare \"roughlyseasons 3–12\", and that despite the decline, episodes from the later seasons such as \"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind\" and \"Holidays of Future Passed\" could be considered on par with the earlier classic episodes, further stating that \"even if you want to call the show today a thin shadow of its former self, think about how mind-boggingly great its former self had to be for so-diminished a version to be watchable at all.\" In 2020,Uproxxwriter Josh Kurp stated that while he agrees with the sentiment thatThe Simpsonsis not as good as it used to be, it is because \"it was working at a level of comedy and characterization that no show ever has.\" He felt there were still many reasons to watch the series, as it was \"still capable of quality television, and even the occasional new classic\" and the fact that the show was willing to experiment, giving examples such as bringing on guest animators likeDon HertzfeldtandSylvain Chometto produce couch gags, and guest writers likeSeth RogenandEvan Goldberg,Pete HolmesandMegan Amramto write episodes.In theseason 32episode \"I, Carumbus\", the show itself makes a nod to these concerns in its credits gag where the godJupiternotes that \"It definitely feels like they're wrapping it up ... any day now.\" In a 2021 interview withNME, Jean was quoted as saying, \"To people who sayThe Simpsonsisn't as good as it used to be, I would say I think the world isn't as good as it used to be. But we're declining at a slower rate.\" Race controversy The stereotypical nature of the characterApu Nahasapeemapetilonhas been the subject of controversy. Indian-American comedianHari Kondabolustated in his 2017 documentaryThe Problem with Aputhat as a child he was a fan ofThe Simpsonsand liked Apu, but he now finds the character's stereotypical nature troublesome. Defenders of the character responded that the show is built on comical stereotypes, with creator Matt Groening saying, \"that's the nature of cartooning.\"He added that he was \"proud of what we do on the show\", and \"it's a time in our culture where people love to pretend they're offended\".In response to the controversy, Apu's voice actor,Hank Azaria, said he was willing to step aside from his role as Apu: \"The most important thing is to listen to South Asian people, Indian people in this country when they talk about what they feel and how they think about this character.\"In February 2020, he confirmed that he would no longer voice Apu. Groening stated at the same time that the character would remain in the show. The criticisms were referenced in the season 29 episode \"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\", when Lisa breaks thefourth walland addresses the audience by saying, \"Something that started decades ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?\" to which Marge replies, \"Some things will be addressed at a later date.\" Lisa adds, \"If at all.\" This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying \"Don't have a cow, Apu\", a play on Bart's catchphrase \"Don't have a cow, man,\" as well as the fact that manyHindusdo not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show,which Groening denied. On June 26, 2020, in light of the variousBlack Lives Matterprotests, Fox announced that recurring characters of color (Carl CarlsonandDr. Hibbert, among others) would no longer be voiced by white actors.Beginning withseason 32, Carl, a black character originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by black actorAlex Désert.In addition,Bumblebee Man, a Spanish-speaking Latino character also originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by Mexican-American actorEric Lopez,and Dr. Hibbert, a black character originally voiced byHarry Shearer, is now voiced by black actorKevin Michael Richardson. Other media Comic books Numerous Simpson-related comic books have been released over the years. The firstcomic stripsbased onThe Simpsonsappeared in 1991 in the magazineSimpsons Illustrated, which was a companion magazine to the show.The comic strips were popular and a one-shot comic book titledSimpsons Comics and Stories, containing four different stories, was released in 1993 for the fans.The book was a success and due to this, Groening and his companionsBill Morrison, Mike Rote, and Steve and Cindy Vance created the publishing companyBongo Comics.A total of nine comic book series were published by Bongo Comics between 1993 and the company's dissolution in 2018.Issues ofSimpsons Comics,Bart Simpson's Treehouse of HorrorandBart Simpsonhave been collected and reprinted intrade paperbacksin the United States byHarperCollins. Film 20th Century FoxandGracie FilmsproducedThe Simpsons Movie, an animated film that was released on July 27, 2007.The film was directed by long-timeSimpsonsproducerDavid Silvermanand written by a team ofSimpsonswriters comprising Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, Al Jean, George Meyer,Mike Reiss,John Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,David Mirkin,Mike Scully,Matt Selman, andIan Maxtone-Graham.Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long-time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded.There had been talk of a possible feature-lengthSimpsonsfilm ever since the early seasons of the series. James L. Brooks originally thought that the story of the episode \"Kamp Krusty\" was suitable for a film, but he encountered difficulties in trying to expand the script to feature-length.For a long time, difficulties such as lack of a suitable story and an already fully engaged crew of writers delayed the project. On August 10, 2018, 20th Century Fox announced that a sequel is in development. Music Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albumsSongs in the Key of Springfield,Go Simpsonic with The SimpsonsandThe Simpsons: Testify.Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release and have not been featured on the show. The albumThe Simpsons Sing the Blueswas released in September 1990 and was a success, peaking at No. 3 on theBillboard200and becoming certified 2× platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America.The first single from the album was thepop rapsong \"Do the Bartman\", performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written byMichael Jackson, although he did not receive any credit.The Yellow Albumwas released in 1998, but received poor reception and did not chart in any country. The SimpsonsRide In 2007, it was officially announced thatThe SimpsonsRide, asimulator ride, would be implemented into theUniversal Studios OrlandoandUniversal Studios Hollywood.It officially opened May 15, 2008, in Floridaand May 19, 2008, in Hollywood.In the ride, patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built byKrusty the Clown. However,Sideshow Bobis loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and theSimpson family.It features more than 24 regular characters fromThe Simpsonsand features the voices of the regular cast members, as well asPamela Hayden,Russi TaylorandKelsey Grammer.Harry Shearerdid not participate in the ride, so none of his characters have vocal parts.The ride also features clips from the show in the waiting line. Video games Numerous video games based on the show have been produced. Some of the early games includeKonami'sarcade gameThe Simpsons(1991) andAcclaim Entertainment'sThe Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants(1991).More modern games includeThe Simpsons: Road Rage(2001),The Simpsons: Hit & Run(2003) andThe Simpsons Game(2007).Electronic Arts, which producedThe Simpsons Game, has owned the exclusive rights to create video games based on the show since 2005.In 2010, they released a game calledThe Simpsons ArcadeforiOS.Another EA-produced mobile game,Tapped Out, was released in 2012 for iOS users, then in 2013 forAndroidandKindleusers.TwoSimpsonspinballmachines have been produced: one that was available briefly after the first season, and another in 2007, both out of production. Merchandise The popularity ofThe Simpsonshas made it a billion-dollar merchandising industry.The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T-shirts to posters.The Simpsonshas been used as a theme for special editions of well-known board games, includingClue,Scrabble,Monopoly,Operation, andThe Game of Life, as well as thetriviagames What Would Homer Do? and SimpsonsJeopardy!. Several card games such astrump cardsand The Simpsons Trading Card Game have also been released. Many official or unofficialSimpsonsbooks such as episode guides have been published. Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the first season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the first season ofChappelle's Show.In particular, seasons one through seventeen were released on DVD for 13 years between September 2001 to December 2014 in the U.S./Canada (Region 1), Europe (Region 2), and Australia/New Zealand/Latin America (Region 4). However, on April 8, 2015, Al Jean announced that the Season 17 DVD would be the last one ever produced, leaving the collection from Seasons 1 to 17, Season 20 (released out of order in 2010), with Seasons 18, 19, and 21 onwards unreleased.Jean also stated that the deleted scenes and commentaries would try to be released to the Simpsons World app, and that they were pushing for Simpsons World to be expanded outside of the U.S.Two years later, however, on July 22, 2017, it was announced that Season 18 would be released on December 5, 2017, on DVD.Another two years later, on July 20, 2019, it was announced that Season 19 would be released on December 3, 2019, on DVD. In 2003, about 500 companies around the world were licensed to useSimpsonscharacters in their advertising.As a promotion forThe Simpsons Movie, twelve7-Elevenstores were transformed intoKwik-E-Martsand soldThe Simpsonsrelated products. These included \"Buzz Cola\", \"Krusty-O\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \"Squishees\". In 2008, consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related toThe Simpsons, with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts.On April 9, 2009, theUnited States Postal Serviceunveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary.The Simpsonsis the first television series still in production to receive this recognition.The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009.Approximately one billion were printed, but only 318 million were sold, costing the Postal Service $1.2 million. References Bibliography Further reading External links","List of animated television series by episode count This is a list ofanimated television seriesby episode count. This article does not includeanimeseries which originate fromJapan(for this see thelist of anime series by episode count). Single series with at least 100 episodes and television franchises with at least 40 episodes are listed. Single series Longest-running animated television franchises See also References"],"string":"[\n \"Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \\\"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\\\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \\\"Barry\\\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \\\"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\\\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \\\"Barry\\\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \\\"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\\\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana, andcocaineduring his teenage years to \\\"push questions of who I was out of my mind\\\".Obama was also a member of the \\\"Choom Gang\\\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \\\"40 under Forty\\\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \\\"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\\\" he said. \\\"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\\\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\\\"Sasha\\\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \\\"was not raised in a religious household.\\\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \\\"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\\\", and \\\"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\\\" He described his father as a \\\"confirmedatheist\\\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \\\"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\\\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \\\"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\\\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \\\"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\\\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \\\"of all the different people I've met along the way\\\", adding: \\\"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\\\" The items, \\\"a whole bowl full\\\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \\\"it's not too late\\\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\\\"House Divided\\\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \\\"It Begins with Us\\\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \\\"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\\\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \\\"strict guidelines\\\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \\\"common-sense gun reform\\\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \\\"postracial America\\\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \\\"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\\\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \\\"a great deal\\\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \\\"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\\\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \\\"gay\\\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \\\"Cash for Clunkers\\\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \\\"unusually uncertain\\\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \\\"it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\\\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \\\"defining challenge of our time\\\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \\\"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\\\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \\\"Obamacare\\\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \\\"out-of-pocket\\\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \\\"closely-held\\\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \\\"established by the State\\\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \\\"new era\\\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \\\"break\\\" and \\\"reset\\\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \\\"A New Beginning\\\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \\\"Joint Planning Cell\\\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \\\"home for the holidays.\\\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \\\"Panther Brigade\\\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \\\"dangerous distraction\\\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \\\"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\\\", an area he said had not received the \\\"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\\\"He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \\\"greatest threat\\\" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \\\"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\\\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \\\"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\\\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \\\"surgical raid\\\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \\\"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\\\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \\\"interests sections\\\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \\\"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\\\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \\\"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\\\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \\\"dangerous\\\" and \\\"bad.\\\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \\\"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\\\" and that it was \\\"a mess\\\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \\\"worst mistake\\\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \\\"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\\\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \\\"red line\\\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \\\"Complex Modernization\\\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the \\\"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\\\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \\\"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\\\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \\\"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\\\", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \\\"black enough\\\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \\\"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\\\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \\\"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\\\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\\\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\\\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \\\"call to action\\\" and remarked: \\\"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\\\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \\\"thanks, Obama\\\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\\\"#thanks Obama\\\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \\\"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\\\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \\\"wokeness\\\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \\\"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\\\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \\\"an absolute chaotic disaster\\\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \\\"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\\\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \\\"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\\\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \\\"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\\\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \\\"could ultimately backfire.\\\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian Zelizercredits Obama with \\\"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\\\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \\\"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\\\" Zeitzer calls this the \\\"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\\\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \\\"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\\\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \\\"in areas many Progressives hold dear\\\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \\\"a disappointingly conventional president\\\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \\\"skinny repeal\\\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \\\"don't ask, don't tell\\\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \\\"mixed\\\", adding that \\\"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\\\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other\",\n \"X-Men: The Animated Series X-Men: The Animated Series, also known asX-Men, is ananimatedsuperherotelevision series aired in the United States for five seasons from October 31, 1992, to September 20, 1997, onFox'sFox Kidsprogramming block.It wasMarvel Comics' second attempt at an animatedX-Mentelevision series after the pilotX-Men: Pryde of the X-Menwas not picked up.Set in the samefictional universeasSpider-Man(1994–1998), Earth-92131,it was followed by arevival,X-Men '97, which began airing on March 20, 2024, onDisney+to critical acclaim. Production In March 1990,Margaret Loesch(who had previously worked as president and chief executive officer atMarvel Productions) became head ofFox Children's Network.Having championed thePryde of the X-Menpilotin 1989, she ordered 13 episodes ofX-Men.Saban Entertainmentwas contracted to produce the show and hired a small studio,Graz Entertainment, to produce episodes because, at the time, they lacked sufficient staff to handle in-house production. Mark Edward Edens and Eric Lewald were to write the show, with the two dividing the job between Edens as head writer and Lewald as story editor.The voice work was done throughCanadianstudios, andSouth KoreanstudioAKOMwas hired to animate episodes.X-Menwas initially set to premiere overLabor Dayweekend in September; however, due to production delays, it was delayed to the end of October. When AKOM turned in the first episode, it contained several animation errors, which they refused to fix. Because of time constraints, the episode was aired unfinished;when Fox re-aired the pilot in early 1993, the errors were corrected.The second episode was submitted just before the deadline, with 50 scenes missing and a single day reserved for editing.The two-part episode \\\"Night of the Sentinels\\\" originally aired as a \\\"sneak preview\\\" on October 31. Because of the production delays and animation errors, Fox threatened to sever AKOM's contracts.The series earned top ratings throughout its first season,and was renewed for a second season of 13 episodes. Throughout its run, producers had to deal with quality control issues, including attempts to cut costs and requests to change the tone of the series to more child-friendly and integrated toys. The show was originally planned to run for 65 episodes, but as a result of its success, Saban funded eleven more episodes, albeit with a reduced budget due to Marvel's bankruptcy. The series is currently owned and distributed byThe Walt Disney Company(Marvel's parent company), which acquired all Fox Kids-related properties fromNews CorporationandSaban Internationalin 2001. The series was added to streaming serviceDisney+following its launch on November 12, 2019, with a revival,X-Men '97, subsequently announced to be in development.The series premiered on March 20, 2024. Episodes Synopsis The show features a team similar to that of the early 1990sX-Mencomics byJim Lee, specifically the Blue Team established early on inX-Men (vol. 2). It consists ofCyclops,Wolverine,Rogue,Storm,Beast,Gambit,Jubilee,Jean Grey, andProfessor X, as well as original characterMorph, who is based onChangeling. All 76 episodes were directed by Larry Houston. The series deals with social issues, including divorce (\\\"Proteus\\\"), religion (\\\"Nightcrawler\\\" and \\\"Bloodlines\\\"),the Holocaust(\\\"Enter Magneto\\\", \\\"Deadly Reunions\\\", \\\"Days of Future Past\\\" and \\\"The Phalanx Covenant\\\"),AIDShysteria (\\\"Time Fugitives\\\"), and loneliness (\\\"No Mutant Is an Island\\\"). It satirizes television in the episodes \\\"Mojovision\\\" and \\\"Longshot\\\". It crossed over withSpider-Manwhen Spider-Man seeks the X-Men's help to stop his progressing mutation. In theabbreviated formof the Secret Wars storyline, theBeyonderandMadame Webselect Spider-Man to lead a team of heroes against a group of villains. An earlier draft of \\\"Secret Wars\\\" involved all the X-Men, but transporting the voice cast from Canada to Los Angeles, where production for theSpider-Mananimated series was based, had been too costly in previous crossovers, so the episode was rewritten to feature only Storm, whose actress, Iona Morris, lived in Los Angeles. In the first season, the X-Men come into conflict with human conspirators buildingSentinelrobots to kill mutants, Magneto's plan to instigate a human-mutant war, and the powerful mutantApocalypse's plan to eradicate the weak. Other storylines include X-Men member Morph's death at the hands of the Sentinels, Beast's incarceration, and Apocalypse's minions attempting to assassinate U.S. Senator Kelly to turn humans against mutants. In the second season, Cyclops and Jean are married and targeted byMister Sinister, who seeks to use the genetically perfect combination of their DNA to create an army of obedient mutants. Morph returns, having been rescued by Sinister and brainwashed into forcing the X-Men apart. Over time, a rift grows between humans and mutants, with the Friends of Humanity, an anti-mutant group, leading their persecution. Apocalypse returns, developing a deadly plague that he plans to blame on mutants to fuel hatred against them. It features a parallel narrative of Professor X and Magneto being lost in the Savage Land. The third season involves thePhoenix, a cosmic force that merges with Jean Grey and turns her into the Dark Phoenix. It introduces theShi'ar Empire, which includes Lilandra and Gladiator, and seeks to stop the Dark Phoenix. Other storylines include the introduction of Wolverine's former lover turned mercenary, Lady Deathstrike, former X-Men memberIceman, and the villainousShadow King. Volume 5 of theOfficial Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z Hardcoverslists the cartoon as part of the Marvel multiverse, inhabiting Earth-92131. As well, the plague-infested future thatBishoptries to prevent in Season 2 is listed as Earth-13393, whileCable's release of the cure is listed as Earth-121893. Voice cast The series' voice acting was recorded in Toronto studios, with Dan Hennessey serving as voice director. Toronto voice actors had also been used in the 1960s Marvel Comics cartoons.Catherine Disherhad originally auditioned for the part ofStormbefore she was cast asJean Grey.Chris Potterwas cast in the role ofGambitduring filming forKung Fu: The Legend Continues(1993-1997) which was helpful since his co-starDavid Carradine, a big fan of the comics, helped as he was unfamiliar.Alyson CourtandCal Doddwere neighbors when Court was a child and Dodd was a well-known actor in Canada long before voicing bothJubileeandWolverinerespectively, attributing their characters' chemistry to being previously acquainted with one another. Another voice actor originally had been cast as Jubilee, but Court was cast when the original voice was deemed too sweet and innocent for the role. Principal cast Additional cast Other versions The original opening sequence, used throughout the first four seasons, features the X-Men demonstrating their mutant abilities to an instrumental theme written byRon Wassermanand composed byHaim SabanandShuki Levy. A modified version is introduced in season five, episode one (\\\"Phalanx Covenant, Part One\\\"), which slightly changes the beginning of the theme. WhenUPNbegan airing reruns on Sunday mornings, an alternate credits sequence was used: a high-quality Japanese-animated version of the original opening. This modified version occasionally appears in the digital streaming release of the show, which was used for re-runs on Toon Disney. In Italy, where the series began airing in 1994 onCanale 5, the intro and outro sequences were replaced by a new sequence and theme song: \\\"Insuperabili X-Men\\\", sung by Marco Destro and Pietro Ubaldi. X-Menoriginally aired onTV Tokyofrom 1994 to 1995. For the TV Tokyo dub of the series, the intro was replaced with a new, Japanese-animated sequence and a new theme: \\\"Rising\\\" by Ambience. Starting with episode 42, a second intro was used, featuring the song \\\"Dakishimetai Dare Yori Mo\\\"(抱きしめたい誰よりも, \\\"I want to embrace you more than anyone else\\\"). The end credits sequence was also changed: it featured shots of AmericanX-Mencomic books set to the song \\\"Back to You\\\", also by Ambience. The TV Tokyo dub was directed by Yoshikazu Iwanami and featured scripts rewritten to include a more humorous, self-satirical tone with an emphasis on comical adlibbing, a hallmark of his dubbing style. Episodes were edited for time so that new segments could be added to the end to promoteX-Men: Children of the Atom, which featured the dub actors pretending to play the game as their characters. A second dub was made in the early 2000s for broadcast onToon Disney (Japan)that is more faithful to the original English scripts and does not cut episodes for time. This version used the original American intro and end credits rather than the unique ones created for the TV Tokyo version. Two versions of the episode \\\"No Mutant is an Island\\\" exist, each with a different animation. The first version was aired for Toon Disney reruns, can be seen on digital streaming services such as Amazon Video, aired on Fox Kids in the United States, and uses the remixed intro theme from Season 5. The second version is available on Region 1 DVD, aired on Fox Kids overseas, and uses the default intro theme from Seasons 1–4. Viewership In its prime,X-Mengarnered very highratingsfor a Saturday morning cartoon and received praise for adapting many different storylines from the comics. Haim Saban credits the success of the series in assisting him to sell his next project to Fox:Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. X-Menreached a viewership of over23 millionhouseholds. Legacy X-Men '97 By 2019, there were ongoing talks withDisney+to revive the series.In November 2021, it was revealed that a revival titledX-Men '97was in development which will continue the plot of the series.X-Men '97eventually premiered on March 20, 2024. Beau DeMayo served ashead writerfor the first two seasons, with most of the surviving cast members of the original series reprising their roles, including Dodd, Zann, Buza, Disher, Potter, Sealy-Smith, Hough, and Britton. They were joined byJennifer Hale, Anniwaa Buachie,Ray Chase, Matthew Waterson,JP Karliak, Holly Chou,Jeff Bennett, andA.J. LoCascio. Alyson Court did not reprise her role as Jubilee, requesting that Jubilee be voiced by an Asian actress. She instead returned to voice an alternate version of the character.The series is produced byMarvel Studios Animation, but does not take place within theMarvel Cinematic Universe. Comics X-Men Adventures X-Men Adventureswas acomic bookspin-offof the animated series. Beginning in November 1992, it adapted the first three seasons of the show; in April 1996, it becameAdventures of the X-Men, which contained original stories set within the same continuity.The comic book lasted until March 1997, shortly after the show's cancellation by theFox Network. Bibliography Additionally, stories featuring the same characters were printed through the 19 issues ofSpider-Man Magazine, published between March 1994 and March 1997, alongside stories inspired by the animated seriesSpider-Man. X-Men '92 The comic book seriesX-Men '92was first released as one of the many tie-in titles for Marvel's 2015Secret Warsevent, and continued in its second volume as a regular series in early 2016, starring characters of the TV show's reality. In January 2022 Marvel announced a new series inspired by the cartoon,X-Men '92: House of XCII. Scheduled for publication in April of that same year, the series will explore an alternate universe where the events ofJonathan Hickman'sHouse of X and Powers of Xhappened decades earlier, in the '90s of the original show. Manga Books Previously on X-Men In 2017, series developer and showrunner Eric Lewald released the bookPreviously on X-Men: The Making of an Animated Series, which features his interviews with 36 of the staff and voice cast behind the TV series, as well as Lewald's personal experiences on the series' development and production. X-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series In 2020, Eric Lewald and Julia Lewald released the bookX-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series, which features previously unseen concept art, storyboards, character models, background layouts, animation cels, and other production/promotional materials, along with new interviews with the series principal artists and production staff. Video games In film The series was credited for being responsible for the beginning development of the 2000X-Menfilm. Fox Kids owner20th Century Foxwas impressed by the success of the TV show, and producerLauren Shuler Donnerpurchased the film rights for them in 1994.The film's success led to afilm franchise, which includes a series of sequels, prequels, and spin-offs, for two decades up to 2020, when the series came to an end due toDisney'sacquisition of Fox, with the character rights reverting to Marvel Studios. Potter revealed that he once auditioned for the role of Cyclops in the 2000 film before losing it toJames Marsden, while Buza would appear in the film proper as a truck driver. In the 2022Marvel Cinematic UniversefilmDoctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, produced by Marvel Studios, the theme song from the TV series (orchestrated byDanny Elfmanand credited asX-Men '97 Theme) is played whenCharles Xavier(portrayed byPatrick Stewart) first appears; in the film, unlike his previous performances as the character in Fox'sX-Menfranchise, Stewart's Xavier is visually redesigned to match his animated counterpart, complete with his iconic green suit, blue and black tie, and yellow hoverchair. In television In theMs. Marvelepisode \\\"No Normal\\\", set in the MCU, the theme song from theX-Menanimated series is played whenKamala Khandiscovers that she is a \\\"mutant\\\". Lawsuit On October 9, 2019, Hungarian immigrant Zoltán Krisko, manager of the estate ofGyörgy Vukán, filed a lawsuit againstMarvel Entertainment Group,Warner Chappell Music,Haim Saban,Shuki Levy,Ron Wasserman,UMG Recordings, the current distributor of Disney Music Group, andFox Corporation. He claims the theme music was plagiarized from the theme song to the 1984–1991 Hungarian action-adventure television seriesLinda, which was composed by Vukán. Notes References Sources External links\",\n \"The Simpsons The Simpsonsis an Americananimated sitcomcreated byMatt Groeningfor theFox Broadcasting Company.Developed by Groening,James L. Brooks, andSam Simon, the series is asatiricaldepiction of American life, epitomized by theSimpson family, which consists ofHomer,Marge,Bart,Lisa, andMaggie. Set in the fictional town ofSpringfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and thehuman condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series ofanimated shortswith producer Brooks. He created adysfunctional familyand named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to \\\"simpleton\\\".The shorts became a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). Since its debut on December 17, 1989,771 episodesof the show have been broadcast. It is thelongest-running American animated series,longest-running American sitcom, and thelongest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in seasons and individual episodes. A feature-length film,The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, to critical and commercial success, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerouscomic book series,video games,books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollarmerchandising industry.The Simpsonsis produced byGracie Filmswith20th Televisiondistributing the series.It has been distributed under the20th Television Animationlabel since 2021, although the animation studio has produced animation for the series since season 28. On January 26, 2023, the series was renewed for its 35th and 36th seasons, taking the show through the 2024–25 television season.Both seasons contain a combined total of 51 episodes. Seven of these episodes are season 34 holdovers, while the other 44 will be produced in the production cycle of the upcoming seasons, bringing the show's overall episode total up to 801.Season 35 premiered on October 1, 2023.Season 36 premiered on September 29, 2024. The Simpsonsreceived widespread acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its \\\"golden age\\\". Since then, it has been criticized for aperceived decline in quality.Timenamed it the 20th century's best television series,and Erik Adams ofThe A.V. Clubnamed it \\\"television's crowning achievement regardless of format\\\".On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 37Primetime Emmy Awards, 34Annie Awards, and 2Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of \\\"D'oh!\\\" has been adopted into the English language, whileThe Simpsonshas influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series. Premise Characters The main characters are theSimpson family, who live in the fictional \\\"Middle America\\\" town of Springfield.Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at theSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married toMarge(néeBouvier), a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children:Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster;Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; andMaggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family also owns agreyhound,Santa's Little Helper, (who first appeared in the episode \\\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\\\") and a cat,Snowball II, who is replaced by a cat also called Snowball II in the fifteenth-season episode \\\"I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot\\\".Extended members of the Simpson and Bouvier family in the main cast include Homer's fatherAbeand Marge's sistersPatty and Selma. Marge's motherJacquelineand Homer's motherMonaappear less frequently. The show includes a vast array of quirky supporting characters, which include Homer's friendsBarney Gumble,Lenny LeonardandCarl Carlson; the school principalSeymour Skinnerand staff members such asEdna KrabappelandGroundskeeper Willie; students such asMilhouse Van Houten,Nelson MuntzandRalph Wiggum; shopkeepers such asApu Nahasapeemapetilon,Comic Book GuyandMoe Szyslak; government figuresMayor \\\"Diamond\\\" Joe QuimbyandClancy Wiggum; next-door neighborNed Flanders; local celebrities such asKrusty the Clownand news reporterKent Brockman; nuclear tycoonMontgomery Burnsand his devoted assistantWaylon Smithers; anddozens more. The creators originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town. A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes. According to Matt Groening, the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the comedy showSCTV. Continuity and the floating timeline Despite the depiction of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays passing, the characters never age. The series uses afloating timelinein which episodes generally take place in the year the episode is produced. Flashbacks and flashforwards do occasionally depict the characters at other points in their lives, with the timeline of these depictions also generally floating relative to the year the episode is produced. For example, the 1991 episodes \\\"The Way We Was\\\" and \\\"I Married Marge\\\" depict Homer and Marge as high schoolers in the 1970s who had Bart (who is always 10 years old) in the early '80s, while the 2008 episode \\\"That '90s Show\\\" depicts Homer and Marge as a childless couple in the '90s, and the 2021 episode \\\"Do Pizza Bots Dream of Electric Guitars\\\" portrays Homer as an adolescent in the same period. The 1995 episode \\\"Lisa's Wedding\\\" takes place during Lisa's college years in the then-future year of 2010, the same year the show began airing its22nd season, in which Lisa was still 8. Regarding the contradictory flashbacks, Selman stated that \\\"they all kind of happened in their imaginary world.\\\" The show follows a loose and inconsistent continuity. For example,Krusty the Clownmay be able to read in one episode, but not inanother. However, it is consistently portrayed that he isJewish, that his father was arabbi, and that his career began in the 1960s. The latter point introduces another snag in the floating timeline: historical periods that are a core part of a character's backstory remain so even when their age makes it unlikely or impossible, such asGrampa SimpsonandPrincipal Skinner's respective service inWorld War IIandVietnam. The only episodes not part of the series' main canon are theTreehouse of Horrorepisodes, which often feature the deaths of main characters. Characters who die in \\\"regular\\\" episodes, such asMaude Flanders,Mona SimpsonandEdna Krabappel, however, stay dead. Most episodes end with thestatus quobeing restored, though occasionally major changes will stick, such as Lisa's conversions tovegetarianismandBuddhism, the divorce ofMilhouse van Houten's parents, and the marriage and subsequent parenthood ofApuandManjula. Setting The Simpsonstakes place in a fictional American town calledSpringfield. Although there are many real settlements in America named Springfield,the town the show is set in is fictional. The state it is in is not established. In fact, the show is intentionally evasive with regard to Springfield's location.Springfield's geography and that of its surroundings is inconsistent: from one episode to another, it may have coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, mountains, or whatever the story or joke requires.Groening has said that Springfield has much in common withPortland, Oregon, the city where he grew up.Groening has said that he named it afterSpringfield, Oregon, and the fictitious Springfield which was the setting of the seriesFather Knows Best. He \\\"figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do.\\\"Many landmarks, including street names, have connections to Portland. Production Development When producerJames L. Brookswas working on the television variety showThe Tracey Ullman Show, he decided to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonistMatt Groening'sLife in Hellcomic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts. Groening initially intended to present an animated version of hisLife in Hellseries.However, Groening later realized that animatingLife in Hellwould require the rescinding ofpublication rightsfor his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons.He named the characters after his own family members, substituting \\\"Bart\\\" for his own name, adopting ananagramof the wordbrat. The Simpson family first appeared asshortsinThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987.Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts.The animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo,withWes Archer,David Silverman, andBill Koppbeing animators for the first season.The colorist, \\\"Georgie\\\" Gyorgyi Kovacs Peluce (Kovács Györgyike)made the characters yellow; as Bart, Lisa and Maggie have no hairlines, she felt they would look strange if they were flesh-colored. Groening supported the decision, saying: \\\"Marge is yellow with blue hair? That's hilarious — let's do it!\\\" In 1989, a team of production companies adaptedThe Simpsonsinto a half-hour series for theFox Broadcasting Company. The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content.Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \\\"the mainstream trash\\\" that they were watching.The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989, with \\\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\\\".\\\"Some Enchanted Evening\\\" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990, as the last episode of the first season, because of animation problems.In 1992,Tracey Ullmanfiled a lawsuit against Fox, claiming that her show was the source of the series' success. The suit said she should receive a share of the profits ofThe Simpsons—a claim rejected by the courts. Executive producers and showrunners List of showrunners throughout the series' run: Matt Groening and James L. Brooks have served as executive producers during the show's entire history, and also function as creative consultants.Sam Simon, described by formerSimpsonsdirectorBrad Birdas \\\"the unsung hero\\\" of the show,served as creative supervisor for the first four seasons. He was constantly at odds with Groening, Brooks and the show's production companyGracie Filmsand left in 1993.Before leaving, he negotiated a deal that sees him receive a share of the profits every year, and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since 1993,at least until his passing in 2015.A more involved position on the show is theshowrunner, who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season. Writing The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted ofJohn Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,George Meyer,Jeff Martin,Al Jean,Mike Reiss,Jay KogenandWallace Wolodarsky.NewerSimpsons'writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December.The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers.Until 2004,George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits.Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events. Credited with sixty episodes,John Swartzwelderis the most prolific writer onThe Simpsons.One of the best-known former writers isConan O'Brien, who contributed to several episodes in the early 1990s before replacingDavid Lettermanas host of the talk showLate Night.English comedianRicky Gervaiswrote the episode \\\"Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife\\\", becoming the first celebrity both to write and guest star in the same episode.Seth RogenandEvan Goldberg, writers of the filmSuperbad, wrote the episode \\\"Homer the Whopper\\\", with Rogen voicing a character in it. At the end of 2007, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. The show's writers had joined the guild in 1998. In May 2023, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. Voice actors The Simpsonshas six main cast members:Dan Castellaneta,Julie Kavner,Nancy Cartwright,Yeardley Smith,Hank Azaria, andHarry Shearer. Castellaneta voicesHomer Simpson,Grampa Simpson,Krusty the Clown,Groundskeeper Willie,Mayor Quimby,Barney Gumble, and other adult male characters.Julie KavnervoicesMarge SimpsonandPatty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showcast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be needed.Cartwright voicesBart Simpson,Nelson Muntz,Ralph Wiggumand other children.Smith, the voice ofLisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting directorBonita Pietilabelieved her voice was too high,so she was given the role of Lisa instead.Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa, but upon arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \\\"middle child\\\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \\\"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, clever\\\".Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.Cartwright is the only one of the six mainSimpsonscast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family, but play a majority of the male townspeople. Azaria, who has been a part of the main voice cast since the second season in one episode \\\"Old Money\\\" and then perpetually part of the regular main voice cast since the third season, voices recurring characters such asMoe Szyslak,Chief Wiggum,Apu NahasapeemapetilonandProfessor Frink. Shearer provides voices forMr. Burns,Mr. Smithers,Principal Skinner,Ned Flanders,Reverend Lovejoyand formerlyDr. Hibbert.Every main cast member has won aPrimetime Emmy AwardforOutstanding Voice-Over Performance. With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice. Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and, therefore, closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists.However, the network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode \\\"Old Money\\\", because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work.In 2003, the cast appeared in an episode ofInside the Actors Studio, doing live performances of their characters' voices. The six main actors were paid $30,000 per episode, until 1998, when they were involved in a pay dispute with Fox. The company threatened to replace them with new actors, even going as far as preparing for casting of new voices, but series creator Groening supported the actors in their action.The issue was soon resolved and, from 1998 to 2004, they were paid $125,000 per episode. The show's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales, and in April 2004 the main cast stopped appearing for script readings, demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode.The strike was resolved a month laterand their salaries were increased to something between $250,000and $360,000 per episode.In 2008, production for thetwentieth seasonwas put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors, who wanted a \\\"healthy bump\\\" in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode.The negotiations were soon completed, and the actors' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode.Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, the cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode. In addition to the main cast,Pamela Hayden,Tress MacNeille,Marcia Wallace,Maggie Roswell, andRussi Taylorvoice supporting characters.From 1999 to 2002, Roswell's characters were voiced byMarcia Mitzman Gaven.Karl Wiedergotthas also appeared in minor roles, but does not voice any recurring characters.Wiedergott left the show in 2010, and since thenChris Edgerlyhas appeared regularly to voice minor characters. Repeat \\\"special guest\\\" cast members includeAlbert Brooks,Phil Hartman,Jon Lovitz,Joe Mantegna,Maurice LaMarche, andKelsey Grammer.Following Hartman's death in 1998, the characters he voiced (Troy McClureandLionel Hutz) were retired;Wallace's character ofEdna Krabappelwas retired as well after her death in 2013. Following Taylor's death in 2019, her characters (includingSherri, Terri, andMartin Prince) are now voiced byGrey Griffin. Episodes will quite often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians and scientists. In the earlier seasons, most of the guest stars voiced characters, but eventually more started appearing as themselves.Tony Bennettwas the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing briefly in the season two episode \\\"Dancin' Homer\\\".The Simpsonsholds theworld recordfor \\\"Most Guest Stars Featured in a Television Series\\\". The Simpsonshas been dubbed intoseveral other languages, including Japanese, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is also one of the few programs dubbed in bothstandard FrenchandQuebec French.The show has been broadcast in Arabic, but due toIslamiccustoms, numerous aspects of the show have been changed. For example, Homer drinkssodainstead of beer and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. Because of such changes, the Arabized version of the series met with a negative reaction from the lifelongSimpsonsfans in the area. Animation Several different U.S. and international studios animateThe Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts onThe Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo.With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several local and foreign studios.These areAKOM,Anivision,Rough Draft Studios,USAnimation,and Toonzone Entertainment. For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animatedThe Simpsonsin the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Gracie Films, switched domestic production toFilm Roman,who continued to animate the show until 2016 when they were replaced byFox Television Animation, which allowed the show to be made more in-house. InSeason 14, production switched from traditionalcel animationtodigital ink and paint.The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was \\\"Radioactive Man\\\" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of theseason 12episode \\\"Tennis the Menace\\\", but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed \\\"Tennis the Menace\\\" was broadcast as made. The production staff at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, drawsstoryboards, designs new characters, backgrounds, props and draws character and background layouts, which in turn becomeanimaticsto be screened for the writers at Gracie Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas. The overseas studios then draw theinbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later. The series beganhigh-definitionproduction in Season 20; the first episode, \\\"Take My Life, Please\\\", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV included a new opening sequence.Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation. Themes The Simpsonsuses the standard setup of a situational comedy, or sitcom, as its premise. The series centers on a family and their life in a typical American town,serving as asatiricalparody of amiddle classAmerican lifestyle.However, because of its animated nature,The Simpsons'scope is larger than that of a regular sitcom. The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society. By having Homer work in anuclear power plant, the show can comment on the state of the environment.Through Bart and Lisa's days atSpringfield Elementary School, the show's writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education. The town features a vast array of television channels, which enables the producers to make jokes about the entertainment industry and the press. Some commentators say the show is political in nature and susceptible to a left-wing bias.Al Jeanacknowledged in an interview that \\\"We are ofliberalbent.\\\"The writers often evince an appreciation forprogressive leanings, but the show makes jokes across the political spectrum.The show portrays government and large corporations as evil entities that take advantage of the common worker.Thus, the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light. InThe Simpsons, politicians are corrupt, ministers such asReverend Lovejoyare dismissive to churchgoers, and the local police force is incompetent.Religion also figures as a recurring theme.In times of crisis, the family often turns to God, and the show has dealt with most of the major religions. Sexualityis often a source of jokes in the series or serves as the theme of certain episodes. Even though homosexuals are sometimes sources of gags, the series often comments on how American society treats them, with \\\"Homer's Phobia\\\" devoting an entire episode to the family making a gay friend and Homer's initial hostility to him. In 1990,The Simpsonsbecame the first animated early evening show to depict a kiss between two men in \\\"Simpson and Delilah\\\". Hallmarks Opening sequence The Simpsons'opening sequenceis one of the show's most memorable hallmarks. The standard opening has gone through three iterations (a replacement of some shots at the start of the second season, and a brand new sequence when the show switched to high-definition in 2009). Each has the same basic sequence of events: the camera zooms throughcumulus clouds, through the show's title towards the town ofSpringfield. The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home. Upon entering their house, the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television. The original opening was created byDavid Silverman, and was the first task he did when production began on the show.The series' distinctivetheme songwascomposedby musicianDanny Elfmanin 1989, after Groening approached him requesting a retro-style piece. This piece has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career. One of the most distinctive aspects of the opening is that three of its elements change from episode to episode: Bart writes different things on the school chalkboard,Lisa plays different solos on her saxophone (or occasionally a different instrument), and different gags accompany the family as they enter their living room to sit on the couch. Halloween episodes The specialHalloweenepisode has become an annual tradition. \\\"Treehouse of Horror\\\" first broadcast in 1990 as part ofseason twoand established the pattern of three separate, self-contained stories in each Halloween episode.These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres.They always take place outside the normal continuity of the show. Although theTreehouseseries is meant to be seen on Halloween, this changed by the 2000s (and again in 2020), when new installments have premiered after Halloween due toFox's currentcontractwithMajor League Baseball'sWorld Series.Prior to 2020 (between 2011 and 2019), everyTreehouse of Horrorepisode had aired in October. Humor The show's humor turns on cultural references that cover a wide spectrum of society so that viewers from all generations can enjoy the show. Such references, for example, come from movies, television, music, literature, science, and history.The animators also regularly add jokes or sight gags into the show's background via humorous or incongruous bits of text in signs, newspapers,billboards, and elsewhere. The audience may often not notice the visual jokes in a single viewing. Some are so fleeting that they become apparent only by pausing a video recording of the show or viewing it in slow motion.Kristin Thompson argues thatThe Simpsonsuses a \\\"flurry of cultural references, intentionally inconsistent characterization, and considerable self-reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show.\\\" One of Bart's earlyhallmarkswas his prank calls toMoe's TavernownerMoe Szyslakwhere he asks for agag name. Moe tries to find that person in the bar, but soon realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart. These calls were apparently based on a series of prank calls known as theTube Bar recordings, though Groening has denied any causal connection.Moe was based partly on Tube Bar ownerLouis \\\"Red\\\" Deutsch, whose often profane responses inspired Moe's violent side.As the series progressed, it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe's angry response, and the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season.The Simpsonsalso often includesself-referential humor.The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting.For example, the episode \\\"She Used to Be My Girl\\\" included a scene in which aFox News Channelvan drove down the street while displaying a large \\\"Bush Cheney 2004\\\" banner and playingQueen's \\\"We Are the Champions\\\", in reference to the2004 U.S. presidential electionand claims ofconservative bias in Fox News. The show usescatchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have at least one each.Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \\\"D'oh!\\\", Mr. Burns' \\\"Excellent\\\" andNelson Muntz's \\\"Ha-ha!\\\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \\\"¡Ay, caramba!\\\", \\\"Don't have a cow, man!\\\" and \\\"Eat my shorts!\\\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days.However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through themerchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \\\"Bart Gets Famous\\\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on theKrusty the Clown Showsolely for saying \\\"I didn't do it.\\\" Purported foreshadowing of actual events The Simpsonshas gained notoriety for jokes that appeared to become reality. Perhaps the most famous example comes from the episode \\\"Bart to the Future\\\", which mentions billionaireDonald Trumphaving been president of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke.The episode first aired in 2000, sixteen years before Trump (who at the time wasexploring a presidential run) was elected.Another episode, \\\"When You Dish Upon a Star\\\", lampooned20th Century Foxas a division ofThe Walt Disney Company. Nineteen years later,Disney purchased Fox.Other examples purported asThe Simpsonspredicting the future include the introduction of thesmartwatch,video chatservices,Richard Branson's spaceflightandLady Gaga's acrobatic performance at theSuper Bowl LI halftime show. Al Jeanhas commented on the show's purported ability to predict the future, explaining that they are really just \\\"educated guesses\\\" and stating that \\\"if you throw enough darts, you're going to get some bullseyes.\\\"ProducerBill Oakleystated, \\\"There are very few cases whereThe Simpsonspredicted something. It's mainly just coincidence because the episodes are so old that history repeats itself.\\\"Fact-checkingsources such asSnopeshave debunked many of the claimed prophecies, explaining that the show's extensive run means \\\"a lot of jokes, and a lot of opportunities for coincidences to appear\\\" and \\\"most of these 'predictions' have rather simple and mundane explanations\\\".For example, the device shown onThe Simpsonswith autocorrection is anApple Newton, a real 1993 device notorious for its poorhandwriting recognition.Technologically advanced watches have appeared in numerous works of fiction, decades beforeThe Simpsons. Influence and legacy Idioms A number ofneologismsthat originated onThe Simpsonshave entered popular vernacular.Mark Liberman, director of theLinguistic Data Consortium, remarked, \\\"The Simpsonshas apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual allusions.\\\"The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: \\\"D'oh!\\\" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in theOxford English Dictionary, but without the apostrophe.Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase fromJames Finlayson, an actor in manyLaurel and Hardycomedies, who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone. The staff ofThe Simpsonstold Castellaneta to shorten the noise, and it went on to become the well-known exclamation in the television series. Groundskeeper Willie's description of the French as \\\"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\\\" was used byNational ReviewcolumnistJonah Goldbergin 2003, after France's opposition to the proposedinvasion of Iraq. The phrase quickly spread to other journalists.\\\"Cromulent\\\" and \\\"embiggen\\\", words used in \\\"Lisa the Iconoclast\\\", have since appeared in theDictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon,and scientific journals respectively.\\\"Kwyjibo\\\", a fakeScrabbleword invented by Bart in \\\"Bart the Genius\\\", was used as one of the aliases of the creator of theMelissa worm.\\\"I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords\\\", was used byKent Brockmanin \\\"Deep Space Homer\\\" and has become asnowclone,with variants of the utterance used to express obsequious submission. It has been used in media, such asNew Scientistmagazine.The dismissive term \\\"Meh\\\", believed to have been popularized by the show,entered theCollins English Dictionaryin 2008.Other words credited as stemming from the show include \\\"yoink\\\" and \\\"craptacular\\\". The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotationsincludes several quotations from the show. As well as \\\"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\\\", Homer's lines, \\\"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try\\\", from \\\"Burns' Heir\\\" (season five, 1994) as well as \\\"Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all\\\", from \\\"Eight Misbehavin'\\\"(season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007. Many quotes/scenes have become popularInternet memes, including Jasper Beardley's quote \\\"That's a paddlin'\\\" from \\\"The PTA Disbands\\\" (season 6, 1995) and \\\"Steamed Hams\\\" from \\\"22 Short Films About Springfield\\\" (season 7, 1996). Television The Simpsonswas the first successful animated program in American prime time sinceWait Till Your Father Gets Homein the 1970s.During most of the 1980s, US pundits considered animated shows as appropriate only for children, and animating a show was too expensive to achieve a quality suitable for prime-time television.The Simpsonschanged this perception,initially leading to a short period where networks attempted to recreate prime-time cartoon success with shows likeCapitol Critters,Fish Police, andFamily Dog, which were expensive and unsuccessful.The Simpsons'use of Korean animation studios fortweening, coloring, and filming made the episodes cheaper. The success ofThe Simpsonsand the lower production cost prompted US television networks to take chances on other adult animated series.This development led US producers to a 1990s boom in new, animated prime-time shows for adults, such asBeavis and Butt-Head,South Park,Family Guy,King of the Hill,Futurama(which was created by Matt Groening), andThe Critic(which was also produced by Gracie Films).ForFamily GuycreatorSeth MacFarlane, \\\"The Simpsonscreated an audience for prime-time animation that had not been there for many, many years ... As far as I'm concerned, they basically re-invented the wheel. They created what is in many ways—you could classify it as—a wholly new medium.\\\" The Simpsonshas had crossovers with four other shows. In the episode \\\"A Star Is Burns\\\", Marge invites Jay Sherman, the main character ofThe Critic, to be a judge for a film festival in Springfield. Matt Groening had his name removed from the episode since he had no involvement withThe Critic.South Parklater paid homage toThe Simpsonswith the episode \\\"Simpsons Already Did It\\\".In \\\"Simpsorama\\\", the Planet Express crew fromFuturamacome to Springfield in the present to prevent the Simpsons from destroying the future.In theFamily Guyepisode \\\"The Simpsons Guy\\\", the Griffins visit Springfield and meet the Simpsons. The Simpsonshas also influenced live-action shows likeMalcolm in the Middle, which featured the use ofsight gagsand did not use alaugh trackunlike most sitcoms.Malcolm in the Middledebuted January 9, 2000, in the time slot afterThe Simpsons.Ricky GervaiscalledThe Simpsonsan influence onThe Office,and fellow British sitcomSpacedwas, according to its directorEdgar Wright, \\\"an attempt to do a live-actionThe Simpsons\\\".InGeorgia, the animated television sitcomThe Samsonadzes, launched in November 2009, has been noted for its very strong resemblance withThe Simpsons, which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged. LGBT representation The Simpsonshas historically been open to portrayals ofLGBTcharacters and settings, and it has routinely challengedheteronormativity.It was one of several animated television shows in the United States that began introducing characters that were LGBT, both openly and implied, in the 1990s.While early episodes involving LGBT characters primarily included them through the use of stereotypes,The Simpsonsdeveloped several prominent LGBT characters over its run.Producers of the show, such asMatt GroeningandAl Jean, have expressed their opinion that LGBT representation in media is important, and that they seek to actively include it.Some characters, such as Julio, were created with their sexual orientation in mind, with it being central to their character.The show expanded its roster of openly LGBT characters through episodes in which prominent charactersPatty BouvierandWaylon Smitherscame out in seasons16and27, respectively. Release Broadcast Syndication The cable television networkFXX, a sibling of 20th Television and formerly the Fox network, hasexclusive cable and digital syndicationrights forThe Simpsons.Original contracts had previously stated that syndication rights forThe Simpsonswould not be sold to cable until the series conclusion, at a time when cable syndication deals were highly rare. The series has been syndicated to local broadcast stations in nearly all markets throughout the United States since September 1994. FXX premieredThe Simpsonson their network on August 21, 2014, by starting a twelve-daymarathonwhich featured the first 552 episodes (every single episode that had already been released at the time) aired chronologically, includingThe Simpsons Movie, which FX Networks had already owned the rights to air. It was the longest continuous marathon in the history of television (untilVH1 Classicaired a 433-hour, nineteen-day, marathon ofSaturday Night Livein 2015; celebrating that program's 40th anniversary).The first day of the marathon was the highest rated broadcast day in the history of the network so far, the ratings more than tripled those of regular prime time programming for FXX.Ratings during the first six nights of the marathon grew night after night, with the network ranking within the top 5 networks in basic cable each night.In Australia, a marathon of every episode of the show (at the time) aired from December 16, 2019, to January 5, 2020, onFox8(a cable network operated on pay TV providerFoxteland a corporate sibling to the American Fox network). After Disneyacquiredboth 20th Television and FX Networks, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswould air on the company'sFreeformchannel starting October 2, 2019. Streaming and digital sell-through On October 21, 2014, a digital service courtesy of theFXNOWapp, calledSimpsons World, launched with every episode of the series accessible to authenticated FX subscribers, and is available on game consoles such asXbox One, streaming devices such asRokuandApple TV, and online via web browser.There was early criticism of both wrong aspect ratios for earlier episodes and the length of commercial breaks on the streaming service, but that problem was soon amended with fewer commercial breaks during individual episodes.Later it was announced thatSimpsons Worldwould now let users watch all of the SD episodes in their original format.Simpsons Worldwas discontinued after the launch ofDisney+on November 12, 2019, where the series streams exclusively.Initially, the series was only available cropped to16:9without the option to view the original4:3versions, reigniting criticisms of cropping old episodes.In response, Disney announced that \\\"in early 2020, Disney+ will make the first 19 seasons (and some episodes from season 20) ofThe Simpsonsavailable in their original 4:3 aspect ratio, giving subscribers a choice of how they prefer to view the popular series.\\\"On May 28, 2020, Disney+ made the first 19 seasons, along with some episodes from season 20, ofThe Simpsonsavailable in both 16:9 and the original 4:3 aspect ratio.Season 31 came to Disney+ on October 2, 2020, withHulustreaming the latest episodes of season 32 the next day. Season 32 came to Disney+ on September 29, 2021. The season 3 premiere \\\"Stark Raving Dad\\\", which featuresMichael Jacksonas the voice of Leon Kompowsky, was pulled out of rotation in 2019 by Matt Groening, James L. Brooks and Al Jean afterHBOaired the documentaryLeaving Neverland, in which two men share details into how Jackson allegedly abused them as children.It is therefore unavailable on Disney+. However, the episode is still available onThe Complete Third SeasonDVD box set released on August 26, 2003. In July 2017, all episodes from seasons 4 to 19 were made available for purchase on theiTunes Storein Canada. On August 10, 2024, it was announced that four episodes of season 36 would air exclusively on Disney+. Reception and achievements Early success The Simpsonswas the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows.In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \\\"Bartmania\\\".He became the most prevalentSimpsonscharacter on memorabilia, such asT-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold;as many as one million were sold on some days.Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \\\"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\\\" and \\\"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\\\".The Simpsonsmerchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 theFox Networkdecided to switchThe Simpsons'time slot from 8:00 p.m.ETon Sunday night to the same time on Thursday, where it competed withThe Cosby ShowonNBC, thenumber one showat the time.Through the summer, several news outlets published stories about the supposed \\\"Bill vs. Bart\\\" rivalry.\\\"Bart Gets an 'F'\\\"(season two, 1990) was the first episode to air againstThe Cosby Show, and it received a lowerNielsen rating, tying for eighth behindThe Cosby Show, which had an 18.5 rating. The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show, butNielsen Media Researchestimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network,and it is still the highest rated episode in the history ofThe Simpsons.The show moved back to its Sunday slot in 1994 and has remained there ever since. The Simpsonshas received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, and it has been noted for being described as \\\"the most irreverent and unapologetic show on the air.\\\"In a 1990 review of the show, Ken Tucker ofEntertainment Weeklydescribed it as \\\"the American family at its most complicated, drawn as simple cartoons. It's this neat paradox that makes millions of people turn away from the three big networks on Sunday nights to concentrate on The Simpsons.\\\"Tucker also described the show as a \\\"pop-cultural phenomenon, a prime-time cartoon show that appeals to the entire family.\\\" Run length achievements On February 9, 1997,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Flintstoneswith the episode \\\"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\\\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States.In 2004,The SimpsonsreplacedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet(1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States in terms of the number of years airing.In 2009,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet's record of 435 episodes and is now recognized byGuinness World Recordsas the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count).In October 2004,Scooby-Doobriefly overtookThe Simpsonsas the American animated show with the highest number of episodes (albeit under several different iterations).However, network executives in April 2005 again canceledScooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, andThe Simpsonsreclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season.In May 2007,The Simpsonsreached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. WhileThe Simpsonshas the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassedThe Simpsons.For example, the JapaneseanimeseriesSazae-sanhas over 2,000 episodes (7,000+ segments) to its credit. In 2009, Fox began a year-long celebration of the show titled \\\"Best. 20 Years. Ever.\\\" to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the premiere ofThe Simpsons. One of the first parts of the celebration is the \\\"Unleash Your Yellow\\\" contest in which entrants must design a poster for the show.The celebration ended on January 10, 2010 (almost 20 years after \\\"Bart the Genius\\\" aired on January 14, 1990), withThe Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!, a documentary special by documentary filmmakerMorgan Spurlockthat examines the \\\"cultural phenomenon ofThe Simpsons\\\". As of the twenty-first season (2009–2010),The Simpsonsbecame the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, having surpassed the 1955–1975 run ofGunsmoke. On April 29, 2018,The Simpsonsalso surpassedGunsmoke's 635-episode count with the episode \\\"Forgive and Regret\\\". The Simpsonsis both the longest-running and the highest ranking animated series to feature onTV Time's top 50 most followed TV shows ever. On February 6, 2019, it was announced thatThe Simpsonshas been renewed for seasons 31 and 32. On March 3, 2021, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswas renewed for seasons 33 and 34. Awards and honors The Simpsonshas won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 34Primetime Emmy Awards,34Annie Awardsand aPeabody Award.In a 1999 issue celebrating the 20th century's greatest achievements in arts and entertainment,TimenamedThe Simpsonsthe century's best television series, writing: \\\"Dazzlingly intelligent and unapologetically vulgar, the Simpsons have surpassed the humor, topicality and, yes, humanity of past TV greats.\\\"In that same issue,Timeincluded Bart Simpson in theTime 100, the publication's list of the century's 100 most influential people.Bart was the only fictional character on the list. On January 14, 2000, the Simpsons were awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.Also in 2000,Entertainment Weeklymagazine TV critic Ken Tucker namedThe Simpsonsthe greatest television show of the1990s. Furthermore, viewers of the UK television channelChannel 4have votedThe Simpsonsat the top of two polls: 2001's 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows (despite the show not being aimed at children),and 2005's The 100 Greatest Cartoons,with Homer Simpson voted into first place in 2001's 100 Greatest TV Characters.Homer also placed ninth onEntertainment Weekly'slist of the \\\"50 Greatest TV icons\\\".In 2002,The Simpsonsranked No. 8 onTV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time,and was ranked the No. 6 cult show in 2004.In 2007, it moved to No. 8 on TV Guide's cult shows listand was included inTime'slist of the \\\"100 Best TV Shows of All Time\\\".In 2008 the show was placed in first onEntertainment Weekly's\\\"Top 100 Shows of the Past 25 Years\\\".Empirenamed it the greatest TV show of all time.In 2010,Entertainment Weeklynamed Homer \\\"the greatest character of the last 20 years\\\",while in 2013 theWriters Guild of AmericalistedThe Simpsonsas the 11th \\\"best written\\\" series in television history.In 2013,TV GuiderankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest TV cartoon of all timeand the tenth greatest show of all time.A 2015The Hollywood Reportersurvey of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named it as their No. 10 favorite show.In 2015, British newspaperThe TelegraphnamedThe Simpsonsas one of the 10 best TV sitcoms of all time.Television criticsAlan SepinwallandMatt Zoller SeitzrankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 bookTV (The Book).In 2022,Rolling StonerankedThe Simpsonsas the second-greatest TV show of all time.In 2023,VarietyrankedThe Simpsonsas the fourth-greatest TV show of all time. Criticism Controversy Bart's rebellious, bad boy nature, which underlies his misbehavior and rarely leads to any punishment, led some people to characterize him as a poorrole modelfor children.In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a \\\"threat to learning\\\" because of his \\\"underachiever and proud of it\\\" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.Others described him as \\\"egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited\\\".In a 1991 interview,Bill Cosbydescribed Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him \\\"angry, confused, frustrated\\\". In response, Matt Groening said, \\\"That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do.\\\"On January 27, 1992, then-PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushsaid, \\\"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more likethe Waltonsand a lot less like the Simpsons.\\\"The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment that aired three days later before a rerun of \\\"Stark Raving Dad\\\" in which Bart replied, \\\"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end tothe Depression, too.\\\" The show also received criticism from the nuclear power industry in its early years, with its portrayal of the evil boss Mr. Burns and \\\"bungling idiot\\\" employees (including Homer Simpson himself) with their lack of safety and security.In a letter to the nuclear power-backedU.S. Council for Energy Awareness, producer Sam Simon apologized, stating, \\\"I apologize that the Simpsons have offended a lot of people in the energy industry. I agree with you that in real life, Homer Simpson would not be employed at a nuclear power plant. On the other hand, he probably wouldn't be employed anywhere.\\\" Various episodes of the show have generated controversy. The Simpsons visit Australia in \\\"Bart vs. Australia\\\" (season six, 1995) and Brazil in \\\"Blame It on Lisa\\\" (season 13, 2002) and both episodes generated controversy and negative reaction in the visited countries.In the latter case, Rio de Janeiro's tourist board—which claimed that the city was portrayed as having rampant street crime, kidnappings, slums, and monkey and rat infestations—went so far as to threaten Fox with legal action.Groening was a fierce and vocal critic of the episode \\\"A Star Is Burns\\\" (season six, 1995), which featured acrossoverwithThe Critic. He felt that it was just an advertisement forThe Critic, and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him. When he was unsuccessful in getting the episode pulled, he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns, openly criticizing James L. Brooks and saying the episode \\\"violates the Simpsons' universe.\\\" In response, Brooks said, \\\"I am furious with Matt, ... he's allowed his opinion, but airing this publicly in the press is going too far. ... his behavior right now is rotten.\\\" \\\"The Principal and the Pauper\\\" (season nine, 1997) is one of the most controversial episodes ofThe Simpsons. Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation thatSeymour Skinner, a recurring character since the first season, was an impostor. The episode has been criticized by Groening and byHarry Shearer, who provides the voice of Skinner. In a 2001 interview, Shearer recalled that after reading the script, he told the writers, \\\"That'ssowrong. You're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason, for a story we've done before with other characters. It's so arbitrary and gratuitous, and it's disrespectful to the audience.\\\" Bans The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries. China banned it from prime-time television in August 2006, \\\"in an effort to protect China's struggling animation studios.\\\"In 2008,Venezuelabarred the show from airing on morning television as it was deemed \\\"unsuitable for children\\\".The same year, several RussianPentecostalchurches demanded thatThe Simpsons,South Parkand some other Western cartoons be removed from broadcast schedules \\\"for propaganda of various vices\\\" and the broadcaster's license to be revoked. However, a court decision later dismissed this request. Perceived decline in quality Critics' reviews of earlySimpsonsepisodes praised the show for its sassy humor, wit, realism, and intelligence.However, in the late 1990s, around the airing ofseason 9, the tone and emphasis of the show began to change. Some critics started calling the show \\\"tired\\\".By 2000, some long-term fans had become disillusioned with the show, and pointed to its shift from character-driven plots to what they perceived as an overemphasis on zany antics.Jim Schembri ofThe Sydney Morning Heraldattributed the decline in quality to an abandonment of character-driven storylines in favor of celebritycameo appearancesand references to popular culture. Schembri wrote in 2011: \\\"The central tragedy ofThe Simpsonsis that it has gone from commanding attention to merely being attention-seeking. It began by proving that cartoon characters don't have to be caricatures; they can be invested with real emotions. Now the show has in essence fermented into a limp parody of itself. Memorable story arcs have been sacrificed for the sake of celebrity walk-ons and punchline-hungry dialogue.\\\" In 2010, the BBC noted \\\"the common consensus is thatThe Simpsons'golden era ended afterseason nine\\\",and Todd Leopold of CNN, in an article looking at its perceived decline, stated \\\"for many fans ... the glory days are long past.\\\"Similarly, Tyler Wilson ofCoeur d'Alene Presshas referred to seasons one to nine as the show's \\\"golden age\\\",and Ian Nathan ofEmpiredescribed the show's classic era as being \\\"say, the first ten seasons\\\".Jon HeacockofLucidWorksstated that \\\"for the first ten years , the show was consistently at the top of its game\\\", with \\\"so many moments, quotations, and references – both epic and obscure – that helped turn the Simpson family into the cultural icons that they remain to this day\\\". Mike Scully, who was showrunner during seasons nine throughtwelve, has been the subject of criticism.Chris Suellentrop ofSlatewrote that \\\"under Scully's tenure,The Simpsonsbecame, well, a cartoon ... Episodes that once would have ended withHomer and Marge bicycling into the sunsetnow end withHomer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge's neck. The show's still funny, but it hasn't been touching in years.\\\"When asked in 2007 how the series' longevity is sustained, Scully joked: \\\"Lower your quality standards. Once you've done that you can go on forever.\\\" Al Jean, who was showrunner during seasonsthirteenthroughthirty-three,has also been the subject of criticism, with some arguing that the show has continued to decline in quality under his tenure. Former writers have complained that under Jean, the show is \\\"on auto-pilot\\\", \\\"too sentimental\\\", and the episodes are \\\"just being cranked out\\\". Some critics believe that the show has \\\"entered a steady decline under Jean and is no longer really funny\\\".John Ortved, author ofThe Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History, characterized the Jean era as \\\"toothless\\\",and criticized what he perceived as the show's increase in social and political commentary.Jean responded: \\\"Well, it's possible that we've declined. But honestly, I've been here the whole time and I do remember in season two people saying, 'It's gone downhill.' If we'd listened to that then we would have stopped after episode 13. I'm glad we didn't.\\\" In 2004, cast memberHarry Shearercriticized what he perceived as the show's declining quality: \\\"I rate the last three seasons as among the worst, soseason fourlooks very good to me now.\\\"Cast memberDan Castellanetaresponded: \\\"I don't agree, ... I think Harry's issue is that the show isn't as grounded as it was in the first three or four seasons, that it's gotten crazy or a little more madcap. I think it organically changes to stay fresh.\\\"Also in 2004 authorDouglas Couplanddescribed claims of declining quality in the series as \\\"hogwash\\\", saying \\\"The Simpsonshasn't fumbled the ball in fourteen years, it's hardly likely to fumble it now.\\\"In an April 2006 interview, Groening said: \\\"I honestly don't see any end in sight. I think it's possible that the show will get too financially cumbersome ... but right now, the show is creatively, I think, as good or better than it's ever been. The animation is incredibly detailed and imaginative, the stories do things that we haven't done before, so creatively there's no reason to quit.\\\" In 2016, popular culture writer Anna Leszkiewicz suggested that even thoughThe Simpsonsstill holds cultural relevance, \\\"contemporary appeal\\\" is only for the \\\"first ten or so seasons\\\", with recent episodes only garnering mainstream attention when a favorite character from the golden era is killed off, or when new information and shock twists are given for old characters.The series' ratings have also declined; while thefirst seasonenjoyed an average of 13.4 million viewing households per episode in the U.S.,thetwenty-first seasonhad an average of 7.2 million viewers. Alan SepinwallandMatt Zoller Seitzargued in their 2016 book titledTV (The Book)that the peak ofThe Simpsonsare \\\"roughlyseasons 3–12\\\", and that despite the decline, episodes from the later seasons such as \\\"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind\\\" and \\\"Holidays of Future Passed\\\" could be considered on par with the earlier classic episodes, further stating that \\\"even if you want to call the show today a thin shadow of its former self, think about how mind-boggingly great its former self had to be for so-diminished a version to be watchable at all.\\\" In 2020,Uproxxwriter Josh Kurp stated that while he agrees with the sentiment thatThe Simpsonsis not as good as it used to be, it is because \\\"it was working at a level of comedy and characterization that no show ever has.\\\" He felt there were still many reasons to watch the series, as it was \\\"still capable of quality television, and even the occasional new classic\\\" and the fact that the show was willing to experiment, giving examples such as bringing on guest animators likeDon HertzfeldtandSylvain Chometto produce couch gags, and guest writers likeSeth RogenandEvan Goldberg,Pete HolmesandMegan Amramto write episodes.In theseason 32episode \\\"I, Carumbus\\\", the show itself makes a nod to these concerns in its credits gag where the godJupiternotes that \\\"It definitely feels like they're wrapping it up ... any day now.\\\" In a 2021 interview withNME, Jean was quoted as saying, \\\"To people who sayThe Simpsonsisn't as good as it used to be, I would say I think the world isn't as good as it used to be. But we're declining at a slower rate.\\\" Race controversy The stereotypical nature of the characterApu Nahasapeemapetilonhas been the subject of controversy. Indian-American comedianHari Kondabolustated in his 2017 documentaryThe Problem with Aputhat as a child he was a fan ofThe Simpsonsand liked Apu, but he now finds the character's stereotypical nature troublesome. Defenders of the character responded that the show is built on comical stereotypes, with creator Matt Groening saying, \\\"that's the nature of cartooning.\\\"He added that he was \\\"proud of what we do on the show\\\", and \\\"it's a time in our culture where people love to pretend they're offended\\\".In response to the controversy, Apu's voice actor,Hank Azaria, said he was willing to step aside from his role as Apu: \\\"The most important thing is to listen to South Asian people, Indian people in this country when they talk about what they feel and how they think about this character.\\\"In February 2020, he confirmed that he would no longer voice Apu. Groening stated at the same time that the character would remain in the show. The criticisms were referenced in the season 29 episode \\\"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\\\", when Lisa breaks thefourth walland addresses the audience by saying, \\\"Something that started decades ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?\\\" to which Marge replies, \\\"Some things will be addressed at a later date.\\\" Lisa adds, \\\"If at all.\\\" This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying \\\"Don't have a cow, Apu\\\", a play on Bart's catchphrase \\\"Don't have a cow, man,\\\" as well as the fact that manyHindusdo not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show,which Groening denied. On June 26, 2020, in light of the variousBlack Lives Matterprotests, Fox announced that recurring characters of color (Carl CarlsonandDr. Hibbert, among others) would no longer be voiced by white actors.Beginning withseason 32, Carl, a black character originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by black actorAlex Désert.In addition,Bumblebee Man, a Spanish-speaking Latino character also originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by Mexican-American actorEric Lopez,and Dr. Hibbert, a black character originally voiced byHarry Shearer, is now voiced by black actorKevin Michael Richardson. Other media Comic books Numerous Simpson-related comic books have been released over the years. The firstcomic stripsbased onThe Simpsonsappeared in 1991 in the magazineSimpsons Illustrated, which was a companion magazine to the show.The comic strips were popular and a one-shot comic book titledSimpsons Comics and Stories, containing four different stories, was released in 1993 for the fans.The book was a success and due to this, Groening and his companionsBill Morrison, Mike Rote, and Steve and Cindy Vance created the publishing companyBongo Comics.A total of nine comic book series were published by Bongo Comics between 1993 and the company's dissolution in 2018.Issues ofSimpsons Comics,Bart Simpson's Treehouse of HorrorandBart Simpsonhave been collected and reprinted intrade paperbacksin the United States byHarperCollins. Film 20th Century FoxandGracie FilmsproducedThe Simpsons Movie, an animated film that was released on July 27, 2007.The film was directed by long-timeSimpsonsproducerDavid Silvermanand written by a team ofSimpsonswriters comprising Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, Al Jean, George Meyer,Mike Reiss,John Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,David Mirkin,Mike Scully,Matt Selman, andIan Maxtone-Graham.Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long-time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded.There had been talk of a possible feature-lengthSimpsonsfilm ever since the early seasons of the series. James L. Brooks originally thought that the story of the episode \\\"Kamp Krusty\\\" was suitable for a film, but he encountered difficulties in trying to expand the script to feature-length.For a long time, difficulties such as lack of a suitable story and an already fully engaged crew of writers delayed the project. On August 10, 2018, 20th Century Fox announced that a sequel is in development. Music Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albumsSongs in the Key of Springfield,Go Simpsonic with The SimpsonsandThe Simpsons: Testify.Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release and have not been featured on the show. The albumThe Simpsons Sing the Blueswas released in September 1990 and was a success, peaking at No. 3 on theBillboard200and becoming certified 2× platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America.The first single from the album was thepop rapsong \\\"Do the Bartman\\\", performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written byMichael Jackson, although he did not receive any credit.The Yellow Albumwas released in 1998, but received poor reception and did not chart in any country. The SimpsonsRide In 2007, it was officially announced thatThe SimpsonsRide, asimulator ride, would be implemented into theUniversal Studios OrlandoandUniversal Studios Hollywood.It officially opened May 15, 2008, in Floridaand May 19, 2008, in Hollywood.In the ride, patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built byKrusty the Clown. However,Sideshow Bobis loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and theSimpson family.It features more than 24 regular characters fromThe Simpsonsand features the voices of the regular cast members, as well asPamela Hayden,Russi TaylorandKelsey Grammer.Harry Shearerdid not participate in the ride, so none of his characters have vocal parts.The ride also features clips from the show in the waiting line. Video games Numerous video games based on the show have been produced. Some of the early games includeKonami'sarcade gameThe Simpsons(1991) andAcclaim Entertainment'sThe Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants(1991).More modern games includeThe Simpsons: Road Rage(2001),The Simpsons: Hit & Run(2003) andThe Simpsons Game(2007).Electronic Arts, which producedThe Simpsons Game, has owned the exclusive rights to create video games based on the show since 2005.In 2010, they released a game calledThe Simpsons ArcadeforiOS.Another EA-produced mobile game,Tapped Out, was released in 2012 for iOS users, then in 2013 forAndroidandKindleusers.TwoSimpsonspinballmachines have been produced: one that was available briefly after the first season, and another in 2007, both out of production. Merchandise The popularity ofThe Simpsonshas made it a billion-dollar merchandising industry.The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T-shirts to posters.The Simpsonshas been used as a theme for special editions of well-known board games, includingClue,Scrabble,Monopoly,Operation, andThe Game of Life, as well as thetriviagames What Would Homer Do? and SimpsonsJeopardy!. Several card games such astrump cardsand The Simpsons Trading Card Game have also been released. Many official or unofficialSimpsonsbooks such as episode guides have been published. Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the first season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the first season ofChappelle's Show.In particular, seasons one through seventeen were released on DVD for 13 years between September 2001 to December 2014 in the U.S./Canada (Region 1), Europe (Region 2), and Australia/New Zealand/Latin America (Region 4). However, on April 8, 2015, Al Jean announced that the Season 17 DVD would be the last one ever produced, leaving the collection from Seasons 1 to 17, Season 20 (released out of order in 2010), with Seasons 18, 19, and 21 onwards unreleased.Jean also stated that the deleted scenes and commentaries would try to be released to the Simpsons World app, and that they were pushing for Simpsons World to be expanded outside of the U.S.Two years later, however, on July 22, 2017, it was announced that Season 18 would be released on December 5, 2017, on DVD.Another two years later, on July 20, 2019, it was announced that Season 19 would be released on December 3, 2019, on DVD. In 2003, about 500 companies around the world were licensed to useSimpsonscharacters in their advertising.As a promotion forThe Simpsons Movie, twelve7-Elevenstores were transformed intoKwik-E-Martsand soldThe Simpsonsrelated products. These included \\\"Buzz Cola\\\", \\\"Krusty-O\\\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \\\"Squishees\\\". In 2008, consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related toThe Simpsons, with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts.On April 9, 2009, theUnited States Postal Serviceunveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary.The Simpsonsis the first television series still in production to receive this recognition.The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009.Approximately one billion were printed, but only 318 million were sold, costing the Postal Service $1.2 million. References Bibliography Further reading External links\",\n \"List of animated television series by episode count This is a list ofanimated television seriesby episode count. This article does not includeanimeseries which originate fromJapan(for this see thelist of anime series by episode count). Single series with at least 100 episodes and television franchises with at least 40 episodes are listed. Single series Longest-running animated television franchises See also References\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary","close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater","encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and","D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S.","Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr.","1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they","From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \"Barry\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade","from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \"Barry\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana,","andcocaineduring his teenage years to \"push questions of who I was out of my mind\".Obama was also a member of the \"Choom Gang\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating,","After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya,","weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama","In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\" he said. \"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings","other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as","for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox","wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to","were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \"was not raised in a religious household.\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\", and \"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\" He described","He described his father as a \"confirmedatheist\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life","of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \"of all the different people I've met along the way\", adding: \"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\" The items, \"a whole bowl full\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of","a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of","Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures.","homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his","2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \"it's not too late\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won","election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black","Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an","Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental","and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\"House Divided\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered","candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance","his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States","three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \"It Begins with Us\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as","to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential","to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \"strict guidelines\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama","nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on","House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to","urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \"common-sense gun reform\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but","as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \"postracial America\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of","thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a","for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \"a great deal\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving","people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in","Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing.","while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \"Cash for Clunkers\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the","to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the","November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \"unusually uncertain\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \"it is impossible to determine how many of the","how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new","benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \"defining challenge of our time\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan","formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of","the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic","known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public","a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \"Obamacare\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \"out-of-pocket\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share","the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was","the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \"closely-held\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \"established by the State\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \"new era\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \"break\" and \"reset\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by","to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \"A New Beginning\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to","The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \"Joint Planning Cell\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama","18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays.\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American","3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \"Panther Brigade\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \"dangerous distraction\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\", an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"He replaced","replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \"greatest threat\" to the security of Afghanistan and","of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \"surgical raid\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from","and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the","2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group,","Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring","seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \"dangerous\" and \"bad.\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization,","the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk","the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\" and that it was \"a mess\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \"worst mistake\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have","later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \"red line\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \"Complex Modernization\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled","The deal titled the \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.","the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\", adding that the legacy of this","the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68","with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval","approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as","world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \"call to action\" and remarked: \"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \"thanks, Obama\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\"#thanks","hashtag\"#thanks Obama\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H.","Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc","VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \"wokeness\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \"an absolute chaotic disaster\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the","Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court","the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \"could ultimately backfire.\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian","Zelizercredits Obama with \"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\" Zeitzer calls this the \"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \"in areas many Progressives hold dear\", including","dear\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \"a disappointingly conventional president\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \"skinny repeal\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama","theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama","As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau","States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \"mixed\", adding that \"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is","Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other","X-Men: The Animated Series X-Men: The Animated Series, also known asX-Men, is ananimatedsuperherotelevision series aired in the United States for five seasons from October 31, 1992, to September 20, 1997, onFox'sFox Kidsprogramming block.It wasMarvel Comics' second attempt at an animatedX-Mentelevision series after the pilotX-Men: Pryde of the X-Menwas not picked up.Set in the samefictional universeasSpider-Man(1994–1998), Earth-92131,it was followed by arevival,X-Men '97, which began airing on March 20, 2024, onDisney+to critical acclaim. Production In March 1990,Margaret Loesch(who had previously worked as president and chief executive officer atMarvel Productions) became head ofFox Children's Network.Having championed thePryde of the X-Menpilotin 1989, she ordered 13 episodes ofX-Men.Saban Entertainmentwas contracted to produce the show and hired a small studio,Graz Entertainment, to produce episodes because, at the time, they lacked sufficient staff to handle in-house production. Mark Edward Edens and","Edward Edens and Eric Lewald were to write the show, with the two dividing the job between Edens as head writer and Lewald as story editor.The voice work was done throughCanadianstudios, andSouth KoreanstudioAKOMwas hired to animate episodes.X-Menwas initially set to premiere overLabor Dayweekend in September; however, due to production delays, it was delayed to the end of October. When AKOM turned in the first episode, it contained several animation errors, which they refused to fix. Because of time constraints, the episode was aired unfinished;when Fox re-aired the pilot in early 1993, the errors were corrected.The second episode was submitted just before the deadline, with 50 scenes missing and a single day reserved for editing.The two-part episode \"Night of the Sentinels\" originally aired as a \"sneak preview\" on October 31. Because of the production delays and animation errors, Fox threatened to sever AKOM's contracts.The series earned top ratings throughout its first season,and was renewed for a second","for a second season of 13 episodes. Throughout its run, producers had to deal with quality control issues, including attempts to cut costs and requests to change the tone of the series to more child-friendly and integrated toys. The show was originally planned to run for 65 episodes, but as a result of its success, Saban funded eleven more episodes, albeit with a reduced budget due to Marvel's bankruptcy. The series is currently owned and distributed byThe Walt Disney Company(Marvel's parent company), which acquired all Fox Kids-related properties fromNews CorporationandSaban Internationalin 2001. The series was added to streaming serviceDisney+following its launch on November 12, 2019, with a revival,X-Men '97, subsequently announced to be in development.The series premiered on March 20, 2024. Episodes Synopsis The show features a team similar to that of the early 1990sX-Mencomics byJim Lee, specifically the Blue Team established early on inX-Men (vol. 2). It consists","2). It consists ofCyclops,Wolverine,Rogue,Storm,Beast,Gambit,Jubilee,Jean Grey, andProfessor X, as well as original characterMorph, who is based onChangeling. All 76 episodes were directed by Larry Houston. The series deals with social issues, including divorce (\"Proteus\"), religion (\"Nightcrawler\" and \"Bloodlines\"),the Holocaust(\"Enter Magneto\", \"Deadly Reunions\", \"Days of Future Past\" and \"The Phalanx Covenant\"),AIDShysteria (\"Time Fugitives\"), and loneliness (\"No Mutant Is an Island\"). It satirizes television in the episodes \"Mojovision\" and \"Longshot\". It crossed over withSpider-Manwhen Spider-Man seeks the X-Men's help to stop his progressing mutation. In theabbreviated formof the Secret Wars storyline, theBeyonderandMadame Webselect Spider-Man to lead a team of heroes against a group of villains. An earlier draft of \"Secret Wars\" involved all the X-Men, but transporting the voice cast from Canada to Los Angeles, where production for theSpider-Mananimated series was based, had been too costly in","been too costly in previous crossovers, so the episode was rewritten to feature only Storm, whose actress, Iona Morris, lived in Los Angeles. In the first season, the X-Men come into conflict with human conspirators buildingSentinelrobots to kill mutants, Magneto's plan to instigate a human-mutant war, and the powerful mutantApocalypse's plan to eradicate the weak. Other storylines include X-Men member Morph's death at the hands of the Sentinels, Beast's incarceration, and Apocalypse's minions attempting to assassinate U.S. Senator Kelly to turn humans against mutants. In the second season, Cyclops and Jean are married and targeted byMister Sinister, who seeks to use the genetically perfect combination of their DNA to create an army of obedient mutants. Morph returns, having been rescued by Sinister and brainwashed into forcing the X-Men apart. Over time, a rift grows between humans and mutants, with the Friends of Humanity, an anti-mutant group, leading their persecution. Apocalypse returns, developing a","developing a deadly plague that he plans to blame on mutants to fuel hatred against them. It features a parallel narrative of Professor X and Magneto being lost in the Savage Land. The third season involves thePhoenix, a cosmic force that merges with Jean Grey and turns her into the Dark Phoenix. It introduces theShi'ar Empire, which includes Lilandra and Gladiator, and seeks to stop the Dark Phoenix. Other storylines include the introduction of Wolverine's former lover turned mercenary, Lady Deathstrike, former X-Men memberIceman, and the villainousShadow King. Volume 5 of theOfficial Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z Hardcoverslists the cartoon as part of the Marvel multiverse, inhabiting Earth-92131. As well, the plague-infested future thatBishoptries to prevent in Season 2 is listed as Earth-13393, whileCable's release of the cure is listed as Earth-121893. Voice cast The series' voice acting was recorded in Toronto studios, with Dan Hennessey serving as voice director. Toronto voice actors had also","actors had also been used in the 1960s Marvel Comics cartoons.Catherine Disherhad originally auditioned for the part ofStormbefore she was cast asJean Grey.Chris Potterwas cast in the role ofGambitduring filming forKung Fu: The Legend Continues(1993-1997) which was helpful since his co-starDavid Carradine, a big fan of the comics, helped as he was unfamiliar.Alyson CourtandCal Doddwere neighbors when Court was a child and Dodd was a well-known actor in Canada long before voicing bothJubileeandWolverinerespectively, attributing their characters' chemistry to being previously acquainted with one another. Another voice actor originally had been cast as Jubilee, but Court was cast when the original voice was deemed too sweet and innocent for the role. Principal cast Additional cast Other versions The original opening sequence, used throughout the first four seasons, features the X-Men demonstrating their mutant abilities to an instrumental theme written byRon Wassermanand composed byHaim SabanandShuki Levy. A","Levy. A modified version is introduced in season five, episode one (\"Phalanx Covenant, Part One\"), which slightly changes the beginning of the theme. WhenUPNbegan airing reruns on Sunday mornings, an alternate credits sequence was used: a high-quality Japanese-animated version of the original opening. This modified version occasionally appears in the digital streaming release of the show, which was used for re-runs on Toon Disney. In Italy, where the series began airing in 1994 onCanale 5, the intro and outro sequences were replaced by a new sequence and theme song: \"Insuperabili X-Men\", sung by Marco Destro and Pietro Ubaldi. X-Menoriginally aired onTV Tokyofrom 1994 to 1995. For the TV Tokyo dub of the series, the intro was replaced with a new, Japanese-animated sequence and a new theme: \"Rising\" by Ambience. Starting with episode 42, a second intro was used, featuring the song \"Dakishimetai Dare Yori Mo\"(抱きしめたい誰よりも, \"I want to embrace you more than anyone else\"). The end credits sequence was also changed:","was also changed: it featured shots of AmericanX-Mencomic books set to the song \"Back to You\", also by Ambience. The TV Tokyo dub was directed by Yoshikazu Iwanami and featured scripts rewritten to include a more humorous, self-satirical tone with an emphasis on comical adlibbing, a hallmark of his dubbing style. Episodes were edited for time so that new segments could be added to the end to promoteX-Men: Children of the Atom, which featured the dub actors pretending to play the game as their characters. A second dub was made in the early 2000s for broadcast onToon Disney (Japan)that is more faithful to the original English scripts and does not cut episodes for time. This version used the original American intro and end credits rather than the unique ones created for the TV Tokyo version. Two versions of the episode \"No Mutant is an Island\" exist, each with a different animation. The first version was aired for Toon Disney reruns, can be seen on digital streaming services such as Amazon Video, aired on Fox","Video, aired on Fox Kids in the United States, and uses the remixed intro theme from Season 5. The second version is available on Region 1 DVD, aired on Fox Kids overseas, and uses the default intro theme from Seasons 1–4. Viewership In its prime,X-Mengarnered very highratingsfor a Saturday morning cartoon and received praise for adapting many different storylines from the comics. Haim Saban credits the success of the series in assisting him to sell his next project to Fox:Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. X-Menreached a viewership of over23 millionhouseholds. Legacy X-Men '97 By 2019, there were ongoing talks withDisney+to revive the series.In November 2021, it was revealed that a revival titledX-Men '97was in development which will continue the plot of the series.X-Men '97eventually premiered on March 20, 2024. Beau DeMayo served ashead writerfor the first two seasons, with most of the surviving cast members of the original series reprising their roles, including Dodd, Zann, Buza, Disher, Potter, Sealy-Smith,","Sealy-Smith, Hough, and Britton. They were joined byJennifer Hale, Anniwaa Buachie,Ray Chase, Matthew Waterson,JP Karliak, Holly Chou,Jeff Bennett, andA.J. LoCascio. Alyson Court did not reprise her role as Jubilee, requesting that Jubilee be voiced by an Asian actress. She instead returned to voice an alternate version of the character.The series is produced byMarvel Studios Animation, but does not take place within theMarvel Cinematic Universe. Comics X-Men Adventures X-Men Adventureswas acomic bookspin-offof the animated series. Beginning in November 1992, it adapted the first three seasons of the show; in April 1996, it becameAdventures of the X-Men, which contained original stories set within the same continuity.The comic book lasted until March 1997, shortly after the show's cancellation by theFox Network. Bibliography Additionally, stories featuring the same characters were printed through the 19 issues ofSpider-Man Magazine, published between March 1994 and March 1997, alongside stories inspired by","stories inspired by the animated seriesSpider-Man. X-Men '92 The comic book seriesX-Men '92was first released as one of the many tie-in titles for Marvel's 2015Secret Warsevent, and continued in its second volume as a regular series in early 2016, starring characters of the TV show's reality. In January 2022 Marvel announced a new series inspired by the cartoon,X-Men '92: House of XCII. Scheduled for publication in April of that same year, the series will explore an alternate universe where the events ofJonathan Hickman'sHouse of X and Powers of Xhappened decades earlier, in the '90s of the original show. Manga Books Previously on X-Men In 2017, series developer and showrunner Eric Lewald released the bookPreviously on X-Men: The Making of an Animated Series, which features his interviews with 36 of the staff and voice cast behind the TV series, as well as Lewald's personal experiences on the series' development and production. X-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series In 2020, Eric Lewald and Julia","Lewald and Julia Lewald released the bookX-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series, which features previously unseen concept art, storyboards, character models, background layouts, animation cels, and other production/promotional materials, along with new interviews with the series principal artists and production staff. Video games In film The series was credited for being responsible for the beginning development of the 2000X-Menfilm. Fox Kids owner20th Century Foxwas impressed by the success of the TV show, and producerLauren Shuler Donnerpurchased the film rights for them in 1994.The film's success led to afilm franchise, which includes a series of sequels, prequels, and spin-offs, for two decades up to 2020, when the series came to an end due toDisney'sacquisition of Fox, with the character rights reverting to Marvel Studios. Potter revealed that he once auditioned for the role of Cyclops in the 2000 film before losing it toJames Marsden, while Buza would appear in the film proper as a truck","proper as a truck driver. In the 2022Marvel Cinematic UniversefilmDoctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, produced by Marvel Studios, the theme song from the TV series (orchestrated byDanny Elfmanand credited asX-Men '97 Theme) is played whenCharles Xavier(portrayed byPatrick Stewart) first appears; in the film, unlike his previous performances as the character in Fox'sX-Menfranchise, Stewart's Xavier is visually redesigned to match his animated counterpart, complete with his iconic green suit, blue and black tie, and yellow hoverchair. In television In theMs. Marvelepisode \"No Normal\", set in the MCU, the theme song from theX-Menanimated series is played whenKamala Khandiscovers that she is a \"mutant\". Lawsuit On October 9, 2019, Hungarian immigrant Zoltán Krisko, manager of the estate ofGyörgy Vukán, filed a lawsuit againstMarvel Entertainment Group,Warner Chappell Music,Haim Saban,Shuki Levy,Ron Wasserman,UMG Recordings, the current distributor of Disney Music Group, andFox Corporation. He claims the","He claims the theme music was plagiarized from the theme song to the 1984–1991 Hungarian action-adventure television seriesLinda, which was composed by Vukán. Notes References Sources External links","The Simpsons The Simpsonsis an Americananimated sitcomcreated byMatt Groeningfor theFox Broadcasting Company.Developed by Groening,James L. Brooks, andSam Simon, the series is asatiricaldepiction of American life, epitomized by theSimpson family, which consists ofHomer,Marge,Bart,Lisa, andMaggie. Set in the fictional town ofSpringfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and thehuman condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series ofanimated shortswith producer Brooks. He created adysfunctional familyand named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to \"simpleton\".The shorts became a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). Since its debut on December 17, 1989,771 episodesof the","episodesof the show have been broadcast. It is thelongest-running American animated series,longest-running American sitcom, and thelongest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in seasons and individual episodes. A feature-length film,The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, to critical and commercial success, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerouscomic book series,video games,books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollarmerchandising industry.The Simpsonsis produced byGracie Filmswith20th Televisiondistributing the series.It has been distributed under the20th Television Animationlabel since 2021, although the animation studio has produced animation for the series since season 28. On January 26, 2023, the series was renewed for its 35th and 36th seasons, taking the show through the 2024–25 television season.Both seasons contain a combined total of 51 episodes. Seven of these episodes are season 34","are season 34 holdovers, while the other 44 will be produced in the production cycle of the upcoming seasons, bringing the show's overall episode total up to 801.Season 35 premiered on October 1, 2023.Season 36 premiered on September 29, 2024. The Simpsonsreceived widespread acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its \"golden age\". Since then, it has been criticized for aperceived decline in quality.Timenamed it the 20th century's best television series,and Erik Adams ofThe A.V. Clubnamed it \"television's crowning achievement regardless of format\".On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 37Primetime Emmy Awards, 34Annie Awards, and 2Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of \"D'oh!\" has been adopted into the English language, whileThe Simpsonshas influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series. Premise Characters The","Characters The main characters are theSimpson family, who live in the fictional \"Middle America\" town of Springfield.Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at theSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married toMarge(néeBouvier), a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children:Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster;Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; andMaggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family also owns agreyhound,Santa's Little Helper, (who first appeared in the episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\") and a cat,Snowball II, who is replaced by a cat also called Snowball II in the fifteenth-season episode \"I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot\".Extended members of the Simpson and Bouvier","Simpson and Bouvier family in the main cast include Homer's fatherAbeand Marge's sistersPatty and Selma. Marge's motherJacquelineand Homer's motherMonaappear less frequently. The show includes a vast array of quirky supporting characters, which include Homer's friendsBarney Gumble,Lenny LeonardandCarl Carlson; the school principalSeymour Skinnerand staff members such asEdna KrabappelandGroundskeeper Willie; students such asMilhouse Van Houten,Nelson MuntzandRalph Wiggum; shopkeepers such asApu Nahasapeemapetilon,Comic Book GuyandMoe Szyslak; government figuresMayor \"Diamond\" Joe QuimbyandClancy Wiggum; next-door neighborNed Flanders; local celebrities such asKrusty the Clownand news reporterKent Brockman; nuclear tycoonMontgomery Burnsand his devoted assistantWaylon Smithers; anddozens more. The creators originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town. A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes.","their own episodes. According to Matt Groening, the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the comedy showSCTV. Continuity and the floating timeline Despite the depiction of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays passing, the characters never age. The series uses afloating timelinein which episodes generally take place in the year the episode is produced. Flashbacks and flashforwards do occasionally depict the characters at other points in their lives, with the timeline of these depictions also generally floating relative to the year the episode is produced. For example, the 1991 episodes \"The Way We Was\" and \"I Married Marge\" depict Homer and Marge as high schoolers in the 1970s who had Bart (who is always 10 years old) in the early '80s, while the 2008 episode \"That '90s Show\" depicts Homer and Marge as a childless couple in the '90s, and the 2021 episode \"Do Pizza Bots Dream of Electric Guitars\" portrays Homer as an adolescent in the same period. The 1995 episode \"Lisa's","episode \"Lisa's Wedding\" takes place during Lisa's college years in the then-future year of 2010, the same year the show began airing its22nd season, in which Lisa was still 8. Regarding the contradictory flashbacks, Selman stated that \"they all kind of happened in their imaginary world.\" The show follows a loose and inconsistent continuity. For example,Krusty the Clownmay be able to read in one episode, but not inanother. However, it is consistently portrayed that he isJewish, that his father was arabbi, and that his career began in the 1960s. The latter point introduces another snag in the floating timeline: historical periods that are a core part of a character's backstory remain so even when their age makes it unlikely or impossible, such asGrampa SimpsonandPrincipal Skinner's respective service inWorld War IIandVietnam. The only episodes not part of the series' main canon are theTreehouse of Horrorepisodes, which often feature the deaths of main characters. Characters who die in \"regular\" episodes, such","episodes, such asMaude Flanders,Mona SimpsonandEdna Krabappel, however, stay dead. Most episodes end with thestatus quobeing restored, though occasionally major changes will stick, such as Lisa's conversions tovegetarianismandBuddhism, the divorce ofMilhouse van Houten's parents, and the marriage and subsequent parenthood ofApuandManjula. Setting The Simpsonstakes place in a fictional American town calledSpringfield. Although there are many real settlements in America named Springfield,the town the show is set in is fictional. The state it is in is not established. In fact, the show is intentionally evasive with regard to Springfield's location.Springfield's geography and that of its surroundings is inconsistent: from one episode to another, it may have coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, mountains, or whatever the story or joke requires.Groening has said that Springfield has much in common withPortland, Oregon, the city where he grew up.Groening has said that he named it afterSpringfield, Oregon, and the","Oregon, and the fictitious Springfield which was the setting of the seriesFather Knows Best. He \"figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do.\"Many landmarks, including street names, have connections to Portland. Production Development When producerJames L. Brookswas working on the television variety showThe Tracey Ullman Show, he decided to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonistMatt Groening'sLife in Hellcomic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts. Groening initially intended to present an animated version of hisLife in Hellseries.However, Groening later realized that animatingLife in Hellwould require the rescinding ofpublication rightsfor his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's","lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons.He named the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name, adopting ananagramof the wordbrat. The Simpson family first appeared asshortsinThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987.Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts.The animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo,withWes Archer,David Silverman, andBill Koppbeing animators for the first season.The colorist, \"Georgie\" Gyorgyi Kovacs Peluce (Kovács Györgyike)made the characters yellow; as Bart, Lisa and Maggie have no hairlines, she felt they would look strange if they were flesh-colored. Groening supported the decision, saying: \"Marge is yellow with blue hair? That's hilarious — let's","hilarious — let's do it!\" In 1989, a team of production companies adaptedThe Simpsonsinto a half-hour series for theFox Broadcasting Company. The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content.Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \"the mainstream trash\" that they were watching.The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989, with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\".\"Some Enchanted Evening\" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990, as the last episode of the first season, because of animation problems.In 1992,Tracey Ullmanfiled a lawsuit against Fox, claiming that her show was the source of the series' success. The suit said she should receive a share of the profits ofThe Simpsons—a claim rejected by the courts. Executive producers and showrunners List of showrunners","List of showrunners throughout the series' run: Matt Groening and James L. Brooks have served as executive producers during the show's entire history, and also function as creative consultants.Sam Simon, described by formerSimpsonsdirectorBrad Birdas \"the unsung hero\" of the show,served as creative supervisor for the first four seasons. He was constantly at odds with Groening, Brooks and the show's production companyGracie Filmsand left in 1993.Before leaving, he negotiated a deal that sees him receive a share of the profits every year, and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since 1993,at least until his passing in 2015.A more involved position on the show is theshowrunner, who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season. Writing The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted ofJohn Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,George Meyer,Jeff Martin,Al Jean,Mike Reiss,Jay KogenandWallace Wolodarsky.NewerSimpsons'writing teams typically consist of","consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December.The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers.Until 2004,George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits.Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events. Credited with sixty episodes,John Swartzwelderis the most prolific writer onThe Simpsons.One of the best-known former writers isConan O'Brien, who contributed to several episodes in the early 1990s before replacingDavid Lettermanas host of the talk showLate Night.English comedianRicky Gervaiswrote the episode \"Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife\", becoming the first","becoming the first celebrity both to write and guest star in the same episode.Seth RogenandEvan Goldberg, writers of the filmSuperbad, wrote the episode \"Homer the Whopper\", with Rogen voicing a character in it. At the end of 2007, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. The show's writers had joined the guild in 1998. In May 2023, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. Voice actors The Simpsonshas six main cast members:Dan Castellaneta,Julie Kavner,Nancy Cartwright,Yeardley Smith,Hank Azaria, andHarry Shearer. Castellaneta voicesHomer Simpson,Grampa Simpson,Krusty the Clown,Groundskeeper Willie,Mayor Quimby,Barney Gumble, and other adult male characters.Julie KavnervoicesMarge SimpsonandPatty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showcast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be","actors would not be needed.Cartwright voicesBart Simpson,Nelson Muntz,Ralph Wiggumand other children.Smith, the voice ofLisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting directorBonita Pietilabelieved her voice was too high,so she was given the role of Lisa instead.Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa, but upon arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, clever\".Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.Cartwright is the only one of the six mainSimpsonscast members who had been","who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family, but play a majority of the male townspeople. Azaria, who has been a part of the main voice cast since the second season in one episode \"Old Money\" and then perpetually part of the regular main voice cast since the third season, voices recurring characters such asMoe Szyslak,Chief Wiggum,Apu NahasapeemapetilonandProfessor Frink. Shearer provides voices forMr. Burns,Mr. Smithers,Principal Skinner,Ned Flanders,Reverend Lovejoyand formerlyDr. Hibbert.Every main cast member has won aPrimetime Emmy AwardforOutstanding Voice-Over Performance. With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice. Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and, therefore, closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists.However, the network eventually","network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode \"Old Money\", because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work.In 2003, the cast appeared in an episode ofInside the Actors Studio, doing live performances of their characters' voices. The six main actors were paid $30,000 per episode, until 1998, when they were involved in a pay dispute with Fox. The company threatened to replace them with new actors, even going as far as preparing for casting of new voices, but series creator Groening supported the actors in their action.The issue was soon resolved and, from 1998 to 2004, they were paid $125,000 per episode. The show's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales, and in April 2004 the main cast stopped appearing for script readings, demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode.The strike was resolved a month laterand their salaries were increased to something between $250,000and $360,000 per episode.In 2008, production for thetwentieth","for thetwentieth seasonwas put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors, who wanted a \"healthy bump\" in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode.The negotiations were soon completed, and the actors' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode.Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, the cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode. In addition to the main cast,Pamela Hayden,Tress MacNeille,Marcia Wallace,Maggie Roswell, andRussi Taylorvoice supporting characters.From 1999 to 2002, Roswell's characters were voiced byMarcia Mitzman Gaven.Karl Wiedergotthas also appeared in minor roles, but does not voice any recurring characters.Wiedergott left the show in 2010, and since thenChris Edgerlyhas appeared regularly to voice minor characters. Repeat \"special guest\" cast members includeAlbert Brooks,Phil Hartman,Jon Lovitz,Joe Mantegna,Maurice LaMarche, andKelsey Grammer.Following Hartman's death","Hartman's death in 1998, the characters he voiced (Troy McClureandLionel Hutz) were retired;Wallace's character ofEdna Krabappelwas retired as well after her death in 2013. Following Taylor's death in 2019, her characters (includingSherri, Terri, andMartin Prince) are now voiced byGrey Griffin. Episodes will quite often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians and scientists. In the earlier seasons, most of the guest stars voiced characters, but eventually more started appearing as themselves.Tony Bennettwas the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing briefly in the season two episode \"Dancin' Homer\".The Simpsonsholds theworld recordfor \"Most Guest Stars Featured in a Television Series\". The Simpsonshas been dubbed intoseveral other languages, including Japanese, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is also one of the few programs dubbed in bothstandard FrenchandQuebec French.The show has been broadcast in Arabic, but due","in Arabic, but due toIslamiccustoms, numerous aspects of the show have been changed. For example, Homer drinkssodainstead of beer and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. Because of such changes, the Arabized version of the series met with a negative reaction from the lifelongSimpsonsfans in the area. Animation Several different U.S. and international studios animateThe Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts onThe Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo.With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several local and foreign studios.These areAKOM,Anivision,Rough Draft Studios,USAnimation,and Toonzone Entertainment. For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animatedThe Simpsonsin the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Gracie Films, switched domestic production toFilm Roman,who continued to animate the show until 2016 when they were replaced byFox Television Animation, which allowed","which allowed the show to be made more in-house. InSeason 14, production switched from traditionalcel animationtodigital ink and paint.The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was \"Radioactive Man\" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of theseason 12episode \"Tennis the Menace\", but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed \"Tennis the Menace\" was broadcast as made. The production staff at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, drawsstoryboards, designs new characters, backgrounds, props and draws character and background layouts, which in turn becomeanimaticsto be screened for the writers at Gracie Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas. The overseas studios then draw theinbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later. The series beganhigh-definitionproduction in","in Season 20; the first episode, \"Take My Life, Please\", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV included a new opening sequence.Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation. Themes The Simpsonsuses the standard setup of a situational comedy, or sitcom, as its premise. The series centers on a family and their life in a typical American town,serving as asatiricalparody of amiddle classAmerican lifestyle.However, because of its animated nature,The Simpsons'scope is larger than that of a regular sitcom. The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society. By having Homer work in anuclear power plant, the show can comment on the state of the environment.Through Bart and Lisa's days atSpringfield Elementary School, the show's writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education. The town features a vast array of television channels, which enables the producers","the producers to make jokes about the entertainment industry and the press. Some commentators say the show is political in nature and susceptible to a left-wing bias.Al Jeanacknowledged in an interview that \"We are ofliberalbent.\"The writers often evince an appreciation forprogressive leanings, but the show makes jokes across the political spectrum.The show portrays government and large corporations as evil entities that take advantage of the common worker.Thus, the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light. InThe Simpsons, politicians are corrupt, ministers such asReverend Lovejoyare dismissive to churchgoers, and the local police force is incompetent.Religion also figures as a recurring theme.In times of crisis, the family often turns to God, and the show has dealt with most of the major religions. Sexualityis often a source of jokes in the series or serves as the theme of certain episodes. Even though homosexuals are sometimes sources of gags, the series often comments","often comments on how American society treats them, with \"Homer's Phobia\" devoting an entire episode to the family making a gay friend and Homer's initial hostility to him. In 1990,The Simpsonsbecame the first animated early evening show to depict a kiss between two men in \"Simpson and Delilah\". Hallmarks Opening sequence The Simpsons'opening sequenceis one of the show's most memorable hallmarks. The standard opening has gone through three iterations (a replacement of some shots at the start of the second season, and a brand new sequence when the show switched to high-definition in 2009). Each has the same basic sequence of events: the camera zooms throughcumulus clouds, through the show's title towards the town ofSpringfield. The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home. Upon entering their house, the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television. The original opening was created byDavid Silverman, and was the first task he did when production began on the show.The series'","show.The series' distinctivetheme songwascomposedby musicianDanny Elfmanin 1989, after Groening approached him requesting a retro-style piece. This piece has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career. One of the most distinctive aspects of the opening is that three of its elements change from episode to episode: Bart writes different things on the school chalkboard,Lisa plays different solos on her saxophone (or occasionally a different instrument), and different gags accompany the family as they enter their living room to sit on the couch. Halloween episodes The specialHalloweenepisode has become an annual tradition. \"Treehouse of Horror\" first broadcast in 1990 as part ofseason twoand established the pattern of three separate, self-contained stories in each Halloween episode.These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres.They always take place outside the normal continuity","normal continuity of the show. Although theTreehouseseries is meant to be seen on Halloween, this changed by the 2000s (and again in 2020), when new installments have premiered after Halloween due toFox's currentcontractwithMajor League Baseball'sWorld Series.Prior to 2020 (between 2011 and 2019), everyTreehouse of Horrorepisode had aired in October. Humor The show's humor turns on cultural references that cover a wide spectrum of society so that viewers from all generations can enjoy the show. Such references, for example, come from movies, television, music, literature, science, and history.The animators also regularly add jokes or sight gags into the show's background via humorous or incongruous bits of text in signs, newspapers,billboards, and elsewhere. The audience may often not notice the visual jokes in a single viewing. Some are so fleeting that they become apparent only by pausing a video recording of the show or viewing it in slow motion.Kristin Thompson argues thatThe Simpsonsuses a \"flurry of","a \"flurry of cultural references, intentionally inconsistent characterization, and considerable self-reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show.\" One of Bart's earlyhallmarkswas his prank calls toMoe's TavernownerMoe Szyslakwhere he asks for agag name. Moe tries to find that person in the bar, but soon realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart. These calls were apparently based on a series of prank calls known as theTube Bar recordings, though Groening has denied any causal connection.Moe was based partly on Tube Bar ownerLouis \"Red\" Deutsch, whose often profane responses inspired Moe's violent side.As the series progressed, it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe's angry response, and the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season.The Simpsonsalso often includesself-referential humor.The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting.For example, the episode \"She Used to Be My","\"She Used to Be My Girl\" included a scene in which aFox News Channelvan drove down the street while displaying a large \"Bush Cheney 2004\" banner and playingQueen's \"We Are the Champions\", in reference to the2004 U.S. presidential electionand claims ofconservative bias in Fox News. The show usescatchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have at least one each.Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \"D'oh!\", Mr. Burns' \"Excellent\" andNelson Muntz's \"Ha-ha!\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \"¡Ay, caramba!\", \"Don't have a cow, man!\" and \"Eat my shorts!\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days.However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through themerchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on theKrusty the Clown Showsolely for saying \"I didn't do it.\" Purported foreshadowing of actual events The Simpsonshas gained","Simpsonshas gained notoriety for jokes that appeared to become reality. Perhaps the most famous example comes from the episode \"Bart to the Future\", which mentions billionaireDonald Trumphaving been president of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke.The episode first aired in 2000, sixteen years before Trump (who at the time wasexploring a presidential run) was elected.Another episode, \"When You Dish Upon a Star\", lampooned20th Century Foxas a division ofThe Walt Disney Company. Nineteen years later,Disney purchased Fox.Other examples purported asThe Simpsonspredicting the future include the introduction of thesmartwatch,video chatservices,Richard Branson's spaceflightandLady Gaga's acrobatic performance at theSuper Bowl LI halftime show. Al Jeanhas commented on the show's purported ability to predict the future, explaining that they are really just \"educated guesses\" and stating that \"if you throw enough darts, you're going to get some bullseyes.\"ProducerBill Oakleystated, \"There are","\"There are very few cases whereThe Simpsonspredicted something. It's mainly just coincidence because the episodes are so old that history repeats itself.\"Fact-checkingsources such asSnopeshave debunked many of the claimed prophecies, explaining that the show's extensive run means \"a lot of jokes, and a lot of opportunities for coincidences to appear\" and \"most of these 'predictions' have rather simple and mundane explanations\".For example, the device shown onThe Simpsonswith autocorrection is anApple Newton, a real 1993 device notorious for its poorhandwriting recognition.Technologically advanced watches have appeared in numerous works of fiction, decades beforeThe Simpsons. Influence and legacy Idioms A number ofneologismsthat originated onThe Simpsonshave entered popular vernacular.Mark Liberman, director of theLinguistic Data Consortium, remarked, \"The Simpsonshas apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual","other textual allusions.\"The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: \"D'oh!\" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in theOxford English Dictionary, but without the apostrophe.Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase fromJames Finlayson, an actor in manyLaurel and Hardycomedies, who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone. The staff ofThe Simpsonstold Castellaneta to shorten the noise, and it went on to become the well-known exclamation in the television series. Groundskeeper Willie's description of the French as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\" was used byNational ReviewcolumnistJonah Goldbergin 2003, after France's opposition to the proposedinvasion of Iraq. The phrase quickly spread to other journalists.\"Cromulent\" and \"embiggen\", words used in \"Lisa the Iconoclast\", have since appeared in theDictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon,and scientific journals respectively.\"Kwyjibo\", a fakeScrabbleword invented by Bart in \"Bart the Genius\", was used as one of the aliases","one of the aliases of the creator of theMelissa worm.\"I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords\", was used byKent Brockmanin \"Deep Space Homer\" and has become asnowclone,with variants of the utterance used to express obsequious submission. It has been used in media, such asNew Scientistmagazine.The dismissive term \"Meh\", believed to have been popularized by the show,entered theCollins English Dictionaryin 2008.Other words credited as stemming from the show include \"yoink\" and \"craptacular\". The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotationsincludes several quotations from the show. As well as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", Homer's lines, \"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try\", from \"Burns' Heir\" (season five, 1994) as well as \"Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all\", from \"Eight Misbehavin'\"(season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007. Many quotes/scenes","Many quotes/scenes have become popularInternet memes, including Jasper Beardley's quote \"That's a paddlin'\" from \"The PTA Disbands\" (season 6, 1995) and \"Steamed Hams\" from \"22 Short Films About Springfield\" (season 7, 1996). Television The Simpsonswas the first successful animated program in American prime time sinceWait Till Your Father Gets Homein the 1970s.During most of the 1980s, US pundits considered animated shows as appropriate only for children, and animating a show was too expensive to achieve a quality suitable for prime-time television.The Simpsonschanged this perception,initially leading to a short period where networks attempted to recreate prime-time cartoon success with shows likeCapitol Critters,Fish Police, andFamily Dog, which were expensive and unsuccessful.The Simpsons'use of Korean animation studios fortweening, coloring, and filming made the episodes cheaper. The success ofThe Simpsonsand the lower production cost prompted US television networks to take chances on other adult animated","adult animated series.This development led US producers to a 1990s boom in new, animated prime-time shows for adults, such asBeavis and Butt-Head,South Park,Family Guy,King of the Hill,Futurama(which was created by Matt Groening), andThe Critic(which was also produced by Gracie Films).ForFamily GuycreatorSeth MacFarlane, \"The Simpsonscreated an audience for prime-time animation that had not been there for many, many years ... As far as I'm concerned, they basically re-invented the wheel. They created what is in many ways—you could classify it as—a wholly new medium.\" The Simpsonshas had crossovers with four other shows. In the episode \"A Star Is Burns\", Marge invites Jay Sherman, the main character ofThe Critic, to be a judge for a film festival in Springfield. Matt Groening had his name removed from the episode since he had no involvement withThe Critic.South Parklater paid homage toThe Simpsonswith the episode \"Simpsons Already Did It\".In \"Simpsorama\", the Planet Express crew fromFuturamacome to","fromFuturamacome to Springfield in the present to prevent the Simpsons from destroying the future.In theFamily Guyepisode \"The Simpsons Guy\", the Griffins visit Springfield and meet the Simpsons. The Simpsonshas also influenced live-action shows likeMalcolm in the Middle, which featured the use ofsight gagsand did not use alaugh trackunlike most sitcoms.Malcolm in the Middledebuted January 9, 2000, in the time slot afterThe Simpsons.Ricky GervaiscalledThe Simpsonsan influence onThe Office,and fellow British sitcomSpacedwas, according to its directorEdgar Wright, \"an attempt to do a live-actionThe Simpsons\".InGeorgia, the animated television sitcomThe Samsonadzes, launched in November 2009, has been noted for its very strong resemblance withThe Simpsons, which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged. LGBT representation The Simpsonshas historically been open to portrayals ofLGBTcharacters and settings, and it has routinely challengedheteronormativity.It was one of several animated television shows in","television shows in the United States that began introducing characters that were LGBT, both openly and implied, in the 1990s.While early episodes involving LGBT characters primarily included them through the use of stereotypes,The Simpsonsdeveloped several prominent LGBT characters over its run.Producers of the show, such asMatt GroeningandAl Jean, have expressed their opinion that LGBT representation in media is important, and that they seek to actively include it.Some characters, such as Julio, were created with their sexual orientation in mind, with it being central to their character.The show expanded its roster of openly LGBT characters through episodes in which prominent charactersPatty BouvierandWaylon Smitherscame out in seasons16and27, respectively. Release Broadcast Syndication The cable television networkFXX, a sibling of 20th Television and formerly the Fox network, hasexclusive cable and digital syndicationrights forThe Simpsons.Original contracts had previously stated that syndication rights","syndication rights forThe Simpsonswould not be sold to cable until the series conclusion, at a time when cable syndication deals were highly rare. The series has been syndicated to local broadcast stations in nearly all markets throughout the United States since September 1994. FXX premieredThe Simpsonson their network on August 21, 2014, by starting a twelve-daymarathonwhich featured the first 552 episodes (every single episode that had already been released at the time) aired chronologically, includingThe Simpsons Movie, which FX Networks had already owned the rights to air. It was the longest continuous marathon in the history of television (untilVH1 Classicaired a 433-hour, nineteen-day, marathon ofSaturday Night Livein 2015; celebrating that program's 40th anniversary).The first day of the marathon was the highest rated broadcast day in the history of the network so far, the ratings more than tripled those of regular prime time programming for FXX.Ratings during the first six nights of the marathon grew","the marathon grew night after night, with the network ranking within the top 5 networks in basic cable each night.In Australia, a marathon of every episode of the show (at the time) aired from December 16, 2019, to January 5, 2020, onFox8(a cable network operated on pay TV providerFoxteland a corporate sibling to the American Fox network). After Disneyacquiredboth 20th Television and FX Networks, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswould air on the company'sFreeformchannel starting October 2, 2019. Streaming and digital sell-through On October 21, 2014, a digital service courtesy of theFXNOWapp, calledSimpsons World, launched with every episode of the series accessible to authenticated FX subscribers, and is available on game consoles such asXbox One, streaming devices such asRokuandApple TV, and online via web browser.There was early criticism of both wrong aspect ratios for earlier episodes and the length of commercial breaks on the streaming service, but that problem was soon amended with fewer commercial","fewer commercial breaks during individual episodes.Later it was announced thatSimpsons Worldwould now let users watch all of the SD episodes in their original format.Simpsons Worldwas discontinued after the launch ofDisney+on November 12, 2019, where the series streams exclusively.Initially, the series was only available cropped to16:9without the option to view the original4:3versions, reigniting criticisms of cropping old episodes.In response, Disney announced that \"in early 2020, Disney+ will make the first 19 seasons (and some episodes from season 20) ofThe Simpsonsavailable in their original 4:3 aspect ratio, giving subscribers a choice of how they prefer to view the popular series.\"On May 28, 2020, Disney+ made the first 19 seasons, along with some episodes from season 20, ofThe Simpsonsavailable in both 16:9 and the original 4:3 aspect ratio.Season 31 came to Disney+ on October 2, 2020, withHulustreaming the latest episodes of season 32 the next day. Season 32 came to Disney+ on September 29, 2021. The","29, 2021. The season 3 premiere \"Stark Raving Dad\", which featuresMichael Jacksonas the voice of Leon Kompowsky, was pulled out of rotation in 2019 by Matt Groening, James L. Brooks and Al Jean afterHBOaired the documentaryLeaving Neverland, in which two men share details into how Jackson allegedly abused them as children.It is therefore unavailable on Disney+. However, the episode is still available onThe Complete Third SeasonDVD box set released on August 26, 2003. In July 2017, all episodes from seasons 4 to 19 were made available for purchase on theiTunes Storein Canada. On August 10, 2024, it was announced that four episodes of season 36 would air exclusively on Disney+. Reception and achievements Early success The Simpsonswas the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows.In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \"Bartmania\".He became the most prevalentSimpsonscharacter on memorabilia, such asT-shirts.","such asT-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold;as many as one million were sold on some days.Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\".The Simpsonsmerchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 theFox Networkdecided to switchThe Simpsons'time slot from 8:00 p.m.ETon Sunday night to the same time on Thursday, where it competed withThe Cosby ShowonNBC, thenumber one showat the time.Through the summer, several news outlets published stories about the supposed \"Bill vs. Bart\" rivalry.\"Bart Gets an 'F'\"(season two, 1990) was the","two, 1990) was the first episode to air againstThe Cosby Show, and it received a lowerNielsen rating, tying for eighth behindThe Cosby Show, which had an 18.5 rating. The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show, butNielsen Media Researchestimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network,and it is still the highest rated episode in the history ofThe Simpsons.The show moved back to its Sunday slot in 1994 and has remained there ever since. The Simpsonshas received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, and it has been noted for being described as \"the most irreverent and unapologetic show on the air.\"In a 1990 review of the show, Ken Tucker ofEntertainment Weeklydescribed it as \"the American family at its most complicated, drawn as simple cartoons. It's this neat paradox that makes millions of people turn","of people turn away from the three big networks on Sunday nights to concentrate on The Simpsons.\"Tucker also described the show as a \"pop-cultural phenomenon, a prime-time cartoon show that appeals to the entire family.\" Run length achievements On February 9, 1997,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Flintstoneswith the episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States.In 2004,The SimpsonsreplacedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet(1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States in terms of the number of years airing.In 2009,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet's record of 435 episodes and is now recognized byGuinness World Recordsas the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count).In October 2004,Scooby-Doobriefly overtookThe Simpsonsas the American animated show with the highest number of episodes (albeit under several different iterations).However, network executives in April","executives in April 2005 again canceledScooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, andThe Simpsonsreclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season.In May 2007,The Simpsonsreached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. WhileThe Simpsonshas the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassedThe Simpsons.For example, the JapaneseanimeseriesSazae-sanhas over 2,000 episodes (7,000+ segments) to its credit. In 2009, Fox began a year-long celebration of the show titled \"Best. 20 Years. Ever.\" to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the premiere ofThe Simpsons. One of the first parts of the celebration is the \"Unleash Your Yellow\" contest in which entrants must design a poster for the show.The celebration ended on January 10, 2010 (almost 20 years after \"Bart the Genius\" aired on January 14, 1990), withThe Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!, a documentary special by documentary filmmakerMorgan","filmmakerMorgan Spurlockthat examines the \"cultural phenomenon ofThe Simpsons\". As of the twenty-first season (2009–2010),The Simpsonsbecame the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, having surpassed the 1955–1975 run ofGunsmoke. On April 29, 2018,The Simpsonsalso surpassedGunsmoke's 635-episode count with the episode \"Forgive and Regret\". The Simpsonsis both the longest-running and the highest ranking animated series to feature onTV Time's top 50 most followed TV shows ever. On February 6, 2019, it was announced thatThe Simpsonshas been renewed for seasons 31 and 32. On March 3, 2021, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswas renewed for seasons 33 and 34. Awards and honors The Simpsonshas won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 34Primetime Emmy Awards,34Annie Awardsand aPeabody Award.In a 1999 issue celebrating the 20th century's greatest achievements in arts and entertainment,TimenamedThe Simpsonsthe century's best television series, writing: \"Dazzlingly","\"Dazzlingly intelligent and unapologetically vulgar, the Simpsons have surpassed the humor, topicality and, yes, humanity of past TV greats.\"In that same issue,Timeincluded Bart Simpson in theTime 100, the publication's list of the century's 100 most influential people.Bart was the only fictional character on the list. On January 14, 2000, the Simpsons were awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.Also in 2000,Entertainment Weeklymagazine TV critic Ken Tucker namedThe Simpsonsthe greatest television show of the1990s. Furthermore, viewers of the UK television channelChannel 4have votedThe Simpsonsat the top of two polls: 2001's 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows (despite the show not being aimed at children),and 2005's The 100 Greatest Cartoons,with Homer Simpson voted into first place in 2001's 100 Greatest TV Characters.Homer also placed ninth onEntertainment Weekly'slist of the \"50 Greatest TV icons\".In 2002,The Simpsonsranked No. 8 onTV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time,and was ranked the No. 6 cult","the No. 6 cult show in 2004.In 2007, it moved to No. 8 on TV Guide's cult shows listand was included inTime'slist of the \"100 Best TV Shows of All Time\".In 2008 the show was placed in first onEntertainment Weekly's\"Top 100 Shows of the Past 25 Years\".Empirenamed it the greatest TV show of all time.In 2010,Entertainment Weeklynamed Homer \"the greatest character of the last 20 years\",while in 2013 theWriters Guild of AmericalistedThe Simpsonsas the 11th \"best written\" series in television history.In 2013,TV GuiderankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest TV cartoon of all timeand the tenth greatest show of all time.A 2015The Hollywood Reportersurvey of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named it as their No. 10 favorite show.In 2015, British newspaperThe TelegraphnamedThe Simpsonsas one of the 10 best TV sitcoms of all time.Television criticsAlan SepinwallandMatt Zoller SeitzrankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 bookTV (The Book).In 2022,Rolling","2022,Rolling StonerankedThe Simpsonsas the second-greatest TV show of all time.In 2023,VarietyrankedThe Simpsonsas the fourth-greatest TV show of all time. Criticism Controversy Bart's rebellious, bad boy nature, which underlies his misbehavior and rarely leads to any punishment, led some people to characterize him as a poorrole modelfor children.In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a \"threat to learning\" because of his \"underachiever and proud of it\" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.Others described him as \"egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited\".In a 1991 interview,Bill Cosbydescribed Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him \"angry, confused, frustrated\". In response, Matt Groening said, \"That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do.\"On January 27, 1992, then-PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushsaid, \"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American","the American family, to make American families a lot more likethe Waltonsand a lot less like the Simpsons.\"The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment that aired three days later before a rerun of \"Stark Raving Dad\" in which Bart replied, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end tothe Depression, too.\" The show also received criticism from the nuclear power industry in its early years, with its portrayal of the evil boss Mr. Burns and \"bungling idiot\" employees (including Homer Simpson himself) with their lack of safety and security.In a letter to the nuclear power-backedU.S. Council for Energy Awareness, producer Sam Simon apologized, stating, \"I apologize that the Simpsons have offended a lot of people in the energy industry. I agree with you that in real life, Homer Simpson would not be employed at a nuclear power plant. On the other hand, he probably wouldn't be employed anywhere.\" Various episodes of the show have generated controversy. The Simpsons","The Simpsons visit Australia in \"Bart vs. Australia\" (season six, 1995) and Brazil in \"Blame It on Lisa\" (season 13, 2002) and both episodes generated controversy and negative reaction in the visited countries.In the latter case, Rio de Janeiro's tourist board—which claimed that the city was portrayed as having rampant street crime, kidnappings, slums, and monkey and rat infestations—went so far as to threaten Fox with legal action.Groening was a fierce and vocal critic of the episode \"A Star Is Burns\" (season six, 1995), which featured acrossoverwithThe Critic. He felt that it was just an advertisement forThe Critic, and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him. When he was unsuccessful in getting the episode pulled, he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns, openly criticizing James L. Brooks and saying the episode \"violates the Simpsons' universe.\" In response, Brooks said, \"I am furious with Matt, ... he's allowed his opinion, but airing this publicly in","this publicly in the press is going too far. ... his behavior right now is rotten.\" \"The Principal and the Pauper\" (season nine, 1997) is one of the most controversial episodes ofThe Simpsons. Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation thatSeymour Skinner, a recurring character since the first season, was an impostor. The episode has been criticized by Groening and byHarry Shearer, who provides the voice of Skinner. In a 2001 interview, Shearer recalled that after reading the script, he told the writers, \"That'ssowrong. You're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason, for a story we've done before with other characters. It's so arbitrary and gratuitous, and it's disrespectful to the audience.\" Bans The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries. China banned it from prime-time television in August 2006, \"in an effort to protect China's struggling animation studios.\"In","studios.\"In 2008,Venezuelabarred the show from airing on morning television as it was deemed \"unsuitable for children\".The same year, several RussianPentecostalchurches demanded thatThe Simpsons,South Parkand some other Western cartoons be removed from broadcast schedules \"for propaganda of various vices\" and the broadcaster's license to be revoked. However, a court decision later dismissed this request. Perceived decline in quality Critics' reviews of earlySimpsonsepisodes praised the show for its sassy humor, wit, realism, and intelligence.However, in the late 1990s, around the airing ofseason 9, the tone and emphasis of the show began to change. Some critics started calling the show \"tired\".By 2000, some long-term fans had become disillusioned with the show, and pointed to its shift from character-driven plots to what they perceived as an overemphasis on zany antics.Jim Schembri ofThe Sydney Morning Heraldattributed the decline in quality to an abandonment of character-driven storylines in favor of","in favor of celebritycameo appearancesand references to popular culture. Schembri wrote in 2011: \"The central tragedy ofThe Simpsonsis that it has gone from commanding attention to merely being attention-seeking. It began by proving that cartoon characters don't have to be caricatures; they can be invested with real emotions. Now the show has in essence fermented into a limp parody of itself. Memorable story arcs have been sacrificed for the sake of celebrity walk-ons and punchline-hungry dialogue.\" In 2010, the BBC noted \"the common consensus is thatThe Simpsons'golden era ended afterseason nine\",and Todd Leopold of CNN, in an article looking at its perceived decline, stated \"for many fans ... the glory days are long past.\"Similarly, Tyler Wilson ofCoeur d'Alene Presshas referred to seasons one to nine as the show's \"golden age\",and Ian Nathan ofEmpiredescribed the show's classic era as being \"say, the first ten seasons\".Jon HeacockofLucidWorksstated that \"for the first ten years , the show was consistently","was consistently at the top of its game\", with \"so many moments, quotations, and references – both epic and obscure – that helped turn the Simpson family into the cultural icons that they remain to this day\". Mike Scully, who was showrunner during seasons nine throughtwelve, has been the subject of criticism.Chris Suellentrop ofSlatewrote that \"under Scully's tenure,The Simpsonsbecame, well, a cartoon ... Episodes that once would have ended withHomer and Marge bicycling into the sunsetnow end withHomer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge's neck. The show's still funny, but it hasn't been touching in years.\"When asked in 2007 how the series' longevity is sustained, Scully joked: \"Lower your quality standards. Once you've done that you can go on forever.\" Al Jean, who was showrunner during seasonsthirteenthroughthirty-three,has also been the subject of criticism, with some arguing that the show has continued to decline in quality under his tenure. Former writers have complained that under Jean, the show is","Jean, the show is \"on auto-pilot\", \"too sentimental\", and the episodes are \"just being cranked out\". Some critics believe that the show has \"entered a steady decline under Jean and is no longer really funny\".John Ortved, author ofThe Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History, characterized the Jean era as \"toothless\",and criticized what he perceived as the show's increase in social and political commentary.Jean responded: \"Well, it's possible that we've declined. But honestly, I've been here the whole time and I do remember in season two people saying, 'It's gone downhill.' If we'd listened to that then we would have stopped after episode 13. I'm glad we didn't.\" In 2004, cast memberHarry Shearercriticized what he perceived as the show's declining quality: \"I rate the last three seasons as among the worst, soseason fourlooks very good to me now.\"Cast memberDan Castellanetaresponded: \"I don't agree, ... I think Harry's issue is that the show isn't as grounded as it was in the first three or four seasons,","or four seasons, that it's gotten crazy or a little more madcap. I think it organically changes to stay fresh.\"Also in 2004 authorDouglas Couplanddescribed claims of declining quality in the series as \"hogwash\", saying \"The Simpsonshasn't fumbled the ball in fourteen years, it's hardly likely to fumble it now.\"In an April 2006 interview, Groening said: \"I honestly don't see any end in sight. I think it's possible that the show will get too financially cumbersome ... but right now, the show is creatively, I think, as good or better than it's ever been. The animation is incredibly detailed and imaginative, the stories do things that we haven't done before, so creatively there's no reason to quit.\" In 2016, popular culture writer Anna Leszkiewicz suggested that even thoughThe Simpsonsstill holds cultural relevance, \"contemporary appeal\" is only for the \"first ten or so seasons\", with recent episodes only garnering mainstream attention when a favorite character from the golden era is killed off, or when new","off, or when new information and shock twists are given for old characters.The series' ratings have also declined; while thefirst seasonenjoyed an average of 13.4 million viewing households per episode in the U.S.,thetwenty-first seasonhad an average of 7.2 million viewers. Alan SepinwallandMatt Zoller Seitzargued in their 2016 book titledTV (The Book)that the peak ofThe Simpsonsare \"roughlyseasons 3–12\", and that despite the decline, episodes from the later seasons such as \"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind\" and \"Holidays of Future Passed\" could be considered on par with the earlier classic episodes, further stating that \"even if you want to call the show today a thin shadow of its former self, think about how mind-boggingly great its former self had to be for so-diminished a version to be watchable at all.\" In 2020,Uproxxwriter Josh Kurp stated that while he agrees with the sentiment thatThe Simpsonsis not as good as it used to be, it is because \"it was working at a level of comedy and characterization","characterization that no show ever has.\" He felt there were still many reasons to watch the series, as it was \"still capable of quality television, and even the occasional new classic\" and the fact that the show was willing to experiment, giving examples such as bringing on guest animators likeDon HertzfeldtandSylvain Chometto produce couch gags, and guest writers likeSeth RogenandEvan Goldberg,Pete HolmesandMegan Amramto write episodes.In theseason 32episode \"I, Carumbus\", the show itself makes a nod to these concerns in its credits gag where the godJupiternotes that \"It definitely feels like they're wrapping it up ... any day now.\" In a 2021 interview withNME, Jean was quoted as saying, \"To people who sayThe Simpsonsisn't as good as it used to be, I would say I think the world isn't as good as it used to be. But we're declining at a slower rate.\" Race controversy The stereotypical nature of the characterApu Nahasapeemapetilonhas been the subject of controversy. Indian-American comedianHari Kondabolustated","Kondabolustated in his 2017 documentaryThe Problem with Aputhat as a child he was a fan ofThe Simpsonsand liked Apu, but he now finds the character's stereotypical nature troublesome. Defenders of the character responded that the show is built on comical stereotypes, with creator Matt Groening saying, \"that's the nature of cartooning.\"He added that he was \"proud of what we do on the show\", and \"it's a time in our culture where people love to pretend they're offended\".In response to the controversy, Apu's voice actor,Hank Azaria, said he was willing to step aside from his role as Apu: \"The most important thing is to listen to South Asian people, Indian people in this country when they talk about what they feel and how they think about this character.\"In February 2020, he confirmed that he would no longer voice Apu. Groening stated at the same time that the character would remain in the show. The criticisms were referenced in the season 29 episode \"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\", when Lisa breaks thefourth","breaks thefourth walland addresses the audience by saying, \"Something that started decades ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?\" to which Marge replies, \"Some things will be addressed at a later date.\" Lisa adds, \"If at all.\" This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying \"Don't have a cow, Apu\", a play on Bart's catchphrase \"Don't have a cow, man,\" as well as the fact that manyHindusdo not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show,which Groening denied. On June 26, 2020, in light of the variousBlack Lives Matterprotests, Fox announced that recurring characters of color (Carl CarlsonandDr. Hibbert, among others) would no longer be voiced by white actors.Beginning withseason 32, Carl, a black character originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by black actorAlex Désert.In addition,Bumblebee Man, a Spanish-speaking Latino","Latino character also originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by Mexican-American actorEric Lopez,and Dr. Hibbert, a black character originally voiced byHarry Shearer, is now voiced by black actorKevin Michael Richardson. Other media Comic books Numerous Simpson-related comic books have been released over the years. The firstcomic stripsbased onThe Simpsonsappeared in 1991 in the magazineSimpsons Illustrated, which was a companion magazine to the show.The comic strips were popular and a one-shot comic book titledSimpsons Comics and Stories, containing four different stories, was released in 1993 for the fans.The book was a success and due to this, Groening and his companionsBill Morrison, Mike Rote, and Steve and Cindy Vance created the publishing companyBongo Comics.A total of nine comic book series were published by Bongo Comics between 1993 and the company's dissolution in 2018.Issues ofSimpsons Comics,Bart Simpson's Treehouse of HorrorandBart Simpsonhave been collected and reprinted intrade","reprinted intrade paperbacksin the United States byHarperCollins. Film 20th Century FoxandGracie FilmsproducedThe Simpsons Movie, an animated film that was released on July 27, 2007.The film was directed by long-timeSimpsonsproducerDavid Silvermanand written by a team ofSimpsonswriters comprising Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, Al Jean, George Meyer,Mike Reiss,John Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,David Mirkin,Mike Scully,Matt Selman, andIan Maxtone-Graham.Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long-time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded.There had been talk of a possible feature-lengthSimpsonsfilm ever since the early seasons of the series. James L. Brooks originally thought that the story of the episode \"Kamp Krusty\" was suitable for a film, but he encountered difficulties in trying to expand the script to feature-length.For a long time, difficulties such as lack of a suitable story and an already","and an already fully engaged crew of writers delayed the project. On August 10, 2018, 20th Century Fox announced that a sequel is in development. Music Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albumsSongs in the Key of Springfield,Go Simpsonic with The SimpsonsandThe Simpsons: Testify.Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release and have not been featured on the show. The albumThe Simpsons Sing the Blueswas released in September 1990 and was a success, peaking at No. 3 on theBillboard200and becoming certified 2× platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America.The first single from the album was thepop rapsong \"Do the Bartman\", performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written byMichael Jackson, although he did not receive any credit.The Yellow Albumwas released in 1998, but received poor reception and did not chart in any country. The SimpsonsRide In 2007, it was officially announced thatThe","announced thatThe SimpsonsRide, asimulator ride, would be implemented into theUniversal Studios OrlandoandUniversal Studios Hollywood.It officially opened May 15, 2008, in Floridaand May 19, 2008, in Hollywood.In the ride, patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built byKrusty the Clown. However,Sideshow Bobis loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and theSimpson family.It features more than 24 regular characters fromThe Simpsonsand features the voices of the regular cast members, as well asPamela Hayden,Russi TaylorandKelsey Grammer.Harry Shearerdid not participate in the ride, so none of his characters have vocal parts.The ride also features clips from the show in the waiting line. Video games Numerous video games based on the show have been produced. Some of the early games includeKonami'sarcade gameThe Simpsons(1991) andAcclaim Entertainment'sThe Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants(1991).More modern games includeThe Simpsons: Road Rage(2001),The Simpsons: Hit & Run(2003)","Hit & Run(2003) andThe Simpsons Game(2007).Electronic Arts, which producedThe Simpsons Game, has owned the exclusive rights to create video games based on the show since 2005.In 2010, they released a game calledThe Simpsons ArcadeforiOS.Another EA-produced mobile game,Tapped Out, was released in 2012 for iOS users, then in 2013 forAndroidandKindleusers.TwoSimpsonspinballmachines have been produced: one that was available briefly after the first season, and another in 2007, both out of production. Merchandise The popularity ofThe Simpsonshas made it a billion-dollar merchandising industry.The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T-shirts to posters.The Simpsonshas been used as a theme for special editions of well-known board games, includingClue,Scrabble,Monopoly,Operation, andThe Game of Life, as well as thetriviagames What Would Homer Do? and SimpsonsJeopardy!. Several card games such astrump cardsand The Simpsons Trading Card Game have also been released. Many official or","Many official or unofficialSimpsonsbooks such as episode guides have been published. Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the first season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the first season ofChappelle's Show.In particular, seasons one through seventeen were released on DVD for 13 years between September 2001 to December 2014 in the U.S./Canada (Region 1), Europe (Region 2), and Australia/New Zealand/Latin America (Region 4). However, on April 8, 2015, Al Jean announced that the Season 17 DVD would be the last one ever produced, leaving the collection from Seasons 1 to 17, Season 20 (released out of order in 2010), with Seasons 18, 19, and 21 onwards unreleased.Jean also stated that the deleted scenes and commentaries would try to be released to the Simpsons World app, and that they were pushing for Simpsons World to be expanded outside of the U.S.Two years later, however, on","later, however, on July 22, 2017, it was announced that Season 18 would be released on December 5, 2017, on DVD.Another two years later, on July 20, 2019, it was announced that Season 19 would be released on December 3, 2019, on DVD. In 2003, about 500 companies around the world were licensed to useSimpsonscharacters in their advertising.As a promotion forThe Simpsons Movie, twelve7-Elevenstores were transformed intoKwik-E-Martsand soldThe Simpsonsrelated products. These included \"Buzz Cola\", \"Krusty-O\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \"Squishees\". In 2008, consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related toThe Simpsons, with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts.On April 9, 2009, theUnited States Postal Serviceunveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary.The Simpsonsis the first television series still","series still in production to receive this recognition.The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009.Approximately one billion were printed, but only 318 million were sold, costing the Postal Service $1.2 million. References Bibliography Further reading External links","List of animated television series by episode count This is a list ofanimated television seriesby episode count. This article does not includeanimeseries which originate fromJapan(for this see thelist of anime series by episode count). Single series with at least 100 episodes and television franchises with at least 40 episodes are listed. Single series Longest-running animated television franchises See also References"],"string":"[\n \"Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary\",\n \"close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater\",\n \"encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and\",\n \"D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S.\",\n \"Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr.\",\n \"1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \\\"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\\\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they\",\n \"From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \\\"Barry\\\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \\\"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\\\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade\",\n \"from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \\\"Barry\\\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \\\"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\\\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana,\",\n \"andcocaineduring his teenage years to \\\"push questions of who I was out of my mind\\\".Obama was also a member of the \\\"Choom Gang\\\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating,\",\n \"After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya,\",\n \"weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama\",\n \"In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \\\"40 under Forty\\\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \\\"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\\\" he said. \\\"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\\\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings\",\n \"other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as\",\n \"for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\\\"Sasha\\\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox\",\n \"wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to\",\n \"were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \\\"was not raised in a religious household.\\\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \\\"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\\\", and \\\"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\\\" He described\",\n \"He described his father as a \\\"confirmedatheist\\\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \\\"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\\\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \\\"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\\\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \\\"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\\\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life\",\n \"of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \\\"of all the different people I've met along the way\\\", adding: \\\"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\\\" The items, \\\"a whole bowl full\\\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of\",\n \"a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of\",\n \"Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures.\",\n \"homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his\",\n \"2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \\\"it's not too late\\\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won\",\n \"election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black\",\n \"Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an\",\n \"Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental\",\n \"and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\\\"House Divided\\\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered\",\n \"candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance\",\n \"his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States\",\n \"three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \\\"It Begins with Us\\\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as\",\n \"to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \\\"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\\\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential\",\n \"to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \\\"strict guidelines\\\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama\",\n \"nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on\",\n \"House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to\",\n \"urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \\\"common-sense gun reform\\\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but\",\n \"as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \\\"postracial America\\\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of\",\n \"thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \\\"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\\\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a\",\n \"for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \\\"a great deal\\\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving\",\n \"people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \\\"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\\\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \\\"gay\\\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in\",\n \"Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing.\",\n \"while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \\\"Cash for Clunkers\\\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the\",\n \"to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the\",\n \"November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \\\"unusually uncertain\\\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \\\"it is impossible to determine how many of the\",\n \"how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\\\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new\",\n \"benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \\\"defining challenge of our time\\\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan\",\n \"formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \\\"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\\\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of\",\n \"the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic\",\n \"known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public\",\n \"a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \\\"Obamacare\\\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \\\"out-of-pocket\\\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share\",\n \"the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was\",\n \"the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \\\"closely-held\\\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \\\"established by the State\\\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \\\"new era\\\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \\\"break\\\" and \\\"reset\\\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by\",\n \"to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \\\"A New Beginning\\\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to\",\n \"The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \\\"Joint Planning Cell\\\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama\",\n \"18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \\\"home for the holidays.\\\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American\",\n \"3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \\\"Panther Brigade\\\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \\\"dangerous distraction\\\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \\\"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\\\", an area he said had not received the \\\"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\\\"He replaced\",\n \"replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \\\"greatest threat\\\" to the security of Afghanistan and\",\n \"of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \\\"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\\\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \\\"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\\\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \\\"surgical raid\\\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from\",\n \"and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the\",\n \"2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \\\"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\\\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \\\"interests sections\\\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group,\",\n \"Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \\\"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\\\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring\",\n \"seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \\\"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\\\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \\\"dangerous\\\" and \\\"bad.\\\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization,\",\n \"the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk\",\n \"the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \\\"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\\\" and that it was \\\"a mess\\\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \\\"worst mistake\\\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \\\"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\\\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have\",\n \"later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \\\"red line\\\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \\\"Complex Modernization\\\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled\",\n \"The deal titled the \\\"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\\\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \\\"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\\\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.\",\n \"the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \\\"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\\\", adding that the legacy of this\",\n \"the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \\\"black enough\\\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \\\"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\\\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \\\"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\\\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68\",\n \"with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval\",\n \"approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as\",\n \"world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\\\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\\\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \\\"call to action\\\" and remarked: \\\"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\\\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \\\"thanks, Obama\\\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\\\"#thanks\",\n \"hashtag\\\"#thanks Obama\\\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \\\"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\\\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H.\",\n \"Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc\",\n \"VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \\\"wokeness\\\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \\\"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\\\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \\\"an absolute chaotic disaster\\\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \\\"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\\\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the\",\n \"Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \\\"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\\\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court\",\n \"the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \\\"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\\\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \\\"could ultimately backfire.\\\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian\",\n \"Zelizercredits Obama with \\\"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\\\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \\\"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\\\" Zeitzer calls this the \\\"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\\\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \\\"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\\\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \\\"in areas many Progressives hold dear\\\", including\",\n \"dear\\\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \\\"a disappointingly conventional president\\\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \\\"skinny repeal\\\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama\",\n \"theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama\",\n \"As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \\\"don't ask, don't tell\\\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau\",\n \"States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \\\"mixed\\\", adding that \\\"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\\\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is\",\n \"Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other\",\n \"X-Men: The Animated Series X-Men: The Animated Series, also known asX-Men, is ananimatedsuperherotelevision series aired in the United States for five seasons from October 31, 1992, to September 20, 1997, onFox'sFox Kidsprogramming block.It wasMarvel Comics' second attempt at an animatedX-Mentelevision series after the pilotX-Men: Pryde of the X-Menwas not picked up.Set in the samefictional universeasSpider-Man(1994–1998), Earth-92131,it was followed by arevival,X-Men '97, which began airing on March 20, 2024, onDisney+to critical acclaim. Production In March 1990,Margaret Loesch(who had previously worked as president and chief executive officer atMarvel Productions) became head ofFox Children's Network.Having championed thePryde of the X-Menpilotin 1989, she ordered 13 episodes ofX-Men.Saban Entertainmentwas contracted to produce the show and hired a small studio,Graz Entertainment, to produce episodes because, at the time, they lacked sufficient staff to handle in-house production. Mark Edward Edens and\",\n \"Edward Edens and Eric Lewald were to write the show, with the two dividing the job between Edens as head writer and Lewald as story editor.The voice work was done throughCanadianstudios, andSouth KoreanstudioAKOMwas hired to animate episodes.X-Menwas initially set to premiere overLabor Dayweekend in September; however, due to production delays, it was delayed to the end of October. When AKOM turned in the first episode, it contained several animation errors, which they refused to fix. Because of time constraints, the episode was aired unfinished;when Fox re-aired the pilot in early 1993, the errors were corrected.The second episode was submitted just before the deadline, with 50 scenes missing and a single day reserved for editing.The two-part episode \\\"Night of the Sentinels\\\" originally aired as a \\\"sneak preview\\\" on October 31. Because of the production delays and animation errors, Fox threatened to sever AKOM's contracts.The series earned top ratings throughout its first season,and was renewed for a second\",\n \"for a second season of 13 episodes. Throughout its run, producers had to deal with quality control issues, including attempts to cut costs and requests to change the tone of the series to more child-friendly and integrated toys. The show was originally planned to run for 65 episodes, but as a result of its success, Saban funded eleven more episodes, albeit with a reduced budget due to Marvel's bankruptcy. The series is currently owned and distributed byThe Walt Disney Company(Marvel's parent company), which acquired all Fox Kids-related properties fromNews CorporationandSaban Internationalin 2001. The series was added to streaming serviceDisney+following its launch on November 12, 2019, with a revival,X-Men '97, subsequently announced to be in development.The series premiered on March 20, 2024. Episodes Synopsis The show features a team similar to that of the early 1990sX-Mencomics byJim Lee, specifically the Blue Team established early on inX-Men (vol. 2). It consists\",\n \"2). It consists ofCyclops,Wolverine,Rogue,Storm,Beast,Gambit,Jubilee,Jean Grey, andProfessor X, as well as original characterMorph, who is based onChangeling. All 76 episodes were directed by Larry Houston. The series deals with social issues, including divorce (\\\"Proteus\\\"), religion (\\\"Nightcrawler\\\" and \\\"Bloodlines\\\"),the Holocaust(\\\"Enter Magneto\\\", \\\"Deadly Reunions\\\", \\\"Days of Future Past\\\" and \\\"The Phalanx Covenant\\\"),AIDShysteria (\\\"Time Fugitives\\\"), and loneliness (\\\"No Mutant Is an Island\\\"). It satirizes television in the episodes \\\"Mojovision\\\" and \\\"Longshot\\\". It crossed over withSpider-Manwhen Spider-Man seeks the X-Men's help to stop his progressing mutation. In theabbreviated formof the Secret Wars storyline, theBeyonderandMadame Webselect Spider-Man to lead a team of heroes against a group of villains. An earlier draft of \\\"Secret Wars\\\" involved all the X-Men, but transporting the voice cast from Canada to Los Angeles, where production for theSpider-Mananimated series was based, had been too costly in\",\n \"been too costly in previous crossovers, so the episode was rewritten to feature only Storm, whose actress, Iona Morris, lived in Los Angeles. In the first season, the X-Men come into conflict with human conspirators buildingSentinelrobots to kill mutants, Magneto's plan to instigate a human-mutant war, and the powerful mutantApocalypse's plan to eradicate the weak. Other storylines include X-Men member Morph's death at the hands of the Sentinels, Beast's incarceration, and Apocalypse's minions attempting to assassinate U.S. Senator Kelly to turn humans against mutants. In the second season, Cyclops and Jean are married and targeted byMister Sinister, who seeks to use the genetically perfect combination of their DNA to create an army of obedient mutants. Morph returns, having been rescued by Sinister and brainwashed into forcing the X-Men apart. Over time, a rift grows between humans and mutants, with the Friends of Humanity, an anti-mutant group, leading their persecution. Apocalypse returns, developing a\",\n \"developing a deadly plague that he plans to blame on mutants to fuel hatred against them. It features a parallel narrative of Professor X and Magneto being lost in the Savage Land. The third season involves thePhoenix, a cosmic force that merges with Jean Grey and turns her into the Dark Phoenix. It introduces theShi'ar Empire, which includes Lilandra and Gladiator, and seeks to stop the Dark Phoenix. Other storylines include the introduction of Wolverine's former lover turned mercenary, Lady Deathstrike, former X-Men memberIceman, and the villainousShadow King. Volume 5 of theOfficial Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z Hardcoverslists the cartoon as part of the Marvel multiverse, inhabiting Earth-92131. As well, the plague-infested future thatBishoptries to prevent in Season 2 is listed as Earth-13393, whileCable's release of the cure is listed as Earth-121893. Voice cast The series' voice acting was recorded in Toronto studios, with Dan Hennessey serving as voice director. Toronto voice actors had also\",\n \"actors had also been used in the 1960s Marvel Comics cartoons.Catherine Disherhad originally auditioned for the part ofStormbefore she was cast asJean Grey.Chris Potterwas cast in the role ofGambitduring filming forKung Fu: The Legend Continues(1993-1997) which was helpful since his co-starDavid Carradine, a big fan of the comics, helped as he was unfamiliar.Alyson CourtandCal Doddwere neighbors when Court was a child and Dodd was a well-known actor in Canada long before voicing bothJubileeandWolverinerespectively, attributing their characters' chemistry to being previously acquainted with one another. Another voice actor originally had been cast as Jubilee, but Court was cast when the original voice was deemed too sweet and innocent for the role. Principal cast Additional cast Other versions The original opening sequence, used throughout the first four seasons, features the X-Men demonstrating their mutant abilities to an instrumental theme written byRon Wassermanand composed byHaim SabanandShuki Levy. A\",\n \"Levy. A modified version is introduced in season five, episode one (\\\"Phalanx Covenant, Part One\\\"), which slightly changes the beginning of the theme. WhenUPNbegan airing reruns on Sunday mornings, an alternate credits sequence was used: a high-quality Japanese-animated version of the original opening. This modified version occasionally appears in the digital streaming release of the show, which was used for re-runs on Toon Disney. In Italy, where the series began airing in 1994 onCanale 5, the intro and outro sequences were replaced by a new sequence and theme song: \\\"Insuperabili X-Men\\\", sung by Marco Destro and Pietro Ubaldi. X-Menoriginally aired onTV Tokyofrom 1994 to 1995. For the TV Tokyo dub of the series, the intro was replaced with a new, Japanese-animated sequence and a new theme: \\\"Rising\\\" by Ambience. Starting with episode 42, a second intro was used, featuring the song \\\"Dakishimetai Dare Yori Mo\\\"(抱きしめたい誰よりも, \\\"I want to embrace you more than anyone else\\\"). The end credits sequence was also changed:\",\n \"was also changed: it featured shots of AmericanX-Mencomic books set to the song \\\"Back to You\\\", also by Ambience. The TV Tokyo dub was directed by Yoshikazu Iwanami and featured scripts rewritten to include a more humorous, self-satirical tone with an emphasis on comical adlibbing, a hallmark of his dubbing style. Episodes were edited for time so that new segments could be added to the end to promoteX-Men: Children of the Atom, which featured the dub actors pretending to play the game as their characters. A second dub was made in the early 2000s for broadcast onToon Disney (Japan)that is more faithful to the original English scripts and does not cut episodes for time. This version used the original American intro and end credits rather than the unique ones created for the TV Tokyo version. Two versions of the episode \\\"No Mutant is an Island\\\" exist, each with a different animation. The first version was aired for Toon Disney reruns, can be seen on digital streaming services such as Amazon Video, aired on Fox\",\n \"Video, aired on Fox Kids in the United States, and uses the remixed intro theme from Season 5. The second version is available on Region 1 DVD, aired on Fox Kids overseas, and uses the default intro theme from Seasons 1–4. Viewership In its prime,X-Mengarnered very highratingsfor a Saturday morning cartoon and received praise for adapting many different storylines from the comics. Haim Saban credits the success of the series in assisting him to sell his next project to Fox:Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. X-Menreached a viewership of over23 millionhouseholds. Legacy X-Men '97 By 2019, there were ongoing talks withDisney+to revive the series.In November 2021, it was revealed that a revival titledX-Men '97was in development which will continue the plot of the series.X-Men '97eventually premiered on March 20, 2024. Beau DeMayo served ashead writerfor the first two seasons, with most of the surviving cast members of the original series reprising their roles, including Dodd, Zann, Buza, Disher, Potter, Sealy-Smith,\",\n \"Sealy-Smith, Hough, and Britton. They were joined byJennifer Hale, Anniwaa Buachie,Ray Chase, Matthew Waterson,JP Karliak, Holly Chou,Jeff Bennett, andA.J. LoCascio. Alyson Court did not reprise her role as Jubilee, requesting that Jubilee be voiced by an Asian actress. She instead returned to voice an alternate version of the character.The series is produced byMarvel Studios Animation, but does not take place within theMarvel Cinematic Universe. Comics X-Men Adventures X-Men Adventureswas acomic bookspin-offof the animated series. Beginning in November 1992, it adapted the first three seasons of the show; in April 1996, it becameAdventures of the X-Men, which contained original stories set within the same continuity.The comic book lasted until March 1997, shortly after the show's cancellation by theFox Network. Bibliography Additionally, stories featuring the same characters were printed through the 19 issues ofSpider-Man Magazine, published between March 1994 and March 1997, alongside stories inspired by\",\n \"stories inspired by the animated seriesSpider-Man. X-Men '92 The comic book seriesX-Men '92was first released as one of the many tie-in titles for Marvel's 2015Secret Warsevent, and continued in its second volume as a regular series in early 2016, starring characters of the TV show's reality. In January 2022 Marvel announced a new series inspired by the cartoon,X-Men '92: House of XCII. Scheduled for publication in April of that same year, the series will explore an alternate universe where the events ofJonathan Hickman'sHouse of X and Powers of Xhappened decades earlier, in the '90s of the original show. Manga Books Previously on X-Men In 2017, series developer and showrunner Eric Lewald released the bookPreviously on X-Men: The Making of an Animated Series, which features his interviews with 36 of the staff and voice cast behind the TV series, as well as Lewald's personal experiences on the series' development and production. X-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series In 2020, Eric Lewald and Julia\",\n \"Lewald and Julia Lewald released the bookX-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series, which features previously unseen concept art, storyboards, character models, background layouts, animation cels, and other production/promotional materials, along with new interviews with the series principal artists and production staff. Video games In film The series was credited for being responsible for the beginning development of the 2000X-Menfilm. Fox Kids owner20th Century Foxwas impressed by the success of the TV show, and producerLauren Shuler Donnerpurchased the film rights for them in 1994.The film's success led to afilm franchise, which includes a series of sequels, prequels, and spin-offs, for two decades up to 2020, when the series came to an end due toDisney'sacquisition of Fox, with the character rights reverting to Marvel Studios. Potter revealed that he once auditioned for the role of Cyclops in the 2000 film before losing it toJames Marsden, while Buza would appear in the film proper as a truck\",\n \"proper as a truck driver. In the 2022Marvel Cinematic UniversefilmDoctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, produced by Marvel Studios, the theme song from the TV series (orchestrated byDanny Elfmanand credited asX-Men '97 Theme) is played whenCharles Xavier(portrayed byPatrick Stewart) first appears; in the film, unlike his previous performances as the character in Fox'sX-Menfranchise, Stewart's Xavier is visually redesigned to match his animated counterpart, complete with his iconic green suit, blue and black tie, and yellow hoverchair. In television In theMs. Marvelepisode \\\"No Normal\\\", set in the MCU, the theme song from theX-Menanimated series is played whenKamala Khandiscovers that she is a \\\"mutant\\\". Lawsuit On October 9, 2019, Hungarian immigrant Zoltán Krisko, manager of the estate ofGyörgy Vukán, filed a lawsuit againstMarvel Entertainment Group,Warner Chappell Music,Haim Saban,Shuki Levy,Ron Wasserman,UMG Recordings, the current distributor of Disney Music Group, andFox Corporation. He claims the\",\n \"He claims the theme music was plagiarized from the theme song to the 1984–1991 Hungarian action-adventure television seriesLinda, which was composed by Vukán. Notes References Sources External links\",\n \"The Simpsons The Simpsonsis an Americananimated sitcomcreated byMatt Groeningfor theFox Broadcasting Company.Developed by Groening,James L. Brooks, andSam Simon, the series is asatiricaldepiction of American life, epitomized by theSimpson family, which consists ofHomer,Marge,Bart,Lisa, andMaggie. Set in the fictional town ofSpringfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and thehuman condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series ofanimated shortswith producer Brooks. He created adysfunctional familyand named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to \\\"simpleton\\\".The shorts became a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). Since its debut on December 17, 1989,771 episodesof the\",\n \"episodesof the show have been broadcast. It is thelongest-running American animated series,longest-running American sitcom, and thelongest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in seasons and individual episodes. A feature-length film,The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, to critical and commercial success, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerouscomic book series,video games,books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollarmerchandising industry.The Simpsonsis produced byGracie Filmswith20th Televisiondistributing the series.It has been distributed under the20th Television Animationlabel since 2021, although the animation studio has produced animation for the series since season 28. On January 26, 2023, the series was renewed for its 35th and 36th seasons, taking the show through the 2024–25 television season.Both seasons contain a combined total of 51 episodes. Seven of these episodes are season 34\",\n \"are season 34 holdovers, while the other 44 will be produced in the production cycle of the upcoming seasons, bringing the show's overall episode total up to 801.Season 35 premiered on October 1, 2023.Season 36 premiered on September 29, 2024. The Simpsonsreceived widespread acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its \\\"golden age\\\". Since then, it has been criticized for aperceived decline in quality.Timenamed it the 20th century's best television series,and Erik Adams ofThe A.V. Clubnamed it \\\"television's crowning achievement regardless of format\\\".On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 37Primetime Emmy Awards, 34Annie Awards, and 2Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of \\\"D'oh!\\\" has been adopted into the English language, whileThe Simpsonshas influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series. Premise Characters The\",\n \"Characters The main characters are theSimpson family, who live in the fictional \\\"Middle America\\\" town of Springfield.Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at theSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married toMarge(néeBouvier), a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children:Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster;Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; andMaggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family also owns agreyhound,Santa's Little Helper, (who first appeared in the episode \\\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\\\") and a cat,Snowball II, who is replaced by a cat also called Snowball II in the fifteenth-season episode \\\"I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot\\\".Extended members of the Simpson and Bouvier\",\n \"Simpson and Bouvier family in the main cast include Homer's fatherAbeand Marge's sistersPatty and Selma. Marge's motherJacquelineand Homer's motherMonaappear less frequently. The show includes a vast array of quirky supporting characters, which include Homer's friendsBarney Gumble,Lenny LeonardandCarl Carlson; the school principalSeymour Skinnerand staff members such asEdna KrabappelandGroundskeeper Willie; students such asMilhouse Van Houten,Nelson MuntzandRalph Wiggum; shopkeepers such asApu Nahasapeemapetilon,Comic Book GuyandMoe Szyslak; government figuresMayor \\\"Diamond\\\" Joe QuimbyandClancy Wiggum; next-door neighborNed Flanders; local celebrities such asKrusty the Clownand news reporterKent Brockman; nuclear tycoonMontgomery Burnsand his devoted assistantWaylon Smithers; anddozens more. The creators originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town. A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes.\",\n \"their own episodes. According to Matt Groening, the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the comedy showSCTV. Continuity and the floating timeline Despite the depiction of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays passing, the characters never age. The series uses afloating timelinein which episodes generally take place in the year the episode is produced. Flashbacks and flashforwards do occasionally depict the characters at other points in their lives, with the timeline of these depictions also generally floating relative to the year the episode is produced. For example, the 1991 episodes \\\"The Way We Was\\\" and \\\"I Married Marge\\\" depict Homer and Marge as high schoolers in the 1970s who had Bart (who is always 10 years old) in the early '80s, while the 2008 episode \\\"That '90s Show\\\" depicts Homer and Marge as a childless couple in the '90s, and the 2021 episode \\\"Do Pizza Bots Dream of Electric Guitars\\\" portrays Homer as an adolescent in the same period. The 1995 episode \\\"Lisa's\",\n \"episode \\\"Lisa's Wedding\\\" takes place during Lisa's college years in the then-future year of 2010, the same year the show began airing its22nd season, in which Lisa was still 8. Regarding the contradictory flashbacks, Selman stated that \\\"they all kind of happened in their imaginary world.\\\" The show follows a loose and inconsistent continuity. For example,Krusty the Clownmay be able to read in one episode, but not inanother. However, it is consistently portrayed that he isJewish, that his father was arabbi, and that his career began in the 1960s. The latter point introduces another snag in the floating timeline: historical periods that are a core part of a character's backstory remain so even when their age makes it unlikely or impossible, such asGrampa SimpsonandPrincipal Skinner's respective service inWorld War IIandVietnam. The only episodes not part of the series' main canon are theTreehouse of Horrorepisodes, which often feature the deaths of main characters. Characters who die in \\\"regular\\\" episodes, such\",\n \"episodes, such asMaude Flanders,Mona SimpsonandEdna Krabappel, however, stay dead. Most episodes end with thestatus quobeing restored, though occasionally major changes will stick, such as Lisa's conversions tovegetarianismandBuddhism, the divorce ofMilhouse van Houten's parents, and the marriage and subsequent parenthood ofApuandManjula. Setting The Simpsonstakes place in a fictional American town calledSpringfield. Although there are many real settlements in America named Springfield,the town the show is set in is fictional. The state it is in is not established. In fact, the show is intentionally evasive with regard to Springfield's location.Springfield's geography and that of its surroundings is inconsistent: from one episode to another, it may have coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, mountains, or whatever the story or joke requires.Groening has said that Springfield has much in common withPortland, Oregon, the city where he grew up.Groening has said that he named it afterSpringfield, Oregon, and the\",\n \"Oregon, and the fictitious Springfield which was the setting of the seriesFather Knows Best. He \\\"figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do.\\\"Many landmarks, including street names, have connections to Portland. Production Development When producerJames L. Brookswas working on the television variety showThe Tracey Ullman Show, he decided to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonistMatt Groening'sLife in Hellcomic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts. Groening initially intended to present an animated version of hisLife in Hellseries.However, Groening later realized that animatingLife in Hellwould require the rescinding ofpublication rightsfor his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's\",\n \"lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons.He named the characters after his own family members, substituting \\\"Bart\\\" for his own name, adopting ananagramof the wordbrat. The Simpson family first appeared asshortsinThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987.Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts.The animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo,withWes Archer,David Silverman, andBill Koppbeing animators for the first season.The colorist, \\\"Georgie\\\" Gyorgyi Kovacs Peluce (Kovács Györgyike)made the characters yellow; as Bart, Lisa and Maggie have no hairlines, she felt they would look strange if they were flesh-colored. Groening supported the decision, saying: \\\"Marge is yellow with blue hair? That's hilarious — let's\",\n \"hilarious — let's do it!\\\" In 1989, a team of production companies adaptedThe Simpsonsinto a half-hour series for theFox Broadcasting Company. The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content.Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \\\"the mainstream trash\\\" that they were watching.The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989, with \\\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\\\".\\\"Some Enchanted Evening\\\" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990, as the last episode of the first season, because of animation problems.In 1992,Tracey Ullmanfiled a lawsuit against Fox, claiming that her show was the source of the series' success. The suit said she should receive a share of the profits ofThe Simpsons—a claim rejected by the courts. Executive producers and showrunners List of showrunners\",\n \"List of showrunners throughout the series' run: Matt Groening and James L. Brooks have served as executive producers during the show's entire history, and also function as creative consultants.Sam Simon, described by formerSimpsonsdirectorBrad Birdas \\\"the unsung hero\\\" of the show,served as creative supervisor for the first four seasons. He was constantly at odds with Groening, Brooks and the show's production companyGracie Filmsand left in 1993.Before leaving, he negotiated a deal that sees him receive a share of the profits every year, and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since 1993,at least until his passing in 2015.A more involved position on the show is theshowrunner, who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season. Writing The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted ofJohn Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,George Meyer,Jeff Martin,Al Jean,Mike Reiss,Jay KogenandWallace Wolodarsky.NewerSimpsons'writing teams typically consist of\",\n \"consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December.The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers.Until 2004,George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits.Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events. Credited with sixty episodes,John Swartzwelderis the most prolific writer onThe Simpsons.One of the best-known former writers isConan O'Brien, who contributed to several episodes in the early 1990s before replacingDavid Lettermanas host of the talk showLate Night.English comedianRicky Gervaiswrote the episode \\\"Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife\\\", becoming the first\",\n \"becoming the first celebrity both to write and guest star in the same episode.Seth RogenandEvan Goldberg, writers of the filmSuperbad, wrote the episode \\\"Homer the Whopper\\\", with Rogen voicing a character in it. At the end of 2007, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. The show's writers had joined the guild in 1998. In May 2023, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. Voice actors The Simpsonshas six main cast members:Dan Castellaneta,Julie Kavner,Nancy Cartwright,Yeardley Smith,Hank Azaria, andHarry Shearer. Castellaneta voicesHomer Simpson,Grampa Simpson,Krusty the Clown,Groundskeeper Willie,Mayor Quimby,Barney Gumble, and other adult male characters.Julie KavnervoicesMarge SimpsonandPatty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showcast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be\",\n \"actors would not be needed.Cartwright voicesBart Simpson,Nelson Muntz,Ralph Wiggumand other children.Smith, the voice ofLisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting directorBonita Pietilabelieved her voice was too high,so she was given the role of Lisa instead.Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa, but upon arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \\\"middle child\\\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \\\"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, clever\\\".Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.Cartwright is the only one of the six mainSimpsonscast members who had been\",\n \"who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family, but play a majority of the male townspeople. Azaria, who has been a part of the main voice cast since the second season in one episode \\\"Old Money\\\" and then perpetually part of the regular main voice cast since the third season, voices recurring characters such asMoe Szyslak,Chief Wiggum,Apu NahasapeemapetilonandProfessor Frink. Shearer provides voices forMr. Burns,Mr. Smithers,Principal Skinner,Ned Flanders,Reverend Lovejoyand formerlyDr. Hibbert.Every main cast member has won aPrimetime Emmy AwardforOutstanding Voice-Over Performance. With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice. Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and, therefore, closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists.However, the network eventually\",\n \"network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode \\\"Old Money\\\", because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work.In 2003, the cast appeared in an episode ofInside the Actors Studio, doing live performances of their characters' voices. The six main actors were paid $30,000 per episode, until 1998, when they were involved in a pay dispute with Fox. The company threatened to replace them with new actors, even going as far as preparing for casting of new voices, but series creator Groening supported the actors in their action.The issue was soon resolved and, from 1998 to 2004, they were paid $125,000 per episode. The show's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales, and in April 2004 the main cast stopped appearing for script readings, demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode.The strike was resolved a month laterand their salaries were increased to something between $250,000and $360,000 per episode.In 2008, production for thetwentieth\",\n \"for thetwentieth seasonwas put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors, who wanted a \\\"healthy bump\\\" in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode.The negotiations were soon completed, and the actors' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode.Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, the cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode. In addition to the main cast,Pamela Hayden,Tress MacNeille,Marcia Wallace,Maggie Roswell, andRussi Taylorvoice supporting characters.From 1999 to 2002, Roswell's characters were voiced byMarcia Mitzman Gaven.Karl Wiedergotthas also appeared in minor roles, but does not voice any recurring characters.Wiedergott left the show in 2010, and since thenChris Edgerlyhas appeared regularly to voice minor characters. Repeat \\\"special guest\\\" cast members includeAlbert Brooks,Phil Hartman,Jon Lovitz,Joe Mantegna,Maurice LaMarche, andKelsey Grammer.Following Hartman's death\",\n \"Hartman's death in 1998, the characters he voiced (Troy McClureandLionel Hutz) were retired;Wallace's character ofEdna Krabappelwas retired as well after her death in 2013. Following Taylor's death in 2019, her characters (includingSherri, Terri, andMartin Prince) are now voiced byGrey Griffin. Episodes will quite often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians and scientists. In the earlier seasons, most of the guest stars voiced characters, but eventually more started appearing as themselves.Tony Bennettwas the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing briefly in the season two episode \\\"Dancin' Homer\\\".The Simpsonsholds theworld recordfor \\\"Most Guest Stars Featured in a Television Series\\\". The Simpsonshas been dubbed intoseveral other languages, including Japanese, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is also one of the few programs dubbed in bothstandard FrenchandQuebec French.The show has been broadcast in Arabic, but due\",\n \"in Arabic, but due toIslamiccustoms, numerous aspects of the show have been changed. For example, Homer drinkssodainstead of beer and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. Because of such changes, the Arabized version of the series met with a negative reaction from the lifelongSimpsonsfans in the area. Animation Several different U.S. and international studios animateThe Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts onThe Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo.With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several local and foreign studios.These areAKOM,Anivision,Rough Draft Studios,USAnimation,and Toonzone Entertainment. For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animatedThe Simpsonsin the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Gracie Films, switched domestic production toFilm Roman,who continued to animate the show until 2016 when they were replaced byFox Television Animation, which allowed\",\n \"which allowed the show to be made more in-house. InSeason 14, production switched from traditionalcel animationtodigital ink and paint.The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was \\\"Radioactive Man\\\" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of theseason 12episode \\\"Tennis the Menace\\\", but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed \\\"Tennis the Menace\\\" was broadcast as made. The production staff at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, drawsstoryboards, designs new characters, backgrounds, props and draws character and background layouts, which in turn becomeanimaticsto be screened for the writers at Gracie Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas. The overseas studios then draw theinbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later. The series beganhigh-definitionproduction in\",\n \"in Season 20; the first episode, \\\"Take My Life, Please\\\", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV included a new opening sequence.Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation. Themes The Simpsonsuses the standard setup of a situational comedy, or sitcom, as its premise. The series centers on a family and their life in a typical American town,serving as asatiricalparody of amiddle classAmerican lifestyle.However, because of its animated nature,The Simpsons'scope is larger than that of a regular sitcom. The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society. By having Homer work in anuclear power plant, the show can comment on the state of the environment.Through Bart and Lisa's days atSpringfield Elementary School, the show's writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education. The town features a vast array of television channels, which enables the producers\",\n \"the producers to make jokes about the entertainment industry and the press. Some commentators say the show is political in nature and susceptible to a left-wing bias.Al Jeanacknowledged in an interview that \\\"We are ofliberalbent.\\\"The writers often evince an appreciation forprogressive leanings, but the show makes jokes across the political spectrum.The show portrays government and large corporations as evil entities that take advantage of the common worker.Thus, the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light. InThe Simpsons, politicians are corrupt, ministers such asReverend Lovejoyare dismissive to churchgoers, and the local police force is incompetent.Religion also figures as a recurring theme.In times of crisis, the family often turns to God, and the show has dealt with most of the major religions. Sexualityis often a source of jokes in the series or serves as the theme of certain episodes. Even though homosexuals are sometimes sources of gags, the series often comments\",\n \"often comments on how American society treats them, with \\\"Homer's Phobia\\\" devoting an entire episode to the family making a gay friend and Homer's initial hostility to him. In 1990,The Simpsonsbecame the first animated early evening show to depict a kiss between two men in \\\"Simpson and Delilah\\\". Hallmarks Opening sequence The Simpsons'opening sequenceis one of the show's most memorable hallmarks. The standard opening has gone through three iterations (a replacement of some shots at the start of the second season, and a brand new sequence when the show switched to high-definition in 2009). Each has the same basic sequence of events: the camera zooms throughcumulus clouds, through the show's title towards the town ofSpringfield. The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home. Upon entering their house, the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television. The original opening was created byDavid Silverman, and was the first task he did when production began on the show.The series'\",\n \"show.The series' distinctivetheme songwascomposedby musicianDanny Elfmanin 1989, after Groening approached him requesting a retro-style piece. This piece has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career. One of the most distinctive aspects of the opening is that three of its elements change from episode to episode: Bart writes different things on the school chalkboard,Lisa plays different solos on her saxophone (or occasionally a different instrument), and different gags accompany the family as they enter their living room to sit on the couch. Halloween episodes The specialHalloweenepisode has become an annual tradition. \\\"Treehouse of Horror\\\" first broadcast in 1990 as part ofseason twoand established the pattern of three separate, self-contained stories in each Halloween episode.These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres.They always take place outside the normal continuity\",\n \"normal continuity of the show. Although theTreehouseseries is meant to be seen on Halloween, this changed by the 2000s (and again in 2020), when new installments have premiered after Halloween due toFox's currentcontractwithMajor League Baseball'sWorld Series.Prior to 2020 (between 2011 and 2019), everyTreehouse of Horrorepisode had aired in October. Humor The show's humor turns on cultural references that cover a wide spectrum of society so that viewers from all generations can enjoy the show. Such references, for example, come from movies, television, music, literature, science, and history.The animators also regularly add jokes or sight gags into the show's background via humorous or incongruous bits of text in signs, newspapers,billboards, and elsewhere. The audience may often not notice the visual jokes in a single viewing. Some are so fleeting that they become apparent only by pausing a video recording of the show or viewing it in slow motion.Kristin Thompson argues thatThe Simpsonsuses a \\\"flurry of\",\n \"a \\\"flurry of cultural references, intentionally inconsistent characterization, and considerable self-reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show.\\\" One of Bart's earlyhallmarkswas his prank calls toMoe's TavernownerMoe Szyslakwhere he asks for agag name. Moe tries to find that person in the bar, but soon realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart. These calls were apparently based on a series of prank calls known as theTube Bar recordings, though Groening has denied any causal connection.Moe was based partly on Tube Bar ownerLouis \\\"Red\\\" Deutsch, whose often profane responses inspired Moe's violent side.As the series progressed, it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe's angry response, and the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season.The Simpsonsalso often includesself-referential humor.The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting.For example, the episode \\\"She Used to Be My\",\n \"\\\"She Used to Be My Girl\\\" included a scene in which aFox News Channelvan drove down the street while displaying a large \\\"Bush Cheney 2004\\\" banner and playingQueen's \\\"We Are the Champions\\\", in reference to the2004 U.S. presidential electionand claims ofconservative bias in Fox News. The show usescatchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have at least one each.Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \\\"D'oh!\\\", Mr. Burns' \\\"Excellent\\\" andNelson Muntz's \\\"Ha-ha!\\\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \\\"¡Ay, caramba!\\\", \\\"Don't have a cow, man!\\\" and \\\"Eat my shorts!\\\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days.However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through themerchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \\\"Bart Gets Famous\\\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on theKrusty the Clown Showsolely for saying \\\"I didn't do it.\\\" Purported foreshadowing of actual events The Simpsonshas gained\",\n \"Simpsonshas gained notoriety for jokes that appeared to become reality. Perhaps the most famous example comes from the episode \\\"Bart to the Future\\\", which mentions billionaireDonald Trumphaving been president of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke.The episode first aired in 2000, sixteen years before Trump (who at the time wasexploring a presidential run) was elected.Another episode, \\\"When You Dish Upon a Star\\\", lampooned20th Century Foxas a division ofThe Walt Disney Company. Nineteen years later,Disney purchased Fox.Other examples purported asThe Simpsonspredicting the future include the introduction of thesmartwatch,video chatservices,Richard Branson's spaceflightandLady Gaga's acrobatic performance at theSuper Bowl LI halftime show. Al Jeanhas commented on the show's purported ability to predict the future, explaining that they are really just \\\"educated guesses\\\" and stating that \\\"if you throw enough darts, you're going to get some bullseyes.\\\"ProducerBill Oakleystated, \\\"There are\",\n \"\\\"There are very few cases whereThe Simpsonspredicted something. It's mainly just coincidence because the episodes are so old that history repeats itself.\\\"Fact-checkingsources such asSnopeshave debunked many of the claimed prophecies, explaining that the show's extensive run means \\\"a lot of jokes, and a lot of opportunities for coincidences to appear\\\" and \\\"most of these 'predictions' have rather simple and mundane explanations\\\".For example, the device shown onThe Simpsonswith autocorrection is anApple Newton, a real 1993 device notorious for its poorhandwriting recognition.Technologically advanced watches have appeared in numerous works of fiction, decades beforeThe Simpsons. Influence and legacy Idioms A number ofneologismsthat originated onThe Simpsonshave entered popular vernacular.Mark Liberman, director of theLinguistic Data Consortium, remarked, \\\"The Simpsonshas apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual\",\n \"other textual allusions.\\\"The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: \\\"D'oh!\\\" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in theOxford English Dictionary, but without the apostrophe.Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase fromJames Finlayson, an actor in manyLaurel and Hardycomedies, who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone. The staff ofThe Simpsonstold Castellaneta to shorten the noise, and it went on to become the well-known exclamation in the television series. Groundskeeper Willie's description of the French as \\\"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\\\" was used byNational ReviewcolumnistJonah Goldbergin 2003, after France's opposition to the proposedinvasion of Iraq. The phrase quickly spread to other journalists.\\\"Cromulent\\\" and \\\"embiggen\\\", words used in \\\"Lisa the Iconoclast\\\", have since appeared in theDictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon,and scientific journals respectively.\\\"Kwyjibo\\\", a fakeScrabbleword invented by Bart in \\\"Bart the Genius\\\", was used as one of the aliases\",\n \"one of the aliases of the creator of theMelissa worm.\\\"I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords\\\", was used byKent Brockmanin \\\"Deep Space Homer\\\" and has become asnowclone,with variants of the utterance used to express obsequious submission. It has been used in media, such asNew Scientistmagazine.The dismissive term \\\"Meh\\\", believed to have been popularized by the show,entered theCollins English Dictionaryin 2008.Other words credited as stemming from the show include \\\"yoink\\\" and \\\"craptacular\\\". The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotationsincludes several quotations from the show. As well as \\\"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\\\", Homer's lines, \\\"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try\\\", from \\\"Burns' Heir\\\" (season five, 1994) as well as \\\"Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all\\\", from \\\"Eight Misbehavin'\\\"(season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007. Many quotes/scenes\",\n \"Many quotes/scenes have become popularInternet memes, including Jasper Beardley's quote \\\"That's a paddlin'\\\" from \\\"The PTA Disbands\\\" (season 6, 1995) and \\\"Steamed Hams\\\" from \\\"22 Short Films About Springfield\\\" (season 7, 1996). Television The Simpsonswas the first successful animated program in American prime time sinceWait Till Your Father Gets Homein the 1970s.During most of the 1980s, US pundits considered animated shows as appropriate only for children, and animating a show was too expensive to achieve a quality suitable for prime-time television.The Simpsonschanged this perception,initially leading to a short period where networks attempted to recreate prime-time cartoon success with shows likeCapitol Critters,Fish Police, andFamily Dog, which were expensive and unsuccessful.The Simpsons'use of Korean animation studios fortweening, coloring, and filming made the episodes cheaper. The success ofThe Simpsonsand the lower production cost prompted US television networks to take chances on other adult animated\",\n \"adult animated series.This development led US producers to a 1990s boom in new, animated prime-time shows for adults, such asBeavis and Butt-Head,South Park,Family Guy,King of the Hill,Futurama(which was created by Matt Groening), andThe Critic(which was also produced by Gracie Films).ForFamily GuycreatorSeth MacFarlane, \\\"The Simpsonscreated an audience for prime-time animation that had not been there for many, many years ... As far as I'm concerned, they basically re-invented the wheel. They created what is in many ways—you could classify it as—a wholly new medium.\\\" The Simpsonshas had crossovers with four other shows. In the episode \\\"A Star Is Burns\\\", Marge invites Jay Sherman, the main character ofThe Critic, to be a judge for a film festival in Springfield. Matt Groening had his name removed from the episode since he had no involvement withThe Critic.South Parklater paid homage toThe Simpsonswith the episode \\\"Simpsons Already Did It\\\".In \\\"Simpsorama\\\", the Planet Express crew fromFuturamacome to\",\n \"fromFuturamacome to Springfield in the present to prevent the Simpsons from destroying the future.In theFamily Guyepisode \\\"The Simpsons Guy\\\", the Griffins visit Springfield and meet the Simpsons. The Simpsonshas also influenced live-action shows likeMalcolm in the Middle, which featured the use ofsight gagsand did not use alaugh trackunlike most sitcoms.Malcolm in the Middledebuted January 9, 2000, in the time slot afterThe Simpsons.Ricky GervaiscalledThe Simpsonsan influence onThe Office,and fellow British sitcomSpacedwas, according to its directorEdgar Wright, \\\"an attempt to do a live-actionThe Simpsons\\\".InGeorgia, the animated television sitcomThe Samsonadzes, launched in November 2009, has been noted for its very strong resemblance withThe Simpsons, which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged. LGBT representation The Simpsonshas historically been open to portrayals ofLGBTcharacters and settings, and it has routinely challengedheteronormativity.It was one of several animated television shows in\",\n \"television shows in the United States that began introducing characters that were LGBT, both openly and implied, in the 1990s.While early episodes involving LGBT characters primarily included them through the use of stereotypes,The Simpsonsdeveloped several prominent LGBT characters over its run.Producers of the show, such asMatt GroeningandAl Jean, have expressed their opinion that LGBT representation in media is important, and that they seek to actively include it.Some characters, such as Julio, were created with their sexual orientation in mind, with it being central to their character.The show expanded its roster of openly LGBT characters through episodes in which prominent charactersPatty BouvierandWaylon Smitherscame out in seasons16and27, respectively. Release Broadcast Syndication The cable television networkFXX, a sibling of 20th Television and formerly the Fox network, hasexclusive cable and digital syndicationrights forThe Simpsons.Original contracts had previously stated that syndication rights\",\n \"syndication rights forThe Simpsonswould not be sold to cable until the series conclusion, at a time when cable syndication deals were highly rare. The series has been syndicated to local broadcast stations in nearly all markets throughout the United States since September 1994. FXX premieredThe Simpsonson their network on August 21, 2014, by starting a twelve-daymarathonwhich featured the first 552 episodes (every single episode that had already been released at the time) aired chronologically, includingThe Simpsons Movie, which FX Networks had already owned the rights to air. It was the longest continuous marathon in the history of television (untilVH1 Classicaired a 433-hour, nineteen-day, marathon ofSaturday Night Livein 2015; celebrating that program's 40th anniversary).The first day of the marathon was the highest rated broadcast day in the history of the network so far, the ratings more than tripled those of regular prime time programming for FXX.Ratings during the first six nights of the marathon grew\",\n \"the marathon grew night after night, with the network ranking within the top 5 networks in basic cable each night.In Australia, a marathon of every episode of the show (at the time) aired from December 16, 2019, to January 5, 2020, onFox8(a cable network operated on pay TV providerFoxteland a corporate sibling to the American Fox network). After Disneyacquiredboth 20th Television and FX Networks, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswould air on the company'sFreeformchannel starting October 2, 2019. Streaming and digital sell-through On October 21, 2014, a digital service courtesy of theFXNOWapp, calledSimpsons World, launched with every episode of the series accessible to authenticated FX subscribers, and is available on game consoles such asXbox One, streaming devices such asRokuandApple TV, and online via web browser.There was early criticism of both wrong aspect ratios for earlier episodes and the length of commercial breaks on the streaming service, but that problem was soon amended with fewer commercial\",\n \"fewer commercial breaks during individual episodes.Later it was announced thatSimpsons Worldwould now let users watch all of the SD episodes in their original format.Simpsons Worldwas discontinued after the launch ofDisney+on November 12, 2019, where the series streams exclusively.Initially, the series was only available cropped to16:9without the option to view the original4:3versions, reigniting criticisms of cropping old episodes.In response, Disney announced that \\\"in early 2020, Disney+ will make the first 19 seasons (and some episodes from season 20) ofThe Simpsonsavailable in their original 4:3 aspect ratio, giving subscribers a choice of how they prefer to view the popular series.\\\"On May 28, 2020, Disney+ made the first 19 seasons, along with some episodes from season 20, ofThe Simpsonsavailable in both 16:9 and the original 4:3 aspect ratio.Season 31 came to Disney+ on October 2, 2020, withHulustreaming the latest episodes of season 32 the next day. Season 32 came to Disney+ on September 29, 2021. The\",\n \"29, 2021. The season 3 premiere \\\"Stark Raving Dad\\\", which featuresMichael Jacksonas the voice of Leon Kompowsky, was pulled out of rotation in 2019 by Matt Groening, James L. Brooks and Al Jean afterHBOaired the documentaryLeaving Neverland, in which two men share details into how Jackson allegedly abused them as children.It is therefore unavailable on Disney+. However, the episode is still available onThe Complete Third SeasonDVD box set released on August 26, 2003. In July 2017, all episodes from seasons 4 to 19 were made available for purchase on theiTunes Storein Canada. On August 10, 2024, it was announced that four episodes of season 36 would air exclusively on Disney+. Reception and achievements Early success The Simpsonswas the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows.In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \\\"Bartmania\\\".He became the most prevalentSimpsonscharacter on memorabilia, such asT-shirts.\",\n \"such asT-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold;as many as one million were sold on some days.Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \\\"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\\\" and \\\"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\\\".The Simpsonsmerchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 theFox Networkdecided to switchThe Simpsons'time slot from 8:00 p.m.ETon Sunday night to the same time on Thursday, where it competed withThe Cosby ShowonNBC, thenumber one showat the time.Through the summer, several news outlets published stories about the supposed \\\"Bill vs. Bart\\\" rivalry.\\\"Bart Gets an 'F'\\\"(season two, 1990) was the\",\n \"two, 1990) was the first episode to air againstThe Cosby Show, and it received a lowerNielsen rating, tying for eighth behindThe Cosby Show, which had an 18.5 rating. The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show, butNielsen Media Researchestimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network,and it is still the highest rated episode in the history ofThe Simpsons.The show moved back to its Sunday slot in 1994 and has remained there ever since. The Simpsonshas received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, and it has been noted for being described as \\\"the most irreverent and unapologetic show on the air.\\\"In a 1990 review of the show, Ken Tucker ofEntertainment Weeklydescribed it as \\\"the American family at its most complicated, drawn as simple cartoons. It's this neat paradox that makes millions of people turn\",\n \"of people turn away from the three big networks on Sunday nights to concentrate on The Simpsons.\\\"Tucker also described the show as a \\\"pop-cultural phenomenon, a prime-time cartoon show that appeals to the entire family.\\\" Run length achievements On February 9, 1997,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Flintstoneswith the episode \\\"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\\\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States.In 2004,The SimpsonsreplacedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet(1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States in terms of the number of years airing.In 2009,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet's record of 435 episodes and is now recognized byGuinness World Recordsas the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count).In October 2004,Scooby-Doobriefly overtookThe Simpsonsas the American animated show with the highest number of episodes (albeit under several different iterations).However, network executives in April\",\n \"executives in April 2005 again canceledScooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, andThe Simpsonsreclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season.In May 2007,The Simpsonsreached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. WhileThe Simpsonshas the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassedThe Simpsons.For example, the JapaneseanimeseriesSazae-sanhas over 2,000 episodes (7,000+ segments) to its credit. In 2009, Fox began a year-long celebration of the show titled \\\"Best. 20 Years. Ever.\\\" to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the premiere ofThe Simpsons. One of the first parts of the celebration is the \\\"Unleash Your Yellow\\\" contest in which entrants must design a poster for the show.The celebration ended on January 10, 2010 (almost 20 years after \\\"Bart the Genius\\\" aired on January 14, 1990), withThe Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!, a documentary special by documentary filmmakerMorgan\",\n \"filmmakerMorgan Spurlockthat examines the \\\"cultural phenomenon ofThe Simpsons\\\". As of the twenty-first season (2009–2010),The Simpsonsbecame the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, having surpassed the 1955–1975 run ofGunsmoke. On April 29, 2018,The Simpsonsalso surpassedGunsmoke's 635-episode count with the episode \\\"Forgive and Regret\\\". The Simpsonsis both the longest-running and the highest ranking animated series to feature onTV Time's top 50 most followed TV shows ever. On February 6, 2019, it was announced thatThe Simpsonshas been renewed for seasons 31 and 32. On March 3, 2021, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswas renewed for seasons 33 and 34. Awards and honors The Simpsonshas won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 34Primetime Emmy Awards,34Annie Awardsand aPeabody Award.In a 1999 issue celebrating the 20th century's greatest achievements in arts and entertainment,TimenamedThe Simpsonsthe century's best television series, writing: \\\"Dazzlingly\",\n \"\\\"Dazzlingly intelligent and unapologetically vulgar, the Simpsons have surpassed the humor, topicality and, yes, humanity of past TV greats.\\\"In that same issue,Timeincluded Bart Simpson in theTime 100, the publication's list of the century's 100 most influential people.Bart was the only fictional character on the list. On January 14, 2000, the Simpsons were awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.Also in 2000,Entertainment Weeklymagazine TV critic Ken Tucker namedThe Simpsonsthe greatest television show of the1990s. Furthermore, viewers of the UK television channelChannel 4have votedThe Simpsonsat the top of two polls: 2001's 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows (despite the show not being aimed at children),and 2005's The 100 Greatest Cartoons,with Homer Simpson voted into first place in 2001's 100 Greatest TV Characters.Homer also placed ninth onEntertainment Weekly'slist of the \\\"50 Greatest TV icons\\\".In 2002,The Simpsonsranked No. 8 onTV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time,and was ranked the No. 6 cult\",\n \"the No. 6 cult show in 2004.In 2007, it moved to No. 8 on TV Guide's cult shows listand was included inTime'slist of the \\\"100 Best TV Shows of All Time\\\".In 2008 the show was placed in first onEntertainment Weekly's\\\"Top 100 Shows of the Past 25 Years\\\".Empirenamed it the greatest TV show of all time.In 2010,Entertainment Weeklynamed Homer \\\"the greatest character of the last 20 years\\\",while in 2013 theWriters Guild of AmericalistedThe Simpsonsas the 11th \\\"best written\\\" series in television history.In 2013,TV GuiderankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest TV cartoon of all timeand the tenth greatest show of all time.A 2015The Hollywood Reportersurvey of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named it as their No. 10 favorite show.In 2015, British newspaperThe TelegraphnamedThe Simpsonsas one of the 10 best TV sitcoms of all time.Television criticsAlan SepinwallandMatt Zoller SeitzrankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 bookTV (The Book).In 2022,Rolling\",\n \"2022,Rolling StonerankedThe Simpsonsas the second-greatest TV show of all time.In 2023,VarietyrankedThe Simpsonsas the fourth-greatest TV show of all time. Criticism Controversy Bart's rebellious, bad boy nature, which underlies his misbehavior and rarely leads to any punishment, led some people to characterize him as a poorrole modelfor children.In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a \\\"threat to learning\\\" because of his \\\"underachiever and proud of it\\\" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.Others described him as \\\"egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited\\\".In a 1991 interview,Bill Cosbydescribed Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him \\\"angry, confused, frustrated\\\". In response, Matt Groening said, \\\"That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do.\\\"On January 27, 1992, then-PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushsaid, \\\"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American\",\n \"the American family, to make American families a lot more likethe Waltonsand a lot less like the Simpsons.\\\"The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment that aired three days later before a rerun of \\\"Stark Raving Dad\\\" in which Bart replied, \\\"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end tothe Depression, too.\\\" The show also received criticism from the nuclear power industry in its early years, with its portrayal of the evil boss Mr. Burns and \\\"bungling idiot\\\" employees (including Homer Simpson himself) with their lack of safety and security.In a letter to the nuclear power-backedU.S. Council for Energy Awareness, producer Sam Simon apologized, stating, \\\"I apologize that the Simpsons have offended a lot of people in the energy industry. I agree with you that in real life, Homer Simpson would not be employed at a nuclear power plant. On the other hand, he probably wouldn't be employed anywhere.\\\" Various episodes of the show have generated controversy. The Simpsons\",\n \"The Simpsons visit Australia in \\\"Bart vs. Australia\\\" (season six, 1995) and Brazil in \\\"Blame It on Lisa\\\" (season 13, 2002) and both episodes generated controversy and negative reaction in the visited countries.In the latter case, Rio de Janeiro's tourist board—which claimed that the city was portrayed as having rampant street crime, kidnappings, slums, and monkey and rat infestations—went so far as to threaten Fox with legal action.Groening was a fierce and vocal critic of the episode \\\"A Star Is Burns\\\" (season six, 1995), which featured acrossoverwithThe Critic. He felt that it was just an advertisement forThe Critic, and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him. When he was unsuccessful in getting the episode pulled, he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns, openly criticizing James L. Brooks and saying the episode \\\"violates the Simpsons' universe.\\\" In response, Brooks said, \\\"I am furious with Matt, ... he's allowed his opinion, but airing this publicly in\",\n \"this publicly in the press is going too far. ... his behavior right now is rotten.\\\" \\\"The Principal and the Pauper\\\" (season nine, 1997) is one of the most controversial episodes ofThe Simpsons. Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation thatSeymour Skinner, a recurring character since the first season, was an impostor. The episode has been criticized by Groening and byHarry Shearer, who provides the voice of Skinner. In a 2001 interview, Shearer recalled that after reading the script, he told the writers, \\\"That'ssowrong. You're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason, for a story we've done before with other characters. It's so arbitrary and gratuitous, and it's disrespectful to the audience.\\\" Bans The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries. China banned it from prime-time television in August 2006, \\\"in an effort to protect China's struggling animation studios.\\\"In\",\n \"studios.\\\"In 2008,Venezuelabarred the show from airing on morning television as it was deemed \\\"unsuitable for children\\\".The same year, several RussianPentecostalchurches demanded thatThe Simpsons,South Parkand some other Western cartoons be removed from broadcast schedules \\\"for propaganda of various vices\\\" and the broadcaster's license to be revoked. However, a court decision later dismissed this request. Perceived decline in quality Critics' reviews of earlySimpsonsepisodes praised the show for its sassy humor, wit, realism, and intelligence.However, in the late 1990s, around the airing ofseason 9, the tone and emphasis of the show began to change. Some critics started calling the show \\\"tired\\\".By 2000, some long-term fans had become disillusioned with the show, and pointed to its shift from character-driven plots to what they perceived as an overemphasis on zany antics.Jim Schembri ofThe Sydney Morning Heraldattributed the decline in quality to an abandonment of character-driven storylines in favor of\",\n \"in favor of celebritycameo appearancesand references to popular culture. Schembri wrote in 2011: \\\"The central tragedy ofThe Simpsonsis that it has gone from commanding attention to merely being attention-seeking. It began by proving that cartoon characters don't have to be caricatures; they can be invested with real emotions. Now the show has in essence fermented into a limp parody of itself. Memorable story arcs have been sacrificed for the sake of celebrity walk-ons and punchline-hungry dialogue.\\\" In 2010, the BBC noted \\\"the common consensus is thatThe Simpsons'golden era ended afterseason nine\\\",and Todd Leopold of CNN, in an article looking at its perceived decline, stated \\\"for many fans ... the glory days are long past.\\\"Similarly, Tyler Wilson ofCoeur d'Alene Presshas referred to seasons one to nine as the show's \\\"golden age\\\",and Ian Nathan ofEmpiredescribed the show's classic era as being \\\"say, the first ten seasons\\\".Jon HeacockofLucidWorksstated that \\\"for the first ten years , the show was consistently\",\n \"was consistently at the top of its game\\\", with \\\"so many moments, quotations, and references – both epic and obscure – that helped turn the Simpson family into the cultural icons that they remain to this day\\\". Mike Scully, who was showrunner during seasons nine throughtwelve, has been the subject of criticism.Chris Suellentrop ofSlatewrote that \\\"under Scully's tenure,The Simpsonsbecame, well, a cartoon ... Episodes that once would have ended withHomer and Marge bicycling into the sunsetnow end withHomer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge's neck. The show's still funny, but it hasn't been touching in years.\\\"When asked in 2007 how the series' longevity is sustained, Scully joked: \\\"Lower your quality standards. Once you've done that you can go on forever.\\\" Al Jean, who was showrunner during seasonsthirteenthroughthirty-three,has also been the subject of criticism, with some arguing that the show has continued to decline in quality under his tenure. Former writers have complained that under Jean, the show is\",\n \"Jean, the show is \\\"on auto-pilot\\\", \\\"too sentimental\\\", and the episodes are \\\"just being cranked out\\\". Some critics believe that the show has \\\"entered a steady decline under Jean and is no longer really funny\\\".John Ortved, author ofThe Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History, characterized the Jean era as \\\"toothless\\\",and criticized what he perceived as the show's increase in social and political commentary.Jean responded: \\\"Well, it's possible that we've declined. But honestly, I've been here the whole time and I do remember in season two people saying, 'It's gone downhill.' If we'd listened to that then we would have stopped after episode 13. I'm glad we didn't.\\\" In 2004, cast memberHarry Shearercriticized what he perceived as the show's declining quality: \\\"I rate the last three seasons as among the worst, soseason fourlooks very good to me now.\\\"Cast memberDan Castellanetaresponded: \\\"I don't agree, ... I think Harry's issue is that the show isn't as grounded as it was in the first three or four seasons,\",\n \"or four seasons, that it's gotten crazy or a little more madcap. I think it organically changes to stay fresh.\\\"Also in 2004 authorDouglas Couplanddescribed claims of declining quality in the series as \\\"hogwash\\\", saying \\\"The Simpsonshasn't fumbled the ball in fourteen years, it's hardly likely to fumble it now.\\\"In an April 2006 interview, Groening said: \\\"I honestly don't see any end in sight. I think it's possible that the show will get too financially cumbersome ... but right now, the show is creatively, I think, as good or better than it's ever been. The animation is incredibly detailed and imaginative, the stories do things that we haven't done before, so creatively there's no reason to quit.\\\" In 2016, popular culture writer Anna Leszkiewicz suggested that even thoughThe Simpsonsstill holds cultural relevance, \\\"contemporary appeal\\\" is only for the \\\"first ten or so seasons\\\", with recent episodes only garnering mainstream attention when a favorite character from the golden era is killed off, or when new\",\n \"off, or when new information and shock twists are given for old characters.The series' ratings have also declined; while thefirst seasonenjoyed an average of 13.4 million viewing households per episode in the U.S.,thetwenty-first seasonhad an average of 7.2 million viewers. Alan SepinwallandMatt Zoller Seitzargued in their 2016 book titledTV (The Book)that the peak ofThe Simpsonsare \\\"roughlyseasons 3–12\\\", and that despite the decline, episodes from the later seasons such as \\\"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind\\\" and \\\"Holidays of Future Passed\\\" could be considered on par with the earlier classic episodes, further stating that \\\"even if you want to call the show today a thin shadow of its former self, think about how mind-boggingly great its former self had to be for so-diminished a version to be watchable at all.\\\" In 2020,Uproxxwriter Josh Kurp stated that while he agrees with the sentiment thatThe Simpsonsis not as good as it used to be, it is because \\\"it was working at a level of comedy and characterization\",\n \"characterization that no show ever has.\\\" He felt there were still many reasons to watch the series, as it was \\\"still capable of quality television, and even the occasional new classic\\\" and the fact that the show was willing to experiment, giving examples such as bringing on guest animators likeDon HertzfeldtandSylvain Chometto produce couch gags, and guest writers likeSeth RogenandEvan Goldberg,Pete HolmesandMegan Amramto write episodes.In theseason 32episode \\\"I, Carumbus\\\", the show itself makes a nod to these concerns in its credits gag where the godJupiternotes that \\\"It definitely feels like they're wrapping it up ... any day now.\\\" In a 2021 interview withNME, Jean was quoted as saying, \\\"To people who sayThe Simpsonsisn't as good as it used to be, I would say I think the world isn't as good as it used to be. But we're declining at a slower rate.\\\" Race controversy The stereotypical nature of the characterApu Nahasapeemapetilonhas been the subject of controversy. Indian-American comedianHari Kondabolustated\",\n \"Kondabolustated in his 2017 documentaryThe Problem with Aputhat as a child he was a fan ofThe Simpsonsand liked Apu, but he now finds the character's stereotypical nature troublesome. Defenders of the character responded that the show is built on comical stereotypes, with creator Matt Groening saying, \\\"that's the nature of cartooning.\\\"He added that he was \\\"proud of what we do on the show\\\", and \\\"it's a time in our culture where people love to pretend they're offended\\\".In response to the controversy, Apu's voice actor,Hank Azaria, said he was willing to step aside from his role as Apu: \\\"The most important thing is to listen to South Asian people, Indian people in this country when they talk about what they feel and how they think about this character.\\\"In February 2020, he confirmed that he would no longer voice Apu. Groening stated at the same time that the character would remain in the show. The criticisms were referenced in the season 29 episode \\\"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\\\", when Lisa breaks thefourth\",\n \"breaks thefourth walland addresses the audience by saying, \\\"Something that started decades ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?\\\" to which Marge replies, \\\"Some things will be addressed at a later date.\\\" Lisa adds, \\\"If at all.\\\" This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying \\\"Don't have a cow, Apu\\\", a play on Bart's catchphrase \\\"Don't have a cow, man,\\\" as well as the fact that manyHindusdo not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show,which Groening denied. On June 26, 2020, in light of the variousBlack Lives Matterprotests, Fox announced that recurring characters of color (Carl CarlsonandDr. Hibbert, among others) would no longer be voiced by white actors.Beginning withseason 32, Carl, a black character originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by black actorAlex Désert.In addition,Bumblebee Man, a Spanish-speaking Latino\",\n \"Latino character also originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by Mexican-American actorEric Lopez,and Dr. Hibbert, a black character originally voiced byHarry Shearer, is now voiced by black actorKevin Michael Richardson. Other media Comic books Numerous Simpson-related comic books have been released over the years. The firstcomic stripsbased onThe Simpsonsappeared in 1991 in the magazineSimpsons Illustrated, which was a companion magazine to the show.The comic strips were popular and a one-shot comic book titledSimpsons Comics and Stories, containing four different stories, was released in 1993 for the fans.The book was a success and due to this, Groening and his companionsBill Morrison, Mike Rote, and Steve and Cindy Vance created the publishing companyBongo Comics.A total of nine comic book series were published by Bongo Comics between 1993 and the company's dissolution in 2018.Issues ofSimpsons Comics,Bart Simpson's Treehouse of HorrorandBart Simpsonhave been collected and reprinted intrade\",\n \"reprinted intrade paperbacksin the United States byHarperCollins. Film 20th Century FoxandGracie FilmsproducedThe Simpsons Movie, an animated film that was released on July 27, 2007.The film was directed by long-timeSimpsonsproducerDavid Silvermanand written by a team ofSimpsonswriters comprising Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, Al Jean, George Meyer,Mike Reiss,John Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,David Mirkin,Mike Scully,Matt Selman, andIan Maxtone-Graham.Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long-time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded.There had been talk of a possible feature-lengthSimpsonsfilm ever since the early seasons of the series. James L. Brooks originally thought that the story of the episode \\\"Kamp Krusty\\\" was suitable for a film, but he encountered difficulties in trying to expand the script to feature-length.For a long time, difficulties such as lack of a suitable story and an already\",\n \"and an already fully engaged crew of writers delayed the project. On August 10, 2018, 20th Century Fox announced that a sequel is in development. Music Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albumsSongs in the Key of Springfield,Go Simpsonic with The SimpsonsandThe Simpsons: Testify.Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release and have not been featured on the show. The albumThe Simpsons Sing the Blueswas released in September 1990 and was a success, peaking at No. 3 on theBillboard200and becoming certified 2× platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America.The first single from the album was thepop rapsong \\\"Do the Bartman\\\", performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written byMichael Jackson, although he did not receive any credit.The Yellow Albumwas released in 1998, but received poor reception and did not chart in any country. The SimpsonsRide In 2007, it was officially announced thatThe\",\n \"announced thatThe SimpsonsRide, asimulator ride, would be implemented into theUniversal Studios OrlandoandUniversal Studios Hollywood.It officially opened May 15, 2008, in Floridaand May 19, 2008, in Hollywood.In the ride, patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built byKrusty the Clown. However,Sideshow Bobis loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and theSimpson family.It features more than 24 regular characters fromThe Simpsonsand features the voices of the regular cast members, as well asPamela Hayden,Russi TaylorandKelsey Grammer.Harry Shearerdid not participate in the ride, so none of his characters have vocal parts.The ride also features clips from the show in the waiting line. Video games Numerous video games based on the show have been produced. Some of the early games includeKonami'sarcade gameThe Simpsons(1991) andAcclaim Entertainment'sThe Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants(1991).More modern games includeThe Simpsons: Road Rage(2001),The Simpsons: Hit & Run(2003)\",\n \"Hit & Run(2003) andThe Simpsons Game(2007).Electronic Arts, which producedThe Simpsons Game, has owned the exclusive rights to create video games based on the show since 2005.In 2010, they released a game calledThe Simpsons ArcadeforiOS.Another EA-produced mobile game,Tapped Out, was released in 2012 for iOS users, then in 2013 forAndroidandKindleusers.TwoSimpsonspinballmachines have been produced: one that was available briefly after the first season, and another in 2007, both out of production. Merchandise The popularity ofThe Simpsonshas made it a billion-dollar merchandising industry.The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T-shirts to posters.The Simpsonshas been used as a theme for special editions of well-known board games, includingClue,Scrabble,Monopoly,Operation, andThe Game of Life, as well as thetriviagames What Would Homer Do? and SimpsonsJeopardy!. Several card games such astrump cardsand The Simpsons Trading Card Game have also been released. Many official or\",\n \"Many official or unofficialSimpsonsbooks such as episode guides have been published. Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the first season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the first season ofChappelle's Show.In particular, seasons one through seventeen were released on DVD for 13 years between September 2001 to December 2014 in the U.S./Canada (Region 1), Europe (Region 2), and Australia/New Zealand/Latin America (Region 4). However, on April 8, 2015, Al Jean announced that the Season 17 DVD would be the last one ever produced, leaving the collection from Seasons 1 to 17, Season 20 (released out of order in 2010), with Seasons 18, 19, and 21 onwards unreleased.Jean also stated that the deleted scenes and commentaries would try to be released to the Simpsons World app, and that they were pushing for Simpsons World to be expanded outside of the U.S.Two years later, however, on\",\n \"later, however, on July 22, 2017, it was announced that Season 18 would be released on December 5, 2017, on DVD.Another two years later, on July 20, 2019, it was announced that Season 19 would be released on December 3, 2019, on DVD. In 2003, about 500 companies around the world were licensed to useSimpsonscharacters in their advertising.As a promotion forThe Simpsons Movie, twelve7-Elevenstores were transformed intoKwik-E-Martsand soldThe Simpsonsrelated products. These included \\\"Buzz Cola\\\", \\\"Krusty-O\\\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \\\"Squishees\\\". In 2008, consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related toThe Simpsons, with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts.On April 9, 2009, theUnited States Postal Serviceunveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary.The Simpsonsis the first television series still\",\n \"series still in production to receive this recognition.The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009.Approximately one billion were printed, but only 318 million were sold, costing the Postal Service $1.2 million. References Bibliography Further reading External links\",\n \"List of animated television series by episode count This is a list ofanimated television seriesby episode count. This article does not includeanimeseries which originate fromJapan(for this see thelist of anime series by episode count). Single series with at least 100 episodes and television franchises with at least 40 episodes are listed. Single series Longest-running animated television franchises See also References\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":295,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What was the 2021 population of the birthplace of the leader of the party that won the 1869 Newfoundland general election?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"9,162 was the population of Shaftesbury (the birthplace of Charles Fox Bennett) in the 2021 census."},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Newfoundland_general_election"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_Bennett"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Newfoundland_general_election', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_Bennett', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Newfoundland_general_election","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_Bennett","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Newfoundland_general_election\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_Bennett\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["1869 Newfoundland general election The1869 Newfoundland general electionwas held in 1869 to elect members of the10th General Assembly of Newfoundlandin theNewfoundland Colony. 21 Anti-Confederates (A-C) were elected against 9 Confederates (Con), ending for a moment the debate over joining the Dominion ofCanada. Results by party Elected members References","Charles Fox Bennett Charles James Fox Bennett(11 June 1793 inShaftesbury,England– 5 December 1883) was a merchant and politician who successfully fought attempts to takeNewfoundlandintoCanadian confederation. Bennett was a successful businessman and one of the colony's richest residents with interests in the fisheries, distillery and brewery industry and shipbuilding. His brotherThomas Bennett, a magistrate and member of Newfoundland's first House of Assembly, was a partner in the business. Bennett became involved in politics in the 1840s as a leader of the colony'sAnglicancommunity and an opponent ofresponsible government, an argument he lost when an alliance ofCatholicsand non-Anglican Protestants persuaded theColonial Officeto grant Newfoundland self-government. In the 1860s, he led theAnti-Confederation Partyopposing the proposals by SirFrederick Carterto join Canada. Bennett's party defeated Carter's Conservatives on the Confederation issue in the 1869 elections, allowing Bennett to form a government in 1870. However, asPremierhe was unable to keep his party united, and in 1874 resigned, allowing Carter to return to power. The issue of Confederation had become a moot point and would not be seriously raised again until theGreat Depression. Bennet also commissioned extensive mineral surveys along the coasts, and in the 1860s developed the prosperous copper mine at Tilt Cove (Notre Dame Bay). Bennett's anti-Confederates reformed themselves into the colony's Conservative Party. References External links","Shaftesbury Shaftesbury(/ˈʃɑːftsbəri,ˈʃæfts-/) is a town andcivil parishinDorset, England. It is on theA30 road, 20 miles (32 kilometres) west ofSalisburyand 23 miles (37 kilometres) north-northeast ofDorchester, near the border withWiltshire. It is the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset, being built about 215 metres (705 feet)above sea levelon agreensandhill on the edge ofCranborne Chase. The town looks over theBlackmore Vale, part of theRiver Stourbasin. Shaftesbury is the site of the formerShaftesbury Abbey, which was founded in 888 byKing Alfredand became one of the richest religious establishments in the country, before being destroyed in thedissolutionin 1539. Adjacent to the abbey site isGold Hill, a steepcobbledstreet used in the 1970s as the setting forRidley Scott's television advertisement forHovisbread. In the2021 censusthe town's civil parish had a population of 9,162. Toponymy Shaftesbury has acquired a number of names throughout its history. Writing in 1906,Sir Frederick Trevesreferred to four of these names from Celtic, Latin and English traditions in his bookHighways & Byways in Dorset: The city has had many names. It was, in the beginning, Caer Palladour. By the time of the Domesday Book it was Sceptesberie. It then, with all the affectation of a lady in an eighteenth-century lyric, called itself Sophonia. Lastly it became Shaston, and so the people call it to this day, while all the milestones around concern themselves only with recording the distances to \"Shaston\". The originalCelticname is first recorded inMedieval Welsh literatureasCaer Vynnydd y Paladr(The Mountain Fort/City of the Spears)andThomas Galerecords the name asCaer Palladourin his work of 1709.Though \"Palladour\" was described by one 19th-century directory as \"mere invention\", it has continued to be used as a poetic and alternative name for the town. The English name was recorded in theDomesday Bookof 1086 as Sceptesberie,and the use of \"Shaston\" (/ˈʃæstən/) was recorded in 1831 in Samuel Lewis'sA Topographical Dictionary of Englandand in 1840 inThe parliamentary gazetteer of England and Wales. Thomas Hardyused both \"Shaston\" and \"Palladour\" to refer to the town in the fictionalWessexof his novels such asJude the Obscure. History There is no substantive evidence that Shaftesbury was the \"Caer Palladur\" (or \"Caer Palladwr\") of Celtic and Roman times, and instead the town's recorded history dates fromAnglo-Saxon times.By the early eighth century there was an important minster church here,and in 880Alfred the Greatfounded aburgh(fortified settlement) here as a defence in the struggle with theDanishinvaders.The burgh is recorded in the early-10th-centuryBurghal Hidageas one of only three that existed in the county (the others being atWarehamand 'Bredy' – which is probablyBridport). In 888 Alfred foundedShaftesbury Abbey, aBenedictinenunneryby the town's east gate, and appointed his daughter Ethelgifu as the firstabbess.Æthelstanfounded two royal mints,which struck pennies bearing the town's name, and the abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England. On 20 February 981 the relics of StEdward the Martyr, the teenage King of England, were transferred from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony, thereafter turning Shaftesbury into a major site of pilgrimage for miracles of healing. King Canutedied here in 1035, though he was buried atWinchester.Edward the Confessorlicensed a third mint for the town.By the time of theNorman conquestin 1066 Shaftesbury had 257 houses, though many were destroyed in the ensuing years of conflict, and by the time theDomesday Bookwas compiled twenty years later, there were only 177 houses remaining, though this still meant that Shaftesbury was the largest town in Dorset at that time.In thefirst English civil war(1135–1154) betweenEmpress MatildaandKing Stephen, anadulterine castleor fortified house was built on a smallpromontoryat the western edge of the hill on which the old town was built. The site on Castle Hill, also known locally as Boltbury, is now under grass and is ascheduled monument. In 1240 CardinalOtto of Tonengo, legate to theApostolic SeeofPope Gregory IXvisited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary. During theMiddle Agesthe abbey was the central focus of the town; the abbey's great wealth was acknowledged in a popular saying at the time, which stated that \"If the abbot of Glastonbury could marry the abbess of Shaftesbury their heir would hold more land than the king of England\".In 1260 a charter to hold a market was granted. By 1340 the mayor had become a recognised figure, sworn in by the steward of the abbess. In 1392Richard IIconfirmed a grant of two markets on different days. Edwardstowe, Shaftesbury's oldest surviving building, was built on Bimport at some time between 1400 and 1539. Also in this period a medieval farm owned by the Abbess of Shaftesbury was established, on a site now occupied by the Tesco supermarket car park. In 1539, the last Abbess of Shaftesbury, Elizabeth Zouche, signed a deed of surrender, the (by then extremely wealthy) abbey was demolished, and its lands sold, leading to a temporary decline in the town.Sir Thomas Arundellpurchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to Pembroke thenAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors. Shaftesbury was a parliamentary constituency returning two members from 1296 to theReform Act of 1832, when it was reduced to one, and in 1884 the separate constituency was abolished. InSurvey of Dorsetshire, written in about 1630 by Thomas Gerard of the Dorset village ofTrent, Shaftesbury is described as a \"faire Thorough Faire, much frequented by Travellers to and from London\". The town was broadly Parliamentarian in theCivil War, but was in Royalist hands.Wardour Castlefell to Parliamentary forces in 1643; Parliamentary forces surrounded the town in August 1645, when it was a centre of localclubmenactivity. The clubmen were arrested and sent to trial inSherborne. Shaftesbury took no part in theMonmouth Rebellionof 1685. In the 17th century the cloth industry formed part of Shaftesbury's economy, though much of the actual production took place as acottage industryin the surrounding area. In the 18th century the town produced a coarse white woollen cloth called 'swanskin', that was used by fishermen ofNewfoundlandand for uniforms.Buttonmakingalso became important around this time, though with the later advent ofindustrialisationthis subsequently declined, resulting in unemployment, starvation and emigration, with 350 families leaving for Canada.Maltingandbrewingwere also significant in the 17th and 18th centuries, and like other Dorset towns such asDorchesterandBlandford Forum, Shaftesbury became known for its beer. The railways however bypassed the town, which had consequences for Shaftesbury's economy; during the 19th century the town's brewing industry was reduced to serving only local markets, as towns elsewhere in the country could transport their produce more cheaply.During the 19th century the population of the town grew little. The town hall was built in 1837 byEarl Grosvenorafter the guildhall was pulled down to widen High Street. It has been designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade II listed building.Shaftesbury Town Hallis next to the 15th-century St Peter's Church which is Grade II* listed.TheWestminster Memorial Hospitalwas constructed on Bimport in the mid-19th century with a legacy from the wife of theDuke of Westminster. In 1918 Lord Stalbridge, 2nd Baron Stalbridge, Hugh Grosvenor, sold a large portion of the town, which was purchased by a syndicate and auctioned piece by piece over three days.The entire Stalbridge Estate of some 13,500 acres was sold and the title became extinct with the death of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Stalbridge in 1949. His only son and heir had been killed in a flying accident in 1930. Most of Shaftesbury's buildings date from no earlier than the 18th century, as theSaxonand most of the medieval buildings have not survived. Governance In theUnited Kingdom national parliament, Shaftesbury is in theNorth Dorset parliamentary constituency, represented since 2015 bySimon Hoareof theConservative Party.In local government, Shaftesbury is administered byDorset Council(aunitary authority) and Shaftesbury Town Council,which has responsibilities that include open spaces and recreational facilities, allotments, litter, street markets, public conveniences, grants to voluntary organisations, cemetery provision, bus shelters, crime prevention initiatives, civic events and the town hall, planning (as a consultee) and the war memorial. Shaftesbury is covered by an electoral ward called Shaftesbury Town, which elects two members to Dorset Council.Prior tochanges in 2019, the town elected one member ofDorset County Counciland four members ofNorth Dorset District Council. Geography The old centre of Shaftesbury is sited on a westward-pointingpromontoryof high ground in northeast Dorset, on thescarp edgeof a range of hills that extend south and east intoCranborne Chaseand neighbouringWiltshire.The town's built-up area extends down the promontory slopes to lower ground at St James, Alcester and Enmore Green, and eastwards across thewatershedtowards the hill's dip slope.Shaftesbury's altitude is between about 165 metres (541 feet) at the lowest streets below the promontory, to about 235 m (771 ft) at Wincombe Business Park on the hilltop in the north, with the promontory and town centre being at about 215 m (705 ft).Below the town to the west is theBlackmore Vale, which undulates between about 60 and 110 m (200 and 360 ft).About 2 mi (3 km) west of the town and within the Blackmore Vale is the conical mound ofDuncliffe Hill, visible for miles and home to Duncliffe Wood and a nature reserve. The countryside east of the town is part of theCranborne Chase and West Wiltshire DownsArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Geologically, Shaftesbury's hill mostly comprisesUpper Greensand, which is overlain by LowerChalkin the east. These date from theCretaceous, with the greensand having been formed in theAlbianand earlyCenomanian, and the chalk also in the Cenomanian. The greensand is composed of threebeds: the oldest and lowest is a layer of Cann Sand, which is found in the lower parts of the town, such as St James and Alcester, that are below the promontory; above this is a layer of Shaftesbury Sandstone, which generally forms the steepest slopes around the promontory, and on top of this is a layer of Boyne Hollow Chert, which is found on top of the hill and on which most of the town is built. Below the Cann Sand, on the lower slopes of the hill to the north, west and south of the town, are extensive landslip deposits. Economy In 2012 there were 3,400 people employed in Shaftesbury, 65% of whom were working full-time and 35% part-time.Excluding agriculture, the most important employment sectors were public administration, education and health (31% of non-agricultural employment), production and construction (29%), and distribution, accommodation and food (26%).Significant employers includeDorset County Council,Pork Farms,Guys Marsh Prison,Royal Mail,Tesco,Port Regis School, Wessex Electricals, Stalbridge Linen Services, Blackmore Press and Dorset Chilled Foods.There are two industrial estates in the town: Longmead Industrial Estate, covering 7.7 hectares (19 acres), and Wincombe Business Park, covering 6.5 hectares (16 acres). In 2005 there were 75 shops in the town, with a total floorspace of 7,200 square metres (78,000 sq ft). The retail catchment area for major food shopping extends about4+1⁄2mi (7 km) in all directions. Nationalretail chainswith a presence in the town includethe Body Shop,Boots, Somerfield,Superdrug, Tesco andWHSmith. A site has been identified for a projected parkway station on theWest of Englandmain railway line. It would be situated to the north of the town, beneath the A350 road, and a bus service would connect it with the town.Currently the nearest railway station is located in neighbouringGillingham. Demography In the2011 censusShaftesbury's civil parish had 3,493 dwellings,3,235 households and a population of 7,314.The average age of inhabitants was 43, compared to 39.3 for England as a whole. 22.1% of inhabitants were age 65 or older, compared to 16.4% for England as a whole.92% of Shaftesbury's residents were born in the United Kingdom, compared to 86.2% for England as a whole.Previous census figures for the total population of the civil parish are shown in the table below: Culture, art and media Shaftesbury Arts Centre was established in 1957 and stages a variety of exhibitions, performances, workshops and training courses. It is based in the old covered market in the town centre and is a charitable company that is run wholly by its volunteer members. Shaftesbury has two museums: Gold Hill Museum at the top of Gold Hill, and Shaftesbury Abbey Museum in the abbey grounds.Gold Hill Museum was founded in 1946 and displays many artefacts that relate to the history of Shaftesbury and the surrounding area, including Dorset's oldest fire engine, dating from 1744.Shaftesbury Abbey Museum tells the story of the abbey and also has a herb garden and medieval orchard. Shaftesbury Snowdrops is a Diamond Jubilee Community Legacy with the aim of creating a series of free and accessiblesnowdropwalks by planting snowdrops within the publicly open spaces and along the pathways throughout the town. The project was started in the winter of 2012 with the planting of 60,000 bulbs.Since 2013 there has been an annual Snowdrop Festival to encourage tourists to see the snowdrops in flower.Highlights of the festival include the Snowdrop Art Exhibitionand the Snowdrop Lantern Parade.In 2014 Shaftesbury Snowdrops started a heritage collection of rare and unusual snowdrops.These are held in trust for the people of Shaftesbury and displayed in Shaftesbury Abbey during the annual Snowdrop Festival. The collection is being built through sponsorship and donations. Gold Hill Fair usually occurs in the first weekend of July and has food stalls, arts stalls and local music that can be found in the abbey ruins. In 2016, Shaftesbury's first open arts fringe festival was organised and has since grown to become one of the key fringe festivals in the country. The fringe is always held on the first weekend in July and attracts an eccentric mix of performers from local singers to celebrity comics heading for Edinburgh. Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC WestandITV West Country. Television signals are received from theMendipTV transmitter. Shaftesbury's local radio stations areBBC Radio Solent,Vale FM, andHeart West Country. The town is home to a volunteer-runcommunity radiostation, Alfred, broadcasting local news, speech programming and music on 107.3 FM and online.It was awarded anOfcomlicence in 2020, having grown from a weekly podcast which went daily during theCOVID-19 pandemic.The podcast won the gold award in the community radio awards in 2021. Representations Thomas Hardyused the namesShastonorPalladourto describe Shaftesbury in the fictionalWessexof his novels. InJude the Obscurehe described the loss of the town's former architectural glories, principally the abbey: \"Vague imaginings of its castle, its three mints, its magnificent apsidal abbey, the chief glory of south Wessex, its twelve churches, its shrines, chantries, hospitals, its gabled freestone mansions—all now ruthlessly swept away—throw the visitor, even against his will, into a pensive melancholy, which the stimulating atmosphere and limitless landscape around him can scarcely dispel.\" In the 1970sRidley ScottusedGold Hill, a steep cobbled street in the town, as the setting for a television advertisement forHovisbread, in which a bread delivery boy is seen pushing his bicycle up the street before freewheeling back down. The advertisement made the street nationally famous. Transport Shaftesbury is served by theA30, betweenSalisburyandYeovil, and theA350, which connectsPooleandChippenham. The town is 7 miles (11 km) south of the mainA303trunk road betweenLondonandSouth West England. Shaftesbury has never had a direct railway connection. The challenging topography likely played a significant role in this,as constructing a railway up the steep slopes would have been difficult and costly. In 1859, theSalisbury and Yeovil Railwayestablished a station atSemley,2+1⁄2miles (4.0 km) north of Shaftesbury. This station allowed residents and visitors to access the broader railway network. Semley station closed in theBeeching cutsof 1966. The closest railway station to Shaftesbury is nowGillingham railway station (Dorset), 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the town, on theWest of England linefromLondon Waterlooto Exeter. Local bus services connect the town to surrounding villages and towns. Amenities Shaftesbury has anon-League footballclub,Shaftesbury F.C., who play at Cockrams.The Shaftesbury Lido, an open air swimming pool at Barton Hill, is open during the summer months. Shaftesbury has a community hospital, opened in 1874 and named Westminster Memorial Hospital in memory of theMarquis of Westminster, whose widow donated the site.The town has a public library operated by Dorset Council. Notable people Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway, died in Shaftesbury on 12 November 1035; he was buried inWinchester. PoetWilliam Chamberlaynelived there his whole life, from 1619 to 1689. PhilosopherAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury(1671–1713), an influential thinker on modern aesthetics. ActorRobert Newton, best known for his portrayals ofLong John SilverandBill Sikesin the 1948David LeanfilmOliver Twist, was born there. ArchitectRichard Upjohn, famous for his Gothic Revival churches in the United States, includingTrinity Churchin New York, was also born in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producerSeamus Malliagh, known professionally asIglooghost, grew up in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producer and artist Kai Whiston grew up in Shaftesbury. Lavinia Young(1911–1986 ), born in Bimport, was elected Mayor of Shaftesbury (1970) and wasMatronofWestminster Hospital, London from 1951 to 1966. See also References Notes General references External links"],"string":"[\n \"1869 Newfoundland general election The1869 Newfoundland general electionwas held in 1869 to elect members of the10th General Assembly of Newfoundlandin theNewfoundland Colony. 21 Anti-Confederates (A-C) were elected against 9 Confederates (Con), ending for a moment the debate over joining the Dominion ofCanada. Results by party Elected members References\",\n \"Charles Fox Bennett Charles James Fox Bennett(11 June 1793 inShaftesbury,England– 5 December 1883) was a merchant and politician who successfully fought attempts to takeNewfoundlandintoCanadian confederation. Bennett was a successful businessman and one of the colony's richest residents with interests in the fisheries, distillery and brewery industry and shipbuilding. His brotherThomas Bennett, a magistrate and member of Newfoundland's first House of Assembly, was a partner in the business. Bennett became involved in politics in the 1840s as a leader of the colony'sAnglicancommunity and an opponent ofresponsible government, an argument he lost when an alliance ofCatholicsand non-Anglican Protestants persuaded theColonial Officeto grant Newfoundland self-government. In the 1860s, he led theAnti-Confederation Partyopposing the proposals by SirFrederick Carterto join Canada. Bennett's party defeated Carter's Conservatives on the Confederation issue in the 1869 elections, allowing Bennett to form a government in 1870. However, asPremierhe was unable to keep his party united, and in 1874 resigned, allowing Carter to return to power. The issue of Confederation had become a moot point and would not be seriously raised again until theGreat Depression. Bennet also commissioned extensive mineral surveys along the coasts, and in the 1860s developed the prosperous copper mine at Tilt Cove (Notre Dame Bay). Bennett's anti-Confederates reformed themselves into the colony's Conservative Party. References External links\",\n \"Shaftesbury Shaftesbury(/ˈʃɑːftsbəri,ˈʃæfts-/) is a town andcivil parishinDorset, England. It is on theA30 road, 20 miles (32 kilometres) west ofSalisburyand 23 miles (37 kilometres) north-northeast ofDorchester, near the border withWiltshire. It is the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset, being built about 215 metres (705 feet)above sea levelon agreensandhill on the edge ofCranborne Chase. The town looks over theBlackmore Vale, part of theRiver Stourbasin. Shaftesbury is the site of the formerShaftesbury Abbey, which was founded in 888 byKing Alfredand became one of the richest religious establishments in the country, before being destroyed in thedissolutionin 1539. Adjacent to the abbey site isGold Hill, a steepcobbledstreet used in the 1970s as the setting forRidley Scott's television advertisement forHovisbread. In the2021 censusthe town's civil parish had a population of 9,162. Toponymy Shaftesbury has acquired a number of names throughout its history. Writing in 1906,Sir Frederick Trevesreferred to four of these names from Celtic, Latin and English traditions in his bookHighways & Byways in Dorset: The city has had many names. It was, in the beginning, Caer Palladour. By the time of the Domesday Book it was Sceptesberie. It then, with all the affectation of a lady in an eighteenth-century lyric, called itself Sophonia. Lastly it became Shaston, and so the people call it to this day, while all the milestones around concern themselves only with recording the distances to \\\"Shaston\\\". The originalCelticname is first recorded inMedieval Welsh literatureasCaer Vynnydd y Paladr(The Mountain Fort/City of the Spears)andThomas Galerecords the name asCaer Palladourin his work of 1709.Though \\\"Palladour\\\" was described by one 19th-century directory as \\\"mere invention\\\", it has continued to be used as a poetic and alternative name for the town. The English name was recorded in theDomesday Bookof 1086 as Sceptesberie,and the use of \\\"Shaston\\\" (/ˈʃæstən/) was recorded in 1831 in Samuel Lewis'sA Topographical Dictionary of Englandand in 1840 inThe parliamentary gazetteer of England and Wales. Thomas Hardyused both \\\"Shaston\\\" and \\\"Palladour\\\" to refer to the town in the fictionalWessexof his novels such asJude the Obscure. History There is no substantive evidence that Shaftesbury was the \\\"Caer Palladur\\\" (or \\\"Caer Palladwr\\\") of Celtic and Roman times, and instead the town's recorded history dates fromAnglo-Saxon times.By the early eighth century there was an important minster church here,and in 880Alfred the Greatfounded aburgh(fortified settlement) here as a defence in the struggle with theDanishinvaders.The burgh is recorded in the early-10th-centuryBurghal Hidageas one of only three that existed in the county (the others being atWarehamand 'Bredy' – which is probablyBridport). In 888 Alfred foundedShaftesbury Abbey, aBenedictinenunneryby the town's east gate, and appointed his daughter Ethelgifu as the firstabbess.Æthelstanfounded two royal mints,which struck pennies bearing the town's name, and the abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England. On 20 February 981 the relics of StEdward the Martyr, the teenage King of England, were transferred from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony, thereafter turning Shaftesbury into a major site of pilgrimage for miracles of healing. King Canutedied here in 1035, though he was buried atWinchester.Edward the Confessorlicensed a third mint for the town.By the time of theNorman conquestin 1066 Shaftesbury had 257 houses, though many were destroyed in the ensuing years of conflict, and by the time theDomesday Bookwas compiled twenty years later, there were only 177 houses remaining, though this still meant that Shaftesbury was the largest town in Dorset at that time.In thefirst English civil war(1135–1154) betweenEmpress MatildaandKing Stephen, anadulterine castleor fortified house was built on a smallpromontoryat the western edge of the hill on which the old town was built. The site on Castle Hill, also known locally as Boltbury, is now under grass and is ascheduled monument. In 1240 CardinalOtto of Tonengo, legate to theApostolic SeeofPope Gregory IXvisited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary. During theMiddle Agesthe abbey was the central focus of the town; the abbey's great wealth was acknowledged in a popular saying at the time, which stated that \\\"If the abbot of Glastonbury could marry the abbess of Shaftesbury their heir would hold more land than the king of England\\\".In 1260 a charter to hold a market was granted. By 1340 the mayor had become a recognised figure, sworn in by the steward of the abbess. In 1392Richard IIconfirmed a grant of two markets on different days. Edwardstowe, Shaftesbury's oldest surviving building, was built on Bimport at some time between 1400 and 1539. Also in this period a medieval farm owned by the Abbess of Shaftesbury was established, on a site now occupied by the Tesco supermarket car park. In 1539, the last Abbess of Shaftesbury, Elizabeth Zouche, signed a deed of surrender, the (by then extremely wealthy) abbey was demolished, and its lands sold, leading to a temporary decline in the town.Sir Thomas Arundellpurchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to Pembroke thenAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors. Shaftesbury was a parliamentary constituency returning two members from 1296 to theReform Act of 1832, when it was reduced to one, and in 1884 the separate constituency was abolished. InSurvey of Dorsetshire, written in about 1630 by Thomas Gerard of the Dorset village ofTrent, Shaftesbury is described as a \\\"faire Thorough Faire, much frequented by Travellers to and from London\\\". The town was broadly Parliamentarian in theCivil War, but was in Royalist hands.Wardour Castlefell to Parliamentary forces in 1643; Parliamentary forces surrounded the town in August 1645, when it was a centre of localclubmenactivity. The clubmen were arrested and sent to trial inSherborne. Shaftesbury took no part in theMonmouth Rebellionof 1685. In the 17th century the cloth industry formed part of Shaftesbury's economy, though much of the actual production took place as acottage industryin the surrounding area. In the 18th century the town produced a coarse white woollen cloth called 'swanskin', that was used by fishermen ofNewfoundlandand for uniforms.Buttonmakingalso became important around this time, though with the later advent ofindustrialisationthis subsequently declined, resulting in unemployment, starvation and emigration, with 350 families leaving for Canada.Maltingandbrewingwere also significant in the 17th and 18th centuries, and like other Dorset towns such asDorchesterandBlandford Forum, Shaftesbury became known for its beer. The railways however bypassed the town, which had consequences for Shaftesbury's economy; during the 19th century the town's brewing industry was reduced to serving only local markets, as towns elsewhere in the country could transport their produce more cheaply.During the 19th century the population of the town grew little. The town hall was built in 1837 byEarl Grosvenorafter the guildhall was pulled down to widen High Street. It has been designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade II listed building.Shaftesbury Town Hallis next to the 15th-century St Peter's Church which is Grade II* listed.TheWestminster Memorial Hospitalwas constructed on Bimport in the mid-19th century with a legacy from the wife of theDuke of Westminster. In 1918 Lord Stalbridge, 2nd Baron Stalbridge, Hugh Grosvenor, sold a large portion of the town, which was purchased by a syndicate and auctioned piece by piece over three days.The entire Stalbridge Estate of some 13,500 acres was sold and the title became extinct with the death of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Stalbridge in 1949. His only son and heir had been killed in a flying accident in 1930. Most of Shaftesbury's buildings date from no earlier than the 18th century, as theSaxonand most of the medieval buildings have not survived. Governance In theUnited Kingdom national parliament, Shaftesbury is in theNorth Dorset parliamentary constituency, represented since 2015 bySimon Hoareof theConservative Party.In local government, Shaftesbury is administered byDorset Council(aunitary authority) and Shaftesbury Town Council,which has responsibilities that include open spaces and recreational facilities, allotments, litter, street markets, public conveniences, grants to voluntary organisations, cemetery provision, bus shelters, crime prevention initiatives, civic events and the town hall, planning (as a consultee) and the war memorial. Shaftesbury is covered by an electoral ward called Shaftesbury Town, which elects two members to Dorset Council.Prior tochanges in 2019, the town elected one member ofDorset County Counciland four members ofNorth Dorset District Council. Geography The old centre of Shaftesbury is sited on a westward-pointingpromontoryof high ground in northeast Dorset, on thescarp edgeof a range of hills that extend south and east intoCranborne Chaseand neighbouringWiltshire.The town's built-up area extends down the promontory slopes to lower ground at St James, Alcester and Enmore Green, and eastwards across thewatershedtowards the hill's dip slope.Shaftesbury's altitude is between about 165 metres (541 feet) at the lowest streets below the promontory, to about 235 m (771 ft) at Wincombe Business Park on the hilltop in the north, with the promontory and town centre being at about 215 m (705 ft).Below the town to the west is theBlackmore Vale, which undulates between about 60 and 110 m (200 and 360 ft).About 2 mi (3 km) west of the town and within the Blackmore Vale is the conical mound ofDuncliffe Hill, visible for miles and home to Duncliffe Wood and a nature reserve. The countryside east of the town is part of theCranborne Chase and West Wiltshire DownsArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Geologically, Shaftesbury's hill mostly comprisesUpper Greensand, which is overlain by LowerChalkin the east. These date from theCretaceous, with the greensand having been formed in theAlbianand earlyCenomanian, and the chalk also in the Cenomanian. The greensand is composed of threebeds: the oldest and lowest is a layer of Cann Sand, which is found in the lower parts of the town, such as St James and Alcester, that are below the promontory; above this is a layer of Shaftesbury Sandstone, which generally forms the steepest slopes around the promontory, and on top of this is a layer of Boyne Hollow Chert, which is found on top of the hill and on which most of the town is built. Below the Cann Sand, on the lower slopes of the hill to the north, west and south of the town, are extensive landslip deposits. Economy In 2012 there were 3,400 people employed in Shaftesbury, 65% of whom were working full-time and 35% part-time.Excluding agriculture, the most important employment sectors were public administration, education and health (31% of non-agricultural employment), production and construction (29%), and distribution, accommodation and food (26%).Significant employers includeDorset County Council,Pork Farms,Guys Marsh Prison,Royal Mail,Tesco,Port Regis School, Wessex Electricals, Stalbridge Linen Services, Blackmore Press and Dorset Chilled Foods.There are two industrial estates in the town: Longmead Industrial Estate, covering 7.7 hectares (19 acres), and Wincombe Business Park, covering 6.5 hectares (16 acres). In 2005 there were 75 shops in the town, with a total floorspace of 7,200 square metres (78,000 sq ft). The retail catchment area for major food shopping extends about4+1⁄2mi (7 km) in all directions. Nationalretail chainswith a presence in the town includethe Body Shop,Boots, Somerfield,Superdrug, Tesco andWHSmith. A site has been identified for a projected parkway station on theWest of Englandmain railway line. It would be situated to the north of the town, beneath the A350 road, and a bus service would connect it with the town.Currently the nearest railway station is located in neighbouringGillingham. Demography In the2011 censusShaftesbury's civil parish had 3,493 dwellings,3,235 households and a population of 7,314.The average age of inhabitants was 43, compared to 39.3 for England as a whole. 22.1% of inhabitants were age 65 or older, compared to 16.4% for England as a whole.92% of Shaftesbury's residents were born in the United Kingdom, compared to 86.2% for England as a whole.Previous census figures for the total population of the civil parish are shown in the table below: Culture, art and media Shaftesbury Arts Centre was established in 1957 and stages a variety of exhibitions, performances, workshops and training courses. It is based in the old covered market in the town centre and is a charitable company that is run wholly by its volunteer members. Shaftesbury has two museums: Gold Hill Museum at the top of Gold Hill, and Shaftesbury Abbey Museum in the abbey grounds.Gold Hill Museum was founded in 1946 and displays many artefacts that relate to the history of Shaftesbury and the surrounding area, including Dorset's oldest fire engine, dating from 1744.Shaftesbury Abbey Museum tells the story of the abbey and also has a herb garden and medieval orchard. Shaftesbury Snowdrops is a Diamond Jubilee Community Legacy with the aim of creating a series of free and accessiblesnowdropwalks by planting snowdrops within the publicly open spaces and along the pathways throughout the town. The project was started in the winter of 2012 with the planting of 60,000 bulbs.Since 2013 there has been an annual Snowdrop Festival to encourage tourists to see the snowdrops in flower.Highlights of the festival include the Snowdrop Art Exhibitionand the Snowdrop Lantern Parade.In 2014 Shaftesbury Snowdrops started a heritage collection of rare and unusual snowdrops.These are held in trust for the people of Shaftesbury and displayed in Shaftesbury Abbey during the annual Snowdrop Festival. The collection is being built through sponsorship and donations. Gold Hill Fair usually occurs in the first weekend of July and has food stalls, arts stalls and local music that can be found in the abbey ruins. In 2016, Shaftesbury's first open arts fringe festival was organised and has since grown to become one of the key fringe festivals in the country. The fringe is always held on the first weekend in July and attracts an eccentric mix of performers from local singers to celebrity comics heading for Edinburgh. Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC WestandITV West Country. Television signals are received from theMendipTV transmitter. Shaftesbury's local radio stations areBBC Radio Solent,Vale FM, andHeart West Country. The town is home to a volunteer-runcommunity radiostation, Alfred, broadcasting local news, speech programming and music on 107.3 FM and online.It was awarded anOfcomlicence in 2020, having grown from a weekly podcast which went daily during theCOVID-19 pandemic.The podcast won the gold award in the community radio awards in 2021. Representations Thomas Hardyused the namesShastonorPalladourto describe Shaftesbury in the fictionalWessexof his novels. InJude the Obscurehe described the loss of the town's former architectural glories, principally the abbey: \\\"Vague imaginings of its castle, its three mints, its magnificent apsidal abbey, the chief glory of south Wessex, its twelve churches, its shrines, chantries, hospitals, its gabled freestone mansions—all now ruthlessly swept away—throw the visitor, even against his will, into a pensive melancholy, which the stimulating atmosphere and limitless landscape around him can scarcely dispel.\\\" In the 1970sRidley ScottusedGold Hill, a steep cobbled street in the town, as the setting for a television advertisement forHovisbread, in which a bread delivery boy is seen pushing his bicycle up the street before freewheeling back down. The advertisement made the street nationally famous. Transport Shaftesbury is served by theA30, betweenSalisburyandYeovil, and theA350, which connectsPooleandChippenham. The town is 7 miles (11 km) south of the mainA303trunk road betweenLondonandSouth West England. Shaftesbury has never had a direct railway connection. The challenging topography likely played a significant role in this,as constructing a railway up the steep slopes would have been difficult and costly. In 1859, theSalisbury and Yeovil Railwayestablished a station atSemley,2+1⁄2miles (4.0 km) north of Shaftesbury. This station allowed residents and visitors to access the broader railway network. Semley station closed in theBeeching cutsof 1966. The closest railway station to Shaftesbury is nowGillingham railway station (Dorset), 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the town, on theWest of England linefromLondon Waterlooto Exeter. Local bus services connect the town to surrounding villages and towns. Amenities Shaftesbury has anon-League footballclub,Shaftesbury F.C., who play at Cockrams.The Shaftesbury Lido, an open air swimming pool at Barton Hill, is open during the summer months. Shaftesbury has a community hospital, opened in 1874 and named Westminster Memorial Hospital in memory of theMarquis of Westminster, whose widow donated the site.The town has a public library operated by Dorset Council. Notable people Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway, died in Shaftesbury on 12 November 1035; he was buried inWinchester. PoetWilliam Chamberlaynelived there his whole life, from 1619 to 1689. PhilosopherAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury(1671–1713), an influential thinker on modern aesthetics. ActorRobert Newton, best known for his portrayals ofLong John SilverandBill Sikesin the 1948David LeanfilmOliver Twist, was born there. ArchitectRichard Upjohn, famous for his Gothic Revival churches in the United States, includingTrinity Churchin New York, was also born in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producerSeamus Malliagh, known professionally asIglooghost, grew up in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producer and artist Kai Whiston grew up in Shaftesbury. Lavinia Young(1911–1986 ), born in Bimport, was elected Mayor of Shaftesbury (1970) and wasMatronofWestminster Hospital, London from 1951 to 1966. See also References Notes General references External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["1869 Newfoundland general election The1869 Newfoundland general electionwas held in 1869 to elect members of the10th General Assembly of Newfoundlandin theNewfoundland Colony. 21 Anti-Confederates (A-C) were elected against 9 Confederates (Con), ending for a moment the debate over joining the Dominion ofCanada. Results by party Elected members References","Charles Fox Bennett Charles James Fox Bennett(11 June 1793 inShaftesbury,England– 5 December 1883) was a merchant and politician who successfully fought attempts to takeNewfoundlandintoCanadian confederation. Bennett was a successful businessman and one of the colony's richest residents with interests in the fisheries, distillery and brewery industry and shipbuilding. His brotherThomas Bennett, a magistrate and member of Newfoundland's first House of Assembly, was a partner in the business. Bennett became involved in politics in the 1840s as a leader of the colony'sAnglicancommunity and an opponent ofresponsible government, an argument he lost when an alliance ofCatholicsand non-Anglican Protestants persuaded theColonial Officeto grant Newfoundland self-government. In the 1860s, he led theAnti-Confederation Partyopposing the proposals by SirFrederick Carterto join Canada. Bennett's party defeated Carter's Conservatives on the Confederation issue in the 1869 elections, allowing Bennett to form a government in","a government in 1870. However, asPremierhe was unable to keep his party united, and in 1874 resigned, allowing Carter to return to power. The issue of Confederation had become a moot point and would not be seriously raised again until theGreat Depression. Bennet also commissioned extensive mineral surveys along the coasts, and in the 1860s developed the prosperous copper mine at Tilt Cove (Notre Dame Bay). Bennett's anti-Confederates reformed themselves into the colony's Conservative Party. References External links","Shaftesbury Shaftesbury(/ˈʃɑːftsbəri,ˈʃæfts-/) is a town andcivil parishinDorset, England. It is on theA30 road, 20 miles (32 kilometres) west ofSalisburyand 23 miles (37 kilometres) north-northeast ofDorchester, near the border withWiltshire. It is the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset, being built about 215 metres (705 feet)above sea levelon agreensandhill on the edge ofCranborne Chase. The town looks over theBlackmore Vale, part of theRiver Stourbasin. Shaftesbury is the site of the formerShaftesbury Abbey, which was founded in 888 byKing Alfredand became one of the richest religious establishments in the country, before being destroyed in thedissolutionin 1539. Adjacent to the abbey site isGold Hill, a steepcobbledstreet used in the 1970s as the setting forRidley Scott's television advertisement forHovisbread. In the2021 censusthe town's civil parish had a population of 9,162. Toponymy Shaftesbury has acquired a number of names throughout its history. Writing in 1906,Sir Frederick","1906,Sir Frederick Trevesreferred to four of these names from Celtic, Latin and English traditions in his bookHighways & Byways in Dorset: The city has had many names. It was, in the beginning, Caer Palladour. By the time of the Domesday Book it was Sceptesberie. It then, with all the affectation of a lady in an eighteenth-century lyric, called itself Sophonia. Lastly it became Shaston, and so the people call it to this day, while all the milestones around concern themselves only with recording the distances to \"Shaston\". The originalCelticname is first recorded inMedieval Welsh literatureasCaer Vynnydd y Paladr(The Mountain Fort/City of the Spears)andThomas Galerecords the name asCaer Palladourin his work of 1709.Though \"Palladour\" was described by one 19th-century directory as \"mere invention\", it has continued to be used as a poetic and alternative name for the town. The English name was recorded in theDomesday Bookof 1086 as Sceptesberie,and the use of \"Shaston\" (/ˈʃæstən/) was recorded in 1831 in Samuel","in 1831 in Samuel Lewis'sA Topographical Dictionary of Englandand in 1840 inThe parliamentary gazetteer of England and Wales. Thomas Hardyused both \"Shaston\" and \"Palladour\" to refer to the town in the fictionalWessexof his novels such asJude the Obscure. History There is no substantive evidence that Shaftesbury was the \"Caer Palladur\" (or \"Caer Palladwr\") of Celtic and Roman times, and instead the town's recorded history dates fromAnglo-Saxon times.By the early eighth century there was an important minster church here,and in 880Alfred the Greatfounded aburgh(fortified settlement) here as a defence in the struggle with theDanishinvaders.The burgh is recorded in the early-10th-centuryBurghal Hidageas one of only three that existed in the county (the others being atWarehamand 'Bredy' – which is probablyBridport). In 888 Alfred foundedShaftesbury Abbey, aBenedictinenunneryby the town's east gate, and appointed his daughter Ethelgifu as the firstabbess.Æthelstanfounded two royal mints,which struck pennies","struck pennies bearing the town's name, and the abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England. On 20 February 981 the relics of StEdward the Martyr, the teenage King of England, were transferred from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony, thereafter turning Shaftesbury into a major site of pilgrimage for miracles of healing. King Canutedied here in 1035, though he was buried atWinchester.Edward the Confessorlicensed a third mint for the town.By the time of theNorman conquestin 1066 Shaftesbury had 257 houses, though many were destroyed in the ensuing years of conflict, and by the time theDomesday Bookwas compiled twenty years later, there were only 177 houses remaining, though this still meant that Shaftesbury was the largest town in Dorset at that time.In thefirst English civil war(1135–1154) betweenEmpress MatildaandKing Stephen, anadulterine castleor fortified house was built on a smallpromontoryat the western edge of the hill on which the old town was built. The site on","built. The site on Castle Hill, also known locally as Boltbury, is now under grass and is ascheduled monument. In 1240 CardinalOtto of Tonengo, legate to theApostolic SeeofPope Gregory IXvisited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary. During theMiddle Agesthe abbey was the central focus of the town; the abbey's great wealth was acknowledged in a popular saying at the time, which stated that \"If the abbot of Glastonbury could marry the abbess of Shaftesbury their heir would hold more land than the king of England\".In 1260 a charter to hold a market was granted. By 1340 the mayor had become a recognised figure, sworn in by the steward of the abbess. In 1392Richard IIconfirmed a grant of two markets on different days. Edwardstowe, Shaftesbury's oldest surviving building, was built on Bimport at some time between 1400 and 1539. Also in this period a medieval farm owned by the Abbess of Shaftesbury was established, on a site now occupied by the Tesco supermarket","Tesco supermarket car park. In 1539, the last Abbess of Shaftesbury, Elizabeth Zouche, signed a deed of surrender, the (by then extremely wealthy) abbey was demolished, and its lands sold, leading to a temporary decline in the town.Sir Thomas Arundellpurchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to Pembroke thenAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors. Shaftesbury was a parliamentary constituency returning two members from 1296 to theReform Act of 1832, when it was reduced to one, and in 1884 the separate constituency was abolished. InSurvey of Dorsetshire, written in about 1630 by Thomas Gerard of the Dorset village ofTrent, Shaftesbury is described as a \"faire Thorough Faire, much frequented by Travellers to and from London\". The town was broadly Parliamentarian in theCivil War, but was in Royalist hands.Wardour Castlefell to Parliamentary forces in 1643; Parliamentary forces","forces surrounded the town in August 1645, when it was a centre of localclubmenactivity. The clubmen were arrested and sent to trial inSherborne. Shaftesbury took no part in theMonmouth Rebellionof 1685. In the 17th century the cloth industry formed part of Shaftesbury's economy, though much of the actual production took place as acottage industryin the surrounding area. In the 18th century the town produced a coarse white woollen cloth called 'swanskin', that was used by fishermen ofNewfoundlandand for uniforms.Buttonmakingalso became important around this time, though with the later advent ofindustrialisationthis subsequently declined, resulting in unemployment, starvation and emigration, with 350 families leaving for Canada.Maltingandbrewingwere also significant in the 17th and 18th centuries, and like other Dorset towns such asDorchesterandBlandford Forum, Shaftesbury became known for its beer. The railways however bypassed the town, which had consequences for Shaftesbury's economy; during the 19th","during the 19th century the town's brewing industry was reduced to serving only local markets, as towns elsewhere in the country could transport their produce more cheaply.During the 19th century the population of the town grew little. The town hall was built in 1837 byEarl Grosvenorafter the guildhall was pulled down to widen High Street. It has been designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade II listed building.Shaftesbury Town Hallis next to the 15th-century St Peter's Church which is Grade II* listed.TheWestminster Memorial Hospitalwas constructed on Bimport in the mid-19th century with a legacy from the wife of theDuke of Westminster. In 1918 Lord Stalbridge, 2nd Baron Stalbridge, Hugh Grosvenor, sold a large portion of the town, which was purchased by a syndicate and auctioned piece by piece over three days.The entire Stalbridge Estate of some 13,500 acres was sold and the title became extinct with the death of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Stalbridge in 1949. His only son and heir had been killed in a flying","killed in a flying accident in 1930. Most of Shaftesbury's buildings date from no earlier than the 18th century, as theSaxonand most of the medieval buildings have not survived. Governance In theUnited Kingdom national parliament, Shaftesbury is in theNorth Dorset parliamentary constituency, represented since 2015 bySimon Hoareof theConservative Party.In local government, Shaftesbury is administered byDorset Council(aunitary authority) and Shaftesbury Town Council,which has responsibilities that include open spaces and recreational facilities, allotments, litter, street markets, public conveniences, grants to voluntary organisations, cemetery provision, bus shelters, crime prevention initiatives, civic events and the town hall, planning (as a consultee) and the war memorial. Shaftesbury is covered by an electoral ward called Shaftesbury Town, which elects two members to Dorset Council.Prior tochanges in 2019, the town elected one member ofDorset County Counciland four members ofNorth Dorset District Council.","District Council. Geography The old centre of Shaftesbury is sited on a westward-pointingpromontoryof high ground in northeast Dorset, on thescarp edgeof a range of hills that extend south and east intoCranborne Chaseand neighbouringWiltshire.The town's built-up area extends down the promontory slopes to lower ground at St James, Alcester and Enmore Green, and eastwards across thewatershedtowards the hill's dip slope.Shaftesbury's altitude is between about 165 metres (541 feet) at the lowest streets below the promontory, to about 235 m (771 ft) at Wincombe Business Park on the hilltop in the north, with the promontory and town centre being at about 215 m (705 ft).Below the town to the west is theBlackmore Vale, which undulates between about 60 and 110 m (200 and 360 ft).About 2 mi (3 km) west of the town and within the Blackmore Vale is the conical mound ofDuncliffe Hill, visible for miles and home to Duncliffe Wood and a nature reserve. The countryside east of the town is part of theCranborne Chase and West","Chase and West Wiltshire DownsArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Geologically, Shaftesbury's hill mostly comprisesUpper Greensand, which is overlain by LowerChalkin the east. These date from theCretaceous, with the greensand having been formed in theAlbianand earlyCenomanian, and the chalk also in the Cenomanian. The greensand is composed of threebeds: the oldest and lowest is a layer of Cann Sand, which is found in the lower parts of the town, such as St James and Alcester, that are below the promontory; above this is a layer of Shaftesbury Sandstone, which generally forms the steepest slopes around the promontory, and on top of this is a layer of Boyne Hollow Chert, which is found on top of the hill and on which most of the town is built. Below the Cann Sand, on the lower slopes of the hill to the north, west and south of the town, are extensive landslip deposits. Economy In 2012 there were 3,400 people employed in Shaftesbury, 65% of whom were working full-time and 35% part-time.Excluding agriculture,","agriculture, the most important employment sectors were public administration, education and health (31% of non-agricultural employment), production and construction (29%), and distribution, accommodation and food (26%).Significant employers includeDorset County Council,Pork Farms,Guys Marsh Prison,Royal Mail,Tesco,Port Regis School, Wessex Electricals, Stalbridge Linen Services, Blackmore Press and Dorset Chilled Foods.There are two industrial estates in the town: Longmead Industrial Estate, covering 7.7 hectares (19 acres), and Wincombe Business Park, covering 6.5 hectares (16 acres). In 2005 there were 75 shops in the town, with a total floorspace of 7,200 square metres (78,000 sq ft). The retail catchment area for major food shopping extends about4+1⁄2mi (7 km) in all directions. Nationalretail chainswith a presence in the town includethe Body Shop,Boots, Somerfield,Superdrug, Tesco andWHSmith. A site has been identified for a projected parkway station on theWest of Englandmain railway line. It would be","line. It would be situated to the north of the town, beneath the A350 road, and a bus service would connect it with the town.Currently the nearest railway station is located in neighbouringGillingham. Demography In the2011 censusShaftesbury's civil parish had 3,493 dwellings,3,235 households and a population of 7,314.The average age of inhabitants was 43, compared to 39.3 for England as a whole. 22.1% of inhabitants were age 65 or older, compared to 16.4% for England as a whole.92% of Shaftesbury's residents were born in the United Kingdom, compared to 86.2% for England as a whole.Previous census figures for the total population of the civil parish are shown in the table below: Culture, art and media Shaftesbury Arts Centre was established in 1957 and stages a variety of exhibitions, performances, workshops and training courses. It is based in the old covered market in the town centre and is a charitable company that is run wholly by its volunteer members. Shaftesbury has two museums: Gold Hill Museum at the","Hill Museum at the top of Gold Hill, and Shaftesbury Abbey Museum in the abbey grounds.Gold Hill Museum was founded in 1946 and displays many artefacts that relate to the history of Shaftesbury and the surrounding area, including Dorset's oldest fire engine, dating from 1744.Shaftesbury Abbey Museum tells the story of the abbey and also has a herb garden and medieval orchard. Shaftesbury Snowdrops is a Diamond Jubilee Community Legacy with the aim of creating a series of free and accessiblesnowdropwalks by planting snowdrops within the publicly open spaces and along the pathways throughout the town. The project was started in the winter of 2012 with the planting of 60,000 bulbs.Since 2013 there has been an annual Snowdrop Festival to encourage tourists to see the snowdrops in flower.Highlights of the festival include the Snowdrop Art Exhibitionand the Snowdrop Lantern Parade.In 2014 Shaftesbury Snowdrops started a heritage collection of rare and unusual snowdrops.These are held in trust for the people of","for the people of Shaftesbury and displayed in Shaftesbury Abbey during the annual Snowdrop Festival. The collection is being built through sponsorship and donations. Gold Hill Fair usually occurs in the first weekend of July and has food stalls, arts stalls and local music that can be found in the abbey ruins. In 2016, Shaftesbury's first open arts fringe festival was organised and has since grown to become one of the key fringe festivals in the country. The fringe is always held on the first weekend in July and attracts an eccentric mix of performers from local singers to celebrity comics heading for Edinburgh. Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC WestandITV West Country. Television signals are received from theMendipTV transmitter. Shaftesbury's local radio stations areBBC Radio Solent,Vale FM, andHeart West Country. The town is home to a volunteer-runcommunity radiostation, Alfred, broadcasting local news, speech programming and music on 107.3 FM and online.It was awarded","was awarded anOfcomlicence in 2020, having grown from a weekly podcast which went daily during theCOVID-19 pandemic.The podcast won the gold award in the community radio awards in 2021. Representations Thomas Hardyused the namesShastonorPalladourto describe Shaftesbury in the fictionalWessexof his novels. InJude the Obscurehe described the loss of the town's former architectural glories, principally the abbey: \"Vague imaginings of its castle, its three mints, its magnificent apsidal abbey, the chief glory of south Wessex, its twelve churches, its shrines, chantries, hospitals, its gabled freestone mansions—all now ruthlessly swept away—throw the visitor, even against his will, into a pensive melancholy, which the stimulating atmosphere and limitless landscape around him can scarcely dispel.\" In the 1970sRidley ScottusedGold Hill, a steep cobbled street in the town, as the setting for a television advertisement forHovisbread, in which a bread delivery boy is seen pushing his bicycle up the street before","the street before freewheeling back down. The advertisement made the street nationally famous. Transport Shaftesbury is served by theA30, betweenSalisburyandYeovil, and theA350, which connectsPooleandChippenham. The town is 7 miles (11 km) south of the mainA303trunk road betweenLondonandSouth West England. Shaftesbury has never had a direct railway connection. The challenging topography likely played a significant role in this,as constructing a railway up the steep slopes would have been difficult and costly. In 1859, theSalisbury and Yeovil Railwayestablished a station atSemley,2+1⁄2miles (4.0 km) north of Shaftesbury. This station allowed residents and visitors to access the broader railway network. Semley station closed in theBeeching cutsof 1966. The closest railway station to Shaftesbury is nowGillingham railway station (Dorset), 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the town, on theWest of England linefromLondon Waterlooto Exeter. Local bus services connect the town to surrounding villages and towns. Amenities","towns. Amenities Shaftesbury has anon-League footballclub,Shaftesbury F.C., who play at Cockrams.The Shaftesbury Lido, an open air swimming pool at Barton Hill, is open during the summer months. Shaftesbury has a community hospital, opened in 1874 and named Westminster Memorial Hospital in memory of theMarquis of Westminster, whose widow donated the site.The town has a public library operated by Dorset Council. Notable people Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway, died in Shaftesbury on 12 November 1035; he was buried inWinchester. PoetWilliam Chamberlaynelived there his whole life, from 1619 to 1689. PhilosopherAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury(1671–1713), an influential thinker on modern aesthetics. ActorRobert Newton, best known for his portrayals ofLong John SilverandBill Sikesin the 1948David LeanfilmOliver Twist, was born there. ArchitectRichard Upjohn, famous for his Gothic Revival churches in the United States, includingTrinity Churchin New York, was also born in","was also born in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producerSeamus Malliagh, known professionally asIglooghost, grew up in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producer and artist Kai Whiston grew up in Shaftesbury. Lavinia Young(1911–1986 ), born in Bimport, was elected Mayor of Shaftesbury (1970) and wasMatronofWestminster Hospital, London from 1951 to 1966. See also References Notes General references External links"],"string":"[\n \"1869 Newfoundland general election The1869 Newfoundland general electionwas held in 1869 to elect members of the10th General Assembly of Newfoundlandin theNewfoundland Colony. 21 Anti-Confederates (A-C) were elected against 9 Confederates (Con), ending for a moment the debate over joining the Dominion ofCanada. Results by party Elected members References\",\n \"Charles Fox Bennett Charles James Fox Bennett(11 June 1793 inShaftesbury,England– 5 December 1883) was a merchant and politician who successfully fought attempts to takeNewfoundlandintoCanadian confederation. Bennett was a successful businessman and one of the colony's richest residents with interests in the fisheries, distillery and brewery industry and shipbuilding. His brotherThomas Bennett, a magistrate and member of Newfoundland's first House of Assembly, was a partner in the business. Bennett became involved in politics in the 1840s as a leader of the colony'sAnglicancommunity and an opponent ofresponsible government, an argument he lost when an alliance ofCatholicsand non-Anglican Protestants persuaded theColonial Officeto grant Newfoundland self-government. In the 1860s, he led theAnti-Confederation Partyopposing the proposals by SirFrederick Carterto join Canada. Bennett's party defeated Carter's Conservatives on the Confederation issue in the 1869 elections, allowing Bennett to form a government in\",\n \"a government in 1870. However, asPremierhe was unable to keep his party united, and in 1874 resigned, allowing Carter to return to power. The issue of Confederation had become a moot point and would not be seriously raised again until theGreat Depression. Bennet also commissioned extensive mineral surveys along the coasts, and in the 1860s developed the prosperous copper mine at Tilt Cove (Notre Dame Bay). Bennett's anti-Confederates reformed themselves into the colony's Conservative Party. References External links\",\n \"Shaftesbury Shaftesbury(/ˈʃɑːftsbəri,ˈʃæfts-/) is a town andcivil parishinDorset, England. It is on theA30 road, 20 miles (32 kilometres) west ofSalisburyand 23 miles (37 kilometres) north-northeast ofDorchester, near the border withWiltshire. It is the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset, being built about 215 metres (705 feet)above sea levelon agreensandhill on the edge ofCranborne Chase. The town looks over theBlackmore Vale, part of theRiver Stourbasin. Shaftesbury is the site of the formerShaftesbury Abbey, which was founded in 888 byKing Alfredand became one of the richest religious establishments in the country, before being destroyed in thedissolutionin 1539. Adjacent to the abbey site isGold Hill, a steepcobbledstreet used in the 1970s as the setting forRidley Scott's television advertisement forHovisbread. In the2021 censusthe town's civil parish had a population of 9,162. Toponymy Shaftesbury has acquired a number of names throughout its history. Writing in 1906,Sir Frederick\",\n \"1906,Sir Frederick Trevesreferred to four of these names from Celtic, Latin and English traditions in his bookHighways & Byways in Dorset: The city has had many names. It was, in the beginning, Caer Palladour. By the time of the Domesday Book it was Sceptesberie. It then, with all the affectation of a lady in an eighteenth-century lyric, called itself Sophonia. Lastly it became Shaston, and so the people call it to this day, while all the milestones around concern themselves only with recording the distances to \\\"Shaston\\\". The originalCelticname is first recorded inMedieval Welsh literatureasCaer Vynnydd y Paladr(The Mountain Fort/City of the Spears)andThomas Galerecords the name asCaer Palladourin his work of 1709.Though \\\"Palladour\\\" was described by one 19th-century directory as \\\"mere invention\\\", it has continued to be used as a poetic and alternative name for the town. The English name was recorded in theDomesday Bookof 1086 as Sceptesberie,and the use of \\\"Shaston\\\" (/ˈʃæstən/) was recorded in 1831 in Samuel\",\n \"in 1831 in Samuel Lewis'sA Topographical Dictionary of Englandand in 1840 inThe parliamentary gazetteer of England and Wales. Thomas Hardyused both \\\"Shaston\\\" and \\\"Palladour\\\" to refer to the town in the fictionalWessexof his novels such asJude the Obscure. History There is no substantive evidence that Shaftesbury was the \\\"Caer Palladur\\\" (or \\\"Caer Palladwr\\\") of Celtic and Roman times, and instead the town's recorded history dates fromAnglo-Saxon times.By the early eighth century there was an important minster church here,and in 880Alfred the Greatfounded aburgh(fortified settlement) here as a defence in the struggle with theDanishinvaders.The burgh is recorded in the early-10th-centuryBurghal Hidageas one of only three that existed in the county (the others being atWarehamand 'Bredy' – which is probablyBridport). In 888 Alfred foundedShaftesbury Abbey, aBenedictinenunneryby the town's east gate, and appointed his daughter Ethelgifu as the firstabbess.Æthelstanfounded two royal mints,which struck pennies\",\n \"struck pennies bearing the town's name, and the abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England. On 20 February 981 the relics of StEdward the Martyr, the teenage King of England, were transferred from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony, thereafter turning Shaftesbury into a major site of pilgrimage for miracles of healing. King Canutedied here in 1035, though he was buried atWinchester.Edward the Confessorlicensed a third mint for the town.By the time of theNorman conquestin 1066 Shaftesbury had 257 houses, though many were destroyed in the ensuing years of conflict, and by the time theDomesday Bookwas compiled twenty years later, there were only 177 houses remaining, though this still meant that Shaftesbury was the largest town in Dorset at that time.In thefirst English civil war(1135–1154) betweenEmpress MatildaandKing Stephen, anadulterine castleor fortified house was built on a smallpromontoryat the western edge of the hill on which the old town was built. The site on\",\n \"built. The site on Castle Hill, also known locally as Boltbury, is now under grass and is ascheduled monument. In 1240 CardinalOtto of Tonengo, legate to theApostolic SeeofPope Gregory IXvisited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary. During theMiddle Agesthe abbey was the central focus of the town; the abbey's great wealth was acknowledged in a popular saying at the time, which stated that \\\"If the abbot of Glastonbury could marry the abbess of Shaftesbury their heir would hold more land than the king of England\\\".In 1260 a charter to hold a market was granted. By 1340 the mayor had become a recognised figure, sworn in by the steward of the abbess. In 1392Richard IIconfirmed a grant of two markets on different days. Edwardstowe, Shaftesbury's oldest surviving building, was built on Bimport at some time between 1400 and 1539. Also in this period a medieval farm owned by the Abbess of Shaftesbury was established, on a site now occupied by the Tesco supermarket\",\n \"Tesco supermarket car park. In 1539, the last Abbess of Shaftesbury, Elizabeth Zouche, signed a deed of surrender, the (by then extremely wealthy) abbey was demolished, and its lands sold, leading to a temporary decline in the town.Sir Thomas Arundellpurchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to Pembroke thenAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors. Shaftesbury was a parliamentary constituency returning two members from 1296 to theReform Act of 1832, when it was reduced to one, and in 1884 the separate constituency was abolished. InSurvey of Dorsetshire, written in about 1630 by Thomas Gerard of the Dorset village ofTrent, Shaftesbury is described as a \\\"faire Thorough Faire, much frequented by Travellers to and from London\\\". The town was broadly Parliamentarian in theCivil War, but was in Royalist hands.Wardour Castlefell to Parliamentary forces in 1643; Parliamentary forces\",\n \"forces surrounded the town in August 1645, when it was a centre of localclubmenactivity. The clubmen were arrested and sent to trial inSherborne. Shaftesbury took no part in theMonmouth Rebellionof 1685. In the 17th century the cloth industry formed part of Shaftesbury's economy, though much of the actual production took place as acottage industryin the surrounding area. In the 18th century the town produced a coarse white woollen cloth called 'swanskin', that was used by fishermen ofNewfoundlandand for uniforms.Buttonmakingalso became important around this time, though with the later advent ofindustrialisationthis subsequently declined, resulting in unemployment, starvation and emigration, with 350 families leaving for Canada.Maltingandbrewingwere also significant in the 17th and 18th centuries, and like other Dorset towns such asDorchesterandBlandford Forum, Shaftesbury became known for its beer. The railways however bypassed the town, which had consequences for Shaftesbury's economy; during the 19th\",\n \"during the 19th century the town's brewing industry was reduced to serving only local markets, as towns elsewhere in the country could transport their produce more cheaply.During the 19th century the population of the town grew little. The town hall was built in 1837 byEarl Grosvenorafter the guildhall was pulled down to widen High Street. It has been designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade II listed building.Shaftesbury Town Hallis next to the 15th-century St Peter's Church which is Grade II* listed.TheWestminster Memorial Hospitalwas constructed on Bimport in the mid-19th century with a legacy from the wife of theDuke of Westminster. In 1918 Lord Stalbridge, 2nd Baron Stalbridge, Hugh Grosvenor, sold a large portion of the town, which was purchased by a syndicate and auctioned piece by piece over three days.The entire Stalbridge Estate of some 13,500 acres was sold and the title became extinct with the death of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Stalbridge in 1949. His only son and heir had been killed in a flying\",\n \"killed in a flying accident in 1930. Most of Shaftesbury's buildings date from no earlier than the 18th century, as theSaxonand most of the medieval buildings have not survived. Governance In theUnited Kingdom national parliament, Shaftesbury is in theNorth Dorset parliamentary constituency, represented since 2015 bySimon Hoareof theConservative Party.In local government, Shaftesbury is administered byDorset Council(aunitary authority) and Shaftesbury Town Council,which has responsibilities that include open spaces and recreational facilities, allotments, litter, street markets, public conveniences, grants to voluntary organisations, cemetery provision, bus shelters, crime prevention initiatives, civic events and the town hall, planning (as a consultee) and the war memorial. Shaftesbury is covered by an electoral ward called Shaftesbury Town, which elects two members to Dorset Council.Prior tochanges in 2019, the town elected one member ofDorset County Counciland four members ofNorth Dorset District Council.\",\n \"District Council. Geography The old centre of Shaftesbury is sited on a westward-pointingpromontoryof high ground in northeast Dorset, on thescarp edgeof a range of hills that extend south and east intoCranborne Chaseand neighbouringWiltshire.The town's built-up area extends down the promontory slopes to lower ground at St James, Alcester and Enmore Green, and eastwards across thewatershedtowards the hill's dip slope.Shaftesbury's altitude is between about 165 metres (541 feet) at the lowest streets below the promontory, to about 235 m (771 ft) at Wincombe Business Park on the hilltop in the north, with the promontory and town centre being at about 215 m (705 ft).Below the town to the west is theBlackmore Vale, which undulates between about 60 and 110 m (200 and 360 ft).About 2 mi (3 km) west of the town and within the Blackmore Vale is the conical mound ofDuncliffe Hill, visible for miles and home to Duncliffe Wood and a nature reserve. The countryside east of the town is part of theCranborne Chase and West\",\n \"Chase and West Wiltshire DownsArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Geologically, Shaftesbury's hill mostly comprisesUpper Greensand, which is overlain by LowerChalkin the east. These date from theCretaceous, with the greensand having been formed in theAlbianand earlyCenomanian, and the chalk also in the Cenomanian. The greensand is composed of threebeds: the oldest and lowest is a layer of Cann Sand, which is found in the lower parts of the town, such as St James and Alcester, that are below the promontory; above this is a layer of Shaftesbury Sandstone, which generally forms the steepest slopes around the promontory, and on top of this is a layer of Boyne Hollow Chert, which is found on top of the hill and on which most of the town is built. Below the Cann Sand, on the lower slopes of the hill to the north, west and south of the town, are extensive landslip deposits. Economy In 2012 there were 3,400 people employed in Shaftesbury, 65% of whom were working full-time and 35% part-time.Excluding agriculture,\",\n \"agriculture, the most important employment sectors were public administration, education and health (31% of non-agricultural employment), production and construction (29%), and distribution, accommodation and food (26%).Significant employers includeDorset County Council,Pork Farms,Guys Marsh Prison,Royal Mail,Tesco,Port Regis School, Wessex Electricals, Stalbridge Linen Services, Blackmore Press and Dorset Chilled Foods.There are two industrial estates in the town: Longmead Industrial Estate, covering 7.7 hectares (19 acres), and Wincombe Business Park, covering 6.5 hectares (16 acres). In 2005 there were 75 shops in the town, with a total floorspace of 7,200 square metres (78,000 sq ft). The retail catchment area for major food shopping extends about4+1⁄2mi (7 km) in all directions. Nationalretail chainswith a presence in the town includethe Body Shop,Boots, Somerfield,Superdrug, Tesco andWHSmith. A site has been identified for a projected parkway station on theWest of Englandmain railway line. It would be\",\n \"line. It would be situated to the north of the town, beneath the A350 road, and a bus service would connect it with the town.Currently the nearest railway station is located in neighbouringGillingham. Demography In the2011 censusShaftesbury's civil parish had 3,493 dwellings,3,235 households and a population of 7,314.The average age of inhabitants was 43, compared to 39.3 for England as a whole. 22.1% of inhabitants were age 65 or older, compared to 16.4% for England as a whole.92% of Shaftesbury's residents were born in the United Kingdom, compared to 86.2% for England as a whole.Previous census figures for the total population of the civil parish are shown in the table below: Culture, art and media Shaftesbury Arts Centre was established in 1957 and stages a variety of exhibitions, performances, workshops and training courses. It is based in the old covered market in the town centre and is a charitable company that is run wholly by its volunteer members. Shaftesbury has two museums: Gold Hill Museum at the\",\n \"Hill Museum at the top of Gold Hill, and Shaftesbury Abbey Museum in the abbey grounds.Gold Hill Museum was founded in 1946 and displays many artefacts that relate to the history of Shaftesbury and the surrounding area, including Dorset's oldest fire engine, dating from 1744.Shaftesbury Abbey Museum tells the story of the abbey and also has a herb garden and medieval orchard. Shaftesbury Snowdrops is a Diamond Jubilee Community Legacy with the aim of creating a series of free and accessiblesnowdropwalks by planting snowdrops within the publicly open spaces and along the pathways throughout the town. The project was started in the winter of 2012 with the planting of 60,000 bulbs.Since 2013 there has been an annual Snowdrop Festival to encourage tourists to see the snowdrops in flower.Highlights of the festival include the Snowdrop Art Exhibitionand the Snowdrop Lantern Parade.In 2014 Shaftesbury Snowdrops started a heritage collection of rare and unusual snowdrops.These are held in trust for the people of\",\n \"for the people of Shaftesbury and displayed in Shaftesbury Abbey during the annual Snowdrop Festival. The collection is being built through sponsorship and donations. Gold Hill Fair usually occurs in the first weekend of July and has food stalls, arts stalls and local music that can be found in the abbey ruins. In 2016, Shaftesbury's first open arts fringe festival was organised and has since grown to become one of the key fringe festivals in the country. The fringe is always held on the first weekend in July and attracts an eccentric mix of performers from local singers to celebrity comics heading for Edinburgh. Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC WestandITV West Country. Television signals are received from theMendipTV transmitter. Shaftesbury's local radio stations areBBC Radio Solent,Vale FM, andHeart West Country. The town is home to a volunteer-runcommunity radiostation, Alfred, broadcasting local news, speech programming and music on 107.3 FM and online.It was awarded\",\n \"was awarded anOfcomlicence in 2020, having grown from a weekly podcast which went daily during theCOVID-19 pandemic.The podcast won the gold award in the community radio awards in 2021. Representations Thomas Hardyused the namesShastonorPalladourto describe Shaftesbury in the fictionalWessexof his novels. InJude the Obscurehe described the loss of the town's former architectural glories, principally the abbey: \\\"Vague imaginings of its castle, its three mints, its magnificent apsidal abbey, the chief glory of south Wessex, its twelve churches, its shrines, chantries, hospitals, its gabled freestone mansions—all now ruthlessly swept away—throw the visitor, even against his will, into a pensive melancholy, which the stimulating atmosphere and limitless landscape around him can scarcely dispel.\\\" In the 1970sRidley ScottusedGold Hill, a steep cobbled street in the town, as the setting for a television advertisement forHovisbread, in which a bread delivery boy is seen pushing his bicycle up the street before\",\n \"the street before freewheeling back down. The advertisement made the street nationally famous. Transport Shaftesbury is served by theA30, betweenSalisburyandYeovil, and theA350, which connectsPooleandChippenham. The town is 7 miles (11 km) south of the mainA303trunk road betweenLondonandSouth West England. Shaftesbury has never had a direct railway connection. The challenging topography likely played a significant role in this,as constructing a railway up the steep slopes would have been difficult and costly. In 1859, theSalisbury and Yeovil Railwayestablished a station atSemley,2+1⁄2miles (4.0 km) north of Shaftesbury. This station allowed residents and visitors to access the broader railway network. Semley station closed in theBeeching cutsof 1966. The closest railway station to Shaftesbury is nowGillingham railway station (Dorset), 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the town, on theWest of England linefromLondon Waterlooto Exeter. Local bus services connect the town to surrounding villages and towns. Amenities\",\n \"towns. Amenities Shaftesbury has anon-League footballclub,Shaftesbury F.C., who play at Cockrams.The Shaftesbury Lido, an open air swimming pool at Barton Hill, is open during the summer months. Shaftesbury has a community hospital, opened in 1874 and named Westminster Memorial Hospital in memory of theMarquis of Westminster, whose widow donated the site.The town has a public library operated by Dorset Council. Notable people Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway, died in Shaftesbury on 12 November 1035; he was buried inWinchester. PoetWilliam Chamberlaynelived there his whole life, from 1619 to 1689. PhilosopherAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury(1671–1713), an influential thinker on modern aesthetics. ActorRobert Newton, best known for his portrayals ofLong John SilverandBill Sikesin the 1948David LeanfilmOliver Twist, was born there. ArchitectRichard Upjohn, famous for his Gothic Revival churches in the United States, includingTrinity Churchin New York, was also born in\",\n \"was also born in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producerSeamus Malliagh, known professionally asIglooghost, grew up in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producer and artist Kai Whiston grew up in Shaftesbury. Lavinia Young(1911–1986 ), born in Bimport, was elected Mayor of Shaftesbury (1970) and wasMatronofWestminster Hospital, London from 1951 to 1966. See also References Notes General references External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":296,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"There's a famous children's book about a King Elephant. At what age did the French author die?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"37 years old."},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Babar the Elephant Babar the Elephant(UK:/ˈbæbɑːr/,US:/bəˈbɑːr/;French pronunciation:) is an elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the Frenchchildren's bookHistoire de BabarbyJean de Brunhoff. The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff's wife,Cécile, had invented for their children.It tells of a youngAfrican elephant, named Babar, whose mother is killed by abig game hunter. Babar escapes, and in the process leaves thejungleinexile, visitsParis, and returns to bring the benefits ofcivilizationto his fellow elephants. Just as he returns to his community of elephants, their king tragically dies from eating apoisonous mushroom. Because of his travels and civilization, Babar is chosen king of theelephant kingdom. Hemarries his cousin, Celeste (French:Céleste), and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons. Story synopsis After Babar's mother is shot and killed by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics.He is befriended by the Old Lady, who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to theElephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom (the illustrations indicate that it is afly agaric), a council of old elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has \"lived among men and learnt much\", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar iscrownedKing of the Elephants and marries his cousin, Celeste. In Jean de Brunhoff's second Babar book,The Travels of Babar, when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon: ... stormy winds down the balloon on an island, and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale, be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus. And when they escape and return home, what awaits them but war with therhinoceroses. It was sparked when Arthur tied a firecracker to the tail ofLord Rataxes. Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides, which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away. After the victory celebrations, the book ends with Babar, Celeste and the Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy. In the third book,Babar the King, Babar founds the city of Celesteville. After manydromedariesare found, they help with building the city. Each elephant citizen is given a job to do. Once the city is built, everyone celebrates. However, problems arise; the Old Lady is bitten by a snake, and Cornelius' home catches fire. Babar has a dream where he is visited by Misfortune and other demons which are chased away by elephant angels representing Courage, Hope, and other virtues. The morning after the hopeful dream, the Old Lady and Cornelius make full recoveries. Among Babar's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are themonkeyZephir, the old elephantcounsellorCornelius (also later Pompadour who was created for theBabartelevision series), Babar's cousin Arthur, and Babar's children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. A younger daughter, Isabelle, is later introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honored guest. Despite the presence of these counsellors, Babar's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body, and completelyautocratic. However, his leadership style seems to strive for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects—a form ofbenevolent dictatorship. Besides hisWesternizingpolicies, Babar engages in battle with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, inBabar and the Adventures of Badou, Pom grows to become the father of Prince Babar II (known as Badou). History In 1931,Jean de Brunhoffintroduced Babar inHistoire de Babar, and Babar enjoyed immediate success.In 1933,A.A. Milneintroduced an English-language version,The Story of Babar, in Britain and the United States. Before his death in 1937, Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories. His sonLaurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946, beginning withBabar et Le Coquin d'Arthur. Ananimated television series,Babarwas produced in Canada byNelvanaLimited and the Clifford Ross Company, running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991, with 65 episodes. An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films. The first two of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books have inspired two major concert works:L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant(The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant) byFrancis Poulencin 1940; andThe Travels of Babar (Le Voyage de Babar)by Raphael Mostel in 1994.In 2010, a sequel and spin-off,Babar and the Adventures of Badou, was released, introducing new characters, including Badou, Babar's grandson and Pom's son. It takes place several years after the original series. Influence and legacy Babar, who likes to wear a bright greensuit, introduces a veryFrench formofWestern civilizationto the elephants, and they soon dress inWesternattire. The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books wasEditions du Jardin des Modes, owned byCondé-Nast. The Babar books were the first Condé-Nast publications not specifically about fashion. AuthorMaurice Sendakdescribed the innovations of Jean de Brunhoff: Like an extravagant piece of poetry, the interplay between few words and many pictures, commonly called the picture book, is a difficult, exquisite, and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered....Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form. Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book. The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the \"Babar\" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations, Babar stands along with Disney'sMickey Mouseas one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff'sBabar's Yoga for Elephantsis a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First LadyLaura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of theTV seriesare broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favourite for years at theWhite House Easter Egg Roll. Since 2001, the Babar franchise has been owned byCorus Entertainment'sNelvanain conjunction with the artist,Clifford Ross. Babar made a nameless appearance inThe New Traveller's Almanac(part ofThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemenseries). Babar and his elephants escortMina MurrayandAllan Quatermainthrough the African jungle. Mina considers them \"civilized and gentle\", but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown. In the 1988 comedy filmComing to America, the Joffer royal family have a pet elephant named \"Babar\". In 1993,de Brunhoff's elephant inspired theBaBar experiment, an international hadron physics collaboration based in theSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryatStanford University. Criticism Herbert R. KohlandVivian Paley,have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories can be seen as a justification forcolonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed byWorld War Iand the books were an exercise innostalgiafor pre-1914 France.Ariel Dorfman'sThe Empire's Old Clothesis another critical view, in which he concludes: \"In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory ofneocolonialism\". In April 2012,Babar's Travelswasremoved from the shelvesbylibrarystaff inEast Sussexin response to parental complaints for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans.Jean de Brunhoff's son Laurent de Brunhoff was embarrassed by stereotypical Africans andNative AmericansinBabar's Picnicand asked the publisher to withdraw it. A more sympathetic view is expressed in the 2008New Yorkerarticle \"Freeing the Elephants\", in whichAdam Gopnikargues it \"is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans\".He concludes that the satisfaction derived fromBabaris based on the knowledge that \"while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park\". Books Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated sevenBabarbooks; the series was continued by his son,Laurent de Brunhoff. Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books (1931–1941), and the titles of the English translations, were: Laurent de Brunhoff's books (1948–2017) (selected list): English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the US, individually and in collections. Other English-language titles about Babar include the following: Films and television Bill Melendez Productions: Atkinson Film-Arts: Nelvana Productions: Video games MindscapereleasedBabar and the Royal Coin Caperfor the PC in 2005, Both Babar and Cornelius are voiced by Daniel Davies and Dave Pender. The Danish game companyThe Game FactorypublishedBabar to the Rescuefor the Game Boy Advance in 2006. References External links","Jean de Brunhoff Jean de Brunhoff(French pronunciation:; 9 December 1899 – 16 October 1937) was a French writer andillustratorremembered best for creating theBabarseries of children's books concerning a fictional elephant, the first of which was published in 1931. Early life De Brunhoff was the fourth and youngest child of Maurice de Brunhoff, a publisher, and his wife Marguerite. He attendedProtestantschools, including the prestigiousÉcole Alsacienne.Brunhoff joined the army and was sent to the front whenWorld War Iwas almost over. Afterward, he decided to be a professional artist and studied painting at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumièrein Paris. In 1924, he marriedCécile Sabouraud, a talented pianist, and they had two sons,Laurentand Mathieu, born in 1925 and 1926; a third son,Thierry, was born nine years later. Babar The Babar books began as abedtime storythat Cécile de Brunhoff invented for their children, Mathieu and Laurent, when they were four and five years old, respectively. She was allegedly trying to comfort Mathieu, who was sick. The boys liked the story of the little elephant who left the jungle for a city resembling Paris so much that they asked their father, a painter, to illustrate it.He made it into a picture book, with text, which was published by a family-owned publishing house,Le Jardin des Modes.Originally, it was planned that the book's title page would describe the story astold by Jean and Cécile de Brunhoff. However, she had her name omitted.Due to the role she played in the genesis of the Babar story, some sources refer to her as the creator of the Babar story. After the first bookHistoire de Babar(The Story of Babar), five more titles followed before Jean de Brunhoff died oftuberculosisat the age of 37.He is buried inPère Lachaise Cemeteryin Paris. After Jean's death, his brother Michel de Brunhoff, who was the editor of the magazineVogue Paris, oversaw the publication in book form of Jean's two last books,Babar and His ChildrenandBabar and Father Christmas, both of which had been drawn inblack and whitefor a British newspaper,The Daily Sketch. Michel de Brunhoff arranged for the black and white drawings to be painted in color, with the then-thirteen-year-old Laurent helping with the work.The French publishing houseHachettelater bought the rights to the Babar series.The first six Babar books were reprinted with millions of copies sold around the world. Babar's revival Soon after the end ofWorld War II, Laurent, who had become an artistic painter like his father and had also studied at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumière, began work on a Babar book of his own. Although his style of painting was different from his father's and he emphasized picture more than text in the creation of his books,he trained himself to draw elephants in strict accord with the style of his father. Consequently, many people did not notice any difference in authorship and assumed the six-year gap in the series was because of the war.Laurent has always been careful to emphasize that Babar was his father's creation (and to some extent his mother's) and that he continued the series largely as a way of keeping the memory of his father and his own childhood alive. Death Jean de Brunhoff died fromtuberculosison 16 October 1937, aged 37. Bibliography Further reading References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Babar the Elephant Babar the Elephant(UK:/ˈbæbɑːr/,US:/bəˈbɑːr/;French pronunciation:) is an elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the Frenchchildren's bookHistoire de BabarbyJean de Brunhoff. The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff's wife,Cécile, had invented for their children.It tells of a youngAfrican elephant, named Babar, whose mother is killed by abig game hunter. Babar escapes, and in the process leaves thejungleinexile, visitsParis, and returns to bring the benefits ofcivilizationto his fellow elephants. Just as he returns to his community of elephants, their king tragically dies from eating apoisonous mushroom. Because of his travels and civilization, Babar is chosen king of theelephant kingdom. Hemarries his cousin, Celeste (French:Céleste), and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons. Story synopsis After Babar's mother is shot and killed by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics.He is befriended by the Old Lady, who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to theElephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom (the illustrations indicate that it is afly agaric), a council of old elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has \\\"lived among men and learnt much\\\", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar iscrownedKing of the Elephants and marries his cousin, Celeste. In Jean de Brunhoff's second Babar book,The Travels of Babar, when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon: ... stormy winds down the balloon on an island, and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale, be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus. And when they escape and return home, what awaits them but war with therhinoceroses. It was sparked when Arthur tied a firecracker to the tail ofLord Rataxes. Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides, which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away. After the victory celebrations, the book ends with Babar, Celeste and the Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy. In the third book,Babar the King, Babar founds the city of Celesteville. After manydromedariesare found, they help with building the city. Each elephant citizen is given a job to do. Once the city is built, everyone celebrates. However, problems arise; the Old Lady is bitten by a snake, and Cornelius' home catches fire. Babar has a dream where he is visited by Misfortune and other demons which are chased away by elephant angels representing Courage, Hope, and other virtues. The morning after the hopeful dream, the Old Lady and Cornelius make full recoveries. Among Babar's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are themonkeyZephir, the old elephantcounsellorCornelius (also later Pompadour who was created for theBabartelevision series), Babar's cousin Arthur, and Babar's children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. A younger daughter, Isabelle, is later introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honored guest. Despite the presence of these counsellors, Babar's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body, and completelyautocratic. However, his leadership style seems to strive for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects—a form ofbenevolent dictatorship. Besides hisWesternizingpolicies, Babar engages in battle with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, inBabar and the Adventures of Badou, Pom grows to become the father of Prince Babar II (known as Badou). History In 1931,Jean de Brunhoffintroduced Babar inHistoire de Babar, and Babar enjoyed immediate success.In 1933,A.A. Milneintroduced an English-language version,The Story of Babar, in Britain and the United States. Before his death in 1937, Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories. His sonLaurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946, beginning withBabar et Le Coquin d'Arthur. Ananimated television series,Babarwas produced in Canada byNelvanaLimited and the Clifford Ross Company, running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991, with 65 episodes. An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films. The first two of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books have inspired two major concert works:L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant(The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant) byFrancis Poulencin 1940; andThe Travels of Babar (Le Voyage de Babar)by Raphael Mostel in 1994.In 2010, a sequel and spin-off,Babar and the Adventures of Badou, was released, introducing new characters, including Badou, Babar's grandson and Pom's son. It takes place several years after the original series. Influence and legacy Babar, who likes to wear a bright greensuit, introduces a veryFrench formofWestern civilizationto the elephants, and they soon dress inWesternattire. The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books wasEditions du Jardin des Modes, owned byCondé-Nast. The Babar books were the first Condé-Nast publications not specifically about fashion. AuthorMaurice Sendakdescribed the innovations of Jean de Brunhoff: Like an extravagant piece of poetry, the interplay between few words and many pictures, commonly called the picture book, is a difficult, exquisite, and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered....Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form. Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book. The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the \\\"Babar\\\" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations, Babar stands along with Disney'sMickey Mouseas one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff'sBabar's Yoga for Elephantsis a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First LadyLaura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of theTV seriesare broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favourite for years at theWhite House Easter Egg Roll. Since 2001, the Babar franchise has been owned byCorus Entertainment'sNelvanain conjunction with the artist,Clifford Ross. Babar made a nameless appearance inThe New Traveller's Almanac(part ofThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemenseries). Babar and his elephants escortMina MurrayandAllan Quatermainthrough the African jungle. Mina considers them \\\"civilized and gentle\\\", but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown. In the 1988 comedy filmComing to America, the Joffer royal family have a pet elephant named \\\"Babar\\\". In 1993,de Brunhoff's elephant inspired theBaBar experiment, an international hadron physics collaboration based in theSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryatStanford University. Criticism Herbert R. KohlandVivian Paley,have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories can be seen as a justification forcolonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed byWorld War Iand the books were an exercise innostalgiafor pre-1914 France.Ariel Dorfman'sThe Empire's Old Clothesis another critical view, in which he concludes: \\\"In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory ofneocolonialism\\\". In April 2012,Babar's Travelswasremoved from the shelvesbylibrarystaff inEast Sussexin response to parental complaints for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans.Jean de Brunhoff's son Laurent de Brunhoff was embarrassed by stereotypical Africans andNative AmericansinBabar's Picnicand asked the publisher to withdraw it. A more sympathetic view is expressed in the 2008New Yorkerarticle \\\"Freeing the Elephants\\\", in whichAdam Gopnikargues it \\\"is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans\\\".He concludes that the satisfaction derived fromBabaris based on the knowledge that \\\"while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park\\\". Books Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated sevenBabarbooks; the series was continued by his son,Laurent de Brunhoff. Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books (1931–1941), and the titles of the English translations, were: Laurent de Brunhoff's books (1948–2017) (selected list): English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the US, individually and in collections. Other English-language titles about Babar include the following: Films and television Bill Melendez Productions: Atkinson Film-Arts: Nelvana Productions: Video games MindscapereleasedBabar and the Royal Coin Caperfor the PC in 2005, Both Babar and Cornelius are voiced by Daniel Davies and Dave Pender. The Danish game companyThe Game FactorypublishedBabar to the Rescuefor the Game Boy Advance in 2006. References External links\",\n \"Jean de Brunhoff Jean de Brunhoff(French pronunciation:; 9 December 1899 – 16 October 1937) was a French writer andillustratorremembered best for creating theBabarseries of children's books concerning a fictional elephant, the first of which was published in 1931. Early life De Brunhoff was the fourth and youngest child of Maurice de Brunhoff, a publisher, and his wife Marguerite. He attendedProtestantschools, including the prestigiousÉcole Alsacienne.Brunhoff joined the army and was sent to the front whenWorld War Iwas almost over. Afterward, he decided to be a professional artist and studied painting at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumièrein Paris. In 1924, he marriedCécile Sabouraud, a talented pianist, and they had two sons,Laurentand Mathieu, born in 1925 and 1926; a third son,Thierry, was born nine years later. Babar The Babar books began as abedtime storythat Cécile de Brunhoff invented for their children, Mathieu and Laurent, when they were four and five years old, respectively. She was allegedly trying to comfort Mathieu, who was sick. The boys liked the story of the little elephant who left the jungle for a city resembling Paris so much that they asked their father, a painter, to illustrate it.He made it into a picture book, with text, which was published by a family-owned publishing house,Le Jardin des Modes.Originally, it was planned that the book's title page would describe the story astold by Jean and Cécile de Brunhoff. However, she had her name omitted.Due to the role she played in the genesis of the Babar story, some sources refer to her as the creator of the Babar story. After the first bookHistoire de Babar(The Story of Babar), five more titles followed before Jean de Brunhoff died oftuberculosisat the age of 37.He is buried inPère Lachaise Cemeteryin Paris. After Jean's death, his brother Michel de Brunhoff, who was the editor of the magazineVogue Paris, oversaw the publication in book form of Jean's two last books,Babar and His ChildrenandBabar and Father Christmas, both of which had been drawn inblack and whitefor a British newspaper,The Daily Sketch. Michel de Brunhoff arranged for the black and white drawings to be painted in color, with the then-thirteen-year-old Laurent helping with the work.The French publishing houseHachettelater bought the rights to the Babar series.The first six Babar books were reprinted with millions of copies sold around the world. Babar's revival Soon after the end ofWorld War II, Laurent, who had become an artistic painter like his father and had also studied at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumière, began work on a Babar book of his own. Although his style of painting was different from his father's and he emphasized picture more than text in the creation of his books,he trained himself to draw elephants in strict accord with the style of his father. Consequently, many people did not notice any difference in authorship and assumed the six-year gap in the series was because of the war.Laurent has always been careful to emphasize that Babar was his father's creation (and to some extent his mother's) and that he continued the series largely as a way of keeping the memory of his father and his own childhood alive. Death Jean de Brunhoff died fromtuberculosison 16 October 1937, aged 37. Bibliography Further reading References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Babar the Elephant Babar the Elephant(UK:/ˈbæbɑːr/,US:/bəˈbɑːr/;French pronunciation:) is an elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the Frenchchildren's bookHistoire de BabarbyJean de Brunhoff. The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff's wife,Cécile, had invented for their children.It tells of a youngAfrican elephant, named Babar, whose mother is killed by abig game hunter. Babar escapes, and in the process leaves thejungleinexile, visitsParis, and returns to bring the benefits ofcivilizationto his fellow elephants. Just as he returns to his community of elephants, their king tragically dies from eating apoisonous mushroom. Because of his travels and civilization, Babar is chosen king of theelephant kingdom. Hemarries his cousin, Celeste (French:Céleste), and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons. Story synopsis After Babar's mother is shot and killed by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics.He is","is befriended by the Old Lady, who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to theElephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom (the illustrations indicate that it is afly agaric), a council of old elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has \"lived among men and learnt much\", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar iscrownedKing of the Elephants and marries his cousin, Celeste. In Jean de Brunhoff's second Babar book,The Travels of Babar, when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon: ... stormy winds down the balloon on an island, and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale, be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus. And when they escape and return home, what awaits them but war with therhinoceroses. It was sparked when Arthur tied a","when Arthur tied a firecracker to the tail ofLord Rataxes. Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides, which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away. After the victory celebrations, the book ends with Babar, Celeste and the Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy. In the third book,Babar the King, Babar founds the city of Celesteville. After manydromedariesare found, they help with building the city. Each elephant citizen is given a job to do. Once the city is built, everyone celebrates. However, problems arise; the Old Lady is bitten by a snake, and Cornelius' home catches fire. Babar has a dream where he is visited by Misfortune and other demons which are chased away by elephant angels representing Courage, Hope, and other virtues. The morning after the hopeful dream, the Old Lady and Cornelius make full recoveries. Among Babar's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are","of the series are themonkeyZephir, the old elephantcounsellorCornelius (also later Pompadour who was created for theBabartelevision series), Babar's cousin Arthur, and Babar's children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. A younger daughter, Isabelle, is later introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honored guest. Despite the presence of these counsellors, Babar's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body, and completelyautocratic. However, his leadership style seems to strive for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects—a form ofbenevolent dictatorship. Besides hisWesternizingpolicies, Babar engages in battle with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, inBabar and the Adventures of Badou, Pom grows to become the father of Prince Babar II (known as Badou). History In 1931,Jean de Brunhoffintroduced Babar inHistoire de Babar, and Babar enjoyed immediate success.In 1933,A.A. Milneintroduced an English-language version,The Story of","Story of Babar, in Britain and the United States. Before his death in 1937, Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories. His sonLaurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946, beginning withBabar et Le Coquin d'Arthur. Ananimated television series,Babarwas produced in Canada byNelvanaLimited and the Clifford Ross Company, running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991, with 65 episodes. An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films. The first two of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books have inspired two major concert works:L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant(The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant) byFrancis Poulencin 1940; andThe Travels of Babar (Le Voyage de Babar)by Raphael Mostel in 1994.In 2010, a sequel and spin-off,Babar and the Adventures of Badou, was released, introducing new characters, including Badou, Babar's grandson and Pom's son. It takes place several years after the original series. Influence and legacy Babar,","and legacy Babar, who likes to wear a bright greensuit, introduces a veryFrench formofWestern civilizationto the elephants, and they soon dress inWesternattire. The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books wasEditions du Jardin des Modes, owned byCondé-Nast. The Babar books were the first Condé-Nast publications not specifically about fashion. AuthorMaurice Sendakdescribed the innovations of Jean de Brunhoff: Like an extravagant piece of poetry, the interplay between few words and many pictures, commonly called the picture book, is a difficult, exquisite, and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered....Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form. Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book. The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the \"Babar\" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations,","span generations, Babar stands along with Disney'sMickey Mouseas one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff'sBabar's Yoga for Elephantsis a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First LadyLaura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of theTV seriesare broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favourite for years at theWhite House Easter Egg Roll. Since 2001, the Babar franchise has been owned byCorus Entertainment'sNelvanain conjunction with the artist,Clifford Ross. Babar made a nameless appearance inThe New Traveller's Almanac(part ofThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemenseries). Babar and his elephants escortMina MurrayandAllan Quatermainthrough the African","the African jungle. Mina considers them \"civilized and gentle\", but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown. In the 1988 comedy filmComing to America, the Joffer royal family have a pet elephant named \"Babar\". In 1993,de Brunhoff's elephant inspired theBaBar experiment, an international hadron physics collaboration based in theSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryatStanford University. Criticism Herbert R. KohlandVivian Paley,have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories can be seen as a justification forcolonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed byWorld War Iand the books were an exercise innostalgiafor pre-1914 France.Ariel Dorfman'sThe Empire's Old Clothesis another critical view, in which he concludes: \"In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory ofneocolonialism\". In April","In April 2012,Babar's Travelswasremoved from the shelvesbylibrarystaff inEast Sussexin response to parental complaints for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans.Jean de Brunhoff's son Laurent de Brunhoff was embarrassed by stereotypical Africans andNative AmericansinBabar's Picnicand asked the publisher to withdraw it. A more sympathetic view is expressed in the 2008New Yorkerarticle \"Freeing the Elephants\", in whichAdam Gopnikargues it \"is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans\".He concludes that the satisfaction derived fromBabaris based on the knowledge that \"while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a","It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park\". Books Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated sevenBabarbooks; the series was continued by his son,Laurent de Brunhoff. Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books (1931–1941), and the titles of the English translations, were: Laurent de Brunhoff's books (1948–2017) (selected list): English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the US, individually and in collections. Other English-language titles about Babar include the following: Films and television Bill Melendez Productions: Atkinson Film-Arts: Nelvana Productions: Video games MindscapereleasedBabar and the Royal Coin Caperfor the PC in 2005, Both Babar and Cornelius are voiced by Daniel Davies and Dave Pender. The Danish game companyThe Game FactorypublishedBabar to the Rescuefor the Game Boy Advance in 2006. References External links","Jean de Brunhoff Jean de Brunhoff(French pronunciation:; 9 December 1899 – 16 October 1937) was a French writer andillustratorremembered best for creating theBabarseries of children's books concerning a fictional elephant, the first of which was published in 1931. Early life De Brunhoff was the fourth and youngest child of Maurice de Brunhoff, a publisher, and his wife Marguerite. He attendedProtestantschools, including the prestigiousÉcole Alsacienne.Brunhoff joined the army and was sent to the front whenWorld War Iwas almost over. Afterward, he decided to be a professional artist and studied painting at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumièrein Paris. In 1924, he marriedCécile Sabouraud, a talented pianist, and they had two sons,Laurentand Mathieu, born in 1925 and 1926; a third son,Thierry, was born nine years later. Babar The Babar books began as abedtime storythat Cécile de Brunhoff invented for their children, Mathieu and Laurent, when they were four and five years old, respectively. She was allegedly trying","allegedly trying to comfort Mathieu, who was sick. The boys liked the story of the little elephant who left the jungle for a city resembling Paris so much that they asked their father, a painter, to illustrate it.He made it into a picture book, with text, which was published by a family-owned publishing house,Le Jardin des Modes.Originally, it was planned that the book's title page would describe the story astold by Jean and Cécile de Brunhoff. However, she had her name omitted.Due to the role she played in the genesis of the Babar story, some sources refer to her as the creator of the Babar story. After the first bookHistoire de Babar(The Story of Babar), five more titles followed before Jean de Brunhoff died oftuberculosisat the age of 37.He is buried inPère Lachaise Cemeteryin Paris. After Jean's death, his brother Michel de Brunhoff, who was the editor of the magazineVogue Paris, oversaw the publication in book form of Jean's two last books,Babar and His ChildrenandBabar and Father Christmas, both of","Christmas, both of which had been drawn inblack and whitefor a British newspaper,The Daily Sketch. Michel de Brunhoff arranged for the black and white drawings to be painted in color, with the then-thirteen-year-old Laurent helping with the work.The French publishing houseHachettelater bought the rights to the Babar series.The first six Babar books were reprinted with millions of copies sold around the world. Babar's revival Soon after the end ofWorld War II, Laurent, who had become an artistic painter like his father and had also studied at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumière, began work on a Babar book of his own. Although his style of painting was different from his father's and he emphasized picture more than text in the creation of his books,he trained himself to draw elephants in strict accord with the style of his father. Consequently, many people did not notice any difference in authorship and assumed the six-year gap in the series was because of the war.Laurent has always been careful to emphasize","to emphasize that Babar was his father's creation (and to some extent his mother's) and that he continued the series largely as a way of keeping the memory of his father and his own childhood alive. Death Jean de Brunhoff died fromtuberculosison 16 October 1937, aged 37. Bibliography Further reading References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Babar the Elephant Babar the Elephant(UK:/ˈbæbɑːr/,US:/bəˈbɑːr/;French pronunciation:) is an elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the Frenchchildren's bookHistoire de BabarbyJean de Brunhoff. The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff's wife,Cécile, had invented for their children.It tells of a youngAfrican elephant, named Babar, whose mother is killed by abig game hunter. Babar escapes, and in the process leaves thejungleinexile, visitsParis, and returns to bring the benefits ofcivilizationto his fellow elephants. Just as he returns to his community of elephants, their king tragically dies from eating apoisonous mushroom. Because of his travels and civilization, Babar is chosen king of theelephant kingdom. Hemarries his cousin, Celeste (French:Céleste), and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons. Story synopsis After Babar's mother is shot and killed by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics.He is\",\n \"is befriended by the Old Lady, who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to theElephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom (the illustrations indicate that it is afly agaric), a council of old elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has \\\"lived among men and learnt much\\\", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar iscrownedKing of the Elephants and marries his cousin, Celeste. In Jean de Brunhoff's second Babar book,The Travels of Babar, when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon: ... stormy winds down the balloon on an island, and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale, be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus. And when they escape and return home, what awaits them but war with therhinoceroses. It was sparked when Arthur tied a\",\n \"when Arthur tied a firecracker to the tail ofLord Rataxes. Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides, which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away. After the victory celebrations, the book ends with Babar, Celeste and the Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy. In the third book,Babar the King, Babar founds the city of Celesteville. After manydromedariesare found, they help with building the city. Each elephant citizen is given a job to do. Once the city is built, everyone celebrates. However, problems arise; the Old Lady is bitten by a snake, and Cornelius' home catches fire. Babar has a dream where he is visited by Misfortune and other demons which are chased away by elephant angels representing Courage, Hope, and other virtues. The morning after the hopeful dream, the Old Lady and Cornelius make full recoveries. Among Babar's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are\",\n \"of the series are themonkeyZephir, the old elephantcounsellorCornelius (also later Pompadour who was created for theBabartelevision series), Babar's cousin Arthur, and Babar's children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. A younger daughter, Isabelle, is later introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honored guest. Despite the presence of these counsellors, Babar's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body, and completelyautocratic. However, his leadership style seems to strive for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects—a form ofbenevolent dictatorship. Besides hisWesternizingpolicies, Babar engages in battle with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, inBabar and the Adventures of Badou, Pom grows to become the father of Prince Babar II (known as Badou). History In 1931,Jean de Brunhoffintroduced Babar inHistoire de Babar, and Babar enjoyed immediate success.In 1933,A.A. Milneintroduced an English-language version,The Story of\",\n \"Story of Babar, in Britain and the United States. Before his death in 1937, Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories. His sonLaurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946, beginning withBabar et Le Coquin d'Arthur. Ananimated television series,Babarwas produced in Canada byNelvanaLimited and the Clifford Ross Company, running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991, with 65 episodes. An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films. The first two of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books have inspired two major concert works:L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant(The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant) byFrancis Poulencin 1940; andThe Travels of Babar (Le Voyage de Babar)by Raphael Mostel in 1994.In 2010, a sequel and spin-off,Babar and the Adventures of Badou, was released, introducing new characters, including Badou, Babar's grandson and Pom's son. It takes place several years after the original series. Influence and legacy Babar,\",\n \"and legacy Babar, who likes to wear a bright greensuit, introduces a veryFrench formofWestern civilizationto the elephants, and they soon dress inWesternattire. The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books wasEditions du Jardin des Modes, owned byCondé-Nast. The Babar books were the first Condé-Nast publications not specifically about fashion. AuthorMaurice Sendakdescribed the innovations of Jean de Brunhoff: Like an extravagant piece of poetry, the interplay between few words and many pictures, commonly called the picture book, is a difficult, exquisite, and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered....Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form. Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book. The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the \\\"Babar\\\" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations,\",\n \"span generations, Babar stands along with Disney'sMickey Mouseas one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff'sBabar's Yoga for Elephantsis a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First LadyLaura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of theTV seriesare broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favourite for years at theWhite House Easter Egg Roll. Since 2001, the Babar franchise has been owned byCorus Entertainment'sNelvanain conjunction with the artist,Clifford Ross. Babar made a nameless appearance inThe New Traveller's Almanac(part ofThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemenseries). Babar and his elephants escortMina MurrayandAllan Quatermainthrough the African\",\n \"the African jungle. Mina considers them \\\"civilized and gentle\\\", but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown. In the 1988 comedy filmComing to America, the Joffer royal family have a pet elephant named \\\"Babar\\\". In 1993,de Brunhoff's elephant inspired theBaBar experiment, an international hadron physics collaboration based in theSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryatStanford University. Criticism Herbert R. KohlandVivian Paley,have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories can be seen as a justification forcolonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed byWorld War Iand the books were an exercise innostalgiafor pre-1914 France.Ariel Dorfman'sThe Empire's Old Clothesis another critical view, in which he concludes: \\\"In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory ofneocolonialism\\\". In April\",\n \"In April 2012,Babar's Travelswasremoved from the shelvesbylibrarystaff inEast Sussexin response to parental complaints for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans.Jean de Brunhoff's son Laurent de Brunhoff was embarrassed by stereotypical Africans andNative AmericansinBabar's Picnicand asked the publisher to withdraw it. A more sympathetic view is expressed in the 2008New Yorkerarticle \\\"Freeing the Elephants\\\", in whichAdam Gopnikargues it \\\"is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans\\\".He concludes that the satisfaction derived fromBabaris based on the knowledge that \\\"while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a\",\n \"It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park\\\". Books Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated sevenBabarbooks; the series was continued by his son,Laurent de Brunhoff. Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books (1931–1941), and the titles of the English translations, were: Laurent de Brunhoff's books (1948–2017) (selected list): English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the US, individually and in collections. Other English-language titles about Babar include the following: Films and television Bill Melendez Productions: Atkinson Film-Arts: Nelvana Productions: Video games MindscapereleasedBabar and the Royal Coin Caperfor the PC in 2005, Both Babar and Cornelius are voiced by Daniel Davies and Dave Pender. The Danish game companyThe Game FactorypublishedBabar to the Rescuefor the Game Boy Advance in 2006. References External links\",\n \"Jean de Brunhoff Jean de Brunhoff(French pronunciation:; 9 December 1899 – 16 October 1937) was a French writer andillustratorremembered best for creating theBabarseries of children's books concerning a fictional elephant, the first of which was published in 1931. Early life De Brunhoff was the fourth and youngest child of Maurice de Brunhoff, a publisher, and his wife Marguerite. He attendedProtestantschools, including the prestigiousÉcole Alsacienne.Brunhoff joined the army and was sent to the front whenWorld War Iwas almost over. Afterward, he decided to be a professional artist and studied painting at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumièrein Paris. In 1924, he marriedCécile Sabouraud, a talented pianist, and they had two sons,Laurentand Mathieu, born in 1925 and 1926; a third son,Thierry, was born nine years later. Babar The Babar books began as abedtime storythat Cécile de Brunhoff invented for their children, Mathieu and Laurent, when they were four and five years old, respectively. She was allegedly trying\",\n \"allegedly trying to comfort Mathieu, who was sick. The boys liked the story of the little elephant who left the jungle for a city resembling Paris so much that they asked their father, a painter, to illustrate it.He made it into a picture book, with text, which was published by a family-owned publishing house,Le Jardin des Modes.Originally, it was planned that the book's title page would describe the story astold by Jean and Cécile de Brunhoff. However, she had her name omitted.Due to the role she played in the genesis of the Babar story, some sources refer to her as the creator of the Babar story. After the first bookHistoire de Babar(The Story of Babar), five more titles followed before Jean de Brunhoff died oftuberculosisat the age of 37.He is buried inPère Lachaise Cemeteryin Paris. After Jean's death, his brother Michel de Brunhoff, who was the editor of the magazineVogue Paris, oversaw the publication in book form of Jean's two last books,Babar and His ChildrenandBabar and Father Christmas, both of\",\n \"Christmas, both of which had been drawn inblack and whitefor a British newspaper,The Daily Sketch. Michel de Brunhoff arranged for the black and white drawings to be painted in color, with the then-thirteen-year-old Laurent helping with the work.The French publishing houseHachettelater bought the rights to the Babar series.The first six Babar books were reprinted with millions of copies sold around the world. Babar's revival Soon after the end ofWorld War II, Laurent, who had become an artistic painter like his father and had also studied at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumière, began work on a Babar book of his own. Although his style of painting was different from his father's and he emphasized picture more than text in the creation of his books,he trained himself to draw elephants in strict accord with the style of his father. Consequently, many people did not notice any difference in authorship and assumed the six-year gap in the series was because of the war.Laurent has always been careful to emphasize\",\n \"to emphasize that Babar was his father's creation (and to some extent his mother's) and that he continued the series largely as a way of keeping the memory of his father and his own childhood alive. Death Jean de Brunhoff died fromtuberculosison 16 October 1937, aged 37. Bibliography Further reading References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":297,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who was the MVP in the season that Cam Plante played in the National Hockey League?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"Wayne Gretzky"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Plante"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Plante', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Plante","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Plante\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cam Plante Cam Plante(born March 12, 1964) is a Canadian former professionalice hockeydefenceman. He was drafted in the seventh round, 128th overall, by theToronto Maple Leafsin the1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played two games in theNational Hockey Leaguewith the Maple Leafs in the1984–85 season. Plante holds theWestern Hockey Leaguerecord for points in a season by a defenceman. He scored 140 points as a member of theBrandon Wheat Kingsin the1983–84 WHL season. During 72 games that season he scored 22 goals and had 118 assists. He finished his playing career with theWichita Thunderof the CHL, having returned to North America following four seasons on the United Kingdom. Most of that time was spent with thePeterborough Pirates, but also encompassed short spells with theChelmsford ChieftainsandHumberside Hawks. He is the father of formerFlorida PanthersprospectTyler Planteand formerEdmonton OilersprospectAlex Plante. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Awards References External links This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey defenceman born in the 1960s is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.","1984–85 NHL season The1984–85 NHL seasonwas the68th seasonof theNational Hockey League. TheEdmonton Oilerswon their second straightStanley Cupby beating thePhiladelphia Flyersfour games to one in the final series. League business Entry draft The1984 NHL Entry Draftwas held on June 9, at theMontreal ForuminMontreal,Quebec.Mario Lemieuxwas selected first overall by thePittsburgh Penguins. Ice officials begin wearing helmets RefereeAndy Van Hellemondbecomes the first on ice official in league history to wear a helmet. Soon, several officials would follow his lead and wear helmets before it became mandatory for all officials for the2006–07 season. Teams Regular season The Philadelphia Flyers had the best record in the NHL, four points ahead of second place Edmonton Oilers. Flyers goaltenderPelle Lindberghwent on to become the first European to win theVezina Trophy. Oilers' starWayne Gretzkyonce again won theArt Ross Trophyby reaching the 200 plateau for the third time in four years. He also set a new record for assists in a season with 135 and won his sixth straightHart Memorial Trophy.Mario Lemieuxmade his NHL debut by scoring 100 points and winning theCalder Trophyfor rookie of the year. On October 26, 1984,Paul Coffeyof the Edmonton Oilers would be the last defenceman in the 20th century to score four goals in one game. It occurred in a game versus the Detroit Red Wings. The last two players active in the 1960s,Butch GoringandBrad Park, retired after the playoffs. Goring was the last active, playing his last playoff game three days after Park's last game. Final standings Note:W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes. Teams qualifying for the playoffs shown in bold. Prince of Wales Conference Clarence Campbell Conference Playoffs Bracket The top four teams in each division qualified for the playoffs. In the division semifinals, the fourthseededteam in each division played against the division winner from their division. The other series matched the second and third place teams from the divisions. The two winning teams from each division's semifinals then met in the division finals. The two division winners of each conference then played in the conference finals. The two conference winners then advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals. In the division semifinals, teams competed in abest-of-fiveseries. In the other three rounds, teams competed in abest-of-sevenseries (scores in the bracket indicate the number of games won in each series). Awards Hart Memorial Trophy voting James Norris Memorial Trophy voting Jack Adams Award voting Vezina Trophy voting All-Star teams Player statistics Scoring leaders Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points Source:NHL. Leading goaltenders Note: GP = Games played; W = Won; L = Lost; T = Tied; GA = Goals allowed;GAA= Goals against average; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage Coaches Patrick Division Adams Division Norris Division Smythe Division Milestones Debuts The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1984–85 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs): Last games The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1984–85 (listed with their last team): Note: Goring and Park were the last two players to have played in the NHL in the 1960s. Broadcasting This was the first season in more than a decade thatCBCwas not the lone Canadian national broadcaster. WhileMolsoncontinued to presentHockey Night in Canadaon Saturday nights, rival breweryCarling O'Keefebegan airing Friday night games onCTV. The two networks also split the playoffs and finals.CTV had previously airedHNIC-produced telecasts in the 1960s. This was the third and final season of the league's U.S. national broadcast rights deal withUSA, covering a slate of regular season games and selected playoff games.ESPNthen signed a three-year agreement with the league after bidding about twice as much as USA had been paying.USA would not televise the NHL again until after the network was acquired byNBCUniversalin the early 2000s, airing selected playoff games as part ofNBC Sports' overall NHL coverage between 2015 and 2021. See also References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Cam Plante Cam Plante(born March 12, 1964) is a Canadian former professionalice hockeydefenceman. He was drafted in the seventh round, 128th overall, by theToronto Maple Leafsin the1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played two games in theNational Hockey Leaguewith the Maple Leafs in the1984–85 season. Plante holds theWestern Hockey Leaguerecord for points in a season by a defenceman. He scored 140 points as a member of theBrandon Wheat Kingsin the1983–84 WHL season. During 72 games that season he scored 22 goals and had 118 assists. He finished his playing career with theWichita Thunderof the CHL, having returned to North America following four seasons on the United Kingdom. Most of that time was spent with thePeterborough Pirates, but also encompassed short spells with theChelmsford ChieftainsandHumberside Hawks. He is the father of formerFlorida PanthersprospectTyler Planteand formerEdmonton OilersprospectAlex Plante. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Awards References External links This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey defenceman born in the 1960s is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\",\n \"1984–85 NHL season The1984–85 NHL seasonwas the68th seasonof theNational Hockey League. TheEdmonton Oilerswon their second straightStanley Cupby beating thePhiladelphia Flyersfour games to one in the final series. League business Entry draft The1984 NHL Entry Draftwas held on June 9, at theMontreal ForuminMontreal,Quebec.Mario Lemieuxwas selected first overall by thePittsburgh Penguins. Ice officials begin wearing helmets RefereeAndy Van Hellemondbecomes the first on ice official in league history to wear a helmet. Soon, several officials would follow his lead and wear helmets before it became mandatory for all officials for the2006–07 season. Teams Regular season The Philadelphia Flyers had the best record in the NHL, four points ahead of second place Edmonton Oilers. Flyers goaltenderPelle Lindberghwent on to become the first European to win theVezina Trophy. Oilers' starWayne Gretzkyonce again won theArt Ross Trophyby reaching the 200 plateau for the third time in four years. He also set a new record for assists in a season with 135 and won his sixth straightHart Memorial Trophy.Mario Lemieuxmade his NHL debut by scoring 100 points and winning theCalder Trophyfor rookie of the year. On October 26, 1984,Paul Coffeyof the Edmonton Oilers would be the last defenceman in the 20th century to score four goals in one game. It occurred in a game versus the Detroit Red Wings. The last two players active in the 1960s,Butch GoringandBrad Park, retired after the playoffs. Goring was the last active, playing his last playoff game three days after Park's last game. Final standings Note:W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes. Teams qualifying for the playoffs shown in bold. Prince of Wales Conference Clarence Campbell Conference Playoffs Bracket The top four teams in each division qualified for the playoffs. In the division semifinals, the fourthseededteam in each division played against the division winner from their division. The other series matched the second and third place teams from the divisions. The two winning teams from each division's semifinals then met in the division finals. The two division winners of each conference then played in the conference finals. The two conference winners then advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals. In the division semifinals, teams competed in abest-of-fiveseries. In the other three rounds, teams competed in abest-of-sevenseries (scores in the bracket indicate the number of games won in each series). Awards Hart Memorial Trophy voting James Norris Memorial Trophy voting Jack Adams Award voting Vezina Trophy voting All-Star teams Player statistics Scoring leaders Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points Source:NHL. Leading goaltenders Note: GP = Games played; W = Won; L = Lost; T = Tied; GA = Goals allowed;GAA= Goals against average; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage Coaches Patrick Division Adams Division Norris Division Smythe Division Milestones Debuts The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1984–85 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs): Last games The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1984–85 (listed with their last team): Note: Goring and Park were the last two players to have played in the NHL in the 1960s. Broadcasting This was the first season in more than a decade thatCBCwas not the lone Canadian national broadcaster. WhileMolsoncontinued to presentHockey Night in Canadaon Saturday nights, rival breweryCarling O'Keefebegan airing Friday night games onCTV. The two networks also split the playoffs and finals.CTV had previously airedHNIC-produced telecasts in the 1960s. This was the third and final season of the league's U.S. national broadcast rights deal withUSA, covering a slate of regular season games and selected playoff games.ESPNthen signed a three-year agreement with the league after bidding about twice as much as USA had been paying.USA would not televise the NHL again until after the network was acquired byNBCUniversalin the early 2000s, airing selected playoff games as part ofNBC Sports' overall NHL coverage between 2015 and 2021. See also References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cam Plante Cam Plante(born March 12, 1964) is a Canadian former professionalice hockeydefenceman. He was drafted in the seventh round, 128th overall, by theToronto Maple Leafsin the1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played two games in theNational Hockey Leaguewith the Maple Leafs in the1984–85 season. Plante holds theWestern Hockey Leaguerecord for points in a season by a defenceman. He scored 140 points as a member of theBrandon Wheat Kingsin the1983–84 WHL season. During 72 games that season he scored 22 goals and had 118 assists. He finished his playing career with theWichita Thunderof the CHL, having returned to North America following four seasons on the United Kingdom. Most of that time was spent with thePeterborough Pirates, but also encompassed short spells with theChelmsford ChieftainsandHumberside Hawks. He is the father of formerFlorida PanthersprospectTyler Planteand formerEdmonton OilersprospectAlex Plante. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Awards References External links This biographical","This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey defenceman born in the 1960s is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.","1984–85 NHL season The1984–85 NHL seasonwas the68th seasonof theNational Hockey League. TheEdmonton Oilerswon their second straightStanley Cupby beating thePhiladelphia Flyersfour games to one in the final series. League business Entry draft The1984 NHL Entry Draftwas held on June 9, at theMontreal ForuminMontreal,Quebec.Mario Lemieuxwas selected first overall by thePittsburgh Penguins. Ice officials begin wearing helmets RefereeAndy Van Hellemondbecomes the first on ice official in league history to wear a helmet. Soon, several officials would follow his lead and wear helmets before it became mandatory for all officials for the2006–07 season. Teams Regular season The Philadelphia Flyers had the best record in the NHL, four points ahead of second place Edmonton Oilers. Flyers goaltenderPelle Lindberghwent on to become the first European to win theVezina Trophy. Oilers' starWayne Gretzkyonce again won theArt Ross Trophyby reaching the 200 plateau for the third time in four years. He also set a new record for","a new record for assists in a season with 135 and won his sixth straightHart Memorial Trophy.Mario Lemieuxmade his NHL debut by scoring 100 points and winning theCalder Trophyfor rookie of the year. On October 26, 1984,Paul Coffeyof the Edmonton Oilers would be the last defenceman in the 20th century to score four goals in one game. It occurred in a game versus the Detroit Red Wings. The last two players active in the 1960s,Butch GoringandBrad Park, retired after the playoffs. Goring was the last active, playing his last playoff game three days after Park's last game. Final standings Note:W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes. Teams qualifying for the playoffs shown in bold. Prince of Wales Conference Clarence Campbell Conference Playoffs Bracket The top four teams in each division qualified for the playoffs. In the division semifinals, the fourthseededteam in each division played against the division winner from their division. The","their division. The other series matched the second and third place teams from the divisions. The two winning teams from each division's semifinals then met in the division finals. The two division winners of each conference then played in the conference finals. The two conference winners then advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals. In the division semifinals, teams competed in abest-of-fiveseries. In the other three rounds, teams competed in abest-of-sevenseries (scores in the bracket indicate the number of games won in each series). Awards Hart Memorial Trophy voting James Norris Memorial Trophy voting Jack Adams Award voting Vezina Trophy voting All-Star teams Player statistics Scoring leaders Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points Source:NHL. Leading goaltenders Note: GP = Games played; W = Won; L = Lost; T = Tied; GA = Goals allowed;GAA= Goals against average; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage Coaches Patrick Division Adams Division Norris Division Smythe Division Milestones","Division Milestones Debuts The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1984–85 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs): Last games The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1984–85 (listed with their last team): Note: Goring and Park were the last two players to have played in the NHL in the 1960s. Broadcasting This was the first season in more than a decade thatCBCwas not the lone Canadian national broadcaster. WhileMolsoncontinued to presentHockey Night in Canadaon Saturday nights, rival breweryCarling O'Keefebegan airing Friday night games onCTV. The two networks also split the playoffs and finals.CTV had previously airedHNIC-produced telecasts in the 1960s. This was the third and final season of the league's U.S. national broadcast rights deal withUSA, covering a slate of regular season games and selected playoff games.ESPNthen signed a three-year agreement with the league after bidding about twice as","about twice as much as USA had been paying.USA would not televise the NHL again until after the network was acquired byNBCUniversalin the early 2000s, airing selected playoff games as part ofNBC Sports' overall NHL coverage between 2015 and 2021. See also References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Cam Plante Cam Plante(born March 12, 1964) is a Canadian former professionalice hockeydefenceman. He was drafted in the seventh round, 128th overall, by theToronto Maple Leafsin the1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played two games in theNational Hockey Leaguewith the Maple Leafs in the1984–85 season. Plante holds theWestern Hockey Leaguerecord for points in a season by a defenceman. He scored 140 points as a member of theBrandon Wheat Kingsin the1983–84 WHL season. During 72 games that season he scored 22 goals and had 118 assists. He finished his playing career with theWichita Thunderof the CHL, having returned to North America following four seasons on the United Kingdom. Most of that time was spent with thePeterborough Pirates, but also encompassed short spells with theChelmsford ChieftainsandHumberside Hawks. He is the father of formerFlorida PanthersprospectTyler Planteand formerEdmonton OilersprospectAlex Plante. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Awards References External links This biographical\",\n \"This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey defenceman born in the 1960s is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\",\n \"1984–85 NHL season The1984–85 NHL seasonwas the68th seasonof theNational Hockey League. TheEdmonton Oilerswon their second straightStanley Cupby beating thePhiladelphia Flyersfour games to one in the final series. League business Entry draft The1984 NHL Entry Draftwas held on June 9, at theMontreal ForuminMontreal,Quebec.Mario Lemieuxwas selected first overall by thePittsburgh Penguins. Ice officials begin wearing helmets RefereeAndy Van Hellemondbecomes the first on ice official in league history to wear a helmet. Soon, several officials would follow his lead and wear helmets before it became mandatory for all officials for the2006–07 season. Teams Regular season The Philadelphia Flyers had the best record in the NHL, four points ahead of second place Edmonton Oilers. Flyers goaltenderPelle Lindberghwent on to become the first European to win theVezina Trophy. Oilers' starWayne Gretzkyonce again won theArt Ross Trophyby reaching the 200 plateau for the third time in four years. He also set a new record for\",\n \"a new record for assists in a season with 135 and won his sixth straightHart Memorial Trophy.Mario Lemieuxmade his NHL debut by scoring 100 points and winning theCalder Trophyfor rookie of the year. On October 26, 1984,Paul Coffeyof the Edmonton Oilers would be the last defenceman in the 20th century to score four goals in one game. It occurred in a game versus the Detroit Red Wings. The last two players active in the 1960s,Butch GoringandBrad Park, retired after the playoffs. Goring was the last active, playing his last playoff game three days after Park's last game. Final standings Note:W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes. Teams qualifying for the playoffs shown in bold. Prince of Wales Conference Clarence Campbell Conference Playoffs Bracket The top four teams in each division qualified for the playoffs. In the division semifinals, the fourthseededteam in each division played against the division winner from their division. The\",\n \"their division. The other series matched the second and third place teams from the divisions. The two winning teams from each division's semifinals then met in the division finals. The two division winners of each conference then played in the conference finals. The two conference winners then advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals. In the division semifinals, teams competed in abest-of-fiveseries. In the other three rounds, teams competed in abest-of-sevenseries (scores in the bracket indicate the number of games won in each series). Awards Hart Memorial Trophy voting James Norris Memorial Trophy voting Jack Adams Award voting Vezina Trophy voting All-Star teams Player statistics Scoring leaders Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points Source:NHL. Leading goaltenders Note: GP = Games played; W = Won; L = Lost; T = Tied; GA = Goals allowed;GAA= Goals against average; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage Coaches Patrick Division Adams Division Norris Division Smythe Division Milestones\",\n \"Division Milestones Debuts The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1984–85 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs): Last games The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1984–85 (listed with their last team): Note: Goring and Park were the last two players to have played in the NHL in the 1960s. Broadcasting This was the first season in more than a decade thatCBCwas not the lone Canadian national broadcaster. WhileMolsoncontinued to presentHockey Night in Canadaon Saturday nights, rival breweryCarling O'Keefebegan airing Friday night games onCTV. The two networks also split the playoffs and finals.CTV had previously airedHNIC-produced telecasts in the 1960s. This was the third and final season of the league's U.S. national broadcast rights deal withUSA, covering a slate of regular season games and selected playoff games.ESPNthen signed a three-year agreement with the league after bidding about twice as\",\n \"about twice as much as USA had been paying.USA would not televise the NHL again until after the network was acquired byNBCUniversalin the early 2000s, airing selected playoff games as part ofNBC Sports' overall NHL coverage between 2015 and 2021. See also References External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":298,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Emory Kristof, the photographer who helped find the Titanic's wreckage, shares an alma mater with a co-creator of Seinfeld. How many years separate their births?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"5 years"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Kristof"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park#Notable_alumni"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Post processing | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Kristof', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park#Notable_alumni', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Kristof","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park#Notable_alumni","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Kristof\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park#Notable_alumni\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Emory Kristof Emory Kristof(November 19, 1942 – February 6, 2023) was an American photographer. He was on the expedition that discovered theTitanic.His work has been published inNational Geographic Magazineand elsewhere. Life and career Kristof was born inLaurel, Maryland, on November 19, 1942. Kristof participated in multiple undersea expeditions with Canadian explorersJoseph MacInnisandPhil Nuytten, including the exploration of theBreadalbane, the world's northernmost known shipwreck, and the 1995 expedition to recover the bell from the wreck of theSSEdmund Fitzgerald.Kristof also accompanied MacInnis and Russian explorerAnatoly Sagalevichon a descent 16,400 feet intoKings Troughin the eastern North Atlantic aboard the submersibleMir 1, and on the expedition which made theIMAXfilmTitanica. Kristof served as Supervising Producer of 2003IMAXdocumentary,Volcanoes of the Deep Sea, about the ecosystems surroundinghydrothermal vents. Kristof diedNorthfield, Massachusetts, on February 6, 2023, at the age of 80. Awards References External links This article about an American photographer is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.","University of Maryland, College Park TheUniversity of Maryland, College Park(University of Maryland,UMD, or simplyMaryland) is apublicland-grantresearch universityinCollege Park, Maryland, United States. Founded in 1856, UMD is theflagship institutionof theUniversity System of Maryland. UMD is the largest university in both the state and theWashington metropolitan area. Its 12 schools and colleges offer over 200 degree-granting programs, including 113 undergraduate majors, 107master'sprograms, and 83doctoral programs. UMD is a member of theAssociation of American Universitiesand competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of theBig Ten Conference. The University of Maryland's proximity to Washington, D.C. has resulted in many research partnerships with thefederal government;faculty receive research funding and institutional support from many agencies, such as theNational Institutes of Health,NASA, theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, theFood and Drug Administration, theNational Security Agency, and theDepartment of Homeland Security.It isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\"and has been labeled a \"Public Ivy\".According to theNational Science Foundation, the university spent a combined $1.14 billion on research and development in 2021, ranking it 17th among American universities. History Early history On March 6, 1856, the forerunner of today's University of Maryland was chartered as theMaryland Agricultural College.Two years later,Charles Benedict Calvert(1808–1864), a futureU.S. Representative(Congressman) and descendant of the firstLord Baltimore, purchased 420 acres (1.7 km2) of theRiversdale Mansionestate nearby today'sCollege Park, Maryland.Later that year, Calvert founded the school and was the acting president from 1859 to 1860.On October 5, 1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College.The school became aland grant collegein February 1864. Civil War During theCivil War,Confederatesoldiers under Brigadier GeneralBradley Tyler Johnsonmoved past the college on July 12, 1864, as part of Jubal Early's raid onWashington, D.C.By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres (81 ha) of land, and the continuing decline in enrollment sent the Maryland Agricultural College into bankruptcy. The campus was used as a boys' preparatory school for the next two years. The Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school in 1866. The college thus became, in part, a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students. In 1868, the former Confederate admiralFranklin Buchananwas appointed president of the school. Enrollment grew to 80 at the time of his resignation, and the school soon paid off its debt. In 1873,Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, became president of the college. Twenty years later, the federally-funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. During this same period, state laws granted the college regulatory powers in several areas—including controlling farm disease, inspecting feed, establishing a state weather bureau and geological survey, and housing the forestry board.Morrill Hall(the oldest instructional building still in use on campus) was built the following year. Great Fire of 1912 On November 29, 1912, a fire destroyed student housing, school records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving onlyMorrill Halluntouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two students returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing.A new administration building was not built until the 1940s. 20th century The state took control of the school in 1916 and renamed itMaryland State College. That year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9, 1920, the college became part of the existingUniversity of Maryland, replacingSt. John's College, Annapolisas the university's undergraduate campus.In the same year, the graduate school on the College Park campus awarded its first Ph.D. degrees and the university's enrollment reached 500 students. In 1925 the university was accredited by theAssociation of American Universities. By the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women. Before 1951, many black students in Maryland were enrolled at theUniversity of Maryland, Eastern Shore. In 1957, PresidentWilson H. Elkinspushed to increase the university's academic standards. His efforts resulted in creating one of the first Academic Probation Plans. The first year the plan went into effect, 1,550 students (18% of the total student body) faced expulsion. On October 19, 1957,Queen Elizabeth IIof the United Kingdom attended her first and only college football game at the University of Maryland after expressing interest in seeing a typically American sport during her first tour of the United States. TheMaryland Terrapinsbeat theNorth Carolina Tar Heels21 to 7 in the historical game now referred to as \"The Queen's Game\". Phi Beta Kappaestablished a chapter at The University of Maryland in 1964. In 1969, the university was elected to theAssociation of American Universities. The school continued to grow, and by the fall of 1985 reached an enrollment of 38,679.Like many colleges during theVietnam War, the university was the site of student protests and had curfews enforced by theNational Guard. In a massive restructuring of the state's higher education system in 1988, the school was designated as the flagship campus of the newly formedUniversity of Maryland System(later changed to the University System of Maryland in 1997). It was formally named the University of Maryland, College Park. All five campuses in the former network were designated distinct campuses in the new system. However, in 1997 theMaryland General Assemblypassed legislation allowing the University of Maryland, College Park, to be known simply as the University of Maryland, recognizing the campus' role as the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. In 1994, theNational Archives at College Parkcompleted construction and opened on a parcel of land adjoining the campus donated by the University of Maryland, after lobbying by PresidentWilliam Kirwanand congressional leaders to foster academic collaboration between the institutions. 21st century In 2004, the university began constructing the 150-acre (61 ha) \"M Square Research Park\", which includes facilities affiliated with theU.S. Department of Defense,Food and Drug Administration, and the new National Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, affiliated with TheNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).In May 2010, ground was broken on a new Physical Science Complex, including an advanced quantum science laboratory. The university suffered multipledata breachesin 2014. The first resulted in the compromise of over 300,000 student and faculty records.A second data breach occurred several months later.The second breach was investigated by the FBI and Secret Service and found to be done by David Helkowski.Despite the attribution, no charges were filed. As a result of the data breaches, the university offered free credit protection for five years to the students and faculty affected. In 2017, the university received a record-breaking donation of $219.5 million from theA. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation, ranking among the country's largest philanthropic gifts to a public university.Darryll J. Pinesbecame the 34th president of the university in 2020. Pines was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the university before becoming president. In 2021, the university announced it had raised $1.5 billion in donations since 2018. In April of 2024, UMD students joined othercampuses across the United States in protestsagainst theIsrael–Hamas war. Students called attention to thegenocide in Palestineand for the university todivest from companiesthat support the Hamas-Israel war.Activism continued in next academic year with the placement of small flags in the lawn on McKeldin Mall, representing the more than 150,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza. Campus The center of the university's 1,250 acres (5.1 km2) is McKeldin Mall, which is the largest academic mall in the United States.The Mall is bordered on the east and west byMcKeldin Libraryand the Thomas V. Miller, Jr. Administration Building, respectively. Academic buildings surround McKeldin Mall on the north and south ends. They are the homes to many departments in theCollege of Behavioral and Social Sciences, College of Arts and Humanities, and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. West of McKeldin Mall is the North Hill Community, and south of McKeldin Mall liesMorrill Halland the Morrill Quad, which was the original center of campus. South of the Morrill Quad are the South Hill and South Campus Commons Communities, and the Southwest Mall and theRobert H. Smith School of Businessto the southwest. Running parallel to McKeldin Mall to the north is Campus Drive, the main thoroughfare through campus. Another thoroughfare, Regents Drive, runs perpendicular to the Mall and is home to theMemorial Chapeland the Campus Farms. Regents Drive crosses Campus Drive at the campus hallmark,\"M\" Circle, which is a traffic circle with a large \"M\" formed by flowers in its center.The northeast quadrant of campus, formed by Campus and Regent Drives, is home to many ofnatural sciencesandapplied sciencesdepartments.The Rossborough Inn, which, was built during the years 1798 to 1812, is the oldest building on campus (and is older than the university itself).There are five regularly used entrances to campus; the main entrance, off of Baltimore Avenue and onto Campus Drive, is referred to as North Gate and features the Gatehouse, an ornate gateway honoring the university's founders.The 140-acre (57 ha), 18-holeUniversity of Maryland Golf Coursesits at the northern edge of campus, as doesthe Observatory. The campus contains 7,500 documented trees and garden plantings, leading theAmerican Public Gardens Associationto designate the campus theUniversity of Maryland Arboretum & Botanical Gardenin 2008.There are also nearly 400 acres (1.6 km2) ofurban foreston campusand theArbor Day Foundationhas named the university to its 'Tree Campus USA' list.The recreational Paint Branch Trail, part of theAnacostia Tributary Trailssystem, cuts through campus, as does thePaint Branchstream, a tributary of theNortheast Branch Anacostia River.The university's firstLeed Goldbuilding, Knight Hall, opened in April 2010 as the new home for thePhilip Merrill College of Journalism.In 2021, President Pines pledged that the University of Maryland would achievecarbon neutralitybyEarth Day2025. Academics As of 2023, The University of Maryland ranked #46 in National Universities and #19 in Top Public Schools in the United States.The University of Maryland offers 127 undergraduate degrees and 112 graduate degrees in thirteen colleges and schools: Undergraduate admissions Admission to Maryland is rated \"most selective\" byU.S. News & World Report.For the Class of 2026 (enrolled fall 2022), Maryland received 56,766 applications and accepted 19,451 (34.3%). Of those accepted, 4,742 enrolled, ayield rate(the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24.4%.Maryland's freshmanretention rateis 95.5%, with 88.3% going on to graduate within six years. Of the 34% of the incoming freshman class who submittedSATscores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1340–1490.Of the 9% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submittedACTscores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 30 and 34. The University of Maryland, College Park is a college sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 58 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 69 freshman students wereNational Merit Scholars. In 2020, the university announced it was joining theCommon App. Beginning with the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Maryland uses the application provided by The Coalition for Access, Affordability, and Success. Rankings The university is tied for 46th in the 2024U.S. News & World Reportrankings of \"National Universities\" across the United States, and it is ranked tied for 19th nationally among public universities.TheAcademic Ranking of World Universitiesranked Maryland as 43rd in the world in 2015. The 2017–2018Times Higher Education World University Rankingsplaced Maryland 69th worldwide. The 2016/17QS World University Rankingsranked Maryland 131st worldwide. The university was ranked amongPeace Corps' 25 Top Volunteer-Producing Colleges for the tenth consecutive year in 2020.The University of Maryland is ranked amongTeach for America's Top 20 Colleges and Universities, contributing the greatest number of graduating seniors to its 2017 teaching corps. For the fourth consecutive year in 2015, the university was ranked 1st in the U.S. for the number ofBoren Scholarshiprecipients – with nine students receiving awards for intensive international language study.The university is ranked as a Top Producing Institution ofFulbrightU.S. Students and Scholars for the 2017–2018 academic year by theUnited States Department of State'sBureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In 2017, the University of Maryland was ranked among the top 50 universities in the 2018Best Global Universities RankingsbyU.S. News & World Reportbased on its high academic research performance and global reputation. In 2021, the university was ranked among the top 10 universities inThe Princeton Review's annual survey of the Top Schools for Innovation & Entrepreneurship; this was the sixth consecutive such ranking. Faculty The university's faculty has included fourNobel Prizelaureates. The earliest recipient (1956), wasJuan Ramón Jiménez, a Spanish language and literature professor. Four decades later, physics professorWilliam Daniel Phillipswon a prize in physics for his contributions tolaser cooling. In 2005,Thomas Schellingwas awarded the prize in economics for his contributions togame theory. In 2006,John C. Matherwas awarded the prize in physics alongsideGeorge Smootfor their work in the discovery of blackbody form andanisotropyof thecosmic microwave background radiation. In addition, two University of Maryland alumni are Nobel Prize laureates;Herbert Hauptmanwon the 1985 prize in chemistry, andRaymond Davis Jr.won the 2002 prize in physics. The university has many notable academics. Professor of mathematics,Sergei Novikovwon theFields Medalin 1970, followed by alumnusCharles Feffermanin 1978. AlumnusGeorge Dantzigwon the 1975National Medal of Sciencefor his work in the field of linear programming. Professor of physicsMichael Fisherwon theWolf Prizein 1980 (together withKenneth G. WilsonandLeo Kadanoff) and theIUPAPBoltzmann Medalin 1983.James A. Yorke, a distinguished university professor of mathematics and physics and chair of the mathematics department, won the 2003Japan Prizefor his work inchaotic systems. In 2013, professor of physicsSylvester James Gateswas awarded theNational Medal of Science. Research UMD isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\".In FY 2020, the university spent about 1.103 billion dollars in total R&D expenditures, ranking it 16th in the nation. On October 14, 2004, the university added 150 acres (61 ha) in an attempt to create the largest research park inside the Washington, D.C.Capital Beltway, formerly known as \"M Square\" and now known as the \"Discovery District.\" Many of the faculty members have funding from federal agencies such as theNational Science Foundation, theNational Institutes of Health,NASA,theDepartment of Homeland Security,theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, and theNational Security Agency. TheSpace Systems Laboratoryresearches human-robotic interaction forastronauticsapplications and includes the onlyneutral buoyancyfacility at a university. TheJoint Global Change Research Institutewas formed in 2001 by the University of Maryland and thePacific Northwest National Laboratory. The institute focuses on multidisciplinary approaches to climate change research. TheNational Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism(START) launched in 2005 as one of theCenters of Excellencesupported by theDepartment of Homeland Securityin the United States. START is focused on the scientific study of the causes and consequences of terrorism in the United States and worldwide. Living-learning programs The university hosts \"living-learning\" programs (LLPs) that allow students with similar academic interests to live in the same residential community take specialized courses and perform research in those areas of expertise. These include CIVICUS, focused on politics and community service;HinmanCEOs, an entrepreneurship program;and the Language House, where students learning a shared target language live together.Several LLPs exist under the university's Honors College, with focuses in topics including cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, and life sciences.College Park Scholars is another LLP umbrella that includes programs in the arts, public health, and legal thought, among other things. Student life Residential life There are two main residential areas on campus, North Campus and South Campus, further divided into seven residential communities. North Campus is made up of Cambridge Community (which consists of five residence halls and houses the College Park Scholars program), Denton Community (which consists of four halls), and Ellicott Community (consisting of three halls). The Heritage community, completed in 2022, features two residence halls and a dining hall. South Campus includes the North Hill Community, made up of nineGeorgian-stylehalls and Prince Frederick Hall (which opened in 2014) immediately west ofMcKeldin Mall; South Hill Community, made up of fourteen small residence halls for upper-level students; Leonardtown Community, which offers apartment-style housing; the South Campus Commons Community, which consists of seven apartment-style buildings (the seventh and most recent building being opened in January 2010); and the Courtyards, a garden-style apartment community in north campus consisting of seven buildings. Dining There are three dining halls on campus. In addition,a food court in the Stamp Student Unionprovides manyfast fooddining options for the university community.The dining hall 251 lies in the Denton Community on the northern part of campus.The second northern dining hall, the university's newest dining facility, Yahentamitsi Dining Hall, is the first building on campus named in honor of Indigenous people. The word “Yahentamitsi” means A Place to Go to Eat in the native Algonquian language.The third and final dining hall, South Campus Dining Hall, can be found just south of Mckeldin Library.https://dining.umd.edu/hours-locations/dining-halls Transportation The university is accessible throughthe three airportsin the greaterWashington metropolitan area:Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport,Washington Dulles International Airport, andBaltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport.A small public airport in College Park,College Park Airport, lies nearly adjacent to campus, but operations are limited. This airport is the world's oldest continually operating airportand the site of many significant aviation firsts. A free shuttle service, known asShuttle–UM, is available for UMD students, faculty, staff, and some residents of College Park and Greenbelt.The university is served by an off-campus stop on theWashington Metro'sGreenLinecalledCollege Park – University of Maryland. Other trains and busses stop there. In 2011, the university signed on to the state'sPurple Lineprogram.The Purple Line route will have five stops on and around the university's campus: M Square, the College Park Metro station, the main entrance to the campus on Route 1, near Stamp Student Union on Campus Drive, and on the other edge of campus on Adelphi Road, along with a parallel running bike path. The Diamondback The Diamondbackis an independentstudent newspaper. It was founded in 1910 asThe Triangleand renamed in 1921 in honor of a local reptile, theDiamondback terrapin, which became the school mascot in 1933. The newspaper is published daily during the spring and fall semesters, with a print circulation of 17,000 and annual advertising revenues of over $1 million.Notable journalists who have been with the paper includeDavid SimonofHBO'sThe WireandNBC'sHomicide: Life on the Street, and cartoonistsJeff Kinney, who created theDiary of a Wimpy Kidfiction series and whoseIgdoofstrip appeared inThe Diamondback;Aaron McGruder, who first published his cartoonThe BoondocksinThe Diamondback; andFrank Cho, who began his career with the popularUniversity SquaredforThe Diamondback. Other student activities WMUC-FM(90.5 FM) is the university's non-commercial radio station, staffed by UMD students and volunteers. WMUC is afreeformandsports broadcastingstation broadcast at 10 watts. Its broadcasts can be heard throughout theWashington metropolitan area. Notable WMUC alumni includeConnie Chung,Bonnie Bernstein,Peter Rosenbergand Aaron McGruder. Approximately 16% of men and women in Maryland's undergraduate student body were involved infraternities and sororitiesin 2017. Athletics The university sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 men's and women's sports. The teams, named the \"Terrapins\", represent Maryland inNational Collegiate Athletic AssociationDivision Icompetition. Maryland became a founding member of theAtlantic Coast Conferencein 1952 but left to join theBig Ten Conferenceon July 1, 2014. As of 2017, Maryland's athletic teams have been awarded 44 national championships by the NCAA,USILA,AIAW, andNCA.In 2008 and 2010,The Princeton Reviewnamed the University of Maryland's athletic facilities the best in the nation.The Terrapins nickname (often shortened to \"Terps\") was coined by former university president, football coach, and athletic directorH. C. \"Curly\" Byrdin 1932.The mascot is adiamondback terrapinnamedTestudo, which isLatinfor \"tortoise\".Since the early 20th century, the school athletic colors have been some combination of those on theMaryland state flag: red, white, black, and gold.Maryland is the only NCAA Division I school to have four official school colors. Basketball and football Men's basketballis the most popular sport at the university.Long-time head coachLefty Driesellbegan the now nationwide tradition of \"Midnight Madness\" in 1971.Beginning in 1989, alumnusGary Williamsrevived the program, which was struggling in the wake ofLen Bias's death and NCAA rules infractions. Williams led Maryland basketball to national prominence with twoFinal Fourappearances, and in 2002, anational championship. On February 7, 2006, Williams won his 349th game to surpass Driesell and became Maryland's all-time leader among basketball coaches.Mark Turgeonbecame head coach in 2011. Maryland footballis also popular at the university. Lacrosse Maryland men's lacrosseremains one of the sport's top programs since its beginnings as a squad in 1865.The team most recently won the national championship in2022, completing an undefeated season, the first since Virginia in 2006, and the first to go undefeated across 18 games. The team has won tenUSILAand NCAA national championships since its promotion to varsity status in 1924 and is a regular fixture in theNCAA tournament.TheMaryland women's lacrosseteam has won 15 national championships, the most of any program in the nation.The team has produced the National Player of the Year/Tewaaraton Awardwinner eight times, more than any other collegiate program.The Terrapins have also made the most NCAA tournament appearances, won the most tournament games, and made the most NCAA championship game appearances of any program.They most recently won the NCAA championship in 2019. Soccer Themen's soccer teamhas won fourNCAA Division I College Cupnational championships, most recently in 2018.Under the guidance of head coachSasho Cirovski, the soccer team has reached nine Final Fours and won three College Cups since 1997. The soccer team has developed a large, devoted fan base among students and the local community. The attendance record at Ludwig Field was set in 2015 when 8,449 fans saw Maryland win over top-ranked UCLA in extra time.The annual total attendance increased dramatically from 12,710 in 1995 to 35,631 in 2008. Field hockey TheMaryland field hockeyteam has won a total of eightNCAA national championshipsand 13 conference championships (10 in the ACC and 5 in the Big Ten). Marching band TheMighty Sound of Marylandmarching band attends all home football games and provides pre-game performances.During basketball season, the marching band provides music in the stands. Notable alumni Notable alumni includeHouse Democratic WhipSteny Hoyer;Googleco-founderSergey Brin;The MuppetscreatorJim Henson;The WirecreatorDavid Simon;former NFL QuarterbackNorman \"Boomer\" Esiason;CBShostGayle King; journalistConnie Chung; andSeinfeldco-creator andCurb Your EnthusiasmcreatorLarry David.Prominent alumni in business includeEd Snider, former chairman ofComcast Spectacorand former owner of thePhiladelphia Flyers; journalistJim Walton, former president and CEO ofCNN;Kevin Plank, founder and executive chairman of the athletic apparel companyUnder Armour;Chris Kubasik, former president ofLockheed Martin; andCarly Fiorina, former CEO ofHewlett-Packard. JournalistCarl Bernstein, who won thePulitzer Prize for Public Servicefor his coverage of theWatergate scandal, attended the university but did not graduate. Attendees within the fields of science and mathematics are Nobel laureatesRaymond Davis Jr., 2002 winner in Physics;Herbert Hauptman, 1985 winner in Chemistry, andFields MedalwinnerCharles Fefferman. Other alumni includeGeorge Dantzig, considered the father of linear programming; lateNASAastronautJudith Resnik, who died in the destruction of theSpace Shuttle Challengerduring the launch of missionSTS-51-L; andNASAAdministratorMichael D. Griffin. Several donors have distinguished themselves for their sizable gifts to the university. BusinessmanRobert H. Smith, who graduated from the university in 1950 with a degree in accounting, gave over $45 million to the business school that now bears his name and to the Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, which bears his wife's name.Construction entrepreneurA. James Clark, who graduated with an engineering degree in 1950, donated over $45 million to the college of engineering, which also bears his name.Another engineering donor,Jeong H. Kim, earned his Ph.D. from the university in 1991 and gave $5 million for the construction of a state-of-the-art engineering building.Philip Merrill, a media figure, donated $10 million to the College of Journalism.Robert E. Fischell, physicist, inventor, and holder of more than 200 U.S. and foreign medical patentsdonated $30 million to theA. James Clark School of Engineering,establishing the Fischell Department of Bioengineering.Brendan Iribe, a co-founder ofOculus VR, donated $31 million to the university in 2014 towardsa new computer science buildingand scholarships. See also Explanatory notes References External links","Larry David Lawrence Gene David(born July 2, 1947) is an American comedian, writer, actor, and television producer.He andJerry Seinfeldcreated theNBCtelevisionsitcomSeinfeld, of which David was head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons. He gained further recognition for creating and writing theHBOseriesCurb Your Enthusiasm,in which he also stars as a fictionalized version of himself.David's work onSeinfeldwon him twoPrimetime Emmy Awardsin 1993, forOutstanding Comedy SeriesandOutstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series;he was nominated 17 other times. Formerly a stand-up comedian, David went intotelevision comedy, writing and starring inABC'sFridays, and writing briefly forSaturday Night Live. He has been nominated for 27Primetime Emmy Awardsand threeGolden Globe Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted him the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a 2004 British poll to select \"The Comedian's Comedian\",and he received theWriters Guild of America's Laurel Awardin 2010.He made hisBroadwaydebut writing and starring in the comedic playFish in the Dark(2015). Since 2015 he has made recurring guest appearances onSaturday Night Live, where he impersonates 2016 and 2020U.S. presidential candidateBernie Sanders, who is his sixth cousin once removed. Early life and education David was born on July 2, 1947, in theSheepshead Bayneighborhood ofBrooklyn,New York City. His parents are Rose (née Regina Brandes) and Mortimer Julius \"Morty\" David, a men's clothing manufacturer, and he has an older brother, Ken.David's family isJewish. HisAmerican Jewishfather's familymoved from Germanyto the U.S. during the 19th century, while David's mother was born into aPolish-Jewishfamily inTernopil, now inUkraine, and her mother's family name was Superfein. David graduated fromSheepshead Bay High School, now defunct and operating as Frank J. Macchiarola Educational Complex, in 1965. A sign with his photo is displayed in one of the complex's hallways. He then attended theUniversity of Maryland, College Park, where he was a brother inTau Epsilon Phi.He graduated in 1970 with aBachelor of Artsinhistory.At college, he discovered that he could make people laugh simply by being himself.After college, Davidenlistedin theUnited States Army Reserveand received training as a petroleum storage specialist.To avoid the final year of his six-year enlistment, he paid a psychiatrist to write a letter declaring him unfit for duty. Career 1980–1987: Stand-up andSNL While a stand-up comedian, David also worked as a store clerk, limousine driver, and historian. He lived inManhattan Plaza, a federally subsidized housing complex inManhattan'sHell's Kitchenneighborhood, across the hall fromKenny Kramer, the inspiration for theCosmo Kramercharacter inSeinfeld.From 1980 to 1982, David became a writer and cast member forABC'sFridays, where he worked withMichael Richards, who later played Kramer onSeinfeld. From 1984 to 1985, David was a writer forNBC'sSaturday Night Live(SNL) and metJulia Louis-Dreyfus, who also worked on the show in this period.During his time atSNL, he was able to get only one sketch on the air, which aired at 12:50 am, the show's last time slot.David quit his job atSNLin the first season, only to show up to work two days later acting as though nothing had happened. That event inspired the second-seasonSeinfeldepisode \"The Revenge\".He can be heard hecklingMichael McKeanwhen McKean hostedSNLin 1984, and can be seen in the sketch \"The Run, Throw, and Catch Like a Girl Olympics\" whenHoward Cosellhosted the season finale in 1985.In 1987, David was a writer and performer forWay Off Broadway, a variety talk show onLifetimehosted byJoy Behar. 1989–1998: Breakthrough withSeinfeld In 1989, David teamed up with comedianJerry Seinfeldto create a pilot for NBC calledThe Seinfeld Chronicles, which became the basis forSeinfeld, one of the most successful shows in history,reaching the top ofTV Guide'slist of the 50 greatest TV shows of all time.Entertainment Weeklyranked it the third-best TV show of all time. David made occasional uncredited appearances on the show, playing such roles as Frank Costanza's cape-wearing lawyer and the voice ofGeorge Steinbrenner. He was also the primary inspiration for the show's characterGeorge Costanza.David leftSeinfeldon friendly terms after the show's seventh season and returned two years later to write the series finale in 1998.He also continued to voice Steinbrenner. David wrote 62Seinfeldepisodes, including 1992's \"The Contest\", for which he won aPrimetime Emmy Awardand whichTV Guideranked as episodeNo.1 on its list of \"TV'sTop 100 Episodes of All Time\".He has also been involved in other films and television series. David wrote and directed the 1998 filmSour Grapes, about two cousins who feud over acasinojackpot. It was neither a commercial nor a critical success.He has also appeared in bit roles inWoody Allen'sRadio Days(1987) andNew York Stories(1989). 1999–2024:Curb Your Enthusiasmand acclaim TheHBOcable television channel aired David's one-hour special,Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm, on October 17, 1999.This was followed byCurb Your Enthusiasm, an HBO television series whose first episode aired on October 15, 2000.The show revisits many of the themes ofSeinfeldand is improvised from a story outline only several pages long written by David (and, from the fifth season onward, additional writers). The actors improvise their dialogue based on the outline, direction, and their creativity. David has said that his character in the show, a fictionalized version of himself, is what he would be like in real life if he lacked social awareness and sensitivity.The character's numerous and frequent social faux pas, misunderstandings, and ironic coincidences are the basis of much of the show's comedy and have led to the entry into the American pop culture lexicon of the expression \"Larry David moment\", meaning an inadvertently created socially awkward situation.Curb Your Enthusiasmhas been described as depicting \"the things nobody wants to say, but wish they could\". The show is based on David's life following the fortune he earned fromSeinfeld; semi-retired, he strives to live a fulfilled life.Alongside David is his wife Cheryl (Cheryl Hines), his manager and best friend Jeff (Jeff Garlin), and Jeff's wife Susie (Susie Essman). Celebrities, including comediansRichard Lewis,Wanda Sykes, andBob Einstein, appeared on the show regularly. ActorsTed DansonandMary Steenburgenhave had recurring roles as themselves. The show is critically acclaimed and has been nominated for 30 Primetime Emmy Awards, with one win, as well as a Golden Globe win. In the first six seasons,Julia Louis-DreyfusandJason Alexanderappear in several episodes, andJerry Seinfeldhas a cameo. In season 7, the cast ofSeinfeld, includingMichael Richards, return in a story arc involving David's attempt to organize aSeinfeldreunion special. On June 2, 2010, the series premiered on theTV Guide Network, its network television debut.TV Guide Networkalso produced a series of related discussions with high-profile guest stars, media pundits, and prominent social figures called \"Curb: The Discussion\" debating the moral implications of each episode. David is quoted as saying \"Finally, thanks to the TV Guide Network, I'll get a chance to watch actual, intelligent people discuss and debate the issues addressed on 'Curb'. Now if only someone could tell me where this alleged 'Network' is, I might even watch it.\"The show's 12th and final season premiered in January 2024. David played the leading role inWoody Allen's 2009 comedy filmWhatever WorksalongsideEvan Rachel Wood.He had a cameo appearance on theHBOseriesEntourageas a client ofAri Gold, and because his daughters wereHannah Montanafans, David and his daughters guest-starred as themselves in the episode \"My Best Friend's Boyfriend\", in which they wait for a table at a fancy restaurant.David appeared as a panelist on theNBCseriesThe Marriage Refand also played Sister Mary-Mengele in the 2012 reboot ofThe Three Stooges.He co-wrote and starred in the 2013HBOtelevision filmClear History. David wrote and starred in the Broadway playFish in the Dark. Also appearing wereRita Wilson,Jayne Houdyshell, andRosie Perez. The play centers on the death of a family patriarch. It opened on March 5, 2015.Jason Alexandertook over David's role in July. The play closed in August.As of February 1, 2015, its advance sale of $13.5 million had broken records for a Broadway show. Bernie Sanders Since 2015, David has made multiple guest appearances portraying 2016 and 2020 United States presidential election candidateBernie SandersonSaturday Night Live; he also hosted the show on February 6, 2016, with musical guestThe 1975and a cameo by Sanders himself, and on November 4, 2017, with musical guestMiley Cyrus. In 2017,PBS'sFinding Your Rootsdiscovered through genealogical research that David and Sanders are distantly related. Sanders told David the news. \"I was very happy about that,\" David said, according toVariety. \"I thought there must have been some connection.\" The comedian explained that Sanders is \"a third cousin or something.\"He is in fact David's sixth cousin once removed. On January 8, 2020, David joked onThe Late Show with Stephen Colbert, \"I would say, I would beg him to drop out so I don't have to keep flying in from Los Angeles to doSNL. I thought when he had the heart attack that would be it, I wouldn't have to fly in from Los Angeles. But, you know, he's indestructible. Nothing stops this man!\" He later added, \"If he wins, do you know what that's going to do to my life? Do you have any idea? I mean, it will be great for the country—great for the country, terrible for me.\" Influences David has namedWoody Allen,Mel Brooks,Phil Silvers,Abbott and Costello,Jackie Mason,Alan King,Don Rickles, andMadmagazine as influences. Personal life David lives in thePacific Palisadesneighborhood ofLos Angeles, California. He was married toLaurie Lennardfrom 1993 to 2007.They have two daughters,Cazzie Davidand Romy David.Larry and Laurie became contributing bloggers atThe Huffington Postin 2005.In 2017, David was introduced to producer Ashley Underwood at a birthday party forSacha Baron Cohen. They married in 2020.David's niece is actressJulie Claire, who appears inSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm. David is an atheistand an avid sports fan. A native New Yorker, he supports theNew York Jets,Yankees,KnicksandRangers.David is also a supporter of theDemocratic Party.In 2010, he wrote an article forThe New York Timescriticizing the extension of theBush tax cutsfor the wealthy. He ended the article with a sarcastic thank-you to then-PresidentBarack Obamafor approving the extension. Wealth In 2013,Charlie Roseestimated David'snet worthat around $500 million.Two years later, two other estimates put the number between $400 millionand $900 million.In 2020,National Reviewoffered an estimate of about $400 million. Most of David's wealth originates fromsyndication dealsofSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm, the former having netted $3.1 billion in rerun fees as of 2013.The syndication ofSeinfeldearned David an estimated $250 million in 1998 alone.In 2008, David was reported to have grossed $55 million, mostly fromSeinfeldsyndication and work onCurb Your Enthusiasm. David's net worth was parodied in a 2001 episode ofCurb Your Enthusiasm, \"The Shrimp Incident\", in whichHBOexecutive Allan Wasserman yells at David: \"If you want shrimp, take your $475 million, go buy a shrimp boat.\" In a 2015 interview withCBS, David confirmed that half of his wealth was eroded by his 2007 divorce in thecommunity property stateof California.\"I have a lot of money\", he said, adding that the \"figures out there are crazy\". Legal issue David was among several celebrities who appeared in a commercial for cryptocurrency exchangeFTXthat aired duringSuper Bowl LVI.In November 2022,FTX filed for bankruptcy, and David, alongside other spokespeople, was sued in aclass-action lawsuit.In February 2022, theU.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appealsruled in a lawsuit againstBitconnectthat theSecurities Act of 1933extends totargeted solicitationusingsocial media. Filmography Film Television Theater Written works Awards and nominations David has received numerous awards, including twoEmmy Awards, threeProducers Guild of America Awards, and threeWriters Guild of America Awards. He has been nominated for threeGolden Globe Awardsand sixScreen Actors Guild Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted David the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a poll to selectThe Comedian's Comedian. Notes References Further reading External links"],"string":"[\n \"Emory Kristof Emory Kristof(November 19, 1942 – February 6, 2023) was an American photographer. He was on the expedition that discovered theTitanic.His work has been published inNational Geographic Magazineand elsewhere. Life and career Kristof was born inLaurel, Maryland, on November 19, 1942. Kristof participated in multiple undersea expeditions with Canadian explorersJoseph MacInnisandPhil Nuytten, including the exploration of theBreadalbane, the world's northernmost known shipwreck, and the 1995 expedition to recover the bell from the wreck of theSSEdmund Fitzgerald.Kristof also accompanied MacInnis and Russian explorerAnatoly Sagalevichon a descent 16,400 feet intoKings Troughin the eastern North Atlantic aboard the submersibleMir 1, and on the expedition which made theIMAXfilmTitanica. Kristof served as Supervising Producer of 2003IMAXdocumentary,Volcanoes of the Deep Sea, about the ecosystems surroundinghydrothermal vents. Kristof diedNorthfield, Massachusetts, on February 6, 2023, at the age of 80. Awards References External links This article about an American photographer is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\",\n \"University of Maryland, College Park TheUniversity of Maryland, College Park(University of Maryland,UMD, or simplyMaryland) is apublicland-grantresearch universityinCollege Park, Maryland, United States. Founded in 1856, UMD is theflagship institutionof theUniversity System of Maryland. UMD is the largest university in both the state and theWashington metropolitan area. Its 12 schools and colleges offer over 200 degree-granting programs, including 113 undergraduate majors, 107master'sprograms, and 83doctoral programs. UMD is a member of theAssociation of American Universitiesand competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of theBig Ten Conference. The University of Maryland's proximity to Washington, D.C. has resulted in many research partnerships with thefederal government;faculty receive research funding and institutional support from many agencies, such as theNational Institutes of Health,NASA, theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, theFood and Drug Administration, theNational Security Agency, and theDepartment of Homeland Security.It isclassifiedamong \\\"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\\\"and has been labeled a \\\"Public Ivy\\\".According to theNational Science Foundation, the university spent a combined $1.14 billion on research and development in 2021, ranking it 17th among American universities. History Early history On March 6, 1856, the forerunner of today's University of Maryland was chartered as theMaryland Agricultural College.Two years later,Charles Benedict Calvert(1808–1864), a futureU.S. Representative(Congressman) and descendant of the firstLord Baltimore, purchased 420 acres (1.7 km2) of theRiversdale Mansionestate nearby today'sCollege Park, Maryland.Later that year, Calvert founded the school and was the acting president from 1859 to 1860.On October 5, 1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College.The school became aland grant collegein February 1864. Civil War During theCivil War,Confederatesoldiers under Brigadier GeneralBradley Tyler Johnsonmoved past the college on July 12, 1864, as part of Jubal Early's raid onWashington, D.C.By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres (81 ha) of land, and the continuing decline in enrollment sent the Maryland Agricultural College into bankruptcy. The campus was used as a boys' preparatory school for the next two years. The Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school in 1866. The college thus became, in part, a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students. In 1868, the former Confederate admiralFranklin Buchananwas appointed president of the school. Enrollment grew to 80 at the time of his resignation, and the school soon paid off its debt. In 1873,Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, became president of the college. Twenty years later, the federally-funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. During this same period, state laws granted the college regulatory powers in several areas—including controlling farm disease, inspecting feed, establishing a state weather bureau and geological survey, and housing the forestry board.Morrill Hall(the oldest instructional building still in use on campus) was built the following year. Great Fire of 1912 On November 29, 1912, a fire destroyed student housing, school records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving onlyMorrill Halluntouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two students returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing.A new administration building was not built until the 1940s. 20th century The state took control of the school in 1916 and renamed itMaryland State College. That year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9, 1920, the college became part of the existingUniversity of Maryland, replacingSt. John's College, Annapolisas the university's undergraduate campus.In the same year, the graduate school on the College Park campus awarded its first Ph.D. degrees and the university's enrollment reached 500 students. In 1925 the university was accredited by theAssociation of American Universities. By the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women. Before 1951, many black students in Maryland were enrolled at theUniversity of Maryland, Eastern Shore. In 1957, PresidentWilson H. Elkinspushed to increase the university's academic standards. His efforts resulted in creating one of the first Academic Probation Plans. The first year the plan went into effect, 1,550 students (18% of the total student body) faced expulsion. On October 19, 1957,Queen Elizabeth IIof the United Kingdom attended her first and only college football game at the University of Maryland after expressing interest in seeing a typically American sport during her first tour of the United States. TheMaryland Terrapinsbeat theNorth Carolina Tar Heels21 to 7 in the historical game now referred to as \\\"The Queen's Game\\\". Phi Beta Kappaestablished a chapter at The University of Maryland in 1964. In 1969, the university was elected to theAssociation of American Universities. The school continued to grow, and by the fall of 1985 reached an enrollment of 38,679.Like many colleges during theVietnam War, the university was the site of student protests and had curfews enforced by theNational Guard. In a massive restructuring of the state's higher education system in 1988, the school was designated as the flagship campus of the newly formedUniversity of Maryland System(later changed to the University System of Maryland in 1997). It was formally named the University of Maryland, College Park. All five campuses in the former network were designated distinct campuses in the new system. However, in 1997 theMaryland General Assemblypassed legislation allowing the University of Maryland, College Park, to be known simply as the University of Maryland, recognizing the campus' role as the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. In 1994, theNational Archives at College Parkcompleted construction and opened on a parcel of land adjoining the campus donated by the University of Maryland, after lobbying by PresidentWilliam Kirwanand congressional leaders to foster academic collaboration between the institutions. 21st century In 2004, the university began constructing the 150-acre (61 ha) \\\"M Square Research Park\\\", which includes facilities affiliated with theU.S. Department of Defense,Food and Drug Administration, and the new National Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, affiliated with TheNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).In May 2010, ground was broken on a new Physical Science Complex, including an advanced quantum science laboratory. The university suffered multipledata breachesin 2014. The first resulted in the compromise of over 300,000 student and faculty records.A second data breach occurred several months later.The second breach was investigated by the FBI and Secret Service and found to be done by David Helkowski.Despite the attribution, no charges were filed. As a result of the data breaches, the university offered free credit protection for five years to the students and faculty affected. In 2017, the university received a record-breaking donation of $219.5 million from theA. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation, ranking among the country's largest philanthropic gifts to a public university.Darryll J. Pinesbecame the 34th president of the university in 2020. Pines was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the university before becoming president. In 2021, the university announced it had raised $1.5 billion in donations since 2018. In April of 2024, UMD students joined othercampuses across the United States in protestsagainst theIsrael–Hamas war. Students called attention to thegenocide in Palestineand for the university todivest from companiesthat support the Hamas-Israel war.Activism continued in next academic year with the placement of small flags in the lawn on McKeldin Mall, representing the more than 150,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza. Campus The center of the university's 1,250 acres (5.1 km2) is McKeldin Mall, which is the largest academic mall in the United States.The Mall is bordered on the east and west byMcKeldin Libraryand the Thomas V. Miller, Jr. Administration Building, respectively. Academic buildings surround McKeldin Mall on the north and south ends. They are the homes to many departments in theCollege of Behavioral and Social Sciences, College of Arts and Humanities, and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. West of McKeldin Mall is the North Hill Community, and south of McKeldin Mall liesMorrill Halland the Morrill Quad, which was the original center of campus. South of the Morrill Quad are the South Hill and South Campus Commons Communities, and the Southwest Mall and theRobert H. Smith School of Businessto the southwest. Running parallel to McKeldin Mall to the north is Campus Drive, the main thoroughfare through campus. Another thoroughfare, Regents Drive, runs perpendicular to the Mall and is home to theMemorial Chapeland the Campus Farms. Regents Drive crosses Campus Drive at the campus hallmark,\\\"M\\\" Circle, which is a traffic circle with a large \\\"M\\\" formed by flowers in its center.The northeast quadrant of campus, formed by Campus and Regent Drives, is home to many ofnatural sciencesandapplied sciencesdepartments.The Rossborough Inn, which, was built during the years 1798 to 1812, is the oldest building on campus (and is older than the university itself).There are five regularly used entrances to campus; the main entrance, off of Baltimore Avenue and onto Campus Drive, is referred to as North Gate and features the Gatehouse, an ornate gateway honoring the university's founders.The 140-acre (57 ha), 18-holeUniversity of Maryland Golf Coursesits at the northern edge of campus, as doesthe Observatory. The campus contains 7,500 documented trees and garden plantings, leading theAmerican Public Gardens Associationto designate the campus theUniversity of Maryland Arboretum & Botanical Gardenin 2008.There are also nearly 400 acres (1.6 km2) ofurban foreston campusand theArbor Day Foundationhas named the university to its 'Tree Campus USA' list.The recreational Paint Branch Trail, part of theAnacostia Tributary Trailssystem, cuts through campus, as does thePaint Branchstream, a tributary of theNortheast Branch Anacostia River.The university's firstLeed Goldbuilding, Knight Hall, opened in April 2010 as the new home for thePhilip Merrill College of Journalism.In 2021, President Pines pledged that the University of Maryland would achievecarbon neutralitybyEarth Day2025. Academics As of 2023, The University of Maryland ranked #46 in National Universities and #19 in Top Public Schools in the United States.The University of Maryland offers 127 undergraduate degrees and 112 graduate degrees in thirteen colleges and schools: Undergraduate admissions Admission to Maryland is rated \\\"most selective\\\" byU.S. News & World Report.For the Class of 2026 (enrolled fall 2022), Maryland received 56,766 applications and accepted 19,451 (34.3%). Of those accepted, 4,742 enrolled, ayield rate(the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24.4%.Maryland's freshmanretention rateis 95.5%, with 88.3% going on to graduate within six years. Of the 34% of the incoming freshman class who submittedSATscores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1340–1490.Of the 9% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submittedACTscores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 30 and 34. The University of Maryland, College Park is a college sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 58 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 69 freshman students wereNational Merit Scholars. In 2020, the university announced it was joining theCommon App. Beginning with the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Maryland uses the application provided by The Coalition for Access, Affordability, and Success. Rankings The university is tied for 46th in the 2024U.S. News & World Reportrankings of \\\"National Universities\\\" across the United States, and it is ranked tied for 19th nationally among public universities.TheAcademic Ranking of World Universitiesranked Maryland as 43rd in the world in 2015. The 2017–2018Times Higher Education World University Rankingsplaced Maryland 69th worldwide. The 2016/17QS World University Rankingsranked Maryland 131st worldwide. The university was ranked amongPeace Corps' 25 Top Volunteer-Producing Colleges for the tenth consecutive year in 2020.The University of Maryland is ranked amongTeach for America's Top 20 Colleges and Universities, contributing the greatest number of graduating seniors to its 2017 teaching corps. For the fourth consecutive year in 2015, the university was ranked 1st in the U.S. for the number ofBoren Scholarshiprecipients – with nine students receiving awards for intensive international language study.The university is ranked as a Top Producing Institution ofFulbrightU.S. Students and Scholars for the 2017–2018 academic year by theUnited States Department of State'sBureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In 2017, the University of Maryland was ranked among the top 50 universities in the 2018Best Global Universities RankingsbyU.S. News & World Reportbased on its high academic research performance and global reputation. In 2021, the university was ranked among the top 10 universities inThe Princeton Review's annual survey of the Top Schools for Innovation & Entrepreneurship; this was the sixth consecutive such ranking. Faculty The university's faculty has included fourNobel Prizelaureates. The earliest recipient (1956), wasJuan Ramón Jiménez, a Spanish language and literature professor. Four decades later, physics professorWilliam Daniel Phillipswon a prize in physics for his contributions tolaser cooling. In 2005,Thomas Schellingwas awarded the prize in economics for his contributions togame theory. In 2006,John C. Matherwas awarded the prize in physics alongsideGeorge Smootfor their work in the discovery of blackbody form andanisotropyof thecosmic microwave background radiation. In addition, two University of Maryland alumni are Nobel Prize laureates;Herbert Hauptmanwon the 1985 prize in chemistry, andRaymond Davis Jr.won the 2002 prize in physics. The university has many notable academics. Professor of mathematics,Sergei Novikovwon theFields Medalin 1970, followed by alumnusCharles Feffermanin 1978. AlumnusGeorge Dantzigwon the 1975National Medal of Sciencefor his work in the field of linear programming. Professor of physicsMichael Fisherwon theWolf Prizein 1980 (together withKenneth G. WilsonandLeo Kadanoff) and theIUPAPBoltzmann Medalin 1983.James A. Yorke, a distinguished university professor of mathematics and physics and chair of the mathematics department, won the 2003Japan Prizefor his work inchaotic systems. In 2013, professor of physicsSylvester James Gateswas awarded theNational Medal of Science. Research UMD isclassifiedamong \\\"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\\\".In FY 2020, the university spent about 1.103 billion dollars in total R&D expenditures, ranking it 16th in the nation. On October 14, 2004, the university added 150 acres (61 ha) in an attempt to create the largest research park inside the Washington, D.C.Capital Beltway, formerly known as \\\"M Square\\\" and now known as the \\\"Discovery District.\\\" Many of the faculty members have funding from federal agencies such as theNational Science Foundation, theNational Institutes of Health,NASA,theDepartment of Homeland Security,theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, and theNational Security Agency. TheSpace Systems Laboratoryresearches human-robotic interaction forastronauticsapplications and includes the onlyneutral buoyancyfacility at a university. TheJoint Global Change Research Institutewas formed in 2001 by the University of Maryland and thePacific Northwest National Laboratory. The institute focuses on multidisciplinary approaches to climate change research. TheNational Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism(START) launched in 2005 as one of theCenters of Excellencesupported by theDepartment of Homeland Securityin the United States. START is focused on the scientific study of the causes and consequences of terrorism in the United States and worldwide. Living-learning programs The university hosts \\\"living-learning\\\" programs (LLPs) that allow students with similar academic interests to live in the same residential community take specialized courses and perform research in those areas of expertise. These include CIVICUS, focused on politics and community service;HinmanCEOs, an entrepreneurship program;and the Language House, where students learning a shared target language live together.Several LLPs exist under the university's Honors College, with focuses in topics including cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, and life sciences.College Park Scholars is another LLP umbrella that includes programs in the arts, public health, and legal thought, among other things. Student life Residential life There are two main residential areas on campus, North Campus and South Campus, further divided into seven residential communities. North Campus is made up of Cambridge Community (which consists of five residence halls and houses the College Park Scholars program), Denton Community (which consists of four halls), and Ellicott Community (consisting of three halls). The Heritage community, completed in 2022, features two residence halls and a dining hall. South Campus includes the North Hill Community, made up of nineGeorgian-stylehalls and Prince Frederick Hall (which opened in 2014) immediately west ofMcKeldin Mall; South Hill Community, made up of fourteen small residence halls for upper-level students; Leonardtown Community, which offers apartment-style housing; the South Campus Commons Community, which consists of seven apartment-style buildings (the seventh and most recent building being opened in January 2010); and the Courtyards, a garden-style apartment community in north campus consisting of seven buildings. Dining There are three dining halls on campus. In addition,a food court in the Stamp Student Unionprovides manyfast fooddining options for the university community.The dining hall 251 lies in the Denton Community on the northern part of campus.The second northern dining hall, the university's newest dining facility, Yahentamitsi Dining Hall, is the first building on campus named in honor of Indigenous people. The word “Yahentamitsi” means A Place to Go to Eat in the native Algonquian language.The third and final dining hall, South Campus Dining Hall, can be found just south of Mckeldin Library.https://dining.umd.edu/hours-locations/dining-halls Transportation The university is accessible throughthe three airportsin the greaterWashington metropolitan area:Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport,Washington Dulles International Airport, andBaltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport.A small public airport in College Park,College Park Airport, lies nearly adjacent to campus, but operations are limited. This airport is the world's oldest continually operating airportand the site of many significant aviation firsts. A free shuttle service, known asShuttle–UM, is available for UMD students, faculty, staff, and some residents of College Park and Greenbelt.The university is served by an off-campus stop on theWashington Metro'sGreenLinecalledCollege Park – University of Maryland. Other trains and busses stop there. In 2011, the university signed on to the state'sPurple Lineprogram.The Purple Line route will have five stops on and around the university's campus: M Square, the College Park Metro station, the main entrance to the campus on Route 1, near Stamp Student Union on Campus Drive, and on the other edge of campus on Adelphi Road, along with a parallel running bike path. The Diamondback The Diamondbackis an independentstudent newspaper. It was founded in 1910 asThe Triangleand renamed in 1921 in honor of a local reptile, theDiamondback terrapin, which became the school mascot in 1933. The newspaper is published daily during the spring and fall semesters, with a print circulation of 17,000 and annual advertising revenues of over $1 million.Notable journalists who have been with the paper includeDavid SimonofHBO'sThe WireandNBC'sHomicide: Life on the Street, and cartoonistsJeff Kinney, who created theDiary of a Wimpy Kidfiction series and whoseIgdoofstrip appeared inThe Diamondback;Aaron McGruder, who first published his cartoonThe BoondocksinThe Diamondback; andFrank Cho, who began his career with the popularUniversity SquaredforThe Diamondback. Other student activities WMUC-FM(90.5 FM) is the university's non-commercial radio station, staffed by UMD students and volunteers. WMUC is afreeformandsports broadcastingstation broadcast at 10 watts. Its broadcasts can be heard throughout theWashington metropolitan area. Notable WMUC alumni includeConnie Chung,Bonnie Bernstein,Peter Rosenbergand Aaron McGruder. Approximately 16% of men and women in Maryland's undergraduate student body were involved infraternities and sororitiesin 2017. Athletics The university sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 men's and women's sports. The teams, named the \\\"Terrapins\\\", represent Maryland inNational Collegiate Athletic AssociationDivision Icompetition. Maryland became a founding member of theAtlantic Coast Conferencein 1952 but left to join theBig Ten Conferenceon July 1, 2014. As of 2017, Maryland's athletic teams have been awarded 44 national championships by the NCAA,USILA,AIAW, andNCA.In 2008 and 2010,The Princeton Reviewnamed the University of Maryland's athletic facilities the best in the nation.The Terrapins nickname (often shortened to \\\"Terps\\\") was coined by former university president, football coach, and athletic directorH. C. \\\"Curly\\\" Byrdin 1932.The mascot is adiamondback terrapinnamedTestudo, which isLatinfor \\\"tortoise\\\".Since the early 20th century, the school athletic colors have been some combination of those on theMaryland state flag: red, white, black, and gold.Maryland is the only NCAA Division I school to have four official school colors. Basketball and football Men's basketballis the most popular sport at the university.Long-time head coachLefty Driesellbegan the now nationwide tradition of \\\"Midnight Madness\\\" in 1971.Beginning in 1989, alumnusGary Williamsrevived the program, which was struggling in the wake ofLen Bias's death and NCAA rules infractions. Williams led Maryland basketball to national prominence with twoFinal Fourappearances, and in 2002, anational championship. On February 7, 2006, Williams won his 349th game to surpass Driesell and became Maryland's all-time leader among basketball coaches.Mark Turgeonbecame head coach in 2011. Maryland footballis also popular at the university. Lacrosse Maryland men's lacrosseremains one of the sport's top programs since its beginnings as a squad in 1865.The team most recently won the national championship in2022, completing an undefeated season, the first since Virginia in 2006, and the first to go undefeated across 18 games. The team has won tenUSILAand NCAA national championships since its promotion to varsity status in 1924 and is a regular fixture in theNCAA tournament.TheMaryland women's lacrosseteam has won 15 national championships, the most of any program in the nation.The team has produced the National Player of the Year/Tewaaraton Awardwinner eight times, more than any other collegiate program.The Terrapins have also made the most NCAA tournament appearances, won the most tournament games, and made the most NCAA championship game appearances of any program.They most recently won the NCAA championship in 2019. Soccer Themen's soccer teamhas won fourNCAA Division I College Cupnational championships, most recently in 2018.Under the guidance of head coachSasho Cirovski, the soccer team has reached nine Final Fours and won three College Cups since 1997. The soccer team has developed a large, devoted fan base among students and the local community. The attendance record at Ludwig Field was set in 2015 when 8,449 fans saw Maryland win over top-ranked UCLA in extra time.The annual total attendance increased dramatically from 12,710 in 1995 to 35,631 in 2008. Field hockey TheMaryland field hockeyteam has won a total of eightNCAA national championshipsand 13 conference championships (10 in the ACC and 5 in the Big Ten). Marching band TheMighty Sound of Marylandmarching band attends all home football games and provides pre-game performances.During basketball season, the marching band provides music in the stands. Notable alumni Notable alumni includeHouse Democratic WhipSteny Hoyer;Googleco-founderSergey Brin;The MuppetscreatorJim Henson;The WirecreatorDavid Simon;former NFL QuarterbackNorman \\\"Boomer\\\" Esiason;CBShostGayle King; journalistConnie Chung; andSeinfeldco-creator andCurb Your EnthusiasmcreatorLarry David.Prominent alumni in business includeEd Snider, former chairman ofComcast Spectacorand former owner of thePhiladelphia Flyers; journalistJim Walton, former president and CEO ofCNN;Kevin Plank, founder and executive chairman of the athletic apparel companyUnder Armour;Chris Kubasik, former president ofLockheed Martin; andCarly Fiorina, former CEO ofHewlett-Packard. JournalistCarl Bernstein, who won thePulitzer Prize for Public Servicefor his coverage of theWatergate scandal, attended the university but did not graduate. Attendees within the fields of science and mathematics are Nobel laureatesRaymond Davis Jr., 2002 winner in Physics;Herbert Hauptman, 1985 winner in Chemistry, andFields MedalwinnerCharles Fefferman. Other alumni includeGeorge Dantzig, considered the father of linear programming; lateNASAastronautJudith Resnik, who died in the destruction of theSpace Shuttle Challengerduring the launch of missionSTS-51-L; andNASAAdministratorMichael D. Griffin. Several donors have distinguished themselves for their sizable gifts to the university. BusinessmanRobert H. Smith, who graduated from the university in 1950 with a degree in accounting, gave over $45 million to the business school that now bears his name and to the Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, which bears his wife's name.Construction entrepreneurA. James Clark, who graduated with an engineering degree in 1950, donated over $45 million to the college of engineering, which also bears his name.Another engineering donor,Jeong H. Kim, earned his Ph.D. from the university in 1991 and gave $5 million for the construction of a state-of-the-art engineering building.Philip Merrill, a media figure, donated $10 million to the College of Journalism.Robert E. Fischell, physicist, inventor, and holder of more than 200 U.S. and foreign medical patentsdonated $30 million to theA. James Clark School of Engineering,establishing the Fischell Department of Bioengineering.Brendan Iribe, a co-founder ofOculus VR, donated $31 million to the university in 2014 towardsa new computer science buildingand scholarships. See also Explanatory notes References External links\",\n \"Larry David Lawrence Gene David(born July 2, 1947) is an American comedian, writer, actor, and television producer.He andJerry Seinfeldcreated theNBCtelevisionsitcomSeinfeld, of which David was head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons. He gained further recognition for creating and writing theHBOseriesCurb Your Enthusiasm,in which he also stars as a fictionalized version of himself.David's work onSeinfeldwon him twoPrimetime Emmy Awardsin 1993, forOutstanding Comedy SeriesandOutstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series;he was nominated 17 other times. Formerly a stand-up comedian, David went intotelevision comedy, writing and starring inABC'sFridays, and writing briefly forSaturday Night Live. He has been nominated for 27Primetime Emmy Awardsand threeGolden Globe Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted him the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a 2004 British poll to select \\\"The Comedian's Comedian\\\",and he received theWriters Guild of America's Laurel Awardin 2010.He made hisBroadwaydebut writing and starring in the comedic playFish in the Dark(2015). Since 2015 he has made recurring guest appearances onSaturday Night Live, where he impersonates 2016 and 2020U.S. presidential candidateBernie Sanders, who is his sixth cousin once removed. Early life and education David was born on July 2, 1947, in theSheepshead Bayneighborhood ofBrooklyn,New York City. His parents are Rose (née Regina Brandes) and Mortimer Julius \\\"Morty\\\" David, a men's clothing manufacturer, and he has an older brother, Ken.David's family isJewish. HisAmerican Jewishfather's familymoved from Germanyto the U.S. during the 19th century, while David's mother was born into aPolish-Jewishfamily inTernopil, now inUkraine, and her mother's family name was Superfein. David graduated fromSheepshead Bay High School, now defunct and operating as Frank J. Macchiarola Educational Complex, in 1965. A sign with his photo is displayed in one of the complex's hallways. He then attended theUniversity of Maryland, College Park, where he was a brother inTau Epsilon Phi.He graduated in 1970 with aBachelor of Artsinhistory.At college, he discovered that he could make people laugh simply by being himself.After college, Davidenlistedin theUnited States Army Reserveand received training as a petroleum storage specialist.To avoid the final year of his six-year enlistment, he paid a psychiatrist to write a letter declaring him unfit for duty. Career 1980–1987: Stand-up andSNL While a stand-up comedian, David also worked as a store clerk, limousine driver, and historian. He lived inManhattan Plaza, a federally subsidized housing complex inManhattan'sHell's Kitchenneighborhood, across the hall fromKenny Kramer, the inspiration for theCosmo Kramercharacter inSeinfeld.From 1980 to 1982, David became a writer and cast member forABC'sFridays, where he worked withMichael Richards, who later played Kramer onSeinfeld. From 1984 to 1985, David was a writer forNBC'sSaturday Night Live(SNL) and metJulia Louis-Dreyfus, who also worked on the show in this period.During his time atSNL, he was able to get only one sketch on the air, which aired at 12:50 am, the show's last time slot.David quit his job atSNLin the first season, only to show up to work two days later acting as though nothing had happened. That event inspired the second-seasonSeinfeldepisode \\\"The Revenge\\\".He can be heard hecklingMichael McKeanwhen McKean hostedSNLin 1984, and can be seen in the sketch \\\"The Run, Throw, and Catch Like a Girl Olympics\\\" whenHoward Cosellhosted the season finale in 1985.In 1987, David was a writer and performer forWay Off Broadway, a variety talk show onLifetimehosted byJoy Behar. 1989–1998: Breakthrough withSeinfeld In 1989, David teamed up with comedianJerry Seinfeldto create a pilot for NBC calledThe Seinfeld Chronicles, which became the basis forSeinfeld, one of the most successful shows in history,reaching the top ofTV Guide'slist of the 50 greatest TV shows of all time.Entertainment Weeklyranked it the third-best TV show of all time. David made occasional uncredited appearances on the show, playing such roles as Frank Costanza's cape-wearing lawyer and the voice ofGeorge Steinbrenner. He was also the primary inspiration for the show's characterGeorge Costanza.David leftSeinfeldon friendly terms after the show's seventh season and returned two years later to write the series finale in 1998.He also continued to voice Steinbrenner. David wrote 62Seinfeldepisodes, including 1992's \\\"The Contest\\\", for which he won aPrimetime Emmy Awardand whichTV Guideranked as episodeNo.1 on its list of \\\"TV'sTop 100 Episodes of All Time\\\".He has also been involved in other films and television series. David wrote and directed the 1998 filmSour Grapes, about two cousins who feud over acasinojackpot. It was neither a commercial nor a critical success.He has also appeared in bit roles inWoody Allen'sRadio Days(1987) andNew York Stories(1989). 1999–2024:Curb Your Enthusiasmand acclaim TheHBOcable television channel aired David's one-hour special,Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm, on October 17, 1999.This was followed byCurb Your Enthusiasm, an HBO television series whose first episode aired on October 15, 2000.The show revisits many of the themes ofSeinfeldand is improvised from a story outline only several pages long written by David (and, from the fifth season onward, additional writers). The actors improvise their dialogue based on the outline, direction, and their creativity. David has said that his character in the show, a fictionalized version of himself, is what he would be like in real life if he lacked social awareness and sensitivity.The character's numerous and frequent social faux pas, misunderstandings, and ironic coincidences are the basis of much of the show's comedy and have led to the entry into the American pop culture lexicon of the expression \\\"Larry David moment\\\", meaning an inadvertently created socially awkward situation.Curb Your Enthusiasmhas been described as depicting \\\"the things nobody wants to say, but wish they could\\\". The show is based on David's life following the fortune he earned fromSeinfeld; semi-retired, he strives to live a fulfilled life.Alongside David is his wife Cheryl (Cheryl Hines), his manager and best friend Jeff (Jeff Garlin), and Jeff's wife Susie (Susie Essman). Celebrities, including comediansRichard Lewis,Wanda Sykes, andBob Einstein, appeared on the show regularly. ActorsTed DansonandMary Steenburgenhave had recurring roles as themselves. The show is critically acclaimed and has been nominated for 30 Primetime Emmy Awards, with one win, as well as a Golden Globe win. In the first six seasons,Julia Louis-DreyfusandJason Alexanderappear in several episodes, andJerry Seinfeldhas a cameo. In season 7, the cast ofSeinfeld, includingMichael Richards, return in a story arc involving David's attempt to organize aSeinfeldreunion special. On June 2, 2010, the series premiered on theTV Guide Network, its network television debut.TV Guide Networkalso produced a series of related discussions with high-profile guest stars, media pundits, and prominent social figures called \\\"Curb: The Discussion\\\" debating the moral implications of each episode. David is quoted as saying \\\"Finally, thanks to the TV Guide Network, I'll get a chance to watch actual, intelligent people discuss and debate the issues addressed on 'Curb'. Now if only someone could tell me where this alleged 'Network' is, I might even watch it.\\\"The show's 12th and final season premiered in January 2024. David played the leading role inWoody Allen's 2009 comedy filmWhatever WorksalongsideEvan Rachel Wood.He had a cameo appearance on theHBOseriesEntourageas a client ofAri Gold, and because his daughters wereHannah Montanafans, David and his daughters guest-starred as themselves in the episode \\\"My Best Friend's Boyfriend\\\", in which they wait for a table at a fancy restaurant.David appeared as a panelist on theNBCseriesThe Marriage Refand also played Sister Mary-Mengele in the 2012 reboot ofThe Three Stooges.He co-wrote and starred in the 2013HBOtelevision filmClear History. David wrote and starred in the Broadway playFish in the Dark. Also appearing wereRita Wilson,Jayne Houdyshell, andRosie Perez. The play centers on the death of a family patriarch. It opened on March 5, 2015.Jason Alexandertook over David's role in July. The play closed in August.As of February 1, 2015, its advance sale of $13.5 million had broken records for a Broadway show. Bernie Sanders Since 2015, David has made multiple guest appearances portraying 2016 and 2020 United States presidential election candidateBernie SandersonSaturday Night Live; he also hosted the show on February 6, 2016, with musical guestThe 1975and a cameo by Sanders himself, and on November 4, 2017, with musical guestMiley Cyrus. In 2017,PBS'sFinding Your Rootsdiscovered through genealogical research that David and Sanders are distantly related. Sanders told David the news. \\\"I was very happy about that,\\\" David said, according toVariety. \\\"I thought there must have been some connection.\\\" The comedian explained that Sanders is \\\"a third cousin or something.\\\"He is in fact David's sixth cousin once removed. On January 8, 2020, David joked onThe Late Show with Stephen Colbert, \\\"I would say, I would beg him to drop out so I don't have to keep flying in from Los Angeles to doSNL. I thought when he had the heart attack that would be it, I wouldn't have to fly in from Los Angeles. But, you know, he's indestructible. Nothing stops this man!\\\" He later added, \\\"If he wins, do you know what that's going to do to my life? Do you have any idea? I mean, it will be great for the country—great for the country, terrible for me.\\\" Influences David has namedWoody Allen,Mel Brooks,Phil Silvers,Abbott and Costello,Jackie Mason,Alan King,Don Rickles, andMadmagazine as influences. Personal life David lives in thePacific Palisadesneighborhood ofLos Angeles, California. He was married toLaurie Lennardfrom 1993 to 2007.They have two daughters,Cazzie Davidand Romy David.Larry and Laurie became contributing bloggers atThe Huffington Postin 2005.In 2017, David was introduced to producer Ashley Underwood at a birthday party forSacha Baron Cohen. They married in 2020.David's niece is actressJulie Claire, who appears inSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm. David is an atheistand an avid sports fan. A native New Yorker, he supports theNew York Jets,Yankees,KnicksandRangers.David is also a supporter of theDemocratic Party.In 2010, he wrote an article forThe New York Timescriticizing the extension of theBush tax cutsfor the wealthy. He ended the article with a sarcastic thank-you to then-PresidentBarack Obamafor approving the extension. Wealth In 2013,Charlie Roseestimated David'snet worthat around $500 million.Two years later, two other estimates put the number between $400 millionand $900 million.In 2020,National Reviewoffered an estimate of about $400 million. Most of David's wealth originates fromsyndication dealsofSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm, the former having netted $3.1 billion in rerun fees as of 2013.The syndication ofSeinfeldearned David an estimated $250 million in 1998 alone.In 2008, David was reported to have grossed $55 million, mostly fromSeinfeldsyndication and work onCurb Your Enthusiasm. David's net worth was parodied in a 2001 episode ofCurb Your Enthusiasm, \\\"The Shrimp Incident\\\", in whichHBOexecutive Allan Wasserman yells at David: \\\"If you want shrimp, take your $475 million, go buy a shrimp boat.\\\" In a 2015 interview withCBS, David confirmed that half of his wealth was eroded by his 2007 divorce in thecommunity property stateof California.\\\"I have a lot of money\\\", he said, adding that the \\\"figures out there are crazy\\\". Legal issue David was among several celebrities who appeared in a commercial for cryptocurrency exchangeFTXthat aired duringSuper Bowl LVI.In November 2022,FTX filed for bankruptcy, and David, alongside other spokespeople, was sued in aclass-action lawsuit.In February 2022, theU.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appealsruled in a lawsuit againstBitconnectthat theSecurities Act of 1933extends totargeted solicitationusingsocial media. Filmography Film Television Theater Written works Awards and nominations David has received numerous awards, including twoEmmy Awards, threeProducers Guild of America Awards, and threeWriters Guild of America Awards. He has been nominated for threeGolden Globe Awardsand sixScreen Actors Guild Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted David the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a poll to selectThe Comedian's Comedian. Notes References Further reading External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Emory Kristof Emory Kristof(November 19, 1942 – February 6, 2023) was an American photographer. He was on the expedition that discovered theTitanic.His work has been published inNational Geographic Magazineand elsewhere. Life and career Kristof was born inLaurel, Maryland, on November 19, 1942. Kristof participated in multiple undersea expeditions with Canadian explorersJoseph MacInnisandPhil Nuytten, including the exploration of theBreadalbane, the world's northernmost known shipwreck, and the 1995 expedition to recover the bell from the wreck of theSSEdmund Fitzgerald.Kristof also accompanied MacInnis and Russian explorerAnatoly Sagalevichon a descent 16,400 feet intoKings Troughin the eastern North Atlantic aboard the submersibleMir 1, and on the expedition which made theIMAXfilmTitanica. Kristof served as Supervising Producer of 2003IMAXdocumentary,Volcanoes of the Deep Sea, about the ecosystems surroundinghydrothermal vents. Kristof diedNorthfield, Massachusetts, on February 6, 2023, at the age of 80.","at the age of 80. Awards References External links This article about an American photographer is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.","University of Maryland, College Park TheUniversity of Maryland, College Park(University of Maryland,UMD, or simplyMaryland) is apublicland-grantresearch universityinCollege Park, Maryland, United States. Founded in 1856, UMD is theflagship institutionof theUniversity System of Maryland. UMD is the largest university in both the state and theWashington metropolitan area. Its 12 schools and colleges offer over 200 degree-granting programs, including 113 undergraduate majors, 107master'sprograms, and 83doctoral programs. UMD is a member of theAssociation of American Universitiesand competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of theBig Ten Conference. The University of Maryland's proximity to Washington, D.C. has resulted in many research partnerships with thefederal government;faculty receive research funding and institutional support from many agencies, such as theNational Institutes of Health,NASA, theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, theFood and Drug Administration, theNational Security","Security Agency, and theDepartment of Homeland Security.It isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\"and has been labeled a \"Public Ivy\".According to theNational Science Foundation, the university spent a combined $1.14 billion on research and development in 2021, ranking it 17th among American universities. History Early history On March 6, 1856, the forerunner of today's University of Maryland was chartered as theMaryland Agricultural College.Two years later,Charles Benedict Calvert(1808–1864), a futureU.S. Representative(Congressman) and descendant of the firstLord Baltimore, purchased 420 acres (1.7 km2) of theRiversdale Mansionestate nearby today'sCollege Park, Maryland.Later that year, Calvert founded the school and was the acting president from 1859 to 1860.On October 5, 1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College.The school became aland grant collegein February 1864. Civil War During theCivil War,Confederatesoldiers under Brigadier","under Brigadier GeneralBradley Tyler Johnsonmoved past the college on July 12, 1864, as part of Jubal Early's raid onWashington, D.C.By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres (81 ha) of land, and the continuing decline in enrollment sent the Maryland Agricultural College into bankruptcy. The campus was used as a boys' preparatory school for the next two years. The Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school in 1866. The college thus became, in part, a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students. In 1868, the former Confederate admiralFranklin Buchananwas appointed president of the school. Enrollment grew to 80 at the time of his resignation, and the school soon paid off its debt. In 1873,Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, became president of the college. Twenty years later, the federally-funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. During this same period, state laws granted the college","granted the college regulatory powers in several areas—including controlling farm disease, inspecting feed, establishing a state weather bureau and geological survey, and housing the forestry board.Morrill Hall(the oldest instructional building still in use on campus) was built the following year. Great Fire of 1912 On November 29, 1912, a fire destroyed student housing, school records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving onlyMorrill Halluntouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two students returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing.A new administration building was not built until the 1940s. 20th century The state took control of the school in 1916 and renamed itMaryland State College. That year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9, 1920, the college became part of the existingUniversity of Maryland, replacingSt. John's College, Annapolisas the university's undergraduate campus.In the same year, the graduate school on the College Park","on the College Park campus awarded its first Ph.D. degrees and the university's enrollment reached 500 students. In 1925 the university was accredited by theAssociation of American Universities. By the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women. Before 1951, many black students in Maryland were enrolled at theUniversity of Maryland, Eastern Shore. In 1957, PresidentWilson H. Elkinspushed to increase the university's academic standards. His efforts resulted in creating one of the first Academic Probation Plans. The first year the plan went into effect, 1,550 students (18% of the total student body) faced expulsion. On October 19, 1957,Queen Elizabeth IIof the United Kingdom attended her first and only college football game at the University of Maryland after expressing interest in seeing a typically American sport during her first tour of the United States. TheMaryland Terrapinsbeat theNorth Carolina Tar Heels21 to","Tar Heels21 to 7 in the historical game now referred to as \"The Queen's Game\". Phi Beta Kappaestablished a chapter at The University of Maryland in 1964. In 1969, the university was elected to theAssociation of American Universities. The school continued to grow, and by the fall of 1985 reached an enrollment of 38,679.Like many colleges during theVietnam War, the university was the site of student protests and had curfews enforced by theNational Guard. In a massive restructuring of the state's higher education system in 1988, the school was designated as the flagship campus of the newly formedUniversity of Maryland System(later changed to the University System of Maryland in 1997). It was formally named the University of Maryland, College Park. All five campuses in the former network were designated distinct campuses in the new system. However, in 1997 theMaryland General Assemblypassed legislation allowing the University of Maryland, College Park, to be known simply as the University of Maryland,","of Maryland, recognizing the campus' role as the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. In 1994, theNational Archives at College Parkcompleted construction and opened on a parcel of land adjoining the campus donated by the University of Maryland, after lobbying by PresidentWilliam Kirwanand congressional leaders to foster academic collaboration between the institutions. 21st century In 2004, the university began constructing the 150-acre (61 ha) \"M Square Research Park\", which includes facilities affiliated with theU.S. Department of Defense,Food and Drug Administration, and the new National Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, affiliated with TheNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).In May 2010, ground was broken on a new Physical Science Complex, including an advanced quantum science laboratory. The university suffered multipledata breachesin 2014. The first resulted in the compromise of over 300,000 student and faculty records.A second data breach occurred several","occurred several months later.The second breach was investigated by the FBI and Secret Service and found to be done by David Helkowski.Despite the attribution, no charges were filed. As a result of the data breaches, the university offered free credit protection for five years to the students and faculty affected. In 2017, the university received a record-breaking donation of $219.5 million from theA. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation, ranking among the country's largest philanthropic gifts to a public university.Darryll J. Pinesbecame the 34th president of the university in 2020. Pines was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the university before becoming president. In 2021, the university announced it had raised $1.5 billion in donations since 2018. In April of 2024, UMD students joined othercampuses across the United States in protestsagainst theIsrael–Hamas war. Students called attention to thegenocide in Palestineand for the university todivest from companiesthat support the Hamas-Israel","the Hamas-Israel war.Activism continued in next academic year with the placement of small flags in the lawn on McKeldin Mall, representing the more than 150,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza. Campus The center of the university's 1,250 acres (5.1 km2) is McKeldin Mall, which is the largest academic mall in the United States.The Mall is bordered on the east and west byMcKeldin Libraryand the Thomas V. Miller, Jr. Administration Building, respectively. Academic buildings surround McKeldin Mall on the north and south ends. They are the homes to many departments in theCollege of Behavioral and Social Sciences, College of Arts and Humanities, and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. West of McKeldin Mall is the North Hill Community, and south of McKeldin Mall liesMorrill Halland the Morrill Quad, which was the original center of campus. South of the Morrill Quad are the South Hill and South Campus Commons Communities, and the Southwest Mall and theRobert H. Smith School of Businessto the southwest.","the southwest. Running parallel to McKeldin Mall to the north is Campus Drive, the main thoroughfare through campus. Another thoroughfare, Regents Drive, runs perpendicular to the Mall and is home to theMemorial Chapeland the Campus Farms. Regents Drive crosses Campus Drive at the campus hallmark,\"M\" Circle, which is a traffic circle with a large \"M\" formed by flowers in its center.The northeast quadrant of campus, formed by Campus and Regent Drives, is home to many ofnatural sciencesandapplied sciencesdepartments.The Rossborough Inn, which, was built during the years 1798 to 1812, is the oldest building on campus (and is older than the university itself).There are five regularly used entrances to campus; the main entrance, off of Baltimore Avenue and onto Campus Drive, is referred to as North Gate and features the Gatehouse, an ornate gateway honoring the university's founders.The 140-acre (57 ha), 18-holeUniversity of Maryland Golf Coursesits at the northern edge of campus, as doesthe Observatory. The","Observatory. The campus contains 7,500 documented trees and garden plantings, leading theAmerican Public Gardens Associationto designate the campus theUniversity of Maryland Arboretum & Botanical Gardenin 2008.There are also nearly 400 acres (1.6 km2) ofurban foreston campusand theArbor Day Foundationhas named the university to its 'Tree Campus USA' list.The recreational Paint Branch Trail, part of theAnacostia Tributary Trailssystem, cuts through campus, as does thePaint Branchstream, a tributary of theNortheast Branch Anacostia River.The university's firstLeed Goldbuilding, Knight Hall, opened in April 2010 as the new home for thePhilip Merrill College of Journalism.In 2021, President Pines pledged that the University of Maryland would achievecarbon neutralitybyEarth Day2025. Academics As of 2023, The University of Maryland ranked #46 in National Universities and #19 in Top Public Schools in the United States.The University of Maryland offers 127 undergraduate degrees and 112 graduate degrees in thirteen","degrees in thirteen colleges and schools: Undergraduate admissions Admission to Maryland is rated \"most selective\" byU.S. News & World Report.For the Class of 2026 (enrolled fall 2022), Maryland received 56,766 applications and accepted 19,451 (34.3%). Of those accepted, 4,742 enrolled, ayield rate(the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24.4%.Maryland's freshmanretention rateis 95.5%, with 88.3% going on to graduate within six years. Of the 34% of the incoming freshman class who submittedSATscores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1340–1490.Of the 9% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submittedACTscores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 30 and 34. The University of Maryland, College Park is a college sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 58 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 69 freshman students wereNational Merit Scholars. In 2020, the university announced it was joining theCommon App.","theCommon App. Beginning with the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Maryland uses the application provided by The Coalition for Access, Affordability, and Success. Rankings The university is tied for 46th in the 2024U.S. News & World Reportrankings of \"National Universities\" across the United States, and it is ranked tied for 19th nationally among public universities.TheAcademic Ranking of World Universitiesranked Maryland as 43rd in the world in 2015. The 2017–2018Times Higher Education World University Rankingsplaced Maryland 69th worldwide. The 2016/17QS World University Rankingsranked Maryland 131st worldwide. The university was ranked amongPeace Corps' 25 Top Volunteer-Producing Colleges for the tenth consecutive year in 2020.The University of Maryland is ranked amongTeach for America's Top 20 Colleges and Universities, contributing the greatest number of graduating seniors to its 2017 teaching corps. For the fourth consecutive year in 2015, the university was ranked 1st in the U.S. for the","in the U.S. for the number ofBoren Scholarshiprecipients – with nine students receiving awards for intensive international language study.The university is ranked as a Top Producing Institution ofFulbrightU.S. Students and Scholars for the 2017–2018 academic year by theUnited States Department of State'sBureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In 2017, the University of Maryland was ranked among the top 50 universities in the 2018Best Global Universities RankingsbyU.S. News & World Reportbased on its high academic research performance and global reputation. In 2021, the university was ranked among the top 10 universities inThe Princeton Review's annual survey of the Top Schools for Innovation & Entrepreneurship; this was the sixth consecutive such ranking. Faculty The university's faculty has included fourNobel Prizelaureates. The earliest recipient (1956), wasJuan Ramón Jiménez, a Spanish language and literature professor. Four decades later, physics professorWilliam Daniel Phillipswon a prize in physics","a prize in physics for his contributions tolaser cooling. In 2005,Thomas Schellingwas awarded the prize in economics for his contributions togame theory. In 2006,John C. Matherwas awarded the prize in physics alongsideGeorge Smootfor their work in the discovery of blackbody form andanisotropyof thecosmic microwave background radiation. In addition, two University of Maryland alumni are Nobel Prize laureates;Herbert Hauptmanwon the 1985 prize in chemistry, andRaymond Davis Jr.won the 2002 prize in physics. The university has many notable academics. Professor of mathematics,Sergei Novikovwon theFields Medalin 1970, followed by alumnusCharles Feffermanin 1978. AlumnusGeorge Dantzigwon the 1975National Medal of Sciencefor his work in the field of linear programming. Professor of physicsMichael Fisherwon theWolf Prizein 1980 (together withKenneth G. WilsonandLeo Kadanoff) and theIUPAPBoltzmann Medalin 1983.James A. Yorke, a distinguished university professor of mathematics and physics and chair of the mathematics","of the mathematics department, won the 2003Japan Prizefor his work inchaotic systems. In 2013, professor of physicsSylvester James Gateswas awarded theNational Medal of Science. Research UMD isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\".In FY 2020, the university spent about 1.103 billion dollars in total R&D expenditures, ranking it 16th in the nation. On October 14, 2004, the university added 150 acres (61 ha) in an attempt to create the largest research park inside the Washington, D.C.Capital Beltway, formerly known as \"M Square\" and now known as the \"Discovery District.\" Many of the faculty members have funding from federal agencies such as theNational Science Foundation, theNational Institutes of Health,NASA,theDepartment of Homeland Security,theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, and theNational Security Agency. TheSpace Systems Laboratoryresearches human-robotic interaction forastronauticsapplications and includes the onlyneutral buoyancyfacility at a","at a university. TheJoint Global Change Research Institutewas formed in 2001 by the University of Maryland and thePacific Northwest National Laboratory. The institute focuses on multidisciplinary approaches to climate change research. TheNational Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism(START) launched in 2005 as one of theCenters of Excellencesupported by theDepartment of Homeland Securityin the United States. START is focused on the scientific study of the causes and consequences of terrorism in the United States and worldwide. Living-learning programs The university hosts \"living-learning\" programs (LLPs) that allow students with similar academic interests to live in the same residential community take specialized courses and perform research in those areas of expertise. These include CIVICUS, focused on politics and community service;HinmanCEOs, an entrepreneurship program;and the Language House, where students learning a shared target language live together.Several LLPs exist","LLPs exist under the university's Honors College, with focuses in topics including cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, and life sciences.College Park Scholars is another LLP umbrella that includes programs in the arts, public health, and legal thought, among other things. Student life Residential life There are two main residential areas on campus, North Campus and South Campus, further divided into seven residential communities. North Campus is made up of Cambridge Community (which consists of five residence halls and houses the College Park Scholars program), Denton Community (which consists of four halls), and Ellicott Community (consisting of three halls). The Heritage community, completed in 2022, features two residence halls and a dining hall. South Campus includes the North Hill Community, made up of nineGeorgian-stylehalls and Prince Frederick Hall (which opened in 2014) immediately west ofMcKeldin Mall; South Hill Community, made up of fourteen small residence halls for upper-level students;","students; Leonardtown Community, which offers apartment-style housing; the South Campus Commons Community, which consists of seven apartment-style buildings (the seventh and most recent building being opened in January 2010); and the Courtyards, a garden-style apartment community in north campus consisting of seven buildings. Dining There are three dining halls on campus. In addition,a food court in the Stamp Student Unionprovides manyfast fooddining options for the university community.The dining hall 251 lies in the Denton Community on the northern part of campus.The second northern dining hall, the university's newest dining facility, Yahentamitsi Dining Hall, is the first building on campus named in honor of Indigenous people. The word “Yahentamitsi” means A Place to Go to Eat in the native Algonquian language.The third and final dining hall, South Campus Dining Hall, can be found just south of Mckeldin Library.https://dining.umd.edu/hours-locations/dining-halls Transportation The university is","The university is accessible throughthe three airportsin the greaterWashington metropolitan area:Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport,Washington Dulles International Airport, andBaltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport.A small public airport in College Park,College Park Airport, lies nearly adjacent to campus, but operations are limited. This airport is the world's oldest continually operating airportand the site of many significant aviation firsts. A free shuttle service, known asShuttle–UM, is available for UMD students, faculty, staff, and some residents of College Park and Greenbelt.The university is served by an off-campus stop on theWashington Metro'sGreenLinecalledCollege Park – University of Maryland. Other trains and busses stop there. In 2011, the university signed on to the state'sPurple Lineprogram.The Purple Line route will have five stops on and around the university's campus: M Square, the College Park Metro station, the main entrance to the campus on Route 1, near","on Route 1, near Stamp Student Union on Campus Drive, and on the other edge of campus on Adelphi Road, along with a parallel running bike path. The Diamondback The Diamondbackis an independentstudent newspaper. It was founded in 1910 asThe Triangleand renamed in 1921 in honor of a local reptile, theDiamondback terrapin, which became the school mascot in 1933. The newspaper is published daily during the spring and fall semesters, with a print circulation of 17,000 and annual advertising revenues of over $1 million.Notable journalists who have been with the paper includeDavid SimonofHBO'sThe WireandNBC'sHomicide: Life on the Street, and cartoonistsJeff Kinney, who created theDiary of a Wimpy Kidfiction series and whoseIgdoofstrip appeared inThe Diamondback;Aaron McGruder, who first published his cartoonThe BoondocksinThe Diamondback; andFrank Cho, who began his career with the popularUniversity SquaredforThe Diamondback. Other student activities WMUC-FM(90.5 FM) is the university's non-commercial radio","radio station, staffed by UMD students and volunteers. WMUC is afreeformandsports broadcastingstation broadcast at 10 watts. Its broadcasts can be heard throughout theWashington metropolitan area. Notable WMUC alumni includeConnie Chung,Bonnie Bernstein,Peter Rosenbergand Aaron McGruder. Approximately 16% of men and women in Maryland's undergraduate student body were involved infraternities and sororitiesin 2017. Athletics The university sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 men's and women's sports. The teams, named the \"Terrapins\", represent Maryland inNational Collegiate Athletic AssociationDivision Icompetition. Maryland became a founding member of theAtlantic Coast Conferencein 1952 but left to join theBig Ten Conferenceon July 1, 2014. As of 2017, Maryland's athletic teams have been awarded 44 national championships by the NCAA,USILA,AIAW, andNCA.In 2008 and 2010,The Princeton Reviewnamed the University of Maryland's athletic facilities the best in the nation.The Terrapins nickname (often shortened to","(often shortened to \"Terps\") was coined by former university president, football coach, and athletic directorH. C. \"Curly\" Byrdin 1932.The mascot is adiamondback terrapinnamedTestudo, which isLatinfor \"tortoise\".Since the early 20th century, the school athletic colors have been some combination of those on theMaryland state flag: red, white, black, and gold.Maryland is the only NCAA Division I school to have four official school colors. Basketball and football Men's basketballis the most popular sport at the university.Long-time head coachLefty Driesellbegan the now nationwide tradition of \"Midnight Madness\" in 1971.Beginning in 1989, alumnusGary Williamsrevived the program, which was struggling in the wake ofLen Bias's death and NCAA rules infractions. Williams led Maryland basketball to national prominence with twoFinal Fourappearances, and in 2002, anational championship. On February 7, 2006, Williams won his 349th game to surpass Driesell and became Maryland's all-time leader among basketball","among basketball coaches.Mark Turgeonbecame head coach in 2011. Maryland footballis also popular at the university. Lacrosse Maryland men's lacrosseremains one of the sport's top programs since its beginnings as a squad in 1865.The team most recently won the national championship in2022, completing an undefeated season, the first since Virginia in 2006, and the first to go undefeated across 18 games. The team has won tenUSILAand NCAA national championships since its promotion to varsity status in 1924 and is a regular fixture in theNCAA tournament.TheMaryland women's lacrosseteam has won 15 national championships, the most of any program in the nation.The team has produced the National Player of the Year/Tewaaraton Awardwinner eight times, more than any other collegiate program.The Terrapins have also made the most NCAA tournament appearances, won the most tournament games, and made the most NCAA championship game appearances of any program.They most recently won the NCAA championship in 2019. Soccer","in 2019. Soccer Themen's soccer teamhas won fourNCAA Division I College Cupnational championships, most recently in 2018.Under the guidance of head coachSasho Cirovski, the soccer team has reached nine Final Fours and won three College Cups since 1997. The soccer team has developed a large, devoted fan base among students and the local community. The attendance record at Ludwig Field was set in 2015 when 8,449 fans saw Maryland win over top-ranked UCLA in extra time.The annual total attendance increased dramatically from 12,710 in 1995 to 35,631 in 2008. Field hockey TheMaryland field hockeyteam has won a total of eightNCAA national championshipsand 13 conference championships (10 in the ACC and 5 in the Big Ten). Marching band TheMighty Sound of Marylandmarching band attends all home football games and provides pre-game performances.During basketball season, the marching band provides music in the stands. Notable alumni Notable alumni includeHouse Democratic WhipSteny Hoyer;Googleco-founderSergey Brin;The","Brin;The MuppetscreatorJim Henson;The WirecreatorDavid Simon;former NFL QuarterbackNorman \"Boomer\" Esiason;CBShostGayle King; journalistConnie Chung; andSeinfeldco-creator andCurb Your EnthusiasmcreatorLarry David.Prominent alumni in business includeEd Snider, former chairman ofComcast Spectacorand former owner of thePhiladelphia Flyers; journalistJim Walton, former president and CEO ofCNN;Kevin Plank, founder and executive chairman of the athletic apparel companyUnder Armour;Chris Kubasik, former president ofLockheed Martin; andCarly Fiorina, former CEO ofHewlett-Packard. JournalistCarl Bernstein, who won thePulitzer Prize for Public Servicefor his coverage of theWatergate scandal, attended the university but did not graduate. Attendees within the fields of science and mathematics are Nobel laureatesRaymond Davis Jr., 2002 winner in Physics;Herbert Hauptman, 1985 winner in Chemistry, andFields MedalwinnerCharles Fefferman. Other alumni includeGeorge Dantzig, considered the father of linear programming;","linear programming; lateNASAastronautJudith Resnik, who died in the destruction of theSpace Shuttle Challengerduring the launch of missionSTS-51-L; andNASAAdministratorMichael D. Griffin. Several donors have distinguished themselves for their sizable gifts to the university. BusinessmanRobert H. Smith, who graduated from the university in 1950 with a degree in accounting, gave over $45 million to the business school that now bears his name and to the Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, which bears his wife's name.Construction entrepreneurA. James Clark, who graduated with an engineering degree in 1950, donated over $45 million to the college of engineering, which also bears his name.Another engineering donor,Jeong H. Kim, earned his Ph.D. from the university in 1991 and gave $5 million for the construction of a state-of-the-art engineering building.Philip Merrill, a media figure, donated $10 million to the College of Journalism.Robert E. Fischell, physicist, inventor, and holder of more than 200 U.S. and","than 200 U.S. and foreign medical patentsdonated $30 million to theA. James Clark School of Engineering,establishing the Fischell Department of Bioengineering.Brendan Iribe, a co-founder ofOculus VR, donated $31 million to the university in 2014 towardsa new computer science buildingand scholarships. See also Explanatory notes References External links","Larry David Lawrence Gene David(born July 2, 1947) is an American comedian, writer, actor, and television producer.He andJerry Seinfeldcreated theNBCtelevisionsitcomSeinfeld, of which David was head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons. He gained further recognition for creating and writing theHBOseriesCurb Your Enthusiasm,in which he also stars as a fictionalized version of himself.David's work onSeinfeldwon him twoPrimetime Emmy Awardsin 1993, forOutstanding Comedy SeriesandOutstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series;he was nominated 17 other times. Formerly a stand-up comedian, David went intotelevision comedy, writing and starring inABC'sFridays, and writing briefly forSaturday Night Live. He has been nominated for 27Primetime Emmy Awardsand threeGolden Globe Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted him the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a 2004 British poll to select \"The Comedian's Comedian\",and he received theWriters Guild of America's Laurel","of America's Laurel Awardin 2010.He made hisBroadwaydebut writing and starring in the comedic playFish in the Dark(2015). Since 2015 he has made recurring guest appearances onSaturday Night Live, where he impersonates 2016 and 2020U.S. presidential candidateBernie Sanders, who is his sixth cousin once removed. Early life and education David was born on July 2, 1947, in theSheepshead Bayneighborhood ofBrooklyn,New York City. His parents are Rose (née Regina Brandes) and Mortimer Julius \"Morty\" David, a men's clothing manufacturer, and he has an older brother, Ken.David's family isJewish. HisAmerican Jewishfather's familymoved from Germanyto the U.S. during the 19th century, while David's mother was born into aPolish-Jewishfamily inTernopil, now inUkraine, and her mother's family name was Superfein. David graduated fromSheepshead Bay High School, now defunct and operating as Frank J. Macchiarola Educational Complex, in 1965. A sign with his photo is displayed in one of the complex's hallways. He then attended","He then attended theUniversity of Maryland, College Park, where he was a brother inTau Epsilon Phi.He graduated in 1970 with aBachelor of Artsinhistory.At college, he discovered that he could make people laugh simply by being himself.After college, Davidenlistedin theUnited States Army Reserveand received training as a petroleum storage specialist.To avoid the final year of his six-year enlistment, he paid a psychiatrist to write a letter declaring him unfit for duty. Career 1980–1987: Stand-up andSNL While a stand-up comedian, David also worked as a store clerk, limousine driver, and historian. He lived inManhattan Plaza, a federally subsidized housing complex inManhattan'sHell's Kitchenneighborhood, across the hall fromKenny Kramer, the inspiration for theCosmo Kramercharacter inSeinfeld.From 1980 to 1982, David became a writer and cast member forABC'sFridays, where he worked withMichael Richards, who later played Kramer onSeinfeld. From 1984 to 1985, David was a writer forNBC'sSaturday Night Live(SNL) and","Night Live(SNL) and metJulia Louis-Dreyfus, who also worked on the show in this period.During his time atSNL, he was able to get only one sketch on the air, which aired at 12:50 am, the show's last time slot.David quit his job atSNLin the first season, only to show up to work two days later acting as though nothing had happened. That event inspired the second-seasonSeinfeldepisode \"The Revenge\".He can be heard hecklingMichael McKeanwhen McKean hostedSNLin 1984, and can be seen in the sketch \"The Run, Throw, and Catch Like a Girl Olympics\" whenHoward Cosellhosted the season finale in 1985.In 1987, David was a writer and performer forWay Off Broadway, a variety talk show onLifetimehosted byJoy Behar. 1989–1998: Breakthrough withSeinfeld In 1989, David teamed up with comedianJerry Seinfeldto create a pilot for NBC calledThe Seinfeld Chronicles, which became the basis forSeinfeld, one of the most successful shows in history,reaching the top ofTV Guide'slist of the 50 greatest TV shows of all time.Entertainment","time.Entertainment Weeklyranked it the third-best TV show of all time. David made occasional uncredited appearances on the show, playing such roles as Frank Costanza's cape-wearing lawyer and the voice ofGeorge Steinbrenner. He was also the primary inspiration for the show's characterGeorge Costanza.David leftSeinfeldon friendly terms after the show's seventh season and returned two years later to write the series finale in 1998.He also continued to voice Steinbrenner. David wrote 62Seinfeldepisodes, including 1992's \"The Contest\", for which he won aPrimetime Emmy Awardand whichTV Guideranked as episodeNo.1 on its list of \"TV'sTop 100 Episodes of All Time\".He has also been involved in other films and television series. David wrote and directed the 1998 filmSour Grapes, about two cousins who feud over acasinojackpot. It was neither a commercial nor a critical success.He has also appeared in bit roles inWoody Allen'sRadio Days(1987) andNew York Stories(1989). 1999–2024:Curb Your Enthusiasmand acclaim","acclaim TheHBOcable television channel aired David's one-hour special,Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm, on October 17, 1999.This was followed byCurb Your Enthusiasm, an HBO television series whose first episode aired on October 15, 2000.The show revisits many of the themes ofSeinfeldand is improvised from a story outline only several pages long written by David (and, from the fifth season onward, additional writers). The actors improvise their dialogue based on the outline, direction, and their creativity. David has said that his character in the show, a fictionalized version of himself, is what he would be like in real life if he lacked social awareness and sensitivity.The character's numerous and frequent social faux pas, misunderstandings, and ironic coincidences are the basis of much of the show's comedy and have led to the entry into the American pop culture lexicon of the expression \"Larry David moment\", meaning an inadvertently created socially awkward situation.Curb Your Enthusiasmhas been described","been described as depicting \"the things nobody wants to say, but wish they could\". The show is based on David's life following the fortune he earned fromSeinfeld; semi-retired, he strives to live a fulfilled life.Alongside David is his wife Cheryl (Cheryl Hines), his manager and best friend Jeff (Jeff Garlin), and Jeff's wife Susie (Susie Essman). Celebrities, including comediansRichard Lewis,Wanda Sykes, andBob Einstein, appeared on the show regularly. ActorsTed DansonandMary Steenburgenhave had recurring roles as themselves. The show is critically acclaimed and has been nominated for 30 Primetime Emmy Awards, with one win, as well as a Golden Globe win. In the first six seasons,Julia Louis-DreyfusandJason Alexanderappear in several episodes, andJerry Seinfeldhas a cameo. In season 7, the cast ofSeinfeld, includingMichael Richards, return in a story arc involving David's attempt to organize aSeinfeldreunion special. On June 2, 2010, the series premiered on theTV Guide Network, its network television","network television debut.TV Guide Networkalso produced a series of related discussions with high-profile guest stars, media pundits, and prominent social figures called \"Curb: The Discussion\" debating the moral implications of each episode. David is quoted as saying \"Finally, thanks to the TV Guide Network, I'll get a chance to watch actual, intelligent people discuss and debate the issues addressed on 'Curb'. Now if only someone could tell me where this alleged 'Network' is, I might even watch it.\"The show's 12th and final season premiered in January 2024. David played the leading role inWoody Allen's 2009 comedy filmWhatever WorksalongsideEvan Rachel Wood.He had a cameo appearance on theHBOseriesEntourageas a client ofAri Gold, and because his daughters wereHannah Montanafans, David and his daughters guest-starred as themselves in the episode \"My Best Friend's Boyfriend\", in which they wait for a table at a fancy restaurant.David appeared as a panelist on theNBCseriesThe Marriage Refand also played Sister","also played Sister Mary-Mengele in the 2012 reboot ofThe Three Stooges.He co-wrote and starred in the 2013HBOtelevision filmClear History. David wrote and starred in the Broadway playFish in the Dark. Also appearing wereRita Wilson,Jayne Houdyshell, andRosie Perez. The play centers on the death of a family patriarch. It opened on March 5, 2015.Jason Alexandertook over David's role in July. The play closed in August.As of February 1, 2015, its advance sale of $13.5 million had broken records for a Broadway show. Bernie Sanders Since 2015, David has made multiple guest appearances portraying 2016 and 2020 United States presidential election candidateBernie SandersonSaturday Night Live; he also hosted the show on February 6, 2016, with musical guestThe 1975and a cameo by Sanders himself, and on November 4, 2017, with musical guestMiley Cyrus. In 2017,PBS'sFinding Your Rootsdiscovered through genealogical research that David and Sanders are distantly related. Sanders told David the news. \"I was very happy about","very happy about that,\" David said, according toVariety. \"I thought there must have been some connection.\" The comedian explained that Sanders is \"a third cousin or something.\"He is in fact David's sixth cousin once removed. On January 8, 2020, David joked onThe Late Show with Stephen Colbert, \"I would say, I would beg him to drop out so I don't have to keep flying in from Los Angeles to doSNL. I thought when he had the heart attack that would be it, I wouldn't have to fly in from Los Angeles. But, you know, he's indestructible. Nothing stops this man!\" He later added, \"If he wins, do you know what that's going to do to my life? Do you have any idea? I mean, it will be great for the country—great for the country, terrible for me.\" Influences David has namedWoody Allen,Mel Brooks,Phil Silvers,Abbott and Costello,Jackie Mason,Alan King,Don Rickles, andMadmagazine as influences. Personal life David lives in thePacific Palisadesneighborhood ofLos Angeles, California. He was married toLaurie Lennardfrom 1993 to","Lennardfrom 1993 to 2007.They have two daughters,Cazzie Davidand Romy David.Larry and Laurie became contributing bloggers atThe Huffington Postin 2005.In 2017, David was introduced to producer Ashley Underwood at a birthday party forSacha Baron Cohen. They married in 2020.David's niece is actressJulie Claire, who appears inSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm. David is an atheistand an avid sports fan. A native New Yorker, he supports theNew York Jets,Yankees,KnicksandRangers.David is also a supporter of theDemocratic Party.In 2010, he wrote an article forThe New York Timescriticizing the extension of theBush tax cutsfor the wealthy. He ended the article with a sarcastic thank-you to then-PresidentBarack Obamafor approving the extension. Wealth In 2013,Charlie Roseestimated David'snet worthat around $500 million.Two years later, two other estimates put the number between $400 millionand $900 million.In 2020,National Reviewoffered an estimate of about $400 million. Most of David's wealth originates fromsyndication","fromsyndication dealsofSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm, the former having netted $3.1 billion in rerun fees as of 2013.The syndication ofSeinfeldearned David an estimated $250 million in 1998 alone.In 2008, David was reported to have grossed $55 million, mostly fromSeinfeldsyndication and work onCurb Your Enthusiasm. David's net worth was parodied in a 2001 episode ofCurb Your Enthusiasm, \"The Shrimp Incident\", in whichHBOexecutive Allan Wasserman yells at David: \"If you want shrimp, take your $475 million, go buy a shrimp boat.\" In a 2015 interview withCBS, David confirmed that half of his wealth was eroded by his 2007 divorce in thecommunity property stateof California.\"I have a lot of money\", he said, adding that the \"figures out there are crazy\". Legal issue David was among several celebrities who appeared in a commercial for cryptocurrency exchangeFTXthat aired duringSuper Bowl LVI.In November 2022,FTX filed for bankruptcy, and David, alongside other spokespeople, was sued in aclass-action lawsuit.In","lawsuit.In February 2022, theU.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appealsruled in a lawsuit againstBitconnectthat theSecurities Act of 1933extends totargeted solicitationusingsocial media. Filmography Film Television Theater Written works Awards and nominations David has received numerous awards, including twoEmmy Awards, threeProducers Guild of America Awards, and threeWriters Guild of America Awards. He has been nominated for threeGolden Globe Awardsand sixScreen Actors Guild Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted David the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a poll to selectThe Comedian's Comedian. Notes References Further reading External links"],"string":"[\n \"Emory Kristof Emory Kristof(November 19, 1942 – February 6, 2023) was an American photographer. He was on the expedition that discovered theTitanic.His work has been published inNational Geographic Magazineand elsewhere. Life and career Kristof was born inLaurel, Maryland, on November 19, 1942. Kristof participated in multiple undersea expeditions with Canadian explorersJoseph MacInnisandPhil Nuytten, including the exploration of theBreadalbane, the world's northernmost known shipwreck, and the 1995 expedition to recover the bell from the wreck of theSSEdmund Fitzgerald.Kristof also accompanied MacInnis and Russian explorerAnatoly Sagalevichon a descent 16,400 feet intoKings Troughin the eastern North Atlantic aboard the submersibleMir 1, and on the expedition which made theIMAXfilmTitanica. Kristof served as Supervising Producer of 2003IMAXdocumentary,Volcanoes of the Deep Sea, about the ecosystems surroundinghydrothermal vents. Kristof diedNorthfield, Massachusetts, on February 6, 2023, at the age of 80.\",\n \"at the age of 80. Awards References External links This article about an American photographer is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.\",\n \"University of Maryland, College Park TheUniversity of Maryland, College Park(University of Maryland,UMD, or simplyMaryland) is apublicland-grantresearch universityinCollege Park, Maryland, United States. Founded in 1856, UMD is theflagship institutionof theUniversity System of Maryland. UMD is the largest university in both the state and theWashington metropolitan area. Its 12 schools and colleges offer over 200 degree-granting programs, including 113 undergraduate majors, 107master'sprograms, and 83doctoral programs. UMD is a member of theAssociation of American Universitiesand competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of theBig Ten Conference. The University of Maryland's proximity to Washington, D.C. has resulted in many research partnerships with thefederal government;faculty receive research funding and institutional support from many agencies, such as theNational Institutes of Health,NASA, theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, theFood and Drug Administration, theNational Security\",\n \"Security Agency, and theDepartment of Homeland Security.It isclassifiedamong \\\"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\\\"and has been labeled a \\\"Public Ivy\\\".According to theNational Science Foundation, the university spent a combined $1.14 billion on research and development in 2021, ranking it 17th among American universities. History Early history On March 6, 1856, the forerunner of today's University of Maryland was chartered as theMaryland Agricultural College.Two years later,Charles Benedict Calvert(1808–1864), a futureU.S. Representative(Congressman) and descendant of the firstLord Baltimore, purchased 420 acres (1.7 km2) of theRiversdale Mansionestate nearby today'sCollege Park, Maryland.Later that year, Calvert founded the school and was the acting president from 1859 to 1860.On October 5, 1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College.The school became aland grant collegein February 1864. Civil War During theCivil War,Confederatesoldiers under Brigadier\",\n \"under Brigadier GeneralBradley Tyler Johnsonmoved past the college on July 12, 1864, as part of Jubal Early's raid onWashington, D.C.By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres (81 ha) of land, and the continuing decline in enrollment sent the Maryland Agricultural College into bankruptcy. The campus was used as a boys' preparatory school for the next two years. The Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school in 1866. The college thus became, in part, a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students. In 1868, the former Confederate admiralFranklin Buchananwas appointed president of the school. Enrollment grew to 80 at the time of his resignation, and the school soon paid off its debt. In 1873,Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, became president of the college. Twenty years later, the federally-funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. During this same period, state laws granted the college\",\n \"granted the college regulatory powers in several areas—including controlling farm disease, inspecting feed, establishing a state weather bureau and geological survey, and housing the forestry board.Morrill Hall(the oldest instructional building still in use on campus) was built the following year. Great Fire of 1912 On November 29, 1912, a fire destroyed student housing, school records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving onlyMorrill Halluntouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two students returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing.A new administration building was not built until the 1940s. 20th century The state took control of the school in 1916 and renamed itMaryland State College. That year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9, 1920, the college became part of the existingUniversity of Maryland, replacingSt. John's College, Annapolisas the university's undergraduate campus.In the same year, the graduate school on the College Park\",\n \"on the College Park campus awarded its first Ph.D. degrees and the university's enrollment reached 500 students. In 1925 the university was accredited by theAssociation of American Universities. By the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women. Before 1951, many black students in Maryland were enrolled at theUniversity of Maryland, Eastern Shore. In 1957, PresidentWilson H. Elkinspushed to increase the university's academic standards. His efforts resulted in creating one of the first Academic Probation Plans. The first year the plan went into effect, 1,550 students (18% of the total student body) faced expulsion. On October 19, 1957,Queen Elizabeth IIof the United Kingdom attended her first and only college football game at the University of Maryland after expressing interest in seeing a typically American sport during her first tour of the United States. TheMaryland Terrapinsbeat theNorth Carolina Tar Heels21 to\",\n \"Tar Heels21 to 7 in the historical game now referred to as \\\"The Queen's Game\\\". Phi Beta Kappaestablished a chapter at The University of Maryland in 1964. In 1969, the university was elected to theAssociation of American Universities. The school continued to grow, and by the fall of 1985 reached an enrollment of 38,679.Like many colleges during theVietnam War, the university was the site of student protests and had curfews enforced by theNational Guard. In a massive restructuring of the state's higher education system in 1988, the school was designated as the flagship campus of the newly formedUniversity of Maryland System(later changed to the University System of Maryland in 1997). It was formally named the University of Maryland, College Park. All five campuses in the former network were designated distinct campuses in the new system. However, in 1997 theMaryland General Assemblypassed legislation allowing the University of Maryland, College Park, to be known simply as the University of Maryland,\",\n \"of Maryland, recognizing the campus' role as the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. In 1994, theNational Archives at College Parkcompleted construction and opened on a parcel of land adjoining the campus donated by the University of Maryland, after lobbying by PresidentWilliam Kirwanand congressional leaders to foster academic collaboration between the institutions. 21st century In 2004, the university began constructing the 150-acre (61 ha) \\\"M Square Research Park\\\", which includes facilities affiliated with theU.S. Department of Defense,Food and Drug Administration, and the new National Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, affiliated with TheNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).In May 2010, ground was broken on a new Physical Science Complex, including an advanced quantum science laboratory. The university suffered multipledata breachesin 2014. The first resulted in the compromise of over 300,000 student and faculty records.A second data breach occurred several\",\n \"occurred several months later.The second breach was investigated by the FBI and Secret Service and found to be done by David Helkowski.Despite the attribution, no charges were filed. As a result of the data breaches, the university offered free credit protection for five years to the students and faculty affected. In 2017, the university received a record-breaking donation of $219.5 million from theA. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation, ranking among the country's largest philanthropic gifts to a public university.Darryll J. Pinesbecame the 34th president of the university in 2020. Pines was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the university before becoming president. In 2021, the university announced it had raised $1.5 billion in donations since 2018. In April of 2024, UMD students joined othercampuses across the United States in protestsagainst theIsrael–Hamas war. Students called attention to thegenocide in Palestineand for the university todivest from companiesthat support the Hamas-Israel\",\n \"the Hamas-Israel war.Activism continued in next academic year with the placement of small flags in the lawn on McKeldin Mall, representing the more than 150,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza. Campus The center of the university's 1,250 acres (5.1 km2) is McKeldin Mall, which is the largest academic mall in the United States.The Mall is bordered on the east and west byMcKeldin Libraryand the Thomas V. Miller, Jr. Administration Building, respectively. Academic buildings surround McKeldin Mall on the north and south ends. They are the homes to many departments in theCollege of Behavioral and Social Sciences, College of Arts and Humanities, and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. West of McKeldin Mall is the North Hill Community, and south of McKeldin Mall liesMorrill Halland the Morrill Quad, which was the original center of campus. South of the Morrill Quad are the South Hill and South Campus Commons Communities, and the Southwest Mall and theRobert H. Smith School of Businessto the southwest.\",\n \"the southwest. Running parallel to McKeldin Mall to the north is Campus Drive, the main thoroughfare through campus. Another thoroughfare, Regents Drive, runs perpendicular to the Mall and is home to theMemorial Chapeland the Campus Farms. Regents Drive crosses Campus Drive at the campus hallmark,\\\"M\\\" Circle, which is a traffic circle with a large \\\"M\\\" formed by flowers in its center.The northeast quadrant of campus, formed by Campus and Regent Drives, is home to many ofnatural sciencesandapplied sciencesdepartments.The Rossborough Inn, which, was built during the years 1798 to 1812, is the oldest building on campus (and is older than the university itself).There are five regularly used entrances to campus; the main entrance, off of Baltimore Avenue and onto Campus Drive, is referred to as North Gate and features the Gatehouse, an ornate gateway honoring the university's founders.The 140-acre (57 ha), 18-holeUniversity of Maryland Golf Coursesits at the northern edge of campus, as doesthe Observatory. The\",\n \"Observatory. The campus contains 7,500 documented trees and garden plantings, leading theAmerican Public Gardens Associationto designate the campus theUniversity of Maryland Arboretum & Botanical Gardenin 2008.There are also nearly 400 acres (1.6 km2) ofurban foreston campusand theArbor Day Foundationhas named the university to its 'Tree Campus USA' list.The recreational Paint Branch Trail, part of theAnacostia Tributary Trailssystem, cuts through campus, as does thePaint Branchstream, a tributary of theNortheast Branch Anacostia River.The university's firstLeed Goldbuilding, Knight Hall, opened in April 2010 as the new home for thePhilip Merrill College of Journalism.In 2021, President Pines pledged that the University of Maryland would achievecarbon neutralitybyEarth Day2025. Academics As of 2023, The University of Maryland ranked #46 in National Universities and #19 in Top Public Schools in the United States.The University of Maryland offers 127 undergraduate degrees and 112 graduate degrees in thirteen\",\n \"degrees in thirteen colleges and schools: Undergraduate admissions Admission to Maryland is rated \\\"most selective\\\" byU.S. News & World Report.For the Class of 2026 (enrolled fall 2022), Maryland received 56,766 applications and accepted 19,451 (34.3%). Of those accepted, 4,742 enrolled, ayield rate(the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24.4%.Maryland's freshmanretention rateis 95.5%, with 88.3% going on to graduate within six years. Of the 34% of the incoming freshman class who submittedSATscores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1340–1490.Of the 9% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submittedACTscores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 30 and 34. The University of Maryland, College Park is a college sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 58 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 69 freshman students wereNational Merit Scholars. In 2020, the university announced it was joining theCommon App.\",\n \"theCommon App. Beginning with the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Maryland uses the application provided by The Coalition for Access, Affordability, and Success. Rankings The university is tied for 46th in the 2024U.S. News & World Reportrankings of \\\"National Universities\\\" across the United States, and it is ranked tied for 19th nationally among public universities.TheAcademic Ranking of World Universitiesranked Maryland as 43rd in the world in 2015. The 2017–2018Times Higher Education World University Rankingsplaced Maryland 69th worldwide. The 2016/17QS World University Rankingsranked Maryland 131st worldwide. The university was ranked amongPeace Corps' 25 Top Volunteer-Producing Colleges for the tenth consecutive year in 2020.The University of Maryland is ranked amongTeach for America's Top 20 Colleges and Universities, contributing the greatest number of graduating seniors to its 2017 teaching corps. For the fourth consecutive year in 2015, the university was ranked 1st in the U.S. for the\",\n \"in the U.S. for the number ofBoren Scholarshiprecipients – with nine students receiving awards for intensive international language study.The university is ranked as a Top Producing Institution ofFulbrightU.S. Students and Scholars for the 2017–2018 academic year by theUnited States Department of State'sBureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In 2017, the University of Maryland was ranked among the top 50 universities in the 2018Best Global Universities RankingsbyU.S. News & World Reportbased on its high academic research performance and global reputation. In 2021, the university was ranked among the top 10 universities inThe Princeton Review's annual survey of the Top Schools for Innovation & Entrepreneurship; this was the sixth consecutive such ranking. Faculty The university's faculty has included fourNobel Prizelaureates. The earliest recipient (1956), wasJuan Ramón Jiménez, a Spanish language and literature professor. Four decades later, physics professorWilliam Daniel Phillipswon a prize in physics\",\n \"a prize in physics for his contributions tolaser cooling. In 2005,Thomas Schellingwas awarded the prize in economics for his contributions togame theory. In 2006,John C. Matherwas awarded the prize in physics alongsideGeorge Smootfor their work in the discovery of blackbody form andanisotropyof thecosmic microwave background radiation. In addition, two University of Maryland alumni are Nobel Prize laureates;Herbert Hauptmanwon the 1985 prize in chemistry, andRaymond Davis Jr.won the 2002 prize in physics. The university has many notable academics. Professor of mathematics,Sergei Novikovwon theFields Medalin 1970, followed by alumnusCharles Feffermanin 1978. AlumnusGeorge Dantzigwon the 1975National Medal of Sciencefor his work in the field of linear programming. Professor of physicsMichael Fisherwon theWolf Prizein 1980 (together withKenneth G. WilsonandLeo Kadanoff) and theIUPAPBoltzmann Medalin 1983.James A. Yorke, a distinguished university professor of mathematics and physics and chair of the mathematics\",\n \"of the mathematics department, won the 2003Japan Prizefor his work inchaotic systems. In 2013, professor of physicsSylvester James Gateswas awarded theNational Medal of Science. Research UMD isclassifiedamong \\\"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\\\".In FY 2020, the university spent about 1.103 billion dollars in total R&D expenditures, ranking it 16th in the nation. On October 14, 2004, the university added 150 acres (61 ha) in an attempt to create the largest research park inside the Washington, D.C.Capital Beltway, formerly known as \\\"M Square\\\" and now known as the \\\"Discovery District.\\\" Many of the faculty members have funding from federal agencies such as theNational Science Foundation, theNational Institutes of Health,NASA,theDepartment of Homeland Security,theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, and theNational Security Agency. TheSpace Systems Laboratoryresearches human-robotic interaction forastronauticsapplications and includes the onlyneutral buoyancyfacility at a\",\n \"at a university. TheJoint Global Change Research Institutewas formed in 2001 by the University of Maryland and thePacific Northwest National Laboratory. The institute focuses on multidisciplinary approaches to climate change research. TheNational Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism(START) launched in 2005 as one of theCenters of Excellencesupported by theDepartment of Homeland Securityin the United States. START is focused on the scientific study of the causes and consequences of terrorism in the United States and worldwide. Living-learning programs The university hosts \\\"living-learning\\\" programs (LLPs) that allow students with similar academic interests to live in the same residential community take specialized courses and perform research in those areas of expertise. These include CIVICUS, focused on politics and community service;HinmanCEOs, an entrepreneurship program;and the Language House, where students learning a shared target language live together.Several LLPs exist\",\n \"LLPs exist under the university's Honors College, with focuses in topics including cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, and life sciences.College Park Scholars is another LLP umbrella that includes programs in the arts, public health, and legal thought, among other things. Student life Residential life There are two main residential areas on campus, North Campus and South Campus, further divided into seven residential communities. North Campus is made up of Cambridge Community (which consists of five residence halls and houses the College Park Scholars program), Denton Community (which consists of four halls), and Ellicott Community (consisting of three halls). The Heritage community, completed in 2022, features two residence halls and a dining hall. South Campus includes the North Hill Community, made up of nineGeorgian-stylehalls and Prince Frederick Hall (which opened in 2014) immediately west ofMcKeldin Mall; South Hill Community, made up of fourteen small residence halls for upper-level students;\",\n \"students; Leonardtown Community, which offers apartment-style housing; the South Campus Commons Community, which consists of seven apartment-style buildings (the seventh and most recent building being opened in January 2010); and the Courtyards, a garden-style apartment community in north campus consisting of seven buildings. Dining There are three dining halls on campus. In addition,a food court in the Stamp Student Unionprovides manyfast fooddining options for the university community.The dining hall 251 lies in the Denton Community on the northern part of campus.The second northern dining hall, the university's newest dining facility, Yahentamitsi Dining Hall, is the first building on campus named in honor of Indigenous people. The word “Yahentamitsi” means A Place to Go to Eat in the native Algonquian language.The third and final dining hall, South Campus Dining Hall, can be found just south of Mckeldin Library.https://dining.umd.edu/hours-locations/dining-halls Transportation The university is\",\n \"The university is accessible throughthe three airportsin the greaterWashington metropolitan area:Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport,Washington Dulles International Airport, andBaltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport.A small public airport in College Park,College Park Airport, lies nearly adjacent to campus, but operations are limited. This airport is the world's oldest continually operating airportand the site of many significant aviation firsts. A free shuttle service, known asShuttle–UM, is available for UMD students, faculty, staff, and some residents of College Park and Greenbelt.The university is served by an off-campus stop on theWashington Metro'sGreenLinecalledCollege Park – University of Maryland. Other trains and busses stop there. In 2011, the university signed on to the state'sPurple Lineprogram.The Purple Line route will have five stops on and around the university's campus: M Square, the College Park Metro station, the main entrance to the campus on Route 1, near\",\n \"on Route 1, near Stamp Student Union on Campus Drive, and on the other edge of campus on Adelphi Road, along with a parallel running bike path. The Diamondback The Diamondbackis an independentstudent newspaper. It was founded in 1910 asThe Triangleand renamed in 1921 in honor of a local reptile, theDiamondback terrapin, which became the school mascot in 1933. The newspaper is published daily during the spring and fall semesters, with a print circulation of 17,000 and annual advertising revenues of over $1 million.Notable journalists who have been with the paper includeDavid SimonofHBO'sThe WireandNBC'sHomicide: Life on the Street, and cartoonistsJeff Kinney, who created theDiary of a Wimpy Kidfiction series and whoseIgdoofstrip appeared inThe Diamondback;Aaron McGruder, who first published his cartoonThe BoondocksinThe Diamondback; andFrank Cho, who began his career with the popularUniversity SquaredforThe Diamondback. Other student activities WMUC-FM(90.5 FM) is the university's non-commercial radio\",\n \"radio station, staffed by UMD students and volunteers. WMUC is afreeformandsports broadcastingstation broadcast at 10 watts. Its broadcasts can be heard throughout theWashington metropolitan area. Notable WMUC alumni includeConnie Chung,Bonnie Bernstein,Peter Rosenbergand Aaron McGruder. Approximately 16% of men and women in Maryland's undergraduate student body were involved infraternities and sororitiesin 2017. Athletics The university sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 men's and women's sports. The teams, named the \\\"Terrapins\\\", represent Maryland inNational Collegiate Athletic AssociationDivision Icompetition. Maryland became a founding member of theAtlantic Coast Conferencein 1952 but left to join theBig Ten Conferenceon July 1, 2014. As of 2017, Maryland's athletic teams have been awarded 44 national championships by the NCAA,USILA,AIAW, andNCA.In 2008 and 2010,The Princeton Reviewnamed the University of Maryland's athletic facilities the best in the nation.The Terrapins nickname (often shortened to\",\n \"(often shortened to \\\"Terps\\\") was coined by former university president, football coach, and athletic directorH. C. \\\"Curly\\\" Byrdin 1932.The mascot is adiamondback terrapinnamedTestudo, which isLatinfor \\\"tortoise\\\".Since the early 20th century, the school athletic colors have been some combination of those on theMaryland state flag: red, white, black, and gold.Maryland is the only NCAA Division I school to have four official school colors. Basketball and football Men's basketballis the most popular sport at the university.Long-time head coachLefty Driesellbegan the now nationwide tradition of \\\"Midnight Madness\\\" in 1971.Beginning in 1989, alumnusGary Williamsrevived the program, which was struggling in the wake ofLen Bias's death and NCAA rules infractions. Williams led Maryland basketball to national prominence with twoFinal Fourappearances, and in 2002, anational championship. On February 7, 2006, Williams won his 349th game to surpass Driesell and became Maryland's all-time leader among basketball\",\n \"among basketball coaches.Mark Turgeonbecame head coach in 2011. Maryland footballis also popular at the university. Lacrosse Maryland men's lacrosseremains one of the sport's top programs since its beginnings as a squad in 1865.The team most recently won the national championship in2022, completing an undefeated season, the first since Virginia in 2006, and the first to go undefeated across 18 games. The team has won tenUSILAand NCAA national championships since its promotion to varsity status in 1924 and is a regular fixture in theNCAA tournament.TheMaryland women's lacrosseteam has won 15 national championships, the most of any program in the nation.The team has produced the National Player of the Year/Tewaaraton Awardwinner eight times, more than any other collegiate program.The Terrapins have also made the most NCAA tournament appearances, won the most tournament games, and made the most NCAA championship game appearances of any program.They most recently won the NCAA championship in 2019. Soccer\",\n \"in 2019. Soccer Themen's soccer teamhas won fourNCAA Division I College Cupnational championships, most recently in 2018.Under the guidance of head coachSasho Cirovski, the soccer team has reached nine Final Fours and won three College Cups since 1997. The soccer team has developed a large, devoted fan base among students and the local community. The attendance record at Ludwig Field was set in 2015 when 8,449 fans saw Maryland win over top-ranked UCLA in extra time.The annual total attendance increased dramatically from 12,710 in 1995 to 35,631 in 2008. Field hockey TheMaryland field hockeyteam has won a total of eightNCAA national championshipsand 13 conference championships (10 in the ACC and 5 in the Big Ten). Marching band TheMighty Sound of Marylandmarching band attends all home football games and provides pre-game performances.During basketball season, the marching band provides music in the stands. Notable alumni Notable alumni includeHouse Democratic WhipSteny Hoyer;Googleco-founderSergey Brin;The\",\n \"Brin;The MuppetscreatorJim Henson;The WirecreatorDavid Simon;former NFL QuarterbackNorman \\\"Boomer\\\" Esiason;CBShostGayle King; journalistConnie Chung; andSeinfeldco-creator andCurb Your EnthusiasmcreatorLarry David.Prominent alumni in business includeEd Snider, former chairman ofComcast Spectacorand former owner of thePhiladelphia Flyers; journalistJim Walton, former president and CEO ofCNN;Kevin Plank, founder and executive chairman of the athletic apparel companyUnder Armour;Chris Kubasik, former president ofLockheed Martin; andCarly Fiorina, former CEO ofHewlett-Packard. JournalistCarl Bernstein, who won thePulitzer Prize for Public Servicefor his coverage of theWatergate scandal, attended the university but did not graduate. Attendees within the fields of science and mathematics are Nobel laureatesRaymond Davis Jr., 2002 winner in Physics;Herbert Hauptman, 1985 winner in Chemistry, andFields MedalwinnerCharles Fefferman. Other alumni includeGeorge Dantzig, considered the father of linear programming;\",\n \"linear programming; lateNASAastronautJudith Resnik, who died in the destruction of theSpace Shuttle Challengerduring the launch of missionSTS-51-L; andNASAAdministratorMichael D. Griffin. Several donors have distinguished themselves for their sizable gifts to the university. BusinessmanRobert H. Smith, who graduated from the university in 1950 with a degree in accounting, gave over $45 million to the business school that now bears his name and to the Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, which bears his wife's name.Construction entrepreneurA. James Clark, who graduated with an engineering degree in 1950, donated over $45 million to the college of engineering, which also bears his name.Another engineering donor,Jeong H. Kim, earned his Ph.D. from the university in 1991 and gave $5 million for the construction of a state-of-the-art engineering building.Philip Merrill, a media figure, donated $10 million to the College of Journalism.Robert E. Fischell, physicist, inventor, and holder of more than 200 U.S. and\",\n \"than 200 U.S. and foreign medical patentsdonated $30 million to theA. James Clark School of Engineering,establishing the Fischell Department of Bioengineering.Brendan Iribe, a co-founder ofOculus VR, donated $31 million to the university in 2014 towardsa new computer science buildingand scholarships. See also Explanatory notes References External links\",\n \"Larry David Lawrence Gene David(born July 2, 1947) is an American comedian, writer, actor, and television producer.He andJerry Seinfeldcreated theNBCtelevisionsitcomSeinfeld, of which David was head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons. He gained further recognition for creating and writing theHBOseriesCurb Your Enthusiasm,in which he also stars as a fictionalized version of himself.David's work onSeinfeldwon him twoPrimetime Emmy Awardsin 1993, forOutstanding Comedy SeriesandOutstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series;he was nominated 17 other times. Formerly a stand-up comedian, David went intotelevision comedy, writing and starring inABC'sFridays, and writing briefly forSaturday Night Live. He has been nominated for 27Primetime Emmy Awardsand threeGolden Globe Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted him the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a 2004 British poll to select \\\"The Comedian's Comedian\\\",and he received theWriters Guild of America's Laurel\",\n \"of America's Laurel Awardin 2010.He made hisBroadwaydebut writing and starring in the comedic playFish in the Dark(2015). Since 2015 he has made recurring guest appearances onSaturday Night Live, where he impersonates 2016 and 2020U.S. presidential candidateBernie Sanders, who is his sixth cousin once removed. Early life and education David was born on July 2, 1947, in theSheepshead Bayneighborhood ofBrooklyn,New York City. His parents are Rose (née Regina Brandes) and Mortimer Julius \\\"Morty\\\" David, a men's clothing manufacturer, and he has an older brother, Ken.David's family isJewish. HisAmerican Jewishfather's familymoved from Germanyto the U.S. during the 19th century, while David's mother was born into aPolish-Jewishfamily inTernopil, now inUkraine, and her mother's family name was Superfein. David graduated fromSheepshead Bay High School, now defunct and operating as Frank J. Macchiarola Educational Complex, in 1965. A sign with his photo is displayed in one of the complex's hallways. He then attended\",\n \"He then attended theUniversity of Maryland, College Park, where he was a brother inTau Epsilon Phi.He graduated in 1970 with aBachelor of Artsinhistory.At college, he discovered that he could make people laugh simply by being himself.After college, Davidenlistedin theUnited States Army Reserveand received training as a petroleum storage specialist.To avoid the final year of his six-year enlistment, he paid a psychiatrist to write a letter declaring him unfit for duty. Career 1980–1987: Stand-up andSNL While a stand-up comedian, David also worked as a store clerk, limousine driver, and historian. He lived inManhattan Plaza, a federally subsidized housing complex inManhattan'sHell's Kitchenneighborhood, across the hall fromKenny Kramer, the inspiration for theCosmo Kramercharacter inSeinfeld.From 1980 to 1982, David became a writer and cast member forABC'sFridays, where he worked withMichael Richards, who later played Kramer onSeinfeld. From 1984 to 1985, David was a writer forNBC'sSaturday Night Live(SNL) and\",\n \"Night Live(SNL) and metJulia Louis-Dreyfus, who also worked on the show in this period.During his time atSNL, he was able to get only one sketch on the air, which aired at 12:50 am, the show's last time slot.David quit his job atSNLin the first season, only to show up to work two days later acting as though nothing had happened. That event inspired the second-seasonSeinfeldepisode \\\"The Revenge\\\".He can be heard hecklingMichael McKeanwhen McKean hostedSNLin 1984, and can be seen in the sketch \\\"The Run, Throw, and Catch Like a Girl Olympics\\\" whenHoward Cosellhosted the season finale in 1985.In 1987, David was a writer and performer forWay Off Broadway, a variety talk show onLifetimehosted byJoy Behar. 1989–1998: Breakthrough withSeinfeld In 1989, David teamed up with comedianJerry Seinfeldto create a pilot for NBC calledThe Seinfeld Chronicles, which became the basis forSeinfeld, one of the most successful shows in history,reaching the top ofTV Guide'slist of the 50 greatest TV shows of all time.Entertainment\",\n \"time.Entertainment Weeklyranked it the third-best TV show of all time. David made occasional uncredited appearances on the show, playing such roles as Frank Costanza's cape-wearing lawyer and the voice ofGeorge Steinbrenner. He was also the primary inspiration for the show's characterGeorge Costanza.David leftSeinfeldon friendly terms after the show's seventh season and returned two years later to write the series finale in 1998.He also continued to voice Steinbrenner. David wrote 62Seinfeldepisodes, including 1992's \\\"The Contest\\\", for which he won aPrimetime Emmy Awardand whichTV Guideranked as episodeNo.1 on its list of \\\"TV'sTop 100 Episodes of All Time\\\".He has also been involved in other films and television series. David wrote and directed the 1998 filmSour Grapes, about two cousins who feud over acasinojackpot. It was neither a commercial nor a critical success.He has also appeared in bit roles inWoody Allen'sRadio Days(1987) andNew York Stories(1989). 1999–2024:Curb Your Enthusiasmand acclaim\",\n \"acclaim TheHBOcable television channel aired David's one-hour special,Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm, on October 17, 1999.This was followed byCurb Your Enthusiasm, an HBO television series whose first episode aired on October 15, 2000.The show revisits many of the themes ofSeinfeldand is improvised from a story outline only several pages long written by David (and, from the fifth season onward, additional writers). The actors improvise their dialogue based on the outline, direction, and their creativity. David has said that his character in the show, a fictionalized version of himself, is what he would be like in real life if he lacked social awareness and sensitivity.The character's numerous and frequent social faux pas, misunderstandings, and ironic coincidences are the basis of much of the show's comedy and have led to the entry into the American pop culture lexicon of the expression \\\"Larry David moment\\\", meaning an inadvertently created socially awkward situation.Curb Your Enthusiasmhas been described\",\n \"been described as depicting \\\"the things nobody wants to say, but wish they could\\\". The show is based on David's life following the fortune he earned fromSeinfeld; semi-retired, he strives to live a fulfilled life.Alongside David is his wife Cheryl (Cheryl Hines), his manager and best friend Jeff (Jeff Garlin), and Jeff's wife Susie (Susie Essman). Celebrities, including comediansRichard Lewis,Wanda Sykes, andBob Einstein, appeared on the show regularly. ActorsTed DansonandMary Steenburgenhave had recurring roles as themselves. The show is critically acclaimed and has been nominated for 30 Primetime Emmy Awards, with one win, as well as a Golden Globe win. In the first six seasons,Julia Louis-DreyfusandJason Alexanderappear in several episodes, andJerry Seinfeldhas a cameo. In season 7, the cast ofSeinfeld, includingMichael Richards, return in a story arc involving David's attempt to organize aSeinfeldreunion special. On June 2, 2010, the series premiered on theTV Guide Network, its network television\",\n \"network television debut.TV Guide Networkalso produced a series of related discussions with high-profile guest stars, media pundits, and prominent social figures called \\\"Curb: The Discussion\\\" debating the moral implications of each episode. David is quoted as saying \\\"Finally, thanks to the TV Guide Network, I'll get a chance to watch actual, intelligent people discuss and debate the issues addressed on 'Curb'. Now if only someone could tell me where this alleged 'Network' is, I might even watch it.\\\"The show's 12th and final season premiered in January 2024. David played the leading role inWoody Allen's 2009 comedy filmWhatever WorksalongsideEvan Rachel Wood.He had a cameo appearance on theHBOseriesEntourageas a client ofAri Gold, and because his daughters wereHannah Montanafans, David and his daughters guest-starred as themselves in the episode \\\"My Best Friend's Boyfriend\\\", in which they wait for a table at a fancy restaurant.David appeared as a panelist on theNBCseriesThe Marriage Refand also played Sister\",\n \"also played Sister Mary-Mengele in the 2012 reboot ofThe Three Stooges.He co-wrote and starred in the 2013HBOtelevision filmClear History. David wrote and starred in the Broadway playFish in the Dark. Also appearing wereRita Wilson,Jayne Houdyshell, andRosie Perez. The play centers on the death of a family patriarch. It opened on March 5, 2015.Jason Alexandertook over David's role in July. The play closed in August.As of February 1, 2015, its advance sale of $13.5 million had broken records for a Broadway show. Bernie Sanders Since 2015, David has made multiple guest appearances portraying 2016 and 2020 United States presidential election candidateBernie SandersonSaturday Night Live; he also hosted the show on February 6, 2016, with musical guestThe 1975and a cameo by Sanders himself, and on November 4, 2017, with musical guestMiley Cyrus. In 2017,PBS'sFinding Your Rootsdiscovered through genealogical research that David and Sanders are distantly related. Sanders told David the news. \\\"I was very happy about\",\n \"very happy about that,\\\" David said, according toVariety. \\\"I thought there must have been some connection.\\\" The comedian explained that Sanders is \\\"a third cousin or something.\\\"He is in fact David's sixth cousin once removed. On January 8, 2020, David joked onThe Late Show with Stephen Colbert, \\\"I would say, I would beg him to drop out so I don't have to keep flying in from Los Angeles to doSNL. I thought when he had the heart attack that would be it, I wouldn't have to fly in from Los Angeles. But, you know, he's indestructible. Nothing stops this man!\\\" He later added, \\\"If he wins, do you know what that's going to do to my life? Do you have any idea? I mean, it will be great for the country—great for the country, terrible for me.\\\" Influences David has namedWoody Allen,Mel Brooks,Phil Silvers,Abbott and Costello,Jackie Mason,Alan King,Don Rickles, andMadmagazine as influences. Personal life David lives in thePacific Palisadesneighborhood ofLos Angeles, California. He was married toLaurie Lennardfrom 1993 to\",\n \"Lennardfrom 1993 to 2007.They have two daughters,Cazzie Davidand Romy David.Larry and Laurie became contributing bloggers atThe Huffington Postin 2005.In 2017, David was introduced to producer Ashley Underwood at a birthday party forSacha Baron Cohen. They married in 2020.David's niece is actressJulie Claire, who appears inSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm. David is an atheistand an avid sports fan. A native New Yorker, he supports theNew York Jets,Yankees,KnicksandRangers.David is also a supporter of theDemocratic Party.In 2010, he wrote an article forThe New York Timescriticizing the extension of theBush tax cutsfor the wealthy. He ended the article with a sarcastic thank-you to then-PresidentBarack Obamafor approving the extension. Wealth In 2013,Charlie Roseestimated David'snet worthat around $500 million.Two years later, two other estimates put the number between $400 millionand $900 million.In 2020,National Reviewoffered an estimate of about $400 million. Most of David's wealth originates fromsyndication\",\n \"fromsyndication dealsofSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm, the former having netted $3.1 billion in rerun fees as of 2013.The syndication ofSeinfeldearned David an estimated $250 million in 1998 alone.In 2008, David was reported to have grossed $55 million, mostly fromSeinfeldsyndication and work onCurb Your Enthusiasm. David's net worth was parodied in a 2001 episode ofCurb Your Enthusiasm, \\\"The Shrimp Incident\\\", in whichHBOexecutive Allan Wasserman yells at David: \\\"If you want shrimp, take your $475 million, go buy a shrimp boat.\\\" In a 2015 interview withCBS, David confirmed that half of his wealth was eroded by his 2007 divorce in thecommunity property stateof California.\\\"I have a lot of money\\\", he said, adding that the \\\"figures out there are crazy\\\". Legal issue David was among several celebrities who appeared in a commercial for cryptocurrency exchangeFTXthat aired duringSuper Bowl LVI.In November 2022,FTX filed for bankruptcy, and David, alongside other spokespeople, was sued in aclass-action lawsuit.In\",\n \"lawsuit.In February 2022, theU.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appealsruled in a lawsuit againstBitconnectthat theSecurities Act of 1933extends totargeted solicitationusingsocial media. Filmography Film Television Theater Written works Awards and nominations David has received numerous awards, including twoEmmy Awards, threeProducers Guild of America Awards, and threeWriters Guild of America Awards. He has been nominated for threeGolden Globe Awardsand sixScreen Actors Guild Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted David the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a poll to selectThe Comedian's Comedian. Notes References Further reading External links\"\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":299,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How many Pokemon World Championships occurred in the contiguous United States during the presidency of Barack Obama?"},"answers":{"kind":"string","value":"- Five Pokemon World Championships took place in the contiguous United States during Barack Obama's presidency - The championships tournaments were 2009 (San Diego, California), 2011 (San Diego, California), 2014 (Washington, D.C.), 2015 (Boston, Massachusetts) and 2016 (San Francisco, California)"},"wikipedia_link_1":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships"},"wikipedia_link_2":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},"wikipedia_link_3":{"kind":"string","value":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States"},"wikipedia_link_4":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_5":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_6":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_7":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_8":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_9":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_10":{"kind":"null"},"wikipedia_link_11+":{"kind":"null"},"reasoning_types":{"kind":"string","value":"Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning"},"wiki_links":{"kind":"string","value":"['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States']"},"urls":{"kind":"list like","value":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States"],"string":"[\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama\",\n \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States\"\n]"},"content":{"kind":"list like","value":["Pokémon World Championships ThePokémon World Championshipsis an invite-onlyesportsevent organized byPlay! Pokémon. It is held annually in August and features games from thePokémonseries such as thePokémonvideo games,Pokémon Trading Card Game,Pokémon Go,Pokémon UniteandPokkén Tournament(until its 2022 edition). Players earn invitations to the World Championships based on their performance in qualifiers and other tournaments held throughout the season and compete for scholarship money, prizes and the title of World Champion. With the exception ofAsia, invitations to the World Championships are administered by thePlay! Pokémonprogram. History The Pokémon World Championships first began with thePokémon Trading Card Game(TCG) in 2004, which was around the time that the franchise was regaining its popularity.In 2009, Play! Pokémon began to organize competitive tournaments for thePokémonvideo game series alongside the TCG, which is collectively known as the Video Game Championships (VGC). Like the TCG Championships, players compete with other players in their own age divisions (i.e. Junior, Senior and Masters) in different Premier Tournaments, and the season culminates with the best players earning an invitation to play the Pokémon World Championships in August. The tournaments in VGC are played with a different game each year, mainly, the latestPokémongame from its main series. In 2016, Play! Pokémon announced thatPokkén Tournamentwould have its own championship series and would be played at the Pokémon World Championships.From 2018 onward,Pokkén Tournament DXwas used to support its qualifiers and competitions. In 2019, it was announced that the 2020 Pokémon World Championships would take place inLondon, United Kingdom,the first time in which the World Championships would be held in a location outside ofNorth America. This is likely due to the setting ofPokémon Sword and Shield, which takes place in a region inspired by the United Kingdom known as Galar, and it is the set of games that would be played by the video game division of the World Championships. On March 31, 2020,Play! Pokémoncancelled the 2020 Pokémon World Championships and suspended its 2020 season due to health concerns over theCOVID-19 pandemic.This came after earlier announcements in March which saw the cancellation of the 2020 European International Championshipsand part of its season between March and June 2020.On February 9, 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Pokémon World Championships would postponed till 2022 for the same reasons. In early January 2022, it was confirmed thatPokémon Unitewould be played at the World Championships, making it the newestMOBAgame to have an official esports tournament, afterLeague of Legends. In May 2022, after six seasons, Play! Pokémon announced the end of thePokkén TournamentChampionship Series after the 2022 season. At the 2022 edition of the event, it was announced that the 2023 World Championships will take place inYokohama, Japan (the basis of Vermilion City in the Kanto region). When the 2023 event took place, it was the first time that the World Championships visited the franchise's country of origin, as well as the first World Championships to take place in Asia. At the end of the 2023 event, The Pokémon Company announced that the Pokémon World Championships will return toHawaiifor the first time since the previous World Championships in the state was held back in 2012. World Championship locations Despite Pokémon being a Japanese product, only one World Championship (2023) was held in Japan. Almost all of the remaining events were held in the United States. Qualification The qualifying process for the Pokémon World Championships varies each year and is dependent on a player's age division and the country in which they are located in. Players may also qualify to play on different days of the World Championships based on their performance in their respective qualifying programs; the best performing players will immediately advance to the second day of the World Championships playoffs (i.e. \"Day 2\") instead of playing through the first day (i.e. \"Day 1\"). Play! Pokémon program Players located in a country with aPlay! Pokémonprogram (i.e. inNorth America,Europe,Latin AmericaandOceania) compete in a regular schedule of tournaments for Championship Points and receive invitations when they meet a predetermined threshold of points at the end of the season. In 2015, the Play! Pokémon program expanded to include countries from the continents ofLatin AmericaandAsia(except Japan and South Korea). However, on June 10, 2020, it was announced thatAsiawould no longer be part of the Play! Pokémon program and will have its own qualifying system towards the Pokémon World Championships. Pokémon GO Championship Series Pokémon announced in October 2021 thatPokémon GOwould be added during the 2022 World Championships,along with it a qualification system through the Pokémon GO Championship Series, where the top two head to the World Championships.Any trainer who reached Legend rank during Season 9 of thePokémon GO Battle Leaguewould qualify for the GO Championship Series. Pokémon Unite Championship Series In January 2022,Pokémon Uniteproducer Masaaki Hoshino confirmed that the game would be part of the roster of games to be played at the World Championships in London.For the first season of the Pokémon Unite Championship Series, there will be eleven supported Regional Zones: North America, Central America, South America-East, South America-West, Europe, Oceania, Japan, South Korea, India, and the Asia-Pacific region. These events will only be open to players aged 16 or 18, depending on the region or country they are from. In each month, a series of tournaments in each Regional Zone will be held. Like other games in the World Championships, players will earn Championship Points based on their finishing position in that month's tournament. The CP can be retained by players to allow for team changes as the season carries on. The team with the most points qualifies for the Regional Championships, and the top teams from the Regional Championships qualify for a chance to compete at the Pokémon World Championships. In January 2023, there were changes to the competitive structure and Regional Zones. Pokémon World Championships nearly doubled available spots from 16, to 31 teams. Regional Zones controlled by TPCi were also changed, with Central America, South America-East and South America West being changed to LATAM North, LATAM South, and Brazil. TPC had also taken control of the India and Asia-Pacific Regional Zones, and split Asia-Pacific into 2 regions; Asia-Pacific East and Asia-Pacific West. For TPCi controlled regions, the previous month's top 4 did not auto qualify for the next month's tournament finals. Additionally, an extra monthly tournament was added, the April Cup. Championship Points were also changed to include top CP earners an invite to Pokémon World Championships, ranging from top 1 to 3 in top CP earners depending on how many invites were given for a region. For TPC controlled regions, their tournament circuit began in April, with 3 monthly qualifiers. The winners of these qualifiers then participated in Regionals to earn a spot for Pokémon World Championships. Among those changes, both North America and Europe were also given their first regional LAN event. Europe had a LAN event for their Aeos Cup series at European International Championships. North America were given a regional LAN event at the North America International Championships. In 2023, competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams (groups A to H). Teams in each group play each another in a best-of-three seriesround-robin, with the top team advancing to the Top 8 knockout stage. The final draw took place virtually on thePokémon UniteYouTubechannel on July 28, 2023. The prize pool is $500,000 in USD will be distributed among the Top 16 finishers in the championship. Japan & South Korea Tournaments inJapanandSouth Koreaare organised independently from Play! Pokémon, and as such, players from these countries have a different system of qualification. In Japan, players compete for an invite to theJapan National Championshipsby playing in major qualifier or online tournaments held throughout the season.The best performing players of theJapan National Championshipswill then be selected to represent Japan in the Pokémon World Championships. In South Korea, the style of qualification for the World Championships changes frequently. For example, in 2015, players would compete in theKorean National Championshipsand earn a World Championships invitation based on their standing in the tournament. However, in 2019, players would compete in tournaments organized by theKorean Leagueand earn an invite based on the number of points they had accumulated by the end of the season. Other There are other less common methods of qualifying for the World Championships which include finishing at least top 4 or better in the prior year's World Championships or by participating in asingle-elimination tournamentknown as the Last Chance Qualifierat the location of the World Championships itself. List of World Champions Trading Card Game (TCG) Video Game Championships (VGC) Pokémon Go The under-17 age division was discontinued after the 2022 season. All participants of any age now compete in the same tournament. All tournament battles use the Great League battle format (all Pokémon must be below 1,500 Combat Power.) Pokémon Unite Retired games Pokkén Tournament & Pokkén Tournament DX 2014 World Championships The2014 Pokémon World Championshipswas the sixth annual edition of the championships. The event took place in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center onWashington, D.C., alongside the 2014Pokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championship who were in their eleventh edition. The tournament was streamed viaTwitchfor the first time in the tournament history and reached a viewership of more than 800,000. The defending Video Game champions wereArash OmmatifromItaly(Masters Division), Hayden McTavish from theUnited States(Senior Division), and Brendan Zheng from theUnited States(Junior Division). The opening ceremony of the event was attended byJunichi Masuda, the video game designer for thePokémonfranchise and a member of the board of directors ofGame Freak. The finals match of the Masters division is best known and remembered within the Pokémon community forSe Jun Park's victory with the inclusion and use of aPachirisuon his team. 2014 qualification The qualification process for the 2014 Pokémon World Championships was primarily based on Championship Points accumulated by players from official Play! Pokémon tournaments such as Premier Challenges, Regional Championships and National Championships. In addition, the top 4 players of the 2013 Pokémon World Championships in each division, and the top 4 players of a tournament known as the 'Last Chance Qualifier' will also receive an invitation to play in the World Championships. The invitations for the Masters Division of the tournament were distributed in the following manner: Most of the invitations did not include a fully paid trip to the tournament, and as a result several players could not attend the tournament. 2014 tournament structure Players per country Results Six rounds of Swiss was played by 60 players in the tournament, and each round was played with a set of best-of-three matches. The top 8 players after the Swiss rounds advances to the best-of-three Single Elimination matches. The defending World Champion Arash Ommati and former three-time World ChampionRay Rizzodid not advance to the single elimination rounds. Final standings 2015 World Championships The2015 Pokémon World Championshipswas the seventh annual edition of the championships. The event was held alongside thePokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championships at theHynes Convention CenterinBoston, Massachusetts. The tournament was transmitted with live streaming from the official PokémonTwitchchannel. The defending Video Game champions for the year wereSe Jun ParkfromSouth Korea(Masters Division), Nikolai Zielinsky from theUnited States(Senior Division) and Kota Yamamoto fromJapan(Junior Division). 2015 qualification Players could only gain an invitation to play in the Video Game World Championships by either being the2014 Pokémon World Champions, or by obtaining enough Championship Points in their respective geographic zone designated byPlay! Pokémon. However, the only exception to this rule are for players from Japan and South Korea, as their tournaments are not overseen by Play! Pokémon and their invites are governed through a different system of qualification. Since 2014, players were able to earn Championship Points from various tournaments within their geographical region. The tournaments vary in scale, ranging from local Premier Challenges to state-level Regional Championships and finally the large-scale National Championships. The number of points awarded varies with scale, and players who earn these points are ranked and divided into zones such as North America, Europe and South Africa. This year, two new zones (Latin America and Asia-Pacific) were introduced. The 2015 Pokémon Video Game World Championship was intended to be played under two Swiss tournaments and one single-elimination tournament which would then determine the 2015 World Champions. As such, there are two types of invites: As an example, the invitations for the Masters Division were distributed as follows: 2015 tournament structure TheVideo GameChampionships consisted of twoSwiss tournamentsand one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, the top eight players played in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Weapons controversy During the 2015 World Championships, two Trading Card Game competitors fromIowa(Kevin Norton, 18, and James Stumbo, 27) brought weapons in their vehicle, which were recovered by the police. The two posted status updates and images of their weaponry on social media, which were noticed by variousPokémonfans who treated them as supposed threats against the tournament. The updates were reported to theBoston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), who promptly seized their automobile and then stopped them at the door and barred them from entering the Hynes Convention Center on Thursday evening. Police executed a search warrant on Friday and Norton and Stumbo were arrested at their Red Roof Inn room in Saugus just after midnight on Saturday, August 22, 2015.The two were arrested on charges of unlicensed possession of firearms and ammunition, and were initially held without bail.The weapons recovered were a recently purchasedRemingtonshotgun, anAR-15, a hunting knife and several hundred rounds of ammunition.They pleaded not guilty at their arraignment on November 10, 2015, and their bail was set at $150,000.On December 2, 2015, their trial was set for May 9, 2016, however, in early April 2016, their trial was postponed to November 2016.Following the release ofPokémon Goin July 2016, Stumbo's attorney indicated that the case would be resolved soon.Norton and Stumbo were later sentenced to two years in prison with an additional two years probation once their prison term ends. 2016 World Championships The2016 Pokémon World Championshipswas the eighth annual edition of the championships. The event was held at theSan Francisco Marriott MarquisinSan Francisco, California, from August 19 to August 21.For the first time in the tournament history, thePokkén Tournamentinvitational was featured alongside the Video Game Championships (VGC) and Trading Card Game (TCG) tournaments. Side events and an official store with event merchandise occurred alongside the event. The defending Video Game champions were Shoma Honami fromJapan(Masters Division), Mark McQuillan from theUnited Kingdom(Senior Division) and Kotone Yasue from Japan (Junior Division).The defending Trading Card Game champions were Jacob Van Wagner from theUnited States(Masters Division), Patrick Martinez from the United States (Senior Division), and Rowan Stavenow fromCanada. Age divisions and qualifications Both the Pokémon VGC and TCG were divided into three age divisions: theJunior Division(born 2005 or later), theSenior Division(born between 2001 and 2004), and theMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). For thePokkén Tournamentinvitational, players were grouped into either theSenior Division(born 2001 or later) orMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). The process of obtaining an invitation is primarily based on Championship Points.Players could earn Championship Points by performing in select online and live tournaments held throughout the 2016 season (between September 2015 and July 2016). Players from Japan andSouth Koreawere excluded from this rule as these countries had their own method of qualification not based on Championship Points. Play! Pokémondivided players into five different rating zones: US andCanada,Europe,Latin America,Asia-PacificandSouth Africa. Different zones had different Championship Points requirements due to the distribution of events around the world. There are two possible invitations players could obtain: 'Day Two' invites were usually accompanied by travel awards and stipends paid by Play! Pokémon. Trading Card Game Championship qualifications The following table shows the Championship Pointsrequirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: Players in Japan and South Korea were awarded invitations based on each country's organized play system. Video Game Championship qualifications For the Masters Division, the following table lists the Championship Points requirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: 2016 tournament structure The Video Game Championships consisted of two Swiss tournaments and one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, players with two or fewer losses advanced to play in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Final standings (Trading Card Game) References","Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \"Barry\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \"Barry\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana, andcocaineduring his teenage years to \"push questions of who I was out of my mind\".Obama was also a member of the \"Choom Gang\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\" he said. \"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \"was not raised in a religious household.\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\", and \"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\" He described his father as a \"confirmedatheist\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \"of all the different people I've met along the way\", adding: \"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\" The items, \"a whole bowl full\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \"it's not too late\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\"House Divided\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \"It Begins with Us\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \"strict guidelines\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \"common-sense gun reform\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \"postracial America\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \"a great deal\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \"Cash for Clunkers\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \"unusually uncertain\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \"it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \"defining challenge of our time\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \"Obamacare\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \"out-of-pocket\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \"closely-held\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \"established by the State\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \"new era\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \"break\" and \"reset\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \"A New Beginning\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \"Joint Planning Cell\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays.\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \"Panther Brigade\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \"dangerous distraction\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\", an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \"greatest threat\" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \"surgical raid\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \"dangerous\" and \"bad.\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\" and that it was \"a mess\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \"worst mistake\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \"red line\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \"Complex Modernization\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \"call to action\" and remarked: \"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \"thanks, Obama\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\"#thanks Obama\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \"wokeness\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \"an absolute chaotic disaster\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \"could ultimately backfire.\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian Zelizercredits Obama with \"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\" Zeitzer calls this the \"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \"in areas many Progressives hold dear\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \"a disappointingly conventional president\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \"skinny repeal\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \"mixed\", adding that \"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other","Contiguous United States Thecontiguous United States(officially theconterminous United States) consists of the 48 adjoiningU.S. statesand theDistrict of Columbiaof theUnited States of Americain centralNorth America.The term excludes the only two non-contiguousstates, which areAlaskaandHawaii(they are also the last two states to beadmitted to the Union), and all other offshoreinsular areas, such as theU.S. territoriesofAmerican Samoa,Guam, theNorthern Mariana Islands,Puerto Rico, and theU.S. Virgin Islands.The colloquial term \"Lower48\"is also used, especially in relation to Alaska. The related but distinct termcontinental United Statesincludes Alaska, which is also on North America, but separated from the 48 states byBritish Columbiain Canada, but excludes Hawaii and all the insular areas in theCaribbeanand thePacific. The greatest distance (on agreat-circleroute) entirely within the contiguous U.S. is 2,802 miles (4,509 km), coast-to-coast betweenFloridaand theState of Washington;the greatest north–south line is 1,650 miles (2,660 km).The contiguous United States occupies an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is actual land, composing 83.65 percent of the country's total land area, and is comparable in size to the area of Australia.Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66 percent of the nation's total water area. The contiguous United States, if it were a country, would be fifth on thelist of countries and dependencies by area, behindRussia,Canada,China, andBrazil. However, the total area of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks third or fourth. Brazil is 431,000 square kilometers (166,000 sq mi) larger than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States including Alaska, Hawaii and overseas territories. The2020 U.S. censuspopulation of the area was 328,571,074, comprising 99.13 percent of the nation's total population, and a density of 111.04 inhabitants/sq mi (42.872/km2), compared to 93.844/sq mi (36.233/km2) for the nation as a whole. Other terms Whileconterminous U.S.has the precise meaning ofcontiguous U.S.(both adjectives meaning \"sharing a common boundary\"), other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity. Continental and mainland United States BecauseAlaskais also a part ofNorth America, the termcontinental United Statesalso includes that state, so the term is qualified with the explicit inclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity.On May 14, 1959, theUnited States Board on Geographic Namesissued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the continental United States as \"the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia...\" The Board reaffirmed these definitions on May 13, 1999.However, even before Alaska became a state, it was properly included within the continental U.S. due to being anincorporated territory. The termmainland United Statesis sometimes used synonymously withcontinental United States, but technically refers only to those parts of states connected to the landmass of North America, thereby excluding not onlyHawaiiand overseasinsular areas, but also islands which are part of continental states but separated from the mainland, such as theAleutian Islands(Alaska),San Juan Islands(Washington), theChannel Islands(California),the Keys(Florida), thebarrier islands(GulfandEast Coaststates), andLong Island(New York). CONUS and OCONUS CONUS, a technical term used by theU.S. Department of Defense,General Services Administration,NOAA/National Weather Service, and others, has been defined both as the continental United States, and as the 48 contiguous states.The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part ofCONUS. OCONUSis derived from CONUS withOfor outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental United States. The lower 48 The termlower 48is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. TheNational Geographicstyle guide recommends the use ofcontiguousorconterminous United Statesinstead oflower 48when the 48 states are meant, unless used in the context of Alaska.Almost all of Hawaii is south of the southernmost point of the conterminous United States in Florida. Zone of the Interior DuringWorld War II, the first fournumbered Air Forcesof theUnited States Army Air Forces(USAAF) were said to be assigned to theZone of the Interiorby the American military organizations of the time—the future states ofAlaskaandHawaii, then each onlyorganized incorporated territoriesof the Union, were respectively covered by theEleventh Air ForceandSeventh Air Forceduring the war. Terms used in the non-contiguous U.S. jurisdictions Residents of Alaska, Hawaii and off-shoreU.S. territorieshave unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them. Alaska The vast territory ofAlaskabecame the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Alaska is the northwest extremity of the North American continent, separated from theU.S. West Coastby theCanadian provinceofBritish Columbia. The termLower 48has, for many years, been a common Alaskan equivalent for \"contiguous United States\";today, many Alaskans use the term\"Outside\"for those states, though some may use \"Outside\" to refer toanylocation not within Alaska. Hawaii The territory ofHawaii, consisting of the entireHawaiian Islandsarchipelago except forMidway Atoll,became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. It is the southernmost U.S. state, and the latest one to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in thePacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles (3,541 km) from North America and almost halfway between North America andAsia. In Hawaii andoverseas American territories, for instance, the termsthe MainlandorU.S. Mainlandare often used to refer to the 49 states in North America. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is anunincorporated territoryof the United States located in the northeastCaribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,609 km) southeast ofMiami,Florida. Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens and are free to move to the mainland United States. The termStateside Puerto Ricanrefers to residents of any U.S. state or the District of Columbia who were born in, or can trace their family ancestry to, Puerto Rico. U.S. Virgin Islands TheU.S. Virgin Islandsis aU.S. territorylocated directly to the east of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea.The term \"stateside\" is used to refer to the mainland, in relation to the U.S. Virgin Islands(seeStateside Virgin Islands Americans). American Samoa American Samoais aU.S. territorylocated in theSouth Pacific OceaninPolynesia, south of the equator — it is 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest ofHawaii.In American Samoa, the contiguous United States is called the \"mainland United States\" or \"the states\"; those not from American Samoa are calledpalagi(outsiders). Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States Apart from off-shoreU.S. islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous United States are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada.Point Roberts, Washington;Elm Point, Minnesota; and theNorthwest AngleinMinnesotaare three such places.Alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York.By contrast,Hyder, Alaska, is physically part of contiguous Alaska and its easternmost town, but the only practical access is by road through Canada or by seaplane. List of contiguous U.S. states The 48 contiguous states are: In addition, theDistrict of Columbiais within the contiguous United States. See also Notes References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Pokémon World Championships ThePokémon World Championshipsis an invite-onlyesportsevent organized byPlay! Pokémon. It is held annually in August and features games from thePokémonseries such as thePokémonvideo games,Pokémon Trading Card Game,Pokémon Go,Pokémon UniteandPokkén Tournament(until its 2022 edition). Players earn invitations to the World Championships based on their performance in qualifiers and other tournaments held throughout the season and compete for scholarship money, prizes and the title of World Champion. With the exception ofAsia, invitations to the World Championships are administered by thePlay! Pokémonprogram. History The Pokémon World Championships first began with thePokémon Trading Card Game(TCG) in 2004, which was around the time that the franchise was regaining its popularity.In 2009, Play! Pokémon began to organize competitive tournaments for thePokémonvideo game series alongside the TCG, which is collectively known as the Video Game Championships (VGC). Like the TCG Championships, players compete with other players in their own age divisions (i.e. Junior, Senior and Masters) in different Premier Tournaments, and the season culminates with the best players earning an invitation to play the Pokémon World Championships in August. The tournaments in VGC are played with a different game each year, mainly, the latestPokémongame from its main series. In 2016, Play! Pokémon announced thatPokkén Tournamentwould have its own championship series and would be played at the Pokémon World Championships.From 2018 onward,Pokkén Tournament DXwas used to support its qualifiers and competitions. In 2019, it was announced that the 2020 Pokémon World Championships would take place inLondon, United Kingdom,the first time in which the World Championships would be held in a location outside ofNorth America. This is likely due to the setting ofPokémon Sword and Shield, which takes place in a region inspired by the United Kingdom known as Galar, and it is the set of games that would be played by the video game division of the World Championships. On March 31, 2020,Play! Pokémoncancelled the 2020 Pokémon World Championships and suspended its 2020 season due to health concerns over theCOVID-19 pandemic.This came after earlier announcements in March which saw the cancellation of the 2020 European International Championshipsand part of its season between March and June 2020.On February 9, 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Pokémon World Championships would postponed till 2022 for the same reasons. In early January 2022, it was confirmed thatPokémon Unitewould be played at the World Championships, making it the newestMOBAgame to have an official esports tournament, afterLeague of Legends. In May 2022, after six seasons, Play! Pokémon announced the end of thePokkén TournamentChampionship Series after the 2022 season. At the 2022 edition of the event, it was announced that the 2023 World Championships will take place inYokohama, Japan (the basis of Vermilion City in the Kanto region). When the 2023 event took place, it was the first time that the World Championships visited the franchise's country of origin, as well as the first World Championships to take place in Asia. At the end of the 2023 event, The Pokémon Company announced that the Pokémon World Championships will return toHawaiifor the first time since the previous World Championships in the state was held back in 2012. World Championship locations Despite Pokémon being a Japanese product, only one World Championship (2023) was held in Japan. Almost all of the remaining events were held in the United States. Qualification The qualifying process for the Pokémon World Championships varies each year and is dependent on a player's age division and the country in which they are located in. Players may also qualify to play on different days of the World Championships based on their performance in their respective qualifying programs; the best performing players will immediately advance to the second day of the World Championships playoffs (i.e. \\\"Day 2\\\") instead of playing through the first day (i.e. \\\"Day 1\\\"). Play! Pokémon program Players located in a country with aPlay! Pokémonprogram (i.e. inNorth America,Europe,Latin AmericaandOceania) compete in a regular schedule of tournaments for Championship Points and receive invitations when they meet a predetermined threshold of points at the end of the season. In 2015, the Play! Pokémon program expanded to include countries from the continents ofLatin AmericaandAsia(except Japan and South Korea). However, on June 10, 2020, it was announced thatAsiawould no longer be part of the Play! Pokémon program and will have its own qualifying system towards the Pokémon World Championships. Pokémon GO Championship Series Pokémon announced in October 2021 thatPokémon GOwould be added during the 2022 World Championships,along with it a qualification system through the Pokémon GO Championship Series, where the top two head to the World Championships.Any trainer who reached Legend rank during Season 9 of thePokémon GO Battle Leaguewould qualify for the GO Championship Series. Pokémon Unite Championship Series In January 2022,Pokémon Uniteproducer Masaaki Hoshino confirmed that the game would be part of the roster of games to be played at the World Championships in London.For the first season of the Pokémon Unite Championship Series, there will be eleven supported Regional Zones: North America, Central America, South America-East, South America-West, Europe, Oceania, Japan, South Korea, India, and the Asia-Pacific region. These events will only be open to players aged 16 or 18, depending on the region or country they are from. In each month, a series of tournaments in each Regional Zone will be held. Like other games in the World Championships, players will earn Championship Points based on their finishing position in that month's tournament. The CP can be retained by players to allow for team changes as the season carries on. The team with the most points qualifies for the Regional Championships, and the top teams from the Regional Championships qualify for a chance to compete at the Pokémon World Championships. In January 2023, there were changes to the competitive structure and Regional Zones. Pokémon World Championships nearly doubled available spots from 16, to 31 teams. Regional Zones controlled by TPCi were also changed, with Central America, South America-East and South America West being changed to LATAM North, LATAM South, and Brazil. TPC had also taken control of the India and Asia-Pacific Regional Zones, and split Asia-Pacific into 2 regions; Asia-Pacific East and Asia-Pacific West. For TPCi controlled regions, the previous month's top 4 did not auto qualify for the next month's tournament finals. Additionally, an extra monthly tournament was added, the April Cup. Championship Points were also changed to include top CP earners an invite to Pokémon World Championships, ranging from top 1 to 3 in top CP earners depending on how many invites were given for a region. For TPC controlled regions, their tournament circuit began in April, with 3 monthly qualifiers. The winners of these qualifiers then participated in Regionals to earn a spot for Pokémon World Championships. Among those changes, both North America and Europe were also given their first regional LAN event. Europe had a LAN event for their Aeos Cup series at European International Championships. North America were given a regional LAN event at the North America International Championships. In 2023, competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams (groups A to H). Teams in each group play each another in a best-of-three seriesround-robin, with the top team advancing to the Top 8 knockout stage. The final draw took place virtually on thePokémon UniteYouTubechannel on July 28, 2023. The prize pool is $500,000 in USD will be distributed among the Top 16 finishers in the championship. Japan & South Korea Tournaments inJapanandSouth Koreaare organised independently from Play! Pokémon, and as such, players from these countries have a different system of qualification. In Japan, players compete for an invite to theJapan National Championshipsby playing in major qualifier or online tournaments held throughout the season.The best performing players of theJapan National Championshipswill then be selected to represent Japan in the Pokémon World Championships. In South Korea, the style of qualification for the World Championships changes frequently. For example, in 2015, players would compete in theKorean National Championshipsand earn a World Championships invitation based on their standing in the tournament. However, in 2019, players would compete in tournaments organized by theKorean Leagueand earn an invite based on the number of points they had accumulated by the end of the season. Other There are other less common methods of qualifying for the World Championships which include finishing at least top 4 or better in the prior year's World Championships or by participating in asingle-elimination tournamentknown as the Last Chance Qualifierat the location of the World Championships itself. List of World Champions Trading Card Game (TCG) Video Game Championships (VGC) Pokémon Go The under-17 age division was discontinued after the 2022 season. All participants of any age now compete in the same tournament. All tournament battles use the Great League battle format (all Pokémon must be below 1,500 Combat Power.) Pokémon Unite Retired games Pokkén Tournament & Pokkén Tournament DX 2014 World Championships The2014 Pokémon World Championshipswas the sixth annual edition of the championships. The event took place in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center onWashington, D.C., alongside the 2014Pokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championship who were in their eleventh edition. The tournament was streamed viaTwitchfor the first time in the tournament history and reached a viewership of more than 800,000. The defending Video Game champions wereArash OmmatifromItaly(Masters Division), Hayden McTavish from theUnited States(Senior Division), and Brendan Zheng from theUnited States(Junior Division). The opening ceremony of the event was attended byJunichi Masuda, the video game designer for thePokémonfranchise and a member of the board of directors ofGame Freak. The finals match of the Masters division is best known and remembered within the Pokémon community forSe Jun Park's victory with the inclusion and use of aPachirisuon his team. 2014 qualification The qualification process for the 2014 Pokémon World Championships was primarily based on Championship Points accumulated by players from official Play! Pokémon tournaments such as Premier Challenges, Regional Championships and National Championships. In addition, the top 4 players of the 2013 Pokémon World Championships in each division, and the top 4 players of a tournament known as the 'Last Chance Qualifier' will also receive an invitation to play in the World Championships. The invitations for the Masters Division of the tournament were distributed in the following manner: Most of the invitations did not include a fully paid trip to the tournament, and as a result several players could not attend the tournament. 2014 tournament structure Players per country Results Six rounds of Swiss was played by 60 players in the tournament, and each round was played with a set of best-of-three matches. The top 8 players after the Swiss rounds advances to the best-of-three Single Elimination matches. The defending World Champion Arash Ommati and former three-time World ChampionRay Rizzodid not advance to the single elimination rounds. Final standings 2015 World Championships The2015 Pokémon World Championshipswas the seventh annual edition of the championships. The event was held alongside thePokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championships at theHynes Convention CenterinBoston, Massachusetts. The tournament was transmitted with live streaming from the official PokémonTwitchchannel. The defending Video Game champions for the year wereSe Jun ParkfromSouth Korea(Masters Division), Nikolai Zielinsky from theUnited States(Senior Division) and Kota Yamamoto fromJapan(Junior Division). 2015 qualification Players could only gain an invitation to play in the Video Game World Championships by either being the2014 Pokémon World Champions, or by obtaining enough Championship Points in their respective geographic zone designated byPlay! Pokémon. However, the only exception to this rule are for players from Japan and South Korea, as their tournaments are not overseen by Play! Pokémon and their invites are governed through a different system of qualification. Since 2014, players were able to earn Championship Points from various tournaments within their geographical region. The tournaments vary in scale, ranging from local Premier Challenges to state-level Regional Championships and finally the large-scale National Championships. The number of points awarded varies with scale, and players who earn these points are ranked and divided into zones such as North America, Europe and South Africa. This year, two new zones (Latin America and Asia-Pacific) were introduced. The 2015 Pokémon Video Game World Championship was intended to be played under two Swiss tournaments and one single-elimination tournament which would then determine the 2015 World Champions. As such, there are two types of invites: As an example, the invitations for the Masters Division were distributed as follows: 2015 tournament structure TheVideo GameChampionships consisted of twoSwiss tournamentsand one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, the top eight players played in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Weapons controversy During the 2015 World Championships, two Trading Card Game competitors fromIowa(Kevin Norton, 18, and James Stumbo, 27) brought weapons in their vehicle, which were recovered by the police. The two posted status updates and images of their weaponry on social media, which were noticed by variousPokémonfans who treated them as supposed threats against the tournament. The updates were reported to theBoston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), who promptly seized their automobile and then stopped them at the door and barred them from entering the Hynes Convention Center on Thursday evening. Police executed a search warrant on Friday and Norton and Stumbo were arrested at their Red Roof Inn room in Saugus just after midnight on Saturday, August 22, 2015.The two were arrested on charges of unlicensed possession of firearms and ammunition, and were initially held without bail.The weapons recovered were a recently purchasedRemingtonshotgun, anAR-15, a hunting knife and several hundred rounds of ammunition.They pleaded not guilty at their arraignment on November 10, 2015, and their bail was set at $150,000.On December 2, 2015, their trial was set for May 9, 2016, however, in early April 2016, their trial was postponed to November 2016.Following the release ofPokémon Goin July 2016, Stumbo's attorney indicated that the case would be resolved soon.Norton and Stumbo were later sentenced to two years in prison with an additional two years probation once their prison term ends. 2016 World Championships The2016 Pokémon World Championshipswas the eighth annual edition of the championships. The event was held at theSan Francisco Marriott MarquisinSan Francisco, California, from August 19 to August 21.For the first time in the tournament history, thePokkén Tournamentinvitational was featured alongside the Video Game Championships (VGC) and Trading Card Game (TCG) tournaments. Side events and an official store with event merchandise occurred alongside the event. The defending Video Game champions were Shoma Honami fromJapan(Masters Division), Mark McQuillan from theUnited Kingdom(Senior Division) and Kotone Yasue from Japan (Junior Division).The defending Trading Card Game champions were Jacob Van Wagner from theUnited States(Masters Division), Patrick Martinez from the United States (Senior Division), and Rowan Stavenow fromCanada. Age divisions and qualifications Both the Pokémon VGC and TCG were divided into three age divisions: theJunior Division(born 2005 or later), theSenior Division(born between 2001 and 2004), and theMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). For thePokkén Tournamentinvitational, players were grouped into either theSenior Division(born 2001 or later) orMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). The process of obtaining an invitation is primarily based on Championship Points.Players could earn Championship Points by performing in select online and live tournaments held throughout the 2016 season (between September 2015 and July 2016). Players from Japan andSouth Koreawere excluded from this rule as these countries had their own method of qualification not based on Championship Points. Play! Pokémondivided players into five different rating zones: US andCanada,Europe,Latin America,Asia-PacificandSouth Africa. Different zones had different Championship Points requirements due to the distribution of events around the world. There are two possible invitations players could obtain: 'Day Two' invites were usually accompanied by travel awards and stipends paid by Play! Pokémon. Trading Card Game Championship qualifications The following table shows the Championship Pointsrequirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: Players in Japan and South Korea were awarded invitations based on each country's organized play system. Video Game Championship qualifications For the Masters Division, the following table lists the Championship Points requirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: 2016 tournament structure The Video Game Championships consisted of two Swiss tournaments and one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, players with two or fewer losses advanced to play in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Final standings (Trading Card Game) References\",\n \"Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \\\"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\\\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \\\"Barry\\\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \\\"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\\\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \\\"Barry\\\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \\\"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\\\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana, andcocaineduring his teenage years to \\\"push questions of who I was out of my mind\\\".Obama was also a member of the \\\"Choom Gang\\\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \\\"40 under Forty\\\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \\\"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\\\" he said. \\\"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\\\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\\\"Sasha\\\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \\\"was not raised in a religious household.\\\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \\\"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\\\", and \\\"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\\\" He described his father as a \\\"confirmedatheist\\\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \\\"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\\\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \\\"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\\\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \\\"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\\\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \\\"of all the different people I've met along the way\\\", adding: \\\"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\\\" The items, \\\"a whole bowl full\\\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \\\"it's not too late\\\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\\\"House Divided\\\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \\\"It Begins with Us\\\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \\\"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\\\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \\\"strict guidelines\\\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \\\"common-sense gun reform\\\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \\\"postracial America\\\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \\\"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\\\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \\\"a great deal\\\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \\\"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\\\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \\\"gay\\\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \\\"Cash for Clunkers\\\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \\\"unusually uncertain\\\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \\\"it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\\\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \\\"defining challenge of our time\\\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \\\"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\\\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \\\"Obamacare\\\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \\\"out-of-pocket\\\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \\\"closely-held\\\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \\\"established by the State\\\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \\\"new era\\\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \\\"break\\\" and \\\"reset\\\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \\\"A New Beginning\\\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \\\"Joint Planning Cell\\\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \\\"home for the holidays.\\\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \\\"Panther Brigade\\\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \\\"dangerous distraction\\\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \\\"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\\\", an area he said had not received the \\\"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\\\"He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \\\"greatest threat\\\" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \\\"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\\\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \\\"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\\\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \\\"surgical raid\\\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \\\"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\\\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \\\"interests sections\\\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \\\"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\\\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \\\"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\\\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \\\"dangerous\\\" and \\\"bad.\\\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \\\"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\\\" and that it was \\\"a mess\\\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \\\"worst mistake\\\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \\\"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\\\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \\\"red line\\\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \\\"Complex Modernization\\\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the \\\"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\\\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \\\"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\\\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \\\"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\\\", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \\\"black enough\\\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \\\"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\\\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \\\"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\\\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\\\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\\\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \\\"call to action\\\" and remarked: \\\"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\\\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \\\"thanks, Obama\\\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\\\"#thanks Obama\\\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \\\"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\\\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \\\"wokeness\\\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \\\"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\\\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \\\"an absolute chaotic disaster\\\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \\\"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\\\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \\\"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\\\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \\\"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\\\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \\\"could ultimately backfire.\\\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian Zelizercredits Obama with \\\"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\\\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \\\"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\\\" Zeitzer calls this the \\\"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\\\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \\\"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\\\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \\\"in areas many Progressives hold dear\\\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \\\"a disappointingly conventional president\\\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \\\"skinny repeal\\\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \\\"don't ask, don't tell\\\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \\\"mixed\\\", adding that \\\"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\\\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other\",\n \"Contiguous United States Thecontiguous United States(officially theconterminous United States) consists of the 48 adjoiningU.S. statesand theDistrict of Columbiaof theUnited States of Americain centralNorth America.The term excludes the only two non-contiguousstates, which areAlaskaandHawaii(they are also the last two states to beadmitted to the Union), and all other offshoreinsular areas, such as theU.S. territoriesofAmerican Samoa,Guam, theNorthern Mariana Islands,Puerto Rico, and theU.S. Virgin Islands.The colloquial term \\\"Lower48\\\"is also used, especially in relation to Alaska. The related but distinct termcontinental United Statesincludes Alaska, which is also on North America, but separated from the 48 states byBritish Columbiain Canada, but excludes Hawaii and all the insular areas in theCaribbeanand thePacific. The greatest distance (on agreat-circleroute) entirely within the contiguous U.S. is 2,802 miles (4,509 km), coast-to-coast betweenFloridaand theState of Washington;the greatest north–south line is 1,650 miles (2,660 km).The contiguous United States occupies an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is actual land, composing 83.65 percent of the country's total land area, and is comparable in size to the area of Australia.Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66 percent of the nation's total water area. The contiguous United States, if it were a country, would be fifth on thelist of countries and dependencies by area, behindRussia,Canada,China, andBrazil. However, the total area of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks third or fourth. Brazil is 431,000 square kilometers (166,000 sq mi) larger than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States including Alaska, Hawaii and overseas territories. The2020 U.S. censuspopulation of the area was 328,571,074, comprising 99.13 percent of the nation's total population, and a density of 111.04 inhabitants/sq mi (42.872/km2), compared to 93.844/sq mi (36.233/km2) for the nation as a whole. Other terms Whileconterminous U.S.has the precise meaning ofcontiguous U.S.(both adjectives meaning \\\"sharing a common boundary\\\"), other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity. Continental and mainland United States BecauseAlaskais also a part ofNorth America, the termcontinental United Statesalso includes that state, so the term is qualified with the explicit inclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity.On May 14, 1959, theUnited States Board on Geographic Namesissued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the continental United States as \\\"the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia...\\\" The Board reaffirmed these definitions on May 13, 1999.However, even before Alaska became a state, it was properly included within the continental U.S. due to being anincorporated territory. The termmainland United Statesis sometimes used synonymously withcontinental United States, but technically refers only to those parts of states connected to the landmass of North America, thereby excluding not onlyHawaiiand overseasinsular areas, but also islands which are part of continental states but separated from the mainland, such as theAleutian Islands(Alaska),San Juan Islands(Washington), theChannel Islands(California),the Keys(Florida), thebarrier islands(GulfandEast Coaststates), andLong Island(New York). CONUS and OCONUS CONUS, a technical term used by theU.S. Department of Defense,General Services Administration,NOAA/National Weather Service, and others, has been defined both as the continental United States, and as the 48 contiguous states.The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part ofCONUS. OCONUSis derived from CONUS withOfor outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental United States. The lower 48 The termlower 48is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. TheNational Geographicstyle guide recommends the use ofcontiguousorconterminous United Statesinstead oflower 48when the 48 states are meant, unless used in the context of Alaska.Almost all of Hawaii is south of the southernmost point of the conterminous United States in Florida. Zone of the Interior DuringWorld War II, the first fournumbered Air Forcesof theUnited States Army Air Forces(USAAF) were said to be assigned to theZone of the Interiorby the American military organizations of the time—the future states ofAlaskaandHawaii, then each onlyorganized incorporated territoriesof the Union, were respectively covered by theEleventh Air ForceandSeventh Air Forceduring the war. Terms used in the non-contiguous U.S. jurisdictions Residents of Alaska, Hawaii and off-shoreU.S. territorieshave unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them. Alaska The vast territory ofAlaskabecame the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Alaska is the northwest extremity of the North American continent, separated from theU.S. West Coastby theCanadian provinceofBritish Columbia. The termLower 48has, for many years, been a common Alaskan equivalent for \\\"contiguous United States\\\";today, many Alaskans use the term\\\"Outside\\\"for those states, though some may use \\\"Outside\\\" to refer toanylocation not within Alaska. Hawaii The territory ofHawaii, consisting of the entireHawaiian Islandsarchipelago except forMidway Atoll,became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. It is the southernmost U.S. state, and the latest one to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in thePacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles (3,541 km) from North America and almost halfway between North America andAsia. In Hawaii andoverseas American territories, for instance, the termsthe MainlandorU.S. Mainlandare often used to refer to the 49 states in North America. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is anunincorporated territoryof the United States located in the northeastCaribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,609 km) southeast ofMiami,Florida. Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens and are free to move to the mainland United States. The termStateside Puerto Ricanrefers to residents of any U.S. state or the District of Columbia who were born in, or can trace their family ancestry to, Puerto Rico. U.S. Virgin Islands TheU.S. Virgin Islandsis aU.S. territorylocated directly to the east of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea.The term \\\"stateside\\\" is used to refer to the mainland, in relation to the U.S. Virgin Islands(seeStateside Virgin Islands Americans). American Samoa American Samoais aU.S. territorylocated in theSouth Pacific OceaninPolynesia, south of the equator — it is 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest ofHawaii.In American Samoa, the contiguous United States is called the \\\"mainland United States\\\" or \\\"the states\\\"; those not from American Samoa are calledpalagi(outsiders). Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States Apart from off-shoreU.S. islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous United States are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada.Point Roberts, Washington;Elm Point, Minnesota; and theNorthwest AngleinMinnesotaare three such places.Alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York.By contrast,Hyder, Alaska, is physically part of contiguous Alaska and its easternmost town, but the only practical access is by road through Canada or by seaplane. List of contiguous U.S. states The 48 contiguous states are: In addition, theDistrict of Columbiais within the contiguous United States. See also Notes References External links\"\n]"},"chunks_1024_20":{"kind":"list like","value":["Pokémon World Championships ThePokémon World Championshipsis an invite-onlyesportsevent organized byPlay! Pokémon. It is held annually in August and features games from thePokémonseries such as thePokémonvideo games,Pokémon Trading Card Game,Pokémon Go,Pokémon UniteandPokkén Tournament(until its 2022 edition). Players earn invitations to the World Championships based on their performance in qualifiers and other tournaments held throughout the season and compete for scholarship money, prizes and the title of World Champion. With the exception ofAsia, invitations to the World Championships are administered by thePlay! Pokémonprogram. History The Pokémon World Championships first began with thePokémon Trading Card Game(TCG) in 2004, which was around the time that the franchise was regaining its popularity.In 2009, Play! Pokémon began to organize competitive tournaments for thePokémonvideo game series alongside the TCG, which is collectively known as the Video Game Championships (VGC). Like the TCG Championships,","TCG Championships, players compete with other players in their own age divisions (i.e. Junior, Senior and Masters) in different Premier Tournaments, and the season culminates with the best players earning an invitation to play the Pokémon World Championships in August. The tournaments in VGC are played with a different game each year, mainly, the latestPokémongame from its main series. In 2016, Play! Pokémon announced thatPokkén Tournamentwould have its own championship series and would be played at the Pokémon World Championships.From 2018 onward,Pokkén Tournament DXwas used to support its qualifiers and competitions. In 2019, it was announced that the 2020 Pokémon World Championships would take place inLondon, United Kingdom,the first time in which the World Championships would be held in a location outside ofNorth America. This is likely due to the setting ofPokémon Sword and Shield, which takes place in a region inspired by the United Kingdom known as Galar, and it is the set of games that would be","games that would be played by the video game division of the World Championships. On March 31, 2020,Play! Pokémoncancelled the 2020 Pokémon World Championships and suspended its 2020 season due to health concerns over theCOVID-19 pandemic.This came after earlier announcements in March which saw the cancellation of the 2020 European International Championshipsand part of its season between March and June 2020.On February 9, 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Pokémon World Championships would postponed till 2022 for the same reasons. In early January 2022, it was confirmed thatPokémon Unitewould be played at the World Championships, making it the newestMOBAgame to have an official esports tournament, afterLeague of Legends. In May 2022, after six seasons, Play! Pokémon announced the end of thePokkén TournamentChampionship Series after the 2022 season. At the 2022 edition of the event, it was announced that the 2023 World Championships will take place inYokohama, Japan (the basis of Vermilion City in the","City in the Kanto region). When the 2023 event took place, it was the first time that the World Championships visited the franchise's country of origin, as well as the first World Championships to take place in Asia. At the end of the 2023 event, The Pokémon Company announced that the Pokémon World Championships will return toHawaiifor the first time since the previous World Championships in the state was held back in 2012. World Championship locations Despite Pokémon being a Japanese product, only one World Championship (2023) was held in Japan. Almost all of the remaining events were held in the United States. Qualification The qualifying process for the Pokémon World Championships varies each year and is dependent on a player's age division and the country in which they are located in. Players may also qualify to play on different days of the World Championships based on their performance in their respective qualifying programs; the best performing players will immediately advance to the second day of the","second day of the World Championships playoffs (i.e. \"Day 2\") instead of playing through the first day (i.e. \"Day 1\"). Play! Pokémon program Players located in a country with aPlay! Pokémonprogram (i.e. inNorth America,Europe,Latin AmericaandOceania) compete in a regular schedule of tournaments for Championship Points and receive invitations when they meet a predetermined threshold of points at the end of the season. In 2015, the Play! Pokémon program expanded to include countries from the continents ofLatin AmericaandAsia(except Japan and South Korea). However, on June 10, 2020, it was announced thatAsiawould no longer be part of the Play! Pokémon program and will have its own qualifying system towards the Pokémon World Championships. Pokémon GO Championship Series Pokémon announced in October 2021 thatPokémon GOwould be added during the 2022 World Championships,along with it a qualification system through the Pokémon GO Championship Series, where the top two head to the World Championships.Any trainer who","trainer who reached Legend rank during Season 9 of thePokémon GO Battle Leaguewould qualify for the GO Championship Series. Pokémon Unite Championship Series In January 2022,Pokémon Uniteproducer Masaaki Hoshino confirmed that the game would be part of the roster of games to be played at the World Championships in London.For the first season of the Pokémon Unite Championship Series, there will be eleven supported Regional Zones: North America, Central America, South America-East, South America-West, Europe, Oceania, Japan, South Korea, India, and the Asia-Pacific region. These events will only be open to players aged 16 or 18, depending on the region or country they are from. In each month, a series of tournaments in each Regional Zone will be held. Like other games in the World Championships, players will earn Championship Points based on their finishing position in that month's tournament. The CP can be retained by players to allow for team changes as the season carries on. The team with the most points","the most points qualifies for the Regional Championships, and the top teams from the Regional Championships qualify for a chance to compete at the Pokémon World Championships. In January 2023, there were changes to the competitive structure and Regional Zones. Pokémon World Championships nearly doubled available spots from 16, to 31 teams. Regional Zones controlled by TPCi were also changed, with Central America, South America-East and South America West being changed to LATAM North, LATAM South, and Brazil. TPC had also taken control of the India and Asia-Pacific Regional Zones, and split Asia-Pacific into 2 regions; Asia-Pacific East and Asia-Pacific West. For TPCi controlled regions, the previous month's top 4 did not auto qualify for the next month's tournament finals. Additionally, an extra monthly tournament was added, the April Cup. Championship Points were also changed to include top CP earners an invite to Pokémon World Championships, ranging from top 1 to 3 in top CP earners depending on how many","on how many invites were given for a region. For TPC controlled regions, their tournament circuit began in April, with 3 monthly qualifiers. The winners of these qualifiers then participated in Regionals to earn a spot for Pokémon World Championships. Among those changes, both North America and Europe were also given their first regional LAN event. Europe had a LAN event for their Aeos Cup series at European International Championships. North America were given a regional LAN event at the North America International Championships. In 2023, competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams (groups A to H). Teams in each group play each another in a best-of-three seriesround-robin, with the top team advancing to the Top 8 knockout stage. The final draw took place virtually on thePokémon UniteYouTubechannel on July 28, 2023. The prize pool is $500,000 in USD will be distributed among the Top 16 finishers in the championship. Japan & South Korea Tournaments inJapanandSouth Koreaare organised","Koreaare organised independently from Play! Pokémon, and as such, players from these countries have a different system of qualification. In Japan, players compete for an invite to theJapan National Championshipsby playing in major qualifier or online tournaments held throughout the season.The best performing players of theJapan National Championshipswill then be selected to represent Japan in the Pokémon World Championships. In South Korea, the style of qualification for the World Championships changes frequently. For example, in 2015, players would compete in theKorean National Championshipsand earn a World Championships invitation based on their standing in the tournament. However, in 2019, players would compete in tournaments organized by theKorean Leagueand earn an invite based on the number of points they had accumulated by the end of the season. Other There are other less common methods of qualifying for the World Championships which include finishing at least top 4 or better in the prior year's World","prior year's World Championships or by participating in asingle-elimination tournamentknown as the Last Chance Qualifierat the location of the World Championships itself. List of World Champions Trading Card Game (TCG) Video Game Championships (VGC) Pokémon Go The under-17 age division was discontinued after the 2022 season. All participants of any age now compete in the same tournament. All tournament battles use the Great League battle format (all Pokémon must be below 1,500 Combat Power.) Pokémon Unite Retired games Pokkén Tournament & Pokkén Tournament DX 2014 World Championships The2014 Pokémon World Championshipswas the sixth annual edition of the championships. The event took place in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center onWashington, D.C., alongside the 2014Pokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championship who were in their eleventh edition. The tournament was streamed viaTwitchfor the first time in the tournament history and reached a viewership of more than 800,000. The defending Video Game","Video Game champions wereArash OmmatifromItaly(Masters Division), Hayden McTavish from theUnited States(Senior Division), and Brendan Zheng from theUnited States(Junior Division). The opening ceremony of the event was attended byJunichi Masuda, the video game designer for thePokémonfranchise and a member of the board of directors ofGame Freak. The finals match of the Masters division is best known and remembered within the Pokémon community forSe Jun Park's victory with the inclusion and use of aPachirisuon his team. 2014 qualification The qualification process for the 2014 Pokémon World Championships was primarily based on Championship Points accumulated by players from official Play! Pokémon tournaments such as Premier Challenges, Regional Championships and National Championships. In addition, the top 4 players of the 2013 Pokémon World Championships in each division, and the top 4 players of a tournament known as the 'Last Chance Qualifier' will also receive an invitation to play in the World","play in the World Championships. The invitations for the Masters Division of the tournament were distributed in the following manner: Most of the invitations did not include a fully paid trip to the tournament, and as a result several players could not attend the tournament. 2014 tournament structure Players per country Results Six rounds of Swiss was played by 60 players in the tournament, and each round was played with a set of best-of-three matches. The top 8 players after the Swiss rounds advances to the best-of-three Single Elimination matches. The defending World Champion Arash Ommati and former three-time World ChampionRay Rizzodid not advance to the single elimination rounds. Final standings 2015 World Championships The2015 Pokémon World Championshipswas the seventh annual edition of the championships. The event was held alongside thePokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championships at theHynes Convention CenterinBoston, Massachusetts. The tournament was transmitted with live streaming from the official","from the official PokémonTwitchchannel. The defending Video Game champions for the year wereSe Jun ParkfromSouth Korea(Masters Division), Nikolai Zielinsky from theUnited States(Senior Division) and Kota Yamamoto fromJapan(Junior Division). 2015 qualification Players could only gain an invitation to play in the Video Game World Championships by either being the2014 Pokémon World Champions, or by obtaining enough Championship Points in their respective geographic zone designated byPlay! Pokémon. However, the only exception to this rule are for players from Japan and South Korea, as their tournaments are not overseen by Play! Pokémon and their invites are governed through a different system of qualification. Since 2014, players were able to earn Championship Points from various tournaments within their geographical region. The tournaments vary in scale, ranging from local Premier Challenges to state-level Regional Championships and finally the large-scale National Championships. The number of points awarded","of points awarded varies with scale, and players who earn these points are ranked and divided into zones such as North America, Europe and South Africa. This year, two new zones (Latin America and Asia-Pacific) were introduced. The 2015 Pokémon Video Game World Championship was intended to be played under two Swiss tournaments and one single-elimination tournament which would then determine the 2015 World Champions. As such, there are two types of invites: As an example, the invitations for the Masters Division were distributed as follows: 2015 tournament structure TheVideo GameChampionships consisted of twoSwiss tournamentsand one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received","who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, the top eight players played in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Weapons controversy During the 2015 World Championships, two Trading Card Game competitors fromIowa(Kevin Norton, 18, and James Stumbo, 27) brought weapons in their vehicle, which were recovered by the police. The two posted status updates and images of their weaponry on social media, which were noticed by variousPokémonfans who treated them as supposed threats against the tournament. The updates were reported to theBoston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), who promptly seized their automobile and then stopped them at the door and barred them from entering the Hynes Convention Center on Thursday evening. Police executed a search warrant on Friday and Norton and Stumbo were arrested at their Red Roof Inn room in Saugus just after midnight on Saturday,","on Saturday, August 22, 2015.The two were arrested on charges of unlicensed possession of firearms and ammunition, and were initially held without bail.The weapons recovered were a recently purchasedRemingtonshotgun, anAR-15, a hunting knife and several hundred rounds of ammunition.They pleaded not guilty at their arraignment on November 10, 2015, and their bail was set at $150,000.On December 2, 2015, their trial was set for May 9, 2016, however, in early April 2016, their trial was postponed to November 2016.Following the release ofPokémon Goin July 2016, Stumbo's attorney indicated that the case would be resolved soon.Norton and Stumbo were later sentenced to two years in prison with an additional two years probation once their prison term ends. 2016 World Championships The2016 Pokémon World Championshipswas the eighth annual edition of the championships. The event was held at theSan Francisco Marriott MarquisinSan Francisco, California, from August 19 to August 21.For the first time in the tournament","in the tournament history, thePokkén Tournamentinvitational was featured alongside the Video Game Championships (VGC) and Trading Card Game (TCG) tournaments. Side events and an official store with event merchandise occurred alongside the event. The defending Video Game champions were Shoma Honami fromJapan(Masters Division), Mark McQuillan from theUnited Kingdom(Senior Division) and Kotone Yasue from Japan (Junior Division).The defending Trading Card Game champions were Jacob Van Wagner from theUnited States(Masters Division), Patrick Martinez from the United States (Senior Division), and Rowan Stavenow fromCanada. Age divisions and qualifications Both the Pokémon VGC and TCG were divided into three age divisions: theJunior Division(born 2005 or later), theSenior Division(born between 2001 and 2004), and theMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). For thePokkén Tournamentinvitational, players were grouped into either theSenior Division(born 2001 or later) orMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). The process","The process of obtaining an invitation is primarily based on Championship Points.Players could earn Championship Points by performing in select online and live tournaments held throughout the 2016 season (between September 2015 and July 2016). Players from Japan andSouth Koreawere excluded from this rule as these countries had their own method of qualification not based on Championship Points. Play! Pokémondivided players into five different rating zones: US andCanada,Europe,Latin America,Asia-PacificandSouth Africa. Different zones had different Championship Points requirements due to the distribution of events around the world. There are two possible invitations players could obtain: 'Day Two' invites were usually accompanied by travel awards and stipends paid by Play! Pokémon. Trading Card Game Championship qualifications The following table shows the Championship Pointsrequirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: Players in Japan and South Korea were awarded invitations based on each","based on each country's organized play system. Video Game Championship qualifications For the Masters Division, the following table lists the Championship Points requirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: 2016 tournament structure The Video Game Championships consisted of two Swiss tournaments and one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, players with two or fewer losses advanced to play in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Final standings (Trading Card Game) References","Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary","close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater","encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and","D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S.","Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr.","1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they","From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \"Barry\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade","from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \"Barry\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana,","andcocaineduring his teenage years to \"push questions of who I was out of my mind\".Obama was also a member of the \"Choom Gang\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating,","After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya,","weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama","In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\" he said. \"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings","other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as","for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox","wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to","were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \"was not raised in a religious household.\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\", and \"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\" He described","He described his father as a \"confirmedatheist\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life","of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \"of all the different people I've met along the way\", adding: \"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\" The items, \"a whole bowl full\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of","a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of","Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures.","homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his","2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \"it's not too late\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won","election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black","Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an","Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental","and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\"House Divided\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered","candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance","his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States","three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \"It Begins with Us\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as","to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential","to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \"strict guidelines\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama","nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on","House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to","urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \"common-sense gun reform\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but","as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \"postracial America\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of","thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a","for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \"a great deal\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving","people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in","Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing.","while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \"Cash for Clunkers\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the","to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the","November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \"unusually uncertain\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \"it is impossible to determine how many of the","how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new","benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \"defining challenge of our time\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan","formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of","the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic","known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public","a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \"Obamacare\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \"out-of-pocket\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share","the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was","the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \"closely-held\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \"established by the State\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \"new era\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \"break\" and \"reset\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by","to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \"A New Beginning\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to","The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \"Joint Planning Cell\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama","18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays.\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American","3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \"Panther Brigade\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \"dangerous distraction\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\", an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"He replaced","replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \"greatest threat\" to the security of Afghanistan and","of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \"surgical raid\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from","and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the","2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group,","Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring","seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \"dangerous\" and \"bad.\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization,","the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk","the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\" and that it was \"a mess\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \"worst mistake\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have","later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \"red line\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \"Complex Modernization\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled","The deal titled the \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.","the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\", adding that the legacy of this","the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68","with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval","approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as","world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \"call to action\" and remarked: \"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \"thanks, Obama\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\"#thanks","hashtag\"#thanks Obama\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H.","Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc","VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \"wokeness\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \"an absolute chaotic disaster\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the","Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court","the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \"could ultimately backfire.\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian","Zelizercredits Obama with \"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\" Zeitzer calls this the \"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \"in areas many Progressives hold dear\", including","dear\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \"a disappointingly conventional president\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \"skinny repeal\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama","theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama","As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau","States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \"mixed\", adding that \"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is","Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other","Contiguous United States Thecontiguous United States(officially theconterminous United States) consists of the 48 adjoiningU.S. statesand theDistrict of Columbiaof theUnited States of Americain centralNorth America.The term excludes the only two non-contiguousstates, which areAlaskaandHawaii(they are also the last two states to beadmitted to the Union), and all other offshoreinsular areas, such as theU.S. territoriesofAmerican Samoa,Guam, theNorthern Mariana Islands,Puerto Rico, and theU.S. Virgin Islands.The colloquial term \"Lower48\"is also used, especially in relation to Alaska. The related but distinct termcontinental United Statesincludes Alaska, which is also on North America, but separated from the 48 states byBritish Columbiain Canada, but excludes Hawaii and all the insular areas in theCaribbeanand thePacific. The greatest distance (on agreat-circleroute) entirely within the contiguous U.S. is 2,802 miles (4,509 km), coast-to-coast betweenFloridaand theState of Washington;the greatest north–south line","north–south line is 1,650 miles (2,660 km).The contiguous United States occupies an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is actual land, composing 83.65 percent of the country's total land area, and is comparable in size to the area of Australia.Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66 percent of the nation's total water area. The contiguous United States, if it were a country, would be fifth on thelist of countries and dependencies by area, behindRussia,Canada,China, andBrazil. However, the total area of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks third or fourth. Brazil is 431,000 square kilometers (166,000 sq mi) larger than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States including Alaska, Hawaii and overseas territories. The2020 U.S. censuspopulation of the area was 328,571,074, comprising 99.13 percent of the nation's total","the nation's total population, and a density of 111.04 inhabitants/sq mi (42.872/km2), compared to 93.844/sq mi (36.233/km2) for the nation as a whole. Other terms Whileconterminous U.S.has the precise meaning ofcontiguous U.S.(both adjectives meaning \"sharing a common boundary\"), other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity. Continental and mainland United States BecauseAlaskais also a part ofNorth America, the termcontinental United Statesalso includes that state, so the term is qualified with the explicit inclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity.On May 14, 1959, theUnited States Board on Geographic Namesissued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the continental United States as \"the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia...\" The Board reaffirmed these definitions on May 13, 1999.However, even before Alaska became a state, it was properly included within","included within the continental U.S. due to being anincorporated territory. The termmainland United Statesis sometimes used synonymously withcontinental United States, but technically refers only to those parts of states connected to the landmass of North America, thereby excluding not onlyHawaiiand overseasinsular areas, but also islands which are part of continental states but separated from the mainland, such as theAleutian Islands(Alaska),San Juan Islands(Washington), theChannel Islands(California),the Keys(Florida), thebarrier islands(GulfandEast Coaststates), andLong Island(New York). CONUS and OCONUS CONUS, a technical term used by theU.S. Department of Defense,General Services Administration,NOAA/National Weather Service, and others, has been defined both as the continental United States, and as the 48 contiguous states.The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part ofCONUS. OCONUSis derived from CONUS withOfor outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental","of Continental United States. The lower 48 The termlower 48is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. TheNational Geographicstyle guide recommends the use ofcontiguousorconterminous United Statesinstead oflower 48when the 48 states are meant, unless used in the context of Alaska.Almost all of Hawaii is south of the southernmost point of the conterminous United States in Florida. Zone of the Interior DuringWorld War II, the first fournumbered Air Forcesof theUnited States Army Air Forces(USAAF) were said to be assigned to theZone of the Interiorby the American military organizations of the time—the future states ofAlaskaandHawaii, then each onlyorganized incorporated territoriesof the Union, were respectively covered by theEleventh Air ForceandSeventh Air Forceduring the war. Terms used in the non-contiguous U.S. jurisdictions Residents of Alaska, Hawaii and off-shoreU.S. territorieshave unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them. Alaska The","to them. Alaska The vast territory ofAlaskabecame the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Alaska is the northwest extremity of the North American continent, separated from theU.S. West Coastby theCanadian provinceofBritish Columbia. The termLower 48has, for many years, been a common Alaskan equivalent for \"contiguous United States\";today, many Alaskans use the term\"Outside\"for those states, though some may use \"Outside\" to refer toanylocation not within Alaska. Hawaii The territory ofHawaii, consisting of the entireHawaiian Islandsarchipelago except forMidway Atoll,became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. It is the southernmost U.S. state, and the latest one to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in thePacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles (3,541 km) from North America and almost halfway between North America andAsia. In Hawaii andoverseas American territories, for instance, the termsthe MainlandorU.S. Mainlandare often used to refer to the 49 states","to the 49 states in North America. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is anunincorporated territoryof the United States located in the northeastCaribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,609 km) southeast ofMiami,Florida. Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens and are free to move to the mainland United States. The termStateside Puerto Ricanrefers to residents of any U.S. state or the District of Columbia who were born in, or can trace their family ancestry to, Puerto Rico. U.S. Virgin Islands TheU.S. Virgin Islandsis aU.S. territorylocated directly to the east of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea.The term \"stateside\" is used to refer to the mainland, in relation to the U.S. Virgin Islands(seeStateside Virgin Islands Americans). American Samoa American Samoais aU.S. territorylocated in theSouth Pacific OceaninPolynesia, south of the equator — it is 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest ofHawaii.In American Samoa, the contiguous United States is called the \"mainland United States\" or \"the states\"; those not from","those not from American Samoa are calledpalagi(outsiders). Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States Apart from off-shoreU.S. islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous United States are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada.Point Roberts, Washington;Elm Point, Minnesota; and theNorthwest AngleinMinnesotaare three such places.Alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York.By contrast,Hyder, Alaska, is physically part of contiguous Alaska and its easternmost town, but the only practical access is by road through Canada or by seaplane. List of contiguous U.S. states The 48 contiguous states are: In addition, theDistrict of Columbiais within the contiguous United States. See also Notes References External links"],"string":"[\n \"Pokémon World Championships ThePokémon World Championshipsis an invite-onlyesportsevent organized byPlay! Pokémon. It is held annually in August and features games from thePokémonseries such as thePokémonvideo games,Pokémon Trading Card Game,Pokémon Go,Pokémon UniteandPokkén Tournament(until its 2022 edition). Players earn invitations to the World Championships based on their performance in qualifiers and other tournaments held throughout the season and compete for scholarship money, prizes and the title of World Champion. With the exception ofAsia, invitations to the World Championships are administered by thePlay! Pokémonprogram. History The Pokémon World Championships first began with thePokémon Trading Card Game(TCG) in 2004, which was around the time that the franchise was regaining its popularity.In 2009, Play! Pokémon began to organize competitive tournaments for thePokémonvideo game series alongside the TCG, which is collectively known as the Video Game Championships (VGC). Like the TCG Championships,\",\n \"TCG Championships, players compete with other players in their own age divisions (i.e. Junior, Senior and Masters) in different Premier Tournaments, and the season culminates with the best players earning an invitation to play the Pokémon World Championships in August. The tournaments in VGC are played with a different game each year, mainly, the latestPokémongame from its main series. In 2016, Play! Pokémon announced thatPokkén Tournamentwould have its own championship series and would be played at the Pokémon World Championships.From 2018 onward,Pokkén Tournament DXwas used to support its qualifiers and competitions. In 2019, it was announced that the 2020 Pokémon World Championships would take place inLondon, United Kingdom,the first time in which the World Championships would be held in a location outside ofNorth America. This is likely due to the setting ofPokémon Sword and Shield, which takes place in a region inspired by the United Kingdom known as Galar, and it is the set of games that would be\",\n \"games that would be played by the video game division of the World Championships. On March 31, 2020,Play! Pokémoncancelled the 2020 Pokémon World Championships and suspended its 2020 season due to health concerns over theCOVID-19 pandemic.This came after earlier announcements in March which saw the cancellation of the 2020 European International Championshipsand part of its season between March and June 2020.On February 9, 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Pokémon World Championships would postponed till 2022 for the same reasons. In early January 2022, it was confirmed thatPokémon Unitewould be played at the World Championships, making it the newestMOBAgame to have an official esports tournament, afterLeague of Legends. In May 2022, after six seasons, Play! Pokémon announced the end of thePokkén TournamentChampionship Series after the 2022 season. At the 2022 edition of the event, it was announced that the 2023 World Championships will take place inYokohama, Japan (the basis of Vermilion City in the\",\n \"City in the Kanto region). When the 2023 event took place, it was the first time that the World Championships visited the franchise's country of origin, as well as the first World Championships to take place in Asia. At the end of the 2023 event, The Pokémon Company announced that the Pokémon World Championships will return toHawaiifor the first time since the previous World Championships in the state was held back in 2012. World Championship locations Despite Pokémon being a Japanese product, only one World Championship (2023) was held in Japan. Almost all of the remaining events were held in the United States. Qualification The qualifying process for the Pokémon World Championships varies each year and is dependent on a player's age division and the country in which they are located in. Players may also qualify to play on different days of the World Championships based on their performance in their respective qualifying programs; the best performing players will immediately advance to the second day of the\",\n \"second day of the World Championships playoffs (i.e. \\\"Day 2\\\") instead of playing through the first day (i.e. \\\"Day 1\\\"). Play! Pokémon program Players located in a country with aPlay! Pokémonprogram (i.e. inNorth America,Europe,Latin AmericaandOceania) compete in a regular schedule of tournaments for Championship Points and receive invitations when they meet a predetermined threshold of points at the end of the season. In 2015, the Play! Pokémon program expanded to include countries from the continents ofLatin AmericaandAsia(except Japan and South Korea). However, on June 10, 2020, it was announced thatAsiawould no longer be part of the Play! Pokémon program and will have its own qualifying system towards the Pokémon World Championships. Pokémon GO Championship Series Pokémon announced in October 2021 thatPokémon GOwould be added during the 2022 World Championships,along with it a qualification system through the Pokémon GO Championship Series, where the top two head to the World Championships.Any trainer who\",\n \"trainer who reached Legend rank during Season 9 of thePokémon GO Battle Leaguewould qualify for the GO Championship Series. Pokémon Unite Championship Series In January 2022,Pokémon Uniteproducer Masaaki Hoshino confirmed that the game would be part of the roster of games to be played at the World Championships in London.For the first season of the Pokémon Unite Championship Series, there will be eleven supported Regional Zones: North America, Central America, South America-East, South America-West, Europe, Oceania, Japan, South Korea, India, and the Asia-Pacific region. These events will only be open to players aged 16 or 18, depending on the region or country they are from. In each month, a series of tournaments in each Regional Zone will be held. Like other games in the World Championships, players will earn Championship Points based on their finishing position in that month's tournament. The CP can be retained by players to allow for team changes as the season carries on. The team with the most points\",\n \"the most points qualifies for the Regional Championships, and the top teams from the Regional Championships qualify for a chance to compete at the Pokémon World Championships. In January 2023, there were changes to the competitive structure and Regional Zones. Pokémon World Championships nearly doubled available spots from 16, to 31 teams. Regional Zones controlled by TPCi were also changed, with Central America, South America-East and South America West being changed to LATAM North, LATAM South, and Brazil. TPC had also taken control of the India and Asia-Pacific Regional Zones, and split Asia-Pacific into 2 regions; Asia-Pacific East and Asia-Pacific West. For TPCi controlled regions, the previous month's top 4 did not auto qualify for the next month's tournament finals. Additionally, an extra monthly tournament was added, the April Cup. Championship Points were also changed to include top CP earners an invite to Pokémon World Championships, ranging from top 1 to 3 in top CP earners depending on how many\",\n \"on how many invites were given for a region. For TPC controlled regions, their tournament circuit began in April, with 3 monthly qualifiers. The winners of these qualifiers then participated in Regionals to earn a spot for Pokémon World Championships. Among those changes, both North America and Europe were also given their first regional LAN event. Europe had a LAN event for their Aeos Cup series at European International Championships. North America were given a regional LAN event at the North America International Championships. In 2023, competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams (groups A to H). Teams in each group play each another in a best-of-three seriesround-robin, with the top team advancing to the Top 8 knockout stage. The final draw took place virtually on thePokémon UniteYouTubechannel on July 28, 2023. The prize pool is $500,000 in USD will be distributed among the Top 16 finishers in the championship. Japan & South Korea Tournaments inJapanandSouth Koreaare organised\",\n \"Koreaare organised independently from Play! Pokémon, and as such, players from these countries have a different system of qualification. In Japan, players compete for an invite to theJapan National Championshipsby playing in major qualifier or online tournaments held throughout the season.The best performing players of theJapan National Championshipswill then be selected to represent Japan in the Pokémon World Championships. In South Korea, the style of qualification for the World Championships changes frequently. For example, in 2015, players would compete in theKorean National Championshipsand earn a World Championships invitation based on their standing in the tournament. However, in 2019, players would compete in tournaments organized by theKorean Leagueand earn an invite based on the number of points they had accumulated by the end of the season. Other There are other less common methods of qualifying for the World Championships which include finishing at least top 4 or better in the prior year's World\",\n \"prior year's World Championships or by participating in asingle-elimination tournamentknown as the Last Chance Qualifierat the location of the World Championships itself. List of World Champions Trading Card Game (TCG) Video Game Championships (VGC) Pokémon Go The under-17 age division was discontinued after the 2022 season. All participants of any age now compete in the same tournament. All tournament battles use the Great League battle format (all Pokémon must be below 1,500 Combat Power.) Pokémon Unite Retired games Pokkén Tournament & Pokkén Tournament DX 2014 World Championships The2014 Pokémon World Championshipswas the sixth annual edition of the championships. The event took place in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center onWashington, D.C., alongside the 2014Pokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championship who were in their eleventh edition. The tournament was streamed viaTwitchfor the first time in the tournament history and reached a viewership of more than 800,000. The defending Video Game\",\n \"Video Game champions wereArash OmmatifromItaly(Masters Division), Hayden McTavish from theUnited States(Senior Division), and Brendan Zheng from theUnited States(Junior Division). The opening ceremony of the event was attended byJunichi Masuda, the video game designer for thePokémonfranchise and a member of the board of directors ofGame Freak. The finals match of the Masters division is best known and remembered within the Pokémon community forSe Jun Park's victory with the inclusion and use of aPachirisuon his team. 2014 qualification The qualification process for the 2014 Pokémon World Championships was primarily based on Championship Points accumulated by players from official Play! Pokémon tournaments such as Premier Challenges, Regional Championships and National Championships. In addition, the top 4 players of the 2013 Pokémon World Championships in each division, and the top 4 players of a tournament known as the 'Last Chance Qualifier' will also receive an invitation to play in the World\",\n \"play in the World Championships. The invitations for the Masters Division of the tournament were distributed in the following manner: Most of the invitations did not include a fully paid trip to the tournament, and as a result several players could not attend the tournament. 2014 tournament structure Players per country Results Six rounds of Swiss was played by 60 players in the tournament, and each round was played with a set of best-of-three matches. The top 8 players after the Swiss rounds advances to the best-of-three Single Elimination matches. The defending World Champion Arash Ommati and former three-time World ChampionRay Rizzodid not advance to the single elimination rounds. Final standings 2015 World Championships The2015 Pokémon World Championshipswas the seventh annual edition of the championships. The event was held alongside thePokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championships at theHynes Convention CenterinBoston, Massachusetts. The tournament was transmitted with live streaming from the official\",\n \"from the official PokémonTwitchchannel. The defending Video Game champions for the year wereSe Jun ParkfromSouth Korea(Masters Division), Nikolai Zielinsky from theUnited States(Senior Division) and Kota Yamamoto fromJapan(Junior Division). 2015 qualification Players could only gain an invitation to play in the Video Game World Championships by either being the2014 Pokémon World Champions, or by obtaining enough Championship Points in their respective geographic zone designated byPlay! Pokémon. However, the only exception to this rule are for players from Japan and South Korea, as their tournaments are not overseen by Play! Pokémon and their invites are governed through a different system of qualification. Since 2014, players were able to earn Championship Points from various tournaments within their geographical region. The tournaments vary in scale, ranging from local Premier Challenges to state-level Regional Championships and finally the large-scale National Championships. The number of points awarded\",\n \"of points awarded varies with scale, and players who earn these points are ranked and divided into zones such as North America, Europe and South Africa. This year, two new zones (Latin America and Asia-Pacific) were introduced. The 2015 Pokémon Video Game World Championship was intended to be played under two Swiss tournaments and one single-elimination tournament which would then determine the 2015 World Champions. As such, there are two types of invites: As an example, the invitations for the Masters Division were distributed as follows: 2015 tournament structure TheVideo GameChampionships consisted of twoSwiss tournamentsand one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received\",\n \"who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, the top eight players played in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Weapons controversy During the 2015 World Championships, two Trading Card Game competitors fromIowa(Kevin Norton, 18, and James Stumbo, 27) brought weapons in their vehicle, which were recovered by the police. The two posted status updates and images of their weaponry on social media, which were noticed by variousPokémonfans who treated them as supposed threats against the tournament. The updates were reported to theBoston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), who promptly seized their automobile and then stopped them at the door and barred them from entering the Hynes Convention Center on Thursday evening. Police executed a search warrant on Friday and Norton and Stumbo were arrested at their Red Roof Inn room in Saugus just after midnight on Saturday,\",\n \"on Saturday, August 22, 2015.The two were arrested on charges of unlicensed possession of firearms and ammunition, and were initially held without bail.The weapons recovered were a recently purchasedRemingtonshotgun, anAR-15, a hunting knife and several hundred rounds of ammunition.They pleaded not guilty at their arraignment on November 10, 2015, and their bail was set at $150,000.On December 2, 2015, their trial was set for May 9, 2016, however, in early April 2016, their trial was postponed to November 2016.Following the release ofPokémon Goin July 2016, Stumbo's attorney indicated that the case would be resolved soon.Norton and Stumbo were later sentenced to two years in prison with an additional two years probation once their prison term ends. 2016 World Championships The2016 Pokémon World Championshipswas the eighth annual edition of the championships. The event was held at theSan Francisco Marriott MarquisinSan Francisco, California, from August 19 to August 21.For the first time in the tournament\",\n \"in the tournament history, thePokkén Tournamentinvitational was featured alongside the Video Game Championships (VGC) and Trading Card Game (TCG) tournaments. Side events and an official store with event merchandise occurred alongside the event. The defending Video Game champions were Shoma Honami fromJapan(Masters Division), Mark McQuillan from theUnited Kingdom(Senior Division) and Kotone Yasue from Japan (Junior Division).The defending Trading Card Game champions were Jacob Van Wagner from theUnited States(Masters Division), Patrick Martinez from the United States (Senior Division), and Rowan Stavenow fromCanada. Age divisions and qualifications Both the Pokémon VGC and TCG were divided into three age divisions: theJunior Division(born 2005 or later), theSenior Division(born between 2001 and 2004), and theMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). For thePokkén Tournamentinvitational, players were grouped into either theSenior Division(born 2001 or later) orMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). The process\",\n \"The process of obtaining an invitation is primarily based on Championship Points.Players could earn Championship Points by performing in select online and live tournaments held throughout the 2016 season (between September 2015 and July 2016). Players from Japan andSouth Koreawere excluded from this rule as these countries had their own method of qualification not based on Championship Points. Play! Pokémondivided players into five different rating zones: US andCanada,Europe,Latin America,Asia-PacificandSouth Africa. Different zones had different Championship Points requirements due to the distribution of events around the world. There are two possible invitations players could obtain: 'Day Two' invites were usually accompanied by travel awards and stipends paid by Play! Pokémon. Trading Card Game Championship qualifications The following table shows the Championship Pointsrequirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: Players in Japan and South Korea were awarded invitations based on each\",\n \"based on each country's organized play system. Video Game Championship qualifications For the Masters Division, the following table lists the Championship Points requirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: 2016 tournament structure The Video Game Championships consisted of two Swiss tournaments and one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, players with two or fewer losses advanced to play in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Final standings (Trading Card Game) References\",\n \"Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary\",\n \"close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater\",\n \"encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and\",\n \"D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S.\",\n \"Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr.\",\n \"1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \\\"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\\\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they\",\n \"From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \\\"Barry\\\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \\\"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\\\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade\",\n \"from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \\\"Barry\\\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \\\"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\\\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana,\",\n \"andcocaineduring his teenage years to \\\"push questions of who I was out of my mind\\\".Obama was also a member of the \\\"Choom Gang\\\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating,\",\n \"After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya,\",\n \"weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama\",\n \"In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \\\"40 under Forty\\\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \\\"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\\\" he said. \\\"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\\\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings\",\n \"other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as\",\n \"for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\\\"Sasha\\\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox\",\n \"wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to\",\n \"were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \\\"was not raised in a religious household.\\\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \\\"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\\\", and \\\"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\\\" He described\",\n \"He described his father as a \\\"confirmedatheist\\\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \\\"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\\\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \\\"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\\\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \\\"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\\\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life\",\n \"of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \\\"of all the different people I've met along the way\\\", adding: \\\"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\\\" The items, \\\"a whole bowl full\\\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of\",\n \"a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of\",\n \"Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures.\",\n \"homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his\",\n \"2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \\\"it's not too late\\\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won\",\n \"election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black\",\n \"Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an\",\n \"Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental\",\n \"and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\\\"House Divided\\\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered\",\n \"candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance\",\n \"his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States\",\n \"three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \\\"It Begins with Us\\\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as\",\n \"to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \\\"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\\\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential\",\n \"to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \\\"strict guidelines\\\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama\",\n \"nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on\",\n \"House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to\",\n \"urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \\\"common-sense gun reform\\\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but\",\n \"as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \\\"postracial America\\\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of\",\n \"thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \\\"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\\\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a\",\n \"for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \\\"a great deal\\\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving\",\n \"people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \\\"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\\\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \\\"gay\\\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in\",\n \"Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing.\",\n \"while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \\\"Cash for Clunkers\\\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the\",\n \"to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the\",\n \"November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \\\"unusually uncertain\\\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \\\"it is impossible to determine how many of the\",\n \"how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\\\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new\",\n \"benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \\\"defining challenge of our time\\\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan\",\n \"formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \\\"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\\\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of\",\n \"the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic\",\n \"known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public\",\n \"a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \\\"Obamacare\\\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \\\"out-of-pocket\\\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share\",\n \"the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was\",\n \"the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \\\"closely-held\\\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \\\"established by the State\\\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \\\"new era\\\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \\\"break\\\" and \\\"reset\\\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by\",\n \"to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \\\"A New Beginning\\\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to\",\n \"The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \\\"Joint Planning Cell\\\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama\",\n \"18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \\\"home for the holidays.\\\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American\",\n \"3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \\\"Panther Brigade\\\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \\\"dangerous distraction\\\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \\\"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\\\", an area he said had not received the \\\"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\\\"He replaced\",\n \"replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \\\"greatest threat\\\" to the security of Afghanistan and\",\n \"of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \\\"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\\\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \\\"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\\\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \\\"surgical raid\\\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from\",\n \"and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the\",\n \"2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \\\"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\\\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \\\"interests sections\\\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group,\",\n \"Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \\\"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\\\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring\",\n \"seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \\\"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\\\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \\\"dangerous\\\" and \\\"bad.\\\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization,\",\n \"the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk\",\n \"the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \\\"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\\\" and that it was \\\"a mess\\\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \\\"worst mistake\\\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \\\"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\\\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have\",\n \"later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \\\"red line\\\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \\\"Complex Modernization\\\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled\",\n \"The deal titled the \\\"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\\\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \\\"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\\\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.\",\n \"the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \\\"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\\\", adding that the legacy of this\",\n \"the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \\\"black enough\\\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \\\"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\\\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \\\"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\\\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68\",\n \"with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval\",\n \"approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as\",\n \"world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\\\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\\\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \\\"call to action\\\" and remarked: \\\"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\\\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \\\"thanks, Obama\\\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\\\"#thanks\",\n \"hashtag\\\"#thanks Obama\\\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \\\"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\\\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H.\",\n \"Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc\",\n \"VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \\\"wokeness\\\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \\\"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\\\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \\\"an absolute chaotic disaster\\\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \\\"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\\\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the\",\n \"Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \\\"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\\\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court\",\n \"the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \\\"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\\\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \\\"could ultimately backfire.\\\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian\",\n \"Zelizercredits Obama with \\\"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\\\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \\\"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\\\" Zeitzer calls this the \\\"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\\\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \\\"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\\\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \\\"in areas many Progressives hold dear\\\", including\",\n \"dear\\\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \\\"a disappointingly conventional president\\\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \\\"skinny repeal\\\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama\",\n \"theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama\",\n \"As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \\\"don't ask, don't tell\\\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau\",\n \"States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \\\"mixed\\\", adding that \\\"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\\\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is\",\n \"Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other\",\n \"Contiguous United States Thecontiguous United States(officially theconterminous United States) consists of the 48 adjoiningU.S. statesand theDistrict of Columbiaof theUnited States of Americain centralNorth America.The term excludes the only two non-contiguousstates, which areAlaskaandHawaii(they are also the last two states to beadmitted to the Union), and all other offshoreinsular areas, such as theU.S. territoriesofAmerican Samoa,Guam, theNorthern Mariana Islands,Puerto Rico, and theU.S. Virgin Islands.The colloquial term \\\"Lower48\\\"is also used, especially in relation to Alaska. The related but distinct termcontinental United Statesincludes Alaska, which is also on North America, but separated from the 48 states byBritish Columbiain Canada, but excludes Hawaii and all the insular areas in theCaribbeanand thePacific. The greatest distance (on agreat-circleroute) entirely within the contiguous U.S. is 2,802 miles (4,509 km), coast-to-coast betweenFloridaand theState of Washington;the greatest north–south line\",\n \"north–south line is 1,650 miles (2,660 km).The contiguous United States occupies an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is actual land, composing 83.65 percent of the country's total land area, and is comparable in size to the area of Australia.Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66 percent of the nation's total water area. The contiguous United States, if it were a country, would be fifth on thelist of countries and dependencies by area, behindRussia,Canada,China, andBrazil. However, the total area of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks third or fourth. Brazil is 431,000 square kilometers (166,000 sq mi) larger than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States including Alaska, Hawaii and overseas territories. The2020 U.S. censuspopulation of the area was 328,571,074, comprising 99.13 percent of the nation's total\",\n \"the nation's total population, and a density of 111.04 inhabitants/sq mi (42.872/km2), compared to 93.844/sq mi (36.233/km2) for the nation as a whole. Other terms Whileconterminous U.S.has the precise meaning ofcontiguous U.S.(both adjectives meaning \\\"sharing a common boundary\\\"), other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity. Continental and mainland United States BecauseAlaskais also a part ofNorth America, the termcontinental United Statesalso includes that state, so the term is qualified with the explicit inclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity.On May 14, 1959, theUnited States Board on Geographic Namesissued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the continental United States as \\\"the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia...\\\" The Board reaffirmed these definitions on May 13, 1999.However, even before Alaska became a state, it was properly included within\",\n \"included within the continental U.S. due to being anincorporated territory. The termmainland United Statesis sometimes used synonymously withcontinental United States, but technically refers only to those parts of states connected to the landmass of North America, thereby excluding not onlyHawaiiand overseasinsular areas, but also islands which are part of continental states but separated from the mainland, such as theAleutian Islands(Alaska),San Juan Islands(Washington), theChannel Islands(California),the Keys(Florida), thebarrier islands(GulfandEast Coaststates), andLong Island(New York). CONUS and OCONUS CONUS, a technical term used by theU.S. Department of Defense,General Services Administration,NOAA/National Weather Service, and others, has been defined both as the continental United States, and as the 48 contiguous states.The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part ofCONUS. OCONUSis derived from CONUS withOfor outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental\",\n \"of Continental United States. The lower 48 The termlower 48is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. TheNational Geographicstyle guide recommends the use ofcontiguousorconterminous United Statesinstead oflower 48when the 48 states are meant, unless used in the context of Alaska.Almost all of Hawaii is south of the southernmost point of the conterminous United States in Florida. Zone of the Interior DuringWorld War II, the first fournumbered Air Forcesof theUnited States Army Air Forces(USAAF) were said to be assigned to theZone of the Interiorby the American military organizations of the time—the future states ofAlaskaandHawaii, then each onlyorganized incorporated territoriesof the Union, were respectively covered by theEleventh Air ForceandSeventh Air Forceduring the war. Terms used in the non-contiguous U.S. jurisdictions Residents of Alaska, Hawaii and off-shoreU.S. territorieshave unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them. Alaska The\",\n \"to them. Alaska The vast territory ofAlaskabecame the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Alaska is the northwest extremity of the North American continent, separated from theU.S. West Coastby theCanadian provinceofBritish Columbia. The termLower 48has, for many years, been a common Alaskan equivalent for \\\"contiguous United States\\\";today, many Alaskans use the term\\\"Outside\\\"for those states, though some may use \\\"Outside\\\" to refer toanylocation not within Alaska. Hawaii The territory ofHawaii, consisting of the entireHawaiian Islandsarchipelago except forMidway Atoll,became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. It is the southernmost U.S. state, and the latest one to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in thePacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles (3,541 km) from North America and almost halfway between North America andAsia. In Hawaii andoverseas American territories, for instance, the termsthe MainlandorU.S. Mainlandare often used to refer to the 49 states\",\n \"to the 49 states in North America. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is anunincorporated territoryof the United States located in the northeastCaribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,609 km) southeast ofMiami,Florida. Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens and are free to move to the mainland United States. The termStateside Puerto Ricanrefers to residents of any U.S. state or the District of Columbia who were born in, or can trace their family ancestry to, Puerto Rico. U.S. Virgin Islands TheU.S. Virgin Islandsis aU.S. territorylocated directly to the east of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea.The term \\\"stateside\\\" is used to refer to the mainland, in relation to the U.S. Virgin Islands(seeStateside Virgin Islands Americans). American Samoa American Samoais aU.S. territorylocated in theSouth Pacific OceaninPolynesia, south of the equator — it is 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest ofHawaii.In American Samoa, the contiguous United States is called the \\\"mainland United States\\\" or \\\"the states\\\"; those not from\",\n \"those not from American Samoa are calledpalagi(outsiders). Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States Apart from off-shoreU.S. islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous United States are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada.Point Roberts, Washington;Elm Point, Minnesota; and theNorthwest AngleinMinnesotaare three such places.Alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York.By contrast,Hyder, Alaska, is physically part of contiguous Alaska and its easternmost town, but the only practical access is by road through Canada or by seaplane. List of contiguous U.S. states The 48 contiguous states are: In addition, theDistrict of Columbiais within the contiguous United States. See also Notes References External links\"\n]"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":2,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":400,"offset":200,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTczNTIzOTA2Niwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL1NlbGYtR1JJVC9mcmFtZXNfcmFuZG9tX3N1YnNhbXBsZV9ldmFsIiwiZXhwIjoxNzM1MjQyNjY2LCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.NLFRsO2WTuv7KXGRqZqkqjwytnhmcVFlmfh5CCijcWc5PQs371xPBZlIeQdLzF_FXW-5vrQII0vrEdWQnD1sBg","displayUrls":true},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":2,"total":2},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false}">
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Give me the difference in time, measured in hours not days, between the first solo woman to thru-hike the Appalachian Trail and the fastest recorded solo woman to walk the Appalachian Trail before 2012. | 2128 hours | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandma_Gatewood | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Pharr_Davis | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Post processing | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandma_Gatewood', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Pharr_Davis'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandma_Gatewood",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Pharr_Davis"
] | [
"Appalachian Trail TheAppalachian Trail, also called theA.T., is ahiking trailin theEastern United States, extending almost 2,200 miles (3,540 km) betweenSpringer Mountainin Georgia andMount Katahdinin Maine, and passing through 14 states.TheAppalachian Trail Conservancyclaims the Appalachian Trail to be the world's longest hiking-only trail.More than three million people hike segments of it each year. The trail was first proposed in 1921 and completed in 1937. Improvements and changes have continued since then. It became theAppalachian National Scenic Trailunder theNational Trails System Actof 1968. The trail is maintained by 31 trail clubs and multiple partnershipsand managed by theNational Park Service,United States Forest Service, and the nonprofit Appalachian Trail Conservancy.Most of the trail is in forest or wild lands, but some parts traverse towns, roads, and farms. From south to north it passes throughGeorgia,North Carolina,Tennessee,Virginia,West Virginia,Maryland,Pennsylvania,New Jersey,New York,Connecticut,Massachusetts,Vermont,New Hampshire, andMaine. Thru-hikerswalk the entire trail in a single season. The number of thru-hikes per year has increased steadily since 2010,with 715 northbound and 133 southbound thru-hikes reported in 2017.The Appalachian Trail Conservancy estimates there are over 3,000 attempts to traverse the entire trail each year, about 25% of which succeed.Many books, documentaries, and websites are dedicated to the pursuit. Some hike from one end to the other, then turn around and thru-hike the other way, a \"yo-yo\". Affiliated trail sections extend from either end from the north as theInternational Appalachian TrailintoCanadaand beyond, and from the south as theEastern Continental Trailinto theSoutheasternstates ofAlabamaandFlorida. The Appalachian Trail, theContinental Divide Trail, and thePacific Crest Trailinformally constitute theTriple Crown of Hikingin the United States. History The trail was conceived byBenton MacKaye, a forester who wrote his original plan—called \"An Appalachian Trail, A Project in Regional Planning\"—shortly after his wife's death in 1921. MacKaye's idea detailed a grand trail that would connect a series of farms and wilderness work/study camps for city-dwellers along the Appalachian Mountains from the highest point in the North (Mount Washingtonin New Hampshire) to the highest in the South (Mount Mitchellin North Carolina). Hiking was an incidental focus of his plan.In 1922, at the suggestion of MajorWilliam A. Welch, director of thePalisades Interstate Park Commission, his idea was publicized byRaymond H. Torreywith a story in theNew York Evening Postunder a full-page banner headline reading \"A Great Trail from Maine to Georgia!\" On October 7, 1923, the first section of the trail, fromBear Mountainwest throughHarriman State ParktoArden, New York, was opened. MacKaye then called for a two-day Appalachian Trail conference to be held in March 1925 in Washington, D.C. This meeting inspired the formation of the Appalachian Trail Conference (now called theAppalachian Trail Conservancy) (ATC).Arthur Perkins, a retired judge, and his younger associateMyron Averytook up the cause. In 1929, Perkins, who was also a member of theConnecticut Forest and Park Associationand its Blue Blazed Trails committee, foundNed Anderson, a farmer inSherman, Connecticut, who took on the task of mapping andblazingtheConnecticutleg of the trail (1929–1933). It ran fromDog Tail CornersinWebatuck, New York, which bordersKent, Connecticut, at Ashley Falls, 50 miles (80 km) through the northwest corner of the state, up toBear Mountainat theMassachusettsstate line.A portion of the Connecticut trail has since been rerouted (1979–1983) to be more scenic, adhering less to highways and more to wilderness, and includes the Ned K. Anderson Memorial Bridge. Anderson's efforts helped spark renewed interest in the trail, and Avery, who led the project after Perkins's death in 1932, was able to bring other states on board. Upon taking over the ATC, Avery adopted the goal to build a simple hiking trail. He and MacKaye clashed over the ATC's response to the construction of a road that overlapped part within Shenandoah National Park;MacKaye left the organization, while Avery was willing to reroute the trail. Avery served as Chair of the ATC from 1932 to 1952, the year he died.He was the first to walk the trail end-to-end, though not as a thru-hike, in 1936. In August 1937, the trail was completed toSugarloaf Mountainin Maine, and the ATC shifted its focus toward protecting the trail lands and mapping the trail for hikers. In 1977, the Appalachian Trail Conference honoredPaul M. Finkas \"the guiding influence\" in establishing the Trail in Tennessee and North Carolina in the 1920s.Fink was inducted into the Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame in 2019.In 1922, only a year after MacKaye's article proposing an Appalachian Trail was written, Fink began corresponding with hiking leaders in New England about building the Trail. When Avery began planning the Trail's route in the south, Fink was the first person he contacted. Many of the trail's present highlights were not part of the trail in 1937:Roan Mountain, North Carolina and Tennessee; theMount Rogershigh country, includingGrayson Highlands, Virginia; thePochuck Creekswamp, New Jersey; Nuclear Lake, New York; Thundering Falls, Vermont; andSaddleback Mountain, Maine. Except for places where theCivilian Conservation Corpswas brought in (mostly inShenandoah National Park, theGreat Smoky Mountains, and Maine), the original trail often climbed straight up and down mountains, creating rough hiking conditions and a treadway prone to severe erosion. The ATC's trail crews and volunteer trail-maintaining clubs have relocated or rehabilitated miles of trail since then. In 1936, a 121-day Maine to Georgia veteran's group funded and supported thru-hike was reported to have been completed, with all but three miles of the new trail cleared and blazed, by sixBoy ScoutsfromNew York Cityand their guides.The thru-hike was much later recorded and accepted by theAppalachian Long Distance Hikers Association.In 1938, the trail sustained major damage froma hurricanethat went through the New England area. This was soon before the start of World War II, and many of the people working on the trail were called to active duty. In 1948,Earl ShafferofYork, Pennsylvania, brought a great deal of attention to the project by publicizing the first claimed thru-hike. The claim was later criticized for the hike's omission of significant portions due to shortcuts and car rides.Shaffer later claimed the first north-to-south thru-hike, the first to claim to do so in each direction.Chester Dziengielewskiwas later named the first southbound thru-hiker.In 1998, Shaffer, nearly 80 years old, hiked the trail, making him the oldest person to claim a completed thru-hike.The first woman to walk the trail in a single season wasPeace Pilgrimin 1952, while the first solo woman to complete the hike was 67-year-oldEmma Gatewood, who did it northbound in 1955, taking 146 days. She repeated the achievement two years later,and again in 1963, at age 75. In the 1960s, the ATC made progress toward protecting the trail from development, thanks to efforts of politicians and officials. Wisconsin senatorGaylord Nelsonoffered legislation to protect the route.The National Trails System Act of 1968 designated thePacific Crest Trailand Appalachian Trail as the firstnational scenic trailsand paved the way for a series of such trails within thenational parkandnational forestsystems.Trail volunteers worked with theNational Park Serviceto map a permanent route for the trail, and by 1971 a permanent route had been marked (though minor changes continue to this day). By the close of the 20th century, the Park Service had completed the purchase of all but a few miles of the trail's span. Extensions TheInternational Appalachian Trailis a 1,900-mile (3,100 km) extension running northeast from Maine into New Brunswick and Quebec'sGaspé Peninsula, where it ends atForillon National Park. It is a separate trail and not an official extension of the Appalachian Trail.Other branches are designated in parts of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and along the western shore of Newfoundland, to the northern end of theAppalachian Mountain range, where it enters the Atlantic Ocean, nearL'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site. The route has since been extended toGreenland,Europe, andMorocco. Although the Appalachian Trail ends in Georgia, the Appalachian Mountains continue south to Flagg Mountain in Alabama.In 2008, thePinhoti National Recreation Trailin Alabama and Georgia, which terminates at Flagg Mountain, was connected to the southern terminus of the Appalachian Trail via theBenton MacKaye Trail. Promoters of the Southern extension refer to MacKaye's statement at the 1925 conference that the Georgia to New Hampshire trail should, in the future, extend to Katahdin, and \"then to Birmingham, Alabama\". As of March 2015, The Pinhoti Trail terminates at the base of Flagg Mountain, near Weogufka inCoosa County, 50 miles (80 km) east of Birmingham.In 2010, the Alabama state legislature formed the Alabama Appalachian Mountain Trail Commission to provide state resources for trail improvements, although officially designating Pinhoti as part of the Appalachian Trail would require an act of theUnited States Congress. The 8.8-mile (14.2 km) Appalachian Approach Trail in Georgia begins atAmicalola Falls State Park's visitor center and ends at Springer Mountain.Because Springer Mountain is in a remote area, the Approach Trail is often the beginning of North bound thru-hike attempts. Much of the Approach Trail was originally built as part of the Appalachian Trail, before the southern terminus was relocated fromMount Oglethorpeto Springer Mountain. Flora and fauna The Appalachian Trail is home to thousands of species of plants and animals, including 2,000 rare, threatened, endangered, and sensitive plant and animal species. Animals TheAmerican black bear(Ursus americanus), among the largest animals along the Appalachian Trail, rarely confronts people.The black bear is the largest omnivore that may be encountered on the trail, and it inhabits all regions of the Appalachians.Bear sightings on the trail are uncommon, except in certain sections, especiallyShenandoah National Parkand portions of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts sections, where bear populations have increased steadily since 1980; confrontations are rarer still.Other hazards include venomous snakes, including the Easterntimber rattlesnakeandcopperhead, which are common along the trail. Both snakes are generally found in drier, rockier sections of the trail; the copperhead's range extends north to around theNew Jersey–New York state line, while rattlesnakes are commonly found along the trail in Connecticut and have been reported, although rarely, as far north asNew Hampshire.Other large mammals commonly sighted includedeer;elk, reintroduced in theSmoky Mountains; andmoose, which may be found in the vicinity of Massachusetts and northward. Small mammal species that inhabit along the trails arebeaver,squirrel,river otter,chipmunk,porcupine,bobcat, two species offox,boar,woodchuck,raccoon, andcoyote. Bird species that reside in the trails arewild turkey,ruffed grouse,mourning dove,raven, two species ofeagle,wood duck, three species ofowl, and three species ofhawkas well aswarblers. There are different kinds of squirrels along the Appalachian Trail as well, especially in Maine. They are generally smaller and very territorial, and produce a loud call if approached. For most hikers, the most persistent pests along the trail areticks,mosquitos, andblack fliesalong with the mice that inhabit shelters. Plants Plant life along the trail is varied. The trail passes through several different biomes from south to north, and the climate changes significantly, particularly dependent upon elevation. In the south, lowland forests consist mainly of second-growth; nearly the entire trail has been logged at one time or another. There are, however, a few old growth locations along the trail, such as Sages Ravine straddling the Massachusetts-Connecticut border and atop higher peaks along the trail on either side of the same border, the Hopper (aglacial cirquewestward of the trail as it traverses Mt. Greylock in Massachusetts), and \"The Hermitage\", nearGulf Hagasin Maine. In the south, the forest is dominated by hardwoods, includingoakandtulip trees, also known as yellow poplar.Farther north, tulip trees are gradually replaced bymaplesandbirches. Oaks begin to disappear in Massachusetts. By Vermont, the lowland forest is made up of maples, birch andbeech, with colorful foliage displays in September and October.While the vast majority of lowland forest south of theWhite Mountainsis hardwood, many areas have someconiferoustrees as well, and in Maine, these often grow at low elevations. There is a drastic change between the lowland andsubalpine,evergreenforest, as well as another, higher break, attree line, above which only hardy alpine plants grow.The sub-alpine region is far more prevalent along the trail than true alpine conditions. While it mainly exists in the north, a few mountains in the south have subalpine environments, which are typically coated in an ecosystem known as theSouthern Appalachian spruce-fir forest. Southern ranges and mountains where sub-alpine environments occur include theGreat Smoky Mountains, where sub-alpine environments only begin around 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in elevation,Roan Highlandson theNorth Carolina-Tennesseeborder, where sub-alpine growth descends below 6,000 feet (1,800 m), andMount Rogersand theGrayson HighlandsinVirginia, where there is some alpine growth above 5,000 feet (1,500 m).Appalachian baldsare also found in the Southern highlands, and are believed to occur due to fires or grazing in recent centuries, or in some cases due to thin, sandy soils.Several balds are sprouting trees, and on some, theNational Forestservice actually mows the grasses periodically in order to keep the balds free of trees. Geography There are no subalpine regions between Mount Rogers inVirginiaandMount GreylockinMassachusetts, mainly because the trail stays below 3,000 feet (910 m) from Shenandoah National Park in Virginia to Mount Greylock. But Mount Greylock has a large subalpine region, the only such forest in Massachusetts, extending down to 3,000 feet (910 m), which in the south would be far from the subalpine cutoff. This is especially low because Greylock is exposed to prevailing westerly winds, as the summits along its ridgeline rise about 200 to 650 feet (61 to 198 m) higher than any other peak in Massachusetts. Farther north, several peaks in Vermont reach into the subalpine zone, the bottom of which steadily descends as one proceeds northward, so that by theWhite MountainsinNew Hampshire, it often occurs well below 3,000 feet (910 m). AtMount Moosilauke, which summits at 4,802 feet (1,464 m), the firstalpineenvironment on the trail is reached, where only thin, sporadic flora are interspersed with bare rocks. Between the two regions is thekrummholzregion, where stunted trees grow with their branches oriented away from the winter's prevailing northwest wind, giving the appearance of flags; they are sometimes called \"flag trees\". This region resembles lowland terrain hundreds of miles north in Canada. It also contains many endangered and threatened species. The trail has been rerouted over New Hampshire'sPresidential Rangeso theAppalachian Mountain Clubcan protect certain plant life. The alpine cutoff in the Whites is generally between 4,200 and 4,800 feet (1,300 and 1,500 m). Mountains traversed by the A.T. above treeline includeMount Moosilauke, several miles along theFranconia Rangeand along thePresidential Range. In the Presidentials, the trail climbs as high as 6,288 feet (1,917 m) onMount Washingtonand spends about 13 miles (21 km) continuously above treeline, in the largest alpine environment in the United States east of theRocky Mountains. The segments of the trail throughPennsylvaniaare so rocky that hikers call the region \"Rocksylvania\".These small rocks, which are the result of erosion that has worn away the dirt along the trails, can be tough to walk on for extended periods of time without proper hard-soled shoes. InMaine, the trail extends into even harsher environments, and subalpine and alpine growth descends to lower elevations. Alpine growth in the state ranges from around 2,500 feet (760 m) in theMahoosuc Rangeto below 1,000 feet (300 m) in parts of theHundred-Mile Wilderness,where nearly every area higher than 1,000 feet (300 m) is evergreen forest. These forests include more species of evergreen, as well. In addition to thewhite pine,spruce, andhemlockprevalent further south, Maine has manycedartrees along the trail. Near the northern terminus, there are even sometamarack(larch), a coniferous, pine-needled deciduous tree, which provides displays of yellow in the late fall after the birches and maples have gone bare. The hemlocks in Maine are also notable, as thewoolly adelgid, which has ravaged populations further south, has not come into the state yet, and may be unable to make it so far north due to the cold climate. Maine also has several alpine regions. In addition to several areas of the Mahoosuc Range, the Baldpates, and Old Blue in southern Maine have alpine characteristics despite elevations below 4,000 feet (1,200 m).Saddleback MountainandMount Bigelow, further north, extend only a bit above 4,000 feet (1,200 m), but each has long alpine areas, with no tree growth on the summit and unobstructed views on clear days. From Mount Bigelow, the trail extends for 150 miles (240 km) with only a small area of alpine growth around 3,500 feet (1,100 m) on the summit ofWhite Cap Mountain. Mount Katahdin, the second-largest alpine environment in the eastern United States, has several square miles of alpine area on the flat \"table land\" summit as well as the cliffs andaretesleading up to it. Treeline on Mount Katahdin is only around 3,500 feet (1,100 m). This elevation in Massachusetts would barely be a subalpine region, and, south of Virginia, consists of lowland forest. This illustrates the drastic change in climate over 2,000 miles (3,200 km). Hiking the trail Bicycles are prohibited from most of the trail, except for the sections that follow theChesapeake and Ohio Canal(C&O Canal) inMarylandand theVirginia Creeper TrailinVirginia. Horses and pack animals are prohibited except horses on the C&O Canal and in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.Several short segments of the trail, in towns and scenic natural areas, were built toADA accessibly standardsforwheelchairuse. Navigation Throughout its length, the AT is marked by whitepaint blazesthat are 2 by 6 inches (5 by 15 cm). Side trails to shelters, viewpoints and parking areas use similarly shaped blue blazes. In past years, some sections of the trail also used metal diamond markers with the AT logo, few of which survive. Lodging and camping Most hikers carry a lightweight tent, tent hammock or tarp.The trail has more than 250 shelters and campsites available for hikers.The shelters, sometimes called lean-tos (in Maine, Massachusetts, and Connecticut), huts (in Shenandoah National Park), or Adirondack shelters, are generally open, three-walled structures with a wooden floor, although some shelters are much more complex in structure. Shelters are usually spaced a day's hike or less apart, most often near a water source (which may be dry) and with aprivy. They generally have spaces for tent sites in the vicinity as the shelters may be full.TheAppalachian Mountain Club(AMC) operates asystem of eight hutsalong 56 miles (90 km) of New Hampshire's White Mountains.These huts are significantly larger than standard trail shelters and offer full-service lodging and meals during the summer months. The Fontana Dam Shelter in North Carolina is more commonly referred to as the Fontana Hilton because of amenities (e.g. flushable toilets) and its proximity to an all-you-can-eat buffet and post office.Several AMC huts have an extended self-service season during the fall, with two extending self-service seasons through the winter and spring.ThePotomac Appalachian Trail Clubmaintains trail cabins, shelters, and huts throughout theShenandoah regionof Virginia. Shelters are generally maintained by local volunteers. Almost all shelters have one or more pre-hung food hangers (generally consisting of a short nylon cord with an upside-down tuna can suspended halfway down its length) where hikers can hang their food bags to keep them out of the reach of rodents. In hiker lingo, these are sometimes called \"mouse trapezes\". Most shelters also contain \"unofficial registries\", which are known as shelter logs. These logs usually come in the form spiral-bound notebooks that are kept in containers in shelters all along the trail, and signing in them is not required. These logs give hikers a way to leave day-to-day messages while they are on the trail to document where they have been, where they are going, and who/what they have seen. The logs provide a space for informal writing and can also be used to keep track of people on the trail. Most of all, they provide a system of communication for a network of hikers along the trail. Shelter logs—entries written in log books at certain shelters—can provide proof of who summits certain mountains and can warn about dangerous animals or unfriendly people in the area. Hikers may cite when a certain water source is dried up, providing crucial information to other hikers. In addition to official shelters, many people offer their homes, places of business, or inns to accommodate AT hikers. One example is theLittle Lyford Pond campsmaintained by the Appalachian Mountain Club. Inns are more common in sections of the trail that coincide with national parks, most notably Virginia's Shenandoah National Park. Trail communities The trail crosses many roads, providing opportunity for hikers tohitchhikeinto town for food and other supplies. The Appalachian Trail Conservancy lists over 40 communities that have qualified as part of the organization's \"A.T. Community\" program, having become recognized for providing food, supplies and accommodations for passers-through.In the areas of the trail closer to trail towns, many hikers have experienced what is sometimes called \"trail magic\",or assistance from strangers through kind actions, gifts, and other forms of encouragement.Trail magic is sometimes done anonymously.In other instances, persons have provided food and cooked for hikers at a campsite. Hikers also create their own community while on the trail. Many hikers create long lasting friendships while on the trail. Conversations are easily started because of the common interest ofhiking. Hazards The Appalachian Trail is relatively safe. Most injuries or incidents are consistent with comparable outdoor activities. Most hazards are related to weather conditions, human error, plants, animals, diseases, and hostile humans encountered along the trail. Many animals live around the trail, with bears, snakes, andwild boarsposing the greatest threat to human safety. Several rodent- and bug-borne illnesses are also a potential hazard. In scattered instances, foxes,raccoons, and other small animals may bite hikers, posing risk ofrabiesand other diseases. There has been one reported case (in 1993) ofhantavirus(HPS), a rare but dangerous rodent-borne disease affecting the lungs. The affected hiker recovered and hiked the trail the following year.The section of the trail that runs through the Mid-Atlantic and New England states has a very high population ofdeer tickscarryingLymeand other tick-borne diseases, and corresponds to the highest density of reported Lyme disease in the country. The weather is a major consideration for hikers. Hiking season of the trail generally starts in mid-to-late spring, when conditions are much more favorable in the South. However, this time may also be characterized by extreme heat, sometimes in excess of 100 °F (38 °C). Farther north and at higher elevations, the weather can be characterized by low temperatures, strong winds, hail or snow storms and reduced visibility. Prolonged rain, though not typically life-threatening, can undermine stamina and ruin supplies.In March 2015, a hiker was killed on the trail in Maryland when a large tree blew over and fell onto him. Violent crimeis rare but has occurred in a few instances. The first reported homicide on the trail was in 1974 in Georgia.In 1981, the issue of violence on the Appalachian Trail received national attention when Robert Mountford, Jr. and Laura Susan Ramsay, both social workers inEllsworth, Maine, were murdered byRandall Lee Smith.Another homicide occurred in May 1996, when two women were abducted, bound and murdered near the trail in Shenandoah National Park. The primary suspect was later discovered harassing a female cyclist in the vicinity,but charges against him were dropped and the case remained unsolved until 2024. In May 2019, Oklahoman Ronald S. Sanchez Jr., 43 years old, was murdered at a campsite near Mount Rogers National Recreation Area in western Virginia Jefferson National Forest. A female hiker who has not been identified was also injured by an assailant there. James L. Jordan, 30, of West Yarmouth, Massachusetts was found not guilty of the crimes by reason of insanity. Human error can lead to casualties as well. In July 2013, 66-year-old lone hiker Geraldine Largay disappeared on the trail in Maine. Largay became lost and survived 26 days before dying. Her remains were found two years later in October 2015.In October 2015, a hiker visiting from England was killed on the trail by falling while taking photos at the Annapolis Rocks overlook in Maryland. The 2020COVID-19 pandemicprompted the Appalachian Trail Conservancy to discourage use of the trail and the National Park Service to close all AT-managed hiking shelters from Virginia to Maine.The withdrawal of volunteers and trail-maintenance crews left the trail unprepared for the influx of users escaping home isolation.In 2021, the conservancy suspended issuing hang tags for through-hikers for a period during the continuing pandemic. Trail completion Trail hikers who attempt to complete the entire trail in a single season are called \"thru-hikers\"; those who traverse the trail during a series of separate trips are known as \"section-hikers\". Rugged terrain, weather extremes, illness, injury, and the time and effort required make thru-hiking difficult to accomplish. As of 2017, the Appalachian Trail Conservancy estimated that 3,839 hikers set out from Springer Mountain, northbound, 497 from Mount Katahdin, southbound, and reported 1,186 completions of hiking the entire trail, which includes those by both section and through hikers. Most thru-hikers walk northward from Georgia to Maine, and generally start out in early spring and follow the warm weather as it moves north.These \"north-bounders\" are also called NOBO (NOrthBOund) or GAME (Georgia(GA)-to-Maine(ME)), while those heading in the opposite direction are termed \"south-bounders\" (also SOBO or MEGA). A thru-hike generally requires five to seven months, although some have done it in three months, and several trail runners have completed the trail in less time.Trail runnerstypically tackle the AT with automobile support teams, without backpacks, and without camping in the woods. Thru-hikers are classified into many informal groups. \"Purists\" are hikers who stick to the official AT trail, follow the white blazes, except for side trips to shelters and camp sites. \"Blue Blazers\" cut miles from the full route by taking side trails marked by blue blazes. The generally pejorative name \"Yellow Blazers\", a reference to yellow road stripes, is given to those who hitchhike to move either down or up the trail. Part of hiker subculture includes making colorful entries in logbooks at trail shelters, signed usingpseudonymscalled \"trail names\". The Appalachian Trail Conservancy gives the name \"2000 Miler\" to anyone who completes the entire trail. The ATC's recognition policy for \"2000 Milers\" gives equal recognition to thru-hikers and section-hikers, operates on the honor system, and recognizes blue-blazed trails or officially required roadwalks as substitutes for the official, white-blazed route during an emergency such as a flood, forest fire, or impending storm on an exposed, high-elevation stretch.As of 2018, more than 19,000 people had reported completing the entire trail. The northbound completion rate of hiking the trail in twelve months or fewer varied from 19% to 27% from 2011 to 2018. The southbound completion rate varied between 27% and 30% during the same period. The Appalachian Trail, theContinental Divide Trail, and thePacific Crest Trailform what is known as theTriple Crownof long-distance hiking in the United States.In 2001,Brian Robinsonbecame the first one to complete all three trails in a year.In 2018, Heather Anderson (trail name \"Anish\") became the first woman to complete the three Triple Crown trails in a calendar year. Speed records Fastest known timesfor self-supported attempts (meaning no vehicle or crew support, like a traditional through-hiker): Fastest known times for supported attempts (the athletes travel light, relying on a support crew with food, shelter, medical treatment, etc.): Age records On November 8, 2021, M.J. \"Nimblewill Nomad\" Eberheart became the oldest person to hike the entire Appalachian Trail at age 83. On October 13, 2020, Juniper Netteburg is believed to be the youngest person to hike the entire Appalachian Trail on her own power at age 4. Route The trail is protected along more than 99% of its course by federal or state ownership of the land or byright-of-way. The trail is maintained by a variety of organizations, environmental advocacy groups, governmental agencies and individuals. Annually, more than 4,000 volunteers contribute over 175,000 hours of effort on the Appalachian Trail, an effort coordinated largely by theAppalachian Trail Conservancy(ATC) organization. In total, the AT passes through eight national forests and two national parks. In the course of its journey, the trail follows the ridge line of theAppalachian Mountains, crossing many of its highest peaks and running throughwildernesswith only a few exceptions. The trail once traversed many hundreds of miles of private property, but today 99% of the trail is on public land. Georgia Georgia has 75 miles (121 km) of the trail, including the southern terminus atSpringer Mountainat an elevation of 3,782 feet (1,153 m).At 4,461 feet (1,360 m),Blood Mountainis the highest point on the trail in Georgia. The AT and approach trail, along with many miles of blue blazed side trails, are managed and maintained by theGeorgia Appalachian Trail Club. See also:Georgia Peaks on the Appalachian Trail. North Carolina North Carolina has 95.7 miles (154.0 km) of the trail, not including more than 200 miles (320 km) along the Tennessee state line.Altitude ranges from 1,725 to 5,498 feet (526 to 1,676 m). The trail enters from Georgia at Bly Gap, ascending peaks such asStanding Indian Mountain,Mt. Albert, andWayah Bald. It then goes byNantahala Outdoor Centerat the Nantahala River Gorge and theNantahala Rivercrossing. Up to this point, the trail is maintained by the Nantahala Hiking Club. Beyond this point, it is maintained by the Smoky Mountains Hiking Club. 30 miles (48 km) further north,Fontana Dammarks the entrance toGreat Smoky Mountains National Park. Tennessee Tennessee has 71 miles (114 km) of the trail,not including more than 200 miles (320 km) along or near the North Carolina state line.The section that runs just below the summit ofKuwohiinGreat Smoky Mountains National Parkis along the North Carolina and Tennessee state line and is the highest point on the trail at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). The Smoky Mountains Hiking Club (Knoxville, TN) maintains the trail throughout the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to Davenport Gap. North of Davenport Gap, the Carolina Mountain Club (Asheville, NC) maintains the trail to Spivey Gap. Then the remaining Tennessee section is maintained by the Tennessee Eastman Hiking & Canoeing Club (Kingsport, TN). Virginia Virginia has 550.3 miles (885.6 km) of the trail (one quarter of the entire trail) including more than 20 miles (32 km) along the West Virginia state line.With the climate, and the timing of northbound thru-hikers, this section is wet and challenging because of the spring thaw and heavy spring rainfall.Substantial portions of the trail closely parallelSkyline Drivein Shenandoah National Park and, further south, theBlue Ridge Parkway.TheAppalachian Trail Conservancyconsiders as excellent for beginning hikers a well-maintained 104 miles (167 km) section of the trail that the Civilian Conservation Corps constructed in Shenandoah National Park. Climbs in this section rarely exceed 1,000 feet (300 m).In the southwestern portion of the state, the trail goes within one half mile of the highest point in Virginia, Mount Rogers, which is a short side-hike from the AT. West Virginia West Virginia has 4 miles (6.4 km) of the trail, not including about 20 miles (32 km) along the Virginia state line.Here the trail passes through the town ofHarpers Ferry, headquarters of the Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Harpers Ferry is what many consider to be the \"psychological midpoint\" of the trail's length, although the actual midpoint is about 75 miles (121 km) further north in southern Pennsylvania. A CSX train derailment on December 21, 2019, damaged the pedestrian footbridge over the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry, severing the trail between West Virginia and Maryland. The foot crossing reopened in July 2020. Maryland Maryland has 41 miles (66 km) of the trail, with elevations ranging from 230 to 1,880 feet (70 to 573 m).Most of the trail runs along the ridgeline ofSouth MountaininSouth Mountain State Park.Hikers are required to stay at designated shelters and campsites. The trail runs through the eastern edge ofGreenbrier State Park. This can serve as stop point for a hot shower and a visit to the camp store. The trail runs along theC&O Canal Towpathroute for 3 miles (4.8 km). Hikers will also pass High Rock, which offers extensive views and is also used as ahang-glidingsite.The section ends atPen Mar Park, which sits on the state line of Maryland and Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania has 229.6 miles (369.5 km) of the trail.The trail extends from the Pennsylvania-Maryland line at the village ofPen Mar, northeast to theDelaware Water Gapat the Pennsylvania-New Jersey state line. In the south-central region of the state, the trail passes throughPine Grove Furnace State Park, which is often considered the symbolic mid-point of the Appalachian Trail.For much of its length in Pennsylvania, the trail is known for its very rocky terrain, which slows many hikers down while causing injuries and placing strain on equipment. Hikers often call the state \"Rocksylvania\".The AT community has also dubbed Pennsylvania as the state \"where boots go to die\". New Jersey New Jersey is home to 72.2 miles (116.2 km) of the trail.The trail enters New Jersey from the south on a pedestrian walkway along theInterstate 80bridge over theDelaware River, ascends from theDelaware Water Gapto the top ofKittatinny MountaininWorthington State Forest, passesSunfish Pond(right), continues north through theDelaware Water Gap National Recreation AreaandStokes State Forestand eventually reachesHigh Point State Park, the highest peak in New Jersey (a side trail is required to reach the actual peak). It then turns in a southeastern direction along the New York state line for about 30 miles (48 km), passing over long sections of boardwalk bridges over marshy land, then enteringWawayanda State Parkand then theAbram S. Hewitt State Forestjust before entering New York nearGreenwood Lake. In New Jersey theNew York - New Jersey Trail Conferencemaintains and updates the Appalachian Trail.Black bearactivity along the trail in New Jersey increased rapidly starting in 2001. Hence, metal bear-proof food storage boxes are in place at all New Jersey shelters. New York New York's 88.4 miles (142.3 km) of trail contain very little elevation change compared to other states.From south to north, the trail summits many small mountains under 1,400 feet (430 m) in elevation, its highest point in New York being Prospect Rock at 1,433 feet (437 m), and only 3,000 feet (910 m) from the state line with New Jersey. The trail continues north, climbing near Fitzgerald Falls, passing through Sterling Forest, and then enteringHarriman State ParkandBear Mountain State Park. The lowest point on the entire Appalachian Trail is in the Bear Mountain Zoo at 124 feet (38 m). It crosses theHudson Riveron theBear Mountain Bridge. It then passes throughFahnestock State Park, and continues northeast and crosses theMetro-North Railroad'sHarlem Line. This track crossing is the site of the onlytrain stationalong the trail's length. It enters Connecticut via thePawling Nature Reserve. The section of the trail that passes through Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks is the oldest section of the trail, completed in 1923. A portion of this section was paved by 700 volunteers with 800 granite-slab steps followed by over a mile of walkway supported by stone crib walls with boulders lining the path.The project took four years, cost roughly $1 million, and opened in June 2010.The project was done by the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference, which maintains and updates the Appalachian Trail in New York. Connecticut Connecticut's 52 miles (84 km) of trail lie almost entirely along theridgesto the west above theHousatonic Rivervalley. The state line is also the western boundary of a 480 acres (190 ha) Connecticutreservationinhabited bySchaghticoke Indians. Inside it, the AT roughly parallels its northern boundary, crossing back outside it after 2,000 feet (610 m). The trail proceeds northward through the Housatonic River valley and hills to its west, veering northwesterly and, at Salisbury, ascending the southern Taconic mountains, at Lion's Head affording a view northeasterly towards Mt. Greylock and other points in Massachusetts, and at Bear Mountain, reaching over 2,000 feet (610 m) in elevation for the first time since Pennsylvania and yielding views across the Hudson River valley to the Catskills and across the broad expanse of the Housatonic valley and the Berkshire and Litchfield Hills to the east. Just north of Bear, the trail, as it crosses into Massachusetts, descends into Sages Ravine, a deep gorge in the eastern Taconic ridgeline which is home to a fragile old growth forest. As the trail crosses the brook in the ravine, it leaves the area maintained by the Connecticut section of the Appalachian Mountain Club. Massachusetts Massachusetts has 90 miles (140 km) of trail.The entire section of trail is in western Massachusetts'sBerkshire County. It summits the highest peak in the southernTaconic Range,Mount Everett(2,604 feet (794 m)), then descends to the Housatonic River valley and skirts the town ofGreat Barrington. The trail passes through the towns ofDaltonandCheshire, and summits the highest point in the state at 3,491 feet (1,064 m),Mount Greylock. It then quickly descends to the valley within 2 miles (3.2 km) ofNorth AdamsandWilliamstown, before ascending again to the Vermont state line. The trail throughout Massachusetts is maintained by the Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club. Vermont Vermont has 150 miles (240 km) of the trail.Upon entering Vermont, the trail coincides with the southernmost sections of the generally north–south-orientedLong Trail. It follows the ridge of the southernGreen Mountains, summitting such notable peaks asStratton Mountain,Glastenbury Mountain, andKillington Peak. At Maine Junction, the AT reaches an intersection with the eastern end of theNorth Country National Scenic Trail, with that trail and the next segment of the Long Trail departing to the north. The AT then turns in a more eastward direction, crossing theWhite River, passing throughNorwich, and enteringHanover, New Hampshire, as it crosses theConnecticut River. TheGreen Mountain Clubmaintains the AT from the Massachusetts state line toRoute 12. TheDartmouth Outing Clubmaintains the trail from VT Route 12 to the New Hampshire state line. New Hampshire New Hampshire has 161 miles (259 km) of the trail.The New Hampshire AT is nearly all within theWhite Mountain National Forest. According to theAppalachian Trail Conservancy, New Hampshire has more trail above tree-line than any other Appalachian State. For northbound thru-hikers, it is the beginning of the main challenges that go beyond enduring distance and time: in New Hampshire and Maine, rough or steep ground are more frequent andalpineconditions are found near summits and along ridges. The trail crosses 15 of the 48four-thousand footersof New Hampshire, including 6,288-foot (1,917 m)Mount Washington, the highest point of the AT north of Tennessee and most topographically prominent peak in eastern North America. The trail passes within half a mile of 9 additional 4000-footer peaks in the Whites (one summit is only 60 yards from the trail). Entering the alpine zone on the summit ofMount Pierce, from the south, the trail continues in alpine or near-alpine scrub continuously along the high Presidential ridge until descending the southeast flank of Mount Madison into the Great Gulf Wilderness over 12 miles northward. This region is subject to extremes of weather with little natural shelter and only occasional human-made shelter from the elements. The threat of severe and cold conditions in the Presidentials and across the New Hampshire Section is present year-round and requires hikers' careful attention to weather forecasts and planning, provisions and gear. TheDartmouth Outing Clubmaintains the Appalachian Trail from the Vermont state line pastMount MoosilauketoKinsman Notch, northwest ofWoodstock, New Hampshire, Randolph Mountain Club maintains 2.2 miles from Osgood Trail near Madison Hut to Edmands Col, with theAMCmaintaining the remaining miles through the state. Maine Maine has 281 miles (452 km) of the trail. The northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail is on Mount Katahdin's Baxter Peak inBaxter State Park. In some parts of the trail in Maine, even the strongest hikers may only average 1 mile per hour (1.6 km/h), with places where hikers must hold on to tree limbs and roots to climb or descend, which is especially hazardous in wet weather.The western section includes a mile-long (1.6 km) stretch of boulders, some of which hikers must pass under, atMahoosuc Notch, sometimes called the trail's hardest mile. Although there are dozens of river and stream fords on the Maine section of the trail, theKennebec Riveris the only one on the trail that requires a boat crossing. The most isolated portion of the Appalachian Trail, known as the \"Hundred-Mile Wilderness\", occurs in Maine. It heads east-northeast from the town ofMonsonand ends outsideBaxter State Parkjust south ofAbol Bridge. Park management strongly discourages thru-hiking within the park before May 15 or after October 15. TheAMCmaintains the AT from theNew Hampshirestate line toGrafton Notch, with theMaine Appalachian Trail Clubresponsible for maintaining the remaining miles toMt. Katahdin. The international extension, called theInternational Appalachian Trailbegins atMt. Katahdin. Major intersections Listed from south to north. Southern terminus:Springer Mountain,Georgia Northern terminus:Mount Katahdin,Maine Management TheAppalachian Trail Conservancy(originally,Appalachian Trail Conference) and theNational Park Serviceoversee the entire length of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail via memoranda of understanding with other public agencies through whose land the trail runs, including theU.S. Forest Service, national parks, national forests, theTennessee Valley Authority, state parks, and others, who help administer portions of the trail corridor. The estimated annual contribution of volunteer services for trail upkeep is $3 million. Use in research The Appalachian Trail has been a resource for researchers in a variety of disciplines. Portions of the trail in Tennessee were used on a study on trail maintenance for the trail's \"uniform environmental conditions and design attributes and substantial gradient in visitor use.\"Beginning in 2007, various organizations, including the Appalachian Trail Conservancy and theAmerican Hiking Society, began a study to monitor environmental changes that have resulted fromhigher ozone levels,acid rain, smog, and other air quality factors.Such research has been supported by the National Park Service,U.S. Forest Service,Cornell University, theNational Geographic Society, andAveda Corporation. Behavioral studies have also been conducted on hikers themselves. A 2007 study on hikers found that most persons hike the trail \"for fun and enjoyment of life and for warm relationships with others\" and that \"environmental awareness, physical challenge, camaraderie, exercise, and solitude\" were chief results among hikers.Since the highest single demographic of thru-hikers are males between the ages of 18 and 29, one informal study sought to find the correlation between this group and male college drop-outs.A study in 2018 found that around 95 percent of thru-hikers identified their race or ethnicity aswhite. In popular culture See also References Citations Works cited Further reading External links Official sites",
"Grandma Gatewood Emma Rowena Gatewood(néeCaldwell; October 25, 1887 – June 4, 1973),better known asGrandma Gatewood, was an Americanultra-light hikingpioneer. After a difficult life as a farm wife, mother of eleven children, and survivor of domestic violence, she became famous as the first solo femalethru-hikerof the 2,168-mile (3,489 km)Appalachian Trail(A.T.) in 1955 at the age of 67.She subsequently became the first person (male or female) to hike the A.T. three times, after completing a second thru-hike two years later, followed by a section-hike in 1964.In the meantime, she hiked 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of theOregon Trailin 1959.In her later years, she continued to travel and hike, and worked on a section of what would become theBuckeye Trail. The media coverage surrounding her feats was credited for generating interest in maintaining the A.T. and in hiking generally.Among many other honors, she was posthumously inducted into the Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame in 2012. Biography Early life and education Gatewood was born to a family of 15 children inGuyan Township, Gallia County, Ohio. Her father Hugh Caldwell, a farmer, turned to a life of drinking and gambling after his leg was amputated in theCivil War. The child-rearing of the family was left to her mother Evelyn (Trowbridge) Caldwell. Emma and her siblings slept four to a bed in their log cabin. Her formal education ended with the eighth grade, but she enjoyed reading encyclopedias and the Greek classics, and taught herself about wildlife and woodland plants that could be used as medicines and food. She also enjoyed writing poetry. Marriage and children On May 5, 1907, at the age of 19, she married 27-year-old Perry Clayton (P. C.) Gatewood, a college-educated primary school teacher, and later tobacco farmer, with whom she had 11 children.Almost immediately her husband set her to work burning tobacco beds, building fences, and mixing cement, in addition to her expected housework duties. Although P. C. was recognized in the community as a man of above-average intellect, he had a mean streak. Within months of the wedding, he started to beat his wife, a vicious pattern that continued for the duration of their marriage.In 1924, he was convicted of manslaughter after killing a man during an argument. He was ordered to pay restitution to the widow of the victim, but his prison sentence was suspended because he had nine children and a farm to take care of. Emma recalled being beaten nearly to death on several occasions. When her husband became violent, she would often run into the woods, where she found peace and solitude. In 1939, after yet another violent fight, P. C. arranged to have his wife arrested and jailed. Seeing her with broken teeth and a cracked rib, the town mayor took her in and found her a job. She filed for divorce in September 1940, and in February 1941 she testified against her husband in a hearing that resulted in the divorce being granted, giving her custody of the three children still at home and with alimony to be paid by P. C. This was at a time when divorce was difficult, and after her husband had repeatedly threatened to have her committed to aninsane asylumas a means of maintaining control over her. Six years later, she began working at various jobs, renovating her house, and writing poetry. By 1951, all of her children were on their own. Hiking career In the early 1950s, while reading a discarded copy of the August 1949 edition ofNational Geographicmagazine, Gatewood found an article about theAppalachian Trail(A.T.). The description and photographs captivated her and made it sound like something she could do. All that was needed was \"normal good health\" and \"no special skill or training.\" She set out in July 1954 at the age of 66 to hike south fromMount KatahdininMaine. After a few days, she got lost, broke her glasses, and ran out of food. The rangers who found her convinced her to return home, but she decided not to tell anyone about her failure. The following year, at the age of 67, Gatewood told her grown children that she was going for a walk. They did not ask where or for how long, as they knew she was resilient and would take care of herself. This time, she started earlier in the year and walked north fromMount OglethorpeinGeorgiabeginning on May 3, 1955, and ending 146 days later on September 25 at Mount Katahdin. At the top of Baxter Peak, she signed the register, sang the first verse of the song \"America the Beautiful\" and spoke out loud, \"I did it. I said I'd do it and I've done it.\" Because theNational Geographicmagazine article had given her the impression of easy walks and clean cabins at the end of each day's expedition, she took little in the way of outdoor gear – no tent or sleeping bag, just a shower curtain to keep the rain off. She wore canvasKedsshoes on her misshapen feet and carried a small notebook, some clothes and food in a homemade denim bag slung over one shoulder. When she couldn't find shelter, she slept on piles of leaves. On cold nights, she heated large flat stones to use as a warm bed. When she ran out of food, she ate berries and other edible forest plants she recognized. Local newspapers began picking up on her story in late June, beginning inVirginiawith an article inThe Roanoke Times. Then theAssociated Pressdid a national profile of her while she was inMaryland, leading to an article inSports Illustratedwhen she reachedConnecticut.This publicity made her a celebrity even before the hike was over; she was often recognized and received \"trail magic\" (assistance from strangers) in the form of friends, food and places to sleep. After the hike,Sports Illustratedran a follow-up article describing her experiences on the trail. She was quoted as saying that, based on theNational Geographicarticle's rosy descriptions, she thought \"it would be a nice lark. It wasn't.\" She continued, \"This is no trail. This is a nightmare. For some fool reason, they always lead you right up over the biggest rock to the top of the biggest mountain they can find.\"Newspapers across the United States, includingThe Baltimore Sun, carried articles about the \"jovial little grandmother\" who conquered the A.T. In addition, she was invited as the featured guest on the news and talk television program theToday ShowwithDave Garrowayand won two hundred dollars on the televised quiz showWelcome Travelers. In June 1956,U.S. RepresentativeThomas A. Jenkinsof Ohio entered a description of Gatewood's accomplishment and subsequent publicity in theCongressional Record. Gatewood thru-hiked the A.T. again in 1957. She reported that the trail was in better condition that year, due to the efforts by local hiking clubs to clean and mark parts of it. She was invited to speak to students and various civic groups about her experiences. In addition, she spent time withGirl Scoutsand4-Hmembers at their camps. In 1958, she climbed six mountains in theAdirondack Mountainsof New York. In 1959, at the age of 71, she was inspired by publicity about theOregon Centennial Expositionto walk the 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of theOregon Trailby herself, following in the footsteps of the pioneer women who had walked the route behindcovered wagonsone hundred years earlier. The trip took her three months fromIndependence, Missouri, toPortland, Oregon, averaging 22 miles (35 km) a day. Her arrival in Portland was celebrated as Grandma Gatewood Day. Among her many gifts and accolades were trips toHollywoodfor guest appearances on the television programsArt Linkletter's House PartyandYou Bet Your Life with Groucho Marx. Gatewood completed her third hike of the A.T., this time in sections, in 1964 at age 76, making her the first person to complete the trail three times. She was also credited with being the oldest female thru-hiker by theAppalachian Trail Conference. Every January beginning in 1967, she led a six-mile hike throughHocking Hills State Parkin Ohio. For her last hike in 1973, more than 2,500 hikers showed up. The annual hike has become even more popular over the years; in January 2013, more than 4,000 people joined in. When she was in her early eighties, she spent ten or more hours a day clearing and marking a 30-mile hiking trail throughGallia County, Ohiothat would later be connected to theBuckeye Trail.In 1973, shortly before her death, she took a lengthy bus trip with anopen-ended ticket, visiting all of thecontiguous United States, plus three Canadian provinces. Gatewood was a life member of the National Campers and Hikers Association and theRoanokeAppalachian Trail Club. She was one of the founding members, Director Emeritus and a lifetime member of theBuckeye TrailAssociation.By the end of her life, she had walked more than 14,000 miles (23,000 km), or the equivalent of more than halfway around the Earth. Death and funeral At the time of her death at age 85 from a heart attack, Gatewood had one surviving sister plus 66 living descendants: 11 children, 24 grandchildren, 30 great-grandchildren, and one great-great-grandchild. Her funeral was held at the Waugh-Halley-Wood Funeral Home, and she was buried in Ohio Valley Memory Gardens.Her grave marker says simply \"Emma R. Gatewood – Grandma.\" Honors and legacy Gatewood received numerous honors during her lifetime, and her legacy lives on through various tributes, artistic works, and other commemorative projects. Biographies References External links",
"Jennifer Pharr Davis Jennifer Pharr Davisis a long distancehikerfrom the United States of America who serves on the President's Council for Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition. She has been called \"the Serena Williams of long distance hiking\" byBaratunde Thurston(PBSAmerica Outdoors) and is also an author, speaker,National GeographicAdventurer of the Year, and Ambassador for theAmerican Hiking Society.She has hiked over 14,000 miles on six different continents, includingthru-hikeson thePacific Crest Trail, theAppalachian Trail(three times), theColorado Trail, theLong TrailinVermont, theBibbulmun Trackin Australia, and numerous trails in Europe and South America (e.g., theTour du Mont Blanc,West Highland Way,Laugavegur,GR 11 (Spain),GR 20, and thePembrokeshire Coast Path,Cotahuasi Canyonand the Inca Trail. Pharr Davis lives inAsheville, North Carolinawith her husband Brew, their daughter Charley, and son Gus.She attendedHendersonville High School (North Carolina)and theAsheville School.She first hiked the Appalachian Trail in 2005 after graduating fromSamford University.To prepare for her initial hike, she attended a class taught byWarren Doyleat the Appalachian Trail Institute. In 2008, she set the record for the fastest Appalachian Trail hike by a woman in 57 days and 8 hours at an average of 38 miles (61 km) per day. She had previously set theLong Trailtrail record in 7 days and 15 hours in 2007. She also established the fastest known time on theBibbulmun Trackin Western Australia in 2008. In 2011, Pharr Davis set the fastest known time on the Appalachian Trail completing it in 46 days, 11 hours and 20 minutes. In 2015,Scott Jurekfinished 3 hours and 12 minutes faster.New records have subsequently been set byKarl Meltzer, Joe McConaughy, Karel Sabbe, and most recently Tara Dower. Pharr Davis has written a number of books. She has written two guidebooks about hiking in theCharlotte, North Carolinaarea, and one about hiking nearAsheville, North Carolina. She has also written two memoirs- 2010'sBecoming Odyssa, about her 2005 Appalachian Trail thru-hike,and 2013'sCalled Again, about her record setting A.T. hike, both published by Beaufort Books. Jennifer has also written 2017'sFamilies on Footand2018'sThe Pursuit of Enduranceas well as 2019's \"I Come From a Place\" with celebrated watercoloristAlan Shuptrine, fromChattanooga, Tennessee. Brew Davis wrote about his wife's 2011 hike and how he provided support throughout it in his 2011 book46 days: keeping up with Jennifer Pharr Davis on the Appalachian Trail. As a member of theNational Speakers Association, Pharr Davis has shared her trail lessons hundreds of times throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe, including presentations to Fortune 500 companies, trade organizations, colleges and universities, K-12 schools, libraries, festivals, churches, and other non-profits. She has been featured in theNew York Times, theWashington Post,NPR'sTalk of the Nation, andThe Early ShowonCBS. Her articles have appeared in print and online editions for theNew York Times,Outside Magazine, Trail Runner,Backpacker, andGuideposts. In 2008, Pharr Davis founded Blue Ridge Hiking Company, with the belief that \"the trail is there for everyone at every phase of life\" and with the goal of getting people outdoors on their own terms. The company leads half-day, full day and overnight trips in theBlue Ridge Mountainssurrounding Asheville. Pharr Davis served as a board member for theAppalachian Trail Conservancy, received a 2016 Laurel Wreath Award for athletic achievement from the Governor of North Carolina and was recognized as 2019 \"Female Entrepreneur of the Year\" by the Chamber of Commerce inAsheville, North Carolina. She was also named one of the 25 Most Adventurous Women of the Past 25 Years byMen's Journal, Blue Ridge Outdoors Magazine's Person of the Year in 2008 and her record-setting 2011 A.T. hike was named \"Performance of the Year\" by Ultrarunning Magazine. In 2012, Pharr Davis hiked 600 miles on theLaugavegurTrail inIcelandand theGR 11 (Spain)across thePyreneesin her second and third trimesters while pregnant with her daughter Charley.While on an 18-month book tour, Pharr Davis and her husband Brew took Charley hiking in all 50 states before their daughter turned two. In 2017, she hiked the 1,175 mile Mountains to Sea Trail in partnership with the Friends of the Mountains to Sea Trail for the trail's 40th anniversary and completed the hike while still nursing her newborn Gus. In recent years, Pharr Davis has hiked other long distance trails including thePinhoti Trail, theBartram Trail, theFoothills Trail, theArt Loeb Trail, and theBenton Mackaye Trail. She is also hiking theContinental Divide Trailin sections through theRocky Mountains. References External links"
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"Appalachian Trail TheAppalachian Trail, also called theA.T., is ahiking trailin theEastern United States, extending almost 2,200 miles (3,540 km) betweenSpringer Mountainin Georgia andMount Katahdinin Maine, and passing through 14 states.TheAppalachian Trail Conservancyclaims the Appalachian Trail to be the world's longest hiking-only trail.More than three million people hike segments of it each year. The trail was first proposed in 1921 and completed in 1937. Improvements and changes have continued since then. It became theAppalachian National Scenic Trailunder theNational Trails System Actof 1968. The trail is maintained by 31 trail clubs and multiple partnershipsand managed by theNational Park Service,United States Forest Service, and the nonprofit Appalachian Trail Conservancy.Most of the trail is in forest or wild lands, but some parts traverse towns, roads, and farms. From south to north it passes throughGeorgia,North Carolina,Tennessee,Virginia,West Virginia,Maryland,Pennsylvania,New Jersey,New",
"Jersey,New York,Connecticut,Massachusetts,Vermont,New Hampshire, andMaine. Thru-hikerswalk the entire trail in a single season. The number of thru-hikes per year has increased steadily since 2010,with 715 northbound and 133 southbound thru-hikes reported in 2017.The Appalachian Trail Conservancy estimates there are over 3,000 attempts to traverse the entire trail each year, about 25% of which succeed.Many books, documentaries, and websites are dedicated to the pursuit. Some hike from one end to the other, then turn around and thru-hike the other way, a \"yo-yo\". Affiliated trail sections extend from either end from the north as theInternational Appalachian TrailintoCanadaand beyond, and from the south as theEastern Continental Trailinto theSoutheasternstates ofAlabamaandFlorida. The Appalachian Trail, theContinental Divide Trail, and thePacific Crest Trailinformally constitute theTriple Crown of Hikingin the United States. History The trail was conceived byBenton MacKaye, a forester who wrote his original",
"wrote his original plan—called \"An Appalachian Trail, A Project in Regional Planning\"—shortly after his wife's death in 1921. MacKaye's idea detailed a grand trail that would connect a series of farms and wilderness work/study camps for city-dwellers along the Appalachian Mountains from the highest point in the North (Mount Washingtonin New Hampshire) to the highest in the South (Mount Mitchellin North Carolina). Hiking was an incidental focus of his plan.In 1922, at the suggestion of MajorWilliam A. Welch, director of thePalisades Interstate Park Commission, his idea was publicized byRaymond H. Torreywith a story in theNew York Evening Postunder a full-page banner headline reading \"A Great Trail from Maine to Georgia!\" On October 7, 1923, the first section of the trail, fromBear Mountainwest throughHarriman State ParktoArden, New York, was opened. MacKaye then called for a two-day Appalachian Trail conference to be held in March 1925 in Washington, D.C. This meeting inspired the formation of the Appalachian",
"of the Appalachian Trail Conference (now called theAppalachian Trail Conservancy) (ATC).Arthur Perkins, a retired judge, and his younger associateMyron Averytook up the cause. In 1929, Perkins, who was also a member of theConnecticut Forest and Park Associationand its Blue Blazed Trails committee, foundNed Anderson, a farmer inSherman, Connecticut, who took on the task of mapping andblazingtheConnecticutleg of the trail (1929–1933). It ran fromDog Tail CornersinWebatuck, New York, which bordersKent, Connecticut, at Ashley Falls, 50 miles (80 km) through the northwest corner of the state, up toBear Mountainat theMassachusettsstate line.A portion of the Connecticut trail has since been rerouted (1979–1983) to be more scenic, adhering less to highways and more to wilderness, and includes the Ned K. Anderson Memorial Bridge. Anderson's efforts helped spark renewed interest in the trail, and Avery, who led the project after Perkins's death in 1932, was able to bring other states on board. Upon taking over the",
"taking over the ATC, Avery adopted the goal to build a simple hiking trail. He and MacKaye clashed over the ATC's response to the construction of a road that overlapped part within Shenandoah National Park;MacKaye left the organization, while Avery was willing to reroute the trail. Avery served as Chair of the ATC from 1932 to 1952, the year he died.He was the first to walk the trail end-to-end, though not as a thru-hike, in 1936. In August 1937, the trail was completed toSugarloaf Mountainin Maine, and the ATC shifted its focus toward protecting the trail lands and mapping the trail for hikers. In 1977, the Appalachian Trail Conference honoredPaul M. Finkas \"the guiding influence\" in establishing the Trail in Tennessee and North Carolina in the 1920s.Fink was inducted into the Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame in 2019.In 1922, only a year after MacKaye's article proposing an Appalachian Trail was written, Fink began corresponding with hiking leaders in New England about building the Trail. When Avery began",
"When Avery began planning the Trail's route in the south, Fink was the first person he contacted. Many of the trail's present highlights were not part of the trail in 1937:Roan Mountain, North Carolina and Tennessee; theMount Rogershigh country, includingGrayson Highlands, Virginia; thePochuck Creekswamp, New Jersey; Nuclear Lake, New York; Thundering Falls, Vermont; andSaddleback Mountain, Maine. Except for places where theCivilian Conservation Corpswas brought in (mostly inShenandoah National Park, theGreat Smoky Mountains, and Maine), the original trail often climbed straight up and down mountains, creating rough hiking conditions and a treadway prone to severe erosion. The ATC's trail crews and volunteer trail-maintaining clubs have relocated or rehabilitated miles of trail since then. In 1936, a 121-day Maine to Georgia veteran's group funded and supported thru-hike was reported to have been completed, with all but three miles of the new trail cleared and blazed, by sixBoy ScoutsfromNew York Cityand",
"York Cityand their guides.The thru-hike was much later recorded and accepted by theAppalachian Long Distance Hikers Association.In 1938, the trail sustained major damage froma hurricanethat went through the New England area. This was soon before the start of World War II, and many of the people working on the trail were called to active duty. In 1948,Earl ShafferofYork, Pennsylvania, brought a great deal of attention to the project by publicizing the first claimed thru-hike. The claim was later criticized for the hike's omission of significant portions due to shortcuts and car rides.Shaffer later claimed the first north-to-south thru-hike, the first to claim to do so in each direction.Chester Dziengielewskiwas later named the first southbound thru-hiker.In 1998, Shaffer, nearly 80 years old, hiked the trail, making him the oldest person to claim a completed thru-hike.The first woman to walk the trail in a single season wasPeace Pilgrimin 1952, while the first solo woman to complete the hike was",
"the hike was 67-year-oldEmma Gatewood, who did it northbound in 1955, taking 146 days. She repeated the achievement two years later,and again in 1963, at age 75. In the 1960s, the ATC made progress toward protecting the trail from development, thanks to efforts of politicians and officials. Wisconsin senatorGaylord Nelsonoffered legislation to protect the route.The National Trails System Act of 1968 designated thePacific Crest Trailand Appalachian Trail as the firstnational scenic trailsand paved the way for a series of such trails within thenational parkandnational forestsystems.Trail volunteers worked with theNational Park Serviceto map a permanent route for the trail, and by 1971 a permanent route had been marked (though minor changes continue to this day). By the close of the 20th century, the Park Service had completed the purchase of all but a few miles of the trail's span. Extensions TheInternational Appalachian Trailis a 1,900-mile (3,100 km) extension running northeast from Maine into New Brunswick",
"into New Brunswick and Quebec'sGaspé Peninsula, where it ends atForillon National Park. It is a separate trail and not an official extension of the Appalachian Trail.Other branches are designated in parts of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and along the western shore of Newfoundland, to the northern end of theAppalachian Mountain range, where it enters the Atlantic Ocean, nearL'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site. The route has since been extended toGreenland,Europe, andMorocco. Although the Appalachian Trail ends in Georgia, the Appalachian Mountains continue south to Flagg Mountain in Alabama.In 2008, thePinhoti National Recreation Trailin Alabama and Georgia, which terminates at Flagg Mountain, was connected to the southern terminus of the Appalachian Trail via theBenton MacKaye Trail. Promoters of the Southern extension refer to MacKaye's statement at the 1925 conference that the Georgia to New Hampshire trail should, in the future, extend to Katahdin, and \"then to Birmingham, Alabama\". As of",
"Alabama\". As of March 2015, The Pinhoti Trail terminates at the base of Flagg Mountain, near Weogufka inCoosa County, 50 miles (80 km) east of Birmingham.In 2010, the Alabama state legislature formed the Alabama Appalachian Mountain Trail Commission to provide state resources for trail improvements, although officially designating Pinhoti as part of the Appalachian Trail would require an act of theUnited States Congress. The 8.8-mile (14.2 km) Appalachian Approach Trail in Georgia begins atAmicalola Falls State Park's visitor center and ends at Springer Mountain.Because Springer Mountain is in a remote area, the Approach Trail is often the beginning of North bound thru-hike attempts. Much of the Approach Trail was originally built as part of the Appalachian Trail, before the southern terminus was relocated fromMount Oglethorpeto Springer Mountain. Flora and fauna The Appalachian Trail is home to thousands of species of plants and animals, including 2,000 rare, threatened, endangered, and sensitive plant and",
"sensitive plant and animal species. Animals TheAmerican black bear(Ursus americanus), among the largest animals along the Appalachian Trail, rarely confronts people.The black bear is the largest omnivore that may be encountered on the trail, and it inhabits all regions of the Appalachians.Bear sightings on the trail are uncommon, except in certain sections, especiallyShenandoah National Parkand portions of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts sections, where bear populations have increased steadily since 1980; confrontations are rarer still.Other hazards include venomous snakes, including the Easterntimber rattlesnakeandcopperhead, which are common along the trail. Both snakes are generally found in drier, rockier sections of the trail; the copperhead's range extends north to around theNew Jersey–New York state line, while rattlesnakes are commonly found along the trail in Connecticut and have been reported, although rarely, as far north asNew Hampshire.Other large mammals commonly sighted",
"commonly sighted includedeer;elk, reintroduced in theSmoky Mountains; andmoose, which may be found in the vicinity of Massachusetts and northward. Small mammal species that inhabit along the trails arebeaver,squirrel,river otter,chipmunk,porcupine,bobcat, two species offox,boar,woodchuck,raccoon, andcoyote. Bird species that reside in the trails arewild turkey,ruffed grouse,mourning dove,raven, two species ofeagle,wood duck, three species ofowl, and three species ofhawkas well aswarblers. There are different kinds of squirrels along the Appalachian Trail as well, especially in Maine. They are generally smaller and very territorial, and produce a loud call if approached. For most hikers, the most persistent pests along the trail areticks,mosquitos, andblack fliesalong with the mice that inhabit shelters. Plants Plant life along the trail is varied. The trail passes through several different biomes from south to north, and the climate changes significantly, particularly dependent upon elevation. In the south,",
"In the south, lowland forests consist mainly of second-growth; nearly the entire trail has been logged at one time or another. There are, however, a few old growth locations along the trail, such as Sages Ravine straddling the Massachusetts-Connecticut border and atop higher peaks along the trail on either side of the same border, the Hopper (aglacial cirquewestward of the trail as it traverses Mt. Greylock in Massachusetts), and \"The Hermitage\", nearGulf Hagasin Maine. In the south, the forest is dominated by hardwoods, includingoakandtulip trees, also known as yellow poplar.Farther north, tulip trees are gradually replaced bymaplesandbirches. Oaks begin to disappear in Massachusetts. By Vermont, the lowland forest is made up of maples, birch andbeech, with colorful foliage displays in September and October.While the vast majority of lowland forest south of theWhite Mountainsis hardwood, many areas have someconiferoustrees as well, and in Maine, these often grow at low elevations. There is a drastic change",
"is a drastic change between the lowland andsubalpine,evergreenforest, as well as another, higher break, attree line, above which only hardy alpine plants grow.The sub-alpine region is far more prevalent along the trail than true alpine conditions. While it mainly exists in the north, a few mountains in the south have subalpine environments, which are typically coated in an ecosystem known as theSouthern Appalachian spruce-fir forest. Southern ranges and mountains where sub-alpine environments occur include theGreat Smoky Mountains, where sub-alpine environments only begin around 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in elevation,Roan Highlandson theNorth Carolina-Tennesseeborder, where sub-alpine growth descends below 6,000 feet (1,800 m), andMount Rogersand theGrayson HighlandsinVirginia, where there is some alpine growth above 5,000 feet (1,500 m).Appalachian baldsare also found in the Southern highlands, and are believed to occur due to fires or grazing in recent centuries, or in some cases due to thin, sandy",
"due to thin, sandy soils.Several balds are sprouting trees, and on some, theNational Forestservice actually mows the grasses periodically in order to keep the balds free of trees. Geography There are no subalpine regions between Mount Rogers inVirginiaandMount GreylockinMassachusetts, mainly because the trail stays below 3,000 feet (910 m) from Shenandoah National Park in Virginia to Mount Greylock. But Mount Greylock has a large subalpine region, the only such forest in Massachusetts, extending down to 3,000 feet (910 m), which in the south would be far from the subalpine cutoff. This is especially low because Greylock is exposed to prevailing westerly winds, as the summits along its ridgeline rise about 200 to 650 feet (61 to 198 m) higher than any other peak in Massachusetts. Farther north, several peaks in Vermont reach into the subalpine zone, the bottom of which steadily descends as one proceeds northward, so that by theWhite MountainsinNew Hampshire, it often occurs well below 3,000 feet (910 m).",
"3,000 feet (910 m). AtMount Moosilauke, which summits at 4,802 feet (1,464 m), the firstalpineenvironment on the trail is reached, where only thin, sporadic flora are interspersed with bare rocks. Between the two regions is thekrummholzregion, where stunted trees grow with their branches oriented away from the winter's prevailing northwest wind, giving the appearance of flags; they are sometimes called \"flag trees\". This region resembles lowland terrain hundreds of miles north in Canada. It also contains many endangered and threatened species. The trail has been rerouted over New Hampshire'sPresidential Rangeso theAppalachian Mountain Clubcan protect certain plant life. The alpine cutoff in the Whites is generally between 4,200 and 4,800 feet (1,300 and 1,500 m). Mountains traversed by the A.T. above treeline includeMount Moosilauke, several miles along theFranconia Rangeand along thePresidential Range. In the Presidentials, the trail climbs as high as 6,288 feet (1,917 m) onMount Washingtonand spends about",
"spends about 13 miles (21 km) continuously above treeline, in the largest alpine environment in the United States east of theRocky Mountains. The segments of the trail throughPennsylvaniaare so rocky that hikers call the region \"Rocksylvania\".These small rocks, which are the result of erosion that has worn away the dirt along the trails, can be tough to walk on for extended periods of time without proper hard-soled shoes. InMaine, the trail extends into even harsher environments, and subalpine and alpine growth descends to lower elevations. Alpine growth in the state ranges from around 2,500 feet (760 m) in theMahoosuc Rangeto below 1,000 feet (300 m) in parts of theHundred-Mile Wilderness,where nearly every area higher than 1,000 feet (300 m) is evergreen forest. These forests include more species of evergreen, as well. In addition to thewhite pine,spruce, andhemlockprevalent further south, Maine has manycedartrees along the trail. Near the northern terminus, there are even sometamarack(larch), a",
"a coniferous, pine-needled deciduous tree, which provides displays of yellow in the late fall after the birches and maples have gone bare. The hemlocks in Maine are also notable, as thewoolly adelgid, which has ravaged populations further south, has not come into the state yet, and may be unable to make it so far north due to the cold climate. Maine also has several alpine regions. In addition to several areas of the Mahoosuc Range, the Baldpates, and Old Blue in southern Maine have alpine characteristics despite elevations below 4,000 feet (1,200 m).Saddleback MountainandMount Bigelow, further north, extend only a bit above 4,000 feet (1,200 m), but each has long alpine areas, with no tree growth on the summit and unobstructed views on clear days. From Mount Bigelow, the trail extends for 150 miles (240 km) with only a small area of alpine growth around 3,500 feet (1,100 m) on the summit ofWhite Cap Mountain. Mount Katahdin, the second-largest alpine environment in the eastern United States, has several",
"States, has several square miles of alpine area on the flat \"table land\" summit as well as the cliffs andaretesleading up to it. Treeline on Mount Katahdin is only around 3,500 feet (1,100 m). This elevation in Massachusetts would barely be a subalpine region, and, south of Virginia, consists of lowland forest. This illustrates the drastic change in climate over 2,000 miles (3,200 km). Hiking the trail Bicycles are prohibited from most of the trail, except for the sections that follow theChesapeake and Ohio Canal(C&O Canal) inMarylandand theVirginia Creeper TrailinVirginia. Horses and pack animals are prohibited except horses on the C&O Canal and in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.Several short segments of the trail, in towns and scenic natural areas, were built toADA accessibly standardsforwheelchairuse. Navigation Throughout its length, the AT is marked by whitepaint blazesthat are 2 by 6 inches (5 by 15 cm). Side trails to shelters, viewpoints and parking areas use similarly shaped blue blazes. In",
"blue blazes. In past years, some sections of the trail also used metal diamond markers with the AT logo, few of which survive. Lodging and camping Most hikers carry a lightweight tent, tent hammock or tarp.The trail has more than 250 shelters and campsites available for hikers.The shelters, sometimes called lean-tos (in Maine, Massachusetts, and Connecticut), huts (in Shenandoah National Park), or Adirondack shelters, are generally open, three-walled structures with a wooden floor, although some shelters are much more complex in structure. Shelters are usually spaced a day's hike or less apart, most often near a water source (which may be dry) and with aprivy. They generally have spaces for tent sites in the vicinity as the shelters may be full.TheAppalachian Mountain Club(AMC) operates asystem of eight hutsalong 56 miles (90 km) of New Hampshire's White Mountains.These huts are significantly larger than standard trail shelters and offer full-service lodging and meals during the summer months. The Fontana",
"months. The Fontana Dam Shelter in North Carolina is more commonly referred to as the Fontana Hilton because of amenities (e.g. flushable toilets) and its proximity to an all-you-can-eat buffet and post office.Several AMC huts have an extended self-service season during the fall, with two extending self-service seasons through the winter and spring.ThePotomac Appalachian Trail Clubmaintains trail cabins, shelters, and huts throughout theShenandoah regionof Virginia. Shelters are generally maintained by local volunteers. Almost all shelters have one or more pre-hung food hangers (generally consisting of a short nylon cord with an upside-down tuna can suspended halfway down its length) where hikers can hang their food bags to keep them out of the reach of rodents. In hiker lingo, these are sometimes called \"mouse trapezes\". Most shelters also contain \"unofficial registries\", which are known as shelter logs. These logs usually come in the form spiral-bound notebooks that are kept in containers in shelters all",
"in shelters all along the trail, and signing in them is not required. These logs give hikers a way to leave day-to-day messages while they are on the trail to document where they have been, where they are going, and who/what they have seen. The logs provide a space for informal writing and can also be used to keep track of people on the trail. Most of all, they provide a system of communication for a network of hikers along the trail. Shelter logs—entries written in log books at certain shelters—can provide proof of who summits certain mountains and can warn about dangerous animals or unfriendly people in the area. Hikers may cite when a certain water source is dried up, providing crucial information to other hikers. In addition to official shelters, many people offer their homes, places of business, or inns to accommodate AT hikers. One example is theLittle Lyford Pond campsmaintained by the Appalachian Mountain Club. Inns are more common in sections of the trail that coincide with national parks, most",
"parks, most notably Virginia's Shenandoah National Park. Trail communities The trail crosses many roads, providing opportunity for hikers tohitchhikeinto town for food and other supplies. The Appalachian Trail Conservancy lists over 40 communities that have qualified as part of the organization's \"A.T. Community\" program, having become recognized for providing food, supplies and accommodations for passers-through.In the areas of the trail closer to trail towns, many hikers have experienced what is sometimes called \"trail magic\",or assistance from strangers through kind actions, gifts, and other forms of encouragement.Trail magic is sometimes done anonymously.In other instances, persons have provided food and cooked for hikers at a campsite. Hikers also create their own community while on the trail. Many hikers create long lasting friendships while on the trail. Conversations are easily started because of the common interest ofhiking. Hazards The Appalachian Trail is relatively safe. Most injuries or",
"Most injuries or incidents are consistent with comparable outdoor activities. Most hazards are related to weather conditions, human error, plants, animals, diseases, and hostile humans encountered along the trail. Many animals live around the trail, with bears, snakes, andwild boarsposing the greatest threat to human safety. Several rodent- and bug-borne illnesses are also a potential hazard. In scattered instances, foxes,raccoons, and other small animals may bite hikers, posing risk ofrabiesand other diseases. There has been one reported case (in 1993) ofhantavirus(HPS), a rare but dangerous rodent-borne disease affecting the lungs. The affected hiker recovered and hiked the trail the following year.The section of the trail that runs through the Mid-Atlantic and New England states has a very high population ofdeer tickscarryingLymeand other tick-borne diseases, and corresponds to the highest density of reported Lyme disease in the country. The weather is a major consideration for hikers. Hiking season of",
"Hiking season of the trail generally starts in mid-to-late spring, when conditions are much more favorable in the South. However, this time may also be characterized by extreme heat, sometimes in excess of 100 °F (38 °C). Farther north and at higher elevations, the weather can be characterized by low temperatures, strong winds, hail or snow storms and reduced visibility. Prolonged rain, though not typically life-threatening, can undermine stamina and ruin supplies.In March 2015, a hiker was killed on the trail in Maryland when a large tree blew over and fell onto him. Violent crimeis rare but has occurred in a few instances. The first reported homicide on the trail was in 1974 in Georgia.In 1981, the issue of violence on the Appalachian Trail received national attention when Robert Mountford, Jr. and Laura Susan Ramsay, both social workers inEllsworth, Maine, were murdered byRandall Lee Smith.Another homicide occurred in May 1996, when two women were abducted, bound and murdered near the trail in Shenandoah",
"trail in Shenandoah National Park. The primary suspect was later discovered harassing a female cyclist in the vicinity,but charges against him were dropped and the case remained unsolved until 2024. In May 2019, Oklahoman Ronald S. Sanchez Jr., 43 years old, was murdered at a campsite near Mount Rogers National Recreation Area in western Virginia Jefferson National Forest. A female hiker who has not been identified was also injured by an assailant there. James L. Jordan, 30, of West Yarmouth, Massachusetts was found not guilty of the crimes by reason of insanity. Human error can lead to casualties as well. In July 2013, 66-year-old lone hiker Geraldine Largay disappeared on the trail in Maine. Largay became lost and survived 26 days before dying. Her remains were found two years later in October 2015.In October 2015, a hiker visiting from England was killed on the trail by falling while taking photos at the Annapolis Rocks overlook in Maryland. The 2020COVID-19 pandemicprompted the Appalachian Trail",
"Appalachian Trail Conservancy to discourage use of the trail and the National Park Service to close all AT-managed hiking shelters from Virginia to Maine.The withdrawal of volunteers and trail-maintenance crews left the trail unprepared for the influx of users escaping home isolation.In 2021, the conservancy suspended issuing hang tags for through-hikers for a period during the continuing pandemic. Trail completion Trail hikers who attempt to complete the entire trail in a single season are called \"thru-hikers\"; those who traverse the trail during a series of separate trips are known as \"section-hikers\". Rugged terrain, weather extremes, illness, injury, and the time and effort required make thru-hiking difficult to accomplish. As of 2017, the Appalachian Trail Conservancy estimated that 3,839 hikers set out from Springer Mountain, northbound, 497 from Mount Katahdin, southbound, and reported 1,186 completions of hiking the entire trail, which includes those by both section and through hikers. Most",
"hikers. Most thru-hikers walk northward from Georgia to Maine, and generally start out in early spring and follow the warm weather as it moves north.These \"north-bounders\" are also called NOBO (NOrthBOund) or GAME (Georgia(GA)-to-Maine(ME)), while those heading in the opposite direction are termed \"south-bounders\" (also SOBO or MEGA). A thru-hike generally requires five to seven months, although some have done it in three months, and several trail runners have completed the trail in less time.Trail runnerstypically tackle the AT with automobile support teams, without backpacks, and without camping in the woods. Thru-hikers are classified into many informal groups. \"Purists\" are hikers who stick to the official AT trail, follow the white blazes, except for side trips to shelters and camp sites. \"Blue Blazers\" cut miles from the full route by taking side trails marked by blue blazes. The generally pejorative name \"Yellow Blazers\", a reference to yellow road stripes, is given to those who hitchhike to move",
"hitchhike to move either down or up the trail. Part of hiker subculture includes making colorful entries in logbooks at trail shelters, signed usingpseudonymscalled \"trail names\". The Appalachian Trail Conservancy gives the name \"2000 Miler\" to anyone who completes the entire trail. The ATC's recognition policy for \"2000 Milers\" gives equal recognition to thru-hikers and section-hikers, operates on the honor system, and recognizes blue-blazed trails or officially required roadwalks as substitutes for the official, white-blazed route during an emergency such as a flood, forest fire, or impending storm on an exposed, high-elevation stretch.As of 2018, more than 19,000 people had reported completing the entire trail. The northbound completion rate of hiking the trail in twelve months or fewer varied from 19% to 27% from 2011 to 2018. The southbound completion rate varied between 27% and 30% during the same period. The Appalachian Trail, theContinental Divide Trail, and thePacific Crest Trailform what is known",
"what is known as theTriple Crownof long-distance hiking in the United States.In 2001,Brian Robinsonbecame the first one to complete all three trails in a year.In 2018, Heather Anderson (trail name \"Anish\") became the first woman to complete the three Triple Crown trails in a calendar year. Speed records Fastest known timesfor self-supported attempts (meaning no vehicle or crew support, like a traditional through-hiker): Fastest known times for supported attempts (the athletes travel light, relying on a support crew with food, shelter, medical treatment, etc.): Age records On November 8, 2021, M.J. \"Nimblewill Nomad\" Eberheart became the oldest person to hike the entire Appalachian Trail at age 83. On October 13, 2020, Juniper Netteburg is believed to be the youngest person to hike the entire Appalachian Trail on her own power at age 4. Route The trail is protected along more than 99% of its course by federal or state ownership of the land or byright-of-way. The trail is maintained by a variety of",
"by a variety of organizations, environmental advocacy groups, governmental agencies and individuals. Annually, more than 4,000 volunteers contribute over 175,000 hours of effort on the Appalachian Trail, an effort coordinated largely by theAppalachian Trail Conservancy(ATC) organization. In total, the AT passes through eight national forests and two national parks. In the course of its journey, the trail follows the ridge line of theAppalachian Mountains, crossing many of its highest peaks and running throughwildernesswith only a few exceptions. The trail once traversed many hundreds of miles of private property, but today 99% of the trail is on public land. Georgia Georgia has 75 miles (121 km) of the trail, including the southern terminus atSpringer Mountainat an elevation of 3,782 feet (1,153 m).At 4,461 feet (1,360 m),Blood Mountainis the highest point on the trail in Georgia. The AT and approach trail, along with many miles of blue blazed side trails, are managed and maintained by theGeorgia Appalachian",
"Appalachian Trail Club. See also:Georgia Peaks on the Appalachian Trail. North Carolina North Carolina has 95.7 miles (154.0 km) of the trail, not including more than 200 miles (320 km) along the Tennessee state line.Altitude ranges from 1,725 to 5,498 feet (526 to 1,676 m). The trail enters from Georgia at Bly Gap, ascending peaks such asStanding Indian Mountain,Mt. Albert, andWayah Bald. It then goes byNantahala Outdoor Centerat the Nantahala River Gorge and theNantahala Rivercrossing. Up to this point, the trail is maintained by the Nantahala Hiking Club. Beyond this point, it is maintained by the Smoky Mountains Hiking Club. 30 miles (48 km) further north,Fontana Dammarks the entrance toGreat Smoky Mountains National Park. Tennessee Tennessee has 71 miles (114 km) of the trail,not including more than 200 miles (320 km) along or near the North Carolina state line.The section that runs just below the summit ofKuwohiinGreat Smoky Mountains National Parkis along the North Carolina and Tennessee state line",
"state line and is the highest point on the trail at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). The Smoky Mountains Hiking Club (Knoxville, TN) maintains the trail throughout the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to Davenport Gap. North of Davenport Gap, the Carolina Mountain Club (Asheville, NC) maintains the trail to Spivey Gap. Then the remaining Tennessee section is maintained by the Tennessee Eastman Hiking & Canoeing Club (Kingsport, TN). Virginia Virginia has 550.3 miles (885.6 km) of the trail (one quarter of the entire trail) including more than 20 miles (32 km) along the West Virginia state line.With the climate, and the timing of northbound thru-hikers, this section is wet and challenging because of the spring thaw and heavy spring rainfall.Substantial portions of the trail closely parallelSkyline Drivein Shenandoah National Park and, further south, theBlue Ridge Parkway.TheAppalachian Trail Conservancyconsiders as excellent for beginning hikers a well-maintained 104 miles (167 km) section of the trail that the",
"the trail that the Civilian Conservation Corps constructed in Shenandoah National Park. Climbs in this section rarely exceed 1,000 feet (300 m).In the southwestern portion of the state, the trail goes within one half mile of the highest point in Virginia, Mount Rogers, which is a short side-hike from the AT. West Virginia West Virginia has 4 miles (6.4 km) of the trail, not including about 20 miles (32 km) along the Virginia state line.Here the trail passes through the town ofHarpers Ferry, headquarters of the Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Harpers Ferry is what many consider to be the \"psychological midpoint\" of the trail's length, although the actual midpoint is about 75 miles (121 km) further north in southern Pennsylvania. A CSX train derailment on December 21, 2019, damaged the pedestrian footbridge over the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry, severing the trail between West Virginia and Maryland. The foot crossing reopened in July 2020. Maryland Maryland has 41 miles (66 km) of the trail, with elevations",
"with elevations ranging from 230 to 1,880 feet (70 to 573 m).Most of the trail runs along the ridgeline ofSouth MountaininSouth Mountain State Park.Hikers are required to stay at designated shelters and campsites. The trail runs through the eastern edge ofGreenbrier State Park. This can serve as stop point for a hot shower and a visit to the camp store. The trail runs along theC&O Canal Towpathroute for 3 miles (4.8 km). Hikers will also pass High Rock, which offers extensive views and is also used as ahang-glidingsite.The section ends atPen Mar Park, which sits on the state line of Maryland and Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania has 229.6 miles (369.5 km) of the trail.The trail extends from the Pennsylvania-Maryland line at the village ofPen Mar, northeast to theDelaware Water Gapat the Pennsylvania-New Jersey state line. In the south-central region of the state, the trail passes throughPine Grove Furnace State Park, which is often considered the symbolic mid-point of the Appalachian Trail.For much of",
"Trail.For much of its length in Pennsylvania, the trail is known for its very rocky terrain, which slows many hikers down while causing injuries and placing strain on equipment. Hikers often call the state \"Rocksylvania\".The AT community has also dubbed Pennsylvania as the state \"where boots go to die\". New Jersey New Jersey is home to 72.2 miles (116.2 km) of the trail.The trail enters New Jersey from the south on a pedestrian walkway along theInterstate 80bridge over theDelaware River, ascends from theDelaware Water Gapto the top ofKittatinny MountaininWorthington State Forest, passesSunfish Pond(right), continues north through theDelaware Water Gap National Recreation AreaandStokes State Forestand eventually reachesHigh Point State Park, the highest peak in New Jersey (a side trail is required to reach the actual peak). It then turns in a southeastern direction along the New York state line for about 30 miles (48 km), passing over long sections of boardwalk bridges over marshy land, then enteringWawayanda",
"enteringWawayanda State Parkand then theAbram S. Hewitt State Forestjust before entering New York nearGreenwood Lake. In New Jersey theNew York - New Jersey Trail Conferencemaintains and updates the Appalachian Trail.Black bearactivity along the trail in New Jersey increased rapidly starting in 2001. Hence, metal bear-proof food storage boxes are in place at all New Jersey shelters. New York New York's 88.4 miles (142.3 km) of trail contain very little elevation change compared to other states.From south to north, the trail summits many small mountains under 1,400 feet (430 m) in elevation, its highest point in New York being Prospect Rock at 1,433 feet (437 m), and only 3,000 feet (910 m) from the state line with New Jersey. The trail continues north, climbing near Fitzgerald Falls, passing through Sterling Forest, and then enteringHarriman State ParkandBear Mountain State Park. The lowest point on the entire Appalachian Trail is in the Bear Mountain Zoo at 124 feet (38 m). It crosses theHudson Riveron",
"theHudson Riveron theBear Mountain Bridge. It then passes throughFahnestock State Park, and continues northeast and crosses theMetro-North Railroad'sHarlem Line. This track crossing is the site of the onlytrain stationalong the trail's length. It enters Connecticut via thePawling Nature Reserve. The section of the trail that passes through Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks is the oldest section of the trail, completed in 1923. A portion of this section was paved by 700 volunteers with 800 granite-slab steps followed by over a mile of walkway supported by stone crib walls with boulders lining the path.The project took four years, cost roughly $1 million, and opened in June 2010.The project was done by the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference, which maintains and updates the Appalachian Trail in New York. Connecticut Connecticut's 52 miles (84 km) of trail lie almost entirely along theridgesto the west above theHousatonic Rivervalley. The state line is also the western boundary of a 480 acres (190 ha)",
"480 acres (190 ha) Connecticutreservationinhabited bySchaghticoke Indians. Inside it, the AT roughly parallels its northern boundary, crossing back outside it after 2,000 feet (610 m). The trail proceeds northward through the Housatonic River valley and hills to its west, veering northwesterly and, at Salisbury, ascending the southern Taconic mountains, at Lion's Head affording a view northeasterly towards Mt. Greylock and other points in Massachusetts, and at Bear Mountain, reaching over 2,000 feet (610 m) in elevation for the first time since Pennsylvania and yielding views across the Hudson River valley to the Catskills and across the broad expanse of the Housatonic valley and the Berkshire and Litchfield Hills to the east. Just north of Bear, the trail, as it crosses into Massachusetts, descends into Sages Ravine, a deep gorge in the eastern Taconic ridgeline which is home to a fragile old growth forest. As the trail crosses the brook in the ravine, it leaves the area maintained by the Connecticut",
"by the Connecticut section of the Appalachian Mountain Club. Massachusetts Massachusetts has 90 miles (140 km) of trail.The entire section of trail is in western Massachusetts'sBerkshire County. It summits the highest peak in the southernTaconic Range,Mount Everett(2,604 feet (794 m)), then descends to the Housatonic River valley and skirts the town ofGreat Barrington. The trail passes through the towns ofDaltonandCheshire, and summits the highest point in the state at 3,491 feet (1,064 m),Mount Greylock. It then quickly descends to the valley within 2 miles (3.2 km) ofNorth AdamsandWilliamstown, before ascending again to the Vermont state line. The trail throughout Massachusetts is maintained by the Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club. Vermont Vermont has 150 miles (240 km) of the trail.Upon entering Vermont, the trail coincides with the southernmost sections of the generally north–south-orientedLong Trail. It follows the ridge of the southernGreen Mountains, summitting such notable peaks",
"such notable peaks asStratton Mountain,Glastenbury Mountain, andKillington Peak. At Maine Junction, the AT reaches an intersection with the eastern end of theNorth Country National Scenic Trail, with that trail and the next segment of the Long Trail departing to the north. The AT then turns in a more eastward direction, crossing theWhite River, passing throughNorwich, and enteringHanover, New Hampshire, as it crosses theConnecticut River. TheGreen Mountain Clubmaintains the AT from the Massachusetts state line toRoute 12. TheDartmouth Outing Clubmaintains the trail from VT Route 12 to the New Hampshire state line. New Hampshire New Hampshire has 161 miles (259 km) of the trail.The New Hampshire AT is nearly all within theWhite Mountain National Forest. According to theAppalachian Trail Conservancy, New Hampshire has more trail above tree-line than any other Appalachian State. For northbound thru-hikers, it is the beginning of the main challenges that go beyond enduring distance and time: in New Hampshire and",
"New Hampshire and Maine, rough or steep ground are more frequent andalpineconditions are found near summits and along ridges. The trail crosses 15 of the 48four-thousand footersof New Hampshire, including 6,288-foot (1,917 m)Mount Washington, the highest point of the AT north of Tennessee and most topographically prominent peak in eastern North America. The trail passes within half a mile of 9 additional 4000-footer peaks in the Whites (one summit is only 60 yards from the trail). Entering the alpine zone on the summit ofMount Pierce, from the south, the trail continues in alpine or near-alpine scrub continuously along the high Presidential ridge until descending the southeast flank of Mount Madison into the Great Gulf Wilderness over 12 miles northward. This region is subject to extremes of weather with little natural shelter and only occasional human-made shelter from the elements. The threat of severe and cold conditions in the Presidentials and across the New Hampshire Section is present year-round and",
"year-round and requires hikers' careful attention to weather forecasts and planning, provisions and gear. TheDartmouth Outing Clubmaintains the Appalachian Trail from the Vermont state line pastMount MoosilauketoKinsman Notch, northwest ofWoodstock, New Hampshire, Randolph Mountain Club maintains 2.2 miles from Osgood Trail near Madison Hut to Edmands Col, with theAMCmaintaining the remaining miles through the state. Maine Maine has 281 miles (452 km) of the trail. The northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail is on Mount Katahdin's Baxter Peak inBaxter State Park. In some parts of the trail in Maine, even the strongest hikers may only average 1 mile per hour (1.6 km/h), with places where hikers must hold on to tree limbs and roots to climb or descend, which is especially hazardous in wet weather.The western section includes a mile-long (1.6 km) stretch of boulders, some of which hikers must pass under, atMahoosuc Notch, sometimes called the trail's hardest mile. Although there are dozens of river and",
"dozens of river and stream fords on the Maine section of the trail, theKennebec Riveris the only one on the trail that requires a boat crossing. The most isolated portion of the Appalachian Trail, known as the \"Hundred-Mile Wilderness\", occurs in Maine. It heads east-northeast from the town ofMonsonand ends outsideBaxter State Parkjust south ofAbol Bridge. Park management strongly discourages thru-hiking within the park before May 15 or after October 15. TheAMCmaintains the AT from theNew Hampshirestate line toGrafton Notch, with theMaine Appalachian Trail Clubresponsible for maintaining the remaining miles toMt. Katahdin. The international extension, called theInternational Appalachian Trailbegins atMt. Katahdin. Major intersections Listed from south to north. Southern terminus:Springer Mountain,Georgia Northern terminus:Mount Katahdin,Maine Management TheAppalachian Trail Conservancy(originally,Appalachian Trail Conference) and theNational Park Serviceoversee the entire length of the Appalachian National",
"National Scenic Trail via memoranda of understanding with other public agencies through whose land the trail runs, including theU.S. Forest Service, national parks, national forests, theTennessee Valley Authority, state parks, and others, who help administer portions of the trail corridor. The estimated annual contribution of volunteer services for trail upkeep is $3 million. Use in research The Appalachian Trail has been a resource for researchers in a variety of disciplines. Portions of the trail in Tennessee were used on a study on trail maintenance for the trail's \"uniform environmental conditions and design attributes and substantial gradient in visitor use.\"Beginning in 2007, various organizations, including the Appalachian Trail Conservancy and theAmerican Hiking Society, began a study to monitor environmental changes that have resulted fromhigher ozone levels,acid rain, smog, and other air quality factors.Such research has been supported by the National Park Service,U.S. Forest Service,Cornell",
"Service,Cornell University, theNational Geographic Society, andAveda Corporation. Behavioral studies have also been conducted on hikers themselves. A 2007 study on hikers found that most persons hike the trail \"for fun and enjoyment of life and for warm relationships with others\" and that \"environmental awareness, physical challenge, camaraderie, exercise, and solitude\" were chief results among hikers.Since the highest single demographic of thru-hikers are males between the ages of 18 and 29, one informal study sought to find the correlation between this group and male college drop-outs.A study in 2018 found that around 95 percent of thru-hikers identified their race or ethnicity aswhite. In popular culture See also References Citations Works cited Further reading External links Official sites",
"Grandma Gatewood Emma Rowena Gatewood(néeCaldwell; October 25, 1887 – June 4, 1973),better known asGrandma Gatewood, was an Americanultra-light hikingpioneer. After a difficult life as a farm wife, mother of eleven children, and survivor of domestic violence, she became famous as the first solo femalethru-hikerof the 2,168-mile (3,489 km)Appalachian Trail(A.T.) in 1955 at the age of 67.She subsequently became the first person (male or female) to hike the A.T. three times, after completing a second thru-hike two years later, followed by a section-hike in 1964.In the meantime, she hiked 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of theOregon Trailin 1959.In her later years, she continued to travel and hike, and worked on a section of what would become theBuckeye Trail. The media coverage surrounding her feats was credited for generating interest in maintaining the A.T. and in hiking generally.Among many other honors, she was posthumously inducted into the Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame in 2012. Biography Early life and education",
"life and education Gatewood was born to a family of 15 children inGuyan Township, Gallia County, Ohio. Her father Hugh Caldwell, a farmer, turned to a life of drinking and gambling after his leg was amputated in theCivil War. The child-rearing of the family was left to her mother Evelyn (Trowbridge) Caldwell. Emma and her siblings slept four to a bed in their log cabin. Her formal education ended with the eighth grade, but she enjoyed reading encyclopedias and the Greek classics, and taught herself about wildlife and woodland plants that could be used as medicines and food. She also enjoyed writing poetry. Marriage and children On May 5, 1907, at the age of 19, she married 27-year-old Perry Clayton (P. C.) Gatewood, a college-educated primary school teacher, and later tobacco farmer, with whom she had 11 children.Almost immediately her husband set her to work burning tobacco beds, building fences, and mixing cement, in addition to her expected housework duties. Although P. C. was recognized in the community",
"in the community as a man of above-average intellect, he had a mean streak. Within months of the wedding, he started to beat his wife, a vicious pattern that continued for the duration of their marriage.In 1924, he was convicted of manslaughter after killing a man during an argument. He was ordered to pay restitution to the widow of the victim, but his prison sentence was suspended because he had nine children and a farm to take care of. Emma recalled being beaten nearly to death on several occasions. When her husband became violent, she would often run into the woods, where she found peace and solitude. In 1939, after yet another violent fight, P. C. arranged to have his wife arrested and jailed. Seeing her with broken teeth and a cracked rib, the town mayor took her in and found her a job. She filed for divorce in September 1940, and in February 1941 she testified against her husband in a hearing that resulted in the divorce being granted, giving her custody of the three children still at home and with",
"at home and with alimony to be paid by P. C. This was at a time when divorce was difficult, and after her husband had repeatedly threatened to have her committed to aninsane asylumas a means of maintaining control over her. Six years later, she began working at various jobs, renovating her house, and writing poetry. By 1951, all of her children were on their own. Hiking career In the early 1950s, while reading a discarded copy of the August 1949 edition ofNational Geographicmagazine, Gatewood found an article about theAppalachian Trail(A.T.). The description and photographs captivated her and made it sound like something she could do. All that was needed was \"normal good health\" and \"no special skill or training.\" She set out in July 1954 at the age of 66 to hike south fromMount KatahdininMaine. After a few days, she got lost, broke her glasses, and ran out of food. The rangers who found her convinced her to return home, but she decided not to tell anyone about her failure. The following year, at the age of",
"year, at the age of 67, Gatewood told her grown children that she was going for a walk. They did not ask where or for how long, as they knew she was resilient and would take care of herself. This time, she started earlier in the year and walked north fromMount OglethorpeinGeorgiabeginning on May 3, 1955, and ending 146 days later on September 25 at Mount Katahdin. At the top of Baxter Peak, she signed the register, sang the first verse of the song \"America the Beautiful\" and spoke out loud, \"I did it. I said I'd do it and I've done it.\" Because theNational Geographicmagazine article had given her the impression of easy walks and clean cabins at the end of each day's expedition, she took little in the way of outdoor gear – no tent or sleeping bag, just a shower curtain to keep the rain off. She wore canvasKedsshoes on her misshapen feet and carried a small notebook, some clothes and food in a homemade denim bag slung over one shoulder. When she couldn't find shelter, she slept on piles of leaves. On cold",
"of leaves. On cold nights, she heated large flat stones to use as a warm bed. When she ran out of food, she ate berries and other edible forest plants she recognized. Local newspapers began picking up on her story in late June, beginning inVirginiawith an article inThe Roanoke Times. Then theAssociated Pressdid a national profile of her while she was inMaryland, leading to an article inSports Illustratedwhen she reachedConnecticut.This publicity made her a celebrity even before the hike was over; she was often recognized and received \"trail magic\" (assistance from strangers) in the form of friends, food and places to sleep. After the hike,Sports Illustratedran a follow-up article describing her experiences on the trail. She was quoted as saying that, based on theNational Geographicarticle's rosy descriptions, she thought \"it would be a nice lark. It wasn't.\" She continued, \"This is no trail. This is a nightmare. For some fool reason, they always lead you right up over the biggest rock to the top of the",
"to the top of the biggest mountain they can find.\"Newspapers across the United States, includingThe Baltimore Sun, carried articles about the \"jovial little grandmother\" who conquered the A.T. In addition, she was invited as the featured guest on the news and talk television program theToday ShowwithDave Garrowayand won two hundred dollars on the televised quiz showWelcome Travelers. In June 1956,U.S. RepresentativeThomas A. Jenkinsof Ohio entered a description of Gatewood's accomplishment and subsequent publicity in theCongressional Record. Gatewood thru-hiked the A.T. again in 1957. She reported that the trail was in better condition that year, due to the efforts by local hiking clubs to clean and mark parts of it. She was invited to speak to students and various civic groups about her experiences. In addition, she spent time withGirl Scoutsand4-Hmembers at their camps. In 1958, she climbed six mountains in theAdirondack Mountainsof New York. In 1959, at the age of 71, she was inspired by publicity about",
"by publicity about theOregon Centennial Expositionto walk the 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of theOregon Trailby herself, following in the footsteps of the pioneer women who had walked the route behindcovered wagonsone hundred years earlier. The trip took her three months fromIndependence, Missouri, toPortland, Oregon, averaging 22 miles (35 km) a day. Her arrival in Portland was celebrated as Grandma Gatewood Day. Among her many gifts and accolades were trips toHollywoodfor guest appearances on the television programsArt Linkletter's House PartyandYou Bet Your Life with Groucho Marx. Gatewood completed her third hike of the A.T., this time in sections, in 1964 at age 76, making her the first person to complete the trail three times. She was also credited with being the oldest female thru-hiker by theAppalachian Trail Conference. Every January beginning in 1967, she led a six-mile hike throughHocking Hills State Parkin Ohio. For her last hike in 1973, more than 2,500 hikers showed up. The annual hike has become",
"hike has become even more popular over the years; in January 2013, more than 4,000 people joined in. When she was in her early eighties, she spent ten or more hours a day clearing and marking a 30-mile hiking trail throughGallia County, Ohiothat would later be connected to theBuckeye Trail.In 1973, shortly before her death, she took a lengthy bus trip with anopen-ended ticket, visiting all of thecontiguous United States, plus three Canadian provinces. Gatewood was a life member of the National Campers and Hikers Association and theRoanokeAppalachian Trail Club. She was one of the founding members, Director Emeritus and a lifetime member of theBuckeye TrailAssociation.By the end of her life, she had walked more than 14,000 miles (23,000 km), or the equivalent of more than halfway around the Earth. Death and funeral At the time of her death at age 85 from a heart attack, Gatewood had one surviving sister plus 66 living descendants: 11 children, 24 grandchildren, 30 great-grandchildren, and one",
"and one great-great-grandchild. Her funeral was held at the Waugh-Halley-Wood Funeral Home, and she was buried in Ohio Valley Memory Gardens.Her grave marker says simply \"Emma R. Gatewood – Grandma.\" Honors and legacy Gatewood received numerous honors during her lifetime, and her legacy lives on through various tributes, artistic works, and other commemorative projects. Biographies References External links",
"Jennifer Pharr Davis Jennifer Pharr Davisis a long distancehikerfrom the United States of America who serves on the President's Council for Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition. She has been called \"the Serena Williams of long distance hiking\" byBaratunde Thurston(PBSAmerica Outdoors) and is also an author, speaker,National GeographicAdventurer of the Year, and Ambassador for theAmerican Hiking Society.She has hiked over 14,000 miles on six different continents, includingthru-hikeson thePacific Crest Trail, theAppalachian Trail(three times), theColorado Trail, theLong TrailinVermont, theBibbulmun Trackin Australia, and numerous trails in Europe and South America (e.g., theTour du Mont Blanc,West Highland Way,Laugavegur,GR 11 (Spain),GR 20, and thePembrokeshire Coast Path,Cotahuasi Canyonand the Inca Trail. Pharr Davis lives inAsheville, North Carolinawith her husband Brew, their daughter Charley, and son Gus.She attendedHendersonville High School (North Carolina)and theAsheville School.She first hiked the",
"first hiked the Appalachian Trail in 2005 after graduating fromSamford University.To prepare for her initial hike, she attended a class taught byWarren Doyleat the Appalachian Trail Institute. In 2008, she set the record for the fastest Appalachian Trail hike by a woman in 57 days and 8 hours at an average of 38 miles (61 km) per day. She had previously set theLong Trailtrail record in 7 days and 15 hours in 2007. She also established the fastest known time on theBibbulmun Trackin Western Australia in 2008. In 2011, Pharr Davis set the fastest known time on the Appalachian Trail completing it in 46 days, 11 hours and 20 minutes. In 2015,Scott Jurekfinished 3 hours and 12 minutes faster.New records have subsequently been set byKarl Meltzer, Joe McConaughy, Karel Sabbe, and most recently Tara Dower. Pharr Davis has written a number of books. She has written two guidebooks about hiking in theCharlotte, North Carolinaarea, and one about hiking nearAsheville, North Carolina. She has also written two memoirs-",
"two memoirs- 2010'sBecoming Odyssa, about her 2005 Appalachian Trail thru-hike,and 2013'sCalled Again, about her record setting A.T. hike, both published by Beaufort Books. Jennifer has also written 2017'sFamilies on Footand2018'sThe Pursuit of Enduranceas well as 2019's \"I Come From a Place\" with celebrated watercoloristAlan Shuptrine, fromChattanooga, Tennessee. Brew Davis wrote about his wife's 2011 hike and how he provided support throughout it in his 2011 book46 days: keeping up with Jennifer Pharr Davis on the Appalachian Trail. As a member of theNational Speakers Association, Pharr Davis has shared her trail lessons hundreds of times throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe, including presentations to Fortune 500 companies, trade organizations, colleges and universities, K-12 schools, libraries, festivals, churches, and other non-profits. She has been featured in theNew York Times, theWashington Post,NPR'sTalk of the Nation, andThe Early ShowonCBS. Her articles have appeared in print and",
"in print and online editions for theNew York Times,Outside Magazine, Trail Runner,Backpacker, andGuideposts. In 2008, Pharr Davis founded Blue Ridge Hiking Company, with the belief that \"the trail is there for everyone at every phase of life\" and with the goal of getting people outdoors on their own terms. The company leads half-day, full day and overnight trips in theBlue Ridge Mountainssurrounding Asheville. Pharr Davis served as a board member for theAppalachian Trail Conservancy, received a 2016 Laurel Wreath Award for athletic achievement from the Governor of North Carolina and was recognized as 2019 \"Female Entrepreneur of the Year\" by the Chamber of Commerce inAsheville, North Carolina. She was also named one of the 25 Most Adventurous Women of the Past 25 Years byMen's Journal, Blue Ridge Outdoors Magazine's Person of the Year in 2008 and her record-setting 2011 A.T. hike was named \"Performance of the Year\" by Ultrarunning Magazine. In 2012, Pharr Davis hiked 600 miles on theLaugavegurTrail",
"theLaugavegurTrail inIcelandand theGR 11 (Spain)across thePyreneesin her second and third trimesters while pregnant with her daughter Charley.While on an 18-month book tour, Pharr Davis and her husband Brew took Charley hiking in all 50 states before their daughter turned two. In 2017, she hiked the 1,175 mile Mountains to Sea Trail in partnership with the Friends of the Mountains to Sea Trail for the trail's 40th anniversary and completed the hike while still nursing her newborn Gus. In recent years, Pharr Davis has hiked other long distance trails including thePinhoti Trail, theBartram Trail, theFoothills Trail, theArt Loeb Trail, and theBenton Mackaye Trail. She is also hiking theContinental Divide Trailin sections through theRocky Mountains. References External links"
] |
A unified team competed in the 1992 Summer Olympic games. How many years old was the first leader of the largest member nation of that team at the time of the game? | 61 years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia'] | [
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia"
] | [
"Unified Team at the Olympics TheUnified Team(Russian:Объединённая команда) was the name used for thesports teamof the formerSoviet Union(except theBaltic states) at the1992 Winter OlympicsinAlbertvilleand the1992 Summer OlympicsinBarcelona.TheIOC country codewasEUN, after the French name,Équipe unifiée. The Unified Team was sometimes informally called theCIS Team(Commonwealth of Independent States, as a counterpart ofCIS national football teamtaking part inEuro 1992of the same year), althoughGeorgiadid not join the CIS until 1993. The team finished second in the medal table at the 1992 Winter Games, and first at the 1992 Summer Games, edging its old rival the US in the latter. Ceremonies procedures At the 1992 Winter Olympics, theNational Olympic Committees(NOCs) of the constituent countries had not yet been affiliated to the IOC due to thedissolution of the Soviet Unionhaving only taken place little more than two months prior. During the opening ceremony, the team's placard displayedÉquipe unifiéein large print, with the names of the five participating countries displayed in smaller print below, and both the French and English announcers announced only the names of the participating countries without announcing the name \"Unified Team\". Russian flagbearerValeriy Medvedtsevfollowed, carrying the Olympic Flag, followed by the team's athletes in no particular order, each carrying a small flag representing their individual country. By the time of the 1992 Summer Olympics, the NOCs had affiliated separately, though they fielded a joint team with a standard uniform as Olympic qualifying rounds had been completed before the final demise of the Soviet Union. During the opening ceremony, the team's four-sided placard displayed \"Unified Team\" in the four official languages (French, English, Spanish, andCatalan), followed by Russian flagbearerAleksandr Karelincarrying the Olympic Flag, followed by three more four-sided placards displaying the 12 constituent countries in English, followed by 12 flagbearers carrying the national flags of the 12 countries, followed by the athletes, all in no particular order. The announcers announced the name \"Unified Team\" in multiple languages, followed by the Spanish announcer announcing all 12 countries.During medals ceremonies, where an EUN individual won a medal, the national flag of the medalist's nation was raised rather than the Olympic flag, and a gold medalist's national anthem was played rather than theOlympic Hymn. In team events, the EUN team continued to use the Olympic flag and the Olympic Hymn, as team members represented different nations. Participating countries While only five of the EUN countries took part in the 1992 Winter Olympics, all twelve participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics. At the1994 Winter Olympicsand the1996 Summer Olympics, the nations that were part of the Unified Team started to make their Olympic debuts as independent countries. * Unified Team participant in the Winter Olympic Games.**Kyrgyzstanparaded under its former name Kirghizia, andTurkmenistanparaded under its former name Turkmenia. Timeline of participation Medal tables Medals by Summer Games Medals by Winter Games Medals by summer sport Medals by winter sport Flag bearers See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Soviet_Union (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b94540700>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"List of presidents of Russia The office of thepresident of Russiais the highest authority in theRussian Federation. The holder is the federation's head of state and has formal presidency over theState Councilas well as being thecommander in chiefof theRussian Armed Forces. The office wasintroduced in 1918after theFebruary Revolutionwith the current office emerging after areferendumof 1991.During the Soviet period of history,Russiawasde jureheaded by collective bodies such as theAll-Russian Central Executive Committeeand thePresidium of the Supreme Soviet, since theSoviet theory of governmentdenied the very necessity of the presidential office. The office of thePresident of the Soviet Unionwas introduced in 1990 duringMikhail Gorbachev'sunsuccessful reformsof the Soviet Union'sone-partycommunist state. Gorbachev became first and last president of the Union.His tenure was marked by thelegal and political confrontationwith Russia and other republics of the USSR which eventually led to their full independence in late 1991. Presidents Acting presidents NonpartisanNDRUnity Timeline Subsequent public service Two presidents held other high offices after leaving the presidency. See also Notes References External links"
] | [
"Unified Team at the Olympics TheUnified Team(Russian:Объединённая команда) was the name used for thesports teamof the formerSoviet Union(except theBaltic states) at the1992 Winter OlympicsinAlbertvilleand the1992 Summer OlympicsinBarcelona.TheIOC country codewasEUN, after the French name,Équipe unifiée. The Unified Team was sometimes informally called theCIS Team(Commonwealth of Independent States, as a counterpart ofCIS national football teamtaking part inEuro 1992of the same year), althoughGeorgiadid not join the CIS until 1993. The team finished second in the medal table at the 1992 Winter Games, and first at the 1992 Summer Games, edging its old rival the US in the latter. Ceremonies procedures At the 1992 Winter Olympics, theNational Olympic Committees(NOCs) of the constituent countries had not yet been affiliated to the IOC due to thedissolution of the Soviet Unionhaving only taken place little more than two months prior. During the opening ceremony, the team's placard displayedÉquipe unifiéein large",
"unifiéein large print, with the names of the five participating countries displayed in smaller print below, and both the French and English announcers announced only the names of the participating countries without announcing the name \"Unified Team\". Russian flagbearerValeriy Medvedtsevfollowed, carrying the Olympic Flag, followed by the team's athletes in no particular order, each carrying a small flag representing their individual country. By the time of the 1992 Summer Olympics, the NOCs had affiliated separately, though they fielded a joint team with a standard uniform as Olympic qualifying rounds had been completed before the final demise of the Soviet Union. During the opening ceremony, the team's four-sided placard displayed \"Unified Team\" in the four official languages (French, English, Spanish, andCatalan), followed by Russian flagbearerAleksandr Karelincarrying the Olympic Flag, followed by three more four-sided placards displaying the 12 constituent countries in English, followed by 12 flagbearers",
"by 12 flagbearers carrying the national flags of the 12 countries, followed by the athletes, all in no particular order. The announcers announced the name \"Unified Team\" in multiple languages, followed by the Spanish announcer announcing all 12 countries.During medals ceremonies, where an EUN individual won a medal, the national flag of the medalist's nation was raised rather than the Olympic flag, and a gold medalist's national anthem was played rather than theOlympic Hymn. In team events, the EUN team continued to use the Olympic flag and the Olympic Hymn, as team members represented different nations. Participating countries While only five of the EUN countries took part in the 1992 Winter Olympics, all twelve participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics. At the1994 Winter Olympicsand the1996 Summer Olympics, the nations that were part of the Unified Team started to make their Olympic debuts as independent countries. * Unified Team participant in the Winter Olympic Games.**Kyrgyzstanparaded under its former",
"under its former name Kirghizia, andTurkmenistanparaded under its former name Turkmenia. Timeline of participation Medal tables Medals by Summer Games Medals by Winter Games Medals by summer sport Medals by winter sport Flag bearers See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Soviet_Union (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b94540700>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"List of presidents of Russia The office of thepresident of Russiais the highest authority in theRussian Federation. The holder is the federation's head of state and has formal presidency over theState Councilas well as being thecommander in chiefof theRussian Armed Forces. The office wasintroduced in 1918after theFebruary Revolutionwith the current office emerging after areferendumof 1991.During the Soviet period of history,Russiawasde jureheaded by collective bodies such as theAll-Russian Central Executive Committeeand thePresidium of the Supreme Soviet, since theSoviet theory of governmentdenied the very necessity of the presidential office. The office of thePresident of the Soviet Unionwas introduced in 1990 duringMikhail Gorbachev'sunsuccessful reformsof the Soviet Union'sone-partycommunist state. Gorbachev became first and last president of the Union.His tenure was marked by thelegal and political confrontationwith Russia and other republics of the USSR which eventually led to their full independence in",
"independence in late 1991. Presidents Acting presidents NonpartisanNDRUnity Timeline Subsequent public service Two presidents held other high offices after leaving the presidency. See also Notes References External links"
] |
I am thinking of a country. A former member of Swedish Parliament during 2002 – 2006 was born there. English is the official language but many other languages are spoken there. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway passes through this country. In June 2020, Democratic Party leaders in the United States caused controversy by wearing stoles made of cloth from this country. | Ghana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Frans_(politician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93West_African_Coastal_Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kente_cloth#cite_note-CNN-2020-06-08-18 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Frans_(politician)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93West_African_Coastal_Highway', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kente_cloth#cite_note-CNN-2020-06-08-18'] | [
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] | [
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"Languages of Ghana Ghanais amultilingualcountry in which about eighty languages are spoken.Of these, English, which was inherited from the colonial era, is theofficial languageandlingua franca.Of the languages indigenous to Ghana,Akanis the most widely spoken in the south.Dagbani, Dagare, Sisaala, Waale, and Gonja are among the most widely spoken in the northern part of the country. Ghanahas more than seventy ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language.Languages that belong to the same ethnic group are usually mutually intelligible. TheDagbanli, Nanumba andMamprusilanguages ofNorthern Region, are almost the same and, are mutually intelligible with theFrafraandWaalilanguages of the Upper East andUpper West RegionsofGhana.TheMole–Dagbanilanguages are spoken by more than 20% of the population. Eleven languages have the status of government-sponsored languages: threeAkan ethnic languages(Akuapem Twi,Asante TwiandFante) and twoMole–Dagbani ethniclanguages (DagaareandDagbanli). The others areEwe,Dangme,Ga,Nzema,Gonja, andKasem. In April 2019, the Ghanaian government declared its intention to make French one of Ghana's official languages due to the country being surrounded by Francophone countries (Burkina Fasoto a lesser extent, theIvory CoastandTogo) and the presence of a French speaking minority in the country. Government-sponsored languages The number of government-sponsored languages is either eleven or nine, depending on whether or notAkuapem Twi,Asante Twi, andFanteare considered a single language.They are supported by theBureau of Ghana Languages, which was established in 1951 and publishes materials in the languages; during the periods when Ghanaian languages were used in primary education, these were the languages which were used. All these languages belong to theNiger–Congo language family, though to several different branches. Akan (Fante, Asante Twi and Akuapem Twi) Akan, part of theKwa branchof the Niger–Congo family, is adialect continuum,but with regard to official status, only a few out of the many varieties of Akan are recognised:Fante,Asante Twi,Akuapem Twi. Taken as a whole, Akan is the most-widely spoken language in Ghana. Ewe Eweis aGbe language, part of theVolta–Niger branchof the Niger–Congo family. The Ewe Language is spoken in Ghana, Togo and Benin with a trace of the language in West Nigeria.Out of the many dialects of Ewe spoken in Ghana, the major ones are Anlo, Tongu, Vedome, Gbi, and Krepi. Dagbani Dagbaniis one of theGur languages. It is the most spoken language in Northern Ghana. The number of native speakers numbers more than three million, This number will reach six million if dialects such as Nanumba, Mamprusi and Kamara are added. It belongs to the largerMole–Dagbaniethnic groupfound inGhanaandmakes up about 18.5% of the population.It is spoken byDagombasin theNorthern RegionofGhana. Dangme Dangmeis one of theGa–Dangme languageswithin the Kwa branch. It is spoken in Greater Accra, in south-east Ghana and Togo.Dangme is a West African Kwa language spoken in Ghana, and it has been gaining popularity among Ghana residents. Dagaare Dagaareis another of the Gur languages. It is spoken in the Upper West Region of Ghana. It is also spoken inBurkina Faso.Waali, spoken by the Wala people, and the Dagaare language are languages that can be understood by each other's speakers. Ga Gais the other Ga–Dangme language within the Kwa branch. Ga is spoken in south-eastern Ghana, in and around the capital Accra. It is a Niger-Congo language in the Kwa branch, spoken by around 600,000 people in Ghana.Six separate towns comprised the Ga-speaking peoples: Accra, Osu, Labadi, Teshi, Nungua, and Tema. Each town had a central stool of importance in Ga traditions. Accra, among these towns, rose to prominence and now serves as Ghana's capital. Nzema Nzemais one of theBia languages, closely related to Akan. It is spoken by theNzema peoplein the Western Region of Ghana. It is also spoken in theIvory Coast. Nzema, also known as Appolo, is mainly spoken in Ghana's Jomoro district and Ivory Coast's Comoé district. In 2004, it had around 330,000 speakers.The Nzema language utilizes a Latin-based script and comprises a total of twenty-four alphabetic characters. Kasem Kasemis aGurunsi language, in the Gur branch. It is spoken in the Upper Eastern Region of Ghana. It is also spoken inBurkina Faso. By 1998, Kasem had around 250,000 speakers, divided between Ghana (130,000) and Burkina Faso (120,000). It's alternatively known as Kasena, Kasim, Kassem, Kasɩm, or Kassena. Gonja Gonjais one of theGuang languages, part of theTano languageswithin the Kwa branch along with Akan and Bia. It is spoken in the Northern Region of Ghana and Wa. \"Gonja\" comes from \"Kada Goro-Jaa\" in Hausa, signifying \"land of Red Cola.\" Ghana has over 285,000 Gonja people. Languages spoken in Ghana by number of speakers This chart reflects data provided byEthnologue. Language classification The language of Ghana belong to the following branches within theNiger–Congo language family: Older classifications may instead group them as Kwa, Gur, and Mande. See also References External links",
"Trans–West African Coastal Highway TheTrans–West African Coastal HighwayorTAH 7is a transnationalhighwayproject to link 12West Africancoastal nations, fromMauritaniain the north-west of the region toNigeriain the east, with feeder roads already existing to two landlocked countries,MaliandBurkina Faso. The eastern end of the highway terminates atLagos,Nigeria. Some organizations such as theEconomic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) consider its western end to beNouakchott,Mauritania, and others such as theUnited Nations Economic Commission for Africaconsider it to beDakar,Senegal, giving rise to these alternative names for the road: Route and status Overall length and condition The length of the route is 4,560 kilometres (2,833 mi) of which 83% or 3,777 km (2,347 mi) has been paved according toAfrican Union(AU) documents,or 4,010 km (2,492 mi) with 3,260 km (2,026 mi) paved, according toAfrican Development Bank(ADB) reports (which do not include the Nouakchott-Dakar section of about 570 km (354 mi)).There are about 9 unpaved sections, but some paved sections require reconstruction. All are two-lane highways with the exception of short four-lane highways in the eastern third of the route. The ADB reports published in 2003 say that 32% of the highway is in poor condition, 9% is good and 59% is fair. Reconstruction of the segment inLagos, Nigeriabegan in 2010, and when it is complete that section will be ten lanes wide. Managing authorities The highway is a project of ECOWAS and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) of the AU, with funding from theAfrican Development Bank. The route is Trans Africa Highway No. 7 (TAH7) in the International Road Federation's list of nine highways which it regards as priorities for a Trans-Africa Highway network. Route The cities and countries served, and status of the road are as follows. Please note that a paved alternate route Dakar-Bamako-Abidjan (shown in black on map) is more practical.Information about construction required is from two sources: the ECOWAS website,undated document, and the ADB website, consultancy report date August 2003.Note: 'spur' indicates the city is on a spur off the main alignment of the highway, 'existing' could mean a pre-existing national road has been adopted for the route or a section has been newly constructed. Notes Feeder roads and other transnational highways Bamako, Mali andOuagadougou, Burkina Faso (the two landlocked countries of ECOWAS) are already linked to the coastal highway by paved highways to Abidjan, Accra and Lomé. Lagos is linked via the largest network of paved highways in West Africa, the national road network of Nigeria, with links to the neighbouring countries ofNiger,ChadandCameroon. TheTrans-Sahelian Highwayis another ECOWAS project running parallel to the coastal highway linking theSaheliancountries of West Africa from Dakar toNdjamena,Chad. Two other transnational roads are also under development from Lagos to link to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway: See also References",
"Kente cloth Kenterefers to aGhanaiantextile made of hand-woven strips of silk and cotton.Historically the fabric was worn in atoga-like fashion among theAsante,AkanandEwe people. According to Asante oral tradition, it originated fromBonwirein theAshanti Regionof Ghana. In modern day Ghana, the wearing of kente cloth has become widespread to commemorate special occasions, and kente brands led by master weavers are in high demand. Due to the popularity of kentecloth patterns, production of mass-produced prints with the kente patterns have become popular throughout West Africa, and by extension the whole of Africa. Globally, the print is used in the design ofacademic stolesin graduation ceremonies. Etymology Kente comes from the wordkɛntɛn, which means \"basket\" in theAsante dialectof theAkan language, referencing its basket-like pattern. In Ghana, the Akan ethnic group also refers to kente asnwentoma, meaning \"woven cloth\". Ashanti folklore includes a story where weavers invented kente by seeking to replicate the patterns ofAnansithe spider. History West African cultures have been weaving textiles for thousands of years.Archaeological evidence for the oldest form of handloom weaving in Southern Ghana has been discovered atBeghoandBono Manso.Spindle whorlsanddyeholes discovered in these sites have been dated to the 14th–18th centuries.AtWenchi, spindle whorls have been dated to the 16th–17th centuries. Asanteoral tradition give the origins of Kente to an individual fromBonwirewho introduced a loom among the Asante from BonoGyamanduring the reign ofNana Oti Akentenin the 17th century.Another oral source states that it was developed indigenously by individuals from Bonwire during the reign ofOsei Kofi Tutu I, who were inspired by theweb designsof a spider.In the 18th century,AsanteheneOpoku Ware Iwas documented by Danish agents Nog andL.F. Rømer, to have encouraged expansion in craft work. The Asantehene set up a factory during his reign to innovate weaving in theAshanti Empire.This was the early stages of Kente production. The Danish agents described the operations of the factory as: Some of his subjects were able to spin cotton, and they wove bands of it, three fingers wide. When twelve long strips were sewn together it became a \"Pantjes\" or sash. One strip might be white, the other one blue or sometimes the was a red among them... Opoke bought silktaffetaand materials of all colours. The artists unravelled them. By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Kente made out of silk was fully developed in Ashanti.In 1817,Thomas Edward Bowdichnoted that weaving in Ashanti had progressed to an extent that cloths were made \"in all the varieties of colour, as well as pattern, they were of an incredible size and weight.\"The word \"Kente\" might have been applied by theFantetraders to Ashanti fabrics. Eweversion of Kente is made out of double-woven bands.According to oral tradition, Ewe weaving goes back to the 16th century when weavers were among the migrants who resettled in Ghana fromBenin Republicand Western Nigeria. In the 18th centuryKetabecame the centre of weaving among Ewe migrants who had settled in Southern Ghana. The earliest description of weaving among the southern ewe was from a report in 1718 by aDutch West India Companyofficial during his visit to Keta.By 1881, weaving was a prominent industry among the northern Ewe who had migrated north of theVolta River. Production Kente production can be classified by three versions: authentic kente cloth made by traditional weavers, kente print produced by brands such asVliscoand Akosombo Textile Ltd, and mass-produced kente pattern typically produced in China for West Africans. Authentic kente cloth is the most expensive, while kente print varies in price depending on the production style. For authentic kente, the towns ofBonwire, Sakora Wonoo, Ntonso, Safo and Adawomase are noted for kente weaving, and are located in theAshanti region. Weaving is done on a wooden loom in which multiple threads of dyed fabric are pressed together. Weavers are typicallyapprenticedunder a master weaver or company for a number of years before producing their own patterns. Rolls of cloth are then imprinted with a brand to signify authenticity. Gender has an influence on cloth production. Weaving kente is traditionally considered a male practice. Characteristics There exist hundreds of different kinds of kente patterns.Kente patterns vary in complexity, with each pattern having a name or message by the weaver. Ghanaians choose kente cloths as much for their names as their colors and patterns. Although the cloths are identified primarily by the patterns found in the lengthwise (warp) threads, there is often little correlation between appearance and name. Names are derived from several sources, including proverbs, historical events, important chiefs, queen mothers, and plants. The cloth symbolizes high value. Ahwepanrefers to a simple design ofwarpstripes, created usingplain weaveand a single pair ofheddles. The designs and motifs in kente cloth are traditionally abstract, but some weavers also include words, numbers and symbols in their work.Example messages includeadweneasa, which translates as 'I've exhausted my skills', is a highly decorated type of kente withweft-based patterns woven into every available block of plain weave. Because of the intricate patterns,adweneasacloth requires three heddles to weave. Symbolic meanings of the colors Controversy In June 2020, Democratic Party leaders in the United States caused controversy by wearing stoles made of kente cloth to show support against systemic racism.While it was said to be an act of unity with African-Americans, many, including Jade Bentil, a Ghanaian-Nigerian researcher, voiced objection tweeting \"My ancestors did not invent Kente cloth for them to be worn by publicity (obsessed) politicians as 'activism' in 2020\". On the other handCongressional Black CaucuschairKaren Basssaid, at a news conference for the introduction of theJustice in Policing Act of 2020, that the non-black lawmakers were showing solidarity, and April Reign, who is credited with initiating the#OscarsSoWhitehashtag,while not a fan of the symbolism, suggested that the legislation's fate is more relevant than the event in the Capitol's Emancipation Hall. There is also a controversy withLouis Vuitton's usage of a printed and monogrammed version of kente in their autumn-winter 2021 collection by American creative directorVirgil Abloh, whose grandmother was Ghanaian. Additionally, questions of ownership of the woven craft, its image, and location of ateliers of production of kente. To this question of cultural appropriation, Abloh's response to the press in 2020 was: \"Provenance is reality; ownership is a myth. In the same way, we cannot control our inspirations, we cannot trade-mark natural or cultural heritage as contemporary artistic territory.\" This coincided with the first appearance of this design of kente cloth printed on a dress worn by American poetAmanda Gormanfor the cover ofVogue's May 2021 issue. References Bibliography External links"
] | [
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Frans_(politician",
"Languages of Ghana Ghanais amultilingualcountry in which about eighty languages are spoken.Of these, English, which was inherited from the colonial era, is theofficial languageandlingua franca.Of the languages indigenous to Ghana,Akanis the most widely spoken in the south.Dagbani, Dagare, Sisaala, Waale, and Gonja are among the most widely spoken in the northern part of the country. Ghanahas more than seventy ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language.Languages that belong to the same ethnic group are usually mutually intelligible. TheDagbanli, Nanumba andMamprusilanguages ofNorthern Region, are almost the same and, are mutually intelligible with theFrafraandWaalilanguages of the Upper East andUpper West RegionsofGhana.TheMole–Dagbanilanguages are spoken by more than 20% of the population. Eleven languages have the status of government-sponsored languages: threeAkan ethnic languages(Akuapem Twi,Asante TwiandFante) and twoMole–Dagbani ethniclanguages (DagaareandDagbanli). The others",
"The others areEwe,Dangme,Ga,Nzema,Gonja, andKasem. In April 2019, the Ghanaian government declared its intention to make French one of Ghana's official languages due to the country being surrounded by Francophone countries (Burkina Fasoto a lesser extent, theIvory CoastandTogo) and the presence of a French speaking minority in the country. Government-sponsored languages The number of government-sponsored languages is either eleven or nine, depending on whether or notAkuapem Twi,Asante Twi, andFanteare considered a single language.They are supported by theBureau of Ghana Languages, which was established in 1951 and publishes materials in the languages; during the periods when Ghanaian languages were used in primary education, these were the languages which were used. All these languages belong to theNiger–Congo language family, though to several different branches. Akan (Fante, Asante Twi and Akuapem Twi) Akan, part of theKwa branchof the Niger–Congo family, is adialect continuum,but with regard to official",
"regard to official status, only a few out of the many varieties of Akan are recognised:Fante,Asante Twi,Akuapem Twi. Taken as a whole, Akan is the most-widely spoken language in Ghana. Ewe Eweis aGbe language, part of theVolta–Niger branchof the Niger–Congo family. The Ewe Language is spoken in Ghana, Togo and Benin with a trace of the language in West Nigeria.Out of the many dialects of Ewe spoken in Ghana, the major ones are Anlo, Tongu, Vedome, Gbi, and Krepi. Dagbani Dagbaniis one of theGur languages. It is the most spoken language in Northern Ghana. The number of native speakers numbers more than three million, This number will reach six million if dialects such as Nanumba, Mamprusi and Kamara are added. It belongs to the largerMole–Dagbaniethnic groupfound inGhanaandmakes up about 18.5% of the population.It is spoken byDagombasin theNorthern RegionofGhana. Dangme Dangmeis one of theGa–Dangme languageswithin the Kwa branch. It is spoken in Greater Accra, in south-east Ghana and Togo.Dangme is a West",
"is a West African Kwa language spoken in Ghana, and it has been gaining popularity among Ghana residents. Dagaare Dagaareis another of the Gur languages. It is spoken in the Upper West Region of Ghana. It is also spoken inBurkina Faso.Waali, spoken by the Wala people, and the Dagaare language are languages that can be understood by each other's speakers. Ga Gais the other Ga–Dangme language within the Kwa branch. Ga is spoken in south-eastern Ghana, in and around the capital Accra. It is a Niger-Congo language in the Kwa branch, spoken by around 600,000 people in Ghana.Six separate towns comprised the Ga-speaking peoples: Accra, Osu, Labadi, Teshi, Nungua, and Tema. Each town had a central stool of importance in Ga traditions. Accra, among these towns, rose to prominence and now serves as Ghana's capital. Nzema Nzemais one of theBia languages, closely related to Akan. It is spoken by theNzema peoplein the Western Region of Ghana. It is also spoken in theIvory Coast. Nzema, also known as Appolo, is mainly",
"Appolo, is mainly spoken in Ghana's Jomoro district and Ivory Coast's Comoé district. In 2004, it had around 330,000 speakers.The Nzema language utilizes a Latin-based script and comprises a total of twenty-four alphabetic characters. Kasem Kasemis aGurunsi language, in the Gur branch. It is spoken in the Upper Eastern Region of Ghana. It is also spoken inBurkina Faso. By 1998, Kasem had around 250,000 speakers, divided between Ghana (130,000) and Burkina Faso (120,000). It's alternatively known as Kasena, Kasim, Kassem, Kasɩm, or Kassena. Gonja Gonjais one of theGuang languages, part of theTano languageswithin the Kwa branch along with Akan and Bia. It is spoken in the Northern Region of Ghana and Wa. \"Gonja\" comes from \"Kada Goro-Jaa\" in Hausa, signifying \"land of Red Cola.\" Ghana has over 285,000 Gonja people. Languages spoken in Ghana by number of speakers This chart reflects data provided byEthnologue. Language classification The language of Ghana belong to the following branches within theNiger–Congo",
"theNiger–Congo language family: Older classifications may instead group them as Kwa, Gur, and Mande. See also References External links",
"Trans–West African Coastal Highway TheTrans–West African Coastal HighwayorTAH 7is a transnationalhighwayproject to link 12West Africancoastal nations, fromMauritaniain the north-west of the region toNigeriain the east, with feeder roads already existing to two landlocked countries,MaliandBurkina Faso. The eastern end of the highway terminates atLagos,Nigeria. Some organizations such as theEconomic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) consider its western end to beNouakchott,Mauritania, and others such as theUnited Nations Economic Commission for Africaconsider it to beDakar,Senegal, giving rise to these alternative names for the road: Route and status Overall length and condition The length of the route is 4,560 kilometres (2,833 mi) of which 83% or 3,777 km (2,347 mi) has been paved according toAfrican Union(AU) documents,or 4,010 km (2,492 mi) with 3,260 km (2,026 mi) paved, according toAfrican Development Bank(ADB) reports (which do not include the Nouakchott-Dakar section of about 570 km (354",
"about 570 km (354 mi)).There are about 9 unpaved sections, but some paved sections require reconstruction. All are two-lane highways with the exception of short four-lane highways in the eastern third of the route. The ADB reports published in 2003 say that 32% of the highway is in poor condition, 9% is good and 59% is fair. Reconstruction of the segment inLagos, Nigeriabegan in 2010, and when it is complete that section will be ten lanes wide. Managing authorities The highway is a project of ECOWAS and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) of the AU, with funding from theAfrican Development Bank. The route is Trans Africa Highway No. 7 (TAH7) in the International Road Federation's list of nine highways which it regards as priorities for a Trans-Africa Highway network. Route The cities and countries served, and status of the road are as follows. Please note that a paved alternate route Dakar-Bamako-Abidjan (shown in black on map) is more practical.Information about construction required is",
"required is from two sources: the ECOWAS website,undated document, and the ADB website, consultancy report date August 2003.Note: 'spur' indicates the city is on a spur off the main alignment of the highway, 'existing' could mean a pre-existing national road has been adopted for the route or a section has been newly constructed. Notes Feeder roads and other transnational highways Bamako, Mali andOuagadougou, Burkina Faso (the two landlocked countries of ECOWAS) are already linked to the coastal highway by paved highways to Abidjan, Accra and Lomé. Lagos is linked via the largest network of paved highways in West Africa, the national road network of Nigeria, with links to the neighbouring countries ofNiger,ChadandCameroon. TheTrans-Sahelian Highwayis another ECOWAS project running parallel to the coastal highway linking theSaheliancountries of West Africa from Dakar toNdjamena,Chad. Two other transnational roads are also under development from Lagos to link to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway: See also",
"Highway: See also References",
"Kente cloth Kenterefers to aGhanaiantextile made of hand-woven strips of silk and cotton.Historically the fabric was worn in atoga-like fashion among theAsante,AkanandEwe people. According to Asante oral tradition, it originated fromBonwirein theAshanti Regionof Ghana. In modern day Ghana, the wearing of kente cloth has become widespread to commemorate special occasions, and kente brands led by master weavers are in high demand. Due to the popularity of kentecloth patterns, production of mass-produced prints with the kente patterns have become popular throughout West Africa, and by extension the whole of Africa. Globally, the print is used in the design ofacademic stolesin graduation ceremonies. Etymology Kente comes from the wordkɛntɛn, which means \"basket\" in theAsante dialectof theAkan language, referencing its basket-like pattern. In Ghana, the Akan ethnic group also refers to kente asnwentoma, meaning \"woven cloth\". Ashanti folklore includes a story where weavers invented kente by seeking to replicate",
"to replicate the patterns ofAnansithe spider. History West African cultures have been weaving textiles for thousands of years.Archaeological evidence for the oldest form of handloom weaving in Southern Ghana has been discovered atBeghoandBono Manso.Spindle whorlsanddyeholes discovered in these sites have been dated to the 14th–18th centuries.AtWenchi, spindle whorls have been dated to the 16th–17th centuries. Asanteoral tradition give the origins of Kente to an individual fromBonwirewho introduced a loom among the Asante from BonoGyamanduring the reign ofNana Oti Akentenin the 17th century.Another oral source states that it was developed indigenously by individuals from Bonwire during the reign ofOsei Kofi Tutu I, who were inspired by theweb designsof a spider.In the 18th century,AsanteheneOpoku Ware Iwas documented by Danish agents Nog andL.F. Rømer, to have encouraged expansion in craft work. The Asantehene set up a factory during his reign to innovate weaving in theAshanti Empire.This was the early stages",
"the early stages of Kente production. The Danish agents described the operations of the factory as: Some of his subjects were able to spin cotton, and they wove bands of it, three fingers wide. When twelve long strips were sewn together it became a \"Pantjes\" or sash. One strip might be white, the other one blue or sometimes the was a red among them... Opoke bought silktaffetaand materials of all colours. The artists unravelled them. By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Kente made out of silk was fully developed in Ashanti.In 1817,Thomas Edward Bowdichnoted that weaving in Ashanti had progressed to an extent that cloths were made \"in all the varieties of colour, as well as pattern, they were of an incredible size and weight.\"The word \"Kente\" might have been applied by theFantetraders to Ashanti fabrics. Eweversion of Kente is made out of double-woven bands.According to oral tradition, Ewe weaving goes back to the 16th century when weavers were among the migrants who resettled in Ghana fromBenin",
"in Ghana fromBenin Republicand Western Nigeria. In the 18th centuryKetabecame the centre of weaving among Ewe migrants who had settled in Southern Ghana. The earliest description of weaving among the southern ewe was from a report in 1718 by aDutch West India Companyofficial during his visit to Keta.By 1881, weaving was a prominent industry among the northern Ewe who had migrated north of theVolta River. Production Kente production can be classified by three versions: authentic kente cloth made by traditional weavers, kente print produced by brands such asVliscoand Akosombo Textile Ltd, and mass-produced kente pattern typically produced in China for West Africans. Authentic kente cloth is the most expensive, while kente print varies in price depending on the production style. For authentic kente, the towns ofBonwire, Sakora Wonoo, Ntonso, Safo and Adawomase are noted for kente weaving, and are located in theAshanti region. Weaving is done on a wooden loom in which multiple threads of dyed fabric are pressed",
"fabric are pressed together. Weavers are typicallyapprenticedunder a master weaver or company for a number of years before producing their own patterns. Rolls of cloth are then imprinted with a brand to signify authenticity. Gender has an influence on cloth production. Weaving kente is traditionally considered a male practice. Characteristics There exist hundreds of different kinds of kente patterns.Kente patterns vary in complexity, with each pattern having a name or message by the weaver. Ghanaians choose kente cloths as much for their names as their colors and patterns. Although the cloths are identified primarily by the patterns found in the lengthwise (warp) threads, there is often little correlation between appearance and name. Names are derived from several sources, including proverbs, historical events, important chiefs, queen mothers, and plants. The cloth symbolizes high value. Ahwepanrefers to a simple design ofwarpstripes, created usingplain weaveand a single pair ofheddles. The designs and",
"The designs and motifs in kente cloth are traditionally abstract, but some weavers also include words, numbers and symbols in their work.Example messages includeadweneasa, which translates as 'I've exhausted my skills', is a highly decorated type of kente withweft-based patterns woven into every available block of plain weave. Because of the intricate patterns,adweneasacloth requires three heddles to weave. Symbolic meanings of the colors Controversy In June 2020, Democratic Party leaders in the United States caused controversy by wearing stoles made of kente cloth to show support against systemic racism.While it was said to be an act of unity with African-Americans, many, including Jade Bentil, a Ghanaian-Nigerian researcher, voiced objection tweeting \"My ancestors did not invent Kente cloth for them to be worn by publicity (obsessed) politicians as 'activism' in 2020\". On the other handCongressional Black CaucuschairKaren Basssaid, at a news conference for the introduction of theJustice in Policing Act of",
"in Policing Act of 2020, that the non-black lawmakers were showing solidarity, and April Reign, who is credited with initiating the#OscarsSoWhitehashtag,while not a fan of the symbolism, suggested that the legislation's fate is more relevant than the event in the Capitol's Emancipation Hall. There is also a controversy withLouis Vuitton's usage of a printed and monogrammed version of kente in their autumn-winter 2021 collection by American creative directorVirgil Abloh, whose grandmother was Ghanaian. Additionally, questions of ownership of the woven craft, its image, and location of ateliers of production of kente. To this question of cultural appropriation, Abloh's response to the press in 2020 was: \"Provenance is reality; ownership is a myth. In the same way, we cannot control our inspirations, we cannot trade-mark natural or cultural heritage as contemporary artistic territory.\" This coincided with the first appearance of this design of kente cloth printed on a dress worn by American poetAmanda Gormanfor",
"Gormanfor the cover ofVogue's May 2021 issue. References Bibliography External links"
] |
How many more wins did the team with the number one seed from the NBA Western Conference in the 2020-2021 season have than the team with the fifth seed from the NBA Western Conference in the 2019-2020 season? | 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NBA_season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NBA_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NBA_season",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season"
] | [
"2020–21 NBA season The2020–21 NBA seasonwas the 75th season of theNational Basketball Association(NBA), though the 75th anniversary was not celebrated until the following season. Due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the regular season was reduced to 72 games for each team, and began on December 22, 2020.The season started just 72 days after the completion of the2020 NBA Finals, the shortest off-season in league history.The2021 NBA All-Star Gamewas played on March 7, atState Farm ArenainAtlanta, and was won by Team LeBron, 170–150. For the first time, the NBA staged a play-in tournament for teams ranked 7th through 10th in each conference from May 18 to 21. The playoffs then ran under the standard 16-team playoff format from May 22 to July 20, 2021.Due toCOVID-19 cross-border restrictionsimposed by theCanadian government, theToronto Raptorsplayed their 2020–21 home games atAmalie ArenainTampa, Florida. Transactions Retirement Free agency Free agencynegotiations were scheduled to begin on October 18, 2020, but that date was delayed. On November 9, it was announced that free agency would begin on November 20 at 6 p.m. ET, with signings permitted starting at 12 p.m. ET on November 22. Coaching changes Off-season In-season Preseason TheCOVID-19 pandemic in North America, which pushed the conclusion of the previous 2019–20 season and playoffs into the fall, had delayed the start date of training camp to November 10, 2020.The preseason began on December 11 and ended on December 19. Regular season The start of the 2020–21 regular season was delayed because of theCOVID-19 pandemic. The NBA initially set a target date of December 1, 2020, to start the regular season.However, NBA CommissionerAdam Silversuggested further delaying the season until at least January because local health orders at each NBA city would limit fan attendance. The NBA receives 40 percent of its revenue from attendance, and thus delaying the season until it was safer to let more fans into the arenas would ease the financial pain.The NBA also contemplated organizing the schedule such that teams would have less travel, with back-to-back games in the same cities against the same opponent.National Basketball Players Associationexecutive director Michele Roberts suggested that the season might eventually have to begin within a \"bubble\" environment, similar to the 2020 playoffs. On October 13, the NBA delayed the targeted start date of the regular season from December 2020 toMartin Luther King Jr. Day, January 18, 2021.Later in October,Sports Illustratedreported that the NBA was targeting December 22, 2020, as the first day of the season.On November 5, 2020, the National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) tentatively approved a 72-game regular season that began on December 22, 2020. The season featured a condensed schedule so that the NBA Finals could conclude by July 22, allowing NBA players to participate in the2020 Summer Olympics; the Olympics were postponed to 2021 because of theCOVID-19 pandemic in Japan. On November 17, the NBA announced that the 72-game regular season would run from December 22 through May 16. Each team would play three games against each opponent from its own conference and two games against each interconference opponent. The season would include a six-day All-Star break from March 5 to 10. While the All-Star Game (which was originally scheduled forIndianapolis) was initially considered unlikely,the NBA announced in February that the2021 NBA All-Star Gamewould be held inAtlantaon March 7, 2021.The schedule was released in two parts; the first half was released in early December, while the second half was released in the latter part of the first half. It was the latest a season had started, and with the fewest games per team, since the2011–12 season. That season, each team played only 66 games starting onChristmas Day; this was due to the aftermath of the2011 NBA lockout. By conference Notes Postponed games due to COVID-19 Postponed games due to other reasons All-Star Weekend The 2021 NBA All-Star Game was played on March 7, 2021. Teams were captained byLeBron JamesandKevin Durant, and Team LeBron won the game 170–150. Play-in tournament The NBA staged aplay-in tournamentfor teams ranked 7th through 10th in each conference from May 18 to 21. The 7th-place team hosted the 8th place team with the winner clinching the 7th seed in the playoffs. The 9th-place team hosted the 10th-place team with the loser being eliminated from playoff contention. The 7th-vs.-8th-place game's loser then hosted the 9th-vs.-10th-place game's winner, with the winner clinching the 8th seed and the loser being eliminated. Eastern Conference Play-in BoldGame winnerItalicTeam with home-court advantage Western Conference Play-in BoldGame winnerItalicTeam with home-court advantage Playoffs The playoffs began on May 22 and operated under the standard 16-team playoff format, with four rounds of best-of-seven series. The2021 NBA Finalsbegan on July 6 and concluded on July 20. Bracket Statistics Individual statistic leaders Individual game highs Team statistic leaders Awards Yearly awards Players of the Week The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week. Players of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month. Rookies of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western ConferenceRookies of the Month. Coaches of the Month The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month. Uniforms On July 21, 2020, the NBA and Nike announced that the \"Statement Edition\" uniforms would switch to theAir Jordanlabel. Arenas Temporary relocation of the Toronto Raptors to Tampa As the NBA's plans for the 2020–21 season began to take shape, theToronto Raptorswere denied permission to play home games in Toronto as theCanadian federal governmentruled that repeated cross-border trips by the Raptors and their opponents would be a major health risk due to the different levels of COVID-19 cases in the United States and Canada. This is similar to what happened to the Raptors'Major League Baseballcounterpart, theToronto Blue Jays, who were forced to play their2020home games inBuffaloand would later play their2021home games at their season training home ofDunedin, Florida. After looking at several U.S. cities,the Raptors announced on November 20, 2020, that they would play their home games atAmalie ArenainTampa, Floridaduring the 2020–21 season.This marked the first time since the then-namedNew Orleans Hornetsin 2007 that an NBA team was temporarily displaced from their home city. The team, dealing with the aftermath ofHurricane Katrinain 2005, had played inOklahoma Cityfor the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons as theNew Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets. COVID-19 restrictions By July 21, 2021, all teams except the Oklahoma City Thunder allowed spectators to attend home games.Only seven teams had played all of their games with spectators since the start of the season. On February 10, 2021,Governor of New YorkAndrew Cuomoannounced that the state would allow large sports venues to host spectators at 10% of their capacity beginning February 23, 2021, affecting theBrooklyn Netsand theNew York Knicks. All spectators must present proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test within 72 hours of the event, and may also be required to submit to a rapid test if their PCR test was within more than 48 hours of the event.In late March, Barclays Center and Madison Square Garden announced that the testing requirement would be waived for spectators who are fully vaccinated (second dose received no fewer than 14 days prior to the event). On April 2,Governor of CaliforniaGavin Newsomannounced that the state will begin allowing indoor event and sports venues to resume operations on April 15. In regions under the \"Substantial\" (red) tier, capacity is capped at 20%, and all attendees are required to provide proof of a recent negative test or that they are fully vaccinated. In the \"Moderate\" (orange) tier, capacity is capped at 10%, but can be raised to 35% if all attendees are required to provide proof of a recent negative test, or that they are fully vaccinated. Media This is the fifth year of the current nine-year contracts withABC,ESPN,TNTandNBA TV. To reduce on-site staff, ESPN and TNT will leverage the home team's rightsholder as a host broadcaster for some of their games. They will send a neutral \"world feed\" and other camera feeds to the network, which will then add commentary and surrounding coverage. ESPN and TNT are also deploying additional cameras specific to their broadcasts, and ESPN may provide a supplemental on-site presence if the local broadcaster does not have enough capacity to support the host model. ESPN stated that some (roughly half) of their games, particularly marquee games exclusive to ESPN and ABC, would be produced on-site with an existing hybrid model (where some producers and graphics operators work from ESPN's studios in Bristol, Connecticut). TNT also planned to begin doing some games on-site beginning withMartin Luther King Jr. Day. On December 26, 2020, it was announced thatFox Sports Networkshad acquired rights to simulcast 36 Toronto Raptors games locally in theTampa Bay areathrough at least the first half of the season. All of the games will be carried via theFox Sports Goapp, with selected games to also air on television viaFox Sports Sun(15) andFox Sports Florida(2). On March 31, 2021, the Fox Sports Networks rebranded asBally Sports, as part of an agreement between majority-ownerSinclair Broadcast Groupand casino operatorBally's Corporation. Notable occurrences See also References",
"2019–20 NBA season The2019–20 NBA seasonwas the 74th season of theNational Basketball Association(NBA). The regular season began on October 22, 2019, and originally was supposed to end on April 15, 2020. The2020 NBA All-Star Gamewas played on February 16, at theUnited CenterinChicago, and was won by Team LeBron, 157–155. The playoffs were originally scheduled to begin on April 18, and end with the NBA Finals in June. On January 26, the season took an abrupt delicate turn whenLos Angeles LakerslegendKobe Bryant, who was less than four years into retirement from the league, died ina helicopter crashinCalabasas, California, along with his 13-year-old daughterGiannaand seven others.A number of tributes and memorials were issued, and theAll-Star MVP Awardwas renamed in Bryant's honor. The season wassuspendedon March 11 as a result of theCOVID-19 pandemic.At the time of the suspension, teams had played between 63 and 67 games. On June 4, the NBA Board of Governors approved a plan to restart the season on July 30, and theNational Basketball Players Associationapproved this plan the next day.Under the plan, 22 teams played eight additional regular season games to determine playoff seeding, and 16 teams entered aconventional postseason tournament.All of these games took place in theNBA Bubble, an isolation zone specifically created for NBA operations at theESPN Wide World of Sports ComplexatWalt Disney WorldinBay Lake, Florida. On August 26, the season was suspended for a second time by awildcat strike, to protest theshooting of Jacob Blakeand police brutality, during the playoffs.Play resumed three days later on August 29. The Finals ended on October 11, 2020, 355 days after the October 22, 2019, regular season opening day, and 377 days after the first pre-season games on September 30, 2019. This was the longest season in NBA history. Transactions Retirement Free agency Free agencynegotiations began on June 30, 2019, at 6 p.m. ET, unlike July 1 from previous seasons.Players officially signed after theJuly moratoriumon July 6 at 12 p.m. ET. Coaching changes Off-season In-season Preseason The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 18. International games TheIndiana Pacersand theSacramento Kingsplayed two preseason games at theNSCI DomeinMumbai, India on October 4 and 5, 2019. TheToronto Raptorsand theHouston Rocketsplayed two preseason games at theSaitama Super ArenainSaitama City, Japan on October 8 and 10, 2019. TheLos Angeles Lakersand theBrooklyn Netsplayed two preseason games inChina, inShanghaion October 10 and inShenzhenon October 12. TheLos Angeles Clippersand theDallas Mavericksplayed one preseason game inCanada, atRogers ArenainVancouveron October 17. Regular season The 2019–20 schedule was released on August 12, 2019,and the regular season began on October 22, 2019. On March 11, 2020, the season wassuspendeddue to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The reformatted regular season, with 8 more games scheduled for 22 qualified teams going to theNBA Bubblein Orlando, was released on June 26. The regular season resumed play within the bubble on July 30. By conference Notes International games TheCharlotte Hornetsand theMilwaukee Bucksplayed at theAccorHotels ArenainParis,Franceon January 24, 2020, marking the first NBA regular season game in France. On June 7, 2019, the NBA announced that theDallas Mavericks,Detroit Pistons,Phoenix Suns, andSan Antonio Spurswould play atMexico City ArenainMexico City, marking the first time that four NBA teams would play in Mexico City in one regular season. The Mavericks and Pistons played on December 12, 2019, and the Spurs and Suns played on December 14, 2019. Play-in game Aplay-in gametook place in the Western Conference, as the ninth-seeded Memphis Grizzlies finished within four games of the eighth-seeded Portland Trail Blazers. The eighth seed started with a 1–0 lead and needed just one win to advance, while the ninth seed needed to win twice to clinch the final playoff spot. Portland won the play-in game 126–122 to enter the playoffs as the eighth seed. Playoffs The 2020 NBA playoffs began on August 17 and ended with theNBA Finals, which began on September 30 and ended on October 11. Bracket Death of Kobe Bryant On January 26, 2020, less than four weeks after commissioner emeritusDavid Sterndied from a brain hemorrhage at age 77,recently retiredLos Angeles LakerslegendKobe Bryantand his 13-year-old daughterGiannawere tragically killed when theSikorsky S-76Bhelicopter that they were on board crashed into a hillside in the city ofCalabasas, California, around 30 mi (48 km) northwest ofDowntown Los Angeles, while en route fromJohn Wayne AirporttoCamarillo Airport.Bryant was 41, the accident left behind no survivors and alongside the Bryants were seven others: baseball coachJohn Altobelli, his wife Keri, their 14-year-old daughter Alyssa, Sarah Chester, her 13-year-old daughter Payton, basketball coach Christina Mauser, and the pilot, Ara Zobayan.All occupants were killed on impact and on January 28, Bryant's identity was officially confirmed using fingerprints.The following day, theLos Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coronerstated that the official cause of death for him and the eight others on the helicopter wasblunt force trauma.A year later on February 9, 2021, the cause of the crash was officially determined to be Zobayan experiencing spatial disorientation due to heavy fog in the Los Angeles area that morning. There were eight NBA games that were scheduled to be played on the day of the accident, the first of which being between theHouston RocketsandDenver Nuggets, as Pepsi Center (nowBall Arena) was the first NBA arena to acknowledge Bryant's death with the Nuggets holding a brief tribute prior to tip-off and concluding the memorial with the message \"Rest in Peace, Mamba\". Due to that game tipping off just minutes after the news was revealed for the first time, that game went on as scheduled as Denver defeated Houston, 117–110.There were reportedly conversations held among league authorities on whether or not to cancel any of the other games that day, however every game ultimately went on as planned, partly due to many feeling that Bryant himself would have wanted the games to go on.Of the remaining seven games played that day, beginning with theToronto RaptorsatSan Antonio Spursgame, every matchup featured each side intentionally taking either an 8-second violation or a 24-second shot clock violation on their very first possession to start the game, serving as a homage to Bryant's number 8 jersey, which he wore from 1996–2006, and his number 24 jersey, which he donned from 2006–2016. These violation tributes were initially proposed by Spurs head coachGregg Popovichand the rest of the league subsequently followed suit throughout the rest of the Sunday.Notably,Kyrie Irving, who at the time was a member of theBrooklyn Nets, excused himself and leftMadison Square Gardenprior to tip-off against theNew York Knicks, upon learning of Bryant’s death. Irving, who considered Bryant to be a mentor, often trained with Kobe and was and continues to be very close with the Bryant family. The previous evening on January 25,LeBron Jamespassed Bryant for third place on theNBA's all-time scoring listduring a road loss to thePhiladelphia 76ersin Bryant's hometown. James would eventually surpassKareem Abdul-Jabbarto stand alone as the NBA's all time leading scorer three years later on February 7, 2023. TheLos Angeles Lakerslearned of Bryant's death while flying back to Los Angeles from Philadelphia the following day, leaving everyone on board the flight in absolute shock and it was not long until their January 28 meeting with the crosstown rivalLos Angeles Clipperswas postponed.This marked the first time an NBA game was postponed for any reason since nearly seven years earlier when the2013 Boston Marathon bombingled to the postponement of a Celtics game. The Lakers did not play a game in the wake of Bryant's death until January 31 when they hosted thePortland Trail Blazerson ESPN.Prior to the commencement of the game, the Lakers conducted a 24-minute long, heavily detailed tribute to Bryant, his daughter and the seven other victims. This tribute began withUsherperforming “Amazing Grace” and was capped off by a rendition of theThe Star-Spangled BannerbyBoyz II Menbefore being concluded with a speech from James, who initially had a monologue prepared, but quickly tossed his index card onto the hardwood after saying “Laker Nation man, I would be selling y’all short if I read off this shit, so I’m going to go straight from the heart”, as he proceeded to address a sorrowfulStaples Centercrowd with an emotional, improvised oration, ending his speech with “…so in the words of Kobe Bryant: ‘Mamba out’, but in the words of us: ‘not forgotten’, live on brother”.Following the eulogy, each member of the Lakers’ starting five would be introduced with Bryant’s credentials.Portland won 127–119, in what turned out to be the second most watched NBA broadcast ever in ESPN's history, averaging 4.41 million viewers.The first ever head-to-head meeting betweenShaquille O'NealandYao Mingin 2003 was the only one with more viewers. The NBA also renamed the NBA All Star Game MVP Award to theNBA All-Star Game Kobe Bryant Most Valuable Player award, withKawhi Leonardof theLos Angeles Clippersbeing the inaugural recipient, who a few days after the crash revealed that he and Bryant shared the same pilot, Ara Zobayan, who also lost his life in the accident.The2020 NBA All Star Gamesaw every player on Team LeBron wear the jersey number two for Gianna and every player on TeamGianniswear the jersey number 24 for Kobe. The All Star Game also temporarily changed to an Echelon-style format starting in 2020 with the leading score at the end of the third quarter plus 24 (Bryant's jersey number from 2006–2016) acting as the target score. This format would be scrapped however in 2023, withthat year’s gameinSalt Lake Citybeing the final one under this format. The postponed Lakers-Clippers game was originally planned to be made up on April 9, however due to thesuspension of the season on March 11, it was made up at the very beginning of the NBA restart on July 30 with the Lakers emerging victorious 103–101. On February 7, Bryant and his daughter were buried in a private funeral inPacific View Memorial Parkin theCorona del Marneighborhood ofNewport Beach, California.A public memorial service was held on February 24 (2/24, marking both Kobe's and Gianna's jersey numbers) at the Staples Center (nowCrypto.com Arena) withJimmy Kimmelhosting. Speakers at the service included Bryant's widowed wifeVanessa,Michael Jordan, andShaquille O'Neal, along withPhoenix MercuryguardDiana TaurasiandGeno Auriemma, Taurasi's coach atConnecticut, where Gianna had been aspiring to play. On October 11, 2020, the Lakers defeated theMiami Heat4–2 in the2020 NBA Finalsto capture their 17th championship in franchise history and would dedicate the victory and their season to Bryant. In his first year of eligibility, Bryant was named a finalist for theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, just less than three weeks after his death,before being posthumously inducted in April 2020.His formal induction was delayed until 2021 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.In October 2021, Bryant was honored as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team.During the2022 NBA All-Star GameinCleveland, he was one of fifteen members of that honorary team to be posthumously lionized during a halftime ceremony dedicated to that 75th Anniversary Team, with the mention of Bryant inducing one of, if not the loudest crowd reaction of the commemoration. Suspension of season and restart On March 11, 2020, the game between theUtah JazzandOklahoma City Thunderwas abruptly postponed shortly before tipoff after it was discovered that the Jazz's playerRudy Goberttested positive forCOVID-19.That same evening, the game between theNew Orleans PelicansandSacramento Kingswas also postponed last minute once it was discovered that a referee for the game, Courtney Kirkland, had worked aUtah Jazzgame just two days prior.Kirkland later tested negative for COVID-19.The NBA then suspended the remainder of the 2019–20 season \"until further notice\" following the completion of games already underway.This was the first time a regular season had been interrupted since the2011 NBA lockout. The following day, Gobert's teammateDonovan Mitchellalso tested positive.On March 14,Detroit PistonsforwardChristian Woodbecame the third NBA player to test positive for the virus, and the first outside of the Jazz.On March 17, fourBrooklyn Netsplayers, including superstarKevin Durant, tested positive for the virus.On March 19, two players for theLos Angeles Lakers, as well asMarcus Smartof theBoston Celtics, tested positive for COVID-19. All players recovered and were cleared by local health officials. On May 23, it was announced that the NBA were in negotiations withThe Walt Disney Companyabout the possibility to finish the season atWalt Disney World'sESPN Wide World of Sports Complexin Orlando.On May 29, NBA CommissionerAdam Silverand the league office informed Board of Governors that July 31 was the target date for a season return. On June 4, the NBA Board of Governors approved a plan to restart the season on July 31 in Orlando. Under this plan, 13 Western Conference teams and nine Eastern Conference teams, all clubs within six games of a playoff spot, would play eight regular-season \"seeding\" games.Play-in gamesfor the eighth seed in each conference would then be held if the ninth seed finishes the regular season within four games of the eighth seed.This proposal was then approved by members of theNational Basketball Players Associationon June 5. Players boycott On August 26, 2020, theMilwaukee Buckschose not to play in game 5 of the playoff series against theOrlando Magicto protest the policeshooting of Jacob Blake.The NBA and theNational Basketball Players Associationannounced that, in light of the Milwaukee Bucks striking for their game, the following games of the day would be postponed.TheToronto Raptorshad also discussed striking for their second-round playoff series with theBoston Celticsin frustration with a lack of social or legislative change after themurder of George Floydand as a result of Blake's shooting before the Bucks' strike a few days later. Medical protocol for season restart On June 16, 2020, the NBA released a medical protocol to be used during the season restart in theNBA Bubbleat Walt Disney World to ensure the health and safety of players, coaches, officials, and staff.This included regular testing forCOVID-19prior to and throughout the season restart, wearing a face covering or mask, andsocial distancingto prevent an outbreak of COVID-19 from occurring. Players and coaches who were deemed \"high-risk individuals\" by their team, or players who had already suffered season-ending injuries prior to season suspension, were not permitted to play and also did not lose any salary. Any player who was medically cleared could also decline to participate, but as a result lost their corresponding paychecks. Phase 1 of the plan ran from June 16 to 22, consisting of players traveling back to the home cities of their respective teams. In Phase 2 from June 23 to 30,COVID-19 testsbegan being administered to players every other day. In Phase 3 from July 1 to 11, mandatory individual workouts were conducted at team facilities, but group workouts were prohibited. Phase 4 ran from July 7 to 21, consisting of the teams traveling to Disney World and conducting practices. Any player who tested positive in the previous phases could not travel until he was medically cleared to do so. Once teams arrive in Orlando, players and staff were isolated in their rooms, requiring to pass twopolymerase chain reaction(PCR) tests 24 hours apart before being let out of this quarantine.They were still regularly tested for COVID-19 afterwards. A player who tested positive would be isolated and re-tested in case of a false positive; if COVID-19 was definitely confirmed, he would be quarantined for at least 14 days to recover. Players and staff were not permitted into another's room, nor were they be able to socialize with players on other teams staying at a different hotel building. They had access to food and recreational activities within their hotel's bubble, but they had to wear masks indoors except when eating. Anybody who left the bubble without prior approval had to be quarantined for at least 10 days. During Phase 5 from July 22 to 29, teams played three scrimmages against the other teams staying at the same hotel. During Phase 6, when the regular-season seeding games and playoffs were under way and teams began to be eliminated from contention, players and staff on those clubs had to pass one final COVID-19 test before they could leave Disney World. The NBA also set up an anonymous hotline for players to report protocol violations while in the bubble. Statistics Individual statistic leaders Individual game highs Team statistic leaders Awards Yearly awards While the statistics from the seeding games were counted towards players' regular season totals, the NBA ruled that its end-of-season awards were only based on games through March 11 and excluded the seeding games.Finalist for the major awards were announced during the seeding games.Due to the pandemic, theNBA Awardsshow held the prior three years was cancelled, and award winners were instead announced onTNTduring their coverage of the 2020 playoffs. Players of the Week The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week. Players of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month. Rookies of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western ConferenceRookies of the Month. Coaches of the Month The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month. Seeding games Awards for seeding games play were also announced, withDamian Lillardnamed Player of the Seeding Games after averaging 37.6 points per game. Arenas Media This was the fourth year of the current nine-year contracts withABC,ESPN,TNTandNBA TV. Under an agreement with theU.S. Department of JusticeregardingDisney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox, theFox Sports Regional Networkswere required to be sold off to third parties by June 18, 2019.Fox also invoked a clause to giveYankee Global Enterprisesthe rights to buy their stake back in theYES Network, which aired the local broadcasts to the NBA's Brooklyn Nets.Including YES, the Fox Sports Regional Networks held the local TV rights to a combined total of 44 NHL, NBA, and MLB teams.On March 8, YES was sold to a consortium including Yankee Global Enterprises,Amazon, andSinclair Broadcast Groupfor $3.5 billion.Then on May 3, Sinclair andEntertainment Studiosagreed to purchase the rest of the Fox Sports Regional Networks.The networks continued to temporarily use the Fox Sports name under a transitional license agreement while Sinclair explored re-branding options. Notable occurrences See also References"
] | [
"2020–21 NBA season The2020–21 NBA seasonwas the 75th season of theNational Basketball Association(NBA), though the 75th anniversary was not celebrated until the following season. Due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the regular season was reduced to 72 games for each team, and began on December 22, 2020.The season started just 72 days after the completion of the2020 NBA Finals, the shortest off-season in league history.The2021 NBA All-Star Gamewas played on March 7, atState Farm ArenainAtlanta, and was won by Team LeBron, 170–150. For the first time, the NBA staged a play-in tournament for teams ranked 7th through 10th in each conference from May 18 to 21. The playoffs then ran under the standard 16-team playoff format from May 22 to July 20, 2021.Due toCOVID-19 cross-border restrictionsimposed by theCanadian government, theToronto Raptorsplayed their 2020–21 home games atAmalie ArenainTampa, Florida. Transactions Retirement Free agency Free agencynegotiations were scheduled to begin on October 18, 2020, but that",
"18, 2020, but that date was delayed. On November 9, it was announced that free agency would begin on November 20 at 6 p.m. ET, with signings permitted starting at 12 p.m. ET on November 22. Coaching changes Off-season In-season Preseason TheCOVID-19 pandemic in North America, which pushed the conclusion of the previous 2019–20 season and playoffs into the fall, had delayed the start date of training camp to November 10, 2020.The preseason began on December 11 and ended on December 19. Regular season The start of the 2020–21 regular season was delayed because of theCOVID-19 pandemic. The NBA initially set a target date of December 1, 2020, to start the regular season.However, NBA CommissionerAdam Silversuggested further delaying the season until at least January because local health orders at each NBA city would limit fan attendance. The NBA receives 40 percent of its revenue from attendance, and thus delaying the season until it was safer to let more fans into the arenas would ease the financial pain.The NBA",
"pain.The NBA also contemplated organizing the schedule such that teams would have less travel, with back-to-back games in the same cities against the same opponent.National Basketball Players Associationexecutive director Michele Roberts suggested that the season might eventually have to begin within a \"bubble\" environment, similar to the 2020 playoffs. On October 13, the NBA delayed the targeted start date of the regular season from December 2020 toMartin Luther King Jr. Day, January 18, 2021.Later in October,Sports Illustratedreported that the NBA was targeting December 22, 2020, as the first day of the season.On November 5, 2020, the National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) tentatively approved a 72-game regular season that began on December 22, 2020. The season featured a condensed schedule so that the NBA Finals could conclude by July 22, allowing NBA players to participate in the2020 Summer Olympics; the Olympics were postponed to 2021 because of theCOVID-19 pandemic in Japan. On November 17, the",
"On November 17, the NBA announced that the 72-game regular season would run from December 22 through May 16. Each team would play three games against each opponent from its own conference and two games against each interconference opponent. The season would include a six-day All-Star break from March 5 to 10. While the All-Star Game (which was originally scheduled forIndianapolis) was initially considered unlikely,the NBA announced in February that the2021 NBA All-Star Gamewould be held inAtlantaon March 7, 2021.The schedule was released in two parts; the first half was released in early December, while the second half was released in the latter part of the first half. It was the latest a season had started, and with the fewest games per team, since the2011–12 season. That season, each team played only 66 games starting onChristmas Day; this was due to the aftermath of the2011 NBA lockout. By conference Notes Postponed games due to COVID-19 Postponed games due to other reasons All-Star Weekend The 2021 NBA",
"The 2021 NBA All-Star Game was played on March 7, 2021. Teams were captained byLeBron JamesandKevin Durant, and Team LeBron won the game 170–150. Play-in tournament The NBA staged aplay-in tournamentfor teams ranked 7th through 10th in each conference from May 18 to 21. The 7th-place team hosted the 8th place team with the winner clinching the 7th seed in the playoffs. The 9th-place team hosted the 10th-place team with the loser being eliminated from playoff contention. The 7th-vs.-8th-place game's loser then hosted the 9th-vs.-10th-place game's winner, with the winner clinching the 8th seed and the loser being eliminated. Eastern Conference Play-in BoldGame winnerItalicTeam with home-court advantage Western Conference Play-in BoldGame winnerItalicTeam with home-court advantage Playoffs The playoffs began on May 22 and operated under the standard 16-team playoff format, with four rounds of best-of-seven series. The2021 NBA Finalsbegan on July 6 and concluded on July 20. Bracket Statistics Individual",
"Individual statistic leaders Individual game highs Team statistic leaders Awards Yearly awards Players of the Week The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week. Players of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month. Rookies of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western ConferenceRookies of the Month. Coaches of the Month The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month. Uniforms On July 21, 2020, the NBA and Nike announced that the \"Statement Edition\" uniforms would switch to theAir Jordanlabel. Arenas Temporary relocation of the Toronto Raptors to Tampa As the NBA's plans for the 2020–21 season began to take shape, theToronto Raptorswere denied permission to play home games in Toronto as theCanadian federal governmentruled that repeated cross-border trips by the Raptors and their opponents would be a major health risk due to the different levels",
"different levels of COVID-19 cases in the United States and Canada. This is similar to what happened to the Raptors'Major League Baseballcounterpart, theToronto Blue Jays, who were forced to play their2020home games inBuffaloand would later play their2021home games at their season training home ofDunedin, Florida. After looking at several U.S. cities,the Raptors announced on November 20, 2020, that they would play their home games atAmalie ArenainTampa, Floridaduring the 2020–21 season.This marked the first time since the then-namedNew Orleans Hornetsin 2007 that an NBA team was temporarily displaced from their home city. The team, dealing with the aftermath ofHurricane Katrinain 2005, had played inOklahoma Cityfor the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons as theNew Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets. COVID-19 restrictions By July 21, 2021, all teams except the Oklahoma City Thunder allowed spectators to attend home games.Only seven teams had played all of their games with spectators since the start of the season. On",
"of the season. On February 10, 2021,Governor of New YorkAndrew Cuomoannounced that the state would allow large sports venues to host spectators at 10% of their capacity beginning February 23, 2021, affecting theBrooklyn Netsand theNew York Knicks. All spectators must present proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test within 72 hours of the event, and may also be required to submit to a rapid test if their PCR test was within more than 48 hours of the event.In late March, Barclays Center and Madison Square Garden announced that the testing requirement would be waived for spectators who are fully vaccinated (second dose received no fewer than 14 days prior to the event). On April 2,Governor of CaliforniaGavin Newsomannounced that the state will begin allowing indoor event and sports venues to resume operations on April 15. In regions under the \"Substantial\" (red) tier, capacity is capped at 20%, and all attendees are required to provide proof of a recent negative test or that they are fully vaccinated. In the",
"vaccinated. In the \"Moderate\" (orange) tier, capacity is capped at 10%, but can be raised to 35% if all attendees are required to provide proof of a recent negative test, or that they are fully vaccinated. Media This is the fifth year of the current nine-year contracts withABC,ESPN,TNTandNBA TV. To reduce on-site staff, ESPN and TNT will leverage the home team's rightsholder as a host broadcaster for some of their games. They will send a neutral \"world feed\" and other camera feeds to the network, which will then add commentary and surrounding coverage. ESPN and TNT are also deploying additional cameras specific to their broadcasts, and ESPN may provide a supplemental on-site presence if the local broadcaster does not have enough capacity to support the host model. ESPN stated that some (roughly half) of their games, particularly marquee games exclusive to ESPN and ABC, would be produced on-site with an existing hybrid model (where some producers and graphics operators work from ESPN's studios in Bristol,",
"studios in Bristol, Connecticut). TNT also planned to begin doing some games on-site beginning withMartin Luther King Jr. Day. On December 26, 2020, it was announced thatFox Sports Networkshad acquired rights to simulcast 36 Toronto Raptors games locally in theTampa Bay areathrough at least the first half of the season. All of the games will be carried via theFox Sports Goapp, with selected games to also air on television viaFox Sports Sun(15) andFox Sports Florida(2). On March 31, 2021, the Fox Sports Networks rebranded asBally Sports, as part of an agreement between majority-ownerSinclair Broadcast Groupand casino operatorBally's Corporation. Notable occurrences See also References",
"2019–20 NBA season The2019–20 NBA seasonwas the 74th season of theNational Basketball Association(NBA). The regular season began on October 22, 2019, and originally was supposed to end on April 15, 2020. The2020 NBA All-Star Gamewas played on February 16, at theUnited CenterinChicago, and was won by Team LeBron, 157–155. The playoffs were originally scheduled to begin on April 18, and end with the NBA Finals in June. On January 26, the season took an abrupt delicate turn whenLos Angeles LakerslegendKobe Bryant, who was less than four years into retirement from the league, died ina helicopter crashinCalabasas, California, along with his 13-year-old daughterGiannaand seven others.A number of tributes and memorials were issued, and theAll-Star MVP Awardwas renamed in Bryant's honor. The season wassuspendedon March 11 as a result of theCOVID-19 pandemic.At the time of the suspension, teams had played between 63 and 67 games. On June 4, the NBA Board of Governors approved a plan to restart the season on July 30,",
"season on July 30, and theNational Basketball Players Associationapproved this plan the next day.Under the plan, 22 teams played eight additional regular season games to determine playoff seeding, and 16 teams entered aconventional postseason tournament.All of these games took place in theNBA Bubble, an isolation zone specifically created for NBA operations at theESPN Wide World of Sports ComplexatWalt Disney WorldinBay Lake, Florida. On August 26, the season was suspended for a second time by awildcat strike, to protest theshooting of Jacob Blakeand police brutality, during the playoffs.Play resumed three days later on August 29. The Finals ended on October 11, 2020, 355 days after the October 22, 2019, regular season opening day, and 377 days after the first pre-season games on September 30, 2019. This was the longest season in NBA history. Transactions Retirement Free agency Free agencynegotiations began on June 30, 2019, at 6 p.m. ET, unlike July 1 from previous seasons.Players officially signed after",
"signed after theJuly moratoriumon July 6 at 12 p.m. ET. Coaching changes Off-season In-season Preseason The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 18. International games TheIndiana Pacersand theSacramento Kingsplayed two preseason games at theNSCI DomeinMumbai, India on October 4 and 5, 2019. TheToronto Raptorsand theHouston Rocketsplayed two preseason games at theSaitama Super ArenainSaitama City, Japan on October 8 and 10, 2019. TheLos Angeles Lakersand theBrooklyn Netsplayed two preseason games inChina, inShanghaion October 10 and inShenzhenon October 12. TheLos Angeles Clippersand theDallas Mavericksplayed one preseason game inCanada, atRogers ArenainVancouveron October 17. Regular season The 2019–20 schedule was released on August 12, 2019,and the regular season began on October 22, 2019. On March 11, 2020, the season wassuspendeddue to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The reformatted regular season, with 8 more games scheduled for 22 qualified teams going to theNBA Bubblein Orlando, was released on",
"was released on June 26. The regular season resumed play within the bubble on July 30. By conference Notes International games TheCharlotte Hornetsand theMilwaukee Bucksplayed at theAccorHotels ArenainParis,Franceon January 24, 2020, marking the first NBA regular season game in France. On June 7, 2019, the NBA announced that theDallas Mavericks,Detroit Pistons,Phoenix Suns, andSan Antonio Spurswould play atMexico City ArenainMexico City, marking the first time that four NBA teams would play in Mexico City in one regular season. The Mavericks and Pistons played on December 12, 2019, and the Spurs and Suns played on December 14, 2019. Play-in game Aplay-in gametook place in the Western Conference, as the ninth-seeded Memphis Grizzlies finished within four games of the eighth-seeded Portland Trail Blazers. The eighth seed started with a 1–0 lead and needed just one win to advance, while the ninth seed needed to win twice to clinch the final playoff spot. Portland won the play-in game 126–122 to enter the",
"to enter the playoffs as the eighth seed. Playoffs The 2020 NBA playoffs began on August 17 and ended with theNBA Finals, which began on September 30 and ended on October 11. Bracket Death of Kobe Bryant On January 26, 2020, less than four weeks after commissioner emeritusDavid Sterndied from a brain hemorrhage at age 77,recently retiredLos Angeles LakerslegendKobe Bryantand his 13-year-old daughterGiannawere tragically killed when theSikorsky S-76Bhelicopter that they were on board crashed into a hillside in the city ofCalabasas, California, around 30 mi (48 km) northwest ofDowntown Los Angeles, while en route fromJohn Wayne AirporttoCamarillo Airport.Bryant was 41, the accident left behind no survivors and alongside the Bryants were seven others: baseball coachJohn Altobelli, his wife Keri, their 14-year-old daughter Alyssa, Sarah Chester, her 13-year-old daughter Payton, basketball coach Christina Mauser, and the pilot, Ara Zobayan.All occupants were killed on impact and on January 28, Bryant's identity",
"Bryant's identity was officially confirmed using fingerprints.The following day, theLos Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coronerstated that the official cause of death for him and the eight others on the helicopter wasblunt force trauma.A year later on February 9, 2021, the cause of the crash was officially determined to be Zobayan experiencing spatial disorientation due to heavy fog in the Los Angeles area that morning. There were eight NBA games that were scheduled to be played on the day of the accident, the first of which being between theHouston RocketsandDenver Nuggets, as Pepsi Center (nowBall Arena) was the first NBA arena to acknowledge Bryant's death with the Nuggets holding a brief tribute prior to tip-off and concluding the memorial with the message \"Rest in Peace, Mamba\". Due to that game tipping off just minutes after the news was revealed for the first time, that game went on as scheduled as Denver defeated Houston, 117–110.There were reportedly conversations held among league",
"held among league authorities on whether or not to cancel any of the other games that day, however every game ultimately went on as planned, partly due to many feeling that Bryant himself would have wanted the games to go on.Of the remaining seven games played that day, beginning with theToronto RaptorsatSan Antonio Spursgame, every matchup featured each side intentionally taking either an 8-second violation or a 24-second shot clock violation on their very first possession to start the game, serving as a homage to Bryant's number 8 jersey, which he wore from 1996–2006, and his number 24 jersey, which he donned from 2006–2016. These violation tributes were initially proposed by Spurs head coachGregg Popovichand the rest of the league subsequently followed suit throughout the rest of the Sunday.Notably,Kyrie Irving, who at the time was a member of theBrooklyn Nets, excused himself and leftMadison Square Gardenprior to tip-off against theNew York Knicks, upon learning of Bryant’s death. Irving, who considered",
"who considered Bryant to be a mentor, often trained with Kobe and was and continues to be very close with the Bryant family. The previous evening on January 25,LeBron Jamespassed Bryant for third place on theNBA's all-time scoring listduring a road loss to thePhiladelphia 76ersin Bryant's hometown. James would eventually surpassKareem Abdul-Jabbarto stand alone as the NBA's all time leading scorer three years later on February 7, 2023. TheLos Angeles Lakerslearned of Bryant's death while flying back to Los Angeles from Philadelphia the following day, leaving everyone on board the flight in absolute shock and it was not long until their January 28 meeting with the crosstown rivalLos Angeles Clipperswas postponed.This marked the first time an NBA game was postponed for any reason since nearly seven years earlier when the2013 Boston Marathon bombingled to the postponement of a Celtics game. The Lakers did not play a game in the wake of Bryant's death until January 31 when they hosted thePortland Trail Blazerson",
"Trail Blazerson ESPN.Prior to the commencement of the game, the Lakers conducted a 24-minute long, heavily detailed tribute to Bryant, his daughter and the seven other victims. This tribute began withUsherperforming “Amazing Grace” and was capped off by a rendition of theThe Star-Spangled BannerbyBoyz II Menbefore being concluded with a speech from James, who initially had a monologue prepared, but quickly tossed his index card onto the hardwood after saying “Laker Nation man, I would be selling y’all short if I read off this shit, so I’m going to go straight from the heart”, as he proceeded to address a sorrowfulStaples Centercrowd with an emotional, improvised oration, ending his speech with “…so in the words of Kobe Bryant: ‘Mamba out’, but in the words of us: ‘not forgotten’, live on brother”.Following the eulogy, each member of the Lakers’ starting five would be introduced with Bryant’s credentials.Portland won 127–119, in what turned out to be the second most watched NBA broadcast ever in ESPN's",
"ever in ESPN's history, averaging 4.41 million viewers.The first ever head-to-head meeting betweenShaquille O'NealandYao Mingin 2003 was the only one with more viewers. The NBA also renamed the NBA All Star Game MVP Award to theNBA All-Star Game Kobe Bryant Most Valuable Player award, withKawhi Leonardof theLos Angeles Clippersbeing the inaugural recipient, who a few days after the crash revealed that he and Bryant shared the same pilot, Ara Zobayan, who also lost his life in the accident.The2020 NBA All Star Gamesaw every player on Team LeBron wear the jersey number two for Gianna and every player on TeamGianniswear the jersey number 24 for Kobe. The All Star Game also temporarily changed to an Echelon-style format starting in 2020 with the leading score at the end of the third quarter plus 24 (Bryant's jersey number from 2006–2016) acting as the target score. This format would be scrapped however in 2023, withthat year’s gameinSalt Lake Citybeing the final one under this format. The postponed",
"The postponed Lakers-Clippers game was originally planned to be made up on April 9, however due to thesuspension of the season on March 11, it was made up at the very beginning of the NBA restart on July 30 with the Lakers emerging victorious 103–101. On February 7, Bryant and his daughter were buried in a private funeral inPacific View Memorial Parkin theCorona del Marneighborhood ofNewport Beach, California.A public memorial service was held on February 24 (2/24, marking both Kobe's and Gianna's jersey numbers) at the Staples Center (nowCrypto.com Arena) withJimmy Kimmelhosting. Speakers at the service included Bryant's widowed wifeVanessa,Michael Jordan, andShaquille O'Neal, along withPhoenix MercuryguardDiana TaurasiandGeno Auriemma, Taurasi's coach atConnecticut, where Gianna had been aspiring to play. On October 11, 2020, the Lakers defeated theMiami Heat4–2 in the2020 NBA Finalsto capture their 17th championship in franchise history and would dedicate the victory and their season to Bryant. In his",
"to Bryant. In his first year of eligibility, Bryant was named a finalist for theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, just less than three weeks after his death,before being posthumously inducted in April 2020.His formal induction was delayed until 2021 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.In October 2021, Bryant was honored as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team.During the2022 NBA All-Star GameinCleveland, he was one of fifteen members of that honorary team to be posthumously lionized during a halftime ceremony dedicated to that 75th Anniversary Team, with the mention of Bryant inducing one of, if not the loudest crowd reaction of the commemoration. Suspension of season and restart On March 11, 2020, the game between theUtah JazzandOklahoma City Thunderwas abruptly postponed shortly before tipoff after it was discovered that the Jazz's playerRudy Goberttested positive forCOVID-19.That same evening, the game between theNew Orleans PelicansandSacramento",
"Kingswas also postponed last minute once it was discovered that a referee for the game, Courtney Kirkland, had worked aUtah Jazzgame just two days prior.Kirkland later tested negative for COVID-19.The NBA then suspended the remainder of the 2019–20 season \"until further notice\" following the completion of games already underway.This was the first time a regular season had been interrupted since the2011 NBA lockout. The following day, Gobert's teammateDonovan Mitchellalso tested positive.On March 14,Detroit PistonsforwardChristian Woodbecame the third NBA player to test positive for the virus, and the first outside of the Jazz.On March 17, fourBrooklyn Netsplayers, including superstarKevin Durant, tested positive for the virus.On March 19, two players for theLos Angeles Lakers, as well asMarcus Smartof theBoston Celtics, tested positive for COVID-19. All players recovered and were cleared by local health officials. On May 23, it was announced that the NBA were in negotiations withThe Walt Disney Companyabout",
"Disney Companyabout the possibility to finish the season atWalt Disney World'sESPN Wide World of Sports Complexin Orlando.On May 29, NBA CommissionerAdam Silverand the league office informed Board of Governors that July 31 was the target date for a season return. On June 4, the NBA Board of Governors approved a plan to restart the season on July 31 in Orlando. Under this plan, 13 Western Conference teams and nine Eastern Conference teams, all clubs within six games of a playoff spot, would play eight regular-season \"seeding\" games.Play-in gamesfor the eighth seed in each conference would then be held if the ninth seed finishes the regular season within four games of the eighth seed.This proposal was then approved by members of theNational Basketball Players Associationon June 5. Players boycott On August 26, 2020, theMilwaukee Buckschose not to play in game 5 of the playoff series against theOrlando Magicto protest the policeshooting of Jacob Blake.The NBA and theNational Basketball Players",
"Basketball Players Associationannounced that, in light of the Milwaukee Bucks striking for their game, the following games of the day would be postponed.TheToronto Raptorshad also discussed striking for their second-round playoff series with theBoston Celticsin frustration with a lack of social or legislative change after themurder of George Floydand as a result of Blake's shooting before the Bucks' strike a few days later. Medical protocol for season restart On June 16, 2020, the NBA released a medical protocol to be used during the season restart in theNBA Bubbleat Walt Disney World to ensure the health and safety of players, coaches, officials, and staff.This included regular testing forCOVID-19prior to and throughout the season restart, wearing a face covering or mask, andsocial distancingto prevent an outbreak of COVID-19 from occurring. Players and coaches who were deemed \"high-risk individuals\" by their team, or players who had already suffered season-ending injuries prior to season suspension, were",
"suspension, were not permitted to play and also did not lose any salary. Any player who was medically cleared could also decline to participate, but as a result lost their corresponding paychecks. Phase 1 of the plan ran from June 16 to 22, consisting of players traveling back to the home cities of their respective teams. In Phase 2 from June 23 to 30,COVID-19 testsbegan being administered to players every other day. In Phase 3 from July 1 to 11, mandatory individual workouts were conducted at team facilities, but group workouts were prohibited. Phase 4 ran from July 7 to 21, consisting of the teams traveling to Disney World and conducting practices. Any player who tested positive in the previous phases could not travel until he was medically cleared to do so. Once teams arrive in Orlando, players and staff were isolated in their rooms, requiring to pass twopolymerase chain reaction(PCR) tests 24 hours apart before being let out of this quarantine.They were still regularly tested for COVID-19 afterwards. A",
"afterwards. A player who tested positive would be isolated and re-tested in case of a false positive; if COVID-19 was definitely confirmed, he would be quarantined for at least 14 days to recover. Players and staff were not permitted into another's room, nor were they be able to socialize with players on other teams staying at a different hotel building. They had access to food and recreational activities within their hotel's bubble, but they had to wear masks indoors except when eating. Anybody who left the bubble without prior approval had to be quarantined for at least 10 days. During Phase 5 from July 22 to 29, teams played three scrimmages against the other teams staying at the same hotel. During Phase 6, when the regular-season seeding games and playoffs were under way and teams began to be eliminated from contention, players and staff on those clubs had to pass one final COVID-19 test before they could leave Disney World. The NBA also set up an anonymous hotline for players to report protocol",
"to report protocol violations while in the bubble. Statistics Individual statistic leaders Individual game highs Team statistic leaders Awards Yearly awards While the statistics from the seeding games were counted towards players' regular season totals, the NBA ruled that its end-of-season awards were only based on games through March 11 and excluded the seeding games.Finalist for the major awards were announced during the seeding games.Due to the pandemic, theNBA Awardsshow held the prior three years was cancelled, and award winners were instead announced onTNTduring their coverage of the 2020 playoffs. Players of the Week The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week. Players of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month. Rookies of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western ConferenceRookies of the Month. Coaches of the Month The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western",
"Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month. Seeding games Awards for seeding games play were also announced, withDamian Lillardnamed Player of the Seeding Games after averaging 37.6 points per game. Arenas Media This was the fourth year of the current nine-year contracts withABC,ESPN,TNTandNBA TV. Under an agreement with theU.S. Department of JusticeregardingDisney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox, theFox Sports Regional Networkswere required to be sold off to third parties by June 18, 2019.Fox also invoked a clause to giveYankee Global Enterprisesthe rights to buy their stake back in theYES Network, which aired the local broadcasts to the NBA's Brooklyn Nets.Including YES, the Fox Sports Regional Networks held the local TV rights to a combined total of 44 NHL, NBA, and MLB teams.On March 8, YES was sold to a consortium including Yankee Global Enterprises,Amazon, andSinclair Broadcast Groupfor $3.5 billion.Then on May 3, Sinclair andEntertainment Studiosagreed to purchase the rest of the Fox Sports",
"of the Fox Sports Regional Networks.The networks continued to temporarily use the Fox Sports name under a transitional license agreement while Sinclair explored re-branding options. Notable occurrences See also References"
] |
Of the participants in the first round of the 2024 Yucatán Open (Doubles), which Mexican player had received two wild cards during their career prior to August 4, 2024? | Alan Fernando Rubio Fierros | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Yucat%C3%A1n_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Goldhoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Trotter_(tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fernando_Rubio_Fierros | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Pacheco_M%C3%A9ndez | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cid_Subervi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hardt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Paz_(tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Vance_(tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Kozlov | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murkel_Dellien, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facundo_Mena, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wessels, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Adrian_Boitan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Hilderbrand, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Crawford_(tennis), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Boyer, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fancutt, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Reese, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(tennis), | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Yucat%C3%A1n_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Goldhoff', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Trotter_(tennis)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fernando_Rubio_Fierros', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Pacheco_M%C3%A9ndez', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cid_Subervi', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hardt', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Paz_(tennis)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Vance_(tennis)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Kozlov', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murkel_Dellien, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facundo_Mena, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wessels, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Adrian_Boitan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Hilderbrand, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Crawford_(tennis), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Boyer, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fancutt, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Reese, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(tennis), '] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Yucat%C3%A1n_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Goldhoff",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Trotter_(tennis",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fernando_Rubio_Fierros",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Pacheco_M%C3%A9ndez",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cid_Subervi",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hardt",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Paz_(tennis",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Vance_(tennis",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Kozlov",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murkel_Dellien, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facundo_Mena, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wessels, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Adrian_Boitan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Hilderbrand, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Crawford_(tennis), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Boyer, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fancutt, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Reese, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(tennis), "
] | [
"2024 Yucatán Open – Doubles This was the first edition of the tournament. Thomas FancuttandHunter Reesewon the title after defeating Boris andStefan Kozlov7–5, 6–3 in the final. Seeds Draw Key Draw References External links Thistennis-related competition article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"George Goldhoff George Goldhoff(born January 14, 1995) is an American tennis player. He has a career highATPdoubles ranking of No. 146 achieved on 15 July 2024.Goldhoff has won threeATP Challengerdoubles titles in his career. Professional career He won his first two ATP Challenger titles at the2024 Cleveland Openand at the2024 Challenger La Manchein Cherbourg, France withJames Trotter. Following a third Challenger title inModena, Italy partneringJonathan Eysseriche reached the top 150 in the rankings on 15 July 2024. College career Goldhoff played college tennis atTexas. References External links This American biographical article related to tennis is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
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"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Alan_Fernando_Rubio_Fierros (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b952ca440>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Rodrigo Pacheco Méndez Rodrigo Pacheco Méndez(born 25 April 2005) is a Mexican professionaltennisplayer. He has a career highATPsingles ranking of world No. 403 achieved on 19 August 2024 and a career high doubles ranking of No. 583 achieved on 16 September 2024.He is currently the No. 2 Mexican player.He was the year-endITFjunior world No. 1 in 2023. Career 2022: Turned Pro, ATP debut Pacheco reached the quarterfinals of the Junior Australian Open and the Junior French Open in 2022. Pacheco Méndez made his ATP debut at the2022 Los Cabos Openin the main singles draw. 2023: Junior World No. 1 He received a wildcard for the main draw of the2023 Abierto Mexicano Telcelin Acapulco.He also received a wildcard for the inaugural 2023 edition of the Challenger inMexico City. He reached a career high junior ranking of No. 1 achieved on 29 May 2023. 2024: Top 500 For a third consecutive year, he received a wildcard for the main draw of the2024 Los Cabos Openwhere he lost in the first round to the No. 72 ranked AustralianAleksandar Vukicin straight sets with two tiebreaks.He again received a wildcard for the main draw of the2024 Abierto Mexicano Telcelbut lost to the No. 55 ranked SerbianDusan Lajovic. On 22 April 2024, he reached the top 600 at world No. 589, following a quarterfinal showing at the2024 GNP Seguros Tennis OpenChallenger in Acapulco with wins over second seedMichael MmohandNicolás Mejía. In May, ranked No. 585, he won the biggest title of his career defeatingBernard Tomicin the final of the M25 Xalapa in Mexico. He reached the top 500 on 20 May 2024, climbing more than 120 positions up in the rankings, following another final showing as a wildcard, at the M15 Villahermosa also in Mexico. ITF World Tennis Tour finals Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) Junior Grand Slam finals Doubles: 1 (1 title) References External links This biographical article relating to Mexican tennis is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Roberto Cid Subervi Roberto Cid Subervi(Spanish pronunciation:; born 30 August 1993) is aDominican–American tennis player. Cid Subervi has a career highATPsingles ranking of 211 achieved on 14 September 2020. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 262, achieved on 19 October 2020. Cid Subervi has won 4ITFsingles titles and 1ITFdoubles title. Cid Subervi has representedDominican RepublicatDavis Cup, where he has a win–loss record of 4–11. College career In 2016, Cid Subervi was ranked no. 2 in the nation in the NCAA Div 1 singles rankings in his last year at University of South Florida.Partnering with Sasha Gozun, he was ranked no. 6 in the nation in the NCAA Div 1 doubles rankings in 2015. He reached the quarterfinals of the2016 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championshipsin singles, losing to the eventual championMackenzie McDonaldfrom UCLA, and he had wins overDominik Kopferfrom Tulane University,Cameron Norriefrom Texas Christian University, andRyan Shanefrom University of Virginia.In 2014, he made the quarterfinals of the2014 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championshipsin singles, defeating No. 1 player in the nationClay Thompsonfrom UCLA. Singles performance timeline Current through the2022 Davis Cup. Challenger and Futures/World Tennis Finals Singles: 21 (11–10) Doubles: 6 (3–3) References External links This biographical article relating to Dominican Republic tennis is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Nick Hardt Nick Hardt(born 20 September 2000) is aDominicanprofessionaltennisplayer. He has a career highATPsingles ranking of world No. 180 achieved on 29 July 2024 and a doubles ranking of No. 282 achieved on 24 August 2023. He is currently the No. 1 Dominican player. Hardt represents theDominican Republicin theDavis Cup. Junior career Hardt was ranked No. 16 in the world junior rankings by theITFon 5 March 2018. In 2016, he won the XXV Copa Merengue tournament inSanto Domingo,Dominican Republic, becoming the youngest Dominican to win the title at 15 years of age. In 2017, he reached the quarterfinals of theEddie Herr Junior ChampionshipsITF tournament where he lost to eventual champion, BulgarianAdrian Andreev. In 2018, he reached the quarterfinals of the2018 French Open Junior Championshipsand the third round in the2018 U.S. Open Junior Championships. Hardt also reached the finals of the 2018Porto Alegre Junior Championshipslosing to the No. 1 ranked junior in the worldSebastián Báezin the finals. Professional career 2017: Davis Cup debut Hardt was first nominated to the team for the2017 Davis Cupand facedChileantennis playerNicolás Jarryin his first match. 2022: Maiden Challenger final, top 205 debut He reached his maiden Challenger final at the2022 JC Ferrero Challenger Open. As a result he moved more than 35 positions up to a new career-high in the top 250 on 10 October 2022. Two months later, he reached a career-high of No. 201 on 22 December 2022. 2024: Maiden Challenger title, ATP debut and first win, top 200 Ranked No. 301, he won his maiden Challenger title as an alternate at theSánchez-Casal Mapfre Cupin Barcelona defeating wildcard and second seedBernabe Zapata Miralles. He was only the second Challenger champion from the Dominican Republic. As a result he raised 70 positions up in the rankings to return to the top 230. Ranked No. 229, he qualified for the ATP 500 tournament at theBarcelona Openmaking his ATP debut, having entered the qualifying competition as an alternate. There, he earned his first ATP Tour win, defeating wildcardMartin Landalucein three sets, becoming the firstDominicanplayer to win an ATP tour-level match sinceVíctor Estrella Burgosin2018 Quito.As a result of his win, he moved 25 positions up close to his career-high.He lost to 13th seedTomás Martín Etcheverryin the second round. In May, he reached the top 200 after reaching the semifinals at the2024 Internazionali di Tennis Francavilla al MareChallenger in Italy. ATP Challenger and Futures/ITF World Tennis Tour finals Singles: 18 (12–6) Doubles: 8 (6–2) Davis Cup Participations: (5–10) References External links This biographical article relating to Dominican Republic tennis is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
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"Stefan Kozlov Stefan Kozlov(Russian:Стефан Козлов,/ˈstɛfɑːnˈkɒzlɒv/STEF-ahnKOZ-lov;born February 1, 1998) is an American professional tennis player of Russian descent. He has a career-high ATP ranking of world No. 103 achieved on 18 July 2022 and doubles ranking of world No. 180 on 19 June 2017. Kozlov made his ATP World Tour debut as a wildcard in2013 Hall of Fame Tennis Championshipsat the age of 15. He reached two junior Grand Slam finals in 2014 and finished the year at World No. 3 in the ITF Junior Combined rankings. Personal life He is the son of Russian parents and his father Andrei is a tennis coach.He has a brother, Boris, who is also a tennis player. Junior career In 2014, Kozlov reached two junior Grand Slam finals, where he lost toAlexander Zverevat theAustralian OpenandNoah RubinatWimbledon. This success led him to a career high junior ranking of No. 2.Kozlov also competed at theU18 National Championships, finishing in third place in the singles tournament and winning the doubles tournament with Noah Rubin. With this victory, they earned a wildcard into the main draw of the2014 US Open. He ended the year by winning theOrange Bowljunior tournament. In 2015, Kozlov reached the final of theU18 National Championships, where he lost toFrances Tiafoein five sets. Professional career Early years In 2013, Kozlov made his ATP World Tour debut as a wildcard at theNewporttournament and lost in the first round. At the age of 16, he defeated his first Top 100 player inTim Smyczekto reach his firstATP Challengerfinal in 2014 inSacramento, where he lost toSam Querrey. He also reached seven careerITF Futuresfinals and won four of these finals. 2016-17: First ATP win and quarterfinal, Two Challenger titles In April, Kozlov reached the final at theOpen de Guadeloupe. In June, he won his first career ATP level match as a wildcard at the2016 Ricoh OpeninDen Bosch. He reached his first career quarterfinal by defeatingSteve Johnsonin the second round. Toward the end of the season, Kozlov reached a second Challenger final on the year atSuzhou. He won his first career Challenger event inColumbus. He won his second title at the2017 Las Vegas Challenger. 2021: First three Challenger titles since 2017, return to top 200 since 2018 In September, at the2021 Columbus Challenger, Kozlov won his first title in four years, defeatingMax Purcellin the final in three sets.At the same tournament he won also in doubles partnering CanadianPeter Polansky. He followed this by a final at the2021 Las Vegas Challengerand a second Challenger title for the season at the2021 Charlottesville Men's Pro Challenger, defeating another AustralianAleksandar Vukic. As a result, he returned to the top 200 in more than three years at No. 188 on November 8, 2021.He ended the year with winning his third Challenger inChampaign, US. As a result he finished the year ranked World No. 159 on 22 November 2021. 2022: Grand Slam debut & first win, second ATP quarterfinal & career-high ranking At the2022 Australian Openhe made his debut as a wildcard and won his first Grand Slam match againstJiří Veselý. He lost in the second round to 7th seedMatteo Berrettini. As a qualifier at the2022 Delray Beach Open, he reached his second career quarterfinal after defeatingEmilio GómezandSteve Johnson. Ranked No. 130 at the2022 Abierto Mexicano Telcelin Acapulco, he reached the main draw as lucky loser and defeatedGrigor Dimitrovin a stunning upset in three sets after fighting cramps, in the longest match in Acapulco history. It was the biggest win in his career. At the2022 Wimbledon Championships, he made his debut at this Majorwhen he entered the main draw as a lucky loser after the late withdrawal ofBorna Ćorić.Kozlov lost in straight sets to 12th seedDiego Schwartzman. He reached a new career high ranking of No. 103 on 18 July 2022. ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 18 (9–9) Doubles: 13 (6–7) Junior Grand Slam finals Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) References External links",
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"2024 Yucatán Open – Doubles This was the first edition of the tournament. Thomas FancuttandHunter Reesewon the title after defeating Boris andStefan Kozlov7–5, 6–3 in the final. Seeds Draw Key Draw References External links Thistennis-related competition article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"George Goldhoff George Goldhoff(born January 14, 1995) is an American tennis player. He has a career highATPdoubles ranking of No. 146 achieved on 15 July 2024.Goldhoff has won threeATP Challengerdoubles titles in his career. Professional career He won his first two ATP Challenger titles at the2024 Cleveland Openand at the2024 Challenger La Manchein Cherbourg, France withJames Trotter. Following a third Challenger title inModena, Italy partneringJonathan Eysseriche reached the top 150 in the rankings on 15 July 2024. College career Goldhoff played college tennis atTexas. References External links This American biographical article related to tennis is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
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"Rodrigo Pacheco Méndez Rodrigo Pacheco Méndez(born 25 April 2005) is a Mexican professionaltennisplayer. He has a career highATPsingles ranking of world No. 403 achieved on 19 August 2024 and a career high doubles ranking of No. 583 achieved on 16 September 2024.He is currently the No. 2 Mexican player.He was the year-endITFjunior world No. 1 in 2023. Career 2022: Turned Pro, ATP debut Pacheco reached the quarterfinals of the Junior Australian Open and the Junior French Open in 2022. Pacheco Méndez made his ATP debut at the2022 Los Cabos Openin the main singles draw. 2023: Junior World No. 1 He received a wildcard for the main draw of the2023 Abierto Mexicano Telcelin Acapulco.He also received a wildcard for the inaugural 2023 edition of the Challenger inMexico City. He reached a career high junior ranking of No. 1 achieved on 29 May 2023. 2024: Top 500 For a third consecutive year, he received a wildcard for the main draw of the2024 Los Cabos Openwhere he lost in the first round to the No. 72 ranked",
"the No. 72 ranked AustralianAleksandar Vukicin straight sets with two tiebreaks.He again received a wildcard for the main draw of the2024 Abierto Mexicano Telcelbut lost to the No. 55 ranked SerbianDusan Lajovic. On 22 April 2024, he reached the top 600 at world No. 589, following a quarterfinal showing at the2024 GNP Seguros Tennis OpenChallenger in Acapulco with wins over second seedMichael MmohandNicolás Mejía. In May, ranked No. 585, he won the biggest title of his career defeatingBernard Tomicin the final of the M25 Xalapa in Mexico. He reached the top 500 on 20 May 2024, climbing more than 120 positions up in the rankings, following another final showing as a wildcard, at the M15 Villahermosa also in Mexico. ITF World Tennis Tour finals Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) Junior Grand Slam finals Doubles: 1 (1 title) References External links This biographical article relating to Mexican tennis is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Roberto Cid Subervi Roberto Cid Subervi(Spanish pronunciation:; born 30 August 1993) is aDominican–American tennis player. Cid Subervi has a career highATPsingles ranking of 211 achieved on 14 September 2020. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 262, achieved on 19 October 2020. Cid Subervi has won 4ITFsingles titles and 1ITFdoubles title. Cid Subervi has representedDominican RepublicatDavis Cup, where he has a win–loss record of 4–11. College career In 2016, Cid Subervi was ranked no. 2 in the nation in the NCAA Div 1 singles rankings in his last year at University of South Florida.Partnering with Sasha Gozun, he was ranked no. 6 in the nation in the NCAA Div 1 doubles rankings in 2015. He reached the quarterfinals of the2016 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championshipsin singles, losing to the eventual championMackenzie McDonaldfrom UCLA, and he had wins overDominik Kopferfrom Tulane University,Cameron Norriefrom Texas Christian University, andRyan Shanefrom University of Virginia.In 2014, he made",
"2014, he made the quarterfinals of the2014 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championshipsin singles, defeating No. 1 player in the nationClay Thompsonfrom UCLA. Singles performance timeline Current through the2022 Davis Cup. Challenger and Futures/World Tennis Finals Singles: 21 (11–10) Doubles: 6 (3–3) References External links This biographical article relating to Dominican Republic tennis is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Nick Hardt Nick Hardt(born 20 September 2000) is aDominicanprofessionaltennisplayer. He has a career highATPsingles ranking of world No. 180 achieved on 29 July 2024 and a doubles ranking of No. 282 achieved on 24 August 2023. He is currently the No. 1 Dominican player. Hardt represents theDominican Republicin theDavis Cup. Junior career Hardt was ranked No. 16 in the world junior rankings by theITFon 5 March 2018. In 2016, he won the XXV Copa Merengue tournament inSanto Domingo,Dominican Republic, becoming the youngest Dominican to win the title at 15 years of age. In 2017, he reached the quarterfinals of theEddie Herr Junior ChampionshipsITF tournament where he lost to eventual champion, BulgarianAdrian Andreev. In 2018, he reached the quarterfinals of the2018 French Open Junior Championshipsand the third round in the2018 U.S. Open Junior Championships. Hardt also reached the finals of the 2018Porto Alegre Junior Championshipslosing to the No. 1 ranked junior in the worldSebastián Báezin the finals.",
"Báezin the finals. Professional career 2017: Davis Cup debut Hardt was first nominated to the team for the2017 Davis Cupand facedChileantennis playerNicolás Jarryin his first match. 2022: Maiden Challenger final, top 205 debut He reached his maiden Challenger final at the2022 JC Ferrero Challenger Open. As a result he moved more than 35 positions up to a new career-high in the top 250 on 10 October 2022. Two months later, he reached a career-high of No. 201 on 22 December 2022. 2024: Maiden Challenger title, ATP debut and first win, top 200 Ranked No. 301, he won his maiden Challenger title as an alternate at theSánchez-Casal Mapfre Cupin Barcelona defeating wildcard and second seedBernabe Zapata Miralles. He was only the second Challenger champion from the Dominican Republic. As a result he raised 70 positions up in the rankings to return to the top 230. Ranked No. 229, he qualified for the ATP 500 tournament at theBarcelona Openmaking his ATP debut, having entered the qualifying competition as an",
"competition as an alternate. There, he earned his first ATP Tour win, defeating wildcardMartin Landalucein three sets, becoming the firstDominicanplayer to win an ATP tour-level match sinceVíctor Estrella Burgosin2018 Quito.As a result of his win, he moved 25 positions up close to his career-high.He lost to 13th seedTomás Martín Etcheverryin the second round. In May, he reached the top 200 after reaching the semifinals at the2024 Internazionali di Tennis Francavilla al MareChallenger in Italy. ATP Challenger and Futures/ITF World Tennis Tour finals Singles: 18 (12–6) Doubles: 8 (6–2) Davis Cup Participations: (5–10) References External links This biographical article relating to Dominican Republic tennis is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
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"Stefan Kozlov Stefan Kozlov(Russian:Стефан Козлов,/ˈstɛfɑːnˈkɒzlɒv/STEF-ahnKOZ-lov;born February 1, 1998) is an American professional tennis player of Russian descent. He has a career-high ATP ranking of world No. 103 achieved on 18 July 2022 and doubles ranking of world No. 180 on 19 June 2017. Kozlov made his ATP World Tour debut as a wildcard in2013 Hall of Fame Tennis Championshipsat the age of 15. He reached two junior Grand Slam finals in 2014 and finished the year at World No. 3 in the ITF Junior Combined rankings. Personal life He is the son of Russian parents and his father Andrei is a tennis coach.He has a brother, Boris, who is also a tennis player. Junior career In 2014, Kozlov reached two junior Grand Slam finals, where he lost toAlexander Zverevat theAustralian OpenandNoah RubinatWimbledon. This success led him to a career high junior ranking of No. 2.Kozlov also competed at theU18 National Championships, finishing in third place in the singles tournament and winning the doubles tournament with",
"tournament with Noah Rubin. With this victory, they earned a wildcard into the main draw of the2014 US Open. He ended the year by winning theOrange Bowljunior tournament. In 2015, Kozlov reached the final of theU18 National Championships, where he lost toFrances Tiafoein five sets. Professional career Early years In 2013, Kozlov made his ATP World Tour debut as a wildcard at theNewporttournament and lost in the first round. At the age of 16, he defeated his first Top 100 player inTim Smyczekto reach his firstATP Challengerfinal in 2014 inSacramento, where he lost toSam Querrey. He also reached seven careerITF Futuresfinals and won four of these finals. 2016-17: First ATP win and quarterfinal, Two Challenger titles In April, Kozlov reached the final at theOpen de Guadeloupe. In June, he won his first career ATP level match as a wildcard at the2016 Ricoh OpeninDen Bosch. He reached his first career quarterfinal by defeatingSteve Johnsonin the second round. Toward the end of the season, Kozlov reached a second",
"reached a second Challenger final on the year atSuzhou. He won his first career Challenger event inColumbus. He won his second title at the2017 Las Vegas Challenger. 2021: First three Challenger titles since 2017, return to top 200 since 2018 In September, at the2021 Columbus Challenger, Kozlov won his first title in four years, defeatingMax Purcellin the final in three sets.At the same tournament he won also in doubles partnering CanadianPeter Polansky. He followed this by a final at the2021 Las Vegas Challengerand a second Challenger title for the season at the2021 Charlottesville Men's Pro Challenger, defeating another AustralianAleksandar Vukic. As a result, he returned to the top 200 in more than three years at No. 188 on November 8, 2021.He ended the year with winning his third Challenger inChampaign, US. As a result he finished the year ranked World No. 159 on 22 November 2021. 2022: Grand Slam debut & first win, second ATP quarterfinal & career-high ranking At the2022 Australian Openhe made his debut",
"made his debut as a wildcard and won his first Grand Slam match againstJiří Veselý. He lost in the second round to 7th seedMatteo Berrettini. As a qualifier at the2022 Delray Beach Open, he reached his second career quarterfinal after defeatingEmilio GómezandSteve Johnson. Ranked No. 130 at the2022 Abierto Mexicano Telcelin Acapulco, he reached the main draw as lucky loser and defeatedGrigor Dimitrovin a stunning upset in three sets after fighting cramps, in the longest match in Acapulco history. It was the biggest win in his career. At the2022 Wimbledon Championships, he made his debut at this Majorwhen he entered the main draw as a lucky loser after the late withdrawal ofBorna Ćorić.Kozlov lost in straight sets to 12th seedDiego Schwartzman. He reached a new career high ranking of No. 103 on 18 July 2022. ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 18 (9–9) Doubles: 13 (6–7) Junior Grand Slam finals Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) References External links",
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Who was Prime Minister in Australia at the same time that Norman Gunston released "Salute to ABBA"? | Malcolm Fraser | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Gunston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia# | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Gunston', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia#'] | [
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What drug did the male founder of the company that first cloned a U.S. endangered species help study with the International Foundation for Advanced Study? | LSD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revive_%26_Restore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Brand | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revive_%26_Restore', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Brand'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann",
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"Elizabeth Ann Elizabeth Ann(born December 10, 2020) is ablack-footed ferret, the first U.S. endangered species to becloned. The animal was cloned using the frozen cells from Willa, a black-footed female ferret who died in the 1980sand had no living descendants. Black-footed ferrets are the only ferret species native to the United States.The black-footed ferret is one of the most endangered and rarest land mammals in North America; a small pack of them was found in Wyoming in 1981.The limited genetic diversity found among the pack put the species at risk. Scientists sent genetic material from Willa toSan Diego Zoo’s Frozen Zoo in 1988. Willa's egg was implanted in a surrogate domestic ferret in November 2020, to avoid putting an endangered ferret at risk.Elizabeth Ann was delivered viac-sectionon December 10. The efforts were led byRevive & Restore, a biodiversity non-profit. Elizabeth Ann will live inColoradoand be studied for scientific purposes; she will not bereleased into the wild.As of February 2022, Elizabeth Ann has reached puberty and scientists were looking for a viable mate. A panel discussion, organized by the Draper Natural History Museum in October 2022, informed the public that Elizabeth Ann had ahysterectomyfor unspecified reasons, but also that other clones were on their way. In April 2024, theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Serviceannounced the birth of two new black-footed ferret clones, Noreen and Antonia, who were cloned from the same genetic material as Elizabeth Ann. Noreen was born at the National Black-footed Ferret Conservation Center in Colorado, while Antonia resides at the Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute in Virginia. Both were healthy and reaching expected developmental and behavioral milestones. The Service and its research partners plan to breed Noreen and Antonia once they reach reproductive maturity later in 2024. Elizabeth Ann remained healthy but was unable to breed due to a condition called hydrometra, which is not believed to be linked to cloning. References This article about acarnivoranis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Revive & Restore Revive & Restoreis a nonprofit wildlife conservation organization focused on use ofbiotechnologyinconservation. Headquartered inSausalito, California, the organization's mission is to enhancebiodiversitythrough the genetic rescue ofendangeredandextinctspecies.The organization was founded byStewart Brandand his wife, Ryan Phelan. Revive & Restore has created a \"Genetic Rescue Toolkit\" for wildlife conservation – a suite of biotechnology tools adapted from human medicine and commercial agriculture that can improve wildlife conservation outcomes.The toolkit includesbiobankingand cell culturing,genetic sequencing, and advanced reproductive technologies, such ascloning. The toolkit complements traditional conservation practices, such ascaptive breedingandhabitat restoration. Revive & Restore has caused controversy. In particular, Brand's work in de-extinction has been characterized as \"playing god\" and criticized for taking time and money away from traditional conservation efforts.In addition, many are concerned by the concept ofcloning, even in the context of conservation. History Revive & Restore was co-founded in 2012 byStewart Brandand Ryan Phelan with the idea of bringing biotechnology solutions to conservation.The group was incubated by theLong Now Foundationuntil 2017, when it became an independent501(c)(3) organization. In 2013 Revive & Restore organized the first public meeting on de-extinction.Their founding projects include the de-extinction of thepassenger pigeon,heath hen,andwoolly mammoth.Since then, Revive & Restore has established partnerships with research institutions, governmental agencies, and conservation organizations on a broad range of genetic rescue programs. Revive & Restore is a member of theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) and has long-standing partnerships with theUS Fish & Wildlife Service,The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance,Morris Animal Foundation, andViaGen Pets & Equine, among others. Programs Advanced Coral Toolkit The Advanced Coral Toolkit supports research teams in the development and field testing of biotechnologies that benefit coral reef management and restoration efforts. Projects include coral cryopreservation methods for large scalebiobankingand fieldable devices for measuring genetic information or molecular signals associated with coral stress.Launched in 2019, the program has funded 10 research teams. Wild Genomes Wild Genomes is a funding program to provide genomic tools to field scientists, wildlife managers, and citizens working to protect their local biodiversity. As of 2023, Wild Genomes has funded 30 individual projects. Program categories include Terrestrial Species, Marine Species, Amphibians,and Kelp Ecosystems Cloning for conservation To help mitigateinbreeding depressionfor two endangered species, theblack-footed ferret(Mustela nigripes)andPrzewalski's horse(Equus ferus przewalskii), Revive & Restore facilitates on-going efforts to clone individuals from historic cell lines stored at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo. On December 10, 2020, the world's first clonedblack-footed ferretwas born. This ferret, named Elizabeth Ann, marked the first time a U.S. endangered species was successfully cloned. On August 6, 2020, the world's first clonedPrzewalski’s horsewas born.Since theoocyteused was from a domestic horse, this was an example of interspeciessomatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT).In 2022, the horse, named Kurt, was paired with a female Przewalski's horse at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Safari Park to learn the behaviors of his species.On February 17, 2023, a second cloned Przewalski's horse was born from the same historic cell line.Kurt and the new foal are genetic twins that may become the first cloned animals to restore lost genetic variation to their species. Intended Consequences Initiative In 2020, Revive & Restore developed a campaign around the concept of \"Intended Consequences\" – focusing on the benefits of conservation interventions, as opposed to focusing on the fears of unintended consequences.That year, Revive & Restore hosted a virtual workshop that resulted in the publication of a special issue in the journalConservation Science and Practice. References External links",
"Stewart Brand Stewart Brand(born December 14, 1938) is an American project developer and writer, best known as the co-founder and editor of theWhole Earth Catalog. He has founded a number of organizations, includingthe WELL, theGlobal Business Network, and theLong Now Foundation. He is the author of several books, most recentlyWhole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto. Life Brand was born inRockford, Illinois, and attendedPhillips Exeter Academyin New Hampshire. He studiedbiologyatStanford University, graduating in 1960.As a soldier in theU.S. Army, he was aparachutistand taughtinfantryskills; he later expressed the view that his experience in the military had fostered his competence in organizing.A civilian again in 1962, he studied design atSan Francisco Art Institute, photography atSan Francisco State College, and participated in a legitimate scientific study of then-legalLSDwithMyron Stolaroff's International Foundation for Advanced Study, inMenlo Park, California.In 1966, he marriedmathematicianLois Jennings, anOttawaNative American. Brand has lived in California since the 1960s. He and his second wife live onMirene, a 64-foot (20 m)-long workingtugboat. Built in 1912, the boat is moored in a former shipyard inSausalito, California.He works inMary Heartline, a grounded fishing boat about 100 yards (90 metres) away.One of his favorite items is a table on whichOtis Reddingis said to have written \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" (Brand acquired it from an antiques dealer in Sausalito). USCO and Merry Pranksters By the mid-1960s, Brand became associated with New York multimedia groupUSCOand Bay Area authorKen Keseyand hisMerry Pranksters. Brand co-produced the1966 Trips Festival, an early effort blending rock music andlight shows, with Kesey andRamón Sender Barayón. The Trips Festival was among the firstGrateful Deadperformances in San Francisco. An estimated 10,000hippiesattended, andHaight-Ashburysoon emerged as the epicenter of an emerging counterculture, with theSummer of Lovein 1967.Tom Wolfeincludes Brand in his 1968 bookThe Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. NASA images of Earth In 1966, while on anLSDtrip on the roof of his house inNorth Beach, San Francisco, Brand became convinced that seeing an image of the whole Earth would change how we think about the planet and ourselves.He then campaigned to haveNASArelease the then-rumored satellite image of the entire Earth as seen from space. He sold and distributed buttons for 25 cents each,asking, \"Why haven't we seen a photograph of the whole Earth yet?\"During this campaign, Brand metRichard Buckminster Fuller, who offered to help Brand with his projects.In 1967, a satellite,ATS-3, took the photo. Brand thought the image of our planet would be a powerful symbol; it adorned the first (Fall 1968) edition of theWhole Earth Catalog.Later in 1968, NASA astronautBill Anderstook an Earth photo,Earthrise, from Moon orbit, which became the front image of the spring 1969 edition of theCatalog. 1970 saw the first celebration ofEarth Day.During a 2003 interview, Brand explained that the image \"gave the sense that Earth's an island, surrounded by a lot of inhospitable space. And it's so graphic, this little blue, white, green and brown jewel-like icon amongst a quite featureless black vacuum.\" Douglas Engelbart In late 1968, Brand assisted electrical engineerDouglas Engelbartwiththe Mother of All Demos, a presentation of many revolutionary computer technologies (includinghypertext, email, and themouse) to theFall Joint Computer Conferencein San Francisco. Brand surmised that given the necessary consciousness, information, and tools, human beings could reshape the world they had made (and were making) for themselves into something environmentally and socially sustainable.: 42 Whole Earth Catalog During the late 1960s and early 1970s, about 10 million Americans were involved in livingcommunally.In 1968, using the most basic approaches totypesettingand page layout, Brand and his colleagues created issue number one of theWhole Earth Catalog, employing the subtitle \"access to tools\".: 48Early editions of theWhole Earth Catalogwere published by thePortola Institute.Brand and his wife, Lois, traveled to communes in a 1963 Dodge truck known as theWhole Earth Truck Store, which moved to a storefront inMenlo Park, California.That first oversizedCatalog, and its successors in the 1970s and later, reckoned a wide assortment of things could serve as useful \"tools\": books, maps, garden implements, specialized clothing, carpenters' andmasons' tools, forestry gear, tents, welding equipment, professional journals, early synthesizers, and personal computers. Brand invited \"reviews\" (written in the form of a letter to a friend) of the best of these items from experts in specific fields. The information also described where these things could be located or purchased. TheCatalog's publication coincided with the great wave of social and cultural experimentation, convention-breaking, and \"do it yourself\" attitude associated with the \"counterculture\". TheWhole Earth Cataloghad widespread influence within the ruralback-to-the-land movementof the 1970s, and the communities movement within many cities throughout the United States, Canada, and Australia. The 1972 edition sold 1.5 million copies, winning the first U.S.National Book Awardin theContemporary Affairscategory. Steve Jobsended his 2005 commencement address atStanford Universityby acknowledging both Stewart Brand and theWhole Earth Catalog, quoting its farewell message: \"Stay hungry. Stay foolish\". CoEvolution Quarterly To continue this work and also to publish full-length articles on specific topics in the natural sciences and invention, in numerous areas of the arts and thesocial sciences, and on the contemporary scene in general, Brand foundedCoEvolution Quarterlyin 1974, aimed primarily at educated laypeople.Brand never better revealed his opinions and reason for hope than when he ran, inCoEvolution Quarterly#4, a transcription of technology historianLewis Mumford's talk \"The Next Transformation of Man\", in which he stated that \"man has still within him sufficient resources to alter the direction of modern civilization, for we then need no longer regard man as the passive victim of his own irreversible technological development\". The content ofCoEvolution Quarterlyoften includedfuturismor risqué topics. Besides giving space to unknown writers with something to say, Brand presented articles by many respected authors and thinkers, including Mumford,Howard T. Odum,Witold Rybczynski,Karl Hess,Orville Schell,Ivan Illich,Wendell Berry,Ursula K. Le Guin,Gregory Bateson,Amory Lovins,Hazel Henderson,Gary Snyder,Lynn Margulis,Eric Drexler,Gerard K. O'Neill,Peter Calthorpe,Sim Van der Ryn,Paul Hawken,John Todd,Kevin Kelly, andDonella Meadows. In the ensuing years, Brand authored and edited a number of books on topics as diverse as computer-based media, the life history of buildings, and ideas aboutspace colonies. He founded theWhole Earth Software Review, a supplement to theWhole Earth Software Catalog,in 1984. It merged withCoEvolution Quarterlyto form theWhole Earth Reviewin 1985. California government From 1977 to 1979, Brand served as \"special advisor\" to the administration of California GovernorJerry Brown. The WELL In 1985, Brand andLarry Brilliantfoundedthe WELL(\"Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link\"), a prototypical, wide-ranging online community for informed participants the world over.The WELL won the 1990 Best Online Publication Award from theComputer Press Association. All Species Foundation In 2000, Brand helped launch theAll Species Foundation,which aimed to catalog all species of life on Earth.The project ceased functioning in 2007, transferring its mission to theEncyclopedia of Life. Global Business Network During 1986, Brand was a visiting scientist at theMIT Media Lab. Soon after, he became a private-conference organizer for such corporations asRoyal Dutch Shell,Volvo, andAT&T. In 1988, he became a co‑founder of theGlobal Business Network, which became involved with the evolution and application ofscenario thinking, planning, and complementary strategic tools.For fourteen years, Brand was on the board of theSanta Fe Institute(founded in 1984), an organization devoted to \"fostering amultidisciplinaryscientific research community pursuing frontier science\". He has also continued to promote the preservation of tracts of wilderness. Whole Earth Discipline TheWhole Earth Catalogimplied an ideal of humanprogressthat depended on decentralized, personal, and liberating technological development—so‑called \"soft technology\". However, in 2005, Brand criticized aspects of the international environmental ideology he had helped to develop. He wrote an article called \"Environmental Heresies\"in the May 2005 issue of theMITTechnology Review, in which he described what he considered necessary changes to environmentalism. He suggested, among other things, that environmentalists embracenuclear powerandgenetically modified organismsas technologies with more promise than risk. Brand later developed these ideas into a book and publishedWhole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifestoin 2009. The book examines how urbanization, nuclear power,genetic engineering,geoengineering, and wildlife restoration can be used as powerful tools in humanity's ongoing fight againstglobal warming. In a 2019 interview, Brand described his perspective as \"post-libertarian\", indicating that at the time when theWhole Earth Catalogwas being written, he did not fully understand the significance of the role of government in the development of technology and engineering.In his environmental position, he self-describes as an \"eco-pragmatist\". Long Now Foundation Brand is co‑chair and president of the board of directors of theLong Now Foundationand chairs the foundation'sSeminars About Long-term Thinking. This series on long-term thinking has presented a range of speakers, includingBrian Eno,Neal Stephenson,Vernor Vinge,Philip Rosedale,Jimmy Wales,Kevin Kelly,Clay Shirky,Ray Kurzweil,Bruce Sterling, andCory Doctorow. The Long Now Foundation has worked withJeff Bezosto build the 10,000 Year Clock. Brand is the subject of the 2021 documentary filmWe Are As Gods. Works Stewart Brandis the initiator or was involved with the development of the following: Publications Books As editor or co-editor See also References Further reading External links"
] | [
"Elizabeth Ann Elizabeth Ann(born December 10, 2020) is ablack-footed ferret, the first U.S. endangered species to becloned. The animal was cloned using the frozen cells from Willa, a black-footed female ferret who died in the 1980sand had no living descendants. Black-footed ferrets are the only ferret species native to the United States.The black-footed ferret is one of the most endangered and rarest land mammals in North America; a small pack of them was found in Wyoming in 1981.The limited genetic diversity found among the pack put the species at risk. Scientists sent genetic material from Willa toSan Diego Zoo’s Frozen Zoo in 1988. Willa's egg was implanted in a surrogate domestic ferret in November 2020, to avoid putting an endangered ferret at risk.Elizabeth Ann was delivered viac-sectionon December 10. The efforts were led byRevive & Restore, a biodiversity non-profit. Elizabeth Ann will live inColoradoand be studied for scientific purposes; she will not bereleased into the wild.As of February 2022,",
"of February 2022, Elizabeth Ann has reached puberty and scientists were looking for a viable mate. A panel discussion, organized by the Draper Natural History Museum in October 2022, informed the public that Elizabeth Ann had ahysterectomyfor unspecified reasons, but also that other clones were on their way. In April 2024, theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Serviceannounced the birth of two new black-footed ferret clones, Noreen and Antonia, who were cloned from the same genetic material as Elizabeth Ann. Noreen was born at the National Black-footed Ferret Conservation Center in Colorado, while Antonia resides at the Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute in Virginia. Both were healthy and reaching expected developmental and behavioral milestones. The Service and its research partners plan to breed Noreen and Antonia once they reach reproductive maturity later in 2024. Elizabeth Ann remained healthy but was unable to breed due to a condition called hydrometra, which is not believed to be linked",
"to be linked to cloning. References This article about acarnivoranis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Revive & Restore Revive & Restoreis a nonprofit wildlife conservation organization focused on use ofbiotechnologyinconservation. Headquartered inSausalito, California, the organization's mission is to enhancebiodiversitythrough the genetic rescue ofendangeredandextinctspecies.The organization was founded byStewart Brandand his wife, Ryan Phelan. Revive & Restore has created a \"Genetic Rescue Toolkit\" for wildlife conservation – a suite of biotechnology tools adapted from human medicine and commercial agriculture that can improve wildlife conservation outcomes.The toolkit includesbiobankingand cell culturing,genetic sequencing, and advanced reproductive technologies, such ascloning. The toolkit complements traditional conservation practices, such ascaptive breedingandhabitat restoration. Revive & Restore has caused controversy. In particular, Brand's work in de-extinction has been characterized as \"playing god\" and criticized for taking time and money away from traditional conservation efforts.In addition,",
"addition, many are concerned by the concept ofcloning, even in the context of conservation. History Revive & Restore was co-founded in 2012 byStewart Brandand Ryan Phelan with the idea of bringing biotechnology solutions to conservation.The group was incubated by theLong Now Foundationuntil 2017, when it became an independent501(c)(3) organization. In 2013 Revive & Restore organized the first public meeting on de-extinction.Their founding projects include the de-extinction of thepassenger pigeon,heath hen,andwoolly mammoth.Since then, Revive & Restore has established partnerships with research institutions, governmental agencies, and conservation organizations on a broad range of genetic rescue programs. Revive & Restore is a member of theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) and has long-standing partnerships with theUS Fish & Wildlife Service,The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance,Morris Animal Foundation, andViaGen Pets & Equine, among others. Programs Advanced Coral Toolkit The Advanced Coral",
"The Advanced Coral Toolkit supports research teams in the development and field testing of biotechnologies that benefit coral reef management and restoration efforts. Projects include coral cryopreservation methods for large scalebiobankingand fieldable devices for measuring genetic information or molecular signals associated with coral stress.Launched in 2019, the program has funded 10 research teams. Wild Genomes Wild Genomes is a funding program to provide genomic tools to field scientists, wildlife managers, and citizens working to protect their local biodiversity. As of 2023, Wild Genomes has funded 30 individual projects. Program categories include Terrestrial Species, Marine Species, Amphibians,and Kelp Ecosystems Cloning for conservation To help mitigateinbreeding depressionfor two endangered species, theblack-footed ferret(Mustela nigripes)andPrzewalski's horse(Equus ferus przewalskii), Revive & Restore facilitates on-going efforts to clone individuals from historic cell lines stored at the San",
"stored at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo. On December 10, 2020, the world's first clonedblack-footed ferretwas born. This ferret, named Elizabeth Ann, marked the first time a U.S. endangered species was successfully cloned. On August 6, 2020, the world's first clonedPrzewalski’s horsewas born.Since theoocyteused was from a domestic horse, this was an example of interspeciessomatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT).In 2022, the horse, named Kurt, was paired with a female Przewalski's horse at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Safari Park to learn the behaviors of his species.On February 17, 2023, a second cloned Przewalski's horse was born from the same historic cell line.Kurt and the new foal are genetic twins that may become the first cloned animals to restore lost genetic variation to their species. Intended Consequences Initiative In 2020, Revive & Restore developed a campaign around the concept of \"Intended Consequences\" – focusing on the benefits of conservation interventions, as opposed to focusing",
"opposed to focusing on the fears of unintended consequences.That year, Revive & Restore hosted a virtual workshop that resulted in the publication of a special issue in the journalConservation Science and Practice. References External links",
"Stewart Brand Stewart Brand(born December 14, 1938) is an American project developer and writer, best known as the co-founder and editor of theWhole Earth Catalog. He has founded a number of organizations, includingthe WELL, theGlobal Business Network, and theLong Now Foundation. He is the author of several books, most recentlyWhole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto. Life Brand was born inRockford, Illinois, and attendedPhillips Exeter Academyin New Hampshire. He studiedbiologyatStanford University, graduating in 1960.As a soldier in theU.S. Army, he was aparachutistand taughtinfantryskills; he later expressed the view that his experience in the military had fostered his competence in organizing.A civilian again in 1962, he studied design atSan Francisco Art Institute, photography atSan Francisco State College, and participated in a legitimate scientific study of then-legalLSDwithMyron Stolaroff's International Foundation for Advanced Study, inMenlo Park, California.In 1966, he",
"1966, he marriedmathematicianLois Jennings, anOttawaNative American. Brand has lived in California since the 1960s. He and his second wife live onMirene, a 64-foot (20 m)-long workingtugboat. Built in 1912, the boat is moored in a former shipyard inSausalito, California.He works inMary Heartline, a grounded fishing boat about 100 yards (90 metres) away.One of his favorite items is a table on whichOtis Reddingis said to have written \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" (Brand acquired it from an antiques dealer in Sausalito). USCO and Merry Pranksters By the mid-1960s, Brand became associated with New York multimedia groupUSCOand Bay Area authorKen Keseyand hisMerry Pranksters. Brand co-produced the1966 Trips Festival, an early effort blending rock music andlight shows, with Kesey andRamón Sender Barayón. The Trips Festival was among the firstGrateful Deadperformances in San Francisco. An estimated 10,000hippiesattended, andHaight-Ashburysoon emerged as the epicenter of an emerging counterculture, with",
"with theSummer of Lovein 1967.Tom Wolfeincludes Brand in his 1968 bookThe Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. NASA images of Earth In 1966, while on anLSDtrip on the roof of his house inNorth Beach, San Francisco, Brand became convinced that seeing an image of the whole Earth would change how we think about the planet and ourselves.He then campaigned to haveNASArelease the then-rumored satellite image of the entire Earth as seen from space. He sold and distributed buttons for 25 cents each,asking, \"Why haven't we seen a photograph of the whole Earth yet?\"During this campaign, Brand metRichard Buckminster Fuller, who offered to help Brand with his projects.In 1967, a satellite,ATS-3, took the photo. Brand thought the image of our planet would be a powerful symbol; it adorned the first (Fall 1968) edition of theWhole Earth Catalog.Later in 1968, NASA astronautBill Anderstook an Earth photo,Earthrise, from Moon orbit, which became the front image of the spring 1969 edition of theCatalog. 1970 saw the first celebration",
"first celebration ofEarth Day.During a 2003 interview, Brand explained that the image \"gave the sense that Earth's an island, surrounded by a lot of inhospitable space. And it's so graphic, this little blue, white, green and brown jewel-like icon amongst a quite featureless black vacuum.\" Douglas Engelbart In late 1968, Brand assisted electrical engineerDouglas Engelbartwiththe Mother of All Demos, a presentation of many revolutionary computer technologies (includinghypertext, email, and themouse) to theFall Joint Computer Conferencein San Francisco. Brand surmised that given the necessary consciousness, information, and tools, human beings could reshape the world they had made (and were making) for themselves into something environmentally and socially sustainable.: 42 Whole Earth Catalog During the late 1960s and early 1970s, about 10 million Americans were involved in livingcommunally.In 1968, using the most basic approaches totypesettingand page layout, Brand and his colleagues created issue number one",
"issue number one of theWhole Earth Catalog, employing the subtitle \"access to tools\".: 48Early editions of theWhole Earth Catalogwere published by thePortola Institute.Brand and his wife, Lois, traveled to communes in a 1963 Dodge truck known as theWhole Earth Truck Store, which moved to a storefront inMenlo Park, California.That first oversizedCatalog, and its successors in the 1970s and later, reckoned a wide assortment of things could serve as useful \"tools\": books, maps, garden implements, specialized clothing, carpenters' andmasons' tools, forestry gear, tents, welding equipment, professional journals, early synthesizers, and personal computers. Brand invited \"reviews\" (written in the form of a letter to a friend) of the best of these items from experts in specific fields. The information also described where these things could be located or purchased. TheCatalog's publication coincided with the great wave of social and cultural experimentation, convention-breaking, and \"do it yourself\" attitude",
"yourself\" attitude associated with the \"counterculture\". TheWhole Earth Cataloghad widespread influence within the ruralback-to-the-land movementof the 1970s, and the communities movement within many cities throughout the United States, Canada, and Australia. The 1972 edition sold 1.5 million copies, winning the first U.S.National Book Awardin theContemporary Affairscategory. Steve Jobsended his 2005 commencement address atStanford Universityby acknowledging both Stewart Brand and theWhole Earth Catalog, quoting its farewell message: \"Stay hungry. Stay foolish\". CoEvolution Quarterly To continue this work and also to publish full-length articles on specific topics in the natural sciences and invention, in numerous areas of the arts and thesocial sciences, and on the contemporary scene in general, Brand foundedCoEvolution Quarterlyin 1974, aimed primarily at educated laypeople.Brand never better revealed his opinions and reason for hope than when he ran, inCoEvolution Quarterly#4, a transcription of",
"a transcription of technology historianLewis Mumford's talk \"The Next Transformation of Man\", in which he stated that \"man has still within him sufficient resources to alter the direction of modern civilization, for we then need no longer regard man as the passive victim of his own irreversible technological development\". The content ofCoEvolution Quarterlyoften includedfuturismor risqué topics. Besides giving space to unknown writers with something to say, Brand presented articles by many respected authors and thinkers, including Mumford,Howard T. Odum,Witold Rybczynski,Karl Hess,Orville Schell,Ivan Illich,Wendell Berry,Ursula K. Le Guin,Gregory Bateson,Amory Lovins,Hazel Henderson,Gary Snyder,Lynn Margulis,Eric Drexler,Gerard K. O'Neill,Peter Calthorpe,Sim Van der Ryn,Paul Hawken,John Todd,Kevin Kelly, andDonella Meadows. In the ensuing years, Brand authored and edited a number of books on topics as diverse as computer-based media, the life history of buildings, and ideas aboutspace colonies. He founded",
"He founded theWhole Earth Software Review, a supplement to theWhole Earth Software Catalog,in 1984. It merged withCoEvolution Quarterlyto form theWhole Earth Reviewin 1985. California government From 1977 to 1979, Brand served as \"special advisor\" to the administration of California GovernorJerry Brown. The WELL In 1985, Brand andLarry Brilliantfoundedthe WELL(\"Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link\"), a prototypical, wide-ranging online community for informed participants the world over.The WELL won the 1990 Best Online Publication Award from theComputer Press Association. All Species Foundation In 2000, Brand helped launch theAll Species Foundation,which aimed to catalog all species of life on Earth.The project ceased functioning in 2007, transferring its mission to theEncyclopedia of Life. Global Business Network During 1986, Brand was a visiting scientist at theMIT Media Lab. Soon after, he became a private-conference organizer for such corporations asRoyal Dutch Shell,Volvo, andAT&T. In 1988, he became a",
"1988, he became a co‑founder of theGlobal Business Network, which became involved with the evolution and application ofscenario thinking, planning, and complementary strategic tools.For fourteen years, Brand was on the board of theSanta Fe Institute(founded in 1984), an organization devoted to \"fostering amultidisciplinaryscientific research community pursuing frontier science\". He has also continued to promote the preservation of tracts of wilderness. Whole Earth Discipline TheWhole Earth Catalogimplied an ideal of humanprogressthat depended on decentralized, personal, and liberating technological development—so‑called \"soft technology\". However, in 2005, Brand criticized aspects of the international environmental ideology he had helped to develop. He wrote an article called \"Environmental Heresies\"in the May 2005 issue of theMITTechnology Review, in which he described what he considered necessary changes to environmentalism. He suggested, among other things, that environmentalists embracenuclear",
"embracenuclear powerandgenetically modified organismsas technologies with more promise than risk. Brand later developed these ideas into a book and publishedWhole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifestoin 2009. The book examines how urbanization, nuclear power,genetic engineering,geoengineering, and wildlife restoration can be used as powerful tools in humanity's ongoing fight againstglobal warming. In a 2019 interview, Brand described his perspective as \"post-libertarian\", indicating that at the time when theWhole Earth Catalogwas being written, he did not fully understand the significance of the role of government in the development of technology and engineering.In his environmental position, he self-describes as an \"eco-pragmatist\". Long Now Foundation Brand is co‑chair and president of the board of directors of theLong Now Foundationand chairs the foundation'sSeminars About Long-term Thinking. This series on long-term thinking has presented a range of speakers, includingBrian Eno,Neal",
"Eno,Neal Stephenson,Vernor Vinge,Philip Rosedale,Jimmy Wales,Kevin Kelly,Clay Shirky,Ray Kurzweil,Bruce Sterling, andCory Doctorow. The Long Now Foundation has worked withJeff Bezosto build the 10,000 Year Clock. Brand is the subject of the 2021 documentary filmWe Are As Gods. Works Stewart Brandis the initiator or was involved with the development of the following: Publications Books As editor or co-editor See also References Further reading External links"
] |
The incorporation of this company happened in the same year titled on Taylor Swift 5th studio album. It was incorporated by a man born in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan that worked with the illustrator who largely designed the original 151 Pokémon. What is “this company”? | Game Freak | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Tajiri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon (NOT REQUIRED, BUT HELPFUL) | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(album)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Tajiri', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon (NOT REQUIRED, BUT HELPFUL) '] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(album",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Tajiri",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon (NOT REQUIRED, BUT HELPFUL) "
] | [
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(album",
"Satoshi Tajiri Satoshi Tajiri(Japanese:田尻 智,Hepburn:Tajiri Satoshi, born August 28, 1965)is a Japanese videogame designeranddirectorwho is the creator of thePokémonfranchise and the co-founder and president of video game developerGame Freak. A fan ofarcade gamesin his youth, Tajiri wrote for and edited his own video gamingfanzineGame FreakwithKen Sugimori, before evolving it into a development company of the same name. Tajiri claims that the joining of twoGame Boysvia a link cable inspired him to create a game which embodied the collection and companionship of his childhood hobby,insect collecting. The game, which becamePokémon RedandPokémon Green, took six years to complete and went on to spark a multibillion-dollar franchise which reinvigoratedNintendo'shandheld gamingscene. Tajiri continued to work as director for thePokémonseries until the development ofPokémon RubyandSapphire, when he changed his role to executive producer, which he holds to this day. Tajiri has also worked for other Game Freak projects. He was also an executive producer on the live-action filmDetective Pikachu. Early life Satoshi Tajiri was born on August 28, 1965, inSetagaya,Tokyo.Tajiri grew up inMachida, Tokyo, which at the time still maintained a rural atmosphereand was rapidly growing.As a child, Tajiri enjoyedinsect collectingas a hobby, which would be an inspiration for his later video game work.Other children called him \"Dr. Bug\",and he wanted to become anentomologist.As urban areas of Japan spread and more land was paved over, habitats for hunting bugs were lost. Tajiri wanted his games to allow children to have the feeling of catching and collecting creatures as he had. He became fascinated witharcade gamesas a teenager, though his parents thought he was adelinquentfor this pastime.He particularly enjoyed playingTaito'sSpace Invaders(1978), which drew him into other video games.Space Invadersgot him interested in video games; after playingSpace Invadersand itsvideo game clones, he wanted to make his own sequel toSpace Invaders. He was also inspired byNamco gamesdesigned around a single specific action, notablyDig Dug(1982).His interest eventually evolved into attempting to plan his own games. He took hisFamicomapart to see how it worked, and won a contest for a video game idea sponsored bySega. Because of his fascination with video games, Tajiri frequentlycut classes. He took make-up classes and eventually earned his high school diploma.Tajiri did not attend university, but instead attended a two-year technical degree program at the National Institute of Technology, Tokyo College, where he majored in electronics and computer science. Career Tajiri wrote and edited afanzinecalledGame Freakfrom 1981 to 1986, focusing on the arcade game scene.It was handwritten and stapled together. Satoshi created theGame Freakfanzine to help gamers with winning strategies and lists ofeaster eggs. The highest selling issue, at more than 10,000 copies, details how to get a high score inXevious.Ken Sugimori, who later illustrated the first 151 Pokémon, saw the magazine at adōjinshishop, and became its illustrator.As more contributors came toGame Freak, Tajiri began to realize that most games were lacking in quality, and he and Sugimori decided the solution was to make their own games.Tajiri studied theFamily BASICgame programming package, to better grasp the concepts of Famicom game design. He then purchased the requisite hardware for game development.Tajiri and Sugimori evolved the magazine into the video game development companyGame Freakin 1989.Soon after, the two pitched their first game, anarcade-style game calledQuinty, toNamco, who published the game.Tajiri also wrote as a freelance writer for the magazineFamicom Hisshōbon, later calledHippon,and reviewed arcade games forFamily Computer MagazineandFamicom Tsūshin. Tajiri first conceived the idea ofPokémonin 1990.The idea came together after he saw aGame Boyand the ability to communicate between Game Boys,and Tajiri decidedPokémonmade the most sense on the handheld console. When he thought about the link cable being able to interact with two Game Boys, he envisioned bugs crawling back and forth, recalling his childhood love of bug collecting.Tajiri advanced the connectivity betweenhandheld game consolesbeyondTetrisstyle competition, by suggesting thatGame Boyscould use theirlink cablesto trade collectibles. When he first pitched the idea ofPokémontoNintendostaff, they could not quite grasp the concept, but were impressed enough with Tajiri's game design reputation that they decided to explore it.Shigeru Miyamotobegan to mentor Tajiri, guiding him during the creation process.Pokémon RedandGreentook six years to produce, and nearly bankrupted Game Freak in the process; often, there was barely enough money to pay the employees.Five employees quit, and Tajiri did not take a salary, instead living off of his father's income.Investment fromCreatures Inc.allowed Game Freak to complete the games, and in return, Creatures received one-third of the franchise rights. Between the approval and completion stages of the project, Tajiri assisted in the design of twoMariospin-off games for Nintendo:Yoshiand the Japanese-only releaseMario & Wario.He also worked on 1994'sPulsemanforSega. Once the games were completed, very few media outlets gave it attention, believing the Game Boy was a dead console; a general lack of interest of merchandising convinced Tajiri that Nintendo would reject the games.ThePokémongames were not expected to do well, but sales steadily increased until the series found itself amongNintendo's top franchises.Rumors of a hidden Pokémon creature namedMew, which could only be obtained by exploiting programming errors, increased interest in the game.Tajiri had included Mew in the game in order to promote trading and interaction between players, but Nintendo was not aware of the creature upon release.The franchise helpedNintendo's waning sales.Tajiri deliberately toned down violence in his games. In this vein, he designed Pokémon creatures to faint rather than die upon their defeat, as he believed it was unhealthy for children to equate the concept of death with losing a game.After the completion and release ofRedandGreenin Japan, Tajiri later worked on 1997'sBushi Seiryūden: Futari no Yūsha.Tajiri continues to be involved in the more modernPokémongames as well. ForPokémon FireRedandLeafGreen, he supervised the process from start to finish and approved all the text.While developing games, Tajiri works irregular hours, often laboring 24 hours at a time and resting 12 hours. Inspirations Tajiri citesShigeru Miyamotoas a major influence, thinking of him as a sort of mentor. For this reason, his developmental style closely matches that of Miyamoto.In the Japanese version of thePokémonanime, the main character is named Satoshi (Ash Ketchumin the English version), and his rival is Shigeru (Gary Oak in the English version). Tajiri drew much of his inspiration from old Japanese shows and anime,includingGodzillaandUltraman.He has stated that if he did not design video games, he would most likely be in theanimefield. Awards and recognition IGNnamed Tajiri one of the top 100 game creators of all time, mainly for his ability to have builtPokémoninto a \"worldwide phenomenon\".Electronic Gaming Monthlycredited Tajiri as one of the 10 most influential people who made the modern video game market.Video game magazineEdgeplaced Tajiri on their list of the \"Hot 100 Game Developers of 2008\".Tajiri, alongsideTsunekazu Ishihara, received the Special Award from theComputer Entertainment Developers Conferencein 2011.The Economisthas describedPokémonas \"Japan's most successful export.\" Works Games Filmography Bibliography See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(NOT_REQUIRED,_BUT_HELPFUL)"
] | [
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(album",
"Satoshi Tajiri Satoshi Tajiri(Japanese:田尻 智,Hepburn:Tajiri Satoshi, born August 28, 1965)is a Japanese videogame designeranddirectorwho is the creator of thePokémonfranchise and the co-founder and president of video game developerGame Freak. A fan ofarcade gamesin his youth, Tajiri wrote for and edited his own video gamingfanzineGame FreakwithKen Sugimori, before evolving it into a development company of the same name. Tajiri claims that the joining of twoGame Boysvia a link cable inspired him to create a game which embodied the collection and companionship of his childhood hobby,insect collecting. The game, which becamePokémon RedandPokémon Green, took six years to complete and went on to spark a multibillion-dollar franchise which reinvigoratedNintendo'shandheld gamingscene. Tajiri continued to work as director for thePokémonseries until the development ofPokémon RubyandSapphire, when he changed his role to executive producer, which he holds to this day. Tajiri has also worked for other Game Freak projects.",
"Freak projects. He was also an executive producer on the live-action filmDetective Pikachu. Early life Satoshi Tajiri was born on August 28, 1965, inSetagaya,Tokyo.Tajiri grew up inMachida, Tokyo, which at the time still maintained a rural atmosphereand was rapidly growing.As a child, Tajiri enjoyedinsect collectingas a hobby, which would be an inspiration for his later video game work.Other children called him \"Dr. Bug\",and he wanted to become anentomologist.As urban areas of Japan spread and more land was paved over, habitats for hunting bugs were lost. Tajiri wanted his games to allow children to have the feeling of catching and collecting creatures as he had. He became fascinated witharcade gamesas a teenager, though his parents thought he was adelinquentfor this pastime.He particularly enjoyed playingTaito'sSpace Invaders(1978), which drew him into other video games.Space Invadersgot him interested in video games; after playingSpace Invadersand itsvideo game clones, he wanted to make his own sequel",
"make his own sequel toSpace Invaders. He was also inspired byNamco gamesdesigned around a single specific action, notablyDig Dug(1982).His interest eventually evolved into attempting to plan his own games. He took hisFamicomapart to see how it worked, and won a contest for a video game idea sponsored bySega. Because of his fascination with video games, Tajiri frequentlycut classes. He took make-up classes and eventually earned his high school diploma.Tajiri did not attend university, but instead attended a two-year technical degree program at the National Institute of Technology, Tokyo College, where he majored in electronics and computer science. Career Tajiri wrote and edited afanzinecalledGame Freakfrom 1981 to 1986, focusing on the arcade game scene.It was handwritten and stapled together. Satoshi created theGame Freakfanzine to help gamers with winning strategies and lists ofeaster eggs. The highest selling issue, at more than 10,000 copies, details how to get a high score inXevious.Ken Sugimori, who",
"Sugimori, who later illustrated the first 151 Pokémon, saw the magazine at adōjinshishop, and became its illustrator.As more contributors came toGame Freak, Tajiri began to realize that most games were lacking in quality, and he and Sugimori decided the solution was to make their own games.Tajiri studied theFamily BASICgame programming package, to better grasp the concepts of Famicom game design. He then purchased the requisite hardware for game development.Tajiri and Sugimori evolved the magazine into the video game development companyGame Freakin 1989.Soon after, the two pitched their first game, anarcade-style game calledQuinty, toNamco, who published the game.Tajiri also wrote as a freelance writer for the magazineFamicom Hisshōbon, later calledHippon,and reviewed arcade games forFamily Computer MagazineandFamicom Tsūshin. Tajiri first conceived the idea ofPokémonin 1990.The idea came together after he saw aGame Boyand the ability to communicate between Game Boys,and Tajiri decidedPokémonmade the most",
"the most sense on the handheld console. When he thought about the link cable being able to interact with two Game Boys, he envisioned bugs crawling back and forth, recalling his childhood love of bug collecting.Tajiri advanced the connectivity betweenhandheld game consolesbeyondTetrisstyle competition, by suggesting thatGame Boyscould use theirlink cablesto trade collectibles. When he first pitched the idea ofPokémontoNintendostaff, they could not quite grasp the concept, but were impressed enough with Tajiri's game design reputation that they decided to explore it.Shigeru Miyamotobegan to mentor Tajiri, guiding him during the creation process.Pokémon RedandGreentook six years to produce, and nearly bankrupted Game Freak in the process; often, there was barely enough money to pay the employees.Five employees quit, and Tajiri did not take a salary, instead living off of his father's income.Investment fromCreatures Inc.allowed Game Freak to complete the games, and in return, Creatures received one-third of the",
"one-third of the franchise rights. Between the approval and completion stages of the project, Tajiri assisted in the design of twoMariospin-off games for Nintendo:Yoshiand the Japanese-only releaseMario & Wario.He also worked on 1994'sPulsemanforSega. Once the games were completed, very few media outlets gave it attention, believing the Game Boy was a dead console; a general lack of interest of merchandising convinced Tajiri that Nintendo would reject the games.ThePokémongames were not expected to do well, but sales steadily increased until the series found itself amongNintendo's top franchises.Rumors of a hidden Pokémon creature namedMew, which could only be obtained by exploiting programming errors, increased interest in the game.Tajiri had included Mew in the game in order to promote trading and interaction between players, but Nintendo was not aware of the creature upon release.The franchise helpedNintendo's waning sales.Tajiri deliberately toned down violence in his games. In this vein, he designed",
"vein, he designed Pokémon creatures to faint rather than die upon their defeat, as he believed it was unhealthy for children to equate the concept of death with losing a game.After the completion and release ofRedandGreenin Japan, Tajiri later worked on 1997'sBushi Seiryūden: Futari no Yūsha.Tajiri continues to be involved in the more modernPokémongames as well. ForPokémon FireRedandLeafGreen, he supervised the process from start to finish and approved all the text.While developing games, Tajiri works irregular hours, often laboring 24 hours at a time and resting 12 hours. Inspirations Tajiri citesShigeru Miyamotoas a major influence, thinking of him as a sort of mentor. For this reason, his developmental style closely matches that of Miyamoto.In the Japanese version of thePokémonanime, the main character is named Satoshi (Ash Ketchumin the English version), and his rival is Shigeru (Gary Oak in the English version). Tajiri drew much of his inspiration from old Japanese shows and",
"Japanese shows and anime,includingGodzillaandUltraman.He has stated that if he did not design video games, he would most likely be in theanimefield. Awards and recognition IGNnamed Tajiri one of the top 100 game creators of all time, mainly for his ability to have builtPokémoninto a \"worldwide phenomenon\".Electronic Gaming Monthlycredited Tajiri as one of the 10 most influential people who made the modern video game market.Video game magazineEdgeplaced Tajiri on their list of the \"Hot 100 Game Developers of 2008\".Tajiri, alongsideTsunekazu Ishihara, received the Special Award from theComputer Entertainment Developers Conferencein 2011.The Economisthas describedPokémonas \"Japan's most successful export.\" Works Games Filmography Bibliography See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(NOT_REQUIRED,_BUT_HELPFUL)"
] |
If we added the sum of all ages as of 2010 (assuming they were still alive) of the inventors of the cotton gin, vacuum pump, and commercial toilet paper (ignoring the month) and then subtracted the ages of the inventors of the safety pin and the sewing machine what number would we have? | 622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#:~:text=A%20cotton%20gin%E2%80%94meaning%20%22cotton,productivity%20than%20manual%20cotton%20separation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gayetty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hunt_(inventor) | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#:~:text=A%20cotton%20gin%E2%80%94meaning%20%22cotton,productivity%20than%20manual%20cotton%20separation.', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gayetty', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hunt_(inventor)'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#:~:text=A%20cotton%20gin%E2%80%94meaning%20%22cotton,productivity%20than%20manual%20cotton%20separation.",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatics",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gayetty",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hunt_(inventor"
] | [
"Cotton gin Acotton gin—meaning \"cottonengine\"—is a machine that quickly and easily separatescottonfibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.The separated seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to producecottonseed oil. Handheld roller gins had been used in theIndian subcontinentsince at earliest AD 500 and then in other regions.The Indian worm-gear roller gin was invented sometime around the 16th centuryand has, according to Lakwete, remained virtually unchanged up to the present time. A modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventorEli Whitneyin 1793 and patented in 1794. Whitney's gin used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through, while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams. It revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States, but also inadvertently led to thegrowth of slaveryin theAmerican South. Whitney's gin made cotton farming more profitableand efficient so plantation owners expanded their plantations and used more of theirslavesto pick cotton. Whitney never invented the machine to harvest cotton: it still had to be picked by hand. The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of theAmerican Civil War.Modern automated cotton gins use multiple powered cleaning cylinders and saws, and offer far higher productivity than their hand-powered precursors. Purpose Cotton fibers are produced in the seed pods (\"bolls\") of thecotton plantwhere the fibers (\"lint\") in the bolls are tightly interwoven with seeds. To make the fibers usable, the seeds and fibers must first be separated, a task which had been previously performed manually, with production of cotton requiring hours of labor for the separation. Many simple seed-removing devices had been invented, but until the innovation of the cotton gin, most required significant operator attention and worked only on a small scale. Mechanism The gin is made with two rotating cylinders. The first cylinder has lines of teeth around the circumference, and angled against this cylinder is a metal plate with small holes, \"ginning ribs\", through which the teeth can fit with minimal gaps. The teeth grip the cotton fibers as the mechanism rotates, dragging them through these small holes. The seeds are too big to fit through the holes, and are thus removed from the rotating cotton by the metal plate, before they fall into a collecting pot. On the other side of the first cylinder, there is a second cylinder, also rotating, with brushes attached. This second cylinder wipes the cotton from the first, and deposits it into the collecting bucket. The seed is reused for planting or is sent to anoil millto be further processed intocottonseed oilandcottonseed meal. The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars, this time to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers. The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and shipping. Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) of cotton per hour. History A single-roller cotton gin came into use in India by the 5th century. An improvement invented in India was the two-roller gin, known as the \"churka\", \"charki\", or \"wooden-worm-worked roller\". Early cotton gins The earliest versions of the cotton gin consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood. The earliest evidence of the cotton gin is found in the fifth century, in the form ofBuddhistpaintings depicting a single-roller gin in theAjanta Cavesin westernIndia.These early gins were difficult to use and required a great deal of skill. A narrow single roller was necessary to expel the seeds from the cotton without crushing the seeds. The design was similar to that of amealing stone, which was used to grind grain. The early history of the cotton gin is ambiguous, because archeologists likely mistook the cotton gin's parts for other tools. Medieval and Early Modern India Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by waterpower. Theworm gearroller gin, which was invented in theIndian subcontinentduring the earlyDelhi Sultanateera of the 13th to 14th centuries, came into use in theMughal Empiresometime around the 16th century,and is still used in the Indian subcontinent through to the present day.Another innovation, the incorporation of thecrankhandle in the cotton gin, first appeared sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.The incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day. If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines, and a few people's labor was used to feed them, they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly. United States The Indian roller cotton gin, known as thechurkaorcharkha, was introduced to the United States in the mid-18th century, when it was adopted in thesouthern United States. The device was adopted for cleaninglong-staple cottonbut was not suitable for theshort-staple cottonthat was more common in certain states such asGeorgia. Several modifications were made to the Indian roller gin by Mr. Krebs in 1772 and Joseph Eve in 1788, but their uses remained limited to the long-staple variety, up until Eli Whitney's development of a short-staple cotton gin in 1793. Eli Whitney's patent Eli Whitney(1765–1825) applied for apatentof his cotton gin on October 28, 1793; the patent was granted on March 14, 1794, but was not validated until 1807. Whitney's patent was assigned patent number 72X.There is slight controversy over whether the idea of the modern cotton gin and its constituent elements are correctly attributed to Eli Whitney. The popular image of Whitney inventing the cotton gin is attributed to an article on the subject written in the early 1870s and later reprinted in 1910 inThe Library of Southern Literature. In this article, the author claimedCatharine Littlefield Greenesuggested to Whitney the use of a brush-like component instrumental in separating out the seeds and cotton. Greene's alleged role in the invention of the gin has not been verified independently. Whitney's cotton gin model was capable of cleaning 50 pounds (23 kg) of lint per day. The model consisted of a wooden cylinder covered by rows of slender wires which caught the fibers of the cotton bolls. Each row of wires then passed through the bars of a comb-like grid, pulling the cotton fibers through the grid as they did.The comb-like teeth of the grids were closely spaced, preventing the seeds, fragments of the hard dried calyx of the original cotton flower, or sticks and other debris attached to the fibers from passing through. A series of brushes on a second rotating cylinder then brushed the now-cleaned fibers loose from the wires, preventing the mechanism from jamming. Many contemporary inventors attempted to develop a design that would processshort staple cotton, and Hodgen Holmes, Robert Watkins,William Longstreet, and John Murray had all been issued patents for improvements to the cotton gin by 1796.However, the evidence indicates Whitney did invent the saw gin, for which he is famous. Although he spent many years in court attempting to enforce his patent against planters who made unauthorized copies, a change in patent law ultimately made his claim legally enforceable – too late for him to make much money from the device in the single year remaining before the patent expired. McCarthy's gin While Whitney's gin facilitated the cleaning of seeds from short-staple cotton, it damaged the fibers of extra-long staple cotton (Gossypium barbadense). In 1840 Fones McCarthy received a patent for a \"Smooth Cylinder Cotton-gin\", a roller gin. McCarthy's gin was marketed for use with both short-staple and extra-long staple cotton but was particularly useful for processing long-staple cotton. After McCarthy's patent expired in 1861, McCarthy type gins were manufactured in Britain and sold around the world.McCarthy's gin was adopted for cleaning the Sea Island variety of extra-long staple cotton grown in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. It cleaned cotton several times faster than the older gins, and, when powered by one horse, produced 150 to 200 pounds of lint a day.The McCarthy gin used a reciprocating knife to detach seed from the lint. Vibration caused by the reciprocating motion limited the speed at which the gin could operate. In the middle of the 20th Century gins using a rotating blade replaced ones using a reciprocating blade. These descendants of the McCarthy gin are the only gins now used for extra-long staple cotton in the United States. Munger system gin For a decade and a half after the end of the Civil War in 1865, a number of innovative features became widely used for ginning in the United States. They included steam power instead of animal power, an automatic feeder to assure that the gin stand ran smoothly, a condenser to make the clean cotton coming out of the gin easier to handle, and indoor presses so that cotton no longer had to be carried across the gin yard to be baled.Then, in 1879, while he was running his father's gin inRutersville, Texas,Robert S. Mungerinvented additional system ginning techniques. Robert and his wife, Mary Collett, later moved toMexia, Texas, built a system gin, and obtained related patents. The Munger System Ginning Outfit (or system gin) integrated all the ginning operation machinery, thus assuring the cotton would flow through the machines smoothly. Such system gins use air to move cotton from machine to machine.Munger's motivation for his inventions included improving employee working conditions in the gin. However, the selling point for most gin owners was the accompanying cost savings while producing cotton both more speedily and of higher quality. By the 1960s, many other advances had been made in ginning machinery, but the manner in which cotton flowed through the gin machinery continued to be the Munger system. Economic Historian William H. Phillips referred to the development of system ginning as \"The Munger Revolution\" in cotton ginning.He wrote, \"The Munger innovations were the culmination of what geographer Charles S. Aiken has termed the second ginning revolution, in which the privately owned plantation gins were replaced by large-scale public ginneries. This revolution, in turn, led to a major restructuring of the cotton gin industry, as the small, scattered gin factories and shops of the nineteenth century gave way to a dwindling number of large twentieth-century corporations designing and constructing entire ginning operations.\" One of the few (and perhaps only) examples of a Munger gin left in existence is on display atFrogmore Plantationin Louisiana. Effects in the United States Prior to the introduction of the mechanical cotton gin, cotton had required considerable labor to clean and separate the fibers from the seeds.With Eli Whitney's gin, cotton became a tremendously profitable business, creating many fortunes in theAntebellum South. Cities such asNew Orleans, Louisiana;Mobile, Alabama;Charleston, South Carolina; andGalveston, Texasbecame major shipping ports, deriving substantial economic benefit from cotton raised throughout the South. Additionally, the greatly expanded supply of cotton created strong demand for textile machinery and improved machine designs that replaced wooden parts with metal. This led to the invention of manymachine toolsin the early 19th century. The invention of the cotton gin caused massive growth in the production of cotton in the United States, concentrated mostly in the South. Cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850. As a result, the region became even more dependent onplantationsthat used black slave labor, with plantation agriculture becoming the largest sector of its economy.While it took a single laborer about ten hours to separate a single pound of fiber from the seeds, a team of two or three slaves using a cotton gin could produce around fifty pounds of cotton in just one day.The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production, increasing from around 700,000 in 1790 to around 3.2 million in 1850.The invention of the cotton gin led to increased demands for slave labor in theAmerican South, reversing the economic decline that had occurred in the region during the late 18th century.The cotton gin thus \"transformed cotton as a crop and the American South into the globe's first agricultural powerhouse\". The invention of the cotton gin led to an increase in the use of slaves on Southern plantations. Because of that inadvertent effect on American slavery, which ensured that the South's economy developed in the direction of plantation-based agriculture (while encouraging the growth of the textile industry elsewhere, such as in the North), the invention of the cotton gin is frequently cited as one of the indirect causes of the American Civil War. Modern cotton gins In modern cotton production, cotton arrives at industrial cotton gins either in trailers, in compressed rectangular \"modules\" weighing up to 10metric tonseach or in polyethylene wrapped round modules similar to a bale of hay produced during the picking process by the most recent generation of cotton pickers. Trailer cotton (i.e. cotton not compressed into modules) arriving at the gin is sucked in via a pipe, approximately 16 inches (41 cm) in diameter, that is swung over the cotton. This pipe is usually manually operated but is increasingly automated in modern cotton plants. The need for trailers to haul the product to the gin has been drastically reduced since the introduction of modules. If the cotton is shipped in modules, the module feeder breaks the modules apart using spiked rollers and extracts the largest pieces of foreign material from the cotton. The module feeder's loose cotton is then sucked into the same starting point as the trailer cotton. The cotton then enters a dryer, which removes excess moisture. The cylinder cleaner uses six or seven rotating, spiked cylinders to break up large clumps of cotton. Finer foreign material, such as soil and leaves, passes through rods or screens for removal. The stick machine usescentrifugal forceto remove larger foreign matter, such as sticks and burrs, while the cotton is held by rapidly rotating saw cylinders. The gin stand uses the teeth of rotating saws to pull the cotton through a series of \"ginning ribs\", which pull the fibers from the seeds which are too large to pass through the ribs. The cleaned seed is then removed from the gin via anauger conveyorsystem. The seed is reused for planting or is sent to anoil millto be further processed intocottonseed oilandcottonseed meal. The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars, this time to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers. The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and shipping. Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) of cotton per hour. Modern cotton gins create a substantial amount of cotton gin residue (CGR) consisting of sticks, leaves, dirt, immature bolls, and cottonseed. Research is currently under way to investigate the use of this waste in producingethanol. Due to fluctuations in the chemical composition in processing, there is difficulty in creating a consistent ethanol process, but there is potential to further maximize the utilization of waste in the cotton production. See also References Notes Bibliography External links",
"Pneumatics Pneumatics(from Greekπνεῦμαpneuma'wind, breath') is the use of gas orpressurized airin mechanical systems. Pneumatic systems used inindustryare commonly powered bycompressed airor compressedinert gases. A centrally located and electrically-poweredcompressorpowerscylinders,air motors,pneumatic actuators, and other pneumatic devices. A pneumatic system controlled through manual or automaticsolenoid valvesis selected when it provides a lower cost, more flexible, or safer alternative toelectric motors, andhydraulic actuators. Pneumatics also has applications indentistry,construction,mining, and other areas. Gases used in pneumatic systems Pneumatic systems in fixed installations, such as factories, use compressed air because a sustainable supply can be made by compressingatmospheric air. The air usually has moisture removed, and a small quantity of oil is added at the compressor to prevent corrosion and lubricate mechanical components. Factory-plumbed pneumatic-power users need not worry about poisonous leakage, as the gas is usually just air. Any compressed gas other than air is an asphyxiation hazard—including nitrogen, which makes up 78% of air. Compressedoxygen(approx. 21% of air) would not asphyxiate, but is not used in pneumatically-powered devices because it is a fire hazard, more expensive, and offers no performance advantage over air. Smaller or stand-alone systems can use other compressed gases that present an asphyxiation hazard, such as nitrogen—often referred to as OFN (oxygen-free nitrogen) when supplied in cylinders. Portable pneumatic tools and small vehicles, such asRobot Warsmachines and other hobbyist applications are often powered by compressedcarbon dioxide, because containers designed to hold it such asSodaStreamcanisters and fire extinguishers are readily available, and thephase changebetween liquid and gas makes it possible to obtain a larger volume of compressed gas from a lighter container than compressed air requires. Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant and can be a freezing hazard if vented improperly. History Although the early history of pneumatics is murky, the field's founder is traditionally traced back toCtesibius of Alexandria\"who worked in the early 3rd century BCE and invented a number of mechanical toys operated by air, water, and steam under pressure.\" Though no documents written by Ctesibius survive, he is thought to have heavily influencedPhilo of Byzantiumwhile writing his work,Mechanical Syntaxis, as well asVitruviusinDe architectura.In the first century BC, the ancient Greek mathematicianHero of Alexandriacompiled recipes for dozens of contraptions in his work, Pneumatics. It has been speculated that much of this work can be attributed to Ctesibius.The pneumatic experiments described in these ancient documents later inspired the Renaissance inventors of thethermoscopeand theair thermometer, devices which relied upon the heating and cooling of air to move a column of water up and down a tube.: 4–5 German physicistOtto von Guericke(1602-1686) invented the vacuum pump, a device that can draw out air or gas from the attached vessel. He demonstrated the vacuum pump to separate the pairs of copper hemispheres using air pressures. The field of pneumatics has changed considerably over the years. It has moved from small handheld devices to large machines with multiple parts that serve different functions. Comparison to hydraulics Both pneumatics andhydraulicsare applications offluid power. Pneumatics uses an easily compressible gas such as air or a suitable pure gas—while hydraulics uses relatively incompressible liquid media such as oil. Most industrial pneumatic applications use pressures of about 80 to 100pounds per square inch(550 to 690kPa). Hydraulics applications commonly use from 1,000 to 5,000 psi (6.9 to 34.5 MPa), but specialized applications may exceed 10,000 psi (69 MPa). Advantages of pneumatics Advantages of hydraulics Pneumatic logic Pneumatic logic systems (sometimes calledair logic control) are sometimes used for controlling industrial processes, consisting of primary logic units like: Pneumatic logic is a reliable and functional control method for industrial processes. In recent years, these systems have largely been replaced by electronic control systems in new installations because of the smaller size, lower cost, greater precision, and more powerful features of digital controls. Pneumatic devices are still used where upgrade cost, or safety factors dominate. Examples of pneumatic systems and components See also Notes References External links",
"Joseph Gayetty Joseph C. Gayetty(c.1827 – May 2, 1895) was an American inventor credited with the invention of commercialtoilet paper.It was the first and remained only one of the few commercial toilet papers from 1857 to 1890 remaining in common use until the invention of splinter-free toilet paper in 1935 by the Northern Tissue Company. Biography Joseph C. Gayetty's origins remain somewhat obscure. The first record with his name is the 1850United States Census, which records that he was born in 1817 inMassachusetts. By 1850 he was living inNew York City, had married Margaret Louisa Bogart and had two young children. That year he was working at apublic house.Ten years later, on the1860 Census, Gayetty had begun his toilet paper business and was listed as being in the \"medicated paper\" industry. By this time he and his wife had 5 children, a personal servant, and a modest personal estate valued at $1000. In the 1860 Census, however, he reports that he was born in 1827 inPennsylvania.Additional records have not been able to clear up his exact birth date or place of birth. Additionally, Gayetty's date and place of death have not been located. Gayetty and his wife had one daughter and four sons.Their youngest son, Henry K. Gayetty, took over his father's business and was in control of the trademarks and licensing by 1891, when the trademark ownership came into question. Invention of Toilet Paper Joseph C. Gayetty first marketed toilet paper on December 9, 1857. Each sheet of pureManila hemppaperwaswatermarked\"J C Gayetty N Y\".The original product containedaloeas a lubricant and was marketed as an anti-hemorrhoidmedical product. Gayetty was attacked as aquackby at least one medical society.Yet his advertisement of the same year called his product \"The Greatest Necessity of the Age\" and warned against the perils of using toxic inked papers on sensitive body parts.A different advertisement, also printed in 1859, says his business was located at 41Ann Street, and he was selling 1,000 sheets for one dollar. The Gayetty name and product were involved in a lawsuit that was filed in 1891, when B.T. Hoogland's Sons, toilet paper dealers, filed suit against the Gayetty Paper Company, specifically Harry K. Gayetty, fortrademark infringement. B.T. Hoogland and Son's claim was that they were entitled to the use of the Gayetty name due to an unpaid debt. A paper dated December 5, 1866, was allegedly given to a creditor in lieu of $25 debt and subsequently sold to B.T. Hoogland (senior) for one dollar. However, on January 1, 1866, J.C. Gayetty had entered a ten-year contract for the exclusive right to sell and vend in his name withDemas Barnesand Company, which had taken out acopyrighton the product on October 27, 1891. The suit was dismissed in 1894, but another suit was brought.B.T. Hoogland's Sons next sued to stop Harry K. Gayetty and the Diamond Mills Paper Company from using the Gayetty name, and in this case they were successful. Harry Gayetty appealed, but lost at theAppellate Court.Finally, in July 1900, theNew York Supreme Courtpermanently enjoined the Diamond Mills Paper Company and Harry K. Gayetty from using the name on any similar paper product labels. In 1900, an advertisement shows that B.T. Hoogland's Sons of New York were distributing the watermarked \"Papel Medicado De Gayetty\" and giving credit to the invention of the paper in 1857 by Joseph C. Gayetty, Inventor.Nearly the same advertisement was run in English in 1907.The product continued to be marketed until the 1920s. References",
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] | [
"Cotton gin Acotton gin—meaning \"cottonengine\"—is a machine that quickly and easily separatescottonfibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.The separated seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to producecottonseed oil. Handheld roller gins had been used in theIndian subcontinentsince at earliest AD 500 and then in other regions.The Indian worm-gear roller gin was invented sometime around the 16th centuryand has, according to Lakwete, remained virtually unchanged up to the present time. A modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventorEli Whitneyin 1793 and patented in 1794. Whitney's gin used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through, while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams. It revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States, but also inadvertently led to thegrowth of slaveryin theAmerican South. Whitney's gin made cotton farming more profitableand efficient so",
"efficient so plantation owners expanded their plantations and used more of theirslavesto pick cotton. Whitney never invented the machine to harvest cotton: it still had to be picked by hand. The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of theAmerican Civil War.Modern automated cotton gins use multiple powered cleaning cylinders and saws, and offer far higher productivity than their hand-powered precursors. Purpose Cotton fibers are produced in the seed pods (\"bolls\") of thecotton plantwhere the fibers (\"lint\") in the bolls are tightly interwoven with seeds. To make the fibers usable, the seeds and fibers must first be separated, a task which had been previously performed manually, with production of cotton requiring hours of labor for the separation. Many simple seed-removing devices had been invented, but until the innovation of the cotton gin, most required significant operator attention and worked only on a small scale. Mechanism The gin is made with two",
"is made with two rotating cylinders. The first cylinder has lines of teeth around the circumference, and angled against this cylinder is a metal plate with small holes, \"ginning ribs\", through which the teeth can fit with minimal gaps. The teeth grip the cotton fibers as the mechanism rotates, dragging them through these small holes. The seeds are too big to fit through the holes, and are thus removed from the rotating cotton by the metal plate, before they fall into a collecting pot. On the other side of the first cylinder, there is a second cylinder, also rotating, with brushes attached. This second cylinder wipes the cotton from the first, and deposits it into the collecting bucket. The seed is reused for planting or is sent to anoil millto be further processed intocottonseed oilandcottonseed meal. The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars, this time to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers. The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and",
"for storage and shipping. Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) of cotton per hour. History A single-roller cotton gin came into use in India by the 5th century. An improvement invented in India was the two-roller gin, known as the \"churka\", \"charki\", or \"wooden-worm-worked roller\". Early cotton gins The earliest versions of the cotton gin consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood. The earliest evidence of the cotton gin is found in the fifth century, in the form ofBuddhistpaintings depicting a single-roller gin in theAjanta Cavesin westernIndia.These early gins were difficult to use and required a great deal of skill. A narrow single roller was necessary to expel the seeds from the cotton without crushing the seeds. The design was similar to that of amealing stone, which was used to grind grain. The early history of the cotton gin is ambiguous, because archeologists likely mistook the cotton gin's parts for other tools. Medieval and Early Modern India",
"Early Modern India Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by waterpower. Theworm gearroller gin, which was invented in theIndian subcontinentduring the earlyDelhi Sultanateera of the 13th to 14th centuries, came into use in theMughal Empiresometime around the 16th century,and is still used in the Indian subcontinent through to the present day.Another innovation, the incorporation of thecrankhandle in the cotton gin, first appeared sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.The incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day.",
"of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day. If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines, and a few people's labor was used to feed them, they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly. United States The Indian roller cotton gin, known as thechurkaorcharkha, was introduced to the United States in the mid-18th century, when it was adopted in thesouthern United States. The device was adopted for cleaninglong-staple cottonbut was not suitable for theshort-staple cottonthat was more common in certain states such asGeorgia. Several modifications were made to the Indian roller gin by Mr. Krebs in 1772 and Joseph Eve in 1788, but their uses remained limited to the long-staple variety, up until Eli Whitney's development of a short-staple cotton gin in 1793. Eli Whitney's patent Eli Whitney(1765–1825) applied for apatentof his cotton gin on October 28, 1793; the patent was granted on March 14, 1794, but was not validated until 1807. Whitney's",
"1807. Whitney's patent was assigned patent number 72X.There is slight controversy over whether the idea of the modern cotton gin and its constituent elements are correctly attributed to Eli Whitney. The popular image of Whitney inventing the cotton gin is attributed to an article on the subject written in the early 1870s and later reprinted in 1910 inThe Library of Southern Literature. In this article, the author claimedCatharine Littlefield Greenesuggested to Whitney the use of a brush-like component instrumental in separating out the seeds and cotton. Greene's alleged role in the invention of the gin has not been verified independently. Whitney's cotton gin model was capable of cleaning 50 pounds (23 kg) of lint per day. The model consisted of a wooden cylinder covered by rows of slender wires which caught the fibers of the cotton bolls. Each row of wires then passed through the bars of a comb-like grid, pulling the cotton fibers through the grid as they did.The comb-like teeth of the grids were closely",
"grids were closely spaced, preventing the seeds, fragments of the hard dried calyx of the original cotton flower, or sticks and other debris attached to the fibers from passing through. A series of brushes on a second rotating cylinder then brushed the now-cleaned fibers loose from the wires, preventing the mechanism from jamming. Many contemporary inventors attempted to develop a design that would processshort staple cotton, and Hodgen Holmes, Robert Watkins,William Longstreet, and John Murray had all been issued patents for improvements to the cotton gin by 1796.However, the evidence indicates Whitney did invent the saw gin, for which he is famous. Although he spent many years in court attempting to enforce his patent against planters who made unauthorized copies, a change in patent law ultimately made his claim legally enforceable – too late for him to make much money from the device in the single year remaining before the patent expired. McCarthy's gin While Whitney's gin facilitated the cleaning of",
"the cleaning of seeds from short-staple cotton, it damaged the fibers of extra-long staple cotton (Gossypium barbadense). In 1840 Fones McCarthy received a patent for a \"Smooth Cylinder Cotton-gin\", a roller gin. McCarthy's gin was marketed for use with both short-staple and extra-long staple cotton but was particularly useful for processing long-staple cotton. After McCarthy's patent expired in 1861, McCarthy type gins were manufactured in Britain and sold around the world.McCarthy's gin was adopted for cleaning the Sea Island variety of extra-long staple cotton grown in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. It cleaned cotton several times faster than the older gins, and, when powered by one horse, produced 150 to 200 pounds of lint a day.The McCarthy gin used a reciprocating knife to detach seed from the lint. Vibration caused by the reciprocating motion limited the speed at which the gin could operate. In the middle of the 20th Century gins using a rotating blade replaced ones using a reciprocating blade.",
"blade. These descendants of the McCarthy gin are the only gins now used for extra-long staple cotton in the United States. Munger system gin For a decade and a half after the end of the Civil War in 1865, a number of innovative features became widely used for ginning in the United States. They included steam power instead of animal power, an automatic feeder to assure that the gin stand ran smoothly, a condenser to make the clean cotton coming out of the gin easier to handle, and indoor presses so that cotton no longer had to be carried across the gin yard to be baled.Then, in 1879, while he was running his father's gin inRutersville, Texas,Robert S. Mungerinvented additional system ginning techniques. Robert and his wife, Mary Collett, later moved toMexia, Texas, built a system gin, and obtained related patents. The Munger System Ginning Outfit (or system gin) integrated all the ginning operation machinery, thus assuring the cotton would flow through the machines smoothly. Such system gins use air to move",
"use air to move cotton from machine to machine.Munger's motivation for his inventions included improving employee working conditions in the gin. However, the selling point for most gin owners was the accompanying cost savings while producing cotton both more speedily and of higher quality. By the 1960s, many other advances had been made in ginning machinery, but the manner in which cotton flowed through the gin machinery continued to be the Munger system. Economic Historian William H. Phillips referred to the development of system ginning as \"The Munger Revolution\" in cotton ginning.He wrote, \"The Munger innovations were the culmination of what geographer Charles S. Aiken has termed the second ginning revolution, in which the privately owned plantation gins were replaced by large-scale public ginneries. This revolution, in turn, led to a major restructuring of the cotton gin industry, as the small, scattered gin factories and shops of the nineteenth century gave way to a dwindling number of large",
"number of large twentieth-century corporations designing and constructing entire ginning operations.\" One of the few (and perhaps only) examples of a Munger gin left in existence is on display atFrogmore Plantationin Louisiana. Effects in the United States Prior to the introduction of the mechanical cotton gin, cotton had required considerable labor to clean and separate the fibers from the seeds.With Eli Whitney's gin, cotton became a tremendously profitable business, creating many fortunes in theAntebellum South. Cities such asNew Orleans, Louisiana;Mobile, Alabama;Charleston, South Carolina; andGalveston, Texasbecame major shipping ports, deriving substantial economic benefit from cotton raised throughout the South. Additionally, the greatly expanded supply of cotton created strong demand for textile machinery and improved machine designs that replaced wooden parts with metal. This led to the invention of manymachine toolsin the early 19th century. The invention of the cotton gin caused massive growth in",
"massive growth in the production of cotton in the United States, concentrated mostly in the South. Cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850. As a result, the region became even more dependent onplantationsthat used black slave labor, with plantation agriculture becoming the largest sector of its economy.While it took a single laborer about ten hours to separate a single pound of fiber from the seeds, a team of two or three slaves using a cotton gin could produce around fifty pounds of cotton in just one day.The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production, increasing from around 700,000 in 1790 to around 3.2 million in 1850.The invention of the cotton gin led to increased demands for slave labor in theAmerican South, reversing the economic decline that had occurred in the region during the late 18th century.The cotton gin thus \"transformed cotton as a crop and the American South into the globe's first agricultural powerhouse\". The",
"powerhouse\". The invention of the cotton gin led to an increase in the use of slaves on Southern plantations. Because of that inadvertent effect on American slavery, which ensured that the South's economy developed in the direction of plantation-based agriculture (while encouraging the growth of the textile industry elsewhere, such as in the North), the invention of the cotton gin is frequently cited as one of the indirect causes of the American Civil War. Modern cotton gins In modern cotton production, cotton arrives at industrial cotton gins either in trailers, in compressed rectangular \"modules\" weighing up to 10metric tonseach or in polyethylene wrapped round modules similar to a bale of hay produced during the picking process by the most recent generation of cotton pickers. Trailer cotton (i.e. cotton not compressed into modules) arriving at the gin is sucked in via a pipe, approximately 16 inches (41 cm) in diameter, that is swung over the cotton. This pipe is usually manually operated but is",
"operated but is increasingly automated in modern cotton plants. The need for trailers to haul the product to the gin has been drastically reduced since the introduction of modules. If the cotton is shipped in modules, the module feeder breaks the modules apart using spiked rollers and extracts the largest pieces of foreign material from the cotton. The module feeder's loose cotton is then sucked into the same starting point as the trailer cotton. The cotton then enters a dryer, which removes excess moisture. The cylinder cleaner uses six or seven rotating, spiked cylinders to break up large clumps of cotton. Finer foreign material, such as soil and leaves, passes through rods or screens for removal. The stick machine usescentrifugal forceto remove larger foreign matter, such as sticks and burrs, while the cotton is held by rapidly rotating saw cylinders. The gin stand uses the teeth of rotating saws to pull the cotton through a series of \"ginning ribs\", which pull the fibers from the seeds which are too",
"seeds which are too large to pass through the ribs. The cleaned seed is then removed from the gin via anauger conveyorsystem. The seed is reused for planting or is sent to anoil millto be further processed intocottonseed oilandcottonseed meal. The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars, this time to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers. The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and shipping. Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) of cotton per hour. Modern cotton gins create a substantial amount of cotton gin residue (CGR) consisting of sticks, leaves, dirt, immature bolls, and cottonseed. Research is currently under way to investigate the use of this waste in producingethanol. Due to fluctuations in the chemical composition in processing, there is difficulty in creating a consistent ethanol process, but there is potential to further maximize the utilization of waste in the cotton production. See also References Notes Bibliography",
"Notes Bibliography External links",
"Pneumatics Pneumatics(from Greekπνεῦμαpneuma'wind, breath') is the use of gas orpressurized airin mechanical systems. Pneumatic systems used inindustryare commonly powered bycompressed airor compressedinert gases. A centrally located and electrically-poweredcompressorpowerscylinders,air motors,pneumatic actuators, and other pneumatic devices. A pneumatic system controlled through manual or automaticsolenoid valvesis selected when it provides a lower cost, more flexible, or safer alternative toelectric motors, andhydraulic actuators. Pneumatics also has applications indentistry,construction,mining, and other areas. Gases used in pneumatic systems Pneumatic systems in fixed installations, such as factories, use compressed air because a sustainable supply can be made by compressingatmospheric air. The air usually has moisture removed, and a small quantity of oil is added at the compressor to prevent corrosion and lubricate mechanical components. Factory-plumbed pneumatic-power users need not worry about",
"not worry about poisonous leakage, as the gas is usually just air. Any compressed gas other than air is an asphyxiation hazard—including nitrogen, which makes up 78% of air. Compressedoxygen(approx. 21% of air) would not asphyxiate, but is not used in pneumatically-powered devices because it is a fire hazard, more expensive, and offers no performance advantage over air. Smaller or stand-alone systems can use other compressed gases that present an asphyxiation hazard, such as nitrogen—often referred to as OFN (oxygen-free nitrogen) when supplied in cylinders. Portable pneumatic tools and small vehicles, such asRobot Warsmachines and other hobbyist applications are often powered by compressedcarbon dioxide, because containers designed to hold it such asSodaStreamcanisters and fire extinguishers are readily available, and thephase changebetween liquid and gas makes it possible to obtain a larger volume of compressed gas from a lighter container than compressed air requires. Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant and",
"an asphyxiant and can be a freezing hazard if vented improperly. History Although the early history of pneumatics is murky, the field's founder is traditionally traced back toCtesibius of Alexandria\"who worked in the early 3rd century BCE and invented a number of mechanical toys operated by air, water, and steam under pressure.\" Though no documents written by Ctesibius survive, he is thought to have heavily influencedPhilo of Byzantiumwhile writing his work,Mechanical Syntaxis, as well asVitruviusinDe architectura.In the first century BC, the ancient Greek mathematicianHero of Alexandriacompiled recipes for dozens of contraptions in his work, Pneumatics. It has been speculated that much of this work can be attributed to Ctesibius.The pneumatic experiments described in these ancient documents later inspired the Renaissance inventors of thethermoscopeand theair thermometer, devices which relied upon the heating and cooling of air to move a column of water up and down a tube.: 4–5 German physicistOtto von",
"physicistOtto von Guericke(1602-1686) invented the vacuum pump, a device that can draw out air or gas from the attached vessel. He demonstrated the vacuum pump to separate the pairs of copper hemispheres using air pressures. The field of pneumatics has changed considerably over the years. It has moved from small handheld devices to large machines with multiple parts that serve different functions. Comparison to hydraulics Both pneumatics andhydraulicsare applications offluid power. Pneumatics uses an easily compressible gas such as air or a suitable pure gas—while hydraulics uses relatively incompressible liquid media such as oil. Most industrial pneumatic applications use pressures of about 80 to 100pounds per square inch(550 to 690kPa). Hydraulics applications commonly use from 1,000 to 5,000 psi (6.9 to 34.5 MPa), but specialized applications may exceed 10,000 psi (69 MPa). Advantages of pneumatics Advantages of hydraulics Pneumatic logic Pneumatic logic systems (sometimes calledair logic control) are",
"logic control) are sometimes used for controlling industrial processes, consisting of primary logic units like: Pneumatic logic is a reliable and functional control method for industrial processes. In recent years, these systems have largely been replaced by electronic control systems in new installations because of the smaller size, lower cost, greater precision, and more powerful features of digital controls. Pneumatic devices are still used where upgrade cost, or safety factors dominate. Examples of pneumatic systems and components See also Notes References External links",
"Joseph Gayetty Joseph C. Gayetty(c.1827 – May 2, 1895) was an American inventor credited with the invention of commercialtoilet paper.It was the first and remained only one of the few commercial toilet papers from 1857 to 1890 remaining in common use until the invention of splinter-free toilet paper in 1935 by the Northern Tissue Company. Biography Joseph C. Gayetty's origins remain somewhat obscure. The first record with his name is the 1850United States Census, which records that he was born in 1817 inMassachusetts. By 1850 he was living inNew York City, had married Margaret Louisa Bogart and had two young children. That year he was working at apublic house.Ten years later, on the1860 Census, Gayetty had begun his toilet paper business and was listed as being in the \"medicated paper\" industry. By this time he and his wife had 5 children, a personal servant, and a modest personal estate valued at $1000. In the 1860 Census, however, he reports that he was born in 1827 inPennsylvania.Additional records have",
"records have not been able to clear up his exact birth date or place of birth. Additionally, Gayetty's date and place of death have not been located. Gayetty and his wife had one daughter and four sons.Their youngest son, Henry K. Gayetty, took over his father's business and was in control of the trademarks and licensing by 1891, when the trademark ownership came into question. Invention of Toilet Paper Joseph C. Gayetty first marketed toilet paper on December 9, 1857. Each sheet of pureManila hemppaperwaswatermarked\"J C Gayetty N Y\".The original product containedaloeas a lubricant and was marketed as an anti-hemorrhoidmedical product. Gayetty was attacked as aquackby at least one medical society.Yet his advertisement of the same year called his product \"The Greatest Necessity of the Age\" and warned against the perils of using toxic inked papers on sensitive body parts.A different advertisement, also printed in 1859, says his business was located at 41Ann Street, and he was selling 1,000 sheets for one",
"sheets for one dollar. The Gayetty name and product were involved in a lawsuit that was filed in 1891, when B.T. Hoogland's Sons, toilet paper dealers, filed suit against the Gayetty Paper Company, specifically Harry K. Gayetty, fortrademark infringement. B.T. Hoogland and Son's claim was that they were entitled to the use of the Gayetty name due to an unpaid debt. A paper dated December 5, 1866, was allegedly given to a creditor in lieu of $25 debt and subsequently sold to B.T. Hoogland (senior) for one dollar. However, on January 1, 1866, J.C. Gayetty had entered a ten-year contract for the exclusive right to sell and vend in his name withDemas Barnesand Company, which had taken out acopyrighton the product on October 27, 1891. The suit was dismissed in 1894, but another suit was brought.B.T. Hoogland's Sons next sued to stop Harry K. Gayetty and the Diamond Mills Paper Company from using the Gayetty name, and in this case they were successful. Harry Gayetty appealed, but lost at theAppellate",
"at theAppellate Court.Finally, in July 1900, theNew York Supreme Courtpermanently enjoined the Diamond Mills Paper Company and Harry K. Gayetty from using the name on any similar paper product labels. In 1900, an advertisement shows that B.T. Hoogland's Sons of New York were distributing the watermarked \"Papel Medicado De Gayetty\" and giving credit to the invention of the paper in 1857 by Joseph C. Gayetty, Inventor.Nearly the same advertisement was run in English in 1907.The product continued to be marketed until the 1920s. References",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hunt_(inventor"
] |
The founder of the new religious movement Thelema once attempted to summit the third highest mountain in the world, but failed. How many years did it take before this feat was successfully accomplished? | 50 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelema | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Kanchenjunga_expedition | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Post processing | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelema', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Kanchenjunga_expedition'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelema",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Kanchenjunga_expedition"
] | [
"Thelema Thelema(/θəˈliːmə/) is aWestern esotericand occult social or spiritual philosophyand anew religious movementfounded in the early 1900s byAleister Crowley(1875–1947), an English writer, mystic, occultist, and ceremonial magician.Central to Thelema is the concept of discovering and following one'sTrue Will, a unique purpose that transcends ordinary desires. Crowley's system begins withThe Book of the Law, a text he maintained was dictated to him by a non-corporeal entity namedAiwass. This work outlines key principles, including the axiom \"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law,\" emphasizing personal freedom and the pursuit of one's true path, guided bylove. The Thelemic cosmology features deities inspired byancient Egyptian religion. The highest deity isNuit, the night sky symbolized as a naked woman covered in stars, representing the ultimate source of possibilities.Hadit, the infinitely small point, symbolizes manifestation and motion.Ra-Hoor-Khuit, a form ofHorus, represents the Sun and active energies of Thelemic magick. Crowley believed that discovering and following one's True Will is the path to self-realization and personal fulfillment, often referred to as theGreat Work. Magickis a central practice in Thelema, involving various physical, mental, and spiritual exercises aimed at uncovering one's True Will and enacting change in alignment with it. Practices such as rituals,yoga, and meditation are used to explore consciousness and achieve self-mastery. TheGnostic Mass, a central ritual in Thelema, mirrors traditional religious services but conveys Thelemic principles.Thelemitesalso observe specific holy days, such as theEquinoxesand the Feast of the Three Days of the Writing of the Book of the Law, commemorating the writing of Thelema's foundational text. Post-Crowley figures likeJack Parsons,Kenneth Grant,James Lees, andNema Andahadnahave further developed Thelema, introducing new ideas, practices, and interpretations. Parsons conducted theBabalon Workingto invoke the goddessBabalon, while Grant synthesized various traditions into hisTyphonian Order. Lees created theEnglish Qaballa, and Nema Andahadna developedMaat Magick. Historical precedents The wordθέλημα(thelema) is rare inClassical Greek, where it \"signifies the appetitive will: desire, sometimes even sexual\",but it is frequent in theSeptuagint.Early Christian writingsoccasionally use the word to refer to the human will,and even the will of theDevil,but it usually refers to the will ofGod.In his 5th-century sermon, Catholic philosopher and theologianAugustine of Hippogave a similar instruction:\"Love, and what you will, do.\" (Dilige et quod vis fac). In theRenaissance, a character named \"Thelemia\" represents will or desire in theHypnerotomachia Poliphiliof theDominican friarand writerFrancesco Colonna. The protagonist Poliphilo has two allegorical guides, Logistica (reason) and Thelemia (will or desire). When forced to choose, he chooses fulfillment of his sexual will over logic.Colonna's work was a great influence on theFranciscan friarand writerFrançois Rabelais, who in the 16th century usedThélème, the French form of the word, as the name of afictional abbeyin his novels,Gargantua and Pantagruel.The only rule of this Abbey was \"fay çe que vouldras\" (\"Fais ce que tu veux\", or, \"Do what you will\"). In the mid-18th century,Sir Francis Dashwoodinscribed the adage on a doorway of his abbey atMedmenham,where it served as the motto of theHellfire Club.Rabelais's Abbey of Thelema has been referred to by later writers SirWalter BesantandJames Rice, in their novelThe Monks of Thelema(1878), andC. R. Ashbeein his utopian romanceThe Building of Thelema(1910). Definitions In Classical Greek InClassical Greekthere are two words forwill:thelema(θέλημα) andboule(βουλή). 'Thelema' is a rarely used word in Classical Greek. There are very few documents, the earliest beingAntiphon the Sophist(5th century BCE). In antiquity it was beside the divine will which a man performs, just as much for the will of sexual desire. The intention of the individual was less understood as an overall, generalized,ontologicalplace wherever it was arranged. The verbtheloappears very early (Homer, earlyAtticinscriptions) and has the meanings of \"ready\", \"decide\" and \"desire\" (Homer, 3, 272, also in the sexual sense). \"Aristotlesays in the bookOn Plantsthat the goal of the human will is perception - unlike the plants that do not have 'epithymia' (translation of the author). \"Thelema\", says the Aristoteles, \"has changed here, 'epithymia'\", and 'thelema', and that 'thelema' is to be neutral, not somehow morally determined, the covetous driving force in man.\" In the Old Testament In theSeptuagintthe term is used for thewill of Godhimself, the pious desire of the God-fearing, and the royal will of a secular ruler. It is thus used only for the representation of high ethical willingness in the faith, the exercise of authority by the authorities, or the non-human will, but not for more profane striving.In the Septuagint, the termsbouleandthelemaappear, whereas in theVulgatetext, the terms are translated into theLatinvoluntas(\"will\"). Thus, the different meaning of both concepts was lost. In the New Testament In the originalGreekversion of theNew Testamentthe wordthelemais used 62 or 64times, twice in the plural (thelemata). Here, God's will is always and exclusively designated by the wordthelema(θέλημα, mostly in the singular), as the theologian Federico Tolli points out by means of theTheological Dictionary of the New Testamentof 1938 (\"Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven\"). In the same way the term is used inPaul the ApostleandIgnatius of Antioch. For Tolli it follows that the genuine idea of Thelema does not contradict the teachings of Jesus. François Rabelais and the Abbey of Thélème François Rabelais was aFranciscanand later aBenedictinemonk of the 16th century. Eventually he left the monastery to study medicine, and moved to the French city ofLyonin 1532. There he wroteGargantua and Pantagruel,a connected series of books. They tell the story of two giants—a father (Gargantua) and his son (Pantagruel) and their adventures—written in an amusing, extravagant, and satirical vein. Most critics today agree that Rabelais wrote from aChristian humanistperspective.The Crowley biographer Lawrence Sutin notes this when contrasting the French author's beliefs with the Thelema ofAleister Crowley.In the previously mentioned story of Thélème, which critics analyze as referring in part to the suffering of loyal Christian reformists or \"evangelicals\"within the French Church,the reference to the Greek word θέλημα \"declares that the will of God rules in this abbey\".Sutin writes that Rabelais was no precursor of Thelema, with his beliefs containing elements ofStoicismand Christian kindness. In his first book (ch. 52–57), Rabelais writes of this Abbey of Thélème, built by the giant Gargantua. It is a classicalutopiapresented in order to critique and assess the state of the society of Rabelais's day, as opposed to a modern utopian text that seeks to create the scenario in practice.It is a utopia where people's desires are more fulfilled.Satirical, it also epitomises the ideals considered in Rabelais's fiction.The inhabitants of the abbey were governed only by their own free will and pleasure, the only rule being \"Do What Thou Wilt\". Rabelais believed that men who are free, well born and bred have honour, which intrinsically leads to virtuous actions. When constrained, their noble natures turn instead to remove their servitude, because men desire what they are denied. Some modern Thelemites consider Crowley's work to build upon Rabelais's summary of the instinctively honourable nature of the Thelemite. Rabelais has been variously credited with the creation of the philosophy of Thelema, as one of the earliest people to refer to it.The current National Grand Master General of the U.S.Ordo Templi OrientisGrand Lodge has opined that: Saint Rabelais never intended his satirical, fictional device to serve as a practical blueprint for a real human society ... Our Thelema is that ofThe Book of the Lawand the writings of Aleister Crowley. Aleister Crowley wrote inThe Antecedents of Thelema(1926), an incomplete work not published in his day, that Rabelais not only set forth the law of Thelema in a way similar to how Crowley understood it, but predicted and described in code Crowley's life and the holy text that he received,The Book of the Law. Crowley said the work he had received was deeper, showing in more detail the technique people should practice, and revealing scientific mysteries. He said that Rabelais confines himself to portraying an ideal, rather than addressing questions of political economy and similar subjects, which must be solved in order to realize the Law. Rabelais is included among theSaints of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica. Francis Dashwood and the Hellfire Club Sir Francis Dashwoodadopted some of the ideas of Rabelais and invoked the same rule in French, when he founded a group called the Monks ofMedmenham(better known as theHellfire Club).An abbey was established at Medmenham, in a property which incorporated the ruins of aCistercianabbey founded in 1201. The group was known as the Franciscans, not after SaintFrancis of Assisi, but after its founder,Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer.John Wilkes,George Dodingtonand other politicians were members.There is little direct evidence of what Dashwood's Hellfire Club practiced or believed.The one direct testimonial comes from John Wilkes, a member who never got into the chapter-room of the inner circle. Sir Nathaniel Wraxallin hisHistorical Memoires(1815) accused the Monks of performing Satanic rituals, but these reports have been dismissed as hearsay.Daniel Willens argued that the group likely practicedFreemasonry, but also suggests Dashwood may have held secret Roman Catholic sacraments. He asks if Wilkes would have recognized a genuine Catholic Mass, even if he saw it himself and even if the underground version followed its public model precisely. Beliefs The Book of the Law Aleister Crowley's system of Thelema begins withThe Book of the Law, which bears the official nameLiber AL vel Legis. It was written inCairo,Egypt, during his honeymoon with his new wifeRose Crowley(née Kelly). This small book contains three chapters, each of which he said he had written in exactly one hour, beginning at noon, on April 8, April 9, and April 10, 1904. Crowley wrote that he took dictation from an entity namedAiwass, whom he later identified as his ownHoly Guardian Angel.Crowley stated that \"no forger could have prepared so complex a set of numerical and literal puzzles\" and that study of the text would dispel all doubts about the method of how the book was obtained. Besides the reference to Rabelais, an analysis by Dave Evans shows similarities toThe Beloved of Hathor and Shrine of the Golden Hawk,a play byFlorence Farr.Evans says this may result from the fact that \"both Farr and Crowley were thoroughly steeped inGolden Dawnimagery and teachings\",and that Crowley probably knew the ancient materials that inspired some of Farr's motifs.Sutin also finds similarities between Thelema and the work ofW. B. Yeats, attributing this to \"shared insight\" and perhaps to the older man's knowledge of Crowley. Crowley wrote several commentaries onThe Book of the Law, the last of which he wrote in 1925. This brief statement called simply \"The Comment\" warns against discussing the book's contents, and states that all \"questions of the Law are to be decided only by appeal to my writings\" and is signedAnkh-f-n-khonsu. Axioms Three statements fromThe Book of the Lawdistill the practice and ethics of Thelema.Of these statements, one in particular, known as the Law of Thelema, forms the central doctrine of Thelema as a system of thought. The primary statement, \"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law\", is supplemented by a second, follow-up statement: \"Love is the law, love under will.\" These two statements are generally believed to be better understood by considering a third statement: \"Every man and every woman is a star.\" These three statements have specific meanings: Cosmology Thelema draws its principal gods and goddesses, three altogether as the speakers presented inLiber AL vel Legis, fromAncient Egyptian religion. The highest deity in thetheologyof Thelema is the goddessNuit(also spelledNuith). She is the night sky arched over the Earth symbolized in the form of a naked woman, and is usually depicted as a naked woman who is covered with stars. She is conceived as the \"Great Mother\", the ultimate source of all things,the collection of all possibilities,\"Infinite Space, and the Infinite Stars thereof\",and the circumference of an infinite circle or sphere. Nuit is derived from the Egyptian sky goddessNut, and is referred to poetically as \"Our Lady of the Stars\",and inThe Book of the Lawas \"Queen of Space\", and \"Queen of Heaven\". The second principal deity of Thelema is the godHadit, conceived as the infinitely small point, complement and consort of Nuit. Hadit symbolizes manifestation, motion, and time.He is also described inLiber AL vel Legisas \"the flame that burns in every heart of man, and in the core of every star.\" Hadit has sometimes been said to represent a 'point-event,' and all individual point-events within the body of Nuit.Hadit is said, inThe Book of the Law, to be \"perfect, being Not.\"Additionally, it is written of Nuit inLiber ALthat \"men speak not of Thee as One but as None.\" The third deity in the cosmology of Thelema isRa-Hoor-Khuit, a manifestation ofHorus. He is symbolized as a throned man with the head of ahawkwho carries a wand. He is associated with theSunand the active energies of Thelemicmagick. Other deities within the cosmology of Thelema areHoor-paar-kraat(orHarpocrates), god of silence and inner strength, the twin of Ra-Hoor-Khuit,Babalon, the goddess of all pleasure, known as the Virgin Whore,andTherion, the beast that Babalon rides, who represents the wild animal within man, a force of nature. True Will According to Crowley, every individual has aTrue Will, to be distinguished from the ordinary wants and desires of the ego. The True Will is essentially one's \"calling\" or \"purpose\" in life. \"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law\"for Crowley refers not tohedonism, fulfilling everyday desires, but to acting in response to that calling. According toLon Milo DuQuette, a Thelemite is anyone who bases their actions on striving to discover and accomplish their true will,when a person does their True Will, it is like an orbit, their niche in the universal order, and the universe assists them: But the Magician knows that the pure Will of every man and every woman is already in perfect harmony with the divine Will; in fact, they are one and the same. In order for the individual to be able to follow their True Will, the everyday self's socially-instilled inhibitions may have to be overcome via deconditioning.Crowley believed that in order to discover the True Will, one had to free the desires of thesubconsciousmind from the control of the conscious mind, especially the restrictions placed on sexual expression, which he associated with the power of divine creation.He identified the True Will of each individual with theHoly Guardian Angel, adaimonunique to each individual.The spiritual quest to find what you are meant to do and do it is also known in Thelema as theGreat Work. Ethics Liber AL vel Legisdoes make clear some standards of individual conduct. The primary of these is \"Do what thou wilt\" which is presented as the whole of the law, and also as a right. Some interpreters of Thelema believe that this right includes an obligation to allow others to do their own wills without interference,butLiber ALmakes no clear statement on the matter. Crowley himself wrote that there was no need to detail the ethics of Thelema, for everything springs from \"Do what thou Wilt\".Crowley wrote several additional documents presenting his personal beliefs regarding individual conduct in light of the Law of Thelema, some of which do address the topic interference with others:Liber OZ,Duty, andLiber IILiber OZenumerates some of the rights of the individual implied by the one overarching right, \"Do what thou wilt\". For each person, these include the right to: live by one's own law; live in the way that one wills to do; work, play, and rest as one will; die when and how one will; eat and drink what one will; live where one will; move about the earth as one will; think, speak, write, draw, paint, carve, etch, mould, build, and dress as one will; love when, where and with whom one will; and kill those who would thwart these rights. Dutyis described as \"A note on the chief rules of practical conduct to be observed by those who accept the Law of Thelema.\"It is not a numbered \"Liber\" as are all the documents which Crowley intended forA∴A∴, but rather listed as a document intended specifically forOrdo Templi Orientis.There are four sections: InLiber II: The Message of the Master Therion, the Law of Thelema is summarized succinctly as \"Do what thou wilt—then do nothing else.\" Crowley describes the pursuit of Will as not only with detachment from possible results, but with tireless energy. It isNirvanabut in a dynamic rather than static form. TheTrue Willis described as the individual's orbit, and if they seek to do anything else, they will encounter obstacles, as doing anything other than the will is a hindrance to it. Practice The core of Thelemic thought is \"Do what thou wilt\". However, beyond this, there exists a wide range of interpretation of Thelema. Modern Thelema is a syncretic philosophy and religion,and many Thelemites try to avoid strongly dogmatic thinking.Crowley emphasized that each individual should follow their own inherent \"True Will\", rather than blindly following his teachings, saying he did not wish to found a flock of sheep.Thus, contemporary Thelemites may practice more than one religion, includingWicca,Gnosticism,Satanism,SetianismandLuciferianism.Many adherents of Thelema recognize correlations between Thelemic and other systems of spiritual thought; most borrow freely from the methods and practices of other traditions, includingalchemy,astrology,qabalah,tantra,tarot divinationandyoga.For example,NuandHadare thought to correspond with theTaoandTehofTaoism,ShaktiandShivaof the HinduTantras,ShunyataandBodhicittaofBuddhism,Ain SophandKetherin theHermetic Qabalah. Magick Thelemic magick is a system of physical, mental, and spiritual exercises which practitioners believe are of benefit.Crowley defined magick as \"the Science and Art of causing Change to occur in conformity with Will\",and spelled it with a 'k' to distinguish it from stage magic. He recommended magick as a means for discovering theTrue Will.Generally, magical practices in Thelema are designed to assist in finding and manifesting the True Will, although some include celebratory aspects as well.Crowley believed that after discovering the True Will, the magician must also remove any elements of himself that stand in the way of its success. Crowley was a prolific writer, integrating Eastern practices with Western magical practices from theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.He recommended a number of these practices to his followers, including: basicyoga(asanaandpranayama);rituals of his own devising or based on those of the Golden Dawn, such as thelesser ritual of the pentagram, for banishing and invocation;Liber Samekh, a ritual for the invocation of theHoly Guardian Angel;eucharistic ritualssuch asThe Gnostic MassandThe Mass of the Phoenix;andLiber Resh, consisting of four daily adorations to the sun.He also discussedsex magickand sexual gnosis in various forms involvingmasturbationandsexual intercoursebetween heterosexual and homosexual partners; practices which are among his suggestions for those in the higher degrees ofOrdo Templi Orientis. One goal in the study of Thelema within the magical Order of the A∴A∴ is for the magician to obtain the knowledge and conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel: conscious communication with their own personaldaimon, thus gaining knowledge of their True Will.The chief task for one who has achieved this goes by the name of \"crossing theabyss\";completely relinquishing the ego. If the aspirant is unprepared, he will cling to the ego instead, becoming a Black Brother. According to Crowley, the Black Brother slowly disintegrates, while preying on others for his own self-aggrandisement. Crowley taughtskepticalexamination of all results obtained throughmeditationor magick, at least for the student.He tied this to the necessity of keeping amagical recordor diary, that attempts to list all conditions of the event.Remarking on the similarity of statements made by spiritually advanced people of their experiences, he said that fifty years from his time they would have a scientific name based on \"an understanding of the phenomenon\" to replace such terms as \"spiritual\" or \"supernatural\". Crowley stated that his work and that of his followers used \"the method of science; the aim of religion\",and that the genuine powers of the magician could in some way be objectively tested. This idea has been taken on by later practitioners of Thelema. They may consider that they are testing hypotheses with each magical experiment. The difficulty lies in the broadness of their definition of success,in which they may see as evidence of success things which a non-magician would not define as such, leading toconfirmation bias. Crowley believed he could demonstrate, by his own example, the effectiveness of magick in producing certain subjective experiences that do not ordinarily result from takinghashish, enjoying oneself in Paris, or walking through theSaharadesert.It is not strictly necessary to practice ritual techniques to be a Thelemite, as due to the focus of Thelemic magick on the True Will, Crowley stated \"every intentional act is a magickal act.\" Gnostic Mass Crowley wrote 'The Gnostic Mass' — technically calledLiber XVor \"Book 15\" — in 1913 while travelling inMoscow, Russia. The structure is similar to the Mass of theEastern Orthodox ChurchandRoman Catholic Church, communicating the principles of Thelema. It is the central rite ofOrdo Templi Orientisand its ecclesiastical arm,Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica. Holidays TheBook of the Lawgives several holy days to be observed by Thelemites. There are no established or dogmatic ways to celebrate these days, so as a result Thelemites will often take to their own devices or celebrate in groups, especially withinOrdo Templi Orientis. These holy days are usually observed on the following dates: Greetings The number93is of great significance in Thelema.The central philosophy of Thelema is in two phrases from Liber AL: \"do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the law\" and \"love is the law, love under will\". Crowley urged their use in everyday communications, and himself used them to greet people.Today, rather than using the full phrases, Thelemites often usenumerologicalabbreviations to shorten these greeting in informal contexts, a practice Crowley also applied in his informal written correspondences.The two primary terms in these statements are 'will' and 'love', respectively. Using the Greek technique ofisopsephy, which applies a numerical value to each letter, the letters of wordsthelema('will') andagape('love') each sum to 93: In this way, the first phrase is abbreviated to \"93\" while the second is abbreviated to \"93 93/93\", with the division \"93/93\" symbolizing love \"under\" will. Post-Crowley developments Aleister Crowley was highly prolific and wrote on the subject of Thelema for over 35 years, and many of his books remain in print. During his time, there were several others who wrote on the subject, including U.S.O.T.O.Grand MasterCharles Stansfeld Jones, whose works on Qabalah are still in print, and Major-GeneralJ. F. C. Fuller. Subsequent to Crowley, a number of figures have made significant contributions to Thelema. Each has their own following within the broader Thelemic community. Jack Parsons John Whiteside Parsons(1914–1952) was an Americanrocket engineer,chemist, and Thelemiteoccultist. Parsons converted to Thelema, and together with his first wife, Helen Northrup, joined theAgape Lodge, the Californian branch ofOrdo Templi Orientis(O.T.O.), in 1941. At Crowley's bidding, Parsons replacedWilfred Talbot Smithas its leader in 1942 and ran the Lodge from his mansion on Orange Grove Boulevard. Parsons identified four obstacles that prevented humans from achieving and performing their True Will, all of which he connected with fear: the fear of incompetence, the fear of the opinion of others, the fear of hurting others, and the fear of insecurity. He insisted that these must be overcome, writing that \"The Will must be freed of its fetters. The ruthless examination and destruction of taboos, complexes, frustrations, dislikes, fears and disgusts hostile to the Will is essential to progress.\" The project was based on the ideas of Crowley, and his description of a similar project in his 1917 novelMoonchild.The rituals performed drew largely upon rituals andsex magicdescribed by Crowley. Crowley was in correspondence with Parsons during the course of the Babalon Working, and warned Parsons of his potential overreactions to the magic he was performing, while simultaneously deriding Parsons' work to others. A brief text entitledLiber 49, self-referenced within the text asThe Book of Babalon, was written byJack Parsonsas a transmission from the goddess or force called 'Babalon' received by him during the Babalon Working.Parsons wrote thatLiber 49constituted a fourth chapter of Crowley'sLiber AL Vel Legis (The Book of the Law), the holy text of Thelema. Kenneth Grant Kenneth Grant(1924–2011) was an Englishceremonial magicianand advocate of the Thelemic religion. A poet, novelist, and writer, he founded his own Thelemic organisation, theTyphonian Ordo Templi Orientis—later renamed the Typhonian Order—with his wife Steffi Grant. Grant drew eclectically on a range of sources in devising his teachings.Although based in Thelema, Grant's Typhonian tradition has been described as \"abricolageof occultism, Neo-Vedanta, Hindu tantra, Western sexual magic, Surrealism, ufology and Lovecraftian gnosis\".Grant promoted what he termed the Typhonian or Draconian tradition of magic,and wrote that Thelema was only a recent manifestation of this wider tradition.In his books, he portrayed the Typhonian tradition as the world's oldest spiritual tradition, writing that it had ancient roots in Africa.The religious studies scholar Gordan Djurdjevic noted that Grant's historical claims regarding Typhonian history were \"at best highly speculative\" and lacked any supporting evidence; however he also suggested that Grant may never have intended these claims to be taken literally. Grant wrote that Indian spiritual traditions like Tantra and Yoga correlate to Western esoteric traditions, and that both stem from a core, ancient source, has parallels in the perennial philosophy promoted by theTraditionalist Schoolof esotericists.He believed that by mastering magic, one masters this illusory universe, gaining personal liberation and recognising that only the Self really exists.Doing so, according to Grant, leads to the discovery of one's True Will, the central focus of Thelema.Grant further wrote that the realm of the Self was known as 'the Mauve Zone', and that it could be reached while in a state of deep sleep, where it has the symbolic appearance of a swamp.He also believed that the reality of consciousness, which he deemed the only true reality, was formless and thus presented as a void, although he also taught that it was symbolised by the Hindu goddessKaliand the Thelemic goddessNuit. Grant's views onsex magicdrew heavily on the importance ofsexual dimorphismamong humans and the subsequent differentiation of gender roles.Grant taught that the true secret of sex magic were bodily secretions, the most important of which was a woman's menstrual blood.In this he differed from Crowley, who viewedsemenas the most important genital secretion.Grant referred to female sexual secretions askalas, a term adopted fromSanskrit.He thought that because women have kalas, they have oracular and visionary powers.The magical uses of female genital secretions are a recurring theme in Grant's writings. James Lees James Lees (August 22, 1939- 2015) was an English magician known for creating the system he calledEnglish Qaballa. In November 1976, Lees explained how he had discoveredthe \"order & value of the English Alphabet.\"Follow this, Lees founded the orderO∴A∴A∴in order to assist others in the pursuit of their own spiritual paths.The first public report of the system known as English Qaballa (EQ) was published in 1979 by Ray Sherwin in an editorial in the final issue of his journal,The New Equinox. Lees subsequently assumed the role of publisher ofThe New Equinoxand, starting in 1981, published additional material about the EQ system over the course of five issues of the journal, extending into 1982. The \"order & value\"proposed by James Lees lays the letters out on the grid superimposed on the page of manuscript ofLiber ALon which this verse (Ch. III, v. 47) appears (sheet 16 of Chapter III).Also appearing on this page are a diagonal line and a circled cross.The Book of the Lawstates that the book should only be printed with Crowley's hand-written version included, suggesting that there are mysteries in the \"chance shape of the letters and their position to one another\" of Crowley's handwriting. Whichever top-left to bottom-right diagonal is read the magical order of the letters is obtained. Little, if any, further material on English Qaballa was published until the appearance of Jake Stratton-Kent's book,The Serpent Tongue: Liber 187, in 2011.This was followed in 2016 byThe Magickal Language of the Book of the Law: An English Qaballa Primerby Cath Thompson.An account of the creation, exploration, and continuing research and development of the system up to 2010, by James Lees and members of his group in England, is detailed in her 2018 book,All This and a Book. Nema Andahadna Nema Andahadna(1939-2018) practiced and wrote aboutmagick(magical working, as defined by Aleister Crowley) for over thirty years. In 1974, she said she hadchannelleda short book calledLiber Pennae Praenumbra. From her experience with Thelemic magick, she developed her own system of magic called \"Maat Magick\" which has the aim of transforming the human race. In 1979, she co-founded the Horus-Maat Lodge. The Lodge and her ideas have been featured in the writings ofKenneth Grant. Her writings have appeared in many publications, including theCincinnati Journal of Ceremonial Magick,Aeon, andStarfire. According toDonald Michael Kraig: Nema has been one of the most influential occultists of the last quarter century although most occultists have never read her works. What Nema has done is influence those who have been writers and teachers. They, in turn, influenced the rest of us. See also Notes References Citations Works cited Primary sources Secondary sources Tertiary sources Other sources Further reading External links",
"Aleister Crowley Aleister Crowley(/ˈælɪstərˈkroʊli/AL-ist-ərKROH-lee; bornEdward Alexander Crowley; 12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947) was an Englishoccultist,ceremonial magician, poet, philosopher, political theorist, novelist,mountaineer, and painter. He founded the religion ofThelema, identifying himself as theprophetentrusted with guiding humanity into theÆon of Horusin the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life. Born to a wealthy family inRoyal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, Crowley rejected his parents'fundamentalist ChristianPlymouth Brethrenfaith to pursue an interest inWestern esotericism. He was educated atTrinity Collegeat theUniversity of Cambridge, where he focused his attention upon mountaineering and poetry, resulting in several publications. Some biographers allege that here he was recruited into aBritish intelligence agency, further suggesting that he remained a spy throughout his life. In 1898, he joined the esotericHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, where he was trained in ceremonial magic bySamuel Liddell MacGregor MathersandAllan Bennett. He went mountaineering in Mexico withOscar Eckenstein, before studyingHinduandBuddhistpractices in India. In 1904, he marriedRose Edith Kelly, and they honeymooned inCairo, Egypt, where Crowley wrote downThe Book of the Law—a sacred text that serves as the basis for Thelema, which he said had been dictated to him by a supernatural entity namedAiwass.The Bookannounced the start of the Æon of Horus, and declared that its followers should \"Do what thou wilt\", and seek to align themselves with theirTrue Willvia the practice of ceremonial magic. After the unsuccessful1905 Kanchenjunga expedition, and a visit to India and China, Crowley returned to Britain, where he attracted attention as a prolific author of poetry, novels, and occult literature. In 1907, he andGeorge Cecil Jonesco-founded an esoteric order—theA∴A∴, through which they propagated Thelema. After spending time in Algeria, in 1912 he was initiated into another esoteric order—the German-basedOrdo Templi Orientis(O.T.O.), in which he rose to become the leader of its British branch, which he reformulated in accordance with his Thelemite beliefs. Through O.T.O., Thelemite groups were established in Britain, Australia, and North America. Crowley spent theFirst World Warin the United States, where he took up painting, and campaigned for the German war effort against Britain. His biographers later revealed that he had infiltrated the pro-German movement to assist the British intelligence services. In 1920, he established theAbbey of Thelema—a religious commune inCefalù, Sicily, where he lived with various followers. Hislibertinelifestyle led to denunciations in the British press, and the Italian government evicted him in 1923. He divided the following two decades between France, Germany, and England, and continued to promote Thelema until his death. Crowley gained widespread notoriety during his lifetime, being adrug user, abisexual, and an individualistsocial critic. Crowley has remained a highly influential figure over western esotericism and thecounterculture of the 1960s, and he continues to be considered a prophet in Thelema. He is the subject of various biographies and academic studies. Early life Youth Crowley was born Edward Alexander Crowley at 30 Clarendon Square inRoyal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, on 12 October 1875.His father, Edward Crowley (1829–1887), was trained as an engineer, but his share in a lucrative family brewing business, Crowley's Alton Ales, allowed him to retire before his son was born.His mother, Emily Bertha Bishop (1848–1917), came from a Devonshire-Somerset family and had a strained relationship with her son; she described him as \"the Beast\", a name that he revelled in.The couple had been married at London'sKensington Registry Officein November 1874,and were evangelical Christians. Crowley's father was born aQuaker, but converted to theExclusive Brethren, a faction of aChristian fundamentalistgroup known as thePlymouth Brethren; Emily likewise converted upon marriage. Crowley's father was particularly devout, spending his time as a travelling preacher for the sect and reading a chapter from the Bible to his wife and son after breakfast every day.Following the death of their baby daughter in 1880, in 1881 the Crowleys moved toRedhill, Surrey.At the age of 8, Crowley was sent to H. T. Habershon's evangelical Christian boarding school inHastings, and then to Ebor preparatory school inCambridge, run by the Reverend Henry d'Arcy Champney, whom Crowley considered a sadist. In March 1887, when Crowley was 11, his father died oftongue cancer. Crowley described this as a turning point in his life,and he always maintained an admiration of his father, describing him as \"my hero and my friend\".Inheriting a third of his father's wealth, he began misbehaving at school and was harshly punished by Champney; Crowley's family removed him from the school when he developedalbuminuria.He then attendedMalvern CollegeandTonbridge School, both of which he despised and left after a few terms.He became increasingly sceptical of Christianity, pointing outBiblical inconsistenciesto his religious teachers,and went against the Christian morality of his upbringing by smoking, masturbating, and having sex with prostitutes from whom he contractedgonorrhea.Sent to live with a Brethren tutor inEastbourne, he undertook chemistry courses atEastbourne College. Crowley developed interests inchess, poetry, andmountain climbing, and in 1894 climbedBeachy Headbefore visiting theAlpsand joining theScottish Mountaineering Club. The following year he returned to theBernese Alps, climbing theEiger,Trift,Jungfrau,Mönch, andWetterhorn. Cambridge University: 1895–1898 Having adopted the name of Aleister over Edward, in October 1895 Crowley began a three-year course atTrinity College, Cambridge, where he was entered for theMoral ScienceTriposstudying philosophy. With approval from his personal tutor, he changed to English literature, which was not then part of the curriculum offered.Crowley spent much of his time at university engaged in his pastimes, becoming president of the chess club and practising the game for two hours a day; he briefly considered a professional career as a chess player.Crowley also embraced his love of literature and poetry, particularly the works ofRichard Francis BurtonandPercy Bysshe Shelley.Many of his own poems appeared in student publications such asThe Granta,Cambridge Magazine, andCantab.He continued his mountaineering, going on holiday to the Alps to climb every year from 1894 to 1898, often with his friendOscar Eckenstein, and in 1897 he made the first ascent of theMönchwithout a guide. These feats led to his recognition in the Alpine mountaineering community. For many years I had loathed being called Alick, partly because of the unpleasant sound and sight of the word, partly because it was the name by which my mother called me. Edward did not seem to suit me and the diminutives Ted or Ned were even less appropriate. Alexander was too long and Sandy suggested tow hair and freckles. I had read in some book or other that the most favourable name for becoming famous was one consisting of adactylfollowed by aspondee, as at the end of ahexameter: likeJeremy Taylor. Aleister Crowley fulfilled these conditions and Aleister is theGaelicform of Alexander. To adopt it would satisfy my romantic ideals. Aleister Crowley, on his name change. Crowley had his first significantmystical experiencewhile on holiday in Stockholm in December 1896.Several biographers, includingLawrence Sutin,Richard Kaczynski, andTobias Churton, believed that this was the result of Crowley's first same-sex sexual experience, which enabled him to recognize hisbisexuality.At Cambridge, Crowley maintained a vigorous sex life with women—largely with female prostitutes, from one of whom he caughtsyphilis—but eventually he took part in same-sex activities, despitetheir illegality.In October 1897, Crowley metHerbert Charles Pollitt, president of theCambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club, and the two entered into a relationship. They broke apart because Pollitt did not share Crowley's increasing interest in Western esotericism, a break-up that Crowley regretted for many years. In 1897, Crowley travelled toSaint Petersburgin Russia, later saying that he was trying to learn Russian as he was considering a future diplomatic career there.In October 1897, a brief illness triggered considerations of mortality and \"the futility of all human endeavour\", and Crowley abandoned all thoughts of a diplomatic career in favour of pursuing an interest in the occult. In March 1898, he obtainedA. E. Waite'sThe Book of Black Magic and of Pacts, and thenKarl von Eckartshausen'sThe Cloud Upon the Sanctuary, furthering his occult interests.That same year,Leonard Smithers, a publisher who Crowley met through Pollitt, published 100 copies of Crowley's poemAceldama: A Place to Bury Strangers In, but it was not a particular success.That same year, Crowley published a string of other poems, includingWhite Stains, aDecadentcollection of erotic poetry that was printed abroad lest its publication be prohibited by the British authorities.In July 1898, he left Cambridge, not having taken any degree at all despite a \"first class\" showing in his 1897 exams and consistent \"second class honours\" results before that. The Golden Dawn: 1898–1899 In August 1898, Crowley was inZermatt, Switzerland, where he met the chemist Julian L. Baker, and the two began discussing their common interest inalchemy.Back in London, Baker introduced Crowley toGeorge Cecil Jones, Baker's brother-in-law and a fellow member of the occult society known as theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, which was founded in 1888.Crowley was initiated into the Outer Order of the Golden Dawn on 18 November 1898 by the group's leader,Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. The ceremony took place in the Golden Dawn's Isis-Urania Temple held at London's Mark Masons Hall, where Crowley took the magical motto and name \"Frater Perdurabo\", which he interpreted as \"Brother I shall endure to the end\". Crowley moved into his own luxury flat at 67–69Chancery Laneand soon invited a senior Golden Dawn member,Allan Bennett, to live with him as his personal magical tutor. Bennett taught Crowley more about ceremonial magic and the ritual use of drugs, and together they performed the rituals of theGoetia,until Bennett left for South Asia to studyBuddhism.In November 1899, Crowley purchasedBoleskine HouseinFoyerson the shore ofLoch Nessin Scotland. He developed a love of Scottish culture, describing himself as the \"Lairdof Boleskine\", and took to wearing traditional highland dress, even during visits to London.He continued writing poetry, publishingJezebel and Other Tragic Poems,Tales of Archais,Songs of the Spirit,Appeal to the American Republic, andJephthahin 1898–99; most gained mixed reviews from literary critics, althoughJephthahwas considered a particular critical success. Crowley soon progressed through the lower grades of the Golden Dawn, and was ready to enter the group's inner Second Order.He was unpopular in the group; his bisexuality andlibertinelifestyle gained him a bad reputation, and he developed feuds with some of the members, includingW. B. Yeats.When the Golden Dawn's London lodge refused to initiate Crowley into the Second Order, he visited Mathers in Paris, who personally admitted him into the Adeptus Minor Grade.A schism had developed between Mathers and the London members of the Golden Dawn, who were unhappy with his autocratic rule.Acting under Mathers' orders, Crowley—with the help of his mistress and fellow initiateElaine Simpson—attempted to seize the Vault of the Adepts, a temple space at 36 Blythe Road inWest Kensington, from the London lodge members. When the case was taken to court, the judge ruled in favour of the London lodge, as they had paid for the space's rent, leaving both Crowley and Mathers isolated from the group. Mexico, India, Paris, and marriage: 1900–1903 In 1900, Crowley travelled to Mexico via the United States, settling inMexico Cityand starting a relationship with a local woman. Developing a love of the country, he continued experimenting with ceremonial magic, working withJohn Dee'sEnochianinvocations. He later said he had been initiated intoFreemasonrywhile there, and he wrote a play based onRichard Wagner'sTannhäuseras well as a series of poems, published asOracles(1905). Eckenstein joined him later in 1900, and together they climbed several mountains, includingIztaccihuatl,Popocatepetl, andColima, the latter of which they had to abandon owing to a volcanic eruption.Leaving Mexico, Crowley headed to San Francisco before sailing for Hawaii aboard theNippon Maru. On the ship, he had a brief affair with a married woman named Mary Alice Rogers; saying he fell in love with her, he wrote a series of poems about the romance, published asAlice: An Adultery(1903). Briefly stopping in Japan and Hong Kong, Crowley reached Ceylon, where he met with Allan Bennett, who was there studyingShaivism. The pair spent some time inKandybefore Bennett decided to become a Buddhist monk in theTheravadatradition, travelling to Burma to do so.Crowley decided to tour India, devoting himself to the Hindu practice ofRāja yoga, by which means he believed he had achieved the spiritual state ofdhyana. He spent much of this time studying at theMeenakshi TempleinMadura. At this time he also wrote poetry which was published asThe Sword of Song(1904). He contractedmalaria, and had to recuperate from the disease in Calcutta and Rangoon.In 1902, he was joined in India by Eckenstein and several other mountaineers:Guy Knowles, H. Pfannl, V. Wesseley, andJules Jacot-Guillarmod. Together, the Eckenstein-Crowley expedition attemptedK2, which was never climbed before. On the journey, Crowley was afflicted withinfluenza, malaria, andsnow blindness, and other expedition members were also struck with illness. They reached an altitude of 20,000 feet (6,100 m) before turning back. Having arrived in Paris in November 1902, he socialized with his friend the painterGerald Kelly, and through him became a fixture of the Parisian arts scene. Whilst there, Crowley wrote a series of poems on the work of an acquaintance, the sculptorAuguste Rodin. These poems were later published asRodin in Rime(1907).One of those frequenting this milieu wasW. Somerset Maugham, who after briefly meeting Crowley later used him as a model for the character of Oliver Haddo in his novelThe Magician(1908).He returned to Boleskine in April 1903. In August, Crowley wed Gerald Kelly's sisterRose Edith Kellyin a \"marriage of convenience\" to prevent her from entering anarranged marriage; the marriage appalled the Kelly family and damaged his friendship with Gerald. Heading on a honeymoon to Paris, Cairo, and then Ceylon, Crowley fell in love with Rose and worked to prove his affections. While on his honeymoon, he wrote her a series of love poems, published asRosa Mundi and other Love Songs(1906), as well as authoring the religious satireWhy Jesus Wept(1904). Developing Thelema Egypt andThe Book of the Law: 1904 Had! The manifestation ofNuit.The unveiling of the company of heaven.Every man and every woman is a star.Every number is infinite; there is no difference.Help me, o warrior lord of Thebes, in my unveiling before the Children of men! The opening lines ofThe Book of the Law In February 1904, Crowley and Rose arrived inCairo. Pretending to be a prince and princess, they rented an apartment in which Crowley set up a temple room and began invoking ancient Egyptian deities, while studyingIslamicmysticismandArabic.According to Crowley's later account, Rose regularly became delirious and informed him \"they are waiting for you.\" On 18 March, she explained that \"they\" were the godHorus, and on 20 March proclaimed that \"the Equinox of the Gods has come\". She led him to a nearby museum, where she showed him a seventh-century BCE mortuarysteleknown as theStele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu; Crowley thought it important that the exhibit's number was 666, theNumber of the Beastin Christian belief, and in later years termed the artefact the \"Stele of Revealing\". According to Crowley's later statements, on 8 April he heard a disembodied voice identifying itself as that ofAiwass, the messenger of Horus, orHoor-Paar-Kraat. Crowley said that he wrote down everything the voice told him over the course of the next three days, and titled itLiber AL vel LegisorThe Book of the Law.The book proclaimed that humanity was entering a newAeon, and that Crowley would serve as itsprophet. It stated that a supreme moral law was to be introduced in this Aeon, \"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law,\" and that people should learn to live in tune with their Will. This book, and the philosophy that it espoused, became the cornerstone of Crowley's religion,Thelema.Crowley said that at the time he was unsure what to do withThe Book of the Law. Often resenting it, he said that he ignored the instructions which the text commanded him to perform, which included taking the Stele of Revealing from the museum, fortifying his own island, and translating the book into all the world's languages. According to his account, he instead sent typescripts of the work to several occultists he knew, putting the manuscript away and ignoring it. Kanchenjunga and China: 1905–1906 Returning to Boleskine, Crowley came to believe that Mathers was using magic against him, and the relationship between the two broke down.On 28 July 1905, Rose gave birth to Crowley's first child, a daughter named Lilith, and Crowley wrote the pornographicSnowdrops from a Curate's Gardento entertain his recuperating wife.He also founded a publishing company through which to publish his poetry, naming it the Society for the Propagation of Religious Truth in parody of theSociety for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Among its first publications were Crowley'sCollected Works, edited by Ivor Back, an old friend of Crowley's who was both a practicing surgeon and an enthusiast of literature.His poetry often received strong reviews (either positive or negative), but never sold well. In an attempt to gain more publicity, he issued a reward of £100 for the best essay on his work. The winner of this wasJ. F. C. Fuller, a British Army officer and military historian, whose essay,The Star in the West(1907), heralded Crowley's poetry as some of the greatest ever written. Crowley decided to climbKanchenjungain the Himalayas of Nepal, widely recognised as the world's most treacherous mountain. The collaboration betweenJacot-Guillarmod, Charles Adolphe Reymond, Alexis Pache, and Alcesti C. Rigo de Righi,the expeditionwas marred by much argument between Crowley and the others, who thought that he was reckless. They eventually mutinied against Crowley's control, with the other climbers heading back down the mountain as nightfall approached despite Crowley's warnings that it was too dangerous. Subsequently, Pache and several porters were killed in an accident, something for which Crowley was widely blamed by the mountaineering community. Spending time inMoharbhanj, where he took part inbig-game huntingand wrote the homoerotic workThe Scented Garden, Crowley met up with Rose and Lilith inCalcuttabefore being forced to leave India after non-lethally shooting two men who tried to mug him.Briefly visiting Bennett in Burma, Crowley and his family decided to tour Southern China, hiring porters and a nanny for the purpose.Crowley smoked opium throughout the journey, which took the family fromTengyuehthrough to Yungchang,Tali,Yunnanfu, and thenHanoi. On the way, he spent much time on spiritual and magical work, reciting the \"Bornless Ritual\", an invocation to hisHoly Guardian Angel, on a daily basis. While Rose and Lilith returned to Europe, Crowley headed to Shanghai to meet old friend Elaine Simpson, who was fascinated byThe Book of the Law; together they performed rituals in an attempt to contact Aiwass. Crowley then sailed to Japan and Canada, before continuing to New York City, where he unsuccessfully solicited support for a second expedition up Kanchenjunga.Upon arrival in Britain, Crowley learned that his daughter Lilith had died oftyphoidinRangoon, something he later blamed on Rose's increasing alcoholism. Under emotional distress, his health began to suffer, and he underwent a series of surgical operations.He began short-lived romances with actress Vera \"Lola\" Neville (née Snepp)and authorAda Leverson,while Rose gave birth to Crowley's second daughter, Lola Zaza, in February 1907. The A∴A∴ and The Holy Books of Thelema: 1907–1909 With his old mentor George Cecil Jones, Crowley continued performingthe Abramelin ritualsat the Ashdown Park Hotel inCoulsdon, Surrey. Crowley believed that in doing so he attainedsamadhi, or union with Godhead, thereby marking a turning point in his life.Making heavy use ofhashishduring these rituals, he wrote an essay on \"The Psychology of Hashish\" (1909) in which he championed the drug as an aid to mysticism.He also said he had been contacted once again by Aiwass in late October and November 1907, adding that Aiwass dictated two further texts to him, \"Liber VII\" and \"Liber Cordis Cincti Serpente\", both of which were later classified in the corpus ofThe Holy Books of Thelema.Crowley wrote down more Thelemic Holy Books during the last two months of the year, including \"Liber LXVI\", \"Liber Arcanorum\", \"Liber Porta Lucis, Sub Figura X\", \"Liber Tau\", \"Liber Trigrammaton\" and \"Liber DCCCXIII vel Ararita\", which he again said he had received from a preternatural source.Crowley stated that in June 1909, when the manuscript ofThe Book of the Lawwas rediscovered at Boleskine, he developed the opinion that Thelema representedobjective truth. Crowley's inheritance was running out.Trying to earn money, he was hired by George Montagu Bennett, theEarl of Tankerville, to help protect him fromwitchcraft; recognising Bennett's paranoia as being based in his cocaine addiction, Crowley took him on holiday to France and Morocco to recuperate.In 1907, he also began taking in paying students, whom he instructed in occult and magical practice.Victor Neuburg, whom Crowley met in February 1907, became his sexual partner and closest disciple; in 1908 the pair toured northern Spain before heading toTangier, Morocco.The following year Neuburg stayed at Boleskine, where he and Crowley engaged insadomasochism.Crowley continued to write prolifically, producing such works of poetry asAmbergris,Clouds Without Water, andKonx Om Pax,as well as his first attempt at an autobiography,The World's Tragedy.Recognizing the popularity of short horror stories, Crowley wrote his own, some of which were published,and he also published several articles inVanity Fair, a magazine edited by his friendFrank Harris.He also wroteLiber 777, a book of magical andQabalisticcorrespondencesthat borrowed from Mathers and Bennett. Into my loneliness comes—The sound of a flute in dim groves that haunt the uttermost hills.Even from the brave river they reach to the edge of the wilderness.And I behold Pan. The opening lines of Liber VII (1907), the first of the Holy Books of Thelema to be revealed to Crowley afterThe Book of the Law. In November 1907, Crowley and Jones decided to found an occult order to act as a successor to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, being aided in doing so by Fuller. The result was theA∴A∴. The group's headquarters and temple were situated at 124 Victoria Street in central London, and their rites borrowed much from those of the Golden Dawn, but with an added Thelemic basis.Its earliest members included solicitor Richard Noel Warren, artistAustin Osman Spare, Horace Sheridan-Bickers, authorGeorge Raffalovich, Francis Henry Everard Joseph Feilding, engineer Herbert Edward Inman, Kenneth Ward, andCharles Stansfeld Jones.In March 1909, Crowley began production of a biannual periodical titledThe Equinox. He billed this periodical, which was to become the \"Official Organ\" of the A∴A∴, as \"The Review of Scientific Illuminism\". Crowley became increasingly frustrated with Rose's alcoholism, and in November 1909 he divorced her on the grounds of his own adultery. Lola was entrusted to Rose's care; the couple remained friends and Rose continued to live at Boleskine. Her alcoholism worsened, and as a result she was institutionalized in September 1911. Algeria and the Rites of Eleusis: 1909–1911 In November 1909, Crowley and Neuburg travelled to Algeria, touring the desert fromEl ArbatoAumale,Bou Saâda, and then Dā'leh Addin, with Crowley reciting theQuranto fortify himself against growing feelings of awe and dread.During the trip he invoked the thirty aethyrs ofEnochian magic, with Neuburg recording the results, later published inThe EquinoxasThe Vision and the Voice. Following a mountaintopsex magicritual, Crowley also performed anevocationto the demonChoronzoninvolvingblood sacrifice, and considered the results to be a watershed in his magical career.Returning to London in January 1910, Crowley found that Mathers was suing him for publishing Golden Dawn secrets inThe Equinox; the court found in favour of Crowley. The case was widely reported in the press, with Crowley gaining wider fame.Crowley enjoyed this, and played up to the sensationalist stereotype of being a Satanist and advocate of human sacrifice, despite being neither. The publicity attracted new members to the A∴A∴, among them Frank Bennett, James Bayley, Herbert Close, and James Windram.The Australian violinistLeila Waddellsoon became Crowley's lover.Deciding to expand his teachings to a wider audience, Crowley developed the Rites of Artemis, a public performance of magic and symbolism featuring A∴A∴ members personifying various deities. It was first performed at the A∴A∴ headquarters, with attendees given a fruit punch containingpeyoteto enhance their experience. Various members of the press attended, and reported largely positively on it. In October and November 1910, Crowley decided to stage something similar, theRites of Eleusis, atCaxton Hall,Westminster; this time press reviews were mixed.Crowley came under particular criticism from West de Wend Fenton, editor ofThe Looking Glassnewspaper, who called him \"one of the most blasphemous and cold-blooded villains of modern times\".Fenton's articles suggested that Crowley and Jones were involved in homosexual activity; Crowley did not mind, but Jones unsuccessfully sued for libel.Fuller broke off his friendship and involvement with Crowley over the scandal,and Crowley and Neuburg returned to Algeria for further magical workings. The Equinoxcontinued publishing, and various books of literature and poetry were also published under its imprint, like Crowley'sAmbergris,The Winged Beetle, andThe Scented Garden, as well as Neuburg'sThe Triumph of Panand Ethel Archer'sThe Whirlpool.In 1911, Crowley and Waddell holidayed inMontigny-sur-Loing, where he wrote prolifically, producing poems, short stories, plays, and 19 works on magic and mysticism, including the two final Holy Books of Thelema.In Paris, he met Mary Desti, who became his next \"Scarlet Woman\", with the two undertaking magical workings inSt. Moritz; Crowley believed that one of theSecret Chiefs, Ab-ul-Diz, was speaking through her.Based on Desti's statements when in trance, Crowley wrote the two-volumeBook 4(1912–13) and at the time developed the spelling \"magick\" in reference to theparanormal phenomenonas a means of distinguishing it from thestage magicof illusionists. Ordo Templi Orientis and the Paris Working: 1912–1914 In early 1912, Crowley publishedThe Book of Lies, a work of mysticism that biographer Lawrence Sutin described as \"his greatest success in merging his talents as poet, scholar, and magus\".The German occultistTheodor Reusslater accused him of publishing some of the secrets of his own occult order,Ordo Templi Orientis(O.T.O.), withinThe Book. Crowley convinced Reuss that the similarities were coincidental, and the two became friends. Reuss appointed Crowley as head of O.T.O's British branch, the Mysteria Mystica Maxima (MMM), and at a ceremony inBerlinCrowley adopted the magical name ofBaphometand was proclaimed \"X° Supreme Rex and Sovereign Grand Master General of Ireland, Iona, and all the Britons\".With Reuss' permission, Crowley set about advertising the MMM and re-writing many O.T.O. rituals, which were then based largely onFreemasonry; his incorporation of Thelemite elements proved controversial in the group. Fascinated by O.T.O's emphasis onsex magic, Crowley devised a magical working based on anal sex and incorporated it into the syllabus for those O.T.O. members who were initiated into theeleventh degree. In March 1913, Crowley acted as producer forThe Ragged Ragtime Girls, a group of female violinists led by Waddell, as they performed at London'sOld Tivolitheatre. They subsequently performed in Moscow for six weeks, where Crowley had a sadomasochistic relationship with the Hungarian Anny Ringler.In Moscow, Crowley continued to write plays and poetry, including \"Hymn toPan\", and theGnostic Mass, a Thelemic ritual that became a key part of O.T.O. liturgy.Churton suggested that Crowley had travelled to Moscow on the orders of British intelligence to spy on revolutionary elements in the city.In January 1914, Crowley and Neuburg settled into an apartment in Paris, where the former was involved in the controversy surroundingJacob Epstein's new monument toOscar Wilde.Together Crowley and Neuburg performed the six-week \"Paris Working\", a period of intense ritual involving strong drug use in which they invoked the godsMercuryandJupiter. As part of the ritual, the couple performed acts of sex magic together, at times being joined by journalistWalter Duranty. Inspired by the results of the Working, Crowley wroteLiber Agapé, a treatise on sex magic.Following the Paris Working, Neuburg began to distance himself from Crowley, resulting in an argument in which Crowleycursedhim. United States: 1914–1919 By 1914, Crowley was living a hand-to-mouth existence, relying largely on donations from A∴A∴ members and dues payments made to O.T.O.In May, he transferred ownership of Boleskine House to the MMM for financial reasons,and in July he went mountaineering in the Swiss Alps. During this time theFirst World Warbroke out.After recuperating from a bout ofphlebitis, Crowley set sail for the United States aboard theRMSLusitaniain October 1914.Arriving in New York City, he moved into a hotel and began earning money writing for the American edition ofVanity Fairand undertaking freelance work for the famed astrologerEvangeline Adams.In the city, he continued experimenting with sex magic, through the use of masturbation, female prostitutes, and male clients of a Turkish bathhouse; all of these encounters were documented in his diaries. Professing to be of Irish ancestry and a supporter ofIrish independencefrom Great Britain, Crowley began to espouse support for Germany in their war against Britain. He became involved in New York's pro-German movement, and in January 1915 German spyGeorge Sylvester Viereckemployed him as a writer for his propagandist paper,The Fatherland, which was dedicated to keeping the US neutral in the conflict.In later years, detractors denounced Crowley as a traitor to Britain for this action. Crowley entered into a relationship withJeanne Robert Foster, with whom he toured the West Coast. InVancouver, headquarters of the North American O.T.O., he met withCharles Stansfeld JonesandWilfred Talbot Smithto discuss the propagation of Thelema on the continent. In Detroit he experimented withPeyoteatParke-Davis, then visited Seattle, San Francisco,Santa Cruz, Los Angeles, San Diego,Tijuana, and theGrand Canyon, before returning to New York.There he befriendedAnanda Coomaraswamyand his wife Alice Richardson; Crowley and Richardson performed sex magic in April 1916, following which she became pregnant and then miscarried.Later that year he took a \"magical retirement\" to a cabin byLake Pasquaneyowned by Evangeline Adams. There, he made heavy use of drugs and undertook a ritual after which he proclaimed himself \"Master Therion\". He also wrote several short stories based onJames George Frazer'sThe Golden Boughand a work of literary criticism,The Gospel According to Bernard Shaw. In December, he moved toNew Orleans, his favourite US city, before spending February 1917 with evangelical Christian relatives inTitusville, Florida.Returning to New York City, he moved in with artist and A∴A∴ member Leon Engers Kennedy in May, learning of his mother's death.After the collapse ofThe Fatherland, Crowley continued his association with Viereck, who appointed him contributing editor of arts journalThe International. Crowley used it to promote Thelema, but it soon ceased publication.He then moved to the studio apartment of Roddie Minor, who became his partner andScarlet Woman. Through their rituals, which Crowley called \"The Amalantrah Workings\", he believed that they were contacted by a preternatural entity named Lam. The relationship soon ended. In 1918, Crowley went on a magical retreat in the wilderness ofEsopus Islandon theHudson River. Here, he began an adaptationof theTao Te Ching, painted Thelemic slogans on the riverside cliffs, and—he later wrote—experiencedpast life memoriesof beingGe Xuan,Pope Alexander VI,Alessandro Cagliostro, andÉliphas Lévi.Back in New York City, he moved toGreenwich Village, where he tookLeah Hirsigas his lover and next Scarlet Woman.He took up painting as a hobby, exhibiting his work at the Greenwich Village Liberal Club and attracting the attention ofThe Evening World.With the financial assistance of sympathetic Freemasons, Crowley revivedThe Equinoxwith the first issue of volume III, known asThe Blue Equinox.He spent mid-1919 on a climbing holiday inMontaukbefore returning to London in December. Abbey of Thelema: 1920–1923 Now destitute and back in London, Crowley came under attack from the tabloidJohn Bull, which labelled him traitorous \"scum\" for his work with the German war effort; several friends aware of his intelligence work urged him to sue, but he decided not to.When he was suffering from asthma, a doctor prescribed him heroin, to which he soon became addicted.In January 1920, he moved to Paris, renting a house inFontainebleauwithLeah Hirsig; they were soon joined in aménage à troisby Ninette Shumway, and also (in living arrangement) by Leah's newborn daughter Anne \"Poupée\" Leah.Crowley had ideas of forming a community of Thelemites, which he called theAbbey of Thelemaafter the Abbaye de Thélème inFrançois Rabelais' satireGargantua and Pantagruel. After consulting theI Ching, he choseCefalùin Sicily as a location, and after arriving there, began renting the old Villa Santa Barbara as his Abbey on 2 April. Moving to the commune with Hirsig, Shumway, and their children Hansi, Howard, and Poupée, Crowley described the scenario as \"perfectly happy ... my idea of heaven.\"They wore robes, and performed rituals to the sun godRaat set times during the day, also occasionally performing the Gnostic Mass; the rest of the day they were left to follow their own interests.Undertaking widespread correspondences, Crowley continued to paint, wrote a commentary onThe Book of the Law, and revised the third part ofBook 4.He offered a libertine education for the children, allowing them to play all day and witness acts of sex magic.He occasionally travelled toPalermoto visitrent boysand buy supplies, including drugs; his heroin addiction came to dominate his life, and cocaine began to erode his nasal cavity.There was no cleaning rota, and wild dogs and cats wandered throughout the building, which soon became unsanitary.Poupée died in October 1920, and Ninette gave birth to a daughter, Astarte Lulu Panthea, soon afterwards. New followers continued to arrive at the Abbey to be taught by Crowley. Among them was film starJane Wolfe, who arrived in July 1920, where she was initiated into the A∴A∴ and became Crowley's secretary.Another was Cecil Frederick Russell, who often argued with Crowley, disliking the same-sex sexual magic that he was required to perform, and left after a year.More conducive was the Australian Thelemite Frank Bennett, who also spent several months at the Abbey.In February 1922, Crowley returned to Paris for a retreat in an unsuccessful attempt to kick his heroin addiction.He then went to London in search of money, where he published articles inThe English Reviewcriticising theDangerous Drugs Act 1920and wrote a novel,The Diary of a Drug Fiend, completed in July. On publication, it received mixed reviews; he was lambasted by theSunday Express, which called for its burning and used its influence to prevent further reprints. Subsequently, a young Thelemite named Raoul Loveday moved to the Abbey with his wifeBetty May; while Loveday was devoted to Crowley, May detested him and life at the commune. She later said that Loveday was made to drink the blood of a sacrificed cat, and that they were required to cut themselves with razors every time they used the pronoun \"I\". Loveday drank from a local polluted stream, soon developing a liver infection resulting in his death in February 1923. Returning to London, May told her story to the press.John Bullproclaimed Crowley \"the wickedest man in the world\" and \"a man we'd like to hang\", and although Crowley deemed many of their accusations against him to be slanderous, he was unable to afford the legal fees to sue them. As a result,John Bullcontinued its attack, with its stories being repeated in newspapers throughout Europe and in North America.TheFascistgovernment ofBenito Mussolinilearned of Crowley's activities, and in April 1923 he was given a deportation notice forcing him to leave Italy; without him, the Abbey closed. Later life Tunisia, Paris, and London: 1923–1929 Crowley and Hirsig went toTunis, where, dogged by continuing poor health, he unsuccessfully tried again to give up heroin,and began writing what he termed his \"autohagiography\",The Confessions of Aleister Crowley.They were joined in Tunis by the Thelemite Norman Mudd, who became Crowley's public relations consultant.Employing a local boy, Mohammad ben Brahim, as his servant, Crowley went with him on a retreat toNefta, where they performed sex magic together.In January 1924, Crowley travelled toNice, France, where he met withFrank Harris, underwent a series of nasal operations,and visited theInstitute for the Harmonious Development of Manand had a positive opinion of its founder,George Gurdjieff.Destitute, he took on a wealthy student, Alexander Zu Zolar,before taking on another American follower, Dorothy Olsen. Crowley took Olsen back to Tunisia for a magical retreat in Nefta, where he also wroteTo Man(1924), a declaration of his own status as a prophet entrusted with bringing Thelema to humanity.After spending the winter in Paris, in early 1925 Crowley and Olsen returned to Tunis, where he wroteThe Heart of the Master(1938) as an account of a vision he experienced in a trance.In March Olsen became pregnant, and Hirsig was called to take care of her; she miscarried, following which Crowley took Olsen back to France. Hirsig later distanced herself from Crowley, who then denounced her. According to Crowley, Reuss named him head of O.T.O. upon his death, but this was challenged by a leader of the German O.T.O.,Heinrich Tränker. Tränker called the Hohenleuben Conference inThuringia, Germany, which Crowley attended. There, prominent members likeKarl Germerand Martha Küntzel championed Crowley's leadership, but other key figures likeAlbin Grau, Oskar Hopfer, and Henri Birven backed Tränker by opposing it, resulting in a split in O.T.O.Moving to Paris, where he broke with Olsen in 1926, Crowley went through a large number of lovers over the following years, with whom he experimented in sex magic.Throughout, he was dogged by poor health, largely caused by his heroin and cocaine addictions.In 1928, Crowley was introduced toIsrael Regardie, a young Englishman, who embraced Thelema and became Crowley's secretary for the next three years.That year, Crowley also metGerald Yorke, who began organising Crowley's finances but never became a Thelemite.He also befriended the journalistTom Driberg; Driberg did not accept Thelema either.It was here that Crowley also published one of his most significant works,Magick in Theory and Practice, which received little attention at the time. In December 1928 Crowley met the Nicaraguan Maria Teresa Sanchez (Maria Teresa Ferrari de Miramar).Crowley was deported from France by the authorities, who disliked his reputation and feared that he was a German agent.So that she could join him in Britain, Crowley married Sanchez in August 1929.Now based in London, Mandrake Press agreed to publish his autobiography in a limited edition six-volume set, also publishing his novelMoonchildand book of short storiesThe Stratagem. Mandrake went into liquidation in November 1930, before the entirety of Crowley'sConfessionscould be published.Mandrake's ownerP. R. Stephensenmeanwhile wroteThe Legend of Aleister Crowley, an analysis of the media coverage surrounding him. Berlin and London: 1930–1938 In April 1930, Crowley moved toBerlin, where he took Hanni Jaegar as his magical partner; the relationship was troubled.In September he went toLisbonin Portugal to meet the poetFernando Pessoa. There, he decided to fake his own death, doing so with Pessoa's help at theBoca do Infernorock formation.He then returned to Berlin, where he reappeared three weeks later at the opening of his art exhibition at the Gallery Neumann-Nierendorf. Crowley's paintings fitted with the fashion forGerman Expressionism; few of them sold, but the press reports were largely favourable.In August 1931, he took Bertha Busch as his new lover; they had a violent relationship, and often physically assaulted one another.He continued to have affairs with both men and women while in the city,and met with famous people likeAldous HuxleyandAlfred Adler.After befriending him, in January 1932 he took the communistGerald Hamiltonas a lodger, through whom he was introduced to many figures within the Berlin far left; it is possible that he was operating as a spy for British intelligence at this time, monitoring the communist movement. I have been over forty years engaged in the administration of the law in one capacity or another. I thought that I knew of every conceivable form of wickedness. I thought that everything which was vicious and bad had been produced at one time or another before me. I have learnt in this case that we can always learn something more if we live long enough. I have never heard such dreadful, horrible, blasphemous and abominable stuff as that which has been produced by the man (Crowley) who describes himself to you as the greatest living poet. Justice Swift, in Crowley's libel case. Crowley left Busch and returned to London,where he took Pearl Brooksmith as his new Scarlet Woman.Undergoing furthernasal surgery, it was here in 1932 that he was invited to be guest of honour atFoyles' Literary Luncheon, also being invited byHarry Priceto speak at theNational Laboratory of Psychical Research.In need of money, he launched a series of court cases against people whom he believed to have libelled him, some of which proved successful. He gained much publicity for his lawsuit againstConstable and Cofor publishingNina Hamnett'sLaughing Torso(1932)—a book he alleged libelled him by referring to his occult practice as black magic—but lost the case.The court case added to Crowley's financial problems, and in February 1935 he was declared bankrupt. During the hearing, it was revealed that Crowley was spending three times his income for several years. Crowley developed a friendship withDeidre Patricia Doherty; she offered to bear his child, who was born in May 1937. NamedRandall Gair, Crowley nicknamed him Aleister Atatürk. He died in a car accident in 2002 at the age of 65.Crowley continued to socialize with friends, holding curry parties in which he cooked particularly spicy food for them.In 1936, he published his first book in six years,The Equinox of the Gods, which contained a facsimile ofThe Book of the Lawand was considered to be volume III, number 3, ofThe Equinoxperiodical. The work sold well, resulting in a second print run.In 1937, he gave a series of public lectures on yoga inSoho.Crowley was now living largely off contributions supplied by O.T.O.'sAgape Lodgein California, led by rocket scientistJack Parsons.Crowley was intrigued by the rise ofNazismin Germany, and influenced by his friend Martha Küntzel believed thatAdolf Hitlermight convert to Thelema; when the Nazis abolished the German O.T.O. and imprisoned Germer, who fled to the US, Crowley then lambasted Hitler as ablack magician. Second World War and death: 1939–1947 When theSecond World Warbroke out, Crowley wrote to theNaval Intelligence Divisionoffering his services, but they declined. He associated with a variety of figures in Britain's intelligence community at the time, includingDennis Wheatley,Roald Dahl,Ian Fleming, andMaxwell Knight,and wrote that he originated the \"V for Victory\" sign first used by theBBC; this has never been proven.In 1940, his asthma worsened, and with his German-produced medication unavailable, he returned to using heroin, once again becoming addicted.Asthe Blitzhit London, Crowley relocated toTorquay, where he was briefly admitted to hospital with asthma, and entertained himself with visits to the local chess club.Tiring of Torquay, he returned to London, where he was visited by American ThelemiteGrady McMurtry, to whom Crowley awarded the title of \"Hymenaeus Alpha\".He stipulated that though Germer would be his immediate successor, McMurty should succeed Germer as head of O.T.O. after the latter's death.With O.T.O. initiateLady Frieda Harris, Crowley developed plans to produce atarot cardset, designed by him and painted by Harris. Accompanying this was a book, published in a limited edition asThe Book of ThothbyChiswick Pressin 1944.To aid the war effort, he wrote a proclamation on the rights of humanity, \"Liber OZ\", and a poem for the liberation of France,Le Gauloise.Crowley's final publication during his lifetime was a book of poetry,Olla: An Anthology of Sixty Years of Song.Another of his projects,Aleister Explains Everything, was posthumously published asMagick Without Tears. In April 1944 Crowley briefly moved toAston Clintonin Buckinghamshire,where he was visited by the poetNancy Cunard,before relocating toHastingsin Sussex, where he took up residence at the Netherwood boarding house.He took a young man namedKenneth Grantas his secretary, paying him in magical teaching rather than wages.He was also introduced toJohn Symonds, whom he appointed to be his literary executor; Symonds thought little of Crowley, later publishing negative biographies of him.Corresponding with the illusionistArnold Crowther, it was through him that Crowley was introduced toGerald Gardner, the future founder ofGardnerian Wicca. They became friends, with Crowley authorising Gardner to revive Britain's ailing O.T.O.Another visitor wasEliza Marian Butler, who interviewed Crowley for her bookThe Myth of the Magus.Other friends and family also spent time with him, among them Doherty and Crowley's son Aleister Atatürk. On 1 December 1947, Crowley died at Netherwood ofchronic bronchitisaggravated bypleurisyand myocardial degeneration, aged 72.His funeral was held at aBrightoncrematorium on 5 December; about a dozen people attended, andLouis Wilkinsonread excerpts from theGnostic Mass,The Book of the Law, and \"Hymn to Pan\". The funeral generated press controversy, and was labelled aBlack Massby the tabloids. Crowley's body wascremated; his ashes were sent toKarl Germerin the US, who buried them in his garden inHampton, New Jersey. Beliefs and thought Crowley's belief system, Thelema, has been described by scholars as a religion,and more specifically as both anew religious movement,and as a \"magico-religiousdoctrine\".It has also been characterized as a form of esotericism andModern paganism.Although holdingThe Book of the Law—which was composed in 1904—as its central text, Thelema took shape as a complete system in the years after 1904. In his autobiography, Crowley wrote that his purpose in life was to \"bring oriental wisdom to Europe and to restore paganism in a purer form\", although what he meant by \"paganism\" was unclear.Crowley also wrote in the 4th Book of Magick about a great pagan Umbral fleet ruled by Ottovius that would be handed down to the great Spartan. The esoteric nature of this was also unclear. Crowley's thought was not always cohesive, and was influenced by a variety of sources, ranging from eastern religious movements and practices like Hindu yoga and Buddhism,scientific naturalism, and various currents within Western esotericism, among them ceremonial magic, alchemy, astrology,Rosicrucianism, Kabbalah, and the Tarot.He was steeped in the esoteric teachings he had learned from the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, although pushed further with his own interpretations and strategies than the Golden Dawn had done.Crowley incorporated concepts and terminology from South Asian religious traditions like yoga andTantrainto his Thelemic system, believing that there was a fundamental underlying resemblance between Western and Eastern spiritual systems.The historian Alex Owen noted that Crowley adhered to the \"modus operandi\" of theDecadent movementthroughout his life. Crowley believed that the twentieth century marked humanity's entry to the Aeon of Horus, a new era in which humans would take increasing control of their destiny. He believed that this Aeon follows on from the Aeon of Osiris, in which paternalistic religions like Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism dominated the world, and that this in turn had followed the Aeon of Isis, which was maternalistic and dominated by goddess worship.He believed that Thelema was the proper religion of the Aeon of Horus,and also deemed himself to be the prophet of this new Aeon.Thelema revolves around the idea that human beings each have their own True Will that they should discover and pursue, and that this exists in harmony with the Cosmic Will that pervades the universe.Crowley referred to this process of searching and discovery of one's True Will to be \"the Great Work\" or the attaining of the \"knowledge and conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel\".His favoured method of doing so was through the performance of the Abramelin operation, a ceremonial magic ritual obtained from a 17th-century grimoire.The moral code of \"Do What Thou Wilt\" is believed by Thelemites to be the religion's ethical law, although the historian of religion Marco Pasi noted that this was notanarchisticorlibertarianin structure, as Crowley saw individuals as part of a wider societal organism. Magick and theology Crowley believed in the objective existence ofmagic, which he chose to spell as \"Magick\", which is an archaic spelling of the word.He provided various different definitions of this term over his career.In his bookMagick in Theory and Practice, Crowley defined Magick as \"the Science and Art of causing change to occur in conformity with Will\".He also told his disciple Karl Germer that \"Magick is getting into communication with individuals who exist on a higher plane than ours. Mysticism is the raising of oneself to their level.\"Crowley saw Magick as a third way between religion and science, givingThe Equinoxthe subtitle ofThe Method of Science; the Aim of Religion.Within that journal, he expressed positive sentiments toward science and thescientific method,and urged magicians to keep detailed records of their magical experiments, having said: \"The more scientific the record is, the better.\"His understanding of magic was also influenced by the work of the anthropologist James Frazer, in particular the belief that magic was a precursor to science in acultural evolutionaryframework.Unlike Frazer, however, Crowley did not see magic as a survival from the past that required eradication, but rather he believed that magic had to be adapted to suit the new age of science.In Crowley's alternative schema, old systems ofmagichad to decline (per Frazer's framework) so that science and magic could synthesize intomagick, which would simultaneously accept the existence of the supernatural and anexperimental method.Crowley deliberately adopted an exceptionally broad definition of magick that included almost all forms of technology as magick, adopting aninstrumentalistdefinition of magic, science, and technology. To the greatest aim of the magician was to merge with a higher power connected to the wellsprings of the universe, but he did not trouble himself too much to define that power consistently; sometimes it was God, sometimes the One, sometimes a goddess, and sometimes one's own Holy Guardian Angel or higher self. In the last analysis he was content for the nature of divinity to remain a mystery. As a result, he wrote at times like an atheist, at times like a monotheist, and at others like a polytheist. Ronald Hutton Sexuality played an important role in Crowley's ideas about magick and his practice of it,and has been described as being central to Thelema.He outlined three forms of sex magick—the autoerotic, homosexual, and heterosexual—and argued that such acts could be used to focus the magician's will onto a specific goal such as financial gain or personal creative success.For Crowley, sex was treated as asacrament, with the consumption of sexual fluids interpreted as aEucharist.This was often manifested as theCakes of Light, a biscuit containing either menstrual blood or a mixture of semen and vaginal fluids.The Gnostic Mass is the central religious ceremony within Thelema. Crowley's theological beliefs were not clear. The historianRonald Huttonnoted that some of Crowley's writings could be used to argue that he was anatheist,while some support the idea that he was apolytheist,and others would bolster the idea that he was amysticalmonotheist.On the basis of the teachings inThe Book of the Law, Crowley described a pantheon of three deities taken from the ancient Egyptian pantheon: Nuit, Hadit, and Ra-Hoor-Khuit.In 1928, he wrote that all true deities were derived from this trinity.Jason Josephson Stormhas argued that Crowley built on 19th-century attempts tolink early Christianity to pre-Christian religions, such as Frazer'sGolden Bough, to synthesize Christian theology and Neopaganism while remaining critical of institutional and traditional Christianity. Both during his life and after it, Crowley has been widely described as aSatanist, usually by detractors. Crowley stated he did not consider himself a Satanist, nor did he worshipSatan, as he did not accept the Christian world view in which Satan was believed to exist.He nevertheless used Satanic imagery, for instance by describing himself as \"the Beast 666\" and referring to theWhore of Babylonin his work, while in later life he sent \"Antichristmas cards\" to his friends.In his writings, Crowley occasionally identified Aiwass as Satan and designated him as \"Our Lord God the Devil\" at one occasion.The scholar of religion Gordan Djurdjevic stated that Crowley \"was emphatically not\" a Satanist, \"if for no other reason than simply because he did not identify himself as such\".Crowley nevertheless expressed strong anti-Christian sentiment,stating that he hated Christianity \"as Socialists hate soap\",an animosity probably stemming from his experiences among the Plymouth Brethren.He was nevertheless influenced by theKing James Bible, especially theBook of Revelation, the impact of which can be seen in his writings.He was also accused of advocatinghuman sacrifice, largely because of a passage inBook 4in which he stated that \"A male child of perfect innocence and high intelligence is the most satisfactory victim\" and added that he had sacrificed about 150 every year. This was a tongue-in-cheek reference toejaculation, something not realized by his critics. Image and opinions Crowley considered himself to be one of the outstanding figures of his time.The historianRonald Huttonstated that in Crowley's youth, he was \"a self-indulgent and flamboyant young man\" who \"set about a deliberate flouting and provocation of social and religious norms\", while being shielded from an \"outraged public opinion\" by his inherited wealth.Hutton also described Crowley as having both an \"unappeasable desire\" to take control of any organisation that he belonged to, and \"a tendency to quarrel savagely\" with those who challenged him.Crowley biographerMartin Boothasserted that Crowley was \"self-confident, brash, eccentric, egotistic, highly intelligent, arrogant, witty, wealthy, and, when it suited him, cruel\".Similarly, Richard B. Spence noted that Crowley was \"capable of immense physical and emotional cruelty\".BiographerLawrence Sutinnoted that Crowley exhibited \"courage, skill, dauntless energy, and remarkable focus of will\" while at the same time showing a \"blind arrogance, petty fits of bile, contempt for the abilities of his fellow men\".The ThelemiteLon Milo DuQuettenoted that Crowley \"was by no means perfect\" and \"often alienated those who loved him dearest.\" Political opinions Crowley enjoyed being outrageous and flouting conventional morality,withJohn Symondsnoting that he \"was in revolt against the moral and religious values of his time\".Crowley's political thought was studied by the academic Marco Pasi, who noted that for Crowley, socio-political concerns were subordinate to metaphysical and spiritual ones.He was neither on the politicalleftnorrightbut perhaps best categorized as a \"conservative revolutionary\" despite not being affiliated with the German-basedmovement of the same name.Pasi described Crowley's fascination with the extreme ideologies of Nazism andMarxism–Leninism, which aimed to violently overturn society: \"What Crowley liked about Nazism and communism, or at least what made him curious about them, was the anti-Christian position and the revolutionary and socially subversive implications of these two movements. In their subversive powers, he saw the possibility of an annihilation of old religious traditions, and the creation of a void that Thelema, subsequently, would be able to fill.\"Crowley described democracy as an \"imbecile and nauseating cult of weakness\",and commented thatThe Book of the Lawproclaimed that \"there is the master and there is the slave; the noble and the serf; the 'lone wolf' and the herd\".In this attitude, he was influenced bySocial Darwinismand the work ofFriedrich Nietzsche.Although he had contempt for most of the British aristocracy, he regarded himself as an aristocrat and styled himself as Laird Boleskine,once describing his ideology as \"aristocratic communism\". Opinions on race and gender Crowley was bisexual, but exhibited a preference for women,with his relationships with men being fewer and mostly in the early part of his life.In particular he was attracted to \"exotic women\",and said he had fallen in love on multiple occasions; Kaczynski stated that \"when he loved, he did so with his whole being, but the passion was typically short-lived\".Even in later life, Crowley was able to attract young bohemian women to be his lovers, largely due to his charisma.He applied the term \"Scarlet Woman\" to various female lovers whom he believed played an important role in his magical work.During homosexual acts, he usually played 'the passive role',which Booth believed \"appealed to his masochistic side\".An underlying theme in many of his writings is that spiritual enlightenment arises through transgressing socio-sexual norms. Crowley advocated complete sexual freedom for both men and women.He argued that homosexual and bisexual people should not suppress their sexual orientation,commenting that a person \"must not be ashamed or afraid of being homosexual if he happens to be so at heart; he must not attempt to violate his own true nature because of public opinion, or medieval morality, or religious prejudice which would wish he were otherwise.\"On other issues he adopted a more conservative attitude; he opposed abortion on moral grounds, believing that no woman following her True Will would ever desire one. Biographer Lawrence Sutin stated that \"blatant bigotry is a persistent minor element in Crowley's writings\".Sutin thought Crowley \"a spoiled scion of a wealthy Victorian family who embodied many of the worstJohn Bullracial and social prejudices of his upper-class contemporaries\", noting that he \"embodied the contradiction that writhed within many Western intellectuals of the time: deeply held racist viewpoints courtesy of society, coupled with a fascination with people of colour\".Crowley is said to have insulted his close Jewish friendVictor Neuburg, usingantisemiticslurs, and he had mixed opinions about Jewish people as a group.Although he praised their \"sublime\" poetry and stated that they exhibited \"imagination, romance, loyalty, probity and humanity\", he also thought that centuries of persecution had led some Jewish people to exhibit \"avarice, servility, falseness, cunning and the rest\".He was also known to praise various ethnic and cultural groups, for instance he thought that the Chinese people exhibited a \"spiritual superiority\" to the English,and praised Muslims for exhibiting \"manliness, straightforwardness, subtlety, and self-respect\". Both critics of Crowley and adherents of Thelema have accused Crowley ofsexism.Booth described Crowley as exhibiting a \"general misogyny\", something the biographer believed arose from Crowley's bad relationship with his mother.Sutin noted that Crowley \"largely accepted the notion, implicitly embodied in Victorian sexology, of women as secondary social beings in terms of intellect and sensibility\".The scholar of religion Manon Hedenborg White noted that some of Crowley's statements are \"undoubtedly misogynist by contemporary standards\", but characterized Crowley's attitude toward women as complex and multi-faceted.Crowley's comments on women's role varied dramatically within his written work, even that produced in similar periods.Crowley described women as \"moral inferiors\" who had to be treated with \"firmness, kindness and justice\",while also arguing that Thelema was essential to women's emancipation. Possible links to intelligence Biographers Richard B. Spence and Tobias Churton have suggested that Crowley was a spy for the British secret services and that among other things he joined the Golden Dawn under their command to monitor the activities ofMathers, who was known to be aCarlist.Spence suggested that the conflict between Mathers and the London lodge for the temple was part of an intelligence operation to undermine Mathers' authority.Spence has suggested that the purpose of Crowley's trip to Mexico might have been to explore Mexican oil prospects for British intelligence.Spence has suggested that his trip to China was orchestrated as part of a British intelligence scheme to monitor the region's opium trade.Churton suggested that Crowley had travelled to Moscow on the orders of British intelligence to spy on revolutionary elements in the city. Spence and Sutin both wrote that Crowley's pro-German work in the United States during World War I was actually a cover for him being a double agent for Britain, citing his hyperbolic articles inThe Fatherlandto make the German lobby appear ridiculous in the eyes of the American public.Spence also wrote that Crowley encouraged theGerman Navyto destroy theLusitania, informing them that it would ensure the US stayed out of the war, while in reality hoping that it would bring the US into the war on Britain's side. Legacy and influence \"e is today looked upon as a source of inspiration by many people in search of spiritual enlightenment and/or instructions in magical practice. Thus, while during his life his books hardly sold and his disciples were never very numerous, nowadays all his important works are constantly in print, and the people defining themselves as \"thelemites\" (that is, followers of Crowley's new religion) number several thousands all over the world. Furthermore, Crowley's influence over magically oriented new religious movements has in some cases been very deep and pervasive. It would be difficult to understand, for instance, some aspects of Anglo-Saxon neo-paganism and contemporary satanism without a solid knowledge of Crowley's doctrines and ideas. In other fields, such as poetry, alpinism and painting, he may have been a minor figure, but it is only fair to admit that, in the limited context of occultism, he has played and still plays a major role.\" Marco Pasi, 2003. Crowley has remained an influential figure, both amongst occultists and in popular culture, particularly that of Britain, but also of other parts of the world. In 2002, a BBC poll placed Crowley seventy-third in a list of the100 Greatest Britons.Richard Cavendishhas written of him that \"In native talent, penetrating intelligence and determination, Aleister Crowley was the best-equipped magician to emerge since the seventeenth century.\"The scholar of esotericism Egil Asprem described him as \"one of the most well-known figures in modern occultism\".The scholar of esotericismWouter Hanegraaffasserted that Crowley was an extreme representation of \"the dark side of the occult\",adding that he was \"the most notorious occultist magician of the twentieth century\".The philosopher John Moore opined that Crowley stood out as a \"Modern Master\" when compared with other prominent occult figures likeGeorge Gurdjieff,P. D. Ouspensky,Rudolf Steiner, orHelena Blavatsky,also describing him as a \"living embodiment\" ofOswald Spengler's \"Faustian Man\".Biographer Tobias Churton considered Crowley \"a pioneer of consciousness research\".Hutton noted that Crowley had \"an important place in the history of modern Western responses to Oriental spiritual traditions\",while Sutin thought that he had made \"distinctly original contributions\" to the study of yoga in the West. Thelema continued to develop and spread following Crowley's death. In 1969, O.T.O. was reactivated in California under the leadership of Grady Louis McMurtry;in 1985 its right to the title was unsuccessfully challenged in court by a rival group, the Society Ordo Templi Orientis, led by Brazilian ThelemiteMarcelo Ramos Motta.Another American Thelemite is the filmmakerKenneth Anger, who was influenced by Crowley's writings from a young age.In the United Kingdom,Kenneth Grantpropagated a tradition known as Typhonian Thelema through his organisation, the Typhonian O.T.O., later renamed theTyphonian Order.Also in Britain, an occultist known asAmado Crowleyclaimed to be Crowley's son; this has been refuted by academic investigation. Amado argued that Thelema was a false religion created by Crowley to hide his true esoteric teachings, which Amado said he was propagating. Several Western esoteric traditions other than Thelema were also influenced by Crowley, with Djurdjevic observing that \"Crowley's influence on twentieth-century and contemporary esotericism has been enormous\".Gerald Gardner, the founder ofGardnerian Wicca, used much of Crowley's published material when composing the Gardnerian ritual liturgy,and the Australian witchRosaleen Nortonwas also heavily influenced by Crowley's ideas.More widely, Crowley became \"a dominant figure\" in the modern Pagan community.L. Ron Hubbard, the American founder ofScientology, was involved in Thelema in the early 1940s (withJack Parsons), and it has been argued thatCrowley's ideas influenced some of Hubbard's work.The scholars of religion Asbjørn Dyrendel, James R. Lewis, and Jesper Petersen noted that despite the fact that Crowley was not a Satanist, he \"in many ways embodies the pre-Satanist esoteric discourse on Satan and Satanism through his lifestyle and his philosophy\", with his \"image and ought\" becoming an \"important influence\" on the later development of religious Satanism.For instance, two prominent figures in religious Satanism,Anton LaVeyandMichael Aquino, were influenced by Crowley's work. In popular culture Crowley also had a wider influence inBritish popular culture. After his time in Cefalù, which brought him to public attention in Britain, various \"literary Crowleys\" appeared: characters in fiction based upon him.One of the earliest was the character of the poet Shelley Arabin inJohn Buchan's 1926 novelThe Dancing Floor.In his novelThe Devil Rides Out, the writerDennis Wheatleyused Crowley as a partial basis for the character of Damien Mocata, a portly bald defrocked priest who engages in black magic.The occultistDion Fortuneused Crowley as a basis for characters in her booksThe Secrets of Doctor Taverner(1926) andThe Winged Bull(1935).He was included as one of the figures on the cover art ofThe Beatles' albumSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band(1967),and his motto of \"Do What Thou Wilt\" was inscribed on the vinyl ofLed Zeppelin's albumLed Zeppelin III(1970).Led Zeppelin co-founderJimmy Pagebought Boleskine in 1971, and part of the band's filmThe Song Remains the Samewas filmed in the grounds. He sold it in 1992.ThoughDavid Bowiemakes but a fleeting reference to Crowley in the lyrics of his song \"Quicksand\" (1971),it has been suggested that the lyrics of Bowie's No. 1 hit single \"Let's Dance\" (1983) may substantially paraphrase Crowley's 1923 poem \"Lyric of Love to Leah\".Ozzy Osbourneand his lyricistBob Daisleywrote a song titled \"Mr. Crowley\" (1980).A prophetic quote about the coming of theNew Aeonborrowed from Crowley's workMagick in Theory and Practice(1911) has been featured as the opening introduction to the video gameBlood Omen: Legacy of Kain(1996).Crowley began to receive scholarly attention from academics in the late 1990s. Bibliography See also Notes and references Explanatory notes Citations Works cited Further reading External links",
"List of highest mountains on Earth There are at least 108mountainson Earth withelevationsof 7,200 m (23,600 ft; 4.5 mi) or greater abovesea level. Of these, 14 are more than 8,000 m (26,000 ft; 5.0 mi).The vast majority of these mountains are located on the edge of theIndian PlateandEurasian PlateinChina,India,Nepal, andPakistan. The dividing line between a mountain with multiple peaks and separate mountains is not always clear (see alsoHighest unclimbed mountain). A popular and intuitive way to distinguish mountains from subsidiary peaks is by their height above the highest saddle connecting it to a higher summit, a measure calledtopographic prominenceor re-ascent (the higher summit is called the \"parent peak\"). A common definition of a mountain is a summit with 300 m (980 ft) prominence. Alternatively, a relative prominence (prominence/height) is used (usually 7–8%) to reflect that in higher mountain ranges everything is on a larger scale. The table below lists the highest 100 summits with at least 500 m (1,640 ft) prominence, approximating a 7% relative prominence. A drawback of a prominence-based list is that it may exclude well-known or spectacular mountains that are connected via a high ridge to a taller summit, such asEiger,NuptseorAnnapurna IV. A few such peaks and mountains with nearly sufficient prominence are included in this list, and given a rank of \"S\". It is very unlikely that all given heights are correct to the nearest metre; indeed, the sea level is often problematic to define when a mountain is remote from the sea. Different sources often differ by many metres, and the heights given below may well differ from those elsewhere in this encyclopedia. As an extreme example,Ulugh Muztaghon the northTibetan Plateauis often listed as 7,723 m (25,338 ft) to 7,754 m (25,440 ft), but appears to be only 6,973 m (22,877 ft) to 6,987 m (22,923 ft). Some mountains differ by more than 100 m (330 ft) on different maps, while even very thorough current measurements ofMount Everestrange from 8,840 m (29,003 ft) to 8,849 m (29,032 ft). These discrepancies serve to emphasize the uncertainties in the listed heights. Though some parts of the world, especially the most mountainous parts, have never been thoroughly mapped, it is unlikely that any mountains this high have been overlooked, becausesynthetic aperture radarcan andhas beenused to measure elevations of most otherwise inaccessible places. Still, heights or prominences may be revised, so that the order of the list may change and even new mountains could enter the list over time. To be safe, the list has been extended to include all 7,200 m (23,622 ft) peaks. The highest mountains above sea level are generally not the highest above the surrounding terrain. There is no precise definition of surrounding base, butDenali,Mount KilimanjaroandNanga Parbatare possible candidates for the tallest mountain on land by this measure. The bases of mountain islands are below sea level, and given this considerationMauna Kea(4,207 m (13,802 ft) above sea level) is theworld's tallest mountain andvolcano, rising about 10,203 m (33,474 ft) from thePacific Oceanfloor.Mount LamlamonGuamis periodically claimed to be among the world's highest mountains because it is adjacent to theMariana Trench; the most extreme claim is that, measured fromChallenger Deep313 kilometres (194 mi) away, Mount Lamlam is 11,530 metres (37,820 ft) tall.Ojos del Saladohas the greatest rise onEarth: 13,420 m (44,029 ft) vertically to the summitfrom the bottom of theAtacama Trench, which is about 560 km (350 mi) away, although most of this rise is not part of the mountain. The highest mountains are also not generally the most voluminous.Mauna Loa(4,169 m or 13,678 ft) is the largest mountain on Earth in terms of base area (about 5,200 km2or 2,000 sq mi) and volume (about 42,000 km3or 10,000 cu mi), although, due to the intergrade oflavafromKilauea,HualalaiandMauna Kea, the volume can only be estimated based on surface area and height of the edifice.Mount Kilimanjarois the largest non-shield volcano in terms of both base area (635 km2or 245 sq mi) and volume (4,793 km3or 1,150 cu mi).Mount Loganis the largest non-volcanic mountain in base area (311 km2or 120 sq mi). The highest mountains above sea level are also not those with peaks farthest from the centre of the Earth, because theshape of the Earthis not spherical. Sea level closer to the equator is several kilometres farther from the centre of the Earth. The summit ofChimborazo,Ecuador's tallest mountain, is usually considered to be the farthest point from the Earth's centre, although the southern summit ofPeru's tallest mountain,Huascarán, is another contender.Both have elevations above sea level more than 2 km (1.2 mi) less than that of Everest. Geographical distribution Download coordinates as: Almost all mountains in the list are located in theHimalayaandKarakoramranges to the south and west of the Tibetan plateau. All peaks 7,000 m (23,000 ft) or higher are located inEast,CentralorSouth Asiain a rectangle edged byNoshaq(7,492 m or 24,580 ft) on theAfghanistan–Pakistan borderin the west,Jengish Chokusu(Tuōmù'ěr Fēng, 7,439 m or 24,406 ft) on theKyrgyzstan–Xinjiangborder to the north,Gongga Shan(Minya Konka, 7,556 m or 24,790 ft) inSichuanto the east, andKabru(7,412 m or 24,318 ft) on theSikkim–Nepalborder to the south. As of December 2018, the highest peaks on four of the mountains—Gangkhar Puensum,Labuche Kang III,Karjiang, andTongshanjiabu, all located inBhutanorChina—have not been ascended. The most recent peak to have its first ever ascent isSaser Kangri II East, inIndia, on 24 August 2011. The highest mountainoutside of AsiaisAconcagua(6,961 m or 22,838 ft), the 189th highest in the world. List of world's highest peaks Gallery See also Notes References Sources External links",
"1905 Kanchenjunga expedition The1905 Kanchenjunga expeditionwas aHimalayanmountaineeringexpedition aimed to climb to the summit ofKanchenjunga, which would ultimately only be achieved in 1955. The expedition was an idea of the Swiss doctor and photographerJules Jacot-Guillarmod. In April 1905 he proposed his plans to the British occultistAleister Crowley, with whom he had participated inOscar Eckenstein'sK2expedition in 1902. Crowley agreed to join because as the climbing leader he would have the opportunity to break thealtitude record.The record at the time was held by eitherWilliam Woodman Graham, Emil Boss andUlrich KaufmannonKabru(7,315 m), a widely contested, but possibly accurate claim,orMatthias ZurbriggenonAconcagua(6,962 m). Jacot-Guillarmod recruited two of his countrymen, Alexis Pache and Charles-Adolphe Reymond, while Crowley recruited his hotelkeeper inDarjeeling, the young Italian Alcesti C. Rigo de Righi, as transport officer. On July 31 the five left with three Kashmiri servants (who had been in the K2 expedition as well), and about 230 local porters. Armed withDouglas Freshfield's map of the range andVittorio Sella's pictures, created during a circumnavigation of the massif in 1899, Crowley planned to climb the southwest face of Kanchenjunga over the Yalung Glacier. When Camp IV was made above this glacier, the team had fallen apart: Jacot-Guillarmod especially was shocked by Crowley's arrogant behavior and brutal treatment of the (barefooted) porters. Camp V was still made around 6,200 m, and on September 1, Crowley, Pache, Reymond and a group of porters made it to about 6,500 m before a small avalanche forced a nervous retreat.Inhis autobiography, Crowley claimed they reached about 25,000 feet or 7,620 m and claimed to have held the altitude record until the1922 British Mount Everest expeditionreached 8,320 m. The next day Jacot-Guillarmod and De Righi attempted to depose Crowley from expedition leadership. The argument could not be settled, and Jacot-Guillarmod, De Righi, and Pache decided to retreat from Camp V to Camp III. At 5 pm they left with four porters on a single rope, but a fall precipitated an avalanche that killed three porters as well as Alexis Pache. People in Camp V heard \"frantic cries\" and Reymond immediately descended to help, but Crowley stayed in his tent. That evening he wrote a letter to a Darjeeling newspaper stating that he had advised against the descent and that \"a mountain 'accident' of this sort is one of the things for which I have no sympathy whatever\". The next day Crowley passed the site of the accident without pausing nor speaking to the survivors and left on his own to Darjeeling, where he took the expedition funds, which mostly had been paid by Jacot-Guillarmod. The latter would get at least some of his money back after threatening to make public some of Crowley's pornographic poetry. The1955 British Kangchenjunga expeditionwas the first to succeed in reaching the summit, starting off on the same route as pioneered in 1905. References"
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"Thelema Thelema(/θəˈliːmə/) is aWestern esotericand occult social or spiritual philosophyand anew religious movementfounded in the early 1900s byAleister Crowley(1875–1947), an English writer, mystic, occultist, and ceremonial magician.Central to Thelema is the concept of discovering and following one'sTrue Will, a unique purpose that transcends ordinary desires. Crowley's system begins withThe Book of the Law, a text he maintained was dictated to him by a non-corporeal entity namedAiwass. This work outlines key principles, including the axiom \"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law,\" emphasizing personal freedom and the pursuit of one's true path, guided bylove. The Thelemic cosmology features deities inspired byancient Egyptian religion. The highest deity isNuit, the night sky symbolized as a naked woman covered in stars, representing the ultimate source of possibilities.Hadit, the infinitely small point, symbolizes manifestation and motion.Ra-Hoor-Khuit, a form ofHorus, represents the Sun and",
"the Sun and active energies of Thelemic magick. Crowley believed that discovering and following one's True Will is the path to self-realization and personal fulfillment, often referred to as theGreat Work. Magickis a central practice in Thelema, involving various physical, mental, and spiritual exercises aimed at uncovering one's True Will and enacting change in alignment with it. Practices such as rituals,yoga, and meditation are used to explore consciousness and achieve self-mastery. TheGnostic Mass, a central ritual in Thelema, mirrors traditional religious services but conveys Thelemic principles.Thelemitesalso observe specific holy days, such as theEquinoxesand the Feast of the Three Days of the Writing of the Book of the Law, commemorating the writing of Thelema's foundational text. Post-Crowley figures likeJack Parsons,Kenneth Grant,James Lees, andNema Andahadnahave further developed Thelema, introducing new ideas, practices, and interpretations. Parsons conducted theBabalon Workingto invoke the",
"invoke the goddessBabalon, while Grant synthesized various traditions into hisTyphonian Order. Lees created theEnglish Qaballa, and Nema Andahadna developedMaat Magick. Historical precedents The wordθέλημα(thelema) is rare inClassical Greek, where it \"signifies the appetitive will: desire, sometimes even sexual\",but it is frequent in theSeptuagint.Early Christian writingsoccasionally use the word to refer to the human will,and even the will of theDevil,but it usually refers to the will ofGod.In his 5th-century sermon, Catholic philosopher and theologianAugustine of Hippogave a similar instruction:\"Love, and what you will, do.\" (Dilige et quod vis fac). In theRenaissance, a character named \"Thelemia\" represents will or desire in theHypnerotomachia Poliphiliof theDominican friarand writerFrancesco Colonna. The protagonist Poliphilo has two allegorical guides, Logistica (reason) and Thelemia (will or desire). When forced to choose, he chooses fulfillment of his sexual will over logic.Colonna's work was a great",
"work was a great influence on theFranciscan friarand writerFrançois Rabelais, who in the 16th century usedThélème, the French form of the word, as the name of afictional abbeyin his novels,Gargantua and Pantagruel.The only rule of this Abbey was \"fay çe que vouldras\" (\"Fais ce que tu veux\", or, \"Do what you will\"). In the mid-18th century,Sir Francis Dashwoodinscribed the adage on a doorway of his abbey atMedmenham,where it served as the motto of theHellfire Club.Rabelais's Abbey of Thelema has been referred to by later writers SirWalter BesantandJames Rice, in their novelThe Monks of Thelema(1878), andC. R. Ashbeein his utopian romanceThe Building of Thelema(1910). Definitions In Classical Greek InClassical Greekthere are two words forwill:thelema(θέλημα) andboule(βουλή). 'Thelema' is a rarely used word in Classical Greek. There are very few documents, the earliest beingAntiphon the Sophist(5th century BCE). In antiquity it was beside the divine will which a man performs, just as much for the will of sexual",
"the will of sexual desire. The intention of the individual was less understood as an overall, generalized,ontologicalplace wherever it was arranged. The verbtheloappears very early (Homer, earlyAtticinscriptions) and has the meanings of \"ready\", \"decide\" and \"desire\" (Homer, 3, 272, also in the sexual sense). \"Aristotlesays in the bookOn Plantsthat the goal of the human will is perception - unlike the plants that do not have 'epithymia' (translation of the author). \"Thelema\", says the Aristoteles, \"has changed here, 'epithymia'\", and 'thelema', and that 'thelema' is to be neutral, not somehow morally determined, the covetous driving force in man.\" In the Old Testament In theSeptuagintthe term is used for thewill of Godhimself, the pious desire of the God-fearing, and the royal will of a secular ruler. It is thus used only for the representation of high ethical willingness in the faith, the exercise of authority by the authorities, or the non-human will, but not for more profane striving.In the Septuagint,",
"the Septuagint, the termsbouleandthelemaappear, whereas in theVulgatetext, the terms are translated into theLatinvoluntas(\"will\"). Thus, the different meaning of both concepts was lost. In the New Testament In the originalGreekversion of theNew Testamentthe wordthelemais used 62 or 64times, twice in the plural (thelemata). Here, God's will is always and exclusively designated by the wordthelema(θέλημα, mostly in the singular), as the theologian Federico Tolli points out by means of theTheological Dictionary of the New Testamentof 1938 (\"Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven\"). In the same way the term is used inPaul the ApostleandIgnatius of Antioch. For Tolli it follows that the genuine idea of Thelema does not contradict the teachings of Jesus. François Rabelais and the Abbey of Thélème François Rabelais was aFranciscanand later aBenedictinemonk of the 16th century. Eventually he left the monastery to study medicine, and moved to the French city ofLyonin 1532. There he wroteGargantua and",
"wroteGargantua and Pantagruel,a connected series of books. They tell the story of two giants—a father (Gargantua) and his son (Pantagruel) and their adventures—written in an amusing, extravagant, and satirical vein. Most critics today agree that Rabelais wrote from aChristian humanistperspective.The Crowley biographer Lawrence Sutin notes this when contrasting the French author's beliefs with the Thelema ofAleister Crowley.In the previously mentioned story of Thélème, which critics analyze as referring in part to the suffering of loyal Christian reformists or \"evangelicals\"within the French Church,the reference to the Greek word θέλημα \"declares that the will of God rules in this abbey\".Sutin writes that Rabelais was no precursor of Thelema, with his beliefs containing elements ofStoicismand Christian kindness. In his first book (ch. 52–57), Rabelais writes of this Abbey of Thélème, built by the giant Gargantua. It is a classicalutopiapresented in order to critique and assess the state of the society of",
"of the society of Rabelais's day, as opposed to a modern utopian text that seeks to create the scenario in practice.It is a utopia where people's desires are more fulfilled.Satirical, it also epitomises the ideals considered in Rabelais's fiction.The inhabitants of the abbey were governed only by their own free will and pleasure, the only rule being \"Do What Thou Wilt\". Rabelais believed that men who are free, well born and bred have honour, which intrinsically leads to virtuous actions. When constrained, their noble natures turn instead to remove their servitude, because men desire what they are denied. Some modern Thelemites consider Crowley's work to build upon Rabelais's summary of the instinctively honourable nature of the Thelemite. Rabelais has been variously credited with the creation of the philosophy of Thelema, as one of the earliest people to refer to it.The current National Grand Master General of the U.S.Ordo Templi OrientisGrand Lodge has opined that: Saint Rabelais never intended his",
"never intended his satirical, fictional device to serve as a practical blueprint for a real human society ... Our Thelema is that ofThe Book of the Lawand the writings of Aleister Crowley. Aleister Crowley wrote inThe Antecedents of Thelema(1926), an incomplete work not published in his day, that Rabelais not only set forth the law of Thelema in a way similar to how Crowley understood it, but predicted and described in code Crowley's life and the holy text that he received,The Book of the Law. Crowley said the work he had received was deeper, showing in more detail the technique people should practice, and revealing scientific mysteries. He said that Rabelais confines himself to portraying an ideal, rather than addressing questions of political economy and similar subjects, which must be solved in order to realize the Law. Rabelais is included among theSaints of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica. Francis Dashwood and the Hellfire Club Sir Francis Dashwoodadopted some of the ideas of Rabelais and invoked the same",
"invoked the same rule in French, when he founded a group called the Monks ofMedmenham(better known as theHellfire Club).An abbey was established at Medmenham, in a property which incorporated the ruins of aCistercianabbey founded in 1201. The group was known as the Franciscans, not after SaintFrancis of Assisi, but after its founder,Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer.John Wilkes,George Dodingtonand other politicians were members.There is little direct evidence of what Dashwood's Hellfire Club practiced or believed.The one direct testimonial comes from John Wilkes, a member who never got into the chapter-room of the inner circle. Sir Nathaniel Wraxallin hisHistorical Memoires(1815) accused the Monks of performing Satanic rituals, but these reports have been dismissed as hearsay.Daniel Willens argued that the group likely practicedFreemasonry, but also suggests Dashwood may have held secret Roman Catholic sacraments. He asks if Wilkes would have recognized a genuine Catholic Mass, even if he saw it",
"even if he saw it himself and even if the underground version followed its public model precisely. Beliefs The Book of the Law Aleister Crowley's system of Thelema begins withThe Book of the Law, which bears the official nameLiber AL vel Legis. It was written inCairo,Egypt, during his honeymoon with his new wifeRose Crowley(née Kelly). This small book contains three chapters, each of which he said he had written in exactly one hour, beginning at noon, on April 8, April 9, and April 10, 1904. Crowley wrote that he took dictation from an entity namedAiwass, whom he later identified as his ownHoly Guardian Angel.Crowley stated that \"no forger could have prepared so complex a set of numerical and literal puzzles\" and that study of the text would dispel all doubts about the method of how the book was obtained. Besides the reference to Rabelais, an analysis by Dave Evans shows similarities toThe Beloved of Hathor and Shrine of the Golden Hawk,a play byFlorence Farr.Evans says this may result from the fact that",
"from the fact that \"both Farr and Crowley were thoroughly steeped inGolden Dawnimagery and teachings\",and that Crowley probably knew the ancient materials that inspired some of Farr's motifs.Sutin also finds similarities between Thelema and the work ofW. B. Yeats, attributing this to \"shared insight\" and perhaps to the older man's knowledge of Crowley. Crowley wrote several commentaries onThe Book of the Law, the last of which he wrote in 1925. This brief statement called simply \"The Comment\" warns against discussing the book's contents, and states that all \"questions of the Law are to be decided only by appeal to my writings\" and is signedAnkh-f-n-khonsu. Axioms Three statements fromThe Book of the Lawdistill the practice and ethics of Thelema.Of these statements, one in particular, known as the Law of Thelema, forms the central doctrine of Thelema as a system of thought. The primary statement, \"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law\", is supplemented by a second, follow-up statement: \"Love is the",
"\"Love is the law, love under will.\" These two statements are generally believed to be better understood by considering a third statement: \"Every man and every woman is a star.\" These three statements have specific meanings: Cosmology Thelema draws its principal gods and goddesses, three altogether as the speakers presented inLiber AL vel Legis, fromAncient Egyptian religion. The highest deity in thetheologyof Thelema is the goddessNuit(also spelledNuith). She is the night sky arched over the Earth symbolized in the form of a naked woman, and is usually depicted as a naked woman who is covered with stars. She is conceived as the \"Great Mother\", the ultimate source of all things,the collection of all possibilities,\"Infinite Space, and the Infinite Stars thereof\",and the circumference of an infinite circle or sphere. Nuit is derived from the Egyptian sky goddessNut, and is referred to poetically as \"Our Lady of the Stars\",and inThe Book of the Lawas \"Queen of Space\", and \"Queen of Heaven\". The second principal",
"second principal deity of Thelema is the godHadit, conceived as the infinitely small point, complement and consort of Nuit. Hadit symbolizes manifestation, motion, and time.He is also described inLiber AL vel Legisas \"the flame that burns in every heart of man, and in the core of every star.\" Hadit has sometimes been said to represent a 'point-event,' and all individual point-events within the body of Nuit.Hadit is said, inThe Book of the Law, to be \"perfect, being Not.\"Additionally, it is written of Nuit inLiber ALthat \"men speak not of Thee as One but as None.\" The third deity in the cosmology of Thelema isRa-Hoor-Khuit, a manifestation ofHorus. He is symbolized as a throned man with the head of ahawkwho carries a wand. He is associated with theSunand the active energies of Thelemicmagick. Other deities within the cosmology of Thelema areHoor-paar-kraat(orHarpocrates), god of silence and inner strength, the twin of Ra-Hoor-Khuit,Babalon, the goddess of all pleasure, known as the Virgin Whore,andTherion,",
"Whore,andTherion, the beast that Babalon rides, who represents the wild animal within man, a force of nature. True Will According to Crowley, every individual has aTrue Will, to be distinguished from the ordinary wants and desires of the ego. The True Will is essentially one's \"calling\" or \"purpose\" in life. \"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law\"for Crowley refers not tohedonism, fulfilling everyday desires, but to acting in response to that calling. According toLon Milo DuQuette, a Thelemite is anyone who bases their actions on striving to discover and accomplish their true will,when a person does their True Will, it is like an orbit, their niche in the universal order, and the universe assists them: But the Magician knows that the pure Will of every man and every woman is already in perfect harmony with the divine Will; in fact, they are one and the same. In order for the individual to be able to follow their True Will, the everyday self's socially-instilled inhibitions may have to be overcome",
"have to be overcome via deconditioning.Crowley believed that in order to discover the True Will, one had to free the desires of thesubconsciousmind from the control of the conscious mind, especially the restrictions placed on sexual expression, which he associated with the power of divine creation.He identified the True Will of each individual with theHoly Guardian Angel, adaimonunique to each individual.The spiritual quest to find what you are meant to do and do it is also known in Thelema as theGreat Work. Ethics Liber AL vel Legisdoes make clear some standards of individual conduct. The primary of these is \"Do what thou wilt\" which is presented as the whole of the law, and also as a right. Some interpreters of Thelema believe that this right includes an obligation to allow others to do their own wills without interference,butLiber ALmakes no clear statement on the matter. Crowley himself wrote that there was no need to detail the ethics of Thelema, for everything springs from \"Do what thou Wilt\".Crowley",
"thou Wilt\".Crowley wrote several additional documents presenting his personal beliefs regarding individual conduct in light of the Law of Thelema, some of which do address the topic interference with others:Liber OZ,Duty, andLiber IILiber OZenumerates some of the rights of the individual implied by the one overarching right, \"Do what thou wilt\". For each person, these include the right to: live by one's own law; live in the way that one wills to do; work, play, and rest as one will; die when and how one will; eat and drink what one will; live where one will; move about the earth as one will; think, speak, write, draw, paint, carve, etch, mould, build, and dress as one will; love when, where and with whom one will; and kill those who would thwart these rights. Dutyis described as \"A note on the chief rules of practical conduct to be observed by those who accept the Law of Thelema.\"It is not a numbered \"Liber\" as are all the documents which Crowley intended forA∴A∴, but rather listed as a document intended",
"a document intended specifically forOrdo Templi Orientis.There are four sections: InLiber II: The Message of the Master Therion, the Law of Thelema is summarized succinctly as \"Do what thou wilt—then do nothing else.\" Crowley describes the pursuit of Will as not only with detachment from possible results, but with tireless energy. It isNirvanabut in a dynamic rather than static form. TheTrue Willis described as the individual's orbit, and if they seek to do anything else, they will encounter obstacles, as doing anything other than the will is a hindrance to it. Practice The core of Thelemic thought is \"Do what thou wilt\". However, beyond this, there exists a wide range of interpretation of Thelema. Modern Thelema is a syncretic philosophy and religion,and many Thelemites try to avoid strongly dogmatic thinking.Crowley emphasized that each individual should follow their own inherent \"True Will\", rather than blindly following his teachings, saying he did not wish to found a flock of sheep.Thus, contemporary",
"contemporary Thelemites may practice more than one religion, includingWicca,Gnosticism,Satanism,SetianismandLuciferianism.Many adherents of Thelema recognize correlations between Thelemic and other systems of spiritual thought; most borrow freely from the methods and practices of other traditions, includingalchemy,astrology,qabalah,tantra,tarot divinationandyoga.For example,NuandHadare thought to correspond with theTaoandTehofTaoism,ShaktiandShivaof the HinduTantras,ShunyataandBodhicittaofBuddhism,Ain SophandKetherin theHermetic Qabalah. Magick Thelemic magick is a system of physical, mental, and spiritual exercises which practitioners believe are of benefit.Crowley defined magick as \"the Science and Art of causing Change to occur in conformity with Will\",and spelled it with a 'k' to distinguish it from stage magic. He recommended magick as a means for discovering theTrue Will.Generally, magical practices in Thelema are designed to assist in finding and manifesting the True Will, although some include",
"some include celebratory aspects as well.Crowley believed that after discovering the True Will, the magician must also remove any elements of himself that stand in the way of its success. Crowley was a prolific writer, integrating Eastern practices with Western magical practices from theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.He recommended a number of these practices to his followers, including: basicyoga(asanaandpranayama);rituals of his own devising or based on those of the Golden Dawn, such as thelesser ritual of the pentagram, for banishing and invocation;Liber Samekh, a ritual for the invocation of theHoly Guardian Angel;eucharistic ritualssuch asThe Gnostic MassandThe Mass of the Phoenix;andLiber Resh, consisting of four daily adorations to the sun.He also discussedsex magickand sexual gnosis in various forms involvingmasturbationandsexual intercoursebetween heterosexual and homosexual partners; practices which are among his suggestions for those in the higher degrees ofOrdo Templi Orientis. One goal in the",
"One goal in the study of Thelema within the magical Order of the A∴A∴ is for the magician to obtain the knowledge and conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel: conscious communication with their own personaldaimon, thus gaining knowledge of their True Will.The chief task for one who has achieved this goes by the name of \"crossing theabyss\";completely relinquishing the ego. If the aspirant is unprepared, he will cling to the ego instead, becoming a Black Brother. According to Crowley, the Black Brother slowly disintegrates, while preying on others for his own self-aggrandisement. Crowley taughtskepticalexamination of all results obtained throughmeditationor magick, at least for the student.He tied this to the necessity of keeping amagical recordor diary, that attempts to list all conditions of the event.Remarking on the similarity of statements made by spiritually advanced people of their experiences, he said that fifty years from his time they would have a scientific name based on \"an understanding of the",
"of the phenomenon\" to replace such terms as \"spiritual\" or \"supernatural\". Crowley stated that his work and that of his followers used \"the method of science; the aim of religion\",and that the genuine powers of the magician could in some way be objectively tested. This idea has been taken on by later practitioners of Thelema. They may consider that they are testing hypotheses with each magical experiment. The difficulty lies in the broadness of their definition of success,in which they may see as evidence of success things which a non-magician would not define as such, leading toconfirmation bias. Crowley believed he could demonstrate, by his own example, the effectiveness of magick in producing certain subjective experiences that do not ordinarily result from takinghashish, enjoying oneself in Paris, or walking through theSaharadesert.It is not strictly necessary to practice ritual techniques to be a Thelemite, as due to the focus of Thelemic magick on the True Will, Crowley stated \"every intentional act is",
"intentional act is a magickal act.\" Gnostic Mass Crowley wrote 'The Gnostic Mass' — technically calledLiber XVor \"Book 15\" — in 1913 while travelling inMoscow, Russia. The structure is similar to the Mass of theEastern Orthodox ChurchandRoman Catholic Church, communicating the principles of Thelema. It is the central rite ofOrdo Templi Orientisand its ecclesiastical arm,Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica. Holidays TheBook of the Lawgives several holy days to be observed by Thelemites. There are no established or dogmatic ways to celebrate these days, so as a result Thelemites will often take to their own devices or celebrate in groups, especially withinOrdo Templi Orientis. These holy days are usually observed on the following dates: Greetings The number93is of great significance in Thelema.The central philosophy of Thelema is in two phrases from Liber AL: \"do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the law\" and \"love is the law, love under will\". Crowley urged their use in everyday communications, and himself used",
"and himself used them to greet people.Today, rather than using the full phrases, Thelemites often usenumerologicalabbreviations to shorten these greeting in informal contexts, a practice Crowley also applied in his informal written correspondences.The two primary terms in these statements are 'will' and 'love', respectively. Using the Greek technique ofisopsephy, which applies a numerical value to each letter, the letters of wordsthelema('will') andagape('love') each sum to 93: In this way, the first phrase is abbreviated to \"93\" while the second is abbreviated to \"93 93/93\", with the division \"93/93\" symbolizing love \"under\" will. Post-Crowley developments Aleister Crowley was highly prolific and wrote on the subject of Thelema for over 35 years, and many of his books remain in print. During his time, there were several others who wrote on the subject, including U.S.O.T.O.Grand MasterCharles Stansfeld Jones, whose works on Qabalah are still in print, and Major-GeneralJ. F. C. Fuller. Subsequent to Crowley,",
"to Crowley, a number of figures have made significant contributions to Thelema. Each has their own following within the broader Thelemic community. Jack Parsons John Whiteside Parsons(1914–1952) was an Americanrocket engineer,chemist, and Thelemiteoccultist. Parsons converted to Thelema, and together with his first wife, Helen Northrup, joined theAgape Lodge, the Californian branch ofOrdo Templi Orientis(O.T.O.), in 1941. At Crowley's bidding, Parsons replacedWilfred Talbot Smithas its leader in 1942 and ran the Lodge from his mansion on Orange Grove Boulevard. Parsons identified four obstacles that prevented humans from achieving and performing their True Will, all of which he connected with fear: the fear of incompetence, the fear of the opinion of others, the fear of hurting others, and the fear of insecurity. He insisted that these must be overcome, writing that \"The Will must be freed of its fetters. The ruthless examination and destruction of taboos, complexes, frustrations, dislikes, fears and",
"dislikes, fears and disgusts hostile to the Will is essential to progress.\" The project was based on the ideas of Crowley, and his description of a similar project in his 1917 novelMoonchild.The rituals performed drew largely upon rituals andsex magicdescribed by Crowley. Crowley was in correspondence with Parsons during the course of the Babalon Working, and warned Parsons of his potential overreactions to the magic he was performing, while simultaneously deriding Parsons' work to others. A brief text entitledLiber 49, self-referenced within the text asThe Book of Babalon, was written byJack Parsonsas a transmission from the goddess or force called 'Babalon' received by him during the Babalon Working.Parsons wrote thatLiber 49constituted a fourth chapter of Crowley'sLiber AL Vel Legis (The Book of the Law), the holy text of Thelema. Kenneth Grant Kenneth Grant(1924–2011) was an Englishceremonial magicianand advocate of the Thelemic religion. A poet, novelist, and writer, he founded his own Thelemic",
"his own Thelemic organisation, theTyphonian Ordo Templi Orientis—later renamed the Typhonian Order—with his wife Steffi Grant. Grant drew eclectically on a range of sources in devising his teachings.Although based in Thelema, Grant's Typhonian tradition has been described as \"abricolageof occultism, Neo-Vedanta, Hindu tantra, Western sexual magic, Surrealism, ufology and Lovecraftian gnosis\".Grant promoted what he termed the Typhonian or Draconian tradition of magic,and wrote that Thelema was only a recent manifestation of this wider tradition.In his books, he portrayed the Typhonian tradition as the world's oldest spiritual tradition, writing that it had ancient roots in Africa.The religious studies scholar Gordan Djurdjevic noted that Grant's historical claims regarding Typhonian history were \"at best highly speculative\" and lacked any supporting evidence; however he also suggested that Grant may never have intended these claims to be taken literally. Grant wrote that Indian spiritual traditions like",
"traditions like Tantra and Yoga correlate to Western esoteric traditions, and that both stem from a core, ancient source, has parallels in the perennial philosophy promoted by theTraditionalist Schoolof esotericists.He believed that by mastering magic, one masters this illusory universe, gaining personal liberation and recognising that only the Self really exists.Doing so, according to Grant, leads to the discovery of one's True Will, the central focus of Thelema.Grant further wrote that the realm of the Self was known as 'the Mauve Zone', and that it could be reached while in a state of deep sleep, where it has the symbolic appearance of a swamp.He also believed that the reality of consciousness, which he deemed the only true reality, was formless and thus presented as a void, although he also taught that it was symbolised by the Hindu goddessKaliand the Thelemic goddessNuit. Grant's views onsex magicdrew heavily on the importance ofsexual dimorphismamong humans and the subsequent differentiation of gender",
"of gender roles.Grant taught that the true secret of sex magic were bodily secretions, the most important of which was a woman's menstrual blood.In this he differed from Crowley, who viewedsemenas the most important genital secretion.Grant referred to female sexual secretions askalas, a term adopted fromSanskrit.He thought that because women have kalas, they have oracular and visionary powers.The magical uses of female genital secretions are a recurring theme in Grant's writings. James Lees James Lees (August 22, 1939- 2015) was an English magician known for creating the system he calledEnglish Qaballa. In November 1976, Lees explained how he had discoveredthe \"order & value of the English Alphabet.\"Follow this, Lees founded the orderO∴A∴A∴in order to assist others in the pursuit of their own spiritual paths.The first public report of the system known as English Qaballa (EQ) was published in 1979 by Ray Sherwin in an editorial in the final issue of his journal,The New Equinox. Lees subsequently assumed the",
"assumed the role of publisher ofThe New Equinoxand, starting in 1981, published additional material about the EQ system over the course of five issues of the journal, extending into 1982. The \"order & value\"proposed by James Lees lays the letters out on the grid superimposed on the page of manuscript ofLiber ALon which this verse (Ch. III, v. 47) appears (sheet 16 of Chapter III).Also appearing on this page are a diagonal line and a circled cross.The Book of the Lawstates that the book should only be printed with Crowley's hand-written version included, suggesting that there are mysteries in the \"chance shape of the letters and their position to one another\" of Crowley's handwriting. Whichever top-left to bottom-right diagonal is read the magical order of the letters is obtained. Little, if any, further material on English Qaballa was published until the appearance of Jake Stratton-Kent's book,The Serpent Tongue: Liber 187, in 2011.This was followed in 2016 byThe Magickal Language of the Book of the Law: An",
"Book of the Law: An English Qaballa Primerby Cath Thompson.An account of the creation, exploration, and continuing research and development of the system up to 2010, by James Lees and members of his group in England, is detailed in her 2018 book,All This and a Book. Nema Andahadna Nema Andahadna(1939-2018) practiced and wrote aboutmagick(magical working, as defined by Aleister Crowley) for over thirty years. In 1974, she said she hadchannelleda short book calledLiber Pennae Praenumbra. From her experience with Thelemic magick, she developed her own system of magic called \"Maat Magick\" which has the aim of transforming the human race. In 1979, she co-founded the Horus-Maat Lodge. The Lodge and her ideas have been featured in the writings ofKenneth Grant. Her writings have appeared in many publications, including theCincinnati Journal of Ceremonial Magick,Aeon, andStarfire. According toDonald Michael Kraig: Nema has been one of the most influential occultists of the last quarter century although most",
"although most occultists have never read her works. What Nema has done is influence those who have been writers and teachers. They, in turn, influenced the rest of us. See also Notes References Citations Works cited Primary sources Secondary sources Tertiary sources Other sources Further reading External links",
"Aleister Crowley Aleister Crowley(/ˈælɪstərˈkroʊli/AL-ist-ərKROH-lee; bornEdward Alexander Crowley; 12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947) was an Englishoccultist,ceremonial magician, poet, philosopher, political theorist, novelist,mountaineer, and painter. He founded the religion ofThelema, identifying himself as theprophetentrusted with guiding humanity into theÆon of Horusin the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life. Born to a wealthy family inRoyal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, Crowley rejected his parents'fundamentalist ChristianPlymouth Brethrenfaith to pursue an interest inWestern esotericism. He was educated atTrinity Collegeat theUniversity of Cambridge, where he focused his attention upon mountaineering and poetry, resulting in several publications. Some biographers allege that here he was recruited into aBritish intelligence agency, further suggesting that he remained a spy throughout his life. In 1898, he joined the esotericHermetic Order of the Golden",
"Order of the Golden Dawn, where he was trained in ceremonial magic bySamuel Liddell MacGregor MathersandAllan Bennett. He went mountaineering in Mexico withOscar Eckenstein, before studyingHinduandBuddhistpractices in India. In 1904, he marriedRose Edith Kelly, and they honeymooned inCairo, Egypt, where Crowley wrote downThe Book of the Law—a sacred text that serves as the basis for Thelema, which he said had been dictated to him by a supernatural entity namedAiwass.The Bookannounced the start of the Æon of Horus, and declared that its followers should \"Do what thou wilt\", and seek to align themselves with theirTrue Willvia the practice of ceremonial magic. After the unsuccessful1905 Kanchenjunga expedition, and a visit to India and China, Crowley returned to Britain, where he attracted attention as a prolific author of poetry, novels, and occult literature. In 1907, he andGeorge Cecil Jonesco-founded an esoteric order—theA∴A∴, through which they propagated Thelema. After spending time in Algeria, in 1912 he",
"Algeria, in 1912 he was initiated into another esoteric order—the German-basedOrdo Templi Orientis(O.T.O.), in which he rose to become the leader of its British branch, which he reformulated in accordance with his Thelemite beliefs. Through O.T.O., Thelemite groups were established in Britain, Australia, and North America. Crowley spent theFirst World Warin the United States, where he took up painting, and campaigned for the German war effort against Britain. His biographers later revealed that he had infiltrated the pro-German movement to assist the British intelligence services. In 1920, he established theAbbey of Thelema—a religious commune inCefalù, Sicily, where he lived with various followers. Hislibertinelifestyle led to denunciations in the British press, and the Italian government evicted him in 1923. He divided the following two decades between France, Germany, and England, and continued to promote Thelema until his death. Crowley gained widespread notoriety during his lifetime, being adrug user,",
"being adrug user, abisexual, and an individualistsocial critic. Crowley has remained a highly influential figure over western esotericism and thecounterculture of the 1960s, and he continues to be considered a prophet in Thelema. He is the subject of various biographies and academic studies. Early life Youth Crowley was born Edward Alexander Crowley at 30 Clarendon Square inRoyal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, on 12 October 1875.His father, Edward Crowley (1829–1887), was trained as an engineer, but his share in a lucrative family brewing business, Crowley's Alton Ales, allowed him to retire before his son was born.His mother, Emily Bertha Bishop (1848–1917), came from a Devonshire-Somerset family and had a strained relationship with her son; she described him as \"the Beast\", a name that he revelled in.The couple had been married at London'sKensington Registry Officein November 1874,and were evangelical Christians. Crowley's father was born aQuaker, but converted to theExclusive Brethren, a faction of",
"a faction of aChristian fundamentalistgroup known as thePlymouth Brethren; Emily likewise converted upon marriage. Crowley's father was particularly devout, spending his time as a travelling preacher for the sect and reading a chapter from the Bible to his wife and son after breakfast every day.Following the death of their baby daughter in 1880, in 1881 the Crowleys moved toRedhill, Surrey.At the age of 8, Crowley was sent to H. T. Habershon's evangelical Christian boarding school inHastings, and then to Ebor preparatory school inCambridge, run by the Reverend Henry d'Arcy Champney, whom Crowley considered a sadist. In March 1887, when Crowley was 11, his father died oftongue cancer. Crowley described this as a turning point in his life,and he always maintained an admiration of his father, describing him as \"my hero and my friend\".Inheriting a third of his father's wealth, he began misbehaving at school and was harshly punished by Champney; Crowley's family removed him from the school when he",
"the school when he developedalbuminuria.He then attendedMalvern CollegeandTonbridge School, both of which he despised and left after a few terms.He became increasingly sceptical of Christianity, pointing outBiblical inconsistenciesto his religious teachers,and went against the Christian morality of his upbringing by smoking, masturbating, and having sex with prostitutes from whom he contractedgonorrhea.Sent to live with a Brethren tutor inEastbourne, he undertook chemistry courses atEastbourne College. Crowley developed interests inchess, poetry, andmountain climbing, and in 1894 climbedBeachy Headbefore visiting theAlpsand joining theScottish Mountaineering Club. The following year he returned to theBernese Alps, climbing theEiger,Trift,Jungfrau,Mönch, andWetterhorn. Cambridge University: 1895–1898 Having adopted the name of Aleister over Edward, in October 1895 Crowley began a three-year course atTrinity College, Cambridge, where he was entered for theMoral ScienceTriposstudying philosophy. With approval",
"With approval from his personal tutor, he changed to English literature, which was not then part of the curriculum offered.Crowley spent much of his time at university engaged in his pastimes, becoming president of the chess club and practising the game for two hours a day; he briefly considered a professional career as a chess player.Crowley also embraced his love of literature and poetry, particularly the works ofRichard Francis BurtonandPercy Bysshe Shelley.Many of his own poems appeared in student publications such asThe Granta,Cambridge Magazine, andCantab.He continued his mountaineering, going on holiday to the Alps to climb every year from 1894 to 1898, often with his friendOscar Eckenstein, and in 1897 he made the first ascent of theMönchwithout a guide. These feats led to his recognition in the Alpine mountaineering community. For many years I had loathed being called Alick, partly because of the unpleasant sound and sight of the word, partly because it was the name by which my mother called me.",
"mother called me. Edward did not seem to suit me and the diminutives Ted or Ned were even less appropriate. Alexander was too long and Sandy suggested tow hair and freckles. I had read in some book or other that the most favourable name for becoming famous was one consisting of adactylfollowed by aspondee, as at the end of ahexameter: likeJeremy Taylor. Aleister Crowley fulfilled these conditions and Aleister is theGaelicform of Alexander. To adopt it would satisfy my romantic ideals. Aleister Crowley, on his name change. Crowley had his first significantmystical experiencewhile on holiday in Stockholm in December 1896.Several biographers, includingLawrence Sutin,Richard Kaczynski, andTobias Churton, believed that this was the result of Crowley's first same-sex sexual experience, which enabled him to recognize hisbisexuality.At Cambridge, Crowley maintained a vigorous sex life with women—largely with female prostitutes, from one of whom he caughtsyphilis—but eventually he took part in same-sex activities,",
"activities, despitetheir illegality.In October 1897, Crowley metHerbert Charles Pollitt, president of theCambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club, and the two entered into a relationship. They broke apart because Pollitt did not share Crowley's increasing interest in Western esotericism, a break-up that Crowley regretted for many years. In 1897, Crowley travelled toSaint Petersburgin Russia, later saying that he was trying to learn Russian as he was considering a future diplomatic career there.In October 1897, a brief illness triggered considerations of mortality and \"the futility of all human endeavour\", and Crowley abandoned all thoughts of a diplomatic career in favour of pursuing an interest in the occult. In March 1898, he obtainedA. E. Waite'sThe Book of Black Magic and of Pacts, and thenKarl von Eckartshausen'sThe Cloud Upon the Sanctuary, furthering his occult interests.That same year,Leonard Smithers, a publisher who Crowley met through Pollitt, published 100 copies of Crowley's poemAceldama: A",
"poemAceldama: A Place to Bury Strangers In, but it was not a particular success.That same year, Crowley published a string of other poems, includingWhite Stains, aDecadentcollection of erotic poetry that was printed abroad lest its publication be prohibited by the British authorities.In July 1898, he left Cambridge, not having taken any degree at all despite a \"first class\" showing in his 1897 exams and consistent \"second class honours\" results before that. The Golden Dawn: 1898–1899 In August 1898, Crowley was inZermatt, Switzerland, where he met the chemist Julian L. Baker, and the two began discussing their common interest inalchemy.Back in London, Baker introduced Crowley toGeorge Cecil Jones, Baker's brother-in-law and a fellow member of the occult society known as theHermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, which was founded in 1888.Crowley was initiated into the Outer Order of the Golden Dawn on 18 November 1898 by the group's leader,Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. The ceremony took place in the Golden",
"place in the Golden Dawn's Isis-Urania Temple held at London's Mark Masons Hall, where Crowley took the magical motto and name \"Frater Perdurabo\", which he interpreted as \"Brother I shall endure to the end\". Crowley moved into his own luxury flat at 67–69Chancery Laneand soon invited a senior Golden Dawn member,Allan Bennett, to live with him as his personal magical tutor. Bennett taught Crowley more about ceremonial magic and the ritual use of drugs, and together they performed the rituals of theGoetia,until Bennett left for South Asia to studyBuddhism.In November 1899, Crowley purchasedBoleskine HouseinFoyerson the shore ofLoch Nessin Scotland. He developed a love of Scottish culture, describing himself as the \"Lairdof Boleskine\", and took to wearing traditional highland dress, even during visits to London.He continued writing poetry, publishingJezebel and Other Tragic Poems,Tales of Archais,Songs of the Spirit,Appeal to the American Republic, andJephthahin 1898–99; most gained mixed reviews from literary",
"from literary critics, althoughJephthahwas considered a particular critical success. Crowley soon progressed through the lower grades of the Golden Dawn, and was ready to enter the group's inner Second Order.He was unpopular in the group; his bisexuality andlibertinelifestyle gained him a bad reputation, and he developed feuds with some of the members, includingW. B. Yeats.When the Golden Dawn's London lodge refused to initiate Crowley into the Second Order, he visited Mathers in Paris, who personally admitted him into the Adeptus Minor Grade.A schism had developed between Mathers and the London members of the Golden Dawn, who were unhappy with his autocratic rule.Acting under Mathers' orders, Crowley—with the help of his mistress and fellow initiateElaine Simpson—attempted to seize the Vault of the Adepts, a temple space at 36 Blythe Road inWest Kensington, from the London lodge members. When the case was taken to court, the judge ruled in favour of the London lodge, as they had paid for the space's rent,",
"the space's rent, leaving both Crowley and Mathers isolated from the group. Mexico, India, Paris, and marriage: 1900–1903 In 1900, Crowley travelled to Mexico via the United States, settling inMexico Cityand starting a relationship with a local woman. Developing a love of the country, he continued experimenting with ceremonial magic, working withJohn Dee'sEnochianinvocations. He later said he had been initiated intoFreemasonrywhile there, and he wrote a play based onRichard Wagner'sTannhäuseras well as a series of poems, published asOracles(1905). Eckenstein joined him later in 1900, and together they climbed several mountains, includingIztaccihuatl,Popocatepetl, andColima, the latter of which they had to abandon owing to a volcanic eruption.Leaving Mexico, Crowley headed to San Francisco before sailing for Hawaii aboard theNippon Maru. On the ship, he had a brief affair with a married woman named Mary Alice Rogers; saying he fell in love with her, he wrote a series of poems about the romance, published",
"romance, published asAlice: An Adultery(1903). Briefly stopping in Japan and Hong Kong, Crowley reached Ceylon, where he met with Allan Bennett, who was there studyingShaivism. The pair spent some time inKandybefore Bennett decided to become a Buddhist monk in theTheravadatradition, travelling to Burma to do so.Crowley decided to tour India, devoting himself to the Hindu practice ofRāja yoga, by which means he believed he had achieved the spiritual state ofdhyana. He spent much of this time studying at theMeenakshi TempleinMadura. At this time he also wrote poetry which was published asThe Sword of Song(1904). He contractedmalaria, and had to recuperate from the disease in Calcutta and Rangoon.In 1902, he was joined in India by Eckenstein and several other mountaineers:Guy Knowles, H. Pfannl, V. Wesseley, andJules Jacot-Guillarmod. Together, the Eckenstein-Crowley expedition attemptedK2, which was never climbed before. On the journey, Crowley was afflicted withinfluenza, malaria, andsnow blindness, and other",
"and other expedition members were also struck with illness. They reached an altitude of 20,000 feet (6,100 m) before turning back. Having arrived in Paris in November 1902, he socialized with his friend the painterGerald Kelly, and through him became a fixture of the Parisian arts scene. Whilst there, Crowley wrote a series of poems on the work of an acquaintance, the sculptorAuguste Rodin. These poems were later published asRodin in Rime(1907).One of those frequenting this milieu wasW. Somerset Maugham, who after briefly meeting Crowley later used him as a model for the character of Oliver Haddo in his novelThe Magician(1908).He returned to Boleskine in April 1903. In August, Crowley wed Gerald Kelly's sisterRose Edith Kellyin a \"marriage of convenience\" to prevent her from entering anarranged marriage; the marriage appalled the Kelly family and damaged his friendship with Gerald. Heading on a honeymoon to Paris, Cairo, and then Ceylon, Crowley fell in love with Rose and worked to prove his affections.",
"his affections. While on his honeymoon, he wrote her a series of love poems, published asRosa Mundi and other Love Songs(1906), as well as authoring the religious satireWhy Jesus Wept(1904). Developing Thelema Egypt andThe Book of the Law: 1904 Had! The manifestation ofNuit.The unveiling of the company of heaven.Every man and every woman is a star.Every number is infinite; there is no difference.Help me, o warrior lord of Thebes, in my unveiling before the Children of men! The opening lines ofThe Book of the Law In February 1904, Crowley and Rose arrived inCairo. Pretending to be a prince and princess, they rented an apartment in which Crowley set up a temple room and began invoking ancient Egyptian deities, while studyingIslamicmysticismandArabic.According to Crowley's later account, Rose regularly became delirious and informed him \"they are waiting for you.\" On 18 March, she explained that \"they\" were the godHorus, and on 20 March proclaimed that \"the Equinox of the Gods has come\". She led him to a nearby",
"led him to a nearby museum, where she showed him a seventh-century BCE mortuarysteleknown as theStele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu; Crowley thought it important that the exhibit's number was 666, theNumber of the Beastin Christian belief, and in later years termed the artefact the \"Stele of Revealing\". According to Crowley's later statements, on 8 April he heard a disembodied voice identifying itself as that ofAiwass, the messenger of Horus, orHoor-Paar-Kraat. Crowley said that he wrote down everything the voice told him over the course of the next three days, and titled itLiber AL vel LegisorThe Book of the Law.The book proclaimed that humanity was entering a newAeon, and that Crowley would serve as itsprophet. It stated that a supreme moral law was to be introduced in this Aeon, \"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law,\" and that people should learn to live in tune with their Will. This book, and the philosophy that it espoused, became the cornerstone of Crowley's religion,Thelema.Crowley said that at the",
"said that at the time he was unsure what to do withThe Book of the Law. Often resenting it, he said that he ignored the instructions which the text commanded him to perform, which included taking the Stele of Revealing from the museum, fortifying his own island, and translating the book into all the world's languages. According to his account, he instead sent typescripts of the work to several occultists he knew, putting the manuscript away and ignoring it. Kanchenjunga and China: 1905–1906 Returning to Boleskine, Crowley came to believe that Mathers was using magic against him, and the relationship between the two broke down.On 28 July 1905, Rose gave birth to Crowley's first child, a daughter named Lilith, and Crowley wrote the pornographicSnowdrops from a Curate's Gardento entertain his recuperating wife.He also founded a publishing company through which to publish his poetry, naming it the Society for the Propagation of Religious Truth in parody of theSociety for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Among its",
"Among its first publications were Crowley'sCollected Works, edited by Ivor Back, an old friend of Crowley's who was both a practicing surgeon and an enthusiast of literature.His poetry often received strong reviews (either positive or negative), but never sold well. In an attempt to gain more publicity, he issued a reward of £100 for the best essay on his work. The winner of this wasJ. F. C. Fuller, a British Army officer and military historian, whose essay,The Star in the West(1907), heralded Crowley's poetry as some of the greatest ever written. Crowley decided to climbKanchenjungain the Himalayas of Nepal, widely recognised as the world's most treacherous mountain. The collaboration betweenJacot-Guillarmod, Charles Adolphe Reymond, Alexis Pache, and Alcesti C. Rigo de Righi,the expeditionwas marred by much argument between Crowley and the others, who thought that he was reckless. They eventually mutinied against Crowley's control, with the other climbers heading back down the mountain as nightfall",
"as nightfall approached despite Crowley's warnings that it was too dangerous. Subsequently, Pache and several porters were killed in an accident, something for which Crowley was widely blamed by the mountaineering community. Spending time inMoharbhanj, where he took part inbig-game huntingand wrote the homoerotic workThe Scented Garden, Crowley met up with Rose and Lilith inCalcuttabefore being forced to leave India after non-lethally shooting two men who tried to mug him.Briefly visiting Bennett in Burma, Crowley and his family decided to tour Southern China, hiring porters and a nanny for the purpose.Crowley smoked opium throughout the journey, which took the family fromTengyuehthrough to Yungchang,Tali,Yunnanfu, and thenHanoi. On the way, he spent much time on spiritual and magical work, reciting the \"Bornless Ritual\", an invocation to hisHoly Guardian Angel, on a daily basis. While Rose and Lilith returned to Europe, Crowley headed to Shanghai to meet old friend Elaine Simpson, who was fascinated byThe",
"fascinated byThe Book of the Law; together they performed rituals in an attempt to contact Aiwass. Crowley then sailed to Japan and Canada, before continuing to New York City, where he unsuccessfully solicited support for a second expedition up Kanchenjunga.Upon arrival in Britain, Crowley learned that his daughter Lilith had died oftyphoidinRangoon, something he later blamed on Rose's increasing alcoholism. Under emotional distress, his health began to suffer, and he underwent a series of surgical operations.He began short-lived romances with actress Vera \"Lola\" Neville (née Snepp)and authorAda Leverson,while Rose gave birth to Crowley's second daughter, Lola Zaza, in February 1907. The A∴A∴ and The Holy Books of Thelema: 1907–1909 With his old mentor George Cecil Jones, Crowley continued performingthe Abramelin ritualsat the Ashdown Park Hotel inCoulsdon, Surrey. Crowley believed that in doing so he attainedsamadhi, or union with Godhead, thereby marking a turning point in his life.Making heavy use",
"heavy use ofhashishduring these rituals, he wrote an essay on \"The Psychology of Hashish\" (1909) in which he championed the drug as an aid to mysticism.He also said he had been contacted once again by Aiwass in late October and November 1907, adding that Aiwass dictated two further texts to him, \"Liber VII\" and \"Liber Cordis Cincti Serpente\", both of which were later classified in the corpus ofThe Holy Books of Thelema.Crowley wrote down more Thelemic Holy Books during the last two months of the year, including \"Liber LXVI\", \"Liber Arcanorum\", \"Liber Porta Lucis, Sub Figura X\", \"Liber Tau\", \"Liber Trigrammaton\" and \"Liber DCCCXIII vel Ararita\", which he again said he had received from a preternatural source.Crowley stated that in June 1909, when the manuscript ofThe Book of the Lawwas rediscovered at Boleskine, he developed the opinion that Thelema representedobjective truth. Crowley's inheritance was running out.Trying to earn money, he was hired by George Montagu Bennett, theEarl of Tankerville, to help",
"to help protect him fromwitchcraft; recognising Bennett's paranoia as being based in his cocaine addiction, Crowley took him on holiday to France and Morocco to recuperate.In 1907, he also began taking in paying students, whom he instructed in occult and magical practice.Victor Neuburg, whom Crowley met in February 1907, became his sexual partner and closest disciple; in 1908 the pair toured northern Spain before heading toTangier, Morocco.The following year Neuburg stayed at Boleskine, where he and Crowley engaged insadomasochism.Crowley continued to write prolifically, producing such works of poetry asAmbergris,Clouds Without Water, andKonx Om Pax,as well as his first attempt at an autobiography,The World's Tragedy.Recognizing the popularity of short horror stories, Crowley wrote his own, some of which were published,and he also published several articles inVanity Fair, a magazine edited by his friendFrank Harris.He also wroteLiber 777, a book of magical andQabalisticcorrespondencesthat borrowed from",
"borrowed from Mathers and Bennett. Into my loneliness comes—The sound of a flute in dim groves that haunt the uttermost hills.Even from the brave river they reach to the edge of the wilderness.And I behold Pan. The opening lines of Liber VII (1907), the first of the Holy Books of Thelema to be revealed to Crowley afterThe Book of the Law. In November 1907, Crowley and Jones decided to found an occult order to act as a successor to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, being aided in doing so by Fuller. The result was theA∴A∴. The group's headquarters and temple were situated at 124 Victoria Street in central London, and their rites borrowed much from those of the Golden Dawn, but with an added Thelemic basis.Its earliest members included solicitor Richard Noel Warren, artistAustin Osman Spare, Horace Sheridan-Bickers, authorGeorge Raffalovich, Francis Henry Everard Joseph Feilding, engineer Herbert Edward Inman, Kenneth Ward, andCharles Stansfeld Jones.In March 1909, Crowley began production of a biannual",
"of a biannual periodical titledThe Equinox. He billed this periodical, which was to become the \"Official Organ\" of the A∴A∴, as \"The Review of Scientific Illuminism\". Crowley became increasingly frustrated with Rose's alcoholism, and in November 1909 he divorced her on the grounds of his own adultery. Lola was entrusted to Rose's care; the couple remained friends and Rose continued to live at Boleskine. Her alcoholism worsened, and as a result she was institutionalized in September 1911. Algeria and the Rites of Eleusis: 1909–1911 In November 1909, Crowley and Neuburg travelled to Algeria, touring the desert fromEl ArbatoAumale,Bou Saâda, and then Dā'leh Addin, with Crowley reciting theQuranto fortify himself against growing feelings of awe and dread.During the trip he invoked the thirty aethyrs ofEnochian magic, with Neuburg recording the results, later published inThe EquinoxasThe Vision and the Voice. Following a mountaintopsex magicritual, Crowley also performed anevocationto the",
"anevocationto the demonChoronzoninvolvingblood sacrifice, and considered the results to be a watershed in his magical career.Returning to London in January 1910, Crowley found that Mathers was suing him for publishing Golden Dawn secrets inThe Equinox; the court found in favour of Crowley. The case was widely reported in the press, with Crowley gaining wider fame.Crowley enjoyed this, and played up to the sensationalist stereotype of being a Satanist and advocate of human sacrifice, despite being neither. The publicity attracted new members to the A∴A∴, among them Frank Bennett, James Bayley, Herbert Close, and James Windram.The Australian violinistLeila Waddellsoon became Crowley's lover.Deciding to expand his teachings to a wider audience, Crowley developed the Rites of Artemis, a public performance of magic and symbolism featuring A∴A∴ members personifying various deities. It was first performed at the A∴A∴ headquarters, with attendees given a fruit punch containingpeyoteto enhance their experience.",
"their experience. Various members of the press attended, and reported largely positively on it. In October and November 1910, Crowley decided to stage something similar, theRites of Eleusis, atCaxton Hall,Westminster; this time press reviews were mixed.Crowley came under particular criticism from West de Wend Fenton, editor ofThe Looking Glassnewspaper, who called him \"one of the most blasphemous and cold-blooded villains of modern times\".Fenton's articles suggested that Crowley and Jones were involved in homosexual activity; Crowley did not mind, but Jones unsuccessfully sued for libel.Fuller broke off his friendship and involvement with Crowley over the scandal,and Crowley and Neuburg returned to Algeria for further magical workings. The Equinoxcontinued publishing, and various books of literature and poetry were also published under its imprint, like Crowley'sAmbergris,The Winged Beetle, andThe Scented Garden, as well as Neuburg'sThe Triumph of Panand Ethel Archer'sThe Whirlpool.In 1911, Crowley and",
"1911, Crowley and Waddell holidayed inMontigny-sur-Loing, where he wrote prolifically, producing poems, short stories, plays, and 19 works on magic and mysticism, including the two final Holy Books of Thelema.In Paris, he met Mary Desti, who became his next \"Scarlet Woman\", with the two undertaking magical workings inSt. Moritz; Crowley believed that one of theSecret Chiefs, Ab-ul-Diz, was speaking through her.Based on Desti's statements when in trance, Crowley wrote the two-volumeBook 4(1912–13) and at the time developed the spelling \"magick\" in reference to theparanormal phenomenonas a means of distinguishing it from thestage magicof illusionists. Ordo Templi Orientis and the Paris Working: 1912–1914 In early 1912, Crowley publishedThe Book of Lies, a work of mysticism that biographer Lawrence Sutin described as \"his greatest success in merging his talents as poet, scholar, and magus\".The German occultistTheodor Reusslater accused him of publishing some of the secrets of his own occult order,Ordo Templi",
"order,Ordo Templi Orientis(O.T.O.), withinThe Book. Crowley convinced Reuss that the similarities were coincidental, and the two became friends. Reuss appointed Crowley as head of O.T.O's British branch, the Mysteria Mystica Maxima (MMM), and at a ceremony inBerlinCrowley adopted the magical name ofBaphometand was proclaimed \"X° Supreme Rex and Sovereign Grand Master General of Ireland, Iona, and all the Britons\".With Reuss' permission, Crowley set about advertising the MMM and re-writing many O.T.O. rituals, which were then based largely onFreemasonry; his incorporation of Thelemite elements proved controversial in the group. Fascinated by O.T.O's emphasis onsex magic, Crowley devised a magical working based on anal sex and incorporated it into the syllabus for those O.T.O. members who were initiated into theeleventh degree. In March 1913, Crowley acted as producer forThe Ragged Ragtime Girls, a group of female violinists led by Waddell, as they performed at London'sOld Tivolitheatre. They subsequently",
"They subsequently performed in Moscow for six weeks, where Crowley had a sadomasochistic relationship with the Hungarian Anny Ringler.In Moscow, Crowley continued to write plays and poetry, including \"Hymn toPan\", and theGnostic Mass, a Thelemic ritual that became a key part of O.T.O. liturgy.Churton suggested that Crowley had travelled to Moscow on the orders of British intelligence to spy on revolutionary elements in the city.In January 1914, Crowley and Neuburg settled into an apartment in Paris, where the former was involved in the controversy surroundingJacob Epstein's new monument toOscar Wilde.Together Crowley and Neuburg performed the six-week \"Paris Working\", a period of intense ritual involving strong drug use in which they invoked the godsMercuryandJupiter. As part of the ritual, the couple performed acts of sex magic together, at times being joined by journalistWalter Duranty. Inspired by the results of the Working, Crowley wroteLiber Agapé, a treatise on sex magic.Following the Paris Working,",
"the Paris Working, Neuburg began to distance himself from Crowley, resulting in an argument in which Crowleycursedhim. United States: 1914–1919 By 1914, Crowley was living a hand-to-mouth existence, relying largely on donations from A∴A∴ members and dues payments made to O.T.O.In May, he transferred ownership of Boleskine House to the MMM for financial reasons,and in July he went mountaineering in the Swiss Alps. During this time theFirst World Warbroke out.After recuperating from a bout ofphlebitis, Crowley set sail for the United States aboard theRMSLusitaniain October 1914.Arriving in New York City, he moved into a hotel and began earning money writing for the American edition ofVanity Fairand undertaking freelance work for the famed astrologerEvangeline Adams.In the city, he continued experimenting with sex magic, through the use of masturbation, female prostitutes, and male clients of a Turkish bathhouse; all of these encounters were documented in his diaries. Professing to be of Irish ancestry and a",
"ancestry and a supporter ofIrish independencefrom Great Britain, Crowley began to espouse support for Germany in their war against Britain. He became involved in New York's pro-German movement, and in January 1915 German spyGeorge Sylvester Viereckemployed him as a writer for his propagandist paper,The Fatherland, which was dedicated to keeping the US neutral in the conflict.In later years, detractors denounced Crowley as a traitor to Britain for this action. Crowley entered into a relationship withJeanne Robert Foster, with whom he toured the West Coast. InVancouver, headquarters of the North American O.T.O., he met withCharles Stansfeld JonesandWilfred Talbot Smithto discuss the propagation of Thelema on the continent. In Detroit he experimented withPeyoteatParke-Davis, then visited Seattle, San Francisco,Santa Cruz, Los Angeles, San Diego,Tijuana, and theGrand Canyon, before returning to New York.There he befriendedAnanda Coomaraswamyand his wife Alice Richardson; Crowley and Richardson performed sex",
"performed sex magic in April 1916, following which she became pregnant and then miscarried.Later that year he took a \"magical retirement\" to a cabin byLake Pasquaneyowned by Evangeline Adams. There, he made heavy use of drugs and undertook a ritual after which he proclaimed himself \"Master Therion\". He also wrote several short stories based onJames George Frazer'sThe Golden Boughand a work of literary criticism,The Gospel According to Bernard Shaw. In December, he moved toNew Orleans, his favourite US city, before spending February 1917 with evangelical Christian relatives inTitusville, Florida.Returning to New York City, he moved in with artist and A∴A∴ member Leon Engers Kennedy in May, learning of his mother's death.After the collapse ofThe Fatherland, Crowley continued his association with Viereck, who appointed him contributing editor of arts journalThe International. Crowley used it to promote Thelema, but it soon ceased publication.He then moved to the studio apartment of Roddie Minor, who became his",
"who became his partner andScarlet Woman. Through their rituals, which Crowley called \"The Amalantrah Workings\", he believed that they were contacted by a preternatural entity named Lam. The relationship soon ended. In 1918, Crowley went on a magical retreat in the wilderness ofEsopus Islandon theHudson River. Here, he began an adaptationof theTao Te Ching, painted Thelemic slogans on the riverside cliffs, and—he later wrote—experiencedpast life memoriesof beingGe Xuan,Pope Alexander VI,Alessandro Cagliostro, andÉliphas Lévi.Back in New York City, he moved toGreenwich Village, where he tookLeah Hirsigas his lover and next Scarlet Woman.He took up painting as a hobby, exhibiting his work at the Greenwich Village Liberal Club and attracting the attention ofThe Evening World.With the financial assistance of sympathetic Freemasons, Crowley revivedThe Equinoxwith the first issue of volume III, known asThe Blue Equinox.He spent mid-1919 on a climbing holiday inMontaukbefore returning to London in December. Abbey of",
"December. Abbey of Thelema: 1920–1923 Now destitute and back in London, Crowley came under attack from the tabloidJohn Bull, which labelled him traitorous \"scum\" for his work with the German war effort; several friends aware of his intelligence work urged him to sue, but he decided not to.When he was suffering from asthma, a doctor prescribed him heroin, to which he soon became addicted.In January 1920, he moved to Paris, renting a house inFontainebleauwithLeah Hirsig; they were soon joined in aménage à troisby Ninette Shumway, and also (in living arrangement) by Leah's newborn daughter Anne \"Poupée\" Leah.Crowley had ideas of forming a community of Thelemites, which he called theAbbey of Thelemaafter the Abbaye de Thélème inFrançois Rabelais' satireGargantua and Pantagruel. After consulting theI Ching, he choseCefalùin Sicily as a location, and after arriving there, began renting the old Villa Santa Barbara as his Abbey on 2 April. Moving to the commune with Hirsig, Shumway, and their children Hansi, Howard,",
"Hansi, Howard, and Poupée, Crowley described the scenario as \"perfectly happy ... my idea of heaven.\"They wore robes, and performed rituals to the sun godRaat set times during the day, also occasionally performing the Gnostic Mass; the rest of the day they were left to follow their own interests.Undertaking widespread correspondences, Crowley continued to paint, wrote a commentary onThe Book of the Law, and revised the third part ofBook 4.He offered a libertine education for the children, allowing them to play all day and witness acts of sex magic.He occasionally travelled toPalermoto visitrent boysand buy supplies, including drugs; his heroin addiction came to dominate his life, and cocaine began to erode his nasal cavity.There was no cleaning rota, and wild dogs and cats wandered throughout the building, which soon became unsanitary.Poupée died in October 1920, and Ninette gave birth to a daughter, Astarte Lulu Panthea, soon afterwards. New followers continued to arrive at the Abbey to be taught by",
"to be taught by Crowley. Among them was film starJane Wolfe, who arrived in July 1920, where she was initiated into the A∴A∴ and became Crowley's secretary.Another was Cecil Frederick Russell, who often argued with Crowley, disliking the same-sex sexual magic that he was required to perform, and left after a year.More conducive was the Australian Thelemite Frank Bennett, who also spent several months at the Abbey.In February 1922, Crowley returned to Paris for a retreat in an unsuccessful attempt to kick his heroin addiction.He then went to London in search of money, where he published articles inThe English Reviewcriticising theDangerous Drugs Act 1920and wrote a novel,The Diary of a Drug Fiend, completed in July. On publication, it received mixed reviews; he was lambasted by theSunday Express, which called for its burning and used its influence to prevent further reprints. Subsequently, a young Thelemite named Raoul Loveday moved to the Abbey with his wifeBetty May; while Loveday was devoted to Crowley,",
"devoted to Crowley, May detested him and life at the commune. She later said that Loveday was made to drink the blood of a sacrificed cat, and that they were required to cut themselves with razors every time they used the pronoun \"I\". Loveday drank from a local polluted stream, soon developing a liver infection resulting in his death in February 1923. Returning to London, May told her story to the press.John Bullproclaimed Crowley \"the wickedest man in the world\" and \"a man we'd like to hang\", and although Crowley deemed many of their accusations against him to be slanderous, he was unable to afford the legal fees to sue them. As a result,John Bullcontinued its attack, with its stories being repeated in newspapers throughout Europe and in North America.TheFascistgovernment ofBenito Mussolinilearned of Crowley's activities, and in April 1923 he was given a deportation notice forcing him to leave Italy; without him, the Abbey closed. Later life Tunisia, Paris, and London: 1923–1929 Crowley and Hirsig went",
"and Hirsig went toTunis, where, dogged by continuing poor health, he unsuccessfully tried again to give up heroin,and began writing what he termed his \"autohagiography\",The Confessions of Aleister Crowley.They were joined in Tunis by the Thelemite Norman Mudd, who became Crowley's public relations consultant.Employing a local boy, Mohammad ben Brahim, as his servant, Crowley went with him on a retreat toNefta, where they performed sex magic together.In January 1924, Crowley travelled toNice, France, where he met withFrank Harris, underwent a series of nasal operations,and visited theInstitute for the Harmonious Development of Manand had a positive opinion of its founder,George Gurdjieff.Destitute, he took on a wealthy student, Alexander Zu Zolar,before taking on another American follower, Dorothy Olsen. Crowley took Olsen back to Tunisia for a magical retreat in Nefta, where he also wroteTo Man(1924), a declaration of his own status as a prophet entrusted with bringing Thelema to humanity.After spending the",
"spending the winter in Paris, in early 1925 Crowley and Olsen returned to Tunis, where he wroteThe Heart of the Master(1938) as an account of a vision he experienced in a trance.In March Olsen became pregnant, and Hirsig was called to take care of her; she miscarried, following which Crowley took Olsen back to France. Hirsig later distanced herself from Crowley, who then denounced her. According to Crowley, Reuss named him head of O.T.O. upon his death, but this was challenged by a leader of the German O.T.O.,Heinrich Tränker. Tränker called the Hohenleuben Conference inThuringia, Germany, which Crowley attended. There, prominent members likeKarl Germerand Martha Küntzel championed Crowley's leadership, but other key figures likeAlbin Grau, Oskar Hopfer, and Henri Birven backed Tränker by opposing it, resulting in a split in O.T.O.Moving to Paris, where he broke with Olsen in 1926, Crowley went through a large number of lovers over the following years, with whom he experimented in sex magic.Throughout, he",
"he was dogged by poor health, largely caused by his heroin and cocaine addictions.In 1928, Crowley was introduced toIsrael Regardie, a young Englishman, who embraced Thelema and became Crowley's secretary for the next three years.That year, Crowley also metGerald Yorke, who began organising Crowley's finances but never became a Thelemite.He also befriended the journalistTom Driberg; Driberg did not accept Thelema either.It was here that Crowley also published one of his most significant works,Magick in Theory and Practice, which received little attention at the time. In December 1928 Crowley met the Nicaraguan Maria Teresa Sanchez (Maria Teresa Ferrari de Miramar).Crowley was deported from France by the authorities, who disliked his reputation and feared that he was a German agent.So that she could join him in Britain, Crowley married Sanchez in August 1929.Now based in London, Mandrake Press agreed to publish his autobiography in a limited edition six-volume set, also publishing his novelMoonchildand book",
"book of short storiesThe Stratagem. Mandrake went into liquidation in November 1930, before the entirety of Crowley'sConfessionscould be published.Mandrake's ownerP. R. Stephensenmeanwhile wroteThe Legend of Aleister Crowley, an analysis of the media coverage surrounding him. Berlin and London: 1930–1938 In April 1930, Crowley moved toBerlin, where he took Hanni Jaegar as his magical partner; the relationship was troubled.In September he went toLisbonin Portugal to meet the poetFernando Pessoa. There, he decided to fake his own death, doing so with Pessoa's help at theBoca do Infernorock formation.He then returned to Berlin, where he reappeared three weeks later at the opening of his art exhibition at the Gallery Neumann-Nierendorf. Crowley's paintings fitted with the fashion forGerman Expressionism; few of them sold, but the press reports were largely favourable.In August 1931, he took Bertha Busch as his new lover; they had a violent relationship, and often physically assaulted one another.He continued to",
"continued to have affairs with both men and women while in the city,and met with famous people likeAldous HuxleyandAlfred Adler.After befriending him, in January 1932 he took the communistGerald Hamiltonas a lodger, through whom he was introduced to many figures within the Berlin far left; it is possible that he was operating as a spy for British intelligence at this time, monitoring the communist movement. I have been over forty years engaged in the administration of the law in one capacity or another. I thought that I knew of every conceivable form of wickedness. I thought that everything which was vicious and bad had been produced at one time or another before me. I have learnt in this case that we can always learn something more if we live long enough. I have never heard such dreadful, horrible, blasphemous and abominable stuff as that which has been produced by the man (Crowley) who describes himself to you as the greatest living poet. Justice Swift, in Crowley's libel case. Crowley left Busch and",
"left Busch and returned to London,where he took Pearl Brooksmith as his new Scarlet Woman.Undergoing furthernasal surgery, it was here in 1932 that he was invited to be guest of honour atFoyles' Literary Luncheon, also being invited byHarry Priceto speak at theNational Laboratory of Psychical Research.In need of money, he launched a series of court cases against people whom he believed to have libelled him, some of which proved successful. He gained much publicity for his lawsuit againstConstable and Cofor publishingNina Hamnett'sLaughing Torso(1932)—a book he alleged libelled him by referring to his occult practice as black magic—but lost the case.The court case added to Crowley's financial problems, and in February 1935 he was declared bankrupt. During the hearing, it was revealed that Crowley was spending three times his income for several years. Crowley developed a friendship withDeidre Patricia Doherty; she offered to bear his child, who was born in May 1937. NamedRandall Gair, Crowley nicknamed him",
"nicknamed him Aleister Atatürk. He died in a car accident in 2002 at the age of 65.Crowley continued to socialize with friends, holding curry parties in which he cooked particularly spicy food for them.In 1936, he published his first book in six years,The Equinox of the Gods, which contained a facsimile ofThe Book of the Lawand was considered to be volume III, number 3, ofThe Equinoxperiodical. The work sold well, resulting in a second print run.In 1937, he gave a series of public lectures on yoga inSoho.Crowley was now living largely off contributions supplied by O.T.O.'sAgape Lodgein California, led by rocket scientistJack Parsons.Crowley was intrigued by the rise ofNazismin Germany, and influenced by his friend Martha Küntzel believed thatAdolf Hitlermight convert to Thelema; when the Nazis abolished the German O.T.O. and imprisoned Germer, who fled to the US, Crowley then lambasted Hitler as ablack magician. Second World War and death: 1939–1947 When theSecond World Warbroke out, Crowley wrote to",
"Crowley wrote to theNaval Intelligence Divisionoffering his services, but they declined. He associated with a variety of figures in Britain's intelligence community at the time, includingDennis Wheatley,Roald Dahl,Ian Fleming, andMaxwell Knight,and wrote that he originated the \"V for Victory\" sign first used by theBBC; this has never been proven.In 1940, his asthma worsened, and with his German-produced medication unavailable, he returned to using heroin, once again becoming addicted.Asthe Blitzhit London, Crowley relocated toTorquay, where he was briefly admitted to hospital with asthma, and entertained himself with visits to the local chess club.Tiring of Torquay, he returned to London, where he was visited by American ThelemiteGrady McMurtry, to whom Crowley awarded the title of \"Hymenaeus Alpha\".He stipulated that though Germer would be his immediate successor, McMurty should succeed Germer as head of O.T.O. after the latter's death.With O.T.O. initiateLady Frieda Harris, Crowley developed plans to",
"developed plans to produce atarot cardset, designed by him and painted by Harris. Accompanying this was a book, published in a limited edition asThe Book of ThothbyChiswick Pressin 1944.To aid the war effort, he wrote a proclamation on the rights of humanity, \"Liber OZ\", and a poem for the liberation of France,Le Gauloise.Crowley's final publication during his lifetime was a book of poetry,Olla: An Anthology of Sixty Years of Song.Another of his projects,Aleister Explains Everything, was posthumously published asMagick Without Tears. In April 1944 Crowley briefly moved toAston Clintonin Buckinghamshire,where he was visited by the poetNancy Cunard,before relocating toHastingsin Sussex, where he took up residence at the Netherwood boarding house.He took a young man namedKenneth Grantas his secretary, paying him in magical teaching rather than wages.He was also introduced toJohn Symonds, whom he appointed to be his literary executor; Symonds thought little of Crowley, later publishing negative biographies of",
"biographies of him.Corresponding with the illusionistArnold Crowther, it was through him that Crowley was introduced toGerald Gardner, the future founder ofGardnerian Wicca. They became friends, with Crowley authorising Gardner to revive Britain's ailing O.T.O.Another visitor wasEliza Marian Butler, who interviewed Crowley for her bookThe Myth of the Magus.Other friends and family also spent time with him, among them Doherty and Crowley's son Aleister Atatürk. On 1 December 1947, Crowley died at Netherwood ofchronic bronchitisaggravated bypleurisyand myocardial degeneration, aged 72.His funeral was held at aBrightoncrematorium on 5 December; about a dozen people attended, andLouis Wilkinsonread excerpts from theGnostic Mass,The Book of the Law, and \"Hymn to Pan\". The funeral generated press controversy, and was labelled aBlack Massby the tabloids. Crowley's body wascremated; his ashes were sent toKarl Germerin the US, who buried them in his garden inHampton, New Jersey. Beliefs and thought Crowley's belief",
"Crowley's belief system, Thelema, has been described by scholars as a religion,and more specifically as both anew religious movement,and as a \"magico-religiousdoctrine\".It has also been characterized as a form of esotericism andModern paganism.Although holdingThe Book of the Law—which was composed in 1904—as its central text, Thelema took shape as a complete system in the years after 1904. In his autobiography, Crowley wrote that his purpose in life was to \"bring oriental wisdom to Europe and to restore paganism in a purer form\", although what he meant by \"paganism\" was unclear.Crowley also wrote in the 4th Book of Magick about a great pagan Umbral fleet ruled by Ottovius that would be handed down to the great Spartan. The esoteric nature of this was also unclear. Crowley's thought was not always cohesive, and was influenced by a variety of sources, ranging from eastern religious movements and practices like Hindu yoga and Buddhism,scientific naturalism, and various currents within Western esotericism, among",
"esotericism, among them ceremonial magic, alchemy, astrology,Rosicrucianism, Kabbalah, and the Tarot.He was steeped in the esoteric teachings he had learned from the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, although pushed further with his own interpretations and strategies than the Golden Dawn had done.Crowley incorporated concepts and terminology from South Asian religious traditions like yoga andTantrainto his Thelemic system, believing that there was a fundamental underlying resemblance between Western and Eastern spiritual systems.The historian Alex Owen noted that Crowley adhered to the \"modus operandi\" of theDecadent movementthroughout his life. Crowley believed that the twentieth century marked humanity's entry to the Aeon of Horus, a new era in which humans would take increasing control of their destiny. He believed that this Aeon follows on from the Aeon of Osiris, in which paternalistic religions like Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism dominated the world, and that this in turn had followed the Aeon of",
"the Aeon of Isis, which was maternalistic and dominated by goddess worship.He believed that Thelema was the proper religion of the Aeon of Horus,and also deemed himself to be the prophet of this new Aeon.Thelema revolves around the idea that human beings each have their own True Will that they should discover and pursue, and that this exists in harmony with the Cosmic Will that pervades the universe.Crowley referred to this process of searching and discovery of one's True Will to be \"the Great Work\" or the attaining of the \"knowledge and conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel\".His favoured method of doing so was through the performance of the Abramelin operation, a ceremonial magic ritual obtained from a 17th-century grimoire.The moral code of \"Do What Thou Wilt\" is believed by Thelemites to be the religion's ethical law, although the historian of religion Marco Pasi noted that this was notanarchisticorlibertarianin structure, as Crowley saw individuals as part of a wider societal organism. Magick and",
"Magick and theology Crowley believed in the objective existence ofmagic, which he chose to spell as \"Magick\", which is an archaic spelling of the word.He provided various different definitions of this term over his career.In his bookMagick in Theory and Practice, Crowley defined Magick as \"the Science and Art of causing change to occur in conformity with Will\".He also told his disciple Karl Germer that \"Magick is getting into communication with individuals who exist on a higher plane than ours. Mysticism is the raising of oneself to their level.\"Crowley saw Magick as a third way between religion and science, givingThe Equinoxthe subtitle ofThe Method of Science; the Aim of Religion.Within that journal, he expressed positive sentiments toward science and thescientific method,and urged magicians to keep detailed records of their magical experiments, having said: \"The more scientific the record is, the better.\"His understanding of magic was also influenced by the work of the anthropologist James Frazer, in",
"James Frazer, in particular the belief that magic was a precursor to science in acultural evolutionaryframework.Unlike Frazer, however, Crowley did not see magic as a survival from the past that required eradication, but rather he believed that magic had to be adapted to suit the new age of science.In Crowley's alternative schema, old systems ofmagichad to decline (per Frazer's framework) so that science and magic could synthesize intomagick, which would simultaneously accept the existence of the supernatural and anexperimental method.Crowley deliberately adopted an exceptionally broad definition of magick that included almost all forms of technology as magick, adopting aninstrumentalistdefinition of magic, science, and technology. To the greatest aim of the magician was to merge with a higher power connected to the wellsprings of the universe, but he did not trouble himself too much to define that power consistently; sometimes it was God, sometimes the One, sometimes a goddess, and sometimes one's own Holy",
"one's own Holy Guardian Angel or higher self. In the last analysis he was content for the nature of divinity to remain a mystery. As a result, he wrote at times like an atheist, at times like a monotheist, and at others like a polytheist. Ronald Hutton Sexuality played an important role in Crowley's ideas about magick and his practice of it,and has been described as being central to Thelema.He outlined three forms of sex magick—the autoerotic, homosexual, and heterosexual—and argued that such acts could be used to focus the magician's will onto a specific goal such as financial gain or personal creative success.For Crowley, sex was treated as asacrament, with the consumption of sexual fluids interpreted as aEucharist.This was often manifested as theCakes of Light, a biscuit containing either menstrual blood or a mixture of semen and vaginal fluids.The Gnostic Mass is the central religious ceremony within Thelema. Crowley's theological beliefs were not clear. The historianRonald Huttonnoted that some of",
"that some of Crowley's writings could be used to argue that he was anatheist,while some support the idea that he was apolytheist,and others would bolster the idea that he was amysticalmonotheist.On the basis of the teachings inThe Book of the Law, Crowley described a pantheon of three deities taken from the ancient Egyptian pantheon: Nuit, Hadit, and Ra-Hoor-Khuit.In 1928, he wrote that all true deities were derived from this trinity.Jason Josephson Stormhas argued that Crowley built on 19th-century attempts tolink early Christianity to pre-Christian religions, such as Frazer'sGolden Bough, to synthesize Christian theology and Neopaganism while remaining critical of institutional and traditional Christianity. Both during his life and after it, Crowley has been widely described as aSatanist, usually by detractors. Crowley stated he did not consider himself a Satanist, nor did he worshipSatan, as he did not accept the Christian world view in which Satan was believed to exist.He nevertheless used Satanic",
"used Satanic imagery, for instance by describing himself as \"the Beast 666\" and referring to theWhore of Babylonin his work, while in later life he sent \"Antichristmas cards\" to his friends.In his writings, Crowley occasionally identified Aiwass as Satan and designated him as \"Our Lord God the Devil\" at one occasion.The scholar of religion Gordan Djurdjevic stated that Crowley \"was emphatically not\" a Satanist, \"if for no other reason than simply because he did not identify himself as such\".Crowley nevertheless expressed strong anti-Christian sentiment,stating that he hated Christianity \"as Socialists hate soap\",an animosity probably stemming from his experiences among the Plymouth Brethren.He was nevertheless influenced by theKing James Bible, especially theBook of Revelation, the impact of which can be seen in his writings.He was also accused of advocatinghuman sacrifice, largely because of a passage inBook 4in which he stated that \"A male child of perfect innocence and high intelligence is the most",
"is the most satisfactory victim\" and added that he had sacrificed about 150 every year. This was a tongue-in-cheek reference toejaculation, something not realized by his critics. Image and opinions Crowley considered himself to be one of the outstanding figures of his time.The historianRonald Huttonstated that in Crowley's youth, he was \"a self-indulgent and flamboyant young man\" who \"set about a deliberate flouting and provocation of social and religious norms\", while being shielded from an \"outraged public opinion\" by his inherited wealth.Hutton also described Crowley as having both an \"unappeasable desire\" to take control of any organisation that he belonged to, and \"a tendency to quarrel savagely\" with those who challenged him.Crowley biographerMartin Boothasserted that Crowley was \"self-confident, brash, eccentric, egotistic, highly intelligent, arrogant, witty, wealthy, and, when it suited him, cruel\".Similarly, Richard B. Spence noted that Crowley was \"capable of immense physical and emotional",
"and emotional cruelty\".BiographerLawrence Sutinnoted that Crowley exhibited \"courage, skill, dauntless energy, and remarkable focus of will\" while at the same time showing a \"blind arrogance, petty fits of bile, contempt for the abilities of his fellow men\".The ThelemiteLon Milo DuQuettenoted that Crowley \"was by no means perfect\" and \"often alienated those who loved him dearest.\" Political opinions Crowley enjoyed being outrageous and flouting conventional morality,withJohn Symondsnoting that he \"was in revolt against the moral and religious values of his time\".Crowley's political thought was studied by the academic Marco Pasi, who noted that for Crowley, socio-political concerns were subordinate to metaphysical and spiritual ones.He was neither on the politicalleftnorrightbut perhaps best categorized as a \"conservative revolutionary\" despite not being affiliated with the German-basedmovement of the same name.Pasi described Crowley's fascination with the extreme ideologies of Nazism andMarxism–Leninism,",
"which aimed to violently overturn society: \"What Crowley liked about Nazism and communism, or at least what made him curious about them, was the anti-Christian position and the revolutionary and socially subversive implications of these two movements. In their subversive powers, he saw the possibility of an annihilation of old religious traditions, and the creation of a void that Thelema, subsequently, would be able to fill.\"Crowley described democracy as an \"imbecile and nauseating cult of weakness\",and commented thatThe Book of the Lawproclaimed that \"there is the master and there is the slave; the noble and the serf; the 'lone wolf' and the herd\".In this attitude, he was influenced bySocial Darwinismand the work ofFriedrich Nietzsche.Although he had contempt for most of the British aristocracy, he regarded himself as an aristocrat and styled himself as Laird Boleskine,once describing his ideology as \"aristocratic communism\". Opinions on race and gender Crowley was bisexual, but exhibited a preference for",
"a preference for women,with his relationships with men being fewer and mostly in the early part of his life.In particular he was attracted to \"exotic women\",and said he had fallen in love on multiple occasions; Kaczynski stated that \"when he loved, he did so with his whole being, but the passion was typically short-lived\".Even in later life, Crowley was able to attract young bohemian women to be his lovers, largely due to his charisma.He applied the term \"Scarlet Woman\" to various female lovers whom he believed played an important role in his magical work.During homosexual acts, he usually played 'the passive role',which Booth believed \"appealed to his masochistic side\".An underlying theme in many of his writings is that spiritual enlightenment arises through transgressing socio-sexual norms. Crowley advocated complete sexual freedom for both men and women.He argued that homosexual and bisexual people should not suppress their sexual orientation,commenting that a person \"must not be ashamed or afraid of",
"or afraid of being homosexual if he happens to be so at heart; he must not attempt to violate his own true nature because of public opinion, or medieval morality, or religious prejudice which would wish he were otherwise.\"On other issues he adopted a more conservative attitude; he opposed abortion on moral grounds, believing that no woman following her True Will would ever desire one. Biographer Lawrence Sutin stated that \"blatant bigotry is a persistent minor element in Crowley's writings\".Sutin thought Crowley \"a spoiled scion of a wealthy Victorian family who embodied many of the worstJohn Bullracial and social prejudices of his upper-class contemporaries\", noting that he \"embodied the contradiction that writhed within many Western intellectuals of the time: deeply held racist viewpoints courtesy of society, coupled with a fascination with people of colour\".Crowley is said to have insulted his close Jewish friendVictor Neuburg, usingantisemiticslurs, and he had mixed opinions about Jewish people as a",
"Jewish people as a group.Although he praised their \"sublime\" poetry and stated that they exhibited \"imagination, romance, loyalty, probity and humanity\", he also thought that centuries of persecution had led some Jewish people to exhibit \"avarice, servility, falseness, cunning and the rest\".He was also known to praise various ethnic and cultural groups, for instance he thought that the Chinese people exhibited a \"spiritual superiority\" to the English,and praised Muslims for exhibiting \"manliness, straightforwardness, subtlety, and self-respect\". Both critics of Crowley and adherents of Thelema have accused Crowley ofsexism.Booth described Crowley as exhibiting a \"general misogyny\", something the biographer believed arose from Crowley's bad relationship with his mother.Sutin noted that Crowley \"largely accepted the notion, implicitly embodied in Victorian sexology, of women as secondary social beings in terms of intellect and sensibility\".The scholar of religion Manon Hedenborg White noted that some of",
"noted that some of Crowley's statements are \"undoubtedly misogynist by contemporary standards\", but characterized Crowley's attitude toward women as complex and multi-faceted.Crowley's comments on women's role varied dramatically within his written work, even that produced in similar periods.Crowley described women as \"moral inferiors\" who had to be treated with \"firmness, kindness and justice\",while also arguing that Thelema was essential to women's emancipation. Possible links to intelligence Biographers Richard B. Spence and Tobias Churton have suggested that Crowley was a spy for the British secret services and that among other things he joined the Golden Dawn under their command to monitor the activities ofMathers, who was known to be aCarlist.Spence suggested that the conflict between Mathers and the London lodge for the temple was part of an intelligence operation to undermine Mathers' authority.Spence has suggested that the purpose of Crowley's trip to Mexico might have been to explore Mexican oil",
"explore Mexican oil prospects for British intelligence.Spence has suggested that his trip to China was orchestrated as part of a British intelligence scheme to monitor the region's opium trade.Churton suggested that Crowley had travelled to Moscow on the orders of British intelligence to spy on revolutionary elements in the city. Spence and Sutin both wrote that Crowley's pro-German work in the United States during World War I was actually a cover for him being a double agent for Britain, citing his hyperbolic articles inThe Fatherlandto make the German lobby appear ridiculous in the eyes of the American public.Spence also wrote that Crowley encouraged theGerman Navyto destroy theLusitania, informing them that it would ensure the US stayed out of the war, while in reality hoping that it would bring the US into the war on Britain's side. Legacy and influence \"e is today looked upon as a source of inspiration by many people in search of spiritual enlightenment and/or instructions in magical practice. Thus,",
"practice. Thus, while during his life his books hardly sold and his disciples were never very numerous, nowadays all his important works are constantly in print, and the people defining themselves as \"thelemites\" (that is, followers of Crowley's new religion) number several thousands all over the world. Furthermore, Crowley's influence over magically oriented new religious movements has in some cases been very deep and pervasive. It would be difficult to understand, for instance, some aspects of Anglo-Saxon neo-paganism and contemporary satanism without a solid knowledge of Crowley's doctrines and ideas. In other fields, such as poetry, alpinism and painting, he may have been a minor figure, but it is only fair to admit that, in the limited context of occultism, he has played and still plays a major role.\" Marco Pasi, 2003. Crowley has remained an influential figure, both amongst occultists and in popular culture, particularly that of Britain, but also of other parts of the world. In 2002, a BBC poll placed",
"a BBC poll placed Crowley seventy-third in a list of the100 Greatest Britons.Richard Cavendishhas written of him that \"In native talent, penetrating intelligence and determination, Aleister Crowley was the best-equipped magician to emerge since the seventeenth century.\"The scholar of esotericism Egil Asprem described him as \"one of the most well-known figures in modern occultism\".The scholar of esotericismWouter Hanegraaffasserted that Crowley was an extreme representation of \"the dark side of the occult\",adding that he was \"the most notorious occultist magician of the twentieth century\".The philosopher John Moore opined that Crowley stood out as a \"Modern Master\" when compared with other prominent occult figures likeGeorge Gurdjieff,P. D. Ouspensky,Rudolf Steiner, orHelena Blavatsky,also describing him as a \"living embodiment\" ofOswald Spengler's \"Faustian Man\".Biographer Tobias Churton considered Crowley \"a pioneer of consciousness research\".Hutton noted that Crowley had \"an important place in the history",
"in the history of modern Western responses to Oriental spiritual traditions\",while Sutin thought that he had made \"distinctly original contributions\" to the study of yoga in the West. Thelema continued to develop and spread following Crowley's death. In 1969, O.T.O. was reactivated in California under the leadership of Grady Louis McMurtry;in 1985 its right to the title was unsuccessfully challenged in court by a rival group, the Society Ordo Templi Orientis, led by Brazilian ThelemiteMarcelo Ramos Motta.Another American Thelemite is the filmmakerKenneth Anger, who was influenced by Crowley's writings from a young age.In the United Kingdom,Kenneth Grantpropagated a tradition known as Typhonian Thelema through his organisation, the Typhonian O.T.O., later renamed theTyphonian Order.Also in Britain, an occultist known asAmado Crowleyclaimed to be Crowley's son; this has been refuted by academic investigation. Amado argued that Thelema was a false religion created by Crowley to hide his true esoteric teachings,",
"esoteric teachings, which Amado said he was propagating. Several Western esoteric traditions other than Thelema were also influenced by Crowley, with Djurdjevic observing that \"Crowley's influence on twentieth-century and contemporary esotericism has been enormous\".Gerald Gardner, the founder ofGardnerian Wicca, used much of Crowley's published material when composing the Gardnerian ritual liturgy,and the Australian witchRosaleen Nortonwas also heavily influenced by Crowley's ideas.More widely, Crowley became \"a dominant figure\" in the modern Pagan community.L. Ron Hubbard, the American founder ofScientology, was involved in Thelema in the early 1940s (withJack Parsons), and it has been argued thatCrowley's ideas influenced some of Hubbard's work.The scholars of religion Asbjørn Dyrendel, James R. Lewis, and Jesper Petersen noted that despite the fact that Crowley was not a Satanist, he \"in many ways embodies the pre-Satanist esoteric discourse on Satan and Satanism through his lifestyle and his philosophy\",",
"his philosophy\", with his \"image and ought\" becoming an \"important influence\" on the later development of religious Satanism.For instance, two prominent figures in religious Satanism,Anton LaVeyandMichael Aquino, were influenced by Crowley's work. In popular culture Crowley also had a wider influence inBritish popular culture. After his time in Cefalù, which brought him to public attention in Britain, various \"literary Crowleys\" appeared: characters in fiction based upon him.One of the earliest was the character of the poet Shelley Arabin inJohn Buchan's 1926 novelThe Dancing Floor.In his novelThe Devil Rides Out, the writerDennis Wheatleyused Crowley as a partial basis for the character of Damien Mocata, a portly bald defrocked priest who engages in black magic.The occultistDion Fortuneused Crowley as a basis for characters in her booksThe Secrets of Doctor Taverner(1926) andThe Winged Bull(1935).He was included as one of the figures on the cover art ofThe Beatles' albumSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club",
"Lonely Hearts Club Band(1967),and his motto of \"Do What Thou Wilt\" was inscribed on the vinyl ofLed Zeppelin's albumLed Zeppelin III(1970).Led Zeppelin co-founderJimmy Pagebought Boleskine in 1971, and part of the band's filmThe Song Remains the Samewas filmed in the grounds. He sold it in 1992.ThoughDavid Bowiemakes but a fleeting reference to Crowley in the lyrics of his song \"Quicksand\" (1971),it has been suggested that the lyrics of Bowie's No. 1 hit single \"Let's Dance\" (1983) may substantially paraphrase Crowley's 1923 poem \"Lyric of Love to Leah\".Ozzy Osbourneand his lyricistBob Daisleywrote a song titled \"Mr. Crowley\" (1980).A prophetic quote about the coming of theNew Aeonborrowed from Crowley's workMagick in Theory and Practice(1911) has been featured as the opening introduction to the video gameBlood Omen: Legacy of Kain(1996).Crowley began to receive scholarly attention from academics in the late 1990s. Bibliography See also Notes and references Explanatory notes Citations Works cited Further",
"Works cited Further reading External links",
"List of highest mountains on Earth There are at least 108mountainson Earth withelevationsof 7,200 m (23,600 ft; 4.5 mi) or greater abovesea level. Of these, 14 are more than 8,000 m (26,000 ft; 5.0 mi).The vast majority of these mountains are located on the edge of theIndian PlateandEurasian PlateinChina,India,Nepal, andPakistan. The dividing line between a mountain with multiple peaks and separate mountains is not always clear (see alsoHighest unclimbed mountain). A popular and intuitive way to distinguish mountains from subsidiary peaks is by their height above the highest saddle connecting it to a higher summit, a measure calledtopographic prominenceor re-ascent (the higher summit is called the \"parent peak\"). A common definition of a mountain is a summit with 300 m (980 ft) prominence. Alternatively, a relative prominence (prominence/height) is used (usually 7–8%) to reflect that in higher mountain ranges everything is on a larger scale. The table below lists the highest 100 summits with at least 500 m",
"with at least 500 m (1,640 ft) prominence, approximating a 7% relative prominence. A drawback of a prominence-based list is that it may exclude well-known or spectacular mountains that are connected via a high ridge to a taller summit, such asEiger,NuptseorAnnapurna IV. A few such peaks and mountains with nearly sufficient prominence are included in this list, and given a rank of \"S\". It is very unlikely that all given heights are correct to the nearest metre; indeed, the sea level is often problematic to define when a mountain is remote from the sea. Different sources often differ by many metres, and the heights given below may well differ from those elsewhere in this encyclopedia. As an extreme example,Ulugh Muztaghon the northTibetan Plateauis often listed as 7,723 m (25,338 ft) to 7,754 m (25,440 ft), but appears to be only 6,973 m (22,877 ft) to 6,987 m (22,923 ft). Some mountains differ by more than 100 m (330 ft) on different maps, while even very thorough current measurements ofMount Everestrange",
"Everestrange from 8,840 m (29,003 ft) to 8,849 m (29,032 ft). These discrepancies serve to emphasize the uncertainties in the listed heights. Though some parts of the world, especially the most mountainous parts, have never been thoroughly mapped, it is unlikely that any mountains this high have been overlooked, becausesynthetic aperture radarcan andhas beenused to measure elevations of most otherwise inaccessible places. Still, heights or prominences may be revised, so that the order of the list may change and even new mountains could enter the list over time. To be safe, the list has been extended to include all 7,200 m (23,622 ft) peaks. The highest mountains above sea level are generally not the highest above the surrounding terrain. There is no precise definition of surrounding base, butDenali,Mount KilimanjaroandNanga Parbatare possible candidates for the tallest mountain on land by this measure. The bases of mountain islands are below sea level, and given this considerationMauna Kea(4,207 m (13,802",
"Kea(4,207 m (13,802 ft) above sea level) is theworld's tallest mountain andvolcano, rising about 10,203 m (33,474 ft) from thePacific Oceanfloor.Mount LamlamonGuamis periodically claimed to be among the world's highest mountains because it is adjacent to theMariana Trench; the most extreme claim is that, measured fromChallenger Deep313 kilometres (194 mi) away, Mount Lamlam is 11,530 metres (37,820 ft) tall.Ojos del Saladohas the greatest rise onEarth: 13,420 m (44,029 ft) vertically to the summitfrom the bottom of theAtacama Trench, which is about 560 km (350 mi) away, although most of this rise is not part of the mountain. The highest mountains are also not generally the most voluminous.Mauna Loa(4,169 m or 13,678 ft) is the largest mountain on Earth in terms of base area (about 5,200 km2or 2,000 sq mi) and volume (about 42,000 km3or 10,000 cu mi), although, due to the intergrade oflavafromKilauea,HualalaiandMauna Kea, the volume can only be estimated based on surface area and height of the edifice.Mount",
"the edifice.Mount Kilimanjarois the largest non-shield volcano in terms of both base area (635 km2or 245 sq mi) and volume (4,793 km3or 1,150 cu mi).Mount Loganis the largest non-volcanic mountain in base area (311 km2or 120 sq mi). The highest mountains above sea level are also not those with peaks farthest from the centre of the Earth, because theshape of the Earthis not spherical. Sea level closer to the equator is several kilometres farther from the centre of the Earth. The summit ofChimborazo,Ecuador's tallest mountain, is usually considered to be the farthest point from the Earth's centre, although the southern summit ofPeru's tallest mountain,Huascarán, is another contender.Both have elevations above sea level more than 2 km (1.2 mi) less than that of Everest. Geographical distribution Download coordinates as: Almost all mountains in the list are located in theHimalayaandKarakoramranges to the south and west of the Tibetan plateau. All peaks 7,000 m (23,000 ft) or higher are located",
"higher are located inEast,CentralorSouth Asiain a rectangle edged byNoshaq(7,492 m or 24,580 ft) on theAfghanistan–Pakistan borderin the west,Jengish Chokusu(Tuōmù'ěr Fēng, 7,439 m or 24,406 ft) on theKyrgyzstan–Xinjiangborder to the north,Gongga Shan(Minya Konka, 7,556 m or 24,790 ft) inSichuanto the east, andKabru(7,412 m or 24,318 ft) on theSikkim–Nepalborder to the south. As of December 2018, the highest peaks on four of the mountains—Gangkhar Puensum,Labuche Kang III,Karjiang, andTongshanjiabu, all located inBhutanorChina—have not been ascended. The most recent peak to have its first ever ascent isSaser Kangri II East, inIndia, on 24 August 2011. The highest mountainoutside of AsiaisAconcagua(6,961 m or 22,838 ft), the 189th highest in the world. List of world's highest peaks Gallery See also Notes References Sources External links",
"1905 Kanchenjunga expedition The1905 Kanchenjunga expeditionwas aHimalayanmountaineeringexpedition aimed to climb to the summit ofKanchenjunga, which would ultimately only be achieved in 1955. The expedition was an idea of the Swiss doctor and photographerJules Jacot-Guillarmod. In April 1905 he proposed his plans to the British occultistAleister Crowley, with whom he had participated inOscar Eckenstein'sK2expedition in 1902. Crowley agreed to join because as the climbing leader he would have the opportunity to break thealtitude record.The record at the time was held by eitherWilliam Woodman Graham, Emil Boss andUlrich KaufmannonKabru(7,315 m), a widely contested, but possibly accurate claim,orMatthias ZurbriggenonAconcagua(6,962 m). Jacot-Guillarmod recruited two of his countrymen, Alexis Pache and Charles-Adolphe Reymond, while Crowley recruited his hotelkeeper inDarjeeling, the young Italian Alcesti C. Rigo de Righi, as transport officer. On July 31 the five left with three Kashmiri servants (who had been",
"(who had been in the K2 expedition as well), and about 230 local porters. Armed withDouglas Freshfield's map of the range andVittorio Sella's pictures, created during a circumnavigation of the massif in 1899, Crowley planned to climb the southwest face of Kanchenjunga over the Yalung Glacier. When Camp IV was made above this glacier, the team had fallen apart: Jacot-Guillarmod especially was shocked by Crowley's arrogant behavior and brutal treatment of the (barefooted) porters. Camp V was still made around 6,200 m, and on September 1, Crowley, Pache, Reymond and a group of porters made it to about 6,500 m before a small avalanche forced a nervous retreat.Inhis autobiography, Crowley claimed they reached about 25,000 feet or 7,620 m and claimed to have held the altitude record until the1922 British Mount Everest expeditionreached 8,320 m. The next day Jacot-Guillarmod and De Righi attempted to depose Crowley from expedition leadership. The argument could not be settled, and Jacot-Guillarmod, De Righi, and",
"De Righi, and Pache decided to retreat from Camp V to Camp III. At 5 pm they left with four porters on a single rope, but a fall precipitated an avalanche that killed three porters as well as Alexis Pache. People in Camp V heard \"frantic cries\" and Reymond immediately descended to help, but Crowley stayed in his tent. That evening he wrote a letter to a Darjeeling newspaper stating that he had advised against the descent and that \"a mountain 'accident' of this sort is one of the things for which I have no sympathy whatever\". The next day Crowley passed the site of the accident without pausing nor speaking to the survivors and left on his own to Darjeeling, where he took the expedition funds, which mostly had been paid by Jacot-Guillarmod. The latter would get at least some of his money back after threatening to make public some of Crowley's pornographic poetry. The1955 British Kangchenjunga expeditionwas the first to succeed in reaching the summit, starting off on the same route as pioneered in 1905.",
"pioneered in 1905. References"
] |
This blood pressure drug commonly used to treat gestational hypertension was patented the same year the first black student at the University of Mississippi was shot. | Labetalol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Meredith | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_hypertension | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labetalol | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Meredith', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_hypertension', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labetalol'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Meredith",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_hypertension",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labetalol"
] | [
"University of Mississippi TheUniversity of Mississippi(bynameOle Miss) is apublicresearch universityinOxford, Mississippi, United States, with amedical centerinJackson. It is Mississippi's oldest public university and is the state's largest by enrollment. TheMississippi Legislaturechartered the university on February 24, 1848, and it admitted its first 80 students. During theCivil War, the university operated as aConfederatehospital and narrowly avoided destruction byUlysses S. Grant's forces. In 1962, during thecivil rights movement,a race riotoccurred on campus whensegregationiststried to prevent the enrollment of African American studentJames Meredith. The university has since taken measures to improve its image. The university is closely associated with writerWilliam Faulknerand owns and manages his former Oxford homeRowan Oak, which with other on-campus sitesBarnard ObservatoryandLyceum–The Circle Historic District, is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places. Ole Miss isclassifiedas \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\". It is one of 33 institutions participating in the National Sea Grant Program and also participates in the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program. Its research efforts include the National Center for Physics Acoustics, the National Center for Natural Products Research, and the Mississippi Center for Supercomputing Research. The university operates the country's only federally contractedFood and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved cannabis facility. It also operates interdisciplinary institutes such as theCenter for the Study of Southern Culture. Its athletic teams compete as theOle Miss Rebelsin theNational Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA)Division ISoutheastern Conference. Theuniversity's alumni, faculty, and affiliatesinclude 27Rhodes Scholars, 10governors, 5US senators, ahead of government, and aNobel Prize Laureate. Other alumni have received accolades in the arts such asEmmy Awards,Grammy Awards, andPulitzer Prizes. Itsmedical centerperformed the first human lung transplant andanimal-to-human heart transplant. History Founding and early history TheMississippi Legislaturechartered the University of Mississippi on February 24, 1848.Planners selected an isolated, rural site inOxfordas a \"sylvan exile\" that would foster academic studies and focus.In 1845, residents ofLafayette Countydonated land west of Oxford for the campus and the following year, architectWilliam Nicholsoversaw construction of an academic building called theLyceum, two dormitories, and faculty residences.On November 6, 1848, the university, offering aclassicalcurriculum, opened to its first class of 80 students,most of whom were children of elite slaveholders, all of whom were white, and all but one of whom were from Mississippi.For 23 years, the university was Mississippi's only public institution of higher learningand for 110 years, its only comprehensive university.In 1854, theUniversity of Mississippi School of Lawwas established, becoming the fourth state-supported law school in the United States. Early presidentFrederick A. P. Barnardsought to increase the university's stature, placing him in conflict with the more-conservative board of trustees.The only result of Barnard's hundred-page 1858 report to the board was the university head's title being changed to \"chancellor\".Barnard was a Massachusetts-born graduate ofYale University; his northern background andUnionsympathies made his position contentious—a student assaulted his slave and the state legislature investigated him.Following the election of US PresidentAbraham Lincolnin 1860, Mississippi became the second state to secede; the university's mathematics professorLucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamardrafted thearticles of secession.Students organized into a military company called the \"University Greys\", which became Company A,11th Mississippi Infantry Regimentin theConfederate States Army.Within a month of theCivil War's outbreak, only five students remained at the university, and by late 1861, it was closed. In its final action, the board of trustees awarded Barnard adoctorate of divinity. Within six months, the campus had been converted into a Confederate hospital; the Lyceum was used as the hospital and a building that had stood on the modern-day site of Farley Hall operated as its morgue.In November 1862, the campus was evacuated as GeneralUlysses S. Grant'sUnion forcesapproached. Although Kansan troops destroyed much of the medical equipment, a lone remaining professor persuaded Grant against burning the campus.Grant's forces left after three weeks and the campus returned to being a Confederate hospital. Over the war's course, more than 700 soldiers were buried on campus. Post-war The University of Mississippi reopened in October 1865.To avoid rejecting veterans, the university lowered admission standards and decreased costs by eliminating tuition and allowing students to live off-campus.The student body remained entirely white: in 1870 the chancellor declared that he and the entire faculty would resign rather than admit \"negro\" students.In 1882, the university began admitting womenbut they were not permitted to live on campus or attend law school.In 1885, the University of Mississippi hiredSarah McGehee Isom, becoming the firstsoutheastern UScollege to hire a female faculty member.Nearly 100 years later, in 1981, the Sarah Isom Center for Women and Gender Studies was established in her honor. The university's byname \"Ole Miss\" was first used in 1897, when it won a contest of suggestions for a yearbook title.The term originated as a title domestic slaves used to distinguish the mistress of a plantation from \"young misses\".Fringe origin theories include it coming from a diminutive of \"Old Mississippi\",or from the name of the \"Ole Miss\" train that ran fromMemphistoNew Orleans.Within two years, students and alumni were using \"Ole Miss\" to refer to the university. Between 1900 and 1930, the Mississippi Legislature introduced bills aiming to relocate, close, or merge the university withMississippi State University. All such legislation failed.During the 1930s, the governor of MississippiTheodore G. Bilbowas politically hostile toward the University of Mississippi, firing administrators and faculty, and replacing them with his friendsin the \"Bilbo purge\".Bilbo's actions severely damaged the university's reputation, leading to the temporary loss of its accreditation. Consequently, in 1944, theConstitution of Mississippiwas amended to protect the university's board of trustees from political pressure.DuringWorld War II, the University of Mississippi was one of 131 colleges and universities that participated in the nationalV-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission. Integration In 1954, theU.S. Supreme Courtruled inBrown v. Board of Educationracial segregationin public schools was unconstitutional.Eight years after theBrowndecision, all attempts by African American applicants to enroll had failed.Shortly after the 1961 inauguration of PresidentJohn F. Kennedy,James Meredith—an African AmericanAir Forceveteran and former student atJackson State University—applied to the University of Mississippi.After months of obstruction by Mississippi officials, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered Meredith's enrollment, and theDepartment of Justiceunder Attorney GeneralRobert F. Kennedyentered the case on Meredith's behalf.On three occasions, either governorRoss R. Barnettor lieutenant governorPaul B. Johnson Jr.physically blocked Meredith's entry to the campus. TheUnited States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuitheld both Barnett and Johnson Jr. in contempt, and issued fines exceeding $10,000 for each day they refused to enroll Meredith.On September 30, 1962, President Kennedy dispatched 127U.S. Marshals, 316 deputizedU.S. Border Patrolagents, and 97 federalizedFederal Bureau of Prisonspersonnel to escort Meredith.After nightfall, far-right former Major GeneralEdwin Walkerand outside agitators arrived, and a gathering of segregationist students before the Lyceum became a violent mob.Segregationist rioters threwMolotov cocktailsandbottles of acid, and fired guns at federal marshals and reporters.160 marshals would be injured, with 28 receiving gunshot wounds,and two civilians—French journalistPaul Guihardand Oxford repairman Ray Gunter—were killed by gunfire.Eventually, 13,000 soldiers arrived in Oxford and quashed the riot.One-third of the federal officers—166 men—were injured, as were 40 federal soldiers and National Guardsmen.More than 30,000 personnel were deployed, alerted, and committed in Oxford—the most in American history for a single disturbance. Meredith enrolled and attended a class on October 1.By 1968, Ole Miss had around 100 African American students,and by the 2019–2020 academic year, African Americans constituted 12.5 percent of the student body. Recent history In 1972, Ole Miss purchasedRowan Oak, the former home ofNobel Prize–winning writerWilliam Faulkner.The building has been preserved as it was at Faulkner's death in 1962. Faulkner was the university's postmaster in the early 1920s and wroteAs I Lay Dying(1930) at the university powerhouse. His Nobel Prize medallion is displayed in the university library.The university hosted the inaugural Faulkner andYoknapatawphaConference in 1974. In 1980,Willie Morrisbecame the university's first writer in residence. In 2002, Ole Miss marked the 40th anniversary of integration with a yearlong series of events, including an oral history of the university, symposiums, a memorial, and a reunion of federal marshals who served at the campus.In 2006, the 44th anniversary of integration, astatue of Meredithwas dedicated on campus.Two years later, the site of the 1962 riots was designated as aNational Historic Landmark.The university also held a yearlong program to mark the 50th anniversary of integration in 2012.The university hosted thefirst presidential debate of 2008—the first presidential debate held in Mississippi—between SenatorsJohn McCainandBarack Obama. Ole Miss retired its mascotColonel Rebin 2003, citing its Confederate imagery.Although a grass-roots movement to adoptStar WarscharacterAdmiral Ackbarof theRebel Alliancegained significant support,Rebel Black Bear, a reference to Faulkner's short storyThe Bear, was selected in 2010.The Bear was replaced with another mascot,Tony the Landshark, in 2017.Beginning in 2022, football coachLane Kiffin's dog Juice became the de facto mascot.In 2015, the university removed theMississippi State Flag, which included the Confederate battle emblem,and in 2020, it relocated a prominent Confederate monument. Campus Oxford campus The University of Mississippi's Oxford campus is partially located in Oxford and partially inUniversity, Mississippi, acensus-designated place.The main campus is situated at an altitude of around 500 feet (150 m), and has expanded from one square mile (260 ha) of land to around 1,200 acres (1.9 sq mi; 490 ha). The campus' buildings are largely designed in aGeorgian architectural style; some of the newer buildings have a more contemporary architecture. At the campus' center is \"The Circle\", which consists of eight academic buildings organized around an ovaloid common. The buildings include the Lyceum (1848), the \"Y\" Building (1853), and six later buildings constructed in aNeoclassical Revivalstyle.The Lyceum was the first building on the campus and was expanded with two wings in 1903. According to the university, the Lyceum's bell is the oldest academic bell in the United States.Near the Circle isThe Grove, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) plot of land that was set aside by chancellorRobert Burwell Fultonc.1893, and hosts up to 100,000tailgatersduring home games.Barnard Observatory, which was constructed under Chancellor Barnard in 1859, was designed to house the world's largest telescope. Due to the Civil War's outbreak, however, the telescope was never delivered and was instead acquired byNorthwestern University.The observatory was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1978.The first major building built after the Civil War was Ventress Hall, which was constructed in aVictorian Romanesquestyle in 1889. From 1929 to 1930, architectFrank P. Gatesdesigned 18 buildings on campus, mostly inGeorgian Revival architectural style, including (Old) University High School, Barr Hall, Bondurant Hall, Farley Hall (also known as Lamar Hall), Faulkner Hall, and Wesley Knight Field House.During the 1930s, the many building projects at the campus were largely funded by thePublic Works Administrationand other federal entities.Among the notable buildings built in this period is the dual-domedKennon Observatory(1939).Two large modern buildings—the Ole Miss Union (1976) and Lamar Hall (1977)—caused controversy by diverging from the university's traditional architecture.In 1998, the Gertrude C. Ford Foundation donated $20 million to establish the Gertrude C. Ford Center for the Performing Arts,which was the first building on campus to be solely dedicated to the performing arts.As of 2020, the university was constructing a 202,000-square-foot (18,800 m2)STEMfacility, the largest single construction project in the campus' history.The university owns and operates theUniversity of Mississippi Museum, which comprises collections of American fine art, Classical antiquities, and Southern folk art, as well as historic properties in Oxford.Ole Miss also ownsUniversity-Oxford Airport, which is located north of the main campus. North Mississippi Japanese Supplementary School, aJapanese weekend school, is operated in conjunction with Ole Miss, with classes held on campus.It opened in 2008 and was jointly established by several Japanese companies and the university. Many children have parents who are employees atToyotafacilities inBlue Springs. Satellite campuses In 1903, theUniversity of Mississippi School of Medicinewas established on the Oxford campus. It offered only two years of medical courses; students had to attend an out-of-state medical school to complete their degrees.This form of medical education continued until 1955, when theUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center(UMMC) was established on a 164-acre (66 ha) site inJackson, Mississippi, and the School of Medicine was relocated there.A nursing school was established in 1956 and since then, other health-related schools have been added. As of 2021, UMMC offers medical and graduate degrees.In addition to the medical center, the university has satellite campuses in Booneville,DeSoto,Grenada,Rankin,and Tupelo. Organization and administration Divisions of the university The University of Mississippi consists of 15 schools.The largest undergraduate school is the College of Liberal Arts.Graduate schools include a law school, a school of business administration, an engineering school, and a medical school. Administration The University of Mississippi's chief administrative officer is thechancellor,a positionGlenn Boycehas held since 2019.The chancellor is supported by vice-chancellors who administer areas such as research and intercollegiate athletics. The provost oversees the university's academic affairs,and a dean oversees each school, as well as general studies and the honors college.A faculty senate advises the administration. The board of trustees of the Mississippi State Institutions of Higher Learning is the constitutional governing body that is responsible for policy and financial oversight of the University of Mississippi and the state's other seven public secondary institutions. the board consists of 12 members, who serve staggered nine-year terms and represent the state's three Supreme Court Districts. The board appoints the commissioner of higher education, who administers its policies. Finances As of April 2021, the University of Mississippi's endowment was $775 million.The university's budget for fiscal year 2019 was over $540 million.Less than 13% of operating revenues are funded by the state of Mississippi,and the university relies heavily on private donations. TheFord Foundationhas donated nearly $65 million to the Oxford campus and UMMC. Academics The University of Mississippi is the state's largest university by enrollment and is considered the state's flagship university.In 2015, the student-faculty ratio was 19:1. Of its classes, 47.4 percent have fewer than 20 students. The most popular subjects include marketing, education and teaching, accountancy, finance, pharmaceutical sciences, and administration.To receive a bachelor's degree, students must have at least 120 semester hours with passing grades and a cumulative 2.0 GPA. The university also offers graduate degrees such as PhDs and masters of art, science, and fine arts.The university maintains theMississippi Teacher Corps, a free graduate program that educates teachers for critical-needs public schools. Taylor Medals, which were first awarded in 1905, are presented to exceptional students nominated by the faculty. The medals are named in honor ofMarcus Elvis Taylor, who graduated in 1871 and are given to less than one percent of each class. Research Ole Miss isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\".According to theNational Science Foundation, the university spent $137 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 142nd in the nation.It is one of the 33 colleges and universities participating in theNational Sea Grant Programand participates in theNational Space Grant College and Fellowship Program.Since 1948, the university has been a member of theOak Ridge Associated Universities. In 1963, University of Mississippi Medical Center surgeons, led byJames Hardy, performed the world's first human lung transplant, and in 1964 the world's first animal-to-human heart transplant. Because Hardy researched transplantation, consisting of primate studies during the previous nine years, the heart of achimpanzeewas used for the transplant. In 1965, the university established its Medicinal Plant Garden, which the School of Pharmacy uses for drug research.Since 1968, the school has operated the only legalmarijuanafarm and production facility in the United States. TheNational Institute on Drug Abusecontracts to the university production of cannabis for use in approved research studies and for distribution to the seven survivingmedical marijuanapatients grandfathered into theCompassionate Investigational New Drug program.The facility is the only source of marijuana medical researchers can use to conductFood and Drug Administration-approved tests. The National Center for Physics Acoustics (NCPA), which Congress established in 1986, is located on campus.In addition to conducting research, the NCPA houses theAcoustical Society of America's archives.The university also operates the University of Mississippi Field Station, which includes 223 research ponds and supports long-term ecological research,and hosts the Mississippi Center for Supercomputing Research and the Mississippi Law Research Institute.In 2012, the university completedInsight Park, a research park that \"welcomes companies commercializing University of Mississippi research\". Special programs Honors education at the University of Mississippi, consisting of lectures by distinguished academics, began in 1953. In 1974, this program became the University Scholars Program, and in 1983, the University Honors Program was created and honors-core courses were offered.In 1997,NetscapeCEOJim Barksdaleand wife Sally donated $5.4 million to establish theSally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College(SMBHC),which provides a capstone project—a senior thesis—and endowed scholarships. In 1977, the university established itsCenter for the Study of Southern Culturewith funding from theNational Endowment for the Humanities, which is housed in the College of Liberal Arts. The center provides for interdisciplinary studies ofSouthern historyandculture.In 2000, the university established the Trent Lott Leadership Institute, which is named after alumnus and then-US Senate majority leaderTrent Lott. The institute was funded with large corporate donations fromMCI Inc.,Lockheed Martin, and other companies.In addition to leadership initiatives, the institute offers a BA degree in Public Policy Leadership. TheCenter for Intelligence and Security Studies(CISS) delivers academic programming on intelligence analysis and engages in applied research and consortium building with government, private, and academic partners.In 2012, theUnited States Director of National Intelligencedesignated CISS as an Intelligence Community Center of Academic Excellence (CAE), becoming one of 29 such college programs in the United States.Other special programs include the Haley Barbour Center for Manufacturing Excellence—established jointly by the university andToyotain 2008—and the Chinese Language Flagship Program (simplified Chinese:中文旗舰项目;traditional Chinese:中文旗艦項目;pinyin:Zhōngwén Qíjiàn Xiàngmù).TheCroft Institute for International Studies, which was founded in 1998, provides the only international studies undergraduate program in Mississippi. The University of Mississippi is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium, which has since been renamedSECU. The collaborative initiative was designed to promote research, scholarship, and achievement among the member universities in theSoutheastern Conference.In 2013, the university participated in the SEC Symposium on renewable energy inAtlanta, Georgia, which was organized and led by theUniversity of Georgiaand theUGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute. In 2021, actorMorgan Freemanand Professor Linda Keena donated $1 million to the University of Mississippi to create the Center for Evidence-Based Policing and Reform, which will provide law-enforcement training and seek to improve engagement between law enforcement and communities. Rankings and accolades InU.S. News & World Report's 2023 rankings, the University of Mississippi was tied for 163rd place among national universities and 88th among public universities.In 2023,Bloomberg Businessweekranked the professional MBA program at the School of Business Administration #72 nationally,and the online MBA program in the top 25.As of 2018, all three degree programs at the Patterson School of Accountancy were among the top 10 accounting programs according to thePublic Accounting Report. Since 2012, theChronicle of Higher Educationhas named the University of Mississippi as one of the \"Great Colleges to Work For\". In the 2018 results, released in theChronicle's annual report on \"The Academic Workplace\", the university was among 84 institutions honored from the 253 colleges and universities surveyed.In 2018, the university's campus was ranked the second-safest in the SEC and one of the safest in the U.S. As of 2019, the university has had 27Rhodes Scholars.Since 1998, it has 10Goldwater Scholars, sevenTruman Scholars, 18Fulbright Scholars, oneMarshall Scholar, threeUdall Scholars, twoGates Cambridge Scholars, oneMitchell Scholar, 19Boren Scholars, oneBoren fellow, and oneGerman Chancellor Fellowship. Student life Student body As of the 2023–2024 academic year, the student body consists of 18,533 undergraduates and 2,264 in graduate programs.Around 57 percent of the undergraduate student body were female.As of Fall 2023, minorities composed 23.5 percent of the body.The median family income of students is $116,600, and over half of students come from the top 20 percent. According toThe New York Times, the University of Mississippi has the seventh-highest share of students from the economic top-one percent among selective public schools.The median starting salary of a graduate is $47,700, according toUS News. Although 54 percent of undergraduates are from Mississippi,the student body is geographically diverse. As of late 2020, the university's undergraduates representedall 82 countiesin Mississippi, 49 states, theDistrict of Columbia, and 86 countries.The average freshman retention rate, an indicator of student success and satisfaction, is 85.7 percent.In 2020, the student body included over 1,100 transfer students. Traditions Are You Ready?Hell Yeah! Damn Right!Hotty Toddy, Gosh Almighty,Who The Hell Are We? Hey!Flim Flam, Bim BamOle Miss By Damn! — The Hotty Toddy chant A common greeting on campus is \"Hotty Toddy!\", which is also used in the school chant. The phrase has no explicit meaning and its origin is unknown.The chant was first published in 1926, but \"Hotty Toddy\" was spelled \"Heighty Tighty\"; this early spelling has led some to suggest it originated withVirginia Tech's regimental band, The Heighty Tighties.Other proposed origins are \"hoity-toity\", meaning snobbish,and the alcoholic drinkhot toddy. On football game days, the Grove, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) plot of trees, hosts an elaboratetailgatingtradition;according toThe New York Times, \"Perhaps there isn't a word for the ritualized pregame revelry ... 'Tailgating' certainly does not do it justice\". The tradition began in 1991 when cars were banned from the Grove.Prior to each game, over 2,000 red-and-blue trash cans are placed throughout the Grove. This event is known as \"Trash Can Friday\". Each barrel marks a tailgating spot.The spots are claimed by tailgaters, who erect a \"tent city\" of 2,500 shelters.Many of the tents are extravagant, feature chandeliers and fine china, and typically host meals ofSouthern cuisine.To accommodate the crowds, the university maintains elaborate portable bathrooms on18-wheelerplatforms known as \"Hotty Toddy Potties\". Student organizations The University of Mississippi's first sanctioned student organizations, literary societies the Hermaean Society and the Phi Sigma Society, were established in 1849. Weekly meetings, of which attendance was mandatory, were held in the Lyceum until 1853 and then in the chapel.With the university's emphasis on rhetoric, student-organized public orations on the first Monday of every month were popular. Studies were sometimes canceled so students could attend speeches of visiting politicians such asJefferson DavisandWilliam L. Sharkey. In the 1890s, extracurricular and nonintellectual activities proliferated on campus, and interest in oratory and the now-voluntary literary societies diminished.Turn-of-the-20th-century student organizations included Cotillion Club, the elite Stag Club, and German Club.In the 1890s, the localYMCAbegan publishing a list of the organizations in theM-Book.As of 2021, the handbook was still provided to students. TheAssociated Student Body(ASB), which was established in 1917,is the university's student government organization. Students are elected to the ASB Senate in the spring semester and leftover seats are voted on in open-seat elections in the fall. Senators can represent registered student organizations such as the Greek councils and sports clubs, or they can run to represent their academic school.The University of Mississippi's marching bandThe Pride of the Southperforms in-concert and at athletic events. The band was formally organized in 1928,but it existed before that date as a smaller organization led by a student director.APhi Beta Kappachapter was established in 2001. Amenities Approximately 5,300 students live on campus in thirteen residence halls, two residential colleges, and two apartment complexes.Students are required to live on-campus during their first year.Within residence halls, students designated ascommunity assistantsprovide information and resolve issues.In the early 20th century, the university provided cottages for married students.In 1947, Vet Village was constructed to room the surge inWorld War IIveteran applicants. The University of Mississippi provides Oxford University Transit, a shuttle system that is free of charge for students, faculty, and staff.In early 2020,Starship Technologiesintroduced an automated food delivery consisting of a fleet of 30 robots on campus; it was the first such system of any SEC school. On-campus dining services Catering at UM and the Rebel Market are the onlyCertified Greenrestaurants in the state of Mississippi.In 2019, the university opened a 98,000-square-foot (9,100 m2) recreation center containing a gym, indoor climbing wall, basketball courts, and other services. Greek life Greek lifeat the University of Mississippi comprises 33 organizations and around 8,700 affiliated students.Greek societies at the University of Mississippi are housed along Fraternity Row and Sorority Row, which were constructed in the 1930s with federal funds. TheRainbow Fraternity, which was founded at the University of Mississippi in 1848, was the first fraternity to be founded in the South.Other early fraternities established at the university includeDelta Kappa Epsilon(1850), Delta Kappa (1853),Delta Psi(1854), and Epsilon Alpha (1855).By 1900, a majority of University of Mississippi students were members of a fraternity or a sorority. Non-member students felt excluded on campus and tensions between members and non-members escalated.The University Magazinedenounced the Greek societies as \"the most vicious institution that has grown up in any college\".In 1902,Lee Russell, a poor student who was rejected by the fraternities, appeared before the board of trustees to criticize the Greek societies.In response, the board threatened to abolish Greek life if non-member students continued to be ostracized. In 1903, rumors Greek-life members and non-member students were preparing to \"meet in combat\" appeared.Multiple state-legislative investigations were held to address the issue.All Greek life at the university was suspended from 1912 to 1926 due to statewide anti-fraternity legislation. As part of a larger crackdown on embarrassing fraternity incidents, ChancellorGerald Turnerended the traditional Shrimp and Beer Festival in 1984.In 1988,Phi Beta Sigma, a black fraternity, was preparing to move into a house on the all-white Fraternity Row when arsonists burned their house. An alumnus helped purchase another house and Fraternity Row was integrated two months later.In a 1989 incident, fraternity members dropped naked students painted with racist slurs at the historically blackRust College.In 2014, three fraternity members placed a noose and a Confederate symbol on the Meredith statue,and in 2019, fraternity members posed with guns in front of anEmmett Tillhistorical marker. Media The first student publication at the University of Mississippi wasThe University Magazine, which was founded in 1856 and published by the literary societies.The rivalry between the University of Mississippi and Mississippi State originated from an 1895 condemnation byThe University Magazineof a Mississippi State publication which had written that the University of Mississippi \"lacked dignity\".The first student newspaperThe University Recordbegan publication in 1898; it and theMagazinesuffered financially and were suspended in 1902. In 1907, the YMCA and student athletic organization revived the university's newspaper as theVarsity Voice.In 1911, this newspaper was superseded by another student-published newspaper,The Daily Mississippian.The paper is editorially independent and is the only daily college newspaper in the state. The paper is also published online asTheDMonline.com, with supplementary content. NewsWatch, which was established in 1980, is a student-produced, live newscast and the only local newscast in Lafayette County.The University of Mississippi owns and operatesWUMS92.1 Rebel Radio, which began broadcasting in 1989; it is one of a few university-operated commercial FM radio stations in the United States. Athletics The University of Mississippi's athletic teams participate in theNational Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA),Southeastern Conference(SEC),Division Ias theOle Miss Rebels.Women's varsity athletic teams at the University of Mississippi includebasketball, cross country, golf, rifle, soccer,softball,tennis, track and field, and volleyball. Men's varsity teams arebaseball,basketball, cross country,football, golf,tennis, and track and field. In 1893, professorAlexander Bondurantorganized the university's football team.As collegiate athletic teams began to receive names, a contest result selected the name \"Mississippi Flood\" in 1929. Due to the lasting harm of theGreat Mississippi Flood of 1927, however, the name was changed to the \"Rebels\" in 1936.The first prime-time telecast of college football was of a 1969 Ole Miss game.The team has won six SEC championships.MajorrivalsincludeLouisiana State UniversityandMississippi State University, which Ole Miss plays against in theMagnolia BowlandEgg Bowl, respectively.Other rivalries includeTulaneandVanderbilt.Football alumniArchieandEli Manning, both quarterbacks, are honored on campus with speed limits set to 18 and 10 mph; their respective jersey numbers. Outside football, Ole Miss baseball has won seven overall SEC championships and threeSEC Tournaments.They have played in theMen's College World Seriessix times,and won the2022 series.The men's tennis team has won five overallSEC championshipsand has had one NCAA Singles Champion—Devin Britton.The women's basketball team has won one overall SEC championship.Notable former players includeArmintie Price, who holds the SEC record for steals in a game and was the third pick in the2007 WNBA draft,andJennifer Gillom, 1986 SEC Female Athlete of the Year and 1988 Olympic Gold Medalist.Men's basketball has won twoSEC Tournaments.In 2021, Ole Miss women's golf won its firstNCAA Division I Women's Golf Championship. Notable people Faculty As of the 2020–2021 academic year, there were—excluding those of UMMC—1,092 professors, of whom 424 were tenured. At this time, there were 592 male and 500 female professors. With the early emphasis on classical studies, multiple notable classicists includingGeorge Tucker Stainback,Wilson Gaines Richardson, andWilliam Hailey Willis, have held teaching positions at the University of Mississippi.ArcheologistDavid Moore Robinson, who is credited with discovering the ancient cityOlynthus, also taught classics at the university.Former Mississippi GovernorRonnie Musgrovewas a political science lecturer,andKyle Duncanwas an assistant law professor prior to his appointment to theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.Landon Garlandtaught astronomy and philosophy before becoming the first president ofVanderbilt University.ActorJames Best, who is best known for his work onThe Dukes of Hazzard, was an artist in residence.Robert Q. Marston, director of theNational Institutes of Health, served as the dean of the medical school,andEugene W. Hilgard, considered the father ofsoil science, taught chemistry at Ole Miss.Other notable scientific faculty include psychologistDavid H. Barlowand physicistMack A. Breazeale. Alumni In addition to William Faulkner,notable writers who attended the University of Mississippi includeFlorence Mars,Patrick D. Smith,Stark Young,andJohn Grisham.Alumni in film includeEmmy Award-winning actorGerald McRaneyandTate Taylor, director ofThe Help.Musicians who studied at the university includeMose AllisonandGrammy Award-winnerGlen Ballard.Athlete graduates include 12-timeGrand Slamtennis championMahesh Bhupathi,NFL quarterbacksArchie ManningandEli Manning,New York YankeescatcherJake Gibbs,andMichael Oher, NFL offensive lineman and subject of the filmThe Blind Side.Additionally, threeMiss Americasand oneMiss USAare among the alumni. The University of Mississippi's alumni include fiveUS senatorsand tengovernors.Other public servant graduates includeMississippi Supreme CourtChief JusticesSydney M. SmithandBill Waller Jr.,US Secretary of the NavyRay Mabus,White House Press SecretaryLarry Speakes,and Dominican Prime MinisterRoosevelt Skerrit.Notable academics includePomona CollegepresidentE. Wilson Lyon,Pulitzer Prize-winningHarvardprofessorThomas K. McCraw,andMercer UniversitypresidentJames Bruton Gambrell.Notable physicians includeArthur Guyton,American Medical AssociationheadEdward Hill,andThomas F. Frist Sr., co-founder ofHospital Corporation of America.AlumnusWilliam Parsonsserved as director ofNASA'sStennis Space Centerand later that ofKennedy Space Center. Notes and references Notes Citations Works cited External links # denotes interim",
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"Gestational hypertension Gestational hypertensionorpregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH) is the development of newhypertensionin apregnantwoman after 20 weeks' gestation without the presence of protein in the urine or other signs ofpre-eclampsia.Gestational hypertension is defined as having a blood pressure greater than 140/90 on two occasions at least 6 hours apart. Signs and symptoms No single diagnostic test currently exists to predict the likelihood of developing gestational hypertension. High blood pressure is the major sign in diagnosing gestational hypertension. Some women with gestational hypertension may present asymptomatic, but a number of symptoms are associated with the condition. Symptoms Risk factors Maternal causes Pregnancy Family history Diagnosis Conditions There exist severalhypertensive states of pregnancy: Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are sometimes treated as components of a common syndrome. Treatment There is no specific treatment, but is monitored closely to rapidly identify pre-eclampsia and its life-threatening complications (HELLP syndromeand eclampsia). Drug treatment options are limited, as manyantihypertensivesmay negatively affect thefetus.ACE inhibitors,angiotensin receptor blockers, anddirect renin inhibitorsare contraindicated in pregnancy as they areteratogenic.Methyldopa,hydralazine,nifedipine, andlabetalolare most commonly used for severe pregnancy hypertension. The fetus is at increased risk for a variety of life-threatening conditions, includingpulmonary hypoplasia(immature lungs). If the dangerous complications appear after the fetus has reached a point of viability, even though still immature, then an early delivery may be warranted to save the lives of both mother and baby. An appropriate plan for labor and delivery includes selection of a hospital with provisions for advanced life support of newborn babies. Exercise during pregnancy can help prevent hypertension as it can improve not only health for the mother but also the child. Exercise can regulate the energy needs required during pregnancy while also decreasing inflammation. Regular exercise can also lower the increased stress levels associated with pregnancy. Evolutionary considerations Humans Gestational hypertension is one of the most common disorders seen in human pregnancies.Though relatively benign on its own, in roughly half of the cases of gestational hypertension the disorder progresses into pre-eclampsia, a dangerous condition that can prove fatal to expectant mothers.However, gestational hypertension is a condition that is fairly rare to see in other animals. For years, it has been the belief of the scientific community that gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia were relatively unique to humans, although there has been some recent evidence that other primates can also develop similar conditions, albeit due to different underlying mechanisms.The underlying cause of gestational hypertension in humans is commonly believed to be an improperly implanted placenta. Humans have evolved to have a very invasive placenta to facilitate better oxygen transfer from the mother to the fetus, to support the growth of its large brain. Origins of the placenta The origins of gestational hypertension may lie with the development of humans'hemochorialplacenta. A hemochorial placenta optimizes the amount of oxygen and nutrients that can be absorbed into the fetal blood supply, while at the same time ensuring rapid diffusion of wastes away from the fetus. This hemochorial placenta differs from lower primates' epitheliochorial placentae in the way that it allows the fetal tissues to interact directly with the mother's blood. The hemochorial placenta thereby promotes more rapid diffusion to and from the fetal blood supply. In animals with epitheliochorial placentae such as horses and pigs, the greatest resistance to maternal blood flow in the vascular system was found within the placenta. However, in animals with hemochorial placental structures such as rodents and primates, the vascular resistance in the placenta was low, leading scientists to the conclusion that the greatest resistance to maternal blood flow is found elsewhere in the maternal vascular system.The high vascular resistance outside of the placenta leads to higher maternal blood pressure throughout the body. The fetal cells that implant into the uterine wall are known as the trophoblast. The hemochorial placenta bathes the fetal trophoblast in maternal blood by forming lacunae, or lakes, of the mother's blood that surround fetal tissue. The lacunae are filled by the spiral arteries, which means that the mother's blood pressure is the driving force behind the introduction of new blood, which contains both oxygen and food for the fetus, to the system.It is thought that humans need the increased diffusion provided by the hemochorial placenta in order to grow the large brains compared to their body size that distinguish them from other primates. Incorrect placental implantation It is thought that \"failings\" in normal hemochorial placental structure lead to pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension.The human placenta implants \"earlier, deeper, and more extensively\" into the uterine wall, which can potentially lead to many problems that are found in human pregnancies, but not as much in other animals. Miscarriage and pre-eclampsia are both very rare in other species, but are two of the most common pregnancy-related diseases in humans.The genetic roots of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are certain, as women with a family history of the condition are three times more likely to develop it when they are pregnant. One of the potential causes of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia is when the trophoblast does not invade far enough into the uterine lining.When the fetus's trophoblast does not fully extend into the uterine wall, the spiral arteries do not become fully converted into low-resistance channels.It has been found that this incomplete conversion of spiral arteries increases the resistance to uterine blood flow during pregnancy, and that this occurrence was associated with gestational hypertension.One potential cause of this incomplete breach of the spiral arteries that leads to gestational hypertension is a mistaken immune response by the maternal tissue, reaction to the alien fetal tissue.Therefore, it is clear that the complication of gestational hypertension has roots in the early implantation of the fetus in the uterine wall, an implantation technique that is unique to humans. The highly invasive placenta that is found in humans is thought to be linked to humans' high circulating levels of the hormones CG and hCG. It has been shown that the higher the levels of these hormones, the deeper the trophoblast's invasion into the uterine wall. Instances of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia have been shown to occur when the invasion of the uterine wall is not deep enough, because of lower CG and hCG levels in the mother. Evolutionary tradeoff Despite these risks for gestational hypertension, the hemochorial placenta has been favored because of its advantages in the way that it aids in diffusion from mother to fetus later in pregnancy. The bipedal posture that has allowed humans to walk upright has also led to a reduced cardiac output, and it has been suggested that this is what necessitated humans' aggressive early placental structures.Increased maternal blood pressure can attempt to make up for lower cardiac output, ensuring that the fetus's growing brain receives enough oxygen and nutrients.The benefits of being able to walk upright and run on land have outweighed the disadvantages that come from bipedalism, including the placental diseases of pregnancy, such as gestational hypertension. Similarly, the advantages of having a large brain size have outweighed the deleterious effects of having a placenta that does not always convert the spiral arteries effectively, leaving humans vulnerable to contracting gestational hypertension. It is speculated that this was not the case with Neanderthals, and that they died out because their cranial capacity increased too much, and their placentae were not equipped to handle the fetal brain development, leading to widespread pre-eclampsia and maternal and fetal death. Gestational hypertension in the early stages of pregnancy (trimester 1) has been shown to improve the health of the child both in its first year of life, and its later life.However, when the disease develops later in the pregnancy (subsequent trimesters), or turns into pre-eclampsia, there begin to be detrimental health effects for the fetus, including low birth-weight.It has been proposed that fetal genes designed to increase the mother's blood pressure are so beneficial that they outweigh the potential negative effects that can come from pre-eclampsia.It has also been suggested that gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia have remained active traits due to the cultural capacity of humans, and the tendency for midwives or helpers to aid in delivering babies. Relevance of evolutionary history It is the goal ofevolutionary medicineto find treatments for diseases that are informed by the evolutionary history of a disease. It has been suggested that gestational hypertension is linked to insulin resistance during pregnancy.Both the increase in blood sugar that can lead to gestational diabetes and the increase in blood pressure that can lead to gestational hypertension are mechanisms that mean to optimize the amount of nutrients that can be passed from maternal tissue to fetal tissue. It has been suggested that techniques used to combat insulin insensitivity might also prove beneficial to those with gestational hypertension.Measures to avoid insulin resistance include avoiding obesity before pregnancy, minimizing weight gain during pregnancy, eating foods with low glycemic indices, and exercising. References",
"Labetalol Labetalolis a medication used to treathigh blood pressureand in long term management ofangina.This includesessential hypertension,hypertensive emergencies, andhypertension of pregnancy.In essential hypertension it is generally less preferred than a number of otherblood pressure medications.It can be givenby mouthor byinjection into a vein. Common side effects includelow blood pressure with standing, dizziness, feeling tired, and nausea.Serious side effects may includelow blood pressure,liver problems,heart failure, andbronchospasm.Use appears safe in the latter part ofpregnancyand it is not expected to cause problems duringbreastfeeding.It works by blocking the activation ofβ-andα-adrenergic receptors. Labetalol was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1977.It is available as ageneric medication.In 2021, it was the 213th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions. Medical uses Labetalol is effective in the management ofhypertensive emergencies, postoperative hypertension,pheochromocytoma-associated hypertension, andrebound hypertensionfrombeta blockerwithdrawal. It has a particular indication in the treatment ofpregnancy-induced hypertensionwhich is commonly associated withpre-eclampsia. It is also used as an alternative in the treatment of severe hypertension. Labetalol is useful in the treatment of acutecardiovasculartoxicity(e.g. inoverdose) caused bysympathomimeticslikeamphetamine,methamphetamine,cocaine,ephedrine, andpseudoephedrine.Other beta blockers are also used.However, the controversial yet possible phenomenon of \"unopposed α-stimulation\" with administration of selective beta blockers to block non-selective sympathomimetics potentially makes dualalpha-1and beta blockers like labetalol andcarvedilolmore favorable for such purposes.The rate of unopposed α-stimulation with selective beta blockers has been reported to be 0.4%,whereas no cases of unopposed α-stimulation have been reported with dual alpha and beta blockers like labetalol. Special populations Pregnancy: studies in lab animals showed no harm to the baby. However, a comparable well-controlled study has not been performed in pregnant women. Nursing: breast milk has been shown to contain small amounts of labetalol (0.004% original dose). Prescribers should be cautious in the use of labetalol for nursing mothers. Pediatric: no studies have established safety or usefulness in this population. Geriatric: the elderly are more likely to experiencedizzinesswhen taking labetalol. Labetalol should be dosed with caution in the elderly and counseled on this side effect. Side effects Common Low blood pressure with standingis more severe and more common with IV formulation (58% vs 1%) and is often the reason larger doses of the oral formulation cannot be used. Rare Contraindications Labetalol iscontraindicatedin people with overtcardiac failure, greater-than-first-degreeheart block, severebradycardia,cardiogenic shock, severehypotension, anyone with a history ofobstructive airway diseaseincludingasthma, and those withhypersensitivityto the drug. Pharmacology Mechanism of action Labetalol is abeta blocker, or anantagonistof theβ-adrenergic receptors. It is specifically anon-selectiveantagonist of theβ1-andβ2-adrenergic receptors.Labetalol hasintrinsic sympathomimetic activity.It is also an antagonist of theα1-adrenergic receptor, and hence is additionally analpha blocker. The antagonism of the adrenergic receptors by labetalol iscompetitiveagainst othercatecholaminesand its actions on the receptors arepotentandreversible.Labetalol acts by blocking α- and β-adrenergic receptors, resulting in decreasedperipheral vascular resistancewithout significant alteration ofheart rateorcardiac output. Labetalol is aboutequipotentin blocking β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors.The amount of α to β blockade depends on whether labetalol is administered orally orintravenously(IV). Orally, the ratio of α to β blockade is 1:3.Intravenously, α to β blockade ratio is 1:7.Thus, the labetalol can be thought to be a beta blocker with some α-blocking effects.By comparison, labetalol is a weaker β-adrenergic receptor blocker thanpropranolol, and has a weaker affinity for α-adrenergic receptors compared tophentolamine. Labetalol's dual α- and β-adrenergic antagonism has different physiological effects in short- and long-term situations. In short-term, acute situations, labetalol decreases blood pressure by decreasingsystemic vascular resistancewith little effect onstroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output.During long-term use, labetalol can reduce heart rate during exercise while maintainingcardiac outputby an increase instroke volume. Labetalol possesses significant intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA).In particular, it is apartial agonistat β2-adrenergic receptors located in thevascularsmooth muscle. Labetalol relaxes vascular smooth muscle by a combination of this partial β2-adrenergic receptor agonism and through α1-adrenergic receptor blockade.Overall, thisvasodilatoryeffect can decrease blood pressure.It was originally reported to lack ISA, but a slight degree of activity was subsequently characterized. Similar tolocal anestheticsandsodium channel blockingantiarrhythmics, labetalol also hasmembrane stabilizing activity.By decreasing sodium entry, labetalol decreasesaction potentialfiring and thus haslocal anestheticactivity. Physiological action The physiological effects of labetalol when administered acutely (intravenously) are not predictable solely by their receptor blocking effect, i.e. blocking β1-adrenergic receptors should decrease heart rate, but labetalol does not. When labetalol is given in acute situations, it decreases the peripheral vascular resistance and systemic blood pressure while having little effect on the heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume, despite its α1-, β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor blocking mechanism.These effects are mainly seen when the person is in the upright position. Long term labetalol use also has different effects from other beta blockers. Other beta blockers, such aspropranolol, persistently reduce cardiac output during exercise. The peripheral vascular resistance decreases when labetalol is first administered. Continuous labetalol use further decreases peripheral vascular resistance. However, during exercise, cardiac output remains the same due to a compensatory mechanism that increasesstroke volume. Thus, labetalol is able to reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by the increase in stroke volume. Pharmacokinetics Distribution Labetalol is often classified as a beta blocker with lowlipophilicityand hence lower potential for crossing theblood–brain barrierandblood–placenta barrier.This in turn may result in fewer effects in thecentral nervous systemas well as a lower risk ofneuropsychiatricside effects.Paradoxically however, labetalol actually shows high lipophilicity.In any case, labetalol, inanimalsincluding rats, rabbits, and dogs, was found to cross into the brain in negligible amounts, probably for reasons other than low lipophilicity.On the other hand, the drug has been shown to cross the blood–placenta barrier in humans. Chemistry The minimum requirement foradrenergic agentsis a primary or secondary amine separated from a substituted benzene ring by one or two carbons.This configuration results in strong agonist activity. As the size of the substituent attached to the amine becomes greater, particularly with respect to a t-butyl group, then the molecule typically is found to havereceptor affinitywithout intrinsic activity, and is, therefore, an antagonist.Labetalol, with its 1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl substituted amine, is greater in size relative to a t-butyl group and therefore acts predominantly as an antagonist. The overall structure of labetalol is very polar. This was created by substituting the isopropyl group in the standard beta blocker structure with an aralkyl group, including a carboxamide group on the meta position, and by adding a hydroxyl group on the para position. Labetalol has twochiralcarbons and consequently exists as fourstereoisomers.Two of these isomers, the (S,S)- and (R,S)-formsare inactive. The third, the (S,R)-isomer, is a powerfulα1-adrenergic receptorblocker. The fourth isomer, the (R,R)-isomer which is also known as dilevalol, is a mixed non-selective β-adrenergic receptor blocker and selective α1blocker.Labetalol is typically given as a racemic mixture to achieve both α- and β-adrenergic receptor blocking activity. It is chemically designated in International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature as 2-hydroxy-5-ethyl]benzamide monohydrochloride. The experimentallog Pof labetalol is 2.7 to 3.1 and its predicted log P ranges from 1.73 to 3.1.Hence, it has relatively highlipophilicity. History Labetalol was the first drug created that combined both α- and β-adrenergic receptor blocking properties. It was created to potentially fix the compensatory reflex issue that occurred when blocking a single receptor subtype, i.e. vasoconstriction after blocking β-adrenergic receptors or tachycardia after blocking α-adrenergic receptors. Because the reflex from blocking the single receptor subtypes acted to prevent the lowering of blood pressure, it was postulated that weak blocking of both α- and β-adrenergic receptors could work together to decrease blood pressure. References"
] | [
"University of Mississippi TheUniversity of Mississippi(bynameOle Miss) is apublicresearch universityinOxford, Mississippi, United States, with amedical centerinJackson. It is Mississippi's oldest public university and is the state's largest by enrollment. TheMississippi Legislaturechartered the university on February 24, 1848, and it admitted its first 80 students. During theCivil War, the university operated as aConfederatehospital and narrowly avoided destruction byUlysses S. Grant's forces. In 1962, during thecivil rights movement,a race riotoccurred on campus whensegregationiststried to prevent the enrollment of African American studentJames Meredith. The university has since taken measures to improve its image. The university is closely associated with writerWilliam Faulknerand owns and manages his former Oxford homeRowan Oak, which with other on-campus sitesBarnard ObservatoryandLyceum–The Circle Historic District, is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places. Ole Miss isclassifiedas \"R1:",
"isclassifiedas \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\". It is one of 33 institutions participating in the National Sea Grant Program and also participates in the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program. Its research efforts include the National Center for Physics Acoustics, the National Center for Natural Products Research, and the Mississippi Center for Supercomputing Research. The university operates the country's only federally contractedFood and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved cannabis facility. It also operates interdisciplinary institutes such as theCenter for the Study of Southern Culture. Its athletic teams compete as theOle Miss Rebelsin theNational Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA)Division ISoutheastern Conference. Theuniversity's alumni, faculty, and affiliatesinclude 27Rhodes Scholars, 10governors, 5US senators, ahead of government, and aNobel Prize Laureate. Other alumni have received accolades in the arts such asEmmy Awards,Grammy Awards, andPulitzer",
"Awards, andPulitzer Prizes. Itsmedical centerperformed the first human lung transplant andanimal-to-human heart transplant. History Founding and early history TheMississippi Legislaturechartered the University of Mississippi on February 24, 1848.Planners selected an isolated, rural site inOxfordas a \"sylvan exile\" that would foster academic studies and focus.In 1845, residents ofLafayette Countydonated land west of Oxford for the campus and the following year, architectWilliam Nicholsoversaw construction of an academic building called theLyceum, two dormitories, and faculty residences.On November 6, 1848, the university, offering aclassicalcurriculum, opened to its first class of 80 students,most of whom were children of elite slaveholders, all of whom were white, and all but one of whom were from Mississippi.For 23 years, the university was Mississippi's only public institution of higher learningand for 110 years, its only comprehensive university.In 1854, theUniversity of Mississippi School of Lawwas",
"School of Lawwas established, becoming the fourth state-supported law school in the United States. Early presidentFrederick A. P. Barnardsought to increase the university's stature, placing him in conflict with the more-conservative board of trustees.The only result of Barnard's hundred-page 1858 report to the board was the university head's title being changed to \"chancellor\".Barnard was a Massachusetts-born graduate ofYale University; his northern background andUnionsympathies made his position contentious—a student assaulted his slave and the state legislature investigated him.Following the election of US PresidentAbraham Lincolnin 1860, Mississippi became the second state to secede; the university's mathematics professorLucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamardrafted thearticles of secession.Students organized into a military company called the \"University Greys\", which became Company A,11th Mississippi Infantry Regimentin theConfederate States Army.Within a month of theCivil War's outbreak, only five students",
"only five students remained at the university, and by late 1861, it was closed. In its final action, the board of trustees awarded Barnard adoctorate of divinity. Within six months, the campus had been converted into a Confederate hospital; the Lyceum was used as the hospital and a building that had stood on the modern-day site of Farley Hall operated as its morgue.In November 1862, the campus was evacuated as GeneralUlysses S. Grant'sUnion forcesapproached. Although Kansan troops destroyed much of the medical equipment, a lone remaining professor persuaded Grant against burning the campus.Grant's forces left after three weeks and the campus returned to being a Confederate hospital. Over the war's course, more than 700 soldiers were buried on campus. Post-war The University of Mississippi reopened in October 1865.To avoid rejecting veterans, the university lowered admission standards and decreased costs by eliminating tuition and allowing students to live off-campus.The student body remained entirely white:",
"entirely white: in 1870 the chancellor declared that he and the entire faculty would resign rather than admit \"negro\" students.In 1882, the university began admitting womenbut they were not permitted to live on campus or attend law school.In 1885, the University of Mississippi hiredSarah McGehee Isom, becoming the firstsoutheastern UScollege to hire a female faculty member.Nearly 100 years later, in 1981, the Sarah Isom Center for Women and Gender Studies was established in her honor. The university's byname \"Ole Miss\" was first used in 1897, when it won a contest of suggestions for a yearbook title.The term originated as a title domestic slaves used to distinguish the mistress of a plantation from \"young misses\".Fringe origin theories include it coming from a diminutive of \"Old Mississippi\",or from the name of the \"Ole Miss\" train that ran fromMemphistoNew Orleans.Within two years, students and alumni were using \"Ole Miss\" to refer to the university. Between 1900 and 1930, the Mississippi Legislature",
"Legislature introduced bills aiming to relocate, close, or merge the university withMississippi State University. All such legislation failed.During the 1930s, the governor of MississippiTheodore G. Bilbowas politically hostile toward the University of Mississippi, firing administrators and faculty, and replacing them with his friendsin the \"Bilbo purge\".Bilbo's actions severely damaged the university's reputation, leading to the temporary loss of its accreditation. Consequently, in 1944, theConstitution of Mississippiwas amended to protect the university's board of trustees from political pressure.DuringWorld War II, the University of Mississippi was one of 131 colleges and universities that participated in the nationalV-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission. Integration In 1954, theU.S. Supreme Courtruled inBrown v. Board of Educationracial segregationin public schools was unconstitutional.Eight years after theBrowndecision, all attempts by African American",
"by African American applicants to enroll had failed.Shortly after the 1961 inauguration of PresidentJohn F. Kennedy,James Meredith—an African AmericanAir Forceveteran and former student atJackson State University—applied to the University of Mississippi.After months of obstruction by Mississippi officials, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered Meredith's enrollment, and theDepartment of Justiceunder Attorney GeneralRobert F. Kennedyentered the case on Meredith's behalf.On three occasions, either governorRoss R. Barnettor lieutenant governorPaul B. Johnson Jr.physically blocked Meredith's entry to the campus. TheUnited States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuitheld both Barnett and Johnson Jr. in contempt, and issued fines exceeding $10,000 for each day they refused to enroll Meredith.On September 30, 1962, President Kennedy dispatched 127U.S. Marshals, 316 deputizedU.S. Border Patrolagents, and 97 federalizedFederal Bureau of Prisonspersonnel to escort Meredith.After nightfall, far-right former Major",
"former Major GeneralEdwin Walkerand outside agitators arrived, and a gathering of segregationist students before the Lyceum became a violent mob.Segregationist rioters threwMolotov cocktailsandbottles of acid, and fired guns at federal marshals and reporters.160 marshals would be injured, with 28 receiving gunshot wounds,and two civilians—French journalistPaul Guihardand Oxford repairman Ray Gunter—were killed by gunfire.Eventually, 13,000 soldiers arrived in Oxford and quashed the riot.One-third of the federal officers—166 men—were injured, as were 40 federal soldiers and National Guardsmen.More than 30,000 personnel were deployed, alerted, and committed in Oxford—the most in American history for a single disturbance. Meredith enrolled and attended a class on October 1.By 1968, Ole Miss had around 100 African American students,and by the 2019–2020 academic year, African Americans constituted 12.5 percent of the student body. Recent history In 1972, Ole Miss purchasedRowan Oak, the former home ofNobel",
"former home ofNobel Prize–winning writerWilliam Faulkner.The building has been preserved as it was at Faulkner's death in 1962. Faulkner was the university's postmaster in the early 1920s and wroteAs I Lay Dying(1930) at the university powerhouse. His Nobel Prize medallion is displayed in the university library.The university hosted the inaugural Faulkner andYoknapatawphaConference in 1974. In 1980,Willie Morrisbecame the university's first writer in residence. In 2002, Ole Miss marked the 40th anniversary of integration with a yearlong series of events, including an oral history of the university, symposiums, a memorial, and a reunion of federal marshals who served at the campus.In 2006, the 44th anniversary of integration, astatue of Meredithwas dedicated on campus.Two years later, the site of the 1962 riots was designated as aNational Historic Landmark.The university also held a yearlong program to mark the 50th anniversary of integration in 2012.The university hosted thefirst presidential debate of",
"debate of 2008—the first presidential debate held in Mississippi—between SenatorsJohn McCainandBarack Obama. Ole Miss retired its mascotColonel Rebin 2003, citing its Confederate imagery.Although a grass-roots movement to adoptStar WarscharacterAdmiral Ackbarof theRebel Alliancegained significant support,Rebel Black Bear, a reference to Faulkner's short storyThe Bear, was selected in 2010.The Bear was replaced with another mascot,Tony the Landshark, in 2017.Beginning in 2022, football coachLane Kiffin's dog Juice became the de facto mascot.In 2015, the university removed theMississippi State Flag, which included the Confederate battle emblem,and in 2020, it relocated a prominent Confederate monument. Campus Oxford campus The University of Mississippi's Oxford campus is partially located in Oxford and partially inUniversity, Mississippi, acensus-designated place.The main campus is situated at an altitude of around 500 feet (150 m), and has expanded from one square mile (260 ha) of land to around 1,200 acres",
"around 1,200 acres (1.9 sq mi; 490 ha). The campus' buildings are largely designed in aGeorgian architectural style; some of the newer buildings have a more contemporary architecture. At the campus' center is \"The Circle\", which consists of eight academic buildings organized around an ovaloid common. The buildings include the Lyceum (1848), the \"Y\" Building (1853), and six later buildings constructed in aNeoclassical Revivalstyle.The Lyceum was the first building on the campus and was expanded with two wings in 1903. According to the university, the Lyceum's bell is the oldest academic bell in the United States.Near the Circle isThe Grove, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) plot of land that was set aside by chancellorRobert Burwell Fultonc.1893, and hosts up to 100,000tailgatersduring home games.Barnard Observatory, which was constructed under Chancellor Barnard in 1859, was designed to house the world's largest telescope. Due to the Civil War's outbreak, however, the telescope was never delivered and was instead acquired",
"instead acquired byNorthwestern University.The observatory was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1978.The first major building built after the Civil War was Ventress Hall, which was constructed in aVictorian Romanesquestyle in 1889. From 1929 to 1930, architectFrank P. Gatesdesigned 18 buildings on campus, mostly inGeorgian Revival architectural style, including (Old) University High School, Barr Hall, Bondurant Hall, Farley Hall (also known as Lamar Hall), Faulkner Hall, and Wesley Knight Field House.During the 1930s, the many building projects at the campus were largely funded by thePublic Works Administrationand other federal entities.Among the notable buildings built in this period is the dual-domedKennon Observatory(1939).Two large modern buildings—the Ole Miss Union (1976) and Lamar Hall (1977)—caused controversy by diverging from the university's traditional architecture.In 1998, the Gertrude C. Ford Foundation donated $20 million to establish the Gertrude C. Ford Center for the",
"Ford Center for the Performing Arts,which was the first building on campus to be solely dedicated to the performing arts.As of 2020, the university was constructing a 202,000-square-foot (18,800 m2)STEMfacility, the largest single construction project in the campus' history.The university owns and operates theUniversity of Mississippi Museum, which comprises collections of American fine art, Classical antiquities, and Southern folk art, as well as historic properties in Oxford.Ole Miss also ownsUniversity-Oxford Airport, which is located north of the main campus. North Mississippi Japanese Supplementary School, aJapanese weekend school, is operated in conjunction with Ole Miss, with classes held on campus.It opened in 2008 and was jointly established by several Japanese companies and the university. Many children have parents who are employees atToyotafacilities inBlue Springs. Satellite campuses In 1903, theUniversity of Mississippi School of Medicinewas established on the Oxford campus. It offered only two",
"It offered only two years of medical courses; students had to attend an out-of-state medical school to complete their degrees.This form of medical education continued until 1955, when theUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center(UMMC) was established on a 164-acre (66 ha) site inJackson, Mississippi, and the School of Medicine was relocated there.A nursing school was established in 1956 and since then, other health-related schools have been added. As of 2021, UMMC offers medical and graduate degrees.In addition to the medical center, the university has satellite campuses in Booneville,DeSoto,Grenada,Rankin,and Tupelo. Organization and administration Divisions of the university The University of Mississippi consists of 15 schools.The largest undergraduate school is the College of Liberal Arts.Graduate schools include a law school, a school of business administration, an engineering school, and a medical school. Administration The University of Mississippi's chief administrative officer is thechancellor,a",
"is thechancellor,a positionGlenn Boycehas held since 2019.The chancellor is supported by vice-chancellors who administer areas such as research and intercollegiate athletics. The provost oversees the university's academic affairs,and a dean oversees each school, as well as general studies and the honors college.A faculty senate advises the administration. The board of trustees of the Mississippi State Institutions of Higher Learning is the constitutional governing body that is responsible for policy and financial oversight of the University of Mississippi and the state's other seven public secondary institutions. the board consists of 12 members, who serve staggered nine-year terms and represent the state's three Supreme Court Districts. The board appoints the commissioner of higher education, who administers its policies. Finances As of April 2021, the University of Mississippi's endowment was $775 million.The university's budget for fiscal year 2019 was over $540 million.Less than 13% of operating revenues",
"operating revenues are funded by the state of Mississippi,and the university relies heavily on private donations. TheFord Foundationhas donated nearly $65 million to the Oxford campus and UMMC. Academics The University of Mississippi is the state's largest university by enrollment and is considered the state's flagship university.In 2015, the student-faculty ratio was 19:1. Of its classes, 47.4 percent have fewer than 20 students. The most popular subjects include marketing, education and teaching, accountancy, finance, pharmaceutical sciences, and administration.To receive a bachelor's degree, students must have at least 120 semester hours with passing grades and a cumulative 2.0 GPA. The university also offers graduate degrees such as PhDs and masters of art, science, and fine arts.The university maintains theMississippi Teacher Corps, a free graduate program that educates teachers for critical-needs public schools. Taylor Medals, which were first awarded in 1905, are presented to exceptional students",
"students nominated by the faculty. The medals are named in honor ofMarcus Elvis Taylor, who graduated in 1871 and are given to less than one percent of each class. Research Ole Miss isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\".According to theNational Science Foundation, the university spent $137 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 142nd in the nation.It is one of the 33 colleges and universities participating in theNational Sea Grant Programand participates in theNational Space Grant College and Fellowship Program.Since 1948, the university has been a member of theOak Ridge Associated Universities. In 1963, University of Mississippi Medical Center surgeons, led byJames Hardy, performed the world's first human lung transplant, and in 1964 the world's first animal-to-human heart transplant. Because Hardy researched transplantation, consisting of primate studies during the previous nine years, the heart of achimpanzeewas used for the transplant. In 1965, the",
"In 1965, the university established its Medicinal Plant Garden, which the School of Pharmacy uses for drug research.Since 1968, the school has operated the only legalmarijuanafarm and production facility in the United States. TheNational Institute on Drug Abusecontracts to the university production of cannabis for use in approved research studies and for distribution to the seven survivingmedical marijuanapatients grandfathered into theCompassionate Investigational New Drug program.The facility is the only source of marijuana medical researchers can use to conductFood and Drug Administration-approved tests. The National Center for Physics Acoustics (NCPA), which Congress established in 1986, is located on campus.In addition to conducting research, the NCPA houses theAcoustical Society of America's archives.The university also operates the University of Mississippi Field Station, which includes 223 research ponds and supports long-term ecological research,and hosts the Mississippi Center for Supercomputing",
"for Supercomputing Research and the Mississippi Law Research Institute.In 2012, the university completedInsight Park, a research park that \"welcomes companies commercializing University of Mississippi research\". Special programs Honors education at the University of Mississippi, consisting of lectures by distinguished academics, began in 1953. In 1974, this program became the University Scholars Program, and in 1983, the University Honors Program was created and honors-core courses were offered.In 1997,NetscapeCEOJim Barksdaleand wife Sally donated $5.4 million to establish theSally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College(SMBHC),which provides a capstone project—a senior thesis—and endowed scholarships. In 1977, the university established itsCenter for the Study of Southern Culturewith funding from theNational Endowment for the Humanities, which is housed in the College of Liberal Arts. The center provides for interdisciplinary studies ofSouthern historyandculture.In 2000, the university established the Trent",
"the Trent Lott Leadership Institute, which is named after alumnus and then-US Senate majority leaderTrent Lott. The institute was funded with large corporate donations fromMCI Inc.,Lockheed Martin, and other companies.In addition to leadership initiatives, the institute offers a BA degree in Public Policy Leadership. TheCenter for Intelligence and Security Studies(CISS) delivers academic programming on intelligence analysis and engages in applied research and consortium building with government, private, and academic partners.In 2012, theUnited States Director of National Intelligencedesignated CISS as an Intelligence Community Center of Academic Excellence (CAE), becoming one of 29 such college programs in the United States.Other special programs include the Haley Barbour Center for Manufacturing Excellence—established jointly by the university andToyotain 2008—and the Chinese Language Flagship Program (simplified Chinese:中文旗舰项目;traditional Chinese:中文旗艦項目;pinyin:Zhōngwén Qíjiàn Xiàngmù).TheCroft Institute",
"Institute for International Studies, which was founded in 1998, provides the only international studies undergraduate program in Mississippi. The University of Mississippi is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium, which has since been renamedSECU. The collaborative initiative was designed to promote research, scholarship, and achievement among the member universities in theSoutheastern Conference.In 2013, the university participated in the SEC Symposium on renewable energy inAtlanta, Georgia, which was organized and led by theUniversity of Georgiaand theUGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute. In 2021, actorMorgan Freemanand Professor Linda Keena donated $1 million to the University of Mississippi to create the Center for Evidence-Based Policing and Reform, which will provide law-enforcement training and seek to improve engagement between law enforcement and communities. Rankings and accolades InU.S. News & World Report's 2023 rankings, the University of Mississippi was tied for 163rd place among national",
"among national universities and 88th among public universities.In 2023,Bloomberg Businessweekranked the professional MBA program at the School of Business Administration #72 nationally,and the online MBA program in the top 25.As of 2018, all three degree programs at the Patterson School of Accountancy were among the top 10 accounting programs according to thePublic Accounting Report. Since 2012, theChronicle of Higher Educationhas named the University of Mississippi as one of the \"Great Colleges to Work For\". In the 2018 results, released in theChronicle's annual report on \"The Academic Workplace\", the university was among 84 institutions honored from the 253 colleges and universities surveyed.In 2018, the university's campus was ranked the second-safest in the SEC and one of the safest in the U.S. As of 2019, the university has had 27Rhodes Scholars.Since 1998, it has 10Goldwater Scholars, sevenTruman Scholars, 18Fulbright Scholars, oneMarshall Scholar, threeUdall Scholars, twoGates Cambridge Scholars,",
"Cambridge Scholars, oneMitchell Scholar, 19Boren Scholars, oneBoren fellow, and oneGerman Chancellor Fellowship. Student life Student body As of the 2023–2024 academic year, the student body consists of 18,533 undergraduates and 2,264 in graduate programs.Around 57 percent of the undergraduate student body were female.As of Fall 2023, minorities composed 23.5 percent of the body.The median family income of students is $116,600, and over half of students come from the top 20 percent. According toThe New York Times, the University of Mississippi has the seventh-highest share of students from the economic top-one percent among selective public schools.The median starting salary of a graduate is $47,700, according toUS News. Although 54 percent of undergraduates are from Mississippi,the student body is geographically diverse. As of late 2020, the university's undergraduates representedall 82 countiesin Mississippi, 49 states, theDistrict of Columbia, and 86 countries.The average freshman retention rate, an",
"retention rate, an indicator of student success and satisfaction, is 85.7 percent.In 2020, the student body included over 1,100 transfer students. Traditions Are You Ready?Hell Yeah! Damn Right!Hotty Toddy, Gosh Almighty,Who The Hell Are We? Hey!Flim Flam, Bim BamOle Miss By Damn! — The Hotty Toddy chant A common greeting on campus is \"Hotty Toddy!\", which is also used in the school chant. The phrase has no explicit meaning and its origin is unknown.The chant was first published in 1926, but \"Hotty Toddy\" was spelled \"Heighty Tighty\"; this early spelling has led some to suggest it originated withVirginia Tech's regimental band, The Heighty Tighties.Other proposed origins are \"hoity-toity\", meaning snobbish,and the alcoholic drinkhot toddy. On football game days, the Grove, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) plot of trees, hosts an elaboratetailgatingtradition;according toThe New York Times, \"Perhaps there isn't a word for the ritualized pregame revelry ... 'Tailgating' certainly does not do it justice\". The tradition began",
"The tradition began in 1991 when cars were banned from the Grove.Prior to each game, over 2,000 red-and-blue trash cans are placed throughout the Grove. This event is known as \"Trash Can Friday\". Each barrel marks a tailgating spot.The spots are claimed by tailgaters, who erect a \"tent city\" of 2,500 shelters.Many of the tents are extravagant, feature chandeliers and fine china, and typically host meals ofSouthern cuisine.To accommodate the crowds, the university maintains elaborate portable bathrooms on18-wheelerplatforms known as \"Hotty Toddy Potties\". Student organizations The University of Mississippi's first sanctioned student organizations, literary societies the Hermaean Society and the Phi Sigma Society, were established in 1849. Weekly meetings, of which attendance was mandatory, were held in the Lyceum until 1853 and then in the chapel.With the university's emphasis on rhetoric, student-organized public orations on the first Monday of every month were popular. Studies were sometimes canceled so",
"canceled so students could attend speeches of visiting politicians such asJefferson DavisandWilliam L. Sharkey. In the 1890s, extracurricular and nonintellectual activities proliferated on campus, and interest in oratory and the now-voluntary literary societies diminished.Turn-of-the-20th-century student organizations included Cotillion Club, the elite Stag Club, and German Club.In the 1890s, the localYMCAbegan publishing a list of the organizations in theM-Book.As of 2021, the handbook was still provided to students. TheAssociated Student Body(ASB), which was established in 1917,is the university's student government organization. Students are elected to the ASB Senate in the spring semester and leftover seats are voted on in open-seat elections in the fall. Senators can represent registered student organizations such as the Greek councils and sports clubs, or they can run to represent their academic school.The University of Mississippi's marching bandThe Pride of the Southperforms in-concert and at",
"in-concert and at athletic events. The band was formally organized in 1928,but it existed before that date as a smaller organization led by a student director.APhi Beta Kappachapter was established in 2001. Amenities Approximately 5,300 students live on campus in thirteen residence halls, two residential colleges, and two apartment complexes.Students are required to live on-campus during their first year.Within residence halls, students designated ascommunity assistantsprovide information and resolve issues.In the early 20th century, the university provided cottages for married students.In 1947, Vet Village was constructed to room the surge inWorld War IIveteran applicants. The University of Mississippi provides Oxford University Transit, a shuttle system that is free of charge for students, faculty, and staff.In early 2020,Starship Technologiesintroduced an automated food delivery consisting of a fleet of 30 robots on campus; it was the first such system of any SEC school. On-campus dining services Catering",
"services Catering at UM and the Rebel Market are the onlyCertified Greenrestaurants in the state of Mississippi.In 2019, the university opened a 98,000-square-foot (9,100 m2) recreation center containing a gym, indoor climbing wall, basketball courts, and other services. Greek life Greek lifeat the University of Mississippi comprises 33 organizations and around 8,700 affiliated students.Greek societies at the University of Mississippi are housed along Fraternity Row and Sorority Row, which were constructed in the 1930s with federal funds. TheRainbow Fraternity, which was founded at the University of Mississippi in 1848, was the first fraternity to be founded in the South.Other early fraternities established at the university includeDelta Kappa Epsilon(1850), Delta Kappa (1853),Delta Psi(1854), and Epsilon Alpha (1855).By 1900, a majority of University of Mississippi students were members of a fraternity or a sorority. Non-member students felt excluded on campus and tensions between members and non-members",
"and non-members escalated.The University Magazinedenounced the Greek societies as \"the most vicious institution that has grown up in any college\".In 1902,Lee Russell, a poor student who was rejected by the fraternities, appeared before the board of trustees to criticize the Greek societies.In response, the board threatened to abolish Greek life if non-member students continued to be ostracized. In 1903, rumors Greek-life members and non-member students were preparing to \"meet in combat\" appeared.Multiple state-legislative investigations were held to address the issue.All Greek life at the university was suspended from 1912 to 1926 due to statewide anti-fraternity legislation. As part of a larger crackdown on embarrassing fraternity incidents, ChancellorGerald Turnerended the traditional Shrimp and Beer Festival in 1984.In 1988,Phi Beta Sigma, a black fraternity, was preparing to move into a house on the all-white Fraternity Row when arsonists burned their house. An alumnus helped purchase another house and",
"another house and Fraternity Row was integrated two months later.In a 1989 incident, fraternity members dropped naked students painted with racist slurs at the historically blackRust College.In 2014, three fraternity members placed a noose and a Confederate symbol on the Meredith statue,and in 2019, fraternity members posed with guns in front of anEmmett Tillhistorical marker. Media The first student publication at the University of Mississippi wasThe University Magazine, which was founded in 1856 and published by the literary societies.The rivalry between the University of Mississippi and Mississippi State originated from an 1895 condemnation byThe University Magazineof a Mississippi State publication which had written that the University of Mississippi \"lacked dignity\".The first student newspaperThe University Recordbegan publication in 1898; it and theMagazinesuffered financially and were suspended in 1902. In 1907, the YMCA and student athletic organization revived the university's newspaper as",
"newspaper as theVarsity Voice.In 1911, this newspaper was superseded by another student-published newspaper,The Daily Mississippian.The paper is editorially independent and is the only daily college newspaper in the state. The paper is also published online asTheDMonline.com, with supplementary content. NewsWatch, which was established in 1980, is a student-produced, live newscast and the only local newscast in Lafayette County.The University of Mississippi owns and operatesWUMS92.1 Rebel Radio, which began broadcasting in 1989; it is one of a few university-operated commercial FM radio stations in the United States. Athletics The University of Mississippi's athletic teams participate in theNational Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA),Southeastern Conference(SEC),Division Ias theOle Miss Rebels.Women's varsity athletic teams at the University of Mississippi includebasketball, cross country, golf, rifle, soccer,softball,tennis, track and field, and volleyball. Men's varsity teams arebaseball,basketball,",
"cross country,football, golf,tennis, and track and field. In 1893, professorAlexander Bondurantorganized the university's football team.As collegiate athletic teams began to receive names, a contest result selected the name \"Mississippi Flood\" in 1929. Due to the lasting harm of theGreat Mississippi Flood of 1927, however, the name was changed to the \"Rebels\" in 1936.The first prime-time telecast of college football was of a 1969 Ole Miss game.The team has won six SEC championships.MajorrivalsincludeLouisiana State UniversityandMississippi State University, which Ole Miss plays against in theMagnolia BowlandEgg Bowl, respectively.Other rivalries includeTulaneandVanderbilt.Football alumniArchieandEli Manning, both quarterbacks, are honored on campus with speed limits set to 18 and 10 mph; their respective jersey numbers. Outside football, Ole Miss baseball has won seven overall SEC championships and threeSEC Tournaments.They have played in theMen's College World Seriessix times,and won the2022 series.The",
"the2022 series.The men's tennis team has won five overallSEC championshipsand has had one NCAA Singles Champion—Devin Britton.The women's basketball team has won one overall SEC championship.Notable former players includeArmintie Price, who holds the SEC record for steals in a game and was the third pick in the2007 WNBA draft,andJennifer Gillom, 1986 SEC Female Athlete of the Year and 1988 Olympic Gold Medalist.Men's basketball has won twoSEC Tournaments.In 2021, Ole Miss women's golf won its firstNCAA Division I Women's Golf Championship. Notable people Faculty As of the 2020–2021 academic year, there were—excluding those of UMMC—1,092 professors, of whom 424 were tenured. At this time, there were 592 male and 500 female professors. With the early emphasis on classical studies, multiple notable classicists includingGeorge Tucker Stainback,Wilson Gaines Richardson, andWilliam Hailey Willis, have held teaching positions at the University of Mississippi.ArcheologistDavid Moore Robinson, who is credited with",
"is credited with discovering the ancient cityOlynthus, also taught classics at the university.Former Mississippi GovernorRonnie Musgrovewas a political science lecturer,andKyle Duncanwas an assistant law professor prior to his appointment to theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.Landon Garlandtaught astronomy and philosophy before becoming the first president ofVanderbilt University.ActorJames Best, who is best known for his work onThe Dukes of Hazzard, was an artist in residence.Robert Q. Marston, director of theNational Institutes of Health, served as the dean of the medical school,andEugene W. Hilgard, considered the father ofsoil science, taught chemistry at Ole Miss.Other notable scientific faculty include psychologistDavid H. Barlowand physicistMack A. Breazeale. Alumni In addition to William Faulkner,notable writers who attended the University of Mississippi includeFlorence Mars,Patrick D. Smith,Stark Young,andJohn Grisham.Alumni in film includeEmmy Award-winning actorGerald",
"actorGerald McRaneyandTate Taylor, director ofThe Help.Musicians who studied at the university includeMose AllisonandGrammy Award-winnerGlen Ballard.Athlete graduates include 12-timeGrand Slamtennis championMahesh Bhupathi,NFL quarterbacksArchie ManningandEli Manning,New York YankeescatcherJake Gibbs,andMichael Oher, NFL offensive lineman and subject of the filmThe Blind Side.Additionally, threeMiss Americasand oneMiss USAare among the alumni. The University of Mississippi's alumni include fiveUS senatorsand tengovernors.Other public servant graduates includeMississippi Supreme CourtChief JusticesSydney M. SmithandBill Waller Jr.,US Secretary of the NavyRay Mabus,White House Press SecretaryLarry Speakes,and Dominican Prime MinisterRoosevelt Skerrit.Notable academics includePomona CollegepresidentE. Wilson Lyon,Pulitzer Prize-winningHarvardprofessorThomas K. McCraw,andMercer UniversitypresidentJames Bruton Gambrell.Notable physicians includeArthur Guyton,American Medical AssociationheadEdward Hill,andThomas",
"Hill,andThomas F. Frist Sr., co-founder ofHospital Corporation of America.AlumnusWilliam Parsonsserved as director ofNASA'sStennis Space Centerand later that ofKennedy Space Center. Notes and references Notes Citations Works cited External links # denotes interim",
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"Gestational hypertension Gestational hypertensionorpregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH) is the development of newhypertensionin apregnantwoman after 20 weeks' gestation without the presence of protein in the urine or other signs ofpre-eclampsia.Gestational hypertension is defined as having a blood pressure greater than 140/90 on two occasions at least 6 hours apart. Signs and symptoms No single diagnostic test currently exists to predict the likelihood of developing gestational hypertension. High blood pressure is the major sign in diagnosing gestational hypertension. Some women with gestational hypertension may present asymptomatic, but a number of symptoms are associated with the condition. Symptoms Risk factors Maternal causes Pregnancy Family history Diagnosis Conditions There exist severalhypertensive states of pregnancy: Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are sometimes treated as components of a common syndrome. Treatment There is no specific treatment, but is monitored closely to rapidly identify pre-eclampsia",
"pre-eclampsia and its life-threatening complications (HELLP syndromeand eclampsia). Drug treatment options are limited, as manyantihypertensivesmay negatively affect thefetus.ACE inhibitors,angiotensin receptor blockers, anddirect renin inhibitorsare contraindicated in pregnancy as they areteratogenic.Methyldopa,hydralazine,nifedipine, andlabetalolare most commonly used for severe pregnancy hypertension. The fetus is at increased risk for a variety of life-threatening conditions, includingpulmonary hypoplasia(immature lungs). If the dangerous complications appear after the fetus has reached a point of viability, even though still immature, then an early delivery may be warranted to save the lives of both mother and baby. An appropriate plan for labor and delivery includes selection of a hospital with provisions for advanced life support of newborn babies. Exercise during pregnancy can help prevent hypertension as it can improve not only health for the mother but also the child. Exercise can regulate the",
"can regulate the energy needs required during pregnancy while also decreasing inflammation. Regular exercise can also lower the increased stress levels associated with pregnancy. Evolutionary considerations Humans Gestational hypertension is one of the most common disorders seen in human pregnancies.Though relatively benign on its own, in roughly half of the cases of gestational hypertension the disorder progresses into pre-eclampsia, a dangerous condition that can prove fatal to expectant mothers.However, gestational hypertension is a condition that is fairly rare to see in other animals. For years, it has been the belief of the scientific community that gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia were relatively unique to humans, although there has been some recent evidence that other primates can also develop similar conditions, albeit due to different underlying mechanisms.The underlying cause of gestational hypertension in humans is commonly believed to be an improperly implanted placenta. Humans have",
"Humans have evolved to have a very invasive placenta to facilitate better oxygen transfer from the mother to the fetus, to support the growth of its large brain. Origins of the placenta The origins of gestational hypertension may lie with the development of humans'hemochorialplacenta. A hemochorial placenta optimizes the amount of oxygen and nutrients that can be absorbed into the fetal blood supply, while at the same time ensuring rapid diffusion of wastes away from the fetus. This hemochorial placenta differs from lower primates' epitheliochorial placentae in the way that it allows the fetal tissues to interact directly with the mother's blood. The hemochorial placenta thereby promotes more rapid diffusion to and from the fetal blood supply. In animals with epitheliochorial placentae such as horses and pigs, the greatest resistance to maternal blood flow in the vascular system was found within the placenta. However, in animals with hemochorial placental structures such as rodents and primates, the vascular",
"the vascular resistance in the placenta was low, leading scientists to the conclusion that the greatest resistance to maternal blood flow is found elsewhere in the maternal vascular system.The high vascular resistance outside of the placenta leads to higher maternal blood pressure throughout the body. The fetal cells that implant into the uterine wall are known as the trophoblast. The hemochorial placenta bathes the fetal trophoblast in maternal blood by forming lacunae, or lakes, of the mother's blood that surround fetal tissue. The lacunae are filled by the spiral arteries, which means that the mother's blood pressure is the driving force behind the introduction of new blood, which contains both oxygen and food for the fetus, to the system.It is thought that humans need the increased diffusion provided by the hemochorial placenta in order to grow the large brains compared to their body size that distinguish them from other primates. Incorrect placental implantation It is thought that \"failings\" in normal",
"in normal hemochorial placental structure lead to pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension.The human placenta implants \"earlier, deeper, and more extensively\" into the uterine wall, which can potentially lead to many problems that are found in human pregnancies, but not as much in other animals. Miscarriage and pre-eclampsia are both very rare in other species, but are two of the most common pregnancy-related diseases in humans.The genetic roots of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are certain, as women with a family history of the condition are three times more likely to develop it when they are pregnant. One of the potential causes of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia is when the trophoblast does not invade far enough into the uterine lining.When the fetus's trophoblast does not fully extend into the uterine wall, the spiral arteries do not become fully converted into low-resistance channels.It has been found that this incomplete conversion of spiral arteries increases the resistance to",
"the resistance to uterine blood flow during pregnancy, and that this occurrence was associated with gestational hypertension.One potential cause of this incomplete breach of the spiral arteries that leads to gestational hypertension is a mistaken immune response by the maternal tissue, reaction to the alien fetal tissue.Therefore, it is clear that the complication of gestational hypertension has roots in the early implantation of the fetus in the uterine wall, an implantation technique that is unique to humans. The highly invasive placenta that is found in humans is thought to be linked to humans' high circulating levels of the hormones CG and hCG. It has been shown that the higher the levels of these hormones, the deeper the trophoblast's invasion into the uterine wall. Instances of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia have been shown to occur when the invasion of the uterine wall is not deep enough, because of lower CG and hCG levels in the mother. Evolutionary tradeoff Despite these risks for",
"these risks for gestational hypertension, the hemochorial placenta has been favored because of its advantages in the way that it aids in diffusion from mother to fetus later in pregnancy. The bipedal posture that has allowed humans to walk upright has also led to a reduced cardiac output, and it has been suggested that this is what necessitated humans' aggressive early placental structures.Increased maternal blood pressure can attempt to make up for lower cardiac output, ensuring that the fetus's growing brain receives enough oxygen and nutrients.The benefits of being able to walk upright and run on land have outweighed the disadvantages that come from bipedalism, including the placental diseases of pregnancy, such as gestational hypertension. Similarly, the advantages of having a large brain size have outweighed the deleterious effects of having a placenta that does not always convert the spiral arteries effectively, leaving humans vulnerable to contracting gestational hypertension. It is speculated that",
"is speculated that this was not the case with Neanderthals, and that they died out because their cranial capacity increased too much, and their placentae were not equipped to handle the fetal brain development, leading to widespread pre-eclampsia and maternal and fetal death. Gestational hypertension in the early stages of pregnancy (trimester 1) has been shown to improve the health of the child both in its first year of life, and its later life.However, when the disease develops later in the pregnancy (subsequent trimesters), or turns into pre-eclampsia, there begin to be detrimental health effects for the fetus, including low birth-weight.It has been proposed that fetal genes designed to increase the mother's blood pressure are so beneficial that they outweigh the potential negative effects that can come from pre-eclampsia.It has also been suggested that gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia have remained active traits due to the cultural capacity of humans, and the tendency for midwives or helpers to",
"or helpers to aid in delivering babies. Relevance of evolutionary history It is the goal ofevolutionary medicineto find treatments for diseases that are informed by the evolutionary history of a disease. It has been suggested that gestational hypertension is linked to insulin resistance during pregnancy.Both the increase in blood sugar that can lead to gestational diabetes and the increase in blood pressure that can lead to gestational hypertension are mechanisms that mean to optimize the amount of nutrients that can be passed from maternal tissue to fetal tissue. It has been suggested that techniques used to combat insulin insensitivity might also prove beneficial to those with gestational hypertension.Measures to avoid insulin resistance include avoiding obesity before pregnancy, minimizing weight gain during pregnancy, eating foods with low glycemic indices, and exercising. References",
"Labetalol Labetalolis a medication used to treathigh blood pressureand in long term management ofangina.This includesessential hypertension,hypertensive emergencies, andhypertension of pregnancy.In essential hypertension it is generally less preferred than a number of otherblood pressure medications.It can be givenby mouthor byinjection into a vein. Common side effects includelow blood pressure with standing, dizziness, feeling tired, and nausea.Serious side effects may includelow blood pressure,liver problems,heart failure, andbronchospasm.Use appears safe in the latter part ofpregnancyand it is not expected to cause problems duringbreastfeeding.It works by blocking the activation ofβ-andα-adrenergic receptors. Labetalol was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1977.It is available as ageneric medication.In 2021, it was the 213th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions. Medical uses Labetalol is effective in the management ofhypertensive",
"ofhypertensive emergencies, postoperative hypertension,pheochromocytoma-associated hypertension, andrebound hypertensionfrombeta blockerwithdrawal. It has a particular indication in the treatment ofpregnancy-induced hypertensionwhich is commonly associated withpre-eclampsia. It is also used as an alternative in the treatment of severe hypertension. Labetalol is useful in the treatment of acutecardiovasculartoxicity(e.g. inoverdose) caused bysympathomimeticslikeamphetamine,methamphetamine,cocaine,ephedrine, andpseudoephedrine.Other beta blockers are also used.However, the controversial yet possible phenomenon of \"unopposed α-stimulation\" with administration of selective beta blockers to block non-selective sympathomimetics potentially makes dualalpha-1and beta blockers like labetalol andcarvedilolmore favorable for such purposes.The rate of unopposed α-stimulation with selective beta blockers has been reported to be 0.4%,whereas no cases of unopposed α-stimulation have been reported with dual alpha and beta",
"dual alpha and beta blockers like labetalol. Special populations Pregnancy: studies in lab animals showed no harm to the baby. However, a comparable well-controlled study has not been performed in pregnant women. Nursing: breast milk has been shown to contain small amounts of labetalol (0.004% original dose). Prescribers should be cautious in the use of labetalol for nursing mothers. Pediatric: no studies have established safety or usefulness in this population. Geriatric: the elderly are more likely to experiencedizzinesswhen taking labetalol. Labetalol should be dosed with caution in the elderly and counseled on this side effect. Side effects Common Low blood pressure with standingis more severe and more common with IV formulation (58% vs 1%) and is often the reason larger doses of the oral formulation cannot be used. Rare Contraindications Labetalol iscontraindicatedin people with overtcardiac failure, greater-than-first-degreeheart block, severebradycardia,cardiogenic shock, severehypotension, anyone",
"anyone with a history ofobstructive airway diseaseincludingasthma, and those withhypersensitivityto the drug. Pharmacology Mechanism of action Labetalol is abeta blocker, or anantagonistof theβ-adrenergic receptors. It is specifically anon-selectiveantagonist of theβ1-andβ2-adrenergic receptors.Labetalol hasintrinsic sympathomimetic activity.It is also an antagonist of theα1-adrenergic receptor, and hence is additionally analpha blocker. The antagonism of the adrenergic receptors by labetalol iscompetitiveagainst othercatecholaminesand its actions on the receptors arepotentandreversible.Labetalol acts by blocking α- and β-adrenergic receptors, resulting in decreasedperipheral vascular resistancewithout significant alteration ofheart rateorcardiac output. Labetalol is aboutequipotentin blocking β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors.The amount of α to β blockade depends on whether labetalol is administered orally orintravenously(IV). Orally, the ratio of α to β blockade is 1:3.Intravenously, α to β blockade ratio is",
"β blockade ratio is 1:7.Thus, the labetalol can be thought to be a beta blocker with some α-blocking effects.By comparison, labetalol is a weaker β-adrenergic receptor blocker thanpropranolol, and has a weaker affinity for α-adrenergic receptors compared tophentolamine. Labetalol's dual α- and β-adrenergic antagonism has different physiological effects in short- and long-term situations. In short-term, acute situations, labetalol decreases blood pressure by decreasingsystemic vascular resistancewith little effect onstroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output.During long-term use, labetalol can reduce heart rate during exercise while maintainingcardiac outputby an increase instroke volume. Labetalol possesses significant intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA).In particular, it is apartial agonistat β2-adrenergic receptors located in thevascularsmooth muscle. Labetalol relaxes vascular smooth muscle by a combination of this partial β2-adrenergic receptor agonism and through α1-adrenergic receptor",
"receptor blockade.Overall, thisvasodilatoryeffect can decrease blood pressure.It was originally reported to lack ISA, but a slight degree of activity was subsequently characterized. Similar tolocal anestheticsandsodium channel blockingantiarrhythmics, labetalol also hasmembrane stabilizing activity.By decreasing sodium entry, labetalol decreasesaction potentialfiring and thus haslocal anestheticactivity. Physiological action The physiological effects of labetalol when administered acutely (intravenously) are not predictable solely by their receptor blocking effect, i.e. blocking β1-adrenergic receptors should decrease heart rate, but labetalol does not. When labetalol is given in acute situations, it decreases the peripheral vascular resistance and systemic blood pressure while having little effect on the heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume, despite its α1-, β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor blocking mechanism.These effects are mainly seen when the person is in the upright position. Long term labetalol",
"Long term labetalol use also has different effects from other beta blockers. Other beta blockers, such aspropranolol, persistently reduce cardiac output during exercise. The peripheral vascular resistance decreases when labetalol is first administered. Continuous labetalol use further decreases peripheral vascular resistance. However, during exercise, cardiac output remains the same due to a compensatory mechanism that increasesstroke volume. Thus, labetalol is able to reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by the increase in stroke volume. Pharmacokinetics Distribution Labetalol is often classified as a beta blocker with lowlipophilicityand hence lower potential for crossing theblood–brain barrierandblood–placenta barrier.This in turn may result in fewer effects in thecentral nervous systemas well as a lower risk ofneuropsychiatricside effects.Paradoxically however, labetalol actually shows high lipophilicity.In any case, labetalol, inanimalsincluding rats, rabbits, and dogs, was",
"and dogs, was found to cross into the brain in negligible amounts, probably for reasons other than low lipophilicity.On the other hand, the drug has been shown to cross the blood–placenta barrier in humans. Chemistry The minimum requirement foradrenergic agentsis a primary or secondary amine separated from a substituted benzene ring by one or two carbons.This configuration results in strong agonist activity. As the size of the substituent attached to the amine becomes greater, particularly with respect to a t-butyl group, then the molecule typically is found to havereceptor affinitywithout intrinsic activity, and is, therefore, an antagonist.Labetalol, with its 1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl substituted amine, is greater in size relative to a t-butyl group and therefore acts predominantly as an antagonist. The overall structure of labetalol is very polar. This was created by substituting the isopropyl group in the standard beta blocker structure with an aralkyl group, including a carboxamide group on the meta",
"group on the meta position, and by adding a hydroxyl group on the para position. Labetalol has twochiralcarbons and consequently exists as fourstereoisomers.Two of these isomers, the (S,S)- and (R,S)-formsare inactive. The third, the (S,R)-isomer, is a powerfulα1-adrenergic receptorblocker. The fourth isomer, the (R,R)-isomer which is also known as dilevalol, is a mixed non-selective β-adrenergic receptor blocker and selective α1blocker.Labetalol is typically given as a racemic mixture to achieve both α- and β-adrenergic receptor blocking activity. It is chemically designated in International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature as 2-hydroxy-5-ethyl]benzamide monohydrochloride. The experimentallog Pof labetalol is 2.7 to 3.1 and its predicted log P ranges from 1.73 to 3.1.Hence, it has relatively highlipophilicity. History Labetalol was the first drug created that combined both α- and β-adrenergic receptor blocking properties. It was created to potentially fix the compensatory reflex",
"compensatory reflex issue that occurred when blocking a single receptor subtype, i.e. vasoconstriction after blocking β-adrenergic receptors or tachycardia after blocking α-adrenergic receptors. Because the reflex from blocking the single receptor subtypes acted to prevent the lowering of blood pressure, it was postulated that weak blocking of both α- and β-adrenergic receptors could work together to decrease blood pressure. References"
] |
How much money would be left of Elon Musk's net worth in January of 2021, if you subtracted the 2022 average yearly gross salary of 10,000 people, working in the Philippines, written in words? | one hundred eighty-four billion nine hundred fifty-nine million four hundred forty thousand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Post processing | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines"
] | [
"Wealth of Elon Musk Elon Muskmade $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in October 2002.He was first listed on theForbes Billionaires Listin 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.He is the chairman, CEO, and CTO ofSpaceX; angel investor, CEO, product architect, and former chairman ofTesla, Inc.; owner, executive chairman, and CTO ofX Corp.; founder ofthe Boring CompanyandxAI; co-founder ofNeuralinkandOpenAI; and president of theMusk Foundation. He is one of the wealthiest people in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$248 billion as of September 2024, according to theBloomberg Billionaires Index, and $251.6 billion according toForbes, primarily from his ownership stakes in Tesla and SpaceX. Details At the start of 2020, Elon Musk had a net worth of $27 billion.By the end of the year his net worth had increased by $150 billion, mostly driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock.During this period, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion on September 8, the largest single-day plunge inBloomberg Billionaires Index'shistory at the time.In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founderMark Zuckerbergto become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passedMicrosoftco-founderBill Gatesto become the second-richest. In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassedAmazonfounderJeff Bezosto become the richest person in the world.Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.On September 27, 2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes announced that Musk had a net worth of over $200 billion,and was the richest person in the world. In November 2021, Musk became the first person to have a net worth of more than $300 billion. On December 30, 2022, it was reported that Musk had lost $200 billion from his net worth due to declining stock values in Tesla, becoming the first person in history to lose such a large sum of money.In January 2023, Musk was recognized byGuinness World Recordsfor experiencing the \"largest loss of personal fortune in history\" with regards to his financial losses since November 2021, which Guinness quoted a Forbes estimate of $182 billion. Musk's personal wealth is managed by hisfamily officecalled Excession LLC, formed in 2016 and run byJared Birchall. Sources of wealth Around 75% of Musk's wealth was derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,a proportion that fell to about 37% as of December 2022,after selling nearly $40 billion in company shares since late 2021.Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed with the board in 2018 to a compensation plan that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue.The deal stipulated that Musk only received the compensation if Tesla reached certain market values.It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and a company board.In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million. The above stock compensation deal was invalidated by the Delaware court due to Musk controlling Tesla and having massive influence on the directors, making the compensation decision a \"conflicted-controller transaction\" which is subject to court review in Delaware law to be judged for fairness. Tesla is trying to reinstate the payment package via new shareholders votes. Musk paid $455 million in taxes on $1.52 billion of income between 2014 and 2018.According toProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.He stated his 2021 tax bill was estimated at $12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion worth of Tesla stock. Musk has repeatedly described himself as \"cash poor\",and has \"professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth\".In May 2020, he pledged to sell almost all physical possessions after a talk withCory Spears.Musk has defended his wealth by saying he is accumulating resources forhumanity's outward expansion to space. Notes References",
"Economy of the Philippines Page version status This is an accepted version of this page Theeconomy of the Philippinesis anemerging market, and considered as anewly industrialized countryin theAsia-Pacificregion.In 2024, the Philippine economy is estimated to be at ₱26.55 trillion ($471.5 billion), making it the world's32nd largest by nominal GDPand13th largestinAsiaaccording to theInternational Monetary Fund. The Philippine economy is transitioning from one based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing. It has experienced significant economic growth and transformation in recent years. With an average annual growth rate of around 6 percent since 2010, the country has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.The Philippines is a founding member of theUnited Nations,Association of Southeast Asian Nations,Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,East Asia Summitand theWorld Trade Organization.TheAsian Development Bank(ADB) is headquartered in theOrtigas Centerlocated in the city ofMandaluyong,Metro Manila. The country's primary exports includesemiconductorsandelectronic products,transport equipment,garments,chemical products,copper,nickel,abaca,coconut oil, andfruits. Its major trading partners includeJapan,China, theUnited States,Singapore,South Korea, theNetherlands,Hong Kong,Germany,Taiwan, andThailand. In 2017, the Philippine economy was projected to become the 9th largest in Asia and 19th largest in the world by 2050.By 2035, the Filipino economy is predicted to be the 22nd largest in the world. The Philippines has been named as one of theTiger Cub Economies, alongsideIndonesia,Malaysia,Vietnam, and Thailand. However, major problems remain, mainly related to alleviating the wide income and growth disparities between the country's different regions and socioeconomic classes, reducingcorruption, and investing in the infrastructure necessary to ensure future growth. In 2024, theWorld Economic ForumchiefBørge Brendesaid that “there is a real opportunity for this country to become a $2-trillion economy.” Overview The Philippine economy has been growing steadily over decades and the International Monetary Fund in 2014 reported it as the 39th largest economy in the world. The Philippines posted a high GDP growth rate of 7.6 percent in 2022.However, the country is not a part of theGroup of 20nations; instead, it is grouped in a second tier foremerging marketsornewly industrialized countries. Notes for economic growth (1980-2023): 1980-82: Slower economic growth due to mismanagement 1983-86: Recession due to factors like corruption 1987-90: Recovery from 1984 crisis 1991-1992: Inflation and natural disasters (notablyMount Pinatubo eruption) caused slower growth 1993-97: Fast growth 1998: Minor recession due to the1997 Asian Financial Crisis 1999: Recovery 2002-2008: Post-EDSA IIrecovery 2009: Effects of theGreat Recession 2010-2019: Philippines as aTiger Economy 2020: Coronavirus Outbreak 2021-2023: Rebound A chart below outlines selected statistics showing trends in the gross domestic product of the Philippines using data taken from theInternational Monetary Fund. (in Bil. US$PPP) (in US$PPP) (in Bil. PHP$nominal) (in US$nominal) (in US$nominal) (real) Composition by sector As anewly industrialized country, the Philippines is still an economy with a large agricultural sector; however, the country's service industry has expanded recently.Much of the industrial sector is based on processing and assembly operations in the manufacturing of electronics and other high-tech components, usually from foreign multinational corporations. Filipinos who go abroad to work–-known asOverseas Filipino Workersor OFWs—are a significant contributor to the economy but are not reflected in the below sectoral discussion of the domestic economy. OFW remittances is also credited for the Philippines' recent economic growth resulting in investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as theFitch GroupandStandard & Poor's.From more thanUS$2 billion worth of remittance from Overseas Filipinos sent to the Philippines in 1994,this significantly increased to a record US$37.2 billion in 2023 and represented 8.5 percent of the country's GDP. Agriculture As of 2022, agriculture employs 24 percent of the Filipino workforceaccounting for 8.9 percent of the total GDP.The type of activity ranges from small subsistence farming and fishing to large commercial ventures with significant export focus. The Philippines is theworld's third largest producerofcoconuts, and the world's largest exporter of coconut products.Coconut productionis generally concentrated in medium-sized farms.The Philippines is also theworld's third largest producerofpineapples, producing 2,862,000 metric tons (2,817,000 long tons; 3,155,000 short tons) in 2021. Rice production in the Philippinesis important to the food supply in the country and economy. The Philippines is the 8th largest rice producer in the world as of 2019, accounting for 2.5 percent of global rice production.Rice is the most important food crop, a staple food in most of the country;it is produced extensively inCentral Luzon),Western Visayas,Cagayan Valley,Soccsksargen, andIlocos Region. The Philippines is one of thelargest producers of sugarin the world.At least 17 provinces located in eight regions of the nation have grown sugarcane crops, of which theNegros Island Regionaccounts for half of the country's total production. As of Crop Year 2012–2013, 29 mills are operational divided as follows: 13 mills inNegros, 6 mills inLuzon, 4 mills inPanay, 3 mills inEastern Visayasand 3 mills inMindanao.A range from 360,000 to 390,000 hectares (890,000 to 960,000 acres) are devoted to sugarcane production. The largest sugarcane areas are found in theNegros Island Region, which accounts for 51 percent of sugarcane areas planted. This is followed byMindanaowhich accounts for 20 percent;Luzonwith 17 percent;Panaywith 7 percent andEastern Visayaswith 4 percent. Automotive and aerospace TheABSused inMercedes-Benz,BMW, andVolvocars are made in the Philippines. Automotive sales in the Philippines increased to 352,596 units in 2022 from 268,488 units a year prior.Toyotasells the most vehicles in the country;this is followed byMitsubishi,Ford,Nissan, andSuzuki.Hondaand Suzuki produce motorcycles in the country.Since around the 2010s, several Chinese car brands have entered the Philippine market; these includeCheryandFoton Motor. Aerospace products in the Philippines are mainly for the export market and include manufacturing parts for aircraft built by bothBoeingandAirbus.Moogis the biggest aerospace manufacturer with base inBaguio; the company produces aircraft actuators in their manufacturing facility.Total export output of aerospace products in the Philippines reached US$780 million in 2019. Electronics ATexas Instrumentsplant inBaguiohas been operating for 20 years and is the largest producer ofDSP chipsin the world.Texas Instruments' Baguio plant produces all the chips used inNokiacell phonesand 80% of chips used inEricssoncell phones in the world.Toshibahard disk drivesare manufactured inSanta Rosa, Laguna.Printer manufacturerLexmarkhas a factory inCebu City.Electronics and other light industries are concentrated in Laguna,Cavite,Batangasand otherCalabarzonprovinces with sizable numbers found in Southern Philippines that account for most of the country's export. The Philippine Electronics Industry is classified into (73%) Semiconductor Manufacturing Services (SMS) and (27%) Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) according to SEIPI, the largest organization of foreign and Filipino electronics companies in the Philippines.Electronic products continued to be the country's top export with total earnings of US$45.66 billion and accounted for 57.8 percent of the total export of goods in 2022. Mining and extraction The Philippines is rich in mineral andgeothermal energyresources. In 2019, it produced 1,928 megawatts (2,585,000 hp) of electricity from geothermal sources (7.55% of totalelectricity production).A 1989 discovery of natural gas reserves in theMalampaya oil fieldsoff the island ofPalawanis being used to generate electricity in three gas-powered plants.Philippinegold,nickel,copper,palladiumandchromitedeposits are among the largest in the world.Other important minerals includesilver,coal,gypsum, andsulphur. Significant deposits ofclay,limestone,marble,silica, andphosphateexist. About 60 percent of total mining production are accounted for by non-metallic minerals, which contributed substantially to the industry's steady output growth between 1993 and 1998, with the value of production growing 58 percent.Philippine mineral exports amounted to US$4.22 billion in 2020.Low metal prices, high production costs, lack of investment in infrastructure, and a challenge to the new mining law have contributed to the mining industry's overall decline. The industry rebounded starting in late 2004 when theSupreme Courtupheld the constitutionality of an important law permitting foreign ownership of Philippines mining companies.In 2019, the country was the 2nd largest world producer of nickeland the 4th largest world producer ofcobalt.According toPhilippine Statistics Authority, the total monetary value of four key metallic minerals which were appraised to Class A namely: copper, chromite, gold and nickel were valued at US$9.01 billion in 2022.Class A mineral resources are commercially recoverable that could contribute to economy annually. Offshoring and outsourcing Business process outsourcing(BPO) and the call center industry contribute to the Philippines' economic growth resulting in investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as Fitch and S&P.In 2008, the Philippines has surpassed India as the world leader inbusiness process outsourcing(BPO).The industry generated 100,000 jobs, and total revenues were placed at US$960 million for 2005. In 2011, BPO sector employment ballooned to over 700,000 peopleand is contributing to a growingmiddle class; this increased to around 1.3 million employees by 2022.BPO facilities are concentrated inIT parksand centers ineconomic zonesacross the Philippines:Metro Manila,Metro Cebu,Metro Clark,Bacolod,Davao City, andIloilo City; other areas with significant pressence of the BPO industry includeBaguio,Cagayan de Oro,Dasmariñas,Dumaguete,Lipa,Naga, andSanta Rosa, Laguna.The majority of the top ten BPO firms of the United States operate in the Philippines. Call centersbegan in the Philippines as plain providers of email response and managing services and is a major source of employment. Call center services include customer relations, ranging from travel services, technical support, education, customer care, financial services, online business to customer support, and online business-to-business support. The Philippines is considered as a location of choice due to its many outsourcing benefits such as less expensive operational and labor costs, the high proficiency in spokenEnglishof a significant number of its people, and a highly educated labor pool. The growth in the BPO industry is promoted by the Philippine government. The industry is highlighted by the Philippines Development Plan as among the 10 high potential and priority development areas. The government provides incentive programs such as tax holidays, tax exemptions, and simplified export and import procedures. Additionally, training is also available for BPO applicants. Renewable energy resources The Philippines has significantpotential in solar energy; however, as of 2021, most of the domestically produced electricity is based on fossil fuel resources, particularly coal.The country produced 7,399 megawatts (9,922,000 hp) of renewable energy in 2019. On November 15, 2022, therenewable energysector was granted the ability to operate with 100 percent foreign ownership, an increase from the previous 40 percent limit. This change allows for the infusion of foreign capital into the renewable energy (RE) industries. TheDepartment of Energyis targeting an increase in the share of renewable energy in the country's power generation mix, aiming for 35 percent by 2030 and 50 percent by 2040, up from the current 22 percent.Danish firmCopenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP)is investing US$5 billion to develop three offshore wind energy projects with a potential capacity of 2,000 megawatts (2,700,000 hp); it will be located inCamarines NorteandCamarines Sur(1000 MW),Northern Samar(650 MW),PangasinanandLa Union(350 MW).In 2022, the share of RE in the energy mix was at 22.8 percent. Shipbuilding and repair The Philippines is a significant player in the globalshipbuildingindustrywith 118 registeredshipyardsin 2021distributed inSubic,Cebu,Bataan,NavotasandBatangas.As of 2022, it is the seventh largest shipbuilding nation by gross tonnage.Subic-madecargo vesselsare exported to countries where shipping operators are based. South Korea'sHanjinstarted production in Subic in 2007 of the 20 ships ordered by German and Greek shipping operators.Bulk carriers, container ships and big passenger ferries are built in the country's shipyards.General Santos' shipyard is mainly for ship repair and maintenance. Surrounded by waters, the country has abundant natural deep-sea ports ideal for development as production, construction and repair sites. In the ship repair sector, the Navotas complex inMetro Manilais expected to accommodate 96 vessels for repair.Shipbuilding is part of Philippines' maritime heritage;employing over 600,000 people and contributing almost 15 percent of revenues to the ocean-based industries. Tourism Tourismis an important sector for thePhilippine economy. The travel and tourism industry contributed 8.6% to the country'sGDPin 2023;this was lower than the 12.7% recorded in 2019 prior to the COVID-19 lockdowns.Coastal tourism, encompassing beach and diving activities, constitutes 25% of the Philippines' tourism revenue, serving as its primary income source in the sector.Popular destinations among tourists includeBoracay,Palawan,CebuandSiargao. While the Philippines has encountered political and social challenges that have affected its tourism industry, the country has also taken steps to address these issues.Over the past years, there have been efforts to improve political stability, enhance security measures, and promote social inclusivity, all of which contribute to creating a more favorable environment for tourism, such as the Boracay rehabilitation. As of 2023, 6.21 million Filipinos were employed in the tourism industryand as of September 2023, the Philippines generated ₱316.9 billion ($5.5 billion) in revenue from tourists, coming mostly from South Korea, the United States and Japan.The country attracted a total of 5,360,682 foreign visitors in 2015 through its tourism campaign ofIt's More Fun in the Philippines!In 2019, foreign arrivals peaked at 8,260,913. Regional accounts For the year 2022, all economies of the 17 regions in the Philippines recorded positive growths;Western Visayashad the highest growth (9.3 percent), followed byCordillera Administrative Region(8.7 percent), andDavao Region(8.15 percent). According to thePhilippine Statistics Authority(PSA), gross regional domestic product (GRDP) isGDPmeasured at regional levels. Figures below are for the year 2019. (PHP, thousands) (PHP, thousands) (PHP, thousands) (PHP, thousands) (PHP) Provincial Accounts According to thePhilippine Statistics Authority(PSA), Provincial Product Account (PPA) isGDPmeasured at provincial levels. Figures below are for the year 2022. (PHP) Popn. per capita (PHP) source:Philippine Statistics Authority City Accounts Figures below are Provincial Product Accounts (PPA) forHighly Urbanized Cities(HUC) or Independent Cities. No data available for cities within Metro Manila. Group (PHP) Popn. per Capita (PHP) source:Philippine Statistics Authority International comparisons Statistics GDP-related data can be foundhere: Government budget The national government budget for 2024 has set the following budget allocations: See also References Notes Further reading External links World portal"
] | [
"Wealth of Elon Musk Elon Muskmade $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in October 2002.He was first listed on theForbes Billionaires Listin 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.He is the chairman, CEO, and CTO ofSpaceX; angel investor, CEO, product architect, and former chairman ofTesla, Inc.; owner, executive chairman, and CTO ofX Corp.; founder ofthe Boring CompanyandxAI; co-founder ofNeuralinkandOpenAI; and president of theMusk Foundation. He is one of the wealthiest people in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$248 billion as of September 2024, according to theBloomberg Billionaires Index, and $251.6 billion according toForbes, primarily from his ownership stakes in Tesla and SpaceX. Details At the start of 2020, Elon Musk had a net worth of $27 billion.By the end of the year his net worth had increased by $150 billion, mostly driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock.During this period, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion on September 8,",
"on September 8, the largest single-day plunge inBloomberg Billionaires Index'shistory at the time.In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founderMark Zuckerbergto become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passedMicrosoftco-founderBill Gatesto become the second-richest. In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassedAmazonfounderJeff Bezosto become the richest person in the world.Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.On September 27, 2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes announced that Musk had a net worth of over $200 billion,and was the richest person in the world. In November 2021, Musk became the first person to have a net worth of more than $300 billion. On December 30, 2022, it was reported that Musk had lost $200 billion from his net worth due to declining stock values in Tesla, becoming the first person in history to lose such a large sum of money.In January 2023, Musk was recognized byGuinness World Recordsfor experiencing the \"largest loss",
"the \"largest loss of personal fortune in history\" with regards to his financial losses since November 2021, which Guinness quoted a Forbes estimate of $182 billion. Musk's personal wealth is managed by hisfamily officecalled Excession LLC, formed in 2016 and run byJared Birchall. Sources of wealth Around 75% of Musk's wealth was derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,a proportion that fell to about 37% as of December 2022,after selling nearly $40 billion in company shares since late 2021.Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed with the board in 2018 to a compensation plan that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue.The deal stipulated that Musk only received the compensation if Tesla reached certain market values.It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and a company board.In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million. The above",
"million. The above stock compensation deal was invalidated by the Delaware court due to Musk controlling Tesla and having massive influence on the directors, making the compensation decision a \"conflicted-controller transaction\" which is subject to court review in Delaware law to be judged for fairness. Tesla is trying to reinstate the payment package via new shareholders votes. Musk paid $455 million in taxes on $1.52 billion of income between 2014 and 2018.According toProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.He stated his 2021 tax bill was estimated at $12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion worth of Tesla stock. Musk has repeatedly described himself as \"cash poor\",and has \"professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth\".In May 2020, he pledged to sell almost all physical possessions after a talk withCory Spears.Musk has defended his wealth by saying he is accumulating resources forhumanity's outward expansion to space. Notes References",
"Economy of the Philippines Page version status This is an accepted version of this page Theeconomy of the Philippinesis anemerging market, and considered as anewly industrialized countryin theAsia-Pacificregion.In 2024, the Philippine economy is estimated to be at ₱26.55 trillion ($471.5 billion), making it the world's32nd largest by nominal GDPand13th largestinAsiaaccording to theInternational Monetary Fund. The Philippine economy is transitioning from one based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing. It has experienced significant economic growth and transformation in recent years. With an average annual growth rate of around 6 percent since 2010, the country has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.The Philippines is a founding member of theUnited Nations,Association of Southeast Asian Nations,Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,East Asia Summitand theWorld Trade Organization.TheAsian Development Bank(ADB) is headquartered in theOrtigas Centerlocated in the",
"in the city ofMandaluyong,Metro Manila. The country's primary exports includesemiconductorsandelectronic products,transport equipment,garments,chemical products,copper,nickel,abaca,coconut oil, andfruits. Its major trading partners includeJapan,China, theUnited States,Singapore,South Korea, theNetherlands,Hong Kong,Germany,Taiwan, andThailand. In 2017, the Philippine economy was projected to become the 9th largest in Asia and 19th largest in the world by 2050.By 2035, the Filipino economy is predicted to be the 22nd largest in the world. The Philippines has been named as one of theTiger Cub Economies, alongsideIndonesia,Malaysia,Vietnam, and Thailand. However, major problems remain, mainly related to alleviating the wide income and growth disparities between the country's different regions and socioeconomic classes, reducingcorruption, and investing in the infrastructure necessary to ensure future growth. In 2024, theWorld Economic ForumchiefBørge Brendesaid that “there is a real opportunity for this country",
"for this country to become a $2-trillion economy.” Overview The Philippine economy has been growing steadily over decades and the International Monetary Fund in 2014 reported it as the 39th largest economy in the world. The Philippines posted a high GDP growth rate of 7.6 percent in 2022.However, the country is not a part of theGroup of 20nations; instead, it is grouped in a second tier foremerging marketsornewly industrialized countries. Notes for economic growth (1980-2023): 1980-82: Slower economic growth due to mismanagement 1983-86: Recession due to factors like corruption 1987-90: Recovery from 1984 crisis 1991-1992: Inflation and natural disasters (notablyMount Pinatubo eruption) caused slower growth 1993-97: Fast growth 1998: Minor recession due to the1997 Asian Financial Crisis 1999: Recovery 2002-2008: Post-EDSA IIrecovery 2009: Effects of theGreat Recession 2010-2019: Philippines as aTiger Economy 2020: Coronavirus Outbreak 2021-2023: Rebound A chart below outlines selected statistics showing",
"statistics showing trends in the gross domestic product of the Philippines using data taken from theInternational Monetary Fund. (in Bil. US$PPP) (in US$PPP) (in Bil. PHP$nominal) (in US$nominal) (in US$nominal) (real) Composition by sector As anewly industrialized country, the Philippines is still an economy with a large agricultural sector; however, the country's service industry has expanded recently.Much of the industrial sector is based on processing and assembly operations in the manufacturing of electronics and other high-tech components, usually from foreign multinational corporations. Filipinos who go abroad to work–-known asOverseas Filipino Workersor OFWs—are a significant contributor to the economy but are not reflected in the below sectoral discussion of the domestic economy. OFW remittances is also credited for the Philippines' recent economic growth resulting in investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as theFitch GroupandStandard & Poor's.From more thanUS$2 billion worth",
"billion worth of remittance from Overseas Filipinos sent to the Philippines in 1994,this significantly increased to a record US$37.2 billion in 2023 and represented 8.5 percent of the country's GDP. Agriculture As of 2022, agriculture employs 24 percent of the Filipino workforceaccounting for 8.9 percent of the total GDP.The type of activity ranges from small subsistence farming and fishing to large commercial ventures with significant export focus. The Philippines is theworld's third largest producerofcoconuts, and the world's largest exporter of coconut products.Coconut productionis generally concentrated in medium-sized farms.The Philippines is also theworld's third largest producerofpineapples, producing 2,862,000 metric tons (2,817,000 long tons; 3,155,000 short tons) in 2021. Rice production in the Philippinesis important to the food supply in the country and economy. The Philippines is the 8th largest rice producer in the world as of 2019, accounting for 2.5 percent of global rice production.Rice is",
"production.Rice is the most important food crop, a staple food in most of the country;it is produced extensively inCentral Luzon),Western Visayas,Cagayan Valley,Soccsksargen, andIlocos Region. The Philippines is one of thelargest producers of sugarin the world.At least 17 provinces located in eight regions of the nation have grown sugarcane crops, of which theNegros Island Regionaccounts for half of the country's total production. As of Crop Year 2012–2013, 29 mills are operational divided as follows: 13 mills inNegros, 6 mills inLuzon, 4 mills inPanay, 3 mills inEastern Visayasand 3 mills inMindanao.A range from 360,000 to 390,000 hectares (890,000 to 960,000 acres) are devoted to sugarcane production. The largest sugarcane areas are found in theNegros Island Region, which accounts for 51 percent of sugarcane areas planted. This is followed byMindanaowhich accounts for 20 percent;Luzonwith 17 percent;Panaywith 7 percent andEastern Visayaswith 4 percent. Automotive and aerospace TheABSused",
"TheABSused inMercedes-Benz,BMW, andVolvocars are made in the Philippines. Automotive sales in the Philippines increased to 352,596 units in 2022 from 268,488 units a year prior.Toyotasells the most vehicles in the country;this is followed byMitsubishi,Ford,Nissan, andSuzuki.Hondaand Suzuki produce motorcycles in the country.Since around the 2010s, several Chinese car brands have entered the Philippine market; these includeCheryandFoton Motor. Aerospace products in the Philippines are mainly for the export market and include manufacturing parts for aircraft built by bothBoeingandAirbus.Moogis the biggest aerospace manufacturer with base inBaguio; the company produces aircraft actuators in their manufacturing facility.Total export output of aerospace products in the Philippines reached US$780 million in 2019. Electronics ATexas Instrumentsplant inBaguiohas been operating for 20 years and is the largest producer ofDSP chipsin the world.Texas Instruments' Baguio plant produces all the chips used inNokiacell",
"used inNokiacell phonesand 80% of chips used inEricssoncell phones in the world.Toshibahard disk drivesare manufactured inSanta Rosa, Laguna.Printer manufacturerLexmarkhas a factory inCebu City.Electronics and other light industries are concentrated in Laguna,Cavite,Batangasand otherCalabarzonprovinces with sizable numbers found in Southern Philippines that account for most of the country's export. The Philippine Electronics Industry is classified into (73%) Semiconductor Manufacturing Services (SMS) and (27%) Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) according to SEIPI, the largest organization of foreign and Filipino electronics companies in the Philippines.Electronic products continued to be the country's top export with total earnings of US$45.66 billion and accounted for 57.8 percent of the total export of goods in 2022. Mining and extraction The Philippines is rich in mineral andgeothermal energyresources. In 2019, it produced 1,928 megawatts (2,585,000 hp) of electricity from geothermal sources (7.55%",
"sources (7.55% of totalelectricity production).A 1989 discovery of natural gas reserves in theMalampaya oil fieldsoff the island ofPalawanis being used to generate electricity in three gas-powered plants.Philippinegold,nickel,copper,palladiumandchromitedeposits are among the largest in the world.Other important minerals includesilver,coal,gypsum, andsulphur. Significant deposits ofclay,limestone,marble,silica, andphosphateexist. About 60 percent of total mining production are accounted for by non-metallic minerals, which contributed substantially to the industry's steady output growth between 1993 and 1998, with the value of production growing 58 percent.Philippine mineral exports amounted to US$4.22 billion in 2020.Low metal prices, high production costs, lack of investment in infrastructure, and a challenge to the new mining law have contributed to the mining industry's overall decline. The industry rebounded starting in late 2004 when theSupreme Courtupheld the constitutionality of an important law",
"of an important law permitting foreign ownership of Philippines mining companies.In 2019, the country was the 2nd largest world producer of nickeland the 4th largest world producer ofcobalt.According toPhilippine Statistics Authority, the total monetary value of four key metallic minerals which were appraised to Class A namely: copper, chromite, gold and nickel were valued at US$9.01 billion in 2022.Class A mineral resources are commercially recoverable that could contribute to economy annually. Offshoring and outsourcing Business process outsourcing(BPO) and the call center industry contribute to the Philippines' economic growth resulting in investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as Fitch and S&P.In 2008, the Philippines has surpassed India as the world leader inbusiness process outsourcing(BPO).The industry generated 100,000 jobs, and total revenues were placed at US$960 million for 2005. In 2011, BPO sector employment ballooned to over 700,000 peopleand is contributing to a",
"contributing to a growingmiddle class; this increased to around 1.3 million employees by 2022.BPO facilities are concentrated inIT parksand centers ineconomic zonesacross the Philippines:Metro Manila,Metro Cebu,Metro Clark,Bacolod,Davao City, andIloilo City; other areas with significant pressence of the BPO industry includeBaguio,Cagayan de Oro,Dasmariñas,Dumaguete,Lipa,Naga, andSanta Rosa, Laguna.The majority of the top ten BPO firms of the United States operate in the Philippines. Call centersbegan in the Philippines as plain providers of email response and managing services and is a major source of employment. Call center services include customer relations, ranging from travel services, technical support, education, customer care, financial services, online business to customer support, and online business-to-business support. The Philippines is considered as a location of choice due to its many outsourcing benefits such as less expensive operational and labor costs, the high proficiency in",
"high proficiency in spokenEnglishof a significant number of its people, and a highly educated labor pool. The growth in the BPO industry is promoted by the Philippine government. The industry is highlighted by the Philippines Development Plan as among the 10 high potential and priority development areas. The government provides incentive programs such as tax holidays, tax exemptions, and simplified export and import procedures. Additionally, training is also available for BPO applicants. Renewable energy resources The Philippines has significantpotential in solar energy; however, as of 2021, most of the domestically produced electricity is based on fossil fuel resources, particularly coal.The country produced 7,399 megawatts (9,922,000 hp) of renewable energy in 2019. On November 15, 2022, therenewable energysector was granted the ability to operate with 100 percent foreign ownership, an increase from the previous 40 percent limit. This change allows for the infusion of foreign capital into the renewable",
"into the renewable energy (RE) industries. TheDepartment of Energyis targeting an increase in the share of renewable energy in the country's power generation mix, aiming for 35 percent by 2030 and 50 percent by 2040, up from the current 22 percent.Danish firmCopenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP)is investing US$5 billion to develop three offshore wind energy projects with a potential capacity of 2,000 megawatts (2,700,000 hp); it will be located inCamarines NorteandCamarines Sur(1000 MW),Northern Samar(650 MW),PangasinanandLa Union(350 MW).In 2022, the share of RE in the energy mix was at 22.8 percent. Shipbuilding and repair The Philippines is a significant player in the globalshipbuildingindustrywith 118 registeredshipyardsin 2021distributed inSubic,Cebu,Bataan,NavotasandBatangas.As of 2022, it is the seventh largest shipbuilding nation by gross tonnage.Subic-madecargo vesselsare exported to countries where shipping operators are based. South Korea'sHanjinstarted production in Subic in 2007 of the 20",
"in 2007 of the 20 ships ordered by German and Greek shipping operators.Bulk carriers, container ships and big passenger ferries are built in the country's shipyards.General Santos' shipyard is mainly for ship repair and maintenance. Surrounded by waters, the country has abundant natural deep-sea ports ideal for development as production, construction and repair sites. In the ship repair sector, the Navotas complex inMetro Manilais expected to accommodate 96 vessels for repair.Shipbuilding is part of Philippines' maritime heritage;employing over 600,000 people and contributing almost 15 percent of revenues to the ocean-based industries. Tourism Tourismis an important sector for thePhilippine economy. The travel and tourism industry contributed 8.6% to the country'sGDPin 2023;this was lower than the 12.7% recorded in 2019 prior to the COVID-19 lockdowns.Coastal tourism, encompassing beach and diving activities, constitutes 25% of the Philippines' tourism revenue, serving as its primary income source in the",
"source in the sector.Popular destinations among tourists includeBoracay,Palawan,CebuandSiargao. While the Philippines has encountered political and social challenges that have affected its tourism industry, the country has also taken steps to address these issues.Over the past years, there have been efforts to improve political stability, enhance security measures, and promote social inclusivity, all of which contribute to creating a more favorable environment for tourism, such as the Boracay rehabilitation. As of 2023, 6.21 million Filipinos were employed in the tourism industryand as of September 2023, the Philippines generated ₱316.9 billion ($5.5 billion) in revenue from tourists, coming mostly from South Korea, the United States and Japan.The country attracted a total of 5,360,682 foreign visitors in 2015 through its tourism campaign ofIt's More Fun in the Philippines!In 2019, foreign arrivals peaked at 8,260,913. Regional accounts For the year 2022, all economies of the 17 regions in the Philippines",
"in the Philippines recorded positive growths;Western Visayashad the highest growth (9.3 percent), followed byCordillera Administrative Region(8.7 percent), andDavao Region(8.15 percent). According to thePhilippine Statistics Authority(PSA), gross regional domestic product (GRDP) isGDPmeasured at regional levels. Figures below are for the year 2019. (PHP, thousands) (PHP, thousands) (PHP, thousands) (PHP, thousands) (PHP) Provincial Accounts According to thePhilippine Statistics Authority(PSA), Provincial Product Account (PPA) isGDPmeasured at provincial levels. Figures below are for the year 2022. (PHP) Popn. per capita (PHP) source:Philippine Statistics Authority City Accounts Figures below are Provincial Product Accounts (PPA) forHighly Urbanized Cities(HUC) or Independent Cities. No data available for cities within Metro Manila. Group (PHP) Popn. per Capita (PHP) source:Philippine Statistics Authority International comparisons Statistics GDP-related data can be foundhere: Government budget The national",
"budget The national government budget for 2024 has set the following budget allocations: See also References Notes Further reading External links World portal"
] |
When Taylor Swift first released her studio album "1989," how many studio albums had Katy Perry already released? | 4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift_albums_discography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry_discography | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift_albums_discography', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry_discography'] | [
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry_discography"
] | [
"Taylor Swift albums discography The American singer-songwriterTaylor Swifthas released 11 originalstudio albums, 4re-recorded albums, 5extended plays (EPs), and 4live albums. She has sold 114 millionalbum-equivalent unitsworldwide,51 million of which arecertifiedin the United States.In terms of pure sales, she has tallied 46.6 million albums in the United States and 7 million albums in the United Kingdom.On the USBillboard200, as of August 2024, she has accumulated 14 number-one albums—seven of which sold one million first-week copies,and 84 weeks at number one—more than any other solo act. Swift signed a recording contract withBig Machine Recordsin 2005 and released six albums under the label. Herself-titled debut album(2006) spent more weeks on the USBillboard200chart than any other album in the 2000s decade,and her second studio album,Fearless(2008), was the only album from the same decade to spend one year in the top 10 of theBillboard200.Fearlesswas Swift's first album to top the charts in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.Her next studio albums—Speak Now(2010),Red(2012),1989(2014), andReputation(2017)—all reached number one on theBillboard200, and each of them sold over one million US first-week copies.All four albums reached number one in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand;and the latter three all reached number one in the United Kingdom. Under a recording contract withRepublic Recordssigned in 2018,Swift has released five original studio albums—Lover(2019),Folklore(2020),Evermore(2020),Midnights(2022), andThe Tortured Poets Department(2024)—all of them peaked atop theBillboard200.Loverwas Swift's first to reach number one in Spainand Sweden,andMidnightsandThe Tortured Poets Departmenteach sold one million first-week copies in the United States;the latter broke the record for the highest single-weekvinylsales.All of these albums reached number one in Australia, Canada,Ireland,New Zealand,and the United Kingdom. Swift's departure from Big Machine resulted in adispute over the ownership of her first six studio albumsin 2019, which prompted her to re-record them. She has released four re-recorded albums—Fearless (Taylor's Version)(2021),Red (Taylor's Version)(2021),Speak Now (Taylor's Version)(2023), and1989 (Taylor's Version)(2023)—all of which reached number one in Australia, Canada,Ireland,New Zealand,the United Kingdom,and the United States.Fearless (Taylor's Version)was the first re-recorded album to top theBillboard200,and1989 (Taylor's Version)sold over a million US first-week copies.With1989 (Taylor's Version), Swift became the first artist to have thebest-selling US album of a calendar yearseven times, afterFearless(2009),1989(2014),Reputation(2017),Lover(2019),Folklore(2020), andMidnights(2022). Studio albums Re-recordings Live albums Extended plays Miscellaneous Streaming-exclusive compilations Box set Footnotes References External links",
"Katy Perry discography American singerKaty Perryhas released seven studioalbums, sevenextended plays(EP), 40singles(including four as featured artist), and 11promotional singles. According toRecording Industry Association of America, Perry has sold 121.5 million digital singles and 19 million albums in the United States.She is also the sixth best-selling digital singles artist in the United States.Throughout her career, Perry has sold 48 millionalbum unitsand 135 million singles worldwide,making her one of thebest-selling music artistsof all time.Billboardlisted her as the fourth top female artist of the 2010s decade (eighth overall)and the 61st greatest artist of all time.Perry has scored nine number one songs onBillboardHot 100and three number one albums onBillboard200. She currently holds the record for most 5-million-selling singles in the United States, with six of her singles selling over 5 million (in order of release date: \"Hot n Cold\", \"California Gurls\", \"Firework\", \"E.T.\", \"Roar\", and \"Dark Horse\").Perry also holds the record for the most 6-million-selling songs, with three of her songs—\"Firework\", \"Roar\", and \"Dark Horse\"—selling over 6 million copies.All three have also received Diamond song certifications from the RIAA, making her the first artist to accomplish such a feat. At age 16, she released aself-titled gospel albumin March 2001 under her real name Katy Hudson, which failed to chart in any music market.After Perry signed withCapitol Recordsin April 2007, she released her second album,One of the Boys, in June 2008.Its singles \"I Kissed a Girl\" and \"Hot n Cold\" both topped charts in Austria, Canada, Germany, and Switzerland, and have been certified quintuple platinum by the RIAA. The album peaked within the top ten in the United States, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, and Switzerland. Throughout 2009 and 2010, Perry was featured on two singles. The first was onColorado-based band3OH!3's song \"Starstrukk\", and the second was a collaboration withTimbalandon \"If We Ever Meet Again\", from his albumShock Value II. Both singles reached the top ten in Australia and the United Kingdom while the latter topped the charts in New Zealand. Perry also performed forMTV Unpluggedand alive album of the performancewas released in November 2009. Perry's third studio albumTeenage Dreamwas released in August 2010 and topped the charts in the United States, Australia, Austria, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. When its singles \"California Gurls\", \"Teenage Dream\", \"Firework\", \"E.T.\", and \"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)\" topped theBillboardHot 100, Perry became the first woman and only the second artist afterMichael Jacksonto attain five number-one singles in the United States from one album.The album was re-released in March 2012 asTeenage Dream: The Complete Confection. Its singles \"Part of Me\" and \"Wide Awake\" both reached number one in Canada and New Zealand. Her fourth studio albumPrismwas released in October 2013.Prismbecame an international success, reaching number one in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. Its singles \"Roar\" and \"Dark Horse\" both topped the charts in the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom, \"Roar\" also became her second song after \"Firework\" to sell over one million copies.She subsequently released an anthem for the2016 Summer Olympicstitled \"Rise\", which debuted at number one in Australia.Perry's fifth albumWitnessfollowed in June 2017. It topped the charts in the United States and Canada. That year, she was also featured onCalvin Harris's song \"Feels\" from his albumFunk Wav Bounces Vol. 1along withBig SeanandPharrell Williams, which reached number one in the United Kingdom. In 2018, she released theChristmassingle \"Cozy Little Christmas\". This was followed by the release of the collaborations \"Con Calma (Remix)\" (withDaddy YankeeandSnow) and \"365\" (withZedd). She released the non-album singles \"Never Really Over\", \"Small Talk\" and \"Harleys in Hawaii\" in 2019.Smilefollowed as her sixth album in August 2020. The year after that, Perry released a single withAlessotitled \"When I'm Gone\". Albums Studio albums Reissues Collaborative albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist 2000s 2010s 2020s As featured artist Promotional singles Other charted or certified songs Footnotes Notes for albums and songs Notes for peak chart positions References"
] | [
"Taylor Swift albums discography The American singer-songwriterTaylor Swifthas released 11 originalstudio albums, 4re-recorded albums, 5extended plays (EPs), and 4live albums. She has sold 114 millionalbum-equivalent unitsworldwide,51 million of which arecertifiedin the United States.In terms of pure sales, she has tallied 46.6 million albums in the United States and 7 million albums in the United Kingdom.On the USBillboard200, as of August 2024, she has accumulated 14 number-one albums—seven of which sold one million first-week copies,and 84 weeks at number one—more than any other solo act. Swift signed a recording contract withBig Machine Recordsin 2005 and released six albums under the label. Herself-titled debut album(2006) spent more weeks on the USBillboard200chart than any other album in the 2000s decade,and her second studio album,Fearless(2008), was the only album from the same decade to spend one year in the top 10 of theBillboard200.Fearlesswas Swift's first album to top the charts in Australia,",
"in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.Her next studio albums—Speak Now(2010),Red(2012),1989(2014), andReputation(2017)—all reached number one on theBillboard200, and each of them sold over one million US first-week copies.All four albums reached number one in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand;and the latter three all reached number one in the United Kingdom. Under a recording contract withRepublic Recordssigned in 2018,Swift has released five original studio albums—Lover(2019),Folklore(2020),Evermore(2020),Midnights(2022), andThe Tortured Poets Department(2024)—all of them peaked atop theBillboard200.Loverwas Swift's first to reach number one in Spainand Sweden,andMidnightsandThe Tortured Poets Departmenteach sold one million first-week copies in the United States;the latter broke the record for the highest single-weekvinylsales.All of these albums reached number one in Australia, Canada,Ireland,New Zealand,and the United Kingdom. Swift's departure from Big Machine resulted in adispute over the ownership of",
"the ownership of her first six studio albumsin 2019, which prompted her to re-record them. She has released four re-recorded albums—Fearless (Taylor's Version)(2021),Red (Taylor's Version)(2021),Speak Now (Taylor's Version)(2023), and1989 (Taylor's Version)(2023)—all of which reached number one in Australia, Canada,Ireland,New Zealand,the United Kingdom,and the United States.Fearless (Taylor's Version)was the first re-recorded album to top theBillboard200,and1989 (Taylor's Version)sold over a million US first-week copies.With1989 (Taylor's Version), Swift became the first artist to have thebest-selling US album of a calendar yearseven times, afterFearless(2009),1989(2014),Reputation(2017),Lover(2019),Folklore(2020), andMidnights(2022). Studio albums Re-recordings Live albums Extended plays Miscellaneous Streaming-exclusive compilations Box set Footnotes References External links",
"Katy Perry discography American singerKaty Perryhas released seven studioalbums, sevenextended plays(EP), 40singles(including four as featured artist), and 11promotional singles. According toRecording Industry Association of America, Perry has sold 121.5 million digital singles and 19 million albums in the United States.She is also the sixth best-selling digital singles artist in the United States.Throughout her career, Perry has sold 48 millionalbum unitsand 135 million singles worldwide,making her one of thebest-selling music artistsof all time.Billboardlisted her as the fourth top female artist of the 2010s decade (eighth overall)and the 61st greatest artist of all time.Perry has scored nine number one songs onBillboardHot 100and three number one albums onBillboard200. She currently holds the record for most 5-million-selling singles in the United States, with six of her singles selling over 5 million (in order of release date: \"Hot n Cold\", \"California Gurls\", \"Firework\", \"E.T.\", \"Roar\", and \"Dark",
"\"Roar\", and \"Dark Horse\").Perry also holds the record for the most 6-million-selling songs, with three of her songs—\"Firework\", \"Roar\", and \"Dark Horse\"—selling over 6 million copies.All three have also received Diamond song certifications from the RIAA, making her the first artist to accomplish such a feat. At age 16, she released aself-titled gospel albumin March 2001 under her real name Katy Hudson, which failed to chart in any music market.After Perry signed withCapitol Recordsin April 2007, she released her second album,One of the Boys, in June 2008.Its singles \"I Kissed a Girl\" and \"Hot n Cold\" both topped charts in Austria, Canada, Germany, and Switzerland, and have been certified quintuple platinum by the RIAA. The album peaked within the top ten in the United States, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, and Switzerland. Throughout 2009 and 2010, Perry was featured on two singles. The first was onColorado-based band3OH!3's song \"Starstrukk\", and the second was a collaboration withTimbalandon \"If We Ever",
"\"If We Ever Meet Again\", from his albumShock Value II. Both singles reached the top ten in Australia and the United Kingdom while the latter topped the charts in New Zealand. Perry also performed forMTV Unpluggedand alive album of the performancewas released in November 2009. Perry's third studio albumTeenage Dreamwas released in August 2010 and topped the charts in the United States, Australia, Austria, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. When its singles \"California Gurls\", \"Teenage Dream\", \"Firework\", \"E.T.\", and \"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)\" topped theBillboardHot 100, Perry became the first woman and only the second artist afterMichael Jacksonto attain five number-one singles in the United States from one album.The album was re-released in March 2012 asTeenage Dream: The Complete Confection. Its singles \"Part of Me\" and \"Wide Awake\" both reached number one in Canada and New Zealand. Her fourth studio albumPrismwas released in October 2013.Prismbecame an international success, reaching number",
"reaching number one in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. Its singles \"Roar\" and \"Dark Horse\" both topped the charts in the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom, \"Roar\" also became her second song after \"Firework\" to sell over one million copies.She subsequently released an anthem for the2016 Summer Olympicstitled \"Rise\", which debuted at number one in Australia.Perry's fifth albumWitnessfollowed in June 2017. It topped the charts in the United States and Canada. That year, she was also featured onCalvin Harris's song \"Feels\" from his albumFunk Wav Bounces Vol. 1along withBig SeanandPharrell Williams, which reached number one in the United Kingdom. In 2018, she released theChristmassingle \"Cozy Little Christmas\". This was followed by the release of the collaborations \"Con Calma (Remix)\" (withDaddy YankeeandSnow) and \"365\" (withZedd). She released the non-album singles \"Never Really Over\", \"Small Talk\" and \"Harleys in Hawaii\" in 2019.Smilefollowed as her sixth",
"as her sixth album in August 2020. The year after that, Perry released a single withAlessotitled \"When I'm Gone\". Albums Studio albums Reissues Collaborative albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist 2000s 2010s 2020s As featured artist Promotional singles Other charted or certified songs Footnotes Notes for albums and songs Notes for peak chart positions References"
] |
How old would Olivia Newton-John have been at the release of Grease 2 in the United States? | 33 years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_2 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_2'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_2"
] | [
"Olivia Newton-John Dame Olivia Newton-JohnACDBE(26 September 1948 – 8 August 2022) was a British and Australian singer and actress.She was a four-timeGrammy Awardwinner whose music career included fifteen top-ten singles, including five number-one singles on theBillboardHot 100and two number-one albums on theBillboard200:If You Love Me, Let Me Know(1974) andHave You Never Been Mellow(1975). Eleven of hersingles(including twoPlatinum) and fourteen of heralbums(including two Platinum and four 2× Platinum) have beencertifiedGold by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). In 1978, Newton-John starred in themusical filmGrease, which was the highest-grossing musical film at the time and whosesoundtrackremains one of theworld's best-selling albums. It features two major hitduetswith co-starJohn Travolta: \"You're the One That I Want\"—which is one of thebest-selling singles of all time—and \"Summer Nights\". Her signature solo recordings include theRecord of the YearGrammy winner \"I Honestly Love You\" (1974) and \"Physical\" (1981)—Billboard's highest-ranking Hot 100 single of the 1980s. Other defininghit singlesinclude \"If Not for You\" and \"Banks of the Ohio\" (both 1971), \"Let Me Be There\" (1973), \"If You Love Me (Let Me Know)\" (1974), \"Have You Never Been Mellow\" (1975), \"Sam\" (1977), \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" (1978; also fromGrease), \"A Little More Love\" (1978), \"Twist of Fate\" (1983) and, from the 1980 filmXanadu, \"Magic\" and \"Xanadu\" (with theElectric Light Orchestra). With over 100 million records sold,Newton-John is one of thebest-selling music artistsof all time as well as the highest-selling female Australian recording artist of all-time. Newton-John, who had breast cancer three times, was an advocate and sponsor forbreast cancer research. In 2012, the Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre at theAustin Hospitalopened in her home town of Melbourne; in 2015, the facility was rechristened theOlivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre.She was also an activist forenvironmentalandanimal rightscauses. Early life and family Olivia Newton-John was born on 26 September 1948inCambridgetoBrinley \"Bryn\" Newton-John(1914–1992) and Irene Helene (née Born; 1914–2003).Her father was born and raised inWalesto a middle-class family. Her mother was born and raised in Germany to a German Jewish academic family who came to the UK in 1933 to escape theNazi regime. Newton-John's maternal grandfather wasGerman JewishNobel Prize–winning physicistMax Born.Her maternal grandmother Hedwig was the daughter of German Jewish juristVictor Ehrenbergand his Lutheran wife, Helene Agatha von Jhering. Through Helene Agatha, Newton-John was a descendant of Protestant theologianMartin Luther. She was also descended from an unspecified Spanish monarch.Helene Agatha's own father, Newton-John's great-great-grandfather, was juristRudolf von Jhering. Newton-John's uncle was pharmacologistGustav Victor Rudolf Born. Through her Ehrenberg line, Newton-John was a third cousin of comedianBen Elton. Newton-John's father was anMI5officeron theEnigmaproject atBletchley Parkwho tookRudolf Hessinto custody duringWorld War II.After the war, he became the headmaster of theCambridgeshire High School for Boysand was in this post when Newton-John was born. Newton-John was the youngest of three children, following her brother Hugh (1939–2019), a medical doctor, and her sister Rona (1941–2013), an actress who was married to restaurateur Brian Goldsmithand was later married to Newton-John'sGreaseco-starJeff Conaway(from 1980 until their divorce in 1985). She also had a half-brother, Toby, and a half-sister, Sarah, both of whom were born of her father's second marriage. In early 1954, when Newton-John was five, her family emigrated toMelbourne,Victoria, on theSSStrathaird.Her father worked as a professor of German and as the master ofOrmond Collegeat theUniversity of Melbourne.Her family attended church while her father served as the head of the Presbyterian college. Newton-John attended Christ Church Grammar School in the Melbourne suburb ofSouth Yarraand then theUniversity High SchoolinParkville. Career Career beginnings Newton-John went to primary school withDaryl Braithwaite, who also followed a singing career.At age 14, with three classmates, Newton-John formed a short-lived, all-girl group called Sol Four which often performed at a coffee shop owned by her brother-in-law. Newton-John originally wanted to become a veterinarian but then chose to focus on performance after doubting her ability to pass science exams. In 1964, Newton-John's acting talent was first recognised portraying Lady Mary Lasenby in herUniversity High School'sproduction ofThe Admirable Crichtonas she became the Young Sun's Drama Award best schoolgirl actress runner-up.She then became a regular on local Australian television shows, includingTime for TerryandHSV-7'sThe Happy Show, where she performed as \"Lovely Livvy\".She also appeared onThe Go!! Show,where she met her future duet partner, singerPat Carroll, and her future music producer,John Farrar. (Carroll and Farrar later married.) In 1965, she entered and won a talent contest on the television programSing, Sing, Sing,hosted by 1960s Australian iconJohnny O'Keefe. She performed the songs \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\" and \"Everything's Coming Up Roses\". She was initially reluctant to use her prize, a trip to Great Britain, but travelled there nearly a year later after her mother encouraged her to broaden her horizons. While in Britain, Newton-John missed her then-boyfriend,Ian Turpie,with whom she had co-starred in the 1965 Australian telefilmFunny Things Happen Down Under. She repeatedly booked trips back to Australia that her mother cancelled. In 1966, Newton-John recorded her first single, \"Till You Say You'll Be Mine\", in Britain forDecca Records. Newton-John's outlook changed when Pat Carroll moved to the UK. The two formed a duo called Pat and Olivia and toured nightclubs in Europe. (In one incident, they were booked atPaul Raymond's RevueinSoho, London, and were unaware that it was astrip clubuntil they began to perform onstage dressed primly in frilly high-collared dresses.)During this period, she and Carroll contributed backup vocals to recordings by a number of other artists, notably the song \"Come In, You'll Get Pneumonia\" bythe Easybeats. After Carroll's visa expired, Carroll was forced to return to Australia but Newton-John remained in Britain to pursue solo work. Newton-John was recruited for the group Toomorrow,formed by American producerDon Kirshner. In 1970, the group starred in the science fiction musicalToomorrowand recorded an accompanyingsoundtrack albumonRCA Records; both the LP and the movie were named after the group. That same year, the group made two single recordings: \"You're My Baby Now\"/\"Goin' Back\" and \"I Could Never Live Without Your Love\"/\"Roll Like a River\". Neither track became a chart success; the project failed and the group disbanded. 1971–1974: Early success In 1971, Newton-John released her first solo album,If Not for You(US No. 158 Pop). In the UK, the album was released asOlivia Newton-John. Thetitle track, written byBob Dylan, was her first international hit (US No. 25 Pop, No. 1Adult Contemporary/\"AC\").Her follow-up single, \"Banks of the Ohio\", was a top 10 hit in the UK and Australia, but only peaked at number 94 in the United States. She was voted Best British Female Vocalist two years in a row by the magazineRecord Mirror. She made frequent appearances onCliff Richard's weekly showIt's Cliff Richardand starred with him in the telefilmThe Case. Newton-John's 1972 single \"What Is Life\" (No. 34 AC) made minimal impact in the United States. As a result, her second studio albumOliviawas never formally issued in the United States. Subsequent single \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" similarly saw little success. Her fortune changed with the release of \"Let Me Be There\" in 1973. The song reached the American top 10 on the Pop (No. 6), Country (No. 7),and AC (No. 3) charts and earned her aGrammyfor Best Country Femaleand an Academy of Country Music award for Most Promising Female Vocalist. Her third studio albumLet Me Be Therewas released in November 1973, retitledMusic Makes My Dayin Britain. The US and Canadian versions featured an alternate track list that mixed new cuts with selections fromOliviaand also recycled six songs fromIf Not for You, which was going out of print. In 1974, Newton-John represented the United Kingdom in theEurovision Song Contestwith the song \"Long Live Love\". The song was chosen for Newton-John by the British public out of six possible entries (Newton-John later admitted that she disliked the song).Newton-John finished fourth at the contest, held inBrighton, behind the Swedish winning entry, \"Waterloo\" byABBA. All six Eurovision contest song candidates—\"Have Love, Will Travel\", \"Lovin' You Ain't Easy\", \"Long Live Love\", \"Someday\", \"Angel Eyes\" and \"Hands Across the Sea\"—were recorded by Newton-John and included on herLong Live Lovealbum, her first for theEMI Recordslabel. TheLong Live Lovealbum was released in the US and Canada asIf You Love Me, Let Me Know. All the Eurovision entries were dropped for different and more country-flavoured tunes intended to capitalise on the success of \"Let Me Be There\"; the North American offering used selections fromLong Live Love,OliviaandMusic Makes My Day, and only the title cut was new. The album reached No. 1 on both the pop (one week)and country (eight weeks) albums charts.If You Love Me, Let Me Know'stitle trackwas its first single and reached No. 5 Pop, No. 2 Country(her highest-peaking song on the chart) and No. 2 AC. The next single, \"I Honestly Love You\", became Newton-John's signature song. Written and composed byJeff BarryandPeter Allen,the ballad became her first Pop number-one (staying there for two weeks), second AC number-one (for three weeks) and third top 10 Country (No. 6) hit and earned Newton-John two moreGrammysfor Record of the Yearand Best Pop Vocal Performance – Female. In her 2018 autobiography,Don't Stop Believin',Newton-John describes \"I Honestly Love You\" as a song which is \"so simple, with a meaning that was deeper than the ocean\".In 1974, she received the (BCMA) British Country Music Association Award for \"Female Vocalist of the Year\" in London, England. In the United States, Newton-John's success incountry musicsparked a debate among purists, who took issue with a foreigner singing country-flavoured pop music being classed with native Nashville artists.In addition to her Grammy for \"Let Me Be There\", in 1974 Newton-John was also named theCountry Music AssociationFemale Vocalist of the Year, a designation which made her the first British singer to have won the award;and the title also meant she defeated more established Nashville-based nomineesLoretta Lynn,Dolly PartonandTanya Tucker, as well as Canadian artistAnne Murray. This protest by country music participants led to the formation of the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers (ACE).Newton-John was eventually supported by the country music community.Stella Parton, Dolly's sister, recorded \"Ode to Olivia\" and Newton-John recorded her 1976 album,Don't Stop Believin', inNashville, Tennessee. 1975–1977:Have You Never Been Mellow,Clearly Love, and continued success Encouraged by expatriate Australian singerHelen Reddy, Newton-John left the UK and moved to the US. Newton-John topped the Pop (one week) and Country (six weeks) albums charts with her next album,Have You Never Been Mellow. For 45 years, Olivia held theGuinness World Recordfor the shortest gap (154 days) by a female between new Number 1 albums (If You Love Me, Let Me Know > Have You Never Been Mellow) on the US Billboard 200 album charts untilTaylor Swiftin 2020 (140 days withfolklore>evermore). TheHave You Never Been Mellowalbum generated two singles – theJohn Farrar-pennedtitle track(No. 1 Pop, No. 3 Country,No. 1 AC)and \"Please Mr. Please\" (No. 3 Pop, No. 5 Country, No. 1 AC). Her pop career cooled with the release of her next album,Clearly Love. Her streak of five consecutive gold top 10 singles on theBillboardHot 100ended when the album's first single, \"Something Better to Do\", stopped at No. 13 (also No. 19 Country and No. 1 AC). Her albums still achieved gold status, and she returned to the top ten of the Hot 100 andBillboard200charts again in 1978. Newton-John's singles continued to top the AC chart, where she amassed ten No. 1 singles, including a record seven consecutively: She provided a prominent, but uncredited, vocal onJohn Denver's \"Fly Away\" single, which was succeeded by her own single, \"Let It Shine\"/\"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\", at No. 1 on the AC chart. (\"Fly Away\" returned to No. 1 after the two-week reign of \"Let It Shine\".) In December, 1975, she appeared on the ABC specialJohn Denver - A Rocky Mountain Christmas, where she performed the duet of “Fly Away” with John, as well as “Let It Shine\". Newton-John also continued to reach the Country top 10 where she tallied seven top 10 singles through 1976's \"Come on Over\" (No. 23 Pop, No. 5 Country,No. 1 AC) (from the same-titledalbum)and six consecutive (of a career nine total) top 10 albums through 1976'sDon't Stop Believin'(No. 30 Pop, No. 7 Country).She headlined her first US television special,A Special Olivia Newton-John, in November 1976. In 1977, the single \"Sam\", a mid-tempowaltzfromDon't Stop Believin', returned her to the No. 1 spot on the AC (No. 40 Country) and also reached No. 20 Pop, her highest chart placement since \"Something Better to Do\". By mid-1977, Newton-John's pop, AC, and country success all suffered a slight blow. HerMaking a Good Thing Betteralbum (No. 34 Pop, No. 13 Country) was not certified gold, and its only single, the title track (No. 87 Pop, No. 20 AC), did not reach the AC top 10 or the Country chart. Later that year,Olivia Newton-John's Greatest Hits(No. 13 Pop, No. 7 Country) became her firstplatinum album. Newton-John was appointedOfficer of the Order of the British Empire(OBE) in the1979 New Year HonoursandDame Commander of the Order of the British Empire(DBE) in the2020 New Year Honoursfor services to charity, cancer research, and entertainment. 1978–1979:GreaseandTotally Hot In 1978, Newton-John's career soared after she starred as Sandy in thefilm adaptationof the Broadway musicalGrease.She was offered the role after meeting producerAllan Carrat a dinner party atHelen Reddy's home.Disillusioned by herToomorrowexperience and concerned that she was too old to play a high school senior (she was 28 during the filming ofGrease), Newton-John insisted on ascreen testwith the film's co-lead,John Travolta.Newton-John previewed some of the film's soundtrack during her second American network television special,Olivia, featuring guestsABBAandAndy Gibb. Greasebecame the biggest box-office hit of 1978.The soundtrack albumspent 12 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 and yielded three Top 5 singles for Newton-John: the platinum \"You're the One That I Want\" (No. 1 Pop, No. 23 AC) with John Travolta, the gold \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" (No. 3 Pop, No. 20 Country, No. 7 AC) and the gold \"Summer Nights\" (No. 5 Pop, No. 21 AC) with John Travolta and the film's cast. Newton-John became the second woman (afterLinda Ronstadtin 1977) to have two singles—\"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" and \"Summer Nights\"—in theBillboardtop 5 simultaneously.The soundtrack is one of the best-selling soundtracks of all time.In June 2006, Newton-John's company ON-J Productions Ltd filed a lawsuit againstUniversal Music Group(UMG) for $1 million in unpaid royalties from theGreasesoundtrack.In 2007, it was announced that she and UMG had reached a \"conditional settlement\". Newton-John's performance earned her aPeople's Choice Awardfor Favourite Film Actress. She was nominated for aGolden Globeas Best Actress in a Musical and performed the Oscar-nominated \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" at the 1979Academy Awards.The film's popularity has endured. It was re-released for its 20th anniversary in 1998and ranked as the second highest-grossing film behindTitanicin its opening weekend.Following her death in August 2022, AMC announced that the picture would reappear in some of its cinemas over the weekend and that a portion of the proceeds would go to breast cancer research. In November 1978, she released her next studio album,Totally Hot, which became her first solo top 10 (No. 7) album sinceHave You Never Been Mellow. Dressed on the cover all in leather, Newton-John capitalised on her character's look that was introduced at the end ofGrease;moreover,Totally Hot's singles—\"A Little More Love\" (No. 3 Pop, No. 94 Country, No. 4 AC), \"Deeper Than the Night\" (No. 11 Pop, No. 87 Country, No. 4 AC), and the title track (No. 52 Pop)—all demonstrated a more aggressive and uptempo sound for Newton-John.Although the album de-emphasised the country sound, the LP still reached No. 4 on the Country Albums chart. Newton-John released the B-side, \"Dancin' 'Round and 'Round\", of the \"Totally Hot\" single to Country radio. The entry peaked at No. 29(as well as No. 82 Pop and No. 25 AC), and it became her last charted solo Country airplay single. Newton-John cancelled a 1978 concert tour of Japan to protest the slaughter of dolphins caught in tuna fishing nets. She subsequently rescheduled the tour when the Japanese government assured her that the practice was being curbed.In honor of dolphins, in 1981 she also composed and recorded the song \"The Promise (the Dolphin Song)\" on thePhysicalalbum. She was a performer on the 1979Music for UNICEF Concertfor the UN'sInternational Year of the Childtelevised worldwide. During the concert, artists performed songs for which they donated their royalties, some in perpetuity, to benefit the cause. Lawsuit against MCA Records In April 1975, Newton-John andMCAentered into an initial two-year, four-album deal in which she was expected to deliver two LPs a year for the record company. MCA also had the option of extending the contract for six more records and three more years; and if the artist did not deliver on time, MCA was allegedly allowed to lengthen the term of the contract. Per her new agreement with MCA, Newton-John's first three albums, beginning withClearly Love, came out on schedule. Her fourth,Making a Good Thing Better, was late. This delay occurred around the same time she was working onGreaseforRSO Records, and the postponement arguably gave MCA—which seemed to want to keep its hold on the performer—the right to exercise its option, extend its contract, and stop her from signing with another enterprise. She also did not deliver a \"newly optioned\" album. On 31 May 1978, Newton-John and MCA each filed breach-of-contract actions against the other. Newton-John sued for $10 million and claimed that MCA's failure to adequately promote and advertise her product freed her from their agreement. MCA's countersuit requested $1 million in damages and an injunction against Newton-John working with another music firm. Ultimately, Newton-John was forbidden from offering her recording services to another label until the five-year pact had run its course. The original covenant was not automatically extended, though she had not duly supplied the total sum of vinyls indicated in the contract. As a result of the lawsuit, record companies changed their contracts to be based on the number of albums recorded by a musician and not a specific number of years. 1980–1988:Physical,Soul Kiss, andThe Rumour Newton-John began 1980 by releasing \"I Can't Help It\" (No. 12 Pop, No. 8 AC), a duet withAndy Gibbfrom hisAfter Darkalbum, and by starring in her third television special,Hollywood Nights. Later that year, she appeared in her first film sinceGreasewhen she starred withGene KellyandMichael Beckin the musical fantasyXanadu. Although the film was a critical failure,its soundtrack(No. 4 Pop) was certified double platinum and scored five top 20 singles on theBillboardHot 100.Newton-John charted with \"Magic\" (No. 1 Pop, No. 1 AC), \"Suddenly\" withCliff Richard(No. 20 Pop, No. 4 AC) and the title song \"Xanadu\" with theElectric Light Orchestra(No. 8 Pop, No. 2 AC). \"Magic\" was Newton-John's biggest pop hit to that point (four weeks at No. 1)and still ranks as the biggest AC hit of her career (five weeks at No. 1). The filmXanaduhas since become a cult classic and the basis for aBroadway showthat ran for more than 500 performances beginning in 2007 and was nominated for fourTony Awardsincluding Best Musical. In 1981, Newton-John released her most successful studio album, the double platinumPhysical, which strongly reinforced her image change by showcasing risqué, rock-oriented material. Newton-John explained: \"I just wasn't in the mood for tender ballads. I wanted peppy stuff because that's how I'm feeling.\"Of the title cut, Newton-John said: \"Roger Davieswas my manager at the time; he played it for me and I knew it was a very catchy song.\"The title track, written bySteve Kipnerand Terry Shaddick, spent ten weeks atop theBillboardHot 100.This matched the record at that time held byDebby Boone's \"You Light Up My Life\" for most weeks spent at No. 1 on the Hot 100. The single was certified platinum, and it ultimately ranked as the biggest song of the decade. (In 2008,Billboardranked the song No. 6 among all songs that charted in the 50-year history of the Hot 100.) \"Physical\" earned Newton-John her only placement ever on the R&B Singles (No. 28) and Albums (No. 32) charts. ThePhysicalalbum spawned two more singles, \"Make a Move on Me\" (No. 5 Pop, No. 6 AC)and \"Landslide\" (No. 52 Pop). The provocative lyrics of the \"Physical\" title track prompted twoUtahradio stations to ban the single from their playlists.(In 2010,Billboardmagazineranked this as the most popular single ever about sex.)To counter its overtly suggestive tone, Newton-John filmed an exercise-themed video that turned the song into anaerobicsanthem and madeheadbandsa fashion accessory outside the gym. She helped pioneer the music video industry by recording avideo albumforPhysical, featuring videos of all the album's tracks and three of her older hits. The video album earned her a fourth Grammy and was aired as an ABC prime-time special,Let's Get Physical,becoming a top-10Nielsenhit. Newton-John asserted: \"Like everyone, I've got different sides of my personality. I've my dominant self, my need-to-be-dominated self, the sane Olivia and the crazy Olivia. Playing these different characters gave me a chance to show strange parts people haven't seen much.\" The success ofPhysicalled to an international tour and the release of her second hits collection, the double-platinumOlivia's Greatest Hits Vol. 2(No. 16 Pop), which yielded two more top-40 singles: \"Heart Attack\" (No. 3 Pop)and \"Tied Up\" (No. 38 Pop). The tour was filmed for herOlivia in Concerttelevision special, which premiered onHBOin January 1983. The special was subsequently released to video, earning Newton-John another Grammy nomination. Newton-John reteamed with Travolta in 1983 for the critically and commercially unsuccessful movieTwo of a Kind,redeemed by its platinum soundtrack (No. 26 Pop) featuring \"Twist of Fate\" (No. 5 Pop),\"Livin' in Desperate Times\" (No. 31 Pop), and a new duet with Travolta, \"Take a Chance\" (No. 3 AC). Newton-John released another video package, the Grammy-nominatedTwist of Fate, featuring videos of her four songs on theTwo of a Kindsoundtrack and the two new singles fromOlivia's Greatest Hits Vol. 2. That same year Newton-John and Pat Farrar (formerly Pat Carroll) founded Koala Blue.The store, originally for Australian imports, evolved into a chain of women's clothing boutiques.The chain was initially successful, but it eventually declared bankruptcy and closed in 1992.Newton-John and Farrar were the targets of a multimillion-dollar lawsuit when Koala Blue franchise holders alleged breach of contract and unfair competition; agreeing with a motion citing insufficient evidence, a judge dismissed the case on summary judgment in 1993.Newton-John and Farrar later licensed the brand name for a line of Australian wines. Newton-John, a supporter ofAustralian rules footballCarlton, performed theAustralian national anthemat the1986 VFL Grand Finalbetween Carlton andHawthorn. Newton-John's music career cooled again with the release of her next studio album, the goldSoul Kiss(No. 29 Pop),in 1985.The album's only charted single was the title track (No. 20 Pop, No. 20 AC).The video album forSoul Kissfeatured only five of the album's ten tracks (concept videos for the album's singles \"Soul Kiss\" and \"Toughen Up\" as well as performance videos of the tracks \"Culture Shock\", \"Emotional Tangle\" and \"The Right Moment\"). After a nearly three-year hiatus following the birth of her daughter Chloe in January 1986, Newton-John resumed her recording career with the 1988 albumThe Rumour. The album was promoted by an HBO special,Olivia Down Under. Its first single, the title track, was written and produced byElton John. Both the single (No. 62 Pop, No. 33 AC) and the album (No. 67 Pop) faltered commerciallyas the nearly 40-year-old Newton-John seemed \"old\" when compared with the teen queensDebbie GibsonandTiffanyruling the pop charts at that time. (The album was praised by critics as more mature, with Newton-John addressing topics such asAIDS(\"Love and Let Live\"), the environment and single-parent households.) The second single, \"Can't We Talk It Over in Bed\", did not chart, but was released in 1989 byGrayson Hugh, the song's arranger, and became a top-20 pop hit as \"Talk It Over\". 1989–1998: Motherhood, cancer, and advocacy In September 1989, Newton-John released her self-described \"self-indulgent\" album,Warm and Tender, which reunited her with producer John Farrar, absent from her previous LP, and also marked a return to a more wholesome image. Inspired by her daughter, who appeared on the cover, the album featuredlullabiesand love songs for parents and their children.This album, the last one produced by Farrar, also failed to revive her recording career, as the disc reached only No. 124 Pop. She was appointed a Goodwill ambassador to the United Nations Environment Programme. Newton-John's television work included starring in two Christmas films,A Mom for Christmas(1990) andA Christmas Romance(1994) – both top 10 Nielsen hits. Newton-John was primed for another comeback in 1992 when she compiled her third hits collection,Back to Basics: The Essential Collection 1971–1992, and planned her first tour since herPhysicaltrek ten years earlier. Shortly after the album's release, Newton-John was diagnosed with breast cancer, forcing her to cancel all publicity for the album, including the tour. She received her diagnosis the same weekend her father died. Newton-John recovered.In 1991, she became the National Spokesperson for the Colette Chuda Environmental Fund/CHEC (Children's Health Environmental Coalition)following the death fromWilms' tumourof five-year-old Colette Chuda, daughter of Newton-John's friend Nancy Chuda.Later, Newton-John became an advocate forbreast cancerresearch and other health issues. She was a product spokesperson for the Liv-Kit, a breast self-examination product, and also founded her own cancer centre in her home town in Australia. Newton-John's cancer diagnosis also affected the type of music she recorded. In 1994, she releasedGaia: One Woman's Journey, which chronicled her ordeal. Co-produced by Newton-John for ONJ Productions,Gaiawas originally issued byFestivalin Australia but also distributed by various independent labels in Japan and Europe. In 2002, there was an American distribution byHip-O Records, and a subsequent re-release in 2012 by Green Hill featured an alternative cover photo.Gaiawas the first album on which Newton-John wrote all the music and lyrics herself, and this endeavour encouraged her to become more active as a songwriter thereafter. The single \"No Matter What You Do\" entered the Australian top 40, and the second single, the environmentally themed \"Don't Cut Me Down\", was also used in the filmIt's My Party, a 1996 AIDS drama. The Latin-fuelled \"Not Gonna Give into It\" eventually became heavily showcased in concert performance; \"The Way of Love\" was featured in the telefilmA Christmas Romance,and \"Trust Yourself\" was incorporated into both the TV-movieThe Wilde Girlsand the theatrical filmSordid Lives. Newton-John was listed as president of theIsle of ManBasking sharkSociety between 1998 and 2005. 1998–2012: Later releases Newton-John continued to record and perform pop-oriented music as well. In 1998, she returned toNashvilleto recordBack with a Heart(No. 59 Pop).The album returned her to the top 10 (No. 9) on the Country Albums chart. Its first single was a re-recording of \"I Honestly Love You\" produced byDavid Fosterand featuringKenneth \"Babyface\" Edmondson background vocalsthat charted on the Pop (No. 67) and AC (No. 18) charts. Country radio dismissed the song, though it did peak at No. 16 on the Country Sales chart. The album track, \"Love Is a Gift\", won Newton-John a 1999Daytime Emmy Awardfor Outstanding Original Song after being featured on the daytime serial,As the World Turns. During October–December 1998, Newton-John,John FarnhamandAnthony Warlowperformed in The Main Event Tour.The albumHighlights from The Main Eventpeaked at No. 1 in December,was certified 4× platinum,won anARIA Awardfor Highest Selling Australian CD at the 1999 Awardsand was also nominated for Best Adult Contemporary Album.For the2000 Summer Olympics, Newton-John and Farnham re-teamed to perform \"Dare to Dream\" during theParade of Nationsat the Opening Ceremony.Broadcast of the ceremony was viewed by an estimated 3.5 billion people around the world. In December 1998, following a hiatus of about 16 years, Newton-John also resumed touring by herself and in 2000 released a solo CD,One Woman's Live Journey, her first live album since 1981'sLove Performance. In 2000, she appeared in a dramatically different role as Bitsy Mae Harling, a bisexual former-convict country singer, inDel Shores'Sordid Lives.Newton-John reprised her role forSordid Lives: The Serieswhich aired one season on theLOGOtelevision network. The series featured five original songs written and composed by Newton-John specifically for the show.In 2000, she teamed withVince Gilland theLondon Symphony Orchestrafor'Tis the Seasonsold exclusively through Hallmark. The following year, she releasedThe Christmas Collection, which compiled seasonal music previously recorded for her Hallmark Christmas album, her appearance onKenny Loggins' 1999 TNN Christmas special and her contributions to theMother and ChildandSpirit of Christmasmulti-artist collections. Newton-John's subsequent albums were released primarily in Australia. In 2002, she released(2), a duets album featuring mostly Australian artists (Tina Arena,Darren Hayes, Jimmy Little, Johnny O'Keefe, Billy Thorpe andKeith Urban), as well as a \"duet\" with the deceasedPeter Allen. In addition,(2)offered a hidden 12th track, a samba version of \"Physical\" which Newton-John later performed occasionally in concert instead of the more rock-style original. The album's 2004 Japanese release includes the bonus track \"Let It Be Me\", a duet with Cliff Richard with whom she had previously been coupled on \"Suddenly\" andSongs from Heathcliff. In 2002, Newton-John was also inducted into Australia'sARIA Hall of Fame. Produced byPhil Ramoneand recorded at the Indigo Recording Studios in Malibu for ONJ Productions,Indigo: Women of Songwas released in October 2004 in Australia. The tribute album featured Newton-John covering songs by artists such asJoan Baez,the Carpenters,Doris Day,Nina SimoneandMinnie Riperton. She dedicated the album to her mother, who had died the previous year of breast cancer.Indigowas subsequently released in the UK in April 2005 and in Japan in March 2006. A rebranded and resequenced version calledPortraits: A Tribute to Great Women of Songwas eventually issued in the United States in 2011. In 2005, she releasedStronger Than Before, sold exclusively in the United States by Hallmark. This was her second exclusive album forHallmark Cardsafter her successful first Christmas albumTis the SeasonwithVince Gillfive years earlier. Proceeds from the album's sales benefited breast cancer research. The album featured the song \"Phenomenal Woman,\" based on the poem byMaya Angelou, and guest vocals fromDiahann Carroll,Beth Nielsen Chapman,Delta Goodrem,Amy Holland,Patti LaBelleandMindy Smith—all survivors of or affected by cancer. In 2006, Newton-John released a healing CD,Grace and Gratitude.The album was sold exclusively byWalgreens,also to benefit various charities includingY-ME National Breast Cancer Organization. The CD was the \"heart\" of theirBody – Heart – SpiritWellness Collection, which also featured a re-branded Liv-Kit and breast-health dietary supplements. In 2007, she re-teamed with herGrace and Gratitudeproducer,Amy Sky, forChristmas Wish(No. 187 Pop) which was sold exclusively byTargetin its first year of release.Newton-John released another concert DVD,Olivia Newton-John and the Sydney Symphony:Live at the Sydney Opera Houseand a companion CD, her third live album titledOlivia's Live Hits. In 2008, she raised funds to help build the Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre inMelbourne, Australia. She led a three-week, 228 km walk along theGreat Wall of Chinaduring April, joined by various celebrities andcancer survivorsthroughout her trek.She released a companion CD,A Celebration in Song, the following month in Australia and later worldwide,featuring new and previously recorded duets by \"Olivia Newton-John & Friends\", includingJann Arden,Jimmy Barnes,John Farrar,Barry Gibb,Delta Goodrem,Sun Ho,Richard Marx,Cliff Richard,Melinda Schneider,Amy Sky, andKeith Urban. In 2008, Newton-John took part in theBBC WalesprogramComing Homeabout herWelshfamily history. Also, in 2008, Newton-John joined Anne Murray on Murray's last album, titledDuets: Friends & Legends. She sangGordon Lightfoot's hit \"Cotton Jenny\" with Murray. She re-recorded some tracks fromGrace and Gratitudein 2010 and re-released the album asGrace and Gratitude Renewedon the Green Hill music label. TheRenewedCD includes a new track, \"Help Me to Heal\", not featured on the original album. Newton-John was featured in UniGlobe Entertainment's breast cancer docu-drama,1 a Minute, released in October 2010.The documentary was made by actressNamrata Singh Gujraland featured other celebrities who had survived breast cancer or who were affected by the disease. During the same month,Bluewater Productionsreleased a comic book featuring Newton-John to coincide withBreast Cancer Awareness Month. In 2010, Newton-John starred in the filmScore: A Hockey Musical, released in Canada.She portrayed Hope Gordon, the mother of a home-schooled hockey prodigy. The film opened the2010 Toronto International Film Festival. Newton-John guest-starred as herself in the sitcomsNed and Stacey,Murphy BrownandBetteand also made two appearances as herself onGlee. For her firstGleeappearance, Newton-John recreated her \"Physical\" video with series regularJane Lynch.The performance was released as a digital single which peaked at number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 in May 2010.In Australia, Newton-John hosted the animal and nature seriesWild Lifeand guest-starred as Joanna on two episodes of the Australian seriesThe Man From Snowy River. In January 2011, Newton-John began filming the comedyA Few Best Menin Australia with directorStephan Elliott, in the role of mother of the bride. The groom is played byXavier Samuel. 2012–2022: Vegas residency and final releases Newton-John was actively touring and doing concerts from 2012 to 2017 and also performed a handful of shows in 2018.Her dates forA Summer Night with Olivia Newton-Johneven included stops in Asia and Canada and culminated in a rare concert appearance in London in 2013. Her March 2013 UK trek also encompassed Bournemouth, Brighton, Birmingham, Manchester and Cardiff, Wales. In November 2012, Newton-John teamed with John Travolta to make the charity albumThis Christmas, in support of The Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre and the Jett Travolta Foundation. Artists featured on the album include:Barbra Streisand,James Taylor,Chick Corea,Kenny G,Tony Bennett,Cliff Richardand theCount Basie Orchestra. A 2013 residency at theFlamingo Las Vegaswas postponed due to the May 2013 death of her elder sister, Rona (aged 72), from a brain tumour. Newton-John resumed performing, doing 45 shows beginning in April 2014.Along with the Vegas shows, Newton-John released a new EP in April 2014 entitledHotel Sessions, which consisted of seven tracks of unreleased demos that were recorded between 2002 and 2011 with her nephewBrett Goldsmith. The CD contains a cover of \"Broken Wings\" as well as the popular-with-fans original \"Best of My Love\", which had leaked on the internet many years prior. Her Vegas stay was eventually extended beyond August 2014,and herSummer Nightsresidency finished in December 2016 after 175 shows.Her successful three-year run even prompted a fourth live album,Summer Nights: Live in Las Vegas(2015). In 2015, Newton-John also reunited with John Farnham for a joint venture calledTwo Strong Hearts Live. In 2015, Newton-John was a guest judge onan episodeofRuPaul's Drag Race. That same year, she scored her first number-one single onBillboard'sDance Club Songschart with \"You Have to Believe\" with daughter Chloe and producerDave Audé. The song was a re-imagining of her 1980 single \"Magic\", which she noted was to celebrate both the 35th anniversary ofXanaduand as a dedication to her daughter. About the latter, Newton-John stated: \"I met Chloe's dad on the set ofXanadu;so, without that film, Chloe wouldn't be here. She was the real 'magic' that came out of that film!\"The song became the first mother-daughter single to reach No. 1 on theBillboardDance Club Play chart. In2015, Newton-John was inducted into theMusic Victoria Hall of Fame. In 2017, she collaborated with two North American singer-songwriters,Beth Nielsen ChapmanandAmy Sky, on a joint concert tour entitled Liv On after co-producing a 2016CD by the same name. On 7 May 2019, Newton-John's elder brother Hugh, a doctor, died at age 80;his death left Newton-John as the sole surviving sibling from the original family. In recognition for \"her work as an entertainer and philanthropist\", she was bestowed Australia's highest honour, theCompanion of the Order of Australia, in June 2019. In December 2019, Newton-John and Travolta also re-teamed for three live Meet 'n' Greasesing-along events in the Florida cities ofTampa,West Palm BeachandJacksonville.Subsequently, a sing-along re-broadcast ofGreaseaired on CBS Television. In February 2020, Newton-John appeared at theFire Fight Australiacharity event. This was her final public performance. In January 2021, Newton-John released her final single, \"Window in the Wall\", a duet about unity which she recorded with her daughter Chloe Lattanzi. The music video for the song peaked at No. 1 on theiTunespop music video chart the week of its release. In the media On 2 November 2019,Julien's Auctionsauctioned hundreds of memorabilia items from Newton-John's career. The sale raised $2.4 million. Newton-John'sGreaseoutfit garnered $405,700; her pants and jacket were purchased separately by two different billionaires.Sara Blakely, founder ofSpanx, bought Newton-John's black skintight pants fromGreasefor $162,000.The anonymous buyer who acquired her famousGreaseleather jacket for $243,200 (£185,000) returned the item to her and said: \"It should not sit in a billionaire's closet for country-club bragging rights The odds of beating a recurring cancer using the newest emerging therapies is a thousandfold greater than someone appearing out of the blue, buying your most famous and cherished icon, and returning it to you.\" All proceeds were donated to her Cancer Wellness and Research Centre in Australia. Musical legacy Newton-John's first boyfriend,Ian Turpie, once said of her early appearances: \"In those days she had a small voice, but it was very pure. She could sing prettily in tune....The improvement in her singing since she went to England has been remarkable. She told meShirley Basseyhas been a big influence on her. After hearing Bassey, she worked at developing her head voice to sound like a chest voice, the way Bassey uses hers. The power she's developed is amazing\". Michael Dwyer of theSydney Morning Heraldmaintains that following Newton-John's career was like watching \"our slightly older and braver sister growing up in public\" and her passing \"feels today like a lost member of the family\".Rachel Syme ofThe New Yorkeralso suggests that her familial, down-to-earth demeanor and humanity may have even superseded her singing accomplishments: \"Her most lasting legacy might be as the rare celebrity who was almost universally well liked, and thought of as an essentially kind and warmhearted person\". Her musical abilities on their own merits were also impressive. In her 1982Olivia in Concertperformance ofDolly Parton's \"Jolene,\" Newton-John showcases a down-falling note range covering three octaves. (Much later, Newton-John and Parton recorded a duet of \"Jolene,\"which was not formally released until after Newton-John's death.)In her memoir, Newton-John describes herself as \"not a power singer but more of an interpretive one\";and author Lauren O'Neill concurs: \"She sang with clarity and precision, her high notes bright and open like a window on a summer morning, but her voice was never clinical – a sultry purr, euphoric cry or breathy gasp seemed always available to her....Her vocal is clean and soaring, but to hear it is to be right down in the dirt with Sandy too; to feel, and perhaps even identify with, her total frustration with herself. As she slides between notes while singing 'I'm out of my head,' she shows us her emotional freefall as well as telling us about it.\" Long before and after the career summit ofGrease, Newton-John proved herself to be a fairly versatile performer, lending her instrument to everything from sentimental ballads and New Age soul searching to lively dance productions and rock & soul fervor.Maura JohnstonofVultureassesses: \"Newton-John was a regular chart-topper...throughout the '70s, her lithe soprano adapting well to the soft pop sound\" of the era with \"AM Goldstaples and tracks from the folk and country world...As it turned out, Newton-John's voice was pretty well suited to the spiky dance pop that would become popular in the early 1980s\" too.However, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of theLos Angeles Timesoffers a counterpoint on her career decline in the mid-1980s: \"Hardness never was Newton-John's comfort zone, though, and the 1980s were a much harder decade than the 1970s. The inherent warmth of 1970s studio sessions gave way to the cold, synthesized gleam of the 1980s, a sterile sound that suited her well only once: the candied faux-new wave of 'Twist of Fate'\", produced byDavid Foster.Johnston further maintains: \"Her pop heyday transcended any attempts to musically pigeonhole her\"; and by the time she stopped having many new hits, \"her musical legacy ... had been pretty well solidified.\" Newton-John's work has inspired many other female vocalists, includingJuliana Hatfield,Lisa Loeb,Kylie Minogue,Delta Goodrem,Natalie MainesandAlanis Morissette.Pinkstaged a commemorative Newton-John cover during the 2022American Music Awards.At the2022 ARIA Music Awards, a special tribute in her honour featured performances byNatalie Imbruglia,Peking DukandTones and I. Personal life Relationships In the mid-1960s, Newton-John dated Australian actor and singerIan Turpie, her co-star in the 1965 musical filmFunny Things Happen Down Under.They met in 1963 when Turpie attended the coffee shop where Newton-John's group Sol Four performed.The relationship continued until she returned to England in 1966. In 1968, Newton-John was engaged to but never marriedBruce Welch, one of her early producers and co-writer of her hit \"Please Mr. Please\".In 1972, Newton-John ended her relationship with Welch, who subsequently attempted suicide. In 1973, while vacationing on theFrench Riviera, Newton-John met British businessman Lee Kramer, who became both her new boyfriend and manager.Newton-John lived with Kramer on and off and they stayed a couple until 1979; she called their turbulent pairing \"one long breakup\".Kramer subsequently returned to England and married. He also managed vocalistKrishna Das. Kramer died in 2017. Newton-John married her long-time, live-in partner, actorMatt Lattanzi, in December 1984.The pair had met in 1980 while filmingXanadu. They announced their separation in April 1995, and they divorced in 1996.According toPeoplemagazine, people close to the twosome cited the disparity between her spiritual interests and his more earthly ones as a key factor in the dissolution. The couple remained friends. Their daughter,Chloe Rose, was born in January 1986. Newton-John metgaffer/cameramanPatrick McDermottsoon after her divorce from Lattanzi. They dated on and off for nine years. McDermott vanished during a 2005 fishing trip off the Californian coast.Newton-John was in Australia at her Gaia Retreat & Spa at the time of McDermott's disappearance.AUnited States Coast Guardinvestigation, based on then-available evidence and released in 2008, \"suggest McDermott was lost at sea\",with a friend telling investigators McDermott had appeared sad though not despondent after their breakup.In April 2010, a private investigator, hired by an American television program, claimed that McDermott is alive and had faked his death for a life insurance payout – but did not provide proof beyond their own statement that they were confident.Unsubstantiated claims have been made, particularly in Australian tabloids, that McDermott is living in Mexico. In 1993, Newton-John met John Easterling, founder and president of the Amazon Herb Company, which he started in 1990 and sold to TriVita, Inc., in 2012.Also known as \"Amazon John\", Easterling is an eco-entrepreneur who initially marketed rainforest botanicals and currently owns and operates Happy Tree Microbes, which offers natural plant performance products.When Newton-John and Easterling first met, they were both married to other people. In 2007, they started dating and married in anIncanspiritual ceremony inPeruon 21 June 2008, followed by a legal ceremony nine days later (30 June 2008) onJupiter Island, Florida. Residences and citizenship Although principally raised in Australia, Newton-John remained a British subject throughout her childhood. She initially pursued Australian citizenship in 1981 with an application that Prime MinisterMalcolm Fraserwas asked to expedite.However, she finally became an Australian citizen in 1994. In 1973, Newton-John purchased a modest one-bedroom flat in northwest London. After relocating from England to the United States in late 1974, Newton-John set up residence inMalibu, California, where for 35 years she owned various real estate, including a horse ranch and several beachfront properties. In June 2009, Newton-John and her second husband, John Easterling, purchased a new $4.1 million home inJupiter Inlet, Florida.In 2013, while renovations were being done on the property and the couple was not there, a contractor named Christopher Pariseleti committed suicide on the estate, which at the time was up for sale.Following the death on the premises, Newton-John and Easterling bought a nearby condo;their larger home lingered on and off the market for two years but was eventually sold in 2015 to a Swedish advertising executive for $5.1 million. In 2015, the couple purchased a $5.3 million, 12-acre horse ranch in theSanta Ynez ValleyoutsideSanta Barbara. In 2019, Newton-John sold her 187-acre Australian farm, which she had owned for nearly 40 years and is located nearByron Bayin New South Wales.The Dalwood estate sold for $4.6 million; in 1980, Newton-John had paid $622,000 for the property, which had additional land adjoined in both 1983 and in 2002. Newton-John was also partial owner of Byron Bay's Gaia Retreat & Spa, which was founded in 2005 and sold in 2021 for $30 million to the investment firm of Tattarang. When asked in 2017 whether she considered herself to be a British, Australian or American citizen, she said, \"I am still Australian.\"In December 2019, upon being given the title of Dame, she expressed her thanks by stating: \"As a girl born in Cambridge , I am very proud of my British ancestry and so appreciative to be recognised in this way by the United Kingdom.\" Illness and death In May 2017, it was announced that Newton-John's breast cancer had returned andmetastasisedto her lower back.Her back pains had initially been diagnosed assciatica.She subsequently revealed this was actually her third bout with breast cancer, as she did have a recurrence of the disease in 2013 in addition to her initial 1992 diagnosis.With the 2017 recurrence, the cancer had spread to her bones and progressed tostage IV.Newton-John experienced significant pain from the metastatic bone lesions and had spoken of usingcannabis oilto ease her pain. She was an advocate for the use ofmedical cannabis;her daughter Chloe owns a cannabis farm in Oregon. Newton-John died on 8 August 2022, at the age of 73, at her home in the Santa Ynez Valley of California.Tributes were paid byJohn Travolta,Barbra Streisand, Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand many other celebrities.As a mark of respect, Melbourne and Sydney lit up many of their landmarks. In September 2022, Newton-John's family held a \"small and very private\" memorial service in California for the singer, who asked to be cremated and have her ashes scattered in Byron Bay, on her Santa Ynez ranch and \"in other places that I love\". TheState of Victoriaoffered Newton-John's family a state funeral, which her nieceTottie Goldsmithaccepted.Newton-John's Australian memorial service, hosted byDavid Campbell, was held on 26 February 2023 atHamer Hall in Melbourneand included eulogies from her widower and daughter; a testimonial to her strength of character, optimism and magnanimity by television personalityRichard Wilkins; montages of her career, family life and wellness centre; a medley of her hits performed byDelta Goodrem, and pre-recorded video tributes fromElton John,Mariah Carey,Barry Gibb,Dolly PartonandNicole Kidman. Awards and honours Discography Filmography Television Tours Headlining Co-headlining Residency show See also References Further reading External links",
"Grease 2 Grease 2is a 1982 Americanmusicalromantic comedyfilm, and astandalone sequelto the1978 filmGrease, adapted from the 1971musical of the same namebyJim JacobsandWarren Casey. Originally titledMore Grease, the film was produced byAllan CarrandRobert Stigwood, and directed and choreographed byPatricia Birch, who choreographed the original stage production and prior film. The plot returns to Rydell High School two years after the original film'sgraduation, with a largely new cast, led byMaxwell CaulfieldandMichelle Pfeifferin her first starring role. The film was released in United States theaters on June 11, 1982, and grossed $15 million against a production budget of $11 million, a far cry from its predecessor's $132 million domestic box office. Despitebreakthrough rolesfor Pfeiffer,Adrian Zmed, andChristopher McDonald, the film received mostly negative reviews from critics. Despite this,Grease 2maintains a devoted fan base decades after its release. Plot It is 1961, three years after the events ofthe prior film, and the first day of school has arrived (\"Alma Mater\" fromthe original stage musical). Principal McGee and her secretary, Blanche, react as the students—including the laid-back,ruffianT-Birds, and their trendy, “bad-girl” counterparts, the Pink Ladies—arrive at high school (\"Back to School Again\"). The Pink Ladies are now led by Stephanie Zinone, who feels she has \"outgrown\" her relationship with her ex-boyfriend Johnny Nogerelli, the arrogant,chauvinistic(and rather immature) bully leader of themotorcycle-riding T-Birds. A new arrival comes in the form of clean-cut British student Michael Carrington (a cousin of Sandy Olsson fromthe previous film). He is introduced to the school atmosphere by former Pink Lady Frenchy, who agreed to help show Michael around. Frenchy has returned to Rydell to obtain her diploma so she can start her own cosmetics company (as preluded with “Beauty School Dropout” in the previous film). Michael eventually meets Stephanie, and quickly becomes smitten with her. At the localbowling alley, a game (\"Score Tonight\") turns sour from the animosity between Johnny and Stephanie. Stephanie retaliates by kissing the next man who walks in the door, who happens to be Michael. Bemused by this unexpected kiss, Michael falls in love with Stephanie. He asks her out, but learns she has a very specific vision of her ideal man (\"Cool Rider\"). After realizing how he can win her affection, Michael gets to work on acquiring a motorcycle. Michael begins to covertly accept payments from the T-Birds to write theirterm papersand uses the cash to buy a motorcycle. Substitute teacher Mr. Stuart leads a rousing biology lesson (\"Reproduction\"). A rival gang called the Cycle Lords (including members of the defunct Scorpions), led by Leo Balmudo, surprises the T-Birds at the bowling alley. Before a fight ensues, a lone, mysterious “Cool Rider” biker appears (actually Michael, in disguise), defeats the enemy gang, and disappears into the night (\"Who's That Guy?\"). Stephanie is fascinated with this stranger. Meanwhile, T-Bird Louis attempts to trick his sweetheart, Pink Lady Sharon, into losing her virginity to him by taking her to afallout shelterand faking anuclear attack(\"Let's Do It for Our Country\"). The next evening while working at a gas station/auto garage, Stephanie is surprised again by the Cool Rider, and they enjoy a romantic twilight motorcycle ride, which includes a kiss. Just as Michael is about to reveal his identity, they are interrupted by the arrival of the T-Birds and Pink Ladies. Before Michael departs, he tells Stephanie that he will see her at the schooltalent show. Johnny, enraged by Stephanie's new romance, threatens to fight the Cool Rider if he sees him with her again. The Pink Ladies walk away haughtily, but this has little effect on the T-Birds' self-confidence (\"Prowlin'\"). At school, Stephanie's poor grades in English lead her to accept Michael's offer of help. Johnny, upon seeing them together in a discussion, demands that Stephanie quit the Pink Ladies to preserve his honor. Although still enchanted by the mysterious Cool Rider, interactions with Michael reveal that she has become romantically interested in him now, as well. Michael ponders over the continuing charade he is putting on for Stephanie (\"Charades\"). At the talent show, Stephanie and the Cool Rider meet up but are abruptly ambushed by the T-Birds, who pursue Michael on their respective motorcycles, with Stephanie, Sharon, Paulette, and Rhonda following in a car. They chase him to a construction site which conceals a deadly drop, and the biker's absence suggests that he has gone over the edge and perished, leaving Stephanie heartbroken and inconsolable. Johnny and his T-Birds remove the competing Preptones –preppieboys – by tying them to a shower pole in the boys' locker room and drenching them. During the Pink Ladies' performance in the talent show (\"Girl for All Seasons\"), Stephanie enters a dreamlike, fantasy world, where she is reunited with her mystery biker (\"(Love Will) Turn Back the Hands of Time\"). She is named winner of the contest, and crowned the Queen of the upcoming graduationluau; likewise, Johnny is hailed as King for his performance of \"Prowlin'\", along with his fellow T-Birds. The school year ends with the luau (\"Rock-a-Hula Luau (Summer Is Coming)\"), during which the Cycle Lords appear and begin to disrupt the celebration. The Cool Rider then reappears, defeats the Cycle Lords again, and reveals his true identity as Michael. Initially shocked, Johnny gives him a T-Birds jacket, officially welcoming him into the gang, and Stephanie is delighted that she can now be with him. Michael and Stephanie share a passionate kiss, and he whispers that he loves her. All the couples pair-off happily, as the graduating class sings (\"We'll Be Together\"). The credits start rolling inyearbook-style, as in the original film (\"Back to School Again\"). Cast Principal cast Lead roles The T-Birds The Pink Ladies Reprising roles fromGrease Supporting cast Production Development Greaseco-producerAllan Carrhad a deal withParamount Picturesto be paid $5 million to produce a sequel, with production beginning within three years of the original film. Carr decided to hirePatricia Birchas director for the sequel, as she had previously served as the choreographer for the stage and film versions ofGrease. Birch was initially hesitant to accept after learning that neither composersJim JacobsandWarren CaseynorJohn TravoltaandOlivia Newton-Johnwould be involved in the film.Bronte Woodard, the writer who adapted the original stage material for the original film, had died in 1980, and Canadian comicKen Finkleman(who was also writing and directingAirplane IIat the same time) was tasked with penning a new script mostly from scratch. The total budget for the production was $11.2 million, almost double the budget of the original.Birch's approach to the material was to hew closer to the original, grittier stage productions from whichGreasecame; she had resisted changes made to the original film (largely made at Newton-John's behest) but was overruled. Grease 2was intended to be the second film (and first sequel) in a proposedGreasefranchise of four films and a television series. (The third and fourth films were to take place in the 1960s and during thecountercultureera.) However, the projects were scrapped due to the underwhelming box office performance ofGrease 2.Maxwell Caulfieldwas unhappy with the film's \"drab\" title, and unsuccessfully lobbied to change it toSon of Grease. Casting Birch proposed an idea to feature Travolta and Newton-John reprising their characters as a now married couple running a gas station near the end of the film, with Travolta to sing a new number \"Gas Pump Jockey;\"this did not come to fruition.Newton John rejected the offer to return, as she was more interested in doingXanadu.Paramount tried to getJeff ConawayandStockard Channingfrom the first film to do cameos but this did not happen (Channing, by then 37 years old, had left Hollywood for a time in the early 1980s to focus on her stage career).Early plans forGrease 2had Conaway and Channing's characters, Kenickie and Rizzo, as main characters while they attendedsummer school,which would have culminated in the two getting married. Andy Gibbwas screen tested to play the male lead but this proved unsatisfactory.At one stageTimothy Huttonwas announced as the male lead,and Carr later claimed afterGrease 2was released \"Hutton came, sang, and danced in my living room. He had done Guys and Dolls in college, and that’s who I wanted and preferred. But they didn’t consider him sexy enough.” Maxwell Caulfieldwas cast after impressing producers off-Broadway inEntertaining Mr. Sloane. Having seen his performances,Allan Carroffered Caulfield the role of Michael over thousands of applicants. “They were all in love with Maxwell,” said Patricia Birch. “Robert and Allan saw him onstage without his clothes.\" Unlike co-star Pfeiffer, Caulfield's career followingGrease 2was damaged by the film's failure. He has been quoted as saying: \"BeforeGrease 2came out, I was being hailed as the nextRichard GereorJohn Travolta. However, whenGrease 2flopped, nobody would touch me. It felt like a bucket of cold water had been thrown in my face. It took me 10 years to get overGrease 2.\" With only a few television roles and small film appearances,Michelle Pfeiffer, then aged 23, was a relatively unknown actress when she attended the casting call audition for the role of Stephanie. Other actresses considered for the part includedLisa Hartman,Kristy McNichol,Andrea McArdle, and singerPat Benatar.Pfeiffer was a wild card choice, but according to Birch, she won the part because she \"has a quirky quality you don't expect.\"She later commented on being cast: That was really weird for me. I'd been taking singing lessons and I had taken dance, because I loved to dance, but I had never considered myself a professional at all. I went on this audition as a fluke, and somehow, through the process of going back and dancing, and then going back and singing, I ended up getting the part. I went crazy with that movie. I came to New York and the paparazzi were waiting at the hotel. I know the producers put them up to it. I am basically very private, and I'm really nervous about doing publicity. Every time I set up an interview, I say, \"That's it, this is my last one. I'll do this because I committed to doing it, but I'm never doing another one.\" It was insane. Lorna Luftwas the last star cast.The part played byConnie Stevenswas originally meant forAnnette Funicellobut she was unable to appear because her schedule asSkippy peanut butterspokeswomandid not allow her time to film the scene. Adrian Zmedhad previously played the role of Danny Zuko in the stage version ofGrease, a role he would later reprise in the 1990s. Filming Scenes at Rydell High School were filmed atExcelsior High School, a recently closed high school inNorwalk, California.Filming took place throughout a 58-day shooting schedule during the autumn of 1981.According to director Birch, the script was still incomplete when filming commenced.Sequences that were filmed but cut during post-production include scenes in which Frenchy helps Michael become a motorcycle rider, and a sequence at the end of the film showing Michael and Stephanie flying off into the sky on a motorcycle. In the film, after Stephanie wins the contest, it goes on to show the luau in the final scene. Originally, there were a few minutes dedicated to a scene in which Michael (believed to be dead in his alter ego, by Stephanie) comes out on stage as Stephanie is exiting the stage, unbeknownst to her that he is the cool rider and he is alive. He attempts to ask her what's wrong and she storms past him and runs off crying, then it cuts to the luau. There was a scene within the \"Who's that Guy?\" number in which Goose accidentally smashes Rhonda's nose at the Bowl-A-Rama door. None of these scenes have been shown since the film's release. Music Featured as background music at Rydell Sport Field: Featured as background music at the bowling alley: Featured at the beginning: Release Box office The sequel took in just over $15 million after coming at fifth on opening weekend behindE.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial,Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan,Rocky III, andPoltergeist. Caulfield said \"basically we just got blown off the map by that little movie by Spielberg.\" Critical response As of July 2022, onRotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of 35% based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's consensus read: \"Grease 2is undeniably stocked with solid songs and well-choreographed dance sequences, but there's no getting around the fact that it's a blatant retread of its far more entertaining predecessor.\"As of October 2020, onMetacriticit had a score of 52% based on reviews from 11 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Janet MaslinofThe New York Timescondemned the film as \"dizzy and slight, with an even more negligible plot than its predecessor had. This time the story can't even masquerade as an excuse for stringing the songs together. Songs? What songs? The numbers inGrease 2are so hopelessly insubstantial that the cast is forced to burst into melody about pastimes like bowling.\" Varietycommended the staging of the musical numbers, writing thatPatricia Birchhas come up with some unusual settings (a bowling alley, a bomb shelter) for some of the scenes, and employs some sharp montage to give most of the songs and dances a fair amount of punch.\" Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesgave the film 2 stars out of 4, saying: \"This movie just recyclesGrease, without the stars, without the energy, without the freshness and without the grease.\" Pfeiffer received positive notices for her first major role.The New York Timesreview cited her performance as the \"one improvement\" on the original film: \"Miss Pfeiffer is as gorgeous as anycover girl, and she has a sullen quality that's more fitting to aGreasecharacter thanMiss Newton-John's sunniness was.\"Varietywrote that she was \"all anyone could ask for in the looks department, and she fills Olivia Newton-John's shoes and tight pants very well.\"Pfeiffer told theLos Angeles Timesthree years later: That film was a good experience for me. It taught me a valuable lesson. Before it even came out the hype had started. Maxwell and I were being thrust down the public's throat in huge full page advertisements. There was no way we could live up to any of that and we didn't. So the crash was very loud. But it did teach me not to have expectations. Barry Dillerof Paramount said that the film \"on no level is as good as the first. The quality isn't there.\" Jim Jacobsdescribed it at the time as \"awful ... the pits.\"In an interview 27 years later, Jacobs noted thatGrease 2\"still brings a brief frown to his face.\" During an appearance forRotten Tomatoesto promote the filmTick, Tick... Boom!, actorAndrew Garfieldcited the film as one of his five favorite musicals, calling it \"great\". Accolades Pfeiffer was nominated for a 1983Young Artist Awardin the category of Best Young Motion Picture Actress. The film was nominated for aStinkers Bad Movie Awardsfor Worst Picture.Later on, the Stinkers would unveil their picks for the 100 worst films of the 20th century with their \"100 Years, 100 Stinkers\" list.Grease 2ranked in the listed bottom 20 at #13. The film was given a special screening at the 2021 online TCM Festival. Remakes The film's screenplay was adapted in theKannada(South India) feature filmPremaloka, starringRavichandranandJuhi Chawla, released in 1987, which went on to become a blockbuster. Plans for a third film In 2003,Olivia Newton-Johnconfirmed that a second sequel was being developed. \"They're writing it, and we'll see what happens. If the script looks good, I'll do it. But I haven't seen the script, and it has to be cleverly done.\"Newton-John died in 2022 before any such script was completed. In 2008, it was reported that Paramount was planning a new sequel toGreasethat would debutstraight to DVD.However, the project never came to fruition. In 2019, it was announced that a prequel to the original film entitledSummer Lovin'withJohn Augustattached to write the screenplay was in the works at Paramount. Stage musical The film was later adapted into a musical,Cool Rider, with the script re-written and modified for the stage. References Bibliography External links"
] | [
"Olivia Newton-John Dame Olivia Newton-JohnACDBE(26 September 1948 – 8 August 2022) was a British and Australian singer and actress.She was a four-timeGrammy Awardwinner whose music career included fifteen top-ten singles, including five number-one singles on theBillboardHot 100and two number-one albums on theBillboard200:If You Love Me, Let Me Know(1974) andHave You Never Been Mellow(1975). Eleven of hersingles(including twoPlatinum) and fourteen of heralbums(including two Platinum and four 2× Platinum) have beencertifiedGold by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). In 1978, Newton-John starred in themusical filmGrease, which was the highest-grossing musical film at the time and whosesoundtrackremains one of theworld's best-selling albums. It features two major hitduetswith co-starJohn Travolta: \"You're the One That I Want\"—which is one of thebest-selling singles of all time—and \"Summer Nights\". Her signature solo recordings include theRecord of the YearGrammy winner \"I Honestly Love You\" (1974)",
"Love You\" (1974) and \"Physical\" (1981)—Billboard's highest-ranking Hot 100 single of the 1980s. Other defininghit singlesinclude \"If Not for You\" and \"Banks of the Ohio\" (both 1971), \"Let Me Be There\" (1973), \"If You Love Me (Let Me Know)\" (1974), \"Have You Never Been Mellow\" (1975), \"Sam\" (1977), \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" (1978; also fromGrease), \"A Little More Love\" (1978), \"Twist of Fate\" (1983) and, from the 1980 filmXanadu, \"Magic\" and \"Xanadu\" (with theElectric Light Orchestra). With over 100 million records sold,Newton-John is one of thebest-selling music artistsof all time as well as the highest-selling female Australian recording artist of all-time. Newton-John, who had breast cancer three times, was an advocate and sponsor forbreast cancer research. In 2012, the Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre at theAustin Hospitalopened in her home town of Melbourne; in 2015, the facility was rechristened theOlivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre.She was also an activist",
"also an activist forenvironmentalandanimal rightscauses. Early life and family Olivia Newton-John was born on 26 September 1948inCambridgetoBrinley \"Bryn\" Newton-John(1914–1992) and Irene Helene (née Born; 1914–2003).Her father was born and raised inWalesto a middle-class family. Her mother was born and raised in Germany to a German Jewish academic family who came to the UK in 1933 to escape theNazi regime. Newton-John's maternal grandfather wasGerman JewishNobel Prize–winning physicistMax Born.Her maternal grandmother Hedwig was the daughter of German Jewish juristVictor Ehrenbergand his Lutheran wife, Helene Agatha von Jhering. Through Helene Agatha, Newton-John was a descendant of Protestant theologianMartin Luther. She was also descended from an unspecified Spanish monarch.Helene Agatha's own father, Newton-John's great-great-grandfather, was juristRudolf von Jhering. Newton-John's uncle was pharmacologistGustav Victor Rudolf Born. Through her Ehrenberg line, Newton-John was a third cousin of comedianBen",
"of comedianBen Elton. Newton-John's father was anMI5officeron theEnigmaproject atBletchley Parkwho tookRudolf Hessinto custody duringWorld War II.After the war, he became the headmaster of theCambridgeshire High School for Boysand was in this post when Newton-John was born. Newton-John was the youngest of three children, following her brother Hugh (1939–2019), a medical doctor, and her sister Rona (1941–2013), an actress who was married to restaurateur Brian Goldsmithand was later married to Newton-John'sGreaseco-starJeff Conaway(from 1980 until their divorce in 1985). She also had a half-brother, Toby, and a half-sister, Sarah, both of whom were born of her father's second marriage. In early 1954, when Newton-John was five, her family emigrated toMelbourne,Victoria, on theSSStrathaird.Her father worked as a professor of German and as the master ofOrmond Collegeat theUniversity of Melbourne.Her family attended church while her father served as the head of the Presbyterian college. Newton-John attended Christ",
"attended Christ Church Grammar School in the Melbourne suburb ofSouth Yarraand then theUniversity High SchoolinParkville. Career Career beginnings Newton-John went to primary school withDaryl Braithwaite, who also followed a singing career.At age 14, with three classmates, Newton-John formed a short-lived, all-girl group called Sol Four which often performed at a coffee shop owned by her brother-in-law. Newton-John originally wanted to become a veterinarian but then chose to focus on performance after doubting her ability to pass science exams. In 1964, Newton-John's acting talent was first recognised portraying Lady Mary Lasenby in herUniversity High School'sproduction ofThe Admirable Crichtonas she became the Young Sun's Drama Award best schoolgirl actress runner-up.She then became a regular on local Australian television shows, includingTime for TerryandHSV-7'sThe Happy Show, where she performed as \"Lovely Livvy\".She also appeared onThe Go!! Show,where she met her future duet partner, singerPat Carroll,",
"singerPat Carroll, and her future music producer,John Farrar. (Carroll and Farrar later married.) In 1965, she entered and won a talent contest on the television programSing, Sing, Sing,hosted by 1960s Australian iconJohnny O'Keefe. She performed the songs \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\" and \"Everything's Coming Up Roses\". She was initially reluctant to use her prize, a trip to Great Britain, but travelled there nearly a year later after her mother encouraged her to broaden her horizons. While in Britain, Newton-John missed her then-boyfriend,Ian Turpie,with whom she had co-starred in the 1965 Australian telefilmFunny Things Happen Down Under. She repeatedly booked trips back to Australia that her mother cancelled. In 1966, Newton-John recorded her first single, \"Till You Say You'll Be Mine\", in Britain forDecca Records. Newton-John's outlook changed when Pat Carroll moved to the UK. The two formed a duo called Pat and Olivia and toured nightclubs in Europe. (In one incident, they were booked atPaul Raymond's",
"atPaul Raymond's RevueinSoho, London, and were unaware that it was astrip clubuntil they began to perform onstage dressed primly in frilly high-collared dresses.)During this period, she and Carroll contributed backup vocals to recordings by a number of other artists, notably the song \"Come In, You'll Get Pneumonia\" bythe Easybeats. After Carroll's visa expired, Carroll was forced to return to Australia but Newton-John remained in Britain to pursue solo work. Newton-John was recruited for the group Toomorrow,formed by American producerDon Kirshner. In 1970, the group starred in the science fiction musicalToomorrowand recorded an accompanyingsoundtrack albumonRCA Records; both the LP and the movie were named after the group. That same year, the group made two single recordings: \"You're My Baby Now\"/\"Goin' Back\" and \"I Could Never Live Without Your Love\"/\"Roll Like a River\". Neither track became a chart success; the project failed and the group disbanded. 1971–1974: Early success In 1971, Newton-John released",
"released her first solo album,If Not for You(US No. 158 Pop). In the UK, the album was released asOlivia Newton-John. Thetitle track, written byBob Dylan, was her first international hit (US No. 25 Pop, No. 1Adult Contemporary/\"AC\").Her follow-up single, \"Banks of the Ohio\", was a top 10 hit in the UK and Australia, but only peaked at number 94 in the United States. She was voted Best British Female Vocalist two years in a row by the magazineRecord Mirror. She made frequent appearances onCliff Richard's weekly showIt's Cliff Richardand starred with him in the telefilmThe Case. Newton-John's 1972 single \"What Is Life\" (No. 34 AC) made minimal impact in the United States. As a result, her second studio albumOliviawas never formally issued in the United States. Subsequent single \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" similarly saw little success. Her fortune changed with the release of \"Let Me Be There\" in 1973. The song reached the American top 10 on the Pop (No. 6), Country (No. 7),and AC (No. 3) charts and earned her",
"and earned her aGrammyfor Best Country Femaleand an Academy of Country Music award for Most Promising Female Vocalist. Her third studio albumLet Me Be Therewas released in November 1973, retitledMusic Makes My Dayin Britain. The US and Canadian versions featured an alternate track list that mixed new cuts with selections fromOliviaand also recycled six songs fromIf Not for You, which was going out of print. In 1974, Newton-John represented the United Kingdom in theEurovision Song Contestwith the song \"Long Live Love\". The song was chosen for Newton-John by the British public out of six possible entries (Newton-John later admitted that she disliked the song).Newton-John finished fourth at the contest, held inBrighton, behind the Swedish winning entry, \"Waterloo\" byABBA. All six Eurovision contest song candidates—\"Have Love, Will Travel\", \"Lovin' You Ain't Easy\", \"Long Live Love\", \"Someday\", \"Angel Eyes\" and \"Hands Across the Sea\"—were recorded by Newton-John and included on herLong Live Lovealbum, her first",
"her first for theEMI Recordslabel. TheLong Live Lovealbum was released in the US and Canada asIf You Love Me, Let Me Know. All the Eurovision entries were dropped for different and more country-flavoured tunes intended to capitalise on the success of \"Let Me Be There\"; the North American offering used selections fromLong Live Love,OliviaandMusic Makes My Day, and only the title cut was new. The album reached No. 1 on both the pop (one week)and country (eight weeks) albums charts.If You Love Me, Let Me Know'stitle trackwas its first single and reached No. 5 Pop, No. 2 Country(her highest-peaking song on the chart) and No. 2 AC. The next single, \"I Honestly Love You\", became Newton-John's signature song. Written and composed byJeff BarryandPeter Allen,the ballad became her first Pop number-one (staying there for two weeks), second AC number-one (for three weeks) and third top 10 Country (No. 6) hit and earned Newton-John two moreGrammysfor Record of the Yearand Best Pop Vocal Performance – Female. In her 2018",
"Female. In her 2018 autobiography,Don't Stop Believin',Newton-John describes \"I Honestly Love You\" as a song which is \"so simple, with a meaning that was deeper than the ocean\".In 1974, she received the (BCMA) British Country Music Association Award for \"Female Vocalist of the Year\" in London, England. In the United States, Newton-John's success incountry musicsparked a debate among purists, who took issue with a foreigner singing country-flavoured pop music being classed with native Nashville artists.In addition to her Grammy for \"Let Me Be There\", in 1974 Newton-John was also named theCountry Music AssociationFemale Vocalist of the Year, a designation which made her the first British singer to have won the award;and the title also meant she defeated more established Nashville-based nomineesLoretta Lynn,Dolly PartonandTanya Tucker, as well as Canadian artistAnne Murray. This protest by country music participants led to the formation of the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers (ACE).Newton-John",
"(ACE).Newton-John was eventually supported by the country music community.Stella Parton, Dolly's sister, recorded \"Ode to Olivia\" and Newton-John recorded her 1976 album,Don't Stop Believin', inNashville, Tennessee. 1975–1977:Have You Never Been Mellow,Clearly Love, and continued success Encouraged by expatriate Australian singerHelen Reddy, Newton-John left the UK and moved to the US. Newton-John topped the Pop (one week) and Country (six weeks) albums charts with her next album,Have You Never Been Mellow. For 45 years, Olivia held theGuinness World Recordfor the shortest gap (154 days) by a female between new Number 1 albums (If You Love Me, Let Me Know > Have You Never Been Mellow) on the US Billboard 200 album charts untilTaylor Swiftin 2020 (140 days withfolklore>evermore). TheHave You Never Been Mellowalbum generated two singles – theJohn Farrar-pennedtitle track(No. 1 Pop, No. 3 Country,No. 1 AC)and \"Please Mr. Please\" (No. 3 Pop, No. 5 Country, No. 1 AC). Her pop career cooled with the release of her",
"the release of her next album,Clearly Love. Her streak of five consecutive gold top 10 singles on theBillboardHot 100ended when the album's first single, \"Something Better to Do\", stopped at No. 13 (also No. 19 Country and No. 1 AC). Her albums still achieved gold status, and she returned to the top ten of the Hot 100 andBillboard200charts again in 1978. Newton-John's singles continued to top the AC chart, where she amassed ten No. 1 singles, including a record seven consecutively: She provided a prominent, but uncredited, vocal onJohn Denver's \"Fly Away\" single, which was succeeded by her own single, \"Let It Shine\"/\"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\", at No. 1 on the AC chart. (\"Fly Away\" returned to No. 1 after the two-week reign of \"Let It Shine\".) In December, 1975, she appeared on the ABC specialJohn Denver - A Rocky Mountain Christmas, where she performed the duet of “Fly Away” with John, as well as “Let It Shine\". Newton-John also continued to reach the Country top 10 where she tallied seven top 10",
"seven top 10 singles through 1976's \"Come on Over\" (No. 23 Pop, No. 5 Country,No. 1 AC) (from the same-titledalbum)and six consecutive (of a career nine total) top 10 albums through 1976'sDon't Stop Believin'(No. 30 Pop, No. 7 Country).She headlined her first US television special,A Special Olivia Newton-John, in November 1976. In 1977, the single \"Sam\", a mid-tempowaltzfromDon't Stop Believin', returned her to the No. 1 spot on the AC (No. 40 Country) and also reached No. 20 Pop, her highest chart placement since \"Something Better to Do\". By mid-1977, Newton-John's pop, AC, and country success all suffered a slight blow. HerMaking a Good Thing Betteralbum (No. 34 Pop, No. 13 Country) was not certified gold, and its only single, the title track (No. 87 Pop, No. 20 AC), did not reach the AC top 10 or the Country chart. Later that year,Olivia Newton-John's Greatest Hits(No. 13 Pop, No. 7 Country) became her firstplatinum album. Newton-John was appointedOfficer of the Order of the British Empire(OBE) in the1979",
"in the1979 New Year HonoursandDame Commander of the Order of the British Empire(DBE) in the2020 New Year Honoursfor services to charity, cancer research, and entertainment. 1978–1979:GreaseandTotally Hot In 1978, Newton-John's career soared after she starred as Sandy in thefilm adaptationof the Broadway musicalGrease.She was offered the role after meeting producerAllan Carrat a dinner party atHelen Reddy's home.Disillusioned by herToomorrowexperience and concerned that she was too old to play a high school senior (she was 28 during the filming ofGrease), Newton-John insisted on ascreen testwith the film's co-lead,John Travolta.Newton-John previewed some of the film's soundtrack during her second American network television special,Olivia, featuring guestsABBAandAndy Gibb. Greasebecame the biggest box-office hit of 1978.The soundtrack albumspent 12 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 and yielded three Top 5 singles for Newton-John: the platinum \"You're the One That I Want\" (No. 1 Pop, No. 23 AC) with John",
"23 AC) with John Travolta, the gold \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" (No. 3 Pop, No. 20 Country, No. 7 AC) and the gold \"Summer Nights\" (No. 5 Pop, No. 21 AC) with John Travolta and the film's cast. Newton-John became the second woman (afterLinda Ronstadtin 1977) to have two singles—\"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" and \"Summer Nights\"—in theBillboardtop 5 simultaneously.The soundtrack is one of the best-selling soundtracks of all time.In June 2006, Newton-John's company ON-J Productions Ltd filed a lawsuit againstUniversal Music Group(UMG) for $1 million in unpaid royalties from theGreasesoundtrack.In 2007, it was announced that she and UMG had reached a \"conditional settlement\". Newton-John's performance earned her aPeople's Choice Awardfor Favourite Film Actress. She was nominated for aGolden Globeas Best Actress in a Musical and performed the Oscar-nominated \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\" at the 1979Academy Awards.The film's popularity has endured. It was re-released for its 20th anniversary in 1998and ranked as the",
"ranked as the second highest-grossing film behindTitanicin its opening weekend.Following her death in August 2022, AMC announced that the picture would reappear in some of its cinemas over the weekend and that a portion of the proceeds would go to breast cancer research. In November 1978, she released her next studio album,Totally Hot, which became her first solo top 10 (No. 7) album sinceHave You Never Been Mellow. Dressed on the cover all in leather, Newton-John capitalised on her character's look that was introduced at the end ofGrease;moreover,Totally Hot's singles—\"A Little More Love\" (No. 3 Pop, No. 94 Country, No. 4 AC), \"Deeper Than the Night\" (No. 11 Pop, No. 87 Country, No. 4 AC), and the title track (No. 52 Pop)—all demonstrated a more aggressive and uptempo sound for Newton-John.Although the album de-emphasised the country sound, the LP still reached No. 4 on the Country Albums chart. Newton-John released the B-side, \"Dancin' 'Round and 'Round\", of the \"Totally Hot\" single to Country radio. The",
"Country radio. The entry peaked at No. 29(as well as No. 82 Pop and No. 25 AC), and it became her last charted solo Country airplay single. Newton-John cancelled a 1978 concert tour of Japan to protest the slaughter of dolphins caught in tuna fishing nets. She subsequently rescheduled the tour when the Japanese government assured her that the practice was being curbed.In honor of dolphins, in 1981 she also composed and recorded the song \"The Promise (the Dolphin Song)\" on thePhysicalalbum. She was a performer on the 1979Music for UNICEF Concertfor the UN'sInternational Year of the Childtelevised worldwide. During the concert, artists performed songs for which they donated their royalties, some in perpetuity, to benefit the cause. Lawsuit against MCA Records In April 1975, Newton-John andMCAentered into an initial two-year, four-album deal in which she was expected to deliver two LPs a year for the record company. MCA also had the option of extending the contract for six more records and three more years; and",
"more years; and if the artist did not deliver on time, MCA was allegedly allowed to lengthen the term of the contract. Per her new agreement with MCA, Newton-John's first three albums, beginning withClearly Love, came out on schedule. Her fourth,Making a Good Thing Better, was late. This delay occurred around the same time she was working onGreaseforRSO Records, and the postponement arguably gave MCA—which seemed to want to keep its hold on the performer—the right to exercise its option, extend its contract, and stop her from signing with another enterprise. She also did not deliver a \"newly optioned\" album. On 31 May 1978, Newton-John and MCA each filed breach-of-contract actions against the other. Newton-John sued for $10 million and claimed that MCA's failure to adequately promote and advertise her product freed her from their agreement. MCA's countersuit requested $1 million in damages and an injunction against Newton-John working with another music firm. Ultimately, Newton-John was forbidden from",
"was forbidden from offering her recording services to another label until the five-year pact had run its course. The original covenant was not automatically extended, though she had not duly supplied the total sum of vinyls indicated in the contract. As a result of the lawsuit, record companies changed their contracts to be based on the number of albums recorded by a musician and not a specific number of years. 1980–1988:Physical,Soul Kiss, andThe Rumour Newton-John began 1980 by releasing \"I Can't Help It\" (No. 12 Pop, No. 8 AC), a duet withAndy Gibbfrom hisAfter Darkalbum, and by starring in her third television special,Hollywood Nights. Later that year, she appeared in her first film sinceGreasewhen she starred withGene KellyandMichael Beckin the musical fantasyXanadu. Although the film was a critical failure,its soundtrack(No. 4 Pop) was certified double platinum and scored five top 20 singles on theBillboardHot 100.Newton-John charted with \"Magic\" (No. 1 Pop, No. 1 AC), \"Suddenly\" withCliff Richard(No.",
"Richard(No. 20 Pop, No. 4 AC) and the title song \"Xanadu\" with theElectric Light Orchestra(No. 8 Pop, No. 2 AC). \"Magic\" was Newton-John's biggest pop hit to that point (four weeks at No. 1)and still ranks as the biggest AC hit of her career (five weeks at No. 1). The filmXanaduhas since become a cult classic and the basis for aBroadway showthat ran for more than 500 performances beginning in 2007 and was nominated for fourTony Awardsincluding Best Musical. In 1981, Newton-John released her most successful studio album, the double platinumPhysical, which strongly reinforced her image change by showcasing risqué, rock-oriented material. Newton-John explained: \"I just wasn't in the mood for tender ballads. I wanted peppy stuff because that's how I'm feeling.\"Of the title cut, Newton-John said: \"Roger Davieswas my manager at the time; he played it for me and I knew it was a very catchy song.\"The title track, written bySteve Kipnerand Terry Shaddick, spent ten weeks atop theBillboardHot 100.This matched the",
"matched the record at that time held byDebby Boone's \"You Light Up My Life\" for most weeks spent at No. 1 on the Hot 100. The single was certified platinum, and it ultimately ranked as the biggest song of the decade. (In 2008,Billboardranked the song No. 6 among all songs that charted in the 50-year history of the Hot 100.) \"Physical\" earned Newton-John her only placement ever on the R&B Singles (No. 28) and Albums (No. 32) charts. ThePhysicalalbum spawned two more singles, \"Make a Move on Me\" (No. 5 Pop, No. 6 AC)and \"Landslide\" (No. 52 Pop). The provocative lyrics of the \"Physical\" title track prompted twoUtahradio stations to ban the single from their playlists.(In 2010,Billboardmagazineranked this as the most popular single ever about sex.)To counter its overtly suggestive tone, Newton-John filmed an exercise-themed video that turned the song into anaerobicsanthem and madeheadbandsa fashion accessory outside the gym. She helped pioneer the music video industry by recording avideo albumforPhysical,",
"albumforPhysical, featuring videos of all the album's tracks and three of her older hits. The video album earned her a fourth Grammy and was aired as an ABC prime-time special,Let's Get Physical,becoming a top-10Nielsenhit. Newton-John asserted: \"Like everyone, I've got different sides of my personality. I've my dominant self, my need-to-be-dominated self, the sane Olivia and the crazy Olivia. Playing these different characters gave me a chance to show strange parts people haven't seen much.\" The success ofPhysicalled to an international tour and the release of her second hits collection, the double-platinumOlivia's Greatest Hits Vol. 2(No. 16 Pop), which yielded two more top-40 singles: \"Heart Attack\" (No. 3 Pop)and \"Tied Up\" (No. 38 Pop). The tour was filmed for herOlivia in Concerttelevision special, which premiered onHBOin January 1983. The special was subsequently released to video, earning Newton-John another Grammy nomination. Newton-John reteamed with Travolta in 1983 for the critically and",
"the critically and commercially unsuccessful movieTwo of a Kind,redeemed by its platinum soundtrack (No. 26 Pop) featuring \"Twist of Fate\" (No. 5 Pop),\"Livin' in Desperate Times\" (No. 31 Pop), and a new duet with Travolta, \"Take a Chance\" (No. 3 AC). Newton-John released another video package, the Grammy-nominatedTwist of Fate, featuring videos of her four songs on theTwo of a Kindsoundtrack and the two new singles fromOlivia's Greatest Hits Vol. 2. That same year Newton-John and Pat Farrar (formerly Pat Carroll) founded Koala Blue.The store, originally for Australian imports, evolved into a chain of women's clothing boutiques.The chain was initially successful, but it eventually declared bankruptcy and closed in 1992.Newton-John and Farrar were the targets of a multimillion-dollar lawsuit when Koala Blue franchise holders alleged breach of contract and unfair competition; agreeing with a motion citing insufficient evidence, a judge dismissed the case on summary judgment in 1993.Newton-John and Farrar later",
"and Farrar later licensed the brand name for a line of Australian wines. Newton-John, a supporter ofAustralian rules footballCarlton, performed theAustralian national anthemat the1986 VFL Grand Finalbetween Carlton andHawthorn. Newton-John's music career cooled again with the release of her next studio album, the goldSoul Kiss(No. 29 Pop),in 1985.The album's only charted single was the title track (No. 20 Pop, No. 20 AC).The video album forSoul Kissfeatured only five of the album's ten tracks (concept videos for the album's singles \"Soul Kiss\" and \"Toughen Up\" as well as performance videos of the tracks \"Culture Shock\", \"Emotional Tangle\" and \"The Right Moment\"). After a nearly three-year hiatus following the birth of her daughter Chloe in January 1986, Newton-John resumed her recording career with the 1988 albumThe Rumour. The album was promoted by an HBO special,Olivia Down Under. Its first single, the title track, was written and produced byElton John. Both the single (No. 62 Pop, No. 33 AC) and the album",
"AC) and the album (No. 67 Pop) faltered commerciallyas the nearly 40-year-old Newton-John seemed \"old\" when compared with the teen queensDebbie GibsonandTiffanyruling the pop charts at that time. (The album was praised by critics as more mature, with Newton-John addressing topics such asAIDS(\"Love and Let Live\"), the environment and single-parent households.) The second single, \"Can't We Talk It Over in Bed\", did not chart, but was released in 1989 byGrayson Hugh, the song's arranger, and became a top-20 pop hit as \"Talk It Over\". 1989–1998: Motherhood, cancer, and advocacy In September 1989, Newton-John released her self-described \"self-indulgent\" album,Warm and Tender, which reunited her with producer John Farrar, absent from her previous LP, and also marked a return to a more wholesome image. Inspired by her daughter, who appeared on the cover, the album featuredlullabiesand love songs for parents and their children.This album, the last one produced by Farrar, also failed to revive her recording career,",
"recording career, as the disc reached only No. 124 Pop. She was appointed a Goodwill ambassador to the United Nations Environment Programme. Newton-John's television work included starring in two Christmas films,A Mom for Christmas(1990) andA Christmas Romance(1994) – both top 10 Nielsen hits. Newton-John was primed for another comeback in 1992 when she compiled her third hits collection,Back to Basics: The Essential Collection 1971–1992, and planned her first tour since herPhysicaltrek ten years earlier. Shortly after the album's release, Newton-John was diagnosed with breast cancer, forcing her to cancel all publicity for the album, including the tour. She received her diagnosis the same weekend her father died. Newton-John recovered.In 1991, she became the National Spokesperson for the Colette Chuda Environmental Fund/CHEC (Children's Health Environmental Coalition)following the death fromWilms' tumourof five-year-old Colette Chuda, daughter of Newton-John's friend Nancy Chuda.Later, Newton-John became an",
"became an advocate forbreast cancerresearch and other health issues. She was a product spokesperson for the Liv-Kit, a breast self-examination product, and also founded her own cancer centre in her home town in Australia. Newton-John's cancer diagnosis also affected the type of music she recorded. In 1994, she releasedGaia: One Woman's Journey, which chronicled her ordeal. Co-produced by Newton-John for ONJ Productions,Gaiawas originally issued byFestivalin Australia but also distributed by various independent labels in Japan and Europe. In 2002, there was an American distribution byHip-O Records, and a subsequent re-release in 2012 by Green Hill featured an alternative cover photo.Gaiawas the first album on which Newton-John wrote all the music and lyrics herself, and this endeavour encouraged her to become more active as a songwriter thereafter. The single \"No Matter What You Do\" entered the Australian top 40, and the second single, the environmentally themed \"Don't Cut Me Down\", was also used in the",
"also used in the filmIt's My Party, a 1996 AIDS drama. The Latin-fuelled \"Not Gonna Give into It\" eventually became heavily showcased in concert performance; \"The Way of Love\" was featured in the telefilmA Christmas Romance,and \"Trust Yourself\" was incorporated into both the TV-movieThe Wilde Girlsand the theatrical filmSordid Lives. Newton-John was listed as president of theIsle of ManBasking sharkSociety between 1998 and 2005. 1998–2012: Later releases Newton-John continued to record and perform pop-oriented music as well. In 1998, she returned toNashvilleto recordBack with a Heart(No. 59 Pop).The album returned her to the top 10 (No. 9) on the Country Albums chart. Its first single was a re-recording of \"I Honestly Love You\" produced byDavid Fosterand featuringKenneth \"Babyface\" Edmondson background vocalsthat charted on the Pop (No. 67) and AC (No. 18) charts. Country radio dismissed the song, though it did peak at No. 16 on the Country Sales chart. The album track, \"Love Is a Gift\", won Newton-John a",
"won Newton-John a 1999Daytime Emmy Awardfor Outstanding Original Song after being featured on the daytime serial,As the World Turns. During October–December 1998, Newton-John,John FarnhamandAnthony Warlowperformed in The Main Event Tour.The albumHighlights from The Main Eventpeaked at No. 1 in December,was certified 4× platinum,won anARIA Awardfor Highest Selling Australian CD at the 1999 Awardsand was also nominated for Best Adult Contemporary Album.For the2000 Summer Olympics, Newton-John and Farnham re-teamed to perform \"Dare to Dream\" during theParade of Nationsat the Opening Ceremony.Broadcast of the ceremony was viewed by an estimated 3.5 billion people around the world. In December 1998, following a hiatus of about 16 years, Newton-John also resumed touring by herself and in 2000 released a solo CD,One Woman's Live Journey, her first live album since 1981'sLove Performance. In 2000, she appeared in a dramatically different role as Bitsy Mae Harling, a bisexual former-convict country singer, inDel",
"singer, inDel Shores'Sordid Lives.Newton-John reprised her role forSordid Lives: The Serieswhich aired one season on theLOGOtelevision network. The series featured five original songs written and composed by Newton-John specifically for the show.In 2000, she teamed withVince Gilland theLondon Symphony Orchestrafor'Tis the Seasonsold exclusively through Hallmark. The following year, she releasedThe Christmas Collection, which compiled seasonal music previously recorded for her Hallmark Christmas album, her appearance onKenny Loggins' 1999 TNN Christmas special and her contributions to theMother and ChildandSpirit of Christmasmulti-artist collections. Newton-John's subsequent albums were released primarily in Australia. In 2002, she released(2), a duets album featuring mostly Australian artists (Tina Arena,Darren Hayes, Jimmy Little, Johnny O'Keefe, Billy Thorpe andKeith Urban), as well as a \"duet\" with the deceasedPeter Allen. In addition,(2)offered a hidden 12th track, a samba version of \"Physical\" which",
"of \"Physical\" which Newton-John later performed occasionally in concert instead of the more rock-style original. The album's 2004 Japanese release includes the bonus track \"Let It Be Me\", a duet with Cliff Richard with whom she had previously been coupled on \"Suddenly\" andSongs from Heathcliff. In 2002, Newton-John was also inducted into Australia'sARIA Hall of Fame. Produced byPhil Ramoneand recorded at the Indigo Recording Studios in Malibu for ONJ Productions,Indigo: Women of Songwas released in October 2004 in Australia. The tribute album featured Newton-John covering songs by artists such asJoan Baez,the Carpenters,Doris Day,Nina SimoneandMinnie Riperton. She dedicated the album to her mother, who had died the previous year of breast cancer.Indigowas subsequently released in the UK in April 2005 and in Japan in March 2006. A rebranded and resequenced version calledPortraits: A Tribute to Great Women of Songwas eventually issued in the United States in 2011. In 2005, she releasedStronger Than Before,",
"Than Before, sold exclusively in the United States by Hallmark. This was her second exclusive album forHallmark Cardsafter her successful first Christmas albumTis the SeasonwithVince Gillfive years earlier. Proceeds from the album's sales benefited breast cancer research. The album featured the song \"Phenomenal Woman,\" based on the poem byMaya Angelou, and guest vocals fromDiahann Carroll,Beth Nielsen Chapman,Delta Goodrem,Amy Holland,Patti LaBelleandMindy Smith—all survivors of or affected by cancer. In 2006, Newton-John released a healing CD,Grace and Gratitude.The album was sold exclusively byWalgreens,also to benefit various charities includingY-ME National Breast Cancer Organization. The CD was the \"heart\" of theirBody – Heart – SpiritWellness Collection, which also featured a re-branded Liv-Kit and breast-health dietary supplements. In 2007, she re-teamed with herGrace and Gratitudeproducer,Amy Sky, forChristmas Wish(No. 187 Pop) which was sold exclusively byTargetin its first year of",
"its first year of release.Newton-John released another concert DVD,Olivia Newton-John and the Sydney Symphony:Live at the Sydney Opera Houseand a companion CD, her third live album titledOlivia's Live Hits. In 2008, she raised funds to help build the Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre inMelbourne, Australia. She led a three-week, 228 km walk along theGreat Wall of Chinaduring April, joined by various celebrities andcancer survivorsthroughout her trek.She released a companion CD,A Celebration in Song, the following month in Australia and later worldwide,featuring new and previously recorded duets by \"Olivia Newton-John & Friends\", includingJann Arden,Jimmy Barnes,John Farrar,Barry Gibb,Delta Goodrem,Sun Ho,Richard Marx,Cliff Richard,Melinda Schneider,Amy Sky, andKeith Urban. In 2008, Newton-John took part in theBBC WalesprogramComing Homeabout herWelshfamily history. Also, in 2008, Newton-John joined Anne Murray on Murray's last album, titledDuets: Friends & Legends. She sangGordon Lightfoot's hit",
"Lightfoot's hit \"Cotton Jenny\" with Murray. She re-recorded some tracks fromGrace and Gratitudein 2010 and re-released the album asGrace and Gratitude Renewedon the Green Hill music label. TheRenewedCD includes a new track, \"Help Me to Heal\", not featured on the original album. Newton-John was featured in UniGlobe Entertainment's breast cancer docu-drama,1 a Minute, released in October 2010.The documentary was made by actressNamrata Singh Gujraland featured other celebrities who had survived breast cancer or who were affected by the disease. During the same month,Bluewater Productionsreleased a comic book featuring Newton-John to coincide withBreast Cancer Awareness Month. In 2010, Newton-John starred in the filmScore: A Hockey Musical, released in Canada.She portrayed Hope Gordon, the mother of a home-schooled hockey prodigy. The film opened the2010 Toronto International Film Festival. Newton-John guest-starred as herself in the sitcomsNed and Stacey,Murphy BrownandBetteand also made two appearances as",
"two appearances as herself onGlee. For her firstGleeappearance, Newton-John recreated her \"Physical\" video with series regularJane Lynch.The performance was released as a digital single which peaked at number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 in May 2010.In Australia, Newton-John hosted the animal and nature seriesWild Lifeand guest-starred as Joanna on two episodes of the Australian seriesThe Man From Snowy River. In January 2011, Newton-John began filming the comedyA Few Best Menin Australia with directorStephan Elliott, in the role of mother of the bride. The groom is played byXavier Samuel. 2012–2022: Vegas residency and final releases Newton-John was actively touring and doing concerts from 2012 to 2017 and also performed a handful of shows in 2018.Her dates forA Summer Night with Olivia Newton-Johneven included stops in Asia and Canada and culminated in a rare concert appearance in London in 2013. Her March 2013 UK trek also encompassed Bournemouth, Brighton, Birmingham, Manchester and Cardiff, Wales. In",
"Cardiff, Wales. In November 2012, Newton-John teamed with John Travolta to make the charity albumThis Christmas, in support of The Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre and the Jett Travolta Foundation. Artists featured on the album include:Barbra Streisand,James Taylor,Chick Corea,Kenny G,Tony Bennett,Cliff Richardand theCount Basie Orchestra. A 2013 residency at theFlamingo Las Vegaswas postponed due to the May 2013 death of her elder sister, Rona (aged 72), from a brain tumour. Newton-John resumed performing, doing 45 shows beginning in April 2014.Along with the Vegas shows, Newton-John released a new EP in April 2014 entitledHotel Sessions, which consisted of seven tracks of unreleased demos that were recorded between 2002 and 2011 with her nephewBrett Goldsmith. The CD contains a cover of \"Broken Wings\" as well as the popular-with-fans original \"Best of My Love\", which had leaked on the internet many years prior. Her Vegas stay was eventually extended beyond August 2014,and herSummer",
"2014,and herSummer Nightsresidency finished in December 2016 after 175 shows.Her successful three-year run even prompted a fourth live album,Summer Nights: Live in Las Vegas(2015). In 2015, Newton-John also reunited with John Farnham for a joint venture calledTwo Strong Hearts Live. In 2015, Newton-John was a guest judge onan episodeofRuPaul's Drag Race. That same year, she scored her first number-one single onBillboard'sDance Club Songschart with \"You Have to Believe\" with daughter Chloe and producerDave Audé. The song was a re-imagining of her 1980 single \"Magic\", which she noted was to celebrate both the 35th anniversary ofXanaduand as a dedication to her daughter. About the latter, Newton-John stated: \"I met Chloe's dad on the set ofXanadu;so, without that film, Chloe wouldn't be here. She was the real 'magic' that came out of that film!\"The song became the first mother-daughter single to reach No. 1 on theBillboardDance Club Play chart. In2015, Newton-John was inducted into theMusic Victoria Hall of",
"Victoria Hall of Fame. In 2017, she collaborated with two North American singer-songwriters,Beth Nielsen ChapmanandAmy Sky, on a joint concert tour entitled Liv On after co-producing a 2016CD by the same name. On 7 May 2019, Newton-John's elder brother Hugh, a doctor, died at age 80;his death left Newton-John as the sole surviving sibling from the original family. In recognition for \"her work as an entertainer and philanthropist\", she was bestowed Australia's highest honour, theCompanion of the Order of Australia, in June 2019. In December 2019, Newton-John and Travolta also re-teamed for three live Meet 'n' Greasesing-along events in the Florida cities ofTampa,West Palm BeachandJacksonville.Subsequently, a sing-along re-broadcast ofGreaseaired on CBS Television. In February 2020, Newton-John appeared at theFire Fight Australiacharity event. This was her final public performance. In January 2021, Newton-John released her final single, \"Window in the Wall\", a duet about unity which she recorded with her",
"recorded with her daughter Chloe Lattanzi. The music video for the song peaked at No. 1 on theiTunespop music video chart the week of its release. In the media On 2 November 2019,Julien's Auctionsauctioned hundreds of memorabilia items from Newton-John's career. The sale raised $2.4 million. Newton-John'sGreaseoutfit garnered $405,700; her pants and jacket were purchased separately by two different billionaires.Sara Blakely, founder ofSpanx, bought Newton-John's black skintight pants fromGreasefor $162,000.The anonymous buyer who acquired her famousGreaseleather jacket for $243,200 (£185,000) returned the item to her and said: \"It should not sit in a billionaire's closet for country-club bragging rights The odds of beating a recurring cancer using the newest emerging therapies is a thousandfold greater than someone appearing out of the blue, buying your most famous and cherished icon, and returning it to you.\" All proceeds were donated to her Cancer Wellness and Research Centre in Australia. Musical legacy",
"Musical legacy Newton-John's first boyfriend,Ian Turpie, once said of her early appearances: \"In those days she had a small voice, but it was very pure. She could sing prettily in tune....The improvement in her singing since she went to England has been remarkable. She told meShirley Basseyhas been a big influence on her. After hearing Bassey, she worked at developing her head voice to sound like a chest voice, the way Bassey uses hers. The power she's developed is amazing\". Michael Dwyer of theSydney Morning Heraldmaintains that following Newton-John's career was like watching \"our slightly older and braver sister growing up in public\" and her passing \"feels today like a lost member of the family\".Rachel Syme ofThe New Yorkeralso suggests that her familial, down-to-earth demeanor and humanity may have even superseded her singing accomplishments: \"Her most lasting legacy might be as the rare celebrity who was almost universally well liked, and thought of as an essentially kind and warmhearted person\". Her",
"person\". Her musical abilities on their own merits were also impressive. In her 1982Olivia in Concertperformance ofDolly Parton's \"Jolene,\" Newton-John showcases a down-falling note range covering three octaves. (Much later, Newton-John and Parton recorded a duet of \"Jolene,\"which was not formally released until after Newton-John's death.)In her memoir, Newton-John describes herself as \"not a power singer but more of an interpretive one\";and author Lauren O'Neill concurs: \"She sang with clarity and precision, her high notes bright and open like a window on a summer morning, but her voice was never clinical – a sultry purr, euphoric cry or breathy gasp seemed always available to her....Her vocal is clean and soaring, but to hear it is to be right down in the dirt with Sandy too; to feel, and perhaps even identify with, her total frustration with herself. As she slides between notes while singing 'I'm out of my head,' she shows us her emotional freefall as well as telling us about it.\" Long before and after",
"before and after the career summit ofGrease, Newton-John proved herself to be a fairly versatile performer, lending her instrument to everything from sentimental ballads and New Age soul searching to lively dance productions and rock & soul fervor.Maura JohnstonofVultureassesses: \"Newton-John was a regular chart-topper...throughout the '70s, her lithe soprano adapting well to the soft pop sound\" of the era with \"AM Goldstaples and tracks from the folk and country world...As it turned out, Newton-John's voice was pretty well suited to the spiky dance pop that would become popular in the early 1980s\" too.However, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of theLos Angeles Timesoffers a counterpoint on her career decline in the mid-1980s: \"Hardness never was Newton-John's comfort zone, though, and the 1980s were a much harder decade than the 1970s. The inherent warmth of 1970s studio sessions gave way to the cold, synthesized gleam of the 1980s, a sterile sound that suited her well only once: the candied faux-new wave of 'Twist",
"wave of 'Twist of Fate'\", produced byDavid Foster.Johnston further maintains: \"Her pop heyday transcended any attempts to musically pigeonhole her\"; and by the time she stopped having many new hits, \"her musical legacy ... had been pretty well solidified.\" Newton-John's work has inspired many other female vocalists, includingJuliana Hatfield,Lisa Loeb,Kylie Minogue,Delta Goodrem,Natalie MainesandAlanis Morissette.Pinkstaged a commemorative Newton-John cover during the 2022American Music Awards.At the2022 ARIA Music Awards, a special tribute in her honour featured performances byNatalie Imbruglia,Peking DukandTones and I. Personal life Relationships In the mid-1960s, Newton-John dated Australian actor and singerIan Turpie, her co-star in the 1965 musical filmFunny Things Happen Down Under.They met in 1963 when Turpie attended the coffee shop where Newton-John's group Sol Four performed.The relationship continued until she returned to England in 1966. In 1968, Newton-John was engaged to but never marriedBruce",
"never marriedBruce Welch, one of her early producers and co-writer of her hit \"Please Mr. Please\".In 1972, Newton-John ended her relationship with Welch, who subsequently attempted suicide. In 1973, while vacationing on theFrench Riviera, Newton-John met British businessman Lee Kramer, who became both her new boyfriend and manager.Newton-John lived with Kramer on and off and they stayed a couple until 1979; she called their turbulent pairing \"one long breakup\".Kramer subsequently returned to England and married. He also managed vocalistKrishna Das. Kramer died in 2017. Newton-John married her long-time, live-in partner, actorMatt Lattanzi, in December 1984.The pair had met in 1980 while filmingXanadu. They announced their separation in April 1995, and they divorced in 1996.According toPeoplemagazine, people close to the twosome cited the disparity between her spiritual interests and his more earthly ones as a key factor in the dissolution. The couple remained friends. Their daughter,Chloe Rose, was born in",
"Rose, was born in January 1986. Newton-John metgaffer/cameramanPatrick McDermottsoon after her divorce from Lattanzi. They dated on and off for nine years. McDermott vanished during a 2005 fishing trip off the Californian coast.Newton-John was in Australia at her Gaia Retreat & Spa at the time of McDermott's disappearance.AUnited States Coast Guardinvestigation, based on then-available evidence and released in 2008, \"suggest McDermott was lost at sea\",with a friend telling investigators McDermott had appeared sad though not despondent after their breakup.In April 2010, a private investigator, hired by an American television program, claimed that McDermott is alive and had faked his death for a life insurance payout – but did not provide proof beyond their own statement that they were confident.Unsubstantiated claims have been made, particularly in Australian tabloids, that McDermott is living in Mexico. In 1993, Newton-John met John Easterling, founder and president of the Amazon Herb Company, which he",
"Company, which he started in 1990 and sold to TriVita, Inc., in 2012.Also known as \"Amazon John\", Easterling is an eco-entrepreneur who initially marketed rainforest botanicals and currently owns and operates Happy Tree Microbes, which offers natural plant performance products.When Newton-John and Easterling first met, they were both married to other people. In 2007, they started dating and married in anIncanspiritual ceremony inPeruon 21 June 2008, followed by a legal ceremony nine days later (30 June 2008) onJupiter Island, Florida. Residences and citizenship Although principally raised in Australia, Newton-John remained a British subject throughout her childhood. She initially pursued Australian citizenship in 1981 with an application that Prime MinisterMalcolm Fraserwas asked to expedite.However, she finally became an Australian citizen in 1994. In 1973, Newton-John purchased a modest one-bedroom flat in northwest London. After relocating from England to the United States in late 1974, Newton-John set up",
"Newton-John set up residence inMalibu, California, where for 35 years she owned various real estate, including a horse ranch and several beachfront properties. In June 2009, Newton-John and her second husband, John Easterling, purchased a new $4.1 million home inJupiter Inlet, Florida.In 2013, while renovations were being done on the property and the couple was not there, a contractor named Christopher Pariseleti committed suicide on the estate, which at the time was up for sale.Following the death on the premises, Newton-John and Easterling bought a nearby condo;their larger home lingered on and off the market for two years but was eventually sold in 2015 to a Swedish advertising executive for $5.1 million. In 2015, the couple purchased a $5.3 million, 12-acre horse ranch in theSanta Ynez ValleyoutsideSanta Barbara. In 2019, Newton-John sold her 187-acre Australian farm, which she had owned for nearly 40 years and is located nearByron Bayin New South Wales.The Dalwood estate sold for $4.6 million; in 1980,",
"million; in 1980, Newton-John had paid $622,000 for the property, which had additional land adjoined in both 1983 and in 2002. Newton-John was also partial owner of Byron Bay's Gaia Retreat & Spa, which was founded in 2005 and sold in 2021 for $30 million to the investment firm of Tattarang. When asked in 2017 whether she considered herself to be a British, Australian or American citizen, she said, \"I am still Australian.\"In December 2019, upon being given the title of Dame, she expressed her thanks by stating: \"As a girl born in Cambridge , I am very proud of my British ancestry and so appreciative to be recognised in this way by the United Kingdom.\" Illness and death In May 2017, it was announced that Newton-John's breast cancer had returned andmetastasisedto her lower back.Her back pains had initially been diagnosed assciatica.She subsequently revealed this was actually her third bout with breast cancer, as she did have a recurrence of the disease in 2013 in addition to her initial 1992 diagnosis.With the",
"diagnosis.With the 2017 recurrence, the cancer had spread to her bones and progressed tostage IV.Newton-John experienced significant pain from the metastatic bone lesions and had spoken of usingcannabis oilto ease her pain. She was an advocate for the use ofmedical cannabis;her daughter Chloe owns a cannabis farm in Oregon. Newton-John died on 8 August 2022, at the age of 73, at her home in the Santa Ynez Valley of California.Tributes were paid byJohn Travolta,Barbra Streisand, Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand many other celebrities.As a mark of respect, Melbourne and Sydney lit up many of their landmarks. In September 2022, Newton-John's family held a \"small and very private\" memorial service in California for the singer, who asked to be cremated and have her ashes scattered in Byron Bay, on her Santa Ynez ranch and \"in other places that I love\". TheState of Victoriaoffered Newton-John's family a state funeral, which her nieceTottie Goldsmithaccepted.Newton-John's Australian memorial service,",
"memorial service, hosted byDavid Campbell, was held on 26 February 2023 atHamer Hall in Melbourneand included eulogies from her widower and daughter; a testimonial to her strength of character, optimism and magnanimity by television personalityRichard Wilkins; montages of her career, family life and wellness centre; a medley of her hits performed byDelta Goodrem, and pre-recorded video tributes fromElton John,Mariah Carey,Barry Gibb,Dolly PartonandNicole Kidman. Awards and honours Discography Filmography Television Tours Headlining Co-headlining Residency show See also References Further reading External links",
"Grease 2 Grease 2is a 1982 Americanmusicalromantic comedyfilm, and astandalone sequelto the1978 filmGrease, adapted from the 1971musical of the same namebyJim JacobsandWarren Casey. Originally titledMore Grease, the film was produced byAllan CarrandRobert Stigwood, and directed and choreographed byPatricia Birch, who choreographed the original stage production and prior film. The plot returns to Rydell High School two years after the original film'sgraduation, with a largely new cast, led byMaxwell CaulfieldandMichelle Pfeifferin her first starring role. The film was released in United States theaters on June 11, 1982, and grossed $15 million against a production budget of $11 million, a far cry from its predecessor's $132 million domestic box office. Despitebreakthrough rolesfor Pfeiffer,Adrian Zmed, andChristopher McDonald, the film received mostly negative reviews from critics. Despite this,Grease 2maintains a devoted fan base decades after its release. Plot It is 1961, three years after the events ofthe",
"the events ofthe prior film, and the first day of school has arrived (\"Alma Mater\" fromthe original stage musical). Principal McGee and her secretary, Blanche, react as the students—including the laid-back,ruffianT-Birds, and their trendy, “bad-girl” counterparts, the Pink Ladies—arrive at high school (\"Back to School Again\"). The Pink Ladies are now led by Stephanie Zinone, who feels she has \"outgrown\" her relationship with her ex-boyfriend Johnny Nogerelli, the arrogant,chauvinistic(and rather immature) bully leader of themotorcycle-riding T-Birds. A new arrival comes in the form of clean-cut British student Michael Carrington (a cousin of Sandy Olsson fromthe previous film). He is introduced to the school atmosphere by former Pink Lady Frenchy, who agreed to help show Michael around. Frenchy has returned to Rydell to obtain her diploma so she can start her own cosmetics company (as preluded with “Beauty School Dropout” in the previous film). Michael eventually meets Stephanie, and quickly becomes smitten",
"becomes smitten with her. At the localbowling alley, a game (\"Score Tonight\") turns sour from the animosity between Johnny and Stephanie. Stephanie retaliates by kissing the next man who walks in the door, who happens to be Michael. Bemused by this unexpected kiss, Michael falls in love with Stephanie. He asks her out, but learns she has a very specific vision of her ideal man (\"Cool Rider\"). After realizing how he can win her affection, Michael gets to work on acquiring a motorcycle. Michael begins to covertly accept payments from the T-Birds to write theirterm papersand uses the cash to buy a motorcycle. Substitute teacher Mr. Stuart leads a rousing biology lesson (\"Reproduction\"). A rival gang called the Cycle Lords (including members of the defunct Scorpions), led by Leo Balmudo, surprises the T-Birds at the bowling alley. Before a fight ensues, a lone, mysterious “Cool Rider” biker appears (actually Michael, in disguise), defeats the enemy gang, and disappears into the night (\"Who's That Guy?\").",
"That Guy?\"). Stephanie is fascinated with this stranger. Meanwhile, T-Bird Louis attempts to trick his sweetheart, Pink Lady Sharon, into losing her virginity to him by taking her to afallout shelterand faking anuclear attack(\"Let's Do It for Our Country\"). The next evening while working at a gas station/auto garage, Stephanie is surprised again by the Cool Rider, and they enjoy a romantic twilight motorcycle ride, which includes a kiss. Just as Michael is about to reveal his identity, they are interrupted by the arrival of the T-Birds and Pink Ladies. Before Michael departs, he tells Stephanie that he will see her at the schooltalent show. Johnny, enraged by Stephanie's new romance, threatens to fight the Cool Rider if he sees him with her again. The Pink Ladies walk away haughtily, but this has little effect on the T-Birds' self-confidence (\"Prowlin'\"). At school, Stephanie's poor grades in English lead her to accept Michael's offer of help. Johnny, upon seeing them together in a discussion, demands that",
"demands that Stephanie quit the Pink Ladies to preserve his honor. Although still enchanted by the mysterious Cool Rider, interactions with Michael reveal that she has become romantically interested in him now, as well. Michael ponders over the continuing charade he is putting on for Stephanie (\"Charades\"). At the talent show, Stephanie and the Cool Rider meet up but are abruptly ambushed by the T-Birds, who pursue Michael on their respective motorcycles, with Stephanie, Sharon, Paulette, and Rhonda following in a car. They chase him to a construction site which conceals a deadly drop, and the biker's absence suggests that he has gone over the edge and perished, leaving Stephanie heartbroken and inconsolable. Johnny and his T-Birds remove the competing Preptones –preppieboys – by tying them to a shower pole in the boys' locker room and drenching them. During the Pink Ladies' performance in the talent show (\"Girl for All Seasons\"), Stephanie enters a dreamlike, fantasy world, where she is reunited with her",
"reunited with her mystery biker (\"(Love Will) Turn Back the Hands of Time\"). She is named winner of the contest, and crowned the Queen of the upcoming graduationluau; likewise, Johnny is hailed as King for his performance of \"Prowlin'\", along with his fellow T-Birds. The school year ends with the luau (\"Rock-a-Hula Luau (Summer Is Coming)\"), during which the Cycle Lords appear and begin to disrupt the celebration. The Cool Rider then reappears, defeats the Cycle Lords again, and reveals his true identity as Michael. Initially shocked, Johnny gives him a T-Birds jacket, officially welcoming him into the gang, and Stephanie is delighted that she can now be with him. Michael and Stephanie share a passionate kiss, and he whispers that he loves her. All the couples pair-off happily, as the graduating class sings (\"We'll Be Together\"). The credits start rolling inyearbook-style, as in the original film (\"Back to School Again\"). Cast Principal cast Lead roles The T-Birds The Pink Ladies Reprising roles fromGrease",
"roles fromGrease Supporting cast Production Development Greaseco-producerAllan Carrhad a deal withParamount Picturesto be paid $5 million to produce a sequel, with production beginning within three years of the original film. Carr decided to hirePatricia Birchas director for the sequel, as she had previously served as the choreographer for the stage and film versions ofGrease. Birch was initially hesitant to accept after learning that neither composersJim JacobsandWarren CaseynorJohn TravoltaandOlivia Newton-Johnwould be involved in the film.Bronte Woodard, the writer who adapted the original stage material for the original film, had died in 1980, and Canadian comicKen Finkleman(who was also writing and directingAirplane IIat the same time) was tasked with penning a new script mostly from scratch. The total budget for the production was $11.2 million, almost double the budget of the original.Birch's approach to the material was to hew closer to the original, grittier stage productions from whichGreasecame;",
"whichGreasecame; she had resisted changes made to the original film (largely made at Newton-John's behest) but was overruled. Grease 2was intended to be the second film (and first sequel) in a proposedGreasefranchise of four films and a television series. (The third and fourth films were to take place in the 1960s and during thecountercultureera.) However, the projects were scrapped due to the underwhelming box office performance ofGrease 2.Maxwell Caulfieldwas unhappy with the film's \"drab\" title, and unsuccessfully lobbied to change it toSon of Grease. Casting Birch proposed an idea to feature Travolta and Newton-John reprising their characters as a now married couple running a gas station near the end of the film, with Travolta to sing a new number \"Gas Pump Jockey;\"this did not come to fruition.Newton John rejected the offer to return, as she was more interested in doingXanadu.Paramount tried to getJeff ConawayandStockard Channingfrom the first film to do cameos but this did not happen (Channing, by then",
"(Channing, by then 37 years old, had left Hollywood for a time in the early 1980s to focus on her stage career).Early plans forGrease 2had Conaway and Channing's characters, Kenickie and Rizzo, as main characters while they attendedsummer school,which would have culminated in the two getting married. Andy Gibbwas screen tested to play the male lead but this proved unsatisfactory.At one stageTimothy Huttonwas announced as the male lead,and Carr later claimed afterGrease 2was released \"Hutton came, sang, and danced in my living room. He had done Guys and Dolls in college, and that’s who I wanted and preferred. But they didn’t consider him sexy enough.” Maxwell Caulfieldwas cast after impressing producers off-Broadway inEntertaining Mr. Sloane. Having seen his performances,Allan Carroffered Caulfield the role of Michael over thousands of applicants. “They were all in love with Maxwell,” said Patricia Birch. “Robert and Allan saw him onstage without his clothes.\" Unlike co-star Pfeiffer, Caulfield's career",
"Caulfield's career followingGrease 2was damaged by the film's failure. He has been quoted as saying: \"BeforeGrease 2came out, I was being hailed as the nextRichard GereorJohn Travolta. However, whenGrease 2flopped, nobody would touch me. It felt like a bucket of cold water had been thrown in my face. It took me 10 years to get overGrease 2.\" With only a few television roles and small film appearances,Michelle Pfeiffer, then aged 23, was a relatively unknown actress when she attended the casting call audition for the role of Stephanie. Other actresses considered for the part includedLisa Hartman,Kristy McNichol,Andrea McArdle, and singerPat Benatar.Pfeiffer was a wild card choice, but according to Birch, she won the part because she \"has a quirky quality you don't expect.\"She later commented on being cast: That was really weird for me. I'd been taking singing lessons and I had taken dance, because I loved to dance, but I had never considered myself a professional at all. I went on this audition as a fluke,",
"as a fluke, and somehow, through the process of going back and dancing, and then going back and singing, I ended up getting the part. I went crazy with that movie. I came to New York and the paparazzi were waiting at the hotel. I know the producers put them up to it. I am basically very private, and I'm really nervous about doing publicity. Every time I set up an interview, I say, \"That's it, this is my last one. I'll do this because I committed to doing it, but I'm never doing another one.\" It was insane. Lorna Luftwas the last star cast.The part played byConnie Stevenswas originally meant forAnnette Funicellobut she was unable to appear because her schedule asSkippy peanut butterspokeswomandid not allow her time to film the scene. Adrian Zmedhad previously played the role of Danny Zuko in the stage version ofGrease, a role he would later reprise in the 1990s. Filming Scenes at Rydell High School were filmed atExcelsior High School, a recently closed high school inNorwalk, California.Filming took place",
"took place throughout a 58-day shooting schedule during the autumn of 1981.According to director Birch, the script was still incomplete when filming commenced.Sequences that were filmed but cut during post-production include scenes in which Frenchy helps Michael become a motorcycle rider, and a sequence at the end of the film showing Michael and Stephanie flying off into the sky on a motorcycle. In the film, after Stephanie wins the contest, it goes on to show the luau in the final scene. Originally, there were a few minutes dedicated to a scene in which Michael (believed to be dead in his alter ego, by Stephanie) comes out on stage as Stephanie is exiting the stage, unbeknownst to her that he is the cool rider and he is alive. He attempts to ask her what's wrong and she storms past him and runs off crying, then it cuts to the luau. There was a scene within the \"Who's that Guy?\" number in which Goose accidentally smashes Rhonda's nose at the Bowl-A-Rama door. None of these scenes have been shown since the",
"shown since the film's release. Music Featured as background music at Rydell Sport Field: Featured as background music at the bowling alley: Featured at the beginning: Release Box office The sequel took in just over $15 million after coming at fifth on opening weekend behindE.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial,Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan,Rocky III, andPoltergeist. Caulfield said \"basically we just got blown off the map by that little movie by Spielberg.\" Critical response As of July 2022, onRotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of 35% based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's consensus read: \"Grease 2is undeniably stocked with solid songs and well-choreographed dance sequences, but there's no getting around the fact that it's a blatant retread of its far more entertaining predecessor.\"As of October 2020, onMetacriticit had a score of 52% based on reviews from 11 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Janet MaslinofThe New York Timescondemned the film as \"dizzy and",
"film as \"dizzy and slight, with an even more negligible plot than its predecessor had. This time the story can't even masquerade as an excuse for stringing the songs together. Songs? What songs? The numbers inGrease 2are so hopelessly insubstantial that the cast is forced to burst into melody about pastimes like bowling.\" Varietycommended the staging of the musical numbers, writing thatPatricia Birchhas come up with some unusual settings (a bowling alley, a bomb shelter) for some of the scenes, and employs some sharp montage to give most of the songs and dances a fair amount of punch.\" Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesgave the film 2 stars out of 4, saying: \"This movie just recyclesGrease, without the stars, without the energy, without the freshness and without the grease.\" Pfeiffer received positive notices for her first major role.The New York Timesreview cited her performance as the \"one improvement\" on the original film: \"Miss Pfeiffer is as gorgeous as anycover girl, and she has a sullen quality that's",
"quality that's more fitting to aGreasecharacter thanMiss Newton-John's sunniness was.\"Varietywrote that she was \"all anyone could ask for in the looks department, and she fills Olivia Newton-John's shoes and tight pants very well.\"Pfeiffer told theLos Angeles Timesthree years later: That film was a good experience for me. It taught me a valuable lesson. Before it even came out the hype had started. Maxwell and I were being thrust down the public's throat in huge full page advertisements. There was no way we could live up to any of that and we didn't. So the crash was very loud. But it did teach me not to have expectations. Barry Dillerof Paramount said that the film \"on no level is as good as the first. The quality isn't there.\" Jim Jacobsdescribed it at the time as \"awful ... the pits.\"In an interview 27 years later, Jacobs noted thatGrease 2\"still brings a brief frown to his face.\" During an appearance forRotten Tomatoesto promote the filmTick, Tick... Boom!, actorAndrew Garfieldcited the film as one of",
"the film as one of his five favorite musicals, calling it \"great\". Accolades Pfeiffer was nominated for a 1983Young Artist Awardin the category of Best Young Motion Picture Actress. The film was nominated for aStinkers Bad Movie Awardsfor Worst Picture.Later on, the Stinkers would unveil their picks for the 100 worst films of the 20th century with their \"100 Years, 100 Stinkers\" list.Grease 2ranked in the listed bottom 20 at #13. The film was given a special screening at the 2021 online TCM Festival. Remakes The film's screenplay was adapted in theKannada(South India) feature filmPremaloka, starringRavichandranandJuhi Chawla, released in 1987, which went on to become a blockbuster. Plans for a third film In 2003,Olivia Newton-Johnconfirmed that a second sequel was being developed. \"They're writing it, and we'll see what happens. If the script looks good, I'll do it. But I haven't seen the script, and it has to be cleverly done.\"Newton-John died in 2022 before any such script was completed. In 2008, it was",
"In 2008, it was reported that Paramount was planning a new sequel toGreasethat would debutstraight to DVD.However, the project never came to fruition. In 2019, it was announced that a prequel to the original film entitledSummer Lovin'withJohn Augustattached to write the screenplay was in the works at Paramount. Stage musical The film was later adapted into a musical,Cool Rider, with the script re-written and modified for the stage. References Bibliography External links"
] |
Since the turn of the 21st century, there has only been one year in which the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction has not been awarded. Among the finalists that year, one novel was published posthumously. The author of this posthumous publication is best known for a different novel published 15 years prior. The opening lines of this book later inspired a song by a band. The name of this band can be determined with the following calculation: find the age of the author on January 1 of the year the latter book was published, add four, and subtract the sum from the year this author was a Pulitzer Prize finalist. The name of this band was inspired by yet another book. What is the name of this book and its author? | On the Road by Jack Kerouac | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Jest#Adaptations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_1975 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Jest#Adaptations', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_1975'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Jest#Adaptations",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_1975"
] | [
"Pulitzer Prize for Fiction ThePulitzer Prize for Fictionis one of the seven AmericanPulitzer Prizesthat are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year. As thePulitzer Prize for the Novel(awarded 1918–1947), it was one of the original Pulitzers; the program wasinauguratedin 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year(no Novel prize was awarded in 1917, the first one having been granted in 1918). The name was changed to thePulitzer Prize for Fictionin 1948, and eligibility was expanded to also includeshort stories,novellas,novelettes, and poetry, as well as novels. Finalists have been announced since 1980, usually a total of three. Definition As defined in the original Plan of Award, the prize was given \"Annually, for the American novel published during the year which shall best present the wholesome atmosphere of American life, and the highest standard of American manners and manhood,\" although there was some struggle over whether the wordwholesomeshould be used instead ofwhole, the word Pulitzer had written in his will.In 1927, the advisory board quietly instituted Pulitzer's word choice, replacingwholesomewithwhole. With 1929 came the first of several much more substantive changes. The board changed the wording to \"preferably one which shall best present the whole atmosphere of American life\" and deleted the insistence that the novel portray \"the highest standard of American manners and manhood\". In 1936, emphasis was changed again, with the award going to \"a distinguished novel published during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life\". In 1948, the advisory board widened the scope of the award with the wording \"For distinguished fiction published in book form during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life.\"This change allowed the prize to go to a collection of short stories for the first time, James Michener'sTales of the South Pacific. Winners In 31 years under the \"Novel\" name, the prize was awarded 27 times; in its first 76 years to 2023 under the \"Fiction\" name, 69 times. There have been 11 years during which no title received the award. It was shared by two authors for the first time in 2023.Since this category's inception in 1918, 31 women have won the prize. Four authors have won two prizes each in the Fiction category:Booth Tarkington,William Faulkner,John Updike, andColson Whitehead. Because the award is for books published in the preceding calendar year, the \"Year\" column links to the preceding year in literature. 1910s to 1970s 1980s to 2020s Entries from this point on include the finalists listed for each year. Repeat winners Four writers to date have won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction multiple times, one nominally in the novel category and two in the general fiction category.Ernest Hemingwaywas selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned with no award given that year. Authors with multiple nominations 5 Nominations 4 Nominations 3 Nominations 2 Nominations Notes References Further reading External links",
"David Foster Wallace David Foster Wallace(February 21, 1962 – September 12, 2008) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and university professor of English andcreative writing. Wallace's 1996 novelInfinite Jestwas cited byTimemagazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.His posthumous novel,The Pale King(2011), was a finalist for thePulitzer Prize for Fictionin 2012. TheLos Angeles Times's David Ulin called Wallace \"one of the most influential and innovative writers of the last twenty years\". Wallace grew up in Illinois and attendedAmherst College. He taught English atEmerson College,Illinois State University, andPomona College. After struggling withdepressionfor many years,he died bysuicidein 2008, at age 46. Early life and education David Foster Wallace was born inIthaca, New York, to Sally Jean Wallace (néeFoster) andJames Donald Wallace.The family moved toChampaign-Urbana, Illinois, where he was raised along with his younger sister, Amy Wallace-Havens.His father was a philosophy professor at theUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.His mother was an English professor atParkland College, a community college in Champaign, which recognized her work with a \"Professor of the Year\" award in 1996.From fourth grade, Wallace lived with his family inUrbana, where he attended Yankee Ridge Elementary School, Brookens Junior High School andUrbana High School. As an adolescent, Wallace was a regionally ranked juniortennisplayer. He wrote about this period in the essay \"Derivative Sport in Tornado Alley\", originally published inHarper's Magazineas \"Tennis, Trigonometry, Tornadoes\". Although his parents wereatheists, Wallace twice attempted to join theCatholic Church, but \"flunk the period of inquiry\". He later attended aMennonitechurch. Wallace attendedAmherst College, his father's alma mater, where he majored in English and philosophy and graduatedsumma cum laudein 1985. Among other extracurricular activities, he participated inglee club; his sister recalls that he \"had a lovely singing voice\".In studying philosophy, Wallace pursuedmodal logicand mathematics, and presented in 1985 a senior thesis in philosophy and modal logic that was awarded the Gail Kennedy Memorial Prize and posthumously published asFate, Time, and Language: An Essay on Free Will(2010). Wallace adapted his honors thesis in English as the manuscript of his first novel,The Broom of the System(1987),and committed to being a writer. He toldDavid Lipsky: \"WritingThe Broom of the System, I felt like I was using 97 percent of me, whereas philosophy was using 50 percent.\"Wallace completed aMaster of Fine Artsdegree in creative writing at theUniversity of Arizonain 1987. He moved to Massachusetts to attend graduate school in philosophy atHarvard University, but soon left the program. Later life In 2002, Wallace met the painterKaren L. Green, whom he married on December 27, 2004. Wallace struggled with depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, and suicidal tendencies, and was repeatedly hospitalized for psychiatric care. In 1989, he spent four weeks atMcLean Hospital—a psychiatric institute inBelmont, Massachusetts, affiliated with Harvard Medical School—where he completed a drug and alcohol detoxification program. He later said his time there changed his life. Dogs were important to Wallace,and he spoke of opening a shelter for stray canines.According to his friendJonathan Franzen, he \"had a predilection for dogs who'd been abused, and unlikely to find other owners who were going to be patient enough for them\". Abuse allegations In the early 1990s, Wallace was in a relationship with writerMary Karr. She later described Wallace as obsessive about her and said the relationship was volatile, with Wallace once throwing a coffee table at her as well as physically forcing her out of a car, leaving her to walk home.Years later, she claimed that Wallace's biographer D. T. Max underreported Wallace's abuse. Of Max's account of their relationship, she tweeted: \"That's about 2% of what happened.\" She said that Wallace kicked her, climbed up the side of her house at night, and followed her five-year-old son home from school. Work Career The Broom of the System(1987) garnered national attention and critical praise. InThe New York Times,Caryn Jamescalled it a \"manic, human, flawed extravaganza ... emerging straight from the excessive tradition ofStanley Elkin'sThe Franchiser,Thomas Pynchon'sV., John Irving'sWorld According to Garp\". In 1991, Wallace began teaching literature as an adjunct professor atEmerson Collegein Boston. The next year, at the suggestion of colleague and supporterSteven Moore, Wallace obtained a position in theEnglishdepartment atIllinois State University. He had begun work on his second novel,Infinite Jest, in 1991, and submitted a draft to his editor in December 1993. After the publication of excerpts throughout 1995, the book was published in 1996. In 1997, Wallace received aMacArthur Fellowship. He also received theAga Khan Prize for Fiction, awarded by editors ofThe Paris Reviewfor one of the stories inBrief Interviews with Hideous Men, which had been published in the magazine. In 2002, Wallace moved toClaremont, California, to become the firstRoy E. Disneyendowed Professor of Creative Writing and Professor of English atPomona College.He taught one or two undergraduate courses per semester and focused on writing. Wallace delivered the commencement address to the 2005 graduating class atKenyon College. The speech was published as a book,This Is Water, in 2009.In May 2013, parts of the speech were used in a popular online video, also titled \"This Is Water\". Bonnie Nadell was Wallace's literary agent during his entire career.Michael Pietsch was his editor onInfinite Jest. Wallace died in 2008. In March 2009,Little, Brown and Companyannounced that it would publish the manuscript of an unfinished novel,The Pale King, that Wallace had been working on before his death. Pietsch pieced the novel together from pages and notes Wallace left behind.Several excerptswere published inThe New Yorkerand other magazines.The Pale Kingwas published on April 15, 2011, and received generally positive reviews.Michiko Kakutani ofThe New York Timeswrote thatThe Pale King\"showcases embrace of discontinuity; his fascination with both the meta and the microscopic, postmodern pyrotechnics and old-fashioned storytelling; and his ongoing interest in contemporary America's obsession with self-gratification and entertainment.\"The book was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. Throughout his career, Wallace published short fiction in periodicals such asThe New Yorker,GQ,Harper's Magazine,Playboy,The Paris Review,Mid-American Review,Conjunctions,Esquire,Open City,Puerto del Sol, andTimothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern. Themes and styles Wallace wanted to progress beyond theironyandmetafictionassociated withpostmodernismand explore apost-postmodernormetamodernstyle. In the essay \"E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction\" (written 1990, published 1993),he proposed that television has an ironic influence on fiction, and urged literary authors to eschew TV's shallow rebelliousness: I want to convince you that irony, poker-faced silence, and fear of ridicule are distinctive of those features of contemporary U.S. culture (of which cutting-edge fiction is a part) that enjoy any significant relation to the television whose weird, pretty hand has my generation by the throat. I'm going to argue that irony and ridicule are entertaining and effective, and that, at the same time, they are agents of a great despair and stasis in U.S. culture, and that, for aspiring fictionists, they pose terrifically vexing problems. Wallace used many forms of irony, but tended to focus on individual persons' continued longing for earnest, unself-conscious experience and communication in a media-saturated society. Wallace's fiction combines narrative modes and authorial voices that incorporate jargon and invented vocabulary, such as self-generated abbreviations and acronyms, long, multi-clausesentences, and an extensive use of explanatoryendnotesand footnotes, as inInfinite Jestand the story \"Octet\" (collected inBrief Interviews with Hideous Men), and most of his non-fiction after 1996. In a 1997 interview onCharlie Rose, Wallace said that the notes were to disrupt the linear narrative, to reflect his perception of reality without jumbling the narrative structure, and that he could have jumbled the sentences \"but then no one would read it\". D. T. Max has described Wallace's work as an \"unusual mixture of the cerebral and the hot-blooded\",often featuring multiple protagonists and spanning different locations in a single work. His writing comments on the fragmentation of thought,the relationship between happiness and boredom, and the psychological tension between the beauty and hideousness of the human body.According to Wallace, \"fiction's about what it is to be a fucking human being\", and he said he wanted to write \"morally passionate, passionately moral fiction\" that could help the reader \"become less alone inside\".In his Kenyon College commencement address, Wallace described the human condition as daily crises and chronic disillusionment and warned against succumbing tosolipsism,invoking the existential values of compassion and mindfulness: The really important kind of freedom involves attention, and awareness, and discipline, and effort, and being able truly to care about other people and to sacrifice for them, over and over, in myriad petty little unsexy ways, every day. ... The only thing that's capital-T True is that you get to decide how you're going to try to see it. You get to consciously decide what has meaning and what doesn't. ... The trick is keeping the truth up-front in daily consciousness. Nonfiction Wallace covered SenatorJohn McCain's2000 presidential campaignand theSeptember 11 attacksforRolling Stone;cruise ships(in what became the title essay of his first nonfiction book),state fairs, andtornadoesforHarper's Magazine; theUS Opentournament forTennismagazine;Roger FedererforThe New York Times;the directorDavid Lynchand thepornography industryforPremièremagazine; thetennisplayerMichael JoyceforEsquire; the movie-special-effects industry forWaterstone'smagazine; conservative talk radio hostJohn ZieglerforThe Atlantic;and aMainelobster festival forGourmetmagazine.He also reviewed books in several genres for theLos Angeles Times,The Washington Post,The New York Times, andThe Philadelphia Inquirer. In the November 2007 issue ofThe Atlantic, which commemorated the magazine's 150th anniversary, Wallace was among the authors, artists, politicians and others who wrote short pieces on \"the future of the American idea\". These and other essays appear in three collections,A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again,Consider the Lobsterand the posthumousBoth Flesh and Not, the last of which contains some of Wallace's earliest work, including his first published essay, \"Fictional Futures and the Conspicuously Young\".Wallace's tennis writing was compiled into a volume titledString Theory: David Foster Wallace on Tennis, published in 2016. Some writers have found parts of Wallace's nonfiction implausible.Jonathan Franzenhas said that he believes Wallace made up dialogue and incidents: \"those things didn't actually happen\".Of the essays \"Shipping Out\" and \"Ticket to the Fair\", John Cook has remarked that in Wallace's nonfiction: Wallace encounters pitch-perfect characters who speak comedically crystalline lines and place him in hilariously absurd situations...I used both stories as examples of the inescapable temptation to shave, embellish, and invent narratives. Death Wallace's father said that David had suffered frommajor depressive disorderfor more than 20 years and thatantidepressantmedication had allowed him to be productive.Wallace suffered what was believed to be a severe interaction of the medication with the food he had eaten one day at a restaurant,and in June 2007, on his doctor's advice, he stopped takingphenelzine, his primary antidepressant drug.His depression recurred, and he tried other treatments, includingelectroconvulsive therapy. Eventually he went back on phenelzine but found it ineffective.On September 12, 2008, at age 46, Wallace wrote a private two-page suicide note to his wife, arranged part of the manuscript forThe Pale King, and hanged himself on the back porch of his house in Claremont, California. Memorial gatherings were held at Pomona College,Amherst College, the University of Arizona, Illinois State University, and on October 23, 2008, at New York University (NYU). Theeulogistsat NYU included his sister, Amy Wallace-Havens; his literary agent, Bonnie Nadell;Gerry Howard, editor of his first two books;Colin Harrison, an editor atHarper's Magazine; Michael Pietsch, editor ofInfinite Jestand later works; Deborah Treisman, fiction editor atThe New Yorkermagazine; and the writersDon DeLillo,Zadie Smith,George Saunders, Mark Costello,Donald Antrim, andJonathan Franzen. Legacy In March 2010, it was announced that Wallace's personal papers and archives—drafts of books, stories, essays, poems, letters, and research, including the handwritten notes forInfinite Jest—had been purchased by theUniversity of Texas at Austin. They are held at that university'sHarry Ransom Center. Since 2011,Loyola University New Orleanshas offered English seminar courses on Wallace. Similar courses have also been taught atHarvard University.The first David Foster Wallace Conference was hosted by theIllinois State UniversityDepartment of English in May 2014; the second was held in May 2015. In January 2017, the International David Foster Wallace Society and theJournal of David Foster Wallace Studieswere launched. Among the writers who have cited Wallace as an influence areDave Eggers,Jonathan Franzen,Rivka Galchen,Matthew Gallaway,David Gordon,John Green,Porochista Khakpour,George Saunders,Michael Schur,Zadie Smith,Darin Strauss,Deb Olin Unferth,Elizabeth Wurtzel,andCharles Yu. Adaptations Film and television A feature-length film adaptation ofBrief Interviews with Hideous Men, directed byJohn Krasinskiwith an ensemble cast, was released in 2009 and premiered at theSundance Film Festival. The 19th episode of the 23rd season ofThe Simpsons, \"A Totally Fun Thing That Bart Will Never Do Again\" (2012), is loosely based on Wallace's essay \"Shipping Out\" from his 1997 collection,A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again. The Simpson family takes a cruise, and Wallace appears in the background of a scene, wearing a tuxedo T-shirt while eating in the ship's dining room. The 2015 filmThe End of the Touris based on conversationsDavid Lipskyhad with Wallace, transcribed inAlthough of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself(2010).Jason Segelplayed Wallace, andJesse EisenbergLipsky. The film won an Audience Award for Best Narrative Feature at theSarasota Film Festival,and Segel was nominated for theIndependent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead. \"Partridge\", a Season 5 episode ofNBC'sParks and Recreation, repeatedly referencesInfinite Jest, of which the show's co-creator,Michael Schur, is a noted fan. Schur also directed the music video forThe Decemberists' \"Calamity Song\", which depicts the Eschaton game fromInfinite Jest. Stage and music adaptations Twelve of the interviews fromBrief Interviews with Hideous Menwere adapted as a stage play in 2000 by Dylan McCullough. This was the first theatrical adaptation of Wallace's work. The play,Hideous Men, was also directed by McCullough, and premiered at theNew York International Fringe Festivalin August 2000. Brief Interviewswas also adapted by director Marc Caellas as a play,Brief Interviews with Hideous Writers, which premiered at Fundación Tomás Eloy Martinez inBuenos Aireson November 4, 2011.In 2012 it was adapted as a play by artistAndy Holdenfor a two-night run at theICAin London. The short story \"Tri-Stan: I Sold Sissee Nar to Ecko\", fromBrief Interviews with Hideous Men, was adapted by composerEric Moeinto a 50-minute operatic piece, to be performed with accompanying video projections.The piece was described as having \"subversively inscribed classical music into pop culture\". Infinite Jestwas performed once as a stage play by Germany's experimental theaterHebbel am Ufer. The play was staged in various locations throughoutBerlin, and the action took place over a 24-hour period. \"Good Old Neon\", fromOblivion: Stories, was adapted and performed by Ian Forester at the 2011Hollywood Fringe Festival, produced by the Los Angeles independent theater company Needtheater. The song \"Surrounded by Heads and Bodies\", from the albumA Brief Inquiry into Online RelationshipsbyThe 1975, borrows its title from the opening line ofInfinite Jest.Matty Healy, The 1975's lead singer, said in an interview withPitchforkthat he was inspired by the novel after reading it during a stint in rehabilitation: I was reading when I was in rehab. There was no one there. It was me and my nurses, who'd come in and check on me, and then Angela , miles away. I was surrounded by no one, and the book was just open on the front page, as most copies ofInfinite Jestare ... nobody reads all the way! Everyone our age has got a battered, quarter-read copy ofInfinite Jest. Bibliography Novels Short story collections Nonfiction collections Other books Awards and honors See also References Sources External links Biographical Portals",
"Infinite Jest Infinite Jestis a 1996 novel by American writerDavid Foster Wallace. Categorized as anencyclopedic novel,Infinite Jestis featured inTimemagazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005. The novel has an unconventionalnarrative structureand includes hundreds of extensiveendnotes, some with footnotes of their own. A literary fiction bestseller after having sold 44,000 hardcover copies in its first year of publication,the novel has since sold more than a million copies worldwide. Development Wallace beganInfinite Jest, \"or something like it\", at various times between 1986 and 1989. His efforts in 1991–92 were more productive;by the end of 1993, he had a working draft of the novel. From early 1992 until the novel's publication, excerpts from various drafts appeared sporadically in magazines and literary journals includingHarvard Review,Grand Street,Conjunctions,Review of Contemporary Fiction,Harper's Magazine,The Iowa Review,The New Yorkerand theLos Angeles Times Magazine. The book was edited by publisher Little, Brown and Company's Michael Pietsch. Pietsch made suggestions and recommendations to Wallace, but every editing decision was Wallace's. He accepted cuts amounting to around 250 manuscript pages from his original submission. He resisted many changes for reasons that he usually explained. The novel gets its name fromHamlet, Act V, Scene 1, in whichHamletholds the skull of the court jester,Yorick, and says, \"Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him,Horatio: a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy: he hath borne me on his back a thousand times; and now, how abhorred in my imagination it is!\" Wallace's working title forInfinite JestwasA Failed Entertainment. Setting In the novel's future world, the United States, Canada, and Mexico together compose a unified North Americansuperstateknown as the Organization of North American Nations, or O.N.A.N. (an allusion toonanism). Corporations are allowed the opportunity to bid for and purchase naming rights for each calendar year, replacing traditional numerical designations with ostensibly honorary monikers bearing corporate names. Although the narrative is fragmented and spans several \"named\" years, most of the story takes place during \"The Year of theDepend Adult Undergarment\" (Y.D.A.U.). On the orders of U.S. President Johnny Gentle (a \"clean freak\" who campaigned on the platform of cleaning up the US while ensuring that no American would be caused any discomfort in the process), much of what used to be thenortheastern United Statesandsoutheastern Canadahas become a gianthazardous wastedump, an area \"given\" to Canada and known as the \"Great Concavity\" by Americans due to the resulting displacement of the border. Plot There are several major interwoven narratives, including: These narratives are connected via a film,Infinite Jest, also called \"the Entertainment\" or \"thesamizdat\". The film is so compelling that its viewers lose all interest in anything other than repeatedly viewing it, and thus eventually die. It was James Incandenza's final work. He completed it during a period of sobriety that was insisted upon by its lead actress, Joelle van Dyne. The Québécois separatists seek a replicable master copy of the work to aid in acts of terrorism against the United States. The United States Office of Unspecified Services (O.U.S.) aims to intercept the master copy to prevent mass dissemination and the destabilization of the Organization of North American Nations, or else to find or produce an anti-entertainment that can counter the film's effects. Joelle seeks treatment for substance abuse problems at Ennet House. A.F.R. member (and possible O.U.S. double agent) Rémy Marathe visits Ennet House, aiming to find Joelle and a lead to the master copy of \"the Entertainment\". Major characters The Incandenza family The Enfield Tennis Academy Ennet House Drug and Alcohol Recovery House Les Assassins des Fauteuils Rollents Les Assassins des Fauteuils Rollents (A.F.R.), the Wheelchair Assassins, are a Québécois separatist group. (The use of \"rollents\" where \"roulants\" would be correct is in keeping with other erroneous French words and phrases in the novel.) They are one of many such groups that developed after the United States coerced Canada and Mexico into joining the Organization of North American Nations (O.N.A.N.), but the A.F.R. is the most deadly and extremist. While other separatist groups are willing to settle for nationhood, the A.F.R. wants Canada to secede from O.N.A.N. and to reject America's forced gift of its polluted \"Great Concavity\" (or, Hal and Orin speculate, is pretending that those are its goals to put pressure on Canada to let Quebec secede). The A.F.R. seeks the master copy ofInfinite Jestas a terrorist weapon to achieve its goals. The A.F.R. has its roots in a childhood game in which miners' sons would line up alongside a train track and compete to be the last to jump across the path of an oncoming train, a game in which many were killed or rendered legless (hence the wheelchairs). Only one miner's son ever (disgracefully) failed to jump—Bernard Wayne, who may be related to E.T.A.'s John Wayne. Québécoise Avril's liaisons with John Wayne, and with A.F.R.'s Guillaume DuPlessis and Luria Perec,suggest that Avril may have ties to the A.F.R. as well. There is also evidence linking E.T.A. prorector Thierry Poutrincourt to the group. Other recurring characters These characters cross between the major narrative threads: Style Infinite Jestis apostmodernencyclopedic novel, famous for its length, detail and digressions involving 388 endnotes, some of which themselves have footnotes.It has also been calledmetamodernistandhysterical realist. Wallace's \"encyclopedic display of knowledge\"incorporatesmedia theory, linguistics, film studies, sport, addiction, science, and issues of national identity. The book is often humorous yet exploresmelancholydeeply. The novel's narration mostly alternates betweenthird-personlimited and omniscient points of view, but also includes severalfirst-personaccounts. Eschewing chronological plot development and straightforward resolution—a concern often mentioned in reviews—the novel supports a wide range of readings. At various times Wallace said that he intended for the novel's plot to resolve, but indirectly; responding to his editor's concerns about the lack of resolution, he said \"the answers all , but just past the last page\".Long after publication Wallace maintained this position, stating that the novel \"does resolve, but it resolves ... outside of the right frame of the picture. You can get a pretty good idea, I think, of what happens\".Critical reviews and a reader's guide have provided insight, but Stephen Burn notes that Wallace privately conceded toJonathan Franzenthat \"the story can't fully be made sense of\". In an interview withCharlie Rose, Wallace characterized the novel's heavy use of endnotes as a method of disrupting the linearity of the text while maintaining some sense of narrative cohesion.In a separate interview onMichael Silverblatt's radio showBookworm, Wallace said the plotting and notes had a fractal structure modeled after theSierpiński gasket. Themes The novel touches on many topics, including addiction (to drugs, but also to sex and fame), withdrawal, recovery, death, family relationships, absent or dead parents, mental health, suicide, sadness, entertainment,film theory,media theory,linguistics, science,Quebec separatism,national identity, andtennisas ametaphysicalactivity. Literary connections Infinite Jestdraws explicitly or allusively on many previous works of literature. As its title implies, the novel is in part based on the playHamlet. Enfield Tennis Academy corresponds toDenmark, ruled by James (King Hamlet) and Avril (Queen Gertrude). When James dies, he is replaced by Charles (Claudius), the uncle of Avril's gifted son Hal (Prince Hamlet). As in the play, the son's task is to fight incipient mental breakdown in order to redeem his father's reputation. Another link is to theOdyssey, wherein the sonTelemachus(Hal) has to grow apart from his dominating motherPenelope(Avril) and discover the truth about his absent fatherOdysseus(James). (That pattern is also reproduced in the novelUlysses, set in a realistic version ofDublinpopulated by a wide range of inhabitants, just asInfinite Jestis mostly in a realistic Boston with a varied population.) In one scene, Hal, on the phone with Orin, says that clipping his toenails into a wastebasket \"now seems like an exercise in telemachry.\" Orin then asks whether Hal meant telemetry. Christopher Bartlett has argued that Hal's mistake is a direct reference to Telemachus, who for the first four books of theOdysseybelieves that his father is dead. Links toThe Brothers Karamazovhave been analyzed by Timothy Jacobs, who sees Orin representing the nihilistic Dmitri, Hal standing for Ivan and Mario the simple and goodAlyosha. The film so entertaining that its viewers lose interest in anything else has been likened to theMonty Pythonsketch \"The Funniest Joke in the World\", as well as to \"theexperience machine\", a thought experiment byRobert Nozick. Critical reception Infinite Jestwas marketed heavily, and Wallace had to adapt to being a public figure. He was interviewed in national magazines and went on a 10-city book tour. Publisher Little, Brown equated the book's heft with its importance in marketing and sent a series of cryptic teaser postcards to 4,000 people, announcing a novel of \"infinite pleasure\" and \"infinite style\".Rolling Stonesent reporterDavid Lipskyto follow Wallace on his \"triumphant\" book tour—the first time the magazine had sent a reporter to profile a young author in 10 years.The interview was never published in the magazine but became Lipsky'sNew York Times-bestselling bookAlthough of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself(2010), of which the 2015 movieThe End of the Touris an adaptation. Early reviews contributed toInfinite Jest's hype, many of them describing it as a momentous literary event.According toBook Marks, the book received \"rave\" reviews based on 11 critic reviews, with eight \"raves\" and three \"positive\". In theReview of Contemporary Fiction,Steven Moorecalled the book \"a profound study of the postmodern condition\".In 2004,Chad Harbachwrote that, in retrospect,Infinite Jest\"now looks like the central American novel of the past thirty years, a dense star for lesser work to orbit\".In a 2008 retrospective,The New York Timescalled the book \"a masterpiece that's also a monster—nearly 1,100 pages of mind-blowing inventiveness and disarming sweetness. Its size and complexity make it forbidding and esoteric.\" Timemagazine included the novel in its list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005. As Wallace'smagnum opus,Infinite Jestis at the center of the new discipline of \"Wallace Studies\", which, according toThe Chronicle of Higher Education, \"... is on its way to becoming a robust scholarly enterprise.\" Not all critics were as laudatory. Some early reviews, such asMichiko Kakutani's inThe New York Times, were mixed, recognizing the inventiveness of the writing but criticizing the length and plot. She called the novel \"a vast, encyclopedic compendium of whatever seems to have crossed Wallace's mind.\"In theLondon Review of Books,Dale Peckwrote of the novel, \"... it is, in a word, terrible. Other words I might use include bloated, boring, gratuitous, and—perhaps especially—uncontrolled.\"Harold Bloom,Sterling ProfessorofHumanitiesatYale University,called it \"just awful\" and written with \"no discernible talent\" (in the novel, Bloom's own work is called \"turgid\").In a review of Wallace's work up to the year 2000,A. O. Scottwrote ofInfinite Jest, \"he novel'sPynchonesqueelements...feel rather willed and secondhand. They are impressive in the manner of a precocious child's performance at a dinner party, and, in the same way, ultimately irritating: they seem motivated, mostly, by a desire to show off.\" Some critics have since qualified their initial stances. In 2008, A. O. Scott calledInfinite Jestan \"enormous, zeitgeist-gobbling novel that set his generation's benchmark for literary ambition\" and Wallace \"the best mind of his generation\".James Woodhas said that he regrets his negative review: \"I wish I'd slowed down a bit more with David Foster Wallace.\"Infinite Jestis one of the recommendations in Kakutani's bookEx Libris: 100 Books to Read and Reread. Adaptations PlaywrightKen Campbellworked on an adaptation ofInfinite Jestfor the Millennium. His concept was to have 1,000 performers who each paid $23 to take part in the event, which would last a week. It did not come to fruition. German theatrical companyHebbel am Uferproduced a 24-houravant-gardeopen-air theatre adaptation in 2012. Infinite Jestwas adapted inFinnishfor radio and broadcast in six episodes byYlein January 2023. In popular culture Translations Infinite Jesthas been translated: See also References Further reading In-depth studies Interviews External links",
"The 1975 The 1975are an Englishpop rockband formed inWilmslow, Cheshirein 2002.The band consists ofMatty Healy(lead vocals, guitar, primary songwriter), Adam Hann (lead guitar), Ross MacDonald (bass), andGeorge Daniel(drums, primary producer).The band's name was inspired by a page of scribblings found in Healy's copy ofOn the RoadbyJack Kerouacthat was dated \"1 June, The 1975\". The band members met in secondary school and first performed together as teenagers in 2002, before professionally releasing music in 2012 under the independent labelDirty Hit.From 2012 to 2013, they opened for several major acts and released a series of extended plays—Facedown,Sex,Music for Cars, andIV—before releasing their UK chart-toppingself-titled debut album(2013), which included the popular singles \"Sex\", \"Chocolate\", and \"Robbers\". All of the band's albums hitNo. 1 in the United Kingdomand charted in theBillboard200, garnering critical praise and appearing in numerous publications' year-end and decade-end lists. Their second album,I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It(2016), also reached No. 1 in the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand and its box set received a nomination forBest Boxed or Special Limited Edition Packageat the59th Grammy Awards.The band's third album,A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships(2018), received widespread acclaim and wonBritish Album of the Yearat the2019 Brit Awardswith its single \"Give Yourself a Try\" earning a nomination forBest Rock Songat the62nd Annual Grammy Awards.It was followed byNotes on a Conditional Form(2020) andBeing Funny in a Foreign Language(2022) with the latter receiving a nomination for British Album of the Year at the2023 Brit Awards. Rolling Stonestated that the band has been at \"the forefront of modernpop rock\" since their debut, withBillboarddeclaring them \"the most ambitious pop-rock band of their generation\".Pitchforkhas described them as a \"band of friends\" who \"ascended from scrappyemo rockersto global superstars\".Entertainment Weeklyhas characterised them as \"British Phenoms,\"NMEhas proclaimed them as \"Art PopHeroes,\" and theBBChas called them “Modern Pop Icons”. They have receivedseveral awards and nominationsincluding fourBrit Awards, twoIvor Novello Awards, as well as two nominations for theMercury Prizeand two nominations forGrammy Awards. In addition, they have been awarded \"Band of the Decade\" at the2020NME Awards. History 2002–2011: Formation In 2002, atWilmslow High School,Adam Hannwho plays guitar, recruitedMatty Healyto be the drummer of a band he was forming with Ross MacDonald who plays bass.Hann wanted to form a band because a local council worker had begun organising gigs for teens, and wanted to play at one.When the band's prospective singer,Elliot Williams, dropped out after one rehearsal, Healy took over the role playing double duty as lead vocalist and drummer.He eventually relinquished playing drums toGeorge Daniel, recalling that meeting Daniel \"changed his life\".Daniel describes his first impression of Healy as \"the most outwardly passionate person in school—endearing, and intimidating.\"The quartet began as a band playing covers of punk and emo songs at school and at Healy's house before eventually writing their own music. To keep the band together, Hann, MacDonald, and Daniel all went to university inManchesterwhile Healy briefly attended music school.They played gigs and recorded their own music while working as delivery boys at a localChineserestaurant. By 2010, the band was being managed byJamie Obornebut remained unsigned due to their genre-hopping approach, so he set up his own independent record label–Dirty Hit–and signed the band for 20 pounds. Before settling on The 1975, the band performed under multiple names including Me and You Versus Them, Those 1975s, Forever Drawing Six,Talkhouse,the Slowdown,and Bigsleep.They have been called Drive Like I Dobefore renamed to the present band name in 2012.Healy recounted that the final name was inspired by scribblings found on the back page of the bookOn the RoadbyJack Kerouac. \"I found a page of scribblings . It wasn't really disturbing or dark or anything...the important thing that stuck with me was that the page was dated '1st June, The 1975'. At the time I just thought that the word 'The' preceding a date was a strong use of language. I never thought it would be something that would later come to be so important. When it came to naming the band, it was perfect.\" 2012–2014: Early career and self-titled debut album The band's self-titled debut album was recorded withMike Crossey.Between autumn 2012 and spring 2013, during which time the album was recorded, the band released fourEPs. They toured to support and build momentum for the album, including numerous gigs and special appearances with other artists. The album received positive reviews from critics, and topped theUK Albums Charton 8 September.As of March 2016, it had sold 410,981 copies in the UK,and 390,000 copies in the US.Critics atPitchforkhave favourably compared them tothe Big Pink.SexEP was described byPasteas \"equal parts ethereal andsynth pop\", with \"haunting\" and \"smooth\" vocals. Their \"mellow\", stripped down style was praised for its lack of \"attention-grabbing production theatrics\". The release of the band's first EP, titledFacedown, in August 2012 saw the band's first UK airplay on national radio with lead track \"The City\", which was also featured as part of aBBC Introducingshow withHuw StephensonBBC Radio 1.The 1975 once again garnered national radio attention in late 2012, with BBC Radio 1 DJZane Lowechampioning their single \"Sex\" from theeponymous EP, which was released on 19 November.They embarked on a United Kingdom and Ireland tour extended into early 2013, before beginning a US tour in Spring 2014.Upon the release ofMusic for Carson 4 March 2013, the 1975 found mainstream chart success with \"Chocolate\", reaching number 19 in theUK Singles Chart. On 20 May 2013 the band releasedIV, which included a new version of \"The City\". The track charted in the UK and received airplay in several other countries. The 1975 toured extensively to support releases and to build hype before releasing their debut. The band supportedMuseon the second leg ofThe 2nd Law World Tourat theEmirates StadiuminLondonon 26 May 2013.They also toured withthe Neighbourhoodin the United States in June 2013,and supportedthe Rolling StonesinHyde Parkon 13 July.In August, the band performed on the Festival Republic Stage at2013 Reading and Leeds Festivals. In a feature article, Elliot Mitchell ofWhen the Gramophone Ringswrote that releasing a string of EPs before the debut album was \"a move that he deemed necessary to provide context to the band's broad sound, rather than just building up with singles alone.\" Healy said, \"We wouldn't have been able to release the album without putting out the EP's first, as we wanted to make sure we could express ourselves properly before dropping this long, ambitious debut record on people.\" Their self-titled debut,The 1975, was released on 2 September 2013, co-produced byMike Crossey, known for his work withArctic MonkeysandFoals.The 1975 were selling out shows even before the debut of their full-length album as Healy recalled in an interview withLarry HeathofThe AU Review.The lead single was a re-worked \"Sex\", which was released on 26 August 2013.The song premiered onZane Lowe'sBBC Radio 1show on 8 July 2013,and a music video premiered onYouTubeon 26 July.The 1975debuted at number one on theUK Albums Chart. Public reaction to the band's music has been mixed, particularly on social media platforms likeTwitter, \"perhaps the last public space for unfettered music criticism in an increasingly anti-critical landscape\", according toVicemagazine's Larry Fitzmaurice in 2016. In an essay on the critical response, he said they have been \"the Most Hated and Loved Band in the World\" and described \"as underratedandoverhyped, although the needle has far more often swung towards the former direction\".Veteran rock criticRobert Christgausaid he thinks \"they suck\" and should not be called a \"rock band\" as they do not \"rock\".In Fitzmaurice's opinion, the band's debut album was mainly a straightforward rock album recorded \"with a soft-focus and especially British sensibility\", whileI Like It When You Sleepwas only rock music in the loosest sense of the word. Overall, he said their music is pop \"in the realm of Alternative\", most comparable toINXS.The 1975 toured in the UK in September 2013, among others performing inKingston upon Hullas headliners atFreedom Festival, a celebration of the city's shortlisting for 2017UK City of Culturedesignation,and atiTunes Festivalon 8 September as an opening act for indie electronic quartetBastille. The band undertook a North American tour in October 2013, a European tour for November, and in January 2014 the band performed in New Zealand and Australia.In September 2013, the band performed three sold-out shows at London'sShepherd's Bush Empire.In April 2014, the band performed for the first time in a major American music and arts festival:Coachella.The band played atRoyal Albert Hallthe same month.In May, the band's recorded output was distributed digitally while they were touring North America. Healy noted that the band had recording scheduled in Q2 2015. 2015–2017:I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It On 1 June 2015, the band's social accounts were terminated, which caused intense speculation.A comic strip was posted on Healy'sTwittera day prior but was later posted on their manager's (Jamie Oborne) account, which suggested the band's break-up.The next day, the accounts were reinstated, but the cover images and profile photos were white and light pink, instead of the usualblack and white, revealing it to be a publicity stunt. On 8 October, the band announced their second album,I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It.They premiered the lead single, \"Love Me\", simultaneously scheduling a support tour in Europe, North America, and Asia.They premiered the second single, \"UGH!\", on 10 December on Beats 1.The album's third single, \"The Sound\" debuted onBBC Radio 1on 14 January 2016.The 1975 released the fourth single \"Somebody Else\" on 15 February on Beats 1before the album's release. \"A Change of Heart\" premiered on Radio 1 on 22 February, four days prior to the album's release. NME, who had previously been highly critical of the band, praised the album for its scope and ambition, writing that \"Any record that burrows as deep into your psyche as ‘I Like It…' should be considered essential. It's hugely clever and wryly funny, too.\" They later named it their Album of the Year for 2016.Although music journalistAlexis Petridisnoted that parts of the album were over-ambitious, he went on to claim that \"incredibly, though, most of the time Healy gets away with it. That's sometimes because his observations are sharp — as a skewering of celebrity squad culture, 'you look famous, let's be friends / And portray we possess something important / And do the things we like' is pretty acute — but more usually because they come loaded with witty self-awareness and deprecation: the endless depictions of vacuous, coke-numbed girls he has met would get wearying were it not for the fact that he keeps turning the lyrical crosshair on himself.\" In a more mixed review,Rolling Stonecriticised tracks like \"Lostmyhead\" and \"Please Be Naked\" for being \"boring-melty\" but praised songs such as \"Somebody Else\", \"Loving Someone\" and \"Love Me\". The album was released on 26 February and topped the UK Albums Chart and the USBillboard200.The band released a free download for \"How to Draw\" on Twitter and through Target Exclusive.It was shortlisted for the 2016Mercury Music Prizeand nominated for Album of the Year at the 2017Brit Awards. 2017–2019:A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships On 13 November 2016, memberGeorge Danielteased the band's third album by releasing a video on hisInstagramaccount captioned \"2018\", containing snippets of audio along with Healy playing the keyboards. On 3 April 2017, Healy tweeted \"I like it when you sleep is coming to an end\" before following up with \"Music for Cars\", which shares the name of their third extended play.In March 2017, the band confirmed that two songs for the new album have already been written.In June, Healy also confirmed that Drive Like I Do, one of the 1975's prior incarnations, will release a debut album as a side project 'in a few years'. In November, Healy teased the release of an EP within 2017.Besides being confirmed, the EP was delayed to 2018, with manager Jamie Oborne stating that \"something\" would be released instead; this was the band's debut live album,DH00278.He also confirmed that no singles fromMusic for Carswill be released in 2017, with the band confirming that something will be released on 1 June 2018.In March 2018, the band deleted many media posts across their accounts going back to July 2017, during their final show atLatitude FestivalforI Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It.On 22 April 2018, in response to a fan comment on Twitter, Oborne stated that their second album's campaign would remain for \"a few more days\".At the end of April, cryptic posters titled \"Music for Cars\" appeared in London and Manchester, containing taglines and a Dirty Hit catalogue number, DH00327, amongst a black background.Variousbillboardswere also spotted in the United Kingdom, having useddétournementto apply themselves over existing advertisements.The band updated their website to display a timer counting down towards 1 June at the beginning of May 2018, becoming active again on social media.Within its first hours, it was revealed to contain a hiddenzip filewith four individual posters, each of the names leading to a hidden page on the website that displayed a conversation between a 'human' and a 'machine'.Over social media, the band frequently released different posters, all titled \"A Brief Inquiry Into Online Relationships\".On 31 May 2018, the band released the single \"Give Yourself a Try\", after premiering asAnnie Mac's \"Hottest Record in the World\" onBBC Radio 1that same day. The album garnered almost universal praise from critics. According to review aggregatorMetacritic, the album has received a weighted score of 83 based on 29 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Ryan Dombal ofPitchforkgave the album a score of 8.5, earning it the Best New Music tag, and called it \"outrageous and eclectic\", as well as \"similar to its predecessor in its boundless sense of style, swerving fromAfrobeatsto brushed-snare jazz balladry to one track that sounds like atrapremix of aBon Iverayahuascatrip\", but \"more purposeful\" thanI Like It When You Sleep.Timeconsidered it one of the Best Albums of 2018, placing it at number nine on their list. However, Conrad Duncan writing for the same site gave the album a positive review, calling it \"full of genuine heart, intelligence and wit\".Popmatterscriticised the album as bloated and inconsistent, stating \"The band's reach exceeds their grasp here, and vocalist/band leader Matt Healy's indulgences are often more tiresome than charming\", while still praising it as \"fascinating\".Healy, in an interview forBeats 1, said that \"Music for Cars\" is more of an era to release music, after renamingMusic for CarstoA Brief Inquiry Into Online Relationships.It was released on 30 November 2018. The band headlined bothRadio 1's Big WeekendinStewart Park, Middlesbroughon 26 May 2019andReading and Leeds Festivalin August 2019. The album was shortlisted for the 2019Mercury Music Prizeand won the award for British Album of the Year at the2019 Brit Awards. 2020–2021:Notes on a Conditional Form On 24 July 2019, the opening song ofNotes on a Conditional Form, titled \"The 1975\", was released, featuring climate activistGreta Thunberg, the proceeds of the song going toExtinction Rebellion.The lead single, entitled \"People\" released on 22 August 2019. This was announced by a countdown on the band's social media accounts, including small snippets of lyrics from the song that fans could piece together. A second single, titled \"Frail State of Mind\", was released on 24 October. The music video for the song was released on 30 November 2019. The next single, \"Me & You Together Song\", was released on 16 January 2020. On 15 February, the group did their UK tour that lasted until 3 March 2020. The tour began in Nottingham's Motor point arena, which holds a capacity of 10,000, and they ended their tour in Dublin after performing in Places such as London's O2, Manchester, Glasgow and other hit places in the UK. On 17 February 2020, the band put up a \"digital detox\" website called MindShowerAI which contained a countdown to their next single as well as several odd messages like “I am doing my mind and my life!” and “I feel comfort and respect.\"A fourth single, ‘The Birthday Party’, was released on 19 February 2020 at the end of the website's countdown. On 3 April, the band released \"Jesus Christ 2005 God Bless America\", featuring guest vocals fromPhoebe Bridgers, which was followed by \"If You're Too Shy (Let Me Know)\", featuring guest vocals byFKA Twigs, on 23 April 2020. The band's fourth album,Notes on a Conditional Form, was released on 22 May 2020.It became the band's fourth consecutive album to reach number one on the UK Albums Chart as well as reaching number one in Australia and number four in the United States.On 4 December 2020, the album became certified silver in the UK via Brits certified. Many of the band's 2020 shows which were postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemicwere ultimately cancelled. During this time, lead singer Matty Healy teased future music under the name \"Drive Like I Do\", and said that the band was working on their fifth studio album, although there was no indication as to when writing, recording, mixing, etc. would be complete. In February 2021,No Rome, aDirty Hitlabelmate, announced he was working on a track featuring the 1975 along withCharli XCX, which would make it the second No Rome single to feature the band after 2018's \"Narcissist\".The track's title is \"Spinning\" and was released on 4 March 2021.An EP that Healy and Daniel produced and co-wrote,Beabadoobee'sOur Extended Play, was released in March 2021.In October 2021, Healy opened forPhoebe Bridgersat theGreek TheatreinLos Angeleson herReunion Tour. He performed two new songs, one called \"New York\". 2022–present:Being Funny in a Foreign Language On 14 February 2022, the band deactivated their main social media accounts, hinting at new material.On 1 June, the band's social media accounts were re-activated, and the beginning of a new era was signalled by a series of posts, and updates to the band's official website. In late June 2022, the first single \"Part of the Band\" from their fifth albumBeing Funny in a Foreign Languagewas teased. Postcards sent to fans revealed an album track listing, while posters of Healy in London promoted the single. The lyrics of \"Part of the Band\" were posted by Healy on Instagram. The song was released on 7 July. On 14 October, the album was released.On 1 October, the band appeared onBBC Two'sLater... with Jools Holland. On 7 November 2022, the band performed a sold-out show at Madison Square Garden,which was also live-streamed onTwitch.The show—one of the first few in theirAt Their Very Besttour—was highly acclaimed with some critics praising it for its boldness,while others wrote that the band proved they really were \"at their very best.\"It received five star reviews from theRolling Stone,NME,The Observer,The Telegraph,Evening Standard,andMetro. The band was banned from performing inMalaysiadue to \"controversial conduct and remarks\" during their performance at theGood Vibes Festivalon 21 July 2023. This included a same-sex kiss onstage between Healy and MacDonald, and Healy openly criticising the country's stronganti-LGBT laws.The remainder of the festival was then cancelled by local authorities.Malaysian authorities forced the organisers to immediately halt and cancelled the rest of the three-day festival citing that Healy's \"controversial conduct and remarks\" are \"against the traditions and values of the local culture\".Reactions to the incident from Malaysians on social media were generally critical of Healy.Some members of theLGBT communityin Malaysia were frustrated by the incident and expressed concern it would lead to further reprisals from thereligious right.The band subsequently cancelled shows inTaiwanandIndonesiafollowing the incident.The organisers of the festival sued the band in theHigh Courtfor breach of contract and sought £1.9 million in damages. In August 2023, they headlinedReading and Leeds Festivalsfor the third time with a \"10th Anniversary Performance\" of theirself-titled debutalbum.Their fifth concert tour commenced in September 2023 titledStill... At Their Very Best.It is their biggest tour to date in North America performing in arenas across the United States and Canada.In the opening show inSacramento, Healy has stated that after the tour, the band will have a hiatus from touring. In October 2024, twoCharli xcx's highly anticipated remix albumBrat and it's completely different but also still bratthemed billboards were found in the band's hometown, Manchester. After some speculations, it was officially revealed that the band will feature on the remixed version of the song \"I might say something stupid\" withJon Hopkins. Musical style and influences The band's work has been described broadly aspop-rockart popandalt-pop,synth-pop,new wave,andindie rock.NPRnoted that Healy \"has long treated writing songs for the 1975 as his diary\".PerThe Guardian, his lyrics distinguish the 1975's music from other artists'.He andDanielare the principal songwriters of the band with Daniel describing himself as the \"primaryproducer\" and Healy as the \"primary songwriter\".He has described their relationship as \"symbiotic\": \"We've got a shared musical vocabulary. Even if we're both working remotely, we're both working together.\" Healy specifically citesTalking Heads,My Bloody Valentine,Ride, andMichael Jacksonas musical influences; he states that his greatest influence is the oeuvre of filmmakerJohn Hughes.Healy said that their influence is \"heavily rooted\" inAfrican-American musicin many interviews. The 1975 is known for their artistic reinventions andmusical eclecticism.Their debut albumhas been described aselectropop,funk rock,indie pop,indie rock,pop,pop rockandrock.Scott Kerr ofAllMusicwrote that the band combined \"the dark and youthful themes of sex, love, and fear with ethereal alt-rock music.\"Dissentingly, veteran rock criticRobert Christgauargues that they should not be considered a \"rock band\" as they do not \"rock\". For their second album,I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It, Healy citedChristina Aguilera,D'Angelo,Roberta Flack,Boards of Canada, andSigur Rósas inspirations saying that they're \"a post-modern pop band that references a million things. I don't even know what my band is half the time.\" Legacy and impact Healy and the band has been described by several publications as \"the voice of a generation\".Rolling Stonestated that the band has been at \"the forefront of modernpop rock\" since their debut,withBillboarddeclaring them \"the most ambitious pop-rock band of their generation\".Pitchforkhas described them as a \"band of friends\" who \"ascended from scrappy emo rockers to global superstars\".Entertainment Weeklyhas characterised them as \"British Phenoms,\"NMEproclaimed them as \"Art PopHeroes,\"and theBBChas called them “Modern Pop Icons”.The Guardianhas called them \"Britain's Biggest Band\" in 2020,The Telegraphstated that they're \"Britain's Hottest Band\",and theEvening Standardproclaimed them the \"Most Compelling Pop Band in the Planet\" in 2023. The 1975's influence in theindie popscene has been termed \"Healywave\" byNME.Described as \"deftly plucked, palm-muted guitar line, hop, skip and jumping its way across shimmering pop synth work and third-wave emo lyricism,\"The Big Issueadded that it's a \"dreamified take on Eighties pop-rock\".\"Healywave\" acts named by theNMEincludePale Waves,Fickle Friends, andthe Acesamong others. Members Current touring musicians Former touring musicians Discography Studio albums Concert tours Awards and nominations See also References External links"
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"Pulitzer Prize for Fiction ThePulitzer Prize for Fictionis one of the seven AmericanPulitzer Prizesthat are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year. As thePulitzer Prize for the Novel(awarded 1918–1947), it was one of the original Pulitzers; the program wasinauguratedin 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year(no Novel prize was awarded in 1917, the first one having been granted in 1918). The name was changed to thePulitzer Prize for Fictionin 1948, and eligibility was expanded to also includeshort stories,novellas,novelettes, and poetry, as well as novels. Finalists have been announced since 1980, usually a total of three. Definition As defined in the original Plan of Award, the prize was given \"Annually, for the American novel published during the year which shall best present the wholesome atmosphere of American life, and the highest",
"and the highest standard of American manners and manhood,\" although there was some struggle over whether the wordwholesomeshould be used instead ofwhole, the word Pulitzer had written in his will.In 1927, the advisory board quietly instituted Pulitzer's word choice, replacingwholesomewithwhole. With 1929 came the first of several much more substantive changes. The board changed the wording to \"preferably one which shall best present the whole atmosphere of American life\" and deleted the insistence that the novel portray \"the highest standard of American manners and manhood\". In 1936, emphasis was changed again, with the award going to \"a distinguished novel published during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life\". In 1948, the advisory board widened the scope of the award with the wording \"For distinguished fiction published in book form during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life.\"This change allowed the prize to go to a collection of short",
"collection of short stories for the first time, James Michener'sTales of the South Pacific. Winners In 31 years under the \"Novel\" name, the prize was awarded 27 times; in its first 76 years to 2023 under the \"Fiction\" name, 69 times. There have been 11 years during which no title received the award. It was shared by two authors for the first time in 2023.Since this category's inception in 1918, 31 women have won the prize. Four authors have won two prizes each in the Fiction category:Booth Tarkington,William Faulkner,John Updike, andColson Whitehead. Because the award is for books published in the preceding calendar year, the \"Year\" column links to the preceding year in literature. 1910s to 1970s 1980s to 2020s Entries from this point on include the finalists listed for each year. Repeat winners Four writers to date have won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction multiple times, one nominally in the novel category and two in the general fiction category.Ernest Hemingwaywas selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but",
"1953 juries, but the former was overturned with no award given that year. Authors with multiple nominations 5 Nominations 4 Nominations 3 Nominations 2 Nominations Notes References Further reading External links",
"David Foster Wallace David Foster Wallace(February 21, 1962 – September 12, 2008) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and university professor of English andcreative writing. Wallace's 1996 novelInfinite Jestwas cited byTimemagazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.His posthumous novel,The Pale King(2011), was a finalist for thePulitzer Prize for Fictionin 2012. TheLos Angeles Times's David Ulin called Wallace \"one of the most influential and innovative writers of the last twenty years\". Wallace grew up in Illinois and attendedAmherst College. He taught English atEmerson College,Illinois State University, andPomona College. After struggling withdepressionfor many years,he died bysuicidein 2008, at age 46. Early life and education David Foster Wallace was born inIthaca, New York, to Sally Jean Wallace (néeFoster) andJames Donald Wallace.The family moved toChampaign-Urbana, Illinois, where he was raised along with his younger sister, Amy Wallace-Havens.His",
"Wallace-Havens.His father was a philosophy professor at theUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.His mother was an English professor atParkland College, a community college in Champaign, which recognized her work with a \"Professor of the Year\" award in 1996.From fourth grade, Wallace lived with his family inUrbana, where he attended Yankee Ridge Elementary School, Brookens Junior High School andUrbana High School. As an adolescent, Wallace was a regionally ranked juniortennisplayer. He wrote about this period in the essay \"Derivative Sport in Tornado Alley\", originally published inHarper's Magazineas \"Tennis, Trigonometry, Tornadoes\". Although his parents wereatheists, Wallace twice attempted to join theCatholic Church, but \"flunk the period of inquiry\". He later attended aMennonitechurch. Wallace attendedAmherst College, his father's alma mater, where he majored in English and philosophy and graduatedsumma cum laudein 1985. Among other extracurricular activities, he participated inglee club; his sister",
"club; his sister recalls that he \"had a lovely singing voice\".In studying philosophy, Wallace pursuedmodal logicand mathematics, and presented in 1985 a senior thesis in philosophy and modal logic that was awarded the Gail Kennedy Memorial Prize and posthumously published asFate, Time, and Language: An Essay on Free Will(2010). Wallace adapted his honors thesis in English as the manuscript of his first novel,The Broom of the System(1987),and committed to being a writer. He toldDavid Lipsky: \"WritingThe Broom of the System, I felt like I was using 97 percent of me, whereas philosophy was using 50 percent.\"Wallace completed aMaster of Fine Artsdegree in creative writing at theUniversity of Arizonain 1987. He moved to Massachusetts to attend graduate school in philosophy atHarvard University, but soon left the program. Later life In 2002, Wallace met the painterKaren L. Green, whom he married on December 27, 2004. Wallace struggled with depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, and suicidal tendencies, and was",
"tendencies, and was repeatedly hospitalized for psychiatric care. In 1989, he spent four weeks atMcLean Hospital—a psychiatric institute inBelmont, Massachusetts, affiliated with Harvard Medical School—where he completed a drug and alcohol detoxification program. He later said his time there changed his life. Dogs were important to Wallace,and he spoke of opening a shelter for stray canines.According to his friendJonathan Franzen, he \"had a predilection for dogs who'd been abused, and unlikely to find other owners who were going to be patient enough for them\". Abuse allegations In the early 1990s, Wallace was in a relationship with writerMary Karr. She later described Wallace as obsessive about her and said the relationship was volatile, with Wallace once throwing a coffee table at her as well as physically forcing her out of a car, leaving her to walk home.Years later, she claimed that Wallace's biographer D. T. Max underreported Wallace's abuse. Of Max's account of their relationship, she tweeted: \"That's",
"tweeted: \"That's about 2% of what happened.\" She said that Wallace kicked her, climbed up the side of her house at night, and followed her five-year-old son home from school. Work Career The Broom of the System(1987) garnered national attention and critical praise. InThe New York Times,Caryn Jamescalled it a \"manic, human, flawed extravaganza ... emerging straight from the excessive tradition ofStanley Elkin'sThe Franchiser,Thomas Pynchon'sV., John Irving'sWorld According to Garp\". In 1991, Wallace began teaching literature as an adjunct professor atEmerson Collegein Boston. The next year, at the suggestion of colleague and supporterSteven Moore, Wallace obtained a position in theEnglishdepartment atIllinois State University. He had begun work on his second novel,Infinite Jest, in 1991, and submitted a draft to his editor in December 1993. After the publication of excerpts throughout 1995, the book was published in 1996. In 1997, Wallace received aMacArthur Fellowship. He also received theAga Khan Prize for",
"Khan Prize for Fiction, awarded by editors ofThe Paris Reviewfor one of the stories inBrief Interviews with Hideous Men, which had been published in the magazine. In 2002, Wallace moved toClaremont, California, to become the firstRoy E. Disneyendowed Professor of Creative Writing and Professor of English atPomona College.He taught one or two undergraduate courses per semester and focused on writing. Wallace delivered the commencement address to the 2005 graduating class atKenyon College. The speech was published as a book,This Is Water, in 2009.In May 2013, parts of the speech were used in a popular online video, also titled \"This Is Water\". Bonnie Nadell was Wallace's literary agent during his entire career.Michael Pietsch was his editor onInfinite Jest. Wallace died in 2008. In March 2009,Little, Brown and Companyannounced that it would publish the manuscript of an unfinished novel,The Pale King, that Wallace had been working on before his death. Pietsch pieced the novel together from pages and notes",
"pages and notes Wallace left behind.Several excerptswere published inThe New Yorkerand other magazines.The Pale Kingwas published on April 15, 2011, and received generally positive reviews.Michiko Kakutani ofThe New York Timeswrote thatThe Pale King\"showcases embrace of discontinuity; his fascination with both the meta and the microscopic, postmodern pyrotechnics and old-fashioned storytelling; and his ongoing interest in contemporary America's obsession with self-gratification and entertainment.\"The book was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. Throughout his career, Wallace published short fiction in periodicals such asThe New Yorker,GQ,Harper's Magazine,Playboy,The Paris Review,Mid-American Review,Conjunctions,Esquire,Open City,Puerto del Sol, andTimothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern. Themes and styles Wallace wanted to progress beyond theironyandmetafictionassociated withpostmodernismand explore apost-postmodernormetamodernstyle. In the essay \"E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction\" (written 1990,",
"(written 1990, published 1993),he proposed that television has an ironic influence on fiction, and urged literary authors to eschew TV's shallow rebelliousness: I want to convince you that irony, poker-faced silence, and fear of ridicule are distinctive of those features of contemporary U.S. culture (of which cutting-edge fiction is a part) that enjoy any significant relation to the television whose weird, pretty hand has my generation by the throat. I'm going to argue that irony and ridicule are entertaining and effective, and that, at the same time, they are agents of a great despair and stasis in U.S. culture, and that, for aspiring fictionists, they pose terrifically vexing problems. Wallace used many forms of irony, but tended to focus on individual persons' continued longing for earnest, unself-conscious experience and communication in a media-saturated society. Wallace's fiction combines narrative modes and authorial voices that incorporate jargon and invented vocabulary, such as self-generated",
"as self-generated abbreviations and acronyms, long, multi-clausesentences, and an extensive use of explanatoryendnotesand footnotes, as inInfinite Jestand the story \"Octet\" (collected inBrief Interviews with Hideous Men), and most of his non-fiction after 1996. In a 1997 interview onCharlie Rose, Wallace said that the notes were to disrupt the linear narrative, to reflect his perception of reality without jumbling the narrative structure, and that he could have jumbled the sentences \"but then no one would read it\". D. T. Max has described Wallace's work as an \"unusual mixture of the cerebral and the hot-blooded\",often featuring multiple protagonists and spanning different locations in a single work. His writing comments on the fragmentation of thought,the relationship between happiness and boredom, and the psychological tension between the beauty and hideousness of the human body.According to Wallace, \"fiction's about what it is to be a fucking human being\", and he said he wanted to write \"morally",
"to write \"morally passionate, passionately moral fiction\" that could help the reader \"become less alone inside\".In his Kenyon College commencement address, Wallace described the human condition as daily crises and chronic disillusionment and warned against succumbing tosolipsism,invoking the existential values of compassion and mindfulness: The really important kind of freedom involves attention, and awareness, and discipline, and effort, and being able truly to care about other people and to sacrifice for them, over and over, in myriad petty little unsexy ways, every day. ... The only thing that's capital-T True is that you get to decide how you're going to try to see it. You get to consciously decide what has meaning and what doesn't. ... The trick is keeping the truth up-front in daily consciousness. Nonfiction Wallace covered SenatorJohn McCain's2000 presidential campaignand theSeptember 11 attacksforRolling Stone;cruise ships(in what became the title essay of his first nonfiction book),state fairs,",
"book),state fairs, andtornadoesforHarper's Magazine; theUS Opentournament forTennismagazine;Roger FedererforThe New York Times;the directorDavid Lynchand thepornography industryforPremièremagazine; thetennisplayerMichael JoyceforEsquire; the movie-special-effects industry forWaterstone'smagazine; conservative talk radio hostJohn ZieglerforThe Atlantic;and aMainelobster festival forGourmetmagazine.He also reviewed books in several genres for theLos Angeles Times,The Washington Post,The New York Times, andThe Philadelphia Inquirer. In the November 2007 issue ofThe Atlantic, which commemorated the magazine's 150th anniversary, Wallace was among the authors, artists, politicians and others who wrote short pieces on \"the future of the American idea\". These and other essays appear in three collections,A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again,Consider the Lobsterand the posthumousBoth Flesh and Not, the last of which contains some of Wallace's earliest work, including his first published essay, \"Fictional Futures",
"\"Fictional Futures and the Conspicuously Young\".Wallace's tennis writing was compiled into a volume titledString Theory: David Foster Wallace on Tennis, published in 2016. Some writers have found parts of Wallace's nonfiction implausible.Jonathan Franzenhas said that he believes Wallace made up dialogue and incidents: \"those things didn't actually happen\".Of the essays \"Shipping Out\" and \"Ticket to the Fair\", John Cook has remarked that in Wallace's nonfiction: Wallace encounters pitch-perfect characters who speak comedically crystalline lines and place him in hilariously absurd situations...I used both stories as examples of the inescapable temptation to shave, embellish, and invent narratives. Death Wallace's father said that David had suffered frommajor depressive disorderfor more than 20 years and thatantidepressantmedication had allowed him to be productive.Wallace suffered what was believed to be a severe interaction of the medication with the food he had eaten one day at a restaurant,and in June",
"in June 2007, on his doctor's advice, he stopped takingphenelzine, his primary antidepressant drug.His depression recurred, and he tried other treatments, includingelectroconvulsive therapy. Eventually he went back on phenelzine but found it ineffective.On September 12, 2008, at age 46, Wallace wrote a private two-page suicide note to his wife, arranged part of the manuscript forThe Pale King, and hanged himself on the back porch of his house in Claremont, California. Memorial gatherings were held at Pomona College,Amherst College, the University of Arizona, Illinois State University, and on October 23, 2008, at New York University (NYU). Theeulogistsat NYU included his sister, Amy Wallace-Havens; his literary agent, Bonnie Nadell;Gerry Howard, editor of his first two books;Colin Harrison, an editor atHarper's Magazine; Michael Pietsch, editor ofInfinite Jestand later works; Deborah Treisman, fiction editor atThe New Yorkermagazine; and the writersDon DeLillo,Zadie Smith,George Saunders, Mark Costello,Donald",
"Costello,Donald Antrim, andJonathan Franzen. Legacy In March 2010, it was announced that Wallace's personal papers and archives—drafts of books, stories, essays, poems, letters, and research, including the handwritten notes forInfinite Jest—had been purchased by theUniversity of Texas at Austin. They are held at that university'sHarry Ransom Center. Since 2011,Loyola University New Orleanshas offered English seminar courses on Wallace. Similar courses have also been taught atHarvard University.The first David Foster Wallace Conference was hosted by theIllinois State UniversityDepartment of English in May 2014; the second was held in May 2015. In January 2017, the International David Foster Wallace Society and theJournal of David Foster Wallace Studieswere launched. Among the writers who have cited Wallace as an influence areDave Eggers,Jonathan Franzen,Rivka Galchen,Matthew Gallaway,David Gordon,John Green,Porochista Khakpour,George Saunders,Michael Schur,Zadie Smith,Darin Strauss,Deb Olin Unferth,Elizabeth",
"Unferth,Elizabeth Wurtzel,andCharles Yu. Adaptations Film and television A feature-length film adaptation ofBrief Interviews with Hideous Men, directed byJohn Krasinskiwith an ensemble cast, was released in 2009 and premiered at theSundance Film Festival. The 19th episode of the 23rd season ofThe Simpsons, \"A Totally Fun Thing That Bart Will Never Do Again\" (2012), is loosely based on Wallace's essay \"Shipping Out\" from his 1997 collection,A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again. The Simpson family takes a cruise, and Wallace appears in the background of a scene, wearing a tuxedo T-shirt while eating in the ship's dining room. The 2015 filmThe End of the Touris based on conversationsDavid Lipskyhad with Wallace, transcribed inAlthough of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself(2010).Jason Segelplayed Wallace, andJesse EisenbergLipsky. The film won an Audience Award for Best Narrative Feature at theSarasota Film Festival,and Segel was nominated for theIndependent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead. \"Partridge\", a",
"\"Partridge\", a Season 5 episode ofNBC'sParks and Recreation, repeatedly referencesInfinite Jest, of which the show's co-creator,Michael Schur, is a noted fan. Schur also directed the music video forThe Decemberists' \"Calamity Song\", which depicts the Eschaton game fromInfinite Jest. Stage and music adaptations Twelve of the interviews fromBrief Interviews with Hideous Menwere adapted as a stage play in 2000 by Dylan McCullough. This was the first theatrical adaptation of Wallace's work. The play,Hideous Men, was also directed by McCullough, and premiered at theNew York International Fringe Festivalin August 2000. Brief Interviewswas also adapted by director Marc Caellas as a play,Brief Interviews with Hideous Writers, which premiered at Fundación Tomás Eloy Martinez inBuenos Aireson November 4, 2011.In 2012 it was adapted as a play by artistAndy Holdenfor a two-night run at theICAin London. The short story \"Tri-Stan: I Sold Sissee Nar to Ecko\", fromBrief Interviews with Hideous Men, was adapted by",
"Men, was adapted by composerEric Moeinto a 50-minute operatic piece, to be performed with accompanying video projections.The piece was described as having \"subversively inscribed classical music into pop culture\". Infinite Jestwas performed once as a stage play by Germany's experimental theaterHebbel am Ufer. The play was staged in various locations throughoutBerlin, and the action took place over a 24-hour period. \"Good Old Neon\", fromOblivion: Stories, was adapted and performed by Ian Forester at the 2011Hollywood Fringe Festival, produced by the Los Angeles independent theater company Needtheater. The song \"Surrounded by Heads and Bodies\", from the albumA Brief Inquiry into Online RelationshipsbyThe 1975, borrows its title from the opening line ofInfinite Jest.Matty Healy, The 1975's lead singer, said in an interview withPitchforkthat he was inspired by the novel after reading it during a stint in rehabilitation: I was reading when I was in rehab. There was no one there. It was me and my nurses, who'd",
"my nurses, who'd come in and check on me, and then Angela , miles away. I was surrounded by no one, and the book was just open on the front page, as most copies ofInfinite Jestare ... nobody reads all the way! Everyone our age has got a battered, quarter-read copy ofInfinite Jest. Bibliography Novels Short story collections Nonfiction collections Other books Awards and honors See also References Sources External links Biographical Portals",
"Infinite Jest Infinite Jestis a 1996 novel by American writerDavid Foster Wallace. Categorized as anencyclopedic novel,Infinite Jestis featured inTimemagazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005. The novel has an unconventionalnarrative structureand includes hundreds of extensiveendnotes, some with footnotes of their own. A literary fiction bestseller after having sold 44,000 hardcover copies in its first year of publication,the novel has since sold more than a million copies worldwide. Development Wallace beganInfinite Jest, \"or something like it\", at various times between 1986 and 1989. His efforts in 1991–92 were more productive;by the end of 1993, he had a working draft of the novel. From early 1992 until the novel's publication, excerpts from various drafts appeared sporadically in magazines and literary journals includingHarvard Review,Grand Street,Conjunctions,Review of Contemporary Fiction,Harper's Magazine,The Iowa Review,The New Yorkerand theLos Angeles",
"theLos Angeles Times Magazine. The book was edited by publisher Little, Brown and Company's Michael Pietsch. Pietsch made suggestions and recommendations to Wallace, but every editing decision was Wallace's. He accepted cuts amounting to around 250 manuscript pages from his original submission. He resisted many changes for reasons that he usually explained. The novel gets its name fromHamlet, Act V, Scene 1, in whichHamletholds the skull of the court jester,Yorick, and says, \"Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him,Horatio: a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy: he hath borne me on his back a thousand times; and now, how abhorred in my imagination it is!\" Wallace's working title forInfinite JestwasA Failed Entertainment. Setting In the novel's future world, the United States, Canada, and Mexico together compose a unified North Americansuperstateknown as the Organization of North American Nations, or O.N.A.N. (an allusion toonanism). Corporations are allowed the opportunity to bid for and purchase naming",
"and purchase naming rights for each calendar year, replacing traditional numerical designations with ostensibly honorary monikers bearing corporate names. Although the narrative is fragmented and spans several \"named\" years, most of the story takes place during \"The Year of theDepend Adult Undergarment\" (Y.D.A.U.). On the orders of U.S. President Johnny Gentle (a \"clean freak\" who campaigned on the platform of cleaning up the US while ensuring that no American would be caused any discomfort in the process), much of what used to be thenortheastern United Statesandsoutheastern Canadahas become a gianthazardous wastedump, an area \"given\" to Canada and known as the \"Great Concavity\" by Americans due to the resulting displacement of the border. Plot There are several major interwoven narratives, including: These narratives are connected via a film,Infinite Jest, also called \"the Entertainment\" or \"thesamizdat\". The film is so compelling that its viewers lose all interest in anything other than repeatedly viewing",
"repeatedly viewing it, and thus eventually die. It was James Incandenza's final work. He completed it during a period of sobriety that was insisted upon by its lead actress, Joelle van Dyne. The Québécois separatists seek a replicable master copy of the work to aid in acts of terrorism against the United States. The United States Office of Unspecified Services (O.U.S.) aims to intercept the master copy to prevent mass dissemination and the destabilization of the Organization of North American Nations, or else to find or produce an anti-entertainment that can counter the film's effects. Joelle seeks treatment for substance abuse problems at Ennet House. A.F.R. member (and possible O.U.S. double agent) Rémy Marathe visits Ennet House, aiming to find Joelle and a lead to the master copy of \"the Entertainment\". Major characters The Incandenza family The Enfield Tennis Academy Ennet House Drug and Alcohol Recovery House Les Assassins des Fauteuils Rollents Les Assassins des Fauteuils Rollents (A.F.R.), the",
"(A.F.R.), the Wheelchair Assassins, are a Québécois separatist group. (The use of \"rollents\" where \"roulants\" would be correct is in keeping with other erroneous French words and phrases in the novel.) They are one of many such groups that developed after the United States coerced Canada and Mexico into joining the Organization of North American Nations (O.N.A.N.), but the A.F.R. is the most deadly and extremist. While other separatist groups are willing to settle for nationhood, the A.F.R. wants Canada to secede from O.N.A.N. and to reject America's forced gift of its polluted \"Great Concavity\" (or, Hal and Orin speculate, is pretending that those are its goals to put pressure on Canada to let Quebec secede). The A.F.R. seeks the master copy ofInfinite Jestas a terrorist weapon to achieve its goals. The A.F.R. has its roots in a childhood game in which miners' sons would line up alongside a train track and compete to be the last to jump across the path of an oncoming train, a game in which many were killed",
"many were killed or rendered legless (hence the wheelchairs). Only one miner's son ever (disgracefully) failed to jump—Bernard Wayne, who may be related to E.T.A.'s John Wayne. Québécoise Avril's liaisons with John Wayne, and with A.F.R.'s Guillaume DuPlessis and Luria Perec,suggest that Avril may have ties to the A.F.R. as well. There is also evidence linking E.T.A. prorector Thierry Poutrincourt to the group. Other recurring characters These characters cross between the major narrative threads: Style Infinite Jestis apostmodernencyclopedic novel, famous for its length, detail and digressions involving 388 endnotes, some of which themselves have footnotes.It has also been calledmetamodernistandhysterical realist. Wallace's \"encyclopedic display of knowledge\"incorporatesmedia theory, linguistics, film studies, sport, addiction, science, and issues of national identity. The book is often humorous yet exploresmelancholydeeply. The novel's narration mostly alternates betweenthird-personlimited and omniscient",
"and omniscient points of view, but also includes severalfirst-personaccounts. Eschewing chronological plot development and straightforward resolution—a concern often mentioned in reviews—the novel supports a wide range of readings. At various times Wallace said that he intended for the novel's plot to resolve, but indirectly; responding to his editor's concerns about the lack of resolution, he said \"the answers all , but just past the last page\".Long after publication Wallace maintained this position, stating that the novel \"does resolve, but it resolves ... outside of the right frame of the picture. You can get a pretty good idea, I think, of what happens\".Critical reviews and a reader's guide have provided insight, but Stephen Burn notes that Wallace privately conceded toJonathan Franzenthat \"the story can't fully be made sense of\". In an interview withCharlie Rose, Wallace characterized the novel's heavy use of endnotes as a method of disrupting the linearity of the text while maintaining some sense of",
"some sense of narrative cohesion.In a separate interview onMichael Silverblatt's radio showBookworm, Wallace said the plotting and notes had a fractal structure modeled after theSierpiński gasket. Themes The novel touches on many topics, including addiction (to drugs, but also to sex and fame), withdrawal, recovery, death, family relationships, absent or dead parents, mental health, suicide, sadness, entertainment,film theory,media theory,linguistics, science,Quebec separatism,national identity, andtennisas ametaphysicalactivity. Literary connections Infinite Jestdraws explicitly or allusively on many previous works of literature. As its title implies, the novel is in part based on the playHamlet. Enfield Tennis Academy corresponds toDenmark, ruled by James (King Hamlet) and Avril (Queen Gertrude). When James dies, he is replaced by Charles (Claudius), the uncle of Avril's gifted son Hal (Prince Hamlet). As in the play, the son's task is to fight incipient mental breakdown in order to redeem his father's",
"redeem his father's reputation. Another link is to theOdyssey, wherein the sonTelemachus(Hal) has to grow apart from his dominating motherPenelope(Avril) and discover the truth about his absent fatherOdysseus(James). (That pattern is also reproduced in the novelUlysses, set in a realistic version ofDublinpopulated by a wide range of inhabitants, just asInfinite Jestis mostly in a realistic Boston with a varied population.) In one scene, Hal, on the phone with Orin, says that clipping his toenails into a wastebasket \"now seems like an exercise in telemachry.\" Orin then asks whether Hal meant telemetry. Christopher Bartlett has argued that Hal's mistake is a direct reference to Telemachus, who for the first four books of theOdysseybelieves that his father is dead. Links toThe Brothers Karamazovhave been analyzed by Timothy Jacobs, who sees Orin representing the nihilistic Dmitri, Hal standing for Ivan and Mario the simple and goodAlyosha. The film so entertaining that its viewers lose interest in anything else",
"in anything else has been likened to theMonty Pythonsketch \"The Funniest Joke in the World\", as well as to \"theexperience machine\", a thought experiment byRobert Nozick. Critical reception Infinite Jestwas marketed heavily, and Wallace had to adapt to being a public figure. He was interviewed in national magazines and went on a 10-city book tour. Publisher Little, Brown equated the book's heft with its importance in marketing and sent a series of cryptic teaser postcards to 4,000 people, announcing a novel of \"infinite pleasure\" and \"infinite style\".Rolling Stonesent reporterDavid Lipskyto follow Wallace on his \"triumphant\" book tour—the first time the magazine had sent a reporter to profile a young author in 10 years.The interview was never published in the magazine but became Lipsky'sNew York Times-bestselling bookAlthough of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself(2010), of which the 2015 movieThe End of the Touris an adaptation. Early reviews contributed toInfinite Jest's hype, many of them describing it as",
"describing it as a momentous literary event.According toBook Marks, the book received \"rave\" reviews based on 11 critic reviews, with eight \"raves\" and three \"positive\". In theReview of Contemporary Fiction,Steven Moorecalled the book \"a profound study of the postmodern condition\".In 2004,Chad Harbachwrote that, in retrospect,Infinite Jest\"now looks like the central American novel of the past thirty years, a dense star for lesser work to orbit\".In a 2008 retrospective,The New York Timescalled the book \"a masterpiece that's also a monster—nearly 1,100 pages of mind-blowing inventiveness and disarming sweetness. Its size and complexity make it forbidding and esoteric.\" Timemagazine included the novel in its list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005. As Wallace'smagnum opus,Infinite Jestis at the center of the new discipline of \"Wallace Studies\", which, according toThe Chronicle of Higher Education, \"... is on its way to becoming a robust scholarly enterprise.\" Not all critics",
"Not all critics were as laudatory. Some early reviews, such asMichiko Kakutani's inThe New York Times, were mixed, recognizing the inventiveness of the writing but criticizing the length and plot. She called the novel \"a vast, encyclopedic compendium of whatever seems to have crossed Wallace's mind.\"In theLondon Review of Books,Dale Peckwrote of the novel, \"... it is, in a word, terrible. Other words I might use include bloated, boring, gratuitous, and—perhaps especially—uncontrolled.\"Harold Bloom,Sterling ProfessorofHumanitiesatYale University,called it \"just awful\" and written with \"no discernible talent\" (in the novel, Bloom's own work is called \"turgid\").In a review of Wallace's work up to the year 2000,A. O. Scottwrote ofInfinite Jest, \"he novel'sPynchonesqueelements...feel rather willed and secondhand. They are impressive in the manner of a precocious child's performance at a dinner party, and, in the same way, ultimately irritating: they seem motivated, mostly, by a desire to show off.\" Some critics",
"off.\" Some critics have since qualified their initial stances. In 2008, A. O. Scott calledInfinite Jestan \"enormous, zeitgeist-gobbling novel that set his generation's benchmark for literary ambition\" and Wallace \"the best mind of his generation\".James Woodhas said that he regrets his negative review: \"I wish I'd slowed down a bit more with David Foster Wallace.\"Infinite Jestis one of the recommendations in Kakutani's bookEx Libris: 100 Books to Read and Reread. Adaptations PlaywrightKen Campbellworked on an adaptation ofInfinite Jestfor the Millennium. His concept was to have 1,000 performers who each paid $23 to take part in the event, which would last a week. It did not come to fruition. German theatrical companyHebbel am Uferproduced a 24-houravant-gardeopen-air theatre adaptation in 2012. Infinite Jestwas adapted inFinnishfor radio and broadcast in six episodes byYlein January 2023. In popular culture Translations Infinite Jesthas been translated: See also References Further reading In-depth studies",
"In-depth studies Interviews External links",
"The 1975 The 1975are an Englishpop rockband formed inWilmslow, Cheshirein 2002.The band consists ofMatty Healy(lead vocals, guitar, primary songwriter), Adam Hann (lead guitar), Ross MacDonald (bass), andGeorge Daniel(drums, primary producer).The band's name was inspired by a page of scribblings found in Healy's copy ofOn the RoadbyJack Kerouacthat was dated \"1 June, The 1975\". The band members met in secondary school and first performed together as teenagers in 2002, before professionally releasing music in 2012 under the independent labelDirty Hit.From 2012 to 2013, they opened for several major acts and released a series of extended plays—Facedown,Sex,Music for Cars, andIV—before releasing their UK chart-toppingself-titled debut album(2013), which included the popular singles \"Sex\", \"Chocolate\", and \"Robbers\". All of the band's albums hitNo. 1 in the United Kingdomand charted in theBillboard200, garnering critical praise and appearing in numerous publications' year-end and decade-end lists. Their second",
"lists. Their second album,I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It(2016), also reached No. 1 in the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand and its box set received a nomination forBest Boxed or Special Limited Edition Packageat the59th Grammy Awards.The band's third album,A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships(2018), received widespread acclaim and wonBritish Album of the Yearat the2019 Brit Awardswith its single \"Give Yourself a Try\" earning a nomination forBest Rock Songat the62nd Annual Grammy Awards.It was followed byNotes on a Conditional Form(2020) andBeing Funny in a Foreign Language(2022) with the latter receiving a nomination for British Album of the Year at the2023 Brit Awards. Rolling Stonestated that the band has been at \"the forefront of modernpop rock\" since their debut, withBillboarddeclaring them \"the most ambitious pop-rock band of their generation\".Pitchforkhas described them as a \"band of friends\" who \"ascended from scrappyemo rockersto global",
"rockersto global superstars\".Entertainment Weeklyhas characterised them as \"British Phenoms,\"NMEhas proclaimed them as \"Art PopHeroes,\" and theBBChas called them “Modern Pop Icons”. They have receivedseveral awards and nominationsincluding fourBrit Awards, twoIvor Novello Awards, as well as two nominations for theMercury Prizeand two nominations forGrammy Awards. In addition, they have been awarded \"Band of the Decade\" at the2020NME Awards. History 2002–2011: Formation In 2002, atWilmslow High School,Adam Hannwho plays guitar, recruitedMatty Healyto be the drummer of a band he was forming with Ross MacDonald who plays bass.Hann wanted to form a band because a local council worker had begun organising gigs for teens, and wanted to play at one.When the band's prospective singer,Elliot Williams, dropped out after one rehearsal, Healy took over the role playing double duty as lead vocalist and drummer.He eventually relinquished playing drums toGeorge Daniel, recalling that meeting Daniel \"changed his",
"Daniel \"changed his life\".Daniel describes his first impression of Healy as \"the most outwardly passionate person in school—endearing, and intimidating.\"The quartet began as a band playing covers of punk and emo songs at school and at Healy's house before eventually writing their own music. To keep the band together, Hann, MacDonald, and Daniel all went to university inManchesterwhile Healy briefly attended music school.They played gigs and recorded their own music while working as delivery boys at a localChineserestaurant. By 2010, the band was being managed byJamie Obornebut remained unsigned due to their genre-hopping approach, so he set up his own independent record label–Dirty Hit–and signed the band for 20 pounds. Before settling on The 1975, the band performed under multiple names including Me and You Versus Them, Those 1975s, Forever Drawing Six,Talkhouse,the Slowdown,and Bigsleep.They have been called Drive Like I Dobefore renamed to the present band name in 2012.Healy recounted that the final name",
"that the final name was inspired by scribblings found on the back page of the bookOn the RoadbyJack Kerouac. \"I found a page of scribblings . It wasn't really disturbing or dark or anything...the important thing that stuck with me was that the page was dated '1st June, The 1975'. At the time I just thought that the word 'The' preceding a date was a strong use of language. I never thought it would be something that would later come to be so important. When it came to naming the band, it was perfect.\" 2012–2014: Early career and self-titled debut album The band's self-titled debut album was recorded withMike Crossey.Between autumn 2012 and spring 2013, during which time the album was recorded, the band released fourEPs. They toured to support and build momentum for the album, including numerous gigs and special appearances with other artists. The album received positive reviews from critics, and topped theUK Albums Charton 8 September.As of March 2016, it had sold 410,981 copies in the UK,and 390,000 copies in",
"390,000 copies in the US.Critics atPitchforkhave favourably compared them tothe Big Pink.SexEP was described byPasteas \"equal parts ethereal andsynth pop\", with \"haunting\" and \"smooth\" vocals. Their \"mellow\", stripped down style was praised for its lack of \"attention-grabbing production theatrics\". The release of the band's first EP, titledFacedown, in August 2012 saw the band's first UK airplay on national radio with lead track \"The City\", which was also featured as part of aBBC Introducingshow withHuw StephensonBBC Radio 1.The 1975 once again garnered national radio attention in late 2012, with BBC Radio 1 DJZane Lowechampioning their single \"Sex\" from theeponymous EP, which was released on 19 November.They embarked on a United Kingdom and Ireland tour extended into early 2013, before beginning a US tour in Spring 2014.Upon the release ofMusic for Carson 4 March 2013, the 1975 found mainstream chart success with \"Chocolate\", reaching number 19 in theUK Singles Chart. On 20 May 2013 the band releasedIV,",
"band releasedIV, which included a new version of \"The City\". The track charted in the UK and received airplay in several other countries. The 1975 toured extensively to support releases and to build hype before releasing their debut. The band supportedMuseon the second leg ofThe 2nd Law World Tourat theEmirates StadiuminLondonon 26 May 2013.They also toured withthe Neighbourhoodin the United States in June 2013,and supportedthe Rolling StonesinHyde Parkon 13 July.In August, the band performed on the Festival Republic Stage at2013 Reading and Leeds Festivals. In a feature article, Elliot Mitchell ofWhen the Gramophone Ringswrote that releasing a string of EPs before the debut album was \"a move that he deemed necessary to provide context to the band's broad sound, rather than just building up with singles alone.\" Healy said, \"We wouldn't have been able to release the album without putting out the EP's first, as we wanted to make sure we could express ourselves properly before dropping this long, ambitious",
"long, ambitious debut record on people.\" Their self-titled debut,The 1975, was released on 2 September 2013, co-produced byMike Crossey, known for his work withArctic MonkeysandFoals.The 1975 were selling out shows even before the debut of their full-length album as Healy recalled in an interview withLarry HeathofThe AU Review.The lead single was a re-worked \"Sex\", which was released on 26 August 2013.The song premiered onZane Lowe'sBBC Radio 1show on 8 July 2013,and a music video premiered onYouTubeon 26 July.The 1975debuted at number one on theUK Albums Chart. Public reaction to the band's music has been mixed, particularly on social media platforms likeTwitter, \"perhaps the last public space for unfettered music criticism in an increasingly anti-critical landscape\", according toVicemagazine's Larry Fitzmaurice in 2016. In an essay on the critical response, he said they have been \"the Most Hated and Loved Band in the World\" and described \"as underratedandoverhyped, although the needle has far more often",
"has far more often swung towards the former direction\".Veteran rock criticRobert Christgausaid he thinks \"they suck\" and should not be called a \"rock band\" as they do not \"rock\".In Fitzmaurice's opinion, the band's debut album was mainly a straightforward rock album recorded \"with a soft-focus and especially British sensibility\", whileI Like It When You Sleepwas only rock music in the loosest sense of the word. Overall, he said their music is pop \"in the realm of Alternative\", most comparable toINXS.The 1975 toured in the UK in September 2013, among others performing inKingston upon Hullas headliners atFreedom Festival, a celebration of the city's shortlisting for 2017UK City of Culturedesignation,and atiTunes Festivalon 8 September as an opening act for indie electronic quartetBastille. The band undertook a North American tour in October 2013, a European tour for November, and in January 2014 the band performed in New Zealand and Australia.In September 2013, the band performed three sold-out shows at",
"sold-out shows at London'sShepherd's Bush Empire.In April 2014, the band performed for the first time in a major American music and arts festival:Coachella.The band played atRoyal Albert Hallthe same month.In May, the band's recorded output was distributed digitally while they were touring North America. Healy noted that the band had recording scheduled in Q2 2015. 2015–2017:I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It On 1 June 2015, the band's social accounts were terminated, which caused intense speculation.A comic strip was posted on Healy'sTwittera day prior but was later posted on their manager's (Jamie Oborne) account, which suggested the band's break-up.The next day, the accounts were reinstated, but the cover images and profile photos were white and light pink, instead of the usualblack and white, revealing it to be a publicity stunt. On 8 October, the band announced their second album,I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It.They premiered",
"It.They premiered the lead single, \"Love Me\", simultaneously scheduling a support tour in Europe, North America, and Asia.They premiered the second single, \"UGH!\", on 10 December on Beats 1.The album's third single, \"The Sound\" debuted onBBC Radio 1on 14 January 2016.The 1975 released the fourth single \"Somebody Else\" on 15 February on Beats 1before the album's release. \"A Change of Heart\" premiered on Radio 1 on 22 February, four days prior to the album's release. NME, who had previously been highly critical of the band, praised the album for its scope and ambition, writing that \"Any record that burrows as deep into your psyche as ‘I Like It…' should be considered essential. It's hugely clever and wryly funny, too.\" They later named it their Album of the Year for 2016.Although music journalistAlexis Petridisnoted that parts of the album were over-ambitious, he went on to claim that \"incredibly, though, most of the time Healy gets away with it. That's sometimes because his observations are sharp — as a",
"are sharp — as a skewering of celebrity squad culture, 'you look famous, let's be friends / And portray we possess something important / And do the things we like' is pretty acute — but more usually because they come loaded with witty self-awareness and deprecation: the endless depictions of vacuous, coke-numbed girls he has met would get wearying were it not for the fact that he keeps turning the lyrical crosshair on himself.\" In a more mixed review,Rolling Stonecriticised tracks like \"Lostmyhead\" and \"Please Be Naked\" for being \"boring-melty\" but praised songs such as \"Somebody Else\", \"Loving Someone\" and \"Love Me\". The album was released on 26 February and topped the UK Albums Chart and the USBillboard200.The band released a free download for \"How to Draw\" on Twitter and through Target Exclusive.It was shortlisted for the 2016Mercury Music Prizeand nominated for Album of the Year at the 2017Brit Awards. 2017–2019:A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships On 13 November 2016, memberGeorge Danielteased the",
"Danielteased the band's third album by releasing a video on hisInstagramaccount captioned \"2018\", containing snippets of audio along with Healy playing the keyboards. On 3 April 2017, Healy tweeted \"I like it when you sleep is coming to an end\" before following up with \"Music for Cars\", which shares the name of their third extended play.In March 2017, the band confirmed that two songs for the new album have already been written.In June, Healy also confirmed that Drive Like I Do, one of the 1975's prior incarnations, will release a debut album as a side project 'in a few years'. In November, Healy teased the release of an EP within 2017.Besides being confirmed, the EP was delayed to 2018, with manager Jamie Oborne stating that \"something\" would be released instead; this was the band's debut live album,DH00278.He also confirmed that no singles fromMusic for Carswill be released in 2017, with the band confirming that something will be released on 1 June 2018.In March 2018, the band deleted many media posts",
"many media posts across their accounts going back to July 2017, during their final show atLatitude FestivalforI Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It.On 22 April 2018, in response to a fan comment on Twitter, Oborne stated that their second album's campaign would remain for \"a few more days\".At the end of April, cryptic posters titled \"Music for Cars\" appeared in London and Manchester, containing taglines and a Dirty Hit catalogue number, DH00327, amongst a black background.Variousbillboardswere also spotted in the United Kingdom, having useddétournementto apply themselves over existing advertisements.The band updated their website to display a timer counting down towards 1 June at the beginning of May 2018, becoming active again on social media.Within its first hours, it was revealed to contain a hiddenzip filewith four individual posters, each of the names leading to a hidden page on the website that displayed a conversation between a 'human' and a 'machine'.Over social",
"social media, the band frequently released different posters, all titled \"A Brief Inquiry Into Online Relationships\".On 31 May 2018, the band released the single \"Give Yourself a Try\", after premiering asAnnie Mac's \"Hottest Record in the World\" onBBC Radio 1that same day. The album garnered almost universal praise from critics. According to review aggregatorMetacritic, the album has received a weighted score of 83 based on 29 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Ryan Dombal ofPitchforkgave the album a score of 8.5, earning it the Best New Music tag, and called it \"outrageous and eclectic\", as well as \"similar to its predecessor in its boundless sense of style, swerving fromAfrobeatsto brushed-snare jazz balladry to one track that sounds like atrapremix of aBon Iverayahuascatrip\", but \"more purposeful\" thanI Like It When You Sleep.Timeconsidered it one of the Best Albums of 2018, placing it at number nine on their list. However, Conrad Duncan writing for the same site gave the album a positive review,",
"a positive review, calling it \"full of genuine heart, intelligence and wit\".Popmatterscriticised the album as bloated and inconsistent, stating \"The band's reach exceeds their grasp here, and vocalist/band leader Matt Healy's indulgences are often more tiresome than charming\", while still praising it as \"fascinating\".Healy, in an interview forBeats 1, said that \"Music for Cars\" is more of an era to release music, after renamingMusic for CarstoA Brief Inquiry Into Online Relationships.It was released on 30 November 2018. The band headlined bothRadio 1's Big WeekendinStewart Park, Middlesbroughon 26 May 2019andReading and Leeds Festivalin August 2019. The album was shortlisted for the 2019Mercury Music Prizeand won the award for British Album of the Year at the2019 Brit Awards. 2020–2021:Notes on a Conditional Form On 24 July 2019, the opening song ofNotes on a Conditional Form, titled \"The 1975\", was released, featuring climate activistGreta Thunberg, the proceeds of the song going toExtinction Rebellion.The",
"Rebellion.The lead single, entitled \"People\" released on 22 August 2019. This was announced by a countdown on the band's social media accounts, including small snippets of lyrics from the song that fans could piece together. A second single, titled \"Frail State of Mind\", was released on 24 October. The music video for the song was released on 30 November 2019. The next single, \"Me & You Together Song\", was released on 16 January 2020. On 15 February, the group did their UK tour that lasted until 3 March 2020. The tour began in Nottingham's Motor point arena, which holds a capacity of 10,000, and they ended their tour in Dublin after performing in Places such as London's O2, Manchester, Glasgow and other hit places in the UK. On 17 February 2020, the band put up a \"digital detox\" website called MindShowerAI which contained a countdown to their next single as well as several odd messages like “I am doing my mind and my life!” and “I feel comfort and respect.\"A fourth single, ‘The Birthday Party’, was released",
"was released on 19 February 2020 at the end of the website's countdown. On 3 April, the band released \"Jesus Christ 2005 God Bless America\", featuring guest vocals fromPhoebe Bridgers, which was followed by \"If You're Too Shy (Let Me Know)\", featuring guest vocals byFKA Twigs, on 23 April 2020. The band's fourth album,Notes on a Conditional Form, was released on 22 May 2020.It became the band's fourth consecutive album to reach number one on the UK Albums Chart as well as reaching number one in Australia and number four in the United States.On 4 December 2020, the album became certified silver in the UK via Brits certified. Many of the band's 2020 shows which were postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemicwere ultimately cancelled. During this time, lead singer Matty Healy teased future music under the name \"Drive Like I Do\", and said that the band was working on their fifth studio album, although there was no indication as to when writing, recording, mixing, etc. would be complete. In February 2021,No Rome,",
"2021,No Rome, aDirty Hitlabelmate, announced he was working on a track featuring the 1975 along withCharli XCX, which would make it the second No Rome single to feature the band after 2018's \"Narcissist\".The track's title is \"Spinning\" and was released on 4 March 2021.An EP that Healy and Daniel produced and co-wrote,Beabadoobee'sOur Extended Play, was released in March 2021.In October 2021, Healy opened forPhoebe Bridgersat theGreek TheatreinLos Angeleson herReunion Tour. He performed two new songs, one called \"New York\". 2022–present:Being Funny in a Foreign Language On 14 February 2022, the band deactivated their main social media accounts, hinting at new material.On 1 June, the band's social media accounts were re-activated, and the beginning of a new era was signalled by a series of posts, and updates to the band's official website. In late June 2022, the first single \"Part of the Band\" from their fifth albumBeing Funny in a Foreign Languagewas teased. Postcards sent to fans revealed an album track",
"an album track listing, while posters of Healy in London promoted the single. The lyrics of \"Part of the Band\" were posted by Healy on Instagram. The song was released on 7 July. On 14 October, the album was released.On 1 October, the band appeared onBBC Two'sLater... with Jools Holland. On 7 November 2022, the band performed a sold-out show at Madison Square Garden,which was also live-streamed onTwitch.The show—one of the first few in theirAt Their Very Besttour—was highly acclaimed with some critics praising it for its boldness,while others wrote that the band proved they really were \"at their very best.\"It received five star reviews from theRolling Stone,NME,The Observer,The Telegraph,Evening Standard,andMetro. The band was banned from performing inMalaysiadue to \"controversial conduct and remarks\" during their performance at theGood Vibes Festivalon 21 July 2023. This included a same-sex kiss onstage between Healy and MacDonald, and Healy openly criticising the country's stronganti-LGBT laws.The",
"laws.The remainder of the festival was then cancelled by local authorities.Malaysian authorities forced the organisers to immediately halt and cancelled the rest of the three-day festival citing that Healy's \"controversial conduct and remarks\" are \"against the traditions and values of the local culture\".Reactions to the incident from Malaysians on social media were generally critical of Healy.Some members of theLGBT communityin Malaysia were frustrated by the incident and expressed concern it would lead to further reprisals from thereligious right.The band subsequently cancelled shows inTaiwanandIndonesiafollowing the incident.The organisers of the festival sued the band in theHigh Courtfor breach of contract and sought £1.9 million in damages. In August 2023, they headlinedReading and Leeds Festivalsfor the third time with a \"10th Anniversary Performance\" of theirself-titled debutalbum.Their fifth concert tour commenced in September 2023 titledStill... At Their Very Best.It is their biggest tour to date in",
"tour to date in North America performing in arenas across the United States and Canada.In the opening show inSacramento, Healy has stated that after the tour, the band will have a hiatus from touring. In October 2024, twoCharli xcx's highly anticipated remix albumBrat and it's completely different but also still bratthemed billboards were found in the band's hometown, Manchester. After some speculations, it was officially revealed that the band will feature on the remixed version of the song \"I might say something stupid\" withJon Hopkins. Musical style and influences The band's work has been described broadly aspop-rockart popandalt-pop,synth-pop,new wave,andindie rock.NPRnoted that Healy \"has long treated writing songs for the 1975 as his diary\".PerThe Guardian, his lyrics distinguish the 1975's music from other artists'.He andDanielare the principal songwriters of the band with Daniel describing himself as the \"primaryproducer\" and Healy as the \"primary songwriter\".He has described their relationship as",
"relationship as \"symbiotic\": \"We've got a shared musical vocabulary. Even if we're both working remotely, we're both working together.\" Healy specifically citesTalking Heads,My Bloody Valentine,Ride, andMichael Jacksonas musical influences; he states that his greatest influence is the oeuvre of filmmakerJohn Hughes.Healy said that their influence is \"heavily rooted\" inAfrican-American musicin many interviews. The 1975 is known for their artistic reinventions andmusical eclecticism.Their debut albumhas been described aselectropop,funk rock,indie pop,indie rock,pop,pop rockandrock.Scott Kerr ofAllMusicwrote that the band combined \"the dark and youthful themes of sex, love, and fear with ethereal alt-rock music.\"Dissentingly, veteran rock criticRobert Christgauargues that they should not be considered a \"rock band\" as they do not \"rock\". For their second album,I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It, Healy citedChristina Aguilera,D'Angelo,Roberta Flack,Boards of Canada, andSigur",
"of Canada, andSigur Rósas inspirations saying that they're \"a post-modern pop band that references a million things. I don't even know what my band is half the time.\" Legacy and impact Healy and the band has been described by several publications as \"the voice of a generation\".Rolling Stonestated that the band has been at \"the forefront of modernpop rock\" since their debut,withBillboarddeclaring them \"the most ambitious pop-rock band of their generation\".Pitchforkhas described them as a \"band of friends\" who \"ascended from scrappy emo rockers to global superstars\".Entertainment Weeklyhas characterised them as \"British Phenoms,\"NMEproclaimed them as \"Art PopHeroes,\"and theBBChas called them “Modern Pop Icons”.The Guardianhas called them \"Britain's Biggest Band\" in 2020,The Telegraphstated that they're \"Britain's Hottest Band\",and theEvening Standardproclaimed them the \"Most Compelling Pop Band in the Planet\" in 2023. The 1975's influence in theindie popscene has been termed \"Healywave\" byNME.Described as",
"byNME.Described as \"deftly plucked, palm-muted guitar line, hop, skip and jumping its way across shimmering pop synth work and third-wave emo lyricism,\"The Big Issueadded that it's a \"dreamified take on Eighties pop-rock\".\"Healywave\" acts named by theNMEincludePale Waves,Fickle Friends, andthe Acesamong others. Members Current touring musicians Former touring musicians Discography Studio albums Concert tours Awards and nominations See also References External links"
] |
What is the birthplace and hometown of the winning goal scorer of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Men's Ice Hockey event? | Halifax | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Crosby | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Crosby'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Crosby"
] | [
"Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Themen's tournament inice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympicswas held inVancouver,British Columbia, Canada, from February 16 to February 28, 2010. Games were hosted at two venues –Canada Hockey Place(renamed from \"General Motors Place\" for the Olympics because IOC rules disallowed host venues to be named after non-Olympic sponsors) andUBC Thunderbird Arena. These Olympics were the first to take place in a city with aNational Hockey Leagueteam since the NHL players were introduced in 1998, which meant players on theVancouver Canuckswho were competing in the Olympics were playing in their home arena:Roberto Luongofor Canada,Ryan Keslerfor the United States,Pavol Demitrafor Slovakia,Sami Salofor Finland,Christian Ehrhofffor Germany, andDanielandHenrik Sedinfor Sweden. Teams from twelve national hockey associations competed,seededinto three groups for the preliminary round. The tournament consisted of 30 games: 18 in the preliminary round (teams played the other teams in their own group); 4 qualification playoff games; 4 quarterfinal games; 2 semifinal games; 1 bronze medal game; and 1 gold medal game. During the tournament,Teemu Selänneof Finland became the all-time leader for points scored in the Olympics.He notched an assist in his second game of the tournament for 37 career points, surpassingValeri Kharlamovof the Soviet Union,Vlastimil Bubníkof Czechoslovakia, andHarry Watsonof Canada.Sweden'sgoaltenderHenrik Lundqvistset a modern-day Olympicshutoutstreak record of 172 minutes and 34 seconds, continuous from the final of the gold medal game of the2006 Olympicsuntil Sweden's quarterfinal against Slovakia. The tournament was won by Canada for the record eighth time (one more than the Soviet Union), which defeated the United States in overtime in the gold medal game. Qualification Belarus, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States qualified as the top nine teams in theIIHF World Ranking. Germany, Latvia and Norway qualified via the qualification tournament for teams ranked 10th through 30th. Rosters Preliminary round Points to each team were awarded as follows: If two or more teams were tied in points, the following tiebreaker criteria were used: If a criterion left only two teams tied, then those teams were ranked based on their head-to-head result. Group A All times are local (UTC−8). Group B All times are local (UTC−8). Group C All times are local (UTC−8). Ranking after preliminary round Playoff round Following the completion of the preliminary round, all teams were ranked 1D through 12D. To determine this ranking, the following criteria were usedin the order presented: Bracket Qualification playoffs The top four ranked teams (1D–4D) received byes to and were deemed the home team in the quarterfinals as they were seeded to advance, with the remaining eight teams (5D–12D) playing qualification playoff games as follows: If the score remained even after regulation, a 10-minute overtime period was played. If neither team scored, a shoot out of three rounds ofpenalty shotsdecided the winner. The four winners of these qualification playoff games advanced to the quarterfinal round, while the losers of the qualification playoff games received a final ranking of 9 through 12 based on their preliminary round ranking. All times are local (UTC−8) Quarterfinals Teams seeded D1 to D4 were the home teams. If the teams were tied after 60 minutes of regulation, a 10-minute overtime period decided the winner immediately upon the next goal. If the game remained tied after the overtime period, apenalty shotcompetition determined the winning team. Following the quarterfinal games, the winning teams were re-ranked F1 through F4, with the winner of 1D vs. E4 re-ranked as F1, the winner of 2D vs. E3 re-ranked as F2, the winner of 3D vs. E2 re-ranked as F3, and the winner of 4D vs. E1 re-ranked as F4. The losers of the quarterfinal round games received a final ranking of 5 through 8 based on their preliminary round ranking. All times are local (UTC−8). Semifinals All times are local (UTC−8). Bronze medal game All times are local (UTC−8). Gold medal game All times are local (UTC−8). The gold medal game was a rematch of the men's tournament inice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympicsheld inSalt Lake City, United States. In addition,Chris Pronger,Scott Niedermayer,Martin BrodeurandJarome IginlaofTeam Canadawere returnees from the 2002 gold-winning squad and collected their second gold medal.Brian RafalskiandChris Drurywere the only players remaining from USA's 2002 silver squad. The final score was a 3–2 win for Team Canada. Goal scorers for Canada wereJonathan Toews,Corey PerryandSidney Crosby, with the winning goal scored in overtime. For USA, the goal scorers wereRyan KeslerandZach Parise, the latter tying the game with 25 seconds left, forcing it to go intosudden death. Sidney Crosby scored the game-winning goal off a pass from Jarome Iginla, seven minutes and forty seconds into overtime for Canada, gaining victory over the United States.The puck has been sent to theHockey Hall of Famein Toronto;in Canadian media, Crosby's goal has been compared in significance to the ones scored byPaul Hendersonin the1972 Summit SeriesandMario Lemieuxin the1987 Canada Cup. The referees for the final wereBill McCreary(Canada) andDan O'Halloran(Canada), while the linesmen wereStefan Fonselius(Finland) andJean Morin(Canada). The gold medal game was the last competitive event at the Olympics before theclosing ceremony. Game summary Television ratings The gold medal game drew a big hockey audience in both Canada and the United States. In Canada, the game drew an average 16.6 million viewers while 26.5 million Canadians watched at least part of the game.Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortiumclaims that 22 million people – or two thirds of the Canadian population – were watching the gold medal game when Sidney Crosby scored in overtime, making the game the most-watched television broadcast in Canadian history.However, a new ratings system intended to better track out-of-home viewership was only implemented in August 2009, making it difficult to accurately compare these results with ratings prior to that date – specifically, the2002 Canada–USA gold medal gamein Salt Lake City, the record holder under the previous system.There was some speculation that the final game of the 1972Summit Serieshad as many as 18 million viewers, although recently recoveredNielsen ratingsarchives indicate that only 4.255 million Canadians watched that game live. In the United States,NBCsaid that the game was the most-watched hockey game in the U.S. in 30 years, drawing 27.6 million, the largest since the United States–Finland game that decided the gold medal at the1980 Winter Olympics. Final rankings The final standings of the tournament according to theIIHF: Statistics Average age Team Finland was the oldest team in the tournament, averaging 31 years and 5 months. Team USA was the youngest team in the tournament, averaging 27 years and 2 months. Gold medalists team Canada averaged 28 years and 2 months. Tournament average was 29 years. Leading scorers Rankings based upon points. Leading goaltenders Goalkeepers with 40% or more of their team's total minutes. Shutoutposters Awards United States'Ryan Millerwas named themost valuable playerand received the Directorate Award for best goaltender of the tournament.Directorate Awards also went toBrian Rafalski(United States) for best defenceman, and toJonathan Toews(Canada) for best forward. The tournament all-star team was voted on by the international media at the conclusion of the event. The following players were named: Toews, along withBrent SeabrookandDuncan Keithwould become the fourth, fifth and sixth players to win both Olympic gold medal and Stanley Cup (with theChicago Blackhawks) in the same year, followingKen Morrow1980, andSteve YzermanandBrendan Shanahan(2002).Patrick Kanewould become the fourth player to win both Olympic silver medal and Stanley Cup in the same year, following Red WingsSergei Fedorovin 1998, andChris CheliosandBrett Hullin 2002. Triple Gold Club TheTriple Gold Club, made up of individuals who have won the Stanley Cup plus gold medals at the Olympics andWorld Championships, gained two new members: Later the same season, Team Canada centreJonathan Toewswould go on to become the 24th and youngest player in the Triple Gold Club, following up his Olympic gold medal with the Stanley Cup with theChicago Blackhawksjust four months after winning Olympic gold. He had previously won the World Championships in2007. Officials Games were primarily officiated by NHL referees, a stipulation by the NHL if most Olympic players are NHLers, according to theIIHF(not NHL) rules. References External links",
"Sidney Crosby Sidney Patrick CrosbyOCONS(born August 7, 1987) is a Canadian professionalice hockeycentreandcaptainof thePittsburgh Penguinsof theNational Hockey League(NHL). Nicknamed \"Sid the Kid\" and dubbed \"The Next One\", he was selectedfirst overallby the Penguins in the2005 NHL Entry Draft. Born and raised inHalifax, Crosby was considered one of the most lauded prospects in ice hockey history and is widely regarded as one of the greatest ice hockey players of all time. During his two-yearmajor juniorcareer with theRimouski Océanic, he earned many awards and led his club to the2005 Memorial Cupfinal. Océanic and theQuebec Major Junior Hockey Leagueretired Crosby's jersey number 87 in 2019. Crosby debuted in the NHL during the2005–06 season, recording 102pointsand finishing as runner-up for theCalder Memorial Trophyas the NHL Rookie of the Year. At 18 years and 253 days, he is the youngest player to date to reach 100 points in an NHL season. By hissecond season, he led the NHL with 120 points to capture theArt Ross Trophy, becoming the youngest player and the only teenager to win a scoring title in anymajor North American sports league. That same season, Crosby won theHart Memorial Trophyas the league'smost valuable player(MVP) and theLester B. Pearson Awardfor most outstanding player as judged by his peers. He started the2007–08 seasonwith the team's captaincy and subsequently led them to the2008 Stanley Cup Finals, where they were defeated by theDetroit Red Wingsin six games. The Penguins returned to the Finals against Detroit thefollowing yearand won in seven games; Crosby became the youngest captain in NHL history to win theStanley Cup. In2009–10, he received theMark Messier Leadership Awardand scored 51goals, winning theMaurice Richard Trophyas the NHL's leading goal scorer. In early2011, Crosby sustained aconcussionthat left him sidelined for the rest of the season and for most of the2011–12 campaign. In2014, Crosby again won the Hart Memorial Trophy as well as his second Art Ross Trophy (104 points) and his thirdTed Lindsay Award. Crosby led Pittsburgh to Stanley Cup championships in2016and2017, becoming the third player to win theConn Smythe Trophy(playoff MVP) in consecutive years. In 2017, he won his second Richard Trophy and was named one of the100 Greatest NHL Playersin history. Internationally, Crosby has representedCanadaon numerous occasions. He won gold at the2005 World Junior Championships, and was later named to Team Canada for the2010 Winter OlympicsinVancouver. Playing against theUnited Statesin the gold medal game, he scored thegame-winning goalinovertime. Crosby captained Team Canada at the2014 Winter Olympics, winning his second consecutive Olympic gold medal. A year later, he led his country to gold in theWorld ChampionshipinPrague, thus becoming a member of theTriple Gold Cluband the only player in the club to have captained all three winning teams. In 2016, Crosby captained Canada to gold in theWorld Cup of Hockeyand was elected MVP by a unanimous vote. Early life Crosby was born in theGrace Maternity HospitalinHalifax, Nova Scotiaon August 7, 1987to Troy and Trina (née Forbes) Crosby. Crosby'sjersey number(87) and 2007 contract signing ($8.7 million per year) reflect his birthdate (8/7/87).Crosby grew up in nearbyCole Harbourand has a younger sister named Taylor.His father Troy was agoaltenderwho played for theVerdun Junior Canadiensin theQuebec Major Junior Hockey League(QMJHL). He helped the team win the 1985President's Cupwhich lead them to the1985 Memorial Cup. Troy was drafted 240th overall by theMontreal Canadiensin1984, but never played at the NHL level.Growing up, Crosby admiredSteve Yzermanand, like his father, was a Canadiens fan.Crosby began playing hockey by himself in his basement at the age of two, shooting pucks in a net that had the family dryer behind it, leading to a longstanding misconception that he was actually practising with the dryer;he learned to skate at age three. From age 12 to 15, Crosby attendedAstral Drive Junior High School. He was a straight-A student and, according to the vice-principal, \"an amazing role model, who was really kind to students in the learning centre and to special needs kids\". At age 15, Crosby transferred toShattuck-Saint Mary'sinFaribault, Minnesotato play with the school's hockey program. While playing for theRimouski Océanicof the QMJHL, Crosby went toHarrison Trimble High SchoolinMoncton,New Brunswick, where he graduated in 2005. Playing career Minor hockey Early in hisminor hockeyyears, Crosby began attracting media attention for his play and gave his first newspaper interview at age seven.When Crosby was 13, Nova Scotia's Minor Hockey Council refused to allow him to play midget, a level of minor hockey designated for 15- to 17-year-olds. His family sued but lost.The following year, he entered the midget level with the triple-A Dartmouth Subways and went on to score a combined 217 regular season and playoff points, leading Dartmouth to a second-place finish at the2002 Air Canada Cup. He was named the MVP and Top Scorer awards at the national tournament at the tournament banquet held after the preliminary round and he finished the tournament with 24 points (11 goals and 13 assists) in 7 games.Crosby was called up as a 14-year-old to play two games with theMaritime Junior A Hockey League'sTruro Bearcatsthat season.Crosby had been drafted by the Bearcats in the 2001 MJAHL Draft as a 13-year-old. During his midget season, Crosby appeared on theCBC'sHockey Day in Canadatelecast.He has recalled numerous instances in which opposing players intentionally attempted to injure him, as well as constant verbal abuse from parents on and off the ice. Parents taunted and threatened Crosby so harshly, he took to not wearing his jersey between tournament games while he waited to play so that he would not be recognized.Due to this treatment, he elected to play for the American hockey program atShattuck-Saint Mary's Boarding School, Minnesotafor the 2002–03 hockey season.In 57 games with the Sabres, he recorded 72 goals and 162 points, leading the team to a U18 AAA national championship. Junior career Rimouski Océanic (2003–2005) Crosby was selected first overall in the 2003 Midget Draft by theRimouski Océanicof theQuebec Major Junior Hockey League(QMJHL). In his first exhibition game, he scored eight points, leading his teammates to nickname him \"Darryl\" (in reference toDarryl Sittler's ten-point NHL game in 1976).In his first regular season game in the QMJHL, he scored one goal and added two assists.He was named QMJHL Player of the Week for two consecutive weeks at the start of the season and won the honour four more times as the season progressed. He was named QMJHL Player of the Month andCanadian Hockey League(CHL) Player of the Week three times each.Crosby finished his rookie QMJHL season with 54 goals and 81 assists over 59 games to capture theJean Béliveau Trophyas the league's leading point-scorer. He was further recognized with the RDS/JVC Trophy (overall rookie of the year) andMichel Brière Memorial Trophy(most valuable player), becoming the first QMJHL player to win all three major awards at once.Rounding out Crosby's accolades for the 2003–04 regular season were QMJHL All-Rookie and first All-Star team honours, as well asOffensive Rookie,Offensive PlayerandPersonality of the YearAwards. As a team, the Océanic led the Eastern Division with 34 wins and 76 points. After receiving a first-round bye in the 2003 QMJHL playoffs, they defeated theShawinigan Cataractesin the quarterfinals, then were eliminated by theMoncton Wildcatsin the semi-finals. Crosby recorded 16 points (7 goals and 9 assists) over 9 playoff games. During the off-season, theWorld Hockey Association, a major professional league proposed to rival the NHL, held an Entry Draft on July 17, 2004. Holding the first overall selection, Toronto chose Crosby. The following month, it was reported that Crosby turned down a US$7.5 million contract over three years to play for Hamilton. Crosby told reporters that while \"it took a lot to say no to that much money\", he \"work hard most of his life to play in the NHL\". The contract would have paid him $2.5 million annually and an additional $2 million payout regardless of whether the WHA was realized as a legitimate league or not. However, it was not clarified how Hamilton could have signed Crosby, as Toronto held his WHA playing rights. Nevertheless, the WHA never materialized. Returning to the Océanic for the2004–05 season, Crosby continued dominating the league, leading the league with 66 goals, 102 assists and 168 points over 62 games to capture his second consecutive Beliveau Trophy. Joining Crosby on Rimouski's top line were wingersDany RoussinandMarc-Antoine Pouliot, who finished second and third in league-scoring with 116 and 114 points respectively. In addition to his scoring title, Crosby was once again awarded Most Valuable Player, Offensive Player and Personality of the Year, while repeating as a QMJHL First All-Star. The Océanic finished the regular season with thebest record in the league, registering 45 wins and 98 points, including a league record-setting 28-game undefeated streak. They went on to capture thePresident's Cupas QMJHL playoff champions, defeating theHalifax Mooseheadsin the finals. Crosby led the playoffs with 31 points (14 goals and 17 assists) over 13 games, earning him theGuy Lafleur Trophyas postseason MVP. With their QMJHL championship, the Océanic qualified for the2005 Memorial Cup, Canada's national major junior tournament. Meeting theLondon Knightsin the final, the Océanic were shut-out 4–0. Despite the loss, Crosby was named to the Tournament All-Star team and captured theEd Chynoweth Trophyas the competition's leading scorer with 11 points (6 goals and 5 assists) over 5 games. Knights forwardCorey Perrywas awarded theStafford Smythe Memorial Trophyas the MVP. Soon after, he attended the NHL prospect combine in preparation for the2005 NHL Entry Draft. The Rimouski Océanicretiredjersey number 87 in Crosby's honor in September 2019, and the QMJHL also retired the number for all of its teams. Pittsburgh Penguins (2005–present) Rise to superstardom (2005–2007) Entering the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, Crosby was listed first overall in theNHL Central Scouting Bureauand International Scouting Services' respective rankings of prospects.He also won theMike Bossy Trophyas the QMJHL's best prospect. Crosby was selected first overall in the draft by thePittsburgh Penguinson July 30, 2005. Due to thelabour lockoutthat suspended the entire2004–05 NHL season, positioning for the 2005 draft was conducted via a weighted lottery based on each team's playoff appearances and draft lottery victories in the last four years. This lottery system led to the draft being popularly referred to as the \"Sidney Crosby Lottery\" or the \"Sidney Crosby Sweepstakes\". \"Sid the Kid\", a nickname given to him by the media early in his career, made his NHL debut on October 5, 2005, against theNew Jersey Devils, and registered an assist on the team's first goal of the season, scored byMark Recchiin a 5–1 loss.He scored his first NHL goal in the Penguins' home opener on October 8 against goaltenderHannu Toivonenof theBoston Bruins. Despite having registered two assists for a three-point night, the Penguins were defeated 7–6 inovertime. Crosby began his rookie season playing alongsideHall of FamerMario Lemieux, though Lemieux was forced to retire due to anirregular heartbeatafter having played just 26 games into the season.Near the midway point of the season, Penguins head coachEd Olczykwas fired and replaced byMichel Therrienon December 15, 2005. The following day, Therrien designated Crosby as an alternate captain for the Penguins. The move drew criticism from some hockey pundits, including commentatorDon Cherry, who claimed that Crosby did not have the experience for the position. Cherry said, \"An 18-year-old kid says he's going to give us ideas. What, from the Quebec League, he's going to give them ideas? Come on. That's ridiculous.\"Although hopes were high in Pittsburgh for the club to succeed, largely in part to the beginning of Crosby's NHL career and bolstered by the acquisitions ofSergei Gonchar,Žigmund Pálffy, and Mark Recchi, the Penguins still finished with the worst record in theEastern Conference.Nevertheless, Crosby's first NHL campaign was a personal success as he established franchise records in assists (63) and points (102) for a rookie, both of which were previously held by Mario Lemieux. He also scored 39 goals and became the youngest player in NHL history to score 100 points in a single season, and only the seventh rookie ever to hit the benchmark.Overall, Crosby finished sixth in the NHL scoring race and seventh in the NHL in assists. Among Canadian NHL players, he trailed onlyJoe ThorntonandDany Heatley. Throughout the season, Crosby had battled withWashington Capitalswinger and2004first-overall pickAlexander Ovechkinfor the rookie scoring lead. He finished second to Ovechkin's 106 points and also lost to the Capitals forward for theCalder Memorial Trophyas NHL rookie of the year.It marked the start of a rivalry that would help \"define the league\" for over a decade.Throughout his first season, Crosby was accused by opposing players and coaches of taking dives and complaining to officials, which was typically attributed to his youth.He became the first rookie to earn 100 penalty minutes and 100 points in the same season, which magnified his reputation for complaining to NHL officials.Hockey analystKelly Hrudeycompared Crosby toWayne Gretzky, who had a similar reputation as a \"whiner\" in his youth, and suggested that as Crosby matured, he would mellow out and his reputation would fade. In his second NHL season, Crosby built on his rookie success. On October 28, 2006, Crosby scored his first NHLhat-trickin an 8–2 victory over thePhiladelphia Flyers.His success against the Flyers continued as just over six weeks later, on December 13, he recorded the first six-point game of his career (one goal and five assists).The multi-point effort vaulted Crosby into the NHL scoring lead, which he would retain for the remainder of the season. He finished the2006–07with 36 goals and 84 assists for 120 points in 79 games to become the first teenager to lead the NHL in scoring since Wayne Gretzky in1980. Being only 19 years old at the time, he became the youngest player in NHL history to win theArt Ross Trophyand the youngest scoring champion in any major North American professional sport.Crosby's second NHL season also saw significant improvements for the Penguins franchise as a whole, as the emergence of rookie forwards, eventual Calder Trophy-winnerEvgeni Malkinand runner-upJordan Staalcomplemented the club's offence. As a result, the Penguins jumped from last place in the Eastern Conference the previous season to fifth for the club's first playoff appearance since2001. Playing theOttawa Senatorsin the opening round, Crosby scored a goal in hisStanley Cup playoffdebut in a 6–3 loss.He finished the series with five points in all five games as the Penguins were ousted in a 4–1 by the eventualStanley Cuprunner-up. Beginning of Penguins captaincy, runner–up and first Stanley Cup title (2007–2009) Crosby was named Pittsburgh'steam captainon May 31, 2007, making him (at 19 years, 9 months, and 24 days) the youngest team captain in NHL history.During the season, the Penguins offered him the captaincy, but he turned it down. In the press conference naming him the team captain, he explained: \"I just thought it wasn't right for me. As a team, we were playing great and you don't want to disrupt things like that. Individually, I was not ready to accept that responsibility quite yet. Going through the playoffs and having that experience has probably given me more confidence. I understand there is going to be a lot more responsibility on my shoulders with this, but it's something I'm ready for, I feel very comfortable with it and I'm just excited to get things going.\" At the NHL's annual awards show two weeks later in June 2007, Crosby completed a rare off-season \"hat-trick\", winning theHart Memorial Trophyand theLester B. Pearson Awardin addition to his previously clinched Art Ross Trophy.He became the youngest player in NHL history to win the Lester B. Pearson,and only the second youngest player ever to win the Hart (after Gretzky). He became the youngest player ever to be named to theNHL's first All-Star team. With Crosby's initial three-year, entry-level contract set to expire at the end of the following season, the Penguins signed him to a five-year, $43.5 million contract extension on July 10, 2007, ensuring his stay with the Penguins through the 2012–13 season.Midway through thesubsequent season, Crosby recorded aGordie Howe hat-trickon December 20 in a game against theBoston Bruins. His first assist came 55 seconds into the first period. At 8:26 of the same period, Crosby scored to give the Penguins a 2–0 lead. Then, five minutes and nine seconds into the second frame, Crosby fought ex-Penguin defencemanAndrew Ferenceto complete the hat-trick. This was Crosby's first NHL fight.In the NHL's firstWinter Classic(with a record crowd of 71,217 fans in attendance), Crosby scored the shootout winner in heavy snowfall to defeat theBuffalo Sabres.However, two and a half weeks later, on January 18, 2008, Crosby suffered a high ankle sprain crashing leg-first into the boards in a game against theTampa Bay Lightning. As a result, he missed the2008 All-Star Game, to which he was named a starter.After missing 21 games, he returned on March 4 against the Tampa Bay Lightning and earned an assist on aMax Talbotgoal.However, two games after his return, he felt his ankle was not up to shape and decided that he needed more time for it to heal.Crosby consequently sat out of the Penguins' next seven games and returned on March 27, 2008, to help the Penguins defeat theNew York Islanders3–1.Despite his injury-shortened campaign, Crosby still managed 72 points (24 goals, 48 assists) in just 53 games.Crosby's absence from the Penguins' line-up served as a stepping stone for teammateEvgeni Malkin, who, now in his second season, was developing into a superstar in his own right. Picking up the offensive slack, Malkin finished second in league scoring toWashington CapitalswingerAlexander Ovechkinand was also a Hart Memorial Trophy nominee as MVP honours also went to Ovechkin.In addition to Crosby's return to the line-up late in the season, the Penguins acquired star wingerMarián Hossafrom theAtlanta Thrashersat the trade deadline, placing the club in a strong position to make a deep playoff run. Pittsburgh finished the season asAtlantic Divisionchampions and just two points shy of the first-seededMontreal Canadiens. In a rematch of the previous year's opening round, the Penguins began the2008 playoffsfacing theOttawa Senators, whom they quickly swept in four games. After then defeating theNew York RangersandarchrivalPhiladelphia Flyers, each in five games, the Penguins reached thefinal roundfor the first time since1992, to face theDetroit Red Wings.After being shut-out as a team for the first two games of the series, Crosby scored the first two goals of game three as the series shifted toPittsburghto fuel a 3–2 win.The Penguins lost the next game and despite staving off defeat in game five, they were overcome by the Red Wings in six games. Crosby finished the playoffs with 27 points (six goals and 21 assists in all 20 games), tying forward andConn Smythe-winnerHenrik Zetterberg(13 goals and 14 assists in 22 games) for the playoff scoring lead. Early in thefollowing season, on October 18, 2008, Crosby scored one goal and three assists against theToronto Maple Leafsto surpass benchmarks of 100 goals, 200 assists, and 300 points for his career.On the play in which Crosby scored, teammate Evgeni Malkin assisted to record his own 200th point. As a result, Crosby had a team trainer cut the puck in half so both players could commemorate the achievement. Minor injury troubles kept Crosby from five games early in the season as he was listed day-to-day,but he was, for the most part, able to bounce back from the previous injury-riddled season and stay healthy. He recorded 33 goals and 70 assists for 103 points to finish third in league scoring, as Evgeni Malkin captured his first careerArt Ross Trophy.Entering the2009 playoffsas the defendingPrince of Wales Trophywinners, the Penguins defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in the opening round before meeting the Washington Capitals for a highly publicized second-round matchup. The series was heavily followed as it pitted Ovechkin of the Capitals against both Crosby and Malkin, who together finished as the league's top three scorers that season. In the second game, Crosby and Ovechkin recorded matching three-goal efforts for their first career playoff hat tricks in a 4–3 Capitals victory.Despite being down 2–0 in the series, Crosby and the Penguins won the next three games and eventually defeated the Capitals in a seventh and deciding game, in which Crosby added another two goals.Following a sweep of theCarolina Hurricanesin the Eastern Conference Final, Crosby opted against recent NHL tradition and picked up the Prince of Wales Trophy, which he had left untouched the previous year. In explanation of the change of heart, Crosby said, \"We didn't touch the trophy last year, and obviously we didn't have the result we wanted ... Although we haven't accomplished exactly what we want ... we can still enjoy it.\"The Penguins met the Detroit Red Wings for the second straight year in theFinals, and this time Crosby won his firstStanley Cuptitle in seven games. At 21 years, 10 months, and 5 days, Crosby became the youngest NHL captain to win the Stanley Cup since 1895. (The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy isMike Grantof the1895Montreal Victorias, who was 21 years and 2 months at the time.)In the deciding Game 7, Crosby was forced to watch all but 32 seconds of the third period from the bench after suffering a knee injury less than halfway through the second period due to a hit from Wings' wingerJohan Franzén.Following the game, Crosby was criticized by Detroit centreKris Draperfor neglecting to shake hands with some of Detroit's players in the handshake line, most notably Wings' defenceman and captainNicklas Lidström. An irate Draper was quoted as saying, \"Nick was waiting and waiting, and Crosby didn't come over to shake his hand. That's ridiculous, especially as their captain.\"Crosby replied afterward, saying, \"I just won the Stanley Cup. I think I have the right to celebrate with my teammates. I know it's not easy waiting around... I understand if they don't feel like waiting around. But you know what? It's the easiest thing to do in the world, to shake hands after you win. I had no intentions of trying to skip guys and not shake their hands. I think that was a pretty unreasonable comment.\" Injury–plagued years, back-to-back Stanley Cups and Conn Smythe Trophies (2009–2018) In the2009–10 season, Crosby tiedTampa Bay LightningcentreSteven Stamkosfor the lead in goals scored, with 51 goals, earning theRocket Richard Trophy.He also garnered 58 assists for a total of 109 points, enough to tie withWashington Capitalswinger and captainAlexander Ovechkinfor second in league points, trailing onlyVancouver Canucks' centreHenrik Sedin's, who ended the season with 112. Crosby was also named a finalist for theHart Memorial TrophyandTed Lindsay Award.Crosby won theMark Messier Leadership Award, getting recognized as a \"superior leader within the sport, setting a positive example through on-ice performance, motivation of team members and a dedication to the community\".This was the second time he had received this honour, the other being in January 2007, during the award's first year when it was presented monthly.He was also included on NHL's all-decade second team of 2000s.Crosby's defending Stanley Cup champion and fourth seeded Penguins were defeated in the second round of the2010 playoffs, losing to theMontreal Canadiensin seven games. Crosby had 19 points (six goals, 13 assists) in all 13 games in the 2010 playoffs, though through seven games against the Canadiens, he had only one goal and four assists.Game 7 was also the last game to be played atMellon Arena, the Penguins' home rink since the start of the franchise. On July 27, 2010, Crosby joined his mentor from 2005–06, his rookie yearMario Lemieuxto be the first to skate on the new ice at theConsol Energy Center. The two skated for about five minutes before being joined on the ice by a group of young hockey fans all wearing Lemieux's 66 or Crosby's 87 jerseys. \"When you get a typical injury you're given a time frame, you're gradually working towards getting back ... With concussions there is not generally a time frame or a span where you're feeling better. You feel like you're getting better and it can be one day and you're back to where you started. It's a frustrating injury and one that anyone has gone through can relate. It's a hard one to understand unless you've gone through it\". — Crosby on his concussions. In the2010–11 season, Crosby had a 25-game point streak, which began on November 5, 2010, against theAnaheim Ducksand ended on December 28, 2010, against theNew York Islanders. During this streak, he had 27 goals (including threehat-tricks) and 24 assists for 51 points. This streak was tied for 11th-longest point streak in NHL history. During this streak, Crosby scored his 200th NHL goal in a 4–1 win over theCalgary Flameson Flames' goaltenderMikka Kiprusoffon November 27 and he was named First Star of the Month in both November and December, respectively.On January 3, 2011, Crosby was selected as a2011 All-Star, along with teammatesEvgeni Malkin,Marc-André FleuryandKris Letang.However, neither Crosby nor Malkin were available to play in the All-Star Game due to injuries, and rookieJeff Skinner(along withPaul Stastny) were named as replacements. In consecutive games – the2011 NHL Winter Classicon January 1, 2011, against the Washington Capitals and then January 5 against the Tampa Bay Lightning – Crosby suffered hits to his head fromDave SteckelandVictor Hedmanrespectively. After experiencing severalconcussionsymptoms, Crosby did not return for the rest of the season, including the2011 playoffs, where the fourth-seeded Penguins would lose in seven games in the first round coincidentally to the Lightning, who finished as the fifth seed and surrendered a 3–1 series lead in the process. The Penguins were further crippled whenEvgeni Malkinsuffered atorn ACLandMCLon February 4, taking him out for the rest of the season and leaving the Penguins without their two highest-scoring players.Despite Crosby's injury and subsequent absence for the final 41 games of the season, he finished as the Penguins' leading scorer. His 66 points in 41 games were 16 points ahead of the second-highest team scorer, defenceman Kris Letang.In so doing, Crosby set an NHL record for fewest games played by an NHL team's points leader.Crosby missed the first 20 games of the2011–12 seasondue to the lingering effects of his concussion or possibly multiple.He returned on November 21, 2011, in a game against the New York Islanders, scoring two goals and two assists in a 5–0 shutout for the Penguins.However, after playing another seven games – scoring a total of 12 points in 8 games – Crosby's concussion-like symptoms returned on December 5, possibly following an elbow hit byBoston BruinscentreDavid Krejčíin his eighth game of the season. Despite passing a successful ImPACT test, Crosby decided not to return on the ice until he felt perfectly fine, stating that he also must \"listen to body\".Crosby returned to action on March 15, 2012, recording two assists on goals byChris KunitzandPascal Dupuisin a 5–2 win against theNew York Rangers.Despite only playing 22 games, Crosby recorded 29 assists to go with eight goals for 37 points. He later credited neurologists atUPMCandchiropractic neurologistTed Carrickwith helping him return to hockey.Crosby's return in advance of the2012 playoffsresulted in many experts predicting that the Penguins would win their second Stanley Cup title in four years,and though the Penguins were accordingly picked to oust thePhiladelphia Flyersin their first-round series, it was acknowledged that it would be a tough series for both teams.The Flyers shocked the Penguins by winning the first three consecutive games, the third of which saw the teams combine for 158 penalty minutes. After the 8–4 loss in Game 3, Crosby was widely criticized for his conduct during the game,and for his testy post-game interview. When asked about an incident where Flyers wingerJakub Voráčekhad dropped his glove and Crosby swatted it away with his stick before Voráček could pick it up, Crosby replied, saying, \"I don't like any guy on their team there, so his glove was near me, went to pick it up, and I pushed it, so yeah, that's... I don't like them. Because I don't like them. I don't like... I don't like any guy on their team.\"When the interviewer suggested that he could have skated away, Crosby replied, \"Skate away? Yeah, well, I didn't that time.\"The Penguins went on to win the next two games, but ultimately lost the series in Game 6. Crosby would finish with three goals and five assists in the six games. On June 28, 2012, the Penguins announced that Crosby agreed to a 12-year, $104.4 million contract extension set to keep Crosby in Pittsburgh through to the end of the 2024–25 NHL season.The start of the2012–13 seasonwas postponed until January 2013 due to the ownerslocking out the playersas negotiations took place to solidify a newcollective agreementfor the players. During this time, Crosby was a regular attendee of meetings taking place betweenNational Hockey League Players' Association(NHLPA) representatives and NHL owners. The lock-out began on September 15, 2012, and ended on January 6, 2013, with the NHL regular season beginning on January 19.During the 119-day lock-out, Crosby was often questioned about his future plans should the lockout persist, and said on more than one occasion that he was considering contract offers from various teams in European leagues (where many NHL players went so that they could continue playing in a professional capacity while waiting for the lock-out to end or for the NHL season to be officially cancelled). Crosby continued to practice and participated with other NHL players who did not go overseas in several exhibition games open to the public.With the season finally underway in January 2013, Crosby set the pace for scoring, totalling 31 points (nine goals and 22 assists) through the first 21 games. He remained hot through March, scoring another 25 points (6 goals and 19 assists) in 15 games as the Penguins went unbeaten over this stretch. However, his regular season came to an abrupt end on March 30 in a home game against the New York Islanders. Crosby's teammateBrooks Orpikunleashed a slapshot which caught Crosby in the mouth, causing the centreman to lose several teeth. Crosby was down on the ice for several minutes before the medical staff was able to help him to the dressing room with Crosby holding a towel over his face. Initially, the prognosis was not severe, but it was discovered a short while later that Crosby had broken his jaw and would require several rounds of reconstructive dental surgery.He missed the final 12 games of the regular season and finished fourth in the scoring race, losing the title to Tampa Bay'sMartin St. Louisby four points.Crosby returned to the ice May 5 for the Penguins' second game against their first-round playoff opponents, the New York Islanders, ironically, the team Pittsburgh had been playing when Crosby was injured. Despite two goals from Crosby, Pittsburgh lost the game 3–2, tying the series at one game apiece.The top seeded Penguins would ultimately prevail 4–2 in the series over the Isles with Crosby scoring nine points (three goals and six assists) in the five games in which he played.Crosby and the Penguins moved on to face theOttawa Senatorsin the second round, with Crosby scoring a hat-trick in Game 2 of the series. Pittsburgh quickly defeated Ottawa four games to one in the series with a still-hot Crosby finishing the series with four goals and two assists. The Eastern Conference Finals came down to what many felt were the two best teams in the conference: Pittsburgh and Boston Bruins goaltenderTuukka Raskput on an outstanding performance, shutting down Pittsburgh's potent offence with the help of a stifling defensive effort from his teammates. The Penguins were held to just two goals in the series, with Rask stopping 134 of 136 shots on goal (.985%). Crosby, who was strong for the Penguins in the regular season and through the first two rounds of the playoffs was held off the score sheet entirely, finishing the series with no goals and no assists on 13 shots within the four games as the Bruins swept the Penguins in four-straight games.In the off-season, Crosby was awarded his second Ted Lindsay Award and finished as runner-up to theHart Memorial TrophyandBill Masterton Memorial Trophy. Crosby put together a healthy and productive campaign in2013–14, playing 80 games for the first time since the 2009–10 season. Crosby finished the season with 36 goals and a league-leading 68 assists, marking the first time in his career that he led the league in assists. He also finished with a league-high 104 points, winning theArt Ross Trophyfor the second time in his career.He also went on to win the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Ted Lindsay Award.Finishing first overall in the Metropolitan Division, the Penguins were matched-up with a new division rival, theColumbus Blue Jackets, in the first round of the2014 playoffs. Despite a very back-and-forth series and not a single goal by Crosby, the Penguins defeated the Jackets in six games to advance to a second-round matchup with the New York Rangers. Going into their second-round series with the Rangers, Crosby looked to end a long playoff goal drought, which dated back to the 2013 Conference Finals against the Boston Bruins. After dropping Game 1 at home, Crosby broke his goal drought in Game 2 as the Pens tied the series at 1–1 heading back toMadison Square Garden. The Penguins would capitalize on their Game 2 win, taking the next two games and eliminating the Rangers home-ice advantage. However, the Rangers would quickly rebound, winning Game 5, 6 and 7, sending the Penguins home without a prize for the fifth straight season and surrendering a 3–1 series lead. The team's collapse prompted Penguins ownership to fire general managerRay Shero, replacing him withJim Rutherford, the former general manager of the Carolina Hurricanes. Rutherford's first action as GM was to fireDan Bylsmaas head coach, and on June 25, he announced thatMike Johnstonwas the new head coach. Crosby finished the2014–15 seasonwith the highest point-per-game average and a total of 84 points (28 goals, 56 assists), trailing only New York Islanders centre and captainJohn Tavares(86 points) and Art Ross winner andDallas Starswinger and captainJamie Benn(87 points).On November 26, 2014, Crosby scored his 800th career point against theToronto Maple Leafs, becoming the sixth-fastest player in NHL history to reach that milestone. On April 1, 2015, in a game against goaltenderSteve Masonof the Philadelphia Flyers, Crosby scored his 300th career NHL goal.Despite a strong start to the season, the injury-plagued Penguins entered the playoffs as the Eastern Conference's second wild card and eighth seed, beating the Boston Bruins by two points in the standings for the eighth and last playoff spot.Facing thePresidents' Trophy-winning New York Rangers, Crosby helped even the series with two goals in Game 2 on Rangers' goaltenderHenrik Lundqvist.Despite this, the Penguins were defeated by the Rangers in five games and was eliminated in the first round for the first time since the 2012 playoffs. In the 2015 off-season, the Penguins went through a major overhaul of their roster, adding a number of offensive players such as acquiring wingerPhil Kesselfrom the Toronto Maple Leafs. Despite a line-up laced with some of the world's finest offensive talents, Crosby struggled to score points, as he and the team had for much of the Johnston era. By the time Johnston was fired on December 12, 2015, after posting a 15–10–3 record through 28 games, some media outlets began speculating that Crosby had aged out of his prime scoring years.On December 16,The Washington Postwrote, \"Sidney Crosby has widely been regarded as the NHL's best player since he burst on the scene as a rookie in 2005 ... But Crosby just hasn't been himself this season, scoring just six goals and 13 assists for 19 points in the first 29 games and sitting with a plus/minus of minus-seven. All players go through slumps, but it is clear that the Crosby we knew has been on the decline for some time.\"His slow start was capped off by not being selected as a starter for the2016 NHL All-Star Game.However, under new head coachMike Sullivan, the 28-year-old turned his season around, outscoring all NHL players from December 12 through the end of the season.On February 2, Crosby scored three-straight goals against the Ottawa Senators for his first natural hat-trick in more than five years.Four days later, Crosby scored his 900th, 901st and 902nd career NHL points to fuel a 3–2 overtime comeback victory over theFlorida Panthers.He tallied at least one point in 15 of Pittsburgh's 16 games in March, including six multi-point efforts, and was subsequently named the NHL's First Star of the Month.On April 2, Crosby recorded his 600th NHL assist as the Penguins clinched their berth in the2016 playoffs.Six days later, he scored in overtime against the Washington Capitals to secure home-ice advantage in the first round of the playoffs. Crosby finished the2015–16 seasonwith 36 goals, 49 assists and 85 points in 80 games, including a career-high nine game-winning goals, and was voted team MVP for the sixth time in his career.Histwo-way gamealso received league-wide praise, with Hockey Hall of Fame head coachScotty Bowmanstating that Crosby would be a good candidate for theFrank J. Selke Trophyas the league's best defensive forward.Crosby's comeback also impressedWayne Gretzky, who said, \"He had a tough start, but the sign of an elite athlete is a guy that battles through it. He didn't point any fingers, he just battled through it, and I don't think there is any question the last 40 or so games, he made a case for the MVP. He was that good. He went to another level.\"On May 7, Crosby was named a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy which was eventually given toChicago BlackhawkswingerPatrick Kane.He finished as the first runner-up with 800 points and 11 first-place votes.After losing to New York Rangers in the past two playoffs, the Penguins eliminated the Rangers in the first round, winning in five games, after losing to the Rangers by the same series margin in the first round the previous year. Crosby led the team in scoring with three goals and eight points.The Penguins then eliminated the Presidents' Trophy-winning Washington Capitals in six games, without much offensive production from either Crosby (two assists) or Malkin (one goal and one assist).Advancing to their first Conference Final since 2013, Crosby scored the overtime winner against the Tampa Bay Lightning in Game 2. The goal was scored 40 seconds into overtime on Lightning goaltenderAndrei Vasilevskiyfor a 3–2 win, the fastest overtime goal in Penguins' playoff history, and the first of his career in the playoffs.In the following game, he scored the game-winning goal in a 4–2 victory.After dropping the next two games, Crosby scored his third game-winning goal of the series on Vasilevskiy in Game 6, forcing a final game in Pittsburgh.Defeating the Lightning 2–1 in Game 7, Crosby helped his team win the Eastern Conference championship, advancing to theStanley Cup Finalsagainst theSan Jose Sharksand prevent the Lightning from clinching asecond consecutive appearancein the Stanley Cup Finals of their own.In the Finals, the Penguins defeated the Sharks in six games to earn Crosby his second Stanley Cup title. He became the ninth player to win the Stanley Cup twice as well as two Olympic gold medals.Finishing the playoffs with 19 points (six goals and 13 assists), including the primary helper on the Cup-winning goal scored by Kris Letang, Crosby was awarded theConn Smythe Trophyas the MVP of the playoffs. Crosby missed the first six games of the2016–17 seasonafter being diagnosed with a concussion in practice just a few days before the season opener against the Washington Capitals.Upon his return, he scored 30 goals in his first 45 games, and on February 16, 2017, he registered an assist on a Chris Kunitz goal against theWinnipeg Jetsto reach1,000 NHL points, doing so in just his 757th game to become the 12th-fastest (and 11th-youngest) player to reach that milestone.He also participated in his firstNHL All-Star Gamesince 2007, winning the shooting accuracy segment of the Skills Competition.He was named team MVP and finished the season with 89 points (44 goals, 45 assists) in 75 contests played. His 89 points tied with Chicago Blackhawks' Patrick Kane as the runner(s) up for the Art Ross Trophy. It marked the eighth time he finished a season in the top-three in NHL scoring, tying Mario Lemieux,Stan MikitaandPhil Espositofor the third-most instances in history behind only Wayne Gretzky (15 times) andGordie Howe(12 times).With his 44 goals, Crosby captured the Rocket Richard Trophy for the second time in his career.Crosby was also named a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy and Ted Lindsay Award with both awards eventually going toEdmonton Oilerscentre and captainConnor McDavid.Entering the2017 playoffsas the defending Stanley Cup champions, the Penguins defeated the Columbus Blue Jackets in five games before meeting the back to back Presidents' Trophy-winning Washington Capitals in the second round for the second consecutive year.After winning the first two games on the road, Crosby sustained a concussion after suffering an injury from a slash and cross-check from both Alexander Ovechkin andMatt Niskanenin Game 3.He missed Game 4 but returned to practice the next day and played in Game 5. The Penguins would eventually eliminate the Capitals in Game 7, with Crosby assisting on the series-winning goal byBryan Rust.The Penguins then defeated the Ottawa Senators in a gruelling seven-game series to secure their second consecutive trip to the Stanley Cup Finals. Crosby had the primary assist on the series-clinching goal, scored by Chris Kunitz in double overtime.Facing the eighth seededNashville Predatorsin theFinals, Pittsburgh jumped out to a two-game lead, despite being outplayed for long stretches in both games. The Predators responded by tying up the series, winning Game 3 and 4 at home.In Game 5, the Penguins' captain delivered a dominant performance, adding three assists in a 6–0 win to pass Lemieux for most Stanley Cup Finals points (20) in franchise history.After defeating the Predators 2–0 in Game 6, the Penguins became the first team to repeat as Stanley Cup champions since the1997–98 Detroit Red Wings, and the first to do so in the salary cap era (since 2005–06). Crosby also won his second consecutive Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs, only the third player to do so afterBernie Parent(1974, 1975) andMario Lemieux(1991, 1992). He finished second in scoring behind Evgeni Malkin with 27 points (eight goals and 19 assists) in 24 games. In the2017–18 season, Crosby appeared in all 82 of Pittsburgh's regular season games for the first time in his career, finishing with 29 goals and 60 assists for 89 points.On February 11, 2018, he scored his 400th NHL goal againstJake Allenof theSt. Louis Blues, becoming the 95th player in NHL history to reach the milestone as the Penguins defeated the Blues 4–1.On March 21, he recorded his 700th career NHL assist on aJake Guentzelgoal in a 5–3 victory over the Montreal Canadiens.The Penguins began their2018 playoff campaignagainst their inner-state rival, the Philadelphia Flyers. In Game 1 of theBattle of Pennsylvania, Crosby recorded anatural hat-trickin a 7–0 win.On April 18, in Game 4, Crosby passed Mario Lemieux as the Penguins' all-time playoff points leader with 173.The Penguins ultimately defeated the fifth-seeded Flyers in six games, with Crosby recording six goals and seven assists for 13 points.After the series, retired Hockey Hall of Fame centreBryan Trottiersaid of Crosby, \"Sid has a wonderful gift to maintain his composure and not get rattled. You like the emotion he shows, too. I think he fires his team up, and that's why he's wearing the 'C' .\"The Penguins were eventually eliminated in Game 6 of the second round by the eventual second-seeded and eventual Stanley Cup champion Washington Capitals with Capitals' centreEvgeny Kuznetsovscoring the winning goal in overtime. Crosby finished with 21 points (nine goals and 12 assists) in all 12 games, pushing his career playoff total to 185, tied withSteve Yzermanfor tenth-most all-time. Early playoff exits (2018–2022) On December 31, 2018, Crosby played his 900th NHL game in a 3–2 win over theMinnesota Wild, becoming the second player in Penguins history to reach the mark.On January 3, 2019, Crosby was selected to play in theNHL All-Star Gamefor the eighth time in his career.He scored four goals and four assists, helping the Metropolitan Division to victory; his efforts won him his first All-Star MVP award, making him the sixth in NHL history to have won that award after having won theConn Smythe TrophyandHart Memorial Trophy.During the2018–19 season, Crosby passedMario Lemieuxto become the Penguins' all-time leader in games played (916), and moved into second place on the Pens' all-time scoring list with his 440th career goal in a 5–1 victory over theMontreal Canadienson March 3.Two days later, he became the 48th player in NHL history to score at least 1,200 career points against theFlorida Panthers.He finished the season with 100 points (35 goals and 65 assists), the first time he has reached the 100-point mark since scoring 104 points in 2013–14.Crosby finished 4th in voting for the Selke Trophy and became a Hart Trophy finalist for the seventh time in his career as the Selke eventually went toSt. Louis BluescentreRyan O'Reillyand the Hart getting awarded toTampa Bay LightningwingerNikita Kucherov, respectively.He was also elected team-MVP. Crosby was selected to the NHL All-Decade First Team in January 2020.The Penguins finished fifth in the Eastern Conference in the COVID-19 pandemic-shortened2019–20 season, facing the 12th-seeded Montreal Canadiens in the Eastern Conference qualifying round. The Canadiens upset the Penguins in four games, eliminating Pittsburgh on August 7, 2020, Crosby's 33rd birthday. In thepandemic-shortened2020–21 season, Crosby led the team in scoring with 62 points (24 goals and 38 assists), and was the recipient of the team's MVP Award and the Players' Player Award.He was also a finalist for theTed Lindsay Awardwhich was eventually awarded toEdmonton Oilerscentre and captainConnor McDavid.On February 20, 2021, Crosby became the first player in Penguins history to play 1,000 games with the franchise in a 3–2 win over theNew York Islanders.The team clinched a playoff berth for the 15th consecutive season under Crosby's captaincy, the longest active postseason streak among all teams in the North American professional sports leagues.However, the Penguins were eliminated in the first round of the2021 playoffsby the New York Islanders for the second time in three seasons. On February 15, 2022, Crosby scored his 500th career goal on a power play against thePhiladelphia Flyers, becoming the 46th player to score that many goals in NHL history and the 18th to have scored them all for a single team. He was the second Penguin to score 500 goals, after Lemieux.Continuing to hit new milestones, in an April 10 game against theNashville Predatorshe recorded a goal and an assist in regulation time, before scoring the overtime-winning goal, his 1400th point in the NHL.Crosby finished the2021–22 seasonwith 31 goals and 53 assists for 84 points in 69 games played, while the Penguins were third in the Metropolitan Division. They advanced into the2022 playoffsto meet theNew York Rangers.With bothEvgeni MalkinandKris Letang's contracts up in the summer, there was some question as to whether this would be the final outing for the core of the Penguins franchise in Crosby's era.In Game 3 of the series against the Rangers, Crosby recorded his 197th career playoff point, passingPaul Coffeyfor sixth place in all-time playoff point standings.Two days later, he managed a goal and two assists in the Penguins' 7–2 victory in Game 4 and 3–1 series lead, becoming the sixth player in league history to record 200 career points in the playoffs.Midway through the second period of Game 5 inMadison Square Garden, with the Penguins up 2–0, Crosby took an elbow to the head from Rangers defencemanJacob Troubaand exited the game. In his absence, the Rangers rallied to win 5–3 and stave off elimination, and Crosby's departure was widely cited as the game's turning point. Head coachMike Sullivansaid that Crosby was being evaluated.After missing Game 6, Crosby returned for Game 7, alongside absent team goaltenderTristan Jarryand wingerRickard Rakell. However, the Penguins lost to the Rangers Game 7 in overtime with Rangers wingerArtemi Panarinscoring the winner for the Rangers to take a 4–3 win in the game and 4–3 win in the series and the Penguins were eliminated from the 2022 playoffs. Recent years (2022–present) In the 2022 off-season, it was reported that Crosby played a key role in facilitating a new deal between the Penguins andEvgeni Malkin, after the latter had initially announced he would test free agency.Crosby began the2022–23 seasonby registering two goals and four assists in his first two games, being named the first star of the first week while leading the league in scoring.After strong initial results, the team struggled with a lengthy losing streak, but Crosby recorded his 900th career assist on aJake Guentzelgoal on November 5, 2022, a 3–2 loss to theSeattle Kraken. He was the sixth-fastest player to this feat in NHL history.On April 8, Crosby registered his 1500th career point in a 5–1 win against theDetroit Red Wings, the fifteenth NHL player to hit that milestone, and in the sixth-fewest games (1188).As the poor performance of the team continued into the spring, the Penguins' league-best 16-year playoff streak increasingly came into jeopardy, and by the final weeks of the season they were battling theFlorida Panthersand theNew York Islandersfor the two Eastern Conference wildcard positions. A 5–2 loss to theChicago Blackhawkson April 11, at that moment the team at the bottom of the standings, in the penultimate game of the season, combined with an Islanders victory the following day, sealed the Penguins' missing the playoffs for the first time since2005–06, Crosby's rookie season and for the first time in Crosby's captaincy.This happened despite Crosby playing all 82 games for only the second time in his career, and doing so alongside Evgeni Malkin for the first time.Much recrimination ensued among fans and commentators, with many calling for the sacking of Penguins general managerRon Hextallfor his perceived mistakes in constructing the team in the previous 2022 off-season.Hextall and team executiveBrian Burkewere both fired the day after the season ended, with ownersFenway Sports Grouppromising \"the goal of contending for the Stanley Cup has not changed.\" Shortly the2023–24 season, his 19th season in the NHL, on November 4, 2023, Crosby skated in his 1,200th game, recording an assist in a 10–2 victory over theSan Jose Sharks.About the achievement, Crosby said: \"You don't just love it when it's good to you. You love it when it's tough and when it's difficult too. When that passion's not there, or that love's not there, it's probably time to stop doing it.\"On April 1, 2024, following a 5–2 win over theNew York Rangers, Crosby became the second player in NHL history to average a point per game for the 19th consecutive season, joiningWayne Gretzky.On April 11, Crosby recorded his 1,000th NHL assist on a goal byErik Karlssonin a 6–5 overtime win over the Detroit Red Wings to become the 14th player in league history and seventh fastest player to hit the mark (at 1,269 games).Crosby finished the season playing in all 82 contests played with 42 goals, 52 assists and 94 points recorded. Despite his continuation of individual productivity, the Penguins finished three points out of a playoff spot marking the first time in Crosby's tenure where the Penguins missed the playoffs in two consecutive seasons. On September 16, 2024, Crosby signed a two-year $17.4 million extension ($8.7 million average) to remain with the Penguins. International play Junior Crosby debuted internationally forCanadaat the2003 U-18 Junior World Cupin the Czech Republic and Slovakia. He was the youngest player on the under-18 team, having turned 16 shortly before the beginning of the tournament. After seven consecutive gold medals at the tournament, Team Canada lost in the bronze medal game to the Czech Republic 8–2. He scored four goals and six points over five tournament games. Crosby went on to compete in twoWorld Junior ChampionshipswithTeam Canada's under-20 team. When he was named to the team in December 2003, he became the fifth 16-year-old to represent Canada at the tournament, followingJay Bouwmeester,Jason Spezza,Eric Lindrosand Wayne Gretzky. Competing in the2004 World Junior ChampionshipsinHelsinki, he then became the youngest player to score a goal in the history of the tournament at 16 years, 4 months, and 21 days when he scored against Switzerland in a 7–2 win.This record would last until the2012 World JuniorswhenAleksander BarkovofFinlandscored a goal aged 16 years, 4 months.Crosby finished the tournament with two goals and three assists in six games, helping Canada to a silver medal finish. The following year, he returned for Canada at the2005 World Junior ChampionshipsinGrand Forks, North Dakota. He improved to six goals and three assists as Canada earned gold. Crosby stated the following year that his most memorable hockey moment was winning his World Junior gold medal. Men's After completing his rookie season with the Pittsburgh Penguins, Crosby competed in the2006 IIHF World Championshipas analternate captainforCanada. Scoring a tournament-best eight goals and eight assists in nine games, he became the youngest player ever to win aWorld Championshipscoring title.Despite his performance, Canada failed to medal, being shut-out byFinland5–0 in the bronze medal game. Crosby was named the tournament's top forward and to the competition's all-star team. After being omitted from Canada's Olympic team in2006, Crosby was named to the Canadian roster on December 30, 2009, as an alternate captain for the2010 Winter OlympicsinVancouver.He scored the game-winning shootout goal for Canada in the second game of the preliminary round againstSwitzerland. After going pointless in the quarter- and semi-final againstRussiaandSlovakiarespectively, Crosby scored the winning goal 7 minutes and 40 seconds into overtime against theUnited Statesin thegold medal game.The goal has later become known as the \"Golden Goal\" due to it being scored in the gold medal game.It is also regarded by some as \"Canada's most iconic sports moment\". Following the Penguins' second-round elimination in the2010 Stanley Cup playoffs, Crosby declined an invitation to join Canada midway through the2010 IIHF World Championshipin Germany.Crosby was selected to represent Canada at the2014 Winter Olympicsand was later namedteam captain.Canada won gold, with Crosby contributing one goal and two assists in six games. He scored his only goal in the final against Sweden, further establishing his reputation as \"a player who rises up in big games\".In 2015, Crosby captained Canada to its firstWorld Championshiptitle since 2007, with the team winning all 10 games and scoring 66 goals. Crosby, scoring four goals and seven assists in nine games, became the 26th member of theTriple Gold Club. He is the first member of the club to captain all three championship teams,and the first member to be a first overall NHL draft pick. In 2016,Hockey Canadanamed Crosby captain for the2016 World Cup of HockeyinToronto.Crosby, who led the tournament in scoring with ten points, helped Team Canada win the championship, and was named the Most Valuable Player. He joinedBobby OrrandWayne Gretzkyas the only players to win theConn Smythe Trophy,Hart Memorial Trophyand World Cup MVP.Team Canada head coachMike Babcockdescribed Crosby as a serial winner, saying, \"He's that high-end competitor. He's a good leader because he tries to do it right all the time. He demands a lot out of himself. In doing so, he demands a lot out of his teammates.\"In 2020, he was named to theIIHF All-Time Canadian Teamand the Men's All-Decade Team. On October 3, 2021, Crosby was one of the first three players named to the men's hockey roster forCanada's teamfor the2022 Winter OlympicsinBeijing, alongsideConnor McDavidandAlex Pietrangelo.However, due to the NHL's subsequent decision not to attend theBeijingGames as a result of theOmicron variant's impacts on scheduling, Crosby was unable to compete. He said afterward that \"I've been fortunate enough to be part of two. I definitely feel for the guys who have missed numerous opportunities.\" Player profile Style of play His lower-body strength is probably unparalleled in the league. It's not just about his speed, but how he can use his lower body to protect the puck in the corner. When he takes the puck through the neutral zone, he's a nightmare to defend because he seems to explode and take it to another gear as soon as the puck touches his stick. –Logan Coutureof theSan Jose Sharkson Crosby in his January 2015 column forThe Players' Tribune. As captain and first-line centre for Canada, Crosby played with different line mates in almost every game as the coaching staff struggled to find players capable of keeping pace with the superstar centre at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, and again at the 2014 Winter Olympic Games inSochi. Crosby's fellow countryman and Olympic teammate,Rick Nash, was questioned by the media about this, at one point saying, \"I think he's a tough guy to keep up with. He's so fast. The way he thinks about the game seems like it's far beyond everyone else's process. It's the same thing in the last Olympics, keep shuffling around until you found something that fit.\"Team Canada's assistant coach in Vancouver,Ken Hitchcock, recalled, \"Sid thinks at a level, when the other team has the puck, that's above everyone else in the league . His anticipation when the other team has the puck is so high, he knows where it's going ahead of time. He can pick off passes, make you make errors. And then he also knows where people are located on the ice, so he can turn that turnover into a scoring chance.\" Other professional NHL players have particularly noted Crosby for hisbackhand shot.For example, in his column forThe Players' Tribunein July 2015,Jonathan Quickof theLos Angeles Kingspraised Crosby for having \"the best backhand shot\" in the NHL. \"His blade is almost completely flat, which combined with his ridiculous forearm strength gives him the ability to go forehand to your five hole instantly or turn it over to the backhand and roof it (a lot of guys can't do this with a flat blade).\" Reputation Noted for his on-ice vision, passing ability,leadership,work ethic,and complete overall game, Crosby is considered to be one of the greatest players of all time.Bobby Orrnamed Crosby among the five best players in the history of NHL.Wayne Gretzkysaid of Crosby in September 2016, \"He's proven over and over that he's the best player in the game today. And it seems like the more important the game, the more impact that he makes on a game.\"Gordie Howewas also impressed by Crosby, \"I met him and I've seen him play. Unless you put two guys on him, he'll kill you in a game.\"In October 2016,Mario Lemieuxpraised his protégé for his ability to play both sides of the puck: \"I think he's more of a complete player. Defensively, I think he's improved a lot over the last couple of years.\"In an April 2018 article forThe Washington Post, other players, teammates and coaches highlighted his work ethic and strive for greatness as a major factor to Crosby's lasting success. \"While his natural ability – powerful skating, pistol-quick hands, uncommon feel – made him a phenom, his creative, distinct capacity for work has enabled him to stay atop the NHL.\"In March 2019, Pittsburgh head coachMike Sullivandescribed Crosby as \"best 200-foot player in the game\" and the \"heartbeat\" of the Penguins. On January 27, 2017, in a ceremony during the All-Star Weekend inLos Angeles, Crosby was named one of the100 Greatest NHL Playersin history.In that same year,Fox Sportsranked Crosby 15th on their \"21 greatest athletes of the 21st century (so far)\" list,andTSNnamed him the eighth-best NHL player of all-time.Four months before the2022 Winter Olympics, Rob Rossi ofThe Athleticcalled him \"arguably North America's most dominant team-sport Winter Olympian.\"In a survey conducted bySportsnetin June 2017, Crosby was voted by Canadians to be the greatest athlete of the 21st century.A poll conducted by the NHLPA in March 2018 of more than 500 players resulted in Crosby being voted the \"most difficult to play against, best role model, best team player, the player you'd want to win one game, and the player who would be a great coach upon retirement\".In April 2018, Crosby was chosen as Nova Scotia's \"Best athlete ever\" by theNova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame.In March 2019, an anonymous survey conducted byThe Athleticshowed that Crosby was regarded the best all-around NHL player by his peers. Considered a generational talent and afranchise player,drafting Crosby changed the fortunes of a struggling Pittsburgh Penguins.It helped secure funding fora new arenaand ended speculation that the franchise would relocate to another city.In2005–06, his presence helped Pittsburgh's attendance increase by 33%.Crosby's arrival also aided in reinvigorating and expanding the roots of hockey in the Pittsburgh area. Penguins CEO and presidentDavid Morehousesaid, \"We were in last place, we were last in revenues, we were last in attendance, our TV ratings were minimal and we were in the oldest building in the NHL... We were able to draw attention to us as a franchise because of the drafting of Sidney Crosby and the subsequent success we had.\" Crosby is well known for welcoming new teammates with open arms. Former teammate and NHL veteranMatt Cullenhas said that \" how he makes time to make a real effort to include guys and go out of his way to spend time with younger guys, and I know that goes a long way.\" Crosby often does research on new members of the organization, even players who have not yet made the roster, and makes sure to greet them. Some current players who grew up watching Crosby, such asJack Hughesof theNew Jersey Devils, have said that they tried to emulate other players as emerging youth hockey stars because \"playing at his level just wasn't realistic.\" Jerseys Crosby's number 87 Pittsburgh Penguins jersey was the top seller on the NHL's website from September 2005 to February 2008.It has continued to be among the top-selling jerseys since his rookie season. In January 2005, anAir Canadabaggage handler inMontrealstole Crosby's red Canada jersey from the World Junior Hockey Championship. It was recovered later in a mailbox.His white jersey from the tournament was temporarily delisted from an auction while the red one was missing. It eventually sold for $22,100, which went to youth hockey charities and2004 Indian Ocean earthquakerelief. Less than a year later, one of Crosby's game-worn sweaters disappeared. The jersey he wore in his first NHL game, played against theNew Jersey Devils, disappeared from his father's luggage during a flight from Pittsburgh toBuffalo. The jersey was later found at thePittsburgh International Airportbetween a piece of equipment and a stairwell.Crosby's jersey from his third NHL game was the highest-selling NHL jersey in an auction forHurricane Katrinarelief – it sold for $21,010. During an online auction held by the NHL and the NHL Players Association to benefitHockey Fights Cancer, Crosby's game-worn jersey from the first period of the 2007 All-Star Game earned the most money. Crosby's sold for $47,520, more than eight times the next highest price—$5,681 for the jersey worn byBrendan Shanahanof the New York Rangers. Following Crosby's Olympic gold medal victory with Canada in 2010, it was announced that hisstickandglovewere missing. It was initially suspected that they might have been stolen;ReebokCanada offered a reward ofCAD$10,000 for their return, \"no questions asked\".On March 10, the items were found: Crosby's stick had been placed in ashipmentbound for theInternational Ice Hockey Federation Hall of FameinSaint Petersburg, Russia, (the shipment was intercepted inToronto) and his glove was found in ahockey bagbelonging to Olympic teammate and Boston Bruins' centrePatrice Bergeron, whosestallwas beside Crosby's in thelocker room. Personal life Crosby rarely discusses his personal life and avoids social media. Andy O'Brien, Crosby's fitness trainer for over 15 years, has said: \"He wants to be one of the guys and doesn't really seek to separate himself or get special treatment in any way... He takes a lot of enjoyment in the regular, simple things in life and having a normal, ordinary routine\".Greg Powersdescribed Crosby as essentially the brother of Lemieux's son Austin,as he lived with Lemieux's family inSewickley, Pennsylvania, from 2005 until 2010. In May 2010, Crosby purchased his own home in the same area.In June 2006, he bought his first house onGrand Lakein Halifax, Nova Scotia. On May 29, 2010, it was announced that Crosby would sign the richest endorsement contract in NHL history with Reebok, expected to pay Crosby $1.4 million per year for five to seven years.In 2015, he signed a six-year endorsement contract withAdidas.Crosby also has endorsement deals withBell,Tim Hortons, andGatorade.Regarded as one of Canada's \"legendary goal-scorers and storied leaders\", Crosby was featured inCanada Post'sNHL Great Canadian Forwardsstampcollection, alongsidePhil Esposito,Guy Lafleur,Darryl Sittler,Mark Messier, andSteve Yzerman.In September 2016, he won anEmmy Awardfor his role inThere's No Place Like Home With Sidney Crosby.He also won for his participation in theMerci Sidneyvideo that followed his return to Rimouski for his QMJHL jersey retirement ceremony. Crosby has a younger sister named Taylor who is a hockey goaltender.Like her brother, she went to high school at Shattuck-Saint Mary's in Faribault, Minnesota, to play with the school's hockey program.In 2014, Taylor joined theNortheastern Huskies women's ice hockeyteam as a freshman atNortheastern UniversityinBoston.In 2015, she transferred to Minnesota'sSt. Cloud State Universityand played with theSt. Cloud State Huskies women's ice hockeyteam through to graduation at the end of the 2017–18 school year. Crosby continues to be active in the community in Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia. He created the Sidney Crosby Foundation in 2009, an organization committed to helping charities benefiting children.In 2015, he started a hockey school in Cole Harbour.His \"Little Penguins Program\" has provided free equipment and lessons to more than ten thousand local youngsters in Pittsburgh. Career statistics Biographical information and career statistics fromNHL.com, orEliteprospects.com, orEurohockey.com, orHockey-Reference.com, orThe Internet Hockey Database. Regular season and playoffs Boldindicates led league International Honours and achievements Records IIHF Pittsburgh Penguins NHL See also Notes References Further reading External links"
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"Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Themen's tournament inice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympicswas held inVancouver,British Columbia, Canada, from February 16 to February 28, 2010. Games were hosted at two venues –Canada Hockey Place(renamed from \"General Motors Place\" for the Olympics because IOC rules disallowed host venues to be named after non-Olympic sponsors) andUBC Thunderbird Arena. These Olympics were the first to take place in a city with aNational Hockey Leagueteam since the NHL players were introduced in 1998, which meant players on theVancouver Canuckswho were competing in the Olympics were playing in their home arena:Roberto Luongofor Canada,Ryan Keslerfor the United States,Pavol Demitrafor Slovakia,Sami Salofor Finland,Christian Ehrhofffor Germany, andDanielandHenrik Sedinfor Sweden. Teams from twelve national hockey associations competed,seededinto three groups for the preliminary round. The tournament consisted of 30 games: 18 in the preliminary round (teams played the",
"(teams played the other teams in their own group); 4 qualification playoff games; 4 quarterfinal games; 2 semifinal games; 1 bronze medal game; and 1 gold medal game. During the tournament,Teemu Selänneof Finland became the all-time leader for points scored in the Olympics.He notched an assist in his second game of the tournament for 37 career points, surpassingValeri Kharlamovof the Soviet Union,Vlastimil Bubníkof Czechoslovakia, andHarry Watsonof Canada.Sweden'sgoaltenderHenrik Lundqvistset a modern-day Olympicshutoutstreak record of 172 minutes and 34 seconds, continuous from the final of the gold medal game of the2006 Olympicsuntil Sweden's quarterfinal against Slovakia. The tournament was won by Canada for the record eighth time (one more than the Soviet Union), which defeated the United States in overtime in the gold medal game. Qualification Belarus, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States qualified as the top nine teams in theIIHF World Ranking.",
"World Ranking. Germany, Latvia and Norway qualified via the qualification tournament for teams ranked 10th through 30th. Rosters Preliminary round Points to each team were awarded as follows: If two or more teams were tied in points, the following tiebreaker criteria were used: If a criterion left only two teams tied, then those teams were ranked based on their head-to-head result. Group A All times are local (UTC−8). Group B All times are local (UTC−8). Group C All times are local (UTC−8). Ranking after preliminary round Playoff round Following the completion of the preliminary round, all teams were ranked 1D through 12D. To determine this ranking, the following criteria were usedin the order presented: Bracket Qualification playoffs The top four ranked teams (1D–4D) received byes to and were deemed the home team in the quarterfinals as they were seeded to advance, with the remaining eight teams (5D–12D) playing qualification playoff games as follows: If the score remained even after regulation, a 10-minute",
"a 10-minute overtime period was played. If neither team scored, a shoot out of three rounds ofpenalty shotsdecided the winner. The four winners of these qualification playoff games advanced to the quarterfinal round, while the losers of the qualification playoff games received a final ranking of 9 through 12 based on their preliminary round ranking. All times are local (UTC−8) Quarterfinals Teams seeded D1 to D4 were the home teams. If the teams were tied after 60 minutes of regulation, a 10-minute overtime period decided the winner immediately upon the next goal. If the game remained tied after the overtime period, apenalty shotcompetition determined the winning team. Following the quarterfinal games, the winning teams were re-ranked F1 through F4, with the winner of 1D vs. E4 re-ranked as F1, the winner of 2D vs. E3 re-ranked as F2, the winner of 3D vs. E2 re-ranked as F3, and the winner of 4D vs. E1 re-ranked as F4. The losers of the quarterfinal round games received a final ranking of 5 through 8 based",
"5 through 8 based on their preliminary round ranking. All times are local (UTC−8). Semifinals All times are local (UTC−8). Bronze medal game All times are local (UTC−8). Gold medal game All times are local (UTC−8). The gold medal game was a rematch of the men's tournament inice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympicsheld inSalt Lake City, United States. In addition,Chris Pronger,Scott Niedermayer,Martin BrodeurandJarome IginlaofTeam Canadawere returnees from the 2002 gold-winning squad and collected their second gold medal.Brian RafalskiandChris Drurywere the only players remaining from USA's 2002 silver squad. The final score was a 3–2 win for Team Canada. Goal scorers for Canada wereJonathan Toews,Corey PerryandSidney Crosby, with the winning goal scored in overtime. For USA, the goal scorers wereRyan KeslerandZach Parise, the latter tying the game with 25 seconds left, forcing it to go intosudden death. Sidney Crosby scored the game-winning goal off a pass from Jarome Iginla, seven minutes and forty seconds",
"and forty seconds into overtime for Canada, gaining victory over the United States.The puck has been sent to theHockey Hall of Famein Toronto;in Canadian media, Crosby's goal has been compared in significance to the ones scored byPaul Hendersonin the1972 Summit SeriesandMario Lemieuxin the1987 Canada Cup. The referees for the final wereBill McCreary(Canada) andDan O'Halloran(Canada), while the linesmen wereStefan Fonselius(Finland) andJean Morin(Canada). The gold medal game was the last competitive event at the Olympics before theclosing ceremony. Game summary Television ratings The gold medal game drew a big hockey audience in both Canada and the United States. In Canada, the game drew an average 16.6 million viewers while 26.5 million Canadians watched at least part of the game.Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortiumclaims that 22 million people – or two thirds of the Canadian population – were watching the gold medal game when Sidney Crosby scored in overtime, making the game the most-watched",
"the most-watched television broadcast in Canadian history.However, a new ratings system intended to better track out-of-home viewership was only implemented in August 2009, making it difficult to accurately compare these results with ratings prior to that date – specifically, the2002 Canada–USA gold medal gamein Salt Lake City, the record holder under the previous system.There was some speculation that the final game of the 1972Summit Serieshad as many as 18 million viewers, although recently recoveredNielsen ratingsarchives indicate that only 4.255 million Canadians watched that game live. In the United States,NBCsaid that the game was the most-watched hockey game in the U.S. in 30 years, drawing 27.6 million, the largest since the United States–Finland game that decided the gold medal at the1980 Winter Olympics. Final rankings The final standings of the tournament according to theIIHF: Statistics Average age Team Finland was the oldest team in the tournament, averaging 31 years and 5 months. Team USA was",
"Team USA was the youngest team in the tournament, averaging 27 years and 2 months. Gold medalists team Canada averaged 28 years and 2 months. Tournament average was 29 years. Leading scorers Rankings based upon points. Leading goaltenders Goalkeepers with 40% or more of their team's total minutes. Shutoutposters Awards United States'Ryan Millerwas named themost valuable playerand received the Directorate Award for best goaltender of the tournament.Directorate Awards also went toBrian Rafalski(United States) for best defenceman, and toJonathan Toews(Canada) for best forward. The tournament all-star team was voted on by the international media at the conclusion of the event. The following players were named: Toews, along withBrent SeabrookandDuncan Keithwould become the fourth, fifth and sixth players to win both Olympic gold medal and Stanley Cup (with theChicago Blackhawks) in the same year, followingKen Morrow1980, andSteve YzermanandBrendan Shanahan(2002).Patrick Kanewould become the fourth player to win",
"player to win both Olympic silver medal and Stanley Cup in the same year, following Red WingsSergei Fedorovin 1998, andChris CheliosandBrett Hullin 2002. Triple Gold Club TheTriple Gold Club, made up of individuals who have won the Stanley Cup plus gold medals at the Olympics andWorld Championships, gained two new members: Later the same season, Team Canada centreJonathan Toewswould go on to become the 24th and youngest player in the Triple Gold Club, following up his Olympic gold medal with the Stanley Cup with theChicago Blackhawksjust four months after winning Olympic gold. He had previously won the World Championships in2007. Officials Games were primarily officiated by NHL referees, a stipulation by the NHL if most Olympic players are NHLers, according to theIIHF(not NHL) rules. References External links",
"Sidney Crosby Sidney Patrick CrosbyOCONS(born August 7, 1987) is a Canadian professionalice hockeycentreandcaptainof thePittsburgh Penguinsof theNational Hockey League(NHL). Nicknamed \"Sid the Kid\" and dubbed \"The Next One\", he was selectedfirst overallby the Penguins in the2005 NHL Entry Draft. Born and raised inHalifax, Crosby was considered one of the most lauded prospects in ice hockey history and is widely regarded as one of the greatest ice hockey players of all time. During his two-yearmajor juniorcareer with theRimouski Océanic, he earned many awards and led his club to the2005 Memorial Cupfinal. Océanic and theQuebec Major Junior Hockey Leagueretired Crosby's jersey number 87 in 2019. Crosby debuted in the NHL during the2005–06 season, recording 102pointsand finishing as runner-up for theCalder Memorial Trophyas the NHL Rookie of the Year. At 18 years and 253 days, he is the youngest player to date to reach 100 points in an NHL season. By hissecond season, he led the NHL with 120 points to capture",
"points to capture theArt Ross Trophy, becoming the youngest player and the only teenager to win a scoring title in anymajor North American sports league. That same season, Crosby won theHart Memorial Trophyas the league'smost valuable player(MVP) and theLester B. Pearson Awardfor most outstanding player as judged by his peers. He started the2007–08 seasonwith the team's captaincy and subsequently led them to the2008 Stanley Cup Finals, where they were defeated by theDetroit Red Wingsin six games. The Penguins returned to the Finals against Detroit thefollowing yearand won in seven games; Crosby became the youngest captain in NHL history to win theStanley Cup. In2009–10, he received theMark Messier Leadership Awardand scored 51goals, winning theMaurice Richard Trophyas the NHL's leading goal scorer. In early2011, Crosby sustained aconcussionthat left him sidelined for the rest of the season and for most of the2011–12 campaign. In2014, Crosby again won the Hart Memorial Trophy as well as his second Art Ross",
"his second Art Ross Trophy (104 points) and his thirdTed Lindsay Award. Crosby led Pittsburgh to Stanley Cup championships in2016and2017, becoming the third player to win theConn Smythe Trophy(playoff MVP) in consecutive years. In 2017, he won his second Richard Trophy and was named one of the100 Greatest NHL Playersin history. Internationally, Crosby has representedCanadaon numerous occasions. He won gold at the2005 World Junior Championships, and was later named to Team Canada for the2010 Winter OlympicsinVancouver. Playing against theUnited Statesin the gold medal game, he scored thegame-winning goalinovertime. Crosby captained Team Canada at the2014 Winter Olympics, winning his second consecutive Olympic gold medal. A year later, he led his country to gold in theWorld ChampionshipinPrague, thus becoming a member of theTriple Gold Cluband the only player in the club to have captained all three winning teams. In 2016, Crosby captained Canada to gold in theWorld Cup of Hockeyand was elected MVP by a",
"elected MVP by a unanimous vote. Early life Crosby was born in theGrace Maternity HospitalinHalifax, Nova Scotiaon August 7, 1987to Troy and Trina (née Forbes) Crosby. Crosby'sjersey number(87) and 2007 contract signing ($8.7 million per year) reflect his birthdate (8/7/87).Crosby grew up in nearbyCole Harbourand has a younger sister named Taylor.His father Troy was agoaltenderwho played for theVerdun Junior Canadiensin theQuebec Major Junior Hockey League(QMJHL). He helped the team win the 1985President's Cupwhich lead them to the1985 Memorial Cup. Troy was drafted 240th overall by theMontreal Canadiensin1984, but never played at the NHL level.Growing up, Crosby admiredSteve Yzermanand, like his father, was a Canadiens fan.Crosby began playing hockey by himself in his basement at the age of two, shooting pucks in a net that had the family dryer behind it, leading to a longstanding misconception that he was actually practising with the dryer;he learned to skate at age three. From age 12 to 15, Crosby",
"12 to 15, Crosby attendedAstral Drive Junior High School. He was a straight-A student and, according to the vice-principal, \"an amazing role model, who was really kind to students in the learning centre and to special needs kids\". At age 15, Crosby transferred toShattuck-Saint Mary'sinFaribault, Minnesotato play with the school's hockey program. While playing for theRimouski Océanicof the QMJHL, Crosby went toHarrison Trimble High SchoolinMoncton,New Brunswick, where he graduated in 2005. Playing career Minor hockey Early in hisminor hockeyyears, Crosby began attracting media attention for his play and gave his first newspaper interview at age seven.When Crosby was 13, Nova Scotia's Minor Hockey Council refused to allow him to play midget, a level of minor hockey designated for 15- to 17-year-olds. His family sued but lost.The following year, he entered the midget level with the triple-A Dartmouth Subways and went on to score a combined 217 regular season and playoff points, leading Dartmouth to a",
"Dartmouth to a second-place finish at the2002 Air Canada Cup. He was named the MVP and Top Scorer awards at the national tournament at the tournament banquet held after the preliminary round and he finished the tournament with 24 points (11 goals and 13 assists) in 7 games.Crosby was called up as a 14-year-old to play two games with theMaritime Junior A Hockey League'sTruro Bearcatsthat season.Crosby had been drafted by the Bearcats in the 2001 MJAHL Draft as a 13-year-old. During his midget season, Crosby appeared on theCBC'sHockey Day in Canadatelecast.He has recalled numerous instances in which opposing players intentionally attempted to injure him, as well as constant verbal abuse from parents on and off the ice. Parents taunted and threatened Crosby so harshly, he took to not wearing his jersey between tournament games while he waited to play so that he would not be recognized.Due to this treatment, he elected to play for the American hockey program atShattuck-Saint Mary's Boarding School, Minnesotafor",
"Minnesotafor the 2002–03 hockey season.In 57 games with the Sabres, he recorded 72 goals and 162 points, leading the team to a U18 AAA national championship. Junior career Rimouski Océanic (2003–2005) Crosby was selected first overall in the 2003 Midget Draft by theRimouski Océanicof theQuebec Major Junior Hockey League(QMJHL). In his first exhibition game, he scored eight points, leading his teammates to nickname him \"Darryl\" (in reference toDarryl Sittler's ten-point NHL game in 1976).In his first regular season game in the QMJHL, he scored one goal and added two assists.He was named QMJHL Player of the Week for two consecutive weeks at the start of the season and won the honour four more times as the season progressed. He was named QMJHL Player of the Month andCanadian Hockey League(CHL) Player of the Week three times each.Crosby finished his rookie QMJHL season with 54 goals and 81 assists over 59 games to capture theJean Béliveau Trophyas the league's leading point-scorer. He was further recognized with",
"recognized with the RDS/JVC Trophy (overall rookie of the year) andMichel Brière Memorial Trophy(most valuable player), becoming the first QMJHL player to win all three major awards at once.Rounding out Crosby's accolades for the 2003–04 regular season were QMJHL All-Rookie and first All-Star team honours, as well asOffensive Rookie,Offensive PlayerandPersonality of the YearAwards. As a team, the Océanic led the Eastern Division with 34 wins and 76 points. After receiving a first-round bye in the 2003 QMJHL playoffs, they defeated theShawinigan Cataractesin the quarterfinals, then were eliminated by theMoncton Wildcatsin the semi-finals. Crosby recorded 16 points (7 goals and 9 assists) over 9 playoff games. During the off-season, theWorld Hockey Association, a major professional league proposed to rival the NHL, held an Entry Draft on July 17, 2004. Holding the first overall selection, Toronto chose Crosby. The following month, it was reported that Crosby turned down a US$7.5 million contract over three",
"contract over three years to play for Hamilton. Crosby told reporters that while \"it took a lot to say no to that much money\", he \"work hard most of his life to play in the NHL\". The contract would have paid him $2.5 million annually and an additional $2 million payout regardless of whether the WHA was realized as a legitimate league or not. However, it was not clarified how Hamilton could have signed Crosby, as Toronto held his WHA playing rights. Nevertheless, the WHA never materialized. Returning to the Océanic for the2004–05 season, Crosby continued dominating the league, leading the league with 66 goals, 102 assists and 168 points over 62 games to capture his second consecutive Beliveau Trophy. Joining Crosby on Rimouski's top line were wingersDany RoussinandMarc-Antoine Pouliot, who finished second and third in league-scoring with 116 and 114 points respectively. In addition to his scoring title, Crosby was once again awarded Most Valuable Player, Offensive Player and Personality of the Year, while",
"of the Year, while repeating as a QMJHL First All-Star. The Océanic finished the regular season with thebest record in the league, registering 45 wins and 98 points, including a league record-setting 28-game undefeated streak. They went on to capture thePresident's Cupas QMJHL playoff champions, defeating theHalifax Mooseheadsin the finals. Crosby led the playoffs with 31 points (14 goals and 17 assists) over 13 games, earning him theGuy Lafleur Trophyas postseason MVP. With their QMJHL championship, the Océanic qualified for the2005 Memorial Cup, Canada's national major junior tournament. Meeting theLondon Knightsin the final, the Océanic were shut-out 4–0. Despite the loss, Crosby was named to the Tournament All-Star team and captured theEd Chynoweth Trophyas the competition's leading scorer with 11 points (6 goals and 5 assists) over 5 games. Knights forwardCorey Perrywas awarded theStafford Smythe Memorial Trophyas the MVP. Soon after, he attended the NHL prospect combine in preparation for the2005 NHL",
"for the2005 NHL Entry Draft. The Rimouski Océanicretiredjersey number 87 in Crosby's honor in September 2019, and the QMJHL also retired the number for all of its teams. Pittsburgh Penguins (2005–present) Rise to superstardom (2005–2007) Entering the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, Crosby was listed first overall in theNHL Central Scouting Bureauand International Scouting Services' respective rankings of prospects.He also won theMike Bossy Trophyas the QMJHL's best prospect. Crosby was selected first overall in the draft by thePittsburgh Penguinson July 30, 2005. Due to thelabour lockoutthat suspended the entire2004–05 NHL season, positioning for the 2005 draft was conducted via a weighted lottery based on each team's playoff appearances and draft lottery victories in the last four years. This lottery system led to the draft being popularly referred to as the \"Sidney Crosby Lottery\" or the \"Sidney Crosby Sweepstakes\". \"Sid the Kid\", a nickname given to him by the media early in his career, made his NHL debut on",
"his NHL debut on October 5, 2005, against theNew Jersey Devils, and registered an assist on the team's first goal of the season, scored byMark Recchiin a 5–1 loss.He scored his first NHL goal in the Penguins' home opener on October 8 against goaltenderHannu Toivonenof theBoston Bruins. Despite having registered two assists for a three-point night, the Penguins were defeated 7–6 inovertime. Crosby began his rookie season playing alongsideHall of FamerMario Lemieux, though Lemieux was forced to retire due to anirregular heartbeatafter having played just 26 games into the season.Near the midway point of the season, Penguins head coachEd Olczykwas fired and replaced byMichel Therrienon December 15, 2005. The following day, Therrien designated Crosby as an alternate captain for the Penguins. The move drew criticism from some hockey pundits, including commentatorDon Cherry, who claimed that Crosby did not have the experience for the position. Cherry said, \"An 18-year-old kid says he's going to give us ideas. What,",
"us ideas. What, from the Quebec League, he's going to give them ideas? Come on. That's ridiculous.\"Although hopes were high in Pittsburgh for the club to succeed, largely in part to the beginning of Crosby's NHL career and bolstered by the acquisitions ofSergei Gonchar,Žigmund Pálffy, and Mark Recchi, the Penguins still finished with the worst record in theEastern Conference.Nevertheless, Crosby's first NHL campaign was a personal success as he established franchise records in assists (63) and points (102) for a rookie, both of which were previously held by Mario Lemieux. He also scored 39 goals and became the youngest player in NHL history to score 100 points in a single season, and only the seventh rookie ever to hit the benchmark.Overall, Crosby finished sixth in the NHL scoring race and seventh in the NHL in assists. Among Canadian NHL players, he trailed onlyJoe ThorntonandDany Heatley. Throughout the season, Crosby had battled withWashington Capitalswinger and2004first-overall pickAlexander Ovechkinfor",
"Ovechkinfor the rookie scoring lead. He finished second to Ovechkin's 106 points and also lost to the Capitals forward for theCalder Memorial Trophyas NHL rookie of the year.It marked the start of a rivalry that would help \"define the league\" for over a decade.Throughout his first season, Crosby was accused by opposing players and coaches of taking dives and complaining to officials, which was typically attributed to his youth.He became the first rookie to earn 100 penalty minutes and 100 points in the same season, which magnified his reputation for complaining to NHL officials.Hockey analystKelly Hrudeycompared Crosby toWayne Gretzky, who had a similar reputation as a \"whiner\" in his youth, and suggested that as Crosby matured, he would mellow out and his reputation would fade. In his second NHL season, Crosby built on his rookie success. On October 28, 2006, Crosby scored his first NHLhat-trickin an 8–2 victory over thePhiladelphia Flyers.His success against the Flyers continued as just over six weeks",
"just over six weeks later, on December 13, he recorded the first six-point game of his career (one goal and five assists).The multi-point effort vaulted Crosby into the NHL scoring lead, which he would retain for the remainder of the season. He finished the2006–07with 36 goals and 84 assists for 120 points in 79 games to become the first teenager to lead the NHL in scoring since Wayne Gretzky in1980. Being only 19 years old at the time, he became the youngest player in NHL history to win theArt Ross Trophyand the youngest scoring champion in any major North American professional sport.Crosby's second NHL season also saw significant improvements for the Penguins franchise as a whole, as the emergence of rookie forwards, eventual Calder Trophy-winnerEvgeni Malkinand runner-upJordan Staalcomplemented the club's offence. As a result, the Penguins jumped from last place in the Eastern Conference the previous season to fifth for the club's first playoff appearance since2001. Playing theOttawa Senatorsin the",
"Senatorsin the opening round, Crosby scored a goal in hisStanley Cup playoffdebut in a 6–3 loss.He finished the series with five points in all five games as the Penguins were ousted in a 4–1 by the eventualStanley Cuprunner-up. Beginning of Penguins captaincy, runner–up and first Stanley Cup title (2007–2009) Crosby was named Pittsburgh'steam captainon May 31, 2007, making him (at 19 years, 9 months, and 24 days) the youngest team captain in NHL history.During the season, the Penguins offered him the captaincy, but he turned it down. In the press conference naming him the team captain, he explained: \"I just thought it wasn't right for me. As a team, we were playing great and you don't want to disrupt things like that. Individually, I was not ready to accept that responsibility quite yet. Going through the playoffs and having that experience has probably given me more confidence. I understand there is going to be a lot more responsibility on my shoulders with this, but it's something I'm ready for, I feel",
"ready for, I feel very comfortable with it and I'm just excited to get things going.\" At the NHL's annual awards show two weeks later in June 2007, Crosby completed a rare off-season \"hat-trick\", winning theHart Memorial Trophyand theLester B. Pearson Awardin addition to his previously clinched Art Ross Trophy.He became the youngest player in NHL history to win the Lester B. Pearson,and only the second youngest player ever to win the Hart (after Gretzky). He became the youngest player ever to be named to theNHL's first All-Star team. With Crosby's initial three-year, entry-level contract set to expire at the end of the following season, the Penguins signed him to a five-year, $43.5 million contract extension on July 10, 2007, ensuring his stay with the Penguins through the 2012–13 season.Midway through thesubsequent season, Crosby recorded aGordie Howe hat-trickon December 20 in a game against theBoston Bruins. His first assist came 55 seconds into the first period. At 8:26 of the same period, Crosby scored",
"Crosby scored to give the Penguins a 2–0 lead. Then, five minutes and nine seconds into the second frame, Crosby fought ex-Penguin defencemanAndrew Ferenceto complete the hat-trick. This was Crosby's first NHL fight.In the NHL's firstWinter Classic(with a record crowd of 71,217 fans in attendance), Crosby scored the shootout winner in heavy snowfall to defeat theBuffalo Sabres.However, two and a half weeks later, on January 18, 2008, Crosby suffered a high ankle sprain crashing leg-first into the boards in a game against theTampa Bay Lightning. As a result, he missed the2008 All-Star Game, to which he was named a starter.After missing 21 games, he returned on March 4 against the Tampa Bay Lightning and earned an assist on aMax Talbotgoal.However, two games after his return, he felt his ankle was not up to shape and decided that he needed more time for it to heal.Crosby consequently sat out of the Penguins' next seven games and returned on March 27, 2008, to help the Penguins defeat theNew York",
"defeat theNew York Islanders3–1.Despite his injury-shortened campaign, Crosby still managed 72 points (24 goals, 48 assists) in just 53 games.Crosby's absence from the Penguins' line-up served as a stepping stone for teammateEvgeni Malkin, who, now in his second season, was developing into a superstar in his own right. Picking up the offensive slack, Malkin finished second in league scoring toWashington CapitalswingerAlexander Ovechkinand was also a Hart Memorial Trophy nominee as MVP honours also went to Ovechkin.In addition to Crosby's return to the line-up late in the season, the Penguins acquired star wingerMarián Hossafrom theAtlanta Thrashersat the trade deadline, placing the club in a strong position to make a deep playoff run. Pittsburgh finished the season asAtlantic Divisionchampions and just two points shy of the first-seededMontreal Canadiens. In a rematch of the previous year's opening round, the Penguins began the2008 playoffsfacing theOttawa Senators, whom they quickly swept in four games.",
"in four games. After then defeating theNew York RangersandarchrivalPhiladelphia Flyers, each in five games, the Penguins reached thefinal roundfor the first time since1992, to face theDetroit Red Wings.After being shut-out as a team for the first two games of the series, Crosby scored the first two goals of game three as the series shifted toPittsburghto fuel a 3–2 win.The Penguins lost the next game and despite staving off defeat in game five, they were overcome by the Red Wings in six games. Crosby finished the playoffs with 27 points (six goals and 21 assists in all 20 games), tying forward andConn Smythe-winnerHenrik Zetterberg(13 goals and 14 assists in 22 games) for the playoff scoring lead. Early in thefollowing season, on October 18, 2008, Crosby scored one goal and three assists against theToronto Maple Leafsto surpass benchmarks of 100 goals, 200 assists, and 300 points for his career.On the play in which Crosby scored, teammate Evgeni Malkin assisted to record his own 200th point. As a result,",
"point. As a result, Crosby had a team trainer cut the puck in half so both players could commemorate the achievement. Minor injury troubles kept Crosby from five games early in the season as he was listed day-to-day,but he was, for the most part, able to bounce back from the previous injury-riddled season and stay healthy. He recorded 33 goals and 70 assists for 103 points to finish third in league scoring, as Evgeni Malkin captured his first careerArt Ross Trophy.Entering the2009 playoffsas the defendingPrince of Wales Trophywinners, the Penguins defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in the opening round before meeting the Washington Capitals for a highly publicized second-round matchup. The series was heavily followed as it pitted Ovechkin of the Capitals against both Crosby and Malkin, who together finished as the league's top three scorers that season. In the second game, Crosby and Ovechkin recorded matching three-goal efforts for their first career playoff hat tricks in a 4–3 Capitals victory.Despite being",
"being down 2–0 in the series, Crosby and the Penguins won the next three games and eventually defeated the Capitals in a seventh and deciding game, in which Crosby added another two goals.Following a sweep of theCarolina Hurricanesin the Eastern Conference Final, Crosby opted against recent NHL tradition and picked up the Prince of Wales Trophy, which he had left untouched the previous year. In explanation of the change of heart, Crosby said, \"We didn't touch the trophy last year, and obviously we didn't have the result we wanted ... Although we haven't accomplished exactly what we want ... we can still enjoy it.\"The Penguins met the Detroit Red Wings for the second straight year in theFinals, and this time Crosby won his firstStanley Cuptitle in seven games. At 21 years, 10 months, and 5 days, Crosby became the youngest NHL captain to win the Stanley Cup since 1895. (The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy isMike Grantof the1895Montreal Victorias, who was 21",
"who was 21 years and 2 months at the time.)In the deciding Game 7, Crosby was forced to watch all but 32 seconds of the third period from the bench after suffering a knee injury less than halfway through the second period due to a hit from Wings' wingerJohan Franzén.Following the game, Crosby was criticized by Detroit centreKris Draperfor neglecting to shake hands with some of Detroit's players in the handshake line, most notably Wings' defenceman and captainNicklas Lidström. An irate Draper was quoted as saying, \"Nick was waiting and waiting, and Crosby didn't come over to shake his hand. That's ridiculous, especially as their captain.\"Crosby replied afterward, saying, \"I just won the Stanley Cup. I think I have the right to celebrate with my teammates. I know it's not easy waiting around... I understand if they don't feel like waiting around. But you know what? It's the easiest thing to do in the world, to shake hands after you win. I had no intentions of trying to skip guys and not shake their hands. I",
"their hands. I think that was a pretty unreasonable comment.\" Injury–plagued years, back-to-back Stanley Cups and Conn Smythe Trophies (2009–2018) In the2009–10 season, Crosby tiedTampa Bay LightningcentreSteven Stamkosfor the lead in goals scored, with 51 goals, earning theRocket Richard Trophy.He also garnered 58 assists for a total of 109 points, enough to tie withWashington Capitalswinger and captainAlexander Ovechkinfor second in league points, trailing onlyVancouver Canucks' centreHenrik Sedin's, who ended the season with 112. Crosby was also named a finalist for theHart Memorial TrophyandTed Lindsay Award.Crosby won theMark Messier Leadership Award, getting recognized as a \"superior leader within the sport, setting a positive example through on-ice performance, motivation of team members and a dedication to the community\".This was the second time he had received this honour, the other being in January 2007, during the award's first year when it was presented monthly.He was also included on NHL's",
"included on NHL's all-decade second team of 2000s.Crosby's defending Stanley Cup champion and fourth seeded Penguins were defeated in the second round of the2010 playoffs, losing to theMontreal Canadiensin seven games. Crosby had 19 points (six goals, 13 assists) in all 13 games in the 2010 playoffs, though through seven games against the Canadiens, he had only one goal and four assists.Game 7 was also the last game to be played atMellon Arena, the Penguins' home rink since the start of the franchise. On July 27, 2010, Crosby joined his mentor from 2005–06, his rookie yearMario Lemieuxto be the first to skate on the new ice at theConsol Energy Center. The two skated for about five minutes before being joined on the ice by a group of young hockey fans all wearing Lemieux's 66 or Crosby's 87 jerseys. \"When you get a typical injury you're given a time frame, you're gradually working towards getting back ... With concussions there is not generally a time frame or a span where you're feeling better. You feel like",
"You feel like you're getting better and it can be one day and you're back to where you started. It's a frustrating injury and one that anyone has gone through can relate. It's a hard one to understand unless you've gone through it\". — Crosby on his concussions. In the2010–11 season, Crosby had a 25-game point streak, which began on November 5, 2010, against theAnaheim Ducksand ended on December 28, 2010, against theNew York Islanders. During this streak, he had 27 goals (including threehat-tricks) and 24 assists for 51 points. This streak was tied for 11th-longest point streak in NHL history. During this streak, Crosby scored his 200th NHL goal in a 4–1 win over theCalgary Flameson Flames' goaltenderMikka Kiprusoffon November 27 and he was named First Star of the Month in both November and December, respectively.On January 3, 2011, Crosby was selected as a2011 All-Star, along with teammatesEvgeni Malkin,Marc-André FleuryandKris Letang.However, neither Crosby nor Malkin were available to play in the All-Star",
"in the All-Star Game due to injuries, and rookieJeff Skinner(along withPaul Stastny) were named as replacements. In consecutive games – the2011 NHL Winter Classicon January 1, 2011, against the Washington Capitals and then January 5 against the Tampa Bay Lightning – Crosby suffered hits to his head fromDave SteckelandVictor Hedmanrespectively. After experiencing severalconcussionsymptoms, Crosby did not return for the rest of the season, including the2011 playoffs, where the fourth-seeded Penguins would lose in seven games in the first round coincidentally to the Lightning, who finished as the fifth seed and surrendered a 3–1 series lead in the process. The Penguins were further crippled whenEvgeni Malkinsuffered atorn ACLandMCLon February 4, taking him out for the rest of the season and leaving the Penguins without their two highest-scoring players.Despite Crosby's injury and subsequent absence for the final 41 games of the season, he finished as the Penguins' leading scorer. His 66 points in 41 games were",
"in 41 games were 16 points ahead of the second-highest team scorer, defenceman Kris Letang.In so doing, Crosby set an NHL record for fewest games played by an NHL team's points leader.Crosby missed the first 20 games of the2011–12 seasondue to the lingering effects of his concussion or possibly multiple.He returned on November 21, 2011, in a game against the New York Islanders, scoring two goals and two assists in a 5–0 shutout for the Penguins.However, after playing another seven games – scoring a total of 12 points in 8 games – Crosby's concussion-like symptoms returned on December 5, possibly following an elbow hit byBoston BruinscentreDavid Krejčíin his eighth game of the season. Despite passing a successful ImPACT test, Crosby decided not to return on the ice until he felt perfectly fine, stating that he also must \"listen to body\".Crosby returned to action on March 15, 2012, recording two assists on goals byChris KunitzandPascal Dupuisin a 5–2 win against theNew York Rangers.Despite only playing 22",
"only playing 22 games, Crosby recorded 29 assists to go with eight goals for 37 points. He later credited neurologists atUPMCandchiropractic neurologistTed Carrickwith helping him return to hockey.Crosby's return in advance of the2012 playoffsresulted in many experts predicting that the Penguins would win their second Stanley Cup title in four years,and though the Penguins were accordingly picked to oust thePhiladelphia Flyersin their first-round series, it was acknowledged that it would be a tough series for both teams.The Flyers shocked the Penguins by winning the first three consecutive games, the third of which saw the teams combine for 158 penalty minutes. After the 8–4 loss in Game 3, Crosby was widely criticized for his conduct during the game,and for his testy post-game interview. When asked about an incident where Flyers wingerJakub Voráčekhad dropped his glove and Crosby swatted it away with his stick before Voráček could pick it up, Crosby replied, saying, \"I don't like any guy on their team",
"guy on their team there, so his glove was near me, went to pick it up, and I pushed it, so yeah, that's... I don't like them. Because I don't like them. I don't like... I don't like any guy on their team.\"When the interviewer suggested that he could have skated away, Crosby replied, \"Skate away? Yeah, well, I didn't that time.\"The Penguins went on to win the next two games, but ultimately lost the series in Game 6. Crosby would finish with three goals and five assists in the six games. On June 28, 2012, the Penguins announced that Crosby agreed to a 12-year, $104.4 million contract extension set to keep Crosby in Pittsburgh through to the end of the 2024–25 NHL season.The start of the2012–13 seasonwas postponed until January 2013 due to the ownerslocking out the playersas negotiations took place to solidify a newcollective agreementfor the players. During this time, Crosby was a regular attendee of meetings taking place betweenNational Hockey League Players' Association(NHLPA) representatives and NHL",
"and NHL owners. The lock-out began on September 15, 2012, and ended on January 6, 2013, with the NHL regular season beginning on January 19.During the 119-day lock-out, Crosby was often questioned about his future plans should the lockout persist, and said on more than one occasion that he was considering contract offers from various teams in European leagues (where many NHL players went so that they could continue playing in a professional capacity while waiting for the lock-out to end or for the NHL season to be officially cancelled). Crosby continued to practice and participated with other NHL players who did not go overseas in several exhibition games open to the public.With the season finally underway in January 2013, Crosby set the pace for scoring, totalling 31 points (nine goals and 22 assists) through the first 21 games. He remained hot through March, scoring another 25 points (6 goals and 19 assists) in 15 games as the Penguins went unbeaten over this stretch. However, his regular season came to an",
"season came to an abrupt end on March 30 in a home game against the New York Islanders. Crosby's teammateBrooks Orpikunleashed a slapshot which caught Crosby in the mouth, causing the centreman to lose several teeth. Crosby was down on the ice for several minutes before the medical staff was able to help him to the dressing room with Crosby holding a towel over his face. Initially, the prognosis was not severe, but it was discovered a short while later that Crosby had broken his jaw and would require several rounds of reconstructive dental surgery.He missed the final 12 games of the regular season and finished fourth in the scoring race, losing the title to Tampa Bay'sMartin St. Louisby four points.Crosby returned to the ice May 5 for the Penguins' second game against their first-round playoff opponents, the New York Islanders, ironically, the team Pittsburgh had been playing when Crosby was injured. Despite two goals from Crosby, Pittsburgh lost the game 3–2, tying the series at one game apiece.The top",
"game apiece.The top seeded Penguins would ultimately prevail 4–2 in the series over the Isles with Crosby scoring nine points (three goals and six assists) in the five games in which he played.Crosby and the Penguins moved on to face theOttawa Senatorsin the second round, with Crosby scoring a hat-trick in Game 2 of the series. Pittsburgh quickly defeated Ottawa four games to one in the series with a still-hot Crosby finishing the series with four goals and two assists. The Eastern Conference Finals came down to what many felt were the two best teams in the conference: Pittsburgh and Boston Bruins goaltenderTuukka Raskput on an outstanding performance, shutting down Pittsburgh's potent offence with the help of a stifling defensive effort from his teammates. The Penguins were held to just two goals in the series, with Rask stopping 134 of 136 shots on goal (.985%). Crosby, who was strong for the Penguins in the regular season and through the first two rounds of the playoffs was held off the score sheet",
"off the score sheet entirely, finishing the series with no goals and no assists on 13 shots within the four games as the Bruins swept the Penguins in four-straight games.In the off-season, Crosby was awarded his second Ted Lindsay Award and finished as runner-up to theHart Memorial TrophyandBill Masterton Memorial Trophy. Crosby put together a healthy and productive campaign in2013–14, playing 80 games for the first time since the 2009–10 season. Crosby finished the season with 36 goals and a league-leading 68 assists, marking the first time in his career that he led the league in assists. He also finished with a league-high 104 points, winning theArt Ross Trophyfor the second time in his career.He also went on to win the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Ted Lindsay Award.Finishing first overall in the Metropolitan Division, the Penguins were matched-up with a new division rival, theColumbus Blue Jackets, in the first round of the2014 playoffs. Despite a very back-and-forth series and not a single goal by",
"a single goal by Crosby, the Penguins defeated the Jackets in six games to advance to a second-round matchup with the New York Rangers. Going into their second-round series with the Rangers, Crosby looked to end a long playoff goal drought, which dated back to the 2013 Conference Finals against the Boston Bruins. After dropping Game 1 at home, Crosby broke his goal drought in Game 2 as the Pens tied the series at 1–1 heading back toMadison Square Garden. The Penguins would capitalize on their Game 2 win, taking the next two games and eliminating the Rangers home-ice advantage. However, the Rangers would quickly rebound, winning Game 5, 6 and 7, sending the Penguins home without a prize for the fifth straight season and surrendering a 3–1 series lead. The team's collapse prompted Penguins ownership to fire general managerRay Shero, replacing him withJim Rutherford, the former general manager of the Carolina Hurricanes. Rutherford's first action as GM was to fireDan Bylsmaas head coach, and on June 25, he",
"and on June 25, he announced thatMike Johnstonwas the new head coach. Crosby finished the2014–15 seasonwith the highest point-per-game average and a total of 84 points (28 goals, 56 assists), trailing only New York Islanders centre and captainJohn Tavares(86 points) and Art Ross winner andDallas Starswinger and captainJamie Benn(87 points).On November 26, 2014, Crosby scored his 800th career point against theToronto Maple Leafs, becoming the sixth-fastest player in NHL history to reach that milestone. On April 1, 2015, in a game against goaltenderSteve Masonof the Philadelphia Flyers, Crosby scored his 300th career NHL goal.Despite a strong start to the season, the injury-plagued Penguins entered the playoffs as the Eastern Conference's second wild card and eighth seed, beating the Boston Bruins by two points in the standings for the eighth and last playoff spot.Facing thePresidents' Trophy-winning New York Rangers, Crosby helped even the series with two goals in Game 2 on Rangers' goaltenderHenrik",
"goaltenderHenrik Lundqvist.Despite this, the Penguins were defeated by the Rangers in five games and was eliminated in the first round for the first time since the 2012 playoffs. In the 2015 off-season, the Penguins went through a major overhaul of their roster, adding a number of offensive players such as acquiring wingerPhil Kesselfrom the Toronto Maple Leafs. Despite a line-up laced with some of the world's finest offensive talents, Crosby struggled to score points, as he and the team had for much of the Johnston era. By the time Johnston was fired on December 12, 2015, after posting a 15–10–3 record through 28 games, some media outlets began speculating that Crosby had aged out of his prime scoring years.On December 16,The Washington Postwrote, \"Sidney Crosby has widely been regarded as the NHL's best player since he burst on the scene as a rookie in 2005 ... But Crosby just hasn't been himself this season, scoring just six goals and 13 assists for 19 points in the first 29 games and sitting with a",
"and sitting with a plus/minus of minus-seven. All players go through slumps, but it is clear that the Crosby we knew has been on the decline for some time.\"His slow start was capped off by not being selected as a starter for the2016 NHL All-Star Game.However, under new head coachMike Sullivan, the 28-year-old turned his season around, outscoring all NHL players from December 12 through the end of the season.On February 2, Crosby scored three-straight goals against the Ottawa Senators for his first natural hat-trick in more than five years.Four days later, Crosby scored his 900th, 901st and 902nd career NHL points to fuel a 3–2 overtime comeback victory over theFlorida Panthers.He tallied at least one point in 15 of Pittsburgh's 16 games in March, including six multi-point efforts, and was subsequently named the NHL's First Star of the Month.On April 2, Crosby recorded his 600th NHL assist as the Penguins clinched their berth in the2016 playoffs.Six days later, he scored in overtime against the Washington",
"the Washington Capitals to secure home-ice advantage in the first round of the playoffs. Crosby finished the2015–16 seasonwith 36 goals, 49 assists and 85 points in 80 games, including a career-high nine game-winning goals, and was voted team MVP for the sixth time in his career.Histwo-way gamealso received league-wide praise, with Hockey Hall of Fame head coachScotty Bowmanstating that Crosby would be a good candidate for theFrank J. Selke Trophyas the league's best defensive forward.Crosby's comeback also impressedWayne Gretzky, who said, \"He had a tough start, but the sign of an elite athlete is a guy that battles through it. He didn't point any fingers, he just battled through it, and I don't think there is any question the last 40 or so games, he made a case for the MVP. He was that good. He went to another level.\"On May 7, Crosby was named a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy which was eventually given toChicago BlackhawkswingerPatrick Kane.He finished as the first runner-up with 800 points and 11",
"800 points and 11 first-place votes.After losing to New York Rangers in the past two playoffs, the Penguins eliminated the Rangers in the first round, winning in five games, after losing to the Rangers by the same series margin in the first round the previous year. Crosby led the team in scoring with three goals and eight points.The Penguins then eliminated the Presidents' Trophy-winning Washington Capitals in six games, without much offensive production from either Crosby (two assists) or Malkin (one goal and one assist).Advancing to their first Conference Final since 2013, Crosby scored the overtime winner against the Tampa Bay Lightning in Game 2. The goal was scored 40 seconds into overtime on Lightning goaltenderAndrei Vasilevskiyfor a 3–2 win, the fastest overtime goal in Penguins' playoff history, and the first of his career in the playoffs.In the following game, he scored the game-winning goal in a 4–2 victory.After dropping the next two games, Crosby scored his third game-winning goal of the series",
"goal of the series on Vasilevskiy in Game 6, forcing a final game in Pittsburgh.Defeating the Lightning 2–1 in Game 7, Crosby helped his team win the Eastern Conference championship, advancing to theStanley Cup Finalsagainst theSan Jose Sharksand prevent the Lightning from clinching asecond consecutive appearancein the Stanley Cup Finals of their own.In the Finals, the Penguins defeated the Sharks in six games to earn Crosby his second Stanley Cup title. He became the ninth player to win the Stanley Cup twice as well as two Olympic gold medals.Finishing the playoffs with 19 points (six goals and 13 assists), including the primary helper on the Cup-winning goal scored by Kris Letang, Crosby was awarded theConn Smythe Trophyas the MVP of the playoffs. Crosby missed the first six games of the2016–17 seasonafter being diagnosed with a concussion in practice just a few days before the season opener against the Washington Capitals.Upon his return, he scored 30 goals in his first 45 games, and on February 16, 2017,",
"February 16, 2017, he registered an assist on a Chris Kunitz goal against theWinnipeg Jetsto reach1,000 NHL points, doing so in just his 757th game to become the 12th-fastest (and 11th-youngest) player to reach that milestone.He also participated in his firstNHL All-Star Gamesince 2007, winning the shooting accuracy segment of the Skills Competition.He was named team MVP and finished the season with 89 points (44 goals, 45 assists) in 75 contests played. His 89 points tied with Chicago Blackhawks' Patrick Kane as the runner(s) up for the Art Ross Trophy. It marked the eighth time he finished a season in the top-three in NHL scoring, tying Mario Lemieux,Stan MikitaandPhil Espositofor the third-most instances in history behind only Wayne Gretzky (15 times) andGordie Howe(12 times).With his 44 goals, Crosby captured the Rocket Richard Trophy for the second time in his career.Crosby was also named a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy and Ted Lindsay Award with both awards eventually going toEdmonton",
"going toEdmonton Oilerscentre and captainConnor McDavid.Entering the2017 playoffsas the defending Stanley Cup champions, the Penguins defeated the Columbus Blue Jackets in five games before meeting the back to back Presidents' Trophy-winning Washington Capitals in the second round for the second consecutive year.After winning the first two games on the road, Crosby sustained a concussion after suffering an injury from a slash and cross-check from both Alexander Ovechkin andMatt Niskanenin Game 3.He missed Game 4 but returned to practice the next day and played in Game 5. The Penguins would eventually eliminate the Capitals in Game 7, with Crosby assisting on the series-winning goal byBryan Rust.The Penguins then defeated the Ottawa Senators in a gruelling seven-game series to secure their second consecutive trip to the Stanley Cup Finals. Crosby had the primary assist on the series-clinching goal, scored by Chris Kunitz in double overtime.Facing the eighth seededNashville Predatorsin theFinals, Pittsburgh",
"Pittsburgh jumped out to a two-game lead, despite being outplayed for long stretches in both games. The Predators responded by tying up the series, winning Game 3 and 4 at home.In Game 5, the Penguins' captain delivered a dominant performance, adding three assists in a 6–0 win to pass Lemieux for most Stanley Cup Finals points (20) in franchise history.After defeating the Predators 2–0 in Game 6, the Penguins became the first team to repeat as Stanley Cup champions since the1997–98 Detroit Red Wings, and the first to do so in the salary cap era (since 2005–06). Crosby also won his second consecutive Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs, only the third player to do so afterBernie Parent(1974, 1975) andMario Lemieux(1991, 1992). He finished second in scoring behind Evgeni Malkin with 27 points (eight goals and 19 assists) in 24 games. In the2017–18 season, Crosby appeared in all 82 of Pittsburgh's regular season games for the first time in his career, finishing with 29 goals and 60",
"29 goals and 60 assists for 89 points.On February 11, 2018, he scored his 400th NHL goal againstJake Allenof theSt. Louis Blues, becoming the 95th player in NHL history to reach the milestone as the Penguins defeated the Blues 4–1.On March 21, he recorded his 700th career NHL assist on aJake Guentzelgoal in a 5–3 victory over the Montreal Canadiens.The Penguins began their2018 playoff campaignagainst their inner-state rival, the Philadelphia Flyers. In Game 1 of theBattle of Pennsylvania, Crosby recorded anatural hat-trickin a 7–0 win.On April 18, in Game 4, Crosby passed Mario Lemieux as the Penguins' all-time playoff points leader with 173.The Penguins ultimately defeated the fifth-seeded Flyers in six games, with Crosby recording six goals and seven assists for 13 points.After the series, retired Hockey Hall of Fame centreBryan Trottiersaid of Crosby, \"Sid has a wonderful gift to maintain his composure and not get rattled. You like the emotion he shows, too. I think he fires his team up, and that's why",
"up, and that's why he's wearing the 'C' .\"The Penguins were eventually eliminated in Game 6 of the second round by the eventual second-seeded and eventual Stanley Cup champion Washington Capitals with Capitals' centreEvgeny Kuznetsovscoring the winning goal in overtime. Crosby finished with 21 points (nine goals and 12 assists) in all 12 games, pushing his career playoff total to 185, tied withSteve Yzermanfor tenth-most all-time. Early playoff exits (2018–2022) On December 31, 2018, Crosby played his 900th NHL game in a 3–2 win over theMinnesota Wild, becoming the second player in Penguins history to reach the mark.On January 3, 2019, Crosby was selected to play in theNHL All-Star Gamefor the eighth time in his career.He scored four goals and four assists, helping the Metropolitan Division to victory; his efforts won him his first All-Star MVP award, making him the sixth in NHL history to have won that award after having won theConn Smythe TrophyandHart Memorial Trophy.During the2018–19 season, Crosby",
"season, Crosby passedMario Lemieuxto become the Penguins' all-time leader in games played (916), and moved into second place on the Pens' all-time scoring list with his 440th career goal in a 5–1 victory over theMontreal Canadienson March 3.Two days later, he became the 48th player in NHL history to score at least 1,200 career points against theFlorida Panthers.He finished the season with 100 points (35 goals and 65 assists), the first time he has reached the 100-point mark since scoring 104 points in 2013–14.Crosby finished 4th in voting for the Selke Trophy and became a Hart Trophy finalist for the seventh time in his career as the Selke eventually went toSt. Louis BluescentreRyan O'Reillyand the Hart getting awarded toTampa Bay LightningwingerNikita Kucherov, respectively.He was also elected team-MVP. Crosby was selected to the NHL All-Decade First Team in January 2020.The Penguins finished fifth in the Eastern Conference in the COVID-19 pandemic-shortened2019–20 season, facing the 12th-seeded Montreal",
"Montreal Canadiens in the Eastern Conference qualifying round. The Canadiens upset the Penguins in four games, eliminating Pittsburgh on August 7, 2020, Crosby's 33rd birthday. In thepandemic-shortened2020–21 season, Crosby led the team in scoring with 62 points (24 goals and 38 assists), and was the recipient of the team's MVP Award and the Players' Player Award.He was also a finalist for theTed Lindsay Awardwhich was eventually awarded toEdmonton Oilerscentre and captainConnor McDavid.On February 20, 2021, Crosby became the first player in Penguins history to play 1,000 games with the franchise in a 3–2 win over theNew York Islanders.The team clinched a playoff berth for the 15th consecutive season under Crosby's captaincy, the longest active postseason streak among all teams in the North American professional sports leagues.However, the Penguins were eliminated in the first round of the2021 playoffsby the New York Islanders for the second time in three seasons. On February 15, 2022, Crosby scored his",
"Crosby scored his 500th career goal on a power play against thePhiladelphia Flyers, becoming the 46th player to score that many goals in NHL history and the 18th to have scored them all for a single team. He was the second Penguin to score 500 goals, after Lemieux.Continuing to hit new milestones, in an April 10 game against theNashville Predatorshe recorded a goal and an assist in regulation time, before scoring the overtime-winning goal, his 1400th point in the NHL.Crosby finished the2021–22 seasonwith 31 goals and 53 assists for 84 points in 69 games played, while the Penguins were third in the Metropolitan Division. They advanced into the2022 playoffsto meet theNew York Rangers.With bothEvgeni MalkinandKris Letang's contracts up in the summer, there was some question as to whether this would be the final outing for the core of the Penguins franchise in Crosby's era.In Game 3 of the series against the Rangers, Crosby recorded his 197th career playoff point, passingPaul Coffeyfor sixth place in all-time",
"place in all-time playoff point standings.Two days later, he managed a goal and two assists in the Penguins' 7–2 victory in Game 4 and 3–1 series lead, becoming the sixth player in league history to record 200 career points in the playoffs.Midway through the second period of Game 5 inMadison Square Garden, with the Penguins up 2–0, Crosby took an elbow to the head from Rangers defencemanJacob Troubaand exited the game. In his absence, the Rangers rallied to win 5–3 and stave off elimination, and Crosby's departure was widely cited as the game's turning point. Head coachMike Sullivansaid that Crosby was being evaluated.After missing Game 6, Crosby returned for Game 7, alongside absent team goaltenderTristan Jarryand wingerRickard Rakell. However, the Penguins lost to the Rangers Game 7 in overtime with Rangers wingerArtemi Panarinscoring the winner for the Rangers to take a 4–3 win in the game and 4–3 win in the series and the Penguins were eliminated from the 2022 playoffs. Recent years (2022–present) In the",
"In the 2022 off-season, it was reported that Crosby played a key role in facilitating a new deal between the Penguins andEvgeni Malkin, after the latter had initially announced he would test free agency.Crosby began the2022–23 seasonby registering two goals and four assists in his first two games, being named the first star of the first week while leading the league in scoring.After strong initial results, the team struggled with a lengthy losing streak, but Crosby recorded his 900th career assist on aJake Guentzelgoal on November 5, 2022, a 3–2 loss to theSeattle Kraken. He was the sixth-fastest player to this feat in NHL history.On April 8, Crosby registered his 1500th career point in a 5–1 win against theDetroit Red Wings, the fifteenth NHL player to hit that milestone, and in the sixth-fewest games (1188).As the poor performance of the team continued into the spring, the Penguins' league-best 16-year playoff streak increasingly came into jeopardy, and by the final weeks of the season they were battling",
"they were battling theFlorida Panthersand theNew York Islandersfor the two Eastern Conference wildcard positions. A 5–2 loss to theChicago Blackhawkson April 11, at that moment the team at the bottom of the standings, in the penultimate game of the season, combined with an Islanders victory the following day, sealed the Penguins' missing the playoffs for the first time since2005–06, Crosby's rookie season and for the first time in Crosby's captaincy.This happened despite Crosby playing all 82 games for only the second time in his career, and doing so alongside Evgeni Malkin for the first time.Much recrimination ensued among fans and commentators, with many calling for the sacking of Penguins general managerRon Hextallfor his perceived mistakes in constructing the team in the previous 2022 off-season.Hextall and team executiveBrian Burkewere both fired the day after the season ended, with ownersFenway Sports Grouppromising \"the goal of contending for the Stanley Cup has not changed.\" Shortly the2023–24",
"Shortly the2023–24 season, his 19th season in the NHL, on November 4, 2023, Crosby skated in his 1,200th game, recording an assist in a 10–2 victory over theSan Jose Sharks.About the achievement, Crosby said: \"You don't just love it when it's good to you. You love it when it's tough and when it's difficult too. When that passion's not there, or that love's not there, it's probably time to stop doing it.\"On April 1, 2024, following a 5–2 win over theNew York Rangers, Crosby became the second player in NHL history to average a point per game for the 19th consecutive season, joiningWayne Gretzky.On April 11, Crosby recorded his 1,000th NHL assist on a goal byErik Karlssonin a 6–5 overtime win over the Detroit Red Wings to become the 14th player in league history and seventh fastest player to hit the mark (at 1,269 games).Crosby finished the season playing in all 82 contests played with 42 goals, 52 assists and 94 points recorded. Despite his continuation of individual productivity, the Penguins finished three",
"finished three points out of a playoff spot marking the first time in Crosby's tenure where the Penguins missed the playoffs in two consecutive seasons. On September 16, 2024, Crosby signed a two-year $17.4 million extension ($8.7 million average) to remain with the Penguins. International play Junior Crosby debuted internationally forCanadaat the2003 U-18 Junior World Cupin the Czech Republic and Slovakia. He was the youngest player on the under-18 team, having turned 16 shortly before the beginning of the tournament. After seven consecutive gold medals at the tournament, Team Canada lost in the bronze medal game to the Czech Republic 8–2. He scored four goals and six points over five tournament games. Crosby went on to compete in twoWorld Junior ChampionshipswithTeam Canada's under-20 team. When he was named to the team in December 2003, he became the fifth 16-year-old to represent Canada at the tournament, followingJay Bouwmeester,Jason Spezza,Eric Lindrosand Wayne Gretzky. Competing in the2004 World",
"in the2004 World Junior ChampionshipsinHelsinki, he then became the youngest player to score a goal in the history of the tournament at 16 years, 4 months, and 21 days when he scored against Switzerland in a 7–2 win.This record would last until the2012 World JuniorswhenAleksander BarkovofFinlandscored a goal aged 16 years, 4 months.Crosby finished the tournament with two goals and three assists in six games, helping Canada to a silver medal finish. The following year, he returned for Canada at the2005 World Junior ChampionshipsinGrand Forks, North Dakota. He improved to six goals and three assists as Canada earned gold. Crosby stated the following year that his most memorable hockey moment was winning his World Junior gold medal. Men's After completing his rookie season with the Pittsburgh Penguins, Crosby competed in the2006 IIHF World Championshipas analternate captainforCanada. Scoring a tournament-best eight goals and eight assists in nine games, he became the youngest player ever to win aWorld",
"ever to win aWorld Championshipscoring title.Despite his performance, Canada failed to medal, being shut-out byFinland5–0 in the bronze medal game. Crosby was named the tournament's top forward and to the competition's all-star team. After being omitted from Canada's Olympic team in2006, Crosby was named to the Canadian roster on December 30, 2009, as an alternate captain for the2010 Winter OlympicsinVancouver.He scored the game-winning shootout goal for Canada in the second game of the preliminary round againstSwitzerland. After going pointless in the quarter- and semi-final againstRussiaandSlovakiarespectively, Crosby scored the winning goal 7 minutes and 40 seconds into overtime against theUnited Statesin thegold medal game.The goal has later become known as the \"Golden Goal\" due to it being scored in the gold medal game.It is also regarded by some as \"Canada's most iconic sports moment\". Following the Penguins' second-round elimination in the2010 Stanley Cup playoffs, Crosby declined an invitation to",
"an invitation to join Canada midway through the2010 IIHF World Championshipin Germany.Crosby was selected to represent Canada at the2014 Winter Olympicsand was later namedteam captain.Canada won gold, with Crosby contributing one goal and two assists in six games. He scored his only goal in the final against Sweden, further establishing his reputation as \"a player who rises up in big games\".In 2015, Crosby captained Canada to its firstWorld Championshiptitle since 2007, with the team winning all 10 games and scoring 66 goals. Crosby, scoring four goals and seven assists in nine games, became the 26th member of theTriple Gold Club. He is the first member of the club to captain all three championship teams,and the first member to be a first overall NHL draft pick. In 2016,Hockey Canadanamed Crosby captain for the2016 World Cup of HockeyinToronto.Crosby, who led the tournament in scoring with ten points, helped Team Canada win the championship, and was named the Most Valuable Player. He joinedBobby OrrandWayne",
"OrrandWayne Gretzkyas the only players to win theConn Smythe Trophy,Hart Memorial Trophyand World Cup MVP.Team Canada head coachMike Babcockdescribed Crosby as a serial winner, saying, \"He's that high-end competitor. He's a good leader because he tries to do it right all the time. He demands a lot out of himself. In doing so, he demands a lot out of his teammates.\"In 2020, he was named to theIIHF All-Time Canadian Teamand the Men's All-Decade Team. On October 3, 2021, Crosby was one of the first three players named to the men's hockey roster forCanada's teamfor the2022 Winter OlympicsinBeijing, alongsideConnor McDavidandAlex Pietrangelo.However, due to the NHL's subsequent decision not to attend theBeijingGames as a result of theOmicron variant's impacts on scheduling, Crosby was unable to compete. He said afterward that \"I've been fortunate enough to be part of two. I definitely feel for the guys who have missed numerous opportunities.\" Player profile Style of play His lower-body strength is probably",
"is probably unparalleled in the league. It's not just about his speed, but how he can use his lower body to protect the puck in the corner. When he takes the puck through the neutral zone, he's a nightmare to defend because he seems to explode and take it to another gear as soon as the puck touches his stick. –Logan Coutureof theSan Jose Sharkson Crosby in his January 2015 column forThe Players' Tribune. As captain and first-line centre for Canada, Crosby played with different line mates in almost every game as the coaching staff struggled to find players capable of keeping pace with the superstar centre at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, and again at the 2014 Winter Olympic Games inSochi. Crosby's fellow countryman and Olympic teammate,Rick Nash, was questioned by the media about this, at one point saying, \"I think he's a tough guy to keep up with. He's so fast. The way he thinks about the game seems like it's far beyond everyone else's process. It's the same thing in the last Olympics, keep",
"last Olympics, keep shuffling around until you found something that fit.\"Team Canada's assistant coach in Vancouver,Ken Hitchcock, recalled, \"Sid thinks at a level, when the other team has the puck, that's above everyone else in the league . His anticipation when the other team has the puck is so high, he knows where it's going ahead of time. He can pick off passes, make you make errors. And then he also knows where people are located on the ice, so he can turn that turnover into a scoring chance.\" Other professional NHL players have particularly noted Crosby for hisbackhand shot.For example, in his column forThe Players' Tribunein July 2015,Jonathan Quickof theLos Angeles Kingspraised Crosby for having \"the best backhand shot\" in the NHL. \"His blade is almost completely flat, which combined with his ridiculous forearm strength gives him the ability to go forehand to your five hole instantly or turn it over to the backhand and roof it (a lot of guys can't do this with a flat blade).\" Reputation Noted for his",
"Noted for his on-ice vision, passing ability,leadership,work ethic,and complete overall game, Crosby is considered to be one of the greatest players of all time.Bobby Orrnamed Crosby among the five best players in the history of NHL.Wayne Gretzkysaid of Crosby in September 2016, \"He's proven over and over that he's the best player in the game today. And it seems like the more important the game, the more impact that he makes on a game.\"Gordie Howewas also impressed by Crosby, \"I met him and I've seen him play. Unless you put two guys on him, he'll kill you in a game.\"In October 2016,Mario Lemieuxpraised his protégé for his ability to play both sides of the puck: \"I think he's more of a complete player. Defensively, I think he's improved a lot over the last couple of years.\"In an April 2018 article forThe Washington Post, other players, teammates and coaches highlighted his work ethic and strive for greatness as a major factor to Crosby's lasting success. \"While his natural ability – powerful skating,",
"– powerful skating, pistol-quick hands, uncommon feel – made him a phenom, his creative, distinct capacity for work has enabled him to stay atop the NHL.\"In March 2019, Pittsburgh head coachMike Sullivandescribed Crosby as \"best 200-foot player in the game\" and the \"heartbeat\" of the Penguins. On January 27, 2017, in a ceremony during the All-Star Weekend inLos Angeles, Crosby was named one of the100 Greatest NHL Playersin history.In that same year,Fox Sportsranked Crosby 15th on their \"21 greatest athletes of the 21st century (so far)\" list,andTSNnamed him the eighth-best NHL player of all-time.Four months before the2022 Winter Olympics, Rob Rossi ofThe Athleticcalled him \"arguably North America's most dominant team-sport Winter Olympian.\"In a survey conducted bySportsnetin June 2017, Crosby was voted by Canadians to be the greatest athlete of the 21st century.A poll conducted by the NHLPA in March 2018 of more than 500 players resulted in Crosby being voted the \"most difficult to play against, best role",
"against, best role model, best team player, the player you'd want to win one game, and the player who would be a great coach upon retirement\".In April 2018, Crosby was chosen as Nova Scotia's \"Best athlete ever\" by theNova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame.In March 2019, an anonymous survey conducted byThe Athleticshowed that Crosby was regarded the best all-around NHL player by his peers. Considered a generational talent and afranchise player,drafting Crosby changed the fortunes of a struggling Pittsburgh Penguins.It helped secure funding fora new arenaand ended speculation that the franchise would relocate to another city.In2005–06, his presence helped Pittsburgh's attendance increase by 33%.Crosby's arrival also aided in reinvigorating and expanding the roots of hockey in the Pittsburgh area. Penguins CEO and presidentDavid Morehousesaid, \"We were in last place, we were last in revenues, we were last in attendance, our TV ratings were minimal and we were in the oldest building in the NHL... We were able to draw",
"were able to draw attention to us as a franchise because of the drafting of Sidney Crosby and the subsequent success we had.\" Crosby is well known for welcoming new teammates with open arms. Former teammate and NHL veteranMatt Cullenhas said that \" how he makes time to make a real effort to include guys and go out of his way to spend time with younger guys, and I know that goes a long way.\" Crosby often does research on new members of the organization, even players who have not yet made the roster, and makes sure to greet them. Some current players who grew up watching Crosby, such asJack Hughesof theNew Jersey Devils, have said that they tried to emulate other players as emerging youth hockey stars because \"playing at his level just wasn't realistic.\" Jerseys Crosby's number 87 Pittsburgh Penguins jersey was the top seller on the NHL's website from September 2005 to February 2008.It has continued to be among the top-selling jerseys since his rookie season. In January 2005, anAir Canadabaggage handler",
"handler inMontrealstole Crosby's red Canada jersey from the World Junior Hockey Championship. It was recovered later in a mailbox.His white jersey from the tournament was temporarily delisted from an auction while the red one was missing. It eventually sold for $22,100, which went to youth hockey charities and2004 Indian Ocean earthquakerelief. Less than a year later, one of Crosby's game-worn sweaters disappeared. The jersey he wore in his first NHL game, played against theNew Jersey Devils, disappeared from his father's luggage during a flight from Pittsburgh toBuffalo. The jersey was later found at thePittsburgh International Airportbetween a piece of equipment and a stairwell.Crosby's jersey from his third NHL game was the highest-selling NHL jersey in an auction forHurricane Katrinarelief – it sold for $21,010. During an online auction held by the NHL and the NHL Players Association to benefitHockey Fights Cancer, Crosby's game-worn jersey from the first period of the 2007 All-Star Game earned the most",
"earned the most money. Crosby's sold for $47,520, more than eight times the next highest price—$5,681 for the jersey worn byBrendan Shanahanof the New York Rangers. Following Crosby's Olympic gold medal victory with Canada in 2010, it was announced that hisstickandglovewere missing. It was initially suspected that they might have been stolen;ReebokCanada offered a reward ofCAD$10,000 for their return, \"no questions asked\".On March 10, the items were found: Crosby's stick had been placed in ashipmentbound for theInternational Ice Hockey Federation Hall of FameinSaint Petersburg, Russia, (the shipment was intercepted inToronto) and his glove was found in ahockey bagbelonging to Olympic teammate and Boston Bruins' centrePatrice Bergeron, whosestallwas beside Crosby's in thelocker room. Personal life Crosby rarely discusses his personal life and avoids social media. Andy O'Brien, Crosby's fitness trainer for over 15 years, has said: \"He wants to be one of the guys and doesn't really seek to separate himself or",
"separate himself or get special treatment in any way... He takes a lot of enjoyment in the regular, simple things in life and having a normal, ordinary routine\".Greg Powersdescribed Crosby as essentially the brother of Lemieux's son Austin,as he lived with Lemieux's family inSewickley, Pennsylvania, from 2005 until 2010. In May 2010, Crosby purchased his own home in the same area.In June 2006, he bought his first house onGrand Lakein Halifax, Nova Scotia. On May 29, 2010, it was announced that Crosby would sign the richest endorsement contract in NHL history with Reebok, expected to pay Crosby $1.4 million per year for five to seven years.In 2015, he signed a six-year endorsement contract withAdidas.Crosby also has endorsement deals withBell,Tim Hortons, andGatorade.Regarded as one of Canada's \"legendary goal-scorers and storied leaders\", Crosby was featured inCanada Post'sNHL Great Canadian Forwardsstampcollection, alongsidePhil Esposito,Guy Lafleur,Darryl Sittler,Mark Messier, andSteve Yzerman.In September",
"September 2016, he won anEmmy Awardfor his role inThere's No Place Like Home With Sidney Crosby.He also won for his participation in theMerci Sidneyvideo that followed his return to Rimouski for his QMJHL jersey retirement ceremony. Crosby has a younger sister named Taylor who is a hockey goaltender.Like her brother, she went to high school at Shattuck-Saint Mary's in Faribault, Minnesota, to play with the school's hockey program.In 2014, Taylor joined theNortheastern Huskies women's ice hockeyteam as a freshman atNortheastern UniversityinBoston.In 2015, she transferred to Minnesota'sSt. Cloud State Universityand played with theSt. Cloud State Huskies women's ice hockeyteam through to graduation at the end of the 2017–18 school year. Crosby continues to be active in the community in Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia. He created the Sidney Crosby Foundation in 2009, an organization committed to helping charities benefiting children.In 2015, he started a hockey school in Cole Harbour.His \"Little Penguins Program\" has",
"Program\" has provided free equipment and lessons to more than ten thousand local youngsters in Pittsburgh. Career statistics Biographical information and career statistics fromNHL.com, orEliteprospects.com, orEurohockey.com, orHockey-Reference.com, orThe Internet Hockey Database. Regular season and playoffs Boldindicates led league International Honours and achievements Records IIHF Pittsburgh Penguins NHL See also Notes References Further reading External links"
] |
Which fast food chain did the sponsor of the Women's 2018 Volleyball Thailand League acquire rights to in 1987? | Kentucky Fried Chicken | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Women%27s_Volleyball_Thailand_League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Women%27s_Volleyball_Thailand_League', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Women%27s_Volleyball_Thailand_League",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand"
] | [
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Women%27s_Volleyball_Thailand_League (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b932dc1c0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Charoen_Pokphand (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b932de4d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"
] | [
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Women%27s_Volleyball_Thailand_League (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b932dc1c0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Charoen_Pokphand (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b932de4d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"
] |
Who had the best career batting average out of every player to hit a home run in the 2002 World Series matchup between the Anaheim Angeles and San Francisco Giants? | Barry Bonds with a .298 lifetime batting average. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_World_Series#Composite_box | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darin_Erstad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bell_(baseball) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Kent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._Snow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Sanders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Aurilia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Spiezio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawon_Dunston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Salmon, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Glaus | Tabular reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_World_Series#Composite_box', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darin_Erstad', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bell_(baseball)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Kent', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._Snow', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Sanders', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Aurilia', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Spiezio', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawon_Dunston', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Salmon, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Glaus'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_World_Series#Composite_box",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darin_Erstad",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bell_(baseball",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Kent",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._Snow",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Sanders",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Aurilia",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Spiezio",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawon_Dunston",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Salmon, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Glaus"
] | [
"2002 World Series The2002 World Serieswas thechampionship seriesofMajor League Baseball(MLB)'s2002 season. The 98th edition of the World Series,it was abest-of-seven playoffbetween theAmerican League(AL) championAnaheim Angelsand theNational League(NL) championSan Francisco Giants; the Angels defeated the Giants, four games to three, to win their first, and, to date, onlyWorld Series championship. The series was played from October 19–27, 2002, atPacific Bell Parkin San Francisco andEdison International Field of AnaheiminAnaheim. This was the first World Series since the 1995 inception of thewild cardin MLB (and the last until2014) in which both wild card teams would vie for the title. The Angels finished the regular season in second place in theAL Westdivision. They defeated the four-time defending AL championNew York Yankees, three games to one, in the best-of-fiveAL Division Series, and in doing so won their first postseason series in franchise history. They then defeated theMinnesota Twins, four games to one, in the best-of-sevenAL Championship Seriesto advance to the World Series, another first in franchise history. The Giants finished the regular season in second place in theNL Westdivision. They defeated theAtlanta Bravesin theNL Division Seriesand theSt. Louis Cardinalsin theNL Championship Seriesto advance to the World Series, giving the team their 20th NL pennant and 17th appearance in the Fall Classic but only their third since moving from New York City to San Francisco in 1958. The series was the fourth World Series played between two teams fromCalifornia, after1974,1988, and1989, and the latest Fall Classic that featured teams from the same city or state (since2000between cross-town rivalsMetsandYankees).Barry Bonds,Reggie Sanders, andJ. T. Snoweach hithome runsto help propel the Giants to win Game one. Game two was a high-scoring affair that the Angels ultimately won onTim Salmon's eighth-inning home run. The Angels routed the Giants in Game three, but lost Game four on a tie-breaking eighth-inning single by the Giants'David Bell. The Giants brought the Angels to the brink of elimination by winning Game five in a blowout. The Giants were eight outs away from winning the Series in Game six, but late game home runs byScott SpiezioandDarin Erstad, as well as a two-RBIdoublebyTroy Glaushelped the Angels overcome a five-run, seventh-inning deficit to win. A three-run double byGarret Andersonwas the difference in the Angels' Game seven win to clinch the series. Glaus was named theWorld Series Most Valuable Player. The two teams set a record for combined most home runs in a World Series (21), which stood until2017. Background This was the fourth World Series played between two teams fromCaliforniaand the last World Series as of today involving two teams from the same state (since2000between cross-town rivalsNew York MetsandNew York Yankees). The1974 World Seriessaw theOakland Athleticsdefeat theLos Angeles Dodgers; the1988series saw theLos Angeles Dodgersgetting revenge by defeating theOakland Athletics. In1989theSan Francisco Giantswere defeated by theOakland Athletics. The managers of the two clubs,Mike Sciosciaof the Angels andDusty Bakerof the Giants, were teammates on the Dodgers from1980to1983, and won a World Series in1981. This was the first World Series to feature opposing managers who had been teammates on a World Championship team as players. San Francisco Giants Since their 1958 move from New York City to San Francisco, the Giants franchise and its fans had a long history of futility, frustration, and disappointment. The Giants had won their last World Series crown before the move, in1954. Since the move, the Giants made it to the World Series twice but lost both times. These included a dramatic, down-to-the-wire loss to theNew York Yankeesin the seven-game classic1962 World Series, and a four-game sweep by their crosstown rivalOakland Athleticsin the1989 World Seriesthat was marred by theLoma Prieta earthquake. Their most recent postseason appearance was in2000, when they were defeated by theNew York Metsin theNLDS. In addition, the Giants narrowly missed winning the National League pennant in1959,1964,1965and1966. They finished in second place five years in a row from 1965 to1969and lost the1971 National League Championship Seriesto thePittsburgh Pirates. 2002 wasDusty Baker's tenth season asmanagerof the Giants. It was also their third season playing atPacific Bell Park(now Oracle Park). The Giants finished theprevious seasonwith a record of 90–72, finishing in second place in the National League West, twogames behindtheArizona Diamondbacks. They also finished in second place in the NLwild cardstandings, three games behind theSt. Louis Cardinals. Notable player departures included 2001 midseason acquisitionAndrés Galarraga, who departed as afree agent, andShawn Estes, who was traded to theNew York Metsin exchange forTsuyoshi ShinjoandDesi Relaford. Notable player acquisitions includedReggie Sanders, a free agent, andDavid Bell, who the Giants received from theSeattle Marinersin exchange for Desi Relaford and cash. During the season the Giants also acquiredKenny Loftonfrom theChicago White Soxin exchange for two minor leaguers. Sanders, Bell, Shinjo, and Lofton helped bolster a Giants offense led by longtime GiantsBarry Bonds,J. T. Snow,Rich Aurilia, andJeff Kent, as well as relative newcomerBenito Santiago. Thestarting pitchingrotation was led byKirk RueterandJason Schmidt, with abullpenled byTim WorrellandcloserRobb Nen. During the 2002 regular season, the Giants led the NL West standings for most of April and a few days in May; however, by the end of May they had fallen to third place behind theLos Angeles DodgersandArizona Diamondbacks. They spent most of the next three months in third place, but on September 9 they took second place for good, while the Dodgers either tied them or fell to third place for the rest of the season. The Giants finished the regular season with a record of 95–66,2+1⁄2games behindthe NL West champion Diamondbacks. They won the NLwild card,3+1⁄2games ahead of the runner-up Dodgers. In the2002 postseason, the wild-card Giants' first opponent was the top-seededAtlanta Braves, who they defeated in five games to return to the NLCS for the first time since1989. In the NLCS, the Giants defeated the #3 seedSt. Louis Cardinalsin five games to advance to the World Series for the 17th time in franchise history. Dusty Baker became the first black manager to participate in a World Series sinceCito GastonforTorontoin1992and1993. This was Giants' outfielderReggie Sanders' second consecutive World Series appearance with different teams—in2001he got there with theArizona Diamondbacks. This was the first time this happened sinceDon Baylordid it in three consecutive years with theBoston Red Soxin1986, theMinnesota Twinsin1987, and with theOakland Athleticsin1988. Anaheim Angels Like the Giants, the Angels and their fans carried a long history of futility and disappointment. Enfranchised in 1961, the Angels had never before played in the World Series. They came close several times, including ALCS losses in1979to theBaltimore Orioles,1982to theMilwaukee Brewers, and in1986to theBoston Red Sox. After dropping the 1979 ALCS in four games, the Angels brought their opponents to the brink of elimination in each of those last two series, before losing the next three consecutive games and the series. The 1986 ALCS, in which the Angels were as close as 1 strike away from the World Series, was the Angels' latest postseason appearance, though they came close in1995when they lost aone-game tie-breakerfor the AL West championship to theSeattle Marinersafter blowing a 14-game lead in the standings. 2002 was the Angels' third season undermanagerMike Scioscia. The Angels finished the previous injury marredseasonwith a record of 75–87, finishing in third place in the AL West. The most notable personnel change during the offseason was the trade offirst basemanMo Vaughnto theNew York Metsin exchange forpitcherKevin Appier. Offensively, the team was led by longtime AngelsGarret Anderson,Darin Erstad,Troy GlausandTim Salmon, as well as relative newcomersAdam KennedyandDavid Eckstein. Thestarting pitchingrotation was led byRamón OrtizandJarrod Washburn, as well as mid-season call-upJohn Lackey, while the bullpen was led bysetup manBrendan DonnellyandcloserTroy Percival. The bullpen was bolstered in late September by the addition of 20-year-oldrelieverprospectFrancisco Rodriguez. The Angels spent much of the season trailing the first-placeSeattle Marinersand on occasion theOakland Athleticsin the AL West standings. However, the Athletics and Angels both mounted late-season comebacks that, coupled with a poor August record for the Mariners, knocked the Mariners down to third place. The Athletics won 20 straight games at one point, and the Angels finished the season in second place with a 99–63 record, fourgames behindthe Athletics, but won the ALwild card, six games ahead of theBoston Red Soxand Seattle Mariners. Their 99 wins was third best in the A.L. and fourth best in baseball. In the2002 postseason, the wild-card Angels first faced off against the overall #1 seed and four-time defending American League championNew York Yankeesin the ALDS. The Angels shocked the four-time defending AL champions in four games to return to the ALCS for the first time since1986. Their opponent in the ALCS was the third-seededMinnesota Twins, who they defeated in five games to advance to the World Series for the first time in franchise history. Summary Anaheim won the series, 4–3. Matchups Game 1 San Francisco won 4–3 at Edison International Field of Anaheim (nowAngel Stadium of Anaheim) to take a 1–0 series lead. As he strode into the batter's box to open the second inning,Barry Bondswas finally making his first (and only) World Series appearance; in his first at bat on a 2–1 pitch from Angels starterJarrod Washburn, Bonds smoked a line drive for a home run to right field, which gave the Giants a quick 1–0 lead.Reggie Sandersthen followed that up with an opposite-field homer later in the inning. With the Giants leading 2–1 in the fifth, Giants batterJ. T. Snow(who formerly played for the Angels) hit a two-run shot over the center field wall after Sanders singled to give San Francisco a three-run advantage. Eventual Series MVPTroy Glaushit two home runs for the Angels, one in the second and another in the sixth off Giants starterJason Schmidt. Adam Kennedy drove in a run with a base hit in the sixth as well to trim the deficit to 4–3. However, Schmidt was effective otherwise, along with relieverFélix Rodríguezand closerRobb Nen, as they held off the Halos the rest of the way. Game 2 Game 2 was a slugfest that saw the lead fluctuate wildly between the two teams. The Angels plated five runs in the first inning by batting around against Giants starting pitcherRuss Ortiz.David Ecksteinsingled to lead off and scored onDarin Erstad's double. AfterTim Salmonsingled,Garret Anderson's RBI single made it 2–0 Angels. AfterTroy Glausflew out, consecutive RBI singles byBrad FullmerandScott Spieziomade it 4–0 Angels. Fullmer stole home plate for the Angels' fifth run of the inning. In the second inning, however,Kevin Appiersurrendered most of the lead by allowing a three-run homer to Sanders followed by a shot to David Bell. The Angels answered with a two-run home run from veteran Tim Salmon to make it 7–4 in the Angels' favor. Ortiz would not finish the inning and was relieved byChad Zerbe, who provided four innings of relief. Appier did not last much longer than Ortiz, as he was pulled in the third and replaced byJohn Lackey, the Angels scheduled starter for Game 4, after surrendering a lead-off home run toJeff Kent. Lackey temporarily quieted the Giants' offense but ran into trouble in the fifth inning, allowing a double and intentional walk.Ben Weberrelieved him but allowed a single toBenito Santiagoto load the bases, then a two-run single toJ. T. Snowthat tied the game. AfterReggie Sandersstruck out, consecutive RBI singles byDavid BellandShawon Dunstongave the Giants a 9–7 lead. The Angels turned to 20-year-old rookie relieverFrancisco Rodriguez, who answered by shutting down the Giants offense for the next three innings. He retired nine batters in a row on 25 pitches (22 were strikes). Meanwhile, the Angels chipped away at their deficit. In the bottom of the fifth, Glaus and Fullmer hit back-to-back leadoff singles before the former scored on Spezio's sacrifice fly. Next inning, Erstad doubled with two outs. Zerbe was relieved byJay Witasick, who walkedTim Salmon.Aaron Fultzrelieved Witasick and allowed an RBI single to Anderson to tie the game, but Salmon was thrown out at third to end the inning. Salmon drilled a two-run home run with two outs in the eighth inning off ofFélix Rodríguez, giving Anaheim an 11–9 lead. Closer Troy Percival retired the first two batters in the ninth, and, after allowing a mammoth shot from Bonds that landed halfway up the right field bleachers, retiredBenito Santiagoto even the series. Bonds became the first player sinceTed Simmonsin the1982 World Seriesto hit a home run in his first two World Series games, joining Simmons,Dusty Rhodesin the1954 World SeriesandJimmie Foxxin the1929 World Series. The feat would later be duplicated byCraig Monroeof the Tigers in the2006 World Series. Giants pitchers failed to strike out a batter for the entire game, the first time this had happened in the World Series since Game 7 of the1960 World Series; as of 2021 it remains the last time a team has not recorded a strikeout in a World Series game. The Angels won despite giving up four home runs to the Giants, compared to two by the Angels. Game 3 Anaheim won 10–4 in the first World Series game at Pacific Bell Park (nowOracle Park). The Angels batted around twice without a home run in either of their four-run innings. They became the first team in World Series history to bat around in consecutive innings. Barry Bonds hit another home run, becoming the first player to homer in his first three World Series games. The Giants struck first onBenito Santiago's based-loaded groundout in the first off ofRamón Ortiz, but Giants starterLiván HernándezwalkedDavid Ecksteinto lead off the third and allowed a subsequent double toDarin Erstad. An error onTim Salmon's groundball allowed Eckstein to score. AfterGarret Andersonflew out,Troy Glaushit an RBI single andScott Spieziofollowed with a two-run triple. Next inning, Anderson's RBI groundout with runners on second and third chased Hernandez.Jay Witasickentered in relief and walked Glaus before allowing RBI singles to Spiezio,Adam KennedyandBengie Molina, which increased Anaheim's lead to 8–1.Rich Auriliahit a one-out home run in the fifth for the Giants. AfterJeff Kentsingled, Bonds's home run made it 8–4, but the Giants did not score after that. The Angels added to their lead on Eckstein's RBI single in the sixth off ofAaron Fultzand Erstad's bases-loaded fielder's choice in the eighth off ofScott Eyre. Giants public address announcerRenel Brooks-Moonis recognized by theBaseball Hall of Fameas the first female announcer of a championship game in any professional sport for her role in the 2002 World Series. Her scorecard from Game 3 is on display in theNational Baseball Hall of Fame and MuseuminCooperstown, New York. Until 2014, this game was the Giants' only World Series loss at home sincePacific Bell Parkopened in 2000. They proceeded to win the final two games in this series, then won four straight home games in their next two World Series appearances in2010and2012until finally losing at home in Game 3 in2014. Game 4 The Angels struck first in the second onDavid Eckstein's bases-loaded sacrifice fly, then made it 3–0 next inning onTroy Glaus's two-run home run off of starterKirk Rueter. In the bottom of the fifth, however, Angels starterJohn Lackeyallowed three consecutive leadoff singles, the last of which byRich Auriliascoring Rueter.Jeff Kent's sacrifice fly cut the Angels' lead to 3–2 andNLCSMVPBenito Santiagotied the game with a single in after the Angels walked Barry Bonds with a runner on second and two outs. David Bell put the Giants ahead with an RBI single in the bottom of the eighth off ofFrancisco Rodriguez. The run was unearned, due to Anaheim catcherBengie Molina's passed ball during the previous at-bat, allowingJ. T. Snowto move to second.Tim Worrellgot the win for the Giants. San Francisco scored a 4–3 victory to tie the series and ensured a return trip to Anaheim. Game 5 San Francisco took a 16–4 blowout win in a game in which the Angels never led. The most well-known moment in this game occurred in the bottom of the seventh when Giants first basemanJ. T. Snowscored off aKenny Loftontriple. Three-year-oldbatboyDarren, son of Giants managerDusty Baker, ran to home plate to collect Lofton's bat before the play was completed and was quickly lifted by the jacket by Snow with one hand as he crossed the plate, withDavid Bellclose on his heels. Had Snow not acted quickly, Darren could have been seriously injured in a play at home plate. Giants' second-baseman Jeff Kent hit two home runs to break out of a slump (hitting his first home run since Game 2), driving in four runs. In the bottom of the first,Barry Bonds's double off ofJarrod Washburnwith runners on first and second gave the Giants an early lead.Benito Santiago's sacrifice fly, followed by three consecutive walks made it 3–0 Giants. Next inning, Benito's bases-loaded single scored two andReggie Sanders's sacrifice fly scored another.Orlando Palmeirodoubled to lead off the top of the fifth, moved to third onDavid Eckstein's single and scored onDarin Erstad's sacrifice fly. AfterTim Salmonsingled, a wild pitch by starterJason Schmidtallowed Eckstein to score. AfterGarret Andersonstruck out,Troy Glaus's RBI double cut the Giants' lead to 6–3. The Angels cut it to 6–4 next inning off ofChad Zerbeon Eckstein's groundout with runners on second and third, but did not score again. Kent's two-run home run in the bottom half off ofBen Weberwidened the Giants' lead to 8–4. Next inning,Kenny Lofton's two-run triple made it 10-4 Giants.Scot Shieldsrelieved Weber and after Aurilia struck out, Kent's second home run of the game made it 12–4 Giants. Next inning, Shields allowed consecutive one-out singles toJ. T. SnowandDavid Bell, then an error onTsuyoshi Shinjo's ground ball made it 13–4 Giants. After Lofton grounded out, Aurilia capped the scoring with a three-run home run.Scott Eyreretired the Angels in order in the ninth as the Giants were one win away from a World Series title.Chad Zerbeearned the win for the Giants. This game shares one peculiar record with Game 2 of the1960 World Series. The two games share the World Series record for most runs scored by a game winning team who ultimately went on to lose the series. Game 6 The turning point in the Series came in Game 6. Following the top of the seventh inning, the Giants led 5–0 but then proceeded to surrender three runs in the bottom of the inning and another three runs in the bottom of the eighth inning and lost the game 6–5. The game was scoreless through the first four innings. In the top of the fifth, San Francisco took the lead.David Bellsingled with one out, thenShawon Dunston's home run made it 2–0 Giants. AfterKenny Loftondoubled,Francisco RodríguezrelievedKevin Appier. Lofton stole third and scored on a wild pitch. In the top of the sixth, Barry Bonds homered off Rodriguez to make it 4–0, and the Giants added another run in the top of the seventh when Lofton singled and stole second and was driven in by a single byJeff Kent. Leading 5–0 with one out in the bottom of the seventh inning, eight outs away from the Giants' first World Series title sincemovingto San Francisco in 1958, Giants managerDusty Bakerpulled starting pitcherRuss Ortiz, who had shut out the Angels during the game, for setup manFélix Rodríguezafter Ortiz gave up consecutive singles to third basemanTroy Glausand designated hitterBrad Fullmer. In a move noted in later years, Baker gave Ortiz the game ball as he sent him back to the dugout, as Ortiz wanted a souvenir ball (contrary to some belief, the Angels did not see the move in real time).During the pitching change theRally Monkeycame on theJumboTron, sending 45,037 Angels fans into a frenzy. Angels first basemanScott Spieziothen fouled off pitch after pitch before finally hitting a three-run home run that barely cleared the wall in right field. Ortiz would be charged with two runs and a no-decision, his second of the series. The rally continued in the eighth inning, as Angels center fielderDarin Erstadhit a leadoff line-drive home run, followed by consecutive singles byTim SalmonandGarret Anderson. When Bonds misplayed Anderson's shallow left field bloop single,Chone Figgins(who had pinch-run for Salmon) and Anderson took third and second base, respectively. With no outs, two runners in scoring position and now only a 5–4 lead, Baker brought in closerRobb Nento pitch to Glaus, hoping that Nen could induce a strikeout that might yet preserve the Giants' slim lead; prior to that game, he was seven of seven in postseason saves that year despite dealing with a shoulder injury. However, Glaus slugged a double to the left-center fieldgapover Bonds' head to drive in the tying and go-ahead runs and giving Nen a blown save. Nen managed to keep Glaus from scoring before leaving the game, which ended up being his final appearance as a major league player. In the ninth inning, Angels closerTroy Percivalstruck outTom Goodwin, induced a foul popout from Lofton, and struck outRich Auriliato preserve the 6–5 victory in front of the jubilant home crowd. The comeback from a five-run deficit was the largest in World Series history for an elimination game. No other team overcame a five-run deficit to win a World Series game until Game 1 of the2022 World Series, when thePhiladelphia Philliesdid so against theHouston Astros. That Astros team, like the Giants, was managed by Dusty Baker. This game ranked number 2 asESPN's Game of the Year in 2002. Game 7 Game 7 proved to be somewhat anticlimactic after the drama of Game 6. The Giants scored the first run in the top of the second inning whenReggie Sandershit a sacrifice fly to scoreBenito Santiagofrom third (after back-to-back singles from Santiago and J.T. Snow), but the Angels responded with a run-scoring double from catcherBengie Molinathat scoredScott Spieziofrom first after he had walked with two outs. In the bottom of the third,David EcksteinandDarin Erstadled off with back-to-back singles andTim Salmonwas hit in his hand by a pitch to load the bases with no outs (Salmon would later leave the game due to the injury, being replaced byAlex Ochoa). Left fielderGarret Andersonthen hit a bases-clearing three-run double to push the Angels to a 4–1 lead and gave San Francisco starterLiván Hernándezthe loss. Hernández was yanked after walkingTroy Glausto put two on, butChad Zerbegot out of the nightmarish inning. Zerbe,Kirk Rueter, andTim Worrellheld the Angels scoreless for the rest of the game, allowing only one hit, but it was not enough. Rookie starting pitcherJohn Lackeymaintained that lead through five innings, and turned the game over to the strong Angels bullpen. In the ninth inning, closerTroy Percivalprovided some tense moments. J.T. Snow led off with a single and was forced out at second byTom Goodwin. Goodwin then stole second asDavid Bellwalked, putting two men on with only one out and the tying run at the plate. ButTsuyoshi Shinjo—the first Japanese-born player in a World Series game—struck out swinging, andKenny Lofton, also representing the tying run, flied out toDarin Erstadin right-center field to end the Series. The Angels won Game 7, 4–1, to claim their franchise's first and only World Series championship to date. John Lackey became the first rookie pitcher to win a World Series Game 7 since 1909. In Game 7, three rookie pitchers (John Lackey,Brendan Donnelly, andFrancisco Rodríguez) combined to throw eight innings while only giving up one run combined. The Angels won the World Series despite scoring fewer runs (41) than the Giants (44). The Angels lost the first game in all three rounds of the playoffs (Division Series,League Championship Series, andWorld Series), yet rebounded to win each time. They were the first, and to date only, team to do this since the new postseason format was created in 1994. Until2017, this was the last time a franchise would win its first World Series title. It was also the second year in a row that the feat had been accomplished; in 2001, the Diamondbacks beat the Yankees in just their fourth year of existence. Also in those two years, both teams won the World Series in just their first appearance, which did not happen again until2019, when the Washington Nationals would accomplish the feat. The Angels became the first American League (AL) champion team not representing the AL East Division to win the World Series since the Minnesota Twins in1991. The Angels were also the first American League Wild Card winner to win the World Series. With this win the Angels got rid of the supposed curse on their head stemming fromAnaheim Stadiumbeing built on an ancient Indian burial ground. This was Dusty Baker's final game as manager of the Giants, as he left to become manager of the Chicago Cubs in the offseason. Composite box 2002 World Series(4–3):Anaheim Angels(A.L.)overSan Francisco Giants(N.L.) Impact and aftermath The Angels and the Giants combined to log 85 runs over the course of the series, the largest combined run total for both teams in World Series history. This remains the most recent World Series that was played entirely within one state. There would not be another postseason match-up between two California teams until the2020 National League Division Seriesbetween theLos Angeles DodgersandSan Diego Padres, which took place at neutral site (Globe Life Fieldin Arlington, Texas) due to theCOVID-19outbreak. This was the last World Series where home-field advantage alternated between the National and American Leagues each year. As a result of the tie in the2002 All-Star Game, beginning in 2003 home-field advantage in the World Series was controversially granted to the league that won the All-Star Game. That practice ended after the2016 Series; beginning in 2017, the team with the better regular season record will enjoy home field advantage, the same format used in theNational Basketball Association'sFinalsandNational Hockey League'sStanley Cup Finals. Following the Darren Baker incident in game 5, MLB changed their rules requiring batboys and batgirls be at least 14 years old. This is currently the earliest World Series in which no personnel from either team have been elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fame. Angels Just before the start of the 2003 season,the Walt Disney Companysold the Angels for $180 million to businessmanArte Moreno. Nevertheless, the 2002 World Series win began the most successful era in Angels franchise history, making six postseason appearances from 2002 to 2009. Before 2002, they had been to the postseason three times in franchise history (1979,1982, and1986). They advanced to the ALCS in2005and2009, but lost those series respectively to theChicago White SoxandNew York Yankees, each while en route to their own World Series championship. The Angels were the most recent team to win the championship in its first World Series appearance until theWashington Nationalsaccomplished the feat in2019; between 2002 and 2019, all first-time World Series participants would lose—theHouston Astrosin2005,Colorado Rockiesin2007,Tampa Bay Raysin2008, andTexas Rangersin2010. The 2002 Series run would be the highpoint of the Angels run with Mike Scioscia as manager. From 2002 to 2009, the Angels would make the playoffs six times. They advanced to the American League Championship Series two further times (2005, 2009), losing twice. After one further appearance in 2014, the Angels fired Scioscia in 2018. The Angels would sparingly use theRally Monkeymascot after the 2002 World Series and unofficially retired it after the 2009 postseason. BothDavid EcksteinandScott Spieziolater played for the2006St. Louis Cardinalsworld championship team. Eckstein and Spiezio played alongsideYadier Molina, younger brother ofBengieandJosé Molina, on the Cardinals. José later won a second World Series title with the2009Yankees, whileJohn Lackeyadded two World Series rings with the2013Boston Red Soxand2016Chicago Cubs. Giants Game 7 of the series was Dusty Baker's final game as manager of the Giants, as he left in the offseason to take the same position with the Cubs due to disagreements with ownership. Game 7 was alsoJeff Kent's last game in San Francisco, as he signed a free-agent contract to play for the Houston Astros during the off-season. The departure of manager Baker, a season-long feud withBarry Bondsand a desire to be closer to his family's Texas ranch factored into Kent's eventual decision to leave the Giants.He retired as the all-time leader in home runs as asecond baseman.The 2000 MVP would be inducted into theSan Francisco Giants Wall of Famein 2009. The Giants would return to the postseason the following season under new managerFelipe Alouwith a 100 win season (the first time in ten years), but they would lose in theNLDSto theFlorida Marlins, a Wild Card team that later won the World Series championship. After a second-place finish in 2004, the Giants had losing seasons for the next four years, and they replaced Alou withBruce Bochyin 2007. After losing 90 games in 2008, the Giants won 88 games for a surprising third-place finish in 2009. Building on their 2009 season, the Giants returned to the postseason in 2010 as a Divisional Winner team, defeating the Braves in theNLDS, and the Phillies in theNLCSen route to the World Series, where they defeated the Rangers in five games, earning the long-awaited championship they could not reach in 2002. In 2012, after fighting back from down two games to none in the NLDS against theCincinnati Reds(led by Baker) and down three games to one against the defending World Series Champions, theSt. Louis Cardinalsin the NLCS, they swept theDetroit Tigersfor their second World Series Championship in three years. In 2014, the Giants added their third title in five seasons by defeating theKansas City Royalsin seven games. Of the players from the 2002 Giants (excluding previous World Series championsLiván Hernández,Robb NenandReggie Sanders), onlyScott EyreandPedro Felizwent on to win a World Series ring with another team. Eyre and Feliz became teammates on the 2008Philadelphia Philliesworld championship team. By the time San Francisco won their first World Series in 2010, there were no members of the 2002 squad still on that team. Barry Bonds In terms of personal accolades,Barry Bondswould breakHank Aaron's all-time homerun recordin 2007. Bonds also won two moreNational League MVPsin 2003 and 2004, extending his record for most MVP Awards to seven. Bonds would enter free agency at the end of the 2007 season for the first time since coming over from Pittsburgh to San Francisco in 1993, but there were no teams interested in signing him. Bonds would not play another major league game after the 2007 season. He retired as one of the greatest players in MLB history to never to win a championship, along withTed WilliamsandTy Cobb. Bonds' last few seasons and his post-playing career would be mired due toperformance enhancing drugsallegations.The only way Bonds could make theNational Baseball Hall of Famewould be through theVeterans Committee, as he lost out toDavid Ortizin the2022 ballot, his 10th and final one. This was met with negative reaction from some fans, as fans complained that Ortiz had made the Hall of Fame, despite testing positive for PEDs in 2003, whilst Bonds never tested positive for any PEDs. Dusty Baker Dusty Bakerreceived great fan ire for his decision to pullRuss Ortizin Game 6 with a 5–0 lead and just a few more outs away from clinching San Francisco's first World Series in the city. Baker would serve as the manager for theChicago Cubsin 2003 after mutually parting ways in San Francisco after the World Series. As with the Giants, he would help break a postseason drought, as he led them to a series victory in the2003 National League Division Seriesover Atlanta, the first postseason series victory in 95 years for Chicago. However, they would lose in the2003 National League Championship Seriesto the Florida Marlins when they were five outs from clinching a pennant in Game 6. This was the first of a long line of postseason futility for Baker, who went to the postseason five further times in his next eleven seasons as a manager but failed to win a single series. In 2020, he was hired to manage theHouston Astros. He broke his postseason drought with the team by winning in the Wild Card Series that year (2020) and then returned to theWorld Seriesthe following year (where they ultimately lost toAtlantain six games) after winning the2021 American League Championship Series. In2022, he finally won a World championship on his third try, defeatingPhiladelphiain six games to set a new mark of being the manager with the most regular season victories (2,093) before winning their first championship. Russ Ortiz, the pitcher who nearly won Baker a world championship 20 years prior, congratulated Baker on his first championship as a manager onInstagram. Radio and television Notes See also References External links Media related to2002 World Seriesat Wikimedia Commons",
"Barry Bonds As coach MLB records Barry Lamar Bonds(born July 24, 1964)is an American former professionalbaseballleft fielderwho played 22 seasons inMajor League Baseball(MLB). Bonds was a member of thePittsburgh Piratesfrom 1986 to 1992 and theSan Francisco Giantsfrom 1993 to 2007.He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time. Recognized as an all-around player, Bonds received a record sevenNational League(NL)Most Valuable Player Awardsand 12Silver Slugger Awards, along with 14All-Starselections. He holds many MLB hitting records, includingmost career home runs(762),most home runs in a single season(73, set in 2001), and the records for themost walksandintentional walksin a career, season, and in consecutive games.Bonds led MLB inon-base plus sluggingsix times and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17qualifyingseasons.For his defensive play in the outfield, he won eightGold Glove Awards.He also had 514stolen bases, becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases.Bonds is ranked first in careerWins Above Replacementamong all major leagueposition playersbyBaseball-Reference.comand second byFanGraphs, behind onlyBabe Ruth. Despite his accolades, Bonds led a controversial career, notably as a central figure in baseball'ssteroids scandal. He was indicted in 2007 on charges ofperjuryandobstruction of justicefor allegedly lying to a grand jury during the federal government's investigation ofBALCO, a manufacturer of an undetectable steroid. After the perjury charges were dropped, Bonds was convicted of obstruction of justice in 2011,but was exonerated on appeal in 2015.During his 10 years of eligibility, he did not receive the 75% of the vote needed to be elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fame.Some voters of theBaseball Writers' Association of America(BBWAA) stated they did not vote for Bonds because they believe he usedperformance-enhancing drugs. Early life Bonds was born inRiverside, California, to Patricia (née Howard) and former major leaguerBobby Bonds,and grew up inSan Carlosand attendedJunípero Serra High SchoolinSan Mateo, where he excelled in baseball, basketball, andfootball. He played on thejunior varsity teamduring his freshman year and on thevarsity teamfor the remainder of his high school career. He garnered a .467batting averagehis senior year, and was named prepAll-American.The Giants drafted Bonds in the second round of the1982 MLB draftas a high school seniorbut the Giants and Bonds were unable to agree on contract terms whenTom Haller's maximum offer was $70,000 ($220,000 today) and Bonds's minimum to go pro was $75,000, so Bonds instead decided to attend college. College career Bonds attendedArizona State University, hitting .347 with 45 home runs and 175runs batted in(RBI).In 1984 he batted .360 and had 30stolen bases. In 1985, he hit 23 home runs with 66 RBIs and a .368 batting average. He was aSporting NewsAll-American selection that year. He tied theNCAArecord with seven consecutive hits in theCollege World Seriesas a sophomore and was named to All-Time College World Series Team in 1996. Bonds was not well-liked by his Sun Devil teammates, in part because in the words of longtime coachJim Brock, he was \"rude, inconsiderate and self-centered.\" When he was suspended for breaking curfew, the other players initially voted against his return even though he was easily the best player on the team. He graduated from Arizona State in 1986 with a degree incriminology. He was named ASU On Deck Circle Most Valuable Player; other winners includeDustin Pedroia,Willie Bloomquist,Paul Lo Duca, andIke Davis.During college, he played part of one summer in the amateurAlaska Baseball Leaguewith theAlaska Goldpanners. Professional career Draft and minor leagues ThePittsburgh Piratesdrafted Bonds as the sixth overall pick of the1985 Major League Baseball draft.He joined thePrince William Piratesof theCarolina Leagueand was named July 1985 Player of the Month for the league.In 1986, he hit .311 in 44 games for theHawaii Islandersof thePacific Coast League. Pittsburgh Pirates (1986–1992) Before Bonds made it to the major leagues in Pittsburgh, Pirate fan attendance was low, with 1984 and 1985 attendance below 10,000 per game for the 81-game home schedule,with attendance woes being a combination of theeconomic problemsofWestern Pennsylvaniain the early 1980s as well as thePittsburgh drug trialsthat directly affected the Pirates going fromWorld Series championsto nearly relocating toDenverin only six years. Bonds made his major league debut on May 30, 1986.In 1986, Bonds ledNational League(NL) rookies with 16 home runs, 48 RBI, 36 stolen bases, and 65 walks, but he finished 6th inRookie of the Yearvoting.He playedcenter fieldin 1986 but switched toleft fieldwith the arrival of centerfielderAndy Van Slykein 1987. In his early years, Bonds batted as theleadoff hitter.With Van Slyke also in the outfield, the Pirates had a venerable defensive tandem that worked together to cover a lot of ground on the field although they were not close off the field.The Pirates experienced a surge in fan enthusiasm with Bonds on the team and set the club attendance record of 52,119 in the 1987 home opener.That year, he hit 25 home runs in his second season, along with 32 stolen bases and 59 RBIs. Bonds improved in 1988, hitting .283 with 24 home runs.The Pirates broke the record set the previous year with 54,089 attending the home opener.Bonds now fit into a highly respected lineup featuringBobby Bonilla, Van Slyke, andJay Bell.He finished with 19 homers, 58 RBIs, and 14 outfieldassistsin 1989, which was second in the NL.Following the season, rumors that he would be traded to theLos Angeles DodgersforJeff HamiltonandJohn Wetteland, but the team denied the rumors and no such trade occurred. Bonds won his firstMVP Awardin 1990,hitting .301 with 33 home runs and 114 RBIs. He also stole 52 bases, which was third in the league, to become a first-time member of the30–30 club. He won his firstGold Glove AwardandSilver Slugger Award.That year, the Pirates won theNational League Easttitle for their first postseason berth since winning the1979 World Series. However,the Cincinnati Reds, whose last post-season berth had also been in 1979 when they lost to the Pirates inthat year's NLCS, defeated the Pirates in theNLCSen route to winning the1990 World Series. In 1991, Bonds also put up great numbers, hitting 25 homers and driving in 116 runs, and obtained another Gold Glove and Silver Slugger. He finished second tothe Atlanta Braves'Terry Pendleton(the NL batting champion) in the MVP voting. In March 1992, Pirates general managerTed Simmonsagreed to a deal with Atlanta Braves counterpartJohn Schuerholzto trade Bonds, in exchange forAlejandro Peña,Keith Mitchell, and a player to be named later. Pirates managerJim Leylandopposed the trade vehemently, and the proposal was rescinded.Bonds stayed with Pittsburgh and won his second MVP award that season.While hitting .311 with 34 homers and 103 RBIs, he propelled the Pirates to their third straightNational League Eastdivision title. However, Pittsburgh was defeated by the Braves in a seven-gameNational League Championship Series. Bonds participated in the final play ofGame 7of the NLCS, whereby he fielded a base hit byFrancisco Cabreraand attempted to throw outSid Breamat home plate. But the throw to Pirates catcherMike LaVallierewas late and Bream scored the winning run.For the third consecutive season, the NL East Champion Pirates were denied a trip to the World Series. Following the loss, Bonds and star teammateDoug Drabekwere expected to command salaries too high for Pittsburgh to again sign them. Bonds was never well-liked by reporters or fans while in Pittsburgh, despite winning two MVP awards. One paper even gave him an \"award\" as the \"MDP\" (Most Despised Pirate). San Francisco Giants (1993–2007) 1993 season In 1993, Bonds left the Pirates to sign a lucrativefree agentcontract worth a then-record $43.75 million (equivalent to $92.3 million in 2023) over six years with the Giants, with whom his father had spent the first seven years of his career, and with whom his godfatherWillie Maysplayed 22 of his 24 Major League seasons. The deal was at that time the largest in baseball history, in terms of both total value and average annual salary. Once he signed with the Giants, Bonds had intended to wear the number 24, his number during most of his stay with the Pirates and, after receiving Mays's blessing, the Giants were willing to unretire it until the public commotion from fans and media became too much.To honor his father, Bonds switched his jersey number to 25, as it had been Bobby's number in San Francisco. In an emotional press conference announcing the signing, Bonds described joining the Giants as going \"home\" and following in the footsteps of his father and godfather as \"unbelievable\" and \"a boyhood dream come true.\"His father joined the team as a coach in the same year.During a game against theColorado Rockieson May 12, 1993, both Bonds and his father, along withJerald ClarkandRon Hasseyof the Rockies, were ejected for their role in an on-field fight. Bonds hit .336 in 1993, leading the league with 46 home runs and 123 RBI en route to his second consecutive MVP award,and third overall. As good as the Giants were (winning 103 games), theAtlanta Braveswon 104 in what some call the last great pennant race (because thewild cardwas instituted the year after). 1994 season In thestrike-shortened season of 1994, Bonds hit .312 with 37 home runs and a league-leading 74 walks,and he finished 4th in MVP voting. 1995 season In 1995, Bonds hit 33 homers and drove in 104 runs, hitting .294 but finished only 12th in MVP voting.In 1994, he appeared in a small role as himself in the television filmJane's House, starringJames WoodsandAnne Archer. 1996 season In 1996, Bonds became the first National League player and second major league player (of the current list of six) to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season.The other members of the40–40 clubareJosé Canseco(1988),Alex Rodriguez(1998),Alfonso Soriano(2006),Ronald Acuna Jr.(2023), andShohei Ohtani(2024). His father Bobby Bonds was one home run short in 1973 when he hit 39 home runs and stole 43 bases. Bonds hit his 300th and 301st home runs off theFlorida Marlins'John Burketton April 27.He became the fourth player in history to join the 300–300 club with 300 stolen bases and 300 home runs for a career, joiningWillie Mays,Andre Dawson, and his father. Bonds's totals for the season included 129 runs driven in, a .308 average and a then-National League record 151 walks.He finished fifth in the MVP balloting. 1997 season In 1997, Bonds hit .291, his lowest average since 1989. He hit 40 home runs for the second straight year and drove in 101 runs, leading the league in walks again with 145.He also stole 37 bases, tying his father for having the most 30–30 seasons (5), and he again placed fifth in the MVP balloting. 1998 season With two outs in the 9th inning of a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 28, 1998, Bonds became only the fifth player in baseball history to be given anintentional walkwith the bases loaded.Nap Lajoie(1901),Del Bissonette(1928) andBill Nicholson(1944) were three others in the 20th century who received that rare honor. The first to receive one wasAbner Dalrymplein 1881. On August 23, Bonds hit his 400th career home run. By doing so, he became the first player ever to enter the 400–400 club by having career totals of 400 home runs and 400 stolen bases;he is still the only player to have achieved this feat. The milestone home run came offKirt Ojala, who, like Burkett, was pitching for the Marlins.For the season, he hit .303 with 37 home runs and drove in 122 runs, winning his eighth Gold Glove,He finished 8th in the MVP voting. 1999 season 1999 marked a career-low, up to that point, for Bonds in terms of playing time. Bonds started off the 1999 season hitting well by batting .366 in the month of April with 4 home runs and 12 RBIs in the Giants' first 12 games of the season. But on April 18 he was placed on the 15-day disabled list for only the 2nd time in his career up to that point. Bonds had suffered a torn tendon in his biceps as well as bone spurs in his elbow, both of which required surgery and cost him the rest of April and all of May. Upon returning to action on June 9, Bonds struggled somewhat at the plate for the remainder of the 1999 season. A series of nagging injuries including elbow pain, knee inflammation and groin issues hampered his play. Only hitting .248 after his return from the disabled list, he still managed to slug 34 home runs, drive in 83 runs as well as hit for a .617 slugging percentage, despite missing nearly two full months with injuries and only playing in 102 games. Bill Jamesranked Bonds as the best player of the 1990s. He added that the decade's second-best player,Craig Biggio,had been closer in production to the decade's 10th-best player than to Bonds. In 1999, with statistics through 1997 being considered, Bonds ranked Number 34 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, making him the highest-ranking active player. When the Sporting News list was redone in 2005, Bonds was ranked 6th behind Babe Ruth, Willie Mays,Ty Cobb,Walter Johnson, andHank Aaron. Bonds was omitted from 1999's Major League Baseball All-Century Team, to whichKen Griffey Jr.was elected.James wrote of Bonds, \"Certainly the most unappreciated superstar of my lifetime. ... Griffey has always been more popular, but Bonds has been a far, far greater player.\" In 1999, he rated Bonds as the 16th-best player of all time. \"When people begin to take in all of his accomplishments,\" he predicted, \"Bonds may well be rated among the five greatest players in the history of the game.\" 2000 season In 2000, the following year, Bonds hit .306 with career bests through that time in both slugging percentage (.688) and home runs (49) in just 143 games. He also drew a league-leading 117 walks. 2001 season The next year, Bonds's offensive production reached even higher levels, breaking not only his own personal records but several major league records. In the Giants' first 50 games in 2001, he hit 28 home runs, including 17 in May—a career high.This early stretch included his 500th home run hit on April 17 againstTerry Adamsof theLos Angeles Dodgers.He also hit 39 home runs by the All-star break (a major league record), drew a major league record 177 walks, and had a .515 on-base average, a feat not seen since Mickey Mantle and Ted Williams over forty years earlier. Bonds' slugging percentage was a major league record .863(411 total bases in 476 at-bats), and he ended the season with a major league record 73 home runs. On October 4, by homering offWilfredo Rodríguezin the 159th game of the season, Bonds tied the previous record of 70 set byMark McGwire—which McGwire set in the 162nd game in 1998.He then hit numbers 71 and 72 the following night offChan Ho Park. Bonds added his 73rd offDennis Springeron October 7.The ball was later sold to toy manufacturerTodd McFarlanefor $450,000.He previously bought Mark McGwire's 70th home run ball from 1998.Bonds received theBabe Ruth Home Run Awardfor leading MLB in home runs that season. 2002 season Bonds re-signed with the Giants for a five-year, $90 million contract in January 2002.He hit five home runs in the Giants' first four games of the season, tyingLou Brock's 35-year record for most home runs after four games. He won the NL batting title with a career-high .370 average and struck out only 47 times.He hit 46 home runs in 403 at-bats. Despite playing in nine fewer games than the previous season, he drew 198 walks, a major-league record; 68 of them were intentional walks, surpassingWillie McCovey's 45 in 1969 for another Major League record. He slugged .799, then the fourth-highest total all time. Bonds broke Ted Williams' major league record for on-base average with .582. Bonds also hit his 600th home run, less than a year and a half after hitting his 500th.The home run came on August 9 at home againstKip Wellsof the Pirates. 2002 postseason Bonds batted .322 with eight home runs, 16 RBI, and 27 walks in the postseason en route to the2002 World Series, which the Giants lost 4–3 to theAnaheim Angels. 2003 season In 2003, Bonds played in just 130 games. He hit 45 home runs in just 390 at-bats, along with a .341 batting average. He slugged .749, walked 148 times, and had an on-base average well over .500 (.529) for the third straight year.He also became the only member of the career 500 home run/500 stolen base club by stealing second base on June 23 off of pitcherÉric Gagnéin the 11th inning of a tied ball game against theLos Angeles Dodgers(against whom Bonds had tallied his 500th home run). Bonds scored the game-winning run later that inning. 2004 season In 2004, Bonds had perhaps his best season. He hit .362 en route to his second National League batting title, and broke his own record by walking 232 times (including an MLB record 120 intentional walks). He slugged .812, which was fourth-highest of all time, and broke his on-base percentage record with a .609 average. Bonds passed Mays on the career home run list by hitting his 661st off ofBen Fordon April 13.He then hit his 700th off ofJake Peavyon September 17.Bonds hit 45 home runs in 373 at-bats, and struck out just 41 times, putting himself in elite company, as few major leaguers have ever had more home runs than strikeouts in a season. Bonds would win his fourth consecutive MVP award and his seventh overall.His seven MVP awards are four more than any other player in history. In addition, no other player from either league has been awarded the MVP four times in a row.(The MVP award was first given in 1931). The 40-year-old Bonds also brokeWillie Stargell's 25-year record as the oldest player to win a Most Valuable Player Award (Stargell, at 39 years, 8 months, was National League co-MVP withKeith Hernandezin 1979). On July 4, he tied and passedRickey Henderson's career bases on balls record with his 2190th and 2191st career walks. As Bonds neared Aaron's record, Aaron was called on for his opinion of Bonds. He clarified that he was a fan and admirer of Bonds and avoided the controversy regarding whether the record should be denoted with an asterisk for Bonds's alleged steroid usage. He felt recognition and respect for the award was something to be determined by the fans.As the steroid controversy received greater media attention during the offseason before the 2005 season, Aaron expressed some reservations about the statements Bonds made on the issue. Aaron expressed that he felt drug and steroid use to boost athletic performance was inappropriate. Aaron was frustrated that the media could not focus on events that occurred in the field of play and wished drugs or gambling allegations such as those associated withPete Rosecould be emphasized less.In 2007, Aaron felt the whole steroid use issue was very controversial and decided that he would not attend any possible record-breaking games.Aaron congratulated Bonds through the media including a video played on the scoreboard when Bonds eventually broke Aaron's record in August 2007. 2005 season Bonds's salary for the 2005 season was $22 million, the second-highest salary in Major League Baseball (theYankees'Alex Rodriguezearned the highest, $25.2 million).Bonds endured a knee injury, multiple surgeries, and rehabilitation. He was activated on September 12 and started in left field. In his return against theSan Diego Padres, he nearly hit a home run in his first at-bat. Bonds finished the night 1-for-4.Upon his return, Bonds resumed his high-caliber performance at the plate, hitting home runs in four consecutive games from September 18 to 21 and finishing with five homers in only 14 games. 2006 season In 2006, Bonds earned $20 million (not including bonuses), the fourth-highest salary in baseball. Through the 2006 season he had earned approximately $172 million during his then 21-year career, making him baseball's all-time highest-paid player.Bonds hit under .200 for his first 10 games of the season and did not hit a home run until April 22. This 10-game stretch was his longest home run slump since the 1998 season.On May 7, Bonds drew within one home run of tying Babe Ruth for second place on the all-time list, hitting his 713th career home run into the second level ofCitizens Bank ParkinPhiladelphia, off pitcherJon Lieberin a game in which the Giants lost to thePhiladelphia Phillies.The towering home run—one of the longest in Citizens Bank Park's two-season history, traveling an estimated 450 feet (140 m)—hit off the facade of the third deck in right field. On May 20, Bonds hit his 714th career home run to deep right field to lead off the top of the 2nd inning, tying Ruth for second all-time.The home run came off left-handed pitcherBrad Halseyof theOakland A's, in aninterleaguegame played inOakland, California. Since this was an interleague game at an American League stadium, Bonds was batting as thedesignated hitterin the lineup for the Giants. Bonds was quoted after the game as being \"glad it's over with\"and stated that more attention could be focused onAlbert Pujols, who was on a very rapid home run pace in early 2006. On May 28, Bonds passed Ruth, hitting his 715th career home run to center field offColorado RockiespitcherByung-hyun Kim.The ball was hit an estimated 445 feet (140 m) into center field where it went through the hands of several fans but then fell onto an elevated platform in center field. Then it rolled off the platform where Andrew Morbitzer, a 38-year-old San Francisco resident, caught the ball while he was in line at a concession stand.Mysteriously, radio broadcasterDave Flemming's radio play-by-play of the home run went silent just as the ball was hit, apparently from a microphone failure. But the televised version, called by Giants broadcasterDuane Kuiper, was not affected. On September 22, Bonds tied Henry Aaron's National League career home run record of 733. The home run came in the top of the 6th inning of a high-scoring game against the Milwaukee Brewers, atMiller Parkin Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The achievement was notable for its occurrence in the very city where Aaron began (with the Milwaukee Braves) and concluded (with the Brewers, then in the American League) his career. With the Giants trailing 10–8, Bonds hit a blast to deep center field on a 2–0 pitch off the Brewers'Chris Spurlingwith runners on first and second and one out. Though the Giants were at the time clinging to only a slim chance of making the playoffs, Bonds's home run provided the additional drama of giving the Giants an 11–10 lead late in a critical game in the final days of a pennant race. The Brewers eventually won the game, 13–12, though Bonds went 3-for-5, with two doubles, the record-tying home run, and six runs batted in. On September 23, Bonds surpassed Aaron for the NL career home run record. Hit in Milwaukee like the previous one, this was a solo home run offChris Capuanoof the Brewers.This was the last home run Bonds hit in 2006. In 2006, Bonds recorded his lowestslugging percentage(a statistic that he had historically ranked among league leaders season after season) since 1991 with thePittsburgh Pirates. In January 2007, theNew York Daily Newsreported that Bonds had tested positive foramphetamines.Under baseball's amphetamine policy, which had been in effect for one season, players testing positive were to submit to six additional tests and undergo treatment and counseling.The policy also stated that players were not to be identified for a first positive test, but theNew York Daily Newsleaked the test's results.When the Players Association informed Bonds of the test results, he initially attributed it to a substance he had taken from the locker of Giants teammateMark Sweeney,but would later retract this claim and publicly apologize to Sweeney. 2007 season On January 29, 2007, the Giants finalized a contract with Bonds for the 2007 season.After the commissioner's office rejected Bonds's one-year, $15.8 million deal because it contained a personal-appearance provision, the team sent revised documents to his agent,Jeff Borris, who stated that \"At this time, Barry is not signing the new documents.\"Bonds signed a revised one-year, $15.8 million contract on February 15 and reported to the Giants' Spring training camp on time. Bonds resumed his march to the all-time record early in the 2007 season. In the season opener on April 3, all he had was a first-inning single past third base with the infield shifted right, immediately followed by a stolen base and then thrown out at home on a baserunning mistake, followed by a deep fly-out to left field, late in the game.Bonds regrouped the next day with his first at-bat in the second game of the season at the Giants' AT&T Park. Bonds hit a pitch fromChris Youngof the San Diego Padres just over the wall to the left of straight-away center field for career home run 735.This home run put Bonds past the midway point between Ruth and Aaron. Bonds did not homer again until April 13, when he hit two (736 and 737) in a 3 -or-3 night that included 4 RBI against the Pittsburgh Pirates.Bonds splashed a pitch bySt. Louis CardinalspitcherRyan FranklinintoMcCovey Coveon April 18 for home run 738.Home runs number 739 and 740 came in back to back games on April 21 and 22 against the Arizona Diamondbacks. The hype surrounding Bonds's pursuit of the home run record escalated on May 14. On this day, Sports Auction for Heritage (a Dallas-based auction house) offered US$1 million to the fan who would catch Bonds's record-breaking 756th-career home run.The million-dollar offer was rescinded on June 11 out of concern of fan safety.Home run 748 came on Father's Day, June 17, in the final game of a three-game road series against the Boston Red Sox atFenway Park, where Bonds had never previously played.With this homer, Fenway Park became the 36th major league ballpark in which Bonds had hit a home run. He hit aTim Wakefieldknuckleball just over the low fence into the Giants' bullpen in right field. It was his first home run off his former Pittsburgh Pirate teammate, who became the 441st different pitcher to surrender a four-bagger to Bonds. The 750th career home run, hit on June 29, also came off a former teammate:Liván Hernández.The blast came in the 8th inning and at that point tied the game at 3–3. On July 19, after a 21 at-bat hitless streak, Bonds hit two home runs, numbers 752 and 753, against theChicago Cubs. He went 3-for-3 with two home runs, six RBIs, and a walk on that day.The struggling last-place Giants still lost the game, 9–8. On July 27, Bonds hit home run 754 againstFlorida MarlinspitcherRick VandenHurk. Bonds was then walked his next four at-bats in the game, but a two-run shot helped the Giants win the game 12–10. It marked the first time since he had hit #747 that Bonds had homered in a game the Giants won.On August 4, Bonds hit a382 foot (116 m)home run againstClay Hensleyof theSan Diego Padresfor home run number 755, tying Hank Aaron's all-time record.Bonds greeted his son, Nikolai, with an extended bear hug after crossing home plate. Bonds greeted his teammates and then his wife, Liz Watson, and daughter Aisha Lynn behind the backstop. Hensley was the 445th different pitcher to give up a home run to Bonds.Ironically, given the cloud of suspicion that surrounded Bonds, the tying home run was hit off a pitcher who had been suspended by baseball in 2005 for steroid use.He was walked in his next at-bat and eventually scored on a fielder's choice. On August 7 at 8:51 PMPDT, atOracle Park(then known as AT&T Park) in San Francisco,Bonds hit a435 foot (133 m)home run, his 756th, off a pitch fromMike Bacsikof theWashington Nationals, breaking the all-time career home run record, formerly held byHank Aaron.Coincidentally, Bacsik's father had faced Aaron (as a pitcher for theTexas Rangers) after Aaron had hit his 755th home run. On August 23, 1976, Michael J. Bacsik held Aaron to a single and a fly out to right field. The younger Bacsik commented later, \"If my dad had been gracious enough to let Hank Aaron hit a home run, we both would have given up 756.\"After hitting the home run, Bonds gave Bacsik an autographed bat. The pitch, the seventh of the at-bat, was a 3–2 pitch which Bonds hit into the right-center field bleachers. The fan who ended up with the ball, 22-year-old Matt Murphy fromQueens, New York City, (and aMets fan), was promptly protected and escorted away from the mayhem by a group of San Francisco police officers.After Bonds finished his home run trot, a 10-minute delay followed, including a brief video by Aaron congratulating Bonds on breaking the record Aaron had held for 33 years,and expressing the hope that \"the achievement of this record will inspire others to chase their own dreams.\"Bonds made an impromptu emotional statement on the field, with Willie Mays, his godfather, at his side and thanked his teammates, family and his late father.Bonds sat out the rest of the game. The commissioner,Bud Selig, was not in attendance in this game but was represented by the Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations,Jimmie Lee Solomon. Selig called Bonds later that night to congratulate him on breaking the record.PresidentGeorge W. Bushalso called Bonds the next day to congratulate him.On August 24, San Francisco honored and celebrated Bonds' career accomplishments and breaking the home run record with a large rally inJustin Herman Plaza. The rally included video messages fromLou Brock,Ernie Banks,Ozzie Smith,Joe Montana,Wayne GretzkyandMichael Jordan. Speeches were made by Willie Mays, Giants teammatesOmar VizquelandRich Aurilia, and Giants ownerPeter Magowan. MayorGavin Newsompresented Bonds the key to theCity and County of San Franciscoand Giants vice president Larry Baer gave Bonds the home plate he touched after hitting his 756th career home run. The record-setting ball was consigned to an auction house on August 21.Bidding began on August 28 and closed with a winning bid of US$752,467 on September 15 after a three-phaseonline auction.The high bidder, fashion designerMarc Ecko, created a website to let fans decide its fate.Subsequently,Ben Padnos, who submitted the $186,750 winning bid on Bonds' record-tying 755th home run ball also set up a website to let fans decide its fate.Ten million voters helped Ecko decide to brand the ball with an asterisk and send it to theNational Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.Of Ecko's plans, Bonds said \"He spent $750,000 on the ball and that's what he's doing with it? What he's doing is stupid.\"Padnos, on the other hand, sold five-year ads on a website, www.endthedebate.com, where people voted by a two-to-one margin to smash the ball. Bonds concluded the 2007 season with a .276 batting average, 28 home runs, and 66 RBIs in 126 games and 340 at-bats. At the age of 43, he led both leagues in walks with 132. Post-playing career On September 21, 2007, the San Francisco Giants confirmed that they would not re-sign Bonds for the 2008 season.The story was first announced on Bonds' own website earlier that day.Bonds officially filed forfree agencyon October 29, 2007. His agentJeff Borrissaid: \"I'm anticipating widespread interest from every Major League team.\" There was much speculation before the 2008 season about where Bonds might play.However, no one signed him during the 2008 or 2009 seasons.If he had returned to Major League Baseball, Bonds would have been within close range of several significant hitting milestones, needing just 65 hits to reach 3,000, four runs batted in to reach 2,000, and 38 home runs to reach 800. He would have needed 69 moreruns scoredto move pastRickey Hendersonas the all-time runs champion, and 37extra base hitsto move pastHank Aaronas the all-time extra base hits champion. As of November 13, 2009, Borris maintained that Bonds was still not retired.On December 9, however, Borris told theSan Francisco Chroniclethat Bonds had played his last major league game.Bonds announced on April 11, 2010, that he was proud of McGwire for admitting his use of steroids. Bonds said that it was not the time to retire, but he noted that he was not in shape to play immediately if an interested club called him.In May 2015, Bonds filed a grievance against Major League Baseball through the players' union arguing that the league colluded in not signing him after the 2007 season.In August 2015, an arbitrator ruled in favor of MLB and against Bonds in his collusion case. On December 15, 2011, Bonds was sentenced to 30 days of house arrest, two years of probation and 250 hours of community service, for an obstruction of justice conviction stemming from a grand jury appearance in 2003. However, U.S. District JudgeSusan Illstonthen delayed the sentence pending an appeal.In 2013 his conviction was upheld on appeal by a three judge panel of theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.However, the full court later granted Bonds anen bancrehearing, and on April 22, 2015, an 11-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit voted 10–1 that his testimony was not obstruction. On March 10, 2014, Bonds began a seven-day stint as a rovingspring traininginstructor for theGiants.On December 4, 2015, he was announced as the new hitting coach for theMiami Marlins,but wasrelieved of his dutieson October 3, 2016, after just one season.He followed up with a public thank-you letter, acknowledgingownerJeffrey Loria, and the opportunity as \"one of the most rewarding experiences of my baseball career.\"In 2017, Bonds officially re-joined the Giants organization as a special advisor to the CEO.On July 8, 2017, Bonds was added to theGiants Wall of Fame. On February 6, 2018, theSan Francisco Giantsannounced their intentions to retire his number 25 jersey, which happened on August 11, 2018.His number 24 with the Pirates remains in circulation, most prominently worn byBrian Gilesfrom 1999 to 2003 and byPedro Alvarezfrom 2011 to 2015. National Baseball Hall of Fame consideration In his ten years of eligibility for theNational Baseball Hall of Fame, Bonds fell short of the 75% of the votes from theBaseball Writers' Association of America(BBWAA) needed for induction. His vote percentages from2013through2022were: 36.2%, 34.7%, 36.8%, 44.3%, 53.8%, 56.4%, 59.1%, 60.7%, 61.8% and 66%.He appeared on 260 of 394 ballots in his last year. Despite falling off the ballot, Bonds remained eligible through the Hall of Fame's Today's Game Committee,a committee \"comprised of 16 members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame, executives, and veteran media members\"(hence the nickname of \"veterans' committee\") who consider retired players who lost ballot eligibility while still having made notable contributions to baseball from 1986 to 2016. The vote was held in December 2022; twelve of the sixteen votes were required for induction, but Bonds received fewer than four. Public persona During his playing career, Bonds was frequently described as a difficult person, surly, standoffish and ungrateful. In a 2016 interview withTerence Moore, he said he regretted the persona he had created. He attributed it to a response to the pressure he felt to perform as a young player with the Pirates. Remarked Bonds, Hell, I kick myself now, because I'm getting great press , and I could have had a trillion more endorsements, but that wasn't my driving force. The problem was, when I tried to give in a little bit, it never got better. I knew I was in the midst of that image, and I determined at that point that I was never going to get out of it. So I just said, 'I've created this fire around me, and I'm stuck in it, so I might as well live with the flames.' Bonds reports that for a short time during his playing days with the Giants he changed his demeanor at the behest of a group of teammates, smiling much more frequently and engaging more with others with a pleasant attitude. Shortly thereafter, Bonds says, in the midst of a slump, the same group of teammates pleaded that he revert, having seemingly lost his competitive edge, and causing the team to lose more. In spite of his protest that they would not appreciate the results, his teammates insisted. Bonds says he complied, maintaining that familiar standoffish edge the rest of his playing career. On May 9, 1996, Bonds shovedUSA TodayjournalistRod Beatonin the team's clubhouse. As Beaton was waiting to interviewRobby Thompsonone hour before a game against theSt. Louis Cardinals,Bonds told Beaton to leave. The reporter replied that Major League Baseball rules allowed him 15 minutes more to talk with players. Bonds waved a finger in Beaton's face and shoved him in the chest, after which members of the team's coaching staff and front office interceded. Bonds and Beaton spoke again after the game. Beaton later said, \"He accused me of having an attitude\" and \"I told him he went over the line by shoving me, but there was no apology.\"Bonds felt that the incident was overblown and said that, \"We don't have a problem. We like each other. It was a big joke. He just got whacked out.\"Beaton filed no formal complaint about the incident, butUSA Todayfiled a grievance with the team. Controversies BALCO scandal Since 2003, Bonds has been a key figure in the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) scandal. BALCO marketedtetrahydrogestrinone(\"the Clear\"), a performance-enhancinganabolic steroidthat was undetectable by doping tests. He was under investigation by a federalgrand juryregarding his testimony in the BALCO case, and was indicted onperjuryandobstruction of justicecharges on November 15, 2007.The indictment alleges that Bonds lied while under oath about his alleged use of steroids. In 2003, BALCO'sGreg Anderson, Bonds's trainer since 2000, was indicted by a federalgrand juryin theUnited States District Court for the Northern District of Californiaand charged with supplying anabolic steroids to athletes, including a number of baseball players. This led to speculation that Bonds had used performance-enhancing drugs during a time when there was no mandatory testing in Major League Baseball. Bonds declared his innocence, attributing his changed physique and increased power to a strict regimen of bodybuilding, diet, and legitimate supplements. During grand jury testimony on December 4, 2003,Bonds said that he used a clear substance and a cream that he received from his personal strength trainer, Greg Anderson, who told him they were the nutritional supplement flaxseed oil and a rubbing balm for arthritis.Later reports on Bonds's leaked grand-jury testimony contend that he admitted to unknowingly using \"the cream\" and \"the clear.\" In July 2005, all four defendants in the BALCO steroid scandal trial, including Anderson, struck deals with federal prosecutors that did not require them to reveal names of athletes who might have used banned drugs. Perjury case On November 15, 2007, a federal grand jury indicted Bonds on four counts ofperjuryand one count ofobstruction of justiceas it relates to the government investigation of BALCO.He was tried in theU.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. On February 14, 2008, atypoin court papers filed by Federal prosecutors erroneously alleged that Bonds tested positive for steroids in November 2001, a month after hitting his record 73rd home run. The reference was meant instead to refer to a November 2000 test that had already been disclosed and previously reported.The typo sparked a brief media frenzy.His trial for obstruction of justice was to have begun on March 2, 2009, but jury selection was postponed by emergency appeals by the prosecution.The trial commenced on March 21, 2011, with JudgeSusan Illstonpresiding.He was convicted on April 13, 2011, on the obstruction of justice charge, for giving an evasive answer to a question under oath.On December 15, 2011, Bonds was found guilty for an obstruction of justice conviction stemming from a grand jury appearance in 2003. However, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston then delayed the sentence pending his appeal. He was sentenced to 30 days of house arrest. He also received two years of probation and was ordered to perform 250 hours ofcommunity service. Bonds appealed his conviction to theU.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. In 2013, a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit affirmed his conviction,but in 2015 his appeal was reheard by the full courten banc, which voted 10–1 to overturn his conviction. Players' union licensing withdrawal In 2003, Bonds withdrew from theMLB Players Association(MLBPA)licensingagreement because he felt independent marketing deals would be more lucrative for him. Bonds is the first player in the 30-year history of the licensing program not to sign.Because of this withdrawal, his name and likeness are not usable in any merchandise licensed by the MLBPA. In order to use his name or likeness, a company must deal directly with Bonds. For this reason, he does not appear in some baseballvideo games, forcing game-makers to create generic athletes as replacements. These generic video games replacements tended to bewhiteand sometimes had different handedness which was done likely to avoid potential player likeness lawsuits from Bonds. Game of Shadows In March 2006 the bookGame of Shadows, written byLance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada, was released amid a storm of media publicity including the cover ofSports Illustrated.Initially small excerpts of the book were released by the authors in the issue ofSports Illustrated. The book alleges Bonds usedstanozololand a host of other steroids, and is perhaps most responsible for the change in public opinion regarding Bonds's steroid use. The book contained excerpts of grand jury testimony that is supposed to be sealed and confidential by law. The authors have been steadfast in their refusal to divulge their sourcesand at one point faced jail time.On February 14, 2007, Troy Ellerman, one ofVictor Conte's lawyers, pleaded guilty to leaking grand jury testimony. Through the plea agreement, he will spend two and a half years in jail. Love Me, Hate Me In May 2006, formerSports IllustratedwriterJeff Pearlmanreleased a revealing biography of Bonds entitledLove Me, Hate Me: Barry Bonds and the Making of an Anti-Hero.The book also contained many allegations against Bonds.The book, which describes Bonds as a polarizing, insufferable braggart with a legendary ego and staggering talent, relied on over five hundred interviews, none with Bonds himself. Bonds on Bonds In April 2006 and May 2006,ESPNaired a few episodes of a 10-part reality TV (unscripted, documentary-style) series starring Bonds.The show, titledBonds on Bonds, focused on Bonds's chase ofBabe Ruth's andHank Aaron'shome runrecords. Some felt the show should be put on hiatus until baseball investigated Bonds's steroid use allegations.The series was canceled in June 2006, ESPN and producer Tollin/Robbins Productions citing \"creative control\" issues with Bonds and his representatives. Personal life Bonds met Susann (\"Sun\") Margreth Branco, the mother of his first two children (Nikolai and Shikari),inMontreal, Quebec, in August 1987. They eloped toLas VegasFebruary 5, 1988. The couple separated in June 1994, divorced in December 1994, and had their marriageannulledin 1997 by theCatholic Church.The divorce was a media affair because Bonds had his Swedish spouse sign aprenuptial agreementin which she \"waived her right to a share of his present and future earnings\" and which was upheld. Bonds had been providing his wife $20,000/month in child support and $10,000 in spousal support at the time of the ruling.During the hearings to set permanent support levels, allegations of abuse came from both parties.The trial dragged on for months, but Bonds was awarded both houses and reduced support.On August 21, 2000, theSupreme Court of California, in an opinion signed by Chief JusticeRonald M. George, unanimously held that \"substantial evidence supports the determination of the trial court that the agreement in the present case was entered into voluntarily.\"In reaction to the decision, significant changes in California law relating to the validity and enforceability of premarital agreements soon followed. In 2010, Bonds's son Nikolai, who served as a Giantsbatboyduring his father's years playing in San Francisco and always sat next to his dad in the dugout during games,was charged with fivemisdemeanorsresulting from a confrontation with his mother, Sun Bonds, who was granted a restraining order against Nikolai. In 1994, Bonds and Kimberly Bell, agraphic designer, starteda relationship that lasted from 1994 through May 2003.Bonds purchased a home inScottsdale, Arizona, for Kimberly. On January 10, 1998, Bonds married his second wife, Liz Watson, at the San FranciscoRitz-CarltonHotel in front of 240 guests.The couple lived inLos Altos Hills, California, with their daughter Aishaduring their ten-and-a-half years of marriage before Watson filed for legal separation on June 9, 2009, citingirreconcilable differences.On July 21, 2009, just six weeks later, Watson announced that she was withdrawing her Legal Separation action.The couple were reconciled for seven months before Watson formally filed for divorce in Los Angeles on February 26, 2010.On June 6, 2011, Bonds and Watson filed a legal agreement not to take the divorce to trial and instead settle it in an \"uncontested manner,\" agreeing to end the marriage privately at an unspecified later date without further court involvement. Several of Bonds's family and extended family members have been involved in athletics as either a career or a notable pastime. Bonds has a younger brother,Bobby Jr., who was also a professional baseball player.His paternal aunt,Rosie Bonds, is a former American record holder in the 80 meterhurdles,and competed in the 1964 Olympics.In addition, he is a distant cousin of Hall of FamerReggie Jackson. Among Bonds's many real estate properties is a home he owns in the exclusive gated community ofBeverly ParkinBeverly Hills, California. An avid cyclist, Bonds chose the activity to be a primary means of keeping in shape and great passion since his playing career. Because knee surgeries, back surgeries, and hip surgeries made it much more difficult to run, cycling has allowed him to engage in sufficient cardiovascular activity to help keep in shape. As a result of the cycling, he has lost 25 pounds from his final playing weight of 240 pounds. Bonds is an active practitioner ofBrazilian jiu-jitsuand was promoted to blue belt in themartial artin 2023. Legacy During late 2007, Chicago rapperKanye Westrecorded a song titled \"Barry Bonds\" named after the slugger for his albumGraduation. Career distinctions Besides holding Major League career records in home runs (762), walks (2,558), and intentional walks (688), at the time of his retirement, Bonds also led all active players in RBI (1,996),on-base percentage(.444), runs (2,227), games (2,986), extra-base hits (1,440), at-bats per home run (12.92), andtotal bases(5,976). He is 2nd in doubles (601), slugging percentage (.607), stolen bases (514), at-bats (9,847), and hits (2,935), 6th in triples (77), 8th in sacrifice flies (91), and 9th instrikeouts(1,539), through September 26, 2007. Bonds is the lone member of the 500–500 club, which means he has hit at least 500 home runs (762) and stolen at least 500 bases (514); no other player has even 400 of both. He is also one of only five baseball players all-time to be in the 40–40 club (1996), which means he hit 40 home runs (42) and stole 40 bases (40) in the same season; the other members areJosé Canseco,Alex Rodriguez,Alfonso Soriano, andRonald Acuña Jr. Records held Records shared Other accomplishments See also References External links",
"Darin Erstad Darin Charles Erstad(/ˈdærənˈɜːrstæt/; born June 4, 1974) is an American formerprofessional baseballplayer and the former head coach of theUniversity of Nebraska Cornhuskersbaseball team. Erstad spent most of his playing career with theLos Angeles Angels of Anaheimfranchise (1996–2006) before signing with theChicago White Soxin 2007. Erstad batted and threw left-handed. He was a two-time MLBAll-Starand a three-timeGold Glove Awardwinner. He was thefirst overall pickin the1995 Major League Baseball draft. Early life High school Erstad graduated in 1992 fromJamestown High SchoolinJamestown, North Dakota. He was aplacekickerandpunteron the school football team, logging a school-record 50-yard field goal. Erstad also played hockey (36 goals and 24 assists in 26 games) and participated intrack and field(winning state titles in 110 and 300-meter hurdles). Erstad playedAmerican Legion baseball(Jamestown had no high school baseball team) and hit .492 with 18 home runs and 86 RBI for Jamestown in 1992. He was also 10–2 with a 2.18 ERA as a pitcher, and was named AP North Dakota Athlete of the Year in 1992. College Erstad attended theUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln, playingbaseballthere for three years and held the school record for career hits with 261. In his final year there, Erstad hit .410 with 19home runsand 79RBIs, earning First-Team All-American status and was a finalist for the 1995Golden Spikes Award. Darin started his junior campaign on a tear and never stopped hitting. He was at his best against the conference's top team,Oklahoma. In five games with the first-place Sooners, he batted .429 and blasted three home runs. Oklahoma leftyMark Redman—with whom Darin would share conference Player of the Year honors—was among his biggest victims. TheHuskersfinished 35–23, and Darin led the Big Eight with a .410 average. He was the only batter in the conference to surpass 100 hits, and also led all players with seven triples. Named a First Team All-American by Collegiate Baseball, Darin set career highs with 19 homers and 76 RBIs. In 1993 and 1994, Erstad playedcollegiate summer baseballwith theFalmouth Commodoresof theCape Cod Baseball League(CCBL). He was named league MVP in 1994 and in 2001 was inducted into theCCBL Hall of Fame. Erstad was also the startingpunteron the Cornhuskersfootballteam and was part of their1994 National Championship squad, averaging 42.6 yards per punt, the 14th best mark in the country that year. Professional career In his 14-season career, Erstad compiled a .282batting averagewith 124home runsand 699RBIsin 1654games. His career .9955fielding percentageas an outfielder is second all-time through 2019 behindJon Jay. He was selected to the American LeagueAll-Starteam twice (1998, 2000) and had eight game-ending walk-off RBI in his career. Angels 1995–2000 The then California Angels chose Erstad as thefirst pick overallin the1995 Major League Baseball draftfrom theUniversity of Nebraska. He made his major league debut the next year, batting .284 over 57 games. Erstad played his first full season in 1997, batting .299 with 16 home runs and 99 runs scored. Posting similarly solid statistics the next year, Erstad made his first of twoAll-Starappearances before having a disappointing season in 1999. Erstad had a career season in2000, when he finished eighth in theAmerican LeagueinMVPvoting. That year, he led the American League inhits(240),singles(170) andat-bats(676); he was second intotal bases(366) and third inruns(121). Erstad also hit .355, finishing second in the batting race behindNomar Garciaparra(.372), became the first player in Major League history to record 100 RBIs as a leadoff hitter, and won the ALSilver Slugger Award. On June 10,2000, Erstad hit adoublein the Angels' 10–3 win overArizona. With a major league-leading 100 hits in 61 games, he became the fastest to reach the 100-hit mark since Hall of FamerHeinie Manushdid it in 60 games for the1934Washington Senators. With three hits on August 29, 2000, he reached 200 hits faster than any player in 65 years. Erstad was just 26 years old at the end of the season, an age at which many players enter their prime, leading many to believe more superstar seasons were ahead of him. Erstad is one of only five batters, through August 2009, to have hit both a leadoff and walk-off home run in the same game (having done so in 2000), the others beingBilly Hamilton(1893),Victor Power(1957),Reed Johnson(2003), andIan Kinsler(2009). 2001–2006 Although Erstad never hit .300 again after the 2000 season, he was a vital part of the2002 World SeriesChampion Angels. After batting .421 in theAmerican League Division Seriesagainst theNew York Yankeesand .364 in theAmerican League Championship Seriesagainst theMinnesota Twins, Erstad batted .300 in the seven-game series vs. theNational LeagueChampionSan Francisco Giants. He hit a key home run in Game 6 of the series with the Angels trailing, 5–3, in the eighth inning and facing elimination, and he also caught the final out of Game 7 hit byKenny LoftonoffTroy Percivalinto center field. When the Angels won the World Series in 2002, Erstad became the second player hailing from North Dakota to be on a World Series winning roster.Roger Mariswas the first with the 1961Yankeesand 1967Cardinals. Throughout Erstad's Angels career, his defense remained exceptionally strong. He led all major league center fielders inrange factor(3.39) in 2002. Erstad wonGold Gloveawards in 2000, 2002, and 2004, when he made a transition from the outfield to first base. He is the only player inMLBhistory to have won Gold Gloves as an infielder and as an outfielder. He was also the first to win the award at different positions (though all outfield Gold Gloves are voted on together) untilPlácido Polancowon an NL Gold Glove as a third baseman for thePhiladelphia Philliesin 2011 after having won two Gold Gloves as a second baseman, thus both being infield awards. Though he compiled a career high 21 game hit streak in 2005, he only played in 40 games in 2006, his last season with the Angels. In 11 years with the franchise, Erstad compiled a .286batting averageand a cumulative .339 postseason average over three seasons. He currently ranks near the top of several franchise records. White Sox and Astros Having signed a $750,000 contract in the off-season, Erstad hit a home run in his first at-bat as a member of theChicago White Soxon opening day 2007 offCC Sabathia. He finished the season having batted .248 with a .650 OPS over 87 games. He played the following two seasons with theHouston Astros. Erstad found success in the first season, batting .276, but struggled near the end of the second season as a role player, ending the season with a .194 batting average. When catcherChris Costejoined Erstad on the Astros roster in July 2009, they became the first two players born in North Dakota to play together on the same team in major league history. On June 17, 2010, when asked if he would continue playing baseball, Erstad said that he was \"done\". Erstad was on the2015 ballotto be inducted into theBaseball Hall of Fame. Erstad received one vote and fell off the ballot. Coaching career On July 5, 2010, theLincoln Journal Starreported that Erstad accepted a position to become a volunteer coach for the Nebraska baseball team. On July 8, Nebraska head baseball coach Mike Anderson revealed Erstad as the college team's next hitting coach.On June 2, 2011, after Anderson was fired, Erstad was hired as Nebraska's head baseball coach. Erstad was named the 23rd head coach of the Nebraska baseball program. During his eight years as head coach, the Huskers made four NCAA tournament appearances and qualified for the Big Ten Tournament seven times. He had a coaching record of 267-193-1, which was the fourth-best in Nebraska baseball history for a head coach. Erstad was named Big Ten Coach of the Year in 2017 after leading the Huskers to the conference championship during the regular season. Six times, Nebraska finished in the top four of the conference standings, including four times in the top two. Three times, Nebraska finished second in the Big Ten Tournament. Erstad resigned as coach of the Nebraska Cornhuskers after eight seasons on June 3, 2019. Head coaching record Personal and hometown Erstad has three children with his wife, Jessica: a daughter, Jordan Elizabeth, and two sons, Zack and Adam. During Erstad's tenure with the Angels, his hometown carried all Angels games over the radio;most North Dakota stations only carryMinnesota Twinsgames. As of July 2009, he ranked second toTravis Hafnerin all-time home runs hit by a player born in North Dakota. See also References External links",
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"Jeff Kent Jeffrey Franklin Kent(born March 7, 1968) is an American formerprofessional baseballsecond baseman. He played 17 seasons inMajor League Baseball(MLB) from 1992 to 2008 for theToronto Blue Jays,New York Mets,Cleveland Indians,San Francisco Giants,Houston Astros, andLos Angeles Dodgers. Kent won theNational LeagueMost Valuable Playeraward in 2000 with the San Francisco Giants, and is the all-time leader inhome runsamong second basemen.Hedrove in90 or morerunsfrom 1997 to 2005.Kent is a five-time All-Star, and his 560 careerdoublesput him in 30th on the all-time doubles list. Kent attended theUniversity of California, Berkeley(UC Berkeley), where he playedcollege baseballfor theGolden Bearsbefore being selected in the 20th round of the1989 MLB draftby the Blue Jays. Early life Born inBellflower, California, Kent graduated fromEdison High SchoolinHuntington Beach, California, where he was dismissed from the baseball team after clashing with his coach over a position change. College career Kent playedcollege baseballatUC Berkeleyfrom 1987 to 1989. In 1988 he played bothcollegiate summer baseballwith theCotuit Kettleersof theCape Cod Baseball Leagueand theCollege World Series. Professional career Draft and minor leagues Kent was selected in the 20th round of the1989 MLB Draftby theToronto Blue Jays. Toronto Blue Jays (1992) After three seasons in the minor leagues, Kent was invited tospring trainingwith the Blue Jays in 1992 and made the opening day roster. He made his debut on April 12 against theBaltimore Oriolesand recorded his first career hit in his first career at-bat, a double in the 6th inning againstJosé Mesa.He hit his first home run on April 14 againstNew York YankeespitcherLee Guetterman. He saw limitedat-batsearly in the season; however, an injury to startingthird basemanKelly Grubergranted Kent a more regular role in the line-up. New York Mets (1992–1996) Kent was traded to the Mets on August 27, 1992, for pitcherDavid Cone, as Toronto bolstered their pitching rotation for a successfulWorld Series run; Kent earned aWorld Series ringdespite the trade.Kent's time with the Mets was marked with some success and some failure. Although he batted well, particularly for a second baseman, the Mets were among the worst teams in theNational League. Furthermore, he acquired a very poor reputation in the clubhouse, where he was known for a quick temper and isolationism. He refused to participate in his hazing ritual with the Mets, feeling he had left his rookie status back in Toronto.During the 1992 season, he started the only game of his career atshortstopin order to allowWillie Randolphto play his final career game at second base. Cleveland Indians (1996) In a deal made prior to the 1996 trade deadline, the Mets sent Kent andJosé Vizcaínoto theCleveland IndiansforÁlvaro EspinozaandCarlos Baerga. The following offseason, Kent was again traded, this time to theSan Francisco Giantsalong with José Vizcaíno andJulián Tavárez. The San Francisco trade was initially very unpopular, as it sentMatt Williams, a longtime Giant and a fan-favorite, to the Indians.Brian Sabean, in his first year asgeneral managerof the Giants, was so widely criticized for the move that he famously defended himself to the media by saying, \"I am not an idiot.\" San Francisco Giants (1997–2002) Kent's career took off in San Francisco, starting in 1997. Immediately inserted in the line-up behind superstarBarry Bonds, and with the confidence of managerDusty Baker, Kent finally rose to his full potential, hitting .250 with 29 home runs and 121RBI.He was consistently among the top RBI hitters in the league over his next five seasons with the Giants, amassing 689 RBI over six years. He also won the 1998Willie Mac Awardfor his spirit and leadership. Kent's contributions were recognized in 2000 (33 home runs, 125 RBI, .334batting average, and a .986fielding percentage)with the National LeagueMVP Award, beating out teammate and perennial MVP candidate Barry Bonds. Despite the fact that Bonds overshadowed Kent in almost every offensive category, it was Kent's clutch hitting in RBI spots that won many games for the Giants that year, and ultimately won him the award. The Giants finished first in the NL West at 97–65, but lost to the Mets in theNational League Division Series3–1. In 2002, Kent had another stellar year for a second baseman (37 home runs, 108 RBI, .313 batting average, and a .978 fielding percentage).The combination of Kent and MVP-winner Bonds propelled the Giants to a 95–66 record, good enough for the NL Wild Card. The Giants would beat theAtlanta Bravesin theNational League Division Series3–2 and theSt. Louis Cardinalsin theNational League Championship Series4–1. In the World Series for the first time since 1989, the Giants would nearly clinch the championship (failing to hold a 5–0, 7th-inning lead) in the sixth game, before falling to theAnaheim Angelsin seven games.Despite the team's success that season, Kent's relationship with the Giants had soured. The Giants front office had lost confidence in Kent after an incident during spring training left him with a broken wrist. Kent had initially claimed that he had broken his wrist after slipping and falling while washing his truck; ensuing media reports indicated that, in reality, Kent had crashed his motorcycle while performingwheeliesand other stunts, in direct violation of his contract. In addition, growing tension that had been developing between Kent and Bonds for years finally boiled over: a midseason fight in the Giants dugout was widely reported in 2002 and caught on television.The feud between the two was so bad that, at the end of the season, San Francisco Chronicle beat reporterRay Rattosaid of the two, \"The one who lives longer will attend the other's funeral, just to make sure he's dead.\"The departure of manager Dusty Baker also factored into Kent's eventual decision to leave the Giants. Houston Astros (2003–2004) During the 2002 offseason, Kent signed a two-year, $19.9 million deal with theHouston Astros, citing his desire to be closer to his family's Texas ranch. Kent turned one of the outs and collected anassistduring atriple playon August 19,2004, againstPhiladelphia, whenTodd Prattgrounded out with the bases loaded in the fifth inning. Kent forcedMarlon Byrdout at second base before throwing Pratt out at first base. It was Houston's first triple play turned in 13 years. From May 14 to June 11, he collected a hit in 25 straight games, which set a new franchise record;Willy Taverastopped his mark in 2006.On October 2, 2004, he hit his 288th home run as a second baseman, surpassingRyne Sandbergas the all-time home run leader at that position. In Game 5 of the2004 National League Championship Series, Kent hit a three-runwalk-off home runin the bottom of the ninth to break a scoreless tie and put Houston ahead of theSt. Louis Cardinalsthree games to two in the series. However, the Cardinals would win Games 6 and 7 inSt. Louisto capture the pennant. Los Angeles Dodgers (2005–2008) On December 14, 2004, he signed a $21 million contract for three years with his hometown Los Angeles Dodgers. Kent started at second base for theNational Leaguein the2005 Major League Baseball All-Star GameatComerica Park, his fifth career All-Star selection and fourth career All-Star start. Kent became the first player in the history of theDodgers–Giants rivalryto make and start the Midsummer Classic for both clubs.Joc Pedersonhas since joined this list. Kent had a good 2005 season, leading the Dodgers in batting average,on-base percentage,slugging, runs,hits, doubles, home runs and RBI (.289, .377, .512, 100, 160, 36, 29, and 105 respectively).While missing games early on in the 2006 season because of an oblique injury, he came back late in the season and helped the Dodgers reach the postseason.After the 2005 season, Kent signed an extension that would take him to the 2008 season.His last major league at-bat took place on October 15, 2008 in game five of the 2008NLCS, in which he struck out looking againstCole Hamelsto end the 7th inning.Following 2008, Kent announced his retirement from baseball on January 22, 2009. Career statistics In 2,298 games over 17 seasons, Kent posted a .290batting average(2461-for-8498) with 1320runs, 560doubles, 47triples, 377home runs, 1518RBI, 94stolen bases, 801bases on balls, .356on-base percentageand .500slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .978fielding percentage. In 49 postseason games, he hit .276 (47-for-170) with 25 runs, 11 doubles, 9 home runs, 23 RBI and 13 walks.Kent hit 351 home runs as a second baseman, the most in MLB history in either league; he is one of only two second baseman to hit 300 home runs at the position of second base. Post-playing career Kent and his wife Dana reside nearAustin, Texas, where they raise their four children, a daughter and three sons.He also owns the 4,000-acre (1,600 ha) \"Diamond K\" cattle ranch nearTilden, Texas.In 2008, Kent purchased the Lakecliff Country Club inSpicewood, Texas.Kent also owns Kent Powersports, a chain of motorcycle and ATV dealerships. Kent appeared as a contestant on the Summer 2009 television seriesSuperstars, where he was teamed with actressAli Landryin a series of sports competitions. They finished in fifth place in the competition.In 2012, Kent participated inSurvivor: Philippines, the 25th season of the AmericanCBScompetitivereality televisionseriesSurvivor. He was the ninth contestant voted off, which placed him tenth and made him the second member of the jury, giving him a right to vote for the eventual winner at the Final Tribal Council.When he was voted off, Kent claimed that the million dollar prize was \"six hundred grand by the timeObamatakes it\". He has been an advocate for Major League Baseball using blood tests forHGH.Since 2011, Kent has served as a spring training instructor for the San Francisco Giants.He also coaches his sons' Little League teams, and in 2014 he became a volunteer assistant forSouthwestern University's baseball team.In 2011, Kent donated $100,000 and raised awareness to help reinstate theCal baseball program, which was being cut for cost-saving purposes.In 2014, Kent announced the creation of the Jeff Kent Women Driven Scholarship Endowment to provide a full scholarship each year to one female student-athlete at UC Berkeley in perpetuity. In 2008, Kent donated tothe campaign to ban same-sex marriage in California. National Baseball Hall of Fame consideration Eligible for theNational Baseball Hall of Famefor the first time in2014,Baseball Writers' Association of America(BBWAA) voters gave Kent just 15.2% of their votes in his first year, well short of the 75% required for induction. Among 17 returnees to the ballot in 2015, Kent was one of only three who saw a decrease in support, dropping to 14.0%.His support increased in subsequent elections, reaching 32.7% in2022, his ninth appearance on the ballot. In 2023, his tenth and final appearance on the BBWAA ballot, he received 46.5%, falling short of the necessary threshold. Kent's underperformance relative to his offensive prowess has been attributed to poor defense, the tainted era he played in, and his reputation as a negative presence in the locker room. Personal life Kent and his wife, Dana, are members ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His daughter, Lauren, and his eldest son, Hunter, both attendedBrigham Young University(BYU) in Provo, Utah. Lauren graduated from BYU in December 2017, and Hunter played on the practice squad for the Cougars, before taking leave to serve a two-year mission inMexico. Kent's son, Colton, played his prep baseball atLake Travis High School, in Austin, Texas. Colton signed to play college baseball atBYU, but transferred to theCollege of Southern Idaho(CSI) after a year at BYU. Kent's other son, Kaeden, currently plays baseball at Texas A&M University. Accomplishments See also References External links",
"J. T. Snow Jack Thomas Snow Jr.(born February 26, 1968) is an American former professionalbaseballplayer and television sportscolor commentator, and current bench coach for theOakland Ballers.He played as afirst basemaninMajor League Baseballfrom1992to2006, most notably as a member of theSan Francisco Giants.Snow excelled as a defensive player, winning six consecutiveGold Glove Awardsas a first baseman between 1995 and 2000.After his playing career, Snow worked in radio and television broadcasting. He has also worked as a special assistant to the General Manager for the Giants. Early life Snow was born inLong Beach, California, to formerNFLplayerJack Snowand Merry Carole Shane, who died in 1998 fromthyroid cancer. He has two sisters, Michelle and Stephanie. His father worked with him at first base, throwing balls from shortstop purposely in the dirt to improve his fielding skills. He played recreational baseball in Seal Beach, for what is now known as, Seal Beach PONY. Snow attendedLos Alamitos High SchoolinLos Alamitos, Californiaand was awarded All-Orange County honors in baseball,football, and basketball. He played safety his junior year (1984) and quarterback his senior year (1985) on the varsity football team. Receiver Rob Katzaroff set an Orange County record with 93 single-season receptions (a record which still stands after the 2022 season) while Snow played quarterback. On the basketball team, Snow played point guard. On the baseball team, Snow played with future Giants relieverRobb Nenand future UCLA Bruins outfielder Katzaroff. All three Griffin baseball players from the 1985 season were eventually drafted to playminor league baseball. College career After high school, Snow attended theUniversity of Arizonaand played three seasons for theArizona Wildcats baseballteam, where his teammates includedKenny Lofton,Alan Zinter,Scott Erickson,Trevor Hoffman, andKevin Long.In 1988, he playedcollegiate summer baseballfor theOrleans Cardinalsof theCape Cod Baseball League. Professional career Draft and minor leagues TheNew York Yankeesselected Snow in the fifth round of the1989 Major League Baseball draft. New York Yankees (1992) He made his major league debut with the Yankees at the end of the 1992 season. California Angels (1993–1996) After the 1992 season, the Yankees traded Snow,Jerry Nielsen, andRuss Springerto theCalifornia AngelsforJim Abbott.Snow played for the Angels from 1993 to 1996, where he won twoGold Glove Awards. San Francisco Giants (1997–2005) Snow was traded to the Giants after the 1996 season forleft-handedpitcherAllen Watsonand minor league pitcher Fausto Macey. While aswitch-hitterearlier in his career, Snow batted exclusively left-handed after 1998. In 2000, he led the league insacrifice flieswith 14. After a two-year injury-riddled stretch from 2002 to 2003 when hisbatting averagewas .246, Snow rebounded in 2004 with a .327 average, hitting .387 after theAll-Starbreak (which ranked second only toIchiro Suzukiin the Major Leagues). On June 26, 1999, Snow tagged outLos Angeles DodgerspitcherCarlos Pérezusing the \"hidden ball trick\", the last successful execution of the play in the 20th century. In the2000 National League Division Seriesagainst theNew York Mets, with the Giants trailing 4–1 in the bottom of the ninth, Snow hit a three-runpinch-hithomer against MetsrelieverArmando Benítez. However, the Giants failed to capitalize on their momentum, eventually falling in the 10th inning and going on to lose the series. In the2002 World Series, Snow was scoring a run in Game 5 off aKenny Loftontriple and lifted 3-year-oldDarren Baker, the Giants' batboy and son of then Giants’ managerDusty Baker, by the jacket as he was crossinghome plate. Darren had run out to collect Lofton's bat before the play was completed. This turned into a touching and memorable incident, but easily could have resulted in disaster with a small child wandering into the path of Snow andDavid Bellas they both barreled home to score. Following the incident with Darren Baker, Major League Baseball required batboys and girls to be at least 14 years of age.A photograph of this incident now hangs in the Baseball Hall of Fame, in Cooperstown, New York. In the2003 National League Division Seriesagainst theFlorida Marlins, with the Giants trailing 7–6 in Game 4 in the ninth inning, he attempted to score from second base on a single to left field, butJeff Conine's throw to the plate came in time as catcherIván Rodrígueztagged Snow at the plate as Snow barreled into him, ending the game and the series. According to the Elias Sports Bureau, it was the first postseason series to end with the potential tying run thrown out at the plate. Boston Red Sox (2006) Snow's tenure with the Giants effectively ended when the team declined to offer him salary arbitration before the 2006 season. He signed a one-year, $2 million contract with theBoston Red Soxon January 6, 2006. After his father's death in 2006, Snow wore his father's number 84 in his honor.He served primarily in aplatoonwithKevin Youkilisat first base until he requested to bedesignated for assignmentdue to a lack of playing time. He was granted his designation June 19, and was officially released eight days later. San Francisco Giants (2008) and retirement At the end of the 2006 season, Snow retired from baseball and began working as acolor commentatoron Giants radio broadcasts alongside play-by-play announcerDave Flemming. He has also served as an advisor to the Giants'general manager,Brian Sabean, and as a roving minor league instructor for the Giants.Since 2013, he has worked as a college baseball broadcaster for thePac-12 Network. On September 24, 2008, the Giants signed Snow to a one-day contract to allow him to retire as a Giant. However, rather than immediately retiring after signing the symbolic contract and receiving no actual pay as is usually done, Snow was penciled into the starting lineup and took the field on September 27 against the Dodgers, but was replaced before the first pitch. It was a move that allowed Snow to officially take the field as a Giants player one last time.Eugenio Vélez,Omar Vizquel, andRich Auriliathrew balls in the dirt to mess with Snow during fielding practice prior to the first pitch, but Snow still made the plays. For his brief official appearance, he received the prorated league minimum salary of $2,100. In 28 postseason games, Snow batted .327 (32-for-98) with 11 runs, 3 home runs and 15 RBI. Coaching career On January 18, 2024, Snow was announced as the first base coach and bench coach for theOakland Ballersof thePioneer Leagueduring their inaugural season. Personal life Snow lives in Northern California with his wife Gina. References External links",
"Reggie Sanders Reginald Laverne Sanders(born December 1, 1967) is an American formerright fielderinMajor League Baseball. He batted and threw right-handed. He played professionally with theCincinnati Reds,St. Louis Cardinals,Pittsburgh Pirates,Atlanta Braves,San Francisco Giants,San Diego PadresandKansas City Royals, and was a member of theArizona Diamondbacks'2001 World Serieschampionship over theNew York Yankees. Sanders possessed a rare capacity for power and speed and is one of only eight MLB players to record over 300 home runs and over 300 steals. Early career Sanders was 23 years old when he made his major league debut on August 22,1991, after being selected in the seventh round of the1987amateur draft by theCincinnati Reds. He attendedSpartanburg Methodist Collegebefore beginning his pro career with the Rookie-levelBillings Mustangsof thePioneer Leaguein1988. Baseball career Sanders gained some notoriety during the 1994 season whenPedro Martínezhit him with a pitch to end his bid for a perfect game with one out in the eighth inning. Sanders responded by charging the mound and igniting a bench-clearing brawl. He was ridiculed by some in the press for believing that a pitcher would abandon an attempt at a perfect game to intentionally hit a batter. On August 20, 2003, Sanders became the fortieth player in MLB history to hit two home runs in an inning, doing so for the Pittsburgh Pirates against the St. Louis Cardinals in the top of the 5th inning. He was only the third Pirates player to accomplish the feat. Sanders' first home run of the inning came as the third in a back-to-back-to-back string for the Pirates; the second was agrand slam. With the Cardinals, Sanders had a breakout of sorts during the2005 National League Division Seriesagainst theSan Diego Padres. In a three-game sweep of the Padres, Sanders had 10runs batted in, a new record for a division series. In Game 1 of the2005 NLCS, Sanders hit a two-run home run to give the Cardinals a two-run lead, making it his seventh career postseason home run. However, the Cardinals would lose the series in six games, giving theHouston Astrostheir first NL pennant and trip to the World Series. On June 10,2006, as a member of the Royals, Sanders hit his 300thhome run. This made him the fifth member of Major League Baseball's 300-300 club, as he hadstolenthe 300th base of his career on May 1. He became the first player in history to join the club at his home stadium.Steve Finleyof theSan Francisco Giantsjoined the 300-300 club as its sixth member on June 14, four days after Sanders achieved the feat. Sanders hit 20 or more home runs in one season for six different teams. He hit at least 10 home runs in a season for every major league team he played for (seven in all). Sanders missed the majority of the 2007 season due to an injury and became afree agentafter the season. Career statistics In 64 postseason games, Sanders batted .195 (43-for-221) with 24 runs, 7 home runs, 25 RBI, 9 stolen bases and 26 walks. See also References External links",
"Rich Aurilia Richard Santo Aurilia(/əˈriːliə/; born September 2, 1971) is an American formerMajor League Baseballshortstopwho played for several teams between 1995 and 2009. Amateur career Aurilia was born inBrooklyn, New Yorkand grew up aNew York Metsfan. Before being drafted by Texas, Aurilia was a standout atSt. John's University, where he represented the Red Storm as an All-Big Eastselection in 1992. In 1991, he playedcollegiate summer baseballin theCape Cod Baseball Leaguefor theHyannis Mets. Aurilia is also a graduate ofXaverian High SchoolinBrooklyn, New York.He was inducted into the school's Hall of Fame, and his number 22 was retired by his local baseball league, Our Lady of Grace, where he played as a youngster in Gravesend, Brooklyn, New York. Professional career Texas Rangers (1992–1994) The 24th round pick of theTexas Rangersin the1992 Major League Baseball draft, Aurilia played in the Rangers minor league system before being traded along withDesi Wilsonto theSan Francisco GiantsforJohn Burketton December 22, 1994.He had worked as astagehandat theMetropolitan Opera Houseduring the 1993–94 baseball offseason. San Francisco Giants (1995–2003) Aurilia made his Major League debut on September 6, 1995, as a defensive replacement in a game against theMontréal Expos. This would begin his long, solid run as the Giantsshortstop. On June 14, 1997, during his first stint with the Giants, Aurilia hit the first-evergrand slamininterleague playat the expense of theAnaheim Angels'Allen Watson, a former teammate. The Giants went on to win the game 10–3. 2001 would prove to be a banner year for Aurilia as he collected aNational Leaguebest 206hits, all leading to a .324batting averagewith 37home runs, 97RBI, an NL All-Star nod, and aSilver Slugger Award. However, his career best 37 home run year in 2001 was overshadowed by teammateBarry Bonds' record breaking 73 home runs in the same season. From 1999 to 2001, he led NL shortstops in home runs. Production trailed off in 2002, but Aurilia shined once again in San Francisco's failed 2002 run for aWorld SeriesChampionship. In 14 postseason games that season, he batted .296, with 5 home runs and 14 RBI (an NL record for a shortstop in thepostseason). He also was aRoberto Clemente Awardnominee. Seattle Mariners (2004) After offensive stagnation in 2003, the Giants severed their nine-year relation with the shortstop, granting himfree agencyon October 27. Soon after, Aurilia signed on with theSeattle Marinersto patrol the M's infield. San Diego Padres (2004) The lifetimeNational Leaguercould not get a grip onAmerican Leaguepitching, and was dealt to theSan Diego Padresin July 2004. He continued to struggle in spaciousPetco Park, and was not tendered a contract for 2005. Cincinnati Reds (2005–2006) Needing a veteran infielder, the Reds signed Aurilia to a minor league contract on January 22, 2005. The versatile infielder played well for the Reds, collecting 14 home runs and 68 RBI while playing games at shortstop,second base, andthird base. The Reds then re-signed him on January 8, 2006. Aurilia served as an everyday player rotating between shortstop, second base, first base and third base for the Reds in 2006. He finished the year with 23 home runs, 70 RBI, and a batting average of exactly .300—his highest in all three categories since 2001. San Francisco Giants (2007–2009) In the 2006 offseason, Aurilia signed a two-year, $8 million contract with his old team, the Giants. During the 2007 season, he appeared in 99 games (mostly at first base), starting in 81 of them. Aurilia was placed on the 15-daydisabled listwith a neck injury that had been slow to heal, limiting his range of movement and causing headaches. At the time, he was batting only .236 with two home runs. Aurilia returned to the Giants' lineup on July 4, hitting a home run in a 9–5 win over theCincinnati Reds. He finished the season batting .252 with five home runs, 33 RBI, and a .304on-base percentage. Aurilia posted better numbers in each of those categories during the 2008 season, where he remained generally healthy throughout the year, one factor that led him to have considerably more playing time (99 games started). On February 9, 2009, Aurilia re-signed with theSan Francisco Giantsto a minor league deal.It was announced on April 4 that Aurilia had made the Giants final roster.He went on to appear in 60 games during the 2009 season, starting in 22 of them, playing either first or third base. There was considerable uncertainty whether Aurilia would stay with the team for the entire season, but he was placed on the DL twice in order to free up a roster spot long enough for the September roster expansion. Knowing that the organization would not be bringing him back for the 2010 season, Aurilia played his final game as a Giant on October 1 at home against theArizona Diamondbacks, receiving standing ovations from the home fans in appreciation for 12 years with the team. Retirement Aurilia announced his retirement on April 11, 2010.He is currently a member ofNBC Sports Bay Area. Career statistics In 1652 games over 15 seasons, Aurilia posted a .275batting average(1576-for-5721) with 745runs, 301doubles, 22triples, 186home runs, 756RBI, 450bases on balls, .328on-base percentageand .433slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .976fielding percentageplaying at shortstop, first, second and third base. In 25 postseason games, he hit .224 (22-for-98) with 17 runs, 6 doubles, 6 home runs, 18 RBI and 7 walks. Personal life He finished second in a pro on pro challenge on Guy's Grocery Games on September 20, 2015. His charity was the Make-A-Wish Foundation. Aurilia married Raquel Garcia on January 18, 1997, with whom he has two sons: Chaz Aiden, (born August 18, 2001) and Gavin Shea, (born October 1, 2003).Both he and his wife appeared as Jurors No. 9 and 10 in episodes ofGeneral Hospitalwhich aired on December 11 and 12, 2003. The storyline was the trial ofSonny Corinthos, played byMaurice Benardwho made the arrangement possible and is a cousin of Aurilia's Giants teammateMarvin Benard. He and his family reside in homes inHealdsburg, CaliforniaandPhoenix, Arizona. See also References External links",
"Scott Spiezio Scott Edward Spiezio(/ˈspiːzi.oʊ/; born September 21, 1972) is an American former professional baseballinfielder. He is well known for his time as a member of theAnaheim Angels, when he hit a three-runhome runin Game Six of the2002 World Seriesagainst theSan Francisco Giants, sparking the Angels to a dramatic come-from-behind victory. He also played for theOakland Athletics,Seattle Mariners, andSt. Louis Cardinals, and is the son of former major leaguerEd Spiezio. In addition to Spiezio's pivotal moment helping the Angels win the World Series,2002was also his most productive full season, with a .807OPS. Spiezio was a utility player on the St. Louis Cardinals2006 World Serieschampionship team. Amateur career Spiezio attendedMorris High SchoolinMorris, Illinois, and was a letterman in baseball. In baseball, he was named his league's MVP and was an All-State selection. Spiezio playedcollege baseballfor theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He made the All-Big 10 Team in baseball in1992and1993. In 1992, he playedcollegiate summer baseballwith theWareham Gatemenof theCape Cod Baseball League, and returned to the league in 1993 to play for theCotuit Kettleers. Professional career Oakland A's Spiezio was selected by the Oakland Athletics in the 1993 player draft and signed later that year. He made his debut with the 1996 A's and established himself as a classicutility player, making starts atfirst base,second base, andthird base, and as aswitch hitterwith more power when battingleft-handed. Anaheim Angels Spiezio signed as a free agent with the Anaheim Angels ahead of the 2000 season. During his years with the Angels, he made appearances inleft fieldandright field, as well as first, second, and third base. In 2002, he had a career year. Playing every day, he set career highs in batting average,on-base percentageand RBI. It was in the postseason that he had his greatest success. Spiezio batted 18 for 55 (.327) for Anaheim in the playoffs that year. In Game 6 of the2002 World Series, with Anaheim trailing three games to two in the series, trailing 5–0 in the seventh inning of the game, and facing a Series loss, Spiezio hit a three-run homer off ofFélix Rodríguezto pull his team to within two runs. A lead off homer byDarin Erstadfollowed by a two-run double byTroy Glausin the next inning won the game for the Angels by a 6–5 score, and the Angels would go on to win their first ever World Series championship 4–3. Spiezio tiedSandy Alomar Jr.'s postseason record with 19RBIin one postseason that was set in 1997. Seattle Mariners After the 2003 season, Spiezio became a free agent and signed a contract with the Seattle Mariners. The next two seasons were the worst of his career. He tripped over a mound during 2004 spring training, resulting in a debilitating back injury. At one point, there were concerns the injury could threaten his career and potentially leave him paralyzed.He hit .215 that season and played only 29 games the next year (compiling an .064 average) before the Mariners released him on August 19, 2005. St. Louis Cardinals On February 18, 2006, Spiezio signed a minor league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals with an invitation to the club'sspring training. Spiezio played well enough during the Cardinals' exhibition to secure a roster spot with the team as a reserve infielder entering the 2006 season. This move would reunite Spiezio with his former Angels teammate, shortstopDavid Eckstein. Spiezio, used as apinch hitterand all-around reserve player as well as the primary backup toScott Rolenat third base, had his best season since 2002 for the 2006 Cardinals, hitting 13 home runs and driving in 52 runs despite only getting 276at-bats. He would have another dramatic moment in the playoffs. With the Cardinals trailing, 6–4, in the seventh inning of Game 2 of the2006 National League Championship Series, Spiezio hit a two-run triple to tie the score. The Cardinals went on to win the game and the series in seven games, then proceeded to win the2006 World Series, earning Spiezio his secondWorld Series ring. On November 16, 2006, Spiezio signed a two-year contract to return to the Cardinals until the end of the 2008 season, with a club option for 2009. The deal was worth an estimated $4.5 million. On June 15, 2007, Spiezio took the mound as arelief pitcherin the bottom of the eighth inning of a lopsided loss against the Athletics. Hisfastballwas clocked as high as 87 mph. He pitched one inning, giving up onewalk, nohits, noruns, and nostrikeouts. After having pitched in one game, Spiezio played six positions in his career (seven countingdesignated hitter), missingcatcher,shortstop, andcenter field. Release On August 7, 2007, Spiezio received IV fluids. He was described as being \"irritable and anxious\". Spiezio disconnected his IV and left the stadium rather than accept medical treatment.On August 9, 2007, the Cardinals placed him on the restricted list.The Cardinals stated that Spiezio would be seeking treatment for an unspecified substance abuse problem.On September 14, 2007, Spiezio was removed from the restricted list after 36 days and also reactivated to play in that evening's home game. On February 27, 2008, the Cardinals released Spiezio after police inIrvine, Californiaissued a warrant for his arrest. The warrant was issued on six charges relating to acar crashon December 30, 2007.According to Irvine police, a drunken Spiezio crashed his BMW into a fence, then ran from the scene. In April, he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors and was sentenced to three years' probation and 80 hours community service. He was also ordered to undergo three months of alcohol treatment and attendAlcoholics Anonymousmeetings. On March 31, 2008, Spiezio signed a minor league deal with theAtlanta Bravesand was assigned to their top affiliate, theRichmond Braves. He showed signs of his old form, batting .333 in five games. However, he was released on April 12 for being unprepared to play in a game.Spiezio later said that while he was sober at the time, he was in a deep depression after being released by the Cardinals and wasn't ready to take the field. Combined with a strained relationship with his first wife and the prospect of not being able to see his kids for two months, he decided to go home for the year. Independent leagues Spiezio believed he was finished with baseball after his major league career, but decided to give it another shot in 2009. The Angels put him in touch with theOrange County Flyersof the independentGolden Baseball League. Flyers managerPhil Nevin, a former major leaguer, decided to sign Spiezio after letting him work out for a week and getting assurances he was mentally ready to play.Spiezio signed another one-year deal to play the 2010 season for theNewark Bears. He hit .279 with three home runs and 35 RBI while appearing in 52 games. Personal life Spiezio is the son of two-time World Series championEd Spiezio. On April 7, 2015, at 2:30 AM, police inOttawa, Illinois, responded to a call that Spiezio punched out a window at the apartment where his then-girlfriend and infant son lived. Spiezio fled police and was later found through the use of a K-9 tracker behind a building, resulting in him being tased in order to be brought into custody. No charges were immediately filed. In a 2022 interview withThe Athletic,Spiezio revealed that he had spent the better part of 13 years battling substance abuse. He traced his downward spiral to the 2004 spring training injury, when the strain of being sidelined led him to begin drinking heavily, eventually drinking as much as a gallon ofvodkaper day. Over the years, he also became acocaineaddict. He admitted that during his time with the Cardinals, he frequently drank during games. As early as 2006, he had alienated so many of his friends in his hometown that no one joined him to celebrate the 2006 World Series win; in contrast, his friends threw him a huge party after the 2002 Series. By 2022, he had 12 stints in rehab and five arrests. His drug habit cost him both of his marriages and strained relationships with his family. His parents did not speak to him at all from 2005 to 2007 and had only sporadic contact with him from 2007 to 2011. He finally bottomed out in 2018, when he went to the hospital with severejaundicefrom a badly damaged liver. He has been sober since then. See also References External links",
"Shawon Dunston Shawon Donnell Dunston(born March 21, 1963) is an American formerprofessional baseballplayer. Ashortstop, Dunston played inMajor League Baseball(MLB) from 1985 through 2002. On January 13, 2023, he was selected as a member of the 2023 class of the Chicago Cubs Hall of Fame. Dunston was thefirst overall pickin the 1982 MLB draft by theChicago Cubs, and played for the Cubs (1985–95, 1997),San Francisco Giants(1996, 1998, 2001–02),Pittsburgh Pirates(1997),Cleveland Indians(1998),St. Louis Cardinals(1999, 2000) andNew York Mets(1999). Dunston was named anAll-Starin 1988 and 1990. Early life Dunston was born in theEast New Yorksection ofBrooklyn,New York, on March 21, 1963. As a youth, he lived in the Linden Apartments, apublic housingfacility, with his father, Jack, mother, Brenda, and younger sister, Kindra. Jack worked as acab driverand delivered furniture, while Brenda worked in a women's clothing store. Dunston attended the nearbyThomas Jefferson High School. He played for the school's baseball team as aninfielder.In his senior season at Thomas Jefferson, Dunston had a .790batting average, 10home runs, andstole37 bases without beingcaught stealingin 26 games. Playing career As ashortstop, Dunston was considered one of the best prospects available in the1982 Major League Baseball draft.TheChicago Cubsselected Dunston with thefirst overall selectionof the draft out of Thomas Jefferson High School.He was the first player from the New York area to be chosen with the first overall pick in the draft.Opting to represent himself, Dunston signed a one-year contract with the Cubs for $100,000, and was assigned to the Cubs'Rookie-levelminor league baseballaffiliate in theGulf Coast League. Dunston competed withLarry Bowafor the role as the starting shortstop for the Cubs inspring trainingin 1985. Dunston initially won the job over Bowa.He made his debut in the major leagues on April 9. However, Dunston struggled offensively and defensively, batting .194 and committing nineerrorsin 23 games. As a result, he was sent back to the minor leagues,with Bowa regaining the starting role. After playing well for theIowa Cubs, the Cubs recalled Dunston in August, and released Bowa. In1988and1990he joineddouble-playpartnerRyne Sandbergas anAll-Starand was a key contributor to the Cubs'NL East divisiontitle in1989, hitting .278 with 20 doubles, 6 triples, 9home runs, 60runs batted inand 19stolen bases. Due to become afree agentafter the 1991 season, Dunston instead signed a four-year, $12 million contract to remain with the Cubs without testing the open market.However, he injured his back that offseason, and required surgery to repair a herniated disk in May 1992.The Cubs opted not to protect Dunston from being eligible to be selected in the1992 Major League Baseball expansion draft,but neither theColorado Rockiesnor theFlorida Marlinsselected him. After the 1995 season, he was granted free agency. The Cubs wanted to move Dunston tothird base, but he preferred to remain at shortstop. As a result, he signed with theSan Francisco Giantsfor the 1996 season, receiving a one-year contract worth $1.5 million.He signed with the Cubs for the 1997 season, receiving $2 million. On August 31, 1997, the Cubs traded Dunston to thePittsburgh Pirates, who lost two shortstops,Kevin ElsterandKevin Polcovich, to injuries.He hit two home runs in his first game with the Pirates,and three in his first three games.He became a free agent after the season, and signed a one-year contract with theCleveland Indiansfor $400,000.On July 23, 1998, the Indians traded Dunston,José Mesa, andAlvin Mormanto the Giants forJacob CruzandSteve Reed. Dunston was batting .237 at the time of the trade.With the Giants, Dunston batted .176 in 51 at-bats. Dunston became a free agent after the season and signed with theSt. Louis Cardinalson a one-year contract worth $500,000. On July 31, 1999, the Cardinals traded Dunston to theNew York MetsforCraig Paquette. He replaced rookieMelvin Moraon the Mets roster.Dunston became a free agent after the season and signed with the Cardinals for the 2000 season. He signed with the Giants that next offseason, playing with them in 2001 and 2002. He reached the2002 World Series, his first, as a member of the Giants.He hit ahome runoffKevin Appierof theAnaheim Angelsin game six, but the Angels won the gameand the series. Dunston was a career .269 hitter with 150 home runs and 668 RBI in 1814 games. He seldom walked, so in spite of his batting average, his on-base percentage was the second-worst among players with at least 4500 plate appearances during their careers.At the end of his career, he was used mainly as a fourthoutfielderand a role player off the bench. He wore jersey #12 while with the Chicago Cubs. Playing style Bill Jamesnoted that Dunston was an \"eternal rookie, a player who continued until the end of his career to make rookie mistakes.\"Dunston was known, especially early in his career, for his unusually strong throwing arm at the shortstop position. He won the 1996Willie Mac Awardfor his spirit and leadership. Post-playing career Dunston became eligible for theNational Baseball Hall of Famein 2008; 75% of the vote was necessary for induction, and 5% was necessary to stay on the ballot. He received 0.2% of the vote, thus being dropped off theBaseball Writers' Association of America's ballot. During his career, Dunston resided inFremont, California. Personal Dunston has a son, Shawon Jr., who has played minor league baseball.One of Dunston's three daughters, Jasmine Dunston, became the White Sox Director of Minor League Operations in 2022. See also References External links",
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"2002 World Series The2002 World Serieswas thechampionship seriesofMajor League Baseball(MLB)'s2002 season. The 98th edition of the World Series,it was abest-of-seven playoffbetween theAmerican League(AL) championAnaheim Angelsand theNational League(NL) championSan Francisco Giants; the Angels defeated the Giants, four games to three, to win their first, and, to date, onlyWorld Series championship. The series was played from October 19–27, 2002, atPacific Bell Parkin San Francisco andEdison International Field of AnaheiminAnaheim. This was the first World Series since the 1995 inception of thewild cardin MLB (and the last until2014) in which both wild card teams would vie for the title. The Angels finished the regular season in second place in theAL Westdivision. They defeated the four-time defending AL championNew York Yankees, three games to one, in the best-of-fiveAL Division Series, and in doing so won their first postseason series in franchise history. They then defeated theMinnesota Twins, four games to",
"four games to one, in the best-of-sevenAL Championship Seriesto advance to the World Series, another first in franchise history. The Giants finished the regular season in second place in theNL Westdivision. They defeated theAtlanta Bravesin theNL Division Seriesand theSt. Louis Cardinalsin theNL Championship Seriesto advance to the World Series, giving the team their 20th NL pennant and 17th appearance in the Fall Classic but only their third since moving from New York City to San Francisco in 1958. The series was the fourth World Series played between two teams fromCalifornia, after1974,1988, and1989, and the latest Fall Classic that featured teams from the same city or state (since2000between cross-town rivalsMetsandYankees).Barry Bonds,Reggie Sanders, andJ. T. Snoweach hithome runsto help propel the Giants to win Game one. Game two was a high-scoring affair that the Angels ultimately won onTim Salmon's eighth-inning home run. The Angels routed the Giants in Game three, but lost Game four on a tie-breaking",
"on a tie-breaking eighth-inning single by the Giants'David Bell. The Giants brought the Angels to the brink of elimination by winning Game five in a blowout. The Giants were eight outs away from winning the Series in Game six, but late game home runs byScott SpiezioandDarin Erstad, as well as a two-RBIdoublebyTroy Glaushelped the Angels overcome a five-run, seventh-inning deficit to win. A three-run double byGarret Andersonwas the difference in the Angels' Game seven win to clinch the series. Glaus was named theWorld Series Most Valuable Player. The two teams set a record for combined most home runs in a World Series (21), which stood until2017. Background This was the fourth World Series played between two teams fromCaliforniaand the last World Series as of today involving two teams from the same state (since2000between cross-town rivalsNew York MetsandNew York Yankees). The1974 World Seriessaw theOakland Athleticsdefeat theLos Angeles Dodgers; the1988series saw theLos Angeles Dodgersgetting revenge by",
"revenge by defeating theOakland Athletics. In1989theSan Francisco Giantswere defeated by theOakland Athletics. The managers of the two clubs,Mike Sciosciaof the Angels andDusty Bakerof the Giants, were teammates on the Dodgers from1980to1983, and won a World Series in1981. This was the first World Series to feature opposing managers who had been teammates on a World Championship team as players. San Francisco Giants Since their 1958 move from New York City to San Francisco, the Giants franchise and its fans had a long history of futility, frustration, and disappointment. The Giants had won their last World Series crown before the move, in1954. Since the move, the Giants made it to the World Series twice but lost both times. These included a dramatic, down-to-the-wire loss to theNew York Yankeesin the seven-game classic1962 World Series, and a four-game sweep by their crosstown rivalOakland Athleticsin the1989 World Seriesthat was marred by theLoma Prieta earthquake. Their most recent postseason appearance",
"appearance was in2000, when they were defeated by theNew York Metsin theNLDS. In addition, the Giants narrowly missed winning the National League pennant in1959,1964,1965and1966. They finished in second place five years in a row from 1965 to1969and lost the1971 National League Championship Seriesto thePittsburgh Pirates. 2002 wasDusty Baker's tenth season asmanagerof the Giants. It was also their third season playing atPacific Bell Park(now Oracle Park). The Giants finished theprevious seasonwith a record of 90–72, finishing in second place in the National League West, twogames behindtheArizona Diamondbacks. They also finished in second place in the NLwild cardstandings, three games behind theSt. Louis Cardinals. Notable player departures included 2001 midseason acquisitionAndrés Galarraga, who departed as afree agent, andShawn Estes, who was traded to theNew York Metsin exchange forTsuyoshi ShinjoandDesi Relaford. Notable player acquisitions includedReggie Sanders, a free agent, andDavid Bell, who the",
"Bell, who the Giants received from theSeattle Marinersin exchange for Desi Relaford and cash. During the season the Giants also acquiredKenny Loftonfrom theChicago White Soxin exchange for two minor leaguers. Sanders, Bell, Shinjo, and Lofton helped bolster a Giants offense led by longtime GiantsBarry Bonds,J. T. Snow,Rich Aurilia, andJeff Kent, as well as relative newcomerBenito Santiago. Thestarting pitchingrotation was led byKirk RueterandJason Schmidt, with abullpenled byTim WorrellandcloserRobb Nen. During the 2002 regular season, the Giants led the NL West standings for most of April and a few days in May; however, by the end of May they had fallen to third place behind theLos Angeles DodgersandArizona Diamondbacks. They spent most of the next three months in third place, but on September 9 they took second place for good, while the Dodgers either tied them or fell to third place for the rest of the season. The Giants finished the regular season with a record of 95–66,2+1⁄2games behindthe NL West",
"behindthe NL West champion Diamondbacks. They won the NLwild card,3+1⁄2games ahead of the runner-up Dodgers. In the2002 postseason, the wild-card Giants' first opponent was the top-seededAtlanta Braves, who they defeated in five games to return to the NLCS for the first time since1989. In the NLCS, the Giants defeated the #3 seedSt. Louis Cardinalsin five games to advance to the World Series for the 17th time in franchise history. Dusty Baker became the first black manager to participate in a World Series sinceCito GastonforTorontoin1992and1993. This was Giants' outfielderReggie Sanders' second consecutive World Series appearance with different teams—in2001he got there with theArizona Diamondbacks. This was the first time this happened sinceDon Baylordid it in three consecutive years with theBoston Red Soxin1986, theMinnesota Twinsin1987, and with theOakland Athleticsin1988. Anaheim Angels Like the Giants, the Angels and their fans carried a long history of futility and disappointment. Enfranchised in 1961,",
"in 1961, the Angels had never before played in the World Series. They came close several times, including ALCS losses in1979to theBaltimore Orioles,1982to theMilwaukee Brewers, and in1986to theBoston Red Sox. After dropping the 1979 ALCS in four games, the Angels brought their opponents to the brink of elimination in each of those last two series, before losing the next three consecutive games and the series. The 1986 ALCS, in which the Angels were as close as 1 strike away from the World Series, was the Angels' latest postseason appearance, though they came close in1995when they lost aone-game tie-breakerfor the AL West championship to theSeattle Marinersafter blowing a 14-game lead in the standings. 2002 was the Angels' third season undermanagerMike Scioscia. The Angels finished the previous injury marredseasonwith a record of 75–87, finishing in third place in the AL West. The most notable personnel change during the offseason was the trade offirst basemanMo Vaughnto theNew York Metsin exchange",
"Metsin exchange forpitcherKevin Appier. Offensively, the team was led by longtime AngelsGarret Anderson,Darin Erstad,Troy GlausandTim Salmon, as well as relative newcomersAdam KennedyandDavid Eckstein. Thestarting pitchingrotation was led byRamón OrtizandJarrod Washburn, as well as mid-season call-upJohn Lackey, while the bullpen was led bysetup manBrendan DonnellyandcloserTroy Percival. The bullpen was bolstered in late September by the addition of 20-year-oldrelieverprospectFrancisco Rodriguez. The Angels spent much of the season trailing the first-placeSeattle Marinersand on occasion theOakland Athleticsin the AL West standings. However, the Athletics and Angels both mounted late-season comebacks that, coupled with a poor August record for the Mariners, knocked the Mariners down to third place. The Athletics won 20 straight games at one point, and the Angels finished the season in second place with a 99–63 record, fourgames behindthe Athletics, but won the ALwild card, six games ahead of theBoston Red",
"of theBoston Red Soxand Seattle Mariners. Their 99 wins was third best in the A.L. and fourth best in baseball. In the2002 postseason, the wild-card Angels first faced off against the overall #1 seed and four-time defending American League championNew York Yankeesin the ALDS. The Angels shocked the four-time defending AL champions in four games to return to the ALCS for the first time since1986. Their opponent in the ALCS was the third-seededMinnesota Twins, who they defeated in five games to advance to the World Series for the first time in franchise history. Summary Anaheim won the series, 4–3. Matchups Game 1 San Francisco won 4–3 at Edison International Field of Anaheim (nowAngel Stadium of Anaheim) to take a 1–0 series lead. As he strode into the batter's box to open the second inning,Barry Bondswas finally making his first (and only) World Series appearance; in his first at bat on a 2–1 pitch from Angels starterJarrod Washburn, Bonds smoked a line drive for a home run to right field, which gave the",
"which gave the Giants a quick 1–0 lead.Reggie Sandersthen followed that up with an opposite-field homer later in the inning. With the Giants leading 2–1 in the fifth, Giants batterJ. T. Snow(who formerly played for the Angels) hit a two-run shot over the center field wall after Sanders singled to give San Francisco a three-run advantage. Eventual Series MVPTroy Glaushit two home runs for the Angels, one in the second and another in the sixth off Giants starterJason Schmidt. Adam Kennedy drove in a run with a base hit in the sixth as well to trim the deficit to 4–3. However, Schmidt was effective otherwise, along with relieverFélix Rodríguezand closerRobb Nen, as they held off the Halos the rest of the way. Game 2 Game 2 was a slugfest that saw the lead fluctuate wildly between the two teams. The Angels plated five runs in the first inning by batting around against Giants starting pitcherRuss Ortiz.David Ecksteinsingled to lead off and scored onDarin Erstad's double. AfterTim Salmonsingled,Garret Anderson's",
"Anderson's RBI single made it 2–0 Angels. AfterTroy Glausflew out, consecutive RBI singles byBrad FullmerandScott Spieziomade it 4–0 Angels. Fullmer stole home plate for the Angels' fifth run of the inning. In the second inning, however,Kevin Appiersurrendered most of the lead by allowing a three-run homer to Sanders followed by a shot to David Bell. The Angels answered with a two-run home run from veteran Tim Salmon to make it 7–4 in the Angels' favor. Ortiz would not finish the inning and was relieved byChad Zerbe, who provided four innings of relief. Appier did not last much longer than Ortiz, as he was pulled in the third and replaced byJohn Lackey, the Angels scheduled starter for Game 4, after surrendering a lead-off home run toJeff Kent. Lackey temporarily quieted the Giants' offense but ran into trouble in the fifth inning, allowing a double and intentional walk.Ben Weberrelieved him but allowed a single toBenito Santiagoto load the bases, then a two-run single toJ. T. Snowthat tied the game.",
"tied the game. AfterReggie Sandersstruck out, consecutive RBI singles byDavid BellandShawon Dunstongave the Giants a 9–7 lead. The Angels turned to 20-year-old rookie relieverFrancisco Rodriguez, who answered by shutting down the Giants offense for the next three innings. He retired nine batters in a row on 25 pitches (22 were strikes). Meanwhile, the Angels chipped away at their deficit. In the bottom of the fifth, Glaus and Fullmer hit back-to-back leadoff singles before the former scored on Spezio's sacrifice fly. Next inning, Erstad doubled with two outs. Zerbe was relieved byJay Witasick, who walkedTim Salmon.Aaron Fultzrelieved Witasick and allowed an RBI single to Anderson to tie the game, but Salmon was thrown out at third to end the inning. Salmon drilled a two-run home run with two outs in the eighth inning off ofFélix Rodríguez, giving Anaheim an 11–9 lead. Closer Troy Percival retired the first two batters in the ninth, and, after allowing a mammoth shot from Bonds that landed halfway up the",
"halfway up the right field bleachers, retiredBenito Santiagoto even the series. Bonds became the first player sinceTed Simmonsin the1982 World Seriesto hit a home run in his first two World Series games, joining Simmons,Dusty Rhodesin the1954 World SeriesandJimmie Foxxin the1929 World Series. The feat would later be duplicated byCraig Monroeof the Tigers in the2006 World Series. Giants pitchers failed to strike out a batter for the entire game, the first time this had happened in the World Series since Game 7 of the1960 World Series; as of 2021 it remains the last time a team has not recorded a strikeout in a World Series game. The Angels won despite giving up four home runs to the Giants, compared to two by the Angels. Game 3 Anaheim won 10–4 in the first World Series game at Pacific Bell Park (nowOracle Park). The Angels batted around twice without a home run in either of their four-run innings. They became the first team in World Series history to bat around in consecutive innings. Barry Bonds hit another",
"Bonds hit another home run, becoming the first player to homer in his first three World Series games. The Giants struck first onBenito Santiago's based-loaded groundout in the first off ofRamón Ortiz, but Giants starterLiván HernándezwalkedDavid Ecksteinto lead off the third and allowed a subsequent double toDarin Erstad. An error onTim Salmon's groundball allowed Eckstein to score. AfterGarret Andersonflew out,Troy Glaushit an RBI single andScott Spieziofollowed with a two-run triple. Next inning, Anderson's RBI groundout with runners on second and third chased Hernandez.Jay Witasickentered in relief and walked Glaus before allowing RBI singles to Spiezio,Adam KennedyandBengie Molina, which increased Anaheim's lead to 8–1.Rich Auriliahit a one-out home run in the fifth for the Giants. AfterJeff Kentsingled, Bonds's home run made it 8–4, but the Giants did not score after that. The Angels added to their lead on Eckstein's RBI single in the sixth off ofAaron Fultzand Erstad's bases-loaded fielder's choice in",
"fielder's choice in the eighth off ofScott Eyre. Giants public address announcerRenel Brooks-Moonis recognized by theBaseball Hall of Fameas the first female announcer of a championship game in any professional sport for her role in the 2002 World Series. Her scorecard from Game 3 is on display in theNational Baseball Hall of Fame and MuseuminCooperstown, New York. Until 2014, this game was the Giants' only World Series loss at home sincePacific Bell Parkopened in 2000. They proceeded to win the final two games in this series, then won four straight home games in their next two World Series appearances in2010and2012until finally losing at home in Game 3 in2014. Game 4 The Angels struck first in the second onDavid Eckstein's bases-loaded sacrifice fly, then made it 3–0 next inning onTroy Glaus's two-run home run off of starterKirk Rueter. In the bottom of the fifth, however, Angels starterJohn Lackeyallowed three consecutive leadoff singles, the last of which byRich Auriliascoring Rueter.Jeff Kent's sacrifice",
"Kent's sacrifice fly cut the Angels' lead to 3–2 andNLCSMVPBenito Santiagotied the game with a single in after the Angels walked Barry Bonds with a runner on second and two outs. David Bell put the Giants ahead with an RBI single in the bottom of the eighth off ofFrancisco Rodriguez. The run was unearned, due to Anaheim catcherBengie Molina's passed ball during the previous at-bat, allowingJ. T. Snowto move to second.Tim Worrellgot the win for the Giants. San Francisco scored a 4–3 victory to tie the series and ensured a return trip to Anaheim. Game 5 San Francisco took a 16–4 blowout win in a game in which the Angels never led. The most well-known moment in this game occurred in the bottom of the seventh when Giants first basemanJ. T. Snowscored off aKenny Loftontriple. Three-year-oldbatboyDarren, son of Giants managerDusty Baker, ran to home plate to collect Lofton's bat before the play was completed and was quickly lifted by the jacket by Snow with one hand as he crossed the plate, withDavid Bellclose on",
"Bellclose on his heels. Had Snow not acted quickly, Darren could have been seriously injured in a play at home plate. Giants' second-baseman Jeff Kent hit two home runs to break out of a slump (hitting his first home run since Game 2), driving in four runs. In the bottom of the first,Barry Bonds's double off ofJarrod Washburnwith runners on first and second gave the Giants an early lead.Benito Santiago's sacrifice fly, followed by three consecutive walks made it 3–0 Giants. Next inning, Benito's bases-loaded single scored two andReggie Sanders's sacrifice fly scored another.Orlando Palmeirodoubled to lead off the top of the fifth, moved to third onDavid Eckstein's single and scored onDarin Erstad's sacrifice fly. AfterTim Salmonsingled, a wild pitch by starterJason Schmidtallowed Eckstein to score. AfterGarret Andersonstruck out,Troy Glaus's RBI double cut the Giants' lead to 6–3. The Angels cut it to 6–4 next inning off ofChad Zerbeon Eckstein's groundout with runners on second and third, but did not score",
"but did not score again. Kent's two-run home run in the bottom half off ofBen Weberwidened the Giants' lead to 8–4. Next inning,Kenny Lofton's two-run triple made it 10-4 Giants.Scot Shieldsrelieved Weber and after Aurilia struck out, Kent's second home run of the game made it 12–4 Giants. Next inning, Shields allowed consecutive one-out singles toJ. T. SnowandDavid Bell, then an error onTsuyoshi Shinjo's ground ball made it 13–4 Giants. After Lofton grounded out, Aurilia capped the scoring with a three-run home run.Scott Eyreretired the Angels in order in the ninth as the Giants were one win away from a World Series title.Chad Zerbeearned the win for the Giants. This game shares one peculiar record with Game 2 of the1960 World Series. The two games share the World Series record for most runs scored by a game winning team who ultimately went on to lose the series. Game 6 The turning point in the Series came in Game 6. Following the top of the seventh inning, the Giants led 5–0 but then proceeded to surrender",
"to surrender three runs in the bottom of the inning and another three runs in the bottom of the eighth inning and lost the game 6–5. The game was scoreless through the first four innings. In the top of the fifth, San Francisco took the lead.David Bellsingled with one out, thenShawon Dunston's home run made it 2–0 Giants. AfterKenny Loftondoubled,Francisco RodríguezrelievedKevin Appier. Lofton stole third and scored on a wild pitch. In the top of the sixth, Barry Bonds homered off Rodriguez to make it 4–0, and the Giants added another run in the top of the seventh when Lofton singled and stole second and was driven in by a single byJeff Kent. Leading 5–0 with one out in the bottom of the seventh inning, eight outs away from the Giants' first World Series title sincemovingto San Francisco in 1958, Giants managerDusty Bakerpulled starting pitcherRuss Ortiz, who had shut out the Angels during the game, for setup manFélix Rodríguezafter Ortiz gave up consecutive singles to third basemanTroy Glausand designated",
"Glausand designated hitterBrad Fullmer. In a move noted in later years, Baker gave Ortiz the game ball as he sent him back to the dugout, as Ortiz wanted a souvenir ball (contrary to some belief, the Angels did not see the move in real time).During the pitching change theRally Monkeycame on theJumboTron, sending 45,037 Angels fans into a frenzy. Angels first basemanScott Spieziothen fouled off pitch after pitch before finally hitting a three-run home run that barely cleared the wall in right field. Ortiz would be charged with two runs and a no-decision, his second of the series. The rally continued in the eighth inning, as Angels center fielderDarin Erstadhit a leadoff line-drive home run, followed by consecutive singles byTim SalmonandGarret Anderson. When Bonds misplayed Anderson's shallow left field bloop single,Chone Figgins(who had pinch-run for Salmon) and Anderson took third and second base, respectively. With no outs, two runners in scoring position and now only a 5–4 lead, Baker brought in",
"Baker brought in closerRobb Nento pitch to Glaus, hoping that Nen could induce a strikeout that might yet preserve the Giants' slim lead; prior to that game, he was seven of seven in postseason saves that year despite dealing with a shoulder injury. However, Glaus slugged a double to the left-center fieldgapover Bonds' head to drive in the tying and go-ahead runs and giving Nen a blown save. Nen managed to keep Glaus from scoring before leaving the game, which ended up being his final appearance as a major league player. In the ninth inning, Angels closerTroy Percivalstruck outTom Goodwin, induced a foul popout from Lofton, and struck outRich Auriliato preserve the 6–5 victory in front of the jubilant home crowd. The comeback from a five-run deficit was the largest in World Series history for an elimination game. No other team overcame a five-run deficit to win a World Series game until Game 1 of the2022 World Series, when thePhiladelphia Philliesdid so against theHouston Astros. That Astros team, like the",
"team, like the Giants, was managed by Dusty Baker. This game ranked number 2 asESPN's Game of the Year in 2002. Game 7 Game 7 proved to be somewhat anticlimactic after the drama of Game 6. The Giants scored the first run in the top of the second inning whenReggie Sandershit a sacrifice fly to scoreBenito Santiagofrom third (after back-to-back singles from Santiago and J.T. Snow), but the Angels responded with a run-scoring double from catcherBengie Molinathat scoredScott Spieziofrom first after he had walked with two outs. In the bottom of the third,David EcksteinandDarin Erstadled off with back-to-back singles andTim Salmonwas hit in his hand by a pitch to load the bases with no outs (Salmon would later leave the game due to the injury, being replaced byAlex Ochoa). Left fielderGarret Andersonthen hit a bases-clearing three-run double to push the Angels to a 4–1 lead and gave San Francisco starterLiván Hernándezthe loss. Hernández was yanked after walkingTroy Glausto put two on, butChad Zerbegot out of the",
"Zerbegot out of the nightmarish inning. Zerbe,Kirk Rueter, andTim Worrellheld the Angels scoreless for the rest of the game, allowing only one hit, but it was not enough. Rookie starting pitcherJohn Lackeymaintained that lead through five innings, and turned the game over to the strong Angels bullpen. In the ninth inning, closerTroy Percivalprovided some tense moments. J.T. Snow led off with a single and was forced out at second byTom Goodwin. Goodwin then stole second asDavid Bellwalked, putting two men on with only one out and the tying run at the plate. ButTsuyoshi Shinjo—the first Japanese-born player in a World Series game—struck out swinging, andKenny Lofton, also representing the tying run, flied out toDarin Erstadin right-center field to end the Series. The Angels won Game 7, 4–1, to claim their franchise's first and only World Series championship to date. John Lackey became the first rookie pitcher to win a World Series Game 7 since 1909. In Game 7, three rookie pitchers (John Lackey,Brendan",
"Lackey,Brendan Donnelly, andFrancisco Rodríguez) combined to throw eight innings while only giving up one run combined. The Angels won the World Series despite scoring fewer runs (41) than the Giants (44). The Angels lost the first game in all three rounds of the playoffs (Division Series,League Championship Series, andWorld Series), yet rebounded to win each time. They were the first, and to date only, team to do this since the new postseason format was created in 1994. Until2017, this was the last time a franchise would win its first World Series title. It was also the second year in a row that the feat had been accomplished; in 2001, the Diamondbacks beat the Yankees in just their fourth year of existence. Also in those two years, both teams won the World Series in just their first appearance, which did not happen again until2019, when the Washington Nationals would accomplish the feat. The Angels became the first American League (AL) champion team not representing the AL East Division to win the World",
"to win the World Series since the Minnesota Twins in1991. The Angels were also the first American League Wild Card winner to win the World Series. With this win the Angels got rid of the supposed curse on their head stemming fromAnaheim Stadiumbeing built on an ancient Indian burial ground. This was Dusty Baker's final game as manager of the Giants, as he left to become manager of the Chicago Cubs in the offseason. Composite box 2002 World Series(4–3):Anaheim Angels(A.L.)overSan Francisco Giants(N.L.) Impact and aftermath The Angels and the Giants combined to log 85 runs over the course of the series, the largest combined run total for both teams in World Series history. This remains the most recent World Series that was played entirely within one state. There would not be another postseason match-up between two California teams until the2020 National League Division Seriesbetween theLos Angeles DodgersandSan Diego Padres, which took place at neutral site (Globe Life Fieldin Arlington, Texas) due to",
"Texas) due to theCOVID-19outbreak. This was the last World Series where home-field advantage alternated between the National and American Leagues each year. As a result of the tie in the2002 All-Star Game, beginning in 2003 home-field advantage in the World Series was controversially granted to the league that won the All-Star Game. That practice ended after the2016 Series; beginning in 2017, the team with the better regular season record will enjoy home field advantage, the same format used in theNational Basketball Association'sFinalsandNational Hockey League'sStanley Cup Finals. Following the Darren Baker incident in game 5, MLB changed their rules requiring batboys and batgirls be at least 14 years old. This is currently the earliest World Series in which no personnel from either team have been elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fame. Angels Just before the start of the 2003 season,the Walt Disney Companysold the Angels for $180 million to businessmanArte Moreno. Nevertheless, the 2002 World Series",
"2002 World Series win began the most successful era in Angels franchise history, making six postseason appearances from 2002 to 2009. Before 2002, they had been to the postseason three times in franchise history (1979,1982, and1986). They advanced to the ALCS in2005and2009, but lost those series respectively to theChicago White SoxandNew York Yankees, each while en route to their own World Series championship. The Angels were the most recent team to win the championship in its first World Series appearance until theWashington Nationalsaccomplished the feat in2019; between 2002 and 2019, all first-time World Series participants would lose—theHouston Astrosin2005,Colorado Rockiesin2007,Tampa Bay Raysin2008, andTexas Rangersin2010. The 2002 Series run would be the highpoint of the Angels run with Mike Scioscia as manager. From 2002 to 2009, the Angels would make the playoffs six times. They advanced to the American League Championship Series two further times (2005, 2009), losing twice. After one further",
"After one further appearance in 2014, the Angels fired Scioscia in 2018. The Angels would sparingly use theRally Monkeymascot after the 2002 World Series and unofficially retired it after the 2009 postseason. BothDavid EcksteinandScott Spieziolater played for the2006St. Louis Cardinalsworld championship team. Eckstein and Spiezio played alongsideYadier Molina, younger brother ofBengieandJosé Molina, on the Cardinals. José later won a second World Series title with the2009Yankees, whileJohn Lackeyadded two World Series rings with the2013Boston Red Soxand2016Chicago Cubs. Giants Game 7 of the series was Dusty Baker's final game as manager of the Giants, as he left in the offseason to take the same position with the Cubs due to disagreements with ownership. Game 7 was alsoJeff Kent's last game in San Francisco, as he signed a free-agent contract to play for the Houston Astros during the off-season. The departure of manager Baker, a season-long feud withBarry Bondsand a desire to be closer to his family's Texas",
"his family's Texas ranch factored into Kent's eventual decision to leave the Giants.He retired as the all-time leader in home runs as asecond baseman.The 2000 MVP would be inducted into theSan Francisco Giants Wall of Famein 2009. The Giants would return to the postseason the following season under new managerFelipe Alouwith a 100 win season (the first time in ten years), but they would lose in theNLDSto theFlorida Marlins, a Wild Card team that later won the World Series championship. After a second-place finish in 2004, the Giants had losing seasons for the next four years, and they replaced Alou withBruce Bochyin 2007. After losing 90 games in 2008, the Giants won 88 games for a surprising third-place finish in 2009. Building on their 2009 season, the Giants returned to the postseason in 2010 as a Divisional Winner team, defeating the Braves in theNLDS, and the Phillies in theNLCSen route to the World Series, where they defeated the Rangers in five games, earning the long-awaited championship they could",
"they could not reach in 2002. In 2012, after fighting back from down two games to none in the NLDS against theCincinnati Reds(led by Baker) and down three games to one against the defending World Series Champions, theSt. Louis Cardinalsin the NLCS, they swept theDetroit Tigersfor their second World Series Championship in three years. In 2014, the Giants added their third title in five seasons by defeating theKansas City Royalsin seven games. Of the players from the 2002 Giants (excluding previous World Series championsLiván Hernández,Robb NenandReggie Sanders), onlyScott EyreandPedro Felizwent on to win a World Series ring with another team. Eyre and Feliz became teammates on the 2008Philadelphia Philliesworld championship team. By the time San Francisco won their first World Series in 2010, there were no members of the 2002 squad still on that team. Barry Bonds In terms of personal accolades,Barry Bondswould breakHank Aaron's all-time homerun recordin 2007. Bonds also won two moreNational League MVPsin 2003",
"League MVPsin 2003 and 2004, extending his record for most MVP Awards to seven. Bonds would enter free agency at the end of the 2007 season for the first time since coming over from Pittsburgh to San Francisco in 1993, but there were no teams interested in signing him. Bonds would not play another major league game after the 2007 season. He retired as one of the greatest players in MLB history to never to win a championship, along withTed WilliamsandTy Cobb. Bonds' last few seasons and his post-playing career would be mired due toperformance enhancing drugsallegations.The only way Bonds could make theNational Baseball Hall of Famewould be through theVeterans Committee, as he lost out toDavid Ortizin the2022 ballot, his 10th and final one. This was met with negative reaction from some fans, as fans complained that Ortiz had made the Hall of Fame, despite testing positive for PEDs in 2003, whilst Bonds never tested positive for any PEDs. Dusty Baker Dusty Bakerreceived great fan ire for his decision to",
"for his decision to pullRuss Ortizin Game 6 with a 5–0 lead and just a few more outs away from clinching San Francisco's first World Series in the city. Baker would serve as the manager for theChicago Cubsin 2003 after mutually parting ways in San Francisco after the World Series. As with the Giants, he would help break a postseason drought, as he led them to a series victory in the2003 National League Division Seriesover Atlanta, the first postseason series victory in 95 years for Chicago. However, they would lose in the2003 National League Championship Seriesto the Florida Marlins when they were five outs from clinching a pennant in Game 6. This was the first of a long line of postseason futility for Baker, who went to the postseason five further times in his next eleven seasons as a manager but failed to win a single series. In 2020, he was hired to manage theHouston Astros. He broke his postseason drought with the team by winning in the Wild Card Series that year (2020) and then returned to theWorld",
"to theWorld Seriesthe following year (where they ultimately lost toAtlantain six games) after winning the2021 American League Championship Series. In2022, he finally won a World championship on his third try, defeatingPhiladelphiain six games to set a new mark of being the manager with the most regular season victories (2,093) before winning their first championship. Russ Ortiz, the pitcher who nearly won Baker a world championship 20 years prior, congratulated Baker on his first championship as a manager onInstagram. Radio and television Notes See also References External links Media related to2002 World Seriesat Wikimedia Commons",
"Barry Bonds As coach MLB records Barry Lamar Bonds(born July 24, 1964)is an American former professionalbaseballleft fielderwho played 22 seasons inMajor League Baseball(MLB). Bonds was a member of thePittsburgh Piratesfrom 1986 to 1992 and theSan Francisco Giantsfrom 1993 to 2007.He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time. Recognized as an all-around player, Bonds received a record sevenNational League(NL)Most Valuable Player Awardsand 12Silver Slugger Awards, along with 14All-Starselections. He holds many MLB hitting records, includingmost career home runs(762),most home runs in a single season(73, set in 2001), and the records for themost walksandintentional walksin a career, season, and in consecutive games.Bonds led MLB inon-base plus sluggingsix times and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17qualifyingseasons.For his defensive play in the outfield, he won eightGold Glove Awards.He also had 514stolen bases, becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at",
"to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases.Bonds is ranked first in careerWins Above Replacementamong all major leagueposition playersbyBaseball-Reference.comand second byFanGraphs, behind onlyBabe Ruth. Despite his accolades, Bonds led a controversial career, notably as a central figure in baseball'ssteroids scandal. He was indicted in 2007 on charges ofperjuryandobstruction of justicefor allegedly lying to a grand jury during the federal government's investigation ofBALCO, a manufacturer of an undetectable steroid. After the perjury charges were dropped, Bonds was convicted of obstruction of justice in 2011,but was exonerated on appeal in 2015.During his 10 years of eligibility, he did not receive the 75% of the vote needed to be elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fame.Some voters of theBaseball Writers' Association of America(BBWAA) stated they did not vote for Bonds because they believe he usedperformance-enhancing drugs. Early life Bonds was born inRiverside, California, to Patricia",
"to Patricia (née Howard) and former major leaguerBobby Bonds,and grew up inSan Carlosand attendedJunípero Serra High SchoolinSan Mateo, where he excelled in baseball, basketball, andfootball. He played on thejunior varsity teamduring his freshman year and on thevarsity teamfor the remainder of his high school career. He garnered a .467batting averagehis senior year, and was named prepAll-American.The Giants drafted Bonds in the second round of the1982 MLB draftas a high school seniorbut the Giants and Bonds were unable to agree on contract terms whenTom Haller's maximum offer was $70,000 ($220,000 today) and Bonds's minimum to go pro was $75,000, so Bonds instead decided to attend college. College career Bonds attendedArizona State University, hitting .347 with 45 home runs and 175runs batted in(RBI).In 1984 he batted .360 and had 30stolen bases. In 1985, he hit 23 home runs with 66 RBIs and a .368 batting average. He was aSporting NewsAll-American selection that year. He tied theNCAArecord with seven",
"with seven consecutive hits in theCollege World Seriesas a sophomore and was named to All-Time College World Series Team in 1996. Bonds was not well-liked by his Sun Devil teammates, in part because in the words of longtime coachJim Brock, he was \"rude, inconsiderate and self-centered.\" When he was suspended for breaking curfew, the other players initially voted against his return even though he was easily the best player on the team. He graduated from Arizona State in 1986 with a degree incriminology. He was named ASU On Deck Circle Most Valuable Player; other winners includeDustin Pedroia,Willie Bloomquist,Paul Lo Duca, andIke Davis.During college, he played part of one summer in the amateurAlaska Baseball Leaguewith theAlaska Goldpanners. Professional career Draft and minor leagues ThePittsburgh Piratesdrafted Bonds as the sixth overall pick of the1985 Major League Baseball draft.He joined thePrince William Piratesof theCarolina Leagueand was named July 1985 Player of the Month for the league.In 1986, he",
"league.In 1986, he hit .311 in 44 games for theHawaii Islandersof thePacific Coast League. Pittsburgh Pirates (1986–1992) Before Bonds made it to the major leagues in Pittsburgh, Pirate fan attendance was low, with 1984 and 1985 attendance below 10,000 per game for the 81-game home schedule,with attendance woes being a combination of theeconomic problemsofWestern Pennsylvaniain the early 1980s as well as thePittsburgh drug trialsthat directly affected the Pirates going fromWorld Series championsto nearly relocating toDenverin only six years. Bonds made his major league debut on May 30, 1986.In 1986, Bonds ledNational League(NL) rookies with 16 home runs, 48 RBI, 36 stolen bases, and 65 walks, but he finished 6th inRookie of the Yearvoting.He playedcenter fieldin 1986 but switched toleft fieldwith the arrival of centerfielderAndy Van Slykein 1987. In his early years, Bonds batted as theleadoff hitter.With Van Slyke also in the outfield, the Pirates had a venerable defensive tandem that worked together to",
"worked together to cover a lot of ground on the field although they were not close off the field.The Pirates experienced a surge in fan enthusiasm with Bonds on the team and set the club attendance record of 52,119 in the 1987 home opener.That year, he hit 25 home runs in his second season, along with 32 stolen bases and 59 RBIs. Bonds improved in 1988, hitting .283 with 24 home runs.The Pirates broke the record set the previous year with 54,089 attending the home opener.Bonds now fit into a highly respected lineup featuringBobby Bonilla, Van Slyke, andJay Bell.He finished with 19 homers, 58 RBIs, and 14 outfieldassistsin 1989, which was second in the NL.Following the season, rumors that he would be traded to theLos Angeles DodgersforJeff HamiltonandJohn Wetteland, but the team denied the rumors and no such trade occurred. Bonds won his firstMVP Awardin 1990,hitting .301 with 33 home runs and 114 RBIs. He also stole 52 bases, which was third in the league, to become a first-time member of the30–30 club. He",
"the30–30 club. He won his firstGold Glove AwardandSilver Slugger Award.That year, the Pirates won theNational League Easttitle for their first postseason berth since winning the1979 World Series. However,the Cincinnati Reds, whose last post-season berth had also been in 1979 when they lost to the Pirates inthat year's NLCS, defeated the Pirates in theNLCSen route to winning the1990 World Series. In 1991, Bonds also put up great numbers, hitting 25 homers and driving in 116 runs, and obtained another Gold Glove and Silver Slugger. He finished second tothe Atlanta Braves'Terry Pendleton(the NL batting champion) in the MVP voting. In March 1992, Pirates general managerTed Simmonsagreed to a deal with Atlanta Braves counterpartJohn Schuerholzto trade Bonds, in exchange forAlejandro Peña,Keith Mitchell, and a player to be named later. Pirates managerJim Leylandopposed the trade vehemently, and the proposal was rescinded.Bonds stayed with Pittsburgh and won his second MVP award that season.While hitting .311 with",
"hitting .311 with 34 homers and 103 RBIs, he propelled the Pirates to their third straightNational League Eastdivision title. However, Pittsburgh was defeated by the Braves in a seven-gameNational League Championship Series. Bonds participated in the final play ofGame 7of the NLCS, whereby he fielded a base hit byFrancisco Cabreraand attempted to throw outSid Breamat home plate. But the throw to Pirates catcherMike LaVallierewas late and Bream scored the winning run.For the third consecutive season, the NL East Champion Pirates were denied a trip to the World Series. Following the loss, Bonds and star teammateDoug Drabekwere expected to command salaries too high for Pittsburgh to again sign them. Bonds was never well-liked by reporters or fans while in Pittsburgh, despite winning two MVP awards. One paper even gave him an \"award\" as the \"MDP\" (Most Despised Pirate). San Francisco Giants (1993–2007) 1993 season In 1993, Bonds left the Pirates to sign a lucrativefree agentcontract worth a then-record $43.75",
"then-record $43.75 million (equivalent to $92.3 million in 2023) over six years with the Giants, with whom his father had spent the first seven years of his career, and with whom his godfatherWillie Maysplayed 22 of his 24 Major League seasons. The deal was at that time the largest in baseball history, in terms of both total value and average annual salary. Once he signed with the Giants, Bonds had intended to wear the number 24, his number during most of his stay with the Pirates and, after receiving Mays's blessing, the Giants were willing to unretire it until the public commotion from fans and media became too much.To honor his father, Bonds switched his jersey number to 25, as it had been Bobby's number in San Francisco. In an emotional press conference announcing the signing, Bonds described joining the Giants as going \"home\" and following in the footsteps of his father and godfather as \"unbelievable\" and \"a boyhood dream come true.\"His father joined the team as a coach in the same year.During a game",
"year.During a game against theColorado Rockieson May 12, 1993, both Bonds and his father, along withJerald ClarkandRon Hasseyof the Rockies, were ejected for their role in an on-field fight. Bonds hit .336 in 1993, leading the league with 46 home runs and 123 RBI en route to his second consecutive MVP award,and third overall. As good as the Giants were (winning 103 games), theAtlanta Braveswon 104 in what some call the last great pennant race (because thewild cardwas instituted the year after). 1994 season In thestrike-shortened season of 1994, Bonds hit .312 with 37 home runs and a league-leading 74 walks,and he finished 4th in MVP voting. 1995 season In 1995, Bonds hit 33 homers and drove in 104 runs, hitting .294 but finished only 12th in MVP voting.In 1994, he appeared in a small role as himself in the television filmJane's House, starringJames WoodsandAnne Archer. 1996 season In 1996, Bonds became the first National League player and second major league player (of the current list of six) to hit 40 home",
"six) to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season.The other members of the40–40 clubareJosé Canseco(1988),Alex Rodriguez(1998),Alfonso Soriano(2006),Ronald Acuna Jr.(2023), andShohei Ohtani(2024). His father Bobby Bonds was one home run short in 1973 when he hit 39 home runs and stole 43 bases. Bonds hit his 300th and 301st home runs off theFlorida Marlins'John Burketton April 27.He became the fourth player in history to join the 300–300 club with 300 stolen bases and 300 home runs for a career, joiningWillie Mays,Andre Dawson, and his father. Bonds's totals for the season included 129 runs driven in, a .308 average and a then-National League record 151 walks.He finished fifth in the MVP balloting. 1997 season In 1997, Bonds hit .291, his lowest average since 1989. He hit 40 home runs for the second straight year and drove in 101 runs, leading the league in walks again with 145.He also stole 37 bases, tying his father for having the most 30–30 seasons (5), and he again placed fifth in the MVP",
"fifth in the MVP balloting. 1998 season With two outs in the 9th inning of a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 28, 1998, Bonds became only the fifth player in baseball history to be given anintentional walkwith the bases loaded.Nap Lajoie(1901),Del Bissonette(1928) andBill Nicholson(1944) were three others in the 20th century who received that rare honor. The first to receive one wasAbner Dalrymplein 1881. On August 23, Bonds hit his 400th career home run. By doing so, he became the first player ever to enter the 400–400 club by having career totals of 400 home runs and 400 stolen bases;he is still the only player to have achieved this feat. The milestone home run came offKirt Ojala, who, like Burkett, was pitching for the Marlins.For the season, he hit .303 with 37 home runs and drove in 122 runs, winning his eighth Gold Glove,He finished 8th in the MVP voting. 1999 season 1999 marked a career-low, up to that point, for Bonds in terms of playing time. Bonds started off the 1999 season hitting",
"1999 season hitting well by batting .366 in the month of April with 4 home runs and 12 RBIs in the Giants' first 12 games of the season. But on April 18 he was placed on the 15-day disabled list for only the 2nd time in his career up to that point. Bonds had suffered a torn tendon in his biceps as well as bone spurs in his elbow, both of which required surgery and cost him the rest of April and all of May. Upon returning to action on June 9, Bonds struggled somewhat at the plate for the remainder of the 1999 season. A series of nagging injuries including elbow pain, knee inflammation and groin issues hampered his play. Only hitting .248 after his return from the disabled list, he still managed to slug 34 home runs, drive in 83 runs as well as hit for a .617 slugging percentage, despite missing nearly two full months with injuries and only playing in 102 games. Bill Jamesranked Bonds as the best player of the 1990s. He added that the decade's second-best player,Craig Biggio,had been closer in production to",
"in production to the decade's 10th-best player than to Bonds. In 1999, with statistics through 1997 being considered, Bonds ranked Number 34 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, making him the highest-ranking active player. When the Sporting News list was redone in 2005, Bonds was ranked 6th behind Babe Ruth, Willie Mays,Ty Cobb,Walter Johnson, andHank Aaron. Bonds was omitted from 1999's Major League Baseball All-Century Team, to whichKen Griffey Jr.was elected.James wrote of Bonds, \"Certainly the most unappreciated superstar of my lifetime. ... Griffey has always been more popular, but Bonds has been a far, far greater player.\" In 1999, he rated Bonds as the 16th-best player of all time. \"When people begin to take in all of his accomplishments,\" he predicted, \"Bonds may well be rated among the five greatest players in the history of the game.\" 2000 season In 2000, the following year, Bonds hit .306 with career bests through that time in both slugging percentage (.688) and home",
"(.688) and home runs (49) in just 143 games. He also drew a league-leading 117 walks. 2001 season The next year, Bonds's offensive production reached even higher levels, breaking not only his own personal records but several major league records. In the Giants' first 50 games in 2001, he hit 28 home runs, including 17 in May—a career high.This early stretch included his 500th home run hit on April 17 againstTerry Adamsof theLos Angeles Dodgers.He also hit 39 home runs by the All-star break (a major league record), drew a major league record 177 walks, and had a .515 on-base average, a feat not seen since Mickey Mantle and Ted Williams over forty years earlier. Bonds' slugging percentage was a major league record .863(411 total bases in 476 at-bats), and he ended the season with a major league record 73 home runs. On October 4, by homering offWilfredo Rodríguezin the 159th game of the season, Bonds tied the previous record of 70 set byMark McGwire—which McGwire set in the 162nd game in 1998.He then hit",
"in 1998.He then hit numbers 71 and 72 the following night offChan Ho Park. Bonds added his 73rd offDennis Springeron October 7.The ball was later sold to toy manufacturerTodd McFarlanefor $450,000.He previously bought Mark McGwire's 70th home run ball from 1998.Bonds received theBabe Ruth Home Run Awardfor leading MLB in home runs that season. 2002 season Bonds re-signed with the Giants for a five-year, $90 million contract in January 2002.He hit five home runs in the Giants' first four games of the season, tyingLou Brock's 35-year record for most home runs after four games. He won the NL batting title with a career-high .370 average and struck out only 47 times.He hit 46 home runs in 403 at-bats. Despite playing in nine fewer games than the previous season, he drew 198 walks, a major-league record; 68 of them were intentional walks, surpassingWillie McCovey's 45 in 1969 for another Major League record. He slugged .799, then the fourth-highest total all time. Bonds broke Ted Williams' major league record for",
"league record for on-base average with .582. Bonds also hit his 600th home run, less than a year and a half after hitting his 500th.The home run came on August 9 at home againstKip Wellsof the Pirates. 2002 postseason Bonds batted .322 with eight home runs, 16 RBI, and 27 walks in the postseason en route to the2002 World Series, which the Giants lost 4–3 to theAnaheim Angels. 2003 season In 2003, Bonds played in just 130 games. He hit 45 home runs in just 390 at-bats, along with a .341 batting average. He slugged .749, walked 148 times, and had an on-base average well over .500 (.529) for the third straight year.He also became the only member of the career 500 home run/500 stolen base club by stealing second base on June 23 off of pitcherÉric Gagnéin the 11th inning of a tied ball game against theLos Angeles Dodgers(against whom Bonds had tallied his 500th home run). Bonds scored the game-winning run later that inning. 2004 season In 2004, Bonds had perhaps his best season. He hit .362 en route to his second",
"route to his second National League batting title, and broke his own record by walking 232 times (including an MLB record 120 intentional walks). He slugged .812, which was fourth-highest of all time, and broke his on-base percentage record with a .609 average. Bonds passed Mays on the career home run list by hitting his 661st off ofBen Fordon April 13.He then hit his 700th off ofJake Peavyon September 17.Bonds hit 45 home runs in 373 at-bats, and struck out just 41 times, putting himself in elite company, as few major leaguers have ever had more home runs than strikeouts in a season. Bonds would win his fourth consecutive MVP award and his seventh overall.His seven MVP awards are four more than any other player in history. In addition, no other player from either league has been awarded the MVP four times in a row.(The MVP award was first given in 1931). The 40-year-old Bonds also brokeWillie Stargell's 25-year record as the oldest player to win a Most Valuable Player Award (Stargell, at 39 years, 8 months,",
"39 years, 8 months, was National League co-MVP withKeith Hernandezin 1979). On July 4, he tied and passedRickey Henderson's career bases on balls record with his 2190th and 2191st career walks. As Bonds neared Aaron's record, Aaron was called on for his opinion of Bonds. He clarified that he was a fan and admirer of Bonds and avoided the controversy regarding whether the record should be denoted with an asterisk for Bonds's alleged steroid usage. He felt recognition and respect for the award was something to be determined by the fans.As the steroid controversy received greater media attention during the offseason before the 2005 season, Aaron expressed some reservations about the statements Bonds made on the issue. Aaron expressed that he felt drug and steroid use to boost athletic performance was inappropriate. Aaron was frustrated that the media could not focus on events that occurred in the field of play and wished drugs or gambling allegations such as those associated withPete Rosecould be emphasized",
"be emphasized less.In 2007, Aaron felt the whole steroid use issue was very controversial and decided that he would not attend any possible record-breaking games.Aaron congratulated Bonds through the media including a video played on the scoreboard when Bonds eventually broke Aaron's record in August 2007. 2005 season Bonds's salary for the 2005 season was $22 million, the second-highest salary in Major League Baseball (theYankees'Alex Rodriguezearned the highest, $25.2 million).Bonds endured a knee injury, multiple surgeries, and rehabilitation. He was activated on September 12 and started in left field. In his return against theSan Diego Padres, he nearly hit a home run in his first at-bat. Bonds finished the night 1-for-4.Upon his return, Bonds resumed his high-caliber performance at the plate, hitting home runs in four consecutive games from September 18 to 21 and finishing with five homers in only 14 games. 2006 season In 2006, Bonds earned $20 million (not including bonuses), the fourth-highest salary",
"salary in baseball. Through the 2006 season he had earned approximately $172 million during his then 21-year career, making him baseball's all-time highest-paid player.Bonds hit under .200 for his first 10 games of the season and did not hit a home run until April 22. This 10-game stretch was his longest home run slump since the 1998 season.On May 7, Bonds drew within one home run of tying Babe Ruth for second place on the all-time list, hitting his 713th career home run into the second level ofCitizens Bank ParkinPhiladelphia, off pitcherJon Lieberin a game in which the Giants lost to thePhiladelphia Phillies.The towering home run—one of the longest in Citizens Bank Park's two-season history, traveling an estimated 450 feet (140 m)—hit off the facade of the third deck in right field. On May 20, Bonds hit his 714th career home run to deep right field to lead off the top of the 2nd inning, tying Ruth for second all-time.The home run came off left-handed pitcherBrad Halseyof theOakland A's, in",
"theOakland A's, in aninterleaguegame played inOakland, California. Since this was an interleague game at an American League stadium, Bonds was batting as thedesignated hitterin the lineup for the Giants. Bonds was quoted after the game as being \"glad it's over with\"and stated that more attention could be focused onAlbert Pujols, who was on a very rapid home run pace in early 2006. On May 28, Bonds passed Ruth, hitting his 715th career home run to center field offColorado RockiespitcherByung-hyun Kim.The ball was hit an estimated 445 feet (140 m) into center field where it went through the hands of several fans but then fell onto an elevated platform in center field. Then it rolled off the platform where Andrew Morbitzer, a 38-year-old San Francisco resident, caught the ball while he was in line at a concession stand.Mysteriously, radio broadcasterDave Flemming's radio play-by-play of the home run went silent just as the ball was hit, apparently from a microphone failure. But the televised version, called by",
"version, called by Giants broadcasterDuane Kuiper, was not affected. On September 22, Bonds tied Henry Aaron's National League career home run record of 733. The home run came in the top of the 6th inning of a high-scoring game against the Milwaukee Brewers, atMiller Parkin Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The achievement was notable for its occurrence in the very city where Aaron began (with the Milwaukee Braves) and concluded (with the Brewers, then in the American League) his career. With the Giants trailing 10–8, Bonds hit a blast to deep center field on a 2–0 pitch off the Brewers'Chris Spurlingwith runners on first and second and one out. Though the Giants were at the time clinging to only a slim chance of making the playoffs, Bonds's home run provided the additional drama of giving the Giants an 11–10 lead late in a critical game in the final days of a pennant race. The Brewers eventually won the game, 13–12, though Bonds went 3-for-5, with two doubles, the record-tying home run, and six runs batted in. On",
"runs batted in. On September 23, Bonds surpassed Aaron for the NL career home run record. Hit in Milwaukee like the previous one, this was a solo home run offChris Capuanoof the Brewers.This was the last home run Bonds hit in 2006. In 2006, Bonds recorded his lowestslugging percentage(a statistic that he had historically ranked among league leaders season after season) since 1991 with thePittsburgh Pirates. In January 2007, theNew York Daily Newsreported that Bonds had tested positive foramphetamines.Under baseball's amphetamine policy, which had been in effect for one season, players testing positive were to submit to six additional tests and undergo treatment and counseling.The policy also stated that players were not to be identified for a first positive test, but theNew York Daily Newsleaked the test's results.When the Players Association informed Bonds of the test results, he initially attributed it to a substance he had taken from the locker of Giants teammateMark Sweeney,but would later retract this",
"later retract this claim and publicly apologize to Sweeney. 2007 season On January 29, 2007, the Giants finalized a contract with Bonds for the 2007 season.After the commissioner's office rejected Bonds's one-year, $15.8 million deal because it contained a personal-appearance provision, the team sent revised documents to his agent,Jeff Borris, who stated that \"At this time, Barry is not signing the new documents.\"Bonds signed a revised one-year, $15.8 million contract on February 15 and reported to the Giants' Spring training camp on time. Bonds resumed his march to the all-time record early in the 2007 season. In the season opener on April 3, all he had was a first-inning single past third base with the infield shifted right, immediately followed by a stolen base and then thrown out at home on a baserunning mistake, followed by a deep fly-out to left field, late in the game.Bonds regrouped the next day with his first at-bat in the second game of the season at the Giants' AT&T Park. Bonds hit a pitch",
"Bonds hit a pitch fromChris Youngof the San Diego Padres just over the wall to the left of straight-away center field for career home run 735.This home run put Bonds past the midway point between Ruth and Aaron. Bonds did not homer again until April 13, when he hit two (736 and 737) in a 3 -or-3 night that included 4 RBI against the Pittsburgh Pirates.Bonds splashed a pitch bySt. Louis CardinalspitcherRyan FranklinintoMcCovey Coveon April 18 for home run 738.Home runs number 739 and 740 came in back to back games on April 21 and 22 against the Arizona Diamondbacks. The hype surrounding Bonds's pursuit of the home run record escalated on May 14. On this day, Sports Auction for Heritage (a Dallas-based auction house) offered US$1 million to the fan who would catch Bonds's record-breaking 756th-career home run.The million-dollar offer was rescinded on June 11 out of concern of fan safety.Home run 748 came on Father's Day, June 17, in the final game of a three-game road series against the Boston Red Sox atFenway",
"Red Sox atFenway Park, where Bonds had never previously played.With this homer, Fenway Park became the 36th major league ballpark in which Bonds had hit a home run. He hit aTim Wakefieldknuckleball just over the low fence into the Giants' bullpen in right field. It was his first home run off his former Pittsburgh Pirate teammate, who became the 441st different pitcher to surrender a four-bagger to Bonds. The 750th career home run, hit on June 29, also came off a former teammate:Liván Hernández.The blast came in the 8th inning and at that point tied the game at 3–3. On July 19, after a 21 at-bat hitless streak, Bonds hit two home runs, numbers 752 and 753, against theChicago Cubs. He went 3-for-3 with two home runs, six RBIs, and a walk on that day.The struggling last-place Giants still lost the game, 9–8. On July 27, Bonds hit home run 754 againstFlorida MarlinspitcherRick VandenHurk. Bonds was then walked his next four at-bats in the game, but a two-run shot helped the Giants win the game 12–10. It marked",
"12–10. It marked the first time since he had hit #747 that Bonds had homered in a game the Giants won.On August 4, Bonds hit a382 foot (116 m)home run againstClay Hensleyof theSan Diego Padresfor home run number 755, tying Hank Aaron's all-time record.Bonds greeted his son, Nikolai, with an extended bear hug after crossing home plate. Bonds greeted his teammates and then his wife, Liz Watson, and daughter Aisha Lynn behind the backstop. Hensley was the 445th different pitcher to give up a home run to Bonds.Ironically, given the cloud of suspicion that surrounded Bonds, the tying home run was hit off a pitcher who had been suspended by baseball in 2005 for steroid use.He was walked in his next at-bat and eventually scored on a fielder's choice. On August 7 at 8:51 PMPDT, atOracle Park(then known as AT&T Park) in San Francisco,Bonds hit a435 foot (133 m)home run, his 756th, off a pitch fromMike Bacsikof theWashington Nationals, breaking the all-time career home run record, formerly held byHank",
"held byHank Aaron.Coincidentally, Bacsik's father had faced Aaron (as a pitcher for theTexas Rangers) after Aaron had hit his 755th home run. On August 23, 1976, Michael J. Bacsik held Aaron to a single and a fly out to right field. The younger Bacsik commented later, \"If my dad had been gracious enough to let Hank Aaron hit a home run, we both would have given up 756.\"After hitting the home run, Bonds gave Bacsik an autographed bat. The pitch, the seventh of the at-bat, was a 3–2 pitch which Bonds hit into the right-center field bleachers. The fan who ended up with the ball, 22-year-old Matt Murphy fromQueens, New York City, (and aMets fan), was promptly protected and escorted away from the mayhem by a group of San Francisco police officers.After Bonds finished his home run trot, a 10-minute delay followed, including a brief video by Aaron congratulating Bonds on breaking the record Aaron had held for 33 years,and expressing the hope that \"the achievement of this record will inspire others to chase their",
"to chase their own dreams.\"Bonds made an impromptu emotional statement on the field, with Willie Mays, his godfather, at his side and thanked his teammates, family and his late father.Bonds sat out the rest of the game. The commissioner,Bud Selig, was not in attendance in this game but was represented by the Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations,Jimmie Lee Solomon. Selig called Bonds later that night to congratulate him on breaking the record.PresidentGeorge W. Bushalso called Bonds the next day to congratulate him.On August 24, San Francisco honored and celebrated Bonds' career accomplishments and breaking the home run record with a large rally inJustin Herman Plaza. The rally included video messages fromLou Brock,Ernie Banks,Ozzie Smith,Joe Montana,Wayne GretzkyandMichael Jordan. Speeches were made by Willie Mays, Giants teammatesOmar VizquelandRich Aurilia, and Giants ownerPeter Magowan. MayorGavin Newsompresented Bonds the key to theCity and County of San Franciscoand Giants vice president",
"vice president Larry Baer gave Bonds the home plate he touched after hitting his 756th career home run. The record-setting ball was consigned to an auction house on August 21.Bidding began on August 28 and closed with a winning bid of US$752,467 on September 15 after a three-phaseonline auction.The high bidder, fashion designerMarc Ecko, created a website to let fans decide its fate.Subsequently,Ben Padnos, who submitted the $186,750 winning bid on Bonds' record-tying 755th home run ball also set up a website to let fans decide its fate.Ten million voters helped Ecko decide to brand the ball with an asterisk and send it to theNational Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.Of Ecko's plans, Bonds said \"He spent $750,000 on the ball and that's what he's doing with it? What he's doing is stupid.\"Padnos, on the other hand, sold five-year ads on a website, www.endthedebate.com, where people voted by a two-to-one margin to smash the ball. Bonds concluded the 2007 season with a .276 batting average, 28 home runs, and 66",
"home runs, and 66 RBIs in 126 games and 340 at-bats. At the age of 43, he led both leagues in walks with 132. Post-playing career On September 21, 2007, the San Francisco Giants confirmed that they would not re-sign Bonds for the 2008 season.The story was first announced on Bonds' own website earlier that day.Bonds officially filed forfree agencyon October 29, 2007. His agentJeff Borrissaid: \"I'm anticipating widespread interest from every Major League team.\" There was much speculation before the 2008 season about where Bonds might play.However, no one signed him during the 2008 or 2009 seasons.If he had returned to Major League Baseball, Bonds would have been within close range of several significant hitting milestones, needing just 65 hits to reach 3,000, four runs batted in to reach 2,000, and 38 home runs to reach 800. He would have needed 69 moreruns scoredto move pastRickey Hendersonas the all-time runs champion, and 37extra base hitsto move pastHank Aaronas the all-time extra base hits champion. As of",
"champion. As of November 13, 2009, Borris maintained that Bonds was still not retired.On December 9, however, Borris told theSan Francisco Chroniclethat Bonds had played his last major league game.Bonds announced on April 11, 2010, that he was proud of McGwire for admitting his use of steroids. Bonds said that it was not the time to retire, but he noted that he was not in shape to play immediately if an interested club called him.In May 2015, Bonds filed a grievance against Major League Baseball through the players' union arguing that the league colluded in not signing him after the 2007 season.In August 2015, an arbitrator ruled in favor of MLB and against Bonds in his collusion case. On December 15, 2011, Bonds was sentenced to 30 days of house arrest, two years of probation and 250 hours of community service, for an obstruction of justice conviction stemming from a grand jury appearance in 2003. However, U.S. District JudgeSusan Illstonthen delayed the sentence pending an appeal.In 2013 his conviction was",
"his conviction was upheld on appeal by a three judge panel of theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.However, the full court later granted Bonds anen bancrehearing, and on April 22, 2015, an 11-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit voted 10–1 that his testimony was not obstruction. On March 10, 2014, Bonds began a seven-day stint as a rovingspring traininginstructor for theGiants.On December 4, 2015, he was announced as the new hitting coach for theMiami Marlins,but wasrelieved of his dutieson October 3, 2016, after just one season.He followed up with a public thank-you letter, acknowledgingownerJeffrey Loria, and the opportunity as \"one of the most rewarding experiences of my baseball career.\"In 2017, Bonds officially re-joined the Giants organization as a special advisor to the CEO.On July 8, 2017, Bonds was added to theGiants Wall of Fame. On February 6, 2018, theSan Francisco Giantsannounced their intentions to retire his number 25 jersey, which happened on August 11, 2018.His number 24 with",
"number 24 with the Pirates remains in circulation, most prominently worn byBrian Gilesfrom 1999 to 2003 and byPedro Alvarezfrom 2011 to 2015. National Baseball Hall of Fame consideration In his ten years of eligibility for theNational Baseball Hall of Fame, Bonds fell short of the 75% of the votes from theBaseball Writers' Association of America(BBWAA) needed for induction. His vote percentages from2013through2022were: 36.2%, 34.7%, 36.8%, 44.3%, 53.8%, 56.4%, 59.1%, 60.7%, 61.8% and 66%.He appeared on 260 of 394 ballots in his last year. Despite falling off the ballot, Bonds remained eligible through the Hall of Fame's Today's Game Committee,a committee \"comprised of 16 members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame, executives, and veteran media members\"(hence the nickname of \"veterans' committee\") who consider retired players who lost ballot eligibility while still having made notable contributions to baseball from 1986 to 2016. The vote was held in December 2022; twelve of the sixteen votes were required",
"votes were required for induction, but Bonds received fewer than four. Public persona During his playing career, Bonds was frequently described as a difficult person, surly, standoffish and ungrateful. In a 2016 interview withTerence Moore, he said he regretted the persona he had created. He attributed it to a response to the pressure he felt to perform as a young player with the Pirates. Remarked Bonds, Hell, I kick myself now, because I'm getting great press , and I could have had a trillion more endorsements, but that wasn't my driving force. The problem was, when I tried to give in a little bit, it never got better. I knew I was in the midst of that image, and I determined at that point that I was never going to get out of it. So I just said, 'I've created this fire around me, and I'm stuck in it, so I might as well live with the flames.' Bonds reports that for a short time during his playing days with the Giants he changed his demeanor at the behest of a group of teammates, smiling much more frequently",
"more frequently and engaging more with others with a pleasant attitude. Shortly thereafter, Bonds says, in the midst of a slump, the same group of teammates pleaded that he revert, having seemingly lost his competitive edge, and causing the team to lose more. In spite of his protest that they would not appreciate the results, his teammates insisted. Bonds says he complied, maintaining that familiar standoffish edge the rest of his playing career. On May 9, 1996, Bonds shovedUSA TodayjournalistRod Beatonin the team's clubhouse. As Beaton was waiting to interviewRobby Thompsonone hour before a game against theSt. Louis Cardinals,Bonds told Beaton to leave. The reporter replied that Major League Baseball rules allowed him 15 minutes more to talk with players. Bonds waved a finger in Beaton's face and shoved him in the chest, after which members of the team's coaching staff and front office interceded. Bonds and Beaton spoke again after the game. Beaton later said, \"He accused me of having an attitude\" and \"I",
"an attitude\" and \"I told him he went over the line by shoving me, but there was no apology.\"Bonds felt that the incident was overblown and said that, \"We don't have a problem. We like each other. It was a big joke. He just got whacked out.\"Beaton filed no formal complaint about the incident, butUSA Todayfiled a grievance with the team. Controversies BALCO scandal Since 2003, Bonds has been a key figure in the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) scandal. BALCO marketedtetrahydrogestrinone(\"the Clear\"), a performance-enhancinganabolic steroidthat was undetectable by doping tests. He was under investigation by a federalgrand juryregarding his testimony in the BALCO case, and was indicted onperjuryandobstruction of justicecharges on November 15, 2007.The indictment alleges that Bonds lied while under oath about his alleged use of steroids. In 2003, BALCO'sGreg Anderson, Bonds's trainer since 2000, was indicted by a federalgrand juryin theUnited States District Court for the Northern District of",
"District of Californiaand charged with supplying anabolic steroids to athletes, including a number of baseball players. This led to speculation that Bonds had used performance-enhancing drugs during a time when there was no mandatory testing in Major League Baseball. Bonds declared his innocence, attributing his changed physique and increased power to a strict regimen of bodybuilding, diet, and legitimate supplements. During grand jury testimony on December 4, 2003,Bonds said that he used a clear substance and a cream that he received from his personal strength trainer, Greg Anderson, who told him they were the nutritional supplement flaxseed oil and a rubbing balm for arthritis.Later reports on Bonds's leaked grand-jury testimony contend that he admitted to unknowingly using \"the cream\" and \"the clear.\" In July 2005, all four defendants in the BALCO steroid scandal trial, including Anderson, struck deals with federal prosecutors that did not require them to reveal names of athletes who might have used",
"who might have used banned drugs. Perjury case On November 15, 2007, a federal grand jury indicted Bonds on four counts ofperjuryand one count ofobstruction of justiceas it relates to the government investigation of BALCO.He was tried in theU.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. On February 14, 2008, atypoin court papers filed by Federal prosecutors erroneously alleged that Bonds tested positive for steroids in November 2001, a month after hitting his record 73rd home run. The reference was meant instead to refer to a November 2000 test that had already been disclosed and previously reported.The typo sparked a brief media frenzy.His trial for obstruction of justice was to have begun on March 2, 2009, but jury selection was postponed by emergency appeals by the prosecution.The trial commenced on March 21, 2011, with JudgeSusan Illstonpresiding.He was convicted on April 13, 2011, on the obstruction of justice charge, for giving an evasive answer to a question under oath.On December 15,",
"December 15, 2011, Bonds was found guilty for an obstruction of justice conviction stemming from a grand jury appearance in 2003. However, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston then delayed the sentence pending his appeal. He was sentenced to 30 days of house arrest. He also received two years of probation and was ordered to perform 250 hours ofcommunity service. Bonds appealed his conviction to theU.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. In 2013, a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit affirmed his conviction,but in 2015 his appeal was reheard by the full courten banc, which voted 10–1 to overturn his conviction. Players' union licensing withdrawal In 2003, Bonds withdrew from theMLB Players Association(MLBPA)licensingagreement because he felt independent marketing deals would be more lucrative for him. Bonds is the first player in the 30-year history of the licensing program not to sign.Because of this withdrawal, his name and likeness are not usable in any merchandise licensed by the MLBPA. In order to",
"MLBPA. In order to use his name or likeness, a company must deal directly with Bonds. For this reason, he does not appear in some baseballvideo games, forcing game-makers to create generic athletes as replacements. These generic video games replacements tended to bewhiteand sometimes had different handedness which was done likely to avoid potential player likeness lawsuits from Bonds. Game of Shadows In March 2006 the bookGame of Shadows, written byLance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada, was released amid a storm of media publicity including the cover ofSports Illustrated.Initially small excerpts of the book were released by the authors in the issue ofSports Illustrated. The book alleges Bonds usedstanozololand a host of other steroids, and is perhaps most responsible for the change in public opinion regarding Bonds's steroid use. The book contained excerpts of grand jury testimony that is supposed to be sealed and confidential by law. The authors have been steadfast in their refusal to divulge their",
"to divulge their sourcesand at one point faced jail time.On February 14, 2007, Troy Ellerman, one ofVictor Conte's lawyers, pleaded guilty to leaking grand jury testimony. Through the plea agreement, he will spend two and a half years in jail. Love Me, Hate Me In May 2006, formerSports IllustratedwriterJeff Pearlmanreleased a revealing biography of Bonds entitledLove Me, Hate Me: Barry Bonds and the Making of an Anti-Hero.The book also contained many allegations against Bonds.The book, which describes Bonds as a polarizing, insufferable braggart with a legendary ego and staggering talent, relied on over five hundred interviews, none with Bonds himself. Bonds on Bonds In April 2006 and May 2006,ESPNaired a few episodes of a 10-part reality TV (unscripted, documentary-style) series starring Bonds.The show, titledBonds on Bonds, focused on Bonds's chase ofBabe Ruth's andHank Aaron'shome runrecords. Some felt the show should be put on hiatus until baseball investigated Bonds's steroid use allegations.The series",
"series was canceled in June 2006, ESPN and producer Tollin/Robbins Productions citing \"creative control\" issues with Bonds and his representatives. Personal life Bonds met Susann (\"Sun\") Margreth Branco, the mother of his first two children (Nikolai and Shikari),inMontreal, Quebec, in August 1987. They eloped toLas VegasFebruary 5, 1988. The couple separated in June 1994, divorced in December 1994, and had their marriageannulledin 1997 by theCatholic Church.The divorce was a media affair because Bonds had his Swedish spouse sign aprenuptial agreementin which she \"waived her right to a share of his present and future earnings\" and which was upheld. Bonds had been providing his wife $20,000/month in child support and $10,000 in spousal support at the time of the ruling.During the hearings to set permanent support levels, allegations of abuse came from both parties.The trial dragged on for months, but Bonds was awarded both houses and reduced support.On August 21, 2000, theSupreme Court of California, in an",
"California, in an opinion signed by Chief JusticeRonald M. George, unanimously held that \"substantial evidence supports the determination of the trial court that the agreement in the present case was entered into voluntarily.\"In reaction to the decision, significant changes in California law relating to the validity and enforceability of premarital agreements soon followed. In 2010, Bonds's son Nikolai, who served as a Giantsbatboyduring his father's years playing in San Francisco and always sat next to his dad in the dugout during games,was charged with fivemisdemeanorsresulting from a confrontation with his mother, Sun Bonds, who was granted a restraining order against Nikolai. In 1994, Bonds and Kimberly Bell, agraphic designer, starteda relationship that lasted from 1994 through May 2003.Bonds purchased a home inScottsdale, Arizona, for Kimberly. On January 10, 1998, Bonds married his second wife, Liz Watson, at the San FranciscoRitz-CarltonHotel in front of 240 guests.The couple lived inLos Altos",
"lived inLos Altos Hills, California, with their daughter Aishaduring their ten-and-a-half years of marriage before Watson filed for legal separation on June 9, 2009, citingirreconcilable differences.On July 21, 2009, just six weeks later, Watson announced that she was withdrawing her Legal Separation action.The couple were reconciled for seven months before Watson formally filed for divorce in Los Angeles on February 26, 2010.On June 6, 2011, Bonds and Watson filed a legal agreement not to take the divorce to trial and instead settle it in an \"uncontested manner,\" agreeing to end the marriage privately at an unspecified later date without further court involvement. Several of Bonds's family and extended family members have been involved in athletics as either a career or a notable pastime. Bonds has a younger brother,Bobby Jr., who was also a professional baseball player.His paternal aunt,Rosie Bonds, is a former American record holder in the 80 meterhurdles,and competed in the 1964 Olympics.In addition, he",
"addition, he is a distant cousin of Hall of FamerReggie Jackson. Among Bonds's many real estate properties is a home he owns in the exclusive gated community ofBeverly ParkinBeverly Hills, California. An avid cyclist, Bonds chose the activity to be a primary means of keeping in shape and great passion since his playing career. Because knee surgeries, back surgeries, and hip surgeries made it much more difficult to run, cycling has allowed him to engage in sufficient cardiovascular activity to help keep in shape. As a result of the cycling, he has lost 25 pounds from his final playing weight of 240 pounds. Bonds is an active practitioner ofBrazilian jiu-jitsuand was promoted to blue belt in themartial artin 2023. Legacy During late 2007, Chicago rapperKanye Westrecorded a song titled \"Barry Bonds\" named after the slugger for his albumGraduation. Career distinctions Besides holding Major League career records in home runs (762), walks (2,558), and intentional walks (688), at the time of his retirement, Bonds",
"retirement, Bonds also led all active players in RBI (1,996),on-base percentage(.444), runs (2,227), games (2,986), extra-base hits (1,440), at-bats per home run (12.92), andtotal bases(5,976). He is 2nd in doubles (601), slugging percentage (.607), stolen bases (514), at-bats (9,847), and hits (2,935), 6th in triples (77), 8th in sacrifice flies (91), and 9th instrikeouts(1,539), through September 26, 2007. Bonds is the lone member of the 500–500 club, which means he has hit at least 500 home runs (762) and stolen at least 500 bases (514); no other player has even 400 of both. He is also one of only five baseball players all-time to be in the 40–40 club (1996), which means he hit 40 home runs (42) and stole 40 bases (40) in the same season; the other members areJosé Canseco,Alex Rodriguez,Alfonso Soriano, andRonald Acuña Jr. Records held Records shared Other accomplishments See also References External links",
"Darin Erstad Darin Charles Erstad(/ˈdærənˈɜːrstæt/; born June 4, 1974) is an American formerprofessional baseballplayer and the former head coach of theUniversity of Nebraska Cornhuskersbaseball team. Erstad spent most of his playing career with theLos Angeles Angels of Anaheimfranchise (1996–2006) before signing with theChicago White Soxin 2007. Erstad batted and threw left-handed. He was a two-time MLBAll-Starand a three-timeGold Glove Awardwinner. He was thefirst overall pickin the1995 Major League Baseball draft. Early life High school Erstad graduated in 1992 fromJamestown High SchoolinJamestown, North Dakota. He was aplacekickerandpunteron the school football team, logging a school-record 50-yard field goal. Erstad also played hockey (36 goals and 24 assists in 26 games) and participated intrack and field(winning state titles in 110 and 300-meter hurdles). Erstad playedAmerican Legion baseball(Jamestown had no high school baseball team) and hit .492 with 18 home runs and 86 RBI for Jamestown in 1992. He",
"in 1992. He was also 10–2 with a 2.18 ERA as a pitcher, and was named AP North Dakota Athlete of the Year in 1992. College Erstad attended theUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln, playingbaseballthere for three years and held the school record for career hits with 261. In his final year there, Erstad hit .410 with 19home runsand 79RBIs, earning First-Team All-American status and was a finalist for the 1995Golden Spikes Award. Darin started his junior campaign on a tear and never stopped hitting. He was at his best against the conference's top team,Oklahoma. In five games with the first-place Sooners, he batted .429 and blasted three home runs. Oklahoma leftyMark Redman—with whom Darin would share conference Player of the Year honors—was among his biggest victims. TheHuskersfinished 35–23, and Darin led the Big Eight with a .410 average. He was the only batter in the conference to surpass 100 hits, and also led all players with seven triples. Named a First Team All-American by Collegiate Baseball, Darin set career",
"Darin set career highs with 19 homers and 76 RBIs. In 1993 and 1994, Erstad playedcollegiate summer baseballwith theFalmouth Commodoresof theCape Cod Baseball League(CCBL). He was named league MVP in 1994 and in 2001 was inducted into theCCBL Hall of Fame. Erstad was also the startingpunteron the Cornhuskersfootballteam and was part of their1994 National Championship squad, averaging 42.6 yards per punt, the 14th best mark in the country that year. Professional career In his 14-season career, Erstad compiled a .282batting averagewith 124home runsand 699RBIsin 1654games. His career .9955fielding percentageas an outfielder is second all-time through 2019 behindJon Jay. He was selected to the American LeagueAll-Starteam twice (1998, 2000) and had eight game-ending walk-off RBI in his career. Angels 1995–2000 The then California Angels chose Erstad as thefirst pick overallin the1995 Major League Baseball draftfrom theUniversity of Nebraska. He made his major league debut the next year, batting .284 over 57",
".284 over 57 games. Erstad played his first full season in 1997, batting .299 with 16 home runs and 99 runs scored. Posting similarly solid statistics the next year, Erstad made his first of twoAll-Starappearances before having a disappointing season in 1999. Erstad had a career season in2000, when he finished eighth in theAmerican LeagueinMVPvoting. That year, he led the American League inhits(240),singles(170) andat-bats(676); he was second intotal bases(366) and third inruns(121). Erstad also hit .355, finishing second in the batting race behindNomar Garciaparra(.372), became the first player in Major League history to record 100 RBIs as a leadoff hitter, and won the ALSilver Slugger Award. On June 10,2000, Erstad hit adoublein the Angels' 10–3 win overArizona. With a major league-leading 100 hits in 61 games, he became the fastest to reach the 100-hit mark since Hall of FamerHeinie Manushdid it in 60 games for the1934Washington Senators. With three hits on August 29, 2000, he reached 200 hits faster than",
"hits faster than any player in 65 years. Erstad was just 26 years old at the end of the season, an age at which many players enter their prime, leading many to believe more superstar seasons were ahead of him. Erstad is one of only five batters, through August 2009, to have hit both a leadoff and walk-off home run in the same game (having done so in 2000), the others beingBilly Hamilton(1893),Victor Power(1957),Reed Johnson(2003), andIan Kinsler(2009). 2001–2006 Although Erstad never hit .300 again after the 2000 season, he was a vital part of the2002 World SeriesChampion Angels. After batting .421 in theAmerican League Division Seriesagainst theNew York Yankeesand .364 in theAmerican League Championship Seriesagainst theMinnesota Twins, Erstad batted .300 in the seven-game series vs. theNational LeagueChampionSan Francisco Giants. He hit a key home run in Game 6 of the series with the Angels trailing, 5–3, in the eighth inning and facing elimination, and he also caught the final out of Game 7 hit byKenny",
"Game 7 hit byKenny LoftonoffTroy Percivalinto center field. When the Angels won the World Series in 2002, Erstad became the second player hailing from North Dakota to be on a World Series winning roster.Roger Mariswas the first with the 1961Yankeesand 1967Cardinals. Throughout Erstad's Angels career, his defense remained exceptionally strong. He led all major league center fielders inrange factor(3.39) in 2002. Erstad wonGold Gloveawards in 2000, 2002, and 2004, when he made a transition from the outfield to first base. He is the only player inMLBhistory to have won Gold Gloves as an infielder and as an outfielder. He was also the first to win the award at different positions (though all outfield Gold Gloves are voted on together) untilPlácido Polancowon an NL Gold Glove as a third baseman for thePhiladelphia Philliesin 2011 after having won two Gold Gloves as a second baseman, thus both being infield awards. Though he compiled a career high 21 game hit streak in 2005, he only played in 40 games in 2006, his",
"games in 2006, his last season with the Angels. In 11 years with the franchise, Erstad compiled a .286batting averageand a cumulative .339 postseason average over three seasons. He currently ranks near the top of several franchise records. White Sox and Astros Having signed a $750,000 contract in the off-season, Erstad hit a home run in his first at-bat as a member of theChicago White Soxon opening day 2007 offCC Sabathia. He finished the season having batted .248 with a .650 OPS over 87 games. He played the following two seasons with theHouston Astros. Erstad found success in the first season, batting .276, but struggled near the end of the second season as a role player, ending the season with a .194 batting average. When catcherChris Costejoined Erstad on the Astros roster in July 2009, they became the first two players born in North Dakota to play together on the same team in major league history. On June 17, 2010, when asked if he would continue playing baseball, Erstad said that he was \"done\". Erstad",
"was \"done\". Erstad was on the2015 ballotto be inducted into theBaseball Hall of Fame. Erstad received one vote and fell off the ballot. Coaching career On July 5, 2010, theLincoln Journal Starreported that Erstad accepted a position to become a volunteer coach for the Nebraska baseball team. On July 8, Nebraska head baseball coach Mike Anderson revealed Erstad as the college team's next hitting coach.On June 2, 2011, after Anderson was fired, Erstad was hired as Nebraska's head baseball coach. Erstad was named the 23rd head coach of the Nebraska baseball program. During his eight years as head coach, the Huskers made four NCAA tournament appearances and qualified for the Big Ten Tournament seven times. He had a coaching record of 267-193-1, which was the fourth-best in Nebraska baseball history for a head coach. Erstad was named Big Ten Coach of the Year in 2017 after leading the Huskers to the conference championship during the regular season. Six times, Nebraska finished in the top four of the conference",
"of the conference standings, including four times in the top two. Three times, Nebraska finished second in the Big Ten Tournament. Erstad resigned as coach of the Nebraska Cornhuskers after eight seasons on June 3, 2019. Head coaching record Personal and hometown Erstad has three children with his wife, Jessica: a daughter, Jordan Elizabeth, and two sons, Zack and Adam. During Erstad's tenure with the Angels, his hometown carried all Angels games over the radio;most North Dakota stations only carryMinnesota Twinsgames. As of July 2009, he ranked second toTravis Hafnerin all-time home runs hit by a player born in North Dakota. See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bell_(baseball",
"Jeff Kent Jeffrey Franklin Kent(born March 7, 1968) is an American formerprofessional baseballsecond baseman. He played 17 seasons inMajor League Baseball(MLB) from 1992 to 2008 for theToronto Blue Jays,New York Mets,Cleveland Indians,San Francisco Giants,Houston Astros, andLos Angeles Dodgers. Kent won theNational LeagueMost Valuable Playeraward in 2000 with the San Francisco Giants, and is the all-time leader inhome runsamong second basemen.Hedrove in90 or morerunsfrom 1997 to 2005.Kent is a five-time All-Star, and his 560 careerdoublesput him in 30th on the all-time doubles list. Kent attended theUniversity of California, Berkeley(UC Berkeley), where he playedcollege baseballfor theGolden Bearsbefore being selected in the 20th round of the1989 MLB draftby the Blue Jays. Early life Born inBellflower, California, Kent graduated fromEdison High SchoolinHuntington Beach, California, where he was dismissed from the baseball team after clashing with his coach over a position change. College career Kent",
"College career Kent playedcollege baseballatUC Berkeleyfrom 1987 to 1989. In 1988 he played bothcollegiate summer baseballwith theCotuit Kettleersof theCape Cod Baseball Leagueand theCollege World Series. Professional career Draft and minor leagues Kent was selected in the 20th round of the1989 MLB Draftby theToronto Blue Jays. Toronto Blue Jays (1992) After three seasons in the minor leagues, Kent was invited tospring trainingwith the Blue Jays in 1992 and made the opening day roster. He made his debut on April 12 against theBaltimore Oriolesand recorded his first career hit in his first career at-bat, a double in the 6th inning againstJosé Mesa.He hit his first home run on April 14 againstNew York YankeespitcherLee Guetterman. He saw limitedat-batsearly in the season; however, an injury to startingthird basemanKelly Grubergranted Kent a more regular role in the line-up. New York Mets (1992–1996) Kent was traded to the Mets on August 27, 1992, for pitcherDavid Cone, as Toronto bolstered their pitching",
"their pitching rotation for a successfulWorld Series run; Kent earned aWorld Series ringdespite the trade.Kent's time with the Mets was marked with some success and some failure. Although he batted well, particularly for a second baseman, the Mets were among the worst teams in theNational League. Furthermore, he acquired a very poor reputation in the clubhouse, where he was known for a quick temper and isolationism. He refused to participate in his hazing ritual with the Mets, feeling he had left his rookie status back in Toronto.During the 1992 season, he started the only game of his career atshortstopin order to allowWillie Randolphto play his final career game at second base. Cleveland Indians (1996) In a deal made prior to the 1996 trade deadline, the Mets sent Kent andJosé Vizcaínoto theCleveland IndiansforÁlvaro EspinozaandCarlos Baerga. The following offseason, Kent was again traded, this time to theSan Francisco Giantsalong with José Vizcaíno andJulián Tavárez. The San Francisco trade was initially",
"trade was initially very unpopular, as it sentMatt Williams, a longtime Giant and a fan-favorite, to the Indians.Brian Sabean, in his first year asgeneral managerof the Giants, was so widely criticized for the move that he famously defended himself to the media by saying, \"I am not an idiot.\" San Francisco Giants (1997–2002) Kent's career took off in San Francisco, starting in 1997. Immediately inserted in the line-up behind superstarBarry Bonds, and with the confidence of managerDusty Baker, Kent finally rose to his full potential, hitting .250 with 29 home runs and 121RBI.He was consistently among the top RBI hitters in the league over his next five seasons with the Giants, amassing 689 RBI over six years. He also won the 1998Willie Mac Awardfor his spirit and leadership. Kent's contributions were recognized in 2000 (33 home runs, 125 RBI, .334batting average, and a .986fielding percentage)with the National LeagueMVP Award, beating out teammate and perennial MVP candidate Barry Bonds. Despite the fact that",
"the fact that Bonds overshadowed Kent in almost every offensive category, it was Kent's clutch hitting in RBI spots that won many games for the Giants that year, and ultimately won him the award. The Giants finished first in the NL West at 97–65, but lost to the Mets in theNational League Division Series3–1. In 2002, Kent had another stellar year for a second baseman (37 home runs, 108 RBI, .313 batting average, and a .978 fielding percentage).The combination of Kent and MVP-winner Bonds propelled the Giants to a 95–66 record, good enough for the NL Wild Card. The Giants would beat theAtlanta Bravesin theNational League Division Series3–2 and theSt. Louis Cardinalsin theNational League Championship Series4–1. In the World Series for the first time since 1989, the Giants would nearly clinch the championship (failing to hold a 5–0, 7th-inning lead) in the sixth game, before falling to theAnaheim Angelsin seven games.Despite the team's success that season, Kent's relationship with the Giants had soured. The",
"had soured. The Giants front office had lost confidence in Kent after an incident during spring training left him with a broken wrist. Kent had initially claimed that he had broken his wrist after slipping and falling while washing his truck; ensuing media reports indicated that, in reality, Kent had crashed his motorcycle while performingwheeliesand other stunts, in direct violation of his contract. In addition, growing tension that had been developing between Kent and Bonds for years finally boiled over: a midseason fight in the Giants dugout was widely reported in 2002 and caught on television.The feud between the two was so bad that, at the end of the season, San Francisco Chronicle beat reporterRay Rattosaid of the two, \"The one who lives longer will attend the other's funeral, just to make sure he's dead.\"The departure of manager Dusty Baker also factored into Kent's eventual decision to leave the Giants. Houston Astros (2003–2004) During the 2002 offseason, Kent signed a two-year, $19.9 million deal",
"$19.9 million deal with theHouston Astros, citing his desire to be closer to his family's Texas ranch. Kent turned one of the outs and collected anassistduring atriple playon August 19,2004, againstPhiladelphia, whenTodd Prattgrounded out with the bases loaded in the fifth inning. Kent forcedMarlon Byrdout at second base before throwing Pratt out at first base. It was Houston's first triple play turned in 13 years. From May 14 to June 11, he collected a hit in 25 straight games, which set a new franchise record;Willy Taverastopped his mark in 2006.On October 2, 2004, he hit his 288th home run as a second baseman, surpassingRyne Sandbergas the all-time home run leader at that position. In Game 5 of the2004 National League Championship Series, Kent hit a three-runwalk-off home runin the bottom of the ninth to break a scoreless tie and put Houston ahead of theSt. Louis Cardinalsthree games to two in the series. However, the Cardinals would win Games 6 and 7 inSt. Louisto capture the pennant. Los Angeles Dodgers",
"Los Angeles Dodgers (2005–2008) On December 14, 2004, he signed a $21 million contract for three years with his hometown Los Angeles Dodgers. Kent started at second base for theNational Leaguein the2005 Major League Baseball All-Star GameatComerica Park, his fifth career All-Star selection and fourth career All-Star start. Kent became the first player in the history of theDodgers–Giants rivalryto make and start the Midsummer Classic for both clubs.Joc Pedersonhas since joined this list. Kent had a good 2005 season, leading the Dodgers in batting average,on-base percentage,slugging, runs,hits, doubles, home runs and RBI (.289, .377, .512, 100, 160, 36, 29, and 105 respectively).While missing games early on in the 2006 season because of an oblique injury, he came back late in the season and helped the Dodgers reach the postseason.After the 2005 season, Kent signed an extension that would take him to the 2008 season.His last major league at-bat took place on October 15, 2008 in game five of the 2008NLCS, in",
"of the 2008NLCS, in which he struck out looking againstCole Hamelsto end the 7th inning.Following 2008, Kent announced his retirement from baseball on January 22, 2009. Career statistics In 2,298 games over 17 seasons, Kent posted a .290batting average(2461-for-8498) with 1320runs, 560doubles, 47triples, 377home runs, 1518RBI, 94stolen bases, 801bases on balls, .356on-base percentageand .500slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .978fielding percentage. In 49 postseason games, he hit .276 (47-for-170) with 25 runs, 11 doubles, 9 home runs, 23 RBI and 13 walks.Kent hit 351 home runs as a second baseman, the most in MLB history in either league; he is one of only two second baseman to hit 300 home runs at the position of second base. Post-playing career Kent and his wife Dana reside nearAustin, Texas, where they raise their four children, a daughter and three sons.He also owns the 4,000-acre (1,600 ha) \"Diamond K\" cattle ranch nearTilden, Texas.In 2008, Kent purchased the Lakecliff Country Club",
"Country Club inSpicewood, Texas.Kent also owns Kent Powersports, a chain of motorcycle and ATV dealerships. Kent appeared as a contestant on the Summer 2009 television seriesSuperstars, where he was teamed with actressAli Landryin a series of sports competitions. They finished in fifth place in the competition.In 2012, Kent participated inSurvivor: Philippines, the 25th season of the AmericanCBScompetitivereality televisionseriesSurvivor. He was the ninth contestant voted off, which placed him tenth and made him the second member of the jury, giving him a right to vote for the eventual winner at the Final Tribal Council.When he was voted off, Kent claimed that the million dollar prize was \"six hundred grand by the timeObamatakes it\". He has been an advocate for Major League Baseball using blood tests forHGH.Since 2011, Kent has served as a spring training instructor for the San Francisco Giants.He also coaches his sons' Little League teams, and in 2014 he became a volunteer assistant forSouthwestern",
"forSouthwestern University's baseball team.In 2011, Kent donated $100,000 and raised awareness to help reinstate theCal baseball program, which was being cut for cost-saving purposes.In 2014, Kent announced the creation of the Jeff Kent Women Driven Scholarship Endowment to provide a full scholarship each year to one female student-athlete at UC Berkeley in perpetuity. In 2008, Kent donated tothe campaign to ban same-sex marriage in California. National Baseball Hall of Fame consideration Eligible for theNational Baseball Hall of Famefor the first time in2014,Baseball Writers' Association of America(BBWAA) voters gave Kent just 15.2% of their votes in his first year, well short of the 75% required for induction. Among 17 returnees to the ballot in 2015, Kent was one of only three who saw a decrease in support, dropping to 14.0%.His support increased in subsequent elections, reaching 32.7% in2022, his ninth appearance on the ballot. In 2023, his tenth and final appearance on the BBWAA ballot, he received",
"ballot, he received 46.5%, falling short of the necessary threshold. Kent's underperformance relative to his offensive prowess has been attributed to poor defense, the tainted era he played in, and his reputation as a negative presence in the locker room. Personal life Kent and his wife, Dana, are members ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His daughter, Lauren, and his eldest son, Hunter, both attendedBrigham Young University(BYU) in Provo, Utah. Lauren graduated from BYU in December 2017, and Hunter played on the practice squad for the Cougars, before taking leave to serve a two-year mission inMexico. Kent's son, Colton, played his prep baseball atLake Travis High School, in Austin, Texas. Colton signed to play college baseball atBYU, but transferred to theCollege of Southern Idaho(CSI) after a year at BYU. Kent's other son, Kaeden, currently plays baseball at Texas A&M University. Accomplishments See also References External links",
"J. T. Snow Jack Thomas Snow Jr.(born February 26, 1968) is an American former professionalbaseballplayer and television sportscolor commentator, and current bench coach for theOakland Ballers.He played as afirst basemaninMajor League Baseballfrom1992to2006, most notably as a member of theSan Francisco Giants.Snow excelled as a defensive player, winning six consecutiveGold Glove Awardsas a first baseman between 1995 and 2000.After his playing career, Snow worked in radio and television broadcasting. He has also worked as a special assistant to the General Manager for the Giants. Early life Snow was born inLong Beach, California, to formerNFLplayerJack Snowand Merry Carole Shane, who died in 1998 fromthyroid cancer. He has two sisters, Michelle and Stephanie. His father worked with him at first base, throwing balls from shortstop purposely in the dirt to improve his fielding skills. He played recreational baseball in Seal Beach, for what is now known as, Seal Beach PONY. Snow attendedLos Alamitos High",
"Alamitos High SchoolinLos Alamitos, Californiaand was awarded All-Orange County honors in baseball,football, and basketball. He played safety his junior year (1984) and quarterback his senior year (1985) on the varsity football team. Receiver Rob Katzaroff set an Orange County record with 93 single-season receptions (a record which still stands after the 2022 season) while Snow played quarterback. On the basketball team, Snow played point guard. On the baseball team, Snow played with future Giants relieverRobb Nenand future UCLA Bruins outfielder Katzaroff. All three Griffin baseball players from the 1985 season were eventually drafted to playminor league baseball. College career After high school, Snow attended theUniversity of Arizonaand played three seasons for theArizona Wildcats baseballteam, where his teammates includedKenny Lofton,Alan Zinter,Scott Erickson,Trevor Hoffman, andKevin Long.In 1988, he playedcollegiate summer baseballfor theOrleans Cardinalsof theCape Cod Baseball League. Professional",
"Professional career Draft and minor leagues TheNew York Yankeesselected Snow in the fifth round of the1989 Major League Baseball draft. New York Yankees (1992) He made his major league debut with the Yankees at the end of the 1992 season. California Angels (1993–1996) After the 1992 season, the Yankees traded Snow,Jerry Nielsen, andRuss Springerto theCalifornia AngelsforJim Abbott.Snow played for the Angels from 1993 to 1996, where he won twoGold Glove Awards. San Francisco Giants (1997–2005) Snow was traded to the Giants after the 1996 season forleft-handedpitcherAllen Watsonand minor league pitcher Fausto Macey. While aswitch-hitterearlier in his career, Snow batted exclusively left-handed after 1998. In 2000, he led the league insacrifice flieswith 14. After a two-year injury-riddled stretch from 2002 to 2003 when hisbatting averagewas .246, Snow rebounded in 2004 with a .327 average, hitting .387 after theAll-Starbreak (which ranked second only toIchiro Suzukiin the Major Leagues). On June 26, 1999, Snow",
"June 26, 1999, Snow tagged outLos Angeles DodgerspitcherCarlos Pérezusing the \"hidden ball trick\", the last successful execution of the play in the 20th century. In the2000 National League Division Seriesagainst theNew York Mets, with the Giants trailing 4–1 in the bottom of the ninth, Snow hit a three-runpinch-hithomer against MetsrelieverArmando Benítez. However, the Giants failed to capitalize on their momentum, eventually falling in the 10th inning and going on to lose the series. In the2002 World Series, Snow was scoring a run in Game 5 off aKenny Loftontriple and lifted 3-year-oldDarren Baker, the Giants' batboy and son of then Giants’ managerDusty Baker, by the jacket as he was crossinghome plate. Darren had run out to collect Lofton's bat before the play was completed. This turned into a touching and memorable incident, but easily could have resulted in disaster with a small child wandering into the path of Snow andDavid Bellas they both barreled home to score. Following the incident with Darren",
"with Darren Baker, Major League Baseball required batboys and girls to be at least 14 years of age.A photograph of this incident now hangs in the Baseball Hall of Fame, in Cooperstown, New York. In the2003 National League Division Seriesagainst theFlorida Marlins, with the Giants trailing 7–6 in Game 4 in the ninth inning, he attempted to score from second base on a single to left field, butJeff Conine's throw to the plate came in time as catcherIván Rodrígueztagged Snow at the plate as Snow barreled into him, ending the game and the series. According to the Elias Sports Bureau, it was the first postseason series to end with the potential tying run thrown out at the plate. Boston Red Sox (2006) Snow's tenure with the Giants effectively ended when the team declined to offer him salary arbitration before the 2006 season. He signed a one-year, $2 million contract with theBoston Red Soxon January 6, 2006. After his father's death in 2006, Snow wore his father's number 84 in his honor.He served primarily in",
"served primarily in aplatoonwithKevin Youkilisat first base until he requested to bedesignated for assignmentdue to a lack of playing time. He was granted his designation June 19, and was officially released eight days later. San Francisco Giants (2008) and retirement At the end of the 2006 season, Snow retired from baseball and began working as acolor commentatoron Giants radio broadcasts alongside play-by-play announcerDave Flemming. He has also served as an advisor to the Giants'general manager,Brian Sabean, and as a roving minor league instructor for the Giants.Since 2013, he has worked as a college baseball broadcaster for thePac-12 Network. On September 24, 2008, the Giants signed Snow to a one-day contract to allow him to retire as a Giant. However, rather than immediately retiring after signing the symbolic contract and receiving no actual pay as is usually done, Snow was penciled into the starting lineup and took the field on September 27 against the Dodgers, but was replaced before the first pitch.",
"the first pitch. It was a move that allowed Snow to officially take the field as a Giants player one last time.Eugenio Vélez,Omar Vizquel, andRich Auriliathrew balls in the dirt to mess with Snow during fielding practice prior to the first pitch, but Snow still made the plays. For his brief official appearance, he received the prorated league minimum salary of $2,100. In 28 postseason games, Snow batted .327 (32-for-98) with 11 runs, 3 home runs and 15 RBI. Coaching career On January 18, 2024, Snow was announced as the first base coach and bench coach for theOakland Ballersof thePioneer Leagueduring their inaugural season. Personal life Snow lives in Northern California with his wife Gina. References External links",
"Reggie Sanders Reginald Laverne Sanders(born December 1, 1967) is an American formerright fielderinMajor League Baseball. He batted and threw right-handed. He played professionally with theCincinnati Reds,St. Louis Cardinals,Pittsburgh Pirates,Atlanta Braves,San Francisco Giants,San Diego PadresandKansas City Royals, and was a member of theArizona Diamondbacks'2001 World Serieschampionship over theNew York Yankees. Sanders possessed a rare capacity for power and speed and is one of only eight MLB players to record over 300 home runs and over 300 steals. Early career Sanders was 23 years old when he made his major league debut on August 22,1991, after being selected in the seventh round of the1987amateur draft by theCincinnati Reds. He attendedSpartanburg Methodist Collegebefore beginning his pro career with the Rookie-levelBillings Mustangsof thePioneer Leaguein1988. Baseball career Sanders gained some notoriety during the 1994 season whenPedro Martínezhit him with a pitch to end his bid for a perfect game",
"for a perfect game with one out in the eighth inning. Sanders responded by charging the mound and igniting a bench-clearing brawl. He was ridiculed by some in the press for believing that a pitcher would abandon an attempt at a perfect game to intentionally hit a batter. On August 20, 2003, Sanders became the fortieth player in MLB history to hit two home runs in an inning, doing so for the Pittsburgh Pirates against the St. Louis Cardinals in the top of the 5th inning. He was only the third Pirates player to accomplish the feat. Sanders' first home run of the inning came as the third in a back-to-back-to-back string for the Pirates; the second was agrand slam. With the Cardinals, Sanders had a breakout of sorts during the2005 National League Division Seriesagainst theSan Diego Padres. In a three-game sweep of the Padres, Sanders had 10runs batted in, a new record for a division series. In Game 1 of the2005 NLCS, Sanders hit a two-run home run to give the Cardinals a two-run lead, making it his seventh",
"it his seventh career postseason home run. However, the Cardinals would lose the series in six games, giving theHouston Astrostheir first NL pennant and trip to the World Series. On June 10,2006, as a member of the Royals, Sanders hit his 300thhome run. This made him the fifth member of Major League Baseball's 300-300 club, as he hadstolenthe 300th base of his career on May 1. He became the first player in history to join the club at his home stadium.Steve Finleyof theSan Francisco Giantsjoined the 300-300 club as its sixth member on June 14, four days after Sanders achieved the feat. Sanders hit 20 or more home runs in one season for six different teams. He hit at least 10 home runs in a season for every major league team he played for (seven in all). Sanders missed the majority of the 2007 season due to an injury and became afree agentafter the season. Career statistics In 64 postseason games, Sanders batted .195 (43-for-221) with 24 runs, 7 home runs, 25 RBI, 9 stolen bases and 26 walks. See also",
"26 walks. See also References External links",
"Rich Aurilia Richard Santo Aurilia(/əˈriːliə/; born September 2, 1971) is an American formerMajor League Baseballshortstopwho played for several teams between 1995 and 2009. Amateur career Aurilia was born inBrooklyn, New Yorkand grew up aNew York Metsfan. Before being drafted by Texas, Aurilia was a standout atSt. John's University, where he represented the Red Storm as an All-Big Eastselection in 1992. In 1991, he playedcollegiate summer baseballin theCape Cod Baseball Leaguefor theHyannis Mets. Aurilia is also a graduate ofXaverian High SchoolinBrooklyn, New York.He was inducted into the school's Hall of Fame, and his number 22 was retired by his local baseball league, Our Lady of Grace, where he played as a youngster in Gravesend, Brooklyn, New York. Professional career Texas Rangers (1992–1994) The 24th round pick of theTexas Rangersin the1992 Major League Baseball draft, Aurilia played in the Rangers minor league system before being traded along withDesi Wilsonto theSan Francisco GiantsforJohn Burketton",
"Burketton December 22, 1994.He had worked as astagehandat theMetropolitan Opera Houseduring the 1993–94 baseball offseason. San Francisco Giants (1995–2003) Aurilia made his Major League debut on September 6, 1995, as a defensive replacement in a game against theMontréal Expos. This would begin his long, solid run as the Giantsshortstop. On June 14, 1997, during his first stint with the Giants, Aurilia hit the first-evergrand slamininterleague playat the expense of theAnaheim Angels'Allen Watson, a former teammate. The Giants went on to win the game 10–3. 2001 would prove to be a banner year for Aurilia as he collected aNational Leaguebest 206hits, all leading to a .324batting averagewith 37home runs, 97RBI, an NL All-Star nod, and aSilver Slugger Award. However, his career best 37 home run year in 2001 was overshadowed by teammateBarry Bonds' record breaking 73 home runs in the same season. From 1999 to 2001, he led NL shortstops in home runs. Production trailed off in 2002, but Aurilia shined once again in",
"once again in San Francisco's failed 2002 run for aWorld SeriesChampionship. In 14 postseason games that season, he batted .296, with 5 home runs and 14 RBI (an NL record for a shortstop in thepostseason). He also was aRoberto Clemente Awardnominee. Seattle Mariners (2004) After offensive stagnation in 2003, the Giants severed their nine-year relation with the shortstop, granting himfree agencyon October 27. Soon after, Aurilia signed on with theSeattle Marinersto patrol the M's infield. San Diego Padres (2004) The lifetimeNational Leaguercould not get a grip onAmerican Leaguepitching, and was dealt to theSan Diego Padresin July 2004. He continued to struggle in spaciousPetco Park, and was not tendered a contract for 2005. Cincinnati Reds (2005–2006) Needing a veteran infielder, the Reds signed Aurilia to a minor league contract on January 22, 2005. The versatile infielder played well for the Reds, collecting 14 home runs and 68 RBI while playing games at shortstop,second base, andthird base. The Reds then",
"base. The Reds then re-signed him on January 8, 2006. Aurilia served as an everyday player rotating between shortstop, second base, first base and third base for the Reds in 2006. He finished the year with 23 home runs, 70 RBI, and a batting average of exactly .300—his highest in all three categories since 2001. San Francisco Giants (2007–2009) In the 2006 offseason, Aurilia signed a two-year, $8 million contract with his old team, the Giants. During the 2007 season, he appeared in 99 games (mostly at first base), starting in 81 of them. Aurilia was placed on the 15-daydisabled listwith a neck injury that had been slow to heal, limiting his range of movement and causing headaches. At the time, he was batting only .236 with two home runs. Aurilia returned to the Giants' lineup on July 4, hitting a home run in a 9–5 win over theCincinnati Reds. He finished the season batting .252 with five home runs, 33 RBI, and a .304on-base percentage. Aurilia posted better numbers in each of those categories during the 2008",
"during the 2008 season, where he remained generally healthy throughout the year, one factor that led him to have considerably more playing time (99 games started). On February 9, 2009, Aurilia re-signed with theSan Francisco Giantsto a minor league deal.It was announced on April 4 that Aurilia had made the Giants final roster.He went on to appear in 60 games during the 2009 season, starting in 22 of them, playing either first or third base. There was considerable uncertainty whether Aurilia would stay with the team for the entire season, but he was placed on the DL twice in order to free up a roster spot long enough for the September roster expansion. Knowing that the organization would not be bringing him back for the 2010 season, Aurilia played his final game as a Giant on October 1 at home against theArizona Diamondbacks, receiving standing ovations from the home fans in appreciation for 12 years with the team. Retirement Aurilia announced his retirement on April 11, 2010.He is currently a member ofNBC",
"a member ofNBC Sports Bay Area. Career statistics In 1652 games over 15 seasons, Aurilia posted a .275batting average(1576-for-5721) with 745runs, 301doubles, 22triples, 186home runs, 756RBI, 450bases on balls, .328on-base percentageand .433slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .976fielding percentageplaying at shortstop, first, second and third base. In 25 postseason games, he hit .224 (22-for-98) with 17 runs, 6 doubles, 6 home runs, 18 RBI and 7 walks. Personal life He finished second in a pro on pro challenge on Guy's Grocery Games on September 20, 2015. His charity was the Make-A-Wish Foundation. Aurilia married Raquel Garcia on January 18, 1997, with whom he has two sons: Chaz Aiden, (born August 18, 2001) and Gavin Shea, (born October 1, 2003).Both he and his wife appeared as Jurors No. 9 and 10 in episodes ofGeneral Hospitalwhich aired on December 11 and 12, 2003. The storyline was the trial ofSonny Corinthos, played byMaurice Benardwho made the arrangement possible and is a cousin of",
"and is a cousin of Aurilia's Giants teammateMarvin Benard. He and his family reside in homes inHealdsburg, CaliforniaandPhoenix, Arizona. See also References External links",
"Scott Spiezio Scott Edward Spiezio(/ˈspiːzi.oʊ/; born September 21, 1972) is an American former professional baseballinfielder. He is well known for his time as a member of theAnaheim Angels, when he hit a three-runhome runin Game Six of the2002 World Seriesagainst theSan Francisco Giants, sparking the Angels to a dramatic come-from-behind victory. He also played for theOakland Athletics,Seattle Mariners, andSt. Louis Cardinals, and is the son of former major leaguerEd Spiezio. In addition to Spiezio's pivotal moment helping the Angels win the World Series,2002was also his most productive full season, with a .807OPS. Spiezio was a utility player on the St. Louis Cardinals2006 World Serieschampionship team. Amateur career Spiezio attendedMorris High SchoolinMorris, Illinois, and was a letterman in baseball. In baseball, he was named his league's MVP and was an All-State selection. Spiezio playedcollege baseballfor theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He made the All-Big 10 Team in baseball",
"10 Team in baseball in1992and1993. In 1992, he playedcollegiate summer baseballwith theWareham Gatemenof theCape Cod Baseball League, and returned to the league in 1993 to play for theCotuit Kettleers. Professional career Oakland A's Spiezio was selected by the Oakland Athletics in the 1993 player draft and signed later that year. He made his debut with the 1996 A's and established himself as a classicutility player, making starts atfirst base,second base, andthird base, and as aswitch hitterwith more power when battingleft-handed. Anaheim Angels Spiezio signed as a free agent with the Anaheim Angels ahead of the 2000 season. During his years with the Angels, he made appearances inleft fieldandright field, as well as first, second, and third base. In 2002, he had a career year. Playing every day, he set career highs in batting average,on-base percentageand RBI. It was in the postseason that he had his greatest success. Spiezio batted 18 for 55 (.327) for Anaheim in the playoffs that year. In Game 6 of",
"year. In Game 6 of the2002 World Series, with Anaheim trailing three games to two in the series, trailing 5–0 in the seventh inning of the game, and facing a Series loss, Spiezio hit a three-run homer off ofFélix Rodríguezto pull his team to within two runs. A lead off homer byDarin Erstadfollowed by a two-run double byTroy Glausin the next inning won the game for the Angels by a 6–5 score, and the Angels would go on to win their first ever World Series championship 4–3. Spiezio tiedSandy Alomar Jr.'s postseason record with 19RBIin one postseason that was set in 1997. Seattle Mariners After the 2003 season, Spiezio became a free agent and signed a contract with the Seattle Mariners. The next two seasons were the worst of his career. He tripped over a mound during 2004 spring training, resulting in a debilitating back injury. At one point, there were concerns the injury could threaten his career and potentially leave him paralyzed.He hit .215 that season and played only 29 games the next year (compiling an",
"year (compiling an .064 average) before the Mariners released him on August 19, 2005. St. Louis Cardinals On February 18, 2006, Spiezio signed a minor league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals with an invitation to the club'sspring training. Spiezio played well enough during the Cardinals' exhibition to secure a roster spot with the team as a reserve infielder entering the 2006 season. This move would reunite Spiezio with his former Angels teammate, shortstopDavid Eckstein. Spiezio, used as apinch hitterand all-around reserve player as well as the primary backup toScott Rolenat third base, had his best season since 2002 for the 2006 Cardinals, hitting 13 home runs and driving in 52 runs despite only getting 276at-bats. He would have another dramatic moment in the playoffs. With the Cardinals trailing, 6–4, in the seventh inning of Game 2 of the2006 National League Championship Series, Spiezio hit a two-run triple to tie the score. The Cardinals went on to win the game and the series in seven games, then",
"seven games, then proceeded to win the2006 World Series, earning Spiezio his secondWorld Series ring. On November 16, 2006, Spiezio signed a two-year contract to return to the Cardinals until the end of the 2008 season, with a club option for 2009. The deal was worth an estimated $4.5 million. On June 15, 2007, Spiezio took the mound as arelief pitcherin the bottom of the eighth inning of a lopsided loss against the Athletics. Hisfastballwas clocked as high as 87 mph. He pitched one inning, giving up onewalk, nohits, noruns, and nostrikeouts. After having pitched in one game, Spiezio played six positions in his career (seven countingdesignated hitter), missingcatcher,shortstop, andcenter field. Release On August 7, 2007, Spiezio received IV fluids. He was described as being \"irritable and anxious\". Spiezio disconnected his IV and left the stadium rather than accept medical treatment.On August 9, 2007, the Cardinals placed him on the restricted list.The Cardinals stated that Spiezio would be seeking treatment",
"seeking treatment for an unspecified substance abuse problem.On September 14, 2007, Spiezio was removed from the restricted list after 36 days and also reactivated to play in that evening's home game. On February 27, 2008, the Cardinals released Spiezio after police inIrvine, Californiaissued a warrant for his arrest. The warrant was issued on six charges relating to acar crashon December 30, 2007.According to Irvine police, a drunken Spiezio crashed his BMW into a fence, then ran from the scene. In April, he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors and was sentenced to three years' probation and 80 hours community service. He was also ordered to undergo three months of alcohol treatment and attendAlcoholics Anonymousmeetings. On March 31, 2008, Spiezio signed a minor league deal with theAtlanta Bravesand was assigned to their top affiliate, theRichmond Braves. He showed signs of his old form, batting .333 in five games. However, he was released on April 12 for being unprepared to play in a game.Spiezio later said",
"later said that while he was sober at the time, he was in a deep depression after being released by the Cardinals and wasn't ready to take the field. Combined with a strained relationship with his first wife and the prospect of not being able to see his kids for two months, he decided to go home for the year. Independent leagues Spiezio believed he was finished with baseball after his major league career, but decided to give it another shot in 2009. The Angels put him in touch with theOrange County Flyersof the independentGolden Baseball League. Flyers managerPhil Nevin, a former major leaguer, decided to sign Spiezio after letting him work out for a week and getting assurances he was mentally ready to play.Spiezio signed another one-year deal to play the 2010 season for theNewark Bears. He hit .279 with three home runs and 35 RBI while appearing in 52 games. Personal life Spiezio is the son of two-time World Series championEd Spiezio. On April 7, 2015, at 2:30 AM, police inOttawa, Illinois, responded to a",
"responded to a call that Spiezio punched out a window at the apartment where his then-girlfriend and infant son lived. Spiezio fled police and was later found through the use of a K-9 tracker behind a building, resulting in him being tased in order to be brought into custody. No charges were immediately filed. In a 2022 interview withThe Athletic,Spiezio revealed that he had spent the better part of 13 years battling substance abuse. He traced his downward spiral to the 2004 spring training injury, when the strain of being sidelined led him to begin drinking heavily, eventually drinking as much as a gallon ofvodkaper day. Over the years, he also became acocaineaddict. He admitted that during his time with the Cardinals, he frequently drank during games. As early as 2006, he had alienated so many of his friends in his hometown that no one joined him to celebrate the 2006 World Series win; in contrast, his friends threw him a huge party after the 2002 Series. By 2022, he had 12 stints in rehab and five",
"in rehab and five arrests. His drug habit cost him both of his marriages and strained relationships with his family. His parents did not speak to him at all from 2005 to 2007 and had only sporadic contact with him from 2007 to 2011. He finally bottomed out in 2018, when he went to the hospital with severejaundicefrom a badly damaged liver. He has been sober since then. See also References External links",
"Shawon Dunston Shawon Donnell Dunston(born March 21, 1963) is an American formerprofessional baseballplayer. Ashortstop, Dunston played inMajor League Baseball(MLB) from 1985 through 2002. On January 13, 2023, he was selected as a member of the 2023 class of the Chicago Cubs Hall of Fame. Dunston was thefirst overall pickin the 1982 MLB draft by theChicago Cubs, and played for the Cubs (1985–95, 1997),San Francisco Giants(1996, 1998, 2001–02),Pittsburgh Pirates(1997),Cleveland Indians(1998),St. Louis Cardinals(1999, 2000) andNew York Mets(1999). Dunston was named anAll-Starin 1988 and 1990. Early life Dunston was born in theEast New Yorksection ofBrooklyn,New York, on March 21, 1963. As a youth, he lived in the Linden Apartments, apublic housingfacility, with his father, Jack, mother, Brenda, and younger sister, Kindra. Jack worked as acab driverand delivered furniture, while Brenda worked in a women's clothing store. Dunston attended the nearbyThomas Jefferson High School. He played for the school's baseball",
"school's baseball team as aninfielder.In his senior season at Thomas Jefferson, Dunston had a .790batting average, 10home runs, andstole37 bases without beingcaught stealingin 26 games. Playing career As ashortstop, Dunston was considered one of the best prospects available in the1982 Major League Baseball draft.TheChicago Cubsselected Dunston with thefirst overall selectionof the draft out of Thomas Jefferson High School.He was the first player from the New York area to be chosen with the first overall pick in the draft.Opting to represent himself, Dunston signed a one-year contract with the Cubs for $100,000, and was assigned to the Cubs'Rookie-levelminor league baseballaffiliate in theGulf Coast League. Dunston competed withLarry Bowafor the role as the starting shortstop for the Cubs inspring trainingin 1985. Dunston initially won the job over Bowa.He made his debut in the major leagues on April 9. However, Dunston struggled offensively and defensively, batting .194 and committing nineerrorsin 23 games.",
"23 games. As a result, he was sent back to the minor leagues,with Bowa regaining the starting role. After playing well for theIowa Cubs, the Cubs recalled Dunston in August, and released Bowa. In1988and1990he joineddouble-playpartnerRyne Sandbergas anAll-Starand was a key contributor to the Cubs'NL East divisiontitle in1989, hitting .278 with 20 doubles, 6 triples, 9home runs, 60runs batted inand 19stolen bases. Due to become afree agentafter the 1991 season, Dunston instead signed a four-year, $12 million contract to remain with the Cubs without testing the open market.However, he injured his back that offseason, and required surgery to repair a herniated disk in May 1992.The Cubs opted not to protect Dunston from being eligible to be selected in the1992 Major League Baseball expansion draft,but neither theColorado Rockiesnor theFlorida Marlinsselected him. After the 1995 season, he was granted free agency. The Cubs wanted to move Dunston tothird base, but he preferred to remain at shortstop. As a result,",
"As a result, he signed with theSan Francisco Giantsfor the 1996 season, receiving a one-year contract worth $1.5 million.He signed with the Cubs for the 1997 season, receiving $2 million. On August 31, 1997, the Cubs traded Dunston to thePittsburgh Pirates, who lost two shortstops,Kevin ElsterandKevin Polcovich, to injuries.He hit two home runs in his first game with the Pirates,and three in his first three games.He became a free agent after the season, and signed a one-year contract with theCleveland Indiansfor $400,000.On July 23, 1998, the Indians traded Dunston,José Mesa, andAlvin Mormanto the Giants forJacob CruzandSteve Reed. Dunston was batting .237 at the time of the trade.With the Giants, Dunston batted .176 in 51 at-bats. Dunston became a free agent after the season and signed with theSt. Louis Cardinalson a one-year contract worth $500,000. On July 31, 1999, the Cardinals traded Dunston to theNew York MetsforCraig Paquette. He replaced rookieMelvin Moraon the Mets roster.Dunston became a free",
"became a free agent after the season and signed with the Cardinals for the 2000 season. He signed with the Giants that next offseason, playing with them in 2001 and 2002. He reached the2002 World Series, his first, as a member of the Giants.He hit ahome runoffKevin Appierof theAnaheim Angelsin game six, but the Angels won the gameand the series. Dunston was a career .269 hitter with 150 home runs and 668 RBI in 1814 games. He seldom walked, so in spite of his batting average, his on-base percentage was the second-worst among players with at least 4500 plate appearances during their careers.At the end of his career, he was used mainly as a fourthoutfielderand a role player off the bench. He wore jersey #12 while with the Chicago Cubs. Playing style Bill Jamesnoted that Dunston was an \"eternal rookie, a player who continued until the end of his career to make rookie mistakes.\"Dunston was known, especially early in his career, for his unusually strong throwing arm at the shortstop position. He won the",
"He won the 1996Willie Mac Awardfor his spirit and leadership. Post-playing career Dunston became eligible for theNational Baseball Hall of Famein 2008; 75% of the vote was necessary for induction, and 5% was necessary to stay on the ballot. He received 0.2% of the vote, thus being dropped off theBaseball Writers' Association of America's ballot. During his career, Dunston resided inFremont, California. Personal Dunston has a son, Shawon Jr., who has played minor league baseball.One of Dunston's three daughters, Jasmine Dunston, became the White Sox Director of Minor League Operations in 2022. See also References External links",
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] |
How long after the incorporation of Ottawa was the designer of Ottawa's Justice Building born? | 10 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Building | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Fuller | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Building', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Fuller'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Building",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Fuller"
] | [
"Ottawa Ottawa(/ˈɒtəwə/ⓘ,/ˈɒtəwɑː/;Canadian French:) is the capital city ofCanada. It is located in thesouthernportion of the province ofOntario, at theconfluenceof theOttawa Riverand theRideau River. Ottawa bordersGatineau, Quebec, and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineaucensus metropolitan area(CMA) and theNational Capital Region(NCR).As of 2021,Ottawa had a city population of 1,017,449 and a metropolitan population of 1,488,307, making it thefourth-largestcity andfourth-largestmetropolitan area in Canada. Ottawa is the political centre of Canada and the headquarters of the federal government. The city houses numerousforeign embassies, key buildings, organizations, and institutions ofCanada's government; these include theParliament of Canada, theSupreme Court, theresidence of Canada's viceroy, andOffice of the Prime Minister. Founded in 1826 asBytown, andincorporatedas Ottawa in 1855,its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001. Themunicipal government of Ottawais established and governed by the City of Ottawa Act of theGovernment of Ontario. It has an elected city council across 24 wards and a mayor elected city-wide. Ottawa has the highest proportion of university-educated residents among Canadian citiesand is home to several colleges and universities, research and cultural institutions, including theUniversity of Ottawa,Carleton University,Algonquin College,Collège La Cité, theNational Arts Centre, theNational Gallery of Canada; andnumerous national museums, monuments, and historic sites.It is one of the most visited cities in Canada, with over 11 million visitors annually contributing more than $2.2B to the city's economy. Etymology The city nameOttawawas chosen in 1855 as a reference to theOttawa River, the name of which is derived from theAlgonquinadawe, meaning 'to trade.'The city's modern name in theAlgonquin languageisOdàwàg.The AlgonquinAnishinaabepreviously occupied a large tract of land on which Ottawa was settled. History Early history TheOttawa Valleybecame habitable around 10,000 years ago, following the natural draining of theChamplain Sea.Archaeological findings of arrowheads, tools and pottery indicate that Indigenous populations first settled in the area about 6,500 years ago.These findings suggest that theseAlgonquin peoplewere engaged in foraging, hunting and fishing, but also trade and travel. Three major rivers meet within Ottawa, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years.The Algonquins are a broad Indigenous people who are closely related to theOdawaandOjibwepeoples.This period ended with the arrival of settlers andcolonizationof North America by Europeans during and after the 15th century. European exploration and early development In 1610,Étienne Brûlébecame the first documented European to navigate theOttawa River, passing what would become Ottawa on his way to theGreat Lakes.Three years later,Samuel de Champlainwrote about the waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquin people. The first non-Indigenous settlement in the area was created byPhilemon Wright, aNew Englander. Wright founded a lumber town in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from the present-day city of Ottawa inHull.He, with five other families and twenty-fivelabourers, also created an agricultural community, which was namedWright's Town.Wright pioneered theOttawa Valley timber trade(soon to be the area's most significant economic activity) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley toQuebec City. In 1826, news of the British military's impending construction of the Rideau Canal led to land speculators founding a community on the south side of the Ottawa River.The following year, the town was named after British military engineer ColonelJohn Bywho was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project.The Rideau canal provided a secure route betweenMontrealandKingstonon Lake Ontario. It bypassed a vulnerable stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during theWar of 1812. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today'sParliament Hill. He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named \"Upper Town\" west of the canal and \"Lower Town\" east of the canal. Similar to itsUpper CanadaandLower Canadanamesakes, historically, \"Upper Town\" was predominantly English-speaking and Protestant, whereas \"Lower Town\" was mostly French, Irish and Catholic. Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was completed in 1832.Bytown's early pioneer period saw Irish labour unrest during theShiners' Warfrom 1835 to 1845and political dissension that was evident in the 1849Stony Monday Riot.In 1855, Bytown was renamedOttawaand incorporated as a city.William Pittman Lettwas installed as the first city clerk, serving from 1844 to 1891, guiding Ottawa through 36 years of development, leading the hiring of key municipal roles, founding civic organizations, and proposing a set of by-laws for the city. Selection as capital The selection of Ottawa as the capital of Canada predates the Confederation of Canada. The choice was contentious and not straightforward, with the parliament of theUnited Province of Canadaholding more than 200 votes over several decades to attempt to settle on a legislative solution to the location of the capital. The governor-general of the province had designatedKingstonas the capital in 1841. However, the major population centres ofTorontoandMontreal, as well as the former capital of Lower Canada,Quebec City, all had legislators dissatisfied with Kingston. Anglophone merchants in Quebec were the leading group supportive of the Kingston arrangement.In 1842, a vote rejected Kingston as the capital,and study of potential candidates included the then-named Bytown, but that option proved less popular than Toronto or Montreal.In 1843, a report of the Executive Council recommended Montreal as the capital as a more fortifiable location and commercial centre; however, the governor-general refused to execute a move without a parliamentary vote.In 1844, theQueen's acceptance of a parliamentary vote moved the capital to Montreal. In 1849, afterviolence in Montreal, a series of votes was held, with Kingston and Bytown again considered potential capitals. However, the successful proposal was for two cities to share capital status and the legislature to alternate sitting in each: Quebec City and Toronto, in a policy known as perambulation.Logistical difficulties made this an unpopular arrangement,and although an 1856 vote passed for the lower house of parliament to relocate permanently to Quebec City, the upper house refused to approve funding. The funding impasse led to the ending of the legislature's role in determining the seat of government. The legislature requested the Queen determine the seat of government. The Queen then acted on the advice of her governor generalEdmund Head,who, after reviewing proposals from various cities, selected the recently renamed Ottawa. The Queen sent a letter to colonial authorities selecting Ottawa as the capital, effective 31 December 1857.George Brown, briefly a co-premier of the Province of Canada, attempted to reverse this decision but was unsuccessful. The Parliament ratified the Queen's choice in 1859, with Quebec serving as interim capital from 1859 to 1865.The relocation process began in 1865, with the first session of Parliament held in the new buildings in 1866. The buildings were generally well received by legislators. Ottawa was chosen as the capital for two primary reasons.First, Ottawa's isolated location, surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada–US border and situated on a cliff face, would make it more defensible from attack.Second, Ottawa was approximately midway betweenTorontoand Kingston (inCanada West) andMontrealand Quebec City (inCanada East), making the selection an important political compromise. Other minor considerations included that despite Ottawa's regional isolation, there was water transportation access from spring to fall, both to Montreal via the Ottawa River, and to Kingston via theRideau Waterway.Additionally, by 1854 it also had a modern all-season railway (theBytown and Prescott Railway) that carried passengers, lumber and supplies the 82 kilometres (50 miles) toPrescotton theSaint Lawrence Riverand beyond.Ottawa's small size was also thought to be less prone to politically motivated mob violence, as had happened in theprevious Canadian capitals.Finally, the government already owned the land that eventually becameParliament Hill, which it thought would be an ideal location for the Parliament buildings. The original Parliament buildings, which included the Centre, East and West Blocks, were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in theGothic Revival style.At the time, this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted andPublic Works Canadaand its architects were not initially well prepared for the relatively shallow-lying bedrock and had to redesign architectural drawings, leading to delays. TheLibrary of Parliamentand Parliament Hill landscaping were completed in 1876. Post-Confederation Starting in the 1850s, entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills, which became some of the largest mills in the world.Rail linesbuilt in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and, from 1886 to the transcontinental rail network via Hull andLachute, Quebec.By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street-lights were powered entirely by electricity.In 1889, the Government developed and distributed 60 \"water leases\" (still in use) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators atChaudière Falls.Public transportation began in 1870 with ahorsecarsystem,overtaken in the 1890s by a vastelectric streetcar systemthat operated until 1959. TheHull–Ottawa fire of 1900destroyed two-thirds of Hull, including 40 percent of its residential buildings and most of the buildings of its largest employers along the waterfront.It began as a chimney fire in Hull on the north side of the river, but due to wind, spread rapidly throughout the widespread wooden buildings. In Ottawa, it destroyed about one-fifth of the buildings from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down toDow's Lake.The fire had a disproportionate effect on west-end lower-income neighbourhoods. It had also spread among many lumber yards, a major part of Ottawa's economy. The fire destroyed approximately 3200 buildings and caused an estimated $300 million in damage (in 2020 Canadian dollars).An estimated 14% of Ottawans were left homeless. On 1 June 1912, theGrand Trunk Railwayopened both theChâteau Laurierhotel and its neighbouring downtownUnion Station.On 3 February 1916, theCentre Blockof the Parliament buildings wasdestroyed by a fire.The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now theCanadian Museum of Natureuntil the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922. The centrepiece of the newParliament Buildingsis a dominant Gothic Revival-styled structure known as thePeace Tower. The location of what is nowConfederation Squarewas a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings, including the Parliament buildings. It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of theCity Beautiful Movement. It became the site of theNational War Memorialin 1939 and was designated aNational Historic Sitein 1984.A newCentral Post Office(now thePrivy Council of Canada) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square grounds had to be demolished. Post–Second World War Ottawa's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950Greber Plan.Prime MinisterMackenzie Kinghired French architect-plannerJacques Greberto design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region, to make it more aesthetically pleasing and a location more befitting for Canada's political centre.Greber's plan included the creation of theNational Capital Greenbelt, theKichi Zibi Mikanand theQueenswayhighway system. His plan also called for changes in institutions such as moving downtown Union Station (now theSenate of Canada Building) to the suburbs, the removal of the street car system, the decentralization of selected government offices, the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown. The plan also recommended the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways. In 1958, theNational Capital Commissionwas established as aCrown Corporationthrough the National Capital Act. The commission's original mission was to implement the Greber Plan recommendations conducted during the 1960s and 1970s.This marked the creation of a permanent political infrastructure for managing thecapital region. Prior attempts to do so in the previous 50 years had been temporary. These included plans from the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission (OIC), the Todd Plan in 1903, the Holt Report in 1915 and the Federal District Commission (FDC) established in 1927 with a 16-year mandate. From 1931 to 1958, City Hall had been at theTransportation Buildingadjacent to Union Station (now part of theRideau Centre). In 1958, a newCity Hallopened on Green Island near Rideau Falls, where urban renewal had recently transformed this industrial location into a green space.In 2001,Ottawa City Hallreturned downtown to a 1990 building on 110 Laurier Avenue West, the home of the now-defunctRegional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. This new location was close to Ottawa'sfirst (1849–1877)andsecond (1877–1931)City Halls.This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th-century restored heritage building formerly known as theOttawa Normal School. From the 1960s to the 1980s, there was a large increase in construction in the National Capital Region,which was followed by large growth in thehigh-techindustry during the 1990s and 2000s.Ottawa became one of Canada's largest high-tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (laterNortel) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as theNational Research Councilcontributed to an eventual technology boom. The early companies led to newer firms such asNewbridge Networks,MitelandCorel. In 1991, provincial and federal governments responded to aland claimsubmitted by the Algonquins of Ontario regarding the unceded status of the land on which Ottawa is situated.Negotiations have been ongoing, with an eventual goal to sign a treaty that would release Canada from claims for misuse of land under Algonquintitle, affirm rights of the Algonquins, and negotiate conditions of the title transfer. Ottawa's city limits have expanded over time, including a large expansion effective 1 January 2001, when the province ofOntarioamalgamated all the constituent municipalities of theRegional Municipality of Ottawa–Carletoninto a single city.Regional ChairBob Chiarelliwas elected as the new city's first mayor in the2000 municipal election, defeatingGloucestermayor Claudette Cain.The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and road bridges. On 15 October 2001, a diesel-poweredlight rail transit(LRT) line was introduced on an experimental basis. Known today as theTrillium Line, it was dubbed theO-Trainand connecteddowntown Ottawato the southern suburbs viaCarleton University. The decision to extend the O-Train, and to replace it with an electric light rail system, was a major issue in the2006 municipal elections, where Chiarelli was defeated by businessmanLarry O'Brien.After O'Brien's election, transit plans were changed to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel through the downtown core.Jim Watson, the last mayor of Ottawa before amalgamation, was re-elected in the2010 election. In October 2012, the City Council approved the finalLansdowne Parkplan, an agreement with theOttawa Sports and Entertainment Groupthat saw a new stadium, increased green space and housing and retail added to the site.In December 2012, City Council voted unanimously to move forward with theConfederation Line, a 12.5 km (7.8 mi) light rail transit line, which was opened on 14 September 2019. Geography Neighbourhoods The present-day city of Ottawa consists of the historic mainurban area, as well as other urban, suburban andruralareas within the city's post-amalgamation limits. Old Ottawa Old Ottawa refers to the former pre-amalgamation city, as well as the former city ofVanier, a densely populated, historically francophone, working class enclave, and the formervillageofRockcliffe Park, a wealthy residential neighbourhood adjacent to the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General's residence.The old city includes thedowntown coreand older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and south. These vibrant neighbourhoods include the bustling commercial and cultural areas of Old Ottawa South,Centretown,Lower Town, andSandy Hill, the affluent tree-lined neighbourhoods ofThe Glebe,Westboro, andNew Edinburgh, and the historicallyblue-collarcommunities ofHintonburg,Mechanicsville,Carlington, andLeBreton Flats, with a mixture of housing types, artist lofts, and industrial uses. The old city also includes theethnic enclavesofChinatownandLittle Italy. Suburbs and outlying communities Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from the formerCarleton Countyand one from the formerRussell County.Ottawa city limits are bounded on the east by theUnited Counties of Prescott and Russell; byRenfrew CountyandLanark Countyin the west; on the south by theUnited Counties of Leeds and Grenvilleand theUnited Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry; and on the north by theRegional County Municipality of Les Collines-de-l'Outaouaisand the City of Gatineau. The main suburban areas extend a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the inner-city.These areas also include the former cities of Cumberland, Gloucester,Kanataand Nepean.The towns ofStittsvilleandRichmondwithin the formerGoulbourn Townshipare to the southwest.Nepean as a suburb also includesBarrhaven.The communities ofManotickandRiverside Southare on the other side of the Rideau River, andGreely, southeast of Riverside South. A number of rural communities (villages andhamlets) are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality.Some of these communities areBurritts Rapids;Ashton;Fallowfield;Kars;Fitzroy Harbour;Munster;Carp;North Gower;Metcalfe;Constance BayandOsgoode.Severaltownsare within the federally defined National Capital Region but outside thecity of Ottawamunicipal boundaries;these include communities ofAlmonte,Carleton Place,Embrun,Kemptville,Rockland, andRussell. Architecture Influenced by government structures, much of the city's architecture tends to be formal andfunctional; the city is also marked byRomanticandPicturesquestyles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings' gothic revival architecture.Ottawa's domestic architecture contains single-family homes, but also includes smaller numbers ofsemi-detachedhouses,rowhouses, andapartment buildings.Many domestic buildings in Centretown are clad in red brick, with trim in wood, stone, or metal; variations are common, depending on the cultural heritage of the neighbourhoods and the time they were built. Theskylinehas been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at 92.2 m (302 ft) visible from most parts of the city.Today,several buildings are slightly tallerthan the Peace Tower, with the tallest being theClaridge Iconat 143 metres (469 ft).Many federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed byPublic Works Canada, which leads toheritage conservationin its renovations and management of buildings, such as the renovation of theSenate Building.Most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission; its control of much undeveloped land and appropriations powers gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city's development. Climate Ottawa has awarm-summer humid continental climate(Köppen:Dfb)with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale.The average July maximum temperature is 26.7 °C (80 °F). The average January minimum temperature is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F).The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on 4 July 1913, 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944. Summers are generally warm and humid in Ottawa. On average, there are 11 days across the three summer months of June, July and August that have temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Periods of hotter weather are normally accompanied by high humidity levels Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. On average, almost every day of January, February and March has more than 5 cm of snowpack (29, 28, and 22 days, respectively), and on average, approximately 12 days a year see 5 cm or more of snowfall, with 4 of those having over 10 cm. An average of 17 days of the year experience temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F).Spring and fall are variable, prone to extreme changes in temperature and conditions. The month of May, for example, on average gets a day below freezing at night every other year, conversely a day surpassing 30 °C Annual rainfall averages around 750mm per year, total precipitation 938mmspread throughout the year, with some variation. May through November are the months more likely to see significant precipitation events, with each month having an average of 3 days of over 1 cm of precipitation, with December through April seeing on average 1–2 days. May through November have, on average, over 8 cm of rainfall per month, with peaks of approximately 9 cm in June and September. December through April have less than 8 cm, with February being the driest month at an average of 5 cm of precipitation. Ottawa experiences about 2,080 hours of average sunshine annually (45% of possible).Predominate wind direction in Ottawa is from theWest, Easterly air flow is more common during periods of wet weather as well as localized river/lake-effectcellson summer afternoons.Windspeed is on average higher during the winter, with northerly winds predominating during cold waves. Physical geography Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of theRideau RiverandRideau Canal.The Rideau Canal (Rideau Waterway) first opened in 1832 and is 202 km (126 mi) long.It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill. It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of theCataraquiand Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transportlocks. Ottawa is situated in a lowland on top ofPaleozoiccarbonate and shale and is surrounded by more craggyPrecambrianigneous and metamorphic formations. Ottawa has had fluvialdepositionoftilland sands, leading to the widespread formation ofeskers. There are limited distinct features arising from glacial deposits, but Ottawa was affected by theLate Wisconsian advance. Before the draining of the Champlain Sea, the area had high salinity. After the draining of the sea, the area had pine-dominated forests.Ottawa is located within theWestern Quebec Seismic Zone, and while relatively inactive, the city does occasionally experience earthquakes. Built environment During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world's largest skating rink, thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre andNational Arts Centre).On 29 June 2007, the Rideau Canal was recognized as aUNESCO World Heritage Site. The older part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known asLower Town,and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lie bothCentretownandDowntown Ottawa, which share a border along Gloucester Street.These core neighbourhoods contain streets such asElginandBank, which fill the role of commercialmain streetsin the region. Centretown is next to downtown, which includes a substantial economic and architectural government presence across multiple branches of government. Thelegislature's work takes place in the parliamentary precinct, which includes buildings onParliament Hilland others downtown, such as theSenate of Canada Building.Important buildings in the executive branch include theOffice of the Prime Minister and Privy Councilas well as many civil service buildings.TheSupreme Court of Canadabuilding can also be found in this area. Across the Ottawa River, which forms the border between Ontario andQuebec, lies the city ofGatineau, itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities ofHullandAylmer.Although formally and administratively separate cities in two different provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with several nearby municipalities) collectively constitute theNational Capital Region, which is considered a single metropolitan area.One federalCrown corporation, the National Capital Commission, or NCC, has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance.The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, has a crucial role in shaping the development of the city.Around the main urban area is an extensivegreenbelt, administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland. Demographics In the2021 Census of Populationconducted byStatistics Canada, Ottawa had a population of1,017,449living in407,252of its427,113total private dwellings, a change of8.9% from its 2016 population of934,243. With a land area of 2,788.2 km2(1,076.5 sq mi), it had a population density of364.9/km2(945.1/sq mi) in 2021. As of 2021 the Ottawa-Gatineaucensus metropolitan area(CMA) had a population of1,488,307living in604,721of its638,013total private dwellings, a change of8.5% from its 2016 population of1,371,576. With a land area of 8,046.99 km2(3,106.96 sq mi), it had a population density of185.0/km2(479.0/sq mi) in 2021. Ottawa's median age of 40.1 is below the provincial and national averages as of 2016. Youths under 15 constituted 16.7% of the total population in 2016, while those of retirement age (65 years and older) made up 15.4%. The2021 censusreported thatimmigrants(individuals born outside Canada) comprise 259,215 persons or 25.9% of the total population of Ottawa. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin wereChina(20,320 persons or 7.8%),India(16,200 persons or 6.2%),United Kingdom(14,760 persons or 5.7%),Lebanon(11,900 persons or 4.6%),Philippines(10,505 persons or 4.1%),United States of America(8,795 persons or 3.4%),Haiti(6,710 persons or 2.6%),Syria(6,370 persons or 2.5%),Vietnam(6,155 persons or 2.4%), andIran(6,000 persons or 2.3%). Race and ethnicity As of 2021, approximately 64.9% of Ottawa's population was white or European, while 2.6% wereIndigenous, and 32.5% were visible minorities (higher than the national percentage of 26.5%). Religion According to the2021 census, religious groups in Ottawa included: In 2011, around 65% of Ottawa residents described themselves as Christian, withCatholicsaccounting for 38.5% of the population and members ofProtestantchurches 25%. Other religions were also present in Ottawa, the most prominent beingIslam(6.7%),Hinduism(1.4%),Buddhism(1.3%), andJudaism(1.2%). Those with no religious affiliation represented 22.8%. Language Bilingualismbecame official policy for the conduct of municipal business in 2002,and 37.6% of the population can speak both languages as of 2016, making it the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages.Those who identify their mother tongue asEnglishconstitute 62.4 percent, while those withFrenchas their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population. Regarding respondents' knowledge of one or both official languages, 59.9 percent and 1.5 percent of the population know English and French only, respectively, while 37.2 percent know both official languages. The overall Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) has a larger proportion of French speakers than Ottawa since Gatineau's population's first language is mostly French. However, Gatineau is also the most bilingual city in Canada, making the region one of the most bilingual. An additional 20.4 percent of the population list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue. These includeArabic(3.2%),Chinese(3.0%),Spanish(1.2%),Italian(1.1%), and many others. Economy As of 2015, the region of Ottawa-Gatineau has the sixth-highest total household income of all Canadian metropolitan areas ($82,053), and the Ontario portion more directly overlapping the City of Ottawa has a higher household income ($86,451).The median household income after taxes in the City of Ottawa is $73,745 in 2016 was higher than the national median of $61,348.Ottawa's unemployment rate has remained below the national and provincial unemployment rates since 2006, with a rate of 5.2% in April 2022, low compared to the decade preceding.In 2019Mercerranks Ottawa with the third highest quality of living of any Canadian city, and 19th highest in the world.It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world. Ottawa's primary employers are thePublic Service of Canadaand the high-tech industry, although tourism and healthcare also represent increasingly sizeable economic activities. The federal government is the city's largest employer, employing over 116,000 individuals from the National Capital Region.The national headquarters for many federal departments are in Ottawa, particularly throughout Centretown and in theTerrasses de la ChaudièreandPlace du Portagecomplexes in Hull. TheNational Defence Headquartersin Ottawa is the main command centre for theCanadian Armed Forces. It hosts theDepartment of National Defence.During the summer, the city hosts theCeremonial Guard, which performs functions such as theChanging the Guard. As Canada's national capital, tourism is an important part of Ottawa's economy, particularly after the150th anniversary of Canada, centred in Ottawa. The lead-up to the festivities saw much investment in civic infrastructure, upgrades to tourist infrastructure and increases in national cultural attractions.The National Capital Region annually attracts an estimated 22 million tourists, who spend about 2.2 billion dollars and support 30,600 jobs directly. In addition to the economic activities that come with being the national capital, Ottawa is an important technology centre; in 2015, its 1800 companies employed approximately 63,400 people.The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of \"Silicon Valley North.\"Most of these companies specialize intelecommunications,software developmentandenvironmental technology. Large technology companies such as Nortel, Corel,Mitel,Cognos,Halogen Software,ShopifyandJDS Uniphasewere founded in the city.Ottawa also has regional locations forNokia,3M,Adobe Systems,Bell Canada,IBMandHewlett-Packard.Many of the telecommunications and new technology are in the western part of the city (formerly Kanata). The \"tech sector\" was doing particularly well in 2015/2016.Nordion,i-Statand the National Research Council of Canada andOHRIare part of the growing life science sector. The health sector is another major employer, which employs over 18,000 people in the city.Business, finance, administration, and sales and service rank high among types of occupations.Approximately ten percent of Ottawa's GDP is derived from finance, insurance and real estate whereas employment in goods-producing industries is only half the national average.The City of Ottawa is the second largest employerwith approximately 2,100 people employed by the Ottawa Police service, and 13,300 full-time equivalent non-police employees. In 2016, Ottawa experienced an increase of 10,000 jobs over the 2012 average growth, which was relatively slower than in the late 1990s.All major clusters tracked by the city saw increases in employment between 2014 and 2019.Major areas of growth in the 2010s included local and federal administration, finance and accommodation.Between 2008 and 2020, there was growth in the number of government employees and a reduction in high-tech jobs, a reversal of previous trends from 2003 to 2008. Ottawa already has the largest rural economy among Canada's major cities.In Ottawa, the rural economy contributes over $1 billion to the GDP. Agriculture alone accounts for $400 million, $136.7 million of which is farm-gate sales.Rural economic activity includes agriculture, retail sales, construction, forestry and mining (aggregates), tourism, manufacturing, personal and business services, and transportation, to name a few. Rural employment expanded by a healthy 18% from 1996 to 2001. Media Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers, theOttawa Citizenestablished asthe Bytown Packetin 1845 and theOttawa Sun, and one French newspaper,Le Droit.The city is also home to local stations of the television broadcast networks and systemsCBCandCTV, as well as English and French radio stations. In addition to the market's local media services, Ottawa is home to several national media operations, includingCPAC(Canada's nationallegislature broadcaster)and the parliamentary bureau staff of virtually all of Canada's major newsgathering organizations in television, radio and print. The city is also home to the head office of theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation. Education Primary and secondary education Ottawa has four main public school boards: English, English-Catholic, French, and French-Catholic. The English-languageOttawa-Carleton District School Board(OCDSB) is the largest board with 147 schools,followed by the English-CatholicOttawa Catholic School Boardwith 85 schools.The two French-language boards are the French-CatholicConseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Estwith 49 schools,and the FrenchConseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontariowith 37 schools.Ottawa also has numerousprivate schoolswhich are not part of a board. TheOttawa Public Librarywas created in 1906 as part of theCarnegie librarysystem.as of 2008the library system had 2.3 million items at its 34 branches and two mobile libraries.Approximately 9.5 million loans were conducted in 2020, approximately 6.7 million physical loans and the remainder digital items. Higher education and research Ottawa is known as the most educated city in Canada, with over half the population having graduated from college and/or university.Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration ofengineers,scientists, and residents withPhDsin Canada.The city has two main public universities and two main public colleges. Other colleges and universities in the metropolitan area are located in the neighbouring suburb of Gatineau, including theUniversity of Quebec in Outaouais,Cégep de l'Outaouais, andHeritage College. Public health There are six active general medical hospitals in the city of Ottawa: TheQueensway Carleton Hospital,The Ottawa Hospital(Civic Hospital,General Hospital,Riverside Hospital),Montfort Hospital, andChildren's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. Several specialized hospital facilities are also present, such as the world-renownedUniversity of Ottawa Heart Institute, theRoyal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, and Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital.There are also several hospitals and major medical centres in neighbouring suburban communities and commuter towns. TheUniversity of Ottawa Faculty of Medicineoperatesteaching hospitalsin conjunction with partners throughout the city. Ottawa is the headquarters of numerous major medical organizations and institutions such asCanadian Red Cross,Canadian Blood Services,Health Canada,Canadian Medical Association,Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada,Canadian Nurses Association, and theMedical Council of Canada. Culture and contemporary life Traditionally, theByWard Market(in Lower Town), Parliament Hill and theGolden Triangle(both in Centretown – Downtown) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa.Modern thoroughfares such asWellington Street,Rideau Street,Sussex Drive,Elgin Street,Bank Street,Somerset Street,Preston Street, Richmond Road inWestboro, andSparks Streetare home to many boutiques, museums, theatres, galleries, landmarks and memorials in addition to eating establishments, cafes, bars and nightclubs. As Canada's capital, Ottawa has played host to many significant cultural events inCanadian history, including the first visit of the reigningCanadian sovereign—King George VI, withhis consort,Queen Elizabeth—to his parliament, on 19 May 1939.VE Daywas marked with a large celebration on 8 May 1945,the first raising ofthe country's new national flagtook place on 15 February 1965,and thecentennial of Confederationwas celebrated on 1 July 1967.QueenElizabeth IIwas in Ottawa on 17 April 1982, to issue aroyal proclamationof the enactment of theConstitution Act.In 1983,Prince CharlesandDiana Princess of Walescame to Ottawa for a state dinner hosted by then Prime MinisterPierre Trudeau.In 2011, Ottawa was selected as the first city to receivePrince William, Duke of Cambridge, andCatherine, Duchess of Cambridgeduring theirtour of Canada. Ottawa was featured in the short story collectionFor Your Eyes Only, byIan Fleming. Landmarks There is oneWorld Heritage Sitein Ottawa, theRideau Canal, along with 25National Historic Sites of Canadain Ottawa, including the Château Laurier, theParliament of Canada, Confederation Square, the former Ottawa Teachers' College andLaurier House. Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having \"heritage elements\" by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of theOntario Heritage Act. Arts Performing and visual arts TheOttawa Little Theatre, founded in 1913 as the Ottawa Drama League, is Ottawa's longest-running community theatre company.Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to theNational Arts Centre Orchestra, theOttawa Symphony OrchestraandOpera Lyra Ottawa. Established in 1975, theGreat Canadian Theatre Companyspecializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level.The cities museum landscape is notable for containing six of Canada's nine national museums, theCanada Agriculture and Food Museum, theCanada Aviation and Space Museum, theCanada Science and Technology Museum, Canadian Museum of Nature,Canadian War Museumand National Gallery of Canada.TheNational Gallery of Canada; designed by famous architectMoshe Safdie, it is a permanent home to theMamansculpture.TheCanadian War Museumhouses over 3.75 million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005.The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905, and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010, leading to a centrepiece Blue Whale skeleton, and the creation of a monthly nightclub experience,Nature Nocturne. Cuisine Ottawa is home to several regional dishes. As a city with traditional French-Canadian roots, staples such aspoutineare served throughout the city. However, many considershawarmaOttawa's official dish;the city contains more shawarma restaurants than anywhere else in Canada.The city is also home to \"Ottawa-style\"pizza, consisting usually of a thicker doughy crust and slightly spicy pizza sauce, with the toppings baked under a heavy layer of cheese, keeping the toppings soft.Beaver tails, a fried dough pastry, were first created in Ottawa in the 1970s.Le Cordon Bleuhas a long-established culinary arts institute in the central Ottawa neighbourhood of Sandy Hill, the only Le Cordon Bleu campus in North America. Festivals Ottawa hosts a variety of annual seasonal activities—such asWinterlude, the largest festival in Canada,andCanada Daycelebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area, as well asBluesfest,Canadian Tulip Festival,Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival,Ottawa International Jazz Festival,Fringe Festival,Capital Pride, andCityFolk Festival, that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world.In 2010, Ottawa's Festival industry received theIFEA\"World Festival and Event City Award\" for the category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Sports Professional sports Sport in Ottawahas a history dating back to the 19th century. The city is currently home to six professional sports teams. TheOttawa Senatorsare a professional ice hockey team playing in theNational Hockey League. The Senators history in Ottawa dates back to 1883; the franchise would go on to win theStanley Cupeleven times by 1927. The team is currently a member of the Atlantic Division and play their home games at theCanadian Tire Centre.In 2023, it was announced that Ottawa would be home to one of the six charter franchises of theProfessional Women's Hockey League(PWHL).TheOttawa Chargeplay home games atTD Place Arena. TheOttawa Redblacksare a professional Canadian Football team playing in theCanadian Football League.Formerly theOttawa Rough Ridersrepresented the city until 1996. With a history dating back to 1876, the team was one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America. The professional soccer club,Atlético Ottawa, plays in theCanadian Premier League. The team was founded in by Spanish clubAtlético Madrid, and along with the Redblacks, play their home games atTD Place Stadium.TheOttawa Blackjacksare a professional basketball team, playing in theCanadian Elite Basketball League, out of the TD Place Arena.TheOttawa Titansplay professional baseball in theFrontier LeagueatRaymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park.Ottawa was previously home to theOttawa Lynx, aTriple-Aclub, as well as theOttawa Champions, an independent baseball team in theCan-Am League. Collegiate sports The University of Ottawa and Carleton Universityvarsity teamscompete inU Sportsin various sports. Algonquin College and Collège La Cité teams compete in theOCAA. TheCarleton Ravensare nationally ranked inbasketballand soccer.Carleton's men's basketballprogram is regarded as the greatest of all time, having won 17 of the last 20national championships.TheOttawa Gee-Geesare nationally ranked in basketball and soccer. Non-professional and amateur sports Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including theOttawa 67'sjunior ice hockeyteam.The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such assoccer,basketball,baseball,curling,rowing,ultimate, andhorse racing.Casual recreational activities, such asskating,cycling,tennis,hiking,sailing,golfing,skiing, andfishing/ice fishingare also popular. Starting in 2025 a newIronman Triathlonwill be starting in Ottawa. Government and politics TheCity of Ottawais asingle-tier municipality, meaning it is in itself acensus divisionand has no county or regional municipality government above it, and has no subsidiary municipalities to provide municipal services.Ottawa is governed by the 25-memberOttawa City Councilconsisting of 24 councillors each representing onewardand the mayor,Mark Sutcliffeas of the2022 Ottawa municipal election, is elected in a citywide vote. Along with being the capital of Canada, Ottawa is politically diverse in local politics. Most of the city has traditionally supported theLiberal Partyin federal elections.The safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated byFrancophones, especially in Vanier and central Gloucester.Central Ottawa is usually moreleft-leaning, and theNew Democratic Partyhave won ridings there.Some of Ottawa's suburbs are swing areas, such as central Nepean. Another example of a swing area is Orleans, despite its often Liberal Party-aligned francophone population.Ridings further outside the city centre, such as those including Kanata, Barrhaven and rural areas, tend to be more conservative, fiscally and socially.This is especially true in the former Townships ofWest Carleton,Goulbourn,RideauandOsgoode, which are more in line with the conservative areas in the surroundingcounties.Rural parts of the former township ofCumberland, with a large number of Francophones, traditionally support the Liberal Party, though their support has recently weakened. At present, Ottawa is host to130 embassies.A further 49 countries accredit theirembassies and missions in the United Statesto Canada. Transportation Public transportation Ottawa's public transit system is managed byOC Transpo.OC Transpo operates an integrated, multi-modal Rapid Transit system which includes: Airports TheOttawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airportis the city's principal airport. There are also three main regional airportsGatineau-Ottawa Executive Airport,Ottawa/Carp Airport, andOttawa/Rockcliffe Airport. Inter-city transportation Ottawa stationis themaininter-citytrain station operated byVia Rail. It is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the east ofdowntowninEastway Gardens(adjacent toO-TrainTremblay station) and serves Via Rail'sCorridorRoute.The city is also served by inter-city passenger rail service atFallowfield stationin the southwestern suburban community ofBarrhaven. Intercity bus servicesare currently provided by several carriers at various stops throughout the city, following the closure of the formerOttawa Central Stationbus terminalon 1 June 2021. Major carriers include:Megabus,Ontario Northland, Autobus Gatineau,andOrléans Express. Streets and highways The City of Ottawa has over 12,200 km (7,600 mi) lane-kilometres of road and a series of freeways. The primary freeways are the east–west provincialHighway 417(designated as the Queensway and part of theTrans-Canada Highway), Ottawa-CarletonHighway 174(formerly Provincial Highway 17),Highway 7, and the north–south provincialHighway 416(designated as Veterans' Memorial Highway), which connects to other400-Series highwaysvia the 401.From downtown there are also freeway connections toAutoroute 5andAutoroute 50, in neighbouring Gatineau. The city also has several scenic parkways and promenades, such as theKichi Zibi Mikan(formerly the Macdonald Parkway),Colonel By Drive,Queen Elizabeth Driveway, theSir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway(formerly the Rockcliffe Parkway), and theAviation Parkway. The National Capital Commission manages ceremonial routes linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River, includingConfederation Boulevard. Cycling and pedestrian network Numerous pavedmulti-use trails, mostly operated by theNational Capital Commissionand the city, wind their way through much of the capital, including along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, and Rideau Canal.These pathwaysare used for transportation, tourism, and recreation. Because many streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes, cycling is a mode of transportation used by up to 2.5% of citizens, including in winter. This is the largest percentage of any major Canadian city.As of 31 December 2015, over 900 km (560 mi) of cycling facilities are found in Ottawa, including 435 km (270 mi) of multi-use pathways, 8 km (5.0 mi) of cycle tracks, 200 km (120 mi) of on-road bicycle lanes, and 257 km (160 mi) of paved shoulders.204 km (127 mi) of new cycling facilities were added between 2011 and 2014. Numerous downtown streets are restricted to pedestrians only. The entire length ofSparks Streetwas turned into apedestrian mallin 1966.Since 1960, additional avenues, streets, and parkways, are reserved for pedestrian and bicycle use only on Saturdays, Sundays and on selected holidays and events.In 2021 city council unanimously approved theByward MarketPublic Realm Plan to make the market area morecar-freeand pedestrian friendly.From 2009 to 2015 the NCC introduced theCapital Bixibicycle-sharing system. This continued until the company VeloGo took over the program from 2015 to 2018 when the partnership ceased.Scooter-sharing systemshave since been introduced in the downtown and inner-city areas. Notable people See also Footnotes References Bibliography External links",
"Justice Building TheJustice Buildingdesigned byThomas W. FullerinOttawais so-called because it was previously home to theDepartment of Justice. Originally called Block D, it was built from 1935 to 1938 for theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police(RCMP). It was renovated in 1998–2001 and now houses some of the offices of Members of Parliament. It is similarGothic Revival architecturedesign to theConfederation Buildinglocated just east of it, which was also designed by Thomas W. Fuller. InIan Fleming's short story \"For Your Eyes Only\"James Bondvisits the RCMP headquarters when it was located in this building, and the book contains a description of the structure. External links This article about a building or structure in Ontario is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Thomas W. Fuller Thomas William Fuller(May 3, 1865 – November 4, 1951), the son ofThomas Fuller, was aCanadianarchitect. Before his selection as Dominion Architect, Fuller designed a number of federal buildings inDawson City, Yukon, some of which are now designated asNational Historic Sites of Canada. These include the Post Office (1899); Court House (1900–01); Territorial Administration Building, 5th Avenue (1901); Public School (1901) which burned 1957; and Commissioner's Residence (1901). He served asChief Dominion Architectfrom 1927 to 1936, designing a number of prominent public buildings in Canada. Thomas W. Fuller designed a number of post offices: His son,Thomas G. Fuller, founded Thomas Fuller Construction company in 1958 which built many public buildings inOttawaas well as the sheltered harbour for theBritannia Yacht Club.In 2002, the company was awarded a contract to renovate the CanadianLibrary of Parliament. Works HousingLe Régiment de Maisonneuve, thisGothic Revivalarmoury's two-dimensional façade with a low-pitched gable roof is pressed up against its urban streetscape On a treed site on the southwest perimeter of Mount Royal Park, thisChâteauesquestructure housesThe Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal);2nd Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery External links References This article about a Canadian architect is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it."
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"Ottawa Ottawa(/ˈɒtəwə/ⓘ,/ˈɒtəwɑː/;Canadian French:) is the capital city ofCanada. It is located in thesouthernportion of the province ofOntario, at theconfluenceof theOttawa Riverand theRideau River. Ottawa bordersGatineau, Quebec, and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineaucensus metropolitan area(CMA) and theNational Capital Region(NCR).As of 2021,Ottawa had a city population of 1,017,449 and a metropolitan population of 1,488,307, making it thefourth-largestcity andfourth-largestmetropolitan area in Canada. Ottawa is the political centre of Canada and the headquarters of the federal government. The city houses numerousforeign embassies, key buildings, organizations, and institutions ofCanada's government; these include theParliament of Canada, theSupreme Court, theresidence of Canada's viceroy, andOffice of the Prime Minister. Founded in 1826 asBytown, andincorporatedas Ottawa in 1855,its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation",
"city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001. Themunicipal government of Ottawais established and governed by the City of Ottawa Act of theGovernment of Ontario. It has an elected city council across 24 wards and a mayor elected city-wide. Ottawa has the highest proportion of university-educated residents among Canadian citiesand is home to several colleges and universities, research and cultural institutions, including theUniversity of Ottawa,Carleton University,Algonquin College,Collège La Cité, theNational Arts Centre, theNational Gallery of Canada; andnumerous national museums, monuments, and historic sites.It is one of the most visited cities in Canada, with over 11 million visitors annually contributing more than $2.2B to the city's economy. Etymology The city nameOttawawas chosen in 1855 as a reference to theOttawa River, the name of which is derived from theAlgonquinadawe, meaning 'to trade.'The city's modern name in theAlgonquin languageisOdàwàg.The AlgonquinAnishinaabepreviously occupied a large",
"occupied a large tract of land on which Ottawa was settled. History Early history TheOttawa Valleybecame habitable around 10,000 years ago, following the natural draining of theChamplain Sea.Archaeological findings of arrowheads, tools and pottery indicate that Indigenous populations first settled in the area about 6,500 years ago.These findings suggest that theseAlgonquin peoplewere engaged in foraging, hunting and fishing, but also trade and travel. Three major rivers meet within Ottawa, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years.The Algonquins are a broad Indigenous people who are closely related to theOdawaandOjibwepeoples.This period ended with the arrival of settlers andcolonizationof North America by Europeans during and after the 15th century. European exploration and early development In 1610,Étienne Brûlébecame the first documented European to navigate theOttawa River, passing what would become Ottawa on his way to theGreat Lakes.Three years later,Samuel de Champlainwrote",
"de Champlainwrote about the waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquin people. The first non-Indigenous settlement in the area was created byPhilemon Wright, aNew Englander. Wright founded a lumber town in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from the present-day city of Ottawa inHull.He, with five other families and twenty-fivelabourers, also created an agricultural community, which was namedWright's Town.Wright pioneered theOttawa Valley timber trade(soon to be the area's most significant economic activity) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley toQuebec City. In 1826, news of the British military's impending construction of the Rideau Canal led to land speculators founding a community on the south side of the Ottawa River.The following year, the town was named after British military engineer ColonelJohn Bywho was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project.The Rideau canal provided a secure route",
"a secure route betweenMontrealandKingstonon Lake Ontario. It bypassed a vulnerable stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during theWar of 1812. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today'sParliament Hill. He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named \"Upper Town\" west of the canal and \"Lower Town\" east of the canal. Similar to itsUpper CanadaandLower Canadanamesakes, historically, \"Upper Town\" was predominantly English-speaking and Protestant, whereas \"Lower Town\" was mostly French, Irish and Catholic. Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was completed in 1832.Bytown's early pioneer period saw Irish labour unrest during theShiners' Warfrom 1835 to 1845and political dissension that was evident in the 1849Stony Monday Riot.In 1855, Bytown was renamedOttawaand incorporated as a city.William Pittman Lettwas installed as the",
"installed as the first city clerk, serving from 1844 to 1891, guiding Ottawa through 36 years of development, leading the hiring of key municipal roles, founding civic organizations, and proposing a set of by-laws for the city. Selection as capital The selection of Ottawa as the capital of Canada predates the Confederation of Canada. The choice was contentious and not straightforward, with the parliament of theUnited Province of Canadaholding more than 200 votes over several decades to attempt to settle on a legislative solution to the location of the capital. The governor-general of the province had designatedKingstonas the capital in 1841. However, the major population centres ofTorontoandMontreal, as well as the former capital of Lower Canada,Quebec City, all had legislators dissatisfied with Kingston. Anglophone merchants in Quebec were the leading group supportive of the Kingston arrangement.In 1842, a vote rejected Kingston as the capital,and study of potential candidates included the then-named",
"the then-named Bytown, but that option proved less popular than Toronto or Montreal.In 1843, a report of the Executive Council recommended Montreal as the capital as a more fortifiable location and commercial centre; however, the governor-general refused to execute a move without a parliamentary vote.In 1844, theQueen's acceptance of a parliamentary vote moved the capital to Montreal. In 1849, afterviolence in Montreal, a series of votes was held, with Kingston and Bytown again considered potential capitals. However, the successful proposal was for two cities to share capital status and the legislature to alternate sitting in each: Quebec City and Toronto, in a policy known as perambulation.Logistical difficulties made this an unpopular arrangement,and although an 1856 vote passed for the lower house of parliament to relocate permanently to Quebec City, the upper house refused to approve funding. The funding impasse led to the ending of the legislature's role in determining the seat of government. The",
"of government. The legislature requested the Queen determine the seat of government. The Queen then acted on the advice of her governor generalEdmund Head,who, after reviewing proposals from various cities, selected the recently renamed Ottawa. The Queen sent a letter to colonial authorities selecting Ottawa as the capital, effective 31 December 1857.George Brown, briefly a co-premier of the Province of Canada, attempted to reverse this decision but was unsuccessful. The Parliament ratified the Queen's choice in 1859, with Quebec serving as interim capital from 1859 to 1865.The relocation process began in 1865, with the first session of Parliament held in the new buildings in 1866. The buildings were generally well received by legislators. Ottawa was chosen as the capital for two primary reasons.First, Ottawa's isolated location, surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada–US border and situated on a cliff face, would make it more defensible from attack.Second, Ottawa was approximately midway",
"midway betweenTorontoand Kingston (inCanada West) andMontrealand Quebec City (inCanada East), making the selection an important political compromise. Other minor considerations included that despite Ottawa's regional isolation, there was water transportation access from spring to fall, both to Montreal via the Ottawa River, and to Kingston via theRideau Waterway.Additionally, by 1854 it also had a modern all-season railway (theBytown and Prescott Railway) that carried passengers, lumber and supplies the 82 kilometres (50 miles) toPrescotton theSaint Lawrence Riverand beyond.Ottawa's small size was also thought to be less prone to politically motivated mob violence, as had happened in theprevious Canadian capitals.Finally, the government already owned the land that eventually becameParliament Hill, which it thought would be an ideal location for the Parliament buildings. The original Parliament buildings, which included the Centre, East and West Blocks, were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in theGothic",
"1866 in theGothic Revival style.At the time, this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted andPublic Works Canadaand its architects were not initially well prepared for the relatively shallow-lying bedrock and had to redesign architectural drawings, leading to delays. TheLibrary of Parliamentand Parliament Hill landscaping were completed in 1876. Post-Confederation Starting in the 1850s, entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills, which became some of the largest mills in the world.Rail linesbuilt in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and, from 1886 to the transcontinental rail network via Hull andLachute, Quebec.By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street-lights were powered entirely by electricity.In 1889, the Government developed and distributed 60 \"water leases\" (still in use) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators atChaudière Falls.Public transportation",
"transportation began in 1870 with ahorsecarsystem,overtaken in the 1890s by a vastelectric streetcar systemthat operated until 1959. TheHull–Ottawa fire of 1900destroyed two-thirds of Hull, including 40 percent of its residential buildings and most of the buildings of its largest employers along the waterfront.It began as a chimney fire in Hull on the north side of the river, but due to wind, spread rapidly throughout the widespread wooden buildings. In Ottawa, it destroyed about one-fifth of the buildings from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down toDow's Lake.The fire had a disproportionate effect on west-end lower-income neighbourhoods. It had also spread among many lumber yards, a major part of Ottawa's economy. The fire destroyed approximately 3200 buildings and caused an estimated $300 million in damage (in 2020 Canadian dollars).An estimated 14% of Ottawans were left homeless. On 1 June 1912, theGrand Trunk Railwayopened both theChâteau Laurierhotel and its neighbouring downtownUnion",
"downtownUnion Station.On 3 February 1916, theCentre Blockof the Parliament buildings wasdestroyed by a fire.The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now theCanadian Museum of Natureuntil the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922. The centrepiece of the newParliament Buildingsis a dominant Gothic Revival-styled structure known as thePeace Tower. The location of what is nowConfederation Squarewas a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings, including the Parliament buildings. It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of theCity Beautiful Movement. It became the site of theNational War Memorialin 1939 and was designated aNational Historic Sitein 1984.A newCentral Post Office(now thePrivy Council of Canada) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square",
"Square grounds had to be demolished. Post–Second World War Ottawa's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950Greber Plan.Prime MinisterMackenzie Kinghired French architect-plannerJacques Greberto design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region, to make it more aesthetically pleasing and a location more befitting for Canada's political centre.Greber's plan included the creation of theNational Capital Greenbelt, theKichi Zibi Mikanand theQueenswayhighway system. His plan also called for changes in institutions such as moving downtown Union Station (now theSenate of Canada Building) to the suburbs, the removal of the street car system, the decentralization of selected government offices, the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown. The plan also recommended the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways. In 1958, theNational Capital Commissionwas established as aCrown Corporationthrough the National Capital Act. The",
"Capital Act. The commission's original mission was to implement the Greber Plan recommendations conducted during the 1960s and 1970s.This marked the creation of a permanent political infrastructure for managing thecapital region. Prior attempts to do so in the previous 50 years had been temporary. These included plans from the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission (OIC), the Todd Plan in 1903, the Holt Report in 1915 and the Federal District Commission (FDC) established in 1927 with a 16-year mandate. From 1931 to 1958, City Hall had been at theTransportation Buildingadjacent to Union Station (now part of theRideau Centre). In 1958, a newCity Hallopened on Green Island near Rideau Falls, where urban renewal had recently transformed this industrial location into a green space.In 2001,Ottawa City Hallreturned downtown to a 1990 building on 110 Laurier Avenue West, the home of the now-defunctRegional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. This new location was close to Ottawa'sfirst (1849–1877)andsecond (1877–1931)City",
"(1877–1931)City Halls.This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th-century restored heritage building formerly known as theOttawa Normal School. From the 1960s to the 1980s, there was a large increase in construction in the National Capital Region,which was followed by large growth in thehigh-techindustry during the 1990s and 2000s.Ottawa became one of Canada's largest high-tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (laterNortel) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as theNational Research Councilcontributed to an eventual technology boom. The early companies led to newer firms such asNewbridge Networks,MitelandCorel. In 1991, provincial and federal governments responded to aland claimsubmitted by the Algonquins of Ontario regarding the unceded status of the land on which Ottawa is situated.Negotiations have been ongoing, with an eventual goal to sign a treaty that would release Canada from claims for misuse of",
"for misuse of land under Algonquintitle, affirm rights of the Algonquins, and negotiate conditions of the title transfer. Ottawa's city limits have expanded over time, including a large expansion effective 1 January 2001, when the province ofOntarioamalgamated all the constituent municipalities of theRegional Municipality of Ottawa–Carletoninto a single city.Regional ChairBob Chiarelliwas elected as the new city's first mayor in the2000 municipal election, defeatingGloucestermayor Claudette Cain.The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and road bridges. On 15 October 2001, a diesel-poweredlight rail transit(LRT) line was introduced on an experimental basis. Known today as theTrillium Line, it was dubbed theO-Trainand connecteddowntown Ottawato the southern suburbs viaCarleton University. The decision to extend the O-Train, and to replace it with an electric light rail system, was a major issue in the2006 municipal elections, where Chiarelli was defeated by businessmanLarry O'Brien.After",
"O'Brien.After O'Brien's election, transit plans were changed to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel through the downtown core.Jim Watson, the last mayor of Ottawa before amalgamation, was re-elected in the2010 election. In October 2012, the City Council approved the finalLansdowne Parkplan, an agreement with theOttawa Sports and Entertainment Groupthat saw a new stadium, increased green space and housing and retail added to the site.In December 2012, City Council voted unanimously to move forward with theConfederation Line, a 12.5 km (7.8 mi) light rail transit line, which was opened on 14 September 2019. Geography Neighbourhoods The present-day city of Ottawa consists of the historic mainurban area, as well as other urban, suburban andruralareas within the city's post-amalgamation limits. Old Ottawa Old Ottawa refers to the former pre-amalgamation city, as well as the former city ofVanier, a densely populated, historically",
"historically francophone, working class enclave, and the formervillageofRockcliffe Park, a wealthy residential neighbourhood adjacent to the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General's residence.The old city includes thedowntown coreand older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and south. These vibrant neighbourhoods include the bustling commercial and cultural areas of Old Ottawa South,Centretown,Lower Town, andSandy Hill, the affluent tree-lined neighbourhoods ofThe Glebe,Westboro, andNew Edinburgh, and the historicallyblue-collarcommunities ofHintonburg,Mechanicsville,Carlington, andLeBreton Flats, with a mixture of housing types, artist lofts, and industrial uses. The old city also includes theethnic enclavesofChinatownandLittle Italy. Suburbs and outlying communities Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from the formerCarleton Countyand one from the formerRussell County.Ottawa city limits are bounded on the east by theUnited Counties of",
"Counties of Prescott and Russell; byRenfrew CountyandLanark Countyin the west; on the south by theUnited Counties of Leeds and Grenvilleand theUnited Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry; and on the north by theRegional County Municipality of Les Collines-de-l'Outaouaisand the City of Gatineau. The main suburban areas extend a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the inner-city.These areas also include the former cities of Cumberland, Gloucester,Kanataand Nepean.The towns ofStittsvilleandRichmondwithin the formerGoulbourn Townshipare to the southwest.Nepean as a suburb also includesBarrhaven.The communities ofManotickandRiverside Southare on the other side of the Rideau River, andGreely, southeast of Riverside South. A number of rural communities (villages andhamlets) are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality.Some of these communities areBurritts Rapids;Ashton;Fallowfield;Kars;Fitzroy Harbour;Munster;Carp;North Gower;Metcalfe;Constance BayandOsgoode.Severaltownsare within the",
"within the federally defined National Capital Region but outside thecity of Ottawamunicipal boundaries;these include communities ofAlmonte,Carleton Place,Embrun,Kemptville,Rockland, andRussell. Architecture Influenced by government structures, much of the city's architecture tends to be formal andfunctional; the city is also marked byRomanticandPicturesquestyles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings' gothic revival architecture.Ottawa's domestic architecture contains single-family homes, but also includes smaller numbers ofsemi-detachedhouses,rowhouses, andapartment buildings.Many domestic buildings in Centretown are clad in red brick, with trim in wood, stone, or metal; variations are common, depending on the cultural heritage of the neighbourhoods and the time they were built. Theskylinehas been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at 92.2 m (302 ft) visible from most parts of the city.Today,several buildings are slightly",
"are slightly tallerthan the Peace Tower, with the tallest being theClaridge Iconat 143 metres (469 ft).Many federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed byPublic Works Canada, which leads toheritage conservationin its renovations and management of buildings, such as the renovation of theSenate Building.Most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission; its control of much undeveloped land and appropriations powers gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city's development. Climate Ottawa has awarm-summer humid continental climate(Köppen:Dfb)with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale.The average July maximum temperature is 26.7 °C (80 °F). The average January minimum temperature is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F).The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on 4 July 1913, 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944. Summers are generally warm and humid in Ottawa. On average, there are 11 days",
"there are 11 days across the three summer months of June, July and August that have temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Periods of hotter weather are normally accompanied by high humidity levels Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. On average, almost every day of January, February and March has more than 5 cm of snowpack (29, 28, and 22 days, respectively), and on average, approximately 12 days a year see 5 cm or more of snowfall, with 4 of those having over 10 cm. An average of 17 days of the year experience temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F).Spring and fall are variable, prone to extreme changes in temperature and conditions. The month of May, for example, on average gets a day below freezing at night every other year, conversely a day surpassing 30 °C Annual rainfall averages around 750mm per year, total precipitation 938mmspread throughout the year, with some variation. May through November are the months more likely to see significant precipitation events, with each month having an",
"month having an average of 3 days of over 1 cm of precipitation, with December through April seeing on average 1–2 days. May through November have, on average, over 8 cm of rainfall per month, with peaks of approximately 9 cm in June and September. December through April have less than 8 cm, with February being the driest month at an average of 5 cm of precipitation. Ottawa experiences about 2,080 hours of average sunshine annually (45% of possible).Predominate wind direction in Ottawa is from theWest, Easterly air flow is more common during periods of wet weather as well as localized river/lake-effectcellson summer afternoons.Windspeed is on average higher during the winter, with northerly winds predominating during cold waves. Physical geography Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of theRideau RiverandRideau Canal.The Rideau Canal (Rideau Waterway) first opened in 1832 and is 202 km (126 mi) long.It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston",
"Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill. It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of theCataraquiand Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transportlocks. Ottawa is situated in a lowland on top ofPaleozoiccarbonate and shale and is surrounded by more craggyPrecambrianigneous and metamorphic formations. Ottawa has had fluvialdepositionoftilland sands, leading to the widespread formation ofeskers. There are limited distinct features arising from glacial deposits, but Ottawa was affected by theLate Wisconsian advance. Before the draining of the Champlain Sea, the area had high salinity. After the draining of the sea, the area had pine-dominated forests.Ottawa is located within theWestern Quebec Seismic Zone, and while relatively inactive, the city does occasionally experience earthquakes. Built environment During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world's largest skating",
"largest skating rink, thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre andNational Arts Centre).On 29 June 2007, the Rideau Canal was recognized as aUNESCO World Heritage Site. The older part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known asLower Town,and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lie bothCentretownandDowntown Ottawa, which share a border along Gloucester Street.These core neighbourhoods contain streets such asElginandBank, which fill the role of commercialmain streetsin the region. Centretown is next to downtown, which includes a substantial economic and architectural government presence across multiple branches of government. Thelegislature's work takes place in the parliamentary precinct, which includes buildings onParliament Hilland others downtown, such as theSenate of Canada Building.Important buildings in the",
"buildings in the executive branch include theOffice of the Prime Minister and Privy Councilas well as many civil service buildings.TheSupreme Court of Canadabuilding can also be found in this area. Across the Ottawa River, which forms the border between Ontario andQuebec, lies the city ofGatineau, itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities ofHullandAylmer.Although formally and administratively separate cities in two different provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with several nearby municipalities) collectively constitute theNational Capital Region, which is considered a single metropolitan area.One federalCrown corporation, the National Capital Commission, or NCC, has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance.The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, has a crucial role in shaping the development of the city.Around the main urban area is an extensivegreenbelt, administered by the NCC for",
"by the NCC for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland. Demographics In the2021 Census of Populationconducted byStatistics Canada, Ottawa had a population of1,017,449living in407,252of its427,113total private dwellings, a change of8.9% from its 2016 population of934,243. With a land area of 2,788.2 km2(1,076.5 sq mi), it had a population density of364.9/km2(945.1/sq mi) in 2021. As of 2021 the Ottawa-Gatineaucensus metropolitan area(CMA) had a population of1,488,307living in604,721of its638,013total private dwellings, a change of8.5% from its 2016 population of1,371,576. With a land area of 8,046.99 km2(3,106.96 sq mi), it had a population density of185.0/km2(479.0/sq mi) in 2021. Ottawa's median age of 40.1 is below the provincial and national averages as of 2016. Youths under 15 constituted 16.7% of the total population in 2016, while those of retirement age (65 years and older) made up 15.4%. The2021 censusreported thatimmigrants(individuals born outside Canada)",
"outside Canada) comprise 259,215 persons or 25.9% of the total population of Ottawa. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin wereChina(20,320 persons or 7.8%),India(16,200 persons or 6.2%),United Kingdom(14,760 persons or 5.7%),Lebanon(11,900 persons or 4.6%),Philippines(10,505 persons or 4.1%),United States of America(8,795 persons or 3.4%),Haiti(6,710 persons or 2.6%),Syria(6,370 persons or 2.5%),Vietnam(6,155 persons or 2.4%), andIran(6,000 persons or 2.3%). Race and ethnicity As of 2021, approximately 64.9% of Ottawa's population was white or European, while 2.6% wereIndigenous, and 32.5% were visible minorities (higher than the national percentage of 26.5%). Religion According to the2021 census, religious groups in Ottawa included: In 2011, around 65% of Ottawa residents described themselves as Christian, withCatholicsaccounting for 38.5% of the population and members ofProtestantchurches 25%. Other religions were also present in Ottawa, the most prominent",
"the most prominent beingIslam(6.7%),Hinduism(1.4%),Buddhism(1.3%), andJudaism(1.2%). Those with no religious affiliation represented 22.8%. Language Bilingualismbecame official policy for the conduct of municipal business in 2002,and 37.6% of the population can speak both languages as of 2016, making it the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages.Those who identify their mother tongue asEnglishconstitute 62.4 percent, while those withFrenchas their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population. Regarding respondents' knowledge of one or both official languages, 59.9 percent and 1.5 percent of the population know English and French only, respectively, while 37.2 percent know both official languages. The overall Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) has a larger proportion of French speakers than Ottawa since Gatineau's population's first language is mostly French. However, Gatineau is also the most bilingual city in Canada, making the region one of the most",
"one of the most bilingual. An additional 20.4 percent of the population list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue. These includeArabic(3.2%),Chinese(3.0%),Spanish(1.2%),Italian(1.1%), and many others. Economy As of 2015, the region of Ottawa-Gatineau has the sixth-highest total household income of all Canadian metropolitan areas ($82,053), and the Ontario portion more directly overlapping the City of Ottawa has a higher household income ($86,451).The median household income after taxes in the City of Ottawa is $73,745 in 2016 was higher than the national median of $61,348.Ottawa's unemployment rate has remained below the national and provincial unemployment rates since 2006, with a rate of 5.2% in April 2022, low compared to the decade preceding.In 2019Mercerranks Ottawa with the third highest quality of living of any Canadian city, and 19th highest in the world.It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world. Ottawa's primary employers are",
"employers are thePublic Service of Canadaand the high-tech industry, although tourism and healthcare also represent increasingly sizeable economic activities. The federal government is the city's largest employer, employing over 116,000 individuals from the National Capital Region.The national headquarters for many federal departments are in Ottawa, particularly throughout Centretown and in theTerrasses de la ChaudièreandPlace du Portagecomplexes in Hull. TheNational Defence Headquartersin Ottawa is the main command centre for theCanadian Armed Forces. It hosts theDepartment of National Defence.During the summer, the city hosts theCeremonial Guard, which performs functions such as theChanging the Guard. As Canada's national capital, tourism is an important part of Ottawa's economy, particularly after the150th anniversary of Canada, centred in Ottawa. The lead-up to the festivities saw much investment in civic infrastructure, upgrades to tourist infrastructure and increases in national cultural",
"national cultural attractions.The National Capital Region annually attracts an estimated 22 million tourists, who spend about 2.2 billion dollars and support 30,600 jobs directly. In addition to the economic activities that come with being the national capital, Ottawa is an important technology centre; in 2015, its 1800 companies employed approximately 63,400 people.The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of \"Silicon Valley North.\"Most of these companies specialize intelecommunications,software developmentandenvironmental technology. Large technology companies such as Nortel, Corel,Mitel,Cognos,Halogen Software,ShopifyandJDS Uniphasewere founded in the city.Ottawa also has regional locations forNokia,3M,Adobe Systems,Bell Canada,IBMandHewlett-Packard.Many of the telecommunications and new technology are in the western part of the city (formerly Kanata). The \"tech sector\" was doing particularly well in 2015/2016.Nordion,i-Statand the National Research Council of Canada",
"Council of Canada andOHRIare part of the growing life science sector. The health sector is another major employer, which employs over 18,000 people in the city.Business, finance, administration, and sales and service rank high among types of occupations.Approximately ten percent of Ottawa's GDP is derived from finance, insurance and real estate whereas employment in goods-producing industries is only half the national average.The City of Ottawa is the second largest employerwith approximately 2,100 people employed by the Ottawa Police service, and 13,300 full-time equivalent non-police employees. In 2016, Ottawa experienced an increase of 10,000 jobs over the 2012 average growth, which was relatively slower than in the late 1990s.All major clusters tracked by the city saw increases in employment between 2014 and 2019.Major areas of growth in the 2010s included local and federal administration, finance and accommodation.Between 2008 and 2020, there was growth in the number of government employees and a",
"employees and a reduction in high-tech jobs, a reversal of previous trends from 2003 to 2008. Ottawa already has the largest rural economy among Canada's major cities.In Ottawa, the rural economy contributes over $1 billion to the GDP. Agriculture alone accounts for $400 million, $136.7 million of which is farm-gate sales.Rural economic activity includes agriculture, retail sales, construction, forestry and mining (aggregates), tourism, manufacturing, personal and business services, and transportation, to name a few. Rural employment expanded by a healthy 18% from 1996 to 2001. Media Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers, theOttawa Citizenestablished asthe Bytown Packetin 1845 and theOttawa Sun, and one French newspaper,Le Droit.The city is also home to local stations of the television broadcast networks and systemsCBCandCTV, as well as English and French radio stations. In addition to the market's local media services, Ottawa is home to several national media",
"national media operations, includingCPAC(Canada's nationallegislature broadcaster)and the parliamentary bureau staff of virtually all of Canada's major newsgathering organizations in television, radio and print. The city is also home to the head office of theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation. Education Primary and secondary education Ottawa has four main public school boards: English, English-Catholic, French, and French-Catholic. The English-languageOttawa-Carleton District School Board(OCDSB) is the largest board with 147 schools,followed by the English-CatholicOttawa Catholic School Boardwith 85 schools.The two French-language boards are the French-CatholicConseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Estwith 49 schools,and the FrenchConseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontariowith 37 schools.Ottawa also has numerousprivate schoolswhich are not part of a board. TheOttawa Public Librarywas created in 1906 as part of theCarnegie librarysystem.as of 2008the library system had 2.3 million items at its 34",
"items at its 34 branches and two mobile libraries.Approximately 9.5 million loans were conducted in 2020, approximately 6.7 million physical loans and the remainder digital items. Higher education and research Ottawa is known as the most educated city in Canada, with over half the population having graduated from college and/or university.Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration ofengineers,scientists, and residents withPhDsin Canada.The city has two main public universities and two main public colleges. Other colleges and universities in the metropolitan area are located in the neighbouring suburb of Gatineau, including theUniversity of Quebec in Outaouais,Cégep de l'Outaouais, andHeritage College. Public health There are six active general medical hospitals in the city of Ottawa: TheQueensway Carleton Hospital,The Ottawa Hospital(Civic Hospital,General Hospital,Riverside Hospital),Montfort Hospital, andChildren's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. Several specialized hospital facilities are also present,",
"are also present, such as the world-renownedUniversity of Ottawa Heart Institute, theRoyal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, and Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital.There are also several hospitals and major medical centres in neighbouring suburban communities and commuter towns. TheUniversity of Ottawa Faculty of Medicineoperatesteaching hospitalsin conjunction with partners throughout the city. Ottawa is the headquarters of numerous major medical organizations and institutions such asCanadian Red Cross,Canadian Blood Services,Health Canada,Canadian Medical Association,Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada,Canadian Nurses Association, and theMedical Council of Canada. Culture and contemporary life Traditionally, theByWard Market(in Lower Town), Parliament Hill and theGolden Triangle(both in Centretown – Downtown) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa.Modern thoroughfares such asWellington Street,Rideau Street,Sussex Drive,Elgin Street,Bank Street,Somerset Street,Preston Street, Richmond",
"Street, Richmond Road inWestboro, andSparks Streetare home to many boutiques, museums, theatres, galleries, landmarks and memorials in addition to eating establishments, cafes, bars and nightclubs. As Canada's capital, Ottawa has played host to many significant cultural events inCanadian history, including the first visit of the reigningCanadian sovereign—King George VI, withhis consort,Queen Elizabeth—to his parliament, on 19 May 1939.VE Daywas marked with a large celebration on 8 May 1945,the first raising ofthe country's new national flagtook place on 15 February 1965,and thecentennial of Confederationwas celebrated on 1 July 1967.QueenElizabeth IIwas in Ottawa on 17 April 1982, to issue aroyal proclamationof the enactment of theConstitution Act.In 1983,Prince CharlesandDiana Princess of Walescame to Ottawa for a state dinner hosted by then Prime MinisterPierre Trudeau.In 2011, Ottawa was selected as the first city to receivePrince William, Duke of Cambridge, andCatherine, Duchess of Cambridgeduring",
"of Cambridgeduring theirtour of Canada. Ottawa was featured in the short story collectionFor Your Eyes Only, byIan Fleming. Landmarks There is oneWorld Heritage Sitein Ottawa, theRideau Canal, along with 25National Historic Sites of Canadain Ottawa, including the Château Laurier, theParliament of Canada, Confederation Square, the former Ottawa Teachers' College andLaurier House. Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having \"heritage elements\" by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of theOntario Heritage Act. Arts Performing and visual arts TheOttawa Little Theatre, founded in 1913 as the Ottawa Drama League, is Ottawa's longest-running community theatre company.Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to theNational Arts Centre Orchestra, theOttawa Symphony OrchestraandOpera Lyra Ottawa. Established in 1975, theGreat Canadian Theatre Companyspecializes in the production of Canadian plays at a",
"Canadian plays at a local level.The cities museum landscape is notable for containing six of Canada's nine national museums, theCanada Agriculture and Food Museum, theCanada Aviation and Space Museum, theCanada Science and Technology Museum, Canadian Museum of Nature,Canadian War Museumand National Gallery of Canada.TheNational Gallery of Canada; designed by famous architectMoshe Safdie, it is a permanent home to theMamansculpture.TheCanadian War Museumhouses over 3.75 million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005.The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905, and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010, leading to a centrepiece Blue Whale skeleton, and the creation of a monthly nightclub experience,Nature Nocturne. Cuisine Ottawa is home to several regional dishes. As a city with traditional French-Canadian roots, staples such aspoutineare served throughout the city. However, many considershawarmaOttawa's official dish;the city contains more shawarma restaurants than anywhere",
"than anywhere else in Canada.The city is also home to \"Ottawa-style\"pizza, consisting usually of a thicker doughy crust and slightly spicy pizza sauce, with the toppings baked under a heavy layer of cheese, keeping the toppings soft.Beaver tails, a fried dough pastry, were first created in Ottawa in the 1970s.Le Cordon Bleuhas a long-established culinary arts institute in the central Ottawa neighbourhood of Sandy Hill, the only Le Cordon Bleu campus in North America. Festivals Ottawa hosts a variety of annual seasonal activities—such asWinterlude, the largest festival in Canada,andCanada Daycelebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area, as well asBluesfest,Canadian Tulip Festival,Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival,Ottawa International Jazz Festival,Fringe Festival,Capital Pride, andCityFolk Festival, that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world.In 2010, Ottawa's Festival industry received theIFEA\"World Festival and Event City Award\" for the category of North",
"category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Sports Professional sports Sport in Ottawahas a history dating back to the 19th century. The city is currently home to six professional sports teams. TheOttawa Senatorsare a professional ice hockey team playing in theNational Hockey League. The Senators history in Ottawa dates back to 1883; the franchise would go on to win theStanley Cupeleven times by 1927. The team is currently a member of the Atlantic Division and play their home games at theCanadian Tire Centre.In 2023, it was announced that Ottawa would be home to one of the six charter franchises of theProfessional Women's Hockey League(PWHL).TheOttawa Chargeplay home games atTD Place Arena. TheOttawa Redblacksare a professional Canadian Football team playing in theCanadian Football League.Formerly theOttawa Rough Ridersrepresented the city until 1996. With a history dating back to 1876, the team was one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North",
"teams in North America. The professional soccer club,Atlético Ottawa, plays in theCanadian Premier League. The team was founded in by Spanish clubAtlético Madrid, and along with the Redblacks, play their home games atTD Place Stadium.TheOttawa Blackjacksare a professional basketball team, playing in theCanadian Elite Basketball League, out of the TD Place Arena.TheOttawa Titansplay professional baseball in theFrontier LeagueatRaymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park.Ottawa was previously home to theOttawa Lynx, aTriple-Aclub, as well as theOttawa Champions, an independent baseball team in theCan-Am League. Collegiate sports The University of Ottawa and Carleton Universityvarsity teamscompete inU Sportsin various sports. Algonquin College and Collège La Cité teams compete in theOCAA. TheCarleton Ravensare nationally ranked inbasketballand soccer.Carleton's men's basketballprogram is regarded as the greatest of all time, having won 17 of the last 20national championships.TheOttawa Gee-Geesare nationally ranked in",
"ranked in basketball and soccer. Non-professional and amateur sports Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including theOttawa 67'sjunior ice hockeyteam.The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such assoccer,basketball,baseball,curling,rowing,ultimate, andhorse racing.Casual recreational activities, such asskating,cycling,tennis,hiking,sailing,golfing,skiing, andfishing/ice fishingare also popular. Starting in 2025 a newIronman Triathlonwill be starting in Ottawa. Government and politics TheCity of Ottawais asingle-tier municipality, meaning it is in itself acensus divisionand has no county or regional municipality government above it, and has no subsidiary municipalities to provide municipal services.Ottawa is governed by the 25-memberOttawa City Councilconsisting of 24 councillors each representing onewardand the mayor,Mark Sutcliffeas of the2022 Ottawa municipal election, is elected in a citywide vote. Along with being the capital of Canada, Ottawa is politically",
"is politically diverse in local politics. Most of the city has traditionally supported theLiberal Partyin federal elections.The safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated byFrancophones, especially in Vanier and central Gloucester.Central Ottawa is usually moreleft-leaning, and theNew Democratic Partyhave won ridings there.Some of Ottawa's suburbs are swing areas, such as central Nepean. Another example of a swing area is Orleans, despite its often Liberal Party-aligned francophone population.Ridings further outside the city centre, such as those including Kanata, Barrhaven and rural areas, tend to be more conservative, fiscally and socially.This is especially true in the former Townships ofWest Carleton,Goulbourn,RideauandOsgoode, which are more in line with the conservative areas in the surroundingcounties.Rural parts of the former township ofCumberland, with a large number of Francophones, traditionally support the Liberal Party, though their support has recently weakened. At present, Ottawa is",
"present, Ottawa is host to130 embassies.A further 49 countries accredit theirembassies and missions in the United Statesto Canada. Transportation Public transportation Ottawa's public transit system is managed byOC Transpo.OC Transpo operates an integrated, multi-modal Rapid Transit system which includes: Airports TheOttawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airportis the city's principal airport. There are also three main regional airportsGatineau-Ottawa Executive Airport,Ottawa/Carp Airport, andOttawa/Rockcliffe Airport. Inter-city transportation Ottawa stationis themaininter-citytrain station operated byVia Rail. It is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the east ofdowntowninEastway Gardens(adjacent toO-TrainTremblay station) and serves Via Rail'sCorridorRoute.The city is also served by inter-city passenger rail service atFallowfield stationin the southwestern suburban community ofBarrhaven. Intercity bus servicesare currently provided by several carriers at various stops throughout the city, following the",
"city, following the closure of the formerOttawa Central Stationbus terminalon 1 June 2021. Major carriers include:Megabus,Ontario Northland, Autobus Gatineau,andOrléans Express. Streets and highways The City of Ottawa has over 12,200 km (7,600 mi) lane-kilometres of road and a series of freeways. The primary freeways are the east–west provincialHighway 417(designated as the Queensway and part of theTrans-Canada Highway), Ottawa-CarletonHighway 174(formerly Provincial Highway 17),Highway 7, and the north–south provincialHighway 416(designated as Veterans' Memorial Highway), which connects to other400-Series highwaysvia the 401.From downtown there are also freeway connections toAutoroute 5andAutoroute 50, in neighbouring Gatineau. The city also has several scenic parkways and promenades, such as theKichi Zibi Mikan(formerly the Macdonald Parkway),Colonel By Drive,Queen Elizabeth Driveway, theSir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway(formerly the Rockcliffe Parkway), and theAviation Parkway. The National Capital",
"National Capital Commission manages ceremonial routes linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River, includingConfederation Boulevard. Cycling and pedestrian network Numerous pavedmulti-use trails, mostly operated by theNational Capital Commissionand the city, wind their way through much of the capital, including along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, and Rideau Canal.These pathwaysare used for transportation, tourism, and recreation. Because many streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes, cycling is a mode of transportation used by up to 2.5% of citizens, including in winter. This is the largest percentage of any major Canadian city.As of 31 December 2015, over 900 km (560 mi) of cycling facilities are found in Ottawa, including 435 km (270 mi) of multi-use pathways, 8 km (5.0 mi) of cycle tracks, 200 km (120 mi) of on-road bicycle lanes, and 257 km (160 mi) of paved shoulders.204 km (127 mi) of new cycling facilities were added between 2011 and 2014. Numerous downtown streets are",
"streets are restricted to pedestrians only. The entire length ofSparks Streetwas turned into apedestrian mallin 1966.Since 1960, additional avenues, streets, and parkways, are reserved for pedestrian and bicycle use only on Saturdays, Sundays and on selected holidays and events.In 2021 city council unanimously approved theByward MarketPublic Realm Plan to make the market area morecar-freeand pedestrian friendly.From 2009 to 2015 the NCC introduced theCapital Bixibicycle-sharing system. This continued until the company VeloGo took over the program from 2015 to 2018 when the partnership ceased.Scooter-sharing systemshave since been introduced in the downtown and inner-city areas. Notable people See also Footnotes References Bibliography External links",
"Justice Building TheJustice Buildingdesigned byThomas W. FullerinOttawais so-called because it was previously home to theDepartment of Justice. Originally called Block D, it was built from 1935 to 1938 for theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police(RCMP). It was renovated in 1998–2001 and now houses some of the offices of Members of Parliament. It is similarGothic Revival architecturedesign to theConfederation Buildinglocated just east of it, which was also designed by Thomas W. Fuller. InIan Fleming's short story \"For Your Eyes Only\"James Bondvisits the RCMP headquarters when it was located in this building, and the book contains a description of the structure. External links This article about a building or structure in Ontario is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Thomas W. Fuller Thomas William Fuller(May 3, 1865 – November 4, 1951), the son ofThomas Fuller, was aCanadianarchitect. Before his selection as Dominion Architect, Fuller designed a number of federal buildings inDawson City, Yukon, some of which are now designated asNational Historic Sites of Canada. These include the Post Office (1899); Court House (1900–01); Territorial Administration Building, 5th Avenue (1901); Public School (1901) which burned 1957; and Commissioner's Residence (1901). He served asChief Dominion Architectfrom 1927 to 1936, designing a number of prominent public buildings in Canada. Thomas W. Fuller designed a number of post offices: His son,Thomas G. Fuller, founded Thomas Fuller Construction company in 1958 which built many public buildings inOttawaas well as the sheltered harbour for theBritannia Yacht Club.In 2002, the company was awarded a contract to renovate the CanadianLibrary of Parliament. Works HousingLe Régiment de Maisonneuve, thisGothic Revivalarmoury's two-dimensional",
"two-dimensional façade with a low-pitched gable roof is pressed up against its urban streetscape On a treed site on the southwest perimeter of Mount Royal Park, thisChâteauesquestructure housesThe Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal);2nd Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery External links References This article about a Canadian architect is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it."
] |
What sea borders the Irish County where the author of the short story Foster was born? | The Irish Sea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_(short_story) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Keegan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_(short_story)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Keegan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow'] | [
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"Claire Keegan Davy Byrnes Irish Writing Award2009 Claire Keegan(born 1968) is an Irish writer known for her short stories, which have been published inThe New Yorker,Best American Short Stories,Granta, andThe Paris Review. Early life and education Claire Keegan was born in 1968, and raised on a farm as one of a large family inCounty Wicklow, Ireland. She travelled toNew Orleans, Louisiana, United States, when she was 17 and studied English and political science atLoyola University.She returned to Ireland in 1992, and later lived for a year inCardiff, Wales,where she undertook an MA in creative writing and taught undergraduates at theUniversity of Wales. She subsequently received an M.Phil atTrinity College Dublin. Career Keegan's first collection of short stories,Antarctica(1999), won theRooney Prize for Irish Literatureand the William Trevor Prize. Her second collection of short stories,Walk the Blue Fields, was published in 2007. Keegan's 'long, short story'\"Foster\" won the 2009Davy Byrnes Short Story Award.\"Foster\" appeared in the 15 February 2010 issue ofThe New Yorkerand was included inThe Best American Short Stories 2011. It was later published byFaber and Faberin a longer form. \"Foster\" is now included as a text for the Irish Leaving Certificate.It was adapted for film by writer/directorColm BairéadasAn Cailín Ciúin(The Quiet Girl; 2022), and was nominated in 2023 for theAcademy Award for Best International Feature Film. In late 2021, Keegan published a novella,Small Things like These, set in Ireland in the mid-1980s.It was shortlisted for the2022 Booker Prize.Thefilm adaptation, starringCillian Murphy,Emily Watson, andEileen Walsh, had its world premiere at the74th Berlin International Film Festivalon 15 February 2024. In February 2022 the storySo Late in the Daywas published in The New Yorker,and was released in a hardback edition in 2023 by Faber. Awards and honours Keegan has won the inauguralWilliam Trevor Prize,theRooney Prize for Irish Literature,theOlive Cook Awardand the Davy Byrnes Irish Writing Award 2009.Other awards include the Hugh Leonard Bursary, the Macaulay Fellowship,the Martin Healy Prize, the Kilkenny Prize, and the Tom Gallon Award. She was also a 2002 Wingate Scholar and a two-time recipient of theFrancis MacManus Award. She was a visiting professor atVillanova Universityin 2008. Keegan was theIreland Fund Artist-in-Residencein the Celtic Studies Department ofSt. Michael's Collegeat theUniversity of Torontoin March 2009.In 2019, she was appointed as Writing Fellow atTrinity College Dublin.Pembroke College Cambridgeand Trinity College Dublin selected Keegan as the 2021 Briena Staunton Visiting Fellow. The French translation ofSmall Things like These(Ce genre de petites choses) has been shortlisted for two prestigious awards: the Francophonie Ambassadors' Literary Awardand the Grand Prix de L'Heroine Madame Figaro.In March 2021, Keegan and her French translator, Jacqueline Odin, won the Francophonie Ambassadors' Literary Award.Small Things like Thesewon the 2022Orwell Prizefor Political Fiction.It became the shortest book to be shortlisted for theBooker Prizeat theceremony in 2022.It was also shortlisted for theRathbones Folio Prize. In 2023 Keegan was named \"Author of the Year\" in conjunction with theIrish Book Awards.Her bookSo Late in the Daywas also shortlisted for the Irish \"Novel of the Year\" award. Keegan has been a member ofAosdánasince 2008. Works Novella Short story collections Short stories References External links",
"County Wicklow County Wicklow(/ˈwɪkloʊ/WIK-loh;Irish:Contae Chill Mhantáin) is acountyinIreland. The last of the traditional 32 counties, having been formed as late as1606, it is part of theEastern and Midland Regionand theprovinceofLeinster. It is bordered by theIrish Seato the east and the counties ofWexfordto the south,Carlowto the southwest,Kildareto the west, andSouth DublinandDún Laoghaire–Rathdownto the north. Wicklow is named after itscounty townofWicklow, which derives from the nameVíkingaló(Old Norsefor \"Vikings' Meadow\").Wicklow County Councilis thelocal authorityfor the county, which had a population of 155,258 at the2022 census.Colloquially known as the \"Garden of Ireland\"for its scenery—which includes extensive woodlands, nature trails, beaches, and ancient ruins while allowing for a multitude of walking, hiking, and climbing options—it is the 17th largest of Ireland's 32 counties by areaand the 16th largest by population.It is also the fourth largest of Leinster's 12 counties by size and the fifth largest in terms of population. History Missions and monasteries During the 5th century Saint Palladius, a bishop from Britain or Gaul was sent to 'the Irish believing in Christ.' He and his companions landed at Wicklow harbour in the year 431 AD.Palladius founded three ancient churches at Donard, Tigroney and Colbinstown.Along with him came two clerics named St. Sylvester and Solonius who died and were buried at Donard. The local tribe in the area were called Cualann and their chief, a man named Naithi was opposed to these Christian missionaries.Despite this hostility however Palladius seems to have gained support elsewhere as he was able to erect those three churches in the Wicklow area. After a rather unsuccessful stay in the county St. Palladius departed Ireland and journeyed to Scotland. A large number of early Irish saints male and female founded churches, monasteries and convents in Wicklow. Among them were St.Kevin, St.Dagan, St.Ernan, St.Credan, St. Baotan and the holy womenSt. Cainnear, St. Ceoltigherna, St. Fledh, St. Tartinna, St. Coine and St. Croine.The ancientmonasteryofGlendaloughis located in the county. 17th century onwards County Wicklow was the last of the traditional counties of Ireland to be shired in1606from land previously part of countiesDublinandCarlow. Established as a distinct county, it was aimed at controlling local groups such as theO'Byrnes. TheMilitary Road, stretching fromRathfarnhamtoAghavannaghcrosses the mountains, north to south, and was built by government forces to assist them in defeating the rebels still active in theWicklow Mountainsfollowing the failedIrish Rebellion of 1798.It provided them with access to an area that had been a hotbed of Irish rebellion for centuries. Several barracks to house the soldiers were built along the route; in 1974 theGlencree Centre for Peace and Reconciliationwas opened alongside the remains of Glencree barracks. Battalions of theIrish Armyuse firing ranges in County Wicklow for tactical exercises, especially the largest one in theGlen of Imaalwhich was previously used by theBritish Armyprior to independence. During theCromwellian conquest of Ireland, local authorities immediately surrendered without a fight. During the Irish Rebellion of 1798, some of theUnited Irishmeninsurgents took refuge in the Wicklow Mountains,resulting in clashes between British forces and rebels commanded byJoseph Holtnear Aughrim and later at Arklow. The boundaries of the county were extended in 1957 by the Local Government Actwhich \"detached lands from theCounty of Dublinand from the jurisdiction and powers of the Council of the County of Dublin\" near Bray and added them to the County of Wicklow. Irish language Wicklow was the first county in Ireland to lose theIrish language, with only around 2% of people speaking it in the 1770s. It was spoken on the Western slopes of theWicklow Mountainsin the 1790s. Andrew and Hannah Byrne ofGlenealy, who both died in 1830, were among the last native speakers speaker in the county. Geography Location Wicklow is part of theEastern and Midland Regionof Ireland, within the province ofLeinster. It is bounded by four counties,Dublinto the north;KildareandCarlowto the west;Wexfordto the south; and theIrish Seato the east. Wicklow is the 17th largest of Ireland's 32 traditional counties by land area, and the 16th most populous. It is the fourth largest of Leinster's 12 counties by size and the fifth most populous. The county is named after the town ofWicklow, located approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) south ofDublin, the capital city of Ireland. TheWicklow Mountainsare Ireland's largest continuous upland area and occupy a significant portion of the county, spanning the entire centre of Wicklow and stretching into Dublin and Wexford at their southern and northern fringes.Lugnaquilla, at 925 metres (3,035 ft) above sea level, is the tallest peak in the range, the highest mountain in Ireland outside ofCounty Kerry, and Ireland's 13th-highest mountain overall.TheWicklow Mountains National Park, located in the middle of the county, is a dedicated protected area covering 205 square kilometres (50,657 acres), making it the largestnational parkin Ireland.TheWicklow Waywas the firstlong-distance trailin the State, and crosses the range for 131 kilometres (81 mi). Geology The Wicklow Mountains are centred on the Leinsterbatholithand are primarily composed ofgranitesurrounded by an envelope ofmica-schistand much older rocks such asquartzite. Covering 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi), the Leinster batholith is the most expansive mass ofintrusiveigneous rockin Ireland orBritain.The oldest rocks in the county are the quartzites of the Bray Group that includeBray Headand theLittle Sugar LoafandGreat Sugar Loafmountains.Thesemetamorphosedfromsandstonedeposited in the deep waters of the primevalIapetus Oceanduring theCambrianperiod(542-488 million years ago). As with much of Ireland, Wicklow's terrain was sculpted by successive periods of glaciation during thequaternary. Weathering and erosion by ice carved out long valleys known asglens(from theIrishgleann) such asGlenmacnass,Glen of the Downs,Glenmalure,Glen of Imaal,GlencreeandGlendalough. The Irish Sea Ice-Sheet began to retreat shortly after theLast Glacial Maximumca. 20,000–23,000 years ago but significant ice masses persisted in the Wicklow Mountains for another 4,000–7,000 years. Hydrology Major rivers include the 132-kilometre (82.0 mi)River Liffey, Ireland's 8th-longest river, which rises nearTonduffmountain and flows through the centre ofDublin City, reaching the Irish Sea atDublin Bay.Its biggest tributary by volume, theRiver Dodder, rises along the northern slope ofKippurein the far north of the county, while the Kings River joins at Blessington Lakes. Multiple other Liffey tributaries flow within the county. The 117.5-kilometre (73.0 mi)River Slaney, which starts at Lugnaquilla, flows west and then south before reachingSt George's ChannelatWexfordtown.TheAvonmoreandAvonbegrivers join to form theAvoca Riverat theMeeting of the Watersin the Vale of Avoca.TheRiver Derreenin the south of the county defines a section of the border with Carlow. Most of the county's lakes (or loughs) are glacially derivedribbonandcorrie lakesfound in scenictrough valleyssurrounded by mountains, making them popular with tourists.Notable lakes in the county includeGlendalough Upper Lake,Lough Tay('TheGuinnessLake'),Lough Ouler('The Heart-shaped Lake'), Lough Bray,Lough Danand Lough Nahanagan. Poulaphouca Reservoiris the largest of Wicklow's lakes, covering 2,226 hectares (5,500 acres) in the west of the county.It is the largest artificial lake in Ireland and was created following the damming of theRiver LiffeyatPoulaphoucain 1940. The village of Ballinahown was completed submerged by the reservoir and its 70 families were relocated. Ruins of the old village including buildings, fences and farm machinery can be seen during droughts when water levels in the reservoir diminish.The lowerVartry Reservoir, constructed between 1862 and 1868, is the county's second largest lake. Coast Wicklow has a relativelyshort coastline, at 64 kilometres (40 mi) in length.Wicklow's coastline is mostly straight, with few sizable bays or inlets and no offshore islands, giving it a shorter coastline than smaller counties likeLouthand Dublin.Wicklow Headis the county's most prominent coastal headland, and is also the most easterly mainland point of the Republic of Ireland.Wicklow's east coast is a popular domestic summer holiday destination, and the county has numerous beaches includingBrittas Bay, Clogga Beach, The Cove, Silver Strand Beach, Sallymount Bay Beach, Ennereilly Beach, Newcastle Beach, Arklow's Porter's Rock Beach and South Beach, Greystones North and South Beaches, Bray Strand, and Magheramore Beach. Forest The county has roughly 37,500 hectares (93,000 acres) of wooded area, the 8th highest total forest cover in Ireland. In terms of forest cover as a proportion of land area, Wicklow ranks second in the country, at 18.5%.Known as the \"Garden of Ireland\", Wicklow was historically the county with the highest percentage of woodlands. The 2017 National Forestry Inventory revealed thatCounty Leitrimhad overtaken it for the first time. Wicklow is in atemperate broadleaf and mixed forestsbiome, although the majority of Wicklow's forests are commercialconifers. The economictree linein the region is around 400 metres (1,300 ft), above whichhill farmingandblanket bogdominates. Urban development In terms of urban development,Wicklow County Councilimposes the most stringent planning restrictions in Ireland. In order to build a house outside of the main towns, a person must be \"born and bred in the area, or have lived there for a period of 10 years\" and must also demonstrate that the house is for their own housing needs, rather than for resale. Further, potential buyers in rural areas must be approved by the council before the homeowner is allowed to sell to them. The primary justification for these restrictions is to avoidone-off housingor other poorly planned developments which could put a strain on the county's infrastructure and degrade its natural environment. Climate The climate of Wicklow istemperateoceanic(Köppen climate classificationCfbin most areas, andCfcoceanic subpolarin some highland areas), with cool, humid summers, and mild, wet winters. The climate of the eastern portion of the county is moderated by theIrish Seaand averages milder winters and cooler summers, while the western inland portion along theKildareborder experiences warmer summers and colder winters. The county's upland interior experiences significantly lower temperatures and higher rainfall year-round.Snow typically falls from December to March, but most low-lying and coastal areas see only a few days of lying snow per year, or may see no snow at all during some winters. The Wicklow Mountains region is the snowiest part of Ireland and can experience 50 or more days of snowfall each year. The county experiences a narrow annual temperature range. Typical daytime highs range from 17–22 °C (63–72 °F) throughout the county in July and August, with overnight lows in the 11–14 °C (52–57 °F) range, although temperatures in the mountains can be 5–10 °C (41–50 °F) lower.Mean January temperatures range from 7 °C (45 °F) on the coast to 0 °C (32 °F) at high elevations.Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, although the wettest months (October and November) receive roughly twice as much rain as the driest months (February, March and April). The driest area of Wicklow is the northeast corner of the county, which is protected from the prevailing south-westerly winds by the Wicklow Mountains and receives around 750 mm (30 in) of rainfall per year.The coastal region ofCounty Dublinimmediately to the north is the driest location in all of Ireland as a result of therain shadowcreated by the mountains. Easterly winds can occur between February and May, and are often associated with extreme snowfall events such as the 2018 \"Beast from the East\" and the \"Big Snow of 1947\".Much of Wicklow is very vulnerable to heavy snowfall and the county is typically the hardest hit by such events, with some areas recording over 2 feet (61 cm) of snow.During the winter of 1947, residents ofRathdrumcalled upon theIrish Red Crossto drop them food parcels by plane as the village had been inaccessible by road for over a month due to heavy snow. Wicklow is occasionally affected byhurricanes, although they are usuallyextratropicalstorms by the time they reach Ireland. On 24 August 1986, duringHurricane Charley, 280 mm (11 in) of rain fell over a 24-hour period atKippureon the Wicklow-Dublin border, the greatest daily rainfall total ever recorded in Ireland.The hurricane caused severe flooding and up to 1,000 homes had to be evacuated in Bray alone.Other major floods in Wicklow which resulted in loss of life occurred in 1886–87, 1931, 1965 and 2011. Subdivisions Baronies There are eight historicbaroniesin the county.While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under \"Administrative units\". The largest barony in Wicklow is Lower Talbotstown, at 88,704 acres (359 km2), and the smallest barony is Rathdown, at 33,463 acres (135 km2). Townlands Towns and villages Demographics Population As of the2016 census, the resident population of Wicklow was 142,425, a 4.2% increase since theCensus of Ireland 2011.The county's population is one of the fastest growing in the country, increasing 38.7 percent in the 20 years between 1996 and 2016. However, its share of theMid East's population has steadily fallen as Meath and Kildare have experienced even more rapid population growth.While Bray remains by far the largest town in the county, improved transport links to Dublin such as upgrades to theM11and the completion of theM50in 2005 encouraged the growth of towns further south. Between 2002 and 2016 Bray grew by 5.3 percent. By contrast, over the same periodArklowgrew by 32.2 percent,Greystonesgrew by 53.3 percent andRathnewgrew by 133.9%. The most densely populated areas of the county are concentrated in the northeast, with over 50 percent of Wicklow's residents living within 15 kilometres (9 mi) of theDublinborder.Many of the county's largest urban areas are clustered in this region along an axis stretching fromBraytoNewtownmountkennedy, which incorporatesGreystones,Delgany,Enniskerry,Kilmacanogue,KilpedderandKilcoole. Outside of this region,Wicklow,RathnewandArkloware the only sizable towns in the eastern portion of the county, whileBlessingtonis the only large settlement in west Wicklow. The county's interior is very sparsely populated, with only a few small settlements located in the foothills of the Wicklow Mountains such asRathdrum,Laragh,RoundwoodandTinahely. Mostsmall areasin central Wicklow have a population density of less than 20 people per km2, compared with an average of 77 people per km2 in the county as a whole. The gender makeup of the county in 2016 was 50.74% female and 49.26% male. 29.0% of the population were under the age of 19; 58% were between the ages of 19 and 64; and 13.0% were 65 years of age or older. Whites of any ethnic background constituted 95.2% of the population in 2016: 86.0% were White Irish, 0.6%Irish Traveller, and 8.6% White of any other background. Asians were the second largest ethnic group, comprising 1.6% of the county's population, followed by mixed race or other backgrounds at 1.2%. Just over 2,300 people (1.6%) did not state their ethnicity. Accounting for just 0.4% of the population, Wicklow has by far the lowest percentage of black residents in theGreater Dublin Area. The 2016 census recorded 524 black residents in Wicklow, of which 408 (78%) were of African descent and 116 (22%) were of other black backgrounds. Urban areas The 2016 census recorded that 65 percent of Wicklow's residents lived in urban areas (settlements with a population greater than 1,500) and 35 percent lived in rural areas. Of Wicklow's rural population, roughly 26 percent (36,800 people) live in the open countryside outside of any designated settlements, while 9 percent (13,032 people) live in settlements with less than 1,500 people.According to theCSOreportUrban and Rural Life in Ireland 2019, Wicklow (alongside Kildare) has the highest proportion of residents living insatellite towns. The 10 largest settlements in the county are listed below. The county town is marked inbold. Migration As of 2016, around 85% of Wicklow's population was born within the Republic of Ireland, and a further 0.9% was born inNorthern Ireland.Just over 38% of Wicklow's usually resident population was born within the county, making it the second least indigenous county in Ireland, after Meath. While around 35% of the county's population was born in neighbouring Dublin, it is likely that a significant portion of these are Wicklow natives who were born in one of Dublin's many hospitals. People born in theUnited Kingdomare by far the largest immigrant group, comprising 5.9% of Wicklow's population (8,388 people). Of this group, only around half (4,045 people) stated that they were either UK or dual Irish-UK citizens. ThePolesare the second largest immigrant group, constituting 2.0% of the county's population. The census recorded 2,905 Polish citizens in Wicklow, of which 2,759 were born inPoland.The fastest growing major immigrant groups between 2011 and 2016 wereRomanians,IndiansandFilipinos. There was also a large increase in the number ofBrazilians(+107%),Italians(+59%) andSpaniards(+53%) living in Wicklow over this period. *IncludesHong Kong SAR Religion The 2016 census showed that religious affiliation in Wicklow was as follows:Catholic73%,Irreligion13.3%, Other Christian 8.8%, Other stated religions 3.1%, and not stated 1.8%. The single largest religious denomination in 2016 was the Roman Catholic Church, with 103,947 adherents. This is a 4.4% decrease from the 2011 census. Catholicism in Wicklow reached its peak percentage in the 1961 census, when 87.5% of the population identified as Catholic. As of 2016, Wicklow is the second least Catholic county in the State, and among the most irreligious. Other Christian denominations comprised 8.8% of the population. As a proportion of population, Wicklow has the largestChurch of Irelandaffiliation of any county in the Republic of Ireland, at 6.2%, although this figure was historically much higher. The 1901 census recorded that just under 20% of Wicklow's population was affiliated with the Church of Ireland.In 2016Greystoneshad the highest percentage of Protestants in the State (10.5%), and was also Ireland's least religious town, with 18.3% of residents stating they did not follow any religion. Just over 0.5% of the population adhered to smaller Protestant denominations such asPresbyterian,ApostolicandPentecostal. A further 1.05% of respondents stated that they were \"Christian\" but did not specify any denomination.Eastern Orthodoxis the fastest growing of the major Christian denominations, increasing from 840 adherents in 2011 to 1,317 in 2016, a 56.7% increase. The largest non-Christian religions wereIslam(0.4%) andHinduism(0.16%). All other stated religions constituted 2.5% of the population, and 1.8% of respondents did not state their religion. Economy Built environment Wicklow is home to several major water supply and hydroelectric facilities. TheTurlough Hillpumped-storage scheme, a significantcivil engineeringproject, was carried out in the mountains in the 1960s and 1970s. Leisure and tourism Wicklow, often called \"The Garden of Ireland\", has been a popular tourist destination for many years, due to its scenery, beaches, walking, hiking and climbing options, and attractions including the ruins of the monastic city of Glendalough, Wicklow Gaol and water-based activities on reservoirs and the coast. TheWicklow Wayis the oldestwaymarkedlong-distance walking trailin Ireland. The popular annual mass participation bike rideWicklow 200has taken place in the county every year since 1982. Governance and politics Local government The local government authority isWicklow County Councilwhich returns 32 councillors from sixlocal electoral areas: Arklow, Baltinglass, Bray East, Bray West, Greystones, and Wicklow.Wicklow County Council sends three members to theEastern and Midland Regional Assembly, where it is part of the Eastern Strategic Planning Area. Former districts County Wicklow was formerly divided into therural districtsof Baltinglass No. 1, Rathdown No. 2, Rathdrum, and Shillelagh, and theurban districtsofArklow,BrayandWicklow.The rural districts were abolished in 1925.Greystones, in the former rural district of Rathdown No. 2, was giventown commissionersin 1984.The urban districts of Arklow, Bray and Wicklow and the town commissioners of Greystones becametown councilsin 2002.All town councils in Ireland were abolished in 2014. National politics The whole county is in theDáil constituencyofWicklow(5 seats). Transportation Road Wicklow has a well-maintained network ofregional roadswhich connect the county's western portion to its eastern portion, cross-cutting the Wicklow Mountains from east to west. Several north-south regional roads also traverse the mountains, providing amenity access to the county's interior. The county is also serviced by aNational secondary road(N81) in western Wicklow, and aNational primary road(N11) in eastern Wicklow which becomes amotorwayat Junction 14 north of Ashford. The N11/M11 is the main route used by Wicklow commuters heading northbound to Dublin. Southbound traffic can also be heavy on weekends due to the influx of Dublin visitors into Wicklow andWexford. Major routes include: Culture Mermaid, County Wicklow Arts Centre is based in Bray. Mermaid is the county's hub of artistic activity and creation, offering a programme in many art forms: visual arts, theatre productions, opera, dance performances, arthouse cinema, comedy and a music programme.Two of the county's festivals take place in Arklow, the Arklow Music Festival and the Arklow Seabreeze Festival. The county is a popular film-making location in Ireland.Brayis home toArdmore Studios, where many of Ireland's best known feature films, includingJohn Boorman'sExcaliburandZardoz,Jim Sheridan'sOscar-winningIn the Name of the Father,Rawhead Rex, and severalNeil Jordanfilms, have been shot. TheBBCseriesBallykissangelwas also filmed in County Wicklow. Scenes from the movieP.S. I Love Youwere shot in theWicklow Mountains National Parkwhile several scenes from other movies, fromBarry LyndontoHaywire, have been filmed in the county. Media Filming locations Much of the television seriesVikings, (Amazon Prime), was filmed atAshford Studiosin the county, particularly scenes that required a green screen for subsequent CGI work. Some on-location filming was done elsewhere in the county. For example, certain scenes forVikings (season 6)were filmed at andPowerscourt WaterfallandPowerscourt Estateand inLough Tay. Ashford Studios was also the base for production of this final season.The spinoff from the series,Vikings: Valhalla(Netflix), is also based at Ashford Studios. From 2016 to 2018, most ofInto the Badlands (TV series)was filmed in County Wicklow. Fate: The Winx Saga, announced byNetflixin 2019, was also shot in the county and based atArdmore Studios, Bray. Disenchanted, anWalt Disney Picturesfilm, was also filmed in the town ofGreystonesandEnniskerry village.The latter location being notable because the entire village was decorated for the production and closed to the public for certain days. Places of interest Twinning County Wicklow is twinned withWürzburg, Germany andSeminole County, Florida, USA. See also References Citations Sources External links 53°00′N6°25′W / 53.000°N 6.417°W /53.000; -6.417"
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"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Foster_(short_story (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b93932bf0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Claire Keegan Davy Byrnes Irish Writing Award2009 Claire Keegan(born 1968) is an Irish writer known for her short stories, which have been published inThe New Yorker,Best American Short Stories,Granta, andThe Paris Review. Early life and education Claire Keegan was born in 1968, and raised on a farm as one of a large family inCounty Wicklow, Ireland. She travelled toNew Orleans, Louisiana, United States, when she was 17 and studied English and political science atLoyola University.She returned to Ireland in 1992, and later lived for a year inCardiff, Wales,where she undertook an MA in creative writing and taught undergraduates at theUniversity of Wales. She subsequently received an M.Phil atTrinity College Dublin. Career Keegan's first collection of short stories,Antarctica(1999), won theRooney Prize for Irish Literatureand the William Trevor Prize. Her second collection of short stories,Walk the Blue Fields, was published in 2007. Keegan's 'long, short story'\"Foster\" won the 2009Davy Byrnes Short Story",
"Byrnes Short Story Award.\"Foster\" appeared in the 15 February 2010 issue ofThe New Yorkerand was included inThe Best American Short Stories 2011. It was later published byFaber and Faberin a longer form. \"Foster\" is now included as a text for the Irish Leaving Certificate.It was adapted for film by writer/directorColm BairéadasAn Cailín Ciúin(The Quiet Girl; 2022), and was nominated in 2023 for theAcademy Award for Best International Feature Film. In late 2021, Keegan published a novella,Small Things like These, set in Ireland in the mid-1980s.It was shortlisted for the2022 Booker Prize.Thefilm adaptation, starringCillian Murphy,Emily Watson, andEileen Walsh, had its world premiere at the74th Berlin International Film Festivalon 15 February 2024. In February 2022 the storySo Late in the Daywas published in The New Yorker,and was released in a hardback edition in 2023 by Faber. Awards and honours Keegan has won the inauguralWilliam Trevor Prize,theRooney Prize for Irish Literature,theOlive Cook Awardand the",
"Cook Awardand the Davy Byrnes Irish Writing Award 2009.Other awards include the Hugh Leonard Bursary, the Macaulay Fellowship,the Martin Healy Prize, the Kilkenny Prize, and the Tom Gallon Award. She was also a 2002 Wingate Scholar and a two-time recipient of theFrancis MacManus Award. She was a visiting professor atVillanova Universityin 2008. Keegan was theIreland Fund Artist-in-Residencein the Celtic Studies Department ofSt. Michael's Collegeat theUniversity of Torontoin March 2009.In 2019, she was appointed as Writing Fellow atTrinity College Dublin.Pembroke College Cambridgeand Trinity College Dublin selected Keegan as the 2021 Briena Staunton Visiting Fellow. The French translation ofSmall Things like These(Ce genre de petites choses) has been shortlisted for two prestigious awards: the Francophonie Ambassadors' Literary Awardand the Grand Prix de L'Heroine Madame Figaro.In March 2021, Keegan and her French translator, Jacqueline Odin, won the Francophonie Ambassadors' Literary Award.Small Things like",
"Things like Thesewon the 2022Orwell Prizefor Political Fiction.It became the shortest book to be shortlisted for theBooker Prizeat theceremony in 2022.It was also shortlisted for theRathbones Folio Prize. In 2023 Keegan was named \"Author of the Year\" in conjunction with theIrish Book Awards.Her bookSo Late in the Daywas also shortlisted for the Irish \"Novel of the Year\" award. Keegan has been a member ofAosdánasince 2008. Works Novella Short story collections Short stories References External links",
"County Wicklow County Wicklow(/ˈwɪkloʊ/WIK-loh;Irish:Contae Chill Mhantáin) is acountyinIreland. The last of the traditional 32 counties, having been formed as late as1606, it is part of theEastern and Midland Regionand theprovinceofLeinster. It is bordered by theIrish Seato the east and the counties ofWexfordto the south,Carlowto the southwest,Kildareto the west, andSouth DublinandDún Laoghaire–Rathdownto the north. Wicklow is named after itscounty townofWicklow, which derives from the nameVíkingaló(Old Norsefor \"Vikings' Meadow\").Wicklow County Councilis thelocal authorityfor the county, which had a population of 155,258 at the2022 census.Colloquially known as the \"Garden of Ireland\"for its scenery—which includes extensive woodlands, nature trails, beaches, and ancient ruins while allowing for a multitude of walking, hiking, and climbing options—it is the 17th largest of Ireland's 32 counties by areaand the 16th largest by population.It is also the fourth largest of Leinster's 12 counties by size and the",
"by size and the fifth largest in terms of population. History Missions and monasteries During the 5th century Saint Palladius, a bishop from Britain or Gaul was sent to 'the Irish believing in Christ.' He and his companions landed at Wicklow harbour in the year 431 AD.Palladius founded three ancient churches at Donard, Tigroney and Colbinstown.Along with him came two clerics named St. Sylvester and Solonius who died and were buried at Donard. The local tribe in the area were called Cualann and their chief, a man named Naithi was opposed to these Christian missionaries.Despite this hostility however Palladius seems to have gained support elsewhere as he was able to erect those three churches in the Wicklow area. After a rather unsuccessful stay in the county St. Palladius departed Ireland and journeyed to Scotland. A large number of early Irish saints male and female founded churches, monasteries and convents in Wicklow. Among them were St.Kevin, St.Dagan, St.Ernan, St.Credan, St. Baotan and the holy womenSt.",
"the holy womenSt. Cainnear, St. Ceoltigherna, St. Fledh, St. Tartinna, St. Coine and St. Croine.The ancientmonasteryofGlendaloughis located in the county. 17th century onwards County Wicklow was the last of the traditional counties of Ireland to be shired in1606from land previously part of countiesDublinandCarlow. Established as a distinct county, it was aimed at controlling local groups such as theO'Byrnes. TheMilitary Road, stretching fromRathfarnhamtoAghavannaghcrosses the mountains, north to south, and was built by government forces to assist them in defeating the rebels still active in theWicklow Mountainsfollowing the failedIrish Rebellion of 1798.It provided them with access to an area that had been a hotbed of Irish rebellion for centuries. Several barracks to house the soldiers were built along the route; in 1974 theGlencree Centre for Peace and Reconciliationwas opened alongside the remains of Glencree barracks. Battalions of theIrish Armyuse firing ranges in County Wicklow for tactical exercises,",
"tactical exercises, especially the largest one in theGlen of Imaalwhich was previously used by theBritish Armyprior to independence. During theCromwellian conquest of Ireland, local authorities immediately surrendered without a fight. During the Irish Rebellion of 1798, some of theUnited Irishmeninsurgents took refuge in the Wicklow Mountains,resulting in clashes between British forces and rebels commanded byJoseph Holtnear Aughrim and later at Arklow. The boundaries of the county were extended in 1957 by the Local Government Actwhich \"detached lands from theCounty of Dublinand from the jurisdiction and powers of the Council of the County of Dublin\" near Bray and added them to the County of Wicklow. Irish language Wicklow was the first county in Ireland to lose theIrish language, with only around 2% of people speaking it in the 1770s. It was spoken on the Western slopes of theWicklow Mountainsin the 1790s. Andrew and Hannah Byrne ofGlenealy, who both died in 1830, were among the last native speakers speaker",
"speakers speaker in the county. Geography Location Wicklow is part of theEastern and Midland Regionof Ireland, within the province ofLeinster. It is bounded by four counties,Dublinto the north;KildareandCarlowto the west;Wexfordto the south; and theIrish Seato the east. Wicklow is the 17th largest of Ireland's 32 traditional counties by land area, and the 16th most populous. It is the fourth largest of Leinster's 12 counties by size and the fifth most populous. The county is named after the town ofWicklow, located approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) south ofDublin, the capital city of Ireland. TheWicklow Mountainsare Ireland's largest continuous upland area and occupy a significant portion of the county, spanning the entire centre of Wicklow and stretching into Dublin and Wexford at their southern and northern fringes.Lugnaquilla, at 925 metres (3,035 ft) above sea level, is the tallest peak in the range, the highest mountain in Ireland outside ofCounty Kerry, and Ireland's 13th-highest mountain",
"mountain overall.TheWicklow Mountains National Park, located in the middle of the county, is a dedicated protected area covering 205 square kilometres (50,657 acres), making it the largestnational parkin Ireland.TheWicklow Waywas the firstlong-distance trailin the State, and crosses the range for 131 kilometres (81 mi). Geology The Wicklow Mountains are centred on the Leinsterbatholithand are primarily composed ofgranitesurrounded by an envelope ofmica-schistand much older rocks such asquartzite. Covering 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi), the Leinster batholith is the most expansive mass ofintrusiveigneous rockin Ireland orBritain.The oldest rocks in the county are the quartzites of the Bray Group that includeBray Headand theLittle Sugar LoafandGreat Sugar Loafmountains.Thesemetamorphosedfromsandstonedeposited in the deep waters of the primevalIapetus Oceanduring theCambrianperiod(542-488 million years ago). As with much of Ireland, Wicklow's terrain was sculpted by successive periods of glaciation during",
"glaciation during thequaternary. Weathering and erosion by ice carved out long valleys known asglens(from theIrishgleann) such asGlenmacnass,Glen of the Downs,Glenmalure,Glen of Imaal,GlencreeandGlendalough. The Irish Sea Ice-Sheet began to retreat shortly after theLast Glacial Maximumca. 20,000–23,000 years ago but significant ice masses persisted in the Wicklow Mountains for another 4,000–7,000 years. Hydrology Major rivers include the 132-kilometre (82.0 mi)River Liffey, Ireland's 8th-longest river, which rises nearTonduffmountain and flows through the centre ofDublin City, reaching the Irish Sea atDublin Bay.Its biggest tributary by volume, theRiver Dodder, rises along the northern slope ofKippurein the far north of the county, while the Kings River joins at Blessington Lakes. Multiple other Liffey tributaries flow within the county. The 117.5-kilometre (73.0 mi)River Slaney, which starts at Lugnaquilla, flows west and then south before reachingSt George's ChannelatWexfordtown.TheAvonmoreandAvonbegrivers",
"join to form theAvoca Riverat theMeeting of the Watersin the Vale of Avoca.TheRiver Derreenin the south of the county defines a section of the border with Carlow. Most of the county's lakes (or loughs) are glacially derivedribbonandcorrie lakesfound in scenictrough valleyssurrounded by mountains, making them popular with tourists.Notable lakes in the county includeGlendalough Upper Lake,Lough Tay('TheGuinnessLake'),Lough Ouler('The Heart-shaped Lake'), Lough Bray,Lough Danand Lough Nahanagan. Poulaphouca Reservoiris the largest of Wicklow's lakes, covering 2,226 hectares (5,500 acres) in the west of the county.It is the largest artificial lake in Ireland and was created following the damming of theRiver LiffeyatPoulaphoucain 1940. The village of Ballinahown was completed submerged by the reservoir and its 70 families were relocated. Ruins of the old village including buildings, fences and farm machinery can be seen during droughts when water levels in the reservoir diminish.The lowerVartry Reservoir,",
"Reservoir, constructed between 1862 and 1868, is the county's second largest lake. Coast Wicklow has a relativelyshort coastline, at 64 kilometres (40 mi) in length.Wicklow's coastline is mostly straight, with few sizable bays or inlets and no offshore islands, giving it a shorter coastline than smaller counties likeLouthand Dublin.Wicklow Headis the county's most prominent coastal headland, and is also the most easterly mainland point of the Republic of Ireland.Wicklow's east coast is a popular domestic summer holiday destination, and the county has numerous beaches includingBrittas Bay, Clogga Beach, The Cove, Silver Strand Beach, Sallymount Bay Beach, Ennereilly Beach, Newcastle Beach, Arklow's Porter's Rock Beach and South Beach, Greystones North and South Beaches, Bray Strand, and Magheramore Beach. Forest The county has roughly 37,500 hectares (93,000 acres) of wooded area, the 8th highest total forest cover in Ireland. In terms of forest cover as a proportion of land area, Wicklow ranks second in the",
"ranks second in the country, at 18.5%.Known as the \"Garden of Ireland\", Wicklow was historically the county with the highest percentage of woodlands. The 2017 National Forestry Inventory revealed thatCounty Leitrimhad overtaken it for the first time. Wicklow is in atemperate broadleaf and mixed forestsbiome, although the majority of Wicklow's forests are commercialconifers. The economictree linein the region is around 400 metres (1,300 ft), above whichhill farmingandblanket bogdominates. Urban development In terms of urban development,Wicklow County Councilimposes the most stringent planning restrictions in Ireland. In order to build a house outside of the main towns, a person must be \"born and bred in the area, or have lived there for a period of 10 years\" and must also demonstrate that the house is for their own housing needs, rather than for resale. Further, potential buyers in rural areas must be approved by the council before the homeowner is allowed to sell to them. The primary justification for these",
"for these restrictions is to avoidone-off housingor other poorly planned developments which could put a strain on the county's infrastructure and degrade its natural environment. Climate The climate of Wicklow istemperateoceanic(Köppen climate classificationCfbin most areas, andCfcoceanic subpolarin some highland areas), with cool, humid summers, and mild, wet winters. The climate of the eastern portion of the county is moderated by theIrish Seaand averages milder winters and cooler summers, while the western inland portion along theKildareborder experiences warmer summers and colder winters. The county's upland interior experiences significantly lower temperatures and higher rainfall year-round.Snow typically falls from December to March, but most low-lying and coastal areas see only a few days of lying snow per year, or may see no snow at all during some winters. The Wicklow Mountains region is the snowiest part of Ireland and can experience 50 or more days of snowfall each year. The county experiences a",
"experiences a narrow annual temperature range. Typical daytime highs range from 17–22 °C (63–72 °F) throughout the county in July and August, with overnight lows in the 11–14 °C (52–57 °F) range, although temperatures in the mountains can be 5–10 °C (41–50 °F) lower.Mean January temperatures range from 7 °C (45 °F) on the coast to 0 °C (32 °F) at high elevations.Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, although the wettest months (October and November) receive roughly twice as much rain as the driest months (February, March and April). The driest area of Wicklow is the northeast corner of the county, which is protected from the prevailing south-westerly winds by the Wicklow Mountains and receives around 750 mm (30 in) of rainfall per year.The coastal region ofCounty Dublinimmediately to the north is the driest location in all of Ireland as a result of therain shadowcreated by the mountains. Easterly winds can occur between February and May, and are often associated with extreme",
"with extreme snowfall events such as the 2018 \"Beast from the East\" and the \"Big Snow of 1947\".Much of Wicklow is very vulnerable to heavy snowfall and the county is typically the hardest hit by such events, with some areas recording over 2 feet (61 cm) of snow.During the winter of 1947, residents ofRathdrumcalled upon theIrish Red Crossto drop them food parcels by plane as the village had been inaccessible by road for over a month due to heavy snow. Wicklow is occasionally affected byhurricanes, although they are usuallyextratropicalstorms by the time they reach Ireland. On 24 August 1986, duringHurricane Charley, 280 mm (11 in) of rain fell over a 24-hour period atKippureon the Wicklow-Dublin border, the greatest daily rainfall total ever recorded in Ireland.The hurricane caused severe flooding and up to 1,000 homes had to be evacuated in Bray alone.Other major floods in Wicklow which resulted in loss of life occurred in 1886–87, 1931, 1965 and 2011. Subdivisions Baronies There are eight historicbaroniesin",
"historicbaroniesin the county.While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under \"Administrative units\". The largest barony in Wicklow is Lower Talbotstown, at 88,704 acres (359 km2), and the smallest barony is Rathdown, at 33,463 acres (135 km2). Townlands Towns and villages Demographics Population As of the2016 census, the resident population of Wicklow was 142,425, a 4.2% increase since theCensus of Ireland 2011.The county's population is one of the fastest growing in the country, increasing 38.7 percent in the 20 years between 1996 and 2016. However, its share of theMid East's population has steadily fallen as Meath and Kildare have experienced even more rapid population growth.While Bray remains by far the largest town in the county, improved transport links to Dublin such as upgrades to theM11and the completion of",
"the completion of theM50in 2005 encouraged the growth of towns further south. Between 2002 and 2016 Bray grew by 5.3 percent. By contrast, over the same periodArklowgrew by 32.2 percent,Greystonesgrew by 53.3 percent andRathnewgrew by 133.9%. The most densely populated areas of the county are concentrated in the northeast, with over 50 percent of Wicklow's residents living within 15 kilometres (9 mi) of theDublinborder.Many of the county's largest urban areas are clustered in this region along an axis stretching fromBraytoNewtownmountkennedy, which incorporatesGreystones,Delgany,Enniskerry,Kilmacanogue,KilpedderandKilcoole. Outside of this region,Wicklow,RathnewandArkloware the only sizable towns in the eastern portion of the county, whileBlessingtonis the only large settlement in west Wicklow. The county's interior is very sparsely populated, with only a few small settlements located in the foothills of the Wicklow Mountains such asRathdrum,Laragh,RoundwoodandTinahely. Mostsmall areasin central Wicklow have",
"Wicklow have a population density of less than 20 people per km2, compared with an average of 77 people per km2 in the county as a whole. The gender makeup of the county in 2016 was 50.74% female and 49.26% male. 29.0% of the population were under the age of 19; 58% were between the ages of 19 and 64; and 13.0% were 65 years of age or older. Whites of any ethnic background constituted 95.2% of the population in 2016: 86.0% were White Irish, 0.6%Irish Traveller, and 8.6% White of any other background. Asians were the second largest ethnic group, comprising 1.6% of the county's population, followed by mixed race or other backgrounds at 1.2%. Just over 2,300 people (1.6%) did not state their ethnicity. Accounting for just 0.4% of the population, Wicklow has by far the lowest percentage of black residents in theGreater Dublin Area. The 2016 census recorded 524 black residents in Wicklow, of which 408 (78%) were of African descent and 116 (22%) were of other black backgrounds. Urban areas The 2016 census recorded",
"census recorded that 65 percent of Wicklow's residents lived in urban areas (settlements with a population greater than 1,500) and 35 percent lived in rural areas. Of Wicklow's rural population, roughly 26 percent (36,800 people) live in the open countryside outside of any designated settlements, while 9 percent (13,032 people) live in settlements with less than 1,500 people.According to theCSOreportUrban and Rural Life in Ireland 2019, Wicklow (alongside Kildare) has the highest proportion of residents living insatellite towns. The 10 largest settlements in the county are listed below. The county town is marked inbold. Migration As of 2016, around 85% of Wicklow's population was born within the Republic of Ireland, and a further 0.9% was born inNorthern Ireland.Just over 38% of Wicklow's usually resident population was born within the county, making it the second least indigenous county in Ireland, after Meath. While around 35% of the county's population was born in neighbouring Dublin, it is likely that a",
"it is likely that a significant portion of these are Wicklow natives who were born in one of Dublin's many hospitals. People born in theUnited Kingdomare by far the largest immigrant group, comprising 5.9% of Wicklow's population (8,388 people). Of this group, only around half (4,045 people) stated that they were either UK or dual Irish-UK citizens. ThePolesare the second largest immigrant group, constituting 2.0% of the county's population. The census recorded 2,905 Polish citizens in Wicklow, of which 2,759 were born inPoland.The fastest growing major immigrant groups between 2011 and 2016 wereRomanians,IndiansandFilipinos. There was also a large increase in the number ofBrazilians(+107%),Italians(+59%) andSpaniards(+53%) living in Wicklow over this period. *IncludesHong Kong SAR Religion The 2016 census showed that religious affiliation in Wicklow was as follows:Catholic73%,Irreligion13.3%, Other Christian 8.8%, Other stated religions 3.1%, and not stated 1.8%. The single largest religious denomination in",
"denomination in 2016 was the Roman Catholic Church, with 103,947 adherents. This is a 4.4% decrease from the 2011 census. Catholicism in Wicklow reached its peak percentage in the 1961 census, when 87.5% of the population identified as Catholic. As of 2016, Wicklow is the second least Catholic county in the State, and among the most irreligious. Other Christian denominations comprised 8.8% of the population. As a proportion of population, Wicklow has the largestChurch of Irelandaffiliation of any county in the Republic of Ireland, at 6.2%, although this figure was historically much higher. The 1901 census recorded that just under 20% of Wicklow's population was affiliated with the Church of Ireland.In 2016Greystoneshad the highest percentage of Protestants in the State (10.5%), and was also Ireland's least religious town, with 18.3% of residents stating they did not follow any religion. Just over 0.5% of the population adhered to smaller Protestant denominations such asPresbyterian,ApostolicandPentecostal. A",
"A further 1.05% of respondents stated that they were \"Christian\" but did not specify any denomination.Eastern Orthodoxis the fastest growing of the major Christian denominations, increasing from 840 adherents in 2011 to 1,317 in 2016, a 56.7% increase. The largest non-Christian religions wereIslam(0.4%) andHinduism(0.16%). All other stated religions constituted 2.5% of the population, and 1.8% of respondents did not state their religion. Economy Built environment Wicklow is home to several major water supply and hydroelectric facilities. TheTurlough Hillpumped-storage scheme, a significantcivil engineeringproject, was carried out in the mountains in the 1960s and 1970s. Leisure and tourism Wicklow, often called \"The Garden of Ireland\", has been a popular tourist destination for many years, due to its scenery, beaches, walking, hiking and climbing options, and attractions including the ruins of the monastic city of Glendalough, Wicklow Gaol and water-based activities on reservoirs and the coast. TheWicklow",
"coast. TheWicklow Wayis the oldestwaymarkedlong-distance walking trailin Ireland. The popular annual mass participation bike rideWicklow 200has taken place in the county every year since 1982. Governance and politics Local government The local government authority isWicklow County Councilwhich returns 32 councillors from sixlocal electoral areas: Arklow, Baltinglass, Bray East, Bray West, Greystones, and Wicklow.Wicklow County Council sends three members to theEastern and Midland Regional Assembly, where it is part of the Eastern Strategic Planning Area. Former districts County Wicklow was formerly divided into therural districtsof Baltinglass No. 1, Rathdown No. 2, Rathdrum, and Shillelagh, and theurban districtsofArklow,BrayandWicklow.The rural districts were abolished in 1925.Greystones, in the former rural district of Rathdown No. 2, was giventown commissionersin 1984.The urban districts of Arklow, Bray and Wicklow and the town commissioners of Greystones becametown councilsin 2002.All town councils in",
"town councils in Ireland were abolished in 2014. National politics The whole county is in theDáil constituencyofWicklow(5 seats). Transportation Road Wicklow has a well-maintained network ofregional roadswhich connect the county's western portion to its eastern portion, cross-cutting the Wicklow Mountains from east to west. Several north-south regional roads also traverse the mountains, providing amenity access to the county's interior. The county is also serviced by aNational secondary road(N81) in western Wicklow, and aNational primary road(N11) in eastern Wicklow which becomes amotorwayat Junction 14 north of Ashford. The N11/M11 is the main route used by Wicklow commuters heading northbound to Dublin. Southbound traffic can also be heavy on weekends due to the influx of Dublin visitors into Wicklow andWexford. Major routes include: Culture Mermaid, County Wicklow Arts Centre is based in Bray. Mermaid is the county's hub of artistic activity and creation, offering a programme in many art forms: visual",
"art forms: visual arts, theatre productions, opera, dance performances, arthouse cinema, comedy and a music programme.Two of the county's festivals take place in Arklow, the Arklow Music Festival and the Arklow Seabreeze Festival. The county is a popular film-making location in Ireland.Brayis home toArdmore Studios, where many of Ireland's best known feature films, includingJohn Boorman'sExcaliburandZardoz,Jim Sheridan'sOscar-winningIn the Name of the Father,Rawhead Rex, and severalNeil Jordanfilms, have been shot. TheBBCseriesBallykissangelwas also filmed in County Wicklow. Scenes from the movieP.S. I Love Youwere shot in theWicklow Mountains National Parkwhile several scenes from other movies, fromBarry LyndontoHaywire, have been filmed in the county. Media Filming locations Much of the television seriesVikings, (Amazon Prime), was filmed atAshford Studiosin the county, particularly scenes that required a green screen for subsequent CGI work. Some on-location filming was done elsewhere in the county. For",
"in the county. For example, certain scenes forVikings (season 6)were filmed at andPowerscourt WaterfallandPowerscourt Estateand inLough Tay. Ashford Studios was also the base for production of this final season.The spinoff from the series,Vikings: Valhalla(Netflix), is also based at Ashford Studios. From 2016 to 2018, most ofInto the Badlands (TV series)was filmed in County Wicklow. Fate: The Winx Saga, announced byNetflixin 2019, was also shot in the county and based atArdmore Studios, Bray. Disenchanted, anWalt Disney Picturesfilm, was also filmed in the town ofGreystonesandEnniskerry village.The latter location being notable because the entire village was decorated for the production and closed to the public for certain days. Places of interest Twinning County Wicklow is twinned withWürzburg, Germany andSeminole County, Florida, USA. See also References Citations Sources External links 53°00′N6°25′W / 53.000°N 6.417°W /53.000; -6.417"
] |
Małgorzata Rożniecka is a model who won the title of Miss International. What is the difference in title years from when she won and the pageant winner who was murdered by her stalker? | 10 years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Ro%C5%BCniecka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Kotlarska | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Ro%C5%BCniecka', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Kotlarska'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Ro%C5%BCniecka",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Kotlarska"
] | [
"Małgorzata Rożniecka Małgorzata Rożniecka(born 1978, inSzczecin) is a Polish model and beauty queen who wonMiss International 2001. Her 2001 victory broke the four-year monopoly ofLatin Americancountries of the crown. She is 1.78 m tall. References External links Miss WorldAgbani Darego Miss UniverseDenise Quiñones Miss InternationalMałgorzata Rożniecka Miss EarthCatharina Svensson This Polish biographical article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. This biography article about a European contestant in a beauty pageant is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Miss International Miss International(Miss International BeautyorThe International Beauty Pageant) is a Japan-based internationalmajorbeauty pageant organized by the International Culture Association. First held in 1960,it is the fourth largest pageant in the world in terms of the number of national winners participating in the international contest. Along withMiss World,Miss Universe, andMiss Earth, the pageant is one of theBig Four beauty pageants.The Miss International Organization and the brand are currently owned (since 1968), along withMiss International Japan, by the International Cultural Association and Miss Paris Group.The pageant crown used by the organization is supplied and patented by theMikimotopearl company. In 2020 and again in 2021, the pageant was canceled due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The current Miss International isAndrea Rubioof Venezuela who was crowned on 26 October 2023 in Tokyo, Japan. History The pageant was created inLong Beach, California, United States in 1960,after the departure of theMiss Universepageant toMiami Beach.Hosted in Long Beach until 1967,the pageant moved to Japan from 1968 to 1970, being hosted each year in the same city as theExpo '70. For 1971, it was held in Long Beach again, but since that time it had been held annually in Japan until 2003. Since 2004, it is held in China or Japan.The first winner of the pageant in 1960 wasStella Aranetaof Colombia. Since then, Japan became the host country and the pageant has mostly been held in Japan, aroundautumn seasoneither in October or November. The pageant is also called \"Miss International Beauty\".The pageant advocacy is to achieve a world where women can live with positivity, inner strength and individuality.The slogan of Miss International is to \"correct understanding of Japan in the international community\" and \"the realization of world peace through mutual understanding\". It has also recently adapted the slogan \"Cheer All Women\". The winner ofMiss International 2012,Ikumi Yoshimatsuof Japan, was stripped of her title and was not able to crown her successor due to conflict with a talent agency that threatened her safety and the pageant night itself;insteadMiss International 2008, Alejandra Andreu, crownedBea Santiagoof the Philippines asMiss International 2013. Yoshimatsu was the first titleholder of the pageant from Japan to be dethroned shortly before the end of her reign.The organization was criticized for allegedly asking Yoshimatsu to skip the succession ceremony and \"play sick and shut up\" in order to avoid a scandal with a Japanese production company whose president was allegedly harassing her.In2017,Kevin Lilliana Junaedyof Indonesia became the firstMuslimwoman to win Miss International.2020 and 2021 edition was the second and third times the pageant has been cancelled since 1966 edition, because of theCOVID-19 pandemicand Japanese government banned International events, following the2020 Summer Olympicspostponement. Recent titleholders Gallery of winners Crowns Gallery of Miss International crowns See also References Further reading External links",
"Agnieszka Kotlarska Agnieszka Kotlarskamay refer to:"
] | [
"Małgorzata Rożniecka Małgorzata Rożniecka(born 1978, inSzczecin) is a Polish model and beauty queen who wonMiss International 2001. Her 2001 victory broke the four-year monopoly ofLatin Americancountries of the crown. She is 1.78 m tall. References External links Miss WorldAgbani Darego Miss UniverseDenise Quiñones Miss InternationalMałgorzata Rożniecka Miss EarthCatharina Svensson This Polish biographical article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. This biography article about a European contestant in a beauty pageant is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Miss International Miss International(Miss International BeautyorThe International Beauty Pageant) is a Japan-based internationalmajorbeauty pageant organized by the International Culture Association. First held in 1960,it is the fourth largest pageant in the world in terms of the number of national winners participating in the international contest. Along withMiss World,Miss Universe, andMiss Earth, the pageant is one of theBig Four beauty pageants.The Miss International Organization and the brand are currently owned (since 1968), along withMiss International Japan, by the International Cultural Association and Miss Paris Group.The pageant crown used by the organization is supplied and patented by theMikimotopearl company. In 2020 and again in 2021, the pageant was canceled due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The current Miss International isAndrea Rubioof Venezuela who was crowned on 26 October 2023 in Tokyo, Japan. History The pageant was created inLong Beach, California, United States in 1960,after the departure",
"the departure of theMiss Universepageant toMiami Beach.Hosted in Long Beach until 1967,the pageant moved to Japan from 1968 to 1970, being hosted each year in the same city as theExpo '70. For 1971, it was held in Long Beach again, but since that time it had been held annually in Japan until 2003. Since 2004, it is held in China or Japan.The first winner of the pageant in 1960 wasStella Aranetaof Colombia. Since then, Japan became the host country and the pageant has mostly been held in Japan, aroundautumn seasoneither in October or November. The pageant is also called \"Miss International Beauty\".The pageant advocacy is to achieve a world where women can live with positivity, inner strength and individuality.The slogan of Miss International is to \"correct understanding of Japan in the international community\" and \"the realization of world peace through mutual understanding\". It has also recently adapted the slogan \"Cheer All Women\". The winner ofMiss International 2012,Ikumi Yoshimatsuof Japan, was stripped",
"Japan, was stripped of her title and was not able to crown her successor due to conflict with a talent agency that threatened her safety and the pageant night itself;insteadMiss International 2008, Alejandra Andreu, crownedBea Santiagoof the Philippines asMiss International 2013. Yoshimatsu was the first titleholder of the pageant from Japan to be dethroned shortly before the end of her reign.The organization was criticized for allegedly asking Yoshimatsu to skip the succession ceremony and \"play sick and shut up\" in order to avoid a scandal with a Japanese production company whose president was allegedly harassing her.In2017,Kevin Lilliana Junaedyof Indonesia became the firstMuslimwoman to win Miss International.2020 and 2021 edition was the second and third times the pageant has been cancelled since 1966 edition, because of theCOVID-19 pandemicand Japanese government banned International events, following the2020 Summer Olympicspostponement. Recent titleholders Gallery of winners Crowns Gallery of Miss",
"Gallery of Miss International crowns See also References Further reading External links",
"Agnieszka Kotlarska Agnieszka Kotlarskamay refer to:"
] |
What famous playable video game character is killed in their story for the purpose of creating a huge feeling of emptiness? To give a little help, this character also helps her family out by selling flowers she has grown, she knows and has traveled with a known eco-terrorist leader and also a owner of a bar in the slums. | Aerith Gainsborough. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerith_Gainsborough | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barret_Wallace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifa_Lockhart | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerith_Gainsborough', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barret_Wallace', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifa_Lockhart'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerith_Gainsborough",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barret_Wallace",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifa_Lockhart"
] | [
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Aerith_Gainsborough (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b9369ab90>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b9369af80>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Barret_Wallace (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b92e03760>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Tifa Lockhart Tifa Lockhart(Japanese:ティファ・ロックハート,Hepburn:Tifa Rokkuhāto)is acharacterwho debuted inSquare's (nowSquare Enix) 1997role-playing video gameFinal Fantasy VIIand is one of the heroines and main party member. She was created by members of the development team, including directorYoshinori Kitaseand writersKazushige NojimaandTetsuya Nomura, who also contributed to her visual design. She has since appeared as a playable fighter inEhrgeizand theDissidia Final Fantasyseries and made cameo appearances in several other titles, such asKingdom Hearts IIandItadaki Street. Beginning in 2005, she has been featured in sequels and spin-offs as part of theCompilation of Final Fantasy VIIseries, including the animated filmAdvent ChildrenandFinal Fantasy VII Remake. Tifa is the childhood friend ofCloud Strife, the protagonist ofFinal Fantasy VII. She is the owner of the 7th Heaven bar in the slums ofMidgarand a member of the eco-terrorist groupAVALANCHE. She convinces Cloud to join the group to keep him close and safe, and later assists him in saving the Planet from the game's villain,Sephiroth. Titles in theCompilation of Final Fantasy VIIlater expanded upon her character, such as inAdvent Children, where she attempts to convince Cloud to let go of his self-imposedguiltand move on with his life after Sephiroth's defeat. Tifa has been named thepin-up girlof the \"cyber generation\" byThe New York Times, and has been compared toLara Croftas an example of a strong, independent and attractive female character in video games. Media have repeatedly praised her strength and appearance and described her as one of the best female characters in gaming. The heavy emphasis on sex appeal in her reception has also seen frequent discussion, though has also received some criticism for overshadowing other aspects of her character. Conception and design Tifa was designed by Tetsuya Nomura, and was not present in early versions ofFinal Fantasy VII, as initially, the game was to have only three playable characters; the protagonistCloud Strife,Aerith GainsboroughandBarret Wallace. However, during a phone call to project directorYoshinori Kitase, it was suggested that at some point in the game, one of the main characters should die and after much discussion as to whether it should be Barret or Aerith, the producers chose Aerith.Nomura later joked that this was his idea, so as to enable him to introduce Tifa into the game.The notion of having two concurrent heroines and having the hero waver between them was something Kitase liked, describing it as something new in theFinal Fantasyseries.Tifa was designed to use the \"monk\"character classthat appeared in previous games in the series,and many aspects of her personality were taken from those originally planned for Aerith to have. In a change from previous entries in theFinal Fantasyseries, the development team worked off of Nomura's character designs, while seriesYoshitaka Amanocontributed his own artwork, wanting to depict the characters in futuristic clothing.Her outfit consists of a whitecrop topand a blackminiskirtheld up by a pair of narrow blacksuspenders. She also wears red boots and gloves, with black sleeves extending from wrist to elbow; a metal guard covers her left elbow. She stands about 5 feet 6 inches (167 cm) tall.Tifa has long, black hair in a style resembling a dolphin's tail at the tip,styled in a way to help set her apart from Aerith, but also because the longer fixed hairstyle was easier to animate. Unlike most other characters forFinal Fantasy VII, Nomura wrote down herbust/waist/hip measurementsin his concept art for her, defined as 36-24-35\" (92-60-88 cm).Nomura wanted each character to have one striking feature, and in Tifa's case it was her large breasts.Internally in the game, the development team jokingly referred to her as \"Boing-chan\", an allusion to her bust.In an interview with Japanese magazineJugemuthey discussed her character design, with composerNobuo Uematsucommenting that her breasts were \"a bit...overly ample.\" Cutscene director Motonari Sakakibara countered that the rest of the team insisted he not reduce their size. Nomura himself added \"at the end of the day we all like them. If I made them smaller, everyone would get angry at me.\" Initially, Nomura had difficulty deciding whether to go with a miniskirt or long pants. Seeking input, he passed his sketches around Square's offices and the majority of the staff members approved of the miniskirt design.This additionally served as a contrast to Aerith, whose \"long skirt\" was her trademark.The attire was explained as giving her freedom of movement, due to her hand-to-hand combat specialty and the skirt, referred to as \"quite short giving a considerable degree of exposure\",was kept as a staple of her alternate costumes.The developers noted that due to her figure, her otherwise plain garments took on a pleasant appearance.The development team later clarified in an issue ofV-Jumpthat the miniskirt was more akin to askortinstead of bare underwear, to keep her from being exposed during combat. Post-Final Fantasy VII When producingFinal Fantasy VII: Advent Children, co-director Takeshi Nozue had difficulty developing a framework for Tifa's body that was \"balanced, yet showed off her feminine qualities\". Her outfit was redesigned with emphasis on expressing those qualities, while still being pleasing to the eye.Nomura describes Tifa's character inAdvent Childrenas having several dimensions, calling her \"like a mother, a sweetheart and a close ally in battle\" and \"remarkably strong, not only emotionally, but physically as well\".In the film, she wears a white tank top with a black zipped up vest, a pink ribbon around her left bicep, and boots. She also wears a black buttoned-up skirt that covers her thighs and wears shorts beneath it, with a piece of cloth similar to acoattailextending from the back of the skirt's waistband and ending at her ankles. She no longer uses suspenders to hold up her skirt and she wears her gloves during the film's fight scenes. Her hairstyle was changed to end at the middle of her back, with the removal of the dolphin tail from her original design.This alteration was because of the difficulty of animating her original length of hair, as well as problems that arose due to its black color and lighting. For theFinal Fantasy VII Remakeseries, the development team worked heavily with Nomura to refine her design,working with artist Roberto Ferrari and character modeler Dan Suzuki.Details like charms were added around her wrists, and roughly twenty hair colors were considered before settling on ashen brown.The development team wanted to avoid favoring either Tifa or Aerith so they deliberately tried to give them equal screen time, as they wanted both to be positioned as heroines,and emphasized Eastern aesthetics and the cuteness of her face to contrast with Aerith's Western aesthetics.They additionally wanted to emphasize her athletic physique, so they gave her visibly definedabdominal muscles.In an interview withWeekly FamitsuSquare revealed they modified Tifa's outfit at the request of their Ethics Department, giving her a black sports bra and longer shorts, mainly \"tightening\" her chest so \"as not to get unnatural during all the intense action\",with main Suzuki considering the shorts an improvement to her design.This information led to North American fans voicing concern that her breast size had been reduced, but sources such asgameindustry.bizconfirmed through multiple translators this was not the case.The development team later illustrated that when creating her character model, a padded Japanese G70 cup size (95 cm) bra was used on a real-life model to portray her bust accurately. Ferrari meanwhile created the multiple outfit options included inRemakefor Tifa, aiming for designs that would be easier on the animation team but would also homage outfits she had in the original game. Various ideas were thrown around during development for clothing options, including a maid outfit and a bikini modelled after achocobo, one of theFinal Fantasyseries' mascosts. They ultimately settled on a blackcheongsamwith her hair worn in pigtail buns, as well as a black kimono, both of which are worn with stockings. Ferrari commented that the latter was particularly difficult to create, as several of his design submissions were rejected during the process.InFinal Fantasy VII Rebirth, the followup game toRemake, two swimsuit options were added for the character, consisting of a blue tied up shirt and short shorts with her hair in a bun adorned with a flower, and a white and blue frilled bikini with a similar hairstyle and the frills on the lower half forming a makeshift miniskirt. Casting Nomura noted that he likedAyumi Itoas an actress and wished to work with her onAdvent Children. With Aerith's voice actor already decided, Nomura asked Ito to voice Tifa, feeling her \"husky voice\" would offer a good contrast toMaaya Sakamoto's soft-spoken Aerith.Although Tifa's updated design had already been finalized, Ito's casting motivated them to blend many traits from the voice actress into the character's appearance.Cloud's voice actorTakahiro Sakuraisaid that while he recorded most of his work individually, he performed alongside Ito for a few scenes. These recordings left him feeling \"deflated\", as the \"exchanges he has with Tifa be pretty painful\".Ayaka Mitsumoto voiced Tifa in the flashback from the remake where a teenage Tifa interacts with Cloud.Finding a voice suitable for the young Tifa made Nomura and the staff worried in the recording of the title. English voice actressRachael Leigh Cookstated in an interview forKingdom Hearts IIthat she enjoys playing Tifa and described her as \"very strong physical and emotionally, but also very sensitive\" and \"very multi-dimensional\".In voicing the character, Cook listened to Ito's recording as a guide to how the character sounds. FollowingAdvent Children, Cook thanked Nomura for the film he created as she enjoyed it.Britt Baronvoiced Tifa inFinal Fantasy VII RemakeandFinal Fantasy VII Rebirth,and Tifa as a child is voiced by Glory Curda. Appearances Final Fantasy VII Tifa is introduced inFinal Fantasy VIIas the childhood friend ofCloud Strifeand owner of the 7th Heaven bar in the slums ofMidgar, a technologically advanced metropolis owned by theShinra Electric Power Company. She is also a member of the eco-terrorist organization AVALANCHE, who opposes Shinra's extraction and use ofMako, the planet's spiritual energy, as a power source. She convinces Cloud to join the group to keep a closer eye on him after noticing his personality has changed, and follows him in pursuit of the game's antagonist,Sephiroth. While she is unable to keep him from being manipulated by Sephiroth, she helps him recover after his mind becomes fractured and they realize their mutual feelings for one another, working together to defeat Sephiroth. When they were children, Tifa and Cloud followed a path to a mountain near their hometown of Nibelheim. However, they were both injured and Tifa was in acomafor a week, with her father holding Cloud responsible for the incident.Cloud eventually left to join Shinra'sSOLDIERprogram to become stronger, but it is later revealed that he did it primarily to attract her attention.In response, she requested if she were ever in danger, he would return to save her.Years later, during Sephiroth's rampage in Nibelheim, Cloud rescued Tifa after she was wounded by Sephiroth. Tifa was taken to safety by her martial arts instructor and eventually arrived inMidgar, meeting AVALANCHE's leader,Barret Wallace. She joined AVALANCHE to get revenge for the destruction of her home. Shortly before the beginning ofFinal Fantasy VII, she encountered an incoherent Cloud at the city's train station and convinced him to work for Barret, to keep him close and watch over him. Her character changed significantly during development, with an early relationship chart during the planning phase intending her to be Sephiroth's sibling.In early drafts ofFinal Fantasy VII, Tifa was a background character, with role in AVALANCHE was to add support behind the scenes and to cheer everyone up after missions, as well as having a particular fondness for Cloud. She was supposed to have a large scar on her back caused by Cloud, and partial amnesia from the incident when she had received it.A scene intended to imply she and Cloud had sex was proposed byMasato Kato, one of the event planners, but it was replaced with a toned-down version by Kitase in which a risqué line is followed by afade to black. In an interview, Nojima stated that none of the staff thought the scene would become an issue at the time.When developing the International edition ofFinal Fantasy VII, an additional cutscene was added to showcase an enemy in the game, Ultima Weapon, and featured Tifa in it due to how popular her character had become. Compilation of Final Fantasy VII Tifa appears in the 2005 filmFinal Fantasy VII: Advent Children, which is set two years after the events of the game. She tries to give emotional support to Cloud, urging him to come to terms with the unwarranted guilt he places upon himself. She also takes care of Barret's adopted daughterMarleneand an orphan,Denzel. During the film, she duels againstLozand she battles the summoned creature Bahamut SIN alongside the team. Script writerKazushige Nojimadescribed her role in the film as \"very much like any woman who's been left behind by a man\", stating that while they did not want her to appear clingy, they wanted to portray that she was emotionally hurt by Cloud's departure.In the film's initial draft, she was intended to have a more central role in the then-short film, which only featured herself, Cloud and several children, with the story revolving around a note being delivered to him. Tifa is also featured in the prequel gamesBefore CrisisandCrisis Core, as well as theOVALast Order, which each show different perspectives on the destruction of Nibelheim.Thenovella\"Case of Tifa\", written as part of theOn the Way to a Smileseries, is a story set between the original game andAdvent Childrenthat is told from herpoint of view. The story details how she creates a new 7th Heaven bar in the city of Edge and attempts to hold onto the concept of a normal family with herself and Cloud, despite him beginning to isolate himself from others.Tifa also appears in the gameDirge of Cerberus, which is set one year after the events ofAdvent Children, in which she helps the protagonistVincent Valentinedefend the planet against the monster Omega WEAPON; in the game's epilogue, she discuss Vincent's disappearance. Tifa is featured prominently as a playable character inFinal Fantasy VII Remake, which covers the Midgar portion of the original game. By focusing solely on Midgar, the development team was able to include additional scenes that developed the relationship between Tifa and Aerith.Trace of Two Pasts, a tie-in novel to the remake, depicts the childhoods of Tifa and Aerith.Tifa's section details her upbringing in Nibelheim, her meeting and tutelage under her martial arts master, and her life in the slums of Midgar following her near-death experience during the Nibelheim incident. Other appearances Outside of theCompilation of Final Fantasy VII, Tifa is featured in the fighting gameEhrgeizas an unlockable character and an optional boss.She is a playable character in the electronic board gamesItadaki Street SpecialandItadaki Street Portable.InKingdom Hearts II, she appears in herAdvent Childrenattire, searching for Cloud and later fighting variousHeartless.She was originally planned to appear in theFinal Mixversion of the originalKingdom Hearts, but due to time constraints the staff members chose to incorporate Sephiroth instead.Whereas in the game Cloud goes missing after a battle with Sephiroth, in themangaadaptation, Tifa finds him in Hollow Bastion.In 2015, she was added to the mobile gameFinal Fantasy: Record Keeperas a playable character. Tifa is one of the playable characters in thefighting gameDissidia 012 Final Fantasy, which features characters from variousFinal Fantasygames.She is featured in herFinal Fantasy VIIoutfit, but the player has access to herAdvent Childrenform and a third costume that is shown during her appearances in Nibelheim.The first print run of the game features another form based on artwork byYoshitaka Amano.InLittleBigPlanet 2, Tifa is featured as adownloadablecharacter model, and as aMiicostume and Spirit inSuper Smash Bros. Ultimate. Critical reception Since her introduction critics and fans reacted positively to Tifa, often appearing near the top of fan polls.The New York Timesfeatured her as thepin-up girlof for the \"cyber generation\",whileThe Beaumont Enterprisecited Tifa as an example of a strong female character in video games in the wake ofLara Croftfrom theTomb Raiderseries.Holly Bonson ofPolygondescribed Tifa as defined by her \"brittle confidence and supportiveness\", further stating her belief that in the context ofFinal Fantasy VIIshe represents forcefulness and sexuality.Den of Geek's Matthew Byrd cited her popularity a result of her character's warmth, strength, and the ability to act both supportive and as a leader depending on when the situation called for it inVII's storyline, but also noted her vulnerability and how it made her a well-rounded character \"who is more than worthy of her fan-favorite status\".Jenni Lada ofSiliconeracalled her an iconic heroine, echoing the sentiments of the other critiques, while praising how future installments such asRemakebuilt upon her character. Tifa has often been compared and contrasted with the other female protagonist ofFinal Fantasy VII, Aerith. Gus Turner ofComplexdescribed her as standing out as \"one of gaming's most independent and empowered females ever\", and further described her as a feminine foil to the more \"girlish\" Aerith, further praising her appearance.In a retrospective, journalist Leigh Alexander argued that Tifa is the heroine ofVII's story, there since the beginning and being indispensable during the course of events, calling her \"a partner for a grown-up player\" and questioned how many of them didn't properly appreciate her on their first playthrough of the game may do so now.Fans of the series meanwhile have heavily debated which character was a better relationship for Cloud since the initial game's release, comparing the pros and cons of each. RPGamereditor Marie Freed found that when examining Tifa as a character, she came to appreciate her more than fellow character Aerith in the years sinceVII's release. Emphasizing that Aerith represented more of an ideal of a character, Tifa being portrayed as someone who was \"insecure, lonely, and hides her true emotions\" may have led to her being perceived negatively by fans, but in Freed's eyes made her the most human of the pair. Freed further expressed that as a symbol of the series, critics often perceived her as a \"slut\" due to her attire and breasts, and felt it was reasonable for her to be portrayed as insecure in light of such hostility. But further though as a character she saw Tifa's loyalty and love for Cloud even in the light of having to relive her own traumas as admirable, and a welcome contrast to the \"destined\" romance seen in previous titleFinal Fantasy IV. She closed by stating that while people had aspects of both characters in them, Tifa ultimately represented \"reality\" over the \"ideal\". On the other hand Patrick Holleman in his bookReverse Design: Final Fantasy VIIdescribed Tifa as having \"the most typical story of a near-death experience and the loss of a world she belonged to\" of the game's cast, despite how atypical Cloud was by comparison. Cloud in turn represented her only living connection to her past, and to this end Holleman felt she ignores the discrepancies in how he remembers events bordering on psychosis not as a matter of romance but as a means to hold onto what she lost. He added that while Tifa does care about Cloud, her desire was more of a selfish one in turn, one that does her more harm than good in Holleman's eyes. However, he also praised a particular moment for her character later in the game where when confronting the characterScarlet. Despite the scene appearing to lead into aboss battleagainst Scarlet, Tifa instead engages in aslap fightwith her, something he felt subverted player's expectations well. As a sex symbol A significant part of Tifa's reception has focused on hersex appeal,with some third-party merchandise leaning heavily into this aspect.Electronic Gaming Monthlyawarded her the \"Hottest Game Babe\" of 1997, calling her \"as well-proportioned as they come\" and heavily praising her sexual attributes, but also noting her physical and emotional strength as a character.UGO.comshared similar sentiments, complimenting her outfit as well and describing her as a \"bona-fide sex symbol\", while further noting that she was a rarity among female characters in video games at the time ofVII'release.IGN's Phil Pirrello attributed a significant part of her popularity to her large breasts, nothing that she was an example of how series tried to add real sex appeal withFinal Fantasy VII, and while her model in the original game was primitive by today's standards, he suggested it had a significant impact on the teenage demographic at its time.Fellow contributor Dave Smith suggested similar, stating it was hard to sing her praises \"without sounding just a little teeny-weeny bit sexist\", but further added that she helped define \"tough, independent\" roleplaying game heroines that came after her too due to her character. The character has also been a frequent subject of fan-madepornography, cited in particular as a frequent search topic onPornhub.Meanwhile, a study of such content onRule 34websites such as Rule 34.xxx and Sankaku Channel additionally cited her as the most frequent subject of such content by a wide margin across multiple franchises.In January 2022, aZoomvideoconference meeting done in theItalian Senatewas interrupted by a user displaying 3D rendered pornography featuring Tifa engaging in sexual intercourse. The user was quickly removed, but due to the conference being televised, knowledge of the event quickly went viral.While Tifa's use in it was coincidental, it led to a surge in the character's popularity. Jade King ofTheGamernoted however that while much reaction to it revolved around fan art of a sexual nature, it also resulted in a large amount of what they saw as \"wholesome\" art celebrating the character and the humor of the situation, usually portraying her in an awkward or comedic manner in association with the event or the country itself. King attributed it in part toRemake's recent release, but also the enduring nature of the character, calling it wholesome and an \"aspect of Tifa's character that will now be ingrained into her history, and there's something brilliant about that\". Other articles however examined that the emphasis on her sex appeal sometimes overshadowed her other aspects. In another article forIGNthe staff noted that while her design was meant to emphasize physical beauty, er \"awe-inspiring strength, complex background, strong will and her attachment to Cloud\" defined her as more than \"just an eye-catching woman\", further calling her a legendary heroine in the series.The bookThe Legend of Final Fantasy VIInoted that while Tifa has many attributes of a seductive woman, specifically emphasizing her large breasts, she \"thwarts the stereotypes associated with her appearance\", due to being an independent and strong character, further calling her often the most \"leveled headed\" and pragmatic character in the game's cast.Philip Bloom ofRPGamerfelt that fans and critics alike both overemphasized the size of her breasts, to the point she set a perceived standard for other attractive roleplaying game female protagonists to be compared to, she \"isn't that absurd of figure\" and was instead \"quite strong as far as female heroes go, often saving the day. But you wouldn't know it to listen to talks about her.\" References External links"
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"Tifa Lockhart Tifa Lockhart(Japanese:ティファ・ロックハート,Hepburn:Tifa Rokkuhāto)is acharacterwho debuted inSquare's (nowSquare Enix) 1997role-playing video gameFinal Fantasy VIIand is one of the heroines and main party member. She was created by members of the development team, including directorYoshinori Kitaseand writersKazushige NojimaandTetsuya Nomura, who also contributed to her visual design. She has since appeared as a playable fighter inEhrgeizand theDissidia Final Fantasyseries and made cameo appearances in several other titles, such asKingdom Hearts IIandItadaki Street. Beginning in 2005, she has been featured in sequels and spin-offs as part of theCompilation of Final Fantasy VIIseries, including the animated filmAdvent ChildrenandFinal Fantasy VII Remake. Tifa is the childhood friend ofCloud Strife, the protagonist ofFinal Fantasy VII. She is the owner of the 7th Heaven bar in the slums ofMidgarand a member of the eco-terrorist groupAVALANCHE. She convinces Cloud to join the group to keep him close and",
"keep him close and safe, and later assists him in saving the Planet from the game's villain,Sephiroth. Titles in theCompilation of Final Fantasy VIIlater expanded upon her character, such as inAdvent Children, where she attempts to convince Cloud to let go of his self-imposedguiltand move on with his life after Sephiroth's defeat. Tifa has been named thepin-up girlof the \"cyber generation\" byThe New York Times, and has been compared toLara Croftas an example of a strong, independent and attractive female character in video games. Media have repeatedly praised her strength and appearance and described her as one of the best female characters in gaming. The heavy emphasis on sex appeal in her reception has also seen frequent discussion, though has also received some criticism for overshadowing other aspects of her character. Conception and design Tifa was designed by Tetsuya Nomura, and was not present in early versions ofFinal Fantasy VII, as initially, the game was to have only three playable characters; the",
"characters; the protagonistCloud Strife,Aerith GainsboroughandBarret Wallace. However, during a phone call to project directorYoshinori Kitase, it was suggested that at some point in the game, one of the main characters should die and after much discussion as to whether it should be Barret or Aerith, the producers chose Aerith.Nomura later joked that this was his idea, so as to enable him to introduce Tifa into the game.The notion of having two concurrent heroines and having the hero waver between them was something Kitase liked, describing it as something new in theFinal Fantasyseries.Tifa was designed to use the \"monk\"character classthat appeared in previous games in the series,and many aspects of her personality were taken from those originally planned for Aerith to have. In a change from previous entries in theFinal Fantasyseries, the development team worked off of Nomura's character designs, while seriesYoshitaka Amanocontributed his own artwork, wanting to depict the characters in futuristic",
"in futuristic clothing.Her outfit consists of a whitecrop topand a blackminiskirtheld up by a pair of narrow blacksuspenders. She also wears red boots and gloves, with black sleeves extending from wrist to elbow; a metal guard covers her left elbow. She stands about 5 feet 6 inches (167 cm) tall.Tifa has long, black hair in a style resembling a dolphin's tail at the tip,styled in a way to help set her apart from Aerith, but also because the longer fixed hairstyle was easier to animate. Unlike most other characters forFinal Fantasy VII, Nomura wrote down herbust/waist/hip measurementsin his concept art for her, defined as 36-24-35\" (92-60-88 cm).Nomura wanted each character to have one striking feature, and in Tifa's case it was her large breasts.Internally in the game, the development team jokingly referred to her as \"Boing-chan\", an allusion to her bust.In an interview with Japanese magazineJugemuthey discussed her character design, with composerNobuo Uematsucommenting that her breasts were \"a bit...overly",
"\"a bit...overly ample.\" Cutscene director Motonari Sakakibara countered that the rest of the team insisted he not reduce their size. Nomura himself added \"at the end of the day we all like them. If I made them smaller, everyone would get angry at me.\" Initially, Nomura had difficulty deciding whether to go with a miniskirt or long pants. Seeking input, he passed his sketches around Square's offices and the majority of the staff members approved of the miniskirt design.This additionally served as a contrast to Aerith, whose \"long skirt\" was her trademark.The attire was explained as giving her freedom of movement, due to her hand-to-hand combat specialty and the skirt, referred to as \"quite short giving a considerable degree of exposure\",was kept as a staple of her alternate costumes.The developers noted that due to her figure, her otherwise plain garments took on a pleasant appearance.The development team later clarified in an issue ofV-Jumpthat the miniskirt was more akin to askortinstead of bare",
"of bare underwear, to keep her from being exposed during combat. Post-Final Fantasy VII When producingFinal Fantasy VII: Advent Children, co-director Takeshi Nozue had difficulty developing a framework for Tifa's body that was \"balanced, yet showed off her feminine qualities\". Her outfit was redesigned with emphasis on expressing those qualities, while still being pleasing to the eye.Nomura describes Tifa's character inAdvent Childrenas having several dimensions, calling her \"like a mother, a sweetheart and a close ally in battle\" and \"remarkably strong, not only emotionally, but physically as well\".In the film, she wears a white tank top with a black zipped up vest, a pink ribbon around her left bicep, and boots. She also wears a black buttoned-up skirt that covers her thighs and wears shorts beneath it, with a piece of cloth similar to acoattailextending from the back of the skirt's waistband and ending at her ankles. She no longer uses suspenders to hold up her skirt and she wears her gloves during the",
"gloves during the film's fight scenes. Her hairstyle was changed to end at the middle of her back, with the removal of the dolphin tail from her original design.This alteration was because of the difficulty of animating her original length of hair, as well as problems that arose due to its black color and lighting. For theFinal Fantasy VII Remakeseries, the development team worked heavily with Nomura to refine her design,working with artist Roberto Ferrari and character modeler Dan Suzuki.Details like charms were added around her wrists, and roughly twenty hair colors were considered before settling on ashen brown.The development team wanted to avoid favoring either Tifa or Aerith so they deliberately tried to give them equal screen time, as they wanted both to be positioned as heroines,and emphasized Eastern aesthetics and the cuteness of her face to contrast with Aerith's Western aesthetics.They additionally wanted to emphasize her athletic physique, so they gave her visibly definedabdominal muscles.In an",
"muscles.In an interview withWeekly FamitsuSquare revealed they modified Tifa's outfit at the request of their Ethics Department, giving her a black sports bra and longer shorts, mainly \"tightening\" her chest so \"as not to get unnatural during all the intense action\",with main Suzuki considering the shorts an improvement to her design.This information led to North American fans voicing concern that her breast size had been reduced, but sources such asgameindustry.bizconfirmed through multiple translators this was not the case.The development team later illustrated that when creating her character model, a padded Japanese G70 cup size (95 cm) bra was used on a real-life model to portray her bust accurately. Ferrari meanwhile created the multiple outfit options included inRemakefor Tifa, aiming for designs that would be easier on the animation team but would also homage outfits she had in the original game. Various ideas were thrown around during development for clothing options, including a maid outfit and a",
"a maid outfit and a bikini modelled after achocobo, one of theFinal Fantasyseries' mascosts. They ultimately settled on a blackcheongsamwith her hair worn in pigtail buns, as well as a black kimono, both of which are worn with stockings. Ferrari commented that the latter was particularly difficult to create, as several of his design submissions were rejected during the process.InFinal Fantasy VII Rebirth, the followup game toRemake, two swimsuit options were added for the character, consisting of a blue tied up shirt and short shorts with her hair in a bun adorned with a flower, and a white and blue frilled bikini with a similar hairstyle and the frills on the lower half forming a makeshift miniskirt. Casting Nomura noted that he likedAyumi Itoas an actress and wished to work with her onAdvent Children. With Aerith's voice actor already decided, Nomura asked Ito to voice Tifa, feeling her \"husky voice\" would offer a good contrast toMaaya Sakamoto's soft-spoken Aerith.Although Tifa's updated design had",
"updated design had already been finalized, Ito's casting motivated them to blend many traits from the voice actress into the character's appearance.Cloud's voice actorTakahiro Sakuraisaid that while he recorded most of his work individually, he performed alongside Ito for a few scenes. These recordings left him feeling \"deflated\", as the \"exchanges he has with Tifa be pretty painful\".Ayaka Mitsumoto voiced Tifa in the flashback from the remake where a teenage Tifa interacts with Cloud.Finding a voice suitable for the young Tifa made Nomura and the staff worried in the recording of the title. English voice actressRachael Leigh Cookstated in an interview forKingdom Hearts IIthat she enjoys playing Tifa and described her as \"very strong physical and emotionally, but also very sensitive\" and \"very multi-dimensional\".In voicing the character, Cook listened to Ito's recording as a guide to how the character sounds. FollowingAdvent Children, Cook thanked Nomura for the film he created as she enjoyed it.Britt",
"enjoyed it.Britt Baronvoiced Tifa inFinal Fantasy VII RemakeandFinal Fantasy VII Rebirth,and Tifa as a child is voiced by Glory Curda. Appearances Final Fantasy VII Tifa is introduced inFinal Fantasy VIIas the childhood friend ofCloud Strifeand owner of the 7th Heaven bar in the slums ofMidgar, a technologically advanced metropolis owned by theShinra Electric Power Company. She is also a member of the eco-terrorist organization AVALANCHE, who opposes Shinra's extraction and use ofMako, the planet's spiritual energy, as a power source. She convinces Cloud to join the group to keep a closer eye on him after noticing his personality has changed, and follows him in pursuit of the game's antagonist,Sephiroth. While she is unable to keep him from being manipulated by Sephiroth, she helps him recover after his mind becomes fractured and they realize their mutual feelings for one another, working together to defeat Sephiroth. When they were children, Tifa and Cloud followed a path to a mountain near their hometown",
"near their hometown of Nibelheim. However, they were both injured and Tifa was in acomafor a week, with her father holding Cloud responsible for the incident.Cloud eventually left to join Shinra'sSOLDIERprogram to become stronger, but it is later revealed that he did it primarily to attract her attention.In response, she requested if she were ever in danger, he would return to save her.Years later, during Sephiroth's rampage in Nibelheim, Cloud rescued Tifa after she was wounded by Sephiroth. Tifa was taken to safety by her martial arts instructor and eventually arrived inMidgar, meeting AVALANCHE's leader,Barret Wallace. She joined AVALANCHE to get revenge for the destruction of her home. Shortly before the beginning ofFinal Fantasy VII, she encountered an incoherent Cloud at the city's train station and convinced him to work for Barret, to keep him close and watch over him. Her character changed significantly during development, with an early relationship chart during the planning phase intending her to be",
"intending her to be Sephiroth's sibling.In early drafts ofFinal Fantasy VII, Tifa was a background character, with role in AVALANCHE was to add support behind the scenes and to cheer everyone up after missions, as well as having a particular fondness for Cloud. She was supposed to have a large scar on her back caused by Cloud, and partial amnesia from the incident when she had received it.A scene intended to imply she and Cloud had sex was proposed byMasato Kato, one of the event planners, but it was replaced with a toned-down version by Kitase in which a risqué line is followed by afade to black. In an interview, Nojima stated that none of the staff thought the scene would become an issue at the time.When developing the International edition ofFinal Fantasy VII, an additional cutscene was added to showcase an enemy in the game, Ultima Weapon, and featured Tifa in it due to how popular her character had become. Compilation of Final Fantasy VII Tifa appears in the 2005 filmFinal Fantasy VII: Advent Children,",
"Advent Children, which is set two years after the events of the game. She tries to give emotional support to Cloud, urging him to come to terms with the unwarranted guilt he places upon himself. She also takes care of Barret's adopted daughterMarleneand an orphan,Denzel. During the film, she duels againstLozand she battles the summoned creature Bahamut SIN alongside the team. Script writerKazushige Nojimadescribed her role in the film as \"very much like any woman who's been left behind by a man\", stating that while they did not want her to appear clingy, they wanted to portray that she was emotionally hurt by Cloud's departure.In the film's initial draft, she was intended to have a more central role in the then-short film, which only featured herself, Cloud and several children, with the story revolving around a note being delivered to him. Tifa is also featured in the prequel gamesBefore CrisisandCrisis Core, as well as theOVALast Order, which each show different perspectives on the destruction of",
"the destruction of Nibelheim.Thenovella\"Case of Tifa\", written as part of theOn the Way to a Smileseries, is a story set between the original game andAdvent Childrenthat is told from herpoint of view. The story details how she creates a new 7th Heaven bar in the city of Edge and attempts to hold onto the concept of a normal family with herself and Cloud, despite him beginning to isolate himself from others.Tifa also appears in the gameDirge of Cerberus, which is set one year after the events ofAdvent Children, in which she helps the protagonistVincent Valentinedefend the planet against the monster Omega WEAPON; in the game's epilogue, she discuss Vincent's disappearance. Tifa is featured prominently as a playable character inFinal Fantasy VII Remake, which covers the Midgar portion of the original game. By focusing solely on Midgar, the development team was able to include additional scenes that developed the relationship between Tifa and Aerith.Trace of Two Pasts, a tie-in novel to the remake, depicts the",
"remake, depicts the childhoods of Tifa and Aerith.Tifa's section details her upbringing in Nibelheim, her meeting and tutelage under her martial arts master, and her life in the slums of Midgar following her near-death experience during the Nibelheim incident. Other appearances Outside of theCompilation of Final Fantasy VII, Tifa is featured in the fighting gameEhrgeizas an unlockable character and an optional boss.She is a playable character in the electronic board gamesItadaki Street SpecialandItadaki Street Portable.InKingdom Hearts II, she appears in herAdvent Childrenattire, searching for Cloud and later fighting variousHeartless.She was originally planned to appear in theFinal Mixversion of the originalKingdom Hearts, but due to time constraints the staff members chose to incorporate Sephiroth instead.Whereas in the game Cloud goes missing after a battle with Sephiroth, in themangaadaptation, Tifa finds him in Hollow Bastion.In 2015, she was added to the mobile gameFinal Fantasy: Record Keeperas a",
"Record Keeperas a playable character. Tifa is one of the playable characters in thefighting gameDissidia 012 Final Fantasy, which features characters from variousFinal Fantasygames.She is featured in herFinal Fantasy VIIoutfit, but the player has access to herAdvent Childrenform and a third costume that is shown during her appearances in Nibelheim.The first print run of the game features another form based on artwork byYoshitaka Amano.InLittleBigPlanet 2, Tifa is featured as adownloadablecharacter model, and as aMiicostume and Spirit inSuper Smash Bros. Ultimate. Critical reception Since her introduction critics and fans reacted positively to Tifa, often appearing near the top of fan polls.The New York Timesfeatured her as thepin-up girlof for the \"cyber generation\",whileThe Beaumont Enterprisecited Tifa as an example of a strong female character in video games in the wake ofLara Croftfrom theTomb Raiderseries.Holly Bonson ofPolygondescribed Tifa as defined by her \"brittle confidence and supportiveness\",",
"supportiveness\", further stating her belief that in the context ofFinal Fantasy VIIshe represents forcefulness and sexuality.Den of Geek's Matthew Byrd cited her popularity a result of her character's warmth, strength, and the ability to act both supportive and as a leader depending on when the situation called for it inVII's storyline, but also noted her vulnerability and how it made her a well-rounded character \"who is more than worthy of her fan-favorite status\".Jenni Lada ofSiliconeracalled her an iconic heroine, echoing the sentiments of the other critiques, while praising how future installments such asRemakebuilt upon her character. Tifa has often been compared and contrasted with the other female protagonist ofFinal Fantasy VII, Aerith. Gus Turner ofComplexdescribed her as standing out as \"one of gaming's most independent and empowered females ever\", and further described her as a feminine foil to the more \"girlish\" Aerith, further praising her appearance.In a retrospective, journalist Leigh",
"journalist Leigh Alexander argued that Tifa is the heroine ofVII's story, there since the beginning and being indispensable during the course of events, calling her \"a partner for a grown-up player\" and questioned how many of them didn't properly appreciate her on their first playthrough of the game may do so now.Fans of the series meanwhile have heavily debated which character was a better relationship for Cloud since the initial game's release, comparing the pros and cons of each. RPGamereditor Marie Freed found that when examining Tifa as a character, she came to appreciate her more than fellow character Aerith in the years sinceVII's release. Emphasizing that Aerith represented more of an ideal of a character, Tifa being portrayed as someone who was \"insecure, lonely, and hides her true emotions\" may have led to her being perceived negatively by fans, but in Freed's eyes made her the most human of the pair. Freed further expressed that as a symbol of the series, critics often perceived her as a \"slut\"",
"her as a \"slut\" due to her attire and breasts, and felt it was reasonable for her to be portrayed as insecure in light of such hostility. But further though as a character she saw Tifa's loyalty and love for Cloud even in the light of having to relive her own traumas as admirable, and a welcome contrast to the \"destined\" romance seen in previous titleFinal Fantasy IV. She closed by stating that while people had aspects of both characters in them, Tifa ultimately represented \"reality\" over the \"ideal\". On the other hand Patrick Holleman in his bookReverse Design: Final Fantasy VIIdescribed Tifa as having \"the most typical story of a near-death experience and the loss of a world she belonged to\" of the game's cast, despite how atypical Cloud was by comparison. Cloud in turn represented her only living connection to her past, and to this end Holleman felt she ignores the discrepancies in how he remembers events bordering on psychosis not as a matter of romance but as a means to hold onto what she lost. He added",
"she lost. He added that while Tifa does care about Cloud, her desire was more of a selfish one in turn, one that does her more harm than good in Holleman's eyes. However, he also praised a particular moment for her character later in the game where when confronting the characterScarlet. Despite the scene appearing to lead into aboss battleagainst Scarlet, Tifa instead engages in aslap fightwith her, something he felt subverted player's expectations well. As a sex symbol A significant part of Tifa's reception has focused on hersex appeal,with some third-party merchandise leaning heavily into this aspect.Electronic Gaming Monthlyawarded her the \"Hottest Game Babe\" of 1997, calling her \"as well-proportioned as they come\" and heavily praising her sexual attributes, but also noting her physical and emotional strength as a character.UGO.comshared similar sentiments, complimenting her outfit as well and describing her as a \"bona-fide sex symbol\", while further noting that she was a rarity among female characters in",
"characters in video games at the time ofVII'release.IGN's Phil Pirrello attributed a significant part of her popularity to her large breasts, nothing that she was an example of how series tried to add real sex appeal withFinal Fantasy VII, and while her model in the original game was primitive by today's standards, he suggested it had a significant impact on the teenage demographic at its time.Fellow contributor Dave Smith suggested similar, stating it was hard to sing her praises \"without sounding just a little teeny-weeny bit sexist\", but further added that she helped define \"tough, independent\" roleplaying game heroines that came after her too due to her character. The character has also been a frequent subject of fan-madepornography, cited in particular as a frequent search topic onPornhub.Meanwhile, a study of such content onRule 34websites such as Rule 34.xxx and Sankaku Channel additionally cited her as the most frequent subject of such content by a wide margin across multiple franchises.In January",
"January 2022, aZoomvideoconference meeting done in theItalian Senatewas interrupted by a user displaying 3D rendered pornography featuring Tifa engaging in sexual intercourse. The user was quickly removed, but due to the conference being televised, knowledge of the event quickly went viral.While Tifa's use in it was coincidental, it led to a surge in the character's popularity. Jade King ofTheGamernoted however that while much reaction to it revolved around fan art of a sexual nature, it also resulted in a large amount of what they saw as \"wholesome\" art celebrating the character and the humor of the situation, usually portraying her in an awkward or comedic manner in association with the event or the country itself. King attributed it in part toRemake's recent release, but also the enduring nature of the character, calling it wholesome and an \"aspect of Tifa's character that will now be ingrained into her history, and there's something brilliant about that\". Other articles however examined that the emphasis",
"that the emphasis on her sex appeal sometimes overshadowed her other aspects. In another article forIGNthe staff noted that while her design was meant to emphasize physical beauty, er \"awe-inspiring strength, complex background, strong will and her attachment to Cloud\" defined her as more than \"just an eye-catching woman\", further calling her a legendary heroine in the series.The bookThe Legend of Final Fantasy VIInoted that while Tifa has many attributes of a seductive woman, specifically emphasizing her large breasts, she \"thwarts the stereotypes associated with her appearance\", due to being an independent and strong character, further calling her often the most \"leveled headed\" and pragmatic character in the game's cast.Philip Bloom ofRPGamerfelt that fans and critics alike both overemphasized the size of her breasts, to the point she set a perceived standard for other attractive roleplaying game female protagonists to be compared to, she \"isn't that absurd of figure\" and was instead \"quite strong as far",
"strong as far as female heroes go, often saving the day. But you wouldn't know it to listen to talks about her.\" References External links"
] |
What language is the main character's name in in the Disney film that came out in 1994? | Swahili | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios_films#ep29 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios_films#ep29', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios_films#ep29",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba"
] | [
"List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Animation Studiosis an Americananimation studioheadquartered inBurbank, California,the original feature film division ofThe Walt Disney Company. The studio's films are also often called \"Disney Classics\" (or \"Classic Animated Features\" in the case of the films with traditional hand drawn animation),or \"Disney AnimatedCanon\". The studio has produced 62 films, beginning withSnow White and the Seven Dwarfsin 1937, one of the first full-length animated feature films, and the first produced in the United States. The studio's most recent release isWishin 2023, with their upcoming slate of films includingMoana 2in 2024,Zootopia 2in 2025, andFrozen IIIin 2027.Additionally, an unannounced film is scheduled to release on November 25, 2026. Filmography This list includes the films made byWalt Disney Animation Studios; originallyWalt Disney Productions(1937–1985) and Walt Disney Feature Animation (1986–2007). 1930s/1940s·1950s·1960s·1970s·1980s·1990s·2000s·2010s·2020s·Upcoming Released films Upcoming films Unspecified projects In addition, an unannounced film is scheduled to release on November 25, 2026. In-development projects A fourthFrozenfilm is in development.In November 2023,Jennifer Leerevealed that ten projects are in development, including films based upon original ideas. Cancelled projects Related productions Reception Box office grosses Critical response Academy Award wins and nominations See also Notes References External links",
"The Lion King The Lion Kingis a 1994 American animatedmusicalcoming-of-agedrama filmproduced byWalt Disney Feature Animationand released byBuena Vista Pictures Distributionunder theWalt Disney Picturesbanner. The film was directed byRoger AllersandRob Minkoff(in their feature directorial debuts) and produced byDon Hahn, from a screenplay written byIrene Mecchi,Jonathan Roberts, andLinda Woolverton. The film features anensemble voice castthat includesMatthew Broderick,Moira Kelly,James Earl Jones,Jeremy Irons,Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Niketa Calame,Nathan Lane,Ernie Sabella,Whoopi Goldberg,Cheech Marin,Rowan Atkinson, andRobert Guillaume. Its original songs were written by composerElton Johnand lyricistTim Rice, with a score byHans Zimmer. Inspired byAfrican wildlife, the story is modelled primarily onWilliam Shakespeare's stage playHamletwith some influence from theBiblicalstories ofJosephandMoses, and follows a young heir apparent who is forced to flee after his uncle kills his father and usurps the throne. After growing up in exile, the rightful king returns to challenge the usurper and end his tyrannical rule over the kingdom. Initially,The Lion Kingwas supposed to be a non-musical, leaning towards a style similar to that of a documentary.George Scribner, who had made his feature directorial debut withOliver & Company(1988), was hired to direct, with Allers joining him soon after following his work as a story artist or head of story onOliver & Company,The Little Mermaid(1989),Beauty and the Beast(1991), andAladdin(1992). Allers brought inBrenda ChapmanandChris Sanders, whom he had worked with onBeauty and the BeastandAladdin, to serve as head of story and production designer, respectively. Woolverton, who had just wrapped up work as screenwriter forBeauty and the Beast, wrote the initial draft of the screenplay for this film, but following her departure from the project to write the libretto for the Broadway adaptation ofBeauty and the Beast, Mecchi and Roberts were brought on board to finish and revise the script. Six months into production, Scribner left the project due to creative differences with Allers, producer Hahn, and Chapman about changing it into a musical, and Minkoff was hired to replace him in April 1992. Additionally,Beauty and the BeastdirectorsGary TrousdaleandKirk Wisewere hired to perform some additional rewrites to the script and story. Throughout production, Allers, Scribner, Minkoff, Hahn, Chapman, Sanders, and several other animators visited Kenya to observe wildlife and get inspiration for the characters and setting. The Lion Kingwas released on June 15, 1994, receiving critical acclaim for its music, story, themes, and animation. With an initial worldwide gross of $763 million, it finished its theatrical run as thehighest-grossing film of 1994and thesecond-highest-grossing film of all time, behindJurassic Park(1993).It also held the title of being thehighest-grossing animated film, until it was overtaken byFinding Nemo(2003). The film remains thehighest-grossing traditionally animated film of all time, as well as thebest-selling filmonhome video, having sold over55 millioncopies worldwide. It received twoAcademy Awards, as well as theGolden Globe AwardforBest Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. It is considered by many to be among thegreatest animated films ever made. The film has led tomany derived works, such as aBroadway adaptationin 1997; twodirect-to-videofollow-ups—the sequel,The Lion King II: Simba's Pride(1998), and the prequel/parallel,The Lion King 1½(2004); two television series,The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa(1995-1999) andThe Lion Guard(2016-2019), the latter which premiered as a television film titledThe Lion Guard: Return of the Roarin 2015; and aphotorealistic remakein 2019, which also became the highest-grossing animated film at the time of its release. In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".The Lion Kingis the first Disney film to have beendubbedinZulu,the only African language aside fromEgyptian Arabicto have been used for a feature-length Disney dub. Plot In the Pride Lands ofTanzania, a pride oflionsrule over the kingdom from Pride Rock. King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi's newborn son,Simba, is presented to the gathering animals by Rafiki themandrill, the kingdom'sshamanand advisor. Mufasa's younger brother,Scar, covets the throne. Mufasa shows Simba the Pride Lands and forbids him from exploring beyond its borders. He explains to Simba the responsibilities of kingship and the \"circle of life\", which connects all living things. Scar manipulates Simba into exploring anelephant graveyardbeyond the Pride Lands. There, Simba and his best friend,Nala, are chased by threespotted hyenasnamedShenzi, Banzai, and Ed. Mufasa is alerted by hismajordomo, thehornbillZazu, and rescues the cubs. Though disappointed with Simba for disobeying him and endangering himself and Nala, Mufasa forgives him. He explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky, from which he will one day watch over Simba. Scar visits the hyenas andconvincesthem to help him kill Mufasa and Simba in exchange for hunting rights in the Pride Lands. Scar sets a trap for Simba and Mufasa. He lures Simba into a gorge and signals the hyenas to drive a large herd ofwildebeestinto a stampede to trample him. Scar alerts Mufasa, who saves Simba and tries to escape the gorge; he begs for Scar's help, but Scar throws Mufasa into the stampede to his death. Scar tricks Simba into believing that Mufasa's death was his fault and tells him to leave the kingdom and never return. He then orders the hyenas to kill Simba, who escapes. Unaware of Simba's survival, Scar tells the pride that the stampede killed both Mufasa and Simba, and steps forward as the new king, allowing the hyenas into the Pride Lands. Simba collapses in a desert but is rescued by two outcasts, ameerkatand awarthognamedTimon and Pumbaa. Simba grows up with his two new friends in theiroasis, living a carefree life under their motto \"hakuna matata\" (\"no worries\" inSwahili). Years later, an adult Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness, who is revealed to be Nala. Simba and Nalafall in love, and she urges him to return home, telling him that the Pride Lands have becomedrought-stricken under Scar's reign. Still feeling guilty over Mufasa's death, Simba refuses and leaves angrily. He encounters Rafiki, who tells Simba that Mufasa's spirit lives on in him. Simba is visited by the spirit of Mufasa in the night sky, who tells him that he must take his place as king. After Rafiki advises him to learn from the past instead of running from it, Simba decides to return to the Pride Lands. Aided by his friends, Simba sneaks past the hyenas at Pride Rock and confronts Scar, who taunts Simba over his supposed role in Mufasa's death. Scar then whispers to Simba that he, Scar, killed Mufasa. Enraged, Simba retaliates and forces Scar to confess the truth to the pride. A battle ensues between Simba and his allies and the hyenas. Scar attempts to escape, but is cornered by Simba at a ledge near the top of Pride Rock. Scar begs for mercy and blames his actions on the hyenas. Simba spares Scar's life but orders him to leave the Pride Lands forever; Scar refuses and attacks Simba. Following a brief battle, Simba throws Scar off the ledge. Scar survives the fall, but the hyenas, who overheard him betraying them, attack and maul him to death. With Scar and the hyenas gone, Simba takes his place as king, and Nala becomes his queen. With the Pride Lands restored, Rafiki presents Simba and Nala's newborn cub to the assembled animals, thus continuing the circle of life. Voice cast Production Development The origin of the concept forThe Lion Kingis widely disputed.According to Charlie Fink (then-Walt Disney Feature Animation's vice president for creative affairs), he approachedJeffrey Katzenberg,Roy E. Disney, andPeter Schneiderwith a \"Bambiin Africa\" idea with lions. Katzenberg balked at the idea at first, but nevertheless encouraged Fink and his writers to develop a mythos to explain how lions serviced other animals by eating them.Another anecdote states that the idea was conceived during a conversation between Katzenberg, Roy E. Disney, and Schneider on a flight to Europe during a promotional tour.During the conversation, the topic of a story set in Africa came up, and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea.Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death, and ideas from personal life experiences, such as some of his trials in his career in politics, saying about the film, \"It is a little bit about myself.\" On October 11, 1988,Thomas Disch(the author ofThe Brave Little Toaster) had met with Fink and Roy E. Disney to discuss the idea, and within the next month, he had written a nine-pagedtreatmententitledKing of the Kalahari.Throughout 1989, several Disney staff writers, including Jenny Tripp, Tim Disney, Valerie West and Miguel Tejada-Flores, had written treatments for the project. Tripp's treatment, dated on March 2, 1989, introduced the name \"Simba\" for the main character, who gets separated from his pride and is adopted by Kwashi, a baboon, and Mabu, amongoose. He is later raised in a community of baboons. Simba battles an eviljackalnamed Ndogo, and reunites with his pride.Later that same year, Fink recruited his friend J. T. Allen, a writer, to develop new story treatments. Fink and Allen had earlier made several trips to a Los Angeles zoo to observe the animal behavior that was to be featured in the script. Allen completed his script, which was titledThe Lion King, on January 19, 1990. However, Fink, Katzenberg, and Roy E. Disney felt Allen's script could benefit from a more experienced screenwriter, and turned toRonald Bass, who had recently won anAcademy Award for Best Original ScreenplayforRain Man(1988). At the time, Bass was preoccupied to rewrite the script himself, but agreed to supervise the revisions. The new script, credited to both Allen and Bass, was retitledKing of the Beastsand completed on May 23, 1990. Sometime later,Linda Woolverton, who was also writingBeauty and the Beast(1991), spent a year writing several drafts of the script, which was titledKing of the Beastsand thenKing of the Jungle.The original version of the film was vastly different from the final product. The plot centered on a battle between lions and baboons, with Scar being the leader of the baboons, Rafiki being a cheetah,and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba's childhood friends.Simba would not only leave the kingdom but become a \"lazy, slovenly, horrible character\" due to manipulations from Scar, so Simba could be overthrown after coming of age.By 1990, producerThomas Schumacher, who had just completedThe Rescuers Down Under(1990), decided to attach himself to the project \"because lions are cool\".Schumacher likened theKing of the Junglescript to \"an animatedNational Geographicspecial\". George Scribner, who had directedOliver & Company(1988), was the initial director of the film,being later joined byRoger Allers, who was the lead story man onBeauty and the Beast(1991).Allers worked with Scribner and Woolverton on the project, but temporarily left the project to help rewriteAladdin(1992). Eight months later, Allers returned to the project,and broughtBrenda ChapmanandChris Sanderswith him.In October 1991, several of the lead crew members, including Allers, Scribner, Chapman, Sanders, and Lisa Keene visitedHell's Gate National Parkin Kenya, in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film.After six months of story development work, Scribner decided to leave the project upon clashing with Allers and the producers over their decision to turn the film into a musical, since Scribner's intention was of making a documentary-like film more focused on natural aspects.By April 1992,Rob Minkoffhad replaced Scribner as the new co-director. Don Hahnjoined the production as the film's producer because Schumacher was promoted to Vice President of Development for Walt Disney Feature Animation.Hahn found the script unfocused and lacking a clear theme, and after establishing the main theme as \"leaving childhood and facing up to the realities of the world\", asked for a final retool. Allers, Minkoff, Chapman, and Hahn then rewrote the story across two weeks of meetings with directorsKirk WiseandGary Trousdale, who had finished directingBeauty and the Beast(1991).One of the definite ideas that stemmed from the meetings was to have Mufasa return as a ghost. Allers also changed the character Rafiki from a more serious court advisor into a wacky shaman.The title was also changed fromKing of the JungletoThe Lion King, as the setting was not the jungle but the savannah.It was also decided to make Mufasa and Scar brothers, as the writers felt it was much more interesting if the threat came from someone within the family.Allers and Minkoff pitched the revised story to Katzenberg andMichael Eisner, to which Eisner felt the story \"could be moreShakespearean\"; he suggested modeling the story onKing Lear. Maureen Donley, an associate producer, countered, stating that the story resembledHamlet.Continuing on the idea, Allers recalled Katzenberg asking them to \"put in as muchHamletas you can\". However, they felt it was too forced, and looked to other heroic archetypes such as the stories ofJosephandMosesfrom theBible. Not counting most of the segments fromFantasia(1940),Saludos Amigos(1942),The Three Caballeros(1944),Make Mine Music(1946), andMelody Time(1948); andThe Rescuers Down Under(1990) (a sequel toThe Rescuers(1977)),The Lion Kingwas the first Disney animated feature to be an original story, rather than be based on pre-existing works and characters. The filmmakers have stated that the story ofThe Lion Kingwas inspired by the lives of Joseph and Moses from the Bible, and Shakespeare'sHamlet,though the story has also drawn some comparisons to Shakespeare's lesser known playsHenry IV, Part 1andPart 2. By this point, Woolverton had left the production to work on theBroadway adaptationofBeauty and the Beast.To replace her, Allers and Minkoff met with numerous screenwriters, includingBilly Bob ThorntonandJoss Whedon, to discuss writing the new screenplay.During the summer of 1992,Irene Mecchiwas hired as the new screenwriter, and months later, she was joined byJonathan Roberts. Mecchi and Roberts took charge of the revision process, fixing unresolved emotional issues in the script and adding comedic situations for Pumbaa, Timon, and the hyenas. LyricistTim Riceworked closely with the screenwriting team, flying to California at least once a month, as his songs for the film needed to work in the narrative continuity. Rice's lyrics—which were reworked up to the production's end—were pinned to thestoryboardsduring development.Rewrites were frequent, with animatorAndreas Dejasaying that completed scenes would be delivered, only for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated because of dialogue changes.Due to the rewrites,The Lion Kingmissed its initial release window for Thanksgiving 1993, withThe Nightmare Before Christmas(1993) assuming its release slot.Hahn stated the film was delayed to a summer 1994 release, \"with much consternation, because people said you can't release animation in the summertime.\" Casting The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the characters; for instance,James Earl Joneswas cast because the directors found his voice \"powerful\" and similar to a lion's roar.Jones remarked that during the years of production, Mufasa \"became more and more of a dopey dad instead of grand king\". Nathan Laneauditioned forZazu, andErnie Sabellafor one of the hyenas. Upon meeting at the recording studio, Lane and Sabella – who were starring together in aBroadwayproduction ofGuys and Dollsat the time – were asked to record together as hyenas. The directors laughed at their performance and decided to instead cast them as Timon and Pumbaa.For the hyenas, the original intention was to reuniteCheech & Chong, but whileCheech Marinagreed to voice Banzai,Tommy Chongwas unavailable. His role was changed into a female hyena, Shenzi, voiced byWhoopi Goldberg, who insisted on being in the film.The English double actVic Reeves and Bob Mortimerauditioned for roles as a pair of chipmunks; according to Mortimer, the producers were enthusiastic, but he and Reeves were uncomfortable with their corporate attitude and abandoned the film.Rowan Atkinsonwas initially uninterested in the studio's offer to voice Zazu, later explaining that \"voice work is something I generally had never done and never liked I'm a visual artist, if I'm anything, and it seemed to be a pointless thing to do\". His friend and fellowMr. Beanwriter/actorRobin Driscollconvinced him to accept the role, and Atkinson retrospectively expressed thatThe Lion Kingbecame \"a really, very special film\". Matthew Broderickwas cast as adultSimbaearly during production. Broderick only recorded with another actor once over the three years he worked on the film, and only learned thatMoira KellyvoicedNalaat the film's premiere.English actorsTim Curry,Malcolm McDowell,Alan Rickman,Patrick Stewart, andIan McKellenwere considered for the role ofScar,which eventually went to fellow EnglishmanJeremy Irons.Irons initially turned down the part, as he felt uncomfortable going to a comedic role after his dramatic portrayal ofClaus von BülowinReversal of Fortune(1990). His performance in that film inspired the writers to incorporate more of his acting as von Bülow in the script – adding one of that character's lines, \"You have no idea\" – and prompted animator Andreas Deja to watchReversal of FortuneandDamage(1992) in order to incorporate Irons' facial traits and tics. Animation \"The Lion Kingwas considered a little movie because we were going to take some risks. The pitch for the story was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to the music ofElton John. People said, 'What? Good luck with that.' But for some reason, the people who ended up on the movie were highly passionate about it and motivated.\" Don Hahn The development ofThe Lion Kingcoincided with that ofPocahontas(1995), which most of the animators ofWalt Disney Feature Animationdecided to work on instead, believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two.The story artists also did not have much faith in the project, with Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job \"because the story wasn't very good\",andBurny Mattinsontelling his colleagueJoe Ranft: \"I don't know who is going to want to watch that one.\"Most of the leading animators either were doing their first major work supervising a character, or had much interest in animating an animal.Thirteen of these supervising animators, both in California and in Florida, were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the film's main characters. The animation leads for the main characters includedMark Hennon young Simba,Ruben A. Aquinoon adult Simba,Andreas Dejaon Scar,Aaron Blaiseon young Nala,Anthony DeRosaon adult Nala, and Tony Fucile on Mufasa.Nearly twenty minutes of the film, including the \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" sequence,was animated at theDisney-MGM Studiosfacility. More than 600 artists, animators, and technicians contributed toThe Lion King.Weeks before the film's release, the1994 Northridge earthquakeshut down the studio and required the animators to complete viaremote work. The character animators studied real-life animals for reference, as was done forBambi(1942).Jim Fowler, renowned wildlife expert, visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings authenticity.The animators also studied animal movements at theMiami MetroZoounder guidance from wildlife expertRon Magill.The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew. Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries—which employtelephoto lensesto shoot the wildlife from a distance. The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher—who, following Scribner's request for realism, tried to depict effects such aslens flare—and the works of paintersCharles Marion Russell,Frederic Remington, andMaxfield Parrish.Art director Andy Gaskill and the filmmakers sought to give the film a sense of grand sweep and epic scale similar toLawrence of Arabia(1962). Gaskill explained: \"We wanted audiences to sense the vastness of the savannah and to feel the dust and the breeze swaying through the grass. In other words, to get a real sense of nature and to feel as if they were there. It's very difficult to capture something as subtle as a sunrise or rain falling on a pond, but those are the kinds of images that we tried to get.\" The filmmakers also watched the films ofJohn Fordand other filmmakers, which also influenced the design of the film. Because the characters were notanthropomorphized, all the animators had to learn to draw four-legged animals, and the story and character development was done through the use of longer shots following the characters. Computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways. For the \"wildebeest stampede\" sequence, several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds,cel shadedto look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd.Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two-and-a-half-minute stampede.TheComputer Animation Production System(CAPS) helped simulate camera movements such astracking shots, and was employed in coloring, lighting, and particle effects. Music LyricistTim Rice, who was working with composerAlan Menkenon songs forAladdin(1992), was invited to write songs forThe Lion King, and accepted on the condition of bringing in a composing partner. As Menken was unavailable, the producers accepted Rice's suggestion ofElton John,after Rice's invitation ofABBAfell through due toBenny Andersson's commitments to the stage musicalKristina från Duvemåla.John expressed an interest in writing \"ultra-pop songs that kids would like; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much pleasure out of them\", mentioning a possible influence ofThe Jungle Book(1967), where he felt the \"music was so funny and appealed to kids and adults\". Rice and John wrote five original songs forThe Lion King(\"Circle of Life\", \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\", \"Be Prepared\", \"Hakuna Matata\", and \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\"), with John's performance of \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" playing over the end credits.TheIMAXand DVD releases added another song, \"The Morning Report\", based on a song discarded during development that eventually featured in thelive musical version ofThe Lion King.The score was composed byHans Zimmer, who was hired based on his earlier work on two films in African settings,A World Apart(1988) andThe Power of One(1992),and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged byLebo M.Zimmer's partnersMark MancinaandJay Rifkinhelped with arrangements and song production. TheLion Kingoriginal motion picture soundtrack was released byWalt Disney Recordson April 27, 1994. It was the fourth-best-selling album of the year on theBillboard200and the top-selling soundtrack.It is the only soundtrack to an animated film to becertified Diamond(10× platinum) by theRecording Industry Association of America. Zimmer's complete instrumental score for the film was never originally given a full release, until the soundtrack's commemorativetwentieth anniversary re-releasein 2014.The Lion Kingalso inspired the 1995 releaseRhythm of the Pride Lands, with eight songs by Zimmer, Mancina, and Lebo M. The use of the song \"The Lion Sleeps Tonight\" in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa led to disputes between Disney and the family of South AfricanSolomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled \"Mbube\") in 1939. In July 2004, Linda's family filed a lawsuit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney. In February 2006, Linda's heirs reached a settlement with Abilene Music, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money. Marketing ForThe Lion King's first film trailer, Disney opted to feature a single scene, the entire opening sequence with the song \"Circle of Life\".Buena Vista Pictures DistributionpresidentDick Cooksaid the decision was made for such an approach because \"we were all so taken by the beauty and majesty of this piece that we felt like it was probably one of the best four minutes of film that we've seen\", and Don Hahn added that \"Circle of Life\" worked as a trailer as it \"came off so strong, and so good, and ended with such a bang\". The trailer was released in November 1993, accompanyingThe Three Musketeers(1993) andSister Act 2: Back in the Habit(1993) in theaters; by then, only a third ofThe Lion Kinghad been completed.Audience reaction was enthusiastic, causing Hahn to have some initial concerns as he became afraid of not living up to the expectations raised by the preview.Prior to the film's release, Disney did 11test screenings. Upon release,The Lion Kingwas accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign which included tie-ins withBurger King,Mattel,Kodak,Nestlé, andPayless ShoeSource, and various merchandise,accounting 186 licensed products.In 1994, Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on the film,with $214 million forLion Kingtoys during Christmas 1994 alone. Release Theatrical The Lion Kinghad a limited release in the United States on June 15, 1994, playing in only two theaters,El Capitan TheatreinLos AngelesandRadio City Music HallinNew York City,and featuring live shows with ticket prices up to $30. The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens. The digitalsurround soundof the film led many of those theaters to implementDolby Laboratories' newest sound systems. Localization When first released in 1994,The Lion Kingnumbered 28 versions overall in as many languages and dialects worldwide, including a special Zulu version made specifically for the film in South Africa, where a Disney USA team went to find the Zulu voice-actors. This is not just the only Zulu dubbing ever made by Disney, but also the only one made in any African language, other than Arabic.The Lion Kingmarks also the first time a special dubbing is released in honor of a Disney movie background, but not the last: in 2016 the filmMoana(2016) received a special Tahitian language version,followed in 2017 by a Māori version,in 2018 by a Hawaiian version;and in 2019 the filmFrozen II(2019) was dubbed into Northern Sami, even thoughFrozen(2013) was not.By 2022, 45 language adaptations of the film had been produced.The special Zulu dubbing was made available on the streaming platform Disney+ in October 2022, together with the Māori dubbing ofMoana, and the specialArapahodubbing ofBambi. Following the success of the Māori dub ofMoana, a Māori version ofThe Lion Kingwas announced in 2021, and released theatrically on June 23, 2022, to align with the Māori holiday ofMatariki.Much of theMatewa Mediaproduction team, including producerChelsea Winstanley, directorTweedie Waititi, and co-musical directorRob Ruhahad previously worked on the Māori language version ofMoana.The Lion King Reo Māoriis the first time a language adaptation has translated Elton John's \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" for the ending credits. Re-releases IMAX and large-format The film was re-issued on December 25, 2002, forIMAXandlarge-formattheaters. Don Hahn explained that eight years afterThe Lion Kinghad its original release, \"there was a whole new generation of kids who haven't really seen it, particularly on the big screen.\" Given the film had already been digitally archived during production, the restoration process was easier, while also providing many scenes with enhancements that covered up original deficiencies.An enhanced sound mix was also provided to, as Hahn explained, \"make the audience feel like they're in the middle of the movie.\"On its first weekend,The Lion Kingmade $2.7 million from 66 locations, a $27,664 per theater average. This run ended with $15.7 million on May 30, 2003. 3D conversion In 2011,The Lion Kingwas converted to3Dfor a two-week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3DBlu-rayrelease.The film opened at the number one spot on Friday, September 16, 2011, with $8.9 millionand finished the weekend with $30.2 million, ranking number one at the box office. This madeThe Lion Kingthe first re-issue release to earn the number-one slot at the American weekend box office since the re-issue ofReturn of the Jedi(1983) in March 1997.The film also achieved the fourth-highest September opening weekend of all time.It held off very well on its second weekend, again earning first place at the box office with a 27 percent decline to $21.9 million.Most box-office observers had expected the film to fall about 50 percent in its second weekend and were also expectingMoneyball(2011) to be at first place. After its initial box-office success, many theaters decided to continue to show the film for more than two weeks, even though its 3D Blu-ray release was scheduled for two and a half weeks after its theatrical release.In North America, the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January 12, 2012, with a gross of $94.2 million. Outside North America, it earned $83.4 million.The successful 3D re-release ofThe Lion Kingmade Disney andPixarplan 3D theatrical re-releases ofBeauty and the Beast,Finding Nemo(2003),Monsters, Inc.(2001), andThe Little Mermaid(1989) during 2012 and 2013.However, none of the re-releases of the first three films achieved the enormous success ofThe Lion King 3Dand the theatrical re-release ofThe Little Mermaidwas ultimately cancelled.In 2012, Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo wrote that the reason why the 3D version ofThe Lion Kingsucceeded was because, \"the notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting, andThe Lion King (3D)felt timely given the movie's imminent Blu-ray release. Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since, meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off.\" Disney100 As part of Disney's 100th anniversary,The Lion Kingwas re-released between September 29 to October 12, 2023 in selectedCinemarktheaters across the United States as well asHeliostheaters across Poland on October 8. 30th anniversary In conjunction with the film's 30th anniversary,The Lion Kingwas re-released on July 12, 2024.During its opening weekend, the film earned an estimated $1.08 million in the United States from 1,330 theaters. Home media The Lion Kingwas first released onVHSandLaserDiscin the United States on March 3, 1995, underDisney's \"Masterpiece Collection\" video series. The VHS edition of this release contained a special preview forWalt Disney Pictures' then-upcominganimatedfeature filmPocahontas(1995), in which thetitle character(voiced byJudy Kuhn) sings the musical number \"Colors of the Wind\".In addition, Deluxe Editions of both formats were released. The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film, an exclusivelithographof Rafiki and Simba (in some editions), a commemorative \"Circle of Life\"epigraph, six concept art lithographs, another tape with the half-hour TV specialThe Making of The Lion King, and a certificate of authenticity. The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the film, six concept art lithographs andThe Making of The Lion King, and added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough animation, and a directors' commentary that the VHS edition did not have, on a total of four double sided discs. The VHS tape quickly became thebest-selling videotapeof all time: 4.5 million tapes were sold on the first dayand ultimately sales totaled more than 30 millionbefore these home video versions went intomoratoriumin 1997.The VHS releases have sold a total of 32million units in North America,and grossed$520 millionin sales revenue.In addition, 23million units were shipped overseas to international markets.In the Philippines, the film was released on VHS in March 1995 by Magnavision.The film sold more than55 millionvideo copies worldwide by August 1997, making it the best-sellinghome videotitle of all time. On October 7, 2003, the film was re-released on VHS and released onDVDfor the first time, titledThe Lion King: Platinum Edition, as part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of DVDs. The DVD release featured two versions of the film on the first disc, a remastered version created for the 2002IMAXrelease and an edited version of the IMAX release purporting to be the original 1994 theatrical version.A second disc, with bonus features, was also included in the DVD release. The film's soundtrack was provided both in its originalDolby 5.1track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix, making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped.ThisTHXcertified two-disc DVD release also contains several games,Timon and Pumbaa's Virtual Safari, deleted scenes, music videos and other bonus features.By means ofseamless branching, the film could be viewed either with or without a newly created scene – a short conversation in the film replaced with a complete song (\"The Morning Report\"). A Special Collector's Gift Set was also released, containing the DVD set, five exclusive lithographed character portraits (new sketches created and signed by the original character animators), and an introductory book entitledThe Journey.The Platinum Edition ofThe Lion Kingfeatured changes made to the film during its IMAX re-release, including re-drawncrocodilesin the \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" sequence as well as other alterations.More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units were sold on the first day of release.A DVD box set of the threeThe Lion Kingfilms (in two-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. In January 2005, the film, along with the sequels, went back into moratorium.The DVD releases have sold a total of 11.9million units and grossed$220 million. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainmentreleased the Diamond Edition ofThe Lion Kingon October 4, 2011.This marks the first time that the film has been released in high-definitionBlu-rayand onBlu-ray 3D.The initial release was produced in three different packages: a two-disc version with Blu-ray and DVD; a four-disc version with Blu-ray, DVD, Blu-ray 3D, anddigital copy; and an eight-disc box set that also includes the sequelsThe Lion King II: Simba's PrideandThe Lion King 1½.A standalone single-disc DVD release also followed on November 15, 2011.The Diamond Edition topped the Blu-ray charts with over 1.5 million copies sold.The film sold 3.83 million Blu-ray units in total, leading to a $101.14 million income. The Lion Kingwas once again released to home media as part of theWalt Disney Signature Collectionfirst released on Digital HD on August 15, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 29, 2017. The Lion Kingwas released onUltra HD Blu-rayand4Kdigital download on December 3, 2018. Reception Box office As of July 23, 2024,The Lion Kinggrossed $425 million in North America and $553.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $979 million.After its initial run, having earned $763.5 million,it ranked as thehighest-grossing animated film of all time, the highest-grossing film ofWalt Disney Animation Studios,and thehighest-grossing film of 1994.It was thesecond-highest-grossing film of all time, behindJurassic Park(1993).The film remained as the second-highest-grossing film until the spot was taken byIndependence Day(1996) two years later.It finished as the 5th highest grossingfilm of the 1990sdomestically. It held the record for the highest-grossing animated feature film (in North America, outside North America, and worldwide) until it was surpassed byFinding Nemo(2003). With the earnings of the 3D run,The Lion Kingsurpassed all the aforementioned films butToy Story 3(2010) to rank as the second-highest-grossing animated film worldwide—later dropping to ninth, and then tenth, surpassed by its photorealistic CGI remake counterpart—and it remains the highest-grossing hand-drawn animated film.It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance.The Lion Kingwas also the highest-grossing G-rated film in the United States from 1994 to 2003 and again from 2011 to 2019 until its total was surpassed byToy Story 4(2019) (unadjusted for inflation). Original theatrical run During the first two days of limited release in two theaters,The Lion Kinggrossed $622,277, and for the weekend it earned nearly $1.6 million, placing the film in tenth place at the box office.The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend,and it was the highest-grossing opening weekend on under 50 screens, beating the record set byStar Wars(1977) from 43 screens.The film grossed nearly $3.8 million from the two theaters in just 10 days. When it opened wide,The Lion Kinggrossed $40.9 million—which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend ever and the highest sum for a Disney film—to top the weekend box office. It displaced the previous box office championWolf, while also toppingSpeedandWyatt Earp.At that time, it easily outgrossed the previous biggest 1994 opening, which was the $37.2 million earned byThe Flintstonesduring the four-dayMemorial Dayweekend. The film also produced the third-highest opening weekend gross of any film, trailing only behindJurassic Park(1993) andBatman Returns(1992).For five years, the film held the record for having the highest opening weekend for an animated film until it was surpassed byToy Story 2(1999).It remained the number-one box office film for two weeks until it was displaced byForrest Gump,followed byTrue Liesthe week after. In September 1994, Disney pulled the film from movie theaters and announced that it would be re-released duringThanksgivingin order to take advantage of the holiday season.At the time, the film had earned $267 million in the United States.Following its re-release, by March 1995, it had grossed $312.9 million,being the highest-grossing 1994 film in the United States and Canada, but was soon surpassed byForrest Gump.Box Office Mojoestimates that the film sold over 74 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run,equivalent to $812.1 million adjusted for inflation in 2018. Internationally, the film grossed $455.8 million during its initial run, for a worldwide total of $763.5 million.It had record openings in Sweden and Denmark. Critical response OnRotten Tomatoes,The Lion Kinghas an approval rating of 93% with an average score of 8.4/10, based on 137 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Emotionally stirring, richly drawn, and beautifully animated,The Lion Kingstands tall within Disney's pantheon of classic family films.\"It also ranked 56th on Rotten Tomatoes' \"Top 100 Animation Movies\".AtMetacritic, which uses aweighted average, the film received a score of 88 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film a rare \"A+\" grade on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesgave the film three and a half stars out of a possible four and called it \"a superbly drawn animated feature\". He further wrote in his print review, \"The saga of Simba, which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly toHamlet, is a learning experience as well as an entertainment.\"On the television programSiskel & Ebert, the film was praised but received a mixed reaction when compared to the previous Disney films. Ebert and his partnerGene Siskelboth gave the film a \"Thumbs Up\", but Siskel said that it was not as good asBeauty and the Beastand that it was \"a good film, not a great one\".Hal Hinson ofThe Washington Postcalled it \"an impressive, almost daunting achievement\" and felt that the film was \"spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney's feature-length animations\". However, he was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying, \"Shakespearean in tone, epic in scope, it seems more appropriate for grown-ups than for kids. If truth be told, even for adults it is downright strange.\" Owen GleibermanofEntertainment Weeklypraised the film, writing that it \"has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie\".Rolling Stonefilm criticPeter Traverspraised the film and felt that it was \"a hugely entertaining blend of music, fun, and eye-popping thrills, though it doesn't lack for heart\".James BerardinellifromReelviews.netpraised the film saying, \"With each new animated release, Disney seems to be expanding its already-broad horizons a little more.The Lion Kingis the most mature (in more than one sense) of these films, and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children. Happily, for those of us who generally stay far away from 'cartoons', they have succeeded.\" Some reviewers still had problems with the film's narrative.Kenneth Turanof theLos Angeles Timesfelt the film \"is less of a piece than its revered predecessors and the first to have a core story noticeably less involving than its scintillating peripheral characters.\"TV Guidewrote that whileThe Lion Kingwas technically proficient and entertaining, it \"offers a less memorable song score than did the previous hits, and a hasty, unsatisfying dramatic resolution.\"The New Yorker's Terrence Rafferty considered that despite the good animation, the story felt like \"manipulat our responses at will\", as \"Between traumas, the movie serves up soothingly banal musical numbers and silly, rambunctious comedy\". Accolades Other honors In 2008,The Lion Kingwas ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made byEmpiremagazine,and in June 2011,TIMEnamed it one of \"The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films\".In June 2008, theAmerican Film InstitutelistedThe Lion Kingas the fourth best film in the animation genre in itsAFI's 10 Top 10list,having previously put \"Hakuna Matata\" as 99th on itsAFI's 100 Years...100 Songsranking. In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Year-end lists Criticisms Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word \"SEX\" might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down,which conservative activistDonald Wildmonasserted was asubliminal messageintended to promotesexual promiscuity. Animator Tom Sito has stated that the letters spell \"SFX\" (a common abbreviation for \"special effects\"), not with an \"E\" instead of the \"F\", and were intended as an innocent \"signature\" created by the effects animation team. Hyena biologists protested against the animal's portrayal, though the complaints may have been somewhattongue-in-cheek. One hyena researcher, who had organized the animators' visit to theUniversity of California, Berkeley, Field Station for the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Reproduction, where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas,listed \"boycottThe Lion King\"in an article listing ways to help preserve hyenas in the wild, and later \"joke thatThe Lion Kingset back hyena conservation efforts.\"Even so, the film was also credited with \"spark an interest\" in hyenas at the Berkeley center. The film has been criticized for race and class issues, with the hyenas seen as reflecting negative stereotypes of black and Latino ethnic communities. Claims of resemblance toKimba the White Lion Certain elements of the film were thought to bear a resemblance toOsamu Tezuka's 1960s Japaneseanimetelevision seriesJungle Emperor(known asKimba the White Lionin the United States), with some similarities between a number of characters and various individual scenes. The 1994 release ofThe Lion Kingdrew a protest in Japan, whereKimbaand its creator Osamu Tezuka are cultural icons. 488 Japanese cartoonists and animators, led bymangaauthorMachiko Satonaka, signed a petition accusing Disney of plagiarism and demanding that they give due credit to Tezuka.Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was, in fact, working on an American version ofKimbasince he was familiar with the Japanese original. The Lion Kingdirector Roger Allers claimed complete unfamiliarity with the series until the movie was nearly completed, and did not remember it being ever mentioned during development.Madhavi Sunder has suggested that Allers might have seen the 1989 remake ofKimbaon prime time television while living inTokyo. However, while Allers did indeed move to Tokyo in 1983 in order to work onLittle Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland(1989), he moved back to the United States in 1985, four years before the 1989 remake ofKimbabegan airing.Co-director Rob Minkoff also stated that he was unfamiliar with it.Minkoff also observed that whenever a story is based in Africa, it is \"not unusual to have characters like a baboon, a bird, or hyenas.\" Takayuki Matsutani, the president ofTezuka Productionswhich createdKimba the White Lion, said in 1994 that \"quite a few staff of our company saw a preview ofThe Lion King, discussed this subject and came to the conclusion that you cannot avoid having these similarities as long as you use animals as characters and try to draw images out of them\".Yoshihiro Shimizu of Tezuka Productions has refuted rumors that the studio was paid hush money by Disney and stated that they have no interest in suing Disney, explaining that \"we think it's a totally different story\". Shimizu further explained that they rejected urges from some American lawyers to sue because \"we're a small, weak company... Disney's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world!\"Tezuka's family and Tezuka Productions never pursued litigation. Fred Ladd, who was involved early on with importingKimbaand other Japanese anime into America forNBC, expressed incredulity that Disney's people could remain ignorant.Ladd stated there was at least one animator remembered by his colleagues as being an avidKimbafan and being quite vociferous about Disney's conduct during production.AnimatorsTom Sitoand Mark Kausler have both stated that they had watchedKimbaas children in the 1960s. However, Sito maintains there was \"absolutely no inspiration\" fromKimbaduring the production ofThe Lion King, and Kausler emphasized Disney's ownBambias being their model during development. The controversy surroundingKimbaandThe Lion Kingwas parodied inThe Simpsonsepisode \"'Round Springfield\", where Mufasa appears through the clouds and says, \"You must avenge my death, Kimba... I mean, Simba.\" Legacy Sequels and spin-offs The firstLion King–related animated project was the spin-off television series,The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa, which centers on the characters of Timon and Pumbaa, as they have their own (mis)adventures both within' and outside of the Serengeti. The show ran for three seasons and 85 episodes between 1995 and 1999. Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced byQuinton FlynnandKevin Schonin addition to Nathan Lane.One of the show's music video segments \"Stand By Me\", featuring Timon singingthe eponymous song, was later edited into an animated short which was released in 1995, accompanying the theatrical release ofTom and Huck(1995). Disney released two direct-to-video films related toThe Lion King. The first was sequelThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride, released in 1998 on VHS. The film centers around Simba and Nala's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders.The Lion King 1½, anotherdirect-to-videoLion Kingfilm, saw its release in 2004. It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other, and also aparallelin that it also depicts what the characters wereretconnedto have done during the events of the original movie. In June 2014, it was announced that a new TV series based on the film would be released calledThe Lion Guard, featuring Kion, the second-born cub of Simba and Nala.The Lion Guardis a sequel toThe Lion Kingand takes place during the time-gap withinThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride,with the last 2 episodes of Season 3 taking place after the events of that film. It was first broadcast onDisney Channelas a television film titledThe Lion Guard: Return of the Roarin November 2015 before airing as a series onDisney Juniorin January 2016. CGI remake In September 2016, following the critical and financial success ofThe Jungle Book,Walt Disney Picturesannounced that they were developing aCGIremakeofThe Lion Kingbythe same name, withJon Favreaudirecting.The following month,Jeff Nathansonwas hired to write the script for the film.Favreau originally planned to shoot it back-to-back with thesequel toThe Jungle Book.However, it was reported in early 2017 that the latter film was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly onThe Lion King.In February 2017, Favreau announced thatDonald Gloverhad been cast asSimbaand thatJames Earl Joneswould be reprising the role ofMufasa.The following month, it was reported thatBeyoncéwas Favreau's top choice to voiceNala, but she had not accepted the role yet due to a pregnancy.In April 2017,Billy EichnerandSeth Rogenjoined the film asTimon and Pumbaa, respectively.Two months later,John Oliverwas cast asZazu.At the end of July 2017,Beyoncéhad reportedly entered final negotiations to playNalaand contribute a new soundtrack.The following month,Chiwetel Ejioforentered talks to playScar.Later on,Alfre WoodardandJohn Kanijoined the film asSarabiandRafiki, respectively.On November 1, 2017,BeyoncéandChiwetel Ejioforwere officially confirmed to voiceNalaandScar, withEric André,Florence Kasumba,Keegan-Michael Key,JD McCrary, andShahadi Wright Josephjoining the cast as the voices ofAzizi, Shenzi, and Kamari, young Simba, and young Nala, respectively, whileHans Zimmerwould return to score the film's music.On November 28, 2017, it was reported thatElton Johnhad signed onto the project to rework his musical compositions from the original film. Production for the film began in May 2017.It was released on July 19, 2019. Black Is King In June 2020,Parkwood EntertainmentandDisneyannounced that a film titledBlack Is Kingwould be released on July 31, 2020, onDisney+. The live-action film is inspired byThe Lion King(2019) and serves as a visual album for the tie-in albumThe Lion King: The Gift, which was curated byBeyoncéfor the film.Directed, written and executive produced by Beyoncé,Black Is Kingis described as reimagining \"the lessons ofThe Lion Kingfor today's young kings and queens in search of their own crowns\".The film chronicles the story of a young African king who undergoes a \"transcendent journey through betrayal, love and self-identity\" to reclaim his throne, utilizing the guidance of his ancestors and childhood love, with the story being told through the voices of present-day Black people.The cast includesLupita Nyong'o,Naomi Campbell,Jay-Z,Kelly Rowland,Pharrell Williams,Tina Knowles-Lawson,Aweng Ade-Chuol, andAdut Akech. Mufasa: The Lion King On September 29, 2020,Deadline Hollywoodreported that a follow-up film was in development withBarry Jenkinsattached to direct.WhileThe Hollywood Reportersaid the film would be a prequel about Mufasa during his formative years,Deadlinesaid it would be a sequel centering on both Mufasa's origins and the events after the first film, similar toThe Godfather Part II. Jeff Nathanson, the screenwriter for the remake, has reportedly finished a draft.In August 2021, it was reported thatAaron PierreandKelvin Harrison Jr.had been cast as Mufasa and Scar respectively.The film will not be a remake ofThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride, the 1998 direct-to-video sequel to the original animated film.In September 2022 at theD23 Expo, it was announced that the film will be titledMufasa: The Lion Kingand it will follow the titular character's origin story. Seth Rogen, Billy Eichner, and John Kani will reprise their roles as Pumbaa, Timon, and Rafiki, respectively. The film is scheduled for release on December 20, 2024. Video games Along with the film release, three different video games based onThe Lion Kingwere released byVirgin Interactivein December 1994. The main title was developed byWestwood Studios, and published forPCandAmigacomputers and the consolesSNESandSega Mega Drive/Genesis. Dark Technologies created theGame Boyversion, while Syrox Developments handled theMaster SystemandGame Gearversion.The film and sequelSimba's Pridelater inspired another game,Torus Games'The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure(2000) for theGame Boy ColorandPlayStation.Timon and Pumbaa also appeared inTimon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games, a 1995 PC game collection ofpuzzle gamesby7th Level, later ported to the SNES byTiertex. TheSquare EnixseriesKingdom Heartsfeatures Simba as a recurringsummon,as well as a playable in theLion Kingworld, known as Pride Lands, inKingdom Hearts II. There the plotline is loosely related to the later part of the original film, with all of the main characters except Zazu and Sarabi.The Lion Kingalso provides one of the worlds featured in the 2011 action-adventure gameDisney Universe,and Simba was featured in theNintendo DStitleDisney Friends(2008).The video gameDisney Magic Kingdomsincludes some characters of the film and some attractions based on locations of the film as content to unlock for a limited time. Stage adaptations Walt Disney Theatricalproduced a musical stage adaptation of the same name, which premiered inMinneapolis,Minnesotain July 1997, and later opened onBroadwayin October 1997 at theNew Amsterdam Theatre.The Lion Kingmusicalwas directed byJulie Taymorand featured songs from both the movie andRhythm of the Pride Lands, along with three new compositions byElton JohnandTim Rice.Mark Mancinadid the musical arrangements and new orchestral tracks.To celebrate the African culture background the story is based on, there are six indigenous African languages sung and spoken throughout the show: Swahili, Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Congolese.The musical became one of the most successful in Broadway history, winning sixTony AwardsincludingBest Musical, and despite moving to theMinskoff Theatrein 2006, is still running to this day in New York, becoming thethird longest-running showand highest grossing Broadway production in history. The show's financial success led to adaptations all over the world. The Lion Kinginspired two attractions retelling the story of the film atWalt Disney Parks and Resorts. The first, \"The Legend of the Lion King\", featured a recreation of the film through life-size puppets of its characters, and ran from 1994 to 2002 atMagic KingdominWalt Disney World.Another that is still running is the live-action 30-minute musical revue of the movie, \"Festival of the Lion King\", which incorporates the musical numbers into gymnastic routines with live actors, along with animatronic puppets of Simba and Pumbaa and a costumed actor as Timon. The attraction opened in April 1998 at Disney World'sAnimal Kingdom,and in September 2005 inHong Kong Disneyland'sAdventureland.A similar version under the name \"The Legend of the Lion King\" was featured inDisneyland Parisfrom 2004 to 2009. See also References Notes Bibliography External links",
"Simba Simbais a fictional character inDisney'sThe Lion Kingfranchise. First appearing as a lion cub inThe Lion King(1994), the character flees his homeland when his father,King Mufasa, is killed by his treacherous uncle,Scar. Several years later, Simba returns home as an adult to reconcile hischildhood trauma, confront Scar, and reclaim hisrightfulplace as King of the Pride Lands. He subsequently appears in sequels theThe Lion King II: Simba's PrideandThe Lion King 1½. Simba was originally voiced by actorsMatthew BroderickandJonathan Taylor Thomasas an adult and cub, respectively; various actors have voiced the character in sequels, spin-offs, and related media. Created by screenwritersIrene Mecchi,Jonathan Roberts, andLinda Woolverton, Simba underwent several changes as the film's story was revised, including making him a more sympathetic character, and notably establishing hisfamilial relationto Scar. Although conceived as an original character, Simba was inspired byMosesandJosephfrom theBible, andPrince HamletfromWilliam Shakespeare'sHamlet.Despite sharing several similarities with thetitle characterfrom theanimetelevision seriesKimba the White Lion, Disney claims Simba was not inspired by Kimba.Mark HennandRuben A. Aquinowere supervising animators for the cub and adult Simba, respectively, with both animators researching live lions and drawing inspiration from the character's voice actors. Simba has received a mixed reception from film critics, some of whom praised his design but found him uninteresting as a main character. However, several publications have ranked Simba among Disney's most iconic characters, and consider him to be one of themost famous lions in popular culture. The character's likeness has been used in severaltie-inproducts, including merchandise, television series, and video games. In 1997,The Lion KingactorsScott Irby-RanniarandJason Raizeoriginated the role onBroadway. In 2019,Donald GloverandJD McCraryvoiced the character in aphotorealistic remakeof the film. Development Creation The Lion Kingwas conceived in 1988.Although considered an original storythat follows a young lion, Simba, becoming an adult and learning to take responsibility for his actions,the film's creators drew inspiration for the character from various sources, namely severalcoming-of-age storiesand thebiblical figuresMosesandJoseph.The film underwent several title changes, one of the earliest of which wasKing of the Jungle.According to producerDon Hahn, this title was intended to serve as anallegoryabout Simba needing to survive and grow up in both a literal andmetaphoricaljungle.However, they renamed itThe Lion Kingupon realizing lions don't live in jungles, and wanting to shift focus to a simpler story about a lion becoming king.Some filmmakers nicknamed the film \"Bambiin Africa\" due to similarities betweenThe Lion Kingand Disney's ownBambi(1942).The name \"Simba\" is theSwahiliword for \"lion\".Unlike Disney's three previous romantic filmsThe Little Mermaid(1989),Beauty and the Beast(1991), andAladdin(1992),The Lion Kingfocuses on Simba's relationship with his father. In April 1992, the filmmakers hosted a \"brainstorming session\" in which much of the film, including Simba's personality, was re-written.Story supervisorBrenda Chapmanrealized they had written a proud, unlikeable character.Originally, Simba was intended to remain with his pride afterMufasa's death until this was revised to make him a moresympathetic character.Additionally, one of the earliest iterations of Scar was a rogue lion unrelated to Simba,whereas Simba was meant to be raised by Scar in another version.According toDisney Theatrical GrouppresidentTom Schumacher, Scar was planned to kill Simba and Mufasa at the same time, only for other characters to mistake him for saving Simba from the stampede.Instead of meetingTimon and Pumbaa, this version of Simba would have grown up a slacker under Scar's reign, making him easier to overthrow.A short scene depicting a young Simba wandering the desert before meeting Timon and Pumbaa was also cut. ScreenwriterLinda Woolverton, one of the writers credited with creating the character,joined the film to revise its screenplay, which included providing Simba with a stronger adversary by changing the rogue lion into Simba's uncle.She felt the change contributed moreShakespeareanelements to the story.The character has often been compared toPrince HamletfromWilliam Shakespeare's tragedyHamlet.In an earlier version of the script, Simba was meant to lose his final fight to Scar, being thrown from Pride Rock before his uncle ultimately dies in a fire.Nala's younger brother Mheetu, who Simba was to have rescued from a stampede, was also written out of the film,as well as a trio of Simba's childhood friends.For a while, the story team struggled to come up with a convincing reason as to why Simba would believe he was responsible for Mufasa's death, without killing him.Story artistChris Sandersexplained that the key to this was eventually accepting that a young child in an extremely emotional state would simply believe what their uncle told them. Addressing online speculation that Simba and Nala could potentially be related since Mufasa and Scar are the only adult male lions identified in the film, Woolverton acknowledged that although it is possible, she had never written Simba and Nala as cousins or siblings.Although Woolverton admitted that songs such as \"Hakuna Matata\" were non-essential to the plot and arrived later during the writing process, she confirmed that it helps demonstrate Simba during his \"lost boy\" phase.Some of Disney's marketing team doubted Simba's marketability, since most of Disney's lead characters at the time were female or princesses. Voice ActorMatthew Broderickprovided the speaking voice of adult Simba.The first actor cast forThe Lion King,Broderick learned that Disney was interested in him for the lead role while he was vacationing in Ireland,to where Disney sent him sketches of Simba.The filmmakers hired him based on his performance in theteen comedyfilmFerris Bueller's Day Off(1986).According to Hahn, Broderick was cast because his voice invoked a character who could be irresponsible yet likeable enough to redeem himself \"in a very heroic way\".Minkoff recalled that the actor was able to humanize the character, preventing the hero from \"becoming 2-dimensional\" using a combination of sensitivity, thoughtfulness, and humor.The actor also lowered his pitch slightly to establish Simba's maturity once he decides to become king.Having been involved in the film since early development,Broderick said he had always assumedThe Lion Kingwas an adaptation ofHamlet,elements of which were most prominent when he was first cast.Broderick worked on the film on-and-off for two-three years,often re-recording his work to match what the animators had drawn several months later.Although Broderick recorded most of his lines alone, he briefly recorded with an actress who had originally been cast as Nala until she was ultimately replaced withMoira Kelly, which Broderick only learned had happened at the film's premiere.The actor said he sometimes felt left out when recording his lines, which were more somber in comparison to the film's supporting cast. Disney auditioned dozens ofchild actorsfor the role of young Simba, searching for an actor who could embody \"a scrappy young kid\".ActorJonathan Taylor Thomaswas cast as the speaking voice of young Simba.He was 12 years-old at the time.Thomas did not alter his voice for the character,but simply spoke \"with a real kid spirit\" since Simba had been described to him by the film's directors as \"energetically cocky\".Thomas recorded his lines in hour-long sessions over the course of a year and a half.Because he was working by himself, he improvised much of what other characters were supposed to be saying to his character due to the lack of other actors on set.Due to his busy schedule, Thomas recorded some his dialogue on theHome Improvementset, thesitcomon which he was starring at the time,since both productions were filmed onDisney's Burbank lot.His recording sessions were video recorded, which animators used to incorporate some of Thomas' expressions and mannerisms into their drawings,namely the actor's \"sly smile\".His appearance and personality served as creative inspiration for supervising animatorMark Hennin particular.The actor found Simba's curiosity similar to his own.He also likened Simba to hisHome ImprovementcharacterRandy Taylor, describing both as curious, intuitive, confident, and quick-witted.Hahn recalled \"rough up\" during certain recording sessions when his character was intended to sound active or out of breath, in order to deliver a convincing performance. Although Broderick recorded his character's songs twice, the studio opted not to use his vocals in the final film, which the actor attributed to Disney being interested in a poppier sound than he was capable of delivering.Totolead singerJoseph Williamsand actorJason Weaverprovided the singing voices of adult and young Simba, respectively.Williams was originally hired to record all ofAladdin's vocals.However,Aladdin's songwriters preferred a more theatrical voice over Williams', and ultimately replaced him with actorBrad Kane.Several months later, Disney's music supervisor Chris Montan invited Williams back to record somedemos, which ultimately became the songs used inThe Lion King.Although Williams speculated that he would be replaced similar toAladdin, all of his vocals were retained in the final film.Williams claims Broderick was upset that Disney had decided todubhim.He recorded \"Hakuna Matata” and “Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" for the film. Impressed by Weaver's performance as a youngMichael Jacksonin theminiseriesThe Jacksons: An American Dream(1992), songwritersElton JohnandTim Ricerecruited him to record \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" and \"Hakuna Matata\" whileThe Lion Kingwas still in its early stages and little animation had been completed.Weaver recorded \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" only a few days after completing the miniseries, with John in particular vouching for his involvement inThe Lion King.Impressed by his performance, the directors considered offering Weaver the speaking role as well before learning that negotiations with Thomas had already been finalized.Disney originally offered Weaver $2 millionUSDfor his work onThe Lion King, but Weaver's mother declined in favor of a deal securing $100,000 upfront and lifetimeroyalties.Weaver receives a portion of the film's revenue every time it is re-released, and his total earnings have since exceeded Disney's initial offer.Voice actorFrank Welkerprovided the roars of adult Simba and all other lions, simulating the effect using a trash can. Personality and design Disney has long denied thatThe Lion Kingis based on the anime seriesKimba the White Lion, despite similarities between the names \"Simba\" and \"Kimba\", as well as someconcept drawingsdepicting Simba as awhite lion.The studio maintains that any parallels are coincidental.However, Broderick claims he thought he had originally been cast in an American remake ofKimbabecause the characters seemed so similar at first.Because Disney was prioritizingPocahontas(1995) overThe Lion King, the former of which most of their experienced animators gravitated towards since the studio considered it the more promising of the two films,Simba was one of the fewLion Kingcharacters animated at the studio's main California location.This proved challenging for the production team, since Simba shares several scenes with characters who were animated inFlorida. The role of Simba's supervising animator was divided betweenRuben A. Aquinoand Mark Henn, the former of whom was the first animator hired forThe Lion King.Henn served as the supervising animator of Simba as a cub,and Aquino animated him as an adult.Aquino and Henn worked on the character from Disney's California and Florida studios, respectively.According to Aquino, animatingfour-legged creaturesis difficult because artists are required to draw twice as many legs as human characters, while still incorporating human-like qualities.For assistance, Aquino drew inspiration from Disney's previous animal films such asBambi,Lady and the Tramp(1955), andThe Jungle Book(1967).Aquino based his early drawings of Simba on Broderick,whose voice he said offers the character \"a lot of humor and vulnerability ... which really gave me something to go on and made it easier for me to flesh out my performance\".Aquino would quietly sketch Broderick live during his sessions, which would end up informing each other's performances.Because the adult version of the character is introducedmildly depressed, Aquino originally drew him with sad, soulful eyes and a disheveled mane, but redesigned him to look more heroic at Hahn's request.As a result, Simba ended up resembling Mufasa.To make sure the character looked believable, Aquino studied live lions loaned to the studio and consulted with zoologists. Henn animated Simba's scenes from the beginning of the film until approximately the \"Hakuna Matata\" sequence,including Simba's first appearance as an adult towards the end of the musical number.BeforeThe Lion King, his experience as a supervising animator was limited to predominantly female characters, having previously worked onArielfromThe Little Mermaid(1989),BellefromBeauty and the Beast(1991), andJasminefromAladdin(1992).He initially campaigned heavily to animate the film's villain, Scar, because he wanted to do something different than theprincesseshe had become known for,but Hahn convinced him to work on Simba due to his experience with main characters.Hahn reminded Henn that the success of the entire film hinges on Simba's design, since he is considered the most important character inThe Lion King,and the animator found it a welcome departure fromleading ladiesnonetheless.Aside fromAndreas Dejawho ultimately animated Scar, Henn was the most tenured animator onThe Lion King, whose roster mostly consisted of newer or first-time animators.Simba proved to be a challenge because Henn was tasked with creating an animated character who would both appear and behave like a real lion cub for the first time.To achieve believability, Henn visited zoos, studied live lion cubs that were loaned to the studio for research, and consulted with wildlife professionals.Henn maintained that animators can not simply use their cats as reference models due to their different anatomies.Recalling their efforts to make his character as realistic as possible, Henn said that, unlike domestic cats, lion cubs “have a power ... underlying that seemingly soft exterior\".He was also responsible for making sure Simba's appearance remained consistent between himself, the directors, and other animators. When it came to animating the \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" musical sequence, Henn considered it essential that Simba remain on all-fours, despite the fact that the character isexhibiting human characteristicsby dancing.The animators would often observe and film the voice actors' recording sessions, using their mannerisms as visual reference, with Thomas proving particularly influential on Simba's design and personality.Henn described his version of the character as a young, cocky, inexperienced cub who had yet to mature, which he hoped would remind viewers of their younger selves.Compared to adult Simba, Henn described him as \"looser\" and less physically assured, which allowed him to draw him \"a little more awkward, his feet were a little bigger, they could be a little floppier than when he’s an adult\".Although Henn and Aquino did not spend much time discussing the character's design with each other, both artists referenced live lions and received input from the same research team to determine how Simba should look and behave.Catherine Hinman of theOrlando Sentinelobserved that the animators' extensive research resulted in \"a lion cub who moves like his aristocratic cousins on the savannah but acts like the kid down the street\".Tom Bancroft, an animator who worked on Simba under Henn, described his supervisor as the fastest animator at Disney at the time, making it difficult for other animators to acquire their own scenes to animate as Henn would typically do them himself.According to theAcademy of Art University, Henn's work on Simba \"further cemented his place in history\". Some journalists believe Simba's mane was based on how singerJon Bon Jovistyled his hair during the 1980s.Simba spends 55% of his screen time as a cub, and the remaining 45% as an adult lion.At the time of the film's release, Simba had the most screen time of any Disney hero, appearing in 49.71% of the film (or 43 minutes and 51 seconds). Appearances Films series Simba first appears inThe Lion King(1994) as a cub, the son ofKing MufasaandQueen Sarabi.As Mufasa's heir, Simba is destined to become the next King of the Pride Lands.However, Simba's jealous uncle Scar plots against him in order to seize the throne for himself, killing Mufasa after he rescues Simba from a wildebeest stampede, and convincing Simba that he is responsible for Mufasa's death.Crippled with guilt, Simba flees to the jungle where he befriends Timon and Pumbaa, a meerkat and warthog duo who raise him and teach him to live the carefree lifestyle,but Simba continuously struggles to ignore his past.Years later, Simba's childhood friend Nala finds him and convinces him to return to the Pride Lands, which has grown barren under Scar's rule.After being visited by Rafiki and Mufasa's spirit, who reminds him of his responsibilities, Simba confronts Scar, who finally admits to killing Mufasa, and defeats him, reclaiming his rightful place as king.With order restored, Simba and Nala have a child, ushering in hope for the future of the Pride Lands. InThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride(1998), Simba and Nala commemorate the birth of their daughter,Kiara, who Simba is overprotective of since she grows up to be adventurous and rebellious like he was as a cub. Simba discovers that Kiara has visited the forbidden Outlands – home to an enemy pride of Scar's exiled followers known as the Outsiders – and befriendedKovu, the younger son of the pride's leader,Zira. Unbeknownst to them, Zira is grooming Kovu to avenge Scar by usurping Simba. Several years later, Kovu rescues Kiara from awildfirestarted by Kovu's siblings, Nuka and Vitani. Simba reluctantly lets Kovu, who claims to have left the Outsiders, live with them, but continues to act coldly towards him. Witnessing Kiara and Kovu's growing friendship, Simba decides to spend a day getting to know Kovu. Realizing that Kovu is beginning to side with Simba due to his feelings for Kiara, Zira ambushes Simba and convinces him that Kovu orchestrated the attack. After narrowly escaping with his life, Simba exiles Kovu and forbids Kiara from seeing him, prompting her to leave. When a battle ensues between the Pride Landers and Outsiders, Kiara and Kovu return to stop them, with Kiara helping Simba and the prides reconcile their differences peacefully. Zira attacks Simba as he is about to accept the Outsiders back into his pride, but he she is intercepted by Kiara, causing the pair of lionesses to tumble over the edge of a cliff. Having landed safely on a ledge, Kiara offers to help Zira, who is struggling to hang on. However, Zira, consumed by resentment, refuses help and falls to her death. Simba finally accepts Kovu into the pride and reconciles with his daughter. InThe Lion King 1½(2004), Simba appears as a less prominent character because the film's primary focus is on Timon and Pumbaa's behind-the-scenes role and involvement in the events ofThe Lion King.Although the two films technically share the same story and timeline, the plot ofThe Lion King 1½focuses more on Timon and Pumbaa. Themeerkatandwarthogunknowingly coexist alongside Simba, and the story fills in the two characters'backstoriesand events that led up to their long-lasting friendship, coinciding with and often initiating the events that affect Simba's life during the first film. These events include the commemorative bow that occurs during the opening \"Circle of Life\" musical number and the collapsing of the animal tower that takes place during \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\".The film also explores, in further detail, the relationship among the three characters as Timon and Pumbaa struggle to raise Simba asadoptive \"parents\"and disapprove of his relationship with Nala, portraying Simba as he grows from an energetic young lion cub, into an incorrigible teenager and, finally, an independent young lion. The Lion King(2019) On July 19, 2019,Walt Disney Picturesreleased aCGIof the remake film.The film was directed and produced byJon Favreauand written byJeff Nathanson.In this film, Donald Glover was cast for the role of adult Simba. Glover said that \" a timeless story, but the way Favreau has constructed it, it's a very timely story as well\" and said that \" just wanted to be a part of a global good\".The actor had previously worked with Favreau on theMarvel Cinematic UniversefilmSpider-Man: Homecoming(2017). Glover said that the film will focus more on Simba's time growing up than the original film did, stating that \" was very keen in making sure we saw transition from boy to man and how hard that can be when there's been a deep trauma\".On November 1, 2017,JD McCrarywas cast as young Simba.McCrary said that \"Donald Glover is so talented that actually did have to take it into consideration, because if Simba is going to grow up to be some sort of figure and you know of it, you have to keep that motive\". Television The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa The success ofThe Lion Kingand popularity of its characters led to the production ofThe Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa, an animated spin-off television series starringTimon and Pumbaa,which ran from 1995 to 1999. Simba makes several appearances, including the newly animated wraparound segment in theAround the World with Timon & Pumbaainternational VHS tape and DVD, where Timon drags him out to try to revive Pumbaa's lost memory. In the episode \"Congo On Like This\", upon discovering that a predator is on the loose, Timon and Pumbaa (especially Timon) suspect that Simba has reverted to his carnivorous nature due to atarsier'swarning, but the tarsier turns out to be a disguisedwolfwho has spent months trying to lure Timon and Pumbaa away from Simba, therefore turning out to be the real threat. In the episode \"Shake Your Djibouti\", Timon and Pumbaa are forced to train Simba to protect them from an escaped laboratory monster, fearing that he lost his confidence. Another episode, entitled \"Rome Alone\", shows Simba having been captured byRomansand is forced to either eat Timon and Pumbaa or get into agladiatorialbattle with another lion named Claudius. In \"Once Upon a Timon\", Zazu informs Rafiki about Simba's royal reputation being at stake and is concerned about Timon and Pumbaa's influence on him, telling him that Simba still only eats bugs. Simba later arrives to Rafiki's tree to confront Zazu, as Zazu had an appointment with him in which he neglected because he was so invested in Rafiki's story of Timon's past, but persuades Rafiki to finish telling the tale. Simba also makes brief appearances in \"Zazu's Off-By-One Day\" and \"Beethoven's Whiff\". He also appears in the music video segment \"The Lion Sleeps Tonight\". The Lion Guard In January 2016, a new series calledThe Lion Guardpremiered, following a television pilot filmThe Lion Guard: Return of the Roarin November 2015. Set within the time gap inThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride(except the final episode titled \"Return to The Pride Lands,\" which takes place after the film), it features Kion who is the son and youngest child of Simba and Nala, who as the second-born cub, is tasked with assembling a team to protect the Pride Lands. The series shows Simba doing several royal duties, such as attending a funeral for his wise old elephant friend Aminifu, holding a \"Savannah Summit\" so that the other leaders within the Pride Lands can discuss unity between the diverse species and the future of the kingdom, and maintain relations to the Pride Lands' neighboring kingdoms. He also temporarily becomes the leader of the Lion Guard in the episode \"The Trail to Udugu\" as Kion goes on a journey with Nala and Kiara. Other television series Simba was featured as a guest in the animated seriesHouse of Mouse, in which he alternates between being a cub and an adult. Broadway musical The success ofThe Lion Kingled to the production of aBroadway musical based on the film. Directed byJulie Taymor, with a book by Irene Mecchi and Roger Allers,The Lion Kingpremiered at theNew Amsterdam Theatreon November 13, 1997, where it ran for nine years until being moved to theMinskoff Theatreon June 13, 2006.The role of Simba was originated byScott Irby-RanniarandJason Raize, with Irby-Ranniar portraying young Simba and Raize portraying adult Simba. Raize auditioned for the role of adult Simba after hearing that Taymor was looking to cast an actor who was of \"unidentifiable ethnicity.\"Raize revealed in an interview that there was a lot of competition for the role because the musical required \"triple-threat work – singing, dancing and acting – that you don't get to such an extent in other shows. It was more the sense of who can take the challenge and not be daunted by the task.\" Raize, who instantly felt that he \"had a connection with Simba,\" eventually won the role with the approval of Taymor and choreographerGarth Fagan,with Fagan admiring the fact that Raize was \"willing to try, to fail, and then to try again.\"Once cast, Raize found it difficult to maintain Taymor's \"sense of duality\" because Simba is \"both man and beast.\" He said, \"The tendency is to sacrifice one for the other, but you can't.\"Although hundreds of children auditioned for the role of young Simba,the casting process was far less grueling for Irby-Ranniar who, according to Taymor, simply \"walked in and he had the part.\" Miscellaneous Books In 1994, a six-volume book set titledThe Lion King: Six New Adventureswere released. Set after the events ofthe first film, they featured a cub named Kopa, who was the son of Simba and Nala. Merchandising and video games As an part of thefranchise's merchandising, Simba has appeared in variousThe Lion King-related products.The character's likeness has been used in and adapted into a variety of items, including plush toys and figurines, clothing, bedding, household decor, and appliances.The success of the stage musical has also led to its own line of merchandising,including the Simba beanbag doll, based on the character's appearance and costume in the Broadway show. Since the film's 1994 debut, Simba has appeared as aplayable characterin several video games, both directly and indirectly associated with theLion Kingfranchise. The character's first appearance as avideo game characterwas inThe Lion King(1994),which follows the plot of the original film and features Simba as both a cub and an adult.Simba appears inThe Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure(2000),which encompasses 10 levels that incorporate the plot of bothThe Lion KingandThe Lion King II: Simba's Prideas \"Simba ... matures from a precocious cub to an adult lion\". In theKingdom Heartsvideo game franchise, Simba appears as a friend and ally of the series' main character,Sora, inKingdom Hearts,Kingdom Hearts: Chain of MemoriesandKingdom Hearts III, and as a companion in battle inKingdom Hearts II. Simba also appears as a playable character inDisney Interactive Studios'Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure, released on September 3, 2003, forGame Boy Advance,PlayStation 2,GameCubeandXbox, Simba is one of the central characters inDisney Friends, released forNintendo DSon February 26, 2008, where the player can interact with him. Simba is a playable character to unlock for a limited time inDisney Magic Kingdoms. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Live versions of Simba appear in theLion Kingmusicaland in the parades and shows at theWalt Disney Parks and Resorts. Simba was also the main character in \"Legend of the Lion King,\" a formerFantasylandattraction inWalt Disney World'sMagic Kingdom, which retold the story of the film using fully articulated puppets. Other Disney attractions that have featured Simba include theMickey's PhilharMagic3D show and theHong Kong Disneylandversion ofIt's a Small World. He appeared as one of the main characters at Epcot'sLand Pavilion12-minuteedutainmentfilmCircle of Life: An Environmental Fable, until its closure in 2018. He currently appears in animatronic form inFestival of the Lion KingatDisney's Animal Kingdom. Critical reception Reception towards Simba has been generally mixed.The Christian Science Monitor'sDavid Sterritthailed him as \"a superbly realized character\".Owen GleibermanofEntertainment Weeklydescribed Simba as \"marvelously expressive\", to the point where he appears to be more human-like thanAladdinandThe Little Mermaid's human characters.In a review forThe Fresno Bee, authorJohn Scalzicalled Simba \"the cutest little lion club you'd ever care to see\",and film criticRoger Ebertdescribed him as \"cute\" several times throughout his review of the film.Peter TraversofRolling StoneandAbout.com's David Nusair were moved by Simba's relationship with Mufasa.James BerardinelliofReelViewsenjoyed that the film prioritizes Simba's personal growth over his romantic relationship with Nala, but found Broderick's performance \"nondescript\". Voxdescribed Simba as \"the least compelling character inThe Lion King\", acknowledging this might be a controversial opinion.Hal HinsonofThe Washington Postgave the character a negative review, questioning Simba as a hero and nicknaming him \"the Lion Country incarnation ofFabio\".Kenneth Turanof theLos Angeles Timessaid Simba was outshone by his sidekicks, describing him as \"irritatingly callow\".Joshua StarnesofComingSoon.netpanned Simba as a main character, describing him as the film's \"weak link being both blandly designed and blandly performed\".Acknowledging the character's Shakespearean roots,The Baltimore Sun'sStephen Huntercalled Simba a less compelling version of Hamlet,Morris the Cat, andSylvester the Cat.Hunter also found adult Simba to be even less interesting than young Simba,while film criticGene Siskelfound the character boring.Johnny Brayson ofBustledescribed Simba as \"not as great as you remember\" despite the character's popularity, criticizing his privileged upbringing, arrogance, and immaturity.Jonathan Allford ofThe Guardiancalled Simba \"a happy, slightly dislikable lion cub\".In 2022, Rachel Ulatowski ofScreen Rantwrote that despite differing opinions about the character, \"Audiences cannot deny that Simba's design perfectly embodies his role as thetragic hero\" with \"an intriguing appearance that is heroic, bold, charming, but also weary and disheveled at times. The contrasting elements paint him perfectly as an exiled prince who has been through tragedy in his life\". Despite the character's mixed reviews, several critics have praised Broderick's performance,includingThe Washington Post'sDesson Howe.Annette Basile ofFilmInkdescribed Broderick as \"excellent\" in the role,whilePeter BradshawofThe Guardiancalled him \"sumptuous\".Digital Spy's Mayer Nissim described Broderick's work as \"wonderful\".Several critics and publications have rankedThe Lion Kingamong his best films and performances.According to the actor's biography onPBS, Broderick's work in the film and its sequels ironically delivered him \"his greatest screen success (to date) in relative anonymity\".Gold Derbysaid the film earned Broderick legions of younger fans, ranking it his sixth best film.MovieWebranked Simba the greatest performance of Thomas' career, praising his \"wide range of emotions\".However, Janet M. Walker of theNew York Amsterdam Newscriticized Disney for castingwhite actorsas Simba,considering his parents are voiced by Black actorsJames Earl JonesandMadge Sinclair.Christopher NullofContactmusic.companned Weaver's performance, likening his singing toMichael Jacksonand saying \"You almost don't want him to succeed\". When the film was released, some viewersallegedthat during one of Simba's scenes, he creates adust cloudthat appears to spell the word \"SEX\" in the night sky.In a lawsuit filed against Disney in Texas, the studio was accused of including sexualsubliminal messagesin a family-oriented film,while Catholic activist organizationAmerican Life Leaguedemanded an apology for including sexual material in its films.AnimatorTom Sitoclaims the letters actually spelled \"SFX\", an abbreviation forspecial effects, and was aneaster egganimated by the film's special effects department.Beginning in 2002, the letters were edited out of re-releases ofThe Lion King, and replaced with standard dust clouds. Legacy Impact and popularity According to aVoxwriter, Simba is not as iconic as Scar or Mufasa, which they attributed to the character's perceived lack of agency and tendency to rely on instructions from other characters.Contrarily, Marc Snetiker ofEntertainment Weeklydescribed Simba as an iconic character who has \"spent nearly a quarter century etched into pop culture\".Chhavi Puri ofPinkvillasaid characters such as Simba \"defined our childhood\".The same publication named Simba the second-best Disney character of all-time and \"undoubtedly one of the best male Disney characters\",whileThe A.V. Clubranked him 29th.AccordingToons Mag, Simba is one of the 10 best Disney cartoon characters of all time and \"one of Disney's most significant characters\".Looperranked Simba Disney's 37th best character of all-time.Varietynamed Simba one of Disney's 25 most iconic characters.According to Arunkumar Sekhar ofCinema Expressand Rachel Ulatowski ofScreen Rant, Simba is one of the studio's most iconic animated characters.In a 1995 article ranking \"The most powerful people in entertainment\",Entertainment Weeklylikened Disney chairmanMichael Eisner's success story to that of Simba.Publications such asWorld Animal Protection, theLos Angeles Times,Wilmington Star-News, and theBirmingham Mailconsider Simba to be one of themost famous lions in popular culture.Richard Fink ofMovieWebdeclared him \"the most famous lion in all of cinema\". Charlotte Cripps ofThe Independentranked Simba Disney's second best role-model for children.Comic Book Resourcesranked Simba Disney's 12th most likeable prince character, due to his relatability.Colliderranked SimbaThe Lion King's fourth-best character,as well as the bestprotagonistof theDisney Renaissance.Contributor Tyler B. Searle said Simba \"has one of the strongest character arcs of any Disney protagonist\".Writing for the same publication, Anas Yamin said Simba has the best character development of all Disney main characters.Comic Book Resourcesranked Simba eighth in their ranking, including him among \"some of the most beloved and iconic main characters in animation history\". Simba's appearance has also generated online debates discussing whether it is appropriate for fans to consider the character attractive, because he is a cartoon lion.Several publications, such asRefinery 29,HuffPost,Seventeen,The Edge,YourTango,The Daily Edge,Pride, andThought Catalog, included Simba inlisticlesabout their most memorable \"cartoon crushes\",whileElleranked him the fourth most attractive Disney prince.Polygonranked Simba the sixth \"hottest animated animal character\",andMashableranked him eighth.Refinery29's Anne Cohen lamented that the 2019 remake lacks the \"Hot Simba Energy\" of the original film.Kayla Cobb ofDecidertheorized that Disney wanted audiences to know that \"in the lion world, Simba is a babe\" by drawing him with traditionally attractive and masculine features.Louis Costello, a writer forPedestrian, said \"yes it’s okay to be attracted to adult Simba and yes you’re not the only one\".In 2019, the pop culture websitePunkeepublished an article asking readers \"Why Are We All So Thirsty For Simba?\", which author Jenna Guillaume attributed to the character's long mane, smile, \"flirty eyebrow raise\", and Broderick's voice.Senior lecturer Dr. Lauren Rosewarne theorized that Simba's story and character development throughoutThe Lion Kingoffers several opportunities for viewers to find him attractive, progressing from wounded, ostracized cub to “potentially offers a bad boy, and then the hero appeal that some audiences will be drawn to\". Pop culture references During the film's opening song, \"Circle of Life\", Rafiki introduces a newborn Simba to a large crowd of onlooking animals gathered at the foot of Pride Rock by standing towards the edge and holding the cub high above their heads, while Mufasa and Sarabi observe from behind them.The scene is considered to be one of the most famous fromThe Lion King,and has been parodied in several projects since the film's release.Several fans have recreated the image using their own children or pets,including, controversially, singerMichael Jacksonin 1992,andBrendan Fraserat the end of the filmGeorge of the Jungle(1997).During thethird seasonfinaleofOnce Upon a Time, the main characterEmma Swanasked her parentsSnow WhiteandDavid Nolanif they were going to hold up her yet unnamed baby brother like inThe Lion King. Since the release ofThe Lion Kingin 1994, the name \"Simba\" has increased in use and popularity among pet owners, specifically dogs and cats.According toComcastin 2010, the use of Simba as a dog name reemerged in popularity in 2009 after experiencing a noticeable decline in 2001, ranking the name ninth out of 10 on its list of \"Top 10 Trendiest Dog Names of the Year\".In May 2013,Yahoo! Lifestyleincluded the name on its list of \"Trendiest Dog Names\".According to YouPet, Simba is the 17th most popular cat name out of 100 candidates.Care2 included Simba in its article \"All-around Cool Cat Names,\"while DutchNews.nl reported that Simba ranks among the country's most popular cat names as of July 2013.In its list of \"Top Popular Pet Names,\" BabyNames.com placed Simba at number 64 on its list of most popular dog names out of the 100 that were considered.Yahoo! News UKreported that Simba was one of the most popular pet names in Britain in 2016.Corresponding with theLion Kingremake in 2019, Simba was that year's most popular male cat name.According toDaily Hive, Simba ranked among Toronto's 10 most popular dog names in 2021. Notes References"
] | [
"List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Animation Studiosis an Americananimation studioheadquartered inBurbank, California,the original feature film division ofThe Walt Disney Company. The studio's films are also often called \"Disney Classics\" (or \"Classic Animated Features\" in the case of the films with traditional hand drawn animation),or \"Disney AnimatedCanon\". The studio has produced 62 films, beginning withSnow White and the Seven Dwarfsin 1937, one of the first full-length animated feature films, and the first produced in the United States. The studio's most recent release isWishin 2023, with their upcoming slate of films includingMoana 2in 2024,Zootopia 2in 2025, andFrozen IIIin 2027.Additionally, an unannounced film is scheduled to release on November 25, 2026. Filmography This list includes the films made byWalt Disney Animation Studios; originallyWalt Disney Productions(1937–1985) and Walt Disney Feature Animation (1986–2007).",
"(1986–2007). 1930s/1940s·1950s·1960s·1970s·1980s·1990s·2000s·2010s·2020s·Upcoming Released films Upcoming films Unspecified projects In addition, an unannounced film is scheduled to release on November 25, 2026. In-development projects A fourthFrozenfilm is in development.In November 2023,Jennifer Leerevealed that ten projects are in development, including films based upon original ideas. Cancelled projects Related productions Reception Box office grosses Critical response Academy Award wins and nominations See also Notes References External links",
"The Lion King The Lion Kingis a 1994 American animatedmusicalcoming-of-agedrama filmproduced byWalt Disney Feature Animationand released byBuena Vista Pictures Distributionunder theWalt Disney Picturesbanner. The film was directed byRoger AllersandRob Minkoff(in their feature directorial debuts) and produced byDon Hahn, from a screenplay written byIrene Mecchi,Jonathan Roberts, andLinda Woolverton. The film features anensemble voice castthat includesMatthew Broderick,Moira Kelly,James Earl Jones,Jeremy Irons,Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Niketa Calame,Nathan Lane,Ernie Sabella,Whoopi Goldberg,Cheech Marin,Rowan Atkinson, andRobert Guillaume. Its original songs were written by composerElton Johnand lyricistTim Rice, with a score byHans Zimmer. Inspired byAfrican wildlife, the story is modelled primarily onWilliam Shakespeare's stage playHamletwith some influence from theBiblicalstories ofJosephandMoses, and follows a young heir apparent who is forced to flee after his uncle kills his father and usurps the throne.",
"usurps the throne. After growing up in exile, the rightful king returns to challenge the usurper and end his tyrannical rule over the kingdom. Initially,The Lion Kingwas supposed to be a non-musical, leaning towards a style similar to that of a documentary.George Scribner, who had made his feature directorial debut withOliver & Company(1988), was hired to direct, with Allers joining him soon after following his work as a story artist or head of story onOliver & Company,The Little Mermaid(1989),Beauty and the Beast(1991), andAladdin(1992). Allers brought inBrenda ChapmanandChris Sanders, whom he had worked with onBeauty and the BeastandAladdin, to serve as head of story and production designer, respectively. Woolverton, who had just wrapped up work as screenwriter forBeauty and the Beast, wrote the initial draft of the screenplay for this film, but following her departure from the project to write the libretto for the Broadway adaptation ofBeauty and the Beast, Mecchi and Roberts were brought on board to",
"brought on board to finish and revise the script. Six months into production, Scribner left the project due to creative differences with Allers, producer Hahn, and Chapman about changing it into a musical, and Minkoff was hired to replace him in April 1992. Additionally,Beauty and the BeastdirectorsGary TrousdaleandKirk Wisewere hired to perform some additional rewrites to the script and story. Throughout production, Allers, Scribner, Minkoff, Hahn, Chapman, Sanders, and several other animators visited Kenya to observe wildlife and get inspiration for the characters and setting. The Lion Kingwas released on June 15, 1994, receiving critical acclaim for its music, story, themes, and animation. With an initial worldwide gross of $763 million, it finished its theatrical run as thehighest-grossing film of 1994and thesecond-highest-grossing film of all time, behindJurassic Park(1993).It also held the title of being thehighest-grossing animated film, until it was overtaken byFinding Nemo(2003). The film remains",
"The film remains thehighest-grossing traditionally animated film of all time, as well as thebest-selling filmonhome video, having sold over55 millioncopies worldwide. It received twoAcademy Awards, as well as theGolden Globe AwardforBest Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. It is considered by many to be among thegreatest animated films ever made. The film has led tomany derived works, such as aBroadway adaptationin 1997; twodirect-to-videofollow-ups—the sequel,The Lion King II: Simba's Pride(1998), and the prequel/parallel,The Lion King 1½(2004); two television series,The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa(1995-1999) andThe Lion Guard(2016-2019), the latter which premiered as a television film titledThe Lion Guard: Return of the Roarin 2015; and aphotorealistic remakein 2019, which also became the highest-grossing animated film at the time of its release. In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas being \"culturally, historically, or",
"historically, or aesthetically significant\".The Lion Kingis the first Disney film to have beendubbedinZulu,the only African language aside fromEgyptian Arabicto have been used for a feature-length Disney dub. Plot In the Pride Lands ofTanzania, a pride oflionsrule over the kingdom from Pride Rock. King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi's newborn son,Simba, is presented to the gathering animals by Rafiki themandrill, the kingdom'sshamanand advisor. Mufasa's younger brother,Scar, covets the throne. Mufasa shows Simba the Pride Lands and forbids him from exploring beyond its borders. He explains to Simba the responsibilities of kingship and the \"circle of life\", which connects all living things. Scar manipulates Simba into exploring anelephant graveyardbeyond the Pride Lands. There, Simba and his best friend,Nala, are chased by threespotted hyenasnamedShenzi, Banzai, and Ed. Mufasa is alerted by hismajordomo, thehornbillZazu, and rescues the cubs. Though disappointed with Simba for disobeying him and endangering himself",
"endangering himself and Nala, Mufasa forgives him. He explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky, from which he will one day watch over Simba. Scar visits the hyenas andconvincesthem to help him kill Mufasa and Simba in exchange for hunting rights in the Pride Lands. Scar sets a trap for Simba and Mufasa. He lures Simba into a gorge and signals the hyenas to drive a large herd ofwildebeestinto a stampede to trample him. Scar alerts Mufasa, who saves Simba and tries to escape the gorge; he begs for Scar's help, but Scar throws Mufasa into the stampede to his death. Scar tricks Simba into believing that Mufasa's death was his fault and tells him to leave the kingdom and never return. He then orders the hyenas to kill Simba, who escapes. Unaware of Simba's survival, Scar tells the pride that the stampede killed both Mufasa and Simba, and steps forward as the new king, allowing the hyenas into the Pride Lands. Simba collapses in a desert but is rescued by two outcasts,",
"by two outcasts, ameerkatand awarthognamedTimon and Pumbaa. Simba grows up with his two new friends in theiroasis, living a carefree life under their motto \"hakuna matata\" (\"no worries\" inSwahili). Years later, an adult Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness, who is revealed to be Nala. Simba and Nalafall in love, and she urges him to return home, telling him that the Pride Lands have becomedrought-stricken under Scar's reign. Still feeling guilty over Mufasa's death, Simba refuses and leaves angrily. He encounters Rafiki, who tells Simba that Mufasa's spirit lives on in him. Simba is visited by the spirit of Mufasa in the night sky, who tells him that he must take his place as king. After Rafiki advises him to learn from the past instead of running from it, Simba decides to return to the Pride Lands. Aided by his friends, Simba sneaks past the hyenas at Pride Rock and confronts Scar, who taunts Simba over his supposed role in Mufasa's death. Scar then whispers to Simba that he, Scar, killed",
"he, Scar, killed Mufasa. Enraged, Simba retaliates and forces Scar to confess the truth to the pride. A battle ensues between Simba and his allies and the hyenas. Scar attempts to escape, but is cornered by Simba at a ledge near the top of Pride Rock. Scar begs for mercy and blames his actions on the hyenas. Simba spares Scar's life but orders him to leave the Pride Lands forever; Scar refuses and attacks Simba. Following a brief battle, Simba throws Scar off the ledge. Scar survives the fall, but the hyenas, who overheard him betraying them, attack and maul him to death. With Scar and the hyenas gone, Simba takes his place as king, and Nala becomes his queen. With the Pride Lands restored, Rafiki presents Simba and Nala's newborn cub to the assembled animals, thus continuing the circle of life. Voice cast Production Development The origin of the concept forThe Lion Kingis widely disputed.According to Charlie Fink (then-Walt Disney Feature Animation's vice president for creative affairs), he",
"affairs), he approachedJeffrey Katzenberg,Roy E. Disney, andPeter Schneiderwith a \"Bambiin Africa\" idea with lions. Katzenberg balked at the idea at first, but nevertheless encouraged Fink and his writers to develop a mythos to explain how lions serviced other animals by eating them.Another anecdote states that the idea was conceived during a conversation between Katzenberg, Roy E. Disney, and Schneider on a flight to Europe during a promotional tour.During the conversation, the topic of a story set in Africa came up, and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea.Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death, and ideas from personal life experiences, such as some of his trials in his career in politics, saying about the film, \"It is a little bit about myself.\" On October 11, 1988,Thomas Disch(the author ofThe Brave Little Toaster) had met with Fink and Roy E. Disney to discuss the idea, and within the next month, he had written a nine-pagedtreatmententitledKing of the",
"of the Kalahari.Throughout 1989, several Disney staff writers, including Jenny Tripp, Tim Disney, Valerie West and Miguel Tejada-Flores, had written treatments for the project. Tripp's treatment, dated on March 2, 1989, introduced the name \"Simba\" for the main character, who gets separated from his pride and is adopted by Kwashi, a baboon, and Mabu, amongoose. He is later raised in a community of baboons. Simba battles an eviljackalnamed Ndogo, and reunites with his pride.Later that same year, Fink recruited his friend J. T. Allen, a writer, to develop new story treatments. Fink and Allen had earlier made several trips to a Los Angeles zoo to observe the animal behavior that was to be featured in the script. Allen completed his script, which was titledThe Lion King, on January 19, 1990. However, Fink, Katzenberg, and Roy E. Disney felt Allen's script could benefit from a more experienced screenwriter, and turned toRonald Bass, who had recently won anAcademy Award for Best Original ScreenplayforRain",
"ScreenplayforRain Man(1988). At the time, Bass was preoccupied to rewrite the script himself, but agreed to supervise the revisions. The new script, credited to both Allen and Bass, was retitledKing of the Beastsand completed on May 23, 1990. Sometime later,Linda Woolverton, who was also writingBeauty and the Beast(1991), spent a year writing several drafts of the script, which was titledKing of the Beastsand thenKing of the Jungle.The original version of the film was vastly different from the final product. The plot centered on a battle between lions and baboons, with Scar being the leader of the baboons, Rafiki being a cheetah,and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba's childhood friends.Simba would not only leave the kingdom but become a \"lazy, slovenly, horrible character\" due to manipulations from Scar, so Simba could be overthrown after coming of age.By 1990, producerThomas Schumacher, who had just completedThe Rescuers Down Under(1990), decided to attach himself to the project \"because lions are",
"\"because lions are cool\".Schumacher likened theKing of the Junglescript to \"an animatedNational Geographicspecial\". George Scribner, who had directedOliver & Company(1988), was the initial director of the film,being later joined byRoger Allers, who was the lead story man onBeauty and the Beast(1991).Allers worked with Scribner and Woolverton on the project, but temporarily left the project to help rewriteAladdin(1992). Eight months later, Allers returned to the project,and broughtBrenda ChapmanandChris Sanderswith him.In October 1991, several of the lead crew members, including Allers, Scribner, Chapman, Sanders, and Lisa Keene visitedHell's Gate National Parkin Kenya, in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film.After six months of story development work, Scribner decided to leave the project upon clashing with Allers and the producers over their decision to turn the film into a musical, since Scribner's intention was of making a documentary-like film more focused on natural",
"focused on natural aspects.By April 1992,Rob Minkoffhad replaced Scribner as the new co-director. Don Hahnjoined the production as the film's producer because Schumacher was promoted to Vice President of Development for Walt Disney Feature Animation.Hahn found the script unfocused and lacking a clear theme, and after establishing the main theme as \"leaving childhood and facing up to the realities of the world\", asked for a final retool. Allers, Minkoff, Chapman, and Hahn then rewrote the story across two weeks of meetings with directorsKirk WiseandGary Trousdale, who had finished directingBeauty and the Beast(1991).One of the definite ideas that stemmed from the meetings was to have Mufasa return as a ghost. Allers also changed the character Rafiki from a more serious court advisor into a wacky shaman.The title was also changed fromKing of the JungletoThe Lion King, as the setting was not the jungle but the savannah.It was also decided to make Mufasa and Scar brothers, as the writers felt it was much more",
"it was much more interesting if the threat came from someone within the family.Allers and Minkoff pitched the revised story to Katzenberg andMichael Eisner, to which Eisner felt the story \"could be moreShakespearean\"; he suggested modeling the story onKing Lear. Maureen Donley, an associate producer, countered, stating that the story resembledHamlet.Continuing on the idea, Allers recalled Katzenberg asking them to \"put in as muchHamletas you can\". However, they felt it was too forced, and looked to other heroic archetypes such as the stories ofJosephandMosesfrom theBible. Not counting most of the segments fromFantasia(1940),Saludos Amigos(1942),The Three Caballeros(1944),Make Mine Music(1946), andMelody Time(1948); andThe Rescuers Down Under(1990) (a sequel toThe Rescuers(1977)),The Lion Kingwas the first Disney animated feature to be an original story, rather than be based on pre-existing works and characters. The filmmakers have stated that the story ofThe Lion Kingwas inspired by the lives of Joseph and",
"lives of Joseph and Moses from the Bible, and Shakespeare'sHamlet,though the story has also drawn some comparisons to Shakespeare's lesser known playsHenry IV, Part 1andPart 2. By this point, Woolverton had left the production to work on theBroadway adaptationofBeauty and the Beast.To replace her, Allers and Minkoff met with numerous screenwriters, includingBilly Bob ThorntonandJoss Whedon, to discuss writing the new screenplay.During the summer of 1992,Irene Mecchiwas hired as the new screenwriter, and months later, she was joined byJonathan Roberts. Mecchi and Roberts took charge of the revision process, fixing unresolved emotional issues in the script and adding comedic situations for Pumbaa, Timon, and the hyenas. LyricistTim Riceworked closely with the screenwriting team, flying to California at least once a month, as his songs for the film needed to work in the narrative continuity. Rice's lyrics—which were reworked up to the production's end—were pinned to thestoryboardsduring development.Rewrites",
"were frequent, with animatorAndreas Dejasaying that completed scenes would be delivered, only for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated because of dialogue changes.Due to the rewrites,The Lion Kingmissed its initial release window for Thanksgiving 1993, withThe Nightmare Before Christmas(1993) assuming its release slot.Hahn stated the film was delayed to a summer 1994 release, \"with much consternation, because people said you can't release animation in the summertime.\" Casting The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the characters; for instance,James Earl Joneswas cast because the directors found his voice \"powerful\" and similar to a lion's roar.Jones remarked that during the years of production, Mufasa \"became more and more of a dopey dad instead of grand king\". Nathan Laneauditioned forZazu, andErnie Sabellafor one of the hyenas. Upon meeting at the recording studio, Lane and Sabella – who were starring together in aBroadwayproduction ofGuys and Dollsat the time –",
"Dollsat the time – were asked to record together as hyenas. The directors laughed at their performance and decided to instead cast them as Timon and Pumbaa.For the hyenas, the original intention was to reuniteCheech & Chong, but whileCheech Marinagreed to voice Banzai,Tommy Chongwas unavailable. His role was changed into a female hyena, Shenzi, voiced byWhoopi Goldberg, who insisted on being in the film.The English double actVic Reeves and Bob Mortimerauditioned for roles as a pair of chipmunks; according to Mortimer, the producers were enthusiastic, but he and Reeves were uncomfortable with their corporate attitude and abandoned the film.Rowan Atkinsonwas initially uninterested in the studio's offer to voice Zazu, later explaining that \"voice work is something I generally had never done and never liked I'm a visual artist, if I'm anything, and it seemed to be a pointless thing to do\". His friend and fellowMr. Beanwriter/actorRobin Driscollconvinced him to accept the role, and Atkinson retrospectively",
"retrospectively expressed thatThe Lion Kingbecame \"a really, very special film\". Matthew Broderickwas cast as adultSimbaearly during production. Broderick only recorded with another actor once over the three years he worked on the film, and only learned thatMoira KellyvoicedNalaat the film's premiere.English actorsTim Curry,Malcolm McDowell,Alan Rickman,Patrick Stewart, andIan McKellenwere considered for the role ofScar,which eventually went to fellow EnglishmanJeremy Irons.Irons initially turned down the part, as he felt uncomfortable going to a comedic role after his dramatic portrayal ofClaus von BülowinReversal of Fortune(1990). His performance in that film inspired the writers to incorporate more of his acting as von Bülow in the script – adding one of that character's lines, \"You have no idea\" – and prompted animator Andreas Deja to watchReversal of FortuneandDamage(1992) in order to incorporate Irons' facial traits and tics. Animation \"The Lion Kingwas considered a little movie because we were going",
"we were going to take some risks. The pitch for the story was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to the music ofElton John. People said, 'What? Good luck with that.' But for some reason, the people who ended up on the movie were highly passionate about it and motivated.\" Don Hahn The development ofThe Lion Kingcoincided with that ofPocahontas(1995), which most of the animators ofWalt Disney Feature Animationdecided to work on instead, believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two.The story artists also did not have much faith in the project, with Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job \"because the story wasn't very good\",andBurny Mattinsontelling his colleagueJoe Ranft: \"I don't know who is going to want to watch that one.\"Most of the leading animators either were doing their first major work supervising a character, or had much interest in animating an animal.Thirteen of these supervising animators, both in California and in Florida, were responsible for",
"responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the film's main characters. The animation leads for the main characters includedMark Hennon young Simba,Ruben A. Aquinoon adult Simba,Andreas Dejaon Scar,Aaron Blaiseon young Nala,Anthony DeRosaon adult Nala, and Tony Fucile on Mufasa.Nearly twenty minutes of the film, including the \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" sequence,was animated at theDisney-MGM Studiosfacility. More than 600 artists, animators, and technicians contributed toThe Lion King.Weeks before the film's release, the1994 Northridge earthquakeshut down the studio and required the animators to complete viaremote work. The character animators studied real-life animals for reference, as was done forBambi(1942).Jim Fowler, renowned wildlife expert, visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings authenticity.The animators also studied animal movements at theMiami",
"at theMiami MetroZoounder guidance from wildlife expertRon Magill.The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew. Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries—which employtelephoto lensesto shoot the wildlife from a distance. The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher—who, following Scribner's request for realism, tried to depict effects such aslens flare—and the works of paintersCharles Marion Russell,Frederic Remington, andMaxfield Parrish.Art director Andy Gaskill and the filmmakers sought to give the film a sense of grand sweep and epic scale similar toLawrence of Arabia(1962). Gaskill explained: \"We wanted audiences to sense the vastness of the savannah and to feel the dust and the breeze swaying through the grass. In other words, to get a real sense of nature and to feel as if they were there. It's very difficult to capture something as subtle as a sunrise or rain falling on a",
"rain falling on a pond, but those are the kinds of images that we tried to get.\" The filmmakers also watched the films ofJohn Fordand other filmmakers, which also influenced the design of the film. Because the characters were notanthropomorphized, all the animators had to learn to draw four-legged animals, and the story and character development was done through the use of longer shots following the characters. Computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways. For the \"wildebeest stampede\" sequence, several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds,cel shadedto look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd.Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two-and-a-half-minute stampede.TheComputer Animation Production System(CAPS) helped simulate camera movements such astracking shots, and was employed in coloring,",
"in coloring, lighting, and particle effects. Music LyricistTim Rice, who was working with composerAlan Menkenon songs forAladdin(1992), was invited to write songs forThe Lion King, and accepted on the condition of bringing in a composing partner. As Menken was unavailable, the producers accepted Rice's suggestion ofElton John,after Rice's invitation ofABBAfell through due toBenny Andersson's commitments to the stage musicalKristina från Duvemåla.John expressed an interest in writing \"ultra-pop songs that kids would like; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much pleasure out of them\", mentioning a possible influence ofThe Jungle Book(1967), where he felt the \"music was so funny and appealed to kids and adults\". Rice and John wrote five original songs forThe Lion King(\"Circle of Life\", \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\", \"Be Prepared\", \"Hakuna Matata\", and \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\"), with John's performance of \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" playing over the end credits.TheIMAXand DVD",
"DVD releases added another song, \"The Morning Report\", based on a song discarded during development that eventually featured in thelive musical version ofThe Lion King.The score was composed byHans Zimmer, who was hired based on his earlier work on two films in African settings,A World Apart(1988) andThe Power of One(1992),and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged byLebo M.Zimmer's partnersMark MancinaandJay Rifkinhelped with arrangements and song production. TheLion Kingoriginal motion picture soundtrack was released byWalt Disney Recordson April 27, 1994. It was the fourth-best-selling album of the year on theBillboard200and the top-selling soundtrack.It is the only soundtrack to an animated film to becertified Diamond(10× platinum) by theRecording Industry Association of America. Zimmer's complete instrumental score for the film was never originally given a full release, until the soundtrack's commemorativetwentieth anniversary re-releasein 2014.The Lion",
"2014.The Lion Kingalso inspired the 1995 releaseRhythm of the Pride Lands, with eight songs by Zimmer, Mancina, and Lebo M. The use of the song \"The Lion Sleeps Tonight\" in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa led to disputes between Disney and the family of South AfricanSolomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled \"Mbube\") in 1939. In July 2004, Linda's family filed a lawsuit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney. In February 2006, Linda's heirs reached a settlement with Abilene Music, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money. Marketing ForThe Lion King's first film trailer, Disney opted to feature a single scene, the entire opening sequence with the song \"Circle of Life\".Buena Vista Pictures DistributionpresidentDick Cooksaid the decision was made for such an approach because \"we were all so taken by the beauty and majesty of this piece that we felt like it was probably one of the best four minutes of film that we've seen\", and Don",
"seen\", and Don Hahn added that \"Circle of Life\" worked as a trailer as it \"came off so strong, and so good, and ended with such a bang\". The trailer was released in November 1993, accompanyingThe Three Musketeers(1993) andSister Act 2: Back in the Habit(1993) in theaters; by then, only a third ofThe Lion Kinghad been completed.Audience reaction was enthusiastic, causing Hahn to have some initial concerns as he became afraid of not living up to the expectations raised by the preview.Prior to the film's release, Disney did 11test screenings. Upon release,The Lion Kingwas accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign which included tie-ins withBurger King,Mattel,Kodak,Nestlé, andPayless ShoeSource, and various merchandise,accounting 186 licensed products.In 1994, Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on the film,with $214 million forLion Kingtoys during Christmas 1994 alone. Release Theatrical The Lion Kinghad a limited release in the United States on June 15, 1994, playing in only two",
"playing in only two theaters,El Capitan TheatreinLos AngelesandRadio City Music HallinNew York City,and featuring live shows with ticket prices up to $30. The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens. The digitalsurround soundof the film led many of those theaters to implementDolby Laboratories' newest sound systems. Localization When first released in 1994,The Lion Kingnumbered 28 versions overall in as many languages and dialects worldwide, including a special Zulu version made specifically for the film in South Africa, where a Disney USA team went to find the Zulu voice-actors. This is not just the only Zulu dubbing ever made by Disney, but also the only one made in any African language, other than Arabic.The Lion Kingmarks also the first time a special dubbing is released in honor of a Disney movie background, but not the last: in 2016 the filmMoana(2016) received a special Tahitian language version,followed in 2017 by a Māori version,in 2018 by a Hawaiian version;and in 2019 the",
"in 2019 the filmFrozen II(2019) was dubbed into Northern Sami, even thoughFrozen(2013) was not.By 2022, 45 language adaptations of the film had been produced.The special Zulu dubbing was made available on the streaming platform Disney+ in October 2022, together with the Māori dubbing ofMoana, and the specialArapahodubbing ofBambi. Following the success of the Māori dub ofMoana, a Māori version ofThe Lion Kingwas announced in 2021, and released theatrically on June 23, 2022, to align with the Māori holiday ofMatariki.Much of theMatewa Mediaproduction team, including producerChelsea Winstanley, directorTweedie Waititi, and co-musical directorRob Ruhahad previously worked on the Māori language version ofMoana.The Lion King Reo Māoriis the first time a language adaptation has translated Elton John's \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" for the ending credits. Re-releases IMAX and large-format The film was re-issued on December 25, 2002, forIMAXandlarge-formattheaters. Don Hahn explained that eight years afterThe Lion",
"years afterThe Lion Kinghad its original release, \"there was a whole new generation of kids who haven't really seen it, particularly on the big screen.\" Given the film had already been digitally archived during production, the restoration process was easier, while also providing many scenes with enhancements that covered up original deficiencies.An enhanced sound mix was also provided to, as Hahn explained, \"make the audience feel like they're in the middle of the movie.\"On its first weekend,The Lion Kingmade $2.7 million from 66 locations, a $27,664 per theater average. This run ended with $15.7 million on May 30, 2003. 3D conversion In 2011,The Lion Kingwas converted to3Dfor a two-week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3DBlu-rayrelease.The film opened at the number one spot on Friday, September 16, 2011, with $8.9 millionand finished the weekend with $30.2 million, ranking number one at the box office. This madeThe Lion Kingthe first re-issue release to earn the number-one slot at the American",
"at the American weekend box office since the re-issue ofReturn of the Jedi(1983) in March 1997.The film also achieved the fourth-highest September opening weekend of all time.It held off very well on its second weekend, again earning first place at the box office with a 27 percent decline to $21.9 million.Most box-office observers had expected the film to fall about 50 percent in its second weekend and were also expectingMoneyball(2011) to be at first place. After its initial box-office success, many theaters decided to continue to show the film for more than two weeks, even though its 3D Blu-ray release was scheduled for two and a half weeks after its theatrical release.In North America, the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January 12, 2012, with a gross of $94.2 million. Outside North America, it earned $83.4 million.The successful 3D re-release ofThe Lion Kingmade Disney andPixarplan 3D theatrical re-releases ofBeauty and the Beast,Finding Nemo(2003),Monsters, Inc.(2001), andThe Little",
"andThe Little Mermaid(1989) during 2012 and 2013.However, none of the re-releases of the first three films achieved the enormous success ofThe Lion King 3Dand the theatrical re-release ofThe Little Mermaidwas ultimately cancelled.In 2012, Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo wrote that the reason why the 3D version ofThe Lion Kingsucceeded was because, \"the notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting, andThe Lion King (3D)felt timely given the movie's imminent Blu-ray release. Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since, meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off.\" Disney100 As part of Disney's 100th anniversary,The Lion Kingwas re-released between September 29 to October 12, 2023 in selectedCinemarktheaters across the United States as well asHeliostheaters across Poland on October 8. 30th anniversary In conjunction with the film's 30th anniversary,The Lion Kingwas re-released on July 12, 2024.During its opening weekend, the film earned an estimated $1.08 million in the",
"million in the United States from 1,330 theaters. Home media The Lion Kingwas first released onVHSandLaserDiscin the United States on March 3, 1995, underDisney's \"Masterpiece Collection\" video series. The VHS edition of this release contained a special preview forWalt Disney Pictures' then-upcominganimatedfeature filmPocahontas(1995), in which thetitle character(voiced byJudy Kuhn) sings the musical number \"Colors of the Wind\".In addition, Deluxe Editions of both formats were released. The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film, an exclusivelithographof Rafiki and Simba (in some editions), a commemorative \"Circle of Life\"epigraph, six concept art lithographs, another tape with the half-hour TV specialThe Making of The Lion King, and a certificate of authenticity. The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the film, six concept art lithographs andThe Making of The Lion King, and added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough animation, and a directors' commentary that the VHS edition did",
"the VHS edition did not have, on a total of four double sided discs. The VHS tape quickly became thebest-selling videotapeof all time: 4.5 million tapes were sold on the first dayand ultimately sales totaled more than 30 millionbefore these home video versions went intomoratoriumin 1997.The VHS releases have sold a total of 32million units in North America,and grossed$520 millionin sales revenue.In addition, 23million units were shipped overseas to international markets.In the Philippines, the film was released on VHS in March 1995 by Magnavision.The film sold more than55 millionvideo copies worldwide by August 1997, making it the best-sellinghome videotitle of all time. On October 7, 2003, the film was re-released on VHS and released onDVDfor the first time, titledThe Lion King: Platinum Edition, as part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of DVDs. The DVD release featured two versions of the film on the first disc, a remastered version created for the 2002IMAXrelease and an edited version of the IMAX release",
"of the IMAX release purporting to be the original 1994 theatrical version.A second disc, with bonus features, was also included in the DVD release. The film's soundtrack was provided both in its originalDolby 5.1track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix, making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped.ThisTHXcertified two-disc DVD release also contains several games,Timon and Pumbaa's Virtual Safari, deleted scenes, music videos and other bonus features.By means ofseamless branching, the film could be viewed either with or without a newly created scene – a short conversation in the film replaced with a complete song (\"The Morning Report\"). A Special Collector's Gift Set was also released, containing the DVD set, five exclusive lithographed character portraits (new sketches created and signed by the original character animators), and an introductory book entitledThe Journey.The Platinum Edition ofThe Lion Kingfeatured changes made to the film during its IMAX re-release, including",
"including re-drawncrocodilesin the \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" sequence as well as other alterations.More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units were sold on the first day of release.A DVD box set of the threeThe Lion Kingfilms (in two-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. In January 2005, the film, along with the sequels, went back into moratorium.The DVD releases have sold a total of 11.9million units and grossed$220 million. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainmentreleased the Diamond Edition ofThe Lion Kingon October 4, 2011.This marks the first time that the film has been released in high-definitionBlu-rayand onBlu-ray 3D.The initial release was produced in three different packages: a two-disc version with Blu-ray and DVD; a four-disc version with Blu-ray, DVD, Blu-ray 3D, anddigital copy; and an eight-disc box set that also includes the sequelsThe Lion King II: Simba's PrideandThe Lion King 1½.A standalone single-disc DVD release also followed on",
"also followed on November 15, 2011.The Diamond Edition topped the Blu-ray charts with over 1.5 million copies sold.The film sold 3.83 million Blu-ray units in total, leading to a $101.14 million income. The Lion Kingwas once again released to home media as part of theWalt Disney Signature Collectionfirst released on Digital HD on August 15, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 29, 2017. The Lion Kingwas released onUltra HD Blu-rayand4Kdigital download on December 3, 2018. Reception Box office As of July 23, 2024,The Lion Kinggrossed $425 million in North America and $553.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $979 million.After its initial run, having earned $763.5 million,it ranked as thehighest-grossing animated film of all time, the highest-grossing film ofWalt Disney Animation Studios,and thehighest-grossing film of 1994.It was thesecond-highest-grossing film of all time, behindJurassic Park(1993).The film remained as the second-highest-grossing film until the spot was taken",
"the spot was taken byIndependence Day(1996) two years later.It finished as the 5th highest grossingfilm of the 1990sdomestically. It held the record for the highest-grossing animated feature film (in North America, outside North America, and worldwide) until it was surpassed byFinding Nemo(2003). With the earnings of the 3D run,The Lion Kingsurpassed all the aforementioned films butToy Story 3(2010) to rank as the second-highest-grossing animated film worldwide—later dropping to ninth, and then tenth, surpassed by its photorealistic CGI remake counterpart—and it remains the highest-grossing hand-drawn animated film.It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance.The Lion Kingwas also the highest-grossing G-rated film in the United States from 1994 to 2003 and again from 2011 to 2019 until its total was surpassed byToy Story 4(2019) (unadjusted for inflation). Original theatrical run During the first two days of limited release in two theaters,The Lion Kinggrossed",
"Lion Kinggrossed $622,277, and for the weekend it earned nearly $1.6 million, placing the film in tenth place at the box office.The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend,and it was the highest-grossing opening weekend on under 50 screens, beating the record set byStar Wars(1977) from 43 screens.The film grossed nearly $3.8 million from the two theaters in just 10 days. When it opened wide,The Lion Kinggrossed $40.9 million—which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend ever and the highest sum for a Disney film—to top the weekend box office. It displaced the previous box office championWolf, while also toppingSpeedandWyatt Earp.At that time, it easily outgrossed the previous biggest 1994 opening, which was the $37.2 million earned byThe Flintstonesduring the four-dayMemorial Dayweekend. The film also produced the third-highest opening weekend gross of any film, trailing only behindJurassic Park(1993) andBatman Returns(1992).For five years, the film",
"years, the film held the record for having the highest opening weekend for an animated film until it was surpassed byToy Story 2(1999).It remained the number-one box office film for two weeks until it was displaced byForrest Gump,followed byTrue Liesthe week after. In September 1994, Disney pulled the film from movie theaters and announced that it would be re-released duringThanksgivingin order to take advantage of the holiday season.At the time, the film had earned $267 million in the United States.Following its re-release, by March 1995, it had grossed $312.9 million,being the highest-grossing 1994 film in the United States and Canada, but was soon surpassed byForrest Gump.Box Office Mojoestimates that the film sold over 74 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run,equivalent to $812.1 million adjusted for inflation in 2018. Internationally, the film grossed $455.8 million during its initial run, for a worldwide total of $763.5 million.It had record openings in Sweden and Denmark. Critical",
"Denmark. Critical response OnRotten Tomatoes,The Lion Kinghas an approval rating of 93% with an average score of 8.4/10, based on 137 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Emotionally stirring, richly drawn, and beautifully animated,The Lion Kingstands tall within Disney's pantheon of classic family films.\"It also ranked 56th on Rotten Tomatoes' \"Top 100 Animation Movies\".AtMetacritic, which uses aweighted average, the film received a score of 88 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film a rare \"A+\" grade on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesgave the film three and a half stars out of a possible four and called it \"a superbly drawn animated feature\". He further wrote in his print review, \"The saga of Simba, which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly toHamlet, is a learning experience as well as an entertainment.\"On the television programSiskel & Ebert, the film was praised but",
"was praised but received a mixed reaction when compared to the previous Disney films. Ebert and his partnerGene Siskelboth gave the film a \"Thumbs Up\", but Siskel said that it was not as good asBeauty and the Beastand that it was \"a good film, not a great one\".Hal Hinson ofThe Washington Postcalled it \"an impressive, almost daunting achievement\" and felt that the film was \"spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney's feature-length animations\". However, he was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying, \"Shakespearean in tone, epic in scope, it seems more appropriate for grown-ups than for kids. If truth be told, even for adults it is downright strange.\" Owen GleibermanofEntertainment Weeklypraised the film, writing that it \"has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie\".Rolling Stonefilm criticPeter Traverspraised the film and felt that it was \"a hugely entertaining blend of music, fun, and eye-popping thrills, though it",
"thrills, though it doesn't lack for heart\".James BerardinellifromReelviews.netpraised the film saying, \"With each new animated release, Disney seems to be expanding its already-broad horizons a little more.The Lion Kingis the most mature (in more than one sense) of these films, and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children. Happily, for those of us who generally stay far away from 'cartoons', they have succeeded.\" Some reviewers still had problems with the film's narrative.Kenneth Turanof theLos Angeles Timesfelt the film \"is less of a piece than its revered predecessors and the first to have a core story noticeably less involving than its scintillating peripheral characters.\"TV Guidewrote that whileThe Lion Kingwas technically proficient and entertaining, it \"offers a less memorable song score than did the previous hits, and a hasty, unsatisfying dramatic resolution.\"The New Yorker's Terrence Rafferty considered that despite the good animation, the story felt like",
"the story felt like \"manipulat our responses at will\", as \"Between traumas, the movie serves up soothingly banal musical numbers and silly, rambunctious comedy\". Accolades Other honors In 2008,The Lion Kingwas ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made byEmpiremagazine,and in June 2011,TIMEnamed it one of \"The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films\".In June 2008, theAmerican Film InstitutelistedThe Lion Kingas the fourth best film in the animation genre in itsAFI's 10 Top 10list,having previously put \"Hakuna Matata\" as 99th on itsAFI's 100 Years...100 Songsranking. In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Year-end lists Criticisms Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word \"SEX\" might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down,which conservative activistDonald Wildmonasserted was asubliminal messageintended to",
"messageintended to promotesexual promiscuity. Animator Tom Sito has stated that the letters spell \"SFX\" (a common abbreviation for \"special effects\"), not with an \"E\" instead of the \"F\", and were intended as an innocent \"signature\" created by the effects animation team. Hyena biologists protested against the animal's portrayal, though the complaints may have been somewhattongue-in-cheek. One hyena researcher, who had organized the animators' visit to theUniversity of California, Berkeley, Field Station for the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Reproduction, where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas,listed \"boycottThe Lion King\"in an article listing ways to help preserve hyenas in the wild, and later \"joke thatThe Lion Kingset back hyena conservation efforts.\"Even so, the film was also credited with \"spark an interest\" in hyenas at the Berkeley center. The film has been criticized for race and class issues, with the hyenas seen as reflecting negative stereotypes of black and Latino ethnic communities.",
"ethnic communities. Claims of resemblance toKimba the White Lion Certain elements of the film were thought to bear a resemblance toOsamu Tezuka's 1960s Japaneseanimetelevision seriesJungle Emperor(known asKimba the White Lionin the United States), with some similarities between a number of characters and various individual scenes. The 1994 release ofThe Lion Kingdrew a protest in Japan, whereKimbaand its creator Osamu Tezuka are cultural icons. 488 Japanese cartoonists and animators, led bymangaauthorMachiko Satonaka, signed a petition accusing Disney of plagiarism and demanding that they give due credit to Tezuka.Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was, in fact, working on an American version ofKimbasince he was familiar with the Japanese original. The Lion Kingdirector Roger Allers claimed complete unfamiliarity with the series until the movie was nearly completed, and did not remember it being ever mentioned during development.Madhavi Sunder has suggested that Allers might have seen the 1989",
"have seen the 1989 remake ofKimbaon prime time television while living inTokyo. However, while Allers did indeed move to Tokyo in 1983 in order to work onLittle Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland(1989), he moved back to the United States in 1985, four years before the 1989 remake ofKimbabegan airing.Co-director Rob Minkoff also stated that he was unfamiliar with it.Minkoff also observed that whenever a story is based in Africa, it is \"not unusual to have characters like a baboon, a bird, or hyenas.\" Takayuki Matsutani, the president ofTezuka Productionswhich createdKimba the White Lion, said in 1994 that \"quite a few staff of our company saw a preview ofThe Lion King, discussed this subject and came to the conclusion that you cannot avoid having these similarities as long as you use animals as characters and try to draw images out of them\".Yoshihiro Shimizu of Tezuka Productions has refuted rumors that the studio was paid hush money by Disney and stated that they have no interest in suing Disney, explaining",
"Disney, explaining that \"we think it's a totally different story\". Shimizu further explained that they rejected urges from some American lawyers to sue because \"we're a small, weak company... Disney's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world!\"Tezuka's family and Tezuka Productions never pursued litigation. Fred Ladd, who was involved early on with importingKimbaand other Japanese anime into America forNBC, expressed incredulity that Disney's people could remain ignorant.Ladd stated there was at least one animator remembered by his colleagues as being an avidKimbafan and being quite vociferous about Disney's conduct during production.AnimatorsTom Sitoand Mark Kausler have both stated that they had watchedKimbaas children in the 1960s. However, Sito maintains there was \"absolutely no inspiration\" fromKimbaduring the production ofThe Lion King, and Kausler emphasized Disney's ownBambias being their model during development. The controversy surroundingKimbaandThe Lion Kingwas parodied inThe Simpsonsepisode",
"Simpsonsepisode \"'Round Springfield\", where Mufasa appears through the clouds and says, \"You must avenge my death, Kimba... I mean, Simba.\" Legacy Sequels and spin-offs The firstLion King–related animated project was the spin-off television series,The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa, which centers on the characters of Timon and Pumbaa, as they have their own (mis)adventures both within' and outside of the Serengeti. The show ran for three seasons and 85 episodes between 1995 and 1999. Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced byQuinton FlynnandKevin Schonin addition to Nathan Lane.One of the show's music video segments \"Stand By Me\", featuring Timon singingthe eponymous song, was later edited into an animated short which was released in 1995, accompanying the theatrical release ofTom and Huck(1995). Disney released two direct-to-video films related toThe Lion King. The first was sequelThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride, released in 1998 on VHS. The film centers around Simba and Nala's daughter,",
"Nala's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders.The Lion King 1½, anotherdirect-to-videoLion Kingfilm, saw its release in 2004. It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other, and also aparallelin that it also depicts what the characters wereretconnedto have done during the events of the original movie. In June 2014, it was announced that a new TV series based on the film would be released calledThe Lion Guard, featuring Kion, the second-born cub of Simba and Nala.The Lion Guardis a sequel toThe Lion Kingand takes place during the time-gap withinThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride,with the last 2 episodes of Season 3 taking place after the events of that film. It was first broadcast onDisney Channelas a television film titledThe Lion Guard: Return of the Roarin November 2015 before airing as a series onDisney Juniorin January 2016. CGI remake In September 2016, following the critical and financial success ofThe Jungle",
"ofThe Jungle Book,Walt Disney Picturesannounced that they were developing aCGIremakeofThe Lion Kingbythe same name, withJon Favreaudirecting.The following month,Jeff Nathansonwas hired to write the script for the film.Favreau originally planned to shoot it back-to-back with thesequel toThe Jungle Book.However, it was reported in early 2017 that the latter film was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly onThe Lion King.In February 2017, Favreau announced thatDonald Gloverhad been cast asSimbaand thatJames Earl Joneswould be reprising the role ofMufasa.The following month, it was reported thatBeyoncéwas Favreau's top choice to voiceNala, but she had not accepted the role yet due to a pregnancy.In April 2017,Billy EichnerandSeth Rogenjoined the film asTimon and Pumbaa, respectively.Two months later,John Oliverwas cast asZazu.At the end of July 2017,Beyoncéhad reportedly entered final negotiations to playNalaand contribute a new soundtrack.The following month,Chiwetel Ejioforentered talks to",
"talks to playScar.Later on,Alfre WoodardandJohn Kanijoined the film asSarabiandRafiki, respectively.On November 1, 2017,BeyoncéandChiwetel Ejioforwere officially confirmed to voiceNalaandScar, withEric André,Florence Kasumba,Keegan-Michael Key,JD McCrary, andShahadi Wright Josephjoining the cast as the voices ofAzizi, Shenzi, and Kamari, young Simba, and young Nala, respectively, whileHans Zimmerwould return to score the film's music.On November 28, 2017, it was reported thatElton Johnhad signed onto the project to rework his musical compositions from the original film. Production for the film began in May 2017.It was released on July 19, 2019. Black Is King In June 2020,Parkwood EntertainmentandDisneyannounced that a film titledBlack Is Kingwould be released on July 31, 2020, onDisney+. The live-action film is inspired byThe Lion King(2019) and serves as a visual album for the tie-in albumThe Lion King: The Gift, which was curated byBeyoncéfor the film.Directed, written and executive produced by",
"produced by Beyoncé,Black Is Kingis described as reimagining \"the lessons ofThe Lion Kingfor today's young kings and queens in search of their own crowns\".The film chronicles the story of a young African king who undergoes a \"transcendent journey through betrayal, love and self-identity\" to reclaim his throne, utilizing the guidance of his ancestors and childhood love, with the story being told through the voices of present-day Black people.The cast includesLupita Nyong'o,Naomi Campbell,Jay-Z,Kelly Rowland,Pharrell Williams,Tina Knowles-Lawson,Aweng Ade-Chuol, andAdut Akech. Mufasa: The Lion King On September 29, 2020,Deadline Hollywoodreported that a follow-up film was in development withBarry Jenkinsattached to direct.WhileThe Hollywood Reportersaid the film would be a prequel about Mufasa during his formative years,Deadlinesaid it would be a sequel centering on both Mufasa's origins and the events after the first film, similar toThe Godfather Part II. Jeff Nathanson, the screenwriter for the remake, has",
"for the remake, has reportedly finished a draft.In August 2021, it was reported thatAaron PierreandKelvin Harrison Jr.had been cast as Mufasa and Scar respectively.The film will not be a remake ofThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride, the 1998 direct-to-video sequel to the original animated film.In September 2022 at theD23 Expo, it was announced that the film will be titledMufasa: The Lion Kingand it will follow the titular character's origin story. Seth Rogen, Billy Eichner, and John Kani will reprise their roles as Pumbaa, Timon, and Rafiki, respectively. The film is scheduled for release on December 20, 2024. Video games Along with the film release, three different video games based onThe Lion Kingwere released byVirgin Interactivein December 1994. The main title was developed byWestwood Studios, and published forPCandAmigacomputers and the consolesSNESandSega Mega Drive/Genesis. Dark Technologies created theGame Boyversion, while Syrox Developments handled theMaster SystemandGame Gearversion.The film and",
"film and sequelSimba's Pridelater inspired another game,Torus Games'The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure(2000) for theGame Boy ColorandPlayStation.Timon and Pumbaa also appeared inTimon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games, a 1995 PC game collection ofpuzzle gamesby7th Level, later ported to the SNES byTiertex. TheSquare EnixseriesKingdom Heartsfeatures Simba as a recurringsummon,as well as a playable in theLion Kingworld, known as Pride Lands, inKingdom Hearts II. There the plotline is loosely related to the later part of the original film, with all of the main characters except Zazu and Sarabi.The Lion Kingalso provides one of the worlds featured in the 2011 action-adventure gameDisney Universe,and Simba was featured in theNintendo DStitleDisney Friends(2008).The video gameDisney Magic Kingdomsincludes some characters of the film and some attractions based on locations of the film as content to unlock for a limited time. Stage adaptations Walt Disney Theatricalproduced a musical stage adaptation of the same name,",
"of the same name, which premiered inMinneapolis,Minnesotain July 1997, and later opened onBroadwayin October 1997 at theNew Amsterdam Theatre.The Lion Kingmusicalwas directed byJulie Taymorand featured songs from both the movie andRhythm of the Pride Lands, along with three new compositions byElton JohnandTim Rice.Mark Mancinadid the musical arrangements and new orchestral tracks.To celebrate the African culture background the story is based on, there are six indigenous African languages sung and spoken throughout the show: Swahili, Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Congolese.The musical became one of the most successful in Broadway history, winning sixTony AwardsincludingBest Musical, and despite moving to theMinskoff Theatrein 2006, is still running to this day in New York, becoming thethird longest-running showand highest grossing Broadway production in history. The show's financial success led to adaptations all over the world. The Lion Kinginspired two attractions retelling the story of the film atWalt Disney",
"film atWalt Disney Parks and Resorts. The first, \"The Legend of the Lion King\", featured a recreation of the film through life-size puppets of its characters, and ran from 1994 to 2002 atMagic KingdominWalt Disney World.Another that is still running is the live-action 30-minute musical revue of the movie, \"Festival of the Lion King\", which incorporates the musical numbers into gymnastic routines with live actors, along with animatronic puppets of Simba and Pumbaa and a costumed actor as Timon. The attraction opened in April 1998 at Disney World'sAnimal Kingdom,and in September 2005 inHong Kong Disneyland'sAdventureland.A similar version under the name \"The Legend of the Lion King\" was featured inDisneyland Parisfrom 2004 to 2009. See also References Notes Bibliography External links",
"Simba Simbais a fictional character inDisney'sThe Lion Kingfranchise. First appearing as a lion cub inThe Lion King(1994), the character flees his homeland when his father,King Mufasa, is killed by his treacherous uncle,Scar. Several years later, Simba returns home as an adult to reconcile hischildhood trauma, confront Scar, and reclaim hisrightfulplace as King of the Pride Lands. He subsequently appears in sequels theThe Lion King II: Simba's PrideandThe Lion King 1½. Simba was originally voiced by actorsMatthew BroderickandJonathan Taylor Thomasas an adult and cub, respectively; various actors have voiced the character in sequels, spin-offs, and related media. Created by screenwritersIrene Mecchi,Jonathan Roberts, andLinda Woolverton, Simba underwent several changes as the film's story was revised, including making him a more sympathetic character, and notably establishing hisfamilial relationto Scar. Although conceived as an original character, Simba was inspired byMosesandJosephfrom theBible, andPrince",
"theBible, andPrince HamletfromWilliam Shakespeare'sHamlet.Despite sharing several similarities with thetitle characterfrom theanimetelevision seriesKimba the White Lion, Disney claims Simba was not inspired by Kimba.Mark HennandRuben A. Aquinowere supervising animators for the cub and adult Simba, respectively, with both animators researching live lions and drawing inspiration from the character's voice actors. Simba has received a mixed reception from film critics, some of whom praised his design but found him uninteresting as a main character. However, several publications have ranked Simba among Disney's most iconic characters, and consider him to be one of themost famous lions in popular culture. The character's likeness has been used in severaltie-inproducts, including merchandise, television series, and video games. In 1997,The Lion KingactorsScott Irby-RanniarandJason Raizeoriginated the role onBroadway. In 2019,Donald GloverandJD McCraryvoiced the character in aphotorealistic remakeof the film.",
"remakeof the film. Development Creation The Lion Kingwas conceived in 1988.Although considered an original storythat follows a young lion, Simba, becoming an adult and learning to take responsibility for his actions,the film's creators drew inspiration for the character from various sources, namely severalcoming-of-age storiesand thebiblical figuresMosesandJoseph.The film underwent several title changes, one of the earliest of which wasKing of the Jungle.According to producerDon Hahn, this title was intended to serve as anallegoryabout Simba needing to survive and grow up in both a literal andmetaphoricaljungle.However, they renamed itThe Lion Kingupon realizing lions don't live in jungles, and wanting to shift focus to a simpler story about a lion becoming king.Some filmmakers nicknamed the film \"Bambiin Africa\" due to similarities betweenThe Lion Kingand Disney's ownBambi(1942).The name \"Simba\" is theSwahiliword for \"lion\".Unlike Disney's three previous romantic filmsThe Little Mermaid(1989),Beauty and the",
"and the Beast(1991), andAladdin(1992),The Lion Kingfocuses on Simba's relationship with his father. In April 1992, the filmmakers hosted a \"brainstorming session\" in which much of the film, including Simba's personality, was re-written.Story supervisorBrenda Chapmanrealized they had written a proud, unlikeable character.Originally, Simba was intended to remain with his pride afterMufasa's death until this was revised to make him a moresympathetic character.Additionally, one of the earliest iterations of Scar was a rogue lion unrelated to Simba,whereas Simba was meant to be raised by Scar in another version.According toDisney Theatrical GrouppresidentTom Schumacher, Scar was planned to kill Simba and Mufasa at the same time, only for other characters to mistake him for saving Simba from the stampede.Instead of meetingTimon and Pumbaa, this version of Simba would have grown up a slacker under Scar's reign, making him easier to overthrow.A short scene depicting a young Simba wandering the desert before meeting",
"before meeting Timon and Pumbaa was also cut. ScreenwriterLinda Woolverton, one of the writers credited with creating the character,joined the film to revise its screenplay, which included providing Simba with a stronger adversary by changing the rogue lion into Simba's uncle.She felt the change contributed moreShakespeareanelements to the story.The character has often been compared toPrince HamletfromWilliam Shakespeare's tragedyHamlet.In an earlier version of the script, Simba was meant to lose his final fight to Scar, being thrown from Pride Rock before his uncle ultimately dies in a fire.Nala's younger brother Mheetu, who Simba was to have rescued from a stampede, was also written out of the film,as well as a trio of Simba's childhood friends.For a while, the story team struggled to come up with a convincing reason as to why Simba would believe he was responsible for Mufasa's death, without killing him.Story artistChris Sandersexplained that the key to this was eventually accepting that a young child in",
"a young child in an extremely emotional state would simply believe what their uncle told them. Addressing online speculation that Simba and Nala could potentially be related since Mufasa and Scar are the only adult male lions identified in the film, Woolverton acknowledged that although it is possible, she had never written Simba and Nala as cousins or siblings.Although Woolverton admitted that songs such as \"Hakuna Matata\" were non-essential to the plot and arrived later during the writing process, she confirmed that it helps demonstrate Simba during his \"lost boy\" phase.Some of Disney's marketing team doubted Simba's marketability, since most of Disney's lead characters at the time were female or princesses. Voice ActorMatthew Broderickprovided the speaking voice of adult Simba.The first actor cast forThe Lion King,Broderick learned that Disney was interested in him for the lead role while he was vacationing in Ireland,to where Disney sent him sketches of Simba.The filmmakers hired him based on his",
"him based on his performance in theteen comedyfilmFerris Bueller's Day Off(1986).According to Hahn, Broderick was cast because his voice invoked a character who could be irresponsible yet likeable enough to redeem himself \"in a very heroic way\".Minkoff recalled that the actor was able to humanize the character, preventing the hero from \"becoming 2-dimensional\" using a combination of sensitivity, thoughtfulness, and humor.The actor also lowered his pitch slightly to establish Simba's maturity once he decides to become king.Having been involved in the film since early development,Broderick said he had always assumedThe Lion Kingwas an adaptation ofHamlet,elements of which were most prominent when he was first cast.Broderick worked on the film on-and-off for two-three years,often re-recording his work to match what the animators had drawn several months later.Although Broderick recorded most of his lines alone, he briefly recorded with an actress who had originally been cast as Nala until she was ultimately",
"she was ultimately replaced withMoira Kelly, which Broderick only learned had happened at the film's premiere.The actor said he sometimes felt left out when recording his lines, which were more somber in comparison to the film's supporting cast. Disney auditioned dozens ofchild actorsfor the role of young Simba, searching for an actor who could embody \"a scrappy young kid\".ActorJonathan Taylor Thomaswas cast as the speaking voice of young Simba.He was 12 years-old at the time.Thomas did not alter his voice for the character,but simply spoke \"with a real kid spirit\" since Simba had been described to him by the film's directors as \"energetically cocky\".Thomas recorded his lines in hour-long sessions over the course of a year and a half.Because he was working by himself, he improvised much of what other characters were supposed to be saying to his character due to the lack of other actors on set.Due to his busy schedule, Thomas recorded some his dialogue on theHome Improvementset, thesitcomon which he was",
"which he was starring at the time,since both productions were filmed onDisney's Burbank lot.His recording sessions were video recorded, which animators used to incorporate some of Thomas' expressions and mannerisms into their drawings,namely the actor's \"sly smile\".His appearance and personality served as creative inspiration for supervising animatorMark Hennin particular.The actor found Simba's curiosity similar to his own.He also likened Simba to hisHome ImprovementcharacterRandy Taylor, describing both as curious, intuitive, confident, and quick-witted.Hahn recalled \"rough up\" during certain recording sessions when his character was intended to sound active or out of breath, in order to deliver a convincing performance. Although Broderick recorded his character's songs twice, the studio opted not to use his vocals in the final film, which the actor attributed to Disney being interested in a poppier sound than he was capable of delivering.Totolead singerJoseph Williamsand actorJason Weaverprovided the",
"Weaverprovided the singing voices of adult and young Simba, respectively.Williams was originally hired to record all ofAladdin's vocals.However,Aladdin's songwriters preferred a more theatrical voice over Williams', and ultimately replaced him with actorBrad Kane.Several months later, Disney's music supervisor Chris Montan invited Williams back to record somedemos, which ultimately became the songs used inThe Lion King.Although Williams speculated that he would be replaced similar toAladdin, all of his vocals were retained in the final film.Williams claims Broderick was upset that Disney had decided todubhim.He recorded \"Hakuna Matata” and “Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" for the film. Impressed by Weaver's performance as a youngMichael Jacksonin theminiseriesThe Jacksons: An American Dream(1992), songwritersElton JohnandTim Ricerecruited him to record \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" and \"Hakuna Matata\" whileThe Lion Kingwas still in its early stages and little animation had been completed.Weaver recorded \"I",
"recorded \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" only a few days after completing the miniseries, with John in particular vouching for his involvement inThe Lion King.Impressed by his performance, the directors considered offering Weaver the speaking role as well before learning that negotiations with Thomas had already been finalized.Disney originally offered Weaver $2 millionUSDfor his work onThe Lion King, but Weaver's mother declined in favor of a deal securing $100,000 upfront and lifetimeroyalties.Weaver receives a portion of the film's revenue every time it is re-released, and his total earnings have since exceeded Disney's initial offer.Voice actorFrank Welkerprovided the roars of adult Simba and all other lions, simulating the effect using a trash can. Personality and design Disney has long denied thatThe Lion Kingis based on the anime seriesKimba the White Lion, despite similarities between the names \"Simba\" and \"Kimba\", as well as someconcept drawingsdepicting Simba as awhite lion.The studio maintains that",
"maintains that any parallels are coincidental.However, Broderick claims he thought he had originally been cast in an American remake ofKimbabecause the characters seemed so similar at first.Because Disney was prioritizingPocahontas(1995) overThe Lion King, the former of which most of their experienced animators gravitated towards since the studio considered it the more promising of the two films,Simba was one of the fewLion Kingcharacters animated at the studio's main California location.This proved challenging for the production team, since Simba shares several scenes with characters who were animated inFlorida. The role of Simba's supervising animator was divided betweenRuben A. Aquinoand Mark Henn, the former of whom was the first animator hired forThe Lion King.Henn served as the supervising animator of Simba as a cub,and Aquino animated him as an adult.Aquino and Henn worked on the character from Disney's California and Florida studios, respectively.According to Aquino, animatingfour-legged creaturesis",
"creaturesis difficult because artists are required to draw twice as many legs as human characters, while still incorporating human-like qualities.For assistance, Aquino drew inspiration from Disney's previous animal films such asBambi,Lady and the Tramp(1955), andThe Jungle Book(1967).Aquino based his early drawings of Simba on Broderick,whose voice he said offers the character \"a lot of humor and vulnerability ... which really gave me something to go on and made it easier for me to flesh out my performance\".Aquino would quietly sketch Broderick live during his sessions, which would end up informing each other's performances.Because the adult version of the character is introducedmildly depressed, Aquino originally drew him with sad, soulful eyes and a disheveled mane, but redesigned him to look more heroic at Hahn's request.As a result, Simba ended up resembling Mufasa.To make sure the character looked believable, Aquino studied live lions loaned to the studio and consulted with zoologists. Henn animated",
"Henn animated Simba's scenes from the beginning of the film until approximately the \"Hakuna Matata\" sequence,including Simba's first appearance as an adult towards the end of the musical number.BeforeThe Lion King, his experience as a supervising animator was limited to predominantly female characters, having previously worked onArielfromThe Little Mermaid(1989),BellefromBeauty and the Beast(1991), andJasminefromAladdin(1992).He initially campaigned heavily to animate the film's villain, Scar, because he wanted to do something different than theprincesseshe had become known for,but Hahn convinced him to work on Simba due to his experience with main characters.Hahn reminded Henn that the success of the entire film hinges on Simba's design, since he is considered the most important character inThe Lion King,and the animator found it a welcome departure fromleading ladiesnonetheless.Aside fromAndreas Dejawho ultimately animated Scar, Henn was the most tenured animator onThe Lion King, whose roster mostly",
"whose roster mostly consisted of newer or first-time animators.Simba proved to be a challenge because Henn was tasked with creating an animated character who would both appear and behave like a real lion cub for the first time.To achieve believability, Henn visited zoos, studied live lion cubs that were loaned to the studio for research, and consulted with wildlife professionals.Henn maintained that animators can not simply use their cats as reference models due to their different anatomies.Recalling their efforts to make his character as realistic as possible, Henn said that, unlike domestic cats, lion cubs “have a power ... underlying that seemingly soft exterior\".He was also responsible for making sure Simba's appearance remained consistent between himself, the directors, and other animators. When it came to animating the \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" musical sequence, Henn considered it essential that Simba remain on all-fours, despite the fact that the character isexhibiting human characteristicsby",
"characteristicsby dancing.The animators would often observe and film the voice actors' recording sessions, using their mannerisms as visual reference, with Thomas proving particularly influential on Simba's design and personality.Henn described his version of the character as a young, cocky, inexperienced cub who had yet to mature, which he hoped would remind viewers of their younger selves.Compared to adult Simba, Henn described him as \"looser\" and less physically assured, which allowed him to draw him \"a little more awkward, his feet were a little bigger, they could be a little floppier than when he’s an adult\".Although Henn and Aquino did not spend much time discussing the character's design with each other, both artists referenced live lions and received input from the same research team to determine how Simba should look and behave.Catherine Hinman of theOrlando Sentinelobserved that the animators' extensive research resulted in \"a lion cub who moves like his aristocratic cousins on the savannah but",
"on the savannah but acts like the kid down the street\".Tom Bancroft, an animator who worked on Simba under Henn, described his supervisor as the fastest animator at Disney at the time, making it difficult for other animators to acquire their own scenes to animate as Henn would typically do them himself.According to theAcademy of Art University, Henn's work on Simba \"further cemented his place in history\". Some journalists believe Simba's mane was based on how singerJon Bon Jovistyled his hair during the 1980s.Simba spends 55% of his screen time as a cub, and the remaining 45% as an adult lion.At the time of the film's release, Simba had the most screen time of any Disney hero, appearing in 49.71% of the film (or 43 minutes and 51 seconds). Appearances Films series Simba first appears inThe Lion King(1994) as a cub, the son ofKing MufasaandQueen Sarabi.As Mufasa's heir, Simba is destined to become the next King of the Pride Lands.However, Simba's jealous uncle Scar plots against him in order to seize the",
"order to seize the throne for himself, killing Mufasa after he rescues Simba from a wildebeest stampede, and convincing Simba that he is responsible for Mufasa's death.Crippled with guilt, Simba flees to the jungle where he befriends Timon and Pumbaa, a meerkat and warthog duo who raise him and teach him to live the carefree lifestyle,but Simba continuously struggles to ignore his past.Years later, Simba's childhood friend Nala finds him and convinces him to return to the Pride Lands, which has grown barren under Scar's rule.After being visited by Rafiki and Mufasa's spirit, who reminds him of his responsibilities, Simba confronts Scar, who finally admits to killing Mufasa, and defeats him, reclaiming his rightful place as king.With order restored, Simba and Nala have a child, ushering in hope for the future of the Pride Lands. InThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride(1998), Simba and Nala commemorate the birth of their daughter,Kiara, who Simba is overprotective of since she grows up to be adventurous and",
"be adventurous and rebellious like he was as a cub. Simba discovers that Kiara has visited the forbidden Outlands – home to an enemy pride of Scar's exiled followers known as the Outsiders – and befriendedKovu, the younger son of the pride's leader,Zira. Unbeknownst to them, Zira is grooming Kovu to avenge Scar by usurping Simba. Several years later, Kovu rescues Kiara from awildfirestarted by Kovu's siblings, Nuka and Vitani. Simba reluctantly lets Kovu, who claims to have left the Outsiders, live with them, but continues to act coldly towards him. Witnessing Kiara and Kovu's growing friendship, Simba decides to spend a day getting to know Kovu. Realizing that Kovu is beginning to side with Simba due to his feelings for Kiara, Zira ambushes Simba and convinces him that Kovu orchestrated the attack. After narrowly escaping with his life, Simba exiles Kovu and forbids Kiara from seeing him, prompting her to leave. When a battle ensues between the Pride Landers and Outsiders, Kiara and Kovu return to stop",
"Kovu return to stop them, with Kiara helping Simba and the prides reconcile their differences peacefully. Zira attacks Simba as he is about to accept the Outsiders back into his pride, but he she is intercepted by Kiara, causing the pair of lionesses to tumble over the edge of a cliff. Having landed safely on a ledge, Kiara offers to help Zira, who is struggling to hang on. However, Zira, consumed by resentment, refuses help and falls to her death. Simba finally accepts Kovu into the pride and reconciles with his daughter. InThe Lion King 1½(2004), Simba appears as a less prominent character because the film's primary focus is on Timon and Pumbaa's behind-the-scenes role and involvement in the events ofThe Lion King.Although the two films technically share the same story and timeline, the plot ofThe Lion King 1½focuses more on Timon and Pumbaa. Themeerkatandwarthogunknowingly coexist alongside Simba, and the story fills in the two characters'backstoriesand events that led up to their long-lasting friendship,",
"friendship, coinciding with and often initiating the events that affect Simba's life during the first film. These events include the commemorative bow that occurs during the opening \"Circle of Life\" musical number and the collapsing of the animal tower that takes place during \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\".The film also explores, in further detail, the relationship among the three characters as Timon and Pumbaa struggle to raise Simba asadoptive \"parents\"and disapprove of his relationship with Nala, portraying Simba as he grows from an energetic young lion cub, into an incorrigible teenager and, finally, an independent young lion. The Lion King(2019) On July 19, 2019,Walt Disney Picturesreleased aCGIof the remake film.The film was directed and produced byJon Favreauand written byJeff Nathanson.In this film, Donald Glover was cast for the role of adult Simba. Glover said that \" a timeless story, but the way Favreau has constructed it, it's a very timely story as well\" and said that \" just wanted to be a part",
"wanted to be a part of a global good\".The actor had previously worked with Favreau on theMarvel Cinematic UniversefilmSpider-Man: Homecoming(2017). Glover said that the film will focus more on Simba's time growing up than the original film did, stating that \" was very keen in making sure we saw transition from boy to man and how hard that can be when there's been a deep trauma\".On November 1, 2017,JD McCrarywas cast as young Simba.McCrary said that \"Donald Glover is so talented that actually did have to take it into consideration, because if Simba is going to grow up to be some sort of figure and you know of it, you have to keep that motive\". Television The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa The success ofThe Lion Kingand popularity of its characters led to the production ofThe Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa, an animated spin-off television series starringTimon and Pumbaa,which ran from 1995 to 1999. Simba makes several appearances, including the newly animated wraparound segment in theAround the World with Timon &",
"World with Timon & Pumbaainternational VHS tape and DVD, where Timon drags him out to try to revive Pumbaa's lost memory. In the episode \"Congo On Like This\", upon discovering that a predator is on the loose, Timon and Pumbaa (especially Timon) suspect that Simba has reverted to his carnivorous nature due to atarsier'swarning, but the tarsier turns out to be a disguisedwolfwho has spent months trying to lure Timon and Pumbaa away from Simba, therefore turning out to be the real threat. In the episode \"Shake Your Djibouti\", Timon and Pumbaa are forced to train Simba to protect them from an escaped laboratory monster, fearing that he lost his confidence. Another episode, entitled \"Rome Alone\", shows Simba having been captured byRomansand is forced to either eat Timon and Pumbaa or get into agladiatorialbattle with another lion named Claudius. In \"Once Upon a Timon\", Zazu informs Rafiki about Simba's royal reputation being at stake and is concerned about Timon and Pumbaa's influence on him, telling him that",
"telling him that Simba still only eats bugs. Simba later arrives to Rafiki's tree to confront Zazu, as Zazu had an appointment with him in which he neglected because he was so invested in Rafiki's story of Timon's past, but persuades Rafiki to finish telling the tale. Simba also makes brief appearances in \"Zazu's Off-By-One Day\" and \"Beethoven's Whiff\". He also appears in the music video segment \"The Lion Sleeps Tonight\". The Lion Guard In January 2016, a new series calledThe Lion Guardpremiered, following a television pilot filmThe Lion Guard: Return of the Roarin November 2015. Set within the time gap inThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride(except the final episode titled \"Return to The Pride Lands,\" which takes place after the film), it features Kion who is the son and youngest child of Simba and Nala, who as the second-born cub, is tasked with assembling a team to protect the Pride Lands. The series shows Simba doing several royal duties, such as attending a funeral for his wise old elephant friend Aminifu,",
"friend Aminifu, holding a \"Savannah Summit\" so that the other leaders within the Pride Lands can discuss unity between the diverse species and the future of the kingdom, and maintain relations to the Pride Lands' neighboring kingdoms. He also temporarily becomes the leader of the Lion Guard in the episode \"The Trail to Udugu\" as Kion goes on a journey with Nala and Kiara. Other television series Simba was featured as a guest in the animated seriesHouse of Mouse, in which he alternates between being a cub and an adult. Broadway musical The success ofThe Lion Kingled to the production of aBroadway musical based on the film. Directed byJulie Taymor, with a book by Irene Mecchi and Roger Allers,The Lion Kingpremiered at theNew Amsterdam Theatreon November 13, 1997, where it ran for nine years until being moved to theMinskoff Theatreon June 13, 2006.The role of Simba was originated byScott Irby-RanniarandJason Raize, with Irby-Ranniar portraying young Simba and Raize portraying adult Simba. Raize auditioned for",
"auditioned for the role of adult Simba after hearing that Taymor was looking to cast an actor who was of \"unidentifiable ethnicity.\"Raize revealed in an interview that there was a lot of competition for the role because the musical required \"triple-threat work – singing, dancing and acting – that you don't get to such an extent in other shows. It was more the sense of who can take the challenge and not be daunted by the task.\" Raize, who instantly felt that he \"had a connection with Simba,\" eventually won the role with the approval of Taymor and choreographerGarth Fagan,with Fagan admiring the fact that Raize was \"willing to try, to fail, and then to try again.\"Once cast, Raize found it difficult to maintain Taymor's \"sense of duality\" because Simba is \"both man and beast.\" He said, \"The tendency is to sacrifice one for the other, but you can't.\"Although hundreds of children auditioned for the role of young Simba,the casting process was far less grueling for Irby-Ranniar who, according to Taymor, simply",
"to Taymor, simply \"walked in and he had the part.\" Miscellaneous Books In 1994, a six-volume book set titledThe Lion King: Six New Adventureswere released. Set after the events ofthe first film, they featured a cub named Kopa, who was the son of Simba and Nala. Merchandising and video games As an part of thefranchise's merchandising, Simba has appeared in variousThe Lion King-related products.The character's likeness has been used in and adapted into a variety of items, including plush toys and figurines, clothing, bedding, household decor, and appliances.The success of the stage musical has also led to its own line of merchandising,including the Simba beanbag doll, based on the character's appearance and costume in the Broadway show. Since the film's 1994 debut, Simba has appeared as aplayable characterin several video games, both directly and indirectly associated with theLion Kingfranchise. The character's first appearance as avideo game characterwas inThe Lion King(1994),which follows the plot of the",
"the plot of the original film and features Simba as both a cub and an adult.Simba appears inThe Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure(2000),which encompasses 10 levels that incorporate the plot of bothThe Lion KingandThe Lion King II: Simba's Prideas \"Simba ... matures from a precocious cub to an adult lion\". In theKingdom Heartsvideo game franchise, Simba appears as a friend and ally of the series' main character,Sora, inKingdom Hearts,Kingdom Hearts: Chain of MemoriesandKingdom Hearts III, and as a companion in battle inKingdom Hearts II. Simba also appears as a playable character inDisney Interactive Studios'Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure, released on September 3, 2003, forGame Boy Advance,PlayStation 2,GameCubeandXbox, Simba is one of the central characters inDisney Friends, released forNintendo DSon February 26, 2008, where the player can interact with him. Simba is a playable character to unlock for a limited time inDisney Magic Kingdoms. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Live versions of Simba appear in",
"of Simba appear in theLion Kingmusicaland in the parades and shows at theWalt Disney Parks and Resorts. Simba was also the main character in \"Legend of the Lion King,\" a formerFantasylandattraction inWalt Disney World'sMagic Kingdom, which retold the story of the film using fully articulated puppets. Other Disney attractions that have featured Simba include theMickey's PhilharMagic3D show and theHong Kong Disneylandversion ofIt's a Small World. He appeared as one of the main characters at Epcot'sLand Pavilion12-minuteedutainmentfilmCircle of Life: An Environmental Fable, until its closure in 2018. He currently appears in animatronic form inFestival of the Lion KingatDisney's Animal Kingdom. Critical reception Reception towards Simba has been generally mixed.The Christian Science Monitor'sDavid Sterritthailed him as \"a superbly realized character\".Owen GleibermanofEntertainment Weeklydescribed Simba as \"marvelously expressive\", to the point where he appears to be more human-like thanAladdinandThe Little",
"Little Mermaid's human characters.In a review forThe Fresno Bee, authorJohn Scalzicalled Simba \"the cutest little lion club you'd ever care to see\",and film criticRoger Ebertdescribed him as \"cute\" several times throughout his review of the film.Peter TraversofRolling StoneandAbout.com's David Nusair were moved by Simba's relationship with Mufasa.James BerardinelliofReelViewsenjoyed that the film prioritizes Simba's personal growth over his romantic relationship with Nala, but found Broderick's performance \"nondescript\". Voxdescribed Simba as \"the least compelling character inThe Lion King\", acknowledging this might be a controversial opinion.Hal HinsonofThe Washington Postgave the character a negative review, questioning Simba as a hero and nicknaming him \"the Lion Country incarnation ofFabio\".Kenneth Turanof theLos Angeles Timessaid Simba was outshone by his sidekicks, describing him as \"irritatingly callow\".Joshua StarnesofComingSoon.netpanned Simba as a main character, describing him as the film's \"weak",
"as the film's \"weak link being both blandly designed and blandly performed\".Acknowledging the character's Shakespearean roots,The Baltimore Sun'sStephen Huntercalled Simba a less compelling version of Hamlet,Morris the Cat, andSylvester the Cat.Hunter also found adult Simba to be even less interesting than young Simba,while film criticGene Siskelfound the character boring.Johnny Brayson ofBustledescribed Simba as \"not as great as you remember\" despite the character's popularity, criticizing his privileged upbringing, arrogance, and immaturity.Jonathan Allford ofThe Guardiancalled Simba \"a happy, slightly dislikable lion cub\".In 2022, Rachel Ulatowski ofScreen Rantwrote that despite differing opinions about the character, \"Audiences cannot deny that Simba's design perfectly embodies his role as thetragic hero\" with \"an intriguing appearance that is heroic, bold, charming, but also weary and disheveled at times. The contrasting elements paint him perfectly as an exiled prince who has been through tragedy in",
"through tragedy in his life\". Despite the character's mixed reviews, several critics have praised Broderick's performance,includingThe Washington Post'sDesson Howe.Annette Basile ofFilmInkdescribed Broderick as \"excellent\" in the role,whilePeter BradshawofThe Guardiancalled him \"sumptuous\".Digital Spy's Mayer Nissim described Broderick's work as \"wonderful\".Several critics and publications have rankedThe Lion Kingamong his best films and performances.According to the actor's biography onPBS, Broderick's work in the film and its sequels ironically delivered him \"his greatest screen success (to date) in relative anonymity\".Gold Derbysaid the film earned Broderick legions of younger fans, ranking it his sixth best film.MovieWebranked Simba the greatest performance of Thomas' career, praising his \"wide range of emotions\".However, Janet M. Walker of theNew York Amsterdam Newscriticized Disney for castingwhite actorsas Simba,considering his parents are voiced by Black actorsJames Earl JonesandMadge",
"Earl JonesandMadge Sinclair.Christopher NullofContactmusic.companned Weaver's performance, likening his singing toMichael Jacksonand saying \"You almost don't want him to succeed\". When the film was released, some viewersallegedthat during one of Simba's scenes, he creates adust cloudthat appears to spell the word \"SEX\" in the night sky.In a lawsuit filed against Disney in Texas, the studio was accused of including sexualsubliminal messagesin a family-oriented film,while Catholic activist organizationAmerican Life Leaguedemanded an apology for including sexual material in its films.AnimatorTom Sitoclaims the letters actually spelled \"SFX\", an abbreviation forspecial effects, and was aneaster egganimated by the film's special effects department.Beginning in 2002, the letters were edited out of re-releases ofThe Lion King, and replaced with standard dust clouds. Legacy Impact and popularity According to aVoxwriter, Simba is not as iconic as Scar or Mufasa, which they attributed to the character's perceived lack",
"perceived lack of agency and tendency to rely on instructions from other characters.Contrarily, Marc Snetiker ofEntertainment Weeklydescribed Simba as an iconic character who has \"spent nearly a quarter century etched into pop culture\".Chhavi Puri ofPinkvillasaid characters such as Simba \"defined our childhood\".The same publication named Simba the second-best Disney character of all-time and \"undoubtedly one of the best male Disney characters\",whileThe A.V. Clubranked him 29th.AccordingToons Mag, Simba is one of the 10 best Disney cartoon characters of all time and \"one of Disney's most significant characters\".Looperranked Simba Disney's 37th best character of all-time.Varietynamed Simba one of Disney's 25 most iconic characters.According to Arunkumar Sekhar ofCinema Expressand Rachel Ulatowski ofScreen Rant, Simba is one of the studio's most iconic animated characters.In a 1995 article ranking \"The most powerful people in entertainment\",Entertainment Weeklylikened Disney chairmanMichael Eisner's success",
"Eisner's success story to that of Simba.Publications such asWorld Animal Protection, theLos Angeles Times,Wilmington Star-News, and theBirmingham Mailconsider Simba to be one of themost famous lions in popular culture.Richard Fink ofMovieWebdeclared him \"the most famous lion in all of cinema\". Charlotte Cripps ofThe Independentranked Simba Disney's second best role-model for children.Comic Book Resourcesranked Simba Disney's 12th most likeable prince character, due to his relatability.Colliderranked SimbaThe Lion King's fourth-best character,as well as the bestprotagonistof theDisney Renaissance.Contributor Tyler B. Searle said Simba \"has one of the strongest character arcs of any Disney protagonist\".Writing for the same publication, Anas Yamin said Simba has the best character development of all Disney main characters.Comic Book Resourcesranked Simba eighth in their ranking, including him among \"some of the most beloved and iconic main characters in animation history\". Simba's appearance has also generated",
"has also generated online debates discussing whether it is appropriate for fans to consider the character attractive, because he is a cartoon lion.Several publications, such asRefinery 29,HuffPost,Seventeen,The Edge,YourTango,The Daily Edge,Pride, andThought Catalog, included Simba inlisticlesabout their most memorable \"cartoon crushes\",whileElleranked him the fourth most attractive Disney prince.Polygonranked Simba the sixth \"hottest animated animal character\",andMashableranked him eighth.Refinery29's Anne Cohen lamented that the 2019 remake lacks the \"Hot Simba Energy\" of the original film.Kayla Cobb ofDecidertheorized that Disney wanted audiences to know that \"in the lion world, Simba is a babe\" by drawing him with traditionally attractive and masculine features.Louis Costello, a writer forPedestrian, said \"yes it’s okay to be attracted to adult Simba and yes you’re not the only one\".In 2019, the pop culture websitePunkeepublished an article asking readers \"Why Are We All So Thirsty For Simba?\", which",
"For Simba?\", which author Jenna Guillaume attributed to the character's long mane, smile, \"flirty eyebrow raise\", and Broderick's voice.Senior lecturer Dr. Lauren Rosewarne theorized that Simba's story and character development throughoutThe Lion Kingoffers several opportunities for viewers to find him attractive, progressing from wounded, ostracized cub to “potentially offers a bad boy, and then the hero appeal that some audiences will be drawn to\". Pop culture references During the film's opening song, \"Circle of Life\", Rafiki introduces a newborn Simba to a large crowd of onlooking animals gathered at the foot of Pride Rock by standing towards the edge and holding the cub high above their heads, while Mufasa and Sarabi observe from behind them.The scene is considered to be one of the most famous fromThe Lion King,and has been parodied in several projects since the film's release.Several fans have recreated the image using their own children or pets,including, controversially, singerMichael Jacksonin",
"Jacksonin 1992,andBrendan Fraserat the end of the filmGeorge of the Jungle(1997).During thethird seasonfinaleofOnce Upon a Time, the main characterEmma Swanasked her parentsSnow WhiteandDavid Nolanif they were going to hold up her yet unnamed baby brother like inThe Lion King. Since the release ofThe Lion Kingin 1994, the name \"Simba\" has increased in use and popularity among pet owners, specifically dogs and cats.According toComcastin 2010, the use of Simba as a dog name reemerged in popularity in 2009 after experiencing a noticeable decline in 2001, ranking the name ninth out of 10 on its list of \"Top 10 Trendiest Dog Names of the Year\".In May 2013,Yahoo! Lifestyleincluded the name on its list of \"Trendiest Dog Names\".According to YouPet, Simba is the 17th most popular cat name out of 100 candidates.Care2 included Simba in its article \"All-around Cool Cat Names,\"while DutchNews.nl reported that Simba ranks among the country's most popular cat names as of July 2013.In its list of \"Top Popular Pet Names,\"",
"Popular Pet Names,\" BabyNames.com placed Simba at number 64 on its list of most popular dog names out of the 100 that were considered.Yahoo! News UKreported that Simba was one of the most popular pet names in Britain in 2016.Corresponding with theLion Kingremake in 2019, Simba was that year's most popular male cat name.According toDaily Hive, Simba ranked among Toronto's 10 most popular dog names in 2021. Notes References"
] |
What is the birthday of the man who produced the pop song named after one of the largest bird in the Procellariiformes species, off the 2024 album The Tortured Poets Department? | Aaron Dessner was born April 23, 1976. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariiformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Dessner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tortured_Poets_Department | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Post processing | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariiformes', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Dessner', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tortured_Poets_Department'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procellariiformes",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Dessner",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tortured_Poets_Department"
] | [
"Procellariiformes †DiomedeoididaeProcellariidaeDiomedeidaeHydrobatidaeOceanitidae Procellariiformes/prɒsɛˈlɛəri.ɪfɔːrmiːz/is anorderofseabirdsthat comprises fourfamilies: thealbatrosses, thepetrels and shearwaters, and two families ofstorm petrels. Formerly calledTubinaresand still calledtubenosesin English, procellariiforms are often referred to collectively as thepetrels, a term that has been applied to all members of the order,or more commonly all the families except the albatrosses.They are almost exclusivelypelagic(feeding in the open ocean), and have acosmopolitan distributionacross the world's oceans, with the highestdiversitybeing aroundNew Zealand. Procellariiforms arecolonial, mostly nesting on remote, predator-free islands. The larger species nest on the surface, while most smaller species nest in natural cavities andburrows. They exhibit strongphilopatry, returning to their natal colony to breed and returning to the same nesting site over many years. Procellariiforms aremonogamousand form long-termpair bondsthat are formed over several years and may last for the life of the pair. A singleeggis laid per nesting attempt, and usually a single nesting attempt is made per year, although the larger albatrosses may only nest once every two years. Both parents participate inincubationand chick rearing. Incubation times are long compared to other birds, as arefledgingperiods. Once a chick has fledged there is no further parental care. Procellariiforms have had a long relationship with humans. They have been important food sources for many people, and continue to be hunted as such in some parts of the world. The albatrosses in particular have been the subject of numerous cultural depictions. Procellariiforms include some of the mostendangeredbirdtaxa, with many species threatened withextinctiondue tointroduced predatorsin their breeding colonies, marinepollutionand the danger of fisheriesby-catch. Scientists, conservationists, fishermen, and governments around the world are working to reduce the threats posed to them, and these efforts have led to the signing of theAgreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, a legally binding international treaty signed in 2001. Taxonomy Diomedeidae– albatrosses (21 species) Oceanitidae– austral storm petrels (10 species) Hydrobatidae– northern storm petrels (18 species) Procellariidae– petrels and shearwaters (100 species) The order was named Procellariiformes by German anatomistMax Fürbringerin 1888.The word comes from theLatinwordprocella, which meansa violent windora storm, and-iformesfororder.Until the beginning of the 20th century, the family Hydrobatidae was named Procellariidae, and the family now called Procellariidae was rendered \"Puffinidae.\"The order itself was called Tubinares.A major early work on this group isFrederick DuCane Godman'sMonograph of the Petrels, five fascicles, 1907–1910, with figures byJohn Gerrard Keulemans. In theSibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, the tubenoses were included in a greatly enlarged order \"Ciconiiformes\". Thistaxonomictreatment was almost certainly erroneous, but its assumption of a close evolutionary relationship with other \"higher waterbirds\" – such asloons(Gaviiformes) andpenguins(Sphenisciformes) – appears to be correct.The procellariiforms are most closely related to penguins,having diverged from them about 60 million years ago. The diving petrels in the genusPelecanoideswere formerly placed in their own family Pelecanoididae.When genetic studies found that they were embedded within the family Procellariidae, the two families were merged. All the storm petrels were once placed in the family Hydrobatidae but genetic data indicated that Hydrobatidae consisted of two deeply divergent clades that were not sister taxa.In 2018 the austral storm petrels were moved to the new family Oceanitidae.The northern storm petrels in the family Hydrobatidae are more closely related to the family Procellariidae than they are to the austral storm petrels in the family Oceanitidae. Earliermolecular phylogeneticstudies found the family Oceantidae containing the austral storm petrels as the mostbasalwith differing branching topologies for other three families.More recent large-scale studies have found a consistent pattern with the albatross family Diomedeidae as the most basal and Hydrobatidaesisterto Procellariidae. There are 147 living species of procellariiform worldwide,and the order is divided into four extant families, with a fifthprehistoricallyextinct: Fossils of a bird similar to a petrel from theEocenehave been found in theLondon Clayand inLouisiana.Diving petrels occurred in the Miocene, with a species from that family (Pelecanoides miokuaka) being described in 2007.The most numerous fossils from thePaleogeneare those from the extinct family Diomedeoididae, fossils of which have been found in Central Europe and Iran. Biology Distribution and movements The procellariiforms have acosmopolitan distributionacross the world's oceans and seas, although at the levels of family and genus there are some clear patterns.Antarctic petrels,Thalassoica antarctica, have to fly over 100 mi (160 km) to get to the ocean from their breeding colonies inAntarctica, andnorthern fulmarsbreed on the northeastern tip ofGreenland, the northernmost piece ofland.The most cosmopolitan family is theProcellariidae, which are found in tropical, temperate and polar zones of both the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres, though the majority do not breed in the tropics, and half the species are restricted to southern temperate and polar regions.The gadfly petrels,Pterodroma, have a generallytropicalandtemperatedistribution, whereas thefulmarine petrelsare mostlypolarwith some temperate species. The majority of the fulmarine petrels, along with theprions, are confined to the Southern Hemisphere. Thestorm petrelsare almost as widespread as the procellariids, and fall into two distinct families; theOceanitidaehave a mostly Southern Hemisphere distribution and theHydrobatidaeare found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Amongst thealbatrossesthe majority of the family is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, feeding and nesting in cool temperate areas, although one genus,Phoebastria, ranges across the north Pacific. The family is absent from the north Atlantic, although fossil records indicate they bred there once.Finally thediving petrelsare restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. Migration The various species within the order have a variety ofmigrationstrategies. Some species undertake regular trans-equatorial migrations, such as thesooty shearwaterwhich annually migrates from its breeding grounds in New Zealand and Chile to the North Pacific offJapan,Alaskaand California, an annual round trip of 64,000 km (40,000 mi), the second longest measured annual migration of any bird.A number of other petrel species undertake trans-equatorial migrations, including theWilson's storm petreland theProvidence petrel, but no albatrosses cross the equator, as they rely on wind assisted flight. There are other long-distance migrants within the order;Swinhoe's storm petrelsbreed in the western Pacific and migrate to the western Indian Ocean,andBonin petrelsnesting inHawaiimigrate to the coast of Japan during the non-breeding season. Navigation Many species in the order travel long distances over open water but return to the same nest site each year, raising the question of how they navigate so accurately.The Welsh naturalistRonald Lockleycarried out early research intoanimal navigationwith theManx shearwatersthat nested on the island ofSkokholm. In release experiments, a Manx shearwater flew fromBostonto Skokholm, a distance of 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometres) in 121⁄2days.Lockley showed that when released \"under a clear sky\" with sun or stars visible, the shearwaters oriented themselves and then \"flew off in a direct line for Skokholm\", making the journey so rapidly that they must have flown almost in a straight line. But if the sky was overcast at the time of release, the shearwaters flew around in circles \"as if lost\" and returned slowly or not at all, implying that they navigated using astronomical cues. Researchers have also begun investigating olfaction's role in procellariiform navigation. In a study where Cory's shearwaters were rendered anosmic with zinc sulphate, a compound which kills the surface layer of the olfactory epithelium, and released hundreds of kilometers away from their home colony at night, control birds found their way to their home nests before night was over, whereas anosmic birds did not home until the next day.A similar study that released Cory's shearwaters 800 km from their home nests, testing both magnetic and olfactory disturbances’ effects on navigation, found that anosmic birds took longer to home than magnetically disturbed or control birds. Morphology and flight Procellariiforms range in size from the very largewandering albatross, at 11 kg (24 lb) and a 3.6-metre (12-foot) wingspan, to tiny birds like theleast storm petrel, at 20 g (0.71 oz) with a 32-centimetre (13-inch) wingspan,and the smallest of the prions, thefairy prion, with a wingspan of 23 to 28 cm (9.1 to 11.0 in).Their nostrils are enclosed in one or two tubes on their straight deeply-grooved bills with hooked tips. The beaks are made up of several plates. Their wings are long and narrow; the feet are webbed, and the hind toe is undeveloped or non-existent; their adultplumageis predominantly black, white, and grey. The order has a few unifying characteristics, starting with their tubular nasal passage which is used forolfaction.Procellariiformes that nest in burrows have a strong sense of smell, being able to detectdimethyl sulfidereleased fromplanktonin the ocean.This ability to smell helps to locate patchily distributed prey at sea and may also help locate their nests withinnesting colonies.In contrast, surface nesting Procellariiformes have increased vision, having six times betterspatial resolutionthan those that nest in burrows.The structure of thebill, which contains seven to nine distinct horny plates, is another unifying feature, although there are differences within the order. Petrels have a plate called the maxillary unguis that forms a hook on the maxilla. The smaller members of the order have a comb-like mandible, made by thetomialplate, forplanktonfeeding. Most members of the order are unable to walk well on land, and many species visit their remote breeding islands only at night. The exceptions are the huge albatrosses, several of the gadfly petrels and shearwaters and the fulmar-petrels. The latter can disable even large predatory birds with their obnoxiousstomach oil, which they can project some distance. This stomach oil, stored in theproventriculus, is a digestive residue created in theforegutof all tubenoses except the diving petrels, and is used mainly for storage of energy-rich food during their long flights.The oil is also fed to their young, as well as being used for defense. Procellariiforms drink seawater, so they have to excrete excess salt. All birds have an enlarged nasal gland at the base of the bill, above the eyes, and in the Procellariiformes the gland is active. In general terms, the salt gland removes salt from the system and forms a 5 percent saline solution that drips out of the nostrils, or is forcibly ejected in some petrels.The processes behind this involve high levels ofsodiumion reabsorption into theblood plasmawithin the kidneys, and secretion ofsodium chloridevia thesalt glandsusing less water than was absorbed, which essentially generates salt-free water for other physiological uses. This high efficiency of sodium ion absorption is attributed to mammalian-typenephrons. Most albatrosses and procellariids use two techniques to minimise exertion while flying, namely,dynamic soaringandslope soaring. The albatrosses andgiant petrelsshare a morphological adaptation to aid in flight, a sheet oftendonwhich locks the wing when fully extended, allowing the wing to be kept up and out without any muscle effort.Amongst the Oceanitinae storm-petrels there are two unique flight patterns, one being surface pattering. In this they move across the water surface holding and moving their feet on the water's surface while holding steady above the water, and remaining stationary by hovering with rapid fluttering or by using the wind to anchor themselves in place.A similar flight method is thought to have been used by the extinct petrel familyDiomedeoididae.Thewhite-faced storm petrelpossesses a unique variation on pattering: holding its wings motionless and at an angle into the wind, it pushes itself off the water's surface in a succession of bounding jumps. Diet and feeding The procellariiforms are for the most part exclusively marineforagers; the only exception to this rule are the two species of giant petrel, which regularly feed oncarrionor other seabirds while on land. While some other species of fulmarine andProcellariapetrels also take carrion, the diet of most species of albatrosses and petrels is dominated by fish, squid, krill and other marine zooplankton. The importance of these food sources varies from species to species and family to family. For example, of the two albatross species found in Hawaii, theblack-footed albatrosstakes mostly fish, while theLaysanfeeds mainly on squid.The albatrosses in general feed on fish, squid and krill. Among the procellariids, the prions concentrate on small crustacea, the fulmarine petrels take fish and krill but little squid, while theProcellariapetrels consume mainly squid. The storm petrels take small droplets of oil from the surface of the water,as well as small crustaceans and fish. Petrels obtain food by snatching prey while swimming on the surface, snatching prey from the wing or diving down under the water to pursue prey. Dipping down from flight is most commonly used by thegadfly petrelsand thestorm petrels. There have been records ofwedge-tailed shearwaterssnatchingflying fishfrom the air, but as a rule this technique is rare. Some diving birds may aid diving by beginning with a plunge from the air, but for the most part petrels are active divers and use their wings to move around under the water. The depths achieved by various species were determined in the 1990s and came as a surprise to scientists;short-tailed shearwatershave been recorded diving to 70 m (230 ft) and theLight-mantled sooty albatrossto 12 m (39 ft). Breeding behaviour Breeding colonies All procellariiforms are colonial, predominantly breeding on offshore or oceanic islands. The few species that nest on continents do so in inhospitable environments such as dry deserts or on Antarctica. These colonies can vary from the widely spaced colonies of the giant petrels to the dense 3.6 million-strong colonies ofLeach's storm petrels.For almost all species the need to breed is the only reason that procellariiforms return to land at all. Some of the larger petrels have to nest on windswept locations as they require wind to take off and forage for food.Within the colonies, pairs defend usually smallterritories(the giant petrels and some albatrosses can have very large territories) which is the small area around either the nest or a burrow. Competition between pairs can be intense, as is competition between species, particularly for burrows. Larger species of petrels will even kill the chicks and even adults of smaller species in disputes over burrows.Burrows and natural crevices are most commonly used by the smaller species; all the storm petrels anddiving petrelsare cavity nesters, as are many of theprocellariids. The fulmarine petrels and some tropicalgadfly petrelsandshearwatersare surface nesters, as are all the albatrosses. Procellariiforms show high levels ofphilopatry, both site fidelity and natal philopatry. Natal philopatry is the tendency of an individual bird to return to its natal colony to breed, often many years after leaving the colony as a chick. This tendency has been shown throughringing studiesandmitochondrial DNAstudies. Birds ringed as chicks have been recaptured close to their original nests, sometimes extremely close; in the Laysan albatross the average distance between hatching site and the site where a bird established its own territory was 22 m (72 ft),and a study ofCory's shearwatersnesting nearCorsicafound that nine out of 61 male chicks that returned to breed at their natal colony actually bred in the burrow they were raised in.Mitochondrial DNA provides evidence of restrictedgene flowbetween different colonies, strongly suggesting philopatry. The other type of philopatry exhibited is site fidelity, where pairs of birds return to the same nesting site for a number of years. Among the most extreme examples known of this tendency was the fidelity of a ringed northern fulmar that returned to the same nest site for 25 years. The average number of birds returning to the same nest sites is high in all species studied, with around 91 percent forBulwer's petrels,and 85 percent of males and 76 percent of females for Cory's shearwaters (after a successful breeding attempt). Pair bonds and life history Procellariiforms aremonogamousbreeders and form long-term pair bonds. These pair bonds take several years to develop in some species, particularly with the albatrosses. Once formed, they last for many breeding seasons, in some cases for the life of the pair. Petrel courtship can be elaborate. It reaches its extreme with the albatrosses, where pairs spend many years perfecting and elaborating mating dances.These dances are composed of synchronised performances of various actions such aspreening, pointing, calling, bill clacking, staring, and combinations of such behaviours (like the sky-call).Each particular pair will develop their own individual version of the dance. The breeding behaviour of other procellariiforms is less elaborate, although similar bonding behaviours are involved, particularly for surface-nesting species. These can involve synchronised flights, mutual preening andcalling. Calls are important for helping birds locate potential mates and distinguishing between species, and may also help individuals assess the quality of potential mates.After pairs have been formed, calls serve to help them reunite; the ability of individuals to recognise their own mate has been demonstrated in several species. Procellariiforms areK-selected, being long-lived and caring extensively for their few offspring. Breeding is delayed for several years afterfledging, sometimes for as long as ten years in the largest species. Once they begin breeding, they make only a single breeding attempt per nesting season; even if the egg is lost early in the season, they seldom re-lay. Much effort is placed into laying a single (proportionally) largeeggand raising a single chick. Procellariiforms are long-lived: the longest living albatross known survived for 51 years, but was probably older,and even the tiny storm-petrels are known to have survived for 30 years.Additionally, the oldest living bird isWisdom, a female Laysan albatross. Nesting and chick rearing The majority of procellariiforms nest once a year and do so seasonally.Some tropical shearwaters, like theChristmas shearwater, are able to nest on cycles slightly shorter than a year, and the largegreat albatrosses(genusDiomedea) nest in alternate years (if successful). Most temperate and polar species nest over the spring-summer, although some albatrosses and procellariids nest over the winter. In the tropics, some species can be found breeding throughout the year, but most nest in discreet periods. Procellariiforms return to nesting colonies as much as several months before laying, and attend their nest sites regularly before copulation. Prior to laying, females embark on a lengthy pre-laying exodus to build up energy reserves in order to lay the exceptionally large egg. In the stormy petrel, a very small procellariiform, the egg can be 29 percent of the body weight of the female, while in the grey-faced petrel, the female may spend as much as 80 days feeding out at sea after courtship before laying the egg. When the female returns and lays, incubation is shared between the sexes, with the male taking the firstincubationstint and the female returning to sea. The duration of individual stints varies from just a few days to as much as several weeks, during which the incubating bird can lose a considerable amount of weight.The incubation period varies from species to species, around 40 days for the smallest storm-petrels but longer for the largest species; for albatrosses it can span 70 to 80 days, which is the longest incubation period of any bird. Upon hatching, the chicks are semi-precocial, having open eyes, a dense covering of white or greydown feathers, and the ability to move around the nesting site. After hatching, the incubating adult remains with the chick for a number of days, a period known as the guard phase. In the case of most burrow-nesting species, this is only until the chick is able tothermoregulate, usually two or three days. Diving-petrel chicks take longer to thermoregulate and have a longer guard phase than other burrow nesters. However, surface-nesting species, which have to deal with a greater range of weather and to contend with predators likeskuasandfrigatebirds, consequently have a longer guard phase (as long as two weeks in procellariids and three weeks in albatrosses). The chick is fed by both parents. Chicks are fed on fish, squid, krill, andstomach oil. Stomach oil isoilcomposed of neutral dietarylipidsthat are the residue created bydigestionof the prey items. As an energy source for chicks it has several advantages over undigested prey, itscalorificvalue is around 9.6 kcal per gram, which is only slightly lower than the value fordieseloil.This can be a real advantage for species that range over huge distances to provide food for hungry chicks.The oil is also used in defence. All procellariiforms create stomach oil except the diving-petrels. The chick fledges between two and nine months after hatching, almost twice as long as a gull of the same body mass. The reasons behind the length of time are associated with the distance from the breeding site to food. First, there are few predators at the nesting colonies, therefore there is no pressure to fledge quickly. Second, the time between feedings is long due to the distance from the nest site that adults forage, thus a chick that had a higher growth rate would stand a better chance of starving to death.The duration between feedings vary among species and during the stages of development. Small feeds are frequent during the guard phase, but afterward become less frequent. However, each feed can deliver a large amount of energy; both sooty shearwater and mottled petrel chicks have been recorded to double their weight in a single night, probably when fed by both parents. Relationship with humans Role in culture The most important family culturally is the albatrosses, which have been described by one author as \"the most legendary of birds\".Albatrosses have featured in poetry in the form ofSamuel Taylor Coleridge's famous 1798 poemThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which in turn gave rise to the usage of albatross asmetaphor for a burden.More generally, albatrosses were believed to be good omens, and to kill one would bring bad luck.There are few instances ofpetrelsin culture, although there are sailors' legends regarding the storm petrels, which are considered to warn of oncoming storms. In general, petrels were considered to be \"soul birds\", representing the souls of drowned sailors, and it was considered unlucky to touch them. In the Russian language, many petrel species from theHydrobatidaeandProcellariidaefamilies of the order Procellariiformes are known asburevestnik, which literally means 'the announcer of the storm'. When in 1901, the Russian writerMaxim Gorkyturned to the imagery of subantarctic avifauna to describe Russian society's attitudes to thecoming revolution, he used astorm-announcingpetrel as the lead character of a poem that soon became popular in the revolutionary circles as \"the battle anthem of the revolution\".Although the species called \"stormy petrel\" in English is not one of those to which theburevestnikname is applied in Russian (it, in fact, is known in Russian as an entirely un-romantickachurka), the English translators uniformly used the \"stormy petrel\" image in their translations of the poem, usually known in English asThe Song of the Stormy Petrel. Various tubenose birds are relevant to the mythologies and oral traditions ofPolynesia. TheMāoriused the wing bones of the albatross to carveflutes.InHawaiian mythology, Laysan albatrosses are consideredaumakua, being a sacred manifestation of the ancestors, and quite possibly also the sacred bird ofKāne.The storm petrel features prominently in the \"Origin of Birds\" myth. Exploitation Albatrosses and petrels have been important food sources for humans for as long as people have been able to reach their remote breeding colonies. Amongst the earliest-known examples of this is the remains of shearwaters and albatrosses along with those of other seabirds in 5,000-year-oldmiddensinChile,although it is likely that they were exploited prior to this. Since then, many other marine cultures, both subsistence and industrial, have exploited procellariiforms, in some cases almost toextinction. Some cultures continue to harvest shearwaters (a practice known asmuttonbirding); for example, theMāoriofNew Zealanduse a sustainable traditional method known askaitiakitanga. In Alaska, residents ofKodiak Islandharpoonshort-tailed albatrosses,Diomedea albatrus, and until the late 1980s residents ofTristan Islandin theIndian Oceanharvested the eggs of theYellow-nosed Mollymawks,Diomedea chlororhynchos, andsooty albatrosses,Phoebetria fusca.Albatrosses and petrels are also now tourist draws in some locations, such asTaiaroa Head. While such exploitation is non-consumptive, it can have deleterious effects that need careful management to protect both the birds and the tourism. The English naturalistWilliam Yarrellwrote in 1843 that \"ten or twelve years ago,Mr. Gouldexhibited twenty-four , in a large dish, at one of the evening meetings of theZoological Society\". The engraverThomas Bewickwrote in 1804 that \"Pennant, speaking of those which breed on, or inhabit, theIsle of St Kilda, says—'No bird is of so much use to the islanders as this: theFulmarsupplies them with oil for their lamps, down for their beds, a delicacy for their tables, a balm for their wounds, and a medicine for their distempers.'\"A photograph byGeorge Washington Wilsontaken about 1886 shows a \"view of the men and women of St Kilda on the beach dividing up the catch of Fulmar\".James Fisher, author ofThe Fulmar(1952)calculated that every person on St Kilda consumed over 100 fulmars each year; the meat was their staple food, and they caught around 12,000 birds annually. However, when the human population left St Kilda in 1930, the population did not suddenly grow. Threats and conservation The albatrosses and petrels are \"amongst the most severely threatened taxa worldwide\".They face a variety of threats, the severity of which varies greatly from species to species. Several species are among the most common of seabirds, including Wilson's storm petrel (an estimated 12 to 30 million individuals)and theshort-tailed shearwater(23 million individuals);while the total population of some other species is a few hundred. There are less than 200Magenta petrelsbreeding on theChatham Islands,only 130 to 160Zino's petrelsand only 170Amsterdam albatrosses.Only one species is thought to have become extinct since 1600, theGuadalupe storm petrelofMexico,although a number of species had died out before this. Numerous species are very poorly known; for example, theFiji petrelhas rarely been seen since its discovery.The breeding colony of theNew Zealand storm petrelwas not located until February 2013;it had been thought extinct for 150 years until its rediscovery in 2003,while theBermuda petrelhad been considered extinct for nearly 300 years. The principal threat to the albatrosses and larger species of procellariids islong-line fishing. Bait set on hooks is attractive to foraging birds and many are hooked by the lines as they are set. As many as 100,000 albatrosses are hooked and drown each year ontunalines set out by long-line fisheries.Before 1991 and the ban ondrift-net fisheries, it was estimated that 500,000 seabirds a year died as a result.This has caused steep declines in some species, as procellariiforms are extremely slow breedersand cannot replace their numbers fast enough. Losses of albatrosses and petrels in the Southern Ocean were estimated at between 1 percent and 16 percent per year, which these species cannot sustain for long. Exotic species introducedto the remote breeding colonies threaten all types of procellariiform. These principally take the form ofpredators; most albatross and petrel species are clumsy on land and unable to defend themselves frommammalssuch asrats,feral catsandpigs. This phenomenon,ecological naivete, has resulted in declines in many species and was implicated in the extinction of the Guadalupe storm petrel.Already in 1910 Godman wrote: Owing to the introduction of themongooseand other smallcarnivorousmammals into their breeding haunts, some species, such asOestrelata jamaicensisandnewelli, have already been completely exterminated, and others appear to be in danger of extinction. Introduced herbivores may unbalance theecologyof islands; introduced rabbits destroyed the forestunderstoryonCabbage Tree IslandoffNew South Wales, which increased the vulnerability of theGould's petrelsnesting on the island to natural predators, and left them vulnerable to the sticky fruits of the native birdlime tree (Pisonia umbellifera). In the natural state these fruits lodge in the understory of the forest, but with the understory removed the fruits fall to the ground where the petrels move about, sticking to their feathers and making flight impossible. Exploitation has decreased in importance as a threat. Other threats include the ingestion of plasticflotsam. Once swallowed, plastic can cause a general decline in the fitness of the bird, or in some cases lodge in the gut and cause a blockage, leading to death by starvation.It can also be picked up by foraging adults and fed to chicks, stunting their development and reducing the chances of successfully fledging.Procellariids are also vulnerable tomarine pollution, as well asoil spills. Some species, such asBarau's petrel,Newell's shearwaterand Cory's shearwater, which nest high up on large developed islands, are victims of light pollution.Fledging chicks are attracted to streetlights and may then be unable to reach the sea. An estimated 20 to 40 percent of fledging Barau's petrels and 45 to 60 percent of fledging Cory's shearwater are attracted to the streetlights onRéunionandTenerife, respectively. References Bibliography External links",
"Aaron Dessner Aaron Brooking Dessner(born April 23, 1976) is an American musician. He is best known as a founding member of the rock bandThe National, with whom he has recorded nine studio albums; a co-founder of theindie rockduoBig Red Machine, teaming withBon Iver'sJustin Vernon; and a collaborator onTaylor Swift's critically acclaimed studio albumsFolkloreandEvermore, both of which contended for theGrammy Award for Album of the Yearin2021and2022, respectively, with the former winning the accolade; as well asThe Tortured Poets Department(2024). Dessner has co-written, produced or co-produced songs byTaylor Swift,Ed Sheeran,Michael Stipe,Gracie Abrams,Frightened Rabbit,Ben Howard,Sharon Van Etten,Local Natives,This Is the Kit,Adia Victoria,Lisa Hannigan,Fred Again,Girl in Red,Mustafa the Poet,Brian EnoandLone Bellow, among others. Dessner co-founded and curates three music festivals:Eaux ClairesinEau Claire, Wisconsin, alongside his Big Red Machine partner Vernon; HAVEN inCopenhagenwith his brother Bryce, andBoston Calling Music Festival. On May 19, 2022, alongsideQuestlove, Dessner was awarded aDoctor of Fine Arts honoris causafromThe University of the Arts, for \"his eagerness to seek out opportunities, to really be a thoughtful collaborator, and someone who would encourage every single student at UArts to explore with their peers across disciplines, new opportunities, and new ideas.\" Dessner, along with his twin brotherBryce, was named the 243rd greatest guitarist of all time byRolling Stonein 2023. Early life Dessner grew up inCincinnati, Ohiowith his twin brother,Bryce Dessner.Dessner was raised asJewishand hasPolish JewishandRussian Jewishancestry. Dessner has said that his Jewish background influences his music: \"My brother and I have always been fascinated by liturgical religious melodies in Judaism ... I don't like major chords. I like the meditative patterns in certain prayers, and I like music that repeats itself.\" Dessner attended high school atCincinnati Country Day Schooland graduated in 1994. Dessner went on to study Modern European History atColumbia University. Career The National Aaron Dessner and his twin brotherBrycewere childhood friends withBryan Devendorf. In 1998, after Dessner's earlier band, Project Nim, broke up, Devendorf invited the brothers to join his bandthe National. With Devendorf and the Dessner brothers wereScott Devendorf, Bryan's older brother, andMatt Berninger. The band's self-titled first album was released in 2001 on Brassland Records, a label Dessner co-founded along with his brother Bryce andAlec Hanley Bemis.The band's second album,Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers, was released in 2003, also on Brassland. After some critical success withSad Songs,the band signed withBeggars Banquet Records. With the new label, they released their third studio album,Alligator, in 2005. The album received a positive response from critics,which exposed the band to a larger audience. In 2007, the band released their fourth album,Boxer, also through Beggars Banquet. Upon release, the album received widespread critical acclaim,and was named to \"album of the year\" lists.Several songs from the album appeared in TV shows and movies. In 2008, then-Senator Barack Obama used an instrumental versionof the song \"Fake Empire\" in a presidential campaign video. Following the success ofBoxer, the band began collaborating with other artists on various songs and compilation albums. In 2009, the band participated inDark Was the Night, a charity album to benefit theRed Hot Organization. That same year, they recorded a song for the albumCiao My Shining Star: The Songs of Mark Mulcahy,to help supportPolarisfrontmanMark Mulcahywho had recently lost his wife. In 2010, the band releasedHigh Violet, their fifth full-length album. The album saw both critical and commercial success, debuting at No. 3 on US charts, and going on to sell over 850,000 copies worldwide.The band followed upHigh Violetby releasing their sixth album,Trouble Will Find Me, on May 21, 2013, via 4AD. Like their previous two efforts,Troublewas named to several year-end best-of lists. The album was nominated forBest Alternative Albumat the56th Grammy Awards. Later that year, Dessner and the rest of the band were featured in the documentaryMistaken for Strangers, which followed the band's tour forHigh Violetand early recording ofTrouble. In 2017, the band releasedSleep Well Beast, their seventh full-length album.The lead single from the album, \"The System Only Dreams in Total Darkness\", became the band's first song to reach No. 1 on aBillboardschart after topping theAdult Alternative Songslist in August that same year.The band released their eighth studio albumI Am Easy to Findin 2019 alongside ashort filmbyMike Mills.In 2023, the band released two studio albums,First Two Pages of FrankensteinandLaugh Track, with the latter being asurprise album. Dessner has production credits on all of the band's albums sinceAlligator. The majority of bothHigh VioletandTrouble Will Find Mewere recorded in his garage studio behind his house in Brooklyn, andAlligatorandBoxerwere partially recorded in his attic and in his sister's attic, which is on the same street in Brooklyn. Big Red Machine In 2008, Dessner sentJustin Vernonan instrumental sketch of a song called \"Big Red Machine\" for the compilation albumDark Was the Night. Vernon wrote a song to it, interpreting the Big Red Machine title as a heart. After 10 years, the pair formed a band calledBig Red Machine, and on August 31, 2018, released aself-titled album. The record was produced by Vernon and Dessner with longtime collaborator Brad Cook and engineered by Jonathan Low primarily at Dessner's studio Long Pond in Upper Hudson Valley, New York. The duo released a second studio albumHow Long Do You Think It's Gonna Last?on August 27, 2021. The album was produced by Dessner and featured many guests and many of his previous collaborators, includingBen Howard,Sharon Van Etten, andTaylor Swift. Other production work Dessner worked with singerSharon Van Ettenon her album,Tramp(2012). Van Etten and Dessner spent over fourteen months working in his studio, finally releasing the album to widespread critical success.Dessner producedLocal Natives' second full-length albumHummingbird, in 2013. Dessner was first introduced to the band while on tour with the National.Hummingbirdreceived positive reviews, andPitchforkpraised Dessner's production work especially, saying that he \"knows how to make things soundgood, and there's plenty of richness and depth to these songs.\"Dessner producedthe Lone Bellow'sThen Came the Morning,which was recorded in Dessner's garage as well as in a 19th-century church in upstate New York. The album was released in January 2015 on Descendent Records. That same year, he worked withThis Is the Kitfor their albumBashed Out, which was released through Dessner's Brassland Records. In 2016, Dessner producedLisa Hannigan's albumAt Swim. The album reached No. 1 in Ireland, No. 7 on the USTop Heatseekers Albumschart and No. 24 in the UK, and received widespread critical acclaim.The Guardian, which awarded it four out of five stars, commented on the album's \"stunningly pretty songs with quietly powerful undertones\" and theEvening Standard, which also awarded it four out of five stars, praised the \"new-found accessibility\" of the album.Frightened Rabbit's fifth albumPainting of a Panic Attack, released in 2016 viaAtlantic Records, was also produced by Dessner. Dessner produced the Lone Bellow's 2020 albumHalf Moon Lightand co-wrote several tracks on it.He also co-wrote and produced the acclaimed debut of UK songwriter Eve Owen,Don't Let the Ink Dry, released in 2020. In April 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic, Dessner was approached by American singer-songwriterTaylor Swiftto collaborate on music, and he subsequently produced and co-wrote her eighth studio album,Folklore. It was a surprise release that debuted to critical acclaim on July 24, 2020, and wonAlbum of the Yearat the63rd Annual Grammy Awardsin 2021.Dessner continued his collaboration with Swift on her subsequent albumsEvermore(2020),Midnights(2022), andThe Tortured Poets Department(2024),as well as herre-recordedalbumsFearless (Taylor's Version)(2021),Red (Taylor's Version)(2021), andSpeak Now (Taylor's Version)(2023).After the release ofFolklore, the documentary filmFolklore: The Long Pond Studio SessionsandEvermore, artists such asMaya Hawke,Gracie Abrams,Ed Sheeran,King Princess,andGirl in Redexpressed interest in collaborating with Dessner and recording songs at his Long Pond Studio. Dessner stated, \"After Taylor, it was a bit crazy how many people reached out. And getting to meet and write songs with people you wouldn't have had access to… I'm so grateful for it.\" Dessner also co-produced British singer-songwriterBen Howard's fourth studio album,Collections from the Whiteout, alongside Howard himself, which was released on March 26, 2021.Additionally, Dessner producedDay of the Dead, which was released in 2016, andDark Was the Night, both of which are AIDS charity compilations for the Red Hot Organization; andDoveman's 2009 releaseThe Conformist. Film scores Dessner and his brother Bryce co-composed the score forTranspecos, which won the Audience Award at the 2016South by Southwest. They also worked together on the score for 2013 filmBig Sur, an adaptation of the 1962 novel of the same name byJack Kerouac. The film debuted on January 23, 2013, at theSundance Film Festival, where it received positive reviews. In 2021, together with his brother, Dessner scored two films –Mike Mills'C'mon C'monandCyrano. Collaborations Day of the Dead On March 17, 2016, Aaron andBryce DessnerannouncedDay of the Dead, a charity tribute album to theGrateful Deadreleased by 4AD on May 20, 2016.Day of the Deadwas created, curated and produced by both Dessner brothers. The compilation is a wide-ranging tribute to the songwriting and experimentalism of the Dead which took four years to record, features over 60 artists from varied musical backgrounds, 59 tracks and is almost 6 hours long. All profits will help fight for AIDS/ HIV and related health issues around the world through the Red Hot Organization.Day of the Deadis the follow-up to 2009'sDark Was the Night(4AD), a 32-track, multi-artist compilation also produced by the Dessner brothers for Red Hot. Of the 59 tracks on the compilation, many feature a house band made up of Aaron, Bryce, fellow the National bandmates and brothers Scott andBryan Devendorf, Josh Kaufman (who co-produced the project), and Conrad Doucette along with Sam Cohen and Walter Martin. The National have a couple of tracks on the album, including \"Peggy-O,\" \"Morning Dew\" and \"I Know You Rider\". ADay of the Deadlive performance took place in August 2016 at the second annual Eaux Claires Festival (August 12–13) featuring Jenny Lewis, Matthew Houck,Lucius,Will Oldham,Sam Amidon,Richard Reed Parry, Justin Vernon,Bruce Hornsby, Ruban Nielson and The National. Forever Love Forever Love is a collaboration between Aaron and Bryce Dessner, renowned Icelandic performance artistRagnar Kjartanssonand Gyða and Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir, formerly of the Icelandic bandmúm. The project is a blending of visual and performance art with live music, all centered around a song cycle written and performed by Aaron and Bryce alongside Gyða and Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir. It was commissioned by Eaux Claires Festival and made its world premiere in 2015 where it served as the official starting point of the festival on both Friday and Saturday. Forever Love marked a live performance reunion for the Dessner twins and Kjartansson, as both artists had previously collaborated on a six-hour video work, A Lot of Sorrow, which documents the National performing their three-song \"Sorrow\" for six hours in front of a live audience atMoMA PS1. The Long Count The Long Count was a large commission for the BAM Next Wave Festival in 2009.Dessner and his brother, Bryce, worked alongside visual artistMatthew Ritchie, creating a work loosely based on the Mayan creation storyPopol Vuh. The work included a 12-piece orchestra and a number of guest singers, including Kim and Kelley Deal (the Breeders,the Pixies),Matt Berninger(the National),Shara Worden(My Brightest Diamond), andTunde Adebimpe(TV on the Radio). The work had its world premiere at theKrannert Center for the Performing Artsin September 2009 as part of the Ellnora Festival. Dark Was the Night In 2009, Aaron and Bryce Dessner produced an extensive AIDS charity compilation,Dark Was the Night, for the Red Hot Organization.Dark Was the Nighthas raised over 2 million dollars for AIDS charities as of January 2012. In 2009, Dessner contributed a track to the Dark Was the Night compilation. On May 3, 2009, 4AD and Red Hot producedDark Was the Night– Live, a concert celebrating the newest Red Hot album. The show took place atRadio City Music Halland featured several of the artists that contributed to the compilation. Other collaborations and contributions Dessner is a frequent collaborator with a wide range of musicians, including his brother and bandmateBryce Dessner. In August 2008, Aaron and Bryce performed a collaborative concert with David Cossin, and Luca Tarantino as a part of Soundres, an international residency program for contemporary music and art in Salento, Italy and at the Guitare Au Palais Festival Perpignan France. They also performed at Matthew Ritchie's Ghost Operator opening at the White Cube Gallery in London. Aaron and Bryce have also collaborated with many world-renowned orchestras. Most recently the brothers played with the Copenhagen Philharmonic in a concert billed as \"Sixty Minutes of the Dessners.\" The program included \"St. Carolyn by the Sea,\" \"Lachrimae\" and \"Raphael,\" all of which were composed by Bryce Dessner. Bryce and Aaron have also performed \"St. Carolyn by the Sea\" and \"Raphael\" with the Amsterdam Sinfonietta during theHolland Festival. These performances took place atMuziekgebouw aan 't IJin Amsterdam and Muziekgebouw Frits Philips in Eindhoven. In October 2011, Dessner joined his brother to perform \"St. Carolyn by the Sea\" with theAmerican Composers Orchestraat The World Financial Center in New York City. Marshall Curry's award-winning documentary Racing Dreams includes music contributed by both Dessner and the National. \"Win Win\" directed by Thomas McCarthy closes with \"Think You Can Wait,\" a track written by Dessner and Matt Berninger, recorded by the National with additional vocals from Sharon Van Etten. Dessner also played an important role in the National's contribution to the HBO showGame of Thrones. In March 2012, Dessner, Scott Devendorf and Bryan Devendorf teamed up with Grateful Dead guitarist Bob Weir for a live webcast, which featured two musical sets and a political discussion. The event was produced by Head Count, a non-partisan organization that uses live music events to promote voter registration and awareness. In May 2012, the National's performance of \"Rains of Castamere\" played during the closing credits of season two episode nine. In December 2012, Dessner curated a day of Other Voices, an Irish music festival that aired live on RTÉ Two in Ireland. The performances took place in the Church of St James in Dingle, County Kerry. Curator Eaux Claires Music & Arts Festival Eaux Claires is a music festival founded and curated by Dessner and Justin Vernon. The inaugural festival took place in July 2015 in Vernon's hometown ofEau Claire, Wisconsin. Speaking about the festival, Dessner and Vernon said they were driven by the idea that this festival would \"encourage music-genre-walls to melt away.\" PEOPLE Festival PEOPLE Festival is a not-for-profit gathering of artists in Berlin for a weekend-long festival of music curated and produced by Aaron Dessner along with his brother Bryce Dessner,Bon Iver, Berlin's Michelberger Hotel and others. The first festival took place October 1–2, 2016, under the name \"Michelberger Music\" in the Funkhaus,the historical radio recording studios of the former GDR. Boston Calling Music Festival Boston Calling is a music festival co-curated by Dessner. Debuting in May 2013, Boston Calling previously took place twice a year, May and September, atCity Hall Plaza. Boston Calling moved to theHarvard Athletic ComplexinAllstonin May 2017 and transitioned to one festival per year. Record labels Dessner co-founded the record label 37d03d (read: PEOPLE upside down) withJustin VernonandBryce Dessner. AlongsideAlec Hanley Bemisand Bryce Dessner, Dessner foundedBrassland Records, a label that has released albums from the National,This Is the Kit,Clogs, Doveman andNico Muhly. Musical equipment Dessner often plays a1965 Gibson Firebirdpurchased oneBayand refurbished. During theSleep Well Beastrecording sessions, he used the Firebird as well as a 1972Fender Telecaster. During live shows, Dessner usually plays the Firebird and a 1963Fender Jazzmaster. For theSleep Well Beastsessions, amplifiers used include a 1959Fender Champ, a 1960sFender Princeton, a 1970sMusic Man, anAmpegGemini, and aFender Bassman. Personal life Dessner married Stine Wengler around 2016.They have three children, one of whom is named Robin.Taylor Swift'ssong of the same nameis speculated to be about him.Dessner is a keensoccerfan and an avid supporter ofLiverpool F.C. Awards and nominations Grammy Awards Discography With The National With Project Nim With Equinox With Big Red Machine With Complete Mountain Almanac Film scores Stage musicals Production and songwriting credits for other artists References External links",
"The Tortured Poets Department The Tortured Poets Departmentis the eleventh studio album by the American singer-songwriterTaylor Swift, released on April 19, 2024, throughRepublic Records. It was expanded into adouble albumtwo hours after its release, subtitledThe Anthology, containing a second volume of songs. Swift began writingThe Tortured Poets Departmentshortly after finishing her tenth studio album,Midnights(2022), and continued developing it duringthe Eras Tourin 2023. She conceivedThe Tortured Poets Departmentas a \"lifeline\" songwriting project amidst the heightened fame and media scrutiny ensuing from the tour. The songs introspect on her public and private lives, detailing tumult and sorrow via motifs of self-awareness, mourning, anger, humor, and delusion. Produced withJack AntonoffandAaron Dessner, the album is aminimalistsynth-pop,folk-pop, andchamber popeffort withrockandcountrystylings. The composition is largelymid-tempo, driven by a mix ofsynthesizersanddrum machineswith piano and guitar, whereas the visual aesthetic draws mainly fromdark academia. The album broke various sales and streaming records, regionally and globally. It achieved thehighest single-day and single-week streams for an albumonSpotify, and topped the charts across Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Americas. In the United States,The Tortured Poets Departmentopened with first-week 2.6 millionalbum-equivalent units, including 1.9 million pure sales—Swift's biggest sales week andrecord-extending seventh release to open with over a million units. It topped theBillboard200chart for a career-best 15 weeks, whereas its tracks made Swift the only artist to monopolize the first 14 positions of theBillboardHot 100, with the single \"Fortnight\" leading. Upon the album's release, critical reception was polarized. The majority of reviews were positive, praising Swift's cathartic songwriting for its emotional resonance and wit, but some found the album lengthy and lacking profundity. Subsequent assessments appreciated the album's musical and lyrical nuances that emerged upon further listens, and disputed the credibility of the initial critique for allegedly focusing onSwift's public imagerather than the album'sartistic merit. Swift performed songs from the album in the revamped set list of the Eras Tour, starting in May 2024. Background and conception Swift released her tenth studio album,Midnights, on October 21, 2022, to critical praise and commercial success.In 2023, she released two re-recorded albums,Speak Now (Taylor's Version)and1989 (Taylor's Version), as part of her \"Taylor's Version\" re-recording project after adispute over the ownership of her first six studio albums.Both re-recordings were released amidst Swift's sixth headlining concert tour,the Eras Tour.At the66th Annual Grammy Awardson February 4, 2024, Swift wonBest Pop Vocal AlbumandAlbum of the YearforMidnights. During her acceptance speech for the former category, she announcedThe Tortured Poets Departmentas a new original studio album that she had worked on since 2022.This announcement was met with surprise from her fans, who had anticipated her to announce the re-recording of her 2017 album,Reputation, based on her social media clues. Swift began conceiving the album immediately after submittingMidnightsto her record label,Republic Records, and continued working on it in secret throughout the U.S. leg of the Eras Tour in 2023.While she was creating the album, her dating life continued to be a widely covered topic in the press, who reported on Swift's relationships withJoe Alwyn,Matty Healy, andTravis Kelce.At the Eras Tour concerts inMelbournein February 2024, Swift said thatThe Tortured Poets Departmentwas a \"lifeline\" for her and an album that she \"really needed\" to make,reflecting on how it made her confirm that songwriting was an integral part of her life.In anInstagrampost, Swift described the album as \"an anthology of new works that reflect events, opinions and sentiments from a fleeting and fatalistic moment in time—one that was both sensational and sorrowful in equal measure\". Themes and lyrics The standard edition consists of 16 songs; Swift wrote three of them herself and co-wrote the rest mostly withJack AntonoffandAaron Dessner.Post Malonefeatured on and co-wrote \"Fortnight\", andFlorence and the Machinefeatured on \"Florida!!!\", which was co-written by the band's frontwomanFlorence Welch.Swift produced all tracks with Antonoff and Dessner. The album is rooted in personal songwriting, exploring Swift's introspections on the events in her private and public lives.She was inspired by her tumultuous relationshipsand the public perception of her celebrityto create lyrical narratives that were messy, unbridled, and unguarded,containingmeta-referencesto her personal life through allusions and name-dropping.Heartbreak is the primary topic,expressed via themes such as delusion, anger, mourning, and death.While the lyrics evoke vulnerable and devastating sentiments, they also incorporate humor and hyperbole.Critics found them either self-awareor self-conscious.Swift considered the album a cathartic exerciseand described the content as \"fatalistic\" with overarching themes of \"longing, pining, lost dreams\". Critics characterizedThe Tortured Poets Departmentas a post-breakup album.Ann Powerswrote inNPRthat throughout the record, \"Swift is trying to work out how emotional violence occurs.\"InThe Conversation, the music professor Samuel Murray opined that the album usesmelodramaas anarrative deviceto \"celebrate emotional vulnerability as she shares her innermost thoughts\".Business Insider's Callie Ahlgrim described the album's content as Swift's \"messiest, horniest, and funniest\".InThe Independent, Helen Brown suggested that Swift's songwriting draws on hercountry musicroots to explore detail-heavy narratives. While the album is rooted in autobiographical songwriting with confessional narratives and first-person perspectives, some songs are not strictly self-referential and employ fictional elements.According to the literary criticStephanie Burt, the album title evokes the Europeanpoète maudit(\"cursed poet\") archetype of self-destructive poets who suffered from love, such asArthur Rimbaud,Charles Baudelaire, orDylan Thomas. Burt argued that Swift both embraces and rejects this archetype by acknowledging her most intense emotions from heartbreak but also making fun of them with \"barbed words, sharp hooks, and sarcastic replies\". Production and music Mainly produced by Swift and Antonoff, the album's standard portion is primarilysynth-pop,with amid-tempoproduction incorporating subduedsynthsand sparsedrum machines.Critics found the productionminimalistand compared this synth-based sonic approach to the sound ofMidnights.PopMatters's Igor Bannikov described it as \"simplistic, indie-ish, and almost muted\",The Guardian'sAlexis Petridiswrote that it additionally features \"the glossy 80s-influencedpop-rock\" of Swift's 2014 album1989,andThe Times'Will Hodgkinsondescribed the album as an amalgam of synth-pop and 1980spower ballads.Swift mostly sings in her lowervocal registerto deliverrap-like, conversational verses.As per Murray's analysis, the album uses some of Swift's familiar devices such as one-note melodies andrecitativedelivery with a conversational rhythm.The music is \"downcast\", departing from danceable pop, as perThe Economist. Several tracks feature a more stripped-down instrumentation, driven bypianoor guitar,with stylings of varied genres; \"But Daddy I Love Him\" and \"Guilty as Sin?\" incorporate live drums and influences of country and rock,\"Down Bad\" evokesR&Bin its dynamic shifts andcadences,\"Fresh Out the Slammer\" featuresWestern-rock electric guitars,and \"I Can Fix Him (No Really I Can)\", \"Florida!!!\", and \"Who's Afraid of Little Old Me?\" experiment withSouthern gothic.Tyler Foggart ofThe New YorkerdubbedThe Tortured Poets Departmenta mix ofdream popand Southern gothic infused with some \"country-ish vibes\",while Josh Kurp ofUproxxthought that the album was genre-less. The second part of the double album, subtitledThe Anthology, mostly consists ofchamber popandfolk-poppiano ballads.Swift and Dessner produced the majority of the second volume, which has an acoustic,folk-oriented soundinstrumented by picked acoustic guitar, soft piano, and subtle synths,which critics likened to the sound of Swift's 2020 albumsFolkloreandEvermore.Neil McCormickofThe Daily Telegraphargued that this mellower sound allows for more subtlety in the lyrics, which explore Swift's character studies (\"Cassandra\", \"Peter\", \"Robin\") and self-reflection (\"The Albatross\", \"The Bolter\", \"I Look in People's Windows\", \"I Hate It Here\"). Marketing Aesthetic The lack of an apostrophe in the official title, as inThe Tortured Poets' Department, was the subject of a debate overgrammatical correctness. Scholars stated that Swift employedTortured Poetsas anattributive noun, as in the case with the 1989 drama filmDead Poets Society, and not as apossessivenoun that warrants an apostrophe.The cover artwork, photographed byBeth Garrabrant, is a black-and-whiteglamor photoshot of Swift lying on a bed wearing blacklingerie: a see-through top andhigh waistshorts,fromthe RowandYves Saint Laurent.Both the artwork and title were parodied by numerous brands, organizations, sports teams, and franchises, and inspired numerous memes.Media outlets described the album's visual aesthetic asgothic, especiallydark academia. Promotion and release After the Grammy announcement, Swift revealed the standard track listing via social media on February 6, 2024.Swift announced four physical editions that were each titled after a corresponding bonus track: \"The Manuscript\", \"The Bolter\", \"The Albatross\", and \"The Black Dog\"; she announced the latter three editions during the Australian and Singaporean shows of the Eras Tour.She partnered withTargetfor an exclusive \"Phantom Clear\" collector's vinyl edition. The album was promoted on digital platforms likeApple Music,Spotify,YouTube, Instagram, andThreads, promptingSwiftiesto search forEaster eggs.It included five Swift-curated Apple Music playlists containing her old songs inspired by thefive stages of grief;apop-uplibrary of curated articles atThe Grove, Los Angeles, hosted by Spotify;QR codemurals in various cities worldwide that led to unlistedYouTube shortson Swift's channel;a countdown to the album's release revealed upon refreshing Swift's Instagram profile; and special shimmer effects on Threads posts tagged with hashtags related to Swift and the album.iHeartRadioandSirius XMannounced special programs with exclusive content from Swift to celebrate the album's release; the former temporarily rebranded as \"iHeartTaylor\". The Tortured Poets Departmentwas released on April 19, 2024. Adouble albumedition, subtitledThe Anthologyand containing 15 bonus tracks, wassurprise-releaseddigitally two hours later.Two days earlier, the standard edition of the album wasleaked,which resulted in the phrase \"Taylor Swift leak\" being temporarily banned from searches on the social media platform X (formerlyTwitter).The Tortured Poets Departmentwas available in 19 physical variants—nine CD, six vinyl, and four cassette variants, with deluxe CDs and cassettes being exclusive to Swift's official website.Physical copies of the album included an original poem by the American singer-songwriterStevie Nicks.\"Fortnight\" was released as the lead single in conjunction with the album, accompanied by a music video.Universal Musicreleased \"I Can Do It with a Broken Heart\" to Italian radio on July 2.The Anthologywill be released on vinyl and CD formats beginning on November 29. From May 2024, starting with the Paris shows, Swift revamped the set list of the Eras Tour to include songs fromThe Tortured Poets Departmentin a new act, which she informally described as \"Female Rage the Musical\".She released live versions of certain songs as bonus tracks on the physical album via her website exclusively to US customers.Other limited editions of the physical album included acoustic versions of five tracks.Limited digital variants contained first draft phonedemorecordings of four tracks, and the Eras Tour live recordings of some tracks from the Paris, Stockholm, Lyon and London shows.The release of bonus-track versions was a way for Swift and her fans to maintain the album's number-one position on the charts, a method Swift and other artists have previously utilized to boost album sales and chart positions. Critical reception Reviews Upon release,The Tortured Poets Departmentdivided music critics;secondary sources described the critical consensus as either positiveor mixed.According to the review aggregatorMetacritic,The Tortured Poets Departmentreceived \"generally favorable reviews\" based on aweighted averagescore of 76 out of 100 from 24 critic scores.Its second part,The Anthology,scored 69 from six critic scores on the website. A number of critics regarded the album a landmark in Swift's discography. Reviews fromThe Independent'sHelen Brown,The Arts Desk'sEllie Roberts,The Times'Dan Cairns,PopMatters'sJeffrey Davies,and Will Harris ofQpraised the album as one of Swift's most solid outputs, considering the musical composition, vocal stylings and lyrical tonality as ambitious and tastefully experimental.Others, includingVariety'sChris Willman,thei'sEd Power,andThe Observer'sKitty Empire, called it a quintessential Swift album containing some of the best songs of her career. Swift's songwriting was a source of compliment.The Line of Best Fit'sPaul Bridgewater dubbed it her most cohesive body of work to-date, finding the music sophisticated and the lyricism symbolic.To Ludovic Hunter-Tilney of theFinancial Times,the album is a stylistic evolution for Swift, with writing that marks a \"characteristically appealing turn\" into moodymelodrama.Alexis PetridisofThe Guardianand Alex Hopper ofAmerican Songwriterthought that the album has Swift's wittiest lyrics, featuring nuanced musical choices that show Swift is \"willing to take risks in a risk-averse era for pop\" and \"constantly evolving and pushing her limits\", respectively.In a more measured review, Olivia Horn ofPitchforkfelt the lyrics did not \"distill an overarching emotional truth, tending to smother rather than sting.\"Others, such asThe New York Times'Lindsay Zoladz,Slant Magazine's Jonathan Keefe, andExclaim!'s Alex Hudson, described some lyrics as weak and overwritten; Hudson claimed that many of its tracks \"mistake verbosity for poetry\". The tumultuous mood and unconstrained emotion of the lyrics were also highlighted. Multiple reviews complimented the album's heavy, unfiltered emotion;Clash'sLauren Webb described it as \"a spell-binding, toxic, chaotic illustration\" of deteriorating mental sanity.Powers opined thatThe Tortured Poets Departmentshows Swift's newfound freedom, with a \"lack of concern about whether these songs speak to and for anyone but herself\".In a similar perspective, rave reviews fromRolling Stone'sRob SheffieldandVariety'sChris Willman described the album as Swift's \"gloriously chaotic\" and \"audacious, transfixing\" project, respectively.To Willman, the album combines \"cleverness with catharsis\".Consequence's Mary Siroky, on the other hand, found this style of lyricism jarring and \"outright bizarre\" at times, and felt the album was an attempt atself-parodyrather than a showcase of Swift's songwriting acumen. Many critics, including Zoladz,NME's Laura Molloy,andStereogum's Tom Breihan, argued that Swift and Antonoff's collaboration onThe Tortured Poets Departmentwas uninventive due to a sonic similarity to their past collaborations.The New Yorker'sAmanda Petrusichrather favored Dessner's input to the album as \"gentler, more tender, and more surprising\".Horn and the BBC's Mark Savage felt the melodies were sonically monotonous and \"staid\",but others argued that the minimalistic approach complemented Swift's hyper-personal lyrics;Hopper opined that \"Swift's confidence as an artist is at a peak\" withThe Tortured Poets Department.According to Mary Kate Carr ofThe A.V. Club, the album is \"perfectly good\" but arrived at a time when Swift has \"nothing to prove\" anymore, resulting in a stagnant point in her artistry;this idea was shared by an anonymous, negativePastereview that criticized the album as rushed, hollow, and unrelatable. Post-review commentary Various peer journalists and columnists cross-examined the album's critical reception. Publications consideredThe Tortured Poets Departmenta polarizing album;The Ringer's Nathan Hubbard deemed it Swift's most controversial release sinceReputation(2017).Journalists fromThe New York TimesandVoxattributed this phenomenon to Swift's heightened fame and associated media \"overexposure\" between 2020 and 2024, includingeight album releases, theinfluential Eras Tour, andher relationship with Travis Kelce.Paste'sanonymous review was singled out by other publications as \"scathing\";Sumnima Kandangwa of theSouth China Morning Postopined that they hid their reviewer's identity because Swifties \"can become quite spirited when it comes to protecting their favourite singer\".The album'sPitchforkscore is Swift's lowest from the website.Sputnikmusicpublished reviews with three different ratings in a short period of time, each lower than the one before; Minh Anh ofL'Officielfound this to be a confusing way to rate music.Swift shared the album's positive reviews on her social media, tagging the respective authors, which some considered as a response toPasteand other unfavorable reviews. A number of commentators opined that the initial reviews demonstrated a flawed approach of mainstream music criticism.Bloomberg News' Jessica Karl wrote that the \"lengthy\" duration of the album made the reviewers \" up until dawn to finish listening to an album\" to publish, contributing to some reviews that were hasty, criticizing both the \"exclamation-pointed digs\" at Swift inPasteand the \"instant classic\" review byRolling Stone.InThe Ringer, Nora Princiotti attributed the polarized reviews to the unexpected double album release, and Nathan Hubbard argued that some \"cooler-than-thou\" critics from sites likeThe New Yorker,The New York Times, andPasteused Swift's billionaire status to downplay the personal issues she detailed in the album.Karl opined that some \"reputable publications\" catered gossip instead of a serious artistic analysis,while Anh highlighted that reviews mentioned aspects of Swift's public image instead of focusing on the music.The New Yorker'sSinéad O'Sullivan asserted that Swift's albums contain multiple layers of self-referential \"lore\", writing that the unfavorable reviews were due to critics not taking that into account or not allotting enough listening time. Some early critics of the album recanted and declared they were \"hasty\" in reviewing it, as perSlate'sChris Molanphy, who opined it has become a \"widely agreed point\" in later critical commentary thatThe Tortured Poets Department\"grows on you\" after more listens; Molanphy stated he liked the album better than he did a week before.CNN's Oliver Darcy said he had judgedThe Tortured Poets Departmentquickly, stating that he reviewed it keeping in the mind its mixed critical reception, and found the album overlong and unimpressive in agreement with other critics, but a week later, \"after spending more time with the two-hour sonic feast, more methodically touring through its subtleties and nuances, I am ready to declare that it is one of Swift's best works yet.\" Darcy opined that the album cannot be fully digested at \"the speed ofTikTok\", and criticized reviewers who do not let music albums \"marinate\" and instead expect \"instant satisfaction\". Commercial performance The Tortured Poets Departmentbroke numerous consumption records, leadingThe Guardianto comment that it \"cemented Swift as the biggest pop star this century by many metrics\".On Spotify, it became the most pre-saved album of all time; themost streamed album in a single day, surpassing 200 million and then 300 million streams and breaking the all-time record previously held by Swift'sMidnights; and the first album to accumulate one billion streams in a single week, doing so in five days.The album also became the most streamed album in a single day onAmazon Musicand the most streamed pop album in a single day onApple Music.It amassed 1.76 billion streams globally within its first week of availability, an all-time record.Republic Records reported global first-week consumption of four million units. In the United States, the album accumulated 1.6 millionalbum-equivalent unitsin four days,selling 700,000 vinyl LPs to break the record for the highest single-week vinyl sales previously held by Swift's1989 (Taylor's Version)(2023).It broke the single-week streaming record previously held byDrake'sScorpion(2018), amassing 799million on-demand streams in six days.After a full week of availability,The Tortured Poets Departmentdebuted atop theBillboard200with 2.61 million units, including 1.914 million pure copies and 891.34 million on-demand streams. It became Swift's 14th number-one album, tying her withJay-Zfor the most chart toppers among soloists. The album also registered the second-largest week by overall units and thethird-largest week by pure salesinBillboardhistory.The album continued to chart at number one on theBillboard200 for 15 total non-consecutive weeks, becoming the longest-leading chart topper in Swift's career,and contributed to the number-two peaks of albums such asBillie Eilish'sHit Me Hard and Soft,¥$'sVultures 2,andChappell Roan'sThe Rise and Fall of a Midwest Princess.It is also the third album in history and first by a female artist to spend its first 12 weeks atop the chart. All 31 songs fromThe Anthologydebuted on theBillboardHot 100, occupying the entire top 14 simultaneously for the first time in chart history. Swift set the record for most simultaneous entries by a female artist (32) and became the first woman to surpass 50 career top-10 songs.By July 2024,The Tortured Poets Departmenthas sold 2.47 million pure sales and accumulated 5.30 million units in the United States.Sales were boosted by multiple variants of the album, with double-digit variants in digital and CD mediums. The Tortured Poets Departmentbroke chart records in other countries. In Germany, it recorded the largest streaming day for an album and debuted atop the chart with the highest sales week for an international solo artist in seven years.In the United Kingdom, it became the fastest-selling album by any artist in seven years and by a non-British artist in 18 years, and it tied Swift withMadonnafor the most female number-one albums on theUK Albums Chart(12).It became the fastest-selling vinyl album since 1994 and Swift's album with the most weeks at number one (8).On the AustralianARIA Charts,The Tortured Poets Departmentbecame Swift's 13th number-one album, a record among female artists; its songs set records for the most simultaneous entries by a single artist in the top 10 (10), top 50 (29), and top 100 (31) of the singles chart.Debuting atop theCanadian Albums Chartas Swift's 14th consecutive chart topper, the album registered the highest single-week vinyl sales and streaming figures in chart history.Ten tracks from the album debuted on theBillboardBrasil Hot 100. Accolades Track listing Notes Personnel Musicians Technical Charts Weekly charts Monthly charts Certifications ‡Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Notes References Source"
] | [
"Procellariiformes †DiomedeoididaeProcellariidaeDiomedeidaeHydrobatidaeOceanitidae Procellariiformes/prɒsɛˈlɛəri.ɪfɔːrmiːz/is anorderofseabirdsthat comprises fourfamilies: thealbatrosses, thepetrels and shearwaters, and two families ofstorm petrels. Formerly calledTubinaresand still calledtubenosesin English, procellariiforms are often referred to collectively as thepetrels, a term that has been applied to all members of the order,or more commonly all the families except the albatrosses.They are almost exclusivelypelagic(feeding in the open ocean), and have acosmopolitan distributionacross the world's oceans, with the highestdiversitybeing aroundNew Zealand. Procellariiforms arecolonial, mostly nesting on remote, predator-free islands. The larger species nest on the surface, while most smaller species nest in natural cavities andburrows. They exhibit strongphilopatry, returning to their natal colony to breed and returning to the same nesting site over many years. Procellariiforms aremonogamousand form",
"form long-termpair bondsthat are formed over several years and may last for the life of the pair. A singleeggis laid per nesting attempt, and usually a single nesting attempt is made per year, although the larger albatrosses may only nest once every two years. Both parents participate inincubationand chick rearing. Incubation times are long compared to other birds, as arefledgingperiods. Once a chick has fledged there is no further parental care. Procellariiforms have had a long relationship with humans. They have been important food sources for many people, and continue to be hunted as such in some parts of the world. The albatrosses in particular have been the subject of numerous cultural depictions. Procellariiforms include some of the mostendangeredbirdtaxa, with many species threatened withextinctiondue tointroduced predatorsin their breeding colonies, marinepollutionand the danger of fisheriesby-catch. Scientists, conservationists, fishermen, and governments around the world are working to reduce the",
"to reduce the threats posed to them, and these efforts have led to the signing of theAgreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, a legally binding international treaty signed in 2001. Taxonomy Diomedeidae– albatrosses (21 species) Oceanitidae– austral storm petrels (10 species) Hydrobatidae– northern storm petrels (18 species) Procellariidae– petrels and shearwaters (100 species) The order was named Procellariiformes by German anatomistMax Fürbringerin 1888.The word comes from theLatinwordprocella, which meansa violent windora storm, and-iformesfororder.Until the beginning of the 20th century, the family Hydrobatidae was named Procellariidae, and the family now called Procellariidae was rendered \"Puffinidae.\"The order itself was called Tubinares.A major early work on this group isFrederick DuCane Godman'sMonograph of the Petrels, five fascicles, 1907–1910, with figures byJohn Gerrard Keulemans. In theSibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, the tubenoses were included in a greatly enlarged order",
"enlarged order \"Ciconiiformes\". Thistaxonomictreatment was almost certainly erroneous, but its assumption of a close evolutionary relationship with other \"higher waterbirds\" – such asloons(Gaviiformes) andpenguins(Sphenisciformes) – appears to be correct.The procellariiforms are most closely related to penguins,having diverged from them about 60 million years ago. The diving petrels in the genusPelecanoideswere formerly placed in their own family Pelecanoididae.When genetic studies found that they were embedded within the family Procellariidae, the two families were merged. All the storm petrels were once placed in the family Hydrobatidae but genetic data indicated that Hydrobatidae consisted of two deeply divergent clades that were not sister taxa.In 2018 the austral storm petrels were moved to the new family Oceanitidae.The northern storm petrels in the family Hydrobatidae are more closely related to the family Procellariidae than they are to the austral storm petrels in the family Oceanitidae.",
"family Oceanitidae. Earliermolecular phylogeneticstudies found the family Oceantidae containing the austral storm petrels as the mostbasalwith differing branching topologies for other three families.More recent large-scale studies have found a consistent pattern with the albatross family Diomedeidae as the most basal and Hydrobatidaesisterto Procellariidae. There are 147 living species of procellariiform worldwide,and the order is divided into four extant families, with a fifthprehistoricallyextinct: Fossils of a bird similar to a petrel from theEocenehave been found in theLondon Clayand inLouisiana.Diving petrels occurred in the Miocene, with a species from that family (Pelecanoides miokuaka) being described in 2007.The most numerous fossils from thePaleogeneare those from the extinct family Diomedeoididae, fossils of which have been found in Central Europe and Iran. Biology Distribution and movements The procellariiforms have acosmopolitan distributionacross the world's oceans and seas, although at the",
"although at the levels of family and genus there are some clear patterns.Antarctic petrels,Thalassoica antarctica, have to fly over 100 mi (160 km) to get to the ocean from their breeding colonies inAntarctica, andnorthern fulmarsbreed on the northeastern tip ofGreenland, the northernmost piece ofland.The most cosmopolitan family is theProcellariidae, which are found in tropical, temperate and polar zones of both the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres, though the majority do not breed in the tropics, and half the species are restricted to southern temperate and polar regions.The gadfly petrels,Pterodroma, have a generallytropicalandtemperatedistribution, whereas thefulmarine petrelsare mostlypolarwith some temperate species. The majority of the fulmarine petrels, along with theprions, are confined to the Southern Hemisphere. Thestorm petrelsare almost as widespread as the procellariids, and fall into two distinct families; theOceanitidaehave a mostly Southern Hemisphere distribution and theHydrobatidaeare",
"theHydrobatidaeare found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Amongst thealbatrossesthe majority of the family is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, feeding and nesting in cool temperate areas, although one genus,Phoebastria, ranges across the north Pacific. The family is absent from the north Atlantic, although fossil records indicate they bred there once.Finally thediving petrelsare restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. Migration The various species within the order have a variety ofmigrationstrategies. Some species undertake regular trans-equatorial migrations, such as thesooty shearwaterwhich annually migrates from its breeding grounds in New Zealand and Chile to the North Pacific offJapan,Alaskaand California, an annual round trip of 64,000 km (40,000 mi), the second longest measured annual migration of any bird.A number of other petrel species undertake trans-equatorial migrations, including theWilson's storm petreland theProvidence petrel, but no albatrosses cross the equator, as they rely on wind",
"they rely on wind assisted flight. There are other long-distance migrants within the order;Swinhoe's storm petrelsbreed in the western Pacific and migrate to the western Indian Ocean,andBonin petrelsnesting inHawaiimigrate to the coast of Japan during the non-breeding season. Navigation Many species in the order travel long distances over open water but return to the same nest site each year, raising the question of how they navigate so accurately.The Welsh naturalistRonald Lockleycarried out early research intoanimal navigationwith theManx shearwatersthat nested on the island ofSkokholm. In release experiments, a Manx shearwater flew fromBostonto Skokholm, a distance of 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometres) in 121⁄2days.Lockley showed that when released \"under a clear sky\" with sun or stars visible, the shearwaters oriented themselves and then \"flew off in a direct line for Skokholm\", making the journey so rapidly that they must have flown almost in a straight line. But if the sky was overcast at the time of",
"at the time of release, the shearwaters flew around in circles \"as if lost\" and returned slowly or not at all, implying that they navigated using astronomical cues. Researchers have also begun investigating olfaction's role in procellariiform navigation. In a study where Cory's shearwaters were rendered anosmic with zinc sulphate, a compound which kills the surface layer of the olfactory epithelium, and released hundreds of kilometers away from their home colony at night, control birds found their way to their home nests before night was over, whereas anosmic birds did not home until the next day.A similar study that released Cory's shearwaters 800 km from their home nests, testing both magnetic and olfactory disturbances’ effects on navigation, found that anosmic birds took longer to home than magnetically disturbed or control birds. Morphology and flight Procellariiforms range in size from the very largewandering albatross, at 11 kg (24 lb) and a 3.6-metre (12-foot) wingspan, to tiny birds like theleast",
"birds like theleast storm petrel, at 20 g (0.71 oz) with a 32-centimetre (13-inch) wingspan,and the smallest of the prions, thefairy prion, with a wingspan of 23 to 28 cm (9.1 to 11.0 in).Their nostrils are enclosed in one or two tubes on their straight deeply-grooved bills with hooked tips. The beaks are made up of several plates. Their wings are long and narrow; the feet are webbed, and the hind toe is undeveloped or non-existent; their adultplumageis predominantly black, white, and grey. The order has a few unifying characteristics, starting with their tubular nasal passage which is used forolfaction.Procellariiformes that nest in burrows have a strong sense of smell, being able to detectdimethyl sulfidereleased fromplanktonin the ocean.This ability to smell helps to locate patchily distributed prey at sea and may also help locate their nests withinnesting colonies.In contrast, surface nesting Procellariiformes have increased vision, having six times betterspatial resolutionthan those that nest in",
"those that nest in burrows.The structure of thebill, which contains seven to nine distinct horny plates, is another unifying feature, although there are differences within the order. Petrels have a plate called the maxillary unguis that forms a hook on the maxilla. The smaller members of the order have a comb-like mandible, made by thetomialplate, forplanktonfeeding. Most members of the order are unable to walk well on land, and many species visit their remote breeding islands only at night. The exceptions are the huge albatrosses, several of the gadfly petrels and shearwaters and the fulmar-petrels. The latter can disable even large predatory birds with their obnoxiousstomach oil, which they can project some distance. This stomach oil, stored in theproventriculus, is a digestive residue created in theforegutof all tubenoses except the diving petrels, and is used mainly for storage of energy-rich food during their long flights.The oil is also fed to their young, as well as being used for defense.",
"used for defense. Procellariiforms drink seawater, so they have to excrete excess salt. All birds have an enlarged nasal gland at the base of the bill, above the eyes, and in the Procellariiformes the gland is active. In general terms, the salt gland removes salt from the system and forms a 5 percent saline solution that drips out of the nostrils, or is forcibly ejected in some petrels.The processes behind this involve high levels ofsodiumion reabsorption into theblood plasmawithin the kidneys, and secretion ofsodium chloridevia thesalt glandsusing less water than was absorbed, which essentially generates salt-free water for other physiological uses. This high efficiency of sodium ion absorption is attributed to mammalian-typenephrons. Most albatrosses and procellariids use two techniques to minimise exertion while flying, namely,dynamic soaringandslope soaring. The albatrosses andgiant petrelsshare a morphological adaptation to aid in flight, a sheet oftendonwhich locks the wing when fully extended,",
"fully extended, allowing the wing to be kept up and out without any muscle effort.Amongst the Oceanitinae storm-petrels there are two unique flight patterns, one being surface pattering. In this they move across the water surface holding and moving their feet on the water's surface while holding steady above the water, and remaining stationary by hovering with rapid fluttering or by using the wind to anchor themselves in place.A similar flight method is thought to have been used by the extinct petrel familyDiomedeoididae.Thewhite-faced storm petrelpossesses a unique variation on pattering: holding its wings motionless and at an angle into the wind, it pushes itself off the water's surface in a succession of bounding jumps. Diet and feeding The procellariiforms are for the most part exclusively marineforagers; the only exception to this rule are the two species of giant petrel, which regularly feed oncarrionor other seabirds while on land. While some other species of fulmarine andProcellariapetrels also take",
"also take carrion, the diet of most species of albatrosses and petrels is dominated by fish, squid, krill and other marine zooplankton. The importance of these food sources varies from species to species and family to family. For example, of the two albatross species found in Hawaii, theblack-footed albatrosstakes mostly fish, while theLaysanfeeds mainly on squid.The albatrosses in general feed on fish, squid and krill. Among the procellariids, the prions concentrate on small crustacea, the fulmarine petrels take fish and krill but little squid, while theProcellariapetrels consume mainly squid. The storm petrels take small droplets of oil from the surface of the water,as well as small crustaceans and fish. Petrels obtain food by snatching prey while swimming on the surface, snatching prey from the wing or diving down under the water to pursue prey. Dipping down from flight is most commonly used by thegadfly petrelsand thestorm petrels. There have been records ofwedge-tailed shearwaterssnatchingflying",
"fishfrom the air, but as a rule this technique is rare. Some diving birds may aid diving by beginning with a plunge from the air, but for the most part petrels are active divers and use their wings to move around under the water. The depths achieved by various species were determined in the 1990s and came as a surprise to scientists;short-tailed shearwatershave been recorded diving to 70 m (230 ft) and theLight-mantled sooty albatrossto 12 m (39 ft). Breeding behaviour Breeding colonies All procellariiforms are colonial, predominantly breeding on offshore or oceanic islands. The few species that nest on continents do so in inhospitable environments such as dry deserts or on Antarctica. These colonies can vary from the widely spaced colonies of the giant petrels to the dense 3.6 million-strong colonies ofLeach's storm petrels.For almost all species the need to breed is the only reason that procellariiforms return to land at all. Some of the larger petrels have to nest on windswept locations as they require",
"as they require wind to take off and forage for food.Within the colonies, pairs defend usually smallterritories(the giant petrels and some albatrosses can have very large territories) which is the small area around either the nest or a burrow. Competition between pairs can be intense, as is competition between species, particularly for burrows. Larger species of petrels will even kill the chicks and even adults of smaller species in disputes over burrows.Burrows and natural crevices are most commonly used by the smaller species; all the storm petrels anddiving petrelsare cavity nesters, as are many of theprocellariids. The fulmarine petrels and some tropicalgadfly petrelsandshearwatersare surface nesters, as are all the albatrosses. Procellariiforms show high levels ofphilopatry, both site fidelity and natal philopatry. Natal philopatry is the tendency of an individual bird to return to its natal colony to breed, often many years after leaving the colony as a chick. This tendency has been shown",
"has been shown throughringing studiesandmitochondrial DNAstudies. Birds ringed as chicks have been recaptured close to their original nests, sometimes extremely close; in the Laysan albatross the average distance between hatching site and the site where a bird established its own territory was 22 m (72 ft),and a study ofCory's shearwatersnesting nearCorsicafound that nine out of 61 male chicks that returned to breed at their natal colony actually bred in the burrow they were raised in.Mitochondrial DNA provides evidence of restrictedgene flowbetween different colonies, strongly suggesting philopatry. The other type of philopatry exhibited is site fidelity, where pairs of birds return to the same nesting site for a number of years. Among the most extreme examples known of this tendency was the fidelity of a ringed northern fulmar that returned to the same nest site for 25 years. The average number of birds returning to the same nest sites is high in all species studied, with around 91 percent forBulwer's",
"percent forBulwer's petrels,and 85 percent of males and 76 percent of females for Cory's shearwaters (after a successful breeding attempt). Pair bonds and life history Procellariiforms aremonogamousbreeders and form long-term pair bonds. These pair bonds take several years to develop in some species, particularly with the albatrosses. Once formed, they last for many breeding seasons, in some cases for the life of the pair. Petrel courtship can be elaborate. It reaches its extreme with the albatrosses, where pairs spend many years perfecting and elaborating mating dances.These dances are composed of synchronised performances of various actions such aspreening, pointing, calling, bill clacking, staring, and combinations of such behaviours (like the sky-call).Each particular pair will develop their own individual version of the dance. The breeding behaviour of other procellariiforms is less elaborate, although similar bonding behaviours are involved, particularly for surface-nesting species. These can involve",
"These can involve synchronised flights, mutual preening andcalling. Calls are important for helping birds locate potential mates and distinguishing between species, and may also help individuals assess the quality of potential mates.After pairs have been formed, calls serve to help them reunite; the ability of individuals to recognise their own mate has been demonstrated in several species. Procellariiforms areK-selected, being long-lived and caring extensively for their few offspring. Breeding is delayed for several years afterfledging, sometimes for as long as ten years in the largest species. Once they begin breeding, they make only a single breeding attempt per nesting season; even if the egg is lost early in the season, they seldom re-lay. Much effort is placed into laying a single (proportionally) largeeggand raising a single chick. Procellariiforms are long-lived: the longest living albatross known survived for 51 years, but was probably older,and even the tiny storm-petrels are known to have survived",
"to have survived for 30 years.Additionally, the oldest living bird isWisdom, a female Laysan albatross. Nesting and chick rearing The majority of procellariiforms nest once a year and do so seasonally.Some tropical shearwaters, like theChristmas shearwater, are able to nest on cycles slightly shorter than a year, and the largegreat albatrosses(genusDiomedea) nest in alternate years (if successful). Most temperate and polar species nest over the spring-summer, although some albatrosses and procellariids nest over the winter. In the tropics, some species can be found breeding throughout the year, but most nest in discreet periods. Procellariiforms return to nesting colonies as much as several months before laying, and attend their nest sites regularly before copulation. Prior to laying, females embark on a lengthy pre-laying exodus to build up energy reserves in order to lay the exceptionally large egg. In the stormy petrel, a very small procellariiform, the egg can be 29 percent of the body weight of the",
"body weight of the female, while in the grey-faced petrel, the female may spend as much as 80 days feeding out at sea after courtship before laying the egg. When the female returns and lays, incubation is shared between the sexes, with the male taking the firstincubationstint and the female returning to sea. The duration of individual stints varies from just a few days to as much as several weeks, during which the incubating bird can lose a considerable amount of weight.The incubation period varies from species to species, around 40 days for the smallest storm-petrels but longer for the largest species; for albatrosses it can span 70 to 80 days, which is the longest incubation period of any bird. Upon hatching, the chicks are semi-precocial, having open eyes, a dense covering of white or greydown feathers, and the ability to move around the nesting site. After hatching, the incubating adult remains with the chick for a number of days, a period known as the guard phase. In the case of most burrow-nesting",
"most burrow-nesting species, this is only until the chick is able tothermoregulate, usually two or three days. Diving-petrel chicks take longer to thermoregulate and have a longer guard phase than other burrow nesters. However, surface-nesting species, which have to deal with a greater range of weather and to contend with predators likeskuasandfrigatebirds, consequently have a longer guard phase (as long as two weeks in procellariids and three weeks in albatrosses). The chick is fed by both parents. Chicks are fed on fish, squid, krill, andstomach oil. Stomach oil isoilcomposed of neutral dietarylipidsthat are the residue created bydigestionof the prey items. As an energy source for chicks it has several advantages over undigested prey, itscalorificvalue is around 9.6 kcal per gram, which is only slightly lower than the value fordieseloil.This can be a real advantage for species that range over huge distances to provide food for hungry chicks.The oil is also used in defence. All procellariiforms create",
"create stomach oil except the diving-petrels. The chick fledges between two and nine months after hatching, almost twice as long as a gull of the same body mass. The reasons behind the length of time are associated with the distance from the breeding site to food. First, there are few predators at the nesting colonies, therefore there is no pressure to fledge quickly. Second, the time between feedings is long due to the distance from the nest site that adults forage, thus a chick that had a higher growth rate would stand a better chance of starving to death.The duration between feedings vary among species and during the stages of development. Small feeds are frequent during the guard phase, but afterward become less frequent. However, each feed can deliver a large amount of energy; both sooty shearwater and mottled petrel chicks have been recorded to double their weight in a single night, probably when fed by both parents. Relationship with humans Role in culture The most important family culturally is the",
"culturally is the albatrosses, which have been described by one author as \"the most legendary of birds\".Albatrosses have featured in poetry in the form ofSamuel Taylor Coleridge's famous 1798 poemThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which in turn gave rise to the usage of albatross asmetaphor for a burden.More generally, albatrosses were believed to be good omens, and to kill one would bring bad luck.There are few instances ofpetrelsin culture, although there are sailors' legends regarding the storm petrels, which are considered to warn of oncoming storms. In general, petrels were considered to be \"soul birds\", representing the souls of drowned sailors, and it was considered unlucky to touch them. In the Russian language, many petrel species from theHydrobatidaeandProcellariidaefamilies of the order Procellariiformes are known asburevestnik, which literally means 'the announcer of the storm'. When in 1901, the Russian writerMaxim Gorkyturned to the imagery of subantarctic avifauna to describe Russian society's",
"Russian society's attitudes to thecoming revolution, he used astorm-announcingpetrel as the lead character of a poem that soon became popular in the revolutionary circles as \"the battle anthem of the revolution\".Although the species called \"stormy petrel\" in English is not one of those to which theburevestnikname is applied in Russian (it, in fact, is known in Russian as an entirely un-romantickachurka), the English translators uniformly used the \"stormy petrel\" image in their translations of the poem, usually known in English asThe Song of the Stormy Petrel. Various tubenose birds are relevant to the mythologies and oral traditions ofPolynesia. TheMāoriused the wing bones of the albatross to carveflutes.InHawaiian mythology, Laysan albatrosses are consideredaumakua, being a sacred manifestation of the ancestors, and quite possibly also the sacred bird ofKāne.The storm petrel features prominently in the \"Origin of Birds\" myth. Exploitation Albatrosses and petrels have been important food sources for humans",
"sources for humans for as long as people have been able to reach their remote breeding colonies. Amongst the earliest-known examples of this is the remains of shearwaters and albatrosses along with those of other seabirds in 5,000-year-oldmiddensinChile,although it is likely that they were exploited prior to this. Since then, many other marine cultures, both subsistence and industrial, have exploited procellariiforms, in some cases almost toextinction. Some cultures continue to harvest shearwaters (a practice known asmuttonbirding); for example, theMāoriofNew Zealanduse a sustainable traditional method known askaitiakitanga. In Alaska, residents ofKodiak Islandharpoonshort-tailed albatrosses,Diomedea albatrus, and until the late 1980s residents ofTristan Islandin theIndian Oceanharvested the eggs of theYellow-nosed Mollymawks,Diomedea chlororhynchos, andsooty albatrosses,Phoebetria fusca.Albatrosses and petrels are also now tourist draws in some locations, such asTaiaroa Head. While such exploitation is",
"exploitation is non-consumptive, it can have deleterious effects that need careful management to protect both the birds and the tourism. The English naturalistWilliam Yarrellwrote in 1843 that \"ten or twelve years ago,Mr. Gouldexhibited twenty-four , in a large dish, at one of the evening meetings of theZoological Society\". The engraverThomas Bewickwrote in 1804 that \"Pennant, speaking of those which breed on, or inhabit, theIsle of St Kilda, says—'No bird is of so much use to the islanders as this: theFulmarsupplies them with oil for their lamps, down for their beds, a delicacy for their tables, a balm for their wounds, and a medicine for their distempers.'\"A photograph byGeorge Washington Wilsontaken about 1886 shows a \"view of the men and women of St Kilda on the beach dividing up the catch of Fulmar\".James Fisher, author ofThe Fulmar(1952)calculated that every person on St Kilda consumed over 100 fulmars each year; the meat was their staple food, and they caught around 12,000 birds annually. However,",
"annually. However, when the human population left St Kilda in 1930, the population did not suddenly grow. Threats and conservation The albatrosses and petrels are \"amongst the most severely threatened taxa worldwide\".They face a variety of threats, the severity of which varies greatly from species to species. Several species are among the most common of seabirds, including Wilson's storm petrel (an estimated 12 to 30 million individuals)and theshort-tailed shearwater(23 million individuals);while the total population of some other species is a few hundred. There are less than 200Magenta petrelsbreeding on theChatham Islands,only 130 to 160Zino's petrelsand only 170Amsterdam albatrosses.Only one species is thought to have become extinct since 1600, theGuadalupe storm petrelofMexico,although a number of species had died out before this. Numerous species are very poorly known; for example, theFiji petrelhas rarely been seen since its discovery.The breeding colony of theNew Zealand storm petrelwas not located",
"not located until February 2013;it had been thought extinct for 150 years until its rediscovery in 2003,while theBermuda petrelhad been considered extinct for nearly 300 years. The principal threat to the albatrosses and larger species of procellariids islong-line fishing. Bait set on hooks is attractive to foraging birds and many are hooked by the lines as they are set. As many as 100,000 albatrosses are hooked and drown each year ontunalines set out by long-line fisheries.Before 1991 and the ban ondrift-net fisheries, it was estimated that 500,000 seabirds a year died as a result.This has caused steep declines in some species, as procellariiforms are extremely slow breedersand cannot replace their numbers fast enough. Losses of albatrosses and petrels in the Southern Ocean were estimated at between 1 percent and 16 percent per year, which these species cannot sustain for long. Exotic species introducedto the remote breeding colonies threaten all types of procellariiform. These principally take the form",
"take the form ofpredators; most albatross and petrel species are clumsy on land and unable to defend themselves frommammalssuch asrats,feral catsandpigs. This phenomenon,ecological naivete, has resulted in declines in many species and was implicated in the extinction of the Guadalupe storm petrel.Already in 1910 Godman wrote: Owing to the introduction of themongooseand other smallcarnivorousmammals into their breeding haunts, some species, such asOestrelata jamaicensisandnewelli, have already been completely exterminated, and others appear to be in danger of extinction. Introduced herbivores may unbalance theecologyof islands; introduced rabbits destroyed the forestunderstoryonCabbage Tree IslandoffNew South Wales, which increased the vulnerability of theGould's petrelsnesting on the island to natural predators, and left them vulnerable to the sticky fruits of the native birdlime tree (Pisonia umbellifera). In the natural state these fruits lodge in the understory of the forest, but with the understory",
"with the understory removed the fruits fall to the ground where the petrels move about, sticking to their feathers and making flight impossible. Exploitation has decreased in importance as a threat. Other threats include the ingestion of plasticflotsam. Once swallowed, plastic can cause a general decline in the fitness of the bird, or in some cases lodge in the gut and cause a blockage, leading to death by starvation.It can also be picked up by foraging adults and fed to chicks, stunting their development and reducing the chances of successfully fledging.Procellariids are also vulnerable tomarine pollution, as well asoil spills. Some species, such asBarau's petrel,Newell's shearwaterand Cory's shearwater, which nest high up on large developed islands, are victims of light pollution.Fledging chicks are attracted to streetlights and may then be unable to reach the sea. An estimated 20 to 40 percent of fledging Barau's petrels and 45 to 60 percent of fledging Cory's shearwater are attracted to the streetlights",
"to the streetlights onRéunionandTenerife, respectively. References Bibliography External links",
"Aaron Dessner Aaron Brooking Dessner(born April 23, 1976) is an American musician. He is best known as a founding member of the rock bandThe National, with whom he has recorded nine studio albums; a co-founder of theindie rockduoBig Red Machine, teaming withBon Iver'sJustin Vernon; and a collaborator onTaylor Swift's critically acclaimed studio albumsFolkloreandEvermore, both of which contended for theGrammy Award for Album of the Yearin2021and2022, respectively, with the former winning the accolade; as well asThe Tortured Poets Department(2024). Dessner has co-written, produced or co-produced songs byTaylor Swift,Ed Sheeran,Michael Stipe,Gracie Abrams,Frightened Rabbit,Ben Howard,Sharon Van Etten,Local Natives,This Is the Kit,Adia Victoria,Lisa Hannigan,Fred Again,Girl in Red,Mustafa the Poet,Brian EnoandLone Bellow, among others. Dessner co-founded and curates three music festivals:Eaux ClairesinEau Claire, Wisconsin, alongside his Big Red Machine partner Vernon; HAVEN inCopenhagenwith his brother Bryce,",
"his brother Bryce, andBoston Calling Music Festival. On May 19, 2022, alongsideQuestlove, Dessner was awarded aDoctor of Fine Arts honoris causafromThe University of the Arts, for \"his eagerness to seek out opportunities, to really be a thoughtful collaborator, and someone who would encourage every single student at UArts to explore with their peers across disciplines, new opportunities, and new ideas.\" Dessner, along with his twin brotherBryce, was named the 243rd greatest guitarist of all time byRolling Stonein 2023. Early life Dessner grew up inCincinnati, Ohiowith his twin brother,Bryce Dessner.Dessner was raised asJewishand hasPolish JewishandRussian Jewishancestry. Dessner has said that his Jewish background influences his music: \"My brother and I have always been fascinated by liturgical religious melodies in Judaism ... I don't like major chords. I like the meditative patterns in certain prayers, and I like music that repeats itself.\" Dessner attended high school atCincinnati Country Day Schooland",
"Day Schooland graduated in 1994. Dessner went on to study Modern European History atColumbia University. Career The National Aaron Dessner and his twin brotherBrycewere childhood friends withBryan Devendorf. In 1998, after Dessner's earlier band, Project Nim, broke up, Devendorf invited the brothers to join his bandthe National. With Devendorf and the Dessner brothers wereScott Devendorf, Bryan's older brother, andMatt Berninger. The band's self-titled first album was released in 2001 on Brassland Records, a label Dessner co-founded along with his brother Bryce andAlec Hanley Bemis.The band's second album,Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers, was released in 2003, also on Brassland. After some critical success withSad Songs,the band signed withBeggars Banquet Records. With the new label, they released their third studio album,Alligator, in 2005. The album received a positive response from critics,which exposed the band to a larger audience. In 2007, the band released their fourth album,Boxer, also through Beggars",
"through Beggars Banquet. Upon release, the album received widespread critical acclaim,and was named to \"album of the year\" lists.Several songs from the album appeared in TV shows and movies. In 2008, then-Senator Barack Obama used an instrumental versionof the song \"Fake Empire\" in a presidential campaign video. Following the success ofBoxer, the band began collaborating with other artists on various songs and compilation albums. In 2009, the band participated inDark Was the Night, a charity album to benefit theRed Hot Organization. That same year, they recorded a song for the albumCiao My Shining Star: The Songs of Mark Mulcahy,to help supportPolarisfrontmanMark Mulcahywho had recently lost his wife. In 2010, the band releasedHigh Violet, their fifth full-length album. The album saw both critical and commercial success, debuting at No. 3 on US charts, and going on to sell over 850,000 copies worldwide.The band followed upHigh Violetby releasing their sixth album,Trouble Will Find Me, on May 21, 2013, via",
"May 21, 2013, via 4AD. Like their previous two efforts,Troublewas named to several year-end best-of lists. The album was nominated forBest Alternative Albumat the56th Grammy Awards. Later that year, Dessner and the rest of the band were featured in the documentaryMistaken for Strangers, which followed the band's tour forHigh Violetand early recording ofTrouble. In 2017, the band releasedSleep Well Beast, their seventh full-length album.The lead single from the album, \"The System Only Dreams in Total Darkness\", became the band's first song to reach No. 1 on aBillboardschart after topping theAdult Alternative Songslist in August that same year.The band released their eighth studio albumI Am Easy to Findin 2019 alongside ashort filmbyMike Mills.In 2023, the band released two studio albums,First Two Pages of FrankensteinandLaugh Track, with the latter being asurprise album. Dessner has production credits on all of the band's albums sinceAlligator. The majority of bothHigh VioletandTrouble Will Find Mewere",
"Will Find Mewere recorded in his garage studio behind his house in Brooklyn, andAlligatorandBoxerwere partially recorded in his attic and in his sister's attic, which is on the same street in Brooklyn. Big Red Machine In 2008, Dessner sentJustin Vernonan instrumental sketch of a song called \"Big Red Machine\" for the compilation albumDark Was the Night. Vernon wrote a song to it, interpreting the Big Red Machine title as a heart. After 10 years, the pair formed a band calledBig Red Machine, and on August 31, 2018, released aself-titled album. The record was produced by Vernon and Dessner with longtime collaborator Brad Cook and engineered by Jonathan Low primarily at Dessner's studio Long Pond in Upper Hudson Valley, New York. The duo released a second studio albumHow Long Do You Think It's Gonna Last?on August 27, 2021. The album was produced by Dessner and featured many guests and many of his previous collaborators, includingBen Howard,Sharon Van Etten, andTaylor Swift. Other production work Dessner worked",
"work Dessner worked with singerSharon Van Ettenon her album,Tramp(2012). Van Etten and Dessner spent over fourteen months working in his studio, finally releasing the album to widespread critical success.Dessner producedLocal Natives' second full-length albumHummingbird, in 2013. Dessner was first introduced to the band while on tour with the National.Hummingbirdreceived positive reviews, andPitchforkpraised Dessner's production work especially, saying that he \"knows how to make things soundgood, and there's plenty of richness and depth to these songs.\"Dessner producedthe Lone Bellow'sThen Came the Morning,which was recorded in Dessner's garage as well as in a 19th-century church in upstate New York. The album was released in January 2015 on Descendent Records. That same year, he worked withThis Is the Kitfor their albumBashed Out, which was released through Dessner's Brassland Records. In 2016, Dessner producedLisa Hannigan's albumAt Swim. The album reached No. 1 in Ireland, No. 7 on the USTop Heatseekers",
"USTop Heatseekers Albumschart and No. 24 in the UK, and received widespread critical acclaim.The Guardian, which awarded it four out of five stars, commented on the album's \"stunningly pretty songs with quietly powerful undertones\" and theEvening Standard, which also awarded it four out of five stars, praised the \"new-found accessibility\" of the album.Frightened Rabbit's fifth albumPainting of a Panic Attack, released in 2016 viaAtlantic Records, was also produced by Dessner. Dessner produced the Lone Bellow's 2020 albumHalf Moon Lightand co-wrote several tracks on it.He also co-wrote and produced the acclaimed debut of UK songwriter Eve Owen,Don't Let the Ink Dry, released in 2020. In April 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic, Dessner was approached by American singer-songwriterTaylor Swiftto collaborate on music, and he subsequently produced and co-wrote her eighth studio album,Folklore. It was a surprise release that debuted to critical acclaim on July 24, 2020, and wonAlbum of the Yearat the63rd Annual",
"the63rd Annual Grammy Awardsin 2021.Dessner continued his collaboration with Swift on her subsequent albumsEvermore(2020),Midnights(2022), andThe Tortured Poets Department(2024),as well as herre-recordedalbumsFearless (Taylor's Version)(2021),Red (Taylor's Version)(2021), andSpeak Now (Taylor's Version)(2023).After the release ofFolklore, the documentary filmFolklore: The Long Pond Studio SessionsandEvermore, artists such asMaya Hawke,Gracie Abrams,Ed Sheeran,King Princess,andGirl in Redexpressed interest in collaborating with Dessner and recording songs at his Long Pond Studio. Dessner stated, \"After Taylor, it was a bit crazy how many people reached out. And getting to meet and write songs with people you wouldn't have had access to… I'm so grateful for it.\" Dessner also co-produced British singer-songwriterBen Howard's fourth studio album,Collections from the Whiteout, alongside Howard himself, which was released on March 26, 2021.Additionally, Dessner producedDay of the Dead, which was released in 2016,",
"released in 2016, andDark Was the Night, both of which are AIDS charity compilations for the Red Hot Organization; andDoveman's 2009 releaseThe Conformist. Film scores Dessner and his brother Bryce co-composed the score forTranspecos, which won the Audience Award at the 2016South by Southwest. They also worked together on the score for 2013 filmBig Sur, an adaptation of the 1962 novel of the same name byJack Kerouac. The film debuted on January 23, 2013, at theSundance Film Festival, where it received positive reviews. In 2021, together with his brother, Dessner scored two films –Mike Mills'C'mon C'monandCyrano. Collaborations Day of the Dead On March 17, 2016, Aaron andBryce DessnerannouncedDay of the Dead, a charity tribute album to theGrateful Deadreleased by 4AD on May 20, 2016.Day of the Deadwas created, curated and produced by both Dessner brothers. The compilation is a wide-ranging tribute to the songwriting and experimentalism of the Dead which took four years to record, features over 60 artists from",
"60 artists from varied musical backgrounds, 59 tracks and is almost 6 hours long. All profits will help fight for AIDS/ HIV and related health issues around the world through the Red Hot Organization.Day of the Deadis the follow-up to 2009'sDark Was the Night(4AD), a 32-track, multi-artist compilation also produced by the Dessner brothers for Red Hot. Of the 59 tracks on the compilation, many feature a house band made up of Aaron, Bryce, fellow the National bandmates and brothers Scott andBryan Devendorf, Josh Kaufman (who co-produced the project), and Conrad Doucette along with Sam Cohen and Walter Martin. The National have a couple of tracks on the album, including \"Peggy-O,\" \"Morning Dew\" and \"I Know You Rider\". ADay of the Deadlive performance took place in August 2016 at the second annual Eaux Claires Festival (August 12–13) featuring Jenny Lewis, Matthew Houck,Lucius,Will Oldham,Sam Amidon,Richard Reed Parry, Justin Vernon,Bruce Hornsby, Ruban Nielson and The National. Forever Love Forever Love is a",
"Forever Love is a collaboration between Aaron and Bryce Dessner, renowned Icelandic performance artistRagnar Kjartanssonand Gyða and Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir, formerly of the Icelandic bandmúm. The project is a blending of visual and performance art with live music, all centered around a song cycle written and performed by Aaron and Bryce alongside Gyða and Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir. It was commissioned by Eaux Claires Festival and made its world premiere in 2015 where it served as the official starting point of the festival on both Friday and Saturday. Forever Love marked a live performance reunion for the Dessner twins and Kjartansson, as both artists had previously collaborated on a six-hour video work, A Lot of Sorrow, which documents the National performing their three-song \"Sorrow\" for six hours in front of a live audience atMoMA PS1. The Long Count The Long Count was a large commission for the BAM Next Wave Festival in 2009.Dessner and his brother, Bryce, worked alongside visual artistMatthew",
"artistMatthew Ritchie, creating a work loosely based on the Mayan creation storyPopol Vuh. The work included a 12-piece orchestra and a number of guest singers, including Kim and Kelley Deal (the Breeders,the Pixies),Matt Berninger(the National),Shara Worden(My Brightest Diamond), andTunde Adebimpe(TV on the Radio). The work had its world premiere at theKrannert Center for the Performing Artsin September 2009 as part of the Ellnora Festival. Dark Was the Night In 2009, Aaron and Bryce Dessner produced an extensive AIDS charity compilation,Dark Was the Night, for the Red Hot Organization.Dark Was the Nighthas raised over 2 million dollars for AIDS charities as of January 2012. In 2009, Dessner contributed a track to the Dark Was the Night compilation. On May 3, 2009, 4AD and Red Hot producedDark Was the Night– Live, a concert celebrating the newest Red Hot album. The show took place atRadio City Music Halland featured several of the artists that contributed to the compilation. Other collaborations and",
"collaborations and contributions Dessner is a frequent collaborator with a wide range of musicians, including his brother and bandmateBryce Dessner. In August 2008, Aaron and Bryce performed a collaborative concert with David Cossin, and Luca Tarantino as a part of Soundres, an international residency program for contemporary music and art in Salento, Italy and at the Guitare Au Palais Festival Perpignan France. They also performed at Matthew Ritchie's Ghost Operator opening at the White Cube Gallery in London. Aaron and Bryce have also collaborated with many world-renowned orchestras. Most recently the brothers played with the Copenhagen Philharmonic in a concert billed as \"Sixty Minutes of the Dessners.\" The program included \"St. Carolyn by the Sea,\" \"Lachrimae\" and \"Raphael,\" all of which were composed by Bryce Dessner. Bryce and Aaron have also performed \"St. Carolyn by the Sea\" and \"Raphael\" with the Amsterdam Sinfonietta during theHolland Festival. These performances took place atMuziekgebouw aan 't",
"aan 't IJin Amsterdam and Muziekgebouw Frits Philips in Eindhoven. In October 2011, Dessner joined his brother to perform \"St. Carolyn by the Sea\" with theAmerican Composers Orchestraat The World Financial Center in New York City. Marshall Curry's award-winning documentary Racing Dreams includes music contributed by both Dessner and the National. \"Win Win\" directed by Thomas McCarthy closes with \"Think You Can Wait,\" a track written by Dessner and Matt Berninger, recorded by the National with additional vocals from Sharon Van Etten. Dessner also played an important role in the National's contribution to the HBO showGame of Thrones. In March 2012, Dessner, Scott Devendorf and Bryan Devendorf teamed up with Grateful Dead guitarist Bob Weir for a live webcast, which featured two musical sets and a political discussion. The event was produced by Head Count, a non-partisan organization that uses live music events to promote voter registration and awareness. In May 2012, the National's performance of \"Rains of",
"of \"Rains of Castamere\" played during the closing credits of season two episode nine. In December 2012, Dessner curated a day of Other Voices, an Irish music festival that aired live on RTÉ Two in Ireland. The performances took place in the Church of St James in Dingle, County Kerry. Curator Eaux Claires Music & Arts Festival Eaux Claires is a music festival founded and curated by Dessner and Justin Vernon. The inaugural festival took place in July 2015 in Vernon's hometown ofEau Claire, Wisconsin. Speaking about the festival, Dessner and Vernon said they were driven by the idea that this festival would \"encourage music-genre-walls to melt away.\" PEOPLE Festival PEOPLE Festival is a not-for-profit gathering of artists in Berlin for a weekend-long festival of music curated and produced by Aaron Dessner along with his brother Bryce Dessner,Bon Iver, Berlin's Michelberger Hotel and others. The first festival took place October 1–2, 2016, under the name \"Michelberger Music\" in the Funkhaus,the historical radio",
"historical radio recording studios of the former GDR. Boston Calling Music Festival Boston Calling is a music festival co-curated by Dessner. Debuting in May 2013, Boston Calling previously took place twice a year, May and September, atCity Hall Plaza. Boston Calling moved to theHarvard Athletic ComplexinAllstonin May 2017 and transitioned to one festival per year. Record labels Dessner co-founded the record label 37d03d (read: PEOPLE upside down) withJustin VernonandBryce Dessner. AlongsideAlec Hanley Bemisand Bryce Dessner, Dessner foundedBrassland Records, a label that has released albums from the National,This Is the Kit,Clogs, Doveman andNico Muhly. Musical equipment Dessner often plays a1965 Gibson Firebirdpurchased oneBayand refurbished. During theSleep Well Beastrecording sessions, he used the Firebird as well as a 1972Fender Telecaster. During live shows, Dessner usually plays the Firebird and a 1963Fender Jazzmaster. For theSleep Well Beastsessions, amplifiers used include a 1959Fender Champ, a",
"1959Fender Champ, a 1960sFender Princeton, a 1970sMusic Man, anAmpegGemini, and aFender Bassman. Personal life Dessner married Stine Wengler around 2016.They have three children, one of whom is named Robin.Taylor Swift'ssong of the same nameis speculated to be about him.Dessner is a keensoccerfan and an avid supporter ofLiverpool F.C. Awards and nominations Grammy Awards Discography With The National With Project Nim With Equinox With Big Red Machine With Complete Mountain Almanac Film scores Stage musicals Production and songwriting credits for other artists References External links",
"The Tortured Poets Department The Tortured Poets Departmentis the eleventh studio album by the American singer-songwriterTaylor Swift, released on April 19, 2024, throughRepublic Records. It was expanded into adouble albumtwo hours after its release, subtitledThe Anthology, containing a second volume of songs. Swift began writingThe Tortured Poets Departmentshortly after finishing her tenth studio album,Midnights(2022), and continued developing it duringthe Eras Tourin 2023. She conceivedThe Tortured Poets Departmentas a \"lifeline\" songwriting project amidst the heightened fame and media scrutiny ensuing from the tour. The songs introspect on her public and private lives, detailing tumult and sorrow via motifs of self-awareness, mourning, anger, humor, and delusion. Produced withJack AntonoffandAaron Dessner, the album is aminimalistsynth-pop,folk-pop, andchamber popeffort withrockandcountrystylings. The composition is largelymid-tempo, driven by a mix ofsynthesizersanddrum machineswith piano and guitar,",
"piano and guitar, whereas the visual aesthetic draws mainly fromdark academia. The album broke various sales and streaming records, regionally and globally. It achieved thehighest single-day and single-week streams for an albumonSpotify, and topped the charts across Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Americas. In the United States,The Tortured Poets Departmentopened with first-week 2.6 millionalbum-equivalent units, including 1.9 million pure sales—Swift's biggest sales week andrecord-extending seventh release to open with over a million units. It topped theBillboard200chart for a career-best 15 weeks, whereas its tracks made Swift the only artist to monopolize the first 14 positions of theBillboardHot 100, with the single \"Fortnight\" leading. Upon the album's release, critical reception was polarized. The majority of reviews were positive, praising Swift's cathartic songwriting for its emotional resonance and wit, but some found the album lengthy and lacking profundity. Subsequent assessments appreciated the",
"appreciated the album's musical and lyrical nuances that emerged upon further listens, and disputed the credibility of the initial critique for allegedly focusing onSwift's public imagerather than the album'sartistic merit. Swift performed songs from the album in the revamped set list of the Eras Tour, starting in May 2024. Background and conception Swift released her tenth studio album,Midnights, on October 21, 2022, to critical praise and commercial success.In 2023, she released two re-recorded albums,Speak Now (Taylor's Version)and1989 (Taylor's Version), as part of her \"Taylor's Version\" re-recording project after adispute over the ownership of her first six studio albums.Both re-recordings were released amidst Swift's sixth headlining concert tour,the Eras Tour.At the66th Annual Grammy Awardson February 4, 2024, Swift wonBest Pop Vocal AlbumandAlbum of the YearforMidnights. During her acceptance speech for the former category, she announcedThe Tortured Poets Departmentas a new original studio album that",
"studio album that she had worked on since 2022.This announcement was met with surprise from her fans, who had anticipated her to announce the re-recording of her 2017 album,Reputation, based on her social media clues. Swift began conceiving the album immediately after submittingMidnightsto her record label,Republic Records, and continued working on it in secret throughout the U.S. leg of the Eras Tour in 2023.While she was creating the album, her dating life continued to be a widely covered topic in the press, who reported on Swift's relationships withJoe Alwyn,Matty Healy, andTravis Kelce.At the Eras Tour concerts inMelbournein February 2024, Swift said thatThe Tortured Poets Departmentwas a \"lifeline\" for her and an album that she \"really needed\" to make,reflecting on how it made her confirm that songwriting was an integral part of her life.In anInstagrampost, Swift described the album as \"an anthology of new works that reflect events, opinions and sentiments from a fleeting and fatalistic moment in",
"moment in time—one that was both sensational and sorrowful in equal measure\". Themes and lyrics The standard edition consists of 16 songs; Swift wrote three of them herself and co-wrote the rest mostly withJack AntonoffandAaron Dessner.Post Malonefeatured on and co-wrote \"Fortnight\", andFlorence and the Machinefeatured on \"Florida!!!\", which was co-written by the band's frontwomanFlorence Welch.Swift produced all tracks with Antonoff and Dessner. The album is rooted in personal songwriting, exploring Swift's introspections on the events in her private and public lives.She was inspired by her tumultuous relationshipsand the public perception of her celebrityto create lyrical narratives that were messy, unbridled, and unguarded,containingmeta-referencesto her personal life through allusions and name-dropping.Heartbreak is the primary topic,expressed via themes such as delusion, anger, mourning, and death.While the lyrics evoke vulnerable and devastating sentiments, they also incorporate humor and",
"humor and hyperbole.Critics found them either self-awareor self-conscious.Swift considered the album a cathartic exerciseand described the content as \"fatalistic\" with overarching themes of \"longing, pining, lost dreams\". Critics characterizedThe Tortured Poets Departmentas a post-breakup album.Ann Powerswrote inNPRthat throughout the record, \"Swift is trying to work out how emotional violence occurs.\"InThe Conversation, the music professor Samuel Murray opined that the album usesmelodramaas anarrative deviceto \"celebrate emotional vulnerability as she shares her innermost thoughts\".Business Insider's Callie Ahlgrim described the album's content as Swift's \"messiest, horniest, and funniest\".InThe Independent, Helen Brown suggested that Swift's songwriting draws on hercountry musicroots to explore detail-heavy narratives. While the album is rooted in autobiographical songwriting with confessional narratives and first-person perspectives, some songs are not strictly self-referential and employ fictional",
"employ fictional elements.According to the literary criticStephanie Burt, the album title evokes the Europeanpoète maudit(\"cursed poet\") archetype of self-destructive poets who suffered from love, such asArthur Rimbaud,Charles Baudelaire, orDylan Thomas. Burt argued that Swift both embraces and rejects this archetype by acknowledging her most intense emotions from heartbreak but also making fun of them with \"barbed words, sharp hooks, and sarcastic replies\". Production and music Mainly produced by Swift and Antonoff, the album's standard portion is primarilysynth-pop,with amid-tempoproduction incorporating subduedsynthsand sparsedrum machines.Critics found the productionminimalistand compared this synth-based sonic approach to the sound ofMidnights.PopMatters's Igor Bannikov described it as \"simplistic, indie-ish, and almost muted\",The Guardian'sAlexis Petridiswrote that it additionally features \"the glossy 80s-influencedpop-rock\" of Swift's 2014 album1989,andThe Times'Will Hodgkinsondescribed the album as",
"the album as an amalgam of synth-pop and 1980spower ballads.Swift mostly sings in her lowervocal registerto deliverrap-like, conversational verses.As per Murray's analysis, the album uses some of Swift's familiar devices such as one-note melodies andrecitativedelivery with a conversational rhythm.The music is \"downcast\", departing from danceable pop, as perThe Economist. Several tracks feature a more stripped-down instrumentation, driven bypianoor guitar,with stylings of varied genres; \"But Daddy I Love Him\" and \"Guilty as Sin?\" incorporate live drums and influences of country and rock,\"Down Bad\" evokesR&Bin its dynamic shifts andcadences,\"Fresh Out the Slammer\" featuresWestern-rock electric guitars,and \"I Can Fix Him (No Really I Can)\", \"Florida!!!\", and \"Who's Afraid of Little Old Me?\" experiment withSouthern gothic.Tyler Foggart ofThe New YorkerdubbedThe Tortured Poets Departmenta mix ofdream popand Southern gothic infused with some \"country-ish vibes\",while Josh Kurp ofUproxxthought that the album was",
"that the album was genre-less. The second part of the double album, subtitledThe Anthology, mostly consists ofchamber popandfolk-poppiano ballads.Swift and Dessner produced the majority of the second volume, which has an acoustic,folk-oriented soundinstrumented by picked acoustic guitar, soft piano, and subtle synths,which critics likened to the sound of Swift's 2020 albumsFolkloreandEvermore.Neil McCormickofThe Daily Telegraphargued that this mellower sound allows for more subtlety in the lyrics, which explore Swift's character studies (\"Cassandra\", \"Peter\", \"Robin\") and self-reflection (\"The Albatross\", \"The Bolter\", \"I Look in People's Windows\", \"I Hate It Here\"). Marketing Aesthetic The lack of an apostrophe in the official title, as inThe Tortured Poets' Department, was the subject of a debate overgrammatical correctness. Scholars stated that Swift employedTortured Poetsas anattributive noun, as in the case with the 1989 drama filmDead Poets Society, and not as apossessivenoun that warrants an",
"that warrants an apostrophe.The cover artwork, photographed byBeth Garrabrant, is a black-and-whiteglamor photoshot of Swift lying on a bed wearing blacklingerie: a see-through top andhigh waistshorts,fromthe RowandYves Saint Laurent.Both the artwork and title were parodied by numerous brands, organizations, sports teams, and franchises, and inspired numerous memes.Media outlets described the album's visual aesthetic asgothic, especiallydark academia. Promotion and release After the Grammy announcement, Swift revealed the standard track listing via social media on February 6, 2024.Swift announced four physical editions that were each titled after a corresponding bonus track: \"The Manuscript\", \"The Bolter\", \"The Albatross\", and \"The Black Dog\"; she announced the latter three editions during the Australian and Singaporean shows of the Eras Tour.She partnered withTargetfor an exclusive \"Phantom Clear\" collector's vinyl edition. The album was promoted on digital platforms likeApple Music,Spotify,YouTube,",
"Instagram, andThreads, promptingSwiftiesto search forEaster eggs.It included five Swift-curated Apple Music playlists containing her old songs inspired by thefive stages of grief;apop-uplibrary of curated articles atThe Grove, Los Angeles, hosted by Spotify;QR codemurals in various cities worldwide that led to unlistedYouTube shortson Swift's channel;a countdown to the album's release revealed upon refreshing Swift's Instagram profile; and special shimmer effects on Threads posts tagged with hashtags related to Swift and the album.iHeartRadioandSirius XMannounced special programs with exclusive content from Swift to celebrate the album's release; the former temporarily rebranded as \"iHeartTaylor\". The Tortured Poets Departmentwas released on April 19, 2024. Adouble albumedition, subtitledThe Anthologyand containing 15 bonus tracks, wassurprise-releaseddigitally two hours later.Two days earlier, the standard edition of the album wasleaked,which resulted in the phrase \"Taylor Swift leak\" being temporarily",
"being temporarily banned from searches on the social media platform X (formerlyTwitter).The Tortured Poets Departmentwas available in 19 physical variants—nine CD, six vinyl, and four cassette variants, with deluxe CDs and cassettes being exclusive to Swift's official website.Physical copies of the album included an original poem by the American singer-songwriterStevie Nicks.\"Fortnight\" was released as the lead single in conjunction with the album, accompanied by a music video.Universal Musicreleased \"I Can Do It with a Broken Heart\" to Italian radio on July 2.The Anthologywill be released on vinyl and CD formats beginning on November 29. From May 2024, starting with the Paris shows, Swift revamped the set list of the Eras Tour to include songs fromThe Tortured Poets Departmentin a new act, which she informally described as \"Female Rage the Musical\".She released live versions of certain songs as bonus tracks on the physical album via her website exclusively to US customers.Other limited editions of the",
"editions of the physical album included acoustic versions of five tracks.Limited digital variants contained first draft phonedemorecordings of four tracks, and the Eras Tour live recordings of some tracks from the Paris, Stockholm, Lyon and London shows.The release of bonus-track versions was a way for Swift and her fans to maintain the album's number-one position on the charts, a method Swift and other artists have previously utilized to boost album sales and chart positions. Critical reception Reviews Upon release,The Tortured Poets Departmentdivided music critics;secondary sources described the critical consensus as either positiveor mixed.According to the review aggregatorMetacritic,The Tortured Poets Departmentreceived \"generally favorable reviews\" based on aweighted averagescore of 76 out of 100 from 24 critic scores.Its second part,The Anthology,scored 69 from six critic scores on the website. A number of critics regarded the album a landmark in Swift's discography. Reviews fromThe Independent'sHelen",
"Independent'sHelen Brown,The Arts Desk'sEllie Roberts,The Times'Dan Cairns,PopMatters'sJeffrey Davies,and Will Harris ofQpraised the album as one of Swift's most solid outputs, considering the musical composition, vocal stylings and lyrical tonality as ambitious and tastefully experimental.Others, includingVariety'sChris Willman,thei'sEd Power,andThe Observer'sKitty Empire, called it a quintessential Swift album containing some of the best songs of her career. Swift's songwriting was a source of compliment.The Line of Best Fit'sPaul Bridgewater dubbed it her most cohesive body of work to-date, finding the music sophisticated and the lyricism symbolic.To Ludovic Hunter-Tilney of theFinancial Times,the album is a stylistic evolution for Swift, with writing that marks a \"characteristically appealing turn\" into moodymelodrama.Alexis PetridisofThe Guardianand Alex Hopper ofAmerican Songwriterthought that the album has Swift's wittiest lyrics, featuring nuanced musical choices that show Swift is \"willing to take",
"is \"willing to take risks in a risk-averse era for pop\" and \"constantly evolving and pushing her limits\", respectively.In a more measured review, Olivia Horn ofPitchforkfelt the lyrics did not \"distill an overarching emotional truth, tending to smother rather than sting.\"Others, such asThe New York Times'Lindsay Zoladz,Slant Magazine's Jonathan Keefe, andExclaim!'s Alex Hudson, described some lyrics as weak and overwritten; Hudson claimed that many of its tracks \"mistake verbosity for poetry\". The tumultuous mood and unconstrained emotion of the lyrics were also highlighted. Multiple reviews complimented the album's heavy, unfiltered emotion;Clash'sLauren Webb described it as \"a spell-binding, toxic, chaotic illustration\" of deteriorating mental sanity.Powers opined thatThe Tortured Poets Departmentshows Swift's newfound freedom, with a \"lack of concern about whether these songs speak to and for anyone but herself\".In a similar perspective, rave reviews fromRolling Stone'sRob SheffieldandVariety'sChris",
"Willman described the album as Swift's \"gloriously chaotic\" and \"audacious, transfixing\" project, respectively.To Willman, the album combines \"cleverness with catharsis\".Consequence's Mary Siroky, on the other hand, found this style of lyricism jarring and \"outright bizarre\" at times, and felt the album was an attempt atself-parodyrather than a showcase of Swift's songwriting acumen. Many critics, including Zoladz,NME's Laura Molloy,andStereogum's Tom Breihan, argued that Swift and Antonoff's collaboration onThe Tortured Poets Departmentwas uninventive due to a sonic similarity to their past collaborations.The New Yorker'sAmanda Petrusichrather favored Dessner's input to the album as \"gentler, more tender, and more surprising\".Horn and the BBC's Mark Savage felt the melodies were sonically monotonous and \"staid\",but others argued that the minimalistic approach complemented Swift's hyper-personal lyrics;Hopper opined that \"Swift's confidence as an artist is at a peak\" withThe Tortured Poets",
"Tortured Poets Department.According to Mary Kate Carr ofThe A.V. Club, the album is \"perfectly good\" but arrived at a time when Swift has \"nothing to prove\" anymore, resulting in a stagnant point in her artistry;this idea was shared by an anonymous, negativePastereview that criticized the album as rushed, hollow, and unrelatable. Post-review commentary Various peer journalists and columnists cross-examined the album's critical reception. Publications consideredThe Tortured Poets Departmenta polarizing album;The Ringer's Nathan Hubbard deemed it Swift's most controversial release sinceReputation(2017).Journalists fromThe New York TimesandVoxattributed this phenomenon to Swift's heightened fame and associated media \"overexposure\" between 2020 and 2024, includingeight album releases, theinfluential Eras Tour, andher relationship with Travis Kelce.Paste'sanonymous review was singled out by other publications as \"scathing\";Sumnima Kandangwa of theSouth China Morning Postopined that they hid their reviewer's",
"their reviewer's identity because Swifties \"can become quite spirited when it comes to protecting their favourite singer\".The album'sPitchforkscore is Swift's lowest from the website.Sputnikmusicpublished reviews with three different ratings in a short period of time, each lower than the one before; Minh Anh ofL'Officielfound this to be a confusing way to rate music.Swift shared the album's positive reviews on her social media, tagging the respective authors, which some considered as a response toPasteand other unfavorable reviews. A number of commentators opined that the initial reviews demonstrated a flawed approach of mainstream music criticism.Bloomberg News' Jessica Karl wrote that the \"lengthy\" duration of the album made the reviewers \" up until dawn to finish listening to an album\" to publish, contributing to some reviews that were hasty, criticizing both the \"exclamation-pointed digs\" at Swift inPasteand the \"instant classic\" review byRolling Stone.InThe Ringer, Nora Princiotti attributed the",
"attributed the polarized reviews to the unexpected double album release, and Nathan Hubbard argued that some \"cooler-than-thou\" critics from sites likeThe New Yorker,The New York Times, andPasteused Swift's billionaire status to downplay the personal issues she detailed in the album.Karl opined that some \"reputable publications\" catered gossip instead of a serious artistic analysis,while Anh highlighted that reviews mentioned aspects of Swift's public image instead of focusing on the music.The New Yorker'sSinéad O'Sullivan asserted that Swift's albums contain multiple layers of self-referential \"lore\", writing that the unfavorable reviews were due to critics not taking that into account or not allotting enough listening time. Some early critics of the album recanted and declared they were \"hasty\" in reviewing it, as perSlate'sChris Molanphy, who opined it has become a \"widely agreed point\" in later critical commentary thatThe Tortured Poets Department\"grows on you\" after more listens; Molanphy stated he",
"Molanphy stated he liked the album better than he did a week before.CNN's Oliver Darcy said he had judgedThe Tortured Poets Departmentquickly, stating that he reviewed it keeping in the mind its mixed critical reception, and found the album overlong and unimpressive in agreement with other critics, but a week later, \"after spending more time with the two-hour sonic feast, more methodically touring through its subtleties and nuances, I am ready to declare that it is one of Swift's best works yet.\" Darcy opined that the album cannot be fully digested at \"the speed ofTikTok\", and criticized reviewers who do not let music albums \"marinate\" and instead expect \"instant satisfaction\". Commercial performance The Tortured Poets Departmentbroke numerous consumption records, leadingThe Guardianto comment that it \"cemented Swift as the biggest pop star this century by many metrics\".On Spotify, it became the most pre-saved album of all time; themost streamed album in a single day, surpassing 200 million and then 300",
"and then 300 million streams and breaking the all-time record previously held by Swift'sMidnights; and the first album to accumulate one billion streams in a single week, doing so in five days.The album also became the most streamed album in a single day onAmazon Musicand the most streamed pop album in a single day onApple Music.It amassed 1.76 billion streams globally within its first week of availability, an all-time record.Republic Records reported global first-week consumption of four million units. In the United States, the album accumulated 1.6 millionalbum-equivalent unitsin four days,selling 700,000 vinyl LPs to break the record for the highest single-week vinyl sales previously held by Swift's1989 (Taylor's Version)(2023).It broke the single-week streaming record previously held byDrake'sScorpion(2018), amassing 799million on-demand streams in six days.After a full week of availability,The Tortured Poets Departmentdebuted atop theBillboard200with 2.61 million units, including 1.914 million pure",
"1.914 million pure copies and 891.34 million on-demand streams. It became Swift's 14th number-one album, tying her withJay-Zfor the most chart toppers among soloists. The album also registered the second-largest week by overall units and thethird-largest week by pure salesinBillboardhistory.The album continued to chart at number one on theBillboard200 for 15 total non-consecutive weeks, becoming the longest-leading chart topper in Swift's career,and contributed to the number-two peaks of albums such asBillie Eilish'sHit Me Hard and Soft,¥$'sVultures 2,andChappell Roan'sThe Rise and Fall of a Midwest Princess.It is also the third album in history and first by a female artist to spend its first 12 weeks atop the chart. All 31 songs fromThe Anthologydebuted on theBillboardHot 100, occupying the entire top 14 simultaneously for the first time in chart history. Swift set the record for most simultaneous entries by a female artist (32) and became the first woman to surpass 50 career top-10 songs.By July 2024,The",
"July 2024,The Tortured Poets Departmenthas sold 2.47 million pure sales and accumulated 5.30 million units in the United States.Sales were boosted by multiple variants of the album, with double-digit variants in digital and CD mediums. The Tortured Poets Departmentbroke chart records in other countries. In Germany, it recorded the largest streaming day for an album and debuted atop the chart with the highest sales week for an international solo artist in seven years.In the United Kingdom, it became the fastest-selling album by any artist in seven years and by a non-British artist in 18 years, and it tied Swift withMadonnafor the most female number-one albums on theUK Albums Chart(12).It became the fastest-selling vinyl album since 1994 and Swift's album with the most weeks at number one (8).On the AustralianARIA Charts,The Tortured Poets Departmentbecame Swift's 13th number-one album, a record among female artists; its songs set records for the most simultaneous entries by a single artist in the top 10 (10),",
"in the top 10 (10), top 50 (29), and top 100 (31) of the singles chart.Debuting atop theCanadian Albums Chartas Swift's 14th consecutive chart topper, the album registered the highest single-week vinyl sales and streaming figures in chart history.Ten tracks from the album debuted on theBillboardBrasil Hot 100. Accolades Track listing Notes Personnel Musicians Technical Charts Weekly charts Monthly charts Certifications ‡Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Notes References Source"
] |
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"Queens of the Stone Age Queens of the Stone Age(commonly abbreviated asQOTSAorQotSA) is an Americanrockband formed in 1996 inSeattle,Washington.The band was founded by vocalist and guitaristJosh Homme, who has been the only constant member throughout multiple lineup changes. Since 2013, the lineup has consisted of Homme alongsideTroy Van Leeuwen(guitar,lap steel, keyboard, percussion, backing vocals),Michael Shuman(bass guitar, keyboard, backing vocals),Dean Fertita(keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals), andJon Theodore(drums, percussion). The band also has a large pool ofcontributors and collaborators. Queens of the Stone Age are known for theirblues,Krautrockandelectronica-influenced style ofriff-oriented and rhythmichard rockmusic, coupled with Homme's distinct falsetto vocals and unorthodox guitar scales. Formed after the dissolution of Homme's previous bandKyuss,the band originated from the spread of thePalm Desert music scene. Theirself-titled debut albumwas recorded with former Kyuss membersAlfredo Hernándezon drums and Homme on all other instruments. Bass guitaristNick Oliverijoined the band for its accompanying tour and became the band's co-lead vocalist alongside Homme. The band's second studio album,Rated R, which featuredMark Laneganas a guest vocalist, was their major label debut, being released onInterscope Records. It was commercially and critically successful, and featured their breakout single \"The Lost Art of Keeping a Secret\". The band's third studio album,Songs for the Deaf, featuringDave Grohlon drums alongside contributions fromAlain JohannesandNatasha Shneider, was released in 2002. After Oliveri's and Lanegan's departures in 2004 and 2005, respectively, Homme became the band's sole lead vocalist, with multi-instrumentalist Troy Van Leeuwen and drummerJoey Castillocollaborating on 2005'sLullabies to Paralyzeand 2007's electronic-influencedEra Vulgaris. After several years of inactivity, the band signed to independent labelMatador Recordsin 2013 and released a loose trilogy of albums over ten years:...Like Clockwork(2013),Villains(2017), andIn Times New Roman...(2023). The trilogy brought further critical acclaim and a new height of commercial success, with...Like Clockworkbecoming the band's firstnumber-one albumin the U.S. The band has been nominated forGrammy Awardsnine times: four times forBest Hard Rock Performance, three forBest Rock Album, and once forBest Rock PerformanceandBest Rock Song. History Formation and debut album (1996–1999) After the breakup of his previous band,Kyuss, in 1995,Josh Hommebriefly joinedScreaming Treesas a touring guitarist,before deciding to form a new band, Gamma Ray. In 1996, they released the eponymousGamma RayEP, featuring \"Born to Hula\" and \"If Only Everything\" (which would later appear on their self-titled debut as \"If Only\"). The EP featuredMatt CameronofSoundgardenandPearl Jam, Van Conner from Screaming Trees, and percussionistVictor Indrizzo. Gamma Ray changed their name in 1997 after the Germanpower metalbandGamma Raythreatened to sue. The name \"Queens of the Stone Age\" came from a nickname given to Kyuss by their producerChris Goss. Homme said of the name: \"Kings would be too macho. The Kings of the Stone Age wear armor and have axes and wrestle. The Queens of the Stone Age hang out with the Kings of the Stone Age's girlfriends when they wrestle ... Rock should be heavy enough for the boys and sweet enough for the girls. That way everyone's happy and it's more of a party. Kings of the Stone Age is too lopsided.\" The first release under the Queens of the Stone Age name was the song \"18 A.D.,\" released onRoadrunner Records' compilation albumBurn One Up! Music for Stoners.It featured guitarist Dave Catching as well as the bassist and drummer of the Dutchstoner rockbandBeaver, owing to connections Homme made while living inAmsterdamfor a few months following Kyuss' breakup.The band's first live appearance was on November 20, 1997, atOK HotelinSeattle, with Cameron on drums,Mike JohnsonofDinosaur Jr.on bass and John McBain ofMonster Magneton guitar. In December that year, the band released a split EP,Kyuss/Queens of the Stone Age, which featured three tracks from the Gamma Ray sessions as well as three Kyuss tracks recorded in 1995 prior to their breakup. Queens of the Stone Age released theirself-titled debutin 1998 onStone Gossard's andRegan Hagar's labelLoosegroove Records, and on vinyl byMan's Ruin Records. Homme played guitar and bass on the album (the latter credited to Homme's alter-ego Carlo Von Sexron),Alfredo Hernándezon drums, and several other contributions by Chris Goss and Hutch. Homme reportedly asked Screaming Trees vocalistMark Laneganto appear on the record, but he was unable due to other commitments. Soon after the recording sessions were finished for the album, former Kyuss bassistNick Oliverijoined the group, and touring commenced with a band consisting entirely of ex-Kyuss members. Catching, a former Kyuss guitar tech, joined shortly after. From this point forward, the band's line-up would change frequently; by the time their second album was being recorded, Hernández had left the group to play in other bands. Rated R(2000–2001) Released in 2000,Rated Rfeatured myriad musicians familiar with Homme and Oliveri's work and \"crew\" of sorts: among others, drummers Nick Lucero andGene Trautmann, guitaristsDave Catching,Brendon McNichol, and Chris Goss contributed, and evenJudas PriestfrontmanRob Halford, recording next door, stepped in for a guest spot on \"Feel Good Hit of the Summer.\" The album garnered positive reviews and received a lot more attention than their debut, despite the fact that the lyrics to \"Feel Good Hit of the Summer\" were deemed by mega-retailerWalmartto promote drug use, almost causing the record to get pulled from store shelves.The success of the record also earned the band notable opening slots withThe Smashing Pumpkins,Foo Fighters,Hole, and a place atOzzfest2000.It was during this time that Homme stated: There's a robotic element to our albums, like the repetition of riffs. We also wanted to do a record that had a lot of dynamic range. We wanted to set it up in this band so we could play anything. We don't want to get roped in by our own music. If anyone has a good song (regardless of style) we should be able to play it. During the 2001Rock in Rioshow, bassist Nick Oliveri was arrested after performing on stage naked, with only his bass guitar covering his genitals. Oliveri apologized to officials, saying that he did not know it was a crime in Brazil. Following his work onRated R, former Screaming Trees vocalist Mark Lanegan joined the band as a full-time member, a position he held until early 2005. Towards the end of theRated Rtour, the band's performance at the 2001Rock am Ringfestival in Germany was, according to Homme, \"the worst show we've ever played and it was in front of 40,000 people.\"The band decided totattoothemselves with the starting time of the performance, \"Freitag 4:15.\" As Oliveri explained: Me, Mark , Josh and Hutch, our soundman, have the same tattoo, it's from Rock am Ring festival. The time we had to play was 4:15 in the afternoon and it was just a terrible show. It sucked, it was horrible. That's why I tattooed it on my ribs, where it would hurt, so I'd never forget. Songs for the Deaf, mainstream exposure and Oliveri's departure (2001–2004) Dave Grohl,Foo Fightersfrontman and formerNirvanadrummer, joined in late 2001 to record drums for the band's third album,Songs for the Deaf.It was released in August 2002 and again featured Lanegan. The final track on the album, \"Mosquito Song\", featured formerA Perfect CirclememberPaz Lenchantinon viola and piano along withDean Weenon guitar. Another former A Perfect Circle member, guitaristTroy Van Leeuwen, joined the touring line-up following the album's release. This record was supposed to sound bizarre—like lightning in a bottle. We also were extremely fucked up. It even sounds that way to me, like a crazy person. The radio interludes are supposed to be like the drive from L.A. to Joshua Tree, a drive that makes you feel like you're letting go—moreDavid Lynchwith every mile. Songs for the Deafwas a critical hit and wascertified goldin 2003, with sales of over 900,000.The singles \"No One Knows\" and \"Go with the Flow\" became hits on radio andMTV, with the former just outside theBillboard Top 40. \"No One Knows\" and \"Go with the Flow\" were also featured on the first iterations of the popular video gamesGuitar HeroandRock Band(respectively). Furthermore, the latter track was featured in the popular video gameFortniteas a song inFortnite Festival. The song \"You Think I Ain't Worth a Dollar, But I Feel Like a Millionaire\" was featured in the video game,Tony Hawk's Underground. It was also used as the theme song in Naughty Dog's \"Jak X: Combat Racing\" in 2005 along with \"Song for the Dead\". TheSongs for the Deaftour culminated in a string of headline dates in Australia in January 2004. Grohl returned to his other projects and was replaced on the European leg of the tour by formerDanzigdrummerJoey Castillo, who joined the band full-time. After the tour, Homme fired Oliveri, as he was convinced that Oliveri had been physically abusive to his girlfriend: \"A couple years ago, I spoke to Nick about a rumor I heard. I said, 'If I ever find out that this is true, I can't know you, man.'\"Homme considered breaking up the band after firing Oliveri, but found a new determination to continue.Oliveri countered in the press that the band had been \"poisoned by hunger for power\" and that without him, they were \"Queens Lite.\" He later softened his opinion and said: \"My relationship with Josh is good. The new Queens record kicks ass.\"The two reportedly are still friends and as of October 2006, Oliveri was interested in rejoining the band.Oliveri later contributed to Queens of the Stone Age for the first time in nine years, contributing backing vocals to the band's sixth album,...Like Clockwork. Lullabies to Paralyze(2004–2006) In late 2004, Homme, along withElevenmulti-instrumentalistAlain Johannesand remaining band members Van Leeuwen and Castillo recorded the Queens' fourth studio album,Lullabies to Paralyze, a title taken from a lyric in \"Mosquito Song\" from their previous album.The album featured guests includingZZ Top'sBilly Gibbons. Despite Lanegan reportedly turning down an invitation to remain with the band, he recorded vocals on new tracks (notably the solo vocalist on the opening track \"This Lullaby\") and appeared on the supporting tour as scheduling and his health permitted. Lullabies to Paralyzewas leaked onto the internet in February 2005 and was aired by Triple J radio in Australia on March 3, 2005, as an unsubstantiated 'World Premiere'. It was then officially released on Tuesday, March 22, 2005, in the US, debuting in the number 5 slot on theBillboard Music Chart, the greatest debut of any Queens record until...Like Clockworkdebuted at number 1 in June 2013. On May 14, 2005, the group was themusical guest on Saturday Night Live, hosted by Will Ferrell. One of Ferrell's popular Saturday Night Live characters, fictionalBlue Öyster CultcowbellistGene Frenkle, made a re-appearance on the show, playing with the Queens on their first song of the night, \"Little Sister.\" Frenkle played the song's wood block part using a cowbell along with the band. On November 22, 2005, Queens of the Stone Age released a live album/DVD set,Over the Years and Through the Woods, featuring a live concert filmed in London, England, and bonus features which included rare videos of songs from 1998 to 2005. In 2005, the group supportedNine Inch Nailson their North American tour ofWith Teethalong withAutolux(for the first half of the tour) andDeath from Above 1979(for the second). NIN's guitaristAaron Northappeared as an onstage guest with the Queens for the songs \"Born to Hula,\" \"Regular John,\" \"Avon,\" \"Monsters in the Parasol\" and \"Long, Slow Goodbye\" at theWiltern LGin Los Angeles on December 19 and 20, 2005. Another onstage guest for the December 20 performance was Homme's former Kyuss bandmateJohn Garcia, the first time that Homme and Garcia had played together since 1997. As a special encore they performed three Kyuss songs: \"Thumb,\" \"Hurricane\" and \"Supa Scoopa and Mighty Scoop.\"Homme stated that the band's lowest point was during theLullabiesera,but that the record \"took the lead jacket off\" the band following the firing of Oliveri in 2004. Era Vulgarisand death of Shneider (2007–2008) OnValentine's Day2007, the band's official website announced the new album would be titledEra Vulgaris, and would be released in June.Later in February, teaser videos surfaced showing Homme, Castillo, Van Leeuwen and Johannes in studio.Several sites reported that the album would include many guest vocalists, includingTrent Reznorfrom Nine Inch Nails,Julian CasablancasfromThe Strokes, Mark Lanegan, Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top,and deceased humoristErma Bombeck.Death from Above 1979 bassistJesse F. Keelerhad been expected to play bass on the studio recording of the album, but not to tour;however, due to schedule conflicts, he stated he would not be appearing on the album. Era Vulgariswas completed in early April 2007and released June 12, 2007 in the US.The tracks \"Sick, Sick, Sick\" and \"3's & 7's\" were released as singles in early June.Homme has described the record as \"dark, hard, and electrical, sort of like a construction worker.\"When asked about the vocals on the record, specifically the different style of singing that Homme used, he replied: I wanted to try some shit that was downright embarrassing at first. This record is a grower, not about what isn't there, but what is. BassistMichael Shuman(Wires On Fire,JubileeandMini Mansions) and keyboardistDean Fertita(The Waxwings,The Dead Weather) took over touring duties from Alain Johannes and Natasha Shneider, respectively.In July 2007, Van Leeuwen stated the band had written new material, \"still in its infancy\"which Homme later suggested might be released as anEP.Following a subsequent interview with Homme,The Globe and Mailreported that the EP \"could contain as many as 10 B-sides recorded during theEra Vulgarissessions.\"It was later reported that the EP would not be released due to the record label's unwillingness to put out another QOTSA release at that time. The band began a North American Tour in 2007, which they named the \"Duluth Tour\" because they were going to many small towns and cities they had never played before, such asDuluth, Minnesota.The tour was extended to other areas, such as the United Kingdom, where the band played more shows than on any of their previous UK tours. The band toured in Australia in late March to early April 2008, on the V festival tour, including a string of side shows. Throughout the beginning of May 2008, the band completed the Canadian leg of its touring. In November 2007, Queens of the Stone Age performed a semi-acoustic set in an underground salt mine in Germany, performing a selection of hits, rarities, covers and an unreleased song named \"Cathedral City.\"A DVD of the concert was planned but aside from a trailer promoting the DVD and a number of photographs, no footage of the concert has been released. On July 2, 2008, Queens of the Stone Age's former keyboardist Natasha Shneider died of lung cancer at the age of 52. The news broke with a message posted on the MySpace page of the band Sweethead, of which Natasha's close friend and former bandmate Troy Van Leeuwen is a member. The band's homepage was updated with a memorial message by Homme replacing the normal front page. The band performed a concert in celebration of Natasha Shneider's life at the Henry Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles on August 16, 2008.They were joined on stage by Shneider's husband Alain Johannes,Jack BlackandKyle Gass,Matt Cameron,Brody Dalle,Jesse Hughes, Chris Goss andPJ Harvey, playing a variety of QOTSA and non-QOTSA songs, including covers of songs from bands such asCreamandThe Doors.Tenacious Dand PJ Harvey also performed acoustic sets at the show. Proceeds from the concert went to defray the costs associated with Natasha's illness. On August 22 and 23, 2008, Queens of the Stone Age performed the last shows of theirEra Vulgaristour at theReading and Leeds Festivalsin the UK, and Josh Homme announced in an interview with the BBC and during the show that he would be returning to the studio to work on the next album. Homme's health issues, debut re-release and promotional tour (2009–2011) During 2009 and 2010, band members worked on side projects during the down time. Troy Van Leeuwen started up a new band,Sweethead. Joey Castillo played forEagles of Death Metalon theirHeart Ontour. Bassist Michael Shuman continued his work as drummer and vocalist withMini Mansions, while Dean Fertita became the guitarist/keyboardist forJack White's newest group, The Dead Weather. Josh Homme formedsupergroupThem Crooked VultureswithDave GrohlandJohn Paul Jones.After Them Crooked Vultures finished touring in June, the band toured and released a two-CD deluxe edition ofRated Ron August 3, 2010. This edition featured the original CD along with six B-sides and live recordings from the band's Reading performance in 2000. In 2010, Homme suffered from complications during a botched knee surgery, during which his heart stopped for a short time due toasphyxiation; doctors had to use adefibrillatorto revive him. Following this, he was bedridden for four months and plunged into a deep depression, during which he considered giving up his music career altogether.He elaborated on this experience further in an interview onMarc Maron'sWTF podcast, explaining that he had contracted amethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infection which his immune system could not fight due to stress. Homme has since said that the experience contributed greatly to the writing and recording of...Like Clockwork. After Homme recovered, Queens of the Stone Age released a remastered version of their self-titled debut album in early 2011, and performed the album in its entirety in a promotional tour.The band performed onConanon April 14,and later played at the Australian music festivalSoundwave.Throughout the summer of 2011, the band appeared at various European festivals, including theGlastonbury Festival, inSomerset, UK. They also played at Pearl Jam's 20th Anniversary Festival at Alpine Valley in East Troy, WI on September 3 and 4, 2011, which would be their last with drummer Joey Castillo. Matador Records trilogy (2011–present) ...Like Clockwork(2011–2014) Plans to record a follow-up toEra Vulgarishad been mentioned since 2008,but recording would not begin until August 2012.In March 2011, Homme stated, \"Doing the rehearsals for the first record is really defining the new one. It's been turning the new record into something else. What we were doing was bluesy, and now it's turned into this trancey, broken thing. The robots are coming home!\"According to Homme, the album would be finished by the end of 2012. He explained to BBC Radio 1, \"We're going to take our one last break that we would get for a month, come back and do Glastonbury, then immediately jump in the studio. Our record will be done by the end of the year. We have enough songs.\" In November 2011, Alain Johannes stated in regard to his studio work with the band: \"We had a late night with Queens of the Stone Age again. Just putting in days, super top secret, but it's going to be amazing. I'm really excited about it. Once we start the process, it goes to completion. So I can't say exactly when, but it's a really good start.\" On August 20, 2012, the band stated via a Facebook status update that they were \"recording\" their new album. In September 2012, it was revealed that Homme and producerDave Sardyco-wrote and recorded a song entitled \"Nobody To Love,\" which is featured during the end credits of the filmEnd of Watch. In November 2012, Homme informed BBC'sZane Lowethat Joey Castillo had left the band and that drums on the new album would be performed by Dave Grohl, who also performed onSongs for the Deaf.Homme also confirmed with Lowe that the album would be released prior to their performance at theDownload Festivalin June 2013. In addition to Grohl, other former members contributing to the album include former bassists Nick Oliveriand Johannes,and vocalist Mark Lanegan. A number of collaborations from different musicians were announced for ...Like Clockwork, including Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor,Scissor SistersfrontmanJake Shears,Brody Dalle,andElton John. In early 2013, Homme and fellow Queens contributors including Alain Johannes and Chris Goss recorded for the soundtrack of Dave Grohl'sSound City: Real to Reel. Goss, Johannes and Homme were on three tracks each. Homme's notably included a collaboration with Grohl and Trent Reznor calledMantra, and he was also featured in the film in an interview segment. Goss and Johannes were both featured members in theSound City Players, playingMasters of Reality, Eleven, andDesert Sessionssongs, as well as their penned tunes from the soundtrack. FormerKyussbassistScott Reederalso contributed to the soundtrack. In March 2013, Queens of the Stone Age announced that the new album, entitled...Like Clockwork, would be released in June 2013 onMatador Records.A press release, issued by Matador at 9:00am EST on March 26, 2013, revealed further details of the album, including further guest appearances:Alex TurnerofArctic MonkeysandUNKLE'sJames Lavelle. In addition to Grohl's contribution, the record also features performances by former drummer Castillo, as well as tracks by new drummerJon Theodore(ex-The Mars Volta,One Day as a Lion).Queens of the Stone Age premiered a new song, \"My God Is The Sun\", atLollapaloozaBrasil on March 30, 2013,a performance in which Theodore made his live debut. The studio version of the song premiered on Lowe's BBC Radio 1 program on April 8, 2013. ...Like Clockworkwas released on June 3, 2013, on Matador Records in the UK and on June 4 in the United States. Self-produced by the band, it is the first Queens of the Stone Age album to feature full contributions from bassist Michael Shuman and keyboardist and guitarist Dean Fertita. The album debuted in the number one position in the US and is the first QOTSA album to achieve this ranking. Following a performance by QOTSA at theJay Z-ownedMade In America Festivalin the summer of 2013, Homme made comments about the rap star during a radio interview with CBC Radio 2'sStrombo Show. Homme explained that his band was frisked by the event's security team prior to the performance and referred to Jay Z's personal interaction with the band as a marketing stunt. Homme stated: He has his security frisking the bands on the way in. I just told them if you open up my bag I'm not playing so I guess it's up to you whether we are playing or not ... The idea they frisked all my guys, means you're in some different place, no-one has ever done that ... He also gave us some champagne and wanted us to take a photo with it. And I thought, \"That's not a gift, that is a marketing tool.\" So I destroyed it. Because I thought it was rude overall. And you shouldn't frisk my guys, you should fuck off. The...Like Clockworktour culminated with a Halloween party atThe Forumin Los Angeles, featuring guests such asThe Kills,JD McPhersonand Nick Oliveri's bandUncontrollable.The band's performance featured an appearance from Oliveri who played songs with them during the encore set, including songs such as \"Auto Pilot\" and \"Quick and to the Pointless\" which had not been performed in a decade. Villains(2014–2018) The band performed withNine Inch Nails,Lindsey BuckinghamandDave Grohlat the56th Annual Grammy Awards.The band went on a joint headline tour of Australia with Nine Inch Nails in 2014. In January 2014, Homme toldRolling Stonemagazine the band would start recording a new album when they finished their tour for...Like Clockwork.In June 2014, Homme performed a solo acoustic show at James Lavelle's Meltdown festival, featuring guest performances from Troy Van Leeuwen and Mark Lanegan. During this gig, Homme played a new song called \"Villains of Circumstance,\" which was performed again at another acoustic set in 2016.The band indicated in February 2015, when it was announced they are to play Rock in Rio 2015 inRio de Janeiroin September, that they were about to record a new album.Despite this, in March 2016, Michael Shuman revealed that the band were on a break. During this period, the members of the band worked on various other projects. Josh Homme and Dean Fertita contributed toIggy Pop's 2016 albumPost Pop Depressionand subsequent tour, while Troy van Leeuwen joined the rock supergroupGone Is Gonewith plans to release an EP and a studio album.In May 2016, Van Leeuwen announced plans to record Queens of the Stone Age's seventh studio album \"sometime this year.\" In January 2017,Troy SandersfromMastodonand Gone Is Gone said Queens of the Stone Age will release a new album later in the year.Following this, the band posted several photos on social media featuring their studioand announced that they would be performing at theFuji Rock Festivalin July, their first performance in Japan since 2003. The band updated their social media accounts with a new logo and the words \"Coming Twentyfive\" on April 6, 2017, and announced a tour of Australia and New Zealand to begin in July. On June 14, 2017, Queens of the Stone Age announced their new albumVillainswhich was released on August 25, 2017. The teaser trailer took the form of a comedy skit featuring the band performing a polygraph test withLiam Lynchalong with an appearance of the album's producerMark Ronson, and featured a snippet of the song \"Feet Don't Fail Me.\" The first single, \"The Way You Used to Do,\" was released the following day along with the announcement of aworld tour.The second advance single from the album, \"The Evil Has Landed,\" was released August 10, 2017. On October 24, 2017, as part of theVillainstour, the band headlinedMadison Square Gardenfor the first time, having opened forNine Inch Nailsthere in 2005, and forRed Hot Chili Peppersin 2003. Homme said he was \"stoked\".Three sets of free tickets to this show were hidden at three stations along theQ lineof theNew York City Subway. On December 9, 2017, while on stage during theKROQAcoustic Christmas concert inInglewood, California, Homme kicked a photographer's camera into her face, resulting in injuries for which she later received medical treatment.Homme, who was under the influence of alcohol at the time, later apologized through a video on the band's Instagram page, saying, \"I hope you're okay, and I'm truly sorry. And I understand you have to do whatever you have to do. I just want you to know that I'm sorry. Goodnight, godspeed.\" In Times New Roman...(2019–present) In an interview witheonmusicin June 2019,Billy Gibbonsannounced that he has contributed to a new Queens of the Stone Age album that is set to be further announced by Homme later in the future. Gibbons also confirmed thatDave Grohlis involved in the recording sessions.Grohl denied the rumors, saying that he and Homme had only spent time together \"riding motorcycles and eating waffles.\" In early May 2023, rumors began to surface of the album when a product listing appeared on the band's website titledIn Times New Roman..., including an album cover and tracklist. The listing was initially removed. On May 11, the album's first single \"Emotion Sickness\" was released, along with an official announcement of the album.On May 31, the album's second single \"Carnavoyeur\" was released.On June 14, the third and final single \"Paper Machete\" was released,immediately followed by the release of the album on June 16. In early June, Queens of the Stone Age announced an extensive North American tour called \"The End Is Nero Tour\",immediately followed by a full European leg with dates until late November 2023.This was followed a 2024 tour that included Australia, New Zealand and North America, and Europe.On July 9, the band cancelled several European shows that month so Homme could have emergency surgery, and they cancelled more later that month. Jack White filled in their slot for some festivals.On August 23, the remainder of the band's 2024 shows were cancelled or postponed to 2025 due to Homme needing \"essential medical care for the remainder of the year\". Musical style Throughout its career, the band has been described asalternative rock,stoner rock,alternative metal,andhard rock.Homme has called the band's self-titled debut album driving music, angular and recorded dry;its songs feature solid, repetitive riffs.Rolling Stonemagazine also noted a \"connection between American meat-and-potatoes macho rock of the early 1970s, likeBlue CheerandGrand Funk Railroad, and the precision-timingdronesinGerman rockof the same period.\"The band's next album,Rated R, has a wider variety of instruments, severalrecording guests, and lead vocals shared by Homme, Oliveri and Lanegan.Homme has said, \"Our first record announced our sound. This one added that we're different and weird.\"The band continued to experiment on its third album,Songs for the Deaf, which also featured a lineup of three lead vocalists, many guest appearances, and wide range of instrumentation, includinghornandstringsections.Homme has calledLullabies to Paralyzea \"dark\" album, which includes imagery inspired byThe Brothers Grimmfolkandfairy tales.In 2005, Homme said, \"Where the poetry seems to be is when you start in the dark and reach for the light—that's what makes it not depressing to me\".The album changed gears from the band's previous distinct \"driving\" sound, in large part due to Oliveri's departure.The band almost exclusively usedsemi-hollow body guitarson the record.WithEra Vulgaristhe band continued to develop its signature sound with more dance-oriented elements andelectronicinfluences, while Homme became the only lead vocalistand used more distinct vocal melodies. Homme has on numerous occasions described the band's music as \"rock versions of electronic music\", saying he takes inspiration from the repetitive nature of electronictrance musicalong with various forms of dance music,hip hop,trip hopandKrautrock. He called this heavy rock style mixed with the structure of electronic music \"robot rock\" in an interview withKUNO-TVat the 2001Roskilde Festival. Homme has described aspects of his distinctive guitar playing style.He demonstrated the \"Josh Homme scale\", which he said was the result of years playing and altering theblues scale. The scale has the intervals 1, b3, 3, b5, 5, 6, b7. His scale is the half whole scale with the second degree (b2) omitted.In the same interview, Homme referenced some earlier influences on his playing, citing bothpolkaguitar styles and the techniques ofJimi Hendrix. Members Current Former Touring musicians Discography Studio albums Tours Awards and nominations See also References External links",
"Them Crooked Vultures Them Crooked Vulturesis an Americanrocksupergroupformed inLos Angelesin 2009 with American musicianJosh Hommeon lead vocals and guitar, English musicianJohn Paul Joneson bass and keyboards, and American musicianDave Grohlon drums and backing vocals. Chilean-American guitaristAlain Johannesalso joins the group during live performances. The band began recording in February 2009, and performed its first gig inChicagoon August 9, 2009, followed by a European debut on August 19. On October 1, the group embarked on the worldwide (excluding Africa, South America, and most Asia) Deserve the Future Tour with dates going into 2010. The band's first single \"New Fang\" was released in October 2009, followed by itsself-titled debut albumthe following month, which debuted at No. 12 on theBillboard200. The group won the 2011Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performancefor \"New Fang\". After going on hiatus in 2010, each member of the band has expressed interest in reuniting to record a new album, with conflicting schedules being cited as the primary delay of a full-scale reunion. In September 2022, Them Crooked Vultures reunited for a pair of performances at both London'sWembley Stadiumand the Los AngelesKia Forum, both as part of tribute shows in honour of Foo Fighters' late drummerTaylor Hawkins. In both shows, the group were also joined byGreg Kurstinon keyboards. History Beginnings andThem Crooked Vultures(2005–2009) A collaboration between Josh Homme, John Paul Jones, and Dave Grohl was first publicly mentioned by Grohl in a 2005 interview withMojo, in which he declared \"The next project that I'm trying to initiate involves me on drums, Josh Homme on guitar, and John Paul Jones playing bass.\" In a 2019 post on his Facebook page,Jimmy Pagesuggested that he could have been part of the band as well, based on conversations he had with Grohl.Of the nascent project, Homme's ex-wifeBrody Dallecommented in July 2009 that \"I'm not at liberty to talk about it but I think is pretty amazing. Just beats and sounds like you've never heard before.\"After finding that the nameCaligulawas already taken, the members arbitrarily chose \"Them Crooked Vultures\" as a name with no significance. British music magazineNMEreported in July 2009 that the trio had begun recording in Los Angeles.The band performed its first show at theMetro, Chicago on August 9, 2009, at midnight.The band played all original material during its 80-minute set, debuting such songs as opener \"Elephants\", \"Scumbag Blues\", \"Caligulove\" and closing song \"No One Loves Me & Neither Do I\".The band made its European debut on August 19 with a performance atMelkwegin the Netherlands, the same day on which a short video clip of studio footage was uploaded by the band, featuring the song \"No One Loves Me & Neither Do I\". With subsequent festival performances in Europe atPukkelpopandLowlands, the band first performed in the United Kingdom at London'sBrixton Academysupporting Englishalternative rockbandArctic Monkeyson August 26.The trio subsequently performed at theReading and Leeds Festivalson August 28 and 29, playing the Leeds Festival first then moving onto Reading the next day. Them Crooked Vultureswas released byInterscope Recordsin North America, andSony Musicinternationally.On October 21, radio personalityAlan Crossannounced the lead single for Them Crooked Vultures debut album to be \"New Fang\" which premiered on October 26. The single was released on November 2 worldwide as a free download.Icon vs. Icon subsequently announced that the album would be released on November 17, 2009.On November 3, the band gave a free copy of \"Mind Eraser (No Chaser)\" to fans that had bought tickets to a live performance and offered it oniTunesas a free download. On November 9, Them Crooked Vultures started streaming their full album on their website, and also through a link to their mailing list with the title \"Fuck Patience, Let's Dance.\" On September 1, the band announced two 2009 tours of North America and the United Kingdom, in October and December respectively.The 2009 tour was titled Deserve the Future Tour and the UK leg sold out in just under 12 minutes, making it one of the quickest sold tours in the UK — without the band even officially releasing a song to date. On September 21, the band also announced three Germany dates for December 2009. On November 17, 2009, the single \"New Fang\" was released as a downloadable song for Rock Band 2. On October 26, 2010, the song titled \"Dead End Friends\" was included as an on-disc track for the game Rock Band 3. On January 25, 2010, it was confirmed that the band would perform at theDownload Festival2010. On February 6, 2010, the band performed the songs \"Mind Eraser, No Chaser\" (now the second single) and \"New Fang\" as musical guests onSaturday Night Live. Dave Grohl also appeared in a sketch near the end of the show. A week later, the band appeared on the PBS showAustin City Limitsbroadcast February 13, 2010. The band appeared onJimmy Kimmel Live!on April 13–14, 2010. The band also confirmed a series of festival appearances for 2010, including theCoachella Music Festivalon April 16,Roskilde Festival,the Peace & Love Festival in Borlange, Sweden on July 1, 2010,andHove Festivalin Arendal, Norway on June 30, 2010.The band closed the show on the Alternastage at Rock Am Ring, Nürburg, Germany, playing after midnight on June 7, 2010. In March, it was announced that the group were to play atThe Royal Albert Hallin aid of The Teenage Cancer Trustwith support coming fromLittle Fish. On April 20, 2010, Them Crooked Vultures released a digital 45 ontoiTunesfeaturing the songs \"Mind Eraser, No Chaser\" and the song \"Hwy 1\" on the A side. \"Hwy 1\" wasn't featured on the band's self-titled album but was usually played live. For those reasons, the version of \"Hwy 1\" featured was recorded live inSydney, Australia. The B-side featured \"Vulture Speak\", an interview with the band members. Hiatus and possible second album (2010–2022) Grohl said in an interview that they are working on a second album that will be \"more powerful than the first one\".John Paul Jones also stated in an interview while touring in New Zealand that they will be recording a new album. When asked about the futures of Grohl and Homme's bands Jones said that they will get their frontmen back \"eventually\".A video was uploaded to the band's officialYouTubechannel entitled 'Fresh Pots' whichNMEclaimed was filmed during recording for their follow-up album.Grohl clarified after the video's release that it was filmed a year prior, during the self-titled album's recording sessions. On November 12, 2010, in an interview with BBC 6 Music,John Paul Joneshas confirmed that the band is ready to resume working on putting together new material for a fresh release, and will go into the studio very soon. Jones has also stated that they are tentatively a year or so away from completing the CD, hinting on a possible late 2011 release. In November 2011, touring memberAlain Johannesnoted that there are definitely plans to record a second studio album, stating: \"The way that the cycles happen, you know, Dave jumped right into Foos, and then Josh toured more than a solid year with Queens for theself-titled album. So I expect at some point after the Queens cycle that there will be .\" In December 2012, when asked about the band's future,Dave Grohlstated: \"We've talked about it, I know that someday we'll get back together and do stuff, because we love playing with each other.\"Grohl once again mentioned a possible reunion in an interview withZane LoweonApple Music'sBeats 1radio station in June 2017. In an interview withThe Guardianin August 2019, Grohl stated: \"It's still hard to accept that I got to play in a band with . Technically we'restilla band. We practice once every decade, and we're coming up on another decade aren't we? I don't have any official news but there's always something cooking.\"In a further interview withNME, Grohl elaborated: \"We've talked. We've got together. I never say never. If you want me to be your drummer, we either have to be best fucking friends or you have to be better than Josh Homme and John Paul Jones. If those guys call and say that it's time to go, then I'm gonna go because that's the band. That's the band that I want to be the drummer of forever. Josh and I talk about it all the time. I know that John would love to as well. It's also like herding cats. So, we'll see.\" Reunion for tribute shows (2022) In September 2022, the band reunited for two tribute shows dedicated to lateFoo FightersdrummerTaylor Hawkins. At Wembley Stadium, the group performed \"Gunman\" as well as covers ofElton John's \"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road\" andQueens of the Stone Age's \"Long Slow Goodbye\". At the KIA Forum show, they reprised the same set, albeit with \"Dead End Friends\" played instead of \"Gunman\". During both performances, the group was also joined by Greg Kurstin on keyboards andAlain Johanneson guitar. Musical style Them Crooked Vultures has been described ashard rockandalternative rock.According toLouder Sound, \"Them Crooked Vultures is loaded with ample elements ofsludge metal,noise rock,grunge,stoner rock, and a generous dash of classicpsychedelic rocksensibilities.\" Band members Official members Touring members Discography Studio albums Singles Notes Awards and nominations TheGrammy Awardsare awarded annually by theNational Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. References External links",
"Kyuss Kyuss(/ˈkaɪəs/KY-əs) was an Americanstoner rockband formed inPalm Desert, California, in 1987, and considered one of the pioneers of the genre.After disbanding in 1995,a number of band members have gone on to form or play in several notable bands includingQueens of the Stone Age,Screaming Trees,Fu Manchu,Dwarves,Eagles of Death Metal,Mondo Generator,Hermano,Unida,Slo BurnandThem Crooked Vultures. In November 2010, three former members of the band (minus Homme, who declined to participate) reunited under the adapted moniker \"Kyuss Lives!\" for a world tour with plans to record a new album.A federal lawsuit subsequently filed by Homme resulted in Oliveri leaving the band in March 2012.Five months later, a court ruled that Garcia and Bjork were not allowed to release audio recordings under the Kyuss Lives! moniker.As a result, they changed their name toVista Chino. History As Katzenjammer and Sons of Kyuss (1987–1991) The band formed in 1987 jamming under the nameKatzenjammer(German slangword for \"Hangover\" , literally \"moaning of a cat\") before eventually deciding uponSons of Kyuss. Brant Bjork selected the name from theundead monsterfound in theAdvanced Dungeons & Dragonsroleplaying game.In 1989 the band recorded theireponymousdebut EP,Sons of Kyuss, which was their only release to feature Chris Cockrell on bass. After self-releasing the EP in 1990, the band recruitedNick Oliveri– who had previously played second guitar in Katzenjammer – to replace Cockrell on bass, and shortened their name to Kyuss. As Kyuss (1991–1995) Kyuss' first line-up consisted of vocalistJohn Garcia, guitaristJosh Homme, bassistNick Oliveriand drummerBrant Bjork. The band gradually built a local following in Palm Desert, California and frequently performed at parties in and around the isolated towns ofSouthern California's desert areas. These impromptu and predominantly outdoor shows, referred to locally as \"generator parties\",consisted of small crowds of people, beer drinking, and the use of gasoline-powered generators to provide electricity for the equipment.Homme commented that playing in the desert \"was the shaping factor for the band\" noting that \"there's no clubs here, so you can only play for free. If people don't like you, they'll tell you. You can't suck.\" The band then signed with independent record labelDali, a subsidiary of theElektra Records-distributedChameleon Records, who released their debut album,Wretch, in September 1991. Several songs on the album were re-recorded versions of those that appeared on theSons of KyussEP. Album sales were sluggish, though the band was quickly making a name for itself as a live act.Guitarist Josh Homme soon gained a reputation for his unique downtuned,psychedelicstyle of guitar playing, and his convention of playing electric guitars through bass guitar amplifiers to create a bass-heavy sound. In 1992, the band, along with new producerChris Goss, began work on their next album,Blues for the Red Sun. Goss understood the band, and was able to accurately capture their live sound in the studio.Released in June that year, the album was critically hailed and is today widely regarded as a pioneeringstoner rockrecord. By the end of 1993, they were invited to open nine dates forMetallicatouring Australia.Comparisons to stoner rock godfathersBlack Sabbathbecame common, though Homme claimed to have little knowledge of the band at the timebut Bjork asserted he and Oliveri were hugely influenced by the British group.Oliveri left the band following completion of the album andScott Reeder, who had been approached about joining Kyuss five to six months earlier during a West Coast tour withThe Obsessed, made his debut at the release party forBlues for the Red Sun. In 1993, Kyuss were moved from Dali to the main Chameleon label, and recorded their third album,Welcome to Sky Valley.Once again produced by Chris Goss, it demonstrated a much more psychedelic and mature sound.However, personal problems emerged and drummer Brant Bjork left the band following completion of the recording sessions. Bjork cited his extreme distaste for touring, particularly band relationship problems that develop during long periods on the road. He was replaced byAlfredo Hernández, who had previously played with Reeder in the band Across the River during the mid-80s. The album was initially scheduled to be released in January 1994, but Chameleon went under in November 1993.Elektra opted to pick up the band's contract from Chameleon,and issued the album in June 1994 to critical acclaim. One of the album's singles, \"Demon Cleaner\", reached number 78 on theUK Singles Chart. In July 1995, Kyuss released their fourth and final album,...And the Circus Leaves Town.The band's only album recorded for a major label, it featured a simpler sound, in contrast to the instrumentally basedWelcome to Sky Valley.\"One Inch Man\" was released as the album's only single in June 1995, and a music video was also made for the song.The album was not as successful commercially asSky Valley, receiving mixed reviews. Kyuss broke up during the late summer of 1995. After the band's breakup in 1995, there had been frequent and persistent speculation among fans regarding the possibility of a Kyuss reunion. When asked in late 2004 about whether the band would ever re-unite, Homme replied that this was unlikely to happen in the near future. However, on December 20, 2005, Garcia made a guest appearance onstage with Queens of the Stone Age during their encore at theWiltern LGin Los Angeles. They performed three Kyuss songs together: \"Thumb\", \"Hurricane\" and \"Supa Scoopa and Mighty Scoop\".The band has reportedly received numerous offers to reform, all of which have been turned down: \"The offers come in all the time. They're getting more and more expensive, and more and more elaborate. The money is crazy, but I've never been tempted – I don't really care about the money, I never have. That's not what KYUSS was about, so to punctuate the end of our sentence with that would be blasphemy. KYUSS fans are so fuckin' rad, they're fuckin' badass – but to me, reunions are just not necessary. It's not what it was, it's what it is, and KYUSS was a really magical thing – and if you weren't there, well, you weren't. That's just the luck of the draw. I don't feel the urge to do it for somebody who didn't have the opportunity to see us, or just didn't take the opportunity to see us. I'll let other bands alter their great legacies. KYUSS has such a great history that it would be a total error. I like that nobody saw KYUSS, and that it was largely misunderstood. That sounds like a legend forming to me. I'm too proud of it to rub my dick on it.\" Scott Reeder also commented on a possible Kyuss reunion in early 2008, saying \"I think everyone but Josh would do it in a heartbeat\". Reeder also noted that he would \"do it for free beer again\". Post-breakup (1996–present) Shortly after the breakup, Homme toured as the rhythm guitarist withScreaming Treesand began work on ongoingThe Desert Sessionsrecording series. In December 1997, atransitional split EPwas released, featuring three songs by Kyuss (theBlack Sabbathcover \"Into the Void,\" \"Fatso Forgotso\", and \"Flip the Phase\") and three songs by Queens of the Stone Age (\"If Only Everything\", \"Born to Hula\" and \"Spiders & Vinegaroons\"). Homme and Hernandez formedQueens of the Stone Agein 1998, and recruited Oliveri as bassist after completion of their debut album. Hernandez later played withYawning Man,ChéandOrquesta del Desierto, while Oliveri formed the bandMondo Generator, named after the only Kyuss song credited solely (words and music) to him. DrummerBrant Bjorkwent on to form the bandBrant Bjork and the Bros, recorded and performed withFu Manchuand Mondo Generator, and has recorded several solo albums. John Garcia went on to formSlo Burn, although the band was short-lived and released only one EP,Amusing the Amazing, before disbanding in September 1997. He was also briefly associated with the bandKarma to Burn. In 1998, he began working with the bandUnida, recording one EP, one LP and an unreleased album. At the same time he started working with the bandHermano, having released three LP's and one live album to date. Garcia had more recently been working on a solo album. In 1997, Homme, Bjork, and Oliveri recorded three songs together (\"13th Floor\", \"Simple Exploding Man\", & \"Cocaine Rodeo\") for Mondo Generator's debut albumCocaine Rodeo, released in 2000. Also featuring Garcia and Chris Goss on one track, the songs are regarded by many fans as the true final Kyuss recordings. In 2000, a compilation album,Muchas Gracias: The Best of Kyuss, was released. The album is a collection of the band's singles, as well as B-sides and live material. Although Kyuss left behind some \"rarities\", many of them were released onMuchas Gracias, and further releases from the band appear unlikely. Singer John Garcia toldBillboardin a 2005 interview: \"There are so many untitled songs that have never been heard, that I have up in my little crawl space up above my bed. I don't see those songs coming out anytime in the near future. Everybody's too busy to do stuff like that. It's a job to go back and listen to it, and then if you want to re-record them.\" In 2010, a European \"John Garcia plays Kyuss\" tour was announced. In June 2010, former Kyuss members Nick Oliveri and Brant Bjork joined Garcia onstage to perform \"Green Machine\" and \"Gardenia\" during a headlining appearance by \"Garcia Plays Kyuss\" atHellfestinClisson, France,and they also appeared onstage with Garcia in other concerts on the tour. In November 2010, Garcia, Oliveri and Bjork announced plans to tour under the moniker \"Kyuss Lives!\" with guitarist Bruno Fevery. In reference to the new band name, Garcia stated that \"there is never going to be a Kyuss withoutJosh Homme\" and that \"hopefully in the future him and I can get together and do some writing.\"The band went on to tour Europe,Australia,New Zealand,and North and South America. The band then announced plans to record a new studio album for a summer 2012 release in addition to a live album. However, in March 2012, it was revealed that Josh Homme, after persuading bassist Scott Reeder to support him, had filed a federal lawsuit against John Garcia and Brant Bjork alleging \"trademark infringement and consumer fraud\" over the use of the Kyuss name despite the fact Brant Bjork had originally created the name. Nick Oliveri left the project later that month after it was revealed that Garcia and Bjork had tried to take control of the Kyuss trademark. In August 2012, the courts ruled that Garcia and Bjork could not release any recordings, studio or live, under the Kyuss Lives! moniker. While they were allowed to continue using the moniker for live shows (as long as, unlike the band's current logo, Lives! is written in the same size and next to the word Kyuss to avoid confusion), the judge stated that they may face issues in the future and that \"it may be in Defendants' best interest to begin re-branding under a new name\".On November 29, 2012, it was announced that Kyuss Lives! had changed their name toVista Chino. In July 2020, Homme stated that he was open to the possibility of participating in a Kyuss reunion. \"There have been times I thought it cannot end that way, and the only real way to end it correctly now would be to play.\"In 2021, Bjork stated he had reached out to Homme in regards to his comments, however, the probability of a reunion has been put into question due to a lack of communication from Homme. Discography Band members Lineups Timeline References External links",
"Homme Hommemay refer to: People Places Other",
"Screaming Trees Screaming Treeswere an Americanrockband formed inEllensburg, Washington, in 1984 by vocalistMark Lanegan, guitaristGary Lee Conner, bassistVan Conner, and drummerMark Pickerel. Pickerel was replaced byBarrett Martinin 1991. Screaming Trees became known as one of the pioneers ofgrungealong withMelvins,Mudhoney,U-Men,Skin Yard,Soundgarden,Green River, andMalfunkshun, among others. Although widely associated with grunge, the band's sound incorporatedhard rockandpsychedelicelements. After releasing a string of EPs and albums in the 1980s on independent labels, Screaming Trees signed withEpic Recordsin 1990. They released their major label debut album in 1991,Uncle Anesthesia, which spawned their first charting single \"Bed of Roses\". After Martin replaced Pickerel on drums, Screaming Trees released their most successful album in 1992,Sweet Oblivion. \"Dollar Bill\" became a minor radio hit, but the lead single \"Nearly Lost You\" vastly increased the band's popularity as it peaked at No. 5 on theModern Rock Tracks Chart, No. 12 on theMainstream Rock Tracks Chart, No. 50 on theUK Singles Chart, and No. 96 on theARIA Chart. After an extended hiatus and various recording sessions, the band's follow-up album was eventually released in 1996, entitledDust. Although the lead single \"All I Know\" peaked at No. 9 on both the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts, the album did not match its predecessor's success. After difficulties in recording another album, the band announced their official breakup in 2000. Their aborted album from the late 1990s was later released in 2011 asLast Words: The Final Recordings. Lanegan died aged 57 on February 22, 2022. Van Conner died aged 55 on January 17, 2023. History 1984–1989: Formation and early releases The Conner brothers formed Screaming Trees withMark LaneganandMark Pickerelin 1984 inEllensburg, Washington, a small town a little over 100 miles fromSeattle.The band was drawn together in high school by an interest in punk, garage, and classic rock. The band rehearsed at the Conner family's video rental store and recorded their demo tapeOther Worldsin the summer of 1985 withSteve Fiskat Creative Fire recording studio in Ellensburg. It was initially distributed by the independent labelK Records.Other Worldsthen got a wider release through the independent label, Velvetone Records (also based out of Ellensburg).In 1986, they released their debut full-length album,Clairvoyance, also on the Velvetone label.Musically, the album combinedpsychedelic rockandhard rockwith the band's aforementioned influences.With Fisk's help, the LP caught the attention ofGreg Ginn, and the band were signed toSST Records. In 1987, the band released their second LP, and their first for SST,Even If and Especially When.After the release of the album in 1987, the band began working the American indie circuit, playing shows across the US with other SST bands such asFirehoseandMeat Puppets.In early 1988, Screaming Trees collaborated with theindie popbandBeat Happeningon theEPBeat Happening/Screaming Trees. Screaming Trees' next album,Invisible Lantern, was released later on in 1988. SST also decided to re-releaseOther Worldsthat same year. Screaming Trees then released the albumBuzz Factoryin 1989. While attempting to tour behindBuzz Factory, SST had difficulties in releasing the album. By the tour's conclusion, the band became frustrated and departed from the label. Towards the end of 1989, Screaming Trees briefly became a part of the roster for the prominent independent labelSub Pop. The label released the band's EPChange Has Comein December 1989. Half of it was produced by Fisk and the other half was produced byJack Endino. Drummer Pickerel later described the EP, in his own opinion, as \"our best recorded moment\". 1990–2000: Major label years In 1990 the band signed a major label contract withEpic Records.The band released their fifth full-length album the following year, and first for a major label,Uncle Anesthesia.The album was produced byTerry DateandSoundgardenvocalistChris Cornelland included the single \"Bed of Roses\", which gained considerable airtime on alternative rock radio stations and peaked at No. 23 on theModern Rock Tracks Chart. The single was the first Screaming Trees release to chart. AlthoughUncle Anesthesiasold better than their previous efforts, the band remained a cult act. After the release ofUncle AnesthesiaVan Conner went on hiatus from the band, choosing to tour as bass player forDinosaur Jr.instead, withDonna Dreschfilling in for him during Screaming Trees performances. Late in 1991, Nirvana'sNevermindbecame an unexpected commercial success, opening the gates for the rest of the Seattle scene. Barrett Martinreplaced previous drummer Pickerel and the new lineup recordedSweet Oblivionin 1992.Sweet Oblivionwas the band's breakout album and included the hit single \"Nearly Lost You\". The video for \"Nearly Lost You\" became anMTVand alternative radio hit in the fall of 1992, thanks to its inclusion in the soundtrack for the filmSingles. \"Nearly Lost You\" peaked at No. 5 on the Modern Rock Tracks Chart, No. 12 on theMainstream Rock Tracks Chart, No. 96 on theARIA Chart, and No. 50 on theUK Singles Chart,making it the band's first single to chart outside the United States. \"Dollar Bill\" was also released as a single and it peaked at No. 28 on the Modern Rock Tracks Chart and at No. 40 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart. Overall,Sweet Oblivionsold a total of 300,000 copies in theUnited States. Screaming Trees were chosen by Nirvana band leaderKurt Cobainto appear on the final day of theReading Festivalin theUnited Kingdomon August 30, 1992, whichNirvana headlined.Screaming Trees also played at theRoskilde FestivalinDenmarkin 1992 which Nirvana headlined as well.The band supportedSweet Oblivionwith a year-long tour, during which tension developed among the members. After the tour was finished, the group took an extended hiatus. During that time, Lanegan recorded his second solo album,Whiskey for the Holy Ghost, which was released in 1994.The following year, Lanegan was featured as a guest vocalist in the Barrett Martin (alongsideLayne StaleyandMike McCready) side projectMad Season. Lanegan co-wrote and sang on two songs. Mad Season would only release one album because of Staley's deteriorating health and the 1999 death of bassistJohn Baker Saunders. In early 1995, Screaming Trees toured Australia for the only time as part of theBig Day Outfestival, before beginning work on their follow-up toSweet Oblivion. Following one stillborn attempt at the album, the band hired producerGeorge Drakoulias, who had previously worked withthe Black Crowesand theJayhawks. The resulting album,Dust, was released in 1996, nearly four years after its predecessor. The album peaked at No. 134 on theBillboard200 Chart, No. 32 on theUK Albums Chart,and No. 39 on theRPMTop 100 Albums Chart.Dustgained favorable reviews while the singles \"Sworn and Broken\" peaked at No. 76 on the UK Singles Chart and \"All I Know\" peaked at No. 9 on both the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts; however, the album ultimately did not match the sales ofSweet Oblivion. After the release of the album,Josh Homme, formerly fromKyuss, was hired as rhythm guitarist. Following theDusttour in the United States, Screaming Trees took another hiatus for Lanegan to begin his work on his third solo album,Scraps At Midnight, which was released in 1998.The band headed back into the studio in 1999 and recorded several demos including the song \"Ash Grey Sunday\" and shopped them around to labels, but no label was interested.The band played a few surprise shows in early 2000 to try to gain a label's attention but they were unsuccessful. They did however release the song \"One Way Conversation\" on the Musicblitz Records internet label. In 2000, after a concert to celebrate the opening of Seattle'sExperience Music Project, the band announced their official breakup. Final album and deaths of Lanegan and Van Conner On June 22, 2011, it was announced that an unreleased album that Screaming Trees recorded in 1998 and 1999 would finally see the light of day. TitledLast Words: The Final Recordings, the album was mixed by Jack Endino and Martin. It was released digitally on Martin's self-owned label Sunyata Productions on August 2, 2011, with CD and vinyl versions released in the following months. In 2021, when asked about his time with Screaming Trees, Lanegan replied, \"It's kind of like looking back at grade school. I definitely have fond memories and it's really how I learned to sing — through trial and error, with those guys.\"Lanegan died on February 22, 2022, at his home inKillarney, Ireland. Gary Lee Conner revealed on January 18, 2023 that Van Conner had died aged 55. He had previously been in a coma due to stomach surgery, followed by contracting COVID-19. It was reported that pneumonia had ultimately led to his death. OnBlack Friday 2023,Wrong Turn to Jahannam: Live From Egg Studio 1991was released. It consisted of an in-studio rehearsal session by the band which was unreleased up to that point.Dan PetersofMudhoneyplayed drums on the recording as it was during his brief time in the band as a touring member. Related projects Mark Lanegan released a solo album in May 2001 entitledField Songs. Also in that year, he became a member of the alternative rock groupQueens of the Stone Agewith Homme. Lanegan recorded two albums as one of the group's three vocalists before leaving the group in late 2005. His sixth solo albumBubblegumwas released in 2004 and became his best-selling album and his first solo album to chart.He went on to work withGreg Dulliin theGutter Twinsand theTwilight Singers. Lanegan also received critical acclaim for his albums withIsobel Campbell, one of which,Ballad of the Broken Seas, was nominated for the 2006Mercury Music Prize. Gary Lee Conner started the bands the Purple Outside and Microdot Gnome as the vocalist. He has also done session work with other musicians. In 1999, he released the single \"Grasshopper's Daydream/Behind the Smile\" on Sub Pop, which featured his former bandmates Homme and Pickerel along with his brother Van as producer. Gary Lee later released four solo albums between 2016 and 2021. Initially, Van Conner turned his efforts to his side-project Gardener with Aaron Stauffer (formerly ofSeaweed, and laterVALIS). In 2001, he contributed to Lanegan's albumField Songs. Van has produced and contributed to several other projects over the years, including Kitty Kitty, VALIS, Gardener, and Gary Lee's Sub Pop single \"Grasshopper's Daydream/Behind the Smile\". Van's band VALIS released several recordings between 2002 and 2012. Barrett Martin became a touring member for several bands after the breakup of Screaming Trees, includingStone Temple PilotsandR.E.M., and has released two solo albums with limited success. He later contributed to Lanegan's solo albumI'll Take Care of Youand the albumRated RbyQueens of the Stone Age. He later became the drummer forTuataraand also the drummer/vocalist inThe Minus 5. Martin contributed playing drums on two albums byNando Reis, a Brazilian musician:Para Quando O Arco Irís Encontrar O Pote de Ouro(2000) together withPeter Buckfrom R.E.M., andA Letra A(2003). Almost immediately after departing from Screaming Trees in 1991, Mark Pickerel formed the bandTrulyalongsideRobert Roth, original Soundgarden bassistHiro Yamamoto, and Chris Quinn. Truly released their debut EPHeart and Lungsin 1991, followed by Quinn's departure shortly after. The band stayed as a trio and they released two full-length albums plus a compilation, followed by a hiatus in 1998.Pickerel also played drums on three of Lanegan's solo albums throughout the 1990s. Pickerel released his debut solo album in 2006,Snake in the Radio. He eventually followed it up with three additional solo albums. Members Touring members Timeline Discography References External links"
] | [
"Queens of the Stone Age Queens of the Stone Age(commonly abbreviated asQOTSAorQotSA) is an Americanrockband formed in 1996 inSeattle,Washington.The band was founded by vocalist and guitaristJosh Homme, who has been the only constant member throughout multiple lineup changes. Since 2013, the lineup has consisted of Homme alongsideTroy Van Leeuwen(guitar,lap steel, keyboard, percussion, backing vocals),Michael Shuman(bass guitar, keyboard, backing vocals),Dean Fertita(keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals), andJon Theodore(drums, percussion). The band also has a large pool ofcontributors and collaborators. Queens of the Stone Age are known for theirblues,Krautrockandelectronica-influenced style ofriff-oriented and rhythmichard rockmusic, coupled with Homme's distinct falsetto vocals and unorthodox guitar scales. Formed after the dissolution of Homme's previous bandKyuss,the band originated from the spread of thePalm Desert music scene. Theirself-titled debut albumwas recorded with former Kyuss",
"with former Kyuss membersAlfredo Hernándezon drums and Homme on all other instruments. Bass guitaristNick Oliverijoined the band for its accompanying tour and became the band's co-lead vocalist alongside Homme. The band's second studio album,Rated R, which featuredMark Laneganas a guest vocalist, was their major label debut, being released onInterscope Records. It was commercially and critically successful, and featured their breakout single \"The Lost Art of Keeping a Secret\". The band's third studio album,Songs for the Deaf, featuringDave Grohlon drums alongside contributions fromAlain JohannesandNatasha Shneider, was released in 2002. After Oliveri's and Lanegan's departures in 2004 and 2005, respectively, Homme became the band's sole lead vocalist, with multi-instrumentalist Troy Van Leeuwen and drummerJoey Castillocollaborating on 2005'sLullabies to Paralyzeand 2007's electronic-influencedEra Vulgaris. After several years of inactivity, the band signed to independent labelMatador Recordsin 2013 and",
"Recordsin 2013 and released a loose trilogy of albums over ten years:...Like Clockwork(2013),Villains(2017), andIn Times New Roman...(2023). The trilogy brought further critical acclaim and a new height of commercial success, with...Like Clockworkbecoming the band's firstnumber-one albumin the U.S. The band has been nominated forGrammy Awardsnine times: four times forBest Hard Rock Performance, three forBest Rock Album, and once forBest Rock PerformanceandBest Rock Song. History Formation and debut album (1996–1999) After the breakup of his previous band,Kyuss, in 1995,Josh Hommebriefly joinedScreaming Treesas a touring guitarist,before deciding to form a new band, Gamma Ray. In 1996, they released the eponymousGamma RayEP, featuring \"Born to Hula\" and \"If Only Everything\" (which would later appear on their self-titled debut as \"If Only\"). The EP featuredMatt CameronofSoundgardenandPearl Jam, Van Conner from Screaming Trees, and percussionistVictor Indrizzo. Gamma Ray changed their name in 1997 after the",
"in 1997 after the Germanpower metalbandGamma Raythreatened to sue. The name \"Queens of the Stone Age\" came from a nickname given to Kyuss by their producerChris Goss. Homme said of the name: \"Kings would be too macho. The Kings of the Stone Age wear armor and have axes and wrestle. The Queens of the Stone Age hang out with the Kings of the Stone Age's girlfriends when they wrestle ... Rock should be heavy enough for the boys and sweet enough for the girls. That way everyone's happy and it's more of a party. Kings of the Stone Age is too lopsided.\" The first release under the Queens of the Stone Age name was the song \"18 A.D.,\" released onRoadrunner Records' compilation albumBurn One Up! Music for Stoners.It featured guitarist Dave Catching as well as the bassist and drummer of the Dutchstoner rockbandBeaver, owing to connections Homme made while living inAmsterdamfor a few months following Kyuss' breakup.The band's first live appearance was on November 20, 1997, atOK HotelinSeattle, with Cameron on",
"with Cameron on drums,Mike JohnsonofDinosaur Jr.on bass and John McBain ofMonster Magneton guitar. In December that year, the band released a split EP,Kyuss/Queens of the Stone Age, which featured three tracks from the Gamma Ray sessions as well as three Kyuss tracks recorded in 1995 prior to their breakup. Queens of the Stone Age released theirself-titled debutin 1998 onStone Gossard's andRegan Hagar's labelLoosegroove Records, and on vinyl byMan's Ruin Records. Homme played guitar and bass on the album (the latter credited to Homme's alter-ego Carlo Von Sexron),Alfredo Hernándezon drums, and several other contributions by Chris Goss and Hutch. Homme reportedly asked Screaming Trees vocalistMark Laneganto appear on the record, but he was unable due to other commitments. Soon after the recording sessions were finished for the album, former Kyuss bassistNick Oliverijoined the group, and touring commenced with a band consisting entirely of ex-Kyuss members. Catching, a former Kyuss guitar tech, joined shortly",
"joined shortly after. From this point forward, the band's line-up would change frequently; by the time their second album was being recorded, Hernández had left the group to play in other bands. Rated R(2000–2001) Released in 2000,Rated Rfeatured myriad musicians familiar with Homme and Oliveri's work and \"crew\" of sorts: among others, drummers Nick Lucero andGene Trautmann, guitaristsDave Catching,Brendon McNichol, and Chris Goss contributed, and evenJudas PriestfrontmanRob Halford, recording next door, stepped in for a guest spot on \"Feel Good Hit of the Summer.\" The album garnered positive reviews and received a lot more attention than their debut, despite the fact that the lyrics to \"Feel Good Hit of the Summer\" were deemed by mega-retailerWalmartto promote drug use, almost causing the record to get pulled from store shelves.The success of the record also earned the band notable opening slots withThe Smashing Pumpkins,Foo Fighters,Hole, and a place atOzzfest2000.It was during this time that Homme stated:",
"that Homme stated: There's a robotic element to our albums, like the repetition of riffs. We also wanted to do a record that had a lot of dynamic range. We wanted to set it up in this band so we could play anything. We don't want to get roped in by our own music. If anyone has a good song (regardless of style) we should be able to play it. During the 2001Rock in Rioshow, bassist Nick Oliveri was arrested after performing on stage naked, with only his bass guitar covering his genitals. Oliveri apologized to officials, saying that he did not know it was a crime in Brazil. Following his work onRated R, former Screaming Trees vocalist Mark Lanegan joined the band as a full-time member, a position he held until early 2005. Towards the end of theRated Rtour, the band's performance at the 2001Rock am Ringfestival in Germany was, according to Homme, \"the worst show we've ever played and it was in front of 40,000 people.\"The band decided totattoothemselves with the starting time of the performance, \"Freitag 4:15.\" As",
"\"Freitag 4:15.\" As Oliveri explained: Me, Mark , Josh and Hutch, our soundman, have the same tattoo, it's from Rock am Ring festival. The time we had to play was 4:15 in the afternoon and it was just a terrible show. It sucked, it was horrible. That's why I tattooed it on my ribs, where it would hurt, so I'd never forget. Songs for the Deaf, mainstream exposure and Oliveri's departure (2001–2004) Dave Grohl,Foo Fightersfrontman and formerNirvanadrummer, joined in late 2001 to record drums for the band's third album,Songs for the Deaf.It was released in August 2002 and again featured Lanegan. The final track on the album, \"Mosquito Song\", featured formerA Perfect CirclememberPaz Lenchantinon viola and piano along withDean Weenon guitar. Another former A Perfect Circle member, guitaristTroy Van Leeuwen, joined the touring line-up following the album's release. This record was supposed to sound bizarre—like lightning in a bottle. We also were extremely fucked up. It even sounds that way to me, like a crazy",
"to me, like a crazy person. The radio interludes are supposed to be like the drive from L.A. to Joshua Tree, a drive that makes you feel like you're letting go—moreDavid Lynchwith every mile. Songs for the Deafwas a critical hit and wascertified goldin 2003, with sales of over 900,000.The singles \"No One Knows\" and \"Go with the Flow\" became hits on radio andMTV, with the former just outside theBillboard Top 40. \"No One Knows\" and \"Go with the Flow\" were also featured on the first iterations of the popular video gamesGuitar HeroandRock Band(respectively). Furthermore, the latter track was featured in the popular video gameFortniteas a song inFortnite Festival. The song \"You Think I Ain't Worth a Dollar, But I Feel Like a Millionaire\" was featured in the video game,Tony Hawk's Underground. It was also used as the theme song in Naughty Dog's \"Jak X: Combat Racing\" in 2005 along with \"Song for the Dead\". TheSongs for the Deaftour culminated in a string of headline dates in Australia in January 2004. Grohl",
"January 2004. Grohl returned to his other projects and was replaced on the European leg of the tour by formerDanzigdrummerJoey Castillo, who joined the band full-time. After the tour, Homme fired Oliveri, as he was convinced that Oliveri had been physically abusive to his girlfriend: \"A couple years ago, I spoke to Nick about a rumor I heard. I said, 'If I ever find out that this is true, I can't know you, man.'\"Homme considered breaking up the band after firing Oliveri, but found a new determination to continue.Oliveri countered in the press that the band had been \"poisoned by hunger for power\" and that without him, they were \"Queens Lite.\" He later softened his opinion and said: \"My relationship with Josh is good. The new Queens record kicks ass.\"The two reportedly are still friends and as of October 2006, Oliveri was interested in rejoining the band.Oliveri later contributed to Queens of the Stone Age for the first time in nine years, contributing backing vocals to the band's sixth album,...Like",
"sixth album,...Like Clockwork. Lullabies to Paralyze(2004–2006) In late 2004, Homme, along withElevenmulti-instrumentalistAlain Johannesand remaining band members Van Leeuwen and Castillo recorded the Queens' fourth studio album,Lullabies to Paralyze, a title taken from a lyric in \"Mosquito Song\" from their previous album.The album featured guests includingZZ Top'sBilly Gibbons. Despite Lanegan reportedly turning down an invitation to remain with the band, he recorded vocals on new tracks (notably the solo vocalist on the opening track \"This Lullaby\") and appeared on the supporting tour as scheduling and his health permitted. Lullabies to Paralyzewas leaked onto the internet in February 2005 and was aired by Triple J radio in Australia on March 3, 2005, as an unsubstantiated 'World Premiere'. It was then officially released on Tuesday, March 22, 2005, in the US, debuting in the number 5 slot on theBillboard Music Chart, the greatest debut of any Queens record until...Like Clockworkdebuted at number 1 in June",
"at number 1 in June 2013. On May 14, 2005, the group was themusical guest on Saturday Night Live, hosted by Will Ferrell. One of Ferrell's popular Saturday Night Live characters, fictionalBlue Öyster CultcowbellistGene Frenkle, made a re-appearance on the show, playing with the Queens on their first song of the night, \"Little Sister.\" Frenkle played the song's wood block part using a cowbell along with the band. On November 22, 2005, Queens of the Stone Age released a live album/DVD set,Over the Years and Through the Woods, featuring a live concert filmed in London, England, and bonus features which included rare videos of songs from 1998 to 2005. In 2005, the group supportedNine Inch Nailson their North American tour ofWith Teethalong withAutolux(for the first half of the tour) andDeath from Above 1979(for the second). NIN's guitaristAaron Northappeared as an onstage guest with the Queens for the songs \"Born to Hula,\" \"Regular John,\" \"Avon,\" \"Monsters in the Parasol\" and \"Long, Slow Goodbye\" at theWiltern",
"at theWiltern LGin Los Angeles on December 19 and 20, 2005. Another onstage guest for the December 20 performance was Homme's former Kyuss bandmateJohn Garcia, the first time that Homme and Garcia had played together since 1997. As a special encore they performed three Kyuss songs: \"Thumb,\" \"Hurricane\" and \"Supa Scoopa and Mighty Scoop.\"Homme stated that the band's lowest point was during theLullabiesera,but that the record \"took the lead jacket off\" the band following the firing of Oliveri in 2004. Era Vulgarisand death of Shneider (2007–2008) OnValentine's Day2007, the band's official website announced the new album would be titledEra Vulgaris, and would be released in June.Later in February, teaser videos surfaced showing Homme, Castillo, Van Leeuwen and Johannes in studio.Several sites reported that the album would include many guest vocalists, includingTrent Reznorfrom Nine Inch Nails,Julian CasablancasfromThe Strokes, Mark Lanegan, Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top,and deceased humoristErma Bombeck.Death from",
"Bombeck.Death from Above 1979 bassistJesse F. Keelerhad been expected to play bass on the studio recording of the album, but not to tour;however, due to schedule conflicts, he stated he would not be appearing on the album. Era Vulgariswas completed in early April 2007and released June 12, 2007 in the US.The tracks \"Sick, Sick, Sick\" and \"3's & 7's\" were released as singles in early June.Homme has described the record as \"dark, hard, and electrical, sort of like a construction worker.\"When asked about the vocals on the record, specifically the different style of singing that Homme used, he replied: I wanted to try some shit that was downright embarrassing at first. This record is a grower, not about what isn't there, but what is. BassistMichael Shuman(Wires On Fire,JubileeandMini Mansions) and keyboardistDean Fertita(The Waxwings,The Dead Weather) took over touring duties from Alain Johannes and Natasha Shneider, respectively.In July 2007, Van Leeuwen stated the band had written new material, \"still in its",
"\"still in its infancy\"which Homme later suggested might be released as anEP.Following a subsequent interview with Homme,The Globe and Mailreported that the EP \"could contain as many as 10 B-sides recorded during theEra Vulgarissessions.\"It was later reported that the EP would not be released due to the record label's unwillingness to put out another QOTSA release at that time. The band began a North American Tour in 2007, which they named the \"Duluth Tour\" because they were going to many small towns and cities they had never played before, such asDuluth, Minnesota.The tour was extended to other areas, such as the United Kingdom, where the band played more shows than on any of their previous UK tours. The band toured in Australia in late March to early April 2008, on the V festival tour, including a string of side shows. Throughout the beginning of May 2008, the band completed the Canadian leg of its touring. In November 2007, Queens of the Stone Age performed a semi-acoustic set in an underground salt mine",
"salt mine in Germany, performing a selection of hits, rarities, covers and an unreleased song named \"Cathedral City.\"A DVD of the concert was planned but aside from a trailer promoting the DVD and a number of photographs, no footage of the concert has been released. On July 2, 2008, Queens of the Stone Age's former keyboardist Natasha Shneider died of lung cancer at the age of 52. The news broke with a message posted on the MySpace page of the band Sweethead, of which Natasha's close friend and former bandmate Troy Van Leeuwen is a member. The band's homepage was updated with a memorial message by Homme replacing the normal front page. The band performed a concert in celebration of Natasha Shneider's life at the Henry Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles on August 16, 2008.They were joined on stage by Shneider's husband Alain Johannes,Jack BlackandKyle Gass,Matt Cameron,Brody Dalle,Jesse Hughes, Chris Goss andPJ Harvey, playing a variety of QOTSA and non-QOTSA songs, including covers of songs from bands such",
"from bands such asCreamandThe Doors.Tenacious Dand PJ Harvey also performed acoustic sets at the show. Proceeds from the concert went to defray the costs associated with Natasha's illness. On August 22 and 23, 2008, Queens of the Stone Age performed the last shows of theirEra Vulgaristour at theReading and Leeds Festivalsin the UK, and Josh Homme announced in an interview with the BBC and during the show that he would be returning to the studio to work on the next album. Homme's health issues, debut re-release and promotional tour (2009–2011) During 2009 and 2010, band members worked on side projects during the down time. Troy Van Leeuwen started up a new band,Sweethead. Joey Castillo played forEagles of Death Metalon theirHeart Ontour. Bassist Michael Shuman continued his work as drummer and vocalist withMini Mansions, while Dean Fertita became the guitarist/keyboardist forJack White's newest group, The Dead Weather. Josh Homme formedsupergroupThem Crooked VultureswithDave GrohlandJohn Paul Jones.After Them",
"Jones.After Them Crooked Vultures finished touring in June, the band toured and released a two-CD deluxe edition ofRated Ron August 3, 2010. This edition featured the original CD along with six B-sides and live recordings from the band's Reading performance in 2000. In 2010, Homme suffered from complications during a botched knee surgery, during which his heart stopped for a short time due toasphyxiation; doctors had to use adefibrillatorto revive him. Following this, he was bedridden for four months and plunged into a deep depression, during which he considered giving up his music career altogether.He elaborated on this experience further in an interview onMarc Maron'sWTF podcast, explaining that he had contracted amethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infection which his immune system could not fight due to stress. Homme has since said that the experience contributed greatly to the writing and recording of...Like Clockwork. After Homme recovered, Queens of the Stone Age released a remastered",
"a remastered version of their self-titled debut album in early 2011, and performed the album in its entirety in a promotional tour.The band performed onConanon April 14,and later played at the Australian music festivalSoundwave.Throughout the summer of 2011, the band appeared at various European festivals, including theGlastonbury Festival, inSomerset, UK. They also played at Pearl Jam's 20th Anniversary Festival at Alpine Valley in East Troy, WI on September 3 and 4, 2011, which would be their last with drummer Joey Castillo. Matador Records trilogy (2011–present) ...Like Clockwork(2011–2014) Plans to record a follow-up toEra Vulgarishad been mentioned since 2008,but recording would not begin until August 2012.In March 2011, Homme stated, \"Doing the rehearsals for the first record is really defining the new one. It's been turning the new record into something else. What we were doing was bluesy, and now it's turned into this trancey, broken thing. The robots are coming home!\"According to Homme, the album",
"to Homme, the album would be finished by the end of 2012. He explained to BBC Radio 1, \"We're going to take our one last break that we would get for a month, come back and do Glastonbury, then immediately jump in the studio. Our record will be done by the end of the year. We have enough songs.\" In November 2011, Alain Johannes stated in regard to his studio work with the band: \"We had a late night with Queens of the Stone Age again. Just putting in days, super top secret, but it's going to be amazing. I'm really excited about it. Once we start the process, it goes to completion. So I can't say exactly when, but it's a really good start.\" On August 20, 2012, the band stated via a Facebook status update that they were \"recording\" their new album. In September 2012, it was revealed that Homme and producerDave Sardyco-wrote and recorded a song entitled \"Nobody To Love,\" which is featured during the end credits of the filmEnd of Watch. In November 2012, Homme informed BBC'sZane Lowethat Joey Castillo had left",
"Castillo had left the band and that drums on the new album would be performed by Dave Grohl, who also performed onSongs for the Deaf.Homme also confirmed with Lowe that the album would be released prior to their performance at theDownload Festivalin June 2013. In addition to Grohl, other former members contributing to the album include former bassists Nick Oliveriand Johannes,and vocalist Mark Lanegan. A number of collaborations from different musicians were announced for ...Like Clockwork, including Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor,Scissor SistersfrontmanJake Shears,Brody Dalle,andElton John. In early 2013, Homme and fellow Queens contributors including Alain Johannes and Chris Goss recorded for the soundtrack of Dave Grohl'sSound City: Real to Reel. Goss, Johannes and Homme were on three tracks each. Homme's notably included a collaboration with Grohl and Trent Reznor calledMantra, and he was also featured in the film in an interview segment. Goss and Johannes were both featured members in theSound",
"members in theSound City Players, playingMasters of Reality, Eleven, andDesert Sessionssongs, as well as their penned tunes from the soundtrack. FormerKyussbassistScott Reederalso contributed to the soundtrack. In March 2013, Queens of the Stone Age announced that the new album, entitled...Like Clockwork, would be released in June 2013 onMatador Records.A press release, issued by Matador at 9:00am EST on March 26, 2013, revealed further details of the album, including further guest appearances:Alex TurnerofArctic MonkeysandUNKLE'sJames Lavelle. In addition to Grohl's contribution, the record also features performances by former drummer Castillo, as well as tracks by new drummerJon Theodore(ex-The Mars Volta,One Day as a Lion).Queens of the Stone Age premiered a new song, \"My God Is The Sun\", atLollapaloozaBrasil on March 30, 2013,a performance in which Theodore made his live debut. The studio version of the song premiered on Lowe's BBC Radio 1 program on April 8, 2013. ...Like Clockworkwas released on June",
"released on June 3, 2013, on Matador Records in the UK and on June 4 in the United States. Self-produced by the band, it is the first Queens of the Stone Age album to feature full contributions from bassist Michael Shuman and keyboardist and guitarist Dean Fertita. The album debuted in the number one position in the US and is the first QOTSA album to achieve this ranking. Following a performance by QOTSA at theJay Z-ownedMade In America Festivalin the summer of 2013, Homme made comments about the rap star during a radio interview with CBC Radio 2'sStrombo Show. Homme explained that his band was frisked by the event's security team prior to the performance and referred to Jay Z's personal interaction with the band as a marketing stunt. Homme stated: He has his security frisking the bands on the way in. I just told them if you open up my bag I'm not playing so I guess it's up to you whether we are playing or not ... The idea they frisked all my guys, means you're in some different place, no-one has ever done",
"has ever done that ... He also gave us some champagne and wanted us to take a photo with it. And I thought, \"That's not a gift, that is a marketing tool.\" So I destroyed it. Because I thought it was rude overall. And you shouldn't frisk my guys, you should fuck off. The...Like Clockworktour culminated with a Halloween party atThe Forumin Los Angeles, featuring guests such asThe Kills,JD McPhersonand Nick Oliveri's bandUncontrollable.The band's performance featured an appearance from Oliveri who played songs with them during the encore set, including songs such as \"Auto Pilot\" and \"Quick and to the Pointless\" which had not been performed in a decade. Villains(2014–2018) The band performed withNine Inch Nails,Lindsey BuckinghamandDave Grohlat the56th Annual Grammy Awards.The band went on a joint headline tour of Australia with Nine Inch Nails in 2014. In January 2014, Homme toldRolling Stonemagazine the band would start recording a new album when they finished their tour for...Like Clockwork.In June 2014,",
"June 2014, Homme performed a solo acoustic show at James Lavelle's Meltdown festival, featuring guest performances from Troy Van Leeuwen and Mark Lanegan. During this gig, Homme played a new song called \"Villains of Circumstance,\" which was performed again at another acoustic set in 2016.The band indicated in February 2015, when it was announced they are to play Rock in Rio 2015 inRio de Janeiroin September, that they were about to record a new album.Despite this, in March 2016, Michael Shuman revealed that the band were on a break. During this period, the members of the band worked on various other projects. Josh Homme and Dean Fertita contributed toIggy Pop's 2016 albumPost Pop Depressionand subsequent tour, while Troy van Leeuwen joined the rock supergroupGone Is Gonewith plans to release an EP and a studio album.In May 2016, Van Leeuwen announced plans to record Queens of the Stone Age's seventh studio album \"sometime this year.\" In January 2017,Troy SandersfromMastodonand Gone Is Gone said Queens of the",
"said Queens of the Stone Age will release a new album later in the year.Following this, the band posted several photos on social media featuring their studioand announced that they would be performing at theFuji Rock Festivalin July, their first performance in Japan since 2003. The band updated their social media accounts with a new logo and the words \"Coming Twentyfive\" on April 6, 2017, and announced a tour of Australia and New Zealand to begin in July. On June 14, 2017, Queens of the Stone Age announced their new albumVillainswhich was released on August 25, 2017. The teaser trailer took the form of a comedy skit featuring the band performing a polygraph test withLiam Lynchalong with an appearance of the album's producerMark Ronson, and featured a snippet of the song \"Feet Don't Fail Me.\" The first single, \"The Way You Used to Do,\" was released the following day along with the announcement of aworld tour.The second advance single from the album, \"The Evil Has Landed,\" was released August 10, 2017. On",
"August 10, 2017. On October 24, 2017, as part of theVillainstour, the band headlinedMadison Square Gardenfor the first time, having opened forNine Inch Nailsthere in 2005, and forRed Hot Chili Peppersin 2003. Homme said he was \"stoked\".Three sets of free tickets to this show were hidden at three stations along theQ lineof theNew York City Subway. On December 9, 2017, while on stage during theKROQAcoustic Christmas concert inInglewood, California, Homme kicked a photographer's camera into her face, resulting in injuries for which she later received medical treatment.Homme, who was under the influence of alcohol at the time, later apologized through a video on the band's Instagram page, saying, \"I hope you're okay, and I'm truly sorry. And I understand you have to do whatever you have to do. I just want you to know that I'm sorry. Goodnight, godspeed.\" In Times New Roman...(2019–present) In an interview witheonmusicin June 2019,Billy Gibbonsannounced that he has contributed to a new Queens of the Stone Age",
"of the Stone Age album that is set to be further announced by Homme later in the future. Gibbons also confirmed thatDave Grohlis involved in the recording sessions.Grohl denied the rumors, saying that he and Homme had only spent time together \"riding motorcycles and eating waffles.\" In early May 2023, rumors began to surface of the album when a product listing appeared on the band's website titledIn Times New Roman..., including an album cover and tracklist. The listing was initially removed. On May 11, the album's first single \"Emotion Sickness\" was released, along with an official announcement of the album.On May 31, the album's second single \"Carnavoyeur\" was released.On June 14, the third and final single \"Paper Machete\" was released,immediately followed by the release of the album on June 16. In early June, Queens of the Stone Age announced an extensive North American tour called \"The End Is Nero Tour\",immediately followed by a full European leg with dates until late November 2023.This was followed a",
"was followed a 2024 tour that included Australia, New Zealand and North America, and Europe.On July 9, the band cancelled several European shows that month so Homme could have emergency surgery, and they cancelled more later that month. Jack White filled in their slot for some festivals.On August 23, the remainder of the band's 2024 shows were cancelled or postponed to 2025 due to Homme needing \"essential medical care for the remainder of the year\". Musical style Throughout its career, the band has been described asalternative rock,stoner rock,alternative metal,andhard rock.Homme has called the band's self-titled debut album driving music, angular and recorded dry;its songs feature solid, repetitive riffs.Rolling Stonemagazine also noted a \"connection between American meat-and-potatoes macho rock of the early 1970s, likeBlue CheerandGrand Funk Railroad, and the precision-timingdronesinGerman rockof the same period.\"The band's next album,Rated R, has a wider variety of instruments, severalrecording guests,",
"guests, and lead vocals shared by Homme, Oliveri and Lanegan.Homme has said, \"Our first record announced our sound. This one added that we're different and weird.\"The band continued to experiment on its third album,Songs for the Deaf, which also featured a lineup of three lead vocalists, many guest appearances, and wide range of instrumentation, includinghornandstringsections.Homme has calledLullabies to Paralyzea \"dark\" album, which includes imagery inspired byThe Brothers Grimmfolkandfairy tales.In 2005, Homme said, \"Where the poetry seems to be is when you start in the dark and reach for the light—that's what makes it not depressing to me\".The album changed gears from the band's previous distinct \"driving\" sound, in large part due to Oliveri's departure.The band almost exclusively usedsemi-hollow body guitarson the record.WithEra Vulgaristhe band continued to develop its signature sound with more dance-oriented elements andelectronicinfluences, while Homme became the only lead vocalistand used more",
"used more distinct vocal melodies. Homme has on numerous occasions described the band's music as \"rock versions of electronic music\", saying he takes inspiration from the repetitive nature of electronictrance musicalong with various forms of dance music,hip hop,trip hopandKrautrock. He called this heavy rock style mixed with the structure of electronic music \"robot rock\" in an interview withKUNO-TVat the 2001Roskilde Festival. Homme has described aspects of his distinctive guitar playing style.He demonstrated the \"Josh Homme scale\", which he said was the result of years playing and altering theblues scale. The scale has the intervals 1, b3, 3, b5, 5, 6, b7. His scale is the half whole scale with the second degree (b2) omitted.In the same interview, Homme referenced some earlier influences on his playing, citing bothpolkaguitar styles and the techniques ofJimi Hendrix. Members Current Former Touring musicians Discography Studio albums Tours Awards and nominations See also References External links",
"Them Crooked Vultures Them Crooked Vulturesis an Americanrocksupergroupformed inLos Angelesin 2009 with American musicianJosh Hommeon lead vocals and guitar, English musicianJohn Paul Joneson bass and keyboards, and American musicianDave Grohlon drums and backing vocals. Chilean-American guitaristAlain Johannesalso joins the group during live performances. The band began recording in February 2009, and performed its first gig inChicagoon August 9, 2009, followed by a European debut on August 19. On October 1, the group embarked on the worldwide (excluding Africa, South America, and most Asia) Deserve the Future Tour with dates going into 2010. The band's first single \"New Fang\" was released in October 2009, followed by itsself-titled debut albumthe following month, which debuted at No. 12 on theBillboard200. The group won the 2011Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performancefor \"New Fang\". After going on hiatus in 2010, each member of the band has expressed interest in reuniting to record a new album, with",
"a new album, with conflicting schedules being cited as the primary delay of a full-scale reunion. In September 2022, Them Crooked Vultures reunited for a pair of performances at both London'sWembley Stadiumand the Los AngelesKia Forum, both as part of tribute shows in honour of Foo Fighters' late drummerTaylor Hawkins. In both shows, the group were also joined byGreg Kurstinon keyboards. History Beginnings andThem Crooked Vultures(2005–2009) A collaboration between Josh Homme, John Paul Jones, and Dave Grohl was first publicly mentioned by Grohl in a 2005 interview withMojo, in which he declared \"The next project that I'm trying to initiate involves me on drums, Josh Homme on guitar, and John Paul Jones playing bass.\" In a 2019 post on his Facebook page,Jimmy Pagesuggested that he could have been part of the band as well, based on conversations he had with Grohl.Of the nascent project, Homme's ex-wifeBrody Dallecommented in July 2009 that \"I'm not at liberty to talk about it but I think is pretty amazing.",
"is pretty amazing. Just beats and sounds like you've never heard before.\"After finding that the nameCaligulawas already taken, the members arbitrarily chose \"Them Crooked Vultures\" as a name with no significance. British music magazineNMEreported in July 2009 that the trio had begun recording in Los Angeles.The band performed its first show at theMetro, Chicago on August 9, 2009, at midnight.The band played all original material during its 80-minute set, debuting such songs as opener \"Elephants\", \"Scumbag Blues\", \"Caligulove\" and closing song \"No One Loves Me & Neither Do I\".The band made its European debut on August 19 with a performance atMelkwegin the Netherlands, the same day on which a short video clip of studio footage was uploaded by the band, featuring the song \"No One Loves Me & Neither Do I\". With subsequent festival performances in Europe atPukkelpopandLowlands, the band first performed in the United Kingdom at London'sBrixton Academysupporting Englishalternative rockbandArctic Monkeyson August",
"Monkeyson August 26.The trio subsequently performed at theReading and Leeds Festivalson August 28 and 29, playing the Leeds Festival first then moving onto Reading the next day. Them Crooked Vultureswas released byInterscope Recordsin North America, andSony Musicinternationally.On October 21, radio personalityAlan Crossannounced the lead single for Them Crooked Vultures debut album to be \"New Fang\" which premiered on October 26. The single was released on November 2 worldwide as a free download.Icon vs. Icon subsequently announced that the album would be released on November 17, 2009.On November 3, the band gave a free copy of \"Mind Eraser (No Chaser)\" to fans that had bought tickets to a live performance and offered it oniTunesas a free download. On November 9, Them Crooked Vultures started streaming their full album on their website, and also through a link to their mailing list with the title \"Fuck Patience, Let's Dance.\" On September 1, the band announced two 2009 tours of North America and the United",
"and the United Kingdom, in October and December respectively.The 2009 tour was titled Deserve the Future Tour and the UK leg sold out in just under 12 minutes, making it one of the quickest sold tours in the UK — without the band even officially releasing a song to date. On September 21, the band also announced three Germany dates for December 2009. On November 17, 2009, the single \"New Fang\" was released as a downloadable song for Rock Band 2. On October 26, 2010, the song titled \"Dead End Friends\" was included as an on-disc track for the game Rock Band 3. On January 25, 2010, it was confirmed that the band would perform at theDownload Festival2010. On February 6, 2010, the band performed the songs \"Mind Eraser, No Chaser\" (now the second single) and \"New Fang\" as musical guests onSaturday Night Live. Dave Grohl also appeared in a sketch near the end of the show. A week later, the band appeared on the PBS showAustin City Limitsbroadcast February 13, 2010. The band appeared onJimmy Kimmel Live!on April",
"Live!on April 13–14, 2010. The band also confirmed a series of festival appearances for 2010, including theCoachella Music Festivalon April 16,Roskilde Festival,the Peace & Love Festival in Borlange, Sweden on July 1, 2010,andHove Festivalin Arendal, Norway on June 30, 2010.The band closed the show on the Alternastage at Rock Am Ring, Nürburg, Germany, playing after midnight on June 7, 2010. In March, it was announced that the group were to play atThe Royal Albert Hallin aid of The Teenage Cancer Trustwith support coming fromLittle Fish. On April 20, 2010, Them Crooked Vultures released a digital 45 ontoiTunesfeaturing the songs \"Mind Eraser, No Chaser\" and the song \"Hwy 1\" on the A side. \"Hwy 1\" wasn't featured on the band's self-titled album but was usually played live. For those reasons, the version of \"Hwy 1\" featured was recorded live inSydney, Australia. The B-side featured \"Vulture Speak\", an interview with the band members. Hiatus and possible second album (2010–2022) Grohl said in an interview that",
"an interview that they are working on a second album that will be \"more powerful than the first one\".John Paul Jones also stated in an interview while touring in New Zealand that they will be recording a new album. When asked about the futures of Grohl and Homme's bands Jones said that they will get their frontmen back \"eventually\".A video was uploaded to the band's officialYouTubechannel entitled 'Fresh Pots' whichNMEclaimed was filmed during recording for their follow-up album.Grohl clarified after the video's release that it was filmed a year prior, during the self-titled album's recording sessions. On November 12, 2010, in an interview with BBC 6 Music,John Paul Joneshas confirmed that the band is ready to resume working on putting together new material for a fresh release, and will go into the studio very soon. Jones has also stated that they are tentatively a year or so away from completing the CD, hinting on a possible late 2011 release. In November 2011, touring memberAlain Johannesnoted that there",
"that there are definitely plans to record a second studio album, stating: \"The way that the cycles happen, you know, Dave jumped right into Foos, and then Josh toured more than a solid year with Queens for theself-titled album. So I expect at some point after the Queens cycle that there will be .\" In December 2012, when asked about the band's future,Dave Grohlstated: \"We've talked about it, I know that someday we'll get back together and do stuff, because we love playing with each other.\"Grohl once again mentioned a possible reunion in an interview withZane LoweonApple Music'sBeats 1radio station in June 2017. In an interview withThe Guardianin August 2019, Grohl stated: \"It's still hard to accept that I got to play in a band with . Technically we'restilla band. We practice once every decade, and we're coming up on another decade aren't we? I don't have any official news but there's always something cooking.\"In a further interview withNME, Grohl elaborated: \"We've talked. We've got together. I never say",
"I never say never. If you want me to be your drummer, we either have to be best fucking friends or you have to be better than Josh Homme and John Paul Jones. If those guys call and say that it's time to go, then I'm gonna go because that's the band. That's the band that I want to be the drummer of forever. Josh and I talk about it all the time. I know that John would love to as well. It's also like herding cats. So, we'll see.\" Reunion for tribute shows (2022) In September 2022, the band reunited for two tribute shows dedicated to lateFoo FightersdrummerTaylor Hawkins. At Wembley Stadium, the group performed \"Gunman\" as well as covers ofElton John's \"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road\" andQueens of the Stone Age's \"Long Slow Goodbye\". At the KIA Forum show, they reprised the same set, albeit with \"Dead End Friends\" played instead of \"Gunman\". During both performances, the group was also joined by Greg Kurstin on keyboards andAlain Johanneson guitar. Musical style Them Crooked Vultures has been described ashard",
"described ashard rockandalternative rock.According toLouder Sound, \"Them Crooked Vultures is loaded with ample elements ofsludge metal,noise rock,grunge,stoner rock, and a generous dash of classicpsychedelic rocksensibilities.\" Band members Official members Touring members Discography Studio albums Singles Notes Awards and nominations TheGrammy Awardsare awarded annually by theNational Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. References External links",
"Kyuss Kyuss(/ˈkaɪəs/KY-əs) was an Americanstoner rockband formed inPalm Desert, California, in 1987, and considered one of the pioneers of the genre.After disbanding in 1995,a number of band members have gone on to form or play in several notable bands includingQueens of the Stone Age,Screaming Trees,Fu Manchu,Dwarves,Eagles of Death Metal,Mondo Generator,Hermano,Unida,Slo BurnandThem Crooked Vultures. In November 2010, three former members of the band (minus Homme, who declined to participate) reunited under the adapted moniker \"Kyuss Lives!\" for a world tour with plans to record a new album.A federal lawsuit subsequently filed by Homme resulted in Oliveri leaving the band in March 2012.Five months later, a court ruled that Garcia and Bjork were not allowed to release audio recordings under the Kyuss Lives! moniker.As a result, they changed their name toVista Chino. History As Katzenjammer and Sons of Kyuss (1987–1991) The band formed in 1987 jamming under the nameKatzenjammer(German slangword for \"Hangover\"",
"for \"Hangover\" , literally \"moaning of a cat\") before eventually deciding uponSons of Kyuss. Brant Bjork selected the name from theundead monsterfound in theAdvanced Dungeons & Dragonsroleplaying game.In 1989 the band recorded theireponymousdebut EP,Sons of Kyuss, which was their only release to feature Chris Cockrell on bass. After self-releasing the EP in 1990, the band recruitedNick Oliveri– who had previously played second guitar in Katzenjammer – to replace Cockrell on bass, and shortened their name to Kyuss. As Kyuss (1991–1995) Kyuss' first line-up consisted of vocalistJohn Garcia, guitaristJosh Homme, bassistNick Oliveriand drummerBrant Bjork. The band gradually built a local following in Palm Desert, California and frequently performed at parties in and around the isolated towns ofSouthern California's desert areas. These impromptu and predominantly outdoor shows, referred to locally as \"generator parties\",consisted of small crowds of people, beer drinking, and the use of gasoline-powered generators",
"generators to provide electricity for the equipment.Homme commented that playing in the desert \"was the shaping factor for the band\" noting that \"there's no clubs here, so you can only play for free. If people don't like you, they'll tell you. You can't suck.\" The band then signed with independent record labelDali, a subsidiary of theElektra Records-distributedChameleon Records, who released their debut album,Wretch, in September 1991. Several songs on the album were re-recorded versions of those that appeared on theSons of KyussEP. Album sales were sluggish, though the band was quickly making a name for itself as a live act.Guitarist Josh Homme soon gained a reputation for his unique downtuned,psychedelicstyle of guitar playing, and his convention of playing electric guitars through bass guitar amplifiers to create a bass-heavy sound. In 1992, the band, along with new producerChris Goss, began work on their next album,Blues for the Red Sun. Goss understood the band, and was able to accurately capture their",
"capture their live sound in the studio.Released in June that year, the album was critically hailed and is today widely regarded as a pioneeringstoner rockrecord. By the end of 1993, they were invited to open nine dates forMetallicatouring Australia.Comparisons to stoner rock godfathersBlack Sabbathbecame common, though Homme claimed to have little knowledge of the band at the timebut Bjork asserted he and Oliveri were hugely influenced by the British group.Oliveri left the band following completion of the album andScott Reeder, who had been approached about joining Kyuss five to six months earlier during a West Coast tour withThe Obsessed, made his debut at the release party forBlues for the Red Sun. In 1993, Kyuss were moved from Dali to the main Chameleon label, and recorded their third album,Welcome to Sky Valley.Once again produced by Chris Goss, it demonstrated a much more psychedelic and mature sound.However, personal problems emerged and drummer Brant Bjork left the band following completion of the",
"completion of the recording sessions. Bjork cited his extreme distaste for touring, particularly band relationship problems that develop during long periods on the road. He was replaced byAlfredo Hernández, who had previously played with Reeder in the band Across the River during the mid-80s. The album was initially scheduled to be released in January 1994, but Chameleon went under in November 1993.Elektra opted to pick up the band's contract from Chameleon,and issued the album in June 1994 to critical acclaim. One of the album's singles, \"Demon Cleaner\", reached number 78 on theUK Singles Chart. In July 1995, Kyuss released their fourth and final album,...And the Circus Leaves Town.The band's only album recorded for a major label, it featured a simpler sound, in contrast to the instrumentally basedWelcome to Sky Valley.\"One Inch Man\" was released as the album's only single in June 1995, and a music video was also made for the song.The album was not as successful commercially asSky Valley, receiving mixed",
"receiving mixed reviews. Kyuss broke up during the late summer of 1995. After the band's breakup in 1995, there had been frequent and persistent speculation among fans regarding the possibility of a Kyuss reunion. When asked in late 2004 about whether the band would ever re-unite, Homme replied that this was unlikely to happen in the near future. However, on December 20, 2005, Garcia made a guest appearance onstage with Queens of the Stone Age during their encore at theWiltern LGin Los Angeles. They performed three Kyuss songs together: \"Thumb\", \"Hurricane\" and \"Supa Scoopa and Mighty Scoop\".The band has reportedly received numerous offers to reform, all of which have been turned down: \"The offers come in all the time. They're getting more and more expensive, and more and more elaborate. The money is crazy, but I've never been tempted – I don't really care about the money, I never have. That's not what KYUSS was about, so to punctuate the end of our sentence with that would be blasphemy. KYUSS fans are so",
"KYUSS fans are so fuckin' rad, they're fuckin' badass – but to me, reunions are just not necessary. It's not what it was, it's what it is, and KYUSS was a really magical thing – and if you weren't there, well, you weren't. That's just the luck of the draw. I don't feel the urge to do it for somebody who didn't have the opportunity to see us, or just didn't take the opportunity to see us. I'll let other bands alter their great legacies. KYUSS has such a great history that it would be a total error. I like that nobody saw KYUSS, and that it was largely misunderstood. That sounds like a legend forming to me. I'm too proud of it to rub my dick on it.\" Scott Reeder also commented on a possible Kyuss reunion in early 2008, saying \"I think everyone but Josh would do it in a heartbeat\". Reeder also noted that he would \"do it for free beer again\". Post-breakup (1996–present) Shortly after the breakup, Homme toured as the rhythm guitarist withScreaming Treesand began work on ongoingThe Desert Sessionsrecording series.",
"series. In December 1997, atransitional split EPwas released, featuring three songs by Kyuss (theBlack Sabbathcover \"Into the Void,\" \"Fatso Forgotso\", and \"Flip the Phase\") and three songs by Queens of the Stone Age (\"If Only Everything\", \"Born to Hula\" and \"Spiders & Vinegaroons\"). Homme and Hernandez formedQueens of the Stone Agein 1998, and recruited Oliveri as bassist after completion of their debut album. Hernandez later played withYawning Man,ChéandOrquesta del Desierto, while Oliveri formed the bandMondo Generator, named after the only Kyuss song credited solely (words and music) to him. DrummerBrant Bjorkwent on to form the bandBrant Bjork and the Bros, recorded and performed withFu Manchuand Mondo Generator, and has recorded several solo albums. John Garcia went on to formSlo Burn, although the band was short-lived and released only one EP,Amusing the Amazing, before disbanding in September 1997. He was also briefly associated with the bandKarma to Burn. In 1998, he began working with the bandUnida,",
"with the bandUnida, recording one EP, one LP and an unreleased album. At the same time he started working with the bandHermano, having released three LP's and one live album to date. Garcia had more recently been working on a solo album. In 1997, Homme, Bjork, and Oliveri recorded three songs together (\"13th Floor\", \"Simple Exploding Man\", & \"Cocaine Rodeo\") for Mondo Generator's debut albumCocaine Rodeo, released in 2000. Also featuring Garcia and Chris Goss on one track, the songs are regarded by many fans as the true final Kyuss recordings. In 2000, a compilation album,Muchas Gracias: The Best of Kyuss, was released. The album is a collection of the band's singles, as well as B-sides and live material. Although Kyuss left behind some \"rarities\", many of them were released onMuchas Gracias, and further releases from the band appear unlikely. Singer John Garcia toldBillboardin a 2005 interview: \"There are so many untitled songs that have never been heard, that I have up in my little crawl space up above my",
"space up above my bed. I don't see those songs coming out anytime in the near future. Everybody's too busy to do stuff like that. It's a job to go back and listen to it, and then if you want to re-record them.\" In 2010, a European \"John Garcia plays Kyuss\" tour was announced. In June 2010, former Kyuss members Nick Oliveri and Brant Bjork joined Garcia onstage to perform \"Green Machine\" and \"Gardenia\" during a headlining appearance by \"Garcia Plays Kyuss\" atHellfestinClisson, France,and they also appeared onstage with Garcia in other concerts on the tour. In November 2010, Garcia, Oliveri and Bjork announced plans to tour under the moniker \"Kyuss Lives!\" with guitarist Bruno Fevery. In reference to the new band name, Garcia stated that \"there is never going to be a Kyuss withoutJosh Homme\" and that \"hopefully in the future him and I can get together and do some writing.\"The band went on to tour Europe,Australia,New Zealand,and North and South America. The band then announced plans to record a new studio",
"record a new studio album for a summer 2012 release in addition to a live album. However, in March 2012, it was revealed that Josh Homme, after persuading bassist Scott Reeder to support him, had filed a federal lawsuit against John Garcia and Brant Bjork alleging \"trademark infringement and consumer fraud\" over the use of the Kyuss name despite the fact Brant Bjork had originally created the name. Nick Oliveri left the project later that month after it was revealed that Garcia and Bjork had tried to take control of the Kyuss trademark. In August 2012, the courts ruled that Garcia and Bjork could not release any recordings, studio or live, under the Kyuss Lives! moniker. While they were allowed to continue using the moniker for live shows (as long as, unlike the band's current logo, Lives! is written in the same size and next to the word Kyuss to avoid confusion), the judge stated that they may face issues in the future and that \"it may be in Defendants' best interest to begin re-branding under a new",
"under a new name\".On November 29, 2012, it was announced that Kyuss Lives! had changed their name toVista Chino. In July 2020, Homme stated that he was open to the possibility of participating in a Kyuss reunion. \"There have been times I thought it cannot end that way, and the only real way to end it correctly now would be to play.\"In 2021, Bjork stated he had reached out to Homme in regards to his comments, however, the probability of a reunion has been put into question due to a lack of communication from Homme. Discography Band members Lineups Timeline References External links",
"Homme Hommemay refer to: People Places Other",
"Screaming Trees Screaming Treeswere an Americanrockband formed inEllensburg, Washington, in 1984 by vocalistMark Lanegan, guitaristGary Lee Conner, bassistVan Conner, and drummerMark Pickerel. Pickerel was replaced byBarrett Martinin 1991. Screaming Trees became known as one of the pioneers ofgrungealong withMelvins,Mudhoney,U-Men,Skin Yard,Soundgarden,Green River, andMalfunkshun, among others. Although widely associated with grunge, the band's sound incorporatedhard rockandpsychedelicelements. After releasing a string of EPs and albums in the 1980s on independent labels, Screaming Trees signed withEpic Recordsin 1990. They released their major label debut album in 1991,Uncle Anesthesia, which spawned their first charting single \"Bed of Roses\". After Martin replaced Pickerel on drums, Screaming Trees released their most successful album in 1992,Sweet Oblivion. \"Dollar Bill\" became a minor radio hit, but the lead single \"Nearly Lost You\" vastly increased the band's popularity as it peaked at No. 5 on theModern",
"No. 5 on theModern Rock Tracks Chart, No. 12 on theMainstream Rock Tracks Chart, No. 50 on theUK Singles Chart, and No. 96 on theARIA Chart. After an extended hiatus and various recording sessions, the band's follow-up album was eventually released in 1996, entitledDust. Although the lead single \"All I Know\" peaked at No. 9 on both the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts, the album did not match its predecessor's success. After difficulties in recording another album, the band announced their official breakup in 2000. Their aborted album from the late 1990s was later released in 2011 asLast Words: The Final Recordings. Lanegan died aged 57 on February 22, 2022. Van Conner died aged 55 on January 17, 2023. History 1984–1989: Formation and early releases The Conner brothers formed Screaming Trees withMark LaneganandMark Pickerelin 1984 inEllensburg, Washington, a small town a little over 100 miles fromSeattle.The band was drawn together in high school by an interest in punk, garage, and",
"punk, garage, and classic rock. The band rehearsed at the Conner family's video rental store and recorded their demo tapeOther Worldsin the summer of 1985 withSteve Fiskat Creative Fire recording studio in Ellensburg. It was initially distributed by the independent labelK Records.Other Worldsthen got a wider release through the independent label, Velvetone Records (also based out of Ellensburg).In 1986, they released their debut full-length album,Clairvoyance, also on the Velvetone label.Musically, the album combinedpsychedelic rockandhard rockwith the band's aforementioned influences.With Fisk's help, the LP caught the attention ofGreg Ginn, and the band were signed toSST Records. In 1987, the band released their second LP, and their first for SST,Even If and Especially When.After the release of the album in 1987, the band began working the American indie circuit, playing shows across the US with other SST bands such asFirehoseandMeat Puppets.In early 1988, Screaming Trees collaborated with theindie",
"with theindie popbandBeat Happeningon theEPBeat Happening/Screaming Trees. Screaming Trees' next album,Invisible Lantern, was released later on in 1988. SST also decided to re-releaseOther Worldsthat same year. Screaming Trees then released the albumBuzz Factoryin 1989. While attempting to tour behindBuzz Factory, SST had difficulties in releasing the album. By the tour's conclusion, the band became frustrated and departed from the label. Towards the end of 1989, Screaming Trees briefly became a part of the roster for the prominent independent labelSub Pop. The label released the band's EPChange Has Comein December 1989. Half of it was produced by Fisk and the other half was produced byJack Endino. Drummer Pickerel later described the EP, in his own opinion, as \"our best recorded moment\". 1990–2000: Major label years In 1990 the band signed a major label contract withEpic Records.The band released their fifth full-length album the following year, and first for a major label,Uncle Anesthesia.The album was",
"album was produced byTerry DateandSoundgardenvocalistChris Cornelland included the single \"Bed of Roses\", which gained considerable airtime on alternative rock radio stations and peaked at No. 23 on theModern Rock Tracks Chart. The single was the first Screaming Trees release to chart. AlthoughUncle Anesthesiasold better than their previous efforts, the band remained a cult act. After the release ofUncle AnesthesiaVan Conner went on hiatus from the band, choosing to tour as bass player forDinosaur Jr.instead, withDonna Dreschfilling in for him during Screaming Trees performances. Late in 1991, Nirvana'sNevermindbecame an unexpected commercial success, opening the gates for the rest of the Seattle scene. Barrett Martinreplaced previous drummer Pickerel and the new lineup recordedSweet Oblivionin 1992.Sweet Oblivionwas the band's breakout album and included the hit single \"Nearly Lost You\". The video for \"Nearly Lost You\" became anMTVand alternative radio hit in the fall of 1992, thanks to its inclusion in the",
"inclusion in the soundtrack for the filmSingles. \"Nearly Lost You\" peaked at No. 5 on the Modern Rock Tracks Chart, No. 12 on theMainstream Rock Tracks Chart, No. 96 on theARIA Chart, and No. 50 on theUK Singles Chart,making it the band's first single to chart outside the United States. \"Dollar Bill\" was also released as a single and it peaked at No. 28 on the Modern Rock Tracks Chart and at No. 40 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart. Overall,Sweet Oblivionsold a total of 300,000 copies in theUnited States. Screaming Trees were chosen by Nirvana band leaderKurt Cobainto appear on the final day of theReading Festivalin theUnited Kingdomon August 30, 1992, whichNirvana headlined.Screaming Trees also played at theRoskilde FestivalinDenmarkin 1992 which Nirvana headlined as well.The band supportedSweet Oblivionwith a year-long tour, during which tension developed among the members. After the tour was finished, the group took an extended hiatus. During that time, Lanegan recorded his second solo album,Whiskey for",
"album,Whiskey for the Holy Ghost, which was released in 1994.The following year, Lanegan was featured as a guest vocalist in the Barrett Martin (alongsideLayne StaleyandMike McCready) side projectMad Season. Lanegan co-wrote and sang on two songs. Mad Season would only release one album because of Staley's deteriorating health and the 1999 death of bassistJohn Baker Saunders. In early 1995, Screaming Trees toured Australia for the only time as part of theBig Day Outfestival, before beginning work on their follow-up toSweet Oblivion. Following one stillborn attempt at the album, the band hired producerGeorge Drakoulias, who had previously worked withthe Black Crowesand theJayhawks. The resulting album,Dust, was released in 1996, nearly four years after its predecessor. The album peaked at No. 134 on theBillboard200 Chart, No. 32 on theUK Albums Chart,and No. 39 on theRPMTop 100 Albums Chart.Dustgained favorable reviews while the singles \"Sworn and Broken\" peaked at No. 76 on the UK Singles Chart and \"All I",
"Chart and \"All I Know\" peaked at No. 9 on both the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts; however, the album ultimately did not match the sales ofSweet Oblivion. After the release of the album,Josh Homme, formerly fromKyuss, was hired as rhythm guitarist. Following theDusttour in the United States, Screaming Trees took another hiatus for Lanegan to begin his work on his third solo album,Scraps At Midnight, which was released in 1998.The band headed back into the studio in 1999 and recorded several demos including the song \"Ash Grey Sunday\" and shopped them around to labels, but no label was interested.The band played a few surprise shows in early 2000 to try to gain a label's attention but they were unsuccessful. They did however release the song \"One Way Conversation\" on the Musicblitz Records internet label. In 2000, after a concert to celebrate the opening of Seattle'sExperience Music Project, the band announced their official breakup. Final album and deaths of Lanegan and Van Conner On",
"and Van Conner On June 22, 2011, it was announced that an unreleased album that Screaming Trees recorded in 1998 and 1999 would finally see the light of day. TitledLast Words: The Final Recordings, the album was mixed by Jack Endino and Martin. It was released digitally on Martin's self-owned label Sunyata Productions on August 2, 2011, with CD and vinyl versions released in the following months. In 2021, when asked about his time with Screaming Trees, Lanegan replied, \"It's kind of like looking back at grade school. I definitely have fond memories and it's really how I learned to sing — through trial and error, with those guys.\"Lanegan died on February 22, 2022, at his home inKillarney, Ireland. Gary Lee Conner revealed on January 18, 2023 that Van Conner had died aged 55. He had previously been in a coma due to stomach surgery, followed by contracting COVID-19. It was reported that pneumonia had ultimately led to his death. OnBlack Friday 2023,Wrong Turn to Jahannam: Live From Egg Studio 1991was released.",
"1991was released. It consisted of an in-studio rehearsal session by the band which was unreleased up to that point.Dan PetersofMudhoneyplayed drums on the recording as it was during his brief time in the band as a touring member. Related projects Mark Lanegan released a solo album in May 2001 entitledField Songs. Also in that year, he became a member of the alternative rock groupQueens of the Stone Agewith Homme. Lanegan recorded two albums as one of the group's three vocalists before leaving the group in late 2005. His sixth solo albumBubblegumwas released in 2004 and became his best-selling album and his first solo album to chart.He went on to work withGreg Dulliin theGutter Twinsand theTwilight Singers. Lanegan also received critical acclaim for his albums withIsobel Campbell, one of which,Ballad of the Broken Seas, was nominated for the 2006Mercury Music Prize. Gary Lee Conner started the bands the Purple Outside and Microdot Gnome as the vocalist. He has also done session work with other musicians. In",
"other musicians. In 1999, he released the single \"Grasshopper's Daydream/Behind the Smile\" on Sub Pop, which featured his former bandmates Homme and Pickerel along with his brother Van as producer. Gary Lee later released four solo albums between 2016 and 2021. Initially, Van Conner turned his efforts to his side-project Gardener with Aaron Stauffer (formerly ofSeaweed, and laterVALIS). In 2001, he contributed to Lanegan's albumField Songs. Van has produced and contributed to several other projects over the years, including Kitty Kitty, VALIS, Gardener, and Gary Lee's Sub Pop single \"Grasshopper's Daydream/Behind the Smile\". Van's band VALIS released several recordings between 2002 and 2012. Barrett Martin became a touring member for several bands after the breakup of Screaming Trees, includingStone Temple PilotsandR.E.M., and has released two solo albums with limited success. He later contributed to Lanegan's solo albumI'll Take Care of Youand the albumRated RbyQueens of the Stone Age. He later became the",
"He later became the drummer forTuataraand also the drummer/vocalist inThe Minus 5. Martin contributed playing drums on two albums byNando Reis, a Brazilian musician:Para Quando O Arco Irís Encontrar O Pote de Ouro(2000) together withPeter Buckfrom R.E.M., andA Letra A(2003). Almost immediately after departing from Screaming Trees in 1991, Mark Pickerel formed the bandTrulyalongsideRobert Roth, original Soundgarden bassistHiro Yamamoto, and Chris Quinn. Truly released their debut EPHeart and Lungsin 1991, followed by Quinn's departure shortly after. The band stayed as a trio and they released two full-length albums plus a compilation, followed by a hiatus in 1998.Pickerel also played drums on three of Lanegan's solo albums throughout the 1990s. Pickerel released his debut solo album in 2006,Snake in the Radio. He eventually followed it up with three additional solo albums. Members Touring members Timeline Discography References External links"
] |
As of Aug 3, 2024, the artist who released the album "Father of Asahd" went to the same high school as an Olympic diver. How many Olympic teams did this diver participate on? | 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Asahd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Phillips_High_School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruiz | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Asahd', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Phillips_High_School', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruiz'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Asahd",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Phillips_High_School",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruiz"
] | [
"Father of Asahd Father of Asahdis the eleventh studio album by American disc jockey and record producerDJ Khaled. It was released on May 17, 2019, byWe the Best Music GroupandEpic Records.It features the singles \"Top Off\" and \"No Brainer\" along with collaborations withCardi B,21 SavageandMeek Mill.On May 16, DJ Khaled revealed the track listing and features, as well as that the music videos for \"Higher\", \"Just Us\", \"Celebrate\", \"Jealous\" and \"Holy Mountain\" would be released throughout the day of May 17, followed by the video for \"You Stay\" on May 18, and \"Wish Wish\" and \"Weather the Storm\" on May 20.DJ Khaled scored his third careerGrammynomination with \"Higher\" which won theBest Rap/Sung Performanceat the62nd Grammy Awards. Background In March 2018, DJ Khaled announced the title, upon releasing the lead single, called \"Top Off\".He named the albumafter his eldest child, Asahd Tuck Khaled. In March 2019, he announced the release date, while in the meantime, promoting the album extensively on his social media accounts.He also posted a trailer for the album.DJ Khaled has also teased numerous collaborations on his social media, which, along withFuture,Jay-ZandBeyoncéon \"Top Off\", andJustin Bieber,Chance the RapperandQuavoon \"No Brainer\", includeJ Balvin,Cardi B,Meek Mill,Post Malone,Travis Scott,Chief Keef,Bryson Tiller, Sizzla, and2 Chainz.In April 2019,TMZreported that \"Higher\" featuringNipsey HussleandJohn Legendwould appear on the album. DJ Khaled, Nipsey Hussle, and John Legend shot the music video before Nipsey's death on March 31, 2019. Critical reception Father of Asahdreceived mixed reviews among critics. OnMetacriticwhich assigns a rating of up to 100, the album received an average of 59, indicating \"Mixed or average reviews\" based on 7 critics. Andy Kellman ofAllMusicgave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 and also noted in his review on the album by saying \"Although instant, maximum commercial impact is no doubt the primary objective, the album does come across as more considered than the average Khaled LP.\" Commercial performance Father of Asahddebuted at number two on the USBillboard200with 136,000album-equivalent units, with 34,000 copies as pure album sales in its first week.In the second week, the album remained at number two on the chart, earning an additional 58,000 album-equivalent units.In its third week, the album dropped to number three on the chart, earning 39,000 more units.In its fourth week, the album dropped to number eight on the chart, earning 31,000 more units, bringing its four-week total to 264,000 album-equivalent units.On May 17, 2020, the album was certifiedplatinumby theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 1,000,000 units in the United States. Controversy On June 5, 2019, sources reported DJ Khaled was fuming at his label afterFather of Asahdfailed to debut at the top of theBillboard200.Father of Asahddebuted behind American rapper and record producerTyler, the Creator's fifth studio album,Igor. On June 6, DJ Khaled posted a now-deleted video on his Instagram page that many believe was aimed at Tyler, the Creator after his album beat outFather of Asahdfor the number one spot on theBillboardcharts. In the video, Khaled stated, \"Here's the thing, I make albums so people can play it. And you actually hear it. You know, driving your car you hear another car playing it. Go to the barber shop, you hear them playing it. You know, turn the radio on, and you hear them playing it. It's playing everywhere - it's called great music. It's called albums that you actually hear the songs. Not no mysterious shit, and you never hear it.\" Many people took the \"mysterious shit\" line to be about Tyler, who responded on Twitter when a follower told him, \"Wow doin pretty good for some mysterious shit.\" Tyler told the follower, \"yeah i am, IGOR OUT NOW.\" Track listing Credits adapted fromTidal. Notes Sample credits Personnel Credits adapted fromTidal. Musicians Technical Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications ‡Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References",
"DJ Khaled Khaled Mohammed Khaled(/ˈkælɪd/; born November 26, 1975),known professionally asDJ Khaled, is an AmericanDJ, record producer, actor and record executive. Originally aMiami-based radio personality, Khaled has since become known for enlisting high-profilemusic industryartists to perform on singles and albums, for which he often serves ashype man. His distinctions are his booming voice presence, \"motivational\" abstractions, and numerouscatchphrases. While his musical contribution is often questioned, Khaled's role has been described as \"organization, direction, promotion\". Khaled was born inNew Orleansto Palestinian immigrant parents. He first gained recognition as a radio host in the 1990s for the radio station99 Jamz, and translated his popularity by working withFat Joe's hip hop collective,Terror Squad, as a DJ for their live performances. Following his production credits on the group's material,Khaled enlisted several hip hop artists associated with the group and his native Miami to perform on his debut studio album,Listennn... the Album(2006). His second album,We the Best(2007), spawned the hit single \"I'm So Hood\" (featuringT-Pain,Trick Daddy,Rick RossandPlies). His two subsequent releases—We Global(2008) andVictory(2010)—both peaked within the top ten of theBillboard200; the latter was supported by the single \"All I Do Is Win\" (featuring T-Pain,Ludacris,Snoop Doggand Rick Ross), which receivedtriple platinumcertification by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). His fifth studio album andmajor labeldebut,We the Best Forever(2011), saw continued commercial success and brought Khaled to mainstream prominence by spawning his firstBillboardHot 100-top ten single, \"I'm on One\" (featuringDrake, Rick Ross andLil Wayne). His following three albums—Kiss the Ring(2012),Suffering from Success(2013), andI Changed a Lot(2015)—were released to moderate critical and commercial reception.Throughout 2015 and 2016, Khaled gained wider recognition as a public figure due to his social media activity. This, along with severalInternet memes, foresaw the release of his ninth studio album,Major Key(2016), which was met with further critical and commercial success as it debuted atop theBillboard200 and was nominated forBest Rap Albumat the59th Annual Grammy Awards. His tenth album,Grateful(2017), became his second consecutive number-one album and was preceded by the singles \"I'm the One\" (featuringJustin Bieber,Quavo,Chance the RapperandLil Wayne) and \"Wild Thoughts\" (featuringRihannaandBryson Tiller), which peaked at numbers one and two on theBillboardHot 100, respectively. His eleventh album,Father of Asahd(2019), contained the song \"Higher\" (featuringNipsey HussleandJohn Legend), which wonBest Rap/Sung Performanceat the62nd Annual Grammy Awards—Khaled's first Grammy Award win. Hiseponymous twelfth album(2021) and thirteenth album,God Did(2022), both debuted atop theBillboard200. The latter'stitle track(featuring Rick Ross, Lil Wayne,Jay-Z, John Legend andFridayy) earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards:Song of the Year,Best Rap SongandBest Rap Performance. Outside of music, Khaled has gained success as a writer, with his bookThe Keysfeaturing on theNew York TimesBest Seller list. He has also performed as an actor for the filmsSpies in Disguise(2019) andBad Boys for Life(2020). His record label,We the Best Music Grouphas distributed his releases since its formation in 2008, though Khaled signed other artists to the imprint includingAce Hood,Kent Jones,Mavado,Flipp Dinero, andVado, among others. Early life Khaled Mohammed Khaled was born on November 26, 1975, inNew Orleans,Louisiana, toPalestinianparents who immigrated to the United States;his father was fromMazra'a ash-Sharqiya, and his mother fromRamallah.His brother Alec Ledd (Alaa Khaled) is an actor. His musician parents playedArabic music; Khaled started developing an interest in rap and soul music at a young age, and his parents supported his interest. He worked in a localMerry-Go-Roundrecord store. Career During his early career, Khaled became acquainted with several young artists and helped them before their breakthrough; these includeBirdman,Lil Wayne, andMavado. One of his first jobs was at the New Orleans record store Odyssey where he met both Birdman and Lil Wayne in 1993.After leaving Odyssey, he began DJing in reggaesound clashes, mixing dancehall and hip-hop. His first radio gig was on apiratestation. In 1998, he moved to Miami and co-hostedThe Luke ShowonWEDR\"99 Jamz\" with2 Live Crew'sLuther Campbell. In 2003, he started hosting a weeknight radio show on 99 Jamz calledThe Takeover. During his career, Khaled has used many monikers, including \"Arab Attack\", \"Big Dog Pitbull\", \"Terror Squadian\" (used during his time with the hip hop groupTerror Squad), Beat Novacane (a moniker under which he produces beats), The Don Dada, Mr. Miami etc. Khaled explained that \"Arab Attack\" meant \"attack with music\"; he stopped using it after theSeptember 11 attacksto avoid appearing insensitive. 2006–2008:Listennn... the Album,We the Best, andWe Global On June 6, 2006, his debut album,Listennn... the Album, was released byKoch Records; it premiered on the USBillboard200chart at number 12.We the Best(2007) is his second album, with singles \"I'm So Hood\" (withT-Pain,Trick Daddy,Plies, andRick Ross) and \"We Takin' Over\" (withAkon,T.I., Rick Ross,Fat Joe,Birdman, and Lil Wayne). \"We Takin' Over\" peaked at number 28 on the USBillboardHot 100and number 11 on the USHot Rap Trackschart and was certified Gold by theRecording Industry Association of Americaon November 20, 2007.Khaled made a guest appearance on Birdman's 2007 album5 * Stunnaon the single \"100 Million\", which also features Rick Ross,Dre,Young Jeezyand Lil Wayne. That year, Khaled won two Ozone Awards: one for Best Video (\"We Takin' Over\") and another for Best Radio DJ. In 2008, Khaled's third albumWe Globalcame out with singles \"Out Here Grindin\" (with Akon, Rick Ross,Lil' Boosie, Trick Daddy,Ace Hood, and Plies) followed by \"Go Hard\" (featuringKanye Westand T-Pain). RIAA certified the single \"I'm So Hood\" Platinum on June 4, 2008.That year, Khaled won DJ of the Year awards from theBET Hip Hop AwardsandOzone Awards.He was appointed the president ofDef Jam Southin February 2009.That same month,50 Centreleased a video titled \"A Psychic Told Me\" in which he spoke of harming Khaled's mother and showed alleged footage of Khaled's mother's workplace and his mother herself. Following this, Khaled refused to comment, not wanting to give 50 Cent the publicity, simply stating: \"I'm not gonna let him bait me\". 2010–2012:Victory,We the Best Forever, andKiss the Ring His fourth studio albumVictorywas released on March 2, 2010. The album featured guest appearances fromDrake, Lil Wayne, Rick Ross,Nas,Snoop Dogg,Ludacris,Nelly, and more. The single \"All I Do Is Win\" featuring Ludacris, Rick Ross, Snoop Dogg, andT-Painwas certified as a double-platinum single. Other singles include: \"Put Your Hands Up\" featuring Ross,Young Jeezy,Plies, and Schife, and \"Fed Up\" featuringUsher, Drake, Ross, and Jeezy. The album had low sales and debuted at number 12 on theBillboard200. DJ Khaled announced the title his next album,We the Best Forever, onTwitter.On August 19, Khaled signed toCash Money Recordsalong toUniversal Motown, the album will be released under the label, also underE1 Entertainment,Terror Squad,Def Jam South, and Khaled's own labelWe the Best Music Group, with confirmed guests asFat Joe,Chris Brown,Keyshia Cole,Cee Lo Green,Cool & Dre, Rick Ross, Kanye West,Jay-Z, Nas,Birdman, Lil Wayne,T.I.,Akon, Drake, andNicki Minaj The first single, \"Welcome to My Hood\", featuring Rick Ross,Plies, Lil Wayne andT-Painwas released on January 13, 2011; it was produced by the Renegades, and co-produced by DJ Khaled himself along with the Nasty Beatmakers. The song was his first release underCash Money RecordsandUniversal Motown Records,a music video was filmed in Miami, Florida, and directed byGil Green, featuring cameos byFlo Rida,Bow Wow,Busta Rhymes, and other artists.The next single, \"I'm on One\", featuring Drake, Rick Ross and Lil Wayne, was released on May 20, 2011. Khaled performed the song atBET Awards 2011, which aired on June 26, 2011.On December 10, 2011, DJ Khaled announced the title of his next album,Kiss the Ringin an online video, with the release date as \"coming soon\" in 2012.Guests on the album includeT-Pain,French Montana,Future,Wiz Khalifa, Nas,Plies,Ace Hood, Kanye West, Rick Ross,Meek Mill,Big Sean,2 Chainz,Jadakiss,Kirko Bangz,Mack Maine,Tyga,T.I.,J. Cole,Kendrick Lamar,Big K.R.I.T.,Mavado, andWale. Khaled mentioned that he had a verse from someone \"very special\", which was later revealed asScarface. The first single released was \"Take It to the Head\", featuringChris Brown, Rick Ross,Nicki Minajand Lil Wayne. The second single was \"I Wish You Would\", featuring Kanye West and Rick Ross.Kiss the Ringwas released on August 21, 2012 and debuted at number four on theBillboard200.The third single was \"Bitches and Bottles\" featuringT.I., Lil Wayne, andFuture. In 2012, Khaled and other producers, includingNo I.D., worked withKanye Weston his sixth studio albumYeezus, although Khaled's contributions were ultimately omitted from the album. 2013–2015:Suffering from SuccessandI Changed a Lot In January 2013, Khaled announced that he began work on his seventh album,Suffering from Success. After attending a doctor due to a bald spot on his beard, Khaled was told that he was \"suffering from success\", which inspired the album's title.The first single from the album, \"No New Friends\", features Drake, Lil Wayne and Rick Ross, and was produced by Canadian producersBoi-1daandNoah \"40\" Shebib.On April 14, 2013, Khaled released a promotional video forSuffering for Success, and the music video for the aforementioned single.The single was premiered the following day and released to iTunes of April 19, 2013.\"No New Friends\" has since debuted at #55 on theBillboardHot 100. On June 10, 2013, it was announced thatSuffering from Successwould be released on September 24, 2013.On July 25, 2013, Khaled publicly \"proposed\" to fellowCash MoneyartistNicki MinajviaMTV. He supported his offer with a 10-karat diamond ring from Rafaello & Co., valued at about $500,000.Later, he reaffirmed his proposal in an interview withPower 106'sDJ Felli Fel, stating: \"I ain't a young boy no more. I'm on my thinking the future. I just had to be honest. I always liked her. She's my friend, of course. And I like her. It's more than a crush.\"On July 29, 2013, in an interview withFunkmaster Flex, Minaj denied Khaled's proposal, saying: \"Khaled is my brother and Khaled was not serious with that damn proposal, ya'll. Please let it go. He was kidding.\"The same day, Flex premiered Khaled's new single, \"I Wanna Be with You\", which featured Minaj, as well as frequent collaboratorsFutureand Rick Ross. This lead some to believe that his proposal was a \"publicity stunt\" to promote his new single. On April 28, 2014, DJ Khaled announced in an interview with MTV that Jay-Z would be featured on his new single. The interview was noted due to Khaled \"cursing, gesturing, and tossing the microphone to the floor in an effort to convey the importance and impact of the music he has coming this summer.\"A few hours after that, he released the single called \"They Don't Love You No More\", also featuring frequent collaborators Rick Ross, Meek Mill and French Montana. The song will be on his eight studio album,I Changed A Lot, which was released in 2015.The following day, \"They Don't Love You No More\" was serviced tomainstream urbanradio in the United States. On July 1, 2014, Khaled announced that he has partnered with Danish audio companyBang & Olufsento launch his own brand of headphones, titled \"We the Best Sound\".The brand is advertised in the video \"They Don't Love You No More.\" On August 8, 2014, Khaled released the official artwork for the second single fromI Changed A Lotentitled \"Hold You Down\" which featuresChris Brown,August Alsina,FutureandJeremih, and is produced byBkorn,Lee on the Beatsand LDB. The single was released on August 11, 2014, along with a music video, directed byGil Green.On November 3, 2014, Khaled released the remix to \"Hold You Down\" featuringUsher, Rick Ross,Fabolous, andAce Hood. On May 11, 2015, DJ Khaled revealed that he had amicably parted ways with Cash Money Records. \"I'm not signed to Cash Money at all. I've been off for a minute,\" Khaled revealed. \"It's not that I'm here to promote that I've been off. That's family. But, nah, it's just We The Best. Nothing negative, everything's beautiful.\"On the same day, DJ Khaled released the third single off the albumI Changed a Lottitled \"How Many Times\", featuringChris Brown, Lil Wayne andBig SeanproducedBkorn,Lee on the Beatsand OZ.DJ Khaled revealed that his long-delayed album,I Changed A Lot, released on October 23, 2015, and also revealed the album's artwork. 2016–2019:Major Key,GratefulandFather of Asahd On February 5, 2016, DJ Khaled premiered the debut his newWe The BestRadio show onBeats 1with the premiere ofFuture's fourth studio albumEVOL.On February 14, 2016, DJ Khaled announced that he would debutFrench Montana's new mixtape on We The Best Radio.TheWave Godstitled mixtape premiered on February 19, 2016.On February 29, 2016, Khaled signed a management-only deal with Jay Z's company,Roc Nationand announced his ninth studio album,Major Key, was going to be released in 2016, specifically on July 29, and has a lion on the cover.On June 3, 2016, Khaled released the first single off Major Key, \"For Free\", which was produced by the OVO team of Nineteen85 and Jordan Ullman.He announced his album would feature Jay Z, Future, Kanye West, Big Sean, Lil Wayne, and Rick Ross.He later released a track called \"I Got the Keys\" with Jay Z and Future, that premiered after the 2016 BET Awards.In late 2015 to early 2016, a number ofSnapchatvideos of Khaled's detailing his \"key to success\" received significant attention on the internet due to his larger-than-life persona. This newfound online recognition caused him to gain popularity; becoming an \"internet phenomenon\", with some now describing him as a \"livingmeme\" or \"meme in human form\".In October 2016, he appeared in advertising for the alcoholic beverageCîrocMango and starred in \"Let's Get It: Khaled's Odyssey\", an episode ofLet's Get It. On December 24, 2016, Khaled announced on Twitter that he was working on his tenth studio album.In January 2017, he was seen in the studio on his Snapchat with potential collaborators, such asChance the Rapper,Justin Bieber,MigosandMariah Carey.On February 9, DJ Khaled announced his tenth studio album would be titledGratefuland said that it was going to be released in June.On February 12, DJ Khaled released \"Shining\", the lead single ofGratefulwhich featuresBeyoncéand Jay-Z. He had acameo appearancein promotional material forSpider-Man: Homecoming,and later appeared as a fictionalized version of himself inPitch Perfect 3(2017), in which his character is featured as both a performer and a major plot point. Also that year, he announced he would joinDemi Lovatoas the opening act for theirTell Me You Love Me Tour. On March 1, 2018, Khaled announced his eleventh studio album would be titledFather of Asahd, titled after his older son Asahd. The album's lead single, \"Top Off\", featuring Beyoncé, Jay-Z and Future, was released the following day, on March 2.On July 23, Khaled announced the next single, titled \"No Brainer\", featuring Justin Bieber, Chance the Rapper and Quavo, which was released on July 27.On March 5, 2019, Khaled announced that the album would be released in May 2019. It was released on May 17, 2019. He released several music videos for the album's singles on that day through May 20, including one for \"Higher\", featuring late rapperNipsey HussleandJohn Legend, a track which also garnered Khaled his firstGrammy Award. 2020–present:Khaled KhaledandGod Did On July 17, 2020, Khaled released two singles simultaneously, titled \"Popstar\" and \"Greece\", both featuring Canadian rapperDrake. Two days prior, on July 15, Khaled announced his twelfth studio album would be titledKhaled Khaled, after his legal name. The announcement was accompanied with a video trailer documenting his life and career, including the birth of his sons Asahd and Aalam, who both would executive produce the album, and winning his firstGrammy Award.In March 2021, Khaled collaborated withDolce & Gabbanaon a collection of ready-to-wear and beachwear pieces.On April 30, 2021, Khaled released his 12th studio album, \"Khaled Khaled\". The title of the album is taken from Khaled's real name, Khaled Khaled.Allahis, as well as Khaled's two sons, credited as an executive producer due to the Khaled family's religious beliefs and spirituality inIslam. The album included 14 tracks and song features with the likes ofNas,BeyoncéandJeremih.Two days after the release of the album, Khaled revealed an updated track listing that added the track \"Big Paper\", which features American rapperCardi B, which was not on the previous track listing. On July 6, 2022, he announced the title of his upcoming 13th studio album,God Did, and released the album on August 26, 2022. Artist relationships Rick Ross Rick Rosshas been described as one of Khaled's “longest-running collaborators”.With reference to Khaled, Ross has stated: “He knows what's going to get me excited… He'll run in the room yelling, ‘I got some shit, Rozay!' — and nine times out of 10, when he's that excited, it's something that's going to end up feeling good. That's always been the dynamic, since “I'm So Hood,” and the list goes on.”On their relationship, Khaled states: “Ross is my brother,” he said. “That's Day 1. That's family. Me and him come from the bottom, the mud, to marble floors. When he's shouting me out on that record, that's what you call a real friend, family. loves me and I love him back. Me and him are forever. Music or no music. It's Khaled and Ross forever.” In 2006, Khaled produced the song \"I'm a G\" (featuringLil WayneandBrisco) on Ross's debut,Port of Miami.The same year, Ross made guest performances on two singles from Khaled's debutListennn... the Album: \"Born-N-Raised\" and \"Holla at Me\". In 2007, Ross featured on the hit single \"I'm So Hood\" as part of Khaled's second album,We the Best. Ross also contributed vocals to “We Takin' Over”, a song on the same album, which peaked at number 28 on the USBillboardHot 100and number 11 on the USHot Rap Trackschart and was certified Gold by theRecording Industry Association of Americaon November 20, 2007.The same year, both Ross and Khaled made a guest appearance on the single \"100 Million\" as part of Birdman's 2007 album5 * Stunna. In 2008, Ross featured on the single \"Out Here Grindin\" as part of Khaled's third album,We Global. In 2010, Ross featured on the hit single \"All I Do Is Win\", part of Khaled's fourth albumVictory. The track becametriple platinum-certified. In 2011, Ross featured on what became aBillboardHot 100top ten single, \"I'm on One\", as part of Khaled's fifth studio album,We the Best Forever. Ross also featured on the song \"Welcome to My Hood\" in thesame album. In 2012, Ross featured on two singles from Khaled's sixth album,Kiss the Ring: \"Take It to the Head\" and \"I Wish You Would\".In early 2013, Ross featured on the single \"No New Friends\" as part of Khaled's seventh album,Suffering from Success. On 16 May 2013,Birdmanand Ross announced that their collaborative albumThe Hwould be released as a mixtape hosted by Khaled on 23 May 2013.In April 2014, Ross featured on the song \"They Don't Love You No More\", the firstsinglefrom Khaled's eighthstudio albumI Changed a Lot. In August 2014, both Khaled and Ross featured on \"Don't Shoot\", asingleby American rapperthe Game. In November 2014, Ross also featured on theremixto \"Hold You Down\". In 2016, Ross featured on two songs from Khaled's ninth studio album,Major Key: the single “Do You Mind” and the track \"Fuck Up the Club\". In 2017, Ross featured on three tracks from Khaled's tenth studio album,Grateful: \"On Everything\", \"Down for Life\" and \"Whatever\". In 2019, Ross featured on one track from Khaled's eleventh studio album,Father of Asahd: \"Big Boy Talk\". In 2021, Ross featured on one song from Khaled's twelfth studio album,Khaled Khaled: \"This Is My Year\". In 2022, Ross rapped the first verse of thetitle trackof Khaled's thirteenth album,God Did. The song earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards:Song of the Year,Best Rap SongandBest Rap Performance. The same year, Ross and Khaled both featured on theGQHype Debate Show, debating the greatest snack of all time. Ross was a proponent of his own Rap Snacks whereas Khaled endorsedCinnamon Toast Crunch.In 2023, Khaled produced the song “Above the Law” from Rick Ross’ thirteenth album,Too Good to Be True. Drake The relationship between Drake and Khaled has been described as “uniquely fruitful”. Lil Wayne Lil Waynehas stated: “DJ Khaled is one of one… He's produced so many memorable tracks. There's no one like him.” Public figure Jeff Ihaza of theRolling Stonehas described Khaled thus: “Khaled wears a pristinely lined haircut. His beard follows sharp angles that enforce a perfect symmetry along his face. When he's trying to muster up the right word, either for clarity or comedic timing, his eyes carry a piercing seriousness, like an athlete laser-focused on a play. But he's largely instinctive in his delivery — in plucking whatever he's trying to convey from his brain and placing it into yours.”He has also been described as “a natural in front of the camera”.Khaled is known for his social media presence; he states: “I don't do too many interviews… cause I've got my own interview: I say what I want to say anytime I want.” Personal life Khaled and his wife Nicole Tuck have a son, Asahd Tuck Khaled, born on October 23, 2016. Khaled garnered national attention after streaming the birth live on hisSnapchataccount.On January 20, 2020, Tuck gave birth to their second son, Aalam Tuck Khaled. In January 2017, Khaled purchasedRobbie Williams's former house inMulholland Estates, agated communityinLos Angeles,California.In 2018, Khaled purchased a waterfront home in Miami for $25.9 million.The mansion is larger than 12,000 square-feet and has been dubbed as “the Resort” by Khaled.Khaled owns several cars, including aMaybachwhich is one of 150 special-edition models custom-designed by theVirgil Abloh. Khaled has named this vehicle the “Cappuccino”. Khaled has described himself as a devoutMuslim. Other ventures Film Khaled provided a voice in the animated filmSpies in Disguise, which was released on December 25, 2019.He also appeared inBad Boys for LifeandBad Boys: Ride or Die. Literature In 2016, he wrote a book,The Keys: A memoir, which includes his opinions on success, recounts life stories, and describes contributions from other musicians.The book became aNew York Timesbestseller. Furniture Inspired by his own home and lifestyle, he designed a new luxury furniture line \"We the Best Home\" and launched it in August 2018. Golfing Khaled is known for his love of golf, paired with his catchphrase: “Let's go golfing!” He has appeared on the cover ofGolf Digestand is a frequenter of the Miami Beach Golf Club.Khaled's We the Best Foundation hosted its inaugural golf tournament in 2023, raising thousands for organisations which aid youth inMiami.Sean Combsalone reportedly donated $150,000 to the cause. 2018 SEC settlement In November 2018, together withFloyd Mayweather Jr., Khaled agreed to a total settlement of $750,000 with theSecurities and Exchange Commission(SEC) for failing to disclose payments accepted from issuers of an initial coin offering, specifying a personal $50,000 promotional payment from beleaguered cryptocurrency firm Centra Tech Inc.,whose co-founders were indicted for fraud in May 2018. According to the SEC, \"they are its first cases involving charges for violating rules on touting investments in so-calledinitial coin offerings, or ICOs.\"As part of the settlement, Khaled agreed to not enter any endorsement or promotional agreement with a securities participant for two years. Discography Filmography Awards and nominations References External links",
"Dr. Phillips High School Dr. Phillips High Schoolis a publichigh schoolinDr. Phillips, Florida,United States, nearOrlando. It servestheDr. Phillipscensus-designated place(CDP),theBay HillCDP,and the residential portion ofLake Buena Vista. History Dr. Phillips High School opened in fall of 1987 and was built for about 2,500 students in theDr. Phillipsarea of southwestOrange County, Florida. The campus sits on 55 acres (220,000 m2) in the Orlando city limits and unincorporated Orange County, oppositeUniversal Orlando. The school serves as a Visual and Performing Arts Magnet and Center for International Studies magnet for Orange County Public Schools. The school's first principal, Bill Spoone, went on to be elected to theOrange County School Board. The football stadium is named after him. The school's gymnasium is named after its second principal, Larry Payne, and is nicknamed \"The House of Payne.\" The school opened with enrollment above capacity and began using portable classrooms on the North Campus, formerly known as the 9th Grade Center. Due to overflow from main campus, many non-freshman classes were moved into additional portable classrooms at the 9th Grade Center, which was renamed North Campus, with the main campus renamed the South Campus. Portable classrooms are still used on the North Campus and are primarily for freshman-level classes. As of the 2014–15 school year the school had 3,641 students, of whom 35% werewhite, 32%African American, 24%Hispanic, 7%Asian, and 2% multiracial. The school underwent a series of renovations which finished in 2015. A new building has been added, along with new VPA classrooms on the South Campus. Athletics The press box at Bill Spoone Stadium is dedicated to Mike Murray, \"The Voice of the Panthers\" since the school opened its doors in 1987. A full-time employee of a large aerospace contractor and not formally employed by the school, Murray was elected to their Athletic Hall of Fame in 2001. The school's baseball facility is John Barbati Field. In 1992, the baseball facilities were completely renovated with a state of the art press box, team office and facilities. The new facilities were designed and constructed by William P. Riegert, CEO of Cox Associates, Architects, and donated to the OC School Board in a dedication ceremony on February 22, 1992. Accepting for the OC School Board were Assistant Superintendent Dave Wofford, Assistant Superintendent Dave Sojourner, Superintendent Don Shaw, Bill Spoone, and Bill Thompson. Today the Press Box is dedicated to Scott Muhlhann, a baseball player and 1992 school valedictorian who died of cancer in 1998. The mascot for Dr. Phillips is the Panther; specifically, theFlorida panther. They have many sports including lacrosse, football, baseball, golf, basketball and swimming. The Panthers have wonFHSAAstate championships in the following sports: Athletic program accomplishments: Notable alumni Athletes References External links",
"Mark Ruiz Mark Ruiz(born April 9, 1979 inRío Piedras, Puerto Rico), is an OlympicdiverfromPuerto Rico. Ruiz represented the United States in the2000 Olympic Gamesand the2004 Olympic Games. Childhood Ruiz took up diving at the age of 9. Upon a coach's suggestion, he moved to the U.S. at 12 to take advantage of the better training system.During the spring nationals in 1999, he swept all three events (10-meter platform, 3-meterspringboardand the non-Olympic event of 1-meter springboard), becoming the first diver since Greg Louganis in 1988 to accomplish this feat.Ruiz is a graduate ofDr. Phillips High SchoolinOrlando, Florida. He was a member of the swimming and diving team and was the individual state champion for diving all four years he competed. Competition Mark's first attempt at the Olympics happened at the 1996 Trials.Ruiz also competes in synchronized diving (springboard and platform), which will have medal events for the first time in Sydney. Ruiz, a four-time national champion in the platform, has already qualified in the platform and 3-meter springboard. He and partner Rio Ramirez finished fourth in the 3-meter springboard at the 2000 World Cup. Mark retired (temporarily)after the 2004 Olympics in Greece. Career After his temporary retirement from competition, Ruiz taught diving clinics at theYMCAAquatic Center. In 2010 Mark's former team, Team Orlando Diving (TOD) affiliated with the YMCA of Central Florida and became YCF Diving. Mark Ruiz was named head coach and continues in this position today. Achievements References External links"
] | [
"Father of Asahd Father of Asahdis the eleventh studio album by American disc jockey and record producerDJ Khaled. It was released on May 17, 2019, byWe the Best Music GroupandEpic Records.It features the singles \"Top Off\" and \"No Brainer\" along with collaborations withCardi B,21 SavageandMeek Mill.On May 16, DJ Khaled revealed the track listing and features, as well as that the music videos for \"Higher\", \"Just Us\", \"Celebrate\", \"Jealous\" and \"Holy Mountain\" would be released throughout the day of May 17, followed by the video for \"You Stay\" on May 18, and \"Wish Wish\" and \"Weather the Storm\" on May 20.DJ Khaled scored his third careerGrammynomination with \"Higher\" which won theBest Rap/Sung Performanceat the62nd Grammy Awards. Background In March 2018, DJ Khaled announced the title, upon releasing the lead single, called \"Top Off\".He named the albumafter his eldest child, Asahd Tuck Khaled. In March 2019, he announced the release date, while in the meantime, promoting the album extensively on his social media",
"on his social media accounts.He also posted a trailer for the album.DJ Khaled has also teased numerous collaborations on his social media, which, along withFuture,Jay-ZandBeyoncéon \"Top Off\", andJustin Bieber,Chance the RapperandQuavoon \"No Brainer\", includeJ Balvin,Cardi B,Meek Mill,Post Malone,Travis Scott,Chief Keef,Bryson Tiller, Sizzla, and2 Chainz.In April 2019,TMZreported that \"Higher\" featuringNipsey HussleandJohn Legendwould appear on the album. DJ Khaled, Nipsey Hussle, and John Legend shot the music video before Nipsey's death on March 31, 2019. Critical reception Father of Asahdreceived mixed reviews among critics. OnMetacriticwhich assigns a rating of up to 100, the album received an average of 59, indicating \"Mixed or average reviews\" based on 7 critics. Andy Kellman ofAllMusicgave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 and also noted in his review on the album by saying \"Although instant, maximum commercial impact is no doubt the primary objective, the album does come across as more considered than the",
"considered than the average Khaled LP.\" Commercial performance Father of Asahddebuted at number two on the USBillboard200with 136,000album-equivalent units, with 34,000 copies as pure album sales in its first week.In the second week, the album remained at number two on the chart, earning an additional 58,000 album-equivalent units.In its third week, the album dropped to number three on the chart, earning 39,000 more units.In its fourth week, the album dropped to number eight on the chart, earning 31,000 more units, bringing its four-week total to 264,000 album-equivalent units.On May 17, 2020, the album was certifiedplatinumby theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 1,000,000 units in the United States. Controversy On June 5, 2019, sources reported DJ Khaled was fuming at his label afterFather of Asahdfailed to debut at the top of theBillboard200.Father of Asahddebuted behind American rapper and record producerTyler, the Creator's fifth studio",
"fifth studio album,Igor. On June 6, DJ Khaled posted a now-deleted video on his Instagram page that many believe was aimed at Tyler, the Creator after his album beat outFather of Asahdfor the number one spot on theBillboardcharts. In the video, Khaled stated, \"Here's the thing, I make albums so people can play it. And you actually hear it. You know, driving your car you hear another car playing it. Go to the barber shop, you hear them playing it. You know, turn the radio on, and you hear them playing it. It's playing everywhere - it's called great music. It's called albums that you actually hear the songs. Not no mysterious shit, and you never hear it.\" Many people took the \"mysterious shit\" line to be about Tyler, who responded on Twitter when a follower told him, \"Wow doin pretty good for some mysterious shit.\" Tyler told the follower, \"yeah i am, IGOR OUT NOW.\" Track listing Credits adapted fromTidal. Notes Sample credits Personnel Credits adapted fromTidal. Musicians Technical Charts Weekly charts",
"Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications ‡Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References",
"DJ Khaled Khaled Mohammed Khaled(/ˈkælɪd/; born November 26, 1975),known professionally asDJ Khaled, is an AmericanDJ, record producer, actor and record executive. Originally aMiami-based radio personality, Khaled has since become known for enlisting high-profilemusic industryartists to perform on singles and albums, for which he often serves ashype man. His distinctions are his booming voice presence, \"motivational\" abstractions, and numerouscatchphrases. While his musical contribution is often questioned, Khaled's role has been described as \"organization, direction, promotion\". Khaled was born inNew Orleansto Palestinian immigrant parents. He first gained recognition as a radio host in the 1990s for the radio station99 Jamz, and translated his popularity by working withFat Joe's hip hop collective,Terror Squad, as a DJ for their live performances. Following his production credits on the group's material,Khaled enlisted several hip hop artists associated with the group and his native Miami to perform on his",
"to perform on his debut studio album,Listennn... the Album(2006). His second album,We the Best(2007), spawned the hit single \"I'm So Hood\" (featuringT-Pain,Trick Daddy,Rick RossandPlies). His two subsequent releases—We Global(2008) andVictory(2010)—both peaked within the top ten of theBillboard200; the latter was supported by the single \"All I Do Is Win\" (featuring T-Pain,Ludacris,Snoop Doggand Rick Ross), which receivedtriple platinumcertification by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). His fifth studio album andmajor labeldebut,We the Best Forever(2011), saw continued commercial success and brought Khaled to mainstream prominence by spawning his firstBillboardHot 100-top ten single, \"I'm on One\" (featuringDrake, Rick Ross andLil Wayne). His following three albums—Kiss the Ring(2012),Suffering from Success(2013), andI Changed a Lot(2015)—were released to moderate critical and commercial reception.Throughout 2015 and 2016, Khaled gained wider recognition as a public figure due to his social",
"due to his social media activity. This, along with severalInternet memes, foresaw the release of his ninth studio album,Major Key(2016), which was met with further critical and commercial success as it debuted atop theBillboard200 and was nominated forBest Rap Albumat the59th Annual Grammy Awards. His tenth album,Grateful(2017), became his second consecutive number-one album and was preceded by the singles \"I'm the One\" (featuringJustin Bieber,Quavo,Chance the RapperandLil Wayne) and \"Wild Thoughts\" (featuringRihannaandBryson Tiller), which peaked at numbers one and two on theBillboardHot 100, respectively. His eleventh album,Father of Asahd(2019), contained the song \"Higher\" (featuringNipsey HussleandJohn Legend), which wonBest Rap/Sung Performanceat the62nd Annual Grammy Awards—Khaled's first Grammy Award win. Hiseponymous twelfth album(2021) and thirteenth album,God Did(2022), both debuted atop theBillboard200. The latter'stitle track(featuring Rick Ross, Lil Wayne,Jay-Z, John Legend andFridayy) earned",
"andFridayy) earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards:Song of the Year,Best Rap SongandBest Rap Performance. Outside of music, Khaled has gained success as a writer, with his bookThe Keysfeaturing on theNew York TimesBest Seller list. He has also performed as an actor for the filmsSpies in Disguise(2019) andBad Boys for Life(2020). His record label,We the Best Music Grouphas distributed his releases since its formation in 2008, though Khaled signed other artists to the imprint includingAce Hood,Kent Jones,Mavado,Flipp Dinero, andVado, among others. Early life Khaled Mohammed Khaled was born on November 26, 1975, inNew Orleans,Louisiana, toPalestinianparents who immigrated to the United States;his father was fromMazra'a ash-Sharqiya, and his mother fromRamallah.His brother Alec Ledd (Alaa Khaled) is an actor. His musician parents playedArabic music; Khaled started developing an interest in rap and soul music at a young age, and his parents supported his interest. He worked in a",
"He worked in a localMerry-Go-Roundrecord store. Career During his early career, Khaled became acquainted with several young artists and helped them before their breakthrough; these includeBirdman,Lil Wayne, andMavado. One of his first jobs was at the New Orleans record store Odyssey where he met both Birdman and Lil Wayne in 1993.After leaving Odyssey, he began DJing in reggaesound clashes, mixing dancehall and hip-hop. His first radio gig was on apiratestation. In 1998, he moved to Miami and co-hostedThe Luke ShowonWEDR\"99 Jamz\" with2 Live Crew'sLuther Campbell. In 2003, he started hosting a weeknight radio show on 99 Jamz calledThe Takeover. During his career, Khaled has used many monikers, including \"Arab Attack\", \"Big Dog Pitbull\", \"Terror Squadian\" (used during his time with the hip hop groupTerror Squad), Beat Novacane (a moniker under which he produces beats), The Don Dada, Mr. Miami etc. Khaled explained that \"Arab Attack\" meant \"attack with music\"; he stopped using it after theSeptember 11 attacksto",
"11 attacksto avoid appearing insensitive. 2006–2008:Listennn... the Album,We the Best, andWe Global On June 6, 2006, his debut album,Listennn... the Album, was released byKoch Records; it premiered on the USBillboard200chart at number 12.We the Best(2007) is his second album, with singles \"I'm So Hood\" (withT-Pain,Trick Daddy,Plies, andRick Ross) and \"We Takin' Over\" (withAkon,T.I., Rick Ross,Fat Joe,Birdman, and Lil Wayne). \"We Takin' Over\" peaked at number 28 on the USBillboardHot 100and number 11 on the USHot Rap Trackschart and was certified Gold by theRecording Industry Association of Americaon November 20, 2007.Khaled made a guest appearance on Birdman's 2007 album5 * Stunnaon the single \"100 Million\", which also features Rick Ross,Dre,Young Jeezyand Lil Wayne. That year, Khaled won two Ozone Awards: one for Best Video (\"We Takin' Over\") and another for Best Radio DJ. In 2008, Khaled's third albumWe Globalcame out with singles \"Out Here Grindin\" (with Akon, Rick Ross,Lil' Boosie, Trick Daddy,Ace Hood,",
"Daddy,Ace Hood, and Plies) followed by \"Go Hard\" (featuringKanye Westand T-Pain). RIAA certified the single \"I'm So Hood\" Platinum on June 4, 2008.That year, Khaled won DJ of the Year awards from theBET Hip Hop AwardsandOzone Awards.He was appointed the president ofDef Jam Southin February 2009.That same month,50 Centreleased a video titled \"A Psychic Told Me\" in which he spoke of harming Khaled's mother and showed alleged footage of Khaled's mother's workplace and his mother herself. Following this, Khaled refused to comment, not wanting to give 50 Cent the publicity, simply stating: \"I'm not gonna let him bait me\". 2010–2012:Victory,We the Best Forever, andKiss the Ring His fourth studio albumVictorywas released on March 2, 2010. The album featured guest appearances fromDrake, Lil Wayne, Rick Ross,Nas,Snoop Dogg,Ludacris,Nelly, and more. The single \"All I Do Is Win\" featuring Ludacris, Rick Ross, Snoop Dogg, andT-Painwas certified as a double-platinum single. Other singles include: \"Put Your Hands Up\"",
"\"Put Your Hands Up\" featuring Ross,Young Jeezy,Plies, and Schife, and \"Fed Up\" featuringUsher, Drake, Ross, and Jeezy. The album had low sales and debuted at number 12 on theBillboard200. DJ Khaled announced the title his next album,We the Best Forever, onTwitter.On August 19, Khaled signed toCash Money Recordsalong toUniversal Motown, the album will be released under the label, also underE1 Entertainment,Terror Squad,Def Jam South, and Khaled's own labelWe the Best Music Group, with confirmed guests asFat Joe,Chris Brown,Keyshia Cole,Cee Lo Green,Cool & Dre, Rick Ross, Kanye West,Jay-Z, Nas,Birdman, Lil Wayne,T.I.,Akon, Drake, andNicki Minaj The first single, \"Welcome to My Hood\", featuring Rick Ross,Plies, Lil Wayne andT-Painwas released on January 13, 2011; it was produced by the Renegades, and co-produced by DJ Khaled himself along with the Nasty Beatmakers. The song was his first release underCash Money RecordsandUniversal Motown Records,a music video was filmed in Miami, Florida, and directed byGil",
"and directed byGil Green, featuring cameos byFlo Rida,Bow Wow,Busta Rhymes, and other artists.The next single, \"I'm on One\", featuring Drake, Rick Ross and Lil Wayne, was released on May 20, 2011. Khaled performed the song atBET Awards 2011, which aired on June 26, 2011.On December 10, 2011, DJ Khaled announced the title of his next album,Kiss the Ringin an online video, with the release date as \"coming soon\" in 2012.Guests on the album includeT-Pain,French Montana,Future,Wiz Khalifa, Nas,Plies,Ace Hood, Kanye West, Rick Ross,Meek Mill,Big Sean,2 Chainz,Jadakiss,Kirko Bangz,Mack Maine,Tyga,T.I.,J. Cole,Kendrick Lamar,Big K.R.I.T.,Mavado, andWale. Khaled mentioned that he had a verse from someone \"very special\", which was later revealed asScarface. The first single released was \"Take It to the Head\", featuringChris Brown, Rick Ross,Nicki Minajand Lil Wayne. The second single was \"I Wish You Would\", featuring Kanye West and Rick Ross.Kiss the Ringwas released on August 21, 2012 and debuted at number four on",
"at number four on theBillboard200.The third single was \"Bitches and Bottles\" featuringT.I., Lil Wayne, andFuture. In 2012, Khaled and other producers, includingNo I.D., worked withKanye Weston his sixth studio albumYeezus, although Khaled's contributions were ultimately omitted from the album. 2013–2015:Suffering from SuccessandI Changed a Lot In January 2013, Khaled announced that he began work on his seventh album,Suffering from Success. After attending a doctor due to a bald spot on his beard, Khaled was told that he was \"suffering from success\", which inspired the album's title.The first single from the album, \"No New Friends\", features Drake, Lil Wayne and Rick Ross, and was produced by Canadian producersBoi-1daandNoah \"40\" Shebib.On April 14, 2013, Khaled released a promotional video forSuffering for Success, and the music video for the aforementioned single.The single was premiered the following day and released to iTunes of April 19, 2013.\"No New Friends\" has since debuted at #55 on theBillboardHot",
"on theBillboardHot 100. On June 10, 2013, it was announced thatSuffering from Successwould be released on September 24, 2013.On July 25, 2013, Khaled publicly \"proposed\" to fellowCash MoneyartistNicki MinajviaMTV. He supported his offer with a 10-karat diamond ring from Rafaello & Co., valued at about $500,000.Later, he reaffirmed his proposal in an interview withPower 106'sDJ Felli Fel, stating: \"I ain't a young boy no more. I'm on my thinking the future. I just had to be honest. I always liked her. She's my friend, of course. And I like her. It's more than a crush.\"On July 29, 2013, in an interview withFunkmaster Flex, Minaj denied Khaled's proposal, saying: \"Khaled is my brother and Khaled was not serious with that damn proposal, ya'll. Please let it go. He was kidding.\"The same day, Flex premiered Khaled's new single, \"I Wanna Be with You\", which featured Minaj, as well as frequent collaboratorsFutureand Rick Ross. This lead some to believe that his proposal was a \"publicity stunt\" to promote his new",
"to promote his new single. On April 28, 2014, DJ Khaled announced in an interview with MTV that Jay-Z would be featured on his new single. The interview was noted due to Khaled \"cursing, gesturing, and tossing the microphone to the floor in an effort to convey the importance and impact of the music he has coming this summer.\"A few hours after that, he released the single called \"They Don't Love You No More\", also featuring frequent collaborators Rick Ross, Meek Mill and French Montana. The song will be on his eight studio album,I Changed A Lot, which was released in 2015.The following day, \"They Don't Love You No More\" was serviced tomainstream urbanradio in the United States. On July 1, 2014, Khaled announced that he has partnered with Danish audio companyBang & Olufsento launch his own brand of headphones, titled \"We the Best Sound\".The brand is advertised in the video \"They Don't Love You No More.\" On August 8, 2014, Khaled released the official artwork for the second single fromI Changed A Lotentitled",
"A Lotentitled \"Hold You Down\" which featuresChris Brown,August Alsina,FutureandJeremih, and is produced byBkorn,Lee on the Beatsand LDB. The single was released on August 11, 2014, along with a music video, directed byGil Green.On November 3, 2014, Khaled released the remix to \"Hold You Down\" featuringUsher, Rick Ross,Fabolous, andAce Hood. On May 11, 2015, DJ Khaled revealed that he had amicably parted ways with Cash Money Records. \"I'm not signed to Cash Money at all. I've been off for a minute,\" Khaled revealed. \"It's not that I'm here to promote that I've been off. That's family. But, nah, it's just We The Best. Nothing negative, everything's beautiful.\"On the same day, DJ Khaled released the third single off the albumI Changed a Lottitled \"How Many Times\", featuringChris Brown, Lil Wayne andBig SeanproducedBkorn,Lee on the Beatsand OZ.DJ Khaled revealed that his long-delayed album,I Changed A Lot, released on October 23, 2015, and also revealed the album's artwork. 2016–2019:Major Key,GratefulandFather",
"of Asahd On February 5, 2016, DJ Khaled premiered the debut his newWe The BestRadio show onBeats 1with the premiere ofFuture's fourth studio albumEVOL.On February 14, 2016, DJ Khaled announced that he would debutFrench Montana's new mixtape on We The Best Radio.TheWave Godstitled mixtape premiered on February 19, 2016.On February 29, 2016, Khaled signed a management-only deal with Jay Z's company,Roc Nationand announced his ninth studio album,Major Key, was going to be released in 2016, specifically on July 29, and has a lion on the cover.On June 3, 2016, Khaled released the first single off Major Key, \"For Free\", which was produced by the OVO team of Nineteen85 and Jordan Ullman.He announced his album would feature Jay Z, Future, Kanye West, Big Sean, Lil Wayne, and Rick Ross.He later released a track called \"I Got the Keys\" with Jay Z and Future, that premiered after the 2016 BET Awards.In late 2015 to early 2016, a number ofSnapchatvideos of Khaled's detailing his \"key to success\" received significant",
"significant attention on the internet due to his larger-than-life persona. This newfound online recognition caused him to gain popularity; becoming an \"internet phenomenon\", with some now describing him as a \"livingmeme\" or \"meme in human form\".In October 2016, he appeared in advertising for the alcoholic beverageCîrocMango and starred in \"Let's Get It: Khaled's Odyssey\", an episode ofLet's Get It. On December 24, 2016, Khaled announced on Twitter that he was working on his tenth studio album.In January 2017, he was seen in the studio on his Snapchat with potential collaborators, such asChance the Rapper,Justin Bieber,MigosandMariah Carey.On February 9, DJ Khaled announced his tenth studio album would be titledGratefuland said that it was going to be released in June.On February 12, DJ Khaled released \"Shining\", the lead single ofGratefulwhich featuresBeyoncéand Jay-Z. He had acameo appearancein promotional material forSpider-Man: Homecoming,and later appeared as a fictionalized version of himself inPitch",
"of himself inPitch Perfect 3(2017), in which his character is featured as both a performer and a major plot point. Also that year, he announced he would joinDemi Lovatoas the opening act for theirTell Me You Love Me Tour. On March 1, 2018, Khaled announced his eleventh studio album would be titledFather of Asahd, titled after his older son Asahd. The album's lead single, \"Top Off\", featuring Beyoncé, Jay-Z and Future, was released the following day, on March 2.On July 23, Khaled announced the next single, titled \"No Brainer\", featuring Justin Bieber, Chance the Rapper and Quavo, which was released on July 27.On March 5, 2019, Khaled announced that the album would be released in May 2019. It was released on May 17, 2019. He released several music videos for the album's singles on that day through May 20, including one for \"Higher\", featuring late rapperNipsey HussleandJohn Legend, a track which also garnered Khaled his firstGrammy Award. 2020–present:Khaled KhaledandGod Did On July 17, 2020, Khaled released",
"Khaled released two singles simultaneously, titled \"Popstar\" and \"Greece\", both featuring Canadian rapperDrake. Two days prior, on July 15, Khaled announced his twelfth studio album would be titledKhaled Khaled, after his legal name. The announcement was accompanied with a video trailer documenting his life and career, including the birth of his sons Asahd and Aalam, who both would executive produce the album, and winning his firstGrammy Award.In March 2021, Khaled collaborated withDolce & Gabbanaon a collection of ready-to-wear and beachwear pieces.On April 30, 2021, Khaled released his 12th studio album, \"Khaled Khaled\". The title of the album is taken from Khaled's real name, Khaled Khaled.Allahis, as well as Khaled's two sons, credited as an executive producer due to the Khaled family's religious beliefs and spirituality inIslam. The album included 14 tracks and song features with the likes ofNas,BeyoncéandJeremih.Two days after the release of the album, Khaled revealed an updated track listing that",
"track listing that added the track \"Big Paper\", which features American rapperCardi B, which was not on the previous track listing. On July 6, 2022, he announced the title of his upcoming 13th studio album,God Did, and released the album on August 26, 2022. Artist relationships Rick Ross Rick Rosshas been described as one of Khaled's “longest-running collaborators”.With reference to Khaled, Ross has stated: “He knows what's going to get me excited… He'll run in the room yelling, ‘I got some shit, Rozay!' — and nine times out of 10, when he's that excited, it's something that's going to end up feeling good. That's always been the dynamic, since “I'm So Hood,” and the list goes on.”On their relationship, Khaled states: “Ross is my brother,” he said. “That's Day 1. That's family. Me and him come from the bottom, the mud, to marble floors. When he's shouting me out on that record, that's what you call a real friend, family. loves me and I love him back. Me and him are forever. Music or no music. It's Khaled and",
"It's Khaled and Ross forever.” In 2006, Khaled produced the song \"I'm a G\" (featuringLil WayneandBrisco) on Ross's debut,Port of Miami.The same year, Ross made guest performances on two singles from Khaled's debutListennn... the Album: \"Born-N-Raised\" and \"Holla at Me\". In 2007, Ross featured on the hit single \"I'm So Hood\" as part of Khaled's second album,We the Best. Ross also contributed vocals to “We Takin' Over”, a song on the same album, which peaked at number 28 on the USBillboardHot 100and number 11 on the USHot Rap Trackschart and was certified Gold by theRecording Industry Association of Americaon November 20, 2007.The same year, both Ross and Khaled made a guest appearance on the single \"100 Million\" as part of Birdman's 2007 album5 * Stunna. In 2008, Ross featured on the single \"Out Here Grindin\" as part of Khaled's third album,We Global. In 2010, Ross featured on the hit single \"All I Do Is Win\", part of Khaled's fourth albumVictory. The track becametriple platinum-certified. In 2011, Ross",
"In 2011, Ross featured on what became aBillboardHot 100top ten single, \"I'm on One\", as part of Khaled's fifth studio album,We the Best Forever. Ross also featured on the song \"Welcome to My Hood\" in thesame album. In 2012, Ross featured on two singles from Khaled's sixth album,Kiss the Ring: \"Take It to the Head\" and \"I Wish You Would\".In early 2013, Ross featured on the single \"No New Friends\" as part of Khaled's seventh album,Suffering from Success. On 16 May 2013,Birdmanand Ross announced that their collaborative albumThe Hwould be released as a mixtape hosted by Khaled on 23 May 2013.In April 2014, Ross featured on the song \"They Don't Love You No More\", the firstsinglefrom Khaled's eighthstudio albumI Changed a Lot. In August 2014, both Khaled and Ross featured on \"Don't Shoot\", asingleby American rapperthe Game. In November 2014, Ross also featured on theremixto \"Hold You Down\". In 2016, Ross featured on two songs from Khaled's ninth studio album,Major Key: the single “Do You Mind” and the track \"Fuck",
"and the track \"Fuck Up the Club\". In 2017, Ross featured on three tracks from Khaled's tenth studio album,Grateful: \"On Everything\", \"Down for Life\" and \"Whatever\". In 2019, Ross featured on one track from Khaled's eleventh studio album,Father of Asahd: \"Big Boy Talk\". In 2021, Ross featured on one song from Khaled's twelfth studio album,Khaled Khaled: \"This Is My Year\". In 2022, Ross rapped the first verse of thetitle trackof Khaled's thirteenth album,God Did. The song earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards:Song of the Year,Best Rap SongandBest Rap Performance. The same year, Ross and Khaled both featured on theGQHype Debate Show, debating the greatest snack of all time. Ross was a proponent of his own Rap Snacks whereas Khaled endorsedCinnamon Toast Crunch.In 2023, Khaled produced the song “Above the Law” from Rick Ross’ thirteenth album,Too Good to Be True. Drake The relationship between Drake and Khaled has been described as “uniquely fruitful”. Lil Wayne Lil Waynehas stated: “DJ Khaled",
"stated: “DJ Khaled is one of one… He's produced so many memorable tracks. There's no one like him.” Public figure Jeff Ihaza of theRolling Stonehas described Khaled thus: “Khaled wears a pristinely lined haircut. His beard follows sharp angles that enforce a perfect symmetry along his face. When he's trying to muster up the right word, either for clarity or comedic timing, his eyes carry a piercing seriousness, like an athlete laser-focused on a play. But he's largely instinctive in his delivery — in plucking whatever he's trying to convey from his brain and placing it into yours.”He has also been described as “a natural in front of the camera”.Khaled is known for his social media presence; he states: “I don't do too many interviews… cause I've got my own interview: I say what I want to say anytime I want.” Personal life Khaled and his wife Nicole Tuck have a son, Asahd Tuck Khaled, born on October 23, 2016. Khaled garnered national attention after streaming the birth live on hisSnapchataccount.On January",
"January 20, 2020, Tuck gave birth to their second son, Aalam Tuck Khaled. In January 2017, Khaled purchasedRobbie Williams's former house inMulholland Estates, agated communityinLos Angeles,California.In 2018, Khaled purchased a waterfront home in Miami for $25.9 million.The mansion is larger than 12,000 square-feet and has been dubbed as “the Resort” by Khaled.Khaled owns several cars, including aMaybachwhich is one of 150 special-edition models custom-designed by theVirgil Abloh. Khaled has named this vehicle the “Cappuccino”. Khaled has described himself as a devoutMuslim. Other ventures Film Khaled provided a voice in the animated filmSpies in Disguise, which was released on December 25, 2019.He also appeared inBad Boys for LifeandBad Boys: Ride or Die. Literature In 2016, he wrote a book,The Keys: A memoir, which includes his opinions on success, recounts life stories, and describes contributions from other musicians.The book became aNew York Timesbestseller. Furniture Inspired by his own home and",
"by his own home and lifestyle, he designed a new luxury furniture line \"We the Best Home\" and launched it in August 2018. Golfing Khaled is known for his love of golf, paired with his catchphrase: “Let's go golfing!” He has appeared on the cover ofGolf Digestand is a frequenter of the Miami Beach Golf Club.Khaled's We the Best Foundation hosted its inaugural golf tournament in 2023, raising thousands for organisations which aid youth inMiami.Sean Combsalone reportedly donated $150,000 to the cause. 2018 SEC settlement In November 2018, together withFloyd Mayweather Jr., Khaled agreed to a total settlement of $750,000 with theSecurities and Exchange Commission(SEC) for failing to disclose payments accepted from issuers of an initial coin offering, specifying a personal $50,000 promotional payment from beleaguered cryptocurrency firm Centra Tech Inc.,whose co-founders were indicted for fraud in May 2018. According to the SEC, \"they are its first cases involving charges for violating rules on touting",
"rules on touting investments in so-calledinitial coin offerings, or ICOs.\"As part of the settlement, Khaled agreed to not enter any endorsement or promotional agreement with a securities participant for two years. Discography Filmography Awards and nominations References External links",
"Dr. Phillips High School Dr. Phillips High Schoolis a publichigh schoolinDr. Phillips, Florida,United States, nearOrlando. It servestheDr. Phillipscensus-designated place(CDP),theBay HillCDP,and the residential portion ofLake Buena Vista. History Dr. Phillips High School opened in fall of 1987 and was built for about 2,500 students in theDr. Phillipsarea of southwestOrange County, Florida. The campus sits on 55 acres (220,000 m2) in the Orlando city limits and unincorporated Orange County, oppositeUniversal Orlando. The school serves as a Visual and Performing Arts Magnet and Center for International Studies magnet for Orange County Public Schools. The school's first principal, Bill Spoone, went on to be elected to theOrange County School Board. The football stadium is named after him. The school's gymnasium is named after its second principal, Larry Payne, and is nicknamed \"The House of Payne.\" The school opened with enrollment above capacity and began using portable classrooms on the North Campus, formerly",
"Campus, formerly known as the 9th Grade Center. Due to overflow from main campus, many non-freshman classes were moved into additional portable classrooms at the 9th Grade Center, which was renamed North Campus, with the main campus renamed the South Campus. Portable classrooms are still used on the North Campus and are primarily for freshman-level classes. As of the 2014–15 school year the school had 3,641 students, of whom 35% werewhite, 32%African American, 24%Hispanic, 7%Asian, and 2% multiracial. The school underwent a series of renovations which finished in 2015. A new building has been added, along with new VPA classrooms on the South Campus. Athletics The press box at Bill Spoone Stadium is dedicated to Mike Murray, \"The Voice of the Panthers\" since the school opened its doors in 1987. A full-time employee of a large aerospace contractor and not formally employed by the school, Murray was elected to their Athletic Hall of Fame in 2001. The school's baseball facility is John Barbati Field. In 1992,",
"Field. In 1992, the baseball facilities were completely renovated with a state of the art press box, team office and facilities. The new facilities were designed and constructed by William P. Riegert, CEO of Cox Associates, Architects, and donated to the OC School Board in a dedication ceremony on February 22, 1992. Accepting for the OC School Board were Assistant Superintendent Dave Wofford, Assistant Superintendent Dave Sojourner, Superintendent Don Shaw, Bill Spoone, and Bill Thompson. Today the Press Box is dedicated to Scott Muhlhann, a baseball player and 1992 school valedictorian who died of cancer in 1998. The mascot for Dr. Phillips is the Panther; specifically, theFlorida panther. They have many sports including lacrosse, football, baseball, golf, basketball and swimming. The Panthers have wonFHSAAstate championships in the following sports: Athletic program accomplishments: Notable alumni Athletes References External links",
"Mark Ruiz Mark Ruiz(born April 9, 1979 inRío Piedras, Puerto Rico), is an OlympicdiverfromPuerto Rico. Ruiz represented the United States in the2000 Olympic Gamesand the2004 Olympic Games. Childhood Ruiz took up diving at the age of 9. Upon a coach's suggestion, he moved to the U.S. at 12 to take advantage of the better training system.During the spring nationals in 1999, he swept all three events (10-meter platform, 3-meterspringboardand the non-Olympic event of 1-meter springboard), becoming the first diver since Greg Louganis in 1988 to accomplish this feat.Ruiz is a graduate ofDr. Phillips High SchoolinOrlando, Florida. He was a member of the swimming and diving team and was the individual state champion for diving all four years he competed. Competition Mark's first attempt at the Olympics happened at the 1996 Trials.Ruiz also competes in synchronized diving (springboard and platform), which will have medal events for the first time in Sydney. Ruiz, a four-time national champion in the platform, has",
"the platform, has already qualified in the platform and 3-meter springboard. He and partner Rio Ramirez finished fourth in the 3-meter springboard at the 2000 World Cup. Mark retired (temporarily)after the 2004 Olympics in Greece. Career After his temporary retirement from competition, Ruiz taught diving clinics at theYMCAAquatic Center. In 2010 Mark's former team, Team Orlando Diving (TOD) affiliated with the YMCA of Central Florida and became YCF Diving. Mark Ruiz was named head coach and continues in this position today. Achievements References External links"
] |
Which MP standing as the leader of a major party in the 2019 United Kingdom General Election was also an MP for Henley? | Boris Johnson was leader of the Conservative Party and a former MP for Henley. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Swinson | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Swinson'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Swinson"
] | [
"2019 United Kingdom general election Boris JohnsonConservative Boris JohnsonConservative The2019 United Kingdom general electionwas held on Thursday 12 December 2019, with 47,567,752 registered votersentitled to vote to elect 650Members of Parliament(MPs) to theHouse of Commons. The governingConservative Party, led by theprime ministerBoris Johnson, won alandslide victorywith a majority of 80 seats,a net gain of 48, on 43.6 per cent of the popular vote, the highest percentage for any party since the1979 general election,though with a narrower popular vote margin than that achieved by theLabour Partyover the Conservatives at the1997 general election. This was the second national election to be held in 2019 in the United Kingdom, the first being the2019 European Parliament election. After it lost its parliamentary majority at the2017 general election, the Conservative Party governed in minority with the support of theDemocratic Unionist Party(DUP). The prime minister,Theresa May, resigned in July 2019 after repeatedly failing to pass herBrexit withdrawal agreementin parliament. Johnson succeeded her as theleader of the Conservative Partyand as prime minister in July 2019. Johnson could not persuade Parliament to approve a revised withdrawal agreement by the end of October, and chose to call asnap election, which the House of Commons supported under theEarly Parliamentary General Election Act 2019.Opinion polls showed a firm lead for the Conservatives against the opposition Labour Party throughout the campaign. The Conservatives won 365 seats, their highest number and proportion since the1987 general election, and recorded their highest share of the popular vote since 1979; many of their gains were made in seats once considered previously safe for Labour, dubbed thered wall, which had voted strongly in favour of British withdrawal from the EU in the2016 European Union (EU) membership referendum. Labour won 202 seats, its fewest since the1935 general election.TheScottish National Party(SNP) made a net gain of 13 seats with 45 per cent of the vote in Scotland, winning 48 of the 59 seats there.TheLiberal Democratsincreased their vote share to 11.6 per cent, but won only 11 seats, a net loss of one since the last election. The party's leader,Jo Swinson, lost her seat to the SNP, thus triggering the2020 party leadership election, which was won byEd Davey.The DUP won apluralityof seats in Northern Ireland. TheSocial Democratic and Labour Party(SDLP) and theAlliance Party of Northern Ireland(APNI) regained parliamentary representation as the DUP lost seats. The election result gave Johnson the mandate he sought from the electorate to formally implement thewithdrawal of the United Kingdomfrom theEuropean Union, and to complete the repeal of theEuropean Communities Act 1972on 31 January 2020.Jeremy Corbyn, Labour's leader at the election, resigned, triggering the2020 party leadership election, which was won by his shadow Brexit secretary,Keir Starmer.Jane Dodds, the Liberal Democrats' leader in Wales, was also unseated inBrecon and Radnorshire.In Northern Ireland,Irish nationalistMPs outnumberedunionistsfor the first time, although the unionist popular vote remained higher at 43.1 per cent, and the sevenSinn FéinMPs did not take their seats due to their tradition ofabstentionism. Despite being elected with a landslide, Johnson went on to resign amid agovernment crisisin 2022, being followed byLiz Trussfor fifty daysand then byRishi Sunak, who went on to lead the Conservatives in thesubsequent election. Background Withdrawalof theUnited Kingdomfrom theEuropean Union In July 2016,Theresa Maywas electedPrime Ministerto succeedDavid Cameron, who had resigned following the 2016Brexit referendum. TheConservative Partyhad governed since the2010 general election, initially in coalition with theLiberal Democratsand then alone with a small majority following the2015 general election. In the2017 general election, May lost her majority but was able to resume office as a result of aconfidence and supplyagreement with Northern Ireland'sDemocratic Unionist Party(DUP), known as theConservative–DUP agreement. In the face of opposition from the DUP and Conservativebackbenchers, thesecond May ministrywas unable to pass itsBrexit withdrawal agreementby 29 March 2019, so some political commentators considered that an early general election was likely. The oppositionLabour Partycalled for a2019 vote of confidence in the May ministrybut the motion, held in January, failed.May resigned following her party's poor performance in the2019 European Parliament electionduring the first extension granted by the European Union for negotiations on the withdrawal agreement.Boris Johnsonwon the2019 Conservative leadership electionand became the prime minister on 24 July 2019. Along with attempting to revise the withdrawal agreement arranged by his predecessor's negotiations, Johnson made three attempts to hold a snap election under the process defined in theFixed-term Parliaments Act 2011,which required a two-thirdssupermajorityin order for an election to take place. All three attempts to call an election failed to gain support; Parliament insisted that Johnson \"take ano-deal Brexitoff the table first\" and secure a negotiated Withdrawal Agreement, expressed in particular by its enactment against his will of theEuropean Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019, often called the Benn Act, after Labour MPHilary Benn, who introduced the bill. After failing to pass a revised deal before the first extension's deadline of 31 October 2019, Johnson agreed to a second extension on negotiations with the European Union and finally secured a revised withdrawal agreement. Parliament agreed to an election through a motion proposed by the Liberal Democrats and theScottish National Party(SNP) on 28 October. TheEarly Parliamentary General Election Act 2019(EPGEA) was passed in theHouse of Commonsby 438 votes to 20; an attempt to pass an amendment by opposition parties for the election to be held on 9 December failed by 315 votes to 295.TheHouse of Lordsfollowed suit on 30 October,withroyal assentmade the day after for the ratification of the EPGEA. Date of the election The deadline for candidate nominations was 14 November 2019,with political campaigning for four weeks until polling day on 12 December. On the day of the election, polling stations across the country were open from 7 am, and closed at 10 pm.The date chosen for the 2019 general election made it the first to be held in December since the1923 general election. Voting eligibility Individuals eligible to vote had to be registered to vote by midnight on 26 November.To be eligible to vote, individuals had to be aged 18 or over;residing as an Irish or Commonwealth citizen at an address in the United Kingdom,or be a British citizen overseas who registered to vote in the last 15 years;and not legally excluded (on grounds of detainment in prison, a mental hospital, or on the run from law enforcement),or disqualified from voting.Anyone who qualified as ananonymous electorhad until midnight on 6 December to register. Timetable Contesting political parties and candidates Most candidates are representatives of apolitical party, which must be registered with the Electoral Commission's Register. Those who do not belong to one must use the labelIndependentor none. In the 2019 election 3,415 candidates stood: 206 being independents, the rest representing one of 68 political parties. Campaign Campaign background The Conservative Party and Labour Party have been the two biggest political parties, and have supplied every Prime Minister since the1922 general election. The Conservative Party have governed since the 2010 election, in coalition with the Liberal Democrats from 2010 to 2015. At the 2015 general election, the Conservative Party committed to offering a referendum on whether the United Kingdom should leave theEuropean Union(EU) and won a majority in that election. A referendum was held in June 2016, and the Leave campaign won by 51.9% to 48.1%. United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Unioncame in March 2017, andTheresa Maytriggered asnap electionin 2017, in order to demonstrate support for her planned negotiation of Brexit. Instead, the Conservative Party lost seats. They won a plurality of MPs but not a majority, and the result was ahung parliament. They formed aminority government, with theDemocratic Unionist Party(DUP) as theirconfidence and supplypartner. Neither May nor her successorBoris Johnson, the winner of the2019 Conservative leadership election,was able to secure parliamentary support either for a deal on the terms of the country's exit from the EU, or for exiting the EU without an agreed deal. Johnson later succeeded in bringing his withdrawal agreement to a second reading in Parliament, following another extension until January 2020. After Johnson's 2019 win, a new Withdrawal Agreement Bill was introduced in 2020. Compared to its 2019 October predecessor, this bill offered, in the words of political scientistMeg Russell, \"significantly weaker parliamentary oversight of Brexit ... giving parliament no formal role in agreeing the future relationship negotiating objectives, and a diminished role in approving any resulting treaty.\" During the lifespan of the 2017 Parliament, twenty MPs resigned from their parties, mostly due to disputes with their party leaderships; some formed new parties and alliances. In February 2019, eight Labour and three Conservative MPs left their parties to sit together asThe Independent Group.Having undergone a split and two name changes, at dissolution, this group numbered five MPs who sat as the registered party The Independent Group for Change under the leadership ofAnna Soubry. Two MPs sat in a group calledThe Independents, which at its peak had five members. One MP created theBirkenhead Social Justice Party, while a further 20 MPs who began as Labour or Conservative ended Parliament as unaffiliated independents. Seven MPs, from both the Conservatives and Labour, joined the Liberal Democrats during Parliament, in combination with a gain after the2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election. By the time Parliament was dissolved, the Liberal Democrats had raised their number from 12 at the election to 20 at dissolution. One reason for the defections from the Labour Party was the ongoing row over allegedantisemitism in the Labour Party. Labour entered the election campaign while under investigation by theEquality and Human Rights Commission.TheJewish Labour Movementdeclared that it would not generally campaign for Labour.The Conservative Party was also criticised for not doing enough to tackle the allegedIslamophobia in the Conservative Party.The Conservatives ended the previous parliamentary period with fewer seats than they had started with because of defections and also saw the2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPsfor going against the party line by voting to prevent ano-deal Brexit.Of the 21 expelled, 10 were subsequently reinstated, while the others continued as independents. Policy positions Brexit The major parties had a wide variety of stances on Brexit. The Conservative Party supported leaving under the terms of the withdrawal agreement as negotiated by Johnson (amending May's previous agreement), and this agreement formed a central part of the Conservative campaign via the slogan \"Get Brexit Done\".TheBrexit Partywas in favour of a no-deal Brexit, with its leaderNigel Faragecalling for Johnson to drop the deal. The Conservative manifesto read \"If we elect a majority of Conservative MPs to Parliament, we will start putting our deal through Parliament before Christmas and we will leave the European Union in January\" which ultimately happened. The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement, towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU, and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the EU.The Labour Party's campaigning stance in that referendum would be decided at a special conference.In aQuestion Timespecial featuring four party leaders, Labour leaderJeremy Corbynsaid that he would stay neutral in the referendum campaign. TheLiberal Democrats,Scottish National Party,Plaid Cymru,The Independent Group for Change, and theGreen Party of England and Waleswere all opposed to Brexit, and proposed that a further referendum be held with the option, for which they would campaign, to remain in the EU.The Liberal Democrats originally pledged that if they formed amajority government, which was considered a highly unlikely outcome by observers,they would revoke the Article 50 notification immediately and cancel Brexit.Part-way through the campaign, the Liberal Democrats dropped the policy of revoking Article 50 after the party realised it was not going to win a majority in the election. TheDemocratic Unionist Partywas in favour of a withdrawal agreement in principle but opposed the deals negotiated by both May and Johnson, believing that they created too great a divide between Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom.Sinn Féin, theSocial Democratic and Labour Party, theUlster Unionist Party(UUP),and theAlliance Party of Northern Irelandall favoured remaining in the EU. The UUP did not see a second referendum as a necessary route to achieving this goal. The environment The Labour Party promised what they described as a green industrial revolution. This included support for renewable energies and a promise to plant 2 billion trees by 2040. The party also promised to transition to electrify the United Kingdom's bus fleet by 2030.The Liberal Democrats promised to put the environment at the heart of their agenda with a promise to plant 60 million trees a year. They promised to significantly reduce carbon emissions by 2030 and hit zero carbon emissions by 2045. By 2030, they planned to generate 80% of the country's energy needs from renewable energies such as solar power and wind and retrofit 26 million homes with insulation by 2030. They also promised to build more environmentally friendly homes and to establish a new Department for the Climate Crisis. The Conservatives pledged net zero emissions by 2050 with investment in clean energy solutions and green infrastructure to reduce carbon emissions and pollution. They also pledged to plant 30 million trees and boost wind and solar energy. Tax and spending commitments In September 2019, the Conservative government performed a spending review, where they announced plans to increase public spending by £13.8 billion a year, and reaffirmed plans to spend another £33.9 billion a year on theNational Health Service(NHS) by 2023. ChancellorSajid Javidsaid the government had turned the page on 10 years ofausterity in the United Kingdom. During the election, the parties produced manifestos that outlined spending in addition to that already planned. TheConservative Party manifestowas described as having \"little in the way of changes to tax\" by theInstitute for Fiscal Studies(IFS). The decision to keep the rate of corporation tax at 19%, and not reduce it to 17% as planned, was expected to raise £6 billion a year. The plan to increase the national insurance threshold for employees and self-employed to £9,500 would cost £2 billion a year.They committed to not raise rates of income tax,National Insurance, orVAT. There were increased spending commitments of £3 billion current spending and £8 billion investment spending. Overall, this would have led to the country's debt as a percentage of GDP remaining stable. The IFS assessed that it would rise in the event of a no-deal Brexit.TheLabour Party manifestoplanned to raise an extra £78 billion a year from taxes over the course of Parliament, with sources including: In addition, Labour was to obtain income from the Inclusive Ownership Fund, windfall tax on oil companies, and some smaller tax changes. There were increased spending commitments of £98 billion current spending and £55 billion investment spending. Overall, this would have led to the national debt as a percentage of GDP rising.Labour'sJohn McDonnellsaid borrowing would only be for investment and one-offs (e.g. compensatingWASPIwomen, not shown above), and not for day-to-day spending. The Liberal Democrats manifesto planned to raise an extra £36 billion per year from taxes over the course of Parliament, with sources including: There were increased commitments of £37 billion current spending and £26 billion investment spending, which would overall lead to the debt as a percentage of GDP falling, partly due to improved economic conditions which would result from staying in the EU. Institute for Fiscal Studies analysis TheInstitute of Fiscal Studies(IFS), an influential research body, released on 28 November its in-depth analysis of themanifestosof the three main national political parties.The analysis provided a summary of the financial promises made by each party and an inspection of the accuracy of claims around government income and expenditure.The IFS reported that neither the Conservatives nor the Labour Party had published a \"properly credible prospectus\". Its analysis of the Conservative manifesto concluded there was \"essentially nothing new in the manifesto\", that there was \"little in the way of changes to tax, spending, welfare or anything else\", and that they had already promised increased spending for health and education whilst in government. The Labour manifesto was described as introducing \"enormous economic and social change\", and increasing the role of the state to be bigger than anything in the last 40 years. The IFS highlighted a raft of changes in including free childcare, university, personal care, and prescriptions, as well as nationalisations, labour market regulations, increases in the minimum wage, and enforcing \"effective ownership of 10% of large companies from current owners to a combination of employees and government\". The IFS said that Labour's vision \"is of a state not so dissimilar to those seen in many other successful Western European economies\", and presumed that the manifesto should be seen as \"a long-term prospectus for change rather than a realistic deliverable plan for a five-year parliament\".They said that the Liberal Democrats manifesto was not as radical as the Labour manifesto but was a \"decisive move away from the policies of the past decade\". The Conservative manifesto was criticised for a commitment not to raise rates of income tax, National Insurance, or VAT, as this put a significant constraint on reactions to events that might affect government finances. One such event could be the \"die in a ditch\" promise to terminate the Brexit transition period by the end of 2020, which risked harming the economy.The IFS also stated that it is \"highly likely\" spending under a Conservative government would be higher than in that party's manifesto, partly due to a number of uncosted commitments.Outside of commitments to the NHS, the proposals would leave public service spending 14% lower in 2023–2024 than it was in 2010–2011, which the IFS described as \"no more austerity perhaps, but an awful lot of it baked in\". The IFS stated it had \"serious doubt\" that tax rises proposed would raise the amount Labour suggested, and said that they would need to introduce more broad based tax increases. They assessed that the public sector does not have the capacity to increase investment spending as Labour would want. The IFS further assessed the claim that tax rises would only hit the top 5% of earners as \"certainly progressive\" but \"clearly not true\", with those under that threshold impacted by changes to the marriage allowance, taxes on dividends, or capital gains, and lower wages or higher prices that might be passed on from corporation tax changes. Some of Labour's proposals were described as \"huge and complex undertakings\", where significant care is required in implementation. The IFS was particularly critical of the policy to compensate the WASPI women, announced after the manifesto, which was a £58bn promise to women who are \"relatively well off on average\" and would result in public finances going off target.They said that Labour's manifesto would not increase UK public spending as a share of national income above Germany.They found that Labour's plan to spend and invest would boost economic growth but that the impact of tax rises, government regulation, nationalisations, and the inclusive ownership fund could reduce growth, meaning the overall impact of Labour's plan on growth was uncertain. The IFS described the plans of the Liberal Democrats as a radicaltax and spendpackage, and said that the proposals would require lower borrowing than Conservative or Labour plans. The report said they were the only party whose proposals would put debt \"on a decisively downward path\", praising their plan to put 1p on income tax to go to the NHS as \"simple, progressive and would raise a secure level of revenue\". The IFS also said plans to \"virtually quintuple\" current spending levels on universal free childcare amounted to \"creating a whole new leg of the universal welfare state\".The IFS said that the SNP's manifesto was not costed. Their proposals on spending increases and tax cuts would mean the government would have to borrow to cover day-to-day spending. They concluded that the SNP's plans for Scottish independence would likely require increased austerity. Other issues The Conservatives proposed increasing spending on public services, including the NHS and education.They also proposed increased funding for childcare and on the environment. They proposed more funding for care services and to work with other parties on reforming how care is delivered. They wished to maintain the triple lock on pensions. They proposed investing in local infrastructure, including rail, bus, cycle, and electric cars. They pledged to build a high speed new rail line between Leeds and Manchester. Labour proposed significantly increasing government spending to 45% of national output, which would be high compared to most of British history.This was to pay for an increased NHS budget; stopping state pension age rises; introducing a National Care Service providing free personal care; move to a net-zero carbon economy by the 2030s; nationalising key industries; scrappingUniversal Credit; free bus travel for under-25s; building 100,000 council houses per year; and other proposals. Within this, the Labour Party proposed to take rail-operating companies, energy supply networks,Royal Mail, sewerage infrastructure, and England's private water companies back intopublic ownership. Labour proposednationalisingpart of theBT Groupand to provide freebroadbandto everyone,along withfree educationfor six years during each person's adult life.Over a decade, Labour planned to reduce the average full-time weekly working hours to 32, with resulting productivity increases facilitating no loss of pay.Labour's spending plans were endorsed by more than 160economistsandacademicsand characterised as a \"serious programme\" to deal with internal problems. The main priority of the Liberal Democrats was opposing Brexit. Other policies included increased spending on the NHS; free childcare for two-to-four-year-olds; recruiting 20,000 more teachers; generating 80% of electricity from renewable sources by 2030; freezing train fares; and legalising cannabis.The Brexit Party was also focused on Brexit. It opposed privatising the NHS. It sought to reduce immigration, cutting net migration to 50,000 per year; cutting VAT on domestic fuel; banning the exporting of waste; free broadband in deprived regions; scrapping the BBC licence fee; and abolishing inheritance tax, interest on student loans, andHigh Speed 2. It also wanted to move to a United States-stylesupreme court. The policies of the SNP included a second referendum on Scottish independence to be held in 2020, as well as one on Brexit, removing theTrident nuclear deterrent, anddevolutionacross issues like as employment law, drug policy, and migration.The Liberal Democrats, the Greens, the SNP, and Labour all supported a ban onfracking in the United Kingdom, whilst the Conservatives proposed approving fracking on a case-by-case basis. Party positions in the event of a hung parliament The Conservatives and Labour insisted they were on course for outright majorities, while smaller parties were quizzed about what they would do in the event of a hung parliament. The Liberal Democrats said that they would not actively support Johnson or Corbyn becoming Prime Minister but that they could, if an alternative could not be achieved, abstain on votes allowing a minority government to form if there was support for a second referendum on Brexit.The SNP ruled out either supporting the Conservatives or a coalition with Labour but spoke about a looser form of support, such as aconfidence and supplyarrangement with the latter, if they supported a second referendum onScottish independence. The DUP previously supported the Conservative government but withdrew that support given their opposition to Johnson's proposed Brexit deal. It said that it would never support Corbyn as prime minister but could work with Labour if that party were led by someone else. Labour's position on a hung parliament was that it would do no deals with any other party, citing Corbyn to say: \"We are out here to win it.\" At the same time, it was prepared to adopt key policies proposed by the SNP and Liberal Democrats to woo them into supporting a minority government.The UUP said they would never support Corbyn as prime minister, with their leaderSteve Aikenalso saying that he \"can't really see\" any situation in which they would support a Conservative government either. Their focus would be on remaining in the EU. Tactical voting Under thefirst-past-the-postelectoral system, there is often concern, especially inmarginal seats, that if voters of similar ideological leanings are split between multiple different parties they may allow a victory for a candidate with significantly different views.In the early stages of the campaign, there was considerable discussion oftactical voting, generally in the context of support or opposition to Brexit, and whether parties would stand in all seats or not. There were various electoral pacts and unilateral decisions. The Brexit Party chose not to stand against sitting Conservative candidates but stood in most other constituencies. The Brexit Party alleged that pressure was put on its candidates by the Conservatives to withdraw, including the offer of peerages, which would be illegal. This was denied by the Conservative Party.Under the banner ofUnite to Remain, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru, and the Green Party of England and Wales agreed an electoral pact in some seats; some commentators criticised the Liberal Democrats for not standing down in some Labour seats. A number of tactical voting websites were set up in an attempt to help voters choose the candidate in their constituency who would be best placed to beat the Conservative one.The websites did not always give the same advice, whichMichael Savage, political editor ofThe Guardian, said had the potential to confuse voters.One of the websites, named GetVoting.org and set up byBest for Britain, was accused of giving bogus advice in Labour/Conservative marginal seats.The website, which had links to the Liberal Democrats,was criticised for advising pro-Remain voters to back the Liberal Democrats, when doing so risked pulling voters away from Labour candidates and enabling the Conservative candidate to gain most votes. The website changed their controversial recommendation inKensingtonto Labour, which had won it in 2017 by 20 votes,and lined up with Tacticalvote.co.uk in this seat. Describing itself as a progressive grassroots campaign not affiliated with any political party, Tacticalvote.co.uk was previously known as Tactical2017.Gina Miller's Remain United and People's Vote kept their recommendation for the Liberal Democrats. This caused a lot of confusion around tactical voting,as it was reported that the sites did not match one another's advice. Further into the election period, tactical voting websites that relied onmultilevel regression with poststratification, such as Best for Britain, People's Vote, Remain United,andSurvation,changed their recommendations on other seats because of new data.The effectiveness of their tactical voting has also been questioned,and the loss of Kensington, which was a Labour gain in 2017, was blamed by Labour MPs on Liberal Democrats for splitting the vote. In the final weekend before voting,The Guardiancited a poll suggesting that the Conservative Party held a 15% lead over Labour;on the same day, the Conservative-backingDaily Telegraphemphasised a poll indicating a lower 8% lead.Senior opposition politicians from Labour, the Liberal Democrats, and the SNP launched a late-stage appeal to anti-Conservative voters to consider switching allegiance in the general election, amid signs that tactical voting in a relatively small number of marginal seats could deprive Johnson of a majority in parliament. Shortly before the election,The Observernewspaper recommended Remainers tactically vote for 50 Labour, Liberal Democrats, SNP, and independent candidates across Great Britain;of these, 13 triumphed, 9 of which were SNP gains in Scotland (in line with a broader trend of relative success for the party), along with four in England divided equally between Labour and the Liberal Democrats. The pollster responsible argued in the aftermath that the unpopularity of the Labour leadership limited the effectiveness of tactical voting.Other research suggested it would have taken 78% of people voting tactically to prevent a Conservative majority completely, and it would not have been possible to deliver a Labour majority. Canvassing and leafleting Predictions of an overall Conservative majority were based on their targeting of primarily Labour-held, Brexit-backing seats in theMidlandsand the north of England.At the start of the election period, Labour-supporting organisationMomentumheld what was described as \"the largest mobilising call in UK history\", involving more than 2,000 canvassers.The organisation challenged Labour supporters to devote a week or more to campaigning full-time; by 4 December, 1,400 people had signed up. Momentum also developed an app called My Campaign Map that updated members about where they could be more effective, particularly in canvassing in marginal constituencies. Over one weekend during the campaign period, 700 Labour supporters campaigned inIain Duncan Smith's constituency,Chingford and Woodford Green, which was regarded as a marginal, with a majority of 2,438 votes at the 2017 general election. The Liberal Democrats were considered possible winners of a number of Conservative-held southern English constituencies; a large swing was postulated that might even toppleDominic RaabinEsher and Walton.At the beginning of the 2019 campaign, they had been accused of attempting to mislead voters by using selectiveopinion pollingdata,and use of a quotation attributed toThe Guardianrather than to their leaderJo Swinson.They were also accused of making campaign leaflets look like newspapers, although this practice had been used by all major British political parties for many years, including by Labour and the Conservatives during this election. The Liberal Democrats won a court case stopping the SNP from distributing a \"potentially defamatory\" leaflet in Swinson's constituency over false claims about funding she had received.Two Labour Party campaigners, both in their seventies, were verbally abused and physically assaulted in separate attacks on the weekend of 23–24 November. One attack occurred inBromyard,Herefordshire, and the other inRotherham,South Yorkshire. Party officials in Bromyard, where Labour campaigners experiencedred-baitingand had been called \"Marxists\",decided that activists should only canvass in pairs. Online campaigning The use ofsocial media advertisingwas seen as particularly useful to political parties as it could be used to target people of particular demographics.Labour was reported to have the most interactions, withThe Timesdescribing Labour's \"aggressive, anti-establishment messages\" as \"beating clever Tory memes\". In the first week of November, Labour was reported to have four of the five most likedtweetsby political parties, many of the top interactions ofFacebookposts, as well as doing very well onInstagram, where younger voters are particularly active.Bloomberg Newsreported that between 6 and 21 November the views on Twitter/Facebook were 18.7/31.0 million for Labour, 10/15.5 million for the Conservatives, 2.9/2.0 million for the Brexit Party, and 0.4/1.4 million for the Liberal Democrats. Brexit was the most tweeted topic for the Conservative Party (~45% of tweets), the Liberal Democrats, and the Brexit Party (~40% each). Labour focused on health care (24.1%), the environment, and business, mentioning Brexit in less than 5 per cent of its tweets.Devolution was the topic most tweeted about by the SNP (29.8%) and Plaid Cymru (21.4%), and the environment was the top issue for the Green Party (45.9%) on Twitter. The Conservatives were unique in their focus on taxation (16.2%), and the Brexit Party on defence (14%). Prior to the campaign, the Conservatives contracted New Zealand marketing agency Topham Guerin, which had been credited with helping Australia'sLiberal–National Coalitionunexpectedly win the2019 Australian federal election. The agency's social media approach was described as purposefully posting badly-designed social media material that becomes viral and so would be seen by a wider audience.Some of the Conservative social media activity created headlines challenging whether it was deceptive,including by the BBC,amiddisinformationconcerns.This included editing a clip ofKeir Starmerto give the appearance that he was unable to answer a question about Labour's Brexit policy.In response to criticism over the doctored Starmer footage, Conservative Party chairmanJames Cleverlysaid the clip of Starmer was satire and \"obviously edited\". Veracity of statements by political parties During the 19 November debate between Johnson and Corbyn hosted byITV, the press office of theConservative Campaign Headquarters(CCHQ) re-branded their Twitter account (@CCHQPress) asfactcheckUK(with \"from CCHQ\" in small text appearing underneath the logo in the account's banner image), which critics suggested could be mistaken for that of an independentfact-checkingbody, and published posts supporting the Conservative's position.In defence, Conservative chairman Cleverly stated: \"The Twitter handle of the CCHQ press office remained CCHQPress, so it's clear the nature of the site\", and as \"calling out when the Labour Party put what they know to be complete fabrications in the public domain.\" In response to the re-branding on Twitter, theElectoral Commission, which does not have a role in regulating election campaign content, called on all campaigners to act \"responsibly\".Fact-checking bodyFull Factcriticised this behaviour as \"inappropriate and misleading\", and Twitter stated that it would take \"decisive corrective action\" if there were \"further attempts to mislead people\". First Draft Newsreleased an analysis of Facebook ads posted by political parties between 1 and 4 December. The analysis reported that 88% of the 6,749 posts the Conservatives made had been \"challenged\" by fact checker Full Fact. 5,000 of these ads related to a \"40 new hospitals\" claim, of which Full Fact concluded only six had been costed, with the others only receiving money for planning, with building uncosted and due to occur after 2025. 4,000 featured inaccurate claims about the cost of Labour's spending plans to the tax payer. 500 related to a \"50,000 more nurses\" pledge, consisting of 31,500 new nurses, and convincing 18,500 nurses already in post to remain. 16.5% of Liberal Democrats posts were highlighted, which related to claims they are the only party to beat Labour, the Conservatives, or the SNP \"in seats like yours\".None of the posts made by Labour in the period were challenged, although posts made on 10 December stating that a \"Labour government would save households thousands in bills\" and the Conservative Party had \"cut £8bn from social care\" since 2010 were flagged as misleading.According to theBBC, Labour supporters had been more likely to share unpaid-for electioneering posts, some of which included misleading claims. Television debates ITV aired a head-to-head election debate between Johnson and Corbyn on 19 November, hosted byJulie Etchingham.ITV Cymru Walesaired a debate featuring representatives from the Conservatives, Labour, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru, and the Brexit Party on 17 November, hosted byAdrian Masters.Johnson cancelled his ITV interview with Etchingham, scheduled for 6 December, whilst the other major party leaders agreed to be interviewed. On the BBC, broadcasterAndrew Neilwas due to separately interview party leaders inThe Andrew Neil Interviews, andBBC Northern IrelandjournalistMark Carruthersto separately interview the five main Northern Irish political leaders.The leaders of the SNP, Labour, Plaid Cymru, the Liberal Democrats, and the Brexit Party were all interviewed by Neil and the leader of the Conservative Party was not,leading Neil to release a challenge to Johnson to be interviewed.The Conservatives dismissed Neil's challenge.BBC Scotland,BBC Cymru Wales, and BBC Northern Ireland also hosted a variety of regional debates. Channel 4cancelled a debate scheduled for 24 November after Johnson would not agree to a head-to-head with Corbyn.A few days later, the network hosted a leaders' debate focused on the climate. Johnson and Farage did not attend and were replaced on stage by ice sculptures with their party names written on them.The Conservatives alleged this was part of a pattern of bias at the channel, complained toOfcomthat Channel 4 had breached due impartiality rules as a result of their refusal to allowMichael Goveto appear as a substitute,and suggested that they might review the channel's broadcasting licence.In response, the Conservatives, as well as the Brexit Party, did not send a representative to Channel 4's \"Everything but Brexit\" on 8 December,and Conservative ministers were briefed not to appear onChannel 4 News.Ofcom rejected the Conservatives' complaint on 3 December. Sky Newswas due to hold a three-way election debate on 28 November, inviting Johnson, Corbyn, and Swinson.Swinson confirmed she would attend the debate,which was later cancelled after agreements could not be made with Corbyn or Johnson. Campaign events Before candidate nominations closed, several planned candidates for Labour and for the Conservatives withdrew, principally because of past social media activity. At least three Labour candidates and one Conservative candidate stood down, with two of the Labour candidates doing so following allegedly antisemitic remarks.Two other Conservative candidates were suspended from the Conservative Party over antisemitic social media posts, but retained their candidacy for the party.The Liberal Democrats removed one of its candidates over antisemitic social media posts, and defended two others. Several former Labour MPs critical of Corbyn endorsed the Conservatives.Meanwhile, several former Conservative MPs, including former deputy prime ministerMichael Heseltine, endorsed the Liberal Democrats and independent candidates.A week before election day, former Conservative prime ministerJohn Majorwarned the public against enabling a majority Conservative government, to avoid what he saw as the damage a Johnson-led government could do to the country through Brexit. Major encouraged voters to vote tactically and to back former Conservative candidates instead of those put forward by the Conservative Party. The2019–20 United Kingdom floodsstarted hitting parts of England from 7 to 18 November. Johnson was criticised for what some saw as his late response to the flooding,after he said they were not a national emergency.The Conservatives bannedDaily Mirrorreporters from Johnson'scampaign bus.On 27 November, Labour announced it had obtained leaked government documents; they said these showed that the Conservatives were in trade negotiations with the US over the NHS. The Conservatives said Labour was peddling \"conspiracy theories\",withDominic Raablater suggesting this was evidence of Russian interference in the election.The election also saw the2019 London Bridge stabbing, a terrorist stabbing attack that occurred in London on 29 November; owing to this, the political parties suspended campaigning in London for a time. The2019 London summitofNATOwas held inWatfordon 3–4 December 2019. It was attended by 29 heads of state and heads of government, including then United States presidentDonald Trump.On 6 December, Labour announced it had obtained leaked government documents that they said showed that Johnson had misled the public about the Conservatives' Brexit deal with the EU, specifically regarding customs checks between Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which are part of theGood Friday Agreementand that Johnson had said would not exist. Third-party campaigns In February 2021, an investigation byopenDemocracyfound that third-party campaign groups \"pushed anti-Labour attack ads to millions of voters ahead of the 2019 general election spent more than £700,000 without declaring any individual donation\".These included Capitalist Worker and Campaign Against Corbynism, both of which were set up less than three months before the election and quickly disappeared thereafter.A further investigation, also reported by theDaily Mirror, found that a group run by Conservative activist Jennifer Powers had spent around £65,000 on dozens of advertisements attacking Corbyn and Labour on housing policy without declaring any donations. During the campaign,ihad reported that Powers was \"a corporate lobbyist who is a former employee of the Conservative Party\" and that her group had been one of \"16 registrations completed since 5 November\".Meanwhile,openDemocracyreported on the new phenomenon of United States-style,Super PAC-esque groups in British elections.Adam Ramsay, who wrote the article, contacted Powers and got her to admit to being an associate at the trade consultancy firm Competere, which was set up by lobbyistShanker Singham, who works for the neoliberal think tank, theInstitute for Economic Affairs.Powers' group \"Right to Rent, Right to Buy, Right to Own\" made claims that Labour wanted to \"attack property rights in the UK\" and \"your mortgage will be harder to pay under Labour\". Additionally,openDemocracyreported that, during the election campaign, the pro-Labour groupMomentumspent more than £500,000, the European Movement for the United Kingdom spent almost £300,000 and the anti-Brexit groupsLed By DonkeysandBest for Britainspent £458,237 and more than one million pounds respectively.Following these reports, former Liberal Democrats MPTom Brake, who lost his seat in the election and was now director of the pressure groupUnlock Democracy, wrote to theElectoral Commission, urging them to investigate.These calls were echoed byJohn McDonnell, Labour MP and former Shadow Chancellor, who insisted that \"a serious and in-depth inquiry into third-party campaigning\" was needed. Religious groups' opinions on the parties Ethnic minority and religious leaders and organisations made statements about the general election. Leaders of theChurch of Englandstated people had a \"democratic duty to vote\", that they should \"leave their echo chambers\", and \"issues need to be debated respectfully, and without resorting to personal abuse\". Antisemitism in the Labour Partywas persistently covered in the media in the lead up to the election. In his leader's interview with Jeremy Corbyn,Andrew Neildedicated the first third of the 30-minute programme entirely to discussion of Labour's relationship with the Jewish community.This interview drew attention as Corbyn refused to apologise for antisemitism in the Labour Party, despite having done so on previous occasions.The British chief rabbiEphraim Mirvismade an unprecedented intervention in politics, warning that antisemitism was a \"poison sanctioned from the top\" of the Labour Party, and saying thatBritish Jewswere gripped by anxiety about the prospect of a Corbyn-led government.Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, theMuslim Council of Britainand theHindu Council UKsupported Mirvis's intervention, if not entirely endorsing it.TheJewish Labour Movementsaid they would not be actively campaigning for Labour except for exceptional candidates.The pro-CorbynMorning Starreported thatJewish Voice for Labourand theJewish Socialist Groupsaid that Mirvis did not represent all Jews, with some people within the religious groups being keen to express that no one person or organisation represents the views of all the members of the faith. TheCatholic Church in the United Kingdomurged voters to respect theright to life, opposingabortion,euthanasia, andassisted suicide, along with a peaceful solution to Brexit, support the poor, care for the homeless, and attention tohuman rights.TheMuslim Council of Britain(MCB) spokesman stated thatIslamophobia\"is particularly acute in the Conservative Party\" and that Conservatives treat it \"with denial, dismissal and deceit\".In addition they released a 72-page document, outlining what they assess are the key issues from aBritish Muslimperspective. The MCB specifically criticised those who \"seek to stigmatise and undermine Muslims\"; for example, by implying that Pakistanis (\"often used as a proxy for Muslims\") vote \"en bloc as directed byImams\".TheSunday Mirrorstated that many of the candidates campaigning for the Brexit Party were Islamophobic. The Times of Indiareported that supporters ofNarendra Modi's rulingBharatiya Janata Party(BJP) were actively campaigning for the Conservatives in 48 marginal seats,and theTodayprogramme reported that it had seenWhatsAppmessages sent to Hindus across the country urging them to vote Conservative.Some British Indians spoke out against what they saw as the BJP's meddling in the election.TheHindu Council UKwas strongly critical of Labour, going as far as to say that Labour is \"anti-Hindu\",and objected to the party's condemnation of the Indian government's actions resulting in therevocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.Labour's perceived introduction of aparachute candidateintoLeicester Eastdisappointed many with Indian heritage;specifically, no candidates of Indian descent were interviewed. The party selected or re-selected one candidate of Indian descent among its 39 safest seats. Endorsements Newspapers, organisations, and individuals had endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election. Media coverage Party representation According toLoughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture (CRCC), media coverage of the first week of the campaign was dominated by the Conservatives and Labour, with the leaders of both parties being the most represented campaigners (Johnson with 20.8%; Corbyn with 18.8%).Due to this, the election coverage was characterised as increasingly 'presidential' as smaller parties have been marginalised. In television coverage,Boris Johnsonhad a particularly high-profile (30.4% against Corbyn's 22.6%). Labour (32%) and the Conservative Party (33%) received about a third of TV coverage each. In newspapers, Labour received two-fifths (40%) of the coverage and the Conservatives 35%. Spokespeople from both parties were quoted near equally, with Conservative sources being the most prominent in both press and TV coverage in terms of frequency of appearance.Sajid JavidandJohn McDonnellfeatured prominently during the first week because theeconomy of the United Kingdomwas a top story for the media. McDonnell had more coverage than Javid on both TV and in print. A large proportion of the newspaper coverage of Labour was negative.Writing in theBritish Journalism Review, James Hanning said that, when reporting and commenting on Johnson, Conservative supporting newspapers made little mention of \"a track record that would have sunk any other politician\".In theLoughboroughanalysis, during the first week of the campaign, for example, the Conservatives had a positive press coverage score of +29.7, making them the only party to receive a positive overall presentation in the press. Meanwhile, Labour, meanwhile had a negative score of −70, followed by the Brexit Party on −19.7 and the Liberal Democrats on −10.Over the whole campaign, press hostility towards Labour had doubled compared with during the 2017 election, and negative coverage of the Conservatives halved. The Liberal Democrats were the party with the most TV coverage in the first week after Labour and the Conservatives, with an eighth of all reporting (13%). In newspapers, they received less coverage than the Brexit Party, whose leaderNigel Faragereceived nearly as much coverage (12.3%) as Johnson and Corbyn (17.4% each). Most of this coverage regarded the Brexit Party's proposed electoral pact with the Conservatives.The Brexit Party (7%) and the SNP (5%) were fourth and fifth in terms of TV coverage, respectively. Dominant issues As during the 2017 election and in line for British elections, the electoral process was the most covered media topic for this election at 31% of all coverage.Brexit was the most prominent policy issue on both TV (18%) and in the press (11%), followed by the economy, and health (8% and 7% of all coverage, respectively).There was little focused analysis of what the implementation of Brexit policies might mean, which contrasted with the more detailed analysis often undertaken of other manifesto commitments, such as those on the economy. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland's place within the United Kingdom received some prominence on TV but little coverage in the press.\"Standards/scandals\" and \"Minorities/religion\" received relatively significant discussion in large part relating to allegations ofantisemitism in the Labour partyand in the prior case an incident when Johnson was accused of reacting unsympathetically to an image of an ill child without a bed in hospital.Coverage of immigration and border controls fell overall from to 2017, while focus on environmental issues slightly increased. Gender balance Of the 20 most prominent spokespeople in media coverage of the first week of the election period, five were women, withNicola Sturgeon, the SNP leader andfirst minister of Scotland, in seventh place, the most featured.Women including citizens, experts, pollsters, businesspeople, trade union representatives, and the like featured in 23.9% of coverage and men in 76.1%. Men spoke three times as much as women in TV coverage, and five times as much in newspaper coverage. Members of Parliament not standing for re-election 74members of Parliament(MPs) who held seats at the end of Parliament did not stand for re-election. Of these, 32 were Conservative MPs, 20 were Labour, 3 were Liberal Democrats, and 16 were independents. The number of MPs retiring was higher than the 2017 general election, when 31 stood down. Opinion polling The chart below depicts the results of opinion polls, mostly only of voters in Great Britain, conducted from the 2017 general election until the election. The line plotted is the average of the last 15 polls and the larger circles at the end represent the actual results of the election. The graph shows that the Conservatives and Labour polled to similar levels from mid-2017 to mid-2019. Following Johnson's election in July, the Conservatives established a clear lead over Labour, and simultaneously support for the Brexit Party declined from its peak in summer 2019. The Spreadex columns below cover bets on the number of seats each party would win, with the midpoint between asking and selling price. Predictions three weeks before the vote The first-past-the-post system used in the United Kingdom general elections means that the number of seats won is not directly related to vote share. Thus, several approaches are used to convert polling data and other information into seat predictions. The table below lists some of the predictions. Predictions two weeks before the vote Note: Elections Etc. does not add up to 650 seats due to rounding, the speaker is shown under \"Others\" and not \"Labour\", and majority figures assume all elected members take up their seats. Predictions one week before the vote Below are listed predictions based upon polls. as of 5 December 2019 Note: Elections Etc. does not add up to 650 seats due to rounding, the speaker is shown under \"Others\" and not \"Labour\", and majority figures assume all elected members take up their seats. Below are listed predictions based upon betting odds, assuming the favourite wins in each constituency. Note: The speaker is shown under \"Others\" and not \"Labour\", and majority figures assume all elected members take up their seats. Final predictions as of 11 December 2019 Exit poll Anexit pollconducted byIpsos MORIfor theBBC,ITV, andSky Newswas published at the end of voting at 10 pm, predicting the number of seats for each party. Results The Conservative Party won, securing 365 seats out of 650, giving them an overall majority of 80 seats in the House of Commons. They gained seats in several Labour Party strongholds in Northern England that had been held by the party for decades and which had formed thered wall; for instance, the constituency ofBishop Auckland, which elected a Conservative MP for the first time in its 134-year history. This marked a fourth consecutive general election defeat for the Labour Party. In the worst result for the party in 84 years,despite a better vote share than other losses as in 1931, 1983, 1987, and 2010, Labour won 202 seats, which was the lowest number since 1935 and a loss of 60 compared to the previous election. The Liberal Democrats won 11 seats, down 1, despite significantly increasing their share of the popular vote.Ed Davey, formerCameron–Clegg coalitioncabinet minister and MP forKingston and Surbiton, was the winner of the2020 Liberal Democrats leadership election. This came afterJo Swinsonlost her seat toAmy Callaghanof the SNP by 150 votes and was disqualified from continuing as leader of the party. Swinson also became the first party leader to lose their seat since Liberal Party leaderArchibald Sinclairin 1945. While the Conservatives gained support in England and Wales, they lost support in Scotland in the face of a major SNP advance. The Conservatives won in England, advancing by 1.7% and gaining 48 seats to win 345 out of 533, while Labour fell back by 8% and lost 47 seats to win just 180.Labour won in Wales but lost 8% of its 2017 vote share and six seats, retaining 22 out of 40, while the Conservatives advanced by 2.5% and gained six seats, winning 14 in total. The SNP advanced by 8.1% and gained 13 seats to win 48 out of 59, gaining several seats from the Conservatives and Labour. The Conservatives lost 3.5% of their 2017 vote share and half their seats, while Labour was reduced to one Scottish seat,Edinburgh South. This is the same Scottish seat that returnedIan Murrayin the 2015–17 Parliament as the country's sole Labour MP.Among the Labour MPs who lost their seats in Scotland wasLesley Laird, deputy leader ofScottish LabourandShadow Secretary of State for Scotland.In Northern Ireland, nationalist political parties won more seats than unionist ones for the first time.Nigel Dodds, the DUP's leader in Westminster, lost his seat inBelfast North. Analysis The results have been attributed toLeave-supporting areas backing the Conservatives, the Conservatives broadening their appeal to working-class voters, and the Conservatives making gains in the Midlands and the north of England.Most notable was the red wall turning blue in the election, which greatly contributed to the Conservative majority. In exit polls conducted byOpinium, 43% of voters who did not vote for the Labour Party cited 'the leadership' as their reason.Among those who did not vote for the Conservative Party, the cited reason was equally split between 'their stance on Brexit' and 'the leadership', with both at 26%. Several commentators stated that the party's loss was due to a complicated manifesto and Brexit policy, a poor approach to campaigning, and the unpopularity of Corbyn's leadership. AYouGovpost-election survey determined that the age over which voters were more likely to opt for the Conservatives than for Labour was 39, down from 47 in the 2017 election. In contrast to previous elections, the YouGov survey additionally found that a plurality of voters in the DE'sNRS social grade— comprising the unemployed, state pensioners, and semi-skilled and unskilled workers — had opted for the Conservatives over Labour.This change reflects the collapse of the 'Red Wall' which has a plurality of people in the DE classification according to theONS. Between 26% and 33% of voters engaged intactical voting, as they said that they were trying to prevent a victory by the party they liked least.Recommendation by tactical voting websites had some benefit for Liberal Democrat candidates.The new Parliament reportedly had the highest number of openly LGBT MPs in the world, with 20 Conservative MPs, 15 Labour MPs, and 10 SNP MPs who identify as LGBT. For the first time in both cases, the majority of elected Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs were female. The election also returned a record number of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) MPs, with 65 MPs (10%) describing themselves as BAME. In a post-election review featuring Labour MPs, trade union officials and activists one of several reasons attributed to the electoral defeat was due to the declining popularity of Jeremy Corbyn in relation to the Brexit position and allegations of party antisemitism. The review projected that Labour would have retained 38% of the vote had Corbyn's popularity levels retained at its peak level in 2017. Summary A summarised results of the parties that won seats at the election is shown below. Full results In total, the Green Party of England and Wales, Scottish Greens, and Green Party Northern Ireland received 865,715 votes (2.70%). This may be unclear from the table and sources which cite the total of the Greens in the whole of the United Kingdom rather than by region. Voter demographics Ipsos MORI Below is listedIpsos MORI's demographic breakdown. YouGov Below is listedYouGov's demographic breakdown. Seats changing hands Seats which changed allegiance Reaction and aftermath In his victory speech, Johnson described the result as a mandate for leaving the EU and promised to do so by 31 January.The United Kingdom left the EU on 31 January 2020but continued using EU trading rules until 23:00 on December 31. The election led to both Labour and the Liberal Democrats having leadership contests: the former as Corbyn resigned, the latter as Swinson failed to be elected as an MP. Corbyn portrayed the 2019 election results primarily as a consequence of attitudes surrounding Brexit rather than a rejection of Labour's social and economic policies. In an interview held on 13 December 2019, Corbyn said the election was \"taken over ultimately by Brexit\", and said that he was \"proud of the manifesto\". The Labour leadership campaign was marked by conflicting analyses of what had gone wrong for the party in the general election.There was debate as to whether Corbyn's unpopularity or their position on Brexit was more significant.The 2020Labour Togetherreport, published by internal Labour party figures afterKeir Starmerwas elected as leader, highlighted issues like Corbyn's unpopularity, the party's Brexit policy, and poor seat targeting, as well as long-term changes in Labour's electoral coalition.InopenDemocracy, Jo Michell and Rob Calvert Jump argued that the report underplayed the fact the geographical redistributions, stating that \"Labour's decline in the North, Midlands and Wales is not the result of a dramatic collapse in its vote share, but changes in the distribution of votes between parties and constituencies.\" Successful Liberal Democrats MPs were critical in private of how the party had decided to advocate revoking the exercise of Article 50, and the communication of that policy. Some criticised the election campaign for being hubristic, with its initial defining message that Swinson could be the country's next prime minister.Ed Davey, the party's co-acting leader after the election, argued that the unpopularity of Corbyn lost the Liberal Democrats votes to the Conservatives.Wera Hobhouse, who was re-elected by a majority of 12,322,argued that the party had been wrong to pursue a policy of equidistance between Labour and the Conservatives in the general election campaign. Instead, she argued that the party should have concentrated more on campaigning against the Conservatives.The SNP's leaderNicola Sturgeondescribed the result as a clear mandate to hold a new referendum for Scottish independence.The British government said that it would not agree to a referendum being held and the Scottish government announced a few months later that it would put the issue on hold due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. See also Notes References Further reading External links Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 Party manifestos",
"Boris Johnson Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson(born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and writer who served asPrime Minister of the United KingdomandLeader of the Conservative Partyfrom 2019 to 2022. He was previouslyForeign Secretaryfrom 2016 to 2018 andMayor of Londonfrom 2008 to 2016. He wasMember of Parliament(MP) forHenleyfrom 2001 to 2008 andUxbridge and South Ruislipfrom 2015 to 2023. In his youth Johnson attendedEton CollegeandBalliol College, Oxford, and he was electedPresident of the Oxford Unionin 1986. In 1989 he began writing forThe Daily Telegraph, and from 1999 to 2005 he was the editor ofThe Spectator. He became a member of theShadow CabinetofMichael Howardin 2001 before being dismissed over a claim that he had lied about an extramarital affair. After Howard resigned Johnson became a member ofDavid Cameron'sShadow Cabinet. Hewas elected Mayor of London in 2008and resigned from theHouse of Commonsto focus his attention on the mayoralty. He wasre-elected mayor in 2012, but did not run for re-election in2016. At the2015 general electionhe was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip. Johnson was a prominent figure in theBrexit campaignin the2016 European Union membership referendum. After the referendum Prime MinisterTheresa Mayappointed him foreign secretary. He resigned from the position in 2018 in protest at both theChequers Agreementand May's approach to Brexit. Johnson succeeded May as prime minister. Here-opened Brexit negotiationswith the European Union and in early September heprorogued Parliament; theSupreme Courtlater ruled the prorogation to have been unlawful. After agreeing to a revised Brexit withdrawal agreement butfailing to win parliamentary support, Johnson called asnap general electionto be held in December 2019, in which he won alandslide victory. During Johnson's premiership, the governmentrespondedto theCOVID-19 pandemicby introducing variousemergency powersto mitigate its impact and approved anationwide vaccination programme. He also responded to theRussian invasion of Ukraineby imposingsanctions on Russiaand authorisingforeign aid and weapons shipmentsto Ukraine.In thePartygatescandal it was found that numerous parties had been held at10 Downing Streetduringnational COVID-19 lockdowns, and COVID-19 social distancing laws were breached by 83 individuals, including Johnson, who in April 2022 was issued with afixed penalty notice. The publishing of theSue Gray reportin May 2022 and a widespread sense of dissatisfaction led in June 2022 to avote of confidence in his leadershipamongst Conservative MPs, which he won. In July 2022, revelations over hisappointment of Chris Pincheras deputychief whip of the partywhile knowing of allegations of sexual misconduct against him led to amass resignation of members of his governmentand to Johnson announcing his resignation as prime minister. He was succeeded as prime minister byLiz Truss, his foreign secretary. He remained in the House of Commons as abackbencheruntil 9 June 2023, when he received the draft of theCommons Privileges Committee investigation into his conductthat unanimously found that he had lied to the Commons on numerous occasions. Johnson resigned his position as MP the same day. Johnson is acontroversial figurein British politics. His supporters have praised him for being humorous, witty, and entertaining, with an appeal reaching beyond traditional Conservative Party voters, viewing him as an electoral asset to the party. Conversely, his critics have accused him of lying,elitism,cronyism, andbigotry. During his premiership his supporters praised him for \"getting Brexit done\", overseeing the UK's COVID-19 vaccination programme, which was amongst the fastest in the world, and being one of the first world leaders to offerhumanitarian support to Ukrainefollowing the Russian invasion of the country. His tenure also encompassed several controversies and scandals, and is viewed as the most scandalous premiership of modern times by historians and biographers alike. Early life and education Childhood Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson was born on 19 June 1964 in theUpper East SideofManhattan, New York City,toStanley Johnson, then studying economics atColumbia University,andCharlotte Fawcett,an artist, whose fatherSir James Fawcett, was a prominentbarristerand president of theEuropean Commission of Human Rightsfrom 1972 to 1981.Johnson is one of only two British prime ministers to have been anAmerican citizen(seeHonorary citizenship of the United States).Johnson's parents returned to the UK in September 1964 so Charlotte could study at theUniversity of Oxford.She lived with her son inSummertown, Oxford, and in September 1965 she gave birth to a daughter,Rachel.In July 1965, the family moved toCrouch Endinnorth London,and in February 1966 they relocated to Washington, DC, where Stanley worked with theWorld Bank.Stanley then took a job with a policy panel onpopulation control, and moved the family toNorwalk, Connecticut, in June.A third child, Leo, was born in September 1967. The family returned to the UK in 1969, and lived at West Nethercote Farm, Somerset, Stanley's family home inExmoor.His father was regularly absent, leaving Johnson to be raised largely by his mother, assisted byau pairs.As a child, Johnson was quiet, studious,and deaf, resulting in several operations to insertgrommetsinto his ears.He and his siblings were encouraged to engage in intellectual activities from a young age.Johnson's earliest recorded ambition was to be \"world king\".Having no other friends, the siblings became very close. In late 1969, the family moved toMaida Valein west London, while Stanley began post-graduate research at theLondon School of Economics.In 1970, Charlotte and the children briefly returned to Nethercote, where Johnson attended Winsford Village School, before returning to London to settle inPrimrose Hill,where they were educated at Primrose Hill Primary School.A fourth child,Joseph, was born in late 1971. After Stanley secured employment at theEuropean Commissionin April 1973, he moved his family toUccle, Brussels, where Johnson attended theEuropean School, Brussels Iand learnt to speak French.Charlotte had anervous breakdownand was hospitalised with depression, after which Johnson and his siblings were sent back to the UK in 1975 to attendAshdown House, a preparatory boarding school in East Sussex.There, he developed interests inrugby,Ancient Greek, andLatin.In December 1978 his parents' relationship broke down; they divorced in 1980,and Charlotte moved toNotting Hill, London, where her children joined her for much of their time. Eton and Oxford: 1977–1987 As a kid I was extremely spotty, extremely nerdy and horriblyswotty. My idea of a really good time was to travel across London on the tube to visit theBritish Museum. — Boris Johnson Johnson gained aKing's Scholarshipto study atEton College, a boarding school nearWindsor, Berkshire.Arriving in the autumn term of 1977,he began going by his middle name Boris,and developed \"the eccentric English persona\" for which he became famous.He denounced Catholicism and joined theChurch of England.School reports complained about his idleness, complacency, and lateness,but he was popular at Eton. Johnson's friends were largely from the wealthy upper classes; his best friends wereDarius GuppyandCharles Spencer. Both would go on to accompany him at theUniversity of Oxfordand remained his friends into adulthood.Johnson excelled inEnglishand theClassics, winning prizes in both,and became secretary of the schooldebating societyand editor of the school newspaper.In late 1981, he became a member ofPop,a small, self-selecting elite group of school prefects. After leaving Eton, Johnson went on agap yearto Australia, where he taught English and Latin atTimbertop, anOutward Bound-inspired campus ofGeelong Grammar, an independent boarding school. Johnson won a scholarship to readLiterae humanioresatBalliol College, Oxford, a four-year course in Classics, ancient languages, literature, history, and philosophy.Matriculatingin late 1983,he was one of a generation of Oxford undergraduates who dominated British politics and media in the early 21st century, including Cameron,William Hague,Michael Gove,Jeremy HuntandNick Boles.While at Oxford, Johnson joined the college'srugby unionteam as atighthead prop.To his later regret, he joined theBullingdon Club, an exclusive drinking society notorious for vandalism.Many years later,a group photographincluding himself and Cameron in Bullingdon Club formal dress led to much negative press coverage. While at Oxford, he began a relationship withAllegra Mostyn-Owen, cover girl forTatlermagazine and daughter ofChristie's EducationchairmanWilliam Mostyn-Owen. They became engaged. Johnson was popular and well known at Oxford.Alongside Guppy, he edited the university's satirical magazineTributary.In 1984, Johnson was elected secretary of theOxford Union,and campaigned unsuccessfully for the position ofUnion President.In 1986, Johnson ran successfully for President,but his term was not distinguished or memorable,and questions were raised regarding his competence and seriousness.At graduation, Johnson was awarded anupper second-classdegree,and was deeply unhappy he did not receive a first. Early career The TimesandThe Daily Telegraph: 1987–1994 In September 1987, Johnson and Mostyn-Owen married.They settled inWest Kensington, London.In late 1987, through family connections, he began work as a graduate trainee atThe Times.Scandal erupted when Johnson wrote an article for the newspaper on the archaeological discovery ofEdward II's palace, having invented a quote which he falsely attributed to the historianColin Lucas, his godfather. After the paper's editor,Charles Wilson, learnt of the matter, he dismissed Johnson. Johnson secured employment on the lead-writing desk ofThe Daily Telegraph, having met its editor,Max Hastings, while at university.His articles appealed to the newspaper's Conservative-voting \"Middle England\" readership,and he was known for his distinctive literary style, replete with old-fashioned phrasing and for regularly referring to the readership as \"my friends\".In early 1989, Johnson was appointed to the newspaper's Brussels bureau to report on the European Commission,remaining in the post until 1994.A strong critic of the integrationist Commission presidentJacques Delors, he established himself as one of the city's fewEuroscepticjournalists.He wrote articles abouteuromyths: that Brussels had recruited sniffer dogs to ensure that all manure smelt the same,they were about to dictate the acceptable curve of British bananas,limit the power of their vacuum cleanersand order women to return their old sex toys.He wrote that euro notes made people impotent and that a plan to blow up theBerlaymont buildingwas in place because asbestos cladding made the building too dangerous to inhabit.Many of his fellow journalists were critical of his articles, saying they often contained lies designed to discredit the commission.The Europhile Conservative politicianChris Pattenlater said that Johnson was \"one of the greatest exponents of fake journalism\".Johnson opposed banning handguns after theDunblane school massacre, writing in his column \"Nanny is confiscating their toys. It is like one of those vastIndian programmes of compulsory vasectomy.\" According to one of his biographers,Sonia Purnell, – who was Johnson's Brussels deputy– he helped make Euroscepticism \"an attractive and emotionally resonant cause for the Right\", whereas it had been associated previously with the Left.Johnson's articles exacerbated tensions between the Conservative Party's Eurosceptic and Europhile factions. As a result, he earned the mistrust of many party members.His writings were also a key influence on the emergence of the euroscepticUK Independence Party(UKIP) in the early 1990s.Conrad Black, then proprietor ofThe Daily Telegraph, said Johnson \"was such an effective correspondent for us in Brussels that he greatly influenced British opinion on this country's relations with Europe\". In February 1990, Johnson's wife Allegra broke up with him; after several attempts at reconciliation, their marriage ended in April 1993.He began a relationship with childhood friendMarina Wheeler, who had moved to Brussels in 1990.They were married in May 1993.Soon after, Marina gave birth to a daughter.Johnson and his new wife settled inIslington, north London,an area known for its association with the left-liberalintelligentsia. Under the influence of thismilieuand of his wife, Johnson moved in a more liberal direction on issues such asclimate change,LGBT rightsand race relations.While in Islington, the couple had three more children, all given the surname Johnson-Wheeler.They were sent to the local Canonbury Primary School and then to private secondary schools.Devoting much time to his children, Johnson wrote a book of verse,The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale, which was published to largely poor reviews. Political columnist: 1994–1999 Back in London, Hastings turned down Johnson's request to become awar reporter,instead promoting him to assistant editor and chief political columnist.Johnson's column received praise for being ideologically eclectic and distinctively written, and earned him Commentator of the Year Award at theWhat the Papers Sayawards.Some critics condemned his writing style as bigotry; in columns he used the words \"piccaninnies\" and \"watermelon smiles\" when referring to Africans, championed European colonialism in Ugandaand referred to gay men as \"tank-topped bumboys\". In 1993, Johnson outlined his desire to run as a Conservative in the1994 European Parliament elections.Andrew Mitchellconvinced Major not to veto Johnson's candidacy, but Johnson could not find a constituency.He turned his attention to obtaining a seat in the House of Commons instead. After being rejected as Conservative candidate forHolborn and St. Pancras, he was selected the Conservative candidate forClwyd Southin north Wales, then aLabour Partysafe seat. Spending six weeks campaigning, he attained 9,091 votes (23 per cent) in the1997 general election, losing to Labour candidateMartyn Jones. Scandal erupted in June 1995 when a recording of a 1990 telephone conversation between Johnson and his friendDarius Guppywas made public.In it, Guppy said that his criminal activities involving insurance fraud were being investigated byNews of the Worldjournalist Stuart Collier, and he asked Johnson to provide him with Collier's private address, seeking to have the latter beaten. Johnson agreed, although he expressed concern that he would be associated with the attack.When the phone conversation was published, Johnson stated that ultimately he had not obliged Guppy's request. Hastings reprimanded Johnson but did not dismiss him. Johnson was given a regular column inThe Spectator, sister publication toThe Daily Telegraph, which attracted mixed reviews and was often thought rushed.In 1999, he was also given a column reviewing new cars in the American men's monthly magazineGQ.The large number of parking fines that Johnson acquired while testing cars frustrated staff.AtThe Daily TelegraphandThe Spectator, he was consistently late delivering copy, forcing staff to stay late to accommodate him; some related that if they published without his work, he would shout at them with expletives. Johnson's April 1998 appearance on the BBC's satirical current affairs showHave I Got News for Youbrought him national fame.He was invited back on to later episodes, including as a guest presenter; for his 2003 appearance, Johnson was nominated for theBAFTA Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance.After these appearances, he came to be recognised on the street, and was invited to appear on other shows, such asTop Gear,Parkinson,Breakfast with Frost, andQuestion Time. The Spectatorand MP for Henley: 1999–2008 In July 1999, Conrad Black offered Johnson the editorship ofThe Spectatoron the condition he abandon his parliamentary aspirations; Johnson agreed.While retainingThe Spectator's traditional right-wing bent, Johnson welcomed contributions from leftist writers and cartoonists.Under Johnson's editorship, the magazine's circulation grew by 10% to 62,000 and it became profitable.His editorship also drew criticism; some opined that under himThe Spectatoravoided serious issues,while colleagues became annoyed that he was regularly absent from the office, meetings, and events.He gained a reputation as a poor political pundit because of incorrect political predictions.His father-in-lawCharles Wheelerand others strongly criticised him for allowingSpectatorcolumnistTaki Theodoracopulosto publish racist and antisemitic language. Journalist Charlotte Edwardes wrote inThe Timesin 2019 that Johnson had squeezed her thigh at a private lunch at theSpectatorin 1999 and that another woman had told her he had done the same to her. A spokesman denied the allegation. In 2004, Johnson published an editorial inThe Spectatorafter the murder ofKen Bigleysuggesting that Liverpudlians were wallowing in their victim status and \"hooked on grief\" over theHillsborough disaster, which Johnson partly blamed on \"drunken fans\".In an appendix added to a later edition of his 2005 bookThe Dream of Rome,Tell MAMAand theMuslim Council of Britaincriticised Johnson for arguingIslamhas caused theMuslim worldto be \"literally centuries behind\" the West. Becoming an MP The selection of Boris Johnson ... confirms the Tory Party's increasing weakness for celebrity personalities over the dreary exigencies of politics. Johnson, for all his gifts, is unlikely to grace any future Tory cabinet. Indeed, he is not known for his excessive interest in serious policy matters, and it is hard to see him grubbing away at administrative detail as an obscure, hardworking junior minister for social security. To maintain his funny man reputation he will no doubt find himself refining hisBertie Woosterinterpretation to the point where the impersonation becomes the man. –Max Hastings,London Evening Standard, FollowingMichael Heseltine's retirement, Johnson decided to stand as Conservative candidate forHenley, a Conservative safe seat inOxfordshire.The local Conservative branch selected him although it was split over Johnson's candidacy. Some thought him amusing and charming while others disliked his flippant attitude and perceived lack of knowledge of the local area.Assisted by his television fame, Johnson won the seat in the2001 general election.Alongside his Islington home, Johnson bought a farmhouse outsideThamein his new constituency.He regularly attended Henley social events and occasionally wrote for theHenley Standard.His constituency surgeries proved popular, and he joined local campaigns to stop the closure ofTownlands Hospitaland the localair ambulance. In Parliament, Johnson was appointed to astanding committeeassessing theProceeds of Crime Bill, but missed many of its meetings.Despite his credentials as a public speaker, his speeches in the House of Commons were widely deemed lacklustre.He attended around half of Commons votes,usually supporting the Conservativeparty line.Infree votes, he demonstrated a more socially liberal attitude, supporting theGender Recognition Act 2004and the repeal ofSection 28.However, in 2001, Johnson had spoken out against plans to repeal Section 28, saying it was \"Labour's appalling agenda, encouraging the teaching of homosexuality in schools\".After initially stating he would not, hesupportedthe government's plans to join the United States in the2003 invasion of Iraq,and in April 2003 visited occupied Baghdad.In August 2004, he backed unsuccessfulimpeachment proceduresagainst Prime MinisterTony Blairfor \"high crimes and misdemeanours\" regarding the war,and in December 2006 described the invasion as \"a colossal mistake and misadventure\". Although labelling Johnson \"ineffably duplicitous\" for breaking his promise not to become an MP, Black decided not to dismiss him because he \"helped promote the magazine and raise its circulation\".Johnson remained editor ofThe Spectator, while also writing columns forThe Daily TelegraphandGQ, and making television appearances.His 2001 book,Friends, Voters, Countrymen: Jottings on the Stump, recounted that year's election campaign,while 2003'sLend Me Your Earscollected previously published columns and articles.In 2004,HarperCollinspublished his first novel:Seventy-Two Virgins: A Comedy of Errorsrevolved around the life of a Conservative MP and contained autobiographical elements.Responding to criticism that he was juggling too many jobs, he citedWinston ChurchillandBenjamin Disraelias exemplars who combined political and literary careers.To manage stress, he took up jogging and cycling,and became so well known for the latter that Gimson suggested he was \"perhaps the most famous cyclist in Britain\". FollowingWilliam Hague's resignation as Conservative leader, the party electedIain Duncan Smith.Johnson had a strained relationship with Duncan Smith, andThe Spectatorbecame critical of his party leadership.Duncan Smith was succeeded byMichael Howardin November 2003; Howard deemed Johnson to be the most popular Conservative politician with the electorate and appointed him vice-chairman of the party, responsible for overseeing its electoral campaign.In his Shadow Cabinet reshuffle of May 2004, Howard appointed Johnson as shadow arts minister.In October, Howard ordered Johnson to apologise publicly inLiverpoolfor publishing aSpectatorarticle – anonymously written bySimon Heffer– which said the crowds at theHillsborough disasterhad contributed to the incident and that Liverpudlians had a predilection for reliance on thewelfare state. In November 2004, the tabloids revealed that since 2000 Johnson had been having an affair withSpectatorcolumnistPetronella Wyatt, resulting in two abortions.Johnson denied the allegations but they were subsequently proven to be true, and Howard dismissed him as vice-chairman and shadow arts minister when he refused to resign. Second term At the2005 general election, Johnson was re-elected MP for Henley.Labour won the election and Howard stood down as Conservative leader; Johnson backedDavid Cameronas his successor.After Cameron was elected, he appointed Johnson as the shadow higher education minister.Interested in streamlining university funding,Johnson supported Labour'sproposed top-up fees.He campaigned in 2006 to become theRector of the University of Edinburgh, but his support for top-up fees damaged his campaign, and he came third. In April 2006, theNews of the Worldalleged that Johnson was having an affair with journalist Anna Fazackerley; the pair did not comment, and shortly afterwards Johnson began employing Fazackerley.In September 2006, Papua New Guinea'sHigh Commissionprotested after he compared the Conservatives' frequently changing leadership tocannibalism in the country. In 2005,The Spectator's new chief executive,Andrew Neil, dismissed Johnson as editor.To make up for this loss of income, Johnson negotiated withThe Daily Telegraphto raise his salary from £200,000 to £250,000, averaging £5,000 per column.He presented apopular historytelevision show,The Dream of Rome, which was broadcast in January 2006; a book followed in February.A sequel,After Rome, focused on early Islamic history.In 2007, he earned £540,000, making him the third-highest-earning MP that year. Mayor of London (2008–2016) Mayoral election: 2007–2008 In September, Johnson was selected as the Conservative candidate forMayor of Londonafter a public London-wideprimary.Johnson's campaign focused on reducing youth crime, making public transport safer, and replacing thearticulated buseswith an updated version of theAEC Routemaster.Targeting the Conservative-leaning suburbs ofouter London, it capitalised on perceptions that the Labour Mayoralty had neglected them in favour ofinner London.His campaign emphasised his popularity, even among those who opposed his policies,with opponents complaining a common attitude among voters was: \"I'm voting for Boris because he is a laugh.\"The campaign of Labour incumbentKen Livingstoneportrayed Johnson as an out-of-touchtoffand bigot. In the election, Johnson received 43% and Livingstone 37% of first-preference votes; when second-preference votes were added, Johnson was victorious with 53% to Livingstone's 47%.Johnson subsequently announced his intention to stand down as MP for Henley. First term: 2008–2012 After Johnson became mayor, those in City Hall deemed too closely allied to Livingstone's administration had their employment terminated.Johnson appointedTim Parkeras his deputy mayor, but after Parker began taking increasing control at City Hall, Johnson dismissed him.Many in the Conservative Party initially distanced themselves from Johnson's administration, fearing it would be damaging for the2010 general election. During the campaign, Johnson had confided toBrian Paddickhe was unsure how he would maintain his lifestyle on the mayoral salary of £140,000 a year.He agreed to continue hisDaily Telegraphcolumn, thus earning a further £250,000 a year.His team believed this would cause controversy and made him promise to donate 20% of hisDaily Telegraphsalary to a charitable cause. Johnson resented this, and ultimately did not pay the full 20%.Controversy erupted when on theBBC'sHARDtalkhe referred to the £250,000 salary as \"chicken feed\"; this was at the time approximately 10 times the average yearly wage for a British worker. During his first administration, Johnson was embroiled in several personal scandals. After moving to a new house in Islington, he built a shed without obtainingplanning permission; after neighbours complained, he dismantled it.The press also accused him of having an affair with Helen Macintyre and of fathering her child, allegations that he did not deny.Johnson was accused of warningDamian Greenthat police were planning to arrest him; Johnson denied the claims.He was accused ofcronyism,in particular for appointingVeronica Wadleyas the chair of London'sArts Council.In theparliamentary expenses scandal, he was accused of excessive expenses claims for taxis.Johnson remained a popular figure in London with a strong celebrity status in the city. Policies Johnson made no major changes to the mayoral system of the previous administration.However, he did reverse several other measures implemented by Livingstone: ending the city's oil deal with Venezuela, abolishingThe Londonernewsletter, and scrapping the half-yearly inspections ofblack cabs, which was reinstated three years later.Abolishing the western wing of thecongestion chargingzone,he cancelled plans to increase the congestion charge forfour-wheel-drive vehicles.He was subsequently accused of failing to publish an independent report on air pollution commissioned by theGreater London Authority, which revealed the city breached legal limits onnitrogen dioxidelevels. Johnson retained Livingstone projects such asCrossrailand the2012 Olympic Games, but was accused of trying to take credit for them.He introduced a public bicycle scheme that had been mooted by Livingstone's administration; colloquially known as \"Boris Bikes\", the part privately financed system was a significant financial loss but proved popular.Despite Johnson's support of cycling, and his much-publicised identity as a cyclist, some cycling groups argued he had failed to make the city's roads safer for cyclists.As per his election pledge, he commissioned the development of theNew Routemasterbuses for central London.He also ordered the construction of acable car systemthat crossed theRiver Thamesbetween theGreenwich Peninsulaand theRoyal Docks. Johnson's first policy initiative was a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport.He announced plans to extend pay-as-you-goOyster cardsto national rail services in London.A pledge in Johnson's manifesto was to retain Tube ticket offices, in opposition to Livingstone's proposal to close up to 40.On 2 July 2008, the Mayor's office announced the closure plan was to be abandoned.On 21 November 2013,Transport for Londonannounced that all London Underground ticket offices would close by 2015.In financing these projects, Johnson's administration borrowed £100 million,while public transport fares were increased by 50%. During his first term, Johnson was perceived as having moved leftward on certain issues, supporting theLondon Living Wageand endorsing an amnesty for illegal migrants.He tried placating critics who had deemed him a bigot by appearing atLondon's gay pride paradeand praising ethnic minority newspapers.Johnson broke from the traditional protocol of those in public office not publicly commenting on other nations' elections by endorsingBarack Obamafor the2008 United States presidential election. Relations with the police, finance, and the media Johnson appointed himself chair of theMetropolitan Police Authority(MPA), and in October 2008 successfully pushed for the resignation of Metropolitan Police CommissionerIan Blair, after Blair was criticised for allegedly handing contracts to friends and for his handling of thedeath of Jean Charles de Menezes.This earned Johnson respect among Conservatives, who interpreted it as his first act of strength.Johnson resigned as chairman of the MPA in January 2010,but throughout his mayoralty was highly supportive of the Metropolitan Police, particularly during the controversy surrounding thedeath of Ian Tomlinson.Overall crime in London fell during his administration, but his claim that serious youth crime had decreased proved to be false, and he acknowledged the error.He was criticised for his response to the2011 London riots. Johnson championed London's financial sector and denounced what he saw as \"banker bashing\" following thefinancial crisis of 2007–08,condemning theanti-capitalistOccupy Londonmovement that appeared in 2011.He collected donations from the city's wealthy for a charitable enterprise, the Mayor's Fund, which he had established to aid disadvantaged youths. It initially announced the fund would raise £100 million, but by 2010 it had only earnt £1.5 million.He also maintained extensive personal contacts throughout the British media,which resulted in widespread favourable press coverage of his administration.In turn he remained largely supportive of his friends in the media, includingRupert Murdoch, during theNews International phone hacking scandal. The formation of the Forensic Audit Panel was announced on 8 May 2008. The panel was tasked with monitoring and investigating financial management at theLondon Development Agencyand theGreater London Authority.Johnson's announcement was criticised by Labour for the perceived politicisation of this nominally independent panel.The head of the panel,Patience Wheatcroft, was married to a Conservative councillorand three of the four remaining panel members also had close links to the Conservatives. Re-election campaign Up for re-election in 2012, Johnson again hired Crosby to orchestrate his campaign.Before the election, Johnson publishedJohnson's Life of London, a work of popular history that historianA. N. Wilsoncharacterised as a \"coded plea\" for votes.Polls suggested that while Livingstone's approach to transport was preferred, voters in London placed greater trust in Johnson on crime and the economy.Johnson's campaign emphasised the accusation that Livingstone was guilty oftax evasion, for which Livingstone called Johnson a \"bare-faced liar\".Political scientist Andrew Crines believed that Livingstone's campaign focused on criticising Johnson rather than presenting an alternate and progressive vision of London's future.Johnson wasre-elected. Second term: 2012–2016 After a successful bid under Livingstone in 2005, London hosted the2012 Summer Olympics, with Johnson as board co-chair.He improved transportation around London by making more tickets available and adding buses around the capital when thousands of spectators were temporary visitors.Johnson was accused of covering up pollution ahead of the games by deploying dust suppressants to remove air particulates near monitoring stations.In November 2013, Johnson announced major changes to the operation of theLondon Underground, including the extension of operating hours. All staffed ticket offices were replaced with automated ticketing systems. Johnson was close friends with American entrepreneurand modelJennifer Arcuri, withThe Sunday Timesdescribing him as a regular visitor to her flat,and implying they were in a sexual relationship.Arcuri and her company, Innotech, were awarded substantial government grants, and Johnson intervened to allow her onto three trade mission trips.The Sunday Timessaid in September 2019 that Johnson failed to declare his personal relationship as a conflict of interest.The Greater London Authority referred the matter to theIndependent Office for Police Conduct(IOPC) \"so it can assess whether or not it is necessary to investigate the former mayor of London for the criminal offence of misconduct in public office\", for the Mayor is also London'spolice and crime commissioner.On 9 November 2019 it was revealed that the IOPC had decided to publish its report after the general election on 12 December.The IOPC eventually issued its report in May 2020, concluding that, although there was no basis for any criminal charge, there was evidence that the close relationship between Johnson and Arcuri had influenced decisions, that Johnson should have declared an interest, and that his failure to do this could have breached the London Assembly's code of conduct. In 2015, Johnson criticised then-presidential candidateDonald Trump's false comments that there wereno-go zones in Londoninaccessible for non-Muslims. Johnson said Trump was \"betraying a quite stupefying ignorance that makes him frankly unfit to hold the office of President of the United States\",becoming the first senior politician in the UK to declare Trump unfit for office, but rejecting calls for him to be banned from the country.In 2016, he said he was \"genuinely worried that could become president\", telling ITV'sTom Bradbythat being mistaken for Trump in New York was \"one of the worst moments\" of his life. Johnson did not run for a third mayoral and stepped down on 5 May 2016 followingthe election. AYouGovpoll commissioned at the end of Johnson's term revealed that 52% of Londoners believed he did a \"good job\" while 29% believed he did a \"bad job\". Return to Parliament Johnson initially said that he would not return to the House of Commons while mayor.After much media speculation, in August 2014 he sought selection as the Conservative candidate for thesafe seatofUxbridge and South Ruislipat the2015 general election.In the2015 general election, Johnson was elected. There was speculation that he had returned to Parliament because he wanted to replace Cameron as Conservative leader and prime minister. Brexit campaign: 2015–2016 In February 2016, Johnson endorsedVote Leavein the \"Out\" campaign for the2016 European Union membership referendum.Following this announcement, which was interpreted by financial markets as making Brexit more probable, thepound sterlingslumped by nearly 2% against the US dollar, reaching its lowest level since March 2009. In April 2016, in response to a comment by PresidentBarack Obamathat Britain should remain in the European Union, Johnson wrote an \"ancestral dislike\" of Britain owing to his \"part-Kenyan\" background may have shaped Obama's views.Several politicians condemned his comments as racist and unacceptable.Conversely, former Conservative Party leaderIain Duncan SmithandUK Independence Party(UKIP) leaderNigel Faragedefended them. Johnson supported Vote Leave's statement that the government was committed toTurkish accession to the EU. Vote Leave was accused of implying that 80 million Turks would come to the UK if it stayed in the EU. When interviewed in January 2019, he said he had not mentioned Turkey during the campaign.On 22 June 2016, Johnson declared 23 June could be \"Britain's independence day\" in a televised debate. Following the victory of the \"Leave\" campaign, Cameron resigned. Johnson was widely regarded as the front-runner to succeed him.Johnson announced he would not stand in theConservative leadership election.Shortly before this, Michael Gove, hitherto a Johnson ally, concluded that Johnson \"cannot provide the leadership or build the team for the task ahead\".The Daily Telegraphcalled Gove's comments \"the most spectacular political assassination in a generation\".Johnson endorsedAndrea Leadsom's candidature, but she dropped out, leaving Theresa May to be elected uncontested. Foreign Secretary: 2016–2018 May appointed Johnsonforeign secretaryin July 2016.Analysts saw the appointment as a tactic to weaken Johnson politically: the new positions of \"Brexit secretary\" andinternational trade secretaryleft the foreign secretary as a figurehead.Johnson's appointment ensured he would often be out of the country and unable to mobilise backbenchers against her, while forcing him to take responsibility for problems caused by withdrawing from the EU. Some journalists and foreign politicians criticised Johnson's appointment because of his controversial statements about other countries.His tenure attracted criticism from diplomats and foreign policy experts.A number of diplomats, FCO staff and foreign ministers who worked with Johnson compared his leadership unfavourably to previous foreign secretaries for his perceived lack of conviction or substantive positions on foreign policy issues.A senior official in Obama's government suggested Johnson's appointment would push the US further towardsGermanyat the expense of theSpecial Relationshipwith the UK.On one occasion Egyptian presidentAbdel Fattah el-Sisiwalked out of a meeting with Johnson after a meeting did not \"get beyond the pleasantries\". Johnson's visit to Turkey in September 2016 was somewhat tense because he had wonDouglas Murray's offensive poetry competition about the President of Turkey,Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, four months earlier.When questioned by a journalist whether he would apologise for the poem, Johnson dismissed the matter as \"trivia\".Johnson pledged to helpTurkey join the EUand expressed support for Erdogan's government.Johnson described theGülen movementas a \"cult\" and supportedTurkey's post-coup purges. Johnson supported theSaudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemenand refused to block UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia.In September 2016, human rights groups accused him of blocking the UN inquiry into Saudi war crimes in Yemen.Given the UK-Saudi alliance, in December 2016, he attracted attention for commenting the Saudis were akin to the Iranians in \"puppeteering and playingproxy wars\".In November 2017, Johnson told theForeign Affairs Select CommitteethatNazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe– a British-Iranian citizen imprisoned in Iran after being arrested for training citizen journalists and bloggers in aBBC World Service Trustproject – had been \"simply teaching people journalism\". Facing criticism, Johnson stated he had been misquoted and that nothing he said had justified Zaghari-Ratcliffe's sentence.In May 2018, Johnson backedtheIran nuclear deal framework, despite Donald Trump's withdrawal. In April 2017, Johnson said thatGibraltar's sovereigntywas \"not going to change\" after Brexit.Johnson promised while inNorthern Irelandthat Brexit would leave the Irish border \"absolutely unchanged\".Johnson visitedAnguillaandTortolain September 2017 to confirm the UK's commitment to helping restoreBritish territoriesdevastated byHurricane Irma.In September 2017, he was criticised for reciting lines fromRudyard Kipling's poemMandalaywhile visiting aMyanmartemple; the British ambassador, who was with him, suggested it was \"not appropriate\".In October 2017, he faced criticism for stating the Libyan city ofSirtecould become an economic success likeDubai: \"all they have to do is clear the dead bodies away\". Initially favouring a less hostile approach to Russia,Johnson soon backed a more aggressive policy.Following the March 2018poisoning of Sergei and Yulia SkripalinSalisbury, an act which the UK government blamed on Russia,Johnson comparedVladimir Putin's hosting of theWorld Cup in RussiatoAdolf Hitler's hosting of theOlympic Games in Berlinin 1936.Russia's Foreign Ministry denounced Johnson's \"unacceptable and unworthy\" parallel towards Russia, a \"nation thatlost millions of livesin fighting Nazism\".Johnson described theNord Stream 2gas pipeline from Russia to Germany as \"divisive\" and a \"threat\" that left Europe dependent on a \"malign Russia\" for itsenergy supplies. Johnson condemned thepersecutionofRohingya Muslimsin Myanmar,comparing the situation with thedisplacement of Palestiniansin 1948.Johnson supported theTurkish invasion of northern Syriaaimed at ousting theSyrian KurdsfromAfrin.He accused theUNHRCof focusing disproportionately on theIsraeli–Palestinian conflictand Israel'soccupationof thePalestinian territories. In a September 2017 op-ed, Johnson reiterated the UK would regain control of £350m a week after Brexit, suggesting it go to theNational Health Service(NHS).Cabinet colleagues subsequently criticised him for reviving the assertion.Following the2017 general election, Johnson denied media reports he intended to challenge May's leadership.In a February 2018 letter to May, Johnson suggested that Northern Ireland may have to accept border controls after Brexit and that it would not seriously affect trade, having initially said a hard border would be unthinkable.In June, he was reported as having said \"fuck business\" when asked about corporate concerns regarding a 'hard' Brexit. Secret recordings obtained byBuzzFeed Newsin June 2018 revealed Johnson's dissatisfaction with Prime Minister Theresa May's negotiating style, accusing her of being too collaborative with the European Union in Brexit negotiations. Comparing May's approach to that of the US president Donald Trump – who at the time was engaged in a combative trade war with the EU because it raised tariffs on metal – Johnson said: \"Imagine Trump doing Brexit. He'd go in bloody hard ... There'd be all sorts of breakdowns, all sorts of chaos. Everyone would think he'd gone mad. But actually you might get somewhere.\" He accused individuals of scaremongering over a Brexit \"meltdown\", saying \"No panic.Pro bono publico, no bloody panic. It's going to be all right in the end.\" In April 2018, Johnson travelled to Italy to attend a party at thePalazzo Terranova, owned by the formerKGBagentAlexander Lebedevand hosted by his sonEvgeny. He travelled without security protection or other officials,and did not document the trip, which led to accusations of Johnson having misled parliament.In June 2023, it was revealed that Lord Simon McDonald, the most senior civil servant of his department, was not aware of the trip. Johnson stated that \"no government business was discussed\" at the event as far as he was aware.Lebedev's villa was monitored by the Italian secret service at the time, who, according to aChannel 4documentary, suspected it to be used for espionage activities.Johnson granted a peerage toEvgenyin 2020, against the advice of theMI6, and met with criticism over potential security concerns. In July 2018, three days after thecabinethad its meeting to agree on aBrexit strategy,Johnson, along with Brexit secretaryDavid Davis,resigned his post. Return to the backbenches: 2018–2019 Johnson returned to the role of abackbench MP. In July, he delivered a resignation speech, stating \"it is not too late to save Brexit\".In January 2019, Johnson came under criticism for remarks he had made during the 2016 Leave campaign regarding the prospect of Turkish accession to the European Union; he denied making such remarks.In March 2019, he was criticized for saying that expenditure on investigating historic allegations of child abuse was money \"spaffed up the wall\". Journalism In July 2018, Johnson signed a 12‑month contract to write articles for theTelegraph Media Group.TheAdvisory Committee on Business Appointments(ACOBA) reported that this was a breach of theMinisterial Code.Johnson was ordered to apologise for failing to declare £50,000 of earnings. TheParliamentary Commissioner for Standardsfound the errors were not inadvertent, and that Johnson had failed on nine occasions to make declarations within the rules. In September 2018, Johnson wrote: \"We have opened ourselves to perpetual political blackmail. We have wrapped a suicide vest around the British constitution – and handed the detonator toMichel Barnier.\" Senior Tories heavily criticised him, withAlan Duncanof the Foreign Office vowing to ensure the comments marked \"the political end of Boris Johnson\".In April 2019, theIndependent Press Standards Organisationruled that a claim in a 6 January 2019 article inThe Daily Telegraph, \"The British people won't be scared into backing a woeful Brexit deal nobody voted for\", authored by Johnson,that a no-dealBrexitwas \"by some margin preferred by the British public\" was false, and \"represented a failure to take care over the accuracy of the article in breach of Clause 1 (i)\" of its guidelines, and required that a correction be published. 2019 Conservative Party leadership election On 12 June 2019, Johnson launched his campaign for theConservative Party leadership election, saying, \"we must leave the EU on 31 October.\"On the campaign trail, Johnson warned of \"catastrophic consequences for voter trust in politics\" if the government pushed the EU for further delays. He advocated removing thebackstopfrom any Brexit deal. On 25 and 26 August, he announced plans to retain £7 or £9 billion of the £39 billion divorce payment the UK is due to transfer to the EU upon withdrawal.Johnson initially pledged to cut income tax for earners of more than £50,000 but backed away from this plan in June 2019 after coming under criticism in a televisedBBCdebate. Johnson was elected leader with 92,153 votes (66%) to Hunt's 46,656 (34%). Premiership (2019–2022) First term (July–December 2019) On 24 July 2019, the day following Johnson's election as Conservative Party leader, QueenElizabeth IIacceptedTheresa May's resignation and appointed Johnson as prime minister. This made Johnson the first prime minister to be born outsideBritish territories.Johnson appointedDominic Cummingsas his senior advisor. Brexit policy In hisfirst speech as PM, Johnson said that the United Kingdom would leave the European Union on 31 October 2019 with orwithout a deal, and promised to remove theIrish backstopfrom the withdrawal agreement.Johnson declared his intention tore-open negotiations, but talks did not immediately resume as the EU refused to accept Johnson's condition that the backstop be removed.On 28 August 2019, UK and EU negotiators agreed to resume regular meetings. Also on 28 August 2019, Johnson declared he had asked the Queen toprorogue Parliamentfrom 10 September, reducing the time in which Parliament could block a no-deal Brexit and causing apolitical controversy.The Queen atPrivy Councilapproved prorogation later the same day, and it began on 10 September, scheduled to last until 14 October.Some suggestedthat this prorogation amounted to aself-coup, and on 31 August 2019, protests occurred throughout the United Kingdom.By 2 September 2019, three separate court cases challenging Johnson's action were in progress or scheduled to take place,and on 11 September, three Scottish judges ruled the prorogation of the UK Parliament to be unlawful.On 12 September, Johnson denied lying to the Queen over suspension of the Parliament, while a Belfast Court rejected claims that his Brexit plans would have a negative impact on Northern Ireland's peace policy.On 24 September, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Johnson's advice to prorogue Parliament was unlawful, and therefore the prorogation was rendered null. When Parliament resumed on 3 September 2019, Johnson indicated he would call a general election under theFixed-term Parliaments Actafter opposition and rebel Conservative MPs successfully voted against the government to take control of the order of business to prevent a no-deal exit.Despite government opposition, theBenn Act, a bill to block a no-deal exit, passed the Commons on 4 September 2019, causing Johnson to propose a general election on 15 October.His motion was unsuccessful as it failed to command the support of two-thirds of the House. In October 2019, following bilateral talks between Johnson andTaoiseachLeo Varadkar,the UK and EU agreed to arevised deal, whichreplaced the backstopwith a newNorthern Ireland Protocol. First Cabinet JohnsonappointedhisCabineton 24 July 2019,dismissing 11 senior ministers and accepting the resignation of six others.The mass dismissal was the most extensive postwar Cabinet reorganisation without a change in the ruling party. Among other appointments, Johnson madeDominic RaabtheFirst Secretary of Stateand foreign secretary and appointedSajid JavidandPriti Patelas theChancellor of the ExchequerandHome Secretary, respectively. Loss of working majority On 3 September 2019,Phillip Leecrossed the floorto theLiberal Democratsfollowing a disagreement with Johnson'sBrexitpolicy. This left the government without aworking majorityin the House of Commons.Later that day,21 Conservative MPshad the partywhipwithdrawn for defying party orders and supporting an opposition motion.(The whip was restored to 10 former Conservative ministers on 29 October.) On 5 September 2019, Johnson's brotherJo Johnsonresigned from the government and announced that he would step down as MP, describing his position as \"torn between family and national interest\".Two days later,Amber Ruddresigned asSecretary of State for Work and Pensionsand from the Conservative Party, describing the withdrawal of the party whip as an \"assault on decency and democracy\". 2019 general election In October 2019, Parliament was dissolved, and an election called for 12 December. The election resulted in the Conservative Party winning 43.6% of the vote and a parliamentary landslide majority of 80 seats.A key slogan used in the Conservative campaign was \"Get Brexit Done\". Second term (December 2019 – September 2022) Second Cabinet Johnsonreshuffled his cabinetin February 2020.Five Cabinet ministers were sacked, including theNorthern Ireland secretaryJulian Smith, a decision that was criticised by several politicians and commentators following his success in restoring theNorthern Ireland Executivedevolved government.Chancellor of the ExchequerSajid Javidresigned from the Cabinet and was replaced byRishi Sunak; Javid later returned to Johnson's Cabinet asSecretary of State for Health and Social Carein June 2021 following the resignation ofMatt Hancock. Johnson reshuffled his cabinet again in September 2021. Changes included the dismissal ofEducation SecretaryGavin Williamsonwho had received significant criticism for his handling of disruption to education during the COVID-19 pandemic.Dominic Raabwas moved from foreign secretary todeputy prime ministerandjustice secretary. Raab was replaced as foreign secretary byLiz Truss. COVID-19 pandemic TheCOVID-19 pandemicemerged as a serious crisis within the first few months of Johnson's second term.Johnson's non-attendance of fiveCOBRbriefings during the early months and the failure of the UK government to prepare for and control the outbreak has been criticised.The UK was among the last majorEuropean states to close schools, ban public events and order alockdown.This response is thought by some scientists to have contributed to the UK's high death toll from COVID-19, which as of January 2021was among the highest in the world. Reutersreported that scientists were critical of Johnson both for acting too slowly to stop the spread of COVID-19 and for mishandling the government's response;PoliticoquotedChief Medical OfficerChris Whittyas saying that an earlier initial lockdown would have significantly lowered the death toll.TheBMJpublished several editorials critical of the policies adopted during the country's public health response.Johnson's public communication over the virus and the UK's test and trace system were also criticised. On 3 March 2020, Johnson claimed to have shaken hands with COVID-19 patients in hospital on the same day thatSAGEhad advised the government to warn the public not to shake hands and minimise physical contact,though it was unclear whether the hospital he visited actually contained any coronavirus patients.He continued to shake hands publicly in the following days.On 23 March, aCOVID-19 lockdownwas imposed throughout the UK, except for a few limited purposes, backed up bynew legal powers. On 27 March, it was announced that Johnson had tested positive forCOVID-19.On 5 April, he was admitted to a hospital.The next day, he was moved to the hospital's intensive care unit.Johnson left intensive care on 9 April,and left hospital three days later to recuperate atChequers.After a fortnight at Chequers, he returned to Downing Street on 26 April.Johnson later said that he had been givenemergency oxygenwhile in intensive care, and that doctors had made preparations in case he died. Ascandalin May 2020 involved Johnson's chief political advisorDominic Cummings, who made a trip with his family toDurhamduring the March 2020 lockdown while experiencing COVID-19 symptoms. Both Cummings and Johnson rejected widespread calls that Cummings resign.Johnson's defence of Cummings and his refusal to sack him caused a widespread backlash.This resulted in a loss of confidence in the government and specifically its response to the pandemic, referred to as 'the Cummings effect' inThe Lancet. Concerns were raised in the study that this could affect the public's compliance with pandemic restrictions. The Johnson ministry wasaccused of cronyism in their assignment of contractsrelated to the pandemic response. Procurement of government contracts for key COVID-19 supplies became less transparent as a result of emergency measures bypassing the usual competitive tendering process.In October 2020, Johnson conceded that the UK'stest and tracesystem and its specially developedcontact tracing app, which had been criticised for their cost and operational issues, had caused \"frustrations\". Johnson reportedly resisted calls from SAGE and within the government to enact a second lockdown throughout September as COVID-19 infections rose.In April 2021, Johnson denied allegations he had said he would rather \"let the bodies pile high in their thousands\" on 30 October 2020.The government enacted a second national lockdown on 31 October.Throughout December 2020, COVID-19 cases across the UK rose significantly, straining emergency services and hospitals.In response, the government enacted further restrictions to large parts of southern and eastern England and on 21 December shortened a planned household mixing period over Christmas. Britain beganits COVID-19 vaccination programmein December 2020.Half of UK adults had received at least their first vaccine dose by 20 March 2021.A third lockdown for the whole of England was introduced on 6 January 2021.Record numbers of infections and daily deaths were recorded in the UK throughout January, and the government began exploring quarantine procedures on arrival.Johnson said he was \"deeply sorry\" and \"take full responsibility\" as the UK passed 100,000 deaths from COVID-19, the first European country to do so, on 26 January. In July 2021, Johnson announced that most generalised public health restrictions in England would be lifted and replaced by recommendations. This took place despite an increase in cases driven by theDelta variant.In September 2021, Johnson was pictured in a cabinet meeting, with \"at least 30 people crammed shoulder-to-shoulder\", without anyone wearing masks and with all windows apparently closed, contradicting government advice.Johnson was also photographed without a face mask during a visit to a hospital in November. In December 2021, more stringent \"Plan B\" restrictions for England were put forward, a partial renewal of previous measures due to the increased incidence of theSARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. These proposals included face coverings to be required in more public settings, guidance towork from homewherever possible, and requirements ofCOVID-19 passportsto enter certain venues.The government experienced the largest rebellion of Conservative MPs during Johnson's premiership, in opposition to these measures. Immigration In 2019, Johnson promised to reduce net migration to the United Kingdom (the number of people immigrating minus the number emigrating) below 250,000 per year by the next election.In 2021, net migration to the UK was 488,000,up from 184,000 in 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic.Most of the migrants came from non-EU countries. As a result of Brexit, more EU nationals left the UK than arrived. In 2021, Johnson's government launched ascheme for Hongkongersfollowing theHong Kong national security law, with more than 200,000 Hong Kong residents immigrating to the UK. Long-term net migration to the UK reached a record high of 764,000 in 2022,with immigration at 1.26 million and emigration at 493,000. Legislative agenda At theState Opening of Parliament on 11 May 2021, a range of proposed laws were announced, including theDissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill, which would restore theroyal prerogativeto dissolve Parliament; aHigher Education (Freedom of Speech) Billto combatdeplatformingat universities;anOnline Safety Billthat would impose a statutoryduty of careon online companies and empowerOfcomto block particular websites;and anAnimal Welfare (Sentience) Billthat would legally recognise animal sentience. Further laws would introducemandatory voter identificationat general elections, reform the national immigration system, and implement alevelling up policyto reduce imbalances between areas. 2021 Downing Street refurbishment controversy In April 2021, Cummings alleged that Johnson had arranged for donors to \"secretly pay\" for renovations on the private residence at 11 Downing Street.On 27 April Johnson asked the Cabinet Secretary,Simon Case, to hold a review about the refurbishment.On 28 April, theElectoral Commissionannounced it had opened a formal investigation.On the same day Johnson said that he had not broken any laws over the refurbishment and had met the requirements he was obliged to meet.DuringPrime Minister's Questions, the leader of the opposition,Keir Starmer, asked: \"Whoinitiallypaid for the redecoration of his Downing Street flat?\"; Johnson responded: \"I paid for Downing Street's refurbishment personally.\" On 28 MayLord Geidtpublished a report on the allegations which concluded that Johnson did not breach the Ministerial Code and that no conflict, or reasonably perceived conflict, of interest arose. However, Lord Geidt expressed that it was \"unwise\" for Johnson to have proceeded without \"more rigorous regard for how this would be funded\".The Electoral Commission reported on 9 December that it found that the Conservative Party had failed to follow the law in not accurately reporting donations to the party from Lord Brownlow and imposed a £17,800 fine on the party.The Heraldsaid the commission's report outlined how, in March, all the money paid by Brownlow and his company had been reimbursed, as had the payments made by the Conservative Party and Cabinet Office.Downing Street had said at the time that the full cost of the works had been met personally by the prime minister. Owen Paterson controversy In November 2021, Johnson backed a motion to block the suspension ofOwen Paterson, a Conservative MP found to have abused his position by theindependent standards commissionerafter undertaking paid lobbying.The motion called for the creation of a new Conservative-majority committee to examine reforms of the standards investigation process.Many Conservative MPs refused to support the motion, and 13 defied athree-line whipto vote against it.Following the announcement by opposition parties that they would boycott the new committee, and faced with a backlash in the media and from MPs of all parties, the government announced that a new vote would take place on whether Paterson should be suspended.Paterson announced his resignation as an MP the same day.Aby-electionin Paterson's former constituency ofNorth Shropshiresaw theLiberal Democratcandidate,Helen Morgan, overturn a Conservative majority of nearly 23,000,theseventh largest swing in United Kingdom by-election history. Partygate scandal In December 2021, reports emerged thatsocial gatherings of government and Conservative Party staffin Downing Street had taken place ahead of Christmas 2020 against COVID-19 regulations. Johnson denied these allegations.Following a leaked video showing Downing Street staff joking about a \"fictional party\", at a press conference rehearsal recorded days after one alleged party took place, Johnson apologised for the contents of the video and suggested he had been misled but had now ordered an inquiry. On 10 January 2022,ITV Newsreported that a planned party had taken place on 20 May 2020, during the first lockdown. ITV had obtained an email sent by principal private secretaryMartin Reynoldsto staff inviting them to \"socially distanced drinks\" in the garden of No. 10.At the time, people outdoors were not allowed to meet more than one person from outside their household.Two eyewitnesses later alleged that Johnson and Symonds attended, contradicting Johnson's insistence in December 2021 that there were \"no parties\". On 12 January 2022, Johnson apologised to MPs in the Commons for \"attending an event in the Downing Street garden during the first lockdown\",stating he believed it was \"a work event\".He said that MPs should await the outcome of the independent inquiry, led by senior civil servantSue Gray, which he said \"will report as soon as possible\".There were calls across the House for Johnson to resign. On 19 January,Bury SouthMPChristian Wakeforddefected from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party.Conservative former ministerDavid Daviscalled for Johnson to resign, quotingLeo Amerycalling onNeville Chamberlainto resign during theNorway Debatein 1940, and saying: \"You have sat there too long for all the good you have done. In the name of God, go.\" On 25 January, theMetropolitan Police's chief commander,Cressida Dick, announced that they were commencing investigations into the Downing Street Parties.An abbreviated version of theSue Gray reportinto the controversy was released on 31 January, where Gray concluded there was a \"failure of leadership\" over the events that she had examined. The release of the full report was delayed pending the Metropolitan Police's investigation. In April 2022, Johnson was issued afixed penalty noticeas police determined that he committed a criminal offence by breaching the COVID-19 lockdown regulations.Johnson therefore became the first prime minister in British history to have been sanctioned for breaking the law while in office. According to Downing Street insiders, Johnson was involved in instigating a party on the occasion ofLee Cainleaving Number 10. What had begun as press office drinks became a party after Johnson arrived, gave a speech and poured drinks for staff.Labour's deputy leader,Angela Raynersaid, \"If the latest reports are true, it would mean that not only did the prime minister attend parties, but he had a hand in instigating at least one of them. He has deliberately misled the British people at every turn. The prime minister has demeaned his office.\"On 21 April, MPs voted to refer Johnson to theParliamentary Privileges Committeeto investigate whether he knowingly misled Parliament.Steve Bakersaid Johnson's \"marvellous contrition... only lasted as long as it took to get out of the headmaster's study\". Following theMay 2022 local elections, many leading Conservatives in areas where the Conservatives had done badly blamed Johnson and calling on Johnson to resign.On 6 June,Graham Bradyannounced that the threshold for a vote on Johnson's leadership had been passed; the vote was scheduled for later that same day. On 3 March 2023, an interim report from theCommons Select Committee of Privilegessaid there was evidence that \"strongly suggests\" breaches of coronavirus regulations would have been \"obvious\" to Johnson.The report also said \"There is evidence that those who were advising Mr Johnson about what to say to the press and in the House were themselves struggling to contend that some gatherings were within the rules\".Johnson said none of the evidence showed he \"knowingly\" misled Parliament.The report stated that the Commons may have been misled on multiple occasions and Johnson \"did not correct the statements earliest opportunity\".The committee also stated that Johnson had \"personal knowledge\" over lockdown gatherings in No 10, which he could have disclosed. Starmer slur controversy While speaking in the House of Commons in January 2022, Johnson falsely blamed Starmer for the non-prosecution of the serial sex offenderJimmy Savilewhen Starmer wasDirector of Public Prosecutionsin theCrown Prosecution Service. Starmer was DPP in the years immediately prior to Savile's death but there is no evidence he was involved in the decision to not have him prosecuted.A few days later, Johnson defended his comments but conceded that Starmer \"had nothing to do personally with those decisions\" by the CPS not to investigate Savile. Vote of confidence In the week prior to and throughout thePlatinum Jubilee of Elizabeth IIin June 2022, it had been speculated that a vote of confidence in Johnson's leadership of the Conservative Party might soon occur.On 6 June 2022, the Conservative Party announced that Johnson would face a vote of confidence in his leadership of the party, after at least 54 Conservative MPs wrote no-confidence letters to SirGraham Brady, the chairman of the1922 Committee. Johnson won the vote, with 211 in favour and 148 against.The number of rebel MPs was larger than had been expected.The result was described by Keir Starmer as the \"beginning of the end\" for Johnson's premiership. June 2022 by-elections Following heavy Conservative defeats in the 23 June 2022 by-elections inWakefieldandTiverton and Honiton, former party leader Michael Howard called for Johnson to resign, saying: \" biggest asset has always been his ability to win votes but I'm afraid yesterday's results make it clear that he no longer has that ability.\" Oliver Dowden, the Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party, resigned saying: \"somebody must take responsibility\".Johnson announced that he had no intention of changing or resigning; senior Conservatives accused him of increasingly \"delusional\" behaviour.On 26 June 2022 Johnson said: \"At the moment I'm thinking actively about the third term and what could happen then, but I will review that when I get to it.\" He also claimed that he intended to stay as prime minister until the mid-2030s, although Number 10 later said that he had been joking. Pincher scandal Government Deputy Chief WhipChris Pincherresigned on 30 June 2022, saying he had \"drunk far too much\" the night before at theCarlton ClubinSt James's, London, and having \"embarrassed myself and other people\".It was later alleged that he sexually assaulted two men,and he was suspended as an MP.On 3 July 2022 six new allegations against Pincher emerged, involving behaviour over a decade. Johnson allegedly referred to Pincher as \"handsy\" and Cummings said Johnson joked about him being \"Pincher by name, pincher by nature\" in 2020, leading to calls for Johnson to explain how much he knew about Pincher's behaviour.Ministers initially said that Johnson was unaware of any specific complaints against Pincher when he was appointed as deputy chief whip. The BBC then reported, however, that an official complaint and subsequent investigation into Pincher, while he was at the Foreign Office (July 2019 to February 2020), had confirmed his misconduct, and that Johnson had been made aware at that time.SirSimon McDonald, formerPermanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, later said that the prime minister had been briefed \"in person\" about Pincher. Mass resignations On 5 July 2022, Sunak and Javid resigned within minutes of each other,followed over the next 24 hours by 11 other ministers, as well as Conservative MPs fromparliamentary private secretaryand other Government positions;otherbackbenchersalso withdrew their support for Johnson. Many of the MPs stated that the Pincher affair had led them to change their minds on the suitability of Johnson to be prime minister.It was reported on 6 July that Johnson could face another confidence vote, with members of the 1922 Committee considering changing the rules as soon as that evening to allow this to happen.By 6 July, there had been a total of 31 resignations.As of May 2022, the government comprised 122 ministers. Announcement of resignation By the morning of 7 July, the newly installedChancellor of the Exchequer,Nadhim Zahawi, publicly stated his belief that Johnson should resign. Within hours, the BBC and other media reported Johnson's intention to resign. Johnson announced his resignation at 12.30 pm. I know that there will be many who are relieved, but perhaps quite a few who will be disappointed. And I want you to know how sad I am to give up the best job in the world - but them's the breaks. Upon reports of his resignation, thepound sterlingtemporarily strengthened in value, and UK stocks rose.He remained as prime minister until September, while the Conservative Party chose a new leader.On 5 September 2022, it was announced thatLiz Trusshad won theConservative leadership election. She became prime minister the next day.During his farewell speech outside 10 Downing Street on 6 September 2022 Johnson referred to the Roman statesmanCincinnatus. Some commentators noted that, while, as Johnson said, Cincinnatus returned to his plough, he was also later recalled to power. Environmental policies In November 2020, Johnson announced a 10-point plan for a \"green industrial revolution\", to include ending the sale of petrol anddieselcars and vans by 2030,quadrupling the amount ofoffshore wind powercapacity within a decade, funding emissions-cutting proposals, and spurning a proposedgreen post-COVID-19 recovery.In 2021, the Johnson government announced plans to cutcarbon emissionsby 78% by 2035. Johnson announced that the UK would join the Global Methane Pledge to cutmethane emissionsby 30% by 2030 at theCOP26summit, which the UK hosted.Before the summit, representatives ofGreenpeaceandFriends of the Earthcriticised Johnson's comments on plans to introduce \"enforceable limits\" on carbon emissions for other countries, which they accused of being unsubstantive,and his government faced criticism from environmental groups for cutting taxes on domestic air travel, given theenvironmental impact of aviation. In April 2022, Johnson announced that eight morenuclear reactorswould be built on existingnuclear power plantsites and called for an expansion in wind energy.Under these plans, up to 95% of the UK's electricity could come fromlow-carbon powersources by 2030. Foreign policy Johnson supported theEuropean Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement,which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.Johnson's government placed importance on the \"Special Relationship\" with theUnited States.In 2022, his government introduced anasylum dealwhereby people entering the UK illegally would be sent toRwanda. Hong Kong and China Johnson said in July 2019 that his government would be very \"pro-China\" in an interview with the Hong Kong broadcasterPhoenix TV. He voiced support for Chinese presidentXi Jinping's infrastructure investment effort, theBelt and Road Initiative, and promised to keep the United Kingdom \"the most open economy in Europe\" forChinese investment. In June 2020, Johnson announced that if China were to continue pursuing theHong Kong national security law, the UK would offer 350,000Hong Kong residentswho areBritish National (Overseas) passportholders, and 2.6 million other eligible individuals, the chance to move to the UK.China accused the UK of interfering in its internal affairs. Johnson declined to describe the Chinese government'streatment of the Uyghur peopleas \"genocide\", despite use of the term by the United States.Johnson's government argued that genocide should be decided by the International Criminal Court.Nevertheless, he called what is happening to theUyghursin Xinjiang as \"utterly abhorrent\". The UK joined theAUKUSdefence pact with the United States and Australia in September 2021. The pact was denounced by Chinaand caused a French backlash, as it usurped existingplans for Australia to procure French submarines. Afghanistan On 8 July 2021, the day after saying he was \"apprehensive\" about the future of Afghanistan following what was then theimpending withdrawal of US troops, while announcing the near completion of British troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, Johnson expressed the view that there was \"no military path to victory for theTaliban\".Following thefall of Kabul to the Taliban, he blamed the United States for the crisis,saying thatNATOalliance members \"could not continue this US-led mission, a mission conceived and executed in support of America, without American logistics, without US air power and without American might\". UK–EU trade negotiation Following the formalwithdrawal from the European Unionin January 2020, Johnson's government enteredtrade negotiations with the EU.Fisheries was a major topicof the negotiations.On 16 October 2020 Johnson said that the UK \"must get ready\" for no trade deal with the EU.It was announced on 24 December 2020that theEU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreementhad been reached; it came into force formally on 1 May. Afisheries dispute between the UK and Franceoccurred shortly afterwards. Introduction of new UK border checks were delayed until 2022 to minimise the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2022, Johnson readied a draft that would unilaterally change parts of theNorthern Ireland Protocol, citing issues with medical supplies and cuts in VAT. One of the thornier points of contention involves safety regulations for food and plants, where the British government is opposed to a closer alignment with existing EU regulations. The EU rebuffed the idea of changing the text of the treaty to accommodate the British. A unilateral override by the UK would be tantamount to a breach of the agreement. As Johnson sought a more conciliatory tone, sources within the government began to stress that the draft is designed to be an \"insurance policy\" and would take years to become law. Russia and Ukraine In November 2021, Johnson warned that the European Union faces \"a choice\" between \"sticking up for Ukraine\" and approving theNord Stream 2natural gas pipeline from Russia to Europe. During theprelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Johnson's government warned the Russian Government not to invadeDonbas.Johnson andVladimir Putinagreed in a phone call to work towards a \"peaceful resolution\".On 1 February 2022, Johnson arrived inKyivon a diplomatic visit.He called the presence of theRussian Armed Forcesnear theRussia–Ukraine border\"the biggest security crisis that Europe has faced for decades\".The Kremlin denied that it wanted to attack Ukraine.On 20 February 2022, Johnson warned that Russia is planning the \"biggest war in Europe since1945\" as Putin intends to invade and encircle Kyiv.On 21 February 2022, Johnson condemnedRussia's diplomatic recognitionof twoself-proclaimedrepublics in Donbas. On 24 February 2022, Johnson condemned theRussian invasion of Ukraine, and ensured the UK joined ininternational sanctionson Russian banks andoligarchs.He later announced the UK would phase outRussian oilby the end of 2022. On 9 April 2022, Johnson travelled to Kyiv and met thePresident of Ukraine,Volodymyr Zelenskyy.On 16 April 2022, Russia'sMinistry for Foreign Affairsbanned Johnson and a number of senior British politicians from visiting Russia, saying that Britain aimed to isolate Russia politically and supply \"the Kyiv regime with lethal weapons and coordinating similar efforts on the part of NATO\". Within Ukraine, Johnson is praised by many as a supporter of anti-Russian sanctions andmilitary aid for Ukraine.On 3 May, Johnsonvirtually addressedtheUkrainian Parliament, becoming the first world leader to speak in Ukraine since the invasion. He pledged an extra £300m in military aid to Ukraine, praised Ukraine's resistance to Russia as its \"finest hour\" and said that the West had been \"too slow to grasp what was actually happening\" prior to Russia's invasion.In July 2022, Johnson warned that it would be a mistake to cease fire andfreeze the conflict.In August 2022, Johnson blamed Vladimir Putin for the emergingglobal energy crisis. Post-premiership (2022–present) After stepping down, Johnson reverted to being a backbench MP.Following thedeath of Queen Elizabeth II, Johnson took part inCharles III'sAccession Council. AfterLiz Trussannounced her resignation as Conservative Party leader on 20 October 2022, Johnson received more than the 100 MPs' nominations required to stand in theleadership election,but soon announced that he would not stand. In May 2023, Johnson was referred to the police by the Cabinet Office regarding previously unknown potential breaches of COVID regulations between June 2020 and May 2021,to which Johnson's office issued a statement criticising the \"unfounded suggestions\" which \"has all the hallmarks of yet another politically motivated stitch-up\". On 9 June 2023, the publication of his2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honoursled to a public feud with Sunak.Johnson supporterNadine Dorriesannounced that she was resigning as an MP due to not being included as a peer on the honours list.The same day, after receiving a confidential report from a committee of theHouse of Commonsthat was looking into whether he had lied to Parliament over lockdown-breaking parties, Johnson announced his resignation as MP.His resignation statement said he is \"not alone in thinking that there is a witch-hunt under way, to take revenge for Brexit and ultimately to reverse the 2016 referendum result\". On 15 June, the Commons Privileges Committee published their report, which concluded that Johnson lied to and deliberately misled the House of Commons over Partygate, misled the Committee themselves during the hearing, and acted in contempt of the Committee itself through a \"campaign of abuse and intimidation\".The report noted that had Johnson still been an MP, the Committee would have recommended he be suspended from Parliament for 90 days.The contents of the report represented a recommendation to the House of Commons,which accepted the report by 354 votes to seven. On 16 June, Johnson was unveiled as a new columnist for theDaily Mail. The news websitePolitico Europereported that Johnson would be paid a \"very-high six-figure sum\".Johnson reportedly informed theAdvisory Committee on Business Appointmentshalf an hour before the columnist assignment was publicly announced. The committee ruled that Johnson committed a \"clear breach\" of the rules since he had not sought its advice on the matter within an appropriate timeframe. In October 2023, Johnson announced he would join the television channelGB Newsas a commentator and programme maker for thenext general electionandUS presidential election. Johnson condemnedHamas' attackon Israel, saying \"there can be no moral equivalence between the terrorism of Hamas and the actions of the Israeli Defense Forces\". He rejected calls for a ceasefire in theGaza Stripduring theIsrael–Hamas war, and criticisedpro-Palestinian protests in the UK.On 5 November 2023, Johnson visited Israel to express solidarity. In February 2024, Johnson had a private meeting with the president of Venezuela,Nicolás Maduro.In March 2024,The Timesreported that Johnson is expected to campaign for the Conservatives in the next General Election. On 2 May 2024 Johnson was turned away from his polling station for theThames Valley Police and Crime Commissioner, after forgetting to bringvalid photographic identification, a requirement of theElections Act, which Johnson introduced while in office. When he arrived he had nothing to prove his identity except the sleeve of his copy ofProspectmagazine, on which his name and address had been printed. He said that when he returned a few minutes later, with hisdriving licence, he was then able to vote.During the2024 general election, Johnson campaigned for the Conservatives, who lost the election in a landslide to Labour. Johnson's memoirsUnleashedare scheduled to be released in October 2024. Political positions and ideology free-market, tolerant, broadly libertarian (though perhaps not ultra-libertarian), inclined to see the merit of traditions, anti-regulation, pro-immigrant, pro-standing on your own two feet, pro-alcohol, pro-hunting, pro-motorist and ready to defend to the death the right ofGlenn Hoddle to believe in reincarnation. — Boris Johnson, 2011 Ideologically, Johnson has been described as a \"One-Nation Tory\".Political scientists have described Johnson's political positions as ambiguous and contradictory, encompassingnativist, authoritarian andfree markettendencies on the one hand, and one-nationliberal conservatismon the other.Some scholars have questioned Johnson's commitment to one-nation conservativism, instead characterising his ideology as flexible and populist.Purnell stated that Johnson regularly changed his opinion on political issues, commenting on what she perceived to be \"an ideological emptiness beneath the staunch Tory exterior\". During his tenure as mayor, Johnson gained a reputation as \"a liberal, centre-ground politician\", according toBusiness Insider.In 2012, the political scientistTony Traversdescribed Johnson as \"a fairly classic—that is, small-state—mildlyeuroscepticConservative\" who also embraced \"modern social liberalism\".The Guardianstated that while mayor, Johnson blended economic and social liberalism,withThe Economistsaying that in doing so Johnson \"transcends his Tory identity\" and adopts a more libertarian perspective.According to political scientist Richard Hayton, Johnson's premiership was about Brexit, which served as a \"national cause\". Johnson evoked the discourse ofpopular sovereigntyandanti-establishmentpopulism to portray Parliament as seeking to \"sabotage\" Brexit, and in doing so, presented himself \"as the true representative of 'the people'\". Scholars ofcomparative politicshave drawn comparisons between Johnson and other populist leaders such as Donald Trump andViktor Orban.Some commentators have likened Johnson's political style toTrumpism,although others have argued that Johnson's stance on matters such as social policy, immigration and free trade is liberal.Johnson biographer Gimson wrote that Johnson is economically and socially \"a genuine liberal\", although he retains a \"Tory element\" through his \"love of existing institutions, and a recognition of the inevitability of hierarchy\".In 2019, reacting to reports inThe Sun, that Johnson had told cabinet colleagues he was \"basically a Brexity Hezza\", former deputy leader of the Conservative PartyMichael Heseltinewrote: \"I fear that any traces of liberal conservatism that still exist within the prime minister have long since been captured by the rightwing, foreigner-bashing, inward-looking view of the world that has come to characterise his fellow Brexiters.\" Environment Johnson expressedclimate scepticalviews in several columns,conflating the distinction between weather and climate and highlighting a factually incorrect claim by weather forecaster and conspiracy theoristPiers Corbynthat reduced solar activity could lead to a \"mini-Ice Age\". Bloomberg Newssuggested that Johnson's interest in climate change increased after becoming prime minister, and suggested this could have been influenced by his wifeCarrie Symondsand fatherStanley Johnson, who are both environmental campaigners. In 2019 and 2020, Johnson expressed support for the UK to have\"net-zero\" greenhouse gas emissionsby 2050and spoke about increasing ambition for mitigating climate change throughcarbon capture and storageand arenewable energy transition.During the2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Johnson called for greater efforts towardsclimate change mitigation,and welcomed the prospect ofcoal phase-out. It was reported in 2022 that Johnson was convinced of thescientific consensus on climate changefollowing a briefing by the chief scientist of theMet Officein January 2020, and subsequently made the issue a priority for his government. According toTheyWorkForYouas of 2022, Johnson has \"generally voted against\" what it described as \"key measures to preventclimate change\"while an MP,and other sources confirm this. Immigration and the European Union Purnell believed it was the influence of Johnson's maternal family that led to him developing \"a genuine abhorrence of racial discrimination\".In 2003, Johnson said, \"I am not by any means an ultra-Eurosceptic. In some ways, I am a bit of a fan of theEuropean Union. If we did not have one, we would invent something like it.\"As mayor, Johnson was known as a supporter ofimmigration.From 2009, he advocated a referendum on Britain's EU membership. In 2018, during Brexit negotiations, Johnson called for Britain to leave theSingle Marketand advocated a more liberal approach to immigration than that of Prime Minister May.He stated many people believed thatBritain's EU membershiphad led to the suppression of British wages and said the EU was intent on creating a \"superstate\" that would seek to rob Britain of its sovereignty.In 2019, Johnson said he would take Britain out of the EU on 31 October whether there was a trade deal in place or not.Johnson also stated his opposition to areferendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement. On 19 August 2019, Johnson wrote a letter to the EU asking for the removal of the \"backstop\" accord. The president of the European Council,Donald Tusk, rejected the proposal.On 26 August 2019, Johnson said that Britain would not pay £39 billion for the withdrawal agreement were the UK to leave without a deal. The European Parliament Brexit coordinatorGuy Verhofstadtsaid there would be no further negotiation unless the UK agreed to pay the entire sum. Unionism and devolution Johnson described himself as a \"fervent and passionateunionist\".He proposed building anIrish Sea Bridge, but he later scrapped this initiative. The devolved administrations have criticised theInternal Market Billfor its re-centralisation of control over commerce. Public image Johnson has said that \"humour is a utensil that you can use to sugar the pill and to get important points across\".He is said to have a genuine desire to be liked.Johnson has been described as having a light-hearted and charming persona;many biographers and commentators suggest he has put significant effort into developing this version of himself.He has also been described as heavily focused on his own interests,with an often vitriolic or irresponsible way of conducting himself in private. Johnson has been described as a divisive, controversial figure in British politics.Supporters have praised him as witty and entertaining.Johnson has been accused of lying or making misleading statements throughout his career,and has been compared to former US presidentDonald Trump.He has been considered a figure with broad appeal outside of the usual Conservative support base.Johnson's premiership has been described by historians as the most controversial and scandal-affected since that ofDavid Lloyd Georgeabout a century earlier. Personal life Since Johnson was born in New York City to British parents, he heldBritish-Americandual citizenship. In 2015, he agreed to paycapital gains taxto theUS tax authoritieson a property that he inherited in the UK.He renounced his US citizenship the following year.Johnson has knowledge of French, Italian, German, Spanish,LatinandAncient Greek,frequently makingclassicalallusions in his newspaper columns and his speeches. Sonia Purnellwrote in 2011 that Johnson was a \"highly evasive figure\" when it came to his personal life,who remained detached from others and who had few intimate friends.Among friends and family, Johnson is more commonly known as Al (short for his forename Alexander), rather than Boris. In 2007, Johnson said he had smokedcannabisbefore he went to university.He has also said he had usedcocaine.Johnson partakes in cycling, tennis andpilates, and returned to road running in 2023.He was consideredobesein 2018 andoverweightin 2020, and has spoken of making efforts to lose weight. Johnson previously owned a £1.3 million buy-to-let townhouse inCamberwell, South London. According toHM Land Registrydocuments, he bought the four-bedroom property with his then-girlfriendCarrie Symondsin July 2019. The register of MPs' interests states that Johnson had a rental income of at least £10,000 a year.In 2023, Johnson and Symonds boughtBrightwell Manor, a £3.8 million moated mansion inBrightwell-cum-Sotwell, Oxfordshire. Religion Johnson was baptisedCatholicand laterconfirmedin theChurch of England,but has said that his faith \"comes and goes\"and that he is not a serious practising Christian.In 2020, his son Wilfred was baptised Catholic.Johnson and Symonds married in a Catholic ceremony atWestminster Cathedralon 29 May 2021.Since he was baptised Catholic, but his previous weddings were not conferred by the Catholic Church, the Catholic Church considered them putatively invalid. Johnson holds ancient Greek statesmanPericlesas a personal hero.According to Johnson's biographer, Andrew Gimson, regarding ancient Greek andRoman polytheism: \"it is clear that is inspired by the Romans, and even more by the Greeks, and repelled by theearly Christians\".Johnson viewssecular humanismpositively and sees it as owing more to theclassical worldthan to Christian thinking.However, in 2021, Johnson was asked if he held pre-Christian beliefs, which he denied, saying, \"Christianity is a superb ethical system and I would count myself as a kind of very, very bad Christian... Christianity makes a lot of sense to me.\" Relationships In 1987, Johnson marriedAllegra Mostyn-Owen, daughter of the art historianWilliam Mostyn-Owenand Italian writerGaia Servadio.The couple's marriage ended in divorce orannulmentin 1993and 12 days later Johnson marriedMarina Wheeler, a barrister, daughter of journalistCharles Wheeler.Five weeks later, their first child was born.They have four children:Lara Lettice, Milo Arthur, Cassia Peaches and Theodore Apollo. Between 2000 and 2004, Johnson had an affair withSpectatorcolumnistPetronella Wyattwhen he was its editor, resulting in a terminated pregnancy and amiscarriage.In April 2006, theNews of the Worldalleged that Johnson was having an affair withGuardianjournalist Anna Fazackerley. The pair did not comment; shortly afterward, Johnson employed Fazackerley. In 2009, Johnson fathered a daughter with Helen Macintyre, an arts consultant.In September 2021, Johnson stated that he had six children, thereby denying the existence of further illegitimate children. In September 2018, Johnson and Wheeler issued a statement confirming that they had separated months earlier;they divorced in 2020. Jennifer Arcurisaid that she had an affair with Johnson from 2012 to 2016. In 2019, Johnson was living withCarrie Symonds, the daughter ofMatthew Symonds, co-founder ofThe Independentnewspaper.Johnson and Symonds became engaged in late 2019and their son, Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson,was born in April 2020. On 29 May 2021, Johnson married Symonds atWestminster Cathedral.Their daughter, Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson,was born in December 2021.Their third child, a son named Frank Alfred Odysseus Johnson, was born in July 2023. Family and ancestors Johnson is the eldest of the four children ofStanley Johnson, a formerConservativemember of the European Parliament, and the painterCharlotte Johnson Wahl(née Fawcett),the daughter of SirJames Fawcett, president of theEuropean Commission of Human Rights.His younger siblings areRachel Johnson, a writer and journalist, Leo Johnson, a broadcaster,andJo Johnson, ex-minister of state and former Conservative MP forOrpington, who resigned from his brother's government in September 2019and is now a member of theHouse of Lords. Johnson's stepmother, Jenny, the second wife of his father Stanley, is the stepdaughter ofTeddy Sieff, the former chairman ofMarks & Spencer.Having been a member of the Conservatives between 2008 and 2011, Rachel Johnson joined the Liberal Democrats in 2017.She stood as a candidate forChange UKin the2019 European Elections.Johnson also has two half-siblings,Juliaand Maximilian, through his father's later marriage to Jennifer Kidd. Johnson's paternal grandfather, Wilfred Johnson, was an RAF pilot inCoastal Commandduring the Second World War.Wilfred Johnson's father was theOttomanInterior Ministerand journalistAli Kemal. Ali Kemal's father was aTurkwhile his mother was aCircassianreputedly ofslaveorigin.His other paternal ancestry includes English, German and French; one of his German ancestors was said to be theillegitimatedaughter ofPrince Paul of Württembergand thus a descendant ofGeorge II of Great Britain,which was later confirmed on an episode ofWho Do You Think You Are? Johnson's mother is the granddaughter ofElias Avery Lowe, apalaeographerand aRussian Jewishimmigrant to the US,andPennsylvania-bornHelen Tracy Lowe-Porter, a translator ofThomas Mann.Referring to his varied ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a \"one-man melting pot\".Johnson was given the middle name \"Boris\" after a White Russian émigré named Boris Litwin, who was a friend of his parents. Honours Works Notes References Footnotes Sources Further reading External links",
"Jeremy Corbyn Jeremy Bernard Corbyn(/ˈkɔːrbɪn/; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who has beenMember of Parliament(MP) forIslington Northsince 1983. Anindependent, Corbyn was a member of theLabour Partyfrom 1965 until his expulsion in 2024, and is a member of theSocialist Campaign Groupparliamentarycaucus. He served asLeader of the OppositionandLeader of the Labour Partyfrom 2015 to 2020. Corbyn identifies ideologically as asocialiston thepolitical left. Born inChippenham,Wiltshire, Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became atrade unionrepresentative. In 1974, he was elected toHaringey Counciland became Secretary ofHornseyConstituency Labour Partyuntil elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983. His activism has includedAnti-Fascist Action, theAnti-Apartheid Movement, theCampaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and advocating for aunited IrelandandPalestinian statehood. As abackbencher, Corbyn routinely voted against the Labourwhip, includingNew Labourgovernments. A vocal opponent of theIraq War, he chaired theStop the War Coalitionfrom 2011 to 2015, and received theGandhi International Peace AwardandSeán MacBride Peace Prize. FollowingEd Miliband's resignation after the party had lost the2015 general election, Corbyn won the2015 party leadership electionto succeed him. The Labour Party's membership increased sharply, both during theleadership campaignand following his election. Taking the party to the left, Corbyn advocatedrenationalisingpublic utilities andrailways, aless interventionistmilitary policy, and reversals ofausterity cutsto welfare and public services. Although he had sometimes been critical of theEuropean Union(EU), he supported theRemain campaignin the2016 EU membership referendum. After Labour MPssought to remove him in 2016through a leadership challenge, he won asecond leadership contestagainstOwen Smith. Despitehostile treatment from the media, in the2017 general electionCorbyn led Labour to increase its vote share by 10 percentage points to 40 per cent, their largest rise since the1945 general election. During his tenure as leader, Corbyn was criticised for theantisemitism within the party. He condemnedantisemitismand apologised for its presence,while his leadership saw astrengthening of disciplinary proceduresregarding hate speech and racism.In 2019, afterdeadlock in Parliament over Brexit, Corbyn endorsed holding areferendum on the withdrawal agreement, with a personal stance of neutrality. In the2019 general election, Labour's vote share fell to 32 per cent, leading to a loss of 60 seats, leaving it with 202, its fewest since the1935 general election. Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while theleadership electionto replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election ofKeir Starmer, who led the party to victory atthe next general electionin 2024. After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020. In May 2024, after the2024 general electionhad been called, Corbyn was not allowed to stand as a Labour candidate for his constituency, and subsequently announced he wouldstand as an independent candidate for Islington North; he was then expelled from Labour.He won re-election with a majority of 7,247. Early life Jeremy Bernard Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 inChippenham, Wiltshire,the son of mathematics teacher Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987)and electrical engineer andpower rectifierexpert David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986).He has three elder brothers; one of them,Piers Corbyn(born 1947), is a weather forecaster who later became known as aclimate change denierandanti-vaccine conspiracy theorist.For the first seven years of his life, the family lived inKington St Michael, Wiltshire.His parents wereLabour Partymembersandpeace campaignerswho met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of theSpanish RepublicatConway Hallduring theSpanish Civil War. When Corbyn was seven, the family moved toPave Lane, Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhousewhich was once part of theDuke of Sutherland'sLilleshallestate.Corbyn attendedCastle House School, an independentpreparatory schoolnearNewport, Shropshire, before becoming a day student at Newport'sAdams Grammar Schoolat the age of 11. While still at school, Corbyn became active in theLeague Against Cruel Sportsand theLabour Party Young SocialistswithinThe Wrekin.He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16.He achieved twoA-Levelsat grade E, the lowest possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18.Corbyn joined theCampaign for Nuclear Disarmamentin 1966 while at schooland later became one of its three vice-chairs and subsequently vice-president.Around this time, he also campaigned against theVietnam War. After school, Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for the localNewport and Market Drayton Advertisernewspaper.Around the age of 19, he spent two years doingVoluntary Service Overseasin Jamaica as ayouth workerand geography teacher.He subsequently visited Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay throughout 1969 and 1970. While in Brazil, he participated in a student demonstration inSão Pauloagainst theBrazilian military government. He also attended aMay Daymarch inSantiago, where the atmosphere aroundSalvador Allende'sPopular Unityalliance which swept to power inthe Chilean elections of 1970made an impression on him: \" noticed something very different from anything I had experienced... what Popular Unity and Allende had done was weld together the folk tradition, the song tradition, the artistic tradition and the intellectual tradition\". Early career and political activities Returning to the UK in 1971, Corbyn worked as anofficialfor theNational Union of Tailors and Garment Workers.He began a course in Trade Union Studies atNorth London Polytechnicbut left after a year without a degree after a series of arguments with his tutors over the curriculum.He worked as a trade union organiser for theNational Union of Public Employees(NUPE) andAmalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union,where his union was approached byTony Bennand \"encouraged ... to produce a blueprint for workers' control ofBritish Leyland\"; the plans did not proceed after Benn was moved to a different Department. Corbyn was appointed amemberof adistrict health authorityand in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected toHaringey CouncilfromSouth Hornseyward.After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected inHarringayward ascouncillor, remaining so until 1983.As a delegate fromHornseyto theLabour Party Conferencein 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by theNational Health Service(NHS) rather than as private contractors.He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as \"more appropriate to theNational Frontthan to the Labour Party\". Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser,and had responsibility for the1979 general election campaignin Hornsey. Around this time, he became involved with theLondon Labour Briefing, where he was a contributor. Described byThe Timesin 1981 as \"Briefing's founder\",The Economistin a 1982 article named Corbyn as \"Briefing's general secretary figure\",as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographerAndrew Rothin 2004,which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979.Michael Crick, in the 2016 edition of his bookMilitant, says that Corbyn was \"a member of the editorial board\",as does Lansley, Goss andWolmar's 1989 workThe Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left.Corbyn said in 2017 that these reports were inaccurate, tellingSophy Ridge: \"I read the magazine. I wrote for the magazine. I was not a member of the editorial board. I didn't agree with it.\" He worked on Tony Benn'sunsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981. Corbyn was keen to allow formerInternational Marxist GroupmemberTariq Alito join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that \"so far as we are concerned ... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card.\"In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn;in November, the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist on Ali's membership \"up to and including the point of disbandment of the party\". In the July 1982 edition ofBriefing, Corbyn opposed expulsions of theTrotskyistandentryistgroupMilitant, saying that \"If expulsions are in order for Militant, they should apply to us too.\" In the same year, he was the \"provisional convener\" of \"Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign\", based at Corbyn's then address.TheMetropolitan Police'sSpecial Branchmonitored Corbyn for two decades, until the early 2000s, as he was \"deemed to be a subversive\". According to the Labour Party, \"The Security Services kept files on many peace and Labour movement campaigners at the time, including anti-Apartheid activists and trade unionists\". Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015) Labour in opposition (1982–1997) Corbyn was selected as theLabour Partycandidatefor theconstituencyofIslington North, in February 1982,winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillorPaul Boateng, who in 1987 became one of the first three Black BritishMembers of Parliament(MP).At the1983 general electionhe was elected MP for the constituency,defeating theIndependent LabourincumbentMichael O'Halloran, and immediately joined the socialistCampaign Group, later becoming secretary of the group. Shortly after being elected to Parliament, he began writing a weekly column for the left-wingMorning Starnewspaper.In May 2015, he said that \"theStaris the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media\".In February 2017, theMorning Starsaid of Corbyn: \"He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others – however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be.\" In 1983, Corbyn spoke on a \"no socialism withoutgay liberation\" platform and continued to campaign forLGBT rights. He was a campaigner againstapartheidin South Africa, serving on the National Executive of theAnti-Apartheid Movement,and was arrested in 1984 while demonstrating outsideSouth Africa House, leading, decades later, to a viral image of Corbyn being arrested circulated by supporters on social media.This was as a member of the City of London Anti-Apartheid Group (CLAAG) who carried out a \"non-stop picket\" for 1,408 days to campaign forNelson Mandela's release from prison. The Anti-Apartheid Movement did not support this protest, as they had agreed not to demonstrate within 30 feet of the embassy, and the picket failed to gain support from the LondonANC; Mandela's failure to respond to CLAAG following his release from prison in 1990 is frequently described as a 'snub'. He supported the1984–85 miners' strike.In 1985, he invited striking miners into the gallery of the House of Commons; they were expelled for shouting: \"Coal not dole\".At the end of the strike Corbyn was given a medallion by the miners in recognition of his help. In 1985, he was appointed national secretary of the newly launchedAnti-Fascist Action. During the BBC'sNewsnightin 1984, Conservative MPTerry Dickssaid that so-called Labour \"scruffs\" (such as Corbyn, who at this time was known for wearing an old polo-necked sweater to the Commons) should be banned from addressing the House of Commons unless they maintained higher standards. Corbyn responded, saying that: \"It's not a fashion parade, it's not a gentleman's club, it's not a bankers' institute, it's a place where the people are represented.\" In 1990, Corbyn opposed thepoll tax(formally known as the Community Charge)and nearly went to jail for not paying the tax.He appeared in court the following year as a result. Corbyn supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in Londonwhich argued that there was insufficient evidence to tie them to the act, along withAmnesty International,Unisonand a number of journalists and other MPs. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by theHigh Court of Justicein 2001 and by theEuropean Court of Human Rightsin 2007. Corbyn sat on theSocial Security Select Committeefrom 1992 to 1997. Irish politics A longstanding supporter of aunited Ireland, in the 1980s Corbyn metSinn FéinleaderGerry Adamsa number of times.Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict.According toThe Sunday Times, Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn Féin or other pro-republican groups during the period of the IRA's paramilitary campaign. Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-IRARed Action)and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs.In 1984, Corbyn and Ken Livingstone invited Adams, two convicted IRA volunteers and other members of Sinn Féin to Westminster.He was criticised by the Labour Party leadership for the meeting, which took place two weeks after the IRA'sbombingof the Conservative Party leadership that killed five people. During the 1980s he campaigned on behalf of theGuildford FourandBirmingham Six, who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-1970s.In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members includingPatrick Magee, who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks. After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on bail, but were not charged. In 1987, Corbyn attended a commemoration by theWolfe Tone Societyin London for eight IRA members who were killed bySpecial Air Servicesoldierswhile attackingaRoyal Ulster Constabularypolice station inLoughgall,County Armagh. At the commemoration, he told his fellow attendees that \"I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland\" and attacked the British government's policies in Northern Ireland, calling for all British troops to be withdrawn from the region.Corbyn subsequently said that he had attended the event, which included aminute of silencefor the eight IRA members, to \"call for a peace and dialogue process\". He voted against the 1985Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying \"We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason.\" In the early 1990s,MI5opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA. In 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974Birmingham pub bombings, which killed 21 people. A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography,Before the Dawn. Shadow Northern Ireland SecretaryMo Mowlamand Labour leaderTony Blaircondemned the invitation, with Mowlam arguing that it was detrimental to the peace process, and Blair threatening disciplinary action.Adams cancelled the event, to save further embarrassment to Corbyn and to avoid negative publicity. In 1998, he voted for theGood Friday Agreement, saying he looked forward to \"peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future.\" In 2017, Corbyn said that he had \"never met the IRA\", although Shadow Home SecretaryDiane Abbottlater clarified that although he had met members of the IRA, \"he met with them in their capacity as activists in Sinn Fein\". Labour in government (1997–2010) Between 1997 and 2010, during theNew Labourgovernments, Corbyn was the Labour MP who voted most often against the party whip, includingthree-line whipvotes. In 2005 he was identified as the second most rebellious Labour MP of all time during the New Labour governments.He was the most rebellious Labour MP in the 1997–2001 Parliament,the 2001–2005 Parliamentand the 2005–2010 Parliament, defying the whip 428 times while Labour was in power.Jacobindescribed him as \"a figure who for decades challenged them from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament\". Corbyn has called forTony Blairto be investigated for allegedwar crimes during the Iraq War.In July 2016, theChilcot Reportof theIraq Inquirywas issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. Subsequently, Corbyn – who had voted against military action against Iraq – gave a speech in Westminster commenting: \"I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003\" which he called an \"act of military aggression launched on a false pretext\" something that has \"long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion\".Corbyn specifically apologised to \"the people of Iraq\"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to \"the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to go to war was taken on.\" Corbyn sat on theLondon Regional Select Committeefrom 2009 to 2010. Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of theStop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose theWar in Afghanistanwhich started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : \"there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy\" among some members of the Labour party. He cited \"the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq\" as examples.He was vehemently opposed to Britain's involvement in theIraq Warin 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He spoke at theFebruary anti-Iraq War protestwhich was said to be the largest such protest in British political history.At the same time, he expressed support for the Iraqi insurgency and the Palestinian intifada when he signed the second Cairo Declaration in December 2003, which said \"The Iraqis themselves are now engaged in a titanic struggle to rid their country of occupying forces. The Palestinian intifada continues under the most difficult circumstances. The US administration threatens Iran and other countries on a daily basis. Now is the time to draw together the forces of resistance in the Arab world and from around the globe.\" In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to supportPlaid Cymruand theScottish National Party's call for aparliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War.He was elected chair of the coalition in succession toAndrew Murrayin September 2011, but resigned once he becameLeader of the Labour Partyin September 2015. Parliamentary groups and activism Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several trade unions, includingUNISON,Uniteand theNational Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. He is a supporter of theUnite Against Fascismpressure group. Corbyn was chair of theAll-Party Parliamentary Group(APPG) on theChagos Islands, chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly removedChagossiansto return to theBritish Indian Ocean Territory. Corbyn appeared on a call-in show onPress TV, an Iranian government television channel, several times between 2009 and 2012. He was criticised for appearing on the channel in light of Iran executing and imprisoning homosexuals, as well as Corbyn not questioning contributors who called the BBC \"Zionist liars\" and described Israel as a \"disease\".Corbyn said in response that he used the programme to address \"human rights issues\" and that his appearance fee was \"not an enormous amount\" and was used to help meet constituency office costs.Corbyn's final appearance was six months after the network was fined byOfcomfor its part in filming an interview withMaziar Bahari, an Iranian journalist, saying the interview had been held under duress and after torture. Labour in opposition (2010–2015) In the2010 Labour Party leadership election, Corbyn supported Diane Abbott in the first round in which she was eliminated; thereafter, he supportedEd Miliband. Corbyn was one of 16 signatories to an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to make a commitment toopposing further austerity, to takerail franchisesback intopublic ownership, and to strengthencollective bargainingarrangements. Corbyn sat on theJustice Select Committeefrom 2010 to 2015.Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the2015 general election. Leadership elections Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015,Ed Milibandresigned as its party leader, triggering aleadership election. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper,TheIslington Tribune, that he would have a \"clear anti-austerity platform\". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would \"seek to withdraw from Nato\". He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax.He added: \"This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate\".He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to \"implement the democratic will of our party\".The other candidates were Shadow Home SecretaryYvette Cooper, Shadow Health SecretaryAndy Burnhamand Shadow Care MinisterLiz Kendall.Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win. At the Second Reading of theWelfare Reform and Work Billin July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as \"rotten and indefensible\", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Harman.In August 2015, he called onIain Duncan Smithto resign asSecretary of State for Work and Pensionsafter it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work byWork Capability Assessments(instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work. Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at thehustingsacross the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press.Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership.In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as \"registered supporters\" for £3 and be entitled to vote in the election.There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members.He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting.He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without \"£3 registered supporters\", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters.His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in1994.His margin of victory was said to be \"the largest mandate ever won by a party leader\". An internal Labour Party report, entitledThe work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019, was leaked to the media in April 2020. The report stated that during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests, staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as \"trotbusting\", \"bashing trots\" and \"trot spotting\". Corbynmania Corbyn was initially viewed as atoken candidatefor the left wing of the party and not expected to win. However, many new, young party members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to £3, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn'sauthentic, informal style and radical policies.Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at thehustingsacross the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press. Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a politicalfandom, comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such asBernie SandersandJustin Trudeau. Specific features included use of the #jezwecanhashtag, attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such asselfieson social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a \"Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister\" (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such asCharlotte Church,Jeremy HardyandMaxine Peake; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. These were seen as cultish by critics such asMargaret Beckettwho said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the \"Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club\". Achantof \"Oh, Jeremy Corbyn\" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of afootball chantto the tune of arifffrom \"Seven Nation Army\" byThe White Stripes,it attracted special attention at theGlastonbury Festival 2017, where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds.Labour's weaker-than-expected performance in the2018 local electionsled to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked. Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020) First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017) After being elected leader, Corbyn becameLeader of the Official Oppositionand shortly thereafter his appointment to thePrivy Councilwas announced.In Corbyn's firstPrime Minister's Questionssession as leader, he broke with the traditional format by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails.Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the \"theatrical\" nature of the House of Commons, and his début was described in aGuardianeditorial as \"a good start\" and a \"long overdue\" change to the tone of PMQs.He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015.Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn. In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said \"the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that. You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security\". In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from theLondon School of Economicsof national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. 2017 general election The Labour campaign in the2017 general electionfocused on social issues such as health care, education and ending austerity.Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan \"For the Many, Not the Few\"and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with agrassrootsfollowing for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival inPrenton Park. Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, and again finished as the second largest party in parliament, it increased its share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. This was its greatest vote share since2001. It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945.This was partly attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches. 2019 general election and resignation In May 2019,Theresa Mayannounced her resignation and stood down as prime minister in July, following the election of her replacement, formerForeign SecretaryBoris Johnson.Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson. The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the age pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replaceuniversal credit.Due to the plans to nationalise the \"big six\" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades. During the campaign for the upcoming general elections, Corbyn was accused by theHindu Council UKof promotinganti-Hindu sentimentsfollowing his disparaging comments on thecaste system& his condemnation of theHindu-rightwingBharatiya Janata Partyled Indian government'srevocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.ManyHindus living in the UKsaw Corbyn's attitude towards Hindus to be heavily influenced byPakistaniMuslimleaders of his party,with whom he shared a common pro-Palestinian stance. The2019 general electionwas the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat.At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow ChancellorJohn McDonnelllargely blamedBrexitand themedia representationof the party.Tony Blairargued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame. Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the 2019 general election, Corbynconceded defeatand stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election.Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%.The Guardiandescribed the results as a \"realignment\" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales.Corbyn insisted that he had \"pride in the manifesto\" that Labour put forward and blamed the defeat on Brexit.According to polling byLord Ashcroft, Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat.Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while theleadership electionto replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election ofKeir Starmer. Post-leadership EHRC report and suspension Allegations of antisemitism within the party grew during Corbyn's leadership. Incidents involvingNaz Shahin 2014 andKen Livingstonein 2016 resulted in their suspension from party membership pending investigation. In response, Corbyn established theChakrabarti Inquiry, which concluded that while the party was not \"overrun by anti-Semitism or other forms of racism,\" there was an \"occasionally toxic atmosphere\" and \"clear evidence of ignorant attitudes.\" In 2017, Labour Party rules were amended to categorizehate speech, including antisemitism, as a disciplinary matter. In 2018, Corbyn faced scrutiny for his response in 2012 to an allegedly antisemitic mural and for his association with Facebook groups, mainly pro-Palestinian, containing antisemitic posts. Labour'sNational Executive Committee(NEC) adopted a definition of antisemitism, for disciplinary purposes, in July of that year, aligning with theInternational Holocaust Remembrance Alliance(IHRA)Working Definition, with modified examples related to criticism of Israel.In September 2018, the NEC incorporated all 11 IHRA examples, unamended, into the party's code of conduct.In May 2019, theEquality and Human Rights Commission(EHRC) launched an inquiry into whether Labour had \"unlawfully discriminated against, harassed or victimised people because they are Jewish.\" After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020. The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: \"ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon.\"It also described senior Labour staff as having displayed \"deplorably factional and insensitive, and at times discriminatory, attitudes\" towards Corbyn and his supporters,and detailed concerns by some staff about a \"hierarchy of racism\" in the party which ignored Black people.The report also expressed regret that Corbyn himself did not engage with the authors' request to interview him. Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisorAndrew Fisherwrote: \"Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Cultural change requires painstaking work, not glib assertions of change.\"Corbyn himself stated that report \"calls into question the behaviour of senior officials in the party, in particular during the 2017 election\" and that \"wrongs must be righted.\" Peace and Justice Project On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates includeChristine Blower,Len McCluskeyandZarah Sultana.Rafael Correasaid that he \"welcome the creation\" of the project. Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisis On 18 February 2022, in the week before theRussian invasion of Ukraine, Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from theStop the War Coalitionopposing any war in Ukraine.The statement said that \"the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns\", that NATO \"should call a halt to its eastward expansion\", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served \"no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns\".The statement's authors also said that they \"refute the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance\". On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief whipAlan Campbellwrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures.All 11 agreed to do so the same evening.Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MPClaudia Webbedid not withdraw their signatures from the statement, thoughDavid Lammyurged Corbyn to do so. Expulsion from the Labour Party and 2024 general election Media speculation that Corbyn would contest the2024 general electionas an Independent was reported in October 2023.Despite \"unanimous support\" from hisConstituency Labour Party(CLP),Corbyn was not permitted to stand as a Labour parliamentary candidate. After announcing on 24 May 2024 that he would stand as an independent parliamentary candidate for Islington North, he was fully expelled from the Labour Party.He was endorsed byMick Lynchof theNational Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. Corbyn responded to Keir Starmer's claim of knowing the party would lose the 2019 election by saying \"Well, he never said that to me, at any time. And so I just think rewriting history is no help. It shows double standards, shall we say, that he now says he always thought that but he never said it at the time or anything about it. He was part of the campaign. He and I spoke together at events and I find it actually quite sad.\" A poll released just over two weeks before the election showed Corbyn in second behind Labour candidate Praful Nargund.Leading members of the Islington North CLP resigned in order to support Corbyn, while also criticising the manner in which Nargund was selected as Islington North's candidate.Corbyn was comfortably re-elected as an independent, even as Labour won a landslide victory in the general election. His majority over Nargund was over 7,000. Policies and views Corbyn self-identifies as asocialist.He has also been referred to as a \"mainstream social democrat\".He advocates reversingausterity cutsto public services and some welfare funding made since 2010, as well asrenationalisationof public utilities andthe railways.A longstandinganti-warandanti-nuclearactivist, he supports a foreign policy of militarynon-interventionismandunilateralnuclear disarmament, and has been a prominent activist for Palestinian solidarity throughout theGaza–Israel conflict.WriterRonan Bennett, who formerly worked as a research assistant to Corbyn, has described him as \"a kind of vegan, pacifist idealist, one with a clear understanding of politics and history, and a commitment to the underdog\". In 1997, the political scientistsDavid ButlerandDennis Kavanaghdescribed Corbyn's political stance as \"far-left\".Corbyn has describedKarl Marxas a \"great economist\"and said he has read some of the works ofAdam Smith, Marx andDavid Ricardoand has \"looked at many, many others\".However, some have argued that Corbyn is less radical than previously described:for example, the journalistGeorge Eatonhas called him \"Keynesian\".In 2023,The Daily Telegraphreported that most of the tax policies in Corbyn's 2019 general election manifesto had been implemented by the winning Conservative government, including a highercorporation tax, awindfall taxon oil companies, a reduction in annual tax allowances on dividend income, raising income tax on high earners, and introducing adigital services taxon online retailers. Corbyn namedJohn Smithas the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as \"a decent, nice, inclusive leader\". He also said he was \"very close and very good friends\" withMichael Foot. Media coverage Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic.In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. The study's director commented that \"Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader\". Another report by the Media Reform Coalition andBirkbeckCollege in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found \"marked and persistent imbalance\" in favour of sources critical to him; theInternational Business Timeswas the only outlet that gave him more favourable than critical coverage. In August 2016, aYouGovsurvey found that 97% of Corbyn supporters agreed that the \"mainstream media as a whole has been deliberately biasing coverage to portray Jeremy Corbyn in a negative manner\", as did 51% of the general \"Labour selectorate\" sample. In May 2017,Loughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture concluded that the media was attacking Corbyn far more than May during nine election campaign weekdays examined.TheDaily MailandDaily Expresspraised Theresa May for election pledges that were condemned when proposed by Labour in previous elections. In February 2018, Momentum reported that attacks on Corbyn in the press were associated with increases in their membership applications.In September 2019, Labour leaders argued that traditional mainstream media outlets showed bias. In December 2019, a study by Loughborough University found that British press coverage was twice as hostile to Labour and half as critical of the Conservatives during the 2019 general election campaign as it had been during the 2017 campaign. In an interview withMiddle East Eyein June 2020, Corbyn described the media's treatment of himself while he was Labour leader as obsessive and \"at one level laughable, but all designed to be undermining\".He said that the media coverage had diverted his media team from helping him pursue \"a political agenda on homelessness, on poverty in Britain, on housing, on international issues\" to \"rebutting these crazy stories, abusive stories, about me the whole time\".He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from Tony Benn, who told him, \"Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man Go to a libel case – even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so\". Personal life Corbyn lives in theFinsbury Parkarea of London.He has been married three times and divorced twice, and has three sons with his second wife.In 1974, he married his first wife,Jane Chapman, a fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and now a professor at theUniversity of Lincoln.They divorced in 1979.In the late 1970s, Corbyn had a brief relationship with Labour MPDiane Abbott. In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, granddaughter of Ricardo Bracchitta (Consul-General of Spain in Santiago), with whom he has three sons. He missed his youngest son's birth as he was lecturing National Union of Public Employees members at the same hospital.Following a difference of opinion about sending their son to agrammar school(Corbyn opposesselective education), they divorced in 1999 after two years of separation, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to \"get on very well\" with her.His son subsequently attendedQueen Elizabeth's School, which had been his wife's first choice.Their second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership campaign and was later employed asJohn McDonnell's Chief of Staff. Corbyn's second-eldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while inPapua New Guineain 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived. In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura Álvarez,who runs afair tradecoffee import business that has been the subject of some controversy.A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband. They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003.Álvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011.Álvarez has described Corbyn as \"not very good at house work but he is a good politician\".They have a cat called El Gato (\"The Cat\" in Spanish),while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described byThe Observerin 1984 as his \"only constant companion\" at the time. Personal beliefs and interests When interviewed byThe Huffington Postin December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a \"private thing\", but denied that he was anatheist.He has said that he is \"sceptical\" of having agodin his life.He compared his concerns about the environment to a sort of \"spiritualism\".Corbyn has described himself asfrugal, tellingSimon HattenstoneofThe Guardian: \"I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car.\"He has been a vegetarian for nearly 50 years, after having volunteered on a pig farm in Jamaica when he was 19, and stated in April 2018 that he was considering becoming avegan.Although he has been described in the media asteetotal, he said in an interview with theDaily Mirrorthat he does drink alcohol but \"very, very little\". Corbyn is a member of theAll-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling.He enjoys reading and writing,and speaks fluent Spanish.He supportsArsenal F.C., which is based in his constituency, and has signed parliamentary motions praising the successes of its men's andwomen's teams.He namedJens Lehmann,Ian Wright, andDennis Bergkampas his favourite Arsenal players, and has campaigned for the club to pay its staff a living wage.Corbyn is an avid \"drain spotter\" and has photographed decorative drain andmanhole coversthroughout the country. Corbyn co-edited with Len McCluskey the anthologyPoetry for the Many, published in November 2023 byOR Books. Awards and recognition In 2013, Corbyn was awarded theGandhi International Peace Awardfor his \"consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold theGandhianvalues of social justice and non‐violence\".In the same year, he was honoured by theGrassroot DiplomatInitiative for his \"ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes\".Corbyn has won the Parliamentary \"Beard of the Year Award\" a record six times, as well as being named as theBeard Liberation Front'sBeard of the Year, having previously described his beard as \"a form of dissent\" againstNew Labour. In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitledCorbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries, written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman. In 2017 the American magazineForeign Policynamed Corbyn in its Top 100 Global Thinkers list for that year \"for inspiring a new generation to re-engage in politics\".In December 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded theSeán MacBride Peace Prize\"for his sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace\".The award was announced the previous September. See also References Further reading External links e",
"Nicola Sturgeon Nicola Ferguson Sturgeon(born 19 July 1970) is a Scottish politician who served asFirst Minister of ScotlandandLeader of the Scottish National Party(SNP) from 2014 to 2023.She has served as amember of the Scottish Parliament(MSP) since 1999, first as anadditional memberfor theGlasgow electoral region, and as the member forGlasgow Southside(formerlyGlasgow Govan) from 2007. Born inAyrshire, Sturgeon is a law graduate of theUniversity of Glasgow. She worked as a solicitor in Glasgow before her election to theScottish Parliamentin1999. She served successively as the SNP's shadow minister for education, health, and justice. Sturgeon entered theleadership of the SNPbut later withdrew from the contest in favour ofAlex Salmond, standing instead asdeputeleader on a joint ticket with Salmond. Both were subsequently elected; as Salmond was still an MP, Sturgeon led the SNP in the Scottish Parliament asLeader of the Oppositionfrom 2004 to 2007. The SNP emerged as the largest party following the2007 electionand Salmond headed thefirst SNP minority government, with Sturgeon as hisdeputy. From 2007 to 2012, she served ashealth secretary, overseeing thescrapping of prescription chargesand the2009 swine flu pandemic. Following the SNP's landslide majority in 2011, she was appointedCabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Capital Investment and Cities, which saw her in charge of the legislative process for the2014 Scottish independence referendum. The defeat of theYes Scotlandcampaign resulted in Salmond's resignation as SNP leader. Sturgeon waselected unopposed as SNP leader in November 2014and was subsequently appointed as first minister, becoming the first woman to hold either position.She entered office amid a rapid surge in membership of the SNP, which was reflected in the party's performance in the2015 general election, winning 56 of the 59 Scottish seats and replacing theLiberal Democratsas the third-largest party in theHouse of Commons. The SNP continued to enjoy electoral successes throughout Sturgeon's nine years in office, but lost 21 seats in the2017 general election. Despite losing her majority, Sturgeon secured a second term in office in 2016, forming aminority government. Sturgeon led theScottish Government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, implementing a series ofrestrictions on social gatheringsand the rollout of thevaccine programme. A seat short of a majority in2021, Sturgeon became the only first minister toserve a third term, and she subsequently entereda power-sharing agreementwith theScottish Greens. The calls from Sturgeon's government and the wider independence movement for a second referendum were unsuccessful, as successiveConservativeprime ministers refused to grant aSection 30 order. From 2022, Sturgeon received heavier criticism for her positions ongender reforms. On 15 February 2023, Sturgeon resigned the leadership of the SNP claimingoccupational burnout; she wassucceededby her health secretary,Humza Yousaf, the following month. First Minister of Scotland UK General elections Early life and education Nicola Ferguson Sturgeonwas born inAyrshire Central HospitalinIrvineon 19 July 1970.She is the eldest of two daughters born toJoan Kerr Sturgeon(néeFerguson, born 23 October 1952), adental nurse, and Robin Sturgeon (born 28 September 1948), an electrician.Her younger sister, Gillian Sturgeon, is anNHS worker.Her family has some roots inNorth East England; her paternal grandmother, Margaret Sturgeon (néeMill), was fromRyhopein what is now theCity of Sunderland.Her grandmother married Robert Sturgeon, a gardener fromAyr, at St Paul's Parish Church in 1943, and they both eventually moved back to the south west of Scotland. Sturgeon grew up inPrestwickand in the village ofDreghorn, in a terracedcouncil house, which her parents bought through theright-to-buy scheme. Sturgeon was a quiet child and has been described by her younger sister as \"the sensible one\" of the two.Sturgeon was shy and has said that she \"much preferred to sit with my head in a book than talking to people\".She developed a passion for books and reading which continued into adult life. She has described herself as being an \"austere\" teen whose style tended towardsgoth, adding that \"if you see pictures of me back then, you would struggle to know whether I was a boy or a girl\".Sturgeon was a fan ofWham!andDuran Duran, and enjoyed spending Saturday nights at Frosty's Ice Disco inIrvine. Sturgeon attendedDreghorn Primary Schoolfrom 1975 to 1982 andGreenwood Academyfrom 1982 to 1988.She later studiedlawat theUniversity of Glasgow School of Law, graduating with aBachelor of Laws(Hons) in 1992 and aDiploma in Legal Practicethe following year.During her time at theUniversity of Glasgowshe was active as a member of theGlasgow University Scottish Nationalist Associationand theGlasgow University Students' Representative Council. Legal career Following her graduation, Sturgeon completed her legal traineeship atMcClure Naismith, a Glasgow firm of solicitors, in 1995. After qualifying as asolicitor, she worked for Bell & Craig, a firm of solicitors inStirling, and later at theDrumchapelLaw Centreand a Money Advice Centre inGlasgowfrom 1997 until her election to theScottish Parliamentin 1999. Early parliamentary career Early political years In her early teens, Sturgeon joined theCampaign for Nuclear Disarmament(CND) and in 1986, at the age of 16, she became a member of theScottish National Party(SNP), quickly becoming the party's Youth Affairs Vice Convener and Publicity Vice Convener. She joined the SNP following an assumption by her English teacher, who was a Labour councillor, she would be a Labour supporter. In the1987 UK General election, Sturgeon got her first taste of campaigning, going door-to-door to get her local SNP candidate,Kay Ullrich, elected toWestminster. Despite Ullrich failing to win the seat, Sturgeon ploughed her political energy into theYoung Scottish Nationalists(nowYoung Scots for Independence), joining its national executive when she was 17. In an interview with the BBC'sWoman's Hour, Sturgeon revealed that it wasMargaret Thatcherwho inspired her to enter politics, because, due to rising unemployment in Scotland at the time, she developed \"a strong feeling that it was wrong for Scotland to be governed by a Tory government that we hadn't elected\". Thatcher was the motivation for my entire political career. I hated everything she stood for. Sturgeon became the youngest ever parliamentary candidate in Scotland in the1992 general election. Aged 21, Sturgeon was selected as the SNP candidate in theGlasgow Shettlestonconstituency. She was unsuccessful, having been beaten by almost 15,000 votes by Labour.Sturgeon also stood unsuccessfully as the SNP candidate for the Irvine NorthwardonCunninghameDistrict Council in May 1992, for theBaillieston/Mount Vernonward onStrathclyde Regional Councilin 1994, and for theBridgetonward onGlasgow City Councilin 1995. In the mid-1990s Sturgeon andCharles Kennedywent together on a political study visit to Australia. The1997 general electionsaw Sturgeon selected to fight theGlasgow Govanseat for the SNP. Boundary changes meant that the notionalLabourmajority in the seat had increased substantially. However, infighting between the two rival candidates for the Labour nomination,Mohammed SarwarandMike Watson, along with an energetic local campaign,resulted in Glasgow Govan being the only Scottish seat to see a swing away from Labour in the midst of a Labourlandslidenationwide. Sarwar did, however, win the seat with a majority of 2,914 votes.Shortly after this, Sturgeon was appointed as the SNP's spokesperson for energy and education matters. SNP in opposition Sturgeon stood for election to theScottish Parliamentin thefirst Scottish Parliament electionin 1999 as the SNP candidate forGlasgow Govan.Although she failed to win the seat, she was placed first in the SNP's regional list for theGlasgow region, and was thus elected as aMember of the Scottish Parliament. The SNP emerged as the second largest party and sat inoppositionto theLabour-Lib Dem coalition. InAlex Salmond's shadow cabinet, she served asShadow Minister for Children and Educationfrom 1999 to 2000. As Shadow Education minister, Sturgeon backed Labour's efforts to repealSection 28– a Westminster law that banned the promotion of homosexuality in schools. There was, however, significant publicopposition to repealand an unscientific postal vote on the issue – organised by SNP donorBrian Souter– suggested most Scots wanted to keep the clause. Acknowledging this, Sturgeon suggested: \"That is why the SNP have urged a policy for many months that we believe can provide people with the necessary reassurance, by providing a statutory underpinning to the guidelines, and resolve this difficult debate. We believe that the value of marriage should be clearly referred to in the guidelines, without denigrating other relationships or children brought up in other kinds of relationship.\" The compromise had the support of Souter but an amendment to that effect was voted down by MSPs who expressed concerns it would stigmatise children from single parent and unmarried families. Sturgeon served asShadow Minister for Health and Community Carefrom 2000 to 2003, andShadow Minister for Justicefrom 2003 to 2004. She also served as a member of the Education, Culture and Sport Committee and the Health and Community Care Committee. 2004 SNP leadership election On 22 June 2004, John Swinney resigned as Leader of the SNP following poor results in theEuropean Parliament election. His then-depute,Roseanna Cunningham, immediately stood for the leadership. The previous leader, Alex Salmond, at the time refused to stand.On 24 June 2004, Sturgeon also entered the leadership contest, withKenny MacAskillas her running mate.The political columnistIain Macwhirterdeclared that while she \"didn't inspire great warmth\", she was \"quick on her feet, lacks any ideological baggage and has real determination – unlike... Roseanna Cunningham\". However, once Cunningham emerged as the favourite to win,Salmond entered the contest and Sturgeon subsequently withdrew from the contest and declared her support for Salmond, standing instead as his running mate for the depute leadership. It was reported that Salmond had privately supported Sturgeon in her leadership bid, but decided to run for the position himself as it became apparent she was unlikely to beat Cunningham.The majority of the SNP hierarchy lent their support to the Salmond–Sturgeon bid for the leadership, although MSPAlex Neilbacked Salmond as leader, but refused to endorse Sturgeon as depute. On 3 September 2004, the leadership contest resulted in Salmond and Sturgeon elected as Leader and Depute Leader respectively.As Salmond was still an MP in theHouse of Commons, Sturgeon led the SNP at the Scottish Parliament until the2007 election, when Salmond was elected as an MSP. Leader of the Opposition; 2004–2007 As leader of the SNP in the Scottish Parliament, she served as theLeader of the Opposition in Holyrood. Sturgeon became a high-profile figure in Scottish politics and often clashed withFirst MinisterJack McConnellatFirst Minister's Questions. This included rows over theHouse of Commons'decision to replace the Trident nuclear weapon system, and the SNP's plans to replacecouncil taxin Scotland with alocal income tax.Sturgeon quickly grew a reputation in Holyrood as opposition leader, becoming known as \"nippy sweetie\" – Scottish slang for the \"sharp-tongued and strong-minded\". Deputy First Minister of Scotland (2007–2014) In the2007 Scottish Parliament election, Sturgeon defeatedGordon JacksonQCwith a 4.7% swing to the SNP in theGlasgow Govan constituency.This was one of many swings to the SNP, as the party emerged as the largest party, winning one seat more than the governingScottish Labour Party.Although the SNP was recognised as the winners of the election, it failed to obtain a majority and Labour was not willing to allow the SNP to enter government.Sturgeon led coalition negotiation talks between theScottish Liberal Democratsand theScottish Greens, but these talks failed to reach an agreement, with the Lib Dems backing out and the Greens instead supporting a 'confidence and supply' agreement.Ultimately, Salmond formed aminority governmentand he was appointedFirst Minister of Scotland.He appointed Sturgeon asDeputy First Ministerand tasked her with theCabinet positionofCabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing. Health Secretary (2007–2012) Sturgeon served asHealth SecretaryinSalmond's first, and for a year, inhis second cabinet.She was supported in her role as Health Secretary byShona Robison, theMinister for Public Health and Sport, and byAlex Neil, theMinister for Housing and Communities. She launched her programme for government, theBetter Health, Better Care: Action Plan,which settled a new vision forNHS Scotland.She reversed the decision to close casualty units atUniversity Hospital AyrandUniversity Hospital Monklands.Sturgeon oversaw the scrapping ofprescription chargesIn Scotland, an election pledge by the SNP originally for thechronically illand those withcancer. Health policy Sturgeon also outlined a guaranteed maximum 18-week wait for patients after they had seen their GP and vowed to do away with deferred or \"hidden\" waiting lists. She ordered a review of the thorny issue of hospital car parking charges – as high as £7 in some areas – and launched an inquiry into the infection of NHS patients with Hepatitis C and HIV from tainted blood products. 2009 swine flu pandemic As Health Secretary, Sturgeon became more widely known internationally for her handling of the2009 flu pandemic. On 26 April 2009, the Scottish Government confirmed that two people who had returned from Mexico had been admitted toMonklands HospitalinAirdrieafter experiencing \"mild flu-like symptoms\".Sturgeon stated that there was \"no immediate threat to public health in Scotland\", but added, \"monitoring of those who have been in close contact with the two people is also being carried out as an additional precaution.\"The following day, she confirmed that these were cases of theswine influenza A (H1N1) virus.Authorities in both Scotland and England stated that there were no plans to trace the fellow airline passengers who may have travelled alongside the couple, since the authorities do not classify them as \"close contacts\". On 11 June, theWorld Health Organization(WHO) declared the influenza virus apandemic.Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament that containment of the virus had failed and that the Scottish Government was taking steps to mitigate the spread of the virus. \"We have seen a rapid increase in the number of confirmed cases in Scotland over the past 10 days\", she told Parliament. \"Based on this experience,Health Protection Scotlandhas expressed the view that sustained community transmission appears to be taking place.\"Four days later, a Scottish woman with underlying health conditions died at theRoyal Alexandra HospitalinPaisley.This marked the first death in Scotland and Europe. Minimum pricing unit To tackleScotland's poor relationship with alcohol, Sturgeon passed legislation to increase the price ofalcoholperunitto help reduce sales, in particular, for thoseaddicted.In June 2012, theAlcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012was passed after receiving support from the Liberal Democrats, Conservatives and Greens. Labour refused to support the bill as they claimed it failed to tacklewindfall profitfrom alcohol retailers. Infrastructure Secretary (2012–2014) At the2011 election, the SNP won a large overall majority. Sturgeon was retained as Deputy First Minister and Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing until a reshuffle one year later, when she was appointed asCabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Capital Investment and Citiesand an additional role overseeing thereferendum onScottish independence, essentially putting her in charge of the SNP's referendum campaign. In 2012 she pledged to build a high-speed railway line between Glasgow and Edinburgh by 2024, cutting journey times between the two cities to under 30 minutes.Sturgeon said the Scottish Government would \"not wait\" for Westminster to build a high-speed line to Scotland. However, in 2016 the plan was abandoned and the Scottish Government blamed Westminster. 2014 Scottish independence referendum Salmond put Sturgeon in charge of the Scottish Government's legislative process for areferendum on Scottish Independenceand she was essentially in charge of the SNP's referendum campaign. In December 2012, Sturgeon said that she believed that independence would allow Scotland to build a stronger and more competitive country, and would change spending priorities to address \"the scandal of soaring poverty in a country as rich as Scotland\". While campaigning for a Yes vote in August 2013, she toldThe Guardianthat if Scots voted for the Union: \"Will there be another referendum round the corner? No. We can't bind our successors, but we've made very clear our belief that constitutional referenda are once-in-a-generation events.\" In November 2013, Sturgeon joined Salmond to launchScotland's Future– the Scottish Government's prospectus for independence.Sturgeon was one of the white paper's most high-profile media champions and frequently debated its contents with opposition politicians and sceptical Scots. When the British Government turned down the Scottish Government's idea of a formal currency union – on the grounds that the rationale for sharing a currency with a foreign country was \"not clear\" – Sturgeon accused Westminster of trying to \"bully Scotland\" and said it would \"cost their own businesses hundreds of millions in transaction costs\". During the campaign, theEuropean Commissionsaid that if Scots decided to leave the United Kingdom, it would also mean leaving the European Union. Scotland would then have to reapply for EU membership and European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso predicted this would be \"extremely difficult, if not impossible\".In July 2014 Sturgeon said this would put at risk the right of EU citizens to continue living in Scotland: \"There are 160,000 EU nationals from other states living in Scotland, including some in the Commonwealth Games city of Glasgow. If Scotland was outside Europe, they would lose the right to stay here.\" On 19 September 2014, independence was rejected in the Scottish independence referendum, with 55.3% of the voters voting no and 44.7% voting yes.Following the defeat of theYes Scotlandcampaign, Salmond resigned as First Minister and Leader of the SNP. Sturgeon immediately entered the election to replace him, and received huge support from the SNP hierarchy.Sturgeon said that there would be \"no greater privilege\" than to lead the SNP. On Salmond's resignation, Sturgeon said: The personal debt of gratitude I owe Alex is immeasurable. He has been my friend, mentor and colleague for more than 20 years. Quite simply, I would not have been able to do what I have in politics without his constant advice, guidance and support through all these years. I can think of no greater privilege than to seek to lead the party I joined when I was just 16. However, that decision is not for today. Following the referendum defeat, Sturgeon said that \"further devolution is the route to independence\".She also opined that Scottish independence was a matter of \"when, not if\". Leadership of the Scottish National Party On 24 September 2014, Sturgeon officially launched her campaign bid to succeed Salmond as Leader of the Scottish National Party at theNovember leadership election.It quickly became apparent that no other candidate would be able to receive enough required nominations to run a credible leadership campaign.Upon launching her campaign, Sturgeon also resigned as Depute Leader, triggering a concurrentdepute leadership election; the MSPsAngela ConstanceandKeith Brownand the MPStewart Hosieall nominated themselves to succeed Sturgeon as Depute Leader. Nominations for the SNP leadership closed on 15 October, with Sturgeon confirmed as the only candidate. SNP convenerDerek Mackaypublicly congratulated Sturgeon as de facto leader in waiting, saying that she would be \"a fantastic new leader\" for both the SNP and for Scotland.On this date, Sturgeon also came out on top in a trust rating opinion poll, conducted for the SNP, which indicated that 54% of the Scottish population trusted her to \"stand up for Scotland's interests\". At a speech in Dundee's Caird Hall on 7 November, Sturgeon pledged to be \"the most accessible First Minister ever\" when she took over. She also promised to hold a monthly Facebook question and answer session with members of the public, regular town hall meetings and that the Scottish Cabinet would meet outside Edinburgh once every two months. Sturgeon was formally acclaimed as the first female Leader of the SNP on 14 November 2014 at the Autumn Conference inPerth, with Hosie as her depute. This also made her First Minister-Designate, given the SNP's absolute majority in the Scottish Parliament.In her first speech as leader, Sturgeon said that it was \"the privilege of her life\" to lead the party she joined as a teenager. Although Salmond officially tendered his resignation as First Minister on 18 November 2014, Sturgeon was not sworn in until two days later. From 18 November until her official appointment on 20 November, she served as the acting First Minister, essentially the First Minister-elect. First Minister of Scotland (2014–2023) First term (2014–2016) On 20 November 2014, Sturgeon was sworn into office at theCourt of Sessionin a ceremony presided byLord Gill,after receiving theroyal warrant of appointmentby QueenElizabeth II.She became the first woman tohold office.During her firstFirst Minister's Questionsafter being sworn in, Sturgeon tried to strike a conciliatory tone, saying that she came into her new post \"with an open mind and a willingness to hear proposals from all sides of the chamber.\" First cabinet Sturgeon began makingappointments to her first cabineton 21 November 2014, beginning with the appointment offinance secretaryJohn Swinneyto become herDeputy First Minister.Shona Robison, a close ally to Sturgeon, became thehealth secretary, whileKeith BrownandAngela Constance, who were both unsuccessful in their bids for thedeputy leadership of the SNP, were appointedinfrastructure secretaryandeducation secretary, respectively.Michael Mathesonwas promoted asjustice secretary. The departure ofKenny MacAskillandMichael Russellsignalled a generational shift away from the \"79 group\".Alex Neil, who many speculated would be dismissed, remained in cabinet but in a \"less prominent portfolio\" ofsocial justice, communities and pensioners' rights.Roseanna Cunningham, who had difficult relationship with Sturgeon, was surprisingly promoted to cabinet as thefair work secretary.Fiona HyslopandRichard Lochheadremained in their portfolios ofculture secretaryandrural affairs secretary, respectively. Sturgeon's cabinet was 50/50 gender balance, with five men and five women, including herself. 2015 Westminster landslide Sturgeon led theScottish National Partythrough alandslide victoryin the2015 UK general election, winning 56 out of 59 Scottish seats atWestminster, the party's best ever performance.The party received 50% of the vote share in Scotland and replaced theLiberal Democratsas the third largest party in theBritish House of Commons.Sturgeon had stated that the party's success in the election was not a mandate for another independence referendum, but primarily for a stronger voice for Scotland in London. In the run-up to the elections, Sturgeon took part in several Scottish and UK-wideTV election debatesand according to opinion polls was regarded to have had a successful performance.As part of the election campaign, Sturgeon indicated that the SNP would hold another independence referendum if it won the upcoming 2016 Scottish Parliament election. 2016 Scottish Parliament election Sturgeon launched, in what she claimed, as the most \"bold, ambitious and reforming\" SNP manifesto for the2016 Scottish Parliament election.She set out the party's plans to increase income tax by freezing tax thresholds, reversing her previous policy of cutting taxes for higher earners.The manifesto also included a commitment to increase NHS funding by £500 million, \"baby boxes\" full of essentials to newborn parents, and an ambitious new target to cut emissions by 50% by 2020 as of the party's effort to tackle climate change.Sturgeon also hinted if re-elected she would hold asecond referendum on Scottish independence. Despite losing her majority, Sturgeon claimed a \"historic victory\" after the SNP won a third consecutive term in governmentand sought a second term in office as a minority government. Second term (2016–2021) 2016 EU membership referendum In 2016, theEuropean Union membership referendumto decide the future of the UK's European Union membership resulted in 52% of voters in the UK voting forBrexit(leaving the EU), with 48% voting to remain; all council areas in Scotland voted by a majority for the UK to remain a member of the EU. Across Scotland, 62% of voters backed the UK remaining a member of the EU, with 38% voting for the UK to leave. In response to the result, on 24 June 2016, Sturgeon said thatScottish Governmentofficials would begin planning for a second independence referendum.Sturgeon claimed that it was \"clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union\" and that Scotland had \"spoken decisively\" with a \"strong, unequivocal\" vote to remain in the European Union.Sturgeon said it was \"democratically unacceptable\" that Scotland could be taken out of the EU \"against its will\".An emergency Scottish cabinet meeting on 25 June agreed that the Scottish Government would seek to enter negotiations with the EU and its member states, to explore options to protect Scotland's place in the EU.Sturgeon later said that while she believed in Scottish independence, her starting point in these discussions was to protect Scotland's relationship with the EU. Future referendum on independence Sturgeon confirmed in June 2016 that the Scottish government had formally agreed to draft legislation to allow a second independence referendum to take place.As the constitution is a reserved matter under theScotland Act 1998, for a future referendum on Scottish independence to be legal under UK law, it would need to receive the consent of the British Parliament to take place. Prior to the day the Prime Minister triggeredArticle 50, formally allowing the process of the United Kingdom leaving theEuropean Union, theScottish Parliamentvoted 69 to 59 in favour of another independence referendum.By the end of that week, on 30 March 2017, Sturgeon wrote to the Prime Minister requesting a Section 30 order, formally devolving the responsibility and power to theScottish Governmentto plan for and hold another referendum on Scottish independence.Previously, May andDavid Mundell,Secretary of State for Scotland, had both highlighted that as the negotiations began with the European Union on the United Kingdom's withdraw, it was important for Scotland to work with the UK Government to get the best exit deal for both the United Kingdom and Scotland, stating that \"now is not the time for another referendum\". Following the 2017 UK general election, Sturgeon's government postponed legislation pertaining to the proposed second referendum on Scottish independence until at least autumn 2018.Following the outbreak of theCOVID-19 pandemic, all plans for another referendum were put on hold. 2017 UK general election Sturgeon kicked off her election campaign pledging that a strong result for the SNP would \"reinforce\" her mandate for a second independence referendum.However, the SNP lost 21 seats in the2017 United Kingdom general election in Scotlandand the party's vote dropped by 13%, although they remained the biggest party in Scotland. Sturgeon admitted that these results were \"bitterly disappointing\" and acknowledged that her party's plans for a second referendum were 'undoubtedly' a factor in the election results.It was the best result for the Scottish Conservatives since Margaret Thatcher and the party's campaign slogan, \"We said No to independence. We meant it\", resonated in areas that had voted strongly for the Union in 2014.Observers also concluded that opposition to the EU'sCommon Fisheries Policyin coastal communities was a factor behind large swings to the Tories in North East seats previously held by nationalists for decades. Several weeks later Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament that she would \"reset\" and delay her plans for a second independence referendum; the SNP losses in that month's election had led her to conclude that many Scots \"just want a break from making big political decisions\". Alex Salmond sexual harassment case In January 2019, Sturgeon referred herself to an independent ministerial ethics body, which led to an investigation into her actions with respect to asexual harassment case concerning allegations against Salmond. This followed her admitting that she had had a secret meeting and subsequent phone call with Salmond about the Scottish government's allegations against him. She raised these with the Permanent Secretary to theScottish Government,Leslie Evans, two months later, rather than reporting them immediately, as she should have done if they constitute government matters (as per the ministerial code). Sturgeon argued that the meetings were SNP party matters, and thus not covered. The investigating panel consisted of DameElish Angiolini, a formerSolicitor General for Scotlandandlord advocate, andJames Hamilton, a formerdirector of public prosecutionsin the Republic of Ireland. On 15 January 2019, theScottish Parliamentagreed to hold its own inquiry into the matter, theCommittee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints,to investigate how the Government breached its own guidelines in its original investigation into the harassment claims against Salmond, and then lost a judicial review into their actions and had to pay over £500,000 to Salmond for legal expenses.Sturgeon's husband,Peter Murrell, was called to this inquiry to give evidence on 8 December 2020.Opposition parties criticised Sturgeon on disparity and contradictions between the narratives of Murrell and herself. On 4 March 2021, Sturgeon answered questions over a period of eight hours from members of the committee.Two of the civil servants who made complaints about Salmond later said they felt they had been \"dropped\" by the Scottish Government after it lost the judicial review against him, adding they feared their experiences would make it less likely people would make complaints in the future.Labour MPJess Phillips, a former employee ofWomen's Aid, accused Sturgeon of being \"unprofessional with those women's lives\" and said there had been a \"litany of failures in professionalism and decency.\" 2019 UK general election Sturgeon led her party to alandslide victoryin the2019 United Kingdom general election in Scotland. The SNP won 48 seats, and came second place in the 11 others; their 45% of the vote yielded 80% of the seats in Scotland.Among the election casualties wasLiberal DemocratsleaderJo Swinson, who lost her seat inEast Dunbartonshire.Sturgeon was branded as \"ungracious\" when she was filmed bySky Newscelebrating Swinson's defeat. Sturgeon apologised for being overexcited although expressed that she was celebratingAmy Callaghan's win.In the wake of the results, Sturgeon said thatPrime MinisterBoris Johnsonhad \"no right\" to stand in the way of another Scottish independence referendum after an \"overwhelming\" SNP election victory. She also said that the result \"renews, reinforces and strengthens\" the mandate forIndyref2. COVID-19 pandemic Theworldwide pandemicofCOVID-19began during Sturgeon's second term as First Minister. The first case of the virus in Scotland was confirmed on 1 March 2020, when a resident inTaysidehad tested positive. Initially, the Scottish Government resisted banning public events and on 12 March allowed 47,000 fans to attend a Rangers match at Ibrox, insisting that, \"stopping mass gatherings not the best way to contain this virus.\"However, Sturgeon's government ordered all schools and nurseries in Scotland closed on 20 March to try to limit the spread of the virus.On 23 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Sturgeon ordered Scotland into \"lockdown\", limiting the reasons why people may leave their homes in an attempt to limit the spread of the virus, to protect the health of the population, and to ease the pressure the virus placed onNHS Scotlandservices and workforce.Subsequently the restrictions were repeatedly tightened, loosened and adapted in parts or all of Scotland in response to developments in the situation. During the early stages of the pandemic, 1,300 elderly hospital patients were transferred into care homes without receiving a negative coronavirus test result.Many had been infected with the virus and ended up passing it on to other care home residents.Over three thousand care home residents died from COVID-19and Gary Smith, Scotland Secretary of theGMB, said the policy had turned \"care homes into morgues\".When asked by the BBC if the policy had been a mistake, Sturgeon said: \"Looking back on that now, with the knowledge we have now and with the benefit of hindsight, yes.\" In April 2020 whistle-blowers in the NHS came forward to reveal that staff were being made to reuse dirtypersonal protective equipment (PPE)while at work. One nurse told STV, \" it's not frustrating, it's crushing. It is absolutely crushing. We feel we are being lied to.\"Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament in July, \"At no point within this crisis has Scotland run out of any aspect of PPE. We have worked hard to make sure that supplies are there, we've worked hard overcoming challenges that we have faced along the way.\" In July 2020, Sturgeon advocated that the leaders of the four UK nations adopt a coordinatedZero-COVIDstrategy. In February 2021, Audit Scotland published a report that concluded the Scottish government had not prepared adequately for a pandemic. While it commended the authorities for preventing hospitals from becoming overwhelmed during the crisis, the watchdog also noted that recommendations from pandemic planning exercises in 2015, 2016 and 2018 had not been fully implemented. One particular problem it highlighted was that not enough had been done to ensure Scottish hospitals and care homes had enough personal protective equipment. Overall, it concluded that ministers \"could have been better prepared to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic\". Sturgeon said there were \"lots of lessons to learn\". In March 2021, theCourt of Sessiondeclared that the Scottish government's prohibition on communal worship, imposed during the pandemic, was unlawful.This followed an open letter two months earlier, written by 200 church leaders to Sturgeon, warning her that the prohibition could be unlawful. In April 2021, Scotland's death toll from COVID-19 passed 10,000. At a session of First Minister's Questions in June 2021, Sturgeon was asked about mistakes made early on in the pandemic, and she replied: \"If I could turn the clock back, would we go into lockdown earlier than we did? Yes, I think that is true.\" In April 2022, Sturgeon demanded that Prime Minister Boris Johnson resign after police fined him for breaking lockdown rules in 2020. \"The basic values of integrity and decency – essential to the proper working of any parliamentary democracy – demand that he go\", she tweeted.The following week, Sturgeon received an official reprimand from Police Scotland after a video emerged of her campaigning in a barber shop without a mask. Sturgeon – who had previously apologised to the Scottish Parliament after she was caught breaking the same law in December 2020– apologised once more and said the police had been \"absolutely right to treat me no differently to any other citizen.\" Third term (2021–23) Sturgeon led the SNP into the2021 Scottish Parliament electionon a manifesto promise to hold a second independence referendum after the COVID-19 pandemic was over.In the election, the SNP won 64 of the 129 seats contested.The SNP won a fourth consecutive election, albeit short of an overall majority, with a record number of votes on both the constituency and regional voteas well as increasing their share of the constituency vote and making a net gain of one seat. Sturgeon was nominated for the post ofFirst Ministerby a vote of theScottish Parliamenton 18 May, defeatingScottish ConservativeleaderDouglas RossandScottish Liberal Democratleader Willie Rennie by 64 votes to 31 and 4 respectively. This win resulted in Sturgeon becoming the first First Minister in the history of the Scottish Parliament to form athird government. Shortly after being elected, Sturgeon appointed John Swinney to the newly created position ofCabinet Secretary for Covid Recovery. Power-sharing agreement In August 2021, Sturgeon and Scottish Green Party co-leadersPatrick HarvieandLorna Slaterreached apower-sharing agreement between their parties. There was no agreement on oil and gas exploration, but the government now argued that it had a stronger case for a national independence referendum.As part of the agreement, the Green Party co-leaders would be nominated to serve as ministers. Climate crisis In August 2021, confronted by climate activist Lauren Macdonald about theCambo oil fieldwest of Shetland, Sturgeon refused to take a position on whether its development should go ahead. A video of the interaction went viraland a few days later, Sturgeon wrote to Prime Minister Boris Johnson, asking that the development of Cambo should be \"reassessed in light of the severity of the climate emergency\".The letter represented a significant shift in policy for the SNP, which hadhistorically been a strong supporter of the oil and gas industry; the party's blueprint for an independent Scotland in 2013 was predicated on tax revenue earned from domestic oil production, while Sturgeon had predicted in the run-up to the referendum that, \"We're on the verge of another North Sea bonanza\". This shift in position was welcomed by the Scottish Green party butGreenpeacecriticised Sturgeon for not coming out more strongly against the oil field. \"The First Minister must stop hiding behind Boris Johnson\", a spokesperson for the organisation said. \"If she wants to show leadership on climate she must clearly say: stop Cambo.\"In November 2021, although no assessment had taken place, Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament she believed the oilfield \"should not get the green light\". Caledonian MacBrayne ferry delay In the late 2010s, Scottish islanders began to complain that the ageing ferry fleet that connected them to the mainland had become increasingly unreliable.During the winter of 2022 only one in three sailings to the island ofCollwent ahead;Hebridean shopkeepers kept receiving deliveries of rotten food;while other islanders said they had missed doctors' appointments, funerals and even the chance to say goodbye to dying loved ones because of cancelled sailings. The Scottish Government had commissioned two new ferries for £97m from Ferguson's shipyard in 2015, but the construction of the two vessels was beset by delays and complications. In 2022 Audit Scotland concluded that the final price tag for the vessels would be somewhere between £250m and £400m once the ships were finished in 2023. Furthermore, they concluded that the Scottish Government had awarded the contracts without normal financial safeguards and presided over a \"multitude of failings\". Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament of her \"deep regret\" that islanders were enduring such chaos, and said that the government was \"learning lessons from this experience\".Key documentation, which might have explained why ministers signed the contracts without appropriate safeguards to protect taxpayers' money, was lost and Sturgeon later said this too was \"regrettable\" and that \"the government will learn lessons.\" Second independence referendum proposals In June 2022, Sturgeon officially unveiled plans forScottish independenceonce again.She argued that her government had an \"indisputable mandate\" for asecond Scottish independence referendum.She argued that independence would allow Scotland to set out \"a different and better vision\"and claimed that there is a legally secure path to get a referendum without permission from thecabinet.This plan has been met with condemnation from various opposing parties, with thePrime Ministerrejecting her plan. Sturgeon scheduled the referendum for 19 October 2023.She sought the Prime Minister to consent to the vote by signing a section 30 order, a move that Downing Street has refused to comply.She askedScotland's Lord Advocateto consider referring the matter to theSupreme Court of the United Kingdomto rule if theScottish Governmenthas the power to host a referendum without theGovernment of the United Kingdom'sapproval, this request has since been granted. In October 2022, Sturgeon launched her government's third independence paper, which outlines the currency in an independent Scotland and joining the EU.She proposed the Scottish Government would use thepound sterlingfor a brief period before transitioning to a new currency known as the 'Scottish Pound'.She argued independence would be \"essential\" foreconomic prosperityfor Scotland as she claimed the economic climate throughout the UK does not offer strength, stability or security. On the day the Supreme Court ruled the Scottish Parliament does not have the power to legislate a referendum on independence, Sturgeon declared the next democratic election in Scotland - in this case aUK general electionexpectedto be held in 2024- would be campaigned by the SNP as ade factoreferendum.Unionist parties have rejected this characterisation.Some SNP members urged Sturgeon to call anearly election at Holyroodto speed up the process for a de facto referendum. Gender recognition reforms As part of the SNP's 2016 manifesto policy, the SNP pledged to voters that it would review and reform the way that trans people change their legal gender.However, the policy divided the party and the bill was delayed during Sturgeon's second term in office because of opposition to the policy and the COVID-19 pandemic.In the 2021 SNP manifesto, Sturgeon committed the party once again to reform theGender Recognition Act 2004of theUK Parliamentand in August that year included the commitment in her agreement with theScottish Greenson power-sharing. In September 2021, Sturgeon was accused of shutting down debate about gender reforms after she described concerns about gender recognition reform as \"not valid\" and campaign groups and analysts complained that their concerns were being ignored. On 22 December 2022, the Scottish Parliament voted 86 to 39 to pass theGender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Billwhich was introduced by Sturgeon's government. On 17 January 2023, the UK Government decided to invoke, for the first time, section 35 of the Scottish Act 1998, to make an order which prevented the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill from gaining Royal Assent. She opposed the decision made and criticisedScottish SecretaryAlister Jackfor blocking the bill and said that the decision was an attack on the Scottish Parliament and Scottish democracy as a whole and said that the matter would be brought to the courts. In 2023, Sturgeon was criticised in connection withthe case of Isla Bryson, atransgender womanwho had raped two women prior to hertransition. On this basis, Bryson was initially sent to a women's prison but was later moved to a men's prison. Sturgeon refused to say if she regards Bryson as a man or woman, though she used female pronouns when talking about Bryson. Resignation On 15 February 2023, Sturgeon resigned asfirst minister of Scotlandandleader of the Scottish National Party, pending aleadership election.At a press conference in Bute House, Sturgeon insisted that her resignation was not due to \"short term pressures\" and stated that the job \"takes its toll on you\".Sturgeon stated that she believed that her successor would lead Scotland to independence and that she would look on with pride whoever takes on the role. While appearing on apodcastfor BBC Scotland, Sturgeon would later say that internet speculation about her life was a part of the reason she decided to stand down from her position as first minister, specifically referring to rumours regarding her sexuality, love life and property portfolio as being wildly inaccurate. Domestic issues Drugs deaths crisis In 2016, the Scottish Government cut direct funding to drug and alcohol rehabilitation programmes from £69.2 million to £53.8 million – a drop of 22%.At the time, Scottish Drugs Forum Chief Executive David Liddell said he was concerned that the cuts had \"the potential to increase harm and drug-related deaths.\"That year 867 Scots lost their lives to drugs – an increase of 23% on the previous year's figure – and the SNP insisted it was part of a trend seen across much of Europe.In December 2020, figures were released revealing that 1,264 people in Scotland had died from drug overdoses in 2019 – the highest number in Europe per head and more than double the number in 2014.Sturgeon sacked her Public Health MinisterJoe FitzPatrick, and in April 2021 said of the crisis: \"I think we took our eye off the ball.\" The crisis has particularly impacted the homeless in Scotland: 216 homeless people died in Scotland in 2019 – an increase of 11% on the previous year; over half (54%) of these deaths were drug-related.Per head, Scotland's death rate among the homeless is the highest in Britain. In August 2021, the Scottish Government announced there had been 1,339 drug deaths in the previous year – a new record high.Sturgeon tweeted that the figures were \"unacceptable, each one a human tragedy\",while the Scottish Liberal Democrats said: \"It was Nicola Sturgeon's choice to ignore this unfolding epidemic. Issuing apologies now is too late for thousands of people. The victims of drugs and their families were failed. It is a scar on the conscience of this Scottish Government.\" In July 2022, the figures for 2021 were released, revealing that 1,330 had died – nine fewer than in 2020.Annemarie Ward, chief executive at the FAVOR Scotland charity, said: \"Nicola Sturgeon said she would make it her national mission to save lives – but we're still losing more than 1000 people a year. The national mission is failing.\" Education performance In 2015, Sturgeon said that she planned to make education her \"defining priority\" while in office.In particular, she said she hoped to focus on closing the attainment gap between the richest and poorest children in Scottish schools, telling journalists: \"Let me be clear – I want to be judged on this. If you are not, as First Minister, prepared to put your neck on the line on the education of our young people then what are you prepared to. It really matters.\" In 2021, Audit Scotland concluded: \"Progress on closing the poverty-related attainment gap between the most and least deprived school pupils has been limited\"and fell short of the Government's aims.In some local authorities, the attainment gap between the richest and poorest students had widened. International relations Whileforeign policyremains areserved matter,Sturgeon has undertaken a number of visits to Europe, North America and Asia to promote Scotland as a place of investment and Scottish businesses to trade and do business with.Sturgeon has committed to strengthening links between Scotland andAfrica. European Union In response to the Brexit vote, to discuss Scotland's interests, Sturgeon travelled toBrusselsto meet with bothJean-Claude Juncker, thePresident of the European Commissionas well asMartin Schulz, thePresident of the European Parliament. In response to the UK-wide vote for the United Kingdom to leave theEuropean Union, theScottish Government, headed by Sturgeon, launched theScotland's Place in Europedocument, a white paper setting out the Scottish government's aims and wishes of Scotland's role in Europe post-Brexit. The paper was sent to the centralBritish Governmentto be read by Prime MinisterTheresa May. In June 2017, Sturgeon criticised the approaches taken by bothTheresa Mayand the British Government towards the Brexit approach, claiming that May \"will struggle\" as she is a \"difficult person to build a rapport with\". In the same interview, Sturgeon committed to no independence referendum being held prior to the terms of a UK wide Brexit deal being agreed and presented. With a view towards Brexit, Sturgeon demanded greater powers for the Scottish Parliament, arguing that Brexit is threatening Scotland'sdevolution settlement.With London seeking to restrict immigration to the United Kingdom, she asserted that Scotland should be able to set its own immigration policy, as well as policies relating to employment and trade. United States Sturgeon was highly critical ofDonald Trumpand his policies during the2016 United States presidential electionand had publicly backed hisDemocraticrivalHillary Clinton.Sturgeon highlighted her disapproval of his language and views relating to sexism and misogyny, and stated upon Trump's victory that she hopes \"Trump turns out to be a president different to the one he was during his campaign and reaches out to those who felt vilified by his campaign\". Sturgeon had previously stripped Trump of his ambassadorial role for Scottish businesses with the Scottish government in the aftermath of Trump's views of an outright ban ofMuslimsfrom entering the United States. Sturgeon claimed following comments made by Trump in relation to Muslims entering the United States that he was \"not fit\" for the ambassadorial role with the Scottish government. In May 2022, Sturgeon made a trip to the United States and met with controversialRepublicanmember ofCongressRobert Aderholt, a prominentanti-abortionsupporter. Spain In the run up to the2017 Catalan independence referendum, Nicola Sturgeon offered her own personal backing and that of theScottish GovernmenttoCataloniain the holding of a referendum.TheGovernment of Spaincriticised Sturgeon, claiming she had \"totally misunderstood\" the situation in Spain and Catalonia.Sturgeon highlighted that Spain should follow \"the shining example\" that was created as part of theEdinburgh Agreementbetween the Scottish and British governments that allowed Scotland to hold a legally binding referendum. Political positions Constitutional affairs Scottish independence An advocate forScottish independence, Sturgeon has campaigned for independence from theUnited Kingdomsince her late teens. She was categorised in 2015 as part of theSNP's gradualist wing, which believed in achieving independence through accumulating the Scottish Parliament's powers from the UK Parliament over time.In recent years, following the defeat of theYes Scotland campaignin2014 Scottish Independence referendum, Sturgeon has aligned herself with the new gradualist wing, who believe in only holding asecond referendumif there is clear public support, such as polling being over 60%, or if there is a material change in circumstances. Monarch Sturgeon is a constitutional monarchist, telling journalists that it is \"a model that has many merits\".On the dayQueen Elizabeth IIbecame Britain's longest reigning monarch, Sturgeon travelled with her to open theBorders Railwayand told a crowd of well-wishers: \"She has carried out her duties with dedication, wisdom and an exemplary sense of public service. The reception she has received today, demonstrates that that admiration and affection is certainly felt here in Scotland.\" Following thedeath of the Queen Elizabeth II, Sturgeon led tributes to the Queen.She described the Queen as the \"greatest constant in our national life\" and added her death was \"a day for reflection and remembrance\" and \"a day for giving thanks to The Queen for her devotion to duty and the decades of public service she gave to the people of Scotland.\" Economic policy She has at times been a critic ofausterity, saying that the UK government's \"austerity economics\" is \"morally unjustifiable and economically unsustainable\".However, in 2018, she endorsed her party's Growth Commission report that pledged to reduce an independent Scotland's budget deficit as a percentage of GDP– something theInstitute for Fiscal Studiesconcluded meant \"continued austerity\". Social issues Women's rights Sturgeon has also campaigned onwomen's rightsandgender equality, and is a self-describedfeminist; she has argued that Scotland's feminist movement is not simply symbolic, but \"sends a powerful signal about equality\".She has hailed Scottish feminist economistAilsa McKayas one of her inspirations.She has at various points commented on the behaviour or attitudes of men towards women; publicly condemning Donald Trump,Tony Abbottand former Labour MSPNeil Findlay.However, she defended her party's leader Alex Salmond from accusations of sexism. After Salmond had told Conservative MPAnna Soubry, \"Behave yourself, woman\" in 2015, Sturgeon said: \"The fundamental question, 'does that language indicate that Alex Salmond is sexist?' Absolutely not, there's no man I know who is less sexist.\" Commenting on the need for men to challenge their friends' misogynistic behaviour, Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament in 2021: \"I would say to all men in this chamber and all men across the country — challenge it if it's on the part of other men you may know, challenge your own behaviour and then let's collectively, as a society, turn the page and turn the corner so that women can live free of the fear of harassment, abuse, intimidation, violence and, in the worst cases, death.\" Transgender rights Ahead of the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, Sturgeon pledged to review and reform the way that trans people change their legal gender.However, proposed changes to Scotland's Gender Recognition Act that would have allowed people to change their identity through self-identification, rather than a medical process, were paused in June 2019.Critics of the changes within the SNP had accused Sturgeon of being \"out of step\" on the issue, and expressed concerns that the reforms would be open to abuse and allow predatory men into women's spaces.The Scottish Government said it had paused the legislation in order to find \"maximum consensus\" on the issueand commentators described the issue as having divided the SNP like no other, with many dubbing the debate a \"civil war\". In April 2020, the reforms were again delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2021, a former trans officer in the SNP's LGBT wing, Teddy Hope, quit the party, claiming it was one of the \"core hubs of transphobia in Scotland\".Large numbers of LGBT activists followed suit and Sturgeon released a video message in which she said that transphobia is \"not acceptable\" and said she hoped they would re-join the party. In the 2021 SNP manifesto, Sturgeon committed the party once again to reform the Gender Recognition Actand in August that year included the commitment in her agreement with theScottish Greenson power-sharing.In September 2021, Sturgeon was accused of shutting down debate about gender reforms after she described concerns about gender recognition reform as \"not valid\" and campaign groups and analysts complained that their concerns were being ignored. On 22 December 2022, the Scottish Parliament voted 86 to 39 to pass theGender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Billwhich was introduced by Sturgeon's government, but the bill was vetoed by the UK government. In 2023, Sturgeon was criticised in connection with theIsla Bryson case, in which atransgender womanwho had raped two women when named Adam Graham began self-identifying as a woman after being charged. Bryson was sent to a women's prison before being moved to a men's prison.Sturgeon refused to say if she regards Bryson as a man or woman, though she used female pronouns when talking about Bryson. Nuclear weapons Sturgeon has campaigned against replacing theTrident nuclear weapons system. Views on Conservative government policies At the SNP's 2022 annual party conference inAberdeen, Sturgeon stated: \"I detest theToriesand everything they stand for\" in an interview on the BBC.She was accused of using \"dangerous language\" and when asked if she regretted the comments, Sturgeon simply replied \"no\" and emphasised the point she detested Tory policies and not supporters or voters. Sturgeon has been highly critical towards the leadership ofBoris Johnson'sgovernment.Following Johnson's appointment asBritish prime minister, she claimed he \"rambled\" in his first speech outside10 Downing Streetand suggested he was \"blame shifting\".In July 2019, the prime minister met Sturgeon at her official residence, Bute House, where Johnson was \"booed and heckled\" by protesters.This was the only occasion when he made a formal visit to Edinburgh, as he declined future invites by the first minister.Sturgeon claimed Johnson's \"fragile male ego\" stopped him from meeting her.Sturgeon's attempts to request approval for a second referendum on Scottish independence were declined by the Johnson administration.Speaking after Johnson had resigned in 2022, Sturgeon said that he was the only prime minister she had worked with who was \"a disgrace to the office\". Post premiership (2023–present) Upon her resignation as First Minister, Sturgeon returned to thebackbench, where she continues to serve as the MSP forGlasgow Southside.On 7 September 2023, she made her first speech in parliament since her arrest. SNP finance fraud inquiry and arrest In the latter half of Sturgeon's leadership of the SNP, aPolice Scotlandfraud inquirywas launched to investigate the spending of money that was raised specifically for independence campaigning.She dismissed claims the investigation was a result of her resignation as party leader and first minister.On 5 April 2023, Sturgeon's husband and the party's former chief executive,Peter Murrell, was arrested at their Glasgow residence and their home was searched amid the ongoing investigation.The SNP's HQ in Edinburgh and several other addresses related to party officials were also searched by police.Murrell was later released without charge and Sturgeon pulled out of a UN climate event. On 16 April, a meeting of the party's ruling body in March 2021 was leaked by a member to theDaily Mail, which showed Sturgeon warning members to be \"very careful\" about suggesting claims there were financial problems within the SNP.The following day, it was revealed Sturgeon would work remotely from parliament as a spokesperson stated: \"in order to ensure the focus of this week is on the new First Minister setting out his priorities for the people of Scotland, Ms Sturgeon has always intended to participate remotely and intends to return to Holyrood in the near future.\".In that same week, the SNP's treasurer,Colin Beatie, was arrested and later released without charge.Beatie subsequently resigned from the role.Sturgeon's successor,Humza Yousaf, has had calls by opposition for her party membership to be suspended, however, he has rejected these calls. Widespread speculation that Sturgeon could be arrested for police questioning amid the ongoing inquirycame to fruition when, on 11 June 2023, Sturgeon was arrested byPolice Scotlandover the investigation into the finances of her SNP party, which reportedly diverted £600,000 meant for the Scottish Independence campaign elsewhere.She was released without charge pending further investigation later that day.On 23 May 2024Police Scotlandhanded a prosecution report in relation toPeter Murrellto theCrown Officewho confirmed that a \"53 year-old woman\" also remained under investigation. COVID-19 inquiry Sturgeon is facing a potential criminal inquiry in 2024 after it was disclosed that all herWhatsAppmessages during the pandemic had been deleted despite being instructed by the government to retain all information in 2021 and again in 2022 and having agreed to provide them in 2021 to theUK COVID-19 Inquiry. Public image and legacy At the beginning of Sturgeon's political career, she was often regarded as a \"nippy sweetie\",Scottish slangfor the \"sharp-tongued and strong-minded\".The term was used to describe Sturgeon's \"fierce\" attitude.Conversely, newspapers ideologically opposed to the SNP, such as theDaily Express,The Scottish Sun, andThe Spectatorhave repeatedly and derogatorily compared Sturgeon to \"Wee Jimmy Krankie\", a character from Scottish comedy duoThe Krankies. Sturgeon was elected leader of the SNP at a time in which the party enjoyed a surge in membership. In 2015, Sturgeon was described in aDaily Mailheadline as the \"most dangerous woman in Britain\".It followed her party's unprecedented gains in the2015 general election, which questioned the future of the union. Sturgeon and her party experienced a surge in popularity during theCOVID-19 pandemic,in part due to her willingness to communicate with the public and the Press through regular, televised briefings, and her willingness to take responsibility for her government's mistakes. This contrasted to then-PM Boris Johnson'sapproach, who was \"less proactive and more evasive when it came to dealing with the press\". The circumstances of Sturgeon's resignation in 2023, as well as her appearances at the 2024 UK COVID-19 Inquiry left a question mark over her political legacy. A wide range of media outlets were quick to condemn her reputation, includingPolitico Europe,The Times,BBC News,The Spectator,The WeekandtheI. Nonetheless, public polling shows that Sturgeon remains a popular figure in Scottish and wider UK politics, with 46% of Scots having a favourable opinion of her in 2023YouGovpolling and 50% seeing her as having \"been a good leader for Scotland\".On leaving office, she was the most popular party leader in the UK according toIpsospolling.Her popular reputation suffered following her appearance at the 2024 COVID-19 inquiry and revelations she had deleted Whatsapp messages;however, polling has differed and there is still evidence of high trust towards her, usually along partisan lines. There is evidence that Nicola Sturgeon's popularity had an effect on the2023 SNP leadership racewhich sawHumza Yousafelected as leader of the SNP andFirst Minister of Scotland. Yousaf was widely regarded as Sturgeon's \"continuity candidate\",having previously worked as Sturgeon'sCabinet Secretary for Justice (2018–2021)and forHealth (2021–2023). Hence, SNP members with a favourable view of Sturgeon were more likely to elect Yousaf, whereas those more critical of the outgoing FM were more likely to vote for his opponents,Kate ForbesandAsh Regan. Sturgeon plans to publish a memoir withPan MacMillanin 2025. Awards and acknowledgements Sturgeon won theScottish Politician of the Year Awardin 2008, 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2019. Forbesmagazine ranked Sturgeon as the 50th most powerful woman in the world in 2016 and 2nd in the United Kingdom.She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2014.In 2015,BBC Radio 4'sWoman's Hourassessed Sturgeon to be the most powerful and influential woman in the United Kingdom. Personal life Sturgeon lives inBroomhouse,Glasgowwith her husband,Peter Murrell, who is the former chief executive officer of the SNP.The couple have been in a relationship since 2003. They got engaged on 29 January 2010,and were married on 16 July 2010 atÒran Mórin Glasgow. Sturgeon is known for her love of fiction and says reading \"gives me a lot of joy and helps with the stresses and strains of work\". Her mother Joan was the SNP Provost ofNorth Ayrshirecouncil, where she was councillor for the Irvine East ward from 2007 until 2016. In 2016, Sturgeon disclosed that she had miscarried five years previously. In May 2022, Sturgeon tested positive for COVID-19. In line with Government guidance, she completed a self-isolation period. See also Notes References External links",
"Jo Swinson Joanne Kate SwinsonCBEFRSA(born 5 February 1980) is a former British politician who wasLeader of the Liberal Democratsfrom July to December 2019. She was the first woman and the youngest person to hold the position, as well as the shortest-serving holder of the post. Swinson was the first leader of the Liberal Democrats to be defeated in their own constituency. Swinson wasMember of Parliament(MP) forEast Dunbartonshirefrom2005to2015and2017to2019. In September 2020, Swinson became Director of Partners for a New Economy (P4NE). Swinson studied at theLondon School of Economics, and briefly worked inpublic relations, before being elected to theHouse of Commons, becoming theyoungest MPat the time.She was a Liberal DemocratSpokespersoncovering various portfolios, includingScotland,Women and Equalities,Communities and Local Government, andForeign and Commonwealth Affairs. In 2010, after the Liberal Democrats entered into acoalition governmentwith theConservative Party, Swinson was a Parliamentary Private Secretary toDeputy Prime MinisterNick Clegg, and was later appointedParliamentary Under Secretary of State for Employment Relations and Postal Affairs.She lost her seat in the2015 election, but regained it in thesnap electionheld two years later. Shortly after returning to Parliament, she waselected unopposedas Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats.In July 2019, following the retirement ofVince Cable, Swinson defeatedEd Daveyin aleadership electionto become Leader of the Liberal Democrats. Swinson led her party through the2019 general election, suggesting she could lead a Liberal Democratmajority governmentwhich would revokeArticle 50and cancelBrexit. Instead, Swinson and the Liberal Democrats sustained a net loss in seats, including her own to theScottish National Partyand was disqualified from continuing as party leader.At less than five months, her tenure as leader was the shortest in the Liberal Democrats' history. She is also the only incumbent Liberal Democrat leader to havelost a Parliamentary seat. Early life and education Swinson was born in Glasgowon 5 February 1980, the daughter of Peter and Annette Swinson.She was educated atDouglas Academy,a mixed state school in the town ofMilngavieinEast Dunbartonshirein western Scotland, followed by theLondon School of Economics, where she studiedManagement, gaining afirst-classBachelor of Sciencedegree in 2000.She signed up as an active member of theLiberal Democratsat the age of 17. Early career After graduating from theLondon School of Economics, Swinson moved toYorkshireand worked for Ace Visual and Sound Systems inThorne, before becoming amarketingandpublic relationsmanager forHull-based commercial radio stationViking FMfrom December 2000,and media company Space and People. At the age of 21, Swinson stood unsuccessfully in theKingston upon Hull Eastconstituency in the2001 general election, but gained a 6%swingfromJohn Prescott, then theDeputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. In 2003, she unsuccessfully contestedStrathkelvin and Bearsdenseat in theScottish Parliament election, finishing third with 14% of the vote. Member of Parliament (2005–2015) Swinson was elected to theHouse of Commonsas the MP forEast Dunbartonshireat the2005 general election. She defeatedJohn LyonsofLabourby 4,061 votes, and was the first ever Member of Parliament born in the 1980s.As the youngest MP she replaced fellow Lib Dem MPSarah Teatheras the \"Baby of the House\". This lasted until 2009, whenConservativeMPChloe Smithwas elected at theNorwich North by-election. Swinson was vocal in heropposition to the Iraq Warand the Labour government's proposals fornational identity cards. She has supported measures both by individuals and government to tackleclimate changesuch asconserving energyin the home and the Liberal Democrat policy of introducinggreen taxeswhile reducingincome taxto offset the burden. She supports reducing thevoting ageto 16 as one way of engaging young people in politics. She believes more women should be involved in politics but that encouragement is better than affirmative action in achieving this. She opposespositive discriminationto address gender imbalance, and led the argument against positive discrimination to select her party's candidates at their nationalparty conferencein 2002, wearing a pink T-shirt inscribed with the slogan, \"I am not a token woman\". Swinson has also called for a \"wellbeing index\" to be introduced, to be compared againstGDP, and tabled anearly day motionon the issue in 2008, gaining 50 signatures. She found support from MPs such asVince CableandAngela Eagle. Swinson cited the fact that althoughstandard of livinghad increased, people's level of wellbeing had been virtually static for some time, according to polls. Swinson believed that newprisonsought not to be built and had campaigned vocally, but without success, against the rebuilding of a prison atBishopbriggswithin the constituency. She had said that if a prison was built it must not be built cheaply,and that it must not be named after the town in which is to be sited.The campaign to give the prison its original name was ultimately successful,as the replacement prison will retain its original name,Lowmoss Prison. She is an active campaigner against excessive packaging ofchocolateEaster eggs. Each year from 2007 saw Swinson attackconfectionerymanufacturers for wasteful use of non-recyclable materials in packaging of the seasonal goods. She has namedGuylianas the worst offender, followed byLindt,BaileysandCadbury. Swinson successfully held her seat ofEast Dunbartonshirein the2010 general election, although with a slightly decreased majority.Her party, the Liberal Democrats, subsequentlyenteredinto acoalition with the Conservative Party. Parliamentary Private Secretary In November 2010, Swinson was madeParliamentary Private Secretaryto then Business Secretary Vince Cable. In December 2010, she was one of 27 Liberal Democrat MPs who voted in favour of allowing universities to raise tuition fees up to £9,000 per year. In February 2012, Swinson replacedNorman Lambas Parliamentary Private Secretary to then Liberal Democrat Leader andDeputy Prime MinisterNick Clegg, holding this position until her promotion to government minister later that year. Business Minister (2012–2015) In September 2012, Swinson was appointed Under Secretary of State for Employment Relations and Consumer Affairs in a reshuffle by then Prime MinisterDavid Cameron.She maintained this role for the remainder of theCameron–Clegg coalition, except for several months of maternity leave between 2013 and 2014. Swinson initially focused efforts on scrapping the 1871 Pedlars Act, which preventspedlars(travelling salesmen) andstreet tradersfrom trading without first acquiring a certificate from the police. In November 2012, Swinson said that the proposed deregulation would help \"eliminate barriers to street traders and pedlars by making it easier to trade, boosting retail and helping small traders – including many young entrepreneurs – to expand and grow”.The proposal was criticised by theLocal Government Association, which claimed that it would lead to a 'free for all' of pedlars targeting vulnerable people.By 2014, however, Swinson announced she would seek to amend rather than repeal the laws. Swinson opposed forcing companies to adopt gender quotas, stating that such a move would \"negatively affect\" the performance of businesses.She instead promoted voluntary solutions, telling an event organised by theBritish Chambers of Commerce, \"What women need is confidence, not quotas. So rather than telling companies what to do, we're encouraging them to see the real business benefits of taking voluntary action.\" From 2013, Swinson sought to promotefathers' rightsin regard toparental leave, bringing forth new legislation which allowed parents to divide parental leave between themselves with an aim to encourage fathers to spend more time with their newborn infants. In October 2013, controversy emerged after MPs in the House of Commons allowed Swinson, then pregnant, to stand for 20 minutes without offering her a seat. This led to political debate and comment about whether or not it wassexistto give up a seat for a pregnant woman, with Prime MinisterDavid Cameronwading into the row to say that offering pregnant women seats was the right thing to do.Swinson herself later commented that it was not sexist to offer a pregnant woman a seat, and that it was \"great for people to offer, and part of life's little courtesies.\" In the area of employment, she was supportive of bothzero hours contractsandflexible working, seeking to promote the latter especially.On minimum wage, in February 2013 Swinson joined calls by other ministers to warn that \"caution\" was required when increasing it any further amid claims that minimum wage could be cut or frozen if it began costing jobs.Swinson pledged £80,000 of government financial support for the Corporate Human Rights Benchmark, an initiative led bycorporationsincludingAviva InvestorsandCalvertwhich measures and ranks performance of global companies in regard to human rights. Swinson was keen to promote employee ownership, such asemployee ownership of shares, through the establishment of aFTSE-compliant UK Employee Ownership Index, supporting measures to reduce regulations for companies choosing to adopt employee ownership practices, and a scheme allowing companies to contractually offer employees £2,000 to £50,000 worth of shares (which would beexemptedfrom capital gains tax) in exchange for waiving certain employee rights.Swinson traced employee ownership back to the philosophy ofJeremy Bentham, and claimed such ownership models improve productivity and lower absenteeism in staff. By 2014, it was being reported that Swinson was tipped to replaceAlistair CarmichaelasScottish Secretaryand enter theCabinetin a potential reshuffle, which at the time would have made her the youngest female Cabinet member ever and the first Cabinet member to be born in the 1980s.At the same time, however, electoral projections for the2015 general electionshowed Swinson was under serious risk of losing herEast Dunbartonshireseat to a surge ofScottish National Partysupport. Swinson introduced to parliament theConsumer Rights Act 2015on 23 January 2014, so as to consolidate and updateconsumer protection lawand thereby provide a \"modern framework of consumer rights\". Shortly before the 2015 general election,The Timesand theFinancial Timesreported that Swinson was one of a number of prominent 'right-leaning' Liberal Democrat MPs, aligned to then Liberal Democrat leaderNick Clegg, deliberately excluded from campaign funding by former leading Liberal Democratpeerand donorMatthew Oakeshotteven though their seats, including Swinson's, were vulnerablemarginals. Swinson was featured in the 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014 editions of the 'London's 1000 most influential people' list by theEvening Standard. 2015 and 2017 general elections Swinson lost her parliamentary seat in the2015 general electiontoScottish National PartycandidateJohn Nicolsonby 2,167 votes (4.0%).She stood again for her former seat during the2017 general electionand won with a lead of 5,339 votes (10.3%) over Nicolson.During this time, she wrote her bookEqual Power: And How You Can Make It Happen. Between 2017 and 2018, Swinson received political funding from Mark Petterson, the director of Warwick Energy Ltd, which has fracking licences across England.She also voted against plans to ban fracking in the UK. Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2017–2019) Following the resignation ofTim Farronas Liberal Democrat leader on 14 June 2017, Swinson was named by theBBCas one of the possible contenders for the leadership along withNorman LambandVince Cable.She later announced that she would not seek the leadership; instead, she became Deputy Leader after being the only candidate at the close of nominations. As of October 2017, she was her party's Spokesperson for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. At the Liberal Democrat autumn conference of 2017, Swinson drew media attention for using the phrase \"Faragey, Trumpy, angry, arsey, shouty slogans\" in criticising populism. In the same speech she called for thestate visitof U.S. PresidentDonald Trumpto be cancelled and warned aboutBrexit. In February 2018, Swinson's first bookEqual Power: And How You Can Make It Happenwas published byAtlantic Books.Discussing her book, Swinson explained that government has \"limitations\" when addressing gender inequality, so her book instead mainly suggests ideas for people to make changes in their own homes and workplaces.The Irish TimeslikenedEqual Powerto the \"corporate feminism\" ofSheryl Sandberg'sLean In,whileThe Heraldalso noted \"A read ofEqual Powermakes it apparent that Swinson is a fan of Sheryl Sandberg'sLean In.\"Swinson's book was featured at theAye Write!literary festival in Glasgow. In a March 2018 article forThe Mail on Sunday,Swinson came out in favour of erecting a statue of former Prime MinisterMargaret ThatcherinParliament Square.She justified her position on feminist grounds and claimed that Thatcher was able to \"single-handedly transform the fortunes of women\", accusing opponents of the Thatcher statue as being \"pretty sexist\".Swinson praised Thatcher for her skills in negotiating theUK rebateand for taking the UK into the single market, but was also critical of Thatcher for thepoll taxand stressed she did not consider herself aThatcherite.In addition, she wrote that there should be a statue of the first femaleFirst Minister of ScotlandNicola Sturgeonin time, though she disagrees withScottish independence. In July 2018, Swinson was absent for key votes on the Brexit negotiations, having been on maternity leave following the birth of her second son. During this period, she attended an anti-Trumpprotest, drawing criticism from Labour MPKate HoeyonThe Spectator's podcast.Conservative Party ChairmanBrandon Lewishad formally agreed not to vote, so that Swinson's absence would not affect the result.Lewis voted with the government nonetheless, leading Swinson to accuse the government of resorting to \"desperate stuff\" and a \"calculated, deliberate breaking of trust\".Lewis apologised, alongsideCabinet OfficeministerDavid Lidingtonandgovernment chief whipJulian Smith.Apologising on Twitter, Lewis said that it was an \"honest mistake made by the whips in fast-moving circumstances.\" Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2019) In May 2019,Vince Cableannounced he would relinquish his role as leader of the Liberal Democrats in July, triggering a leadership election.Subsequently, while appearing on the 30 May edition of the BBC political discussion programmeQuestion Time, Swinson confirmed that she would put her name forward in the forthcoming contest. On 22 July 2019, Swinson waselectedthe first-ever female leader of the Liberal Democrats, with 47,997 (62.8%) votes, gaining a clear victory over SirEd Davey, with 28,021 votes. She was the first leader of a major British political party who was born in the 1980s.Under her leadership, the party's candidate andWelsh Liberal DemocratsleaderJane Doddswon theBrecon and Radnorshire by-election, following a \"remain alliance\" in whichChange UK,Plaid Cymruand theGreen Partyagreed not to stand candidates.The party's membership also rose to a record 115,000+ members, with many party supporters attributing this rise to what they called \"the Swinson surge\". In her first Leader's Speech to theLiberal Democrat Federal Conference, on 17 September 2019, Swinson said thatBoris Johnson\"claims he can negotiate a Brexit deal in a month. I wouldn't hold out much hope: yesterday he couldn't negotiate where to have a press conference\". 2019 election campaign Swinson campaigned on a platform ofrevokingArticle 50if the Liberal Democrats formed the government. The policy proved to be controversial with both Remain and Leave voters, who criticised it as undemocratic.Swinson launched her campaign by declaring that she was \"a candidate to be prime minister\", and suggesting her party could win a majority.However, poll ratings for the party were poor and Swinson's personal ratings declined throughout the campaign. During the campaign, Swinson clashed withNicola Sturgeon, theFirst Minister of Scotlandon the subject of nuclear weapons. Asked if she would be prepared to use nuclear weapons, Swinson replied simply \"yes\". Sturgeon commented that \"It's sickening to hear this question asked and answered as if it's some kind of virility test and without any context... Using nuclear weapons would mean killing millions of people.\"Swinson was subject to afake newsstory in which she was accused of 'hunting squirrels'.First Draft News, an organisation that seeks to identify online misinformation, found that the claim originated from a doctored video clip, with a spokesperson for the organisation warning that the propagation of false stories such as this were leading to the \"gentle erosion of trust\". In November 2019, Swinson also was confronted by Jay Sutherland, a student activist in Scotland.Along with the leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats,Willie Rennie, Swinson was accused of supporting austerity.The student said \"People are dying here, they’re in poverty, because of what you’ve done on austerity\".The altercation was featured heavily on British news outlets.Afterwards the Liberal Democrats reaffirmed the party \"does not have a problem attracting young voters.\" Swinson’s campaign was reported to be funded by companies sellingpuberty blockers, a medication that somesocial conservativeshave criticised.In December 2019, it was reported that a pharmaceutical firm marketing drugs to delay puberty had donated £100,000 to the Liberal Democrats.When questioned about her beliefs on sex and gender, Swinson replied that she didn't \"think things are as binary as they are often presented”. Swinson ceased to be leader on13 December 2019, when in the general electionshelost her own seatin parliament to theSNP'sAmy Callaghan. The party's rules disqualified her from continuing as its leader. She had led the party for 144 days. As well as losing seats, the Liberal Democrats failed to make predicted gains.An internal party review said that their election campaign was worsened by \"an inexperienced inner circle\" around Swinson. It said that voters who were neither fervently leave nor remain were \"effectively ignored\" by her promise to revoke Article 50.On 27 August 2020, SirEd Daveywonthe leadership electionto succeed her. Later career In July 2020, Swinson accepted a position as visiting professor atCranfield School of ManagementinBedfordshire.In September 2020, she became Director of Partners for a New Economy (P4NE). Personal life On 13 May 2011, Swinson married then fellow Liberal Democrat MPDuncan Hames.The couple's first child, Andrew, was born in December 2013.A second son, Gabriel, was born in June 2018.Swinson gave birth to the couple's third son, Robin, on 28 July 2023. Swinson completed theLoch Ness Marathonin 2007, the2011 London Marathonand the inauguralStirling Scottish Marathonin 2017.Through this, she has raised money for theAnaphylaxis CampaignandBloodwise.She ran the London Landmarks Half Marathon in March 2019 in memory of her father, who had died ofblood cancerthe previous year. Having apeanut allergy,Swinson sustainedanaphylactic shockin May 2013 after eating a biscuit containing nuts in Glasgow. She collapsed with breathing difficulty, recovering on administration ofadrenaline, and an overnight stay in hospital. Swinson was made aCommander of the Order of the British Empire(CBE) in the2018 New Year Honoursfor political and public service.On receiving the honour, Swinson said she was privileged \"to be listed among so many remarkable people from all walks of life, making amazing contributions right across our country\". Swinson is ahumanistand is a member of the humanist charityHumanists UK. References External links"
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"2019 United Kingdom general election Boris JohnsonConservative Boris JohnsonConservative The2019 United Kingdom general electionwas held on Thursday 12 December 2019, with 47,567,752 registered votersentitled to vote to elect 650Members of Parliament(MPs) to theHouse of Commons. The governingConservative Party, led by theprime ministerBoris Johnson, won alandslide victorywith a majority of 80 seats,a net gain of 48, on 43.6 per cent of the popular vote, the highest percentage for any party since the1979 general election,though with a narrower popular vote margin than that achieved by theLabour Partyover the Conservatives at the1997 general election. This was the second national election to be held in 2019 in the United Kingdom, the first being the2019 European Parliament election. After it lost its parliamentary majority at the2017 general election, the Conservative Party governed in minority with the support of theDemocratic Unionist Party(DUP). The prime minister,Theresa May, resigned in July 2019 after",
"in July 2019 after repeatedly failing to pass herBrexit withdrawal agreementin parliament. Johnson succeeded her as theleader of the Conservative Partyand as prime minister in July 2019. Johnson could not persuade Parliament to approve a revised withdrawal agreement by the end of October, and chose to call asnap election, which the House of Commons supported under theEarly Parliamentary General Election Act 2019.Opinion polls showed a firm lead for the Conservatives against the opposition Labour Party throughout the campaign. The Conservatives won 365 seats, their highest number and proportion since the1987 general election, and recorded their highest share of the popular vote since 1979; many of their gains were made in seats once considered previously safe for Labour, dubbed thered wall, which had voted strongly in favour of British withdrawal from the EU in the2016 European Union (EU) membership referendum. Labour won 202 seats, its fewest since the1935 general election.TheScottish National Party(SNP)",
"National Party(SNP) made a net gain of 13 seats with 45 per cent of the vote in Scotland, winning 48 of the 59 seats there.TheLiberal Democratsincreased their vote share to 11.6 per cent, but won only 11 seats, a net loss of one since the last election. The party's leader,Jo Swinson, lost her seat to the SNP, thus triggering the2020 party leadership election, which was won byEd Davey.The DUP won apluralityof seats in Northern Ireland. TheSocial Democratic and Labour Party(SDLP) and theAlliance Party of Northern Ireland(APNI) regained parliamentary representation as the DUP lost seats. The election result gave Johnson the mandate he sought from the electorate to formally implement thewithdrawal of the United Kingdomfrom theEuropean Union, and to complete the repeal of theEuropean Communities Act 1972on 31 January 2020.Jeremy Corbyn, Labour's leader at the election, resigned, triggering the2020 party leadership election, which was won by his shadow Brexit secretary,Keir Starmer.Jane Dodds, the Liberal",
"Dodds, the Liberal Democrats' leader in Wales, was also unseated inBrecon and Radnorshire.In Northern Ireland,Irish nationalistMPs outnumberedunionistsfor the first time, although the unionist popular vote remained higher at 43.1 per cent, and the sevenSinn FéinMPs did not take their seats due to their tradition ofabstentionism. Despite being elected with a landslide, Johnson went on to resign amid agovernment crisisin 2022, being followed byLiz Trussfor fifty daysand then byRishi Sunak, who went on to lead the Conservatives in thesubsequent election. Background Withdrawalof theUnited Kingdomfrom theEuropean Union In July 2016,Theresa Maywas electedPrime Ministerto succeedDavid Cameron, who had resigned following the 2016Brexit referendum. TheConservative Partyhad governed since the2010 general election, initially in coalition with theLiberal Democratsand then alone with a small majority following the2015 general election. In the2017 general election, May lost her majority but was able to resume office as a",
"resume office as a result of aconfidence and supplyagreement with Northern Ireland'sDemocratic Unionist Party(DUP), known as theConservative–DUP agreement. In the face of opposition from the DUP and Conservativebackbenchers, thesecond May ministrywas unable to pass itsBrexit withdrawal agreementby 29 March 2019, so some political commentators considered that an early general election was likely. The oppositionLabour Partycalled for a2019 vote of confidence in the May ministrybut the motion, held in January, failed.May resigned following her party's poor performance in the2019 European Parliament electionduring the first extension granted by the European Union for negotiations on the withdrawal agreement.Boris Johnsonwon the2019 Conservative leadership electionand became the prime minister on 24 July 2019. Along with attempting to revise the withdrawal agreement arranged by his predecessor's negotiations, Johnson made three attempts to hold a snap election under the process defined in theFixed-term",
"in theFixed-term Parliaments Act 2011,which required a two-thirdssupermajorityin order for an election to take place. All three attempts to call an election failed to gain support; Parliament insisted that Johnson \"take ano-deal Brexitoff the table first\" and secure a negotiated Withdrawal Agreement, expressed in particular by its enactment against his will of theEuropean Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019, often called the Benn Act, after Labour MPHilary Benn, who introduced the bill. After failing to pass a revised deal before the first extension's deadline of 31 October 2019, Johnson agreed to a second extension on negotiations with the European Union and finally secured a revised withdrawal agreement. Parliament agreed to an election through a motion proposed by the Liberal Democrats and theScottish National Party(SNP) on 28 October. TheEarly Parliamentary General Election Act 2019(EPGEA) was passed in theHouse of Commonsby 438 votes to 20; an attempt to pass an amendment by opposition parties for the",
"parties for the election to be held on 9 December failed by 315 votes to 295.TheHouse of Lordsfollowed suit on 30 October,withroyal assentmade the day after for the ratification of the EPGEA. Date of the election The deadline for candidate nominations was 14 November 2019,with political campaigning for four weeks until polling day on 12 December. On the day of the election, polling stations across the country were open from 7 am, and closed at 10 pm.The date chosen for the 2019 general election made it the first to be held in December since the1923 general election. Voting eligibility Individuals eligible to vote had to be registered to vote by midnight on 26 November.To be eligible to vote, individuals had to be aged 18 or over;residing as an Irish or Commonwealth citizen at an address in the United Kingdom,or be a British citizen overseas who registered to vote in the last 15 years;and not legally excluded (on grounds of detainment in prison, a mental hospital, or on the run from law enforcement),or",
"law enforcement),or disqualified from voting.Anyone who qualified as ananonymous electorhad until midnight on 6 December to register. Timetable Contesting political parties and candidates Most candidates are representatives of apolitical party, which must be registered with the Electoral Commission's Register. Those who do not belong to one must use the labelIndependentor none. In the 2019 election 3,415 candidates stood: 206 being independents, the rest representing one of 68 political parties. Campaign Campaign background The Conservative Party and Labour Party have been the two biggest political parties, and have supplied every Prime Minister since the1922 general election. The Conservative Party have governed since the 2010 election, in coalition with the Liberal Democrats from 2010 to 2015. At the 2015 general election, the Conservative Party committed to offering a referendum on whether the United Kingdom should leave theEuropean Union(EU) and won a majority in that election. A referendum was held in",
"was held in June 2016, and the Leave campaign won by 51.9% to 48.1%. United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Unioncame in March 2017, andTheresa Maytriggered asnap electionin 2017, in order to demonstrate support for her planned negotiation of Brexit. Instead, the Conservative Party lost seats. They won a plurality of MPs but not a majority, and the result was ahung parliament. They formed aminority government, with theDemocratic Unionist Party(DUP) as theirconfidence and supplypartner. Neither May nor her successorBoris Johnson, the winner of the2019 Conservative leadership election,was able to secure parliamentary support either for a deal on the terms of the country's exit from the EU, or for exiting the EU without an agreed deal. Johnson later succeeded in bringing his withdrawal agreement to a second reading in Parliament, following another extension until January 2020. After Johnson's 2019 win, a new Withdrawal Agreement Bill was introduced in 2020. Compared to its 2019",
"to its 2019 October predecessor, this bill offered, in the words of political scientistMeg Russell, \"significantly weaker parliamentary oversight of Brexit ... giving parliament no formal role in agreeing the future relationship negotiating objectives, and a diminished role in approving any resulting treaty.\" During the lifespan of the 2017 Parliament, twenty MPs resigned from their parties, mostly due to disputes with their party leaderships; some formed new parties and alliances. In February 2019, eight Labour and three Conservative MPs left their parties to sit together asThe Independent Group.Having undergone a split and two name changes, at dissolution, this group numbered five MPs who sat as the registered party The Independent Group for Change under the leadership ofAnna Soubry. Two MPs sat in a group calledThe Independents, which at its peak had five members. One MP created theBirkenhead Social Justice Party, while a further 20 MPs who began as Labour or Conservative ended Parliament as unaffiliated",
"as unaffiliated independents. Seven MPs, from both the Conservatives and Labour, joined the Liberal Democrats during Parliament, in combination with a gain after the2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election. By the time Parliament was dissolved, the Liberal Democrats had raised their number from 12 at the election to 20 at dissolution. One reason for the defections from the Labour Party was the ongoing row over allegedantisemitism in the Labour Party. Labour entered the election campaign while under investigation by theEquality and Human Rights Commission.TheJewish Labour Movementdeclared that it would not generally campaign for Labour.The Conservative Party was also criticised for not doing enough to tackle the allegedIslamophobia in the Conservative Party.The Conservatives ended the previous parliamentary period with fewer seats than they had started with because of defections and also saw the2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPsfor going against the party line by voting to prevent ano-deal Brexit.Of the",
"Brexit.Of the 21 expelled, 10 were subsequently reinstated, while the others continued as independents. Policy positions Brexit The major parties had a wide variety of stances on Brexit. The Conservative Party supported leaving under the terms of the withdrawal agreement as negotiated by Johnson (amending May's previous agreement), and this agreement formed a central part of the Conservative campaign via the slogan \"Get Brexit Done\".TheBrexit Partywas in favour of a no-deal Brexit, with its leaderNigel Faragecalling for Johnson to drop the deal. The Conservative manifesto read \"If we elect a majority of Conservative MPs to Parliament, we will start putting our deal through Parliament before Christmas and we will leave the European Union in January\" which ultimately happened. The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement, towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU, and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the",
"of remaining in the EU.The Labour Party's campaigning stance in that referendum would be decided at a special conference.In aQuestion Timespecial featuring four party leaders, Labour leaderJeremy Corbynsaid that he would stay neutral in the referendum campaign. TheLiberal Democrats,Scottish National Party,Plaid Cymru,The Independent Group for Change, and theGreen Party of England and Waleswere all opposed to Brexit, and proposed that a further referendum be held with the option, for which they would campaign, to remain in the EU.The Liberal Democrats originally pledged that if they formed amajority government, which was considered a highly unlikely outcome by observers,they would revoke the Article 50 notification immediately and cancel Brexit.Part-way through the campaign, the Liberal Democrats dropped the policy of revoking Article 50 after the party realised it was not going to win a majority in the election. TheDemocratic Unionist Partywas in favour of a withdrawal agreement in principle but opposed the",
"but opposed the deals negotiated by both May and Johnson, believing that they created too great a divide between Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom.Sinn Féin, theSocial Democratic and Labour Party, theUlster Unionist Party(UUP),and theAlliance Party of Northern Irelandall favoured remaining in the EU. The UUP did not see a second referendum as a necessary route to achieving this goal. The environment The Labour Party promised what they described as a green industrial revolution. This included support for renewable energies and a promise to plant 2 billion trees by 2040. The party also promised to transition to electrify the United Kingdom's bus fleet by 2030.The Liberal Democrats promised to put the environment at the heart of their agenda with a promise to plant 60 million trees a year. They promised to significantly reduce carbon emissions by 2030 and hit zero carbon emissions by 2045. By 2030, they planned to generate 80% of the country's energy needs from renewable energies such as solar",
"such as solar power and wind and retrofit 26 million homes with insulation by 2030. They also promised to build more environmentally friendly homes and to establish a new Department for the Climate Crisis. The Conservatives pledged net zero emissions by 2050 with investment in clean energy solutions and green infrastructure to reduce carbon emissions and pollution. They also pledged to plant 30 million trees and boost wind and solar energy. Tax and spending commitments In September 2019, the Conservative government performed a spending review, where they announced plans to increase public spending by £13.8 billion a year, and reaffirmed plans to spend another £33.9 billion a year on theNational Health Service(NHS) by 2023. ChancellorSajid Javidsaid the government had turned the page on 10 years ofausterity in the United Kingdom. During the election, the parties produced manifestos that outlined spending in addition to that already planned. TheConservative Party manifestowas described as having \"little in the",
"\"little in the way of changes to tax\" by theInstitute for Fiscal Studies(IFS). The decision to keep the rate of corporation tax at 19%, and not reduce it to 17% as planned, was expected to raise £6 billion a year. The plan to increase the national insurance threshold for employees and self-employed to £9,500 would cost £2 billion a year.They committed to not raise rates of income tax,National Insurance, orVAT. There were increased spending commitments of £3 billion current spending and £8 billion investment spending. Overall, this would have led to the country's debt as a percentage of GDP remaining stable. The IFS assessed that it would rise in the event of a no-deal Brexit.TheLabour Party manifestoplanned to raise an extra £78 billion a year from taxes over the course of Parliament, with sources including: In addition, Labour was to obtain income from the Inclusive Ownership Fund, windfall tax on oil companies, and some smaller tax changes. There were increased spending commitments of £98 billion current",
"£98 billion current spending and £55 billion investment spending. Overall, this would have led to the national debt as a percentage of GDP rising.Labour'sJohn McDonnellsaid borrowing would only be for investment and one-offs (e.g. compensatingWASPIwomen, not shown above), and not for day-to-day spending. The Liberal Democrats manifesto planned to raise an extra £36 billion per year from taxes over the course of Parliament, with sources including: There were increased commitments of £37 billion current spending and £26 billion investment spending, which would overall lead to the debt as a percentage of GDP falling, partly due to improved economic conditions which would result from staying in the EU. Institute for Fiscal Studies analysis TheInstitute of Fiscal Studies(IFS), an influential research body, released on 28 November its in-depth analysis of themanifestosof the three main national political parties.The analysis provided a summary of the financial promises made by each party and an inspection of the",
"inspection of the accuracy of claims around government income and expenditure.The IFS reported that neither the Conservatives nor the Labour Party had published a \"properly credible prospectus\". Its analysis of the Conservative manifesto concluded there was \"essentially nothing new in the manifesto\", that there was \"little in the way of changes to tax, spending, welfare or anything else\", and that they had already promised increased spending for health and education whilst in government. The Labour manifesto was described as introducing \"enormous economic and social change\", and increasing the role of the state to be bigger than anything in the last 40 years. The IFS highlighted a raft of changes in including free childcare, university, personal care, and prescriptions, as well as nationalisations, labour market regulations, increases in the minimum wage, and enforcing \"effective ownership of 10% of large companies from current owners to a combination of employees and government\". The IFS said that Labour's",
"said that Labour's vision \"is of a state not so dissimilar to those seen in many other successful Western European economies\", and presumed that the manifesto should be seen as \"a long-term prospectus for change rather than a realistic deliverable plan for a five-year parliament\".They said that the Liberal Democrats manifesto was not as radical as the Labour manifesto but was a \"decisive move away from the policies of the past decade\". The Conservative manifesto was criticised for a commitment not to raise rates of income tax, National Insurance, or VAT, as this put a significant constraint on reactions to events that might affect government finances. One such event could be the \"die in a ditch\" promise to terminate the Brexit transition period by the end of 2020, which risked harming the economy.The IFS also stated that it is \"highly likely\" spending under a Conservative government would be higher than in that party's manifesto, partly due to a number of uncosted commitments.Outside of commitments to the",
"commitments to the NHS, the proposals would leave public service spending 14% lower in 2023–2024 than it was in 2010–2011, which the IFS described as \"no more austerity perhaps, but an awful lot of it baked in\". The IFS stated it had \"serious doubt\" that tax rises proposed would raise the amount Labour suggested, and said that they would need to introduce more broad based tax increases. They assessed that the public sector does not have the capacity to increase investment spending as Labour would want. The IFS further assessed the claim that tax rises would only hit the top 5% of earners as \"certainly progressive\" but \"clearly not true\", with those under that threshold impacted by changes to the marriage allowance, taxes on dividends, or capital gains, and lower wages or higher prices that might be passed on from corporation tax changes. Some of Labour's proposals were described as \"huge and complex undertakings\", where significant care is required in implementation. The IFS was particularly critical of the",
"critical of the policy to compensate the WASPI women, announced after the manifesto, which was a £58bn promise to women who are \"relatively well off on average\" and would result in public finances going off target.They said that Labour's manifesto would not increase UK public spending as a share of national income above Germany.They found that Labour's plan to spend and invest would boost economic growth but that the impact of tax rises, government regulation, nationalisations, and the inclusive ownership fund could reduce growth, meaning the overall impact of Labour's plan on growth was uncertain. The IFS described the plans of the Liberal Democrats as a radicaltax and spendpackage, and said that the proposals would require lower borrowing than Conservative or Labour plans. The report said they were the only party whose proposals would put debt \"on a decisively downward path\", praising their plan to put 1p on income tax to go to the NHS as \"simple, progressive and would raise a secure level of revenue\". The",
"of revenue\". The IFS also said plans to \"virtually quintuple\" current spending levels on universal free childcare amounted to \"creating a whole new leg of the universal welfare state\".The IFS said that the SNP's manifesto was not costed. Their proposals on spending increases and tax cuts would mean the government would have to borrow to cover day-to-day spending. They concluded that the SNP's plans for Scottish independence would likely require increased austerity. Other issues The Conservatives proposed increasing spending on public services, including the NHS and education.They also proposed increased funding for childcare and on the environment. They proposed more funding for care services and to work with other parties on reforming how care is delivered. They wished to maintain the triple lock on pensions. They proposed investing in local infrastructure, including rail, bus, cycle, and electric cars. They pledged to build a high speed new rail line between Leeds and Manchester. Labour proposed",
"Labour proposed significantly increasing government spending to 45% of national output, which would be high compared to most of British history.This was to pay for an increased NHS budget; stopping state pension age rises; introducing a National Care Service providing free personal care; move to a net-zero carbon economy by the 2030s; nationalising key industries; scrappingUniversal Credit; free bus travel for under-25s; building 100,000 council houses per year; and other proposals. Within this, the Labour Party proposed to take rail-operating companies, energy supply networks,Royal Mail, sewerage infrastructure, and England's private water companies back intopublic ownership. Labour proposednationalisingpart of theBT Groupand to provide freebroadbandto everyone,along withfree educationfor six years during each person's adult life.Over a decade, Labour planned to reduce the average full-time weekly working hours to 32, with resulting productivity increases facilitating no loss of pay.Labour's spending plans",
"spending plans were endorsed by more than 160economistsandacademicsand characterised as a \"serious programme\" to deal with internal problems. The main priority of the Liberal Democrats was opposing Brexit. Other policies included increased spending on the NHS; free childcare for two-to-four-year-olds; recruiting 20,000 more teachers; generating 80% of electricity from renewable sources by 2030; freezing train fares; and legalising cannabis.The Brexit Party was also focused on Brexit. It opposed privatising the NHS. It sought to reduce immigration, cutting net migration to 50,000 per year; cutting VAT on domestic fuel; banning the exporting of waste; free broadband in deprived regions; scrapping the BBC licence fee; and abolishing inheritance tax, interest on student loans, andHigh Speed 2. It also wanted to move to a United States-stylesupreme court. The policies of the SNP included a second referendum on Scottish independence to be held in 2020, as well as one on Brexit, removing theTrident nuclear",
"theTrident nuclear deterrent, anddevolutionacross issues like as employment law, drug policy, and migration.The Liberal Democrats, the Greens, the SNP, and Labour all supported a ban onfracking in the United Kingdom, whilst the Conservatives proposed approving fracking on a case-by-case basis. Party positions in the event of a hung parliament The Conservatives and Labour insisted they were on course for outright majorities, while smaller parties were quizzed about what they would do in the event of a hung parliament. The Liberal Democrats said that they would not actively support Johnson or Corbyn becoming Prime Minister but that they could, if an alternative could not be achieved, abstain on votes allowing a minority government to form if there was support for a second referendum on Brexit.The SNP ruled out either supporting the Conservatives or a coalition with Labour but spoke about a looser form of support, such as aconfidence and supplyarrangement with the latter, if they supported a second referendum",
"a second referendum onScottish independence. The DUP previously supported the Conservative government but withdrew that support given their opposition to Johnson's proposed Brexit deal. It said that it would never support Corbyn as prime minister but could work with Labour if that party were led by someone else. Labour's position on a hung parliament was that it would do no deals with any other party, citing Corbyn to say: \"We are out here to win it.\" At the same time, it was prepared to adopt key policies proposed by the SNP and Liberal Democrats to woo them into supporting a minority government.The UUP said they would never support Corbyn as prime minister, with their leaderSteve Aikenalso saying that he \"can't really see\" any situation in which they would support a Conservative government either. Their focus would be on remaining in the EU. Tactical voting Under thefirst-past-the-postelectoral system, there is often concern, especially inmarginal seats, that if voters of similar ideological leanings are",
"leanings are split between multiple different parties they may allow a victory for a candidate with significantly different views.In the early stages of the campaign, there was considerable discussion oftactical voting, generally in the context of support or opposition to Brexit, and whether parties would stand in all seats or not. There were various electoral pacts and unilateral decisions. The Brexit Party chose not to stand against sitting Conservative candidates but stood in most other constituencies. The Brexit Party alleged that pressure was put on its candidates by the Conservatives to withdraw, including the offer of peerages, which would be illegal. This was denied by the Conservative Party.Under the banner ofUnite to Remain, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru, and the Green Party of England and Wales agreed an electoral pact in some seats; some commentators criticised the Liberal Democrats for not standing down in some Labour seats. A number of tactical voting websites were set up in an attempt to",
"up in an attempt to help voters choose the candidate in their constituency who would be best placed to beat the Conservative one.The websites did not always give the same advice, whichMichael Savage, political editor ofThe Guardian, said had the potential to confuse voters.One of the websites, named GetVoting.org and set up byBest for Britain, was accused of giving bogus advice in Labour/Conservative marginal seats.The website, which had links to the Liberal Democrats,was criticised for advising pro-Remain voters to back the Liberal Democrats, when doing so risked pulling voters away from Labour candidates and enabling the Conservative candidate to gain most votes. The website changed their controversial recommendation inKensingtonto Labour, which had won it in 2017 by 20 votes,and lined up with Tacticalvote.co.uk in this seat. Describing itself as a progressive grassroots campaign not affiliated with any political party, Tacticalvote.co.uk was previously known as Tactical2017.Gina Miller's Remain United and",
"Remain United and People's Vote kept their recommendation for the Liberal Democrats. This caused a lot of confusion around tactical voting,as it was reported that the sites did not match one another's advice. Further into the election period, tactical voting websites that relied onmultilevel regression with poststratification, such as Best for Britain, People's Vote, Remain United,andSurvation,changed their recommendations on other seats because of new data.The effectiveness of their tactical voting has also been questioned,and the loss of Kensington, which was a Labour gain in 2017, was blamed by Labour MPs on Liberal Democrats for splitting the vote. In the final weekend before voting,The Guardiancited a poll suggesting that the Conservative Party held a 15% lead over Labour;on the same day, the Conservative-backingDaily Telegraphemphasised a poll indicating a lower 8% lead.Senior opposition politicians from Labour, the Liberal Democrats, and the SNP launched a late-stage appeal to anti-Conservative voters",
"voters to consider switching allegiance in the general election, amid signs that tactical voting in a relatively small number of marginal seats could deprive Johnson of a majority in parliament. Shortly before the election,The Observernewspaper recommended Remainers tactically vote for 50 Labour, Liberal Democrats, SNP, and independent candidates across Great Britain;of these, 13 triumphed, 9 of which were SNP gains in Scotland (in line with a broader trend of relative success for the party), along with four in England divided equally between Labour and the Liberal Democrats. The pollster responsible argued in the aftermath that the unpopularity of the Labour leadership limited the effectiveness of tactical voting.Other research suggested it would have taken 78% of people voting tactically to prevent a Conservative majority completely, and it would not have been possible to deliver a Labour majority. Canvassing and leafleting Predictions of an overall Conservative majority were based on their targeting of",
"their targeting of primarily Labour-held, Brexit-backing seats in theMidlandsand the north of England.At the start of the election period, Labour-supporting organisationMomentumheld what was described as \"the largest mobilising call in UK history\", involving more than 2,000 canvassers.The organisation challenged Labour supporters to devote a week or more to campaigning full-time; by 4 December, 1,400 people had signed up. Momentum also developed an app called My Campaign Map that updated members about where they could be more effective, particularly in canvassing in marginal constituencies. Over one weekend during the campaign period, 700 Labour supporters campaigned inIain Duncan Smith's constituency,Chingford and Woodford Green, which was regarded as a marginal, with a majority of 2,438 votes at the 2017 general election. The Liberal Democrats were considered possible winners of a number of Conservative-held southern English constituencies; a large swing was postulated that might even toppleDominic",
"even toppleDominic RaabinEsher and Walton.At the beginning of the 2019 campaign, they had been accused of attempting to mislead voters by using selectiveopinion pollingdata,and use of a quotation attributed toThe Guardianrather than to their leaderJo Swinson.They were also accused of making campaign leaflets look like newspapers, although this practice had been used by all major British political parties for many years, including by Labour and the Conservatives during this election. The Liberal Democrats won a court case stopping the SNP from distributing a \"potentially defamatory\" leaflet in Swinson's constituency over false claims about funding she had received.Two Labour Party campaigners, both in their seventies, were verbally abused and physically assaulted in separate attacks on the weekend of 23–24 November. One attack occurred inBromyard,Herefordshire, and the other inRotherham,South Yorkshire. Party officials in Bromyard, where Labour campaigners experiencedred-baitingand had been called",
"had been called \"Marxists\",decided that activists should only canvass in pairs. Online campaigning The use ofsocial media advertisingwas seen as particularly useful to political parties as it could be used to target people of particular demographics.Labour was reported to have the most interactions, withThe Timesdescribing Labour's \"aggressive, anti-establishment messages\" as \"beating clever Tory memes\". In the first week of November, Labour was reported to have four of the five most likedtweetsby political parties, many of the top interactions ofFacebookposts, as well as doing very well onInstagram, where younger voters are particularly active.Bloomberg Newsreported that between 6 and 21 November the views on Twitter/Facebook were 18.7/31.0 million for Labour, 10/15.5 million for the Conservatives, 2.9/2.0 million for the Brexit Party, and 0.4/1.4 million for the Liberal Democrats. Brexit was the most tweeted topic for the Conservative Party (~45% of tweets), the Liberal Democrats, and the Brexit Party",
"the Brexit Party (~40% each). Labour focused on health care (24.1%), the environment, and business, mentioning Brexit in less than 5 per cent of its tweets.Devolution was the topic most tweeted about by the SNP (29.8%) and Plaid Cymru (21.4%), and the environment was the top issue for the Green Party (45.9%) on Twitter. The Conservatives were unique in their focus on taxation (16.2%), and the Brexit Party on defence (14%). Prior to the campaign, the Conservatives contracted New Zealand marketing agency Topham Guerin, which had been credited with helping Australia'sLiberal–National Coalitionunexpectedly win the2019 Australian federal election. The agency's social media approach was described as purposefully posting badly-designed social media material that becomes viral and so would be seen by a wider audience.Some of the Conservative social media activity created headlines challenging whether it was deceptive,including by the BBC,amiddisinformationconcerns.This included editing a clip ofKeir Starmerto give",
"Starmerto give the appearance that he was unable to answer a question about Labour's Brexit policy.In response to criticism over the doctored Starmer footage, Conservative Party chairmanJames Cleverlysaid the clip of Starmer was satire and \"obviously edited\". Veracity of statements by political parties During the 19 November debate between Johnson and Corbyn hosted byITV, the press office of theConservative Campaign Headquarters(CCHQ) re-branded their Twitter account (@CCHQPress) asfactcheckUK(with \"from CCHQ\" in small text appearing underneath the logo in the account's banner image), which critics suggested could be mistaken for that of an independentfact-checkingbody, and published posts supporting the Conservative's position.In defence, Conservative chairman Cleverly stated: \"The Twitter handle of the CCHQ press office remained CCHQPress, so it's clear the nature of the site\", and as \"calling out when the Labour Party put what they know to be complete fabrications in the public domain.\" In response to the",
"In response to the re-branding on Twitter, theElectoral Commission, which does not have a role in regulating election campaign content, called on all campaigners to act \"responsibly\".Fact-checking bodyFull Factcriticised this behaviour as \"inappropriate and misleading\", and Twitter stated that it would take \"decisive corrective action\" if there were \"further attempts to mislead people\". First Draft Newsreleased an analysis of Facebook ads posted by political parties between 1 and 4 December. The analysis reported that 88% of the 6,749 posts the Conservatives made had been \"challenged\" by fact checker Full Fact. 5,000 of these ads related to a \"40 new hospitals\" claim, of which Full Fact concluded only six had been costed, with the others only receiving money for planning, with building uncosted and due to occur after 2025. 4,000 featured inaccurate claims about the cost of Labour's spending plans to the tax payer. 500 related to a \"50,000 more nurses\" pledge, consisting of 31,500 new nurses, and convincing",
"and convincing 18,500 nurses already in post to remain. 16.5% of Liberal Democrats posts were highlighted, which related to claims they are the only party to beat Labour, the Conservatives, or the SNP \"in seats like yours\".None of the posts made by Labour in the period were challenged, although posts made on 10 December stating that a \"Labour government would save households thousands in bills\" and the Conservative Party had \"cut £8bn from social care\" since 2010 were flagged as misleading.According to theBBC, Labour supporters had been more likely to share unpaid-for electioneering posts, some of which included misleading claims. Television debates ITV aired a head-to-head election debate between Johnson and Corbyn on 19 November, hosted byJulie Etchingham.ITV Cymru Walesaired a debate featuring representatives from the Conservatives, Labour, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru, and the Brexit Party on 17 November, hosted byAdrian Masters.Johnson cancelled his ITV interview with Etchingham, scheduled for 6",
"scheduled for 6 December, whilst the other major party leaders agreed to be interviewed. On the BBC, broadcasterAndrew Neilwas due to separately interview party leaders inThe Andrew Neil Interviews, andBBC Northern IrelandjournalistMark Carruthersto separately interview the five main Northern Irish political leaders.The leaders of the SNP, Labour, Plaid Cymru, the Liberal Democrats, and the Brexit Party were all interviewed by Neil and the leader of the Conservative Party was not,leading Neil to release a challenge to Johnson to be interviewed.The Conservatives dismissed Neil's challenge.BBC Scotland,BBC Cymru Wales, and BBC Northern Ireland also hosted a variety of regional debates. Channel 4cancelled a debate scheduled for 24 November after Johnson would not agree to a head-to-head with Corbyn.A few days later, the network hosted a leaders' debate focused on the climate. Johnson and Farage did not attend and were replaced on stage by ice sculptures with their party names written on them.The Conservatives",
"Conservatives alleged this was part of a pattern of bias at the channel, complained toOfcomthat Channel 4 had breached due impartiality rules as a result of their refusal to allowMichael Goveto appear as a substitute,and suggested that they might review the channel's broadcasting licence.In response, the Conservatives, as well as the Brexit Party, did not send a representative to Channel 4's \"Everything but Brexit\" on 8 December,and Conservative ministers were briefed not to appear onChannel 4 News.Ofcom rejected the Conservatives' complaint on 3 December. Sky Newswas due to hold a three-way election debate on 28 November, inviting Johnson, Corbyn, and Swinson.Swinson confirmed she would attend the debate,which was later cancelled after agreements could not be made with Corbyn or Johnson. Campaign events Before candidate nominations closed, several planned candidates for Labour and for the Conservatives withdrew, principally because of past social media activity. At least three Labour candidates and one",
"candidates and one Conservative candidate stood down, with two of the Labour candidates doing so following allegedly antisemitic remarks.Two other Conservative candidates were suspended from the Conservative Party over antisemitic social media posts, but retained their candidacy for the party.The Liberal Democrats removed one of its candidates over antisemitic social media posts, and defended two others. Several former Labour MPs critical of Corbyn endorsed the Conservatives.Meanwhile, several former Conservative MPs, including former deputy prime ministerMichael Heseltine, endorsed the Liberal Democrats and independent candidates.A week before election day, former Conservative prime ministerJohn Majorwarned the public against enabling a majority Conservative government, to avoid what he saw as the damage a Johnson-led government could do to the country through Brexit. Major encouraged voters to vote tactically and to back former Conservative candidates instead of those put forward by the Conservative Party.",
"Conservative Party. The2019–20 United Kingdom floodsstarted hitting parts of England from 7 to 18 November. Johnson was criticised for what some saw as his late response to the flooding,after he said they were not a national emergency.The Conservatives bannedDaily Mirrorreporters from Johnson'scampaign bus.On 27 November, Labour announced it had obtained leaked government documents; they said these showed that the Conservatives were in trade negotiations with the US over the NHS. The Conservatives said Labour was peddling \"conspiracy theories\",withDominic Raablater suggesting this was evidence of Russian interference in the election.The election also saw the2019 London Bridge stabbing, a terrorist stabbing attack that occurred in London on 29 November; owing to this, the political parties suspended campaigning in London for a time. The2019 London summitofNATOwas held inWatfordon 3–4 December 2019. It was attended by 29 heads of state and heads of government, including then United States presidentDonald",
"presidentDonald Trump.On 6 December, Labour announced it had obtained leaked government documents that they said showed that Johnson had misled the public about the Conservatives' Brexit deal with the EU, specifically regarding customs checks between Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which are part of theGood Friday Agreementand that Johnson had said would not exist. Third-party campaigns In February 2021, an investigation byopenDemocracyfound that third-party campaign groups \"pushed anti-Labour attack ads to millions of voters ahead of the 2019 general election spent more than £700,000 without declaring any individual donation\".These included Capitalist Worker and Campaign Against Corbynism, both of which were set up less than three months before the election and quickly disappeared thereafter.A further investigation, also reported by theDaily Mirror, found that a group run by Conservative activist Jennifer Powers had spent around £65,000 on dozens of advertisements attacking Corbyn and Labour on housing",
"Labour on housing policy without declaring any donations. During the campaign,ihad reported that Powers was \"a corporate lobbyist who is a former employee of the Conservative Party\" and that her group had been one of \"16 registrations completed since 5 November\".Meanwhile,openDemocracyreported on the new phenomenon of United States-style,Super PAC-esque groups in British elections.Adam Ramsay, who wrote the article, contacted Powers and got her to admit to being an associate at the trade consultancy firm Competere, which was set up by lobbyistShanker Singham, who works for the neoliberal think tank, theInstitute for Economic Affairs.Powers' group \"Right to Rent, Right to Buy, Right to Own\" made claims that Labour wanted to \"attack property rights in the UK\" and \"your mortgage will be harder to pay under Labour\". Additionally,openDemocracyreported that, during the election campaign, the pro-Labour groupMomentumspent more than £500,000, the European Movement for the United Kingdom spent almost £300,000 and the",
"£300,000 and the anti-Brexit groupsLed By DonkeysandBest for Britainspent £458,237 and more than one million pounds respectively.Following these reports, former Liberal Democrats MPTom Brake, who lost his seat in the election and was now director of the pressure groupUnlock Democracy, wrote to theElectoral Commission, urging them to investigate.These calls were echoed byJohn McDonnell, Labour MP and former Shadow Chancellor, who insisted that \"a serious and in-depth inquiry into third-party campaigning\" was needed. Religious groups' opinions on the parties Ethnic minority and religious leaders and organisations made statements about the general election. Leaders of theChurch of Englandstated people had a \"democratic duty to vote\", that they should \"leave their echo chambers\", and \"issues need to be debated respectfully, and without resorting to personal abuse\". Antisemitism in the Labour Partywas persistently covered in the media in the lead up to the election. In his leader's interview with Jeremy",
"with Jeremy Corbyn,Andrew Neildedicated the first third of the 30-minute programme entirely to discussion of Labour's relationship with the Jewish community.This interview drew attention as Corbyn refused to apologise for antisemitism in the Labour Party, despite having done so on previous occasions.The British chief rabbiEphraim Mirvismade an unprecedented intervention in politics, warning that antisemitism was a \"poison sanctioned from the top\" of the Labour Party, and saying thatBritish Jewswere gripped by anxiety about the prospect of a Corbyn-led government.Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, theMuslim Council of Britainand theHindu Council UKsupported Mirvis's intervention, if not entirely endorsing it.TheJewish Labour Movementsaid they would not be actively campaigning for Labour except for exceptional candidates.The pro-CorbynMorning Starreported thatJewish Voice for Labourand theJewish Socialist Groupsaid that Mirvis did not represent all Jews, with some people within the religious groups",
"religious groups being keen to express that no one person or organisation represents the views of all the members of the faith. TheCatholic Church in the United Kingdomurged voters to respect theright to life, opposingabortion,euthanasia, andassisted suicide, along with a peaceful solution to Brexit, support the poor, care for the homeless, and attention tohuman rights.TheMuslim Council of Britain(MCB) spokesman stated thatIslamophobia\"is particularly acute in the Conservative Party\" and that Conservatives treat it \"with denial, dismissal and deceit\".In addition they released a 72-page document, outlining what they assess are the key issues from aBritish Muslimperspective. The MCB specifically criticised those who \"seek to stigmatise and undermine Muslims\"; for example, by implying that Pakistanis (\"often used as a proxy for Muslims\") vote \"en bloc as directed byImams\".TheSunday Mirrorstated that many of the candidates campaigning for the Brexit Party were Islamophobic. The Times of Indiareported that",
"Indiareported that supporters ofNarendra Modi's rulingBharatiya Janata Party(BJP) were actively campaigning for the Conservatives in 48 marginal seats,and theTodayprogramme reported that it had seenWhatsAppmessages sent to Hindus across the country urging them to vote Conservative.Some British Indians spoke out against what they saw as the BJP's meddling in the election.TheHindu Council UKwas strongly critical of Labour, going as far as to say that Labour is \"anti-Hindu\",and objected to the party's condemnation of the Indian government's actions resulting in therevocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.Labour's perceived introduction of aparachute candidateintoLeicester Eastdisappointed many with Indian heritage;specifically, no candidates of Indian descent were interviewed. The party selected or re-selected one candidate of Indian descent among its 39 safest seats. Endorsements Newspapers, organisations, and individuals had endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election. Media",
"the election. Media coverage Party representation According toLoughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture (CRCC), media coverage of the first week of the campaign was dominated by the Conservatives and Labour, with the leaders of both parties being the most represented campaigners (Johnson with 20.8%; Corbyn with 18.8%).Due to this, the election coverage was characterised as increasingly 'presidential' as smaller parties have been marginalised. In television coverage,Boris Johnsonhad a particularly high-profile (30.4% against Corbyn's 22.6%). Labour (32%) and the Conservative Party (33%) received about a third of TV coverage each. In newspapers, Labour received two-fifths (40%) of the coverage and the Conservatives 35%. Spokespeople from both parties were quoted near equally, with Conservative sources being the most prominent in both press and TV coverage in terms of frequency of appearance.Sajid JavidandJohn McDonnellfeatured prominently during the first week because",
"first week because theeconomy of the United Kingdomwas a top story for the media. McDonnell had more coverage than Javid on both TV and in print. A large proportion of the newspaper coverage of Labour was negative.Writing in theBritish Journalism Review, James Hanning said that, when reporting and commenting on Johnson, Conservative supporting newspapers made little mention of \"a track record that would have sunk any other politician\".In theLoughboroughanalysis, during the first week of the campaign, for example, the Conservatives had a positive press coverage score of +29.7, making them the only party to receive a positive overall presentation in the press. Meanwhile, Labour, meanwhile had a negative score of −70, followed by the Brexit Party on −19.7 and the Liberal Democrats on −10.Over the whole campaign, press hostility towards Labour had doubled compared with during the 2017 election, and negative coverage of the Conservatives halved. The Liberal Democrats were the party with the most TV coverage in",
"most TV coverage in the first week after Labour and the Conservatives, with an eighth of all reporting (13%). In newspapers, they received less coverage than the Brexit Party, whose leaderNigel Faragereceived nearly as much coverage (12.3%) as Johnson and Corbyn (17.4% each). Most of this coverage regarded the Brexit Party's proposed electoral pact with the Conservatives.The Brexit Party (7%) and the SNP (5%) were fourth and fifth in terms of TV coverage, respectively. Dominant issues As during the 2017 election and in line for British elections, the electoral process was the most covered media topic for this election at 31% of all coverage.Brexit was the most prominent policy issue on both TV (18%) and in the press (11%), followed by the economy, and health (8% and 7% of all coverage, respectively).There was little focused analysis of what the implementation of Brexit policies might mean, which contrasted with the more detailed analysis often undertaken of other manifesto commitments, such as those on the",
"as those on the economy. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland's place within the United Kingdom received some prominence on TV but little coverage in the press.\"Standards/scandals\" and \"Minorities/religion\" received relatively significant discussion in large part relating to allegations ofantisemitism in the Labour partyand in the prior case an incident when Johnson was accused of reacting unsympathetically to an image of an ill child without a bed in hospital.Coverage of immigration and border controls fell overall from to 2017, while focus on environmental issues slightly increased. Gender balance Of the 20 most prominent spokespeople in media coverage of the first week of the election period, five were women, withNicola Sturgeon, the SNP leader andfirst minister of Scotland, in seventh place, the most featured.Women including citizens, experts, pollsters, businesspeople, trade union representatives, and the like featured in 23.9% of coverage and men in 76.1%. Men spoke three times as much as women in TV",
"much as women in TV coverage, and five times as much in newspaper coverage. Members of Parliament not standing for re-election 74members of Parliament(MPs) who held seats at the end of Parliament did not stand for re-election. Of these, 32 were Conservative MPs, 20 were Labour, 3 were Liberal Democrats, and 16 were independents. The number of MPs retiring was higher than the 2017 general election, when 31 stood down. Opinion polling The chart below depicts the results of opinion polls, mostly only of voters in Great Britain, conducted from the 2017 general election until the election. The line plotted is the average of the last 15 polls and the larger circles at the end represent the actual results of the election. The graph shows that the Conservatives and Labour polled to similar levels from mid-2017 to mid-2019. Following Johnson's election in July, the Conservatives established a clear lead over Labour, and simultaneously support for the Brexit Party declined from its peak in summer 2019. The Spreadex",
"2019. The Spreadex columns below cover bets on the number of seats each party would win, with the midpoint between asking and selling price. Predictions three weeks before the vote The first-past-the-post system used in the United Kingdom general elections means that the number of seats won is not directly related to vote share. Thus, several approaches are used to convert polling data and other information into seat predictions. The table below lists some of the predictions. Predictions two weeks before the vote Note: Elections Etc. does not add up to 650 seats due to rounding, the speaker is shown under \"Others\" and not \"Labour\", and majority figures assume all elected members take up their seats. Predictions one week before the vote Below are listed predictions based upon polls. as of 5 December 2019 Note: Elections Etc. does not add up to 650 seats due to rounding, the speaker is shown under \"Others\" and not \"Labour\", and majority figures assume all elected members take up their seats. Below are listed",
"Below are listed predictions based upon betting odds, assuming the favourite wins in each constituency. Note: The speaker is shown under \"Others\" and not \"Labour\", and majority figures assume all elected members take up their seats. Final predictions as of 11 December 2019 Exit poll Anexit pollconducted byIpsos MORIfor theBBC,ITV, andSky Newswas published at the end of voting at 10 pm, predicting the number of seats for each party. Results The Conservative Party won, securing 365 seats out of 650, giving them an overall majority of 80 seats in the House of Commons. They gained seats in several Labour Party strongholds in Northern England that had been held by the party for decades and which had formed thered wall; for instance, the constituency ofBishop Auckland, which elected a Conservative MP for the first time in its 134-year history. This marked a fourth consecutive general election defeat for the Labour Party. In the worst result for the party in 84 years,despite a better vote share than other losses as",
"other losses as in 1931, 1983, 1987, and 2010, Labour won 202 seats, which was the lowest number since 1935 and a loss of 60 compared to the previous election. The Liberal Democrats won 11 seats, down 1, despite significantly increasing their share of the popular vote.Ed Davey, formerCameron–Clegg coalitioncabinet minister and MP forKingston and Surbiton, was the winner of the2020 Liberal Democrats leadership election. This came afterJo Swinsonlost her seat toAmy Callaghanof the SNP by 150 votes and was disqualified from continuing as leader of the party. Swinson also became the first party leader to lose their seat since Liberal Party leaderArchibald Sinclairin 1945. While the Conservatives gained support in England and Wales, they lost support in Scotland in the face of a major SNP advance. The Conservatives won in England, advancing by 1.7% and gaining 48 seats to win 345 out of 533, while Labour fell back by 8% and lost 47 seats to win just 180.Labour won in Wales but lost 8% of its 2017 vote share and",
"2017 vote share and six seats, retaining 22 out of 40, while the Conservatives advanced by 2.5% and gained six seats, winning 14 in total. The SNP advanced by 8.1% and gained 13 seats to win 48 out of 59, gaining several seats from the Conservatives and Labour. The Conservatives lost 3.5% of their 2017 vote share and half their seats, while Labour was reduced to one Scottish seat,Edinburgh South. This is the same Scottish seat that returnedIan Murrayin the 2015–17 Parliament as the country's sole Labour MP.Among the Labour MPs who lost their seats in Scotland wasLesley Laird, deputy leader ofScottish LabourandShadow Secretary of State for Scotland.In Northern Ireland, nationalist political parties won more seats than unionist ones for the first time.Nigel Dodds, the DUP's leader in Westminster, lost his seat inBelfast North. Analysis The results have been attributed toLeave-supporting areas backing the Conservatives, the Conservatives broadening their appeal to working-class voters, and the Conservatives",
"the Conservatives making gains in the Midlands and the north of England.Most notable was the red wall turning blue in the election, which greatly contributed to the Conservative majority. In exit polls conducted byOpinium, 43% of voters who did not vote for the Labour Party cited 'the leadership' as their reason.Among those who did not vote for the Conservative Party, the cited reason was equally split between 'their stance on Brexit' and 'the leadership', with both at 26%. Several commentators stated that the party's loss was due to a complicated manifesto and Brexit policy, a poor approach to campaigning, and the unpopularity of Corbyn's leadership. AYouGovpost-election survey determined that the age over which voters were more likely to opt for the Conservatives than for Labour was 39, down from 47 in the 2017 election. In contrast to previous elections, the YouGov survey additionally found that a plurality of voters in the DE'sNRS social grade— comprising the unemployed, state pensioners, and",
"pensioners, and semi-skilled and unskilled workers — had opted for the Conservatives over Labour.This change reflects the collapse of the 'Red Wall' which has a plurality of people in the DE classification according to theONS. Between 26% and 33% of voters engaged intactical voting, as they said that they were trying to prevent a victory by the party they liked least.Recommendation by tactical voting websites had some benefit for Liberal Democrat candidates.The new Parliament reportedly had the highest number of openly LGBT MPs in the world, with 20 Conservative MPs, 15 Labour MPs, and 10 SNP MPs who identify as LGBT. For the first time in both cases, the majority of elected Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs were female. The election also returned a record number of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) MPs, with 65 MPs (10%) describing themselves as BAME. In a post-election review featuring Labour MPs, trade union officials and activists one of several reasons attributed to the electoral defeat was due to",
"defeat was due to the declining popularity of Jeremy Corbyn in relation to the Brexit position and allegations of party antisemitism. The review projected that Labour would have retained 38% of the vote had Corbyn's popularity levels retained at its peak level in 2017. Summary A summarised results of the parties that won seats at the election is shown below. Full results In total, the Green Party of England and Wales, Scottish Greens, and Green Party Northern Ireland received 865,715 votes (2.70%). This may be unclear from the table and sources which cite the total of the Greens in the whole of the United Kingdom rather than by region. Voter demographics Ipsos MORI Below is listedIpsos MORI's demographic breakdown. YouGov Below is listedYouGov's demographic breakdown. Seats changing hands Seats which changed allegiance Reaction and aftermath In his victory speech, Johnson described the result as a mandate for leaving the EU and promised to do so by 31 January.The United Kingdom left the EU on 31 January",
"EU on 31 January 2020but continued using EU trading rules until 23:00 on December 31. The election led to both Labour and the Liberal Democrats having leadership contests: the former as Corbyn resigned, the latter as Swinson failed to be elected as an MP. Corbyn portrayed the 2019 election results primarily as a consequence of attitudes surrounding Brexit rather than a rejection of Labour's social and economic policies. In an interview held on 13 December 2019, Corbyn said the election was \"taken over ultimately by Brexit\", and said that he was \"proud of the manifesto\". The Labour leadership campaign was marked by conflicting analyses of what had gone wrong for the party in the general election.There was debate as to whether Corbyn's unpopularity or their position on Brexit was more significant.The 2020Labour Togetherreport, published by internal Labour party figures afterKeir Starmerwas elected as leader, highlighted issues like Corbyn's unpopularity, the party's Brexit policy, and poor seat targeting, as",
"seat targeting, as well as long-term changes in Labour's electoral coalition.InopenDemocracy, Jo Michell and Rob Calvert Jump argued that the report underplayed the fact the geographical redistributions, stating that \"Labour's decline in the North, Midlands and Wales is not the result of a dramatic collapse in its vote share, but changes in the distribution of votes between parties and constituencies.\" Successful Liberal Democrats MPs were critical in private of how the party had decided to advocate revoking the exercise of Article 50, and the communication of that policy. Some criticised the election campaign for being hubristic, with its initial defining message that Swinson could be the country's next prime minister.Ed Davey, the party's co-acting leader after the election, argued that the unpopularity of Corbyn lost the Liberal Democrats votes to the Conservatives.Wera Hobhouse, who was re-elected by a majority of 12,322,argued that the party had been wrong to pursue a policy of equidistance between",
"between Labour and the Conservatives in the general election campaign. Instead, she argued that the party should have concentrated more on campaigning against the Conservatives.The SNP's leaderNicola Sturgeondescribed the result as a clear mandate to hold a new referendum for Scottish independence.The British government said that it would not agree to a referendum being held and the Scottish government announced a few months later that it would put the issue on hold due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. See also Notes References Further reading External links Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 Party manifestos",
"Boris Johnson Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson(born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and writer who served asPrime Minister of the United KingdomandLeader of the Conservative Partyfrom 2019 to 2022. He was previouslyForeign Secretaryfrom 2016 to 2018 andMayor of Londonfrom 2008 to 2016. He wasMember of Parliament(MP) forHenleyfrom 2001 to 2008 andUxbridge and South Ruislipfrom 2015 to 2023. In his youth Johnson attendedEton CollegeandBalliol College, Oxford, and he was electedPresident of the Oxford Unionin 1986. In 1989 he began writing forThe Daily Telegraph, and from 1999 to 2005 he was the editor ofThe Spectator. He became a member of theShadow CabinetofMichael Howardin 2001 before being dismissed over a claim that he had lied about an extramarital affair. After Howard resigned Johnson became a member ofDavid Cameron'sShadow Cabinet. Hewas elected Mayor of London in 2008and resigned from theHouse of Commonsto focus his attention on the mayoralty. He wasre-elected mayor in 2012, but did not run for",
"but did not run for re-election in2016. At the2015 general electionhe was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip. Johnson was a prominent figure in theBrexit campaignin the2016 European Union membership referendum. After the referendum Prime MinisterTheresa Mayappointed him foreign secretary. He resigned from the position in 2018 in protest at both theChequers Agreementand May's approach to Brexit. Johnson succeeded May as prime minister. Here-opened Brexit negotiationswith the European Union and in early September heprorogued Parliament; theSupreme Courtlater ruled the prorogation to have been unlawful. After agreeing to a revised Brexit withdrawal agreement butfailing to win parliamentary support, Johnson called asnap general electionto be held in December 2019, in which he won alandslide victory. During Johnson's premiership, the governmentrespondedto theCOVID-19 pandemicby introducing variousemergency powersto mitigate its impact and approved anationwide vaccination programme. He also responded to",
"also responded to theRussian invasion of Ukraineby imposingsanctions on Russiaand authorisingforeign aid and weapons shipmentsto Ukraine.In thePartygatescandal it was found that numerous parties had been held at10 Downing Streetduringnational COVID-19 lockdowns, and COVID-19 social distancing laws were breached by 83 individuals, including Johnson, who in April 2022 was issued with afixed penalty notice. The publishing of theSue Gray reportin May 2022 and a widespread sense of dissatisfaction led in June 2022 to avote of confidence in his leadershipamongst Conservative MPs, which he won. In July 2022, revelations over hisappointment of Chris Pincheras deputychief whip of the partywhile knowing of allegations of sexual misconduct against him led to amass resignation of members of his governmentand to Johnson announcing his resignation as prime minister. He was succeeded as prime minister byLiz Truss, his foreign secretary. He remained in the House of Commons as abackbencheruntil 9 June 2023, when he received",
"when he received the draft of theCommons Privileges Committee investigation into his conductthat unanimously found that he had lied to the Commons on numerous occasions. Johnson resigned his position as MP the same day. Johnson is acontroversial figurein British politics. His supporters have praised him for being humorous, witty, and entertaining, with an appeal reaching beyond traditional Conservative Party voters, viewing him as an electoral asset to the party. Conversely, his critics have accused him of lying,elitism,cronyism, andbigotry. During his premiership his supporters praised him for \"getting Brexit done\", overseeing the UK's COVID-19 vaccination programme, which was amongst the fastest in the world, and being one of the first world leaders to offerhumanitarian support to Ukrainefollowing the Russian invasion of the country. His tenure also encompassed several controversies and scandals, and is viewed as the most scandalous premiership of modern times by historians and biographers alike. Early",
"alike. Early life and education Childhood Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson was born on 19 June 1964 in theUpper East SideofManhattan, New York City,toStanley Johnson, then studying economics atColumbia University,andCharlotte Fawcett,an artist, whose fatherSir James Fawcett, was a prominentbarristerand president of theEuropean Commission of Human Rightsfrom 1972 to 1981.Johnson is one of only two British prime ministers to have been anAmerican citizen(seeHonorary citizenship of the United States).Johnson's parents returned to the UK in September 1964 so Charlotte could study at theUniversity of Oxford.She lived with her son inSummertown, Oxford, and in September 1965 she gave birth to a daughter,Rachel.In July 1965, the family moved toCrouch Endinnorth London,and in February 1966 they relocated to Washington, DC, where Stanley worked with theWorld Bank.Stanley then took a job with a policy panel onpopulation control, and moved the family toNorwalk, Connecticut, in June.A third child, Leo, was born in",
"Leo, was born in September 1967. The family returned to the UK in 1969, and lived at West Nethercote Farm, Somerset, Stanley's family home inExmoor.His father was regularly absent, leaving Johnson to be raised largely by his mother, assisted byau pairs.As a child, Johnson was quiet, studious,and deaf, resulting in several operations to insertgrommetsinto his ears.He and his siblings were encouraged to engage in intellectual activities from a young age.Johnson's earliest recorded ambition was to be \"world king\".Having no other friends, the siblings became very close. In late 1969, the family moved toMaida Valein west London, while Stanley began post-graduate research at theLondon School of Economics.In 1970, Charlotte and the children briefly returned to Nethercote, where Johnson attended Winsford Village School, before returning to London to settle inPrimrose Hill,where they were educated at Primrose Hill Primary School.A fourth child,Joseph, was born in late 1971. After Stanley secured employment at",
"employment at theEuropean Commissionin April 1973, he moved his family toUccle, Brussels, where Johnson attended theEuropean School, Brussels Iand learnt to speak French.Charlotte had anervous breakdownand was hospitalised with depression, after which Johnson and his siblings were sent back to the UK in 1975 to attendAshdown House, a preparatory boarding school in East Sussex.There, he developed interests inrugby,Ancient Greek, andLatin.In December 1978 his parents' relationship broke down; they divorced in 1980,and Charlotte moved toNotting Hill, London, where her children joined her for much of their time. Eton and Oxford: 1977–1987 As a kid I was extremely spotty, extremely nerdy and horriblyswotty. My idea of a really good time was to travel across London on the tube to visit theBritish Museum. — Boris Johnson Johnson gained aKing's Scholarshipto study atEton College, a boarding school nearWindsor, Berkshire.Arriving in the autumn term of 1977,he began going by his middle name Boris,and developed \"the",
"developed \"the eccentric English persona\" for which he became famous.He denounced Catholicism and joined theChurch of England.School reports complained about his idleness, complacency, and lateness,but he was popular at Eton. Johnson's friends were largely from the wealthy upper classes; his best friends wereDarius GuppyandCharles Spencer. Both would go on to accompany him at theUniversity of Oxfordand remained his friends into adulthood.Johnson excelled inEnglishand theClassics, winning prizes in both,and became secretary of the schooldebating societyand editor of the school newspaper.In late 1981, he became a member ofPop,a small, self-selecting elite group of school prefects. After leaving Eton, Johnson went on agap yearto Australia, where he taught English and Latin atTimbertop, anOutward Bound-inspired campus ofGeelong Grammar, an independent boarding school. Johnson won a scholarship to readLiterae humanioresatBalliol College, Oxford, a four-year course in Classics, ancient languages, literature,",
"literature, history, and philosophy.Matriculatingin late 1983,he was one of a generation of Oxford undergraduates who dominated British politics and media in the early 21st century, including Cameron,William Hague,Michael Gove,Jeremy HuntandNick Boles.While at Oxford, Johnson joined the college'srugby unionteam as atighthead prop.To his later regret, he joined theBullingdon Club, an exclusive drinking society notorious for vandalism.Many years later,a group photographincluding himself and Cameron in Bullingdon Club formal dress led to much negative press coverage. While at Oxford, he began a relationship withAllegra Mostyn-Owen, cover girl forTatlermagazine and daughter ofChristie's EducationchairmanWilliam Mostyn-Owen. They became engaged. Johnson was popular and well known at Oxford.Alongside Guppy, he edited the university's satirical magazineTributary.In 1984, Johnson was elected secretary of theOxford Union,and campaigned unsuccessfully for the position ofUnion President.In 1986, Johnson ran",
"1986, Johnson ran successfully for President,but his term was not distinguished or memorable,and questions were raised regarding his competence and seriousness.At graduation, Johnson was awarded anupper second-classdegree,and was deeply unhappy he did not receive a first. Early career The TimesandThe Daily Telegraph: 1987–1994 In September 1987, Johnson and Mostyn-Owen married.They settled inWest Kensington, London.In late 1987, through family connections, he began work as a graduate trainee atThe Times.Scandal erupted when Johnson wrote an article for the newspaper on the archaeological discovery ofEdward II's palace, having invented a quote which he falsely attributed to the historianColin Lucas, his godfather. After the paper's editor,Charles Wilson, learnt of the matter, he dismissed Johnson. Johnson secured employment on the lead-writing desk ofThe Daily Telegraph, having met its editor,Max Hastings, while at university.His articles appealed to the newspaper's Conservative-voting \"Middle England\"",
"\"Middle England\" readership,and he was known for his distinctive literary style, replete with old-fashioned phrasing and for regularly referring to the readership as \"my friends\".In early 1989, Johnson was appointed to the newspaper's Brussels bureau to report on the European Commission,remaining in the post until 1994.A strong critic of the integrationist Commission presidentJacques Delors, he established himself as one of the city's fewEuroscepticjournalists.He wrote articles abouteuromyths: that Brussels had recruited sniffer dogs to ensure that all manure smelt the same,they were about to dictate the acceptable curve of British bananas,limit the power of their vacuum cleanersand order women to return their old sex toys.He wrote that euro notes made people impotent and that a plan to blow up theBerlaymont buildingwas in place because asbestos cladding made the building too dangerous to inhabit.Many of his fellow journalists were critical of his articles, saying they often contained lies designed to",
"lies designed to discredit the commission.The Europhile Conservative politicianChris Pattenlater said that Johnson was \"one of the greatest exponents of fake journalism\".Johnson opposed banning handguns after theDunblane school massacre, writing in his column \"Nanny is confiscating their toys. It is like one of those vastIndian programmes of compulsory vasectomy.\" According to one of his biographers,Sonia Purnell, – who was Johnson's Brussels deputy– he helped make Euroscepticism \"an attractive and emotionally resonant cause for the Right\", whereas it had been associated previously with the Left.Johnson's articles exacerbated tensions between the Conservative Party's Eurosceptic and Europhile factions. As a result, he earned the mistrust of many party members.His writings were also a key influence on the emergence of the euroscepticUK Independence Party(UKIP) in the early 1990s.Conrad Black, then proprietor ofThe Daily Telegraph, said Johnson \"was such an effective correspondent for us in Brussels that he",
"in Brussels that he greatly influenced British opinion on this country's relations with Europe\". In February 1990, Johnson's wife Allegra broke up with him; after several attempts at reconciliation, their marriage ended in April 1993.He began a relationship with childhood friendMarina Wheeler, who had moved to Brussels in 1990.They were married in May 1993.Soon after, Marina gave birth to a daughter.Johnson and his new wife settled inIslington, north London,an area known for its association with the left-liberalintelligentsia. Under the influence of thismilieuand of his wife, Johnson moved in a more liberal direction on issues such asclimate change,LGBT rightsand race relations.While in Islington, the couple had three more children, all given the surname Johnson-Wheeler.They were sent to the local Canonbury Primary School and then to private secondary schools.Devoting much time to his children, Johnson wrote a book of verse,The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale, which was published to largely",
"to largely poor reviews. Political columnist: 1994–1999 Back in London, Hastings turned down Johnson's request to become awar reporter,instead promoting him to assistant editor and chief political columnist.Johnson's column received praise for being ideologically eclectic and distinctively written, and earned him Commentator of the Year Award at theWhat the Papers Sayawards.Some critics condemned his writing style as bigotry; in columns he used the words \"piccaninnies\" and \"watermelon smiles\" when referring to Africans, championed European colonialism in Ugandaand referred to gay men as \"tank-topped bumboys\". In 1993, Johnson outlined his desire to run as a Conservative in the1994 European Parliament elections.Andrew Mitchellconvinced Major not to veto Johnson's candidacy, but Johnson could not find a constituency.He turned his attention to obtaining a seat in the House of Commons instead. After being rejected as Conservative candidate forHolborn and St. Pancras, he was selected the Conservative candidate",
"candidate forClwyd Southin north Wales, then aLabour Partysafe seat. Spending six weeks campaigning, he attained 9,091 votes (23 per cent) in the1997 general election, losing to Labour candidateMartyn Jones. Scandal erupted in June 1995 when a recording of a 1990 telephone conversation between Johnson and his friendDarius Guppywas made public.In it, Guppy said that his criminal activities involving insurance fraud were being investigated byNews of the Worldjournalist Stuart Collier, and he asked Johnson to provide him with Collier's private address, seeking to have the latter beaten. Johnson agreed, although he expressed concern that he would be associated with the attack.When the phone conversation was published, Johnson stated that ultimately he had not obliged Guppy's request. Hastings reprimanded Johnson but did not dismiss him. Johnson was given a regular column inThe Spectator, sister publication toThe Daily Telegraph, which attracted mixed reviews and was often thought rushed.In 1999, he was also",
"1999, he was also given a column reviewing new cars in the American men's monthly magazineGQ.The large number of parking fines that Johnson acquired while testing cars frustrated staff.AtThe Daily TelegraphandThe Spectator, he was consistently late delivering copy, forcing staff to stay late to accommodate him; some related that if they published without his work, he would shout at them with expletives. Johnson's April 1998 appearance on the BBC's satirical current affairs showHave I Got News for Youbrought him national fame.He was invited back on to later episodes, including as a guest presenter; for his 2003 appearance, Johnson was nominated for theBAFTA Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance.After these appearances, he came to be recognised on the street, and was invited to appear on other shows, such asTop Gear,Parkinson,Breakfast with Frost, andQuestion Time. The Spectatorand MP for Henley: 1999–2008 In July 1999, Conrad Black offered Johnson the editorship ofThe Spectatoron the condition",
"the condition he abandon his parliamentary aspirations; Johnson agreed.While retainingThe Spectator's traditional right-wing bent, Johnson welcomed contributions from leftist writers and cartoonists.Under Johnson's editorship, the magazine's circulation grew by 10% to 62,000 and it became profitable.His editorship also drew criticism; some opined that under himThe Spectatoravoided serious issues,while colleagues became annoyed that he was regularly absent from the office, meetings, and events.He gained a reputation as a poor political pundit because of incorrect political predictions.His father-in-lawCharles Wheelerand others strongly criticised him for allowingSpectatorcolumnistTaki Theodoracopulosto publish racist and antisemitic language. Journalist Charlotte Edwardes wrote inThe Timesin 2019 that Johnson had squeezed her thigh at a private lunch at theSpectatorin 1999 and that another woman had told her he had done the same to her. A spokesman denied the allegation. In 2004, Johnson published an",
"published an editorial inThe Spectatorafter the murder ofKen Bigleysuggesting that Liverpudlians were wallowing in their victim status and \"hooked on grief\" over theHillsborough disaster, which Johnson partly blamed on \"drunken fans\".In an appendix added to a later edition of his 2005 bookThe Dream of Rome,Tell MAMAand theMuslim Council of Britaincriticised Johnson for arguingIslamhas caused theMuslim worldto be \"literally centuries behind\" the West. Becoming an MP The selection of Boris Johnson ... confirms the Tory Party's increasing weakness for celebrity personalities over the dreary exigencies of politics. Johnson, for all his gifts, is unlikely to grace any future Tory cabinet. Indeed, he is not known for his excessive interest in serious policy matters, and it is hard to see him grubbing away at administrative detail as an obscure, hardworking junior minister for social security. To maintain his funny man reputation he will no doubt find himself refining hisBertie Woosterinterpretation to the point",
"to the point where the impersonation becomes the man. –Max Hastings,London Evening Standard, FollowingMichael Heseltine's retirement, Johnson decided to stand as Conservative candidate forHenley, a Conservative safe seat inOxfordshire.The local Conservative branch selected him although it was split over Johnson's candidacy. Some thought him amusing and charming while others disliked his flippant attitude and perceived lack of knowledge of the local area.Assisted by his television fame, Johnson won the seat in the2001 general election.Alongside his Islington home, Johnson bought a farmhouse outsideThamein his new constituency.He regularly attended Henley social events and occasionally wrote for theHenley Standard.His constituency surgeries proved popular, and he joined local campaigns to stop the closure ofTownlands Hospitaland the localair ambulance. In Parliament, Johnson was appointed to astanding committeeassessing theProceeds of Crime Bill, but missed many of its meetings.Despite his credentials as a",
"credentials as a public speaker, his speeches in the House of Commons were widely deemed lacklustre.He attended around half of Commons votes,usually supporting the Conservativeparty line.Infree votes, he demonstrated a more socially liberal attitude, supporting theGender Recognition Act 2004and the repeal ofSection 28.However, in 2001, Johnson had spoken out against plans to repeal Section 28, saying it was \"Labour's appalling agenda, encouraging the teaching of homosexuality in schools\".After initially stating he would not, hesupportedthe government's plans to join the United States in the2003 invasion of Iraq,and in April 2003 visited occupied Baghdad.In August 2004, he backed unsuccessfulimpeachment proceduresagainst Prime MinisterTony Blairfor \"high crimes and misdemeanours\" regarding the war,and in December 2006 described the invasion as \"a colossal mistake and misadventure\". Although labelling Johnson \"ineffably duplicitous\" for breaking his promise not to become an MP, Black decided not to dismiss him",
"not to dismiss him because he \"helped promote the magazine and raise its circulation\".Johnson remained editor ofThe Spectator, while also writing columns forThe Daily TelegraphandGQ, and making television appearances.His 2001 book,Friends, Voters, Countrymen: Jottings on the Stump, recounted that year's election campaign,while 2003'sLend Me Your Earscollected previously published columns and articles.In 2004,HarperCollinspublished his first novel:Seventy-Two Virgins: A Comedy of Errorsrevolved around the life of a Conservative MP and contained autobiographical elements.Responding to criticism that he was juggling too many jobs, he citedWinston ChurchillandBenjamin Disraelias exemplars who combined political and literary careers.To manage stress, he took up jogging and cycling,and became so well known for the latter that Gimson suggested he was \"perhaps the most famous cyclist in Britain\". FollowingWilliam Hague's resignation as Conservative leader, the party electedIain Duncan Smith.Johnson had a strained",
"had a strained relationship with Duncan Smith, andThe Spectatorbecame critical of his party leadership.Duncan Smith was succeeded byMichael Howardin November 2003; Howard deemed Johnson to be the most popular Conservative politician with the electorate and appointed him vice-chairman of the party, responsible for overseeing its electoral campaign.In his Shadow Cabinet reshuffle of May 2004, Howard appointed Johnson as shadow arts minister.In October, Howard ordered Johnson to apologise publicly inLiverpoolfor publishing aSpectatorarticle – anonymously written bySimon Heffer– which said the crowds at theHillsborough disasterhad contributed to the incident and that Liverpudlians had a predilection for reliance on thewelfare state. In November 2004, the tabloids revealed that since 2000 Johnson had been having an affair withSpectatorcolumnistPetronella Wyatt, resulting in two abortions.Johnson denied the allegations but they were subsequently proven to be true, and Howard dismissed him as vice-chairman and",
"vice-chairman and shadow arts minister when he refused to resign. Second term At the2005 general election, Johnson was re-elected MP for Henley.Labour won the election and Howard stood down as Conservative leader; Johnson backedDavid Cameronas his successor.After Cameron was elected, he appointed Johnson as the shadow higher education minister.Interested in streamlining university funding,Johnson supported Labour'sproposed top-up fees.He campaigned in 2006 to become theRector of the University of Edinburgh, but his support for top-up fees damaged his campaign, and he came third. In April 2006, theNews of the Worldalleged that Johnson was having an affair with journalist Anna Fazackerley; the pair did not comment, and shortly afterwards Johnson began employing Fazackerley.In September 2006, Papua New Guinea'sHigh Commissionprotested after he compared the Conservatives' frequently changing leadership tocannibalism in the country. In 2005,The Spectator's new chief executive,Andrew Neil, dismissed Johnson as",
"Johnson as editor.To make up for this loss of income, Johnson negotiated withThe Daily Telegraphto raise his salary from £200,000 to £250,000, averaging £5,000 per column.He presented apopular historytelevision show,The Dream of Rome, which was broadcast in January 2006; a book followed in February.A sequel,After Rome, focused on early Islamic history.In 2007, he earned £540,000, making him the third-highest-earning MP that year. Mayor of London (2008–2016) Mayoral election: 2007–2008 In September, Johnson was selected as the Conservative candidate forMayor of Londonafter a public London-wideprimary.Johnson's campaign focused on reducing youth crime, making public transport safer, and replacing thearticulated buseswith an updated version of theAEC Routemaster.Targeting the Conservative-leaning suburbs ofouter London, it capitalised on perceptions that the Labour Mayoralty had neglected them in favour ofinner London.His campaign emphasised his popularity, even among those who opposed his policies,with",
"his policies,with opponents complaining a common attitude among voters was: \"I'm voting for Boris because he is a laugh.\"The campaign of Labour incumbentKen Livingstoneportrayed Johnson as an out-of-touchtoffand bigot. In the election, Johnson received 43% and Livingstone 37% of first-preference votes; when second-preference votes were added, Johnson was victorious with 53% to Livingstone's 47%.Johnson subsequently announced his intention to stand down as MP for Henley. First term: 2008–2012 After Johnson became mayor, those in City Hall deemed too closely allied to Livingstone's administration had their employment terminated.Johnson appointedTim Parkeras his deputy mayor, but after Parker began taking increasing control at City Hall, Johnson dismissed him.Many in the Conservative Party initially distanced themselves from Johnson's administration, fearing it would be damaging for the2010 general election. During the campaign, Johnson had confided toBrian Paddickhe was unsure how he would maintain his",
"would maintain his lifestyle on the mayoral salary of £140,000 a year.He agreed to continue hisDaily Telegraphcolumn, thus earning a further £250,000 a year.His team believed this would cause controversy and made him promise to donate 20% of hisDaily Telegraphsalary to a charitable cause. Johnson resented this, and ultimately did not pay the full 20%.Controversy erupted when on theBBC'sHARDtalkhe referred to the £250,000 salary as \"chicken feed\"; this was at the time approximately 10 times the average yearly wage for a British worker. During his first administration, Johnson was embroiled in several personal scandals. After moving to a new house in Islington, he built a shed without obtainingplanning permission; after neighbours complained, he dismantled it.The press also accused him of having an affair with Helen Macintyre and of fathering her child, allegations that he did not deny.Johnson was accused of warningDamian Greenthat police were planning to arrest him; Johnson denied the claims.He was accused",
"was accused ofcronyism,in particular for appointingVeronica Wadleyas the chair of London'sArts Council.In theparliamentary expenses scandal, he was accused of excessive expenses claims for taxis.Johnson remained a popular figure in London with a strong celebrity status in the city. Policies Johnson made no major changes to the mayoral system of the previous administration.However, he did reverse several other measures implemented by Livingstone: ending the city's oil deal with Venezuela, abolishingThe Londonernewsletter, and scrapping the half-yearly inspections ofblack cabs, which was reinstated three years later.Abolishing the western wing of thecongestion chargingzone,he cancelled plans to increase the congestion charge forfour-wheel-drive vehicles.He was subsequently accused of failing to publish an independent report on air pollution commissioned by theGreater London Authority, which revealed the city breached legal limits onnitrogen dioxidelevels. Johnson retained Livingstone projects such",
"projects such asCrossrailand the2012 Olympic Games, but was accused of trying to take credit for them.He introduced a public bicycle scheme that had been mooted by Livingstone's administration; colloquially known as \"Boris Bikes\", the part privately financed system was a significant financial loss but proved popular.Despite Johnson's support of cycling, and his much-publicised identity as a cyclist, some cycling groups argued he had failed to make the city's roads safer for cyclists.As per his election pledge, he commissioned the development of theNew Routemasterbuses for central London.He also ordered the construction of acable car systemthat crossed theRiver Thamesbetween theGreenwich Peninsulaand theRoyal Docks. Johnson's first policy initiative was a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport.He announced plans to extend pay-as-you-goOyster cardsto national rail services in London.A pledge in Johnson's manifesto was to retain Tube ticket offices, in opposition to Livingstone's proposal to close up to",
"to close up to 40.On 2 July 2008, the Mayor's office announced the closure plan was to be abandoned.On 21 November 2013,Transport for Londonannounced that all London Underground ticket offices would close by 2015.In financing these projects, Johnson's administration borrowed £100 million,while public transport fares were increased by 50%. During his first term, Johnson was perceived as having moved leftward on certain issues, supporting theLondon Living Wageand endorsing an amnesty for illegal migrants.He tried placating critics who had deemed him a bigot by appearing atLondon's gay pride paradeand praising ethnic minority newspapers.Johnson broke from the traditional protocol of those in public office not publicly commenting on other nations' elections by endorsingBarack Obamafor the2008 United States presidential election. Relations with the police, finance, and the media Johnson appointed himself chair of theMetropolitan Police Authority(MPA), and in October 2008 successfully pushed for the resignation of",
"the resignation of Metropolitan Police CommissionerIan Blair, after Blair was criticised for allegedly handing contracts to friends and for his handling of thedeath of Jean Charles de Menezes.This earned Johnson respect among Conservatives, who interpreted it as his first act of strength.Johnson resigned as chairman of the MPA in January 2010,but throughout his mayoralty was highly supportive of the Metropolitan Police, particularly during the controversy surrounding thedeath of Ian Tomlinson.Overall crime in London fell during his administration, but his claim that serious youth crime had decreased proved to be false, and he acknowledged the error.He was criticised for his response to the2011 London riots. Johnson championed London's financial sector and denounced what he saw as \"banker bashing\" following thefinancial crisis of 2007–08,condemning theanti-capitalistOccupy Londonmovement that appeared in 2011.He collected donations from the city's wealthy for a charitable enterprise, the Mayor's Fund, which",
"Mayor's Fund, which he had established to aid disadvantaged youths. It initially announced the fund would raise £100 million, but by 2010 it had only earnt £1.5 million.He also maintained extensive personal contacts throughout the British media,which resulted in widespread favourable press coverage of his administration.In turn he remained largely supportive of his friends in the media, includingRupert Murdoch, during theNews International phone hacking scandal. The formation of the Forensic Audit Panel was announced on 8 May 2008. The panel was tasked with monitoring and investigating financial management at theLondon Development Agencyand theGreater London Authority.Johnson's announcement was criticised by Labour for the perceived politicisation of this nominally independent panel.The head of the panel,Patience Wheatcroft, was married to a Conservative councillorand three of the four remaining panel members also had close links to the Conservatives. Re-election campaign Up for re-election in 2012, Johnson",
"in 2012, Johnson again hired Crosby to orchestrate his campaign.Before the election, Johnson publishedJohnson's Life of London, a work of popular history that historianA. N. Wilsoncharacterised as a \"coded plea\" for votes.Polls suggested that while Livingstone's approach to transport was preferred, voters in London placed greater trust in Johnson on crime and the economy.Johnson's campaign emphasised the accusation that Livingstone was guilty oftax evasion, for which Livingstone called Johnson a \"bare-faced liar\".Political scientist Andrew Crines believed that Livingstone's campaign focused on criticising Johnson rather than presenting an alternate and progressive vision of London's future.Johnson wasre-elected. Second term: 2012–2016 After a successful bid under Livingstone in 2005, London hosted the2012 Summer Olympics, with Johnson as board co-chair.He improved transportation around London by making more tickets available and adding buses around the capital when thousands of spectators were temporary",
"were temporary visitors.Johnson was accused of covering up pollution ahead of the games by deploying dust suppressants to remove air particulates near monitoring stations.In November 2013, Johnson announced major changes to the operation of theLondon Underground, including the extension of operating hours. All staffed ticket offices were replaced with automated ticketing systems. Johnson was close friends with American entrepreneurand modelJennifer Arcuri, withThe Sunday Timesdescribing him as a regular visitor to her flat,and implying they were in a sexual relationship.Arcuri and her company, Innotech, were awarded substantial government grants, and Johnson intervened to allow her onto three trade mission trips.The Sunday Timessaid in September 2019 that Johnson failed to declare his personal relationship as a conflict of interest.The Greater London Authority referred the matter to theIndependent Office for Police Conduct(IOPC) \"so it can assess whether or not it is necessary to investigate the former mayor",
"the former mayor of London for the criminal offence of misconduct in public office\", for the Mayor is also London'spolice and crime commissioner.On 9 November 2019 it was revealed that the IOPC had decided to publish its report after the general election on 12 December.The IOPC eventually issued its report in May 2020, concluding that, although there was no basis for any criminal charge, there was evidence that the close relationship between Johnson and Arcuri had influenced decisions, that Johnson should have declared an interest, and that his failure to do this could have breached the London Assembly's code of conduct. In 2015, Johnson criticised then-presidential candidateDonald Trump's false comments that there wereno-go zones in Londoninaccessible for non-Muslims. Johnson said Trump was \"betraying a quite stupefying ignorance that makes him frankly unfit to hold the office of President of the United States\",becoming the first senior politician in the UK to declare Trump unfit for office, but rejecting",
"but rejecting calls for him to be banned from the country.In 2016, he said he was \"genuinely worried that could become president\", telling ITV'sTom Bradbythat being mistaken for Trump in New York was \"one of the worst moments\" of his life. Johnson did not run for a third mayoral and stepped down on 5 May 2016 followingthe election. AYouGovpoll commissioned at the end of Johnson's term revealed that 52% of Londoners believed he did a \"good job\" while 29% believed he did a \"bad job\". Return to Parliament Johnson initially said that he would not return to the House of Commons while mayor.After much media speculation, in August 2014 he sought selection as the Conservative candidate for thesafe seatofUxbridge and South Ruislipat the2015 general election.In the2015 general election, Johnson was elected. There was speculation that he had returned to Parliament because he wanted to replace Cameron as Conservative leader and prime minister. Brexit campaign: 2015–2016 In February 2016, Johnson endorsedVote Leavein",
"Leavein the \"Out\" campaign for the2016 European Union membership referendum.Following this announcement, which was interpreted by financial markets as making Brexit more probable, thepound sterlingslumped by nearly 2% against the US dollar, reaching its lowest level since March 2009. In April 2016, in response to a comment by PresidentBarack Obamathat Britain should remain in the European Union, Johnson wrote an \"ancestral dislike\" of Britain owing to his \"part-Kenyan\" background may have shaped Obama's views.Several politicians condemned his comments as racist and unacceptable.Conversely, former Conservative Party leaderIain Duncan SmithandUK Independence Party(UKIP) leaderNigel Faragedefended them. Johnson supported Vote Leave's statement that the government was committed toTurkish accession to the EU. Vote Leave was accused of implying that 80 million Turks would come to the UK if it stayed in the EU. When interviewed in January 2019, he said he had not mentioned Turkey during the campaign.On 22 June",
"campaign.On 22 June 2016, Johnson declared 23 June could be \"Britain's independence day\" in a televised debate. Following the victory of the \"Leave\" campaign, Cameron resigned. Johnson was widely regarded as the front-runner to succeed him.Johnson announced he would not stand in theConservative leadership election.Shortly before this, Michael Gove, hitherto a Johnson ally, concluded that Johnson \"cannot provide the leadership or build the team for the task ahead\".The Daily Telegraphcalled Gove's comments \"the most spectacular political assassination in a generation\".Johnson endorsedAndrea Leadsom's candidature, but she dropped out, leaving Theresa May to be elected uncontested. Foreign Secretary: 2016–2018 May appointed Johnsonforeign secretaryin July 2016.Analysts saw the appointment as a tactic to weaken Johnson politically: the new positions of \"Brexit secretary\" andinternational trade secretaryleft the foreign secretary as a figurehead.Johnson's appointment ensured he would often be out of the country",
"out of the country and unable to mobilise backbenchers against her, while forcing him to take responsibility for problems caused by withdrawing from the EU. Some journalists and foreign politicians criticised Johnson's appointment because of his controversial statements about other countries.His tenure attracted criticism from diplomats and foreign policy experts.A number of diplomats, FCO staff and foreign ministers who worked with Johnson compared his leadership unfavourably to previous foreign secretaries for his perceived lack of conviction or substantive positions on foreign policy issues.A senior official in Obama's government suggested Johnson's appointment would push the US further towardsGermanyat the expense of theSpecial Relationshipwith the UK.On one occasion Egyptian presidentAbdel Fattah el-Sisiwalked out of a meeting with Johnson after a meeting did not \"get beyond the pleasantries\". Johnson's visit to Turkey in September 2016 was somewhat tense because he had wonDouglas Murray's offensive",
"Murray's offensive poetry competition about the President of Turkey,Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, four months earlier.When questioned by a journalist whether he would apologise for the poem, Johnson dismissed the matter as \"trivia\".Johnson pledged to helpTurkey join the EUand expressed support for Erdogan's government.Johnson described theGülen movementas a \"cult\" and supportedTurkey's post-coup purges. Johnson supported theSaudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemenand refused to block UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia.In September 2016, human rights groups accused him of blocking the UN inquiry into Saudi war crimes in Yemen.Given the UK-Saudi alliance, in December 2016, he attracted attention for commenting the Saudis were akin to the Iranians in \"puppeteering and playingproxy wars\".In November 2017, Johnson told theForeign Affairs Select CommitteethatNazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe– a British-Iranian citizen imprisoned in Iran after being arrested for training citizen journalists and bloggers in aBBC World Service",
"aBBC World Service Trustproject – had been \"simply teaching people journalism\". Facing criticism, Johnson stated he had been misquoted and that nothing he said had justified Zaghari-Ratcliffe's sentence.In May 2018, Johnson backedtheIran nuclear deal framework, despite Donald Trump's withdrawal. In April 2017, Johnson said thatGibraltar's sovereigntywas \"not going to change\" after Brexit.Johnson promised while inNorthern Irelandthat Brexit would leave the Irish border \"absolutely unchanged\".Johnson visitedAnguillaandTortolain September 2017 to confirm the UK's commitment to helping restoreBritish territoriesdevastated byHurricane Irma.In September 2017, he was criticised for reciting lines fromRudyard Kipling's poemMandalaywhile visiting aMyanmartemple; the British ambassador, who was with him, suggested it was \"not appropriate\".In October 2017, he faced criticism for stating the Libyan city ofSirtecould become an economic success likeDubai: \"all they have to do is clear the dead bodies away\". Initially",
"away\". Initially favouring a less hostile approach to Russia,Johnson soon backed a more aggressive policy.Following the March 2018poisoning of Sergei and Yulia SkripalinSalisbury, an act which the UK government blamed on Russia,Johnson comparedVladimir Putin's hosting of theWorld Cup in RussiatoAdolf Hitler's hosting of theOlympic Games in Berlinin 1936.Russia's Foreign Ministry denounced Johnson's \"unacceptable and unworthy\" parallel towards Russia, a \"nation thatlost millions of livesin fighting Nazism\".Johnson described theNord Stream 2gas pipeline from Russia to Germany as \"divisive\" and a \"threat\" that left Europe dependent on a \"malign Russia\" for itsenergy supplies. Johnson condemned thepersecutionofRohingya Muslimsin Myanmar,comparing the situation with thedisplacement of Palestiniansin 1948.Johnson supported theTurkish invasion of northern Syriaaimed at ousting theSyrian KurdsfromAfrin.He accused theUNHRCof focusing disproportionately on theIsraeli–Palestinian conflictand Israel'soccupationof",
"thePalestinian territories. In a September 2017 op-ed, Johnson reiterated the UK would regain control of £350m a week after Brexit, suggesting it go to theNational Health Service(NHS).Cabinet colleagues subsequently criticised him for reviving the assertion.Following the2017 general election, Johnson denied media reports he intended to challenge May's leadership.In a February 2018 letter to May, Johnson suggested that Northern Ireland may have to accept border controls after Brexit and that it would not seriously affect trade, having initially said a hard border would be unthinkable.In June, he was reported as having said \"fuck business\" when asked about corporate concerns regarding a 'hard' Brexit. Secret recordings obtained byBuzzFeed Newsin June 2018 revealed Johnson's dissatisfaction with Prime Minister Theresa May's negotiating style, accusing her of being too collaborative with the European Union in Brexit negotiations. Comparing May's approach to that of the US president Donald Trump – who at the time",
"– who at the time was engaged in a combative trade war with the EU because it raised tariffs on metal – Johnson said: \"Imagine Trump doing Brexit. He'd go in bloody hard ... There'd be all sorts of breakdowns, all sorts of chaos. Everyone would think he'd gone mad. But actually you might get somewhere.\" He accused individuals of scaremongering over a Brexit \"meltdown\", saying \"No panic.Pro bono publico, no bloody panic. It's going to be all right in the end.\" In April 2018, Johnson travelled to Italy to attend a party at thePalazzo Terranova, owned by the formerKGBagentAlexander Lebedevand hosted by his sonEvgeny. He travelled without security protection or other officials,and did not document the trip, which led to accusations of Johnson having misled parliament.In June 2023, it was revealed that Lord Simon McDonald, the most senior civil servant of his department, was not aware of the trip. Johnson stated that \"no government business was discussed\" at the event as far as he was aware.Lebedev's villa was",
"villa was monitored by the Italian secret service at the time, who, according to aChannel 4documentary, suspected it to be used for espionage activities.Johnson granted a peerage toEvgenyin 2020, against the advice of theMI6, and met with criticism over potential security concerns. In July 2018, three days after thecabinethad its meeting to agree on aBrexit strategy,Johnson, along with Brexit secretaryDavid Davis,resigned his post. Return to the backbenches: 2018–2019 Johnson returned to the role of abackbench MP. In July, he delivered a resignation speech, stating \"it is not too late to save Brexit\".In January 2019, Johnson came under criticism for remarks he had made during the 2016 Leave campaign regarding the prospect of Turkish accession to the European Union; he denied making such remarks.In March 2019, he was criticized for saying that expenditure on investigating historic allegations of child abuse was money \"spaffed up the wall\". Journalism In July 2018, Johnson signed a 12‑month contract to write",
"contract to write articles for theTelegraph Media Group.TheAdvisory Committee on Business Appointments(ACOBA) reported that this was a breach of theMinisterial Code.Johnson was ordered to apologise for failing to declare £50,000 of earnings. TheParliamentary Commissioner for Standardsfound the errors were not inadvertent, and that Johnson had failed on nine occasions to make declarations within the rules. In September 2018, Johnson wrote: \"We have opened ourselves to perpetual political blackmail. We have wrapped a suicide vest around the British constitution – and handed the detonator toMichel Barnier.\" Senior Tories heavily criticised him, withAlan Duncanof the Foreign Office vowing to ensure the comments marked \"the political end of Boris Johnson\".In April 2019, theIndependent Press Standards Organisationruled that a claim in a 6 January 2019 article inThe Daily Telegraph, \"The British people won't be scared into backing a woeful Brexit deal nobody voted for\", authored by Johnson,that a no-dealBrexitwas",
"a no-dealBrexitwas \"by some margin preferred by the British public\" was false, and \"represented a failure to take care over the accuracy of the article in breach of Clause 1 (i)\" of its guidelines, and required that a correction be published. 2019 Conservative Party leadership election On 12 June 2019, Johnson launched his campaign for theConservative Party leadership election, saying, \"we must leave the EU on 31 October.\"On the campaign trail, Johnson warned of \"catastrophic consequences for voter trust in politics\" if the government pushed the EU for further delays. He advocated removing thebackstopfrom any Brexit deal. On 25 and 26 August, he announced plans to retain £7 or £9 billion of the £39 billion divorce payment the UK is due to transfer to the EU upon withdrawal.Johnson initially pledged to cut income tax for earners of more than £50,000 but backed away from this plan in June 2019 after coming under criticism in a televisedBBCdebate. Johnson was elected leader with 92,153 votes (66%) to Hunt's",
"(66%) to Hunt's 46,656 (34%). Premiership (2019–2022) First term (July–December 2019) On 24 July 2019, the day following Johnson's election as Conservative Party leader, QueenElizabeth IIacceptedTheresa May's resignation and appointed Johnson as prime minister. This made Johnson the first prime minister to be born outsideBritish territories.Johnson appointedDominic Cummingsas his senior advisor. Brexit policy In hisfirst speech as PM, Johnson said that the United Kingdom would leave the European Union on 31 October 2019 with orwithout a deal, and promised to remove theIrish backstopfrom the withdrawal agreement.Johnson declared his intention tore-open negotiations, but talks did not immediately resume as the EU refused to accept Johnson's condition that the backstop be removed.On 28 August 2019, UK and EU negotiators agreed to resume regular meetings. Also on 28 August 2019, Johnson declared he had asked the Queen toprorogue Parliamentfrom 10 September, reducing the time in which Parliament could block a",
"could block a no-deal Brexit and causing apolitical controversy.The Queen atPrivy Councilapproved prorogation later the same day, and it began on 10 September, scheduled to last until 14 October.Some suggestedthat this prorogation amounted to aself-coup, and on 31 August 2019, protests occurred throughout the United Kingdom.By 2 September 2019, three separate court cases challenging Johnson's action were in progress or scheduled to take place,and on 11 September, three Scottish judges ruled the prorogation of the UK Parliament to be unlawful.On 12 September, Johnson denied lying to the Queen over suspension of the Parliament, while a Belfast Court rejected claims that his Brexit plans would have a negative impact on Northern Ireland's peace policy.On 24 September, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Johnson's advice to prorogue Parliament was unlawful, and therefore the prorogation was rendered null. When Parliament resumed on 3 September 2019, Johnson indicated he would call a general election under",
"election under theFixed-term Parliaments Actafter opposition and rebel Conservative MPs successfully voted against the government to take control of the order of business to prevent a no-deal exit.Despite government opposition, theBenn Act, a bill to block a no-deal exit, passed the Commons on 4 September 2019, causing Johnson to propose a general election on 15 October.His motion was unsuccessful as it failed to command the support of two-thirds of the House. In October 2019, following bilateral talks between Johnson andTaoiseachLeo Varadkar,the UK and EU agreed to arevised deal, whichreplaced the backstopwith a newNorthern Ireland Protocol. First Cabinet JohnsonappointedhisCabineton 24 July 2019,dismissing 11 senior ministers and accepting the resignation of six others.The mass dismissal was the most extensive postwar Cabinet reorganisation without a change in the ruling party. Among other appointments, Johnson madeDominic RaabtheFirst Secretary of Stateand foreign secretary and appointedSajid",
"and appointedSajid JavidandPriti Patelas theChancellor of the ExchequerandHome Secretary, respectively. Loss of working majority On 3 September 2019,Phillip Leecrossed the floorto theLiberal Democratsfollowing a disagreement with Johnson'sBrexitpolicy. This left the government without aworking majorityin the House of Commons.Later that day,21 Conservative MPshad the partywhipwithdrawn for defying party orders and supporting an opposition motion.(The whip was restored to 10 former Conservative ministers on 29 October.) On 5 September 2019, Johnson's brotherJo Johnsonresigned from the government and announced that he would step down as MP, describing his position as \"torn between family and national interest\".Two days later,Amber Ruddresigned asSecretary of State for Work and Pensionsand from the Conservative Party, describing the withdrawal of the party whip as an \"assault on decency and democracy\". 2019 general election In October 2019, Parliament was dissolved, and an election called for 12 December. The",
"12 December. The election resulted in the Conservative Party winning 43.6% of the vote and a parliamentary landslide majority of 80 seats.A key slogan used in the Conservative campaign was \"Get Brexit Done\". Second term (December 2019 – September 2022) Second Cabinet Johnsonreshuffled his cabinetin February 2020.Five Cabinet ministers were sacked, including theNorthern Ireland secretaryJulian Smith, a decision that was criticised by several politicians and commentators following his success in restoring theNorthern Ireland Executivedevolved government.Chancellor of the ExchequerSajid Javidresigned from the Cabinet and was replaced byRishi Sunak; Javid later returned to Johnson's Cabinet asSecretary of State for Health and Social Carein June 2021 following the resignation ofMatt Hancock. Johnson reshuffled his cabinet again in September 2021. Changes included the dismissal ofEducation SecretaryGavin Williamsonwho had received significant criticism for his handling of disruption to education during the",
"during the COVID-19 pandemic.Dominic Raabwas moved from foreign secretary todeputy prime ministerandjustice secretary. Raab was replaced as foreign secretary byLiz Truss. COVID-19 pandemic TheCOVID-19 pandemicemerged as a serious crisis within the first few months of Johnson's second term.Johnson's non-attendance of fiveCOBRbriefings during the early months and the failure of the UK government to prepare for and control the outbreak has been criticised.The UK was among the last majorEuropean states to close schools, ban public events and order alockdown.This response is thought by some scientists to have contributed to the UK's high death toll from COVID-19, which as of January 2021was among the highest in the world. Reutersreported that scientists were critical of Johnson both for acting too slowly to stop the spread of COVID-19 and for mishandling the government's response;PoliticoquotedChief Medical OfficerChris Whittyas saying that an earlier initial lockdown would have significantly lowered the death",
"lowered the death toll.TheBMJpublished several editorials critical of the policies adopted during the country's public health response.Johnson's public communication over the virus and the UK's test and trace system were also criticised. On 3 March 2020, Johnson claimed to have shaken hands with COVID-19 patients in hospital on the same day thatSAGEhad advised the government to warn the public not to shake hands and minimise physical contact,though it was unclear whether the hospital he visited actually contained any coronavirus patients.He continued to shake hands publicly in the following days.On 23 March, aCOVID-19 lockdownwas imposed throughout the UK, except for a few limited purposes, backed up bynew legal powers. On 27 March, it was announced that Johnson had tested positive forCOVID-19.On 5 April, he was admitted to a hospital.The next day, he was moved to the hospital's intensive care unit.Johnson left intensive care on 9 April,and left hospital three days later to recuperate atChequers.After a",
"atChequers.After a fortnight at Chequers, he returned to Downing Street on 26 April.Johnson later said that he had been givenemergency oxygenwhile in intensive care, and that doctors had made preparations in case he died. Ascandalin May 2020 involved Johnson's chief political advisorDominic Cummings, who made a trip with his family toDurhamduring the March 2020 lockdown while experiencing COVID-19 symptoms. Both Cummings and Johnson rejected widespread calls that Cummings resign.Johnson's defence of Cummings and his refusal to sack him caused a widespread backlash.This resulted in a loss of confidence in the government and specifically its response to the pandemic, referred to as 'the Cummings effect' inThe Lancet. Concerns were raised in the study that this could affect the public's compliance with pandemic restrictions. The Johnson ministry wasaccused of cronyism in their assignment of contractsrelated to the pandemic response. Procurement of government contracts for key COVID-19 supplies became less",
"became less transparent as a result of emergency measures bypassing the usual competitive tendering process.In October 2020, Johnson conceded that the UK'stest and tracesystem and its specially developedcontact tracing app, which had been criticised for their cost and operational issues, had caused \"frustrations\". Johnson reportedly resisted calls from SAGE and within the government to enact a second lockdown throughout September as COVID-19 infections rose.In April 2021, Johnson denied allegations he had said he would rather \"let the bodies pile high in their thousands\" on 30 October 2020.The government enacted a second national lockdown on 31 October.Throughout December 2020, COVID-19 cases across the UK rose significantly, straining emergency services and hospitals.In response, the government enacted further restrictions to large parts of southern and eastern England and on 21 December shortened a planned household mixing period over Christmas. Britain beganits COVID-19 vaccination programmein December",
"December 2020.Half of UK adults had received at least their first vaccine dose by 20 March 2021.A third lockdown for the whole of England was introduced on 6 January 2021.Record numbers of infections and daily deaths were recorded in the UK throughout January, and the government began exploring quarantine procedures on arrival.Johnson said he was \"deeply sorry\" and \"take full responsibility\" as the UK passed 100,000 deaths from COVID-19, the first European country to do so, on 26 January. In July 2021, Johnson announced that most generalised public health restrictions in England would be lifted and replaced by recommendations. This took place despite an increase in cases driven by theDelta variant.In September 2021, Johnson was pictured in a cabinet meeting, with \"at least 30 people crammed shoulder-to-shoulder\", without anyone wearing masks and with all windows apparently closed, contradicting government advice.Johnson was also photographed without a face mask during a visit to a hospital in November. In",
"in November. In December 2021, more stringent \"Plan B\" restrictions for England were put forward, a partial renewal of previous measures due to the increased incidence of theSARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. These proposals included face coverings to be required in more public settings, guidance towork from homewherever possible, and requirements ofCOVID-19 passportsto enter certain venues.The government experienced the largest rebellion of Conservative MPs during Johnson's premiership, in opposition to these measures. Immigration In 2019, Johnson promised to reduce net migration to the United Kingdom (the number of people immigrating minus the number emigrating) below 250,000 per year by the next election.In 2021, net migration to the UK was 488,000,up from 184,000 in 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic.Most of the migrants came from non-EU countries. As a result of Brexit, more EU nationals left the UK than arrived. In 2021, Johnson's government launched ascheme for Hongkongersfollowing theHong Kong national",
"Kong national security law, with more than 200,000 Hong Kong residents immigrating to the UK. Long-term net migration to the UK reached a record high of 764,000 in 2022,with immigration at 1.26 million and emigration at 493,000. Legislative agenda At theState Opening of Parliament on 11 May 2021, a range of proposed laws were announced, including theDissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill, which would restore theroyal prerogativeto dissolve Parliament; aHigher Education (Freedom of Speech) Billto combatdeplatformingat universities;anOnline Safety Billthat would impose a statutoryduty of careon online companies and empowerOfcomto block particular websites;and anAnimal Welfare (Sentience) Billthat would legally recognise animal sentience. Further laws would introducemandatory voter identificationat general elections, reform the national immigration system, and implement alevelling up policyto reduce imbalances between areas. 2021 Downing Street refurbishment controversy In April 2021, Cummings alleged that",
"alleged that Johnson had arranged for donors to \"secretly pay\" for renovations on the private residence at 11 Downing Street.On 27 April Johnson asked the Cabinet Secretary,Simon Case, to hold a review about the refurbishment.On 28 April, theElectoral Commissionannounced it had opened a formal investigation.On the same day Johnson said that he had not broken any laws over the refurbishment and had met the requirements he was obliged to meet.DuringPrime Minister's Questions, the leader of the opposition,Keir Starmer, asked: \"Whoinitiallypaid for the redecoration of his Downing Street flat?\"; Johnson responded: \"I paid for Downing Street's refurbishment personally.\" On 28 MayLord Geidtpublished a report on the allegations which concluded that Johnson did not breach the Ministerial Code and that no conflict, or reasonably perceived conflict, of interest arose. However, Lord Geidt expressed that it was \"unwise\" for Johnson to have proceeded without \"more rigorous regard for how this would be funded\".The",
"be funded\".The Electoral Commission reported on 9 December that it found that the Conservative Party had failed to follow the law in not accurately reporting donations to the party from Lord Brownlow and imposed a £17,800 fine on the party.The Heraldsaid the commission's report outlined how, in March, all the money paid by Brownlow and his company had been reimbursed, as had the payments made by the Conservative Party and Cabinet Office.Downing Street had said at the time that the full cost of the works had been met personally by the prime minister. Owen Paterson controversy In November 2021, Johnson backed a motion to block the suspension ofOwen Paterson, a Conservative MP found to have abused his position by theindependent standards commissionerafter undertaking paid lobbying.The motion called for the creation of a new Conservative-majority committee to examine reforms of the standards investigation process.Many Conservative MPs refused to support the motion, and 13 defied athree-line whipto vote against",
"whipto vote against it.Following the announcement by opposition parties that they would boycott the new committee, and faced with a backlash in the media and from MPs of all parties, the government announced that a new vote would take place on whether Paterson should be suspended.Paterson announced his resignation as an MP the same day.Aby-electionin Paterson's former constituency ofNorth Shropshiresaw theLiberal Democratcandidate,Helen Morgan, overturn a Conservative majority of nearly 23,000,theseventh largest swing in United Kingdom by-election history. Partygate scandal In December 2021, reports emerged thatsocial gatherings of government and Conservative Party staffin Downing Street had taken place ahead of Christmas 2020 against COVID-19 regulations. Johnson denied these allegations.Following a leaked video showing Downing Street staff joking about a \"fictional party\", at a press conference rehearsal recorded days after one alleged party took place, Johnson apologised for the contents of the video and",
"of the video and suggested he had been misled but had now ordered an inquiry. On 10 January 2022,ITV Newsreported that a planned party had taken place on 20 May 2020, during the first lockdown. ITV had obtained an email sent by principal private secretaryMartin Reynoldsto staff inviting them to \"socially distanced drinks\" in the garden of No. 10.At the time, people outdoors were not allowed to meet more than one person from outside their household.Two eyewitnesses later alleged that Johnson and Symonds attended, contradicting Johnson's insistence in December 2021 that there were \"no parties\". On 12 January 2022, Johnson apologised to MPs in the Commons for \"attending an event in the Downing Street garden during the first lockdown\",stating he believed it was \"a work event\".He said that MPs should await the outcome of the independent inquiry, led by senior civil servantSue Gray, which he said \"will report as soon as possible\".There were calls across the House for Johnson to resign. On 19 January,Bury",
"On 19 January,Bury SouthMPChristian Wakeforddefected from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party.Conservative former ministerDavid Daviscalled for Johnson to resign, quotingLeo Amerycalling onNeville Chamberlainto resign during theNorway Debatein 1940, and saying: \"You have sat there too long for all the good you have done. In the name of God, go.\" On 25 January, theMetropolitan Police's chief commander,Cressida Dick, announced that they were commencing investigations into the Downing Street Parties.An abbreviated version of theSue Gray reportinto the controversy was released on 31 January, where Gray concluded there was a \"failure of leadership\" over the events that she had examined. The release of the full report was delayed pending the Metropolitan Police's investigation. In April 2022, Johnson was issued afixed penalty noticeas police determined that he committed a criminal offence by breaching the COVID-19 lockdown regulations.Johnson therefore became the first prime minister in British history to",
"British history to have been sanctioned for breaking the law while in office. According to Downing Street insiders, Johnson was involved in instigating a party on the occasion ofLee Cainleaving Number 10. What had begun as press office drinks became a party after Johnson arrived, gave a speech and poured drinks for staff.Labour's deputy leader,Angela Raynersaid, \"If the latest reports are true, it would mean that not only did the prime minister attend parties, but he had a hand in instigating at least one of them. He has deliberately misled the British people at every turn. The prime minister has demeaned his office.\"On 21 April, MPs voted to refer Johnson to theParliamentary Privileges Committeeto investigate whether he knowingly misled Parliament.Steve Bakersaid Johnson's \"marvellous contrition... only lasted as long as it took to get out of the headmaster's study\". Following theMay 2022 local elections, many leading Conservatives in areas where the Conservatives had done badly blamed Johnson and calling",
"Johnson and calling on Johnson to resign.On 6 June,Graham Bradyannounced that the threshold for a vote on Johnson's leadership had been passed; the vote was scheduled for later that same day. On 3 March 2023, an interim report from theCommons Select Committee of Privilegessaid there was evidence that \"strongly suggests\" breaches of coronavirus regulations would have been \"obvious\" to Johnson.The report also said \"There is evidence that those who were advising Mr Johnson about what to say to the press and in the House were themselves struggling to contend that some gatherings were within the rules\".Johnson said none of the evidence showed he \"knowingly\" misled Parliament.The report stated that the Commons may have been misled on multiple occasions and Johnson \"did not correct the statements earliest opportunity\".The committee also stated that Johnson had \"personal knowledge\" over lockdown gatherings in No 10, which he could have disclosed. Starmer slur controversy While speaking in the House of Commons in",
"House of Commons in January 2022, Johnson falsely blamed Starmer for the non-prosecution of the serial sex offenderJimmy Savilewhen Starmer wasDirector of Public Prosecutionsin theCrown Prosecution Service. Starmer was DPP in the years immediately prior to Savile's death but there is no evidence he was involved in the decision to not have him prosecuted.A few days later, Johnson defended his comments but conceded that Starmer \"had nothing to do personally with those decisions\" by the CPS not to investigate Savile. Vote of confidence In the week prior to and throughout thePlatinum Jubilee of Elizabeth IIin June 2022, it had been speculated that a vote of confidence in Johnson's leadership of the Conservative Party might soon occur.On 6 June 2022, the Conservative Party announced that Johnson would face a vote of confidence in his leadership of the party, after at least 54 Conservative MPs wrote no-confidence letters to SirGraham Brady, the chairman of the1922 Committee. Johnson won the vote, with 211 in",
"vote, with 211 in favour and 148 against.The number of rebel MPs was larger than had been expected.The result was described by Keir Starmer as the \"beginning of the end\" for Johnson's premiership. June 2022 by-elections Following heavy Conservative defeats in the 23 June 2022 by-elections inWakefieldandTiverton and Honiton, former party leader Michael Howard called for Johnson to resign, saying: \" biggest asset has always been his ability to win votes but I'm afraid yesterday's results make it clear that he no longer has that ability.\" Oliver Dowden, the Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party, resigned saying: \"somebody must take responsibility\".Johnson announced that he had no intention of changing or resigning; senior Conservatives accused him of increasingly \"delusional\" behaviour.On 26 June 2022 Johnson said: \"At the moment I'm thinking actively about the third term and what could happen then, but I will review that when I get to it.\" He also claimed that he intended to stay as prime minister until the",
"minister until the mid-2030s, although Number 10 later said that he had been joking. Pincher scandal Government Deputy Chief WhipChris Pincherresigned on 30 June 2022, saying he had \"drunk far too much\" the night before at theCarlton ClubinSt James's, London, and having \"embarrassed myself and other people\".It was later alleged that he sexually assaulted two men,and he was suspended as an MP.On 3 July 2022 six new allegations against Pincher emerged, involving behaviour over a decade. Johnson allegedly referred to Pincher as \"handsy\" and Cummings said Johnson joked about him being \"Pincher by name, pincher by nature\" in 2020, leading to calls for Johnson to explain how much he knew about Pincher's behaviour.Ministers initially said that Johnson was unaware of any specific complaints against Pincher when he was appointed as deputy chief whip. The BBC then reported, however, that an official complaint and subsequent investigation into Pincher, while he was at the Foreign Office (July 2019 to February 2020),",
"to February 2020), had confirmed his misconduct, and that Johnson had been made aware at that time.SirSimon McDonald, formerPermanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, later said that the prime minister had been briefed \"in person\" about Pincher. Mass resignations On 5 July 2022, Sunak and Javid resigned within minutes of each other,followed over the next 24 hours by 11 other ministers, as well as Conservative MPs fromparliamentary private secretaryand other Government positions;otherbackbenchersalso withdrew their support for Johnson. Many of the MPs stated that the Pincher affair had led them to change their minds on the suitability of Johnson to be prime minister.It was reported on 6 July that Johnson could face another confidence vote, with members of the 1922 Committee considering changing the rules as soon as that evening to allow this to happen.By 6 July, there had been a total of 31 resignations.As of May 2022, the government comprised 122 ministers. Announcement of resignation By the",
"resignation By the morning of 7 July, the newly installedChancellor of the Exchequer,Nadhim Zahawi, publicly stated his belief that Johnson should resign. Within hours, the BBC and other media reported Johnson's intention to resign. Johnson announced his resignation at 12.30 pm. I know that there will be many who are relieved, but perhaps quite a few who will be disappointed. And I want you to know how sad I am to give up the best job in the world - but them's the breaks. Upon reports of his resignation, thepound sterlingtemporarily strengthened in value, and UK stocks rose.He remained as prime minister until September, while the Conservative Party chose a new leader.On 5 September 2022, it was announced thatLiz Trusshad won theConservative leadership election. She became prime minister the next day.During his farewell speech outside 10 Downing Street on 6 September 2022 Johnson referred to the Roman statesmanCincinnatus. Some commentators noted that, while, as Johnson said, Cincinnatus returned to his",
"returned to his plough, he was also later recalled to power. Environmental policies In November 2020, Johnson announced a 10-point plan for a \"green industrial revolution\", to include ending the sale of petrol anddieselcars and vans by 2030,quadrupling the amount ofoffshore wind powercapacity within a decade, funding emissions-cutting proposals, and spurning a proposedgreen post-COVID-19 recovery.In 2021, the Johnson government announced plans to cutcarbon emissionsby 78% by 2035. Johnson announced that the UK would join the Global Methane Pledge to cutmethane emissionsby 30% by 2030 at theCOP26summit, which the UK hosted.Before the summit, representatives ofGreenpeaceandFriends of the Earthcriticised Johnson's comments on plans to introduce \"enforceable limits\" on carbon emissions for other countries, which they accused of being unsubstantive,and his government faced criticism from environmental groups for cutting taxes on domestic air travel, given theenvironmental impact of aviation. In April 2022,",
"In April 2022, Johnson announced that eight morenuclear reactorswould be built on existingnuclear power plantsites and called for an expansion in wind energy.Under these plans, up to 95% of the UK's electricity could come fromlow-carbon powersources by 2030. Foreign policy Johnson supported theEuropean Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement,which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.Johnson's government placed importance on the \"Special Relationship\" with theUnited States.In 2022, his government introduced anasylum dealwhereby people entering the UK illegally would be sent toRwanda. Hong Kong and China Johnson said in July 2019 that his government would be very \"pro-China\" in an interview with the Hong Kong broadcasterPhoenix TV. He voiced support for Chinese presidentXi Jinping's infrastructure investment effort, theBelt and Road Initiative, and promised to keep the United Kingdom \"the most open economy in Europe\" forChinese investment. In June 2020, Johnson announced that if China were to",
"if China were to continue pursuing theHong Kong national security law, the UK would offer 350,000Hong Kong residentswho areBritish National (Overseas) passportholders, and 2.6 million other eligible individuals, the chance to move to the UK.China accused the UK of interfering in its internal affairs. Johnson declined to describe the Chinese government'streatment of the Uyghur peopleas \"genocide\", despite use of the term by the United States.Johnson's government argued that genocide should be decided by the International Criminal Court.Nevertheless, he called what is happening to theUyghursin Xinjiang as \"utterly abhorrent\". The UK joined theAUKUSdefence pact with the United States and Australia in September 2021. The pact was denounced by Chinaand caused a French backlash, as it usurped existingplans for Australia to procure French submarines. Afghanistan On 8 July 2021, the day after saying he was \"apprehensive\" about the future of Afghanistan following what was then theimpending withdrawal of US troops,",
"of US troops, while announcing the near completion of British troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, Johnson expressed the view that there was \"no military path to victory for theTaliban\".Following thefall of Kabul to the Taliban, he blamed the United States for the crisis,saying thatNATOalliance members \"could not continue this US-led mission, a mission conceived and executed in support of America, without American logistics, without US air power and without American might\". UK–EU trade negotiation Following the formalwithdrawal from the European Unionin January 2020, Johnson's government enteredtrade negotiations with the EU.Fisheries was a major topicof the negotiations.On 16 October 2020 Johnson said that the UK \"must get ready\" for no trade deal with the EU.It was announced on 24 December 2020that theEU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreementhad been reached; it came into force formally on 1 May. Afisheries dispute between the UK and Franceoccurred shortly afterwards. Introduction of new UK border checks were",
"border checks were delayed until 2022 to minimise the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2022, Johnson readied a draft that would unilaterally change parts of theNorthern Ireland Protocol, citing issues with medical supplies and cuts in VAT. One of the thornier points of contention involves safety regulations for food and plants, where the British government is opposed to a closer alignment with existing EU regulations. The EU rebuffed the idea of changing the text of the treaty to accommodate the British. A unilateral override by the UK would be tantamount to a breach of the agreement. As Johnson sought a more conciliatory tone, sources within the government began to stress that the draft is designed to be an \"insurance policy\" and would take years to become law. Russia and Ukraine In November 2021, Johnson warned that the European Union faces \"a choice\" between \"sticking up for Ukraine\" and approving theNord Stream 2natural gas pipeline from Russia to Europe. During theprelude to the",
"theprelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Johnson's government warned the Russian Government not to invadeDonbas.Johnson andVladimir Putinagreed in a phone call to work towards a \"peaceful resolution\".On 1 February 2022, Johnson arrived inKyivon a diplomatic visit.He called the presence of theRussian Armed Forcesnear theRussia–Ukraine border\"the biggest security crisis that Europe has faced for decades\".The Kremlin denied that it wanted to attack Ukraine.On 20 February 2022, Johnson warned that Russia is planning the \"biggest war in Europe since1945\" as Putin intends to invade and encircle Kyiv.On 21 February 2022, Johnson condemnedRussia's diplomatic recognitionof twoself-proclaimedrepublics in Donbas. On 24 February 2022, Johnson condemned theRussian invasion of Ukraine, and ensured the UK joined ininternational sanctionson Russian banks andoligarchs.He later announced the UK would phase outRussian oilby the end of 2022. On 9 April 2022, Johnson travelled to Kyiv and met thePresident of",
"met thePresident of Ukraine,Volodymyr Zelenskyy.On 16 April 2022, Russia'sMinistry for Foreign Affairsbanned Johnson and a number of senior British politicians from visiting Russia, saying that Britain aimed to isolate Russia politically and supply \"the Kyiv regime with lethal weapons and coordinating similar efforts on the part of NATO\". Within Ukraine, Johnson is praised by many as a supporter of anti-Russian sanctions andmilitary aid for Ukraine.On 3 May, Johnsonvirtually addressedtheUkrainian Parliament, becoming the first world leader to speak in Ukraine since the invasion. He pledged an extra £300m in military aid to Ukraine, praised Ukraine's resistance to Russia as its \"finest hour\" and said that the West had been \"too slow to grasp what was actually happening\" prior to Russia's invasion.In July 2022, Johnson warned that it would be a mistake to cease fire andfreeze the conflict.In August 2022, Johnson blamed Vladimir Putin for the emergingglobal energy crisis. Post-premiership (2022–present) After",
"After stepping down, Johnson reverted to being a backbench MP.Following thedeath of Queen Elizabeth II, Johnson took part inCharles III'sAccession Council. AfterLiz Trussannounced her resignation as Conservative Party leader on 20 October 2022, Johnson received more than the 100 MPs' nominations required to stand in theleadership election,but soon announced that he would not stand. In May 2023, Johnson was referred to the police by the Cabinet Office regarding previously unknown potential breaches of COVID regulations between June 2020 and May 2021,to which Johnson's office issued a statement criticising the \"unfounded suggestions\" which \"has all the hallmarks of yet another politically motivated stitch-up\". On 9 June 2023, the publication of his2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honoursled to a public feud with Sunak.Johnson supporterNadine Dorriesannounced that she was resigning as an MP due to not being included as a peer on the honours list.The same day, after receiving a confidential report from a",
"report from a committee of theHouse of Commonsthat was looking into whether he had lied to Parliament over lockdown-breaking parties, Johnson announced his resignation as MP.His resignation statement said he is \"not alone in thinking that there is a witch-hunt under way, to take revenge for Brexit and ultimately to reverse the 2016 referendum result\". On 15 June, the Commons Privileges Committee published their report, which concluded that Johnson lied to and deliberately misled the House of Commons over Partygate, misled the Committee themselves during the hearing, and acted in contempt of the Committee itself through a \"campaign of abuse and intimidation\".The report noted that had Johnson still been an MP, the Committee would have recommended he be suspended from Parliament for 90 days.The contents of the report represented a recommendation to the House of Commons,which accepted the report by 354 votes to seven. On 16 June, Johnson was unveiled as a new columnist for theDaily Mail. The news websitePolitico",
"websitePolitico Europereported that Johnson would be paid a \"very-high six-figure sum\".Johnson reportedly informed theAdvisory Committee on Business Appointmentshalf an hour before the columnist assignment was publicly announced. The committee ruled that Johnson committed a \"clear breach\" of the rules since he had not sought its advice on the matter within an appropriate timeframe. In October 2023, Johnson announced he would join the television channelGB Newsas a commentator and programme maker for thenext general electionandUS presidential election. Johnson condemnedHamas' attackon Israel, saying \"there can be no moral equivalence between the terrorism of Hamas and the actions of the Israeli Defense Forces\". He rejected calls for a ceasefire in theGaza Stripduring theIsrael–Hamas war, and criticisedpro-Palestinian protests in the UK.On 5 November 2023, Johnson visited Israel to express solidarity. In February 2024, Johnson had a private meeting with the president of Venezuela,Nicolás Maduro.In March",
"Maduro.In March 2024,The Timesreported that Johnson is expected to campaign for the Conservatives in the next General Election. On 2 May 2024 Johnson was turned away from his polling station for theThames Valley Police and Crime Commissioner, after forgetting to bringvalid photographic identification, a requirement of theElections Act, which Johnson introduced while in office. When he arrived he had nothing to prove his identity except the sleeve of his copy ofProspectmagazine, on which his name and address had been printed. He said that when he returned a few minutes later, with hisdriving licence, he was then able to vote.During the2024 general election, Johnson campaigned for the Conservatives, who lost the election in a landslide to Labour. Johnson's memoirsUnleashedare scheduled to be released in October 2024. Political positions and ideology free-market, tolerant, broadly libertarian (though perhaps not ultra-libertarian), inclined to see the merit of traditions, anti-regulation, pro-immigrant,",
"pro-immigrant, pro-standing on your own two feet, pro-alcohol, pro-hunting, pro-motorist and ready to defend to the death the right ofGlenn Hoddle to believe in reincarnation. — Boris Johnson, 2011 Ideologically, Johnson has been described as a \"One-Nation Tory\".Political scientists have described Johnson's political positions as ambiguous and contradictory, encompassingnativist, authoritarian andfree markettendencies on the one hand, and one-nationliberal conservatismon the other.Some scholars have questioned Johnson's commitment to one-nation conservativism, instead characterising his ideology as flexible and populist.Purnell stated that Johnson regularly changed his opinion on political issues, commenting on what she perceived to be \"an ideological emptiness beneath the staunch Tory exterior\". During his tenure as mayor, Johnson gained a reputation as \"a liberal, centre-ground politician\", according toBusiness Insider.In 2012, the political scientistTony Traversdescribed Johnson as \"a fairly classic—that",
"fairly classic—that is, small-state—mildlyeuroscepticConservative\" who also embraced \"modern social liberalism\".The Guardianstated that while mayor, Johnson blended economic and social liberalism,withThe Economistsaying that in doing so Johnson \"transcends his Tory identity\" and adopts a more libertarian perspective.According to political scientist Richard Hayton, Johnson's premiership was about Brexit, which served as a \"national cause\". Johnson evoked the discourse ofpopular sovereigntyandanti-establishmentpopulism to portray Parliament as seeking to \"sabotage\" Brexit, and in doing so, presented himself \"as the true representative of 'the people'\". Scholars ofcomparative politicshave drawn comparisons between Johnson and other populist leaders such as Donald Trump andViktor Orban.Some commentators have likened Johnson's political style toTrumpism,although others have argued that Johnson's stance on matters such as social policy, immigration and free trade is liberal.Johnson biographer Gimson wrote that",
"Gimson wrote that Johnson is economically and socially \"a genuine liberal\", although he retains a \"Tory element\" through his \"love of existing institutions, and a recognition of the inevitability of hierarchy\".In 2019, reacting to reports inThe Sun, that Johnson had told cabinet colleagues he was \"basically a Brexity Hezza\", former deputy leader of the Conservative PartyMichael Heseltinewrote: \"I fear that any traces of liberal conservatism that still exist within the prime minister have long since been captured by the rightwing, foreigner-bashing, inward-looking view of the world that has come to characterise his fellow Brexiters.\" Environment Johnson expressedclimate scepticalviews in several columns,conflating the distinction between weather and climate and highlighting a factually incorrect claim by weather forecaster and conspiracy theoristPiers Corbynthat reduced solar activity could lead to a \"mini-Ice Age\". Bloomberg Newssuggested that Johnson's interest in climate change increased after becoming",
"after becoming prime minister, and suggested this could have been influenced by his wifeCarrie Symondsand fatherStanley Johnson, who are both environmental campaigners. In 2019 and 2020, Johnson expressed support for the UK to have\"net-zero\" greenhouse gas emissionsby 2050and spoke about increasing ambition for mitigating climate change throughcarbon capture and storageand arenewable energy transition.During the2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Johnson called for greater efforts towardsclimate change mitigation,and welcomed the prospect ofcoal phase-out. It was reported in 2022 that Johnson was convinced of thescientific consensus on climate changefollowing a briefing by the chief scientist of theMet Officein January 2020, and subsequently made the issue a priority for his government. According toTheyWorkForYouas of 2022, Johnson has \"generally voted against\" what it described as \"key measures to preventclimate change\"while an MP,and other sources confirm this. Immigration and the European Union",
"the European Union Purnell believed it was the influence of Johnson's maternal family that led to him developing \"a genuine abhorrence of racial discrimination\".In 2003, Johnson said, \"I am not by any means an ultra-Eurosceptic. In some ways, I am a bit of a fan of theEuropean Union. If we did not have one, we would invent something like it.\"As mayor, Johnson was known as a supporter ofimmigration.From 2009, he advocated a referendum on Britain's EU membership. In 2018, during Brexit negotiations, Johnson called for Britain to leave theSingle Marketand advocated a more liberal approach to immigration than that of Prime Minister May.He stated many people believed thatBritain's EU membershiphad led to the suppression of British wages and said the EU was intent on creating a \"superstate\" that would seek to rob Britain of its sovereignty.In 2019, Johnson said he would take Britain out of the EU on 31 October whether there was a trade deal in place or not.Johnson also stated his opposition to areferendum on the",
"areferendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement. On 19 August 2019, Johnson wrote a letter to the EU asking for the removal of the \"backstop\" accord. The president of the European Council,Donald Tusk, rejected the proposal.On 26 August 2019, Johnson said that Britain would not pay £39 billion for the withdrawal agreement were the UK to leave without a deal. The European Parliament Brexit coordinatorGuy Verhofstadtsaid there would be no further negotiation unless the UK agreed to pay the entire sum. Unionism and devolution Johnson described himself as a \"fervent and passionateunionist\".He proposed building anIrish Sea Bridge, but he later scrapped this initiative. The devolved administrations have criticised theInternal Market Billfor its re-centralisation of control over commerce. Public image Johnson has said that \"humour is a utensil that you can use to sugar the pill and to get important points across\".He is said to have a genuine desire to be liked.Johnson has been described as having a light-hearted and",
"a light-hearted and charming persona;many biographers and commentators suggest he has put significant effort into developing this version of himself.He has also been described as heavily focused on his own interests,with an often vitriolic or irresponsible way of conducting himself in private. Johnson has been described as a divisive, controversial figure in British politics.Supporters have praised him as witty and entertaining.Johnson has been accused of lying or making misleading statements throughout his career,and has been compared to former US presidentDonald Trump.He has been considered a figure with broad appeal outside of the usual Conservative support base.Johnson's premiership has been described by historians as the most controversial and scandal-affected since that ofDavid Lloyd Georgeabout a century earlier. Personal life Since Johnson was born in New York City to British parents, he heldBritish-Americandual citizenship. In 2015, he agreed to paycapital gains taxto theUS tax authoritieson a",
"tax authoritieson a property that he inherited in the UK.He renounced his US citizenship the following year.Johnson has knowledge of French, Italian, German, Spanish,LatinandAncient Greek,frequently makingclassicalallusions in his newspaper columns and his speeches. Sonia Purnellwrote in 2011 that Johnson was a \"highly evasive figure\" when it came to his personal life,who remained detached from others and who had few intimate friends.Among friends and family, Johnson is more commonly known as Al (short for his forename Alexander), rather than Boris. In 2007, Johnson said he had smokedcannabisbefore he went to university.He has also said he had usedcocaine.Johnson partakes in cycling, tennis andpilates, and returned to road running in 2023.He was consideredobesein 2018 andoverweightin 2020, and has spoken of making efforts to lose weight. Johnson previously owned a £1.3 million buy-to-let townhouse inCamberwell, South London. According toHM Land Registrydocuments, he bought the four-bedroom property with his",
"property with his then-girlfriendCarrie Symondsin July 2019. The register of MPs' interests states that Johnson had a rental income of at least £10,000 a year.In 2023, Johnson and Symonds boughtBrightwell Manor, a £3.8 million moated mansion inBrightwell-cum-Sotwell, Oxfordshire. Religion Johnson was baptisedCatholicand laterconfirmedin theChurch of England,but has said that his faith \"comes and goes\"and that he is not a serious practising Christian.In 2020, his son Wilfred was baptised Catholic.Johnson and Symonds married in a Catholic ceremony atWestminster Cathedralon 29 May 2021.Since he was baptised Catholic, but his previous weddings were not conferred by the Catholic Church, the Catholic Church considered them putatively invalid. Johnson holds ancient Greek statesmanPericlesas a personal hero.According to Johnson's biographer, Andrew Gimson, regarding ancient Greek andRoman polytheism: \"it is clear that is inspired by the Romans, and even more by the Greeks, and repelled by theearly",
"by theearly Christians\".Johnson viewssecular humanismpositively and sees it as owing more to theclassical worldthan to Christian thinking.However, in 2021, Johnson was asked if he held pre-Christian beliefs, which he denied, saying, \"Christianity is a superb ethical system and I would count myself as a kind of very, very bad Christian... Christianity makes a lot of sense to me.\" Relationships In 1987, Johnson marriedAllegra Mostyn-Owen, daughter of the art historianWilliam Mostyn-Owenand Italian writerGaia Servadio.The couple's marriage ended in divorce orannulmentin 1993and 12 days later Johnson marriedMarina Wheeler, a barrister, daughter of journalistCharles Wheeler.Five weeks later, their first child was born.They have four children:Lara Lettice, Milo Arthur, Cassia Peaches and Theodore Apollo. Between 2000 and 2004, Johnson had an affair withSpectatorcolumnistPetronella Wyattwhen he was its editor, resulting in a terminated pregnancy and amiscarriage.In April 2006, theNews of the Worldalleged that",
"Worldalleged that Johnson was having an affair withGuardianjournalist Anna Fazackerley. The pair did not comment; shortly afterward, Johnson employed Fazackerley. In 2009, Johnson fathered a daughter with Helen Macintyre, an arts consultant.In September 2021, Johnson stated that he had six children, thereby denying the existence of further illegitimate children. In September 2018, Johnson and Wheeler issued a statement confirming that they had separated months earlier;they divorced in 2020. Jennifer Arcurisaid that she had an affair with Johnson from 2012 to 2016. In 2019, Johnson was living withCarrie Symonds, the daughter ofMatthew Symonds, co-founder ofThe Independentnewspaper.Johnson and Symonds became engaged in late 2019and their son, Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson,was born in April 2020. On 29 May 2021, Johnson married Symonds atWestminster Cathedral.Their daughter, Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson,was born in December 2021.Their third child, a son named Frank Alfred Odysseus Johnson, was born in July",
"was born in July 2023. Family and ancestors Johnson is the eldest of the four children ofStanley Johnson, a formerConservativemember of the European Parliament, and the painterCharlotte Johnson Wahl(née Fawcett),the daughter of SirJames Fawcett, president of theEuropean Commission of Human Rights.His younger siblings areRachel Johnson, a writer and journalist, Leo Johnson, a broadcaster,andJo Johnson, ex-minister of state and former Conservative MP forOrpington, who resigned from his brother's government in September 2019and is now a member of theHouse of Lords. Johnson's stepmother, Jenny, the second wife of his father Stanley, is the stepdaughter ofTeddy Sieff, the former chairman ofMarks & Spencer.Having been a member of the Conservatives between 2008 and 2011, Rachel Johnson joined the Liberal Democrats in 2017.She stood as a candidate forChange UKin the2019 European Elections.Johnson also has two half-siblings,Juliaand Maximilian, through his father's later marriage to Jennifer Kidd. Johnson's paternal",
"Johnson's paternal grandfather, Wilfred Johnson, was an RAF pilot inCoastal Commandduring the Second World War.Wilfred Johnson's father was theOttomanInterior Ministerand journalistAli Kemal. Ali Kemal's father was aTurkwhile his mother was aCircassianreputedly ofslaveorigin.His other paternal ancestry includes English, German and French; one of his German ancestors was said to be theillegitimatedaughter ofPrince Paul of Württembergand thus a descendant ofGeorge II of Great Britain,which was later confirmed on an episode ofWho Do You Think You Are? Johnson's mother is the granddaughter ofElias Avery Lowe, apalaeographerand aRussian Jewishimmigrant to the US,andPennsylvania-bornHelen Tracy Lowe-Porter, a translator ofThomas Mann.Referring to his varied ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a \"one-man melting pot\".Johnson was given the middle name \"Boris\" after a White Russian émigré named Boris Litwin, who was a friend of his parents. Honours Works Notes References Footnotes Sources Further reading",
"Further reading External links",
"Jeremy Corbyn Jeremy Bernard Corbyn(/ˈkɔːrbɪn/; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who has beenMember of Parliament(MP) forIslington Northsince 1983. Anindependent, Corbyn was a member of theLabour Partyfrom 1965 until his expulsion in 2024, and is a member of theSocialist Campaign Groupparliamentarycaucus. He served asLeader of the OppositionandLeader of the Labour Partyfrom 2015 to 2020. Corbyn identifies ideologically as asocialiston thepolitical left. Born inChippenham,Wiltshire, Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became atrade unionrepresentative. In 1974, he was elected toHaringey Counciland became Secretary ofHornseyConstituency Labour Partyuntil elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983. His activism has includedAnti-Fascist Action, theAnti-Apartheid Movement, theCampaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and advocating for aunited IrelandandPalestinian statehood. As abackbencher, Corbyn routinely voted against the Labourwhip, includingNew Labourgovernments. A vocal",
"A vocal opponent of theIraq War, he chaired theStop the War Coalitionfrom 2011 to 2015, and received theGandhi International Peace AwardandSeán MacBride Peace Prize. FollowingEd Miliband's resignation after the party had lost the2015 general election, Corbyn won the2015 party leadership electionto succeed him. The Labour Party's membership increased sharply, both during theleadership campaignand following his election. Taking the party to the left, Corbyn advocatedrenationalisingpublic utilities andrailways, aless interventionistmilitary policy, and reversals ofausterity cutsto welfare and public services. Although he had sometimes been critical of theEuropean Union(EU), he supported theRemain campaignin the2016 EU membership referendum. After Labour MPssought to remove him in 2016through a leadership challenge, he won asecond leadership contestagainstOwen Smith. Despitehostile treatment from the media, in the2017 general electionCorbyn led Labour to increase its vote share by 10 percentage points to 40 per",
"points to 40 per cent, their largest rise since the1945 general election. During his tenure as leader, Corbyn was criticised for theantisemitism within the party. He condemnedantisemitismand apologised for its presence,while his leadership saw astrengthening of disciplinary proceduresregarding hate speech and racism.In 2019, afterdeadlock in Parliament over Brexit, Corbyn endorsed holding areferendum on the withdrawal agreement, with a personal stance of neutrality. In the2019 general election, Labour's vote share fell to 32 per cent, leading to a loss of 60 seats, leaving it with 202, its fewest since the1935 general election. Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while theleadership electionto replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election ofKeir Starmer, who led the party to victory atthe next general electionin 2024. After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended",
"was suspended from the party in 2020. In May 2024, after the2024 general electionhad been called, Corbyn was not allowed to stand as a Labour candidate for his constituency, and subsequently announced he wouldstand as an independent candidate for Islington North; he was then expelled from Labour.He won re-election with a majority of 7,247. Early life Jeremy Bernard Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 inChippenham, Wiltshire,the son of mathematics teacher Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987)and electrical engineer andpower rectifierexpert David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986).He has three elder brothers; one of them,Piers Corbyn(born 1947), is a weather forecaster who later became known as aclimate change denierandanti-vaccine conspiracy theorist.For the first seven years of his life, the family lived inKington St Michael, Wiltshire.His parents wereLabour Partymembersandpeace campaignerswho met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of theSpanish RepublicatConway Hallduring theSpanish Civil War. When Corbyn",
"War. When Corbyn was seven, the family moved toPave Lane, Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhousewhich was once part of theDuke of Sutherland'sLilleshallestate.Corbyn attendedCastle House School, an independentpreparatory schoolnearNewport, Shropshire, before becoming a day student at Newport'sAdams Grammar Schoolat the age of 11. While still at school, Corbyn became active in theLeague Against Cruel Sportsand theLabour Party Young SocialistswithinThe Wrekin.He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16.He achieved twoA-Levelsat grade E, the lowest possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18.Corbyn joined theCampaign for Nuclear Disarmamentin 1966 while at schooland later became one of its three vice-chairs and subsequently vice-president.Around this time, he also campaigned against theVietnam War. After school, Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for the localNewport and Market Drayton Advertisernewspaper.Around the age of 19, he spent two years doingVoluntary",
"doingVoluntary Service Overseasin Jamaica as ayouth workerand geography teacher.He subsequently visited Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay throughout 1969 and 1970. While in Brazil, he participated in a student demonstration inSão Pauloagainst theBrazilian military government. He also attended aMay Daymarch inSantiago, where the atmosphere aroundSalvador Allende'sPopular Unityalliance which swept to power inthe Chilean elections of 1970made an impression on him: \" noticed something very different from anything I had experienced... what Popular Unity and Allende had done was weld together the folk tradition, the song tradition, the artistic tradition and the intellectual tradition\". Early career and political activities Returning to the UK in 1971, Corbyn worked as anofficialfor theNational Union of Tailors and Garment Workers.He began a course in Trade Union Studies atNorth London Polytechnicbut left after a year without a degree after a series of arguments with his tutors over the curriculum.He worked as",
"worked as a trade union organiser for theNational Union of Public Employees(NUPE) andAmalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union,where his union was approached byTony Bennand \"encouraged ... to produce a blueprint for workers' control ofBritish Leyland\"; the plans did not proceed after Benn was moved to a different Department. Corbyn was appointed amemberof adistrict health authorityand in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected toHaringey CouncilfromSouth Hornseyward.After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected inHarringayward ascouncillor, remaining so until 1983.As a delegate fromHornseyto theLabour Party Conferencein 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by theNational Health Service(NHS) rather than as private contractors.He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as \"more appropriate to theNational Frontthan to the Labour Party\". Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser,and had",
"organiser,and had responsibility for the1979 general election campaignin Hornsey. Around this time, he became involved with theLondon Labour Briefing, where he was a contributor. Described byThe Timesin 1981 as \"Briefing's founder\",The Economistin a 1982 article named Corbyn as \"Briefing's general secretary figure\",as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographerAndrew Rothin 2004,which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979.Michael Crick, in the 2016 edition of his bookMilitant, says that Corbyn was \"a member of the editorial board\",as does Lansley, Goss andWolmar's 1989 workThe Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left.Corbyn said in 2017 that these reports were inaccurate, tellingSophy Ridge: \"I read the magazine. I wrote for the magazine. I was not a member of the editorial board. I didn't agree with it.\" He worked on Tony Benn'sunsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981. Corbyn was keen to allow formerInternational Marxist GroupmemberTariq Alito join the",
"Alito join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that \"so far as we are concerned ... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card.\"In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn;in November, the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist on Ali's membership \"up to and including the point of disbandment of the party\". In the July 1982 edition ofBriefing, Corbyn opposed expulsions of theTrotskyistandentryistgroupMilitant, saying that \"If expulsions are in order for Militant, they should apply to us too.\" In the same year, he was the \"provisional convener\" of \"Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign\", based at Corbyn's then address.TheMetropolitan Police'sSpecial Branchmonitored Corbyn for two decades, until the early 2000s, as he was \"deemed to be a subversive\". According to the Labour Party, \"The Security Services kept files on many peace and Labour movement campaigners at the time,",
"at the time, including anti-Apartheid activists and trade unionists\". Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015) Labour in opposition (1982–1997) Corbyn was selected as theLabour Partycandidatefor theconstituencyofIslington North, in February 1982,winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillorPaul Boateng, who in 1987 became one of the first three Black BritishMembers of Parliament(MP).At the1983 general electionhe was elected MP for the constituency,defeating theIndependent LabourincumbentMichael O'Halloran, and immediately joined the socialistCampaign Group, later becoming secretary of the group. Shortly after being elected to Parliament, he began writing a weekly column for the left-wingMorning Starnewspaper.In May 2015, he said that \"theStaris the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media\".In February 2017, theMorning Starsaid of Corbyn: \"He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others –",
"shows to others – however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be.\" In 1983, Corbyn spoke on a \"no socialism withoutgay liberation\" platform and continued to campaign forLGBT rights. He was a campaigner againstapartheidin South Africa, serving on the National Executive of theAnti-Apartheid Movement,and was arrested in 1984 while demonstrating outsideSouth Africa House, leading, decades later, to a viral image of Corbyn being arrested circulated by supporters on social media.This was as a member of the City of London Anti-Apartheid Group (CLAAG) who carried out a \"non-stop picket\" for 1,408 days to campaign forNelson Mandela's release from prison. The Anti-Apartheid Movement did not support this protest, as they had agreed not to demonstrate within 30 feet of the embassy, and the picket failed to gain support from the LondonANC; Mandela's failure to respond to CLAAG following his release from prison in 1990 is frequently described as a 'snub'. He supported the1984–85 miners' strike.In",
"miners' strike.In 1985, he invited striking miners into the gallery of the House of Commons; they were expelled for shouting: \"Coal not dole\".At the end of the strike Corbyn was given a medallion by the miners in recognition of his help. In 1985, he was appointed national secretary of the newly launchedAnti-Fascist Action. During the BBC'sNewsnightin 1984, Conservative MPTerry Dickssaid that so-called Labour \"scruffs\" (such as Corbyn, who at this time was known for wearing an old polo-necked sweater to the Commons) should be banned from addressing the House of Commons unless they maintained higher standards. Corbyn responded, saying that: \"It's not a fashion parade, it's not a gentleman's club, it's not a bankers' institute, it's a place where the people are represented.\" In 1990, Corbyn opposed thepoll tax(formally known as the Community Charge)and nearly went to jail for not paying the tax.He appeared in court the following year as a result. Corbyn supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of",
"the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in Londonwhich argued that there was insufficient evidence to tie them to the act, along withAmnesty International,Unisonand a number of journalists and other MPs. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by theHigh Court of Justicein 2001 and by theEuropean Court of Human Rightsin 2007. Corbyn sat on theSocial Security Select Committeefrom 1992 to 1997. Irish politics A longstanding supporter of aunited Ireland, in the 1980s Corbyn metSinn FéinleaderGerry Adamsa number of times.Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict.According toThe Sunday Times, Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn Féin or other pro-republican groups during the period of the IRA's paramilitary campaign. Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences",
"Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-IRARed Action)and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs.In 1984, Corbyn and Ken Livingstone invited Adams, two convicted IRA volunteers and other members of Sinn Féin to Westminster.He was criticised by the Labour Party leadership for the meeting, which took place two weeks after the IRA'sbombingof the Conservative Party leadership that killed five people. During the 1980s he campaigned on behalf of theGuildford FourandBirmingham Six, who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-1970s.In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members includingPatrick Magee, who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks. After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on",
"being released on bail, but were not charged. In 1987, Corbyn attended a commemoration by theWolfe Tone Societyin London for eight IRA members who were killed bySpecial Air Servicesoldierswhile attackingaRoyal Ulster Constabularypolice station inLoughgall,County Armagh. At the commemoration, he told his fellow attendees that \"I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland\" and attacked the British government's policies in Northern Ireland, calling for all British troops to be withdrawn from the region.Corbyn subsequently said that he had attended the event, which included aminute of silencefor the eight IRA members, to \"call for a peace and dialogue process\". He voted against the 1985Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying \"We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason.\" In the early 1990s,MI5opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links",
"monitor his links to the IRA. In 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974Birmingham pub bombings, which killed 21 people. A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography,Before the Dawn. Shadow Northern Ireland SecretaryMo Mowlamand Labour leaderTony Blaircondemned the invitation, with Mowlam arguing that it was detrimental to the peace process, and Blair threatening disciplinary action.Adams cancelled the event, to save further embarrassment to Corbyn and to avoid negative publicity. In 1998, he voted for theGood Friday Agreement, saying he looked forward to \"peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future.\" In 2017, Corbyn said that he had \"never met the IRA\", although Shadow Home SecretaryDiane Abbottlater clarified that although he had met members of the IRA, \"he met with them in their capacity as activists in Sinn Fein\". Labour in government (1997–2010) Between",
"(1997–2010) Between 1997 and 2010, during theNew Labourgovernments, Corbyn was the Labour MP who voted most often against the party whip, includingthree-line whipvotes. In 2005 he was identified as the second most rebellious Labour MP of all time during the New Labour governments.He was the most rebellious Labour MP in the 1997–2001 Parliament,the 2001–2005 Parliamentand the 2005–2010 Parliament, defying the whip 428 times while Labour was in power.Jacobindescribed him as \"a figure who for decades challenged them from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament\". Corbyn has called forTony Blairto be investigated for allegedwar crimes during the Iraq War.In July 2016, theChilcot Reportof theIraq Inquirywas issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. Subsequently, Corbyn – who had voted against military action against Iraq – gave a speech in Westminster commenting: \"I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision",
"disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003\" which he called an \"act of military aggression launched on a false pretext\" something that has \"long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion\".Corbyn specifically apologised to \"the people of Iraq\"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to \"the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to go to war was taken on.\" Corbyn sat on theLondon Regional Select Committeefrom 2009 to 2010. Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of theStop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose theWar in Afghanistanwhich started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : \"there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy\" among some members of the Labour party. He cited \"the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq\" as",
"of bombing Iraq\" as examples.He was vehemently opposed to Britain's involvement in theIraq Warin 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He spoke at theFebruary anti-Iraq War protestwhich was said to be the largest such protest in British political history.At the same time, he expressed support for the Iraqi insurgency and the Palestinian intifada when he signed the second Cairo Declaration in December 2003, which said \"The Iraqis themselves are now engaged in a titanic struggle to rid their country of occupying forces. The Palestinian intifada continues under the most difficult circumstances. The US administration threatens Iran and other countries on a daily basis. Now is the time to draw together the forces of resistance in the Arab world and from around the globe.\" In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to supportPlaid Cymruand theScottish National Party's call for aparliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War.He was elected chair of the coalition in succession toAndrew",
"succession toAndrew Murrayin September 2011, but resigned once he becameLeader of the Labour Partyin September 2015. Parliamentary groups and activism Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several trade unions, includingUNISON,Uniteand theNational Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. He is a supporter of theUnite Against Fascismpressure group. Corbyn was chair of theAll-Party Parliamentary Group(APPG) on theChagos Islands, chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly removedChagossiansto return to theBritish Indian Ocean Territory. Corbyn appeared on a call-in show onPress TV, an Iranian government television channel, several times between 2009 and 2012. He was criticised for appearing on the channel in light of Iran executing and imprisoning homosexuals, as well as Corbyn not questioning contributors who called the BBC \"Zionist liars\"",
"BBC \"Zionist liars\" and described Israel as a \"disease\".Corbyn said in response that he used the programme to address \"human rights issues\" and that his appearance fee was \"not an enormous amount\" and was used to help meet constituency office costs.Corbyn's final appearance was six months after the network was fined byOfcomfor its part in filming an interview withMaziar Bahari, an Iranian journalist, saying the interview had been held under duress and after torture. Labour in opposition (2010–2015) In the2010 Labour Party leadership election, Corbyn supported Diane Abbott in the first round in which she was eliminated; thereafter, he supportedEd Miliband. Corbyn was one of 16 signatories to an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to make a commitment toopposing further austerity, to takerail franchisesback intopublic ownership, and to strengthencollective bargainingarrangements. Corbyn sat on theJustice Select Committeefrom 2010 to 2015.Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been",
"Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the2015 general election. Leadership elections Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015,Ed Milibandresigned as its party leader, triggering aleadership election. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper,TheIslington Tribune, that he would have a \"clear anti-austerity platform\". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would \"seek to withdraw from Nato\". He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax.He added: \"This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by",
"call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate\".He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to \"implement the democratic will of our party\".The other candidates were Shadow Home SecretaryYvette Cooper, Shadow Health SecretaryAndy Burnhamand Shadow Care MinisterLiz Kendall.Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win. At the Second Reading of theWelfare Reform and Work Billin July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as \"rotten and indefensible\", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Harman.In August 2015, he called",
"2015, he called onIain Duncan Smithto resign asSecretary of State for Work and Pensionsafter it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work byWork Capability Assessments(instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work. Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at thehustingsacross the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press.Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership.In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as \"registered supporters\" for £3 and be entitled to vote in the",
"to vote in the election.There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members.He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting.He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without \"£3 registered supporters\", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters.His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in1994.His margin of victory was said to be \"the largest mandate ever won by a party leader\". An internal Labour Party report, entitledThe work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019, was leaked to the media in April 2020. The report stated that during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests, staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they",
"members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as \"trotbusting\", \"bashing trots\" and \"trot spotting\". Corbynmania Corbyn was initially viewed as atoken candidatefor the left wing of the party and not expected to win. However, many new, young party members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to £3, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn'sauthentic, informal style and radical policies.Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at thehustingsacross the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press. Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a politicalfandom, comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such asBernie SandersandJustin Trudeau. Specific features included use of the #jezwecanhashtag, attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such asselfieson social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated",
"consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a \"Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister\" (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such asCharlotte Church,Jeremy HardyandMaxine Peake; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. These were seen as cultish by critics such asMargaret Beckettwho said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the \"Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club\". Achantof \"Oh, Jeremy Corbyn\" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of afootball chantto the tune of arifffrom \"Seven Nation Army\" byThe White Stripes,it attracted special attention at theGlastonbury Festival 2017, where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds.Labour's weaker-than-expected performance in the2018 local electionsled to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked. Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020) First term",
"First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017) After being elected leader, Corbyn becameLeader of the Official Oppositionand shortly thereafter his appointment to thePrivy Councilwas announced.In Corbyn's firstPrime Minister's Questionssession as leader, he broke with the traditional format by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails.Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the \"theatrical\" nature of the House of Commons, and his début was described in aGuardianeditorial as \"a good start\" and a \"long overdue\" change to the tone of PMQs.He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015.Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn. In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the",
"a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said \"the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that. You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security\". In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from theLondon School of Economicsof national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. 2017 general election The Labour campaign in the2017 general electionfocused on social issues such as health care, education and ending austerity.Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan \"For the Many, Not the Few\"and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with agrassrootsfollowing for the",
"for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival inPrenton Park. Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, and again finished as the second largest party in parliament, it increased its share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. This was its greatest vote share since2001. It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945.This was partly attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches. 2019 general election and resignation In May 2019,Theresa Mayannounced her resignation and stood down as prime minister in July, following the election of her replacement, formerForeign SecretaryBoris",
"SecretaryBoris Johnson.Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson. The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the age pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replaceuniversal credit.Due to the plans to nationalise the \"big six\" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades. During the campaign for the upcoming general elections, Corbyn was accused by theHindu Council UKof promotinganti-Hindu sentimentsfollowing his disparaging comments on thecaste system& his condemnation of theHindu-rightwingBharatiya Janata Partyled Indian government'srevocation of the special status of Jammu and",
"status of Jammu and Kashmir.ManyHindus living in the UKsaw Corbyn's attitude towards Hindus to be heavily influenced byPakistaniMuslimleaders of his party,with whom he shared a common pro-Palestinian stance. The2019 general electionwas the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat.At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow ChancellorJohn McDonnelllargely blamedBrexitand themedia representationof the party.Tony Blairargued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame. Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the 2019 general election, Corbynconceded defeatand stated that he",
"stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election.Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%.The Guardiandescribed the results as a \"realignment\" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales.Corbyn insisted that he had \"pride in the manifesto\" that Labour put forward and blamed the defeat on Brexit.According to polling byLord Ashcroft, Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat.Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while theleadership electionto replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election ofKeir Starmer. Post-leadership EHRC report and suspension Allegations of antisemitism within the",
"within the party grew during Corbyn's leadership. Incidents involvingNaz Shahin 2014 andKen Livingstonein 2016 resulted in their suspension from party membership pending investigation. In response, Corbyn established theChakrabarti Inquiry, which concluded that while the party was not \"overrun by anti-Semitism or other forms of racism,\" there was an \"occasionally toxic atmosphere\" and \"clear evidence of ignorant attitudes.\" In 2017, Labour Party rules were amended to categorizehate speech, including antisemitism, as a disciplinary matter. In 2018, Corbyn faced scrutiny for his response in 2012 to an allegedly antisemitic mural and for his association with Facebook groups, mainly pro-Palestinian, containing antisemitic posts. Labour'sNational Executive Committee(NEC) adopted a definition of antisemitism, for disciplinary purposes, in July of that year, aligning with theInternational Holocaust Remembrance Alliance(IHRA)Working Definition, with modified examples related to criticism of Israel.In September 2018,",
"September 2018, the NEC incorporated all 11 IHRA examples, unamended, into the party's code of conduct.In May 2019, theEquality and Human Rights Commission(EHRC) launched an inquiry into whether Labour had \"unlawfully discriminated against, harassed or victimised people because they are Jewish.\" After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020. The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: \"ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon.\"It also described senior Labour staff as having displayed \"deplorably factional and insensitive, and at times discriminatory, attitudes\" towards Corbyn and his supporters,and",
"his supporters,and detailed concerns by some staff about a \"hierarchy of racism\" in the party which ignored Black people.The report also expressed regret that Corbyn himself did not engage with the authors' request to interview him. Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisorAndrew Fisherwrote: \"Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Cultural change requires painstaking work, not glib assertions of change.\"Corbyn himself stated that report \"calls into question the behaviour of senior officials in the party, in particular during the 2017 election\" and that \"wrongs must be righted.\" Peace and Justice Project On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates includeChristine Blower,Len McCluskeyandZarah Sultana.Rafael Correasaid that he \"welcome the creation\" of the project. Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisis On 18 February 2022, in the week before theRussian invasion of Ukraine, Corbyn alongside 11",
"Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from theStop the War Coalitionopposing any war in Ukraine.The statement said that \"the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns\", that NATO \"should call a halt to its eastward expansion\", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served \"no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns\".The statement's authors also said that they \"refute the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance\". On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief whipAlan Campbellwrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures.All 11 agreed to do so the same evening.Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MPClaudia Webbedid not withdraw their signatures from the statement, thoughDavid Lammyurged Corbyn to do so.",
"Corbyn to do so. Expulsion from the Labour Party and 2024 general election Media speculation that Corbyn would contest the2024 general electionas an Independent was reported in October 2023.Despite \"unanimous support\" from hisConstituency Labour Party(CLP),Corbyn was not permitted to stand as a Labour parliamentary candidate. After announcing on 24 May 2024 that he would stand as an independent parliamentary candidate for Islington North, he was fully expelled from the Labour Party.He was endorsed byMick Lynchof theNational Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. Corbyn responded to Keir Starmer's claim of knowing the party would lose the 2019 election by saying \"Well, he never said that to me, at any time. And so I just think rewriting history is no help. It shows double standards, shall we say, that he now says he always thought that but he never said it at the time or anything about it. He was part of the campaign. He and I spoke together at events and I find it actually quite sad.\" A poll released",
"A poll released just over two weeks before the election showed Corbyn in second behind Labour candidate Praful Nargund.Leading members of the Islington North CLP resigned in order to support Corbyn, while also criticising the manner in which Nargund was selected as Islington North's candidate.Corbyn was comfortably re-elected as an independent, even as Labour won a landslide victory in the general election. His majority over Nargund was over 7,000. Policies and views Corbyn self-identifies as asocialist.He has also been referred to as a \"mainstream social democrat\".He advocates reversingausterity cutsto public services and some welfare funding made since 2010, as well asrenationalisationof public utilities andthe railways.A longstandinganti-warandanti-nuclearactivist, he supports a foreign policy of militarynon-interventionismandunilateralnuclear disarmament, and has been a prominent activist for Palestinian solidarity throughout theGaza–Israel conflict.WriterRonan Bennett, who formerly worked as a research",
"as a research assistant to Corbyn, has described him as \"a kind of vegan, pacifist idealist, one with a clear understanding of politics and history, and a commitment to the underdog\". In 1997, the political scientistsDavid ButlerandDennis Kavanaghdescribed Corbyn's political stance as \"far-left\".Corbyn has describedKarl Marxas a \"great economist\"and said he has read some of the works ofAdam Smith, Marx andDavid Ricardoand has \"looked at many, many others\".However, some have argued that Corbyn is less radical than previously described:for example, the journalistGeorge Eatonhas called him \"Keynesian\".In 2023,The Daily Telegraphreported that most of the tax policies in Corbyn's 2019 general election manifesto had been implemented by the winning Conservative government, including a highercorporation tax, awindfall taxon oil companies, a reduction in annual tax allowances on dividend income, raising income tax on high earners, and introducing adigital services taxon online retailers. Corbyn namedJohn Smithas the",
"Smithas the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as \"a decent, nice, inclusive leader\". He also said he was \"very close and very good friends\" withMichael Foot. Media coverage Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic.In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. The study's director commented that \"Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader\". Another report by the Media Reform Coalition andBirkbeckCollege in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found \"marked and persistent",
"and persistent imbalance\" in favour of sources critical to him; theInternational Business Timeswas the only outlet that gave him more favourable than critical coverage. In August 2016, aYouGovsurvey found that 97% of Corbyn supporters agreed that the \"mainstream media as a whole has been deliberately biasing coverage to portray Jeremy Corbyn in a negative manner\", as did 51% of the general \"Labour selectorate\" sample. In May 2017,Loughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture concluded that the media was attacking Corbyn far more than May during nine election campaign weekdays examined.TheDaily MailandDaily Expresspraised Theresa May for election pledges that were condemned when proposed by Labour in previous elections. In February 2018, Momentum reported that attacks on Corbyn in the press were associated with increases in their membership applications.In September 2019, Labour leaders argued that traditional mainstream media outlets showed bias. In December 2019, a study by",
"2019, a study by Loughborough University found that British press coverage was twice as hostile to Labour and half as critical of the Conservatives during the 2019 general election campaign as it had been during the 2017 campaign. In an interview withMiddle East Eyein June 2020, Corbyn described the media's treatment of himself while he was Labour leader as obsessive and \"at one level laughable, but all designed to be undermining\".He said that the media coverage had diverted his media team from helping him pursue \"a political agenda on homelessness, on poverty in Britain, on housing, on international issues\" to \"rebutting these crazy stories, abusive stories, about me the whole time\".He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from Tony Benn, who told him, \"Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man Go to a libel case – even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so\". Personal life Corbyn lives in theFinsbury Parkarea of London.He has",
"of London.He has been married three times and divorced twice, and has three sons with his second wife.In 1974, he married his first wife,Jane Chapman, a fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and now a professor at theUniversity of Lincoln.They divorced in 1979.In the late 1970s, Corbyn had a brief relationship with Labour MPDiane Abbott. In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, granddaughter of Ricardo Bracchitta (Consul-General of Spain in Santiago), with whom he has three sons. He missed his youngest son's birth as he was lecturing National Union of Public Employees members at the same hospital.Following a difference of opinion about sending their son to agrammar school(Corbyn opposesselective education), they divorced in 1999 after two years of separation, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to \"get on very well\" with her.His son subsequently attendedQueen Elizabeth's School, which had been his wife's first choice.Their second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership",
"on his leadership campaign and was later employed asJohn McDonnell's Chief of Staff. Corbyn's second-eldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while inPapua New Guineain 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived. In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura Álvarez,who runs afair tradecoffee import business that has been the subject of some controversy.A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband. They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003.Álvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in",
"moved to London in 2011.Álvarez has described Corbyn as \"not very good at house work but he is a good politician\".They have a cat called El Gato (\"The Cat\" in Spanish),while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described byThe Observerin 1984 as his \"only constant companion\" at the time. Personal beliefs and interests When interviewed byThe Huffington Postin December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a \"private thing\", but denied that he was anatheist.He has said that he is \"sceptical\" of having agodin his life.He compared his concerns about the environment to a sort of \"spiritualism\".Corbyn has described himself asfrugal, tellingSimon HattenstoneofThe Guardian: \"I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car.\"He has been a vegetarian for nearly 50 years, after having volunteered on a pig farm in Jamaica when he was 19, and stated in April 2018 that he was considering becoming avegan.Although he has been described",
"has been described in the media asteetotal, he said in an interview with theDaily Mirrorthat he does drink alcohol but \"very, very little\". Corbyn is a member of theAll-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling.He enjoys reading and writing,and speaks fluent Spanish.He supportsArsenal F.C., which is based in his constituency, and has signed parliamentary motions praising the successes of its men's andwomen's teams.He namedJens Lehmann,Ian Wright, andDennis Bergkampas his favourite Arsenal players, and has campaigned for the club to pay its staff a living wage.Corbyn is an avid \"drain spotter\" and has photographed decorative drain andmanhole coversthroughout the country. Corbyn co-edited with Len McCluskey the anthologyPoetry for the Many, published in November 2023 byOR Books. Awards and recognition In 2013, Corbyn was awarded theGandhi International Peace Awardfor his \"consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold theGandhianvalues of social justice and non‐violence\".In the same year, he was",
"same year, he was honoured by theGrassroot DiplomatInitiative for his \"ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes\".Corbyn has won the Parliamentary \"Beard of the Year Award\" a record six times, as well as being named as theBeard Liberation Front'sBeard of the Year, having previously described his beard as \"a form of dissent\" againstNew Labour. In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitledCorbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries, written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman. In 2017 the American magazineForeign Policynamed Corbyn in its Top 100 Global Thinkers list for that year \"for inspiring a new generation to re-engage in politics\".In December 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded theSeán MacBride Peace Prize\"for his sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace\".The award was announced the previous September. See also References Further reading External links e",
"Nicola Sturgeon Nicola Ferguson Sturgeon(born 19 July 1970) is a Scottish politician who served asFirst Minister of ScotlandandLeader of the Scottish National Party(SNP) from 2014 to 2023.She has served as amember of the Scottish Parliament(MSP) since 1999, first as anadditional memberfor theGlasgow electoral region, and as the member forGlasgow Southside(formerlyGlasgow Govan) from 2007. Born inAyrshire, Sturgeon is a law graduate of theUniversity of Glasgow. She worked as a solicitor in Glasgow before her election to theScottish Parliamentin1999. She served successively as the SNP's shadow minister for education, health, and justice. Sturgeon entered theleadership of the SNPbut later withdrew from the contest in favour ofAlex Salmond, standing instead asdeputeleader on a joint ticket with Salmond. Both were subsequently elected; as Salmond was still an MP, Sturgeon led the SNP in the Scottish Parliament asLeader of the Oppositionfrom 2004 to 2007. The SNP emerged as the largest party following the2007",
"following the2007 electionand Salmond headed thefirst SNP minority government, with Sturgeon as hisdeputy. From 2007 to 2012, she served ashealth secretary, overseeing thescrapping of prescription chargesand the2009 swine flu pandemic. Following the SNP's landslide majority in 2011, she was appointedCabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Capital Investment and Cities, which saw her in charge of the legislative process for the2014 Scottish independence referendum. The defeat of theYes Scotlandcampaign resulted in Salmond's resignation as SNP leader. Sturgeon waselected unopposed as SNP leader in November 2014and was subsequently appointed as first minister, becoming the first woman to hold either position.She entered office amid a rapid surge in membership of the SNP, which was reflected in the party's performance in the2015 general election, winning 56 of the 59 Scottish seats and replacing theLiberal Democratsas the third-largest party in theHouse of Commons. The SNP continued to enjoy electoral successes",
"electoral successes throughout Sturgeon's nine years in office, but lost 21 seats in the2017 general election. Despite losing her majority, Sturgeon secured a second term in office in 2016, forming aminority government. Sturgeon led theScottish Government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, implementing a series ofrestrictions on social gatheringsand the rollout of thevaccine programme. A seat short of a majority in2021, Sturgeon became the only first minister toserve a third term, and she subsequently entereda power-sharing agreementwith theScottish Greens. The calls from Sturgeon's government and the wider independence movement for a second referendum were unsuccessful, as successiveConservativeprime ministers refused to grant aSection 30 order. From 2022, Sturgeon received heavier criticism for her positions ongender reforms. On 15 February 2023, Sturgeon resigned the leadership of the SNP claimingoccupational burnout; she wassucceededby her health secretary,Humza Yousaf, the following month. First",
"month. First Minister of Scotland UK General elections Early life and education Nicola Ferguson Sturgeonwas born inAyrshire Central HospitalinIrvineon 19 July 1970.She is the eldest of two daughters born toJoan Kerr Sturgeon(néeFerguson, born 23 October 1952), adental nurse, and Robin Sturgeon (born 28 September 1948), an electrician.Her younger sister, Gillian Sturgeon, is anNHS worker.Her family has some roots inNorth East England; her paternal grandmother, Margaret Sturgeon (néeMill), was fromRyhopein what is now theCity of Sunderland.Her grandmother married Robert Sturgeon, a gardener fromAyr, at St Paul's Parish Church in 1943, and they both eventually moved back to the south west of Scotland. Sturgeon grew up inPrestwickand in the village ofDreghorn, in a terracedcouncil house, which her parents bought through theright-to-buy scheme. Sturgeon was a quiet child and has been described by her younger sister as \"the sensible one\" of the two.Sturgeon was shy and has said that she \"much preferred to sit with",
"to sit with my head in a book than talking to people\".She developed a passion for books and reading which continued into adult life. She has described herself as being an \"austere\" teen whose style tended towardsgoth, adding that \"if you see pictures of me back then, you would struggle to know whether I was a boy or a girl\".Sturgeon was a fan ofWham!andDuran Duran, and enjoyed spending Saturday nights at Frosty's Ice Disco inIrvine. Sturgeon attendedDreghorn Primary Schoolfrom 1975 to 1982 andGreenwood Academyfrom 1982 to 1988.She later studiedlawat theUniversity of Glasgow School of Law, graduating with aBachelor of Laws(Hons) in 1992 and aDiploma in Legal Practicethe following year.During her time at theUniversity of Glasgowshe was active as a member of theGlasgow University Scottish Nationalist Associationand theGlasgow University Students' Representative Council. Legal career Following her graduation, Sturgeon completed her legal traineeship atMcClure Naismith, a Glasgow firm of solicitors, in 1995.",
"in 1995. After qualifying as asolicitor, she worked for Bell & Craig, a firm of solicitors inStirling, and later at theDrumchapelLaw Centreand a Money Advice Centre inGlasgowfrom 1997 until her election to theScottish Parliamentin 1999. Early parliamentary career Early political years In her early teens, Sturgeon joined theCampaign for Nuclear Disarmament(CND) and in 1986, at the age of 16, she became a member of theScottish National Party(SNP), quickly becoming the party's Youth Affairs Vice Convener and Publicity Vice Convener. She joined the SNP following an assumption by her English teacher, who was a Labour councillor, she would be a Labour supporter. In the1987 UK General election, Sturgeon got her first taste of campaigning, going door-to-door to get her local SNP candidate,Kay Ullrich, elected toWestminster. Despite Ullrich failing to win the seat, Sturgeon ploughed her political energy into theYoung Scottish Nationalists(nowYoung Scots for Independence), joining its national executive when she was",
"when she was 17. In an interview with the BBC'sWoman's Hour, Sturgeon revealed that it wasMargaret Thatcherwho inspired her to enter politics, because, due to rising unemployment in Scotland at the time, she developed \"a strong feeling that it was wrong for Scotland to be governed by a Tory government that we hadn't elected\". Thatcher was the motivation for my entire political career. I hated everything she stood for. Sturgeon became the youngest ever parliamentary candidate in Scotland in the1992 general election. Aged 21, Sturgeon was selected as the SNP candidate in theGlasgow Shettlestonconstituency. She was unsuccessful, having been beaten by almost 15,000 votes by Labour.Sturgeon also stood unsuccessfully as the SNP candidate for the Irvine NorthwardonCunninghameDistrict Council in May 1992, for theBaillieston/Mount Vernonward onStrathclyde Regional Councilin 1994, and for theBridgetonward onGlasgow City Councilin 1995. In the mid-1990s Sturgeon andCharles Kennedywent together on a political study",
"a political study visit to Australia. The1997 general electionsaw Sturgeon selected to fight theGlasgow Govanseat for the SNP. Boundary changes meant that the notionalLabourmajority in the seat had increased substantially. However, infighting between the two rival candidates for the Labour nomination,Mohammed SarwarandMike Watson, along with an energetic local campaign,resulted in Glasgow Govan being the only Scottish seat to see a swing away from Labour in the midst of a Labourlandslidenationwide. Sarwar did, however, win the seat with a majority of 2,914 votes.Shortly after this, Sturgeon was appointed as the SNP's spokesperson for energy and education matters. SNP in opposition Sturgeon stood for election to theScottish Parliamentin thefirst Scottish Parliament electionin 1999 as the SNP candidate forGlasgow Govan.Although she failed to win the seat, she was placed first in the SNP's regional list for theGlasgow region, and was thus elected as aMember of the Scottish Parliament. The SNP emerged as the",
"SNP emerged as the second largest party and sat inoppositionto theLabour-Lib Dem coalition. InAlex Salmond's shadow cabinet, she served asShadow Minister for Children and Educationfrom 1999 to 2000. As Shadow Education minister, Sturgeon backed Labour's efforts to repealSection 28– a Westminster law that banned the promotion of homosexuality in schools. There was, however, significant publicopposition to repealand an unscientific postal vote on the issue – organised by SNP donorBrian Souter– suggested most Scots wanted to keep the clause. Acknowledging this, Sturgeon suggested: \"That is why the SNP have urged a policy for many months that we believe can provide people with the necessary reassurance, by providing a statutory underpinning to the guidelines, and resolve this difficult debate. We believe that the value of marriage should be clearly referred to in the guidelines, without denigrating other relationships or children brought up in other kinds of relationship.\" The compromise had the support of",
"had the support of Souter but an amendment to that effect was voted down by MSPs who expressed concerns it would stigmatise children from single parent and unmarried families. Sturgeon served asShadow Minister for Health and Community Carefrom 2000 to 2003, andShadow Minister for Justicefrom 2003 to 2004. She also served as a member of the Education, Culture and Sport Committee and the Health and Community Care Committee. 2004 SNP leadership election On 22 June 2004, John Swinney resigned as Leader of the SNP following poor results in theEuropean Parliament election. His then-depute,Roseanna Cunningham, immediately stood for the leadership. The previous leader, Alex Salmond, at the time refused to stand.On 24 June 2004, Sturgeon also entered the leadership contest, withKenny MacAskillas her running mate.The political columnistIain Macwhirterdeclared that while she \"didn't inspire great warmth\", she was \"quick on her feet, lacks any ideological baggage and has real determination – unlike... Roseanna",
"unlike... Roseanna Cunningham\". However, once Cunningham emerged as the favourite to win,Salmond entered the contest and Sturgeon subsequently withdrew from the contest and declared her support for Salmond, standing instead as his running mate for the depute leadership. It was reported that Salmond had privately supported Sturgeon in her leadership bid, but decided to run for the position himself as it became apparent she was unlikely to beat Cunningham.The majority of the SNP hierarchy lent their support to the Salmond–Sturgeon bid for the leadership, although MSPAlex Neilbacked Salmond as leader, but refused to endorse Sturgeon as depute. On 3 September 2004, the leadership contest resulted in Salmond and Sturgeon elected as Leader and Depute Leader respectively.As Salmond was still an MP in theHouse of Commons, Sturgeon led the SNP at the Scottish Parliament until the2007 election, when Salmond was elected as an MSP. Leader of the Opposition; 2004–2007 As leader of the SNP in the Scottish Parliament, she",
"Parliament, she served as theLeader of the Opposition in Holyrood. Sturgeon became a high-profile figure in Scottish politics and often clashed withFirst MinisterJack McConnellatFirst Minister's Questions. This included rows over theHouse of Commons'decision to replace the Trident nuclear weapon system, and the SNP's plans to replacecouncil taxin Scotland with alocal income tax.Sturgeon quickly grew a reputation in Holyrood as opposition leader, becoming known as \"nippy sweetie\" – Scottish slang for the \"sharp-tongued and strong-minded\". Deputy First Minister of Scotland (2007–2014) In the2007 Scottish Parliament election, Sturgeon defeatedGordon JacksonQCwith a 4.7% swing to the SNP in theGlasgow Govan constituency.This was one of many swings to the SNP, as the party emerged as the largest party, winning one seat more than the governingScottish Labour Party.Although the SNP was recognised as the winners of the election, it failed to obtain a majority and Labour was not willing to allow the SNP to enter",
"the SNP to enter government.Sturgeon led coalition negotiation talks between theScottish Liberal Democratsand theScottish Greens, but these talks failed to reach an agreement, with the Lib Dems backing out and the Greens instead supporting a 'confidence and supply' agreement.Ultimately, Salmond formed aminority governmentand he was appointedFirst Minister of Scotland.He appointed Sturgeon asDeputy First Ministerand tasked her with theCabinet positionofCabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing. Health Secretary (2007–2012) Sturgeon served asHealth SecretaryinSalmond's first, and for a year, inhis second cabinet.She was supported in her role as Health Secretary byShona Robison, theMinister for Public Health and Sport, and byAlex Neil, theMinister for Housing and Communities. She launched her programme for government, theBetter Health, Better Care: Action Plan,which settled a new vision forNHS Scotland.She reversed the decision to close casualty units atUniversity Hospital AyrandUniversity Hospital",
"Hospital Monklands.Sturgeon oversaw the scrapping ofprescription chargesIn Scotland, an election pledge by the SNP originally for thechronically illand those withcancer. Health policy Sturgeon also outlined a guaranteed maximum 18-week wait for patients after they had seen their GP and vowed to do away with deferred or \"hidden\" waiting lists. She ordered a review of the thorny issue of hospital car parking charges – as high as £7 in some areas – and launched an inquiry into the infection of NHS patients with Hepatitis C and HIV from tainted blood products. 2009 swine flu pandemic As Health Secretary, Sturgeon became more widely known internationally for her handling of the2009 flu pandemic. On 26 April 2009, the Scottish Government confirmed that two people who had returned from Mexico had been admitted toMonklands HospitalinAirdrieafter experiencing \"mild flu-like symptoms\".Sturgeon stated that there was \"no immediate threat to public health in Scotland\", but added, \"monitoring of those who have been in",
"who have been in close contact with the two people is also being carried out as an additional precaution.\"The following day, she confirmed that these were cases of theswine influenza A (H1N1) virus.Authorities in both Scotland and England stated that there were no plans to trace the fellow airline passengers who may have travelled alongside the couple, since the authorities do not classify them as \"close contacts\". On 11 June, theWorld Health Organization(WHO) declared the influenza virus apandemic.Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament that containment of the virus had failed and that the Scottish Government was taking steps to mitigate the spread of the virus. \"We have seen a rapid increase in the number of confirmed cases in Scotland over the past 10 days\", she told Parliament. \"Based on this experience,Health Protection Scotlandhas expressed the view that sustained community transmission appears to be taking place.\"Four days later, a Scottish woman with underlying health conditions died at theRoyal",
"died at theRoyal Alexandra HospitalinPaisley.This marked the first death in Scotland and Europe. Minimum pricing unit To tackleScotland's poor relationship with alcohol, Sturgeon passed legislation to increase the price ofalcoholperunitto help reduce sales, in particular, for thoseaddicted.In June 2012, theAlcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012was passed after receiving support from the Liberal Democrats, Conservatives and Greens. Labour refused to support the bill as they claimed it failed to tacklewindfall profitfrom alcohol retailers. Infrastructure Secretary (2012–2014) At the2011 election, the SNP won a large overall majority. Sturgeon was retained as Deputy First Minister and Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing until a reshuffle one year later, when she was appointed asCabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Capital Investment and Citiesand an additional role overseeing thereferendum onScottish independence, essentially putting her in charge of the SNP's referendum campaign. In 2012 she",
"In 2012 she pledged to build a high-speed railway line between Glasgow and Edinburgh by 2024, cutting journey times between the two cities to under 30 minutes.Sturgeon said the Scottish Government would \"not wait\" for Westminster to build a high-speed line to Scotland. However, in 2016 the plan was abandoned and the Scottish Government blamed Westminster. 2014 Scottish independence referendum Salmond put Sturgeon in charge of the Scottish Government's legislative process for areferendum on Scottish Independenceand she was essentially in charge of the SNP's referendum campaign. In December 2012, Sturgeon said that she believed that independence would allow Scotland to build a stronger and more competitive country, and would change spending priorities to address \"the scandal of soaring poverty in a country as rich as Scotland\". While campaigning for a Yes vote in August 2013, she toldThe Guardianthat if Scots voted for the Union: \"Will there be another referendum round the corner? No. We can't bind our",
"We can't bind our successors, but we've made very clear our belief that constitutional referenda are once-in-a-generation events.\" In November 2013, Sturgeon joined Salmond to launchScotland's Future– the Scottish Government's prospectus for independence.Sturgeon was one of the white paper's most high-profile media champions and frequently debated its contents with opposition politicians and sceptical Scots. When the British Government turned down the Scottish Government's idea of a formal currency union – on the grounds that the rationale for sharing a currency with a foreign country was \"not clear\" – Sturgeon accused Westminster of trying to \"bully Scotland\" and said it would \"cost their own businesses hundreds of millions in transaction costs\". During the campaign, theEuropean Commissionsaid that if Scots decided to leave the United Kingdom, it would also mean leaving the European Union. Scotland would then have to reapply for EU membership and European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso predicted",
"Barroso predicted this would be \"extremely difficult, if not impossible\".In July 2014 Sturgeon said this would put at risk the right of EU citizens to continue living in Scotland: \"There are 160,000 EU nationals from other states living in Scotland, including some in the Commonwealth Games city of Glasgow. If Scotland was outside Europe, they would lose the right to stay here.\" On 19 September 2014, independence was rejected in the Scottish independence referendum, with 55.3% of the voters voting no and 44.7% voting yes.Following the defeat of theYes Scotlandcampaign, Salmond resigned as First Minister and Leader of the SNP. Sturgeon immediately entered the election to replace him, and received huge support from the SNP hierarchy.Sturgeon said that there would be \"no greater privilege\" than to lead the SNP. On Salmond's resignation, Sturgeon said: The personal debt of gratitude I owe Alex is immeasurable. He has been my friend, mentor and colleague for more than 20 years. Quite simply, I would not have been",
"would not have been able to do what I have in politics without his constant advice, guidance and support through all these years. I can think of no greater privilege than to seek to lead the party I joined when I was just 16. However, that decision is not for today. Following the referendum defeat, Sturgeon said that \"further devolution is the route to independence\".She also opined that Scottish independence was a matter of \"when, not if\". Leadership of the Scottish National Party On 24 September 2014, Sturgeon officially launched her campaign bid to succeed Salmond as Leader of the Scottish National Party at theNovember leadership election.It quickly became apparent that no other candidate would be able to receive enough required nominations to run a credible leadership campaign.Upon launching her campaign, Sturgeon also resigned as Depute Leader, triggering a concurrentdepute leadership election; the MSPsAngela ConstanceandKeith Brownand the MPStewart Hosieall nominated themselves to succeed Sturgeon as",
"succeed Sturgeon as Depute Leader. Nominations for the SNP leadership closed on 15 October, with Sturgeon confirmed as the only candidate. SNP convenerDerek Mackaypublicly congratulated Sturgeon as de facto leader in waiting, saying that she would be \"a fantastic new leader\" for both the SNP and for Scotland.On this date, Sturgeon also came out on top in a trust rating opinion poll, conducted for the SNP, which indicated that 54% of the Scottish population trusted her to \"stand up for Scotland's interests\". At a speech in Dundee's Caird Hall on 7 November, Sturgeon pledged to be \"the most accessible First Minister ever\" when she took over. She also promised to hold a monthly Facebook question and answer session with members of the public, regular town hall meetings and that the Scottish Cabinet would meet outside Edinburgh once every two months. Sturgeon was formally acclaimed as the first female Leader of the SNP on 14 November 2014 at the Autumn Conference inPerth, with Hosie as her depute. This also made",
"This also made her First Minister-Designate, given the SNP's absolute majority in the Scottish Parliament.In her first speech as leader, Sturgeon said that it was \"the privilege of her life\" to lead the party she joined as a teenager. Although Salmond officially tendered his resignation as First Minister on 18 November 2014, Sturgeon was not sworn in until two days later. From 18 November until her official appointment on 20 November, she served as the acting First Minister, essentially the First Minister-elect. First Minister of Scotland (2014–2023) First term (2014–2016) On 20 November 2014, Sturgeon was sworn into office at theCourt of Sessionin a ceremony presided byLord Gill,after receiving theroyal warrant of appointmentby QueenElizabeth II.She became the first woman tohold office.During her firstFirst Minister's Questionsafter being sworn in, Sturgeon tried to strike a conciliatory tone, saying that she came into her new post \"with an open mind and a willingness to hear proposals from all sides of the",
"all sides of the chamber.\" First cabinet Sturgeon began makingappointments to her first cabineton 21 November 2014, beginning with the appointment offinance secretaryJohn Swinneyto become herDeputy First Minister.Shona Robison, a close ally to Sturgeon, became thehealth secretary, whileKeith BrownandAngela Constance, who were both unsuccessful in their bids for thedeputy leadership of the SNP, were appointedinfrastructure secretaryandeducation secretary, respectively.Michael Mathesonwas promoted asjustice secretary. The departure ofKenny MacAskillandMichael Russellsignalled a generational shift away from the \"79 group\".Alex Neil, who many speculated would be dismissed, remained in cabinet but in a \"less prominent portfolio\" ofsocial justice, communities and pensioners' rights.Roseanna Cunningham, who had difficult relationship with Sturgeon, was surprisingly promoted to cabinet as thefair work secretary.Fiona HyslopandRichard Lochheadremained in their portfolios ofculture secretaryandrural affairs secretary,",
"affairs secretary, respectively. Sturgeon's cabinet was 50/50 gender balance, with five men and five women, including herself. 2015 Westminster landslide Sturgeon led theScottish National Partythrough alandslide victoryin the2015 UK general election, winning 56 out of 59 Scottish seats atWestminster, the party's best ever performance.The party received 50% of the vote share in Scotland and replaced theLiberal Democratsas the third largest party in theBritish House of Commons.Sturgeon had stated that the party's success in the election was not a mandate for another independence referendum, but primarily for a stronger voice for Scotland in London. In the run-up to the elections, Sturgeon took part in several Scottish and UK-wideTV election debatesand according to opinion polls was regarded to have had a successful performance.As part of the election campaign, Sturgeon indicated that the SNP would hold another independence referendum if it won the upcoming 2016 Scottish Parliament election. 2016 Scottish",
"2016 Scottish Parliament election Sturgeon launched, in what she claimed, as the most \"bold, ambitious and reforming\" SNP manifesto for the2016 Scottish Parliament election.She set out the party's plans to increase income tax by freezing tax thresholds, reversing her previous policy of cutting taxes for higher earners.The manifesto also included a commitment to increase NHS funding by £500 million, \"baby boxes\" full of essentials to newborn parents, and an ambitious new target to cut emissions by 50% by 2020 as of the party's effort to tackle climate change.Sturgeon also hinted if re-elected she would hold asecond referendum on Scottish independence. Despite losing her majority, Sturgeon claimed a \"historic victory\" after the SNP won a third consecutive term in governmentand sought a second term in office as a minority government. Second term (2016–2021) 2016 EU membership referendum In 2016, theEuropean Union membership referendumto decide the future of the UK's European Union membership resulted in 52% of",
"resulted in 52% of voters in the UK voting forBrexit(leaving the EU), with 48% voting to remain; all council areas in Scotland voted by a majority for the UK to remain a member of the EU. Across Scotland, 62% of voters backed the UK remaining a member of the EU, with 38% voting for the UK to leave. In response to the result, on 24 June 2016, Sturgeon said thatScottish Governmentofficials would begin planning for a second independence referendum.Sturgeon claimed that it was \"clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union\" and that Scotland had \"spoken decisively\" with a \"strong, unequivocal\" vote to remain in the European Union.Sturgeon said it was \"democratically unacceptable\" that Scotland could be taken out of the EU \"against its will\".An emergency Scottish cabinet meeting on 25 June agreed that the Scottish Government would seek to enter negotiations with the EU and its member states, to explore options to protect Scotland's place in the EU.Sturgeon later said that while",
"said that while she believed in Scottish independence, her starting point in these discussions was to protect Scotland's relationship with the EU. Future referendum on independence Sturgeon confirmed in June 2016 that the Scottish government had formally agreed to draft legislation to allow a second independence referendum to take place.As the constitution is a reserved matter under theScotland Act 1998, for a future referendum on Scottish independence to be legal under UK law, it would need to receive the consent of the British Parliament to take place. Prior to the day the Prime Minister triggeredArticle 50, formally allowing the process of the United Kingdom leaving theEuropean Union, theScottish Parliamentvoted 69 to 59 in favour of another independence referendum.By the end of that week, on 30 March 2017, Sturgeon wrote to the Prime Minister requesting a Section 30 order, formally devolving the responsibility and power to theScottish Governmentto plan for and hold another referendum on Scottish",
"on Scottish independence.Previously, May andDavid Mundell,Secretary of State for Scotland, had both highlighted that as the negotiations began with the European Union on the United Kingdom's withdraw, it was important for Scotland to work with the UK Government to get the best exit deal for both the United Kingdom and Scotland, stating that \"now is not the time for another referendum\". Following the 2017 UK general election, Sturgeon's government postponed legislation pertaining to the proposed second referendum on Scottish independence until at least autumn 2018.Following the outbreak of theCOVID-19 pandemic, all plans for another referendum were put on hold. 2017 UK general election Sturgeon kicked off her election campaign pledging that a strong result for the SNP would \"reinforce\" her mandate for a second independence referendum.However, the SNP lost 21 seats in the2017 United Kingdom general election in Scotlandand the party's vote dropped by 13%, although they remained the biggest party in Scotland.",
"party in Scotland. Sturgeon admitted that these results were \"bitterly disappointing\" and acknowledged that her party's plans for a second referendum were 'undoubtedly' a factor in the election results.It was the best result for the Scottish Conservatives since Margaret Thatcher and the party's campaign slogan, \"We said No to independence. We meant it\", resonated in areas that had voted strongly for the Union in 2014.Observers also concluded that opposition to the EU'sCommon Fisheries Policyin coastal communities was a factor behind large swings to the Tories in North East seats previously held by nationalists for decades. Several weeks later Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament that she would \"reset\" and delay her plans for a second independence referendum; the SNP losses in that month's election had led her to conclude that many Scots \"just want a break from making big political decisions\". Alex Salmond sexual harassment case In January 2019, Sturgeon referred herself to an independent ministerial ethics",
"ministerial ethics body, which led to an investigation into her actions with respect to asexual harassment case concerning allegations against Salmond. This followed her admitting that she had had a secret meeting and subsequent phone call with Salmond about the Scottish government's allegations against him. She raised these with the Permanent Secretary to theScottish Government,Leslie Evans, two months later, rather than reporting them immediately, as she should have done if they constitute government matters (as per the ministerial code). Sturgeon argued that the meetings were SNP party matters, and thus not covered. The investigating panel consisted of DameElish Angiolini, a formerSolicitor General for Scotlandandlord advocate, andJames Hamilton, a formerdirector of public prosecutionsin the Republic of Ireland. On 15 January 2019, theScottish Parliamentagreed to hold its own inquiry into the matter, theCommittee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints,to investigate how the",
"investigate how the Government breached its own guidelines in its original investigation into the harassment claims against Salmond, and then lost a judicial review into their actions and had to pay over £500,000 to Salmond for legal expenses.Sturgeon's husband,Peter Murrell, was called to this inquiry to give evidence on 8 December 2020.Opposition parties criticised Sturgeon on disparity and contradictions between the narratives of Murrell and herself. On 4 March 2021, Sturgeon answered questions over a period of eight hours from members of the committee.Two of the civil servants who made complaints about Salmond later said they felt they had been \"dropped\" by the Scottish Government after it lost the judicial review against him, adding they feared their experiences would make it less likely people would make complaints in the future.Labour MPJess Phillips, a former employee ofWomen's Aid, accused Sturgeon of being \"unprofessional with those women's lives\" and said there had been a \"litany of failures in",
"of failures in professionalism and decency.\" 2019 UK general election Sturgeon led her party to alandslide victoryin the2019 United Kingdom general election in Scotland. The SNP won 48 seats, and came second place in the 11 others; their 45% of the vote yielded 80% of the seats in Scotland.Among the election casualties wasLiberal DemocratsleaderJo Swinson, who lost her seat inEast Dunbartonshire.Sturgeon was branded as \"ungracious\" when she was filmed bySky Newscelebrating Swinson's defeat. Sturgeon apologised for being overexcited although expressed that she was celebratingAmy Callaghan's win.In the wake of the results, Sturgeon said thatPrime MinisterBoris Johnsonhad \"no right\" to stand in the way of another Scottish independence referendum after an \"overwhelming\" SNP election victory. She also said that the result \"renews, reinforces and strengthens\" the mandate forIndyref2. COVID-19 pandemic Theworldwide pandemicofCOVID-19began during Sturgeon's second term as First Minister. The first case of the virus",
"case of the virus in Scotland was confirmed on 1 March 2020, when a resident inTaysidehad tested positive. Initially, the Scottish Government resisted banning public events and on 12 March allowed 47,000 fans to attend a Rangers match at Ibrox, insisting that, \"stopping mass gatherings not the best way to contain this virus.\"However, Sturgeon's government ordered all schools and nurseries in Scotland closed on 20 March to try to limit the spread of the virus.On 23 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Sturgeon ordered Scotland into \"lockdown\", limiting the reasons why people may leave their homes in an attempt to limit the spread of the virus, to protect the health of the population, and to ease the pressure the virus placed onNHS Scotlandservices and workforce.Subsequently the restrictions were repeatedly tightened, loosened and adapted in parts or all of Scotland in response to developments in the situation. During the early stages of the pandemic, 1,300 elderly hospital patients were transferred into",
"transferred into care homes without receiving a negative coronavirus test result.Many had been infected with the virus and ended up passing it on to other care home residents.Over three thousand care home residents died from COVID-19and Gary Smith, Scotland Secretary of theGMB, said the policy had turned \"care homes into morgues\".When asked by the BBC if the policy had been a mistake, Sturgeon said: \"Looking back on that now, with the knowledge we have now and with the benefit of hindsight, yes.\" In April 2020 whistle-blowers in the NHS came forward to reveal that staff were being made to reuse dirtypersonal protective equipment (PPE)while at work. One nurse told STV, \" it's not frustrating, it's crushing. It is absolutely crushing. We feel we are being lied to.\"Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament in July, \"At no point within this crisis has Scotland run out of any aspect of PPE. We have worked hard to make sure that supplies are there, we've worked hard overcoming challenges that we have faced along the",
"faced along the way.\" In July 2020, Sturgeon advocated that the leaders of the four UK nations adopt a coordinatedZero-COVIDstrategy. In February 2021, Audit Scotland published a report that concluded the Scottish government had not prepared adequately for a pandemic. While it commended the authorities for preventing hospitals from becoming overwhelmed during the crisis, the watchdog also noted that recommendations from pandemic planning exercises in 2015, 2016 and 2018 had not been fully implemented. One particular problem it highlighted was that not enough had been done to ensure Scottish hospitals and care homes had enough personal protective equipment. Overall, it concluded that ministers \"could have been better prepared to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic\". Sturgeon said there were \"lots of lessons to learn\". In March 2021, theCourt of Sessiondeclared that the Scottish government's prohibition on communal worship, imposed during the pandemic, was unlawful.This followed an open letter two months earlier,",
"two months earlier, written by 200 church leaders to Sturgeon, warning her that the prohibition could be unlawful. In April 2021, Scotland's death toll from COVID-19 passed 10,000. At a session of First Minister's Questions in June 2021, Sturgeon was asked about mistakes made early on in the pandemic, and she replied: \"If I could turn the clock back, would we go into lockdown earlier than we did? Yes, I think that is true.\" In April 2022, Sturgeon demanded that Prime Minister Boris Johnson resign after police fined him for breaking lockdown rules in 2020. \"The basic values of integrity and decency – essential to the proper working of any parliamentary democracy – demand that he go\", she tweeted.The following week, Sturgeon received an official reprimand from Police Scotland after a video emerged of her campaigning in a barber shop without a mask. Sturgeon – who had previously apologised to the Scottish Parliament after she was caught breaking the same law in December 2020– apologised once more and said the",
"more and said the police had been \"absolutely right to treat me no differently to any other citizen.\" Third term (2021–23) Sturgeon led the SNP into the2021 Scottish Parliament electionon a manifesto promise to hold a second independence referendum after the COVID-19 pandemic was over.In the election, the SNP won 64 of the 129 seats contested.The SNP won a fourth consecutive election, albeit short of an overall majority, with a record number of votes on both the constituency and regional voteas well as increasing their share of the constituency vote and making a net gain of one seat. Sturgeon was nominated for the post ofFirst Ministerby a vote of theScottish Parliamenton 18 May, defeatingScottish ConservativeleaderDouglas RossandScottish Liberal Democratleader Willie Rennie by 64 votes to 31 and 4 respectively. This win resulted in Sturgeon becoming the first First Minister in the history of the Scottish Parliament to form athird government. Shortly after being elected, Sturgeon appointed John Swinney to",
"John Swinney to the newly created position ofCabinet Secretary for Covid Recovery. Power-sharing agreement In August 2021, Sturgeon and Scottish Green Party co-leadersPatrick HarvieandLorna Slaterreached apower-sharing agreement between their parties. There was no agreement on oil and gas exploration, but the government now argued that it had a stronger case for a national independence referendum.As part of the agreement, the Green Party co-leaders would be nominated to serve as ministers. Climate crisis In August 2021, confronted by climate activist Lauren Macdonald about theCambo oil fieldwest of Shetland, Sturgeon refused to take a position on whether its development should go ahead. A video of the interaction went viraland a few days later, Sturgeon wrote to Prime Minister Boris Johnson, asking that the development of Cambo should be \"reassessed in light of the severity of the climate emergency\".The letter represented a significant shift in policy for the SNP, which hadhistorically been a strong",
"been a strong supporter of the oil and gas industry; the party's blueprint for an independent Scotland in 2013 was predicated on tax revenue earned from domestic oil production, while Sturgeon had predicted in the run-up to the referendum that, \"We're on the verge of another North Sea bonanza\". This shift in position was welcomed by the Scottish Green party butGreenpeacecriticised Sturgeon for not coming out more strongly against the oil field. \"The First Minister must stop hiding behind Boris Johnson\", a spokesperson for the organisation said. \"If she wants to show leadership on climate she must clearly say: stop Cambo.\"In November 2021, although no assessment had taken place, Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament she believed the oilfield \"should not get the green light\". Caledonian MacBrayne ferry delay In the late 2010s, Scottish islanders began to complain that the ageing ferry fleet that connected them to the mainland had become increasingly unreliable.During the winter of 2022 only one in three",
"only one in three sailings to the island ofCollwent ahead;Hebridean shopkeepers kept receiving deliveries of rotten food;while other islanders said they had missed doctors' appointments, funerals and even the chance to say goodbye to dying loved ones because of cancelled sailings. The Scottish Government had commissioned two new ferries for £97m from Ferguson's shipyard in 2015, but the construction of the two vessels was beset by delays and complications. In 2022 Audit Scotland concluded that the final price tag for the vessels would be somewhere between £250m and £400m once the ships were finished in 2023. Furthermore, they concluded that the Scottish Government had awarded the contracts without normal financial safeguards and presided over a \"multitude of failings\". Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament of her \"deep regret\" that islanders were enduring such chaos, and said that the government was \"learning lessons from this experience\".Key documentation, which might have explained why ministers signed the",
"signed the contracts without appropriate safeguards to protect taxpayers' money, was lost and Sturgeon later said this too was \"regrettable\" and that \"the government will learn lessons.\" Second independence referendum proposals In June 2022, Sturgeon officially unveiled plans forScottish independenceonce again.She argued that her government had an \"indisputable mandate\" for asecond Scottish independence referendum.She argued that independence would allow Scotland to set out \"a different and better vision\"and claimed that there is a legally secure path to get a referendum without permission from thecabinet.This plan has been met with condemnation from various opposing parties, with thePrime Ministerrejecting her plan. Sturgeon scheduled the referendum for 19 October 2023.She sought the Prime Minister to consent to the vote by signing a section 30 order, a move that Downing Street has refused to comply.She askedScotland's Lord Advocateto consider referring the matter to theSupreme Court of the United Kingdomto",
"United Kingdomto rule if theScottish Governmenthas the power to host a referendum without theGovernment of the United Kingdom'sapproval, this request has since been granted. In October 2022, Sturgeon launched her government's third independence paper, which outlines the currency in an independent Scotland and joining the EU.She proposed the Scottish Government would use thepound sterlingfor a brief period before transitioning to a new currency known as the 'Scottish Pound'.She argued independence would be \"essential\" foreconomic prosperityfor Scotland as she claimed the economic climate throughout the UK does not offer strength, stability or security. On the day the Supreme Court ruled the Scottish Parliament does not have the power to legislate a referendum on independence, Sturgeon declared the next democratic election in Scotland - in this case aUK general electionexpectedto be held in 2024- would be campaigned by the SNP as ade factoreferendum.Unionist parties have rejected this characterisation.Some SNP",
"SNP members urged Sturgeon to call anearly election at Holyroodto speed up the process for a de facto referendum. Gender recognition reforms As part of the SNP's 2016 manifesto policy, the SNP pledged to voters that it would review and reform the way that trans people change their legal gender.However, the policy divided the party and the bill was delayed during Sturgeon's second term in office because of opposition to the policy and the COVID-19 pandemic.In the 2021 SNP manifesto, Sturgeon committed the party once again to reform theGender Recognition Act 2004of theUK Parliamentand in August that year included the commitment in her agreement with theScottish Greenson power-sharing. In September 2021, Sturgeon was accused of shutting down debate about gender reforms after she described concerns about gender recognition reform as \"not valid\" and campaign groups and analysts complained that their concerns were being ignored. On 22 December 2022, the Scottish Parliament voted 86 to 39 to pass theGender",
"to pass theGender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Billwhich was introduced by Sturgeon's government. On 17 January 2023, the UK Government decided to invoke, for the first time, section 35 of the Scottish Act 1998, to make an order which prevented the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill from gaining Royal Assent. She opposed the decision made and criticisedScottish SecretaryAlister Jackfor blocking the bill and said that the decision was an attack on the Scottish Parliament and Scottish democracy as a whole and said that the matter would be brought to the courts. In 2023, Sturgeon was criticised in connection withthe case of Isla Bryson, atransgender womanwho had raped two women prior to hertransition. On this basis, Bryson was initially sent to a women's prison but was later moved to a men's prison. Sturgeon refused to say if she regards Bryson as a man or woman, though she used female pronouns when talking about Bryson. Resignation On 15 February 2023, Sturgeon resigned asfirst minister of",
"asfirst minister of Scotlandandleader of the Scottish National Party, pending aleadership election.At a press conference in Bute House, Sturgeon insisted that her resignation was not due to \"short term pressures\" and stated that the job \"takes its toll on you\".Sturgeon stated that she believed that her successor would lead Scotland to independence and that she would look on with pride whoever takes on the role. While appearing on apodcastfor BBC Scotland, Sturgeon would later say that internet speculation about her life was a part of the reason she decided to stand down from her position as first minister, specifically referring to rumours regarding her sexuality, love life and property portfolio as being wildly inaccurate. Domestic issues Drugs deaths crisis In 2016, the Scottish Government cut direct funding to drug and alcohol rehabilitation programmes from £69.2 million to £53.8 million – a drop of 22%.At the time, Scottish Drugs Forum Chief Executive David Liddell said he was concerned that the cuts had",
"that the cuts had \"the potential to increase harm and drug-related deaths.\"That year 867 Scots lost their lives to drugs – an increase of 23% on the previous year's figure – and the SNP insisted it was part of a trend seen across much of Europe.In December 2020, figures were released revealing that 1,264 people in Scotland had died from drug overdoses in 2019 – the highest number in Europe per head and more than double the number in 2014.Sturgeon sacked her Public Health MinisterJoe FitzPatrick, and in April 2021 said of the crisis: \"I think we took our eye off the ball.\" The crisis has particularly impacted the homeless in Scotland: 216 homeless people died in Scotland in 2019 – an increase of 11% on the previous year; over half (54%) of these deaths were drug-related.Per head, Scotland's death rate among the homeless is the highest in Britain. In August 2021, the Scottish Government announced there had been 1,339 drug deaths in the previous year – a new record high.Sturgeon tweeted that the figures were",
"the figures were \"unacceptable, each one a human tragedy\",while the Scottish Liberal Democrats said: \"It was Nicola Sturgeon's choice to ignore this unfolding epidemic. Issuing apologies now is too late for thousands of people. The victims of drugs and their families were failed. It is a scar on the conscience of this Scottish Government.\" In July 2022, the figures for 2021 were released, revealing that 1,330 had died – nine fewer than in 2020.Annemarie Ward, chief executive at the FAVOR Scotland charity, said: \"Nicola Sturgeon said she would make it her national mission to save lives – but we're still losing more than 1000 people a year. The national mission is failing.\" Education performance In 2015, Sturgeon said that she planned to make education her \"defining priority\" while in office.In particular, she said she hoped to focus on closing the attainment gap between the richest and poorest children in Scottish schools, telling journalists: \"Let me be clear – I want to be judged on this. If you are not, as",
"If you are not, as First Minister, prepared to put your neck on the line on the education of our young people then what are you prepared to. It really matters.\" In 2021, Audit Scotland concluded: \"Progress on closing the poverty-related attainment gap between the most and least deprived school pupils has been limited\"and fell short of the Government's aims.In some local authorities, the attainment gap between the richest and poorest students had widened. International relations Whileforeign policyremains areserved matter,Sturgeon has undertaken a number of visits to Europe, North America and Asia to promote Scotland as a place of investment and Scottish businesses to trade and do business with.Sturgeon has committed to strengthening links between Scotland andAfrica. European Union In response to the Brexit vote, to discuss Scotland's interests, Sturgeon travelled toBrusselsto meet with bothJean-Claude Juncker, thePresident of the European Commissionas well asMartin Schulz, thePresident of the European",
"of the European Parliament. In response to the UK-wide vote for the United Kingdom to leave theEuropean Union, theScottish Government, headed by Sturgeon, launched theScotland's Place in Europedocument, a white paper setting out the Scottish government's aims and wishes of Scotland's role in Europe post-Brexit. The paper was sent to the centralBritish Governmentto be read by Prime MinisterTheresa May. In June 2017, Sturgeon criticised the approaches taken by bothTheresa Mayand the British Government towards the Brexit approach, claiming that May \"will struggle\" as she is a \"difficult person to build a rapport with\". In the same interview, Sturgeon committed to no independence referendum being held prior to the terms of a UK wide Brexit deal being agreed and presented. With a view towards Brexit, Sturgeon demanded greater powers for the Scottish Parliament, arguing that Brexit is threatening Scotland'sdevolution settlement.With London seeking to restrict immigration to the United Kingdom, she asserted that",
"she asserted that Scotland should be able to set its own immigration policy, as well as policies relating to employment and trade. United States Sturgeon was highly critical ofDonald Trumpand his policies during the2016 United States presidential electionand had publicly backed hisDemocraticrivalHillary Clinton.Sturgeon highlighted her disapproval of his language and views relating to sexism and misogyny, and stated upon Trump's victory that she hopes \"Trump turns out to be a president different to the one he was during his campaign and reaches out to those who felt vilified by his campaign\". Sturgeon had previously stripped Trump of his ambassadorial role for Scottish businesses with the Scottish government in the aftermath of Trump's views of an outright ban ofMuslimsfrom entering the United States. Sturgeon claimed following comments made by Trump in relation to Muslims entering the United States that he was \"not fit\" for the ambassadorial role with the Scottish government. In May 2022, Sturgeon made a",
"Sturgeon made a trip to the United States and met with controversialRepublicanmember ofCongressRobert Aderholt, a prominentanti-abortionsupporter. Spain In the run up to the2017 Catalan independence referendum, Nicola Sturgeon offered her own personal backing and that of theScottish GovernmenttoCataloniain the holding of a referendum.TheGovernment of Spaincriticised Sturgeon, claiming she had \"totally misunderstood\" the situation in Spain and Catalonia.Sturgeon highlighted that Spain should follow \"the shining example\" that was created as part of theEdinburgh Agreementbetween the Scottish and British governments that allowed Scotland to hold a legally binding referendum. Political positions Constitutional affairs Scottish independence An advocate forScottish independence, Sturgeon has campaigned for independence from theUnited Kingdomsince her late teens. She was categorised in 2015 as part of theSNP's gradualist wing, which believed in achieving independence through accumulating the Scottish Parliament's",
"Parliament's powers from the UK Parliament over time.In recent years, following the defeat of theYes Scotland campaignin2014 Scottish Independence referendum, Sturgeon has aligned herself with the new gradualist wing, who believe in only holding asecond referendumif there is clear public support, such as polling being over 60%, or if there is a material change in circumstances. Monarch Sturgeon is a constitutional monarchist, telling journalists that it is \"a model that has many merits\".On the dayQueen Elizabeth IIbecame Britain's longest reigning monarch, Sturgeon travelled with her to open theBorders Railwayand told a crowd of well-wishers: \"She has carried out her duties with dedication, wisdom and an exemplary sense of public service. The reception she has received today, demonstrates that that admiration and affection is certainly felt here in Scotland.\" Following thedeath of the Queen Elizabeth II, Sturgeon led tributes to the Queen.She described the Queen as the \"greatest constant in our national",
"in our national life\" and added her death was \"a day for reflection and remembrance\" and \"a day for giving thanks to The Queen for her devotion to duty and the decades of public service she gave to the people of Scotland.\" Economic policy She has at times been a critic ofausterity, saying that the UK government's \"austerity economics\" is \"morally unjustifiable and economically unsustainable\".However, in 2018, she endorsed her party's Growth Commission report that pledged to reduce an independent Scotland's budget deficit as a percentage of GDP– something theInstitute for Fiscal Studiesconcluded meant \"continued austerity\". Social issues Women's rights Sturgeon has also campaigned onwomen's rightsandgender equality, and is a self-describedfeminist; she has argued that Scotland's feminist movement is not simply symbolic, but \"sends a powerful signal about equality\".She has hailed Scottish feminist economistAilsa McKayas one of her inspirations.She has at various points commented on the behaviour or attitudes",
"or attitudes of men towards women; publicly condemning Donald Trump,Tony Abbottand former Labour MSPNeil Findlay.However, she defended her party's leader Alex Salmond from accusations of sexism. After Salmond had told Conservative MPAnna Soubry, \"Behave yourself, woman\" in 2015, Sturgeon said: \"The fundamental question, 'does that language indicate that Alex Salmond is sexist?' Absolutely not, there's no man I know who is less sexist.\" Commenting on the need for men to challenge their friends' misogynistic behaviour, Sturgeon told the Scottish Parliament in 2021: \"I would say to all men in this chamber and all men across the country — challenge it if it's on the part of other men you may know, challenge your own behaviour and then let's collectively, as a society, turn the page and turn the corner so that women can live free of the fear of harassment, abuse, intimidation, violence and, in the worst cases, death.\" Transgender rights Ahead of the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, Sturgeon pledged to review",
"pledged to review and reform the way that trans people change their legal gender.However, proposed changes to Scotland's Gender Recognition Act that would have allowed people to change their identity through self-identification, rather than a medical process, were paused in June 2019.Critics of the changes within the SNP had accused Sturgeon of being \"out of step\" on the issue, and expressed concerns that the reforms would be open to abuse and allow predatory men into women's spaces.The Scottish Government said it had paused the legislation in order to find \"maximum consensus\" on the issueand commentators described the issue as having divided the SNP like no other, with many dubbing the debate a \"civil war\". In April 2020, the reforms were again delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2021, a former trans officer in the SNP's LGBT wing, Teddy Hope, quit the party, claiming it was one of the \"core hubs of transphobia in Scotland\".Large numbers of LGBT activists followed suit and Sturgeon released",
"Sturgeon released a video message in which she said that transphobia is \"not acceptable\" and said she hoped they would re-join the party. In the 2021 SNP manifesto, Sturgeon committed the party once again to reform the Gender Recognition Actand in August that year included the commitment in her agreement with theScottish Greenson power-sharing.In September 2021, Sturgeon was accused of shutting down debate about gender reforms after she described concerns about gender recognition reform as \"not valid\" and campaign groups and analysts complained that their concerns were being ignored. On 22 December 2022, the Scottish Parliament voted 86 to 39 to pass theGender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Billwhich was introduced by Sturgeon's government, but the bill was vetoed by the UK government. In 2023, Sturgeon was criticised in connection with theIsla Bryson case, in which atransgender womanwho had raped two women when named Adam Graham began self-identifying as a woman after being charged. Bryson was sent to a",
"was sent to a women's prison before being moved to a men's prison.Sturgeon refused to say if she regards Bryson as a man or woman, though she used female pronouns when talking about Bryson. Nuclear weapons Sturgeon has campaigned against replacing theTrident nuclear weapons system. Views on Conservative government policies At the SNP's 2022 annual party conference inAberdeen, Sturgeon stated: \"I detest theToriesand everything they stand for\" in an interview on the BBC.She was accused of using \"dangerous language\" and when asked if she regretted the comments, Sturgeon simply replied \"no\" and emphasised the point she detested Tory policies and not supporters or voters. Sturgeon has been highly critical towards the leadership ofBoris Johnson'sgovernment.Following Johnson's appointment asBritish prime minister, she claimed he \"rambled\" in his first speech outside10 Downing Streetand suggested he was \"blame shifting\".In July 2019, the prime minister met Sturgeon at her official residence, Bute House, where",
"Bute House, where Johnson was \"booed and heckled\" by protesters.This was the only occasion when he made a formal visit to Edinburgh, as he declined future invites by the first minister.Sturgeon claimed Johnson's \"fragile male ego\" stopped him from meeting her.Sturgeon's attempts to request approval for a second referendum on Scottish independence were declined by the Johnson administration.Speaking after Johnson had resigned in 2022, Sturgeon said that he was the only prime minister she had worked with who was \"a disgrace to the office\". Post premiership (2023–present) Upon her resignation as First Minister, Sturgeon returned to thebackbench, where she continues to serve as the MSP forGlasgow Southside.On 7 September 2023, she made her first speech in parliament since her arrest. SNP finance fraud inquiry and arrest In the latter half of Sturgeon's leadership of the SNP, aPolice Scotlandfraud inquirywas launched to investigate the spending of money that was raised specifically for independence",
"for independence campaigning.She dismissed claims the investigation was a result of her resignation as party leader and first minister.On 5 April 2023, Sturgeon's husband and the party's former chief executive,Peter Murrell, was arrested at their Glasgow residence and their home was searched amid the ongoing investigation.The SNP's HQ in Edinburgh and several other addresses related to party officials were also searched by police.Murrell was later released without charge and Sturgeon pulled out of a UN climate event. On 16 April, a meeting of the party's ruling body in March 2021 was leaked by a member to theDaily Mail, which showed Sturgeon warning members to be \"very careful\" about suggesting claims there were financial problems within the SNP.The following day, it was revealed Sturgeon would work remotely from parliament as a spokesperson stated: \"in order to ensure the focus of this week is on the new First Minister setting out his priorities for the people of Scotland, Ms Sturgeon has always intended to",
"always intended to participate remotely and intends to return to Holyrood in the near future.\".In that same week, the SNP's treasurer,Colin Beatie, was arrested and later released without charge.Beatie subsequently resigned from the role.Sturgeon's successor,Humza Yousaf, has had calls by opposition for her party membership to be suspended, however, he has rejected these calls. Widespread speculation that Sturgeon could be arrested for police questioning amid the ongoing inquirycame to fruition when, on 11 June 2023, Sturgeon was arrested byPolice Scotlandover the investigation into the finances of her SNP party, which reportedly diverted £600,000 meant for the Scottish Independence campaign elsewhere.She was released without charge pending further investigation later that day.On 23 May 2024Police Scotlandhanded a prosecution report in relation toPeter Murrellto theCrown Officewho confirmed that a \"53 year-old woman\" also remained under investigation. COVID-19 inquiry Sturgeon is facing a potential criminal",
"potential criminal inquiry in 2024 after it was disclosed that all herWhatsAppmessages during the pandemic had been deleted despite being instructed by the government to retain all information in 2021 and again in 2022 and having agreed to provide them in 2021 to theUK COVID-19 Inquiry. Public image and legacy At the beginning of Sturgeon's political career, she was often regarded as a \"nippy sweetie\",Scottish slangfor the \"sharp-tongued and strong-minded\".The term was used to describe Sturgeon's \"fierce\" attitude.Conversely, newspapers ideologically opposed to the SNP, such as theDaily Express,The Scottish Sun, andThe Spectatorhave repeatedly and derogatorily compared Sturgeon to \"Wee Jimmy Krankie\", a character from Scottish comedy duoThe Krankies. Sturgeon was elected leader of the SNP at a time in which the party enjoyed a surge in membership. In 2015, Sturgeon was described in aDaily Mailheadline as the \"most dangerous woman in Britain\".It followed her party's unprecedented gains in the2015 general",
"in the2015 general election, which questioned the future of the union. Sturgeon and her party experienced a surge in popularity during theCOVID-19 pandemic,in part due to her willingness to communicate with the public and the Press through regular, televised briefings, and her willingness to take responsibility for her government's mistakes. This contrasted to then-PM Boris Johnson'sapproach, who was \"less proactive and more evasive when it came to dealing with the press\". The circumstances of Sturgeon's resignation in 2023, as well as her appearances at the 2024 UK COVID-19 Inquiry left a question mark over her political legacy. A wide range of media outlets were quick to condemn her reputation, includingPolitico Europe,The Times,BBC News,The Spectator,The WeekandtheI. Nonetheless, public polling shows that Sturgeon remains a popular figure in Scottish and wider UK politics, with 46% of Scots having a favourable opinion of her in 2023YouGovpolling and 50% seeing her as having \"been a good leader for",
"a good leader for Scotland\".On leaving office, she was the most popular party leader in the UK according toIpsospolling.Her popular reputation suffered following her appearance at the 2024 COVID-19 inquiry and revelations she had deleted Whatsapp messages;however, polling has differed and there is still evidence of high trust towards her, usually along partisan lines. There is evidence that Nicola Sturgeon's popularity had an effect on the2023 SNP leadership racewhich sawHumza Yousafelected as leader of the SNP andFirst Minister of Scotland. Yousaf was widely regarded as Sturgeon's \"continuity candidate\",having previously worked as Sturgeon'sCabinet Secretary for Justice (2018–2021)and forHealth (2021–2023). Hence, SNP members with a favourable view of Sturgeon were more likely to elect Yousaf, whereas those more critical of the outgoing FM were more likely to vote for his opponents,Kate ForbesandAsh Regan. Sturgeon plans to publish a memoir withPan MacMillanin 2025. Awards and acknowledgements Sturgeon won",
"Sturgeon won theScottish Politician of the Year Awardin 2008, 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2019. Forbesmagazine ranked Sturgeon as the 50th most powerful woman in the world in 2016 and 2nd in the United Kingdom.She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2014.In 2015,BBC Radio 4'sWoman's Hourassessed Sturgeon to be the most powerful and influential woman in the United Kingdom. Personal life Sturgeon lives inBroomhouse,Glasgowwith her husband,Peter Murrell, who is the former chief executive officer of the SNP.The couple have been in a relationship since 2003. They got engaged on 29 January 2010,and were married on 16 July 2010 atÒran Mórin Glasgow. Sturgeon is known for her love of fiction and says reading \"gives me a lot of joy and helps with the stresses and strains of work\". Her mother Joan was the SNP Provost ofNorth Ayrshirecouncil, where she was councillor for the Irvine East ward from 2007 until 2016. In 2016, Sturgeon disclosed that she had miscarried five years previously. In May 2022, Sturgeon",
"May 2022, Sturgeon tested positive for COVID-19. In line with Government guidance, she completed a self-isolation period. See also Notes References External links",
"Jo Swinson Joanne Kate SwinsonCBEFRSA(born 5 February 1980) is a former British politician who wasLeader of the Liberal Democratsfrom July to December 2019. She was the first woman and the youngest person to hold the position, as well as the shortest-serving holder of the post. Swinson was the first leader of the Liberal Democrats to be defeated in their own constituency. Swinson wasMember of Parliament(MP) forEast Dunbartonshirefrom2005to2015and2017to2019. In September 2020, Swinson became Director of Partners for a New Economy (P4NE). Swinson studied at theLondon School of Economics, and briefly worked inpublic relations, before being elected to theHouse of Commons, becoming theyoungest MPat the time.She was a Liberal DemocratSpokespersoncovering various portfolios, includingScotland,Women and Equalities,Communities and Local Government, andForeign and Commonwealth Affairs. In 2010, after the Liberal Democrats entered into acoalition governmentwith theConservative Party, Swinson was a Parliamentary Private",
"Private Secretary toDeputy Prime MinisterNick Clegg, and was later appointedParliamentary Under Secretary of State for Employment Relations and Postal Affairs.She lost her seat in the2015 election, but regained it in thesnap electionheld two years later. Shortly after returning to Parliament, she waselected unopposedas Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats.In July 2019, following the retirement ofVince Cable, Swinson defeatedEd Daveyin aleadership electionto become Leader of the Liberal Democrats. Swinson led her party through the2019 general election, suggesting she could lead a Liberal Democratmajority governmentwhich would revokeArticle 50and cancelBrexit. Instead, Swinson and the Liberal Democrats sustained a net loss in seats, including her own to theScottish National Partyand was disqualified from continuing as party leader.At less than five months, her tenure as leader was the shortest in the Liberal Democrats' history. She is also the only incumbent Liberal Democrat leader to havelost a",
"to havelost a Parliamentary seat. Early life and education Swinson was born in Glasgowon 5 February 1980, the daughter of Peter and Annette Swinson.She was educated atDouglas Academy,a mixed state school in the town ofMilngavieinEast Dunbartonshirein western Scotland, followed by theLondon School of Economics, where she studiedManagement, gaining afirst-classBachelor of Sciencedegree in 2000.She signed up as an active member of theLiberal Democratsat the age of 17. Early career After graduating from theLondon School of Economics, Swinson moved toYorkshireand worked for Ace Visual and Sound Systems inThorne, before becoming amarketingandpublic relationsmanager forHull-based commercial radio stationViking FMfrom December 2000,and media company Space and People. At the age of 21, Swinson stood unsuccessfully in theKingston upon Hull Eastconstituency in the2001 general election, but gained a 6%swingfromJohn Prescott, then theDeputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. In 2003, she unsuccessfully",
"she unsuccessfully contestedStrathkelvin and Bearsdenseat in theScottish Parliament election, finishing third with 14% of the vote. Member of Parliament (2005–2015) Swinson was elected to theHouse of Commonsas the MP forEast Dunbartonshireat the2005 general election. She defeatedJohn LyonsofLabourby 4,061 votes, and was the first ever Member of Parliament born in the 1980s.As the youngest MP she replaced fellow Lib Dem MPSarah Teatheras the \"Baby of the House\". This lasted until 2009, whenConservativeMPChloe Smithwas elected at theNorwich North by-election. Swinson was vocal in heropposition to the Iraq Warand the Labour government's proposals fornational identity cards. She has supported measures both by individuals and government to tackleclimate changesuch asconserving energyin the home and the Liberal Democrat policy of introducinggreen taxeswhile reducingincome taxto offset the burden. She supports reducing thevoting ageto 16 as one way of engaging young people in politics. She believes more women",
"believes more women should be involved in politics but that encouragement is better than affirmative action in achieving this. She opposespositive discriminationto address gender imbalance, and led the argument against positive discrimination to select her party's candidates at their nationalparty conferencein 2002, wearing a pink T-shirt inscribed with the slogan, \"I am not a token woman\". Swinson has also called for a \"wellbeing index\" to be introduced, to be compared againstGDP, and tabled anearly day motionon the issue in 2008, gaining 50 signatures. She found support from MPs such asVince CableandAngela Eagle. Swinson cited the fact that althoughstandard of livinghad increased, people's level of wellbeing had been virtually static for some time, according to polls. Swinson believed that newprisonsought not to be built and had campaigned vocally, but without success, against the rebuilding of a prison atBishopbriggswithin the constituency. She had said that if a prison was built it must not be built",
"must not be built cheaply,and that it must not be named after the town in which is to be sited.The campaign to give the prison its original name was ultimately successful,as the replacement prison will retain its original name,Lowmoss Prison. She is an active campaigner against excessive packaging ofchocolateEaster eggs. Each year from 2007 saw Swinson attackconfectionerymanufacturers for wasteful use of non-recyclable materials in packaging of the seasonal goods. She has namedGuylianas the worst offender, followed byLindt,BaileysandCadbury. Swinson successfully held her seat ofEast Dunbartonshirein the2010 general election, although with a slightly decreased majority.Her party, the Liberal Democrats, subsequentlyenteredinto acoalition with the Conservative Party. Parliamentary Private Secretary In November 2010, Swinson was madeParliamentary Private Secretaryto then Business Secretary Vince Cable. In December 2010, she was one of 27 Liberal Democrat MPs who voted in favour of allowing universities to raise",
"to raise tuition fees up to £9,000 per year. In February 2012, Swinson replacedNorman Lambas Parliamentary Private Secretary to then Liberal Democrat Leader andDeputy Prime MinisterNick Clegg, holding this position until her promotion to government minister later that year. Business Minister (2012–2015) In September 2012, Swinson was appointed Under Secretary of State for Employment Relations and Consumer Affairs in a reshuffle by then Prime MinisterDavid Cameron.She maintained this role for the remainder of theCameron–Clegg coalition, except for several months of maternity leave between 2013 and 2014. Swinson initially focused efforts on scrapping the 1871 Pedlars Act, which preventspedlars(travelling salesmen) andstreet tradersfrom trading without first acquiring a certificate from the police. In November 2012, Swinson said that the proposed deregulation would help \"eliminate barriers to street traders and pedlars by making it easier to trade, boosting retail and helping small traders – including many",
"– including many young entrepreneurs – to expand and grow”.The proposal was criticised by theLocal Government Association, which claimed that it would lead to a 'free for all' of pedlars targeting vulnerable people.By 2014, however, Swinson announced she would seek to amend rather than repeal the laws. Swinson opposed forcing companies to adopt gender quotas, stating that such a move would \"negatively affect\" the performance of businesses.She instead promoted voluntary solutions, telling an event organised by theBritish Chambers of Commerce, \"What women need is confidence, not quotas. So rather than telling companies what to do, we're encouraging them to see the real business benefits of taking voluntary action.\" From 2013, Swinson sought to promotefathers' rightsin regard toparental leave, bringing forth new legislation which allowed parents to divide parental leave between themselves with an aim to encourage fathers to spend more time with their newborn infants. In October 2013, controversy emerged after",
"emerged after MPs in the House of Commons allowed Swinson, then pregnant, to stand for 20 minutes without offering her a seat. This led to political debate and comment about whether or not it wassexistto give up a seat for a pregnant woman, with Prime MinisterDavid Cameronwading into the row to say that offering pregnant women seats was the right thing to do.Swinson herself later commented that it was not sexist to offer a pregnant woman a seat, and that it was \"great for people to offer, and part of life's little courtesies.\" In the area of employment, she was supportive of bothzero hours contractsandflexible working, seeking to promote the latter especially.On minimum wage, in February 2013 Swinson joined calls by other ministers to warn that \"caution\" was required when increasing it any further amid claims that minimum wage could be cut or frozen if it began costing jobs.Swinson pledged £80,000 of government financial support for the Corporate Human Rights Benchmark, an initiative led",
"an initiative led bycorporationsincludingAviva InvestorsandCalvertwhich measures and ranks performance of global companies in regard to human rights. Swinson was keen to promote employee ownership, such asemployee ownership of shares, through the establishment of aFTSE-compliant UK Employee Ownership Index, supporting measures to reduce regulations for companies choosing to adopt employee ownership practices, and a scheme allowing companies to contractually offer employees £2,000 to £50,000 worth of shares (which would beexemptedfrom capital gains tax) in exchange for waiving certain employee rights.Swinson traced employee ownership back to the philosophy ofJeremy Bentham, and claimed such ownership models improve productivity and lower absenteeism in staff. By 2014, it was being reported that Swinson was tipped to replaceAlistair CarmichaelasScottish Secretaryand enter theCabinetin a potential reshuffle, which at the time would have made her the youngest female Cabinet member ever and the first Cabinet",
"the first Cabinet member to be born in the 1980s.At the same time, however, electoral projections for the2015 general electionshowed Swinson was under serious risk of losing herEast Dunbartonshireseat to a surge ofScottish National Partysupport. Swinson introduced to parliament theConsumer Rights Act 2015on 23 January 2014, so as to consolidate and updateconsumer protection lawand thereby provide a \"modern framework of consumer rights\". Shortly before the 2015 general election,The Timesand theFinancial Timesreported that Swinson was one of a number of prominent 'right-leaning' Liberal Democrat MPs, aligned to then Liberal Democrat leaderNick Clegg, deliberately excluded from campaign funding by former leading Liberal Democratpeerand donorMatthew Oakeshotteven though their seats, including Swinson's, were vulnerablemarginals. Swinson was featured in the 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014 editions of the 'London's 1000 most influential people' list by theEvening Standard. 2015 and 2017 general elections Swinson lost",
"Swinson lost her parliamentary seat in the2015 general electiontoScottish National PartycandidateJohn Nicolsonby 2,167 votes (4.0%).She stood again for her former seat during the2017 general electionand won with a lead of 5,339 votes (10.3%) over Nicolson.During this time, she wrote her bookEqual Power: And How You Can Make It Happen. Between 2017 and 2018, Swinson received political funding from Mark Petterson, the director of Warwick Energy Ltd, which has fracking licences across England.She also voted against plans to ban fracking in the UK. Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2017–2019) Following the resignation ofTim Farronas Liberal Democrat leader on 14 June 2017, Swinson was named by theBBCas one of the possible contenders for the leadership along withNorman LambandVince Cable.She later announced that she would not seek the leadership; instead, she became Deputy Leader after being the only candidate at the close of nominations. As of October 2017, she was her party's Spokesperson for Foreign and",
"for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. At the Liberal Democrat autumn conference of 2017, Swinson drew media attention for using the phrase \"Faragey, Trumpy, angry, arsey, shouty slogans\" in criticising populism. In the same speech she called for thestate visitof U.S. PresidentDonald Trumpto be cancelled and warned aboutBrexit. In February 2018, Swinson's first bookEqual Power: And How You Can Make It Happenwas published byAtlantic Books.Discussing her book, Swinson explained that government has \"limitations\" when addressing gender inequality, so her book instead mainly suggests ideas for people to make changes in their own homes and workplaces.The Irish TimeslikenedEqual Powerto the \"corporate feminism\" ofSheryl Sandberg'sLean In,whileThe Heraldalso noted \"A read ofEqual Powermakes it apparent that Swinson is a fan of Sheryl Sandberg'sLean In.\"Swinson's book was featured at theAye Write!literary festival in Glasgow. In a March 2018 article forThe Mail on Sunday,Swinson came out in favour of erecting a statue",
"erecting a statue of former Prime MinisterMargaret ThatcherinParliament Square.She justified her position on feminist grounds and claimed that Thatcher was able to \"single-handedly transform the fortunes of women\", accusing opponents of the Thatcher statue as being \"pretty sexist\".Swinson praised Thatcher for her skills in negotiating theUK rebateand for taking the UK into the single market, but was also critical of Thatcher for thepoll taxand stressed she did not consider herself aThatcherite.In addition, she wrote that there should be a statue of the first femaleFirst Minister of ScotlandNicola Sturgeonin time, though she disagrees withScottish independence. In July 2018, Swinson was absent for key votes on the Brexit negotiations, having been on maternity leave following the birth of her second son. During this period, she attended an anti-Trumpprotest, drawing criticism from Labour MPKate HoeyonThe Spectator's podcast.Conservative Party ChairmanBrandon Lewishad formally agreed not to vote, so that",
"to vote, so that Swinson's absence would not affect the result.Lewis voted with the government nonetheless, leading Swinson to accuse the government of resorting to \"desperate stuff\" and a \"calculated, deliberate breaking of trust\".Lewis apologised, alongsideCabinet OfficeministerDavid Lidingtonandgovernment chief whipJulian Smith.Apologising on Twitter, Lewis said that it was an \"honest mistake made by the whips in fast-moving circumstances.\" Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2019) In May 2019,Vince Cableannounced he would relinquish his role as leader of the Liberal Democrats in July, triggering a leadership election.Subsequently, while appearing on the 30 May edition of the BBC political discussion programmeQuestion Time, Swinson confirmed that she would put her name forward in the forthcoming contest. On 22 July 2019, Swinson waselectedthe first-ever female leader of the Liberal Democrats, with 47,997 (62.8%) votes, gaining a clear victory over SirEd Davey, with 28,021 votes. She was the first leader of a",
"first leader of a major British political party who was born in the 1980s.Under her leadership, the party's candidate andWelsh Liberal DemocratsleaderJane Doddswon theBrecon and Radnorshire by-election, following a \"remain alliance\" in whichChange UK,Plaid Cymruand theGreen Partyagreed not to stand candidates.The party's membership also rose to a record 115,000+ members, with many party supporters attributing this rise to what they called \"the Swinson surge\". In her first Leader's Speech to theLiberal Democrat Federal Conference, on 17 September 2019, Swinson said thatBoris Johnson\"claims he can negotiate a Brexit deal in a month. I wouldn't hold out much hope: yesterday he couldn't negotiate where to have a press conference\". 2019 election campaign Swinson campaigned on a platform ofrevokingArticle 50if the Liberal Democrats formed the government. The policy proved to be controversial with both Remain and Leave voters, who criticised it as undemocratic.Swinson launched her campaign by declaring that she was",
"that she was \"a candidate to be prime minister\", and suggesting her party could win a majority.However, poll ratings for the party were poor and Swinson's personal ratings declined throughout the campaign. During the campaign, Swinson clashed withNicola Sturgeon, theFirst Minister of Scotlandon the subject of nuclear weapons. Asked if she would be prepared to use nuclear weapons, Swinson replied simply \"yes\". Sturgeon commented that \"It's sickening to hear this question asked and answered as if it's some kind of virility test and without any context... Using nuclear weapons would mean killing millions of people.\"Swinson was subject to afake newsstory in which she was accused of 'hunting squirrels'.First Draft News, an organisation that seeks to identify online misinformation, found that the claim originated from a doctored video clip, with a spokesperson for the organisation warning that the propagation of false stories such as this were leading to the \"gentle erosion of trust\". In November 2019, Swinson",
"2019, Swinson also was confronted by Jay Sutherland, a student activist in Scotland.Along with the leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats,Willie Rennie, Swinson was accused of supporting austerity.The student said \"People are dying here, they’re in poverty, because of what you’ve done on austerity\".The altercation was featured heavily on British news outlets.Afterwards the Liberal Democrats reaffirmed the party \"does not have a problem attracting young voters.\" Swinson’s campaign was reported to be funded by companies sellingpuberty blockers, a medication that somesocial conservativeshave criticised.In December 2019, it was reported that a pharmaceutical firm marketing drugs to delay puberty had donated £100,000 to the Liberal Democrats.When questioned about her beliefs on sex and gender, Swinson replied that she didn't \"think things are as binary as they are often presented”. Swinson ceased to be leader on13 December 2019, when in the general electionshelost her own seatin parliament to theSNP'sAmy",
"to theSNP'sAmy Callaghan. The party's rules disqualified her from continuing as its leader. She had led the party for 144 days. As well as losing seats, the Liberal Democrats failed to make predicted gains.An internal party review said that their election campaign was worsened by \"an inexperienced inner circle\" around Swinson. It said that voters who were neither fervently leave nor remain were \"effectively ignored\" by her promise to revoke Article 50.On 27 August 2020, SirEd Daveywonthe leadership electionto succeed her. Later career In July 2020, Swinson accepted a position as visiting professor atCranfield School of ManagementinBedfordshire.In September 2020, she became Director of Partners for a New Economy (P4NE). Personal life On 13 May 2011, Swinson married then fellow Liberal Democrat MPDuncan Hames.The couple's first child, Andrew, was born in December 2013.A second son, Gabriel, was born in June 2018.Swinson gave birth to the couple's third son, Robin, on 28 July 2023. Swinson completed theLoch",
"completed theLoch Ness Marathonin 2007, the2011 London Marathonand the inauguralStirling Scottish Marathonin 2017.Through this, she has raised money for theAnaphylaxis CampaignandBloodwise.She ran the London Landmarks Half Marathon in March 2019 in memory of her father, who had died ofblood cancerthe previous year. Having apeanut allergy,Swinson sustainedanaphylactic shockin May 2013 after eating a biscuit containing nuts in Glasgow. She collapsed with breathing difficulty, recovering on administration ofadrenaline, and an overnight stay in hospital. Swinson was made aCommander of the Order of the British Empire(CBE) in the2018 New Year Honoursfor political and public service.On receiving the honour, Swinson said she was privileged \"to be listed among so many remarkable people from all walks of life, making amazing contributions right across our country\". Swinson is ahumanistand is a member of the humanist charityHumanists UK. References External links"
] |
This individual won a Best Director Award at the 33rd Japan Academy Prize ceremony and is known for having directed a film that briefly surpassed the Godfather as the highest-grossing film in Japan for a short time. Which film was longer - The Godfather or his film - and by how many minutes? | The Godfather (1972) was longer than Submersion in Japan (1973) by 32 minutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy_Film_Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisaku_Kimura | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion_of_Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy_Film_Prize', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisaku_Kimura', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion_of_Japan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy_Film_Prize",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisaku_Kimura",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion_of_Japan",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather"
] | [
"Japan Academy Film Prize TheJapan Academy Film Prize(日本アカデミー賞,Nippon Akademii-shou), often called theJapan Academy Prize, theJapan Academy Awards, and theJapanese Academy Awards, is a series of awards given annually since 1978 by the Japan Academy Film Prize Association (日本アカデミー賞協会,Nippon Akademii-shou Kyoukai) for excellence in Japanese film. Award categories are similar to theAcademy Awards. Venue Since 1998, the venue is regularly held at the Grand Prince Hotel New Takanawa ofPrince HotelsinTakanawa,Minato-ku, Tokyo. Admission tickets for this award ceremony are also sold to regular customers. As of 2015, there is a charge of 40,000 Yen which includes a French cuisine course dinner named after the award ceremony. Spectators are expected to attend in semi-formal attire. Elementary school students and younger are not permitted. Award The winners are selected from the recipients of the Award for Excellence.The award statue of the winner measures 27 cm × 11 cm × 11 cm (10.7 in × 4.4 in × 4.4 in).The recipients of the Award for Excellence receive a smaller statue. Categories Award winners Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoji Yamada-\"Yellow Handkerchief of Happiness\", \"Otoko wa Tsurai yo\" series Yoji Yamada/ Yoshitaka Asama - \"Otoko wa Tsurai yo\" series, \"The Yellow Handkerchief(1977 film)\" Ken Takakura- “The Yellow Handkerchief(1977 film)”, “Mount Hakkoda(1977 film)” Shima Iwashita- \"Ballad of Orin\" Tetsuya Takeda-\"The Yellow Handkerchief(1977 film)\" Kaori Momoi- \"The Yellow Handkerchief(1977 film)\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoshitaro Nomura- \"The Incident(1978 film)\", \"The Demon(1978 film)\" Shinto Kaneto-The Incident(1978 film) Ken Ogata-The Demon(1978 film) Shinobu Otake-The Incident(1978 film) Tsunehiko Watase-The Incident(1978 film) Shinobu Otake- \"The Incident(1978 film)\", \"Monument of priesthood\" (聖職の碑) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Shohei Imamura- “Vengeance Is Mine(1979 film)” Baba Masaru - \"Vengeance Is Mine(1979 film)\" Tomisaburo Wakayama-\"Impulse Murder Son\" (衝動殺人 息子よ) Kaori Momoi- \"A baby given by God\" (神様のくれた赤ん坊) “No More Easy Life” Bunta Sugawara- \"Taiyō o Nusunda Otoko\" (The Man who Stole the Sun) Mayumi Ogawa-\"Three letters not delivered\" (配達されない三通の手紙) “Revenge is on me” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Seijun Suzuki- \"Zigeunerweisen(film)\" Yoshitaka Asama,Yoji Yamada- \"A Distant Cry from Spring\" \"Tora-san's Tropical Fever\" Ken Takakura- \"Disturbance\" (動乱), \"A Distant Cry from Spring\" Chieko Baisho- \"A Distant Cry from Spring\" \"Tora-san's Tropical Fever\" Tetsuro Tamba- \"203 Highlands\" (二百三高地) Michiyo Ōkusu- “Zigeunerweisen(film)” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kohei Oguri- \"Muddy River(film)\" Sō Kuramoto- \"Station(1981 film)\" Ken Takakura- \"Station(1981 film)\" Keiko Matsuzaka- “Youth Gate” (青春の門) Tora-san's Love in Osaka Katsuo Nakamura- “Kagero-za”, “Love Letter” (ラブレター (1981年の映画), \"In-process Umeyasu\" (仕掛人梅安), \"Tin Medal\" (ブリキの勲章) Yuko Tanaka- “Edo Porn”, \"Eijanaika(film)\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kinji Fukasaku-\"Fall Guy\", \"Dotonbori River\" Kōhei Tsuka- \"Fall Guy\" Mitsuru Hirata- \"Fall Guy\" Keiko Matsuzaka- \"Fall Guy\", \"Dotonbori River\" Morio Kazama- \"Fall Guy\" Rumiko Koyanagi-\"To Trap a Kidnapper\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Hideo Gosha-“The Geisha(1983 film)” Koji Takahashi- “The Geisha(1983 film)” Ken Ogata- “The Ballad of Narayama(1983 film)”, “The Geisha(1983 film)”, “The Catch(1983 film)” Rumiko Koyanagi-Hakujasho Morio Kazama- \"The Geisha(1983 film)\", \"Life Theater\" (人生劇場) Atsuko Asano-\"The Geisha(1983 film)\", \"Dirty Hero\" (汚れた英雄) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Juzo Itami- \"The Funeral(1984 film)\" Juzo Itami- \"The Funeral(1984 film)\" Tsutomu Yamazaki- \"The Funeral(1984 film)\", \"Farewell to the Ark\" Sayuri Yoshinaga- \"Ohan(film)\", \"Station to Heaven\" Kaku Takashina- “Mahjong hōrōki” Kin Sugai- \"The Funeral(1984 film)\", \"Hissatsu: Sure Death\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Shinichiro Sawai- \"Early Spring Story\", \"W's Tragedy\" Hiro Matsuda (松田寛夫) - \"Gray Sunset\" Minoru Chiaki- \"Gray Sunset\" Mitsuko Baisho- \"The flowers in my life are flowers until death” (生きているうちが花なのよ死んだらそれまでよ党宣言), “Love Letter(1985 film)”, \"Friend, meditate quietly\" (友よ、静かに瞑れ) Kaoru Kobayashi- \"Love Letter(1985 film)\", \"Sorekara\" Yoshiko Mita- \"W's Tragedy\", \"Haru no Kane\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kinji Fukasaku- “House on Fire(film)” Fumio Konami,Kinji Fukasaku- “House on Fire(film)” Ken Ogata- \"House on Fire(film)\" Ayumi Ishida- “House on Fire(film)”, “Tokei – Adieu l'hiver” Hitoshi Ueki-\"Congratulations\" (祝辞), \"New years of joy and sorrow\" (新・喜びも悲しみも幾歳月) Mieko Harada- “House on Fire(film)”, “Kokushi Musou” (国士無双), \"Portrait of Prussian Blue\" (プルシアンブルーの肖像) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Juzo Itami- \"A Taxing Woman\" Juzo Itami- \"A Taxing Woman\" Tsutomu Yamazaki- \"A Taxing Woman\" Nobuko Miyamoto- \"A Taxing Woman\" Masahiko Tsugawa- \"A Taxing Woman\", \"Night Train\" Rino Katase- \"The Polar Wife II\" (極道の妻たち II), \"Yoshiwara Enjyo\" (吉原炎上) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Junya Sato- \"The Silk Road(film)\" Ichikawa Shinichi (市川森一 ) - \"The Discarnates\" Toshiyuki Nishida- \"The Silk Road(film)\" Sayuri Yoshinaga- \"Tsuru-Crane-\" (つる-鶴-), \"A Chaos of Flowers\" Tsurutaro Kataoka- \"The Discarnates\", \"Age of Witches\" (妖女の時代) Eri Ishida- “Wuthering Heights(1988 film)”, “Hope and Pain”, \"A Chaos of Flowers\" / Heisei 1) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Shohei Imamura-\"Black Rain\" Toshiro Ishido (石堂淑朗),Shohei Imamura- \"Black Rain\" Rentaro Mikuni- “Tsuribaka Nisshi”, “Sen no Rikyū” Yoshiko Tanaka- \"Black Rain\" Bando Eiji - “Ah yes” (あ・うん) Etsuko Ichihara- “Black Rain” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Masahiro Shinoda-Childhood Days Taichi Yamada- \"Childhood Days\" Ittoku Kishibe- \"The Sting of Death\" Keiko Matsuzaka- \"The Sting of Death\" Renji Ishibashi- “Park Street Cats” (公園通りの猫たち), “Roningai”, \"Ready to shoot me\" (われに撃つ用意あり) Eri Ishida- “Tsuribaka Nisshi 2”, “Tsuribaka Nisshi 3” “I haven't dreamed of flying for a while” (飛ぶ夢をしばらく見ない) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kihachi Okamoto- \"Rainbow Kids\" Kihachi Okamoto- \"Rainbow Kids\" Rentaro Mikuni- “Tsuribaka Nisshi 4”, “My Sons” Tanie Kitabayashi- \"Rainbow Kids\" Masatoshi Nagase- \"My Sons\", \"Mourning Work\" (喪の仕事) Emi Wakui- “No Worries on the Recruit Front”, “My Sons” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Masayuki Suo- “Sumo Do, Sumo Don't\" Masayuki Suo- “Sumo Do, Sumo Don't\" Masahiro Motoki- “Sumo Do, Sumo Don't\" Yoshiko Mita- \"Tōki Rakujitsu\" Naoto Takenaka- “Sumo Do, Sumo Don't\",“Original Sin(1992 film)” Miwako Fujitani- \"The Oil-Hell Murder\", Sobered Sosuke (寝盗られ宗介) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoji Yamada- \"Tora-san's Matchmaker\", \"School\" (学校 (映画) Yoji Yamada, Yoshitaka Asama - \"Tora-san's Matchmaker\", \"School\" (学校 (映画) Toshiyuki Nishida- \"School\" (学校 (映画), “Tsuribaka Nisshi 6” Emi Wakui- \"Rainbow Bridge\" (虹の橋) Kunie Tanaka- \"School\" (学校 (映画), \"Lone Wolf and Cub: Final Conflict\", \"Rainbow Bridge\" (虹の橋) Kyoko Kagawa- \"Madadayo\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kinji Fukasaku- “Crest of Betrayal”” Motomu Furuta (古田求) /Kinji Fukasaku- “Crest of Betrayal”” Kōichi Satō (actor)- “Crest of Betrayal”” Saki Takaoka- “Crest of Betrayal”” Kiichi Nakai- \"47 Ronin(1994 film)\" Shigeru Muroi- \"Ghost Pub\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kaneto Shindo- \"A Last Note\" Kaneto Shindo- \"A Last Note\" Rentaro Mikuni- \"Three times straits\" (三たびの海峡) Yuko Asano- \"Kura(film)\" Naoto Takenaka- \"East Meets West(1995 film)\" Nobuko Otowa- \"A Last Note\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Masayuki Suo- “Shall We Dance?” Masayuki Suo- “Shall We Dance?” Koji Yakusho- “Shall We Dance?” Tamiyo Kusakari- “Shall We Dance?” Naoto Takenaka- “Shall We Dance?” Eriko Watanabe- “Shall We Dance?” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Shohei Imamura-\"The Eel(film)\" Koki Mitani- “Welcome Back, Mr. McDonald” Koji Yakusho-\"The Eel(film)\" Hitomi Kuroki-A Lost Paradise Masahiko Nishimura- “Welcome Back, Mr. McDonald” Mitsuko Baisho-\"The Eel(film)\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Hideyuki Hirayama- \"Begging for Love\" Yoshinobu Tei (鄭 義信) - \"Begging for Love\" Akira Emoto- \"Dr. Akagi\" Mieko Harada- \"Begging for Love\" Chosuke Ikariya- \"Bayside Shakedown(film)\" Kumiko Aso- \"Dr. Akagi\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yasuo Furuhata- \"Poppoya\" Yoshiki Iwama (岩間芳樹),Yasuo Furuhata- \"Poppoya\" Ken Takakura- \"Poppoya\" Shinobu Otake- \"Poppoya\" Jun Kobayashi- \"Poppoya\" Kishimoto Kayoko- \"Kikujiro\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Junji Sakamoto- \"Face(2000 film)\" Akira Kurosawa- “After the Rain(film)” Akira Terao- \"After the Rain(film)\" Sayuri Yoshinaga- \"Nagasaki Hanging out\" (長崎ぶらぶら節) Kōichi Satō (actor)- \"Whiteout(2000 film)\" Mieko Harada- \"After the Rain(film)\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Isao Yukisada- \"Go(Kaneshiro novel)\" Kankurō Kudō- “Go” Yosuke Kubozuka- “Go” Keiko Kishi-\"Kaa-chan\" (かあちゃん) Tsutomu Yamazaki- “Go” Ko Shibasaki- “Go” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoji Yamada- “The Twilight Samurai” Yoji Yamada, Yoshitaka Asama (朝間 義隆) - \"The Twilight Samurai\" Hiroyuki Sanada- \"The Twilight Samurai\" Rie Miyazawa- \"The Twilight Samurai\" Min Tanaka- \"The Twilight Samurai\" Tanie Kitabayashi- “Letters from the Mountains(2002) ” (阿弥陀堂だより) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoshimitsu Morita- “Like Asura” Tomomi Tsutsui (筒井 ともみ) - \"Like Asura\" Kiichi Nakai- \"When the Last Sword Is Drawn\" Shinobu Terajima- \"Akame 48 Waterfalls\" Kōichi Satō (actor)- \"When the Last Sword Is Drawn\" Eri Fukatsu- “Like Asura” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoichi Sai-Blood and Bones Shinobu Yaguchi- \"Swing Girls\" Akira Terao- \"Half a Confession\" (半落ち) Kyoka Suzuki-Blood and Bones Odagiri Joe-Blood and Bones Masami Nagasawa- \"Socrates in Love\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Takashi Yamazaki- \"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Takashi Yamazaki, Ryota Kosawa (古沢良太) - \"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Hidetaka Yoshioka-\"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Sayuri Yoshinaga- \"Year One in the North\" (北の零年) Shinichi Tsutsumi- \"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Hiroko Yakushimaru- \"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “The Girl Who Leapt Through Time” (Mamoru Hosoda) Lee Sang-il- “Hula Girls” Lee Sang-il, Daisuke Habara - “Hula Girls” Ken Watanabe- \"Memories of Tomorrow\" Miki Nakatani- \"Memories of Matsuko\" Takashi Sasano- \"Love and Honor(2006 film)\" Yū Aoi- “Hula Girls” Takuya Kimura, “Love and Honor(2006 film)”, declined the Best Actor Award. In addition, “Hula Girl” (production / distribution: Cinekanon) won the Best Film Award since “Zigeunerweisen(film)” (4th) as an independent production and distribution. Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award (Joji Matsuoka) \"Tekkonkinkreet\" (Michael Arias) Joji Matsuoka- \"Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad\" Suzuki Matsuo- \"Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad\" Hidetaka Yoshioka- \"Always Zoku Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Kirin Kiki- \"Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad\" Kaoru Kobayashi- \"Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad\" Masako Motai - “I Just Didn't Do It” Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"Ponyo\" (Hayao Miyazaki) Yōjirō Takita- \"Departures\" Kundō Koyama- \"Departures\" Masahiro Motoki- \"Departures\" Tae Kimura- \"All Around Us\" Tsutomu Yamazaki- \"Departures\" Kimiko Yo- \"Departures\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “Summer Wars” (Mamoru Hosoda) Daisaku Kimura- \"Mt. Tsurugidake\" Miwa Nishikawa- \"Dear Doctor(film)\" Ken Watanabe-Shizumanu Taiyō Takako Matsu- \"Villon's Wife(film)\" Teruyuki Kagawa- “Mt. Tsurugidake\" Kimiko Yo- \"Dear Doctor(film)\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"Arrietty\" (Hiromasa Yonebayashi) Tetsuya Nakashima-\"Confessions(2010 film)\" Tetsuya Nakashima-\"Confessions(2010 film)\" Satoshi Tsumabuki-Villain(2010 film) Eri Fukatsu-Villain(2010 film) Akira Emoto-Villain(2010 film) Kirin Kiki-Villain(2010 film) Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “From Up on Poppy Hill” (Gorō Miyazaki) Izuru Narushima- \"Yō kame no semi (八日目の蟬)\" Satoko Okudera- \"Yō kame no semi (八日目の蟬)\" Yoshio Harada- \"Someday(2011 film)\" Mao Inoue- \"Yō kame no semi (八日目の蟬)\" Denden- \"Cold Fish\" Hiromi Nagasaku- \"Yō kame no semi (八日目の蟬)\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “Wolf Children” (Mamoru Hosoda) Daihachi Yoshida- “The Kirishima Thing” Kenji Uchida (film director)- \"The Kirishima Thing\" Hiroshi Abe- \"Thermae Romae\" Kirin Kiki- \"Chronicle of My Mother\" Hideji Ōtaki- \"Anata e\" Kimiko Yo- \"Anata e\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"The Wind Rises\" (Hayao Miyazaki) Yuya Ishii- “The Great Passage” Kensaku Watanabe- “The Great Passage” Ryuhei Matsuda- “The Great Passage” Yōko Maki- \"The Ravine of Goodbye\" Lily Franky- \"Like Father, Like Son(2013 film)\" Yōko Maki- \"Like Father, Like Son(2013 film)\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"Stand by Me Doraemon\" (Takashi Yamazaki) Takashi Yamazaki- “The Eternal Zero” Akihiro Dobashi(土橋章宏) - \"Samurai Hustle\" Junichi Okada- “The Eternal Zero” Rie Miyazawa-Pale Moon(film) Junichi Okada- \"A Samurai Chronicle\" Haru Kuroki- “The Little House(film)” Additionally,Junichi Okadawon the Best Actor inThe Eternal Zeroand Best Supporting Actor inA Samurai Chronicle. Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"The Boy and the Beast\" (Mamoru Hosoda) Hirokazu Kore-eda- “Our Little Sister” Shin Adachi(足立紳) - \"100 Yen Love\" Kazunari Ninomiya- “Nagasaki: Memories of My Son” Sakura Ando- \"100 Yen Love\" Masahiro Motoki- “The Emperor in August” Haru Kuroki- “Nagasaki: Memories of My Son” Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “In This Corner of the World(film)” (Sunao Katabuchi) Hideaki AnnoandShinji Higuchi- \"Shin Godzilla\" Makoto Shinkai- \"Your Name\" Kōichi Satō- \"64: Part I\" Rie Miyazawa- \"Her Love Boils Bathwater\" Satoshi Tsumabuki-Rage(2016 film) Hana Sugisaki- \"Her Love Boils Bathwater\" For the first time at the 40th time, an animation work won the Best Screenplay Award. Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"Night Is Short, Walk On Girl\" (夜は短し歩けよ乙女) (Masaaki Yuasa) Hirokazu Kore-eda- \"The Third Murder\" Hirokazu Kore-eda- \"The Third Murder\" Masaki Suda-\"Wilderness: Part One\" (あゝ、荒野前編) Yū Aoi- \"Birds Without Names\" Kōji Yakusho- \"The Third Murder\" Suzu Hirose- \"The Third Murder\" DirectorHirokazu Kore-edaof \"The Third Murder\" won the Best Editorial Award, Best Editing Award and Best Screenplay Award at the same time. Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “Shoplifters”” (Hirokazu Kore-eda) “Mirai(film)” (Mamoru Hosoda) Hirokazu Kore-eda- “Shoplifters” Hirokazu Kore-eda- “Shoplifters” Kōji Yakusho- \"The Blood of Wolves\" Sakura Ando- “Shoplifters” Tori Matsuzaka- \"The Blood of Wolves\" Kirin Kiki- “Shoplifters” / Reiwa 1) Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “The Journalist” (Michihito Fuji) “Weathering with You” (Makoto Shinkai) Hideki Takeuchi - “Fly Me to the Saitama” Yūichi Tokunaga - “Fly Me to the Saitama” Tori Matsuzaka- \"The Journalist\" Shim Eun-kyung- “The Journalist” Ryo Yoshizawa- \"Kingdom\" Masami Nagasawa- \"Kingdom\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Award Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Midnight Swan Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train Setsurō Wakamatsu -Fukushima 50 Akiko Nogi –The Voice of Sin Tsuyoshi Kusanagi-Midnight Swan Masami Nagasawa–Mother Ken Watanabe-Fukushima 50 Haru Kuroki-The Asadas Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Award Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Drive My Car Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time Ryusuke Hamaguchi-Drive My Car Ryusuke HamaguchiandTakamasa Ōe-Drive My Car Hidetoshi Nishijima-Drive My Car Kasumi Arimura–We Made a Beautiful Bouquet Ryohei Suzuki-Last of the Wolves Kaya Kiyohara-In The Wake Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Award Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award A Man The First Slam Dunk Kei Ishikawa -A Man Kōsuke Mukai -A Man Satoshi Tsumabuki-A Man Yukino Kishii- Small, Slow but Steady Masataka Kubota-A Man Sakura Ando-A Man Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Award Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award The Boy and the Heron Wim Wenders-Perfect Days Takashi Yamazaki-Godzilla Minus One Koji Yakusho-Perfect Days Sakura Ando-Monster Hayato Isomura-The Moon Sakura Ando-Godzilla Minus One References External links",
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"Japan Academy Film Prize TheJapan Academy Film Prize(日本アカデミー賞,Nippon Akademii-shou), often called theJapan Academy Prize, theJapan Academy Awards, and theJapanese Academy Awards, is a series of awards given annually since 1978 by the Japan Academy Film Prize Association (日本アカデミー賞協会,Nippon Akademii-shou Kyoukai) for excellence in Japanese film. Award categories are similar to theAcademy Awards. Venue Since 1998, the venue is regularly held at the Grand Prince Hotel New Takanawa ofPrince HotelsinTakanawa,Minato-ku, Tokyo. Admission tickets for this award ceremony are also sold to regular customers. As of 2015, there is a charge of 40,000 Yen which includes a French cuisine course dinner named after the award ceremony. Spectators are expected to attend in semi-formal attire. Elementary school students and younger are not permitted. Award The winners are selected from the recipients of the Award for Excellence.The award statue of the winner measures 27 cm × 11 cm × 11 cm (10.7 in × 4.4 in × 4.4 in).The recipients",
"in).The recipients of the Award for Excellence receive a smaller statue. Categories Award winners Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoji Yamada-\"Yellow Handkerchief of Happiness\", \"Otoko wa Tsurai yo\" series Yoji Yamada/ Yoshitaka Asama - \"Otoko wa Tsurai yo\" series, \"The Yellow Handkerchief(1977 film)\" Ken Takakura- “The Yellow Handkerchief(1977 film)”, “Mount Hakkoda(1977 film)” Shima Iwashita- \"Ballad of Orin\" Tetsuya Takeda-\"The Yellow Handkerchief(1977 film)\" Kaori Momoi- \"The Yellow Handkerchief(1977 film)\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoshitaro Nomura- \"The Incident(1978 film)\", \"The Demon(1978 film)\" Shinto Kaneto-The Incident(1978 film) Ken Ogata-The Demon(1978 film) Shinobu Otake-The Incident(1978 film) Tsunehiko Watase-The Incident(1978 film) Shinobu Otake- \"The Incident(1978 film)\", \"Monument of",
"\"Monument of priesthood\" (聖職の碑) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Shohei Imamura- “Vengeance Is Mine(1979 film)” Baba Masaru - \"Vengeance Is Mine(1979 film)\" Tomisaburo Wakayama-\"Impulse Murder Son\" (衝動殺人 息子よ) Kaori Momoi- \"A baby given by God\" (神様のくれた赤ん坊) “No More Easy Life” Bunta Sugawara- \"Taiyō o Nusunda Otoko\" (The Man who Stole the Sun) Mayumi Ogawa-\"Three letters not delivered\" (配達されない三通の手紙) “Revenge is on me” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Seijun Suzuki- \"Zigeunerweisen(film)\" Yoshitaka Asama,Yoji Yamada- \"A Distant Cry from Spring\" \"Tora-san's Tropical Fever\" Ken Takakura- \"Disturbance\" (動乱), \"A Distant Cry from Spring\" Chieko Baisho- \"A Distant Cry from Spring\" \"Tora-san's Tropical Fever\" Tetsuro Tamba- \"203 Highlands\" (二百三高地) Michiyo Ōkusu- “Zigeunerweisen(film)” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award",
"Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kohei Oguri- \"Muddy River(film)\" Sō Kuramoto- \"Station(1981 film)\" Ken Takakura- \"Station(1981 film)\" Keiko Matsuzaka- “Youth Gate” (青春の門) Tora-san's Love in Osaka Katsuo Nakamura- “Kagero-za”, “Love Letter” (ラブレター (1981年の映画), \"In-process Umeyasu\" (仕掛人梅安), \"Tin Medal\" (ブリキの勲章) Yuko Tanaka- “Edo Porn”, \"Eijanaika(film)\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kinji Fukasaku-\"Fall Guy\", \"Dotonbori River\" Kōhei Tsuka- \"Fall Guy\" Mitsuru Hirata- \"Fall Guy\" Keiko Matsuzaka- \"Fall Guy\", \"Dotonbori River\" Morio Kazama- \"Fall Guy\" Rumiko Koyanagi-\"To Trap a Kidnapper\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Hideo Gosha-“The Geisha(1983 film)” Koji Takahashi- “The Geisha(1983 film)” Ken Ogata- “The Ballad of Narayama(1983 film)”, “The",
"film)”, “The Geisha(1983 film)”, “The Catch(1983 film)” Rumiko Koyanagi-Hakujasho Morio Kazama- \"The Geisha(1983 film)\", \"Life Theater\" (人生劇場) Atsuko Asano-\"The Geisha(1983 film)\", \"Dirty Hero\" (汚れた英雄) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Juzo Itami- \"The Funeral(1984 film)\" Juzo Itami- \"The Funeral(1984 film)\" Tsutomu Yamazaki- \"The Funeral(1984 film)\", \"Farewell to the Ark\" Sayuri Yoshinaga- \"Ohan(film)\", \"Station to Heaven\" Kaku Takashina- “Mahjong hōrōki” Kin Sugai- \"The Funeral(1984 film)\", \"Hissatsu: Sure Death\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Shinichiro Sawai- \"Early Spring Story\", \"W's Tragedy\" Hiro Matsuda (松田寛夫) - \"Gray Sunset\" Minoru Chiaki- \"Gray Sunset\" Mitsuko Baisho- \"The flowers in my life are flowers until death” (生きているうちが花なのよ死んだらそれまでよ党宣言), “Love Letter(1985 film)”, \"Friend, meditate quietly\" (友よ、静かに瞑れ)",
"quietly\" (友よ、静かに瞑れ) Kaoru Kobayashi- \"Love Letter(1985 film)\", \"Sorekara\" Yoshiko Mita- \"W's Tragedy\", \"Haru no Kane\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kinji Fukasaku- “House on Fire(film)” Fumio Konami,Kinji Fukasaku- “House on Fire(film)” Ken Ogata- \"House on Fire(film)\" Ayumi Ishida- “House on Fire(film)”, “Tokei – Adieu l'hiver” Hitoshi Ueki-\"Congratulations\" (祝辞), \"New years of joy and sorrow\" (新・喜びも悲しみも幾歳月) Mieko Harada- “House on Fire(film)”, “Kokushi Musou” (国士無双), \"Portrait of Prussian Blue\" (プルシアンブルーの肖像) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Juzo Itami- \"A Taxing Woman\" Juzo Itami- \"A Taxing Woman\" Tsutomu Yamazaki- \"A Taxing Woman\" Nobuko Miyamoto- \"A Taxing Woman\" Masahiko Tsugawa- \"A Taxing Woman\", \"Night Train\" Rino Katase- \"The Polar Wife II\" (極道の妻たち II), \"Yoshiwara Enjyo\" (吉原炎上) Best Director Award Best",
"Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Junya Sato- \"The Silk Road(film)\" Ichikawa Shinichi (市川森一 ) - \"The Discarnates\" Toshiyuki Nishida- \"The Silk Road(film)\" Sayuri Yoshinaga- \"Tsuru-Crane-\" (つる-鶴-), \"A Chaos of Flowers\" Tsurutaro Kataoka- \"The Discarnates\", \"Age of Witches\" (妖女の時代) Eri Ishida- “Wuthering Heights(1988 film)”, “Hope and Pain”, \"A Chaos of Flowers\" / Heisei 1) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Shohei Imamura-\"Black Rain\" Toshiro Ishido (石堂淑朗),Shohei Imamura- \"Black Rain\" Rentaro Mikuni- “Tsuribaka Nisshi”, “Sen no Rikyū” Yoshiko Tanaka- \"Black Rain\" Bando Eiji - “Ah yes” (あ・うん) Etsuko Ichihara- “Black Rain” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Masahiro Shinoda-Childhood Days Taichi Yamada- \"Childhood Days\" Ittoku Kishibe-",
"Ittoku Kishibe- \"The Sting of Death\" Keiko Matsuzaka- \"The Sting of Death\" Renji Ishibashi- “Park Street Cats” (公園通りの猫たち), “Roningai”, \"Ready to shoot me\" (われに撃つ用意あり) Eri Ishida- “Tsuribaka Nisshi 2”, “Tsuribaka Nisshi 3” “I haven't dreamed of flying for a while” (飛ぶ夢をしばらく見ない) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kihachi Okamoto- \"Rainbow Kids\" Kihachi Okamoto- \"Rainbow Kids\" Rentaro Mikuni- “Tsuribaka Nisshi 4”, “My Sons” Tanie Kitabayashi- \"Rainbow Kids\" Masatoshi Nagase- \"My Sons\", \"Mourning Work\" (喪の仕事) Emi Wakui- “No Worries on the Recruit Front”, “My Sons” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Masayuki Suo- “Sumo Do, Sumo Don't\" Masayuki Suo- “Sumo Do, Sumo Don't\" Masahiro Motoki- “Sumo Do, Sumo Don't\" Yoshiko Mita- \"Tōki Rakujitsu\" Naoto Takenaka- “Sumo Do, Sumo Don't\",“Original Sin(1992 film)” Miwako Fujitani- \"The",
"Fujitani- \"The Oil-Hell Murder\", Sobered Sosuke (寝盗られ宗介) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoji Yamada- \"Tora-san's Matchmaker\", \"School\" (学校 (映画) Yoji Yamada, Yoshitaka Asama - \"Tora-san's Matchmaker\", \"School\" (学校 (映画) Toshiyuki Nishida- \"School\" (学校 (映画), “Tsuribaka Nisshi 6” Emi Wakui- \"Rainbow Bridge\" (虹の橋) Kunie Tanaka- \"School\" (学校 (映画), \"Lone Wolf and Cub: Final Conflict\", \"Rainbow Bridge\" (虹の橋) Kyoko Kagawa- \"Madadayo\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Kinji Fukasaku- “Crest of Betrayal”” Motomu Furuta (古田求) /Kinji Fukasaku- “Crest of Betrayal”” Kōichi Satō (actor)- “Crest of Betrayal”” Saki Takaoka- “Crest of Betrayal”” Kiichi Nakai- \"47 Ronin(1994 film)\" Shigeru Muroi- \"Ghost Pub\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award",
"Actress Award Kaneto Shindo- \"A Last Note\" Kaneto Shindo- \"A Last Note\" Rentaro Mikuni- \"Three times straits\" (三たびの海峡) Yuko Asano- \"Kura(film)\" Naoto Takenaka- \"East Meets West(1995 film)\" Nobuko Otowa- \"A Last Note\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Masayuki Suo- “Shall We Dance?” Masayuki Suo- “Shall We Dance?” Koji Yakusho- “Shall We Dance?” Tamiyo Kusakari- “Shall We Dance?” Naoto Takenaka- “Shall We Dance?” Eriko Watanabe- “Shall We Dance?” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Shohei Imamura-\"The Eel(film)\" Koki Mitani- “Welcome Back, Mr. McDonald” Koji Yakusho-\"The Eel(film)\" Hitomi Kuroki-A Lost Paradise Masahiko Nishimura- “Welcome Back, Mr. McDonald” Mitsuko Baisho-\"The Eel(film)\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award",
"Actress Award Hideyuki Hirayama- \"Begging for Love\" Yoshinobu Tei (鄭 義信) - \"Begging for Love\" Akira Emoto- \"Dr. Akagi\" Mieko Harada- \"Begging for Love\" Chosuke Ikariya- \"Bayside Shakedown(film)\" Kumiko Aso- \"Dr. Akagi\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yasuo Furuhata- \"Poppoya\" Yoshiki Iwama (岩間芳樹),Yasuo Furuhata- \"Poppoya\" Ken Takakura- \"Poppoya\" Shinobu Otake- \"Poppoya\" Jun Kobayashi- \"Poppoya\" Kishimoto Kayoko- \"Kikujiro\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Junji Sakamoto- \"Face(2000 film)\" Akira Kurosawa- “After the Rain(film)” Akira Terao- \"After the Rain(film)\" Sayuri Yoshinaga- \"Nagasaki Hanging out\" (長崎ぶらぶら節) Kōichi Satō (actor)- \"Whiteout(2000 film)\" Mieko Harada- \"After the Rain(film)\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress",
"Supporting Actress Award Isao Yukisada- \"Go(Kaneshiro novel)\" Kankurō Kudō- “Go” Yosuke Kubozuka- “Go” Keiko Kishi-\"Kaa-chan\" (かあちゃん) Tsutomu Yamazaki- “Go” Ko Shibasaki- “Go” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoji Yamada- “The Twilight Samurai” Yoji Yamada, Yoshitaka Asama (朝間 義隆) - \"The Twilight Samurai\" Hiroyuki Sanada- \"The Twilight Samurai\" Rie Miyazawa- \"The Twilight Samurai\" Min Tanaka- \"The Twilight Samurai\" Tanie Kitabayashi- “Letters from the Mountains(2002) ” (阿弥陀堂だより) Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoshimitsu Morita- “Like Asura” Tomomi Tsutsui (筒井 ともみ) - \"Like Asura\" Kiichi Nakai- \"When the Last Sword Is Drawn\" Shinobu Terajima- \"Akame 48 Waterfalls\" Kōichi Satō (actor)- \"When the Last Sword Is Drawn\" Eri Fukatsu- “Like Asura” Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best",
"Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Yoichi Sai-Blood and Bones Shinobu Yaguchi- \"Swing Girls\" Akira Terao- \"Half a Confession\" (半落ち) Kyoka Suzuki-Blood and Bones Odagiri Joe-Blood and Bones Masami Nagasawa- \"Socrates in Love\" Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Takashi Yamazaki- \"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Takashi Yamazaki, Ryota Kosawa (古沢良太) - \"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Hidetaka Yoshioka-\"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Sayuri Yoshinaga- \"Year One in the North\" (北の零年) Shinichi Tsutsumi- \"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Hiroko Yakushimaru- \"Always Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “The Girl Who Leapt Through Time” (Mamoru Hosoda) Lee Sang-il- “Hula Girls” Lee Sang-il, Daisuke Habara - “Hula Girls” Ken Watanabe- \"Memories of Tomorrow\" Miki Nakatani- \"Memories of",
"\"Memories of Matsuko\" Takashi Sasano- \"Love and Honor(2006 film)\" Yū Aoi- “Hula Girls” Takuya Kimura, “Love and Honor(2006 film)”, declined the Best Actor Award. In addition, “Hula Girl” (production / distribution: Cinekanon) won the Best Film Award since “Zigeunerweisen(film)” (4th) as an independent production and distribution. Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award (Joji Matsuoka) \"Tekkonkinkreet\" (Michael Arias) Joji Matsuoka- \"Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad\" Suzuki Matsuo- \"Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad\" Hidetaka Yoshioka- \"Always Zoku Sanchōme no Yūhi\" Kirin Kiki- \"Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad\" Kaoru Kobayashi- \"Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad\" Masako Motai - “I Just Didn't Do It” Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"Ponyo\" (Hayao",
"\"Ponyo\" (Hayao Miyazaki) Yōjirō Takita- \"Departures\" Kundō Koyama- \"Departures\" Masahiro Motoki- \"Departures\" Tae Kimura- \"All Around Us\" Tsutomu Yamazaki- \"Departures\" Kimiko Yo- \"Departures\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “Summer Wars” (Mamoru Hosoda) Daisaku Kimura- \"Mt. Tsurugidake\" Miwa Nishikawa- \"Dear Doctor(film)\" Ken Watanabe-Shizumanu Taiyō Takako Matsu- \"Villon's Wife(film)\" Teruyuki Kagawa- “Mt. Tsurugidake\" Kimiko Yo- \"Dear Doctor(film)\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"Arrietty\" (Hiromasa Yonebayashi) Tetsuya Nakashima-\"Confessions(2010 film)\" Tetsuya Nakashima-\"Confessions(2010 film)\" Satoshi Tsumabuki-Villain(2010 film) Eri Fukatsu-Villain(2010 film) Akira Emoto-Villain(2010 film) Kirin Kiki-Villain(2010 film) Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best",
"Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “From Up on Poppy Hill” (Gorō Miyazaki) Izuru Narushima- \"Yō kame no semi (八日目の蟬)\" Satoko Okudera- \"Yō kame no semi (八日目の蟬)\" Yoshio Harada- \"Someday(2011 film)\" Mao Inoue- \"Yō kame no semi (八日目の蟬)\" Denden- \"Cold Fish\" Hiromi Nagasaku- \"Yō kame no semi (八日目の蟬)\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “Wolf Children” (Mamoru Hosoda) Daihachi Yoshida- “The Kirishima Thing” Kenji Uchida (film director)- \"The Kirishima Thing\" Hiroshi Abe- \"Thermae Romae\" Kirin Kiki- \"Chronicle of My Mother\" Hideji Ōtaki- \"Anata e\" Kimiko Yo- \"Anata e\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"The Wind Rises\" (Hayao Miyazaki) Yuya Ishii- “The Great Passage” Kensaku Watanabe- “The Great",
"“The Great Passage” Ryuhei Matsuda- “The Great Passage” Yōko Maki- \"The Ravine of Goodbye\" Lily Franky- \"Like Father, Like Son(2013 film)\" Yōko Maki- \"Like Father, Like Son(2013 film)\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"Stand by Me Doraemon\" (Takashi Yamazaki) Takashi Yamazaki- “The Eternal Zero” Akihiro Dobashi(土橋章宏) - \"Samurai Hustle\" Junichi Okada- “The Eternal Zero” Rie Miyazawa-Pale Moon(film) Junichi Okada- \"A Samurai Chronicle\" Haru Kuroki- “The Little House(film)” Additionally,Junichi Okadawon the Best Actor inThe Eternal Zeroand Best Supporting Actor inA Samurai Chronicle. Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"The Boy and the Beast\" (Mamoru Hosoda) Hirokazu Kore-eda- “Our Little Sister” Shin Adachi(足立紳) - \"100 Yen Love\" Kazunari Ninomiya- “Nagasaki: Memories of My Son”",
"Memories of My Son” Sakura Ando- \"100 Yen Love\" Masahiro Motoki- “The Emperor in August” Haru Kuroki- “Nagasaki: Memories of My Son” Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “In This Corner of the World(film)” (Sunao Katabuchi) Hideaki AnnoandShinji Higuchi- \"Shin Godzilla\" Makoto Shinkai- \"Your Name\" Kōichi Satō- \"64: Part I\" Rie Miyazawa- \"Her Love Boils Bathwater\" Satoshi Tsumabuki-Rage(2016 film) Hana Sugisaki- \"Her Love Boils Bathwater\" For the first time at the 40th time, an animation work won the Best Screenplay Award. Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award \"Night Is Short, Walk On Girl\" (夜は短し歩けよ乙女) (Masaaki Yuasa) Hirokazu Kore-eda- \"The Third Murder\" Hirokazu Kore-eda- \"The Third Murder\" Masaki Suda-\"Wilderness: Part One\" (あゝ、荒野前編) Yū Aoi- \"Birds Without Names\" Kōji Yakusho- \"The",
"Kōji Yakusho- \"The Third Murder\" Suzu Hirose- \"The Third Murder\" DirectorHirokazu Kore-edaof \"The Third Murder\" won the Best Editorial Award, Best Editing Award and Best Screenplay Award at the same time. Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “Shoplifters”” (Hirokazu Kore-eda) “Mirai(film)” (Mamoru Hosoda) Hirokazu Kore-eda- “Shoplifters” Hirokazu Kore-eda- “Shoplifters” Kōji Yakusho- \"The Blood of Wolves\" Sakura Ando- “Shoplifters” Tori Matsuzaka- \"The Blood of Wolves\" Kirin Kiki- “Shoplifters” / Reiwa 1) Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award “The Journalist” (Michihito Fuji) “Weathering with You” (Makoto Shinkai) Hideki Takeuchi - “Fly Me to the Saitama” Yūichi Tokunaga - “Fly Me to the Saitama” Tori Matsuzaka- \"The Journalist\" Shim Eun-kyung- “The Journalist” Ryo Yoshizawa- \"Kingdom\"",
"\"Kingdom\" Masami Nagasawa- \"Kingdom\" Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Award Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Midnight Swan Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train Setsurō Wakamatsu -Fukushima 50 Akiko Nogi –The Voice of Sin Tsuyoshi Kusanagi-Midnight Swan Masami Nagasawa–Mother Ken Watanabe-Fukushima 50 Haru Kuroki-The Asadas Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Award Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award Drive My Car Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time Ryusuke Hamaguchi-Drive My Car Ryusuke HamaguchiandTakamasa Ōe-Drive My Car Hidetoshi Nishijima-Drive My Car Kasumi Arimura–We Made a Beautiful Bouquet Ryohei Suzuki-Last of the Wolves Kaya Kiyohara-In The Wake Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Award Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award A Man The First",
"A Man The First Slam Dunk Kei Ishikawa -A Man Kōsuke Mukai -A Man Satoshi Tsumabuki-A Man Yukino Kishii- Small, Slow but Steady Masataka Kubota-A Man Sakura Ando-A Man Best Animation Award Best Director Award Best Screenplay Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Award Best Supporting Actor Award Best Supporting Actress Award The Boy and the Heron Wim Wenders-Perfect Days Takashi Yamazaki-Godzilla Minus One Koji Yakusho-Perfect Days Sakura Ando-Monster Hayato Isomura-The Moon Sakura Ando-Godzilla Minus One References External links",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Daisaku_Kimura (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b92b46470>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Submersion_of_Japan (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b93755990>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/The_Godfather (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b95de3220>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"
] |
What were the last names of the players selected for the Pro Bowl from the NFL team that was featured in the movie "Ace Ventura: Pet Detective"? Base the answer on the following specifications: -- These players were on the team while Wayne Huizenga was the owner -- The team that these players were on achieved a 10-6 regular season record while still making the playoffs during their Pro Bowl season | Bowens, Thomas, & Madison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Ventura:_Pet_Detective | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Miami_Dolphins_season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Miami_Dolphins_season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Miami_Dolphins_season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Miami_Dolphins_season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Miami_Dolphins_season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Miami_Dolphins_season | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Miami_Dolphins_season | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Ventura:_Pet_Detective', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Miami_Dolphins_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Miami_Dolphins_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Miami_Dolphins_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Miami_Dolphins_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Miami_Dolphins_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Miami_Dolphins_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Miami_Dolphins_season'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Ventura:_Pet_Detective",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Miami_Dolphins_season",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Miami_Dolphins_season",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Miami_Dolphins_season",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Miami_Dolphins_season",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Miami_Dolphins_season",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Miami_Dolphins_season",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Miami_Dolphins_season"
] | [
"Ace Ventura: Pet Detective Ace Ventura: Pet Detectiveis a 1994 Americancomedy filmstarringJim CarreyasAce Ventura, an animal detective who is tasked with finding the abducted dolphin mascot of theMiami Dolphinsfootballteam. The film was directed byTom Shadyac, who wrote the screenplay with Jack Bernstein and Carrey. The film co-starsCourteney Cox,Tone Loc,Sean Young, and then–Miami DolphinsquarterbackDan Marinoand features a cameo appearance fromdeath metalbandCannibal Corpse. Morgan Creek Productionsproduced the film on a budget of$15 million, andWarner Bros.released the film in February 1994. It grossed $72.2 million in the United States and Canada and $35 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $107.2 million. It received mixed reviews from critics. Carrey's performance led to the film having acult followingamong maleadolescents. In addition to launching Carrey's film career, it also starteda franchise, spawning the sequel filmAce Ventura: When Nature Calls(1995), the animated television seriesAce Ventura: Pet Detective(1995–2000), and later, standalonemade-for-televisionsequelAce Ventura Jr.: Pet Detective(2009). Plot Ace Ventura, an eccentric and offbeat private detective inMiami, is known for rescuing tame or captive animals. Despite struggles with rent and constant mockery from theMiami Police Department, led by Lieutenant Lois Einhorn, Ventura is hired by Melissa Robinson, theMiami Dolphins' publicist, to find their kidnapped mascot,Bottlenose dolphinSnowflake, just weeks before the upcomingSuper Bowl. Investigating the kidnapping, Ventura finds a rare amber stone in Snowflake's tank, leading him to suspect billionaire Ronald Camp, a collector of exotic animals. However, after sneaking into Camp's party and facing a dangerous encounter with ashark, Ventura rules out Camp as the stone in his ring matches the one found but is not missing. Ventura then theorizes that the stone is from a 1984 AFC Championship ring, suggesting a member of the 1984 Dolphins as the culprit, but finds all rings intact. Roger Podacter, the Dolphins' head of operations, dies mysteriously, and Ventura proves murder. His investigation leads him to Ray Finkle, a disgraced former Dolphins placekicker who missed the potentially game-winning kick in the 1984 Super Bowl and blamed quarterbackDan Marinofor it. Ventura also learns that Finkle had been committed for homicidal tendencies shortly after the Dolphins released him following the Super Bowl loss. With Marino's subsequent kidnapping, Ventura suspects Finkle is seeking revenge. Disguised as a patient at a psychiatric facility, Ventura discovers that Einhorn is actually Finkle, who had altered his appearance and infiltrated the police - under the assumed identity of a missing hiker - for revenge. On the day of the game, Ventura confronts Einhorn at a yacht storage facility, holding Marino and Snowflake hostage. In a dramatic revelation, Ventura exposes Einhorn as Finkle, leading to his arrest after a physical altercation. The climax unfolds at the Super Bowl's halftime, where Marino and Snowflake are celebrated, and Ventura is hailed as a hero on the jumbotron. The event is capped off by Ventura's scuffle with thePhiladelphia Eagles' mascotSwoopover a rarepigeon, earning him a standing ovation. Cast Production The Chairman and CEO ofMorgan Creek Productions, James G. Robinson, in the early 1990s, sought to produce a comedy that would have wide appeal. Gag writerTom Shadyacpitched a rewrite of the script to Robinson and was hired as director for what was his directorial debut.Filmmakers first approachedRick Moranisto play Ace Ventura, but Moranis declined the role.They then considered castingJudd NelsonorAlan Rickman, and they also considered changing Ace Ventura to be female and castingWhoopi Goldbergas the pet detective.David Alan Grieralso turned down to play Ace Ventura.Ultimately Robinson noticedJim Carrey's performance in the sketch comedy showIn Living Colorand cast him as Ace Ventura.Lauren Hollyturned down the role of Melissa Robinson, which eventually went to Courteney Cox. Carrey helped rewrite the script, and filmmakers allowed him to improvise on set. Carrey said of his approach, \"I knew this movie was going to either be something that people really went for, or it was going to ruin me completely. From the beginning of my involvement, I said that the character had to be rock 'n' roll. He had to be the 007 of pet detectives. I wanted to be unstoppably ridiculous, and they let me go wild.\" He said he sought comedic moments that would be unappealing to some, \"I wanted to keep the action unreal and over the top. When it came time to do my reaction to kissing a man, I wanted it to be the biggest, most obnoxious, homophobic reaction ever recorded. It's so ridiculous it can't be taken seriously—even though it guarantees that somebody's going to be offended.\" Thedeath metalbandCannibal Corpseperformed their song \"Hammer Smashed Face\" in the film at the request of Jim Carrey, who personally selected the band for the film; the band originally had scheduling conflicts with a European tour, but the crew adjusted their filming schedule to accommodate the band to be able to participate in the film. Their appearance in the film significantly increased their visibility, attracting a broader audience beyond their typical fan base. The filming took place inMiami,Floridain the second quarter of 1993.The film was produced on a budget of$15 million. Music The film score was composed byIra Newborn. The soundtrack, produced by Morgan Creek Records, included a variety of songs by other musicians. Release Warner Bros. releasedAce Ventura: Pet Detectivein1,750 theatersin the United States and Canada on February 4, 1994. The film grossed$12.1 millionon its opening weekend, ranking first at the box office and outperforming other new releasesMy Father the HeroandI'll Do Anything.Opening-weekend audiences surveyed byCinemaScoregave the film a grade \"A−\" ona scale of A to F.For its second weekend, it grossed$9.7 millionand ranked first at the box office again,outperforming newcomersThe Getaway,Blank Check, andMy Girl 2.Varietyreported ofAce Ventura'ssecond weekend in box office performance, \"The goofball comedy defied dire predictions by trackers, slipping just 20% for a three-day average of $5,075 and $24.6 million in 10 days.\"TheLos Angeles Timesreported, \"Audiences are responding enthusiastically to Carrey's frenzied antics... is especially a hit with the 10- to 20-year-old age group it was originally targeted for. Box-office grosses indicate that many fans are going back to see the film again.\"It grossed$72.2 millionin the United States and Canada and$35 millionin other territories for a worldwide total of$107.2 million.The film's US box office performance ledVarietyto label it a \"sleeper hit\".Its best performance overseas was in Italy.On home video,Ace Venturasold 4.2 million home videos in its first three weeks, whichLos Angeles Timescalled \"just as powerful a draw\" as its theatrical run. Carrey also starred inThe MaskandDumb and Dumberlater in the year. The three films had a total box office gross of$550 million, which ranked Carrey as the second highest-grossing box office star in 1994, behindTom Hanks. The Hollywood Reportersaid beforeAce Ventura, Jim Carrey was \"seen mainly as TV talent\" and that the film's success \"firmly him as a big-screen presence\". The film's success also ledMorgan Creek Productionsto produce the 1995 sequelAce Ventura: When Nature Callswith Carrey reprising his role.Author Victoria Flanagan wrote that Carrey's performance \"generated cult success for the film among adolescent male viewers\".The Hollywood Reporterwrote that it \"gained a loyal cult following through frequent TV airings\".NMEwrote in retrospect that the film was a \"cult 1990s comedy\". Ace Ventura: Pet Detectivewas released on VHS on June 14, 1994, on DVD on August 26, 1997, andBlu-rayon September 3, 2013 by Warner Home Video. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray for the 25th Anniversary Edition in April 2019. Critical reception TheLos Angeles Timesreported at the time, \"Not many critics have been charmed by Ace Ventura's exploits, and several have charged that the film's humor is mean-spirited, needlessly raunchy and homophobic.\"A biography on Carrey wrote that \"the fans loved him and the critics hated him\".Ace Ventura: Pet Detectivereceived \"generally unfavorable\" reviews from contemporary critics, according to review aggregatorMetacritic, which assessed 14 reviews and categorized six as negative, five as positive, and three as mixed. It gave the film an overall score of 37 out of 100.The review aggregation websiteRotten Tomatoesassessed a sample of 64 contemporary and retrospective reviews as positive or negative and said 47% of the critics gave positive reviews with an average rating of 4.9/10. In 2019, Rotten Tomatoes wrote of the consensus, \"Jim Carrey's twitchy antics and gross-out humor are on full, bombastic display inAce Ventura: Pet Detective, which is great news for fans of his particular brand of comedy but likely unsatisfying for anyone else.\" Roger Ebert, reviewing for theChicago Sun-Times, said, \"I found the movie a long, unfunny slog through an impenetrable plot.\" Ebert described the lead role, \"Carrey plays Ace as if he's being clocked on an Energy-O-Meter, and paid by the calories expended. He's a hyper goon who likes to screw his mouth into strange shapes while playing variations on the language.\"Steve Gaydos ofVarietypraised Carrey's \"ceaseless energy and peculiar talents\" but reported, \"Film sputters and eventually slows to a trot due to the script's inability to give Carrey anything more than a free rein to mug and strut, and a third-act payoff that takes the film's generally inoffensive tastelessness into a particularly brutal and unpleasant stew of homophobia and misogyny.\"The New York Timesfilm criticStephen Holdensaid, \"The comic actor Jim Carrey gives one of the most hyperactive performances ever brought to the screen... Only a child could love Mr. Carrey's character, but that may be the point. The movie has the metabolism, logic, and attention span of a peevish 6-year-old.\" He said of Ace Ventura's animals, \"The few scenes of Ace communicating with his animals hint at an endearing wackiness that is abruptly undercut by the movie's ridiculous plot.\" The Washington Post's film critics Rita Kempley and Desson Howe reviewed the film positively.Kempley said, \"A riot from start to finish, Carrey's first feature comedy is as cheerfully bawdy as it is idiotically inventive.\" She added, \"A spoof of detective movies, the story touches all the bases.\"Howe said that the film \"is a mindless stretch of nonsense\" and highlighted multiple \"Carreyisms along the way\". Howe concluded, \"There are some unfortunate elements that were unnecessary—a big strain of homophobic jokes for one, profane and sexual situations that rule out the kiddie audience for another. But essentially,Aceis an unsophisticated opportunity to laugh at the mischief Carrey's body parts can get up to.\" James Berardinellisaid, \"The comic momentum sputters long before the running time has elapsed.\" Berardinelli said of Carrey that he \"uses his rubber features and goofy personae\" that succeeds for a short time but after that, \"Carrey's act gradually grows less humorous and more tiresome, and the laughter in the audience seems forced.\" The critic said the film has \"its moments\" of humor but considered there to be \"a lot of dead screen time\" in between. WhileMichael MacCambridgeofAustin American-Statesmannamed it as an honorable mention of his list of the best films of 1994,Rocky Mountain News's Rober Denerstein listed it as the second worst of the year. Accolades Transgender portrayal In the film, the male ex-football player Finkle disguises himself over an extended period of time as the female police lieutenant Einhorn. Based on Ace Ventura's reaction to, and outing of, Einhorn as Finkle, the film has been criticized for the way it portraystransgenderpeople.New Vistasoutlined the negative portrayal, \"...the transgender character was the villain of the film and her body/being attracted to her, made characters physically ill. Additionally, the film showed transphobic behaviours by the main character who ridiculed, humiliated, misgendered, and exposed the body of the trans female character without her consent.\" Alexandra Gonzenbach Perkins wrote inRepresenting Queer and Transgender Identitythat mainstream representation of transgender identity at the turn of the 21st century was limited, observing that \"the representations that did exist tended to pathologize transgender people as mentally unstable\". Perkins saidAce Ventura, along withThe Crying Game, depicted \"transgender characters as murderous villains\".In the bookReclaiming Genders, in a chapter focusing on transgender identity, Gordene O. Mackenzie referencesAce Venturaas an example of turn-of-the-century films that \"illustrate the transphobia implicit in many popular US films\". Mackenzie describes the scene in which Ace Ventura retches in the bathroom, following the revelation that the woman he had kissed is trans, as \"one of the most memorable and blatantly transphobic/homophobic scenes\".InThe New York Timesin 2016,Farhad Manjooalso wrote about this scene, \"There was little culturally suspect then about playing gender identity for laughs. Instead, as in many fictional depictions of transgender people in that era, the scene’s prevailing emotion is of nose-holding disgust.\" Future In October 2017,Morgan Creek Entertainmentannounced plans to reboot several films from its library, includingAce Ventura: Pet Detective. Its president David Robinson said Morgan Creek's plan was not to simply remake the film but to do a follow-up in which Ace Ventura passes the mantle to a new character, such as a long-lost son or daughter.In 2018, according toAce Ventura: When Nature Callsco-starTommy Davidson, Carrey displayed a lack of interest in participating. By March 2021, a sequel film was in development atAmazon Studioswith the screenwriters of the 2020 filmSonic the Hedgehog,Pat CaseyandJosh Miller, attached. References External links",
"Miami Dolphins National Football League(1970–present) TheMiami Dolphinsare a professionalAmerican footballteam based in theGreater Miami area. The Dolphins compete in theNational Football League(NFL) as a member of theAmerican Football Conference(AFC)Eastdivision. The team plays its home games atHard Rock StadiuminMiami Gardens, Florida, a northern suburb ofMiami. The team is owned byStephen M. Ross. The Dolphins are the oldest professional sports team in Florida. Of the four AFC East teams, the Dolphins are the only team in the division that was not a charter member of theAmerican Football League(AFL). The Dolphins were also one of the first professional football teams in thesoutheast, along with theAtlanta Falcons. The Dolphins were founded byJoe Robbie, an attorney and politician, andDanny Thomas, an actor and comedian. They began play in the AFL in1966. The region had not had a professional football team since the days of theMiami Seahawks, who played in theAll-America Football Conferencein 1946, before becoming the first incarnation of theBaltimore Colts. For the first few years, the Dolphins' full-time training camp and practice facilities were atSaint Andrew's School, a private, boys boarding prep school in Boca Raton. Miami joined the NFL as a result of the 1970AFL–NFL merger. The team played in its firstSuper BowlinSuper Bowl VI, losing to theDallas Cowboys, 24–3.The following year, the Dolphins completed the NFL's onlyperfect season, culminating in a Super Bowl win, winning all 14 of their regular-season games, and all three of their playoff games, includingSuper Bowl VII. They were the third NFL team to accomplish a perfectregular season, and remain the only team to do so including playoffs since the AFL-NFL merger, the time known as the Super Bowl era. The next year, the Dolphins wonSuper Bowl VIII, becoming the first team to appear in three consecutive Super Bowls, and the second team (the first AFL/AFC team) to win back-to-back championships. Miami also appeared inSuper Bowl XVIIandSuper Bowl XIX, losing both games. For most of their early history, the Dolphins were coached byDon Shula, the most successful head coach in professional football history in terms of total games won. Under Shula, the Dolphins posted losing records in only two of his 26 seasons as the head coach. During the period spanning 1983 to the end of 1999, quarterbackDan Marinobecame one of the most prolific passers in NFL history, breaking numerous league passing records. Marino led the Dolphins to five division titles, 10 playoff appearances, and an appearance in Super Bowl XIX before retiring following the1999 season. Since Marino's retirement, they have experienced mediocre levels of success and have just six playoff appearances (2000,2001,2008,2016,2022, and2023) and two division titles (2000and2008) with one playoff win. They currently have the longest postseason win drought in the NFL. History The Miami Dolphins joined theAmerican Football League(AFL) when an expansion franchise was awarded to lawyerJoseph Robbieand actorDanny Thomasin 1965 for $7.5 million, although Thomas would eventually sell his stake in the team to Robbie.During the summer of 1966, the Dolphins' training camp was inSt. Pete Beachwith practices in August atBoca Ciega High SchoolinGulfport. Don Shula The Dolphins were the worst team with a 15–39–2 record in their first four seasons under head coachGeorge Wilson, beforeDon Shulawas hired as head coach.Shula was aPaul Browndisciple who had been lured from theBaltimore Colts, after losingSuper Bowl IIItwo seasons earlier to the AFL'sNew York Jets, and finishing 8–5–1 the following season.Shula got his first NFL coaching job from then-Detroit head coach George Wilson, who hired him as the defensive coordinator. The AFLmerged with the NFLin 1970, and the Dolphins were assigned to theAFC Eastdivision in the NFL's newAmerican Football Conference. For the rest of the 20th century, the Shula-led Dolphins emerged as one of the most dominant teams in the NFL, with only two losing seasons between 1970 and 1999.They were extremely successful in the 1970s, completing the first completeperfect seasonin NFL history by finishing with a 14–0 regular-season record in1972and winning theSuper Bowl that year.It was the first of two consecutive Super Bowl wins and one of three appearances in a row.The 1980s and 1990s were also moderately successful. The early 80s teams made two Super Bowls despite losing both times and saw the emergence of future Hall of Fame quarterbackDan Marino, who went on to break numerous NFL passing records, holding many of them until the late 2000s.After winning every game against the division rivalBuffalo Billsin the 1970s, the two teams gradually developed acompetitive rivalryin the 80s and 90s, often competing for AFC supremacy whenJim Kellyemerged as the quarterback for the Bills.The Dolphins have also maintained astrong rivalrywith theNew York Jetsthroughout much of their history. Following the retirements of Marino and Shula and the rise ofTom Bradyand theNew England Patriots, the Dolphins suffered a decline in the 2000s and 2010s.During this period, the team's level of play was largely described as mediocre.They have only made the playoffs four times since Marino's retirement and have largely been unable to find a consistent quarterback to replace him. Jimmy Johnson Jimmy Johnson was hired to replace Shula prior to the 1996 season.In his first season at the helm, he led the team to a 8–8 record and missed the postseason.In the 1997, the team improved to a 9–7 mark and made the postseason.The team saw their season end in the Wild Card Round with a 17–3 loss to the New England Patriots.In the 1998 season, the team went 10–6 and made the postseason.The Dolphins defeated the Bills 24–17 in the Wild Card Round before falling to the Denver Broncos 38–3 in the Divisional Round.In the 1999 season, the Dolphins went 9–7 and made the postseason.The team defeated the Buffalo Bills 24–17 in the Wild Card Round before falling 62–7 to the Jacksonville Jaguars in what would be quarterback Dan Marino's final game.Johnson resigned following the season. Dave Wannstedt Going into the 2000 season, the Dolphins named Dave Wannstedt as head coach.In his first season with the Dolphins, he led the team to a 11–5 record and an AFC East title.The team defeated the Indianapolis Colts 23–17 in the Wild Card Round before losing 27–0 to the Oakland Raiders in the Divisional Round.In the 2001 season, the team made the postseason with a 11–5 record and runner-up placement in the AFC East.The team lost to the Baltimore Ravens 20–3 in the Wild Card Round.In the 2002 season, the team failed to make the postseason despite a 9–7 record.In the 2003 season, the team went 10–6 but missed the postseason.Following a 1–8 start in the 2004 season, Wannstedt resigned.Jim Bates finished out the year with a 3–4 mark. Nick Saban Nick Saban coached the Dolphins in the 2005 and 2006 seasons. He went 9–7 and 6–10 in those two seasons, missing the playoffs in both.Saban resigned following the 2006 season to leave for the University of Alabama. Cam Cameron Prior to the 2007 season, the Dolphins hired Cam Cameron has head coach.The team suffered a franchise-worst1–15 season in 2007.After the 2007 season, the team fired Cameron. Tony Sparano Tony Sparano was named head coach of the Dolphins prior to the 2008 season.In his first season, he led the team to an 11–5 result and an AFC East title.During the season, they became the second team to make a 10-game improvement over the previous season.That same season, the Dolphins upset theNew England Patriotson the road during Week 3 thanks to the use of the gimmickWildcat offense, which handed the Patriots their first regular-season loss since December 10, 2006, in which coincidentally, they were also beaten by the Dolphins. However, this success in 2008 proved to be an outlier during this period in the franchise's history; to date, it is the last season the Dolphins won the AFC East.The team's season ended with a 27–9 loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the Wild Card Round.The 2009 and 2010 seasons saw regression with a 7–9 record in both years.After a 4–9 start to the 2011 season, Sparano was fired.Todd Bowles finished the 6–10 season as interim coach. Joe Philbin Prior to the 2012 season, the team hired Joe Philbin as head coach.In his first season at the helm, Philbin led the team to a 7–9 record.In the 2013, the team improved to a 8–8 record but still missed the postseason.In the 2014 season, the team added Bill Lazor as offensive coordinator. The Dolphins once again finished 8–8.After a 1–3 start to the 2015 season, Philbin was fired.Dan Campbell was named as interim coach and finished the year with a 5–7 mark. Adam Gase Prior to the 2016 season, the team hired Adam Gase as head coach.He led the team to a 10–6 record and a postseason berth in the 2016 season.The team's season ended with a 30–12 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card Round.In the 2017 season, the Dolphins regressed to a 6–10 record.In the 2018 season, the Dolphins finished with a 7–9 record.After a cumulative 23–25 record, Gase was fired by the Dolphins. Brian Flores Prior to the 2019 season, the Dolphins hired Brian Flores as head coach.He led the team to a 5–11 record in the 2019 season.The team drafted Alabama quarterback Tua Tagovailoa in the first round of the 2020 NFL Draft.In the 2020 season, the team improved to a 10–6 mark but still missed the postseason.In the 2021 season, the team went 9–8 but missed the postseason.Following the end of the 2021 season, Flores was fired as head coach. Mike McDaniel Prior to the 2022 season, Mike McDaniel was hired as head coach.In his first season, he led the Dolphins to a 9–8 record and a 34–31 loss to the Bills in the Wild Card Round.In the 2023 season, the team improved to a 11–6 mark but the season again ended in the Wild Card Round with a 26–7 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. Championships Super Bowl championships AFC championships Rivalries Divisional New England Patriots The Dolphins dominated theNew England Patriotsduring the 1970s and the 1990s, but there were some notable moments as well, including a 1982 game now known as theSnowplow Game.Fortunes changed whenTom Bradybecame the franchise quarterback for the Patriots, and during histenure with the Patriots, New England dominated the AFC, especially the AFC East, winning 16 of 17 division titles between 2003 and 2019, with the Dolphins winning the only non-Patriots division title in that time frame when Brady was out due to injury. Miami posed the biggest divisional challenge to the Brady-led Patriots, however, winning more games against them than the Bills or Jets did during that era. Notable wins over New England by the Dolphins include theMiracle in Miami, which involved a dramatic last-minute game-winning touchdown that paralleled \"The Night that Courage Wore Orange\", where in2004, the Dolphins, at 2–11, upset the defending Super Bowl champion Patriots 28–29, and handed them the second of their 2 losses that season.The rivalry briefly intensified in 2005 whenNick Saban,Bill Belichick's former Browns defensive coordinator was hired as their new head coach and when Saban nearly signed quarterbackDrew Brees, as well as in 2008, when the two teams battled for the AFC East division title. Miami and New England are also the only two franchises to have posted undefeated regular-season records since the NFL-AFL merger, with Miami going14–0 in 1972and New England going16–0 in 2007, but only the 1972 Dolphins were able to win the Super Bowl. As of the 2023 season, the Dolphins lead the all-time series 62–55. Buffalo Bills The Dolphins and theBuffalo Billshave a long-standing rivalry, as there are stark characteristic differences between the cities of Miami and Buffalo, especially in climate and culture. The rivalry was extremely lopsided in favor of Miami during the 1970s, as the Dolphins won all 20 games against the Bills during that decade. Fortunes changed in the 1980s and 1990s whenJim Kellybecame the Bills' starting quarterback. Though both teams were extremely dominant during that period, the Bills ultimately held the edge and dominated the Dolphins during their four playoff matchups in the 1990s, with the Dolphins' only playoff win coming after Kelly's retirement. With the rise of Tom Brady and the Patriots during the 2000s and the retirements of Kelly and Dolphins quarterbackDan Marino, the Bills-Dolphins rivalry faded in relevance, but remains somewhat intense to this day. Some former Dolphins have gone to play for the Bills as well, most notablyDan Carpenter,Chris Hogan, andCharles Clay. In the 2020s, the rivalry sharpened, with Dolphins quarterbackTua Tagovailoa, drafted in 2020, leading a resurgent Dolphins team against theJosh Allen-led Bills, who had gained a streak of success after Brady's departure from the Patriots and the division. Though Allen's career record against Miami currently stands at 11–2, Tagovailoa led the Dolphins to their first win over Bills in 8 games in 2022, and the Dolphins played the Bills tightly in the teams' two other meetings that year despite losing both, including the playoffs. As of the 2023 season, the Dolphins lead the all-time series 62–58–1. New York Jets TheNew York Jetsare perhaps Miami's most bitter rivals.Dolphins fans despise the Jets due to the sheer amount of New York City transplants who have moved to South Florida and the Jets' usual cocky demeanor. Just as the Bills-Dolphins rivalry is motivated by differences, the Dolphins-Jets series is also notable for the differences between New York and Miami. Unlike the former, this rivalry has been more consistent over the years. Some of the more memorable moments in this rivalry includeDan Marino'sfake spike,Vinny Testaverdeleading the Jets to anotable comeback on Monday Night Football, and former Jets quarterbackChad Penningtonsigning with the Dolphins and leading them to a divisional title. The two teams have also played in the1982 AFC Championship, with Miami winning to face theWashington RedskinsinSuper Bowl XVII. As of the 2023 season, the Dolphins lead the all-time series 60–56–1. Conference Jacksonville Jaguars The Dolphins have taken part in a minor rivalry with theJacksonville Jaguarsas both teams are the only two AFC franchises located in Florida.The two teams first met during the1998 NFL seasonon aMonday Night Footballmatchup.Both teams later met in the1999 AFC Divisional Roundin what would ultimately be the final career game for Dolphins' hall-of-fame quarterbackDan Marino. The Dolphins entered the game as heavy underdogs as they had finished the1999 season9–7, securing the lowest wild card berth. Meanwhile; the Jaguars had boasted an impressive 14–2 campaign under pro-bowl quarterbackMark Brunell; culminating in the Jaguars destroying Miami in a 62–7 blowout loss.The Jaguars managed an improbable upset victory during the2021 Seasonas the team had declined severely under controversial head coachUrban Meyer. Despite this; the Jaguars managed a comeback victory against the Dolphins in London during week 6.The teams are tied 5–5 all time, though the Jaguars lead 1–0 in the postseason. Indianapolis Colts When the then-Baltimore Coltswere inserted into the AFC East following the AFL/NFL merger, they sparked a heated rivalry with the Dolphins, as a controversy involving the hiring of former Colts coachDon Shulaforced Miami to forfeit a first-round draft pick. The Dolphins and Colts faced off several times in the AFC playoffs during the 1970s, including the AFC championship game leading up toSuper Bowl VI, which the Dolphins lost to theDallas Cowboys. The rivalry cooled down in the 1980s after the Colts struggled andmoved to Indianapolis, but heated up once again in the late 90s until the Colts were reassigned into theAFC Southas a result of the 2002 realignment of the NFL's divisions.As of 2023, the Dolphins lead the all-time series 48–28. Inter Conference Tampa Bay Buccaneers Since the founding of theTampa Bay Buccaneersin 1976, the Dolphins and Buccaneers have shared a mellow in-state rivalry and were the only two teams in Florida until theJacksonville Jaguarsjoined the NFL in 1995. As of the 2023 season, the Buccaneers lead the all-time series 7–5. Historic Kansas City Chiefs The Dolphins won a notable pair of games against the Kansas City Chiefs, defeating them in \"The Longest Game\", the final game inMunicipal Stadium,and then the first regular season game atArrowhead Stadiumin 1972.As of the 2023 season, the Chiefs lead the all-time series 17–16. Las Vegas Raiders, San Diego Chargers, Pittsburgh Steelers The Dolphins also share historic rivalries with other AFC teams such as theLas Vegas Raiders,Los Angeles Chargers, andPittsburgh Steelers, stemming from often competing against these teams in the playoffs during the Don Shula era. As of the 2023 season, the Raiders lead the all-time series 21–20–1. Facilities Stadiums The Dolphins originally played all home games in theOrange Bowlin Miami. They moved to the new Joe Robbie Stadium after the 1986 season. From 1993 to 2011, the Dolphins shared the stadium withMajor League Baseball'sFlorida Marlins(now known as the Miami Marlins). The venue has had multiplenaming rightsdeals since1996, carrying the names Pro Player Stadium, Dolphins Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, LandShark Stadium, Sun Life Stadium, New Miami Stadium and, as of August 2016,Hard Rock Stadium. The facility is located inMiami Gardens, a suburb of Miami located approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of downtown Miami. The Miami Dolphins share Hard Rock Stadium with theNCAAMiami Hurricanes. The 2015–2016 season was the first season in the newly renovated Hard Rock Stadium. The Dolphins spent more than two years and over $400 million on a major overhaul to Hard Rock Stadium. Every seat was replaced and the lower-level seats were moved closer to the field. There are roughly 10,000 fewer seats. Training St. Petersburg Beachhosted the Dolphins' first training camp in 1966.St. Andrew's SchoolinBoca Ratonhosted training camp in the late 1960s. The Dolphins subsequently trained in Miami Gardens at Biscayne College, later renamedSt. Thomas University, from 1970 until 1993. In 1993, the Dolphins opened the Miami Dolphins Training Facility atNova Southeastern UniversityinDavie. In 2006, the facility added a domed field that allows the team to practice during thunderstorms which are common in the area during the summer. In 2021, the Dolphins opened a new, 135 million training facility, dubbed the Baptist Health Training Complex, the Dolphins will practice in. The complex is located next to Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens. Franchise information Logos and uniforms Leaping dolphin (1966–2012) The Dolphins logo and uniforms remained fairly consistent from the team's founding through 2012. The team's colors were originallyaquaandcoral, with the coral color paying tribute to the Miami Seahawks and to the many natural coral reefs in Biscayne Bay. The team's original logo consisted of a sunburst with a leaping dolphin wearing a football helmet bearing the letter M. At their debut in 1966, a lighter & brighter orange was used instead of the deep coral color. The dolphin's head was near the center of the sunburst. In the 1967 season, the dolphin was centered on the sunburst, but it reverted to the original placement between 1968 and 1973. By 1974, the dolphin's body was centered on the sunburst in a slightly smaller logo than the 1967 version. The uniforms featured white pants with aqua and orange stripes, paired with either a white or aqua jersey. On the white jersey, aqua block numbers and names were outlined in orange, with aqua and orange sleeve stripes. Starting with the 1972 perfect season, these uniforms were used as the primary uniforms for road games and daytime home games, due to the extreme heat of South Florida. The team also had an aqua jersey used mainly for night home games or road games in which the opponent chose to wear white. The aqua jersey featured white block numbers and names with an orange outline, and orange and white sleeve stripes. An update was given to the logo in 1997 – the sunburst was simplified and the dolphin was darkened and given a more serious game-face expression.The uniforms remained the same; however, a different block number font was used and navy drop shadows were added. On very rare occasions, an orange jersey was used for primetime games. The uniforms essentially swapped the location of orange and aqua from the aqua jersey. The orange jersey was first used on a Sunday night in 2003 againstWashington, a Dolphin win. In 2004, the orange jersey was brought back for anMonday Night Footballmatch pitting the 2–11 Dolphins against the 12–1 defending championNew England Patriots. The Dolphins scored a huge upset win after trailing by 11 points with less than 5 minutes remaining. Due to the unusual orange jerseys, the game has become known within some Dolphin circles as \"The Night That Courage Wore Orange\".The orange jerseys were used for a 2009 Monday night win against theNew York Jets. However, the Dolphins would lose a 2010 Sunday night matchup with the Jets, their first loss in orange, and the orange jerseys in the original style would not be worn again. In 2009, the Dolphins switched to black shoes for the first time since the early 1970s glory days, following a recent trend among NFL teams. However, by 2011, they returned to wearing white shoes. The Dolphins' final game in the original style uniforms with block numbers and the iconic leaping dolphin logo was the final game of the 2012 season, a 28–0 shutout loss to the New England Patriots inFoxboro. The white jerseys were worn for the game, and as rumors of a new look had been swirling, many fans watching knew that it would likely be the last time their team would wear the leaping dolphin logo. Stylized swimming dolphin (2013–present) A new logo and new uniforms were unveiled shortly before the2013 NFL draft.The new logo features a stylizedaquadolphin swimming in front of a heavily modified version of the orange sunburst. The dolphin in the logo is more vague and artistic, and is not wearing a helmet as it is merely a silhouette of a dolphin cast in aqua and navy. Navy was incorporated as featured color for the first time, with orange becoming greatly de-emphasized. The uniforms feature both white pants and aqua pants, with a white or aqua jersey. The Dolphins continue to wear white at home, just as they had with the previous uniforms, with aqua being used for primetime home games. The white jersey features aqua numbers and names in a unique custom font, with orange and navy outlines on the numbers; however, the names only use navy as an outline color. The aqua jerseys use white numbers with an orange and aqua outline, and white names with a navy outline. The helmets are white with a white facemask, just like the final years of the previous look; however, navy is a prominent color on the helmet stripe, joining aqua and a de-emphasized orange. Both jerseys have large \"Dolphins\" text above the numbers, written in the team's new script. The pants are either aqua or white, and contain no markings other than a small team wordmark. In 2018, the team made some slight modifications to the logo and uniform set: The shades of orange and aqua were tweaked, and navy blue was removed from the color scheme, only remaining on the logo. Throwback uniforms In 2015, the Dolphins brought back their 1970s aqua uniforms for a few select games. Four years later, they brought back a white version from the same era as a second alternate uniform. The aqua throwbacks were worn during the now-famous 2018Miracle in Miamiplay against the Patriots. Color Rush uniform On September 29, 2016, the Dolphins debuted their newColor Rushuniform in aThursday Night Footballgame against theCincinnati Bengals. The all-orange uniform marked the first time since 2010 that the Dolphins wore an orange uniform. However, the set was only used for that game as the Dolphins immediately retired the uniform soon after. In later years, the Dolphins wore similar all-aqua or all-white uniforms in select games as the NFL gradually relaxed its rules regarding hosiery. Fight song The song was written and composed by Lee Ofman, and has similar instrumentation and lyrics to the fight song of theHouston Oilers. Ofman approached the Dolphins with it before the 1972 season because he wanted music to inspire his favorite team. The fight song would soon serve as a good luck charm for the Dolphins that season. The Dolphins became the first team in NFL history to record an undefeated season, going 17–0 en route to victory over the Washington Redskins inSuper Bowl VII. The following season, Miami posted an equally impressive 15–2 record and capped the season with another title, defeating the Minnesota Vikings inSuper Bowl VIII. The back-to-back championship runs, coupled with the popularity of the fight song amongst Dolphins fans, have ensured the song's longevity. The Dolphins revealed a new fight song byT-PainandJimmy BuffettfeaturingPitbullon August 7, 2009, which was introduced for the 2009 NFL season.The fight song was played during the preseason home opener against the Jacksonville Jaguars on August 17, 2009, but was not played during the second preseason game against the Carolina Panthers on August 22, 2009, after being booed heavily in the first game. Furthermore, the team has preferred to play Buffett's song \"Fins\" after scores during the 2009 regular season instead of the traditional fight song. Cheerleaders The team'scheerleadersare known collectively as the Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders.The company had its debut in 1978 as the Dolphins Starbrites. (The name referred to the co-sponsor, Starbrite Car Polish.) The cheerleaders' founding choreographer wasJune Taylor, famed colleague ofJackie Gleason, who led the squad until her retirement in 1990. Special Teams/Volunteer Program In April 2010, the Dolphins started the first Volunteer Program in the NFL. Special Teams is a unique volunteer organization created to enlist and mobilize the ongoing services of the community with the Dolphins staff, players and alumni. The mission of the Special Teams is to offer hands-on services to communities and families in need, to partner with existing organizations on worthwhile social, civic and charitable programs, to provide assistance at Miami Dolphins Foundation events, and to support community efforts in times of emergency. This program is headed by Leslie Nixon and Sergio Xiques. Since its inception, Special Teams has given over 250,000 community services hours to the South Florida and Mexico community. Mascots T.D. (\"The Dolphin\") On Friday, April 18, 1997, the first \"official\" mascot of the Miami Dolphins was introduced. The 7-foot mascot made his public debut on April 19 at Pro Player Stadium during the team's draft-day party. The team then made a \"Name the Mascot\" contest that drew over 13,000 entries covering all 50 states and 22 countries. 529 names were suggested. The winning entry was announced at the annual Dolphins Awards Banquet on June 4, 1997. Dolfan Denny Denny Symcheered on the Miami Dolphins for 33 years as a one-man sideline show, leading Miami crowds in cheers and chants in his glittering coral (orange) and aqua hat from the Dolphins' first game in 1966 until 2000. Sym died on March 18, 2007. He was 72. Flipper From 1966 to 1968, and in the 1970s a live dolphin was situated in a water tank in the open (east) end of the Orange Bowl.He would jump in the tank to celebrate touchdowns and field goals. The tank that was set up in the 1970s was manufactured by Evan Bush and maintained during the games by Evan Bush and Dene Whitaker. Flipper was removed from the Orange Bowl after 1968 to save costs, and in the 1970s due to stress. Radio and television In August 2010, the team launched its own regional TV network to carry preseason games and in-season content such as coach and player shows. The Dolphins Television Network comprises 10 South Florida TV stations that agreed to carry the team-produced coverage.Preseason games are broadcast on television throughCBS-ownedWFOR-TVin Miami-Dade and Broward counties,WTVXin West Palm Beach,WBBH-TVin Fort Myers, andWRDQin Orlando. Longtime TV and radio personalityDick Stocktonprovides play-by-play commentary, with Dolphins Hall-of-Fame QB Bob Griese and former Dolphins WR Nat Moore providing color commentary. The radio broadcast team features Jimmy Cefalo providing play-by-play commentary and Joe Rose providing color commentary during preseason games, along with Griese for regular-season games.Griese replaced longtime color commentatorJim Mandichafter his death in 2011, who played for the Dolphins under Don Shula. Radio coverage as of the 2023 season is carriedWINZ(940 AM) andWBGG-FM(105.9 FM). Additionally, games can also be heard in Spanish onWNMA(1210 AM), with Raúl Striker Jr. and Joaquin Duro providing play-by-play and color commentary, respectively. CBS-owned WFOR, in addition to preseason telecasts, airs most of the Dolphins' regular season games andThursday Night Football, with rare home games moved or delayed by hurricanes carried by sister stationWBFS-TVdue to network conflicts, and some games carried byWSVNwhen flexed to Fox. When playing on Sunday night, the team's matches will be broadcast onNBC'sWTVJ. The Dolphins' radio affiliates: English Spanish Season-by-season records Players Current roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved 53 active, 15 reserved, 16 practice squad (+1 exempt) Players of note Miami Dolphins in the Pro Football Hall of Fame The Dolphins currently have ten players, and one coach enshrined in thePro Football Hall of Fame, that have spent the majority (or entirety) of their careers, or made significant contributions with the Miami Dolphins. Three other players and four coaches/contributors that have spent only a \"minor portion\" of their careers with the Dolphins, have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, but have been enshrined primarily with other teams. Retired numbers The Miami Dolphins currently have three retired jersey numbers: The Dolphins have other numbers that have currently not been issued to any player, or are currently in reduced circulation, but not yet officially retired. They include: Individual award winners Listed below are the individuals who have won the following NFL, Super Bowl, and Pro Bowl MVP awards, the Offensive and Defensive Rookie and Player of the Year awards, the Comeback Player of the Year winners, the winners of the prestigious NFL Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, and the winner of the Coach of the Year Award for the Miami Dolphins.Boldindicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. NFL All-Decade Team and 100th Anniversary All-Time Team selections The following are Miami Dolphins (players and/or coaches) who have been selected to an \"All-Decade Team\", or theNFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Teamby the Pro Football Hall of Fame selection committee.Boldindicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pro Bowl selections Many former and current Miami Dolphins players have represented the franchise in thePro Bowl(or the AFL All-Star Game). Below is a list of current or former players that play or have played for the Miami Dolphins that have been selected to at least five Pro Bowls. 50 greatest players In 2015, to commemorate the Miami Dolphins' 50th NFL season, the Dolphins organization announced through voting from the South Florida Media and Miami Dolphin fans the results of the 50 greatest players in Miami Dolphins franchise history. The results were announced during halftime on Monday Night Football between the Dolphins and the Giants. Here are the 50 greatest Dolphins broken down by position.Boldindicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Offense: Defense: Special teams: Miami Dolphins Ring of Honor/Honor Roll TheMiami Dolphins Ring of Honor, formerly known as theHonor Roll, is a ring around the second tier of Hard Rock Stadium that honors former players, coaches, owners and contributors who have made significant contributions to the franchise throughout their history. Each of these players is honored with a placard on the facing of the upper level around Hard Rock Stadium including team founder-owner Joe Robbie. In place of a jersey number, Shula has the number 347, representing his record number of NFL coaching victories, 274 of them as Dolphins head coach.Pro Football Hall of Fameinductees are additionally denoted by a hall of fame logo next to their names. In 1992, at the 20-year anniversary, Miami's \"1972 Undefeated Team\" was enshrined into the Honor Roll. At the 40 year anniversary, which enshrined former defensive coordinator Bill Arnsparger into the Honor Roll, his name went on the Honor Roll where the \"1972 Undefeated Team\" inductee previously and originally was enshrined, and an updated \"1972 Perfect Season Team 17–0\" inductee was put into one corner of Hard Rock Stadium with special placards of Super Bowl VII and Super Bowl VIII included next to it on each side. The inductees as of 2024 include: Joe Robbie Alumni Plaza Walk of Fame The Joe Robbie Alumni Plaza Walk of Fame was first established in 2011, designed to be all-encompassing and recognize the best of the Miami Dolphins alumni, including those in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the Honor Roll, and as well as the many other players who were among the unsung heroes and community leaders that the organization has produced. The \"Walk of Fame\" is located at the north end of Hard Rock Stadium, with a life-size bronze statue of Joe Robbie, the original founder and owner of the Miami Dolphins from 1966 to 1989.Boldindicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The inductees as of 2018 (by yearly class) are: All-time first-round draft picks Staff Head coaches The Dolphins have had 14 head coaches in franchise history. Current staff →Coaching staff→Front office→More NFL staffs References External links",
"1995 Miami Dolphins season The1995 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the franchise's 30th season, 26th in theNational Football League, and 26th and final under head coachDon Shula. The Dolphins finished 9–7 before losing to theBillsin the playoffs. Until the2022 NFL season, this marked the last time the Dolphins finished with a top 10 Offense. Offseason NFL Draft 1995 Expansion Draft Transactions Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Regular season Schedule Standings Playoffs AFC Wild Card Game atRich Stadium,Orchard Park, New York Dolphins quarterbackDan Marinocompleted 33 of 64 passes for 422 yards and two touchdowns, but also threw three interceptions. The Bills used an NFL-playoff record 341 rushing yards to gain a 27–0 lead by the start of the fourth quarter. Don Shula's retirement The week after Miami's playoff loss to Buffalo, Shula announced his retirement. His 347 wins as a head coach, including 257 with the Dolphins, are an NFL record. Shula coached in six Super Bowls, winning two, and in1972he led the only unbeaten and untied season in NFL history. Shula was inducted into thePro Football Hall of Famein 1997 and is considered one of the greatest coaches in NFL history. Awards and honors Notes and references This article relating to anAmerican footballseasonis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"1997 Miami Dolphins season The1997 seasonwas theMiami Dolphins' 32nd season in theNational Football League(NFL), their 28th overall, their eighth undergeneral managerEddie Jonesand their second underhead coachJimmy Johnson. The Dolphins improved upon theirprevious season's output of 8–8, winning nine games.Seven of the team's sixteen games were decided by afield goalor less. This was also the season where the Dolphins released a new logo and new uniforms with a darker aqua and dark navy drop shadow in numbers. The uniforms and logo lasted until the 2012 season. During Week 3, the Dolphins were defeated by the defending Super Bowl championGreen Bay Packersfor the first time in franchise history. This could be argued as the most cursed of all Dolphins seasons because it offered a turnaround where theNew England Patriotsdefeated the Dolphins 3 times in the 1997 season, sweeping them. This was the first of five consecutive playoff appearances for the Dolphins. This season saw the Patriots return three Marino interceptions for touchdowns in New England (two of them in the 2nd quarter of the week 13 matchup, and one in the Wild Card matchup where the Patriots defeated Miami 17–3). The Wild Card loss came less than a week after the Dolphins lost to the Patriots 14–12 onMonday Night Footballin Miami for the AFC East division title. Until2021, this was the last time the Dolphins swept theNew York Jetsin back-to-back seasons. Offseason NFL draft Staff Front office Head coaches Offensive coaches Special teams coaches Strength and conditioning Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Schedule Note:Intra-division opponents are inboldtext. Playoffs Game summaries Week 1: vs Indianapolis Colts atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Standings References This article relating to anAmerican footballseasonis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"1998 Miami Dolphins season The1998 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the team's 33rd overall and 29th as a member of theNational Football League(NFL). The Dolphins improved upon theirprevious season's output of 9–7, winning ten games.The team qualified for the playoffs for the second straight year. The Dolphins defeated theBuffalo Bills24–17 in theWild Card round, but lost to thedefendingandeventual Super Bowl championDenver Broncos38–3 in the Divisional Playoff Game. The2012Football OutsidersAlmanacstates that the 1998 Dolphins had the single biggest defensive improvement (from the previous season) from 1991 to 2011. As withthe 1985 Bears, the Dolphins defeated a team (the Broncos) widely tipped a few weeks earlier to beat theirunbeaten1972 season,although this time the Dolphins were not defending their status as the only unbeaten team sincethe Giantshad already beaten the Broncos. Because, before the admission ofthe Texansin2002, scheduling for NFL games outside a team's division was subject to much greater influence from table position during the previous season,that game was the first time the Dolphins had opposed the Broncos since that same1985 season. This season marked the last time the Dolphins finished with the #1 Defense in the NFL. Offseason NFL Draft Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Schedule Note:Intra-division opponents are inboldtext. Playoffs Standings References This article relating to anAmerican footballseasonis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"1999 Miami Dolphins season The1999 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the team's 34th campaign, and 30th in theNational Football League(NFL). It was the 17th and final season for Dolphins quarterbackDan Marino. Marino suffered an injury on October 17 against theNew England Patriots, withDamon Huardtaking over at quarterback. The team would go 4–1 under Huard, including a 17–0 victory over theTennessee Titans. Marino would return on November 25, against theDallas Cowboys, throwing five interceptions in the 20–0 loss. The Dolphins reached the midway point of the 1999 season with a 7–1 record, but in the second half of the year, the team struggled, finishing out the season 2–6, winning only one game after Marino's return. The team finished the season 9–7, beating out theKansas City Chiefsfor the AFC's last wild card spot via tiebreakers; Miami held a better record against common opponents, going 6–1 to the Chiefs' 5–3. In the Wild Card round, the Dolphins upset the no. 3 seedSeattle Seahawks20–17. In the Divisional round, the Dolphins were humiliated by the no. 1 seedJacksonville Jaguars, losing 62–7, the most lopsided playoff loss in the Super Bowl era. Offseason 1999 NFL draft Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Regular season Schedule Note:Intra-division opponents are inboldtext. Source: Standings Game summaries Week 1 at Denver Broncos atMile High Stadium,Denver, Colorado First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins opened the season on the road against the defendingSuper Bowl championDenver Broncos. The Broncos were without their longtime quarterbackJohn Elway, who announced his retirement during the off-season.Brian Griese, son of former Dolphins quarterbackBob Griese, was Denver's starting quarterback, throwing a 61-yard touchdown pass toEd McCaffreyearly in the 1st quarter. Griese would play inconsistently for the rest of the game and was sacked twice, whileDan Marinowas sacked zero times. In the 4th quarter, Griese fumbled the ball, withJason Taylorrecovering it and running it into the end zone for a touchdown. Week 2 vs. Arizona Cardinals atPro Player Stadium,Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins' defense picked off Cardinals quarterbackJake Plummerfour times during the game. Arizona only scored one touchdown during the game, a 34-yard interception return byRob Fredricksonin the 2nd quarter. Week 4 at Buffalo Bills at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Week 5 at Indianapolis Colts atRCA Dome,Indianapolis, Indiana First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins were trailing 31–22 in the 4th quarter before staging a furious comeback with just under 3:30 left to play, scoring 12 unanswered points in the span of nearly 3 minutes. The run started with a 43-yard field goal fromOlindo Marewith 3:20 left. With 1:54 left, Miami's defense forcedPeyton Manningto run out the end zone, resulting in a safety. On the ensuing drive,Dan Marinoled the offense down the field, capping it off with a 2-yard pass toOronde Gadsdenfor the game-winning score. The Dolphins' defense sealed the game, withTerrell Buckleyintercepting a Manning pass on the Colts' final drive of the game. Miami compiled 469 yards of offense and committed no turnovers. Marino threw for 393 yards while two players finished with over 100 yards receiving: Gadsden with 123 yards andTony Martinwith 166. Week 6 at New England Patriots atFoxboro Stadium,Foxborough, Massachusetts First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Dan Marino's only completion of the game was on a 8-yard pass that put him over 60,000 passing yards for his career. On Marino's second pass attempt, he was hit byLawyer Milloy, withAndy Katzenmoyerintercepting the ball and returning it 57 yards for a touchdown. On the following drive, Marino would attempt a short pass that fell short of his intended receiver. Coach Jimmy Johnson would pull Marino from the game due to a possible shoulder injury; in the week heading into the game, Marino thought he might have injured his right trapezius.Marino was replaced byDamon Huard, whose first pass was intercepted byTy Lawand returned 27 yards for a touchdown. Despite the rocky start, Huard would lead the Dolphins to a 31–30 comeback victory, throwing a 5-yard touchdown pass to fullbackStanley Pritchettwith 23 seconds left in the game for the game-winning score. Week 7 vs. Philadelphia Eagles at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers WithDan Marinoout due to injury,Damon Huardstarted at quarterback for the Dolphins, his first NFL start. Week 8 at Oakland Raiders atNetwork Associates Coliseum First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Damon Huardstarted at quarterback for the second week in a row. After having thrown apick sixin each of the previous two games, Huard committed no turnovers against Oakland. Week 9 vs. Tennessee Titans at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins' defense shutout the Titans, picking offSteve McNairthree times. This was one of only three games that Tennessee would lose during the regular season. Week 10 at Buffalo Bills atRalph Wilson Stadium,Orchard Park, New York First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Damon Huardstruggled throughout the game, only completing 36% of his passes for 65 yards with no touchdowns and one interception. This was the only game of the season Miami would lose with Huard starting at quarterback. Week 11 vs. New England Patriots at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Miami's defense picked offDrew Bledsoefive times. This was the last game of the seasonDamon Huardwould start at quarterback, asDan Marinowould return for the following game four days later. Miami finished 4–1 with Huard as starter. Week 12 at Dallas Cowboys NFL on Thanksgiving Day atTexas Stadium,Irving, Texas First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Dan Marino's first game after returning from injury was a disaster. Marino threw five interceptions, one of which was returned 46 yards byDexter Coakleyin the 3rd quarter for the first score of the game. The Dolphins' defense tried to help keep the team in the game, shutting out the Cowboys' offense for three quarters. The game's only offensive score came in the 4th, withTroy Aikmanthrowing a 65-yard touchdown pass toRocket Ismail. Week 13 vs. Indianapolis Colts at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Dolphins First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins trailed 24–10 at halftime, but tied the game twice in the 4th quarter, including a 32-yard field goal fromOlindo Marewith 0:36 left in regulation. However, Indianapolis kickerMike Vanderjagtmade a 53-yard field goal as time expired to give the Colts a 37–34 victory. Week 14 at New York Jets atGiants Stadium,East Rutherford, New Jersey First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins had a 13–6 lead at the start of the 4th quarter, but the team collapsed in the final quarter of play. The Jets scored 22 unanswered points in the 4th quarter, including a 67-yard interception return byOmar Stoutmire. Week 15 vs. San Diego Chargers at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Neither team managed to a score a touchdown during the game. The Dolphins' defense held the Chargers to 186 yards of total offense and forced one turnover. This was the last regular season gameDan Marinowould win in his career. Week 16 vs. New York Jets at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Week 17 at Washington Redskins atJack Kent Cooke Stadium,Landover, Maryland First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Dan Marinostarted at quarterback, but was pulled from the game and replaced byDamon Huard; Marino finished 11-of-24 for 118 yards with one interception. Despite the loss, the Dolphins still qualified for the playoffs as the Chiefs lost earlier in the day to the Raiders. Playoffs AFC Wild Card Playoffs: at (3) Seattle Seahawks atThe Kingdome,Seattle, Washington First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers TheSeattle Seahawksplayed host to their first playoff game since the1984 season. The Seahawks were dominated by the Dolphins defense, who held them to only 171 yards, with just 32 in the second half, and sacked Seahawks quarterbackJon Kitnasix times, three byTrace Armstrong. Although Seattle jumped out to a 17–10 lead in the 3rd quarter, the Dolphins would rally back behind quarterbackDan Marino, who threw for 196 yards and a touchdown, leading his team to their first road playoff win since 1972 in what ultimately proved to be the final game played atThe Kingdome(the Seahawks moved intoHusky Stadiumfor the2000 season) and the final win of Marino's career. The Dolphins were the only away team to win in the wild-card round. AFC Divisional Playoffs: at (1) Jacksonville Jaguars atALLTEL Stadium,Jacksonville, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers TheJacksonville Jaguarsshredded their in-state rivals the Dolphins with 520 total offensive yards in what became Miami quarterbackDan Marino's last game in the NFL and the most lopsided postseason contest since theChicago Bearsdefeated the Redskins 73–0 in the1940 NFL Championship Game. Their defense forced seven turnovers and held the Dolphins to 131 total yards. Marino was held to just 11 of 25 completions for 95 yards and 1 touchdown, with 2 interceptions and a fumble that was returned for a touchdown in his final game. Marino retired shortly after the season ended. This was alsoJimmy Johnson's final game as an NFL head coach; Johnson resigned the day after the game. Notes and references",
"2000 Miami Dolphins season The2000 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the franchise's 31st season in theNational Football League, the 35th overall and was their first under newhead coachDave Wannstedtwho was named the fourth head coach in franchise history on January 16, 2000,the same day thatJimmy Johnsonannounced his retirement from coaching. For the first season since 1982,Dan Marinowas not on the opening day roster, as he announced his retirement prior to the season. Believed by many as the greatest Miami Dolphin of all time, Marino led the Dolphins to ten playoff appearances, one of which ended inSuper Bowl XIX, and is the winningest quarterback to have not won a Super Bowl.Jay Fiedler, who left theJacksonville Jaguars, succeeded Marino as starting quarterback.Damon Huardremained a backup quarterback and started for Fiedler in one game during the season. Although Marino was no longer on the team, the Dolphins hoped to improve from their 9–7 record inthe previous season. The Dolphins began the season strong, with a 6–2 record halfway through. Both losses were by small margins. The second loss occurred during a road game dubbed theMonday Night Miracle, against theNew York Jets, which scored 30 points in the fourth quarter and then defeated the Dolphins by afield goalin overtime. The Dolphins fared only slightly worse in the second half of the season, winning five games and losing three. The team finished with a record of 11–5, their best record since1992. This was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive winning season and the first time the club won theAFC Easttitle since1994. Additionally, this was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive season in which they advanced to the playoffs. In thewild card round, they defeated theIndianapolis Coltsby a score of 23–17 in overtime. However, the Dolphins were shut out 27–0 by theOakland Raidersin thedivisional roundthe following week. As of the 2024 season, this is the last season that Miami has won a playoff game, making it 24 straight years that the Miami Dolphins have failed to win in the playoffs.Until the2021 season, this marked the last time the Dolphins swept theNew England Patriotsduring the regular season. Seven Dolphins players were selected for thePro Bowl. Offseason NFL draft Undrafted free agents Staff Front office Head coaches Offensive coaches Special teams coaches Strength and conditioning Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Preseason Regular season Schedule Games summaries Week 1: vs. Seattle Seahawks atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Jay Fiedler started as quarterback in the first Miami Dolphins season opener without Dan Marino since1983. Fiedler threw for 134 yards, completing 15 out of 24 passes, with no turnovers. In contrast,Seattle SeahawksquarterbackJon Kitnawas intercepted four times and lost a fumble. Two of the four interceptions were caught bycornerbackSam Madison. Overall, Seattle had six turnovers. Kitna completed 6 out of 13 passes for only 54 yards, before being benched early in the third quarter due to poor performance and being replaced byBrock Huard, brother of Damon Huard. Dolphins running backLamar Smithrushed for 145 yards. Winning 23–0, Miami caused Seattle to have their first shutout defeat sincetheir 0–19 lossto theLos Angeles Raidersin October 1992. Miami opened the season with a record of 1–0 for the ninth consecutive year. Week 2: at Minnesota Vikings atHubert H. Humphrey Metrodome,Minneapolis, Minnesota Miami traveled to Minneapolis for their first road game of the season against theMinnesota Vikingson September 10. Although Minnesota dominated Miami in terms of yardage, the game remained close throughout because mistakes by both teams kept them of out the opponent's end zone until the fourth quarter. Fiedler threw for 175 yards, completing only 12 of 31 passes and throwing an interception toKeith Thibodeauxin the third quarter. Vikings quarterbackDaunte Culpepperthrew for 355 yards and completed 23-for-37, but had three interceptions. Minnesota scored first during the first quarter with a field goal byGary Anderson. However, neither team would record another score until the fourth quarter. After another field goal from Anderson and a touchdown pass from Culpepper toRandy Moss, the score was 13–0 in favor of Minnesota with 1:56 left in the game. Miami finally scored with a 2-yard touchdown pass from Fiedler toThurman Thomaswith barely a minute on the clock. After that, the Dolphins attempted an onside kick, but the ball was recovered byOrlando Thomasof the Vikings, effectively ending the game with a 13–7 win for Minnesota. Miami fell to 1–1. Week 3: vs. Baltimore Ravens atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida The Dolphins returned to Miami to play against theBaltimore Ravenson September 17. Fiedler threw 11-for-16 with 160 yards, including a touchdown pass and an interception. In the second half, all seven of his pass attempts were successful. Miami scored in each quarter, with a field goal fromOlindo Marein the first and second periods and a pair of touchdowns by Lamar Smith in the third and fourth quarters. Following the fourth quarter touchdown, Mare missed the extra point, only the second time in his 99 career attempts. On the Ravens team, quarterbackTony Banksthrew for 189 yards with 19 out of 31 completions, but was sacked six times, intercepted once, and fumbled twice. Facing constant pressure from the Miami defense, Banks was often forced to throw short passes. Unable to reach the Miami end zone, Baltimore had to settle for two field goals fromMatt Stover, one each in the third and fourth quarters. Although the Ravens had four more total yards than the Dolphins, Miami was able to win the game with a score of 19–6. The Dolphins improved to 2–1. During halftime, a 19-minute ceremony was held to honor Dan Marino and retire number 13. The ceremony was begun by former quarterbackBob Grieseand included video highlights of Marino's career with the Dolphins. Former head coachDon Shulainducted Marino into theMiami Dolphins Honor Roll. Miami Dolphins presidentEddie Jonesthen presented a life-size statue of Marino on the grounds of Pro Player Stadium. As a result of the ceremony, more than 90 Dolphins alumni were in attendance at this game. Week 4: vs. New England Patriots atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida In the Dolphins first division rivalry game of the season, theNew England Patriotstraveled to play Miami at home on September 24. Neither team performed exceptionally well in terms of passing, rushing, or scoring. Fiedler completed only 50% of his passes, throwing 12-for-24 with 153 yards, which included one touchdown and two interceptions. The first interception, which occurred late in the first quarter, would allow New England to score first, with a field goal byAdam Vinatieriearly in the second quarter. Patriots quarterbackDrew Bledsoehad a slightly worse pass completion percentage than Fiedler and was 16-for-33 with 161 yards at the end of the game. With New England leading 3–0 at 14:43 left in the second quarter, Miami answered with a 53-yard touchdown pass from Fiedler toBert Emanuelabout three minutes later. The Dolphins reinforced their lead with a field goal from Mare with only seconds left in the second quarter. Neither Miami nor New England would score for the rest of the game. The Patriots attempted to force overtime or win the game with a touchdown at just 1:08 left in the fourth quarter. However, the pass from Bledsoe toEric Bjornsonon fourth down at the Miami 5-yard line was incomplete, turning the ball over to Miami with barely a minute on the clock. Thus, the Dolphins won 10–3 and improved to 3–1. The 2000 Miami Dolphins became the first NFL team to allow only one touchdown in the first four games and had only allowed 22 points by the end of this game. Week 5: at Cincinnati Bengals atPaul Brown Stadium,Cincinnati, Ohio In week 5, Miami traveled toCincinnatifor a match-up against theBengalson October 1. Fiedler passed 155 yards and completed 14 out of 21, but threw an interception. He also rushed for 45 yards. Bengal quarterbackAkili Smithcompleted 20 out of 38 passes for 178 yards, while rushing for 43 yards. Additionally,Corey Dillonof the Bengals rushed for 110 yards. During the game, Cincinnati held Miami scoreless at 13–0 until near the end of the second quarter. The Dolphins proceeded to score five times from late in the second quarter to early in the fourth quarter, beginning with a field goal by Mare. As the clock ran out during the second quarter,Jason Taylorwas able to recover a fumble by Cincinnati and return the ball for a touchdown, ending the first half with a score of 13–10 in favor of Cincinnati. Miami scored two touchdowns in the third quarter, the first an 18-yard rush by Lamar Smith and the second a 7-yard pass from Fiedler toOronde Gadsden. The Dolphins scored another touchdown early in the fourth quarter, also a reception from Fiedler to Gadsden. About midway through the fourth quarter, the Bengals finally scored again with a field goal byNeil Rackers. Cincinnati was unable to stage a comeback, with Miami winning 31–16. The Dolphins record improved to 4–1. Week 6: vs. Buffalo Bills atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida In week 6, the Miami Dolphins fought theBuffalo Billsat home on October 8. Thurman Thomas, who played for the Bills from 1988–1999, competed against his former team in this game. Fiedler completed 14 out of 24 passes with a total of 142 yards.Rob Johnson, who started this game as quarterback for the Bills, threw 178 yards and went only 11-for-26 on pass completions. Johnson was sacked five times, losing 40 yards. After thetendinitisin Johnson's throwing elbow flared up, he was replaced byDoug Flutielate in the fourth quarter. Flutie would complete three out of six passes for 44 yards, but he was sacked and intercepted once. After both teams each scored a field goal in the first quarter, Miami proceeded to score 12 points before Buffalo scored again in the fourth quarter. Buffalo narrowed the score to 15–13 in favor of Miami and attempted to take the lead late in the final period. However, Bills running backSammy Morrisfumbled on Buffalo's 16 yard line, with the ball being recovered by Madison and returned for a touchdown. Flutie being intercepted with 2:00 left on the clock prevented Buffalo from scoring again. Miami won 22–13 and improved to 5–1. This was the first regular season game sinceweek 2 in 1998that the Dolphins defeated the Bills. Week 8: at New York Jets atGiants Stadium,East Rutherford, New Jersey First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Overtime Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Coming off of bye week, the Dolphins traveled to the Giants Stadium to challenge division rivalNew York Jetson October 23, a Monday Night Football game. Fiedler passed for 250 yards, going 16-for-35 in completions. However, he was intercepted three times. Lamar Smith rushed for 155 yards on 23 attempts, one of which was 68 yards. Jets quarterbackVinny Testaverdecompleted 36 out of 59 completions for 378 yards, but was also intercepted three times. The Dolphins dominated the game for the first three quarters. The Jets did not obtain a first down until 8:04 in the second quarter, by which time the Dolphins already scored 20 points, including two touchdowns and two field goals. Late in the second quarter, New York score a touchdown with a pass from Testaverde toWayne Chrebet, but Miami responded with another field goal as the first half of the game ended. With 15 seconds remaining in the third quarter, the Dolphins scored another touchdown. At the beginning of the fourth quarter, Miami led New York 30–7. The Jets then proceeded to quickly close the 23-point deficit throughout the fourth quarter. By 3:55 left in the game, New York tied the game at 30–30, after scoring three touchdowns and a field goal, with a failedtwo-point conversion. About 22 seconds later, Miami scored a touchdown to re-take the lead. However, New York answered with another touchdown with 42 seconds left in regulation. Neither team scored again and the game went into overtime because of a 37–37 tie. In the fourth quarter, the Dolphins had only 1 first down versus 20 for the Jets, which was more than 15 other NFL teams had in their entire game in week 8. During overtime, Fiedler was intercepted about one minute in byMarcus Coleman, but Coleman fumbled and Miami recovered. However, Fiedler was soon intercepted again by Coleman; this time, the Dolphins were overturned. The Jets then drove the ball to Miami's 23 yard line. With 8:13 left in overtime,John Hallkicked a field goal, ending the game 40–37 in favor of New York. The Dolphins fell to 5–2. Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Miami returned home to play against theGreen Bay Packerson October 29. Fiedler went 16-for-25, throwing for 158 yards. Packers quarterbackBrett Favrethrew 194 yards, completing 21 out of 34 passes. The Packers scored first and by early in the second quarter, they had accumulated 17 points, with two touchdowns and a field goal. Green Bay did not allow Miami any points until 1:15 left in the second quarter, at which time the Dolphins scored a touchdown by a 1-yard rush from Fiedler. In the third quarter, Miami scored three touchdowns, one of which occurred shortly after a fake punt byLarry Izzo, while another was a punt return byJeff Ogden. Holding Green Bay scoreless in the third quarter, Miami took the lead with a score of 28–17. The Packers scored again in the fourth quarter with a field goal to cut the Dolphins lead to 8 points. However, Green Bay was overturned twice on their final two possessions, first aBrock Marioninterception of Favre and later Favre fumbled after being sacked byTrace Armstrong, with the ball being recovered byKenny Mixon. The game ended with a score of 28–20 in favor of Miami. The Dolphins improved to 6–2. Week 10: at Detroit Lions atPontiac Silverdome,Pontiac, Michigan Miami traveled to Detroit for a game against theLionson November 5. Fiedler threw 112 yards on 13 out of 18 successful completions. Lions quarterbackCharlie Batchwent 8-for-16 on pass completions for 95 yards. However, Batch was injured in the third quarter and replaced byStoney Case, who threw 7 out of 11 passes for 74 yards, with one interception. Miami dominated throughout the game. AfterJason Hansonof the Lions kicked off, it was returned to about midfield byAutry Denson. Smith then ran for 46 yards, scoring a touchdown on the first play. Mare's onside kick was recovered byTerrance Shawof the Dolphins. Miami capitalized on this and scored another touchdown, leaving Detroit losing 0–14 near the middle of the first quarter, having yet to make a single play. In the second and third quarters, Mare kicked a total of three field goals. The Dolphins held the Lions scoreless until early in the fourth quarter, when Detroit made a touchdown and a subsequent 2-point conversion. Neither team scored again in the fourth quarter, causing the game to end 23–8 in favor of Miami. The Dolphins improved to 7–2. Week 11: at San Diego Chargers atQualcomm Stadium,San Diego,California Miami traveled to San Diego for a match-up against theChargerson November 12. Fiedler threw 13–for–20 for 160 yards. Miami accumulated 84 rushing yards, with 69 yards from Lamar Smith. San Diego used three quarterbacks. The starter,Moses Moreno, completed 9 out of 21 passes for 67 yards and was intercepted twice, before leaving the game early in the third quarter due to injury.Ryan Leafalso went 9-for-21, throwing 92 yards and was intercepted once. He remained in the game until being injured late in the fourth quarter.Jim Harbaughthen played, throwing 2 out of 5 passes for 19 yards, as well as one interception.Thus, this game was the first since 1993 where three quarterbacks for a team threw interceptions in one game.The Dolphins led in scoring throughout the game, beginning with a touchdown as a result of a 2-yard run from Smith early in the first quarter. Smith rushed 6 yards for another touchdown early in the second quarter. Miami's defense limited San Diego to only 55 offense yards in the first half. In the third quarter, the Dolphins scored again with a field goal by Mare. The Chargers finally scored early in the fourth quarter with an 8-yard touchdown pass from Leaf toFred McCrary. However, San Diego was unable to complete a comeback and the game ended with a 17–7 win for Miami. The Dolphins improved to 8–2. Week 12: vs. New York Jets atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida After two weeks on the road, Miami returned to Pro Player Stadium for another game against the New York Jets on November 19.Just 12 seconds into the game,Fiedler was sacked byMo Lewisand suffered an injury that forced him to head for the sideline.Fiedler was replaced byDamon Huard, who went 16–for–29 for 128 yards, but also threw three interceptions. Vinny Testaverde of the Jets performed similarly, completing 14 out of 29 passes for 113 yards and being intercepted twice.The contest remained close until the fourth quarter. In the first half, New York scored two field goals, while Miami had one, ending the half 6–3 for the Jets.Neither team gained points in the third quarter.About halfway through the fourth quarter, New York scored a touchdown with an 18-yard rush fromBernie Parmalee, a former Dolphin. With another rushing touchdown from Parmalee a few minutes later, the Jets sealed their victory with a score of 20–3. Prior to this game, Miami allowed only three touchdowns at home during the 2000 season. New York limited Miami to only 200 yards of offense. The Dolphins fell to 8–3. Week 13: at Indianapolis Colts atRCA Dome,Indianapolis,Indiana Week 14: at Buffalo Bills atRalph Wilson Stadium,Orchard Park, New York Week 15: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Week 16: vs. Indianapolis Colts atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Week 17: at New England Patriots atFoxboro Stadium,Foxborough, Massachusetts Playoffs AFC Wild Card game vs. Indianapolis Colts atPro Player Stadium,Miami Miami advanced to the playoffs after winning the AFC East title. In the Wildcard round they hosted their division rivals, theIndianapolis Colts. Fiedler threw for 185 yards, completing 19 passes from 34 attempts. However, he threw three interceptions, all in the first half of the game.Lamar Smith rushed for 209 yards on 40 attempts, a club record held untilRicky Williamsrushed for 42 attempts against the Buffalo Bills duringweek 3 in 2003.The Dolphins won 23–17 in overtime on a 17-yard run by Smith.This is the most recent post-season win for the Miami Dolphins. Standings Awards and honors Notes and references External links",
"2001 Miami Dolphins season The2001 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the franchise's 32nd season in theNational Football Leagueand the 36th season in the AFC division, and their 2nd under the guidance of head coach Dave Wannstedt. TheMiami Dolphinsfinished the season 2nd in theAFC Eastwith a record of 11–5. Their season ended with a resounding 17 point home loss to the defending Super Bowl champions, theBaltimore Ravens, in the Wild Card round of the playoffs. The Miami Dolphins ranked 8th in points scored and 11th in points allowed. While the team finished with a respectable 11-5 record, they engineered embarrassing regular season losses to theNew York Jets24-0 in Miami and 21-17 in New Jersey after blowing a 17 point halftime lead; and blow out losses to the2001 San Francisco 49ers21-0 and2001 St. Louis Rams42-10. The Dolphins finished the season with a 20-3 home loss to the2001 Baltimore Ravens. In these five losses, the Dolphins were -19 in turnover differential turning the football over 20 times. For the season the Dolphins gave away the football 41 times for a -13 total turnover differential. Starting quarterbackJay Fiedlerled the team in turnovers by throwing 19 interceptions and fumbling six times. The Dolphins did not return to the playoffs until2008, and would not make back-to-back playoff appearances until2022and2023. After the season,Harry Swayneretired. Offseason NFL draft Undrafted free agents Staff Front office Head coaches Offensive coaches Special teams coaches Strength and conditioning Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Preseason Regular season Schedule Standings Playoffs Wild Card vs Ravens AFC: Baltimore Ravens 20, Miami Dolphins 3 atPro Player Stadium,Miami,Florida The Ravens recorded 222 rushing yards, while limiting the Dolphins to 151 total yards and nine first downs, while forcing three turnovers and three sacks. Baltimore running backTerry Allenran for 109 yards and a touchdown, while quarterbackElvis Grbaccompleted 12 of 18 passes for 133 yards and a touchdown. Throughout the day, the Dolphins were unable to move the ball on the ground. Running backsTravis MinorandLamar Smithwere held to a combined total of 20 yards on 11 carries, while quarterbackJay Fiedlerended up as the leading rusher with 16 yards. In contrast, the Ravens called 50 running plays, gained 222 rushing yards, and held the ball for 38 minutes. The Dolphins' only score wasOlindo Mare's 33-yard field goal just two minutes into the game, after linebackerTommy Hendricksrecovered a fumble from Baltimore'sJermaine Lewison the opening kickoff. In the second quarter, the Ravens finished a 17-play, 90-yard drive with a 4-yard touchdown run from Allen to take a 7–3 lead. Baltimore later had a chance to increase their lead before halftime when linebackerPeter Boulwarerecovered Minor's fumble on the Dolphins 41-yard line, but their ensuing drive ended without points whenMatt Stovermissed a 40-yard field goal attempt on the last play of the half. Later in the game, Grbac led the Ravens on a 99-yard scoring drive, featuring a 45-yard completion toTravis Tayloron third down and 1. Taylor finished the drive with a 4-yard touchdown catch to give the Ravens a 14–3 lead with 1:20 left in the third quarter. Early in the final quarter, Boulware forced a fumble while sacking Fiedler that Ravens linemanSam Adamsrecovered on the Dolphins 37-yard line, leading to Stover's 35-yard field goal with 11:26 left in the game. The Dolphins responded with a drive to the Ravens 41. On first and 10, Fiedler's 40-yard pass toJames McKnightat the Ravens 5-yard line bounced off the receiver's shoulder and was intercepted by defensive backDuane Starks, who returned the ball 26 yards to the 28-yard line. Baltimore's offense subsequently drove 50 yards and took 6:30 off the clock, including five carries byJason Brookinsfor 36 yards, setting up Stover's second field goal to put the game away. Notes References",
"2008 Miami Dolphins season The2008Miami Dolphinsseasonwas the franchise's 39th season in theNational Football League(NFL), the 43rd overall and the first under new head coachTony Sparano.During the regular season the Dolphins completed the greatest single-season turnaround in NFL history,going from a 1–15 regular season record in 2007 to an 11–5 record in 2008. The previous record for most improved team one year after a 1–15 season belonged to the 1997 New York Jets, who went 9–7. The1999 Indianapolis Coltswere the only other team to accomplish a 10-game turnaround, winning 13 games after winning 3 in1998, which was also the first year of thePeyton Manningera. Additionally, Miami won theAFC East, becoming the first team in NFL history to win their division after only having one win the previous season. The division title also snapped the Patriots' 5-year streak of winning the AFC East. Their season would come to an end in the Wild Card round when they were defeated by theBaltimore Ravens, which coincidentally, was also the only team they beat last season in overtime to save the Dolphins from suffering awinless season. With their 11–5 record and division title, the Dolphins had hopes of achieving their first playoff victory since2000, or to possibly become the first team ever to make the Super Bowl after winning only one game the previous season, similar to how theCarolina Pantherswent 1–15 in2001and madeSuper Bowl XXXVIIIjusttwo seasons later. The 2008 season was the first withBill Parcellsas executive vice president of football operations,Jeff Irelandas general manager,andTony Sparanoashead coach. With a league-worst 1–15 record in 2007,the Dolphins held the first pick in the2008 NFL draftand selectedMichiganoffensive tackleJake Long. The offseason also saw the departure of twoPro Bowlersand long-time Dolphins with the release oflinebackerZach Thomasand trade ofdefensive endJason Taylor. The 2008 season was the last season in which the Miami Dolphins had a winning record and qualified for the playoffs before the2016team accomplished the feat. This season was also notable for the Dolphins wide-spread use of theWildcat offense. Though previously used by other teams in several other seasons, this package was fully installed by the Dolphins by week 3, and led to an upset win over the defending AFC ChampionNew England Patriots.Until2019, this was the Dolphins' last road win over the Patriots. Additionally, this was the last season that the AFC East was won by a team other than the Patriots until the2020 Buffalo Billssnapped the Patriots' streak of 11 straight AFC East championships. Offseason personnel moves Front office On December 27, 2007, Dolphins ownerWayne Huizengahired former NFL head coach andESPNanalystBill Parcellsas executive vice president of football operations.Parcells signed a four-year deal with the Dolphins less than a day after turning down a similar offer from theAtlanta Falcons. Just a few days after Parcells' hiring, three men were dismissed from the Dolphins' front office.The most notable of which was general managerRandy Mueller, who was hired by the team in 2005.Also dismissed were assistant director of player personnel Mike Baugh and college scouting coordinator Rick Thompson. Three days after Mueller's dismissal, Parcells hiredJeff Irelandas the team's new general manager.Ireland had worked for theDallas Cowboysthe past seven years, including the last three as vice president of college and pro scouting.Ireland had worked with Parcells previously, when the latter was head coach of the Cowboys from 2003 to 2006.Although Ireland was officially given final say on personnel decisions, it was speculated that Parcells was actually in control, and did not hold the title of general manager so that the team may hire a front office executive from another team. On January 15, the Dolphins reeled in another former Cowboys executive when they hiredBrian Gaineas assistant director of player personnel.Gaine had previously spent the past three seasons as the Cowboys' assistant director of pro scouting, working with both Parcells and Ireland during that time. Following the2008 NFL draft, it was reported on May 1 that the Dolphins had fired scoutsEllis Rainsberger,Jack GlowikandRoger Pollard.The team's vice president of media relations,Harvey Greene, said Rainsberger had retired and did not comment on the other two reported firings. Coaches Head coach Just one day after hiring ofJeff Irelandas general manager, the Dolphins fired head coachCam Cameronafter just one season on the job.Cameron led the Dolphins to an NFL worst 1–15 record in 2007, which was also the worst in franchise history.Additionally, all but two members of the coaching staff were dismissed.The only coaches retained were assistant special teams coachSteve Hoffmanand linebackers coachGeorge Edwards.Both Hoffman and Edwards were coaches for theDallas Cowboysduring Ireland's tenure with the team. A search for Cameron's replacement began almost immediately after his firing.Various candidates were rumored, many of which had some connection to Parcells and/or Ireland.Rumored candidates includedCleveland Brownshead coachRomeo Crennel,Dallas CowboysassistantTony Sparano, Cowboys secondary coachTodd Bowles,Arizona Cardinalsrunning backs coachMaurice Carthonand Cardinals offensive coordinatorTodd Haley.Additionally,Baltimore Ravensdefensive coordinatorRex RyanandMinnesota Vikingsdefensive coordinatorLeslie Frazierwere contacted.The Washington Postsuggested thatWashington Redskinsdefensive coordinatorGregg Williamscould be a candidate as well. The first interview scheduled was Sparano, who met with the Dolphins on Saturday, January 11.Sparano had previously met with theAtlanta FalconsandBaltimore Ravensregarding their head coaching vacancies.On January 6, it was reported that Sparano would be offered the Dolphins' head coaching job, and that he would accept.The Dolphins denied the report later that day, saying it was an initial interview only and that the team had interviews with others planned over the next few days.However, the addition of quarterbacks coachDavid Lee, a former Cowboys assistant, fueled speculation that Sparano was indeed going to the next head coach of the Miami Dolphins. The team then proceeded to interview Frazier, Ryan andTennessee Titansdefensive coordinatorJim Schwartz.After theDallas Cowboyslost to theNew York Giantsin the divisional round of the2007 NFL playoffson January 13,speculation grew that Sparano's hiring was imminent.On January 16, the Dolphins ended their search by naming Sparano the eighth head coach in franchise history.He received a four-year contract believed to be worth between $2.5 and $2.7 million per season. Assistants Parcells and Ireland made their first coaching staff addition on January 7, luringOle Missoffensive coordinatorDavid Leeto bequarterbackscoach.Lee, who briefly followedHouston Nuttto Ole Miss after serving as his offensive coordinator atArkansasin 2007, worked with Parcells and Ireland as the Cowboys' quarterbacks coach from 2003 to 2006.The addition fueled speculation that Sparano was indeed going to the next head coach of the Miami Dolphins. Two days after hiring Sparano as their head coach, the Dolphins made their second assistant coach hiring. On January 18,Mike Maserwas named the team's new offensive line coach. Maser had previously served in the same capacity for theCarolina Panthersfrom 2003 to 2006, and worked with Sparano when both were assistants for theJacksonville Jaguarsin 2002. Over the next week, the Dolphins filled various positions on Sparano's staff. On January 22, formerKansas City Chiefsrunning backs coachJames Saxonwas hired in the same capacity for the Dolphins.Also hired that day was formerAtlanta Falconsstrength and conditioning coachEvan Marcus, who took the same job with Miami. On January 23, the Dolphins added four more assistant coaches to their staff when they namedPaul Pasqualonias their defensive coordinator,Todd Bowlesas assistant head coach/secondary,Kacy Rodgersas defensive line coach andDavid Corraoas defensive quality control coach.Pasqualoni, Bowles and Rodgers all came from theDallas Cowboys' staff, while Corrao was most recently linebackers coach at theUniversity of Mississippi. A day later, formerUCLAhead coachKarl Dorrellwas named the team's new wide receivers coach.Five more coaches were added to the staff on January 28 when the Dolphins namedJohn Bonamegoas their special teams coordinator,George DeLeoneas their tight ends coach,David Pulokaas assistant strength and conditioning coach,Jim Reidas outside linebackers coach andSteve Bushas offensive quality control coach. The Dolphins made their final addition to the staff on February 4, hiringDan Henningas offensive coordinator.Henning, who had most recently served as offensive coordinator for theCarolina Panthersfrom 2002 to 2006, had previous worked for the Dolphins underDon Shulaas quarterbacks and wide receivers coach in 1979–1980. Staff When the Dolphins' coaching staff was completed with the hiring of offensive coordinatorDan Henningon February 14, only two of the 17 assistant coaches under Sparano (Edwards and Hoffman) were holdovers from the previous season's staff.Three of the new coaches (Bowles, Pasqualoni and Rodgers) had experience with Parcells, Ireland and Sparano in Dallas.The completed staff was as follows: Head coaches Offensive coaches Defensive coaches Special teams coaches Strength and conditioning Roster Moves Departures Re-signings Signings Trades Free agency The Dolphins entered free agency $44 million under that year's $116 million salary cap – the highest in the league at the time.The team cleared between $13–15 million by cutting players leading up to free agency. Free agents UFA:Unrestricted free agent,RFA:Restricted free agent,ERFA:Exclusive-rights free agent 2008 NFL draft Due to their league-worst 1–15 record in 2007,the Dolphins secured the first overall pick in the2008 NFL drafton April 26.The Dolphins used it to draftMichiganoffensive tackleJake Long. Including Long, the Dolphins selected the following nine players in the 2008 NFL Draft: Notes Draft day trades On the first day of the draft, the Dolphins traded second-year running backLorenzo Bookerto thePhiladelphia Eaglesin exchange for a fourth-round pick (115th overall) in the2008 NFL draft. On the second day of the draft, the Dolphins acquired theDetroit Lions' third-round pick (66th overall) as well as their sixth-round pick (176th overall) in exchange for the Dolphins' third-round pick (64th overall).The Lions used the pick to select running backKevin Smith,while the Dolphins took defensive endKendall Langfordwith the third-round pick and running backJalen Parmelewith the sixth-rounder. Later on Day 2, the Dolphins traded the fourth-round pick acquired from the Eagles, along with a seventh-round pick (208th overall), to theChicago Bearsin exchange for the 110th overall selection.The Dolphins used this pick to select guardShawn Murphy.The 115th overall pick was eventually dealt by the Bears theTampa Bay Buccaneers, who used it to select defensive tackleDre Moore.The Bears used the seventh-round pick to select defensive endErvin Baldwin. Draft pick signings In the weeks leading up to the draft, the Dolphins began contract negotiations with Jake Long.On April 14,Peter KingofSports Illustratedreported that the Dolphins had given Long a deadline to accept their contract offer (believed to be worth less than2007No. 1 pickJaMarcus Russellreceived from theOakland Raiders); otherwise, they would move on to another prospect.On April 22, the Dolphins officially signed Long to a five-year, $57.75 million contract with $30 million guaranteed, assuring they would take him first overall.On May 19, the Dolphins signed sixth-roundersJalen ParmeleandLex Hilliardand seventh-rounderLionel Dotsonto contacts.On May 23, sixth-round pickDonald Thomaswas signed to a multi-year deal.On July 11, the Dolphins signed third-round pick Kendall Langford to a multi-year deal. Undrafted free agents Following the2008 NFL draft, the Dolphins signed 18undrafted free agents. They were: Two failed to survive a week with the team, as the Dolphins released Lane and Reece on May 5.Less than a month after being signed, Robertson decided to retire.On June 9, the Dolphins signed wide receiver John Dunlap (NC State) after he attended a minicamp on a tryout basis. Reserve lists Roster Opening camp roster Running backs Wide receivers Tight ends Defensive linemen Defensive backs Special teams rookies in italics Final preseason roster Running backs Wide receivers Tight ends Defensive linemen Defensive backs Special teams rookies in italics Roster moves July August Final cuts On August 30, the Dolphins made 17 roster moves to reach the NFL's 53-player limit.The players released were: Preseason schedule The Dolphins' 2008 preseason schedule was announced on April 3. Preseason recap After losing their preseason opener to theTampa Bay Buccaneers,the Dolphins won their final three contests to finish the preseason 3–1. QuarterbackChad Penningtonwas the Dolphins' most efficient passer of the preseason, leading the team in completion percentage (72.0) and passer rating (104.8).Rookie quarterbackChad Henneled the team in passing yards (351) but also in interceptions (2) while matching Pennington in passing touchdowns (1). Running backsRicky WilliamsandJalen Parmeletied for the team lead in rushing yards at 123.Williams, Parmele andRonnie Brownwere the only Dolphins to rush for a touchdown during the preseason, scoring one each.Lex HilliardandPatrick Cobbsfinished fourth and fifth, respectively, on the team in rushing yards. No Dolphins player surpassed 100 receiving yards during the preseason, thoughwide receiverTed Ginn Jr.came closest at 97.He also tied rookieDavone Bessfor the team lead in receptions with eight.Tight endsAnthony FasanoandSean Ryanwere the only Dolphins to catch a touchdown pass. On special teams, rookieplacekickerDan Carpenterconverted 7-of-8 field-goal attempts and all six extra-point attempts.PunterBrandon Fieldspunted 21 times for a 44.1-yard average and two touchbacks.Meanwhile, Davone Bess led the team in punt returns (6) but Ted Ginn Jr. was the only Dolphins player to return a kick or punt for a touchdown.Patrick Cobbs led the team in kick return yards with 106. On defense,LinebackersAkin AyodeleandReggie Torbortied for the team lead with 17 tackles,while Ayodele led the team in solo stops with 12.Five others –Yeremiah Bell,Channing Crowder,Renaldo Hill,Nathan Jones,Edmond Miles– also reached double-digits in tackles. Four players –Jason Allen, Renaldo Hill,Michael Lehan,Joey Thomas– recorded an interception during the preseason.The Dolphins also totaled 14 quarterbacks sacks during the preseason.LinebackerRob Ninkovichanddefensive endRandy Starkseach record a team-high two sacks,while ten other players each recorded a sack apiece.Channing Crowder,Junior GlymphandPaul Soliaieach forced a fumble during the preseason. Regular season Schedule The Dolphins' 2008 regular season schedule was released on April 15, 2008. Note:Intra-division opponents are inboldtext. Standings Opening day roster Running backs Wide receivers Tight ends Defensive linemen Defensive backs Special teams Practice squad rookies in italics Final roster Running backs Wide receivers Tight ends Defensive linemen Defensive backs Special teams Practice squad rookies in italics53 active, 7 inactive, 8 practice squad Game summaries Week 1: vs. New York Jets atDolphin Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the loss, the Dolphins began their season 0–1. Week 2: at Arizona Cardinals atUniversity of Phoenix Stadium,Glendale, Arizona First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the loss, the Dolphins fell to 0–2 and have lost their 5th straight game to NFC Opponents. Week 3: at New England Patriots atGillette Stadium,Foxborough, Massachusetts First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins headed to Foxboro to face the Division rival New England Patriots. Little did New England know that they would be a test for an offensive formation concocted as the Dolphins coaching staff wanted to put running backsRicky WilliamsandRonnie Brownonto the field at the same time. David Lee thus revealed theWildcatto the NFL.Ronnie Brownwould take direct snaps and keep it himself or hand it of to another back. The Dolphins decimated the Patriots all day with the Wildcat offense for a 38–13 victory as they put a dent in the Patriots' 21-game regular season winning streak and went on their bye week at 1–2. This was the last time the Dolphins beat the Patriots on the road until2019. Week 5: vs. San Diego Chargers at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 2–2. Week 6: at Houston Texans atReliant Stadium,Houston, Texas First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the loss, the Dolphins fell to 2–3. Week 7: vs. Baltimore Ravens at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the loss, the Dolphins fell to 2–4. Week 8: vs. Buffalo Bills at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 3–4. Week 9: at Denver Broncos atInvesco Field at Mile High,Denver, Colorado First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 4–4. Week 10: vs. Seattle Seahawks at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 5–4 and snapped their 5-game losing streak to NFC Opponents. Week 11: vs. Oakland Raiders at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 6–4. Week 12: vs. New England Patriots at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers A week after a 400-yard passing game against the Jets,Matt Casselthrew for 415 yards and three touchdowns for New England, whileChad Penningtonthrew for 345 yards and two scores; both quarterbacks also ran in a touchdown. The DolphinsWildcatoffense was limited to 27 yards as the Patriots broke open a tight game in the fourth quarter, winning 48–28. With the loss, the Dolphins dropped to 6–5. Week 13: at St. Louis Rams atEdward Jones Dome,St. Louis, Missouri First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 7–5. Week 14: at Buffalo Bills atRogers Centre,Toronto,Ontario First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins sweep the Bills for the season and improve their record to 8–5. Week 15: vs. San Francisco 49ers at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 9–5 and finished 3–1 against the NFC West. Week 16: at Kansas City Chiefs atArrowhead Stadium,Kansas City, Missouri First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 10–5. Week 17: at New York Jets atThe Meadowlands,East Rutherford, New Jersey First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins clinched theAFC Easttitle as they intercepted Jets quarterbackBrett Favrethree times (Philip Merlingran in a 25-yard touchdown on a Favre pick) whileCharlie AndersonandPatrick Cobbsblocked a Jets punt. The win put the Dolphins into the playoffs for the first time since 2001 as they finished the season with an 11–5 record and locked up the AFC's No. 3 seed. Transactions August September October November December Awards and honors Coaches After leading the Dolphins to an 11–5 record and anAFC Easttitle in his first year as head coach,Tony Sparanowas selected as theNFL Alumni's 2008 Coach of the Year.Sparano was also one of six nominees for the2008 Motorola NFL Coach of the Year Award. Players The Dolphins landed two players – running backRonnie Brownand linebackerJoey Porter– on theAFC'sPro Bowlteam.Porter recorded 17.5 sacks during the 2008 season and was named as a starter on the AFC's squad.In his first career Pro Bowl season, Brown led the Dolphins with 214 carries, 916 rushing yards and 10 rushing touchdowns.He also ranked fourth on the team with 33 catches and sixth with 254 receiving yards. Additionally, Porter was nominated for the GMC Sierra Defensive Player of the Year Award and was a second-team APAll-Proselection.QuarterbackChad Pennington, guardJustin Smileyand cornerbackWill Allenalso received votes for the All-Pro team but were not selected. However, Pennington did earn theNFL Comeback Player of the Year Awardfor the second time in his career.Pennington led the NFL with a 67.4 completion percentage and was second in the NFL with a 97.4 passer rating.He threw for a career-high 3,653 yards, 19 touchdowns and just seven interceptions. In January 2009, three Dolphins rookies were selected to thePro Football Writers Association's All-Rookie Team.Earning selections were offensive tackleJake Long, defensive endKendall Langfordand placekickerDan Carpenter. The first overall pick in the2008 NFL draft, Long started all 16 games for the Dolphins at left tackle.A third-round pick out ofHampton, Langford started 14 of the 16 games in which he played as a rookie and recorded 31 tackles and two sacks.Undrafted out ofMontana, Carpenter went 21-for-25 (84 percent) on field goals and made all 40 extra-point attempts. Playoffs Game summaries AFC Wild Card: vs. Baltimore Ravens atDolphin Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Entering the postseason as the AFC's No. 3 seed, the Dolphins began their playoff run at home in the AFC Wild Card Round, with a Week 7 rematch against the No. 6Baltimore Ravens. Miami would deliver the game's first points with rookie kickerDan Carpenter's 19-yard field goal. The Ravens would later respond with a 23-yard field goal from kickerMatt Stover. Baltimore would take the lead with safetyEd Reedreturning aChad Penningtoninterception 64 yards for a touchdown. The Ravens would then close out the half with Stover's 31-yard field goal. Baltimore would increase their lead in the third quarter with running backLe'Ron McClain's 8-yard touchdown run. The Dolphins tried to come back in the fourth quarter as Pennington completed a 2-yard touchdown pass to running backRonnie Brown(with a failed PAT), but the Ravens would pull away as quarterbackJoe Flaccogot a 5-yard touchdown run. With the loss, Miami's impressive turnaround season ended with an overall record of 11–6. Despite having only 16 turnovers throughout the entire regular season, the Dolphins committed 5 turnovers (4 interceptions and a lost fumble). References External links"
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"Ace Ventura: Pet Detective Ace Ventura: Pet Detectiveis a 1994 Americancomedy filmstarringJim CarreyasAce Ventura, an animal detective who is tasked with finding the abducted dolphin mascot of theMiami Dolphinsfootballteam. The film was directed byTom Shadyac, who wrote the screenplay with Jack Bernstein and Carrey. The film co-starsCourteney Cox,Tone Loc,Sean Young, and then–Miami DolphinsquarterbackDan Marinoand features a cameo appearance fromdeath metalbandCannibal Corpse. Morgan Creek Productionsproduced the film on a budget of$15 million, andWarner Bros.released the film in February 1994. It grossed $72.2 million in the United States and Canada and $35 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $107.2 million. It received mixed reviews from critics. Carrey's performance led to the film having acult followingamong maleadolescents. In addition to launching Carrey's film career, it also starteda franchise, spawning the sequel filmAce Ventura: When Nature Calls(1995), the animated television",
"animated television seriesAce Ventura: Pet Detective(1995–2000), and later, standalonemade-for-televisionsequelAce Ventura Jr.: Pet Detective(2009). Plot Ace Ventura, an eccentric and offbeat private detective inMiami, is known for rescuing tame or captive animals. Despite struggles with rent and constant mockery from theMiami Police Department, led by Lieutenant Lois Einhorn, Ventura is hired by Melissa Robinson, theMiami Dolphins' publicist, to find their kidnapped mascot,Bottlenose dolphinSnowflake, just weeks before the upcomingSuper Bowl. Investigating the kidnapping, Ventura finds a rare amber stone in Snowflake's tank, leading him to suspect billionaire Ronald Camp, a collector of exotic animals. However, after sneaking into Camp's party and facing a dangerous encounter with ashark, Ventura rules out Camp as the stone in his ring matches the one found but is not missing. Ventura then theorizes that the stone is from a 1984 AFC Championship ring, suggesting a member of the 1984 Dolphins as the culprit,",
"as the culprit, but finds all rings intact. Roger Podacter, the Dolphins' head of operations, dies mysteriously, and Ventura proves murder. His investigation leads him to Ray Finkle, a disgraced former Dolphins placekicker who missed the potentially game-winning kick in the 1984 Super Bowl and blamed quarterbackDan Marinofor it. Ventura also learns that Finkle had been committed for homicidal tendencies shortly after the Dolphins released him following the Super Bowl loss. With Marino's subsequent kidnapping, Ventura suspects Finkle is seeking revenge. Disguised as a patient at a psychiatric facility, Ventura discovers that Einhorn is actually Finkle, who had altered his appearance and infiltrated the police - under the assumed identity of a missing hiker - for revenge. On the day of the game, Ventura confronts Einhorn at a yacht storage facility, holding Marino and Snowflake hostage. In a dramatic revelation, Ventura exposes Einhorn as Finkle, leading to his arrest after a physical altercation. The climax",
"The climax unfolds at the Super Bowl's halftime, where Marino and Snowflake are celebrated, and Ventura is hailed as a hero on the jumbotron. The event is capped off by Ventura's scuffle with thePhiladelphia Eagles' mascotSwoopover a rarepigeon, earning him a standing ovation. Cast Production The Chairman and CEO ofMorgan Creek Productions, James G. Robinson, in the early 1990s, sought to produce a comedy that would have wide appeal. Gag writerTom Shadyacpitched a rewrite of the script to Robinson and was hired as director for what was his directorial debut.Filmmakers first approachedRick Moranisto play Ace Ventura, but Moranis declined the role.They then considered castingJudd NelsonorAlan Rickman, and they also considered changing Ace Ventura to be female and castingWhoopi Goldbergas the pet detective.David Alan Grieralso turned down to play Ace Ventura.Ultimately Robinson noticedJim Carrey's performance in the sketch comedy showIn Living Colorand cast him as Ace Ventura.Lauren Hollyturned down the role of",
"down the role of Melissa Robinson, which eventually went to Courteney Cox. Carrey helped rewrite the script, and filmmakers allowed him to improvise on set. Carrey said of his approach, \"I knew this movie was going to either be something that people really went for, or it was going to ruin me completely. From the beginning of my involvement, I said that the character had to be rock 'n' roll. He had to be the 007 of pet detectives. I wanted to be unstoppably ridiculous, and they let me go wild.\" He said he sought comedic moments that would be unappealing to some, \"I wanted to keep the action unreal and over the top. When it came time to do my reaction to kissing a man, I wanted it to be the biggest, most obnoxious, homophobic reaction ever recorded. It's so ridiculous it can't be taken seriously—even though it guarantees that somebody's going to be offended.\" Thedeath metalbandCannibal Corpseperformed their song \"Hammer Smashed Face\" in the film at the request of Jim Carrey, who personally selected the band",
"selected the band for the film; the band originally had scheduling conflicts with a European tour, but the crew adjusted their filming schedule to accommodate the band to be able to participate in the film. Their appearance in the film significantly increased their visibility, attracting a broader audience beyond their typical fan base. The filming took place inMiami,Floridain the second quarter of 1993.The film was produced on a budget of$15 million. Music The film score was composed byIra Newborn. The soundtrack, produced by Morgan Creek Records, included a variety of songs by other musicians. Release Warner Bros. releasedAce Ventura: Pet Detectivein1,750 theatersin the United States and Canada on February 4, 1994. The film grossed$12.1 millionon its opening weekend, ranking first at the box office and outperforming other new releasesMy Father the HeroandI'll Do Anything.Opening-weekend audiences surveyed byCinemaScoregave the film a grade \"A−\" ona scale of A to F.For its second weekend, it grossed$9.7",
"it grossed$9.7 millionand ranked first at the box office again,outperforming newcomersThe Getaway,Blank Check, andMy Girl 2.Varietyreported ofAce Ventura'ssecond weekend in box office performance, \"The goofball comedy defied dire predictions by trackers, slipping just 20% for a three-day average of $5,075 and $24.6 million in 10 days.\"TheLos Angeles Timesreported, \"Audiences are responding enthusiastically to Carrey's frenzied antics... is especially a hit with the 10- to 20-year-old age group it was originally targeted for. Box-office grosses indicate that many fans are going back to see the film again.\"It grossed$72.2 millionin the United States and Canada and$35 millionin other territories for a worldwide total of$107.2 million.The film's US box office performance ledVarietyto label it a \"sleeper hit\".Its best performance overseas was in Italy.On home video,Ace Venturasold 4.2 million home videos in its first three weeks, whichLos Angeles Timescalled \"just as powerful a draw\" as its theatrical run.",
"its theatrical run. Carrey also starred inThe MaskandDumb and Dumberlater in the year. The three films had a total box office gross of$550 million, which ranked Carrey as the second highest-grossing box office star in 1994, behindTom Hanks. The Hollywood Reportersaid beforeAce Ventura, Jim Carrey was \"seen mainly as TV talent\" and that the film's success \"firmly him as a big-screen presence\". The film's success also ledMorgan Creek Productionsto produce the 1995 sequelAce Ventura: When Nature Callswith Carrey reprising his role.Author Victoria Flanagan wrote that Carrey's performance \"generated cult success for the film among adolescent male viewers\".The Hollywood Reporterwrote that it \"gained a loyal cult following through frequent TV airings\".NMEwrote in retrospect that the film was a \"cult 1990s comedy\". Ace Ventura: Pet Detectivewas released on VHS on June 14, 1994, on DVD on August 26, 1997, andBlu-rayon September 3, 2013 by Warner Home Video. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on",
"the film on Blu-ray for the 25th Anniversary Edition in April 2019. Critical reception TheLos Angeles Timesreported at the time, \"Not many critics have been charmed by Ace Ventura's exploits, and several have charged that the film's humor is mean-spirited, needlessly raunchy and homophobic.\"A biography on Carrey wrote that \"the fans loved him and the critics hated him\".Ace Ventura: Pet Detectivereceived \"generally unfavorable\" reviews from contemporary critics, according to review aggregatorMetacritic, which assessed 14 reviews and categorized six as negative, five as positive, and three as mixed. It gave the film an overall score of 37 out of 100.The review aggregation websiteRotten Tomatoesassessed a sample of 64 contemporary and retrospective reviews as positive or negative and said 47% of the critics gave positive reviews with an average rating of 4.9/10. In 2019, Rotten Tomatoes wrote of the consensus, \"Jim Carrey's twitchy antics and gross-out humor are on full, bombastic display inAce Ventura: Pet",
"inAce Ventura: Pet Detective, which is great news for fans of his particular brand of comedy but likely unsatisfying for anyone else.\" Roger Ebert, reviewing for theChicago Sun-Times, said, \"I found the movie a long, unfunny slog through an impenetrable plot.\" Ebert described the lead role, \"Carrey plays Ace as if he's being clocked on an Energy-O-Meter, and paid by the calories expended. He's a hyper goon who likes to screw his mouth into strange shapes while playing variations on the language.\"Steve Gaydos ofVarietypraised Carrey's \"ceaseless energy and peculiar talents\" but reported, \"Film sputters and eventually slows to a trot due to the script's inability to give Carrey anything more than a free rein to mug and strut, and a third-act payoff that takes the film's generally inoffensive tastelessness into a particularly brutal and unpleasant stew of homophobia and misogyny.\"The New York Timesfilm criticStephen Holdensaid, \"The comic actor Jim Carrey gives one of the most hyperactive performances ever",
"performances ever brought to the screen... Only a child could love Mr. Carrey's character, but that may be the point. The movie has the metabolism, logic, and attention span of a peevish 6-year-old.\" He said of Ace Ventura's animals, \"The few scenes of Ace communicating with his animals hint at an endearing wackiness that is abruptly undercut by the movie's ridiculous plot.\" The Washington Post's film critics Rita Kempley and Desson Howe reviewed the film positively.Kempley said, \"A riot from start to finish, Carrey's first feature comedy is as cheerfully bawdy as it is idiotically inventive.\" She added, \"A spoof of detective movies, the story touches all the bases.\"Howe said that the film \"is a mindless stretch of nonsense\" and highlighted multiple \"Carreyisms along the way\". Howe concluded, \"There are some unfortunate elements that were unnecessary—a big strain of homophobic jokes for one, profane and sexual situations that rule out the kiddie audience for another. But essentially,Aceis an unsophisticated",
"an unsophisticated opportunity to laugh at the mischief Carrey's body parts can get up to.\" James Berardinellisaid, \"The comic momentum sputters long before the running time has elapsed.\" Berardinelli said of Carrey that he \"uses his rubber features and goofy personae\" that succeeds for a short time but after that, \"Carrey's act gradually grows less humorous and more tiresome, and the laughter in the audience seems forced.\" The critic said the film has \"its moments\" of humor but considered there to be \"a lot of dead screen time\" in between. WhileMichael MacCambridgeofAustin American-Statesmannamed it as an honorable mention of his list of the best films of 1994,Rocky Mountain News's Rober Denerstein listed it as the second worst of the year. Accolades Transgender portrayal In the film, the male ex-football player Finkle disguises himself over an extended period of time as the female police lieutenant Einhorn. Based on Ace Ventura's reaction to, and outing of, Einhorn as Finkle, the film has been criticized",
"has been criticized for the way it portraystransgenderpeople.New Vistasoutlined the negative portrayal, \"...the transgender character was the villain of the film and her body/being attracted to her, made characters physically ill. Additionally, the film showed transphobic behaviours by the main character who ridiculed, humiliated, misgendered, and exposed the body of the trans female character without her consent.\" Alexandra Gonzenbach Perkins wrote inRepresenting Queer and Transgender Identitythat mainstream representation of transgender identity at the turn of the 21st century was limited, observing that \"the representations that did exist tended to pathologize transgender people as mentally unstable\". Perkins saidAce Ventura, along withThe Crying Game, depicted \"transgender characters as murderous villains\".In the bookReclaiming Genders, in a chapter focusing on transgender identity, Gordene O. Mackenzie referencesAce Venturaas an example of turn-of-the-century films that \"illustrate the transphobia",
"the transphobia implicit in many popular US films\". Mackenzie describes the scene in which Ace Ventura retches in the bathroom, following the revelation that the woman he had kissed is trans, as \"one of the most memorable and blatantly transphobic/homophobic scenes\".InThe New York Timesin 2016,Farhad Manjooalso wrote about this scene, \"There was little culturally suspect then about playing gender identity for laughs. Instead, as in many fictional depictions of transgender people in that era, the scene’s prevailing emotion is of nose-holding disgust.\" Future In October 2017,Morgan Creek Entertainmentannounced plans to reboot several films from its library, includingAce Ventura: Pet Detective. Its president David Robinson said Morgan Creek's plan was not to simply remake the film but to do a follow-up in which Ace Ventura passes the mantle to a new character, such as a long-lost son or daughter.In 2018, according toAce Ventura: When Nature Callsco-starTommy Davidson, Carrey displayed a lack of interest in",
"lack of interest in participating. By March 2021, a sequel film was in development atAmazon Studioswith the screenwriters of the 2020 filmSonic the Hedgehog,Pat CaseyandJosh Miller, attached. References External links",
"Miami Dolphins National Football League(1970–present) TheMiami Dolphinsare a professionalAmerican footballteam based in theGreater Miami area. The Dolphins compete in theNational Football League(NFL) as a member of theAmerican Football Conference(AFC)Eastdivision. The team plays its home games atHard Rock StadiuminMiami Gardens, Florida, a northern suburb ofMiami. The team is owned byStephen M. Ross. The Dolphins are the oldest professional sports team in Florida. Of the four AFC East teams, the Dolphins are the only team in the division that was not a charter member of theAmerican Football League(AFL). The Dolphins were also one of the first professional football teams in thesoutheast, along with theAtlanta Falcons. The Dolphins were founded byJoe Robbie, an attorney and politician, andDanny Thomas, an actor and comedian. They began play in the AFL in1966. The region had not had a professional football team since the days of theMiami Seahawks, who played in theAll-America Football Conferencein 1946, before",
"1946, before becoming the first incarnation of theBaltimore Colts. For the first few years, the Dolphins' full-time training camp and practice facilities were atSaint Andrew's School, a private, boys boarding prep school in Boca Raton. Miami joined the NFL as a result of the 1970AFL–NFL merger. The team played in its firstSuper BowlinSuper Bowl VI, losing to theDallas Cowboys, 24–3.The following year, the Dolphins completed the NFL's onlyperfect season, culminating in a Super Bowl win, winning all 14 of their regular-season games, and all three of their playoff games, includingSuper Bowl VII. They were the third NFL team to accomplish a perfectregular season, and remain the only team to do so including playoffs since the AFL-NFL merger, the time known as the Super Bowl era. The next year, the Dolphins wonSuper Bowl VIII, becoming the first team to appear in three consecutive Super Bowls, and the second team (the first AFL/AFC team) to win back-to-back championships. Miami also appeared inSuper Bowl",
"inSuper Bowl XVIIandSuper Bowl XIX, losing both games. For most of their early history, the Dolphins were coached byDon Shula, the most successful head coach in professional football history in terms of total games won. Under Shula, the Dolphins posted losing records in only two of his 26 seasons as the head coach. During the period spanning 1983 to the end of 1999, quarterbackDan Marinobecame one of the most prolific passers in NFL history, breaking numerous league passing records. Marino led the Dolphins to five division titles, 10 playoff appearances, and an appearance in Super Bowl XIX before retiring following the1999 season. Since Marino's retirement, they have experienced mediocre levels of success and have just six playoff appearances (2000,2001,2008,2016,2022, and2023) and two division titles (2000and2008) with one playoff win. They currently have the longest postseason win drought in the NFL. History The Miami Dolphins joined theAmerican Football League(AFL) when an expansion franchise was awarded",
"was awarded to lawyerJoseph Robbieand actorDanny Thomasin 1965 for $7.5 million, although Thomas would eventually sell his stake in the team to Robbie.During the summer of 1966, the Dolphins' training camp was inSt. Pete Beachwith practices in August atBoca Ciega High SchoolinGulfport. Don Shula The Dolphins were the worst team with a 15–39–2 record in their first four seasons under head coachGeorge Wilson, beforeDon Shulawas hired as head coach.Shula was aPaul Browndisciple who had been lured from theBaltimore Colts, after losingSuper Bowl IIItwo seasons earlier to the AFL'sNew York Jets, and finishing 8–5–1 the following season.Shula got his first NFL coaching job from then-Detroit head coach George Wilson, who hired him as the defensive coordinator. The AFLmerged with the NFLin 1970, and the Dolphins were assigned to theAFC Eastdivision in the NFL's newAmerican Football Conference. For the rest of the 20th century, the Shula-led Dolphins emerged as one of the most dominant teams in the NFL, with only two",
"NFL, with only two losing seasons between 1970 and 1999.They were extremely successful in the 1970s, completing the first completeperfect seasonin NFL history by finishing with a 14–0 regular-season record in1972and winning theSuper Bowl that year.It was the first of two consecutive Super Bowl wins and one of three appearances in a row.The 1980s and 1990s were also moderately successful. The early 80s teams made two Super Bowls despite losing both times and saw the emergence of future Hall of Fame quarterbackDan Marino, who went on to break numerous NFL passing records, holding many of them until the late 2000s.After winning every game against the division rivalBuffalo Billsin the 1970s, the two teams gradually developed acompetitive rivalryin the 80s and 90s, often competing for AFC supremacy whenJim Kellyemerged as the quarterback for the Bills.The Dolphins have also maintained astrong rivalrywith theNew York Jetsthroughout much of their history. Following the retirements of Marino and Shula and the rise",
"Shula and the rise ofTom Bradyand theNew England Patriots, the Dolphins suffered a decline in the 2000s and 2010s.During this period, the team's level of play was largely described as mediocre.They have only made the playoffs four times since Marino's retirement and have largely been unable to find a consistent quarterback to replace him. Jimmy Johnson Jimmy Johnson was hired to replace Shula prior to the 1996 season.In his first season at the helm, he led the team to a 8–8 record and missed the postseason.In the 1997, the team improved to a 9–7 mark and made the postseason.The team saw their season end in the Wild Card Round with a 17–3 loss to the New England Patriots.In the 1998 season, the team went 10–6 and made the postseason.The Dolphins defeated the Bills 24–17 in the Wild Card Round before falling to the Denver Broncos 38–3 in the Divisional Round.In the 1999 season, the Dolphins went 9–7 and made the postseason.The team defeated the Buffalo Bills 24–17 in the Wild Card Round before falling 62–7 to",
"falling 62–7 to the Jacksonville Jaguars in what would be quarterback Dan Marino's final game.Johnson resigned following the season. Dave Wannstedt Going into the 2000 season, the Dolphins named Dave Wannstedt as head coach.In his first season with the Dolphins, he led the team to a 11–5 record and an AFC East title.The team defeated the Indianapolis Colts 23–17 in the Wild Card Round before losing 27–0 to the Oakland Raiders in the Divisional Round.In the 2001 season, the team made the postseason with a 11–5 record and runner-up placement in the AFC East.The team lost to the Baltimore Ravens 20–3 in the Wild Card Round.In the 2002 season, the team failed to make the postseason despite a 9–7 record.In the 2003 season, the team went 10–6 but missed the postseason.Following a 1–8 start in the 2004 season, Wannstedt resigned.Jim Bates finished out the year with a 3–4 mark. Nick Saban Nick Saban coached the Dolphins in the 2005 and 2006 seasons. He went 9–7 and 6–10 in those two seasons, missing the playoffs in",
"the playoffs in both.Saban resigned following the 2006 season to leave for the University of Alabama. Cam Cameron Prior to the 2007 season, the Dolphins hired Cam Cameron has head coach.The team suffered a franchise-worst1–15 season in 2007.After the 2007 season, the team fired Cameron. Tony Sparano Tony Sparano was named head coach of the Dolphins prior to the 2008 season.In his first season, he led the team to an 11–5 result and an AFC East title.During the season, they became the second team to make a 10-game improvement over the previous season.That same season, the Dolphins upset theNew England Patriotson the road during Week 3 thanks to the use of the gimmickWildcat offense, which handed the Patriots their first regular-season loss since December 10, 2006, in which coincidentally, they were also beaten by the Dolphins. However, this success in 2008 proved to be an outlier during this period in the franchise's history; to date, it is the last season the Dolphins won the AFC East.The team's season ended",
"team's season ended with a 27–9 loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the Wild Card Round.The 2009 and 2010 seasons saw regression with a 7–9 record in both years.After a 4–9 start to the 2011 season, Sparano was fired.Todd Bowles finished the 6–10 season as interim coach. Joe Philbin Prior to the 2012 season, the team hired Joe Philbin as head coach.In his first season at the helm, Philbin led the team to a 7–9 record.In the 2013, the team improved to a 8–8 record but still missed the postseason.In the 2014 season, the team added Bill Lazor as offensive coordinator. The Dolphins once again finished 8–8.After a 1–3 start to the 2015 season, Philbin was fired.Dan Campbell was named as interim coach and finished the year with a 5–7 mark. Adam Gase Prior to the 2016 season, the team hired Adam Gase as head coach.He led the team to a 10–6 record and a postseason berth in the 2016 season.The team's season ended with a 30–12 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card Round.In the 2017 season, the Dolphins",
"the Dolphins regressed to a 6–10 record.In the 2018 season, the Dolphins finished with a 7–9 record.After a cumulative 23–25 record, Gase was fired by the Dolphins. Brian Flores Prior to the 2019 season, the Dolphins hired Brian Flores as head coach.He led the team to a 5–11 record in the 2019 season.The team drafted Alabama quarterback Tua Tagovailoa in the first round of the 2020 NFL Draft.In the 2020 season, the team improved to a 10–6 mark but still missed the postseason.In the 2021 season, the team went 9–8 but missed the postseason.Following the end of the 2021 season, Flores was fired as head coach. Mike McDaniel Prior to the 2022 season, Mike McDaniel was hired as head coach.In his first season, he led the Dolphins to a 9–8 record and a 34–31 loss to the Bills in the Wild Card Round.In the 2023 season, the team improved to a 11–6 mark but the season again ended in the Wild Card Round with a 26–7 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. Championships Super Bowl championships AFC championships Rivalries",
"Rivalries Divisional New England Patriots The Dolphins dominated theNew England Patriotsduring the 1970s and the 1990s, but there were some notable moments as well, including a 1982 game now known as theSnowplow Game.Fortunes changed whenTom Bradybecame the franchise quarterback for the Patriots, and during histenure with the Patriots, New England dominated the AFC, especially the AFC East, winning 16 of 17 division titles between 2003 and 2019, with the Dolphins winning the only non-Patriots division title in that time frame when Brady was out due to injury. Miami posed the biggest divisional challenge to the Brady-led Patriots, however, winning more games against them than the Bills or Jets did during that era. Notable wins over New England by the Dolphins include theMiracle in Miami, which involved a dramatic last-minute game-winning touchdown that paralleled \"The Night that Courage Wore Orange\", where in2004, the Dolphins, at 2–11, upset the defending Super Bowl champion Patriots 28–29, and handed them",
"and handed them the second of their 2 losses that season.The rivalry briefly intensified in 2005 whenNick Saban,Bill Belichick's former Browns defensive coordinator was hired as their new head coach and when Saban nearly signed quarterbackDrew Brees, as well as in 2008, when the two teams battled for the AFC East division title. Miami and New England are also the only two franchises to have posted undefeated regular-season records since the NFL-AFL merger, with Miami going14–0 in 1972and New England going16–0 in 2007, but only the 1972 Dolphins were able to win the Super Bowl. As of the 2023 season, the Dolphins lead the all-time series 62–55. Buffalo Bills The Dolphins and theBuffalo Billshave a long-standing rivalry, as there are stark characteristic differences between the cities of Miami and Buffalo, especially in climate and culture. The rivalry was extremely lopsided in favor of Miami during the 1970s, as the Dolphins won all 20 games against the Bills during that decade. Fortunes changed in the 1980s",
"in the 1980s and 1990s whenJim Kellybecame the Bills' starting quarterback. Though both teams were extremely dominant during that period, the Bills ultimately held the edge and dominated the Dolphins during their four playoff matchups in the 1990s, with the Dolphins' only playoff win coming after Kelly's retirement. With the rise of Tom Brady and the Patriots during the 2000s and the retirements of Kelly and Dolphins quarterbackDan Marino, the Bills-Dolphins rivalry faded in relevance, but remains somewhat intense to this day. Some former Dolphins have gone to play for the Bills as well, most notablyDan Carpenter,Chris Hogan, andCharles Clay. In the 2020s, the rivalry sharpened, with Dolphins quarterbackTua Tagovailoa, drafted in 2020, leading a resurgent Dolphins team against theJosh Allen-led Bills, who had gained a streak of success after Brady's departure from the Patriots and the division. Though Allen's career record against Miami currently stands at 11–2, Tagovailoa led the Dolphins to their first win",
"to their first win over Bills in 8 games in 2022, and the Dolphins played the Bills tightly in the teams' two other meetings that year despite losing both, including the playoffs. As of the 2023 season, the Dolphins lead the all-time series 62–58–1. New York Jets TheNew York Jetsare perhaps Miami's most bitter rivals.Dolphins fans despise the Jets due to the sheer amount of New York City transplants who have moved to South Florida and the Jets' usual cocky demeanor. Just as the Bills-Dolphins rivalry is motivated by differences, the Dolphins-Jets series is also notable for the differences between New York and Miami. Unlike the former, this rivalry has been more consistent over the years. Some of the more memorable moments in this rivalry includeDan Marino'sfake spike,Vinny Testaverdeleading the Jets to anotable comeback on Monday Night Football, and former Jets quarterbackChad Penningtonsigning with the Dolphins and leading them to a divisional title. The two teams have also played in the1982 AFC",
"in the1982 AFC Championship, with Miami winning to face theWashington RedskinsinSuper Bowl XVII. As of the 2023 season, the Dolphins lead the all-time series 60–56–1. Conference Jacksonville Jaguars The Dolphins have taken part in a minor rivalry with theJacksonville Jaguarsas both teams are the only two AFC franchises located in Florida.The two teams first met during the1998 NFL seasonon aMonday Night Footballmatchup.Both teams later met in the1999 AFC Divisional Roundin what would ultimately be the final career game for Dolphins' hall-of-fame quarterbackDan Marino. The Dolphins entered the game as heavy underdogs as they had finished the1999 season9–7, securing the lowest wild card berth. Meanwhile; the Jaguars had boasted an impressive 14–2 campaign under pro-bowl quarterbackMark Brunell; culminating in the Jaguars destroying Miami in a 62–7 blowout loss.The Jaguars managed an improbable upset victory during the2021 Seasonas the team had declined severely under controversial head coachUrban Meyer. Despite",
"Meyer. Despite this; the Jaguars managed a comeback victory against the Dolphins in London during week 6.The teams are tied 5–5 all time, though the Jaguars lead 1–0 in the postseason. Indianapolis Colts When the then-Baltimore Coltswere inserted into the AFC East following the AFL/NFL merger, they sparked a heated rivalry with the Dolphins, as a controversy involving the hiring of former Colts coachDon Shulaforced Miami to forfeit a first-round draft pick. The Dolphins and Colts faced off several times in the AFC playoffs during the 1970s, including the AFC championship game leading up toSuper Bowl VI, which the Dolphins lost to theDallas Cowboys. The rivalry cooled down in the 1980s after the Colts struggled andmoved to Indianapolis, but heated up once again in the late 90s until the Colts were reassigned into theAFC Southas a result of the 2002 realignment of the NFL's divisions.As of 2023, the Dolphins lead the all-time series 48–28. Inter Conference Tampa Bay Buccaneers Since the founding of theTampa",
"of theTampa Bay Buccaneersin 1976, the Dolphins and Buccaneers have shared a mellow in-state rivalry and were the only two teams in Florida until theJacksonville Jaguarsjoined the NFL in 1995. As of the 2023 season, the Buccaneers lead the all-time series 7–5. Historic Kansas City Chiefs The Dolphins won a notable pair of games against the Kansas City Chiefs, defeating them in \"The Longest Game\", the final game inMunicipal Stadium,and then the first regular season game atArrowhead Stadiumin 1972.As of the 2023 season, the Chiefs lead the all-time series 17–16. Las Vegas Raiders, San Diego Chargers, Pittsburgh Steelers The Dolphins also share historic rivalries with other AFC teams such as theLas Vegas Raiders,Los Angeles Chargers, andPittsburgh Steelers, stemming from often competing against these teams in the playoffs during the Don Shula era. As of the 2023 season, the Raiders lead the all-time series 21–20–1. Facilities Stadiums The Dolphins originally played all home games in theOrange Bowlin Miami. They",
"Bowlin Miami. They moved to the new Joe Robbie Stadium after the 1986 season. From 1993 to 2011, the Dolphins shared the stadium withMajor League Baseball'sFlorida Marlins(now known as the Miami Marlins). The venue has had multiplenaming rightsdeals since1996, carrying the names Pro Player Stadium, Dolphins Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, LandShark Stadium, Sun Life Stadium, New Miami Stadium and, as of August 2016,Hard Rock Stadium. The facility is located inMiami Gardens, a suburb of Miami located approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of downtown Miami. The Miami Dolphins share Hard Rock Stadium with theNCAAMiami Hurricanes. The 2015–2016 season was the first season in the newly renovated Hard Rock Stadium. The Dolphins spent more than two years and over $400 million on a major overhaul to Hard Rock Stadium. Every seat was replaced and the lower-level seats were moved closer to the field. There are roughly 10,000 fewer seats. Training St. Petersburg Beachhosted the Dolphins' first training camp in 1966.St.",
"camp in 1966.St. Andrew's SchoolinBoca Ratonhosted training camp in the late 1960s. The Dolphins subsequently trained in Miami Gardens at Biscayne College, later renamedSt. Thomas University, from 1970 until 1993. In 1993, the Dolphins opened the Miami Dolphins Training Facility atNova Southeastern UniversityinDavie. In 2006, the facility added a domed field that allows the team to practice during thunderstorms which are common in the area during the summer. In 2021, the Dolphins opened a new, 135 million training facility, dubbed the Baptist Health Training Complex, the Dolphins will practice in. The complex is located next to Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens. Franchise information Logos and uniforms Leaping dolphin (1966–2012) The Dolphins logo and uniforms remained fairly consistent from the team's founding through 2012. The team's colors were originallyaquaandcoral, with the coral color paying tribute to the Miami Seahawks and to the many natural coral reefs in Biscayne Bay. The team's original logo",
"original logo consisted of a sunburst with a leaping dolphin wearing a football helmet bearing the letter M. At their debut in 1966, a lighter & brighter orange was used instead of the deep coral color. The dolphin's head was near the center of the sunburst. In the 1967 season, the dolphin was centered on the sunburst, but it reverted to the original placement between 1968 and 1973. By 1974, the dolphin's body was centered on the sunburst in a slightly smaller logo than the 1967 version. The uniforms featured white pants with aqua and orange stripes, paired with either a white or aqua jersey. On the white jersey, aqua block numbers and names were outlined in orange, with aqua and orange sleeve stripes. Starting with the 1972 perfect season, these uniforms were used as the primary uniforms for road games and daytime home games, due to the extreme heat of South Florida. The team also had an aqua jersey used mainly for night home games or road games in which the opponent chose to wear white. The aqua jersey",
"The aqua jersey featured white block numbers and names with an orange outline, and orange and white sleeve stripes. An update was given to the logo in 1997 – the sunburst was simplified and the dolphin was darkened and given a more serious game-face expression.The uniforms remained the same; however, a different block number font was used and navy drop shadows were added. On very rare occasions, an orange jersey was used for primetime games. The uniforms essentially swapped the location of orange and aqua from the aqua jersey. The orange jersey was first used on a Sunday night in 2003 againstWashington, a Dolphin win. In 2004, the orange jersey was brought back for anMonday Night Footballmatch pitting the 2–11 Dolphins against the 12–1 defending championNew England Patriots. The Dolphins scored a huge upset win after trailing by 11 points with less than 5 minutes remaining. Due to the unusual orange jerseys, the game has become known within some Dolphin circles as \"The Night That Courage Wore Orange\".The",
"Wore Orange\".The orange jerseys were used for a 2009 Monday night win against theNew York Jets. However, the Dolphins would lose a 2010 Sunday night matchup with the Jets, their first loss in orange, and the orange jerseys in the original style would not be worn again. In 2009, the Dolphins switched to black shoes for the first time since the early 1970s glory days, following a recent trend among NFL teams. However, by 2011, they returned to wearing white shoes. The Dolphins' final game in the original style uniforms with block numbers and the iconic leaping dolphin logo was the final game of the 2012 season, a 28–0 shutout loss to the New England Patriots inFoxboro. The white jerseys were worn for the game, and as rumors of a new look had been swirling, many fans watching knew that it would likely be the last time their team would wear the leaping dolphin logo. Stylized swimming dolphin (2013–present) A new logo and new uniforms were unveiled shortly before the2013 NFL draft.The new logo features a",
"new logo features a stylizedaquadolphin swimming in front of a heavily modified version of the orange sunburst. The dolphin in the logo is more vague and artistic, and is not wearing a helmet as it is merely a silhouette of a dolphin cast in aqua and navy. Navy was incorporated as featured color for the first time, with orange becoming greatly de-emphasized. The uniforms feature both white pants and aqua pants, with a white or aqua jersey. The Dolphins continue to wear white at home, just as they had with the previous uniforms, with aqua being used for primetime home games. The white jersey features aqua numbers and names in a unique custom font, with orange and navy outlines on the numbers; however, the names only use navy as an outline color. The aqua jerseys use white numbers with an orange and aqua outline, and white names with a navy outline. The helmets are white with a white facemask, just like the final years of the previous look; however, navy is a prominent color on the helmet stripe, joining aqua",
"joining aqua and a de-emphasized orange. Both jerseys have large \"Dolphins\" text above the numbers, written in the team's new script. The pants are either aqua or white, and contain no markings other than a small team wordmark. In 2018, the team made some slight modifications to the logo and uniform set: The shades of orange and aqua were tweaked, and navy blue was removed from the color scheme, only remaining on the logo. Throwback uniforms In 2015, the Dolphins brought back their 1970s aqua uniforms for a few select games. Four years later, they brought back a white version from the same era as a second alternate uniform. The aqua throwbacks were worn during the now-famous 2018Miracle in Miamiplay against the Patriots. Color Rush uniform On September 29, 2016, the Dolphins debuted their newColor Rushuniform in aThursday Night Footballgame against theCincinnati Bengals. The all-orange uniform marked the first time since 2010 that the Dolphins wore an orange uniform. However, the set was only used for that",
"only used for that game as the Dolphins immediately retired the uniform soon after. In later years, the Dolphins wore similar all-aqua or all-white uniforms in select games as the NFL gradually relaxed its rules regarding hosiery. Fight song The song was written and composed by Lee Ofman, and has similar instrumentation and lyrics to the fight song of theHouston Oilers. Ofman approached the Dolphins with it before the 1972 season because he wanted music to inspire his favorite team. The fight song would soon serve as a good luck charm for the Dolphins that season. The Dolphins became the first team in NFL history to record an undefeated season, going 17–0 en route to victory over the Washington Redskins inSuper Bowl VII. The following season, Miami posted an equally impressive 15–2 record and capped the season with another title, defeating the Minnesota Vikings inSuper Bowl VIII. The back-to-back championship runs, coupled with the popularity of the fight song amongst Dolphins fans, have ensured the song's",
"ensured the song's longevity. The Dolphins revealed a new fight song byT-PainandJimmy BuffettfeaturingPitbullon August 7, 2009, which was introduced for the 2009 NFL season.The fight song was played during the preseason home opener against the Jacksonville Jaguars on August 17, 2009, but was not played during the second preseason game against the Carolina Panthers on August 22, 2009, after being booed heavily in the first game. Furthermore, the team has preferred to play Buffett's song \"Fins\" after scores during the 2009 regular season instead of the traditional fight song. Cheerleaders The team'scheerleadersare known collectively as the Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders.The company had its debut in 1978 as the Dolphins Starbrites. (The name referred to the co-sponsor, Starbrite Car Polish.) The cheerleaders' founding choreographer wasJune Taylor, famed colleague ofJackie Gleason, who led the squad until her retirement in 1990. Special Teams/Volunteer Program In April 2010, the Dolphins started the first Volunteer",
"the first Volunteer Program in the NFL. Special Teams is a unique volunteer organization created to enlist and mobilize the ongoing services of the community with the Dolphins staff, players and alumni. The mission of the Special Teams is to offer hands-on services to communities and families in need, to partner with existing organizations on worthwhile social, civic and charitable programs, to provide assistance at Miami Dolphins Foundation events, and to support community efforts in times of emergency. This program is headed by Leslie Nixon and Sergio Xiques. Since its inception, Special Teams has given over 250,000 community services hours to the South Florida and Mexico community. Mascots T.D. (\"The Dolphin\") On Friday, April 18, 1997, the first \"official\" mascot of the Miami Dolphins was introduced. The 7-foot mascot made his public debut on April 19 at Pro Player Stadium during the team's draft-day party. The team then made a \"Name the Mascot\" contest that drew over 13,000 entries covering all 50",
"covering all 50 states and 22 countries. 529 names were suggested. The winning entry was announced at the annual Dolphins Awards Banquet on June 4, 1997. Dolfan Denny Denny Symcheered on the Miami Dolphins for 33 years as a one-man sideline show, leading Miami crowds in cheers and chants in his glittering coral (orange) and aqua hat from the Dolphins' first game in 1966 until 2000. Sym died on March 18, 2007. He was 72. Flipper From 1966 to 1968, and in the 1970s a live dolphin was situated in a water tank in the open (east) end of the Orange Bowl.He would jump in the tank to celebrate touchdowns and field goals. The tank that was set up in the 1970s was manufactured by Evan Bush and maintained during the games by Evan Bush and Dene Whitaker. Flipper was removed from the Orange Bowl after 1968 to save costs, and in the 1970s due to stress. Radio and television In August 2010, the team launched its own regional TV network to carry preseason games and in-season content such as coach and player shows. The",
"player shows. The Dolphins Television Network comprises 10 South Florida TV stations that agreed to carry the team-produced coverage.Preseason games are broadcast on television throughCBS-ownedWFOR-TVin Miami-Dade and Broward counties,WTVXin West Palm Beach,WBBH-TVin Fort Myers, andWRDQin Orlando. Longtime TV and radio personalityDick Stocktonprovides play-by-play commentary, with Dolphins Hall-of-Fame QB Bob Griese and former Dolphins WR Nat Moore providing color commentary. The radio broadcast team features Jimmy Cefalo providing play-by-play commentary and Joe Rose providing color commentary during preseason games, along with Griese for regular-season games.Griese replaced longtime color commentatorJim Mandichafter his death in 2011, who played for the Dolphins under Don Shula. Radio coverage as of the 2023 season is carriedWINZ(940 AM) andWBGG-FM(105.9 FM). Additionally, games can also be heard in Spanish onWNMA(1210 AM), with Raúl Striker Jr. and Joaquin Duro providing play-by-play and color commentary,",
"color commentary, respectively. CBS-owned WFOR, in addition to preseason telecasts, airs most of the Dolphins' regular season games andThursday Night Football, with rare home games moved or delayed by hurricanes carried by sister stationWBFS-TVdue to network conflicts, and some games carried byWSVNwhen flexed to Fox. When playing on Sunday night, the team's matches will be broadcast onNBC'sWTVJ. The Dolphins' radio affiliates: English Spanish Season-by-season records Players Current roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved 53 active, 15 reserved, 16 practice squad (+1 exempt) Players of note Miami Dolphins in the Pro Football Hall of Fame The Dolphins currently have ten players, and one coach enshrined in thePro Football Hall of Fame, that have spent the majority (or entirety) of their careers, or made significant contributions with the Miami Dolphins. Three other players and four coaches/contributors that have spent only a",
"have spent only a \"minor portion\" of their careers with the Dolphins, have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, but have been enshrined primarily with other teams. Retired numbers The Miami Dolphins currently have three retired jersey numbers: The Dolphins have other numbers that have currently not been issued to any player, or are currently in reduced circulation, but not yet officially retired. They include: Individual award winners Listed below are the individuals who have won the following NFL, Super Bowl, and Pro Bowl MVP awards, the Offensive and Defensive Rookie and Player of the Year awards, the Comeback Player of the Year winners, the winners of the prestigious NFL Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, and the winner of the Coach of the Year Award for the Miami Dolphins.Boldindicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. NFL All-Decade Team and 100th Anniversary All-Time Team selections The following are Miami Dolphins (players and/or coaches) who have been selected to an",
"been selected to an \"All-Decade Team\", or theNFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Teamby the Pro Football Hall of Fame selection committee.Boldindicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pro Bowl selections Many former and current Miami Dolphins players have represented the franchise in thePro Bowl(or the AFL All-Star Game). Below is a list of current or former players that play or have played for the Miami Dolphins that have been selected to at least five Pro Bowls. 50 greatest players In 2015, to commemorate the Miami Dolphins' 50th NFL season, the Dolphins organization announced through voting from the South Florida Media and Miami Dolphin fans the results of the 50 greatest players in Miami Dolphins franchise history. The results were announced during halftime on Monday Night Football between the Dolphins and the Giants. Here are the 50 greatest Dolphins broken down by position.Boldindicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Offense: Defense: Special teams: Miami Dolphins Ring of",
"Dolphins Ring of Honor/Honor Roll TheMiami Dolphins Ring of Honor, formerly known as theHonor Roll, is a ring around the second tier of Hard Rock Stadium that honors former players, coaches, owners and contributors who have made significant contributions to the franchise throughout their history. Each of these players is honored with a placard on the facing of the upper level around Hard Rock Stadium including team founder-owner Joe Robbie. In place of a jersey number, Shula has the number 347, representing his record number of NFL coaching victories, 274 of them as Dolphins head coach.Pro Football Hall of Fameinductees are additionally denoted by a hall of fame logo next to their names. In 1992, at the 20-year anniversary, Miami's \"1972 Undefeated Team\" was enshrined into the Honor Roll. At the 40 year anniversary, which enshrined former defensive coordinator Bill Arnsparger into the Honor Roll, his name went on the Honor Roll where the \"1972 Undefeated Team\" inductee previously and originally was",
"and originally was enshrined, and an updated \"1972 Perfect Season Team 17–0\" inductee was put into one corner of Hard Rock Stadium with special placards of Super Bowl VII and Super Bowl VIII included next to it on each side. The inductees as of 2024 include: Joe Robbie Alumni Plaza Walk of Fame The Joe Robbie Alumni Plaza Walk of Fame was first established in 2011, designed to be all-encompassing and recognize the best of the Miami Dolphins alumni, including those in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the Honor Roll, and as well as the many other players who were among the unsung heroes and community leaders that the organization has produced. The \"Walk of Fame\" is located at the north end of Hard Rock Stadium, with a life-size bronze statue of Joe Robbie, the original founder and owner of the Miami Dolphins from 1966 to 1989.Boldindicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The inductees as of 2018 (by yearly class) are: All-time first-round draft picks Staff Head coaches The Dolphins have had 14",
"have had 14 head coaches in franchise history. Current staff →Coaching staff→Front office→More NFL staffs References External links",
"1995 Miami Dolphins season The1995 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the franchise's 30th season, 26th in theNational Football League, and 26th and final under head coachDon Shula. The Dolphins finished 9–7 before losing to theBillsin the playoffs. Until the2022 NFL season, this marked the last time the Dolphins finished with a top 10 Offense. Offseason NFL Draft 1995 Expansion Draft Transactions Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Regular season Schedule Standings Playoffs AFC Wild Card Game atRich Stadium,Orchard Park, New York Dolphins quarterbackDan Marinocompleted 33 of 64 passes for 422 yards and two touchdowns, but also threw three interceptions. The Bills used an NFL-playoff record 341 rushing yards to gain a 27–0 lead by the start of the fourth quarter. Don Shula's retirement The week after Miami's playoff loss to Buffalo, Shula announced his retirement. His 347 wins as a head coach, including 257 with the Dolphins, are an",
"Dolphins, are an NFL record. Shula coached in six Super Bowls, winning two, and in1972he led the only unbeaten and untied season in NFL history. Shula was inducted into thePro Football Hall of Famein 1997 and is considered one of the greatest coaches in NFL history. Awards and honors Notes and references This article relating to anAmerican footballseasonis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"1997 Miami Dolphins season The1997 seasonwas theMiami Dolphins' 32nd season in theNational Football League(NFL), their 28th overall, their eighth undergeneral managerEddie Jonesand their second underhead coachJimmy Johnson. The Dolphins improved upon theirprevious season's output of 8–8, winning nine games.Seven of the team's sixteen games were decided by afield goalor less. This was also the season where the Dolphins released a new logo and new uniforms with a darker aqua and dark navy drop shadow in numbers. The uniforms and logo lasted until the 2012 season. During Week 3, the Dolphins were defeated by the defending Super Bowl championGreen Bay Packersfor the first time in franchise history. This could be argued as the most cursed of all Dolphins seasons because it offered a turnaround where theNew England Patriotsdefeated the Dolphins 3 times in the 1997 season, sweeping them. This was the first of five consecutive playoff appearances for the Dolphins. This season saw the Patriots return three Marino",
"return three Marino interceptions for touchdowns in New England (two of them in the 2nd quarter of the week 13 matchup, and one in the Wild Card matchup where the Patriots defeated Miami 17–3). The Wild Card loss came less than a week after the Dolphins lost to the Patriots 14–12 onMonday Night Footballin Miami for the AFC East division title. Until2021, this was the last time the Dolphins swept theNew York Jetsin back-to-back seasons. Offseason NFL draft Staff Front office Head coaches Offensive coaches Special teams coaches Strength and conditioning Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Schedule Note:Intra-division opponents are inboldtext. Playoffs Game summaries Week 1: vs Indianapolis Colts atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Standings References This article relating to anAmerican footballseasonis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"1998 Miami Dolphins season The1998 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the team's 33rd overall and 29th as a member of theNational Football League(NFL). The Dolphins improved upon theirprevious season's output of 9–7, winning ten games.The team qualified for the playoffs for the second straight year. The Dolphins defeated theBuffalo Bills24–17 in theWild Card round, but lost to thedefendingandeventual Super Bowl championDenver Broncos38–3 in the Divisional Playoff Game. The2012Football OutsidersAlmanacstates that the 1998 Dolphins had the single biggest defensive improvement (from the previous season) from 1991 to 2011. As withthe 1985 Bears, the Dolphins defeated a team (the Broncos) widely tipped a few weeks earlier to beat theirunbeaten1972 season,although this time the Dolphins were not defending their status as the only unbeaten team sincethe Giantshad already beaten the Broncos. Because, before the admission ofthe Texansin2002, scheduling for NFL games outside a team's division was subject to much greater",
"to much greater influence from table position during the previous season,that game was the first time the Dolphins had opposed the Broncos since that same1985 season. This season marked the last time the Dolphins finished with the #1 Defense in the NFL. Offseason NFL Draft Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Schedule Note:Intra-division opponents are inboldtext. Playoffs Standings References This article relating to anAmerican footballseasonis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"1999 Miami Dolphins season The1999 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the team's 34th campaign, and 30th in theNational Football League(NFL). It was the 17th and final season for Dolphins quarterbackDan Marino. Marino suffered an injury on October 17 against theNew England Patriots, withDamon Huardtaking over at quarterback. The team would go 4–1 under Huard, including a 17–0 victory over theTennessee Titans. Marino would return on November 25, against theDallas Cowboys, throwing five interceptions in the 20–0 loss. The Dolphins reached the midway point of the 1999 season with a 7–1 record, but in the second half of the year, the team struggled, finishing out the season 2–6, winning only one game after Marino's return. The team finished the season 9–7, beating out theKansas City Chiefsfor the AFC's last wild card spot via tiebreakers; Miami held a better record against common opponents, going 6–1 to the Chiefs' 5–3. In the Wild Card round, the Dolphins upset the no. 3 seedSeattle Seahawks20–17. In the Divisional round,",
"Divisional round, the Dolphins were humiliated by the no. 1 seedJacksonville Jaguars, losing 62–7, the most lopsided playoff loss in the Super Bowl era. Offseason 1999 NFL draft Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Regular season Schedule Note:Intra-division opponents are inboldtext. Source: Standings Game summaries Week 1 at Denver Broncos atMile High Stadium,Denver, Colorado First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins opened the season on the road against the defendingSuper Bowl championDenver Broncos. The Broncos were without their longtime quarterbackJohn Elway, who announced his retirement during the off-season.Brian Griese, son of former Dolphins quarterbackBob Griese, was Denver's starting quarterback, throwing a 61-yard touchdown pass toEd McCaffreyearly in the 1st quarter. Griese would play inconsistently for the rest of the game and was sacked",
"game and was sacked twice, whileDan Marinowas sacked zero times. In the 4th quarter, Griese fumbled the ball, withJason Taylorrecovering it and running it into the end zone for a touchdown. Week 2 vs. Arizona Cardinals atPro Player Stadium,Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins' defense picked off Cardinals quarterbackJake Plummerfour times during the game. Arizona only scored one touchdown during the game, a 34-yard interception return byRob Fredricksonin the 2nd quarter. Week 4 at Buffalo Bills at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Week 5 at Indianapolis Colts atRCA Dome,Indianapolis, Indiana First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins were trailing 31–22 in the 4th quarter before staging a furious comeback with just under 3:30 left to play, scoring 12 unanswered points in the",
"points in the span of nearly 3 minutes. The run started with a 43-yard field goal fromOlindo Marewith 3:20 left. With 1:54 left, Miami's defense forcedPeyton Manningto run out the end zone, resulting in a safety. On the ensuing drive,Dan Marinoled the offense down the field, capping it off with a 2-yard pass toOronde Gadsdenfor the game-winning score. The Dolphins' defense sealed the game, withTerrell Buckleyintercepting a Manning pass on the Colts' final drive of the game. Miami compiled 469 yards of offense and committed no turnovers. Marino threw for 393 yards while two players finished with over 100 yards receiving: Gadsden with 123 yards andTony Martinwith 166. Week 6 at New England Patriots atFoxboro Stadium,Foxborough, Massachusetts First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Dan Marino's only completion of the game was on a 8-yard pass that put him over 60,000 passing yards for his career. On Marino's second pass attempt, he was hit byLawyer Milloy,",
"byLawyer Milloy, withAndy Katzenmoyerintercepting the ball and returning it 57 yards for a touchdown. On the following drive, Marino would attempt a short pass that fell short of his intended receiver. Coach Jimmy Johnson would pull Marino from the game due to a possible shoulder injury; in the week heading into the game, Marino thought he might have injured his right trapezius.Marino was replaced byDamon Huard, whose first pass was intercepted byTy Lawand returned 27 yards for a touchdown. Despite the rocky start, Huard would lead the Dolphins to a 31–30 comeback victory, throwing a 5-yard touchdown pass to fullbackStanley Pritchettwith 23 seconds left in the game for the game-winning score. Week 7 vs. Philadelphia Eagles at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers WithDan Marinoout due to injury,Damon Huardstarted at quarterback for the Dolphins, his first NFL start. Week 8 at Oakland Raiders atNetwork Associates",
"Associates Coliseum First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Damon Huardstarted at quarterback for the second week in a row. After having thrown apick sixin each of the previous two games, Huard committed no turnovers against Oakland. Week 9 vs. Tennessee Titans at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins' defense shutout the Titans, picking offSteve McNairthree times. This was one of only three games that Tennessee would lose during the regular season. Week 10 at Buffalo Bills atRalph Wilson Stadium,Orchard Park, New York First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Damon Huardstruggled throughout the game, only completing 36% of his passes for 65 yards with no touchdowns and one interception. This was the only game of the season Miami would lose with Huard starting at quarterback. Week 11 vs. New",
"Week 11 vs. New England Patriots at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Miami's defense picked offDrew Bledsoefive times. This was the last game of the seasonDamon Huardwould start at quarterback, asDan Marinowould return for the following game four days later. Miami finished 4–1 with Huard as starter. Week 12 at Dallas Cowboys NFL on Thanksgiving Day atTexas Stadium,Irving, Texas First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Dan Marino's first game after returning from injury was a disaster. Marino threw five interceptions, one of which was returned 46 yards byDexter Coakleyin the 3rd quarter for the first score of the game. The Dolphins' defense tried to help keep the team in the game, shutting out the Cowboys' offense for three quarters. The game's only offensive score came in the 4th, withTroy Aikmanthrowing a 65-yard touchdown pass toRocket Ismail. Week 13 vs.",
"Ismail. Week 13 vs. Indianapolis Colts at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Dolphins First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins trailed 24–10 at halftime, but tied the game twice in the 4th quarter, including a 32-yard field goal fromOlindo Marewith 0:36 left in regulation. However, Indianapolis kickerMike Vanderjagtmade a 53-yard field goal as time expired to give the Colts a 37–34 victory. Week 14 at New York Jets atGiants Stadium,East Rutherford, New Jersey First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins had a 13–6 lead at the start of the 4th quarter, but the team collapsed in the final quarter of play. The Jets scored 22 unanswered points in the 4th quarter, including a 67-yard interception return byOmar Stoutmire. Week 15 vs. San Diego Chargers at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Neither",
"receivers Neither team managed to a score a touchdown during the game. The Dolphins' defense held the Chargers to 186 yards of total offense and forced one turnover. This was the last regular season gameDan Marinowould win in his career. Week 16 vs. New York Jets at Pro Player Stadium, Miami, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Week 17 at Washington Redskins atJack Kent Cooke Stadium,Landover, Maryland First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Dan Marinostarted at quarterback, but was pulled from the game and replaced byDamon Huard; Marino finished 11-of-24 for 118 yards with one interception. Despite the loss, the Dolphins still qualified for the playoffs as the Chiefs lost earlier in the day to the Raiders. Playoffs AFC Wild Card Playoffs: at (3) Seattle Seahawks atThe Kingdome,Seattle, Washington First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top",
"Top rushers Top receivers TheSeattle Seahawksplayed host to their first playoff game since the1984 season. The Seahawks were dominated by the Dolphins defense, who held them to only 171 yards, with just 32 in the second half, and sacked Seahawks quarterbackJon Kitnasix times, three byTrace Armstrong. Although Seattle jumped out to a 17–10 lead in the 3rd quarter, the Dolphins would rally back behind quarterbackDan Marino, who threw for 196 yards and a touchdown, leading his team to their first road playoff win since 1972 in what ultimately proved to be the final game played atThe Kingdome(the Seahawks moved intoHusky Stadiumfor the2000 season) and the final win of Marino's career. The Dolphins were the only away team to win in the wild-card round. AFC Divisional Playoffs: at (1) Jacksonville Jaguars atALLTEL Stadium,Jacksonville, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers TheJacksonville Jaguarsshredded their in-state rivals the Dolphins with 520",
"Dolphins with 520 total offensive yards in what became Miami quarterbackDan Marino's last game in the NFL and the most lopsided postseason contest since theChicago Bearsdefeated the Redskins 73–0 in the1940 NFL Championship Game. Their defense forced seven turnovers and held the Dolphins to 131 total yards. Marino was held to just 11 of 25 completions for 95 yards and 1 touchdown, with 2 interceptions and a fumble that was returned for a touchdown in his final game. Marino retired shortly after the season ended. This was alsoJimmy Johnson's final game as an NFL head coach; Johnson resigned the day after the game. Notes and references",
"2000 Miami Dolphins season The2000 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the franchise's 31st season in theNational Football League, the 35th overall and was their first under newhead coachDave Wannstedtwho was named the fourth head coach in franchise history on January 16, 2000,the same day thatJimmy Johnsonannounced his retirement from coaching. For the first season since 1982,Dan Marinowas not on the opening day roster, as he announced his retirement prior to the season. Believed by many as the greatest Miami Dolphin of all time, Marino led the Dolphins to ten playoff appearances, one of which ended inSuper Bowl XIX, and is the winningest quarterback to have not won a Super Bowl.Jay Fiedler, who left theJacksonville Jaguars, succeeded Marino as starting quarterback.Damon Huardremained a backup quarterback and started for Fiedler in one game during the season. Although Marino was no longer on the team, the Dolphins hoped to improve from their 9–7 record inthe previous season. The Dolphins began the season strong, with a",
"strong, with a 6–2 record halfway through. Both losses were by small margins. The second loss occurred during a road game dubbed theMonday Night Miracle, against theNew York Jets, which scored 30 points in the fourth quarter and then defeated the Dolphins by afield goalin overtime. The Dolphins fared only slightly worse in the second half of the season, winning five games and losing three. The team finished with a record of 11–5, their best record since1992. This was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive winning season and the first time the club won theAFC Easttitle since1994. Additionally, this was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive season in which they advanced to the playoffs. In thewild card round, they defeated theIndianapolis Coltsby a score of 23–17 in overtime. However, the Dolphins were shut out 27–0 by theOakland Raidersin thedivisional roundthe following week. As of the 2024 season, this is the last season that Miami has won a playoff game, making it 24 straight years that the Miami Dolphins have failed",
"have failed to win in the playoffs.Until the2021 season, this marked the last time the Dolphins swept theNew England Patriotsduring the regular season. Seven Dolphins players were selected for thePro Bowl. Offseason NFL draft Undrafted free agents Staff Front office Head coaches Offensive coaches Special teams coaches Strength and conditioning Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Reserved Preseason Regular season Schedule Games summaries Week 1: vs. Seattle Seahawks atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Jay Fiedler started as quarterback in the first Miami Dolphins season opener without Dan Marino since1983. Fiedler threw for 134 yards, completing 15 out of 24 passes, with no turnovers. In contrast,Seattle SeahawksquarterbackJon Kitnawas intercepted four times and lost a fumble. Two of the four interceptions were caught bycornerbackSam Madison. Overall, Seattle had six turnovers. Kitna completed 6 out of 13 passes for only",
"13 passes for only 54 yards, before being benched early in the third quarter due to poor performance and being replaced byBrock Huard, brother of Damon Huard. Dolphins running backLamar Smithrushed for 145 yards. Winning 23–0, Miami caused Seattle to have their first shutout defeat sincetheir 0–19 lossto theLos Angeles Raidersin October 1992. Miami opened the season with a record of 1–0 for the ninth consecutive year. Week 2: at Minnesota Vikings atHubert H. Humphrey Metrodome,Minneapolis, Minnesota Miami traveled to Minneapolis for their first road game of the season against theMinnesota Vikingson September 10. Although Minnesota dominated Miami in terms of yardage, the game remained close throughout because mistakes by both teams kept them of out the opponent's end zone until the fourth quarter. Fiedler threw for 175 yards, completing only 12 of 31 passes and throwing an interception toKeith Thibodeauxin the third quarter. Vikings quarterbackDaunte Culpepperthrew for 355 yards and completed 23-for-37, but",
"23-for-37, but had three interceptions. Minnesota scored first during the first quarter with a field goal byGary Anderson. However, neither team would record another score until the fourth quarter. After another field goal from Anderson and a touchdown pass from Culpepper toRandy Moss, the score was 13–0 in favor of Minnesota with 1:56 left in the game. Miami finally scored with a 2-yard touchdown pass from Fiedler toThurman Thomaswith barely a minute on the clock. After that, the Dolphins attempted an onside kick, but the ball was recovered byOrlando Thomasof the Vikings, effectively ending the game with a 13–7 win for Minnesota. Miami fell to 1–1. Week 3: vs. Baltimore Ravens atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida The Dolphins returned to Miami to play against theBaltimore Ravenson September 17. Fiedler threw 11-for-16 with 160 yards, including a touchdown pass and an interception. In the second half, all seven of his pass attempts were successful. Miami scored in each quarter, with a field goal",
"with a field goal fromOlindo Marein the first and second periods and a pair of touchdowns by Lamar Smith in the third and fourth quarters. Following the fourth quarter touchdown, Mare missed the extra point, only the second time in his 99 career attempts. On the Ravens team, quarterbackTony Banksthrew for 189 yards with 19 out of 31 completions, but was sacked six times, intercepted once, and fumbled twice. Facing constant pressure from the Miami defense, Banks was often forced to throw short passes. Unable to reach the Miami end zone, Baltimore had to settle for two field goals fromMatt Stover, one each in the third and fourth quarters. Although the Ravens had four more total yards than the Dolphins, Miami was able to win the game with a score of 19–6. The Dolphins improved to 2–1. During halftime, a 19-minute ceremony was held to honor Dan Marino and retire number 13. The ceremony was begun by former quarterbackBob Grieseand included video highlights of Marino's career with the Dolphins. Former head",
"Former head coachDon Shulainducted Marino into theMiami Dolphins Honor Roll. Miami Dolphins presidentEddie Jonesthen presented a life-size statue of Marino on the grounds of Pro Player Stadium. As a result of the ceremony, more than 90 Dolphins alumni were in attendance at this game. Week 4: vs. New England Patriots atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida In the Dolphins first division rivalry game of the season, theNew England Patriotstraveled to play Miami at home on September 24. Neither team performed exceptionally well in terms of passing, rushing, or scoring. Fiedler completed only 50% of his passes, throwing 12-for-24 with 153 yards, which included one touchdown and two interceptions. The first interception, which occurred late in the first quarter, would allow New England to score first, with a field goal byAdam Vinatieriearly in the second quarter. Patriots quarterbackDrew Bledsoehad a slightly worse pass completion percentage than Fiedler and was 16-for-33 with 161 yards at the end of the game.",
"end of the game. With New England leading 3–0 at 14:43 left in the second quarter, Miami answered with a 53-yard touchdown pass from Fiedler toBert Emanuelabout three minutes later. The Dolphins reinforced their lead with a field goal from Mare with only seconds left in the second quarter. Neither Miami nor New England would score for the rest of the game. The Patriots attempted to force overtime or win the game with a touchdown at just 1:08 left in the fourth quarter. However, the pass from Bledsoe toEric Bjornsonon fourth down at the Miami 5-yard line was incomplete, turning the ball over to Miami with barely a minute on the clock. Thus, the Dolphins won 10–3 and improved to 3–1. The 2000 Miami Dolphins became the first NFL team to allow only one touchdown in the first four games and had only allowed 22 points by the end of this game. Week 5: at Cincinnati Bengals atPaul Brown Stadium,Cincinnati, Ohio In week 5, Miami traveled toCincinnatifor a match-up against theBengalson October 1. Fiedler passed 155",
"Fiedler passed 155 yards and completed 14 out of 21, but threw an interception. He also rushed for 45 yards. Bengal quarterbackAkili Smithcompleted 20 out of 38 passes for 178 yards, while rushing for 43 yards. Additionally,Corey Dillonof the Bengals rushed for 110 yards. During the game, Cincinnati held Miami scoreless at 13–0 until near the end of the second quarter. The Dolphins proceeded to score five times from late in the second quarter to early in the fourth quarter, beginning with a field goal by Mare. As the clock ran out during the second quarter,Jason Taylorwas able to recover a fumble by Cincinnati and return the ball for a touchdown, ending the first half with a score of 13–10 in favor of Cincinnati. Miami scored two touchdowns in the third quarter, the first an 18-yard rush by Lamar Smith and the second a 7-yard pass from Fiedler toOronde Gadsden. The Dolphins scored another touchdown early in the fourth quarter, also a reception from Fiedler to Gadsden. About midway through the fourth quarter,",
"the fourth quarter, the Bengals finally scored again with a field goal byNeil Rackers. Cincinnati was unable to stage a comeback, with Miami winning 31–16. The Dolphins record improved to 4–1. Week 6: vs. Buffalo Bills atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida In week 6, the Miami Dolphins fought theBuffalo Billsat home on October 8. Thurman Thomas, who played for the Bills from 1988–1999, competed against his former team in this game. Fiedler completed 14 out of 24 passes with a total of 142 yards.Rob Johnson, who started this game as quarterback for the Bills, threw 178 yards and went only 11-for-26 on pass completions. Johnson was sacked five times, losing 40 yards. After thetendinitisin Johnson's throwing elbow flared up, he was replaced byDoug Flutielate in the fourth quarter. Flutie would complete three out of six passes for 44 yards, but he was sacked and intercepted once. After both teams each scored a field goal in the first quarter, Miami proceeded to score 12 points before Buffalo scored again",
"scored again in the fourth quarter. Buffalo narrowed the score to 15–13 in favor of Miami and attempted to take the lead late in the final period. However, Bills running backSammy Morrisfumbled on Buffalo's 16 yard line, with the ball being recovered by Madison and returned for a touchdown. Flutie being intercepted with 2:00 left on the clock prevented Buffalo from scoring again. Miami won 22–13 and improved to 5–1. This was the first regular season game sinceweek 2 in 1998that the Dolphins defeated the Bills. Week 8: at New York Jets atGiants Stadium,East Rutherford, New Jersey First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Overtime Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Coming off of bye week, the Dolphins traveled to the Giants Stadium to challenge division rivalNew York Jetson October 23, a Monday Night Football game. Fiedler passed for 250 yards, going 16-for-35 in completions. However, he was intercepted three times. Lamar Smith rushed for 155 yards on 23 attempts, one of which was 68 yards.",
"which was 68 yards. Jets quarterbackVinny Testaverdecompleted 36 out of 59 completions for 378 yards, but was also intercepted three times. The Dolphins dominated the game for the first three quarters. The Jets did not obtain a first down until 8:04 in the second quarter, by which time the Dolphins already scored 20 points, including two touchdowns and two field goals. Late in the second quarter, New York score a touchdown with a pass from Testaverde toWayne Chrebet, but Miami responded with another field goal as the first half of the game ended. With 15 seconds remaining in the third quarter, the Dolphins scored another touchdown. At the beginning of the fourth quarter, Miami led New York 30–7. The Jets then proceeded to quickly close the 23-point deficit throughout the fourth quarter. By 3:55 left in the game, New York tied the game at 30–30, after scoring three touchdowns and a field goal, with a failedtwo-point conversion. About 22 seconds later, Miami scored a touchdown to re-take the lead. However, New",
"lead. However, New York answered with another touchdown with 42 seconds left in regulation. Neither team scored again and the game went into overtime because of a 37–37 tie. In the fourth quarter, the Dolphins had only 1 first down versus 20 for the Jets, which was more than 15 other NFL teams had in their entire game in week 8. During overtime, Fiedler was intercepted about one minute in byMarcus Coleman, but Coleman fumbled and Miami recovered. However, Fiedler was soon intercepted again by Coleman; this time, the Dolphins were overturned. The Jets then drove the ball to Miami's 23 yard line. With 8:13 left in overtime,John Hallkicked a field goal, ending the game 40–37 in favor of New York. The Dolphins fell to 5–2. Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Miami returned home to play against theGreen Bay Packerson October 29. Fiedler went 16-for-25, throwing for 158 yards. Packers quarterbackBrett Favrethrew 194 yards, completing 21 out of 34 passes. The Packers scored",
"The Packers scored first and by early in the second quarter, they had accumulated 17 points, with two touchdowns and a field goal. Green Bay did not allow Miami any points until 1:15 left in the second quarter, at which time the Dolphins scored a touchdown by a 1-yard rush from Fiedler. In the third quarter, Miami scored three touchdowns, one of which occurred shortly after a fake punt byLarry Izzo, while another was a punt return byJeff Ogden. Holding Green Bay scoreless in the third quarter, Miami took the lead with a score of 28–17. The Packers scored again in the fourth quarter with a field goal to cut the Dolphins lead to 8 points. However, Green Bay was overturned twice on their final two possessions, first aBrock Marioninterception of Favre and later Favre fumbled after being sacked byTrace Armstrong, with the ball being recovered byKenny Mixon. The game ended with a score of 28–20 in favor of Miami. The Dolphins improved to 6–2. Week 10: at Detroit Lions atPontiac Silverdome,Pontiac, Michigan Miami",
"Michigan Miami traveled to Detroit for a game against theLionson November 5. Fiedler threw 112 yards on 13 out of 18 successful completions. Lions quarterbackCharlie Batchwent 8-for-16 on pass completions for 95 yards. However, Batch was injured in the third quarter and replaced byStoney Case, who threw 7 out of 11 passes for 74 yards, with one interception. Miami dominated throughout the game. AfterJason Hansonof the Lions kicked off, it was returned to about midfield byAutry Denson. Smith then ran for 46 yards, scoring a touchdown on the first play. Mare's onside kick was recovered byTerrance Shawof the Dolphins. Miami capitalized on this and scored another touchdown, leaving Detroit losing 0–14 near the middle of the first quarter, having yet to make a single play. In the second and third quarters, Mare kicked a total of three field goals. The Dolphins held the Lions scoreless until early in the fourth quarter, when Detroit made a touchdown and a subsequent 2-point conversion. Neither team scored again in",
"scored again in the fourth quarter, causing the game to end 23–8 in favor of Miami. The Dolphins improved to 7–2. Week 11: at San Diego Chargers atQualcomm Stadium,San Diego,California Miami traveled to San Diego for a match-up against theChargerson November 12. Fiedler threw 13–for–20 for 160 yards. Miami accumulated 84 rushing yards, with 69 yards from Lamar Smith. San Diego used three quarterbacks. The starter,Moses Moreno, completed 9 out of 21 passes for 67 yards and was intercepted twice, before leaving the game early in the third quarter due to injury.Ryan Leafalso went 9-for-21, throwing 92 yards and was intercepted once. He remained in the game until being injured late in the fourth quarter.Jim Harbaughthen played, throwing 2 out of 5 passes for 19 yards, as well as one interception.Thus, this game was the first since 1993 where three quarterbacks for a team threw interceptions in one game.The Dolphins led in scoring throughout the game, beginning with a touchdown as a result of a 2-yard run from",
"a 2-yard run from Smith early in the first quarter. Smith rushed 6 yards for another touchdown early in the second quarter. Miami's defense limited San Diego to only 55 offense yards in the first half. In the third quarter, the Dolphins scored again with a field goal by Mare. The Chargers finally scored early in the fourth quarter with an 8-yard touchdown pass from Leaf toFred McCrary. However, San Diego was unable to complete a comeback and the game ended with a 17–7 win for Miami. The Dolphins improved to 8–2. Week 12: vs. New York Jets atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida After two weeks on the road, Miami returned to Pro Player Stadium for another game against the New York Jets on November 19.Just 12 seconds into the game,Fiedler was sacked byMo Lewisand suffered an injury that forced him to head for the sideline.Fiedler was replaced byDamon Huard, who went 16–for–29 for 128 yards, but also threw three interceptions. Vinny Testaverde of the Jets performed similarly, completing 14 out of 29 passes",
"14 out of 29 passes for 113 yards and being intercepted twice.The contest remained close until the fourth quarter. In the first half, New York scored two field goals, while Miami had one, ending the half 6–3 for the Jets.Neither team gained points in the third quarter.About halfway through the fourth quarter, New York scored a touchdown with an 18-yard rush fromBernie Parmalee, a former Dolphin. With another rushing touchdown from Parmalee a few minutes later, the Jets sealed their victory with a score of 20–3. Prior to this game, Miami allowed only three touchdowns at home during the 2000 season. New York limited Miami to only 200 yards of offense. The Dolphins fell to 8–3. Week 13: at Indianapolis Colts atRCA Dome,Indianapolis,Indiana Week 14: at Buffalo Bills atRalph Wilson Stadium,Orchard Park, New York Week 15: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Week 16: vs. Indianapolis Colts atPro Player Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida Week 17: at New England Patriots atFoxboro",
"Patriots atFoxboro Stadium,Foxborough, Massachusetts Playoffs AFC Wild Card game vs. Indianapolis Colts atPro Player Stadium,Miami Miami advanced to the playoffs after winning the AFC East title. In the Wildcard round they hosted their division rivals, theIndianapolis Colts. Fiedler threw for 185 yards, completing 19 passes from 34 attempts. However, he threw three interceptions, all in the first half of the game.Lamar Smith rushed for 209 yards on 40 attempts, a club record held untilRicky Williamsrushed for 42 attempts against the Buffalo Bills duringweek 3 in 2003.The Dolphins won 23–17 in overtime on a 17-yard run by Smith.This is the most recent post-season win for the Miami Dolphins. Standings Awards and honors Notes and references External links",
"2001 Miami Dolphins season The2001 Miami Dolphins seasonwas the franchise's 32nd season in theNational Football Leagueand the 36th season in the AFC division, and their 2nd under the guidance of head coach Dave Wannstedt. TheMiami Dolphinsfinished the season 2nd in theAFC Eastwith a record of 11–5. Their season ended with a resounding 17 point home loss to the defending Super Bowl champions, theBaltimore Ravens, in the Wild Card round of the playoffs. The Miami Dolphins ranked 8th in points scored and 11th in points allowed. While the team finished with a respectable 11-5 record, they engineered embarrassing regular season losses to theNew York Jets24-0 in Miami and 21-17 in New Jersey after blowing a 17 point halftime lead; and blow out losses to the2001 San Francisco 49ers21-0 and2001 St. Louis Rams42-10. The Dolphins finished the season with a 20-3 home loss to the2001 Baltimore Ravens. In these five losses, the Dolphins were -19 in turnover differential turning the football over 20 times. For the season",
"For the season the Dolphins gave away the football 41 times for a -13 total turnover differential. Starting quarterbackJay Fiedlerled the team in turnovers by throwing 19 interceptions and fumbling six times. The Dolphins did not return to the playoffs until2008, and would not make back-to-back playoff appearances until2022and2023. After the season,Harry Swayneretired. Offseason NFL draft Undrafted free agents Staff Front office Head coaches Offensive coaches Special teams coaches Strength and conditioning Roster Running backs(RB) Wide receivers(WR) Tight ends(TE) Defensive linemen(DL) Defensive backs(DB) Special teams Preseason Regular season Schedule Standings Playoffs Wild Card vs Ravens AFC: Baltimore Ravens 20, Miami Dolphins 3 atPro Player Stadium,Miami,Florida The Ravens recorded 222 rushing yards, while limiting the Dolphins to 151 total yards and nine first downs, while forcing three turnovers and three sacks. Baltimore running backTerry Allenran for 109 yards and a touchdown, while",
"a touchdown, while quarterbackElvis Grbaccompleted 12 of 18 passes for 133 yards and a touchdown. Throughout the day, the Dolphins were unable to move the ball on the ground. Running backsTravis MinorandLamar Smithwere held to a combined total of 20 yards on 11 carries, while quarterbackJay Fiedlerended up as the leading rusher with 16 yards. In contrast, the Ravens called 50 running plays, gained 222 rushing yards, and held the ball for 38 minutes. The Dolphins' only score wasOlindo Mare's 33-yard field goal just two minutes into the game, after linebackerTommy Hendricksrecovered a fumble from Baltimore'sJermaine Lewison the opening kickoff. In the second quarter, the Ravens finished a 17-play, 90-yard drive with a 4-yard touchdown run from Allen to take a 7–3 lead. Baltimore later had a chance to increase their lead before halftime when linebackerPeter Boulwarerecovered Minor's fumble on the Dolphins 41-yard line, but their ensuing drive ended without points whenMatt Stovermissed a 40-yard field goal",
"40-yard field goal attempt on the last play of the half. Later in the game, Grbac led the Ravens on a 99-yard scoring drive, featuring a 45-yard completion toTravis Tayloron third down and 1. Taylor finished the drive with a 4-yard touchdown catch to give the Ravens a 14–3 lead with 1:20 left in the third quarter. Early in the final quarter, Boulware forced a fumble while sacking Fiedler that Ravens linemanSam Adamsrecovered on the Dolphins 37-yard line, leading to Stover's 35-yard field goal with 11:26 left in the game. The Dolphins responded with a drive to the Ravens 41. On first and 10, Fiedler's 40-yard pass toJames McKnightat the Ravens 5-yard line bounced off the receiver's shoulder and was intercepted by defensive backDuane Starks, who returned the ball 26 yards to the 28-yard line. Baltimore's offense subsequently drove 50 yards and took 6:30 off the clock, including five carries byJason Brookinsfor 36 yards, setting up Stover's second field goal to put the game away. Notes References",
"2008 Miami Dolphins season The2008Miami Dolphinsseasonwas the franchise's 39th season in theNational Football League(NFL), the 43rd overall and the first under new head coachTony Sparano.During the regular season the Dolphins completed the greatest single-season turnaround in NFL history,going from a 1–15 regular season record in 2007 to an 11–5 record in 2008. The previous record for most improved team one year after a 1–15 season belonged to the 1997 New York Jets, who went 9–7. The1999 Indianapolis Coltswere the only other team to accomplish a 10-game turnaround, winning 13 games after winning 3 in1998, which was also the first year of thePeyton Manningera. Additionally, Miami won theAFC East, becoming the first team in NFL history to win their division after only having one win the previous season. The division title also snapped the Patriots' 5-year streak of winning the AFC East. Their season would come to an end in the Wild Card round when they were defeated by theBaltimore Ravens, which",
"Ravens, which coincidentally, was also the only team they beat last season in overtime to save the Dolphins from suffering awinless season. With their 11–5 record and division title, the Dolphins had hopes of achieving their first playoff victory since2000, or to possibly become the first team ever to make the Super Bowl after winning only one game the previous season, similar to how theCarolina Pantherswent 1–15 in2001and madeSuper Bowl XXXVIIIjusttwo seasons later. The 2008 season was the first withBill Parcellsas executive vice president of football operations,Jeff Irelandas general manager,andTony Sparanoashead coach. With a league-worst 1–15 record in 2007,the Dolphins held the first pick in the2008 NFL draftand selectedMichiganoffensive tackleJake Long. The offseason also saw the departure of twoPro Bowlersand long-time Dolphins with the release oflinebackerZach Thomasand trade ofdefensive endJason Taylor. The 2008 season was the last season in which the Miami Dolphins had a winning record and",
"winning record and qualified for the playoffs before the2016team accomplished the feat. This season was also notable for the Dolphins wide-spread use of theWildcat offense. Though previously used by other teams in several other seasons, this package was fully installed by the Dolphins by week 3, and led to an upset win over the defending AFC ChampionNew England Patriots.Until2019, this was the Dolphins' last road win over the Patriots. Additionally, this was the last season that the AFC East was won by a team other than the Patriots until the2020 Buffalo Billssnapped the Patriots' streak of 11 straight AFC East championships. Offseason personnel moves Front office On December 27, 2007, Dolphins ownerWayne Huizengahired former NFL head coach andESPNanalystBill Parcellsas executive vice president of football operations.Parcells signed a four-year deal with the Dolphins less than a day after turning down a similar offer from theAtlanta Falcons. Just a few days after Parcells' hiring, three men were dismissed",
"men were dismissed from the Dolphins' front office.The most notable of which was general managerRandy Mueller, who was hired by the team in 2005.Also dismissed were assistant director of player personnel Mike Baugh and college scouting coordinator Rick Thompson. Three days after Mueller's dismissal, Parcells hiredJeff Irelandas the team's new general manager.Ireland had worked for theDallas Cowboysthe past seven years, including the last three as vice president of college and pro scouting.Ireland had worked with Parcells previously, when the latter was head coach of the Cowboys from 2003 to 2006.Although Ireland was officially given final say on personnel decisions, it was speculated that Parcells was actually in control, and did not hold the title of general manager so that the team may hire a front office executive from another team. On January 15, the Dolphins reeled in another former Cowboys executive when they hiredBrian Gaineas assistant director of player personnel.Gaine had previously spent the past",
"spent the past three seasons as the Cowboys' assistant director of pro scouting, working with both Parcells and Ireland during that time. Following the2008 NFL draft, it was reported on May 1 that the Dolphins had fired scoutsEllis Rainsberger,Jack GlowikandRoger Pollard.The team's vice president of media relations,Harvey Greene, said Rainsberger had retired and did not comment on the other two reported firings. Coaches Head coach Just one day after hiring ofJeff Irelandas general manager, the Dolphins fired head coachCam Cameronafter just one season on the job.Cameron led the Dolphins to an NFL worst 1–15 record in 2007, which was also the worst in franchise history.Additionally, all but two members of the coaching staff were dismissed.The only coaches retained were assistant special teams coachSteve Hoffmanand linebackers coachGeorge Edwards.Both Hoffman and Edwards were coaches for theDallas Cowboysduring Ireland's tenure with the team. A search for Cameron's replacement began almost immediately after his",
"after his firing.Various candidates were rumored, many of which had some connection to Parcells and/or Ireland.Rumored candidates includedCleveland Brownshead coachRomeo Crennel,Dallas CowboysassistantTony Sparano, Cowboys secondary coachTodd Bowles,Arizona Cardinalsrunning backs coachMaurice Carthonand Cardinals offensive coordinatorTodd Haley.Additionally,Baltimore Ravensdefensive coordinatorRex RyanandMinnesota Vikingsdefensive coordinatorLeslie Frazierwere contacted.The Washington Postsuggested thatWashington Redskinsdefensive coordinatorGregg Williamscould be a candidate as well. The first interview scheduled was Sparano, who met with the Dolphins on Saturday, January 11.Sparano had previously met with theAtlanta FalconsandBaltimore Ravensregarding their head coaching vacancies.On January 6, it was reported that Sparano would be offered the Dolphins' head coaching job, and that he would accept.The Dolphins denied the report later that day, saying it was an initial interview only and that the team had",
"that the team had interviews with others planned over the next few days.However, the addition of quarterbacks coachDavid Lee, a former Cowboys assistant, fueled speculation that Sparano was indeed going to the next head coach of the Miami Dolphins. The team then proceeded to interview Frazier, Ryan andTennessee Titansdefensive coordinatorJim Schwartz.After theDallas Cowboyslost to theNew York Giantsin the divisional round of the2007 NFL playoffson January 13,speculation grew that Sparano's hiring was imminent.On January 16, the Dolphins ended their search by naming Sparano the eighth head coach in franchise history.He received a four-year contract believed to be worth between $2.5 and $2.7 million per season. Assistants Parcells and Ireland made their first coaching staff addition on January 7, luringOle Missoffensive coordinatorDavid Leeto bequarterbackscoach.Lee, who briefly followedHouston Nuttto Ole Miss after serving as his offensive coordinator atArkansasin 2007, worked with Parcells and Ireland as the",
"and Ireland as the Cowboys' quarterbacks coach from 2003 to 2006.The addition fueled speculation that Sparano was indeed going to the next head coach of the Miami Dolphins. Two days after hiring Sparano as their head coach, the Dolphins made their second assistant coach hiring. On January 18,Mike Maserwas named the team's new offensive line coach. Maser had previously served in the same capacity for theCarolina Panthersfrom 2003 to 2006, and worked with Sparano when both were assistants for theJacksonville Jaguarsin 2002. Over the next week, the Dolphins filled various positions on Sparano's staff. On January 22, formerKansas City Chiefsrunning backs coachJames Saxonwas hired in the same capacity for the Dolphins.Also hired that day was formerAtlanta Falconsstrength and conditioning coachEvan Marcus, who took the same job with Miami. On January 23, the Dolphins added four more assistant coaches to their staff when they namedPaul Pasqualonias their defensive coordinator,Todd Bowlesas assistant head",
"assistant head coach/secondary,Kacy Rodgersas defensive line coach andDavid Corraoas defensive quality control coach.Pasqualoni, Bowles and Rodgers all came from theDallas Cowboys' staff, while Corrao was most recently linebackers coach at theUniversity of Mississippi. A day later, formerUCLAhead coachKarl Dorrellwas named the team's new wide receivers coach.Five more coaches were added to the staff on January 28 when the Dolphins namedJohn Bonamegoas their special teams coordinator,George DeLeoneas their tight ends coach,David Pulokaas assistant strength and conditioning coach,Jim Reidas outside linebackers coach andSteve Bushas offensive quality control coach. The Dolphins made their final addition to the staff on February 4, hiringDan Henningas offensive coordinator.Henning, who had most recently served as offensive coordinator for theCarolina Panthersfrom 2002 to 2006, had previous worked for the Dolphins underDon Shulaas quarterbacks and wide receivers coach in 1979–1980. Staff When the Dolphins'",
"When the Dolphins' coaching staff was completed with the hiring of offensive coordinatorDan Henningon February 14, only two of the 17 assistant coaches under Sparano (Edwards and Hoffman) were holdovers from the previous season's staff.Three of the new coaches (Bowles, Pasqualoni and Rodgers) had experience with Parcells, Ireland and Sparano in Dallas.The completed staff was as follows: Head coaches Offensive coaches Defensive coaches Special teams coaches Strength and conditioning Roster Moves Departures Re-signings Signings Trades Free agency The Dolphins entered free agency $44 million under that year's $116 million salary cap – the highest in the league at the time.The team cleared between $13–15 million by cutting players leading up to free agency. Free agents UFA:Unrestricted free agent,RFA:Restricted free agent,ERFA:Exclusive-rights free agent 2008 NFL draft Due to their league-worst 1–15 record in 2007,the Dolphins secured the first overall pick in the2008 NFL drafton April 26.The Dolphins used it to",
"Dolphins used it to draftMichiganoffensive tackleJake Long. Including Long, the Dolphins selected the following nine players in the 2008 NFL Draft: Notes Draft day trades On the first day of the draft, the Dolphins traded second-year running backLorenzo Bookerto thePhiladelphia Eaglesin exchange for a fourth-round pick (115th overall) in the2008 NFL draft. On the second day of the draft, the Dolphins acquired theDetroit Lions' third-round pick (66th overall) as well as their sixth-round pick (176th overall) in exchange for the Dolphins' third-round pick (64th overall).The Lions used the pick to select running backKevin Smith,while the Dolphins took defensive endKendall Langfordwith the third-round pick and running backJalen Parmelewith the sixth-rounder. Later on Day 2, the Dolphins traded the fourth-round pick acquired from the Eagles, along with a seventh-round pick (208th overall), to theChicago Bearsin exchange for the 110th overall selection.The Dolphins used this pick to select guardShawn Murphy.The",
"Murphy.The 115th overall pick was eventually dealt by the Bears theTampa Bay Buccaneers, who used it to select defensive tackleDre Moore.The Bears used the seventh-round pick to select defensive endErvin Baldwin. Draft pick signings In the weeks leading up to the draft, the Dolphins began contract negotiations with Jake Long.On April 14,Peter KingofSports Illustratedreported that the Dolphins had given Long a deadline to accept their contract offer (believed to be worth less than2007No. 1 pickJaMarcus Russellreceived from theOakland Raiders); otherwise, they would move on to another prospect.On April 22, the Dolphins officially signed Long to a five-year, $57.75 million contract with $30 million guaranteed, assuring they would take him first overall.On May 19, the Dolphins signed sixth-roundersJalen ParmeleandLex Hilliardand seventh-rounderLionel Dotsonto contacts.On May 23, sixth-round pickDonald Thomaswas signed to a multi-year deal.On July 11, the Dolphins signed third-round pick Kendall Langford to a",
"Langford to a multi-year deal. Undrafted free agents Following the2008 NFL draft, the Dolphins signed 18undrafted free agents. They were: Two failed to survive a week with the team, as the Dolphins released Lane and Reece on May 5.Less than a month after being signed, Robertson decided to retire.On June 9, the Dolphins signed wide receiver John Dunlap (NC State) after he attended a minicamp on a tryout basis. Reserve lists Roster Opening camp roster Running backs Wide receivers Tight ends Defensive linemen Defensive backs Special teams rookies in italics Final preseason roster Running backs Wide receivers Tight ends Defensive linemen Defensive backs Special teams rookies in italics Roster moves July August Final cuts On August 30, the Dolphins made 17 roster moves to reach the NFL's 53-player limit.The players released were: Preseason schedule The Dolphins' 2008 preseason schedule was announced on April 3. Preseason recap After losing their preseason opener to theTampa Bay Buccaneers,the Dolphins won their",
"Dolphins won their final three contests to finish the preseason 3–1. QuarterbackChad Penningtonwas the Dolphins' most efficient passer of the preseason, leading the team in completion percentage (72.0) and passer rating (104.8).Rookie quarterbackChad Henneled the team in passing yards (351) but also in interceptions (2) while matching Pennington in passing touchdowns (1). Running backsRicky WilliamsandJalen Parmeletied for the team lead in rushing yards at 123.Williams, Parmele andRonnie Brownwere the only Dolphins to rush for a touchdown during the preseason, scoring one each.Lex HilliardandPatrick Cobbsfinished fourth and fifth, respectively, on the team in rushing yards. No Dolphins player surpassed 100 receiving yards during the preseason, thoughwide receiverTed Ginn Jr.came closest at 97.He also tied rookieDavone Bessfor the team lead in receptions with eight.Tight endsAnthony FasanoandSean Ryanwere the only Dolphins to catch a touchdown pass. On special teams, rookieplacekickerDan Carpenterconverted",
"Carpenterconverted 7-of-8 field-goal attempts and all six extra-point attempts.PunterBrandon Fieldspunted 21 times for a 44.1-yard average and two touchbacks.Meanwhile, Davone Bess led the team in punt returns (6) but Ted Ginn Jr. was the only Dolphins player to return a kick or punt for a touchdown.Patrick Cobbs led the team in kick return yards with 106. On defense,LinebackersAkin AyodeleandReggie Torbortied for the team lead with 17 tackles,while Ayodele led the team in solo stops with 12.Five others –Yeremiah Bell,Channing Crowder,Renaldo Hill,Nathan Jones,Edmond Miles– also reached double-digits in tackles. Four players –Jason Allen, Renaldo Hill,Michael Lehan,Joey Thomas– recorded an interception during the preseason.The Dolphins also totaled 14 quarterbacks sacks during the preseason.LinebackerRob Ninkovichanddefensive endRandy Starkseach record a team-high two sacks,while ten other players each recorded a sack apiece.Channing Crowder,Junior GlymphandPaul Soliaieach forced a fumble during the",
"a fumble during the preseason. Regular season Schedule The Dolphins' 2008 regular season schedule was released on April 15, 2008. Note:Intra-division opponents are inboldtext. Standings Opening day roster Running backs Wide receivers Tight ends Defensive linemen Defensive backs Special teams Practice squad rookies in italics Final roster Running backs Wide receivers Tight ends Defensive linemen Defensive backs Special teams Practice squad rookies in italics53 active, 7 inactive, 8 practice squad Game summaries Week 1: vs. New York Jets atDolphin Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the loss, the Dolphins began their season 0–1. Week 2: at Arizona Cardinals atUniversity of Phoenix Stadium,Glendale, Arizona First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the loss, the Dolphins fell to 0–2 and have lost their 5th straight game to NFC Opponents. Week 3: at New",
"Week 3: at New England Patriots atGillette Stadium,Foxborough, Massachusetts First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins headed to Foxboro to face the Division rival New England Patriots. Little did New England know that they would be a test for an offensive formation concocted as the Dolphins coaching staff wanted to put running backsRicky WilliamsandRonnie Brownonto the field at the same time. David Lee thus revealed theWildcatto the NFL.Ronnie Brownwould take direct snaps and keep it himself or hand it of to another back. The Dolphins decimated the Patriots all day with the Wildcat offense for a 38–13 victory as they put a dent in the Patriots' 21-game regular season winning streak and went on their bye week at 1–2. This was the last time the Dolphins beat the Patriots on the road until2019. Week 5: vs. San Diego Chargers at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top",
"Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 2–2. Week 6: at Houston Texans atReliant Stadium,Houston, Texas First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the loss, the Dolphins fell to 2–3. Week 7: vs. Baltimore Ravens at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the loss, the Dolphins fell to 2–4. Week 8: vs. Buffalo Bills at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 3–4. Week 9: at Denver Broncos atInvesco Field at Mile High,Denver, Colorado First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 4–4. Week 10: vs. Seattle Seahawks at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter",
"Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 5–4 and snapped their 5-game losing streak to NFC Opponents. Week 11: vs. Oakland Raiders at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 6–4. Week 12: vs. New England Patriots at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers A week after a 400-yard passing game against the Jets,Matt Casselthrew for 415 yards and three touchdowns for New England, whileChad Penningtonthrew for 345 yards and two scores; both quarterbacks also ran in a touchdown. The DolphinsWildcatoffense was limited to 27 yards as the Patriots broke open a tight game in the fourth quarter, winning 48–28. With the loss, the Dolphins dropped to 6–5. Week 13: at St. Louis Rams atEdward Jones Dome,St. Louis, Missouri First",
"Missouri First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 7–5. Week 14: at Buffalo Bills atRogers Centre,Toronto,Ontario First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins sweep the Bills for the season and improve their record to 8–5. Week 15: vs. San Francisco 49ers at Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 9–5 and finished 3–1 against the NFC West. Week 16: at Kansas City Chiefs atArrowhead Stadium,Kansas City, Missouri First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers With the win, the Dolphins improved to 10–5. Week 17: at New York Jets atThe Meadowlands,East Rutherford, New Jersey First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top",
"Top rushers Top receivers The Dolphins clinched theAFC Easttitle as they intercepted Jets quarterbackBrett Favrethree times (Philip Merlingran in a 25-yard touchdown on a Favre pick) whileCharlie AndersonandPatrick Cobbsblocked a Jets punt. The win put the Dolphins into the playoffs for the first time since 2001 as they finished the season with an 11–5 record and locked up the AFC's No. 3 seed. Transactions August September October November December Awards and honors Coaches After leading the Dolphins to an 11–5 record and anAFC Easttitle in his first year as head coach,Tony Sparanowas selected as theNFL Alumni's 2008 Coach of the Year.Sparano was also one of six nominees for the2008 Motorola NFL Coach of the Year Award. Players The Dolphins landed two players – running backRonnie Brownand linebackerJoey Porter– on theAFC'sPro Bowlteam.Porter recorded 17.5 sacks during the 2008 season and was named as a starter on the AFC's squad.In his first career Pro Bowl season, Brown led the Dolphins with 214 carries,",
"with 214 carries, 916 rushing yards and 10 rushing touchdowns.He also ranked fourth on the team with 33 catches and sixth with 254 receiving yards. Additionally, Porter was nominated for the GMC Sierra Defensive Player of the Year Award and was a second-team APAll-Proselection.QuarterbackChad Pennington, guardJustin Smileyand cornerbackWill Allenalso received votes for the All-Pro team but were not selected. However, Pennington did earn theNFL Comeback Player of the Year Awardfor the second time in his career.Pennington led the NFL with a 67.4 completion percentage and was second in the NFL with a 97.4 passer rating.He threw for a career-high 3,653 yards, 19 touchdowns and just seven interceptions. In January 2009, three Dolphins rookies were selected to thePro Football Writers Association's All-Rookie Team.Earning selections were offensive tackleJake Long, defensive endKendall Langfordand placekickerDan Carpenter. The first overall pick in the2008 NFL draft, Long started all 16 games for the Dolphins at",
"for the Dolphins at left tackle.A third-round pick out ofHampton, Langford started 14 of the 16 games in which he played as a rookie and recorded 31 tackles and two sacks.Undrafted out ofMontana, Carpenter went 21-for-25 (84 percent) on field goals and made all 40 extra-point attempts. Playoffs Game summaries AFC Wild Card: vs. Baltimore Ravens atDolphin Stadium,Miami Gardens, Florida First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers Top rushers Top receivers Entering the postseason as the AFC's No. 3 seed, the Dolphins began their playoff run at home in the AFC Wild Card Round, with a Week 7 rematch against the No. 6Baltimore Ravens. Miami would deliver the game's first points with rookie kickerDan Carpenter's 19-yard field goal. The Ravens would later respond with a 23-yard field goal from kickerMatt Stover. Baltimore would take the lead with safetyEd Reedreturning aChad Penningtoninterception 64 yards for a touchdown. The Ravens would then close out the half with Stover's 31-yard field",
"31-yard field goal. Baltimore would increase their lead in the third quarter with running backLe'Ron McClain's 8-yard touchdown run. The Dolphins tried to come back in the fourth quarter as Pennington completed a 2-yard touchdown pass to running backRonnie Brown(with a failed PAT), but the Ravens would pull away as quarterbackJoe Flaccogot a 5-yard touchdown run. With the loss, Miami's impressive turnaround season ended with an overall record of 11–6. Despite having only 16 turnovers throughout the entire regular season, the Dolphins committed 5 turnovers (4 interceptions and a lost fumble). References External links"
] |
By how many years does the inception of the party to which former Finnish MP Lea Rakel Hiltunen last belonged predate the foundation of the Parliament of Finland itself? | 7 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakel_Hiltunen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakel_Hiltunen', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakel_Hiltunen",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland"
] | [
"Rakel Hiltunen Lea Rakel Hiltunen(néeLyytikäinen; born 2 July 1940 inKeitele) is aFinnishsocial worker and politician. She was a member of theParliament of Finlandfrom 1999 to 2015, representing theSocial Democratic Party of Finland(SDP). References This article about aSocial Democratic Party of Finlandpolitician is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Parliament of Finland Opposition(91) TheParliament of Finland(Finnish:Suomen eduskunta;Swedish:Finlands riksdag) is theunicameralandsupremelegislature ofFinland, founded on 9 May 1906.In accordance with theConstitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament.The Parliament consists of 200 members, 199 of whom are elected every four years from 13 multi-member districts electing 6 to 37 members using the proportionalD'Hondt method. In addition, there is one member fromÅland. Legislation may be initiated by either theGovernmentor one of the members of Parliament. The Parliament passes legislation, decides on the state budget, approves international treaties, and supervises the activities of the government. It may bring about the resignation of the Finnish Government, override presidential vetoes, and alter the constitution. To make changes to the constitution, amendments must be approved by two successive parliaments, with an election cycle in between, or passed as an emergency law with a 167/200 majority. Most MPs work in parliamentary groups which correspond withthe political parties. The Parliament currently comprises nine parliamentary groups. Since the establishment of the Parliament in 1905, the parliamentary majority has been held once by a single party: the Social Democrats in the 1916 election. Thus, for the Government to gain a majority in the Parliament,coalition governmentsare favored. These are generally formed by at least two of the three historically major parties: the Social Democrats, Centre, and National Coalition. Ministers are often but not necessarily MPs. The Parliament meets in theParliament House(Finnish:Eduskuntatalo, Swedish:Riksdagshuset), which is located in centralHelsinki. Themost recent parliamentary electiontook place on 2 April 2023. After the 2023 election theOrpo Cabinetwas formed by theNational Coalition,FinnsandSwedish People'sparties as well as theChristian Democrats. Name Finnish The Parliament'sFinnishname iseduskunta, uncapitalized. The word was created in 1906 when the unicameral Parliament was established, with the approximate meaning of an 'Assembly of Representatives'.This word is used mostly to refer to Finland's legislature but can also be used as a general term for legislatures in any country. Swedish InSwedish, the Parliament's name isriksdag, uncapitalized. This is also the general term for theSwedish legislature.Riksdagderives from thegenitiveofrike('realm') referring to theindependent state of Finland, anddag, meaningdietor conference. Before independence, until theConstitution Act of 1919, the Parliament was known, in Swedish, aslantdagen(cognate oflandtag, having the sense of \"subnational assembly\") which was the old term for theDiet of Finland. History The Parliament of Finland was preceded by theDiet of Finland(Swedish:lantdagen; Finnish:maapäivät, modern Finnish:valtiopäivät), which had succeeded theRiksdag of the Estatesin 1809. When the unicameral Parliament of Finland was established by the Parliament Act in 1906, Finland was an autonomousgrand duchy and principalityunder theImperial RussianTsar, who ruled as theGrand Duke, rather than as an absolutemonarch. Universal suffrage and eligibility was implemented, making Finland the second country in the world to adopt universal suffrage.Women could both vote and run for office as equals, and this applied also to landless people, with no excluded minorities. The firstelectionto the Parliament was arranged in 1907. The first Parliament had 19 female representatives, an unprecedented number at the time, which grew to 21 by 1913. The first years of the new Parliament were difficult. Between 1908 and 1916 the power of the Finnish Parliament was almost completely neutralized by the Russian TsarNicholas IIand the so-called \"sabre senate\" of Finland, a bureaucratic government formed byImperial Russian Armyofficers during the second period of \"Russification\". The Parliament was dissolved and new elections were held almost every year. The Finnish Parliament received the true political power for the first time after theFebruary Revolution (First Revolution)of 1917 inRussia.Finland declaredits full independenceon 6 December 1917, and in the winter and spring of 1918 endured acivil warin which the forces of the Senate, known as theWhite Guard, defeated the socialistRed Guard. After the war, monarchists and republicans struggled over the country's form of government. The monarchists seemed to gain a victory when the Parliament elected a German prince asKing of Finlandin the fall of 1918. This decision was made on the basis of the otherNordic countriesalso having monarchs. However, the king-elect abdicated the throne afterImperial Germanywas defeated in World War I, on 11 November 1918. In theparliamentary election of 1919, the republican parties won three-quarters of the seats, extinguishing the monarchists' ambitions. Finland became a republic with a parliamentary system, but in order to appease the monarchist parties, which favoured a strong head of state, extensive powers were granted to thePresident of Finland. When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in theWinter War, in early December 1939 Parliament was evacuated and the legislature temporarily relocated toKauhajoki, a town in western Finland far away from the frontline. The parliament held 34 plenary sessions in Kauhajoki, with the last on 12 February 1940.Another temporary relocation was seen during the renovation of the Parliament House in 2015–2017 when the Parliament convened in the neighbouringSibelius Academy. The Constitution of 1919, which instituted a parliamentary system, did not undergo any major changes for 70 years. Although the government was responsible to the Parliament, the President wielded considerable authority, which was used to its full extent by long-standing PresidentUrho Kekkonen. As the Constitution implemented very strong protections for political minorities, most changes in legislation and state finances could be blocked by a qualified minority of one third. This, in conjunction with the inability of some of the parties to enter into coalition governments, led to weak, short-lived cabinets. During PresidentMauno Koivisto's tenure in the 1980s, cabinets sitting for the whole parliamentary term became the norm. At the same time, the ability of qualified minorities to block legislation was gradually removed and the powers of the Parliament were greatly increased in the constitutional reform of 1991. The revised 2000 draft of theFinnish constitutionremoved almost all domestic powers of the President, strengthening the position of the cabinet and the Parliament. It also included the methods for the discussion of EU legislation under preparation in the Parliament. Dissolutions of Parliament The Parliament of Finland has been dissolved before the end of its term fourteen times during its existence. The most recent instance was on 4 June 1975. Elections The Parliament's 200 representatives are elected directly by ballot on the basis of proportional representation. A standard electoral period is four years. Elections have previously taken two days, but asearly votinghas become more popular, they are now conducted during one day; the third Sunday of April of an election year. Every Finnish citizen who is at least 18 years of age on the election date is entitled to vote in general elections. There is normally no need to register as a voter, and citizens receive an invitation by mail. With certain exceptions, such as military personnel on active duty, high judicial officials, the President of the Republic, and persons under guardianship, any voter may also stand as a candidate for the Parliament. All registered parties are entitled to nominate candidates; individual citizens and independent electoral organizations must be endorsed by a sufficient number of voters through the form ofsupporter cardsto apply. In parliamentary elections, Finland is divided into13 electoral districts. The number of representatives granted to each district is proportional to its population, except forÅland, which always elects one representative. The provincial state offices appoint an election board in each electoral district to prepare lists of candidates and to approve the election results. TheMinistry of Justicehas the ultimate responsibility for holding elections. ThePresident of Finlandcan call for an early election. As per the version ofthe constitutioncurrently in use, the president can do this only upon proposal by the Prime Minister and after consultations with the parliamentary groups while the Parliament is in session. In prior versions of the constitution, the President had the power to do this unilaterally. There is no hard and fast election threshold to get a seat in Parliament. This results in a large number of parties being represented. In 2019, for instance, nine parties won seats, with six winning at least 15 seats. With so many parties and the lack of a threshold, it is nearly impossible for one party to win an outright majority. During the history of the Parliament, only one party has ever won an outright majority–when the Social Democrats won 103 seats in theelection of 1916. Since independence in 1917, no party has ever won the 101 seats needed for a majority. Instead, most Finnish governments have been coalitions formed by three or more parties. Many of them have beengrand coalitionsbetween parties with varying ideological backgrounds, as the socialist and non-socialist blocs usually do not win enough seats between them to govern on their own. The seats for each electoral district are assigned according to theD'Hondt method. Electoral districts were originally based on the historicalläänidivision of 1634, but there have been several subsequent changes. Although there is no set election threshold, many electoral districts have become smaller in terms of population in recent decades, and some now elect as few as six representatives. This makes it harder for small parties to win MPs in these districts. Parliamentary groups MPs work in parliamentary groups (eduskuntaryhmä). The parliamentary groups generally correspond to political parties, although occasionally dissidents can be removed from the party group and form their own. As of September 2019there are nine groups, one of which is a one-man group.A group generally tries to reach a unanimous decision on a common position, but failing to do so may take a vote. This position then defines voting in the parliamentary session proper according toparty discipline.Exceptions to this principle are made on matters on which no party line or government policy exists. Parliamentary groups make their decisions independently of their party leadership, and group leaders of major parties accordingly rank alongside government ministers and party leaders as influential political leaders. Each parliamentary group receives funding for its operations and may have staff of its own. Formation of government ThePresident of Finlandconsults theSpeaker of Parliamentand representatives of parliamentary groups about the formation of a newFinnish Government. According to theConstitution of Finland, the Parliament elects thePrime Minister, who is appointed to office by the President. The Prime Minister is, in practice, the most powerful politician in the country. Other ministers are appointed by the President on the Prime Minister's proposal. While individual ministers are not appointed by the Parliament, they may be individually removed by amotion of no confidence. The government, as a whole, must also have the confidence of the Parliament and must resign on a motion of no confidence. The government hascollective ministerial responsibility. Before the Prime Minister is elected, the parliamentary groups (which correspond to their respectivepolitical parties) negotiate on the government platform and on the composition of the government. On the basis of the outcome of these negotiations, and after having consulted the Speaker of the house and the parliamentary groups, the President informs the Parliament of the nominee for Prime Minister. The parliament votes on the proposal, and if successful, the nominee is elected Prime Minister. Although Finland essentially always has multi-party coalition governments, the process is made smoother byparty discipline: coalition MPs vote together to ensure a majority. Sessions The annual session of parliament generally begins in February and consists of two terms, the first from January to June, the second from September to December. At the start of an annual session, the nation's political leaders and their guests attend a special worship service atHelsinki Cathedralbefore the ceremonies continue at the Parliament House, where the President formally opens the session. On the first day of each annual session, the Parliament selects a speaker and two deputy speakers from its members. This election is chaired by the oldest MP in office. The three members who are elected to serve as speaker and first deputy speaker and second deputy speaker respectively take the following solemn oath before the Parliament; \"I, , affirm that in my office as Speaker I will to the best of my ability defend the rights of the people, Parliament and the government of Finland according to the Constitution.\" During each annual session of Parliament, Finland's delegations to theNordic Counciland theCouncil of Europeare assigned. The Parliament also elects five of its members to the bench of the High Court of Impeachment for the duration of the parliamentary term. Committees The Parliament has 17 committees. Most committees have 17 permanent members, except for the Grand Committee, which has 25; the Finance Committee, which has 21; and the Audit and Intelligence Oversight Committees, which have 11 each. In addition to these permanent members, each of the committees has a number of substitute members. On average, each member of the Parliament is also a member of two committees. Most of the committees are special committees, while the Grand Committee deals with EU affairs, but also has a wider range of tasks. As Finland does not have a constitutional court, the role of the Constitutional Law Committee is to oversee constitutional affairs. The Committee for the Future is also noteworthy, as it does not usually deal with bills, but instead assesses factors relating to future developments and gives statements to other committees on issues relating to the future outlooks of their respective fields of speciality.The newest committee is the Intelligence Oversight Committee which was created in 2019. Proceedings Domestic legislation Most of the bills discussed in the parliament originate within the Council of State. However, any member or group of members may introduce a bill, but usually these will not pass the committee phase. A third way to propose legislation was introduced in 2012: citizens may deliver an initiative for the parliament's consideration, if the initiative gains 50,000 endorsements from eligible voters within a period of six months. When delivered to the parliament, the initiative is dealt with in the same way as any other bill.Any bill introduced will initially be discussed by the members of the Parliament, prior to being sent to the committee to which it belongs. If the bill concerns several areas of legislation, the Grand Committee will first ask the other committees for opinions. If there is any concern about the constitutionality of the bill, the opinion of the Constitutional Committee is demanded. The Constitutional Committee works in non-partisan manner and uses the most distinguished legal scholars as experts. If the committee considers the bill to have unconstitutional elements, the bill must either be passed as a constitutional change or changed to be in concordance with the constitution. In most cases, the latter route is chosen. The bills receive their final form in the parliamentary committees. The committees work behind closed doors but their proceedings are publicized afterwards. Usually the committees hear experts from special interest groups and various authorities after which they formulate the necessary changes to the bill in question. If the committee does not agree, the members in minority may submit their own version of the bill. The committee statement is discussed by the parliament in two consecutive sessions. In the first session, the parliament discusses the bill and prepares its final form. In the first part of handling, a general discussion of the bill is undertaken. After this, the parliament discusses individual points of the bill and chooses between the bill proposed by the committee, minority opinions and the eventual other forms the members submit during the discussion. If the parliament wishes to do so, it may during the general discussion of the first handling submit the bill to the Grand Committee for further formulation. The bill is also always treated by the Grand Committee if the parliament decides to adopt any other form than the final opinion of the committee. The committee then formulates its own version of the bill and submits this to the parliament which then adopts either its former version or the version of the Grand Committee. The committee statements are influential documents in that they often used by the courts as indicative of the legislator's intent. In the second session, the final formulation of the bill is either passed or dismissed. If the bill entails a change in constitution, the second session takes place only after the next election unless the parliament decides to declare the matter to be urgent by a majority of five-sixths. In constitutional matters, the bills are passed by a majority of two-thirds. In other cases, the simple majority of votes given is enough. International treaties requiring changes to legislation are accepted by a simple majority in a single session. Treaties requiring changes to the constitution or changing the borders of Finland require a qualified majority of two-thirds. EU legislation The matters relating to the jurisdiction of the European Union are decided by theCouncil of the European Unionand theEuropean Parliament. However, as changes to European legislation are being prepared, the Parliament participates actively in formulating the government's position on these changes. As the proceedings of the committees are public, European Union matters handled by the Parliament tend to become public after committee meetings. However, the government may ask the Parliament for a secret handling of an EU matter. This can be the case if the government does not want to reveal its position to foreign nations before the beginning of negotiations. European Union legislation under preparation is brought to the Grand Committee by the Finnish government when they have received notice of the proposal from theEuropean Commission. The Grand Committee discusses the matter behind closed doors, and if appropriate, requests opinions from the committees of the Parliament. Both the Grand Committee and the specialized committees hear expert opinions while preparing their opinions. Finally, the Grand Committee formulates its opinion of the proposal. However, in matters concerning theexternal relations of the European Union, the Finnish stance is formulated by the Committee for Foreign and Security Policy, rather than the Grand Committee. The Finnish government is obligated by law to follow the parliamentary opinion when discussing the matter with the European Commission and other member states. The government may change the Finnish stance, but it is required to report such changes to the Parliament immediately. After the European Union has made a legislative decision that is to be implemented by the Parliament, the matter is brought back to the parliament as with usual legislation. At this stage, the Finnish state is committed to passing a bill fulfilling the requirements demanded by the EU, and the Parliament must vote accordingly. Other matters Every member of parliament has the right to ask the government written questions. The questions are answered in writing within 21 days by a minister responsible for the matter and do not cause any further discussion. Furthermore, the parliament has a questioning session from time to time. In these, the members are allowed to ask short verbal questions, which are answered by the responsible ministers and then discussed by the parliament. Any group of twenty members mayinterpellate. The motion ofcensuremay be for the whole government or any particular minister. The motion takes the form of a question that is replied to by the responsible minister. If the parliament decides to approve the motion of censure, the committee responsible for the matter in question formulates the motion, which is then passed by the parliament. The government may decide to make a report to the parliament in any matter. After discussion the parliament may either accept the report or pass a motion of censure. A passed motion of censure will cause the government to fall. Any group of 10 members may raise the question of the legality of the minister's official acts. If such question is raised, the Constitutional Committee will investigate the matter, using all the powers of police. After the final report of the committee, the parliament decides whether to charge the minister in theHigh Court of Impeachment. The criminal investigation of the Constitutional Committee may also be initiated by the Chancellor of Justice, ParliamentaryOmbudsmanor by any parliamentary committee. Similar proceedings may also be initiated against the Chancellor of Justice, Parliamentary Ombudsman or the judges of the supreme courts. The President of Finland may be also the target of a criminal investigation of the Constitutional Committee, but the parliament must accept the indictment by a majority of three-fourths and the charge must betreason,high treasonor acrime against humanity. Members of the Parliament Members of the Parliament are notemployeesand cannot voluntarily resign or belaid off. They can be granted leave or dismissal only with the consent of the Parliament. Members of the Parliament enjoyparliamentary immunity. Without the parliament's approval, members may not be prosecuted for anything they say in session or otherwise do in the course of parliamentary proceedings. MPs may not be prevented from carrying out their work as members of parliament. They may be charged with crimes they have committed in office only if the parliament gives a permission to that end with a majority of five-sixths of given votes. For other crimes, they may be arrested or imprisoned only for crimes which carry a minimum punishment of six months in prison, unless the parliament gives permission to arrest the member. The members receive a monthly taxableremuneration(palkkio) of 7,137 €, which is raised to 7,494 € after four years of service and to 7,993 € after twelve years. It is not legally asalary. In addition, all MPs automatically receive a tax-free compensation of expenses between 987 € and 1,809 € depending on the location of ones home. MPs from districts far from Helsinki can thus receive compensation for a second apartment in Helsinki.MPs may travel for free within the country by train, bus, or plane for purposes related to legislative work. Within theHelsinki metropolitan area, they may freely use taxis.Eduskunta is responsible for its own finances and the Minister of Finance is obliged to include their proposal to the state budget as is regardless of their own opinion. MPs are aided in their work by personal assistants, although there are fewer assistants than MPs and not every MP has one. Assistants are formally employed by the Parliamentary Office, but can be selected and directed by the MP. A member who is elected to theEuropean Parliamentmust choose between the two parliaments because a double mandate is not permissible. On the other hand, the members may have any municipal positions of trust, and it is common for them to have a position in a municipal council. If MPs leave the parliament or die in office, they are replaced by candidates from the same list they were elected from in the previous election, in order of their electoral score (theD'Hondt quotient). Those so selected are from asubstitutelist, the substitutes being named at the same time as the electoral results are announced. Finland does not have aby-electionsystem. The members have an unlimited right to discuss the matters at hand. However, they must behave in a \"solemn and dignified manner\" and refrain from personal insults. If the member breaks against this rule in the session of parliament, they may be interrupted by the speaker. Grave breaches of order may be punished by two weeks' suspension from office by the decision of the Parliament. If a member is convicted of an intentional crime for a term in prison or of an electoral crime to any punishment, the parliament may decide to dismiss the member if two-thirds of the votes given are for dismissal. The median age of MPs was 50 as of 2022, the oldest MP being 76 years (Erkki Tuomioja) and youngest 28 years (Iiris Suomela). 94 women were elected as MPs in the 2019 election (47%), though due to midterm replacements the number of female MPs dropped to 91 (45.5%). 8% of the population is born abroad, however there are only 4 current foreign-born MPs (2%),Bella Forsgrén(born in Ethiopia),Hussein al-Taee(born in Iraq),Suldaan Said Ahmed(born in Somalia) andAki Lindén(born in Denmark). 7% of MPs are Swedish-speakers, slightly higher than their proportion of the population (5.2%). Parliament House Before the construction of the Parliament House, the Parliament met in various different locations. TheDiet of Finland, the predecessor of the Parliament, wastetracameraland did not regularly meet together. TheDiet of Porvoo(1809) met in various buildings in Porvoo, with Borgå gymnasium as the main hall, the noble and burgher estates meeting in the town hall and the peasants' estate in chief judge Orraeus' house. However, the Diet assembled only once and did not reconvene until 1863. In 1863, the Diet began regular meetings again, reconvening in theHouse of Nobility(Ritarikatu 1). This building still stands, but is no longer in governmental use. Whereas nobility continued to meet there, in 1891 a newHouse of the Estateswas inaugurated for the other estates (clergy, burghers and peasants). This building is today owned by the state and occasionally used by theGovernment of Finland. When the modern 200-member Parliament was founded in 1906, they first met in the local voluntary fire brigade house (Keskuskatu 7), because there was not enough space for them in the House of Estates. The fire brigade house was demolished in 1967 and replaced by the Helsinki World Trade Center building. In 1911, the Heimola House, a building designed by Onni Tarjanne, was inaugurated at Yliopistonkatu 5. This building was demolished in 1969 and replaced by a 9-story office building. In 1923 a competition was held to choose a site for a new Parliament House. Arkadianmäki, a hill beside what is nowMannerheimintie, was chosen as the best site. An architectural competition was held in 1924, and it was won by the firm Borg–Sirén–Åberg with their proposal,Oratoribus.Johan Sigfrid Sirén(1889–1961), who was mainly responsible for preparing the proposal, was tasked with designing the Parliament House. The building was constructed 1926–1931 and was officially inaugurated on 7 March 1931.Ever since then, and especially during theWinter WarandContinuation War, it has been the scene of many key moments in the nation's political life. Parliament House was designed in the classic style of the 1920s. The exterior is reddish Kalvola granite. The façade is lined by fourteen columns with Corinthian capitals. The first floor contains the main lobby, the Speaker's reception rooms, the newspaper room, the Information Service, the Documents Office, the messenger centre, the copying room, and the restaurant and separate function rooms. At both ends of the lobby are marble staircases leading up to the fifth floor. The second or main floor is centered around the Chamber. Its galleries have seats for the public, the media and diplomats. Also located on this floor are the Hall of State, the Speaker's Corridor, the Government's Corridor, the cafeteria and adjacent function rooms. The third floor includes facilities for the Information Unit and the media and provides direct access to the press gallery overlooking the Session Hall. The Minutes Office and a number of committee rooms are also located here. The fourth floor is reserved for committees. Its largest rooms are the Grand Committee Room and the Finance Committee Room. The fifth floor contains meeting rooms and offices for the parliamentary groups. Additional offices for the parliamentary groups are located on the sixth floor, along with facilities for the media. Notable later additions to the building include the library annex, completed in 1978, and a separate office block, calledPikkuparlamentti, completed in 2004. The building underwent extensive renovations in the years 2007–2017 as part of the preparation for Finland's centennial independence celebration. Election results 2023 Result of the election held on 2 April 2023: See also References Sources External links",
"Social Democratic Party of Finland TheSocial Democratic Party of Finland(Finnish:Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolueFinnish pronunciation:,SDP, nicknamed:demaritin Finnish;Swedish:Finlands socialdemokratiska parti,SD) is asocial democraticpolitical party in Finland. It is the third largest party in theParliament of Finlandwith a total of 43 seats. Founded in 1899 as theWorkers' Party of Finland(Finnish:Suomen työväenpuolue; Swedish:Finlands arbetarparti), the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party and has a close relationship with theCentral Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions. It is also a member of theParty of European Socialists,Progressive AllianceandSocialist International. Following the resignation ofAntti Rinnein December 2019,Sanna Marinbecame the country's 46thprime minister. The SDP formed a newcoalition governmenton the basis of its predecessor, theRinne Cabinet, in effect continuing its cooperation with theCentre Party,Green League,Left AllianceandSwedish People's Party. Of the nineteen ministerial spots that were decided upon in conjunction, seven of them were designated to the SDP in theMarin Cabinet.In September 2023,Antti Lindtmanwas elected as leader of the party following Marin's resignation after the2023 Finnish parliamentary election. History The party was founded as the Workers' Party of Finland in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July inTurku. At the beginning of the 1900s the party presented demands as well as solutions to thetenant farmerquestion, the managing of employment, improvement ofworkers' rights,freedom of speechand an8-hour work day.In its 1903 second party conference inForssa, the party's name was renamed to the present form: Social Democratic Party of Finland, but theGrand Duchy of Finland's thengovernor-generalNikolay Bobrikovhad outlawed the SDP from using \"social democratic\" in their name before, but this ban was not followed on by the party members when the name was changed. At the same time, the at the time radicalForssa Programmewas agreed upon, which served as the official party platform until 1952. The goals of the programme were as follows: an 8-hour workday, aminimum wage,universal compulsory educationandprohibition. TheForssa Programmeis based on theErfurt Programmeapproved by theSocial Democratic Party of Germanyin 1891 and theSocial Democratic Party of Austria's programme, respectively. Its immediate demands have been fulfilled, but the most significant and currently unfulfilled requirement is the right to vote directly on laws (direct democracy, as opposed torepresentative democracy)The demands on total separation of church and state, abolition ofreligious educationin all schools and the prohibition of alcohol have all since then been abandoned. The SDP was closely associated with theFinnish Trade Union Federation(SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party.The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement untiluniversal suffragewas introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured amajorityin the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the1917 Finnish parliamentary electionafter theRussian Provisional Governmenthad rejected itsValtalaki 1917proposal and disbanded the Finnish government, starting a rebellion with the broader Finnish labour movement that quickly escalated into theFinnish Civil Warin 1918. SDP members declared Finland asocialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces of theWhite Guard. The war resulted in most of the party leaders being killed, imprisoned or left to seek refuge inSoviet Russia.In addition, the process leading to the civil war and the war itself had stripped the party of itspolitical legitimacyand respectability in the eyes of the right-wing majority. However, the political support for the party remained strong. In the1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the party, reorganised byVäinö Tanner, received 80 of the 200 seats of the parliament. In 1918, former exiled SDP members founded theCommunist Party of Finland(SKP) in Moscow. Although the SKP was banned in Finland until 1944, it was represented by front organisations, leading to the support of the Finnish working class being divided between the SDP and the SKP. It became the life's work ofVäinö Tannerto re-establish the SDP as a serious, governing party. The result was a much more patriotic SDP which leaned less to the left and was relatively isolated from itsNordicsister parties, namely theDanish Social Democrats, theNorwegian Labour Partyand theSwedish Social Democratic Party. PresidentPehr Evind Svinhufvud's animosity kept the SDP out of government during his presidency from 1931 to 1937. With the exception of a brief period in 1926, when Tanner formed a minority government, the SDP was excluded from cabinet participation untilKyösti Kalliowas elected President in 1937. DuringWorld War II, the party played a central role in a series of broad coalition cabinets, symbolising national unity forged in response to the threat of theSoviet Unionin theWinter Warof 1939–1940. The SDP was a member of theLabour and Socialist Internationalfrom 1923 to 1940. During the first few months of theContinuation War(1941–1944), the country, the parliament and the cabinet were divided on the question of whether Finland's army should stop at the old border and thereby demonstratively refrain from any attempt of conquests. However, the country's dangerous position called for national unity and the SDP's leadership chose to refrain from any visible protests. This decision is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons behind the post-war division between the main left-wing parties (the SKP and the SDP) and the high percentage of SKP voters in the first elections after the Continuation War. After the war, the SKP was allowed to continue working and the main feature of Finnish political life during the 1944–1949 period was the competition between the SDP and the SKP, both for voters and for the control of the labour unions. During this time, the political field was divided roughly equally between the SDP, the SKP and theAgrarian League, each party commanding some 25% of the vote. In the post-war era, the SDP adopted a line of defending Finnish sovereignty and democracy in line with the Agrarian League and otherbourgeoispolitical parties, finally leading to the expulsion of the SKP from the cabinet in 1948. As a result, the Soviet Union remained more openly critical towards the SDP than the centre-right parties. Because of the SDP'santi-communism, the United StatesCentral Intelligence Agencysupported the party by means of funds laundered through Nordic sister parties or through organisations that bought luxury goods such as coffee abroad, then imported and sold them for a high profit as post-warrationingserved to inflate prices. In the1956 Finnish presidential election, the SDP candidateKarl-August Fagerholmlost by only one electoral vote toUrho Kekkonen. Fagerholm would act as Prime Minister in theFagerholm II Cabinet(1956–1957) and theFagerholm III Cabinet(1958–1959). The latter cabinet was forced to resign due to Soviet pressure, leading to a series of cabinets led by the Agrarian League. In 1958, due to the election ofVäinö Tanneras party chairman, a faction of the SDP resigned and formed theSocial Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders(TPSL) around the former SDP chairmanEmil Skog. The dispute was over several issues, namely whether the party should function as an interest group and whether it should co-operate with the anti-communists and right-wingers or with president Kekkonen, the Agrarian League and the SKP. During the 1960s, the TPSL dwindled, its members returning one by one to the SDP or joining the SKP, with Skog himself returning to the SDP in 1965. In the1970 Finnish parliamentary election, the TPSL failed to gain any seats in parliament. Only in 1966 was the SDP able to satisfy the Soviet Union about its friendly attitude towards it and could thus return to the cabinet. Since then, the SDP has been represented in most Finnish cabinets, often cooperating with thecentrist-agrarianCentre Party (formerly the Agrarian League), but sometimes with theliberal-conservativeNational Coalition Party. The SDP was in opposition from 1991 to 1995, when the main parties in the cabinet were the Centre Party and theNational Coalition Party(NCP). The1995 Finnish parliamentary electionsaw a landslide victory for the SDP, achieving their best results sinceWorld War II. The SDP rose to government from the opposition and leaderPaavo Lipponenheaded two consecutive cabinets from 1995 to 2003. During this time, the party adopted apro-Europeanstance and contributed actively to the Finnish membership in the European Union in 1995 in concert with the cabinet. In the2003 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP won 53 of the 200 seats, ending up a close second to the Centre Party. As a result, Lipponen became theSpeaker of Parliamentand the Centre Party leaderAnneli Jäätteenmäkibecame the newPrime Minister, leading acoalition cabinetthat included the SDP which got eight ministerial posts. After two months in office, Jäätteenmäki resigned due to a scandal relating to theIraq leakand was replaced byMatti Vanhanen, another Centre Party representative, who commanded theVanhanen I Cabinet. In the2007 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained the third-most votes. The chairman of the then-largest Centre Party, Matti Vanhanen, became the Prime Minister and formed acoalition cabinetconsisting of theGreen League, the NCP and theSwedish People's Party of Finland(SPP), leaving the SDP to the opposition. SDP leaderEero Heinäluomadid not immediately resign as party chairman, but he did announce his withdrawal from running for party chairman in the following party conference. He was replaced byJutta Urpilainen. The SDP suffered further losses in the2008 Finnish municipal electionsand the2009 European Parliament election. In the2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP lost three more seats, ending up with 19.1 percent of the vote which corresponded to 42 seats, the party's worst-ever result. However, as the Centre Party lost even more voters, the SDP became the second-largest party in the country after the NCP, receiving only some 1,500 votes more than theFinns Partywhich came in third. After lengthy negotiations, a six-party coalition government, theKatainen Cabinet, was formed with the NCP and the SDP as the two main parties. SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen became the cabinet'sMinister of Finance, with NCP chairmanJyrki Katainenserving as Prime Minister. In the 2014 party conference, Urpilainen was narrowly defeated by her challengerAntti Rinnein a 257 to 243 vote.Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance, passing the seat on to Rinne.In the2015 Finnish parliamentary election, the drop of support continued for the SDP. The party lost eight more seats compared to the 2011 parliamentary election, ending up with 34 seats and 16.5 percent of the vote. With the repeat of the worst-ever result, the SDP dropped to being the fourth largest political party in Finland, receiving 50,110 fewer votes than the NCP, yet 237,000 more votes than the Green League. The SDP was left in the opposition and provided extensive criticism on the actions of theSipilä Cabineton matters such as alcohol policy, cuts to education spending and the so-called active model.On 22 June 2016,Maria Tolppanen, a Finns Party representative, joined the SDP. This increased the SDP's parliamentary seat number to 35. In the2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained 6 seats in comparison to the 2015 parliamentary election and became the largest party in the parliament.Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties,Rinneannounced that he would negotiate forming a government with theCentre Party, theGreen League, theLeft Allianceand theSwedish People's Party.The negotiations were ultimately successful and theRinne Cabinetwas formally inaugurated on 6 June 2019.On 3 December 2019, Rinne resigned as Prime Minister after the Centre Party had expressed a lack of confidence in Rinne for his handling of the events surrounding a postal strike in Finland.He was followed in the position bySanna Marin, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 10 December 2019. Ideology The SDP is a centre-leftsocial-democraticparty. In its 2020 declaration of principles the party's ideals and priorities are:sustainable development,all-encompassing equality,peace,solidarity,freedom,co-operation,a clean and pristine environmenttogether withdemocratic socialism. The SDP also embraceshumanism's values as well as theNordic model's accomplishments. In the 1900s, the party known as theFinnish Workers' Partywas founded on the basis ofsocial issues, class andsocialism. SDP was the only political party in Finland for a long time. In 1907, the SDP was the strongest socialist party in Europe, as evidenced by the qualified majority in theSenate of Finlandin 1917. At the beginning of the 20th century, the party received its main support from groups of thelandless populationand therural population. In 1919, at the SDP's meeting, a split was made with the radical communists, as a result of which they broke away and founded theSSTP. As a result of thecivil warand theOctober Revolution, the workers' movement became even more divided. Up untilRussia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine,the party opposed on joiningNATOand instead preferred to remain in thePartnership for Peace. The SDP is in favour ofqueer rights, the construction ofnuclear power plants, the conservation ofSwedishas one of Finland's twoofficial languagesand the increasing of funding given by the state topublic schoolsand universities.The party is advocating for Finland to become coal-free by 2030.The SDP had advocated for policies preventing foreigners from outside the EU from working in Finland,but has since then softened its positions on immigration and has come to support certain immigration reforms. In its 2023 parliamentaryelection programmeits self-declared goal was the increasing of work-based immigration coming to Finland as a way of responding to the country's labour shortage and lowbirth rate.In 2023, the SDP, along with theNCP, both criticised theFinns Partyfor their lack of willingness to the easing ofwork permitrequirements to foreigners coming from outside the European Union. The party opposed certain economic reforms both in the2011 Finnish parliamentary electionand in the subsequent negotiations about the government programme.The SDP maintains a close relationship with trade unions. The party has opposed social reforms that would reduce the role of earnings-related unemployment benefits. The government pays the benefits to recipients through financial middlemen that are almost exclusively trade unions.The SDP also supports theseparation of church and state. Controversies The SDP's politicians, among several other finnish political parties' members, have received criticism about their connections with the Russians for years by some of the media and academics, for example, SDP politiciansEero Heinäluoma,Paavo Lipponen,Erkki Tuomioja, Antton Rönnholm andTarja Halonenhave all had past connections to Russia. In 2005, according to Halonen, Russia's goals were: \"...democracy, human rights and good governance.\"9 years later, in 2014 afterRussia annexed Crimea, Halonen thought that Russia should not have been punished by sanctions or isolation. SDP's former party secretary Antton Rönnholm has also taken his part. Through hisconsulting firm's servicesoffered toGazprom, he sent an invoice for almost 200,000 euros to them for assisting in theSouth Stream gas pipeline project. More than half of Gazprom is owned by the Russian state, and it is partly used as a geopolitical tool in Europe and the rest of the world. In February 2022, politicianErkki Tuomiojapublished a work with the title \"Finland and NATO – Why Finland should have the opportunity to apply for NATO membership and why that opportunity should not be used now\". In his work Tuomioja estimated that Russia was viewed rather unanalytically. Also in February 2022, when Russia had already been pressuring Ukraine for a long time, the social democraticMEPEero HeinäluomaandMauri Pekkarinenfrom theCentre Partyboth said in a Finnish current affairs television programme that preparing for the Russian threat was part of the problem. According to Heinäluoma, placing defensive armaments in Russia's neighbouring countries was instead a threat to Russia. Paavo Lipponenhas lobbied for and been a consultant for Russia'sNord Streamproject since 2008.That year,Russia went to war against Georgia, which marked the start of Putin's foreign policy's aggresiveness.In a report of theEuropean Parliament'sspecial committeein 2022, former Social Democratic Party and Centre Party prime ministers Lipponen andEsko Ahowere said to be among the European politicians that Russia and China had hijacked to promote their interests.Some current SDP politicians have therefore built their careers by appeasing Russia. However, in 2023, during the premiership of former Social Democratic PartychairSanna Marin, Finland officially joinedNATO. In September 2023, whenAntti Lindtmangot electedchairof the SDP, a scandal broke out due to him in hisadolescent years, posing near four other naked young adults, nude, wearing apointed hatin the style of achristmas elf, covered by abalaclavaand with anairsoft gunin hand. While two others were doing anazi salutein the same picture. Because of this, Lindtman was accused of being a nazi. He responded by stating that the image had been taken during his time in a high school film group by the name of \"Team Paha, English: Team Bad\" in aPikkujouluparty while they were messing around and firmly denied the allegation of being anational socialist. Theparty secretary,Mikkel Näkkäläjärvi's, nomination and subsequent appointment to his role during the SDP's 2023conferenceinJyväskyläwas criticised because of his criminal background. In 2011 he haddriven a car while under the presence of alcohol, and was charged with a 30-daysuspended sentenceand an accompanying fine. Näkkäläjärvi had also broken into a retired old lady'ssummer cottageas a 15-year-old teenager with three others around the same age as him and participated in the killing and burning of a grown-up cat in abonfire. Following this, he was charged with burglary, vandalism andanimal crueltyas a young person. Näkkäläjärvi has apologised for all of his past misdeeds. Voter base The average age of an SDP member is 61.5 years.Over one half of all SDP voters are active members of the workforce. Organization Symbols, logos and posters Party Leaders Prominent members Election results Parliament of Finland Municipal European Parliament Presidential elections Indirect Direct See also Notes References External links"
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"Rakel Hiltunen Lea Rakel Hiltunen(néeLyytikäinen; born 2 July 1940 inKeitele) is aFinnishsocial worker and politician. She was a member of theParliament of Finlandfrom 1999 to 2015, representing theSocial Democratic Party of Finland(SDP). References This article about aSocial Democratic Party of Finlandpolitician is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Parliament of Finland Opposition(91) TheParliament of Finland(Finnish:Suomen eduskunta;Swedish:Finlands riksdag) is theunicameralandsupremelegislature ofFinland, founded on 9 May 1906.In accordance with theConstitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament.The Parliament consists of 200 members, 199 of whom are elected every four years from 13 multi-member districts electing 6 to 37 members using the proportionalD'Hondt method. In addition, there is one member fromÅland. Legislation may be initiated by either theGovernmentor one of the members of Parliament. The Parliament passes legislation, decides on the state budget, approves international treaties, and supervises the activities of the government. It may bring about the resignation of the Finnish Government, override presidential vetoes, and alter the constitution. To make changes to the constitution, amendments must be approved by two successive parliaments, with an election cycle in between, or passed",
"between, or passed as an emergency law with a 167/200 majority. Most MPs work in parliamentary groups which correspond withthe political parties. The Parliament currently comprises nine parliamentary groups. Since the establishment of the Parliament in 1905, the parliamentary majority has been held once by a single party: the Social Democrats in the 1916 election. Thus, for the Government to gain a majority in the Parliament,coalition governmentsare favored. These are generally formed by at least two of the three historically major parties: the Social Democrats, Centre, and National Coalition. Ministers are often but not necessarily MPs. The Parliament meets in theParliament House(Finnish:Eduskuntatalo, Swedish:Riksdagshuset), which is located in centralHelsinki. Themost recent parliamentary electiontook place on 2 April 2023. After the 2023 election theOrpo Cabinetwas formed by theNational Coalition,FinnsandSwedish People'sparties as well as theChristian Democrats. Name Finnish The Parliament'sFinnishname",
"iseduskunta, uncapitalized. The word was created in 1906 when the unicameral Parliament was established, with the approximate meaning of an 'Assembly of Representatives'.This word is used mostly to refer to Finland's legislature but can also be used as a general term for legislatures in any country. Swedish InSwedish, the Parliament's name isriksdag, uncapitalized. This is also the general term for theSwedish legislature.Riksdagderives from thegenitiveofrike('realm') referring to theindependent state of Finland, anddag, meaningdietor conference. Before independence, until theConstitution Act of 1919, the Parliament was known, in Swedish, aslantdagen(cognate oflandtag, having the sense of \"subnational assembly\") which was the old term for theDiet of Finland. History The Parliament of Finland was preceded by theDiet of Finland(Swedish:lantdagen; Finnish:maapäivät, modern Finnish:valtiopäivät), which had succeeded theRiksdag of the Estatesin 1809. When the unicameral Parliament of Finland was established by the",
"established by the Parliament Act in 1906, Finland was an autonomousgrand duchy and principalityunder theImperial RussianTsar, who ruled as theGrand Duke, rather than as an absolutemonarch. Universal suffrage and eligibility was implemented, making Finland the second country in the world to adopt universal suffrage.Women could both vote and run for office as equals, and this applied also to landless people, with no excluded minorities. The firstelectionto the Parliament was arranged in 1907. The first Parliament had 19 female representatives, an unprecedented number at the time, which grew to 21 by 1913. The first years of the new Parliament were difficult. Between 1908 and 1916 the power of the Finnish Parliament was almost completely neutralized by the Russian TsarNicholas IIand the so-called \"sabre senate\" of Finland, a bureaucratic government formed byImperial Russian Armyofficers during the second period of \"Russification\". The Parliament was dissolved and new elections were held almost every year. The",
"every year. The Finnish Parliament received the true political power for the first time after theFebruary Revolution (First Revolution)of 1917 inRussia.Finland declaredits full independenceon 6 December 1917, and in the winter and spring of 1918 endured acivil warin which the forces of the Senate, known as theWhite Guard, defeated the socialistRed Guard. After the war, monarchists and republicans struggled over the country's form of government. The monarchists seemed to gain a victory when the Parliament elected a German prince asKing of Finlandin the fall of 1918. This decision was made on the basis of the otherNordic countriesalso having monarchs. However, the king-elect abdicated the throne afterImperial Germanywas defeated in World War I, on 11 November 1918. In theparliamentary election of 1919, the republican parties won three-quarters of the seats, extinguishing the monarchists' ambitions. Finland became a republic with a parliamentary system, but in order to appease the monarchist parties, which",
"parties, which favoured a strong head of state, extensive powers were granted to thePresident of Finland. When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in theWinter War, in early December 1939 Parliament was evacuated and the legislature temporarily relocated toKauhajoki, a town in western Finland far away from the frontline. The parliament held 34 plenary sessions in Kauhajoki, with the last on 12 February 1940.Another temporary relocation was seen during the renovation of the Parliament House in 2015–2017 when the Parliament convened in the neighbouringSibelius Academy. The Constitution of 1919, which instituted a parliamentary system, did not undergo any major changes for 70 years. Although the government was responsible to the Parliament, the President wielded considerable authority, which was used to its full extent by long-standing PresidentUrho Kekkonen. As the Constitution implemented very strong protections for political minorities, most changes in legislation and state finances could be blocked by a",
"be blocked by a qualified minority of one third. This, in conjunction with the inability of some of the parties to enter into coalition governments, led to weak, short-lived cabinets. During PresidentMauno Koivisto's tenure in the 1980s, cabinets sitting for the whole parliamentary term became the norm. At the same time, the ability of qualified minorities to block legislation was gradually removed and the powers of the Parliament were greatly increased in the constitutional reform of 1991. The revised 2000 draft of theFinnish constitutionremoved almost all domestic powers of the President, strengthening the position of the cabinet and the Parliament. It also included the methods for the discussion of EU legislation under preparation in the Parliament. Dissolutions of Parliament The Parliament of Finland has been dissolved before the end of its term fourteen times during its existence. The most recent instance was on 4 June 1975. Elections The Parliament's 200 representatives are elected directly by ballot",
"directly by ballot on the basis of proportional representation. A standard electoral period is four years. Elections have previously taken two days, but asearly votinghas become more popular, they are now conducted during one day; the third Sunday of April of an election year. Every Finnish citizen who is at least 18 years of age on the election date is entitled to vote in general elections. There is normally no need to register as a voter, and citizens receive an invitation by mail. With certain exceptions, such as military personnel on active duty, high judicial officials, the President of the Republic, and persons under guardianship, any voter may also stand as a candidate for the Parliament. All registered parties are entitled to nominate candidates; individual citizens and independent electoral organizations must be endorsed by a sufficient number of voters through the form ofsupporter cardsto apply. In parliamentary elections, Finland is divided into13 electoral districts. The number of representatives",
"of representatives granted to each district is proportional to its population, except forÅland, which always elects one representative. The provincial state offices appoint an election board in each electoral district to prepare lists of candidates and to approve the election results. TheMinistry of Justicehas the ultimate responsibility for holding elections. ThePresident of Finlandcan call for an early election. As per the version ofthe constitutioncurrently in use, the president can do this only upon proposal by the Prime Minister and after consultations with the parliamentary groups while the Parliament is in session. In prior versions of the constitution, the President had the power to do this unilaterally. There is no hard and fast election threshold to get a seat in Parliament. This results in a large number of parties being represented. In 2019, for instance, nine parties won seats, with six winning at least 15 seats. With so many parties and the lack of a threshold, it is nearly impossible for one",
"impossible for one party to win an outright majority. During the history of the Parliament, only one party has ever won an outright majority–when the Social Democrats won 103 seats in theelection of 1916. Since independence in 1917, no party has ever won the 101 seats needed for a majority. Instead, most Finnish governments have been coalitions formed by three or more parties. Many of them have beengrand coalitionsbetween parties with varying ideological backgrounds, as the socialist and non-socialist blocs usually do not win enough seats between them to govern on their own. The seats for each electoral district are assigned according to theD'Hondt method. Electoral districts were originally based on the historicalläänidivision of 1634, but there have been several subsequent changes. Although there is no set election threshold, many electoral districts have become smaller in terms of population in recent decades, and some now elect as few as six representatives. This makes it harder for small parties to win",
"parties to win MPs in these districts. Parliamentary groups MPs work in parliamentary groups (eduskuntaryhmä). The parliamentary groups generally correspond to political parties, although occasionally dissidents can be removed from the party group and form their own. As of September 2019there are nine groups, one of which is a one-man group.A group generally tries to reach a unanimous decision on a common position, but failing to do so may take a vote. This position then defines voting in the parliamentary session proper according toparty discipline.Exceptions to this principle are made on matters on which no party line or government policy exists. Parliamentary groups make their decisions independently of their party leadership, and group leaders of major parties accordingly rank alongside government ministers and party leaders as influential political leaders. Each parliamentary group receives funding for its operations and may have staff of its own. Formation of government ThePresident of Finlandconsults",
"of Finlandconsults theSpeaker of Parliamentand representatives of parliamentary groups about the formation of a newFinnish Government. According to theConstitution of Finland, the Parliament elects thePrime Minister, who is appointed to office by the President. The Prime Minister is, in practice, the most powerful politician in the country. Other ministers are appointed by the President on the Prime Minister's proposal. While individual ministers are not appointed by the Parliament, they may be individually removed by amotion of no confidence. The government, as a whole, must also have the confidence of the Parliament and must resign on a motion of no confidence. The government hascollective ministerial responsibility. Before the Prime Minister is elected, the parliamentary groups (which correspond to their respectivepolitical parties) negotiate on the government platform and on the composition of the government. On the basis of the outcome of these negotiations, and after having consulted the Speaker of the",
"the Speaker of the house and the parliamentary groups, the President informs the Parliament of the nominee for Prime Minister. The parliament votes on the proposal, and if successful, the nominee is elected Prime Minister. Although Finland essentially always has multi-party coalition governments, the process is made smoother byparty discipline: coalition MPs vote together to ensure a majority. Sessions The annual session of parliament generally begins in February and consists of two terms, the first from January to June, the second from September to December. At the start of an annual session, the nation's political leaders and their guests attend a special worship service atHelsinki Cathedralbefore the ceremonies continue at the Parliament House, where the President formally opens the session. On the first day of each annual session, the Parliament selects a speaker and two deputy speakers from its members. This election is chaired by the oldest MP in office. The three members who are elected to serve as",
"elected to serve as speaker and first deputy speaker and second deputy speaker respectively take the following solemn oath before the Parliament; \"I, , affirm that in my office as Speaker I will to the best of my ability defend the rights of the people, Parliament and the government of Finland according to the Constitution.\" During each annual session of Parliament, Finland's delegations to theNordic Counciland theCouncil of Europeare assigned. The Parliament also elects five of its members to the bench of the High Court of Impeachment for the duration of the parliamentary term. Committees The Parliament has 17 committees. Most committees have 17 permanent members, except for the Grand Committee, which has 25; the Finance Committee, which has 21; and the Audit and Intelligence Oversight Committees, which have 11 each. In addition to these permanent members, each of the committees has a number of substitute members. On average, each member of the Parliament is also a member of two committees. Most of the",
"Most of the committees are special committees, while the Grand Committee deals with EU affairs, but also has a wider range of tasks. As Finland does not have a constitutional court, the role of the Constitutional Law Committee is to oversee constitutional affairs. The Committee for the Future is also noteworthy, as it does not usually deal with bills, but instead assesses factors relating to future developments and gives statements to other committees on issues relating to the future outlooks of their respective fields of speciality.The newest committee is the Intelligence Oversight Committee which was created in 2019. Proceedings Domestic legislation Most of the bills discussed in the parliament originate within the Council of State. However, any member or group of members may introduce a bill, but usually these will not pass the committee phase. A third way to propose legislation was introduced in 2012: citizens may deliver an initiative for the parliament's consideration, if the initiative gains 50,000",
"gains 50,000 endorsements from eligible voters within a period of six months. When delivered to the parliament, the initiative is dealt with in the same way as any other bill.Any bill introduced will initially be discussed by the members of the Parliament, prior to being sent to the committee to which it belongs. If the bill concerns several areas of legislation, the Grand Committee will first ask the other committees for opinions. If there is any concern about the constitutionality of the bill, the opinion of the Constitutional Committee is demanded. The Constitutional Committee works in non-partisan manner and uses the most distinguished legal scholars as experts. If the committee considers the bill to have unconstitutional elements, the bill must either be passed as a constitutional change or changed to be in concordance with the constitution. In most cases, the latter route is chosen. The bills receive their final form in the parliamentary committees. The committees work behind closed doors but their",
"doors but their proceedings are publicized afterwards. Usually the committees hear experts from special interest groups and various authorities after which they formulate the necessary changes to the bill in question. If the committee does not agree, the members in minority may submit their own version of the bill. The committee statement is discussed by the parliament in two consecutive sessions. In the first session, the parliament discusses the bill and prepares its final form. In the first part of handling, a general discussion of the bill is undertaken. After this, the parliament discusses individual points of the bill and chooses between the bill proposed by the committee, minority opinions and the eventual other forms the members submit during the discussion. If the parliament wishes to do so, it may during the general discussion of the first handling submit the bill to the Grand Committee for further formulation. The bill is also always treated by the Grand Committee if the parliament decides to",
"decides to adopt any other form than the final opinion of the committee. The committee then formulates its own version of the bill and submits this to the parliament which then adopts either its former version or the version of the Grand Committee. The committee statements are influential documents in that they often used by the courts as indicative of the legislator's intent. In the second session, the final formulation of the bill is either passed or dismissed. If the bill entails a change in constitution, the second session takes place only after the next election unless the parliament decides to declare the matter to be urgent by a majority of five-sixths. In constitutional matters, the bills are passed by a majority of two-thirds. In other cases, the simple majority of votes given is enough. International treaties requiring changes to legislation are accepted by a simple majority in a single session. Treaties requiring changes to the constitution or changing the borders of Finland require a qualified",
"require a qualified majority of two-thirds. EU legislation The matters relating to the jurisdiction of the European Union are decided by theCouncil of the European Unionand theEuropean Parliament. However, as changes to European legislation are being prepared, the Parliament participates actively in formulating the government's position on these changes. As the proceedings of the committees are public, European Union matters handled by the Parliament tend to become public after committee meetings. However, the government may ask the Parliament for a secret handling of an EU matter. This can be the case if the government does not want to reveal its position to foreign nations before the beginning of negotiations. European Union legislation under preparation is brought to the Grand Committee by the Finnish government when they have received notice of the proposal from theEuropean Commission. The Grand Committee discusses the matter behind closed doors, and if appropriate, requests opinions from the committees",
"from the committees of the Parliament. Both the Grand Committee and the specialized committees hear expert opinions while preparing their opinions. Finally, the Grand Committee formulates its opinion of the proposal. However, in matters concerning theexternal relations of the European Union, the Finnish stance is formulated by the Committee for Foreign and Security Policy, rather than the Grand Committee. The Finnish government is obligated by law to follow the parliamentary opinion when discussing the matter with the European Commission and other member states. The government may change the Finnish stance, but it is required to report such changes to the Parliament immediately. After the European Union has made a legislative decision that is to be implemented by the Parliament, the matter is brought back to the parliament as with usual legislation. At this stage, the Finnish state is committed to passing a bill fulfilling the requirements demanded by the EU, and the Parliament must vote accordingly. Other",
"accordingly. Other matters Every member of parliament has the right to ask the government written questions. The questions are answered in writing within 21 days by a minister responsible for the matter and do not cause any further discussion. Furthermore, the parliament has a questioning session from time to time. In these, the members are allowed to ask short verbal questions, which are answered by the responsible ministers and then discussed by the parliament. Any group of twenty members mayinterpellate. The motion ofcensuremay be for the whole government or any particular minister. The motion takes the form of a question that is replied to by the responsible minister. If the parliament decides to approve the motion of censure, the committee responsible for the matter in question formulates the motion, which is then passed by the parliament. The government may decide to make a report to the parliament in any matter. After discussion the parliament may either accept the report or pass a motion of censure.",
"motion of censure. A passed motion of censure will cause the government to fall. Any group of 10 members may raise the question of the legality of the minister's official acts. If such question is raised, the Constitutional Committee will investigate the matter, using all the powers of police. After the final report of the committee, the parliament decides whether to charge the minister in theHigh Court of Impeachment. The criminal investigation of the Constitutional Committee may also be initiated by the Chancellor of Justice, ParliamentaryOmbudsmanor by any parliamentary committee. Similar proceedings may also be initiated against the Chancellor of Justice, Parliamentary Ombudsman or the judges of the supreme courts. The President of Finland may be also the target of a criminal investigation of the Constitutional Committee, but the parliament must accept the indictment by a majority of three-fourths and the charge must betreason,high treasonor acrime against humanity. Members of the Parliament Members of",
"Members of the Parliament are notemployeesand cannot voluntarily resign or belaid off. They can be granted leave or dismissal only with the consent of the Parliament. Members of the Parliament enjoyparliamentary immunity. Without the parliament's approval, members may not be prosecuted for anything they say in session or otherwise do in the course of parliamentary proceedings. MPs may not be prevented from carrying out their work as members of parliament. They may be charged with crimes they have committed in office only if the parliament gives a permission to that end with a majority of five-sixths of given votes. For other crimes, they may be arrested or imprisoned only for crimes which carry a minimum punishment of six months in prison, unless the parliament gives permission to arrest the member. The members receive a monthly taxableremuneration(palkkio) of 7,137 €, which is raised to 7,494 € after four years of service and to 7,993 € after twelve years. It is not legally asalary. In addition, all MPs",
"addition, all MPs automatically receive a tax-free compensation of expenses between 987 € and 1,809 € depending on the location of ones home. MPs from districts far from Helsinki can thus receive compensation for a second apartment in Helsinki.MPs may travel for free within the country by train, bus, or plane for purposes related to legislative work. Within theHelsinki metropolitan area, they may freely use taxis.Eduskunta is responsible for its own finances and the Minister of Finance is obliged to include their proposal to the state budget as is regardless of their own opinion. MPs are aided in their work by personal assistants, although there are fewer assistants than MPs and not every MP has one. Assistants are formally employed by the Parliamentary Office, but can be selected and directed by the MP. A member who is elected to theEuropean Parliamentmust choose between the two parliaments because a double mandate is not permissible. On the other hand, the members may have any municipal positions of trust,",
"positions of trust, and it is common for them to have a position in a municipal council. If MPs leave the parliament or die in office, they are replaced by candidates from the same list they were elected from in the previous election, in order of their electoral score (theD'Hondt quotient). Those so selected are from asubstitutelist, the substitutes being named at the same time as the electoral results are announced. Finland does not have aby-electionsystem. The members have an unlimited right to discuss the matters at hand. However, they must behave in a \"solemn and dignified manner\" and refrain from personal insults. If the member breaks against this rule in the session of parliament, they may be interrupted by the speaker. Grave breaches of order may be punished by two weeks' suspension from office by the decision of the Parliament. If a member is convicted of an intentional crime for a term in prison or of an electoral crime to any punishment, the parliament may decide to dismiss the member if two-thirds",
"if two-thirds of the votes given are for dismissal. The median age of MPs was 50 as of 2022, the oldest MP being 76 years (Erkki Tuomioja) and youngest 28 years (Iiris Suomela). 94 women were elected as MPs in the 2019 election (47%), though due to midterm replacements the number of female MPs dropped to 91 (45.5%). 8% of the population is born abroad, however there are only 4 current foreign-born MPs (2%),Bella Forsgrén(born in Ethiopia),Hussein al-Taee(born in Iraq),Suldaan Said Ahmed(born in Somalia) andAki Lindén(born in Denmark). 7% of MPs are Swedish-speakers, slightly higher than their proportion of the population (5.2%). Parliament House Before the construction of the Parliament House, the Parliament met in various different locations. TheDiet of Finland, the predecessor of the Parliament, wastetracameraland did not regularly meet together. TheDiet of Porvoo(1809) met in various buildings in Porvoo, with Borgå gymnasium as the main hall, the noble and burgher estates meeting in the town hall and the",
"town hall and the peasants' estate in chief judge Orraeus' house. However, the Diet assembled only once and did not reconvene until 1863. In 1863, the Diet began regular meetings again, reconvening in theHouse of Nobility(Ritarikatu 1). This building still stands, but is no longer in governmental use. Whereas nobility continued to meet there, in 1891 a newHouse of the Estateswas inaugurated for the other estates (clergy, burghers and peasants). This building is today owned by the state and occasionally used by theGovernment of Finland. When the modern 200-member Parliament was founded in 1906, they first met in the local voluntary fire brigade house (Keskuskatu 7), because there was not enough space for them in the House of Estates. The fire brigade house was demolished in 1967 and replaced by the Helsinki World Trade Center building. In 1911, the Heimola House, a building designed by Onni Tarjanne, was inaugurated at Yliopistonkatu 5. This building was demolished in 1969 and replaced by a 9-story office",
"by a 9-story office building. In 1923 a competition was held to choose a site for a new Parliament House. Arkadianmäki, a hill beside what is nowMannerheimintie, was chosen as the best site. An architectural competition was held in 1924, and it was won by the firm Borg–Sirén–Åberg with their proposal,Oratoribus.Johan Sigfrid Sirén(1889–1961), who was mainly responsible for preparing the proposal, was tasked with designing the Parliament House. The building was constructed 1926–1931 and was officially inaugurated on 7 March 1931.Ever since then, and especially during theWinter WarandContinuation War, it has been the scene of many key moments in the nation's political life. Parliament House was designed in the classic style of the 1920s. The exterior is reddish Kalvola granite. The façade is lined by fourteen columns with Corinthian capitals. The first floor contains the main lobby, the Speaker's reception rooms, the newspaper room, the Information Service, the Documents Office, the messenger centre, the",
"centre, the copying room, and the restaurant and separate function rooms. At both ends of the lobby are marble staircases leading up to the fifth floor. The second or main floor is centered around the Chamber. Its galleries have seats for the public, the media and diplomats. Also located on this floor are the Hall of State, the Speaker's Corridor, the Government's Corridor, the cafeteria and adjacent function rooms. The third floor includes facilities for the Information Unit and the media and provides direct access to the press gallery overlooking the Session Hall. The Minutes Office and a number of committee rooms are also located here. The fourth floor is reserved for committees. Its largest rooms are the Grand Committee Room and the Finance Committee Room. The fifth floor contains meeting rooms and offices for the parliamentary groups. Additional offices for the parliamentary groups are located on the sixth floor, along with facilities for the media. Notable later additions to the building include the",
"include the library annex, completed in 1978, and a separate office block, calledPikkuparlamentti, completed in 2004. The building underwent extensive renovations in the years 2007–2017 as part of the preparation for Finland's centennial independence celebration. Election results 2023 Result of the election held on 2 April 2023: See also References Sources External links",
"Social Democratic Party of Finland TheSocial Democratic Party of Finland(Finnish:Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolueFinnish pronunciation:,SDP, nicknamed:demaritin Finnish;Swedish:Finlands socialdemokratiska parti,SD) is asocial democraticpolitical party in Finland. It is the third largest party in theParliament of Finlandwith a total of 43 seats. Founded in 1899 as theWorkers' Party of Finland(Finnish:Suomen työväenpuolue; Swedish:Finlands arbetarparti), the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party and has a close relationship with theCentral Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions. It is also a member of theParty of European Socialists,Progressive AllianceandSocialist International. Following the resignation ofAntti Rinnein December 2019,Sanna Marinbecame the country's 46thprime minister. The SDP formed a newcoalition governmenton the basis of its predecessor, theRinne Cabinet, in effect continuing its cooperation with theCentre Party,Green League,Left AllianceandSwedish People's Party. Of the nineteen",
"Of the nineteen ministerial spots that were decided upon in conjunction, seven of them were designated to the SDP in theMarin Cabinet.In September 2023,Antti Lindtmanwas elected as leader of the party following Marin's resignation after the2023 Finnish parliamentary election. History The party was founded as the Workers' Party of Finland in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July inTurku. At the beginning of the 1900s the party presented demands as well as solutions to thetenant farmerquestion, the managing of employment, improvement ofworkers' rights,freedom of speechand an8-hour work day.In its 1903 second party conference inForssa, the party's name was renamed to the present form: Social Democratic Party of Finland, but theGrand Duchy of Finland's thengovernor-generalNikolay Bobrikovhad outlawed the SDP from using \"social democratic\" in their name before, but this ban was not followed on by the party members when the name was changed. At the same time, the at the time radicalForssa",
"time radicalForssa Programmewas agreed upon, which served as the official party platform until 1952. The goals of the programme were as follows: an 8-hour workday, aminimum wage,universal compulsory educationandprohibition. TheForssa Programmeis based on theErfurt Programmeapproved by theSocial Democratic Party of Germanyin 1891 and theSocial Democratic Party of Austria's programme, respectively. Its immediate demands have been fulfilled, but the most significant and currently unfulfilled requirement is the right to vote directly on laws (direct democracy, as opposed torepresentative democracy)The demands on total separation of church and state, abolition ofreligious educationin all schools and the prohibition of alcohol have all since then been abandoned. The SDP was closely associated with theFinnish Trade Union Federation(SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party.The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement untiluniversal suffragewas introduced in",
"introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured amajorityin the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the1917 Finnish parliamentary electionafter theRussian Provisional Governmenthad rejected itsValtalaki 1917proposal and disbanded the Finnish government, starting a rebellion with the broader Finnish labour movement that quickly escalated into theFinnish Civil Warin 1918. SDP members declared Finland asocialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces of theWhite Guard. The war resulted in most of the party leaders being killed, imprisoned or left to seek refuge inSoviet Russia.In addition, the process leading to the civil war and the war itself had stripped the party of itspolitical legitimacyand respectability in the eyes of the right-wing majority. However, the political support for the party remained strong. In the1919",
"strong. In the1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the party, reorganised byVäinö Tanner, received 80 of the 200 seats of the parliament. In 1918, former exiled SDP members founded theCommunist Party of Finland(SKP) in Moscow. Although the SKP was banned in Finland until 1944, it was represented by front organisations, leading to the support of the Finnish working class being divided between the SDP and the SKP. It became the life's work ofVäinö Tannerto re-establish the SDP as a serious, governing party. The result was a much more patriotic SDP which leaned less to the left and was relatively isolated from itsNordicsister parties, namely theDanish Social Democrats, theNorwegian Labour Partyand theSwedish Social Democratic Party. PresidentPehr Evind Svinhufvud's animosity kept the SDP out of government during his presidency from 1931 to 1937. With the exception of a brief period in 1926, when Tanner formed a minority government, the SDP was excluded from cabinet participation untilKyösti Kalliowas elected",
"Kalliowas elected President in 1937. DuringWorld War II, the party played a central role in a series of broad coalition cabinets, symbolising national unity forged in response to the threat of theSoviet Unionin theWinter Warof 1939–1940. The SDP was a member of theLabour and Socialist Internationalfrom 1923 to 1940. During the first few months of theContinuation War(1941–1944), the country, the parliament and the cabinet were divided on the question of whether Finland's army should stop at the old border and thereby demonstratively refrain from any attempt of conquests. However, the country's dangerous position called for national unity and the SDP's leadership chose to refrain from any visible protests. This decision is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons behind the post-war division between the main left-wing parties (the SKP and the SDP) and the high percentage of SKP voters in the first elections after the Continuation War. After the war, the SKP was allowed to continue working and the main",
"and the main feature of Finnish political life during the 1944–1949 period was the competition between the SDP and the SKP, both for voters and for the control of the labour unions. During this time, the political field was divided roughly equally between the SDP, the SKP and theAgrarian League, each party commanding some 25% of the vote. In the post-war era, the SDP adopted a line of defending Finnish sovereignty and democracy in line with the Agrarian League and otherbourgeoispolitical parties, finally leading to the expulsion of the SKP from the cabinet in 1948. As a result, the Soviet Union remained more openly critical towards the SDP than the centre-right parties. Because of the SDP'santi-communism, the United StatesCentral Intelligence Agencysupported the party by means of funds laundered through Nordic sister parties or through organisations that bought luxury goods such as coffee abroad, then imported and sold them for a high profit as post-warrationingserved to inflate prices. In the1956 Finnish",
"In the1956 Finnish presidential election, the SDP candidateKarl-August Fagerholmlost by only one electoral vote toUrho Kekkonen. Fagerholm would act as Prime Minister in theFagerholm II Cabinet(1956–1957) and theFagerholm III Cabinet(1958–1959). The latter cabinet was forced to resign due to Soviet pressure, leading to a series of cabinets led by the Agrarian League. In 1958, due to the election ofVäinö Tanneras party chairman, a faction of the SDP resigned and formed theSocial Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders(TPSL) around the former SDP chairmanEmil Skog. The dispute was over several issues, namely whether the party should function as an interest group and whether it should co-operate with the anti-communists and right-wingers or with president Kekkonen, the Agrarian League and the SKP. During the 1960s, the TPSL dwindled, its members returning one by one to the SDP or joining the SKP, with Skog himself returning to the SDP in 1965. In the1970 Finnish parliamentary election, the TPSL failed to",
"the TPSL failed to gain any seats in parliament. Only in 1966 was the SDP able to satisfy the Soviet Union about its friendly attitude towards it and could thus return to the cabinet. Since then, the SDP has been represented in most Finnish cabinets, often cooperating with thecentrist-agrarianCentre Party (formerly the Agrarian League), but sometimes with theliberal-conservativeNational Coalition Party. The SDP was in opposition from 1991 to 1995, when the main parties in the cabinet were the Centre Party and theNational Coalition Party(NCP). The1995 Finnish parliamentary electionsaw a landslide victory for the SDP, achieving their best results sinceWorld War II. The SDP rose to government from the opposition and leaderPaavo Lipponenheaded two consecutive cabinets from 1995 to 2003. During this time, the party adopted apro-Europeanstance and contributed actively to the Finnish membership in the European Union in 1995 in concert with the cabinet. In the2003 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP won 53 of",
"the SDP won 53 of the 200 seats, ending up a close second to the Centre Party. As a result, Lipponen became theSpeaker of Parliamentand the Centre Party leaderAnneli Jäätteenmäkibecame the newPrime Minister, leading acoalition cabinetthat included the SDP which got eight ministerial posts. After two months in office, Jäätteenmäki resigned due to a scandal relating to theIraq leakand was replaced byMatti Vanhanen, another Centre Party representative, who commanded theVanhanen I Cabinet. In the2007 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained the third-most votes. The chairman of the then-largest Centre Party, Matti Vanhanen, became the Prime Minister and formed acoalition cabinetconsisting of theGreen League, the NCP and theSwedish People's Party of Finland(SPP), leaving the SDP to the opposition. SDP leaderEero Heinäluomadid not immediately resign as party chairman, but he did announce his withdrawal from running for party chairman in the following party conference. He was replaced byJutta Urpilainen. The",
"Urpilainen. The SDP suffered further losses in the2008 Finnish municipal electionsand the2009 European Parliament election. In the2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP lost three more seats, ending up with 19.1 percent of the vote which corresponded to 42 seats, the party's worst-ever result. However, as the Centre Party lost even more voters, the SDP became the second-largest party in the country after the NCP, receiving only some 1,500 votes more than theFinns Partywhich came in third. After lengthy negotiations, a six-party coalition government, theKatainen Cabinet, was formed with the NCP and the SDP as the two main parties. SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen became the cabinet'sMinister of Finance, with NCP chairmanJyrki Katainenserving as Prime Minister. In the 2014 party conference, Urpilainen was narrowly defeated by her challengerAntti Rinnein a 257 to 243 vote.Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance, passing the seat on to Rinne.In the2015 Finnish parliamentary election, the",
"election, the drop of support continued for the SDP. The party lost eight more seats compared to the 2011 parliamentary election, ending up with 34 seats and 16.5 percent of the vote. With the repeat of the worst-ever result, the SDP dropped to being the fourth largest political party in Finland, receiving 50,110 fewer votes than the NCP, yet 237,000 more votes than the Green League. The SDP was left in the opposition and provided extensive criticism on the actions of theSipilä Cabineton matters such as alcohol policy, cuts to education spending and the so-called active model.On 22 June 2016,Maria Tolppanen, a Finns Party representative, joined the SDP. This increased the SDP's parliamentary seat number to 35. In the2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained 6 seats in comparison to the 2015 parliamentary election and became the largest party in the parliament.Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties,Rinneannounced that he would negotiate forming a government with theCentre Party,",
"theCentre Party, theGreen League, theLeft Allianceand theSwedish People's Party.The negotiations were ultimately successful and theRinne Cabinetwas formally inaugurated on 6 June 2019.On 3 December 2019, Rinne resigned as Prime Minister after the Centre Party had expressed a lack of confidence in Rinne for his handling of the events surrounding a postal strike in Finland.He was followed in the position bySanna Marin, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 10 December 2019. Ideology The SDP is a centre-leftsocial-democraticparty. In its 2020 declaration of principles the party's ideals and priorities are:sustainable development,all-encompassing equality,peace,solidarity,freedom,co-operation,a clean and pristine environmenttogether withdemocratic socialism. The SDP also embraceshumanism's values as well as theNordic model's accomplishments. In the 1900s, the party known as theFinnish Workers' Partywas founded on the basis ofsocial issues, class andsocialism. SDP was the only political party in Finland for a",
"in Finland for a long time. In 1907, the SDP was the strongest socialist party in Europe, as evidenced by the qualified majority in theSenate of Finlandin 1917. At the beginning of the 20th century, the party received its main support from groups of thelandless populationand therural population. In 1919, at the SDP's meeting, a split was made with the radical communists, as a result of which they broke away and founded theSSTP. As a result of thecivil warand theOctober Revolution, the workers' movement became even more divided. Up untilRussia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine,the party opposed on joiningNATOand instead preferred to remain in thePartnership for Peace. The SDP is in favour ofqueer rights, the construction ofnuclear power plants, the conservation ofSwedishas one of Finland's twoofficial languagesand the increasing of funding given by the state topublic schoolsand universities.The party is advocating for Finland to become coal-free by 2030.The SDP had advocated for policies preventing foreigners from",
"foreigners from outside the EU from working in Finland,but has since then softened its positions on immigration and has come to support certain immigration reforms. In its 2023 parliamentaryelection programmeits self-declared goal was the increasing of work-based immigration coming to Finland as a way of responding to the country's labour shortage and lowbirth rate.In 2023, the SDP, along with theNCP, both criticised theFinns Partyfor their lack of willingness to the easing ofwork permitrequirements to foreigners coming from outside the European Union. The party opposed certain economic reforms both in the2011 Finnish parliamentary electionand in the subsequent negotiations about the government programme.The SDP maintains a close relationship with trade unions. The party has opposed social reforms that would reduce the role of earnings-related unemployment benefits. The government pays the benefits to recipients through financial middlemen that are almost exclusively trade unions.The SDP also supports",
"SDP also supports theseparation of church and state. Controversies The SDP's politicians, among several other finnish political parties' members, have received criticism about their connections with the Russians for years by some of the media and academics, for example, SDP politiciansEero Heinäluoma,Paavo Lipponen,Erkki Tuomioja, Antton Rönnholm andTarja Halonenhave all had past connections to Russia. In 2005, according to Halonen, Russia's goals were: \"...democracy, human rights and good governance.\"9 years later, in 2014 afterRussia annexed Crimea, Halonen thought that Russia should not have been punished by sanctions or isolation. SDP's former party secretary Antton Rönnholm has also taken his part. Through hisconsulting firm's servicesoffered toGazprom, he sent an invoice for almost 200,000 euros to them for assisting in theSouth Stream gas pipeline project. More than half of Gazprom is owned by the Russian state, and it is partly used as a geopolitical tool in Europe and the rest of the world. In",
"of the world. In February 2022, politicianErkki Tuomiojapublished a work with the title \"Finland and NATO – Why Finland should have the opportunity to apply for NATO membership and why that opportunity should not be used now\". In his work Tuomioja estimated that Russia was viewed rather unanalytically. Also in February 2022, when Russia had already been pressuring Ukraine for a long time, the social democraticMEPEero HeinäluomaandMauri Pekkarinenfrom theCentre Partyboth said in a Finnish current affairs television programme that preparing for the Russian threat was part of the problem. According to Heinäluoma, placing defensive armaments in Russia's neighbouring countries was instead a threat to Russia. Paavo Lipponenhas lobbied for and been a consultant for Russia'sNord Streamproject since 2008.That year,Russia went to war against Georgia, which marked the start of Putin's foreign policy's aggresiveness.In a report of theEuropean Parliament'sspecial committeein 2022, former Social Democratic Party and",
"Party and Centre Party prime ministers Lipponen andEsko Ahowere said to be among the European politicians that Russia and China had hijacked to promote their interests.Some current SDP politicians have therefore built their careers by appeasing Russia. However, in 2023, during the premiership of former Social Democratic PartychairSanna Marin, Finland officially joinedNATO. In September 2023, whenAntti Lindtmangot electedchairof the SDP, a scandal broke out due to him in hisadolescent years, posing near four other naked young adults, nude, wearing apointed hatin the style of achristmas elf, covered by abalaclavaand with anairsoft gunin hand. While two others were doing anazi salutein the same picture. Because of this, Lindtman was accused of being a nazi. He responded by stating that the image had been taken during his time in a high school film group by the name of \"Team Paha, English: Team Bad\" in aPikkujouluparty while they were messing around and firmly denied the allegation of being anational socialist.",
"socialist. Theparty secretary,Mikkel Näkkäläjärvi's, nomination and subsequent appointment to his role during the SDP's 2023conferenceinJyväskyläwas criticised because of his criminal background. In 2011 he haddriven a car while under the presence of alcohol, and was charged with a 30-daysuspended sentenceand an accompanying fine. Näkkäläjärvi had also broken into a retired old lady'ssummer cottageas a 15-year-old teenager with three others around the same age as him and participated in the killing and burning of a grown-up cat in abonfire. Following this, he was charged with burglary, vandalism andanimal crueltyas a young person. Näkkäläjärvi has apologised for all of his past misdeeds. Voter base The average age of an SDP member is 61.5 years.Over one half of all SDP voters are active members of the workforce. Organization Symbols, logos and posters Party Leaders Prominent members Election results Parliament of Finland Municipal European Parliament Presidential elections Indirect Direct See also Notes",
"See also Notes References External links"
] |
What year did the author of "The Conquest for Bread" write about "Mutual Aid"? Who was the author? | Peter Kropotkin wrote the series of essays "Mutual Aid" in 1902. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution"
] | [
"The Conquest of Bread The Conquest of Bread(French:La Conquête du Pain; Russian:Хлѣбъ и воля,romanized:Khleb i volja, 'Bread and Freedom';Хлеб и воляin contemporary spelling) is an 1892 book by the Russiananarchist communistPeter Kropotkin. Originally written in French, it first appeared as a series of articles in the anarchist journalLe Révolté. It was first published in Paris with a preface byÉlisée Reclus, who also suggested the title. Between 1892 and 1894, it was serialized in part in theLondonjournalFreedom, of which Kropotkin was a co-founder. In the work, Kropotkin identified what he considered to be the defects of theeconomic systemsoffeudalismandcapitalism, and argued that these systems thrive on and maintainpovertyandscarcity. He proceeded to propose a more decentralized economic system based onmutual aidand voluntary cooperation, asserting that the tendencies for this kind of organization already exist, both inevolutionand inhumansociety. TheConquest of Breadhas become aclassicofpoliticalanarchistliterature. It was heavily influential on both theSpanish Civil Warand theOccupy movement. Background In 1886, Kropotkin was released from French prison. Fearful of the anarchist scare that was gripping continental Europe following the assassination ofAlexander IIand wishing to focus more time on composing theory and arguing for his revolutionary ideals, Kropotkin moved to London in the same year.Following the death ofMikhail Bakuninin 1876, anarchists desired a prominent and respected theorist to explain their ideas and—after the splitting of theFirst InternationalbetweenMarxistsand anarchists—Kropotkin wished to formally explain anarchist communism in a way that would clearly differentiate the anarchists from the Marxists, but also help to correct what he saw as flaws in Bakunin's ideology of collectivist anarchism.With this aim, Kropotkin spent a great deal of time in London writing multiple books and pamphlets, in between his international speaking tours to the United States and Canada. It was during this time of rapid literary output that Kropotkin wroteThe Conquest of Bread, which became his most well-known attempt to systematically explain the essential parts of anarchist communism. Kropotkin originally wrote the text in French and published in the French journalLe Révolté,where he served as the primary editor. Following its publication in France, Kropotkin published a serialized version in English in the London anarchist journalFreedom. The book would later be collected and published as a book in France in 1892 and in England in 1906. The publication of the text was a watershed moment in anarchist history, being the first time that a completed and in-depth theoretical work of anarchist communist theory was available to the public.The publication of the text shifted the focus ofanarchismfromindividualist,mutualistandcollectiviststrains tosocialandcommunisttendencies.This shift would prove to be one of the most enduring changes in thehistory of anarchismas anarchism developed throughout the 20th century with Kropotkin andThe Conquest of Breadas firm reference points. Summary Chapters 1–3: The Right to Well-Being Throughout the first three chapters, Kropotkin constructs an argument for the common ownership of all intellectual and useful property due to the collective work that went into creating it. Kropotkin does not argue that the product of a worker's labor should belong to the worker. Instead, Kropotkin asserts that every individual product is essentially the work of everyone since every individual relies on the intellectual and physical labor of those who came before them as well as those who built the world around them. Because of this, Kropotkin proclaims that every human deserves an essential right to well-being because every human contributes to the collective social product: No more of such vague formulae as \"The right to work\", or \"To each the whole result of his labour.\" What we proclaim is the Right to Well-Being; Well-Being for All! Kropotkin further contends that the central obstacle preventing humanity from claiming this right is the state's violent protection of private property. Kropotkin compares this relationship to feudalism, saying that even if the forms have changed, the essential relationship between the propertied and the landless is the same as the relationship between feudal lords and their serfs. Kropotkin calls for the destruction of the state and the expropriation of all property into the commons, where the right to well-being can be achieved for all people. Chapters 4–11: Anarchist Communist Society Throughout the middle of the book, Kropotkin sketches a picture of what he feels an anarchist communist society could look like. He points to the huge levels of production that modern industrial society achieved in terms of food production, clothing production, and housing production, and he uses this as evidence of the feasibility of an anarchist communist society. More than enough of the essentials are produced for all people, Kropotkin argues; if they were only distributed properly, nobody would have any unmet needs. Kropotkin further argues that with the level of production output being so high people should not have to work more than five hours a day and they should be able to reduce that as much as possible, giving them free time for leisure, socialization, and to work on innovations that would reduce their labor. Near the end of this section, Kropotkin discusses luxury items, recognizing that they are a necessity for a good life and affirming that luxury items would still be produced, even if production was taken under the purview of common need. Kropotkin claims that luxury items would be produced on a collective basis by those most interested in their production. He uses an example of a group ofpianistsdedicating time to building luxurypianoswith the help of a group of collectivecarpenters. Kropotkin argues that this system of collective production could produce necessary luxury items—on top of the production of the necessities—for everybody to live a fulfilling life. Chapters 12–17: Objections and Conclusion In the final chapters, Kropotkin lays out what he feels will be prominent objections to his theory as well as his responses to them. He figures that many critics will claim that people are naturally lazy and they would not work without a profit incentive, even if it is only for five hours and for basic necessities. Kropotkin counters by saying that people are willing to work in jobs they enjoy and given the necessary free time to work on their own, with the guarantee of material stability, people will work willingly on collective gardens or in collective garment factories. Near the end of the work, Kropotkin cautions against the state centralization of industry, warning people against moreauthoritarian strands of socialismand claiming that any revolution must guarantee bread and freedom to the workers and revolutionaries. He ends with a long chapter on agriculture, marveling at the many ways in which humans have cultivated and advanced agricultural production, dreaming about the ways that it could be used to feed everybody and guarantee a healthy and happy life for all people. Legacy The Conquest of Breadhas made an impact which exceeds Kropotkin's own lifetime. It has played a prominent role in the anarchist militias of theSpanish Civil Waras well as inspiring anarchist history, theory andpraxisthroughout the 20th century. Due to the problems ofMarxism–Leninismin theSoviet Union, some thinkers came to regard the book asprophetic, with Kropotkin anticipating the many pitfalls andhuman rights abusesthat would occur given the centralization of industry. After the2007–2008 financial crisisand the subsequentOccupy movement, Kropotkin's work took on increased prominence.David Graeber, one of the intellectual leaders of the Occupy movement, cited Kropotkin directly as an inspiration for the world the Occupy protesters were attempting to create.In 2015, David Priestland, writing forThe Guardian, called for a renewed look at Kropotkin andThe Conquest of Breadin the West, given the recentcollapseof theSoviet Unionin 1991 and the globalfinancial crisis of 2007–2008. Sometimes the subject of leftistmemes, it is known as \"The Bread Book\" colloquially.Since 2018, a loose group of left-leaningYouTubecontent creators have collectively been referred to asBreadTube, inspired by the title of the book.The term \"breadpilled\" refers to the act of becoming ananarcho-socialist, alluding to thered pill and blue pillfrom the 1999 filmThe Matrix. See also References External links",
"Peter Kropotkin Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin(9 December 1842– 8 February 1921) was a Russiananarchistandgeographerknown as a proponent ofanarchist communism. Born into anaristocraticland-owning family, Kropotkin attendedPage Corpsand later served as an officer inSiberia, where he participated in several geological expeditions. He was imprisoned for his activism in 1874 and managed to escape two years later. He spent the next 41 years in exile inSwitzerland, France (where he was imprisoned for almost four years) and England. While in exile, he gave lectures and published widely on anarchism and geography.Kropotkin returned to Russia after theRussian Revolutionin 1917, but he was disappointed by theBolshevikstate. Kropotkin was a proponent of adecentralizedcommunist societyfree from central government and based on voluntary associations of self-governing communities and worker-run enterprises. He wrote many books, pamphlets and articles, the most prominent beingThe Conquest of Bread(1892) andFields, Factories, and Workshops(1899), withMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution(1902) being his principal scientific offering. He contributed the article on anarchism to theEncyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Editionand left an unfinished work on anarchist ethical philosophy. Life Early life Kropotkin was born in Moscow on 9 December 1842, in theKonyushennaya(\"Equerries\") district.His father, Alexander, was a typical royal officer who owned serfs in three provinces andwhose familydescended from theGrand Princes of Smolensk.His mother, Ekatarina Sulima, was the daughter of GeneralNikolai Sulimaand a descendant of aZaporozhian Cossacksleader. Peter, the youngest of her four children, was three years old when she died oftuberculosis.Kropotkin's father remarried two years later. This stepmother was indifferent towards the Kropotkin children and had a streak of jealous vindictiveness, going through great lengths to remove the memory of Kropotkin's mother. With his father mostly absent, Kropotkin and his older brother, Alexander, were raised by their German nurse. Kropotkin developed an enduring compassion for the estate's servants and serfs who cared for him and relayed stories of his mother's kindness.He was raised in the family's Moscow mansion and an estate inNikolskoye, Kaluga Oblast, outside Moscow. At the age of eight, Kropotkin attended TsarNicholas I's Royal Ball. Commending the child's costume, the tsar chose Kropotkin for hisPage Corps, an elite school inSt. Petersburgthat combined military and court education and produced the tsar's imperial attendants.Kropotkin joined the Page Corps as a teenager and began a 14-year epistolary relationship with his brother that charts his intellectual and emotional development.By the time of his arrival, Kropotkin had already shown a populist position towardsthe emancipation of serfsand a nature of revolt against his father and the school's hazing.Kropotkin began his first underground revolutionary writings at the school, where he advocated for a Russian constitution.He developed an interest in science, reading, and opera. As a top student, Kropotkin became a sergeant-major in 1861and was thrust into court life, serving as the emperor's personal Page de Chambre.His views of the tsar and court life soured as imperial policy changed over the next year.Privately he was preoccupied with the need to live a societally useful life. Siberia For his tour of service, in 1862 he chose theAmur Cossacksin eastSiberia, an undesirable post that would let him study the technical mathematics of artillery, travel, life in nature and financial independence from his father.He developed a firm worldview of compassion for the poor and contrasted the pride and dignity of the yeoman peasant farmers against the indignities of serfdom.He wrote approvingly of the cultivatedTransbaikaliagovernor-generalBoleslav Kukel, to whom Kropotkin reported.Kukel engaged Kropotkin in prison reform and city self-governance projects that the central government ultimately denied. The exiled poet and political prisonerMikhail Larionovitch Mikhailovintroduced Kropotkin to anarchism by recommending he read an essay byPierre-Joseph Proudhon.Kropotkin's brother came to live with him inIrkutsk. After Kukel's ouster in early 1863, Kropotkin found solace in geographical work.He led a disguised reconnaissance expedition to find a direct route throughManchuriafromChitatoVladivostokthe next year. He explored theEast Siberian Mountainsin the north the year after. The mountain measurements from his 1866Olekminsk-Vitimskexpedition confirmed his Manchurian hypothesis that the Siberian area from theUral Mountainsto thePacific Oceanwas aplateauand not aplain. This discovery of thePatomandVitim Plateauswon him a gold medal from theRussian Geographical Societyand led to the commercialization of theLena gold fields. Arange of mountains in this regionwas later named for him. Kropotkin covered Siberia for St. Petersburg newspapers since his arrival, including the condition of the Polish political exiles who participated in the unsuccessful 1866Baikal Insurrection.Kropotkin secured a promise from the governor-general to suspend the prisoners' death sentences, which was reneged. Disillusioned, Kropotkin and his brother resolved to leave the military. His time in Siberia taught him to appreciate peasant social organization and convinced him that administrative reform was an ineffectual means to improve social conditions. After five years in Siberia, Kropotkin and his brother moved to St. Petersburg, where they continued their schooling and academic work. Kropotkin took a position with the Russianinterior ministrywith no duties. He studied physics, math, and geography at the university.After presenting his Vitim expedition findings, Kropotkin accepted the Russian Geographical Society's part-time offer of its Physical Geography section Secretaryship. Kropotkin translatedHerbert Spencerfor additional income. He continued to develop a theory, which he considered his best scientific contribution, that the East Siberian mountains were part of a large plateau and not independent ridges. Kropotkin participated in an 1870 polar expedition plan that postulated the existence of what was later discovered as theFranz Josef LandArctic archipelago. In early 1871, he was commissioned to study theIce Agein Scandinavian geography, in which Kropotkin developed theories of the glaciation of Europe and theglacial lakesof its northeast.His father died later that year and Kropotkin inherited a wealthy estate inTambov. Kropotkin turned down the Geographical Society's offer of its general secretary position, instead choosing work on his Ice Age data and interest in bettering the lives of peasants. Anarchism While Kropotkin became increasingly revolutionary in his writings, he was not known for activism.He was spurred by the 1871Paris Communeand trial ofSergey Nechayev. He and his brother attended meetings on theFranco-Prussian Warand revolutionism.Likely at the encouragement of a Swiss extended family member and his own desire to see the socialist worker's movement, Kropotkin set out to see Switzerland and Western Europe in February 1872. Over three months, he metMikhail Sazhinin Zurich, worked and fell out withNikolai Utin's Marxist group in Geneva, and was introduced to theJura Federation'sJames GuillaumeandAdhémar Schwitzguébel. The Jura were the main internal opposition to the Marxist-controlledFirst International, as followers ofMikhail Bakunin.Kropotkin was quickly impressed and was instantly converted to anarchism by the group's egalitarianism and independence of expression,but narrowly missed meeting the leading anarchist, Bakunin, while there.Kropotkin visited Belgium's movement before returning to Russia in May with contraband literature. Back in St. Petersburg, Kropotkin joined theChaikovsky Circle, a group of revolutionaries that Kropotkin considered more educational than revolutionary in their activities.Kropotkin believed in the inevitability of social revolution and the need for stateless social organization. His populist revolutionary program for the group focused on urban workers and peasants whereas the group's moderates focused on students. Partially for this reason, he declined to contribute his personal wealth to the group. He viewed professionals as unlikely to forgo their privileges and judged them to not live societally useful lives. His program emphasized federated agrarian communes and a revolutionary party. While he could speak powerfully, Kropotkin was not a successful organizer. Kropotkin's first political memo in November 1873 covered his basic plan for stateless social reconstruction including common property, worker control of factories, shared physical labor towards societal need, and labor vouchers in lieu of money. He emphasized living among commoners and using propaganda to focus mass dissatisfaction. He rejected the Nechayev conspiracy model.Members of the circle began to be arrested in late 1873 and theThird Sectionsecret police came for Kropotkin in March 1874. His arrest for agitation, as a formerpage de chambreand officer, was scandalous.Kropotkin had just filed his Ice Age report and had been recently elected president of the Geographical Society's Physical and Mathematical Department. At the society's request the tsar granted Kropotkin books to finish his glaciation report. Kropotkin was held in thePeter and Paul Fortress.His brother, who had also radicalized as a follower of Lavrov,was also arrested andexiled in Siberia, where he committed suicide about a decade later. Kropotkin was moved to the House of Detention prison military hospital in St. Petersburg for poor health, with the help of his sister. With assistance from friends, he escaped from the minimal-security prison in June 1876. By way of Scandinavia and England, Kropotkin arrived in Switzerland by the end of the year, where he met Italian anarchistsCarlo CafieroandErrico Malatesta. He visited Belgium and Zurich, where he met French geographerÉlisée Reclus, who became a close friend. Exile Kropotkin associated with the Jura Federation and began editing its publication.There he met Ukrainian Jewish studentSophie Kropotkin, and the two were married in 1878.In 1879, he startedLe Révolté, a revolutionary fortnightly, in Geneva that published his personal articulation ofanarchist communism, the idea of distributing work product communally based on need rather than by work.He became the philosophy's most prominent proponent, despite not creating it. The philosophy became part of the Jura program in 1880 at Kropotkin's advocacy.Le Révoltéalso published Kropotkin's best known pamphlet, \"An Appeal to the Young,\" in 1880. Switzerland expelled Kropotkin at Russia's behest after theassassination of Alexander IIin early 1881. He moved toThonon-les-Bains,France, near Geneva, so that his wife could finish her Swiss education. Upon learning that the Holy League, a tsarist group, intended to kill him for his alleged association with the assassination, he moved to London, but could only bear to live there for a year.Upon his return in late 1882, the French arrested him for agitation, partly to appease Russia. He was sentenced to five years inLyons. In early 1883, he was transferred to theClairvaux Prison, where he continued his academic work. A public campaign of intellectuals and French legislators called for his release. Reclus publishedWords of a Rebel, a compilation of Kropotkin'sRévoltéwritings while he was in prison, which became a main source of Kropotkin's thoughts on revolution. As Kropotkin's health worsened fromscurvyandmalaria, France released him in early 1886.He would stay in England through 1917, settling inHarrow, London, apart from brief trips to other European countries. In London in late 1886, he co-foundedFreedom, an anarchist monthly and the first English anarchist periodical, which he continued to support for almost three decades.His first and only child,Alexandra Kropotkin, was born the next year. He published multiple books over the next coming years includingIn Russian and French PrisonsandThe Conquest of Bread.His intellectual circle in London includedWilliam MorrisandW. B. Yeatsas well as old Russian friendsSergey Stepnyak-KravchinskyandNikolai Tchaikovsky. Kropotkin contributed to theGeographical JournalandNature. After 1890, according to biographersGeorge WoodcockandIvan Avakumović, Kropotkin became more of a scholarly recluse and less of a propagandist. His works' revolutionary zeal subsided as he turned to social, ethical, and scientific questions. He joined theBritish Association for the Advancement of Science. He continued to contribute toFreedombut was no longer an editor. Several of Kropotkin's books began as journal articles. His writings on anarchist communist social life were printed in the French successor toLe Révoltéand later revised intoThe Conquest of Breadin 1892. Kropotkin's writings on decentralizing production and industry against the countervailing trend of centralized industrialization were compiled into hisFields, Factories, and Workshopsin 1899.His research throughout the 1890s on the animal instinct for cooperation as a counterpoint toDarwinismbecame a series of articles inNineteenth Centuryand, later, the bookMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which was widely translated. Following a scientific congress inTorontoin 1897, Kropotkin toured Canada. His experience there led him to advise the RussianDoukhoborswho sought to immigrate there. He helped facilitate their emigration in 1899.Kropotkin entered the United States and metJohn Most,Emma Goldman, andBenjamin Tucker. American publishers published hisMemoirs of a RevolutionistandFields, Factories, and Workshopsby the end of the decade.He visited the United States again in 1901 at the invitation of theLowell Instituteto give lectures on Russian literature that were later published.He publishedThe Great French Revolution(1909),The Terror in Russia(1909), andModern Science and Anarchism(1913). His 70th birthday in 1912 had celebratory gatherings in London and Paris. Kropotkin's support for Western entry into World War I, siding with Britain and France, divided the anarchist movement, which had been anti-war, and damaged his esteem as a luminary of socialism. He exacerbated this by insisting, with returning to Russia, that Russians support the war as well. Return to Russia With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Kropotkin returned to Russia in June 1917. He refused the Petrograd Provisional Government's offer of a cabinet seat. In August, he advocated for defending Russia and the revolution at the National State Conference. Kropotkin applied for a residence in Moscow in 1918, which was personally approved by Vladimir Lenin, head of the Soviet government. Months later, finding life in Moscow difficult in his old age, Kropotkin moved with his family to a friend's home in the nearby town of Dmitrov.In 1919, Emma Goldman visited his family there. Kropotkin met with Lenin in Moscow and corresponded by mail to discuss political questions of the day. He advocated forworkers' cooperativesand argued against the Bolsheviks' hostage policy and centralization of authority while simultaneously encouraging Western comrades to stop their governments' military interventions in Russia.Kropotkin ultimately had little impact on the Russian revolution, but his advocacy work for political and anarchist prisoners in Russia and for the Russian revolution, during the last four years of his life replenished some of the goodwill he had lost from his support for Western powers in World War I. Kropotkin died of pneumonia on 8 February 1921.His family refused an offer of astate funeral.With his Moscow funeral, the Bolsheviks permitted the diminished Russian anarchist movement an official, restrained occasion to memorialize their figurehead.It was the last major anarchist demonstration of the period in Russia, as the movement and Kropotkin's writings would be fully suppressed later that year. Philosophy Critique of capitalism Kropotkin critiqued what he considered to be the fallacies of theeconomic systemsoffeudalismandcapitalism. He believed they create poverty andartificial scarcityand promoteprivilege. Alternatively, he proposed a more decentralized economic system based onmutual aidandvoluntary cooperation. He argued that the tendencies for this kind of organization already exist, both in evolution and in human society. Kropotkin disagreed in part with the Marxist critique of capitalism, including thelabor theory of value, believing there was no necessary link between work performed and the values of commodities. His attack on the institution of wage labor was based more on the power employers exerted over employees, and not only on the extraction ofsurplus valuefrom their labor. Kropotkin claimed this power was made possible by the state's protection of private ownership of productive resources.However, Kropotkin believed the possibility of surplus value was itself the problem, holding that a society would still be unjust if the workers of a particular industry kept their surplus to themselves, rather than redistributing it for the common good. Critique of state socialism Kropotkin believed that acommunistsociety could be established only by asocial revolution, which he described as, \"... the taking possession by the people of all social wealth. It is the abolition of all the forces which have so long hampered the development of Humanity\".However, he criticized forms of revolutionary methods (like those proposed byMarxismandBlanquism) that retained the use of state power, arguing that any central authority was incompatible with the dramatic changes needed by a social revolution. Kropotkin believed that the mechanisms of the state were deeply rooted in maintaining the power of one class over another, and thus could not be used toemancipatetheworking class.Instead, Kropotkin insisted that bothprivate propertyand thestateneeded to be abolished together. The economic change which will result from the Social Revolution will be so immense and so profound, it must so change all the relations based today on property and exchange, that it is impossible for one or any individual to elaborate the different social forms, which must spring up in the society of the future. Any authority external to it will only be an obstacle, only a trammel on the organic labor which must be accomplished, and beside that a source of discord and hatred. Kropotkin believed that any post-revolutionarygovernmentwould lack the local knowledge to organize a diverse population. Their vision of society would be limited by their own vindictive, self-serving, or narrow ideals.To ensure order, preserveauthority, and organizeproductionthe state would need to useviolenceandcoercionto suppress further revolution, and control workers. The workers would be reliant on the statebureaucracyto organize them, so they would never develop the initiative to self-organize as they needed.This would lead to the re-creation ofclasses, an oppressed workforce, and eventually another revolution.Thus, Kropotkin wrote that maintaining the state would paralyze any true social revolution, making the idea of a \"revolutionary government\" a contradiction in terms: We know that Revolution and Government are incompatible; one must destroy the other, no matter what name is given to government, whether dictator, royalty, or parliament. We know that what makes the strength and the truth of our party is contained in this fundamental formula — \"Nothing good or durable can be done except by the free initiative of the people, and every government tends to destroy it;\" and so the very best among us, if their ideas had not to pass through the crucible of the popular mind, before being put into execution, and if they should become masters of that formidable machine — the government — and could thus act as they chose, would become in a week fit only for the gallows. We know whither every dictator leads, even the best intentioned, — namely to the death of all revolutionary movement. Rather than a centralized approach, Kropotkin stressed the need for decentralized organization. He believed that dissolving the state would cripple counter-revolution without reverting to authoritarian methods of control, writing, \"In order to conquer, something more than guillotines are required. It is the revolutionary idea, the truly wide revolutionary conception, which reduces its enemies to impotence by paralyzing all the instruments by which they have governed hitherto.\"He believed this was possible only through a widespread \"Boldness of thought, a distinct and wide conception of all that is desired, constructive force arising from the people in proportion as the negation of authority dawns; and finally -- the initiative of all in the work of reconstruction -- this will give to the revolution the Power required to conquer.\" Kropotkin applied this criticism to theBolsheviks' rule following theOctober Revolution. Kropotkin summarized his thoughts in a 1919 letter to the workers of Western Europe, promoting the possibility of revolution, but also warning against the centralized control in Russia, which he believed had condemned them to failure.Kropotkin wrote toLeninin 1920, describing the desperate conditions that he believed to be the result of bureaucratic organization, and urging Lenin to allow for local and decentralized institutions.Following an announcement of executions later that year, Kropotkin sent Lenin another furious letter, admonishing the terror which Kropotkin saw as needlessly destructive. Cooperation and competition In 1902, Kropotkin published his bookMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which gave an alternative view of animal and human survival. At the time, some proponents of \"Social Darwinism\" such asFrancis Galtonproffered a theory of interpersonal competition and natural hierarchy. Instead, Kropotkin argued that \"it was an evolutionary emphasis on cooperation instead of competition in the Darwinian sense that made for the success of species, including the human\".In the last chapter, he wrote: In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense – not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species. The animal species in which individual struggle has been reduced to its narrowest limits and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development are invariably the most numerous, the most prosperous, and the most open to further progress. The mutual protection which is obtained in this case, the possibility of attaining old age and of accumulating experience, the higher intellectual development, and the further growth of sociable habits, secure the maintenance of the species, its extension, and its further progressive evolution. The unsociable species, on the contrary, are doomed to decay. Kropotkin did not deny the presence of competitive urges in humans, but did not consider them the driving force ofhuman history.He believed that seeking out conflict proved to be socially beneficial only in attempts to destroyinjustice, as well asauthoritarianinstitutions such as thestateor theRussian Orthodox Church, which he saw as stifling human creativity and impeding human instinctual drive towardscooperation. Kropotkin claimed that the benefits arising frommutual organizationincentivizes humans more than mutual strife. His hope was that in the long run, mutual organization would drive individuals toproduce.Anarcho-primitivistsandanarcho-communistsbelieve that agift economycan break the cycle ofpoverty. They rely on Kropotkin, who believed that thehunter-gatherershe had visited implemented mutual aid. Mutual aid In his 1892 bookThe Conquest of Bread, Kropotkin proposed a system of economics based on mutual exchanges made in a system of voluntary cooperation. He believed that in a society that is socially, culturally, and industrially developed enough to produce all the goods and services it needs, there would be no obstacle, such as preferential distribution, pricing or monetary exchange, to prevent everyone to take what they need from the social product. He supported the eventual abolition of money or tokens of exchange for goods and services. Kropotkin believed thatMikhail Bakunin'scollectivisteconomic model was just a wage system by a different nameand that such a system would breed the same type of centralization and inequality as a capitalist wage system. He stated that it is impossible to determine the value of an individual's contributions to the products of labor and thought that anyone who was placed in a position of trying to make such determinations would wield authority over those whose wages they determined. According toKirkpatrick Sale, \"ithMutual Aidespecially, and later withFields, Factories, and Workshops, Kropotkin was able to move away from the absurdist limitations ofindividual anarchismand no-laws anarchism that had flourished during this period and provide instead a vision ofcommunal anarchism, following the models of independent cooperative communities he discovered while developing his theory of mutual aid. It was an anarchism that opposed centralized government and state-level laws as traditional anarchism did, but understood that at a certain small scale, communities and communes and co-ops could flourish and provide humans with a rich material life and wide areas of liberty without centralized control.\" Self-sufficiency Kropotkin's focus on local production led to his view that a country should strive forself-sufficiencyby manufacturing its own goods and growing its own food, thus lessening the need to rely on imports. To these ends, he advocatedirrigationandgreenhousesto boost local food production. Personal life There was no cleavage between the man and his world. He spoke and acted in all things as he felt and believed and wrote. Kropotkin was a whole man. Rudolf Rocker Kropotkin marriedSofia, a Ukrainian Jewish student, in Switzerland in October 1878. She was over a decade younger than Kropotkin.Kropotkin references her as a primary source of criticism and feedback. Her published story, \"The Wife of Number 4,237\", was based on her own experience with her husband at Clairvaux prison. She created an archive in Moscow dedicated to his works before her death in 1941.Their only child,Alexandra, was born in London in 1887.Kropotkin was reserved about his private life. As an individual, Kropotkin was known for having exceptional integrity and moral character that matched his beliefs.Henry Hyndman, an ideological adversary, recalled Kropotkin's charm and sincerity. These traits, wrote Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, contributed to Kropotkin's power as a public speaker. As a thinker, Kropotkin focused more acutely on issues of morality than of economics or politics and carried himself by his own principles without imposition on others. In practice, this made him more of a \"revolutionary humanitarian\" than a revolutionist by deed.He was also known for being exceptionally kindand for forgoing material comforts to live a revolutionary, principled life by example.Gerald Runkle wrote that \"Kropotkin with his scholarly and saintly ways ... almost brought respectability to the movement.\" Legacy As the anarchists' leading theorist in his lifetime,Kropotkin wrote their most systematic doctrine in an accessible way;and led the development of anarchist-communist social doctrine. His works, inventive and pragmatic, were the most read anarchist books and pamphlets, with translations into major European and Eastern languages that influenced revolutionaries (e.g.,Nestor MakhnoandEmiliano Zapata) and non-anarchist reformers alike (e.g.,Patrick Geddes,Ebenezer Howard), as well as a wide range of intellectuals (including the writersBa JinandJames Joyce).Much of Kropotkin's impact was in his intellectual writings prior to 1914. He had little influence on the Russian revolution, despite returning for it. Emma Goldman regarded Kropotkin as her \"great teacher\" and as among the greatest minds and personalities of the 19th century. After Kropotkin's 1921 death, the Bolsheviks permitted Kropotkin's Moscow house to become a Kropotkin Museum. This closed in 1938with his wife's death. Kropotkin is the namesake for multiple regional entities.The Konyushennaya district in Moscow, where Kropotkin was born, is now known by his name, as the Kropotkinsky district, including theKropotkinskayametro station.He is the namesake fora large townin theNorth Caucasus(southwest Russia)anda small townin Siberia.TheKropotkin Rangehe was first to cross in the SiberianPatom Highlandswas named for him,as wasa peakinEast Antarctica. Works Books Pamphlets Articles See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading Books on Kropotkin Periodical articles External links",
"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolutionis a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by RussiannaturalistandanarchistphilosopherPeter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodicalThe Nineteenth Centurybetween 1890 and 1896,explore the role of mutually beneficialcooperationandreciprocity(or \"mutual aid\") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories ofsocial Darwinismthat emphasize competition andsurvival of the fittest, and against the romantic depictions by writers such asJean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead, Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with theconscience, has been promoted through natural selection. Mutual Aidis considered a fundamental text inanarchist communism.It presents a scientific basis for communism as an alternative to thehistorical materialismof theMarxists. Kropotkin considers the importance of mutual aid for prosperity and survival in the animal kingdom, in indigenous and early European societies, in the medievalfree cities(especially through theguilds), and in the late 19th century village, labor movement, and impoverished people. He criticizes theStatefor destroying historically important mutual aid institutions, particularly through the imposition ofprivate property. Many biologists(includingStephen Jay Gould, one of the most influential evolutionary biologists of his generation) also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation. Reception Daniel P. Todes, in his account of Russian naturalism in the 19th century, concludes that Kropotkin's work \"cannot be dismissed as the idiosyncratic product of an anarchist dabbling in biology\" and that his views \"were but one expression of a broad current in Russian evolutionary thought that pre-dated, indeed encouraged, his work on the subject and was by no means confined to leftist thinkers.\" Kropotkin emphasizes the distinction between competitive struggle between individual organisms over limited resources and collective struggle between organisms and the environment. He drew from his firsthand observations ofSiberiaandNortheast Asia, where he saw that animal populations were limited not by food sources, which were abundant, but rather by harsh weather. For example, predatory birds may compete by stealing food from one another whilemigratory birdscooperate in order to survive harsh winters by traveling long distances. He did not deny the competitive form of struggle but argued that the cooperative counterpart has been under-emphasized: \"There is an immense amount of warfare and extermination going on amidst various species; there is, at the same time, as much, or perhaps even more, of mutual support, mutual aid, and mutual defense... Sociability is as much a law of nature as mutual struggle.\" As a description of biology, Kropotkin's perspective is consistent with contemporary understanding.Stephen Jay Gouldadmired Kropotkin's observations, noting that cooperation, if it increases individual survival, is not ruled out bynatural selection, and is in fact encouraged.Kropotkin's ideas anticipate the now recognized importance ofmutualism(a beneficial relationship between two different species) andaltruism(when one member of a species aids another) in biology. Examples of altruism in animals includekin selectionandreciprocal altruism. Douglas H. Boucher places Kropotkin's book as a precursor to the development of the biological theory of altruism. Editions See also References External links"
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"The Conquest of Bread The Conquest of Bread(French:La Conquête du Pain; Russian:Хлѣбъ и воля,romanized:Khleb i volja, 'Bread and Freedom';Хлеб и воляin contemporary spelling) is an 1892 book by the Russiananarchist communistPeter Kropotkin. Originally written in French, it first appeared as a series of articles in the anarchist journalLe Révolté. It was first published in Paris with a preface byÉlisée Reclus, who also suggested the title. Between 1892 and 1894, it was serialized in part in theLondonjournalFreedom, of which Kropotkin was a co-founder. In the work, Kropotkin identified what he considered to be the defects of theeconomic systemsoffeudalismandcapitalism, and argued that these systems thrive on and maintainpovertyandscarcity. He proceeded to propose a more decentralized economic system based onmutual aidand voluntary cooperation, asserting that the tendencies for this kind of organization already exist, both inevolutionand inhumansociety. TheConquest of Breadhas become",
"of Breadhas become aclassicofpoliticalanarchistliterature. It was heavily influential on both theSpanish Civil Warand theOccupy movement. Background In 1886, Kropotkin was released from French prison. Fearful of the anarchist scare that was gripping continental Europe following the assassination ofAlexander IIand wishing to focus more time on composing theory and arguing for his revolutionary ideals, Kropotkin moved to London in the same year.Following the death ofMikhail Bakuninin 1876, anarchists desired a prominent and respected theorist to explain their ideas and—after the splitting of theFirst InternationalbetweenMarxistsand anarchists—Kropotkin wished to formally explain anarchist communism in a way that would clearly differentiate the anarchists from the Marxists, but also help to correct what he saw as flaws in Bakunin's ideology of collectivist anarchism.With this aim, Kropotkin spent a great deal of time in London writing multiple books and pamphlets, in between his international speaking tours to",
"speaking tours to the United States and Canada. It was during this time of rapid literary output that Kropotkin wroteThe Conquest of Bread, which became his most well-known attempt to systematically explain the essential parts of anarchist communism. Kropotkin originally wrote the text in French and published in the French journalLe Révolté,where he served as the primary editor. Following its publication in France, Kropotkin published a serialized version in English in the London anarchist journalFreedom. The book would later be collected and published as a book in France in 1892 and in England in 1906. The publication of the text was a watershed moment in anarchist history, being the first time that a completed and in-depth theoretical work of anarchist communist theory was available to the public.The publication of the text shifted the focus ofanarchismfromindividualist,mutualistandcollectiviststrains tosocialandcommunisttendencies.This shift would prove to be one of the most enduring changes in thehistory",
"in thehistory of anarchismas anarchism developed throughout the 20th century with Kropotkin andThe Conquest of Breadas firm reference points. Summary Chapters 1–3: The Right to Well-Being Throughout the first three chapters, Kropotkin constructs an argument for the common ownership of all intellectual and useful property due to the collective work that went into creating it. Kropotkin does not argue that the product of a worker's labor should belong to the worker. Instead, Kropotkin asserts that every individual product is essentially the work of everyone since every individual relies on the intellectual and physical labor of those who came before them as well as those who built the world around them. Because of this, Kropotkin proclaims that every human deserves an essential right to well-being because every human contributes to the collective social product: No more of such vague formulae as \"The right to work\", or \"To each the whole result of his labour.\" What we proclaim is the Right to Well-Being;",
"to Well-Being; Well-Being for All! Kropotkin further contends that the central obstacle preventing humanity from claiming this right is the state's violent protection of private property. Kropotkin compares this relationship to feudalism, saying that even if the forms have changed, the essential relationship between the propertied and the landless is the same as the relationship between feudal lords and their serfs. Kropotkin calls for the destruction of the state and the expropriation of all property into the commons, where the right to well-being can be achieved for all people. Chapters 4–11: Anarchist Communist Society Throughout the middle of the book, Kropotkin sketches a picture of what he feels an anarchist communist society could look like. He points to the huge levels of production that modern industrial society achieved in terms of food production, clothing production, and housing production, and he uses this as evidence of the feasibility of an anarchist communist society. More than enough of the",
"than enough of the essentials are produced for all people, Kropotkin argues; if they were only distributed properly, nobody would have any unmet needs. Kropotkin further argues that with the level of production output being so high people should not have to work more than five hours a day and they should be able to reduce that as much as possible, giving them free time for leisure, socialization, and to work on innovations that would reduce their labor. Near the end of this section, Kropotkin discusses luxury items, recognizing that they are a necessity for a good life and affirming that luxury items would still be produced, even if production was taken under the purview of common need. Kropotkin claims that luxury items would be produced on a collective basis by those most interested in their production. He uses an example of a group ofpianistsdedicating time to building luxurypianoswith the help of a group of collectivecarpenters. Kropotkin argues that this system of collective production could produce",
"could produce necessary luxury items—on top of the production of the necessities—for everybody to live a fulfilling life. Chapters 12–17: Objections and Conclusion In the final chapters, Kropotkin lays out what he feels will be prominent objections to his theory as well as his responses to them. He figures that many critics will claim that people are naturally lazy and they would not work without a profit incentive, even if it is only for five hours and for basic necessities. Kropotkin counters by saying that people are willing to work in jobs they enjoy and given the necessary free time to work on their own, with the guarantee of material stability, people will work willingly on collective gardens or in collective garment factories. Near the end of the work, Kropotkin cautions against the state centralization of industry, warning people against moreauthoritarian strands of socialismand claiming that any revolution must guarantee bread and freedom to the workers and revolutionaries. He ends with a long",
"He ends with a long chapter on agriculture, marveling at the many ways in which humans have cultivated and advanced agricultural production, dreaming about the ways that it could be used to feed everybody and guarantee a healthy and happy life for all people. Legacy The Conquest of Breadhas made an impact which exceeds Kropotkin's own lifetime. It has played a prominent role in the anarchist militias of theSpanish Civil Waras well as inspiring anarchist history, theory andpraxisthroughout the 20th century. Due to the problems ofMarxism–Leninismin theSoviet Union, some thinkers came to regard the book asprophetic, with Kropotkin anticipating the many pitfalls andhuman rights abusesthat would occur given the centralization of industry. After the2007–2008 financial crisisand the subsequentOccupy movement, Kropotkin's work took on increased prominence.David Graeber, one of the intellectual leaders of the Occupy movement, cited Kropotkin directly as an inspiration for the world the Occupy protesters were",
"protesters were attempting to create.In 2015, David Priestland, writing forThe Guardian, called for a renewed look at Kropotkin andThe Conquest of Breadin the West, given the recentcollapseof theSoviet Unionin 1991 and the globalfinancial crisis of 2007–2008. Sometimes the subject of leftistmemes, it is known as \"The Bread Book\" colloquially.Since 2018, a loose group of left-leaningYouTubecontent creators have collectively been referred to asBreadTube, inspired by the title of the book.The term \"breadpilled\" refers to the act of becoming ananarcho-socialist, alluding to thered pill and blue pillfrom the 1999 filmThe Matrix. See also References External links",
"Peter Kropotkin Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin(9 December 1842– 8 February 1921) was a Russiananarchistandgeographerknown as a proponent ofanarchist communism. Born into anaristocraticland-owning family, Kropotkin attendedPage Corpsand later served as an officer inSiberia, where he participated in several geological expeditions. He was imprisoned for his activism in 1874 and managed to escape two years later. He spent the next 41 years in exile inSwitzerland, France (where he was imprisoned for almost four years) and England. While in exile, he gave lectures and published widely on anarchism and geography.Kropotkin returned to Russia after theRussian Revolutionin 1917, but he was disappointed by theBolshevikstate. Kropotkin was a proponent of adecentralizedcommunist societyfree from central government and based on voluntary associations of self-governing communities and worker-run enterprises. He wrote many books, pamphlets and articles, the most prominent beingThe Conquest of Bread(1892) andFields, Factories,",
"Factories, and Workshops(1899), withMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution(1902) being his principal scientific offering. He contributed the article on anarchism to theEncyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Editionand left an unfinished work on anarchist ethical philosophy. Life Early life Kropotkin was born in Moscow on 9 December 1842, in theKonyushennaya(\"Equerries\") district.His father, Alexander, was a typical royal officer who owned serfs in three provinces andwhose familydescended from theGrand Princes of Smolensk.His mother, Ekatarina Sulima, was the daughter of GeneralNikolai Sulimaand a descendant of aZaporozhian Cossacksleader. Peter, the youngest of her four children, was three years old when she died oftuberculosis.Kropotkin's father remarried two years later. This stepmother was indifferent towards the Kropotkin children and had a streak of jealous vindictiveness, going through great lengths to remove the memory of Kropotkin's mother. With his father mostly absent, Kropotkin and his older brother,",
"his older brother, Alexander, were raised by their German nurse. Kropotkin developed an enduring compassion for the estate's servants and serfs who cared for him and relayed stories of his mother's kindness.He was raised in the family's Moscow mansion and an estate inNikolskoye, Kaluga Oblast, outside Moscow. At the age of eight, Kropotkin attended TsarNicholas I's Royal Ball. Commending the child's costume, the tsar chose Kropotkin for hisPage Corps, an elite school inSt. Petersburgthat combined military and court education and produced the tsar's imperial attendants.Kropotkin joined the Page Corps as a teenager and began a 14-year epistolary relationship with his brother that charts his intellectual and emotional development.By the time of his arrival, Kropotkin had already shown a populist position towardsthe emancipation of serfsand a nature of revolt against his father and the school's hazing.Kropotkin began his first underground revolutionary writings at the school, where he advocated for a Russian",
"for a Russian constitution.He developed an interest in science, reading, and opera. As a top student, Kropotkin became a sergeant-major in 1861and was thrust into court life, serving as the emperor's personal Page de Chambre.His views of the tsar and court life soured as imperial policy changed over the next year.Privately he was preoccupied with the need to live a societally useful life. Siberia For his tour of service, in 1862 he chose theAmur Cossacksin eastSiberia, an undesirable post that would let him study the technical mathematics of artillery, travel, life in nature and financial independence from his father.He developed a firm worldview of compassion for the poor and contrasted the pride and dignity of the yeoman peasant farmers against the indignities of serfdom.He wrote approvingly of the cultivatedTransbaikaliagovernor-generalBoleslav Kukel, to whom Kropotkin reported.Kukel engaged Kropotkin in prison reform and city self-governance projects that the central government ultimately denied. The",
"denied. The exiled poet and political prisonerMikhail Larionovitch Mikhailovintroduced Kropotkin to anarchism by recommending he read an essay byPierre-Joseph Proudhon.Kropotkin's brother came to live with him inIrkutsk. After Kukel's ouster in early 1863, Kropotkin found solace in geographical work.He led a disguised reconnaissance expedition to find a direct route throughManchuriafromChitatoVladivostokthe next year. He explored theEast Siberian Mountainsin the north the year after. The mountain measurements from his 1866Olekminsk-Vitimskexpedition confirmed his Manchurian hypothesis that the Siberian area from theUral Mountainsto thePacific Oceanwas aplateauand not aplain. This discovery of thePatomandVitim Plateauswon him a gold medal from theRussian Geographical Societyand led to the commercialization of theLena gold fields. Arange of mountains in this regionwas later named for him. Kropotkin covered Siberia for St. Petersburg newspapers since his arrival, including the condition of the Polish political",
"Polish political exiles who participated in the unsuccessful 1866Baikal Insurrection.Kropotkin secured a promise from the governor-general to suspend the prisoners' death sentences, which was reneged. Disillusioned, Kropotkin and his brother resolved to leave the military. His time in Siberia taught him to appreciate peasant social organization and convinced him that administrative reform was an ineffectual means to improve social conditions. After five years in Siberia, Kropotkin and his brother moved to St. Petersburg, where they continued their schooling and academic work. Kropotkin took a position with the Russianinterior ministrywith no duties. He studied physics, math, and geography at the university.After presenting his Vitim expedition findings, Kropotkin accepted the Russian Geographical Society's part-time offer of its Physical Geography section Secretaryship. Kropotkin translatedHerbert Spencerfor additional income. He continued to develop a theory, which he considered his best scientific",
"his best scientific contribution, that the East Siberian mountains were part of a large plateau and not independent ridges. Kropotkin participated in an 1870 polar expedition plan that postulated the existence of what was later discovered as theFranz Josef LandArctic archipelago. In early 1871, he was commissioned to study theIce Agein Scandinavian geography, in which Kropotkin developed theories of the glaciation of Europe and theglacial lakesof its northeast.His father died later that year and Kropotkin inherited a wealthy estate inTambov. Kropotkin turned down the Geographical Society's offer of its general secretary position, instead choosing work on his Ice Age data and interest in bettering the lives of peasants. Anarchism While Kropotkin became increasingly revolutionary in his writings, he was not known for activism.He was spurred by the 1871Paris Communeand trial ofSergey Nechayev. He and his brother attended meetings on theFranco-Prussian Warand revolutionism.Likely at the encouragement of a Swiss",
"of a Swiss extended family member and his own desire to see the socialist worker's movement, Kropotkin set out to see Switzerland and Western Europe in February 1872. Over three months, he metMikhail Sazhinin Zurich, worked and fell out withNikolai Utin's Marxist group in Geneva, and was introduced to theJura Federation'sJames GuillaumeandAdhémar Schwitzguébel. The Jura were the main internal opposition to the Marxist-controlledFirst International, as followers ofMikhail Bakunin.Kropotkin was quickly impressed and was instantly converted to anarchism by the group's egalitarianism and independence of expression,but narrowly missed meeting the leading anarchist, Bakunin, while there.Kropotkin visited Belgium's movement before returning to Russia in May with contraband literature. Back in St. Petersburg, Kropotkin joined theChaikovsky Circle, a group of revolutionaries that Kropotkin considered more educational than revolutionary in their activities.Kropotkin believed in the inevitability of social revolution",
"social revolution and the need for stateless social organization. His populist revolutionary program for the group focused on urban workers and peasants whereas the group's moderates focused on students. Partially for this reason, he declined to contribute his personal wealth to the group. He viewed professionals as unlikely to forgo their privileges and judged them to not live societally useful lives. His program emphasized federated agrarian communes and a revolutionary party. While he could speak powerfully, Kropotkin was not a successful organizer. Kropotkin's first political memo in November 1873 covered his basic plan for stateless social reconstruction including common property, worker control of factories, shared physical labor towards societal need, and labor vouchers in lieu of money. He emphasized living among commoners and using propaganda to focus mass dissatisfaction. He rejected the Nechayev conspiracy model.Members of the circle began to be arrested in late 1873 and theThird Sectionsecret",
"Sectionsecret police came for Kropotkin in March 1874. His arrest for agitation, as a formerpage de chambreand officer, was scandalous.Kropotkin had just filed his Ice Age report and had been recently elected president of the Geographical Society's Physical and Mathematical Department. At the society's request the tsar granted Kropotkin books to finish his glaciation report. Kropotkin was held in thePeter and Paul Fortress.His brother, who had also radicalized as a follower of Lavrov,was also arrested andexiled in Siberia, where he committed suicide about a decade later. Kropotkin was moved to the House of Detention prison military hospital in St. Petersburg for poor health, with the help of his sister. With assistance from friends, he escaped from the minimal-security prison in June 1876. By way of Scandinavia and England, Kropotkin arrived in Switzerland by the end of the year, where he met Italian anarchistsCarlo CafieroandErrico Malatesta. He visited Belgium and Zurich, where he met French",
"where he met French geographerÉlisée Reclus, who became a close friend. Exile Kropotkin associated with the Jura Federation and began editing its publication.There he met Ukrainian Jewish studentSophie Kropotkin, and the two were married in 1878.In 1879, he startedLe Révolté, a revolutionary fortnightly, in Geneva that published his personal articulation ofanarchist communism, the idea of distributing work product communally based on need rather than by work.He became the philosophy's most prominent proponent, despite not creating it. The philosophy became part of the Jura program in 1880 at Kropotkin's advocacy.Le Révoltéalso published Kropotkin's best known pamphlet, \"An Appeal to the Young,\" in 1880. Switzerland expelled Kropotkin at Russia's behest after theassassination of Alexander IIin early 1881. He moved toThonon-les-Bains,France, near Geneva, so that his wife could finish her Swiss education. Upon learning that the Holy League, a tsarist group, intended to kill him for his alleged association with",
"association with the assassination, he moved to London, but could only bear to live there for a year.Upon his return in late 1882, the French arrested him for agitation, partly to appease Russia. He was sentenced to five years inLyons. In early 1883, he was transferred to theClairvaux Prison, where he continued his academic work. A public campaign of intellectuals and French legislators called for his release. Reclus publishedWords of a Rebel, a compilation of Kropotkin'sRévoltéwritings while he was in prison, which became a main source of Kropotkin's thoughts on revolution. As Kropotkin's health worsened fromscurvyandmalaria, France released him in early 1886.He would stay in England through 1917, settling inHarrow, London, apart from brief trips to other European countries. In London in late 1886, he co-foundedFreedom, an anarchist monthly and the first English anarchist periodical, which he continued to support for almost three decades.His first and only child,Alexandra Kropotkin, was born the next year.",
"born the next year. He published multiple books over the next coming years includingIn Russian and French PrisonsandThe Conquest of Bread.His intellectual circle in London includedWilliam MorrisandW. B. Yeatsas well as old Russian friendsSergey Stepnyak-KravchinskyandNikolai Tchaikovsky. Kropotkin contributed to theGeographical JournalandNature. After 1890, according to biographersGeorge WoodcockandIvan Avakumović, Kropotkin became more of a scholarly recluse and less of a propagandist. His works' revolutionary zeal subsided as he turned to social, ethical, and scientific questions. He joined theBritish Association for the Advancement of Science. He continued to contribute toFreedombut was no longer an editor. Several of Kropotkin's books began as journal articles. His writings on anarchist communist social life were printed in the French successor toLe Révoltéand later revised intoThe Conquest of Breadin 1892. Kropotkin's writings on decentralizing production and industry against the countervailing trend of",
"trend of centralized industrialization were compiled into hisFields, Factories, and Workshopsin 1899.His research throughout the 1890s on the animal instinct for cooperation as a counterpoint toDarwinismbecame a series of articles inNineteenth Centuryand, later, the bookMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which was widely translated. Following a scientific congress inTorontoin 1897, Kropotkin toured Canada. His experience there led him to advise the RussianDoukhoborswho sought to immigrate there. He helped facilitate their emigration in 1899.Kropotkin entered the United States and metJohn Most,Emma Goldman, andBenjamin Tucker. American publishers published hisMemoirs of a RevolutionistandFields, Factories, and Workshopsby the end of the decade.He visited the United States again in 1901 at the invitation of theLowell Instituteto give lectures on Russian literature that were later published.He publishedThe Great French Revolution(1909),The Terror in Russia(1909), andModern Science and Anarchism(1913). His 70th",
"His 70th birthday in 1912 had celebratory gatherings in London and Paris. Kropotkin's support for Western entry into World War I, siding with Britain and France, divided the anarchist movement, which had been anti-war, and damaged his esteem as a luminary of socialism. He exacerbated this by insisting, with returning to Russia, that Russians support the war as well. Return to Russia With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Kropotkin returned to Russia in June 1917. He refused the Petrograd Provisional Government's offer of a cabinet seat. In August, he advocated for defending Russia and the revolution at the National State Conference. Kropotkin applied for a residence in Moscow in 1918, which was personally approved by Vladimir Lenin, head of the Soviet government. Months later, finding life in Moscow difficult in his old age, Kropotkin moved with his family to a friend's home in the nearby town of Dmitrov.In 1919, Emma Goldman visited his family there. Kropotkin met with Lenin in Moscow and corresponded",
"and corresponded by mail to discuss political questions of the day. He advocated forworkers' cooperativesand argued against the Bolsheviks' hostage policy and centralization of authority while simultaneously encouraging Western comrades to stop their governments' military interventions in Russia.Kropotkin ultimately had little impact on the Russian revolution, but his advocacy work for political and anarchist prisoners in Russia and for the Russian revolution, during the last four years of his life replenished some of the goodwill he had lost from his support for Western powers in World War I. Kropotkin died of pneumonia on 8 February 1921.His family refused an offer of astate funeral.With his Moscow funeral, the Bolsheviks permitted the diminished Russian anarchist movement an official, restrained occasion to memorialize their figurehead.It was the last major anarchist demonstration of the period in Russia, as the movement and Kropotkin's writings would be fully suppressed later that year. Philosophy",
"year. Philosophy Critique of capitalism Kropotkin critiqued what he considered to be the fallacies of theeconomic systemsoffeudalismandcapitalism. He believed they create poverty andartificial scarcityand promoteprivilege. Alternatively, he proposed a more decentralized economic system based onmutual aidandvoluntary cooperation. He argued that the tendencies for this kind of organization already exist, both in evolution and in human society. Kropotkin disagreed in part with the Marxist critique of capitalism, including thelabor theory of value, believing there was no necessary link between work performed and the values of commodities. His attack on the institution of wage labor was based more on the power employers exerted over employees, and not only on the extraction ofsurplus valuefrom their labor. Kropotkin claimed this power was made possible by the state's protection of private ownership of productive resources.However, Kropotkin believed the possibility of surplus value was itself the problem, holding",
"problem, holding that a society would still be unjust if the workers of a particular industry kept their surplus to themselves, rather than redistributing it for the common good. Critique of state socialism Kropotkin believed that acommunistsociety could be established only by asocial revolution, which he described as, \"... the taking possession by the people of all social wealth. It is the abolition of all the forces which have so long hampered the development of Humanity\".However, he criticized forms of revolutionary methods (like those proposed byMarxismandBlanquism) that retained the use of state power, arguing that any central authority was incompatible with the dramatic changes needed by a social revolution. Kropotkin believed that the mechanisms of the state were deeply rooted in maintaining the power of one class over another, and thus could not be used toemancipatetheworking class.Instead, Kropotkin insisted that bothprivate propertyand thestateneeded to be abolished together. The economic change",
"The economic change which will result from the Social Revolution will be so immense and so profound, it must so change all the relations based today on property and exchange, that it is impossible for one or any individual to elaborate the different social forms, which must spring up in the society of the future. Any authority external to it will only be an obstacle, only a trammel on the organic labor which must be accomplished, and beside that a source of discord and hatred. Kropotkin believed that any post-revolutionarygovernmentwould lack the local knowledge to organize a diverse population. Their vision of society would be limited by their own vindictive, self-serving, or narrow ideals.To ensure order, preserveauthority, and organizeproductionthe state would need to useviolenceandcoercionto suppress further revolution, and control workers. The workers would be reliant on the statebureaucracyto organize them, so they would never develop the initiative to self-organize as they needed.This would lead to",
"would lead to the re-creation ofclasses, an oppressed workforce, and eventually another revolution.Thus, Kropotkin wrote that maintaining the state would paralyze any true social revolution, making the idea of a \"revolutionary government\" a contradiction in terms: We know that Revolution and Government are incompatible; one must destroy the other, no matter what name is given to government, whether dictator, royalty, or parliament. We know that what makes the strength and the truth of our party is contained in this fundamental formula — \"Nothing good or durable can be done except by the free initiative of the people, and every government tends to destroy it;\" and so the very best among us, if their ideas had not to pass through the crucible of the popular mind, before being put into execution, and if they should become masters of that formidable machine — the government — and could thus act as they chose, would become in a week fit only for the gallows. We know whither every dictator leads, even the best",
"even the best intentioned, — namely to the death of all revolutionary movement. Rather than a centralized approach, Kropotkin stressed the need for decentralized organization. He believed that dissolving the state would cripple counter-revolution without reverting to authoritarian methods of control, writing, \"In order to conquer, something more than guillotines are required. It is the revolutionary idea, the truly wide revolutionary conception, which reduces its enemies to impotence by paralyzing all the instruments by which they have governed hitherto.\"He believed this was possible only through a widespread \"Boldness of thought, a distinct and wide conception of all that is desired, constructive force arising from the people in proportion as the negation of authority dawns; and finally -- the initiative of all in the work of reconstruction -- this will give to the revolution the Power required to conquer.\" Kropotkin applied this criticism to theBolsheviks' rule following theOctober Revolution. Kropotkin",
"Kropotkin summarized his thoughts in a 1919 letter to the workers of Western Europe, promoting the possibility of revolution, but also warning against the centralized control in Russia, which he believed had condemned them to failure.Kropotkin wrote toLeninin 1920, describing the desperate conditions that he believed to be the result of bureaucratic organization, and urging Lenin to allow for local and decentralized institutions.Following an announcement of executions later that year, Kropotkin sent Lenin another furious letter, admonishing the terror which Kropotkin saw as needlessly destructive. Cooperation and competition In 1902, Kropotkin published his bookMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which gave an alternative view of animal and human survival. At the time, some proponents of \"Social Darwinism\" such asFrancis Galtonproffered a theory of interpersonal competition and natural hierarchy. Instead, Kropotkin argued that \"it was an evolutionary emphasis on cooperation instead of competition in the",
"competition in the Darwinian sense that made for the success of species, including the human\".In the last chapter, he wrote: In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense – not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species. The animal species in which individual struggle has been reduced to its narrowest limits and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development are invariably the most numerous, the most prosperous, and the most open to further progress. The mutual protection which is obtained in this case, the possibility of attaining old age and of accumulating experience, the higher intellectual development, and the further growth of sociable habits, secure the maintenance of the species, its extension, and its further progressive evolution. The",
"evolution. The unsociable species, on the contrary, are doomed to decay. Kropotkin did not deny the presence of competitive urges in humans, but did not consider them the driving force ofhuman history.He believed that seeking out conflict proved to be socially beneficial only in attempts to destroyinjustice, as well asauthoritarianinstitutions such as thestateor theRussian Orthodox Church, which he saw as stifling human creativity and impeding human instinctual drive towardscooperation. Kropotkin claimed that the benefits arising frommutual organizationincentivizes humans more than mutual strife. His hope was that in the long run, mutual organization would drive individuals toproduce.Anarcho-primitivistsandanarcho-communistsbelieve that agift economycan break the cycle ofpoverty. They rely on Kropotkin, who believed that thehunter-gatherershe had visited implemented mutual aid. Mutual aid In his 1892 bookThe Conquest of Bread, Kropotkin proposed a system of economics based on mutual exchanges made in a",
"exchanges made in a system of voluntary cooperation. He believed that in a society that is socially, culturally, and industrially developed enough to produce all the goods and services it needs, there would be no obstacle, such as preferential distribution, pricing or monetary exchange, to prevent everyone to take what they need from the social product. He supported the eventual abolition of money or tokens of exchange for goods and services. Kropotkin believed thatMikhail Bakunin'scollectivisteconomic model was just a wage system by a different nameand that such a system would breed the same type of centralization and inequality as a capitalist wage system. He stated that it is impossible to determine the value of an individual's contributions to the products of labor and thought that anyone who was placed in a position of trying to make such determinations would wield authority over those whose wages they determined. According toKirkpatrick Sale, \"ithMutual Aidespecially, and later withFields, Factories,",
"Factories, and Workshops, Kropotkin was able to move away from the absurdist limitations ofindividual anarchismand no-laws anarchism that had flourished during this period and provide instead a vision ofcommunal anarchism, following the models of independent cooperative communities he discovered while developing his theory of mutual aid. It was an anarchism that opposed centralized government and state-level laws as traditional anarchism did, but understood that at a certain small scale, communities and communes and co-ops could flourish and provide humans with a rich material life and wide areas of liberty without centralized control.\" Self-sufficiency Kropotkin's focus on local production led to his view that a country should strive forself-sufficiencyby manufacturing its own goods and growing its own food, thus lessening the need to rely on imports. To these ends, he advocatedirrigationandgreenhousesto boost local food production. Personal life There was no cleavage between the man and his world. He spoke",
"his world. He spoke and acted in all things as he felt and believed and wrote. Kropotkin was a whole man. Rudolf Rocker Kropotkin marriedSofia, a Ukrainian Jewish student, in Switzerland in October 1878. She was over a decade younger than Kropotkin.Kropotkin references her as a primary source of criticism and feedback. Her published story, \"The Wife of Number 4,237\", was based on her own experience with her husband at Clairvaux prison. She created an archive in Moscow dedicated to his works before her death in 1941.Their only child,Alexandra, was born in London in 1887.Kropotkin was reserved about his private life. As an individual, Kropotkin was known for having exceptional integrity and moral character that matched his beliefs.Henry Hyndman, an ideological adversary, recalled Kropotkin's charm and sincerity. These traits, wrote Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, contributed to Kropotkin's power as a public speaker. As a thinker, Kropotkin focused more acutely on issues of morality than of economics or politics and",
"or politics and carried himself by his own principles without imposition on others. In practice, this made him more of a \"revolutionary humanitarian\" than a revolutionist by deed.He was also known for being exceptionally kindand for forgoing material comforts to live a revolutionary, principled life by example.Gerald Runkle wrote that \"Kropotkin with his scholarly and saintly ways ... almost brought respectability to the movement.\" Legacy As the anarchists' leading theorist in his lifetime,Kropotkin wrote their most systematic doctrine in an accessible way;and led the development of anarchist-communist social doctrine. His works, inventive and pragmatic, were the most read anarchist books and pamphlets, with translations into major European and Eastern languages that influenced revolutionaries (e.g.,Nestor MakhnoandEmiliano Zapata) and non-anarchist reformers alike (e.g.,Patrick Geddes,Ebenezer Howard), as well as a wide range of intellectuals (including the writersBa JinandJames Joyce).Much of Kropotkin's",
"of Kropotkin's impact was in his intellectual writings prior to 1914. He had little influence on the Russian revolution, despite returning for it. Emma Goldman regarded Kropotkin as her \"great teacher\" and as among the greatest minds and personalities of the 19th century. After Kropotkin's 1921 death, the Bolsheviks permitted Kropotkin's Moscow house to become a Kropotkin Museum. This closed in 1938with his wife's death. Kropotkin is the namesake for multiple regional entities.The Konyushennaya district in Moscow, where Kropotkin was born, is now known by his name, as the Kropotkinsky district, including theKropotkinskayametro station.He is the namesake fora large townin theNorth Caucasus(southwest Russia)anda small townin Siberia.TheKropotkin Rangehe was first to cross in the SiberianPatom Highlandswas named for him,as wasa peakinEast Antarctica. Works Books Pamphlets Articles See also Notes References Bibliography Further reading Books on Kropotkin Periodical articles External links",
"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolutionis a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by RussiannaturalistandanarchistphilosopherPeter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodicalThe Nineteenth Centurybetween 1890 and 1896,explore the role of mutually beneficialcooperationandreciprocity(or \"mutual aid\") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories ofsocial Darwinismthat emphasize competition andsurvival of the fittest, and against the romantic depictions by writers such asJean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead, Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with theconscience, has been promoted through natural selection. Mutual Aidis considered a fundamental text inanarchist communism.It presents a scientific basis for communism as an alternative to thehistorical materialismof",
"materialismof theMarxists. Kropotkin considers the importance of mutual aid for prosperity and survival in the animal kingdom, in indigenous and early European societies, in the medievalfree cities(especially through theguilds), and in the late 19th century village, labor movement, and impoverished people. He criticizes theStatefor destroying historically important mutual aid institutions, particularly through the imposition ofprivate property. Many biologists(includingStephen Jay Gould, one of the most influential evolutionary biologists of his generation) also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation. Reception Daniel P. Todes, in his account of Russian naturalism in the 19th century, concludes that Kropotkin's work \"cannot be dismissed as the idiosyncratic product of an anarchist dabbling in biology\" and that his views \"were but one expression of a broad current in Russian evolutionary thought that pre-dated, indeed encouraged, his work on the subject and was by no means",
"and was by no means confined to leftist thinkers.\" Kropotkin emphasizes the distinction between competitive struggle between individual organisms over limited resources and collective struggle between organisms and the environment. He drew from his firsthand observations ofSiberiaandNortheast Asia, where he saw that animal populations were limited not by food sources, which were abundant, but rather by harsh weather. For example, predatory birds may compete by stealing food from one another whilemigratory birdscooperate in order to survive harsh winters by traveling long distances. He did not deny the competitive form of struggle but argued that the cooperative counterpart has been under-emphasized: \"There is an immense amount of warfare and extermination going on amidst various species; there is, at the same time, as much, or perhaps even more, of mutual support, mutual aid, and mutual defense... Sociability is as much a law of nature as mutual struggle.\" As a description of biology, Kropotkin's perspective",
"perspective is consistent with contemporary understanding.Stephen Jay Gouldadmired Kropotkin's observations, noting that cooperation, if it increases individual survival, is not ruled out bynatural selection, and is in fact encouraged.Kropotkin's ideas anticipate the now recognized importance ofmutualism(a beneficial relationship between two different species) andaltruism(when one member of a species aids another) in biology. Examples of altruism in animals includekin selectionandreciprocal altruism. Douglas H. Boucher places Kropotkin's book as a precursor to the development of the biological theory of altruism. Editions See also References External links"
] |
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"1992 Winter Olympics The1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as theXVI Olympic Winter Games(French:XVIesJeux Olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known asAlbertville '92(Arpitan:Arbèrtvile '92), were a wintermulti-sport eventheld from 8 to 23 February 1992 in and aroundAlbertville, France. Albertville won the bid to host the Winter Olympics in 1986, beatingSofia,Falun,Lillehammer,Cortina d'Ampezzo,Anchorage, andBerchtesgaden. The 1992Winter Olympicswere the last winter games held in the same year as theSummer Olympics.The Games were the fifth Olympic Games held in France and the country's third Winter Olympics, after the1924 Winter GamesinChamonixand the1968 Winter GamesinGrenoble. This games was the first of two consecutive Olympic games to be held in Western Europe, preceding the1992 Summer Olympicsin Barcelona, Spain. 18 events inFigure skating,short track speed skating,speed skating, and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville. The 39 other events were held in the nearby 9 villages and resorts aroundSavoie:Courchevel,La Plagne,Les Arcs,Les Menuires,Les Saisies,Méribel,Pralognan-la-Vanoise,Tignes, andVal d'Isère. Sixty-four National Olympic Committees and 1,801 athletes participated in sixsportsand fifty-sevenevents. This included both theUnified Team, representing the non-Baltic formerSoviet republics, andGermany, newly consolidated again as a team following thereunificationof the formerEastandWest Germanyin 1990. The event also saw the debut of eight nations in the Winter Olympics. The Winter Olympic program has grown this time with the addition of 11 new events. While sports that were already on the program received 5 new events (2 new events in cross-country skiing, at the same time women were allowed to compete in biathlon for the first time and won 3 events exclusive to them.) Another 6 events were added with the implementation of 2 sports that were demonstrated 4 years earlier (freestyle skiing and short track speed skating).These were the last Winter Olympics to includedemonstration sports, consisting ofcurling,aerials and ski ballet, andspeed skiing. Due to a rule change implemented in 1986, this was the last edition in the history of the Winter Olympic Games in which all speed skating events were held in an open-air venue. Host city selection A record-breaking seven locations bid for the games. The non-winning bids were from Anchorage, Berchtesgaden, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Falun, Lillehammer, and Sofia. The 91stIOC Session, held inLausanneon 17 October 1986, voted Albertville the host of the Games. Opening ceremony Highlights Bjørn DæhlieandVegard Ulvangdominated the men'scross-country skiingraces, both taking home three gold medals withNorwaytaking a medal sweep in the event. 16-year-oldSki jumperToni Nieminenbecame the youngest male gold medalist in a Winter Olympic event until2002.Petra Kronbergerwon both thecombined eventand theslalomofalpine skiing, whileBonnie Blairwon both the500 mand1000 mspeed skating events, andGunda Niemanntook both of the longest races. Three National Olympic Committees inAsia-Pacificregion won their first medals at the Winter Olympics, one in a sport making its debut at the Games (short track speed skating.)Kim Ki-hoon's gold medal in1000 m short track speed skatingsignifiedSouth Korea's first medal in the Winter Olympics, whileYe Qiaobo's silver medal in women's 500 m speed skating representedChina's first Winter Olympics medal.Annelise CobergerfromNew Zealandbecame the firstOceanianathlete to win a medal inwomen's alpine skiing slalom, making her the first athlete from the southern hemisphere to mount the podium at the Winter Games. Swiss speed skierNicolas Bochataydied on the penultimate day of the Games, when he crashed into a snow-grooming vehicle during a training run. Legacy The 1992 Olympic Winter Games marked the last time both the Winter and Summer games were held in the same year. The 1992 Winter Olympics also marked the last timeFrancehosted the Olympics until2024, whenParisbecome the second city to host the Summer Olympics three times. Cost and cost overrun The Oxford Olympics Studyestablished the outturn cost of the Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics at US$2.0 billion (in 2015-dollars) and cost overrun at 137% in real terms.This includes sports-related costs only, that is: (i)operational costsincurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services; and (ii)direct capital costsincurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs were not included, e.g. road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to their staging. In comparison, the cost and cost overrun of the2010 Vancouver Winter Olympicswere US$2.5 billion and 13%, respectively, while the2014 Sochi Winter Olympics(the most costly Olympics to date) had costs and cost overrun at US$51 billion and 289%, respectively.The average cost for the Winter Games since 1960 is US$3.1 billion, while the average cost overrun is 142%. Mascot The 1992 Winter Gamesmascot,Magique(Magic), was a small imp in the shape of a star and a cube. The mascot was created by Philippe Mairesse and replaced the bid mascot, which was a mountain goat.The star shape symbolized dreams and imagination, while the mascot's red and blue colors originated from theFrench flag. Sports There were 57 events contested in 6 sports (12 disciplines). See the medal winners, ordered by sport: Demonstration sports This was the last time demonstration events were included in the Winter Olympics program. Of the 8 events that were under evaluation, 4 received the endorsement to be included in an official form in future editions of the Games (Curlingtournaments and theaerialsevents on thefreestyle skiing). The other four events (speed skiing and skiing ballet events on the freestyle skiing) were rejected and have not since returned. Participating nations Sixty-four nations sent competitors to the 1992 Olympics, including seven nations making their first appearance at a Winter Olympics.Following thecollapse of the Soviet Unionin 1991, six former-Soviet bloc nations chose to form aUnified Team, while theBaltic statesof Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania competed as independent nations for the first time since 1936.Czechoslovakia made its last appearance in the Winter Olympics beforeits dissolutionat the end of 1992.United Nations Security Council Resolution 757took effect on 30 May 1992 (97 days after the closing ceremonies), and Yugoslav athletes were able to participate under their country's national symbols. It also suspended the activities of theYugoslav Olympic Committee, making the country's athletes ineligible to compete on the1992 Summer Olympics. Despite this, some of their athletes classified in individual sports and gained authorization to compete asIndependent Olympic Participants(which also happened at the1992 Summer Paralympics). Yugoslav athletesreturned to the Olympic Games in the 1996 Summer Olympics, when only Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo were still part of the country. The 1992 Winter Olympics were the first time since the1964 Summer Olympicsthat Germany competed with a unified team. SevenNational Olympic Committeessent their first delegations to the Winter Olympics: Algeria, Bermuda, Brazil, Honduras, Ireland, Swaziland, Croatia, and Slovenia (the last two making their first appearances at any Olympics, just a few months after their respective declarations of independence fromYugoslavia). Through the2022 Winter Olympics, this has been the only participation of Swaziland (now Eswatini) and Honduras in an edition of the Winter Olympics. Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees Venues The 1992 Games are the last in which the speed skating venue was outdoors. Medal table (Host nation is highlighted.) *Host nation (France) (1combined team with athletes from 6 nations of theCommonwealth of Independent States; the team only appeared in these Winter Olympics) Podium sweeps Schedule See also References Notes Citations External links",
"Albertville Albertville(French pronunciation:ⓘ;Arpitan:Arbèrtvile) is asubprefectureof theSavoiedepartmentin theAuvergne-Rhône-Alpesregionin SoutheasternFrance. It is best known for hosting the1992 Winter OlympicsandParalympics. In 2018, thecommunehad a population of 19,214; itsurban areahad 39,780 inhabitants. Geography Albertville is one of twosubprefecturesof theSavoiedepartment, alongsideSaint-Jean-de-Maurienne. Albertville is situated on the riverArly, close to the confluence with the riverIsère. Its altitude ranges from 345 to 2,037 metres (1,132 to 6,683 ft). Nearbymountainsinclude: Belle Étoile,Dent de Cons,Négresse,Roche Pourrie, Mirantin,Pointe de la Grande Journée, Chaîne du Grand Arc. Nearbymountain rangesinclude theBauges, theBeaufortainand the beginning of theVanoise. History The modern city of Albertville was formed in 1836 by KingCharles Albert of Sardinia, who merged the medieval town of Conflans, which had buildings dating to the 14th century, with the town of L'Hôpital. Since then, Albertville has fostered trade between France, Italy and Switzerland. Industries such aspaper millsandhydroelectricityare found along its river. The1992 Winter Olympicswere organised in the Savoie region, with Albertville hosting it. Some of the sports venues were later adapted for other uses. Some sports venues still remain, such as theice rink,La halle de glace Olympique, designed by the architect Jacques Kalisz. Despite this, the town remains more industrial than touristic. In 2003, the town was labelled a \"Town of Art and History\". Population Transport Albertville stationwas put into service in 1879 by theCompagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée(PLM). Notable people Sites of interest International relations Albertville istwinnedwith: Heraldry See also References External links"
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"1992 Winter Olympics The1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as theXVI Olympic Winter Games(French:XVIesJeux Olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known asAlbertville '92(Arpitan:Arbèrtvile '92), were a wintermulti-sport eventheld from 8 to 23 February 1992 in and aroundAlbertville, France. Albertville won the bid to host the Winter Olympics in 1986, beatingSofia,Falun,Lillehammer,Cortina d'Ampezzo,Anchorage, andBerchtesgaden. The 1992Winter Olympicswere the last winter games held in the same year as theSummer Olympics.The Games were the fifth Olympic Games held in France and the country's third Winter Olympics, after the1924 Winter GamesinChamonixand the1968 Winter GamesinGrenoble. This games was the first of two consecutive Olympic games to be held in Western Europe, preceding the1992 Summer Olympicsin Barcelona, Spain. 18 events inFigure skating,short track speed skating,speed skating, and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville. The 39 other events were held in the nearby 9 villages and",
"9 villages and resorts aroundSavoie:Courchevel,La Plagne,Les Arcs,Les Menuires,Les Saisies,Méribel,Pralognan-la-Vanoise,Tignes, andVal d'Isère. Sixty-four National Olympic Committees and 1,801 athletes participated in sixsportsand fifty-sevenevents. This included both theUnified Team, representing the non-Baltic formerSoviet republics, andGermany, newly consolidated again as a team following thereunificationof the formerEastandWest Germanyin 1990. The event also saw the debut of eight nations in the Winter Olympics. The Winter Olympic program has grown this time with the addition of 11 new events. While sports that were already on the program received 5 new events (2 new events in cross-country skiing, at the same time women were allowed to compete in biathlon for the first time and won 3 events exclusive to them.) Another 6 events were added with the implementation of 2 sports that were demonstrated 4 years earlier (freestyle skiing and short track speed skating).These were the last Winter Olympics to",
"Winter Olympics to includedemonstration sports, consisting ofcurling,aerials and ski ballet, andspeed skiing. Due to a rule change implemented in 1986, this was the last edition in the history of the Winter Olympic Games in which all speed skating events were held in an open-air venue. Host city selection A record-breaking seven locations bid for the games. The non-winning bids were from Anchorage, Berchtesgaden, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Falun, Lillehammer, and Sofia. The 91stIOC Session, held inLausanneon 17 October 1986, voted Albertville the host of the Games. Opening ceremony Highlights Bjørn DæhlieandVegard Ulvangdominated the men'scross-country skiingraces, both taking home three gold medals withNorwaytaking a medal sweep in the event. 16-year-oldSki jumperToni Nieminenbecame the youngest male gold medalist in a Winter Olympic event until2002.Petra Kronbergerwon both thecombined eventand theslalomofalpine skiing, whileBonnie Blairwon both the500 mand1000 mspeed skating events, andGunda Niemanntook both of",
"Niemanntook both of the longest races. Three National Olympic Committees inAsia-Pacificregion won their first medals at the Winter Olympics, one in a sport making its debut at the Games (short track speed skating.)Kim Ki-hoon's gold medal in1000 m short track speed skatingsignifiedSouth Korea's first medal in the Winter Olympics, whileYe Qiaobo's silver medal in women's 500 m speed skating representedChina's first Winter Olympics medal.Annelise CobergerfromNew Zealandbecame the firstOceanianathlete to win a medal inwomen's alpine skiing slalom, making her the first athlete from the southern hemisphere to mount the podium at the Winter Games. Swiss speed skierNicolas Bochataydied on the penultimate day of the Games, when he crashed into a snow-grooming vehicle during a training run. Legacy The 1992 Olympic Winter Games marked the last time both the Winter and Summer games were held in the same year. The 1992 Winter Olympics also marked the last timeFrancehosted the Olympics until2024, whenParisbecome the",
"whenParisbecome the second city to host the Summer Olympics three times. Cost and cost overrun The Oxford Olympics Studyestablished the outturn cost of the Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics at US$2.0 billion (in 2015-dollars) and cost overrun at 137% in real terms.This includes sports-related costs only, that is: (i)operational costsincurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services; and (ii)direct capital costsincurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs were not included, e.g. road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to their staging. In comparison, the cost and cost overrun",
"and cost overrun of the2010 Vancouver Winter Olympicswere US$2.5 billion and 13%, respectively, while the2014 Sochi Winter Olympics(the most costly Olympics to date) had costs and cost overrun at US$51 billion and 289%, respectively.The average cost for the Winter Games since 1960 is US$3.1 billion, while the average cost overrun is 142%. Mascot The 1992 Winter Gamesmascot,Magique(Magic), was a small imp in the shape of a star and a cube. The mascot was created by Philippe Mairesse and replaced the bid mascot, which was a mountain goat.The star shape symbolized dreams and imagination, while the mascot's red and blue colors originated from theFrench flag. Sports There were 57 events contested in 6 sports (12 disciplines). See the medal winners, ordered by sport: Demonstration sports This was the last time demonstration events were included in the Winter Olympics program. Of the 8 events that were under evaluation, 4 received the endorsement to be included in an official form in future editions of the Games",
"of the Games (Curlingtournaments and theaerialsevents on thefreestyle skiing). The other four events (speed skiing and skiing ballet events on the freestyle skiing) were rejected and have not since returned. Participating nations Sixty-four nations sent competitors to the 1992 Olympics, including seven nations making their first appearance at a Winter Olympics.Following thecollapse of the Soviet Unionin 1991, six former-Soviet bloc nations chose to form aUnified Team, while theBaltic statesof Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania competed as independent nations for the first time since 1936.Czechoslovakia made its last appearance in the Winter Olympics beforeits dissolutionat the end of 1992.United Nations Security Council Resolution 757took effect on 30 May 1992 (97 days after the closing ceremonies), and Yugoslav athletes were able to participate under their country's national symbols. It also suspended the activities of theYugoslav Olympic Committee, making the country's athletes ineligible to compete on the1992",
"compete on the1992 Summer Olympics. Despite this, some of their athletes classified in individual sports and gained authorization to compete asIndependent Olympic Participants(which also happened at the1992 Summer Paralympics). Yugoslav athletesreturned to the Olympic Games in the 1996 Summer Olympics, when only Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo were still part of the country. The 1992 Winter Olympics were the first time since the1964 Summer Olympicsthat Germany competed with a unified team. SevenNational Olympic Committeessent their first delegations to the Winter Olympics: Algeria, Bermuda, Brazil, Honduras, Ireland, Swaziland, Croatia, and Slovenia (the last two making their first appearances at any Olympics, just a few months after their respective declarations of independence fromYugoslavia). Through the2022 Winter Olympics, this has been the only participation of Swaziland (now Eswatini) and Honduras in an edition of the Winter Olympics. Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees Venues The 1992",
"Venues The 1992 Games are the last in which the speed skating venue was outdoors. Medal table (Host nation is highlighted.) *Host nation (France) (1combined team with athletes from 6 nations of theCommonwealth of Independent States; the team only appeared in these Winter Olympics) Podium sweeps Schedule See also References Notes Citations External links",
"Albertville Albertville(French pronunciation:ⓘ;Arpitan:Arbèrtvile) is asubprefectureof theSavoiedepartmentin theAuvergne-Rhône-Alpesregionin SoutheasternFrance. It is best known for hosting the1992 Winter OlympicsandParalympics. In 2018, thecommunehad a population of 19,214; itsurban areahad 39,780 inhabitants. Geography Albertville is one of twosubprefecturesof theSavoiedepartment, alongsideSaint-Jean-de-Maurienne. Albertville is situated on the riverArly, close to the confluence with the riverIsère. Its altitude ranges from 345 to 2,037 metres (1,132 to 6,683 ft). Nearbymountainsinclude: Belle Étoile,Dent de Cons,Négresse,Roche Pourrie, Mirantin,Pointe de la Grande Journée, Chaîne du Grand Arc. Nearbymountain rangesinclude theBauges, theBeaufortainand the beginning of theVanoise. History The modern city of Albertville was formed in 1836 by KingCharles Albert of Sardinia, who merged the medieval town of Conflans, which had buildings dating to the 14th century, with the town of L'Hôpital. Since then,",
"Since then, Albertville has fostered trade between France, Italy and Switzerland. Industries such aspaper millsandhydroelectricityare found along its river. The1992 Winter Olympicswere organised in the Savoie region, with Albertville hosting it. Some of the sports venues were later adapted for other uses. Some sports venues still remain, such as theice rink,La halle de glace Olympique, designed by the architect Jacques Kalisz. Despite this, the town remains more industrial than touristic. In 2003, the town was labelled a \"Town of Art and History\". Population Transport Albertville stationwas put into service in 1879 by theCompagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée(PLM). Notable people Sites of interest International relations Albertville istwinnedwith: Heraldry See also References External links"
] |
What happened at the Dyatlov Pass Incident and how did it inspire the plot of 2013 horror film Devil Pass? | The Dyatlov Pass Incident was an event in 1959 where nine Soviet Hiker's died in the Northern Ural Mountains after cutting open their tents and running into the snow for a reason without explanation. Devil Pass is a found footage film that takes place in the decades following the Dyatlov Pass Incident about a group of American students who travel to Russia to investigate the event. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Pass | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Pass'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Pass"
] | [
"Dyatlov Pass incident TheDyatlov Pass incident(Russian:Гибель тургруппы Дятлова,romanized:Gibel turgruppy Dyatlova,lit.'Death of the Dyatlov Hiking Group') is an event in which nineSoviethikers died in the northernUral Mountainsbetween February 1 and 2, 1959, under uncertain circumstances. The experienced trekking group from theUral Polytechnical Institute, led by Igor Dyatlov, had established a camp on the eastern slopes ofKholat Syakhlin theRussian SFSRof theSoviet Union. Overnight, something caused them to cut their way out of their tent and flee the campsite while inadequately dressed for the heavy snowfall and subzero temperatures. After the group's bodies were discovered, an investigation bySoviet authoritiesdetermined that six of them had died fromhypothermiawhile the other three had been killed byphysical trauma. One victim had major skull damage, two had severe chest trauma, and another had asmall crack in his skull. Four of the bodies were found lying in running water in a creek, and three of these four had damagedsoft tissueof the head and face – two of the bodies had missing eyes, one had a missing tongue, and one had missing eyebrows. The investigation concluded that a \"compelling natural force\" had caused the deaths. Numerous theories have been put forward to account for the unexplained deaths, including animal attacks,hypothermia, anavalanche,katabatic winds,infrasound-induced panic,militaryinvolvement, or some combination of these factors. Russiaopened a new investigation into the incident in 2019, and its conclusions were presented in July 2020: that an avalanche had led to the deaths. Survivors of the avalanche had been forced to suddenly leave their camp in low-visibility conditions with inadequate clothing and had died of hypothermia. Andrey Kuryakov, deputy head of the regional prosecutor's office, said, \"It was a heroic struggle. There was no panic. But they had no chance to save themselves under the circumstances.\"A study led by scientists fromEPFLandETH Zürich, published in 2021, suggested that a type of avalanche known as aslab avalanchecould explain some of the trekkers' injuries. A mountain pass in the area was later named \"Dyatlov Pass\" in memory of the group. In many languages, the incident is now referred to as the \"Dyatlov Pass incident\". However, the incident occurred about 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) away, on the eastern slope ofKholat Syakhl.A prominent rock outcrop in the area now serves as a memorial to the group. It is located about 500 metres (1,600 ft) to the east-southeast of the actual site of the final camp. Background In 1959, a group was formed for a skiing expedition across the northern Urals inSverdlovsk Oblast,Soviet Union. According to Prosecutor Tempalov, documents that were found in the tent of the expedition suggest that the expedition was named for the21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unionand was possibly dispatched by the localKomsomolorganization.Igor Dyatlov, a 23-year-old radio engineering student at theUral Polytechnical Institute(nowUral Federal University), the leader, assembled a group of nine others for the trip, most of whom were fellow students and peers at the university.The initial group consisted of eight men and two women, but one member later returned due to health issues. Each member of the group was an experiencedGrade II-hiker with ski tour experience and would be receiving Grade III certification upon their return. At the time, Grade III was the highest certification available in the Soviet Union and required candidates to traverse 300 kilometres (190 mi).The route was designed by Dyatlov's group to reach the far northern regions of the Sverdlovsk Oblast and the upper streams of theLozvariver.The Sverdlovsk city route commission approved the route. This was a division of the Sverdlovsk Committee of Physical Culture and Sport, and they confirmed the group of 10 people on January 8, 1959.The goal of the expedition was to reach Otorten (Отортен), a mountain 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the site where the incident occurred. This route, estimated as Category III, was undertaken in February, the most difficult time to traverse. On 23 January 1959, the Dyatlov group was issued their route book, which listed their course following the No.5 trail. At that time, the Sverdlovsk City Committee of Physical Culture and Sport listed approval for 11 people.The 11th person listed was Semyon Zolotaryov, who was previously certified to go with another expedition of similar difficulty (the Sogrin expedition group).The Dyatlov group left Sverdlovsk city (todayYekaterinburg) on the same day they received the route book. Expedition The group arrived by train atIvdel(Ивдель), a town at the centre of the northern province of Sverdlovsk Oblast in the early morning hours of January 25, 1959.They then took a truck to Vizhai (Вижай), a lorry village that is the last inhabited settlement to the north. On January 27, they began their trek toward Gora Otorten. On January 28, one member, Yuri Yudin, who had several health ailments (includingrheumatismand acongenital heart defect), turned back due to knee and joint pain that made him unable to continue the hike.The remaining nine hikers continued the trek. Diaries and cameras found around their last campsite made it possible to track the group's route up to the day preceding the incident.On 31 January, the group arrived at the edge of a highland area and began to prepare for climbing. In a wooded valley, they cached surplus food and equipment that would be used for the trip back. The next day, the hikers started to move through the pass. It seems they planned to get over the pass and make camp for the next night on the opposite side, but because of worsening weather conditions—snowstorms and decreasing visibility—they lost their direction and deviated west, toward the top ofKholat Syakhl. When they realised their mistake, the group decided to set up camp there on the slope of the mountain, rather than move 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) downhill to a forested area that would have offered some shelter from the weather.Yudin speculated, \"Dyatlov probably did not want to lose the altitude they had gained, or he decided to practice camping on the mountain slope.\" Search and discovery Before leaving, Dyatlov had agreed he would send atelegramto their sports club as soon as the group returned to Vizhai. It was expected that this would happen no later than 12 February, but Dyatlov had told Yudin, before he departed from the group, that he expected it to be longer. When the 12th passed and no messages had been received, there was no immediate reaction, as delays of a few days were common with such expeditions. On 20 February, the travellers' relatives demanded a rescue operation, and the head of the institute sent the first rescue groups, consisting of volunteer students and teachers.Later, the army andmilitsiya(police) forces became involved, with planes and helicopters ordered to join the operation. On 26 February, the searchers found the group's abandoned and badly damaged tent onKholat Syakhl. The campsite baffled the search party. Mikhail Sharavin, the student who found the tent, said \"the tent was half torn down and covered with snow. It was empty, and all the group's belongings and shoes had been left behind.\"Investigators said the tent had been cut open from inside. Nine sets of footprints, left by people wearing only socks or a single shoe or even barefoot, could be followed, leading down to the edge of a nearby wood, on the opposite side of the pass, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the north-east.After 500 metres (1,600 ft) these tracks were covered with snow. At the forest's edge, under a largeSiberian pine, the searchers found the visible remains of a small fire. There were the first two bodies, those of Krivonishenko and Doroshenko, shoeless and dressed only in underwear. The branches on the tree were broken up to five meters high, suggesting that one of the hikers had climbed up to look for something, perhaps the camp. Between the pine and the camp, the searchers found three more corpses: Dyatlov, Kolmogorova, and Slobodin, who died in poses suggesting that they were attempting to return to the tent.They were found at distances of 300, 480, and 630 metres (980, 1,570, and 2,070 ft) from the tree. Finding the remaining four travelers took more than two months.They were finally found on 4 May under four metres (13 ft) of snow in a ravine 75 metres (246 ft) further into the woods from the pine tree. Three of the four were better dressed than the others, and there were signs that some clothing of those who had died first had been removed for use by the others. Dubinina was wearing Krivonishenko's burned, torn trousers, and her left foot and shin were wrapped in a torn jacket. Investigation A legal inquest started immediately after the first five bodies were found. A medical examination found no injuries that might have led to their deaths, and it was concluded that they had all died ofhypothermia. Slobodin had a small crack in his skull, but it was not thought to be a fatal wound. An examination of the four bodies found in May shifted the narrative of the incident. Three of the hikers had fatal injuries: Thibeaux-Brignolleshad major skull damage, and Dubinina and Zolotaryov had major chest fractures.According to Boris Vozrozhdenny, the force required to cause such damage would have been extremely high, comparable to that of a car crash. Notably, the bodies had no external wounds associated with the bone fractures, as if they had been subjected to a high level of pressure. All four bodies found at the bottom of the creek in a running stream of water had soft tissue damage to their head and face. For example, Dubinina was missing her tongue, eyes, part of the lips, as well as facial tissue and a fragment of skullbone,while Zolotaryov had his eyeballs missing,and Aleksander Kolevatov his eyebrows.V. A. Vozrozhdenny, the forensic expert performing thepost-mortem examination, judged that these injuries happened post-mortem due to the location of the bodies in a stream. There was initial speculation that the indigenousMansi people, reindeer herders local to the area, had attacked and murdered the group for encroaching upon their lands. Several Mansi were interrogated,but the investigation indicated that the nature of the deaths did not support this hypothesis: only the hikers' footprints were visible, and they showed no sign of hand-to-hand struggle. Although the temperature was very low, around −25 to −30 °C (−13 to −22 °F) with a storm blowing, the dead were only partially dressed. Some had only one shoe, while others wore only socks.Some were found wrapped in snips of ripped clothes that seemed to have been cut from those who were already dead. Journalists reporting on the available parts of the inquest files claim that it states: At the time, the official conclusion was that the group members had died because of a compelling natural force.The inquest officially ceased in May 1959 as a result of the absence of a guilty party. The files were sent to a secret archive. In 1997, it was revealed that the negatives from Krivonishenko's camera were kept in the private archive of one of the investigators, Lev Nikitich Ivanov. The film material was donated by Ivanov's daughter to the Dyatlov Foundation. The diaries of the hiking party fell into Russia'spublic domainin 2009. On 12 April 2018, Zolotaryov's remains were exhumed on the initiative of journalists of the Russian tabloid newspaperKomsomolskaya Pravda. Contradictory results were obtained: one of the experts said that the character of the injuries resembled a person knocked down by a car, and the DNA analysis did not reveal any similarity to the DNA of living relatives. In addition, it turned out that Zolotaryov's name was not on the list of those buried at the Ivanovskoye Cemetery. Nevertheless, the reconstruction of the face from the exhumed skull matched postwar photographs of Zolotaryov, although journalists expressed suspicions that another person was hiding under Zolotaryov's name afterWorld War II. In February 2019, Russian authorities reopened the investigation into the incident, although only three possible explanations were being considered: an avalanche, aslab avalanche, or ahurricane. The possibility of a crime had been discounted. Related reports Aftermath Anatoly Gushchin (Анатолий Гущин) summarized his research in the bookThe Price of State Secrets Is Nine Lives(Цена гостайны – девять жизней, Sverdlovsk, 1990)Some researchers criticised the work for its concentration on the speculative theory of a Soviet secret weapon experiment, but its publication led to public discussion, stimulated by interest in theparanormal. Indeed, many of those who had remained silent for thirty years reported new facts about the accident. One of them was the former police officer, Lev Nikitich Ivanov (Лев Никитич Иванов), who led the official inquest in 1959. In 1990, he published an article that included his admission that the investigation team had no rational explanation for the incident. He also stated that, after his team reported that they had seen flying spheres, he then received direct orders from high-ranking regional officials to dismiss this claim. In 2000, a regional television company produced the documentary filmThe Mystery of Dyatlov Pass(Тайна перевала Дятлова). With the help of the film crew, a Yekaterinburg writer, Anna Matveyeva (Анна Матвеева), published adocudramanovella of the same name.A large part of the book includes broad quotations from the official case, diaries of victims, interviews with searchers and other documentaries collected by the film-makers. The narrative line of the book details the everyday life and thoughts of a modern woman (analter egoof the author herself) who attempts to resolve the case. Despite its fictional narrative, Matveyeva's book remains the largest source of documentary materials ever made available to the public regarding the incident. Also, the pages of the case files and other documentaries (in photocopies and transcripts) are gradually being published on a web forum for enthusiastic researchers. The Dyatlov Foundation was founded in 1999 at Yekaterinburg, with the help of Ural State Technical University, led by Yuri Kuntsevich (Юрий Кунцевич). The foundation's stated aim is to continue investigation of the case and to maintain the Dyatlov Museum to preserve the memory of the dead hikers.On 1 July 2016, a memorial plaque was inaugurated inSolikamskin Ural's Perm Region, dedicated to Yuri Yudin (the sole survivor of the expedition group), who died in 2013. Explanations Avalanche On 11 July 2020, Andrey Kuryakov, deputy head of theUrals Federal Districtdirectorate of theProsecutor-General's Office, announced an avalanche to be the \"official cause of death\" for the Dyatlov group in 1959.Later independent computer simulation and analysis by Swiss researchers also suggest avalanche as the cause.Summarizing Kuryakov's report inThe New Yorker,Douglas Prestonwrites, The most appealing aspect of Kuryakov's scenario is that the Dyatlov party's actions no longer seem irrational. The snow slab, according to Greene, would probably have made loud cracks and rumbles as it fell across the tent, making an avalanche seem imminent. Kuryakov noted that although the skiers made an error in the placement of their tent, everything they did subsequently was textbook: they conducted an emergency evacuation to ground that would be safe from an avalanche, they took shelter in the woods, they started a fire, they dug a snow cave. Had they been less experienced, they might have remained near the tent, dug it out, and survived. But avalanches are by far the biggest risk in the mountains in winter, and the more experience you have, the more you fear them. The skiers' expertise doomed them. Original explanation Reviewing asensationalist\"Yeti\" hypothesis, AmericanskepticauthorBenjamin Radfordsuggests an avalanche as more plausible: that the group woke up in a panic (...) and cut their way out the tent either because an avalanche had covered the entrance to their tent or because they were scared that an avalanche was imminent (...) (better to have a potentially repairable slit in a tent than risk being buried alive in it under tons of snow). They were poorly clothed because they had been sleeping, and ran to the safety of the nearby woods where trees would help slow oncoming snow. In the darkness of night, they got separated into two or three groups; one group made a fire (hence the burned hands) while the others tried to return to the tent to recover their clothing since the danger had passed. But it was too cold, and they all froze to death before they could locate their tent in the darkness. At some point, some of the clothes may have been recovered or swapped from the dead, but at any rate, the group of four whose bodies was most severely damaged were caught in an avalanche and buried under 4 meters (13 ft) of snow (more than enough to account for the 'compelling natural force' the medical examiner described). Dubinina's tongue was likely removed by scavengers and ordinary predation. Contradictory evidence Evidence contradicting the avalanche theory includes: Repeated 2015 investigation A review of the 1959 investigation's evidence completed in 2015–2019 by experienced investigators from theInvestigative Committee of the Russian Federation(ICRF) on request of the families confirmed the avalanche with several important details added. First of all, the ICRF investigators (one of them an experiencedalpinist) confirmed that the weather on the night of the tragedy was very harsh, with wind speeds up to hurricane force, 20–30 metres per second (45–67 mph; 72–108 km/h), a snowstorm and temperatures reaching−40 °C(−40 °F). These factors were not considered by the 1959 investigators who arrived at the scene of the accident three weeks later when the weather had much improved and any remains of the snow slide had settled and been covered with fresh snowfall. The harsh weather at the same time played a critical role in the events of the tragic night, which have been reconstructed as follows: According to the ICRF investigators, the factors contributing to the tragedy were extremely bad weather and lack of experience of the group leader in such conditions, which led to the selection of a dangerous camping place. After the snow slide, another mistake of the group was to split up, rather than building a temporary camp down in the forest and trying to survive through the night. Negligence of the 1959 investigators contributed to their report creating more questions than answers, as well as inspiring numerous alternative and conspiracy theories. Support from 2021 model In 2021, a team ofphysicistsand engineers led by Alexander Puzrin and Johan Gaume published a new model inCommunications Earth & Environmentthat demonstrates how even a relatively small slide of snow slab on the Kholat Syakhl slope could cause tent damage and injuries consistent with those suffered by the Dyatlov team. Katabatic wind In 2019, a Swedish-Russian expedition was made to the site, and after investigations, they proposed that a violentkatabatic windwas a plausible explanation for the incident.Katabatic winds are somewhat rare events and can be extremely violent. They were implicated in a 1978 case at Anaris Mountain in Sweden, where eight hikers were killed and one was severely injured.The topography of these locations was noted to be very similar according to the expedition. A sudden katabatic wind would have made it impossible to remain in the tent, and the most rational course of action would have been for the hikers to cover the tent with snow and seek shelter behind the tree line.On top of the tent, there was also a flashlight left turned on, possibly left there intentionally so that the hikers could find their way back to the tent once the winds subsided. The expedition proposed that the group of hikers constructed twobivouac shelters, one of which collapsed, leaving four of the hikers buried with the severe injuries observed. Infrasound Another hypothesis popularised byDonnie Eichar's 2013 bookDead Mountainis that wind going around Kholat Syakal created aKármán vortex street, which can produceinfrasoundcapable of inducingpanic attacksin humans. According to Eichar's theory, the infrasound generated by the wind as it passed over the top of the Holatchahl mountain was responsible for causing physical discomfort and mental distress in the hikers.Eichar claims that, because of their panic, the hikers were driven to leave the tent by whatever means necessary and fled down the slope. By the time they were further down the hill, they would have been out of the infrasound's path and would have regained their composure, but in the darkness would have been unable to return to their shelter.The traumatic injuries suffered by three of the victims were the result of their stumbling over the edge of a ravine in the darkness and landing on the rocks at the bottom. Military tests In one speculation, the campsite fell within the path of a Sovietparachute mineexercise. This theory alleges that the hikers, woken by loud explosions, fled the tent in a shoeless panic and found themselves unable to return for supply retrieval. After some members froze to death attempting to endure the bombardment, others commandeered their clothing only to be fatally injured by subsequent parachute mine concussions. There are indeed records of parachute mines being tested by the Soviet military in the area around the time the hikers were there.Parachute mines detonate while still in the air rather than upon striking the Earth's surface and produce signature injuries similar to those experienced by the hikers: heavy internal damage with relatively little external trauma. The theory coincides with reported sightings of glowing, orange orbs floating or falling in the sky within the general vicinity of the hikers and allegedly photographed by them,potentially military aircraft or descending parachute mines. This theory (among others) uses scavenging animals to explain Dubinina's injuries.Some speculate that the bodies were unnaturally manipulated, on the basis of characteristiclivor mortismarkings discovered during an autopsy, as well as burns to hair and skin. Photographs of the tent allegedly show that it was erected incorrectly, something the experienced hikers were unlikely to have done. A similar theory alleges the testing ofradiological weaponsand is based partly on the discovery of radioactivity on some of the clothing as well as the descriptions of the bodies by relatives as having orange skin and grey hair. However, radioactive dispersal would have affected all, not just some, of the hikers and equipment, and the skin and hair discoloration can be explained by a natural process ofmummificationafter three months of exposure to the cold and wind. The initial suppression by Soviet authorities of files describing the group's disappearance is sometimes mentioned as evidence of a cover-up, but the concealment of information about domestic incidents was standard procedure in the USSR and thus far from peculiar. And by the late 1980s, all Dyatlov files had been released in some manner. Paradoxical undressing International Science Timesposited that the hikers' deaths were caused by hypothermia, which can induce a behavior known asparadoxical undressingin which hypothermic subjects remove their clothes in response to perceived feelings of burning warmth.It is undisputed that six of the nine hikers died of hypothermia. However, others in the group appear to have acquired additional clothing (from those who had already died), which suggests that they were of a sound enough mind to try to add layers. Other Keith McCloskey, who has researched the incident for many years and has appeared in several TV documentaries on the subject, traveled to the Dyatlov Pass in 2015 with Yuri Kuntsevich of the Dyatlov Foundation and a group. At the Dyatlov Pass he noted: McCloskey also noted: Donnie Eichar, who investigated and made a documentary about the incident, evaluated several other theories that are deemed unlikely or have been discredited: See also Notes References Works cited Further reading External links",
"Devil's Pass Devil's Pass(originally titledThe Dyatlov Pass Incident) is a 2013horror filmdirected byRenny Harlin, written by Vikram Weet, and starring Holly Goss,Matt Stokoe, Luke Albright,Ryan Hawley, andGemma Atkinsonas Americans who investigate theDyatlov Pass incident. It is shot in the style offound footage. Plot FiveOregoncollege students set off to find out what happened to the nine hikers who mysteriously died in theDyatlov Pass incident. Holly and Jensen are co-directors, J.P. and Andy are expert climbers, and Denise is the sound engineer. After the film introduces the characters, Russian-language news,Russia-24, discusses the students' disappearance. TheRussian governmentrecovers video footage but refuses to release it to the public; however, hackers obtain and release the footage, which forms the rest of the film. In Russia, the students first try to contact a member of the initial 1959 expedition who turned back after becoming ill on the first day. However, the man has been hospitalized following a nervous breakdown. The administrators at the hospital claim that he is dead and attempt to turn away the filmmakers. In an upstairs window, the students see a man they assume to be the survivor; he holds up a sign in Russian and is dragged away by orderlies. At a bar, the students recruit Sergei, who translates the sign as a warning to \"stay away\". Undeterred, Sergei introduces them to his aunt, Alya, who was part of the first rescue team. She tells them that a strange machine and eleven bodies were found at the site, not nine, as is commonly reported. The final two bodies had something wrong with them. At their campsite, Holly hears howling. The next morning, the group notices barefoot prints in the snow that start and stop suddenly. Jensen claims the footprints are fromyeti, but the others claim that Holly is messing with them. After hiking further, they again hear howling and find footprints that lead to a weather tower. Inside the weather tower, they find a human tongue. Denise wants to leave, but the others convince her to continue. Jensen reveals that as a teenager he had heard the howling during a bad acid trip that ended with him being arrested while yelling incoherently about demons. Holly attempts to comfort Jensen by relating that she has had recurring dreams about Dyatlov Pass, which she interprets as fate. Unnoticed by the group, two mysterious creatures move through the snow in the distance. The group arrives at Dyatlov Pass unsettlingly ahead of schedule. J.P. and Andy are further spooked when their navigational equipment exhibits strange malfunctions. Using aGeiger counter, Holly and Jensen are led to a bunker that locks from the outside. The door is already unlocked but frozen shut; they manage to open the door. They return to the camp without telling anyone about the bunker. The next morning, the group is awakened by explosions that cause an avalanche. Denise is killed, and Andy suffers a severe fracture. After they fire a flare,Russian soldiersposing as a rescue party arrive, kill Andy, and chase the three survivors to the bunker. J.P. is shot and wounded as they enter. Moving into a tunnel system, a mysterious creature moves through one tunnel while the three enter another. Holly and Jensen leave the wounded J.P. as they explore the bunker. Inside, they discover evidence of teleportation experiments, a dead soldier who is missing his tongue, a camcorder identical to theirs that has footage of their present conversation, dead bodies stacked in a pile, and files relating to thePhiladelphia Experiment. Jensen and Holly hear J.P. screaming, and find him under attack by mutants who seem to be able to teleport. The mutants kill J.P. and chase Jensen and Holly into a sealed room with a strange-looking tunnel that leads further into a natural cave. Jensen theorizes this is awormhole. Unwilling to starve to death or face the mutants, Jensen and Holly choose to step into the wormhole. Since there are no controls, Jensen suggests that they visualize a nearby destination. Holly suggests the bunker entrance, and they enter the wormhole. In 1959,Soviet militarypersonnel discover two bodies near the bunker's entrance. Soldiers chase away a younger version of Sergei's aunt Alya, who had just stumbled across the bodies. They recover their video camera. They drag the bodies inside the bunker, which is fully staffed and operational. The commanding officer orders the bodies to be stripped and hung on meat hooks. As the soldiers leave, the mutated bodies of Jensen and Holly, identified by Holly's neck tattoo, begin to revive. Cast Production Director Renny Harlin spent time inMoscowresearching the government archives. His own theory of what happened at theDyatlov Pass incidentis that a government experiment went wrong. The casting for the film was intentionally kept to unknowns. Shooting took place in northern Russia. Release Devil's Passwas released 23 August 2013.It was released on DVD in the UK 26 August 2013.It was released on DVD in the US 17 December 2013. Reception Rotten Tomatoes, areview aggregator, reports that 48% of 23 surveyed critics gave it a positive review; the average rating is 4.91/10.Metacriticrated it 49/100.Miriam Bale ofThe New York Timescalled the film \"an upgradedBlair Witch Project\" that is hilarious, though it is not clear whether this is intentional or not.Scott Foundas ofVarietycalled it unoriginal yet watchable.SFXrated it 2/5 stars and called it \"a scare-free thriller\" with an underwhelming twist.Shelagh M. Rowan-Legg ofTwitch Filmcalled for a moratorium onfound footagefilms and stated that the film should have been about the real-life incident.Mark Adams ofScreen Dailycalled it \"shrewdly constructed\" and \"smartly made\".Philip FrenchofThe Guardianwrote that it \"adds nothing to a real-life mystery from the Soviet era\" and that the explanation is too outlandish.Bloody Disgustingrated the film 3/5 stars and recommended the film to enthusiasts of the real-life event but warned that the generic story would probably not excite people tired of found footage films.Gareth Jones ofDread Centralrated it 3.5/5 stars and called it \"a thoroughly intriguing mash-up of sci-fi, horror and real-life mystery.\"Matt Glasby ofTotal Filmrated it 3/5 stars and called it a cheesymidnight moviethat requires a forgiving audience.Owen Williams ofEmpirecalled it a \"smartly-executed\" film with a \"satisfyingly circular conclusion\".Nigel Floyd ofTime Out Londonrated it 2/5 stars and wrote that the film becomes more unbelievable and silly as time goes on.Scott Weinberg ofFearnetcalled it a \"simple but crafty little horror tale\" with a payoff that can \"come off as ridiculous or novel\".Chris Holt ofStarburstrated it 7/10 stars and wrote that it is \"a fascinating and gripping film that despite being fundamentally flawed, is well worth your time.\" References External links"
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"Dyatlov Pass incident TheDyatlov Pass incident(Russian:Гибель тургруппы Дятлова,romanized:Gibel turgruppy Dyatlova,lit.'Death of the Dyatlov Hiking Group') is an event in which nineSoviethikers died in the northernUral Mountainsbetween February 1 and 2, 1959, under uncertain circumstances. The experienced trekking group from theUral Polytechnical Institute, led by Igor Dyatlov, had established a camp on the eastern slopes ofKholat Syakhlin theRussian SFSRof theSoviet Union. Overnight, something caused them to cut their way out of their tent and flee the campsite while inadequately dressed for the heavy snowfall and subzero temperatures. After the group's bodies were discovered, an investigation bySoviet authoritiesdetermined that six of them had died fromhypothermiawhile the other three had been killed byphysical trauma. One victim had major skull damage, two had severe chest trauma, and another had asmall crack in his skull. Four of the bodies were found lying in running water in a creek, and three of these",
"and three of these four had damagedsoft tissueof the head and face – two of the bodies had missing eyes, one had a missing tongue, and one had missing eyebrows. The investigation concluded that a \"compelling natural force\" had caused the deaths. Numerous theories have been put forward to account for the unexplained deaths, including animal attacks,hypothermia, anavalanche,katabatic winds,infrasound-induced panic,militaryinvolvement, or some combination of these factors. Russiaopened a new investigation into the incident in 2019, and its conclusions were presented in July 2020: that an avalanche had led to the deaths. Survivors of the avalanche had been forced to suddenly leave their camp in low-visibility conditions with inadequate clothing and had died of hypothermia. Andrey Kuryakov, deputy head of the regional prosecutor's office, said, \"It was a heroic struggle. There was no panic. But they had no chance to save themselves under the circumstances.\"A study led by scientists fromEPFLandETH Zürich,",
"Zürich, published in 2021, suggested that a type of avalanche known as aslab avalanchecould explain some of the trekkers' injuries. A mountain pass in the area was later named \"Dyatlov Pass\" in memory of the group. In many languages, the incident is now referred to as the \"Dyatlov Pass incident\". However, the incident occurred about 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) away, on the eastern slope ofKholat Syakhl.A prominent rock outcrop in the area now serves as a memorial to the group. It is located about 500 metres (1,600 ft) to the east-southeast of the actual site of the final camp. Background In 1959, a group was formed for a skiing expedition across the northern Urals inSverdlovsk Oblast,Soviet Union. According to Prosecutor Tempalov, documents that were found in the tent of the expedition suggest that the expedition was named for the21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unionand was possibly dispatched by the localKomsomolorganization.Igor Dyatlov, a 23-year-old radio engineering student at theUral",
"student at theUral Polytechnical Institute(nowUral Federal University), the leader, assembled a group of nine others for the trip, most of whom were fellow students and peers at the university.The initial group consisted of eight men and two women, but one member later returned due to health issues. Each member of the group was an experiencedGrade II-hiker with ski tour experience and would be receiving Grade III certification upon their return. At the time, Grade III was the highest certification available in the Soviet Union and required candidates to traverse 300 kilometres (190 mi).The route was designed by Dyatlov's group to reach the far northern regions of the Sverdlovsk Oblast and the upper streams of theLozvariver.The Sverdlovsk city route commission approved the route. This was a division of the Sverdlovsk Committee of Physical Culture and Sport, and they confirmed the group of 10 people on January 8, 1959.The goal of the expedition was to reach Otorten (Отортен), a mountain 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)",
"kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the site where the incident occurred. This route, estimated as Category III, was undertaken in February, the most difficult time to traverse. On 23 January 1959, the Dyatlov group was issued their route book, which listed their course following the No.5 trail. At that time, the Sverdlovsk City Committee of Physical Culture and Sport listed approval for 11 people.The 11th person listed was Semyon Zolotaryov, who was previously certified to go with another expedition of similar difficulty (the Sogrin expedition group).The Dyatlov group left Sverdlovsk city (todayYekaterinburg) on the same day they received the route book. Expedition The group arrived by train atIvdel(Ивдель), a town at the centre of the northern province of Sverdlovsk Oblast in the early morning hours of January 25, 1959.They then took a truck to Vizhai (Вижай), a lorry village that is the last inhabited settlement to the north. On January 27, they began their trek toward Gora Otorten. On January 28, one member,",
"28, one member, Yuri Yudin, who had several health ailments (includingrheumatismand acongenital heart defect), turned back due to knee and joint pain that made him unable to continue the hike.The remaining nine hikers continued the trek. Diaries and cameras found around their last campsite made it possible to track the group's route up to the day preceding the incident.On 31 January, the group arrived at the edge of a highland area and began to prepare for climbing. In a wooded valley, they cached surplus food and equipment that would be used for the trip back. The next day, the hikers started to move through the pass. It seems they planned to get over the pass and make camp for the next night on the opposite side, but because of worsening weather conditions—snowstorms and decreasing visibility—they lost their direction and deviated west, toward the top ofKholat Syakhl. When they realised their mistake, the group decided to set up camp there on the slope of the mountain, rather than move 1.5 kilometres (0.93",
"kilometres (0.93 mi) downhill to a forested area that would have offered some shelter from the weather.Yudin speculated, \"Dyatlov probably did not want to lose the altitude they had gained, or he decided to practice camping on the mountain slope.\" Search and discovery Before leaving, Dyatlov had agreed he would send atelegramto their sports club as soon as the group returned to Vizhai. It was expected that this would happen no later than 12 February, but Dyatlov had told Yudin, before he departed from the group, that he expected it to be longer. When the 12th passed and no messages had been received, there was no immediate reaction, as delays of a few days were common with such expeditions. On 20 February, the travellers' relatives demanded a rescue operation, and the head of the institute sent the first rescue groups, consisting of volunteer students and teachers.Later, the army andmilitsiya(police) forces became involved, with planes and helicopters ordered to join the operation. On 26 February, the",
"On 26 February, the searchers found the group's abandoned and badly damaged tent onKholat Syakhl. The campsite baffled the search party. Mikhail Sharavin, the student who found the tent, said \"the tent was half torn down and covered with snow. It was empty, and all the group's belongings and shoes had been left behind.\"Investigators said the tent had been cut open from inside. Nine sets of footprints, left by people wearing only socks or a single shoe or even barefoot, could be followed, leading down to the edge of a nearby wood, on the opposite side of the pass, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the north-east.After 500 metres (1,600 ft) these tracks were covered with snow. At the forest's edge, under a largeSiberian pine, the searchers found the visible remains of a small fire. There were the first two bodies, those of Krivonishenko and Doroshenko, shoeless and dressed only in underwear. The branches on the tree were broken up to five meters high, suggesting that one of the hikers had climbed up to look for",
"up to look for something, perhaps the camp. Between the pine and the camp, the searchers found three more corpses: Dyatlov, Kolmogorova, and Slobodin, who died in poses suggesting that they were attempting to return to the tent.They were found at distances of 300, 480, and 630 metres (980, 1,570, and 2,070 ft) from the tree. Finding the remaining four travelers took more than two months.They were finally found on 4 May under four metres (13 ft) of snow in a ravine 75 metres (246 ft) further into the woods from the pine tree. Three of the four were better dressed than the others, and there were signs that some clothing of those who had died first had been removed for use by the others. Dubinina was wearing Krivonishenko's burned, torn trousers, and her left foot and shin were wrapped in a torn jacket. Investigation A legal inquest started immediately after the first five bodies were found. A medical examination found no injuries that might have led to their deaths, and it was concluded that they had all died",
"they had all died ofhypothermia. Slobodin had a small crack in his skull, but it was not thought to be a fatal wound. An examination of the four bodies found in May shifted the narrative of the incident. Three of the hikers had fatal injuries: Thibeaux-Brignolleshad major skull damage, and Dubinina and Zolotaryov had major chest fractures.According to Boris Vozrozhdenny, the force required to cause such damage would have been extremely high, comparable to that of a car crash. Notably, the bodies had no external wounds associated with the bone fractures, as if they had been subjected to a high level of pressure. All four bodies found at the bottom of the creek in a running stream of water had soft tissue damage to their head and face. For example, Dubinina was missing her tongue, eyes, part of the lips, as well as facial tissue and a fragment of skullbone,while Zolotaryov had his eyeballs missing,and Aleksander Kolevatov his eyebrows.V. A. Vozrozhdenny, the forensic expert performing thepost-mortem",
"thepost-mortem examination, judged that these injuries happened post-mortem due to the location of the bodies in a stream. There was initial speculation that the indigenousMansi people, reindeer herders local to the area, had attacked and murdered the group for encroaching upon their lands. Several Mansi were interrogated,but the investigation indicated that the nature of the deaths did not support this hypothesis: only the hikers' footprints were visible, and they showed no sign of hand-to-hand struggle. Although the temperature was very low, around −25 to −30 °C (−13 to −22 °F) with a storm blowing, the dead were only partially dressed. Some had only one shoe, while others wore only socks.Some were found wrapped in snips of ripped clothes that seemed to have been cut from those who were already dead. Journalists reporting on the available parts of the inquest files claim that it states: At the time, the official conclusion was that the group members had died because of a compelling natural force.The",
"natural force.The inquest officially ceased in May 1959 as a result of the absence of a guilty party. The files were sent to a secret archive. In 1997, it was revealed that the negatives from Krivonishenko's camera were kept in the private archive of one of the investigators, Lev Nikitich Ivanov. The film material was donated by Ivanov's daughter to the Dyatlov Foundation. The diaries of the hiking party fell into Russia'spublic domainin 2009. On 12 April 2018, Zolotaryov's remains were exhumed on the initiative of journalists of the Russian tabloid newspaperKomsomolskaya Pravda. Contradictory results were obtained: one of the experts said that the character of the injuries resembled a person knocked down by a car, and the DNA analysis did not reveal any similarity to the DNA of living relatives. In addition, it turned out that Zolotaryov's name was not on the list of those buried at the Ivanovskoye Cemetery. Nevertheless, the reconstruction of the face from the exhumed skull matched postwar photographs of",
"photographs of Zolotaryov, although journalists expressed suspicions that another person was hiding under Zolotaryov's name afterWorld War II. In February 2019, Russian authorities reopened the investigation into the incident, although only three possible explanations were being considered: an avalanche, aslab avalanche, or ahurricane. The possibility of a crime had been discounted. Related reports Aftermath Anatoly Gushchin (Анатолий Гущин) summarized his research in the bookThe Price of State Secrets Is Nine Lives(Цена гостайны – девять жизней, Sverdlovsk, 1990)Some researchers criticised the work for its concentration on the speculative theory of a Soviet secret weapon experiment, but its publication led to public discussion, stimulated by interest in theparanormal. Indeed, many of those who had remained silent for thirty years reported new facts about the accident. One of them was the former police officer, Lev Nikitich Ivanov (Лев Никитич Иванов), who led the official inquest in 1959. In 1990, he",
"1959. In 1990, he published an article that included his admission that the investigation team had no rational explanation for the incident. He also stated that, after his team reported that they had seen flying spheres, he then received direct orders from high-ranking regional officials to dismiss this claim. In 2000, a regional television company produced the documentary filmThe Mystery of Dyatlov Pass(Тайна перевала Дятлова). With the help of the film crew, a Yekaterinburg writer, Anna Matveyeva (Анна Матвеева), published adocudramanovella of the same name.A large part of the book includes broad quotations from the official case, diaries of victims, interviews with searchers and other documentaries collected by the film-makers. The narrative line of the book details the everyday life and thoughts of a modern woman (analter egoof the author herself) who attempts to resolve the case. Despite its fictional narrative, Matveyeva's book remains the largest source of documentary materials ever made available to",
"made available to the public regarding the incident. Also, the pages of the case files and other documentaries (in photocopies and transcripts) are gradually being published on a web forum for enthusiastic researchers. The Dyatlov Foundation was founded in 1999 at Yekaterinburg, with the help of Ural State Technical University, led by Yuri Kuntsevich (Юрий Кунцевич). The foundation's stated aim is to continue investigation of the case and to maintain the Dyatlov Museum to preserve the memory of the dead hikers.On 1 July 2016, a memorial plaque was inaugurated inSolikamskin Ural's Perm Region, dedicated to Yuri Yudin (the sole survivor of the expedition group), who died in 2013. Explanations Avalanche On 11 July 2020, Andrey Kuryakov, deputy head of theUrals Federal Districtdirectorate of theProsecutor-General's Office, announced an avalanche to be the \"official cause of death\" for the Dyatlov group in 1959.Later independent computer simulation and analysis by Swiss researchers also suggest avalanche as the",
"avalanche as the cause.Summarizing Kuryakov's report inThe New Yorker,Douglas Prestonwrites, The most appealing aspect of Kuryakov's scenario is that the Dyatlov party's actions no longer seem irrational. The snow slab, according to Greene, would probably have made loud cracks and rumbles as it fell across the tent, making an avalanche seem imminent. Kuryakov noted that although the skiers made an error in the placement of their tent, everything they did subsequently was textbook: they conducted an emergency evacuation to ground that would be safe from an avalanche, they took shelter in the woods, they started a fire, they dug a snow cave. Had they been less experienced, they might have remained near the tent, dug it out, and survived. But avalanches are by far the biggest risk in the mountains in winter, and the more experience you have, the more you fear them. The skiers' expertise doomed them. Original explanation Reviewing asensationalist\"Yeti\" hypothesis, AmericanskepticauthorBenjamin Radfordsuggests an",
"Radfordsuggests an avalanche as more plausible: that the group woke up in a panic (...) and cut their way out the tent either because an avalanche had covered the entrance to their tent or because they were scared that an avalanche was imminent (...) (better to have a potentially repairable slit in a tent than risk being buried alive in it under tons of snow). They were poorly clothed because they had been sleeping, and ran to the safety of the nearby woods where trees would help slow oncoming snow. In the darkness of night, they got separated into two or three groups; one group made a fire (hence the burned hands) while the others tried to return to the tent to recover their clothing since the danger had passed. But it was too cold, and they all froze to death before they could locate their tent in the darkness. At some point, some of the clothes may have been recovered or swapped from the dead, but at any rate, the group of four whose bodies was most severely damaged were caught in an avalanche and buried",
"and buried under 4 meters (13 ft) of snow (more than enough to account for the 'compelling natural force' the medical examiner described). Dubinina's tongue was likely removed by scavengers and ordinary predation. Contradictory evidence Evidence contradicting the avalanche theory includes: Repeated 2015 investigation A review of the 1959 investigation's evidence completed in 2015–2019 by experienced investigators from theInvestigative Committee of the Russian Federation(ICRF) on request of the families confirmed the avalanche with several important details added. First of all, the ICRF investigators (one of them an experiencedalpinist) confirmed that the weather on the night of the tragedy was very harsh, with wind speeds up to hurricane force, 20–30 metres per second (45–67 mph; 72–108 km/h), a snowstorm and temperatures reaching−40 °C(−40 °F). These factors were not considered by the 1959 investigators who arrived at the scene of the accident three weeks later when the weather had much improved and any",
"improved and any remains of the snow slide had settled and been covered with fresh snowfall. The harsh weather at the same time played a critical role in the events of the tragic night, which have been reconstructed as follows: According to the ICRF investigators, the factors contributing to the tragedy were extremely bad weather and lack of experience of the group leader in such conditions, which led to the selection of a dangerous camping place. After the snow slide, another mistake of the group was to split up, rather than building a temporary camp down in the forest and trying to survive through the night. Negligence of the 1959 investigators contributed to their report creating more questions than answers, as well as inspiring numerous alternative and conspiracy theories. Support from 2021 model In 2021, a team ofphysicistsand engineers led by Alexander Puzrin and Johan Gaume published a new model inCommunications Earth & Environmentthat demonstrates how even a relatively small slide of snow slab on the",
"of snow slab on the Kholat Syakhl slope could cause tent damage and injuries consistent with those suffered by the Dyatlov team. Katabatic wind In 2019, a Swedish-Russian expedition was made to the site, and after investigations, they proposed that a violentkatabatic windwas a plausible explanation for the incident.Katabatic winds are somewhat rare events and can be extremely violent. They were implicated in a 1978 case at Anaris Mountain in Sweden, where eight hikers were killed and one was severely injured.The topography of these locations was noted to be very similar according to the expedition. A sudden katabatic wind would have made it impossible to remain in the tent, and the most rational course of action would have been for the hikers to cover the tent with snow and seek shelter behind the tree line.On top of the tent, there was also a flashlight left turned on, possibly left there intentionally so that the hikers could find their way back to the tent once the winds subsided. The expedition proposed",
"expedition proposed that the group of hikers constructed twobivouac shelters, one of which collapsed, leaving four of the hikers buried with the severe injuries observed. Infrasound Another hypothesis popularised byDonnie Eichar's 2013 bookDead Mountainis that wind going around Kholat Syakal created aKármán vortex street, which can produceinfrasoundcapable of inducingpanic attacksin humans. According to Eichar's theory, the infrasound generated by the wind as it passed over the top of the Holatchahl mountain was responsible for causing physical discomfort and mental distress in the hikers.Eichar claims that, because of their panic, the hikers were driven to leave the tent by whatever means necessary and fled down the slope. By the time they were further down the hill, they would have been out of the infrasound's path and would have regained their composure, but in the darkness would have been unable to return to their shelter.The traumatic injuries suffered by three of the victims were the result of their",
"the result of their stumbling over the edge of a ravine in the darkness and landing on the rocks at the bottom. Military tests In one speculation, the campsite fell within the path of a Sovietparachute mineexercise. This theory alleges that the hikers, woken by loud explosions, fled the tent in a shoeless panic and found themselves unable to return for supply retrieval. After some members froze to death attempting to endure the bombardment, others commandeered their clothing only to be fatally injured by subsequent parachute mine concussions. There are indeed records of parachute mines being tested by the Soviet military in the area around the time the hikers were there.Parachute mines detonate while still in the air rather than upon striking the Earth's surface and produce signature injuries similar to those experienced by the hikers: heavy internal damage with relatively little external trauma. The theory coincides with reported sightings of glowing, orange orbs floating or falling in the sky within the",
"the sky within the general vicinity of the hikers and allegedly photographed by them,potentially military aircraft or descending parachute mines. This theory (among others) uses scavenging animals to explain Dubinina's injuries.Some speculate that the bodies were unnaturally manipulated, on the basis of characteristiclivor mortismarkings discovered during an autopsy, as well as burns to hair and skin. Photographs of the tent allegedly show that it was erected incorrectly, something the experienced hikers were unlikely to have done. A similar theory alleges the testing ofradiological weaponsand is based partly on the discovery of radioactivity on some of the clothing as well as the descriptions of the bodies by relatives as having orange skin and grey hair. However, radioactive dispersal would have affected all, not just some, of the hikers and equipment, and the skin and hair discoloration can be explained by a natural process ofmummificationafter three months of exposure to the cold and wind. The initial",
"wind. The initial suppression by Soviet authorities of files describing the group's disappearance is sometimes mentioned as evidence of a cover-up, but the concealment of information about domestic incidents was standard procedure in the USSR and thus far from peculiar. And by the late 1980s, all Dyatlov files had been released in some manner. Paradoxical undressing International Science Timesposited that the hikers' deaths were caused by hypothermia, which can induce a behavior known asparadoxical undressingin which hypothermic subjects remove their clothes in response to perceived feelings of burning warmth.It is undisputed that six of the nine hikers died of hypothermia. However, others in the group appear to have acquired additional clothing (from those who had already died), which suggests that they were of a sound enough mind to try to add layers. Other Keith McCloskey, who has researched the incident for many years and has appeared in several TV documentaries on the subject, traveled to the Dyatlov",
"to the Dyatlov Pass in 2015 with Yuri Kuntsevich of the Dyatlov Foundation and a group. At the Dyatlov Pass he noted: McCloskey also noted: Donnie Eichar, who investigated and made a documentary about the incident, evaluated several other theories that are deemed unlikely or have been discredited: See also Notes References Works cited Further reading External links",
"Devil's Pass Devil's Pass(originally titledThe Dyatlov Pass Incident) is a 2013horror filmdirected byRenny Harlin, written by Vikram Weet, and starring Holly Goss,Matt Stokoe, Luke Albright,Ryan Hawley, andGemma Atkinsonas Americans who investigate theDyatlov Pass incident. It is shot in the style offound footage. Plot FiveOregoncollege students set off to find out what happened to the nine hikers who mysteriously died in theDyatlov Pass incident. Holly and Jensen are co-directors, J.P. and Andy are expert climbers, and Denise is the sound engineer. After the film introduces the characters, Russian-language news,Russia-24, discusses the students' disappearance. TheRussian governmentrecovers video footage but refuses to release it to the public; however, hackers obtain and release the footage, which forms the rest of the film. In Russia, the students first try to contact a member of the initial 1959 expedition who turned back after becoming ill on the first day. However, the man has been hospitalized following",
"following a nervous breakdown. The administrators at the hospital claim that he is dead and attempt to turn away the filmmakers. In an upstairs window, the students see a man they assume to be the survivor; he holds up a sign in Russian and is dragged away by orderlies. At a bar, the students recruit Sergei, who translates the sign as a warning to \"stay away\". Undeterred, Sergei introduces them to his aunt, Alya, who was part of the first rescue team. She tells them that a strange machine and eleven bodies were found at the site, not nine, as is commonly reported. The final two bodies had something wrong with them. At their campsite, Holly hears howling. The next morning, the group notices barefoot prints in the snow that start and stop suddenly. Jensen claims the footprints are fromyeti, but the others claim that Holly is messing with them. After hiking further, they again hear howling and find footprints that lead to a weather tower. Inside the weather tower, they find a human tongue. Denise wants to",
"Denise wants to leave, but the others convince her to continue. Jensen reveals that as a teenager he had heard the howling during a bad acid trip that ended with him being arrested while yelling incoherently about demons. Holly attempts to comfort Jensen by relating that she has had recurring dreams about Dyatlov Pass, which she interprets as fate. Unnoticed by the group, two mysterious creatures move through the snow in the distance. The group arrives at Dyatlov Pass unsettlingly ahead of schedule. J.P. and Andy are further spooked when their navigational equipment exhibits strange malfunctions. Using aGeiger counter, Holly and Jensen are led to a bunker that locks from the outside. The door is already unlocked but frozen shut; they manage to open the door. They return to the camp without telling anyone about the bunker. The next morning, the group is awakened by explosions that cause an avalanche. Denise is killed, and Andy suffers a severe fracture. After they fire a flare,Russian soldiersposing as a",
"soldiersposing as a rescue party arrive, kill Andy, and chase the three survivors to the bunker. J.P. is shot and wounded as they enter. Moving into a tunnel system, a mysterious creature moves through one tunnel while the three enter another. Holly and Jensen leave the wounded J.P. as they explore the bunker. Inside, they discover evidence of teleportation experiments, a dead soldier who is missing his tongue, a camcorder identical to theirs that has footage of their present conversation, dead bodies stacked in a pile, and files relating to thePhiladelphia Experiment. Jensen and Holly hear J.P. screaming, and find him under attack by mutants who seem to be able to teleport. The mutants kill J.P. and chase Jensen and Holly into a sealed room with a strange-looking tunnel that leads further into a natural cave. Jensen theorizes this is awormhole. Unwilling to starve to death or face the mutants, Jensen and Holly choose to step into the wormhole. Since there are no controls, Jensen suggests that they visualize",
"that they visualize a nearby destination. Holly suggests the bunker entrance, and they enter the wormhole. In 1959,Soviet militarypersonnel discover two bodies near the bunker's entrance. Soldiers chase away a younger version of Sergei's aunt Alya, who had just stumbled across the bodies. They recover their video camera. They drag the bodies inside the bunker, which is fully staffed and operational. The commanding officer orders the bodies to be stripped and hung on meat hooks. As the soldiers leave, the mutated bodies of Jensen and Holly, identified by Holly's neck tattoo, begin to revive. Cast Production Director Renny Harlin spent time inMoscowresearching the government archives. His own theory of what happened at theDyatlov Pass incidentis that a government experiment went wrong. The casting for the film was intentionally kept to unknowns. Shooting took place in northern Russia. Release Devil's Passwas released 23 August 2013.It was released on DVD in the UK 26 August 2013.It was released on DVD in the",
"on DVD in the US 17 December 2013. Reception Rotten Tomatoes, areview aggregator, reports that 48% of 23 surveyed critics gave it a positive review; the average rating is 4.91/10.Metacriticrated it 49/100.Miriam Bale ofThe New York Timescalled the film \"an upgradedBlair Witch Project\" that is hilarious, though it is not clear whether this is intentional or not.Scott Foundas ofVarietycalled it unoriginal yet watchable.SFXrated it 2/5 stars and called it \"a scare-free thriller\" with an underwhelming twist.Shelagh M. Rowan-Legg ofTwitch Filmcalled for a moratorium onfound footagefilms and stated that the film should have been about the real-life incident.Mark Adams ofScreen Dailycalled it \"shrewdly constructed\" and \"smartly made\".Philip FrenchofThe Guardianwrote that it \"adds nothing to a real-life mystery from the Soviet era\" and that the explanation is too outlandish.Bloody Disgustingrated the film 3/5 stars and recommended the film to enthusiasts of the real-life event but warned that the generic story would",
"generic story would probably not excite people tired of found footage films.Gareth Jones ofDread Centralrated it 3.5/5 stars and called it \"a thoroughly intriguing mash-up of sci-fi, horror and real-life mystery.\"Matt Glasby ofTotal Filmrated it 3/5 stars and called it a cheesymidnight moviethat requires a forgiving audience.Owen Williams ofEmpirecalled it a \"smartly-executed\" film with a \"satisfyingly circular conclusion\".Nigel Floyd ofTime Out Londonrated it 2/5 stars and wrote that the film becomes more unbelievable and silly as time goes on.Scott Weinberg ofFearnetcalled it a \"simple but crafty little horror tale\" with a payoff that can \"come off as ridiculous or novel\".Chris Holt ofStarburstrated it 7/10 stars and wrote that it is \"a fascinating and gripping film that despite being fundamentally flawed, is well worth your time.\" References External links"
] |
If the author of the philosophical magnum opus Being and Time were to adopt the last name of the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1964 and the middle name of the person to first break the 4-minute mile as the middle name, what would the full name be? | Martin Gilbert Sartre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-minute_mile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bannister | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Time', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-minute_mile', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bannister'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Time",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-minute_mile",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bannister"
] | [
"Being and Time Being and Time(German:Sein und Zeit) is the 1927magnum opusof German philosopherMartin Heideggerand a key document ofexistentialism.Being and Timeis among the most influential texts of 20th century philosophy. It had a notable impact on subsequent philosophy,literary theoryand many other fields. Though controversial, its stature inintellectual historyhas been compared with works byKantandHegel. The book attempts to reviveontologythrough an analysis ofDasein, or \"being-in-the-world.\" It is also noted for an array ofneologismsand complex language, as well as an extended treatment of \"authenticity\" as a means to grasp and confront the unique and finite possibilities of the individual. Background Richard Wolinnotes that the work \"implicitly adopted the critique of mass society” epitomized earlier by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche.\"Elitist complaints about the \"dictatorship of public opinion\" were common currency to the German mandarins of the twenties,\" according to J. Habermas (1989).Wolin writes thatBeing and Timeis \"suffused by a sensibility derived from secularized Protestantism” and its stress on original sin. The human condition is portrayed as \"essentially a curse.”Wolin cites the work's extended emphasis on “emotionally laden concepts” like guilt, conscience, angst and death. The book is likened to a secularized version ofMartin Luther's project, which aimed to turn Christian theology back to an earlier and more “original” phase. Taking this view,John D. Caputonotes that Heidegger made a systematic study of Luther in the 1920s after training for 10 years as a Catholic theologian.Similarly,Hubert Dreyfuslikens Division II of the volume to a secularized version ofKierkegaard's Christianity.Almost all central concepts ofBeing and Timeare derived fromAugustine, Luther, and Kierkegaard, according toChristian Lotz. The criticGeorge Steinerargues thatBeing and Timeis a product of the crisis of German culture following Germany's defeat inWorld War I. In this respect Steiner compared it toErnst Bloch'sThe Spirit of Utopia(1918),Oswald Spengler'sThe Decline of the West(1918),Franz Rosenzweig'sThe Star of Redemption(1921),Karl Barth'sThe Epistle to the Romans(1922), andAdolf Hitler'sMein Kampf(1925). In terms of structure,Being and Timeconsists of the lengthy two-part introduction, followed by Division One, the \"Preparatory Fundamental Analysis of Dasein,\" and Division Two, \"Dasein and Temporality.” Heidegger originally planned to write a separate, second volume but quickly abandoned the project. The unwritten “second half” was to include a critique of Western philosophy. Summary Dasein Being and Timeexplicitly rejectsDescartes' notion of the human being as a subjective spectator of objects, according to Marcella Horrigan-Kelly (et al.).The book instead holds that both subject and object are inseparable. In presenting the subject, \"being\" as inseparable from the objective \"world,\" Heidegger introduced the term “Dasein” (literally being there), intended to embody a ‘‘living being’’ through their activity of ‘’being there” and “being in the world” (Horrigan-Kelly).Understood as a unitary phenomenon rather than a contingent, additive combination, being-in-the-world is an essential characteristic of Dasein, according to Michael Wheeler (2011). Heidegger's account of Dasein passes through an analysis ofAngst,\"the Nothing\" and mortality, and of the structure of \"Care\" as such. He then defines \"authenticity,\" as a means to grasp and confront the finite possibilities of Dasein. Moreover, Dasein is \"the being that will give access to the question of the meaning of Being,\" according to Heidegger. Being The work claims that ordinary and even mundane \"being-in-the-world\" provides \"access to the meaning, or 'sense of being.' .\" This access via Dasein is also that \"in terms of which something becomes intelligible as something.\"This meaning would then elucidate ordinary \"prescientific\" understanding, which precedes abstract ways of knowing, such as logic or theory. Heidegger's concept of Being is metaphorical, according toRichard Rorty, who agrees with Heidegger that there is no \"hidden power\" called Being. Heidegger emphasizes that no particular understanding of Being (nor of Dasein) is to be valued over another, according to an account of Rorty's analysis by Edward Grippe.This supposed \"non-linguistic, pre-cognitive access\" to the meaning of Being didn't underscore any particular, preferred narrative. Thomas SheehanandMark Wrathalleach separately assert that commentators' emphasis on the term \"Being\" is misplaced, and that Heidegger's central focus was never on \"Being\" as such. Wrathall wrote (2011) that Heidegger's elaborate concept of \"unconcealment\" was his central, life-long focus, while Sheehan (2015) proposed that the philosopher's prime focus was on that which \"brings about being as a givenness of entities.\")Being and Timeactually offers \"no sense of how we might answer the question of being as such,\" writesSimon Critchleyin a nine-part blog commentary on the work forThe Guardian(2009). The book instead provides \"an answer to the question of what it means to be human\" (Critchley).Nonetheless, Heidegger does present the concept: \"'Being' is not something like a being but is rather \"what determines beings as beings.\" Time Heidegger believes that time finds its meaning in death, according to Michael Kelley. That is, time is understood only from a finite or mortal vantage. Dasein's fundamental characteristic and mode of \"being-in-the-world\" is temporal: Having been \"thrown\" into a world implies a \"pastness\" in its being. \"The present is the nodal moment which makes past and future intelligible,\" writes Lilian Alweiss.Dasein occupies itself with the present tasks required by goals it has projected on the future. Dasein as an intertwined subject/object cannot be separated from its objective \"historicality,\" a concept Heidegger credits in the text toWilhelm Dilthey. Dasein is \"stretched along\" temporally between birth and death, and thrown into its world; into its futurepossibilitieswhichDaseinis charged with assuming.Dasein'saccess to this world and these possibilities is always via a history and a tradition—or \"world historicality\". Methodologies Phenomenology Heidegger's mentorEdmund Husserldeveloped a method of analysis called \"phenomenological reduction\" or \"bracketing,\" that emphasized primordial experience as its key element. Husserl used this method to define the structures of consciousness and show how they are directed at both real and ideal objects within the world. Being and Timeemploys this method but purportedly modifies Husserl's subjectivist tendencies. Whereas Husserl conceived humans as constituted by consciousness, Heidegger countered that consciousness is peripheral toDasein, which cannot be reduced to consciousness. Consciousness is thus an \"effect\" rather than a determinant of existence. By shifting the priority from consciousness (psychology) to existence (ontology), Heidegger altered the subsequent direction of phenomenology. ButBeing and Timemisrepresented its phenomenology as a departure from methods established earlier by Husserl, according toDaniel O. Dahlstrom.In this vein, Robert J. Dostal asserts that \"if we do not see how much it is the case that Husserlian phenomenology provides the framework for Heidegger's approach,\" then it's impossible to exactly understandBeing and Time. On publication in 1927,Being and Timebore a dedication to Husserl, who beginning a decade earlier, championed Heidegger's work, and helped him secure the retiring Husserl's chair in Philosophy at the University of Freiburg in 1928.Because Husserl was Jewish, in 1941 Heidegger, then a member of theNazi Party, agreed to remove the dedication fromBeing and Time(restored in 1953 edition).: 253–258 Hermeneutics Being and Timeemployed the \"hermeneutic circle\" as a method of analysis or structure for ideas. According to Susann M. Laverty (2003), Heidegger's circle moves from the parts of experience to the whole of experience and back and forth again and again to increase the depth of engagement and understanding. Laverty writes (Kvale1996), \"This spiraling through a hermeneutic circle ends when one has reached a place of sensible meaning, free of inner contradictions, for the moment.\" The hermeneutic circle and certain theories concerning history inBeing and Timeare acknowledged within the text to rely on the writings ofWilhelm Dilthey.The technique was later employed in the writings ofJürgen Habermas, per \"Influence and reception\" below. Destructuring InBeing and TimeHeidegger briefly refutes the philosophy ofRené Descartes(in an exercise he called \"destructuring\"), but the second volume, intended as aDestruktionof Western philosophy, was never written. Heidegger sought to explain how theoretical knowledge came to be seen, incorrectly in his view, as fundamental to being. This explanation takes the form of a destructuring (Destruktion) of the philosophical tradition, an interpretative strategy that reveals the fundamental experience of being hidden within the theoretical attitude of themetaphysics of presence.: 11–13 In later works, while becoming less systematic and more obscure than inBeing and Time, Heidegger turns to the exegesis of historical texts, especially those of Presocratic philosophers, but also of Aristotle, Kant,Hegel,Plato,Nietzsche, andHölderlin, among others.: 24 Influence and reception Upon its publication, reviewers credited Heidegger with \"brilliance\" and \"genius\".The book was later seen as the \"most influential version of existential philosophy.\"Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism (of 1943) has been described as merely \"a version ofBeing and Time\".The work also influenced other philosophers of Sartre's generation,and exerted a notable influence onFrench philosophy. Heidegger's work influenced the output of theFrankfurt SchoolincludingJürgen Habermas's hermeneutics andHerbert Marcuse's early and abortive attempt to develop \"Heideggerian Marxism.\"Theodore Adorno, in his 1964 bookThe Jargon of Authenticity,was critical of Heidegger's popularity in post-war Western Europe. Adorno accused Heidegger of evading ethical judgment by disingenuously presenting \"authenticity\" as a value-free, technical term—rather than a positive doctrine of the good life.Heidegger influenced psychoanalysis throughJacques Lacanas well asMedard Bossand others.Paul Celan, in his essays on poetic theory, incorporated some of Heidegger's ideas.Being and Timealso separately influencedAlain Badiou's workBeing and Event(1988),and also separately theenactivistapproach tocognitiontheory. Bertrand Russellwas dismissive ofBeing and Time(\"One cannot help suspecting that language is here running riot\"), and the analytic philosopherA. J. Ayeroutright called Heidegger a charlatan. But the American philosopherRichard Rortyranked Heidegger among the important philosophers of the twentieth century, includingJohn DeweyandLudwig Wittgenstein.The conservative British writerRoger Scrutoncalled (2002)Being and Timea \"description of a private spiritual journey\" rather than genuine philosophy.ButStephen Houlgate(1999) compares Heidegger's achievements inBeing and Timeto those of Kant and Hegel.Simon Critchley (2009) writes that it is impossible to understand developments in continental philosophy after Heidegger without understandingBeing and Time. Related work Being and Timeis the major achievement of Heidegger's early career, but he produced other important works during this period: Although Heidegger did not complete the project outlined inBeing and Time, later works explicitly addressed the themes and concepts ofBeing and Time. Most important among the works which do so are the following: See also References Notes Citations Bibliography External links",
"1964 Nobel Prize in Literature The1964Nobel Prize in Literaturewas awarded the French writerJean-Paul Sartre(1905–1980) \"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age\". Sartre declined the prize, saying that he never accepted any official honours and that he did not want the writer to become an institution. Furthermore, regarding the political grounds for his action, Sartre declared about the Nobel prize that it is one that goes only to Westerners \"or to rebels of the East\". \"It is regrettable that the only Soviet work honored was one that was published abroad and forbidden in its own country.\"TheSwedish Academysaid in announcement: \"It will be recalled that the laureate has made it known that he did not wish to accept the prize. The fact that he has declined this distinction does not in the least modify the validity of the award. Under the circumstances, however, the Academy can only state that the presentation of the prize cannot take place.\" It is the only known occasion when a Laureate has voluntarily declined to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature. Laureate Sartre was a philosopher – formulated and popularized the philosophyexistentialismlargely formedin hisBeing and Nothingness(\"L'Être et le néant\", 1943) – and playwright but also wrote novels and short stories. Through the protagonist Antoine Roquentin, his first novelLa Nausée(\"Nausea\", 1938) articulates the existentialist themes of alienation, devotion and loneliness. His playHuis Clos(\"No Exit\", 1944) depicts hell as a perpetual co-existence with other people, whileLes Mouches(\"The Flies\", 1943) is an adaptation of the ancientElectra myth. His autobiographyLes Mots(\"The Words\", 1964), in which the author tries to distance himself from his writing and reconstruct his childhood, was received with great acclaim when it came out. Deliberations Nominations Sartre had received 16 nominations since1957. In 1964, theSwedish Academyreceived two nominations for him with which he was eventually awarded. He was nominated by the Swedish PEN-Club and a professor of German language from theUniversity of Strasbourg. Sartre was included in the shortlisted nominees together with Russian novelistMikhail Sholokhov(awarded in1965) and British writerW. H. Auden. There were 76 authors nominated in 1964. Nineteen of them were nominated first-time, among themEugène Ionesco,Paul Celan,José María Pemán,Hossein Ghods-Nakhai,James T. Farrell,Camilo José Cela(awarded in1989),Harry Martinson(awarded in1974),Hugh MacDiarmid, andMiguel Ángel Asturias(awarded in1967). The highest number of nominations – 3 nominations each – were forVäinö Linna,Friedrich Dürrenmatt,André Malraux, andMikhail Sholokhov(awarded in1965). Four of the nominees were women:Judith Wright,Ina Seidel,Nelly Sachs(awarded in1966), andKatherine Anne Porter. Prize Decision On 17 September 1964 the Nobel committee proposed that the prize should be awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre. The second name on the list wasMikhail Sholokov(who was awarded the prize in 1965) and the third name wasW.H. Auden. There was some ambivalence within the Swedish Academy to award Sartre. He had been nominated the first time in 1957, but his candidacy was postponed for the future as the Academy was not sure if Sartre's work would have any historical importance. His candidacy was considered and postponed again in 1962 for similar reasons. The publication ofLes Motsin 1963 is believed to have strengthened Sartre's candidacy and in October 1964 the Academy decided to award Sartre, their decision was sealed with a final vote on 22 October 1964. A week earlier Sartre, knowing that he was a candidate for the prize, had sent a letter to the Swedish Academy saying he would not accept the award, but as the Academy had already made their decision before the formal final vote they disregarded the letter. The Academy's permanent secretaryKarl Ragnar Gierowreplied to Sartre's letter saying that the decision had already been made and urged Sartre to reconsider and accept the prize. Reactions In a text published inLe Figaroon 23 October 1964 Sartre wrote that he regretted that his refusal to accept the prize had caused a scandal. He explained that he never accepted any prizes or membership of institutions as he believed an author who accepted such things became forever associated with the prize or institution, and that the author should not allow himself to become an institution. Aftermath In his memoirsLars Gyllenstenclaimed that someone, either Sartre himself or someone related to him, in 1975 had contacted the Swedish Academy and asked if the prize money was available. References External links",
"Four-minute mile Afour-minute mileis the completion of amile run(1.6 km) in four minutes or less. It translates to a speed of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h).It is a standard of professionalmiddle distancerunners in several cultures. The first four-minute mile is usually attributed to the English athleteRoger Bannister, who ran it in 1954 at age 25, in 3:59.4.Themile recordhas since been lowered by 16.27 seconds. As of June 2022, the \"four-minute barrier\" has been broken by 1,755 athletes.The record for the fastest time stands at 3:43.13, achieved by the Moroccan athleteHicham El Guerrouj, at age 24, in 1999. Record holders On 30 October 1863,William Langran adownhillmiletime trialin 4:02 inNewmarket, Suffolk, England.Due to the downhill slope, the time would not have been valid for record-keeping but nonetheless would be the fastest mile ever run until 1943, and began speculation about when the first sub-four-minute mile would be performed. The four-minute barrier was first broken on 6 May 1954 at Oxford University'sIffley Road Track, by British athleteRoger Bannister,with the help of fellow runnersChris ChatawayandChris Brasheraspacemakers. On 21 June 1954, at an international meet atTurku, Finland, Australia'sJohn Landybecame the second man, after Bannister, to achieve a sub-four-minute mile. He achieveda world record time of 3:57.9, ratified by theIAAFas 3:58.0 owing to the rounding rules then in effect. He held this record for more than three years. Two months later, on 7 August, during the1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Gameshosted inVancouver, B.C., Landy and Bannister both ran the distance of one mile in under four minutes. The race's end is memorialised in a photo, and later a statue, of the two, with Landy looking over his left shoulder, just as Bannister is passing him on the right. Landy thus lost the race. The statue was placed in front of thePacific National Exhibitionentrance plaza.Bannister won in 3 min 58.8 s, with Landy 0.8 s behind in 3 min 59.6 s. New Zealand'sJohn Walker, who with a 3:49.4 performance in August 1975 became the first man to run the mile under 3:50, ran 135 sub-four-minute miles during his career (during which he was the first person to run over 100 sub-four-minute miles), and AmericanSteve Scotthas run the most sub-four-minute miles, with 136. Algeria'sNoureddine Morceliwas the first under 3:45. Currently, the mile record is held by Morocco'sHicham El Guerrouj, who ran a time of 3:43.13 in Rome in 1999. In 1964, America'sJim Ryunbecame the firsthigh-school runner to break four minutes for the mile, running 3:59.0 as a junior and a then American record 3:55.3 as a senior in 1965.Tim Danielson(1966) andMarty Liquori(1967) also came in under four minutes, but Ryun's high-school record stood untilAlan Webbran 3:53.43 in 2001.Ten years later, in 2011,Lukas Verzbicasbecame the fifth high-schooler under four minutes.In 2015,Matthew MatonandGrant Fisherbecame the sixth and seventh high-schoolers to break four minutes, both running 3:59.38 about a month apart.Webb was the first high schooler to run sub-4 indoors, running 3:59.86 in early 2001. On 6 February 2016,Andrew Huntersignificantly improved upon Webb's mark, running 3:58.25 on the sameNew York Armorytrackand 3:57.81 two weeks later.Hunter achieved the 4-minute mile mark outdoors later in the season at thePrefontaine Classic. At that same meetMichael Slagowskiran his second sub-4-minute of the season.Reed Brown dipped under the barrier on 1 June 2017, running the 4th fastest high school mile time ever recorded in a race: 3:59.30.In 2020, Leo Daschbach clocked 3:59.54 during the Quarantine Clasico, moving to ninth on the all time list. Another illustration of the progression of performance in the men's mile is that, in 1994, forty years after Bannister's breaking of the barrier, the Irish runnerEamonn Coghlanbecame the first man over the age of 40 to run a sub-four-minute mile.Because Coghlan surpassed the mark indoors and before the IAAF validated indoor performances as being eligible for outdoor records,World Masters Athleticsstill had not recognised a sub-4-minute-mile performance as a record in the M40 division. Many elite athletes made the attempts to extend their careers beyond age 40 to challenge that mark. Over 18 years after Coghlan, that was finally achieved by UK'sAnthony Whiteman, running 3:58.79 on 2 June 2012. In 1997,Daniel KomenofKenyarantwo milesin less than eight minutes, doubling up on Bannister's accomplishment.He did it again in February 1998, falling just 0.3 seconds behind his previous performance of 7:58.61. On 9 June 2023, Norwegian runnerJakob Ingebrigtsenbested that time, running 7:54.10 to become only the second individual to run two miles in less than eight minutes. Ingebrigtsen also holds the record as the youngest runner to run a four-minute mile, having run 3:58.07 at thePrefontaine Classicin May 2017, when he was 16 years and 250 days old.However, indoor world championYomif Kejelchaof Ethiopia, born 1 August 1997, ran 4:57.74 in an indoor2000 mrace on 28 February 2014, at age 16 years and 212 days.The run averages to a pace of 3:59.58 per mile for the 1.24-mile race. Women No woman has yet run a four-minute mile. The women's world record is currently at 4:07.64, set byFaith Kipyegonof Kenya at theDiamond Leaguemeeting in Monacoon 21 July 2023.An earlier women's world record, 4:12.56 set bySvetlana Masterkovaof Russia on 14 August 1996 at Zürich, stood for almost 23 years: Masterkova became the first woman to run the mile in less than 4 minutes and 15 seconds. Kipyegon's run has led some to speculate that the first women's sub-four minute mile may come within the 21st century.Some organizations such as the Fast Forest project have considered the 4:30-minute mile barrier to be a roughly equivalent benchmark for women, though there are fewer women's sub-4:30 runners than there are men's sub-4:00 runners. Possible other claims A number of people have claimed to have beaten the four-minute mile before Bannister. James Parrott (1770) Some (notablyOlympicmedallistPeter Radford)contend the first successful four-minute mile was run by James Parrott on 9 May 1770.He ran the 1-mile,west-to-east, length ofOld Streetto finish somewhere within the grounds/building ofShoreditch Church. Timing methods at this time were—after the invention of thechronometerbyJohn Harrison—accurate enough to measure the four minutes correctly, and sporting authorities of the time accepted the claim as genuine. Old Street has ac.11 foot downward fall, with intermittent gentle undulations.Neal Bascombnotes inThe Perfect Milethat \"even nineteenth-century historians cast a skeptical eye on the account.\" Weller Run (1796) On 10 October 1796,The Sporting Magazinereported that a young man called Weller, who was one of three brothers, \"undertook for a wager of threeguineasto run one mile on theBanbury Road, in four minutes, which he performed two seconds within the time.\"This is equivalent to £391 in 2023 yet about 5 months' worth of typical rural labourer pay at the time. By the late 1700s, a mile could be routinely measured to within a few inches;watches, thanks toJohn Harrison, could measure 4 minutes to within 0.0009 sec (i.e. gain or lose 10 seconds a month),and after about 1750 the mass production of highly accurate watches was well underway. Big Hawk Chief (1876 or 1877) During his time as a Pawnee runner,Big Hawk Chiefpossibly became the first person documented to run a sub-four-minute mile. The details of the event, as chronicled by Army Officer, Captain Luther North, clocked the mile at 3 minutes and 58 seconds. Glenn Cunningham (1920s) It is also reputed thatGlenn Cunninghamachieved a four-minute mile in a workout in the 1920s. In addition to being unsubstantiated, a workout run would not count as a record. In popular culture In 1955Putnam & Co. Ltd.publishedRoger Bannister's account of the events inFirst Four Minutes.This was later adapted as \"The Four-Minute Mile\" byReader's Digestin 1958. In the 17 November 1956 Season 2 Episode 26 Whole No. 65 ofScience Fiction Theatreentitled \"Three Minute Mile\", a scientist (Marshall Thompson) attempts to create a super athlete (Martin Milner). In the 1971 filmThe Omega Man, protagonist Robert Neville, as played byCharlton Heston, claims to have run a mile in 3 minutes and 50 seconds. In 1988, theABCand theBBCco-producedThe Four Minute Mile, aminiseriesdramatization of the race to the four-minute mile, featuringRichard Huwas Bannister andNique Needlesas John Landy (who was simultaneously pursuing the milestone). It was written byDavid Williamsonand directed byJim Goddard. In 2004,Neal Bascombwrote a book entitledThe Perfect Mileabout Roger Bannister, John Landy, andWes Santee, portraying their individual attempts to break the four-minute mile and the context of the sport of mile racing. A second film version (entitledFour Minutes) was made in 2005, starringJamie Maclachlanas Bannister. Also in 2004, a50 pencecoin was minted in the United Kingdom to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Bannister running the four-minute mile.There were 9,032,500 minted in 2004. The coin was re-struck in 2019 as part of the '50 years of the 50p coin' set released by theRoyal Mint, only for collector sets. In 2005, ESPN released a television adaptation of the event called \"Four Minutes\" featuring Jamie Maclachlan as Roger Bannister andChristopher Plummeras his wheelchair-using coach, Archie Mason. In June 2011, the watch used to time the original event was donated byJeffrey Archerto a charity auction for Oxford University Athletics Club; it sold for £97,250. In July 2016, theBBCbroadcast the documentaryBannister: Everest on the Track, The Roger Bannister Storywith firsthand interviews from Bannister and various other figures on the first sub-4-minute mile. See also References Further reading External links",
"Roger Bannister Sir Roger Gilbert BannisterCHCBEFRCP(23 March 1929 – 3 March 2018) was an Englishneurologistandmiddle-distance athletewho ran the first sub-4-minute mile. At the1952 Olympicsin Helsinki, Bannister set a British record in the1500 metresand finished in fourth place. This achievement strengthened his resolve to become the first athlete to finish themile runin under four minutes. He accomplished this feat on 6 May 1954 atIffley Road trackinOxford, withChris ChatawayandChris Brasherproviding the pacing. When the announcer,Norris McWhirter, declared \"The time was three...\", the cheers of the crowd drowned out Bannister's exact time, which was 3 minutes and 59.4 seconds. He had attained this record with minimal training, while practising as ajunior doctor. Bannister's record lasted just 46 days. Bannister went on to become a neurologist and Master ofPembroke College, Oxford, before retiring in 1993. As Master of Pembroke, he was on the governing body ofAbingdon Schoolfrom 1986 to 1993.When asked whether the 4-minute mile was his proudest achievement, he said he felt prouder of his contribution to academic medicine through research into the responses of the nervous system. Bannister was patron of theMSATrust. He was diagnosed withParkinson's diseasein 2011. Early life and education Bannister was born on 23 March 1929 inHarrow, London. His parents Ralph and Alice were both from working-class families inLancashire. Ralph had moved to London at the age of 15 to work in theCivil Service, and met Alice on a trip home.They married in 1925, and had a daughter, Joyce, before Roger was born. The family moved toBathshortly after the outbreak ofWorld War IIwhen Ralph was relocated there, and Roger continued his education atCity of Bath Boys' School.Here he discovered a talent forcross country running, winning the junior cross-country cup three consecutive times, which led to him being presented with a miniature replica trophy. During abombing raid on Bath, the family house was severely damaged as the Bannisters sheltered in the basement. In 1944, the family returned to London and Roger went toUniversity College School.Bannister was accepted intoSt John's College, Cambridgebut the Senior TutorRobert Howland, a former Olympicshot putter, suggested that Bannister wait a year. After the year he proceeded to apply toExeter College, Oxfordand was accepted for a three-year degree in Medicine. Athletics career Early running career Bannister was inspired by milerSydney Wooderson's comeback in 1945. Eight years after setting the mile record and seeing it surpassed during the war years by the Swedish runnersArne AnderssonandGunder Hägg, Wooderson regained his old form and challenged Andersson over the distance in several races.Wooderson lost to Andersson but set a British record of 4:04.2 inGothenburgon 9 September. Like Wooderson, Bannister would ultimately set a mile record, see it broken, and then set a new personal best slower than the new record. Bannister started his running career atOxfordin the autumn of 1946 at the age of 17. He had never worn running spikes previously or run on a track.His training was light, even compared to the standards of the day, but he showed promise in running a mile in 1947 in 4:24.6 on only three weekly half-hour training sessions. He was selected as an Olympic \"possible\" in 1948 but declined as he felt he was not ready to compete at that level.However, he was further inspired to become a great miler by watching the1948 Olympics. He set his training goals on the1952 Olympicsin Helsinki. In 1949, he improved in the 880-yard (804.67 m) run to 1:52.7 and won several mile races in 4:11.Then, after a period of six weeks with no training, he came in third atWhite Cityin 4:14.2. The year 1950 saw more improvements as he finished a relatively slow 4:13-mile on 1 July with an impressive 57.5 last quarter. Then, he ran theAAA880 in 1:52.1, losing toArthur Wint, and then ran 1:50.7 for the 800 m at the European Championships on 26 August,placing third.Chastened by this lack of success, Bannister started to train harder and more seriously. His increased attention to training paid quick dividends, as he won a mile race in 4:09.9 on 30 December. Then in 1951 at thePenn Relays, Bannister broke away from the pack with a 56.7 final lap, finishing in 4:08.3. Then, in his biggest test to date, he won a mile race on 14 July in 4:07.8 at theAAAChampionships at White City before 47,000 people. The time set a meet record and he defeated defending championBill Nankevillein the process. Bannister suffered defeat, however, whenYugoslavia's Andrija Otenhajmer, aware of Bannister's final-lap kick, took a 1500 m race inBelgrade25 August out at near-record pace, forcing Bannister to close the gap by the bell lap. Otenhajmer won in 3:47.0, though Bannister set a personal best finishing second in 3:48.4. Bannister was no longer seen as invincible. His training was a very modern individualised mixture ofinterval traininginfluenced by coachFranz Stampflwith elements of blockperiodisation,fell runningand anaerobic elements of training which were later perfected byArthur Lydiard. From 1951 to 1954, Bannister trained at the track atPaddington Recreation GroundinMaida Valewhile he was a medical student at the nearbySt Mary's Hospital. There are two Bannister plaques at the pavilion, both unveiled by him on 10 September 2000; a circularblue plaqueand a rectangularhistoric plaquecontaining additional information.According to the latter, Bannister was able to train for just an hour each day due to his medical studies. 1952 Olympics Bannister avoided racing after the 1951 season until late in the spring of 1952, saving his energy for Helsinki and the Olympics. He ran an 880-yard (800 m) run on 28 May 1952 in 1:53.00, followed by a 4:10.6-mile time-trial on 7 June,proclaiming himself satisfied with the results. At theAAAchampionships, he skipped the mile and won the 880 in 1:51.5.Then, 10 days before the Olympic final, he ran a3⁄4mile time trial in 2:52.9,which gave him confidence that he was ready for the Olympics as he considered the time to be the equivalent of a four-minute mile. His confidence soon dissipated, however, as it was announced there would be semi-finals for the 1500 m at the Olympics,which he felt favoured runners who had much deeper training regimens than he did. When he ran his semi-final, Bannister finished fifth and thereby qualified for the final, but he felt \"blown and unhappy\". The1500 m finalon 26 July 1952 would prove to be one of the more dramatic in Olympic history.The race was not decided until the final metres,Josy BarthelofLuxembourgprevailing in an Olympic-record 3:45.28 (3:45.1 by official hand-timing) with the next seven runners all under the old record.Bannister finished fourth,out of the medals, but set a British record of 3:46.30 (3:46.0) in the process. New goal After his relative failure at the 1952 Olympics, Bannister spent two months deciding whether to give up running. He set himself on a new goal: to be the first man to run a mile in under four minutes.Accordingly, he intensified his training and did hardintervals. On 2 May 1953, he made an attempt on the British record atOxford. Paced byChris Chataway, Bannister ran 4:03.6, shattering Wooderson's 1945 standard.\"This race made me realise that the four-minute mile was not out of reach,\" said Bannister. On 27 June 1953, a mile race was inserted into the programme of theSurreyschools athletic meeting. Australian runner Don Macmillan, ninth in the 1500 m at the 1952 Olympics, set a strong pace with 59.6 for one lap and 1:59.7 for two. He gave up after two and a half laps, butChris Brashertook up the pace. Brasher had jogged the race, allowing Bannister to lap him so he could be a fresh pace-setter. At3⁄4mile, Bannister was at 3:01.8, the record—and first sub-four-minute mile—in reach. But the effort fell short with a finish in 4:02.0, a time bettered by onlyArne Andersson(4:01.6 in 1944) andGunder Hägg(4:01.4 in 1945).British officials would not allow this performance to stand as a British record, which, Bannister felt in retrospect, was a good decision. \"My feeling as I look back is one of great relief that I did not run a four-minute mile under such artificial circumstances,\" he said. But other runners were making attempts at the four-minute barrier and coming close as well. AmericanWes Santeeran 4:02.4 on 5 June 1953, the fourth-fastest mile ever. And at the end of the year, AustralianJohn Landyran 4:02.0. Then early in 1954, Landy made some more attempts at the distance. On 21 January 1954, he ran 4:02.4 inMelbourne, then 4:02.6 on 23 February 1954, and at the end of the Australian season on 19 April he ran 4:02.6 again. Bannister had been following Landy's attempts and was certain his Australian rival would succeed with each one. But knowing that Landy's season-closing attempt on 19 April would be his last until he travelled toFinlandfor another attempt, Bannister knew he had to make his attempt soon. Sub-4-minute mile This historic eventtook place on 6 May 1954 during a meet betweenBritish AAAandOxford UniversityatIffley Road TrackinOxford, watched by about 3,000 spectators.With winds of up to twenty-five miles per hour (40 km/h) before the event,Bannister had said twice that he preferred not to run, to conserve his energy and efforts to break the 4-minute barrier; he would try again at another meet. However, the winds dropped just before the race was scheduled to begin, and Bannister did run. The pace-setters from his major 1953 attempts, futureCommonwealth Gamesgold medallistChristopher Chatawayfrom the 2 May attempt, and futureOlympic Gamesgold medallistChris Brasherfrom the 27 June attempt, combined to provide pacing for Bannister's run. The racewas broadcast live byBBC Radioand commentated by1924 Olympic100 metres championHarold Abrahams, ofChariots of Firefame. Bannister had begun his day at a hospital in London, where he sharpened his racing spikes and rubbed graphite on them so they would not pick up too much cinder ash. He took a mid-morning train fromPaddington Stationto Oxford, nervous about the rainy, windy conditions that afternoon. Being a dual-meet format, there were seven men entered in the mile: Alan Gordon, George Dole and Nigel Miller from Oxford University; and four British AAA runners: Bannister, his two pacemakers Brasher and Chataway, andTom Hulatt. Nigel Miller arrived as a spectator and he only realised that he was due to run when he read the programme. Efforts to borrow a running kit failed and he could not take part, thus reducing the field to six. The race went off as scheduled at 6:00 pm, and Brasher and Bannister went immediately to the front of the pack.Brasher (wearing No. 44) led both the first lap in 58 seconds and the half-mile in 1:58, with Bannister (No. 41) tucked in behind, and Chataway (No. 42) a stride behind Bannister.Chataway moved to the front after the second lap and maintained the pace with a 3:01 split at the final lap bell. Chataway continued to lead around the front turn until Bannister began his finishing kick with about 275 yards to go (just over half a lap), running the last lap in just under 59 seconds. The stadium announcer for the race wasNorris McWhirter, who went on to co-publish and co-edit theGuinness Book of Records.He teased the crowd by delaying his announcement of Bannister's race time for as long as possible: Ladies and gentlemen, here is the result of event nine, the one mile: first, number forty one, R. G. Bannister, Amateur Athletic Association and formerly of Exeter and Merton Colleges, Oxford, with a time which is a new meeting and track record, and which—subject to ratification—will be a new English Native, British National, All-Comers, European, British Empire and World Record. The time was three... The roar of the crowd drowned out the rest of the announcement. Bannister's time was 3 minutes 59.4 seconds. The claim that a four-minute mile was once thought to be impossible by \"informed\" observers was and is a widely propagated myth created by sportswriters and debunked by Bannister himself in his memoir,The Four Minute Mile(1955). The reason the myth took hold was that four minutes was a round number that lay slightly out of reach of the world record (by just 1.4 seconds) for nine years, which was longer than it might otherwise have been due to the effect of theSecond World Warin interrupting athletic progress in the combatant countries.The Swedish runners,Gunder HäggandArne Andersson, in a series of head-to-head races in the period 1942–45, had alreadylowered the world mile recordby five seconds to the pre-Bannister record. Knowledgeable track fans are still most impressed by the fact that Bannister ran a four-minute mile on very low-mileage training by modern standards. Just 46 days later, on 21 June 1954, Bannister's record was broken by his rival, John Landy, inTurku,Finland, with a time of 3 minutes 57.9 seconds, which theIAAFratified as 3 minutes 58.0 seconds due to the rounding rules then in effect. 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games On 7 August, at the1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Gamesin Vancouver, B.C., Bannister, running for England, competed against Landy for the first time in a race billed as \"The Miracle Mile\". They were the only two men in the world to have broken the 4-minute barrier, with Landy still holding the world record. Landy led for most of the race, building a lead of 10 yards in the third lap (of four), but was overtaken on the last bend, and Bannister won in 3 min 58.8 s, with Landy 0.8 s behind in 3 min 59.6 s.Bannister and Landy have both pointed out that the crucial moment of the race was that at the moment when Bannister decided to try to pass Landy, Landy looked over his left shoulder to gauge Bannister's position and Bannister burst past him on the right, never relinquishing the lead. A larger-than-life bronze sculpture of the two men at that moment was created by Vancouver sculptorJack Harmanin 1967 from a photograph byVancouver Sunphotographer Charlie Warner and stood for many years at the entrance toEmpire Stadium; after the stadium was demolished the sculpture was moved a short distance away to the Hastings and Renfrew entrance of thePacific National Exhibition(PNE) fairgrounds. Regarding this sculpture, Landy quipped: \"WhileLot's wifewas turned into a pillar of salt for looking back, I am probably the only one ever turned into bronze for looking back.\" Bannister went on that season to win the so-calledmetric mile, the 1500 m, at theEuropean ChampionshipsinBern, Switzerland, on 29 August, with a championship record in a time of 3 min 43.8 s.He retired from athletics late in 1954 to concentrate on his work as a junior doctor and to pursue a career inneurology.He was appointed aCBEthe following year for \"services to amateur athletics\". Sports Council and knighthood Bannister later became the first Chairman of the Sports Council (now calledSport England) and wasknightedfor this service in 1975.Under his patronage, central and local government funding of sports centres and other sports facilities was rapidly increased, and he also initiated the first testing for use ofanabolic steroidsin sport. Medical career After retiring from athletics in 1954, Bannister spent the next forty years practising medicine in the field ofneurology. In March 1957, he joined theRoyal Army Medical Corpsat Crookham, where he started his two years ofNational Servicewith the rank oflieutenant. His major contribution to academic medicine was in the field ofautonomicfailure, an area of neurology concerning illnesses characterised by the loss of certain automatic responses of the nervous system (for example, elevated heart rate when standing up). He ultimately published more than eighty papers, mostly concerned with theautonomic nervous system,cardiovascular physiology, andmultiple system atrophy.He editedAutonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous Systemwith C.J. Mathias, a colleague atSt Mary's, as well as five editions ofBrain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology. Bannister always said he was more proud of his contribution to medicine than his running career.In 2014, Bannister said in an interview: \"I'd rather be remembered for my work in neurology than my running. If you offered me the chance to make a great breakthrough in the study of the autonomic nerve system, I'd take that over the four minute mile right away. I worked in medicine for sixty years. I ran for about eight.\" Personal life In 1955, Bannister married the Swedish artist Moyra Elver Jacobsson inBasel, Switzerland.Moyra Jacobsson-Bannister was the daughter of the Swedish economistPer Jacobsson, who served as managing director of theInternational Monetary Fund. They had four children: Carol E. E. Bannister (b. 1957); Clive C. R. Bannister (b. 1959), an insurance industry executive;Thurstan R. R. Bannister (b. July 1960), a company director in New York;and Charlotte B. M. Bannister (b. 1963), now Charlotte Bannister-Parker, associate priest at theUniversity Church of St Mary the Virginin Oxford. In 2011, Bannister was diagnosed withParkinson's disease.He died of pneumonia at theJohn Radcliffe Hospitalin Oxford on 3 March 2018,at the age of 88, 20 days before his 89th birthday.He is buried inWolvercote Cemeterynear Oxford. His widow, Lady Moyra Bannister, died in Oxford on 4 November 2022, at the age of 94. Legacy On the 50th anniversary of running the mile in under four minutes, Bannister was interviewed by theBBC's sports correspondentRob Bonnet. At the conclusion of the interview, Bannister was asked whether he looked back on the sub-4-minute mile as the most important achievement of his life. Bannister replied that he instead saw his subsequent forty years of practising medicine and some of the new procedures he introduced as being more significant. He also said that, in terms of athletic achievement, he felt his performances at the 1952 Olympics and the 1954 Commonwealth Games were more significant than running the sub-4-minute mile. Ironically, although Roger Bannister is arguably the most famous record-setter in the mile, he is also the man who held the record for the shortest period of time, at least since theIAAFstarted to ratify records. Media For his efforts, Bannister was also made the inaugural recipient of theSports IllustratedSportsperson of the Yearaward for 1954 (awarded in January 1955) and is one of the few non-Americans recognised by the American-published magazine as such. In a UK poll conducted byChannel 4in 2002, the British public voted Bannister's historic sub-4-minute mile as number 13 in the list of the100 Greatest Sporting Moments. Bannister is the subject of the ESPN filmFour Minutes(2005). This film is a dramatisation, its major departures from the factual record being the creation of a fictional character as Bannister's coach, who was actuallyFranz Stampfl, an Austrian, and secondly his meeting his wife, Moyra Jacobsson, in the early 1950s when in fact they met in London only a few months before the Miracle Mile itself took place. Bannister was portrayed byJamie Maclachlan. Bannister: Everest on the Track, The Roger Bannister Storyis a 2016 TV documentary about his childhood and youth inWWIIand postwar Britain and the breaking of the 4-minute mile barrier, with interviews of participants and witnesses to the 1954 race, and later runners inspired by Bannister and his achievement, includingPhil Knightwho says that Roger Bannister inspired him to startNike. In the 1988 television mini-seriesThe Four Minute Mile, about the rivalry between Bannister, John Landy and Wes Santee to be first to break the 4-minute mile mark, Bannister was portrayed by actorRichard Huw. Places In 1996 Pembroke College at the University of Oxford (where Bannister was Master for eight years) named a building in honour of his achievements. The Bannister Building, an 18th-century townhouse in Brewer Street, was converted to provide accommodation for graduate students. Following extensive refurbishments during 2011 and 2012, it became part of the building complex surrounding the Rokos Quad, and was then used for undergraduate accommodation. In March 2004St Mary's Hospital Medical Schoolnamed a lecture theatre after Bannister; on display is the stopwatch that was used to time the race, stopped at 3:59.Bannister also gave his name to the trophy presented to the winning team in the annual athleticsvarsity matchbetweenImperial College School of MedicineandImperial College London, as well as the award given to the graduating doctor of Imperial College School of Medicine who has achieved most in the sporting community. Bannister also purchased the cup (which bears his name) awarded to the winning team in the annual United Hospitals Cross-Country Championship, organised byLondon Universities and Colleges Athletics. The championship is contested by the five medical schools in London and theRoyal Veterinary College. In 2012 Bannister carried the Olympic flame at the site of his memorable feat, in theOxford University track stadiumnow named after him. On 28 September 2021 a memorial stone honouring Sir Roger, \"pioneering neurologist, world champion runner\", was unveiled inWestminster Abbey, in the area known as 'Scientists' corner'. Memorabilia The 50th anniversary of Bannister's achievement was marked by a commemorative British50-pence coin. The reverse of the coin shows the legs of a runner and a stopwatch (stopped at 3:59.4).There were 9,032,500 minted.The coin was re-struck for collector sets in 2019 as part of theRoyal Mint's'50 Years of the 50p coin', along with other designs. In the gallery of Pembroke College dining hall there is a cabinet containing over 80 exhibits covering Bannister's athletic career and including some academic highlights. Anniversary Races On 6 May 2024, exactly seventy years after Bannister's sub-four minute mile, hundreds of runners converged inOxfordto run a mile in Bannister's honor. The event saw thousands run a \"Community Mile\", and several races for elite runners on the Iffley Track. In the elite mile, four athletes broke the four minute barrier, withItaly'sOssama Meslekclocking the fastest mile, at 3:56.15. This is the second time Iffley Track hosted an anniversary event for Bannister's achievement, with the previous time being in 2004. Retired, accomplished milers includingSteve Cram,Hicham El Guerrouj,Filbert Bayi,Noureddine Morceli, andEamonn Coghlanattended, all of whom have had themile world recordto their name. Bayi ran 3:51.0 in May of 1975, holding the mile world record for three months until August of 1975, whenJohn WalkerofNew Zealandran 3:49.4. Cram ran 3:46.32 in 1985, holding themile world recorduntilNoureddine MorceliofAlgeriaran 3:44.39 in 1993. Finally, on 7 July 1999, El Guerrouj ran 3:43.13, the current mile world record to this day, which is over sixteen seconds faster than Bannister's 3:59.4. Although not an outdoor record, Coghlan set an indoor mile world record of 3:49.78 in 1983, which was bettered by El Guerrouj in 1997 who ran 3:48.45. Awards and honours Bannister received many honours for his achievements in sports and medicine. He wasknightedin the1975 New Year Honours,and appointedMemberof theOrder of the Companions of Honour(CH) in the2017 New Year Honoursfor services to sport. Bannister was anHonorary Fellowof bothExeter CollegeandMerton College,where he studied at theUniversity of Oxford; he was also Honorary Fellow ofHarris Manchester College, Oxford. He received honorary degrees (Doctor of Science) from theUniversity of Sheffieldin 1978,and from theUniversity of Bathin 1984.He also received honorary degrees from theUniversity of Paviain 1986 and fromBrunel University Londonin 2008 (DUniv), as well as an honorary doctorate fromOxford Brookes Universityin 2014.In 2000, Bannister received the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement. Bannister was made anHonorary Freemanof theLondon Borough of Harrowon 4 May 2004,and was granted theFreedom of the CityofOxfordin 2004. Selected publications Autobiography Academic Other media In 2014, he appeared as a guest on BBC Radio 4'sMidweekwithLibby Purves,Kevin WarwickandRachael Stirling. References Citations Sources Notes Further reading External links"
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"Being and Time Being and Time(German:Sein und Zeit) is the 1927magnum opusof German philosopherMartin Heideggerand a key document ofexistentialism.Being and Timeis among the most influential texts of 20th century philosophy. It had a notable impact on subsequent philosophy,literary theoryand many other fields. Though controversial, its stature inintellectual historyhas been compared with works byKantandHegel. The book attempts to reviveontologythrough an analysis ofDasein, or \"being-in-the-world.\" It is also noted for an array ofneologismsand complex language, as well as an extended treatment of \"authenticity\" as a means to grasp and confront the unique and finite possibilities of the individual. Background Richard Wolinnotes that the work \"implicitly adopted the critique of mass society” epitomized earlier by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche.\"Elitist complaints about the \"dictatorship of public opinion\" were common currency to the German mandarins of the twenties,\" according to J. Habermas (1989).Wolin writes",
"(1989).Wolin writes thatBeing and Timeis \"suffused by a sensibility derived from secularized Protestantism” and its stress on original sin. The human condition is portrayed as \"essentially a curse.”Wolin cites the work's extended emphasis on “emotionally laden concepts” like guilt, conscience, angst and death. The book is likened to a secularized version ofMartin Luther's project, which aimed to turn Christian theology back to an earlier and more “original” phase. Taking this view,John D. Caputonotes that Heidegger made a systematic study of Luther in the 1920s after training for 10 years as a Catholic theologian.Similarly,Hubert Dreyfuslikens Division II of the volume to a secularized version ofKierkegaard's Christianity.Almost all central concepts ofBeing and Timeare derived fromAugustine, Luther, and Kierkegaard, according toChristian Lotz. The criticGeorge Steinerargues thatBeing and Timeis a product of the crisis of German culture following Germany's defeat inWorld War I. In this respect Steiner",
"respect Steiner compared it toErnst Bloch'sThe Spirit of Utopia(1918),Oswald Spengler'sThe Decline of the West(1918),Franz Rosenzweig'sThe Star of Redemption(1921),Karl Barth'sThe Epistle to the Romans(1922), andAdolf Hitler'sMein Kampf(1925). In terms of structure,Being and Timeconsists of the lengthy two-part introduction, followed by Division One, the \"Preparatory Fundamental Analysis of Dasein,\" and Division Two, \"Dasein and Temporality.” Heidegger originally planned to write a separate, second volume but quickly abandoned the project. The unwritten “second half” was to include a critique of Western philosophy. Summary Dasein Being and Timeexplicitly rejectsDescartes' notion of the human being as a subjective spectator of objects, according to Marcella Horrigan-Kelly (et al.).The book instead holds that both subject and object are inseparable. In presenting the subject, \"being\" as inseparable from the objective \"world,\" Heidegger introduced the term “Dasein” (literally being there), intended to embody a",
"to embody a ‘‘living being’’ through their activity of ‘’being there” and “being in the world” (Horrigan-Kelly).Understood as a unitary phenomenon rather than a contingent, additive combination, being-in-the-world is an essential characteristic of Dasein, according to Michael Wheeler (2011). Heidegger's account of Dasein passes through an analysis ofAngst,\"the Nothing\" and mortality, and of the structure of \"Care\" as such. He then defines \"authenticity,\" as a means to grasp and confront the finite possibilities of Dasein. Moreover, Dasein is \"the being that will give access to the question of the meaning of Being,\" according to Heidegger. Being The work claims that ordinary and even mundane \"being-in-the-world\" provides \"access to the meaning, or 'sense of being.' .\" This access via Dasein is also that \"in terms of which something becomes intelligible as something.\"This meaning would then elucidate ordinary \"prescientific\" understanding, which precedes abstract ways of knowing, such as logic or theory.",
"as logic or theory. Heidegger's concept of Being is metaphorical, according toRichard Rorty, who agrees with Heidegger that there is no \"hidden power\" called Being. Heidegger emphasizes that no particular understanding of Being (nor of Dasein) is to be valued over another, according to an account of Rorty's analysis by Edward Grippe.This supposed \"non-linguistic, pre-cognitive access\" to the meaning of Being didn't underscore any particular, preferred narrative. Thomas SheehanandMark Wrathalleach separately assert that commentators' emphasis on the term \"Being\" is misplaced, and that Heidegger's central focus was never on \"Being\" as such. Wrathall wrote (2011) that Heidegger's elaborate concept of \"unconcealment\" was his central, life-long focus, while Sheehan (2015) proposed that the philosopher's prime focus was on that which \"brings about being as a givenness of entities.\")Being and Timeactually offers \"no sense of how we might answer the question of being as such,\" writesSimon Critchleyin a nine-part",
"a nine-part blog commentary on the work forThe Guardian(2009). The book instead provides \"an answer to the question of what it means to be human\" (Critchley).Nonetheless, Heidegger does present the concept: \"'Being' is not something like a being but is rather \"what determines beings as beings.\" Time Heidegger believes that time finds its meaning in death, according to Michael Kelley. That is, time is understood only from a finite or mortal vantage. Dasein's fundamental characteristic and mode of \"being-in-the-world\" is temporal: Having been \"thrown\" into a world implies a \"pastness\" in its being. \"The present is the nodal moment which makes past and future intelligible,\" writes Lilian Alweiss.Dasein occupies itself with the present tasks required by goals it has projected on the future. Dasein as an intertwined subject/object cannot be separated from its objective \"historicality,\" a concept Heidegger credits in the text toWilhelm Dilthey. Dasein is \"stretched along\" temporally between birth and death, and",
"and death, and thrown into its world; into its futurepossibilitieswhichDaseinis charged with assuming.Dasein'saccess to this world and these possibilities is always via a history and a tradition—or \"world historicality\". Methodologies Phenomenology Heidegger's mentorEdmund Husserldeveloped a method of analysis called \"phenomenological reduction\" or \"bracketing,\" that emphasized primordial experience as its key element. Husserl used this method to define the structures of consciousness and show how they are directed at both real and ideal objects within the world. Being and Timeemploys this method but purportedly modifies Husserl's subjectivist tendencies. Whereas Husserl conceived humans as constituted by consciousness, Heidegger countered that consciousness is peripheral toDasein, which cannot be reduced to consciousness. Consciousness is thus an \"effect\" rather than a determinant of existence. By shifting the priority from consciousness (psychology) to existence (ontology), Heidegger altered the subsequent",
"the subsequent direction of phenomenology. ButBeing and Timemisrepresented its phenomenology as a departure from methods established earlier by Husserl, according toDaniel O. Dahlstrom.In this vein, Robert J. Dostal asserts that \"if we do not see how much it is the case that Husserlian phenomenology provides the framework for Heidegger's approach,\" then it's impossible to exactly understandBeing and Time. On publication in 1927,Being and Timebore a dedication to Husserl, who beginning a decade earlier, championed Heidegger's work, and helped him secure the retiring Husserl's chair in Philosophy at the University of Freiburg in 1928.Because Husserl was Jewish, in 1941 Heidegger, then a member of theNazi Party, agreed to remove the dedication fromBeing and Time(restored in 1953 edition).: 253–258 Hermeneutics Being and Timeemployed the \"hermeneutic circle\" as a method of analysis or structure for ideas. According to Susann M. Laverty (2003), Heidegger's circle moves from the parts of experience to the whole of",
"to the whole of experience and back and forth again and again to increase the depth of engagement and understanding. Laverty writes (Kvale1996), \"This spiraling through a hermeneutic circle ends when one has reached a place of sensible meaning, free of inner contradictions, for the moment.\" The hermeneutic circle and certain theories concerning history inBeing and Timeare acknowledged within the text to rely on the writings ofWilhelm Dilthey.The technique was later employed in the writings ofJürgen Habermas, per \"Influence and reception\" below. Destructuring InBeing and TimeHeidegger briefly refutes the philosophy ofRené Descartes(in an exercise he called \"destructuring\"), but the second volume, intended as aDestruktionof Western philosophy, was never written. Heidegger sought to explain how theoretical knowledge came to be seen, incorrectly in his view, as fundamental to being. This explanation takes the form of a destructuring (Destruktion) of the philosophical tradition, an interpretative strategy that",
"strategy that reveals the fundamental experience of being hidden within the theoretical attitude of themetaphysics of presence.: 11–13 In later works, while becoming less systematic and more obscure than inBeing and Time, Heidegger turns to the exegesis of historical texts, especially those of Presocratic philosophers, but also of Aristotle, Kant,Hegel,Plato,Nietzsche, andHölderlin, among others.: 24 Influence and reception Upon its publication, reviewers credited Heidegger with \"brilliance\" and \"genius\".The book was later seen as the \"most influential version of existential philosophy.\"Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism (of 1943) has been described as merely \"a version ofBeing and Time\".The work also influenced other philosophers of Sartre's generation,and exerted a notable influence onFrench philosophy. Heidegger's work influenced the output of theFrankfurt SchoolincludingJürgen Habermas's hermeneutics andHerbert Marcuse's early and abortive attempt to develop \"Heideggerian Marxism.\"Theodore Adorno, in his",
"Adorno, in his 1964 bookThe Jargon of Authenticity,was critical of Heidegger's popularity in post-war Western Europe. Adorno accused Heidegger of evading ethical judgment by disingenuously presenting \"authenticity\" as a value-free, technical term—rather than a positive doctrine of the good life.Heidegger influenced psychoanalysis throughJacques Lacanas well asMedard Bossand others.Paul Celan, in his essays on poetic theory, incorporated some of Heidegger's ideas.Being and Timealso separately influencedAlain Badiou's workBeing and Event(1988),and also separately theenactivistapproach tocognitiontheory. Bertrand Russellwas dismissive ofBeing and Time(\"One cannot help suspecting that language is here running riot\"), and the analytic philosopherA. J. Ayeroutright called Heidegger a charlatan. But the American philosopherRichard Rortyranked Heidegger among the important philosophers of the twentieth century, includingJohn DeweyandLudwig Wittgenstein.The conservative British writerRoger Scrutoncalled (2002)Being",
"(2002)Being and Timea \"description of a private spiritual journey\" rather than genuine philosophy.ButStephen Houlgate(1999) compares Heidegger's achievements inBeing and Timeto those of Kant and Hegel.Simon Critchley (2009) writes that it is impossible to understand developments in continental philosophy after Heidegger without understandingBeing and Time. Related work Being and Timeis the major achievement of Heidegger's early career, but he produced other important works during this period: Although Heidegger did not complete the project outlined inBeing and Time, later works explicitly addressed the themes and concepts ofBeing and Time. Most important among the works which do so are the following: See also References Notes Citations Bibliography External links",
"1964 Nobel Prize in Literature The1964Nobel Prize in Literaturewas awarded the French writerJean-Paul Sartre(1905–1980) \"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age\". Sartre declined the prize, saying that he never accepted any official honours and that he did not want the writer to become an institution. Furthermore, regarding the political grounds for his action, Sartre declared about the Nobel prize that it is one that goes only to Westerners \"or to rebels of the East\". \"It is regrettable that the only Soviet work honored was one that was published abroad and forbidden in its own country.\"TheSwedish Academysaid in announcement: \"It will be recalled that the laureate has made it known that he did not wish to accept the prize. The fact that he has declined this distinction does not in the least modify the validity of the award. Under the circumstances, however, the Academy can only state that the presentation",
"the presentation of the prize cannot take place.\" It is the only known occasion when a Laureate has voluntarily declined to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature. Laureate Sartre was a philosopher – formulated and popularized the philosophyexistentialismlargely formedin hisBeing and Nothingness(\"L'Être et le néant\", 1943) – and playwright but also wrote novels and short stories. Through the protagonist Antoine Roquentin, his first novelLa Nausée(\"Nausea\", 1938) articulates the existentialist themes of alienation, devotion and loneliness. His playHuis Clos(\"No Exit\", 1944) depicts hell as a perpetual co-existence with other people, whileLes Mouches(\"The Flies\", 1943) is an adaptation of the ancientElectra myth. His autobiographyLes Mots(\"The Words\", 1964), in which the author tries to distance himself from his writing and reconstruct his childhood, was received with great acclaim when it came out. Deliberations Nominations Sartre had received 16 nominations since1957. In 1964, theSwedish Academyreceived two",
"Academyreceived two nominations for him with which he was eventually awarded. He was nominated by the Swedish PEN-Club and a professor of German language from theUniversity of Strasbourg. Sartre was included in the shortlisted nominees together with Russian novelistMikhail Sholokhov(awarded in1965) and British writerW. H. Auden. There were 76 authors nominated in 1964. Nineteen of them were nominated first-time, among themEugène Ionesco,Paul Celan,José María Pemán,Hossein Ghods-Nakhai,James T. Farrell,Camilo José Cela(awarded in1989),Harry Martinson(awarded in1974),Hugh MacDiarmid, andMiguel Ángel Asturias(awarded in1967). The highest number of nominations – 3 nominations each – were forVäinö Linna,Friedrich Dürrenmatt,André Malraux, andMikhail Sholokhov(awarded in1965). Four of the nominees were women:Judith Wright,Ina Seidel,Nelly Sachs(awarded in1966), andKatherine Anne Porter. Prize Decision On 17 September 1964 the Nobel committee proposed that the prize should be awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre. The second",
"Sartre. The second name on the list wasMikhail Sholokov(who was awarded the prize in 1965) and the third name wasW.H. Auden. There was some ambivalence within the Swedish Academy to award Sartre. He had been nominated the first time in 1957, but his candidacy was postponed for the future as the Academy was not sure if Sartre's work would have any historical importance. His candidacy was considered and postponed again in 1962 for similar reasons. The publication ofLes Motsin 1963 is believed to have strengthened Sartre's candidacy and in October 1964 the Academy decided to award Sartre, their decision was sealed with a final vote on 22 October 1964. A week earlier Sartre, knowing that he was a candidate for the prize, had sent a letter to the Swedish Academy saying he would not accept the award, but as the Academy had already made their decision before the formal final vote they disregarded the letter. The Academy's permanent secretaryKarl Ragnar Gierowreplied to Sartre's letter saying that the decision had",
"the decision had already been made and urged Sartre to reconsider and accept the prize. Reactions In a text published inLe Figaroon 23 October 1964 Sartre wrote that he regretted that his refusal to accept the prize had caused a scandal. He explained that he never accepted any prizes or membership of institutions as he believed an author who accepted such things became forever associated with the prize or institution, and that the author should not allow himself to become an institution. Aftermath In his memoirsLars Gyllenstenclaimed that someone, either Sartre himself or someone related to him, in 1975 had contacted the Swedish Academy and asked if the prize money was available. References External links",
"Four-minute mile Afour-minute mileis the completion of amile run(1.6 km) in four minutes or less. It translates to a speed of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h).It is a standard of professionalmiddle distancerunners in several cultures. The first four-minute mile is usually attributed to the English athleteRoger Bannister, who ran it in 1954 at age 25, in 3:59.4.Themile recordhas since been lowered by 16.27 seconds. As of June 2022, the \"four-minute barrier\" has been broken by 1,755 athletes.The record for the fastest time stands at 3:43.13, achieved by the Moroccan athleteHicham El Guerrouj, at age 24, in 1999. Record holders On 30 October 1863,William Langran adownhillmiletime trialin 4:02 inNewmarket, Suffolk, England.Due to the downhill slope, the time would not have been valid for record-keeping but nonetheless would be the fastest mile ever run until 1943, and began speculation about when the first sub-four-minute mile would be performed. The four-minute barrier was first broken on 6 May 1954 at Oxford",
"May 1954 at Oxford University'sIffley Road Track, by British athleteRoger Bannister,with the help of fellow runnersChris ChatawayandChris Brasheraspacemakers. On 21 June 1954, at an international meet atTurku, Finland, Australia'sJohn Landybecame the second man, after Bannister, to achieve a sub-four-minute mile. He achieveda world record time of 3:57.9, ratified by theIAAFas 3:58.0 owing to the rounding rules then in effect. He held this record for more than three years. Two months later, on 7 August, during the1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Gameshosted inVancouver, B.C., Landy and Bannister both ran the distance of one mile in under four minutes. The race's end is memorialised in a photo, and later a statue, of the two, with Landy looking over his left shoulder, just as Bannister is passing him on the right. Landy thus lost the race. The statue was placed in front of thePacific National Exhibitionentrance plaza.Bannister won in 3 min 58.8 s, with Landy 0.8 s behind in 3 min 59.6 s. New Zealand'sJohn",
"New Zealand'sJohn Walker, who with a 3:49.4 performance in August 1975 became the first man to run the mile under 3:50, ran 135 sub-four-minute miles during his career (during which he was the first person to run over 100 sub-four-minute miles), and AmericanSteve Scotthas run the most sub-four-minute miles, with 136. Algeria'sNoureddine Morceliwas the first under 3:45. Currently, the mile record is held by Morocco'sHicham El Guerrouj, who ran a time of 3:43.13 in Rome in 1999. In 1964, America'sJim Ryunbecame the firsthigh-school runner to break four minutes for the mile, running 3:59.0 as a junior and a then American record 3:55.3 as a senior in 1965.Tim Danielson(1966) andMarty Liquori(1967) also came in under four minutes, but Ryun's high-school record stood untilAlan Webbran 3:53.43 in 2001.Ten years later, in 2011,Lukas Verzbicasbecame the fifth high-schooler under four minutes.In 2015,Matthew MatonandGrant Fisherbecame the sixth and seventh high-schoolers to break four minutes, both running 3:59.38",
"running 3:59.38 about a month apart.Webb was the first high schooler to run sub-4 indoors, running 3:59.86 in early 2001. On 6 February 2016,Andrew Huntersignificantly improved upon Webb's mark, running 3:58.25 on the sameNew York Armorytrackand 3:57.81 two weeks later.Hunter achieved the 4-minute mile mark outdoors later in the season at thePrefontaine Classic. At that same meetMichael Slagowskiran his second sub-4-minute of the season.Reed Brown dipped under the barrier on 1 June 2017, running the 4th fastest high school mile time ever recorded in a race: 3:59.30.In 2020, Leo Daschbach clocked 3:59.54 during the Quarantine Clasico, moving to ninth on the all time list. Another illustration of the progression of performance in the men's mile is that, in 1994, forty years after Bannister's breaking of the barrier, the Irish runnerEamonn Coghlanbecame the first man over the age of 40 to run a sub-four-minute mile.Because Coghlan surpassed the mark indoors and before the IAAF validated indoor performances as",
"performances as being eligible for outdoor records,World Masters Athleticsstill had not recognised a sub-4-minute-mile performance as a record in the M40 division. Many elite athletes made the attempts to extend their careers beyond age 40 to challenge that mark. Over 18 years after Coghlan, that was finally achieved by UK'sAnthony Whiteman, running 3:58.79 on 2 June 2012. In 1997,Daniel KomenofKenyarantwo milesin less than eight minutes, doubling up on Bannister's accomplishment.He did it again in February 1998, falling just 0.3 seconds behind his previous performance of 7:58.61. On 9 June 2023, Norwegian runnerJakob Ingebrigtsenbested that time, running 7:54.10 to become only the second individual to run two miles in less than eight minutes. Ingebrigtsen also holds the record as the youngest runner to run a four-minute mile, having run 3:58.07 at thePrefontaine Classicin May 2017, when he was 16 years and 250 days old.However, indoor world championYomif Kejelchaof Ethiopia, born 1 August 1997, ran 4:57.74",
"1997, ran 4:57.74 in an indoor2000 mrace on 28 February 2014, at age 16 years and 212 days.The run averages to a pace of 3:59.58 per mile for the 1.24-mile race. Women No woman has yet run a four-minute mile. The women's world record is currently at 4:07.64, set byFaith Kipyegonof Kenya at theDiamond Leaguemeeting in Monacoon 21 July 2023.An earlier women's world record, 4:12.56 set bySvetlana Masterkovaof Russia on 14 August 1996 at Zürich, stood for almost 23 years: Masterkova became the first woman to run the mile in less than 4 minutes and 15 seconds. Kipyegon's run has led some to speculate that the first women's sub-four minute mile may come within the 21st century.Some organizations such as the Fast Forest project have considered the 4:30-minute mile barrier to be a roughly equivalent benchmark for women, though there are fewer women's sub-4:30 runners than there are men's sub-4:00 runners. Possible other claims A number of people have claimed to have beaten the four-minute mile before Bannister.",
"before Bannister. James Parrott (1770) Some (notablyOlympicmedallistPeter Radford)contend the first successful four-minute mile was run by James Parrott on 9 May 1770.He ran the 1-mile,west-to-east, length ofOld Streetto finish somewhere within the grounds/building ofShoreditch Church. Timing methods at this time were—after the invention of thechronometerbyJohn Harrison—accurate enough to measure the four minutes correctly, and sporting authorities of the time accepted the claim as genuine. Old Street has ac.11 foot downward fall, with intermittent gentle undulations.Neal Bascombnotes inThe Perfect Milethat \"even nineteenth-century historians cast a skeptical eye on the account.\" Weller Run (1796) On 10 October 1796,The Sporting Magazinereported that a young man called Weller, who was one of three brothers, \"undertook for a wager of threeguineasto run one mile on theBanbury Road, in four minutes, which he performed two seconds within the time.\"This is equivalent to £391 in 2023 yet about 5 months' worth of",
"5 months' worth of typical rural labourer pay at the time. By the late 1700s, a mile could be routinely measured to within a few inches;watches, thanks toJohn Harrison, could measure 4 minutes to within 0.0009 sec (i.e. gain or lose 10 seconds a month),and after about 1750 the mass production of highly accurate watches was well underway. Big Hawk Chief (1876 or 1877) During his time as a Pawnee runner,Big Hawk Chiefpossibly became the first person documented to run a sub-four-minute mile. The details of the event, as chronicled by Army Officer, Captain Luther North, clocked the mile at 3 minutes and 58 seconds. Glenn Cunningham (1920s) It is also reputed thatGlenn Cunninghamachieved a four-minute mile in a workout in the 1920s. In addition to being unsubstantiated, a workout run would not count as a record. In popular culture In 1955Putnam & Co. Ltd.publishedRoger Bannister's account of the events inFirst Four Minutes.This was later adapted as \"The Four-Minute Mile\" byReader's Digestin 1958. In the 17",
"1958. In the 17 November 1956 Season 2 Episode 26 Whole No. 65 ofScience Fiction Theatreentitled \"Three Minute Mile\", a scientist (Marshall Thompson) attempts to create a super athlete (Martin Milner). In the 1971 filmThe Omega Man, protagonist Robert Neville, as played byCharlton Heston, claims to have run a mile in 3 minutes and 50 seconds. In 1988, theABCand theBBCco-producedThe Four Minute Mile, aminiseriesdramatization of the race to the four-minute mile, featuringRichard Huwas Bannister andNique Needlesas John Landy (who was simultaneously pursuing the milestone). It was written byDavid Williamsonand directed byJim Goddard. In 2004,Neal Bascombwrote a book entitledThe Perfect Mileabout Roger Bannister, John Landy, andWes Santee, portraying their individual attempts to break the four-minute mile and the context of the sport of mile racing. A second film version (entitledFour Minutes) was made in 2005, starringJamie Maclachlanas Bannister. Also in 2004, a50 pencecoin was minted in the United Kingdom to",
"United Kingdom to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Bannister running the four-minute mile.There were 9,032,500 minted in 2004. The coin was re-struck in 2019 as part of the '50 years of the 50p coin' set released by theRoyal Mint, only for collector sets. In 2005, ESPN released a television adaptation of the event called \"Four Minutes\" featuring Jamie Maclachlan as Roger Bannister andChristopher Plummeras his wheelchair-using coach, Archie Mason. In June 2011, the watch used to time the original event was donated byJeffrey Archerto a charity auction for Oxford University Athletics Club; it sold for £97,250. In July 2016, theBBCbroadcast the documentaryBannister: Everest on the Track, The Roger Bannister Storywith firsthand interviews from Bannister and various other figures on the first sub-4-minute mile. See also References Further reading External links",
"Roger Bannister Sir Roger Gilbert BannisterCHCBEFRCP(23 March 1929 – 3 March 2018) was an Englishneurologistandmiddle-distance athletewho ran the first sub-4-minute mile. At the1952 Olympicsin Helsinki, Bannister set a British record in the1500 metresand finished in fourth place. This achievement strengthened his resolve to become the first athlete to finish themile runin under four minutes. He accomplished this feat on 6 May 1954 atIffley Road trackinOxford, withChris ChatawayandChris Brasherproviding the pacing. When the announcer,Norris McWhirter, declared \"The time was three...\", the cheers of the crowd drowned out Bannister's exact time, which was 3 minutes and 59.4 seconds. He had attained this record with minimal training, while practising as ajunior doctor. Bannister's record lasted just 46 days. Bannister went on to become a neurologist and Master ofPembroke College, Oxford, before retiring in 1993. As Master of Pembroke, he was on the governing body ofAbingdon Schoolfrom 1986 to 1993.When asked",
"to 1993.When asked whether the 4-minute mile was his proudest achievement, he said he felt prouder of his contribution to academic medicine through research into the responses of the nervous system. Bannister was patron of theMSATrust. He was diagnosed withParkinson's diseasein 2011. Early life and education Bannister was born on 23 March 1929 inHarrow, London. His parents Ralph and Alice were both from working-class families inLancashire. Ralph had moved to London at the age of 15 to work in theCivil Service, and met Alice on a trip home.They married in 1925, and had a daughter, Joyce, before Roger was born. The family moved toBathshortly after the outbreak ofWorld War IIwhen Ralph was relocated there, and Roger continued his education atCity of Bath Boys' School.Here he discovered a talent forcross country running, winning the junior cross-country cup three consecutive times, which led to him being presented with a miniature replica trophy. During abombing raid on Bath, the family house was severely",
"house was severely damaged as the Bannisters sheltered in the basement. In 1944, the family returned to London and Roger went toUniversity College School.Bannister was accepted intoSt John's College, Cambridgebut the Senior TutorRobert Howland, a former Olympicshot putter, suggested that Bannister wait a year. After the year he proceeded to apply toExeter College, Oxfordand was accepted for a three-year degree in Medicine. Athletics career Early running career Bannister was inspired by milerSydney Wooderson's comeback in 1945. Eight years after setting the mile record and seeing it surpassed during the war years by the Swedish runnersArne AnderssonandGunder Hägg, Wooderson regained his old form and challenged Andersson over the distance in several races.Wooderson lost to Andersson but set a British record of 4:04.2 inGothenburgon 9 September. Like Wooderson, Bannister would ultimately set a mile record, see it broken, and then set a new personal best slower than the new record. Bannister started his running",
"started his running career atOxfordin the autumn of 1946 at the age of 17. He had never worn running spikes previously or run on a track.His training was light, even compared to the standards of the day, but he showed promise in running a mile in 1947 in 4:24.6 on only three weekly half-hour training sessions. He was selected as an Olympic \"possible\" in 1948 but declined as he felt he was not ready to compete at that level.However, he was further inspired to become a great miler by watching the1948 Olympics. He set his training goals on the1952 Olympicsin Helsinki. In 1949, he improved in the 880-yard (804.67 m) run to 1:52.7 and won several mile races in 4:11.Then, after a period of six weeks with no training, he came in third atWhite Cityin 4:14.2. The year 1950 saw more improvements as he finished a relatively slow 4:13-mile on 1 July with an impressive 57.5 last quarter. Then, he ran theAAA880 in 1:52.1, losing toArthur Wint, and then ran 1:50.7 for the 800 m at the European Championships on 26",
"Championships on 26 August,placing third.Chastened by this lack of success, Bannister started to train harder and more seriously. His increased attention to training paid quick dividends, as he won a mile race in 4:09.9 on 30 December. Then in 1951 at thePenn Relays, Bannister broke away from the pack with a 56.7 final lap, finishing in 4:08.3. Then, in his biggest test to date, he won a mile race on 14 July in 4:07.8 at theAAAChampionships at White City before 47,000 people. The time set a meet record and he defeated defending championBill Nankevillein the process. Bannister suffered defeat, however, whenYugoslavia's Andrija Otenhajmer, aware of Bannister's final-lap kick, took a 1500 m race inBelgrade25 August out at near-record pace, forcing Bannister to close the gap by the bell lap. Otenhajmer won in 3:47.0, though Bannister set a personal best finishing second in 3:48.4. Bannister was no longer seen as invincible. His training was a very modern individualised mixture ofinterval traininginfluenced by",
"by coachFranz Stampflwith elements of blockperiodisation,fell runningand anaerobic elements of training which were later perfected byArthur Lydiard. From 1951 to 1954, Bannister trained at the track atPaddington Recreation GroundinMaida Valewhile he was a medical student at the nearbySt Mary's Hospital. There are two Bannister plaques at the pavilion, both unveiled by him on 10 September 2000; a circularblue plaqueand a rectangularhistoric plaquecontaining additional information.According to the latter, Bannister was able to train for just an hour each day due to his medical studies. 1952 Olympics Bannister avoided racing after the 1951 season until late in the spring of 1952, saving his energy for Helsinki and the Olympics. He ran an 880-yard (800 m) run on 28 May 1952 in 1:53.00, followed by a 4:10.6-mile time-trial on 7 June,proclaiming himself satisfied with the results. At theAAAchampionships, he skipped the mile and won the 880 in 1:51.5.Then, 10 days before the Olympic final, he ran a3⁄4mile time",
"ran a3⁄4mile time trial in 2:52.9,which gave him confidence that he was ready for the Olympics as he considered the time to be the equivalent of a four-minute mile. His confidence soon dissipated, however, as it was announced there would be semi-finals for the 1500 m at the Olympics,which he felt favoured runners who had much deeper training regimens than he did. When he ran his semi-final, Bannister finished fifth and thereby qualified for the final, but he felt \"blown and unhappy\". The1500 m finalon 26 July 1952 would prove to be one of the more dramatic in Olympic history.The race was not decided until the final metres,Josy BarthelofLuxembourgprevailing in an Olympic-record 3:45.28 (3:45.1 by official hand-timing) with the next seven runners all under the old record.Bannister finished fourth,out of the medals, but set a British record of 3:46.30 (3:46.0) in the process. New goal After his relative failure at the 1952 Olympics, Bannister spent two months deciding whether to give up running. He set himself",
"He set himself on a new goal: to be the first man to run a mile in under four minutes.Accordingly, he intensified his training and did hardintervals. On 2 May 1953, he made an attempt on the British record atOxford. Paced byChris Chataway, Bannister ran 4:03.6, shattering Wooderson's 1945 standard.\"This race made me realise that the four-minute mile was not out of reach,\" said Bannister. On 27 June 1953, a mile race was inserted into the programme of theSurreyschools athletic meeting. Australian runner Don Macmillan, ninth in the 1500 m at the 1952 Olympics, set a strong pace with 59.6 for one lap and 1:59.7 for two. He gave up after two and a half laps, butChris Brashertook up the pace. Brasher had jogged the race, allowing Bannister to lap him so he could be a fresh pace-setter. At3⁄4mile, Bannister was at 3:01.8, the record—and first sub-four-minute mile—in reach. But the effort fell short with a finish in 4:02.0, a time bettered by onlyArne Andersson(4:01.6 in 1944) andGunder Hägg(4:01.4 in 1945).British",
"in 1945).British officials would not allow this performance to stand as a British record, which, Bannister felt in retrospect, was a good decision. \"My feeling as I look back is one of great relief that I did not run a four-minute mile under such artificial circumstances,\" he said. But other runners were making attempts at the four-minute barrier and coming close as well. AmericanWes Santeeran 4:02.4 on 5 June 1953, the fourth-fastest mile ever. And at the end of the year, AustralianJohn Landyran 4:02.0. Then early in 1954, Landy made some more attempts at the distance. On 21 January 1954, he ran 4:02.4 inMelbourne, then 4:02.6 on 23 February 1954, and at the end of the Australian season on 19 April he ran 4:02.6 again. Bannister had been following Landy's attempts and was certain his Australian rival would succeed with each one. But knowing that Landy's season-closing attempt on 19 April would be his last until he travelled toFinlandfor another attempt, Bannister knew he had to make his attempt soon.",
"his attempt soon. Sub-4-minute mile This historic eventtook place on 6 May 1954 during a meet betweenBritish AAAandOxford UniversityatIffley Road TrackinOxford, watched by about 3,000 spectators.With winds of up to twenty-five miles per hour (40 km/h) before the event,Bannister had said twice that he preferred not to run, to conserve his energy and efforts to break the 4-minute barrier; he would try again at another meet. However, the winds dropped just before the race was scheduled to begin, and Bannister did run. The pace-setters from his major 1953 attempts, futureCommonwealth Gamesgold medallistChristopher Chatawayfrom the 2 May attempt, and futureOlympic Gamesgold medallistChris Brasherfrom the 27 June attempt, combined to provide pacing for Bannister's run. The racewas broadcast live byBBC Radioand commentated by1924 Olympic100 metres championHarold Abrahams, ofChariots of Firefame. Bannister had begun his day at a hospital in London, where he sharpened his racing spikes and rubbed graphite on them so",
"graphite on them so they would not pick up too much cinder ash. He took a mid-morning train fromPaddington Stationto Oxford, nervous about the rainy, windy conditions that afternoon. Being a dual-meet format, there were seven men entered in the mile: Alan Gordon, George Dole and Nigel Miller from Oxford University; and four British AAA runners: Bannister, his two pacemakers Brasher and Chataway, andTom Hulatt. Nigel Miller arrived as a spectator and he only realised that he was due to run when he read the programme. Efforts to borrow a running kit failed and he could not take part, thus reducing the field to six. The race went off as scheduled at 6:00 pm, and Brasher and Bannister went immediately to the front of the pack.Brasher (wearing No. 44) led both the first lap in 58 seconds and the half-mile in 1:58, with Bannister (No. 41) tucked in behind, and Chataway (No. 42) a stride behind Bannister.Chataway moved to the front after the second lap and maintained the pace with a 3:01 split at the final lap",
"at the final lap bell. Chataway continued to lead around the front turn until Bannister began his finishing kick with about 275 yards to go (just over half a lap), running the last lap in just under 59 seconds. The stadium announcer for the race wasNorris McWhirter, who went on to co-publish and co-edit theGuinness Book of Records.He teased the crowd by delaying his announcement of Bannister's race time for as long as possible: Ladies and gentlemen, here is the result of event nine, the one mile: first, number forty one, R. G. Bannister, Amateur Athletic Association and formerly of Exeter and Merton Colleges, Oxford, with a time which is a new meeting and track record, and which—subject to ratification—will be a new English Native, British National, All-Comers, European, British Empire and World Record. The time was three... The roar of the crowd drowned out the rest of the announcement. Bannister's time was 3 minutes 59.4 seconds. The claim that a four-minute mile was once thought to be impossible by",
"to be impossible by \"informed\" observers was and is a widely propagated myth created by sportswriters and debunked by Bannister himself in his memoir,The Four Minute Mile(1955). The reason the myth took hold was that four minutes was a round number that lay slightly out of reach of the world record (by just 1.4 seconds) for nine years, which was longer than it might otherwise have been due to the effect of theSecond World Warin interrupting athletic progress in the combatant countries.The Swedish runners,Gunder HäggandArne Andersson, in a series of head-to-head races in the period 1942–45, had alreadylowered the world mile recordby five seconds to the pre-Bannister record. Knowledgeable track fans are still most impressed by the fact that Bannister ran a four-minute mile on very low-mileage training by modern standards. Just 46 days later, on 21 June 1954, Bannister's record was broken by his rival, John Landy, inTurku,Finland, with a time of 3 minutes 57.9 seconds, which theIAAFratified as 3 minutes 58.0",
"as 3 minutes 58.0 seconds due to the rounding rules then in effect. 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games On 7 August, at the1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Gamesin Vancouver, B.C., Bannister, running for England, competed against Landy for the first time in a race billed as \"The Miracle Mile\". They were the only two men in the world to have broken the 4-minute barrier, with Landy still holding the world record. Landy led for most of the race, building a lead of 10 yards in the third lap (of four), but was overtaken on the last bend, and Bannister won in 3 min 58.8 s, with Landy 0.8 s behind in 3 min 59.6 s.Bannister and Landy have both pointed out that the crucial moment of the race was that at the moment when Bannister decided to try to pass Landy, Landy looked over his left shoulder to gauge Bannister's position and Bannister burst past him on the right, never relinquishing the lead. A larger-than-life bronze sculpture of the two men at that moment was created by Vancouver sculptorJack Harmanin",
"Harmanin 1967 from a photograph byVancouver Sunphotographer Charlie Warner and stood for many years at the entrance toEmpire Stadium; after the stadium was demolished the sculpture was moved a short distance away to the Hastings and Renfrew entrance of thePacific National Exhibition(PNE) fairgrounds. Regarding this sculpture, Landy quipped: \"WhileLot's wifewas turned into a pillar of salt for looking back, I am probably the only one ever turned into bronze for looking back.\" Bannister went on that season to win the so-calledmetric mile, the 1500 m, at theEuropean ChampionshipsinBern, Switzerland, on 29 August, with a championship record in a time of 3 min 43.8 s.He retired from athletics late in 1954 to concentrate on his work as a junior doctor and to pursue a career inneurology.He was appointed aCBEthe following year for \"services to amateur athletics\". Sports Council and knighthood Bannister later became the first Chairman of the Sports Council (now calledSport England) and wasknightedfor this service in",
"this service in 1975.Under his patronage, central and local government funding of sports centres and other sports facilities was rapidly increased, and he also initiated the first testing for use ofanabolic steroidsin sport. Medical career After retiring from athletics in 1954, Bannister spent the next forty years practising medicine in the field ofneurology. In March 1957, he joined theRoyal Army Medical Corpsat Crookham, where he started his two years ofNational Servicewith the rank oflieutenant. His major contribution to academic medicine was in the field ofautonomicfailure, an area of neurology concerning illnesses characterised by the loss of certain automatic responses of the nervous system (for example, elevated heart rate when standing up). He ultimately published more than eighty papers, mostly concerned with theautonomic nervous system,cardiovascular physiology, andmultiple system atrophy.He editedAutonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous Systemwith C.J. Mathias,",
"C.J. Mathias, a colleague atSt Mary's, as well as five editions ofBrain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology. Bannister always said he was more proud of his contribution to medicine than his running career.In 2014, Bannister said in an interview: \"I'd rather be remembered for my work in neurology than my running. If you offered me the chance to make a great breakthrough in the study of the autonomic nerve system, I'd take that over the four minute mile right away. I worked in medicine for sixty years. I ran for about eight.\" Personal life In 1955, Bannister married the Swedish artist Moyra Elver Jacobsson inBasel, Switzerland.Moyra Jacobsson-Bannister was the daughter of the Swedish economistPer Jacobsson, who served as managing director of theInternational Monetary Fund. They had four children: Carol E. E. Bannister (b. 1957); Clive C. R. Bannister (b. 1959), an insurance industry executive;Thurstan R. R. Bannister (b. July 1960), a company director in New York;and Charlotte B. M. Bannister (b. 1963), now",
"(b. 1963), now Charlotte Bannister-Parker, associate priest at theUniversity Church of St Mary the Virginin Oxford. In 2011, Bannister was diagnosed withParkinson's disease.He died of pneumonia at theJohn Radcliffe Hospitalin Oxford on 3 March 2018,at the age of 88, 20 days before his 89th birthday.He is buried inWolvercote Cemeterynear Oxford. His widow, Lady Moyra Bannister, died in Oxford on 4 November 2022, at the age of 94. Legacy On the 50th anniversary of running the mile in under four minutes, Bannister was interviewed by theBBC's sports correspondentRob Bonnet. At the conclusion of the interview, Bannister was asked whether he looked back on the sub-4-minute mile as the most important achievement of his life. Bannister replied that he instead saw his subsequent forty years of practising medicine and some of the new procedures he introduced as being more significant. He also said that, in terms of athletic achievement, he felt his performances at the 1952 Olympics and the 1954 Commonwealth Games were",
"Games were more significant than running the sub-4-minute mile. Ironically, although Roger Bannister is arguably the most famous record-setter in the mile, he is also the man who held the record for the shortest period of time, at least since theIAAFstarted to ratify records. Media For his efforts, Bannister was also made the inaugural recipient of theSports IllustratedSportsperson of the Yearaward for 1954 (awarded in January 1955) and is one of the few non-Americans recognised by the American-published magazine as such. In a UK poll conducted byChannel 4in 2002, the British public voted Bannister's historic sub-4-minute mile as number 13 in the list of the100 Greatest Sporting Moments. Bannister is the subject of the ESPN filmFour Minutes(2005). This film is a dramatisation, its major departures from the factual record being the creation of a fictional character as Bannister's coach, who was actuallyFranz Stampfl, an Austrian, and secondly his meeting his wife, Moyra Jacobsson, in the early 1950s when in",
"early 1950s when in fact they met in London only a few months before the Miracle Mile itself took place. Bannister was portrayed byJamie Maclachlan. Bannister: Everest on the Track, The Roger Bannister Storyis a 2016 TV documentary about his childhood and youth inWWIIand postwar Britain and the breaking of the 4-minute mile barrier, with interviews of participants and witnesses to the 1954 race, and later runners inspired by Bannister and his achievement, includingPhil Knightwho says that Roger Bannister inspired him to startNike. In the 1988 television mini-seriesThe Four Minute Mile, about the rivalry between Bannister, John Landy and Wes Santee to be first to break the 4-minute mile mark, Bannister was portrayed by actorRichard Huw. Places In 1996 Pembroke College at the University of Oxford (where Bannister was Master for eight years) named a building in honour of his achievements. The Bannister Building, an 18th-century townhouse in Brewer Street, was converted to provide accommodation for graduate",
"for graduate students. Following extensive refurbishments during 2011 and 2012, it became part of the building complex surrounding the Rokos Quad, and was then used for undergraduate accommodation. In March 2004St Mary's Hospital Medical Schoolnamed a lecture theatre after Bannister; on display is the stopwatch that was used to time the race, stopped at 3:59.Bannister also gave his name to the trophy presented to the winning team in the annual athleticsvarsity matchbetweenImperial College School of MedicineandImperial College London, as well as the award given to the graduating doctor of Imperial College School of Medicine who has achieved most in the sporting community. Bannister also purchased the cup (which bears his name) awarded to the winning team in the annual United Hospitals Cross-Country Championship, organised byLondon Universities and Colleges Athletics. The championship is contested by the five medical schools in London and theRoyal Veterinary College. In 2012 Bannister carried the Olympic flame",
"the Olympic flame at the site of his memorable feat, in theOxford University track stadiumnow named after him. On 28 September 2021 a memorial stone honouring Sir Roger, \"pioneering neurologist, world champion runner\", was unveiled inWestminster Abbey, in the area known as 'Scientists' corner'. Memorabilia The 50th anniversary of Bannister's achievement was marked by a commemorative British50-pence coin. The reverse of the coin shows the legs of a runner and a stopwatch (stopped at 3:59.4).There were 9,032,500 minted.The coin was re-struck for collector sets in 2019 as part of theRoyal Mint's'50 Years of the 50p coin', along with other designs. In the gallery of Pembroke College dining hall there is a cabinet containing over 80 exhibits covering Bannister's athletic career and including some academic highlights. Anniversary Races On 6 May 2024, exactly seventy years after Bannister's sub-four minute mile, hundreds of runners converged inOxfordto run a mile in Bannister's honor. The event saw thousands run a",
"saw thousands run a \"Community Mile\", and several races for elite runners on the Iffley Track. In the elite mile, four athletes broke the four minute barrier, withItaly'sOssama Meslekclocking the fastest mile, at 3:56.15. This is the second time Iffley Track hosted an anniversary event for Bannister's achievement, with the previous time being in 2004. Retired, accomplished milers includingSteve Cram,Hicham El Guerrouj,Filbert Bayi,Noureddine Morceli, andEamonn Coghlanattended, all of whom have had themile world recordto their name. Bayi ran 3:51.0 in May of 1975, holding the mile world record for three months until August of 1975, whenJohn WalkerofNew Zealandran 3:49.4. Cram ran 3:46.32 in 1985, holding themile world recorduntilNoureddine MorceliofAlgeriaran 3:44.39 in 1993. Finally, on 7 July 1999, El Guerrouj ran 3:43.13, the current mile world record to this day, which is over sixteen seconds faster than Bannister's 3:59.4. Although not an outdoor record, Coghlan set an indoor mile world record of 3:49.78",
"record of 3:49.78 in 1983, which was bettered by El Guerrouj in 1997 who ran 3:48.45. Awards and honours Bannister received many honours for his achievements in sports and medicine. He wasknightedin the1975 New Year Honours,and appointedMemberof theOrder of the Companions of Honour(CH) in the2017 New Year Honoursfor services to sport. Bannister was anHonorary Fellowof bothExeter CollegeandMerton College,where he studied at theUniversity of Oxford; he was also Honorary Fellow ofHarris Manchester College, Oxford. He received honorary degrees (Doctor of Science) from theUniversity of Sheffieldin 1978,and from theUniversity of Bathin 1984.He also received honorary degrees from theUniversity of Paviain 1986 and fromBrunel University Londonin 2008 (DUniv), as well as an honorary doctorate fromOxford Brookes Universityin 2014.In 2000, Bannister received the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement. Bannister was made anHonorary Freemanof theLondon Borough of Harrowon 4 May 2004,and was granted",
"was granted theFreedom of the CityofOxfordin 2004. Selected publications Autobiography Academic Other media In 2014, he appeared as a guest on BBC Radio 4'sMidweekwithLibby Purves,Kevin WarwickandRachael Stirling. References Citations Sources Notes Further reading External links"
] |
A United States women's national soccer team player scored her first career international goal during the semi-final match of the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. This same player scored her second goal the next year. Tell me the difference in attendance between these two games. | 43,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_knockout_stage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelley_O%27Hara | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carli_Lloyd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Championship#Group_A | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Post processing | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_knockout_stage', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelley_O%27Hara', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carli_Lloyd', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Championship#Group_A'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_knockout_stage",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelley_O%27Hara",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carli_Lloyd",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Olympic_Qualifying_Championship#Group_A"
] | [
"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup knockout stage Theknockout stageof the2015 FIFA Women's World Cupbegan on 20 June and ended with thefinal matchon 5 July 2015. A total of 16 teams competed in this knockout stage. Format Theknockout stagecomprises the 16 teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament. There are four rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round. The successive rounds are the round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and the final. There is also a match to decide third and fourth place. For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes is followed by 30 minutes ofextra time; if scores are still level, there is apenalty shootoutto determine who progresses to the next round.Single yellow cards accrued will be cancelled after the quarter-finals, therefore ensuring that no players miss the Final because of receiving a caution in the semi-finals. Combinations of matches in the round of 16 The third-placed teams which advanced will be placed with the winners of groups A, B, C and D according to a table published in Section 28 of the tournament regulations. Qualified teams The top two teams of each preliminary group and the four best-ranked third place teams advanced to the knockout stage. Bracket Round of 16 Germany vs Sweden Player of the Match:Anja Mittag(Germany) Assistant referees:Hong Kum-nyo (North Korea)Widiya Shamsuri (Malaysia)Fourth official:Carina Vitulano(Italy)Fifth official:Fang Yan (China) China PR vs Cameroon Player of the Match:Ren Guixin(China PR) Assistant referees:Katrin Rafalski (Germany)Marina Wozniak (Germany)Fourth official:Rita Gani(Malaysia)Fifth official:Sarah Ho(Australia) Brazil vs Australia Player of the Match:Elise Kellond-Knight(Australia) Assistant referees:Petruța Iugulescu (Romania)Mária Súkeníková (Slovakia)Fourth official:Therese Neguel (Cameroon)Fifth official:Mana Dzodope (Togo) France vs South Korea Player of the Match:Amandine Henry(France) Assistant referees:Maria Rocco (Argentina)Mariana de Almeida (Argentina)Fourth official:Olga Miranda (Paraguay)Fifth official:Elizabeth Aguilar (El Salvador) Canada vs Switzerland Player of the Match:Erin McLeod(Canada) Assistant referees:Sarah Walker (New Zealand)Allyson Flynn (Australia)Fourth official:Gladys Lengwe (Zambia)Fifth official:Lidwine Rakotozafinoro (Madagascar) Norway vs England Player of the Match:Karen Bardsley(England) Assistant referees:Ella de Vries (Belgium)Lucie Ratajová(Czech Republic)Fourth official:Efthalia Mitsi (Greece)Fifth official:Chrysoula Kourompylia (Greece) United States vs Colombia Player of the Match:Carli Lloyd(United States) Assistant referees:Manuela Nicolosi (France)Yolanda Parga (Spain)Fourth official:Abirami Naidu (Singapore)Fifth official:Sarah Ho(Australia) Japan vs Netherlands Player of the Match:Mizuho Sakaguchi(Japan) Assistant referees:Mayte Chávez (Mexico)Enedina Caudillo (Mexico)Fourth official:Claudia Umpierrez (Uruguay)Fifth official:Luciana Mascaraña (Uruguay) Quarter-finals Germany vs France Player of the Match:Nadine Angerer(Germany) Assistant referees:Marie-Josée Charbonneau (Canada)Suzanne Morisset (Canada)Fourth official:Efthalia Mitsi (Greece)Fifth official:Chrysoula Kourompylia (Greece) China PR vs United States Player of the Match:Carli Lloyd(United States) Assistant referees:Michelle O'Neill (Republic of Ireland)Tonja Paavola (Finland)Fourth official:Salomé di Iorio(Argentina)Fifth official:María Rocco (Argentina) Australia vs Japan Player of the Match:Rumi Utsugi(Japan) Assistant referees:Nataliya Rachynska(Ukraine)Sanja Rođak-Karšić (Croatia)Fourth official:Melissa Borjas (Honduras)Fifth official:Shirley Perello (Honduras) England vs Canada Player of the Match:Steph Houghton(England) Assistant referees:Luciana Mascaraña (Uruguay)Loreto Toloza (Chile)Fourth official:Rita Gani(Malaysia)Fifth official:Widiya Shamsuri (Malaysia) Semi-finals United States vs Germany Player of the Match:Carli Lloyd(United States) Assistant referees:Petruța Iugulescu (Romania)Mária Súkeníková (Slovakia)Fourth official:Salomé di Iorio(Argentina)Fifth official:Mariana de Almeida (Argentina) Japan vs England Player of the Match:Saori Ariyoshi(Japan) Assistant referees:Sarah Walker (New Zealand)Allyson Flynn (Australia)Fourth official:Stéphanie Frappart(France)Fifth official:Manuela Nicolosi (France) Third place play-off Player of the Match:Karen Bardsley(England) Assistant referees:Hong Kum-nyo (North Korea)Kim Kyoung-min (South Korea)Fourth official:Gladys Lengwe (Zambia)Fifth official:Bernadettar Kwimbira (Malawi) Final Player of the Match:Carli Lloyd(United States) Assistant referees:Nataliya Rachynska (Ukraine)Yolanda Parga (Spain)Fourth official:Claudia Umpierrez (Uruguay)Fifth official:Loreto Toloza (Chile) References External links",
"Kelley O'Hara Kelley Maureen O'Hara(born August 4, 1988) is an American former professionalsoccerplayer. She represented theUnited States national teamon 160 occasions, winning twoFIFA Women's World Cupsand anOlympicgold medal. She spent most of her club career withNational Women's Soccer LeagueclubNJ/NY Gotham FC. Known for her intensity, she played primarily as awingbackbut played as aforwardin college and occasionally played an attacking role in her professional career. O'Hara received theHermann Trophywhile playing for theStanford Cardinalin 2009. She then played forFC Gold Prideand theBoston BreakersinWomen's Professional Soccer. When the NWSL was formed in 2013, she joined Gotham FC (then known as Sky Blue FC). She later played forUtah Royals FCand theWashington Spirit, with whom she scored the winning goal in theNWSL Championshipin 2021. She returned to Gotham and won her second NWSL Championship in 2023. She was named to theFIFA FIFPRO Women's World 11in 2019. O'Hara played internationally for the United States from 2010 to 2023. She appeared at four Women's World Cups in2011;2015, helping the team win the title;2019, defending the title; and2023. She appeared at three Olympic Games, including at the2012 Olympics, where she was one of three U.S. players that played every minute of the tournament as they won gold;2016; and2020, where she won bronze. O'Hara announced that she would retire from professional soccer at the end of the2024 NWSL season. On September 21, 2024, she was put on the season-ending injury list due to chronic knee degeneration, thus effectively ending her career. Early life O'Hara was born inFayetteville, Georgia, nearAtlantato parents Dan and Karen O'Hara.She has a brother named Jerry and a sister named Erin.O'Hara has Irish heritage.O'Hara grew up inPeachtree City, Georgiaand graduated fromStarr's Mill High SchoolinFayette Countywhere she played four years on thevarsitysoccer team and captained the team during herjuniorandsenioryears. O'Hara helped lead the Panthers to the5Astate title in 2006 with 20 goals and 16 assists. The team finished second in thestate championshipsduring hersophomoreyear. O'Hara was namedParade All-Americanas a junior and a senior and All-League, All-County and All-State all four years. In 2006, she was named the 2006Atlanta Journal-Constitution(AJC) Player of the Year and Gatorade Georgia State Player of the Year. She was also named NSCAA All-American. O'Hara played for club teams, the Peachtree City Lazers and AFC Lightning before playing for the U.S. U-16s in 2004 and then joining theU-17youth women's national team of that same year.She played on the Concorde Fire South '88 Elite that went on to win the 2007 GA U19G State Cup and advance to the Semi Finals of Regionals. Stanford Cardinal (2006–2009) A two-timeParade All-Americancoming into her freshman year atStanford University, O'Hara led theCardinalin scoring in 2006 with nine goals. She repeated that feat during her sophomore year, helping the Cardinal to the third round of theNCAATournament. During O'Hara's junior year, Stanford advanced to theCollege Cupfor the first time since 1993, defeating 2005 national championPortland, 1–0.The Cardinal would fall in the semi-final, 0–1, toNotre Dame. As a senior, she had one of the best seasons in Division I history, scoring 26 goals with 13 assists.O'Hara's senior year ended in the 2009College Cup, where the Cardinal lost toNorth Carolina. O'Hara received two yellow cards in the second half, ejecting her from the game, forcing the Cardinal to finish the game a woman down. The game ended with a score of 1–0, thus marking North Carolina's twentieth National Championship.She finished her college career at Stanford with 57 goals and 32 assists, both school records at the time. O'Hara was awarded the 2009Hermann Trophyas collegiate soccer's top player. She had been on the MACHermann Trophywatch list for three consecutive seasons.O'Hara was also a member of theKappa Kappa Gammasorority during her time at Stanford. Club career Prior to graduating fromStanford, O'Hara played for thePali Bluesof theUSL W-League(semi-pro) in the summer of 2009, scoring four goals during her tenure with the club. WPS: FC Gold Pride, Boston Breakers (2010–2011) O'Hara was drafted third overall byFC Gold Prideat the2010 WPS Draft. In addition to the close proximity of home stadiumPioneer Stadiumto O'Hara's alma materStanford University, O'Hara had previously worked withFC Gold Pridehead coachAlbertin Montoyawhen he served as an assistant coach atStanford Universityin 2008. The team dominated the seasonfinishing first during the regular season after defeating thePhiladelphia Independence4–1 with goals from O'Hara,Christine SinclairandMarta.As the regular season champion, the team earned a direct route to the championship playoff game where they faced the Philadelphia Independence.During the final, FC Gold Pride defeated the Independence 4–0 to clinch the WPS Championship.Despite their successful season, the club ceased operations on November 16, 2010, due to not meeting the league's financial reserve requirement. AfterFC Gold Pridefolded in November 2010, O'Hara was signed by theBoston Breakers. She scored 10 goals during her two seasons in the WPS playing primarily as an outside midfielder.On January 5, 2012, it was announced O'Hara would be going back to her hometown because she had signed with theAtlanta Beat. However, the league folded just before the 2012 season began. NWSL: Sky Blue FC, 2013–2017 On January 11, 2013, O'Hara joinedSky Blue FCin the newNational Women's Soccer League.Because the club's head coach,Jim Gabarra, played O'Hara as a forward, she reverted to a role she filled with success in college. Over her career at Sky Blue, O'Hara has been played in several roles including forward, winger, right-back, and central midfielder. Utah Royals FC, 2017–2020 On December 29, 2017, O'Hara was traded toUtah Royals FC.Due to a hamstring injury, O'Hara only appeared in 8 games for Utah in 2018.O'Hara contributed to Utah's first-ever franchise win, scoring a goal in the team's 2–0 victory over the Washington Spirit in May 2018. Utah finished theseasonin 5th place, just 2 points shy of making the playoffs. O'Hara underwent ankle surgery after the 2018 season. In 2019, she made only 2 starts in 4 appearances for Utah due to injuries andWorld Cupduties. She was still recuperating from an off-season ankle injury at the start of theNWSL seasonand saw limited minutes as a substitute in two late-April games. Following her World Cup win, O'Hara started in two games for Utah at the end of July, notching an assist in the team's 2–2 draw against Portland.She was named to the2019 NWSL second XI. O'Hara played only 65 minutes for the Royals in the abbreviated2020 NWSL season. She was still recovering from an injury at the start of theChallenge Cupand did not dress for the first few games. She saw limited minutes in Utah's July 13 game against Chicago and the July 18 game against Houston. Starting in August 2020, rumors of a O'Hara trade to theWashington Spiritbegan to circulate and O'Hara announced in August that she would opt out of the 2020 NWSL Fall Series, set to begin in early September. Washington Spirit, 2021–2022 O'Hara's trade to the Spirit was officially announced on December 2, 2020. The deal sent $75,000 in allocation money to the Utah Royals and a 2022 first round draft pick.O'Hara stated that she requested the move to Spirit so that she could live, work in a same city with her partner.The Spirit won their first NWSL Championship on November 20, 2021, when they defeated the Chicago Red Stars, 2–1 in extra time at Lynn Family Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky. O'Hara scored the winning goal in the 97th minute of the game. NJ/NY Gotham FC, 2023–present After the 2022 season, O'Hara announced on November 15 that she would sign withNJ/NY Gotham FC, returning to the club she formerly played for when it was called Sky Blue.The move made her the first NWSL player to sign with a new team infree agency.Gotham FC officially announced her signing on January 25, 2023.O'Hara won her second NWSL championship with Gotham in 2023. O'Hara announced on May 2, 2024, that she would retire from professional soccer at the end of the season.On September 21, 2024, O'Hara was put on the season-ending injury list due to chronic knee degeneration, thus effectively ending her career. International career Youth national teams (2005–2010) O'Hara represented the United States in various youth national teams from 2005 through 2010.She scored 24 goals in her 35 under-20 caps, the third-most ever for a U.S. player in the U-20 age group.She was a member of the fourth-placeUnited States U-20 women's national soccer teamthat competed in the2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World ChampionshipinRussia. O'Hara scored two goals in the tournament: one against theCongo(for which game she was namedFIFA's player of the match) and one againstGermany. She was also the first player in the tournament to be ejected from a game, having picked up twoyellow cardsin the game againstArgentina. O'Hara rejoined the U-20 national team at the2007 Pan American Games. She scored four goals in thewomen's football tournament, againstParaguay,Panama, andMexico.The United States, which only sent theirU-20women to the tournament, would fall in the final game, 0–5, to a full-strengthBrazilian senior teamfeaturing Brazilian powerhouse,Marta. In February 2008, O'Hara returned to theU-20 women's national teamto play in the U-20 Four Nations Tournament inChile. Her last appearance for the U-20 team occurred in July 2008, at the2008 CONCACAF Women's U-20 ChampionshipinPuebla, Mexico.O'Hara helped the U-20 team qualify for the2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World CupinChile. She did not play in the U-20 World Cup, instead remaining with her college team in itsNCAApostseason campaign. Senior national team (2008–present) She was called into thesenior national team's training camp in December 2009 and attended the January 2010 training camp in the lead-up to the 2010Algarve Cup. O'Hara earned her first senior national team cap in March 2010, coming in as a substitute during a friendly match againstMexico. 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup After falling short of making the 21 player World Cup roster, O'Hara was called up to replaceLindsay Tarpleywho tore herACLin a send-off match againstJapanon May 14, 2011.O'Hara earned just one cap atright midfieldin the2011 FIFA Women's World Cupin the finalgroup stagegame againstSweden. The United States went on to win the silver medal in that tournament. 2012 Olympics Throughout her national U-20s, collegiate, and club career, O'Hara was one of the top young offensive players in the United States, but under head coachPia Sundhage, O'Hara was converted to play outside back in 2012 after teammateAli Kriegerwent down with anACLinjury in the2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament. Against Guatemala on January 22, 2012, in the Olympic Qualifiers, she made her first start at left back and registered three assists.O'Hara started at right back againstCosta Ricain the match that qualified the United States for the2012 Summer Olympicsin London. O'Hara played in every minute of the United States' gold medal run, one of three American players to do so. 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup In theUnited States'first four games of the2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, O'Hara did not see any playing time. O'Hara made her first start of thetournamentin the quarter-final game againstChina PR. She was replaced byChristen Pressin the 61st minute.O'Hara scored her first career international goal in theUnited States'2–0 victory overGermanyin the semi-final.In the final againstJapan, O'Hara entered the game in the 61st minute to replaceMegan Rapinoe.The United States went on to defeatJapan5–2, winning the first World Cup title since1999and the third overall World Cup title for the United States since the inaugural Women's World Cup in1991. 2016 Olympics 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Despite injuries which kept her from playing regularly for the United States in the year leading up to the World Cup,O'Hara was named toJill Ellis' roster for the2019 FIFA World Cupin France.She played in five of the United States' seven games and appeared in all knockout stage games.In the team'sopening gameagainstThailand, O'Hara crossed the ball toAlex Morganin the 12th minute who converted O'Hara's service to notch the team's first goal of the tournament. The U.S. went on to beat Thailand 13–0.O'Hara made her second assist of the tournament in thesemifinalagainstEnglandwhen she delivered a cross from the right flank toChristen Presswhose 10th minute goal put the U.S. in the lead.O'Hara started in thefinalagainst theNetherlandsbut was substituted at halftime due to a collision just before the break with the Dutch wingerLieke Martens. The U.S. won the match 2–0 and O'Hara won her second World Cup. 2020 Olympics 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup On June 21, 2023,Vlatko Andonovskinamed O'Hara to the United States squad for the2023 FIFA Women's World Cupin Australia, her fourth World Cup tournament.She made her tournament debut in the 84th minute of the group-stage opener against Vietnam.While she did not feature in the next two games against the Netherlands and Portugal, she made her next appearance during the game against Sweden, coming on in the last minute of extra time before the penalty shootout. O'Hara was the third U.S. player to miss her penalty shot, and Sweden advanced on penalties, eliminating the U.S. from the World Cup in the Round of 16. Endorsements O'Hara has appeared in multiple commercials and advertisements forUnder Armour.In 2015, she appeared in television commercials and promotional materials promoting chocolate milk on behalf of the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board. Podcast In July 2020, O'Hara launched a podcast with sports websiteJust Women's Sports.The podcast was rebranded asThe Players' Podin April 2022.Website founder Haley Rosen had asked O'Hara to join the advisory board.O'Hara said that she instead asked to host their podcast because she'd \"always thought hosting a podcast would be fun.\"O'Hara says her goal is to generate \"open, candid conversations\" about the lives of athletes, particularly female athletes.The podcast posted its last episode on August 9, 2023. Personal life O'Hara was one of many outLGBTathletes to compete in the2019 FIFA Women's World CupinFrance.As of 2019, during heroff-season, she resides with her partner, Kameryn Stanhouse, inWashington, D.C.She got engaged to Stanhouse on New Year's Eve 2022, announcing it to fans via Instagram.On April 23, 2024, O'Hara announced that she was one of the executive producers of \"Ripe!,\" a queer short film in which two young women develop feelings for each other after a competitive moment in a pickup soccer game. \"Ripe!,\" which celebrates the ripening of LGBTQIA+ identities and shedding queer shame, premiered at the 2024 Tribeca Film Festival on June 9, 2024. Career statistics Club International Honors Washington Spirit NJ/NY Gotham FC United States U20 United States Individual See also References Match report Further reading External links",
"Carli Lloyd Carli Anne Hollins(néeLloyd; born July 16, 1982) is an American former professionalsoccerplayer. She is a two-timeOlympicgold medalist (2008 and 2012), two-timeFIFA Women's World Cupchampion (2015 and 2019), two-timeFIFA Player of the Year(2015 and2016),and a four-time Olympian (2008, 2012, 2016 and 2021). Lloyd scored the gold medal-winning goals in the finals of the2008 Summer Olympicsand the2012 Summer Olympics. Lloyd also helped theUnited Stateswin their titles at the2015and2019 FIFA Women's World Cups, the bronze medal at the2020 Summer Olympics, and she played for the team at the2011 FIFA Women's World Cupwhere the U.S. finished in second place. After the 2020 Summer Olympics, Lloyd announced she would be retiring from the national team following four final friendly matches in 2021.Lloyd has made316 appearancesfor the U.S. national team, placing her second incaps, and has thethird-most goalsandfifth-most assistsfor the team. In March 2021, she was named as the highest paid female soccer player in the world.She played her last international match with the USWNT on October 26, 2021, shortly before retiring from professional soccer at the completion of the 2021 NJ/NY Gotham FC season. During the United States' 5–2 win overJapanin the2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final, Lloyd became the first player ever to score three goals in a FIFA Women's World Cup final and the secondsoccer playerever to score ahat-trickin any senior FIFA World Cup Final, afterGeoff Hurst. Lloyd scored three goals in the first 16 minutes of the final, with the first two occurring in the first five minutes of the game and within three minutes of each other. She received the Golden Ball Trophy as the best player of the tournament and earned the Silver Boot for her six goals and one assist during the tournament. She previously played for theChicago Red Stars, Sky Blue FC (now known asNJ/NY Gotham FC), andAtlanta BeatinWomen's Professional Soccer(WPS). In 2013, she was allocated to theWestern New York Flashfor the inaugural season of theNational Women's Soccer League(NWSL) and helped her team win the regular season championship. After two seasons with the Flash, she was traded toHouston Dashprior to the2015 seasonand then to Sky Blue before the 2018 season. Her memoir,When Nobody Was Watching, was published in September 2016. Early life Born to Stephen and Pamela Lloyd, Carli was raised inDelran Township,a suburban community located inSouth Jerseyabout 20 minutes northeast ofPhiladelphia. Lloyd began playing soccer at age five.Of her exposure to soccer at a young age, Lloyd's mother, Pamela said, \"At that age, it was coed, and Carli was hanging with the boys. She always loved it and showed a lot of ability from an early age, but she also has always worked hard.\"Lloyd has a brother, Stephen, and a sister, Ashley.Lloyd attended the opening U.S. match of the1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, which inspired her to play for the national team. Lloyd attendedDelran High Schoolfrom 1997 to 2000 where she played soccer under the tutelage of the late Rudy \"The Red Baron\" Klobach.As a high school athlete, she was known for her exceptional ball control and skill at distributing the ball from the midfield.During her senior year, she scored 26 goals and served eight assists while captaining her team to an 18–3 record.The Philadelphia Inquirertwice-named her Girls' High School Player of the Year in 1999 and 2000.She was named to the Star-Ledger All-State First Team twice and received 1999 and 2000Parade All-Americanhonors. In 2000, she was named theCourier-PostPlayer of the Year and the South Jersey Soccer Coaches Association (SJSCA) Midfielder of the Year. Rutgers Scarlet Knights, 2001–2004 Lloyd attendedRutgers Universityfrom 2001 to 2004 and played for theScarlet Knightswomen's soccer team under head coach Glenn Crooks. She was named First-Team All-Big Eastfor four straight years – the first athlete at Rutgers to do so. She ended her collegiate career as the school's all-time leader in points (117), goals (50), and shots. During her freshman season, Lloyd started every match and was the team's leading scorer with 15 goals for a total of 37 points. She was named toSoccer America's All-Freshman Team and was the first Rutgers player to earn Big East Rookie of the Year honors.As a sophomore, she was the team's leading scorer for the second consecutive season with 12 goals and seven assists for 31 points. The same year Lloyd was a finalist for theHermann Trophy, widely considered the highest accolade for collegiate soccer players.During her third season with the Scarlet Knights, she scored 13 goals and served 2 assists for a total of 28 points and was named a Big East Academic All-Star.As a senior, she was a starter for 18 of the 20 games she played, scored 10 goals and served one assist. Lloyd was named the 2004 Big East Midfielder of the Year.She earned a bachelor's degree from Rutgers University in Exercise Science and Sport Studies. In 2013, Lloyd was inducted into the Rutgers Hall of Distinguished Alumni. Her presence is still widely felt in the Rutgers community. Her posters hang high all throughout the Rodkin facility. Club career W-League Experience (1999–2004) While still in high school, Lloyd played forW-LeagueteamsCentral Jersey Splashin 1999, New Brunswick Power in 2000, andSouth Jersey Bansheesin 2001.In the summer prior to her senior year at Rutgers, Lloyd played for theNew Jersey Wildcatsin 2004 with teammatesKelly Smith,Manya Makoski,Tobin Heath, andHeather O'Reilly.She made only one appearance for the club. The WPS Years (2009–2011) With the return of a top-flight women's professional soccer league to the United States viaWomen's Professional Soccer, Lloyd's playing rights were allocated to theChicago Red Starsin 2008.During the league'sinaugural season, she started in 14 of her 16 appearances for Chicago playing a total of 1,313 minutes on the pitch.She scored two goals: one in the 23rd minute of her team's 4–0 win over theBoston Breakerson April 25;and the other during the 24th minute of a 3–1 defeat of theLos Angeles Solon August 2.The Red Stars finished sixth on the season with a5–10–5record. Following the conclusion of the season, Lloyd was declared a free agent and subsequently signed with her home state club and 2009 WPS champions,Sky Blue FC, for the2010 season.In April 2010, during a match against her former team, Chicago Red Stars, Lloyd slipped and broke her ankle.The injury kept her off the pitch for most of the season although she did return for two games in September. In December 2010, Lloyd signed with expansion teamAtlanta Beatfor the2011 season.Of her signing, Beat head coachJames Galanissaid, \"She is a fantastic midfielder and someone who is fully focused on the game. I have known her from her college days, and I have had the opportunity to train her and improve her game individually. She has made a lot of sacrifices off the field to reach her dreams, and she is going to bring a lot of professionalism to the team.\"Lloyd scored two goals in her ten appearances for the Beat. She scored the team's lone goal in a 4–1 defeat by the Boston Breakers on April 9.Her second goal on the season was anequalizerduring the 70th minute of a 2–2 draw against theWestern New York Flash.The Beat finished their first season in last place with a1–13–4record. Western New York Flash (2013–2014) On January 11, 2013, Lloyd joined theWestern New York Flashin the newNational Women's Soccer Leagueas part of theNWSL Player Allocation.After recovering from a shoulder injury suffered earlier in the year, Lloyd made her debut for the Flash on May 12, 2013, during the team's 2–1 defeat ofFC Kansas City.She scored her first goal in a match against her former club,Sky Blue FC, helping the Flash win 3–0.During a match against theWashington Spiriton June 28, Lloyd scored ahat trickleading the Flash to a 4–0 win.She was subsequently named NWSL Player of the Week for her performance. Lloyd finished the2013 seasonwith 10 goals, the third most goals scored on the season.The Flash finished first during the regular season with a10–4–8record and advanced to the playoffs.During the Flash's semi-final match against Sky Blue FC, Lloyd scored both of the Flash's game-winning goals: one in the 33rd minute and the second coming during stoppage time.Her two goals resulted in a 2–0 win that advanced the Flash to the championship final against thePortland Thorns FC.The Flash were defeated 2–0 during the final. Houston Dash (2015–2017) On October 16, 2014, Lloyd was traded to theHouston Dashin exchange forBecky Edwards,Whitney Engenand a third-round pick in the2016 NWSL College Draft. Manchester City (2017 loan) In February 2017, Lloyd joinedManchester Cityon loan, for theFA WSL Spring Series.While Lloyd was at Manchester City, they finished second in the WSL Spring Series, and won the2016–17 FA Women's Cup, with her scoring inthe final.Lloyd's final appearance for City came on May 21, when she was sent off for elbowing Yeovil Town's Annie Heatherson in the face. The three match ban she received for violent conduct ran for the remainder of her loan stay. Sky Blue / NJ/NY Gotham (2018–2021) On January 18, 2018, Lloyd was traded toSky Blue FC(later known as NJ/NY Gotham FC) along withJanine Beckieby the Dash in a three-team trade with theChicago Red Starsand Sky Blue FC.Lloyd scored 4 goals in 18 appearances for Sky Blue in 2018. She scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over theOrlando Prideon the last day of the 2018 NWSL season. It was Sky Blue's first and only win of the season.She was named to the 2018 NWSL Second XI. International career Youth national team Lloyd represented the United States at theunder-21 levelbefore making the jump to the senior team at the age of 23.As a member of the under-21 team, she played at theNordic Cupfour times winning consecutive titles from 2002 to 2005 in Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden respectively.During the first round of the 2003 Nordic Cup, she served the assist in the U.S.' 1–0 win against Denmark.At the 2004 Nordic Cup, she scored two goals and served one assist while starting in every match.The following year at the 2005 Nordic Cup, she scored three times including one goal during the championship match against Norway. Senior national team Lloyd made her first appearance for theUnited States women's national soccer teamon July 10, 2005, againstUkraine. She scored her first international goal on October 1, 2006, againstTaiwan. At the 2006 Four Nations Tournament, Lloyd won a third cap. Her first two starts of her international career came at the 2006Algarve Cup, starting the group game againstDenmarkand in the final againstGermany. She played in 19 games, starting 13, and scored one goal. 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup After scoring once in her first 24 matches with the national team, Lloyd scored four goals at the2007 Algarve Cup. As the tournament's top scorer, she was awarded Most Valuable Player tournament honors.Lloyd logged her firstbracefor the national team during a 6–1 win againstNew Zealand. The same year, Lloyd played in her firstFIFA Women's World Cuptournament. Heading into the tournament, the national team had not lost a game in regulation time in nearly three years and was considered a favorite to win the tournament in China.During their first match of the tournament, the U.S. tiedNorth Korea2–2.The team facedSwedenin their next match on September 14 and won 2–0 with two goals fromAbby Wambach.The U.S. finished group play with a 1–0 win overNigeria women's national football teamon September 18. During the quarterfinal match againstEnglandon September 22, the U.S. won 3–0. All three goals were scored within 12 minutes.The U.S. faced Brazil in the semi-final in what would become a controversial and game-changing match for the team. Coach Greg Ryan decided to bench starting goalkeeper,Hope Solo, and instead startedBrianna Scurry, a veteran goalkeeper who had started in three World Cups and two Olympics, but who had started very few matches since the 2004 Olympics. The U.S. was defeated 4–0 by Brazil.The loss relegated them to a final match againstNorway, which they won 4–1, to secure third place standing at the tournament.Lloyd started three of the five games in which she played at the tournament. Throughout 2007, Lloyd started 13 of the 23 matches in which she played. She ranked third on the team in scoring with nine goals and three assists. 2008 Beijing Olympics During the championship match of theCONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Lloyd scored the U.S.' only goal during stoppage time on a free-kick. The U.S. eventually defeated Canada 6–5 inpenalty kicks.She scored two goals during the2008 Olympics: the game-winning goal in the team's 1–0 defeat ofJapanduring the tournament's group stage and another game-winning goal in extra time againstBrazilduring the final helping the U.S. win gold. Lloyd was named the2008 U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Yearalong withTim Howard.She was on the starting lineup in all 35 games in which she played in 2008, tying for the team lead in matches started during the year. Her 2,781 minutes on the pitch for the U.S. ranked third on the team in minutes played. Her nine goals and nine assists resulted in her best scoring year yet on the national team. Injury recovery, 100th cap and World Cup qualifying, 2009–2010 In 2009, the U.S. national team competed in eight games, of which Lloyd was on the starting lineup in five.At the2010 Algarve Cup, Lloyd scored the game-opening goal in the final helping the U.S. clinch the championship title after defeatingGermany3–2. Although she suffered a broken ankle in the fourth game of the2010 WPS Seasonwhile playing forSky Blue FC,she played in 15 matches for the United States in 2010, starting 14.Lloyd started all five games at the2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament, scoring two goals, including the United States' lone goal during the championship match. She ended the tournament with five assists and was named the Player of the Match three times during the tournament.After the U.S. finished third at the tournament, they traveled to Italy to vie for a place at the2011 FIFA Women's World Cupin theUEFA-CONCACAF play-offagainstItaly. Playing every minute of the series, Lloyd scored three goals with five assists during the series. She earned her 100th career cap during the second leg of the series. 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup 2011 saw the U.S. team making preparations for the2011 FIFA Women's World Cupand training starting with theFour Nations Tournament. Lloyd scored the lone goal for the U.S. in the opening match loss to Sweden. In the championship match, the U.S. defeated Canada 2–0 with Lloyd scoring the first goal and being named Player of the Match. At the2011 Algarve Cup, Lloyd scored three goals including the first goal in the championship match; subsequently named best goal for the tournament. She was named player of the match for the 2nd time in the tournament. The team won the cup, making it their eighth title win. At the2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, Lloyd scored the final goal in a 3–0 win againstColombiafor her first World Cup goal.Throughout the tournament, she tallied an assist, a goal,and one successfulpenalty kickin the shootout against Brazil to send the U.S. to the semi-finals vs.France.In theWorld Cup final, after finishing the game tied 2–2 the U.S. went on to penalty kicks withJapan.Along with two teammates who failed to convert their penalty kicks, Lloyd mishit the ball over the crossbar.The U.S. won the silver medal at the tournament. 2012 London Olympics The national team opened 2012 with theOlympic QualifiersinVancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The U.S. was placed in Group B with theDominican Republic,Guatemala, andMexico. In the first match, the United States routed the Dominican Republic by a score of 14–0 with Lloyd tallying one goal and one assist.In the second match, the U.S. again defeatedGuatemala13–0 with Lloyd again finding the back of the net and providing an assist. The game to win the group and thus play the second place team from Group A occurred between the U.S. andMexico. The U.S. was previously defeated 2–1 by Mexico during the2010 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup.This time, the U.S. beat Mexico 4–0 with Lloyd netting her first careerhat trick. She was subsequently named player of the match. In the semi-final, the U.S. facedCosta Rica. During the second half, the U.S. scored two goals, the second coming from Lloyd. The U.S. beat Costa Rica 3–0 with Lloyd named player of the match for the second game in a row.During the final match againstCanada, the U.S. defeated Canada at home 4–0 to move on to the Olympics as theCONCACAFchampions.Lloyd finished the tournament with six goals and three assists and tied for the team lead in goals scored. At the2012 Summer Olympics in London, Lloyd scored the go-ahead goal in the 56th minute of the team's opening match againstFrance, to boost the U.S. to a 3–2 lead; the match ended with a final score of 4–2. She scored her second goal of the tournament againstColombiaduring the group stage. During the Olympic gold medal match againstJapan, played at London'sWembley Stadium, Lloyd scored both American goals in the team's 2–1 victory.Her four goals in the tournament tied for the second highest on the U.S. squad.She is the only player (of either gender) in history to score the game-winning goal in two separate Olympic gold medal matches; her first occurred during theBeijing 2008 finalagainst Brazil. After scoring her 46th international goal in the 13th minute of a friendly againstNew Zealandin October 2013, Lloyd became the highest-scoring midfielder in the team's history, passingJulie Foudy, who finished her career with 45 goals. 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup In April 2015, Lloyd was named by head coachJill Ellisto the 23-player roster for the2015 FIFA Women's World Cupin Canada.Lloyd captained the team during four of the team's matches, including the quarterfinal against China, in which she scored the winning goal on her 200th cap,semi-final against Germany and final against Japan,and scored six goals during the tournament, finishing the tournament on a four-game goalscoring streak that spanned the knockout stage and that culminated in ahat-trickin the game's opening 16 minutes during thefinalagainst Japan. The last goal was hailed byReutersas \"one of the most remarkable goals ever witnessed in a Women's World Cup\",and featured Lloyd catching Japanese goalkeeperAyumi Kaihorioff her line and chipping her virtually from the halfway line. For her efforts in leading the United States to a record third World Cup title, and first since 1999, she won the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament.While Lloyd's six goals were enough to matchCélia Šašićas the tournament's top scorer, Šašić won the Golden Boot for playing fewer minutes and Lloyd was awarded the Silver Boot.Lloyd also became the first woman to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final and the first player, male or female, to do so sinceGeoff Hurstdid so for England against West Germany at Wembley in1966. Only one player has since replicated the feat –Kylian Mbappéfor France against Argentina in Lusail, Qatar in2022. Furthermore, her third goal earned her a nomination for theFIFA Puskás Award, FIFA's annual award for Goal of the Year. Finally, Lloyd is the only player to have scored a hat-trick in normal time of a World Cup final; Hurst scored two goals in extra time and Mbappé one. 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Lloyd scored in her first two games of the2019 FIFA Women's World Cup; one againstThailandand two againstChile. Hence, she became the first player to score in six straight Women's World Cup matches. Reaching her 300th cap, 2019–2021 On April 10, 2021, Lloyd earned her 300th cap in a friendly match against Sweden to become the third player to achieve that feat afterKristine LillyandChristie Pearce.On June 14, 2021, she became the oldest player at 38 years and 332 days to score for the United States in a 4–0 win overJamaicaat theBBVA Stadium, and thereby beating the record previously held by Kristine Lilly (38 years, 264 days). 2020 Tokyo Olympics and retirement On August 5, 2021, she scored twice in a 4–3 win overAustraliain the bronze medal match of the2020 Summer Olympics, to set the U.S. women's record for most Olympic goals, 10 goals in total, surpassing Abby Wambach.Following the Olympics, Lloyd announced she would be retiring from the national team in 2021. In early 2022, she partnered with Teqball USA and one of her retirement plans is to makeTeqballan Olympic sport by 2028. She also developed CL10 Soccer Clinic, a program to help people improve their soccer skills.In October 2022, she co-conducted the draw for the2023 Women's World Cupin Australia and New Zealand held at theAotea Centrein Auckland.She also co-conducted the draw for the2022 FIFA World Cupin Qatar, held at the Doha Exhibition and Convention Center, in April 2022. Criticism of USWNT post-retirement Since retiring, Lloyd has made numerous critical comments regarding the national team, saying she \"hated\" playing for the team in the final years of her career.Lloyd has said that the culture became \"toxic\" after the 2015 World Cup victory, alleging that players became more focused on building their brands than winning as a team.During the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, Lloyd criticized the team for celebrating after finishing runners-up in their group, avoiding elimination after being close to losing to Portugal in their last group match, saying, \"Players are smiling. They're laughing. It's not good enough.\"Lloyd's comments created controversy and drew pushback from both current players and former teammates. Later in 2023, she said U.S. Soccer never wanted her to be the star of the team. “That’s just the way the world works as far as showcasing players,\" Lloyd said. \"They’re not always highlighting the best players. They’re oftentimes highlighting the most marketable players.” Style of play Although she was criticised for being inconsistent at the beginning of career, and for losing possession too easily, Lloyd later developed into one of the best players in the world, and is highly regarded for her outstanding determination, mental strength, and work-ethic.A tenacious, energetic, and hard-working player,she also is known for her control, technique, and passing accuracy,and is capable of aiding her team both defensively and offensively, due to her stamina, strength, and tackling, as well as her ability to get into good attacking positions, and either score goals or create chances for teammates.These abilities, coupled with her tactical versatility, enabled her to be deployed in severalmidfieldpositions; although she began her career in the centre, as adefensive midfielder, she was most comfortable when moved to a more advanced role, as anattacking midfielderbehind the forwards.Lloyd earned a reputation as a \"clutch player\", due to her tendency to score decisive goals.A powerful striker of the ball, she was capable of scoring from any position on the pitch, and could finish well both with her head and with her feet inside the area. Personal life Lloyd lives with her husband, golfer Brian Hollins, inMedford, New Jersey.They married on November 4, 2016, in Puerto Morelos, Mexico.On May 1, 2024, the couple announced that they are expecting their first child in October 2024. In popular culture Endorsements Lloyd has had anendorsementdeal withNikefor several years.In 2011, she was the focus of a promotional feature for the sports company entitled,Pressure Makes Us: Carli Lloyd.Following the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Lloyd starred in a commercial forXfinityand signed an endorsement deal withVisa.In August 2015, she co-starred in a Nike commercial calledSnow Dayalso featuringRob Gronkowskiand teammateSydney Leroux.In April 2016, she was named brand ambassador forLifeway Foodsand appeared in a television commercial forHeinekenthe same year.She has a partnership withWhole Foods Marketand appeared in a television commercial forUnited Airlines.In June 2016, she joinedMichael Phelpsin partnership deals withKrave Jerky. She also has endorsement deals withBeats by Dre,Kind, andNJM Insurance. Magazines, television, and video games Lloyd has been featured inGlamour,Shape,andSports Illustratedmagazines.She was on the covers of Howler Magazineand Sports Illustrated. In 2012, Lloyd appeared in an ESPN feature calledTitle IX is Mine: USWNT.She has been interviewed on numerous television shows including:Good Morning America,The Daily Show with Jon Stewart,Live with Kelly and Michael,The Today Show,Late Night with Seth Meyers,Fox & Friends,Late Late Show with James Corden. Lloyd also participated in the 2023 reality showSpecial Forces: World's Toughest Test.She joinedSoccer on Fox Sportsas a studio analyst in 2022. Lloyd was featured along with her national teammates in theEA Sports' FIFA video game seriesinFIFA 16, the first time women players were included in the game.In September 2015, she was ranked by EA Sports as the No. 1 women's player in the game. Ticker tape parade and White House honor Following the United States' win at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Lloyd and her teammates became the first women's sports team to be honored with aticker tape paradein New York City.Each player received a key to the city from MayorBill de Blasio.In October of the same year, the team was honored byPresident Barack Obamaat theWhite House. Career statistics International goals offminute(onplayer) – substituted off at theminuteindicated, andplayerwas substituted on at the same time(c) –captainSorted by minutes played Sorted by goal difference in the match, then by goal difference in penalty-shoot-out if it is taken, followed by goal scored by the player's team in the match, then by goal scored in the penalty-shoot-out. For matches with identical final scores, match ending in extra-time without penalty-shoot-out is a tougher match, therefore precede matches that ended in regulation NOTE: some keys may not apply for a particular football player on46'(offWagner) 8–0 10–0 2–1 2–1 on46'(offWagner) 1–0 1–0 2–0 3–2 off83'(onWagner) 2–0 2–0 off74'(onHucles) 1–0 1–0 on29'(offO'Reilly) 3–0 6–1 5–0 on81'(offWagner) 5–1 5–1 on78'(offTarpley) 4–0 4–0 4–0 4–0 off46'(onHeath) 1–0 6–0 1–0 1–1(pso 6–5) 3–1 3–1 4–0 6–0 2–0 4–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 3–2 8–0 9–0 1–1 1–2 off46'(onLindsey) 1–0 1–2 1–0 2–0 off71'(onLindsey) 2–0 2–0 2–0 4–0 1–0 4–2 3–0 3–0 2–0 14–0 5–0 13–0 1–0 4–0 3–0 4–0 2–0 3–0 3–0 5–0 off62'(onHeath) 1–0 3–0 on17'(offBoxx) 3–2 4–2 3–0 3–0 1–0 2–1 2–0 7–0 8–0 1–0 2–0 2–0 4–0 off67'(onAverbuch) 3–1 4–1 2–0 4–0 2–0 4–1 1–0 7–0 3–0 1–0 3–0 2–0 2–0 4–1 2–0 5–0 1–0 6–0 1–0 3–0 2–0 2–0 6–0 1–0 1–1 1–0 2–3 3–0 7–0 5–0 6–0 1–1 2–1 2–1 2–0 2–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 2–0 1–0 5–2 2–0 4–0 off45'(onPress) 1–0 7–2 4–0 1–0 5–0 3–0 4–0 off45'(onRodriguez) 2–0 8–0 4–0 5–0 1–1 1–1 off76'(onWambach); (c) 1–0 6–0 off45'(onPress) 1–0 5–0 2–0 3–0 2–0 5–0 1–0 1–0 off46'(onMorgan); (c) 2–0 10–0 off66'(onDunn); (c) 3–0 5–0 4–0 7–0 3–0 4–0 1–0 2–0 off82'(onHoran); (c) 1–0 1–0 1–0 9–0 5–0 7–0 1–1 3–1 off54'(onMorgan) on75'(offMewis) on53'(offSullivan) on46'(offPugh) on60'(offMorgan) on60'(offRapinoe) on57'(offLavelle) off56'(onKrieger) 3–0 3–0 3–0 4–0 1–0 3–0 2–0 1–0 3–2 3–0 off46'(onWilliams); (c) 1–0 6–0 4–0 4–0 off89'(onMcDonald); (c) 2–0 2–0 off46'(onMorgan) 3–0 6–0 off46'(onMorgan); (c) 1–0 4–0 off46'(onMorgan) 2–0 4–0 off81'(onMorgan) 3–1 4–3 4–1 1–0 9–0 2–0 5–0 6–0 8–0 on61'(offMorgan) 7–0 8–0 Goals by opponent Honors Western New York Flash Manchester City United States Individual See also References Further reading External links",
"2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship The2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championshipwas the 4th edition of theCONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying, the quadrennial internationalfootballtournament organized byCONCACAFto determine which women's national teams from theNorth,Central AmericanandCaribbeanregion qualify for theOlympic football tournament. CONCACAF announced on 12 August 2015 that theUnited Stateswould host the tournament between 10 – 21 February 2016 inFriscoandHouston,Texas.A total of eight teams played in the tournament. The top two teams of the tournament qualified for the2016 Summer Olympic Women's football tournamentinBrazilas the CONCACAF representatives. TheUnited Stateswon the tournament with a 2–0 final win overCanada. Both teams qualified for the Summer Olympics, their sixth and third in a row respectively. Qualification The eight berths were allocated to the three regional zones as follows: Regional qualification tournaments were held to determine the five teams joining Canada, Mexico, and the United States at the final tournament. Qualified teams The following eight teams qualified for the final tournament. Venues The two venues were announced by CONCACAF on 12 August 2015. Draw The draw for the tournament took place on 23 November 2015 at 10:00EST(UTC−5) at theInterContinental DoralinDoral,Florida,United States.The draw was conducted byCat WhitehillandTiffany Roberts. The eight teams were drawn into two groups of four teams. Tournament host, defending CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Championship champion and 2012 Olympic gold medalist United States were seeded in Group A. Squads Each team could register a maximum of 20 players (two of whom must be goalkeepers). Group stage The top two teams of each group advanced to the semi-finals. The teams were ranked according topoints(3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, tiebreakers would be applied in the following order: All times were local,CST(UTC−6). Group A Group B Knockout stage In the knockout stage,extra timeandpenalty shoot-outwould be used to decide the winner if necessary. Bracket Semi-finals Winners qualified for2016 Summer Olympics. Final Final ranking As per statistical convention in football, matches decided inextra timeare counted as wins and losses, while matches decided bypenalty shoot-outsare counted as draws. Qualified teams for 2016 Summer Olympics The following two teams from CONCACAF qualified for the2016 Summer Olympic Women's football tournament. Goalscorers Awards The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament. Notes References External links"
] | [
"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup knockout stage Theknockout stageof the2015 FIFA Women's World Cupbegan on 20 June and ended with thefinal matchon 5 July 2015. A total of 16 teams competed in this knockout stage. Format Theknockout stagecomprises the 16 teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament. There are four rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round. The successive rounds are the round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and the final. There is also a match to decide third and fourth place. For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes is followed by 30 minutes ofextra time; if scores are still level, there is apenalty shootoutto determine who progresses to the next round.Single yellow cards accrued will be cancelled after the quarter-finals, therefore ensuring that no players miss the Final because of receiving a caution in the semi-finals. Combinations of matches in the round of 16 The third-placed teams which advanced will be placed",
"will be placed with the winners of groups A, B, C and D according to a table published in Section 28 of the tournament regulations. Qualified teams The top two teams of each preliminary group and the four best-ranked third place teams advanced to the knockout stage. Bracket Round of 16 Germany vs Sweden Player of the Match:Anja Mittag(Germany) Assistant referees:Hong Kum-nyo (North Korea)Widiya Shamsuri (Malaysia)Fourth official:Carina Vitulano(Italy)Fifth official:Fang Yan (China) China PR vs Cameroon Player of the Match:Ren Guixin(China PR) Assistant referees:Katrin Rafalski (Germany)Marina Wozniak (Germany)Fourth official:Rita Gani(Malaysia)Fifth official:Sarah Ho(Australia) Brazil vs Australia Player of the Match:Elise Kellond-Knight(Australia) Assistant referees:Petruța Iugulescu (Romania)Mária Súkeníková (Slovakia)Fourth official:Therese Neguel (Cameroon)Fifth official:Mana Dzodope (Togo) France vs South Korea Player of the Match:Amandine Henry(France) Assistant referees:Maria Rocco (Argentina)Mariana",
"(Argentina)Mariana de Almeida (Argentina)Fourth official:Olga Miranda (Paraguay)Fifth official:Elizabeth Aguilar (El Salvador) Canada vs Switzerland Player of the Match:Erin McLeod(Canada) Assistant referees:Sarah Walker (New Zealand)Allyson Flynn (Australia)Fourth official:Gladys Lengwe (Zambia)Fifth official:Lidwine Rakotozafinoro (Madagascar) Norway vs England Player of the Match:Karen Bardsley(England) Assistant referees:Ella de Vries (Belgium)Lucie Ratajová(Czech Republic)Fourth official:Efthalia Mitsi (Greece)Fifth official:Chrysoula Kourompylia (Greece) United States vs Colombia Player of the Match:Carli Lloyd(United States) Assistant referees:Manuela Nicolosi (France)Yolanda Parga (Spain)Fourth official:Abirami Naidu (Singapore)Fifth official:Sarah Ho(Australia) Japan vs Netherlands Player of the Match:Mizuho Sakaguchi(Japan) Assistant referees:Mayte Chávez (Mexico)Enedina Caudillo (Mexico)Fourth official:Claudia Umpierrez (Uruguay)Fifth official:Luciana Mascaraña (Uruguay) Quarter-finals Germany vs",
"Germany vs France Player of the Match:Nadine Angerer(Germany) Assistant referees:Marie-Josée Charbonneau (Canada)Suzanne Morisset (Canada)Fourth official:Efthalia Mitsi (Greece)Fifth official:Chrysoula Kourompylia (Greece) China PR vs United States Player of the Match:Carli Lloyd(United States) Assistant referees:Michelle O'Neill (Republic of Ireland)Tonja Paavola (Finland)Fourth official:Salomé di Iorio(Argentina)Fifth official:María Rocco (Argentina) Australia vs Japan Player of the Match:Rumi Utsugi(Japan) Assistant referees:Nataliya Rachynska(Ukraine)Sanja Rođak-Karšić (Croatia)Fourth official:Melissa Borjas (Honduras)Fifth official:Shirley Perello (Honduras) England vs Canada Player of the Match:Steph Houghton(England) Assistant referees:Luciana Mascaraña (Uruguay)Loreto Toloza (Chile)Fourth official:Rita Gani(Malaysia)Fifth official:Widiya Shamsuri (Malaysia) Semi-finals United States vs Germany Player of the Match:Carli Lloyd(United States) Assistant referees:Petruța Iugulescu (Romania)Mária",
"(Romania)Mária Súkeníková (Slovakia)Fourth official:Salomé di Iorio(Argentina)Fifth official:Mariana de Almeida (Argentina) Japan vs England Player of the Match:Saori Ariyoshi(Japan) Assistant referees:Sarah Walker (New Zealand)Allyson Flynn (Australia)Fourth official:Stéphanie Frappart(France)Fifth official:Manuela Nicolosi (France) Third place play-off Player of the Match:Karen Bardsley(England) Assistant referees:Hong Kum-nyo (North Korea)Kim Kyoung-min (South Korea)Fourth official:Gladys Lengwe (Zambia)Fifth official:Bernadettar Kwimbira (Malawi) Final Player of the Match:Carli Lloyd(United States) Assistant referees:Nataliya Rachynska (Ukraine)Yolanda Parga (Spain)Fourth official:Claudia Umpierrez (Uruguay)Fifth official:Loreto Toloza (Chile) References External links",
"Kelley O'Hara Kelley Maureen O'Hara(born August 4, 1988) is an American former professionalsoccerplayer. She represented theUnited States national teamon 160 occasions, winning twoFIFA Women's World Cupsand anOlympicgold medal. She spent most of her club career withNational Women's Soccer LeagueclubNJ/NY Gotham FC. Known for her intensity, she played primarily as awingbackbut played as aforwardin college and occasionally played an attacking role in her professional career. O'Hara received theHermann Trophywhile playing for theStanford Cardinalin 2009. She then played forFC Gold Prideand theBoston BreakersinWomen's Professional Soccer. When the NWSL was formed in 2013, she joined Gotham FC (then known as Sky Blue FC). She later played forUtah Royals FCand theWashington Spirit, with whom she scored the winning goal in theNWSL Championshipin 2021. She returned to Gotham and won her second NWSL Championship in 2023. She was named to theFIFA FIFPRO Women's World 11in 2019. O'Hara played internationally for the",
"for the United States from 2010 to 2023. She appeared at four Women's World Cups in2011;2015, helping the team win the title;2019, defending the title; and2023. She appeared at three Olympic Games, including at the2012 Olympics, where she was one of three U.S. players that played every minute of the tournament as they won gold;2016; and2020, where she won bronze. O'Hara announced that she would retire from professional soccer at the end of the2024 NWSL season. On September 21, 2024, she was put on the season-ending injury list due to chronic knee degeneration, thus effectively ending her career. Early life O'Hara was born inFayetteville, Georgia, nearAtlantato parents Dan and Karen O'Hara.She has a brother named Jerry and a sister named Erin.O'Hara has Irish heritage.O'Hara grew up inPeachtree City, Georgiaand graduated fromStarr's Mill High SchoolinFayette Countywhere she played four years on thevarsitysoccer team and captained the team during herjuniorandsenioryears. O'Hara helped lead the Panthers to",
"the Panthers to the5Astate title in 2006 with 20 goals and 16 assists. The team finished second in thestate championshipsduring hersophomoreyear. O'Hara was namedParade All-Americanas a junior and a senior and All-League, All-County and All-State all four years. In 2006, she was named the 2006Atlanta Journal-Constitution(AJC) Player of the Year and Gatorade Georgia State Player of the Year. She was also named NSCAA All-American. O'Hara played for club teams, the Peachtree City Lazers and AFC Lightning before playing for the U.S. U-16s in 2004 and then joining theU-17youth women's national team of that same year.She played on the Concorde Fire South '88 Elite that went on to win the 2007 GA U19G State Cup and advance to the Semi Finals of Regionals. Stanford Cardinal (2006–2009) A two-timeParade All-Americancoming into her freshman year atStanford University, O'Hara led theCardinalin scoring in 2006 with nine goals. She repeated that feat during her sophomore year, helping the Cardinal to the third round of",
"the third round of theNCAATournament. During O'Hara's junior year, Stanford advanced to theCollege Cupfor the first time since 1993, defeating 2005 national championPortland, 1–0.The Cardinal would fall in the semi-final, 0–1, toNotre Dame. As a senior, she had one of the best seasons in Division I history, scoring 26 goals with 13 assists.O'Hara's senior year ended in the 2009College Cup, where the Cardinal lost toNorth Carolina. O'Hara received two yellow cards in the second half, ejecting her from the game, forcing the Cardinal to finish the game a woman down. The game ended with a score of 1–0, thus marking North Carolina's twentieth National Championship.She finished her college career at Stanford with 57 goals and 32 assists, both school records at the time. O'Hara was awarded the 2009Hermann Trophyas collegiate soccer's top player. She had been on the MACHermann Trophywatch list for three consecutive seasons.O'Hara was also a member of theKappa Kappa Gammasorority during her time at Stanford. Club",
"at Stanford. Club career Prior to graduating fromStanford, O'Hara played for thePali Bluesof theUSL W-League(semi-pro) in the summer of 2009, scoring four goals during her tenure with the club. WPS: FC Gold Pride, Boston Breakers (2010–2011) O'Hara was drafted third overall byFC Gold Prideat the2010 WPS Draft. In addition to the close proximity of home stadiumPioneer Stadiumto O'Hara's alma materStanford University, O'Hara had previously worked withFC Gold Pridehead coachAlbertin Montoyawhen he served as an assistant coach atStanford Universityin 2008. The team dominated the seasonfinishing first during the regular season after defeating thePhiladelphia Independence4–1 with goals from O'Hara,Christine SinclairandMarta.As the regular season champion, the team earned a direct route to the championship playoff game where they faced the Philadelphia Independence.During the final, FC Gold Pride defeated the Independence 4–0 to clinch the WPS Championship.Despite their successful season, the club ceased operations",
"ceased operations on November 16, 2010, due to not meeting the league's financial reserve requirement. AfterFC Gold Pridefolded in November 2010, O'Hara was signed by theBoston Breakers. She scored 10 goals during her two seasons in the WPS playing primarily as an outside midfielder.On January 5, 2012, it was announced O'Hara would be going back to her hometown because she had signed with theAtlanta Beat. However, the league folded just before the 2012 season began. NWSL: Sky Blue FC, 2013–2017 On January 11, 2013, O'Hara joinedSky Blue FCin the newNational Women's Soccer League.Because the club's head coach,Jim Gabarra, played O'Hara as a forward, she reverted to a role she filled with success in college. Over her career at Sky Blue, O'Hara has been played in several roles including forward, winger, right-back, and central midfielder. Utah Royals FC, 2017–2020 On December 29, 2017, O'Hara was traded toUtah Royals FC.Due to a hamstring injury, O'Hara only appeared in 8 games for Utah in 2018.O'Hara",
"Utah in 2018.O'Hara contributed to Utah's first-ever franchise win, scoring a goal in the team's 2–0 victory over the Washington Spirit in May 2018. Utah finished theseasonin 5th place, just 2 points shy of making the playoffs. O'Hara underwent ankle surgery after the 2018 season. In 2019, she made only 2 starts in 4 appearances for Utah due to injuries andWorld Cupduties. She was still recuperating from an off-season ankle injury at the start of theNWSL seasonand saw limited minutes as a substitute in two late-April games. Following her World Cup win, O'Hara started in two games for Utah at the end of July, notching an assist in the team's 2–2 draw against Portland.She was named to the2019 NWSL second XI. O'Hara played only 65 minutes for the Royals in the abbreviated2020 NWSL season. She was still recovering from an injury at the start of theChallenge Cupand did not dress for the first few games. She saw limited minutes in Utah's July 13 game against Chicago and the July 18 game against Houston. Starting",
"Houston. Starting in August 2020, rumors of a O'Hara trade to theWashington Spiritbegan to circulate and O'Hara announced in August that she would opt out of the 2020 NWSL Fall Series, set to begin in early September. Washington Spirit, 2021–2022 O'Hara's trade to the Spirit was officially announced on December 2, 2020. The deal sent $75,000 in allocation money to the Utah Royals and a 2022 first round draft pick.O'Hara stated that she requested the move to Spirit so that she could live, work in a same city with her partner.The Spirit won their first NWSL Championship on November 20, 2021, when they defeated the Chicago Red Stars, 2–1 in extra time at Lynn Family Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky. O'Hara scored the winning goal in the 97th minute of the game. NJ/NY Gotham FC, 2023–present After the 2022 season, O'Hara announced on November 15 that she would sign withNJ/NY Gotham FC, returning to the club she formerly played for when it was called Sky Blue.The move made her the first NWSL player to sign with a",
"to sign with a new team infree agency.Gotham FC officially announced her signing on January 25, 2023.O'Hara won her second NWSL championship with Gotham in 2023. O'Hara announced on May 2, 2024, that she would retire from professional soccer at the end of the season.On September 21, 2024, O'Hara was put on the season-ending injury list due to chronic knee degeneration, thus effectively ending her career. International career Youth national teams (2005–2010) O'Hara represented the United States in various youth national teams from 2005 through 2010.She scored 24 goals in her 35 under-20 caps, the third-most ever for a U.S. player in the U-20 age group.She was a member of the fourth-placeUnited States U-20 women's national soccer teamthat competed in the2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World ChampionshipinRussia. O'Hara scored two goals in the tournament: one against theCongo(for which game she was namedFIFA's player of the match) and one againstGermany. She was also the first player in the tournament to be ejected from",
"to be ejected from a game, having picked up twoyellow cardsin the game againstArgentina. O'Hara rejoined the U-20 national team at the2007 Pan American Games. She scored four goals in thewomen's football tournament, againstParaguay,Panama, andMexico.The United States, which only sent theirU-20women to the tournament, would fall in the final game, 0–5, to a full-strengthBrazilian senior teamfeaturing Brazilian powerhouse,Marta. In February 2008, O'Hara returned to theU-20 women's national teamto play in the U-20 Four Nations Tournament inChile. Her last appearance for the U-20 team occurred in July 2008, at the2008 CONCACAF Women's U-20 ChampionshipinPuebla, Mexico.O'Hara helped the U-20 team qualify for the2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World CupinChile. She did not play in the U-20 World Cup, instead remaining with her college team in itsNCAApostseason campaign. Senior national team (2008–present) She was called into thesenior national team's training camp in December 2009 and attended the January 2010 training",
"2010 training camp in the lead-up to the 2010Algarve Cup. O'Hara earned her first senior national team cap in March 2010, coming in as a substitute during a friendly match againstMexico. 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup After falling short of making the 21 player World Cup roster, O'Hara was called up to replaceLindsay Tarpleywho tore herACLin a send-off match againstJapanon May 14, 2011.O'Hara earned just one cap atright midfieldin the2011 FIFA Women's World Cupin the finalgroup stagegame againstSweden. The United States went on to win the silver medal in that tournament. 2012 Olympics Throughout her national U-20s, collegiate, and club career, O'Hara was one of the top young offensive players in the United States, but under head coachPia Sundhage, O'Hara was converted to play outside back in 2012 after teammateAli Kriegerwent down with anACLinjury in the2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament. Against Guatemala on January 22, 2012, in the Olympic Qualifiers, she made her first start at left back and",
"at left back and registered three assists.O'Hara started at right back againstCosta Ricain the match that qualified the United States for the2012 Summer Olympicsin London. O'Hara played in every minute of the United States' gold medal run, one of three American players to do so. 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup In theUnited States'first four games of the2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, O'Hara did not see any playing time. O'Hara made her first start of thetournamentin the quarter-final game againstChina PR. She was replaced byChristen Pressin the 61st minute.O'Hara scored her first career international goal in theUnited States'2–0 victory overGermanyin the semi-final.In the final againstJapan, O'Hara entered the game in the 61st minute to replaceMegan Rapinoe.The United States went on to defeatJapan5–2, winning the first World Cup title since1999and the third overall World Cup title for the United States since the inaugural Women's World Cup in1991. 2016 Olympics 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Despite injuries which",
"injuries which kept her from playing regularly for the United States in the year leading up to the World Cup,O'Hara was named toJill Ellis' roster for the2019 FIFA World Cupin France.She played in five of the United States' seven games and appeared in all knockout stage games.In the team'sopening gameagainstThailand, O'Hara crossed the ball toAlex Morganin the 12th minute who converted O'Hara's service to notch the team's first goal of the tournament. The U.S. went on to beat Thailand 13–0.O'Hara made her second assist of the tournament in thesemifinalagainstEnglandwhen she delivered a cross from the right flank toChristen Presswhose 10th minute goal put the U.S. in the lead.O'Hara started in thefinalagainst theNetherlandsbut was substituted at halftime due to a collision just before the break with the Dutch wingerLieke Martens. The U.S. won the match 2–0 and O'Hara won her second World Cup. 2020 Olympics 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup On June 21, 2023,Vlatko Andonovskinamed O'Hara to the United States squad",
"United States squad for the2023 FIFA Women's World Cupin Australia, her fourth World Cup tournament.She made her tournament debut in the 84th minute of the group-stage opener against Vietnam.While she did not feature in the next two games against the Netherlands and Portugal, she made her next appearance during the game against Sweden, coming on in the last minute of extra time before the penalty shootout. O'Hara was the third U.S. player to miss her penalty shot, and Sweden advanced on penalties, eliminating the U.S. from the World Cup in the Round of 16. Endorsements O'Hara has appeared in multiple commercials and advertisements forUnder Armour.In 2015, she appeared in television commercials and promotional materials promoting chocolate milk on behalf of the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board. Podcast In July 2020, O'Hara launched a podcast with sports websiteJust Women's Sports.The podcast was rebranded asThe Players' Podin April 2022.Website founder Haley Rosen had asked O'Hara to join the",
"O'Hara to join the advisory board.O'Hara said that she instead asked to host their podcast because she'd \"always thought hosting a podcast would be fun.\"O'Hara says her goal is to generate \"open, candid conversations\" about the lives of athletes, particularly female athletes.The podcast posted its last episode on August 9, 2023. Personal life O'Hara was one of many outLGBTathletes to compete in the2019 FIFA Women's World CupinFrance.As of 2019, during heroff-season, she resides with her partner, Kameryn Stanhouse, inWashington, D.C.She got engaged to Stanhouse on New Year's Eve 2022, announcing it to fans via Instagram.On April 23, 2024, O'Hara announced that she was one of the executive producers of \"Ripe!,\" a queer short film in which two young women develop feelings for each other after a competitive moment in a pickup soccer game. \"Ripe!,\" which celebrates the ripening of LGBTQIA+ identities and shedding queer shame, premiered at the 2024 Tribeca Film Festival on June 9, 2024. Career statistics Club",
"statistics Club International Honors Washington Spirit NJ/NY Gotham FC United States U20 United States Individual See also References Match report Further reading External links",
"Carli Lloyd Carli Anne Hollins(néeLloyd; born July 16, 1982) is an American former professionalsoccerplayer. She is a two-timeOlympicgold medalist (2008 and 2012), two-timeFIFA Women's World Cupchampion (2015 and 2019), two-timeFIFA Player of the Year(2015 and2016),and a four-time Olympian (2008, 2012, 2016 and 2021). Lloyd scored the gold medal-winning goals in the finals of the2008 Summer Olympicsand the2012 Summer Olympics. Lloyd also helped theUnited Stateswin their titles at the2015and2019 FIFA Women's World Cups, the bronze medal at the2020 Summer Olympics, and she played for the team at the2011 FIFA Women's World Cupwhere the U.S. finished in second place. After the 2020 Summer Olympics, Lloyd announced she would be retiring from the national team following four final friendly matches in 2021.Lloyd has made316 appearancesfor the U.S. national team, placing her second incaps, and has thethird-most goalsandfifth-most assistsfor the team. In March 2021, she was named as the highest paid female soccer",
"paid female soccer player in the world.She played her last international match with the USWNT on October 26, 2021, shortly before retiring from professional soccer at the completion of the 2021 NJ/NY Gotham FC season. During the United States' 5–2 win overJapanin the2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final, Lloyd became the first player ever to score three goals in a FIFA Women's World Cup final and the secondsoccer playerever to score ahat-trickin any senior FIFA World Cup Final, afterGeoff Hurst. Lloyd scored three goals in the first 16 minutes of the final, with the first two occurring in the first five minutes of the game and within three minutes of each other. She received the Golden Ball Trophy as the best player of the tournament and earned the Silver Boot for her six goals and one assist during the tournament. She previously played for theChicago Red Stars, Sky Blue FC (now known asNJ/NY Gotham FC), andAtlanta BeatinWomen's Professional Soccer(WPS). In 2013, she was allocated to theWestern New York Flashfor",
"New York Flashfor the inaugural season of theNational Women's Soccer League(NWSL) and helped her team win the regular season championship. After two seasons with the Flash, she was traded toHouston Dashprior to the2015 seasonand then to Sky Blue before the 2018 season. Her memoir,When Nobody Was Watching, was published in September 2016. Early life Born to Stephen and Pamela Lloyd, Carli was raised inDelran Township,a suburban community located inSouth Jerseyabout 20 minutes northeast ofPhiladelphia. Lloyd began playing soccer at age five.Of her exposure to soccer at a young age, Lloyd's mother, Pamela said, \"At that age, it was coed, and Carli was hanging with the boys. She always loved it and showed a lot of ability from an early age, but she also has always worked hard.\"Lloyd has a brother, Stephen, and a sister, Ashley.Lloyd attended the opening U.S. match of the1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, which inspired her to play for the national team. Lloyd attendedDelran High Schoolfrom 1997 to 2000 where she",
"to 2000 where she played soccer under the tutelage of the late Rudy \"The Red Baron\" Klobach.As a high school athlete, she was known for her exceptional ball control and skill at distributing the ball from the midfield.During her senior year, she scored 26 goals and served eight assists while captaining her team to an 18–3 record.The Philadelphia Inquirertwice-named her Girls' High School Player of the Year in 1999 and 2000.She was named to the Star-Ledger All-State First Team twice and received 1999 and 2000Parade All-Americanhonors. In 2000, she was named theCourier-PostPlayer of the Year and the South Jersey Soccer Coaches Association (SJSCA) Midfielder of the Year. Rutgers Scarlet Knights, 2001–2004 Lloyd attendedRutgers Universityfrom 2001 to 2004 and played for theScarlet Knightswomen's soccer team under head coach Glenn Crooks. She was named First-Team All-Big Eastfor four straight years – the first athlete at Rutgers to do so. She ended her collegiate career as the school's all-time leader in points",
"leader in points (117), goals (50), and shots. During her freshman season, Lloyd started every match and was the team's leading scorer with 15 goals for a total of 37 points. She was named toSoccer America's All-Freshman Team and was the first Rutgers player to earn Big East Rookie of the Year honors.As a sophomore, she was the team's leading scorer for the second consecutive season with 12 goals and seven assists for 31 points. The same year Lloyd was a finalist for theHermann Trophy, widely considered the highest accolade for collegiate soccer players.During her third season with the Scarlet Knights, she scored 13 goals and served 2 assists for a total of 28 points and was named a Big East Academic All-Star.As a senior, she was a starter for 18 of the 20 games she played, scored 10 goals and served one assist. Lloyd was named the 2004 Big East Midfielder of the Year.She earned a bachelor's degree from Rutgers University in Exercise Science and Sport Studies. In 2013, Lloyd was inducted into the Rutgers",
"into the Rutgers Hall of Distinguished Alumni. Her presence is still widely felt in the Rutgers community. Her posters hang high all throughout the Rodkin facility. Club career W-League Experience (1999–2004) While still in high school, Lloyd played forW-LeagueteamsCentral Jersey Splashin 1999, New Brunswick Power in 2000, andSouth Jersey Bansheesin 2001.In the summer prior to her senior year at Rutgers, Lloyd played for theNew Jersey Wildcatsin 2004 with teammatesKelly Smith,Manya Makoski,Tobin Heath, andHeather O'Reilly.She made only one appearance for the club. The WPS Years (2009–2011) With the return of a top-flight women's professional soccer league to the United States viaWomen's Professional Soccer, Lloyd's playing rights were allocated to theChicago Red Starsin 2008.During the league'sinaugural season, she started in 14 of her 16 appearances for Chicago playing a total of 1,313 minutes on the pitch.She scored two goals: one in the 23rd minute of her team's 4–0 win over theBoston Breakerson April",
"Breakerson April 25;and the other during the 24th minute of a 3–1 defeat of theLos Angeles Solon August 2.The Red Stars finished sixth on the season with a5–10–5record. Following the conclusion of the season, Lloyd was declared a free agent and subsequently signed with her home state club and 2009 WPS champions,Sky Blue FC, for the2010 season.In April 2010, during a match against her former team, Chicago Red Stars, Lloyd slipped and broke her ankle.The injury kept her off the pitch for most of the season although she did return for two games in September. In December 2010, Lloyd signed with expansion teamAtlanta Beatfor the2011 season.Of her signing, Beat head coachJames Galanissaid, \"She is a fantastic midfielder and someone who is fully focused on the game. I have known her from her college days, and I have had the opportunity to train her and improve her game individually. She has made a lot of sacrifices off the field to reach her dreams, and she is going to bring a lot of professionalism to the",
"to the team.\"Lloyd scored two goals in her ten appearances for the Beat. She scored the team's lone goal in a 4–1 defeat by the Boston Breakers on April 9.Her second goal on the season was anequalizerduring the 70th minute of a 2–2 draw against theWestern New York Flash.The Beat finished their first season in last place with a1–13–4record. Western New York Flash (2013–2014) On January 11, 2013, Lloyd joined theWestern New York Flashin the newNational Women's Soccer Leagueas part of theNWSL Player Allocation.After recovering from a shoulder injury suffered earlier in the year, Lloyd made her debut for the Flash on May 12, 2013, during the team's 2–1 defeat ofFC Kansas City.She scored her first goal in a match against her former club,Sky Blue FC, helping the Flash win 3–0.During a match against theWashington Spiriton June 28, Lloyd scored ahat trickleading the Flash to a 4–0 win.She was subsequently named NWSL Player of the Week for her performance. Lloyd finished the2013 seasonwith 10 goals, the third most",
"the third most goals scored on the season.The Flash finished first during the regular season with a10–4–8record and advanced to the playoffs.During the Flash's semi-final match against Sky Blue FC, Lloyd scored both of the Flash's game-winning goals: one in the 33rd minute and the second coming during stoppage time.Her two goals resulted in a 2–0 win that advanced the Flash to the championship final against thePortland Thorns FC.The Flash were defeated 2–0 during the final. Houston Dash (2015–2017) On October 16, 2014, Lloyd was traded to theHouston Dashin exchange forBecky Edwards,Whitney Engenand a third-round pick in the2016 NWSL College Draft. Manchester City (2017 loan) In February 2017, Lloyd joinedManchester Cityon loan, for theFA WSL Spring Series.While Lloyd was at Manchester City, they finished second in the WSL Spring Series, and won the2016–17 FA Women's Cup, with her scoring inthe final.Lloyd's final appearance for City came on May 21, when she was sent off for elbowing Yeovil Town's Annie",
"Yeovil Town's Annie Heatherson in the face. The three match ban she received for violent conduct ran for the remainder of her loan stay. Sky Blue / NJ/NY Gotham (2018–2021) On January 18, 2018, Lloyd was traded toSky Blue FC(later known as NJ/NY Gotham FC) along withJanine Beckieby the Dash in a three-team trade with theChicago Red Starsand Sky Blue FC.Lloyd scored 4 goals in 18 appearances for Sky Blue in 2018. She scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over theOrlando Prideon the last day of the 2018 NWSL season. It was Sky Blue's first and only win of the season.She was named to the 2018 NWSL Second XI. International career Youth national team Lloyd represented the United States at theunder-21 levelbefore making the jump to the senior team at the age of 23.As a member of the under-21 team, she played at theNordic Cupfour times winning consecutive titles from 2002 to 2005 in Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden respectively.During the first round of the 2003 Nordic Cup, she served the assist in the U.S.' 1–0",
"in the U.S.' 1–0 win against Denmark.At the 2004 Nordic Cup, she scored two goals and served one assist while starting in every match.The following year at the 2005 Nordic Cup, she scored three times including one goal during the championship match against Norway. Senior national team Lloyd made her first appearance for theUnited States women's national soccer teamon July 10, 2005, againstUkraine. She scored her first international goal on October 1, 2006, againstTaiwan. At the 2006 Four Nations Tournament, Lloyd won a third cap. Her first two starts of her international career came at the 2006Algarve Cup, starting the group game againstDenmarkand in the final againstGermany. She played in 19 games, starting 13, and scored one goal. 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup After scoring once in her first 24 matches with the national team, Lloyd scored four goals at the2007 Algarve Cup. As the tournament's top scorer, she was awarded Most Valuable Player tournament honors.Lloyd logged her firstbracefor the national team",
"the national team during a 6–1 win againstNew Zealand. The same year, Lloyd played in her firstFIFA Women's World Cuptournament. Heading into the tournament, the national team had not lost a game in regulation time in nearly three years and was considered a favorite to win the tournament in China.During their first match of the tournament, the U.S. tiedNorth Korea2–2.The team facedSwedenin their next match on September 14 and won 2–0 with two goals fromAbby Wambach.The U.S. finished group play with a 1–0 win overNigeria women's national football teamon September 18. During the quarterfinal match againstEnglandon September 22, the U.S. won 3–0. All three goals were scored within 12 minutes.The U.S. faced Brazil in the semi-final in what would become a controversial and game-changing match for the team. Coach Greg Ryan decided to bench starting goalkeeper,Hope Solo, and instead startedBrianna Scurry, a veteran goalkeeper who had started in three World Cups and two Olympics, but who had started very few matches",
"very few matches since the 2004 Olympics. The U.S. was defeated 4–0 by Brazil.The loss relegated them to a final match againstNorway, which they won 4–1, to secure third place standing at the tournament.Lloyd started three of the five games in which she played at the tournament. Throughout 2007, Lloyd started 13 of the 23 matches in which she played. She ranked third on the team in scoring with nine goals and three assists. 2008 Beijing Olympics During the championship match of theCONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Lloyd scored the U.S.' only goal during stoppage time on a free-kick. The U.S. eventually defeated Canada 6–5 inpenalty kicks.She scored two goals during the2008 Olympics: the game-winning goal in the team's 1–0 defeat ofJapanduring the tournament's group stage and another game-winning goal in extra time againstBrazilduring the final helping the U.S. win gold. Lloyd was named the2008 U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Yearalong withTim Howard.She was on the starting lineup in all 35 games in",
"in all 35 games in which she played in 2008, tying for the team lead in matches started during the year. Her 2,781 minutes on the pitch for the U.S. ranked third on the team in minutes played. Her nine goals and nine assists resulted in her best scoring year yet on the national team. Injury recovery, 100th cap and World Cup qualifying, 2009–2010 In 2009, the U.S. national team competed in eight games, of which Lloyd was on the starting lineup in five.At the2010 Algarve Cup, Lloyd scored the game-opening goal in the final helping the U.S. clinch the championship title after defeatingGermany3–2. Although she suffered a broken ankle in the fourth game of the2010 WPS Seasonwhile playing forSky Blue FC,she played in 15 matches for the United States in 2010, starting 14.Lloyd started all five games at the2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament, scoring two goals, including the United States' lone goal during the championship match. She ended the tournament with five assists and was named the Player",
"named the Player of the Match three times during the tournament.After the U.S. finished third at the tournament, they traveled to Italy to vie for a place at the2011 FIFA Women's World Cupin theUEFA-CONCACAF play-offagainstItaly. Playing every minute of the series, Lloyd scored three goals with five assists during the series. She earned her 100th career cap during the second leg of the series. 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup 2011 saw the U.S. team making preparations for the2011 FIFA Women's World Cupand training starting with theFour Nations Tournament. Lloyd scored the lone goal for the U.S. in the opening match loss to Sweden. In the championship match, the U.S. defeated Canada 2–0 with Lloyd scoring the first goal and being named Player of the Match. At the2011 Algarve Cup, Lloyd scored three goals including the first goal in the championship match; subsequently named best goal for the tournament. She was named player of the match for the 2nd time in the tournament. The team won the cup, making it their",
"making it their eighth title win. At the2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, Lloyd scored the final goal in a 3–0 win againstColombiafor her first World Cup goal.Throughout the tournament, she tallied an assist, a goal,and one successfulpenalty kickin the shootout against Brazil to send the U.S. to the semi-finals vs.France.In theWorld Cup final, after finishing the game tied 2–2 the U.S. went on to penalty kicks withJapan.Along with two teammates who failed to convert their penalty kicks, Lloyd mishit the ball over the crossbar.The U.S. won the silver medal at the tournament. 2012 London Olympics The national team opened 2012 with theOlympic QualifiersinVancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The U.S. was placed in Group B with theDominican Republic,Guatemala, andMexico. In the first match, the United States routed the Dominican Republic by a score of 14–0 with Lloyd tallying one goal and one assist.In the second match, the U.S. again defeatedGuatemala13–0 with Lloyd again finding the back of the net and providing an",
"and providing an assist. The game to win the group and thus play the second place team from Group A occurred between the U.S. andMexico. The U.S. was previously defeated 2–1 by Mexico during the2010 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup.This time, the U.S. beat Mexico 4–0 with Lloyd netting her first careerhat trick. She was subsequently named player of the match. In the semi-final, the U.S. facedCosta Rica. During the second half, the U.S. scored two goals, the second coming from Lloyd. The U.S. beat Costa Rica 3–0 with Lloyd named player of the match for the second game in a row.During the final match againstCanada, the U.S. defeated Canada at home 4–0 to move on to the Olympics as theCONCACAFchampions.Lloyd finished the tournament with six goals and three assists and tied for the team lead in goals scored. At the2012 Summer Olympics in London, Lloyd scored the go-ahead goal in the 56th minute of the team's opening match againstFrance, to boost the U.S. to a 3–2 lead; the match ended with a final score of 4–2. She",
"score of 4–2. She scored her second goal of the tournament againstColombiaduring the group stage. During the Olympic gold medal match againstJapan, played at London'sWembley Stadium, Lloyd scored both American goals in the team's 2–1 victory.Her four goals in the tournament tied for the second highest on the U.S. squad.She is the only player (of either gender) in history to score the game-winning goal in two separate Olympic gold medal matches; her first occurred during theBeijing 2008 finalagainst Brazil. After scoring her 46th international goal in the 13th minute of a friendly againstNew Zealandin October 2013, Lloyd became the highest-scoring midfielder in the team's history, passingJulie Foudy, who finished her career with 45 goals. 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup In April 2015, Lloyd was named by head coachJill Ellisto the 23-player roster for the2015 FIFA Women's World Cupin Canada.Lloyd captained the team during four of the team's matches, including the quarterfinal against China, in which she scored the",
"she scored the winning goal on her 200th cap,semi-final against Germany and final against Japan,and scored six goals during the tournament, finishing the tournament on a four-game goalscoring streak that spanned the knockout stage and that culminated in ahat-trickin the game's opening 16 minutes during thefinalagainst Japan. The last goal was hailed byReutersas \"one of the most remarkable goals ever witnessed in a Women's World Cup\",and featured Lloyd catching Japanese goalkeeperAyumi Kaihorioff her line and chipping her virtually from the halfway line. For her efforts in leading the United States to a record third World Cup title, and first since 1999, she won the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament.While Lloyd's six goals were enough to matchCélia Šašićas the tournament's top scorer, Šašić won the Golden Boot for playing fewer minutes and Lloyd was awarded the Silver Boot.Lloyd also became the first woman to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final and the first player, male or female, to do so",
"or female, to do so sinceGeoff Hurstdid so for England against West Germany at Wembley in1966. Only one player has since replicated the feat –Kylian Mbappéfor France against Argentina in Lusail, Qatar in2022. Furthermore, her third goal earned her a nomination for theFIFA Puskás Award, FIFA's annual award for Goal of the Year. Finally, Lloyd is the only player to have scored a hat-trick in normal time of a World Cup final; Hurst scored two goals in extra time and Mbappé one. 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Lloyd scored in her first two games of the2019 FIFA Women's World Cup; one againstThailandand two againstChile. Hence, she became the first player to score in six straight Women's World Cup matches. Reaching her 300th cap, 2019–2021 On April 10, 2021, Lloyd earned her 300th cap in a friendly match against Sweden to become the third player to achieve that feat afterKristine LillyandChristie Pearce.On June 14, 2021, she became the oldest player at 38 years and 332 days to score for the United States in a 4–0 win",
"States in a 4–0 win overJamaicaat theBBVA Stadium, and thereby beating the record previously held by Kristine Lilly (38 years, 264 days). 2020 Tokyo Olympics and retirement On August 5, 2021, she scored twice in a 4–3 win overAustraliain the bronze medal match of the2020 Summer Olympics, to set the U.S. women's record for most Olympic goals, 10 goals in total, surpassing Abby Wambach.Following the Olympics, Lloyd announced she would be retiring from the national team in 2021. In early 2022, she partnered with Teqball USA and one of her retirement plans is to makeTeqballan Olympic sport by 2028. She also developed CL10 Soccer Clinic, a program to help people improve their soccer skills.In October 2022, she co-conducted the draw for the2023 Women's World Cupin Australia and New Zealand held at theAotea Centrein Auckland.She also co-conducted the draw for the2022 FIFA World Cupin Qatar, held at the Doha Exhibition and Convention Center, in April 2022. Criticism of USWNT post-retirement Since retiring, Lloyd has",
"retiring, Lloyd has made numerous critical comments regarding the national team, saying she \"hated\" playing for the team in the final years of her career.Lloyd has said that the culture became \"toxic\" after the 2015 World Cup victory, alleging that players became more focused on building their brands than winning as a team.During the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, Lloyd criticized the team for celebrating after finishing runners-up in their group, avoiding elimination after being close to losing to Portugal in their last group match, saying, \"Players are smiling. They're laughing. It's not good enough.\"Lloyd's comments created controversy and drew pushback from both current players and former teammates. Later in 2023, she said U.S. Soccer never wanted her to be the star of the team. “That’s just the way the world works as far as showcasing players,\" Lloyd said. \"They’re not always highlighting the best players. They’re oftentimes highlighting the most marketable players.” Style of play Although she was",
"Although she was criticised for being inconsistent at the beginning of career, and for losing possession too easily, Lloyd later developed into one of the best players in the world, and is highly regarded for her outstanding determination, mental strength, and work-ethic.A tenacious, energetic, and hard-working player,she also is known for her control, technique, and passing accuracy,and is capable of aiding her team both defensively and offensively, due to her stamina, strength, and tackling, as well as her ability to get into good attacking positions, and either score goals or create chances for teammates.These abilities, coupled with her tactical versatility, enabled her to be deployed in severalmidfieldpositions; although she began her career in the centre, as adefensive midfielder, she was most comfortable when moved to a more advanced role, as anattacking midfielderbehind the forwards.Lloyd earned a reputation as a \"clutch player\", due to her tendency to score decisive goals.A powerful striker of the",
"striker of the ball, she was capable of scoring from any position on the pitch, and could finish well both with her head and with her feet inside the area. Personal life Lloyd lives with her husband, golfer Brian Hollins, inMedford, New Jersey.They married on November 4, 2016, in Puerto Morelos, Mexico.On May 1, 2024, the couple announced that they are expecting their first child in October 2024. In popular culture Endorsements Lloyd has had anendorsementdeal withNikefor several years.In 2011, she was the focus of a promotional feature for the sports company entitled,Pressure Makes Us: Carli Lloyd.Following the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Lloyd starred in a commercial forXfinityand signed an endorsement deal withVisa.In August 2015, she co-starred in a Nike commercial calledSnow Dayalso featuringRob Gronkowskiand teammateSydney Leroux.In April 2016, she was named brand ambassador forLifeway Foodsand appeared in a television commercial forHeinekenthe same year.She has a partnership withWhole Foods Marketand",
"Foods Marketand appeared in a television commercial forUnited Airlines.In June 2016, she joinedMichael Phelpsin partnership deals withKrave Jerky. She also has endorsement deals withBeats by Dre,Kind, andNJM Insurance. Magazines, television, and video games Lloyd has been featured inGlamour,Shape,andSports Illustratedmagazines.She was on the covers of Howler Magazineand Sports Illustrated. In 2012, Lloyd appeared in an ESPN feature calledTitle IX is Mine: USWNT.She has been interviewed on numerous television shows including:Good Morning America,The Daily Show with Jon Stewart,Live with Kelly and Michael,The Today Show,Late Night with Seth Meyers,Fox & Friends,Late Late Show with James Corden. Lloyd also participated in the 2023 reality showSpecial Forces: World's Toughest Test.She joinedSoccer on Fox Sportsas a studio analyst in 2022. Lloyd was featured along with her national teammates in theEA Sports' FIFA video game seriesinFIFA 16, the first time women players were included in the game.In September 2015,",
"September 2015, she was ranked by EA Sports as the No. 1 women's player in the game. Ticker tape parade and White House honor Following the United States' win at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Lloyd and her teammates became the first women's sports team to be honored with aticker tape paradein New York City.Each player received a key to the city from MayorBill de Blasio.In October of the same year, the team was honored byPresident Barack Obamaat theWhite House. Career statistics International goals offminute(onplayer) – substituted off at theminuteindicated, andplayerwas substituted on at the same time(c) –captainSorted by minutes played Sorted by goal difference in the match, then by goal difference in penalty-shoot-out if it is taken, followed by goal scored by the player's team in the match, then by goal scored in the penalty-shoot-out. For matches with identical final scores, match ending in extra-time without penalty-shoot-out is a tougher match, therefore precede matches that ended in regulation",
"ended in regulation NOTE: some keys may not apply for a particular football player on46'(offWagner) 8–0 10–0 2–1 2–1 on46'(offWagner) 1–0 1–0 2–0 3–2 off83'(onWagner) 2–0 2–0 off74'(onHucles) 1–0 1–0 on29'(offO'Reilly) 3–0 6–1 5–0 on81'(offWagner) 5–1 5–1 on78'(offTarpley) 4–0 4–0 4–0 4–0 off46'(onHeath) 1–0 6–0 1–0 1–1(pso 6–5) 3–1 3–1 4–0 6–0 2–0 4–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 3–2 8–0 9–0 1–1 1–2 off46'(onLindsey) 1–0 1–2 1–0 2–0 off71'(onLindsey) 2–0 2–0 2–0 4–0 1–0 4–2 3–0 3–0 2–0 14–0 5–0 13–0 1–0 4–0 3–0 4–0 2–0 3–0 3–0 5–0 off62'(onHeath) 1–0 3–0 on17'(offBoxx) 3–2 4–2 3–0 3–0 1–0 2–1 2–0 7–0 8–0 1–0 2–0 2–0 4–0 off67'(onAverbuch) 3–1 4–1 2–0 4–0 2–0 4–1 1–0 7–0 3–0 1–0 3–0 2–0 2–0 4–1 2–0 5–0 1–0 6–0 1–0 3–0 2–0 2–0 6–0 1–0 1–1 1–0 2–3 3–0 7–0 5–0 6–0 1–1 2–1 2–1 2–0 2–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 2–0 1–0 5–2 2–0 4–0 off45'(onPress) 1–0 7–2 4–0 1–0 5–0 3–0 4–0 off45'(onRodriguez) 2–0 8–0 4–0 5–0 1–1 1–1 off76'(onWambach); (c) 1–0 6–0 off45'(onPress) 1–0 5–0 2–0 3–0 2–0 5–0 1–0 1–0 off46'(onMorgan); (c) 2–0 10–0",
"(c) 2–0 10–0 off66'(onDunn); (c) 3–0 5–0 4–0 7–0 3–0 4–0 1–0 2–0 off82'(onHoran); (c) 1–0 1–0 1–0 9–0 5–0 7–0 1–1 3–1 off54'(onMorgan) on75'(offMewis) on53'(offSullivan) on46'(offPugh) on60'(offMorgan) on60'(offRapinoe) on57'(offLavelle) off56'(onKrieger) 3–0 3–0 3–0 4–0 1–0 3–0 2–0 1–0 3–2 3–0 off46'(onWilliams); (c) 1–0 6–0 4–0 4–0 off89'(onMcDonald); (c) 2–0 2–0 off46'(onMorgan) 3–0 6–0 off46'(onMorgan); (c) 1–0 4–0 off46'(onMorgan) 2–0 4–0 off81'(onMorgan) 3–1 4–3 4–1 1–0 9–0 2–0 5–0 6–0 8–0 on61'(offMorgan) 7–0 8–0 Goals by opponent Honors Western New York Flash Manchester City United States Individual See also References Further reading External links",
"2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship The2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championshipwas the 4th edition of theCONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying, the quadrennial internationalfootballtournament organized byCONCACAFto determine which women's national teams from theNorth,Central AmericanandCaribbeanregion qualify for theOlympic football tournament. CONCACAF announced on 12 August 2015 that theUnited Stateswould host the tournament between 10 – 21 February 2016 inFriscoandHouston,Texas.A total of eight teams played in the tournament. The top two teams of the tournament qualified for the2016 Summer Olympic Women's football tournamentinBrazilas the CONCACAF representatives. TheUnited Stateswon the tournament with a 2–0 final win overCanada. Both teams qualified for the Summer Olympics, their sixth and third in a row respectively. Qualification The eight berths were allocated to the three regional zones as follows: Regional qualification tournaments were held to determine the five teams",
"the five teams joining Canada, Mexico, and the United States at the final tournament. Qualified teams The following eight teams qualified for the final tournament. Venues The two venues were announced by CONCACAF on 12 August 2015. Draw The draw for the tournament took place on 23 November 2015 at 10:00EST(UTC−5) at theInterContinental DoralinDoral,Florida,United States.The draw was conducted byCat WhitehillandTiffany Roberts. The eight teams were drawn into two groups of four teams. Tournament host, defending CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Championship champion and 2012 Olympic gold medalist United States were seeded in Group A. Squads Each team could register a maximum of 20 players (two of whom must be goalkeepers). Group stage The top two teams of each group advanced to the semi-finals. The teams were ranked according topoints(3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, tiebreakers would be applied in the following order: All times were local,CST(UTC−6). Group A Group B",
"Group A Group B Knockout stage In the knockout stage,extra timeandpenalty shoot-outwould be used to decide the winner if necessary. Bracket Semi-finals Winners qualified for2016 Summer Olympics. Final Final ranking As per statistical convention in football, matches decided inextra timeare counted as wins and losses, while matches decided bypenalty shoot-outsare counted as draws. Qualified teams for 2016 Summer Olympics The following two teams from CONCACAF qualified for the2016 Summer Olympic Women's football tournament. Goalscorers Awards The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament. Notes References External links"
] |
This deceased American singer and songwriter who's song about censorship was nominated for a Grammy Award (for Best Hard Rock Performance) in the same year that was designated as International Space Year by the United Nations. How many letters are in his name? | 11 (Layne Staley) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layne_Staley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Box | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Hard_Rock_Performance | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layne_Staley', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Box', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Hard_Rock_Performance'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layne_Staley",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Box",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Hard_Rock_Performance"
] | [
"Layne Staley Layne Thomas Staley(bornLayne Rutherford Staley; August 22, 1967 – April 5, 2002)was an American singer and songwriter who was the original lead vocalist ofAlice in Chains, which rose to international fame in the early 1990s as part ofSeattle'sgrungemovement. He was known for his distinctive vocal style as well as hisharmonizingwith bandmateJerry Cantrell. Prior to his success with Alice in Chains, Staley was also a member of theglam metalbandsSlezeandAlice N' Chains. He was also a part of the supergroupsMad SeasonandClass of '99. \"Man in the Box\", the second single from Alice in Chains' debut album,Facelift(1990), garnered Staley critical recognition for his vocal style.Alice in Chains'EPJar of Flies(1994), debuted at number one on theBillboard200, making it Alice in Chains' first record—and the first-ever EP—to top the chart.However, Staley's deteriorating condition due to heroin abuseled him to enter a rehabilitation clinic. He began to work on a side project with several Seattle musicians,Mike McCreadyofPearl Jam,Barrett MartinofScreaming Trees, andJohn Baker SaundersofThe Walkabouts, which came to beMad Season, while Alice in Chains went into hiatus. During Alice in Chains' hiatus, reports of Staley'sdrug addictionbegan to gain widespread circulation in fan and media communities, in part due to changes in his physical condition brought on by prolonged heroin abuse.On April 10, 1996, the band returned with a performance onMTV Unpluggedin New York; it was Alice in Chains' first concert in two-and-a-half years.The band performed three more shows, supportingKisson theirreunion tour, with Staley's final live performance on July 3, 1996 inKansas City, Missouri. Aside from recording two more songs with Alice in Chains – \"Get Born Again\" and \"Died\" – and a cover ofPink Floyd's \"Another Brick in the Wall\" with Class of '99 during 1998, Staley had been out of the public spotlight by the late 1990s. Staley struggled with drug addiction for much of his adult life; he later died from aspeedballoverdose on April 5, 2002, at the age of 34. He was ranked at No. 27 onHit Parader's list of \"Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists\" in 2006, and at No. 42 onComplex's magazine list of \"The 50 Best Lead Singers of All Time\" in 2012. Seattle officially declared August 22, 2019 as \"Layne Staley Day\". Staley earned sixGrammy Awardnominations as a member of Alice in Chains. Early life Staley was born on August 22, 1967, atOverlake HospitalinBellevue, Washington.His parents are Phillip Blair \"Phil\" Staley and Nancy Elizabeth Staley (née Layne). Staley disliked his middle name \"Rutherford\" and would get angry every time someone called him by this name. He legally changed his middle name to \"Thomas\" during his teens because he was a fan ofMötley CrüedrummerTommy Lee. Staley joined a rhythm band inBellevuewhen he was two or three years old, and was the youngest in the group.At nine years old, he wrote in hisDr. Seussbook,All About Me,that he wanted to be a singer. Staley was seven years old when his parents divorced, after which he was raised by his mother and stepfather, Jim Elmer.He took his stepfather's surname while enrolled inMeadowdale High SchoolinLynnwood, and was known for some time as Layne Elmer. Staley was raised as aChristian Scientist.However, he was critical of religion in his adult life,stating in a 1991 interview: \"I have a fascination with how brainwashed people get with religion and how they'll give up their money, their time and their whole life for a cause that they're sure is right, but I'm sure is wrong. I think there's a lot of people who are scared of life and living and they want to make sure they get to Heaven or whatever. I try to stay away from it as much as I can. I was raised in the church until I was 16 and I've disagreed with their beliefs as long as I can remember, so when I had the choice I chose not to believe in anything apart from myself.\" Staley also stated in a 1999 interview that the song \"Get Born Again\" is about \"religious hypocrisy\". He approached music through his parents' collection, listening toBlack Sabbath(regarded by him as his first influence) andDeep Purple.Other favorite bands include hard rock and metal bands likeThe Stooges,Anthrax,Judas Priest,Saxon,Rainbow,Mercyful Fate,Twisted Sister,Van Halen, and industrial/new wave acts such asMinistry,The Lords of the New ChurchandSkinny Puppy.He also citedPrinceandDavid Bowieas two of his biggest idols. Staley began playing drums at age 12; he played in severalglambands in his early teens, but by this point, Staley had aspirations of becoming a singer.In 1984, Staley joined a group ofShorewood Highstudents in a band calledSleze,which also featured future members of The Dehumanizers andSecond Coming. In 1985, Staley and his band Sleze made a cameo inFather Rock, a low-budget movie from Seattle's Public Access Channel.In 1986, Sleze morphed intoAlice N' Chains, a band which Staley said \"dressed indragand playedspeed metal.\"The new band performed around the Seattle area playingSlayerandArmored Saintcovers. We were just blown away by him – he had 'star qualities' even then. He was much more timid – he looked down while he sang. But the grain of his voice was there, the soul was there. —Johnny Bacolasdescribing an 18-year-old Staley Career Alice in Chains and Mad Season Staley met guitaristJerry Cantrellat a party in Seattle while working at Music Bank rehearsal studios in 1987.A few months before that, Cantrell had watched Staley performing with his then-band,Alice N' Chains, in his hometown at theTacoma Little Theatre, and was impressed by his voice.Cantrell was homeless after being kicked out of his family's house,so Staley invited Cantrell to live with him at the Music Bank.The two fast friends lived as roommates for over a year in the dilapidated rehearsal space they shared. Alice N' Chains soon disbanded and Staley joined afunkband,which at the time also required a guitarist.He asked Cantrell to join as asideman.Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join his band,which at the time did not have a name and included drummerSean Kinneyand bassistMike Starr.They started auditioning terrible lead singers in front of Staley to send a hint, which made him angry.The final straw for Staley was when they auditioned a male stripper in front of him – he decided to join the band after that.Cantrell said this about Staley's voice: \"I knew that voice was the guy I wanted to be playing with. It sounded like it came out of a 350-pound biker rather than skinny little Layne. I considered his voice to be my voice.\"Eventually the funk project broke up, and in 1987, Staley joined Cantrell's band on a full-time basis.The band had names like \"Fuck\"and \"Diamond Lie\",the latter being the name of Cantrell's previous band. Two weeks after the band's formation, they were playing a gig at theUniversity of Washington, trying to fill out a 40-minute set with a couple of original songs along withHanoi Rocksand David Bowie covers.Diamond Lie gained attention in the Seattle area and eventually took the name of Staley's previous band,Alice N' Chains, then renamedAlice in Chains.Staley got permission from his former bandmates to use the name. Local promoter Randy Hauser became aware of Alice in Chains at a concert and offered to pay for demo recordings. However, one day before the band was due to record at the Music Bank studio in Washington, police shut down the studio during the biggest cannabis raid in the history of the state.The final demo, completed in 1988, was namedThe Treehouse Tapesand found its way to the music managers Kelly Curtis andSusan Silver, who also managed the Seattle-based bandSoundgarden. Curtis and Silver passed the demo on toColumbia Records'A&Rrepresentative Nick Terzo, who set up an appointment with label presidentDon Ienner.Based onThe Treehouse Tapes, Terzo signed Alice in Chains to Columbia in 1989.The band also recorded another untitled demo over a three-month period in 1989. This recording can be found on the bootleg releaseSweet Alice. Alice in Chains released its debut albumFacelifton August 21, 1990, shaping the band's signature style. The second single, \"Man in the Box\", with lyrics written by Staley, became a huge hit. \"Man in the Box\" is widely recognized for its distinctive \"wordless opening melody, where Staley's peculiar, tensed-throat vocals are matched in unison with an effects-laden guitar\" followed by \"portentous lines like: 'Jesus Christ/Deny your maker' and 'He who tries/Will be wasted' with Cantrell's drier, and less-urgent voice.\" Facelifthas since been certified double platinum by the RIAA for sales of two million copies in the United States.The band toured in support of the album for two years before releasing the acousticEPSapin early 1992.Alice in Chains made a cameo inCameron Crowe's 1992 filmSingles, performing the songs \"It Ain't Like That\" and \"Would?\". In September 1992, Alice in Chains releasedDirt.The critically acclaimed album, also the band's most successful, debuted at number six on theBillboard200, and was certified quadruple platinum.Staley designed the sun logo on the album's inlay.During theDirttour in Brazil in 1993, Staley saved Starr's life after he had overdosed.Because of Staley's drug addiction, the band did not tour in support ofDirtfor very long. Cantrell wrote almost all of the music and lyrics for Alice in Chains, but as time went on, Staley contributed more lyrics. Eventually, Staley would receive credit for about half the lyrics from the entire Alice in Chains catalog prior to the release ofBlack Gives Way to Bluein 2009.He also wrote the music and the lyrics to \"Hate to Feel\", \"Angry Chair\" and \"Head Creeps\", and melodies to other songs. Staley's lyrics are largely viewed as having dealt with his personal troubles, such as drug use and depression.Staley also played guitar on \"Angry Chair\"and \"Hate to Feel\".Cantrell said of \"Angry Chair\" on the liner notes of the 1999Music Bankbox set: Such a brilliant song. I'm very proud of Layne for writing it. When I've stepped up vocally in the past he's been so supportive, and here was a fine example of him stepping up with the guitar and writing a masterpiece. In 1994, Alice in Chains released their third EP,Jar of Flies. It debuted at number one, making it the first Alice in Chains release—and the first-ever EP—to do so.The other members of Alice in Chains, seeing Staley's deteriorating condition, opted not to tour in support ofJar of Flies.Following the album's release, Staley entered a rehabilitation clinic and began to work on a side project with several Seattle musicians,Mike McCreadyofPearl Jam,Barrett MartinofScreaming TreesandJohn Baker SaundersofThe Walkabouts.The band worked on material for several months and played its first show on October 12, 1994, at theCrocodile Cafein Seattle under the name \"The Gacy Bunch\".Within a few weeks, the band changed its name to Mad Season.In January 1995, Mad Season performed two songs on Pearl Jam'sSelf-Pollutionsatellite radio broadcast, \"Lifeless Dead\" and \"I Don't Know Anything\".The band completed an album, titledAbove, which was released in March 1995. The first single, \"River of Deceit\", became a modest success onalternativeradio. A live performance filmed at theMoore Theatrein Seattle was released in August 1995 as a home video,Live at the Moore. During Alice in Chains' hiatus, reports of Staley's addiction began to gain widespread circulation in fan and media communities, in part due to changes in his physical condition brought on by prolonged heroin abuse. Alice in Chains regrouped to recordAlice in Chains, sometimes referred to as \"Tripod\", which was released in November 1995. The album debuted at the top of the U.S. charts,and has since been awarded — along withFaceliftandJar of Flies— double platinum status.With the exceptions of \"Grind\", \"Heaven Beside You\", and \"Over Now\", the lyrics were all written by Staley,making this album his greatest lyrical contribution to the band's catalogue. To accompany the album, the band released a home video,The Nona Tapes,but the band lapsed again, failing to complete tours planned in support of the album. When asked about the frustration of not touring to support the record, Cantrell provided some insight into how Staley's addictions led to tensions within the band: \"Very frustrating, but we stuck it out. We rode the good times together, and we stuck together through the hard times. We never stabbed each other in the back and spilled our guts and that kind of bullshit that you see happen a lot.\"\"Drugs worked for me for years\", Staley toldRolling Stonein February 1996, \"and now they're turning against me, now I'm walking through hell and this sucks. I didn't want my fans to think that heroin was cool. But then I've had fans come up to me and give me the thumbs up, telling me they're high. That's exactly what I didn't want to happen.\" One of Staley's last shows with Alice in Chains was theMTV Unpluggedperformance in New York on April 10, 1996.The recording ofUnpluggedcame after a long period of inactivity for the band; it was their first concert in two-and-a-half years.Staley made his last performance on July 3, 1996, inKansas City, Missouri, while Alice in Chains was touring withKiss. Other projects Staley shared lead vocals withAnn Wilsonfor a cover ofBob Dylan's \"Ring Them Bells\", featured onHeart's 1993 albumDesire Walks On. The song \"It's Coming After\" fromSecond Coming's 1994 debut albumL.O.V.Evilfeatures Staley on lead vocals.Second Coming features Staley's bandmates from Alice N' Chains, his former band. One of the last songs that Staley recorded was a cover ofPink Floyd's \"Another Brick in the Wall\" with the supergroup Class of '99, featuring guitaristTom MorelloofRage Against the Machine, bassistMartyn LeNoble, drummerStephen Perkins, both fromJane's AddictionandPorno for Pyros, and keyboardistMatt Serletic.In November 1998, the group recorded the song forRobert Rodriguez's 1998horror/sci-fifilmThe Faculty.A music video was also released.While the other members of the band were filmed specifically for the video, Staley's appearance consisted of footage pulled from Mad Season's 1995Live at the Moorevideo. A song titled \"Things You Do\" featuring Staley on vocals was part of the soundtrack to the 2012 filmGrassroots.In the film, the song was credited to \"The Bondage Boys featuring Layne Staley\",but the song had been credited to \"Layne Staley and The Aftervibes\" and \"Layne Staley and Second Coming\" when it leaked on the internet years before. Personal life In the early 1990s, Staley enrolled in several rehab programs, but he failed to stay clean for long. At one point, the other members of Alice in Chains flew to Los Angeles for weekly therapy at Staley's rehab.During theDirttour, Alice in Chains' manager, Susan Silver, hired bodyguards to keep Staley away from people who might try to pass him drugs,but he ended up relapsing on alcohol and drugs during the tour.Screaming Trees' Mark Lanegan recalled partying with Staley on tour and said that, \"off stage, it was an insane, dark, drug and alcohol-fuelled frat party from start to finish, with Layne and I raising hell, behaving like teenagers, staying up for days on end. We partook of whatever drugs came our way. Heroin, cocaine, painkillers, anything.\"Kurt Cobain's death in April 1994 scared Staley into temporary sobriety, but soon he was back into his addiction. Alice in Chains' managers turned down lucrative touring possibilities and kept the band off the road, hoping that would help Staley.Pearl Jamlead guitarist Mike McCready also tried to help Staley by inviting him to his side project, Mad Season.McCready had hoped that playing with sober musicians would encourage Staley.On October 29, 1996, Staley's former fiancée, Demri Lara Parrott, died of a drug related heart condition.Staley was placed on a 24-hour suicide watch,according toNME, which quoted a friend saying Staley was taking Parrott's death \"extremely badly\" and had fallen into a deep depression.Lanegan toldRolling Stonein 2002, \"He never recovered from Demri's death. After that, I don't think he wanted to go on.\" Final years: 1997–2002 On February 26, 1997, Staley and the other members of Alice in Chains attended theGrammy Awardsafter the song \"Again\" was nominated forBest Hard Rock Performance.In April of that same year, Staley purchased a 1,500 sq ft (140 m2), three-bedroom condominium in Seattle's University District via a trust.Toby Wright, the producer of Alice in Chains' third album, set up a home recording system for him there. In 1998, amid rumors that Staley rarely left his apartment, had contracted gangrene, and had lost the ability to ingest food and was living on a diet ofEnsure, Jerry Cantrell toldKerrang!that the members of Alice in Chains regularly hung out at Staley's house.On June 22, 1998, Staley made a phone call to radio programRocklineand gave a rare interview while Cantrell was promoting his first solo album,Boggy Depot. Staley called the show to talk to Cantrell and stated that he had loved the album. In October 1998, Staley re-emerged to record two tracks with Alice in Chains, \"Get Born Again\" and \"Died\", which were released on theMusic Bankbox set in 1999.Additional reports of Staley's deteriorating condition persisted in the midst of the sessions.DirtproducerDave Jerden—originally chosen by the band for the production—said, \"Staley weighed 80 pounds…and was white as a ghost.\" Studio engineer Elan Trujillo commented that Layne \"definitely didn't look like how he used to look\" and noticed Staley had, in addition to no teeth,atrophyin his legs.Cantrell refused to comment on the singer's appearance, and band manager Susan Silver said she had not seen him since \"last year\". Staley made his final public appearance on October 31, 1998, when he attended a Jerry Cantrell solo concert in Seattle. He declined Cantrell's request to sing with him on stage. A photo taken of Staley backstage at this show is the most recent photo of him that has been publicly released. Thereafter, Staley was thought to have left behind his \"self-imposed rock & roll exile\", when in November 1998 he laid down additional vocal tracks as part of a supergroup called Class of '99, featuring members of Rage Against the Machine, Jane's Addiction, and Porno for Pyros. On July 19, 1999, the radio programRocklinewas hosting Cantrell, Inez, and Kinney for a discussion on the release ofNothing Safe: Best of the Box, when, unexpectedly, Staley called in to participate. This was Staley's last interview. From 1999 to 2002, Staley became more reclusive and depressed,rarely leaving his Seattlecondo; little is known about the details of his life during this period. Staley was rumored to spend most of his days creating art, playing video games, or nodding off on drugs.Staley's one-time roommate and friend Morgen Gallagher later said that around 2001 Staley said he was asked to audition forAudioslave; this claim was later debunked by Audioslave guitaristTom Morello. Staley's mother, Nancy McCallum, toldThe Seattle Timesin 2007 that despite his isolation, he was never far from the love of his family and friends, who filled his answering machine and mailbox with messages and letters. \"Just because he was isolated doesn't mean we didn't have sweet moments with him.\" McCallum has also claimed that she saw Staley on Thanksgiving of 2001, and again just around Valentine's Day of 2002, when he visited his sister's baby. This was the last time that McCallum saw her son.Sean Kinney has commented on Staley's final years and isolation period: It got to a point where he'd kept himself so locked up, both physically and emotionally. I kept trying to make contact...Three times a week, like clockwork, I'd call him, but he'd never answer. Every time I was in the area, I was up in front of his place yelling for him ... Even if you could get in his building, he wasn't going to open the door. You'd phone and he wouldn't answer. You couldn't just kick the door in and grab him, though there were so many times I thought about doing that. But if someone won't help themselves, what, really, can anyone else do? Staley's physical appearance had become even worse than before: he had lost several teeth, his skin was sickly pale, and he was severely emaciated. Close friends such as Matt Fox said, \"If no one heard from him for weeks, it wasn't unusual\". Staley grew increasingly disconnected from his friends and bandmates who repeatedly tried to get him into rehab, but Staley refused.Staley's close friendMark Lanegansaid, \"He didn't speak to anybody as of late… It's been a few months since I talked to him. But for us to not talk for a few months is par for the course.\" Death On April 19, 2002, Staley's accountants contacted his former manager, Susan Silver, and informed her that no money had been withdrawn from the singer's bank account in two weeks. Silver then contacted Staley's mother, Nancy McCallum, who placed a call with911to say she had not heard from him \"in about two weeks\".The police went with McCallum and her ex-husband, Jim Elmer,to Staley's home.It was reported that the 6-foot (183 cm) Staley weighed only 86 pounds (39 kg) when his body was discovered.Staley's body was partially decomposed when he was found. Medical examiners had to identify the body by comparing dental records.Years later, McCallum revealed that two days before Staley's body was found, she went to his apartment to let him know about the death of Demri Parrott's brother, but there was no answer. When she got the phone call to check on her son two days later, she was not surprised that Staley had not responded. There was some mail by his door. Staley owned a cat named Sadie at the time, who was usually quiet; upon hearing Sadie meow, McCallum became worried it was a call of distress. Still not receiving an answer from Staley, McCallum called 911. The autopsy and toxicology report on Staley's body revealed that he died from a mixture of heroin and cocaine, known as aspeedball.The autopsy concluded that Staley died two weeks before his body was found, on April 5—the same day fellow grunge musicianKurt Cobaindied eight years prior.Staley's death was classified as \"accidental\".Staley's Alice in Chains bandmates issued the following statement: It's good to be with friends and family as we struggle to deal with this immense loss … and try to celebrate this immense life. We are looking for all the usual things: comfort, purpose, answers, something to hold on to, a way to let him go in peace. Mostly, we are feeling heartbroken over the death of our beautiful friend. He was a sweet man with a keen sense of humor and a deep sense of humanity. He was an amazing musician, an inspiration, and a comfort to so many. He made great music and gifted it to the world. We are proud to have known him, to be his friend, and to create music with him. For the past decade, Layne struggled greatly—we can only hope that he has at last found some peace. We love you, Layne. Dearly. And we will miss you … endlessly. In 2010, in an interview on VH1'sCelebrity Rehabwith Staley's mother, Nancy McCallum,former Alice in Chains bass playerMike Starrsaid that he was the last person to see Staley alive and had spent time with him the day before his death, on Starr's birthday, April 4. Starr claimed that Staley was very sick but would not call 911. They briefly argued, which ended with Starr storming out. Starr stated that Staley called after him as he left and said: \"Not like this, don't leave like this.\"Staley died the following day, April 5. Starr expressed regret for not calling 911 to save his life, and said that Staley had threatened to sever their friendship if he did. Starr regretted being high on benzodiazepines that night and having walked out of the door.The interview ended with Starr apologizing to McCallum for not calling 911, but she was insistent that neither she nor anyone in her family blamed Starr for Staley's death. She also told Starr: \"Layne would forgive you. He'd say, 'Hey, I did this. Not you.'\" Starr still blamed himself for the death of Staley.Starr kept this story a secret until his appearance onCelebrity Rehabin February 2010.During this same interview, McCallum also said that Staley had attempted rehab 14 times, although it is not clear whether any of these attempts were during his reclusive years.Starr was found dead on March 8, 2011, as a result ofprescription drugoverdose. Aftermath An informal memorial was held for Staley on the night of April 20, 2002, at theSeattle Center, which was attended by at least 100 fans and friends, including Alice in Chains bandmates Cantrell, Starr, Inez and Kinney, and Soundgarden frontmanChris Cornell.Staley's body was cremated and a private memorial service was held for him on April 28, 2002, onBainbridge Islandin Washington'sPuget Sound. During her appearance onCelebrity Rehabin 2010, Staley's mother said she has her son's ashes in a box.Staley's private memorial was attended by his family and friends, along with his Alice in Chains bandmates, the band's manager Susan Silver and her then-husband Chris Cornell, as well as other music personalities. Chris Cornell, joined by Heart'sAnnandNancy Wilson, sang a rendition ofThe Rolling Stones' \"Wild Horses\" at the funeral.They also performedThe Lovemongers' song \"Sand\". Jerry Cantrell dedicated his solo album,Degradation Trip, released two months after Staley's death, to his memory.Cantrell also took in Staley's cat, Sadie, who he and the family took care of until Sadie's death in 2010, at the age of 18. Shortly after Staley's death, his parents Nancy McCallum and Phil Staley started receiving donations from fans all over the world. Nancy and Phil worked with Seattle's Therapeutic Health Services clinic to create the Layne Staley Memorial Fund to help other heroin addicts and their families in the Seattle music community. Alice in Chains remained inactive following Staley's death. For the next several years, the band refused to perform together, out of respect for him.In 2005, Cantrell, Kinney, and Inez reunited for abenefit concertfor victims of the2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, with several vocalists filling in for Staley.Following positive response, the band decided to reunite formally in 2006.Comes with the FallvocalistWilliam DuVall, a member of Cantrell's solo touring band who often sang Staley's parts on the Alice in Chains songs that Cantrell performed, was announced to sing Staley's part for the reunion shows.In an interview withMTV News, Kinney noted that the band would use the reunion concerts to pay tribute to the songs and to Staley.The band used to have an intermission to include a five-minute filmed tribute to Staley in between sets.DuVall has since become Staley's full-time replacement in the band, contributing to three full-length releases. Tributes and influence Billy CorganofThe Smashing Pumpkinsstated that Staley \"had an amazing voice that had such a beautiful, sad, haunting quality about it. He was different because his heaviness was in that voice.\"The song \"Bleeding The Orchid\" from The Smashing Pumpkins' 2007 albumZeitgeistwas indirectly inspired by the death of Staley. Cold's song \"The Day Seattle Died\" from their 2003 albumYear of the Spiderwas an ode to Staley, as well as fellow grunge figurehead Kurt Cobain.That same yearStaindfeatured a song called \"Layne\" in memory to the singer on their album14 Shades of Grey.In their 2004 albumHangover Music Vol. VI,Black Label Societyalso included a tribute to Staley, titled \"Layne\".Kat Bjelland, formerly ofBabes in Toyland, wrote the song “Layne to Rest” about him on her bandKatastrophy Wife’s 2004 albumAll Kneel. Eddie Vedder, lead singer of Pearl Jam, wrote a songeulogizingStaley, titled \"4/20/02\" (the day Vedder heard the news).The song featured only Vedder singing and playing the guitar in aukulele-inspired tuning, and was released as a hidden track on Pearl Jam's 2003 B-sides and rarities album,Lost Dogs, roughly four minutes and twenty seconds after the conclusion of the final listed song, \"Bee Girl\".Vedder also paid tribute to Staley during a Pearl Jam concert in Chicago on August 22, 2016, which would have been Staley's 49th birthday, and dedicated the song \"Man of the Hour\" to his late friend. Jerry Cantrellsaid Staley gave him the self-assurance to sing.\"Layne was really responsible for giving me the confidence to become more of a singer. He'd say, 'You wrote this song, this means something to you, sing it.' He kicked my ass out of the nest. Over the years I continued to grow, and Layne started to play guitar, and we inspired each other\". Since 2002, Seattle has hosted an annual tribute concert for Staley on his birthday. Venues such as theMoore Theatre,The ShowboxThe Fenix,andThe Crocodilehave hosted the event. The show proceeds benefit the Layne Staley Memorial Fund. Staley ranked at No. 27 onHit Paradermagazine's list of \"Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists\" published in the November 2006 issue,and at No. 42 onComplex's magazine list of \"The 50 Best Lead Singers of All Time\" in 2012. Staley was an inspiration for the title ofMetallica's 2008 album,Death Magnetic.The band recorded a song in tribute to him, titled \"Rebel of Babylon\". In 2009, Alice in Chains released their first studio album in 14 years,Black Gives Way to Blue, with Cantrell and then-new vocalist and rhythm guitaristWilliam DuVallsharing lead vocals.The title track is a tribute to Staley.Cantrell invitedElton Johnto join Alice in Chains and pay tribute to Staley playing the piano in \"Black Gives Way to Blue\",the closing song in the album.The song was written and sung by Cantrell, who described it as the band's goodbye to Staley.The first concert that Staley attended was Elton John's and he was blown away by it.According to Cantrell, the album's cover art featuring a heart surrounded by a black background was inspired by the heartbreak of Staley's death.Staley's former bandmates also thanked him in the album's liner notes. On September 6, 2011,Hank Williams IIIreleased hisAttention Deficit Dominationalbum and dedicated it to Staley. Staley's Alice in Chains bandmates have stated that one of the saddest aspects of his legacy is to hear him remembered primarily for his drug use rather than the other aspects of his personality.Kinney and Cantrell have also expressed their frustration over theGrammysignoring Staley during their annual tribute to the musicians who have died in the past year. In 2013, Alice in Chains' drummer, Sean Kinney, added the initials \"LSMS\" on his drum kit, a tribute to Staley and the band's former bassist, Mike Starr, who died in 2011.The music video for Alice in Chains' 2013 single, \"Voices\", features a picture of Staley next to a photo ofNirvana's frontman,Kurt Cobain, at the 2:20 mark. Since Alice in Chains reunited, Jerry Cantrell started paying tribute to Staley before performing the song \"Nutshell\".Since 2011, Cantrell pays tribute to both Staley and Mike Starr before performing the song at concerts. In April 2017,Nancy Wilsonrevealed that she started writing the song \"The Dragon\" for Staley in the '90s. The song was recorded in 2016 and is part of the EP of Wilson's new band, Roadcase Royale, released in 2017. On what would've been Staley's 50th birthday, August 22, 2017, Alice in Chains released a video paying tribute to him, featuring Jerry Cantrell, Ann Wilson, Mike McCready, and Barrett Martin. William DuVall revealed that he was thinking about Staley, his grandmother and the Soundgarden lead vocalist Chris Cornell while writing the Alice in Chains' song \"Never Fade\", from their 2018 album,Rainier Fog.The album'stitle track, written by Cantrell, is partly a tribute to Staley and Mike Starr. Layne Staley Day in Seattle On August 22, 2019, which would have been Staley's 52nd birthday, Seattle mayorJenny Durkanofficially proclaimed that day as \"Layne Staley Day\" in the city in honor of Staley's contributions to the world of music. The day was also a call to attention to the Layne Staley Memorial Fund, established by his parents in 2002. Books Two biographies have been written about Staley, both authored by Adriana Rubio—Layne Staley: Angry Chairreleased in 2003, which contains an alleged final interview of Staley that Rubio claimed to have conducted less than three months before his death,andLayne Staley: Get Born Again, released in 2009, a revised and updated version of her earlier book. Staley's family has disputed Rubio's work, stating they do not believe she interviewed him in 2002.When questioned about the authenticity of the book, Rubio refused to confirm the interview was genuine.Staley's last interview was for the radio programRocklineon July 19, 1999, promoting the release of the compilation albumNothing Safe: Best of the Boxwith the other members of Alice in Chains.The content of Rubio's book, including what she referred to as Staley's final interview, was called into question in journalist David De Sola's 2015 bookAlice in Chains: The Untold Story.De Sola questions not only the content of the interview, which portrays Staley as using his lyrics in casual conversation, it also indicates that Rubio never spoke to him, citing her refusal to release the tape with the interview and the fact that not even her publisher had access to the tape.One of Staley's sisters, Liz Coats, likewise doubted the veracity of the book. Staley was featured on the booksGrunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music(2009) by Greg Prato,andEverybody Loves Our Town: An Oral History of Grunge(2011) by Mark Yarm. Both books explored the history of grunge in detail and touch upon Alice in Chains and Staley's life and death via interviews with Staley's mother, friends and bandmates, including Cantrell, Kinney, Starr and Inez. In August 2015, journalist David de Sola released the biographyAlice in Chains: The Untold Story,which is mainly focused on Staley and features interviews with his friends and relatives; the surviving members of Alice in Chains did not partake in interviews for this book. Discography Alice in Chains Staley appeared on all Alice in Chains releases fromWe Die Youngup to the song \"Died\", later taking part in reissues and compilations containing material from his time in the band. Other appearances References External links",
"Man in the Box \"Man in the Box\" is a song by the AmericanrockbandAlice in Chains. It was released as a single in January 1991 after being featured on the group's debut studio album,Facelift(1990). It peaked at No. 18 onBillboard'sMainstream Rockchart and was nominated for aGrammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performancein 1992. The song was included on the compilation albumsNothing Safe: Best of the Box(1999),Music Bank(1999),Greatest Hits(2001), andThe Essential Alice in Chains(2006). \"Man in the Box\" was the second most-played song of the decade on mainstream rock radio between 2010 and 2019. Origin and recording In theliner notesof 1999'sMusic Bankbox set collection, guitaristJerry Cantrellsaid of the song; \"That whole beat and grind of that is when we started to find ourselves; it helped Alice become what it was.\" The song makes use of atalk boxto create the guitar effect. The idea of using a talk box came from producerDave Jerden, who was driving to the studio one day whenBon Jovi's \"Livin' on a Prayer\" started playing on the radio. The originalFacelifttrack listing credited only vocalistLayne Staleyand Jerry Cantrell with writing the song.All post-Faceliftcompilations credited the entire band. It is unclear as to why the songwriter credits were changed. Composition and music \"Man in the Box\" is agrunge,alternative metal,hard rock,andalternative rocksongthat is widely recognized by its distinctive \"wordless opening melody, where Layne Staley's peculiar, tensed-throat vocals are matched in unison with an effects-laden guitar\" followed by \"portentous lines like: 'Feed my eyes, can you sew them shut?', 'Jesus Christ, deny your maker' and 'He who tries, will be wasted' with Cantrell's drier, less-urgent voice,\" along with harmonies provided by both Staley and Cantrell in the lines 'Won't you come and save me'. Lyrics In a 1992 interview withRolling Stone, Layne Staley explained the origins of the song's lyrics: I started writing aboutcensorship. Around the same time, we went out for dinner with someColumbia Recordspeople who werevegetarians. They told me howvealwas made fromcalvesraised in these small boxes, and that image stuck in my head. So I went home and wrote about government censorship and eatingmeatas seen through the eyes of a doomed calf. Jerry Cantrell said of the song: But what it's basically about is, is how government and media control the public's perception of events in the world or whatever, and they build you into a box by feeding it to you in your home, ya know. And it's just about breaking out of that box and looking outside of that box that has been built for you. In a recorded interview withMuchMusicin 1991, Staley stated that the lyrics are loosely based on media censorship, and \"I was really really stoned when I wrote it, so it meant something different then\", he said laughing. Release and reception \"Man in the Box\" was released as a single in 1991.It is widely considered to be one of Alice in Chains' signature songs, reaching number 18 on theBillboardAlbum Rock Trackschart at the time of its release.LoudwireandKerrangboth named \"Man in the Box\" as Alice in Chains' greatest song. The song was number 19 onVH1's \"40 Greatest Metal Songs\", and its solo was rated the 77th greatest guitar solo byGuitar Worldin 2008.It was number 50 on VH1's \"100 Greatest Songs of the 90s\" in 2007.The song was nominated for theGrammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performancein 1992. Steve Huey ofAllMusiccalled the song \"an often overlooked but important building block in grunge's ascent to dominance\" and \"a meeting of metal theatrics and introspective hopelessness.\" According toNielsen Music's year-end report for 2019, \"Man in the Box\" was the second most-played song of the decade on mainstream rock radio with 142,000 spins. Music video TheMTVmusic videofor the track was released in 1991 and was directed byPaul Rachman, who later directed the first version of the \"Sea of Sorrow\" music video for the band and the 2006 feature documentaryAmerican Hardcore. The music video was nominated forBest Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Videoat the1991 MTV Video Music Awards.The video is available on the home video releasesLive FaceliftandMusic Bank: The Videos. The video shows the band performing in what is supposedly abarn, where throughout the video, a mysterious man wearing a black hooded cloak is shown roaming around the barn. Then, after the unknown hooded figure is shown, he is shown again looking around inside astablewhere many animals live where he suddenly discovers and shines hisflashlighton a man (Layne Staley) that he finds sitting in the corner of the barnhouse. At the end of the video, the hooded man finally pulls his hood down off of his head, only to reveal that hiseyelidswere sewn together withstitchesthe whole time. This part of the video depicts on the line of the song, \"Feed my eyes, now you've sewn them shut\". The man with his eyes sewn shut was played by a friend of director Paul Rachman, Rezin,who worked in a bar parking lot in Los Angeles called Small's. The music video was shot on 16mm film and transferred to tape using a FDL 60 telecine. At the time this was the only device that could sync sound to picture at film rates as low as 6FPS. This is how the surreal motion was obtained. The sepia look was done by Claudius Neal using a daVinci color corrector. Layne Staley tattooed on his back the Jesus character depicted in the video with his eyes sewn shut. Live performances At Alice in Chains' last concert with Staley on July 3, 1996, they closed with \"Man in the Box\". Live performances of \"Man in the Box\" can be found on the \"Heaven Beside You\" and \"Get Born Again\" singles and the live albumLive. A performance of the song is also included on the home video releaseLive Faceliftand is a staple of the band's live show due to the song's popularity. Personnel Chart positions Weekly charts Decade-end charts Certifications ‡Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Cover versions Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machinecovered \"Man in the Box\" in aloungestyle on their 2005 albumAperitif for Destruction. Platinum-selling recording artistDavid Cookcovered the song during his 2009Declaration Tour.Angie Aparorecorded a cover version for his albumWeapons of Mass Construction.Apologetixparodied the song as \"Man on the Cross\" on their 2013 albumHot Potato Soup. Metal artist Chris Senter released a parody titled \"Cat in the Box\" in March 2015, featuring a music video by animator Joey Siler.Les Claypool's bluegrass projectDuo de Twangcovered the song on their debut albumFour Foot Shack. In 2020, music groupThe Merkinsposted a parody of the song on their YouTube channel,featuring singer Joey SilerasPinheadfrom theHellraiserfilm series. In popular culture References External links",
"1992 1992(MCMXCII) was aleap year starting on Wednesdayof theGregorian calendar, the 1992nd year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 992nd year of the2nd millennium, the 92nd year of the20th century, and the 3rd year of the1990sdecade. 1992 was designated asInternational Space Yearby theUnited Nations. Events January February March April May June July August September October November December Births and deaths Nobel Prizes References Sources",
"Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance TheGrammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performancewas an award presented to recording artists at theGrammy Awardsfrom1990to2011. The academy recognized hard rock music artists for the first time at the31st Grammy Awardsin 1989. The category was originally presented asBest Hard Rock/Metal Performance Vocal or Instrumental, combining two of the mostpopular musicgenres of the 1980s.Jethro Tullwon that award for the albumCrest of a Knave, beatingMetallica, who were expected to win with the album...And Justice for All. This choice led to widespread criticism of the academy, as journalists suggested that the music of Jethro Tull did not belong in the hard rock or heavy metal genres.In response, the academy created the categories Best Hard Rock Performance andBest Metal Performance, separating the genres. The bandLiving Colourwas presented the first award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1990. From 1992 to 1994, the award was presented as theGrammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance with Vocal. The bandsFoo Fighters, Living Colour, andthe Smashing Pumpkinsshare the record for the most wins, with two each. American artists were presented with the award more than any other nationality, though it was also presented to musicians or groups originating from Australia twice and from the United Kingdom once.Alice in Chainsholds the record for the most nominations without a win, with eight. The award was discontinued in 2012 due to a major overhaul of Grammy categories. In 2012 and 2013, quality hard rock performances were honored in theBest Hard Rock/Metal Performancecategory. However, in 2014, the category was split, returning the stand-alone Best Metal Performance category and recognizing quality hard rock performances in theBest Rock Performancecategory.According to the Recording Academy, \"It was determined that metal has a very distinctive sound, and hard rock more closely aligns with rock and can exist comfortably as one end of the rock spectrum.\" Recipients ^Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year. Multiple wins Multiple nominations References External links"
] | [
"Layne Staley Layne Thomas Staley(bornLayne Rutherford Staley; August 22, 1967 – April 5, 2002)was an American singer and songwriter who was the original lead vocalist ofAlice in Chains, which rose to international fame in the early 1990s as part ofSeattle'sgrungemovement. He was known for his distinctive vocal style as well as hisharmonizingwith bandmateJerry Cantrell. Prior to his success with Alice in Chains, Staley was also a member of theglam metalbandsSlezeandAlice N' Chains. He was also a part of the supergroupsMad SeasonandClass of '99. \"Man in the Box\", the second single from Alice in Chains' debut album,Facelift(1990), garnered Staley critical recognition for his vocal style.Alice in Chains'EPJar of Flies(1994), debuted at number one on theBillboard200, making it Alice in Chains' first record—and the first-ever EP—to top the chart.However, Staley's deteriorating condition due to heroin abuseled him to enter a rehabilitation clinic. He began to work on a side project with several Seattle",
"several Seattle musicians,Mike McCreadyofPearl Jam,Barrett MartinofScreaming Trees, andJohn Baker SaundersofThe Walkabouts, which came to beMad Season, while Alice in Chains went into hiatus. During Alice in Chains' hiatus, reports of Staley'sdrug addictionbegan to gain widespread circulation in fan and media communities, in part due to changes in his physical condition brought on by prolonged heroin abuse.On April 10, 1996, the band returned with a performance onMTV Unpluggedin New York; it was Alice in Chains' first concert in two-and-a-half years.The band performed three more shows, supportingKisson theirreunion tour, with Staley's final live performance on July 3, 1996 inKansas City, Missouri. Aside from recording two more songs with Alice in Chains – \"Get Born Again\" and \"Died\" – and a cover ofPink Floyd's \"Another Brick in the Wall\" with Class of '99 during 1998, Staley had been out of the public spotlight by the late 1990s. Staley struggled with drug addiction for much of his adult life; he later died",
"life; he later died from aspeedballoverdose on April 5, 2002, at the age of 34. He was ranked at No. 27 onHit Parader's list of \"Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists\" in 2006, and at No. 42 onComplex's magazine list of \"The 50 Best Lead Singers of All Time\" in 2012. Seattle officially declared August 22, 2019 as \"Layne Staley Day\". Staley earned sixGrammy Awardnominations as a member of Alice in Chains. Early life Staley was born on August 22, 1967, atOverlake HospitalinBellevue, Washington.His parents are Phillip Blair \"Phil\" Staley and Nancy Elizabeth Staley (née Layne). Staley disliked his middle name \"Rutherford\" and would get angry every time someone called him by this name. He legally changed his middle name to \"Thomas\" during his teens because he was a fan ofMötley CrüedrummerTommy Lee. Staley joined a rhythm band inBellevuewhen he was two or three years old, and was the youngest in the group.At nine years old, he wrote in hisDr. Seussbook,All About Me,that he wanted to be a singer. Staley was",
"singer. Staley was seven years old when his parents divorced, after which he was raised by his mother and stepfather, Jim Elmer.He took his stepfather's surname while enrolled inMeadowdale High SchoolinLynnwood, and was known for some time as Layne Elmer. Staley was raised as aChristian Scientist.However, he was critical of religion in his adult life,stating in a 1991 interview: \"I have a fascination with how brainwashed people get with religion and how they'll give up their money, their time and their whole life for a cause that they're sure is right, but I'm sure is wrong. I think there's a lot of people who are scared of life and living and they want to make sure they get to Heaven or whatever. I try to stay away from it as much as I can. I was raised in the church until I was 16 and I've disagreed with their beliefs as long as I can remember, so when I had the choice I chose not to believe in anything apart from myself.\" Staley also stated in a 1999 interview that the song \"Get Born Again\" is about",
"Again\" is about \"religious hypocrisy\". He approached music through his parents' collection, listening toBlack Sabbath(regarded by him as his first influence) andDeep Purple.Other favorite bands include hard rock and metal bands likeThe Stooges,Anthrax,Judas Priest,Saxon,Rainbow,Mercyful Fate,Twisted Sister,Van Halen, and industrial/new wave acts such asMinistry,The Lords of the New ChurchandSkinny Puppy.He also citedPrinceandDavid Bowieas two of his biggest idols. Staley began playing drums at age 12; he played in severalglambands in his early teens, but by this point, Staley had aspirations of becoming a singer.In 1984, Staley joined a group ofShorewood Highstudents in a band calledSleze,which also featured future members of The Dehumanizers andSecond Coming. In 1985, Staley and his band Sleze made a cameo inFather Rock, a low-budget movie from Seattle's Public Access Channel.In 1986, Sleze morphed intoAlice N' Chains, a band which Staley said \"dressed indragand playedspeed metal.\"The new band performed",
"new band performed around the Seattle area playingSlayerandArmored Saintcovers. We were just blown away by him – he had 'star qualities' even then. He was much more timid – he looked down while he sang. But the grain of his voice was there, the soul was there. —Johnny Bacolasdescribing an 18-year-old Staley Career Alice in Chains and Mad Season Staley met guitaristJerry Cantrellat a party in Seattle while working at Music Bank rehearsal studios in 1987.A few months before that, Cantrell had watched Staley performing with his then-band,Alice N' Chains, in his hometown at theTacoma Little Theatre, and was impressed by his voice.Cantrell was homeless after being kicked out of his family's house,so Staley invited Cantrell to live with him at the Music Bank.The two fast friends lived as roommates for over a year in the dilapidated rehearsal space they shared. Alice N' Chains soon disbanded and Staley joined afunkband,which at the time also required a guitarist.He asked Cantrell to join as asideman.Cantrell agreed",
"agreed on condition that Staley join his band,which at the time did not have a name and included drummerSean Kinneyand bassistMike Starr.They started auditioning terrible lead singers in front of Staley to send a hint, which made him angry.The final straw for Staley was when they auditioned a male stripper in front of him – he decided to join the band after that.Cantrell said this about Staley's voice: \"I knew that voice was the guy I wanted to be playing with. It sounded like it came out of a 350-pound biker rather than skinny little Layne. I considered his voice to be my voice.\"Eventually the funk project broke up, and in 1987, Staley joined Cantrell's band on a full-time basis.The band had names like \"Fuck\"and \"Diamond Lie\",the latter being the name of Cantrell's previous band. Two weeks after the band's formation, they were playing a gig at theUniversity of Washington, trying to fill out a 40-minute set with a couple of original songs along withHanoi Rocksand David Bowie covers.Diamond Lie gained",
"Lie gained attention in the Seattle area and eventually took the name of Staley's previous band,Alice N' Chains, then renamedAlice in Chains.Staley got permission from his former bandmates to use the name. Local promoter Randy Hauser became aware of Alice in Chains at a concert and offered to pay for demo recordings. However, one day before the band was due to record at the Music Bank studio in Washington, police shut down the studio during the biggest cannabis raid in the history of the state.The final demo, completed in 1988, was namedThe Treehouse Tapesand found its way to the music managers Kelly Curtis andSusan Silver, who also managed the Seattle-based bandSoundgarden. Curtis and Silver passed the demo on toColumbia Records'A&Rrepresentative Nick Terzo, who set up an appointment with label presidentDon Ienner.Based onThe Treehouse Tapes, Terzo signed Alice in Chains to Columbia in 1989.The band also recorded another untitled demo over a three-month period in 1989. This recording can be found on the",
"can be found on the bootleg releaseSweet Alice. Alice in Chains released its debut albumFacelifton August 21, 1990, shaping the band's signature style. The second single, \"Man in the Box\", with lyrics written by Staley, became a huge hit. \"Man in the Box\" is widely recognized for its distinctive \"wordless opening melody, where Staley's peculiar, tensed-throat vocals are matched in unison with an effects-laden guitar\" followed by \"portentous lines like: 'Jesus Christ/Deny your maker' and 'He who tries/Will be wasted' with Cantrell's drier, and less-urgent voice.\" Facelifthas since been certified double platinum by the RIAA for sales of two million copies in the United States.The band toured in support of the album for two years before releasing the acousticEPSapin early 1992.Alice in Chains made a cameo inCameron Crowe's 1992 filmSingles, performing the songs \"It Ain't Like That\" and \"Would?\". In September 1992, Alice in Chains releasedDirt.The critically acclaimed album, also the band's most successful,",
"most successful, debuted at number six on theBillboard200, and was certified quadruple platinum.Staley designed the sun logo on the album's inlay.During theDirttour in Brazil in 1993, Staley saved Starr's life after he had overdosed.Because of Staley's drug addiction, the band did not tour in support ofDirtfor very long. Cantrell wrote almost all of the music and lyrics for Alice in Chains, but as time went on, Staley contributed more lyrics. Eventually, Staley would receive credit for about half the lyrics from the entire Alice in Chains catalog prior to the release ofBlack Gives Way to Bluein 2009.He also wrote the music and the lyrics to \"Hate to Feel\", \"Angry Chair\" and \"Head Creeps\", and melodies to other songs. Staley's lyrics are largely viewed as having dealt with his personal troubles, such as drug use and depression.Staley also played guitar on \"Angry Chair\"and \"Hate to Feel\".Cantrell said of \"Angry Chair\" on the liner notes of the 1999Music Bankbox set: Such a brilliant song. I'm very proud of",
"I'm very proud of Layne for writing it. When I've stepped up vocally in the past he's been so supportive, and here was a fine example of him stepping up with the guitar and writing a masterpiece. In 1994, Alice in Chains released their third EP,Jar of Flies. It debuted at number one, making it the first Alice in Chains release—and the first-ever EP—to do so.The other members of Alice in Chains, seeing Staley's deteriorating condition, opted not to tour in support ofJar of Flies.Following the album's release, Staley entered a rehabilitation clinic and began to work on a side project with several Seattle musicians,Mike McCreadyofPearl Jam,Barrett MartinofScreaming TreesandJohn Baker SaundersofThe Walkabouts.The band worked on material for several months and played its first show on October 12, 1994, at theCrocodile Cafein Seattle under the name \"The Gacy Bunch\".Within a few weeks, the band changed its name to Mad Season.In January 1995, Mad Season performed two songs on Pearl Jam'sSelf-Pollutionsatellite radio",
"radio broadcast, \"Lifeless Dead\" and \"I Don't Know Anything\".The band completed an album, titledAbove, which was released in March 1995. The first single, \"River of Deceit\", became a modest success onalternativeradio. A live performance filmed at theMoore Theatrein Seattle was released in August 1995 as a home video,Live at the Moore. During Alice in Chains' hiatus, reports of Staley's addiction began to gain widespread circulation in fan and media communities, in part due to changes in his physical condition brought on by prolonged heroin abuse. Alice in Chains regrouped to recordAlice in Chains, sometimes referred to as \"Tripod\", which was released in November 1995. The album debuted at the top of the U.S. charts,and has since been awarded — along withFaceliftandJar of Flies— double platinum status.With the exceptions of \"Grind\", \"Heaven Beside You\", and \"Over Now\", the lyrics were all written by Staley,making this album his greatest lyrical contribution to the band's catalogue. To accompany the album, the",
"the album, the band released a home video,The Nona Tapes,but the band lapsed again, failing to complete tours planned in support of the album. When asked about the frustration of not touring to support the record, Cantrell provided some insight into how Staley's addictions led to tensions within the band: \"Very frustrating, but we stuck it out. We rode the good times together, and we stuck together through the hard times. We never stabbed each other in the back and spilled our guts and that kind of bullshit that you see happen a lot.\"\"Drugs worked for me for years\", Staley toldRolling Stonein February 1996, \"and now they're turning against me, now I'm walking through hell and this sucks. I didn't want my fans to think that heroin was cool. But then I've had fans come up to me and give me the thumbs up, telling me they're high. That's exactly what I didn't want to happen.\" One of Staley's last shows with Alice in Chains was theMTV Unpluggedperformance in New York on April 10, 1996.The recording",
"1996.The recording ofUnpluggedcame after a long period of inactivity for the band; it was their first concert in two-and-a-half years.Staley made his last performance on July 3, 1996, inKansas City, Missouri, while Alice in Chains was touring withKiss. Other projects Staley shared lead vocals withAnn Wilsonfor a cover ofBob Dylan's \"Ring Them Bells\", featured onHeart's 1993 albumDesire Walks On. The song \"It's Coming After\" fromSecond Coming's 1994 debut albumL.O.V.Evilfeatures Staley on lead vocals.Second Coming features Staley's bandmates from Alice N' Chains, his former band. One of the last songs that Staley recorded was a cover ofPink Floyd's \"Another Brick in the Wall\" with the supergroup Class of '99, featuring guitaristTom MorelloofRage Against the Machine, bassistMartyn LeNoble, drummerStephen Perkins, both fromJane's AddictionandPorno for Pyros, and keyboardistMatt Serletic.In November 1998, the group recorded the song forRobert Rodriguez's 1998horror/sci-fifilmThe Faculty.A music video was also",
"video was also released.While the other members of the band were filmed specifically for the video, Staley's appearance consisted of footage pulled from Mad Season's 1995Live at the Moorevideo. A song titled \"Things You Do\" featuring Staley on vocals was part of the soundtrack to the 2012 filmGrassroots.In the film, the song was credited to \"The Bondage Boys featuring Layne Staley\",but the song had been credited to \"Layne Staley and The Aftervibes\" and \"Layne Staley and Second Coming\" when it leaked on the internet years before. Personal life In the early 1990s, Staley enrolled in several rehab programs, but he failed to stay clean for long. At one point, the other members of Alice in Chains flew to Los Angeles for weekly therapy at Staley's rehab.During theDirttour, Alice in Chains' manager, Susan Silver, hired bodyguards to keep Staley away from people who might try to pass him drugs,but he ended up relapsing on alcohol and drugs during the tour.Screaming Trees' Mark Lanegan recalled partying with Staley",
"with Staley on tour and said that, \"off stage, it was an insane, dark, drug and alcohol-fuelled frat party from start to finish, with Layne and I raising hell, behaving like teenagers, staying up for days on end. We partook of whatever drugs came our way. Heroin, cocaine, painkillers, anything.\"Kurt Cobain's death in April 1994 scared Staley into temporary sobriety, but soon he was back into his addiction. Alice in Chains' managers turned down lucrative touring possibilities and kept the band off the road, hoping that would help Staley.Pearl Jamlead guitarist Mike McCready also tried to help Staley by inviting him to his side project, Mad Season.McCready had hoped that playing with sober musicians would encourage Staley.On October 29, 1996, Staley's former fiancée, Demri Lara Parrott, died of a drug related heart condition.Staley was placed on a 24-hour suicide watch,according toNME, which quoted a friend saying Staley was taking Parrott's death \"extremely badly\" and had fallen into a deep",
"fallen into a deep depression.Lanegan toldRolling Stonein 2002, \"He never recovered from Demri's death. After that, I don't think he wanted to go on.\" Final years: 1997–2002 On February 26, 1997, Staley and the other members of Alice in Chains attended theGrammy Awardsafter the song \"Again\" was nominated forBest Hard Rock Performance.In April of that same year, Staley purchased a 1,500 sq ft (140 m2), three-bedroom condominium in Seattle's University District via a trust.Toby Wright, the producer of Alice in Chains' third album, set up a home recording system for him there. In 1998, amid rumors that Staley rarely left his apartment, had contracted gangrene, and had lost the ability to ingest food and was living on a diet ofEnsure, Jerry Cantrell toldKerrang!that the members of Alice in Chains regularly hung out at Staley's house.On June 22, 1998, Staley made a phone call to radio programRocklineand gave a rare interview while Cantrell was promoting his first solo album,Boggy Depot. Staley called the show to",
"called the show to talk to Cantrell and stated that he had loved the album. In October 1998, Staley re-emerged to record two tracks with Alice in Chains, \"Get Born Again\" and \"Died\", which were released on theMusic Bankbox set in 1999.Additional reports of Staley's deteriorating condition persisted in the midst of the sessions.DirtproducerDave Jerden—originally chosen by the band for the production—said, \"Staley weighed 80 pounds…and was white as a ghost.\" Studio engineer Elan Trujillo commented that Layne \"definitely didn't look like how he used to look\" and noticed Staley had, in addition to no teeth,atrophyin his legs.Cantrell refused to comment on the singer's appearance, and band manager Susan Silver said she had not seen him since \"last year\". Staley made his final public appearance on October 31, 1998, when he attended a Jerry Cantrell solo concert in Seattle. He declined Cantrell's request to sing with him on stage. A photo taken of Staley backstage at this show is the most recent photo of him that",
"photo of him that has been publicly released. Thereafter, Staley was thought to have left behind his \"self-imposed rock & roll exile\", when in November 1998 he laid down additional vocal tracks as part of a supergroup called Class of '99, featuring members of Rage Against the Machine, Jane's Addiction, and Porno for Pyros. On July 19, 1999, the radio programRocklinewas hosting Cantrell, Inez, and Kinney for a discussion on the release ofNothing Safe: Best of the Box, when, unexpectedly, Staley called in to participate. This was Staley's last interview. From 1999 to 2002, Staley became more reclusive and depressed,rarely leaving his Seattlecondo; little is known about the details of his life during this period. Staley was rumored to spend most of his days creating art, playing video games, or nodding off on drugs.Staley's one-time roommate and friend Morgen Gallagher later said that around 2001 Staley said he was asked to audition forAudioslave; this claim was later debunked by Audioslave guitaristTom",
"guitaristTom Morello. Staley's mother, Nancy McCallum, toldThe Seattle Timesin 2007 that despite his isolation, he was never far from the love of his family and friends, who filled his answering machine and mailbox with messages and letters. \"Just because he was isolated doesn't mean we didn't have sweet moments with him.\" McCallum has also claimed that she saw Staley on Thanksgiving of 2001, and again just around Valentine's Day of 2002, when he visited his sister's baby. This was the last time that McCallum saw her son.Sean Kinney has commented on Staley's final years and isolation period: It got to a point where he'd kept himself so locked up, both physically and emotionally. I kept trying to make contact...Three times a week, like clockwork, I'd call him, but he'd never answer. Every time I was in the area, I was up in front of his place yelling for him ... Even if you could get in his building, he wasn't going to open the door. You'd phone and he wouldn't answer. You couldn't just kick the door in and",
"the door in and grab him, though there were so many times I thought about doing that. But if someone won't help themselves, what, really, can anyone else do? Staley's physical appearance had become even worse than before: he had lost several teeth, his skin was sickly pale, and he was severely emaciated. Close friends such as Matt Fox said, \"If no one heard from him for weeks, it wasn't unusual\". Staley grew increasingly disconnected from his friends and bandmates who repeatedly tried to get him into rehab, but Staley refused.Staley's close friendMark Lanegansaid, \"He didn't speak to anybody as of late… It's been a few months since I talked to him. But for us to not talk for a few months is par for the course.\" Death On April 19, 2002, Staley's accountants contacted his former manager, Susan Silver, and informed her that no money had been withdrawn from the singer's bank account in two weeks. Silver then contacted Staley's mother, Nancy McCallum, who placed a call with911to say she had not heard from him \"in",
"heard from him \"in about two weeks\".The police went with McCallum and her ex-husband, Jim Elmer,to Staley's home.It was reported that the 6-foot (183 cm) Staley weighed only 86 pounds (39 kg) when his body was discovered.Staley's body was partially decomposed when he was found. Medical examiners had to identify the body by comparing dental records.Years later, McCallum revealed that two days before Staley's body was found, she went to his apartment to let him know about the death of Demri Parrott's brother, but there was no answer. When she got the phone call to check on her son two days later, she was not surprised that Staley had not responded. There was some mail by his door. Staley owned a cat named Sadie at the time, who was usually quiet; upon hearing Sadie meow, McCallum became worried it was a call of distress. Still not receiving an answer from Staley, McCallum called 911. The autopsy and toxicology report on Staley's body revealed that he died from a mixture of heroin and cocaine, known as",
"cocaine, known as aspeedball.The autopsy concluded that Staley died two weeks before his body was found, on April 5—the same day fellow grunge musicianKurt Cobaindied eight years prior.Staley's death was classified as \"accidental\".Staley's Alice in Chains bandmates issued the following statement: It's good to be with friends and family as we struggle to deal with this immense loss … and try to celebrate this immense life. We are looking for all the usual things: comfort, purpose, answers, something to hold on to, a way to let him go in peace. Mostly, we are feeling heartbroken over the death of our beautiful friend. He was a sweet man with a keen sense of humor and a deep sense of humanity. He was an amazing musician, an inspiration, and a comfort to so many. He made great music and gifted it to the world. We are proud to have known him, to be his friend, and to create music with him. For the past decade, Layne struggled greatly—we can only hope that he has at last found some peace. We love you, Layne.",
"We love you, Layne. Dearly. And we will miss you … endlessly. In 2010, in an interview on VH1'sCelebrity Rehabwith Staley's mother, Nancy McCallum,former Alice in Chains bass playerMike Starrsaid that he was the last person to see Staley alive and had spent time with him the day before his death, on Starr's birthday, April 4. Starr claimed that Staley was very sick but would not call 911. They briefly argued, which ended with Starr storming out. Starr stated that Staley called after him as he left and said: \"Not like this, don't leave like this.\"Staley died the following day, April 5. Starr expressed regret for not calling 911 to save his life, and said that Staley had threatened to sever their friendship if he did. Starr regretted being high on benzodiazepines that night and having walked out of the door.The interview ended with Starr apologizing to McCallum for not calling 911, but she was insistent that neither she nor anyone in her family blamed Starr for Staley's death. She also told Starr: \"Layne would",
"Starr: \"Layne would forgive you. He'd say, 'Hey, I did this. Not you.'\" Starr still blamed himself for the death of Staley.Starr kept this story a secret until his appearance onCelebrity Rehabin February 2010.During this same interview, McCallum also said that Staley had attempted rehab 14 times, although it is not clear whether any of these attempts were during his reclusive years.Starr was found dead on March 8, 2011, as a result ofprescription drugoverdose. Aftermath An informal memorial was held for Staley on the night of April 20, 2002, at theSeattle Center, which was attended by at least 100 fans and friends, including Alice in Chains bandmates Cantrell, Starr, Inez and Kinney, and Soundgarden frontmanChris Cornell.Staley's body was cremated and a private memorial service was held for him on April 28, 2002, onBainbridge Islandin Washington'sPuget Sound. During her appearance onCelebrity Rehabin 2010, Staley's mother said she has her son's ashes in a box.Staley's private memorial was attended by his",
"was attended by his family and friends, along with his Alice in Chains bandmates, the band's manager Susan Silver and her then-husband Chris Cornell, as well as other music personalities. Chris Cornell, joined by Heart'sAnnandNancy Wilson, sang a rendition ofThe Rolling Stones' \"Wild Horses\" at the funeral.They also performedThe Lovemongers' song \"Sand\". Jerry Cantrell dedicated his solo album,Degradation Trip, released two months after Staley's death, to his memory.Cantrell also took in Staley's cat, Sadie, who he and the family took care of until Sadie's death in 2010, at the age of 18. Shortly after Staley's death, his parents Nancy McCallum and Phil Staley started receiving donations from fans all over the world. Nancy and Phil worked with Seattle's Therapeutic Health Services clinic to create the Layne Staley Memorial Fund to help other heroin addicts and their families in the Seattle music community. Alice in Chains remained inactive following Staley's death. For the next several years, the band",
"years, the band refused to perform together, out of respect for him.In 2005, Cantrell, Kinney, and Inez reunited for abenefit concertfor victims of the2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, with several vocalists filling in for Staley.Following positive response, the band decided to reunite formally in 2006.Comes with the FallvocalistWilliam DuVall, a member of Cantrell's solo touring band who often sang Staley's parts on the Alice in Chains songs that Cantrell performed, was announced to sing Staley's part for the reunion shows.In an interview withMTV News, Kinney noted that the band would use the reunion concerts to pay tribute to the songs and to Staley.The band used to have an intermission to include a five-minute filmed tribute to Staley in between sets.DuVall has since become Staley's full-time replacement in the band, contributing to three full-length releases. Tributes and influence Billy CorganofThe Smashing Pumpkinsstated that Staley \"had an amazing voice that had such a beautiful, sad, haunting quality about",
"quality about it. He was different because his heaviness was in that voice.\"The song \"Bleeding The Orchid\" from The Smashing Pumpkins' 2007 albumZeitgeistwas indirectly inspired by the death of Staley. Cold's song \"The Day Seattle Died\" from their 2003 albumYear of the Spiderwas an ode to Staley, as well as fellow grunge figurehead Kurt Cobain.That same yearStaindfeatured a song called \"Layne\" in memory to the singer on their album14 Shades of Grey.In their 2004 albumHangover Music Vol. VI,Black Label Societyalso included a tribute to Staley, titled \"Layne\".Kat Bjelland, formerly ofBabes in Toyland, wrote the song “Layne to Rest” about him on her bandKatastrophy Wife’s 2004 albumAll Kneel. Eddie Vedder, lead singer of Pearl Jam, wrote a songeulogizingStaley, titled \"4/20/02\" (the day Vedder heard the news).The song featured only Vedder singing and playing the guitar in aukulele-inspired tuning, and was released as a hidden track on Pearl Jam's 2003 B-sides and rarities album,Lost Dogs, roughly four minutes",
"four minutes and twenty seconds after the conclusion of the final listed song, \"Bee Girl\".Vedder also paid tribute to Staley during a Pearl Jam concert in Chicago on August 22, 2016, which would have been Staley's 49th birthday, and dedicated the song \"Man of the Hour\" to his late friend. Jerry Cantrellsaid Staley gave him the self-assurance to sing.\"Layne was really responsible for giving me the confidence to become more of a singer. He'd say, 'You wrote this song, this means something to you, sing it.' He kicked my ass out of the nest. Over the years I continued to grow, and Layne started to play guitar, and we inspired each other\". Since 2002, Seattle has hosted an annual tribute concert for Staley on his birthday. Venues such as theMoore Theatre,The ShowboxThe Fenix,andThe Crocodilehave hosted the event. The show proceeds benefit the Layne Staley Memorial Fund. Staley ranked at No. 27 onHit Paradermagazine's list of \"Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists\" published in the November 2006 issue,and at",
"2006 issue,and at No. 42 onComplex's magazine list of \"The 50 Best Lead Singers of All Time\" in 2012. Staley was an inspiration for the title ofMetallica's 2008 album,Death Magnetic.The band recorded a song in tribute to him, titled \"Rebel of Babylon\". In 2009, Alice in Chains released their first studio album in 14 years,Black Gives Way to Blue, with Cantrell and then-new vocalist and rhythm guitaristWilliam DuVallsharing lead vocals.The title track is a tribute to Staley.Cantrell invitedElton Johnto join Alice in Chains and pay tribute to Staley playing the piano in \"Black Gives Way to Blue\",the closing song in the album.The song was written and sung by Cantrell, who described it as the band's goodbye to Staley.The first concert that Staley attended was Elton John's and he was blown away by it.According to Cantrell, the album's cover art featuring a heart surrounded by a black background was inspired by the heartbreak of Staley's death.Staley's former bandmates also thanked him in the album's liner notes.",
"liner notes. On September 6, 2011,Hank Williams IIIreleased hisAttention Deficit Dominationalbum and dedicated it to Staley. Staley's Alice in Chains bandmates have stated that one of the saddest aspects of his legacy is to hear him remembered primarily for his drug use rather than the other aspects of his personality.Kinney and Cantrell have also expressed their frustration over theGrammysignoring Staley during their annual tribute to the musicians who have died in the past year. In 2013, Alice in Chains' drummer, Sean Kinney, added the initials \"LSMS\" on his drum kit, a tribute to Staley and the band's former bassist, Mike Starr, who died in 2011.The music video for Alice in Chains' 2013 single, \"Voices\", features a picture of Staley next to a photo ofNirvana's frontman,Kurt Cobain, at the 2:20 mark. Since Alice in Chains reunited, Jerry Cantrell started paying tribute to Staley before performing the song \"Nutshell\".Since 2011, Cantrell pays tribute to both Staley and Mike Starr before performing the song",
"performing the song at concerts. In April 2017,Nancy Wilsonrevealed that she started writing the song \"The Dragon\" for Staley in the '90s. The song was recorded in 2016 and is part of the EP of Wilson's new band, Roadcase Royale, released in 2017. On what would've been Staley's 50th birthday, August 22, 2017, Alice in Chains released a video paying tribute to him, featuring Jerry Cantrell, Ann Wilson, Mike McCready, and Barrett Martin. William DuVall revealed that he was thinking about Staley, his grandmother and the Soundgarden lead vocalist Chris Cornell while writing the Alice in Chains' song \"Never Fade\", from their 2018 album,Rainier Fog.The album'stitle track, written by Cantrell, is partly a tribute to Staley and Mike Starr. Layne Staley Day in Seattle On August 22, 2019, which would have been Staley's 52nd birthday, Seattle mayorJenny Durkanofficially proclaimed that day as \"Layne Staley Day\" in the city in honor of Staley's contributions to the world of music. The day was also a call to attention to",
"to attention to the Layne Staley Memorial Fund, established by his parents in 2002. Books Two biographies have been written about Staley, both authored by Adriana Rubio—Layne Staley: Angry Chairreleased in 2003, which contains an alleged final interview of Staley that Rubio claimed to have conducted less than three months before his death,andLayne Staley: Get Born Again, released in 2009, a revised and updated version of her earlier book. Staley's family has disputed Rubio's work, stating they do not believe she interviewed him in 2002.When questioned about the authenticity of the book, Rubio refused to confirm the interview was genuine.Staley's last interview was for the radio programRocklineon July 19, 1999, promoting the release of the compilation albumNothing Safe: Best of the Boxwith the other members of Alice in Chains.The content of Rubio's book, including what she referred to as Staley's final interview, was called into question in journalist David De Sola's 2015 bookAlice in Chains: The Untold",
"Chains: The Untold Story.De Sola questions not only the content of the interview, which portrays Staley as using his lyrics in casual conversation, it also indicates that Rubio never spoke to him, citing her refusal to release the tape with the interview and the fact that not even her publisher had access to the tape.One of Staley's sisters, Liz Coats, likewise doubted the veracity of the book. Staley was featured on the booksGrunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music(2009) by Greg Prato,andEverybody Loves Our Town: An Oral History of Grunge(2011) by Mark Yarm. Both books explored the history of grunge in detail and touch upon Alice in Chains and Staley's life and death via interviews with Staley's mother, friends and bandmates, including Cantrell, Kinney, Starr and Inez. In August 2015, journalist David de Sola released the biographyAlice in Chains: The Untold Story,which is mainly focused on Staley and features interviews with his friends and relatives; the surviving members of Alice in Chains",
"of Alice in Chains did not partake in interviews for this book. Discography Alice in Chains Staley appeared on all Alice in Chains releases fromWe Die Youngup to the song \"Died\", later taking part in reissues and compilations containing material from his time in the band. Other appearances References External links",
"Man in the Box \"Man in the Box\" is a song by the AmericanrockbandAlice in Chains. It was released as a single in January 1991 after being featured on the group's debut studio album,Facelift(1990). It peaked at No. 18 onBillboard'sMainstream Rockchart and was nominated for aGrammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performancein 1992. The song was included on the compilation albumsNothing Safe: Best of the Box(1999),Music Bank(1999),Greatest Hits(2001), andThe Essential Alice in Chains(2006). \"Man in the Box\" was the second most-played song of the decade on mainstream rock radio between 2010 and 2019. Origin and recording In theliner notesof 1999'sMusic Bankbox set collection, guitaristJerry Cantrellsaid of the song; \"That whole beat and grind of that is when we started to find ourselves; it helped Alice become what it was.\" The song makes use of atalk boxto create the guitar effect. The idea of using a talk box came from producerDave Jerden, who was driving to the studio one day whenBon Jovi's \"Livin' on a Prayer\"",
"on a Prayer\" started playing on the radio. The originalFacelifttrack listing credited only vocalistLayne Staleyand Jerry Cantrell with writing the song.All post-Faceliftcompilations credited the entire band. It is unclear as to why the songwriter credits were changed. Composition and music \"Man in the Box\" is agrunge,alternative metal,hard rock,andalternative rocksongthat is widely recognized by its distinctive \"wordless opening melody, where Layne Staley's peculiar, tensed-throat vocals are matched in unison with an effects-laden guitar\" followed by \"portentous lines like: 'Feed my eyes, can you sew them shut?', 'Jesus Christ, deny your maker' and 'He who tries, will be wasted' with Cantrell's drier, less-urgent voice,\" along with harmonies provided by both Staley and Cantrell in the lines 'Won't you come and save me'. Lyrics In a 1992 interview withRolling Stone, Layne Staley explained the origins of the song's lyrics: I started writing aboutcensorship. Around the same time, we went out for dinner with",
"out for dinner with someColumbia Recordspeople who werevegetarians. They told me howvealwas made fromcalvesraised in these small boxes, and that image stuck in my head. So I went home and wrote about government censorship and eatingmeatas seen through the eyes of a doomed calf. Jerry Cantrell said of the song: But what it's basically about is, is how government and media control the public's perception of events in the world or whatever, and they build you into a box by feeding it to you in your home, ya know. And it's just about breaking out of that box and looking outside of that box that has been built for you. In a recorded interview withMuchMusicin 1991, Staley stated that the lyrics are loosely based on media censorship, and \"I was really really stoned when I wrote it, so it meant something different then\", he said laughing. Release and reception \"Man in the Box\" was released as a single in 1991.It is widely considered to be one of Alice in Chains' signature songs, reaching number 18 on",
"number 18 on theBillboardAlbum Rock Trackschart at the time of its release.LoudwireandKerrangboth named \"Man in the Box\" as Alice in Chains' greatest song. The song was number 19 onVH1's \"40 Greatest Metal Songs\", and its solo was rated the 77th greatest guitar solo byGuitar Worldin 2008.It was number 50 on VH1's \"100 Greatest Songs of the 90s\" in 2007.The song was nominated for theGrammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performancein 1992. Steve Huey ofAllMusiccalled the song \"an often overlooked but important building block in grunge's ascent to dominance\" and \"a meeting of metal theatrics and introspective hopelessness.\" According toNielsen Music's year-end report for 2019, \"Man in the Box\" was the second most-played song of the decade on mainstream rock radio with 142,000 spins. Music video TheMTVmusic videofor the track was released in 1991 and was directed byPaul Rachman, who later directed the first version of the \"Sea of Sorrow\" music video for the band and the 2006 feature documentaryAmerican Hardcore. The",
"Hardcore. The music video was nominated forBest Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Videoat the1991 MTV Video Music Awards.The video is available on the home video releasesLive FaceliftandMusic Bank: The Videos. The video shows the band performing in what is supposedly abarn, where throughout the video, a mysterious man wearing a black hooded cloak is shown roaming around the barn. Then, after the unknown hooded figure is shown, he is shown again looking around inside astablewhere many animals live where he suddenly discovers and shines hisflashlighton a man (Layne Staley) that he finds sitting in the corner of the barnhouse. At the end of the video, the hooded man finally pulls his hood down off of his head, only to reveal that hiseyelidswere sewn together withstitchesthe whole time. This part of the video depicts on the line of the song, \"Feed my eyes, now you've sewn them shut\". The man with his eyes sewn shut was played by a friend of director Paul Rachman, Rezin,who worked in a bar parking lot in Los Angeles called",
"Los Angeles called Small's. The music video was shot on 16mm film and transferred to tape using a FDL 60 telecine. At the time this was the only device that could sync sound to picture at film rates as low as 6FPS. This is how the surreal motion was obtained. The sepia look was done by Claudius Neal using a daVinci color corrector. Layne Staley tattooed on his back the Jesus character depicted in the video with his eyes sewn shut. Live performances At Alice in Chains' last concert with Staley on July 3, 1996, they closed with \"Man in the Box\". Live performances of \"Man in the Box\" can be found on the \"Heaven Beside You\" and \"Get Born Again\" singles and the live albumLive. A performance of the song is also included on the home video releaseLive Faceliftand is a staple of the band's live show due to the song's popularity. Personnel Chart positions Weekly charts Decade-end charts Certifications ‡Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Cover versions Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the",
"Lounge Against the Machinecovered \"Man in the Box\" in aloungestyle on their 2005 albumAperitif for Destruction. Platinum-selling recording artistDavid Cookcovered the song during his 2009Declaration Tour.Angie Aparorecorded a cover version for his albumWeapons of Mass Construction.Apologetixparodied the song as \"Man on the Cross\" on their 2013 albumHot Potato Soup. Metal artist Chris Senter released a parody titled \"Cat in the Box\" in March 2015, featuring a music video by animator Joey Siler.Les Claypool's bluegrass projectDuo de Twangcovered the song on their debut albumFour Foot Shack. In 2020, music groupThe Merkinsposted a parody of the song on their YouTube channel,featuring singer Joey SilerasPinheadfrom theHellraiserfilm series. In popular culture References External links",
"1992 1992(MCMXCII) was aleap year starting on Wednesdayof theGregorian calendar, the 1992nd year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 992nd year of the2nd millennium, the 92nd year of the20th century, and the 3rd year of the1990sdecade. 1992 was designated asInternational Space Yearby theUnited Nations. Events January February March April May June July August September October November December Births and deaths Nobel Prizes References Sources",
"Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance TheGrammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performancewas an award presented to recording artists at theGrammy Awardsfrom1990to2011. The academy recognized hard rock music artists for the first time at the31st Grammy Awardsin 1989. The category was originally presented asBest Hard Rock/Metal Performance Vocal or Instrumental, combining two of the mostpopular musicgenres of the 1980s.Jethro Tullwon that award for the albumCrest of a Knave, beatingMetallica, who were expected to win with the album...And Justice for All. This choice led to widespread criticism of the academy, as journalists suggested that the music of Jethro Tull did not belong in the hard rock or heavy metal genres.In response, the academy created the categories Best Hard Rock Performance andBest Metal Performance, separating the genres. The bandLiving Colourwas presented the first award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1990. From 1992 to 1994, the award was presented as theGrammy Award for Best Hard Rock",
"for Best Hard Rock Performance with Vocal. The bandsFoo Fighters, Living Colour, andthe Smashing Pumpkinsshare the record for the most wins, with two each. American artists were presented with the award more than any other nationality, though it was also presented to musicians or groups originating from Australia twice and from the United Kingdom once.Alice in Chainsholds the record for the most nominations without a win, with eight. The award was discontinued in 2012 due to a major overhaul of Grammy categories. In 2012 and 2013, quality hard rock performances were honored in theBest Hard Rock/Metal Performancecategory. However, in 2014, the category was split, returning the stand-alone Best Metal Performance category and recognizing quality hard rock performances in theBest Rock Performancecategory.According to the Recording Academy, \"It was determined that metal has a very distinctive sound, and hard rock more closely aligns with rock and can exist comfortably as one end of the rock spectrum.\" Recipients",
"Recipients ^Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year. Multiple wins Multiple nominations References External links"
] |
Which Naruto characters from before the TV series "Boruto: Naruto the next generation", can perfectly use the Rasengan technique? | Naruto Uzumaki, Minato Namikaze and Jiraiya. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto_Shippuden_the_Movie:_The_Lost_Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto_Uzumaki | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiraiya_(Naruto) | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto_Shippuden_the_Movie:_The_Lost_Tower', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto_Uzumaki', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiraiya_(Naruto)'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto_Shippuden_the_Movie:_The_Lost_Tower",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto_Uzumaki",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiraiya_(Naruto"
] | [
"Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Lost Tower Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Lost Tower(Japanese:劇場版NARUTO疾風伝 ザ・ロストタワー,Hepburn:Gekijōban Naruto Shippūden: Za Rosuto Tawā)is a 2010 Japaneseanimatedaction-adventurefantasy filmbased onMasashi Kishimoto'smangaandanimeseries. It was released on July 31, 2010.Along with the film, a comical short feature namedNaruto, the Genie, and the Three Wishes!!(劇場版NARUTO-ナルト-そよ風伝 ナルトと魔神と3つのお願いだってばよ！！,Gekijōban Naruto Soyokazeden: Naruto to mashin to mitsu no onegai dattebayo!!)was also shown. The theme song \"if\" is performed byKana Nishino. The film was released in North America on September 17, 2013 byViz Media. Plot Assigned a mission to capture a missing-nin named Mukade,Naruto Uzumaki,Sakura Haruno,YamatoandSaiwield chakra-knives. At the one thousand-year-old desert city ruins of Loran, they confront Mukade attempting to dominate the Ninja World with the power of the Ryūmyaku (the Ley Line in English), an ancient chakra flowing deep underground. He breaks the seal created byMinato Namikazeto unleash the Ryūmyaku's power creating a light that engulfs Naruto and Yamato, before Sai and Sakura ride on an ink bird and attempt to escape. Naruto and Yamato are sent twenty years into the past. When Naruto awakens from this time slip, he meets the queen of Loran, Sāra. It is later revealed that Mukade traveled to the past six years before Naruto and changed his name to Anrokuzan, the minister of Loran who had killed Sāra's mother Sēramu. Naruto agrees to protect Sāra, after Anrokuzan declares about the kidnapped citizens and creates to summon the \"Puppet Ninja Forces\". Minato, Shibi Aburame, Chōza Akimichi, andKakashi Hatake, on their own mission to stop Anrokuzan, appear to support the heroes. While they rescue Sara's people and Naruto holds Minato's kunai, Sāra recalls her memory about Sēramu's lullaby. Anrokuzan uses the parts of the tower to become a giant defensive puppet. Minato and Naruto use their regenerative chakra enough to create the legendary Super Rasengan. After Sāra disables Anrokuzan's technique, Minato exposes Anrokuzan's weak spot and Naruto destroys it. As Yamato and Kakashi rescue Naruto and Sāra, Minato uses the kunai to completely seal off the power. Just as the heroes vanish from the past, Minato erases all of their memories to keep history unchanged. With Mukade/Anrokuzan gone, Sakura and Sai reunite with Naruto and Yamato in the present. As they are about to leave the ruins, they run into Queen Sāra's daughter, who kept the old chakra blade that belonged to Naruto. She informs that it was given to her mother by a \"Hero in a Dream\". Naruto recognizes his blade, reaches out to his back where he usually keeps his blade, but it is not there, and is left dumbfounded. However, Sakura pinches his ear and accuses him for having a dream. Cast Home media The film was released onDVDon April 27, 2011. References External links",
"Naruto Uzumaki Naruto Uzumaki(Japanese:うずまき ナルト,Hepburn:Uzumaki Naruto)(/ˈnɑːrutoʊ/) is thetitular protagonistof themangaNaruto, created byMasashi Kishimoto. He is aninjafrom the fictional Hidden Leaf Village(Japanese:木ノ葉隠れ,Hepburn:konohagakure). As a boy, Naruto is ridiculed and ostracized on account of theNine-Tailed Demon Fox—a malevolent creature that attacked Konohagakure—that was sealed away in his body. Despite this, he aspires to become his village's leader, the Hokage, in order to receive their approval. His carefree, optimistic, and boisterous personality enables him to befriend other Konohagakure ninja, as well as ninja from other villages. Naruto appears in the series' films and in other media related to the franchise, including video games andoriginal video animations(OVA), as well as the sequelBoruto: Naruto Next Generations, where he is the Hokage, and his son,Boruto Uzumaki, is the protagonist. When creating Naruto for theinitial partof the series, Kishimoto kept the character \"simple and stupid\", while giving him many attributes of an ideal hero. Kishimoto gave Naruto a dark side by adding tragedy to the character's past. He has revised Naruto's image many times, providing the character with simple clothes to fit the young demography. Kishimoto changed his design forPart IIof the storyline, which starts two-and-a-half years after Part I. Naruto is voiced byJunko Takeuchiin the original animated series andMaile Flanaganin the English adaptations. Merchandise based on Naruto includesfigurinesandkeychains. Naruto's character development has been praised by anime and manga publications and has drawn scholarly attention. Although some initially saw him as a typical manga and anime protagonist comparable to those in othershōnenmanga, others have praised his personality and character development as he avoids stereotypes typically seen in similar media. The character has also been the subject of researches in literature, making him stand out in fiction based on his traits and growth. Creation and conception Original concept and influences During the 1990s, new manga authorMasashi Kishimotosought to write a one-shot chapter that would feature Naruto as a chef, but this version never made it to print. Kishimoto originally wanted to make Naruto a child who could transform into a fox, so he created a one-shot ofNarutofor the summer 1997 issue ofAkamaru Jumpmagazine based on the idea.When comparing both theNarutoone-shot and his other work,Karakuri, Kishimoto realized that former's title character was more appealing than the lead ofKarakuri. Kishimoto reflects Naruto's \"honest\" smile was well received in contrast to the sly look the main character fromKarakurihad. Following the success of another one-shot,Mario, Kishimoto started working on theNarutoseries where he wanted to reuse the title character from his earlier one-shot. Kishimoto wrote the first two chapters to show his appeal to the readers and then focus on the other protagonists despite difficulties. Following the second chapter, Kishimoto introduced the other protagonists but as bad relationships including withSasuke Uchihaand Naruto's constant reject crushes atSakura Haruno. The manga story was planned to show Naruto's coming-of-age through multiple fights and looked forward to seeing the conclusion. For the serialized version, Kishimoto incorporated traits he felt made an ideal hero in the creation of Naruto: a straightforward way of thinking, a mischievous side, and attributes possessed byGokufrom theDragon Ballfranchise. Aiming to keep Naruto \"simple and stupid\",Although Goku was a major influence to Naruto, Kishimoto was more attracted byDragon BallcharacterKrillinas he comes across as more human than the protagonist for displaying flaws that made the readers easier to accept in a similar fashion to his mentor Iruka Umino.Kishimoto avoided modeling him after anyone in particular, instead conceiving of him as naïve with a dark side resulting from his harsh past. Despite this, he is always optimistic, a trait Kishimoto said makes this character unique.By and large, Naruto's personality is childish; the creator tried to convey this trait in his illustrations. Kishimoto notes as an example of this the cover of volume 10, where Kishimoto depicts Naruto mimicking a turtle as a child might do.Narutowas Kishimoto's first published manga, and he focused on making Naruto's facial expressions consistent in difficult situations.He commented: \"It's rather awkward to talk about what makes Naruto appealing to audiences, but I think his being a knucklehead gives him an appeal.\" He believed it was Naruto's losses that made readers identify with him, although he wanted Naruto not to feel defeat again, which was his primary aim when writing the series.Kishimoto has said that Naruto's burning desire to be a ninja was based on his own ambition to succeed as amanga artist.As the series went on, Kishimtoto wrote the older incarnations of Naruto to be naive idealists due to how Naruto was written to continuously avoid repeating previous mistakes. However, at the same time Kishimoto wrote him as a sign of hope, something important in regard to the series' audience. In the original Japanese versions ofNaruto, Naruto often ends his sentences with the addendum \"-ttebayo\" (which achieves an effect similar to ending a sentence with \"you know?\" in English). Kishimoto wanted to give Naruto a childlikecatchphrase, and \"dattebayo\" came to mind; he believed that the phrase complements Naruto's character, and served as a verbalticthat portrayed him in a brattish manner.Throughout the first episodes of the Englishdubversion, \"dattebayo\" and \"-ttebayo\" were replaced with the phrase \"Believe it!\", both to mirror the effect, and to match the character's lip movements, although later in the English dub Naruto stopped saying \"Believe it\" and the phrase was replaced with \"You Know?\". Development After fans likened Naruto, Sasuke and Sakura to the three main characters fromHarry Potterfantasy books, Kishimoto noted that both trios began their careers in a classroom, though he added that the similarity was unintentional.During the series' publication, Kishimoto married and had children. This influenced how he viewed Naruto's character. Naruto met his parents, and learned of their sacrifices in order to help him to control the Fox inside him so that he could protect their world. As a result, Naruto appreciated his life more and learned that his parents loved him, something the author wanted the character to feel based on his own experience as a father.In the first chapters of the series, Kishimoto did not conceive the idea that Naruto would be the son ofMinato Namikaze. However, as time passed on, the manga author made touches to Minato's face shown in the Hokage Mountain in Konoha to make them more similar to Naruto with an emphasis on their spiky hairs. However, in order to reduce too many similarities,Kushina Uzumaki's character was made to look like Naruto's face. Out of all the student-teacher relationships Kishimoto has created in theNarutoseries, the one between Naruto andJiraiyais his favorite.Right before Jiraiya's death in his fight against Pain in his last moments, he discovers the origin of Pain's multiple bodies and uses his last forces to send that message as a piece of advice to Naruto so that Naruto could defeat him in his place.This arc was the most difficult one to write; he felt this because Naruto truly forgave his enemy. Instead of having the protagonist kill the enemy he hates as happens in other series, Kishimoto found the idea of the two characters interacting and settling their differences more challenging.This had a major impact on the writer, and he decided to have Naruto forgive Sasuke during their final fight in a similar manner as he interacted with Nagato.Kishimoto felt the need to create a story arc that would emphasize the tragedy of wars, leading to the final arc which would include a war. The principal reason for this was a significant difference between the two main characters, Naruto who had no knowledge of wars, and Sasuke who was a victim of one; his entire clan had been annihilated to avoid a potential civil war. As a result, Kishimoto created Nagato as a war victim who would Jiraiya, and act as Naruto's nemesis so he would understand the tragedy that Sasuke had experienced.As a result, Naruto's coming-of-age would have been completed in this arc and the final arc where Naruto deals with world war and develops a vision of the shinobi world as well as how he should handle the conflict. In 2013, whenNarutowas reaching its climax, Kishimoto envisioned the idea of Naruto becoming a father. This resulted in the creation ofBoruto Uzumaki, Naruto and Hinata's first child.Kishimoto wanted Boruto to act like his father, but at the same time, have differences between each other. Despite not wishing to reveal much about Boruto due to developments ofBoruto: Naruto Next Generations, he added that Boruto is not as direct as Naruto.In the 2015 filmBoruto: Naruto the Movie, Kishimoto developed Boruto and Naruto's relationship from his relationship with his sons.In portraying the adult Naruto, Kishimoto did not want to make the character to give a cool impression in contrast to his younger days as a war hero because Naruto being a strong father figure to Boruto would be too boring for the narrative.Instead, Kishimoto wanted the film to depict the father and son relationship between Boruto and Naruto.Similarly, Chengxi Huang wanted to properly display Naruto's facial expression during this scene as stating that while Naruto has grown up ever since his introduction, his gentle smile was the same.Manga authorMikio Ikemotoclaimed the scene in which Naruto helps his son to create a large Rasengan was his favorite at the time of drawingBorutoas across this moment he had to draw Naruto's past to the point he \"felt the weight ofNARUTOseries and its long history behind it.\" Rivalry Early in the making of the series, Kishimoto had poor faith in the manga as he believes the series was lacking something to become popular. After being recommended by his editor to give the protagonist a rival, Kishimoto wrote Sasuke with influences fromTakehiko Inoue'sSlam Dunkmanga which was famous for dealing with rivalries.When first introducing Sasuke, Kishimoto wrote him as a rival who never noticed Naruto. However, as the series continued, Naruto became strong enough to finally be recognized by Sasuke as a rival. He also intended for both of them to be brother-like due to the fact both characters suffered loneliness, something which made the readers relate to them as he noted through fan letters. By Part I's ending, the bond between Naruto and Sasuke was weakened as a result of their fight but still expected from the time when the Sasuke accepted Naruto as an equal.Kishimoto compared Sasuke and Naruto to the concept ofyin and yangbecause of their notable differences. When one of the two progressed, Kishimoto made sure the other did too.During the climax of Part I, Naruto and Sasuke engage in a mortal fight which was directed by Atsushi Wakabayashi from Pierrot. In an interview, the director claimed that the animation was based on a journey toLake Mashufrom Hokkaido to come up with new ideas. Wakabayashi aimed for the characters to move stilted based on storyboards he made, leading to entertaining sequences. When Naruto becomes berserker due to the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox's influence, Norio Matsumoto aimed to make Naruto behave like a beast with Wakabayashi aiming to make Naruto look like an equal to his rival. The staff was inspired by the 1970s series like the boxing seriesAshita no Joe, most notably its lead character, Joe Yabuki, who was often seen as an underdog the audience rooted for. However, the team still worked carefully to make the two ninjas be equals without overpowering each other. Before the serialization began, Kishimoto had decided the ending would feature a fight between Naruto and Sasuke.He wanted the conflict to end with Naruto forgiving Sasuke as he had forgiven Nagato while also aiming it as their final battle in the manga.In regard to the fight, Kishimoto wanted to focus onhand-to-hand combatrather than ninja techniques.Anime staff Chengxi Huang said the animated adaptation of this fight, the group worked carefully to depict the action in every scene by showing changes on Sasuke and Naruto's clothes and hair. Huang added he felt fatigue by working so much into this fight due to reaching 70 successive cuts at a time. The final fight between Sasuke and Naruto was considered one biggest challenges by the staff from Pierrot as it took an entire month to adapt it from the manga. Director Hiroyuki Yamashita elected himself in charge of the battle which left most of the anime members relieved due to his experience. For the scenario, Pierrot received assistance from theCyberConnect2develop who had already adapted this battle through the fighting gameNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4. There was a need to make every movement in the fight to look realistic, giving Sasuke a scary look as well the hair movement in order to express the idea of both fighters willing to do anything to kill each other, which confused some due to Naruto's wish to avoid this fate. The final clash between Sasuke's Chidori and Naruto's Rasengan moves involved references from other scenes of the series to give the viewer a bigger emotional impact. The staff noted that following this fight, Sasuke's face became calmer despite his initial look, giving room to explore his redemption.A symbolism Kishimoto used in the series' finale following the final battle was Naruto returning Sasuke his original bandana representing how their bonds are tied again and no longer have a reason to kill each other. Love interests Naruto's romantic partner was decided during the early stages of the manga. SinceHinata Hyugaalways respected Naruto, even before the series' beginning, even before his academy mentorIruka Umino, Kishimoto felt they were meant to be. This angered his wife who wanted Naruto to marry Sakura Haruno.When Sakura was introduced, Kishimoto did not think of her as Naruto's future wife, as he saw them as being just friends and teammates, although once Hinata had appeared, the author thought of forming alove trianglebetween the three characters. He later regretted the love triangle as he consideredNarutoa fighting series with little focus on romance, and he reiterated that \"it was all about Naruto and Hinata getting married from an early stage.\" When seeing the staff's work to focus a film on Naruto's relationship with Hinata,The Last: Naruto the Movie, Kishimoto decided to oversee the project.Nevertheless, he enjoyed seeing Naruto and Hinata's romantical scenes he did not write. In regard to Naruto's rank which remains as the lowest one, Genin, due to Naruto spending most of his Part II's time fighting and training, Kishimoto decided Naruto would skip the following ranks to become the Hokage, which he felt was appealing.In the making ofThe Last: Naruto the Movie, Hinata makes a red scarf for Naruto. This was based on how Kishimoto's wife actually once did which brought laughs to the staff developing the film. Screenwriter Maruo Kyozuka said that he wanted to depict a love triangle between Naruto, Hinata and Toneri Otsutsuki in the film. Although Naruto is initially clueless about Hinata's feelings for him, during the film he begins to acknowledge and respond to them. Hinata's character was also developed in the film, with Kyozuka saying that she had to put aside her feelings for Naruto to accept Toneri's proposal so she could find Hanabi. During this scene, Kyozuka wanted to depict Naruto at his lowest after his rejection by Hinata. He then returned Naruto to his brave self, with the character resolving to continue his mission regardless of the cost.Animator Chengxi Huang behind multipleNarutoseries took a liking to this couple ever since he started working inNaruto Shippuden, often aiming to draw scenes of the two and most notably a scene from the final arc when Hinata slaps Naruto to calm him following the death ofNeji Hyuga.In the making of the film, he thanked Kishimoto for accepting to doThe Lastwhere the couple was explored furthermore.He looked at their adult selves as an appealing married couple but had to remove a video he made that received backlash for being inappropriate for the demographic. Design Although a real ninja wears blue to be inconspicuous, Kishimoto gave Naruto an orange jumpsuit to fit theshōnengenre.His wardrobe is based on clothing that Kishimoto wore when he was younger. According to him, a pre-existing design would not have made Naruto unique, whereas something original would have made him too distinctive.Because Naruto is associated with spirals in terms of objects he uses, the designer incorporated swirl patterns into the costume.Initial illustrations depicted Naruto in boots, but Kishimoto replaced these with sandals, because he enjoys drawing toes.The goggles Naruto used to wear were replaced with a hitai-ite, or shinobi headband, because they were too time-consuming to draw.One of the most difficult design choices was the color palette of Naruto's outfit.The orange in his costume makes Naruto pop and the blue parts arecomplementary.Kishimoto apologized to the anime staff for Naruto's design, as he considered it too difficult to animate. Kishimoto was satisfied with his character having blond hair and blue eyes, something rarely seen in Japanese anime or manga. This also appealed to an international readership, something the editor of the American magazineShonen Jumphas noted.Of all his series' characters, Kishimoto most identified with Naruto.When asked why Naruto's favorite food wasrameninstead ofkitsune udon, Kishimoto said that he himself likes eating ramen.In theNaruto: Clash of Ninjavideo game series, Naruto is playable in various stages of the Demon Fox's manifestation, characterized by a redchakra. Kishimoto took inspiration from the games' presentation of these forms, imitating one of them for the manga cover of volume 26. When designing Naruto for hisPart IIappearance, Kishimoto changed his character's clothing to an orange and black top, orange pants, and black sandals.He also gave him a red cape with black flames at the bottom when fighting Pain, a member of the Akatsuki.He drew Naruto's forehead-protector wider to make his eyebrows easier to draw, something that had bothered him with his previous design. He also noted that Naruto's pants made the character look too childish. To remedy this, Kishimoto designed them to roll up, giving him a more mature appearance.He gave Naruto this look in order to make him stand out during action scenes. For the events of the filmThe Last: Naruto the Movie(2014) as well as the final episodes ofNaruto: Shippuden, Naruto was given a young adult appearance. His hair was made shorter, while his height was expanded notably in contrast to his Part II design. He was given two different outfits, a casual look consisting of an orange shirt as well as a design consisting of a black shirt with orange pants specifically meant for his missions. Due to his growth, Naruto wears a different headband, while his new ninja appearance was created with the purpose of being able to carry weapons more easily. Nevertheless, both looks keep the character's spiralling logo that was carried from his late mother's gone group, the Uzumaki clan. Voice actors Although a male voice actor was sought for the Japanese adaptation of the Naruto role, the actressJunko Takeuchiwas chosen instead over many male applicants.Before recording the first episode, Takeuchi noticed several lines from the script that ended with exclamation marks, which helped her to define Naruto's voice. She noted difficulties in transitioning from the young Naruto to the older Naruto in the animated adaptation of Part II. She had to record the first episode of Part II when Naruto's character was older and more mature only one week after voicing the younger, immature character.Nine years after first voicing the character, while still finding it tough to voice Naruto, Takeuchi's opinion of him changed with her feeling he was \"a very reliable young man.\"She admired his ability to prioritize and calmly make important decisions, and believes these traits will inspire viewers worldwide. In regard to Naruto's growth Takeuchi was happy with the story and had hoped that Naruto would end up in a relationship with Hinata. Takeuchi was reminded of Naruto's late godfather,Jiraiya, when she read the script. She thought that although Naruto's declaration of love was the most important part of the character's growth, his true nature had not changed at that point. Satisfied with the story, Takeuchi thought that the audience would agree with her view.For the filmBoruto: Naruto the Movie, Takeuchi was surprised with how Naruto has grown up ever since she first voiced him, not only in the idea of age or new job but also the fact that he has become a father. As a result, she befriendedYūko Sanpei, voice actress behind Boruto. Takeuchi felt the writing for the adult Naruto was different from his younger days as his mannerism had changed too, joking that she never saw such growth in the story when first voicing him. As a result, she mentions having had some inner complications with how she should show the character's growth. The producers of the English version of the anime stated that Naruto was the most difficult character to cast, adding thatMaile Flanagan\"has Naruto down, from the mischievous side, that precocious 12-year-old we learn to love, to the serious side.\"Flanagan avoided listening to Junko Takeuchi's performance as she did not want to imitate it, stating she wanted to develop her own voice for the character.Her performance has been praised as showing Naruto's brashness and later growth in confidence.In a 2014 interview, Flanagan claimed she had never heard ofNarutobefore her audition. She looked the show up after being chosen and felt the release of the English dub would be popular. She is recognized more for her work voicing Naruto than from other roles she has done in her career, although some fans did not expect that Naruto would be voiced by a woman.Flanagan andAmanda C. Miller(Boruto) found the two family members similar in nature despite having different backgrounds. Flanagan was surprised by how her character changed across the years but felt he was still the same for her, finding challenging to voice Naruto again when coming back to voice the younger Naruto. In regard to the change of tone, Flanagan was surprised by the fact that the dubbers did not replace her despite Naruto's age but felt it was something common in Japanese series. Synopsis Introduced as a young orphan boy of 12 years with blond, spiky hair and blue eyes, Naruto Uzumaki graduates as a ninja from Konohagakure while bonding with his teacherIruka Umino.Naruto seeks attention as he was ridiculed during his childhood. To be accepted and respected, he resolves to become Konohagakure'sHokageand surpass all previous leaders, no matter the difficulties.While becoming a ninja, Naruto forms friendships that he initially lacked, linking some of them to family relationships.Although Naruto sometimes finds himself unable to accomplish the tasks he proposes to do, other characters believe that he will be an excellent Hokage because of his positive impact on their lives.As an adult, Naruto claims that the Konohagakure village became his family due to his job of being the new Hokage, something he learned from the Third HokageHiruzen Sarutobi. As a result, he initially suffered a poor relationship with his son, Boruto, due to the little time he spends with his bloodline family. Appearances InNaruto Part I Naruto is an orphan who has a dangerous fox-like entity known as Kurama the Nine-Tailed Fox sealed within his body by his father, theFourth HokageMinato Namikaze, the leader of Konoha's ninja force, at the cost of his own life and that of his wife,Kushina Uzumaki.This possession led to Naruto being ridiculed frequently by the rest of Konoha; being associated with him was considered taboo.As a youth, Naruto makes jokes and plays pranks to attract attention.Desiring what he lacked in his early life, Naruto dreams of becoming a Hokage himself with the hope that it will bring him the villagers' recognition and respect.In an attempt to become a ninja, Naruto is horrified to learn of hisJinchurikinature, but finds acceptance from his teacherIruka Umino, whom he views as a father. After learning the powerfulMulti-Shadow CloneJutsu, an ability to create physical copies of the user, Naruto becomes a ninja.He joins a ninja group under the leadership ofKakashi Hatakewhere he made friends with Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno. These are his classmates who are also assigned toTeam 7:Sasuke Uchiha, with whom he has had a rivalry since they first met at the ninja academy, andSakura Harunowho he has a crush on which is not reciprocated by her as she is infatuated with Sasuke. While being examined to increase his ninja rank, Naruto meets the legendary ninjaJiraiyaand learns how tosummontoads to aid him in battle, and to control part of the Nine Tails's chakra energy.The exams are interrupted by the invasion of Konohagakure by the criminalOrochimaruand the ninja of Sunagakure. Naruto defeats the sand village's One TailJinchurikiGaaraand convinces him there is a better way to live. Shortly afterward, Naruto discovers theAkatsuki, a criminal organization that seeks to extract the Nine-Tails from his body. Though Jiraiya drives them off during this first meeting, learning its member Itachi is both Sasuke's brother, and the man who killed their family, the Akatsuki still plan to kidnap Naruto.While accompanying Jiraiya to find a new village leader, Naruto also learns the Rasengan(螺旋丸, lit. spiral sphere, English manga: \"Spiral Chakra Sphere\"), a sphere of chakra for offensive purposes.When Sasuke leaves the village to join Orochimaru's forces to obtain the power to kill Itachi, Naruto on his insistence and promise to Sakura becomes part of a rescue team to retrieve him.Naruto and Sasuke ultimately have a one-on-one battle, and after a close battle, Sasuke comes out as the victor. He, however can not bring himself to kill Naruto and instead leaves.The two go their separate ways, but Naruto does not give up on Sasuke, leaving with Jiraiya for two and half years to prepare himself for his next encounter with Sasuke and the Akatsuki. Part II After his two and a half years of training, Naruto returns to Konoha (the Leaf Village) and begins to deal more actively with the Akatsuki threat by saving Gaara from their clutches.To fight them, Naruto trains with Kakashi to infuse the Rasengan with his own wind-element chakra, creating the Wind Release: Rasenshuriken(風遁・螺旋手裏剣,Fūton: Rasenshuriken)attack that proves instrumental in the downfall of the Akatsuki memberKakuzu.Despite being targeted by the Akatsuki, Naruto dedicates himself to finding and retrieving Sasuke, who eventually disposes of Orochimaru and starts acting on his vengeance-driven whims.Over time, though resisting the urge to use the creature's power, the Nine Tails's influence over him expands to the point where he begins to lose his rationality as more chakra manifests in the form of tails to the point the Tailed Beast can take control of his body. This ultimately causes him to go on a rampage, destroying everything in his path. After learning that Jiraiya has been killed by the Akatsuki leader,Pain, Naruto prepares for a future encounter by learning toad-style Senjutsu(仙術, lit. \"sage techniques\"), a power-enhancing ability involving the gathering of natural energy through stillness, while also perfecting Naruto's Rasenshuriken in the process.When they face off, Naruto is pinned to the ground with iron rods and loses control of the Fox's chakra when hisHinata Hyuganearly dies protecting him. At that time, Naruto meets his father Minato Namikaze within his subconscious and learns about his status as the Fourth Hokage and him being the one who sealed the Fox so that Naruto could use it to defeat the Akatsuki founderTobiwho was behind the Fox's attack on Konohagakure.With Minato stopping the Fox, Naruto regains control of his body, and defeats Pain. Learning that both are Jiraiya's students, Naruto convinces him to quit Akatsuki, seeking to take Jiraiya's path to create a better ninja world. When Naruto discovers Sasuke's plan to attack the Leaf Village, he decides to confront him in a battle which could end both their lives should Naruto be unable to save him.He prepares himself for the upcoming fight by becoming a student under the vessel of the Eight-Tails,Killer B, to take full control of Kurama's powers. He succeeds with help from his late mother, Kushina Uzumaki, who placed a chakra imprint of herself within the seal so when the time comes, she could have a chance to see her son again.When Naruto learns that all his comrades are battling Tobi's army to protect him, he takes Killer B to join him in the battle, eventually cooperating with Kurama.As he fights, Naruto meetsHagoromo Ōtsutsuki, the Sage of the Six Paths, who grants him enhanced Senjutsu known as the Six Paths Senjutsu.After he and Sasuke join forces to face both Tobi and Madara who are using the Ten-Tails, they have to seal a bigger threat namedKaguya Ōtsutsuki, who is in her Ten-Tails form.After defeating and sealing Kaguya with the cooperation of the rest of Team 7, Naruto ends up having to fight Sasuke due to their conflicting views regarding the ninja world's future.As both end up losing an arm, Naruto and Sasuke reconcile.He receives a new arm created from the First Hokage's cells later.Years later, Naruto is married to Hinata with whom he has had two children –BorutoandHimawari Uzumaki. He becomes the Seventh Hokage(七代目火影,Nanadaime Hokage)in the epilogue. In theBorutoseries In the spin-off mangaNaruto: The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring, Naruto and his allies go to defeat a new Akatsuki organization led by the so-called Uchiha known asShin Uchiha, as Sasuke fears Kaguya's allies might try to attack them.InBoruto: Naruto the Movie(2015), which takes place after the series' epilogue, Naruto's Hokage status strains his relationship with his son Boruto as his duties often kept him from his family. During the ninja examinations, Naruto is abducted by Kaguya's clanmates, Momoshiki and Kinshiki, and then saved by his son Boruto, Sasuke, and the Kage, before helping his son to destroy Momoshiki. Across this fight, Naruto and Boruto reconcile. InBoruto: Naruto Next Generations, the manga starts in a distant future where Naruto is implied to be dead or missing in action by an enemy of Boruto,Kawaki.In the anime before Boruto became a ninja, Naruto often made appearances with his new family.In the manga, a younger Kawaki is adopted by Naruto when the teenager becomes a fugitive from the group Kara.Naruto clashes with the members from Kara to protect his children,to which the village fears the Ōtsutsuki clan planning to attack again through Kara's members as well like Boruto and Kawaki who share a cursed mark known as Karma.In the fight against Kara's leader Isshiki Ōtsutsuki, Naruto and Kurama combine their chakra together at the cost of their possible death.In the aftermath, Kurama reveals that he lied to Naruto about this combination,knowing that he would refuse to use their newfound power if it meant that Kurama would die, and he goes to the afterlife. Naruto continues to fight against the remaining Kara members.Kawaki's desire to protect Naruto results in sending him alongside Hinata to another dimension where the two will be trapped without aging until he believes the current fights are over. In light novels Naruto also appears in the epiloguelight novelsof the series. In the first one, despite still not having obtained his prosthetic arm, goes on a mission with his friendSaito capture a dangerous ninja named Garyō.In the second one, he allies with Sunagakure ninjaTemari's team to find the missingShikamaru Narawho made a promise to him to work together once Naruto became the Hokage.He makes a brief appearance inSakura Hidenwhere he and Hinata try to aid Sakura from a group of enemies.InSasuke Hiden, he sends a message to Sasuke, which convinces him to return to Konohagakure.In the final one,Konoha Hiden, Naruto marries Hinata after asking his former mentor, Iruka Umino, to the place of his father for the wedding.A novel by Mirei Miyamoto focuses on Naruto's life as a father.Another novel,Naruto Retsuden, explores Naruto having falling to an illness as a result of relying on Kurama's chakra across his entire life. In other media As the series' title character, Naruto appears in everymovie in the series. He typically appears as the lead character on a mission with comrades from Konohagakure.Naruto: Shippūden the Moviemarks the first appearance of Naruto in his Part II form.InRoad to Ninja: Naruto the Movie, an alternate version of the character named Menma appears as the main antagonist of the film. InThe Last: Naruto the Movie, which takes place after the events of the series, Naruto faces Toneri Otsutsuki; at the movie's climax, Naruto and Hinata enter a relationship that eventually leads to their marriage.Kishimoto, the film's chief story supervisor, admitted that he was embarrassed writing romance scenes in the series.However, upon watching Naruto and Hinata share their first kiss, he felt a mixture of satisfaction and sadness due to the two characters'growthsinceNaruto's beginning; they had become like his own children. Naruto also appears in all fourOVAsproduced for the series: helping his friendKonohamaru Sarutobifind afour-leaf cloverin the first,escorting a ninja to his village and fighting the criminal who stole the village's \"Hero's Water\" in the second,participating in a tournament in the third, and working with Team 7 in the fourth.He appears as a supporting character in the spin-off manga titledRock Lee and his Ninja Palswhere his fellow Konohagakure ninja Rock Lee is the main character. Naruto is aplayable characterin theNarutovideo games. In several titles, it is possible toaccess a special versionof him enhanced with the power from the Nine-Tailed Fox. In several games from theUltimate Ninjaserieshe is playable with his own versions ofRock LeeandMight Guy's techniques while wearing their costumes.Naruto Shippūden: Gekitou Ninja Taisen EXmarks the first appearance of Naruto in his Part II form in a video game.For the series' 10th anniversary, Masashi Kishimoto drew an illustration of Naruto as Hokage.This portrayal of Naruto later appears as a secret character in the gameNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2.Naruto also appears in the iOS and Android mobile gameNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Blazing.He appears in severalcrossovervideo games that feature Naruto fighting against characters from other manga; these games include:Battle Stadium D.O.N,Jump Super Stars,andJump Ultimate Stars.A Naruto avatar made a guest appearance in the MMORPGSecond Lifefor aJump Festapromotion titledJumpland@Second Life.InDragon Ball Z: Battle of ZNaruto's costume appears as an alternate costume for Goku.OutsideNaruto, the character also appeared in the first popularity poll from the mangaMy Hero AcademiabyKōhei Horikoshi.When theNarutomanga ended,Eiichiro Odadrew a cover of aOne Piecemanga chapter where Naruto is seen eating with theOne Piececharacters.Naruto was added toFortnite Battle Royalein November 2021. Naruto also makes an appearance inLive Spectacle Naruto(2015) andLive Spectacle Naruto: Song of the Akatsuki(2017), two stage plays based on the manga.Naruto is played by Koudai Matsouka. Reception Characterization and themes Naruto's character has received mostly positive critical response in printed and online publications. Praise was given by Joseph Szadkowski ofThe Washington Timeswho noted that Naruto \"has become a pop-culture sensation.\"Naruto's character was analyzed byGameSpot's Joe Dodson who noted that despite having an \"ideal\" life, he still suffered from severe isolation,although he was praised for his optimistic personality by Carl Kimlinger ofAnime News Network(ANN).Writers for Mania Entertainment labeled him a \"good lead character\" with good overall development despite certain problems at the beginning.Christina Carpenter of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews disagreed with other writers, noting that while Naruto is a \"likable enough scamp\", his type of character has been done before in many anime and manga series.Yukari Fujimoto, a professor atMeiji University, sees Naruto himself as the manga's weakness.Manga authorNobuhiro Watsukicompared Naruto withHimura KenshinandMonkey D. Luffydue to how they follow the ideals of not killing their opponents.My Hero AcademiaauthorKōhei Horikoshipraised the portrayal of Naruto in the manga for his parallels with Sasuke with an early example being the protagonist's inferiority complex over his teammate for feeling weaker which leads to him stabbing himself in the hand to remember not to run away from his fears. Writing forPopular Culture in Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Play-Based Interventions, Lawrence Rubin states that while Naruto has an optimistic and hyperactive personality, the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox (Kurama) within his body symbolizes his negative emotions. He comments that Naruto has amalevolentattitude when dealing with intense conflicts and emotions. He also states that Naruto would use Kurama's chakra for battles he can not handle with his own chakra. Rubin further notes that the more Naruto uses Kurama's chakra, the more he puts his comrades and himself in danger. Rubin feels the reason Naruto is a troublemaker is because some villagers avoid him and others mistreat him. He states that children growing up in the real world who have development issues can relate to his character. Rubin states that the search foracceptance, and being acknowledged by his peers is what motivates Naruto to keep going until he reaches his life's goal, becoming the Hokage. Rubin feels that Naruto's fights with enemies who try to bring harm to the Leaf Village further motivate him to become a powerfulshinobi, and a \"complete and mature person.\" Rubin concludes that Naruto's character development is similar to that of a modern Americanhero, the type who accidentally becomes better during a series and is able to build or restore peace. Christopher A. Born, writing forDOAJjournalASIANetwork Exchange, regards Naruto as a complexpost-modernhero, showing \"great heart.\" From Naruto's beginning, Born comments that the character is anuisance, suggesting Naruto is the very definition of the word, given how he is characterized in the series, including how he interacts, and his behavior. Born argues thatNarutoas a whole showsConfucian values, and that Naruto himself unsettlesharmony in society.Amy Plumb, a PhD candidate atMacquarie University, states that Kishimoto used the mythology of thekitsunefor Naruto's development throughout the series. She notes that at the beginning of the series, Naruto was a prankster and always causing trouble, the same as the kitsune. Plumb describes the Kyuubi (Demon) seal on Naruto's stomach as acatalystfor how he develops.Writing forManga's Cultural Crossroads, Omote Tomoyuki compliments Naruto's character, saying that he has great ambition to achieve a tragic destiny. He comments how the character has matured over the course of the series, stating how after he became ashinobi, he had let go of his childish ways that happened in the beginning of the series, and how he rarely joked around in Part II of the series when he became a teenager.Franziska Ehmcke, professor of Japanese studies at Cologne University, theorized that Naruto was named after whirlpools of the sea landscape of theAwa no Naruto, and compared his behavior to that natural feature, as both figures have uncontrollable energy within them.Mike Hale compared Naruto toBuffy SummersofBuffy the Vampire Slayer, praising the series' portrayal of childhood loneliness.Rik Spanjers regards Naruto's childishness as one of his strengths because it gives him a well of resoluteness from which to draw on in his goal to end the ninja wars.A study which looked at if readers could predict character types based on physical cues regarded Naruto as an ENFP (Myers-Briggs) character type, impulsive and spontaneous, finding afoilin the ISTJ-type Sasuke. Analysing Naruto'scoming-of-agestory,The Lawrentianfound that Naruto's development embodies the idea ofBildungsroman, the idea of how importance is Naruto's growth across the narrative needed to move on the arc. Due to lacking parenting as a result of his parents' age during his birth, Naruto's personality starts fragile. Unaware of them, Naruto seeks to accomplish his mother's wish of becoming a hero and leader of the village, the Hokage. While initially portrayed as a weak character, Naruto finds strength in his mentors Kakashi and Jiraiya, another element common element inBildungsromanas well as his connections with Sakura and Sasuke. As a result of losing Jiraiya, Naruto seeks to accomplish his mentor's wish of ending wars and the cycling of hatred, making Kishimoto capable of embodying the character more with the reader while maturing in the process. As a result,The Lawrentianfinds that Naruto's character fills the concept ofBildungsroman, something other fictional characters fail to accomplish. Tejal Suhas Bagwe from Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Masters of Arts in English describes Jiraya's death as the \"loss of innocence\" Naruto goes through paralleling his life with Gaara, Sasuke or Madara. However, unlike these three characters who seek revenge and chaos for their losses, Naruto instead chooses another path derivative from these types of narrative, becoming more unique. Another aspect noted by the writer in regard to Naruto's character is how he becomes Kurama's companion despite the creature bearing hatred towards mankind for being used, resulting into multiple references to Japanese mythology based on its name and the new skills Naruto acquires when befriending the fox.Similarly, Anime News Network stated that thanks to Naruto's newfound pacifism when dealing with his quest of revenge and the rejection to violence, the story managed to become a \"masterpiece\".Antônio Guilherme Bernardes Galletti fromUniversity of São PaulonotesBoruto: Naruto the Moviebecomes complex when the protagonist learns of the shinobi code his father and master use which was also compared to the samurais'bushidowhile developing a sense of individuality when deciding what to do with his life when growing up. Relationships His relationships with the other characters was described as appealing by IGN's Charles White and Jason Van Horn,most notably through his rivalry with Sasuke, as it shows \"signs of maturity\" in Naruto.However, his wish to retrieve Sasuke after the end of Part I was criticised because of his subsequent suffering.In a poll by Japanese pollster Charapedia, Naruto and Sasuke's rivalry reached the top place.Jacob Hope Chapman of ANN listed Naruto and Sasuke as one of \"Anime's Fiercest Frenemies\" considering their similarities and how they become friends after a mortal battle.His romantic involvement with other characters led to disputes as there were fans in favour of his relationship with Sakura Haruno, while others preferred Hinata Hyuga.His romance with Hinata in the filmThe Lastearned multiple positive reactions from the media. Some critics wishedThe Lastcould be condensed so that their relationship was the focus of the movie.In Charapedia polls, his love confession towards Hinata remained as one of the most popular ones.On a similar note, both McNulty and Andy Hanley from UK Anime Network enjoyed Naruto's relationship with his son Boruto due to the differences in their childhoods and how that becomes the focus of the filmBoruto.His role inBoruto: Naruto Next Generationswas praised for his more mature personality as well as his relationship with the youngKawaki.Leroy Douresseaux expected Kawaki will have a major impact in Boruto's life in regard to his way of fighting. Combat Kimlinger of Anime News Network said that while Naruto's initial fight scenes are lacking conviction when compared to others, his encounter withGaarais one of his best moments because its tactics surpassed mostshōnenstereotypes.ANN's Theron Martin and Mania Entertainment's Justin Rich made similar comments.The character's final fight against Sasuke at the end of Part I attracted similar responses, due to the fighting styles employed, and the character development resulting from their rivalry.The enormous physical changes caused by the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox have also been the focus of critics, as Naruto's loss of control causes him to become a bigger threat to his loved ones than other series' antagonists.Carlo Santos of ANN commented on the character's growth in Part II, specifically his fight against Pain in which Naruto's comments on peace, and the means by which it is achieved, touch on philosophical themes never seen in ashōnenseries.Chris Beveridge of Mania Entertainment noted a change in Naruto's attitude as he acts calmly and more seriously than in previous story arcs. Naruto's new Senjutsu style was praised, as was his careful preparation for the fight against Pain, which resulted in a detailed display of his skills.In regard to Naruto's fight against Sasuke, writers once again found depth in the handling of the rivals while also bringing a satisfying ending to the series.Amy McNulty of ANN also praised their final fight, expressing amazement at how brutal some scenes were since Naruto had become more of a pacifist than previous story arcs. Cultural impact In every officialWeekly Shōnen Jumppopularity poll of the series, Naruto ranks in the top five characters and took the first place twice.In a poll from Anime! Anime!, Naruto and Sasuke as one of the best rivals turned into allies.and although he is a flawed and somewhat limited character by himself, that stubborn optimism of his makes for some great storytelling with other characters.\" In a Japanese TV special from August 2017, Naruto was voted as the 13th \"strongest hero\" from theHeisei Era.In the 2009 Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation Awards, Junko Takeuchi won Best Voice Actress (Japanese) for her work as Naruto.He continuously appeared inIGNpolls and the 2011Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition. The character has inspired other works including.hack's protagonist,Kite.andYuji ItadorifromJujutsu Kaisen; its author,Gege Akutami, enjoyed the story of how Naruto deals with a demon-like creature inside his body and decided to give Itadori a similar aura when eating the remains of the demonRyomen Sukunawhom he carries a poor relationship.CyberConnect2CEOHiroshi Matsuyamaalso participated in the 2012Paris Marathonwhilecosplayingas Naruto to celebrating the release of a new video game.Matsuyama also said that Naruto's Rasenshuriken was his favorite technique in the entire series due to its sounds as well as how the character executes it.Upon seeing the final fight between Naruto and Sasuke inStorm 4, Matsuyama felt emotional over seeing the final fight between Naruto and Sasuke.Matsuyama further reflected the anime's 133rd episode to be one of his favorites not only for the action sequences between Naruto and Sasuke but also the emotional value displayed. Olympic medalistUsain Boltexpressed his love for Naruto and theNarutoseries several times through Instagram posts.The Shanghai New World mall made an announcement in the beginning of 2019 that it plans on opening an indoor theme park on its 11th floor which will be called \"Naruto World\". The theme park was 7,000 square meters in size and will be based on theNarutomanga.An officially authorized Ichiraku Ramen ramen noodle shop, based on Ichiraku Ramen from the anime, opened up in Shanghai's Global Harbor shopping mall in 2019.In June 2019, a life-size statue designed by Testuya Nishio was developed for display at the Wonder Festival 2019Shanghaievent.For the2020 Summer Olympics, Naruto's image was used as a character to represent the event. Narutohas had an influence on hip-hop music. Many rappers, both underground and mainstream have sprinkled Naruto references throughout their songs.RapperSki Mask the Slump Godstarts off the first verse of his songCatch me Outsidewith a reference to Naruto and his ninetails mode.Some artists go so far as revolving the theme of their entire album aroundNaruto, such asDave's albumSix Paths.in Dave's songWanna Know (Remix)the track art is a direct reference toNaruto.It features the title in the Naruto font and color scheme.SingerDiana Garnetexpressed her pleasure at recording one of the ending theme songs for the animated series ofNaruto Shippudenstating that not only she has been a fan of the series ever since she was younger, but was also motivated by Naruto's character because of his determination not to give up no matter what challenge he faced.Similarly, in an analysis involvingstereotypes of African Americanscreated by the British newspaperThe Guardian, Naruto's character is viewed as relatable character due to prejudicial treatment the character receives early in the series. As a result, Naruto's life achievements he makes across the narrative, ending to his portrayal as the Seventh Hokage are seen as inspiring by the audience. Allega Frank fromPolygonnoted that during the start of both the manga and animeBoruto: Naruto Next Generations, multiple fans were worried in regard to a flashforward; in this sequence an older Boruto is facing an enemy named Kawaki who implies Naruto might be dead so his fate left them worried.In poll from 2021, Naruto was voted as the second best character fromBoruto: Naruto Next Generationsbehind his son.In the Crunchyroll Awards from 2022, Naruto was nominated for \"Best Fight\" against Isshiki inBoruto: Naruto Next Generations. References External links",
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"Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Lost Tower Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Lost Tower(Japanese:劇場版NARUTO疾風伝 ザ・ロストタワー,Hepburn:Gekijōban Naruto Shippūden: Za Rosuto Tawā)is a 2010 Japaneseanimatedaction-adventurefantasy filmbased onMasashi Kishimoto'smangaandanimeseries. It was released on July 31, 2010.Along with the film, a comical short feature namedNaruto, the Genie, and the Three Wishes!!(劇場版NARUTO-ナルト-そよ風伝 ナルトと魔神と3つのお願いだってばよ！！,Gekijōban Naruto Soyokazeden: Naruto to mashin to mitsu no onegai dattebayo!!)was also shown. The theme song \"if\" is performed byKana Nishino. The film was released in North America on September 17, 2013 byViz Media. Plot Assigned a mission to capture a missing-nin named Mukade,Naruto Uzumaki,Sakura Haruno,YamatoandSaiwield chakra-knives. At the one thousand-year-old desert city ruins of Loran, they confront Mukade attempting to dominate the Ninja World with the power of the Ryūmyaku (the Ley Line in English), an ancient chakra flowing deep underground. He breaks the seal created",
"the seal created byMinato Namikazeto unleash the Ryūmyaku's power creating a light that engulfs Naruto and Yamato, before Sai and Sakura ride on an ink bird and attempt to escape. Naruto and Yamato are sent twenty years into the past. When Naruto awakens from this time slip, he meets the queen of Loran, Sāra. It is later revealed that Mukade traveled to the past six years before Naruto and changed his name to Anrokuzan, the minister of Loran who had killed Sāra's mother Sēramu. Naruto agrees to protect Sāra, after Anrokuzan declares about the kidnapped citizens and creates to summon the \"Puppet Ninja Forces\". Minato, Shibi Aburame, Chōza Akimichi, andKakashi Hatake, on their own mission to stop Anrokuzan, appear to support the heroes. While they rescue Sara's people and Naruto holds Minato's kunai, Sāra recalls her memory about Sēramu's lullaby. Anrokuzan uses the parts of the tower to become a giant defensive puppet. Minato and Naruto use their regenerative chakra enough to create the legendary Super",
"the legendary Super Rasengan. After Sāra disables Anrokuzan's technique, Minato exposes Anrokuzan's weak spot and Naruto destroys it. As Yamato and Kakashi rescue Naruto and Sāra, Minato uses the kunai to completely seal off the power. Just as the heroes vanish from the past, Minato erases all of their memories to keep history unchanged. With Mukade/Anrokuzan gone, Sakura and Sai reunite with Naruto and Yamato in the present. As they are about to leave the ruins, they run into Queen Sāra's daughter, who kept the old chakra blade that belonged to Naruto. She informs that it was given to her mother by a \"Hero in a Dream\". Naruto recognizes his blade, reaches out to his back where he usually keeps his blade, but it is not there, and is left dumbfounded. However, Sakura pinches his ear and accuses him for having a dream. Cast Home media The film was released onDVDon April 27, 2011. References External links",
"Naruto Uzumaki Naruto Uzumaki(Japanese:うずまき ナルト,Hepburn:Uzumaki Naruto)(/ˈnɑːrutoʊ/) is thetitular protagonistof themangaNaruto, created byMasashi Kishimoto. He is aninjafrom the fictional Hidden Leaf Village(Japanese:木ノ葉隠れ,Hepburn:konohagakure). As a boy, Naruto is ridiculed and ostracized on account of theNine-Tailed Demon Fox—a malevolent creature that attacked Konohagakure—that was sealed away in his body. Despite this, he aspires to become his village's leader, the Hokage, in order to receive their approval. His carefree, optimistic, and boisterous personality enables him to befriend other Konohagakure ninja, as well as ninja from other villages. Naruto appears in the series' films and in other media related to the franchise, including video games andoriginal video animations(OVA), as well as the sequelBoruto: Naruto Next Generations, where he is the Hokage, and his son,Boruto Uzumaki, is the protagonist. When creating Naruto for theinitial partof the series, Kishimoto kept the character \"simple and",
"\"simple and stupid\", while giving him many attributes of an ideal hero. Kishimoto gave Naruto a dark side by adding tragedy to the character's past. He has revised Naruto's image many times, providing the character with simple clothes to fit the young demography. Kishimoto changed his design forPart IIof the storyline, which starts two-and-a-half years after Part I. Naruto is voiced byJunko Takeuchiin the original animated series andMaile Flanaganin the English adaptations. Merchandise based on Naruto includesfigurinesandkeychains. Naruto's character development has been praised by anime and manga publications and has drawn scholarly attention. Although some initially saw him as a typical manga and anime protagonist comparable to those in othershōnenmanga, others have praised his personality and character development as he avoids stereotypes typically seen in similar media. The character has also been the subject of researches in literature, making him stand out in fiction based on his traits and growth.",
"traits and growth. Creation and conception Original concept and influences During the 1990s, new manga authorMasashi Kishimotosought to write a one-shot chapter that would feature Naruto as a chef, but this version never made it to print. Kishimoto originally wanted to make Naruto a child who could transform into a fox, so he created a one-shot ofNarutofor the summer 1997 issue ofAkamaru Jumpmagazine based on the idea.When comparing both theNarutoone-shot and his other work,Karakuri, Kishimoto realized that former's title character was more appealing than the lead ofKarakuri. Kishimoto reflects Naruto's \"honest\" smile was well received in contrast to the sly look the main character fromKarakurihad. Following the success of another one-shot,Mario, Kishimoto started working on theNarutoseries where he wanted to reuse the title character from his earlier one-shot. Kishimoto wrote the first two chapters to show his appeal to the readers and then focus on the other protagonists despite difficulties. Following the",
"Following the second chapter, Kishimoto introduced the other protagonists but as bad relationships including withSasuke Uchihaand Naruto's constant reject crushes atSakura Haruno. The manga story was planned to show Naruto's coming-of-age through multiple fights and looked forward to seeing the conclusion. For the serialized version, Kishimoto incorporated traits he felt made an ideal hero in the creation of Naruto: a straightforward way of thinking, a mischievous side, and attributes possessed byGokufrom theDragon Ballfranchise. Aiming to keep Naruto \"simple and stupid\",Although Goku was a major influence to Naruto, Kishimoto was more attracted byDragon BallcharacterKrillinas he comes across as more human than the protagonist for displaying flaws that made the readers easier to accept in a similar fashion to his mentor Iruka Umino.Kishimoto avoided modeling him after anyone in particular, instead conceiving of him as naïve with a dark side resulting from his harsh past. Despite this, he is always",
"this, he is always optimistic, a trait Kishimoto said makes this character unique.By and large, Naruto's personality is childish; the creator tried to convey this trait in his illustrations. Kishimoto notes as an example of this the cover of volume 10, where Kishimoto depicts Naruto mimicking a turtle as a child might do.Narutowas Kishimoto's first published manga, and he focused on making Naruto's facial expressions consistent in difficult situations.He commented: \"It's rather awkward to talk about what makes Naruto appealing to audiences, but I think his being a knucklehead gives him an appeal.\" He believed it was Naruto's losses that made readers identify with him, although he wanted Naruto not to feel defeat again, which was his primary aim when writing the series.Kishimoto has said that Naruto's burning desire to be a ninja was based on his own ambition to succeed as amanga artist.As the series went on, Kishimtoto wrote the older incarnations of Naruto to be naive idealists due to how Naruto was written",
"Naruto was written to continuously avoid repeating previous mistakes. However, at the same time Kishimoto wrote him as a sign of hope, something important in regard to the series' audience. In the original Japanese versions ofNaruto, Naruto often ends his sentences with the addendum \"-ttebayo\" (which achieves an effect similar to ending a sentence with \"you know?\" in English). Kishimoto wanted to give Naruto a childlikecatchphrase, and \"dattebayo\" came to mind; he believed that the phrase complements Naruto's character, and served as a verbalticthat portrayed him in a brattish manner.Throughout the first episodes of the Englishdubversion, \"dattebayo\" and \"-ttebayo\" were replaced with the phrase \"Believe it!\", both to mirror the effect, and to match the character's lip movements, although later in the English dub Naruto stopped saying \"Believe it\" and the phrase was replaced with \"You Know?\". Development After fans likened Naruto, Sasuke and Sakura to the three main characters fromHarry Potterfantasy books,",
"books, Kishimoto noted that both trios began their careers in a classroom, though he added that the similarity was unintentional.During the series' publication, Kishimoto married and had children. This influenced how he viewed Naruto's character. Naruto met his parents, and learned of their sacrifices in order to help him to control the Fox inside him so that he could protect their world. As a result, Naruto appreciated his life more and learned that his parents loved him, something the author wanted the character to feel based on his own experience as a father.In the first chapters of the series, Kishimoto did not conceive the idea that Naruto would be the son ofMinato Namikaze. However, as time passed on, the manga author made touches to Minato's face shown in the Hokage Mountain in Konoha to make them more similar to Naruto with an emphasis on their spiky hairs. However, in order to reduce too many similarities,Kushina Uzumaki's character was made to look like Naruto's face. Out of all the student-teacher",
"the student-teacher relationships Kishimoto has created in theNarutoseries, the one between Naruto andJiraiyais his favorite.Right before Jiraiya's death in his fight against Pain in his last moments, he discovers the origin of Pain's multiple bodies and uses his last forces to send that message as a piece of advice to Naruto so that Naruto could defeat him in his place.This arc was the most difficult one to write; he felt this because Naruto truly forgave his enemy. Instead of having the protagonist kill the enemy he hates as happens in other series, Kishimoto found the idea of the two characters interacting and settling their differences more challenging.This had a major impact on the writer, and he decided to have Naruto forgive Sasuke during their final fight in a similar manner as he interacted with Nagato.Kishimoto felt the need to create a story arc that would emphasize the tragedy of wars, leading to the final arc which would include a war. The principal reason for this was a significant difference",
"difference between the two main characters, Naruto who had no knowledge of wars, and Sasuke who was a victim of one; his entire clan had been annihilated to avoid a potential civil war. As a result, Kishimoto created Nagato as a war victim who would Jiraiya, and act as Naruto's nemesis so he would understand the tragedy that Sasuke had experienced.As a result, Naruto's coming-of-age would have been completed in this arc and the final arc where Naruto deals with world war and develops a vision of the shinobi world as well as how he should handle the conflict. In 2013, whenNarutowas reaching its climax, Kishimoto envisioned the idea of Naruto becoming a father. This resulted in the creation ofBoruto Uzumaki, Naruto and Hinata's first child.Kishimoto wanted Boruto to act like his father, but at the same time, have differences between each other. Despite not wishing to reveal much about Boruto due to developments ofBoruto: Naruto Next Generations, he added that Boruto is not as direct as Naruto.In the 2015",
"Naruto.In the 2015 filmBoruto: Naruto the Movie, Kishimoto developed Boruto and Naruto's relationship from his relationship with his sons.In portraying the adult Naruto, Kishimoto did not want to make the character to give a cool impression in contrast to his younger days as a war hero because Naruto being a strong father figure to Boruto would be too boring for the narrative.Instead, Kishimoto wanted the film to depict the father and son relationship between Boruto and Naruto.Similarly, Chengxi Huang wanted to properly display Naruto's facial expression during this scene as stating that while Naruto has grown up ever since his introduction, his gentle smile was the same.Manga authorMikio Ikemotoclaimed the scene in which Naruto helps his son to create a large Rasengan was his favorite at the time of drawingBorutoas across this moment he had to draw Naruto's past to the point he \"felt the weight ofNARUTOseries and its long history behind it.\" Rivalry Early in the making of the series, Kishimoto had poor",
"Kishimoto had poor faith in the manga as he believes the series was lacking something to become popular. After being recommended by his editor to give the protagonist a rival, Kishimoto wrote Sasuke with influences fromTakehiko Inoue'sSlam Dunkmanga which was famous for dealing with rivalries.When first introducing Sasuke, Kishimoto wrote him as a rival who never noticed Naruto. However, as the series continued, Naruto became strong enough to finally be recognized by Sasuke as a rival. He also intended for both of them to be brother-like due to the fact both characters suffered loneliness, something which made the readers relate to them as he noted through fan letters. By Part I's ending, the bond between Naruto and Sasuke was weakened as a result of their fight but still expected from the time when the Sasuke accepted Naruto as an equal.Kishimoto compared Sasuke and Naruto to the concept ofyin and yangbecause of their notable differences. When one of the two progressed, Kishimoto made sure the other did",
"sure the other did too.During the climax of Part I, Naruto and Sasuke engage in a mortal fight which was directed by Atsushi Wakabayashi from Pierrot. In an interview, the director claimed that the animation was based on a journey toLake Mashufrom Hokkaido to come up with new ideas. Wakabayashi aimed for the characters to move stilted based on storyboards he made, leading to entertaining sequences. When Naruto becomes berserker due to the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox's influence, Norio Matsumoto aimed to make Naruto behave like a beast with Wakabayashi aiming to make Naruto look like an equal to his rival. The staff was inspired by the 1970s series like the boxing seriesAshita no Joe, most notably its lead character, Joe Yabuki, who was often seen as an underdog the audience rooted for. However, the team still worked carefully to make the two ninjas be equals without overpowering each other. Before the serialization began, Kishimoto had decided the ending would feature a fight between Naruto and Sasuke.He wanted",
"Sasuke.He wanted the conflict to end with Naruto forgiving Sasuke as he had forgiven Nagato while also aiming it as their final battle in the manga.In regard to the fight, Kishimoto wanted to focus onhand-to-hand combatrather than ninja techniques.Anime staff Chengxi Huang said the animated adaptation of this fight, the group worked carefully to depict the action in every scene by showing changes on Sasuke and Naruto's clothes and hair. Huang added he felt fatigue by working so much into this fight due to reaching 70 successive cuts at a time. The final fight between Sasuke and Naruto was considered one biggest challenges by the staff from Pierrot as it took an entire month to adapt it from the manga. Director Hiroyuki Yamashita elected himself in charge of the battle which left most of the anime members relieved due to his experience. For the scenario, Pierrot received assistance from theCyberConnect2develop who had already adapted this battle through the fighting gameNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm",
"Ninja Storm 4. There was a need to make every movement in the fight to look realistic, giving Sasuke a scary look as well the hair movement in order to express the idea of both fighters willing to do anything to kill each other, which confused some due to Naruto's wish to avoid this fate. The final clash between Sasuke's Chidori and Naruto's Rasengan moves involved references from other scenes of the series to give the viewer a bigger emotional impact. The staff noted that following this fight, Sasuke's face became calmer despite his initial look, giving room to explore his redemption.A symbolism Kishimoto used in the series' finale following the final battle was Naruto returning Sasuke his original bandana representing how their bonds are tied again and no longer have a reason to kill each other. Love interests Naruto's romantic partner was decided during the early stages of the manga. SinceHinata Hyugaalways respected Naruto, even before the series' beginning, even before his academy mentorIruka Umino,",
"mentorIruka Umino, Kishimoto felt they were meant to be. This angered his wife who wanted Naruto to marry Sakura Haruno.When Sakura was introduced, Kishimoto did not think of her as Naruto's future wife, as he saw them as being just friends and teammates, although once Hinata had appeared, the author thought of forming alove trianglebetween the three characters. He later regretted the love triangle as he consideredNarutoa fighting series with little focus on romance, and he reiterated that \"it was all about Naruto and Hinata getting married from an early stage.\" When seeing the staff's work to focus a film on Naruto's relationship with Hinata,The Last: Naruto the Movie, Kishimoto decided to oversee the project.Nevertheless, he enjoyed seeing Naruto and Hinata's romantical scenes he did not write. In regard to Naruto's rank which remains as the lowest one, Genin, due to Naruto spending most of his Part II's time fighting and training, Kishimoto decided Naruto would skip the following ranks to become the",
"ranks to become the Hokage, which he felt was appealing.In the making ofThe Last: Naruto the Movie, Hinata makes a red scarf for Naruto. This was based on how Kishimoto's wife actually once did which brought laughs to the staff developing the film. Screenwriter Maruo Kyozuka said that he wanted to depict a love triangle between Naruto, Hinata and Toneri Otsutsuki in the film. Although Naruto is initially clueless about Hinata's feelings for him, during the film he begins to acknowledge and respond to them. Hinata's character was also developed in the film, with Kyozuka saying that she had to put aside her feelings for Naruto to accept Toneri's proposal so she could find Hanabi. During this scene, Kyozuka wanted to depict Naruto at his lowest after his rejection by Hinata. He then returned Naruto to his brave self, with the character resolving to continue his mission regardless of the cost.Animator Chengxi Huang behind multipleNarutoseries took a liking to this couple ever since he started working inNaruto",
"working inNaruto Shippuden, often aiming to draw scenes of the two and most notably a scene from the final arc when Hinata slaps Naruto to calm him following the death ofNeji Hyuga.In the making of the film, he thanked Kishimoto for accepting to doThe Lastwhere the couple was explored furthermore.He looked at their adult selves as an appealing married couple but had to remove a video he made that received backlash for being inappropriate for the demographic. Design Although a real ninja wears blue to be inconspicuous, Kishimoto gave Naruto an orange jumpsuit to fit theshōnengenre.His wardrobe is based on clothing that Kishimoto wore when he was younger. According to him, a pre-existing design would not have made Naruto unique, whereas something original would have made him too distinctive.Because Naruto is associated with spirals in terms of objects he uses, the designer incorporated swirl patterns into the costume.Initial illustrations depicted Naruto in boots, but Kishimoto replaced these with sandals,",
"these with sandals, because he enjoys drawing toes.The goggles Naruto used to wear were replaced with a hitai-ite, or shinobi headband, because they were too time-consuming to draw.One of the most difficult design choices was the color palette of Naruto's outfit.The orange in his costume makes Naruto pop and the blue parts arecomplementary.Kishimoto apologized to the anime staff for Naruto's design, as he considered it too difficult to animate. Kishimoto was satisfied with his character having blond hair and blue eyes, something rarely seen in Japanese anime or manga. This also appealed to an international readership, something the editor of the American magazineShonen Jumphas noted.Of all his series' characters, Kishimoto most identified with Naruto.When asked why Naruto's favorite food wasrameninstead ofkitsune udon, Kishimoto said that he himself likes eating ramen.In theNaruto: Clash of Ninjavideo game series, Naruto is playable in various stages of the Demon Fox's manifestation, characterized by a",
"characterized by a redchakra. Kishimoto took inspiration from the games' presentation of these forms, imitating one of them for the manga cover of volume 26. When designing Naruto for hisPart IIappearance, Kishimoto changed his character's clothing to an orange and black top, orange pants, and black sandals.He also gave him a red cape with black flames at the bottom when fighting Pain, a member of the Akatsuki.He drew Naruto's forehead-protector wider to make his eyebrows easier to draw, something that had bothered him with his previous design. He also noted that Naruto's pants made the character look too childish. To remedy this, Kishimoto designed them to roll up, giving him a more mature appearance.He gave Naruto this look in order to make him stand out during action scenes. For the events of the filmThe Last: Naruto the Movie(2014) as well as the final episodes ofNaruto: Shippuden, Naruto was given a young adult appearance. His hair was made shorter, while his height was expanded notably in contrast to",
"in contrast to his Part II design. He was given two different outfits, a casual look consisting of an orange shirt as well as a design consisting of a black shirt with orange pants specifically meant for his missions. Due to his growth, Naruto wears a different headband, while his new ninja appearance was created with the purpose of being able to carry weapons more easily. Nevertheless, both looks keep the character's spiralling logo that was carried from his late mother's gone group, the Uzumaki clan. Voice actors Although a male voice actor was sought for the Japanese adaptation of the Naruto role, the actressJunko Takeuchiwas chosen instead over many male applicants.Before recording the first episode, Takeuchi noticed several lines from the script that ended with exclamation marks, which helped her to define Naruto's voice. She noted difficulties in transitioning from the young Naruto to the older Naruto in the animated adaptation of Part II. She had to record the first episode of Part II when Naruto's",
"II when Naruto's character was older and more mature only one week after voicing the younger, immature character.Nine years after first voicing the character, while still finding it tough to voice Naruto, Takeuchi's opinion of him changed with her feeling he was \"a very reliable young man.\"She admired his ability to prioritize and calmly make important decisions, and believes these traits will inspire viewers worldwide. In regard to Naruto's growth Takeuchi was happy with the story and had hoped that Naruto would end up in a relationship with Hinata. Takeuchi was reminded of Naruto's late godfather,Jiraiya, when she read the script. She thought that although Naruto's declaration of love was the most important part of the character's growth, his true nature had not changed at that point. Satisfied with the story, Takeuchi thought that the audience would agree with her view.For the filmBoruto: Naruto the Movie, Takeuchi was surprised with how Naruto has grown up ever since she first voiced him, not only in the",
"not only in the idea of age or new job but also the fact that he has become a father. As a result, she befriendedYūko Sanpei, voice actress behind Boruto. Takeuchi felt the writing for the adult Naruto was different from his younger days as his mannerism had changed too, joking that she never saw such growth in the story when first voicing him. As a result, she mentions having had some inner complications with how she should show the character's growth. The producers of the English version of the anime stated that Naruto was the most difficult character to cast, adding thatMaile Flanagan\"has Naruto down, from the mischievous side, that precocious 12-year-old we learn to love, to the serious side.\"Flanagan avoided listening to Junko Takeuchi's performance as she did not want to imitate it, stating she wanted to develop her own voice for the character.Her performance has been praised as showing Naruto's brashness and later growth in confidence.In a 2014 interview, Flanagan claimed she had never heard",
"she had never heard ofNarutobefore her audition. She looked the show up after being chosen and felt the release of the English dub would be popular. She is recognized more for her work voicing Naruto than from other roles she has done in her career, although some fans did not expect that Naruto would be voiced by a woman.Flanagan andAmanda C. Miller(Boruto) found the two family members similar in nature despite having different backgrounds. Flanagan was surprised by how her character changed across the years but felt he was still the same for her, finding challenging to voice Naruto again when coming back to voice the younger Naruto. In regard to the change of tone, Flanagan was surprised by the fact that the dubbers did not replace her despite Naruto's age but felt it was something common in Japanese series. Synopsis Introduced as a young orphan boy of 12 years with blond, spiky hair and blue eyes, Naruto Uzumaki graduates as a ninja from Konohagakure while bonding with his teacherIruka Umino.Naruto seeks",
"Umino.Naruto seeks attention as he was ridiculed during his childhood. To be accepted and respected, he resolves to become Konohagakure'sHokageand surpass all previous leaders, no matter the difficulties.While becoming a ninja, Naruto forms friendships that he initially lacked, linking some of them to family relationships.Although Naruto sometimes finds himself unable to accomplish the tasks he proposes to do, other characters believe that he will be an excellent Hokage because of his positive impact on their lives.As an adult, Naruto claims that the Konohagakure village became his family due to his job of being the new Hokage, something he learned from the Third HokageHiruzen Sarutobi. As a result, he initially suffered a poor relationship with his son, Boruto, due to the little time he spends with his bloodline family. Appearances InNaruto Part I Naruto is an orphan who has a dangerous fox-like entity known as Kurama the Nine-Tailed Fox sealed within his body by his father, theFourth HokageMinato Namikaze,",
"Namikaze, the leader of Konoha's ninja force, at the cost of his own life and that of his wife,Kushina Uzumaki.This possession led to Naruto being ridiculed frequently by the rest of Konoha; being associated with him was considered taboo.As a youth, Naruto makes jokes and plays pranks to attract attention.Desiring what he lacked in his early life, Naruto dreams of becoming a Hokage himself with the hope that it will bring him the villagers' recognition and respect.In an attempt to become a ninja, Naruto is horrified to learn of hisJinchurikinature, but finds acceptance from his teacherIruka Umino, whom he views as a father. After learning the powerfulMulti-Shadow CloneJutsu, an ability to create physical copies of the user, Naruto becomes a ninja.He joins a ninja group under the leadership ofKakashi Hatakewhere he made friends with Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno. These are his classmates who are also assigned toTeam 7:Sasuke Uchiha, with whom he has had a rivalry since they first met at the ninja academy,",
"the ninja academy, andSakura Harunowho he has a crush on which is not reciprocated by her as she is infatuated with Sasuke. While being examined to increase his ninja rank, Naruto meets the legendary ninjaJiraiyaand learns how tosummontoads to aid him in battle, and to control part of the Nine Tails's chakra energy.The exams are interrupted by the invasion of Konohagakure by the criminalOrochimaruand the ninja of Sunagakure. Naruto defeats the sand village's One TailJinchurikiGaaraand convinces him there is a better way to live. Shortly afterward, Naruto discovers theAkatsuki, a criminal organization that seeks to extract the Nine-Tails from his body. Though Jiraiya drives them off during this first meeting, learning its member Itachi is both Sasuke's brother, and the man who killed their family, the Akatsuki still plan to kidnap Naruto.While accompanying Jiraiya to find a new village leader, Naruto also learns the Rasengan(螺旋丸, lit. spiral sphere, English manga: \"Spiral Chakra Sphere\"), a sphere of chakra",
"a sphere of chakra for offensive purposes.When Sasuke leaves the village to join Orochimaru's forces to obtain the power to kill Itachi, Naruto on his insistence and promise to Sakura becomes part of a rescue team to retrieve him.Naruto and Sasuke ultimately have a one-on-one battle, and after a close battle, Sasuke comes out as the victor. He, however can not bring himself to kill Naruto and instead leaves.The two go their separate ways, but Naruto does not give up on Sasuke, leaving with Jiraiya for two and half years to prepare himself for his next encounter with Sasuke and the Akatsuki. Part II After his two and a half years of training, Naruto returns to Konoha (the Leaf Village) and begins to deal more actively with the Akatsuki threat by saving Gaara from their clutches.To fight them, Naruto trains with Kakashi to infuse the Rasengan with his own wind-element chakra, creating the Wind Release: Rasenshuriken(風遁・螺旋手裏剣,Fūton: Rasenshuriken)attack that proves instrumental in the downfall of the Akatsuki",
"of the Akatsuki memberKakuzu.Despite being targeted by the Akatsuki, Naruto dedicates himself to finding and retrieving Sasuke, who eventually disposes of Orochimaru and starts acting on his vengeance-driven whims.Over time, though resisting the urge to use the creature's power, the Nine Tails's influence over him expands to the point where he begins to lose his rationality as more chakra manifests in the form of tails to the point the Tailed Beast can take control of his body. This ultimately causes him to go on a rampage, destroying everything in his path. After learning that Jiraiya has been killed by the Akatsuki leader,Pain, Naruto prepares for a future encounter by learning toad-style Senjutsu(仙術, lit. \"sage techniques\"), a power-enhancing ability involving the gathering of natural energy through stillness, while also perfecting Naruto's Rasenshuriken in the process.When they face off, Naruto is pinned to the ground with iron rods and loses control of the Fox's chakra when hisHinata Hyuganearly dies",
"Hyuganearly dies protecting him. At that time, Naruto meets his father Minato Namikaze within his subconscious and learns about his status as the Fourth Hokage and him being the one who sealed the Fox so that Naruto could use it to defeat the Akatsuki founderTobiwho was behind the Fox's attack on Konohagakure.With Minato stopping the Fox, Naruto regains control of his body, and defeats Pain. Learning that both are Jiraiya's students, Naruto convinces him to quit Akatsuki, seeking to take Jiraiya's path to create a better ninja world. When Naruto discovers Sasuke's plan to attack the Leaf Village, he decides to confront him in a battle which could end both their lives should Naruto be unable to save him.He prepares himself for the upcoming fight by becoming a student under the vessel of the Eight-Tails,Killer B, to take full control of Kurama's powers. He succeeds with help from his late mother, Kushina Uzumaki, who placed a chakra imprint of herself within the seal so when the time comes, she could have a",
"she could have a chance to see her son again.When Naruto learns that all his comrades are battling Tobi's army to protect him, he takes Killer B to join him in the battle, eventually cooperating with Kurama.As he fights, Naruto meetsHagoromo Ōtsutsuki, the Sage of the Six Paths, who grants him enhanced Senjutsu known as the Six Paths Senjutsu.After he and Sasuke join forces to face both Tobi and Madara who are using the Ten-Tails, they have to seal a bigger threat namedKaguya Ōtsutsuki, who is in her Ten-Tails form.After defeating and sealing Kaguya with the cooperation of the rest of Team 7, Naruto ends up having to fight Sasuke due to their conflicting views regarding the ninja world's future.As both end up losing an arm, Naruto and Sasuke reconcile.He receives a new arm created from the First Hokage's cells later.Years later, Naruto is married to Hinata with whom he has had two children –BorutoandHimawari Uzumaki. He becomes the Seventh Hokage(七代目火影,Nanadaime Hokage)in the epilogue. In theBorutoseries In",
"theBorutoseries In the spin-off mangaNaruto: The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring, Naruto and his allies go to defeat a new Akatsuki organization led by the so-called Uchiha known asShin Uchiha, as Sasuke fears Kaguya's allies might try to attack them.InBoruto: Naruto the Movie(2015), which takes place after the series' epilogue, Naruto's Hokage status strains his relationship with his son Boruto as his duties often kept him from his family. During the ninja examinations, Naruto is abducted by Kaguya's clanmates, Momoshiki and Kinshiki, and then saved by his son Boruto, Sasuke, and the Kage, before helping his son to destroy Momoshiki. Across this fight, Naruto and Boruto reconcile. InBoruto: Naruto Next Generations, the manga starts in a distant future where Naruto is implied to be dead or missing in action by an enemy of Boruto,Kawaki.In the anime before Boruto became a ninja, Naruto often made appearances with his new family.In the manga, a younger Kawaki is adopted by Naruto when the teenager",
"when the teenager becomes a fugitive from the group Kara.Naruto clashes with the members from Kara to protect his children,to which the village fears the Ōtsutsuki clan planning to attack again through Kara's members as well like Boruto and Kawaki who share a cursed mark known as Karma.In the fight against Kara's leader Isshiki Ōtsutsuki, Naruto and Kurama combine their chakra together at the cost of their possible death.In the aftermath, Kurama reveals that he lied to Naruto about this combination,knowing that he would refuse to use their newfound power if it meant that Kurama would die, and he goes to the afterlife. Naruto continues to fight against the remaining Kara members.Kawaki's desire to protect Naruto results in sending him alongside Hinata to another dimension where the two will be trapped without aging until he believes the current fights are over. In light novels Naruto also appears in the epiloguelight novelsof the series. In the first one, despite still not having obtained his prosthetic arm,",
"his prosthetic arm, goes on a mission with his friendSaito capture a dangerous ninja named Garyō.In the second one, he allies with Sunagakure ninjaTemari's team to find the missingShikamaru Narawho made a promise to him to work together once Naruto became the Hokage.He makes a brief appearance inSakura Hidenwhere he and Hinata try to aid Sakura from a group of enemies.InSasuke Hiden, he sends a message to Sasuke, which convinces him to return to Konohagakure.In the final one,Konoha Hiden, Naruto marries Hinata after asking his former mentor, Iruka Umino, to the place of his father for the wedding.A novel by Mirei Miyamoto focuses on Naruto's life as a father.Another novel,Naruto Retsuden, explores Naruto having falling to an illness as a result of relying on Kurama's chakra across his entire life. In other media As the series' title character, Naruto appears in everymovie in the series. He typically appears as the lead character on a mission with comrades from Konohagakure.Naruto: Shippūden the Moviemarks",
"the Moviemarks the first appearance of Naruto in his Part II form.InRoad to Ninja: Naruto the Movie, an alternate version of the character named Menma appears as the main antagonist of the film. InThe Last: Naruto the Movie, which takes place after the events of the series, Naruto faces Toneri Otsutsuki; at the movie's climax, Naruto and Hinata enter a relationship that eventually leads to their marriage.Kishimoto, the film's chief story supervisor, admitted that he was embarrassed writing romance scenes in the series.However, upon watching Naruto and Hinata share their first kiss, he felt a mixture of satisfaction and sadness due to the two characters'growthsinceNaruto's beginning; they had become like his own children. Naruto also appears in all fourOVAsproduced for the series: helping his friendKonohamaru Sarutobifind afour-leaf cloverin the first,escorting a ninja to his village and fighting the criminal who stole the village's \"Hero's Water\" in the second,participating in a tournament in the third, and",
"in the third, and working with Team 7 in the fourth.He appears as a supporting character in the spin-off manga titledRock Lee and his Ninja Palswhere his fellow Konohagakure ninja Rock Lee is the main character. Naruto is aplayable characterin theNarutovideo games. In several titles, it is possible toaccess a special versionof him enhanced with the power from the Nine-Tailed Fox. In several games from theUltimate Ninjaserieshe is playable with his own versions ofRock LeeandMight Guy's techniques while wearing their costumes.Naruto Shippūden: Gekitou Ninja Taisen EXmarks the first appearance of Naruto in his Part II form in a video game.For the series' 10th anniversary, Masashi Kishimoto drew an illustration of Naruto as Hokage.This portrayal of Naruto later appears as a secret character in the gameNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2.Naruto also appears in the iOS and Android mobile gameNaruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Blazing.He appears in severalcrossovervideo games that feature Naruto fighting against",
"fighting against characters from other manga; these games include:Battle Stadium D.O.N,Jump Super Stars,andJump Ultimate Stars.A Naruto avatar made a guest appearance in the MMORPGSecond Lifefor aJump Festapromotion titledJumpland@Second Life.InDragon Ball Z: Battle of ZNaruto's costume appears as an alternate costume for Goku.OutsideNaruto, the character also appeared in the first popularity poll from the mangaMy Hero AcademiabyKōhei Horikoshi.When theNarutomanga ended,Eiichiro Odadrew a cover of aOne Piecemanga chapter where Naruto is seen eating with theOne Piececharacters.Naruto was added toFortnite Battle Royalein November 2021. Naruto also makes an appearance inLive Spectacle Naruto(2015) andLive Spectacle Naruto: Song of the Akatsuki(2017), two stage plays based on the manga.Naruto is played by Koudai Matsouka. Reception Characterization and themes Naruto's character has received mostly positive critical response in printed and online publications. Praise was given by Joseph Szadkowski ofThe",
"Szadkowski ofThe Washington Timeswho noted that Naruto \"has become a pop-culture sensation.\"Naruto's character was analyzed byGameSpot's Joe Dodson who noted that despite having an \"ideal\" life, he still suffered from severe isolation,although he was praised for his optimistic personality by Carl Kimlinger ofAnime News Network(ANN).Writers for Mania Entertainment labeled him a \"good lead character\" with good overall development despite certain problems at the beginning.Christina Carpenter of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews disagreed with other writers, noting that while Naruto is a \"likable enough scamp\", his type of character has been done before in many anime and manga series.Yukari Fujimoto, a professor atMeiji University, sees Naruto himself as the manga's weakness.Manga authorNobuhiro Watsukicompared Naruto withHimura KenshinandMonkey D. Luffydue to how they follow the ideals of not killing their opponents.My Hero AcademiaauthorKōhei Horikoshipraised the portrayal of Naruto in the manga for his parallels with",
"his parallels with Sasuke with an early example being the protagonist's inferiority complex over his teammate for feeling weaker which leads to him stabbing himself in the hand to remember not to run away from his fears. Writing forPopular Culture in Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Play-Based Interventions, Lawrence Rubin states that while Naruto has an optimistic and hyperactive personality, the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox (Kurama) within his body symbolizes his negative emotions. He comments that Naruto has amalevolentattitude when dealing with intense conflicts and emotions. He also states that Naruto would use Kurama's chakra for battles he can not handle with his own chakra. Rubin further notes that the more Naruto uses Kurama's chakra, the more he puts his comrades and himself in danger. Rubin feels the reason Naruto is a troublemaker is because some villagers avoid him and others mistreat him. He states that children growing up in the real world who have development issues can relate to his character. Rubin",
"character. Rubin states that the search foracceptance, and being acknowledged by his peers is what motivates Naruto to keep going until he reaches his life's goal, becoming the Hokage. Rubin feels that Naruto's fights with enemies who try to bring harm to the Leaf Village further motivate him to become a powerfulshinobi, and a \"complete and mature person.\" Rubin concludes that Naruto's character development is similar to that of a modern Americanhero, the type who accidentally becomes better during a series and is able to build or restore peace. Christopher A. Born, writing forDOAJjournalASIANetwork Exchange, regards Naruto as a complexpost-modernhero, showing \"great heart.\" From Naruto's beginning, Born comments that the character is anuisance, suggesting Naruto is the very definition of the word, given how he is characterized in the series, including how he interacts, and his behavior. Born argues thatNarutoas a whole showsConfucian values, and that Naruto himself unsettlesharmony in society.Amy Plumb, a",
"Plumb, a PhD candidate atMacquarie University, states that Kishimoto used the mythology of thekitsunefor Naruto's development throughout the series. She notes that at the beginning of the series, Naruto was a prankster and always causing trouble, the same as the kitsune. Plumb describes the Kyuubi (Demon) seal on Naruto's stomach as acatalystfor how he develops.Writing forManga's Cultural Crossroads, Omote Tomoyuki compliments Naruto's character, saying that he has great ambition to achieve a tragic destiny. He comments how the character has matured over the course of the series, stating how after he became ashinobi, he had let go of his childish ways that happened in the beginning of the series, and how he rarely joked around in Part II of the series when he became a teenager.Franziska Ehmcke, professor of Japanese studies at Cologne University, theorized that Naruto was named after whirlpools of the sea landscape of theAwa no Naruto, and compared his behavior to that natural feature, as both figures have",
"both figures have uncontrollable energy within them.Mike Hale compared Naruto toBuffy SummersofBuffy the Vampire Slayer, praising the series' portrayal of childhood loneliness.Rik Spanjers regards Naruto's childishness as one of his strengths because it gives him a well of resoluteness from which to draw on in his goal to end the ninja wars.A study which looked at if readers could predict character types based on physical cues regarded Naruto as an ENFP (Myers-Briggs) character type, impulsive and spontaneous, finding afoilin the ISTJ-type Sasuke. Analysing Naruto'scoming-of-agestory,The Lawrentianfound that Naruto's development embodies the idea ofBildungsroman, the idea of how importance is Naruto's growth across the narrative needed to move on the arc. Due to lacking parenting as a result of his parents' age during his birth, Naruto's personality starts fragile. Unaware of them, Naruto seeks to accomplish his mother's wish of becoming a hero and leader of the village, the Hokage. While initially portrayed",
"initially portrayed as a weak character, Naruto finds strength in his mentors Kakashi and Jiraiya, another element common element inBildungsromanas well as his connections with Sakura and Sasuke. As a result of losing Jiraiya, Naruto seeks to accomplish his mentor's wish of ending wars and the cycling of hatred, making Kishimoto capable of embodying the character more with the reader while maturing in the process. As a result,The Lawrentianfinds that Naruto's character fills the concept ofBildungsroman, something other fictional characters fail to accomplish. Tejal Suhas Bagwe from Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Masters of Arts in English describes Jiraya's death as the \"loss of innocence\" Naruto goes through paralleling his life with Gaara, Sasuke or Madara. However, unlike these three characters who seek revenge and chaos for their losses, Naruto instead chooses another path derivative from these types of narrative, becoming more unique. Another aspect noted by the writer",
"noted by the writer in regard to Naruto's character is how he becomes Kurama's companion despite the creature bearing hatred towards mankind for being used, resulting into multiple references to Japanese mythology based on its name and the new skills Naruto acquires when befriending the fox.Similarly, Anime News Network stated that thanks to Naruto's newfound pacifism when dealing with his quest of revenge and the rejection to violence, the story managed to become a \"masterpiece\".Antônio Guilherme Bernardes Galletti fromUniversity of São PaulonotesBoruto: Naruto the Moviebecomes complex when the protagonist learns of the shinobi code his father and master use which was also compared to the samurais'bushidowhile developing a sense of individuality when deciding what to do with his life when growing up. Relationships His relationships with the other characters was described as appealing by IGN's Charles White and Jason Van Horn,most notably through his rivalry with Sasuke, as it shows \"signs of maturity\" in",
"of maturity\" in Naruto.However, his wish to retrieve Sasuke after the end of Part I was criticised because of his subsequent suffering.In a poll by Japanese pollster Charapedia, Naruto and Sasuke's rivalry reached the top place.Jacob Hope Chapman of ANN listed Naruto and Sasuke as one of \"Anime's Fiercest Frenemies\" considering their similarities and how they become friends after a mortal battle.His romantic involvement with other characters led to disputes as there were fans in favour of his relationship with Sakura Haruno, while others preferred Hinata Hyuga.His romance with Hinata in the filmThe Lastearned multiple positive reactions from the media. Some critics wishedThe Lastcould be condensed so that their relationship was the focus of the movie.In Charapedia polls, his love confession towards Hinata remained as one of the most popular ones.On a similar note, both McNulty and Andy Hanley from UK Anime Network enjoyed Naruto's relationship with his son Boruto due to the differences in their childhoods",
"in their childhoods and how that becomes the focus of the filmBoruto.His role inBoruto: Naruto Next Generationswas praised for his more mature personality as well as his relationship with the youngKawaki.Leroy Douresseaux expected Kawaki will have a major impact in Boruto's life in regard to his way of fighting. Combat Kimlinger of Anime News Network said that while Naruto's initial fight scenes are lacking conviction when compared to others, his encounter withGaarais one of his best moments because its tactics surpassed mostshōnenstereotypes.ANN's Theron Martin and Mania Entertainment's Justin Rich made similar comments.The character's final fight against Sasuke at the end of Part I attracted similar responses, due to the fighting styles employed, and the character development resulting from their rivalry.The enormous physical changes caused by the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox have also been the focus of critics, as Naruto's loss of control causes him to become a bigger threat to his loved ones than other series'",
"than other series' antagonists.Carlo Santos of ANN commented on the character's growth in Part II, specifically his fight against Pain in which Naruto's comments on peace, and the means by which it is achieved, touch on philosophical themes never seen in ashōnenseries.Chris Beveridge of Mania Entertainment noted a change in Naruto's attitude as he acts calmly and more seriously than in previous story arcs. Naruto's new Senjutsu style was praised, as was his careful preparation for the fight against Pain, which resulted in a detailed display of his skills.In regard to Naruto's fight against Sasuke, writers once again found depth in the handling of the rivals while also bringing a satisfying ending to the series.Amy McNulty of ANN also praised their final fight, expressing amazement at how brutal some scenes were since Naruto had become more of a pacifist than previous story arcs. Cultural impact In every officialWeekly Shōnen Jumppopularity poll of the series, Naruto ranks in the top five characters and took",
"characters and took the first place twice.In a poll from Anime! Anime!, Naruto and Sasuke as one of the best rivals turned into allies.and although he is a flawed and somewhat limited character by himself, that stubborn optimism of his makes for some great storytelling with other characters.\" In a Japanese TV special from August 2017, Naruto was voted as the 13th \"strongest hero\" from theHeisei Era.In the 2009 Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation Awards, Junko Takeuchi won Best Voice Actress (Japanese) for her work as Naruto.He continuously appeared inIGNpolls and the 2011Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition. The character has inspired other works including.hack's protagonist,Kite.andYuji ItadorifromJujutsu Kaisen; its author,Gege Akutami, enjoyed the story of how Naruto deals with a demon-like creature inside his body and decided to give Itadori a similar aura when eating the remains of the demonRyomen Sukunawhom he carries a poor relationship.CyberConnect2CEOHiroshi Matsuyamaalso participated",
"participated in the 2012Paris Marathonwhilecosplayingas Naruto to celebrating the release of a new video game.Matsuyama also said that Naruto's Rasenshuriken was his favorite technique in the entire series due to its sounds as well as how the character executes it.Upon seeing the final fight between Naruto and Sasuke inStorm 4, Matsuyama felt emotional over seeing the final fight between Naruto and Sasuke.Matsuyama further reflected the anime's 133rd episode to be one of his favorites not only for the action sequences between Naruto and Sasuke but also the emotional value displayed. Olympic medalistUsain Boltexpressed his love for Naruto and theNarutoseries several times through Instagram posts.The Shanghai New World mall made an announcement in the beginning of 2019 that it plans on opening an indoor theme park on its 11th floor which will be called \"Naruto World\". The theme park was 7,000 square meters in size and will be based on theNarutomanga.An officially authorized Ichiraku Ramen ramen noodle shop,",
"ramen noodle shop, based on Ichiraku Ramen from the anime, opened up in Shanghai's Global Harbor shopping mall in 2019.In June 2019, a life-size statue designed by Testuya Nishio was developed for display at the Wonder Festival 2019Shanghaievent.For the2020 Summer Olympics, Naruto's image was used as a character to represent the event. Narutohas had an influence on hip-hop music. Many rappers, both underground and mainstream have sprinkled Naruto references throughout their songs.RapperSki Mask the Slump Godstarts off the first verse of his songCatch me Outsidewith a reference to Naruto and his ninetails mode.Some artists go so far as revolving the theme of their entire album aroundNaruto, such asDave's albumSix Paths.in Dave's songWanna Know (Remix)the track art is a direct reference toNaruto.It features the title in the Naruto font and color scheme.SingerDiana Garnetexpressed her pleasure at recording one of the ending theme songs for the animated series ofNaruto Shippudenstating that not only she has been",
"only she has been a fan of the series ever since she was younger, but was also motivated by Naruto's character because of his determination not to give up no matter what challenge he faced.Similarly, in an analysis involvingstereotypes of African Americanscreated by the British newspaperThe Guardian, Naruto's character is viewed as relatable character due to prejudicial treatment the character receives early in the series. As a result, Naruto's life achievements he makes across the narrative, ending to his portrayal as the Seventh Hokage are seen as inspiring by the audience. Allega Frank fromPolygonnoted that during the start of both the manga and animeBoruto: Naruto Next Generations, multiple fans were worried in regard to a flashforward; in this sequence an older Boruto is facing an enemy named Kawaki who implies Naruto might be dead so his fate left them worried.In poll from 2021, Naruto was voted as the second best character fromBoruto: Naruto Next Generationsbehind his son.In the Crunchyroll Awards",
"Crunchyroll Awards from 2022, Naruto was nominated for \"Best Fight\" against Isshiki inBoruto: Naruto Next Generations. References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiraiya_(Naruto"
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Ysaires Restituyo was a volleyball player known for playing in the NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit. How much older was her partner in 2007 than her partner in 2009? | 2 years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysaires_Restituyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinthia_Pi%C3%B1eiro# | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Ligia_Fabian | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysaires_Restituyo', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinthia_Pi%C3%B1eiro#', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Ligia_Fabian'] | [
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Which actor in the movie Nadja has a Golden Palm Star on the Walk of Stars in Palm Springs, California? | Peter Fonda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadja_(film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs_Walk_of_Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fonda | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadja_(film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs_Walk_of_Stars', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fonda'] | [
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"Palm Springs Walk of Stars ThePalm Springs Walk of Starsis awalk of famein downtownPalm Springs, California, where \"Golden Palm Stars\", honoring various people who have lived in the greater Palm Springs area, are embedded in the sidewalk pavement. The walk includes portions of Palm Canyon Drive, Tahquitz Canyon Way, La Plaza Court andMuseum Drive. Among those honored arepresidents of the United States,showbusinesspersonalities, literary figures (authors, playwrights, screenwriters), pioneers and civic leaders (early settlers, tribal leaders, civic personalities), humanitarians andMedal of Honorrecipients. The Palm Springs Walk of Stars was established in 1992 by Gerhard Frenzel and Barbara Foster-Henderson. The first induction ceremony was held on February 26, 1992 and included Walk of Fame chairmanJohnny Grant. The first five Golden Palm Stars were dedicated toEarle C. Strebe,William Powell,Ruby Keeler,Charles FarrellandRalph Bellamy.: 13In May 2017, the Walk of Stars and the city of Palm Springs announced a temporary suspension on installing new stars while they reviewed the selection criteria.Additions resumed later that year. Honorees Medal of Honor recipients Five Medal of Honor recipients from theCoachella Valleywere honored during the 1999Veterans Dayholiday. Former presidents These formerpresidents of the United Stateslived in the Palm Springs area after their retirement. Showbusiness Palm Springs has been famous as a winter resort and second-home community for personalities in showbusiness. These honorees include actors, performers, directors, producers and cinematographers of film, radio, stage and television. Pioneers, civic leaders and other contributors Early pioneers and other contributors to the community are also honored. Literary These honorees include authors, playwrights, screenwriters, singers, composers and musicians. See also Notes References Further reading External links 33°49′23″N116°32′49″W / 33.82306°N 116.54694°W /33.82306; -116.54694",
"Peter Fonda Peter Henry Fonda(February 23, 1940 – August 16, 2019) was an American actor, film director, and screenwriter. He was a two-timeAcademy Awardnominee, both for acting and screenwriting, and a two-timeGolden Globe Awardwinner for his acting. He was a member of the Fonda acting family, as the son of actorHenry Fonda, the brother of actress and activistJane Fonda, and the father of actressBridget Fonda. Fonda began his career on stage, winning aNew York Drama Critics' Circle Awardand theTheatre World Awardfor his performance in the playBlood, Sweat and Stanley Poole. He became a prominent figure in thecounterculture of the 1960s,starring in and co-writing the filmEasy Rider(1969), which earned him an Oscar nomination forBest Original Screenplay. He then made his directorial debut with theRevisionist WesternfilmThe Hired Hand(1971), in which he also starred. During the following decade, he established himself as anaction star, appearing in a variety of productions includingDirty Mary, Crazy Larry(1974) andFutureworld(1976). Fonda achieved a major critical comeback with his starring role in the drama filmUlee's Gold(1997), receiving an Oscar nomination for Best Actor and aGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. He also won theGolden Globe for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television FilmforThe Passion of Ayn Rand(1999). In 2003, Fonda received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fameat 7018 Hollywood Blvd, for his contributions to the film industry. Early life Fonda was born bycaesarean sectionon February 23, 1940 atLeRoy Hospitalin New York City, the only son of actorHenry Fondaand socialiteFrances Ford Seymour; his older sister is actressJane Fonda.He and Jane had a half-sister, Frances de Villers Brokaw (1931–2008), from their mother's first marriage. Their mother committed suicide in a mental hospital when Peter, her youngest, was ten. He did not discover the circumstances or location of her death until he was fifteen. One month prior to his eleventh birthday, he accidentally shot himself in the abdomen and nearly died. He went to the hill station ofNainital, Indiaand stayed for a few months for recovery.Years later, while takingLSDwithJohn LennonandGeorge Harrison, he referred to this incident, saying, \"I know what it's like to be dead.\" This inspiredThe Beatles' song \"She Said She Said\". Peter attended the Fay School inSouthborough, Massachusetts, and was a member of the Class of 1954. He then matriculated inWestminster School, aConnecticutboarding school inSimsbury, where he graduated in 1958. Once he graduated, Fonda studied acting inOmaha, Nebraska, his father's hometown. While attending theUniversity of Nebraska-Omaha, Fonda joined theOmaha Community Playhouse. Career Early years and film work Upon his return to New York, Fonda joined the Cecilwood Theatre in 1960.Afterwards, he found work onBroadwayand gained notice inBlood, Sweat and Stanley Poole, written byJamesandWilliam Goldman, which ran for 84 performances in 1961. Fonda began guest starring on television shows likeNaked City,The New Breed,Wagon Train, andThe Defenders. Fonda's first film came when producerRoss Hunterwas looking for a new male actor to romanceSandra DeeinTammy and the Doctor(1963). He was cast in the role, in what was a minor hit.He followed this with a support part inThe Victors(1963), a bleak look at American soldiers in World War II, directed byCarl Foreman.Fonda's performance won him a Golden Globe Award for most promising newcomer. Fonda continued to work in television, guest starring inChanning,Arrest and Trial,The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, and12 O'Clock High. He also tested for the role ofJohn F. KennedyinPT-109.Fonda impressedRobert Rossenwho cast him in what would be Rossen's last movie,Lilith(1964), alongsideWarren Beatty,Jean SebergandGene Hackman. Fonda's performance was well reviewed. Shortly before dying, Rossen signed him to a seven-film contract which was to start with an adaptation ofBang the Drum Slowly.Fonda graduated to a starring role inThe Young Lovers(1964), about out-of-wedlock pregnancy, the sole directorial effort ofSamuel Goldwyn Jr. Counterculture figure and Roger Corman By the mid-1960s, Fonda was not a conventional \"leading man\" in Hollywood. AsPlayboymagazine reported, Fonda had established a \"solid reputation as a dropout\". He had become outwardly nonconformist and grew his hair long and took LSD regularly, alienating the \"establishment\" film industry. Desirable acting work became scarce.Through his friendships with members of the bandThe Byrds, Fonda visitedThe Beatlesin their rented house inBenedict Canyonin Los Angeles in August 1965. WhileJohn Lennon,Ringo Starr,George Harrison, and Fonda were under the influence ofLSD, Lennon heard Fonda say, \"I know what it's like to be dead.\" Lennon used the phrase in the lyrics for his song, \"She Said She Said\", which was included on their 1966 album,Revolver. In August 1966 Fonda was charged with possession of marijuana,and was later acquitted in December of that year.In November 1966 Fonda was arrested in theSunset Strip riot, which the police ended forcefully. The bandBuffalo Springfieldprotested the department's handling of the incident in their song \"For What It's Worth\". In 1967, Fonda recorded \"November Night\", a45-rpm singlewritten byGram Parsonsfor the Chisa label, backed with \"Catch the Wind\" byDonovan, produced byHugh Masekela. Fonda's first counterculture-oriented film role was as a biker inRoger Corman'sB movieThe Wild Angels(1966). Fonda originally was to supportGeorge Chakiris, but graduated to the lead when Chakiris revealed he could not ride a motorcycle. In the film, Fonda delivered a \"eulogy\" at a fallen Angel's funeral service. The movie was a big hit at the box office, screened at theVenice Film Festival, launched the biker movie genre, and established Peter Fonda as a movie name. Fonda made a television pilot,High Noon: The Clock Strikes Noon Again, filmed in December 1965. It was based on the filmHigh Noon(1952), starringGary Cooper, with Fonda in the Cooper role. However, it did not become a series. Fonda next played the male lead in Corman's filmThe Trip(1967), a take on the experience and \"consequences\" of consuming LSD, which was written byJack Nicholson. His co-stars includedSusan Strasberg,Bruce Dern, andDennis Hopper. The movie was a hit.Fonda then traveled to France to appear in theportmanteauhorror movieSpirits of the Dead(1968). His segment co-starred his sister Jane and was directed by her then-husbandRoger Vadim. For American television, he appeared in a movie,Certain Honorable Men(1968), alongsideVan Heflin, written byRod Serling. Easy Rider Fonda produced, co-wrote and starred inEasy Rider(1969), directed byDennis Hopper.Easy Rideris about two long-haired bikers traveling through thesouthwesternand southern United States where they encounter intolerance and violence. Fonda played \"Wyatt\",a charismatic, laconic man whose motorcycle jacket bore a largeAmerican flagacross the back.Dennis Hopperplayed the garrulous \"Billy\".Jack Nicholsonplayed George Hanson, an alcoholiccivil rightslawyer who rides along with them. Fonda co-wrote the screenplay withTerry Southernand Hopper. Fonda tried to secure financing from Roger Corman andAmerican International Pictures(AIP), with whom he had madeThe Wild AngelsandThe Trip, but they were reluctant to finance a film directed by Hopper. They succeeded in getting money fromColumbia Pictures. Hopper filmed the cross-country road trip depicted almost entirely on location. Fonda had secured funding of around $360,000, largely based on the fact he knew that it was the budgetRoger Cormanneeded to makeThe Wild Angels.The guitarist and composerRobbie Robertson, ofThe Band, was so moved by an advance screening that he approached Fonda and tried to convince him to let him write a complete score, even though the film was nearly due for wide release. Fonda declined the offer, instead usingSteppenwolf's \"Born to Be Wild\",Bob Dylan's \"It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)\" sung byThe Byrds'Roger McGuinn, and Robertson's own composition \"The Weight\", performed byThe Band, among many other tracks. The film was released to international success. Jack Nicholson was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar. Fonda, Hopper and Southern were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. The film grossed over $40 million. Director and action star After the success ofEasy Rider, both Hopper and Fonda were sought for film projects. Hopper directed the filmThe Last Movie(1971), in which Fonda co-starred along with singerMichelle PhillipsofThe Mamas and the Papas.Fonda directed and starred in theWesternfilmThe Hired Hand(1971). He took the lead role in a cast that also featuredWarren Oates,Verna BloomandBeat GenerationpoetMichael McClure. The film received mixed reviews and failed commercially upon its initial release, but many years later, in 2001, a fully restored version was shown at various film festivals and was re-released by theSundance Channelon DVD that same year in two separate editions. Fonda later directed the science fiction filmIdaho Transfer(1973). He did not appear in the film, and the film received mixed reviews upon its limited release. Around the same time, he co-starred withLindsay WagnerinTwo People(also 1973) for directorRobert Wise, in which he portrayed aVietnam Wardeserter. Fonda starred alongsideSusan Georgeand longtime-friend (and frequent co-star)Adam Roarkein the filmDirty Mary, Crazy Larry(1974), a film about twoNASCARhopefuls who execute a supermarket heist to finance their jump into big-time auto racing. The film was a box-office hit that year. It led to Fonda's making a series of action movies:Open Season(1974), withWilliam Holden;Race with the Devil(1975), fleeing devil worshippers with Warren Oates (another hit);92 in the Shade(1975), again with Oates, for writer-directorThomas McGuane;Killer Force(1976) for directorVal Guest;Futureworld(1976), a sequel toWestworld(1973), financed by AIP;Fighting Mad(1976), a reuniting with Roger Corman, directed byJonathan Demme. Outlaw Blues(1977) was a drama, with Fonda playing a musician oppositeSusan Saint James. After some more action withHigh-Ballin'(1978), Fonda returned to directing, with the controversial dramaWanda Nevada(1979), wherein the 39-year-old Fonda starred as the \"love\" interest of the then 13-year-oldBrooke Shields. His father,Henry Fonda, made a brief appearance as well, and it is the only film in which they performed together. 1980s and 1990s Fonda was top billed inThe Hostage Tower(1980), a television movie based on a story byAlistair MacLean. Fonda appeared in the hit filmThe Cannonball Run(1981) as the \"chief biker\", a tongue-in-cheek nod to his earlier motorcycle films. He also played a charismatic cult leader inSplit Image(1982), a film that also starredJames Woods,Karen AllenandBrian Dennehy. Despite the strong cast and positive reviews, the film failed to find an audience. Fonda later appeared in a series of films in the 1980s of varying genres —Daijōbu, My Friend(1983), shot in Japan;Dance of the Dwarfs(1983);Peppermint Peace(1983), shot in Germany;Spasms(1983), a Canadian horror film withOliver Reed;A Reason to Live(1985), a TV movie;Certain Fury(1985), withTatum O'Neal;Mercenary Fighters(1988);Hawken's Breed(1988), a Western;Sound(1988);Gli indifferenti(1989) withLiv Ullmann; andThe Rose Garden(1989). In the early 1990s Fonda also contributed to the script ofEnemy(1990), in which he starred. He had the lead inFamily Express(1991) andSouth Beach(1993), but then drifted into supporting roles in many independent films:Deadfall(1993), directed byChristopher Coppola;Bodies, Rest & Motion(1993), starring his daughter Bridget;Molly & Gina(1994) withFrances FisherandNatasha Gregson;Love and a .45(1994) withRenée Zellweger;Nadja(1994), produced byDavid Lynch. He had a good supporting role inEscape from L.A.(1996) fromJohn Carpenterand was inDon't Look Back(1996). He also guest starred onIn the Heat of the Night. After years of films of varying success, Fonda received high-profile critical recognition and universal praise for his performance inUlee's Gold(1997). He portrayed a taciturn North Florida beekeeper and Vietnam veteran who tries to save his son and granddaughter from a life of drug abuse. For his performance, he was nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actor. He had the lead inPainted Hero(1997). In 1998, Fonda starred in the TV movieThe Tempest, based in part onWilliam Shakespeare'splay of the same name. It was directed by Jack Bender and starred Fonda,John Glover,Harold Perrineau, andKatherine Heigl. He playedFrank O'ConnorinThe Passion of Ayn Rand(1998), a performance for which he receiveda Golden Globe Awardin 2000,then appeared in the crime filmThe Limey(1999) as Terry Valentine, an aging rock music producer who accidentally kills his younger girlfriend. The film was directed bySteven Soderbergh. Fonda wrote an autobiography,Don't Tell Dad(1998). In the 1990s, Fonda appeared in an advertisement forAmerican Express. 2000s Fonda's work in the 2000s included parts inSouth of Heaven, West of Hell(2000),Second Skin(2000),Thomas and the Magic Railroad(2000)Wooly Boys(2001),The Laramie Project(2001),The Maldonado Miracle(2003),Capital City(2004),The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things(2004),A Thief of Time(2004),Back When We Were Grownups(2004),Supernova(2005), andEl cobrador: In God We Trust(2006). In 2002, Fonda was inducted into theAMAMotorcycle Hall of Fame. In 2004, he provided the voice of aginghippieweed grower \"The Truth\" inGrand Theft Auto: San Andreas, which was one of thebest-sellingvideo games of all time. In a 2007 interview, Fonda said that riding motorcycles helped him to focus, stating, I ride anMV Agusta. This is an Italian racing motorcycle. It forces focus. You have to be focused and in my life, in this business, focus is hard to find sometimes. So I need to force focus and that's great. The bike takes you on a free road. There's no fences on the roads I ride and I don't ride freeways. That's as much as I can tell you, because there are more lands waiting for this little Christian boy. That's not true. I'm an atheist, but what the heck. Fonda made a return to the big screen as thebounty hunterByron McElroy in3:10 to Yuma(2007), a remake of the1957 Western. He appeared withChristian BaleandRussell Crowe. The film received two Academy Award nominations and positive reviews from critics. He also appeared in the last scenes of the biker comedyWild Hogsas Damien Blade, founder of the biker gang Del Fuegos and father of Jack, played byRay Liotta. Fonda also portrayedMephistopheles, one of two main villains in the filmGhost Rider(also 2007). Although he wanted to play the character inthe sequel, he was replaced byCiarán Hinds. He appeared inJourney to the Center of the Earth(2008),Japan(2008), andThe Perfect Age of Rock 'n' Roll(2009) and as \"The Roman\", the main villain inThe Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day(also 2009), the sequel toThe Boondock Saints. Fonda also appeared on the television seriesCalifornication. Later career Fonda's later appearances includeAmerican Bandits: Frank and Jesse James(2010) forFred Olen Ray;The Trouble with Bliss(2011); episodes ofCSI: NY;Smitty(2012);Harodim(2012);As Cool as I Am(2013);Copperhead(2013);The Ultimate Life(2013);The Harvest(2013);HR(2014);House of Bodies(2014);Jesse James: Lawman(2015);The Runner(2015) withNicolas Cage;The Ballad of Lefty Brown(2017);The Most Hated Woman in America(2017);Borderland(2017);You Can't Say No(2018); andBoundaries(2018) withChristopher Plummer. He was an executive producer of the documentaryThe Big Fix(2012). His final portrayal was in theVietnam WarmovieThe Last Full Measure, whose directorTodd Robinson, has recounted that Peter Fonda was able to view that film in its entirety before his death, and got emotional upon viewing it. Honors In 2000, a Golden Palm Star on thePalm Springs, California,Walk of Starswas dedicated to him. Personal life Fonda was married three times, he married his first wife Susan Brewer in 1961; together they had two children,Bridgetand Justin.They divorced in 1974 after 13 years of marriage.Fonda married his second wife Portia Rebecca Crockett, in 1975.The marriage lasted for 36 years until they divorced in 2011.Fonda married his third wife Margaret DeVogelaere, in 2011.The marriage lasted for eight years until Fonda's death in 2019. Political views In 2011, Fonda andTim RobbinsproducedThe Big Fix, a documentary that examined the role ofBPin theDeepwater Horizon oil spilland its effects on theGulf of Mexico. At a press conference at theCannes Film Festival, Fonda stated that he had written to PresidentBarack Obamaabout the spill and attacked him as a \"fucking traitor\" for allowing \"foreign boots on our soil telling our military—in this case theCoast Guard—what they can and could not do, and telling us, the citizens of the United States, what we could or could not do.'\" In June 2018, Fonda went onTwitterto criticize PresidentDonald Trump's administration's enforcement of U.S. immigration policy byJeff Sessionsfor separating children from their parents at the Mexican border, writing that \"We should ripBarron Trumpfrom the arms of First LadyMelania Trumpand put him in a cage withpedophiles.\"He also suggested that Americans should seek out names ofU.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcementagents in order to protest outside of their homes and the schools of their children.TheSecret Serviceopened an investigation based on a report from the Trump family.Huckabee's daughter, White House Press Secretary,Sarah Huckabee Sanders, was also the object of Fonda'stweets, in which he suggested that \"Maybe we should take her (Sanders') children away...\" In another later deleted tweet, Fonda targetedUnited States Department of Homeland SecuritySecretaryKirstjen Nielsenby calling her a \"vulgar\" name and calling for Nielsen to be \"put in a cage and poked at by passersby ...\" Fonda stated that he deleted his tweet regarding Barron Trump, saying that he \"immediately regretted it and sincerely apologize to the family for what I said and any hurt my words have caused.\"Backlash to Fonda's tweets resulted in a call for a boycott of his newest film,Boundaries, and other Sony projects.Sony Pictures releasedBoundariesas planned on June 22, 2018,but released a statement stating that Fonda's comments \"are abhorrent, reckless and dangerous, and we condemn them completely.\" Death Fonda died from respiratory failure caused bylung cancerat his home inLos Angeleson August 16, 2019, at the age of 79. Following Fonda's death, his older sisterJane Fondamade the following statement: \"I am very sad. He was my sweet-hearted baby younger brother, the talker of the family. I have had beautiful alone time with him these last days. He went out laughing.\" Awards and nominations References Further reading External links"
] | [
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"Palm Springs Walk of Stars ThePalm Springs Walk of Starsis awalk of famein downtownPalm Springs, California, where \"Golden Palm Stars\", honoring various people who have lived in the greater Palm Springs area, are embedded in the sidewalk pavement. The walk includes portions of Palm Canyon Drive, Tahquitz Canyon Way, La Plaza Court andMuseum Drive. Among those honored arepresidents of the United States,showbusinesspersonalities, literary figures (authors, playwrights, screenwriters), pioneers and civic leaders (early settlers, tribal leaders, civic personalities), humanitarians andMedal of Honorrecipients. The Palm Springs Walk of Stars was established in 1992 by Gerhard Frenzel and Barbara Foster-Henderson. The first induction ceremony was held on February 26, 1992 and included Walk of Fame chairmanJohnny Grant. The first five Golden Palm Stars were dedicated toEarle C. Strebe,William Powell,Ruby Keeler,Charles FarrellandRalph Bellamy.: 13In May 2017, the Walk of Stars and the city of Palm Springs announced a",
"Springs announced a temporary suspension on installing new stars while they reviewed the selection criteria.Additions resumed later that year. Honorees Medal of Honor recipients Five Medal of Honor recipients from theCoachella Valleywere honored during the 1999Veterans Dayholiday. Former presidents These formerpresidents of the United Stateslived in the Palm Springs area after their retirement. Showbusiness Palm Springs has been famous as a winter resort and second-home community for personalities in showbusiness. These honorees include actors, performers, directors, producers and cinematographers of film, radio, stage and television. Pioneers, civic leaders and other contributors Early pioneers and other contributors to the community are also honored. Literary These honorees include authors, playwrights, screenwriters, singers, composers and musicians. See also Notes References Further reading External links 33°49′23″N116°32′49″W / 33.82306°N 116.54694°W /33.82306; -116.54694",
"Peter Fonda Peter Henry Fonda(February 23, 1940 – August 16, 2019) was an American actor, film director, and screenwriter. He was a two-timeAcademy Awardnominee, both for acting and screenwriting, and a two-timeGolden Globe Awardwinner for his acting. He was a member of the Fonda acting family, as the son of actorHenry Fonda, the brother of actress and activistJane Fonda, and the father of actressBridget Fonda. Fonda began his career on stage, winning aNew York Drama Critics' Circle Awardand theTheatre World Awardfor his performance in the playBlood, Sweat and Stanley Poole. He became a prominent figure in thecounterculture of the 1960s,starring in and co-writing the filmEasy Rider(1969), which earned him an Oscar nomination forBest Original Screenplay. He then made his directorial debut with theRevisionist WesternfilmThe Hired Hand(1971), in which he also starred. During the following decade, he established himself as anaction star, appearing in a variety of productions includingDirty Mary, Crazy Larry(1974)",
"Crazy Larry(1974) andFutureworld(1976). Fonda achieved a major critical comeback with his starring role in the drama filmUlee's Gold(1997), receiving an Oscar nomination for Best Actor and aGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. He also won theGolden Globe for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television FilmforThe Passion of Ayn Rand(1999). In 2003, Fonda received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fameat 7018 Hollywood Blvd, for his contributions to the film industry. Early life Fonda was born bycaesarean sectionon February 23, 1940 atLeRoy Hospitalin New York City, the only son of actorHenry Fondaand socialiteFrances Ford Seymour; his older sister is actressJane Fonda.He and Jane had a half-sister, Frances de Villers Brokaw (1931–2008), from their mother's first marriage. Their mother committed suicide in a mental hospital when Peter, her youngest, was ten. He did not discover the circumstances or location of her death until he was fifteen. One month prior to his eleventh",
"to his eleventh birthday, he accidentally shot himself in the abdomen and nearly died. He went to the hill station ofNainital, Indiaand stayed for a few months for recovery.Years later, while takingLSDwithJohn LennonandGeorge Harrison, he referred to this incident, saying, \"I know what it's like to be dead.\" This inspiredThe Beatles' song \"She Said She Said\". Peter attended the Fay School inSouthborough, Massachusetts, and was a member of the Class of 1954. He then matriculated inWestminster School, aConnecticutboarding school inSimsbury, where he graduated in 1958. Once he graduated, Fonda studied acting inOmaha, Nebraska, his father's hometown. While attending theUniversity of Nebraska-Omaha, Fonda joined theOmaha Community Playhouse. Career Early years and film work Upon his return to New York, Fonda joined the Cecilwood Theatre in 1960.Afterwards, he found work onBroadwayand gained notice inBlood, Sweat and Stanley Poole, written byJamesandWilliam Goldman, which ran for 84 performances in 1961. Fonda",
"in 1961. Fonda began guest starring on television shows likeNaked City,The New Breed,Wagon Train, andThe Defenders. Fonda's first film came when producerRoss Hunterwas looking for a new male actor to romanceSandra DeeinTammy and the Doctor(1963). He was cast in the role, in what was a minor hit.He followed this with a support part inThe Victors(1963), a bleak look at American soldiers in World War II, directed byCarl Foreman.Fonda's performance won him a Golden Globe Award for most promising newcomer. Fonda continued to work in television, guest starring inChanning,Arrest and Trial,The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, and12 O'Clock High. He also tested for the role ofJohn F. KennedyinPT-109.Fonda impressedRobert Rossenwho cast him in what would be Rossen's last movie,Lilith(1964), alongsideWarren Beatty,Jean SebergandGene Hackman. Fonda's performance was well reviewed. Shortly before dying, Rossen signed him to a seven-film contract which was to start with an adaptation ofBang the Drum Slowly.Fonda graduated to a",
"graduated to a starring role inThe Young Lovers(1964), about out-of-wedlock pregnancy, the sole directorial effort ofSamuel Goldwyn Jr. Counterculture figure and Roger Corman By the mid-1960s, Fonda was not a conventional \"leading man\" in Hollywood. AsPlayboymagazine reported, Fonda had established a \"solid reputation as a dropout\". He had become outwardly nonconformist and grew his hair long and took LSD regularly, alienating the \"establishment\" film industry. Desirable acting work became scarce.Through his friendships with members of the bandThe Byrds, Fonda visitedThe Beatlesin their rented house inBenedict Canyonin Los Angeles in August 1965. WhileJohn Lennon,Ringo Starr,George Harrison, and Fonda were under the influence ofLSD, Lennon heard Fonda say, \"I know what it's like to be dead.\" Lennon used the phrase in the lyrics for his song, \"She Said She Said\", which was included on their 1966 album,Revolver. In August 1966 Fonda was charged with possession of marijuana,and was later acquitted in December",
"in December of that year.In November 1966 Fonda was arrested in theSunset Strip riot, which the police ended forcefully. The bandBuffalo Springfieldprotested the department's handling of the incident in their song \"For What It's Worth\". In 1967, Fonda recorded \"November Night\", a45-rpm singlewritten byGram Parsonsfor the Chisa label, backed with \"Catch the Wind\" byDonovan, produced byHugh Masekela. Fonda's first counterculture-oriented film role was as a biker inRoger Corman'sB movieThe Wild Angels(1966). Fonda originally was to supportGeorge Chakiris, but graduated to the lead when Chakiris revealed he could not ride a motorcycle. In the film, Fonda delivered a \"eulogy\" at a fallen Angel's funeral service. The movie was a big hit at the box office, screened at theVenice Film Festival, launched the biker movie genre, and established Peter Fonda as a movie name. Fonda made a television pilot,High Noon: The Clock Strikes Noon Again, filmed in December 1965. It was based on the filmHigh Noon(1952), starringGary",
"starringGary Cooper, with Fonda in the Cooper role. However, it did not become a series. Fonda next played the male lead in Corman's filmThe Trip(1967), a take on the experience and \"consequences\" of consuming LSD, which was written byJack Nicholson. His co-stars includedSusan Strasberg,Bruce Dern, andDennis Hopper. The movie was a hit.Fonda then traveled to France to appear in theportmanteauhorror movieSpirits of the Dead(1968). His segment co-starred his sister Jane and was directed by her then-husbandRoger Vadim. For American television, he appeared in a movie,Certain Honorable Men(1968), alongsideVan Heflin, written byRod Serling. Easy Rider Fonda produced, co-wrote and starred inEasy Rider(1969), directed byDennis Hopper.Easy Rideris about two long-haired bikers traveling through thesouthwesternand southern United States where they encounter intolerance and violence. Fonda played \"Wyatt\",a charismatic, laconic man whose motorcycle jacket bore a largeAmerican flagacross the back.Dennis Hopperplayed the",
"Hopperplayed the garrulous \"Billy\".Jack Nicholsonplayed George Hanson, an alcoholiccivil rightslawyer who rides along with them. Fonda co-wrote the screenplay withTerry Southernand Hopper. Fonda tried to secure financing from Roger Corman andAmerican International Pictures(AIP), with whom he had madeThe Wild AngelsandThe Trip, but they were reluctant to finance a film directed by Hopper. They succeeded in getting money fromColumbia Pictures. Hopper filmed the cross-country road trip depicted almost entirely on location. Fonda had secured funding of around $360,000, largely based on the fact he knew that it was the budgetRoger Cormanneeded to makeThe Wild Angels.The guitarist and composerRobbie Robertson, ofThe Band, was so moved by an advance screening that he approached Fonda and tried to convince him to let him write a complete score, even though the film was nearly due for wide release. Fonda declined the offer, instead usingSteppenwolf's \"Born to Be Wild\",Bob Dylan's \"It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only",
"Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)\" sung byThe Byrds'Roger McGuinn, and Robertson's own composition \"The Weight\", performed byThe Band, among many other tracks. The film was released to international success. Jack Nicholson was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar. Fonda, Hopper and Southern were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. The film grossed over $40 million. Director and action star After the success ofEasy Rider, both Hopper and Fonda were sought for film projects. Hopper directed the filmThe Last Movie(1971), in which Fonda co-starred along with singerMichelle PhillipsofThe Mamas and the Papas.Fonda directed and starred in theWesternfilmThe Hired Hand(1971). He took the lead role in a cast that also featuredWarren Oates,Verna BloomandBeat GenerationpoetMichael McClure. The film received mixed reviews and failed commercially upon its initial release, but many years later, in 2001, a fully restored version was shown at various film festivals and was re-released by theSundance",
"by theSundance Channelon DVD that same year in two separate editions. Fonda later directed the science fiction filmIdaho Transfer(1973). He did not appear in the film, and the film received mixed reviews upon its limited release. Around the same time, he co-starred withLindsay WagnerinTwo People(also 1973) for directorRobert Wise, in which he portrayed aVietnam Wardeserter. Fonda starred alongsideSusan Georgeand longtime-friend (and frequent co-star)Adam Roarkein the filmDirty Mary, Crazy Larry(1974), a film about twoNASCARhopefuls who execute a supermarket heist to finance their jump into big-time auto racing. The film was a box-office hit that year. It led to Fonda's making a series of action movies:Open Season(1974), withWilliam Holden;Race with the Devil(1975), fleeing devil worshippers with Warren Oates (another hit);92 in the Shade(1975), again with Oates, for writer-directorThomas McGuane;Killer Force(1976) for directorVal Guest;Futureworld(1976), a sequel toWestworld(1973), financed by AIP;Fighting",
"by AIP;Fighting Mad(1976), a reuniting with Roger Corman, directed byJonathan Demme. Outlaw Blues(1977) was a drama, with Fonda playing a musician oppositeSusan Saint James. After some more action withHigh-Ballin'(1978), Fonda returned to directing, with the controversial dramaWanda Nevada(1979), wherein the 39-year-old Fonda starred as the \"love\" interest of the then 13-year-oldBrooke Shields. His father,Henry Fonda, made a brief appearance as well, and it is the only film in which they performed together. 1980s and 1990s Fonda was top billed inThe Hostage Tower(1980), a television movie based on a story byAlistair MacLean. Fonda appeared in the hit filmThe Cannonball Run(1981) as the \"chief biker\", a tongue-in-cheek nod to his earlier motorcycle films. He also played a charismatic cult leader inSplit Image(1982), a film that also starredJames Woods,Karen AllenandBrian Dennehy. Despite the strong cast and positive reviews, the film failed to find an audience. Fonda later appeared in a series of films in the",
"of films in the 1980s of varying genres —Daijōbu, My Friend(1983), shot in Japan;Dance of the Dwarfs(1983);Peppermint Peace(1983), shot in Germany;Spasms(1983), a Canadian horror film withOliver Reed;A Reason to Live(1985), a TV movie;Certain Fury(1985), withTatum O'Neal;Mercenary Fighters(1988);Hawken's Breed(1988), a Western;Sound(1988);Gli indifferenti(1989) withLiv Ullmann; andThe Rose Garden(1989). In the early 1990s Fonda also contributed to the script ofEnemy(1990), in which he starred. He had the lead inFamily Express(1991) andSouth Beach(1993), but then drifted into supporting roles in many independent films:Deadfall(1993), directed byChristopher Coppola;Bodies, Rest & Motion(1993), starring his daughter Bridget;Molly & Gina(1994) withFrances FisherandNatasha Gregson;Love and a .45(1994) withRenée Zellweger;Nadja(1994), produced byDavid Lynch. He had a good supporting role inEscape from L.A.(1996) fromJohn Carpenterand was inDon't Look Back(1996). He also guest starred onIn the Heat of the Night.",
"Heat of the Night. After years of films of varying success, Fonda received high-profile critical recognition and universal praise for his performance inUlee's Gold(1997). He portrayed a taciturn North Florida beekeeper and Vietnam veteran who tries to save his son and granddaughter from a life of drug abuse. For his performance, he was nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actor. He had the lead inPainted Hero(1997). In 1998, Fonda starred in the TV movieThe Tempest, based in part onWilliam Shakespeare'splay of the same name. It was directed by Jack Bender and starred Fonda,John Glover,Harold Perrineau, andKatherine Heigl. He playedFrank O'ConnorinThe Passion of Ayn Rand(1998), a performance for which he receiveda Golden Globe Awardin 2000,then appeared in the crime filmThe Limey(1999) as Terry Valentine, an aging rock music producer who accidentally kills his younger girlfriend. The film was directed bySteven Soderbergh. Fonda wrote an autobiography,Don't Tell Dad(1998). In the 1990s, Fonda appeared in an",
"appeared in an advertisement forAmerican Express. 2000s Fonda's work in the 2000s included parts inSouth of Heaven, West of Hell(2000),Second Skin(2000),Thomas and the Magic Railroad(2000)Wooly Boys(2001),The Laramie Project(2001),The Maldonado Miracle(2003),Capital City(2004),The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things(2004),A Thief of Time(2004),Back When We Were Grownups(2004),Supernova(2005), andEl cobrador: In God We Trust(2006). In 2002, Fonda was inducted into theAMAMotorcycle Hall of Fame. In 2004, he provided the voice of aginghippieweed grower \"The Truth\" inGrand Theft Auto: San Andreas, which was one of thebest-sellingvideo games of all time. In a 2007 interview, Fonda said that riding motorcycles helped him to focus, stating, I ride anMV Agusta. This is an Italian racing motorcycle. It forces focus. You have to be focused and in my life, in this business, focus is hard to find sometimes. So I need to force focus and that's great. The bike takes you on a free road. There's no fences on the roads I",
"on the roads I ride and I don't ride freeways. That's as much as I can tell you, because there are more lands waiting for this little Christian boy. That's not true. I'm an atheist, but what the heck. Fonda made a return to the big screen as thebounty hunterByron McElroy in3:10 to Yuma(2007), a remake of the1957 Western. He appeared withChristian BaleandRussell Crowe. The film received two Academy Award nominations and positive reviews from critics. He also appeared in the last scenes of the biker comedyWild Hogsas Damien Blade, founder of the biker gang Del Fuegos and father of Jack, played byRay Liotta. Fonda also portrayedMephistopheles, one of two main villains in the filmGhost Rider(also 2007). Although he wanted to play the character inthe sequel, he was replaced byCiarán Hinds. He appeared inJourney to the Center of the Earth(2008),Japan(2008), andThe Perfect Age of Rock 'n' Roll(2009) and as \"The Roman\", the main villain inThe Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day(also 2009), the sequel toThe Boondock",
"toThe Boondock Saints. Fonda also appeared on the television seriesCalifornication. Later career Fonda's later appearances includeAmerican Bandits: Frank and Jesse James(2010) forFred Olen Ray;The Trouble with Bliss(2011); episodes ofCSI: NY;Smitty(2012);Harodim(2012);As Cool as I Am(2013);Copperhead(2013);The Ultimate Life(2013);The Harvest(2013);HR(2014);House of Bodies(2014);Jesse James: Lawman(2015);The Runner(2015) withNicolas Cage;The Ballad of Lefty Brown(2017);The Most Hated Woman in America(2017);Borderland(2017);You Can't Say No(2018); andBoundaries(2018) withChristopher Plummer. He was an executive producer of the documentaryThe Big Fix(2012). His final portrayal was in theVietnam WarmovieThe Last Full Measure, whose directorTodd Robinson, has recounted that Peter Fonda was able to view that film in its entirety before his death, and got emotional upon viewing it. Honors In 2000, a Golden Palm Star on thePalm Springs, California,Walk of Starswas dedicated to him. Personal life Fonda was married",
"Fonda was married three times, he married his first wife Susan Brewer in 1961; together they had two children,Bridgetand Justin.They divorced in 1974 after 13 years of marriage.Fonda married his second wife Portia Rebecca Crockett, in 1975.The marriage lasted for 36 years until they divorced in 2011.Fonda married his third wife Margaret DeVogelaere, in 2011.The marriage lasted for eight years until Fonda's death in 2019. Political views In 2011, Fonda andTim RobbinsproducedThe Big Fix, a documentary that examined the role ofBPin theDeepwater Horizon oil spilland its effects on theGulf of Mexico. At a press conference at theCannes Film Festival, Fonda stated that he had written to PresidentBarack Obamaabout the spill and attacked him as a \"fucking traitor\" for allowing \"foreign boots on our soil telling our military—in this case theCoast Guard—what they can and could not do, and telling us, the citizens of the United States, what we could or could not do.'\" In June 2018, Fonda went onTwitterto criticize",
"criticize PresidentDonald Trump's administration's enforcement of U.S. immigration policy byJeff Sessionsfor separating children from their parents at the Mexican border, writing that \"We should ripBarron Trumpfrom the arms of First LadyMelania Trumpand put him in a cage withpedophiles.\"He also suggested that Americans should seek out names ofU.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcementagents in order to protest outside of their homes and the schools of their children.TheSecret Serviceopened an investigation based on a report from the Trump family.Huckabee's daughter, White House Press Secretary,Sarah Huckabee Sanders, was also the object of Fonda'stweets, in which he suggested that \"Maybe we should take her (Sanders') children away...\" In another later deleted tweet, Fonda targetedUnited States Department of Homeland SecuritySecretaryKirstjen Nielsenby calling her a \"vulgar\" name and calling for Nielsen to be \"put in a cage and poked at by passersby ...\" Fonda stated that he deleted his tweet regarding Barron",
"regarding Barron Trump, saying that he \"immediately regretted it and sincerely apologize to the family for what I said and any hurt my words have caused.\"Backlash to Fonda's tweets resulted in a call for a boycott of his newest film,Boundaries, and other Sony projects.Sony Pictures releasedBoundariesas planned on June 22, 2018,but released a statement stating that Fonda's comments \"are abhorrent, reckless and dangerous, and we condemn them completely.\" Death Fonda died from respiratory failure caused bylung cancerat his home inLos Angeleson August 16, 2019, at the age of 79. Following Fonda's death, his older sisterJane Fondamade the following statement: \"I am very sad. He was my sweet-hearted baby younger brother, the talker of the family. I have had beautiful alone time with him these last days. He went out laughing.\" Awards and nominations References Further reading External links"
] |
What is the Chinese name for the bodhisattva that the Sensoji temple is dedicated to? | Guanyin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens%C5%8D-ji | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens%C5%8D-ji', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens%C5%8D-ji",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara"
] | [
"Sensō-ji Sensō-ji(ⓘ,浅草寺, officiallyKinryū-zan Sensō-ji(金龍山浅草寺), also known asAsakusa Kannon(浅草観音)), is an ancientBuddhist templeinAsakusa, Tokyo, Japan. It is Tokyo's oldest-established temple, and one of its most significant. It is dedicated toKannon, thebodhisattvaof compassion. Structures in the temple complex include the main hall, a five-story pagoda and large gates. It is the most widely visited religious site in the world with over 30 million visitors annually. The temple was destroyed during a10 March 1945 firebombing air raid on Tokyoduring World War II. The main hall was rebuilt in the 1950s. Formerly associated with theTendaisectofBuddhism, the temple became independent after the war. Leading to it is Nakamise-dōri street, containing many shops with traditional goods.Adjacent to the east of Sensō-ji is theAsakusa Shrineof theShintoreligion. History The temple is dedicated to thebodhisattvaKannon(Avalokiteśvara). According to legend, a statue of the Kannon was found in theSumida Riverin 628 AD by two fishermen, brothers Hinokuma Hamanari and Hinokuma Takenari. The chief of their village, Hajino Nakamoto, recognized the sanctity of the statue and enshrined it by remodeling his own house into a small temple in Asakusa so that the villagers could worship Kannon. The first temple was founded in 645 AD, which makes it the oldest-established temple in Tokyo.In the early years of theTokugawa shogunate,Tokugawa Ieyasudesignated Sensō-ji astutelary templeof theTokugawa clan. During World War II, the temple was destroyed during the10 March 1945 firebombing air raid on Tokyo. The main hall was rebuilt in 1951–58and has been perceived as a symbol of rebirth and peace by Japanese people. In the courtyard there is a tree that was hit by a bomb in the air raids, and it had regrown in the husk of the old tree and is a similar symbol as the temple itself.The temple now has a titanium tiled roof that maintains a historic image but is stronger and lighter.TheKaminarimongate was rebuilt in 1960, theHōzōmongate in 1964, and the pagoda in 1973. TheNishinomiya Inari shrinewas located within the precincts of Sensō-ji and atoriiidentified the entry into the hallowed ground of the shrine. A bronze plaque on the gateway structure listed those who contributed to the construction of the torii, which was erected in 1727 (Kyōhō12, 11th month).After theMeiji governmentordered theseparation of Shinto and Buddhismin 1868, the Inari shrine was moved to the grounds of theAsakusa Shrine, where it was destroyed in the 10 March 1945 firebombing. Temple grounds Sensō-ji is the focus of Tokyo's largest and most popularfestival,Sanja Matsuri. This takes place over 3 to 4 days in late spring, and sees the surrounding streets closed to traffic from dawn until late evening. Dominating the entrance to the temple is theKaminarimonor \"Thunder Gate\". This imposing Buddhist structure features a massive paper lantern dramatically painted in vivid red-and-black tones to suggest thunderclouds and lightning. Beyond the Kaminarimon is Nakamise-dori with its shops, followed by theHōzōmonor \"Treasure House Gate\", which provides the entrance to the inner complex. Within the precincts stand a stately five-storypagodaand the main hall, devoted to Kannon. Many tourists, both Japanese and from abroad, visit Sensō-ji every year. Catering to the visiting crowds, the surrounding area has many traditional shops and eating places that feature traditional dishes (hand-made noodles, sushi, tempura, etc.). Nakamise-Dori, the street leading from the Thunder Gate to the temple itself, is lined with small shops selling souvenirs ranging from fans,ukiyo-e(woodblock prints),kimonoand other robes, Buddhist scrolls, traditional sweets, toGodzillatoys, t-shirts and mobile phone straps. These shops themselves are part of a living tradition of selling to pilgrims who walked to Sensō-ji. Within the temple itself, and also at many places on its approach, there areo-mikujistalls. For a suggested donation of 100 yen, visitors may consult the oracle and divine answers to their questions. Querents shake labelled sticks from enclosed metal containers and read the corresponding answers they retrieve from one of 100 possible drawers. Within the temple is a quiet contemplative garden kept in the distinctiveJapanese style. Kaminarimon TheKaminarimon(雷門,\"Thunder Gate\")is the outer of two large entrance gates that ultimately lead to the Sensō-ji (the inner being the Hōzōmon) inAsakusa. The gate, with its lantern and statues, is popular with tourists. It stands 11.7 metres (38 ft) tall, 11.4 metres (37 ft) wide and covers an area of 69.3 square metres (746 sq ft).The first gate was built in 941, but the current gate dates back to 1960, after the previous gate was destroyed in a fire in 1865. History The Kaminarimon was first built in 941 AD byTairano Kinmasa, a military commander.It was originally located near Komagata, but it was reconstructed in its current location in 1635. This is believed to be when the gods of wind and thunder were first placed on the gate.The gate has been destroyed many times throughout the ages. Four years after its relocation, the Kaminarimon burned down, and in 1649 ADTokugawa Iemitsurebuilt the gate along with several other of the major structures in the temple complex.The gate burnt to the ground in 1757 AD and again in 1865 AD. The Kaminarimon's current structure was dedicated in December 1960 AD .Ninety-five years after the last fire,Konosuke Matsushita, the founder of Matsushita Electric Industrial Company (nowPanasonic), was asked to rebuild the gate. With monetary donations from Matsushita, it was rebuilt in 1960. Features Four statues are housed in the Kaminarimon, two in the front alcoves and two on the other side. On the front of the gate, the statues of theShintogodsFūjinandRaijinare displayed. Fūjin, the god of wind, is located on the east side of the gate, while Raijin, the god of thunder, is located on the west side. The original sculptures were severely damaged in the fire of 1865, with only the heads being saved, and the statues restored for the gate's 1960 reconstruction. Two additional statues stand on the reverse of the gate: theBuddhistgod Tenryū on the east, and the goddess Kinryū on the west side. These were donated in 1978 to commemorate the 1350th anniversary of the first appearance of thebodhisattvaKannon(Avalokiteśvara) at Asakusa, which led to the founding of Sensō-ji. The statues were carved by then-106-year-old master sculptorHirakushi Denchū. A giant red lantern (chōchin) hangs under the center of the gate. It is 3.9 metres (13 ft) tall, 3.3 metres (11 ft) wide and weighs approximately 700 kilograms (1,500 lb). The current lantern, the fifth iteration, was built by Takahashi Chōchin K.K in 2013 and has the same metallic base on the bottom as the previous lantern. The base has a name plate that says \"Matsushita Denki\", an abbreviated form of Panasonic's old Japanese name, Matsushita Denki Sangyo Kabushiki Gaisha.The front of the lantern displays the gate's name, Kaminarimon(雷門). Painted on the back is the gate's official name, Fūraijinmon(風雷神門).During festivals such asSanja Matsuri, the lantern is collapsed to let tall objects pass through the gate. The characters 金龍山(Kinryū-zan)on the tablet above the lantern read from right to left and reference the Sensō-ji. Hōzōmon TheHōzōmon(宝蔵門,\"Treasure-House Gate\")is the inner of two large entrance gates that lead to the Sensō-ji. It is a two-story gate (nijūmon), and its second story houses many of the Sensō-ji's treasures. The first story houses two statues, three lanterns and two large sandals. It stands 22.7 metres (74 ft) tall, 21 metres (69 ft) wide, and 8 metres (26 ft) deep. History The Hōzōmon was first built in 942 AD byTairano Kinmasa.Destroyed by fire in 1631, it was rebuilt byTokugawa Iemitsuin 1636. It stood for 300 more years until it was once again burned down during theTokyo air raids of 1945. In 1964, the present steel-reinforced concrete structure was built with a donation of¥150 million from Yonetarō Motoya. Since the gate was reconstructed using flame-resistant materials, the upper story of the Hōzōmon stores the Sensō-ji's treasuredsutras. These treasures include a copy of theLotus Sutrathat is designated aJapanese National Treasureand theIssai-kyō, a complete collection ofBuddhistscriptures that has been designated anImportant Cultural Property. Features Unlike the Kaminarimon, which houses four different statues, the Hōzōmon houses two guardian statues that are located on either side of the gate's south face. These 5.45 metres (17.9 ft) tall statues representNiō, the guardian deities of theBuddha.Because of these statues, the gate was originally called theNiōmon(仁王門,\"Niō Gate\")before it was renamed the Hōzōmon. The gate also features three large lanterns. The largest and most prominent lantern is a redchōchinthat hangs under the center of the gate's opening. With a height of 3.75 metres (12.3 ft), a diameter of 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) and a weight of 400 kilograms (880 lb), the lantern displays the name of the town Kobunachō(小舟町).The current iteration of the lantern dates back to 2003 when ¥5 million was donated by the people of Kobunachō. Its donation commemorated the 400th-year-anniversary of the start of theEdo period.On either side of thechōchinhangs two 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) tall coppertōrōweighing approximately 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) each. All three lanterns are completely removed during festivals such asSanja Matsuri. On the Hōzōmon's north (back) face are thewaraji, two 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) wide straw sandals that weigh 400 kilograms (880 lb) each. Nakamise-dōri TheNakamise-dōri(仲見世通り)is a street on the approach to the temple. It is said to have come about in the early 18th century, when neighbors of Sensō-ji were granted permission to set up shops on the approach to the temple. However, in May 1885 the government of Tokyo ordered all shop owners to leave. In December of that same year the area was reconstructed in Western-style brick. During the1923 Great Kantō earthquakemany of the shops were destroyed, then rebuilt in 1925 using concrete, only to be destroyed again during the bombings of World War II. The street is approximately 250 metres (820 ft) long and contains around 89 shops. Gallery See also Notes References External links",
"Avalokiteśvara InBuddhism,Avalokiteśvara(meaning \"the lord who looks down\",IPA:/ˌʌvəloʊkɪˈteɪʃvərə/), also known asLokeśvara(\"Lord of the World\") andChenrezig(in Tibetan), is atenth-levelbodhisattvaassociated with greatcompassion(mahakaruṇā). He is often associated withAmitabha Buddha.Avalokiteśvara has numerous manifestations and is depicted in various forms and styles. In some texts, he is even considered to be the source of allHindu deities(such asVishnu,Shiva,Saraswati,Brahma, etc). While Avalokiteśvara was depicted as male in India, inEast Asian Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara is most often depicted as a female figure known asGuanyin,Kannon,Gwaneum, andQuan Amin Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese, respectively.Guanyin is also an important figure in otherEast Asian religions, particularlyChinese folk religionandDaoism. Avalokiteśvara is also known for his popularmantra,oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ, which is the most popular mantra inTibetan Buddhism. Etymology The nameAvalokiteśvaracombines the verbal prefixava\"down\",lokita, a past participle of the verblok\"to look, notice, behold, observe\", here used in an active sense, and finallyīśvara, \"lord\", \"ruler\", \"sovereign\", or \"master\". In accordance withsandhi(Sanskrit rules of sound combination),a+īśvarabecomeseśvara. Combined, the parts mean \"lord who gazes down (at the world)\". The wordloka(\"world\") is absent from the name, but the phrase is implied.It does appear in the Cambodian form of the name,Lokesvarak. The earliest translation of the nameAvalokiteśvarainto Chinese by authors such asXuanzangwas asGuānzìzài(Chinese:觀自在;pinyin:Guān zìzài), not the form used inEast Asian Buddhismtoday, which isGuanyin(Chinese:觀音;pinyin:Guānyīn). It was initially thought that this was due to a lack of fluency, asGuanyinindicates the original Sanskrit form was insteadAvalokitasvara, \"who looked down upon sound\",i.e., the cries ofsentient beingswho need help.It is now understood thatAvalokitasvarawas the original formand is also the origin ofGuanyin\"perceiving sound, cries\". This translation was favored by the tendency of some Chinese translators, notablyKumārajīva, to use the variantGuānshìyīnChinese:觀世音;pinyin:Guānshìyīn\"who perceives the world's lamentations\"—whereinlokwas read as simultaneously meaning both \"to look\" and \"world\" (Sanskritloka;Chinese:世;pinyin:shì).The original form of Guanyin's name appears in Sanskrit fragments from the fifth century. This earlier Sanskrit name was supplanted by the form containing the ending-īśvara\"lord\", butAvalokiteśvaradid not occur in Sanskrit before the seventh century. The original meaning of the name fits the Buddhist understanding of the role of a bodhisattva. The reinterpretation presenting him as anīśvarashows a strong influence ofHinduism, as the termīśvarawas usually connected to the Hindu notion ofVishnu(inVaishnavism) orShiva(inShaivism) as theSupreme Lord, Creator, and Ruler of the world. Some attributes of such a god were transmitted to the bodhisattva, but the mainstream of those who venerated Avalokiteśvara upheld the Buddhist rejection of the doctrine of any creator god. In Sanskrit, Avalokiteśvara is also referred to asLokeśvara(\"Lord of the World\"). InTibetan, Avalokiteśvara isChenrézig(Tibetan:སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་). The etymology of the Tibetan name Chenrézik isspyan\"eye\",ras\"continuity\", andgzig\"to look\". This gives the meaning of one who always looks upon all beings (with the eye of compassion). Origin Mahayana account The name Avalokiteśvara first appeared in theAvatamsaka Sutra, a Mahayana scripture that precedes theLotus Sutra.On account of its popularity in Japan and as a result of the works of the earliest Western translators of Buddhist Scriptures, the Lotus Sutra, however, has long been accepted as the earliest literature teaching about the doctrines of Avalokiteśvara. These are found in Chapter 25 of theLotus Sutra:The Universal Gate of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Chinese:觀世音菩薩普門品;pinyin:Guānshìyīn púsà pǔ mén pǐn). This chapter is devoted to Avalokiteśvara, describing him as a compassionate bodhisattva who hears the cries of sentient beings and who works tirelessly to help those who call upon his name. A total of 33 different manifestations of Avalokiteśvara are described, including female manifestations, all to suit the minds of various beings. The chapter consists of both a prose and a verse section. This earliest source often circulates separately as its own sutra, called theAvalokiteśvara Sūtra(Chinese:觀世音經;pinyin:Guānshìyīn jīng), and is commonly recited or chanted at Buddhist temples in East Asia. When the Chinese monkFaxiantraveled toMathurain India around 400 CE, he wrote about monks presenting offerings to Avalokiteśvara.WhenXuanzangtraveled to India in the 7th century, he provided eyewitness accounts of Avalokiteśvara statues being venerated by devotees from all walks of life, from kings to monks to laypeople. InChinese Buddhismand East Asia,Tangmipractices for the 18-armed form of Avalokiteśvara calledCundīare very popular. The popularity of Cundī is attested by the three extant translations of theCundī Dhāraṇī Sūtrafrom Sanskrit to Chinese, made from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century.Inlate imperial China, these early esoteric traditions still thrived in Buddhist communities. Robert Gimello has also observed that in these communities, the esoteric practices of Cundī were extremely popular among both the populace and the elite. In theTiantaischool, six forms of Avalokiteśvara are defined. Each of the bodhisattva's six qualities is said to break the hindrances in one of the six realms of existence: hell-beings,pretas, animals, humans,asuras, anddevas. According to the prologue of Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī Sūtra, Gautama Buddha told his disciple Ānanda that Avalokiteśvara had become a Buddha from countless previous incarnations ago, alias Samyaka Dharma-vidya Tathāgata means \"Tathāgata who clearly understood the right Dharma\". Because of his great compassion and because he wanted to create proper conditions for all the Bodhisattva ranks and bring happiness and peacefulness to sentient beings, he became a Bodhisattva, taking the name of Avalokiteshvara and often abiding in the Sahā world. At the same time, Avalokiteśvara is also the attendant of Amitabha Buddha, assisting Amitabha Buddha to teach the Dharma in his Pure Land. Theravāda account Veneration of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva has continued to the present day inSri Lanka. In times past, bothTantrayanaandMahayanahave been found in some of theTheravadacountries, but today the Buddhism ofSri Lanka(formerly, Ceylon),Myanmar(formerly, Burma), Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia is almost exclusivelyTheravada, based on the Pali Canon. The onlyMahayanadeity that has entered the worship of ordinary Buddhists in Theravada Buddhism isBodhisattva Avalokitesvara. In Sri Lanka, he is known asNatha-devaand is mistaken by the majority for the Buddha yet to come,Bodhisattva Maitreya. The figure ofAvalokitesvarais usually found in the shrine room near the Buddha image. In more recent times, some western-educated Theravādins have attempted to identify Nātha with Maitreya Bodhisattva; however, traditions and basic iconography (including an image of Amitābha Buddha on the front of the crown) identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara.Andrew Skilton writes: ... It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the Mahāyāna was fairly widespread throughout Sri Lanka, although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of Theravāda. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with Sri Lankan ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of Avalokiteśvara can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha. Avalokiteśvara is popularly worshipped inMyanmar, where he is calledLokanator lokabyuharnat, andThailand, where he is calledLokesvara. The bodhisattva goes by many other names. In Indochina and Thailand, he isLokesvara, \"The Lord of the World.\" In Tibet, he isChenrezig, also spelled Spyan-ras gzigs, \"With a Pitying Look.\" In China, the bodhisattva takes a female form and is calledGuanyin(also spelled Kwan Yin, Kuanyin, or Kwun Yum), \"Hearing the Sounds of the World.\" In Japan, Guanyin isKannonor Kanzeon; in Korea,Gwaneum; and in Vietnam,Quan Am. Modern scholarship Avalokiteśvara is worshipped as Nātha in Sri Lanka. TheTamil Buddhisttradition developed inChola literature, such as Buddamitra'sVirasoliyam, states that theVedicsageAgastyalearned Tamil from Avalokiteśvara. The earlier Chinese travelerXuanzangrecorded a temple dedicated to Avalokitesvara in the south IndianMount Potalaka, a Sanskritization ofPothigai, where Tamil Hindu tradition places Agastya as having learned the Tamil language fromShiva.Avalokitesvara worship gained popularity with the growth of theAbhayagiri vihāra'sTamraparniyanMahayana sect. Western scholars have not reached a consensus on the origin of the reverence for Avalokiteśvara. Some have suggested that Avalokiteśvara, along with many other supernatural beings in Buddhism, was a borrowing or absorption byMahayana Buddhismof one or more deities fromHinduism, in particular Shiva orVishnu. This seems to be based on the name Avalokiteśvara. On the basis of the study of Buddhist scriptures and ancientTamilliterary sources as well as a field survey, Japanese scholar Shu Hikosaka proposes the hypothesis that ancient Mount Potalaka, the residence of Avalokiteśvara described in theGaṇḍavyūha Sūtraand Xuanzang’sGreat Tang Records on the Western Regions, isMount PotigaiinAmbasamudram,Tirunelveli, at theTamil Nadu-Keralaborder.Shu also said that Mount Potalaka has been a sacred place for the people ofSouth Indiasince time immemorial. It is the traditional residence ofSiddharAgastyaatAgastya Mala. With the spread of Buddhism in the region beginning at the time of the great kingAśokain the third century BCE, it became a holy place also for Buddhists, who gradually became dominant as a number of their hermits settled there. The local people, though, mainly remained followers of the Tamil animist religion. The mixed Tamil-Buddhist cult culminated in the formation of the figure of Avalokiteśvara. The name Lokeśvara should not be confused with that ofLokeśvararāja, the Buddha under whom Dharmakara became a monk and made forty-eight vows before becomingAmitābha. Avalokiteśvara's six armed manifestation asCintāmaṇicakrais also widely venerated in East Asia. TheCintāmaṇicakra Dharani(Chinese:如意寶輪王陀羅尼;pinyin:Rúyì Bǎolún Wáng Tuóluóní) is another popular dharani associated with the bodhisattva. Mantras and Dharanis There are variousmantrasanddharanisassociated with Avalokiteśvara. Mani mantra InTibetan Buddhism, the central mantra is the six-syllablemantraoṃ maṇi padme hūṃ(Sanskrit:ॐ मणि पद्मे हूँ, also called the Mani mantra. Due to his association with this mantra, one form of Avalokiteśvara is calledṢaḍākṣarī(\"Lord of the Six Syllables\") inSanskrit.The Mani mantra is also popular in East AsianMahayana. There are also different variations of the mani mantra, the most common which isoṃ maṇi padme hūṃ hrīḥ.Hrīḥ is the seed syllable of the LotusBuddha familyand the BuddhaAmitabha. Recitation of this mantra while usingprayer beadsis the most popular religious practice in Tibetan Buddhism. Another popular religious practice associated with om mani padme hum is the spinning ofprayer wheelsclockwise, which contains numerous repetitions of thismantraand effectively benefits everyone within the vicinity of the practitioner. The connection between this famous mantra and Avalokiteśvara is documented for the first time in theKāraṇḍavyūhasūtra. This text is dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE.In this sūtra, a bodhisattva is told by the Buddha that recitation of this mantra while focusing on the sound can lead to the attainment of eight hundredsamādhis. Ārolik mantra Another mantra for Avalokiteśvara commonly recited in East Asian Buddhism is \"three and a half syllables\" (ardhacaturthākṣara) heart-mantra: \"oṃ ārolik svāha\" (or sometimes justĀrolikoroṁ ārolik), which is found (in many forms and variations likeārolika,arulika, etc.) in numerous pre-tenth-century Indian texts, including the 7th century Chinese translation of theDhāraṇīsaṁgraha, theSusiddhikarasūtra,theMañjuśriyamūlakalpa,and theGuhyasamājatantra. This is also the main mantra for the bodhisattva inShingon Buddhismand is considered to be the main mantra of theLotus Buddha family. One text (Taisho Tripitaka no. 1031) describes a visualization practice done after reciting oṁ ārolik svāhā seven times which includes meditating on the meanings of the four letters of ārolik which are: The Ārolik mantra has also been found engraved on a few sculptures found in north India.One of these begins with \"ārolik oṁ hrīḥ\". Another one of these found inBiharalso included other mantras, includingye dharma hetu,followed by\"namo ratnatrayāya namo Āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisatvāya mahāsatvāya mahākāruṇikāya Ārolok Oṁ hriḥ hriḥ\". Another longer mantra appears in a translation byAmoghavajra(T. 1033, 20: 9b1–7): namoratnatrayāya | nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya mahāsattvāya mahākāruṇikāya | tadyathā padmapāṇi sara sara ehy ehi bhagavann āryāvalokiteśvara ārolik | In Chinese,oṃ ārolik svāhais pronouncedǍn ālǔlēi jì suōpóhē(唵 阿嚕勒繼 娑婆訶). In Korean, it is pronouncedOm aroreuk Ge Sabaha(옴 아로늑계 사바하). In Japanese, it is pronouncedOn arori kya sowa ka(おん あろりきゃ そわか). Dharanis TheKāraṇḍavyūha Sūtraalso features the first appearance of thedhāraṇīofCundī, which occurs at the end of the sūtra text.After the bodhisattva finally attains samādhi with the mantra \"oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ\", he is able to observe 77 koṭīs of fully enlightened buddhas replying to him in one voice with the Cundī Dhāraṇī:namaḥ saptānāṃ samyaksaṃbuddha koṭīnāṃ tadyathā, oṃ cale cule cunde svāhā. TheNīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇīis an 82-syllable dhāraṇī for Avalokiteśvara also known as the Great Compassion Mantra. It is very popular inEast Asian Buddhism. Another popular Avalokiteśvara dharani in East Asian Buddhism isEleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani.This dharani is associated with Avalokiteśvara's eleven face form, known asEkādaśamukha, one ofthe six forms of Guanyin. East Asian chants and phrases In East Asian Buddhism, the most popular form of Avalokiteśvara is the feminine white robedGuanyin. A common phrase which is widely chanted and recited by East Asian Buddhists is: Chinese: 南無觀世音菩薩,Pinyin:Námó Guānshìyīn Púsà(Japanese:Namu Kanzeon Bosatsu) In English:Homage to Guanyin Bodhisattva.There are also longer chants, usually termed \"White Robed Guanyin\" (Baiyin Guanyin) sutras (jing) or mantras (zhou).The most well known is the \"Divine White-robed Guanyin Mantra\" (c. 11th century).This longer mantra is as follows: 南無 大慈 大悲 救苦 救難 廣大 靈感 觀世音 菩薩 (Námó dàcí dàbēi jiùkǔ jiùnàn guǎngdà línggǎn Guānshìyīn púsà) English: Homage to Guanyin Bodhisattva loving, compassionate and powerful, delivering sentient beings from unhappiness and hardship. 南無佛南無法南無僧 (Námó Fó Námó Fǎ Námó Sēng, Homage to the Buddha, Homage to the Dharma, Homage to the Sangha) 南無 救苦 救難 觀世音 菩薩 (Námó jiùkǔ jiùnàn Guānshìyīn púsà) English: Homage to Guanyin Bodhisattva who delivers sentient beings from unhappiness and hardship 怛垤哆唵 伽囉伐哆伽囉伐哆伽訶佛哆 囉伽佛哆囉伽佛哆娑婆訶 (DA ZHI DUO ONG QIE LA FA DUO QIE LA FA DUO QIE HE FA DUO LA QIE FA DUO LA QIE FA DUO SA PO HE) Sanskrit Mantra: Tadyatha Om, khara varta, khara varta, gaha varta, raga varta, raga varta, Svaha 天羅神 地羅神 人離難 難離身 一切 災殃 化 為塵。 Tiān luó shén Dì luó shén Rén lí nán Nán lí shēn Yīqiè zāiyāng huà wéichén English: Heavenly deities and earthly deities, may people be free from difficulties, may their hardships disappear, may all disasters and calamities turn to dust. 南無 摩訶 般若波羅蜜 (Námó Móhē Bōrěbōluómi) English: Homage to Mahāprajñāpāramitā Another popular dharani of Guanyin is associated with her power over children and childbirth. This is called the \"Dharani Sutra of White-Robed Guanyin's Heart of Five Seals\".InJapanese Buddhism, a popular longer chant to Kannon or Kanzeon (Guanyin) is thejikku kan’on gyō(十句觀音經), the “10 Verse Kannon Sutra”. It is the following: 觀世音 (kan ze on) 南無佛 (na mu butsu): Homage to Buddha 與佛有因 (yo butsu u in): forged a causal connection with Buddha, 與佛有縁 (yo butsu u en): a karmic affinity with Buddha, 佛法僧縁 (butsu ho so en): a karmic affinity with Buddha, Dharma, Sangha 常樂我淨 (jo raku ga jo): thus attaining permanence, ease, selfhood, and purity. 朝念觀世音 (cho nen kan ze on): In the morning think of Kanzeon, 暮念觀世音 (bo nen kan ze on): in the evening think of Kanzeon. 念念從心起 (nen nen ju shin ki): Thought after thought arises from mind; 念念不離心 (nen nen fu ri shin): thought after thought is not separate from mind. Manifestations Avalokiteśvara has an extraordinarily large number of forms, emanations or manifestations, including wisdom goddesses (vidyās) directly associated with him in images and texts. Furthermore, at least two separate female Buddhist deities,CundīandTaraalso later came to be associated with Avalokiteśvara (and were even seen as manifestations of him). Some of the more commonly mentioned forms include: Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara One prominent Buddhist story tells of Avalokiteśvara vowing never to rest until he had freed all sentient beings fromsaṃsāra. Despite strenuous effort, he realizes that many unhappy beings were yet to be saved. After struggling to comprehend the needs of so many, his head splits into eleven pieces.Amitābha, seeing his plight, gives him eleven heads with which to hear the cries of the suffering. Upon hearing these cries and comprehending them, Avalokiteśvara tries to reach out to all those who needed aid, but found that his two arms shattered into pieces. Once more, Amitābha comes to his aid and invests him with a thousand arms with which to aid the suffering multitudes. Avalokiteśvara as a cosmic maheśvara (\"great lord\") According to various Mahayana sources, numerousHindu deitiesare considered to be emanations of Avalokiteshvara. For example, in theKāraṇḍavyūhasūtra,Vishnu,Shiva,BrahmaandSaraswatiare all said to have emerged from Avalokiteshvara.The passage states: ĀdityaandCandracame from his eyes,Maheśvaracame from his forehead,Brahmācame from his shoulders,Nārāyaṇacame from his heart, DeviSarasvatīcame from his canines,Vāyucame from his mouth,Dharaṇīcame from his feet, andVaruṇacame from his stomach. In a similar manner, Hindu deities likeNīlakaṇṭhaandHariharaare cited in theNīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī, possibly as forms of Avalokiteshvara or as associated bodhisattvas (the text is not clear, though traditionally these have been interpreted as various names or forms of Avalokiteshvara). Alexander Studholme writes that these sources are influenced byPuranicHinduism, and its concepts of anĪśvara(\"lord\") and Maheśvara (\"great lord\"), both of which are terms that refer to a transcendent and all pervasive being.The name Maheśvara is also applied to Avalokiteshvara three times in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra, and some passages he is described as acosmic man, similar to how the Puranas depict Vishnu or Shiva.However, this Buddhist myth only focuses on how Avalokiteshvara gives birth to all the gods (devas), and he is not depicted as a trueCreator God(who creates the cosmos, like the HinduĪśvara), instead he is depicted as a great cosmic being that manifests in myriad ways as askillful meansto guide living beings to Buddhahood. Tibetan Buddhist beliefs Avalokiteśvara is an important deity inTibetan Buddhism. He is regarded in theVajrayanateachings as a Buddha. In Tibetan Buddhism,Tãrãcame into existence from a single tear shed by Avalokiteśvara.When the tear fell to the ground it created a lake, and a lotus opening in the lake revealed Tara. In another version of this story, Tara emerges from the heart of Avalokiteśvara. In either version, it is Avalokiteśvara's outpouring of compassion which manifests Tãrã as a being. Certain livingtulkulineages, including theDalai Lamasand theKarmapas, are considered by many Tibetan Buddhists to also be manifestations of Avalokiteśvara. Gallery See also References Sources External links"
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"Sensō-ji Sensō-ji(ⓘ,浅草寺, officiallyKinryū-zan Sensō-ji(金龍山浅草寺), also known asAsakusa Kannon(浅草観音)), is an ancientBuddhist templeinAsakusa, Tokyo, Japan. It is Tokyo's oldest-established temple, and one of its most significant. It is dedicated toKannon, thebodhisattvaof compassion. Structures in the temple complex include the main hall, a five-story pagoda and large gates. It is the most widely visited religious site in the world with over 30 million visitors annually. The temple was destroyed during a10 March 1945 firebombing air raid on Tokyoduring World War II. The main hall was rebuilt in the 1950s. Formerly associated with theTendaisectofBuddhism, the temple became independent after the war. Leading to it is Nakamise-dōri street, containing many shops with traditional goods.Adjacent to the east of Sensō-ji is theAsakusa Shrineof theShintoreligion. History The temple is dedicated to thebodhisattvaKannon(Avalokiteśvara). According to legend, a statue of the Kannon was found in theSumida Riverin 628 AD by",
"Riverin 628 AD by two fishermen, brothers Hinokuma Hamanari and Hinokuma Takenari. The chief of their village, Hajino Nakamoto, recognized the sanctity of the statue and enshrined it by remodeling his own house into a small temple in Asakusa so that the villagers could worship Kannon. The first temple was founded in 645 AD, which makes it the oldest-established temple in Tokyo.In the early years of theTokugawa shogunate,Tokugawa Ieyasudesignated Sensō-ji astutelary templeof theTokugawa clan. During World War II, the temple was destroyed during the10 March 1945 firebombing air raid on Tokyo. The main hall was rebuilt in 1951–58and has been perceived as a symbol of rebirth and peace by Japanese people. In the courtyard there is a tree that was hit by a bomb in the air raids, and it had regrown in the husk of the old tree and is a similar symbol as the temple itself.The temple now has a titanium tiled roof that maintains a historic image but is stronger and lighter.TheKaminarimongate was rebuilt in 1960,",
"rebuilt in 1960, theHōzōmongate in 1964, and the pagoda in 1973. TheNishinomiya Inari shrinewas located within the precincts of Sensō-ji and atoriiidentified the entry into the hallowed ground of the shrine. A bronze plaque on the gateway structure listed those who contributed to the construction of the torii, which was erected in 1727 (Kyōhō12, 11th month).After theMeiji governmentordered theseparation of Shinto and Buddhismin 1868, the Inari shrine was moved to the grounds of theAsakusa Shrine, where it was destroyed in the 10 March 1945 firebombing. Temple grounds Sensō-ji is the focus of Tokyo's largest and most popularfestival,Sanja Matsuri. This takes place over 3 to 4 days in late spring, and sees the surrounding streets closed to traffic from dawn until late evening. Dominating the entrance to the temple is theKaminarimonor \"Thunder Gate\". This imposing Buddhist structure features a massive paper lantern dramatically painted in vivid red-and-black tones to suggest thunderclouds and lightning. Beyond",
"lightning. Beyond the Kaminarimon is Nakamise-dori with its shops, followed by theHōzōmonor \"Treasure House Gate\", which provides the entrance to the inner complex. Within the precincts stand a stately five-storypagodaand the main hall, devoted to Kannon. Many tourists, both Japanese and from abroad, visit Sensō-ji every year. Catering to the visiting crowds, the surrounding area has many traditional shops and eating places that feature traditional dishes (hand-made noodles, sushi, tempura, etc.). Nakamise-Dori, the street leading from the Thunder Gate to the temple itself, is lined with small shops selling souvenirs ranging from fans,ukiyo-e(woodblock prints),kimonoand other robes, Buddhist scrolls, traditional sweets, toGodzillatoys, t-shirts and mobile phone straps. These shops themselves are part of a living tradition of selling to pilgrims who walked to Sensō-ji. Within the temple itself, and also at many places on its approach, there areo-mikujistalls. For a suggested donation of 100 yen, visitors may",
"yen, visitors may consult the oracle and divine answers to their questions. Querents shake labelled sticks from enclosed metal containers and read the corresponding answers they retrieve from one of 100 possible drawers. Within the temple is a quiet contemplative garden kept in the distinctiveJapanese style. Kaminarimon TheKaminarimon(雷門,\"Thunder Gate\")is the outer of two large entrance gates that ultimately lead to the Sensō-ji (the inner being the Hōzōmon) inAsakusa. The gate, with its lantern and statues, is popular with tourists. It stands 11.7 metres (38 ft) tall, 11.4 metres (37 ft) wide and covers an area of 69.3 square metres (746 sq ft).The first gate was built in 941, but the current gate dates back to 1960, after the previous gate was destroyed in a fire in 1865. History The Kaminarimon was first built in 941 AD byTairano Kinmasa, a military commander.It was originally located near Komagata, but it was reconstructed in its current location in 1635. This is believed to be when the gods of wind and",
"gods of wind and thunder were first placed on the gate.The gate has been destroyed many times throughout the ages. Four years after its relocation, the Kaminarimon burned down, and in 1649 ADTokugawa Iemitsurebuilt the gate along with several other of the major structures in the temple complex.The gate burnt to the ground in 1757 AD and again in 1865 AD. The Kaminarimon's current structure was dedicated in December 1960 AD .Ninety-five years after the last fire,Konosuke Matsushita, the founder of Matsushita Electric Industrial Company (nowPanasonic), was asked to rebuild the gate. With monetary donations from Matsushita, it was rebuilt in 1960. Features Four statues are housed in the Kaminarimon, two in the front alcoves and two on the other side. On the front of the gate, the statues of theShintogodsFūjinandRaijinare displayed. Fūjin, the god of wind, is located on the east side of the gate, while Raijin, the god of thunder, is located on the west side. The original sculptures were severely damaged in the",
"damaged in the fire of 1865, with only the heads being saved, and the statues restored for the gate's 1960 reconstruction. Two additional statues stand on the reverse of the gate: theBuddhistgod Tenryū on the east, and the goddess Kinryū on the west side. These were donated in 1978 to commemorate the 1350th anniversary of the first appearance of thebodhisattvaKannon(Avalokiteśvara) at Asakusa, which led to the founding of Sensō-ji. The statues were carved by then-106-year-old master sculptorHirakushi Denchū. A giant red lantern (chōchin) hangs under the center of the gate. It is 3.9 metres (13 ft) tall, 3.3 metres (11 ft) wide and weighs approximately 700 kilograms (1,500 lb). The current lantern, the fifth iteration, was built by Takahashi Chōchin K.K in 2013 and has the same metallic base on the bottom as the previous lantern. The base has a name plate that says \"Matsushita Denki\", an abbreviated form of Panasonic's old Japanese name, Matsushita Denki Sangyo Kabushiki Gaisha.The front of the lantern",
"of the lantern displays the gate's name, Kaminarimon(雷門). Painted on the back is the gate's official name, Fūraijinmon(風雷神門).During festivals such asSanja Matsuri, the lantern is collapsed to let tall objects pass through the gate. The characters 金龍山(Kinryū-zan)on the tablet above the lantern read from right to left and reference the Sensō-ji. Hōzōmon TheHōzōmon(宝蔵門,\"Treasure-House Gate\")is the inner of two large entrance gates that lead to the Sensō-ji. It is a two-story gate (nijūmon), and its second story houses many of the Sensō-ji's treasures. The first story houses two statues, three lanterns and two large sandals. It stands 22.7 metres (74 ft) tall, 21 metres (69 ft) wide, and 8 metres (26 ft) deep. History The Hōzōmon was first built in 942 AD byTairano Kinmasa.Destroyed by fire in 1631, it was rebuilt byTokugawa Iemitsuin 1636. It stood for 300 more years until it was once again burned down during theTokyo air raids of 1945. In 1964, the present steel-reinforced concrete structure was built with a",
"was built with a donation of¥150 million from Yonetarō Motoya. Since the gate was reconstructed using flame-resistant materials, the upper story of the Hōzōmon stores the Sensō-ji's treasuredsutras. These treasures include a copy of theLotus Sutrathat is designated aJapanese National Treasureand theIssai-kyō, a complete collection ofBuddhistscriptures that has been designated anImportant Cultural Property. Features Unlike the Kaminarimon, which houses four different statues, the Hōzōmon houses two guardian statues that are located on either side of the gate's south face. These 5.45 metres (17.9 ft) tall statues representNiō, the guardian deities of theBuddha.Because of these statues, the gate was originally called theNiōmon(仁王門,\"Niō Gate\")before it was renamed the Hōzōmon. The gate also features three large lanterns. The largest and most prominent lantern is a redchōchinthat hangs under the center of the gate's opening. With a height of 3.75 metres (12.3 ft), a diameter of 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) and a weight of",
"ft) and a weight of 400 kilograms (880 lb), the lantern displays the name of the town Kobunachō(小舟町).The current iteration of the lantern dates back to 2003 when ¥5 million was donated by the people of Kobunachō. Its donation commemorated the 400th-year-anniversary of the start of theEdo period.On either side of thechōchinhangs two 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) tall coppertōrōweighing approximately 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) each. All three lanterns are completely removed during festivals such asSanja Matsuri. On the Hōzōmon's north (back) face are thewaraji, two 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) wide straw sandals that weigh 400 kilograms (880 lb) each. Nakamise-dōri TheNakamise-dōri(仲見世通り)is a street on the approach to the temple. It is said to have come about in the early 18th century, when neighbors of Sensō-ji were granted permission to set up shops on the approach to the temple. However, in May 1885 the government of Tokyo ordered all shop owners to leave. In December of that same year the area was",
"year the area was reconstructed in Western-style brick. During the1923 Great Kantō earthquakemany of the shops were destroyed, then rebuilt in 1925 using concrete, only to be destroyed again during the bombings of World War II. The street is approximately 250 metres (820 ft) long and contains around 89 shops. Gallery See also Notes References External links",
"Avalokiteśvara InBuddhism,Avalokiteśvara(meaning \"the lord who looks down\",IPA:/ˌʌvəloʊkɪˈteɪʃvərə/), also known asLokeśvara(\"Lord of the World\") andChenrezig(in Tibetan), is atenth-levelbodhisattvaassociated with greatcompassion(mahakaruṇā). He is often associated withAmitabha Buddha.Avalokiteśvara has numerous manifestations and is depicted in various forms and styles. In some texts, he is even considered to be the source of allHindu deities(such asVishnu,Shiva,Saraswati,Brahma, etc). While Avalokiteśvara was depicted as male in India, inEast Asian Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara is most often depicted as a female figure known asGuanyin,Kannon,Gwaneum, andQuan Amin Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese, respectively.Guanyin is also an important figure in otherEast Asian religions, particularlyChinese folk religionandDaoism. Avalokiteśvara is also known for his popularmantra,oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ, which is the most popular mantra inTibetan Buddhism. Etymology The nameAvalokiteśvaracombines the verbal",
"the verbal prefixava\"down\",lokita, a past participle of the verblok\"to look, notice, behold, observe\", here used in an active sense, and finallyīśvara, \"lord\", \"ruler\", \"sovereign\", or \"master\". In accordance withsandhi(Sanskrit rules of sound combination),a+īśvarabecomeseśvara. Combined, the parts mean \"lord who gazes down (at the world)\". The wordloka(\"world\") is absent from the name, but the phrase is implied.It does appear in the Cambodian form of the name,Lokesvarak. The earliest translation of the nameAvalokiteśvarainto Chinese by authors such asXuanzangwas asGuānzìzài(Chinese:觀自在;pinyin:Guān zìzài), not the form used inEast Asian Buddhismtoday, which isGuanyin(Chinese:觀音;pinyin:Guānyīn). It was initially thought that this was due to a lack of fluency, asGuanyinindicates the original Sanskrit form was insteadAvalokitasvara, \"who looked down upon sound\",i.e., the cries ofsentient beingswho need help.It is now understood thatAvalokitasvarawas the original formand is also the origin ofGuanyin\"perceiving",
"sound, cries\". This translation was favored by the tendency of some Chinese translators, notablyKumārajīva, to use the variantGuānshìyīnChinese:觀世音;pinyin:Guānshìyīn\"who perceives the world's lamentations\"—whereinlokwas read as simultaneously meaning both \"to look\" and \"world\" (Sanskritloka;Chinese:世;pinyin:shì).The original form of Guanyin's name appears in Sanskrit fragments from the fifth century. This earlier Sanskrit name was supplanted by the form containing the ending-īśvara\"lord\", butAvalokiteśvaradid not occur in Sanskrit before the seventh century. The original meaning of the name fits the Buddhist understanding of the role of a bodhisattva. The reinterpretation presenting him as anīśvarashows a strong influence ofHinduism, as the termīśvarawas usually connected to the Hindu notion ofVishnu(inVaishnavism) orShiva(inShaivism) as theSupreme Lord, Creator, and Ruler of the world. Some attributes of such a god were transmitted to the bodhisattva, but the mainstream of those who venerated Avalokiteśvara",
"Avalokiteśvara upheld the Buddhist rejection of the doctrine of any creator god. In Sanskrit, Avalokiteśvara is also referred to asLokeśvara(\"Lord of the World\"). InTibetan, Avalokiteśvara isChenrézig(Tibetan:སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་). The etymology of the Tibetan name Chenrézik isspyan\"eye\",ras\"continuity\", andgzig\"to look\". This gives the meaning of one who always looks upon all beings (with the eye of compassion). Origin Mahayana account The name Avalokiteśvara first appeared in theAvatamsaka Sutra, a Mahayana scripture that precedes theLotus Sutra.On account of its popularity in Japan and as a result of the works of the earliest Western translators of Buddhist Scriptures, the Lotus Sutra, however, has long been accepted as the earliest literature teaching about the doctrines of Avalokiteśvara. These are found in Chapter 25 of theLotus Sutra:The Universal Gate of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Chinese:觀世音菩薩普門品;pinyin:Guānshìyīn púsà pǔ mén pǐn). This chapter is devoted to Avalokiteśvara, describing him as a",
"describing him as a compassionate bodhisattva who hears the cries of sentient beings and who works tirelessly to help those who call upon his name. A total of 33 different manifestations of Avalokiteśvara are described, including female manifestations, all to suit the minds of various beings. The chapter consists of both a prose and a verse section. This earliest source often circulates separately as its own sutra, called theAvalokiteśvara Sūtra(Chinese:觀世音經;pinyin:Guānshìyīn jīng), and is commonly recited or chanted at Buddhist temples in East Asia. When the Chinese monkFaxiantraveled toMathurain India around 400 CE, he wrote about monks presenting offerings to Avalokiteśvara.WhenXuanzangtraveled to India in the 7th century, he provided eyewitness accounts of Avalokiteśvara statues being venerated by devotees from all walks of life, from kings to monks to laypeople. InChinese Buddhismand East Asia,Tangmipractices for the 18-armed form of Avalokiteśvara calledCundīare very popular. The popularity of Cundī is",
"of Cundī is attested by the three extant translations of theCundī Dhāraṇī Sūtrafrom Sanskrit to Chinese, made from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century.Inlate imperial China, these early esoteric traditions still thrived in Buddhist communities. Robert Gimello has also observed that in these communities, the esoteric practices of Cundī were extremely popular among both the populace and the elite. In theTiantaischool, six forms of Avalokiteśvara are defined. Each of the bodhisattva's six qualities is said to break the hindrances in one of the six realms of existence: hell-beings,pretas, animals, humans,asuras, anddevas. According to the prologue of Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī Sūtra, Gautama Buddha told his disciple Ānanda that Avalokiteśvara had become a Buddha from countless previous incarnations ago, alias Samyaka Dharma-vidya Tathāgata means \"Tathāgata who clearly understood the right Dharma\". Because of his great compassion and because he wanted to create proper conditions for all",
"conditions for all the Bodhisattva ranks and bring happiness and peacefulness to sentient beings, he became a Bodhisattva, taking the name of Avalokiteshvara and often abiding in the Sahā world. At the same time, Avalokiteśvara is also the attendant of Amitabha Buddha, assisting Amitabha Buddha to teach the Dharma in his Pure Land. Theravāda account Veneration of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva has continued to the present day inSri Lanka. In times past, bothTantrayanaandMahayanahave been found in some of theTheravadacountries, but today the Buddhism ofSri Lanka(formerly, Ceylon),Myanmar(formerly, Burma), Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia is almost exclusivelyTheravada, based on the Pali Canon. The onlyMahayanadeity that has entered the worship of ordinary Buddhists in Theravada Buddhism isBodhisattva Avalokitesvara. In Sri Lanka, he is known asNatha-devaand is mistaken by the majority for the Buddha yet to come,Bodhisattva Maitreya. The figure ofAvalokitesvarais usually found in the shrine room near the Buddha image.",
"the Buddha image. In more recent times, some western-educated Theravādins have attempted to identify Nātha with Maitreya Bodhisattva; however, traditions and basic iconography (including an image of Amitābha Buddha on the front of the crown) identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara.Andrew Skilton writes: ... It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the Mahāyāna was fairly widespread throughout Sri Lanka, although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of Theravāda. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with Sri Lankan ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of Avalokiteśvara can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha. Avalokiteśvara is popularly worshipped inMyanmar, where he is calledLokanator lokabyuharnat, andThailand, where he is calledLokesvara. The bodhisattva goes by many other names. In Indochina and Thailand, he isLokesvara, \"The Lord of the World.\" In Tibet, he isChenrezig,",
"he isChenrezig, also spelled Spyan-ras gzigs, \"With a Pitying Look.\" In China, the bodhisattva takes a female form and is calledGuanyin(also spelled Kwan Yin, Kuanyin, or Kwun Yum), \"Hearing the Sounds of the World.\" In Japan, Guanyin isKannonor Kanzeon; in Korea,Gwaneum; and in Vietnam,Quan Am. Modern scholarship Avalokiteśvara is worshipped as Nātha in Sri Lanka. TheTamil Buddhisttradition developed inChola literature, such as Buddamitra'sVirasoliyam, states that theVedicsageAgastyalearned Tamil from Avalokiteśvara. The earlier Chinese travelerXuanzangrecorded a temple dedicated to Avalokitesvara in the south IndianMount Potalaka, a Sanskritization ofPothigai, where Tamil Hindu tradition places Agastya as having learned the Tamil language fromShiva.Avalokitesvara worship gained popularity with the growth of theAbhayagiri vihāra'sTamraparniyanMahayana sect. Western scholars have not reached a consensus on the origin of the reverence for Avalokiteśvara. Some have suggested that Avalokiteśvara, along with",
"along with many other supernatural beings in Buddhism, was a borrowing or absorption byMahayana Buddhismof one or more deities fromHinduism, in particular Shiva orVishnu. This seems to be based on the name Avalokiteśvara. On the basis of the study of Buddhist scriptures and ancientTamilliterary sources as well as a field survey, Japanese scholar Shu Hikosaka proposes the hypothesis that ancient Mount Potalaka, the residence of Avalokiteśvara described in theGaṇḍavyūha Sūtraand Xuanzang’sGreat Tang Records on the Western Regions, isMount PotigaiinAmbasamudram,Tirunelveli, at theTamil Nadu-Keralaborder.Shu also said that Mount Potalaka has been a sacred place for the people ofSouth Indiasince time immemorial. It is the traditional residence ofSiddharAgastyaatAgastya Mala. With the spread of Buddhism in the region beginning at the time of the great kingAśokain the third century BCE, it became a holy place also for Buddhists, who gradually became dominant as a number of their hermits settled there. The local",
"there. The local people, though, mainly remained followers of the Tamil animist religion. The mixed Tamil-Buddhist cult culminated in the formation of the figure of Avalokiteśvara. The name Lokeśvara should not be confused with that ofLokeśvararāja, the Buddha under whom Dharmakara became a monk and made forty-eight vows before becomingAmitābha. Avalokiteśvara's six armed manifestation asCintāmaṇicakrais also widely venerated in East Asia. TheCintāmaṇicakra Dharani(Chinese:如意寶輪王陀羅尼;pinyin:Rúyì Bǎolún Wáng Tuóluóní) is another popular dharani associated with the bodhisattva. Mantras and Dharanis There are variousmantrasanddharanisassociated with Avalokiteśvara. Mani mantra InTibetan Buddhism, the central mantra is the six-syllablemantraoṃ maṇi padme hūṃ(Sanskrit:ॐ मणि पद्मे हूँ, also called the Mani mantra. Due to his association with this mantra, one form of Avalokiteśvara is calledṢaḍākṣarī(\"Lord of the Six Syllables\") inSanskrit.The Mani mantra is also popular in East AsianMahayana. There are also",
"There are also different variations of the mani mantra, the most common which isoṃ maṇi padme hūṃ hrīḥ.Hrīḥ is the seed syllable of the LotusBuddha familyand the BuddhaAmitabha. Recitation of this mantra while usingprayer beadsis the most popular religious practice in Tibetan Buddhism. Another popular religious practice associated with om mani padme hum is the spinning ofprayer wheelsclockwise, which contains numerous repetitions of thismantraand effectively benefits everyone within the vicinity of the practitioner. The connection between this famous mantra and Avalokiteśvara is documented for the first time in theKāraṇḍavyūhasūtra. This text is dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE.In this sūtra, a bodhisattva is told by the Buddha that recitation of this mantra while focusing on the sound can lead to the attainment of eight hundredsamādhis. Ārolik mantra Another mantra for Avalokiteśvara commonly recited in East Asian Buddhism is \"three and a half syllables\"",
"a half syllables\" (ardhacaturthākṣara) heart-mantra: \"oṃ ārolik svāha\" (or sometimes justĀrolikoroṁ ārolik), which is found (in many forms and variations likeārolika,arulika, etc.) in numerous pre-tenth-century Indian texts, including the 7th century Chinese translation of theDhāraṇīsaṁgraha, theSusiddhikarasūtra,theMañjuśriyamūlakalpa,and theGuhyasamājatantra. This is also the main mantra for the bodhisattva inShingon Buddhismand is considered to be the main mantra of theLotus Buddha family. One text (Taisho Tripitaka no. 1031) describes a visualization practice done after reciting oṁ ārolik svāhā seven times which includes meditating on the meanings of the four letters of ārolik which are: The Ārolik mantra has also been found engraved on a few sculptures found in north India.One of these begins with \"ārolik oṁ hrīḥ\". Another one of these found inBiharalso included other mantras, includingye dharma hetu,followed by\"namo ratnatrayāya namo Āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisatvāya mahāsatvāya mahākāruṇikāya Ārolok Oṁ",
"Ārolok Oṁ hriḥ hriḥ\". Another longer mantra appears in a translation byAmoghavajra(T. 1033, 20: 9b1–7): namoratnatrayāya | nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya mahāsattvāya mahākāruṇikāya | tadyathā padmapāṇi sara sara ehy ehi bhagavann āryāvalokiteśvara ārolik | In Chinese,oṃ ārolik svāhais pronouncedǍn ālǔlēi jì suōpóhē(唵 阿嚕勒繼 娑婆訶). In Korean, it is pronouncedOm aroreuk Ge Sabaha(옴 아로늑계 사바하). In Japanese, it is pronouncedOn arori kya sowa ka(おん あろりきゃ そわか). Dharanis TheKāraṇḍavyūha Sūtraalso features the first appearance of thedhāraṇīofCundī, which occurs at the end of the sūtra text.After the bodhisattva finally attains samādhi with the mantra \"oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ\", he is able to observe 77 koṭīs of fully enlightened buddhas replying to him in one voice with the Cundī Dhāraṇī:namaḥ saptānāṃ samyaksaṃbuddha koṭīnāṃ tadyathā, oṃ cale cule cunde svāhā. TheNīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇīis an 82-syllable dhāraṇī for Avalokiteśvara also known as the Great Compassion Mantra. It is very popular inEast Asian Buddhism. Another",
"Buddhism. Another popular Avalokiteśvara dharani in East Asian Buddhism isEleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani.This dharani is associated with Avalokiteśvara's eleven face form, known asEkādaśamukha, one ofthe six forms of Guanyin. East Asian chants and phrases In East Asian Buddhism, the most popular form of Avalokiteśvara is the feminine white robedGuanyin. A common phrase which is widely chanted and recited by East Asian Buddhists is: Chinese: 南無觀世音菩薩,Pinyin:Námó Guānshìyīn Púsà(Japanese:Namu Kanzeon Bosatsu) In English:Homage to Guanyin Bodhisattva.There are also longer chants, usually termed \"White Robed Guanyin\" (Baiyin Guanyin) sutras (jing) or mantras (zhou).The most well known is the \"Divine White-robed Guanyin Mantra\" (c. 11th century).This longer mantra is as follows: 南無 大慈 大悲 救苦 救難 廣大 靈感 觀世音 菩薩 (Námó dàcí dàbēi jiùkǔ jiùnàn guǎngdà línggǎn Guānshìyīn púsà) English: Homage to Guanyin Bodhisattva loving, compassionate and powerful, delivering sentient beings from unhappiness and hardship.",
"and hardship. 南無佛南無法南無僧 (Námó Fó Námó Fǎ Námó Sēng, Homage to the Buddha, Homage to the Dharma, Homage to the Sangha) 南無 救苦 救難 觀世音 菩薩 (Námó jiùkǔ jiùnàn Guānshìyīn púsà) English: Homage to Guanyin Bodhisattva who delivers sentient beings from unhappiness and hardship 怛垤哆唵 伽囉伐哆伽囉伐哆伽訶佛哆 囉伽佛哆囉伽佛哆娑婆訶 (DA ZHI DUO ONG QIE LA FA DUO QIE LA FA DUO QIE HE FA DUO LA QIE FA DUO LA QIE FA DUO SA PO HE) Sanskrit Mantra: Tadyatha Om, khara varta, khara varta, gaha varta, raga varta, raga varta, Svaha 天羅神 地羅神 人離難 難離身 一切 災殃 化 為塵。 Tiān luó shén Dì luó shén Rén lí nán Nán lí shēn Yīqiè zāiyāng huà wéichén English: Heavenly deities and earthly deities, may people be free from difficulties, may their hardships disappear, may all disasters and calamities turn to dust. 南無 摩訶 般若波羅蜜 (Námó Móhē Bōrěbōluómi) English: Homage to Mahāprajñāpāramitā Another popular dharani of Guanyin is associated with her power over children and childbirth. This is called the \"Dharani Sutra of White-Robed Guanyin's Heart of Five Seals\".InJapanese",
"Seals\".InJapanese Buddhism, a popular longer chant to Kannon or Kanzeon (Guanyin) is thejikku kan’on gyō(十句觀音經), the “10 Verse Kannon Sutra”. It is the following: 觀世音 (kan ze on) 南無佛 (na mu butsu): Homage to Buddha 與佛有因 (yo butsu u in): forged a causal connection with Buddha, 與佛有縁 (yo butsu u en): a karmic affinity with Buddha, 佛法僧縁 (butsu ho so en): a karmic affinity with Buddha, Dharma, Sangha 常樂我淨 (jo raku ga jo): thus attaining permanence, ease, selfhood, and purity. 朝念觀世音 (cho nen kan ze on): In the morning think of Kanzeon, 暮念觀世音 (bo nen kan ze on): in the evening think of Kanzeon. 念念從心起 (nen nen ju shin ki): Thought after thought arises from mind; 念念不離心 (nen nen fu ri shin): thought after thought is not separate from mind. Manifestations Avalokiteśvara has an extraordinarily large number of forms, emanations or manifestations, including wisdom goddesses (vidyās) directly associated with him in images and texts. Furthermore, at least two separate female Buddhist deities,CundīandTaraalso later came to",
"later came to be associated with Avalokiteśvara (and were even seen as manifestations of him). Some of the more commonly mentioned forms include: Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara One prominent Buddhist story tells of Avalokiteśvara vowing never to rest until he had freed all sentient beings fromsaṃsāra. Despite strenuous effort, he realizes that many unhappy beings were yet to be saved. After struggling to comprehend the needs of so many, his head splits into eleven pieces.Amitābha, seeing his plight, gives him eleven heads with which to hear the cries of the suffering. Upon hearing these cries and comprehending them, Avalokiteśvara tries to reach out to all those who needed aid, but found that his two arms shattered into pieces. Once more, Amitābha comes to his aid and invests him with a thousand arms with which to aid the suffering multitudes. Avalokiteśvara as a cosmic maheśvara (\"great lord\") According to various Mahayana sources, numerousHindu deitiesare considered to be emanations of Avalokiteshvara. For",
"For example, in theKāraṇḍavyūhasūtra,Vishnu,Shiva,BrahmaandSaraswatiare all said to have emerged from Avalokiteshvara.The passage states: ĀdityaandCandracame from his eyes,Maheśvaracame from his forehead,Brahmācame from his shoulders,Nārāyaṇacame from his heart, DeviSarasvatīcame from his canines,Vāyucame from his mouth,Dharaṇīcame from his feet, andVaruṇacame from his stomach. In a similar manner, Hindu deities likeNīlakaṇṭhaandHariharaare cited in theNīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī, possibly as forms of Avalokiteshvara or as associated bodhisattvas (the text is not clear, though traditionally these have been interpreted as various names or forms of Avalokiteshvara). Alexander Studholme writes that these sources are influenced byPuranicHinduism, and its concepts of anĪśvara(\"lord\") and Maheśvara (\"great lord\"), both of which are terms that refer to a transcendent and all pervasive being.The name Maheśvara is also applied to Avalokiteshvara three times in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra, and some passages he is described as",
"he is described as acosmic man, similar to how the Puranas depict Vishnu or Shiva.However, this Buddhist myth only focuses on how Avalokiteshvara gives birth to all the gods (devas), and he is not depicted as a trueCreator God(who creates the cosmos, like the HinduĪśvara), instead he is depicted as a great cosmic being that manifests in myriad ways as askillful meansto guide living beings to Buddhahood. Tibetan Buddhist beliefs Avalokiteśvara is an important deity inTibetan Buddhism. He is regarded in theVajrayanateachings as a Buddha. In Tibetan Buddhism,Tãrãcame into existence from a single tear shed by Avalokiteśvara.When the tear fell to the ground it created a lake, and a lotus opening in the lake revealed Tara. In another version of this story, Tara emerges from the heart of Avalokiteśvara. In either version, it is Avalokiteśvara's outpouring of compassion which manifests Tãrã as a being. Certain livingtulkulineages, including theDalai Lamasand theKarmapas, are considered by many Tibetan Buddhists to",
"Buddhists to also be manifestations of Avalokiteśvara. Gallery See also References Sources External links"
] |
Shakshouka and menemen are considered similar dishes. What two main ingredients do they have in common? | Egg and tomato. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menemen_(food) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakshouka | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menemen_(food)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakshouka'] | [
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"Shakshouka Shakshouka(Arabic:شكشوكة: šakšūkah, also spelledshakshukaorchakchouka) is aMaghrebidish of eggspoachedin a sauce of tomatoes, olive oil, peppers, onion, and garlic, commonly spiced withcumin,paprikaandcayenne pepper. Shakshouka is a popular dish throughoutNorth Africaand theMiddle East. Etymology Shakshukais a word for \"mixture\" inAlgerian Arabicand \"mixed\" inTunisian Arabic.TheOxford English Dictionarydescribes it as being of multiple origins, anonomatopoeicMaghribi Arabic word, related to the verbshakshakameaning \"to bubble, to sizzle, to be mixed up, to be beaten together,\" and theFrenchwordChakchouka, which was borrowed into English in the nineteenth century.Chakchoukawas borrowed into French fromAlgerian Arabic. History Gil Marks, while noting some similarities with the Ottoman dishmenemen, suggests that shakshouka evolved fromşakşukawhich spread to the Maghreb through the influence of the Ottoman Empire.Anthony Buccini noted similarities between a wider range of vegetable stews. He andNoam Siennaconclude that both shakshouka and menemen, among other dishes likepiperadeandratatouille, are members of a wider family of vegetable stews of common ancestry appearing throughout the western Mediterranean. The migration ofMaghrebi Jewsin the 1950s brought the dish to Israel, where it was subsequently widely adopted despite not being previously present in Palestinian or Levantine cuisine.Shakshouka began appearing in Israeli restaurants in the 1990s. Variations Many variations of the basic sauce are possible, varying in spice and sweetness. Some cooks addpreserved lemon, saltysheep milk cheeses, olives,harissaor a spicy sausage such aschorizoormerguez.Shakshouka is made with eggs, which are commonly poached but can also be scrambled, like in the Turkishmenemen. InAlgeria, shakshouka is commonly eaten as a side dish, and there are countless variations of it, each with their own unique blend of ingredients. One such variation ishmiss, which is often served alongside traditionalkesra bread. Hmiss typically includes grilled peppers, tomatoes, and garlic. InTunisia, a similar dish calledslata meshouiais enjoyed, but it differs from hmiss with the addition of onions, cumin and tuna. Some variations of shakshouka can be made withlamb mince, toasted whole spices, yogurt and fresh herbs.Spices can include groundcoriander,caraway,paprika,cuminandcayenne pepper.Tunisian cooks may add potatoes, broad beans, artichoke hearts or courgettes to the dish.TheNorth Africandishmatbukhacan be used as a base for shakshouka. Because eggs are the main ingredient, it often appears on breakfast menus in English-speaking countries, but in the Arab world as well as Israel, it is also a popular evening meal,and likehummusandfalafel, is a Levantine regional favorite.On the side, pickled vegetables and North African sausage calledmerguezmight be served, or simply bread, with mint tea. In Jewish culture, a large batch of tomato stew is made for theSabbathdinner and the leftovers used the following morning to make a breakfast shakshouka with eggs.InAndalusian cuisine, the dish is known ashuevos a la flamenca; this version includeschorizoandserrano ham.InItalian cuisine, there is a version of this dish calleduova in purgatorio(eggs in purgatory) that adds garlic, basil or parsley. Vegan variants replace the eggs withtofu. See also References External links"
] | [
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menemen_(food",
"Shakshouka Shakshouka(Arabic:شكشوكة: šakšūkah, also spelledshakshukaorchakchouka) is aMaghrebidish of eggspoachedin a sauce of tomatoes, olive oil, peppers, onion, and garlic, commonly spiced withcumin,paprikaandcayenne pepper. Shakshouka is a popular dish throughoutNorth Africaand theMiddle East. Etymology Shakshukais a word for \"mixture\" inAlgerian Arabicand \"mixed\" inTunisian Arabic.TheOxford English Dictionarydescribes it as being of multiple origins, anonomatopoeicMaghribi Arabic word, related to the verbshakshakameaning \"to bubble, to sizzle, to be mixed up, to be beaten together,\" and theFrenchwordChakchouka, which was borrowed into English in the nineteenth century.Chakchoukawas borrowed into French fromAlgerian Arabic. History Gil Marks, while noting some similarities with the Ottoman dishmenemen, suggests that shakshouka evolved fromşakşukawhich spread to the Maghreb through the influence of the Ottoman Empire.Anthony Buccini noted similarities between a wider range of vegetable stews. He andNoam",
"stews. He andNoam Siennaconclude that both shakshouka and menemen, among other dishes likepiperadeandratatouille, are members of a wider family of vegetable stews of common ancestry appearing throughout the western Mediterranean. The migration ofMaghrebi Jewsin the 1950s brought the dish to Israel, where it was subsequently widely adopted despite not being previously present in Palestinian or Levantine cuisine.Shakshouka began appearing in Israeli restaurants in the 1990s. Variations Many variations of the basic sauce are possible, varying in spice and sweetness. Some cooks addpreserved lemon, saltysheep milk cheeses, olives,harissaor a spicy sausage such aschorizoormerguez.Shakshouka is made with eggs, which are commonly poached but can also be scrambled, like in the Turkishmenemen. InAlgeria, shakshouka is commonly eaten as a side dish, and there are countless variations of it, each with their own unique blend of ingredients. One such variation ishmiss, which is often served alongside traditionalkesra",
"traditionalkesra bread. Hmiss typically includes grilled peppers, tomatoes, and garlic. InTunisia, a similar dish calledslata meshouiais enjoyed, but it differs from hmiss with the addition of onions, cumin and tuna. Some variations of shakshouka can be made withlamb mince, toasted whole spices, yogurt and fresh herbs.Spices can include groundcoriander,caraway,paprika,cuminandcayenne pepper.Tunisian cooks may add potatoes, broad beans, artichoke hearts or courgettes to the dish.TheNorth Africandishmatbukhacan be used as a base for shakshouka. Because eggs are the main ingredient, it often appears on breakfast menus in English-speaking countries, but in the Arab world as well as Israel, it is also a popular evening meal,and likehummusandfalafel, is a Levantine regional favorite.On the side, pickled vegetables and North African sausage calledmerguezmight be served, or simply bread, with mint tea. In Jewish culture, a large batch of tomato stew is made for theSabbathdinner and the leftovers used the following",
"used the following morning to make a breakfast shakshouka with eggs.InAndalusian cuisine, the dish is known ashuevos a la flamenca; this version includeschorizoandserrano ham.InItalian cuisine, there is a version of this dish calleduova in purgatorio(eggs in purgatory) that adds garlic, basil or parsley. Vegan variants replace the eggs withtofu. See also References External links"
] |
Which is bigger based on their maximum average lengths multiplied by their number of legs: an elephant beetle, a brown rhinoceros beetle, or a bee hummingbird? | Elephant beetle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_beetle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylotrupes_gideon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_hummingbird | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird#Anatomy_and_physiology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_beetle', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylotrupes_gideon', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_hummingbird', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird#Anatomy_and_physiology', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect'] | [
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird#Anatomy_and_physiology",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"
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"Elephant beetle M. e. elephasM. e. iijimai Theelephant beetle(Megasoma elephas) is a member of the familyScarabaeidaeand the subfamilyDynastinae. Elephant beetles are Neotropicalrhinoceros beetles. Appearance Elephant beetles are black in color and covered with a coat of fine microscopic hairs. The hairs grow particularly thick on the beetle'selytra. The hairs give the beetle's body a yellowish color. Males have twohornsprotruding from the head and another from theprothorax. The longest head horn gives the beetle its common name, since it resembles an elephant’s trunk. Females have no horns. The horns are used for defense, and in competition among males for food and mates. Size In size, elephant beetles typically range between 7 and 12 cm (2.75–4.75 in), with the largest male specimen known measuring 13.7 cm, including the horn. Location Elephant beetles are located in southernMexico,Central America, and inSouth Americanrainforests. List of subspecies Breeding Elephant beetlelarvaedevelop in large decaying logs and take up to three years to develop into adult beetles, depending upon the subspecies. The female elephant beetle lays her eggs inside the decaying log or in the ground. Some weeks after that (usually three) the eggs hatch into C-shaped larvae, whitegrubswith brown heads and six legs. The larval stage lasts around 29 months, during which time the grubs consume organic matter. The third and last stage, thepupalstage, lasts around five weeks at a temperature of 26 degreesCelsius. The life span of an adult elephant beetle is around one to three months. Food For their diet, elephant beetles eat thesapof particular trees and ripened fallen fruits. In captivity, they also eat exotic fruits such aspineapples,longan,lycheefruit, and bark from certain trees like thepoinciana. Behavior and habitat Elephant beetles live in rainforests and are mainly active during the night. They are able to maintain a high internal body heat when foraging despite reduced ambient temperature. Elephant beetle population has been depleted by the destruction of the rainforests, which has reduced their grounds for mating. In some countries such as Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and others in Central America the male's head is used as a charm necklace, decorated with gold. This has affected the population severely. Potential military use As part of a Pentagon-sponsored project, researchers at theUniversity of California, Berkeleyhave implanted electrodes into elephant beetle pupae. This allows some remote control of the adults’ flying behaviour. See also References External links",
"Xylotrupes gideon Xylotrupes gideon, thebrown rhinoceros beetle, is a species of largescarab beetlebelonging to the subfamilyDynastinae. Subspecies Seven subspecies have been identified. Distribution This species is widespread inIndia,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Indonesia:Java(nominotypical form),Borneo(borneensis),Sunda IslandsandMoluccas. Description Xylotrupes gideoncan reach a length of 3.5–7 centimetres (1.4–2.8 in).As usual with rhinoceros beetles there is a great difference between the genders. Males are larger than females. They have two chitinous bifurcated horns, a thick thoracic horn and a smaller cephalic horn, which they use to eliminate their rivals during the mating period.These beetles are shiny dark red, dark brown, or black in coloration. The eyes are located on each side of the head. When disturbed these beetles make a hissing noise, produced by rubbing the tip of the abdomen against the edge the elytra. Males with transverse, scantily punctured head; clypeus elongate, scantily and minutely punctured. Antenna with 10 segments. Pronotum and scutellum scantily and minutely punctured. Elytra and pygidium coriaceous, finely and scantily punctured. Dorsum of female is rugose, with coarsely and densely punctured pronotum. Pygidium finely rugose. Biology One source gives the average duration of the different developmental stages; females lay about 55 eggs at one time in decaying logs; eggs mature in 21 days, where the larvae hatch from decaying coconut logs; the total larval period is 188 days, followed by 14 days of prepupal and 32 days of pupal periods; adult females are live about 102 days, whereas adult males survive 90 days.Other sources indicate that the larvae develop in decaying vegetable matter and usually take two years in development, the adult beetles live 2–4 months. A female can lay about 20-30 eggs but it depends on the place where they live. This species is considered as a serious pest oncoconutand also a minor pest on plum, okra,oil palm, sugarcane,Persea bombycina,rubber, banana, bamboo,Delonix regia, Cacao tree,poinciana, cassia, litchi, potato,apple and pear. See also References External links Media related toXylotrupes gideonat Wikimedia Commons",
"Bee hummingbird Thebee hummingbird,zunzuncitoorHelena hummingbird(Mellisuga helenae) is aspeciesofhummingbird, native to the island ofCubain theCaribbean. It is the smallest knownbird.The bee hummingbird feeds on nectar of flowers and bugs found in Cuba. Description The bee hummingbird is thesmallest living bird.Females weigh 2.6 g (0.092 oz) and are6.1 cm (2+3⁄8in) long, and are slightly larger than males, which have an average weight of 1.95 g (0.069 oz) and length of5.5 cm (2+1⁄8in).Like all hummingbirds, it is a swift, strong flier. The male has a greenpileumand bright red throat, iridescentgorgetwith elongated lateralplumes, bluish upper parts, and the rest of the underparts mostly greyish white.Compared to other small hummingbirds, which often have a slender appearance, the bee hummingbird looks rounded and plump. Female bee hummingbirds are bluish green with a pale gray underside.The tips of their tail feathers have white spots. During the mating season, males have a reddish to pink head, chin, and throat. The female lays only two eggs at a time, each about the size of acoffee bean. The bee hummingbird'sfeathershaveiridescentcolors, which is not always noticeable, but depends on the viewing angle. The bird's slender, pointed bill is adapted for probing deep intoflowers. The bee hummingbird feeds mainly onnectar, by moving its tongue rapidly in and out of its mouth. In the process of feeding, the bird picks uppollenon itsbilland head. When it flies from flower to flower, it transfers the pollen. In this way, it plays an important role inplant reproduction. In one day, the bee hummingbird may visit 1,500 flowers.It is a diurnal bird that can fly at 40–48 km/h (22–26 kn; 11–13 m/s), and it beats its wings 80–200 times per second, which allows it to remain stationary in the air to feed on flowers. The bee hummingbird lives up to seven years in the wild, and 10 years in captivity. The bee hummingbird has also been described as \"thesmallestdinosaur\".This characterization is based upon the recognition that birds are, in fact, a living form oftheropoddinosaurs (or, strictly speaking,avian dinosaurs),and no smaller bird or non-avian dinosaur has been found in the fossil record. The call is described as \"high pitched, jumbled twitter\".Within their territory a male will often sing atop the highest tree. Diet The bee hummingbird has been reported to visit ten plant species, nine of them native to Cuba. They occasionally eat insects and spiders. In a typical day, bee hummingbirds will consume up to half their body weight in food. Taxonomy The closest evolutionary relative of the bee hummingbird is thevervain hummingbird(Mellisuga minima), the only other member of its genus.The habitats of the vervain hummingbird are in Cuba's neighboring islands,HispaniolaandJamaica. Habitat and distribution The bee hummingbird isendemicto the entire Cubanarchipelago, including the main island of Cuba and theIsla de la Juventudin theWest Indies.In these regions bee hummingbirds generally live in areas of thick growth that contain lianas and epiphytes.Its population is fragmented; it is found in Cuba'smogoteareas inPinar del Río Provinceand more commonly inZapata Swamp(Matanzas Province) and in eastern Cuba, with reference localities in Alexander Humboldt National Park and Baitiquirí Ecological Reserve (Guantánamo Province) and Gibara and Sierra Cristal (Holguín Province). Breeding Bee hummingbirds reach sexual maturity at one year of age.Male bee hummingbirds court females with sound from tail-feathers, which flutter during display dives.The bee hummingbird's breeding season is March–June, with the female laying one or two eggs. Using strands ofcobwebs,bark, andlichen, female bee hummingbirds build a cup-shaped nest about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter and 3–5 m off the ground. The nest is lined with a layer of soft plant wool.Branches in mature, leafy jucaro (Terminalia buceras) and juvenile ocuje (Calophyllum antillanum) trees are commonly used for nest building.After completion of the nest, the eggs areincubatedfor 21 days by only the female, followed by 2 days of hatching, and 18 days of care by the mother. During days of care the mother will hunt for small insects while chicks are left alone in the nest. Over the final 4–5 days ofcare, juvenile bee hummingbirds practice their flight capabilities. The nests are used only once. Coevolution with flowers The bee hummingbird's interaction with the flowers that supply nectar is a notable example of bird–plantcoevolutionwith its primary food source (flowers fornectar).Flowers that bee hummingbirds often feed from are odorless, have long narrow tubular corolla that are brightly colored, and has dilute nectar. See also References External links",
"Bird Birdsare a group ofwarm-bloodedvertebratesconstituting theclassAves(/ˈeɪviːz/), characterised byfeathers, toothless beaked jaws, thelayingofhard-shelledeggs, a highmetabolicrate, a four-chamberedheart, and a strong yet lightweightskeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5.5 cm (2.2 in)bee hummingbirdto the 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)common ostrich. There are over 11,000 living species, more than half of which arepasserine, or \"perching\" birds. Birds havewingswhose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinctmoaandelephant birds. Wings, which are modifiedforelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to theloss of flight in some birds, includingratites,penguins, and diverseendemicisland species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularlyseabirdsand somewaterbirds, have further evolved for swimming. The study of birds is calledornithology. Birds arefeatheredtheropoddinosaursand constitute theonly known living dinosaurs. Likewise, birds are consideredreptilesin the moderncladisticsense of the term, and their closest living relatives are thecrocodilians. Birds are descendants of the primitiveavialans(whose members includeArchaeopteryx) which first appeared during theLate Jurassic. According to recent estimates, modern birds (Neornithes) evolved in theLate Cretaceousand diversified dramatically around the time of theCretaceous–Paleogene extinction event66 million years ago, which killed off thepterosaursand all non-avian dinosaurs. Manysocial speciespreserve knowledge across generations (culture). Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, andsongs, and participating in such behaviours ascooperative breedingand hunting,flocking, andmobbingof predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially (but not necessarily sexually)monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, and rarely for life. Other species have breeding systems that arepolygynous(one male with many females) or, rarely,polyandrous(one female with many males). Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilised throughsexual reproduction. They are usually laid in a nest andincubatedby the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. Many species of birds are economically important as food for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, withdomesticatedandundomesticatedbirds being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers.Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets.Guano(bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertiliser. Birds figure throughout human culture. About 120 to 130 species have becomeextinctdue to human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to protect them. Recreationalbirdwatchingis an important part of theecotourismindustry. Evolution and classification The firstclassificationof birds was developed byFrancis WillughbyandJohn Rayin their 1676 volumeOrnithologiae.Carl Linnaeusmodified that work in 1758 to devise thetaxonomic classificationsystem currently in use.Birds are categorised as thebiological classAves inLinnaean taxonomy.Phylogenetic taxonomyplaces Aves in thecladeTheropoda. Definition Aves and a sister group, the orderCrocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile cladeArchosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly definedphylogeneticallyas all descendants of themost recent common ancestorof modern birds andArchaeopteryx lithographica.However, an earlier definition proposed byJacques Gauthiergained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents to thePhyloCode. Gauthier defined Aves to include only thecrown groupof the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only fromfossils, and assigning them, instead, to the broader group Avialae,on the principle that a clade based on extant species should be limited to those extant species and their closest extinct relatives. Gauthier and de Queiroz identified four different definitions for the same biological name \"Aves\", which is a problem.The authors proposed to reserve the term Aves only for the crown group consisting of the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants,which corresponds to meaning number 4 below. They assigned other names to the other groups. Lizards&snakes Turtles Crocodiles Birds Under the fourth definitionArchaeopteryx, traditionally considered one of the earliest members of Aves, is removed from this group, becoming a non-avian dinosaur instead. These proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology andbird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is often used synonymously with the vernacular term \"bird\" by these researchers. †Coelurus †Ornitholestes †Ornithomimosauria †Alvarezsauridae †Oviraptorosauria Paraves Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to \"alltheropodscloser to birds than toDeinonychus\",withTroodonbeing sometimes added as a second external specifier in case it is closer to birds than toDeinonychus.Avialae is also occasionally defined as anapomorphy-based clade(that is, one based on physical characteristics).Jacques Gauthier, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flappingflight, and the birds that descended from them. Despite being currently one of the most widely used, the crown-group definition of Aves has been criticised by some researchers. Lee and Spencer (1997) argued that, contrary to what Gauthier defended, this definition would not increase the stability of the clade and the exact content of Aves will always be uncertain because any defined clade (either crown or not) will have few synapomorphies distinguishing it from its closest relatives. Their alternative definition is synonymous to Avifilopluma. Dinosaurs and the origin of birds †Scansoriopterygidae †Eosinopteryx †Jinfengopteryx †Aurornis †Dromaeosauridae †Troodontidae Avialae Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialised subgroup oftheropoddinosaursand, more specifically, members ofManiraptora, a group of theropods which includesdromaeosauridsandoviraptorosaurs, among others.As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. By the 2000s, discoveries in theLiaoningProvince of northeast China, which demonstrated many small theropodfeathered dinosaurs, contributed to this ambiguity. The consensus view in contemporarypalaeontologyis that the flying theropods, oravialans, are the closest relatives of thedeinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids andtroodontids.Together, these form a group calledParaves. Somebasalmembers of Deinonychosauria, such asMicroraptor, have features which may have enabled them to glide or fly. The most basal deinonychosaurs were very small. This evidence raises the possibility that the ancestor of all paravians may have beenarboreal, have been able to glide, or both.UnlikeArchaeopteryxand the non-avialan feathered dinosaurs, who primarily ate meat, studies suggest that the first avialans wereomnivores. TheLate JurassicArchaeopteryxis well known as one of the firsttransitional fossilsto be found, and it provided support for thetheory of evolutionin the late 19th century.Archaeopteryxwas the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics—teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-like tail—as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds. It is not considered a direct ancestor of birds, though it is possibly closely related to the true ancestor. Early evolution Over 40% of key traits found in modern birds evolved during the 60 million year transition from the earliestbird-line archosaursto the firstmaniraptoromorphs, i.e. the first dinosaurs closer to living birds than toTyrannosaurus rex. The loss of osteoderms otherwise common in archosaurs and acquisition of primitive feathers might have occurred early during this phase.After the appearance of Maniraptoromorpha, the next 40 million years marked a continuous reduction of body size and the accumulation ofneotenic(juvenile-like) characteristics.Hypercarnivorybecame increasingly less common while braincases enlarged and forelimbs became longer.Theintegumentevolved into complex,pennaceous feathers. The oldest known paravian (and probably the earliest avialan) fossils come from theTiaojishan Formationof China, which has been dated to the lateJurassicperiod (Oxfordianstage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period includeAnchiornis huxleyi,Xiaotingia zhengi, andAurornis xui. The well-known probable early avialan,Archaeopteryx, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) fromGermany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or \"hind wings\" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering. Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during theCretaceousperiod. Many groups retainedprimitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves).Increasingly stiff tails (especially the outermost half) can be seen in the evolution of maniraptoromorphs, and this process culminated in the appearance of thepygostyle, an ossification of fused tail vertebrae.In the late Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago, the ancestors of all modern birds evolved a more open pelvis, allowing them to lay larger eggs compared to body size.Around 95 million years ago, they evolved a better sense of smell. A third stage of bird evolution starting withOrnithothoraces(the \"bird-chested\" avialans) can be associated with the refining of aerodynamics and flight capabilities, and the loss or co-ossification of several skeletal features. Particularly significant are the development of an enlarged,keeledsternum and thealula, and the loss of grasping hands. †Anchiornis †Archaeopteryx †Xiaotingia †Rahonavis †Jeholornis †Jixiangornis †Balaur †Zhongjianornis †Sapeornis †Confuciusornithiformes †Protopteryx †Pengornis Ornithothoraces Early diversity of bird ancestors †Enantiornithes †Archaeorhynchus †Patagopteryx †Vorona †Schizooura †Hongshanornithidae †Jianchangornis †Songlingornithidae †Gansus †Apsaravis †Hesperornithes †Ichthyornis †Vegavis Aves The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were theEnantiornithes, or \"opposite birds\", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array ofecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of theMesozoicera. Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, theEuornithes(meaning \"true birds\", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialised in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the Enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most early euornithes lackedperchingadaptations and likely included shorebird-like species, waders, and swimming and diving species. The latter included the superficiallygull-likeIchthyornisand theHesperornithiformes, which became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments that they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic.The early euornithes also saw the development of many traits associated with modern birds, like strongly keeled breastbones, toothless, beaked portions of their jaws (though most non-avian euornithes retained teeth in other parts of the jaws).Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop truepygostyleand a fully mobile fan of tail feathers,which may have replaced the \"hind wing\" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight. A study onmosaic evolutionin the avian skull found that thelast common ancestorof all Neornithes might have had a beak similar to that of the modernhook-billed vangaand a skull similar to that of theEurasian golden oriole. As both species are small aerial and canopy foraging omnivores, a similar ecological niche was inferred for this hypothetical ancestor. Diversification of modern birds (ratitesandtinamous) (landfowlandwaterfowl) (all other birds includingperchingbirds) Most studies agree on aCretaceousage for the most recent common ancestor of modern birds but estimates range from the Early Cretaceousto the latest Cretaceous.Similarly, there is no agreement on whether most of the early diversification of modern birds occurred in the Cretaceous and associated with breakup of the supercontinentGondwanaor occurred later and potentially as a consequence of theCretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event.This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; most molecular dating studies suggests a Cretaceousevolutionary radiation, while fossil evidence points to a Cenozoic radiation (the so-called 'rocks' versus 'clocks' controversy). The discovery ofVegavisfrom theMaastrichtian, the last stage of theLate Cretaceousproved that the diversification of modern birds started before theCenozoicera.The affinities of an earlier fossil, the possiblegalliformAustinornislentus, dated to about 85 million years ago,are still too controversial to provide a fossil evidence of modern bird diversification. In 2020,Asteriornisfrom the Maastrichtian was described, it appears to be a close relative ofGalloanserae, the earliest diverging lineage within Neognathae. Attempts to reconcile molecular and fossil evidence using genomic-scale DNA data and comprehensive fossil information have not resolved the controversy.However, a 2015 estimate that used a new method for calibratingmolecular clocksconfirmed that while modern birds originated early in the Late Cretaceous, likely in WesternGondwana, a pulse of diversification in all major groups occurred around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event.Modern birds would have expanded from West Gondwana through two routes. One route was an Antarctic interchange in the Paleogene. The other route was probably via Paleocene land bridges between South America and North America, which allowed for the rapid expansion and diversification of Neornithes into theHolarcticandPaleotropics.On the other hand, the occurrence ofAsteriornisin the Northern Hemisphere suggest that Neornithes dispersed out of East Gondwana before the Paleocene. Classification of bird orders All modern birds lie within thecrown groupAves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: thePalaeognathae, which includes the flightlessratites(such as theostriches) and the weak-flyingtinamous, and the extremely diverseNeognathae, containing all other birds.These two subdivisions have variously been given therankofsuperorder,cohort,or infraclass.The number of known living bird species is around 11,000although sources may differ in their precise numbers. Cladogramof modern bird relationships based on Stilleret al. (2024). Struthioniformes(ostriches) Tinamiformes(tinamous) Rheiformes(rheas) Apterygiformes(kiwis) Casuariiformes(emuandcassowaries) Galliformes(chickensand relatives) Anseriformes(ducksand relatives) Phoenicopteriformes(flamingos) Podicipediformes(grebes) Columbiformes(pigeons and doves) Mesitornithiformes(mesites) Pterocliformes(sandgrouse) Cuculiformes(cuckoos) Otidiformes(bustards) Musophagiformes(turacos) Opisthocomiformes(hoatzin) Gruiformes(railsandcranes) Charadriiformes(wadersand relatives) Caprimulgiformes(nightjars) Nyctibiiformes(potoos) Steatornithiformes(oilbird) Podargiformes(frogmouths) Aegotheliformes(owlet-nightjars) Apodiformes(swifts,treeswiftsandhummingbirds) Phaethontiformes(tropicbirds) Eurypygiformes(sunbitternandkagu) Gaviiformes(loons) Procellariiformes(albatrossesandpetrels) Sphenisciformes(penguins) Ciconiiformes(storks) Suliformes(boobies,cormorants, etc.) Pelecaniformes(pelicans,heronsandibises) Strigiformes(owls) Cathartiformes(New World vultures) Accipitriformes(hawksand relatives) Coliiformes(mousebirds) Leptosomiformes(cuckoo roller) Trogoniformes(trogons and quetzals) Bucerotiformes(hornbillsand relatives) Coraciiformes(kingfishersand relatives) Piciformes(woodpeckersand relatives) Cariamiformes(seriemas) Falconiformes(falcons) Psittaciformes(parrots) Passeriformes(passerines) The classification of birds is a contentious issue.SibleyandAhlquist'sPhylogeny and Classification of Birds(1990) is a landmark work on the subject.Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate,but scientists disagree about the relationships among the orders themselves; evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem, but no strong consensus has emerged. Fossil and molecular evidence from the 2010s is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders. Genomics As of 2010, thegenomehad been sequenced for only two birds, thechickenand thezebra finch. As of 2022the genomes of 542 species of birds had been completed. At least one genome has been sequenced from every order.These include at least one species in about 90% of extant avian families (218 out of 236 families recognised by theHoward and Moore Checklist). Being able to sequence and compare whole genomes gives researchers many types of information, about genes, the DNA that regulates the genes, and their evolutionary history. This has led to reconsideration of some of the classifications that were based solely on the identification of protein-coding genes. Waterbirds such aspelicansandflamingos, for example, may have in common specific adaptations suited to their environment that were developed independently. Distribution Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in thesnow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland inAntarctica.The highest birddiversityoccurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higherspeciationrates in the tropics; however studies from the 2000s found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greaterextinctionrates than in the tropics.Many species migrate annually over great distances and across oceans; several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, and someseabirdspecies come ashore only to breed,while somepenguinshave been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft) deep. Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have beenintroducedby humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; thering-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as agame bird.Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wildmonk parakeetsin several North American cities after their escape from captivity.Some species, includingcattle egret,yellow-headed caracaraandgalah,havespread naturallyfar beyond their original ranges asagricultural expansioncreated alternative habitats although modern practices of intensive agriculture have negatively impacted farmland bird populations. Anatomy and physiology Compared with other vertebrates, birds have abody planthat shows many unusual adaptations, mostly to facilitateflight. Skeletal system The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with therespiratory system.The skull bones in adults are fused and do not showcranial sutures.Theorbital cavitiesthat house the eyeballs are large and separated from each other by a bonyseptum(partition). Thespinehas cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anteriorthoracic vertebraeand absent in the later vertebrae.The last few are fused with thepelvisto form thesynsacrum.The ribs are flattened and thesternumis keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings.The wings are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups that lost their wings are theextinctmoaandelephant birds. Excretory system Like thereptiles, birds are primarilyuricotelic, that is, theirkidneysextractnitrogenous wastefrom their bloodstream and excrete it asuric acid, instead ofureaorammonia, through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have aurinary bladderor external urethral opening and (with exception of theostrich) uric acid is excreted along with faeces as a semisolid waste.However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia.They also excretecreatine, rather thancreatininelike mammals.This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird'scloaca.The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate byjoining cloaca, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitatepellets. It is a common but not universal feature ofaltricialpasserinenestlings (born helpless, under constant parental care) that instead of excreting directly into the nest, they produce afecal sac. This is a mucus-covered pouch that allows parents to either dispose of the waste outside the nest or to recycle the waste through their own digestive system. Reproductive system Most male birds do not haveintromittentpenises.Males withinPalaeognathae(with the exception of thekiwis), theAnseriformes(with the exception ofscreamers), and in rudimentary forms inGalliformes(but fully developed inCracidae) possess apenis, which is never present inNeoaves.Its length is thought to be related tosperm competitionand it fills with lymphatic fluid instead of blood when erect.When not copulating, it is hidden within theproctodeumcompartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. Female birds havesperm storagetubulesthat allow sperm to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species.Sperm from multiple males maycompetethrough this mechanism. Most female birds have a singleovaryand a singleoviduct, both on the left side,but there are exceptions: species in at least 16 different orders of birds have two ovaries. Even these species, however, tend to have a single oviduct.It has been speculated that this might be an adaptation to flight, but males have two testes, and it is also observed that the gonads in both sexes decrease dramatically in size outside the breeding season.Also terrestrial birds generally have a single ovary, as does theplatypus, an egg-laying mammal. A more likely explanation is that the egg develops a shell while passing through the oviduct over a period of about a day, so that if two eggs were to develop at the same time, there would be a risk to survival.While rare, mostly abortive,parthenogenesisis not unknown in birds and eggs can bediploid,automicticand results in male offspring. Birds are solelygonochoric.Meaning they have two sexes: eitherfemaleormale. The sex of birds is determined by theZ and W sex chromosomes, rather than by theX and Y chromosomespresent inmammals. Male birds have two Z chromosomes (ZZ), and female birds have a W chromosome and a Z chromosome (WZ).A complex system ofdisassortative matingwith two morphs is involved in thewhite-throated sparrowZonotrichia albicollis, where white- and tan-browed morphs of opposite sex pair, making it appear as if four sexes were involved since any individual is compatible with only a fourth of the population. In nearly all species of birds, an individual's sex is determined at fertilisation. However, one 2007 study claimed to demonstratetemperature-dependent sex determinationamong theAustralian brushturkey, for which higher temperatures during incubation resulted in a higher female-to-malesex ratio.This, however, was later proven to not be the case. These birds do not exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, but temperature-dependent sex mortality. Respiratory and circulatory systems Birds have one of the most complexrespiratory systemsof all animal groups.Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posteriorair sacwhich extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lungs and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation.Sound production is achieved using thesyrinx, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea;the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalisations and the perception of the bird's size. In birds, the main arteries taking blood away from the heart originate from the rightaortic arch(or pharyngeal arch), unlike in the mammals where the left aortic arch forms this part of theaorta.The postcava receives blood from the limbs via the renal portal system. Unlike in mammals, the circulatingred blood cellsin birds retain theirnucleus. Heart type and features The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with aserous fluidfor lubrication.The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with anatriumandventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each side are separated byatrioventricular valveswhich prevent back flow from one chamber to the next during contraction. Being myogenic, the heart's pace is maintained by pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium. Thesinoatrial nodeuses calcium to cause adepolarisingsignal transduction pathwayfrom the atrium through right and left atrioventricular bundle which communicates contraction to the ventricles. The avian heart also consists of muscular arches that are made up of thick bundles of muscular layers. Much like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed ofendocardial,myocardialandepicardiallayers.The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass. This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to meet the high metabolic need associated with flight. Organisation Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area togas exchangevolume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal.The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular contractions, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergovasoconstriction, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Blood travels through the arterioles and moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. Capillaries are organised into capillary beds in tissues; it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds, blood flow is slowed to allow maximumdiffusionof oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated, it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs calledvasodilationbringing blood back to the heart.Once the blood reaches the heart, it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body. Nervous system Thenervous systemis large relative to the bird's size.The most developed part of thebrain of birdsis the one that controls the flight-related functions, while thecerebellumcoordinates movement and thecerebrumcontrols behaviour patterns, navigation, mating andnestbuilding. Most birds have a poorsense of smellwith notable exceptions includingkiwis,New World vulturesandtubenoses.The avianvisual systemis usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowingaccommodationfor vision in air and water.Some species also have dualfovea. Birds aretetrachromatic, possessingultraviolet(UV) sensitivecone cellsin the eye as well as green, red and blue ones.They also havedouble cones, likely to mediateachromatic vision. Many birds show plumage patterns inultravioletthat are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Maleblue titshave an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers.Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging—kestrelshave been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents.With the exception of pigeons and a few other species,the eyelids of birds are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by thenictitating membrane, a third eyelid that moves horizontally.The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as acontact lensin many aquatic birds.The birdretinahas a fan shaped blood supply system called thepecten. Eyes of most birdsare large, not very round and capable of only limited movement in the orbits,typically 10–20°.Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a widevisual field, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, havebinocular visionand can estimate thedepth of field.The avianearlacks externalpinnaebut is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as theAsio,BuboandOtusowls, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. Theinner earhas acochlea, but it is not spiral as in mammals. Defence and intraspecific combat A few species are able to use chemical defences against predators; someProcellariiformescan eject an unpleasantstomach oilagainst an aggressor,and some species ofpitohuisfromNew Guineahave a powerfulneurotoxinin their skin and feathers. A lack of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death.The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana,Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (Tachyeres), geese and swans (Anserinae), the solitaire (Pezophaps), sheathbills (Chionis), some guans (Crax) and stone curlews (Burhinus) use a bony knob on thealularmetacarpal to punch and hammer opponents.The jacanasActophilornisandIrediparrahave an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinctXenicibiswas unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail.Swans, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young. Feathers, plumage, and scales Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present insome dinosaursnot currently considered to be true birds). They facilitateflight, provide insulation that aids inthermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signalling.There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin calledpterylae. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, calledplumage, may vary within species by age,social status,andsex. Plumage is regularlymoulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the \"non-breeding\" plumage, or—in theHumphrey–Parkes terminology—\"basic\" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey–Parkes system as \"alternate\" plumages.Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines,flight feathersare replaced one at a time with the innermostprimarybeing the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermosttertiariesbegin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, thesecondariesstarting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primarycovertsare moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap. A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless.As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair.Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in thePhasianidae.The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers ofwoodpeckersandtreecreepers, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail.The general pattern seen inpasserinesis that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from centre outward.Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a barebrood patchby losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation. Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this.The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to applywaxysecretions from theuropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as anantimicrobial agent, inhibiting the growth of feather-degradingbacteria.This may be supplemented with the secretions offormic acidfrom ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known asanting, to remove feather parasites. Thescalesof birds are composed of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes andmetatarsus, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds. Most bird scales do not overlap significantly, except in the cases ofkingfishersandwoodpeckers. The scales of birds are thought to behomologousto those of reptiles and mammals. Flight Most birds canfly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for searching for food and for escaping from predators. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (wing) that serves as anaerofoil. Wing shape and size generally determine a bird's flight style and performance; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species areflightless, as were many extinct birds.Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, most likely due to limited resources and the absence ofmammalianland predators.Flightlessness is almost exclusively correlated withgigantismdue to an island's inherent condition of isolation.Although flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to \"fly\" through the water, as do some flight-capable birds such asauks,shearwatersanddippers. Behaviour Most birds arediurnal, but some birds, such as many species ofowlsandnightjars, arenocturnalorcrepuscular(active during twilight hours), and many coastalwadersfeed when the tides are appropriate, by day or night. Diet and feeding Birds' dietsare varied and often includenectar, fruit, plants, seeds,carrion, and various small animals, including other birds.Thedigestive system of birdsis unique, with acropfor storage and agizzardthat contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth.Some species such as pigeons and some psittacine species do not have agallbladder.Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight.Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein stored in many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration. Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists.Avian foragingstrategies can vary widely by species. Many birdsgleanfor insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seekpestinsectsare considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged inbiological pest controlprogrammes.Combined, insectivorous birds eat 400–500 million metric tons of arthropods annually. Nectar feeders such ashummingbirds,sunbirds,lories, and lorikeetsamongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fitco-adaptedflowers.Kiwisandshorebirdswith long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation ofecological niches.Loons,diving ducks,penguinsandaukspursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion,while aerial predators such assulids,kingfishersandternsplunge dive after their prey.Flamingos, three species ofprion, and some ducks arefilter feeders.Geeseanddabbling ducksare primarily grazers. Some species, includingfrigatebirds,gulls,andskuas,engage inkleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study ofgreat frigatebirdsstealing frommasked boobiesestimated that the frigatebirds stole at most 40% of their food and on average stole only 5%.Other birds arescavengers; some of these, likevultures, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls,corvids, or other birds of prey, are opportunists. Water and drinking Water is needed by many birds although their mode of excretion and lack ofsweat glandsreduces the physiological demands.Some desert birds can obtain their water needs entirely from moisture in their food. Some have other adaptations such as allowing their body temperature to rise, saving on moisture loss from evaporative cooling or panting.Seabirds can drink seawater and havesalt glandsinside the head that eliminate excess salt out of the nostrils. Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to thepigeon,finch,mousebird,button-quailandbustardfamilies are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads.Some desert birds depend on water sources andsandgrouseare particularly well known for congregating daily at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers.Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid calledcrop milkthat they provide to their chicks. Feather care Feathers, being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi,ectoparasiticfeather mites andbird lice.The physical condition of feathers are maintained bypreeningoften with the application of secretions from thepreen gland. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed asantingin which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead to feather damage. Migration Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences ofseasonaltemperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds,shorebirds, andwaterbirdsundertake annual long-distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in thetemperateorpolar regionsand a non-breeding season in thetropicalregions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs. Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi),although thebar-tailed godwitis capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi).SomeSeabirdsundertake long migrations, with the longest annual migrations including those ofArctic terns, which were recorded travelling an average of 70,900 km (44,100 mi) between theirArcticbreeding grounds inGreenlandandIcelandand their wintering grounds inAntarctica, with one bird covering 81,600 km (50,700 mi),andsooty shearwaters, which nest inNew ZealandandChileand make annual round trips of 64,000 km (39,800 mi) to their summer feeding grounds in the North Pacific off Japan,AlaskaandCalifornia.Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route.Albatrossesnesting in theSouthern Oceanoften undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons. Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food.Irruptivespecies such as the borealfinchesare one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability.Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates.Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory. Altitudinal migrationis a form of short-distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs whenthe normal territoriesalso become inhospitable due to lack of food.Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability.Parrotsas afamilyare overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations. The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s, aManx shearwaterreleased inBostonin the United States returned to its colony inSkomer, in Wales within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi).Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. Fordiurnalmigrants, thesunis used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of aninternal clock.Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of theconstellationssurroundingPolaris.These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth'sgeomagnetismthrough specialisedphotoreceptors. Communication Birdscommunicateprimarily using visual and auditory signals. Signals can be interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species). Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance,to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in thesunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward offhawksand protect young chicks. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds.The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where \"dances\" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements;males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays. Bird calls and songs, which are produced in thesyrinx, are the major means by which birds communicate withsound. This communication can be very complex; some species can operate the two sides of the syrinx independently, allowing the simultaneous production of two different songs.Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction,evaluation of potential mates,bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories,the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season),and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat.Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. TheCoenocoryphasnipesofNew Zealanddrive air through their feathers,woodpeckersdrum for long-distance communication,andpalm cockatoosuse tools to drum. Flocking and other associations While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form largeflocks. The principal benefits of flocking aresafety in numbersand increased foraging efficiency.Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, whereambush predationis common and multiple eyes can provide a valuableearly warning system. This has led to the development of manymixed-species feeding flocks, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources.Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases.Some species have a mixed system with breeding pairs maintaining territories, while unmated or young birds live in flocks where they secure mates prior to finding territories. Birds sometimes also form associations with non-avian species. Plunge-divingseabirdsassociate withdolphinsandtuna, which push shoaling fish towards the surface.Some species ofhornbillshave amutualistic relationshipwithdwarf mongooses, in which they forage together and warn each other of nearbybirds of preyand other predators. Resting and roosting The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times.Sleeping birdsoften use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening \"peeks\", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats.Swiftsare believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight.It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight. Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall intoslow-wave sleeponehemisphereof the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant forpredatorsby viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known frommarine mammals.Communal roostingis common because it lowers theloss of body heatand decreases the risks associated with predators.Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety.Unusual mobile roost sites include large herbivores on the African savanna that are used byoxpeckers. Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck theirbillsin their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather.Perching birdshave a tendon-locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost in trees. A few parrots of the genusLoriculusroost hanging upside down.Somehummingbirdsgo into a nightly state oftorporaccompanied with a reduction of their metabolic rates.Thisphysiological adaptationshows in nearly a hundred other species, includingowlet-nightjars,nightjars, andwoodswallows. One species, thecommon poorwill, even enters a state ofhibernation.Birds do not have sweat glands, but can lose water directly through the skin, and they may cool themselves by moving to shade, standing in water, panting, increasing their surface area, fluttering their throat or using special behaviours likeurohidrosisto cool themselves. Breeding Social systems Ninety-five per cent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate.Monogamy allows for bothpaternal careandbiparental care, which is especially important for species in which care from both the female and the male parent is required in order to successfully rear a brood.Among many socially monogamous species,extra-pair copulation(infidelity) is common.Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result offorced copulationin ducks and otheranatids. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate.Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise. Other mating systems, includingpolygyny,polyandry,polygamy,polygynandry, andpromiscuity, also occur.Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males.Mating systems vary across bird familiesbut variations within species are thought to be driven by environmental conditions.A unique system is the formation of trios where a third individual is allowed by a breeding pair temporarily into the territory to assist with brood raising thereby leading to higher fitness. Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male.Most displays are rather simple and involve some type ofsong. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communallekking. Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection,although in the polyandrousphalaropes, this is reversed: plainer males choose brightly coloured females.Courtship feeding,billingandallopreeningare commonly performed between partners, generally after the birds have paired and mated. Homosexual behaviour has been observedin males or females in numerous species of birds, including copulation, pair-bonding, and joint parenting of chicks.Over 130 avian species around the world engage in sexual interactions between the same sex or homosexual behaviours. \"Same-sex courtship activities may involve elaborate displays, synchronised dances, gift-giving ceremonies, or behaviours at specific display areas including bowers, arenas, or leks.\" Territories, nesting and incubation Many birds actively defend a territory from others of the same species during the breeding season; maintenance of territories protects the food source for their chicks. Species that are unable to defend feeding territories, such asseabirdsandswifts, often breed incoloniesinstead; this is thought to offer protection from predators. Colonial breeders defend small nesting sites, and competition between and within species for nesting sites can be intense. All birds layamniotic eggswith hard shells made mostly ofcalcium carbonate.Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters laycamouflagedeggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nestingnightjarshave pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims ofbrood parasiteshave varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts. Bird eggs are usually laid in anest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, mounds, or burrows.Some bird nests can be a simple scrape, with minimal or no lining; most seabird and wader nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival,and feathers are often used for nest insulation.Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nestingcommon guillemotlays its eggs on bare rock, and maleemperor penguinskeep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in open habitat ground-nesting species where any addition of nest material would make the nest more conspicuous. Many ground nesting birds lay a clutch of eggs that hatch synchronously, withprecocialchicks led away from the nests (nidifugous) by their parents soon after hatching. Incubation, which regulates temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid.In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs throughbrood patches, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation.The warmth for the incubation of the eggs ofmegapodescomes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources.Incubation periods range from 10 days (inwoodpeckers,cuckoosandpasserinebirds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses andkiwis). The diversity of characteristics of birds is great, sometimes even in closely related species. Several avian characteristics are compared in the table below. Parental care and fledging At the time of their hatching, chicks range in development from helpless to independent, depending on their species. Helpless chicks are termedaltricial, and tend to be born small,blind, immobile and naked; chicks that are mobile and feathered upon hatching are termedprecocial. Altricial chicks need helpthermoregulatingand must be brooded for longer than precocial chicks. The young of many bird species do not precisely fit into either the precocial or altricial category, having some aspects of each and thus fall somewhere on an \"altricial-precocial spectrum\".Chicks at neither extreme but favouring one or the other may be termedsemi-precocialorsemi-altricial. The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care inmegapodesends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately.At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of thegreat frigatebird, whose chicks take up to six months tofledgeand are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months.Thechick guard stagedescribes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched. The main purpose of the guard stage is to aid offspring to thermoregulate and protect them from predation. In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species,other membersof the same species—usually close relatives of thebreeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young.Suchalloparentingis particularly common among theCorvida, which includes such birds as the truecrows,Australian magpieandfairy-wrens,but has been observed in species as different as theriflemanandred kite. Among most groups of animals,male parental careis rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class.Although territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes adivision of labourin which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty. The point at which chicksfledgevaries dramatically. The chicks of theSynthliboramphusmurrelets, like theancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators.Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging.Chicks may also follow their parents during their firstmigration. Brood parasites Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism.After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be eitherobligate brood parasites, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, ornon-obligate brood parasites, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests ofconspecificsto increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young.One hundred bird species, includinghoneyguides,icterids, andducks, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are thecuckoos.Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks. Sexual selection Birds haveevolveda variety ofmatingbehaviours, with thepeacocktail being perhaps the most famous example ofsexual selectionand theFisherian runaway. Commonly occurringsexual dimorphismssuch as size and colour differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations.Many types of aviansexual selectionhave been identified; intersexual selection, also known as female choice; and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until the trait begins to limit the individual's fitness. Conflicts between an individual fitness and signalling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage colouration andcourtship behaviourare \"honest\" traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviours. Inbreeding depression Inbreeding causes early death (inbreeding depression) in thezebra finchTaeniopygia guttata.Embryo survival (that is, hatching success of fertile eggs) was significantly lower forsib-sibmating pairs than for unrelated pairs. Darwin's finchGeospiza scandensexperiencesinbreeding depression(reduced survival of offspring) and the magnitude of this effect is influenced by environmental conditions such as low food availability. Inbreeding avoidance Incestuous matings by thepurple-crowned fairy wrenMalurus coronatusresult in severe fitness costs due toinbreeding depression(greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs).Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (seePromiscuity#Other animalsfor 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young. Inbreeding depression occurs in thegreat tit(Parus major) when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. In natural populations ofParus major, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative. Southern pied babblersTurdoides bicolorappear to avoid inbreeding in two ways. The first is through dispersal, and the second is by avoiding familiar group members as mates. Cooperative breedingin birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin.Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles.Cross-fertilisationbetween unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny. Ecology Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions.While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, thenichesoccupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in theforest canopy, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may beinsectivores,frugivores, ornectarivores. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy orkleptoparasitism. Many grassland birds are granivores. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialisedscavengers. Birds are also preyed upon by a range of mammals including a fewavivorousbats.A wide range of endo- and ectoparasites depend on birds and some parasites that are transmitted from parent to young haveco-evolvedand show host-specificity. Some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators, and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal.Plants and pollinating birds oftencoevolve,and in some cases a flower's primary pollinator is the only species capable of reaching its nectar. Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfil ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand nine species ofmoawere important browsers, as are thekererūandkokakotoday.Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa. Many birds act asecosystem engineersthrough the construction of nests, which provide important microhabitats and food for hundreds of species of invertebrates.Nestingseabirdsmay affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities ofguano, which may enrich the local soiland the surrounding seas. A wide variety ofavian ecology field methods, including counts, nest monitoring, and capturing and marking, are used for researching avian ecology. Relationship with humans Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man.Sometimes, these relationships aremutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering amonghoneyguidesand African peoples such as theBorana.Other times, they may becommensal, as when species such as thehouse sparrowhave benefited from human activities. Several species have reconciled to habits of farmers who practice traditional farming. Examples include theSarus Cranethat begins nesting in India when farmers flood the fields in anticipation of rains,and theWoolly-necked Storksthat have taken to nesting on a short tree grown for agroforestry beside fields and canals.Several bird species have become commercially significant agricultural pests,and some pose anaviation hazard.Human activities can also be detrimental, and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction (hunting,avian lead poisoning,pesticides,roadkill,wind turbinekillsand predation by petcatsanddogsare common causes of death for birds). Birds can act as vectors for spreading diseases such aspsittacosis,salmonellosis,campylobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis (aviantuberculosis),avian influenza(bird flu),giardiasis, andcryptosporidiosisover long distances. Some of these arezoonotic diseasesthat can also be transmitted to humans. Economic importance Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, calledpoultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003,76 milliontons of poultry and61 milliontons of eggs were produced worldwide.Chickensaccount for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticatedturkeys,ducks, andgeeseare also relatively common.Many species of birds are also hunted for meat. Bird hunting is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely undeveloped areas. The most important birds hunted in North and South America are waterfowl; other widely hunted birds includepheasants,wild turkeys, quail,doves,partridge,grouse,snipe, andwoodcock.Muttonbirdingis also popular in Australia and New Zealand.Although some hunting, such as that of muttonbirds, may be sustainable, hunting has led to the extinction or endangerment of dozens of species. Other commercially valuable products from birds include feathers (especially thedownof geese and ducks), which are used as insulation in clothing and bedding, and seabird faeces (guano), which is a valuable source of phosphorus and nitrogen. TheWar of the Pacific, sometimes called the Guano War, was fought in part over the control of guano deposits. Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such asparrotsandmynas, are bred incaptivityor kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of someendangered species.Falconsandcormorantshave long been used forhuntingandfishing, respectively.Messenger pigeons, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently asWorld War II. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism, Amateur bird enthusiasts (called birdwatchers, twitchers or, more commonly,birders) number in the millions.Many homeowners erectbird feedersnear their homes to attract various species.Bird feedinghas grown into a multimillion-dollar industry; for example, an estimated 75% of households in Britain provide food for birds at some point during the winter. In religion and mythology Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for adeity, such as in the Cult ofMakemake, in which theTangata manuofEaster Islandserved as chiefsor as attendants, as in the case ofHugin and Munin, the twocommon ravenswho whispered news into the ears of theNorse godOdin. In several civilisations ofancient Italy, particularlyEtruscanandRomanreligion, priests were involved inaugury, or interpreting the words of birds while the \"auspex\" (from which the word \"auspicious\" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events. They may also serve asreligious symbols, as whenJonah(Hebrew:יונה,dove) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves.Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of thecommon peacock, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the people of southern India.In the ancient world, doves were used as symbols of theMesopotamian goddessInanna(later known as Ishtar),theCanaanitemother goddessAsherah,and the Greek goddessAphrodite.Inancient Greece,Athena, the goddess of wisdom and patron deity of the city ofAthens, had alittle owlasher symbol.In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms.Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds. In culture and folklore Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in earlycave paintingand carvings.Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythologicalRocand theMāori's legendaryPouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans.Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificentPeacock Throneof theMughalandPersianemperors.With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists wasJohn James Audubon, whose paintings ofNorth American birdswere a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to theNational Audubon Society.Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example,Homerincorporatednightingalesinto hisOdyssey, andCatullusused asparrowas an erotic symbol in hisCatullus 2.The relationship between analbatrossand a sailor is the central theme ofSamuel Taylor Coleridge'sThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which led to the use of theterm as a metaphor for a 'burden'.OtherEnglishmetaphors derive from birds;vulture fundsand vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture.Aircraft, particularly military aircraft, are frequently named after birds. The predatory nature of raptors make them popular choices for fighter aircraft such as theF-16 Fighting Falconand theHarrier Jump Jet, while the names of seabirds may be chosen for aircraft primarily used by naval forces such as theHU-16 Albatrossand theV-22 Osprey. Perceptions of bird species vary across cultures.Owlsare associated with bad luck,witchcraft, and death in parts of Africa,but are regarded as wise across much of Europe.Hoopoeswere considered sacred inAncient Egyptand symbols of virtue inPersia, but were thought of as thieves across much of Europe and harbingers of war inScandinavia.Inheraldry, birds, especiallyeagles, often appear incoats of armsInvexillology, birds are a popular choice onflags. Birds feature in the flag designs of 17 countries and numerous subnational entities and territories.Birds are used by nations to symbolise a country's identity and heritage, with 91 countries officially recognising anational bird. Birds of prey are highly represented, though some nations have chosen other species of birds with parrots being popular among smaller, tropical nations. In music In music, birdsong has influenced composers and musicians in several ways: they can be inspired by birdsong; they can intentionally imitate bird song in a composition, asVivaldi,Messiaen, andBeethovendid, along with many later composers; they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works, asOttorino Respighifirst did; or likeBeatrice HarrisonandDavid Rothenberg, they can duet with birds. A 2023 archaeological excavation of a 10000-year-old site in Israel yielded hollow wing bones of coots and ducks with perforations made on the side that are thought to have allowed them to be used as flutes or whistles possibly used byNatufianpeople to lure birds of prey. Threats and conservation Human activities have caused population decreases orextinctionin many bird species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times,although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated 750–1800 species, occurred during the human colonisation ofMelanesian,Polynesian, andMicronesianislands.Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed asthreatenedbyBirdLife Internationaland theIUCNin 2009.There have been long-term declines in North American bird populations, with an estimated loss of 2.9 billion breeding adults, about 30% of the total, since 1970. The most commonly cited human threat to birds ishabitat loss.Other threats include overhunting, accidental mortality due to collisions withbuildingsorvehicles,long-line fishingbycatch,pollution (includingoil spillsand pesticide use),competition and predation from nonnativeinvasive species,andclimate change. Governments andconservationgroups work to protect birds, either by passing laws thatpreserveandrestorebird habitat or by establishingcaptive populationsfor reintroductions. Such projects have produced some successes; one study estimated that conservation efforts saved 16 species of bird that would otherwise have gone extinct between 1994 and 2004, including theCalifornia condorandNorfolk parakeet. Human activities have allowed the expansion of a few temperate area species, such as thebarn swallowandEuropean starling. In the tropics and sub-tropics, relatively more species are expanding due to human activities, particularly due to the spread of crops such as rice whose expansion in south Asia has benefitted at least 64 bird species, though may have harmed many more species. See also References Further reading External links",
"Insect Insects(fromLatininsectum) arehexapodinvertebratesof theclassInsecta. They are the largest group within thearthropodphylum. Insects have achitinousexoskeleton, a three-part body (head,thoraxandabdomen), three pairs of jointedlegs,compound eyes, and a pair ofantennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals, with more than a million describedspecies; they represent more than half of all animal species. The insectnervous systemconsists of abrainand aventral nerve cord. Most insects reproduceby laying eggs. Insectsbreathe airthrough a system ofpaired openingsalong their sides, connected tosmall tubesthat take air directly to the tissues. The blood therefore does not carry oxygen; it is only partly contained in vessels, and some circulates in an openhemocoel. Insect vision is mainly through theircompound eyes, with additional smallocelli. Many insects can hear, usingtympanal organs, which may be on the legs or other parts of the body. Theirsense of smellis via receptors, usually on the antennae and the mouthparts. Nearly all insects hatch fromeggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton, so development involves a series ofmolts. The immature stages often differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat. Groups that undergofour-stage metamorphosisoften have a nearly immobilepupa. Insects that undergothree-stage metamorphosislack a pupa, developing through a series of increasingly adult-likenymphalstages. The higher level relationship of theinsectsis unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from thePaleozoicEra, includinggiant dragonfly-like insectswith wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to havecoevolvedwithflowering plants. Adult insects typically move about by walking and flying; some can swim. Insects are the only invertebrates that can achieve sustained powered flight;insect flightevolved just once. Many insects are at least partlyaquatic, and havelarvaewith gills; in some species, the adults too are aquatic. Some species, such aswater striders, can walk on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such asbees,antsandtermites, aresocialand live in large, well-organizedcolonies. Others, such asearwigs, provide maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Malemothscan sense thepheromonesof female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds:cricketsstridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males.Lampyridbeetlescommunicate with light. Humans regard many insects aspests, especially those that damage crops, and attempt to control them usinginsecticidesand other techniques. Others areparasitic, and may act asvectorsofdiseases. Insectpollinatorsare essential to the reproduction of many flowering plants and so to their ecosystems. Many insects are ecologically beneficial as predators of pest insects, while a few provide direct economic benefit. Two species in particular are economically important and were domesticated many centuries ago:silkwormsforsilkandhoney beesforhoney. Insects are consumed as food in 80% of the world's nations, by people in roughly 3000 ethnic groups. Human activities are having serious effects oninsect biodiversity. Etymology The wordinsectcomes from theLatinwordinsectumfromin, \"cut up\",as insects appear to be cut into three parts. The Latin word was introduced byPliny the ElderwhocalquedtheAncient Greekwordἔντομονéntomon\"insect\" (as inentomology) fromἔντομοςéntomos\"cut in pieces\";this wasAristotle's term for thisclass of life in his biology, also in reference to their notched bodies. The English wordinsectfirst appears in 1601 inPhilemon Holland's translation of Pliny. Insects and other bugs Distinguishing features In common speech, insects and other terrestrialarthropodsare often calledbugs.Entomologists to some extent reserve the name \"bugs\" for a narrow category of \"true bugs\", insects of the orderHemiptera, such ascicadasandshield bugs.Other terrestrial arthropods, such ascentipedes,millipedes,woodlice,spiders,mitesandscorpions, are sometimes confused with insects, since they have a jointed exoskeleton.Adult insects are the only arthropods that ever have wings, with up to two pairs on the thorax. Whether winged or not, adult insects can be distinguished by their three-part body plan, with head, thorax, and abdomen; they have three pairs of legs on the thorax. Diversity Estimates of the total number of insect species vary considerably, suggesting that there are perhaps some 5.5 million insect species in existence, of which about one million have been described and named.These constitute around half of alleukaryotespecies, includinganimals,plants, andfungi.The most diverse insectordersare the Hemiptera (true bugs), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Diptera (true flies), Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, and bees), and Coleoptera (beetles), each with more than 100,000 described species. Distribution and habitats Insects are distributed over every continent and almost every terrestrial habitat. There are many more species in thetropics, especially inrainforests, than in temperate zones.The world's regions have received widely differing amounts of attention from entomologists. The British Isles have been thoroughly surveyed, so that Gullan and Cranston 2014 state that the total of around 22,500 species is probably within 5% of the actual number there; they comment that Canada's list of 30,000 described species is surely over half of the actual total. They add that the 3000 species of the American Arctic must be broadly accurate. In contrast, a large majority of the insect species of the tropics and thesouthern hemisphereare probably undescribed.Some 30–40,000 speciesinhabit freshwater; very few insects, perhaps a hundred species, are marine.Insects such assnow scorpionfliesflourish in cold habitats including theArcticand at high altitude.Insects such asdesert locusts, ants, beetles, and termites are adapted to some of the hottest and driest environments on earth, such as theSonoran Desert. Phylogeny and evolution External phylogeny Insects form aclade, a natural group with a common ancestor, among thearthropods.Aphylogeneticanalysis by Kjer et al. (2016) places the insects among theHexapoda, six-legged animals with segmented bodies; their closest relatives are theDiplura(bristletails). Collembola(springtails) Protura(coneheads) Diplura(two-pronged bristletails) Insecta(=Ectognatha) Internal phylogeny The internal phylogeny is based on the works of Wipfler et al. 2019 for thePolyneoptera,Johnson et al. 2018 for theParaneoptera,and Kjer et al. 2016 for theHolometabola.The numbers of describedextantspecies (boldface for groups with over 100,000 species) are from Stork 2018. Archaeognatha(hump-backed/jumping bristletails, 513 spp) Zygentoma(silverfish, firebrats, fishmoths, 560 spp) Odonata(dragonflies and damselflies, 5,899 spp) Ephemeroptera(mayflies, 3,240 spp) Zoraptera(angel insects, 37 spp) Dermaptera(earwigs, 1,978 spp) Plecoptera(stoneflies, 3,743 spp) Orthoptera(grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, 23,855 spp) Grylloblattodea(ice crawlers, 34 spp) Mantophasmatodea(gladiators, 15 spp) Phasmatodea(stick insects, 3,014 spp) Embioptera(webspinners, 463 spp) Mantodea(mantises, 2,400 spp) Blattodea(cockroaches and termites, 7,314 spp) Psocodea(book lice, barklice and sucking lice, 11,000 spp) Hemiptera(true bugs,103,590spp) Thysanoptera(thrips, 5,864 spp) Hymenoptera(sawflies, wasps, bees, ants,116,861spp) Strepsiptera(twisted-wing flies, 609 spp) Coleoptera(beetles,386,500spp) Raphidioptera(snakeflies, 254 spp) Neuroptera(lacewings, 5,868 spp) Megaloptera(alderflies and dobsonflies, 354 spp) Lepidoptera(butterflies and moths,157,338spp) Trichoptera(caddisflies, 14,391 spp) Diptera(true flies,155,477spp) Mecoptera(scorpionflies, 757 spp) Siphonaptera(fleas, 2,075 spp) Taxonomy Early Aristotlewas the first to describe the insects as a distinct group. He placed them as the second-lowest level of animals on hisscala naturae, above thespontaneously generatingsponges and worms, but below the hard-shelled marine snails. His classification remained in use for many centuries. In 1758, in hisSystema Naturae,Carl Linnaeusdivided the animal kingdom into six classes includingInsecta. He created seven orders of insect according to the structure of their wings. These were the wingless Aptera, the 2-winged Diptera, and five 4-winged orders: the Coleoptera with fully-hardened forewings; the Hemiptera with partly-hardened forewings; the Lepidoptera with scaly wings; the Neuroptera with membranous wings but nosting; and the Hymenoptera, with membranous wings and a sting. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, in his 1809Philosophie Zoologique, treated the insects as one of nine invertebratephyla.In his 1817Le Règne Animal,Georges Cuviergrouped all animals into fourembranchements(\"branches\" with different body plans), one of which was the articulated animals, containing arthropods and annelids.This arrangement was followed by the embryologistKarl Ernst von Baerin 1828, the zoologistLouis Agassizin 1857, and the comparative anatomistRichard Owenin 1860.In 1874,Ernst Haeckeldivided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms, one of which was Metazoa for the multicellular animals. It had five phyla, including the articulates. Modern Traditional morphology-basedsystematicshave usually given theHexapodathe rank ofsuperclass,and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha),Collembola,Protura, andDiplura, the latter three being grouped together as theEntognathaon the basis of internalized mouth parts. The use of phylogenetic data has brought about numerous changes in relationships above the level oforders.Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects orApterygota, and winged insects orPterygota. The Apterygota traditionally consisted of the primitively wingless ordersArchaeognatha(jumping bristletails) andZygentoma(silverfish). However, Apterygota is notmonophyletic, as Archaeognatha are sister to all other insects, based on the arrangement of theirmandibles, while the Pterygota, the winged insects, emerged from within theDicondylia, alongside the Zygentoma. The Pterygota (PalaeopteraandNeoptera) are winged and havehardened plateson the outside of their body segments; the Neoptera have muscles that allow their wings to fold flat over the abdomen. Neoptera can be divided into groups with incomplete metamorphosis (PolyneopteraandParaneoptera) and those with complete metamorphosis (Holometabola). The molecular finding that the traditionallouseordersMallophagaandAnopluraare withinPsocopterahas led to the new taxonPsocodea.PhasmatodeaandEmbiidinahave been suggested to form the Eukinolabia.Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera form a monophyletic group,Dictyoptera.Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans. Evolutionary history The oldest fossil that may be a primitive wingless insect isLeverhulmiafrom the EarlyDevonianWindyfield chert.The oldest known flying insects are from the mid-Carboniferous, around 328–324 million years ago. The group subsequently underwent a rapidexplosive diversification. Claims that they originated substantially earlier, during theSilurianorDevonian(some 400 million years ago) based onmolecular clockestimates, are unlikely to be correct, given the fossil record. Fourlarge-scale radiationsof insects have occurred:beetles(from about 300 million years ago),flies(from about 250 million years ago),mothsandwasps(both from about 150 million years ago). The remarkably successfulHymenoptera(wasps, bees, and ants) appeared some 200 million years ago in theTriassicperiod, but achieved their wide diversity more recently in theCenozoicera, which began 66 million years ago. Some highly successful insect groups evolved in conjunction withflowering plants, a powerful illustration ofcoevolution. Insects were among the earliest terrestrialherbivoresand acted as major selection agents on plants.Plants evolved chemicaldefenses against this herbivoryand the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity usingwarning colors. Morphology and physiology External Three-part body Insects have asegmentedbody supported by anexoskeleton, the hard outer covering made mostly ofchitin. The body is organized into threeinterconnected units: thehead,thoraxandabdomen. The head supports a pair of sensoryantennae, a pair ofcompound eyes, zero to three simple eyes (orocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form themouthparts. The thorax carries the three pairs of legs and up to two pairs ofwings. The abdomen contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive structures. Segmentation The head is enclosed in a hard, heavilysclerotized, unsegmentedhead capsule, which contains most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, compound eyes, ocelli, and mouthparts.The thorax is composed of three sections named (from front to back) theprothorax,mesothoraxandmetathorax. The prothorax carries the first pair of legs. The mesothorax carries the second pair of legs and the front wings. The metathorax carries the third pair of legs and the hind wings.The abdomen is the largest part of the insect, typically with 11–12 segments, and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen has sclerotized upper and lower plates (the tergum and sternum), connected to adjacent sclerotized parts by membranes. Each segment carries a pair ofspiracles. Exoskeleton The outer skeleton, thecuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, a thin and waxy water-resistant outer layer withoutchitin, and a lower layer, the thick chitinous procuticle. The procuticle has two layers: an outer exocuticle and an inner endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and sclerotized.As an adaptation to life on land, insects have anenzymethat uses atmospheric oxygen to harden their cuticle, unlike crustaceans which use heavy calcium compounds for the same purpose. This makes the insect exoskeleton a lightweight material. Internal systems Nervous Thenervous systemof an insect consists of abrainand aventral nerve cord. The head capsule is made up of six fused segments, each with either a pair ofganglia, or a cluster of nerve cells outside of the brain. The first three pairs of ganglia are fused into the brain, while the three following pairs are fused into a structure of three pairs of ganglia under the insect'sesophagus, called thesubesophageal ganglion.Thethoracicsegments have one ganglion on each side, connected into a pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the first eight segments of the abdomen. Many insects have fewer ganglia than this.Insects are capable of learning. Digestive An insect uses its digestive system to extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes.There is extensive variation among differentorders,life stages, and evencastesin the digestive system of insects.Thegutruns lengthwise through the body. It has three sections, with pairedsalivary glandsand salivary reservoirs.By moving its mouthparts the insect mixes its food with saliva.Some insects, likeflies, expeldigestive enzymesonto their food to break it down, but most insects digest their food in the gut.Theforegutis lined with cuticule as protection from tough food. It includes themouth, pharynx, andcropwhich stores food.Digestion starts in the mouth with enzymes in the saliva. Strong muscles in the pharynx pump fluid into the mouth, lubricating the food, and enabling certain insects to feed on blood or from thexylemandphloemtransport vessels of plants.Once food leaves the crop, it passes to themidgut, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections,microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall to absorb nutrients.In thehindgut, undigested food particles are joined byuric acidto form fecal pellets; most of the water is absorbed, leaving a dry pellet to be eliminated. Insects may have one to hundreds ofMalpighian tubules. These remove nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph of the insect and regulate osmotic balance. Wastes and solutes are emptied directly into the alimentary canal, at the junction between the midgut and hindgut. Reproductive Thereproductive system of female insectsconsist of a pair ofovaries, accessory glands, one or morespermathecaeto store sperm, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a variable number of egg tubes,ovarioles. Female insects make eggs, receive and store sperm, manipulate sperm from different males, and lay eggs. Accessory glands produce substances to maintain sperm and to protect the eggs. They can produce glue and protective substances for coating eggs, or tough coverings for a batch of eggs calledoothecae. For males, the reproductive system consists of one or twotestes, suspended in the body cavity bytracheae. The testes contain sperm tubes or follicles in a membranous sac. These connect to a duct that leads to the outside. The terminal portion of the duct may be sclerotized to form theintromittent organ, theaedeagus. Respiratory Insect respirationis accomplished withoutlungs. Instead, insects have a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via theirtracheaeand tracheoles. In most insects, air is taken in through pairedspiracles, openings on the sides of the abdomen and thorax. The respiratory system limits the size of insects. As insects get larger,gas exchangevia spiracles becomes less efficient, and thus the heaviest insect currently weighs less than 100 g. However, with increased atmospheric oxygen levels, as were present in the latePaleozoic, larger insects were possible, such as dragonflies with wingspans of more than two feet (60 cm).Gas exchange patterns in insects range from continuous anddiffusiveventilation, todiscontinuous. Circulatory Because oxygen is delivered directly to tissues via tracheoles, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system is open; it has noveinsorarteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube that pulsesperistaltically. This dorsal blood vessel is divided into two sections: the heart and aorta. The dorsal blood vessel circulates thehemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog ofblood, from the rear of the body cavity forward.Hemolymph is composed of plasma in whichhemocytesare suspended. Nutrients, hormones, wastes, and other substances are transported throughout the insect body in the hemolymph. Hemocytes include many types of cells that are important for immune responses, wound healing, and other functions. Hemolymph pressure may be increased by muscle contractions or by swallowing air into the digestive system to aid in molting. Sensory Many insects possess numerous specializedsensory organsable to detect stimuli including limb position (proprioception) bycampaniform sensilla, light,water, chemicals (senses oftasteandsmell), sound, and heat.Some insects such asbeescan perceiveultravioletwavelengths, or detectpolarized light, while theantennaeof male moths can detect thepheromonesof female moths over distances of over a kilometer.There is a trade-off between visual acuity and chemical or tactile acuity, such that most insects with well-developed eyes have reduced or simple antennae, and vice versa. Insects perceive sound by different mechanisms, such as thin vibrating membranes (tympana).Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Hearing has evolved independently at least 19 times in different insect groups. Most insects, except somecave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many have acute vision capable of detecting small and rapid movements. The eyes may include simple eyes orocellias well as largercompound eyes. Many species can detect light in theinfrared,ultravioletandvisible lightwavelengths, with color vision. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that UV-green-bluetrichromacyexisted from at least theDevonianperiod, some 400 million years ago. The individual lenses in compound eyes are immobile, but fruit flies have photoreceptor cells underneath each lens which move rapidly in and out of focus, in a series of movements called photoreceptor microsaccades. This gives them, and possibly many other insects, a much clearer image of the world than previously assumed. An insect'ssense of smellis viachemical receptors, usually on the antennae and the mouthparts. These detect both airbornevolatile compoundsand odorants on surfaces, including pheromones from other insects and compounds released by food plants. Insects use olfaction to locate mating partners, food, and places to lay eggs, and to avoid predators. It is thus an extremely important sense, enabling insects to discriminate between thousands of volatile compounds. Some insects are capable ofmagnetoreception; ants and bees navigate using it both locally (near their nests) and when migrating.TheBrazilian stingless beedetects magnetic fields using the hair-likesensillaon its antennae. Reproduction and development Life-cycles The majority of insects hatch fromeggs. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (chorion) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is because inside the chorion two additional membranes develop from embryonic tissue, theamnionand theserosa. This serosa secretes acuticlerich inchitinthat protects the embryo against desiccation.Some species of insects, like aphids and tsetse flies, areovoviviparous: their eggs develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid.Some other species, such as in the cockroach genusDiploptera, areviviparous,gestatinginside the mother andborn alive.Some insects, likeparasitoid wasps, arepolyembryonic, meaning that a single fertilized egg divides into many separate embryos.Insects may beunivoltine, bivoltine or multivoltine, having one, two or many broods in a year. Other developmental and reproductive variations includehaplodiploidy,polymorphism,paedomorphosisorperamorphosis,sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis, and more rarelyhermaphroditism.Inhaplodiploidy, which is a type ofsex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets ofchromosomesan individual receives. This system is typical in bees and wasps. Some insects areparthenogenetic, meaning that the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggsfertilizedby amale. Many aphids undergo a cyclical form of parthenogenesis in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction.In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn, males may be produced for sexual reproduction. Other insects produced by parthenogenesis are bees, wasps and ants; in theirhaplodiploidsystem,diploidfemales spawn many females and a fewhaploidmales. Metamorphosis Metamorphosisin insects is the process of development that converts young to adults. There are two forms of metamorphosis: incomplete and complete. Incomplete Hemimetabolousinsects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually after hatching from theeggby undergoing a series ofmoltsthrough stages calledinstars, until the final,adult, stage is reached. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect'sepidermissecretes a newepicuticleinside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. When this stage is complete, the insect makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air; this makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where it was thinnest. Complete Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg orembryo, alarva, apupaand the adult orimago. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This can be eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement. There are threetypes of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclosed. Exarate pupae have their legs and other appendages free and extended. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin.Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are well-known for undergoing complete metamorphosis; most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system tohypermetamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis is a trait of the most diverse insect group, theEndopterygota. Communication Insects that produce sound can generally hear it. Mostinsects can hearonly anarrow rangeoffrequenciesrelated to the frequency of the sounds they can produce. Mosquitoes can hear up to 2kilohertz.Certain predatory and parasitic insects can detect the characteristic sounds made by their prey or hosts, respectively. Likewise, some nocturnal moths can perceive theultrasonicemissions ofbats, which helps themavoid predation. Light production A few insects, such asMycetophilidae(Diptera) and the beetle familiesLampyridae,Phengodidae,ElateridaeandStaphylinidaearebioluminescent. The most familiar group are thefireflies, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control this light generation to produce flashes. The function varies with some species using them to attract mates, while others use them to lure prey. Cave dwelling larvae ofArachnocampa(Mycetophilidae, fungus gnats) glow to lure small flying insects into sticky strands of silk.Some fireflies of the genusPhoturismimicthe flashing of femalePhotinusspecies to attract males of that species, which are then captured and devoured.The colors of emitted light vary from dull blue (Orfelia fultoni, Mycetophilidae) to the familiar greens and the rare reds (Phrixothrix tiemanni, Phengodidae). Sound production Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. Ingrasshoppersand crickets, this is achieved bystridulation.Cicadasmake the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body to formtymbalsand associated musculature. The AfricancicadaBrevisana brevishas been measured at 106.7decibelsat a distance of 50 cm (20 in).Some insects, such as theHelicoverpa zeamoths,hawk mothsandHedylidbutterflies, can hearultrasoundandtake evasive actionwhen they sense that they have been detected by bats.Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that warn predatory bats of their unpalatability (acousticaposematism),while some palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls (acousticBatesian mimicry).The claim that some moths canjam bat sonarhas been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar. Very low sounds are produced in various species ofColeoptera,Hymenoptera,Lepidoptera,MantodeaandNeuroptera. These low sounds are produced by the insect's movement, amplified by stridulatory structures on the insect's muscles and joints; these sounds can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most sound-making insects also havetympanal organsthat can perceive airborne sounds. Somehemipterans, such as thewater boatmen, communicate via underwater sounds. Communication using surface-borne vibrational signals is more widespread among insects because of size constraints in producing air-borne sounds.Insects cannot effectively produce low-frequency sounds, and high-frequency sounds tend to disperse more in a dense environment (such asfoliage), so insects living in such environments communicate primarily using substrate-borne vibrations. Some species use vibrations for communicating, such as to attract mates as in the songs of theshield bugNezara viridula.Vibrations can also be used to communicate between species;lycaenidcaterpillars, whichform a mutualistic association with antscommunicate with ants in this way.TheMadagascar hissing cockroachhas the ability to press air through its spiracles to make a hissing noise as a sign of aggression;thedeath's-head hawkmothmakes a squeaking noise by forcing air out of their pharynx when agitated, which may also reduce aggressive worker honey bee behavior when the two are close. Chemical communication Many insects have evolvedchemical means for communication. Thesesemiochemicalsare often derived from plant metabolites including those meant to attract, repel and provide other kinds of information.Pheromonesare used for attracting mates of the opposite sex, for aggregatingconspecificindividuals of both sexes, for deterring other individuals from approaching, to mark a trail, and to trigger aggression in nearby individuals.Allomonesbenefit their producer by the effect they have upon the receiver.Kairomonesbenefit their receiver instead of their producer. Synomones benefit the producer and the receiver. While some chemicals are targeted at individuals of the same species, others are used for communication across species. The use of scents is especially well-developed in social insects.Cuticular hydrocarbonsare nonstructural materials produced and secreted to the cuticle surface to fightdesiccationandpathogens. They are important, too, as pheromones, especially in social insects. Social behavior Social insects, such astermites,antsand manybeesandwasps, areeusocial.They live together in such large well-organized colonies of genetically similar individuals that they are sometimes consideredsuperorganisms. In particular, reproduction is largely limited to aqueen caste; other females areworkers, prevented from reproducing byworker policing.Honey beeshave evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about the environment. In this communication system, calleddance language, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.Bumblebeestoo have some social communication behaviors.Bombus terrestris, for example, more rapidly learns about visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species. Only insects that live in nests or colonies possess fine-scale spatial orientation. Some cannavigateunerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of similar holes, after a trip of several kilometers. Inphilopatry, insects thathibernateare able to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest.A few insects seasonallymigratelarge distances between different geographic regions, as in the continent-widemonarch butterfly migration. Care of young Eusocialinsects build nests, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time. Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number provideparental care, where they at least guard their eggs, and sometimes guard their offspring until adulthood, possibly even feeding them. Many wasps and bees construct a nest or burrow,store provisionsin it, and lay an egg upon those provisions, providing no further care. Locomotion Flight Insects are the only group ofinvertebratesto have developed flight. The ancient groups of insects in the Palaeoptera, the dragonflies, damselflies and mayflies, operate their wings directly by paired muscles attached to points on each wing base that raise and lower them. This can only be done at a relatively slow rate. All other insects, the Neoptera, haveindirect flight, in which the flight muscles cause rapid oscillation of the thorax: there can be more wingbeats than nerve impulses commanding the muscles. One pair of flight muscles is aligned vertically, contracting to pull the top of the thorax down, and the wings up. The other pair runs longitudinally, contracting to force the top of the thorax up and the wings down.Most insects gainaerodynamic liftby creating a spirallingvortexat theleading edgeof the wings.Small insects like thrips with tiny feathery wings gain lift using theclap and flingmechanism; the wings are clapped together and pulled apart, flinging vortices into the air at the leading edges and at the wingtips. The evolution ofinsect wingshas beena subject of debate; it has been suggested they came from modified gills, flaps on the spiracles, or an appendage, the epicoxa, at the base of the legs.More recently, entomologists have favored evolution of wings from lobes of thenotum, of thepleuron, or more likely both.In theCarboniferousage, the dragonfly-likeMeganeurahad as much as a 50 cm (20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects is consistent with high atmospheric oxygen at that time, as the respiratory system of insects constrains their size.The largest flying insects today are much smaller, with the largest wingspan belonging to the white witch moth (Thysania agrippina), at approximately 28 cm (11 in). Unlikebirds, small insects are swept along by theprevailing windsalthough many larger insectsmigrate.Aphidsare transported long distances by low-leveljet streams. Walking Many adult insects use six legs for walking, with an alternatingtripod gait. This allows for rapid walking with a stable stance; it has been studied extensively incockroachesandants. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle, the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn.The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, avoiding obstacles, climbing or slippery surfaces, four (tetrapodal) or more feet (wave-gait) may be touching the ground.Cockroaches are among the fastest insect runners and, at full speed, adopt a bipedal run. More sedate locomotion is seen in the well-camouflagedstick insects (Phasmatodea). A small number of species such asWater striderscan move on the surface of water; their claws are recessed in a special groove, preventing the claws from piercing the water's surface film.The ocean-skaters in the genusHalobateseven live on the surface of open oceans, a habitat that has few insect species. Swimming A large number of insects live either part or the whole of their lives underwater. In many of the more primitive orders of insect, the immature stages are aquatic. In some groups, such aswater beetles, the adults too are aquatic. Many of these species are adapted for under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonflynaiadsuse jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber.Other insects such as therove beetleStenusemitpygidialglandsurfactantsecretions that reduce surface tension; this enables them to move on the surface of water byMarangoni propulsion. Ecology Insects play many critical roles inecosystems, including soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition.For instance, termites modify the environment around their nests, encouraging grass growth;manybeetlesarescavengers; dung beetlesrecyclebiological materials into forms useful to otherorganisms.Insects are responsible for much of the process by whichtopsoilis created. Defense Insects are mostly small, soft bodied, and fragile compared to larger lifeforms. The immature stages are small, move slowly or are immobile, and so all stages are exposed topredationandparasitism. Insects accordingly employ multipledefensive strategies, includingcamouflage,mimicry, toxicity and active defense.Manyinsects rely on camouflageto avoid being noticed by their predators or prey.It is common amongleaf beetlesandweevilsthat feed on wood or vegetation.Stick insectsmimic the forms of sticks and leaves.Many insects usemimicryto deceive predators into avoiding them. InBatesian mimicry, edible species, such as ofhoverflies(the mimics), gain a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the models).InMüllerian mimicry, inedible species, such as of wasps and bees, resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn that those insects are inedible.Heliconiusbutterflies, many of which are toxic, form Müllerian complexes, advertising their inedibility.Chemical defenseis common among Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright warning colors (aposematism), as in themonarch butterfly. As larvae, they obtain theirtoxicityby sequestering chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may vomit violently, learning not to eat insects with similar markings; this is the basis of Müllerian mimicry.Someground beetlesof the family Carabidae actively defend themselves, spraying chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators. Pollination Pollination is the process by whichpollenis transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enablingfertilisationandsexual reproduction.Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. The majority ofpollination is by insects.Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is amutualism. The various flower traits, such as bright colors andpheromonesthatcoevolvedwith their pollinators, have been calledpollination syndromes, though around one third of flowers cannot be assigned to a single syndrome. Parasitism Many insects areparasitic. The largest group, with over 100,000 speciesand perhaps over a million,consists of a singlecladeofparasitoid waspsamong the Hymenoptera.These are parasites of other insects, eventually killing their hosts.Some are hyper-parasites, as their hosts are other parasitoid wasps.Several groups of insects can be considered as eithermicropredatorsorexternal parasites;for example, manyhemipteranbugs have piercing and sucking mouthparts, adapted for feeding on plant sap,while species in groups such asfleas,lice, andmosquitoesarehematophagous, feeding on thebloodof animals. Relationship to humans As pests Many insects are consideredpestsby humans. These include parasites of people and livestock, such asliceandbed bugs;mosquitoesact asvectorsofseveral diseases. Other pests include insects liketermitesthat damage wooden structures; herbivorous insects such aslocusts, aphids, andthripsthat destroy agricultural crops, or likewheat weevilsdamage stored agricultural produce. Farmers have often attempted to control insects with chemicalinsecticides, but increasingly rely onbiological pest control. This uses one organism to reduce the population density of a pest organism; it is a key element ofintegrated pest management.Biological control is favored because insecticides can cause harm to ecosystems far beyond the intended pest targets. In beneficial roles Pollinationof flowering plants by insects includingbees,butterflies,flies, andbeetles, is economically important.The value of insect pollination of crops and fruit trees was estimated in 2021 to be about $34 billion in the US alone. Insects produce useful substances such ashoney,wax,lacquerandsilk.Honey beeshave been cultured by humans for thousands of years for honey.Beekeeping in pottery vessels began about 9,000 years ago in North Africa.Thesilkwormhas greatly affected human history, assilk-driven tradeestablished relationships between China and the rest of the world. Insects that feed on or parasitise other insects are beneficial to humans if they thereby reduce damage to agriculture and human structures. For example,aphidsfeed on crops, causing economic loss, butladybugsfeed on aphids, and can be usedto control them. Insects account for the vast majority of insect consumption. Fly larvae (maggots) were formerlyused to treat woundsto prevent or stopgangrene, as they would only consume dead flesh. This treatment is finding modern usage in some hospitals. Insects have gained attention as potential sources of drugs and other medicinal substances.Adult insects, such as crickets and insect larvae of various kinds, are commonly used as fishing bait. Population declines At least 66 insect species extinctions have been recorded since 1500, many of them on oceanic islands.Declines in insect abundancehave been attributed to human activity in the form of artificial lighting,land use changes such as urbanization or farming,pesticide use,and invasive species.A 2019 research review suggested that a large proportion of insect species is threatened with extinction in the 21st century,though the details have been disputed.A larger 2020 meta-study, analyzing data from 166 long-term surveys, suggested that populations of terrestrial insects are indeed decreasing rapidly, by about 9% per decade. In research Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and highfecundity, the common fruit flyDrosophila melanogasteris amodel organismfor studies in thegeneticsofeukaryotes, includinggenetic linkage,interactions between genes,chromosomalgenetics,development, behavior andevolution. Because genetic systems are well conserved among eukaryotes, understanding basic cellular processes likeDNA replicationortranscriptionin fruit flies can help to understand those processes in other eukaryotes, including humans.ThegenomeofD. melanogasterwassequencedin 2000, reflecting the organism's important role in biological research. It was found that 70% of the fly genome is similar to thehuman genome, supporting the theory ofevolution. As food Insects are consumed as food in 80% of the world's nations, by people in roughly 3000 ethnic groups.In Africa, locally abundant species oflocustsandtermitesare a common traditional human food source.Some, especiallydeep-friedcicadas, are considered to bedelicacies. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source ofproteinin humannutrition.In most first-world countries, however,entomophagy(the eating of insects), istaboo.They are also recommended byarmed forcesas asurvivalfood for troops in adversity.Because of the abundance of insects and a worldwide concern of food shortages, theFood and Agriculture Organizationof theUnited Nationsconsiders that people throughout the world may have to eat insects as a food staple. Insects are noted for their nutrients, having a high content of protein, minerals and fats and are already regularly eaten by one-third of the world's population. In other products Black soldier flylarvae can provideproteinand fats for use incosmetics.Insect cooking oil, insect butter andfatty alcoholscan be made fromsuch insects as the superworm (Zophobas morio).Insect species including the black soldier fly or thehouseflyin theirmaggotforms, and beetle larvae such asmealworms, can be processed andused as feedfor farmed animals including chicken, fish and pigs.Many species of insects are sold and kept aspets. In religion and folklore Scarab beetlesheld religious and cultural symbolism inancient Egypt,Greeceand someshamanisticOld World cultures. The ancientChineseregardedcicadasas symbols of rebirth or immortality. InMesopotamianliterature, the epic poem ofGilgameshhas allusions toOdonatathat signify the impossibility of immortality. Among theAboriginesofAustraliaof theArrerntelanguage groups, honey ants andwitchetty grubsserved as personal clan totems. In the case of the'San' bush-menof theKalahari, it is thepraying mantisthat holds much cultural significance including creation andzen-like patience in waiting. See also Notes References Sources External links"
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"Elephant beetle M. e. elephasM. e. iijimai Theelephant beetle(Megasoma elephas) is a member of the familyScarabaeidaeand the subfamilyDynastinae. Elephant beetles are Neotropicalrhinoceros beetles. Appearance Elephant beetles are black in color and covered with a coat of fine microscopic hairs. The hairs grow particularly thick on the beetle'selytra. The hairs give the beetle's body a yellowish color. Males have twohornsprotruding from the head and another from theprothorax. The longest head horn gives the beetle its common name, since it resembles an elephant’s trunk. Females have no horns. The horns are used for defense, and in competition among males for food and mates. Size In size, elephant beetles typically range between 7 and 12 cm (2.75–4.75 in), with the largest male specimen known measuring 13.7 cm, including the horn. Location Elephant beetles are located in southernMexico,Central America, and inSouth Americanrainforests. List of subspecies Breeding Elephant beetlelarvaedevelop in large decaying",
"in large decaying logs and take up to three years to develop into adult beetles, depending upon the subspecies. The female elephant beetle lays her eggs inside the decaying log or in the ground. Some weeks after that (usually three) the eggs hatch into C-shaped larvae, whitegrubswith brown heads and six legs. The larval stage lasts around 29 months, during which time the grubs consume organic matter. The third and last stage, thepupalstage, lasts around five weeks at a temperature of 26 degreesCelsius. The life span of an adult elephant beetle is around one to three months. Food For their diet, elephant beetles eat thesapof particular trees and ripened fallen fruits. In captivity, they also eat exotic fruits such aspineapples,longan,lycheefruit, and bark from certain trees like thepoinciana. Behavior and habitat Elephant beetles live in rainforests and are mainly active during the night. They are able to maintain a high internal body heat when foraging despite reduced ambient temperature. Elephant beetle",
"Elephant beetle population has been depleted by the destruction of the rainforests, which has reduced their grounds for mating. In some countries such as Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and others in Central America the male's head is used as a charm necklace, decorated with gold. This has affected the population severely. Potential military use As part of a Pentagon-sponsored project, researchers at theUniversity of California, Berkeleyhave implanted electrodes into elephant beetle pupae. This allows some remote control of the adults’ flying behaviour. See also References External links",
"Xylotrupes gideon Xylotrupes gideon, thebrown rhinoceros beetle, is a species of largescarab beetlebelonging to the subfamilyDynastinae. Subspecies Seven subspecies have been identified. Distribution This species is widespread inIndia,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Indonesia:Java(nominotypical form),Borneo(borneensis),Sunda IslandsandMoluccas. Description Xylotrupes gideoncan reach a length of 3.5–7 centimetres (1.4–2.8 in).As usual with rhinoceros beetles there is a great difference between the genders. Males are larger than females. They have two chitinous bifurcated horns, a thick thoracic horn and a smaller cephalic horn, which they use to eliminate their rivals during the mating period.These beetles are shiny dark red, dark brown, or black in coloration. The eyes are located on each side of the head. When disturbed these beetles make a hissing noise, produced by rubbing the tip of the abdomen against the edge the elytra. Males with transverse, scantily punctured head; clypeus elongate, scantily and minutely",
"and minutely punctured. Antenna with 10 segments. Pronotum and scutellum scantily and minutely punctured. Elytra and pygidium coriaceous, finely and scantily punctured. Dorsum of female is rugose, with coarsely and densely punctured pronotum. Pygidium finely rugose. Biology One source gives the average duration of the different developmental stages; females lay about 55 eggs at one time in decaying logs; eggs mature in 21 days, where the larvae hatch from decaying coconut logs; the total larval period is 188 days, followed by 14 days of prepupal and 32 days of pupal periods; adult females are live about 102 days, whereas adult males survive 90 days.Other sources indicate that the larvae develop in decaying vegetable matter and usually take two years in development, the adult beetles live 2–4 months. A female can lay about 20-30 eggs but it depends on the place where they live. This species is considered as a serious pest oncoconutand also a minor pest on plum, okra,oil palm, sugarcane,Persea",
"sugarcane,Persea bombycina,rubber, banana, bamboo,Delonix regia, Cacao tree,poinciana, cassia, litchi, potato,apple and pear. See also References External links Media related toXylotrupes gideonat Wikimedia Commons",
"Bee hummingbird Thebee hummingbird,zunzuncitoorHelena hummingbird(Mellisuga helenae) is aspeciesofhummingbird, native to the island ofCubain theCaribbean. It is the smallest knownbird.The bee hummingbird feeds on nectar of flowers and bugs found in Cuba. Description The bee hummingbird is thesmallest living bird.Females weigh 2.6 g (0.092 oz) and are6.1 cm (2+3⁄8in) long, and are slightly larger than males, which have an average weight of 1.95 g (0.069 oz) and length of5.5 cm (2+1⁄8in).Like all hummingbirds, it is a swift, strong flier. The male has a greenpileumand bright red throat, iridescentgorgetwith elongated lateralplumes, bluish upper parts, and the rest of the underparts mostly greyish white.Compared to other small hummingbirds, which often have a slender appearance, the bee hummingbird looks rounded and plump. Female bee hummingbirds are bluish green with a pale gray underside.The tips of their tail feathers have white spots. During the mating season, males have a reddish to pink head, chin, and",
"head, chin, and throat. The female lays only two eggs at a time, each about the size of acoffee bean. The bee hummingbird'sfeathershaveiridescentcolors, which is not always noticeable, but depends on the viewing angle. The bird's slender, pointed bill is adapted for probing deep intoflowers. The bee hummingbird feeds mainly onnectar, by moving its tongue rapidly in and out of its mouth. In the process of feeding, the bird picks uppollenon itsbilland head. When it flies from flower to flower, it transfers the pollen. In this way, it plays an important role inplant reproduction. In one day, the bee hummingbird may visit 1,500 flowers.It is a diurnal bird that can fly at 40–48 km/h (22–26 kn; 11–13 m/s), and it beats its wings 80–200 times per second, which allows it to remain stationary in the air to feed on flowers. The bee hummingbird lives up to seven years in the wild, and 10 years in captivity. The bee hummingbird has also been described as \"thesmallestdinosaur\".This characterization is based upon the",
"is based upon the recognition that birds are, in fact, a living form oftheropoddinosaurs (or, strictly speaking,avian dinosaurs),and no smaller bird or non-avian dinosaur has been found in the fossil record. The call is described as \"high pitched, jumbled twitter\".Within their territory a male will often sing atop the highest tree. Diet The bee hummingbird has been reported to visit ten plant species, nine of them native to Cuba. They occasionally eat insects and spiders. In a typical day, bee hummingbirds will consume up to half their body weight in food. Taxonomy The closest evolutionary relative of the bee hummingbird is thevervain hummingbird(Mellisuga minima), the only other member of its genus.The habitats of the vervain hummingbird are in Cuba's neighboring islands,HispaniolaandJamaica. Habitat and distribution The bee hummingbird isendemicto the entire Cubanarchipelago, including the main island of Cuba and theIsla de la Juventudin theWest Indies.In these regions bee hummingbirds generally live in",
"generally live in areas of thick growth that contain lianas and epiphytes.Its population is fragmented; it is found in Cuba'smogoteareas inPinar del Río Provinceand more commonly inZapata Swamp(Matanzas Province) and in eastern Cuba, with reference localities in Alexander Humboldt National Park and Baitiquirí Ecological Reserve (Guantánamo Province) and Gibara and Sierra Cristal (Holguín Province). Breeding Bee hummingbirds reach sexual maturity at one year of age.Male bee hummingbirds court females with sound from tail-feathers, which flutter during display dives.The bee hummingbird's breeding season is March–June, with the female laying one or two eggs. Using strands ofcobwebs,bark, andlichen, female bee hummingbirds build a cup-shaped nest about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter and 3–5 m off the ground. The nest is lined with a layer of soft plant wool.Branches in mature, leafy jucaro (Terminalia buceras) and juvenile ocuje (Calophyllum antillanum) trees are commonly used for nest building.After completion of",
"completion of the nest, the eggs areincubatedfor 21 days by only the female, followed by 2 days of hatching, and 18 days of care by the mother. During days of care the mother will hunt for small insects while chicks are left alone in the nest. Over the final 4–5 days ofcare, juvenile bee hummingbirds practice their flight capabilities. The nests are used only once. Coevolution with flowers The bee hummingbird's interaction with the flowers that supply nectar is a notable example of bird–plantcoevolutionwith its primary food source (flowers fornectar).Flowers that bee hummingbirds often feed from are odorless, have long narrow tubular corolla that are brightly colored, and has dilute nectar. See also References External links",
"Bird Birdsare a group ofwarm-bloodedvertebratesconstituting theclassAves(/ˈeɪviːz/), characterised byfeathers, toothless beaked jaws, thelayingofhard-shelledeggs, a highmetabolicrate, a four-chamberedheart, and a strong yet lightweightskeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5.5 cm (2.2 in)bee hummingbirdto the 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)common ostrich. There are over 11,000 living species, more than half of which arepasserine, or \"perching\" birds. Birds havewingswhose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinctmoaandelephant birds. Wings, which are modifiedforelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to theloss of flight in some birds, includingratites,penguins, and diverseendemicisland species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularlyseabirdsand somewaterbirds, have further evolved for swimming. The study of birds is",
"study of birds is calledornithology. Birds arefeatheredtheropoddinosaursand constitute theonly known living dinosaurs. Likewise, birds are consideredreptilesin the moderncladisticsense of the term, and their closest living relatives are thecrocodilians. Birds are descendants of the primitiveavialans(whose members includeArchaeopteryx) which first appeared during theLate Jurassic. According to recent estimates, modern birds (Neornithes) evolved in theLate Cretaceousand diversified dramatically around the time of theCretaceous–Paleogene extinction event66 million years ago, which killed off thepterosaursand all non-avian dinosaurs. Manysocial speciespreserve knowledge across generations (culture). Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, andsongs, and participating in such behaviours ascooperative breedingand hunting,flocking, andmobbingof predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially (but not necessarily sexually)monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes",
"a time, sometimes for years, and rarely for life. Other species have breeding systems that arepolygynous(one male with many females) or, rarely,polyandrous(one female with many males). Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilised throughsexual reproduction. They are usually laid in a nest andincubatedby the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. Many species of birds are economically important as food for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, withdomesticatedandundomesticatedbirds being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers.Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets.Guano(bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertiliser. Birds figure throughout human culture. About 120 to 130 species have becomeextinctdue to human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to protect them. Recreationalbirdwatchingis",
"an important part of theecotourismindustry. Evolution and classification The firstclassificationof birds was developed byFrancis WillughbyandJohn Rayin their 1676 volumeOrnithologiae.Carl Linnaeusmodified that work in 1758 to devise thetaxonomic classificationsystem currently in use.Birds are categorised as thebiological classAves inLinnaean taxonomy.Phylogenetic taxonomyplaces Aves in thecladeTheropoda. Definition Aves and a sister group, the orderCrocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile cladeArchosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly definedphylogeneticallyas all descendants of themost recent common ancestorof modern birds andArchaeopteryx lithographica.However, an earlier definition proposed byJacques Gauthiergained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents to thePhyloCode. Gauthier defined Aves to include only thecrown groupof the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only fromfossils, and",
"fromfossils, and assigning them, instead, to the broader group Avialae,on the principle that a clade based on extant species should be limited to those extant species and their closest extinct relatives. Gauthier and de Queiroz identified four different definitions for the same biological name \"Aves\", which is a problem.The authors proposed to reserve the term Aves only for the crown group consisting of the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants,which corresponds to meaning number 4 below. They assigned other names to the other groups. Lizards&snakes Turtles Crocodiles Birds Under the fourth definitionArchaeopteryx, traditionally considered one of the earliest members of Aves, is removed from this group, becoming a non-avian dinosaur instead. These proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology andbird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of",
"fossil content of Aves, is often used synonymously with the vernacular term \"bird\" by these researchers. †Coelurus †Ornitholestes †Ornithomimosauria †Alvarezsauridae †Oviraptorosauria Paraves Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to \"alltheropodscloser to birds than toDeinonychus\",withTroodonbeing sometimes added as a second external specifier in case it is closer to birds than toDeinonychus.Avialae is also occasionally defined as anapomorphy-based clade(that is, one based on physical characteristics).Jacques Gauthier, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flappingflight, and the birds that descended from them. Despite being currently one of the most widely used, the crown-group definition of Aves has been criticised by some researchers. Lee and Spencer (1997) argued that, contrary to what Gauthier defended, this definition would not increase the stability",
"the stability of the clade and the exact content of Aves will always be uncertain because any defined clade (either crown or not) will have few synapomorphies distinguishing it from its closest relatives. Their alternative definition is synonymous to Avifilopluma. Dinosaurs and the origin of birds †Scansoriopterygidae †Eosinopteryx †Jinfengopteryx †Aurornis †Dromaeosauridae †Troodontidae Avialae Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialised subgroup oftheropoddinosaursand, more specifically, members ofManiraptora, a group of theropods which includesdromaeosauridsandoviraptorosaurs, among others.As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. By the 2000s, discoveries in theLiaoningProvince of northeast China, which demonstrated many small theropodfeathered dinosaurs, contributed to this ambiguity. The consensus view in contemporarypalaeontologyis that the",
"that the flying theropods, oravialans, are the closest relatives of thedeinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids andtroodontids.Together, these form a group calledParaves. Somebasalmembers of Deinonychosauria, such asMicroraptor, have features which may have enabled them to glide or fly. The most basal deinonychosaurs were very small. This evidence raises the possibility that the ancestor of all paravians may have beenarboreal, have been able to glide, or both.UnlikeArchaeopteryxand the non-avialan feathered dinosaurs, who primarily ate meat, studies suggest that the first avialans wereomnivores. TheLate JurassicArchaeopteryxis well known as one of the firsttransitional fossilsto be found, and it provided support for thetheory of evolutionin the late 19th century.Archaeopteryxwas the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics—teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-like tail—as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds. It is not considered a",
"is not considered a direct ancestor of birds, though it is possibly closely related to the true ancestor. Early evolution Over 40% of key traits found in modern birds evolved during the 60 million year transition from the earliestbird-line archosaursto the firstmaniraptoromorphs, i.e. the first dinosaurs closer to living birds than toTyrannosaurus rex. The loss of osteoderms otherwise common in archosaurs and acquisition of primitive feathers might have occurred early during this phase.After the appearance of Maniraptoromorpha, the next 40 million years marked a continuous reduction of body size and the accumulation ofneotenic(juvenile-like) characteristics.Hypercarnivorybecame increasingly less common while braincases enlarged and forelimbs became longer.Theintegumentevolved into complex,pennaceous feathers. The oldest known paravian (and probably the earliest avialan) fossils come from theTiaojishan Formationof China, which has been dated to the lateJurassicperiod (Oxfordianstage), about 160 million years",
"160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period includeAnchiornis huxleyi,Xiaotingia zhengi, andAurornis xui. The well-known probable early avialan,Archaeopteryx, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) fromGermany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or \"hind wings\" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering. Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during theCretaceousperiod. Many groups retainedprimitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves).Increasingly stiff tails (especially the outermost half) can be seen in the evolution of maniraptoromorphs, and this process",
"and this process culminated in the appearance of thepygostyle, an ossification of fused tail vertebrae.In the late Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago, the ancestors of all modern birds evolved a more open pelvis, allowing them to lay larger eggs compared to body size.Around 95 million years ago, they evolved a better sense of smell. A third stage of bird evolution starting withOrnithothoraces(the \"bird-chested\" avialans) can be associated with the refining of aerodynamics and flight capabilities, and the loss or co-ossification of several skeletal features. Particularly significant are the development of an enlarged,keeledsternum and thealula, and the loss of grasping hands. †Anchiornis †Archaeopteryx †Xiaotingia †Rahonavis †Jeholornis †Jixiangornis †Balaur †Zhongjianornis †Sapeornis †Confuciusornithiformes †Protopteryx †Pengornis Ornithothoraces Early diversity of bird ancestors †Enantiornithes †Archaeorhynchus †Patagopteryx †Vorona †Schizooura †Hongshanornithidae †Jianchangornis †Songlingornithidae",
"†Songlingornithidae †Gansus †Apsaravis †Hesperornithes †Ichthyornis †Vegavis Aves The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were theEnantiornithes, or \"opposite birds\", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array ofecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of theMesozoicera. Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, theEuornithes(meaning \"true birds\", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialised in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the Enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most early euornithes lackedperchingadaptations and likely included shorebird-like species, waders,",
"species, waders, and swimming and diving species. The latter included the superficiallygull-likeIchthyornisand theHesperornithiformes, which became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments that they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic.The early euornithes also saw the development of many traits associated with modern birds, like strongly keeled breastbones, toothless, beaked portions of their jaws (though most non-avian euornithes retained teeth in other parts of the jaws).Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop truepygostyleand a fully mobile fan of tail feathers,which may have replaced the \"hind wing\" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight. A study onmosaic evolutionin the avian skull found that thelast common ancestorof all Neornithes might have had a beak similar to that of the modernhook-billed vangaand a skull similar to that of theEurasian golden oriole. As both species are small aerial and canopy foraging omnivores, a similar",
"a similar ecological niche was inferred for this hypothetical ancestor. Diversification of modern birds (ratitesandtinamous) (landfowlandwaterfowl) (all other birds includingperchingbirds) Most studies agree on aCretaceousage for the most recent common ancestor of modern birds but estimates range from the Early Cretaceousto the latest Cretaceous.Similarly, there is no agreement on whether most of the early diversification of modern birds occurred in the Cretaceous and associated with breakup of the supercontinentGondwanaor occurred later and potentially as a consequence of theCretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event.This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; most molecular dating studies suggests a Cretaceousevolutionary radiation, while fossil evidence points to a Cenozoic radiation (the so-called 'rocks' versus 'clocks' controversy). The discovery ofVegavisfrom theMaastrichtian, the last stage of theLate Cretaceousproved that the diversification of modern birds started before",
"started before theCenozoicera.The affinities of an earlier fossil, the possiblegalliformAustinornislentus, dated to about 85 million years ago,are still too controversial to provide a fossil evidence of modern bird diversification. In 2020,Asteriornisfrom the Maastrichtian was described, it appears to be a close relative ofGalloanserae, the earliest diverging lineage within Neognathae. Attempts to reconcile molecular and fossil evidence using genomic-scale DNA data and comprehensive fossil information have not resolved the controversy.However, a 2015 estimate that used a new method for calibratingmolecular clocksconfirmed that while modern birds originated early in the Late Cretaceous, likely in WesternGondwana, a pulse of diversification in all major groups occurred around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event.Modern birds would have expanded from West Gondwana through two routes. One route was an Antarctic interchange in the Paleogene. The other route was probably via Paleocene land bridges between",
"bridges between South America and North America, which allowed for the rapid expansion and diversification of Neornithes into theHolarcticandPaleotropics.On the other hand, the occurrence ofAsteriornisin the Northern Hemisphere suggest that Neornithes dispersed out of East Gondwana before the Paleocene. Classification of bird orders All modern birds lie within thecrown groupAves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: thePalaeognathae, which includes the flightlessratites(such as theostriches) and the weak-flyingtinamous, and the extremely diverseNeognathae, containing all other birds.These two subdivisions have variously been given therankofsuperorder,cohort,or infraclass.The number of known living bird species is around 11,000although sources may differ in their precise numbers. Cladogramof modern bird relationships based on Stilleret al. (2024). Struthioniformes(ostriches) Tinamiformes(tinamous) Rheiformes(rheas) Apterygiformes(kiwis) Casuariiformes(emuandcassowaries) Galliformes(chickensand",
"relatives) Anseriformes(ducksand relatives) Phoenicopteriformes(flamingos) Podicipediformes(grebes) Columbiformes(pigeons and doves) Mesitornithiformes(mesites) Pterocliformes(sandgrouse) Cuculiformes(cuckoos) Otidiformes(bustards) Musophagiformes(turacos) Opisthocomiformes(hoatzin) Gruiformes(railsandcranes) Charadriiformes(wadersand relatives) Caprimulgiformes(nightjars) Nyctibiiformes(potoos) Steatornithiformes(oilbird) Podargiformes(frogmouths) Aegotheliformes(owlet-nightjars) Apodiformes(swifts,treeswiftsandhummingbirds) Phaethontiformes(tropicbirds) Eurypygiformes(sunbitternandkagu) Gaviiformes(loons) Procellariiformes(albatrossesandpetrels) Sphenisciformes(penguins) Ciconiiformes(storks) Suliformes(boobies,cormorants, etc.) Pelecaniformes(pelicans,heronsandibises) Strigiformes(owls) Cathartiformes(New World vultures) Accipitriformes(hawksand relatives) Coliiformes(mousebirds) Leptosomiformes(cuckoo roller) Trogoniformes(trogons and quetzals) Bucerotiformes(hornbillsand relatives)",
"relatives) Coraciiformes(kingfishersand relatives) Piciformes(woodpeckersand relatives) Cariamiformes(seriemas) Falconiformes(falcons) Psittaciformes(parrots) Passeriformes(passerines) The classification of birds is a contentious issue.SibleyandAhlquist'sPhylogeny and Classification of Birds(1990) is a landmark work on the subject.Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate,but scientists disagree about the relationships among the orders themselves; evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem, but no strong consensus has emerged. Fossil and molecular evidence from the 2010s is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders. Genomics As of 2010, thegenomehad been sequenced for only two birds, thechickenand thezebra finch. As of 2022the genomes of 542 species of birds had been completed. At least one genome has been sequenced from every order.These include at least one species in about 90% of extant",
"about 90% of extant avian families (218 out of 236 families recognised by theHoward and Moore Checklist). Being able to sequence and compare whole genomes gives researchers many types of information, about genes, the DNA that regulates the genes, and their evolutionary history. This has led to reconsideration of some of the classifications that were based solely on the identification of protein-coding genes. Waterbirds such aspelicansandflamingos, for example, may have in common specific adaptations suited to their environment that were developed independently. Distribution Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in thesnow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland inAntarctica.The highest birddiversityoccurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higherspeciationrates in the tropics; however studies from the 2000s found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes",
"the high latitudes that were offset by greaterextinctionrates than in the tropics.Many species migrate annually over great distances and across oceans; several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, and someseabirdspecies come ashore only to breed,while somepenguinshave been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft) deep. Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have beenintroducedby humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; thering-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as agame bird.Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wildmonk parakeetsin several North American cities after their escape from captivity.Some species, includingcattle egret,yellow-headed caracaraandgalah,havespread naturallyfar beyond their original ranges asagricultural expansioncreated alternative habitats although modern practices of intensive agriculture have negatively impacted farmland bird",
"farmland bird populations. Anatomy and physiology Compared with other vertebrates, birds have abody planthat shows many unusual adaptations, mostly to facilitateflight. Skeletal system The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with therespiratory system.The skull bones in adults are fused and do not showcranial sutures.Theorbital cavitiesthat house the eyeballs are large and separated from each other by a bonyseptum(partition). Thespinehas cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anteriorthoracic vertebraeand absent in the later vertebrae.The last few are fused with thepelvisto form thesynsacrum.The ribs are flattened and thesternumis keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings.The wings are more or less developed depending on the",
"depending on the species; the only known groups that lost their wings are theextinctmoaandelephant birds. Excretory system Like thereptiles, birds are primarilyuricotelic, that is, theirkidneysextractnitrogenous wastefrom their bloodstream and excrete it asuric acid, instead ofureaorammonia, through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have aurinary bladderor external urethral opening and (with exception of theostrich) uric acid is excreted along with faeces as a semisolid waste.However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia.They also excretecreatine, rather thancreatininelike mammals.This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird'scloaca.The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate byjoining cloaca, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitatepellets. It is a common but not universal feature ofaltricialpasserinenestlings",
"(born helpless, under constant parental care) that instead of excreting directly into the nest, they produce afecal sac. This is a mucus-covered pouch that allows parents to either dispose of the waste outside the nest or to recycle the waste through their own digestive system. Reproductive system Most male birds do not haveintromittentpenises.Males withinPalaeognathae(with the exception of thekiwis), theAnseriformes(with the exception ofscreamers), and in rudimentary forms inGalliformes(but fully developed inCracidae) possess apenis, which is never present inNeoaves.Its length is thought to be related tosperm competitionand it fills with lymphatic fluid instead of blood when erect.When not copulating, it is hidden within theproctodeumcompartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. Female birds havesperm storagetubulesthat allow sperm to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species.Sperm from multiple males maycompetethrough this mechanism. Most female birds have a singleovaryand",
"a singleovaryand a singleoviduct, both on the left side,but there are exceptions: species in at least 16 different orders of birds have two ovaries. Even these species, however, tend to have a single oviduct.It has been speculated that this might be an adaptation to flight, but males have two testes, and it is also observed that the gonads in both sexes decrease dramatically in size outside the breeding season.Also terrestrial birds generally have a single ovary, as does theplatypus, an egg-laying mammal. A more likely explanation is that the egg develops a shell while passing through the oviduct over a period of about a day, so that if two eggs were to develop at the same time, there would be a risk to survival.While rare, mostly abortive,parthenogenesisis not unknown in birds and eggs can bediploid,automicticand results in male offspring. Birds are solelygonochoric.Meaning they have two sexes: eitherfemaleormale. The sex of birds is determined by theZ and W sex chromosomes, rather than by theX and Y",
"than by theX and Y chromosomespresent inmammals. Male birds have two Z chromosomes (ZZ), and female birds have a W chromosome and a Z chromosome (WZ).A complex system ofdisassortative matingwith two morphs is involved in thewhite-throated sparrowZonotrichia albicollis, where white- and tan-browed morphs of opposite sex pair, making it appear as if four sexes were involved since any individual is compatible with only a fourth of the population. In nearly all species of birds, an individual's sex is determined at fertilisation. However, one 2007 study claimed to demonstratetemperature-dependent sex determinationamong theAustralian brushturkey, for which higher temperatures during incubation resulted in a higher female-to-malesex ratio.This, however, was later proven to not be the case. These birds do not exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, but temperature-dependent sex mortality. Respiratory and circulatory systems Birds have one of the most complexrespiratory systemsof all animal groups.Upon",
"animal groups.Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posteriorair sacwhich extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lungs and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation.Sound production is achieved using thesyrinx, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea;the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalisations and the perception of the bird's size. In birds, the main arteries taking blood away from the heart originate from the rightaortic arch(or pharyngeal arch), unlike in the mammals where the left aortic arch forms this part of theaorta.The postcava receives blood from",
"receives blood from the limbs via the renal portal system. Unlike in mammals, the circulatingred blood cellsin birds retain theirnucleus. Heart type and features The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with aserous fluidfor lubrication.The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with anatriumandventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each side are separated byatrioventricular valveswhich prevent back flow from one chamber to the next during contraction. Being myogenic, the heart's pace is maintained by pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium. Thesinoatrial nodeuses calcium to cause adepolarisingsignal transduction pathwayfrom the atrium through right and left atrioventricular bundle which communicates contraction to the ventricles. The avian heart also consists of muscular arches that are made up of thick bundles of muscular layers. Much like a mammalian",
"like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed ofendocardial,myocardialandepicardiallayers.The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass. This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to meet the high metabolic need associated with flight. Organisation Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area togas exchangevolume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal.The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular contractions, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergovasoconstriction, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as",
"primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Blood travels through the arterioles and moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. Capillaries are organised into capillary beds in tissues; it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds, blood flow is slowed to allow maximumdiffusionof oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated, it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs calledvasodilationbringing blood back to the heart.Once the blood reaches the heart, it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide",
"of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body. Nervous system Thenervous systemis large relative to the bird's size.The most developed part of thebrain of birdsis the one that controls the flight-related functions, while thecerebellumcoordinates movement and thecerebrumcontrols behaviour patterns, navigation, mating andnestbuilding. Most birds have a poorsense of smellwith notable exceptions includingkiwis,New World vulturesandtubenoses.The avianvisual systemis usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowingaccommodationfor vision in air and water.Some species also have dualfovea. Birds aretetrachromatic, possessingultraviolet(UV) sensitivecone cellsin the eye as well as green, red and blue ones.They also havedouble cones, likely to mediateachromatic vision. Many birds show plumage patterns inultravioletthat are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes",
"birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Maleblue titshave an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers.Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging—kestrelshave been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents.With the exception of pigeons and a few other species,the eyelids of birds are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by thenictitating membrane, a third eyelid that moves horizontally.The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as acontact lensin many aquatic birds.The birdretinahas a fan shaped blood supply system called thepecten. Eyes of most birdsare large, not very round and capable of only limited movement in the orbits,typically 10–20°.Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a widevisual field, while birds with eyes on the front of their",
"the front of their heads, such as owls, havebinocular visionand can estimate thedepth of field.The avianearlacks externalpinnaebut is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as theAsio,BuboandOtusowls, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. Theinner earhas acochlea, but it is not spiral as in mammals. Defence and intraspecific combat A few species are able to use chemical defences against predators; someProcellariiformescan eject an unpleasantstomach oilagainst an aggressor,and some species ofpitohuisfromNew Guineahave a powerfulneurotoxinin their skin and feathers. A lack of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death.The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana,Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (Tachyeres), geese and swans (Anserinae), the solitaire (Pezophaps),",
"(Pezophaps), sheathbills (Chionis), some guans (Crax) and stone curlews (Burhinus) use a bony knob on thealularmetacarpal to punch and hammer opponents.The jacanasActophilornisandIrediparrahave an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinctXenicibiswas unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail.Swans, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young. Feathers, plumage, and scales Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present insome dinosaursnot currently considered to be true birds). They facilitateflight, provide insulation that aids inthermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signalling.There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin calledpterylae. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and",
"in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, calledplumage, may vary within species by age,social status,andsex. Plumage is regularlymoulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the \"non-breeding\" plumage, or—in theHumphrey–Parkes terminology—\"basic\" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey–Parkes system as \"alternate\" plumages.Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines,flight feathersare replaced one at a time with the innermostprimarybeing the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermosttertiariesbegin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, thesecondariesstarting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primarycovertsare moulted in",
"moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap. A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless.As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair.Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in thePhasianidae.The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers ofwoodpeckersandtreecreepers, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail.The general pattern seen inpasserinesis that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from centre outward.Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a barebrood patchby losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation. Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around",
"average of around 9% of their daily time on this.The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to applywaxysecretions from theuropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as anantimicrobial agent, inhibiting the growth of feather-degradingbacteria.This may be supplemented with the secretions offormic acidfrom ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known asanting, to remove feather parasites. Thescalesof birds are composed of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes andmetatarsus, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds. Most bird scales do not overlap significantly, except in the cases ofkingfishersandwoodpeckers. The scales of birds are thought to behomologousto those of reptiles and mammals. Flight Most birds canfly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for searching for food and for escaping from",
"for escaping from predators. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (wing) that serves as anaerofoil. Wing shape and size generally determine a bird's flight style and performance; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species areflightless, as were many extinct birds.Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, most likely due to limited resources and the absence ofmammalianland predators.Flightlessness is almost exclusively correlated withgigantismdue to an island's inherent condition of isolation.Although flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to \"fly\" through the water, as do some flight-capable birds such asauks,shearwatersanddippers. Behaviour Most birds arediurnal, but some birds, such as many species",
"as many species ofowlsandnightjars, arenocturnalorcrepuscular(active during twilight hours), and many coastalwadersfeed when the tides are appropriate, by day or night. Diet and feeding Birds' dietsare varied and often includenectar, fruit, plants, seeds,carrion, and various small animals, including other birds.Thedigestive system of birdsis unique, with acropfor storage and agizzardthat contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth.Some species such as pigeons and some psittacine species do not have agallbladder.Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight.Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein stored in many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration. Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered",
"food are considered specialists.Avian foragingstrategies can vary widely by species. Many birdsgleanfor insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seekpestinsectsare considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged inbiological pest controlprogrammes.Combined, insectivorous birds eat 400–500 million metric tons of arthropods annually. Nectar feeders such ashummingbirds,sunbirds,lories, and lorikeetsamongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fitco-adaptedflowers.Kiwisandshorebirdswith long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation ofecological niches.Loons,diving ducks,penguinsandaukspursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion,while aerial predators such assulids,kingfishersandternsplunge dive after their prey.Flamingos, three species ofprion, and some ducks arefilter",
"ducks arefilter feeders.Geeseanddabbling ducksare primarily grazers. Some species, includingfrigatebirds,gulls,andskuas,engage inkleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study ofgreat frigatebirdsstealing frommasked boobiesestimated that the frigatebirds stole at most 40% of their food and on average stole only 5%.Other birds arescavengers; some of these, likevultures, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls,corvids, or other birds of prey, are opportunists. Water and drinking Water is needed by many birds although their mode of excretion and lack ofsweat glandsreduces the physiological demands.Some desert birds can obtain their water needs entirely from moisture in their food. Some have other adaptations such as allowing their body temperature to rise, saving on moisture loss from evaporative cooling or panting.Seabirds can drink seawater and",
"drink seawater and havesalt glandsinside the head that eliminate excess salt out of the nostrils. Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to thepigeon,finch,mousebird,button-quailandbustardfamilies are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads.Some desert birds depend on water sources andsandgrouseare particularly well known for congregating daily at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers.Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid calledcrop milkthat they provide to their chicks. Feather care Feathers, being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi,ectoparasiticfeather mites andbird",
"mites andbird lice.The physical condition of feathers are maintained bypreeningoften with the application of secretions from thepreen gland. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed asantingin which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead to feather damage. Migration Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences ofseasonaltemperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds,shorebirds,",
"andwaterbirdsundertake annual long-distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in thetemperateorpolar regionsand a non-breeding season in thetropicalregions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs. Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi),although thebar-tailed godwitis capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi).SomeSeabirdsundertake long migrations, with the longest annual migrations including those ofArctic terns, which were recorded travelling an average of 70,900 km (44,100 mi) between theirArcticbreeding grounds inGreenlandandIcelandand their wintering grounds inAntarctica, with one bird covering",
"one bird covering 81,600 km (50,700 mi),andsooty shearwaters, which nest inNew ZealandandChileand make annual round trips of 64,000 km (39,800 mi) to their summer feeding grounds in the North Pacific off Japan,AlaskaandCalifornia.Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route.Albatrossesnesting in theSouthern Oceanoften undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons. Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food.Irruptivespecies such as the borealfinchesare one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability.Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males,",
"subdominant males, migrates.Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory. Altitudinal migrationis a form of short-distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs whenthe normal territoriesalso become inhospitable due to lack of food.Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability.Parrotsas afamilyare overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations. The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s, aManx shearwaterreleased inBostonin the",
"inBostonin the United States returned to its colony inSkomer, in Wales within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi).Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. Fordiurnalmigrants, thesunis used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of aninternal clock.Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of theconstellationssurroundingPolaris.These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth'sgeomagnetismthrough specialisedphotoreceptors. Communication Birdscommunicateprimarily using visual and auditory signals. Signals can be interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species). Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance,to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in thesunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward offhawksand protect young chicks.",
"young chicks. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds.The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where \"dances\" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements;males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays. Bird calls and songs, which are produced in thesyrinx, are the major means by which birds communicate withsound. This communication can be very complex; some species can operate the two sides of the syrinx independently, allowing the simultaneous production of two different songs.Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction,evaluation of potential mates,bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories,the identification of other individuals (such as",
"(such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season),and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat.Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. TheCoenocoryphasnipesofNew Zealanddrive air through their feathers,woodpeckersdrum for long-distance communication,andpalm cockatoosuse tools to drum. Flocking and other associations While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form largeflocks. The principal benefits of flocking aresafety in numbersand increased foraging efficiency.Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, whereambush predationis common and multiple eyes can provide a valuableearly warning system. This has led to the development of manymixed-species feeding flocks, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers",
"safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources.Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases.Some species have a mixed system with breeding pairs maintaining territories, while unmated or young birds live in flocks where they secure mates prior to finding territories. Birds sometimes also form associations with non-avian species. Plunge-divingseabirdsassociate withdolphinsandtuna, which push shoaling fish towards the surface.Some species ofhornbillshave amutualistic relationshipwithdwarf mongooses, in which they forage together and warn each other of nearbybirds of preyand other predators. Resting and roosting The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times.Sleeping birdsoften use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening \"peeks\", allowing them to be sensitive to",
"to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats.Swiftsare believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight.It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight. Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall intoslow-wave sleeponehemisphereof the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant forpredatorsby viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known frommarine mammals.Communal roostingis common because it lowers theloss of body heatand decreases the risks associated with predators.Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety.Unusual mobile roost sites include large herbivores on the African savanna that are used byoxpeckers. Many sleeping",
"Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck theirbillsin their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather.Perching birdshave a tendon-locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost in trees. A few parrots of the genusLoriculusroost hanging upside down.Somehummingbirdsgo into a nightly state oftorporaccompanied with a reduction of their metabolic rates.Thisphysiological adaptationshows in nearly a hundred other species, includingowlet-nightjars,nightjars, andwoodswallows. One species, thecommon poorwill, even enters a state ofhibernation.Birds do not have sweat glands, but can lose water directly through the skin, and they may cool themselves by moving to shade, standing in water, panting, increasing their surface area, fluttering their throat or using special",
"or using special behaviours likeurohidrosisto cool themselves. Breeding Social systems Ninety-five per cent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate.Monogamy allows for bothpaternal careandbiparental care, which is especially important for species in which care from both the female and the male parent is required in order to successfully rear a brood.Among many socially monogamous species,extra-pair copulation(infidelity) is common.Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result offorced copulationin ducks and otheranatids. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate.Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the",
"parentage of the offspring that they raise. Other mating systems, includingpolygyny,polyandry,polygamy,polygynandry, andpromiscuity, also occur.Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males.Mating systems vary across bird familiesbut variations within species are thought to be driven by environmental conditions.A unique system is the formation of trios where a third individual is allowed by a breeding pair temporarily into the territory to assist with brood raising thereby leading to higher fitness. Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male.Most displays are rather simple and involve some type ofsong. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communallekking. Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection,although in the polyandrousphalaropes, this is reversed: plainer males choose brightly coloured",
"brightly coloured females.Courtship feeding,billingandallopreeningare commonly performed between partners, generally after the birds have paired and mated. Homosexual behaviour has been observedin males or females in numerous species of birds, including copulation, pair-bonding, and joint parenting of chicks.Over 130 avian species around the world engage in sexual interactions between the same sex or homosexual behaviours. \"Same-sex courtship activities may involve elaborate displays, synchronised dances, gift-giving ceremonies, or behaviours at specific display areas including bowers, arenas, or leks.\" Territories, nesting and incubation Many birds actively defend a territory from others of the same species during the breeding season; maintenance of territories protects the food source for their chicks. Species that are unable to defend feeding territories, such asseabirdsandswifts, often breed incoloniesinstead; this is thought to offer protection from predators. Colonial breeders defend small nesting",
"small nesting sites, and competition between and within species for nesting sites can be intense. All birds layamniotic eggswith hard shells made mostly ofcalcium carbonate.Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters laycamouflagedeggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nestingnightjarshave pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims ofbrood parasiteshave varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts. Bird eggs are usually laid in anest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, mounds, or burrows.Some bird nests can be a simple scrape, with minimal or no lining; most seabird and wader nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of",
"are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival,and feathers are often used for nest insulation.Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nestingcommon guillemotlays its eggs on bare rock, and maleemperor penguinskeep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in open habitat ground-nesting species where any addition of nest material would make the nest more conspicuous. Many ground nesting birds lay a clutch of eggs that hatch synchronously, withprecocialchicks led away from the nests (nidifugous) by their parents soon after hatching. Incubation, which regulates temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid.In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs throughbrood patches,",
"patches, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation.The warmth for the incubation of the eggs ofmegapodescomes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources.Incubation periods range from 10 days (inwoodpeckers,cuckoosandpasserinebirds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses andkiwis). The diversity of characteristics of birds is great, sometimes even in closely related species. Several avian characteristics are compared in the table below. Parental care and fledging At the time of their hatching, chicks range in development from helpless to independent, depending on their species. Helpless chicks are termedaltricial, and tend to be born small,blind, immobile and naked; chicks that are mobile and feathered upon hatching are termedprecocial. Altricial chicks need helpthermoregulatingand must be brooded for longer than precocial",
"than precocial chicks. The young of many bird species do not precisely fit into either the precocial or altricial category, having some aspects of each and thus fall somewhere on an \"altricial-precocial spectrum\".Chicks at neither extreme but favouring one or the other may be termedsemi-precocialorsemi-altricial. The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care inmegapodesends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately.At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of thegreat frigatebird, whose chicks take up to six months tofledgeand are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months.Thechick guard stagedescribes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched. The main purpose of the guard stage is to aid offspring",
"is to aid offspring to thermoregulate and protect them from predation. In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species,other membersof the same species—usually close relatives of thebreeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young.Suchalloparentingis particularly common among theCorvida, which includes such birds as the truecrows,Australian magpieandfairy-wrens,but has been observed in species as different as theriflemanandred kite. Among most groups of animals,male parental careis rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class.Although territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes adivision of labourin which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty. The point at which chicksfledgevaries dramatically. The chicks of theSynthliboramphusmurrelets, like theancient",
"like theancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators.Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging.Chicks may also follow their parents during their firstmigration. Brood parasites Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism.After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be eitherobligate brood parasites, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species",
"of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, ornon-obligate brood parasites, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests ofconspecificsto increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young.One hundred bird species, includinghoneyguides,icterids, andducks, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are thecuckoos.Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks. Sexual selection Birds haveevolveda variety ofmatingbehaviours, with thepeacocktail being perhaps the most famous example ofsexual selectionand theFisherian runaway. Commonly occurringsexual dimorphismssuch as size and colour differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations.Many types of aviansexual selectionhave been identified; intersexual",
"intersexual selection, also known as female choice; and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until the trait begins to limit the individual's fitness. Conflicts between an individual fitness and signalling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage colouration andcourtship behaviourare \"honest\" traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviours. Inbreeding depression Inbreeding causes early death (inbreeding depression) in thezebra finchTaeniopygia guttata.Embryo survival (that is, hatching success of fertile eggs) was significantly lower forsib-sibmating pairs than for unrelated pairs. Darwin's finchGeospiza scandensexperiencesinbreeding depression(reduced survival of offspring) and the magnitude of this effect is",
"of this effect is influenced by environmental conditions such as low food availability. Inbreeding avoidance Incestuous matings by thepurple-crowned fairy wrenMalurus coronatusresult in severe fitness costs due toinbreeding depression(greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs).Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (seePromiscuity#Other animalsfor 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young. Inbreeding depression occurs in thegreat tit(Parus major) when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. In natural populations ofParus major, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative. Southern pied babblersTurdoides bicolorappear to",
"bicolorappear to avoid inbreeding in two ways. The first is through dispersal, and the second is by avoiding familiar group members as mates. Cooperative breedingin birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin.Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles.Cross-fertilisationbetween unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny. Ecology Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions.While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, thenichesoccupied by different species of birds vary,",
"of birds vary, with some species feeding in theforest canopy, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may beinsectivores,frugivores, ornectarivores. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy orkleptoparasitism. Many grassland birds are granivores. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialisedscavengers. Birds are also preyed upon by a range of mammals including a fewavivorousbats.A wide range of endo- and ectoparasites depend on birds and some parasites that are transmitted from parent to young haveco-evolvedand show host-specificity. Some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators, and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal.Plants and pollinating birds oftencoevolve,and in some cases a flower's primary pollinator is the only species capable of reaching its nectar. Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands,",
"on those islands, birds may fulfil ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand nine species ofmoawere important browsers, as are thekererūandkokakotoday.Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa. Many birds act asecosystem engineersthrough the construction of nests, which provide important microhabitats and food for hundreds of species of invertebrates.Nestingseabirdsmay affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities ofguano, which may enrich the local soiland the surrounding seas. A wide variety ofavian ecology field methods, including counts, nest monitoring, and capturing and marking, are used for researching avian ecology. Relationship with humans Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man.Sometimes, these relationships aremutualistic, like the cooperative",
"the cooperative honey-gathering amonghoneyguidesand African peoples such as theBorana.Other times, they may becommensal, as when species such as thehouse sparrowhave benefited from human activities. Several species have reconciled to habits of farmers who practice traditional farming. Examples include theSarus Cranethat begins nesting in India when farmers flood the fields in anticipation of rains,and theWoolly-necked Storksthat have taken to nesting on a short tree grown for agroforestry beside fields and canals.Several bird species have become commercially significant agricultural pests,and some pose anaviation hazard.Human activities can also be detrimental, and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction (hunting,avian lead poisoning,pesticides,roadkill,wind turbinekillsand predation by petcatsanddogsare common causes of death for birds). Birds can act as vectors for spreading diseases such aspsittacosis,salmonellosis,campylobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis (aviantuberculosis),avian influenza(bird",
"influenza(bird flu),giardiasis, andcryptosporidiosisover long distances. Some of these arezoonotic diseasesthat can also be transmitted to humans. Economic importance Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, calledpoultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003,76 milliontons of poultry and61 milliontons of eggs were produced worldwide.Chickensaccount for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticatedturkeys,ducks, andgeeseare also relatively common.Many species of birds are also hunted for meat. Bird hunting is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely undeveloped areas. The most important birds hunted in North and South America are waterfowl; other widely hunted birds includepheasants,wild turkeys, quail,doves,partridge,grouse,snipe, andwoodcock.Muttonbirdingis also popular in Australia and New Zealand.Although some hunting, such as that of muttonbirds, may be sustainable, hunting has led to the extinction or endangerment of dozens of species. Other",
"of species. Other commercially valuable products from birds include feathers (especially thedownof geese and ducks), which are used as insulation in clothing and bedding, and seabird faeces (guano), which is a valuable source of phosphorus and nitrogen. TheWar of the Pacific, sometimes called the Guano War, was fought in part over the control of guano deposits. Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such asparrotsandmynas, are bred incaptivityor kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of someendangered species.Falconsandcormorantshave long been used forhuntingandfishing, respectively.Messenger pigeons, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently asWorld War II. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism, Amateur bird enthusiasts (called birdwatchers, twitchers or, more commonly,birders) number in the millions.Many homeowners erectbird feedersnear their homes to attract",
"homes to attract various species.Bird feedinghas grown into a multimillion-dollar industry; for example, an estimated 75% of households in Britain provide food for birds at some point during the winter. In religion and mythology Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for adeity, such as in the Cult ofMakemake, in which theTangata manuofEaster Islandserved as chiefsor as attendants, as in the case ofHugin and Munin, the twocommon ravenswho whispered news into the ears of theNorse godOdin. In several civilisations ofancient Italy, particularlyEtruscanandRomanreligion, priests were involved inaugury, or interpreting the words of birds while the \"auspex\" (from which the word \"auspicious\" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events. They may also serve asreligious symbols, as whenJonah(Hebrew:יונה,dove) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves.Birds have",
"doves.Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of thecommon peacock, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the people of southern India.In the ancient world, doves were used as symbols of theMesopotamian goddessInanna(later known as Ishtar),theCanaanitemother goddessAsherah,and the Greek goddessAphrodite.Inancient Greece,Athena, the goddess of wisdom and patron deity of the city ofAthens, had alittle owlasher symbol.In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms.Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds. In culture and folklore Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in earlycave paintingand carvings.Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythologicalRocand theMāori's legendaryPouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans.Birds were",
"humans.Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificentPeacock Throneof theMughalandPersianemperors.With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists wasJohn James Audubon, whose paintings ofNorth American birdswere a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to theNational Audubon Society.Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example,Homerincorporatednightingalesinto hisOdyssey, andCatullusused asparrowas an erotic symbol in hisCatullus 2.The relationship between analbatrossand a sailor is the central theme ofSamuel Taylor Coleridge'sThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which led to the use of theterm as a metaphor for a 'burden'.OtherEnglishmetaphors derive from birds;vulture fundsand vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture.Aircraft, particularly military aircraft, are frequently named after birds. The predatory nature of raptors",
"nature of raptors make them popular choices for fighter aircraft such as theF-16 Fighting Falconand theHarrier Jump Jet, while the names of seabirds may be chosen for aircraft primarily used by naval forces such as theHU-16 Albatrossand theV-22 Osprey. Perceptions of bird species vary across cultures.Owlsare associated with bad luck,witchcraft, and death in parts of Africa,but are regarded as wise across much of Europe.Hoopoeswere considered sacred inAncient Egyptand symbols of virtue inPersia, but were thought of as thieves across much of Europe and harbingers of war inScandinavia.Inheraldry, birds, especiallyeagles, often appear incoats of armsInvexillology, birds are a popular choice onflags. Birds feature in the flag designs of 17 countries and numerous subnational entities and territories.Birds are used by nations to symbolise a country's identity and heritage, with 91 countries officially recognising anational bird. Birds of prey are highly represented, though some nations have chosen other species of",
"other species of birds with parrots being popular among smaller, tropical nations. In music In music, birdsong has influenced composers and musicians in several ways: they can be inspired by birdsong; they can intentionally imitate bird song in a composition, asVivaldi,Messiaen, andBeethovendid, along with many later composers; they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works, asOttorino Respighifirst did; or likeBeatrice HarrisonandDavid Rothenberg, they can duet with birds. A 2023 archaeological excavation of a 10000-year-old site in Israel yielded hollow wing bones of coots and ducks with perforations made on the side that are thought to have allowed them to be used as flutes or whistles possibly used byNatufianpeople to lure birds of prey. Threats and conservation Human activities have caused population decreases orextinctionin many bird species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times,although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated",
"an estimated 750–1800 species, occurred during the human colonisation ofMelanesian,Polynesian, andMicronesianislands.Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed asthreatenedbyBirdLife Internationaland theIUCNin 2009.There have been long-term declines in North American bird populations, with an estimated loss of 2.9 billion breeding adults, about 30% of the total, since 1970. The most commonly cited human threat to birds ishabitat loss.Other threats include overhunting, accidental mortality due to collisions withbuildingsorvehicles,long-line fishingbycatch,pollution (includingoil spillsand pesticide use),competition and predation from nonnativeinvasive species,andclimate change. Governments andconservationgroups work to protect birds, either by passing laws thatpreserveandrestorebird habitat or by establishingcaptive populationsfor reintroductions. Such projects have produced some successes; one study estimated that conservation efforts saved 16 species of bird that would",
"of bird that would otherwise have gone extinct between 1994 and 2004, including theCalifornia condorandNorfolk parakeet. Human activities have allowed the expansion of a few temperate area species, such as thebarn swallowandEuropean starling. In the tropics and sub-tropics, relatively more species are expanding due to human activities, particularly due to the spread of crops such as rice whose expansion in south Asia has benefitted at least 64 bird species, though may have harmed many more species. See also References Further reading External links",
"Insect Insects(fromLatininsectum) arehexapodinvertebratesof theclassInsecta. They are the largest group within thearthropodphylum. Insects have achitinousexoskeleton, a three-part body (head,thoraxandabdomen), three pairs of jointedlegs,compound eyes, and a pair ofantennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals, with more than a million describedspecies; they represent more than half of all animal species. The insectnervous systemconsists of abrainand aventral nerve cord. Most insects reproduceby laying eggs. Insectsbreathe airthrough a system ofpaired openingsalong their sides, connected tosmall tubesthat take air directly to the tissues. The blood therefore does not carry oxygen; it is only partly contained in vessels, and some circulates in an openhemocoel. Insect vision is mainly through theircompound eyes, with additional smallocelli. Many insects can hear, usingtympanal organs, which may be on the legs or other parts of the body. Theirsense of smellis via receptors, usually on the antennae and",
"on the antennae and the mouthparts. Nearly all insects hatch fromeggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton, so development involves a series ofmolts. The immature stages often differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat. Groups that undergofour-stage metamorphosisoften have a nearly immobilepupa. Insects that undergothree-stage metamorphosislack a pupa, developing through a series of increasingly adult-likenymphalstages. The higher level relationship of theinsectsis unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from thePaleozoicEra, includinggiant dragonfly-like insectswith wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to havecoevolvedwithflowering plants. Adult insects typically move about by walking and flying; some can swim. Insects are the only invertebrates that can achieve sustained powered flight;insect flightevolved just once. Many insects are at least partlyaquatic, and havelarvaewith gills; in some species, the adults",
"species, the adults too are aquatic. Some species, such aswater striders, can walk on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such asbees,antsandtermites, aresocialand live in large, well-organizedcolonies. Others, such asearwigs, provide maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Malemothscan sense thepheromonesof female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds:cricketsstridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males.Lampyridbeetlescommunicate with light. Humans regard many insects aspests, especially those that damage crops, and attempt to control them usinginsecticidesand other techniques. Others areparasitic, and may act asvectorsofdiseases. Insectpollinatorsare essential to the reproduction of many flowering plants and so to their ecosystems. Many insects are ecologically beneficial as predators of pest insects, while a few provide direct economic benefit. Two",
"benefit. Two species in particular are economically important and were domesticated many centuries ago:silkwormsforsilkandhoney beesforhoney. Insects are consumed as food in 80% of the world's nations, by people in roughly 3000 ethnic groups. Human activities are having serious effects oninsect biodiversity. Etymology The wordinsectcomes from theLatinwordinsectumfromin, \"cut up\",as insects appear to be cut into three parts. The Latin word was introduced byPliny the ElderwhocalquedtheAncient Greekwordἔντομονéntomon\"insect\" (as inentomology) fromἔντομοςéntomos\"cut in pieces\";this wasAristotle's term for thisclass of life in his biology, also in reference to their notched bodies. The English wordinsectfirst appears in 1601 inPhilemon Holland's translation of Pliny. Insects and other bugs Distinguishing features In common speech, insects and other terrestrialarthropodsare often calledbugs.Entomologists to some extent reserve the name \"bugs\" for a narrow category of \"true bugs\", insects of the orderHemiptera,",
"the orderHemiptera, such ascicadasandshield bugs.Other terrestrial arthropods, such ascentipedes,millipedes,woodlice,spiders,mitesandscorpions, are sometimes confused with insects, since they have a jointed exoskeleton.Adult insects are the only arthropods that ever have wings, with up to two pairs on the thorax. Whether winged or not, adult insects can be distinguished by their three-part body plan, with head, thorax, and abdomen; they have three pairs of legs on the thorax. Diversity Estimates of the total number of insect species vary considerably, suggesting that there are perhaps some 5.5 million insect species in existence, of which about one million have been described and named.These constitute around half of alleukaryotespecies, includinganimals,plants, andfungi.The most diverse insectordersare the Hemiptera (true bugs), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Diptera (true flies), Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, and bees), and Coleoptera (beetles), each with more than 100,000 described species. Distribution",
"Distribution and habitats Insects are distributed over every continent and almost every terrestrial habitat. There are many more species in thetropics, especially inrainforests, than in temperate zones.The world's regions have received widely differing amounts of attention from entomologists. The British Isles have been thoroughly surveyed, so that Gullan and Cranston 2014 state that the total of around 22,500 species is probably within 5% of the actual number there; they comment that Canada's list of 30,000 described species is surely over half of the actual total. They add that the 3000 species of the American Arctic must be broadly accurate. In contrast, a large majority of the insect species of the tropics and thesouthern hemisphereare probably undescribed.Some 30–40,000 speciesinhabit freshwater; very few insects, perhaps a hundred species, are marine.Insects such assnow scorpionfliesflourish in cold habitats including theArcticand at high altitude.Insects such asdesert locusts, ants, beetles, and",
"ants, beetles, and termites are adapted to some of the hottest and driest environments on earth, such as theSonoran Desert. Phylogeny and evolution External phylogeny Insects form aclade, a natural group with a common ancestor, among thearthropods.Aphylogeneticanalysis by Kjer et al. (2016) places the insects among theHexapoda, six-legged animals with segmented bodies; their closest relatives are theDiplura(bristletails). Collembola(springtails) Protura(coneheads) Diplura(two-pronged bristletails) Insecta(=Ectognatha) Internal phylogeny The internal phylogeny is based on the works of Wipfler et al. 2019 for thePolyneoptera,Johnson et al. 2018 for theParaneoptera,and Kjer et al. 2016 for theHolometabola.The numbers of describedextantspecies (boldface for groups with over 100,000 species) are from Stork 2018. Archaeognatha(hump-backed/jumping bristletails, 513 spp) Zygentoma(silverfish, firebrats, fishmoths, 560 spp) Odonata(dragonflies and damselflies, 5,899 spp) Ephemeroptera(mayflies, 3,240 spp)",
"3,240 spp) Zoraptera(angel insects, 37 spp) Dermaptera(earwigs, 1,978 spp) Plecoptera(stoneflies, 3,743 spp) Orthoptera(grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, 23,855 spp) Grylloblattodea(ice crawlers, 34 spp) Mantophasmatodea(gladiators, 15 spp) Phasmatodea(stick insects, 3,014 spp) Embioptera(webspinners, 463 spp) Mantodea(mantises, 2,400 spp) Blattodea(cockroaches and termites, 7,314 spp) Psocodea(book lice, barklice and sucking lice, 11,000 spp) Hemiptera(true bugs,103,590spp) Thysanoptera(thrips, 5,864 spp) Hymenoptera(sawflies, wasps, bees, ants,116,861spp) Strepsiptera(twisted-wing flies, 609 spp) Coleoptera(beetles,386,500spp) Raphidioptera(snakeflies, 254 spp) Neuroptera(lacewings, 5,868 spp) Megaloptera(alderflies and dobsonflies, 354 spp) Lepidoptera(butterflies and moths,157,338spp) Trichoptera(caddisflies, 14,391 spp) Diptera(true flies,155,477spp) Mecoptera(scorpionflies, 757 spp) Siphonaptera(fleas, 2,075 spp) Taxonomy Early Aristotlewas the first to describe the insects as a distinct group. He",
"distinct group. He placed them as the second-lowest level of animals on hisscala naturae, above thespontaneously generatingsponges and worms, but below the hard-shelled marine snails. His classification remained in use for many centuries. In 1758, in hisSystema Naturae,Carl Linnaeusdivided the animal kingdom into six classes includingInsecta. He created seven orders of insect according to the structure of their wings. These were the wingless Aptera, the 2-winged Diptera, and five 4-winged orders: the Coleoptera with fully-hardened forewings; the Hemiptera with partly-hardened forewings; the Lepidoptera with scaly wings; the Neuroptera with membranous wings but nosting; and the Hymenoptera, with membranous wings and a sting. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, in his 1809Philosophie Zoologique, treated the insects as one of nine invertebratephyla.In his 1817Le Règne Animal,Georges Cuviergrouped all animals into fourembranchements(\"branches\" with different body plans), one of which was the articulated animals,",
"animals, containing arthropods and annelids.This arrangement was followed by the embryologistKarl Ernst von Baerin 1828, the zoologistLouis Agassizin 1857, and the comparative anatomistRichard Owenin 1860.In 1874,Ernst Haeckeldivided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms, one of which was Metazoa for the multicellular animals. It had five phyla, including the articulates. Modern Traditional morphology-basedsystematicshave usually given theHexapodathe rank ofsuperclass,and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha),Collembola,Protura, andDiplura, the latter three being grouped together as theEntognathaon the basis of internalized mouth parts. The use of phylogenetic data has brought about numerous changes in relationships above the level oforders.Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects orApterygota, and winged insects orPterygota. The Apterygota traditionally consisted of the primitively wingless ordersArchaeognatha(jumping bristletails)",
"bristletails) andZygentoma(silverfish). However, Apterygota is notmonophyletic, as Archaeognatha are sister to all other insects, based on the arrangement of theirmandibles, while the Pterygota, the winged insects, emerged from within theDicondylia, alongside the Zygentoma. The Pterygota (PalaeopteraandNeoptera) are winged and havehardened plateson the outside of their body segments; the Neoptera have muscles that allow their wings to fold flat over the abdomen. Neoptera can be divided into groups with incomplete metamorphosis (PolyneopteraandParaneoptera) and those with complete metamorphosis (Holometabola). The molecular finding that the traditionallouseordersMallophagaandAnopluraare withinPsocopterahas led to the new taxonPsocodea.PhasmatodeaandEmbiidinahave been suggested to form the Eukinolabia.Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera form a monophyletic group,Dictyoptera.Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans. Evolutionary history The oldest fossil that may be a primitive wingless",
"primitive wingless insect isLeverhulmiafrom the EarlyDevonianWindyfield chert.The oldest known flying insects are from the mid-Carboniferous, around 328–324 million years ago. The group subsequently underwent a rapidexplosive diversification. Claims that they originated substantially earlier, during theSilurianorDevonian(some 400 million years ago) based onmolecular clockestimates, are unlikely to be correct, given the fossil record. Fourlarge-scale radiationsof insects have occurred:beetles(from about 300 million years ago),flies(from about 250 million years ago),mothsandwasps(both from about 150 million years ago). The remarkably successfulHymenoptera(wasps, bees, and ants) appeared some 200 million years ago in theTriassicperiod, but achieved their wide diversity more recently in theCenozoicera, which began 66 million years ago. Some highly successful insect groups evolved in conjunction withflowering plants, a powerful illustration ofcoevolution. Insects were among the earliest terrestrialherbivoresand",
"acted as major selection agents on plants.Plants evolved chemicaldefenses against this herbivoryand the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity usingwarning colors. Morphology and physiology External Three-part body Insects have asegmentedbody supported by anexoskeleton, the hard outer covering made mostly ofchitin. The body is organized into threeinterconnected units: thehead,thoraxandabdomen. The head supports a pair of sensoryantennae, a pair ofcompound eyes, zero to three simple eyes (orocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form themouthparts. The thorax carries the three pairs of legs and up to two pairs ofwings. The abdomen contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive structures. Segmentation The head is enclosed in a hard, heavilysclerotized, unsegmentedhead capsule, which contains most of the sensing",
"most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, compound eyes, ocelli, and mouthparts.The thorax is composed of three sections named (from front to back) theprothorax,mesothoraxandmetathorax. The prothorax carries the first pair of legs. The mesothorax carries the second pair of legs and the front wings. The metathorax carries the third pair of legs and the hind wings.The abdomen is the largest part of the insect, typically with 11–12 segments, and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen has sclerotized upper and lower plates (the tergum and sternum), connected to adjacent sclerotized parts by membranes. Each segment carries a pair ofspiracles. Exoskeleton The outer skeleton, thecuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, a thin and waxy water-resistant outer layer withoutchitin, and a lower layer, the thick chitinous procuticle. The procuticle has two layers: an outer exocuticle and an inner endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from",
"is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and sclerotized.As an adaptation to life on land, insects have anenzymethat uses atmospheric oxygen to harden their cuticle, unlike crustaceans which use heavy calcium compounds for the same purpose. This makes the insect exoskeleton a lightweight material. Internal systems Nervous Thenervous systemof an insect consists of abrainand aventral nerve cord. The head capsule is made up of six fused segments, each with either a pair ofganglia, or a cluster of nerve cells outside of the brain. The first three pairs of ganglia are fused into the brain, while the three following pairs are fused into a structure of three pairs of ganglia under the insect'sesophagus, called thesubesophageal ganglion.Thethoracicsegments have one ganglion on each side, connected into a pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the first eight segments of the abdomen. Many insects have fewer",
"insects have fewer ganglia than this.Insects are capable of learning. Digestive An insect uses its digestive system to extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes.There is extensive variation among differentorders,life stages, and evencastesin the digestive system of insects.Thegutruns lengthwise through the body. It has three sections, with pairedsalivary glandsand salivary reservoirs.By moving its mouthparts the insect mixes its food with saliva.Some insects, likeflies, expeldigestive enzymesonto their food to break it down, but most insects digest their food in the gut.Theforegutis lined with cuticule as protection from tough food. It includes themouth, pharynx, andcropwhich stores food.Digestion starts in the mouth with enzymes in the saliva. Strong muscles in the pharynx pump fluid into the mouth, lubricating the food, and enabling certain insects to feed on blood or from thexylemandphloemtransport vessels of plants.Once food leaves the crop, it passes to themidgut, where the",
"where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections,microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall to absorb nutrients.In thehindgut, undigested food particles are joined byuric acidto form fecal pellets; most of the water is absorbed, leaving a dry pellet to be eliminated. Insects may have one to hundreds ofMalpighian tubules. These remove nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph of the insect and regulate osmotic balance. Wastes and solutes are emptied directly into the alimentary canal, at the junction between the midgut and hindgut. Reproductive Thereproductive system of female insectsconsist of a pair ofovaries, accessory glands, one or morespermathecaeto store sperm, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a variable number of egg tubes,ovarioles. Female insects make eggs, receive and store sperm, manipulate sperm from different males, and lay eggs. Accessory glands produce substances to maintain sperm and to protect the eggs. They can produce glue and protective",
"glue and protective substances for coating eggs, or tough coverings for a batch of eggs calledoothecae. For males, the reproductive system consists of one or twotestes, suspended in the body cavity bytracheae. The testes contain sperm tubes or follicles in a membranous sac. These connect to a duct that leads to the outside. The terminal portion of the duct may be sclerotized to form theintromittent organ, theaedeagus. Respiratory Insect respirationis accomplished withoutlungs. Instead, insects have a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via theirtracheaeand tracheoles. In most insects, air is taken in through pairedspiracles, openings on the sides of the abdomen and thorax. The respiratory system limits the size of insects. As insects get larger,gas exchangevia spiracles becomes less efficient, and thus the heaviest insect currently weighs less than 100 g. However, with increased atmospheric oxygen",
"atmospheric oxygen levels, as were present in the latePaleozoic, larger insects were possible, such as dragonflies with wingspans of more than two feet (60 cm).Gas exchange patterns in insects range from continuous anddiffusiveventilation, todiscontinuous. Circulatory Because oxygen is delivered directly to tissues via tracheoles, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system is open; it has noveinsorarteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube that pulsesperistaltically. This dorsal blood vessel is divided into two sections: the heart and aorta. The dorsal blood vessel circulates thehemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog ofblood, from the rear of the body cavity forward.Hemolymph is composed of plasma in whichhemocytesare suspended. Nutrients, hormones, wastes, and other substances are transported throughout the insect body in the hemolymph. Hemocytes include many types of cells that are important for",
"are important for immune responses, wound healing, and other functions. Hemolymph pressure may be increased by muscle contractions or by swallowing air into the digestive system to aid in molting. Sensory Many insects possess numerous specializedsensory organsable to detect stimuli including limb position (proprioception) bycampaniform sensilla, light,water, chemicals (senses oftasteandsmell), sound, and heat.Some insects such asbeescan perceiveultravioletwavelengths, or detectpolarized light, while theantennaeof male moths can detect thepheromonesof female moths over distances of over a kilometer.There is a trade-off between visual acuity and chemical or tactile acuity, such that most insects with well-developed eyes have reduced or simple antennae, and vice versa. Insects perceive sound by different mechanisms, such as thin vibrating membranes (tympana).Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Hearing has evolved independently at least 19 times in different insect groups. Most",
"insect groups. Most insects, except somecave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many have acute vision capable of detecting small and rapid movements. The eyes may include simple eyes orocellias well as largercompound eyes. Many species can detect light in theinfrared,ultravioletandvisible lightwavelengths, with color vision. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that UV-green-bluetrichromacyexisted from at least theDevonianperiod, some 400 million years ago. The individual lenses in compound eyes are immobile, but fruit flies have photoreceptor cells underneath each lens which move rapidly in and out of focus, in a series of movements called photoreceptor microsaccades. This gives them, and possibly many other insects, a much clearer image of the world than previously assumed. An insect'ssense of smellis viachemical receptors, usually on the antennae and the mouthparts. These detect both airbornevolatile compoundsand odorants on surfaces, including pheromones from other insects and compounds released",
"compounds released by food plants. Insects use olfaction to locate mating partners, food, and places to lay eggs, and to avoid predators. It is thus an extremely important sense, enabling insects to discriminate between thousands of volatile compounds. Some insects are capable ofmagnetoreception; ants and bees navigate using it both locally (near their nests) and when migrating.TheBrazilian stingless beedetects magnetic fields using the hair-likesensillaon its antennae. Reproduction and development Life-cycles The majority of insects hatch fromeggs. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (chorion) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is because inside the chorion two additional membranes develop from embryonic tissue, theamnionand theserosa. This serosa secretes acuticlerich inchitinthat protects the embryo against desiccation.Some species of insects, like aphids and tsetse flies,",
"and tsetse flies, areovoviviparous: their eggs develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid.Some other species, such as in the cockroach genusDiploptera, areviviparous,gestatinginside the mother andborn alive.Some insects, likeparasitoid wasps, arepolyembryonic, meaning that a single fertilized egg divides into many separate embryos.Insects may beunivoltine, bivoltine or multivoltine, having one, two or many broods in a year. Other developmental and reproductive variations includehaplodiploidy,polymorphism,paedomorphosisorperamorphosis,sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis, and more rarelyhermaphroditism.Inhaplodiploidy, which is a type ofsex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets ofchromosomesan individual receives. This system is typical in bees and wasps. Some insects areparthenogenetic, meaning that the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggsfertilizedby amale. Many aphids undergo a cyclical form of parthenogenesis",
"of parthenogenesis in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction.In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn, males may be produced for sexual reproduction. Other insects produced by parthenogenesis are bees, wasps and ants; in theirhaplodiploidsystem,diploidfemales spawn many females and a fewhaploidmales. Metamorphosis Metamorphosisin insects is the process of development that converts young to adults. There are two forms of metamorphosis: incomplete and complete. Incomplete Hemimetabolousinsects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually after hatching from theeggby undergoing a series ofmoltsthrough stages calledinstars, until the final,adult, stage is reached. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect'sepidermissecretes a newepicuticleinside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the",
"is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. When this stage is complete, the insect makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air; this makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where it was thinnest. Complete Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg orembryo, alarva, apupaand the adult orimago. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This can be eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement. There are threetypes of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclosed. Exarate pupae have their legs and other appendages free and extended. Coarctate",
"extended. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin.Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are well-known for undergoing complete metamorphosis; most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system tohypermetamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis is a trait of the most diverse insect group, theEndopterygota. Communication Insects that produce sound can generally hear it. Mostinsects can hearonly anarrow rangeoffrequenciesrelated to the frequency of the sounds they can produce. Mosquitoes can hear up to 2kilohertz.Certain predatory and parasitic insects can detect the characteristic sounds made by their prey or hosts, respectively. Likewise, some nocturnal moths can perceive theultrasonicemissions ofbats, which helps themavoid predation. Light production A few insects, such asMycetophilidae(Diptera) and the beetle familiesLampyridae,Phengodidae,ElateridaeandStaphylinidaearebioluminescent. The most familiar group are",
"familiar group are thefireflies, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control this light generation to produce flashes. The function varies with some species using them to attract mates, while others use them to lure prey. Cave dwelling larvae ofArachnocampa(Mycetophilidae, fungus gnats) glow to lure small flying insects into sticky strands of silk.Some fireflies of the genusPhoturismimicthe flashing of femalePhotinusspecies to attract males of that species, which are then captured and devoured.The colors of emitted light vary from dull blue (Orfelia fultoni, Mycetophilidae) to the familiar greens and the rare reds (Phrixothrix tiemanni, Phengodidae). Sound production Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. Ingrasshoppersand crickets, this is achieved bystridulation.Cicadasmake the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body to formtymbalsand associated musculature. The AfricancicadaBrevisana",
"brevishas been measured at 106.7decibelsat a distance of 50 cm (20 in).Some insects, such as theHelicoverpa zeamoths,hawk mothsandHedylidbutterflies, can hearultrasoundandtake evasive actionwhen they sense that they have been detected by bats.Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that warn predatory bats of their unpalatability (acousticaposematism),while some palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls (acousticBatesian mimicry).The claim that some moths canjam bat sonarhas been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar. Very low sounds are produced in various species ofColeoptera,Hymenoptera,Lepidoptera,MantodeaandNeuroptera. These low sounds are produced by the insect's movement, amplified by stridulatory structures on the insect's muscles and joints; these sounds can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most",
"other insects. Most sound-making insects also havetympanal organsthat can perceive airborne sounds. Somehemipterans, such as thewater boatmen, communicate via underwater sounds. Communication using surface-borne vibrational signals is more widespread among insects because of size constraints in producing air-borne sounds.Insects cannot effectively produce low-frequency sounds, and high-frequency sounds tend to disperse more in a dense environment (such asfoliage), so insects living in such environments communicate primarily using substrate-borne vibrations. Some species use vibrations for communicating, such as to attract mates as in the songs of theshield bugNezara viridula.Vibrations can also be used to communicate between species;lycaenidcaterpillars, whichform a mutualistic association with antscommunicate with ants in this way.TheMadagascar hissing cockroachhas the ability to press air through its spiracles to make a hissing noise as a sign of aggression;thedeath's-head hawkmothmakes a squeaking noise",
"a squeaking noise by forcing air out of their pharynx when agitated, which may also reduce aggressive worker honey bee behavior when the two are close. Chemical communication Many insects have evolvedchemical means for communication. Thesesemiochemicalsare often derived from plant metabolites including those meant to attract, repel and provide other kinds of information.Pheromonesare used for attracting mates of the opposite sex, for aggregatingconspecificindividuals of both sexes, for deterring other individuals from approaching, to mark a trail, and to trigger aggression in nearby individuals.Allomonesbenefit their producer by the effect they have upon the receiver.Kairomonesbenefit their receiver instead of their producer. Synomones benefit the producer and the receiver. While some chemicals are targeted at individuals of the same species, others are used for communication across species. The use of scents is especially well-developed in social insects.Cuticular hydrocarbonsare nonstructural materials",
"materials produced and secreted to the cuticle surface to fightdesiccationandpathogens. They are important, too, as pheromones, especially in social insects. Social behavior Social insects, such astermites,antsand manybeesandwasps, areeusocial.They live together in such large well-organized colonies of genetically similar individuals that they are sometimes consideredsuperorganisms. In particular, reproduction is largely limited to aqueen caste; other females areworkers, prevented from reproducing byworker policing.Honey beeshave evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about the environment. In this communication system, calleddance language, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.Bumblebeestoo have some social communication behaviors.Bombus terrestris, for example, more rapidly learns about visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding",
"yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species. Only insects that live in nests or colonies possess fine-scale spatial orientation. Some cannavigateunerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of similar holes, after a trip of several kilometers. Inphilopatry, insects thathibernateare able to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest.A few insects seasonallymigratelarge distances between different geographic regions, as in the continent-widemonarch butterfly migration. Care of young Eusocialinsects build nests, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time. Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number provideparental care, where they at least guard their eggs, and sometimes guard their offspring until adulthood, possibly even feeding them. Many wasps and bees construct a nest or burrow,store provisionsin",
"provisionsin it, and lay an egg upon those provisions, providing no further care. Locomotion Flight Insects are the only group ofinvertebratesto have developed flight. The ancient groups of insects in the Palaeoptera, the dragonflies, damselflies and mayflies, operate their wings directly by paired muscles attached to points on each wing base that raise and lower them. This can only be done at a relatively slow rate. All other insects, the Neoptera, haveindirect flight, in which the flight muscles cause rapid oscillation of the thorax: there can be more wingbeats than nerve impulses commanding the muscles. One pair of flight muscles is aligned vertically, contracting to pull the top of the thorax down, and the wings up. The other pair runs longitudinally, contracting to force the top of the thorax up and the wings down.Most insects gainaerodynamic liftby creating a spirallingvortexat theleading edgeof the wings.Small insects like thrips with tiny feathery wings gain lift using theclap and flingmechanism; the",
"flingmechanism; the wings are clapped together and pulled apart, flinging vortices into the air at the leading edges and at the wingtips. The evolution ofinsect wingshas beena subject of debate; it has been suggested they came from modified gills, flaps on the spiracles, or an appendage, the epicoxa, at the base of the legs.More recently, entomologists have favored evolution of wings from lobes of thenotum, of thepleuron, or more likely both.In theCarboniferousage, the dragonfly-likeMeganeurahad as much as a 50 cm (20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects is consistent with high atmospheric oxygen at that time, as the respiratory system of insects constrains their size.The largest flying insects today are much smaller, with the largest wingspan belonging to the white witch moth (Thysania agrippina), at approximately 28 cm (11 in). Unlikebirds, small insects are swept along by theprevailing windsalthough many larger insectsmigrate.Aphidsare transported long distances by low-leveljet streams.",
"streams. Walking Many adult insects use six legs for walking, with an alternatingtripod gait. This allows for rapid walking with a stable stance; it has been studied extensively incockroachesandants. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle, the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn.The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, avoiding obstacles, climbing or slippery surfaces, four (tetrapodal) or more feet (wave-gait) may be touching the ground.Cockroaches are among the fastest insect runners and, at full speed, adopt a bipedal run. More sedate locomotion is seen in the",
"is seen in the well-camouflagedstick insects (Phasmatodea). A small number of species such asWater striderscan move on the surface of water; their claws are recessed in a special groove, preventing the claws from piercing the water's surface film.The ocean-skaters in the genusHalobateseven live on the surface of open oceans, a habitat that has few insect species. Swimming A large number of insects live either part or the whole of their lives underwater. In many of the more primitive orders of insect, the immature stages are aquatic. In some groups, such aswater beetles, the adults too are aquatic. Many of these species are adapted for under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonflynaiadsuse jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber.Other insects such as therove beetleStenusemitpygidialglandsurfactantsecretions that reduce surface tension; this enables them to move on the surface of water byMarangoni propulsion. Ecology",
"propulsion. Ecology Insects play many critical roles inecosystems, including soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition.For instance, termites modify the environment around their nests, encouraging grass growth;manybeetlesarescavengers; dung beetlesrecyclebiological materials into forms useful to otherorganisms.Insects are responsible for much of the process by whichtopsoilis created. Defense Insects are mostly small, soft bodied, and fragile compared to larger lifeforms. The immature stages are small, move slowly or are immobile, and so all stages are exposed topredationandparasitism. Insects accordingly employ multipledefensive strategies, includingcamouflage,mimicry, toxicity and active defense.Manyinsects rely on camouflageto avoid being noticed by their predators or prey.It is common amongleaf beetlesandweevilsthat feed on wood or vegetation.Stick insectsmimic the forms of sticks and leaves.Many insects usemimicryto deceive predators into avoiding them.",
"into avoiding them. InBatesian mimicry, edible species, such as ofhoverflies(the mimics), gain a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the models).InMüllerian mimicry, inedible species, such as of wasps and bees, resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn that those insects are inedible.Heliconiusbutterflies, many of which are toxic, form Müllerian complexes, advertising their inedibility.Chemical defenseis common among Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright warning colors (aposematism), as in themonarch butterfly. As larvae, they obtain theirtoxicityby sequestering chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may vomit violently, learning not to eat insects with similar markings; this is the basis of Müllerian mimicry.Someground beetlesof the family Carabidae actively defend themselves, spraying chemicals from their abdomen with",
"their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators. Pollination Pollination is the process by whichpollenis transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enablingfertilisationandsexual reproduction.Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. The majority ofpollination is by insects.Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is amutualism. The various flower traits, such as bright colors andpheromonesthatcoevolvedwith their pollinators, have been calledpollination syndromes, though around one third of flowers cannot be assigned to a single syndrome. Parasitism Many insects areparasitic. The largest group, with over 100,000 speciesand perhaps over a million,consists of a singlecladeofparasitoid waspsamong the Hymenoptera.These are parasites of other insects, eventually killing their hosts.Some are hyper-parasites, as their hosts are other parasitoid wasps.Several groups of insects can be considered as",
"be considered as eithermicropredatorsorexternal parasites;for example, manyhemipteranbugs have piercing and sucking mouthparts, adapted for feeding on plant sap,while species in groups such asfleas,lice, andmosquitoesarehematophagous, feeding on thebloodof animals. Relationship to humans As pests Many insects are consideredpestsby humans. These include parasites of people and livestock, such asliceandbed bugs;mosquitoesact asvectorsofseveral diseases. Other pests include insects liketermitesthat damage wooden structures; herbivorous insects such aslocusts, aphids, andthripsthat destroy agricultural crops, or likewheat weevilsdamage stored agricultural produce. Farmers have often attempted to control insects with chemicalinsecticides, but increasingly rely onbiological pest control. This uses one organism to reduce the population density of a pest organism; it is a key element ofintegrated pest management.Biological control is favored because insecticides can cause harm to ecosystems far beyond the intended",
"beyond the intended pest targets. In beneficial roles Pollinationof flowering plants by insects includingbees,butterflies,flies, andbeetles, is economically important.The value of insect pollination of crops and fruit trees was estimated in 2021 to be about $34 billion in the US alone. Insects produce useful substances such ashoney,wax,lacquerandsilk.Honey beeshave been cultured by humans for thousands of years for honey.Beekeeping in pottery vessels began about 9,000 years ago in North Africa.Thesilkwormhas greatly affected human history, assilk-driven tradeestablished relationships between China and the rest of the world. Insects that feed on or parasitise other insects are beneficial to humans if they thereby reduce damage to agriculture and human structures. For example,aphidsfeed on crops, causing economic loss, butladybugsfeed on aphids, and can be usedto control them. Insects account for the vast majority of insect consumption. Fly larvae (maggots) were formerlyused to treat woundsto prevent or",
"woundsto prevent or stopgangrene, as they would only consume dead flesh. This treatment is finding modern usage in some hospitals. Insects have gained attention as potential sources of drugs and other medicinal substances.Adult insects, such as crickets and insect larvae of various kinds, are commonly used as fishing bait. Population declines At least 66 insect species extinctions have been recorded since 1500, many of them on oceanic islands.Declines in insect abundancehave been attributed to human activity in the form of artificial lighting,land use changes such as urbanization or farming,pesticide use,and invasive species.A 2019 research review suggested that a large proportion of insect species is threatened with extinction in the 21st century,though the details have been disputed.A larger 2020 meta-study, analyzing data from 166 long-term surveys, suggested that populations of terrestrial insects are indeed decreasing rapidly, by about 9% per decade. In research Insects play important roles in",
"important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and highfecundity, the common fruit flyDrosophila melanogasteris amodel organismfor studies in thegeneticsofeukaryotes, includinggenetic linkage,interactions between genes,chromosomalgenetics,development, behavior andevolution. Because genetic systems are well conserved among eukaryotes, understanding basic cellular processes likeDNA replicationortranscriptionin fruit flies can help to understand those processes in other eukaryotes, including humans.ThegenomeofD. melanogasterwassequencedin 2000, reflecting the organism's important role in biological research. It was found that 70% of the fly genome is similar to thehuman genome, supporting the theory ofevolution. As food Insects are consumed as food in 80% of the world's nations, by people in roughly 3000 ethnic groups.In Africa, locally abundant species oflocustsandtermitesare a common traditional human food source.Some, especiallydeep-friedcicadas, are",
"are considered to bedelicacies. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source ofproteinin humannutrition.In most first-world countries, however,entomophagy(the eating of insects), istaboo.They are also recommended byarmed forcesas asurvivalfood for troops in adversity.Because of the abundance of insects and a worldwide concern of food shortages, theFood and Agriculture Organizationof theUnited Nationsconsiders that people throughout the world may have to eat insects as a food staple. Insects are noted for their nutrients, having a high content of protein, minerals and fats and are already regularly eaten by one-third of the world's population. In other products Black soldier flylarvae can provideproteinand fats for use incosmetics.Insect cooking oil, insect butter andfatty alcoholscan be made fromsuch insects as the superworm (Zophobas morio).Insect species including the black soldier fly or thehouseflyin theirmaggotforms, and beetle larvae",
"and beetle larvae such asmealworms, can be processed andused as feedfor farmed animals including chicken, fish and pigs.Many species of insects are sold and kept aspets. In religion and folklore Scarab beetlesheld religious and cultural symbolism inancient Egypt,Greeceand someshamanisticOld World cultures. The ancientChineseregardedcicadasas symbols of rebirth or immortality. InMesopotamianliterature, the epic poem ofGilgameshhas allusions toOdonatathat signify the impossibility of immortality. Among theAboriginesofAustraliaof theArrerntelanguage groups, honey ants andwitchetty grubsserved as personal clan totems. In the case of the'San' bush-menof theKalahari, it is thepraying mantisthat holds much cultural significance including creation andzen-like patience in waiting. See also Notes References Sources External links"
] |
Who was the Prime Minister of Canada the first time that The Toronto Maple Leafs won The Stanley Cup? | R. B. Bennett | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stanley_Cup_champions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stanley_Cup_champions', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stanley_Cup_champions",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada"
] | [
"List of Stanley Cup champions TheStanley Cupis atrophyawarded annually to theplayoffchampion club of theNational Hockey League(NHL)ice hockeyleague. It was donated by theGovernor General of CanadaLord Stanley of Prestonin 1892, and is the oldest professional sports trophy in North America.Inscribed theDominion Hockey Challenge Cup, the trophy was first awarded to Canada's amateur ice hockey clubs who won the trophy as the result of challenge games and league play. Professional clubs came to dominate the competition in the early years of the twentieth century, and in 1913 the two major professional ice hockey organizations, theNational Hockey Association(NHA), forerunner of the NHL, and thePacific Coast Hockey Association(PCHA), reached agentlemen's agreementin which their respective champions would face each other in an annual series for the Stanley Cup. After a series of league mergers and folds, it became thede factochampionship trophy of the NHL in 1926, though it was nominally still subject to external challenge. After 1947, the Cup became thede jureNHL championship prize. From 1915 to the end of the 2023–24 season, the trophy has been won 108 times. 27 teams have won the cup, 22 of which are still active in the NHL. Prior to that, the challenge cup was held by nine teams. TheMontreal Canadienshave won the Stanley Cup 24 times and made theFinalsan additional 11 times. There were two years when the Stanley Cup was not awarded:1919, because of theSpanish flu pandemic, and 2005, because of the2004–05 NHL lockout. The most recent winners of the Stanley Cup are theFlorida Panthers, who won the2024 Stanley Cup Finals. Challenge Cup era (1893–1914) The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of theAmateur Hockey Association of Canadaprior to 1893. From 1887 to 1893, the league did not play a round-robin format, but rather challenges between teams of the association that year, with the winner of the series being the 'interim' champion, with the final challenge winner becoming the league champion for the year. The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going, but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy. If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship, it would then inherit the Cup, without a challenge. The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904, when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league, the CAHL. The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa, instead of the CAHL league champion. During the challenge cup period, none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title.A playoff would only be played if teams tied for first-place in their leagues at the end of the regular season. Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and/or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees. In 1912, Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team's regular season. In 1908, theAllan Cupwas introduced as the trophy for Canada's amateurs, as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy. This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins, including successful victories and defenses in challenges, and league championships for the challenge era. ^A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895, the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC andQueen's University. As a compromise, the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match, the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions. The Montreals eventually won the game, 5–1, and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup. ^B. Intended to be a best-of-three series, Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game. ^C. The January 31 (a Saturday) game was tied 2–2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on Sunday. The game was played on February 2 (a Monday) and the January 31 game was considered to be void. ^D. For most of 1904, the Ottawa Hockey Club was not affiliated with any league. ^E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute. After game one ended tied at the end of regulation, 5–5, the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee, and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa. ^F. During the series, it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge. A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17, stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west, as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees.However, on March 18, Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding. PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge because he had expected Emmett Quinn, president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner, whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored. In any case, all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted. NHA/NHL vs. PCHA/WCHL/WHL champions (1915–1926) Several days after theVictoria Aristocrats–Toronto Hockey Clubseries, Stanley Cup trusteeWilliam Foranwrote to NHA presidentEmmett Quinnthat the trustees are \"perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues (NHA, PCHA, andMaritime) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup.\" The Maritime league did not challenge for the Cup in 1914, and folded after the 1915 season.The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year, with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules.The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement, because after theAllan Cupbecame the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada, the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy. After the New Westminster Royals moved to Portland in the summer of 1914 becoming thePortland Rosebuds, an American-based team, the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada, but now for the best team in the world.In March 1916, the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final.In 1917, theSeattle Metropolitansbecame the first American team to win the Cup.After that season, the NHA suspended operations and theNational Hockey League(NHL) took its place. In1919, theSpanish influenza epidemicforced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2–2–1, marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded. The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922, with the creation of theWestern Canada Hockey League(WCHL). Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions, with the third having a bye directly to the final.In1924, the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL. With the loss of the PCHA, the championship reverted to a single series.After their win in 1925, theVictoria Cougarsbecame the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup.For the1925–26 seasonthe WCHL was renamed theWestern Hockey League(WHL). With the Victoria Cougars' loss in 1926, it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup. NHL champions (since 1927) When the WHL folded in 1926, its remaining assets were acquired by the NHL, making it the only remaining league with teams competing for the Cup. Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges, but from that year forward no non-NHL team has played for it, leading it to become thede factochampionship trophy of the NHL.In 1947, the NHL reached an agreement with trusteesP. D. RossandCooper Smeatonto grant control of the Cup to the NHL, allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup.A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley's conditions in the 1947 agreement.The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating, as was the case in the2004–05 NHL lockout. Since 1927, the league's playoff format, deciding which teams advanced to theStanley Cup Finals, has changed multiple times. In somesystems that were previously used, playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference. From 1942 to 1967 the Cup was competed for by the league's six teams, also known as the Original Six. For three seasons after the 1967 NHL Expansion, the Finals was competed between theEast Divisionchampion and theWest Divisionchampion. In1971, the league returned to using playoff systems that allowed cross-over between the divisions and conferences. From1982to2020, the Finals was played between the league's conference playoff champions; during that period the Campbell/Western champions went a combined 111–101 in the Finals against the Wales/Eastern champions (winning 20 of 38 series). In2021, theCOVID-19 pandemicand the resulting travel restrictions along theCanada–United States borderforced the league to temporarily realign the teams into four regional divisions with no conferences, and hold a divisional-based playoff format: the four divisional playoff champions advanced to the Stanley Cup Semifinals, and the winners of those series moved on to the Finals. The league then returned to the Eastern vs. Western Conference format in2022. Appearances Challenge Cup era (1893–1914) Legend:SC= successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (win);UC= unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (loss); Years inbolddenote a Stanley Cup win. The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only once:Berlin Dutchmen(1910),Dawson City Nuggets(1905),Halifax Crescents(1900),Moncton Victorias(1912),Montreal Canadiens(1914),New Glasgow Cubs(1906),Ottawa Capitals(1897),Ottawa Victorias(1908),Port Arthur Bearcats(1911),Smiths Falls(1906),Sydney Millionaires(1913),Toronto Marlboros(1904),Toronto Professionals(1908),Toronto Wellingtons(1902),Victoria Aristocrats(1914),Winnipeg Rowing Club(1904). Stanley Cup Finals era (since 1915) Active teams In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by alphabetical order. In the \"Season(s)\" column,bold yearsindicate winning Stanley Cup Finals appearances. Unless marked otherwise, teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup. Five active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance. Three of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions: The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either location: Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never in their former locations: Defunct teams Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league(s) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup. Aboldyear denotes a Stanley Cup win. See also References General Specific External links",
"List of prime ministers of Canada Theprime minister of Canadais an official who serves as the primaryminister of the Crown, chair of theCabinet, and thushead of governmentofCanada. Twenty-three people (twenty-two men and one woman) have served as prime ministers. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by thegovernor general of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have theconfidenceof the electedHouse of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But if that leader lacks the support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. Byconstitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons. The 23rd and current prime minister isJustin Trudeau, who assumed office on 4 November 2015. There are currently five living former prime ministers. The most recent former prime minister to die wasBrian Mulroney, on 29 February 2024. Model The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of theConstitution of Canada;executive authorityis formally vested inthe sovereignand exercised on the sovereign's behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in theUnited Kingdomat the time.John A. Macdonaldwas commissioned by theViscount Monckon 24 May 1867, to form the firstgovernmentof theCanadian Confederation. On 1 July 1867, thefirst ministryassumed office. Term When the prime minister begins their term is determined by the date that they are sworn into theirportfolio, as anoath of officeas prime minister is not required.However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister.Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.TheInterpretation Actof 1967 states that \"where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day\".Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including theParliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.Two prime ministers have died in office: John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891), andJohn Thompson(1892–1894), both of natural causes. All others have resigned, either after losing an election or upon retirement. Prime ministers Canadian custom is to count by the individuals who were prime minister, not by terms.Since Confederation, 23 prime ministers have been \"called upon\" by the governor general to form29 Canadian ministries. 1867 election(1stParl.) 1872 election(2ndParl.) 1874 election(3rdParl.) 1882 election(5thParl.) 1887 election(6thParl.) 1891 election(7thParl.) MP forCarleton, ON(1882–1887) MP forKingston, ON(1887–1891) 1900 election(9thParl.) 1904 election(10thParl.) 1908 election(11thParl.) 1917 election(13thParl.) MP forKings, NS(1917–1920) 1925 election(15thParl.) MP forPrince Albert, SK(1925–1926) 1940 election(19thParl.) 1945 election(20thParl.) MP forGlengarry, ON(1945–1948) 1949 election(21stParl.) 1953 election(22ndParl.) 1958 election(24thParl.) 1962 election(25thParl.) 1965 election(27thParl.) 1968 election(28thParl.) 1972 election(29thParl.) 1974 election(30thParl.) 1988 election(34thParl.) MP forCharlevoix, QC(1988–1993) 1997 election(36thParl.) 2000 election(37thParl.) 2004 election(38thParl.) 2008 election(40thParl.) 2011 election(41stParl.) 2019 election(43rdParl.) 2021 election(44thParl.) Timeline See also References Further reading External links"
] | [
"List of Stanley Cup champions TheStanley Cupis atrophyawarded annually to theplayoffchampion club of theNational Hockey League(NHL)ice hockeyleague. It was donated by theGovernor General of CanadaLord Stanley of Prestonin 1892, and is the oldest professional sports trophy in North America.Inscribed theDominion Hockey Challenge Cup, the trophy was first awarded to Canada's amateur ice hockey clubs who won the trophy as the result of challenge games and league play. Professional clubs came to dominate the competition in the early years of the twentieth century, and in 1913 the two major professional ice hockey organizations, theNational Hockey Association(NHA), forerunner of the NHL, and thePacific Coast Hockey Association(PCHA), reached agentlemen's agreementin which their respective champions would face each other in an annual series for the Stanley Cup. After a series of league mergers and folds, it became thede factochampionship trophy of the NHL in 1926, though it was nominally still subject to external",
"subject to external challenge. After 1947, the Cup became thede jureNHL championship prize. From 1915 to the end of the 2023–24 season, the trophy has been won 108 times. 27 teams have won the cup, 22 of which are still active in the NHL. Prior to that, the challenge cup was held by nine teams. TheMontreal Canadienshave won the Stanley Cup 24 times and made theFinalsan additional 11 times. There were two years when the Stanley Cup was not awarded:1919, because of theSpanish flu pandemic, and 2005, because of the2004–05 NHL lockout. The most recent winners of the Stanley Cup are theFlorida Panthers, who won the2024 Stanley Cup Finals. Challenge Cup era (1893–1914) The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of theAmateur Hockey Association of Canadaprior to 1893. From 1887 to 1893, the league did not play a round-robin format, but rather challenges between teams of the association that year, with the winner of the series being the 'interim' champion, with the final challenge winner becoming",
"winner becoming the league champion for the year. The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going, but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy. If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship, it would then inherit the Cup, without a challenge. The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904, when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league, the CAHL. The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa, instead of the CAHL league champion. During the challenge cup period, none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title.A playoff would only be played if teams tied for first-place in their leagues at the end of the regular season. Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and/or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees. In 1912, Cup trustees",
"1912, Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team's regular season. In 1908, theAllan Cupwas introduced as the trophy for Canada's amateurs, as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy. This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins, including successful victories and defenses in challenges, and league championships for the challenge era. ^A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895, the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC andQueen's University. As a compromise, the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match, the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions. The Montreals eventually won the game, 5–1, and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup. ^B. Intended to be a best-of-three series, Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game. ^C. The January 31 (a Saturday) game was tied 2–2 at midnight and the Mayor of",
"and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on Sunday. The game was played on February 2 (a Monday) and the January 31 game was considered to be void. ^D. For most of 1904, the Ottawa Hockey Club was not affiliated with any league. ^E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute. After game one ended tied at the end of regulation, 5–5, the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee, and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa. ^F. During the series, it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge. A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17, stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west, as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees.However, on March 18, Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding. PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge because he had expected Emmett",
"had expected Emmett Quinn, president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner, whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored. In any case, all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted. NHA/NHL vs. PCHA/WCHL/WHL champions (1915–1926) Several days after theVictoria Aristocrats–Toronto Hockey Clubseries, Stanley Cup trusteeWilliam Foranwrote to NHA presidentEmmett Quinnthat the trustees are \"perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues (NHA, PCHA, andMaritime) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup.\" The Maritime league did not challenge for the Cup in 1914, and folded after the 1915 season.The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year, with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules.The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement, because after theAllan Cupbecame the highest prize for amateur",
"prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada, the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy. After the New Westminster Royals moved to Portland in the summer of 1914 becoming thePortland Rosebuds, an American-based team, the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada, but now for the best team in the world.In March 1916, the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final.In 1917, theSeattle Metropolitansbecame the first American team to win the Cup.After that season, the NHA suspended operations and theNational Hockey League(NHL) took its place. In1919, theSpanish influenza epidemicforced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2–2–1, marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded. The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922, with the creation of theWestern Canada Hockey League(WCHL). Now three leagues",
"Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions, with the third having a bye directly to the final.In1924, the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL. With the loss of the PCHA, the championship reverted to a single series.After their win in 1925, theVictoria Cougarsbecame the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup.For the1925–26 seasonthe WCHL was renamed theWestern Hockey League(WHL). With the Victoria Cougars' loss in 1926, it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup. NHL champions (since 1927) When the WHL folded in 1926, its remaining assets were acquired by the NHL, making it the only remaining league with teams competing for the Cup. Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges, but from that year forward no non-NHL team has played for it, leading it to become thede factochampionship trophy of the NHL.In 1947, the NHL reached an agreement with trusteesP. D. RossandCooper",
"D. RossandCooper Smeatonto grant control of the Cup to the NHL, allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup.A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley's conditions in the 1947 agreement.The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating, as was the case in the2004–05 NHL lockout. Since 1927, the league's playoff format, deciding which teams advanced to theStanley Cup Finals, has changed multiple times. In somesystems that were previously used, playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference. From 1942 to 1967 the Cup was competed for by the league's six teams, also known as the Original Six. For three seasons after the 1967 NHL Expansion, the Finals was competed between theEast Divisionchampion and theWest Divisionchampion. In1971, the league returned to using playoff systems that allowed cross-over between the divisions and conferences.",
"and conferences. From1982to2020, the Finals was played between the league's conference playoff champions; during that period the Campbell/Western champions went a combined 111–101 in the Finals against the Wales/Eastern champions (winning 20 of 38 series). In2021, theCOVID-19 pandemicand the resulting travel restrictions along theCanada–United States borderforced the league to temporarily realign the teams into four regional divisions with no conferences, and hold a divisional-based playoff format: the four divisional playoff champions advanced to the Stanley Cup Semifinals, and the winners of those series moved on to the Finals. The league then returned to the Eastern vs. Western Conference format in2022. Appearances Challenge Cup era (1893–1914) Legend:SC= successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (win);UC= unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (loss); Years inbolddenote a Stanley Cup win. The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only",
"a Stanley Cup only once:Berlin Dutchmen(1910),Dawson City Nuggets(1905),Halifax Crescents(1900),Moncton Victorias(1912),Montreal Canadiens(1914),New Glasgow Cubs(1906),Ottawa Capitals(1897),Ottawa Victorias(1908),Port Arthur Bearcats(1911),Smiths Falls(1906),Sydney Millionaires(1913),Toronto Marlboros(1904),Toronto Professionals(1908),Toronto Wellingtons(1902),Victoria Aristocrats(1914),Winnipeg Rowing Club(1904). Stanley Cup Finals era (since 1915) Active teams In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by alphabetical order. In the \"Season(s)\" column,bold yearsindicate winning Stanley Cup Finals appearances. Unless marked otherwise, teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup. Five active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance. Three of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions: The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either",
"Finals in either location: Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never in their former locations: Defunct teams Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league(s) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup. Aboldyear denotes a Stanley Cup win. See also References General Specific External links",
"List of prime ministers of Canada Theprime minister of Canadais an official who serves as the primaryminister of the Crown, chair of theCabinet, and thushead of governmentofCanada. Twenty-three people (twenty-two men and one woman) have served as prime ministers. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by thegovernor general of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have theconfidenceof the electedHouse of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But if that leader lacks the support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. Byconstitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons. The 23rd and current prime minister isJustin Trudeau, who assumed office on 4 November 2015. There are currently five living former prime",
"living former prime ministers. The most recent former prime minister to die wasBrian Mulroney, on 29 February 2024. Model The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of theConstitution of Canada;executive authorityis formally vested inthe sovereignand exercised on the sovereign's behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in theUnited Kingdomat the time.John A. Macdonaldwas commissioned by theViscount Monckon 24 May 1867, to form the firstgovernmentof theCanadian Confederation. On 1 July 1867, thefirst ministryassumed office. Term When the prime minister begins their term is determined by the date that they are sworn into theirportfolio, as anoath of officeas prime minister is not required.However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister.Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the",
"immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.TheInterpretation Actof 1967 states that \"where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day\".Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including theParliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.Two prime ministers have died in office: John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891), andJohn Thompson(1892–1894), both of natural causes. All others have resigned, either after losing an election or upon retirement. Prime ministers Canadian custom is to count by the individuals",
"by the individuals who were prime minister, not by terms.Since Confederation, 23 prime ministers have been \"called upon\" by the governor general to form29 Canadian ministries. 1867 election(1stParl.) 1872 election(2ndParl.) 1874 election(3rdParl.) 1882 election(5thParl.) 1887 election(6thParl.) 1891 election(7thParl.) MP forCarleton, ON(1882–1887) MP forKingston, ON(1887–1891) 1900 election(9thParl.) 1904 election(10thParl.) 1908 election(11thParl.) 1917 election(13thParl.) MP forKings, NS(1917–1920) 1925 election(15thParl.) MP forPrince Albert, SK(1925–1926) 1940 election(19thParl.) 1945 election(20thParl.) MP forGlengarry, ON(1945–1948) 1949 election(21stParl.) 1953 election(22ndParl.) 1958 election(24thParl.) 1962 election(25thParl.) 1965 election(27thParl.) 1968 election(28thParl.) 1972 election(29thParl.) 1974 election(30thParl.) 1988 election(34thParl.) MP forCharlevoix, QC(1988–1993) 1997 election(36thParl.) 2000 election(37thParl.) 2004 election(38thParl.) 2008 election(40thParl.) 2011",
"2011 election(41stParl.) 2019 election(43rdParl.) 2021 election(44thParl.) Timeline See also References Further reading External links"
] |
As of July 2024, which protagonist of a 'shonen jump' series shares a name with a station on a West Japan Railway Company regional line? | Light Yagami | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geibi_Line | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geibi_Line', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geibi_Line",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note"
] | [
"West Japan Railway Company TheWest Japan Railway Company, also referred to asJR West(JR西日本,Jeiāru Nishi-Nihon), is one of theJapan Railways Group(JR Group) companies and operates in westernHonshu. It has its headquarters inKita-ku, Osaka.It is listed in theTokyo Stock Exchange, is a constituent of theTOPIXLarge70 index, and is also one of only threeJapan Railways Groupconstituents of theNikkei 225index: the others areJR EastandJR Central. It was also listed in theNagoyaandFukuokastock exchanges until late 2020. Lines Shinkansen JR-West's highest-grossing line is the Sanyo Shinkansenhigh-speed railline betweenOsakaandFukuoka. The Sanyo Shinkansen alone accounts for about 40% of JR-West's passenger revenues. The company also operatesHakata Minami Line, a short commuter line with Shinkansen trains inFukuoka. Urban Network The \"Urban Network\" is JR-West's name for itscommuter raillines in theOsaka-Kobe-Kyotometropolitan area. These lines together comprise 610 km of track, have 245 stations and account for about 43% of JR-West's passenger revenues. Urban Network stations are equipped to handleICOCAfare cards. Train control on these lines is highly automated, and during peak hours trains run as often as every two minutes. JR-West's Urban Network competes with a number of private commuter rail operators around Osaka, the \"Big 4\" beingHankyu Railway/Hanshin Railway(Hankyu bought Hanshin in April 2005),Keihan Railway,Kintetsu, andNankai Railway. JR-West's market share in the region is roughly equal to that of the Big 4 put together, largely due to its comprehensive network and high-speed commuter trains (Special Rapid Service trains on the Kobe and Kyoto lines operate at up to 130 km/h). Those initalicsare announcement names. Intercity and regional lines A number of other lines account for more than half of JR-West's track mileage. These lines mainly handle business and leisure travel between smaller cities and rural areas in western Japan. They account for about 20% of the company's passenger revenues. Intercity lines Regional lines Other businesses JR-West subsidiaries include the following. History JR-West was incorporated as a business corporation (kabushiki kaisha) on April 1, 1987, as part of the breakup of the state-ownedJapanese National Railways(JNR). Initially, it was a wholly owned subsidiary of theJNR Settlement Corporation(JNRSC), a special company created to hold the assets of the former JNR while they were shuffled among the new JR companies. For the first four years of its existence, JR-West leased its highest-revenue line, theSanyō Shinkansen, from the separate Shinkansen Holding Corporation. JR-West purchased the line in October 1991 at a cost of 974.1 billionJPY(about US$7.2 billion) in long-term debt. JNRSC sold 68.3% of JR-West in aninitial public offeringon theTokyo Stock Exchangein October 1996. After JNRSC was dissolved in October 1998, its shares of JR-West were transferred to the government-owned Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation (JRCC), which merged into theJapan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency(JRTT) as part of a bureaucratic reform package in October 2003. JRTT offered all of its shares in JR-West to the public in an international IPO in 2004, ending the era of government ownership of JR-West. JR-West is now listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange,Nagoya Stock Exchange,Osaka Securities ExchangeandFukuoka Stock Exchange. Accidents and incidents References External links",
"Geibi Line TheGeibi Line(芸備線,Geibi-sen)is a railway line operated byWest Japan Railway Company(JR West) in the mountainous area of theChūgoku regionin Japan. It begins atBitchū Kōjiro Stationon the west side ofNiimi,Okayama Prefecture, connecting throughMiyoshi StationinMiyoshi,Hiroshima Prefecture, and terminating atHiroshima StationinHiroshima. In addition to theChūgoku Expressway, the Geibi Line is considered the main commuter and local rail line covering the route between northern Hiroshima Prefecture and the city of Hiroshima. The name of the line refers to the ancientprovincesofAki(安芸)(in Hiroshima Prefecture) andBitchū(備中)(in Okayama Prefecture), which the line connects. Since 2007, theICOCAcard can be used in all stations between Hiroshima Station and Karuga Station (stations in theHiroshima City Network). The majority of the line was out of service after a bridge was destroyed in the2018 Japan floods. The entire line reopened in October 2019. The line is one of the least used and least profitable in the JR West network, with average daily ridership of just 13 people (slightly more than two per train) on its least trafficked segment. The segment between Bitchu Kojiro and Bingo Yawata runs at an annual loss of JPY 700 million, while the segment between Tojo and Bingo Shobara is both circuitous and speed-restricted, making it less attractive than bus service. However, local authorities along the route have refused to discuss alternative transportation options with JR West. Station list Listed in order fromBitchū Kōjiro StationtoHiroshima Station, though the chart shows throughNiimi Stationfor convenience as all Geibi Line trains originate and terminate at Niimi. Former connecting lines Rolling stock The followingdiesel multiple unit(DMU)rolling stockcurrently operate on the Geibi Line: History The Geibi Line consists of the section opened by the Geibi Railway, which connected Hiroshima Station and Bingo Shōbara, the Shōbara Line between Bingo Shōbara and Bingo Ochiai which was partly built by the Geibi Railway and then nationalised and extended by the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) and the Sanshin Line built by the JGR between Onuka and Bitchū Kōjiro. In 1936, the line between Hiroshima and Bitchū Kōjiro was completed, and the Geibi Railway was nationalised the following year, bringing the entire line under the control of the JGR. Opening dates for individual sections are given below. Geibi Railway Shōbara Line Sanshin Line Geibi Line See also References",
"Weekly Shōnen Jump Weekly Shōnen Jump(Japanese:週刊少年ジャンプ,Hepburn:Shūkan Shōnen Janpu, stylized in English asWEEKLY JUMP)is a weeklyshōnenmangaanthology published in Japan byShueishaunder theJumpline of magazines. Themangaseries within the magazine consist of manyactionscenes and a fair amount ofcomedy. Chapters of the series that run inWeekly Shōnen Jumpare collected and published intankōbonvolumes under theJump Comicsimprintevery two to three months. It is one of the longest-running manga magazines, with the first issue being released with a cover date of August 1, 1968. The magazine has sold over7.5billioncopies since 1968, making it thebest-selling comic/manga magazine, ahead of competitors such asWeekly Shōnen MagazineandWeekly Shōnen Sunday. The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine's circulation was at its highest, 6.53million copies per week, with a total readership of18 millionpeople in Japan. Throughout 2021, it had an average circulation of over1.3 millioncopies per week. Many of thebest-selling manga series—includingOne Piece,Dragon Ball,Naruto,Slam Dunk,KochiKame: Tokyo Beat Cops, andDemon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba—originate fromWeekly Shōnen Jump. Weekly Shōnen Jumphas sister magazines such asJump SQ,V Jump,Saikyō Jump, and digital counterpartShōnen Jump+which boasts its own exclusive titles. The magazine has also had several international counterparts, including the current North AmericanWeekly Shonen Jump. It also spawned a crossovermedia franchiseincludinganimeandvideo games(sinceFamicom Jump) which bring together variousShōnen Jumpcharacters. History Origins (1960s–1970s) Weekly Shōnen Jumpwas launched byShueishaon July 11, 1968,to compete with the already-successfulWeekly Shōnen MagazineandWeekly Shōnen Sunday.Weekly Shōnen Jump's sister publication was a manga magazine calledShōnen Book, which was originally a male version of the short-livedshōjomangaanthologyShōjo Book.Prior to issue 20,Weekly Shōnen Jumpwas originally called simplyShōnen Jumpas it was originally a bi-weekly magazine. In 1969,Shōnen Bookceased publicationat which timeShōnen Jumpbecame a weekly magazineand a new monthly magazine calledBessatsu Shōnen Jumpwas made to takeShōnen Book's place. This magazine was later rebranded asMonthly Shōnen Jumpbefore eventually being discontinued and replaced byJump SQ. Golden age (1980s–1990s) Hiroki Goto was appointed chief editor in 1986 and remained in the position until 1993. His tenure saw significant increases in circulation, and the serialization of numerous popular series. When asked about the period, Goto stated: \"We only tried to create manga that everybody can enjoy. There were no specific rules. Idol and tabloid magazines dominated in the Media & Entertainment industry at that time and we aimed to stand out from the crowd by using only manga as our weapon.\"Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden, released in 1988 for theFamily Computerwas produced to commemorate the magazine's 20th anniversary. It was followed by a sequel:Famicom Jump II: Saikyō no Shichininin 1991, also for the Family Computer. Shōnen Jump's circulation continued to increase year on year until 1995, peaking at 6.53 million copies. By 1998, circulation had dropped to 4.15 million copies, a decline in part ascribed to the conclusion of popular manga seriesDragon BallandSlam Dunk.The magazine peaked with a total readership of18 millionpeople in Japan during the early 1990s. Declining circulation (2000–2013) Circulation for the magazine continued to decline through the early 2000s, before reaching some stability around 2005, well below its earlier peak.In 2000, two more games were created for the purpose of commemorating the magazine's anniversaries. A crossover fighting game titledJump Super Starswas released for theNintendo DSin 2005. It was followed byJump Ultimate Starsin 2006. Due to the2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the shipment of the 15th issue of 2011 was delayed in some areas of Japan. In response, Shueisha published the series included in that issue for free on its website from March 23 to April 27. On July 11, 2013, theNamco Bandai Groupopened anamusement parkthemed aroundWeekly Shōnen Jumpseries. Titled J-World Tokyo, it is located on the third floor of the Sunshine City World Import Mart Building inIkebukuroand is 1.52 acres.In celebration of the magazine's 45th anniversary in 2013, Shueisha began a contest where anyone can submit manga in three different languages, Japanese, English and Chinese. Judged by the magazine's editorial department, four awards will be given, a grand prize and one for each language, each including 500,000 yen (about US$4,900) and guaranteed publication in eitherJump, its special editions, North American edition, China'sOK! Comic, or Taiwan'sFormosa Youth. Transition to digital (2013–present) A mobile phone app titled \"Jump Live\" was launched in August 2013, it features exclusive content from the artists whose series run inWeekly Shōnen Jump.On September 22, 2014, the freeShōnen Jump+(少年ジャンプ+,Shōnen Janpu Purasu, abbreviatedJ+)mobile appand website was launched in Japan. It sells digital versions of theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmagazine, simultaneous with its print release, andtankōbonvolumes of individualJumpseries past and present. However, it also has large samples of the manga that can be read for free.There are also series that are serialized exclusively on the app, such asMarvel × Shōnen Jump+ Super Collaboration; unlike those inWeekly Shōnen Jump, these series may be aimed at adult men or women.These exclusive series are later published in printtankōbonvolumes under the Jump Comics+ imprint. In 2019, theShōnen Jump+website and app had about 2.4 million active users.As of January 2020, the app had been downloaded more than 13 million times. As the magazine shifted towards digital provision, print circulation once again began to decline. By 2017, print circulation was down to under two million, less than a third of its peak during the golden age.This decline follows similar trends seen by other magazines in the sector. A new crossover game,J-Stars Victory Vs., was released in 2014 for thePlayStation 3andPlayStation Vitato commemorate Jump's 45 anniversary. In June 2018, a limited50th AnniversaryShōnen JumpEditionof theFamicom Mini(NES Classic Edition) game console was released in Japan. It sold 110,000 units in two days. On January 28, 2019, Shueisha launched the global English-language version ofShōnen Jump+, titledManga Plus. It is freely available in every country except China and South Korea, which have their own separate services. A Spanish-language version was launched in February 2019, and has a different library of content.Like the Japanese app, it has large samples of manga that can be read for free including all the current titles ofWeekly Shōnen Jump, a sizeable number of titles fromShōnen Jump+and some titles fromJump Square. However, unlike the Japanese version, the latest chapters of currentWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga are made available free for a limited-time and it does not sell content. Newcomer Awards Weekly Shōnen Jump, in association with parent companyShueisha, holds annual competitions for new or up and comingmanga artiststo create one-shot stories. The best are put to a panel of judges (including manga artists past and present) where the best are given a special award for the best of these new series. TheTezuka Award, named for manga pioneerOsamu Tezuka, is given for all different styles of stories. TheAkatsuka Award, named for gag manga pioneerFujio Akatsuka, is a similar competition for comedy and gag manga. ManyWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga artists have gotten their start either winning or being acknowledged by these competitions. Associated items WSJis also the center of the Shueisha's branding of its main manga products due to the popularity and recognition of the series and characters published in it. Although the manga are published both in the main magazine as well as in theJump Comicsimprint line oftankōbon, they also are republished in various other editions such askanzenbanand \"Remixes\" of the original work, usually publishing series older or previously established series. The Jump brand is also used on thetankōbonreleased of their manga series, related drama CDs, and at \"Jump Festa\", a festival showing off the people and products behind theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga titles. Circulation and demographic Weekly Shōnen Jumpis the bestselling manga magazine in Japan.In 1982,Weekly Shōnen Jumphad a circulation of 2.55 million. By 1995, circulation numbers swelled to 6.53 million. The magazine's formereditor-in-chiefMasahiko Ibaraki (2003–2008) stated this was due to the magazine including \"hit titles such asDragon Ball,Slam Dunk, and others.\" After hitting this peak, the circulation numbers continued to drop.1998's New Year's issue was the first time in 24 years thatWeekly Shōnen Jumplost as the highest sellingshōnenmanga magazine (4.15 million copies sold), ceding toWeekly Shōnen Magazine(4.45 million).It was not until 2007 that the magazine saw its first increase in 11 years, from 2.75 million to 2.78 million, an increase that Ibaraki credited toOne Piece. By publishingshōnenmanga, the magazine is targeted to young teen males. However,Index Digitalreported in 2005 that the favorite non-shōjomagazine of elementary and middle school-aged female readers isWeekly Shōnen Jumpat 61.9%.Strengthening it,Oriconconducted a poll among 2,933 female Japanese readers on their favorite manga magazines in 2007.Weekly Shōnen Jumpwas the number one answer, withOne Piece,Death Note, andThe Prince of Tenniscited as the reasons.In 2009, it was reported that 62.9% of the magazine's readers were under the age of fourteen.However, in 2019 Shueisha revealed that its largest demographic of 27.4% was aged 25 or older. Features Series There are currently 23 manga titles being serialized inWeekly Shōnen Jump. Out of them,Burn the Witch's continuation is yet to be announced andHunter × Hunteris serialized on an irregular schedule. Related titles Jump Giga Jump Giga(ジャンプGIGA)is a special seasonal offshoot ofWeekly Shōnen Jumplaunched on July 20, 2016.Its original predecessor started in 1969 as a regular special issue of the bi-weeklyShōnen Jump. WhenShōnen Jumpbecame a weekly publication and was renamedWeekly Shōnen Jumpin October of that same year, the special issue changed to a quarterly release and kept the shorter name.In the mid-1980s, the magazine took on theWeekly Shōnen Jumpname with each issue subtitled the Spring, Summer, Autumn, or WinterSpecial. Beginning in 1996, it was published three times a year forGolden Week,Obonand New Years under the nameAkamaru Jump(赤マルジャンプ,Akamaru Janpu)until April 30, 2010, when it was renamedShōnen Jump Next!(少年ジャンプNEXT!).In 2012 it returned to a quarterly schedule.A second exclamation point was added to the title in March 2014, when it switched to a bi-monthly release.After relaunching asJump Giga, the magazine published four issues or \"volumes\" in 2016 and 2017,six in 2018 and 2019 (three in summer and three in winter), and seems to have returned to a seasonal quarterly release since 2020. Jump Gigafeatures many amateur manga artists who get theirone-shotspublished in the magazine. It also puts additional one-shot titles by professional manga artists, which promote upcoming series to be published in the main magazine. It has also featured the last chapters of cancelled series fromWeekly Shōnen Jump,such asEnigmaandMagico. It also featuresyonkomaof popular series such asDeath NoteandNaruto, as well as the pilot chapter ofBleach.Jump Next!has had several other past special versions: V Jump V Jump(Vジャンプ,Bui Janpu)was originally an offshoot of theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmagazine in a special issue calledWeekly Shōnen Jump Tokubetsu Henshū Zōkan V Jump(週刊少年ジャンプ特別編集増刊 V JUMP). The special issues lasted from 1992 through 1993.V Jumpbecame its own independent anthology in 1993 for coverage of games, including video and card games. Super Jump Super Jump(スーパージャンプ,Sūpā Janpu)was also originally an offshoot of theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmagazine in a special issue calledWeekly Shōnen Jump Tokubetsu Henshū Zōkan Super Jump(週刊少年ジャンプ特別編集増刊 スーパージャンプ). The magazine was published from 1968 to 1988, when it became a separate anthology forseinenmanga. Jump VS Jump VS was a special issue ofWeekly Shōnen Jump, published on March 22, 2013. The issue focused on \"battle manga\" and included 12 one-shots. International adaptations Manga titles fromWeekly Shōnen Jumpare translated into many foreign languages, and some even have their own separate version of theWeekly Shōnen Jumpanthology.Weekly Shōnen Jumpmanga are also published in many other countries where the magazine itself is not published, like theUnited Kingdom,Argentina,Mexico,Spain,Australia, andSouth Korea. Shonen Jump Shonen Jump, published in North America byViz Media, debuted in November 2002, with a January 2003 cover date. Though based onWeekly Shōnen Jump, theEnglish languageShonen Jumpis retooled for English readers and the American audience and is published monthly, instead of weekly.It features serialized chapters from seven manga series, and articles on Japanese language and culture, manga, anime, video games, and figurines.In conjunction with the magazine, Viz launched new imprints for releasing media related to the series presented in the magazine, and othershōnenworks. This includes two new manga imprints, ananimeDVD imprint, a fiction line for releasinglight novels, a label for fan and data books, and a label for the release of art books. Prior to the magazine's launch, Viz launched an extensive marketing campaign to promote the magazine and help it succeed where other manga anthologies in North America have failed.Shueisha purchased an equity interest in Viz to help fund the venture,andCartoon Network,Suncoast, andDiamond Distributorsbecame promotional partners in the magazine.The first issue required three printings to meet demand, with over 300,000 copies sold.It was awarded the ICv2 \"Comic Product of the Year\" award in December 2002, and continued to enjoy high sales with a monthly circulation of 215,000 in 2008.Shonen Jumpwas discontinued in April 2012 in favor of its digital successor,Weekly Shonen Jump. With it ending in an incomplete, but yet almost complete picture spine of the Naruto splash page of \"Declaration of War\" on the side of each said magazine. Weekly Shonen Jump Weekly Shonen Jump, Viz Media's successor to the monthly print anthologyShonen Jump, was a North Americandigitalshōnen manga anthology published simultaneously with the Japanese editions ofWeekly Shōnen Jump, in part to combat the copyright violation of manga throughbootlegscanlationservices. It began serialization on January 30, 2012, asWeekly Shonen Jump Alphawith a lineup of six titles and new issues published online two weeks after Japanese release, but within a year had expanded to twelve ongoing series, and on January 21, 2013, it underwent a rebranding and transitioned to simultaneous publication with Japan. Banzai! Banzai!is a German-language version ofWeekly Shōnen Jumppublished byCarlsen Verlagthat was published from 2001 through December 2005 before being canceled.In addition to theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga series, the magazine also included original German languagemanga-influenced comics. The magazine competed as a sister publication to ashōjoanthology calledDaisuki. It had a circulation of 140,000 copies. Remen Shaonian Top Rèmén Shàonián Top(熱門少年TOP) is the former weekly Chinese-language version ofWeekly Shōnen Jump, published in Taiwan by Da Ran Publishing. In the 1990s Da Ran went bankrupt and the magazine had to cease publication.Rèmén Shàonián Topserialized series such asYu-Gi-Oh!,Tottemo! Luckyman,Hikaru no Go, andOne Pieceas well as several other domesticmanhua. Formosa Youth Formosa Youth(寶島少年Báodǎo Shàonián) is the currentweekly Chinese version ofWeekly Shōnen Jump.Formosa Youthfeatures various series fromWeekly Shōnen Jump. TheFormosa Youthmagazine translatesWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga up to date. A sister publication ofFormosa YouthisDragon Youth Comic(龍少年Lóng Shàonián), which specializes in domestic manhua. In 1977, the Tong Li company was created and founded by Fang Wan-Nan which created bootlegs, this ended in 1992.A law in Taiwan restricted the act of bootlegging all manga.During 1992, Tong Li created many manga and manhua magazines,New Youth Bulletin,Youth Comic,Margaret Girl,Dragon Youth Comic, andFormosa Youth.Some series likeOne PieceandHikaru no Gowere first published in the manga/manhua magazineRèmén Shàonián Top(熱門少年TOP) by Da Ran Publishing, but when Daran Publishing went bankrupt the series were transferred toFormosa Youth. EX-am EX-amis the Hong Kong version ofWeekly Shōnen Jumppublished by Culturecom Holdings's comic division Culturecom Comics, the largest comic distributors in all of Asia.The magazine publishedHunter × Hunter,Captain TsubasaandDragon Ball—which holds the highest circulation of manga in Hong Kong, alongside the highest of domestic manhua which would beChinese Hero: Tales of the Blood Sword. C-Kids C-Kids(ซีคิดส์See Kít) is theThai languageWeekly Shōnen Jumppublished bySiam Inter Comics.C-Kidspublishes manyWeekly Shōnen Jumpseries such asOne Piece, Gintamaalong with many original manga-influenced comics from the division Cartoon Thai Studio likeEXEcutional. Boom Boom(บูม) is anotherThai languageWeekly Shōnen Jumppublished by Nation Edutainment.Boompublishes manyWeekly Shōnen Jumpseries such asNaruto,Death Notealong with many original manga-influenced comics from Factory Studio likeMeed Thii Sib-SamandApaimanee Saga. SwedishShonen Jump In November 2004, Manga Media began publication of aSwedish languageversion ofWeekly Shōnen Jumpin Sweden, calledShonen Jumpas a sister publication to their existing magazinesManga ManiaandShojo Stars. The magazine included chapters from various popularWeekly Shōnen Jumptitles includingBleach,Naruto,Shaman King, andYu-Gi-Oh!. In November 2007, after 37 issues published, Manga Media ceased publication of the magazine.It had a circulation of 30,000 copies. NorwegianShonen Jump ANorwegian languageedition ofWeekly Shōnen Jumpbegan publication in Norway in March 2005. Published bySchibsted, the Norwegian edition was a direct translation of Bonnier's Swedish version of the magazine, containing the same series and titles. When Bonnier lost the license forWeekly Shōnen Jump, the Norwegian version also ceased publication, with the last issue released on February 26, 2007. They also created two short lived book imprints: \"En Bok Fra Shonen Jump\" (a book from Shonen Jump) for profile books and \"Dragon Ball Ekstra\" (Dragon Ball Extra) a line specifically for manga written byAkira Toriyama.Also afilm comicbased on theDragon Ball Zanime was released under the \"TV Anime Comic\" imprint. Imprints Jump Comics is used as animprintlabel for publishing manga, most often for collectedtankōbonvolumes of manga series originally serialized inWeekly Shōnen Jumpand otherJumpmagazines.The imprint is published in the U.S. under the names Shonen Jump and Shonen Jump Advanced. Shōnen Jump Advanced was created for the distribution of manga series considered more mature due to content or themes. Series released under SJA includeEyeshield 21,Ichigo 100%,Pretty Face,I\"s,Hunter × Hunter,Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo(first edition) andDeath Note. Weekly Shōnen Jumpformerly ran a manga line ofaizōbaneditions called Jump Comics Deluxe. Jump Comics+ is the imprint for all the manga series exclusively digitally released on the app and websiteShōnen Jump+after the chapters of the series get reunited and released in print intankōbonformat.Weekly Shōnen Jumphas also run a line oflight novelsand guidebooks called Jump J-Books.Weekly Shōnen Jumphas also run a linebunkoboneditions called Shueisha Comic Bunko. A line of large square-bound phone book size issues of earlyJump Comicsseries named Shueisha Jump Remix has also been published. Circulation figures Magazine circulation The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine's circulation was at its highest, 6.53million copies per week, with a total readership of18 millionpeople in Japan. The magazine has sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968, making it thebest-selling comic/manga magazine, ahead of competitors such asWeekly Shōnen MagazineandWeekly Shōnen Sunday.Throughout 2019, it had an average circulation of over1.6 millioncopies per week. Manga series The following table lists the manga series that have had the highest circulation inShōnen Jumpmagazine. It lists the number of issues where they're serialized, and estimated circulation figures and sales revenue of thoseShōnen Jumpissues (based on themagazine circulationfigures above). Of the series listed below, onlyBleach,GintamaandBlack Cloverbegan their serialization after the conclusion of the golden age in the late 1990s. See also Notes References External links",
"Death Note Death Note(stylized inall caps) is a Japanesemangaseries written byTsugumi Ohbaand illustrated byTakeshi Obata. It was serialized inShueisha'sshōnenmanga magazineWeekly Shōnen Jumpfrom December 2003 to May 2006, with its chapters collected in 12tankōbonvolumes. The story followsLight Yagami, a genius high school student who discovers a mysterious notebook: the \"Death Note\", which belonged to theshinigamiRyuk, and grants the user the supernatural ability to kill anyone whose name is written in its pages. The series centers around Light's subsequent attempts to use the Death Note to carry out a worldwide massacre of individuals whom he deems immoral and to create a crime-free society, using the alias of a god-like vigilante named \"Kira\", and the subsequent efforts ofan elite Japanese police task force, led by enigmatic detectiveL, to apprehend him. A 37-episodeanimetelevision series adaptation, produced byMadhouseand directed byTetsurō Araki, was broadcast onNippon Televisionfrom October 2006 to June 2007. Alight novelbased on the series, written byNisio Isin, was also released in 2006. Additionally, various video games have been published byKonamifor theNintendo DS. The series was adapted into threelive-actionfilms released in Japan inJune,November 2006, andFebruary 2008, anda television dramain 2015. A miniseries titledDeath Note: New Generationanda fourth filmwere released in 2016. AnAmerican film adaptationwas releasedexclusivelyonNetflixin August 2017, and a series is reportedly in the works. Death Notemedia, except for video games and soundtracks, is licensed and released in North America byViz Media. The episodes from the anime first appeared in North America as downloadable fromIGNbefore Viz Media licensed it. The series was aired onYTV'sBionixprogramming block in Canada and onAdult Swimin the United States with a DVD release following. The live-action films briefly played in certain North American theaters, in 2008, before receiving home video releases. By April 2015, theDeath Notemanga had over 30 million copies in circulation, making it one of thebest-selling manga series. Plot InTokyo, a disaffected high school student namedLight Yagamifinds the \"Death Note\", a mysterious black notebook with rules that can end anyone's life in seconds as long as the writer knows both the target's true name and face. Light uses the notebook to kill high-profile criminals and is visited byRyuk, ashinigamiand the Death Note's previous owner. Ryuk, invisible to anyone who has not touched the notebook, reveals that he dropped the notebook into the human world out of boredom and is amused by Light's actions. Global media suggest that a single mastermind is responsible for the mysterious murders and name them \"Kira\"(キラ, the Japanesetransliterationof the word \"killer\").Interpolrequests the assistance of the enigmatic detectiveLto assist in their investigation. L tricks Light into revealing that he is in the Kanto region of Japan by manipulating him to kill a decoy. Light vows to kill L, whom he views as obstructing his plans. L deduces that Kira has inside knowledge of the Japanese police investigation, led by Light's father,Soichiro Yagami. L assigns a team of FBI agents to monitor the families of those connected with the investigation and designates Light as the prime suspect. Light graduates from high school to college. L recruits Light into theKira Task Force. Actress-modelMisa Amaneobtains a second Death Note from ashinigaminamedRemand makes a deal forshinigamieyes, which reveal the names of anyone whose face she sees, at the cost of half her remaining lifespan. Seeking to have Light become her boyfriend, Misa uncovers Light's identity as the original Kira. Light uses her love for him to his advantage, intending to use Misa'sshinigamieyes to discern L's true name. L deduces that Misa is likely the second Kira and detains her. Rem threatens to kill Light if he does not find a way to save Misa. Light arranges a scheme in which he and Misa temporarily lose their memories of the Death Note, and has Rem pass the Death Note toKyosuke Higuchiof theYotsuba Group. With memories of the Death Note erased, Light joins the investigation and, together with L, deduces Higuchi's identity and arrests him. Light regains his memories and uses the Death Note to kill Higuchi, regaining possession of the book. After restoring Misa's memories, Light instructs her to begin killing as Kira, causing L to cast suspicion on Misa. Rem realizes Light's plan to have Misa sacrifice herself to kill L. After Rem kills L, she disintegrates and Light obtains her Death Note. The task force agrees to have Light operate as the new L. The investigation stalls but crime rates continue to drop. Four years later, cults worshiping Kira have risen. L's potential successors are introduced:NearandMello. Mello joins the mafia whilst Near joins forces with the US government. Mello kidnaps Director Takimura, who is killed by Light. Mello kidnaps Light's sister and exchanges her for the Death Note, using it to kill almost all of Near's team. A Shinigami named Sidoh goes to Earth to reclaim his notebook and ends up meeting and helping Mello. Light uses the notebook to find Mello's hideout, but Soichiro is killed in the mission. Mello and Near exchange information and Mello kidnaps Mogi and gives him to Near. Kira's supporters attack Near's group, but they escape.Shuichi Aizawa, one of the task force members, becomes suspicious of Light and meets with Near. As suspicion falls again on Misa, Light passes Misa's Death Note toTeru Mikami, a fervent Kira supporter, and appoints newscasterKiyomi Takadaas Kira's public spokesperson. Near has Mikami followed whilst Aizawa's suspicions are confirmed. Realizing that Takada is connected to Kira, Mello kidnaps her. Takada kills Mello but is killed by Light. Near arranges a meeting between Light and the current Kira Task Force members. Light tries to have Mikami kill Near as well as all the task force members, but Mikami's Death Note fails to work, having been replaced with a decoy. Near proves Light is Kira discovering Mikami had not written down Light's name. Light is wounded in a scuffle and begs Ryuk to write the names of everyone present. Ryuk instead writes down Light's name in his Death Note, as he had promised to do the day they met, and Light dies. One year later, the world has returned to normal and the Kira Taskforce Members are conflicted over whether they made the right decision. Meanwhile, cults continue to worship Kira. C-Kira(one-shot sequel) Three years later, Near, now functioning as the new L, receives word that a new Kira has appeared. Hearing that the new Kira is randomly killing people, Near concludes that the new Kira is an attention-seeker and denounces the new Kira as \"boring\" and not worth catching. Ashinigaminamed Midora approaches Ryuk and gives him an apple from the human realm, in a bet to see if a random human could become the new Kira, but Midora loses the bet when the human writes his own name in the Death Note after hearing Near's announcement. Ryuk tells Midora that no human would ever surpass Light as the new Kira. a-Kira(one-shot sequel) Another ten years later, Ryuk returns to Earth and gives the Death Note to Minoru Tanaka, the top-scoring student in Japan, hoping that he will follow in Light Yagami's footsteps. On explaining the rules to Minoru, Ryuk is surprised when he returns the notebook and tells him to return it and his memory of their encounter to him in two years' time. Two years later, on receiving the notebook back from Ryuk, Minoru reveals he has no plans to use it himself but rather he plans to auction it off to the governments of the world, with Ryuk's help sending his offer out as \"a-Kira\", having waited two years until he was old enough to have a bank account to allow his plan to work. Elsewhere, Near (as L) is revealed to be developing technology meant to track and eventually find a method of destroying Shinigami, although it is not yet advanced enough to be useful. After selling the Death Note toU.S. PresidentDonald Trump for a sum that would ensure every Japanese citizen under the age of 60 would be financially set for life, Minoru relinquishes his ownership and memory of his plan to Ryuk, assuring his own anonymity, while Trump is left unable to use the Death Note after the King of Death creates a new rule disallowing the Death Note to be sold, and he secretly returns it to Ryuk. Minoru collapses to the ground in the bank after withdrawing his savings. It is revealed that Ryuk wrote his name in the Death Note next to Light's. He longs for a human who will use the notebook for a longer period of time. Production Development TheDeath Noteconcept derived from a rather general concept involvingshinigamiand \"specific rules\".AuthorTsugumi Ohbawanted to create a suspense series because the genre had some suspense series available to the public. After the publication of the pilot chapter, the series was not expected to receive approval as a serialized comic. Learning thatDeath Notehad received approval and that Takeshi Obata would create the artwork, Ohba said, they \"couldn't even believe it\".Due to positive reactions,Death Notebecame a serialized manga series. \"Thumbnails\" incorporating dialogue, panel layout and basic drawings were created, reviewed by an editor and sent toTakeshi Obata, the illustrator, with the script finalized and the panel layout \"mostly done\". Obata then determined the expressions and \"camera angles\" and created the final artwork. Ohba concentrated on the tempo and the amount of dialogue, making the text as concise as possible. Ohba commented that \"reading too much exposition\" would be tiring and would negatively affect the atmosphere and \"air of suspense\". The illustrator had significant artistic licence to interpret basic descriptions, such as \"abandoned building\",as well as the design of the Death Notes themselves. When Ohba was deciding on the plot, they visualized the panels while relaxing on their bed, drinking tea, or walking around their house. Often the original draft was too long and needed to be refined to finalize the desired \"tempo\" and \"flow\". The writer remarked on their preference for reading the previous \"two or four\" chapters carefully to ensure consistency in the story. The typical weekly production schedule consisted of five days of creating and thinking and one day using a pencil to insert dialogue into rough drafts; after this point, the writer faxed any initial drafts to the editor. The illustrator's weekly production schedule involved one day with the thumbnails, layout, and pencils and one day with additional penciling and inking. Obata's assistants usually worked for four days and Obata spent one day to finish the artwork. Obata said that when he took a few extra days to color the pages, this \"messed with the schedule\". In contrast, the writer took three or four days to create a chapter on some occasions, while on others they took a month. Obata said that his schedule remained consistent except when he had to create color pages. Ohba and Obata rarely met in person during the creation of the serialized manga; instead, the two met with the editor. The first time they met in person was at an editorial party in January 2004. Obata said that, despite the intrigue, he did not ask his editor about Ohba's plot developments as he anticipated the new thumbnails every week.The two did not discuss the final chapters with one another and continued talking only with the editor. Ohba said that when they asked the editor if Obata had \"said anything\" about the story and plot, the editor responded: \"No, nothing\". Ohba claims that the series ended more or less in the manner that they intended for it to end; they considered the idea ofLdefeating Light Yagami with Light dying but instead chose to use the \"Yellow Box Warehouse\" ending. According to Ohba, the details had been set \"from the beginning\".The writer wanted an ongoing plot line instead of an episodic series becauseDeath Notewas serialized and its focus was intended to be on a cast with a series of events triggered by the Death Note.13: How to Readstates that the humorous aspects ofDeath Noteoriginated from Ohba's \"enjoyment of humorous stories\". When Ohba was asked, during an interview, whether the series was meant to be about enjoying the plot twists and psychological warfare, Ohba responded by saying that this concept was the reason why they were \"very happy\" to place the story inWeekly Shōnen Jump. Concepts The notebooks The coreplot deviceof the story is the \"Death Note\" itself, a black notebook with instructions (known as \"Rules of the Death Note\") written on the inside. When used correctly, it allows anyone to commit a murder, knowing only the victim's name and face. According to the director of the live-action films,Shusuke Kaneko, \"The idea of spiritsliving in wordsis an ancient Japanese concept.... In a way, it's a very Japanese story\". Artist Takeshi Obata originally thought of the books as \"Something you would automatically think was a Death Note\". Deciding that this design would be cumbersome, he instead opted for a more accessible college notebook. Death Notes were originally conceived as changing based on time and location, resembling scrolls in ancient Japan, or theOld Testamentin medieval Europe. However, this idea was never used. Themes Writer Tsugumi Ohba had no particular themes in mind forDeath Note. When pushed, he suggested: \"Humans will all eventually die, so let's give it our all while we're alive\".In a 2012 paper, author Jolyon Baraka Thomas characterisedDeath Noteas a psychological thriller released in the wake of the 1995Tokyo subway sarin attack, saying that it examines the human tendency to express itself through \"horrific\" cults. Pilot chapter TheDeath Noteprocess began when Ohba brought thumbnails for two concept ideas toShueisha; Ohba said that theDeath Notepilot, one of the concepts, was \"received well\" by editors and attained positive reactions from readers.Ohba described keeping the story of the pilot to one chapter as \"very difficult\", declaring that it took over a month to begin writing the chapter. He added that the story had to revive the killed characters with the Death Eraser and that he \"didn't really care\" for that plot device. Obata said that he wanted to draw the story after he heard of a \"horror story featuringshinigami\".According to Obata, when he first received the rough draft created by Ohba, he \"didn't really get it\" at first, and he wanted to work on the project due to the presence ofshinigamiand because the work \"was dark\".He also said he wondered about the progression of the plot as he read the thumbnails, and ifJumpreaders would enjoy reading the comic. Obata said that while there is little action and the main character \"doesn't really drive the plot\", he enjoyed the atmosphere of the story. He stated that he drew the pilot chapter so that it would appeal to himself. Ohba brought the rough draft of the pilot chapter to the editorial department. Obata came into the picture at a later point to create the artwork. They did not meet in person while creating the pilot chapter. Ohba said that the editor told him he did not need to meet with Obata to discuss the pilot; Ohba said \"I think it worked out all right\". Anime adaptation Tetsurō Araki, the director, said that he wished to convey aspects that \"made the series interesting\" instead of simply \"focusing on morals or the concept of justice\". Toshiki Inoue, the series organizer, agreed with Araki and added that, in anime adaptations, there is a lot of importance in highlighting the aspects that are \"interesting in the original\". He concluded that Light's presence was \"the most compelling\" aspect; therefore the adaptation chronicles Light's \"thoughts and actions as much as possible\". Inoue noted that to best incorporate the manga's plot into the anime, he \"tweak the chronology a bit\" and incorporated flashbacks that appear after the openings of the episodes; he said this revealed the desired tensions. Araki said that, because in an anime the viewer cannot \"turn back pages\" in the manner that a manga reader can, the anime staff ensured that the show clarified details. Inoue added that the staff did not want to get involved with every single detail, so the staff selected elements to emphasize. Due to the complexity of the original manga, he described the process as \"definitely delicate and a great challenge\". Inoue admitted that he placed more instructions and notes in the script than usual. Araki added that because of the importance of otherwise trivial details, this commentary became crucial to the development of the series. Araki said that when he discovered theDeath Noteanime project, he \"literally begged\" to join the production team; when he joined he insisted that Inoue should write the scripts. Inoue added that, because he enjoyed reading the manga, he wished to use his effort. Media Manga Death Note, written byTsugumi Ohbaand illustrated byTakeshi Obata, was serialized inShueisha'sshōnenmangamagazineWeekly Shōnen Jumpfrom December 1, 2003,to May 15, 2006.The series' 108 chapters were collected into twelvetankōbonvolumes by Shueisha, released from April 2, 2004,to July 4, 2006.Aone-shotchapter, titled \"C-Kira\"(Cキラ編,C-Kira-hen)(\"Death Note: Special One-Shot\"), was published inWeekly Shōnen Jumpon February 9, 2008. Set two years after the manga's epilogue, it sees the introduction of a new Kira and the reactions of the main characters in response to the copycat's appearance.SeveralDeath Noteyonkoma(four-panel comics) appeared inAkamaru Jump. Theyonkomawas written to be humorous. TheAkamaru Jumpissues that printed the comics include 2004 Spring, 2004 Summer, 2005 Winter, and 2005 Spring. In additionWeekly Shōnen JumpGag Special 2005 included someDeath Noteyonkoma in aJumpHeroes Super 4-Panel Competition.Shueisha re-released the series in sevenbunkobanvolumes from March 18 to August 19, 2014.On October 4, 2016, all 12 original manga volumes and the February 2008 one-shot were released in a singleAll-in-One Edition, consisting of 2,400 pages in a single book. In April 2005,Viz Mediaannounced that they had licensed the series for English release in North America.The twelve volumes were released from October 10, 2005, to July 3, 2007.The manga was re-released in a six-volume omnibus edition, dubbed \"Black Edition\".The volumes were released from December 28, 2010, to November 1, 2011.TheAll-in-One Editionwas released in English on September 6, 2017, resulting in the February 2008 one-shot being released in English for the first time. In addition, a guidebook for the manga was also released on October 13, 2006. It was namedDeath Note 13: How to Readand contained data relating to the series, including character profiles of almost every character that is named, creator interviews, behind the scenes info for the series and the pilot chapter that precededDeath Note. It also reprinted all of the yonkoma serialized inAkamaru Jumpand theWeekly Shōnen JumpGag Special 2005.Its first edition could be purchased with aDeath Note-themed diorama which includes fivefinger puppetsinspired by Near's toys. The five finger puppets are Kira, L, Misa, Mello, and Near. In North America,13: How to Readwas released on February 19, 2008. In the June 2019 issue of Shueisha'sJump Squareit was announced that a new one-shot chapter ofDeath Notewould be published. Part of the complete manuscript debuted at the \"30th Work Anniversary Takeshi Obata Exhibition: Never Complete\" event which ran in Tokyo from July 13 to August 12, 2019.Titled \"Death Note: Special One-Shot\", the entire 87-page chapter was published in the March issue ofJump Squareon February 4, 2020 and on Viz's website.A collected volume titledDeath Note: Short Stories(DEATH NOTE短編集,Desu Nōto Tanpenshū), which includes the February 2008 one-shot chapter, the \"Special One-Shot\" (re-titled \"a-Kira\"(aキラ編,a-Kira-hen), the series' pilot chapter and the \"L: The Wammy's House\"/\"L: One Day\" one-shot chapters and more, was released on February 4, 2021. Light novels Alight noveladaptation of the series has been written byNisio Isin, calledDeath Note Another Note: The Los Angeles BB Murder Cases. The novel was released by Shueisha on August 1, 2006.It serves as a prequel to the manga series, with Mello narrating the story of L's first encounter with Naomi Misora during the Los Angeles \"BB Serial Murder Case\" mentioned in volume 2 of the manga. Besides Naomi's character, the novel focuses on how L works and one of the criminals L has to chase down. Insight was given into Watari's orphanage and how the whole system of geniuses such as L, Mello, Beyond Birthday, Matt and Near were put to work. Viz released the novel in English on February 19, 2008.The filmL: Change the Worldwas also adapted into a light novel with the same name on December 25, 2007, by \"M\",While the novel is similar to the film, there are many significant changes to the plot (for example, Near is not a Thai boy, but the same Near that appears in the manga). It also reveals more information about L and his past. Viz released it on October 20, 2009. Anime TheDeath Noteanime, directed byTetsurō Arakiand animated byMadhouse, began airing onNippon TVon October 4, 2006, and finished its run on June 27, 2007, totaling 37 episodes.The series aired on the network \"every Tuesday at 0:56\", which is effectively Wednesday.The series was co-produced by Madhouse, Nippon Television,Shueisha, D.N. Dream Partners andVAP.In North America, the series was licensed by Viz for residents in the United States to use \"Download-to-Own\" and \"Download-to-Rent\" services while it was still airing in Japan. This move was seen as \"significant because it marked the first time a well known Japanese anime property was made legally available in the United States for domestic audiences to download while the title was still airing on Japanese television\".The downloadable episodes contained the original Japanese audio track and English subtitles,and were made available throughIGN'sWindows-only Direct2Drive service.DVDs of the series have also been released,containing both an English dubbed audio track, produced byOcean Productions, and the original Japanese audio track with optional English subtitles.Viz announced atAnime Expo 2007that the first DVD was officially released on November 20, 2007, in both regular and special editions,and also confirmed atComic-Con International2007 that the first 15,000 copies of each DVD contain collectible figures. Death Notewas slated to make its North American television premiere in Canada, as part ofYTV'sBionixprogramming block, on September 7, 2007.However, the show was removed from the schedule at the last minuteand the Canadian premiere was pushed back to October 26, 2007, at 10:00 p.m. The series premiered in the U.S. on October 20, 2007, at 12:00 a.m. onAdult Swimand ran until January 10, 2010, when its contract expired.The last episode aired on YTV, July 4, 2008, and would later air on Adult Swim two days later. The show was removed from YTV's schedule on July 5, 2008, with its last airing being a rerun of the final episode at 1:30 a.m.ET. Soon after, Bionix became a 2-hour block on Saturday nights.The show also streamed online free on Adult Swim Video, with a new episode available every Saturday afternoon, on the day of its broadcast premiere.On July 26, 2017,Starzannounced that they would be offering episodes of the series for theirvideo on demandservice starting on August 1 of that same year. A two-hour animatedDeath Note Relight: Visions of a God(DEATH NOTE リライト·幻視する神,Desu Nōto Riraito: Genshisuru kami)TV special aired on Nippon Television in Japan on August 31, 2007, at 8:00 p.m. It is a recap which takes place after the series end, where ashinigamiapproaches Ryuk in theshinigamirealm in order to learn more about the human world. Instead, Ryuk tells him of all the events leading up to the last story arc, about Light Yagami and his rival L. Originally, this special was advertised as a retelling told from Ryuk's point of view, but it does not give a different point of view from what was originally told. However, it contains updated dialog, as well as a few new scenes. Nippon TVaired theDeath Note: Relight: L's Successors(DEATH NOTE リライト2 Lを継ぐ者,Desu Nōto Riraito 2: L o Tsugu Mono)special on August 22, 2008. Like the first special, this new compilation summarized a part of the 2006–2007 anime television series. Specifically, it recounted the final half of the suspenseful supernatural story, including the investigators Near and Mello's confrontations with the vigilante Kira.This version features more updates than the previous one, most notably omission of the mafia plot. Soundtracks Several soundtracks for the series have been released. The music from the anime was composed byYoshihisa HiranoandHideki Taniuchi, while the CDs were also published by VAP. The first one wasDeath Note Original Soundtrack, which was released in Japan on December 21, 2006. It contains music from the series with the first opening and ending themes are sung by the Japanese bandNightmarein the TV size format.Death Note Original Soundtrack IIwas first released in Japan on March 21, 2007. It features the new opening and closing themes byMaximum the Hormonein the TV size format.The third CD,Death Note Original Soundtrack IIIwas released on June 27, 2007. Tracks 1–21 were composed and arranged by Taniuchi, while tracks 22–28 were composed and arranged by Hirano. The album features one track sung byAya Hirano, who was also the Japanese voice actress ofMisa Amanein the anime series. Also appearing on this soundtrack is the ending themeCoda〜Death Note, which can be heard at the end of the final episode of the anime as the credits are shown. Several soundtracks have also been released for the live action films.Sound of Death Noteis a soundtrack featuring music from the firstDeath Notefilm composed and arranged byKenji Kawai. It was released on June 17, 2006, byVAP.Sound of Death Note the Last nameis the soundtrack from the secondDeath Notefilm,Death Note the Last name. It was released on November 2, 2006.Death Note Tributeis a tribute album dedicated to thelive actionfilmDeath Note. Published byBMG Japanon June 21, 2006, Japan, it contains 15 tracks performed by various artists, such asShikao Suga,M-Flo,Buck-Tick, andAya Matsuura. The soundtrack came with acosplayDeath Note notebook.Another tribute album isThe Songs for Death Note the movie〜the Last name Tributededicated to the second film. Published bySony Music Entertainment Japanon December 20, 2006, it contains 14 tracks performed by various artists, such asOrange Range,Abingdon Boys School,High and Mighty Color,Doping Panda, andGalneryus. Live-action films Death Notewas adapted into a series oflive-actionfilms in 2006. The first two films were directed byShusuke Kanekoand the third was directed byHideo Nakataand produced byNippon Television, CG production of all three films were done byDigital Frontierand distributed byWarner Bros.Pictures Japan. The first film, simply titledDeath Note, premiered in Japan on June 17, 2006, and topped the Japanesebox officefor two weeks, pushingThe Da Vinci Codeinto second place.The first film briefly played in certain North American theaters on May 20–21, 2008.The film was broadcast in Canadian theaters for one night only on September 15, 2008. The DVD was released on September 16, 2008, one day after the Canadian showing.The sequel,Death Note 2: The Last Name, premiered in Japan on November 3, 2006.It was featured in U.S. theaters in October 2008. A spin-off from the films namedL: Change the Worldwas released in Japan on February 9, 2008. It is focused on the final 23 days of L's life, as he solves one final case involving a bio-terrorist group.Two dubbed versions of the film were shown in the United States on April 29 and 30, 2009.In August 2016, a three-part miniseries entitledDeath Note: New Generationwas announced as a part of theDeath Notelive-action film series and aired in September. It bridges the 10-year gap between the previous films and the then-upcoming 2016 film.Afourth JapaneseDeath Notefilmwas released in 2016and featured a cyber-terrorism setting with the inclusion of six Death Notes brought into the human world.AnAmerican adaptationwas released onNetflixon August 25, 2017.The film was directed byAdam Wingardand was written by Charles Parlapanides, Vlas Parlapanides, andJeremy Slater. It starredNat Wolff,Lakeith Stanfield,Margaret Qualley,Shea Whigham,Paul Nakauchi, Jason Liles, andWillem Dafoe. A sequel film is reportedly in the works. Live-action series In April 2015, it was announced that a live-action television series based onDeath Notemanga would begin airing from July 2015 onNippon TV.Masataka Kubotastars as Light Yagami andKento Yamazakias L in the series. In July 2022, it was announced thatthe Duffer Brothersrecently founded Upside Down Pictures production company would be producing a new live-action series adaptation for Netflix.In October 2022, it was announced that Halia Abdel-Meguid was brought on to write and executive produce the series. Video games ADeath Notevideo gamedeveloped and published byKonamifor theNintendo DS, titledDeath Note: Kira Game(デスノート キラゲーム,Desu Nōto Kira Gēmu), was released on February 15, 2007.Kira Gameis astrategy gamewhere the player takes on the role of Kira or L. These are just titles, as any character can be Kira or L. The player will attempt to deduce who their enemy is (Kira will try to uncover L's identity and vice versa). This will play out in three phases: investigation, where the player will discuss the case and clues with other characters; voting, where each member of the investigation team casts a vote on who they suspect is L or Kira based on the player's performance in the previous phase; L/Kira, where the player can either focus their investigation on one member to see if they are Kira (L part), or force a member off of the team (Kira part).A sequel to the game,Death Note: Successors to L(デスノート Lを継ぐ者,Desu Nōto Eru o Tsugu Mono), was released in Japan on July 12, 2007. The storyline is based on the second part of the manga, featuring characters such as Mello and Near. A third game,L the Prologue to Death Note -Spiraling Trap-(L the proLogue to DEATH NOTE -螺旋の罠-,L the proLogue to DEATH NOTE -Rasen no Wana-), was released for the Nintendo DS in Japan on February 7, 2008.The player assumes the role of a rookie FBI agent who awakens in a strange hotel and attempts to escape with the help of L, who provides assistance via an in-game PDA. The story is set before the Kira investigation in the original series.Several characters fromDeath Noteappear inJump Super StarsandJump Ultimate Stars, afighting gamefeaturing multiple characters fromWeekly Shōnen Jumptitles. Light, Ryuk, and L appear inJump Super Starsas support characters. Misa, Near, and Mello are added as support characters inJump Ultimate Starsas well.The 2019 video gameJump Forcefeatures Light and Ryuk as non-playable characters, playing a key role in the game's story mode. Musical In 2015, amusicaladaptation of the manga calledDeath Note: The Musicalran in both Japan and South Korea. It was originally composed in English by Broadway composerFrank Wildhorn, with lyrics by Jack Murphy and book by Ivan Menchell.An English production was announced in May 2023 to play at the London Palladium for two nights on August 21–22, 2023,directed by Nick Winston starring Joaquin Pedro Valdes as Light,Dean John-Wilsonas L andFrances Mayli McCannas Misa.The original Japanese production, produced by Japanese talent agencyHoriPro, ran from 6 to April 29, 2015, and starsKenji UraiandHayato Kakizawadouble-cast as Light Yagami, andTeppei Koikeas L.A Korean production of the same musical ran from June 11 to August 11, 2015, in South Korea, starring musical actorHong Kwang-hoandJYJmember and musical actorKim Junsu. Reception Manga By April 2015, theDeath Notemanga had over 30 million copies in circulation.OnICv2's \"Top 10 Shonen Properties Q2 2009\",Death Notewas the third best-selling manga property in North America.The series ranked second onTakarajimasha'sKono Manga ga Sugoi!list of best manga of 2006 and 2007 for male readers.It was nominated for the 38thSeiun Awardsin the Best Comic category in 2007.The manga received the Grand Prize of Best Manga and Best Screenplay at theJapan Expo Awards 2007.The series won the 2008Eagle Awardfor Favourite Manga as voted by UK fans.According to a survey conducted in 2007 by theMinistry of culture of Japan, occupies the tenth place among the best manga of all time.It also received several nominations such as Best Manga at the 2006American Anime Awards,the 2007Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize,an Official Selection atAngoulême International Comics Festival2008,and Obata was nominated for Best Penciller/Inker at the 2008Eisner Awards.In 2007, the first three volumes ofDeath Notewere on theAmerican Library Association's 2007 Great Graphic Novels for Teens Top Ten list. Douglas Wolk ofSalonsaid that a rumor circulated stating that the creators intended to createDeath Noteto last half as long as its actual run and Ohba and Obata had been persuaded to lengthen the storyline whenDeath Note's popularity increased, noting that the rumor \"makes sense, since about halfway through the series, there's a point that seems like a natural ending\". In addition, he said that fans wrote \"thousands\" ofDeath Notefan fictionstories and posted them on the internet.In 2006, Japanese fans pointed out the similarities betweenDeath Noteand the 1973one-shot mangaThe Miraculous Notebook(不思議な手帖)byShigeru Mizuki. Comipress reported that the only difference between the story andDeath Noteis that there are noshinigamis. Anime News Networkwriter Zac Bertschy calledDeath Notea \"surprisingly gripping and original suspense tale that raises a handful of interesting questions about morality\". He noted that the difference between the series and other manga from the same demographic was very big due to the murders the main character commits as well as how he hides his identity of Kira. Although Bertschy mentioned some manga readers will be surprised with the dark themes ofDeath Note, he praised the series for its \"great art, great story, compelling characters\".Briana Lawrence from the same website stated that what makesDeath Noteso interesting is that there is no villain, \"instead it had two opposing sides that both believe in the same thing: justice\". She felt that once vital characters fading into the background, the ending brings back what the fans loved about the first volume and the supporting cast are \"given a chance to shine\". She also mentioned that the epilogue made no mention of what happens withMisa Amaneand how Near and Mello were still treated like parts of L.Julie Rosato fromMania Entertainmentfound the story to be very entertaining, having liked Light's development in the story and L's introduction as well as how the latter starts suspecting the former's identity. Additionally, she praised the story as it is \"building a climax\" with each detail introduced in the first chapter, making the reader look forward to upcoming chapters.Jolyon Baraka Thomas, in aJapanese Journal of Religious Studiesarticle, describes the manga as having a \"somber narrative\" with a \"dark cast\". Obata's art is \" in stark strokes characterized---fittingly---by a complex interplay of light and shadow\". Anime OnRotten Tomatoes, the show holds an approval rating of 100%, based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads: \"Death Noteis an exceptional anime that poses profound questions about justice and murder, all while delivering a supremely satisfying tale of tactical one-upmanship between a detective and killer.\"TheDeath Noteanime was one of the series to win Best TV Anime at the 2007Tokyo International Anime Fair.The anime was commended with Tom S. Pepirium ofIGNsaying thatDeath Note's \"heavy serialized nature\" is what \"makes the show so engaging and discussion worthy\".Pepirium, saying that translatingDeath Noteis \"no small task\", stated that Stephen Hedley created an English dub with \"nothing clunky\". He added that Karl Willems, director of the dub, assembled a \"stunning voice cast of professionals\" with a \"solid tone minus some of the cheesy yelling and screaming of other dubs\".On theNPRshowFresh Air, John Powers said thatDeath Noteis \"at least as addictive as a show likeLost\".It was also listed as the 51st best animated show in IGN's Top 100 Animated Series.Hyperwrote: Running over thirty-seven 20 minutes episodes, the anime sticks much closer to the manga so takes a far more languid approach to storytelling, better fleshing out the fantastic characters of Light and his nemesis, L. Light in particular is one of the most layered characters to appear in anime in a long time. Jacob Hope Chapman fromAnime News Networkpraised Teru Mikami's role as bloody and flashy as ever better than that of Near, Mello, and Misa. Light novels A.E. Sparrow ofIGNreviewed the novelAnother Noteand gave it a 9.5 out of 10. Sparrow said that the author understood \"what made these characters click so well\" and \"captures everything that made the manga the compelling read that it is\". Sparrow said that fans ofDeath Notewho readAnother Notewill \"find a welcome home\" inNisio Isin's work which \"adds a few more fun layers\" to theDeath Notefranchise.The novelization ofL: Change the Worldbecame the second top-selling light novel in Japan during 2008. Legacy and controversies The series release outside Japan has inspired other works, as well as individuals making their own mock \"Death Notes\", including one that was associated with a real-life murder. According toWiredmagazine,Death Note\" Japan's most-popular print medium into an internationally controversial topic that has parents wondering whether they should prohibit their kids from reading manga entirely\". Live-action directorShusuke Kanekocommented in response, \"If preventing them from seeing this movie is going to make kids better, then why not prevent them from watching all bad news?\". In regards to the2019The Twilight Zoneepisode \"The Comedian\", Rosie Knight ofThe Hollywood Reporterstated that Samir's story appears to take a large influence fromDeath Note.The Simpsonshas parodiedDeath Notein both comic books and animation with the 2008 comic book story \"Murder, He Wrote\" inThe Simpsons Treehouse of Horror#14,whereBartreceives the notebook from the Ryuk-ified ghost ofKrusty the Clown, and the \"Death Tome\" segment of the 2022 television episode \"Treehouse of Horror XXXIII\", withLisareceiving the titular book. Bans and attempted bans Early in 2005, school officials inShenyang, the capital ofLiaoning(People's Republic of China), bannedDeath Note.The immediate cause was that students had been altering notebooks to resemble Death Notes and then writing the names of acquaintances, enemies, and teachers in the books.The ban was designed to protect the \"physical and mental health\"of students from horror material that \"misleads innocent children and distorts their mind and spirit\".Jonathan Clementshas suggested that the Chinese authorities acted partly against \"superstition\", but also against illegal, pirate publishers ofDeath Note.The ban has been extended to other Chinese cities including Beijing,Shanghai andLanzhouinGansuProvince.Legally published Chinese-language versions ofDeath Noteare published in Hong Kong.On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listedDeath Noteamong 38 anime and manga titles banned in China. In 2007, the education bureau inPingtung County, Taiwan asked teachers to pay attention to any negative influence on elementary school students reading the manga.In May 2010, theAlbuquerque Public SchoolsinNew Mexicoheld a hearing to ban theDeath Notemanga from their district's schools; it was unanimously voted down.After volumes ofDeath Notewere found at the February 2013 suicide of a 15-year-old girl inYekaterinburg, Russia, a local parents' group began campaigning to regulate all media based on the series, saying that it had an adverse effect on the minds of children.In March 2014, investigators concluded that the manga did not cause the girl to commit suicide. Imitations of the series There have been various imitations around the world of the premise ofDeath Note. At least one instance was linked to a crime - on September 28, 2007, two notes written withLatin charactersstating \"Watashi wa Kira dess\" , a mis-transliterationof \"I am Kira\"(私はキラです,Watashi wa Kira desu),were found near the partial remains of aCaucasianmale in Belgium. The case has been called the \"Mangamoord\" (Dutch forManga Murder) in Belgian media.It was not until 2010 that four people were arrested in connection to the murder.A senior at the Franklin Military Academy inRichmond, Virginia, United States was suspended in 2007 after being caught possessing a replica \"Death Note\" notebook with the names of fellow students. The school's principal wrote a letter to the student's parents linking to an unofficial website where visitors can write names and circumstances of death for people they want to die. InSouth Carolinain March 2008, school officials seized a \"Death Note\" notebook from a Hartsville Middle School student. District officials linked the notebook to the anime/manga. The notebook listed seven students' names. The school planned a disciplinary hearing and contacted the seven students' parents.InGadsden, Alabamain April 2008, two sixth-grade boys were arrested for possession of a \"Death Note\" that listed names of several staff members and fellow students. According to Etowah County Sheriff's Department Sgt. Lanny Handy, the notebook was discovered the previous afternoon by a staffer. The students were suspended from the county's schools, pending ajuvenile courthearing. The students, their parents, and school officials had met with Handy and a junior probation officer.InGig Harbor, Washington, one middle school student was expelled and three were suspended on May 14, 2008, for having 50 names in their own \"Death Note\" book, including PresidentGeorge W. Bush. It was reported in September 2009, that aYear Eightboy inSydney, Australia, created a \"Death Note\" that along with names contained a \"battle plan\" detailing where bombs could be placed inside his school.In December 2009, two students at an elementary school inOklahomawere disciplined for a \"Death Note\" with the names and descriptions of deaths of two girls that had angered them.AMichiganmiddle school student was suspended indefinitely in March 2010 for a \"Death Note\".In May 2010, a middle school student inAvonworth School Districtin Pennsylvania was suspended for a \"Death Note\" with names of fellow students and pop singerJustin Bieber.In February 2015, a fifth-grade student of an elementary school nearPittsburghwas suspended for owning a \"Death Note\" and writing other students' names in it. See also Notes References External links"
] | [
"West Japan Railway Company TheWest Japan Railway Company, also referred to asJR West(JR西日本,Jeiāru Nishi-Nihon), is one of theJapan Railways Group(JR Group) companies and operates in westernHonshu. It has its headquarters inKita-ku, Osaka.It is listed in theTokyo Stock Exchange, is a constituent of theTOPIXLarge70 index, and is also one of only threeJapan Railways Groupconstituents of theNikkei 225index: the others areJR EastandJR Central. It was also listed in theNagoyaandFukuokastock exchanges until late 2020. Lines Shinkansen JR-West's highest-grossing line is the Sanyo Shinkansenhigh-speed railline betweenOsakaandFukuoka. The Sanyo Shinkansen alone accounts for about 40% of JR-West's passenger revenues. The company also operatesHakata Minami Line, a short commuter line with Shinkansen trains inFukuoka. Urban Network The \"Urban Network\" is JR-West's name for itscommuter raillines in theOsaka-Kobe-Kyotometropolitan area. These lines together comprise 610 km of track, have 245 stations and account for about",
"account for about 43% of JR-West's passenger revenues. Urban Network stations are equipped to handleICOCAfare cards. Train control on these lines is highly automated, and during peak hours trains run as often as every two minutes. JR-West's Urban Network competes with a number of private commuter rail operators around Osaka, the \"Big 4\" beingHankyu Railway/Hanshin Railway(Hankyu bought Hanshin in April 2005),Keihan Railway,Kintetsu, andNankai Railway. JR-West's market share in the region is roughly equal to that of the Big 4 put together, largely due to its comprehensive network and high-speed commuter trains (Special Rapid Service trains on the Kobe and Kyoto lines operate at up to 130 km/h). Those initalicsare announcement names. Intercity and regional lines A number of other lines account for more than half of JR-West's track mileage. These lines mainly handle business and leisure travel between smaller cities and rural areas in western Japan. They account for about 20% of the company's passenger",
"company's passenger revenues. Intercity lines Regional lines Other businesses JR-West subsidiaries include the following. History JR-West was incorporated as a business corporation (kabushiki kaisha) on April 1, 1987, as part of the breakup of the state-ownedJapanese National Railways(JNR). Initially, it was a wholly owned subsidiary of theJNR Settlement Corporation(JNRSC), a special company created to hold the assets of the former JNR while they were shuffled among the new JR companies. For the first four years of its existence, JR-West leased its highest-revenue line, theSanyō Shinkansen, from the separate Shinkansen Holding Corporation. JR-West purchased the line in October 1991 at a cost of 974.1 billionJPY(about US$7.2 billion) in long-term debt. JNRSC sold 68.3% of JR-West in aninitial public offeringon theTokyo Stock Exchangein October 1996. After JNRSC was dissolved in October 1998, its shares of JR-West were transferred to the government-owned Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation (JRCC),",
"Corporation (JRCC), which merged into theJapan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency(JRTT) as part of a bureaucratic reform package in October 2003. JRTT offered all of its shares in JR-West to the public in an international IPO in 2004, ending the era of government ownership of JR-West. JR-West is now listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange,Nagoya Stock Exchange,Osaka Securities ExchangeandFukuoka Stock Exchange. Accidents and incidents References External links",
"Geibi Line TheGeibi Line(芸備線,Geibi-sen)is a railway line operated byWest Japan Railway Company(JR West) in the mountainous area of theChūgoku regionin Japan. It begins atBitchū Kōjiro Stationon the west side ofNiimi,Okayama Prefecture, connecting throughMiyoshi StationinMiyoshi,Hiroshima Prefecture, and terminating atHiroshima StationinHiroshima. In addition to theChūgoku Expressway, the Geibi Line is considered the main commuter and local rail line covering the route between northern Hiroshima Prefecture and the city of Hiroshima. The name of the line refers to the ancientprovincesofAki(安芸)(in Hiroshima Prefecture) andBitchū(備中)(in Okayama Prefecture), which the line connects. Since 2007, theICOCAcard can be used in all stations between Hiroshima Station and Karuga Station (stations in theHiroshima City Network). The majority of the line was out of service after a bridge was destroyed in the2018 Japan floods. The entire line reopened in October 2019. The line is one of the least used and least profitable in",
"least profitable in the JR West network, with average daily ridership of just 13 people (slightly more than two per train) on its least trafficked segment. The segment between Bitchu Kojiro and Bingo Yawata runs at an annual loss of JPY 700 million, while the segment between Tojo and Bingo Shobara is both circuitous and speed-restricted, making it less attractive than bus service. However, local authorities along the route have refused to discuss alternative transportation options with JR West. Station list Listed in order fromBitchū Kōjiro StationtoHiroshima Station, though the chart shows throughNiimi Stationfor convenience as all Geibi Line trains originate and terminate at Niimi. Former connecting lines Rolling stock The followingdiesel multiple unit(DMU)rolling stockcurrently operate on the Geibi Line: History The Geibi Line consists of the section opened by the Geibi Railway, which connected Hiroshima Station and Bingo Shōbara, the Shōbara Line between Bingo Shōbara and Bingo Ochiai which was partly",
"which was partly built by the Geibi Railway and then nationalised and extended by the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) and the Sanshin Line built by the JGR between Onuka and Bitchū Kōjiro. In 1936, the line between Hiroshima and Bitchū Kōjiro was completed, and the Geibi Railway was nationalised the following year, bringing the entire line under the control of the JGR. Opening dates for individual sections are given below. Geibi Railway Shōbara Line Sanshin Line Geibi Line See also References",
"Weekly Shōnen Jump Weekly Shōnen Jump(Japanese:週刊少年ジャンプ,Hepburn:Shūkan Shōnen Janpu, stylized in English asWEEKLY JUMP)is a weeklyshōnenmangaanthology published in Japan byShueishaunder theJumpline of magazines. Themangaseries within the magazine consist of manyactionscenes and a fair amount ofcomedy. Chapters of the series that run inWeekly Shōnen Jumpare collected and published intankōbonvolumes under theJump Comicsimprintevery two to three months. It is one of the longest-running manga magazines, with the first issue being released with a cover date of August 1, 1968. The magazine has sold over7.5billioncopies since 1968, making it thebest-selling comic/manga magazine, ahead of competitors such asWeekly Shōnen MagazineandWeekly Shōnen Sunday. The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine's circulation was at its highest, 6.53million copies per week, with a total readership of18 millionpeople in Japan. Throughout 2021, it had an average circulation of over1.3 millioncopies per week.",
"per week. Many of thebest-selling manga series—includingOne Piece,Dragon Ball,Naruto,Slam Dunk,KochiKame: Tokyo Beat Cops, andDemon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba—originate fromWeekly Shōnen Jump. Weekly Shōnen Jumphas sister magazines such asJump SQ,V Jump,Saikyō Jump, and digital counterpartShōnen Jump+which boasts its own exclusive titles. The magazine has also had several international counterparts, including the current North AmericanWeekly Shonen Jump. It also spawned a crossovermedia franchiseincludinganimeandvideo games(sinceFamicom Jump) which bring together variousShōnen Jumpcharacters. History Origins (1960s–1970s) Weekly Shōnen Jumpwas launched byShueishaon July 11, 1968,to compete with the already-successfulWeekly Shōnen MagazineandWeekly Shōnen Sunday.Weekly Shōnen Jump's sister publication was a manga magazine calledShōnen Book, which was originally a male version of the short-livedshōjomangaanthologyShōjo Book.Prior to issue 20,Weekly Shōnen Jumpwas originally called simplyShōnen Jumpas it was",
"Jumpas it was originally a bi-weekly magazine. In 1969,Shōnen Bookceased publicationat which timeShōnen Jumpbecame a weekly magazineand a new monthly magazine calledBessatsu Shōnen Jumpwas made to takeShōnen Book's place. This magazine was later rebranded asMonthly Shōnen Jumpbefore eventually being discontinued and replaced byJump SQ. Golden age (1980s–1990s) Hiroki Goto was appointed chief editor in 1986 and remained in the position until 1993. His tenure saw significant increases in circulation, and the serialization of numerous popular series. When asked about the period, Goto stated: \"We only tried to create manga that everybody can enjoy. There were no specific rules. Idol and tabloid magazines dominated in the Media & Entertainment industry at that time and we aimed to stand out from the crowd by using only manga as our weapon.\"Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden, released in 1988 for theFamily Computerwas produced to commemorate the magazine's 20th anniversary. It was followed by a sequel:Famicom Jump II:",
"Jump II: Saikyō no Shichininin 1991, also for the Family Computer. Shōnen Jump's circulation continued to increase year on year until 1995, peaking at 6.53 million copies. By 1998, circulation had dropped to 4.15 million copies, a decline in part ascribed to the conclusion of popular manga seriesDragon BallandSlam Dunk.The magazine peaked with a total readership of18 millionpeople in Japan during the early 1990s. Declining circulation (2000–2013) Circulation for the magazine continued to decline through the early 2000s, before reaching some stability around 2005, well below its earlier peak.In 2000, two more games were created for the purpose of commemorating the magazine's anniversaries. A crossover fighting game titledJump Super Starswas released for theNintendo DSin 2005. It was followed byJump Ultimate Starsin 2006. Due to the2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the shipment of the 15th issue of 2011 was delayed in some areas of Japan. In response, Shueisha published the series included in that issue for",
"in that issue for free on its website from March 23 to April 27. On July 11, 2013, theNamco Bandai Groupopened anamusement parkthemed aroundWeekly Shōnen Jumpseries. Titled J-World Tokyo, it is located on the third floor of the Sunshine City World Import Mart Building inIkebukuroand is 1.52 acres.In celebration of the magazine's 45th anniversary in 2013, Shueisha began a contest where anyone can submit manga in three different languages, Japanese, English and Chinese. Judged by the magazine's editorial department, four awards will be given, a grand prize and one for each language, each including 500,000 yen (about US$4,900) and guaranteed publication in eitherJump, its special editions, North American edition, China'sOK! Comic, or Taiwan'sFormosa Youth. Transition to digital (2013–present) A mobile phone app titled \"Jump Live\" was launched in August 2013, it features exclusive content from the artists whose series run inWeekly Shōnen Jump.On September 22, 2014, the freeShōnen Jump+(少年ジャンプ+,Shōnen Janpu",
"Janpu Purasu, abbreviatedJ+)mobile appand website was launched in Japan. It sells digital versions of theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmagazine, simultaneous with its print release, andtankōbonvolumes of individualJumpseries past and present. However, it also has large samples of the manga that can be read for free.There are also series that are serialized exclusively on the app, such asMarvel × Shōnen Jump+ Super Collaboration; unlike those inWeekly Shōnen Jump, these series may be aimed at adult men or women.These exclusive series are later published in printtankōbonvolumes under the Jump Comics+ imprint. In 2019, theShōnen Jump+website and app had about 2.4 million active users.As of January 2020, the app had been downloaded more than 13 million times. As the magazine shifted towards digital provision, print circulation once again began to decline. By 2017, print circulation was down to under two million, less than a third of its peak during the golden age.This decline follows similar trends seen by other magazines",
"by other magazines in the sector. A new crossover game,J-Stars Victory Vs., was released in 2014 for thePlayStation 3andPlayStation Vitato commemorate Jump's 45 anniversary. In June 2018, a limited50th AnniversaryShōnen JumpEditionof theFamicom Mini(NES Classic Edition) game console was released in Japan. It sold 110,000 units in two days. On January 28, 2019, Shueisha launched the global English-language version ofShōnen Jump+, titledManga Plus. It is freely available in every country except China and South Korea, which have their own separate services. A Spanish-language version was launched in February 2019, and has a different library of content.Like the Japanese app, it has large samples of manga that can be read for free including all the current titles ofWeekly Shōnen Jump, a sizeable number of titles fromShōnen Jump+and some titles fromJump Square. However, unlike the Japanese version, the latest chapters of currentWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga are made available free for a limited-time and it does not",
"and it does not sell content. Newcomer Awards Weekly Shōnen Jump, in association with parent companyShueisha, holds annual competitions for new or up and comingmanga artiststo create one-shot stories. The best are put to a panel of judges (including manga artists past and present) where the best are given a special award for the best of these new series. TheTezuka Award, named for manga pioneerOsamu Tezuka, is given for all different styles of stories. TheAkatsuka Award, named for gag manga pioneerFujio Akatsuka, is a similar competition for comedy and gag manga. ManyWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga artists have gotten their start either winning or being acknowledged by these competitions. Associated items WSJis also the center of the Shueisha's branding of its main manga products due to the popularity and recognition of the series and characters published in it. Although the manga are published both in the main magazine as well as in theJump Comicsimprint line oftankōbon, they also are republished in various other",
"in various other editions such askanzenbanand \"Remixes\" of the original work, usually publishing series older or previously established series. The Jump brand is also used on thetankōbonreleased of their manga series, related drama CDs, and at \"Jump Festa\", a festival showing off the people and products behind theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga titles. Circulation and demographic Weekly Shōnen Jumpis the bestselling manga magazine in Japan.In 1982,Weekly Shōnen Jumphad a circulation of 2.55 million. By 1995, circulation numbers swelled to 6.53 million. The magazine's formereditor-in-chiefMasahiko Ibaraki (2003–2008) stated this was due to the magazine including \"hit titles such asDragon Ball,Slam Dunk, and others.\" After hitting this peak, the circulation numbers continued to drop.1998's New Year's issue was the first time in 24 years thatWeekly Shōnen Jumplost as the highest sellingshōnenmanga magazine (4.15 million copies sold), ceding toWeekly Shōnen Magazine(4.45 million).It was not until 2007 that the magazine",
"that the magazine saw its first increase in 11 years, from 2.75 million to 2.78 million, an increase that Ibaraki credited toOne Piece. By publishingshōnenmanga, the magazine is targeted to young teen males. However,Index Digitalreported in 2005 that the favorite non-shōjomagazine of elementary and middle school-aged female readers isWeekly Shōnen Jumpat 61.9%.Strengthening it,Oriconconducted a poll among 2,933 female Japanese readers on their favorite manga magazines in 2007.Weekly Shōnen Jumpwas the number one answer, withOne Piece,Death Note, andThe Prince of Tenniscited as the reasons.In 2009, it was reported that 62.9% of the magazine's readers were under the age of fourteen.However, in 2019 Shueisha revealed that its largest demographic of 27.4% was aged 25 or older. Features Series There are currently 23 manga titles being serialized inWeekly Shōnen Jump. Out of them,Burn the Witch's continuation is yet to be announced andHunter × Hunteris serialized on an irregular schedule. Related titles Jump Giga",
"titles Jump Giga Jump Giga(ジャンプGIGA)is a special seasonal offshoot ofWeekly Shōnen Jumplaunched on July 20, 2016.Its original predecessor started in 1969 as a regular special issue of the bi-weeklyShōnen Jump. WhenShōnen Jumpbecame a weekly publication and was renamedWeekly Shōnen Jumpin October of that same year, the special issue changed to a quarterly release and kept the shorter name.In the mid-1980s, the magazine took on theWeekly Shōnen Jumpname with each issue subtitled the Spring, Summer, Autumn, or WinterSpecial. Beginning in 1996, it was published three times a year forGolden Week,Obonand New Years under the nameAkamaru Jump(赤マルジャンプ,Akamaru Janpu)until April 30, 2010, when it was renamedShōnen Jump Next!(少年ジャンプNEXT!).In 2012 it returned to a quarterly schedule.A second exclamation point was added to the title in March 2014, when it switched to a bi-monthly release.After relaunching asJump Giga, the magazine published four issues or \"volumes\" in 2016 and 2017,six in 2018 and 2019 (three in summer",
"(three in summer and three in winter), and seems to have returned to a seasonal quarterly release since 2020. Jump Gigafeatures many amateur manga artists who get theirone-shotspublished in the magazine. It also puts additional one-shot titles by professional manga artists, which promote upcoming series to be published in the main magazine. It has also featured the last chapters of cancelled series fromWeekly Shōnen Jump,such asEnigmaandMagico. It also featuresyonkomaof popular series such asDeath NoteandNaruto, as well as the pilot chapter ofBleach.Jump Next!has had several other past special versions: V Jump V Jump(Vジャンプ,Bui Janpu)was originally an offshoot of theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmagazine in a special issue calledWeekly Shōnen Jump Tokubetsu Henshū Zōkan V Jump(週刊少年ジャンプ特別編集増刊 V JUMP). The special issues lasted from 1992 through 1993.V Jumpbecame its own independent anthology in 1993 for coverage of games, including video and card games. Super Jump Super Jump(スーパージャンプ,Sūpā Janpu)was also originally an",
"also originally an offshoot of theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmagazine in a special issue calledWeekly Shōnen Jump Tokubetsu Henshū Zōkan Super Jump(週刊少年ジャンプ特別編集増刊 スーパージャンプ). The magazine was published from 1968 to 1988, when it became a separate anthology forseinenmanga. Jump VS Jump VS was a special issue ofWeekly Shōnen Jump, published on March 22, 2013. The issue focused on \"battle manga\" and included 12 one-shots. International adaptations Manga titles fromWeekly Shōnen Jumpare translated into many foreign languages, and some even have their own separate version of theWeekly Shōnen Jumpanthology.Weekly Shōnen Jumpmanga are also published in many other countries where the magazine itself is not published, like theUnited Kingdom,Argentina,Mexico,Spain,Australia, andSouth Korea. Shonen Jump Shonen Jump, published in North America byViz Media, debuted in November 2002, with a January 2003 cover date. Though based onWeekly Shōnen Jump, theEnglish languageShonen Jumpis retooled for English readers and the American",
"and the American audience and is published monthly, instead of weekly.It features serialized chapters from seven manga series, and articles on Japanese language and culture, manga, anime, video games, and figurines.In conjunction with the magazine, Viz launched new imprints for releasing media related to the series presented in the magazine, and othershōnenworks. This includes two new manga imprints, ananimeDVD imprint, a fiction line for releasinglight novels, a label for fan and data books, and a label for the release of art books. Prior to the magazine's launch, Viz launched an extensive marketing campaign to promote the magazine and help it succeed where other manga anthologies in North America have failed.Shueisha purchased an equity interest in Viz to help fund the venture,andCartoon Network,Suncoast, andDiamond Distributorsbecame promotional partners in the magazine.The first issue required three printings to meet demand, with over 300,000 copies sold.It was awarded the ICv2 \"Comic Product of the",
"Product of the Year\" award in December 2002, and continued to enjoy high sales with a monthly circulation of 215,000 in 2008.Shonen Jumpwas discontinued in April 2012 in favor of its digital successor,Weekly Shonen Jump. With it ending in an incomplete, but yet almost complete picture spine of the Naruto splash page of \"Declaration of War\" on the side of each said magazine. Weekly Shonen Jump Weekly Shonen Jump, Viz Media's successor to the monthly print anthologyShonen Jump, was a North Americandigitalshōnen manga anthology published simultaneously with the Japanese editions ofWeekly Shōnen Jump, in part to combat the copyright violation of manga throughbootlegscanlationservices. It began serialization on January 30, 2012, asWeekly Shonen Jump Alphawith a lineup of six titles and new issues published online two weeks after Japanese release, but within a year had expanded to twelve ongoing series, and on January 21, 2013, it underwent a rebranding and transitioned to simultaneous publication with Japan.",
"with Japan. Banzai! Banzai!is a German-language version ofWeekly Shōnen Jumppublished byCarlsen Verlagthat was published from 2001 through December 2005 before being canceled.In addition to theWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga series, the magazine also included original German languagemanga-influenced comics. The magazine competed as a sister publication to ashōjoanthology calledDaisuki. It had a circulation of 140,000 copies. Remen Shaonian Top Rèmén Shàonián Top(熱門少年TOP) is the former weekly Chinese-language version ofWeekly Shōnen Jump, published in Taiwan by Da Ran Publishing. In the 1990s Da Ran went bankrupt and the magazine had to cease publication.Rèmén Shàonián Topserialized series such asYu-Gi-Oh!,Tottemo! Luckyman,Hikaru no Go, andOne Pieceas well as several other domesticmanhua. Formosa Youth Formosa Youth(寶島少年Báodǎo Shàonián) is the currentweekly Chinese version ofWeekly Shōnen Jump.Formosa Youthfeatures various series fromWeekly Shōnen Jump. TheFormosa Youthmagazine translatesWeekly Shōnen Jumpmanga up",
"Shōnen Jumpmanga up to date. A sister publication ofFormosa YouthisDragon Youth Comic(龍少年Lóng Shàonián), which specializes in domestic manhua. In 1977, the Tong Li company was created and founded by Fang Wan-Nan which created bootlegs, this ended in 1992.A law in Taiwan restricted the act of bootlegging all manga.During 1992, Tong Li created many manga and manhua magazines,New Youth Bulletin,Youth Comic,Margaret Girl,Dragon Youth Comic, andFormosa Youth.Some series likeOne PieceandHikaru no Gowere first published in the manga/manhua magazineRèmén Shàonián Top(熱門少年TOP) by Da Ran Publishing, but when Daran Publishing went bankrupt the series were transferred toFormosa Youth. EX-am EX-amis the Hong Kong version ofWeekly Shōnen Jumppublished by Culturecom Holdings's comic division Culturecom Comics, the largest comic distributors in all of Asia.The magazine publishedHunter × Hunter,Captain TsubasaandDragon Ball—which holds the highest circulation of manga in Hong Kong, alongside the highest of domestic manhua",
"of domestic manhua which would beChinese Hero: Tales of the Blood Sword. C-Kids C-Kids(ซีคิดส์See Kít) is theThai languageWeekly Shōnen Jumppublished bySiam Inter Comics.C-Kidspublishes manyWeekly Shōnen Jumpseries such asOne Piece, Gintamaalong with many original manga-influenced comics from the division Cartoon Thai Studio likeEXEcutional. Boom Boom(บูม) is anotherThai languageWeekly Shōnen Jumppublished by Nation Edutainment.Boompublishes manyWeekly Shōnen Jumpseries such asNaruto,Death Notealong with many original manga-influenced comics from Factory Studio likeMeed Thii Sib-SamandApaimanee Saga. SwedishShonen Jump In November 2004, Manga Media began publication of aSwedish languageversion ofWeekly Shōnen Jumpin Sweden, calledShonen Jumpas a sister publication to their existing magazinesManga ManiaandShojo Stars. The magazine included chapters from various popularWeekly Shōnen Jumptitles includingBleach,Naruto,Shaman King, andYu-Gi-Oh!. In November 2007, after 37 issues published, Manga Media ceased",
"Manga Media ceased publication of the magazine.It had a circulation of 30,000 copies. NorwegianShonen Jump ANorwegian languageedition ofWeekly Shōnen Jumpbegan publication in Norway in March 2005. Published bySchibsted, the Norwegian edition was a direct translation of Bonnier's Swedish version of the magazine, containing the same series and titles. When Bonnier lost the license forWeekly Shōnen Jump, the Norwegian version also ceased publication, with the last issue released on February 26, 2007. They also created two short lived book imprints: \"En Bok Fra Shonen Jump\" (a book from Shonen Jump) for profile books and \"Dragon Ball Ekstra\" (Dragon Ball Extra) a line specifically for manga written byAkira Toriyama.Also afilm comicbased on theDragon Ball Zanime was released under the \"TV Anime Comic\" imprint. Imprints Jump Comics is used as animprintlabel for publishing manga, most often for collectedtankōbonvolumes of manga series originally serialized inWeekly Shōnen Jumpand otherJumpmagazines.The imprint is",
"imprint is published in the U.S. under the names Shonen Jump and Shonen Jump Advanced. Shōnen Jump Advanced was created for the distribution of manga series considered more mature due to content or themes. Series released under SJA includeEyeshield 21,Ichigo 100%,Pretty Face,I\"s,Hunter × Hunter,Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo(first edition) andDeath Note. Weekly Shōnen Jumpformerly ran a manga line ofaizōbaneditions called Jump Comics Deluxe. Jump Comics+ is the imprint for all the manga series exclusively digitally released on the app and websiteShōnen Jump+after the chapters of the series get reunited and released in print intankōbonformat.Weekly Shōnen Jumphas also run a line oflight novelsand guidebooks called Jump J-Books.Weekly Shōnen Jumphas also run a linebunkoboneditions called Shueisha Comic Bunko. A line of large square-bound phone book size issues of earlyJump Comicsseries named Shueisha Jump Remix has also been published. Circulation figures Magazine circulation The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the",
"represents the era when the magazine's circulation was at its highest, 6.53million copies per week, with a total readership of18 millionpeople in Japan. The magazine has sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968, making it thebest-selling comic/manga magazine, ahead of competitors such asWeekly Shōnen MagazineandWeekly Shōnen Sunday.Throughout 2019, it had an average circulation of over1.6 millioncopies per week. Manga series The following table lists the manga series that have had the highest circulation inShōnen Jumpmagazine. It lists the number of issues where they're serialized, and estimated circulation figures and sales revenue of thoseShōnen Jumpissues (based on themagazine circulationfigures above). Of the series listed below, onlyBleach,GintamaandBlack Cloverbegan their serialization after the conclusion of the golden age in the late 1990s. See also Notes References External links",
"Death Note Death Note(stylized inall caps) is a Japanesemangaseries written byTsugumi Ohbaand illustrated byTakeshi Obata. It was serialized inShueisha'sshōnenmanga magazineWeekly Shōnen Jumpfrom December 2003 to May 2006, with its chapters collected in 12tankōbonvolumes. The story followsLight Yagami, a genius high school student who discovers a mysterious notebook: the \"Death Note\", which belonged to theshinigamiRyuk, and grants the user the supernatural ability to kill anyone whose name is written in its pages. The series centers around Light's subsequent attempts to use the Death Note to carry out a worldwide massacre of individuals whom he deems immoral and to create a crime-free society, using the alias of a god-like vigilante named \"Kira\", and the subsequent efforts ofan elite Japanese police task force, led by enigmatic detectiveL, to apprehend him. A 37-episodeanimetelevision series adaptation, produced byMadhouseand directed byTetsurō Araki, was broadcast onNippon Televisionfrom October 2006 to June",
"2006 to June 2007. Alight novelbased on the series, written byNisio Isin, was also released in 2006. Additionally, various video games have been published byKonamifor theNintendo DS. The series was adapted into threelive-actionfilms released in Japan inJune,November 2006, andFebruary 2008, anda television dramain 2015. A miniseries titledDeath Note: New Generationanda fourth filmwere released in 2016. AnAmerican film adaptationwas releasedexclusivelyonNetflixin August 2017, and a series is reportedly in the works. Death Notemedia, except for video games and soundtracks, is licensed and released in North America byViz Media. The episodes from the anime first appeared in North America as downloadable fromIGNbefore Viz Media licensed it. The series was aired onYTV'sBionixprogramming block in Canada and onAdult Swimin the United States with a DVD release following. The live-action films briefly played in certain North American theaters, in 2008, before receiving home video releases. By April 2015, theDeath",
"2015, theDeath Notemanga had over 30 million copies in circulation, making it one of thebest-selling manga series. Plot InTokyo, a disaffected high school student namedLight Yagamifinds the \"Death Note\", a mysterious black notebook with rules that can end anyone's life in seconds as long as the writer knows both the target's true name and face. Light uses the notebook to kill high-profile criminals and is visited byRyuk, ashinigamiand the Death Note's previous owner. Ryuk, invisible to anyone who has not touched the notebook, reveals that he dropped the notebook into the human world out of boredom and is amused by Light's actions. Global media suggest that a single mastermind is responsible for the mysterious murders and name them \"Kira\"(キラ, the Japanesetransliterationof the word \"killer\").Interpolrequests the assistance of the enigmatic detectiveLto assist in their investigation. L tricks Light into revealing that he is in the Kanto region of Japan by manipulating him to kill a decoy. Light vows to kill L,",
"vows to kill L, whom he views as obstructing his plans. L deduces that Kira has inside knowledge of the Japanese police investigation, led by Light's father,Soichiro Yagami. L assigns a team of FBI agents to monitor the families of those connected with the investigation and designates Light as the prime suspect. Light graduates from high school to college. L recruits Light into theKira Task Force. Actress-modelMisa Amaneobtains a second Death Note from ashinigaminamedRemand makes a deal forshinigamieyes, which reveal the names of anyone whose face she sees, at the cost of half her remaining lifespan. Seeking to have Light become her boyfriend, Misa uncovers Light's identity as the original Kira. Light uses her love for him to his advantage, intending to use Misa'sshinigamieyes to discern L's true name. L deduces that Misa is likely the second Kira and detains her. Rem threatens to kill Light if he does not find a way to save Misa. Light arranges a scheme in which he and Misa temporarily lose their memories",
"lose their memories of the Death Note, and has Rem pass the Death Note toKyosuke Higuchiof theYotsuba Group. With memories of the Death Note erased, Light joins the investigation and, together with L, deduces Higuchi's identity and arrests him. Light regains his memories and uses the Death Note to kill Higuchi, regaining possession of the book. After restoring Misa's memories, Light instructs her to begin killing as Kira, causing L to cast suspicion on Misa. Rem realizes Light's plan to have Misa sacrifice herself to kill L. After Rem kills L, she disintegrates and Light obtains her Death Note. The task force agrees to have Light operate as the new L. The investigation stalls but crime rates continue to drop. Four years later, cults worshiping Kira have risen. L's potential successors are introduced:NearandMello. Mello joins the mafia whilst Near joins forces with the US government. Mello kidnaps Director Takimura, who is killed by Light. Mello kidnaps Light's sister and exchanges her for the Death Note,",
"for the Death Note, using it to kill almost all of Near's team. A Shinigami named Sidoh goes to Earth to reclaim his notebook and ends up meeting and helping Mello. Light uses the notebook to find Mello's hideout, but Soichiro is killed in the mission. Mello and Near exchange information and Mello kidnaps Mogi and gives him to Near. Kira's supporters attack Near's group, but they escape.Shuichi Aizawa, one of the task force members, becomes suspicious of Light and meets with Near. As suspicion falls again on Misa, Light passes Misa's Death Note toTeru Mikami, a fervent Kira supporter, and appoints newscasterKiyomi Takadaas Kira's public spokesperson. Near has Mikami followed whilst Aizawa's suspicions are confirmed. Realizing that Takada is connected to Kira, Mello kidnaps her. Takada kills Mello but is killed by Light. Near arranges a meeting between Light and the current Kira Task Force members. Light tries to have Mikami kill Near as well as all the task force members, but Mikami's Death Note fails to",
"Death Note fails to work, having been replaced with a decoy. Near proves Light is Kira discovering Mikami had not written down Light's name. Light is wounded in a scuffle and begs Ryuk to write the names of everyone present. Ryuk instead writes down Light's name in his Death Note, as he had promised to do the day they met, and Light dies. One year later, the world has returned to normal and the Kira Taskforce Members are conflicted over whether they made the right decision. Meanwhile, cults continue to worship Kira. C-Kira(one-shot sequel) Three years later, Near, now functioning as the new L, receives word that a new Kira has appeared. Hearing that the new Kira is randomly killing people, Near concludes that the new Kira is an attention-seeker and denounces the new Kira as \"boring\" and not worth catching. Ashinigaminamed Midora approaches Ryuk and gives him an apple from the human realm, in a bet to see if a random human could become the new Kira, but Midora loses the bet when the human writes his own name",
"writes his own name in the Death Note after hearing Near's announcement. Ryuk tells Midora that no human would ever surpass Light as the new Kira. a-Kira(one-shot sequel) Another ten years later, Ryuk returns to Earth and gives the Death Note to Minoru Tanaka, the top-scoring student in Japan, hoping that he will follow in Light Yagami's footsteps. On explaining the rules to Minoru, Ryuk is surprised when he returns the notebook and tells him to return it and his memory of their encounter to him in two years' time. Two years later, on receiving the notebook back from Ryuk, Minoru reveals he has no plans to use it himself but rather he plans to auction it off to the governments of the world, with Ryuk's help sending his offer out as \"a-Kira\", having waited two years until he was old enough to have a bank account to allow his plan to work. Elsewhere, Near (as L) is revealed to be developing technology meant to track and eventually find a method of destroying Shinigami, although it is not yet advanced enough to",
"advanced enough to be useful. After selling the Death Note toU.S. PresidentDonald Trump for a sum that would ensure every Japanese citizen under the age of 60 would be financially set for life, Minoru relinquishes his ownership and memory of his plan to Ryuk, assuring his own anonymity, while Trump is left unable to use the Death Note after the King of Death creates a new rule disallowing the Death Note to be sold, and he secretly returns it to Ryuk. Minoru collapses to the ground in the bank after withdrawing his savings. It is revealed that Ryuk wrote his name in the Death Note next to Light's. He longs for a human who will use the notebook for a longer period of time. Production Development TheDeath Noteconcept derived from a rather general concept involvingshinigamiand \"specific rules\".AuthorTsugumi Ohbawanted to create a suspense series because the genre had some suspense series available to the public. After the publication of the pilot chapter, the series was not expected to receive approval as a",
"approval as a serialized comic. Learning thatDeath Notehad received approval and that Takeshi Obata would create the artwork, Ohba said, they \"couldn't even believe it\".Due to positive reactions,Death Notebecame a serialized manga series. \"Thumbnails\" incorporating dialogue, panel layout and basic drawings were created, reviewed by an editor and sent toTakeshi Obata, the illustrator, with the script finalized and the panel layout \"mostly done\". Obata then determined the expressions and \"camera angles\" and created the final artwork. Ohba concentrated on the tempo and the amount of dialogue, making the text as concise as possible. Ohba commented that \"reading too much exposition\" would be tiring and would negatively affect the atmosphere and \"air of suspense\". The illustrator had significant artistic licence to interpret basic descriptions, such as \"abandoned building\",as well as the design of the Death Notes themselves. When Ohba was deciding on the plot, they visualized the panels while relaxing on their",
"relaxing on their bed, drinking tea, or walking around their house. Often the original draft was too long and needed to be refined to finalize the desired \"tempo\" and \"flow\". The writer remarked on their preference for reading the previous \"two or four\" chapters carefully to ensure consistency in the story. The typical weekly production schedule consisted of five days of creating and thinking and one day using a pencil to insert dialogue into rough drafts; after this point, the writer faxed any initial drafts to the editor. The illustrator's weekly production schedule involved one day with the thumbnails, layout, and pencils and one day with additional penciling and inking. Obata's assistants usually worked for four days and Obata spent one day to finish the artwork. Obata said that when he took a few extra days to color the pages, this \"messed with the schedule\". In contrast, the writer took three or four days to create a chapter on some occasions, while on others they took a month. Obata said that his",
"Obata said that his schedule remained consistent except when he had to create color pages. Ohba and Obata rarely met in person during the creation of the serialized manga; instead, the two met with the editor. The first time they met in person was at an editorial party in January 2004. Obata said that, despite the intrigue, he did not ask his editor about Ohba's plot developments as he anticipated the new thumbnails every week.The two did not discuss the final chapters with one another and continued talking only with the editor. Ohba said that when they asked the editor if Obata had \"said anything\" about the story and plot, the editor responded: \"No, nothing\". Ohba claims that the series ended more or less in the manner that they intended for it to end; they considered the idea ofLdefeating Light Yagami with Light dying but instead chose to use the \"Yellow Box Warehouse\" ending. According to Ohba, the details had been set \"from the beginning\".The writer wanted an ongoing plot line instead of an episodic",
"of an episodic series becauseDeath Notewas serialized and its focus was intended to be on a cast with a series of events triggered by the Death Note.13: How to Readstates that the humorous aspects ofDeath Noteoriginated from Ohba's \"enjoyment of humorous stories\". When Ohba was asked, during an interview, whether the series was meant to be about enjoying the plot twists and psychological warfare, Ohba responded by saying that this concept was the reason why they were \"very happy\" to place the story inWeekly Shōnen Jump. Concepts The notebooks The coreplot deviceof the story is the \"Death Note\" itself, a black notebook with instructions (known as \"Rules of the Death Note\") written on the inside. When used correctly, it allows anyone to commit a murder, knowing only the victim's name and face. According to the director of the live-action films,Shusuke Kaneko, \"The idea of spiritsliving in wordsis an ancient Japanese concept.... In a way, it's a very Japanese story\". Artist Takeshi Obata originally thought of",
"thought of the books as \"Something you would automatically think was a Death Note\". Deciding that this design would be cumbersome, he instead opted for a more accessible college notebook. Death Notes were originally conceived as changing based on time and location, resembling scrolls in ancient Japan, or theOld Testamentin medieval Europe. However, this idea was never used. Themes Writer Tsugumi Ohba had no particular themes in mind forDeath Note. When pushed, he suggested: \"Humans will all eventually die, so let's give it our all while we're alive\".In a 2012 paper, author Jolyon Baraka Thomas characterisedDeath Noteas a psychological thriller released in the wake of the 1995Tokyo subway sarin attack, saying that it examines the human tendency to express itself through \"horrific\" cults. Pilot chapter TheDeath Noteprocess began when Ohba brought thumbnails for two concept ideas toShueisha; Ohba said that theDeath Notepilot, one of the concepts, was \"received well\" by editors and attained positive reactions",
"positive reactions from readers.Ohba described keeping the story of the pilot to one chapter as \"very difficult\", declaring that it took over a month to begin writing the chapter. He added that the story had to revive the killed characters with the Death Eraser and that he \"didn't really care\" for that plot device. Obata said that he wanted to draw the story after he heard of a \"horror story featuringshinigami\".According to Obata, when he first received the rough draft created by Ohba, he \"didn't really get it\" at first, and he wanted to work on the project due to the presence ofshinigamiand because the work \"was dark\".He also said he wondered about the progression of the plot as he read the thumbnails, and ifJumpreaders would enjoy reading the comic. Obata said that while there is little action and the main character \"doesn't really drive the plot\", he enjoyed the atmosphere of the story. He stated that he drew the pilot chapter so that it would appeal to himself. Ohba brought the rough draft of the pilot",
"draft of the pilot chapter to the editorial department. Obata came into the picture at a later point to create the artwork. They did not meet in person while creating the pilot chapter. Ohba said that the editor told him he did not need to meet with Obata to discuss the pilot; Ohba said \"I think it worked out all right\". Anime adaptation Tetsurō Araki, the director, said that he wished to convey aspects that \"made the series interesting\" instead of simply \"focusing on morals or the concept of justice\". Toshiki Inoue, the series organizer, agreed with Araki and added that, in anime adaptations, there is a lot of importance in highlighting the aspects that are \"interesting in the original\". He concluded that Light's presence was \"the most compelling\" aspect; therefore the adaptation chronicles Light's \"thoughts and actions as much as possible\". Inoue noted that to best incorporate the manga's plot into the anime, he \"tweak the chronology a bit\" and incorporated flashbacks that appear after the openings of the",
"the openings of the episodes; he said this revealed the desired tensions. Araki said that, because in an anime the viewer cannot \"turn back pages\" in the manner that a manga reader can, the anime staff ensured that the show clarified details. Inoue added that the staff did not want to get involved with every single detail, so the staff selected elements to emphasize. Due to the complexity of the original manga, he described the process as \"definitely delicate and a great challenge\". Inoue admitted that he placed more instructions and notes in the script than usual. Araki added that because of the importance of otherwise trivial details, this commentary became crucial to the development of the series. Araki said that when he discovered theDeath Noteanime project, he \"literally begged\" to join the production team; when he joined he insisted that Inoue should write the scripts. Inoue added that, because he enjoyed reading the manga, he wished to use his effort. Media Manga Death Note, written byTsugumi Ohbaand",
"byTsugumi Ohbaand illustrated byTakeshi Obata, was serialized inShueisha'sshōnenmangamagazineWeekly Shōnen Jumpfrom December 1, 2003,to May 15, 2006.The series' 108 chapters were collected into twelvetankōbonvolumes by Shueisha, released from April 2, 2004,to July 4, 2006.Aone-shotchapter, titled \"C-Kira\"(Cキラ編,C-Kira-hen)(\"Death Note: Special One-Shot\"), was published inWeekly Shōnen Jumpon February 9, 2008. Set two years after the manga's epilogue, it sees the introduction of a new Kira and the reactions of the main characters in response to the copycat's appearance.SeveralDeath Noteyonkoma(four-panel comics) appeared inAkamaru Jump. Theyonkomawas written to be humorous. TheAkamaru Jumpissues that printed the comics include 2004 Spring, 2004 Summer, 2005 Winter, and 2005 Spring. In additionWeekly Shōnen JumpGag Special 2005 included someDeath Noteyonkoma in aJumpHeroes Super 4-Panel Competition.Shueisha re-released the series in sevenbunkobanvolumes from March 18 to August 19, 2014.On October 4, 2016, all",
"4, 2016, all 12 original manga volumes and the February 2008 one-shot were released in a singleAll-in-One Edition, consisting of 2,400 pages in a single book. In April 2005,Viz Mediaannounced that they had licensed the series for English release in North America.The twelve volumes were released from October 10, 2005, to July 3, 2007.The manga was re-released in a six-volume omnibus edition, dubbed \"Black Edition\".The volumes were released from December 28, 2010, to November 1, 2011.TheAll-in-One Editionwas released in English on September 6, 2017, resulting in the February 2008 one-shot being released in English for the first time. In addition, a guidebook for the manga was also released on October 13, 2006. It was namedDeath Note 13: How to Readand contained data relating to the series, including character profiles of almost every character that is named, creator interviews, behind the scenes info for the series and the pilot chapter that precededDeath Note. It also reprinted all of the yonkoma serialized",
"yonkoma serialized inAkamaru Jumpand theWeekly Shōnen JumpGag Special 2005.Its first edition could be purchased with aDeath Note-themed diorama which includes fivefinger puppetsinspired by Near's toys. The five finger puppets are Kira, L, Misa, Mello, and Near. In North America,13: How to Readwas released on February 19, 2008. In the June 2019 issue of Shueisha'sJump Squareit was announced that a new one-shot chapter ofDeath Notewould be published. Part of the complete manuscript debuted at the \"30th Work Anniversary Takeshi Obata Exhibition: Never Complete\" event which ran in Tokyo from July 13 to August 12, 2019.Titled \"Death Note: Special One-Shot\", the entire 87-page chapter was published in the March issue ofJump Squareon February 4, 2020 and on Viz's website.A collected volume titledDeath Note: Short Stories(DEATH NOTE短編集,Desu Nōto Tanpenshū), which includes the February 2008 one-shot chapter, the \"Special One-Shot\" (re-titled \"a-Kira\"(aキラ編,a-Kira-hen), the series' pilot chapter and the \"L: The Wammy's",
"the \"L: The Wammy's House\"/\"L: One Day\" one-shot chapters and more, was released on February 4, 2021. Light novels Alight noveladaptation of the series has been written byNisio Isin, calledDeath Note Another Note: The Los Angeles BB Murder Cases. The novel was released by Shueisha on August 1, 2006.It serves as a prequel to the manga series, with Mello narrating the story of L's first encounter with Naomi Misora during the Los Angeles \"BB Serial Murder Case\" mentioned in volume 2 of the manga. Besides Naomi's character, the novel focuses on how L works and one of the criminals L has to chase down. Insight was given into Watari's orphanage and how the whole system of geniuses such as L, Mello, Beyond Birthday, Matt and Near were put to work. Viz released the novel in English on February 19, 2008.The filmL: Change the Worldwas also adapted into a light novel with the same name on December 25, 2007, by \"M\",While the novel is similar to the film, there are many significant changes to the plot (for example, Near",
"(for example, Near is not a Thai boy, but the same Near that appears in the manga). It also reveals more information about L and his past. Viz released it on October 20, 2009. Anime TheDeath Noteanime, directed byTetsurō Arakiand animated byMadhouse, began airing onNippon TVon October 4, 2006, and finished its run on June 27, 2007, totaling 37 episodes.The series aired on the network \"every Tuesday at 0:56\", which is effectively Wednesday.The series was co-produced by Madhouse, Nippon Television,Shueisha, D.N. Dream Partners andVAP.In North America, the series was licensed by Viz for residents in the United States to use \"Download-to-Own\" and \"Download-to-Rent\" services while it was still airing in Japan. This move was seen as \"significant because it marked the first time a well known Japanese anime property was made legally available in the United States for domestic audiences to download while the title was still airing on Japanese television\".The downloadable episodes contained the original Japanese audio",
"Japanese audio track and English subtitles,and were made available throughIGN'sWindows-only Direct2Drive service.DVDs of the series have also been released,containing both an English dubbed audio track, produced byOcean Productions, and the original Japanese audio track with optional English subtitles.Viz announced atAnime Expo 2007that the first DVD was officially released on November 20, 2007, in both regular and special editions,and also confirmed atComic-Con International2007 that the first 15,000 copies of each DVD contain collectible figures. Death Notewas slated to make its North American television premiere in Canada, as part ofYTV'sBionixprogramming block, on September 7, 2007.However, the show was removed from the schedule at the last minuteand the Canadian premiere was pushed back to October 26, 2007, at 10:00 p.m. The series premiered in the U.S. on October 20, 2007, at 12:00 a.m. onAdult Swimand ran until January 10, 2010, when its contract expired.The last episode aired on YTV, July 4, 2008,",
"YTV, July 4, 2008, and would later air on Adult Swim two days later. The show was removed from YTV's schedule on July 5, 2008, with its last airing being a rerun of the final episode at 1:30 a.m.ET. Soon after, Bionix became a 2-hour block on Saturday nights.The show also streamed online free on Adult Swim Video, with a new episode available every Saturday afternoon, on the day of its broadcast premiere.On July 26, 2017,Starzannounced that they would be offering episodes of the series for theirvideo on demandservice starting on August 1 of that same year. A two-hour animatedDeath Note Relight: Visions of a God(DEATH NOTE リライト·幻視する神,Desu Nōto Riraito: Genshisuru kami)TV special aired on Nippon Television in Japan on August 31, 2007, at 8:00 p.m. It is a recap which takes place after the series end, where ashinigamiapproaches Ryuk in theshinigamirealm in order to learn more about the human world. Instead, Ryuk tells him of all the events leading up to the last story arc, about Light Yagami and his rival L.",
"and his rival L. Originally, this special was advertised as a retelling told from Ryuk's point of view, but it does not give a different point of view from what was originally told. However, it contains updated dialog, as well as a few new scenes. Nippon TVaired theDeath Note: Relight: L's Successors(DEATH NOTE リライト2 Lを継ぐ者,Desu Nōto Riraito 2: L o Tsugu Mono)special on August 22, 2008. Like the first special, this new compilation summarized a part of the 2006–2007 anime television series. Specifically, it recounted the final half of the suspenseful supernatural story, including the investigators Near and Mello's confrontations with the vigilante Kira.This version features more updates than the previous one, most notably omission of the mafia plot. Soundtracks Several soundtracks for the series have been released. The music from the anime was composed byYoshihisa HiranoandHideki Taniuchi, while the CDs were also published by VAP. The first one wasDeath Note Original Soundtrack, which was released in Japan on",
"in Japan on December 21, 2006. It contains music from the series with the first opening and ending themes are sung by the Japanese bandNightmarein the TV size format.Death Note Original Soundtrack IIwas first released in Japan on March 21, 2007. It features the new opening and closing themes byMaximum the Hormonein the TV size format.The third CD,Death Note Original Soundtrack IIIwas released on June 27, 2007. Tracks 1–21 were composed and arranged by Taniuchi, while tracks 22–28 were composed and arranged by Hirano. The album features one track sung byAya Hirano, who was also the Japanese voice actress ofMisa Amanein the anime series. Also appearing on this soundtrack is the ending themeCoda〜Death Note, which can be heard at the end of the final episode of the anime as the credits are shown. Several soundtracks have also been released for the live action films.Sound of Death Noteis a soundtrack featuring music from the firstDeath Notefilm composed and arranged byKenji Kawai. It was released on June 17,",
"on June 17, 2006, byVAP.Sound of Death Note the Last nameis the soundtrack from the secondDeath Notefilm,Death Note the Last name. It was released on November 2, 2006.Death Note Tributeis a tribute album dedicated to thelive actionfilmDeath Note. Published byBMG Japanon June 21, 2006, Japan, it contains 15 tracks performed by various artists, such asShikao Suga,M-Flo,Buck-Tick, andAya Matsuura. The soundtrack came with acosplayDeath Note notebook.Another tribute album isThe Songs for Death Note the movie〜the Last name Tributededicated to the second film. Published bySony Music Entertainment Japanon December 20, 2006, it contains 14 tracks performed by various artists, such asOrange Range,Abingdon Boys School,High and Mighty Color,Doping Panda, andGalneryus. Live-action films Death Notewas adapted into a series oflive-actionfilms in 2006. The first two films were directed byShusuke Kanekoand the third was directed byHideo Nakataand produced byNippon Television, CG production of all three films were done",
"films were done byDigital Frontierand distributed byWarner Bros.Pictures Japan. The first film, simply titledDeath Note, premiered in Japan on June 17, 2006, and topped the Japanesebox officefor two weeks, pushingThe Da Vinci Codeinto second place.The first film briefly played in certain North American theaters on May 20–21, 2008.The film was broadcast in Canadian theaters for one night only on September 15, 2008. The DVD was released on September 16, 2008, one day after the Canadian showing.The sequel,Death Note 2: The Last Name, premiered in Japan on November 3, 2006.It was featured in U.S. theaters in October 2008. A spin-off from the films namedL: Change the Worldwas released in Japan on February 9, 2008. It is focused on the final 23 days of L's life, as he solves one final case involving a bio-terrorist group.Two dubbed versions of the film were shown in the United States on April 29 and 30, 2009.In August 2016, a three-part miniseries entitledDeath Note: New Generationwas announced as a part of",
"as a part of theDeath Notelive-action film series and aired in September. It bridges the 10-year gap between the previous films and the then-upcoming 2016 film.Afourth JapaneseDeath Notefilmwas released in 2016and featured a cyber-terrorism setting with the inclusion of six Death Notes brought into the human world.AnAmerican adaptationwas released onNetflixon August 25, 2017.The film was directed byAdam Wingardand was written by Charles Parlapanides, Vlas Parlapanides, andJeremy Slater. It starredNat Wolff,Lakeith Stanfield,Margaret Qualley,Shea Whigham,Paul Nakauchi, Jason Liles, andWillem Dafoe. A sequel film is reportedly in the works. Live-action series In April 2015, it was announced that a live-action television series based onDeath Notemanga would begin airing from July 2015 onNippon TV.Masataka Kubotastars as Light Yagami andKento Yamazakias L in the series. In July 2022, it was announced thatthe Duffer Brothersrecently founded Upside Down Pictures production company would be producing a new",
"be producing a new live-action series adaptation for Netflix.In October 2022, it was announced that Halia Abdel-Meguid was brought on to write and executive produce the series. Video games ADeath Notevideo gamedeveloped and published byKonamifor theNintendo DS, titledDeath Note: Kira Game(デスノート キラゲーム,Desu Nōto Kira Gēmu), was released on February 15, 2007.Kira Gameis astrategy gamewhere the player takes on the role of Kira or L. These are just titles, as any character can be Kira or L. The player will attempt to deduce who their enemy is (Kira will try to uncover L's identity and vice versa). This will play out in three phases: investigation, where the player will discuss the case and clues with other characters; voting, where each member of the investigation team casts a vote on who they suspect is L or Kira based on the player's performance in the previous phase; L/Kira, where the player can either focus their investigation on one member to see if they are Kira (L part), or force a member off of the team",
"off of the team (Kira part).A sequel to the game,Death Note: Successors to L(デスノート Lを継ぐ者,Desu Nōto Eru o Tsugu Mono), was released in Japan on July 12, 2007. The storyline is based on the second part of the manga, featuring characters such as Mello and Near. A third game,L the Prologue to Death Note -Spiraling Trap-(L the proLogue to DEATH NOTE -螺旋の罠-,L the proLogue to DEATH NOTE -Rasen no Wana-), was released for the Nintendo DS in Japan on February 7, 2008.The player assumes the role of a rookie FBI agent who awakens in a strange hotel and attempts to escape with the help of L, who provides assistance via an in-game PDA. The story is set before the Kira investigation in the original series.Several characters fromDeath Noteappear inJump Super StarsandJump Ultimate Stars, afighting gamefeaturing multiple characters fromWeekly Shōnen Jumptitles. Light, Ryuk, and L appear inJump Super Starsas support characters. Misa, Near, and Mello are added as support characters inJump Ultimate Starsas well.The 2019 video",
"well.The 2019 video gameJump Forcefeatures Light and Ryuk as non-playable characters, playing a key role in the game's story mode. Musical In 2015, amusicaladaptation of the manga calledDeath Note: The Musicalran in both Japan and South Korea. It was originally composed in English by Broadway composerFrank Wildhorn, with lyrics by Jack Murphy and book by Ivan Menchell.An English production was announced in May 2023 to play at the London Palladium for two nights on August 21–22, 2023,directed by Nick Winston starring Joaquin Pedro Valdes as Light,Dean John-Wilsonas L andFrances Mayli McCannas Misa.The original Japanese production, produced by Japanese talent agencyHoriPro, ran from 6 to April 29, 2015, and starsKenji UraiandHayato Kakizawadouble-cast as Light Yagami, andTeppei Koikeas L.A Korean production of the same musical ran from June 11 to August 11, 2015, in South Korea, starring musical actorHong Kwang-hoandJYJmember and musical actorKim Junsu. Reception Manga By April 2015, theDeath Notemanga had",
"Notemanga had over 30 million copies in circulation.OnICv2's \"Top 10 Shonen Properties Q2 2009\",Death Notewas the third best-selling manga property in North America.The series ranked second onTakarajimasha'sKono Manga ga Sugoi!list of best manga of 2006 and 2007 for male readers.It was nominated for the 38thSeiun Awardsin the Best Comic category in 2007.The manga received the Grand Prize of Best Manga and Best Screenplay at theJapan Expo Awards 2007.The series won the 2008Eagle Awardfor Favourite Manga as voted by UK fans.According to a survey conducted in 2007 by theMinistry of culture of Japan, occupies the tenth place among the best manga of all time.It also received several nominations such as Best Manga at the 2006American Anime Awards,the 2007Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize,an Official Selection atAngoulême International Comics Festival2008,and Obata was nominated for Best Penciller/Inker at the 2008Eisner Awards.In 2007, the first three volumes ofDeath Notewere on theAmerican Library Association's 2007",
"Association's 2007 Great Graphic Novels for Teens Top Ten list. Douglas Wolk ofSalonsaid that a rumor circulated stating that the creators intended to createDeath Noteto last half as long as its actual run and Ohba and Obata had been persuaded to lengthen the storyline whenDeath Note's popularity increased, noting that the rumor \"makes sense, since about halfway through the series, there's a point that seems like a natural ending\". In addition, he said that fans wrote \"thousands\" ofDeath Notefan fictionstories and posted them on the internet.In 2006, Japanese fans pointed out the similarities betweenDeath Noteand the 1973one-shot mangaThe Miraculous Notebook(不思議な手帖)byShigeru Mizuki. Comipress reported that the only difference between the story andDeath Noteis that there are noshinigamis. Anime News Networkwriter Zac Bertschy calledDeath Notea \"surprisingly gripping and original suspense tale that raises a handful of interesting questions about morality\". He noted that the difference between the series and",
"the series and other manga from the same demographic was very big due to the murders the main character commits as well as how he hides his identity of Kira. Although Bertschy mentioned some manga readers will be surprised with the dark themes ofDeath Note, he praised the series for its \"great art, great story, compelling characters\".Briana Lawrence from the same website stated that what makesDeath Noteso interesting is that there is no villain, \"instead it had two opposing sides that both believe in the same thing: justice\". She felt that once vital characters fading into the background, the ending brings back what the fans loved about the first volume and the supporting cast are \"given a chance to shine\". She also mentioned that the epilogue made no mention of what happens withMisa Amaneand how Near and Mello were still treated like parts of L.Julie Rosato fromMania Entertainmentfound the story to be very entertaining, having liked Light's development in the story and L's introduction as well as how the",
"as well as how the latter starts suspecting the former's identity. Additionally, she praised the story as it is \"building a climax\" with each detail introduced in the first chapter, making the reader look forward to upcoming chapters.Jolyon Baraka Thomas, in aJapanese Journal of Religious Studiesarticle, describes the manga as having a \"somber narrative\" with a \"dark cast\". Obata's art is \" in stark strokes characterized---fittingly---by a complex interplay of light and shadow\". Anime OnRotten Tomatoes, the show holds an approval rating of 100%, based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads: \"Death Noteis an exceptional anime that poses profound questions about justice and murder, all while delivering a supremely satisfying tale of tactical one-upmanship between a detective and killer.\"TheDeath Noteanime was one of the series to win Best TV Anime at the 2007Tokyo International Anime Fair.The anime was commended with Tom S. Pepirium ofIGNsaying thatDeath Note's",
"thatDeath Note's \"heavy serialized nature\" is what \"makes the show so engaging and discussion worthy\".Pepirium, saying that translatingDeath Noteis \"no small task\", stated that Stephen Hedley created an English dub with \"nothing clunky\". He added that Karl Willems, director of the dub, assembled a \"stunning voice cast of professionals\" with a \"solid tone minus some of the cheesy yelling and screaming of other dubs\".On theNPRshowFresh Air, John Powers said thatDeath Noteis \"at least as addictive as a show likeLost\".It was also listed as the 51st best animated show in IGN's Top 100 Animated Series.Hyperwrote: Running over thirty-seven 20 minutes episodes, the anime sticks much closer to the manga so takes a far more languid approach to storytelling, better fleshing out the fantastic characters of Light and his nemesis, L. Light in particular is one of the most layered characters to appear in anime in a long time. Jacob Hope Chapman fromAnime News Networkpraised Teru Mikami's role as bloody and flashy as ever",
"and flashy as ever better than that of Near, Mello, and Misa. Light novels A.E. Sparrow ofIGNreviewed the novelAnother Noteand gave it a 9.5 out of 10. Sparrow said that the author understood \"what made these characters click so well\" and \"captures everything that made the manga the compelling read that it is\". Sparrow said that fans ofDeath Notewho readAnother Notewill \"find a welcome home\" inNisio Isin's work which \"adds a few more fun layers\" to theDeath Notefranchise.The novelization ofL: Change the Worldbecame the second top-selling light novel in Japan during 2008. Legacy and controversies The series release outside Japan has inspired other works, as well as individuals making their own mock \"Death Notes\", including one that was associated with a real-life murder. According toWiredmagazine,Death Note\" Japan's most-popular print medium into an internationally controversial topic that has parents wondering whether they should prohibit their kids from reading manga entirely\". Live-action directorShusuke",
"directorShusuke Kanekocommented in response, \"If preventing them from seeing this movie is going to make kids better, then why not prevent them from watching all bad news?\". In regards to the2019The Twilight Zoneepisode \"The Comedian\", Rosie Knight ofThe Hollywood Reporterstated that Samir's story appears to take a large influence fromDeath Note.The Simpsonshas parodiedDeath Notein both comic books and animation with the 2008 comic book story \"Murder, He Wrote\" inThe Simpsons Treehouse of Horror#14,whereBartreceives the notebook from the Ryuk-ified ghost ofKrusty the Clown, and the \"Death Tome\" segment of the 2022 television episode \"Treehouse of Horror XXXIII\", withLisareceiving the titular book. Bans and attempted bans Early in 2005, school officials inShenyang, the capital ofLiaoning(People's Republic of China), bannedDeath Note.The immediate cause was that students had been altering notebooks to resemble Death Notes and then writing the names of acquaintances, enemies, and teachers in the books.The ban",
"the books.The ban was designed to protect the \"physical and mental health\"of students from horror material that \"misleads innocent children and distorts their mind and spirit\".Jonathan Clementshas suggested that the Chinese authorities acted partly against \"superstition\", but also against illegal, pirate publishers ofDeath Note.The ban has been extended to other Chinese cities including Beijing,Shanghai andLanzhouinGansuProvince.Legally published Chinese-language versions ofDeath Noteare published in Hong Kong.On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listedDeath Noteamong 38 anime and manga titles banned in China. In 2007, the education bureau inPingtung County, Taiwan asked teachers to pay attention to any negative influence on elementary school students reading the manga.In May 2010, theAlbuquerque Public SchoolsinNew Mexicoheld a hearing to ban theDeath Notemanga from their district's schools; it was unanimously voted down.After volumes ofDeath Notewere found at the February 2013 suicide of a",
"2013 suicide of a 15-year-old girl inYekaterinburg, Russia, a local parents' group began campaigning to regulate all media based on the series, saying that it had an adverse effect on the minds of children.In March 2014, investigators concluded that the manga did not cause the girl to commit suicide. Imitations of the series There have been various imitations around the world of the premise ofDeath Note. At least one instance was linked to a crime - on September 28, 2007, two notes written withLatin charactersstating \"Watashi wa Kira dess\" , a mis-transliterationof \"I am Kira\"(私はキラです,Watashi wa Kira desu),were found near the partial remains of aCaucasianmale in Belgium. The case has been called the \"Mangamoord\" (Dutch forManga Murder) in Belgian media.It was not until 2010 that four people were arrested in connection to the murder.A senior at the Franklin Military Academy inRichmond, Virginia, United States was suspended in 2007 after being caught possessing a replica \"Death Note\" notebook with the names of",
"with the names of fellow students. The school's principal wrote a letter to the student's parents linking to an unofficial website where visitors can write names and circumstances of death for people they want to die. InSouth Carolinain March 2008, school officials seized a \"Death Note\" notebook from a Hartsville Middle School student. District officials linked the notebook to the anime/manga. The notebook listed seven students' names. The school planned a disciplinary hearing and contacted the seven students' parents.InGadsden, Alabamain April 2008, two sixth-grade boys were arrested for possession of a \"Death Note\" that listed names of several staff members and fellow students. According to Etowah County Sheriff's Department Sgt. Lanny Handy, the notebook was discovered the previous afternoon by a staffer. The students were suspended from the county's schools, pending ajuvenile courthearing. The students, their parents, and school officials had met with Handy and a junior probation officer.InGig Harbor,",
"Harbor, Washington, one middle school student was expelled and three were suspended on May 14, 2008, for having 50 names in their own \"Death Note\" book, including PresidentGeorge W. Bush. It was reported in September 2009, that aYear Eightboy inSydney, Australia, created a \"Death Note\" that along with names contained a \"battle plan\" detailing where bombs could be placed inside his school.In December 2009, two students at an elementary school inOklahomawere disciplined for a \"Death Note\" with the names and descriptions of deaths of two girls that had angered them.AMichiganmiddle school student was suspended indefinitely in March 2010 for a \"Death Note\".In May 2010, a middle school student inAvonworth School Districtin Pennsylvania was suspended for a \"Death Note\" with names of fellow students and pop singerJustin Bieber.In February 2015, a fifth-grade student of an elementary school nearPittsburghwas suspended for owning a \"Death Note\" and writing other students' names in it. See also Notes References",
"Notes References External links"
] |
As of August 3, 2024, what is the capital of the 7th largest country in Asia? | The capital of the 7th largest country in Asia is Ulaanbaatar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_area', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_area",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"
] | [
"List of Asian countries by area Below is alist of countries inAsiaby area.Russiais the largest country in Asia and the world, even after excluding its European portion. TheMaldivesis the smallest country in Asia. See also Notes References",
"Mongolia Mongoliais alandlocked countryinEast Asia, bordered byRussiato the north andChinato the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world'smost sparsely populated sovereign state. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border aclosed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassysteppe, with mountains to the north and west and theGobi Desertto the south.Ulaanbaatar, the capital andlargest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population. The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by variousnomadic empires, including theXiongnu, theXianbei, theRouran, theFirst Turkic Khaganate, theSecond Turkic Khaganate, theUyghur Khaganateand others. In 1206,Genghis Khanfounded theMongol Empire, which became the largestcontiguous land empirein history. His grandsonKublai KhanconqueredChina properand established theYuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, theMongolsretreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era ofDayan KhanandTumen Zasagt Khan. In the 16th century,Tibetan Buddhismspread to Mongolia, being further led by theManchu-foundedQing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks.After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongoliadeclared independence, and achieved actualindependence from the Republic of Chinain 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became asatellite stateof theSoviet Union. In 1924, theMongolian People's Republicwas founded as asocialist state.After the anti-communistrevolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peacefuldemocratic revolutionin early 1990. This led to amulti-party system, a newconstitution of 1992, and transition to amarket economy. Approximately 30% of the population isnomadicor semi-nomadic;horse cultureremains integral.Buddhismis the majority religion (51.7%), with the nonreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%).Islamis the third-largest religious identification (3.2%), concentrated among ethnicKazakhs. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population beingKazakhs,Tuvans, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the western regions. Mongolia is a member of theUnited Nations,Asia Cooperation Dialogue,G77,Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank,Non-Aligned Movementand aNATO global partner. Mongolia joined theWorld Trade Organizationin 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups. Etymology The name Mongolia means the \"Land of the Mongols\" in Latin. The Mongolian word\"Mongol\"(монгол) is of uncertain etymology. Sükhbataar (1992) and de la Vaissière (2021) proposed it being a derivation fromMugulü, the 4th-century founder of theRouran Khaganate,first attested as the 'Mungu',(Chinese:蒙兀,Modern ChineseMěngwù,Middle ChineseMuwngu), a branch of theShiweiin an 8th-centuryTang dynastylist of northern tribes, presumably related to theLiao-eraMungku(Chinese:蒙古,Modern ChineseMěnggǔ,Middle ChineseMuwngkuX). After the fall of theLiao dynastyin 1125, theKhamag Mongolsbecame a leading tribe on theMongolian Plateau. However, their wars with theJurchen-ruledJin dynastyand theTatar confederationhad weakened them. The last head of the tribe wasYesügei, whose sonTemüjineventually united all the Shiwei tribes as theMongol Empire(Yekhe Monggol Ulus). In the thirteenth century, the word Mongol grew into an umbrella term for a large group ofMongolic-speakingtribes united under the rule ofGenghis Khan. Since the adoption of the newConstitution of Mongoliaon 13 February 1992, the official name of the state is \"Mongolia\" (Mongol Uls). History Prehistory and antiquity TheKhoit Tsenkher CaveinKhovd Provinceshows lively pink, brown, and red ochre paintings (dated to 20,000 years ago) ofmammoths,lynx,bactrian camels, andostriches, earning it the nickname \"theLascauxof Mongolia\". TheVenus figurines of Mal'ta(21,000 years ago) testify to the level of Upper Paleolithic art in northern Mongolia; Mal'ta is now part of Russia. Neolithic agricultural settlements (c. 5500–3500 BC), such as those at Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag, and Rashaan Khad, predated the introduction of horse-riding nomadism, a pivotal event in the history of Mongolia which became the dominant culture. Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze AgeAfanasevo culture(3500–2500 BC);thisIndo-Europeanculture was active to theKhangai Mountainsin Central Mongolia. The wheeled vehicles found in the burials of the Afanasevans have been dated to before 2200 BC.Pastoral nomadism and metalworking became more developed with the laterOkunev culture(2nd millennium BC),Andronovo culture(2300–1000 BC) andKarasuk culture(1500–300 BC), culminating with the Iron AgeXiongnuEmpire in 209 BC. Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age includedeer stones, keregsurkurgans,square slab tombs, and rock paintings. Although cultivation of crops has continued since the Neolithic, agriculture has always remained small in scale compared to pastoral nomadism. Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. The population during theCopper Agehas been described as mongoloid in the east of what is now Mongolia, and as europoid in the west.Tocharians (Yuezhi) andScythiansinhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age. The mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old, was a 30- to 40-year-old man with blond hair; it was found inthe Altai, Mongolia.As equine nomadism was introduced into Mongolia, the political center of theEurasian Steppealso shifted to Mongolia, where it remained until the 18th century CE. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g. the Guifang, Shanrong, andDonghu) into China during theShang dynasty(1600–1046 BC) andZhou dynasty(1046–256 BC) presaged the age ofnomadic empires. Early states Since the prehistoric times, Mongolia has been inhabited by nomads who, from time to time, formed great confederations that rose to power and prominence. Common institutions were the office of theKhan, theKurultai(Supreme Council), left and right wings, imperial army (Keshig) and the decimal military system. The first of these empires, theXiongnuof undetermined ethnicity, were brought together byModu Shanyuto form a confederation in 209 BC. Soon they emerged as the greatest threat to theQin dynasty, forcing the latter to construct theGreat Wall of China. It was guarded by up to almost 300,000 soldiers during MarshalMeng Tian's tenure, as a means of defense against the destructive Xiongnu raids. The vast Xiongnu empire (209 BC–93 AD) was followed by the MongolicXianbei empire(93–234 AD), which also ruled more than the entirety of present-day Mongolia. The Mongolic Rouran Khaganate (330–555), ofXianbeiprovenance was the first to use \"Khagan\" as an imperial title. It ruled a massive empire before being defeated by theGöktürks(555–745), an even larger empire. The Göktürks laid siege toPanticapaeum, present-dayKerch, in 576. They were succeeded by theUyghur Khaganate(745–840) who were defeated by the Kyrgyz. The MongolicKhitans, descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the Liao dynasty (907–1125), after which theKhamag Mongol(1125–1206) rose to prominence. Lines 3–5 of the memorial inscription ofBilge Khagan(684–737) in central Mongolia summarizes the time of theKhagans: In battles they subdued the nations of all four sides of the world and suppressed them. They made those who had heads bow their heads, and who had knees genuflect them. In the east up to the Kadyrkhan common people, in the west up to the Iron Gate they conquered... These Khagans were wise. These Khagans were great. Their servants were wise and great too. Officials were honest and direct with people. They ruled the nation this way. This way they held sway over them. When they died ambassadors from Bokuli Cholug (Baekje Korea), Tabgach (Tang China), Tibet (Tibetan Empire),Avar(Avar Khaganate), Rome (Byzantine Empire),Kirgiz, Uch-Kurykan, Otuz-Tatars,Khitans,Tatabiscame to the funerals. So many people came to mourn over the great Khagans. They were famous Khagans. Mongol empire to early 20th century In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes betweenManchuriaand theAltai Mountains. In 1206, he took the titleGenghis Khan, and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming theMongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-dayPolandin the west toKoreain the east, and from parts ofSiberiain the north to theGulf of OmanandVietnamin the south, covering some 33,000,000 square kilometres (13,000,000 sq mi),(22% of Earth's total land area) and had a population of over 100 million people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). The emergence ofPax Mongolicaalso significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia during its height. After Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms orKhanates. These eventually became quasi-independent after theToluid Civil War(1260–1264), which broke out in a battle for power followingMöngke Khan's death in 1259. One of the khanates, the \"Great Khaanate\", consisting of the Mongol homeland and most of modern-day China, became known as the Yuan dynasty underKublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Yuan court fled to the north, thus becoming theNorthern Yuan dynasty. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capitalKarakorumand other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols underAyushridarand his generalKöke Temür. After the expulsion of the Yuan rulers fromChina proper, the Mongols continued to rule their homeland, known in historiography as the Northern Yuan dynasty. With the division of the Mongol tribes, it was subsequently also known as \"The Forty and the Four\" (Döčin dörben) among them.The next centuries were marked by violent power struggles among various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-GenghisidOirats, as well as by several Ming invasions (such as thefive expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor). In the early 16th century,Dayan Khanand hiskhatunMandukhaireunited all Mongol groups under the Genghisids. In the mid-16th century,Altan Khanof the Tümed, a grandson of Dayan Khan – but not a hereditary or legitimate Khan – became powerful. He foundedHohhotin 1557. After he met with theDalai Lamain 1578, he ordered the introduction ofTibetan Buddhismto Mongolia. (It was the second time this had occurred.) Abtai Khan of theKhalkhaconverted to Buddhism and founded theErdene Zuumonastery in 1585. His grandsonZanabazarbecame the firstJebtsundamba Khutughtuin 1640. Following the leaders, the entire Mongolian population embraced Buddhism. Each family kept scriptures and Buddha statues on an altar at the north side of theiryurt. Mongolian nobles donated land, money and herders to the monasteries. As was typical in states with established religions, the top religious institutions, the monasteries, wielded significant temporal power in addition to spiritual power. The last Khagan of Mongols wasLigden Khanin the early 17th century. He came into conflicts with theManchusover the looting of Chinese cities, and also alienated most Mongol tribes. He died in 1634. By 1636, most of theInner Mongoliantribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded theQing dynasty. The Khalkha eventually submitted to Qing rule in 1691, thus bringing all of today's Mongolia under Manchu rule. After severalDzungar–Qing Wars, theDzungars(western Mongols or Oirats) were virtually annihilated during the Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1757 and 1758. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the 600,000 or moreDzungar were killedby a combination of disease and warfare.Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tusheet Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon Khan. TheJebtsundamba Khutuktuof Mongolia had immensede factoauthority. The Manchu forbade mass Chinese immigration into the area, which allowed the Mongols to keep their culture. The Oirats who migrated to theVolga steppesin Russia became known asKalmyks. The main trade route during this period was theTea Roadthrough Siberia; it had permanent stations located every 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 mi), each of which was staffed by 5–30 chosen families. Until 1911, the Qing dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures.Ambans, Manchu \"high officials\", were installed inKhüree,Uliastai, andKhovd, and the country was divided into numerous feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms (which also placed people in power with loyalty to the Qing). Over the course of the 19th century, the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards their subjects. The behavior of Mongolia's nobility, together withusuriouspractices by Chinese traders and the collection of imperial taxes in silver instead of animals, resulted in widespread poverty among the nomads. By 1911 there were 700 large and small monasteries in Outer Mongolia; their 115,000 monks made up 21% of the population. Apart from the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, there were 13 other reincarnating high lamas, called 'seal-holding saints' (tamgatai khutuktu), in Outer Mongolia. Modern history With the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia under theBogd Khaandeclared its independence. But the newly establishedRepublic of Chinaconsidered Mongolia to be part of its own territory.Yuan Shikai, thePresident of the Republic of China, considered the new republic to be thesuccessorof the Qing. Bogd Khaan said thatboth Mongolia and Chinahad been administered by the Manchu during the Qing, and after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the contract of Mongolian submission to the Manchu had become invalid. The area controlled by the Bogd Khaan was approximately that of the formerOuter Mongoliaduring the Qing period. In 1919, after theOctober Revolutionin Russia, Chinese troops led by warlordXu Shuzhengoccupied Mongolia. Warfare erupted on the northern border. As a result of theRussian Civil War, theWhiteRussian Lieutenant GeneralBaron Ungernled his troops into Mongolia in October 1920, defeating the Chinese forces inNiislel Khüree(now Ulaanbaatar) in early February 1921 with Mongol support. To eliminate the threat posed by Ungern,Bolshevik Russiadecided to support the establishment of a communist Mongolian government and army. This Mongolian army took theMongolian partofKyakhtafrom Chinese forces on 18 March 1921, and on 6 July, Russian and Mongolian troops arrived in Khüree. Mongolia declared its independence again on 11 July 1921.As a result, Mongolia was closely aligned with the Soviet Union over the next seven decades. Mongolian People's Republic In 1924, after theBogd Khaandied oflaryngeal canceror, as some sources claim, at the hands of Russian spies,the country'spolitical systemwas changed. TheMongolian People's Republicwas established. In 1928,Khorloogiin Choibalsanrose to power. The early leaders of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1952) included many withPan-Mongolistideals. However, changing global politics and increased Soviet pressure led to the decline of Pan-Mongol aspirations in the following period. Khorloogiin Choibalsaninstituted collectivization of livestock, began the destruction of the Buddhist monasteries, and carried outStalinist purges, which resulted in the murders of numerous monks and other leaders. In Mongolia during the 1920s, approximately one-third of the male population were monks. By the beginning of the 20th century, about 750 monasteries were functioning in Mongolia. In 1930, the Soviet Union stoppedBuryatmigration to theMongolian People's Republicto prevent Mongolian reunification. All leaders of Mongolia who did not fulfill Stalin's demands to performRed Terroragainst Mongolians were executed, includingPeljidiin GendenandAnandyn Amar. TheStalinist purges in Mongolia, which began in 1937, killed more than 30,000 people. Under Stalinist influence in theMongolian People's Republic, an estimated 17,000 monks were killed, official figures show.Choibalsan, who led a dictatorship and organizedStalinist purges in Mongoliabetween 1937 and 1939, died suspiciously in theSoviet Unionin 1952.CominternleaderBohumír Šmeralsaid, \"People of Mongolia are not important, the land is important. Mongolian land is larger than England, France and Germany\". After theJapanese invasion of neighboring Manchuriain 1931, Mongolia was threatened on this front. During theSoviet-Japanese Border Warof 1939, the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism. Mongolia fought against Japan during theBattles of Khalkhin Golin 1939 and during theSoviet–Japanese Warin August 1945 to liberate Inner Mongolia from Japan andMengjiang. Cold War The February 1945Yalta Conferenceprovided for the Soviet Union's participation in thePacific War. One of the Soviet conditions for its participation, put forward at Yalta, was that after the war Outer Mongolia would retain its independence.The referendumtook place on 20 October 1945, with (according to official numbers) 100% of the electorate voting for independence. After the establishment of thePeople's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on 6 October 1949. However, theRepublic of Chinaused itsSecurity Council vetoin 1955, to stop the admission of theMongolian People's Republicto the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China. This was the only time theRepublic of Chinaever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission ofMauritania(and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.(seeChina and the United Nations) On 26 January 1952,Yumjaagiin Tsedenbaltook power in Mongolia after the death of Choibalsan. Tsedenbal was the leading political figure in Mongolia for more than 30 years.While Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow in August 1984, his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him withJambyn Batmönkh. Post-Cold War Thedissolution of the Soviet Unionin 1991 strongly influenced Mongolian politics andyouth. Its people undertook thepeaceful Democratic RevolutioninJanuary 1990and the introduction of amulti-party systemand a market economy. At the same time, the transformation of the formerMarxist-LeninistMongolian People's Revolutionary Partyto the current social democraticMongolian People's Partyreshaped the country's political landscape. Anew constitutionwas introduced in 1992, and the term \"People's Republic\" was dropped from the country's name. Thetransition to a market economywas often rocky; during the early 1990s the country had to deal with high inflation and food shortages.The first election victories for non-communist parties came in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). China has supported Mongolia's application for membership in theAsia Cooperation Dialogue(ACD),Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) and granting it observer status in theShanghai Cooperation Organisation. Geography and climate At 1,564,116 km2(603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the world's18th-largestcountry.It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. It mostly lies between latitudes41°and52°N(a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes87°and120°E. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Saskatoon (Canada), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata in India, while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao and Hangzhou in China, as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only 36.76 kilometres (22.84 mi) from Kazakhstan, nearly making aquadripoint. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with theGobi Desertto the south and cold, mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of theMongolian-Manchurian grassland, with forested areas accounting for 11.2% of the total land area,a higher percentage than Ireland (10%).The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the Mongolian Plateau. The highest point in Mongolia is theKhüiten Peakin theTavan bogdmassif in the far west at 4,374 m (14,350 ft). The basin of theUvs Lake, shared withTuva Republicin Russia, is a naturalWorld Heritage Site. Climate Mongolia is known as the \"Land of the Eternal Blue Sky\" or \"Country of Blue Sky\" (Mongolian: \"Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron\") because it has over 250 sunny days a year. Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as −30 °C (−22 °F).A vast front of cold, heavy, shallow air comes in from Siberia in winter and collects in river valleys and low basins causing very cold temperatures while slopes of mountains are much warmer due to the effects oftemperature inversion(temperature increases with altitude). In winter the whole of Mongolia comes under the influence of theSiberian Anticyclone. The localities most severely affected by this cold weather are Uvs province (Ulaangom), western Khovsgol (Rinchinlhumbe), eastern Zavkhan (Tosontsengel), northern Bulgan (Hutag) and eastern Dornod province (Khalkhiin Gol). Ulaanbaatar is strongly, but less severely, affected. The cold gets less severe as one goes south, reaching the warmest January temperatures in Omnogovi Province (Dalanzadgad,Khanbogd) and the region of the Altai mountains bordering China. A unique microclimate is the fertile grassland-forest region of central and eastern Arkhangai Province (Tsetserleg) and northern Ovorkhangai Province (Arvaikheer) where January temperatures are on average the same and often higher than the warmest desert regions to the south in addition to being more stable. TheKhangai Mountainsplay a certain role in forming this microclimate. In Tsetserleg, the warmest town in this microclimate, nighttime January temperatures rarely go under −30 °C (−22 °F) while daytime January temperatures often reach 0 °C (32 °F) to 5 °C (41 °F). The country is subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known aszud.It results in large proportions of the country's livestock dying from starvation or freezing temperatures or both, resulting in economic upheaval for the largely pastoral population. The annual average temperature in Ulaanbaatar is −1.3 °C (29.7 °F), making it the world's coldest capital city.Mongolia is high, cold and windy.It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls.The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure.Precipitation is highest in the north (average of 200 to 350 millimeters (8 to 14 in) per year) and lowest in the south, which receives 100 to 200 millimeters (4 to 8 in) annually.The highest annual precipitation of 622.297 mm (24.500 in) occurred in the forests ofBulgan Provincenear the border with Russia and the lowest of 41.735 mm (1.643 in) occurred in the Gobi Desert (period 1961–1990).The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages 600 mm (24 in) in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than Beijing (571.8 mm or 22.51 in) or Berlin (571 mm or 22.5 in). Environmental issues Wildlife The name \"Gobi\" is a Mongol term for a desert steppe, which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to supportmarmotsbut with enough to support camels.Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape. Gobi rangelands are fragile and easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not evenBactrian camelscan survive.The arid conditions in the Gobi are attributed to therain shadow effectcaused by the Himalayas. Before the Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate 10 million years ago, Mongolia was a flourishing habitat for major fauna but still somewhat arid and cold due to distance from sources of evaporation. Sea turtle and mollusk fossils have been found in the Gobi, apart from well-known dinosaur fossils.Tadpole shrimpsare still found in the Gobi today. The eastern part of Mongolia including theOnonandKherlenrivers andLake Buirform part of theAmur riverbasin draining to the Pacific Ocean. It hosts some unique species like the Eastern brook lamprey, Daurian crayfish (cambaroides dauricus) and Daurian pearl oyster (dahurinaia dahurica) in the Onon/Kherlen rivers as well as Siberian prawn (exopalaemon modestus) in Lake Buir. Mongolia had a 2019Forest Landscape Integrity Indexmean score of 9.36/10, ranking it sixth globally out of 172 countries. Demographics Mongolia's total population as of January 2015 was estimated by theU.S. Census Bureauto be 3,000,251 people, ranking around 121st in the world. But theU.S. Department of StateBureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairsuses the United Nations (UN) estimationsinstead of the U.S. Census Bureau estimations.United Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsPopulation Divisionestimates Mongolia's total population (mid-2007) as 2,629,000 (11% less than the U.S. Census Bureau figure). UN estimates resemble those made by the Mongolian National Statistical Office (2,612,900, end of June 2007). Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.2% (2007 est.).About 59% of the total population is under age 30, 27% of whom are under 14. This relatively young and growing population has placed strains on Mongolia's economy. The first census in the 20th century was carried out in 1918 and recorded a population of 647,500.Since the end of socialism, Mongolia has experienced a decline oftotal fertility rate(children per woman) that is steeper than in any other country in the world, according to recent UN estimations:in 1970–1975, fertility was estimated to be 7.33 children per woman, dropping to about 2.1 in 2000–2005.The decline ended and in 2005–2010, the fertility value increased to 2.8 in 2013 and stabilised afterwards at a rate of about 2.5-2.6 children per woman around 2020. The Mongols are moderately homogeneous,Ethnic Mongols account for about 95% of the population and consist ofKhalkhaand other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongol language. TheKhalkhamake up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include Oirats,Buryatsand others.Turkic peoples(KazakhsandTuvans) constitute 4.5% of Mongolia's population, and the rest are Russian, Chinese, Korean and American nationalities. Languages Mongolia's official andnational languageisMongolian. A member of theMongolic languagefamily, the standard dialect isKhalkha Mongol. It coexists with various other, largely mutually intelligible varieties of Mongolic such asOirat,Buryat, andKhamnigan. Several dialects have been morphing to become more like the central Khalkha dialect in recent years.Most speakers of these dialects are located in the western part of the country, namelyBayan-Ölgii,Uvs, andKhovd.Kazakh, aTurkic language, is the majority language in Bayan-Ölgii, whileTuvanis another Turkic language spoken inKhövsgöl.Mongolian Sign Languageis the principal language of the deaf community. Today, Mongolian is mainly written using theCyrillic alphabet, introduced during the 1940s. Since the1990 revolutionthere has been a minor revival of the historicMongolian script, which is still the official script used byMongols in neighboringInner Mongolia. Although Mongolian script has officially been declared thenational script,and is taught from the sixth grade onward at schools,it remains mostly confined to ceremonial usage in daily life.In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025. Since 1990, English has quickly supplanted Russian as the most popular foreign language in Mongolia.In thecommunist era, Russian was a vital language for mobility and professional communication, with a large number of students studying in theSoviet Unionas well as a large number of Soviet professionals and soldiers located within Mongolia.Since then, however, Mongolia's education system has reoriented away from the Soviet Union to the West, and English has become the dominant foreign language, aided by liberalized media, international aid agencies, the rise of private education and tutoring, as well as official government policy. In the 2014–2015 academic year, 59% of the overall student population studied English at public secondary schools.In 2023, English was declared the \"first foreign language\", and to be taught from the third grade. As of the 2014–2015 academic year, the most popular foreign language in specialized language courses were (ordered by popularity), English,Chinese, Russian,Japanese, andKorean. Korean in particular has gained popularity as tens of thousands ofMongolians work in South Korea,forming thelargest group of Mongolians abroad. Religion According to the 2010 National Census, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 53% wereBuddhists, while 39% werenon-religious. Mongolian shamanismhas been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, with similar beliefs being common among the nomads of central Asia. They gradually gave way toTibetan Buddhism, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and it continues to be practiced. The Kazakhs of western Mongolia, some Mongols, and other Turkic peoples in the country traditionally adhere toIslam. Throughout much of the 20th century, thecommunistgovernment repressed religious practices. It targeted the clergy of the Mongolian Buddhist Church, which had been tightly intertwined with the previous feudal government structures (e.g. from 1911 on, the head of the Church had also been theKhanof the country).In the late 1930s, the regime, then led byKhorloogiin Choibalsan, closed almost all of Mongolia's over 700 Buddhist monasteries andkilled at least 30,000 people, of whom 18,000 were lamas.The number ofBuddhist monksdropped from 100,000 in 1924 to 110 in 1990. Thefall of communismin 1991 restored public religious practice.Tibetan Buddhism, which had been the predominant religion prior to the rise of communism, again rose to become the most widely practised religion in Mongolia. The highest-ranking lama of Buddhism in Mongolia, has been vacant since the 9th Jebtsundamba's passing in 2012and the search for the next Jebtsundamba Khutuktu is being complicated by Beijing's desire to assert control over Tibetan Buddhism. The end of religious repression in the 1990s also allowed for other religions to spread in the country. According to the Christian missionary groupBarnabas Fund, the number of Christians grew from just four in 1989 to around 40,000 as of 2008. In May 2013,The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church) held a cultural program to celebrate twenty years of LDS Church history in Mongolia, with 10,900 members, and 16 church buildings in the country.There are some 1,000 Catholics in Mongolia and, in 2003, a missionary from thePhilippineswas named Mongolia's firstCatholicbishop.In 2017Seventh-day Adventistsreported 2,700 members in six churches up from zero members in 1991. Government and politics Mongolia is asemi-presidentialrepresentative democratic republic with a directly electedPresident.The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, theState Great Khural. The president appoints the prime minister, and nominates the cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. Theconstitution of Mongoliaguarantees a number of freedoms, including fullfreedom of expressionandreligion. Mongolia amended its constitution most lately in 2019 transferring some powers from the president to the prime minister.On May 31, 2023, Mongolia's parliament approved a constitutional amendment that increased the number of seats from 76 to 126 and changed the electoral system re-introducing proportional party voting. Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are theMongolian People's Partyand theDemocratic Party. The non-governmental organizationFreedom Houseconsiders Mongolia to be free. The People's Party – known as the People's Revolutionary Party between 1924 and 2010 – formed the government from 1921 to 1996 (in a one-party system until 1990) and from 2000 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006, it was part of a coalition with the Democrats and two other parties, and after 2006 it was the dominant party in two other coalitions. The party initiated two changes of government from 2004 prior to losing power in the 2012 election. The Democrats were the dominant force in a ruling coalition between 1996 and 2000, and an almost-equal partner with the People's Revolutionary Party in a coalition between 2004 and 2006. An election of deputies to the national assembly on 28 June 2012 resulted in no party having an overall majority;however, as theDemocratic Partywon the largest number of seats,its leader,Norovyn Altankhuyag, was appointedprime ministeron 10 August 2012.In 2014, he was replaced byChimediin Saikhanbileg. TheMPPwon a landslide victory in the2016 electionsand the nextPrime MinisterwasMPP'sUkhnaagiin Khürelsükh. In June 2020, MPP won a landslide victory in theelection. It took 62 seats and the main opposition DP, 11 of the 76 seats. Before the elections the ruling party had redrawn the electoral map in a way that was beneficial for MPP.In January 2021, Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh resigned after protests over the treatment of a coronavirus patient.On 27 January 2021,Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdeneof MPP became new prime minister. He represents a younger generation of leaders that had studied abroad. ThePresident of Mongoliais able to veto the laws made by parliament, appoint judges and justice of courts and appoint ambassadors. The parliament can override that veto by a two-thirds majority vote. Mongolia's constitution provides three requirements for taking office as president; the candidate must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years old, and have resided in Mongolia for five years before taking office. The president must also suspend their party membership. After defeating incumbentNambaryn Enkhbayar,Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, a two-time former prime minister and member of theDemocratic Party, was elected as president on 24 May 2009 and inaugurated on 18 June that year.The rulingMongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)(MPRP) nominatedBatbold Sukhbaataras new Prime Minister in October 2009.Elbegdorj was re-elected on 26 June 2013 and was inaugurated on 10 July 2013 for his second term as president.In June 2017, oppositionDemocratic PartycandidateKhaltmaagiin Battulgawon the presidentialelection.He was inaugurated on 10 July 2017. In June 2021, former Prime MinisterUkhnaa Khurelsukh, the candidate of the rulingMongolian People's Party(MPP), became the country's sixth democratically elected president after winning thepresidential election. Mongolia uses aunicamerallegislature, the State Great Khural, with 76 seats, which is chaired by the Speaker of the House. Its members are directly elected, every four years, by popular vote.As per 2023 constitutional amendment the parliament increased the number of seats from 76 to 126. Foreign relations Mongolia's foreign relations traditionally focus on its two large neighbors, Russia and China.Mongolia is economically dependent on these countries: China is Mongolia's largest export partner at a 78% share, far above the other top countries (Switzerland at 15%; Singapore 3%). Mongolia receives 36% of imports from China and 29% from Russia.Mongolia is also pursuing a trilateral partnership with China and Russia through thePower of Siberia 2natural gas pipeline, with a contract to be signed in the \"near future\" according to Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak.Due to China's status as Mongolia's most important trading partner, Mongolia has been trying to stay out of the current U.S.-China confrontation. It has begun seeking positive relations with a wider range of other countries especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on encouragingforeign direct investmentand trade.Mongolia has been pursuing a 'third-neighbor' foreign policy since early 1990s to build deeper relations and partnerships with countries beyond its two surrounding neighbors. Mongolia has been a member ofThe Forum of Small States (FOSS)since the group's founding in 1992. Then Vice President of the U.S. Joe Biden, visited Mongolia in 2011 supporting Mongolia's third neighbor policy. Embassies Mongolia maintains manydiplomatic missionsin other countries and hasembassiesin the following world capitals: Military Mongolia supported the2003 invasion of Iraq, and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each toIraq. About 130 troops were deployed toAfghanistan. 200 Mongolian troops are serving inSierra Leoneon a UN mandate to protect the UN'sspecial courtset up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a battalion toChadin support ofMINURCAT. From 2005 to 2006, about 40 troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourg contingents inKosovo. On 21 November 2005,George W. Bushbecame the first-ever sitting U.S. president to visit Mongolia.In 2004, under Bulgarian chairmanship, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe(OSCE) invited Mongolia as its newest Asian partner. Legal system Thejudiciary of Mongoliais made of a three-tiered court system:first instancecourts in eachprovincial districtand eachUlaanbaatar district;appellatecourts for each province and also the Capital Ulaanbaatar; and the court of last resort (for non-constitutional matters) at theSupreme Court of Mongolia.For questions of constitutional law there is a separate constitutional court. AJudicial General Council(JGC) nominates judges which must then be confirmed by theparliamentand appointed by the President. Arbitration centres providealternative dispute resolutionoptions for commercial and other disputes. Administrative divisions Mongolia is divided into 21provinces (aimags)and subdivided into 330districts (sums).Ulaanbaatar is administered separately as acapital city (municipality)with provincial status. Theaimagsare: Major cities The percentage of the population the top 10 most populous cities make up. As of 2020, 47.6% of the population lives in Ulaanbaatar, further 21.4% lived inDarkhan,Erdenet, theaimagcenters andsumcenters, and other permanent settlements, and 31.0% in rural areas. Economy Economic activity in Mongolia has long been based on herding and agriculture, although development of extensive mineral deposits of copper, coal,molybdenum, tin,tungstenand gold have emerged as a driver of industrial production.Besides mining (21.8% of GDP) and agriculture (16% of GDP), dominant industries in the composition of GDP are wholesale and retail trade and service, transportation and storage, and real estate activities.Also, Mongolia produces one-fifth of the world's raw cashmere. Theinformal economyis estimated to be at least one-third the size of the official economy.As of 2022, 78% of Mongolia's exports went to thePRC, and the PRC supplied 36% of Mongolia's imports. TheWorld Bankhas stated that Mongolia's development prospects are promising due to an expansion of mining and large public investment, although challenges remain from inflation, weaker external demand from China, and persistent fiscal risks due to sizable contingent liabilities.According to the Asian Development Bank, 27.1% of Mongolia's population lived below the national poverty line in 2022.In the same year, GDP per capita was estimated at $12,100. Mongolia's real GDP grew by 7% in 2023 due to record-high coal production, driven by strong demand from China.Inflation in early 2024 dropped to 7% due to lower global food and fuel prices.Despite a robust increase in import volumes, Mongolia recorded a current account surplus due to the sharp increase in coal exports. Mining sector growth is expected to continue driving GDP growth, although theInternational Monetary Fundpredicts the current account balance will revert to a sizable deficit due to declining coal prices. In 2011,Citigroupanalysts determined Mongolia to be one of the \"global growth generating\" countries, which are countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050.TheMongolian Stock Exchange, established in 1991 in Ulaanbaatar, is among the world's smallest stock exchanges bymarket capitalisation.As of 2024, it has 180 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$3.2 billion.TheInternational Finance Corporation(IFC) currently ranks Mongolia as 81st globally in its ease of doing business scoring. Mineral industry Minerals represent more than 80% of Mongolia's exports, a proportion expected to eventually rise to 95%. Fiscal revenues from mining represented 21% of government income in 2010 and rose to 24% in 2018.About 3,000 mining licences have been issued.Mining continues to rise as a major industry of Mongolia as evidenced by the number of Chinese, Russian and Canadian firms starting mining businesses in Mongolia. In 2009, the Mongolian government negotiated an agreement withRio TintoandIvanhoe Minesto develop theOyu Tolgoicopper and gold deposit,the biggest foreign-investment project in Mongolia at the time. The mine is now a major producer of copper and gold, with plans to further develop underground production and reach an output of 500,000 tons of copper per year.Mongolian lawmakers have also attempted to finance the development of theTavan Tolgoiarea, the world's largest untapped coal deposit. However, proposed international partnerships failed in 2011 and 2015, with Mongolia further cancelling an internationalinitial public offeringin 2020, citing financial and political difficulties. In September 2022, Mongolia built and launched a 233-km direct rail link to China, which is a milestone in Mongolia's plan to become China's leading supplier of high-quality coal from the Tavan Tolgoi mine, which has more than six billion tonnes of coal reserves. Agriculture Agriculture in Mongoliaconstitutes over 10% of Mongolia's annualgross domestic productand employs one-third of the labor force.However, the high altitude, extreme fluctuation in temperature, long winters, and low precipitation provides limited potential for agricultural development. The growing season is only 95 – 110 days.Because of Mongolia's harsh climate, it is unsuited to most cultivation. The agriculture sector therefore remains heavily focused on nomadic animal husbandry with 75% of the land allocated to pasture, and cropping only employing 3% of the population. About 35% of all households in Mongolia lived from breeding livestock.Most herders in Mongolia follow a pattern ofnomadicor semi-nomadicpastoralism. Infrastructure Communications Telecommunications in Mongolia face unique challenges. As the least densely populated country in the world, with a significant portion of the population living a nomadic lifestyle, it has been difficult for many traditionalinformation and communication technology(ICT) companies to make headway into Mongolian society. With almost half the population clustered in the capital ofUlaanbaatar, most landline technologies are deployed there. Wireless technologies have had greater success in rural areas. Postal services are provided by state-ownedMongol Postand 54 other licensed operators. Energy Mongolia imports 98% of its fuel and is building its first ever oil refinery to reduce its foreign energy dependency. Transportation TheTrans-Mongolian Railwayis the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors. It begins at theTrans-Siberian Railwayin Russia at the town ofUlan-Ude, crosses into Mongolia, runs through Ulaanbaatar, then passes into China atErenhotwhere it joins the Chinese railway system. A separate railroad link connects the eastern city ofChoibalsanwith the Trans-Siberian Railway. However, that link is closed to passengers after the Mongolian town ofChuluunkhoroot.Mongolia also has a 233 km-long cargo rail link from the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine to Chinese border. Mongolia has a number of domestic airports, with some of them having international status. However, the main international airport isChinggis Khaan International Airport, located approximately 52 km (32 mi) south of the capital Ulaanbaatar. Direct flight connections exist between Mongolia and South Korea, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Russia, Germany, and Turkey.MIAT Mongolian Airlinesis Mongolia's national air carrier, operating international flights, while air carriers such as Aero Mongolia and Hunnu Airlines serve domestic and short international routes. Many overland roads in Mongolia are only gravel roads or simple cross-country tracks. There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese borders, from Ulaanbaatar east- and westward (the so-called Millennium Road), and from Darkhan toBulgan. A number of road construction projects are currently underway. Mongolia has 4,800 km (3,000 mi) of paved roads, with 1,800 km (1,100 mi) of that total completed in 2013 alone. Education During the state socialist period, education was one of the areas of significant achievement in Mongolia. Before thePeople's Republic, literacy rates were below one percent. By 1952, illiteracy was virtually eliminated,in part through the use of seasonal boarding schools for children of nomadic families. Funding to these boarding schools was cut in the 1990s, contributing to slightly increased illiteracy. Primary and secondary education formerly lasted ten years, but was expanded to eleven years. Since the 2008–2009 school year, new first-graders are using the 12-year system, with a full transition to the 12-year system in the 2019–2020 school year. As of 2006, English is taught in all secondary schools across Mongolia, beginning in fourth grade. English has taken over from Russian as the dominant foreign language in Mongolia, particularly in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolian national universities are all spin-offs from theNational University of Mongoliaand theMongolian University of Science and Technology. Almost three in five Mongolian youths now enroll in university. There was a six-fold increase in students between 1993 and 2010.Mongolia was ranked 67th in theGlobal Innovation Indexin 2024, down from 53rd in 2019. Health Modern Mongolia inherited a relatively good healthcare system from its socialist period. A World Bank report from 2007 notes \"despite its low per capita income, Mongolia has relatively strong health indicators; a reflection of the important health gains achieved during the socialist period.\" On average Mongolia's infant mortality rate is less than half of that of similarly economically developed countries, its under-five mortality rate and life expectancy are all better on average than other nations with similar GDP per capita. Since 1990, key health indicators in Mongolia like life expectancy andinfantandchild mortalityhave steadily improved, both due to social changes and to improvement in the health sector.Echinococcosiswas one of the commonest surgical diagnoses in the 1960s, but now has been greatly reduced.Yet, adult health deteriorated during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century and mortality rates increased significantly.Smallpox, typhus, plague, poliomyelitis, and diphtheria were eradicated by 1981. TheMongolian Red Cross Societyfocuses on preventive work. TheConfederation of Mongolian Trade Unionsestablished a network of sanatoriums. Culture The symbol in the left bar of the national flag is a Buddhist icon calledSoyombo. It represents the sun, moon, stars, and heavens per standard cosmological symbology abstracted from that seen in traditionalthangkapaintings. Visual arts Before the 20th century, most works of the fine arts in Mongolia had a religious function, and therefore Mongolian fine arts were heavily influenced by religious texts.Thangkaswere usually painted or made inappliquétechnique. Bronze sculptures usually showed Buddhist deities. A number of great works are attributed to the firstJebtsundamba Khutuktu,Zanabazar. In the late 19th century, painters like\"Marzan\" Sharavturned to more realistic painting styles. Under theMongolian People's Republic,socialist realismwas the dominant painting style,however traditionalthangka-like paintings dealing with secular, nationalist themes were also popular, a genre known as \"Mongolzurag\". Among the first attempts to introducemodernisminto the fine arts of Mongolia was the paintingEhiin setgel(Mother's love) created by Tsevegjav in the 1960s. The artist was purged as his work was censored. All forms of fine arts flourished only afterperestroikain the late 1980s. Otgonbayar Ershuu is arguably one of the most well-known Mongolian modern artists in the Western world, he was portrayed in the film \"ZURAG\" by Tobias Wulff. Architecture The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as ager. In the past it was known by the Russian termyurt, but this has been changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known in English-speaking countries. According to Mongolian artist and art criticN. Chultem, thegerwas the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture. In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country. Many of them started asger-temples. When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angleswith pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of ager. Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples. The roofs were made in the shape of marquées.The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent. Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian,TibetanandChineseas well as combinations of the three. Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed byZanabazar. An example of theger-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar. The temple Lavrin (18th century) in theErdene Zuulamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition. An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today. The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition. The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture.Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the 25 metres (82 ft) sculpture of Maitreya. Music The music of Mongolia is strongly influenced by nature, nomadism, shamanism, and also Tibetan Buddhism. The traditional music includes a variety of instruments, famously themorin khuur, and also the singing styles like theurtyn duu(\"long song\"), and throat-singing (khoomei). The \"tsam\" is danced to keep away evil spirits and it was seen as reminiscent ofshamanism. Media Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the Soviet Union under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of theUnen(\"Truth\") newspaper similar to the SovietPravda.Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media were allowed.Thedissolution of the Soviet Unionhad a significant impact on Mongolia, where theone-party stategrew into amulti-partydemocracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront. A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998, and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms.The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets. Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a newFreedom of Information Act, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.Market reforms have led to an annually increasing number of people working in the media, along with students at journalism schools. In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report,Reporters Without Bordersclassified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.In 2016, Mongolia was ranked 60th out of 180. According to 2014 Asian Development Bank survey, 80% of Mongolians cited television as their main source of information. Mongolian cuisine Mongolian cuisinepredominantly consists ofdairy products,meat, andanimal fats. The most common rural dish is cookedmutton. In the city, steameddumplingsfilled with meat—\"buuz\"— are popular. The extremecontinental climateof Mongolia and the lowest population density in the world of just 2.2 inhabitants/km2has influenced the traditional diet. Use ofvegetablesandspicesare limited. Due to geographic proximity and deep historic ties withChinaandRussia, Mongolian cuisine is also influenced byChineseandRussian cuisine. Mongolia is one of few Asian countries where rice is not a main staple food. Instead, Mongolian people prefer to eat lamb as their staple food rather than rice. Sports and festivals The main national festival isNaadam, which has been organized for centuries and takes place over three days in the summer, consisting of three Mongolian traditional sports, archery, cross-country horse-racing, and wrestling, traditionally recognized as the Three Manly Games of Naadam. In modern-day Mongolia, Naadam is held from July 11 to 13 in the honor of the anniversaries of the National Democratic Revolution and foundation of the Great Mongol State. Another very popular activity called Shagaa is the \"flicking\" of sheep ankle bones at a target several feet away, using a flicking motion of the finger to send the small bone flying at targets and trying to knock the target bones off the platform. At Naadam, this contest is popular among older Mongolians. Horse ridingis especially central to Mongolian culture. The long-distance races that are showcased during Naadam festivals are one aspect of this, as is the popularity of trick riding. One example of trick riding is the legend that the Mongolian military heroDamdin Sükhbaatarscattered coins on the ground and then picked them up while riding a horse at full gallop. Mongolian wrestlingis the most popular of all Mongol sports. It is the highlight of the Three Manly Games of Naadam. Historians claim that Mongol-style wrestling originated some seven thousand years ago. Hundreds of wrestlers from different cities and aimags around the country take part in the national wrestling competition. Other sports such as basketball,weightlifting,powerlifting, association football, athletics, gymnastics, table tennis,jujutsu,karate,aikido,kickboxing, andmixed martial artshave become popular in Mongolia. More Mongolian table tennis players are competing internationally. Freestyle wrestlinghas been practised since 1958 in Mongolia.Mongolian freestyle wrestlers have won the first and the most Olympic medals of Mongolia. Naidangiin Tüvshinbayarwon Mongolia's first ever Olympic gold medal in the men's 100-kilogram class of judo. Amateur boxinghas been practised in Mongolia since 1948.The Mongolian Olympic boxing national team was founded in 1960. The Communist government of Mongolia banned boxing from 1964 to 1967 but the government soon ended the ban.Professional boxingbegan in Mongolia in the 1990s. Mongolia national basketball teamenjoyed some success recently, especially at theEast Asian Games. Association football is also played in Mongolia. TheMongolia national football teambegan playing national games again during the 1990s; but has not yet qualified for a major international tournament. TheMongolia Premier Leagueis the top domestic competition. Several Mongolian women have excelled inpistol shooting:Otryadyn Gündegmaais a silver medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games,Munkhbayar Dorjsurenis a double world champion and Olympic bronze medal winner (now representing Germany), whileTsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzulis, as of May 2007, ranked third in the world in the25-metre pistolevent. MongoliansumowrestlerDolgorsürengiin Dagvadorjwon 25 top division tournament championships, placing him fourth on theall-time list. In January 2015,Mönkhbatyn Davaajargaltook his 33rd top division championship, giving him the most in the history of sumo. Bandyis the only sport in which Mongolia has finished higher than third place at theAsian Winter Games, which happened in2011whenthe national teamcaptured the silver medal. It led to being chosen as the best Mongolian sports team of 2011.Mongolia won the bronze medal of the B division at the2017 Bandy World Championshipafter which the thenPresident of Mongolia,Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, held a reception for the team. Ulaanbataar holds an annual marathon in June. 2015 was the sixth marathon that has been organized by Ar Mongol. The race starts at Sukhbataar Square and is always open to residents and runners who come especially for this event. Mongolia holds other traditional festivals throughout the year. TheGolden Eagle Festival, heldannually, draws about 400 eagle hunters on horseback, including the travelerМөнхбаярт Батсайхан(Mönkhbayart Batsaikhan), to compete with their birds. TheIce Festivaland theThousand Camel Festivalare amongst many other traditional Mongolian festivals. See also Notes References Further reading External links"
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"List of Asian countries by area Below is alist of countries inAsiaby area.Russiais the largest country in Asia and the world, even after excluding its European portion. TheMaldivesis the smallest country in Asia. See also Notes References",
"Mongolia Mongoliais alandlocked countryinEast Asia, bordered byRussiato the north andChinato the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world'smost sparsely populated sovereign state. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border aclosed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassysteppe, with mountains to the north and west and theGobi Desertto the south.Ulaanbaatar, the capital andlargest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population. The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by variousnomadic empires, including theXiongnu, theXianbei, theRouran, theFirst Turkic Khaganate, theSecond Turkic Khaganate, theUyghur Khaganateand others. In 1206,Genghis Khanfounded theMongol Empire, which became the largestcontiguous land empirein history. His grandsonKublai KhanconqueredChina properand established theYuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, theMongolsretreated to Mongolia",
"to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era ofDayan KhanandTumen Zasagt Khan. In the 16th century,Tibetan Buddhismspread to Mongolia, being further led by theManchu-foundedQing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks.After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongoliadeclared independence, and achieved actualindependence from the Republic of Chinain 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became asatellite stateof theSoviet Union. In 1924, theMongolian People's Republicwas founded as asocialist state.After the anti-communistrevolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peacefuldemocratic revolutionin early 1990. This led to amulti-party system, a newconstitution of 1992, and transition to amarket economy. Approximately 30% of the population isnomadicor semi-nomadic;horse cultureremains integral.Buddhismis the majority religion (51.7%), with the",
"(51.7%), with the nonreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%).Islamis the third-largest religious identification (3.2%), concentrated among ethnicKazakhs. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population beingKazakhs,Tuvans, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the western regions. Mongolia is a member of theUnited Nations,Asia Cooperation Dialogue,G77,Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank,Non-Aligned Movementand aNATO global partner. Mongolia joined theWorld Trade Organizationin 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups. Etymology The name Mongolia means the \"Land of the Mongols\" in Latin. The Mongolian word\"Mongol\"(монгол) is of uncertain etymology. Sükhbataar (1992) and de la Vaissière (2021) proposed it being a derivation fromMugulü, the 4th-century founder of theRouran Khaganate,first attested as the 'Mungu',(Chinese:蒙兀,Modern ChineseMěngwù,Middle ChineseMuwngu), a branch of theShiweiin an",
"of theShiweiin an 8th-centuryTang dynastylist of northern tribes, presumably related to theLiao-eraMungku(Chinese:蒙古,Modern ChineseMěnggǔ,Middle ChineseMuwngkuX). After the fall of theLiao dynastyin 1125, theKhamag Mongolsbecame a leading tribe on theMongolian Plateau. However, their wars with theJurchen-ruledJin dynastyand theTatar confederationhad weakened them. The last head of the tribe wasYesügei, whose sonTemüjineventually united all the Shiwei tribes as theMongol Empire(Yekhe Monggol Ulus). In the thirteenth century, the word Mongol grew into an umbrella term for a large group ofMongolic-speakingtribes united under the rule ofGenghis Khan. Since the adoption of the newConstitution of Mongoliaon 13 February 1992, the official name of the state is \"Mongolia\" (Mongol Uls). History Prehistory and antiquity TheKhoit Tsenkher CaveinKhovd Provinceshows lively pink, brown, and red ochre paintings (dated to 20,000 years ago) ofmammoths,lynx,bactrian camels, andostriches, earning it the nickname \"theLascauxof",
"\"theLascauxof Mongolia\". TheVenus figurines of Mal'ta(21,000 years ago) testify to the level of Upper Paleolithic art in northern Mongolia; Mal'ta is now part of Russia. Neolithic agricultural settlements (c. 5500–3500 BC), such as those at Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag, and Rashaan Khad, predated the introduction of horse-riding nomadism, a pivotal event in the history of Mongolia which became the dominant culture. Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze AgeAfanasevo culture(3500–2500 BC);thisIndo-Europeanculture was active to theKhangai Mountainsin Central Mongolia. The wheeled vehicles found in the burials of the Afanasevans have been dated to before 2200 BC.Pastoral nomadism and metalworking became more developed with the laterOkunev culture(2nd millennium BC),Andronovo culture(2300–1000 BC) andKarasuk culture(1500–300 BC), culminating with the Iron AgeXiongnuEmpire in 209 BC. Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age includedeer",
"Age includedeer stones, keregsurkurgans,square slab tombs, and rock paintings. Although cultivation of crops has continued since the Neolithic, agriculture has always remained small in scale compared to pastoral nomadism. Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. The population during theCopper Agehas been described as mongoloid in the east of what is now Mongolia, and as europoid in the west.Tocharians (Yuezhi) andScythiansinhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age. The mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old, was a 30- to 40-year-old man with blond hair; it was found inthe Altai, Mongolia.As equine nomadism was introduced into Mongolia, the political center of theEurasian Steppealso shifted to Mongolia, where it remained until the 18th century CE. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g. the Guifang, Shanrong, andDonghu) into China during theShang dynasty(1600–1046 BC) andZhou dynasty(1046–256 BC) presaged",
"BC) presaged the age ofnomadic empires. Early states Since the prehistoric times, Mongolia has been inhabited by nomads who, from time to time, formed great confederations that rose to power and prominence. Common institutions were the office of theKhan, theKurultai(Supreme Council), left and right wings, imperial army (Keshig) and the decimal military system. The first of these empires, theXiongnuof undetermined ethnicity, were brought together byModu Shanyuto form a confederation in 209 BC. Soon they emerged as the greatest threat to theQin dynasty, forcing the latter to construct theGreat Wall of China. It was guarded by up to almost 300,000 soldiers during MarshalMeng Tian's tenure, as a means of defense against the destructive Xiongnu raids. The vast Xiongnu empire (209 BC–93 AD) was followed by the MongolicXianbei empire(93–234 AD), which also ruled more than the entirety of present-day Mongolia. The Mongolic Rouran Khaganate (330–555), ofXianbeiprovenance was the first to use \"Khagan\" as an imperial",
"as an imperial title. It ruled a massive empire before being defeated by theGöktürks(555–745), an even larger empire. The Göktürks laid siege toPanticapaeum, present-dayKerch, in 576. They were succeeded by theUyghur Khaganate(745–840) who were defeated by the Kyrgyz. The MongolicKhitans, descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the Liao dynasty (907–1125), after which theKhamag Mongol(1125–1206) rose to prominence. Lines 3–5 of the memorial inscription ofBilge Khagan(684–737) in central Mongolia summarizes the time of theKhagans: In battles they subdued the nations of all four sides of the world and suppressed them. They made those who had heads bow their heads, and who had knees genuflect them. In the east up to the Kadyrkhan common people, in the west up to the Iron Gate they conquered... These Khagans were wise. These Khagans were great. Their servants were wise and great too. Officials were honest and direct with people. They ruled the nation this way. This way they held sway over them. When",
"over them. When they died ambassadors from Bokuli Cholug (Baekje Korea), Tabgach (Tang China), Tibet (Tibetan Empire),Avar(Avar Khaganate), Rome (Byzantine Empire),Kirgiz, Uch-Kurykan, Otuz-Tatars,Khitans,Tatabiscame to the funerals. So many people came to mourn over the great Khagans. They were famous Khagans. Mongol empire to early 20th century In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes betweenManchuriaand theAltai Mountains. In 1206, he took the titleGenghis Khan, and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming theMongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-dayPolandin the west toKoreain the east, and from parts ofSiberiain the north to theGulf of OmanandVietnamin the south, covering some 33,000,000 square kilometres (13,000,000 sq mi),(22% of Earth's total land area) and had a",
"area) and had a population of over 100 million people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). The emergence ofPax Mongolicaalso significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia during its height. After Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms orKhanates. These eventually became quasi-independent after theToluid Civil War(1260–1264), which broke out in a battle for power followingMöngke Khan's death in 1259. One of the khanates, the \"Great Khaanate\", consisting of the Mongol homeland and most of modern-day China, became known as the Yuan dynasty underKublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Yuan court fled to the north, thus becoming theNorthern Yuan dynasty. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capitalKarakorumand other cities. Some of",
"cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols underAyushridarand his generalKöke Temür. After the expulsion of the Yuan rulers fromChina proper, the Mongols continued to rule their homeland, known in historiography as the Northern Yuan dynasty. With the division of the Mongol tribes, it was subsequently also known as \"The Forty and the Four\" (Döčin dörben) among them.The next centuries were marked by violent power struggles among various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-GenghisidOirats, as well as by several Ming invasions (such as thefive expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor). In the early 16th century,Dayan Khanand hiskhatunMandukhaireunited all Mongol groups under the Genghisids. In the mid-16th century,Altan Khanof the Tümed, a grandson of Dayan Khan – but not a hereditary or legitimate Khan – became powerful. He foundedHohhotin 1557. After he met with theDalai Lamain 1578, he ordered the introduction ofTibetan Buddhismto Mongolia. (It was the second time this had occurred.)",
"this had occurred.) Abtai Khan of theKhalkhaconverted to Buddhism and founded theErdene Zuumonastery in 1585. His grandsonZanabazarbecame the firstJebtsundamba Khutughtuin 1640. Following the leaders, the entire Mongolian population embraced Buddhism. Each family kept scriptures and Buddha statues on an altar at the north side of theiryurt. Mongolian nobles donated land, money and herders to the monasteries. As was typical in states with established religions, the top religious institutions, the monasteries, wielded significant temporal power in addition to spiritual power. The last Khagan of Mongols wasLigden Khanin the early 17th century. He came into conflicts with theManchusover the looting of Chinese cities, and also alienated most Mongol tribes. He died in 1634. By 1636, most of theInner Mongoliantribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded theQing dynasty. The Khalkha eventually submitted to Qing rule in 1691, thus bringing all of today's Mongolia under Manchu rule. After severalDzungar–Qing Wars,",
"Wars, theDzungars(western Mongols or Oirats) were virtually annihilated during the Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1757 and 1758. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the 600,000 or moreDzungar were killedby a combination of disease and warfare.Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tusheet Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon Khan. TheJebtsundamba Khutuktuof Mongolia had immensede factoauthority. The Manchu forbade mass Chinese immigration into the area, which allowed the Mongols to keep their culture. The Oirats who migrated to theVolga steppesin Russia became known asKalmyks. The main trade route during this period was theTea Roadthrough Siberia; it had permanent stations located every 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 mi), each of which was staffed by 5–30 chosen families. Until 1911, the Qing dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures.Ambans, Manchu",
"Manchu \"high officials\", were installed inKhüree,Uliastai, andKhovd, and the country was divided into numerous feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms (which also placed people in power with loyalty to the Qing). Over the course of the 19th century, the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards their subjects. The behavior of Mongolia's nobility, together withusuriouspractices by Chinese traders and the collection of imperial taxes in silver instead of animals, resulted in widespread poverty among the nomads. By 1911 there were 700 large and small monasteries in Outer Mongolia; their 115,000 monks made up 21% of the population. Apart from the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, there were 13 other reincarnating high lamas, called 'seal-holding saints' (tamgatai khutuktu), in Outer Mongolia. Modern history With the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia under theBogd Khaandeclared its independence. But the newly establishedRepublic of Chinaconsidered",
"of Chinaconsidered Mongolia to be part of its own territory.Yuan Shikai, thePresident of the Republic of China, considered the new republic to be thesuccessorof the Qing. Bogd Khaan said thatboth Mongolia and Chinahad been administered by the Manchu during the Qing, and after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the contract of Mongolian submission to the Manchu had become invalid. The area controlled by the Bogd Khaan was approximately that of the formerOuter Mongoliaduring the Qing period. In 1919, after theOctober Revolutionin Russia, Chinese troops led by warlordXu Shuzhengoccupied Mongolia. Warfare erupted on the northern border. As a result of theRussian Civil War, theWhiteRussian Lieutenant GeneralBaron Ungernled his troops into Mongolia in October 1920, defeating the Chinese forces inNiislel Khüree(now Ulaanbaatar) in early February 1921 with Mongol support. To eliminate the threat posed by Ungern,Bolshevik Russiadecided to support the establishment of a communist Mongolian government and army. This",
"and army. This Mongolian army took theMongolian partofKyakhtafrom Chinese forces on 18 March 1921, and on 6 July, Russian and Mongolian troops arrived in Khüree. Mongolia declared its independence again on 11 July 1921.As a result, Mongolia was closely aligned with the Soviet Union over the next seven decades. Mongolian People's Republic In 1924, after theBogd Khaandied oflaryngeal canceror, as some sources claim, at the hands of Russian spies,the country'spolitical systemwas changed. TheMongolian People's Republicwas established. In 1928,Khorloogiin Choibalsanrose to power. The early leaders of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1952) included many withPan-Mongolistideals. However, changing global politics and increased Soviet pressure led to the decline of Pan-Mongol aspirations in the following period. Khorloogiin Choibalsaninstituted collectivization of livestock, began the destruction of the Buddhist monasteries, and carried outStalinist purges, which resulted in the murders of numerous monks and",
"numerous monks and other leaders. In Mongolia during the 1920s, approximately one-third of the male population were monks. By the beginning of the 20th century, about 750 monasteries were functioning in Mongolia. In 1930, the Soviet Union stoppedBuryatmigration to theMongolian People's Republicto prevent Mongolian reunification. All leaders of Mongolia who did not fulfill Stalin's demands to performRed Terroragainst Mongolians were executed, includingPeljidiin GendenandAnandyn Amar. TheStalinist purges in Mongolia, which began in 1937, killed more than 30,000 people. Under Stalinist influence in theMongolian People's Republic, an estimated 17,000 monks were killed, official figures show.Choibalsan, who led a dictatorship and organizedStalinist purges in Mongoliabetween 1937 and 1939, died suspiciously in theSoviet Unionin 1952.CominternleaderBohumír Šmeralsaid, \"People of Mongolia are not important, the land is important. Mongolian land is larger than England, France and Germany\". After theJapanese invasion",
"invasion of neighboring Manchuriain 1931, Mongolia was threatened on this front. During theSoviet-Japanese Border Warof 1939, the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism. Mongolia fought against Japan during theBattles of Khalkhin Golin 1939 and during theSoviet–Japanese Warin August 1945 to liberate Inner Mongolia from Japan andMengjiang. Cold War The February 1945Yalta Conferenceprovided for the Soviet Union's participation in thePacific War. One of the Soviet conditions for its participation, put forward at Yalta, was that after the war Outer Mongolia would retain its independence.The referendumtook place on 20 October 1945, with (according to official numbers) 100% of the electorate voting for independence. After the establishment of thePeople's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on 6 October 1949. However, theRepublic of Chinaused itsSecurity Council vetoin 1955, to stop the admission of theMongolian People's Republicto the United",
"the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China. This was the only time theRepublic of Chinaever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission ofMauritania(and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.(seeChina and the United Nations) On 26 January 1952,Yumjaagiin Tsedenbaltook power in Mongolia after the death of Choibalsan. Tsedenbal was the leading political figure in Mongolia for more than 30 years.While Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow in August 1984, his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him withJambyn Batmönkh. Post-Cold War Thedissolution of the Soviet Unionin",
"the Soviet Unionin 1991 strongly influenced Mongolian politics andyouth. Its people undertook thepeaceful Democratic RevolutioninJanuary 1990and the introduction of amulti-party systemand a market economy. At the same time, the transformation of the formerMarxist-LeninistMongolian People's Revolutionary Partyto the current social democraticMongolian People's Partyreshaped the country's political landscape. Anew constitutionwas introduced in 1992, and the term \"People's Republic\" was dropped from the country's name. Thetransition to a market economywas often rocky; during the early 1990s the country had to deal with high inflation and food shortages.The first election victories for non-communist parties came in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). China has supported Mongolia's application for membership in theAsia Cooperation Dialogue(ACD),Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) and granting it observer status in theShanghai Cooperation Organisation. Geography and climate At",
"and climate At 1,564,116 km2(603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the world's18th-largestcountry.It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. It mostly lies between latitudes41°and52°N(a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes87°and120°E. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Saskatoon (Canada), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata in India, while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao and Hangzhou in China, as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only 36.76 kilometres (22.84 mi) from Kazakhstan, nearly making aquadripoint. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with theGobi Desertto the south and cold, mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of",
"consists of theMongolian-Manchurian grassland, with forested areas accounting for 11.2% of the total land area,a higher percentage than Ireland (10%).The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the Mongolian Plateau. The highest point in Mongolia is theKhüiten Peakin theTavan bogdmassif in the far west at 4,374 m (14,350 ft). The basin of theUvs Lake, shared withTuva Republicin Russia, is a naturalWorld Heritage Site. Climate Mongolia is known as the \"Land of the Eternal Blue Sky\" or \"Country of Blue Sky\" (Mongolian: \"Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron\") because it has over 250 sunny days a year. Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as −30 °C (−22 °F).A vast front of cold, heavy, shallow air comes in from Siberia in winter and collects in river valleys and low basins causing very cold temperatures while slopes of mountains are much warmer due to the effects oftemperature inversion(temperature increases with altitude). In winter the",
"In winter the whole of Mongolia comes under the influence of theSiberian Anticyclone. The localities most severely affected by this cold weather are Uvs province (Ulaangom), western Khovsgol (Rinchinlhumbe), eastern Zavkhan (Tosontsengel), northern Bulgan (Hutag) and eastern Dornod province (Khalkhiin Gol). Ulaanbaatar is strongly, but less severely, affected. The cold gets less severe as one goes south, reaching the warmest January temperatures in Omnogovi Province (Dalanzadgad,Khanbogd) and the region of the Altai mountains bordering China. A unique microclimate is the fertile grassland-forest region of central and eastern Arkhangai Province (Tsetserleg) and northern Ovorkhangai Province (Arvaikheer) where January temperatures are on average the same and often higher than the warmest desert regions to the south in addition to being more stable. TheKhangai Mountainsplay a certain role in forming this microclimate. In Tsetserleg, the warmest town in this microclimate, nighttime January temperatures rarely go",
"rarely go under −30 °C (−22 °F) while daytime January temperatures often reach 0 °C (32 °F) to 5 °C (41 °F). The country is subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known aszud.It results in large proportions of the country's livestock dying from starvation or freezing temperatures or both, resulting in economic upheaval for the largely pastoral population. The annual average temperature in Ulaanbaatar is −1.3 °C (29.7 °F), making it the world's coldest capital city.Mongolia is high, cold and windy.It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls.The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure.Precipitation is highest in the north (average of 200 to 350 millimeters (8 to 14 in) per year) and lowest in the south, which receives 100 to 200 millimeters (4 to 8 in) annually.The highest annual precipitation of 622.297 mm (24.500 in) occurred in the",
"in) occurred in the forests ofBulgan Provincenear the border with Russia and the lowest of 41.735 mm (1.643 in) occurred in the Gobi Desert (period 1961–1990).The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages 600 mm (24 in) in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than Beijing (571.8 mm or 22.51 in) or Berlin (571 mm or 22.5 in). Environmental issues Wildlife The name \"Gobi\" is a Mongol term for a desert steppe, which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to supportmarmotsbut with enough to support camels.Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape. Gobi rangelands are fragile and easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not evenBactrian camelscan survive.The arid conditions in the Gobi are attributed to therain shadow effectcaused by the Himalayas. Before the Himalayas were",
"the Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate 10 million years ago, Mongolia was a flourishing habitat for major fauna but still somewhat arid and cold due to distance from sources of evaporation. Sea turtle and mollusk fossils have been found in the Gobi, apart from well-known dinosaur fossils.Tadpole shrimpsare still found in the Gobi today. The eastern part of Mongolia including theOnonandKherlenrivers andLake Buirform part of theAmur riverbasin draining to the Pacific Ocean. It hosts some unique species like the Eastern brook lamprey, Daurian crayfish (cambaroides dauricus) and Daurian pearl oyster (dahurinaia dahurica) in the Onon/Kherlen rivers as well as Siberian prawn (exopalaemon modestus) in Lake Buir. Mongolia had a 2019Forest Landscape Integrity Indexmean score of 9.36/10, ranking it sixth globally out of 172 countries. Demographics Mongolia's total population as of January 2015 was estimated by theU.S. Census Bureauto be 3,000,251 people, ranking",
"people, ranking around 121st in the world. But theU.S. Department of StateBureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairsuses the United Nations (UN) estimationsinstead of the U.S. Census Bureau estimations.United Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsPopulation Divisionestimates Mongolia's total population (mid-2007) as 2,629,000 (11% less than the U.S. Census Bureau figure). UN estimates resemble those made by the Mongolian National Statistical Office (2,612,900, end of June 2007). Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.2% (2007 est.).About 59% of the total population is under age 30, 27% of whom are under 14. This relatively young and growing population has placed strains on Mongolia's economy. The first census in the 20th century was carried out in 1918 and recorded a population of 647,500.Since the end of socialism, Mongolia has experienced a decline oftotal fertility rate(children per woman) that is steeper than in any other country in the world, according to recent UN estimations:in",
"UN estimations:in 1970–1975, fertility was estimated to be 7.33 children per woman, dropping to about 2.1 in 2000–2005.The decline ended and in 2005–2010, the fertility value increased to 2.8 in 2013 and stabilised afterwards at a rate of about 2.5-2.6 children per woman around 2020. The Mongols are moderately homogeneous,Ethnic Mongols account for about 95% of the population and consist ofKhalkhaand other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongol language. TheKhalkhamake up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include Oirats,Buryatsand others.Turkic peoples(KazakhsandTuvans) constitute 4.5% of Mongolia's population, and the rest are Russian, Chinese, Korean and American nationalities. Languages Mongolia's official andnational languageisMongolian. A member of theMongolic languagefamily, the standard dialect isKhalkha Mongol. It coexists with various other, largely mutually intelligible varieties of Mongolic such asOirat,Buryat, andKhamnigan. Several dialects have been",
"dialects have been morphing to become more like the central Khalkha dialect in recent years.Most speakers of these dialects are located in the western part of the country, namelyBayan-Ölgii,Uvs, andKhovd.Kazakh, aTurkic language, is the majority language in Bayan-Ölgii, whileTuvanis another Turkic language spoken inKhövsgöl.Mongolian Sign Languageis the principal language of the deaf community. Today, Mongolian is mainly written using theCyrillic alphabet, introduced during the 1940s. Since the1990 revolutionthere has been a minor revival of the historicMongolian script, which is still the official script used byMongols in neighboringInner Mongolia. Although Mongolian script has officially been declared thenational script,and is taught from the sixth grade onward at schools,it remains mostly confined to ceremonial usage in daily life.In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025. Since 1990, English has quickly",
"English has quickly supplanted Russian as the most popular foreign language in Mongolia.In thecommunist era, Russian was a vital language for mobility and professional communication, with a large number of students studying in theSoviet Unionas well as a large number of Soviet professionals and soldiers located within Mongolia.Since then, however, Mongolia's education system has reoriented away from the Soviet Union to the West, and English has become the dominant foreign language, aided by liberalized media, international aid agencies, the rise of private education and tutoring, as well as official government policy. In the 2014–2015 academic year, 59% of the overall student population studied English at public secondary schools.In 2023, English was declared the \"first foreign language\", and to be taught from the third grade. As of the 2014–2015 academic year, the most popular foreign language in specialized language courses were (ordered by popularity), English,Chinese, Russian,Japanese, andKorean. Korean",
"andKorean. Korean in particular has gained popularity as tens of thousands ofMongolians work in South Korea,forming thelargest group of Mongolians abroad. Religion According to the 2010 National Census, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 53% wereBuddhists, while 39% werenon-religious. Mongolian shamanismhas been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, with similar beliefs being common among the nomads of central Asia. They gradually gave way toTibetan Buddhism, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and it continues to be practiced. The Kazakhs of western Mongolia, some Mongols, and other Turkic peoples in the country traditionally adhere toIslam. Throughout much of the 20th century, thecommunistgovernment repressed religious practices. It targeted the clergy of the Mongolian Buddhist Church, which had been tightly intertwined with the previous feudal government structures (e.g. from 1911 on, the head of the Church had also been theKhanof the country).In the",
"the country).In the late 1930s, the regime, then led byKhorloogiin Choibalsan, closed almost all of Mongolia's over 700 Buddhist monasteries andkilled at least 30,000 people, of whom 18,000 were lamas.The number ofBuddhist monksdropped from 100,000 in 1924 to 110 in 1990. Thefall of communismin 1991 restored public religious practice.Tibetan Buddhism, which had been the predominant religion prior to the rise of communism, again rose to become the most widely practised religion in Mongolia. The highest-ranking lama of Buddhism in Mongolia, has been vacant since the 9th Jebtsundamba's passing in 2012and the search for the next Jebtsundamba Khutuktu is being complicated by Beijing's desire to assert control over Tibetan Buddhism. The end of religious repression in the 1990s also allowed for other religions to spread in the country. According to the Christian missionary groupBarnabas Fund, the number of Christians grew from just four in 1989 to around 40,000 as of 2008. In May 2013,The Church of Jesus Christ of",
"of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church) held a cultural program to celebrate twenty years of LDS Church history in Mongolia, with 10,900 members, and 16 church buildings in the country.There are some 1,000 Catholics in Mongolia and, in 2003, a missionary from thePhilippineswas named Mongolia's firstCatholicbishop.In 2017Seventh-day Adventistsreported 2,700 members in six churches up from zero members in 1991. Government and politics Mongolia is asemi-presidentialrepresentative democratic republic with a directly electedPresident.The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, theState Great Khural. The president appoints the prime minister, and nominates the cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. Theconstitution of Mongoliaguarantees a number of freedoms, including fullfreedom of expressionandreligion. Mongolia amended its constitution most lately in 2019 transferring some powers from the president to the prime minister.On May 31, 2023, Mongolia's parliament approved a",
"approved a constitutional amendment that increased the number of seats from 76 to 126 and changed the electoral system re-introducing proportional party voting. Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are theMongolian People's Partyand theDemocratic Party. The non-governmental organizationFreedom Houseconsiders Mongolia to be free. The People's Party – known as the People's Revolutionary Party between 1924 and 2010 – formed the government from 1921 to 1996 (in a one-party system until 1990) and from 2000 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006, it was part of a coalition with the Democrats and two other parties, and after 2006 it was the dominant party in two other coalitions. The party initiated two changes of government from 2004 prior to losing power in the 2012 election. The Democrats were the dominant force in a ruling coalition between 1996 and 2000, and an almost-equal partner with the People's Revolutionary Party in a coalition between 2004 and 2006. An election of deputies to the national",
"to the national assembly on 28 June 2012 resulted in no party having an overall majority;however, as theDemocratic Partywon the largest number of seats,its leader,Norovyn Altankhuyag, was appointedprime ministeron 10 August 2012.In 2014, he was replaced byChimediin Saikhanbileg. TheMPPwon a landslide victory in the2016 electionsand the nextPrime MinisterwasMPP'sUkhnaagiin Khürelsükh. In June 2020, MPP won a landslide victory in theelection. It took 62 seats and the main opposition DP, 11 of the 76 seats. Before the elections the ruling party had redrawn the electoral map in a way that was beneficial for MPP.In January 2021, Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh resigned after protests over the treatment of a coronavirus patient.On 27 January 2021,Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdeneof MPP became new prime minister. He represents a younger generation of leaders that had studied abroad. ThePresident of Mongoliais able to veto the laws made by parliament, appoint judges and justice of courts and appoint ambassadors. The",
"ambassadors. The parliament can override that veto by a two-thirds majority vote. Mongolia's constitution provides three requirements for taking office as president; the candidate must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years old, and have resided in Mongolia for five years before taking office. The president must also suspend their party membership. After defeating incumbentNambaryn Enkhbayar,Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, a two-time former prime minister and member of theDemocratic Party, was elected as president on 24 May 2009 and inaugurated on 18 June that year.The rulingMongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)(MPRP) nominatedBatbold Sukhbaataras new Prime Minister in October 2009.Elbegdorj was re-elected on 26 June 2013 and was inaugurated on 10 July 2013 for his second term as president.In June 2017, oppositionDemocratic PartycandidateKhaltmaagiin Battulgawon the presidentialelection.He was inaugurated on 10 July 2017. In June 2021, former Prime MinisterUkhnaa Khurelsukh, the candidate of the",
"candidate of the rulingMongolian People's Party(MPP), became the country's sixth democratically elected president after winning thepresidential election. Mongolia uses aunicamerallegislature, the State Great Khural, with 76 seats, which is chaired by the Speaker of the House. Its members are directly elected, every four years, by popular vote.As per 2023 constitutional amendment the parliament increased the number of seats from 76 to 126. Foreign relations Mongolia's foreign relations traditionally focus on its two large neighbors, Russia and China.Mongolia is economically dependent on these countries: China is Mongolia's largest export partner at a 78% share, far above the other top countries (Switzerland at 15%; Singapore 3%). Mongolia receives 36% of imports from China and 29% from Russia.Mongolia is also pursuing a trilateral partnership with China and Russia through thePower of Siberia 2natural gas pipeline, with a contract to be signed in the \"near future\" according to Russian Deputy Prime Minister",
"Prime Minister Alexander Novak.Due to China's status as Mongolia's most important trading partner, Mongolia has been trying to stay out of the current U.S.-China confrontation. It has begun seeking positive relations with a wider range of other countries especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on encouragingforeign direct investmentand trade.Mongolia has been pursuing a 'third-neighbor' foreign policy since early 1990s to build deeper relations and partnerships with countries beyond its two surrounding neighbors. Mongolia has been a member ofThe Forum of Small States (FOSS)since the group's founding in 1992. Then Vice President of the U.S. Joe Biden, visited Mongolia in 2011 supporting Mongolia's third neighbor policy. Embassies Mongolia maintains manydiplomatic missionsin other countries and hasembassiesin the following world capitals: Military Mongolia supported the2003 invasion of Iraq, and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each toIraq. About 130 troops were",
"130 troops were deployed toAfghanistan. 200 Mongolian troops are serving inSierra Leoneon a UN mandate to protect the UN'sspecial courtset up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a battalion toChadin support ofMINURCAT. From 2005 to 2006, about 40 troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourg contingents inKosovo. On 21 November 2005,George W. Bushbecame the first-ever sitting U.S. president to visit Mongolia.In 2004, under Bulgarian chairmanship, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe(OSCE) invited Mongolia as its newest Asian partner. Legal system Thejudiciary of Mongoliais made of a three-tiered court system:first instancecourts in eachprovincial districtand eachUlaanbaatar district;appellatecourts for each province and also the Capital Ulaanbaatar; and the court of last resort (for non-constitutional matters) at theSupreme Court of Mongolia.For questions of constitutional law there is a separate constitutional court. AJudicial General Council(JGC) nominates judges",
"nominates judges which must then be confirmed by theparliamentand appointed by the President. Arbitration centres providealternative dispute resolutionoptions for commercial and other disputes. Administrative divisions Mongolia is divided into 21provinces (aimags)and subdivided into 330districts (sums).Ulaanbaatar is administered separately as acapital city (municipality)with provincial status. Theaimagsare: Major cities The percentage of the population the top 10 most populous cities make up. As of 2020, 47.6% of the population lives in Ulaanbaatar, further 21.4% lived inDarkhan,Erdenet, theaimagcenters andsumcenters, and other permanent settlements, and 31.0% in rural areas. Economy Economic activity in Mongolia has long been based on herding and agriculture, although development of extensive mineral deposits of copper, coal,molybdenum, tin,tungstenand gold have emerged as a driver of industrial production.Besides mining (21.8% of GDP) and agriculture (16% of GDP), dominant industries in the composition of",
"the composition of GDP are wholesale and retail trade and service, transportation and storage, and real estate activities.Also, Mongolia produces one-fifth of the world's raw cashmere. Theinformal economyis estimated to be at least one-third the size of the official economy.As of 2022, 78% of Mongolia's exports went to thePRC, and the PRC supplied 36% of Mongolia's imports. TheWorld Bankhas stated that Mongolia's development prospects are promising due to an expansion of mining and large public investment, although challenges remain from inflation, weaker external demand from China, and persistent fiscal risks due to sizable contingent liabilities.According to the Asian Development Bank, 27.1% of Mongolia's population lived below the national poverty line in 2022.In the same year, GDP per capita was estimated at $12,100. Mongolia's real GDP grew by 7% in 2023 due to record-high coal production, driven by strong demand from China.Inflation in early 2024 dropped to 7% due to lower global food and fuel",
"food and fuel prices.Despite a robust increase in import volumes, Mongolia recorded a current account surplus due to the sharp increase in coal exports. Mining sector growth is expected to continue driving GDP growth, although theInternational Monetary Fundpredicts the current account balance will revert to a sizable deficit due to declining coal prices. In 2011,Citigroupanalysts determined Mongolia to be one of the \"global growth generating\" countries, which are countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050.TheMongolian Stock Exchange, established in 1991 in Ulaanbaatar, is among the world's smallest stock exchanges bymarket capitalisation.As of 2024, it has 180 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$3.2 billion.TheInternational Finance Corporation(IFC) currently ranks Mongolia as 81st globally in its ease of doing business scoring. Mineral industry Minerals represent more than 80% of Mongolia's exports, a proportion expected to eventually rise to 95%. Fiscal revenues",
"Fiscal revenues from mining represented 21% of government income in 2010 and rose to 24% in 2018.About 3,000 mining licences have been issued.Mining continues to rise as a major industry of Mongolia as evidenced by the number of Chinese, Russian and Canadian firms starting mining businesses in Mongolia. In 2009, the Mongolian government negotiated an agreement withRio TintoandIvanhoe Minesto develop theOyu Tolgoicopper and gold deposit,the biggest foreign-investment project in Mongolia at the time. The mine is now a major producer of copper and gold, with plans to further develop underground production and reach an output of 500,000 tons of copper per year.Mongolian lawmakers have also attempted to finance the development of theTavan Tolgoiarea, the world's largest untapped coal deposit. However, proposed international partnerships failed in 2011 and 2015, with Mongolia further cancelling an internationalinitial public offeringin 2020, citing financial and political difficulties. In September 2022, Mongolia",
"2022, Mongolia built and launched a 233-km direct rail link to China, which is a milestone in Mongolia's plan to become China's leading supplier of high-quality coal from the Tavan Tolgoi mine, which has more than six billion tonnes of coal reserves. Agriculture Agriculture in Mongoliaconstitutes over 10% of Mongolia's annualgross domestic productand employs one-third of the labor force.However, the high altitude, extreme fluctuation in temperature, long winters, and low precipitation provides limited potential for agricultural development. The growing season is only 95 – 110 days.Because of Mongolia's harsh climate, it is unsuited to most cultivation. The agriculture sector therefore remains heavily focused on nomadic animal husbandry with 75% of the land allocated to pasture, and cropping only employing 3% of the population. About 35% of all households in Mongolia lived from breeding livestock.Most herders in Mongolia follow a pattern ofnomadicor semi-nomadicpastoralism. Infrastructure Communications",
"Communications Telecommunications in Mongolia face unique challenges. As the least densely populated country in the world, with a significant portion of the population living a nomadic lifestyle, it has been difficult for many traditionalinformation and communication technology(ICT) companies to make headway into Mongolian society. With almost half the population clustered in the capital ofUlaanbaatar, most landline technologies are deployed there. Wireless technologies have had greater success in rural areas. Postal services are provided by state-ownedMongol Postand 54 other licensed operators. Energy Mongolia imports 98% of its fuel and is building its first ever oil refinery to reduce its foreign energy dependency. Transportation TheTrans-Mongolian Railwayis the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors. It begins at theTrans-Siberian Railwayin Russia at the town ofUlan-Ude, crosses into Mongolia, runs through Ulaanbaatar, then passes into China atErenhotwhere it joins the Chinese railway system.",
"railway system. A separate railroad link connects the eastern city ofChoibalsanwith the Trans-Siberian Railway. However, that link is closed to passengers after the Mongolian town ofChuluunkhoroot.Mongolia also has a 233 km-long cargo rail link from the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine to Chinese border. Mongolia has a number of domestic airports, with some of them having international status. However, the main international airport isChinggis Khaan International Airport, located approximately 52 km (32 mi) south of the capital Ulaanbaatar. Direct flight connections exist between Mongolia and South Korea, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Russia, Germany, and Turkey.MIAT Mongolian Airlinesis Mongolia's national air carrier, operating international flights, while air carriers such as Aero Mongolia and Hunnu Airlines serve domestic and short international routes. Many overland roads in Mongolia are only gravel roads or simple cross-country tracks. There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese",
"Russian and Chinese borders, from Ulaanbaatar east- and westward (the so-called Millennium Road), and from Darkhan toBulgan. A number of road construction projects are currently underway. Mongolia has 4,800 km (3,000 mi) of paved roads, with 1,800 km (1,100 mi) of that total completed in 2013 alone. Education During the state socialist period, education was one of the areas of significant achievement in Mongolia. Before thePeople's Republic, literacy rates were below one percent. By 1952, illiteracy was virtually eliminated,in part through the use of seasonal boarding schools for children of nomadic families. Funding to these boarding schools was cut in the 1990s, contributing to slightly increased illiteracy. Primary and secondary education formerly lasted ten years, but was expanded to eleven years. Since the 2008–2009 school year, new first-graders are using the 12-year system, with a full transition to the 12-year system in the 2019–2020 school year. As of 2006, English is taught in all secondary schools",
"secondary schools across Mongolia, beginning in fourth grade. English has taken over from Russian as the dominant foreign language in Mongolia, particularly in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolian national universities are all spin-offs from theNational University of Mongoliaand theMongolian University of Science and Technology. Almost three in five Mongolian youths now enroll in university. There was a six-fold increase in students between 1993 and 2010.Mongolia was ranked 67th in theGlobal Innovation Indexin 2024, down from 53rd in 2019. Health Modern Mongolia inherited a relatively good healthcare system from its socialist period. A World Bank report from 2007 notes \"despite its low per capita income, Mongolia has relatively strong health indicators; a reflection of the important health gains achieved during the socialist period.\" On average Mongolia's infant mortality rate is less than half of that of similarly economically developed countries, its under-five mortality rate and life expectancy are all better on",
"are all better on average than other nations with similar GDP per capita. Since 1990, key health indicators in Mongolia like life expectancy andinfantandchild mortalityhave steadily improved, both due to social changes and to improvement in the health sector.Echinococcosiswas one of the commonest surgical diagnoses in the 1960s, but now has been greatly reduced.Yet, adult health deteriorated during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century and mortality rates increased significantly.Smallpox, typhus, plague, poliomyelitis, and diphtheria were eradicated by 1981. TheMongolian Red Cross Societyfocuses on preventive work. TheConfederation of Mongolian Trade Unionsestablished a network of sanatoriums. Culture The symbol in the left bar of the national flag is a Buddhist icon calledSoyombo. It represents the sun, moon, stars, and heavens per standard cosmological symbology abstracted from that seen in traditionalthangkapaintings. Visual arts Before the 20th century, most works of the fine arts in",
"of the fine arts in Mongolia had a religious function, and therefore Mongolian fine arts were heavily influenced by religious texts.Thangkaswere usually painted or made inappliquétechnique. Bronze sculptures usually showed Buddhist deities. A number of great works are attributed to the firstJebtsundamba Khutuktu,Zanabazar. In the late 19th century, painters like\"Marzan\" Sharavturned to more realistic painting styles. Under theMongolian People's Republic,socialist realismwas the dominant painting style,however traditionalthangka-like paintings dealing with secular, nationalist themes were also popular, a genre known as \"Mongolzurag\". Among the first attempts to introducemodernisminto the fine arts of Mongolia was the paintingEhiin setgel(Mother's love) created by Tsevegjav in the 1960s. The artist was purged as his work was censored. All forms of fine arts flourished only afterperestroikain the late 1980s. Otgonbayar Ershuu is arguably one of the most well-known Mongolian modern artists in the Western world,",
"the Western world, he was portrayed in the film \"ZURAG\" by Tobias Wulff. Architecture The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as ager. In the past it was known by the Russian termyurt, but this has been changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known in English-speaking countries. According to Mongolian artist and art criticN. Chultem, thegerwas the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture. In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country. Many of them started asger-temples. When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angleswith pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of ager. Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples. The roofs were made in the shape of marquées.The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent. Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional",
"in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian,TibetanandChineseas well as combinations of the three. Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed byZanabazar. An example of theger-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar. The temple Lavrin (18th century) in theErdene Zuulamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition. An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today. The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition. The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture.Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the 25 metres (82 ft) sculpture of Maitreya. Music The music of Mongolia is strongly influenced by nature, nomadism, shamanism, and also Tibetan Buddhism. The traditional music includes a variety of instruments, famously themorin khuur, and",
"themorin khuur, and also the singing styles like theurtyn duu(\"long song\"), and throat-singing (khoomei). The \"tsam\" is danced to keep away evil spirits and it was seen as reminiscent ofshamanism. Media Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the Soviet Union under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of theUnen(\"Truth\") newspaper similar to the SovietPravda.Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media were allowed.Thedissolution of the Soviet Unionhad a significant impact on Mongolia, where theone-party stategrew into amulti-partydemocracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront. A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998, and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms.The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets. Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the",
"improving with the government debating a newFreedom of Information Act, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.Market reforms have led to an annually increasing number of people working in the media, along with students at journalism schools. In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report,Reporters Without Bordersclassified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.In 2016, Mongolia was ranked 60th out of 180. According to 2014 Asian Development Bank survey, 80% of Mongolians cited television as their main source of information. Mongolian cuisine Mongolian cuisinepredominantly consists ofdairy products,meat, andanimal fats. The most common rural dish is cookedmutton. In the city, steameddumplingsfilled with meat—\"buuz\"— are popular. The extremecontinental climateof Mongolia and the lowest population density in the world of just 2.2 inhabitants/km2has influenced the traditional diet. Use ofvegetablesandspicesare limited. Due to geographic proximity and",
"proximity and deep historic ties withChinaandRussia, Mongolian cuisine is also influenced byChineseandRussian cuisine. Mongolia is one of few Asian countries where rice is not a main staple food. Instead, Mongolian people prefer to eat lamb as their staple food rather than rice. Sports and festivals The main national festival isNaadam, which has been organized for centuries and takes place over three days in the summer, consisting of three Mongolian traditional sports, archery, cross-country horse-racing, and wrestling, traditionally recognized as the Three Manly Games of Naadam. In modern-day Mongolia, Naadam is held from July 11 to 13 in the honor of the anniversaries of the National Democratic Revolution and foundation of the Great Mongol State. Another very popular activity called Shagaa is the \"flicking\" of sheep ankle bones at a target several feet away, using a flicking motion of the finger to send the small bone flying at targets and trying to knock the target bones off the platform. At Naadam, this",
"At Naadam, this contest is popular among older Mongolians. Horse ridingis especially central to Mongolian culture. The long-distance races that are showcased during Naadam festivals are one aspect of this, as is the popularity of trick riding. One example of trick riding is the legend that the Mongolian military heroDamdin Sükhbaatarscattered coins on the ground and then picked them up while riding a horse at full gallop. Mongolian wrestlingis the most popular of all Mongol sports. It is the highlight of the Three Manly Games of Naadam. Historians claim that Mongol-style wrestling originated some seven thousand years ago. Hundreds of wrestlers from different cities and aimags around the country take part in the national wrestling competition. Other sports such as basketball,weightlifting,powerlifting, association football, athletics, gymnastics, table tennis,jujutsu,karate,aikido,kickboxing, andmixed martial artshave become popular in Mongolia. More Mongolian table tennis players are competing",
"are competing internationally. Freestyle wrestlinghas been practised since 1958 in Mongolia.Mongolian freestyle wrestlers have won the first and the most Olympic medals of Mongolia. Naidangiin Tüvshinbayarwon Mongolia's first ever Olympic gold medal in the men's 100-kilogram class of judo. Amateur boxinghas been practised in Mongolia since 1948.The Mongolian Olympic boxing national team was founded in 1960. The Communist government of Mongolia banned boxing from 1964 to 1967 but the government soon ended the ban.Professional boxingbegan in Mongolia in the 1990s. Mongolia national basketball teamenjoyed some success recently, especially at theEast Asian Games. Association football is also played in Mongolia. TheMongolia national football teambegan playing national games again during the 1990s; but has not yet qualified for a major international tournament. TheMongolia Premier Leagueis the top domestic competition. Several Mongolian women have excelled inpistol shooting:Otryadyn Gündegmaais a silver medalist",
"a silver medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games,Munkhbayar Dorjsurenis a double world champion and Olympic bronze medal winner (now representing Germany), whileTsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzulis, as of May 2007, ranked third in the world in the25-metre pistolevent. MongoliansumowrestlerDolgorsürengiin Dagvadorjwon 25 top division tournament championships, placing him fourth on theall-time list. In January 2015,Mönkhbatyn Davaajargaltook his 33rd top division championship, giving him the most in the history of sumo. Bandyis the only sport in which Mongolia has finished higher than third place at theAsian Winter Games, which happened in2011whenthe national teamcaptured the silver medal. It led to being chosen as the best Mongolian sports team of 2011.Mongolia won the bronze medal of the B division at the2017 Bandy World Championshipafter which the thenPresident of Mongolia,Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, held a reception for the team. Ulaanbataar holds an annual marathon in June. 2015 was the sixth marathon that has been organized",
"has been organized by Ar Mongol. The race starts at Sukhbataar Square and is always open to residents and runners who come especially for this event. Mongolia holds other traditional festivals throughout the year. TheGolden Eagle Festival, heldannually, draws about 400 eagle hunters on horseback, including the travelerМөнхбаярт Батсайхан(Mönkhbayart Batsaikhan), to compete with their birds. TheIce Festivaland theThousand Camel Festivalare amongst many other traditional Mongolian festivals. See also Notes References Further reading External links"
] |
In which of the three Intertidal zones would you most likely find the Septifer bilocularis? | Low Intertidal Zone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septifer_bilocularis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilidae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septifer_bilocularis', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilidae', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septifer_bilocularis",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilidae",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone"
] | [
"Septifer bilocularis Septifer bilocularisis amarinebivalvespecies in thefamilyMytilidae, the mussels. Right and left valve of the same specimen: Distribution Tropical Indo-Pacific.;also inAustralia. References External links Thisbivalve-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Mytilidae 52, See text Mytilidaeare afamilyof small to largemarineandbrackish-waterbivalvemolluscsin theorderMytilida. One of the genera,Limnoperna, even inhabitsfreshwaterenvironments. Mytilidae, which contains some 52 genera, is the only extant family within the orderMytilida. Species in the family Mytilidae are found worldwide, but they are more abundant in colder seas, where they often form uninterrupted beds on rocky shores in theintertidal zoneand the shallow subtidal. The subfamily Bathymodiolinae is found indeep-seahabitats. Mytilids include the well-known edible sea mussels. A common feature of the shells of mussels is an asymmetrical shell which has a thick, adherentperiostracum. The animals attach themselves to a solid substrate using abyssus. A 2020 study of the phylogeny of Mytilidae recovered two maincladesderived from anepifaunalancestor, with subsequent lineages shifting to other lifestyles, and correlatingconvergent evolutionofsiphontraits. Genera Genera within the family Mytilidae include: References External links",
"Intertidal zone Theintertidal zoneorforeshoreis the area abovewater levelat lowtideandunderwaterat high tide; in other words, it is the part of thelittoral zonewithin thetidal range. This area can include several types ofhabitatswith various species oflife, such assea stars,sea urchins, and many species ofcoralwith regional differences in biodiversity. Sometimes it is referred to as thelittoral zoneorseashore, although those can be defined as a wider region. The intertidal zone also includes steep rockycliffs, sandybeaches,bogsorwetlands(e.g., vastmudflats). This area can be a narrow strip, such as inPacific islandsthat have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion. Theperitidal zoneis similar but somewhat wider, extending from above the highest tide level to below the lowest. Organisms in the intertidal zone are well-adapted to their environment, facing high levels ofinterspecific competitionand the rapidly changing conditions that come with thetides.The intertidal zone is also home to several species from many differentphyla(Porifera,Annelida,Coelenterata,Mollusca,Arthropoda, etc.). The water that comes with the tides can vary frombrackish waters, fresh withrain, to highlysalineand drysalt, with drying between tidal inundations.Wavesplash can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure tosunlight, thetemperaturecan range from very hot with fullsunshineto near freezing in colder climates. Somemicroclimatesin the littoral zone are moderated by local features and larger plants such asmangroves.Adaptationsin the littoral zone allow the utilization ofnutrientssupplied in high volume on a regular basis from thesea, which is actively moved to the zone by tides. The edges of habitats, in this case the land and sea, are themselves often significantecosystems, and the littoral zone is a prime example. A typicalrocky shorecan be divided into a spray zone or splash zone (also known as thesupratidal zone), which is above thespring high-tide lineand is covered by water only during storms, and an intertidal zone, which lies between the high and low tidal extremes. Along mostshores, the intertidal zone can be clearly separated into the following subzones: high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone. The intertidal zone is one of a number ofmarine biomesorhabitats, includingestuaries, theneritic zone, thephotic zone, anddeep zones. Zonation Marine biologistsdivide the intertidal region into three zones (low, middle, and high), based on the overall average exposure of the zone.The low intertidal zone, which borders on the shallow subtidal zone, is only exposed to air at the lowest of low tides and is primarily marine in character. The mid intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The high intertidal zone is only covered by the highest of the high tides, and spends much of its time as terrestrial habitat. The high intertidal zone borders on thesplash zone(the region above the highest still-tide level, but which receives wave splash). On shores exposed to heavywave action, the intertidal zone will be influenced by waves, as the spray from breaking waves will extend the intertidal zone. Depending on the substratum and topography of the shore, additional features may be noticed. Onrocky shores,tide poolsform in depressions that fill with water as the tide rises. Under certain conditions, such as those atMorecambe Bay,quicksandmay form. Low tide zone (lower littoral) This subregion is mostly submerged – it is only exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. This area is teeming with life;the most notable difference between this subregion and the other three is that there is much more marine vegetation, especiallyseaweeds. There is also a great biodiversity. Organisms in this zone generally are not well adapted to periods of dryness and temperature extremes. Some of the organisms in this area areabalone,sea anemones,brown seaweed,chitons,crabs,green algae,hydroids,isopods,limpets,mussels,nudibranchs,sculpin,sea cucumber,sea lettuce,sea palms,starfish,sea urchins,shrimp,snails,sponges,surf grass,tube worms, andwhelks. Creatures in this area can grow to larger sizes because there is more availableenergyin the localized ecosystem. Also, marine vegetation can grow to much greater sizes than in the other three intertidal subregions due to the better water coverage. The water is shallow enough to allow plenty ofsunlightto reach the vegetation to allow substantialphotosyntheticactivity, and thesalinityis at almost normal levels. This area is also protected from largepredatorssuch as fish because of the wave action and the relatively shallow water. Ecology The intertidal region is an important model system for the study ofecology, especially on wave-swept rocky shores. The region contains a high diversity of species, and the zonation created by the tides causes species ranges to be compressed into very narrow bands. This makes it relatively simple to study species across their entire cross-shore range, something that can be extremely difficult in, for instance, terrestrial habitats that can stretch thousands of kilometres. Communities on wave-swept shores also have high turnover due to disturbance, so it is possible to watchecological successionover years rather than decades. The burrowinginvertebratesthat make up large portions of sandy beach ecosystems are known to travel relatively great distances in cross-shore directions as beaches change on the order of days, semilunar cycles, seasons, or years. The distribution of some species has been found to correlate strongly with geomorphic datums such as the high tide strand and the water table outcrop. Since the foreshore is alternately covered by the sea and exposed to the air, organisms living in this environment must be adapted to both wet and dry conditions. Intertidal zone biomass reduces the risk of shorelineerosionfrom high intensity waves.Typical inhabitants of the intertidal rocky shore includesea urchins,sea anemones,barnacles,chitons,crabs,isopods,mussels,starfish, and many marinegastropodmolluscssuch aslimpetsandwhelks. Sexual and asexual reproduction varies by inhabitants of the intertidal zones. Humans have historically used intertidal zones as foraged food sources during low tide.Migratory birds also rely on intertidal species for feeding areas because of low water habitats consisting of an abundance of mollusks and other marine species. Legal issues As with the dry sand part of a beach, legal and political disputes can arise over the ownership and use of the foreshore. One recent example is theNew Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy. In legal discussions, the foreshore is often referred to as thewet-sand area. For privately owned beaches in theUnited States, some states such asMassachusettsuse the low-water mark as the dividing line between the property of the State and that of the beach owner; however the public still has fishing, fowling, and navigation rights to the zone between low and high water. Other states such as California use the high-water mark. In theUnited Kingdom, the foreshore is generally deemed to be owned bythe Crown, with exceptions for what are termedseveral fisheries, which can be historic deeds to title, dating back toKing John's time or earlier, and theUdal Law, which applies generally inOrkneyandShetland. InGreece, according to the L. 2971/01, the foreshore zone is defined as the area of the coast that might be reached by the maximum climbing of the waves on the coast (maximum wave run-up on the coast) in their maximum capacity (maximum referring to the \"usually maximum winter waves\" and of course not to exceptional cases, such astsunamis). The foreshore zone, a part of the exceptions of the law, is public, and permanent constructions are not allowed on it. In Italy, about half the shoreline is owned by the government but leased to private beach clubs called lidos. In theEast Africanand West Indian Ocean, intertidal zone management is often neglected of being a priority due to there being no intent for collective economic productivity.According to workshops performing questionaries, it is stated that eighty-six percent of respondents believe mismanagement of mangrove and coastal ecosystems are due to lack of knowledge to steward the ecosystems, yet forty-four percent of respondents state that there is a fair amount of knowledge used in those regions for fisheries. Threats Intertidal zones are sensitive habitats with an abundance of marine species that can experience ecological hazards associated withtourismandhuman-induced environmental impacts. A variety of other threats that have been summarized by scientists includenutrient pollution,overharvesting,habitat destruction, andclimate change.Habitat destruction is advanced through activities including harvesting fisheries with drag nets and a neglect of the sensitivity of intertidal zones. Gallery See also References External links"
] | [
"Septifer bilocularis Septifer bilocularisis amarinebivalvespecies in thefamilyMytilidae, the mussels. Right and left valve of the same specimen: Distribution Tropical Indo-Pacific.;also inAustralia. References External links Thisbivalve-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Mytilidae 52, See text Mytilidaeare afamilyof small to largemarineandbrackish-waterbivalvemolluscsin theorderMytilida. One of the genera,Limnoperna, even inhabitsfreshwaterenvironments. Mytilidae, which contains some 52 genera, is the only extant family within the orderMytilida. Species in the family Mytilidae are found worldwide, but they are more abundant in colder seas, where they often form uninterrupted beds on rocky shores in theintertidal zoneand the shallow subtidal. The subfamily Bathymodiolinae is found indeep-seahabitats. Mytilids include the well-known edible sea mussels. A common feature of the shells of mussels is an asymmetrical shell which has a thick, adherentperiostracum. The animals attach themselves to a solid substrate using abyssus. A 2020 study of the phylogeny of Mytilidae recovered two maincladesderived from anepifaunalancestor, with subsequent lineages shifting to other lifestyles, and correlatingconvergent evolutionofsiphontraits. Genera Genera within the family Mytilidae include:",
"Mytilidae include: References External links",
"Intertidal zone Theintertidal zoneorforeshoreis the area abovewater levelat lowtideandunderwaterat high tide; in other words, it is the part of thelittoral zonewithin thetidal range. This area can include several types ofhabitatswith various species oflife, such assea stars,sea urchins, and many species ofcoralwith regional differences in biodiversity. Sometimes it is referred to as thelittoral zoneorseashore, although those can be defined as a wider region. The intertidal zone also includes steep rockycliffs, sandybeaches,bogsorwetlands(e.g., vastmudflats). This area can be a narrow strip, such as inPacific islandsthat have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion. Theperitidal zoneis similar but somewhat wider, extending from above the highest tide level to below the lowest. Organisms in the intertidal zone are well-adapted to their environment, facing high levels ofinterspecific competitionand the rapidly changing",
"rapidly changing conditions that come with thetides.The intertidal zone is also home to several species from many differentphyla(Porifera,Annelida,Coelenterata,Mollusca,Arthropoda, etc.). The water that comes with the tides can vary frombrackish waters, fresh withrain, to highlysalineand drysalt, with drying between tidal inundations.Wavesplash can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure tosunlight, thetemperaturecan range from very hot with fullsunshineto near freezing in colder climates. Somemicroclimatesin the littoral zone are moderated by local features and larger plants such asmangroves.Adaptationsin the littoral zone allow the utilization ofnutrientssupplied in high volume on a regular basis from thesea, which is actively moved to the zone by tides. The edges of habitats, in this case the land and sea, are themselves often significantecosystems, and the littoral zone is a prime example. A typicalrocky shorecan be divided into a spray zone or splash zone",
"zone or splash zone (also known as thesupratidal zone), which is above thespring high-tide lineand is covered by water only during storms, and an intertidal zone, which lies between the high and low tidal extremes. Along mostshores, the intertidal zone can be clearly separated into the following subzones: high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone. The intertidal zone is one of a number ofmarine biomesorhabitats, includingestuaries, theneritic zone, thephotic zone, anddeep zones. Zonation Marine biologistsdivide the intertidal region into three zones (low, middle, and high), based on the overall average exposure of the zone.The low intertidal zone, which borders on the shallow subtidal zone, is only exposed to air at the lowest of low tides and is primarily marine in character. The mid intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The high intertidal zone is only covered by the highest of the high tides, and spends much of its time as terrestrial habitat. The high intertidal",
"The high intertidal zone borders on thesplash zone(the region above the highest still-tide level, but which receives wave splash). On shores exposed to heavywave action, the intertidal zone will be influenced by waves, as the spray from breaking waves will extend the intertidal zone. Depending on the substratum and topography of the shore, additional features may be noticed. Onrocky shores,tide poolsform in depressions that fill with water as the tide rises. Under certain conditions, such as those atMorecambe Bay,quicksandmay form. Low tide zone (lower littoral) This subregion is mostly submerged – it is only exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. This area is teeming with life;the most notable difference between this subregion and the other three is that there is much more marine vegetation, especiallyseaweeds. There is also a great biodiversity. Organisms in this zone generally are not well adapted to periods of dryness and temperature extremes. Some of",
"extremes. Some of the organisms in this area areabalone,sea anemones,brown seaweed,chitons,crabs,green algae,hydroids,isopods,limpets,mussels,nudibranchs,sculpin,sea cucumber,sea lettuce,sea palms,starfish,sea urchins,shrimp,snails,sponges,surf grass,tube worms, andwhelks. Creatures in this area can grow to larger sizes because there is more availableenergyin the localized ecosystem. Also, marine vegetation can grow to much greater sizes than in the other three intertidal subregions due to the better water coverage. The water is shallow enough to allow plenty ofsunlightto reach the vegetation to allow substantialphotosyntheticactivity, and thesalinityis at almost normal levels. This area is also protected from largepredatorssuch as fish because of the wave action and the relatively shallow water. Ecology The intertidal region is an important model system for the study ofecology, especially on wave-swept rocky shores. The region contains a high diversity of species, and the zonation created by the tides",
"by the tides causes species ranges to be compressed into very narrow bands. This makes it relatively simple to study species across their entire cross-shore range, something that can be extremely difficult in, for instance, terrestrial habitats that can stretch thousands of kilometres. Communities on wave-swept shores also have high turnover due to disturbance, so it is possible to watchecological successionover years rather than decades. The burrowinginvertebratesthat make up large portions of sandy beach ecosystems are known to travel relatively great distances in cross-shore directions as beaches change on the order of days, semilunar cycles, seasons, or years. The distribution of some species has been found to correlate strongly with geomorphic datums such as the high tide strand and the water table outcrop. Since the foreshore is alternately covered by the sea and exposed to the air, organisms living in this environment must be adapted to both wet and dry conditions. Intertidal zone biomass reduces the",
"biomass reduces the risk of shorelineerosionfrom high intensity waves.Typical inhabitants of the intertidal rocky shore includesea urchins,sea anemones,barnacles,chitons,crabs,isopods,mussels,starfish, and many marinegastropodmolluscssuch aslimpetsandwhelks. Sexual and asexual reproduction varies by inhabitants of the intertidal zones. Humans have historically used intertidal zones as foraged food sources during low tide.Migratory birds also rely on intertidal species for feeding areas because of low water habitats consisting of an abundance of mollusks and other marine species. Legal issues As with the dry sand part of a beach, legal and political disputes can arise over the ownership and use of the foreshore. One recent example is theNew Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy. In legal discussions, the foreshore is often referred to as thewet-sand area. For privately owned beaches in theUnited States, some states such asMassachusettsuse the low-water mark as the dividing line between the property of the",
"the property of the State and that of the beach owner; however the public still has fishing, fowling, and navigation rights to the zone between low and high water. Other states such as California use the high-water mark. In theUnited Kingdom, the foreshore is generally deemed to be owned bythe Crown, with exceptions for what are termedseveral fisheries, which can be historic deeds to title, dating back toKing John's time or earlier, and theUdal Law, which applies generally inOrkneyandShetland. InGreece, according to the L. 2971/01, the foreshore zone is defined as the area of the coast that might be reached by the maximum climbing of the waves on the coast (maximum wave run-up on the coast) in their maximum capacity (maximum referring to the \"usually maximum winter waves\" and of course not to exceptional cases, such astsunamis). The foreshore zone, a part of the exceptions of the law, is public, and permanent constructions are not allowed on it. In Italy, about half the shoreline is owned by the government",
"by the government but leased to private beach clubs called lidos. In theEast Africanand West Indian Ocean, intertidal zone management is often neglected of being a priority due to there being no intent for collective economic productivity.According to workshops performing questionaries, it is stated that eighty-six percent of respondents believe mismanagement of mangrove and coastal ecosystems are due to lack of knowledge to steward the ecosystems, yet forty-four percent of respondents state that there is a fair amount of knowledge used in those regions for fisheries. Threats Intertidal zones are sensitive habitats with an abundance of marine species that can experience ecological hazards associated withtourismandhuman-induced environmental impacts. A variety of other threats that have been summarized by scientists includenutrient pollution,overharvesting,habitat destruction, andclimate change.Habitat destruction is advanced through activities including harvesting fisheries with drag nets and a neglect of",
"and a neglect of the sensitivity of intertidal zones. Gallery See also References External links"
] |
How old was the Commander-in-Chief of India from 1865-1870 when he died? How old was his wife when she died? Average these two numbers, rounding up to the nearest whole integer if necessary. | William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst was 57 at the time of his death. His wife, Margaret Mansfield, Baroness Sandhurst was aged 64 at the time of her death. Their average lifespan was 61 years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mansfield,_1st_Baron_Sandhurst | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mansfield,_Baroness_Sandhurst | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mansfield,_1st_Baron_Sandhurst', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mansfield,_Baroness_Sandhurst'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mansfield,_1st_Baron_Sandhurst",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mansfield,_Baroness_Sandhurst"
] | [
"William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst GeneralWilliam Rose Mansfield, 1st Baron SandhurstGCBGCSIPC (Ire)(21 June 1819 – 23 June 1876) was a British military commander who served asCommander-in-ChiefofIndiafrom 1865 to 1870. In Bombay now Mumbai, there is local train station named after Baron Sandhurst. Sanhurst Road station in Central Line. Background and early life Mansfield was born inRuxley,Kent, the fifth of the seven sons of John Mansfield of Diggeswell House inHertfordshire, and his wife, Mary Buchanan Smith, daughter of GeneralSamuel SmithofBaltimorein theUnited States.His grandfather was the prominent lawyerSir James Mansfield,Solicitor Generalfrom 1780 to 1782 and in 1783 andChief Justice of the Common Pleasfrom 1804 to 1814. In 1854, he marriedMargaret Fellowes, who became a noted suffragist and spiritualist after his death. Military career Mansfield was educated atRoyal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned into the53rd Footas an ensign in 1835.He was promoted to lieutenant on 31 August 1838 and to captain on 10 February 1843.He was mostly active inIndiaand served in theSutlejcampaign of 1845 to 1846.Promoted to major on 3 December 1847, he commanded the 53rd Regiment in thePunjabfrom 1848 to 1849and was employed in thePeshawaroperations in 1851 and 1852,receiving promotion to lieutenant-colonel on 9 May 1851 and to colonel on 6 October 1854. In 1855, during theCrimean War, Mansfield was appointed military adviser to the Ambassador at ConstantinopleLord Stratford de Redcliff, and accompanied him to the Crimea.He then returned toIndiaand served as Chief-of-Staff during theIndian Mutiny campaignfrom 1857 to 1859, initially with the local rank of major-general. His role during theSiege of Lucknowin November 1857 saw his appointmentKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath(KCB) in March 1858.Promoted to major-general on 18 May 1858, he served as Commander-in-Chief of theBombay Armyfrom 1860 to 1865 and asCommander-in-Chief, Indiafrom 1865 to 1870.During this time, he was made Knight Grand Commander of theOrder of the Star of India(GCSI)and subsequently Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB).Mansfield was thenCommander-in-Chief, Irelandfrom 1870 to 1875.He was promoted to full general on 23 May 1872. In 1871 he was admitted to theIrish Privy Counciland raised to the peerage asBaron Sandhurst, of Sandhurst in the County of Berkshire. Sandhurst died in London on 23 June 1876, aged 57, and was buried atDigswellchurch,Hertfordshire.He was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest sonWilliam, who was created Viscount Sandhurst in 1917.However, this title became extinct on his death while he was succeeded in the Barony by his younger brother. Arms References External links",
"Margaret Mansfield, Baroness Sandhurst Margaret Mansfield, Baroness Sandhurst(néeFellowes, ca. 1828 - 7 January 1892) was asuffragistwho was one of the first women elected to a city council in the United Kingdom. She was also a prominent spiritualist. Personal life Sandhurst was the youngest of the seven children of Robert Fellowes (1779–1869) ofShotesham Park, Norfolk, and his second wife, Jane Louisa Sheldon (d. 1871).In 1854, Sandhurst marriedSir William Mansfield, an administrator in the British Raj, who was later made the first Baron Sandhurst. They had four sons and a daughter. After her husband's death in 1876 Lady Sandhurst became increasingly involved in both spiritualism and Liberal politics. Political activities She was an active member of the Women's Liberal Association, and later of theWomen's Liberal Federation, and was head of the order's Marylebone branch. An active philanthropist, Sandhurst ran her own home for sick children in the Marylebone Road. In January 1889, Lady Sandhurst was elected to the London County Council at the head of the poll. However, because she was a woman, one of the defeated candidates, the Conservative Beresford Hope, petitioned against her election, and both the Court of Queen's Bench and the Court of Appeal ruled against her.Sandhurst's seat was given to Beresford Hope in May 1889, and Sandhurst was fined £5 for every vote she had given during her tenure on the council.In recognition of her sympathy towards Ireland, in September 1889, Sandhurst was awarded theFreedom of the City of Dublin. That same year, she was also a council member of theWomen's Franchise League, and supported the formation of the Women's Trade Union Association. From 1889, she was also a member of the executive committee of the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage. In 1890, she was elected president of the Society for Promoting the Return of Women as County Councillors, later (1893) renamed theWomen's Local Government Society. Later life Sandhurst wrote at least two pamphlets on her political interests, one of which,Conversations on Political Principles, was published by theWomen's Liberal Federation.Lady Sandhurst died suddenly in London on 7 January 1892, at her home, 29 Park Road, Regent's Park, and was buried with her husband at Digswell, Hertfordshire. Her descendants include the laterLord Sandhurstsand the presentEarl of Macclesfield References"
] | [
"William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst GeneralWilliam Rose Mansfield, 1st Baron SandhurstGCBGCSIPC (Ire)(21 June 1819 – 23 June 1876) was a British military commander who served asCommander-in-ChiefofIndiafrom 1865 to 1870. In Bombay now Mumbai, there is local train station named after Baron Sandhurst. Sanhurst Road station in Central Line. Background and early life Mansfield was born inRuxley,Kent, the fifth of the seven sons of John Mansfield of Diggeswell House inHertfordshire, and his wife, Mary Buchanan Smith, daughter of GeneralSamuel SmithofBaltimorein theUnited States.His grandfather was the prominent lawyerSir James Mansfield,Solicitor Generalfrom 1780 to 1782 and in 1783 andChief Justice of the Common Pleasfrom 1804 to 1814. In 1854, he marriedMargaret Fellowes, who became a noted suffragist and spiritualist after his death. Military career Mansfield was educated atRoyal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned into the53rd Footas an ensign in 1835.He was promoted to lieutenant on 31 August",
"on 31 August 1838 and to captain on 10 February 1843.He was mostly active inIndiaand served in theSutlejcampaign of 1845 to 1846.Promoted to major on 3 December 1847, he commanded the 53rd Regiment in thePunjabfrom 1848 to 1849and was employed in thePeshawaroperations in 1851 and 1852,receiving promotion to lieutenant-colonel on 9 May 1851 and to colonel on 6 October 1854. In 1855, during theCrimean War, Mansfield was appointed military adviser to the Ambassador at ConstantinopleLord Stratford de Redcliff, and accompanied him to the Crimea.He then returned toIndiaand served as Chief-of-Staff during theIndian Mutiny campaignfrom 1857 to 1859, initially with the local rank of major-general. His role during theSiege of Lucknowin November 1857 saw his appointmentKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath(KCB) in March 1858.Promoted to major-general on 18 May 1858, he served as Commander-in-Chief of theBombay Armyfrom 1860 to 1865 and asCommander-in-Chief, Indiafrom 1865 to 1870.During this time, he was made",
"time, he was made Knight Grand Commander of theOrder of the Star of India(GCSI)and subsequently Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB).Mansfield was thenCommander-in-Chief, Irelandfrom 1870 to 1875.He was promoted to full general on 23 May 1872. In 1871 he was admitted to theIrish Privy Counciland raised to the peerage asBaron Sandhurst, of Sandhurst in the County of Berkshire. Sandhurst died in London on 23 June 1876, aged 57, and was buried atDigswellchurch,Hertfordshire.He was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest sonWilliam, who was created Viscount Sandhurst in 1917.However, this title became extinct on his death while he was succeeded in the Barony by his younger brother. Arms References External links",
"Margaret Mansfield, Baroness Sandhurst Margaret Mansfield, Baroness Sandhurst(néeFellowes, ca. 1828 - 7 January 1892) was asuffragistwho was one of the first women elected to a city council in the United Kingdom. She was also a prominent spiritualist. Personal life Sandhurst was the youngest of the seven children of Robert Fellowes (1779–1869) ofShotesham Park, Norfolk, and his second wife, Jane Louisa Sheldon (d. 1871).In 1854, Sandhurst marriedSir William Mansfield, an administrator in the British Raj, who was later made the first Baron Sandhurst. They had four sons and a daughter. After her husband's death in 1876 Lady Sandhurst became increasingly involved in both spiritualism and Liberal politics. Political activities She was an active member of the Women's Liberal Association, and later of theWomen's Liberal Federation, and was head of the order's Marylebone branch. An active philanthropist, Sandhurst ran her own home for sick children in the Marylebone Road. In January 1889, Lady Sandhurst was elected",
"was elected to the London County Council at the head of the poll. However, because she was a woman, one of the defeated candidates, the Conservative Beresford Hope, petitioned against her election, and both the Court of Queen's Bench and the Court of Appeal ruled against her.Sandhurst's seat was given to Beresford Hope in May 1889, and Sandhurst was fined £5 for every vote she had given during her tenure on the council.In recognition of her sympathy towards Ireland, in September 1889, Sandhurst was awarded theFreedom of the City of Dublin. That same year, she was also a council member of theWomen's Franchise League, and supported the formation of the Women's Trade Union Association. From 1889, she was also a member of the executive committee of the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage. In 1890, she was elected president of the Society for Promoting the Return of Women as County Councillors, later (1893) renamed theWomen's Local Government Society. Later life Sandhurst wrote at least two pamphlets on",
"two pamphlets on her political interests, one of which,Conversations on Political Principles, was published by theWomen's Liberal Federation.Lady Sandhurst died suddenly in London on 7 January 1892, at her home, 29 Park Road, Regent's Park, and was buried with her husband at Digswell, Hertfordshire. Her descendants include the laterLord Sandhurstsand the presentEarl of Macclesfield References"
] |
Who was the successor of the Egyptian Pharaoh that was in power when the Treasury of Atreus was completed? | Merneptah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_of_Atreus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Pharaohs_of_the_19th_Dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_of_Atreus', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Pharaohs_of_the_19th_Dynasty', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_of_Atreus",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Pharaohs_of_the_19th_Dynasty",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah"
] | [
"Treasury of Atreus TheTreasury of AtreusorTomb of Agamemnonis a largetholosorbeehive tombconstructed between 1300 and 1250 BCE inMycenae,Greece. It is the largest and most elaboratetholostomb known to have been constructed in theAegean Bronze Age, and one of the last to have been built in theArgolid. The main tomb consisted of a circular burial chamber, orthalamos, topped with acorbelled dome. This dome was the largest in the world until theRoman period, and remains the world's largest corbelled dome. Originally, the façade was decorated with marble columns and sculptures, which used marble from theMani Peninsulain the southernPeloponnese. Its artwork has been suggested to have been inspired by that ofMinoan Creteand ofAncient Egypt. Little is known of the persons who might have been buried in the tomb: the identification with the mythical Atreus andAgamemnonlikely dates to the 18th century. The immense labour involved in the construction of the tomb, as well as the similarities between the architecture of thetholosand the structures of the citadel of Mycenae, has led to suggestions that it may have been intended for a ruler of Mycenae, and represent Mycenae's increasingly dominant status in the later part of the Bronze Age. The tomb was first excavated in the 19thcentury, when parts of the marble sculptures of its façade were removed by the British aristocratThomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elginand theOttomangovernorVeli Pasha. It was partly excavated byHeinrich Schliemann, and more fully byPanagiotis Stamatakis, in the 1870s. Throughout the 20th century, theBritish School at Athensmade a series of excavations in and around the tomb, led byAlan Wace, which primarily aimed to settle the difficult question of the date of its construction. Name Mythology InGreek mythology,Atreuswas the son ofHippodamiaandPelops, the king ofPisain the westernPeloponnese. In the version of the myth recounted byHyginus, Atreus and his brotherThyesteskilled their half-brotherChrysippusby casting him into a well out of jealousy, urged on by their mother.As a punishment for their crime, they were banished to Mycenae, whereHippodamiais variously said to have died by suicideor further exiled herself toMidea. Atreus and Thyestes quarrelled for the throne of Mycenae: first, Thyestes gained it after Atreus' wife,Aerope, gave a golden lamb from Atreus' flock to Thyestes and then tricked him into agreeing that whoever held the lamb should become king. Atreus in turn managed to regain the throne afterHermespersuaded Thyestes to hand the kingship to Atreus if the sun were to rise in the west and set in the east, and thenHeliosaltered the usual course of the sun so that it did exactly that.Finally, Atreus banished Thyestes after tricking him into eating the flesh of his own sons. On the advice of anoracle, Thyestes had a son by his daughter,Pelopia, as it was foretold that this son would kill Atreus. When the infant,Aegisthus, was born, his mother abandoned him, but he was found by a shepherd and given to Atreus to raise; when Aegisthus entered adulthood, Thyestes revealed the truth of his parentage. Aegisthus killed Atreus and ruled Mycenae jointly with Thyestes. The heroesAgamemnonandMenelauswere the twin sons of Atreus, sometimes known as theAtreidesin Greek literature. After their father's murder, they took refuge withTyndareus, king ofSparta: later, with Menelaus' assistance, Agamemnon overthrew Aegisthus and Thyestes and became king of Mycenae.However, Aegisthus would, along with Agamemnon's wifeClytemnestra, kill Agamemnon on his return from theTrojan War, before being himself killed by Agamemnon's son,Orestes. Modern name The precise origin of the name is uncertain, but it probably dates to the 18th century. The tomb was visible in Antiquity, but not associated with Atreus or Agamemnon whenPausaniasvisited in the 2nd century CE, since he describes the graves of both rulers as being within the walls of Mycenae.After Pausanias, there are no documented accounts of travellers visiting Mycenae until 1700,when theVenetianengineer and surveyor Francesco Vandeyk identified both theLion Gateand the tomb now known as the 'Treasury of Atreus', which he conjectured was the tomb of a king.Claude-Louis Fourmont, who visited Mycenae in 1729–1730,used the name 'Tomb of Atreus' for the monument: by the timeEdward Daniel Clarkevisited at the beginning of the 19th century,he could report a tradition that the tomb was known as 'Treasury of Atreus' and identified with the tomb of Agamemnon mentioned in Pausanias. The nearby tombs known as theTomb of ClytemnestraandTomb of Aegisthusare so named by association with the Treasury of Atreus. Construction The Treasury of Atreus is the largest and most elaborate of the known Mycenaeantholostombs.It follows the typical typical tripartite division of these tombs into a narrow rectangular passageway (dromos), joined by a deep doorway (stomion) to a burial chamber (thalamos) surmounted by acorbelled dome. The dome was covered with earth to heighten it; some of this mound remains, buterosionhas reduced its height and moved its apex towards the west. Thedromosof the tomb is oriented east-west and is 36m long by 6m wide.For the first 19 metres from thestomion,the sides are dressed withconglomeratestone walls:while thedromoiof earlier tombs had been lined with rubble or porosashlar, the Treasury of Atreus is the first tomb at Mycenae to be fully lined with conglomerate.The source of this conglomerate is likely to have been local to Mycenae.Wace estimates the total volume of masonry in thedromosat over 600 m3, or a weight of over 1200 tons.The height of the walls increases from 0.5m at the eastern end to 10m at the façade; their thickness correspondingly increases from around 2m at the eastern entrance to around 3m at the western entrance nearest to the façade, reflecting the additional pressure of the earth behind the walls as well as from the façade they support. The ashlar walls are bonded by yellow 'Plesia' clay,amortarcommonly used in Mycenaean architecture. The façade of thestomionis 10.5m high, with a doorway 5.4m high, 2.7m wide and 5.4m deep.On top of this doorway are two lintel blocks, the innermost of which is 8m in length, 5m in width and 1.2m thick: with a weight of around 120 tons, it is the heaviest single piece of masonry known from Greek architectureand may have required up to 1,000 people to transport it to the tomb.Above the doorway is a 'relieving triangle', an innovation first used at Mycenae on the earlier Tomb of Aegisthus to reduce the stress placed upon the lintel.This triangle is believed to have originally been decorated with sculpture.It has been suggested that the scale of the relieving triangle was intended to symbolise the power to harness resources. Due to the fragmentary and scattered nature of the remains,there are various reconstructions of the decoration of the façade.The door was flanked bysemi-engaged columnsin green marble, with zig-zag motifs on the shaft.Two smaller half-columns were placed on either side of the relieving triangle, while red marble was used to create afriezewith rosettes above thearchitraveof the door, and spiral decoration in bands of red marble that closed the triangular aperture.In the 1960s,Richard Hope Simpson, along withReynold Higginsand S.E. Ellis, demonstrated that the red marble, known asrosso antico, came from quarries on theMani peninsula, and suggested that it was 'highly probable' that the green marble traced to the same source.This red marble was later known aslapis TaenariusafterCape Taenarum.Two reliefs in gypsum (the only such use of the material in the tomb),carved with the image of bulls, may have decorated either the façade or the side chamber.The empty 'relieving triangle' above the lintel of the façade served to direct the weight of the dome away from the centre of the lintel, reducing the stress placed upon it.Christos Tsountassuggested that the façade may have included an alabastercornice, since fragments of a similar structure were found in theTomb of Clytemnestra, which he believed to be contemporary with 'Atreus':however, recent re-evaluation of the Tomb of Clytemnestra has suggested that it may have been built up to two centuries later,making this suggestion hypothetical at best. Thethalamosis made up of 33 courses of ashlar masonry (cut and workedlimestone), 14.5m in diameter and 13.2m high.It was initially constructed by the excavation of a cylindrical cavity from the hillside, which was then built up with masonry into a corbelled dome.Traces of nails hammered into the interior have been recovered, which have been interpreted as evidence for decorations, perhaps golden rosettes, once hung from the inside dome.A 2.5-meter-high doorway on the northern side of the inner chamber leads into a 6-meter square side chamber:along with theTreasury of MinyasatOrchomenosinBoeotia, which appears to be built to the same plan, the Treasury of Atreus is the only known Mycenaeantholoswith a side chamber.Most scholars consider this to have been the location of any burials that were made inside the tomb, though no direct evidence of such burials has survived;Alan Wace, however, believed that it was used as anossuaryto which the remains of previous burials were relocated while further interments were made in the mainthalamos.The tomb was the tallest and widest stone dome in the world for over a thousand years, until the Roman period, which saw the construction of the “Temple of Mercury” (actually part of abath complex) atBaiaein the late 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE and of thePantheonin Rome in the 2nd century CE.Both of these are \"true\" domes, as opposed to corbelled domes, making the Treasury of Atreus the world's largest corbelled dome. The earthentumulusabove the tomb was originally supported by a retaining wall ofporos stone, which is preserved to a height of 1.5m and a thickness of around 1m.It is believed that this poros stone was quarried in the hills north-west of Mycenae, in the direction ofNemea.A terrace, approximately 27m in both length and breadth, was constructed in front of the tomb. James Wrighthas described the construction oftholostombs as a 'monumental expression of power',and highlighted the connections between the architecture of the tomb and that of the broadly-contemporaryfortifications and palace on the acropolis. In particular, Wright draws attention to the resemblance between the relieving triangle and the sculpted relief of the Lion Gate, and the heavy use of conglomerate on the tomb, which is used within the citadel to accentuate key architectural features, particularly column andantabases, thresholds and door jambs.It has also been suggested that the tapering sides and inward slant of the doorway may have been inspired byAncient Egyptian architecture, while the running-spiral motif on the upper half-columns may trace back to Minoan art. Little is known about the organisation of the tomb's construction or the workers who built it.Elizabeth Frenchhas suggested that the same workforce who constructed the LH IIImegaron(the so-called 'Palace III') on the acropolis may subsequently have been used to construct the Treasury of Atreus,and that they may have been worked as part of acorvéesystem.It has been calculated that the construction of the tomb required at least 20,000 worker-days of labour,and estimated that it may have occupied up to 1600 peopleand been a years- or decades-long project. Nothing is known of who might have been buried inside the tomb, though it is generally considered to have been an elite or royal figure,perhaps a ruler of the site or somebody close to its rulers. Date The date of the tomb has historically been controversial,though most scholars would now date it toc.1400–1250 BCE.In the early 20th century, it was the focus of a debate betweenArthur Evansand Alan Wace, which became known as the 'Helladic Heresy'. After the beginnings of his excavations ofKnossosfrom 1900, Evans began increasingly to argue for a distinction between the 'Minoan' civilisation of Crete and the 'Mycenaean' civilisation of the mainland. Although he had used the terms 'Minoan' and 'Mycenaean' interchangeably for his findings on Crete during the first two years of excavation,Evans came to follow the German archaeologistArthur Milchhöferin arguing that the origins of Mycenaean civilisation lay on Crete:specifically, through the 'domination' of the mainland of Greece by 'Minoan dynasts'.In 1918, however, Wace published an article entitled 'The Pre-Mycenaean Pottery of the Mainland'along withCarl Blegen, whose own excavations atKorakouinCorinthiain 1915–1916 had convinced him that substantial differences existed between 'Minoan' and 'Helladic' culture in the Late Bronze Age.In their article, Wace and Blegen argued for the essential continuity of mainland-Greek, or 'Helladic', culture from the early to late Bronze Age, and that 'Mycenaean' civilisation (which then referred specifically to the period now designated as the Late Helladic).Mycenaean culture, they argued, was 'not merely transplanted from Crete, but the fruit of the cultivated Cretan graft set on the wild stock of the mainland'.Moreover, while they accepted the influence of Crete on mainland Greece during the Middle Helladic period, they argued that the culture of the mainland remained 'Mycenaean as opposed to Cretan',and that it was 'inconceivable' that Late Helladic culture represented a different 'race' to that of the Early Helladic. Wace and Blegen's argument stood in direct opposition to Evans' narrative, by which theShaft Graves of Mycenae, first used in the transition between the Middle Helladic and Late Helladic periods,represented the tombs of the 'Minoan' rulers of Mycenae, and therefore a sharp break with the cultural forms that preceded them. He further argued that thetholoi, particularly the Treasury of Atreus, were not only contemporary with the Shaft Graves but themselves copies of similar-looking structures found on Crete.In the report of his first excavations at Mycenae in 1920, of which he informed Evans by letter, Wace suggested a later date for the Treasury of Atreus ofc.1400–1200 BCE, rather than thec.1600–1500 BCE needed to conform with Evans' theory.This chronological disagreement, and the associated implication that the monumentality and elaboration of Mycenae's funerary forms had increased over the Late Helladic period — which was seen to contradict the idea of the site having been dominated by Cretan rulers— was dubbed the 'Helladic Heresy' byJohn Percival Droop. Following further excavations in the 1920s, including that of the Tomb of Aegisthus, which he dated securely to LH IIA and argued as earlier than 'Atreus', Wace dated the tomb to LH III,later giving aterminus ante quemof 1350BCE.This was primarily based on the findings of his 1939 excavation, which showed that thedromoshad been dug through the so-called 'Bothros deposit', which included LHIIIA1 material, providing aterminus post quemfor its construction.Most modern treatments consider the construction of the Treasury of Atreus and the fortification of the citadel of Mycenae, including the construction of the Lion Gate, to be broadly contemporary and to belong to the LH III period.However, there is some disagreement about the relative chronology:George Mylonasargued that the fortifications began in LH IIIA2 and that the Treasury of Atreus was constructed in LH IIIB1, contemporary with the final phase of fortification,while William Cavanagh and Christopher Mee,along with Elizabeth French, considered that 'Atreus' belongs to the early part of LH IIIA1. By LH III, Mycenae and nearbyTirynswere the only sites in the Argolid wheretholostombs were constructed:previously, such tombs had been constructed atDendra, Kazarma, Berbati,Prosymnaand Kokla.Scholars generally consider that the Treasury of Atreus was the penultimatetholosconstructed at Mycenae, ahead of the Tomb of Clytemnestra. A single sherd beneath the threshold of the tomb dates to LH IIIB middle: this is considered to have come to be there during a later refurbishment of the tomb. Location The site of Mycenae is situated in Argolis, in the north-eastern Peloponnese, on the eastern edge of the Argive Plain. The Treasury of Atreus is located to the west side of the modern road leading to the citadel, approximately 500m south-southwest of the Lion Gate. The earliest of Mycenae'stholoiwere constructed around the Kalkaninecropolis, which had previously been used for the earliest chamber tombs.The Lion and Aegisthus tholoi, by contrast, were built much closer to the acropolis, a trend followed by the later Tomb of Clytemnestra. This creates a division of most of Mycenae's ninetholostombs into two groups, separated by the Panagia ridge.The greater size and elaboration of the tombs nearer the citadel has led to the suggestion that they are 'more royal' than those on the other side of the Panagia ridge,though the chronological concentration of most of thetholoiin LH IIA, the fact that the smaller Cyclopean and Epano Phournostholoipredate the grander Lion and Aegisthus tombs, and the fact that ostentatious burials continued in monumental chamber tombs all problematise a straightforward connection betweentholostombs and royalty at Mycenae, at least before LH IIB. The Treasury of Atreus is set alone at the southern edge of a bowl on the Panagia ridge's eastern slope.Prior to its construction, the site was occupied by a building, which was demolished to build thetholos.Michael Boydhas suggested that the tomb's position was intended to 'co-opt the traditions of the past without directly competing with the present',since most contemporary burials were made inchamber tombsfurther from the acropolis.David Mason has drawn attention to the tomb's position alongside a likely Mycenaean route to the acropolis,which perhaps gave it a protective function,and to the views created both of the citadel from the tomb and of the tomb from the citadel, which he argues would have emphasised the connection between the dead interred in the tomb and the living who held power over Mycenae.James Wright has also suggested that the location may have been selected for the greatest possible impact upon those arriving at Mycenae from the south. The alignment of thedromosis believed to have reflected topographic considerations — it is aligned perpendicular to the slope of the hill, which would have best facilitated its construction. Post-Mycenaean history The remains of a seventh-century BCEkraterdecorated with the image of a horse, found beside the retaining wall of the tumulus, has been taken as evidence of cult activity at the tomb.Unlike the earlier Tomb of Aegisthus and the later Tomb of Clytemnestra,there is little direct evidence of the tomb's use in the post-Mycenaean period, though a bronze pin found in the side chamber and a handful of other bronze objects from the tomb have been suggested as possibly belonging to theGeometric period.In other tombs of Mycenae, post-Mycenaean finds which are not associated with burials have been interpreted as signs ofhero cult.Remains of this period intholostombs have been seen as a means for the short-livedArgivecolony at Mycenae, established in the 3rd century BCE but abandoned within a century,to assert its connection with Mycenae's mythological heroes and so its status and prestige in relation to Argos. Excavation In the 19th century, a local tradition believed that the tomb had been once explored by theaghaof the nearby village of Karvati, who took from it a bronze lamp.The first securely-documented entrance to the tomb was undertaken by the British aristocrat Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin. In 1801, Elgin had tasked his draughtsman,Giovanni Battista Lusieri, and Philip Hunt, a chaplain to the British embassy in Greece, to investigate various archaeological sites in Greece with a view to finding antiquities that might be taken back to Britain.Hunt visited Mycenae in August, and reported the Treasury of Atreus as 'a most stupendous conical subterranean building, quite entire, called by some antiquaries the Tomb of Agamemnon, by others the Royal Treasury of Mycenae'.Hunt also noted that the tomb was not intact, but open to the elements, and that 'floods of rain' and ingress of debris had made access difficult. Elgin visited on 8 May 1802, crawling, as his wifeMaryattested in a letter to her mother, through the tomb's relieving triangle.He asked thevoivodeofNafplioto clear the tomb, which was completed by Elgin's return to Mycenae on the 12th:the voivode presented him with fragments of pottery vases, ornamental stonework and a marble vase found within.Elgin also had parts of the columns flanking the doorway removed and shipped to England,along with the fragmentarygypsumreliefs of bulls,and architectural drawings made of the tomb bySebastiano Ittar. In June 1810, Veli Pasha, the OttomanPashaof theMorea, excavated the monument.He cleared most of the entrance to the tomband entered the chamber with ladders; according toHeinrich Schliemann'slater publication of his own excavations at Mycenae, he discovered 'bones covered with gold', as well as gemstones and other gold and silver objects.Veli Pasha sold some artefacts to the BritishMPsand antiquariansJohn Nicholas FazakerleyandHenry Gally Knight, and removed four large fragments of thesemi-engaged columnsbeside the doorway. One of the fragments — last seen in 1815 — became part of amosqueinArgos; Veli Pasha gave the others as a gift toHowe Browne, 2nd Marquess of Sligo, who visited him shortly after the excavations and gave him two fourteen-poundercannonsin exchange.Sligo described the columnar fragments as 'trifles', but had them shipped to his estate atWestport HouseinCounty Mayo,Ireland, where they were discovered in a basement by his grandson,George Browne, in 1904. George Browne offered them for 'public benefit' to the British Museum, to be combined with the fragments taken by Elgin and given in 1816 to the museum,in exchange for replicas of the reconstructed columns; they entered the museum in 1905. Heinrich Schliemann may have explored the tomb during his brief, illegal excavations of Mycenae in 1874.In 1876, he excavated in the side chamber, finding a small pit of unknown purpose;Alan Wace later suggested that it was the base for a column which was never put in.Between 1876 and 1879, Panagiotis Stamatakis cleared the debris from thedromosand entrance of the tomb,recovering fragments of sculpture believed to have come from the relieving triangle. In 1920 and 1921, archaeologists of theBritish School at Athensunder Alan Wace made small-scale excavations in the tomb for the purposes of establishing its date,including a trench in thedromos.During the campaigns of 1920–1923, which had originally intended to excavate the seven thus-far unexcavatedtholoi(that is, all except 'Atreus' and 'Clytemnestra'), Wace had the first architectural plans of the tomb drawn up byPiet de Jong. Another effort was made in 1939, where Wace dug trenches on the outside of thedromosin line with the façade and beyond the eastern end of thedromos. Wace found that the façade and dromos were bonded together, showing that they were constructed together, and that thedromoshad not previously been any larger than its present dimensions.The 1939 excavation also showed that thedromoshad been dug through the so-called 'Bothros deposit', which included LHIIIA1 material, providing aterminus post quemfor its construction. In 1955, Wace dug trial trenches in the area around the tomb,containing large quantities of Mycenaean potsherds, which have been interpreted (in line with similar contemporary deposits at the Tomb of Clytemnestra) as offerings made to the tomb's occupants. Gallery See also Footnotes Explanatory notes References Bibliography External links 37°43′37″N22°45′14″E / 37.72682°N 22.75387°E /37.72682; 22.75387",
"Periodization of ancient Egypt Theperiodization of ancient Egyptis the use ofperiodizationto organize the 3,000-year history ofancient Egypt.The system of30 dynastiesrecorded by third-century BC Greek-speaking Egyptian priestManethois still in use today;however, the system of \"periods\" and \"kingdoms\" used to group the dynasties is of modern origin (19th and 20th centuries CE).The modern system consists of three \"Golden Ages\" (Old,Middle, andNewKingdoms), interspersed between \"intermediate periods\" (often considered times of crisis or Dark Ages) and early and late periods. Old, Middle and New Kingdoms Bunsen In his 1844–1857Ägyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte,Christian Charles Josias von Bunsenbecame the first Egyptologist to propose what became the modern tripartite division for Egypt's history: Bunsen explained, in the English translation of his 1844 work, how he came to derive the three Kingdoms: In 1834 I discovered in the list of Eratosthenes the key to the restoration of the first 12 Dynasties of Manetho, and was thereby enabled to fix the length of the Old Empire. These two points being settled, the next step obviously was, to fill up the chasm between the Old and New Empires, which is commonly called the Hyksos Period ... I have been fully convinced ever since my first restoration (in 1834) of the three Egyptian Empires, the middle one of which embraces the time of the Hyksos, that the 12th Dynasty of Manetho was the last complete one of the Old Empire, and that the throne of the Memphitic Pharaohs, according to the connection which that restoration enabled me to establish between Manetho and Eratosthenes, passed with the 4th King of the 13th Dynasty over to the Shepherd-Kings. Compared to the modern arrangement, Bunsen's Old Empire included what is today known as the Middle Kingdom, whereas Bunsen's Middle Empire is today known as the Second Intermediate Period. Lepsius Bunsen's studentKarl Richard Lepsiusprimarily used a bipartite system in his 1849–1858Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Other scholars Auguste Mariette's 1867Aperçu de l'histoire ancienne d'Égypte: Alfred Wiedemann'sÄgyptische Geschichte: Henri Gauthier's 1907–1917Le Livre des Rois d'Egypte: Intermediate periods First Intermediate Period 19th-century Egyptology did not use the concept of \"intermediate periods\"; these were included as part of the preceding periods \"as times of interval or transition\". In 1926, after theFirst World War,Georg Steindorff'sDie Blütezeit des PharaonenreichesandHenri Frankfort'sEgypt and Syria in the First Intermediate Periodassigned dynasties 6–12 to the terminology \"First Intermediate Period\". The terminology had become well established by the 1940s. Second Intermediate Period In 1942, during theSecond World War, German EgyptologistHanns Stock'sStudien zur Geschichte und Archäologie der 13. bis 17. Dynastiefostered use of the term \"Second Intermediate Period\". Third Intermediate Period In 1978, British EgyptologistKenneth Kitchen's bookThe Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)coined the term \"Third Intermediate Period\". Modern periodization Notes Bibliography",
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"Merneptah Merneptah(/ˈmɛrnɛptɑː,mərˈnɛptɑː/) orMerenptah(reigned July or August 1213–2 May 1203 BCE) was the fourth pharaoh of theNineteenth DynastyofAncient Egypt. According to contemporary historical records, he ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 until his death on 2 May 1203.He was the first royal-born pharaoh sinceTutankhamunof theEighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Merneptah was the thirteenth son ofRamesses II,only coming to power because all of his older brothers had died, including his full brotherKhaemweset. He was around seventy years old when he ascended to the throne. He is arguably best known for theMerneptah Stele, featuring the first known mention of the nameIsrael. His throne name wasBa-en-re Mery-netjeru, which means \"SoulofRa, Beloved of the Gods\". Family Merneptah was likely the fourth child born toIsetnofretand Ramesses II, and his thirteenth son.He was the first royal-born pharaoh sinceTutankhamun. He marriedIsetnofret II, who was likely his full sister or niece, who would becomeGreat Royal Wifewhen he was named pharaoh. They had at least two sons, Merenptah, named after his father, andSeti II, and a daughter,Tausret. When Seti II became pharaoh, his sister Tausret became his Great Royal Wife. She became pharaoh in her own right after the death of pharaohSiptah. Takhat, the mother ofAmenmesse, may have been a secondary queen, though scholars are yet to confirm this. Prior to accession Ramesses II lived well into his nineties and was one of the oldest pharaohs in Egyptian history. He outlived many of his heirs; eventually, Merneptah would be the son to succeed him. Merneptah would have been prepared to be pharaoh through the responsibility of his government roles. By year 40 of Ramesses II, Merneptah had been promoted to Overseer of the Army. In year 55, he was officially proclaimedcrown prince. At that point, he gained additional responsibilities by serving as PrinceRegentfor the last twelve years of Ramesses II's life. Chronology According to one reading of contemporary historical records, Merneptah ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 BC until his death on 2 May 1203 BC. Reign Merneptah moved Egypt's administrative center fromPi-Ramesses, his father's capital, back toMemphis, where he constructed a royal palace next to the temple ofPtah. ThePenn Museum, led byClarence Stanley Fisher, excavated this palace in 1915. Campaigns Merneptah had to carry out severalmilitary campaignsduring his reign. In the fifth year of his rule, he fought against theLibyans, who—with the assistance of theSea Peoples—were threatening Egypt from the west. Merneptah led avictorious six-hour battleagainst a combined Libyan and Sea People force at the city of Perire, probably located on the western edge of theNile Delta. Hisaccount of this campaignagainst the Sea Peoples andLibuis described in prose on a wall beside the sixth pylon atKarnak, which states: Later in the inscription, Merneptah receives news of the attack: An inscription on the Athribis Stele, now in the garden of Cairo Museum, declares \"His majesty was enraged at their report, like a lion\", assembled his court, and gave a rousing speech. Later he dreamed that he sawPtahhanding him a sword and saying \"Take thou (it) and banish thou the fearful heart from thee.\" When the bowmen went forth, says the inscription, \"Amun was with them as a shield.\" After six hours the survivingNine Bowsthrew down their weapons, abandoned their baggage and dependents, and ran for their lives. Merneptah states that he defeated the invasion, killing 6,000 soldiers and taking 9,000 prisoners. To be sure of the numbers, among other things, he took the penises of all uncircumcised enemy dead and the hands of all thecircumcised, from which history learns that theEkweshwere circumcised, a fact causing some to doubt that they wereGreek people. There is also an account of the same events in the form of a poem from theMerneptah Stele, also known as theIsrael Stele, which mentions the suppression of revolts in Canaan and makes reference to the supposed utter destruction ofIsraelin a campaign prior to his fifth year, inCanaan: \"Israel has been wiped out ... its seed is no more.\" This is the first recognised ancient Egyptian record of the existence of Israel—\"not as a country or city, but as a tribe\" or people.A newly discovered massive layer of fiery destruction confirms Merneptah's boast about his Canaanite campaign. Succession Merneptah was already an elderly man in his late 60s, if not early 70s, when he assumed the throne. Merneptah's successor,Seti II, was a son of QueenIsetnofret. However, Seti II's accession to the throne was not unchallenged: a rival king namedAmenmesse, who was either another son of Merneptah by Takhat or, much less likely, of Ramesses II, seized control ofUpper EgyptandKushduring the middle of the reign of Seti II. Only after he overcame Amenmesse, was Seti able to reassert his authority overThebesin his fifth year. It is possible that before seizing Upper Egypt, Amenmesse had been known asMessuyand had been viceroy of Kush. Mummy Merneptah suffered fromarthritisandatherosclerosisand died as an old man after a reign that lasted for nearly a decade. He was originally buried within tombKV8in theValley of the Kings, but hismummywas not found there. In 1898 it was located along with eighteen other mummies in the mummy cache found in the tomb ofAmenhotep II(KV35) byVictor Loret. His mummy was taken to Cairo and eventually unwrapped byG. Elliott Smithon July 8, 1907. Smith notes that: The body is that of an old man and is 1 meter 714 millimeters in height. Merneptah was almost completely bald, only a narrow fringe of white hair (now cut so close as to be seen only with difficulty) remaining on the temples and occiput. A few short (about 2 mill) black hairs were found on the upper lip and scattered, closely clipped hairs on the cheeks and chin. The general aspect of the face recalls that of Ramesses II, but the form of the cranium and the measurements of the face much more nearly agree with those of his father, Seti the Great. In April 2021 his mummy was moved from theMuseum of Egyptian Antiquitiesto theNational Museum of Egyptian Civilizationalong with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed thePharaohs' Golden Parade. See also References Further reading"
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"Treasury of Atreus TheTreasury of AtreusorTomb of Agamemnonis a largetholosorbeehive tombconstructed between 1300 and 1250 BCE inMycenae,Greece. It is the largest and most elaboratetholostomb known to have been constructed in theAegean Bronze Age, and one of the last to have been built in theArgolid. The main tomb consisted of a circular burial chamber, orthalamos, topped with acorbelled dome. This dome was the largest in the world until theRoman period, and remains the world's largest corbelled dome. Originally, the façade was decorated with marble columns and sculptures, which used marble from theMani Peninsulain the southernPeloponnese. Its artwork has been suggested to have been inspired by that ofMinoan Creteand ofAncient Egypt. Little is known of the persons who might have been buried in the tomb: the identification with the mythical Atreus andAgamemnonlikely dates to the 18th century. The immense labour involved in the construction of the tomb, as well as the similarities between the architecture of",
"the architecture of thetholosand the structures of the citadel of Mycenae, has led to suggestions that it may have been intended for a ruler of Mycenae, and represent Mycenae's increasingly dominant status in the later part of the Bronze Age. The tomb was first excavated in the 19thcentury, when parts of the marble sculptures of its façade were removed by the British aristocratThomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elginand theOttomangovernorVeli Pasha. It was partly excavated byHeinrich Schliemann, and more fully byPanagiotis Stamatakis, in the 1870s. Throughout the 20th century, theBritish School at Athensmade a series of excavations in and around the tomb, led byAlan Wace, which primarily aimed to settle the difficult question of the date of its construction. Name Mythology InGreek mythology,Atreuswas the son ofHippodamiaandPelops, the king ofPisain the westernPeloponnese. In the version of the myth recounted byHyginus, Atreus and his brotherThyesteskilled their half-brotherChrysippusby casting him into a well out of",
"into a well out of jealousy, urged on by their mother.As a punishment for their crime, they were banished to Mycenae, whereHippodamiais variously said to have died by suicideor further exiled herself toMidea. Atreus and Thyestes quarrelled for the throne of Mycenae: first, Thyestes gained it after Atreus' wife,Aerope, gave a golden lamb from Atreus' flock to Thyestes and then tricked him into agreeing that whoever held the lamb should become king. Atreus in turn managed to regain the throne afterHermespersuaded Thyestes to hand the kingship to Atreus if the sun were to rise in the west and set in the east, and thenHeliosaltered the usual course of the sun so that it did exactly that.Finally, Atreus banished Thyestes after tricking him into eating the flesh of his own sons. On the advice of anoracle, Thyestes had a son by his daughter,Pelopia, as it was foretold that this son would kill Atreus. When the infant,Aegisthus, was born, his mother abandoned him, but he was found by a shepherd and given to Atreus to",
"given to Atreus to raise; when Aegisthus entered adulthood, Thyestes revealed the truth of his parentage. Aegisthus killed Atreus and ruled Mycenae jointly with Thyestes. The heroesAgamemnonandMenelauswere the twin sons of Atreus, sometimes known as theAtreidesin Greek literature. After their father's murder, they took refuge withTyndareus, king ofSparta: later, with Menelaus' assistance, Agamemnon overthrew Aegisthus and Thyestes and became king of Mycenae.However, Aegisthus would, along with Agamemnon's wifeClytemnestra, kill Agamemnon on his return from theTrojan War, before being himself killed by Agamemnon's son,Orestes. Modern name The precise origin of the name is uncertain, but it probably dates to the 18th century. The tomb was visible in Antiquity, but not associated with Atreus or Agamemnon whenPausaniasvisited in the 2nd century CE, since he describes the graves of both rulers as being within the walls of Mycenae.After Pausanias, there are no documented accounts of travellers visiting Mycenae",
"visiting Mycenae until 1700,when theVenetianengineer and surveyor Francesco Vandeyk identified both theLion Gateand the tomb now known as the 'Treasury of Atreus', which he conjectured was the tomb of a king.Claude-Louis Fourmont, who visited Mycenae in 1729–1730,used the name 'Tomb of Atreus' for the monument: by the timeEdward Daniel Clarkevisited at the beginning of the 19th century,he could report a tradition that the tomb was known as 'Treasury of Atreus' and identified with the tomb of Agamemnon mentioned in Pausanias. The nearby tombs known as theTomb of ClytemnestraandTomb of Aegisthusare so named by association with the Treasury of Atreus. Construction The Treasury of Atreus is the largest and most elaborate of the known Mycenaeantholostombs.It follows the typical typical tripartite division of these tombs into a narrow rectangular passageway (dromos), joined by a deep doorway (stomion) to a burial chamber (thalamos) surmounted by acorbelled dome. The dome was covered with earth to heighten it; some",
"heighten it; some of this mound remains, buterosionhas reduced its height and moved its apex towards the west. Thedromosof the tomb is oriented east-west and is 36m long by 6m wide.For the first 19 metres from thestomion,the sides are dressed withconglomeratestone walls:while thedromoiof earlier tombs had been lined with rubble or porosashlar, the Treasury of Atreus is the first tomb at Mycenae to be fully lined with conglomerate.The source of this conglomerate is likely to have been local to Mycenae.Wace estimates the total volume of masonry in thedromosat over 600 m3, or a weight of over 1200 tons.The height of the walls increases from 0.5m at the eastern end to 10m at the façade; their thickness correspondingly increases from around 2m at the eastern entrance to around 3m at the western entrance nearest to the façade, reflecting the additional pressure of the earth behind the walls as well as from the façade they support. The ashlar walls are bonded by yellow 'Plesia' clay,amortarcommonly used in",
"used in Mycenaean architecture. The façade of thestomionis 10.5m high, with a doorway 5.4m high, 2.7m wide and 5.4m deep.On top of this doorway are two lintel blocks, the innermost of which is 8m in length, 5m in width and 1.2m thick: with a weight of around 120 tons, it is the heaviest single piece of masonry known from Greek architectureand may have required up to 1,000 people to transport it to the tomb.Above the doorway is a 'relieving triangle', an innovation first used at Mycenae on the earlier Tomb of Aegisthus to reduce the stress placed upon the lintel.This triangle is believed to have originally been decorated with sculpture.It has been suggested that the scale of the relieving triangle was intended to symbolise the power to harness resources. Due to the fragmentary and scattered nature of the remains,there are various reconstructions of the decoration of the façade.The door was flanked bysemi-engaged columnsin green marble, with zig-zag motifs on the shaft.Two smaller half-columns were placed on",
"were placed on either side of the relieving triangle, while red marble was used to create afriezewith rosettes above thearchitraveof the door, and spiral decoration in bands of red marble that closed the triangular aperture.In the 1960s,Richard Hope Simpson, along withReynold Higginsand S.E. Ellis, demonstrated that the red marble, known asrosso antico, came from quarries on theMani peninsula, and suggested that it was 'highly probable' that the green marble traced to the same source.This red marble was later known aslapis TaenariusafterCape Taenarum.Two reliefs in gypsum (the only such use of the material in the tomb),carved with the image of bulls, may have decorated either the façade or the side chamber.The empty 'relieving triangle' above the lintel of the façade served to direct the weight of the dome away from the centre of the lintel, reducing the stress placed upon it.Christos Tsountassuggested that the façade may have included an alabastercornice, since fragments of a similar structure were found in",
"were found in theTomb of Clytemnestra, which he believed to be contemporary with 'Atreus':however, recent re-evaluation of the Tomb of Clytemnestra has suggested that it may have been built up to two centuries later,making this suggestion hypothetical at best. Thethalamosis made up of 33 courses of ashlar masonry (cut and workedlimestone), 14.5m in diameter and 13.2m high.It was initially constructed by the excavation of a cylindrical cavity from the hillside, which was then built up with masonry into a corbelled dome.Traces of nails hammered into the interior have been recovered, which have been interpreted as evidence for decorations, perhaps golden rosettes, once hung from the inside dome.A 2.5-meter-high doorway on the northern side of the inner chamber leads into a 6-meter square side chamber:along with theTreasury of MinyasatOrchomenosinBoeotia, which appears to be built to the same plan, the Treasury of Atreus is the only known Mycenaeantholoswith a side chamber.Most scholars consider this to have",
"this to have been the location of any burials that were made inside the tomb, though no direct evidence of such burials has survived;Alan Wace, however, believed that it was used as anossuaryto which the remains of previous burials were relocated while further interments were made in the mainthalamos.The tomb was the tallest and widest stone dome in the world for over a thousand years, until the Roman period, which saw the construction of the “Temple of Mercury” (actually part of abath complex) atBaiaein the late 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE and of thePantheonin Rome in the 2nd century CE.Both of these are \"true\" domes, as opposed to corbelled domes, making the Treasury of Atreus the world's largest corbelled dome. The earthentumulusabove the tomb was originally supported by a retaining wall ofporos stone, which is preserved to a height of 1.5m and a thickness of around 1m.It is believed that this poros stone was quarried in the hills north-west of Mycenae, in the direction ofNemea.A terrace,",
"ofNemea.A terrace, approximately 27m in both length and breadth, was constructed in front of the tomb. James Wrighthas described the construction oftholostombs as a 'monumental expression of power',and highlighted the connections between the architecture of the tomb and that of the broadly-contemporaryfortifications and palace on the acropolis. In particular, Wright draws attention to the resemblance between the relieving triangle and the sculpted relief of the Lion Gate, and the heavy use of conglomerate on the tomb, which is used within the citadel to accentuate key architectural features, particularly column andantabases, thresholds and door jambs.It has also been suggested that the tapering sides and inward slant of the doorway may have been inspired byAncient Egyptian architecture, while the running-spiral motif on the upper half-columns may trace back to Minoan art. Little is known about the organisation of the tomb's construction or the workers who built it.Elizabeth Frenchhas suggested that the same",
"that the same workforce who constructed the LH IIImegaron(the so-called 'Palace III') on the acropolis may subsequently have been used to construct the Treasury of Atreus,and that they may have been worked as part of acorvéesystem.It has been calculated that the construction of the tomb required at least 20,000 worker-days of labour,and estimated that it may have occupied up to 1600 peopleand been a years- or decades-long project. Nothing is known of who might have been buried inside the tomb, though it is generally considered to have been an elite or royal figure,perhaps a ruler of the site or somebody close to its rulers. Date The date of the tomb has historically been controversial,though most scholars would now date it toc.1400–1250 BCE.In the early 20th century, it was the focus of a debate betweenArthur Evansand Alan Wace, which became known as the 'Helladic Heresy'. After the beginnings of his excavations ofKnossosfrom 1900, Evans began increasingly to argue for a distinction between the 'Minoan'",
"the 'Minoan' civilisation of Crete and the 'Mycenaean' civilisation of the mainland. Although he had used the terms 'Minoan' and 'Mycenaean' interchangeably for his findings on Crete during the first two years of excavation,Evans came to follow the German archaeologistArthur Milchhöferin arguing that the origins of Mycenaean civilisation lay on Crete:specifically, through the 'domination' of the mainland of Greece by 'Minoan dynasts'.In 1918, however, Wace published an article entitled 'The Pre-Mycenaean Pottery of the Mainland'along withCarl Blegen, whose own excavations atKorakouinCorinthiain 1915–1916 had convinced him that substantial differences existed between 'Minoan' and 'Helladic' culture in the Late Bronze Age.In their article, Wace and Blegen argued for the essential continuity of mainland-Greek, or 'Helladic', culture from the early to late Bronze Age, and that 'Mycenaean' civilisation (which then referred specifically to the period now designated as the Late Helladic).Mycenaean culture, they",
"culture, they argued, was 'not merely transplanted from Crete, but the fruit of the cultivated Cretan graft set on the wild stock of the mainland'.Moreover, while they accepted the influence of Crete on mainland Greece during the Middle Helladic period, they argued that the culture of the mainland remained 'Mycenaean as opposed to Cretan',and that it was 'inconceivable' that Late Helladic culture represented a different 'race' to that of the Early Helladic. Wace and Blegen's argument stood in direct opposition to Evans' narrative, by which theShaft Graves of Mycenae, first used in the transition between the Middle Helladic and Late Helladic periods,represented the tombs of the 'Minoan' rulers of Mycenae, and therefore a sharp break with the cultural forms that preceded them. He further argued that thetholoi, particularly the Treasury of Atreus, were not only contemporary with the Shaft Graves but themselves copies of similar-looking structures found on Crete.In the report of his first excavations at Mycenae",
"at Mycenae in 1920, of which he informed Evans by letter, Wace suggested a later date for the Treasury of Atreus ofc.1400–1200 BCE, rather than thec.1600–1500 BCE needed to conform with Evans' theory.This chronological disagreement, and the associated implication that the monumentality and elaboration of Mycenae's funerary forms had increased over the Late Helladic period — which was seen to contradict the idea of the site having been dominated by Cretan rulers— was dubbed the 'Helladic Heresy' byJohn Percival Droop. Following further excavations in the 1920s, including that of the Tomb of Aegisthus, which he dated securely to LH IIA and argued as earlier than 'Atreus', Wace dated the tomb to LH III,later giving aterminus ante quemof 1350BCE.This was primarily based on the findings of his 1939 excavation, which showed that thedromoshad been dug through the so-called 'Bothros deposit', which included LHIIIA1 material, providing aterminus post quemfor its construction.Most modern treatments consider the",
"consider the construction of the Treasury of Atreus and the fortification of the citadel of Mycenae, including the construction of the Lion Gate, to be broadly contemporary and to belong to the LH III period.However, there is some disagreement about the relative chronology:George Mylonasargued that the fortifications began in LH IIIA2 and that the Treasury of Atreus was constructed in LH IIIB1, contemporary with the final phase of fortification,while William Cavanagh and Christopher Mee,along with Elizabeth French, considered that 'Atreus' belongs to the early part of LH IIIA1. By LH III, Mycenae and nearbyTirynswere the only sites in the Argolid wheretholostombs were constructed:previously, such tombs had been constructed atDendra, Kazarma, Berbati,Prosymnaand Kokla.Scholars generally consider that the Treasury of Atreus was the penultimatetholosconstructed at Mycenae, ahead of the Tomb of Clytemnestra. A single sherd beneath the threshold of the tomb dates to LH IIIB middle: this is considered to have come",
"to have come to be there during a later refurbishment of the tomb. Location The site of Mycenae is situated in Argolis, in the north-eastern Peloponnese, on the eastern edge of the Argive Plain. The Treasury of Atreus is located to the west side of the modern road leading to the citadel, approximately 500m south-southwest of the Lion Gate. The earliest of Mycenae'stholoiwere constructed around the Kalkaninecropolis, which had previously been used for the earliest chamber tombs.The Lion and Aegisthus tholoi, by contrast, were built much closer to the acropolis, a trend followed by the later Tomb of Clytemnestra. This creates a division of most of Mycenae's ninetholostombs into two groups, separated by the Panagia ridge.The greater size and elaboration of the tombs nearer the citadel has led to the suggestion that they are 'more royal' than those on the other side of the Panagia ridge,though the chronological concentration of most of thetholoiin LH IIA, the fact that the smaller Cyclopean and Epano",
"Cyclopean and Epano Phournostholoipredate the grander Lion and Aegisthus tombs, and the fact that ostentatious burials continued in monumental chamber tombs all problematise a straightforward connection betweentholostombs and royalty at Mycenae, at least before LH IIB. The Treasury of Atreus is set alone at the southern edge of a bowl on the Panagia ridge's eastern slope.Prior to its construction, the site was occupied by a building, which was demolished to build thetholos.Michael Boydhas suggested that the tomb's position was intended to 'co-opt the traditions of the past without directly competing with the present',since most contemporary burials were made inchamber tombsfurther from the acropolis.David Mason has drawn attention to the tomb's position alongside a likely Mycenaean route to the acropolis,which perhaps gave it a protective function,and to the views created both of the citadel from the tomb and of the tomb from the citadel, which he argues would have emphasised the connection between the dead",
"between the dead interred in the tomb and the living who held power over Mycenae.James Wright has also suggested that the location may have been selected for the greatest possible impact upon those arriving at Mycenae from the south. The alignment of thedromosis believed to have reflected topographic considerations — it is aligned perpendicular to the slope of the hill, which would have best facilitated its construction. Post-Mycenaean history The remains of a seventh-century BCEkraterdecorated with the image of a horse, found beside the retaining wall of the tumulus, has been taken as evidence of cult activity at the tomb.Unlike the earlier Tomb of Aegisthus and the later Tomb of Clytemnestra,there is little direct evidence of the tomb's use in the post-Mycenaean period, though a bronze pin found in the side chamber and a handful of other bronze objects from the tomb have been suggested as possibly belonging to theGeometric period.In other tombs of Mycenae, post-Mycenaean finds which are not associated with",
"not associated with burials have been interpreted as signs ofhero cult.Remains of this period intholostombs have been seen as a means for the short-livedArgivecolony at Mycenae, established in the 3rd century BCE but abandoned within a century,to assert its connection with Mycenae's mythological heroes and so its status and prestige in relation to Argos. Excavation In the 19th century, a local tradition believed that the tomb had been once explored by theaghaof the nearby village of Karvati, who took from it a bronze lamp.The first securely-documented entrance to the tomb was undertaken by the British aristocrat Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin. In 1801, Elgin had tasked his draughtsman,Giovanni Battista Lusieri, and Philip Hunt, a chaplain to the British embassy in Greece, to investigate various archaeological sites in Greece with a view to finding antiquities that might be taken back to Britain.Hunt visited Mycenae in August, and reported the Treasury of Atreus as 'a most stupendous conical subterranean",
"subterranean building, quite entire, called by some antiquaries the Tomb of Agamemnon, by others the Royal Treasury of Mycenae'.Hunt also noted that the tomb was not intact, but open to the elements, and that 'floods of rain' and ingress of debris had made access difficult. Elgin visited on 8 May 1802, crawling, as his wifeMaryattested in a letter to her mother, through the tomb's relieving triangle.He asked thevoivodeofNafplioto clear the tomb, which was completed by Elgin's return to Mycenae on the 12th:the voivode presented him with fragments of pottery vases, ornamental stonework and a marble vase found within.Elgin also had parts of the columns flanking the doorway removed and shipped to England,along with the fragmentarygypsumreliefs of bulls,and architectural drawings made of the tomb bySebastiano Ittar. In June 1810, Veli Pasha, the OttomanPashaof theMorea, excavated the monument.He cleared most of the entrance to the tomband entered the chamber with ladders; according toHeinrich Schliemann'slater",
"Schliemann'slater publication of his own excavations at Mycenae, he discovered 'bones covered with gold', as well as gemstones and other gold and silver objects.Veli Pasha sold some artefacts to the BritishMPsand antiquariansJohn Nicholas FazakerleyandHenry Gally Knight, and removed four large fragments of thesemi-engaged columnsbeside the doorway. One of the fragments — last seen in 1815 — became part of amosqueinArgos; Veli Pasha gave the others as a gift toHowe Browne, 2nd Marquess of Sligo, who visited him shortly after the excavations and gave him two fourteen-poundercannonsin exchange.Sligo described the columnar fragments as 'trifles', but had them shipped to his estate atWestport HouseinCounty Mayo,Ireland, where they were discovered in a basement by his grandson,George Browne, in 1904. George Browne offered them for 'public benefit' to the British Museum, to be combined with the fragments taken by Elgin and given in 1816 to the museum,in exchange for replicas of the reconstructed columns; they",
"columns; they entered the museum in 1905. Heinrich Schliemann may have explored the tomb during his brief, illegal excavations of Mycenae in 1874.In 1876, he excavated in the side chamber, finding a small pit of unknown purpose;Alan Wace later suggested that it was the base for a column which was never put in.Between 1876 and 1879, Panagiotis Stamatakis cleared the debris from thedromosand entrance of the tomb,recovering fragments of sculpture believed to have come from the relieving triangle. In 1920 and 1921, archaeologists of theBritish School at Athensunder Alan Wace made small-scale excavations in the tomb for the purposes of establishing its date,including a trench in thedromos.During the campaigns of 1920–1923, which had originally intended to excavate the seven thus-far unexcavatedtholoi(that is, all except 'Atreus' and 'Clytemnestra'), Wace had the first architectural plans of the tomb drawn up byPiet de Jong. Another effort was made in 1939, where Wace dug trenches on the outside of thedromosin",
"of thedromosin line with the façade and beyond the eastern end of thedromos. Wace found that the façade and dromos were bonded together, showing that they were constructed together, and that thedromoshad not previously been any larger than its present dimensions.The 1939 excavation also showed that thedromoshad been dug through the so-called 'Bothros deposit', which included LHIIIA1 material, providing aterminus post quemfor its construction. In 1955, Wace dug trial trenches in the area around the tomb,containing large quantities of Mycenaean potsherds, which have been interpreted (in line with similar contemporary deposits at the Tomb of Clytemnestra) as offerings made to the tomb's occupants. Gallery See also Footnotes Explanatory notes References Bibliography External links 37°43′37″N22°45′14″E / 37.72682°N 22.75387°E /37.72682; 22.75387",
"Periodization of ancient Egypt Theperiodization of ancient Egyptis the use ofperiodizationto organize the 3,000-year history ofancient Egypt.The system of30 dynastiesrecorded by third-century BC Greek-speaking Egyptian priestManethois still in use today;however, the system of \"periods\" and \"kingdoms\" used to group the dynasties is of modern origin (19th and 20th centuries CE).The modern system consists of three \"Golden Ages\" (Old,Middle, andNewKingdoms), interspersed between \"intermediate periods\" (often considered times of crisis or Dark Ages) and early and late periods. Old, Middle and New Kingdoms Bunsen In his 1844–1857Ägyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte,Christian Charles Josias von Bunsenbecame the first Egyptologist to propose what became the modern tripartite division for Egypt's history: Bunsen explained, in the English translation of his 1844 work, how he came to derive the three Kingdoms: In 1834 I discovered in the list of Eratosthenes the key to the restoration of the first 12 Dynasties of",
"12 Dynasties of Manetho, and was thereby enabled to fix the length of the Old Empire. These two points being settled, the next step obviously was, to fill up the chasm between the Old and New Empires, which is commonly called the Hyksos Period ... I have been fully convinced ever since my first restoration (in 1834) of the three Egyptian Empires, the middle one of which embraces the time of the Hyksos, that the 12th Dynasty of Manetho was the last complete one of the Old Empire, and that the throne of the Memphitic Pharaohs, according to the connection which that restoration enabled me to establish between Manetho and Eratosthenes, passed with the 4th King of the 13th Dynasty over to the Shepherd-Kings. Compared to the modern arrangement, Bunsen's Old Empire included what is today known as the Middle Kingdom, whereas Bunsen's Middle Empire is today known as the Second Intermediate Period. Lepsius Bunsen's studentKarl Richard Lepsiusprimarily used a bipartite system in his 1849–1858Denkmäler aus Ägypten und",
"aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Other scholars Auguste Mariette's 1867Aperçu de l'histoire ancienne d'Égypte: Alfred Wiedemann'sÄgyptische Geschichte: Henri Gauthier's 1907–1917Le Livre des Rois d'Egypte: Intermediate periods First Intermediate Period 19th-century Egyptology did not use the concept of \"intermediate periods\"; these were included as part of the preceding periods \"as times of interval or transition\". In 1926, after theFirst World War,Georg Steindorff'sDie Blütezeit des PharaonenreichesandHenri Frankfort'sEgypt and Syria in the First Intermediate Periodassigned dynasties 6–12 to the terminology \"First Intermediate Period\". The terminology had become well established by the 1940s. Second Intermediate Period In 1942, during theSecond World War, German EgyptologistHanns Stock'sStudien zur Geschichte und Archäologie der 13. bis 17. Dynastiefostered use of the term \"Second Intermediate Period\". Third Intermediate Period In 1978, British EgyptologistKenneth Kitchen's bookThe Third Intermediate Period in",
"Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)coined the term \"Third Intermediate Period\". Modern periodization Notes Bibliography",
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"Merneptah Merneptah(/ˈmɛrnɛptɑː,mərˈnɛptɑː/) orMerenptah(reigned July or August 1213–2 May 1203 BCE) was the fourth pharaoh of theNineteenth DynastyofAncient Egypt. According to contemporary historical records, he ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 until his death on 2 May 1203.He was the first royal-born pharaoh sinceTutankhamunof theEighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Merneptah was the thirteenth son ofRamesses II,only coming to power because all of his older brothers had died, including his full brotherKhaemweset. He was around seventy years old when he ascended to the throne. He is arguably best known for theMerneptah Stele, featuring the first known mention of the nameIsrael. His throne name wasBa-en-re Mery-netjeru, which means \"SoulofRa, Beloved of the Gods\". Family Merneptah was likely the fourth child born toIsetnofretand Ramesses II, and his thirteenth son.He was the first royal-born pharaoh sinceTutankhamun. He marriedIsetnofret II, who was likely his full sister or",
"his full sister or niece, who would becomeGreat Royal Wifewhen he was named pharaoh. They had at least two sons, Merenptah, named after his father, andSeti II, and a daughter,Tausret. When Seti II became pharaoh, his sister Tausret became his Great Royal Wife. She became pharaoh in her own right after the death of pharaohSiptah. Takhat, the mother ofAmenmesse, may have been a secondary queen, though scholars are yet to confirm this. Prior to accession Ramesses II lived well into his nineties and was one of the oldest pharaohs in Egyptian history. He outlived many of his heirs; eventually, Merneptah would be the son to succeed him. Merneptah would have been prepared to be pharaoh through the responsibility of his government roles. By year 40 of Ramesses II, Merneptah had been promoted to Overseer of the Army. In year 55, he was officially proclaimedcrown prince. At that point, he gained additional responsibilities by serving as PrinceRegentfor the last twelve years of Ramesses II's life. Chronology According",
"According to one reading of contemporary historical records, Merneptah ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 BC until his death on 2 May 1203 BC. Reign Merneptah moved Egypt's administrative center fromPi-Ramesses, his father's capital, back toMemphis, where he constructed a royal palace next to the temple ofPtah. ThePenn Museum, led byClarence Stanley Fisher, excavated this palace in 1915. Campaigns Merneptah had to carry out severalmilitary campaignsduring his reign. In the fifth year of his rule, he fought against theLibyans, who—with the assistance of theSea Peoples—were threatening Egypt from the west. Merneptah led avictorious six-hour battleagainst a combined Libyan and Sea People force at the city of Perire, probably located on the western edge of theNile Delta. Hisaccount of this campaignagainst the Sea Peoples andLibuis described in prose on a wall beside the sixth pylon atKarnak, which states: Later in the inscription, Merneptah receives news of the attack: An",
"of the attack: An inscription on the Athribis Stele, now in the garden of Cairo Museum, declares \"His majesty was enraged at their report, like a lion\", assembled his court, and gave a rousing speech. Later he dreamed that he sawPtahhanding him a sword and saying \"Take thou (it) and banish thou the fearful heart from thee.\" When the bowmen went forth, says the inscription, \"Amun was with them as a shield.\" After six hours the survivingNine Bowsthrew down their weapons, abandoned their baggage and dependents, and ran for their lives. Merneptah states that he defeated the invasion, killing 6,000 soldiers and taking 9,000 prisoners. To be sure of the numbers, among other things, he took the penises of all uncircumcised enemy dead and the hands of all thecircumcised, from which history learns that theEkweshwere circumcised, a fact causing some to doubt that they wereGreek people. There is also an account of the same events in the form of a poem from theMerneptah Stele, also known as theIsrael Stele, which",
"Stele, which mentions the suppression of revolts in Canaan and makes reference to the supposed utter destruction ofIsraelin a campaign prior to his fifth year, inCanaan: \"Israel has been wiped out ... its seed is no more.\" This is the first recognised ancient Egyptian record of the existence of Israel—\"not as a country or city, but as a tribe\" or people.A newly discovered massive layer of fiery destruction confirms Merneptah's boast about his Canaanite campaign. Succession Merneptah was already an elderly man in his late 60s, if not early 70s, when he assumed the throne. Merneptah's successor,Seti II, was a son of QueenIsetnofret. However, Seti II's accession to the throne was not unchallenged: a rival king namedAmenmesse, who was either another son of Merneptah by Takhat or, much less likely, of Ramesses II, seized control ofUpper EgyptandKushduring the middle of the reign of Seti II. Only after he overcame Amenmesse, was Seti able to reassert his authority overThebesin his fifth year. It is possible that",
"It is possible that before seizing Upper Egypt, Amenmesse had been known asMessuyand had been viceroy of Kush. Mummy Merneptah suffered fromarthritisandatherosclerosisand died as an old man after a reign that lasted for nearly a decade. He was originally buried within tombKV8in theValley of the Kings, but hismummywas not found there. In 1898 it was located along with eighteen other mummies in the mummy cache found in the tomb ofAmenhotep II(KV35) byVictor Loret. His mummy was taken to Cairo and eventually unwrapped byG. Elliott Smithon July 8, 1907. Smith notes that: The body is that of an old man and is 1 meter 714 millimeters in height. Merneptah was almost completely bald, only a narrow fringe of white hair (now cut so close as to be seen only with difficulty) remaining on the temples and occiput. A few short (about 2 mill) black hairs were found on the upper lip and scattered, closely clipped hairs on the cheeks and chin. The general aspect of the face recalls that of Ramesses II, but the form of the",
"but the form of the cranium and the measurements of the face much more nearly agree with those of his father, Seti the Great. In April 2021 his mummy was moved from theMuseum of Egyptian Antiquitiesto theNational Museum of Egyptian Civilizationalong with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed thePharaohs' Golden Parade. See also References Further reading"
] |
What NBA team was founded three years before the Apollo 11 crew landed on the moon? | The Chicago Bulls | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"
] | [
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] |
What's the name of Goku's iconic transformation and what episode number does it first appear in the anime? | Goku becomes a Super Saiyan in episode 95 of Dragon Ball Z. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goku | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z_season_3 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goku', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_episodes', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z_season_3'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goku",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_episodes",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z_season_3"
] | [
"Goku Son Gokuis a fictional character and the mainprotagonistof theDragon Ballmangaseries created byAkira Toriyama. He is based on Sun Wukong (known as Son Goku in Japan andMonkey Kingin the West), a main character of the classic 16th-century Chinese novelJourney to the West, combined with influences from theHong Kong action cinemaofJackie ChanandBruce Lee. Goku made his debut in the firstDragon Ballchapter,Bulma and Son Goku,originally published in Japan'sWeekly Shōnen Jumpmagazine on December 3, 1984.Goku is introduced as an eccentric, monkey-tailed boy who practicesmartial artsand possessessuperhuman strength. He meetsBulmaand joins her on a journey to find the seven wish-granting Dragon Balls. Along the way, he finds new friends who follow him on his journey to become stronger. As Goku grows up, he becomes the Earth's mightiest warrior and battles a wide variety of villains with the help of his friends and family, while also gaining new allies in the process. Born under the nameKakarot,as a member of the Saiyan race on Planet Vegeta, he is sent to Earth as an infant prior to his homeworld's destruction at the hands ofFrieza(ordered byBeerus).Upon his arrival on Earth, the infant is discovered bySon Gohan, who becomes the adoptive grandfather of the boy and gives him the name Goku. The boy is initially full of violence and aggression due to his Saiyan nature, until an accidentalhead injuryturns him into a cheerful, carefree person. Grandpa Gohan's kindness and teachings help to further influence Goku, who later on names his first sonGohanin honor of him. As the protagonist ofDragon Ball, Goku appears in most of the episodes, films, television specials andOVAsof the manga'sanimeadaptations (Dragon Ball,Dragon Ball Z) and sequels (Dragon Ball GT,Dragon Ball Super), as well as many of the franchise's video games. Due to the series' international popularity, Goku became one of the most recognizable and iconic manga/anime characters worldwide. Outside theDragon Ballfranchise, Goku has madecameo appearancesin Toriyama'sself-parodyseriesNeko Majin Z, has been the subject of other parodies, and has appeared in special events. Most Western audiences were introduced to the adult version of Goku featured in theDragon Ball Zanime, which adapted the final 26Dragon Ballmanga volumes, as opposed to his initial appearance as a child due to the limited success of the first anime series overseas. Conception and creation Goku, andDragon Ballin general, evolved from one of Akira Toriyama's earlierone-shotseries calledDragon Boy. In this story, the protagonist looks similar to Goku, but has a pair of wings.The original inspiration wereHong Kong action cinema, including those byBruce Leesuch asEnter the Dragon(1973) and byJackie Chansuch asDrunken Master(1978);Toriyama said he had a young Chan in mind for a live-action Goku, stating that \"nobody could play Goku but him.\"Goku uses a variety andhybridofEast Asian martial artsstyles, includingKarateandWing Chun(Kung fu). Bulmaand Goku were the first pair of characters which were introduced in the manga and Toriyama stated that he subsequently introduced other characters in pairs because \"that way, I'm able to explain the characters and their relationship to each other through their interactions. In my case, I feel that it isn't good to insert too much narration. I suppose Goku and Bulma are representative of that.\" He further added that \"as a child, Goku doesn't know anything , so without Bulma, he'd be a character who didn't say anything.\"Toriyama mentioned Torishima wanted Goku to form a relationship with Bulma, but this was never applied to the series.With the conclusion of theCellarc,Gohanwas intended to replace his father as the protagonist, but Toriyama later decided that Gohan was unsuitable for the role.According to Toriyama, Goku is more of a selfish person than a hero as his main interest in the story is to fight strong opponents rather than protecting the innocent. As a result, Toriyama was angered when the anime adaptations ofDragon Ballstarted portraying Goku as more heroic than his manga counterpart.Toei kept protraying Goku as heroic figure, especially in the anime sequelDragon Ball GTwhere he often rescues his granddaughter Pan as producer Kōzō Morishita was influenced by the 1997 filmTitanic. Design The character Goku is based onSun Wukong(Son Goku in Japanese),the central character of the Chinese novelJourney to the West.To be creative with the idea of Sun Wukong, Toriyama designed Goku as a human boy with a monkey's tail, rather than a complete simian, because the tail would give the character a distinguishing feature.He later stated that the tail was a pain to draw, hence why he had it get cut off early on.Toriyama did not initially plan to make Goku analien, it was not until the introduction of fighters from other planets that he established him as a Saiyan.Goku was given the ability to teleport to any planet in seconds, so that Toriyama could increase the pace of the story. Wanting the series to have a Chinese appearance, Toriyama used the color of the robes worn byBuddhist monksfor Goku'sdōgi.During the early chapters of the manga, Toriyama's editorKazuhiko Torishimacommented that Goku looked rather plain. Toriyama had given him simple clothes on purpose because it was a fighting manga, so to combat this he added several characters likeMaster RoshiandKrillin, and created theTenkaichi Budōkaito focus the storyline on fighting. To defy the assumption that Goku would win the tournaments, Toriyama made him lose the first and second but win the third. Toriyama's editor was initially against having Goku grow up, saying it was uncommon to have the protagonist drastically change in manga, however, he gave in when Toriyama threatened that he would not be able to continue the series if the character did not.Toriyama later stated he had him grow up as a means to make drawing the fight scenes easier. When Toriyama thought up the Super Saiyanconcept during theFriezaarc, he felt the only way to show Goku's massive power-up was to have him transform. Initially he was concerned that the facial expression looked like that of a villain, but felt it was acceptable since the transformation was brought about by anger.The Super Saiyan form spared the trouble of coloring Goku's hair all the time for the standard black-and-white manga pages.This was the reason for the Super Saiyan form having blonde hair, because it was easier to draw for Toriyama's assistant who spent a lot of time blacking in Goku's hair. Goku's piercing eyes in Super Saiyan form were inspired by Bruce Lee's paralyzing glare.For theDragon Ball Zanime adaptation, character designer Tadayoshi Yamamuro used Lee as a reference, stating that, when he \"first becomes a Super Saiyan, his slanting pose with that scowling look in his eyes is all Bruce Lee.\" Dragon Ball GTchief character designer Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru said he agonized over designing Goku's Super Saiyan 4 appearance, which was the idea of the show's producers, questioning whether it was necessary to go further with the transformations. Because Super Saiyan 4 is brought about while in a Saiyan'sŌzaruform, he made the hair more \"wild\" and covered Goku's body in red fur. There was only a single final draft of the character, although Nakatsuru did consider making the hair blonde, he ended up choosing black as it provides more contrast with the red fur. During the plans of the final story arc ofDragon Ball Super, it was decided that Goku should have another transformation: The Ultra Instinct. The concept was that the Ultra Instinct would be completely different from Goku's previous Super Saiyan transformations. Voice actors In the Japanese version of everyDragon Ballanime series and subsequent related media, Goku has been voiced byMasako Nozawa. Toriyama selected Nozawa upon hearing her audition sample, remarking that only Goku could sound like that.Nozawa stated that she was ecstatic when she got the role because she had always wanted to be in one of Toriyama's works. She said she had to be mindful of the fact that Goku grew up in the mountains and did not know much of the world. Despite having to voice Goku, Gohan,GotenandBardock, Nozawa says she is able to instantly get into the respective character upon seeing their image. Nozawa explained that she did not read the manga so that she would not know what was coming in the story until recording, making her reactions the same as Goku's.Nozawa said that she liked young Goku with his tail because he was cute, and stated that the character was still the same even at the end of the series. In the numerous English versions, Goku has been played by different actors because different companies produced the dubs, by reason of changes ofautomated dialogue replacementcompanies and recording studios, or due to actors quitting: Appearances InDragon Ball Goku first appears inDragon Ballas a monkey-tailed child adopted by the hermit martial artistGohan. Before the series' narrative begins, he accidentally and unknowingly kills Gohan when he temporarily transforms into the mightyŌzaruafter staring at a full moon. Goku loses the ability when his friends cut off his tail. Living alone with an item known as a Dragon Ball which he keeps as a memento of Gohan, Goku befriends a teenage girl namedBulma. He joins her to find the seven Dragon Balls, which, when gathered, summon the wish-granting dragonShenron. They encounter the desert banditYamchaand twoshapeshiftersnamedOolongandPuar, who join their quest. Goku is later trained by the martial artistMaster Roshi, alongside a monk namedKrillin, who later becomes his best friend. It is Roshi who gives Goku the magic cloudKinto'un, as a reward for saving his pet sea turtle, which becomes Goku's primary source of flight travel across the world. Goku's first shown martial arts attack as a child isJan ken, three physical blows modeled after the hand signs inrock-paper-scissors.As a child, he wields theNyoi-bō, a magic staff that extends and retracts on command, given to him by his grandfather. Goku's signature attack is theKamehameha(named after KingKamehameha IofHawai'i), which he learned from Roshi.TheKamehamehais a concentration ofenergy, released as a concussive beam. Roshi spent about 50 years developing and perfecting the technique, but, as a child, Goku is able to understand and copy the technique immediately after only one demonstration. After training with the Earth's Guardian,Kami, Goku learns to fly by virtue of the techniqueBukū-jutsuand uses the Nimbus cloud less frequently for flight travel. While participating in the World Martial Arts Tournament that attracts the most powerful fighters in the world, Goku battles foes, later turned allies, such asTien ShinhanandChiaotzu, as well as the NamekianPiccolo. After becoming the runner-up champion of the 21st and 22nd tournaments, Goku wins in the 23rd with Piccolo's defeat, and marriesChi-Chisoon after to fulfill a promise he made to her years ago despite not knowing what marriage was. Five years later, Goku meets his evil older brotherRaditzand learns about his heritage.Goku comes from a race of nearly extinct extraterrestrials called Saiyans, himself having been sent from their home planet to prepare Earth for sale on the intergalactic market by destroying all its life.While Grandpa Gohan was taking care of him, Goku accidentally fell into a deep ravine and suffered a severe head injury, which caused him to forget his mission and drastically altered his personality. After Raditz kidnaps Goku's sonGohan, he forms a truce with Piccolo in order to defeat Raditz. After sacrificing his life during the battle, Goku trains withKing Kaiin the Other World. He teaches Goku theKaiō-ken, which multiplies his energy and strength but with possible strain to the body.It is from King Kai that Goku learns his most powerful attack: theGenki-Dama, an energy sphere created by gathering energy from surrounding animals, nature and humans. After being revived by the Dragon Balls, Goku faces off with the Saiyan princeVegeta, who eventually becomes his greatest rival and another ally. On his journey to Planet Namek in order to aid his friends in gathering the Namekian Dragon Balls to revive those killed by the Saiyans, Goku fights the galactic tyrantFrieza, who destroyed the Saiyans' home planet and nearly the entire race. During his epic battle with Frieza, Goku becomes the first Saiyan in a thousand years to transform into a fabled Super Saiyan. After defeating Frieza and escaping the destruction of Namek, Goku learns ateleportationskill calledShunkan Idō, taught by the inhabitants of the planet Yardrat.Goku contracts a heart virus whereof the time-travelerTrunkswarns him, but recovers after taking medicine provided by Trunks. Goku trains Gohan to be his successor and sacrifices himself again during the battle against the evil bio-androidCell. Goku is temporarily resurrected on Earth seven years later and meets his second sonGoten. Goku battles Vegeta again after Vegeta willingly falls under the control of the wizardBabidiin order to gain power. Shortly after, he is drawn into a battle for the universe against the monsterMajin Buu. Despite having mastered two new Super Saiyan transformations, Goku prepares Goten and Trunks to take his place as Earth's defender. After his life is fully restored, Goku attempts to fuse with Gohan in order to defeat Buu, but this fails when the latter is temporarily absorbed by Buu and so he persuades the newly arrived Vegeta to fuse with him, creating Vegito.Later when the Fusion technique is abandoned on both sides, Goku destroys Buu with a Spirit Bomb attack. Ten years later, during another World Martial Arts Tournament, Goku meetsUub, Buu's human reincarnation, and leaves with him, intending to train him as the new protector of Earth. InDragon Ball Super After defeating Majin Buu, Goku meets a new opponent known asBeerus, the God of Destruction in the filmBattle of Gods. An alternative, more innately powerful form known as the Super Saiyan Godis reached by Goku during this film. Though the temporary transformation wears off, Goku manages to harness its godly powers. In its sequel filmResurrection 'F', Goku manages to achieve a blue-haired evolution of Super Saiyan God underWhis's tutelage, known as the Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan, or \"Super Saiyan Blue\" for short, which Goku uses to battle the newly revived Frieza.These forms appear inDragon Ball Superand its manga tie-in, which expand upon the stories from the two films. Afterwards, Goku and his friends participate in a fighting tournament set between Beerus and his brother Champa, who is Universe 6's God of Destruction, facing the best warriors from Champa's universe. During this tournament, Goku reveals that he has learned to combine the perfect energy control of his Super Saiyan Blue form with his older technique, theKaiō-ken. After meeting with the omnipotent being known as Grand Zeno, Goku encounters an evil alternate version of himself called \"Goku Black\", who is terrorizing Future Trunks' timeline. Black is eventually revealed to be a rogue Supreme Kai in training namedZamasu, who has stolen Goku's body from yet another alternate timeline and teamed up with the Zamasu of Future Trunks' timeline to fulfill their \"Zero Mortals Plan\". After Zamasu and Black become even more dangerous by undergoing Potara Fusion during the battle in Future Trunks' timeline, Goku ultimately summons the future version of Grand Zeno who erases Zamasu. Goku causes the Zenos to decide to hold a multi-universal martial arts tournament with the losing universes wiped from existence; the Tournament of Power.Throughout the tournament, Goku faces multiple opponents but finds his toughest in Jiren. It is during his fights with Jiren that Goku acquires a temporary transformed state using a divine technique known asMigatte no Goku'i.Ultimately, Goku and Frieza manage to work together to force Jiren out of bounds in a triple elimination, leavingAndroid 17as the winner who uses his wish on the Super Dragon Balls to restore the erased universes. Goku'sorigin storyfrom theDragon Ball Minusmanga chapter is retold in the filmDragon Ball Super: Broly. His birth parents areBardock, a low-class Saiyan mercenary, and Gine, the owner of a butcher shop. Bardock has a strong suspicion that Frieza is up to something when he receives an order on his scouter for all Saiyans to return home, so he convinces Gine to send their infant son in a space pod to Earth. In the present, following the events of the Tournament of Power, Goku and Vegeta encounter another Saiyan survivor namedBroly, whom Frieza has recruited to defeat them. When Broly proves to be too powerful for either of them to handle individually, Goku and Vegeta use the Metamoran Fusion Dance, which creates Gogeta.Gogeta almost defeats his opponent, but Broly's allies teleport him back to the barren planet he grew up on. Goku teleports to this planet as well to provide Broly and his two friends with survival supplies, hoping to be able to spar with Broly again someday. In the manga, directly after the final scene ofBroly, Goku and Vegeta meet Galactic Patrol by Jaco and a mysteriously highly skilled agent named Merus in order to help stop an ancient warlock called Moro. With Moro headed to New Namek to use the Namekian Dragon Balls, the two Saiyans travel to the planet to stop him, where they are defeated by him using his magic to drain their life essences until near death. Once recovered, they attempt to go after Moro again, but he escapes from them, Merus and (the also conscripted) Majin Buu with the help of his accomplice Cranberry (who he kills) in order to wish upon the Dragon Balls to free all the Galactic Prison prisoners. After a few days, Goku hears from Merus that Moro has grown even stronger and is unstoppable. This leads to Goku asking Merus to help train him to master theUltra Instincttechnique so he can defeat Moro. Goku helps his friends take out Moro's forces before he comes face-to-face with Moro again. When Moro fuses with Seven-Three, he and his allies are soundly defeated and mortally wounded. Goku achieves the full power of \"Ultra Instinct\" once more, which he uses to debilitate Moro to near-death. Even after healing him with a Senzu bean, he is unfazed by his ensuing sneak attack, unsuccessfully attempting to convince him to reconsider his ways and go back to prison, and him using a stray severed arm with Merus's copied power to obtainUltra Instinctfor himself, Goku continuously outmatches Moro. Ultimately, with the help of his friends and family, along with key assistance from Buu/Grand Supreme Kai and Uub unknowingly contributing divine power, Goku manages to finish off Moro and save the Earth once more.He, Vegeta, Buu and Jaco then reunite with a now-mortal Merus to be honoured as heroes by the Galactic Patrol. Much later, Goku and Vegeta are contacted by a group of beings called the Heeters, on a seemingly imperative mission to defeat a surviving member of the now-extinct sharpshooting Cerealean race; Granolah. Blinded by his desire for revenge, Granolah confronts Goku and defeats him, as Goku'sUltra Instinctturns out to be taxing to his body and loses its accuracy as he keeps fighting. The fight is later revealed to be a ruse by the Heeters to eliminate Granolah and the Saiyans from the Heeters' plot to assassinate Frieza and achieve universal conquest. He is later rescued by the last Namekian on the planet Cereal, Monaito, who hides them in his home after a disastrous battle with the Heeter warrior Gas, who wishes absolute power using the planet's Dragon Balls. Monaito reveals the identity of his father, Bardock, and the story of his actions in keeping him and the young Granolah safe from the Heeters a long time ago. Moved by the story, Goku and Vegeta finally find resolve about the meaning of the Saiyan race's pride, and later confront Gas for a second round. Goku stalls him by teleporting across random locations within the cosmos viaShunkan Idōwith Gas tailing him, in an effort to give Granolah time to regain his power. Remembering Whis' advice about finding one's true and personalUltra Instinct, Goku later molds his own version of the technique, using his emotions as freely as he pleases.Despite this, he and Vegeta are ultimately bested, even after Granolah inflicted his deadliest sniping shot towards the villain with Goku's assistance, but are saved by Frieza's unexpected arrival. Frieza kills Gas and Elec, the Heeter leader and mastermind of the coup, in swift succession, before unveiling a new transformation and demonstrating his new powers by knocking Goku and Vegeta out of their empowered forms in one quick strike. He spares the duo before making his leave. In the filmDragon Ball Super: Super Hero, Goku does not play the role of protagonist, as he and Vegeta train on Beerus' domain, accompanied by newcomer Broly,and his companions from the previous film. He spars with Vegeta without any transformations orkitechniques except for flight. Back on Earth, Piccolo is forced to deal with the reinvigoratedRed Ribbon Armywith Gohan as his only best defense for Earth against the army's threat, as Bulma is unable to contact Goku and Vegeta because Beerus' ice cream container accidentally obstructed Whis' angelic staff. In the post-credits scene, tired and exhausted, Goku falls down from Vegeta's weak last punch, admitting defeat as his rival celebrates his triumph. In other media In the anime-only sequel seriesDragon Ball GT, Goku is transformed back into a child by an accidental wish made by his old enemyPilafusing the Black Star Dragon Balls while Pilaf was about to wish to take over the world.Goku, Trunks and his own granddaughterPantravel the universe to search for the Black Star Dragon Balls and return them to Earth to prevent its destruction. After acquiring the Super Saiyan 4 transformation, Goku battles the evil TuffleBaby,Super Android 17, and the evil Shadow Dragons. His final challenge is againstOmega Shenron, whom he destroys using the Spirit Bomb.Goku leaves with the original form of Shenron, but not before saying his goodbyes to his friends on Earth. He appears 100 years later at the next World Martial Arts Tournament as an adult, where he watches a battle between Goku Jr., his descendant, and Vegeta Jr., Vegeta's descendant. An elderly Pan sees him, but he quickly departs. Goku has appeared in various other media including an unofficial Taiwanese live-action filmand an unofficial Korean live-action film.He was portrayed byJustin Chatwinin the 200920th Century FoxfeatureDragonball Evolution.Goku has appeared in almost everyDragon Balllicensed video game, including crossover games such asJump Super Stars,Jump Ultimate StarsandBattle Stadium D.O.N. In 1992, Goku was featured in the interactive gameDragon Ball Z: Get Together! Goku World,in which Goku and his gang travel back in time to review events in theDragon Balltimeline and interacts with his younger self. In December 2007, Goku made a guest appearance in avatar form in the MMORPGSecond Lifefor aJump Festapromotion titledJumpland@Second Life.Goku appears in theDr. Slump and Arale-chanvideo game for the Nintendo DS. Goku has been the subject of, and is mentioned in, various songs. \"Son Goku Song\"and \"Gokū no Gokigen Jānī\"feature Goku as a child singing about himself. During his adult years, the song \"Aitsu wa Son Gokū\" byHironobu Kageyama, where Kageyama praises everything about Goku,and the duet \"Ore-tachi no Energy\"feature words spoken by the character. For the release of the single of theDragonball Evolutioninternational theme song \"Rule\", Toriyama supplied CD artwork of singerAyumi Hamasakidressed as Goku. Goku has been used in Japanesepublic service announcementsaimed at children. In June 1988, Goku and otherDragon Ballcharacters were featured in two PSA short films. The first, in which Goku is taught the importance of obeying traffic safety by others, is entitledGoku's Traffic Safety.The second is calledGoku's Fire Fighting Regiment, in which he teaches two children the importance of fire safety. Goku has made guest appearances in various Japanese television shows and manga. In 2005, Goku appeared in the Toriyama parody mangaNeko Majin Zwhere he is thesenseiof the main character Z.On September 15, 2006, in celebration of the 30th anniversary ofKochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo, the special mangaSuper Kochikamewas released. The chapter entitledThis is the Police Station in front of Dragon Park on Planet Namekhas Ryotsu Kankichi travel to planet Namek and try to issue Freeza a citation and scold both he and Goku for parking their ships illegally. Goku and otherDragon Ballcharacters joined the cast ofOne Piecein the 2006 crossover mangaCross Epoch.He appears in a single panel of Toriyama's 2013 mangaJaco the Galactic Patrolman, which is set before the events ofDragon Ball.The collectedtankōbonvolume ofJacofeatures the bonus storyDragon Ball Minus: The Departure of the Fated Child, depicting how and why Goku's parents sent him to Earth. Goku has been the subject of various parodies. In the episode \"Career Day\" ofTakeshi's Castle, known in the United States asMXC, the hostsBeat TakeshiandSonomanma Higashidressed as popular anime characters, one as Goku as a child, the other asDoraemon.Weekly Shōnen Jump'sGag Special 2005issue, released on November 12, 2004, featured aBobobo-bo Bo-boboone-shotDragon Ballparody manga, a retelling of the first fight between Goku and Vegeta.In chapter #179 of theYakitate!! Japanmanga, Kawachi executes aGenki-Damaparody called aShinrai-Damaon the character Katsuo.In the manga and anime seriesBlood Lad, the character Staz performs the gestures for Goku's Kamehameha, having learned it from his favorite mangasuperhero, but it has no actual effect. Goku regularly appears onFuji TV. In 2003, Goku appeared in the interactive featureOrb's Panic Adventure!, which was featured at the Fuji TV headquarters in the orb section. In this, Freeza attacks a visiting tourist, blasting the orb section free from the rest of the Fuji TV building. Goku fights Freeza over the real life aqua city ofOdaiba.In 2004, a sequel calledOrb's Panic Adventure Returns!was produced.On March 25, 2006, Goku and Freeza appeared in an original animated short film in theIQ Mirror Mistake 7segment of the Japanese game showIQ Supplement. On April 7, 2007, Goku and Fuji TV announcer Masaharu Miyake were commentators on the anime segment in theJapan Great Man AwardstitledWho is the Strongest Hero?. The segment featured a special tournament to decide who was the greatest person in Japanese history. During the intermission, Goku promoted the coming release ofR2Dragon BallDVDs. Since the U.S. debut ofDragon Ball Zin 1996, Goku has appeared in American pop culture. He was featured in an issue ofWizardmagazinein which he andSupermanfought a hypothetical battle and won.In theCodename: Kids Next Doorepisode \"Operation: R.E.P.O.R.T\", Numbuh Four's version of the story is a parody of the Goku and Freeza's battle inDragon Ball Z.Goku appears inRobot Chickenin a sketch entitledA Very Dragon Ball Z Christmas, where Goku and Gohan fight an evilMrs. ClauswithSanta's reindeer, in an attempt to save Christmas. TheSaturday Night LivesketchTV FunhousetitledKobayashidepicts real-life hot-dog-eating championTakeru Kobayashias able to transform into a Super Saiyan as he prepares to eat hot dogs; Goku appears briefly near the end.Goku is referenced in the songs \"Goku\" and \"Anime\" bySoulja Boy Tell 'Em, where he brags that he looks and feels like Goku. Goku appears in a parody of the filmMoneyballon an episode ofMadentitledMoney Ball Z, in whichBilly Beanedrafts Goku and a couple of otherDragon Ballcharacters into theOakland A's.In 2013, he and Superman fought in a \"Death Battle\" episode of theRooster Teethweb seriesScrewAttackand lost.The episode \"Goku vs. Superman\" in the web seriesEpic Rap Battles of Historywon aStreamy Awardfor Best Music Video. The use of theKamehamehaattack became anInternet memewhich started with Japanese schoolgirls photographing themselves apparently using, and being affected by, this attack.It has attracted considerable media attention inFrance,Germany,as well as in many Spanish-speaking countries inSouth America. Cultural impact A number of notable public figures have commented on their feelings towards Goku or his status in popular culture. For example,Jackie Chanhas gone on record stating that Goku is his favoriteDragon Ballcharacter.The German rock bandSon Gokutakes their name from theDragon Ballprotagonist. The band's lead singer Thomas D chose the name because Goku embodies the band's philosophy, saying he was \"fascinated by Goku's naïveté and cheerfulness, yet, at the same time, a great warrior saving the world.\" In 2010, a fiberglass statue of Goku was created by Canadian-born Hong Kong artistEdison Chen, with Chen's facial features instead of Goku's, as part of Chen's collection that was displayed at the \"Treacherous Treis\" exhibition in Singapore's Museum of Art and Design.CNNreleased an article explaining how Goku was Spanish professional tennis playerRafael Nadal's childhood inspiration, and called Nadal \"the Dragon Ball of tennis\" due to his unorthodox style \"from another planet.\" One PiececreatorEiichiro OdaandNarutocreatorMasashi Kishimotosaid that Goku inspired their protagonists as well as series structure,withTekken'sLars Alexanderssonshowing traits of a hero through his design inspired by Goku alongside Marvel Comic's Thor.Commenting on Goku's popularity, Kishimoto stated that when people hear the name \"Son Goku\", no longer do they think of theJourney to the Westcharacter, but insteadDragon Ball's protagonist comes to mind.Additionally, for the second half of the series, Kishimoto created an ape named Son Goku in reference to Toriyama's character to the point the ape has four tails just like the four-star Dragon Ball Goku earned from his grandfather. In his book about Akira Toriyama published in 2004, Julius Weideman said Goku's journey and ever-growing strength resulted in the character winning \"the admiration of young boys everywhere.\"Jason Thompsonstated that unlike the \"manly\" heroes of other popularshōnen mangaof the late 1980s and early 1990s, such asCity HunterandFist of the North Star, Toriyama made his protagonist (Goku) cartoonish and small, thus starting a trend that Thompson says continues to this day.In 2015, the Japan Anniversary Association officially declared May 9 as \"Goku Day\".Goku is the first manga character to have a balloon at theMacy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, with his first appearance at the 2018 parade. Merchandise Several pieces of merchandising based on Goku have been released, includingaction figures,plushes,andkeychains. Reception Goku has appeared in several \"top\" character lists. He was ranked number one inIGN's 2009 list of Top 25 Anime Characters of All Timeand reappeared on the same list in 2014, however, on this occasion they ranked him third, withCowboy Bebop'sSpike SpiegelandNeon Genesis Evangelion'sShinji Ikariplaced above him, saying that \"He was, in many ways, a character that bucked the trends of his time and defined the direction of shonen manga/anime for decades.\"In Mania Entertainment's 10 Most Iconic Anime Heroes, Thomas Zoth commented that \"Goku andDragon Ballcompletely revolutionized shōnen manga.\" In aNewtypepoll from March 2010, Goku was voted the fifth most popular male character from the 1980s.Goku ranked consistently high in theAnime Grand Prixpoll in the category of \"best male character\" in the late 1980s and early 1990s, appearing seventeenth in the 1987 poll,fifteenth in the 1988 poll,second in the 1989 poll,fourth in the 1990 poll,third in the 1991 poll,fourth in the 1992 poll,thirteenth in 1993 poll,and twelfth in 1994 poll. In a 1993 character popularity poll for the series,Weekly Shōnen Jumpreaders voted Goku second, after his son Gohan.He came in first in the magazine's 1995 poll,as well as in a 2004 poll amongst fans of the series for the bookDragon Ball Forever.In a 2005The Daily Readerarticle entitled \"The Greatest Geek Movie Heroes of All Time\", Goku is the only animated character listed, and is ranked tenth.In a survey of 1,000 people, conducted byOriconin 2007, Goku ranked first place as the \"Strongest Manga character of all time.\" In the survey \"Friendship\" developed by rankingjapan.com, in which people chose which anime character they would like as a friend, Goku ranked fifth.In 2000, Goku placed third in anAnimaxpoll of favorite anime characters.In 2011, readers ofGuinness World Records Gamer's Editionvoted Goku as the 41st-top video game character of all time.NTTcustomers voted him as their third favorite black haired male anime character in a 2014 poll. Game designerHiroshi MatsuyamafromCyberConnect2said that while Goku is an appealing character readers could root for during the manga, he was hard to relate and, thus, instead preferred other characters like Krillin or Bulma. However, during the manga's finalstory arc, Matsuyama recalls being overjoyed when Goku says that Mr. Satan, a comic relief character with no superextraordinary skills, was the real hero of mankind as the Earthlings found him as the saviour of mankind when Buu was about win the final fight. Goku's characterization has been well received by publications for manga, anime and other media.Anime News Networknoted Goku as a good source of comedy and remarked that after everything he experiences, he still remains a naïve character.Tim Jones from THEM Anime Reviews noted that Goku is not an omnipotent character in the first anime series, unlikeDragon Ball Z, and does not disappear for long periods of time between sagas. Jones also liked the way the series' depict his entire adventures, making him a good main character.Voice actorMamoru Miyanosaid that Goku's first Super Saiyan transformation in the manga was his favorite part from the series as Goku not only changed visually but his personality changes into a \"classic, prototypical hero\". Rationalmagic.com praised Goku's innocence as one of the funniest parts of the series.In January 2017,Nozawawon twoGuinness World Recordsfor her longevity as Goku; she has been the sole voice actor for the role for over 23 years.According toScreen Rant, Goku's origin story has some similarities to that ofSuperman.On the other hand, Collider was more critical to Goku's actions in the series most notably when Gohan becomes an active character who goes through severalcharacter's arcsyet he is constantly overshadowed by his father to the point Akira Toriyama refrained from turning Gohan into his successor following the Cell Games and Goku once again took over Gohan's role in the final arc ofDragon Ball Z. Despite his predominantly positive reception, Goku has received some negative feedback, in particular for his characterization inDragon Ball Superdue to how his constant desires for fighting stronger enemies resulted in setting up a story where all universes could be destroyed. While Anime Now's Richard Eisenbeis believes Goku is determined to protect his universe, the fact that he does not seemingly care about other loser universes being destroyed has been criticized. Monique Jones fromSyfypanned the character's relationship dynamic with his wife, as well as his perceived incompetency and irresponsibility as a father, drawing attention to the \"tons of memes and fan chatter about Piccolo actually being the best dad Gohan's ever had\".Sam Leach from Anime News Network agreed that fans of the series tend to joke about Piccolo being a better paternal figure to Gohan than his actual father, Goku, and felt thatDragon Ball Superemphasized this more when Piccolo started training him again. The same site also criticized Goku often being busy in the narrative, most notably in Frieza's resurrection, as the supporting characters have some extra scenes only to have their spotlight stolen by Goku and Vegeta. His rematch with Frieza was criticized for how overpowered the character has become and how much back up his allies can provide in the battle, ruining the tension the film was supposed to generate.Despite enjoying his rematch with Frieza, DVD Talk expressed similar responses in the handling of these characters. IGNnoted that Goku has a tendency to show enemies mercy, including Vegeta, Piccolo, Cell and Moro. His decision to let Cell have a senzu bean without informing his allies in particular was considered to be infamous, which affected Gohan's confidence and led to his defeat.La Tercerawent to call Goku irresponsible and immature to the character for helping Moro as a result of this show of mercy and the consequences.Both Goku and Vegeta were criticized for being too overpowered inSuperto the point they steal the series' spotlight to the supporting cast while their strategies either lack complexity or create a plothole such as the time limit to the fusion Vegito. See also Explanatory notes References Further reading",
"Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball Zis a Japaneseanimetelevision series produced byToei Animation. Part of theDragon Ballmedia franchise, it is the sequel to the 1986Dragon Balltelevision series and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the originalDragon Ballmangaseries created byAkira Toriyama. The series aired in Japan onFuji TVfrom April 1989 to January 1996 and was later dubbed for broadcast in at least 81countries worldwide. Dragon Ball Zcontinues the adventures ofSon Gokuin his adult life as he and his companions defend the Earth against villains including aliens (Vegeta,Frieza), androids (Cell), and magical creatures (Majin Buu). At the same time, the story follows the life of Goku's son,Gohan, as well as the development of his rivals,Piccoloand Vegeta. Due to the success of the series in the United States, the manga chapters making up its story were initially released byViz Mediaunder theDragon Ball Ztitle. The anime's popularity has also spawned various media and merchandise that has come to represent the majority of the material within theDragon Ballfranchise, including films, home video releases, soundtracks, trading cards, and video games.Dragon Ball Zremains acultural iconthrough numerous adaptations and re-releases, including a remastered broadcast titledDragon Ball Z Kai. Dragon Ball Zhas since been followed by a sequel series titledDragon Ball GT(1996–1997) and a \"midquel\" series titledDragon Ball Super(2015–2018). Plot Saiyan Saga Dragon Ball Zpicks up five years after the end of theDragon Ballseries, withSon Gokunow a young adult and father to his son,Gohan. A humanoid alien namedRaditzarrives on Earth in a spacecraft and tracks down Goku, revealing to him that he is his long-lost older brother and that they are members of a near-extinct elite alien warrior race calledSaiyans(サイヤ人,Saiya-jin). Goku (originally named Kakarot(カカロット,Kakarotto)had been sent to Earth as an infant to conquer the planet, but suffered a severe blow to his head shortly after his arrival and lost all memory of his mission, as well as his blood-thirsty Saiyan nature. Raditz tells Goku that along with two stronger elites,VegetaandNappa, they are the only remaining Saiyans after their home planet Vegeta was destroyed. Raditz asks Goku to enlist in helping conquering planets and joining the remaining Saiyans. When Goku refuses to join and help them, Raditz takes Goku and Krillin down with one strike, kidnaps Gohan, and threatens to murder him if Goku does not kill 100 humans within the next 24 hours. Goku decides to team up with his arch-enemyPiccolo, who was also defeated by Raditz in an earlier encounter, to defeat him and save his son. During the battle, Gohan's rage momentarily makes him stronger than Piccolo and Goku as he attacks Raditz to protect his father. The battle ends with Goku restraining Raditz so that Piccolo can hit them with a deadly move called Special Beam Cannon(魔貫光殺砲,Makankōsappō, lit. \"Demon Penetrating, Killing Ray Gun\"), mortally wounding them both, and kills them after a short while. But before Raditz succumbs to his injuries, he reveals to Piccolo that the other two Saiyans are much stronger than him and will come for the Dragon Balls in one year. Having witnessed Gohan's latent potential, Piccolo takes him into the wild to train for the upcoming battle against the Saiyans. In the afterlife, Goku travels the million-kilometer Snake Way so that he can train under the ruler of the North Galaxy,King Kai. King Kai teaches Goku the Kaio-ken(界王拳,Kaiōken, lit. \"Fist of Kings of Worlds\")and the Spirit Bomb(元気玉,Genki Dama, lit. \"Energy Sphere\")techniques. Despite his gruff and villainous nature, Piccolo grows fond of Gohan while he oversees him learning to fend for himself. This forges an unlikely emotional bond between the two. After a year, Goku is revived with the Dragon Balls, but King Kai panics as he realizes that Goku will have to take Snake Way again to get back and will not make it until hours after the Saiyans arrive. Goku's allies group up to fight until Goku gets back, but prove to be no match for Nappa and the \"Prince of All Saiyans\", Vegeta.Yamcha,Tien Shinhan,Chiaotzuand Piccolo all perish in the battle, with Piccolo's death causing bothKamiand the Dragon Balls to fade from existence. When Goku finally arrives at the battlefield, he avenges his fallen friends by easily defeating Nappa before crippling him by breaking his spine in half. A furious Vegeta then executes Nappa for his failure to kill Goku. Goku uses several grades of the Kaio-ken to win the first clash with Vegeta, which concludes with a climactickibeam struggle, but it comes at a great cost to his body. Vegeta comes back and creates an artificial moon to transform into a Great Ape, which he uses to torture Goku.Krillinand Gohan sense that Goku is in trouble, and they return for a group fight with the now-seemingly unstoppable Vegeta. They are aided at key moments byYajirobe, who cuts Vegeta's tail to revert him into his normal state. Goku gives Krillin a Spirit Bomb that he made, and Krillin uses it to severely damage Vegeta. Vegeta is ultimately defeated when he is crushed by Gohan's Great Ape form, and he retreats to his spaceship as Krillin approaches to finish him off. Goku convinces Krillin to spare Vegeta's life and allow him to escape Earth, with Vegeta vowing to return and destroy the planet in revenge for his humiliation at Goku's hands. Frieza Saga During the battle, Krillin overhears Vegeta mentioning the original set of Dragon Balls from Piccolo's homeworld, Namek(ナメック星,Namekku-sei). While Goku recovers from his injuries, Gohan, Krillin, and Goku's oldest friendBulmadepart for Namek to use these Dragon Balls to revive their fallen friends in the battle. Upon their arrival on Namek, Krillin, Gohan, and Bulma discover that Vegeta and his superior, the galactic tyrantFrieza, are already there, each looking to use the Dragon Balls to obtainimmortality. Vegeta is stronger than before, as Saiyans become stronger when they recover from the brink of death, so he seizes the opportunity to rebel against Frieza. A triangular game of cat-and-mouse ensues, with Frieza, Vegeta, and Gohan plus Krillin alternately possessing one or more of the Dragon Balls, with no one managing to possess all seven at any given time. Vegeta manages to isolate Frieza's lieutenants one by one and kill them. When Frieza sees that Vegeta is posing too big of a problem, he summons theGinyu Force, a team of elite mercenaries led by Captain Ginyu, who can switch bodies with his opponents. Vegeta reluctantly teams up with Gohan and Krillin to fight them, knowing that they are too much for him to handle alone. The Ginyu Force proves too powerful, but Goku finally arrives and defeats them single-handedly, saving Vegeta, Gohan, and Krillin. Vegeta believes Goku may have become the legendary warrior of the Saiyans, theSuper Saiyan(超サイヤ人,Sūpā Saiya-jin). As Goku heals from a brutal fight with Captain Ginyu, Krillin, Dende, and Gohan secretly use the Dragon Balls behind Vegeta's back to wish for Piccolo's resurrection and teleport him to Namek. Vegeta finds them using the Dragon Balls without him, but theGrand Elderdies and rendering the Dragon Balls inert before he can wish for immortality. Just as this happens, Frieza arrives and decides to kill the four of them for denying him his wish for immortality. Piccolo arrives on Namek but is accidentally separated from the others due to a badly-worded wish. He finds the strongest Namekian warrior, Nail, who was defeated by Frieza and fuses with him to greatly increase his power. Despite both Piccolo and Vegeta's advances in power, they are greatly outclassed by Frieza, who goes through several transformations before reaching his final form, which he then uses to kill Dende. Goku arrives after healing from his injuries, and Vegeta tells him that Frieza was the one who destroyed the Saiyan homeworld and massacred the Saiyan race, as he feared that he would one day be overthrown by a Super Saiyan. Frieza then kills Vegeta in front of Goku. Though Goku's power exceeds Vegeta's, he is still no match for Frieza. Goku uses his last resort, a massive Spirit Bomb with the energy of Namek and the surrounding worlds, and it seemingly defeats the tyrant. However, Frieza manages to survive, and he unleashes his wrath upon the group by gravely wounding Piccolo and murdering Krillin. Goku's rage finally erupts, and he undergoes a strange transformation that turns his hair blond, his eyes green, and causes a golden aura to radiate from his body. Goku has finally become a Super Saiyan. Meanwhile, the revived Kami uses Earth's Dragon Balls to resurrect everyone on Namek that was killed by Frieza and his henchmen, which also allows the Grand Elder to be resurrected for a short time, and the Namekian Dragon to return. Dende uses the final wish to teleport everyone on Namek to Earth except for Goku and Frieza. Even at 100% power, Frieza cannot manage to defeat the Super Saiyan transformation. Goku outwits Frieza, cutting him in half with his own attack, before escaping Namek as the planet is destroyed in a massive explosion. Garlic Jr. Saga After the battle with Frieza, Goku's friends and family are waiting for word on his return when a demonic star drifts into Earth's orbit and opens up a rift in space, allowing the malevolent immortalGarlic Jr.to break free from his imprisonment inside the Dead Zone. Seeking revenge fora past defeat at the hands of Goku and Piccolo, Garlic Jr. traps Kami and Mr. Popo inside a bottle and uses his Black Water Mist to turn all of Earth's inhabitants into bloodthirsty, vampire-like beings. Gohan, Krillin, Piccolo, Krillin's then-girlfriend Maron, and Gohan's pet dragon Icarus are the only ones unaffected and set out to stop Garlic Jr. and restore the Earth and its inhabitants. This proves to be easier said than done, as Garlic Jr. has complete immortality, making him impossible to kill. Luckily, Gohan's hidden potential gives him the edge he needs to eradicate Garlic Jr.'s forces and send him back into the Dead Zone. He also destroys the star, ensuring that Garlic Jr. will remain trapped in the Dead Zone for all eternity. Androids Saga One year later, Frieza is revealed to have survived and arrives on Earth with his father,King Cold, seeking revenge. However, a mysterious young man namedTrunksappears, transforms into a Super Saiyan, and kills Frieza and King Cold. Goku returns a few hours later, having spent the past year on the alien planet Yardrat learning a new technique: Instant Transmission, which allows him to teleport to any location he desires. Trunks reveals privately to Goku that he is the son of Vegeta and Bulma, and has traveled from 17 years in the future to warn Goku that twoAndroids(人造人間,Jinzōningen, lit. \"Artificial Humans\")created byDr. Gerowill appear in three years to seek revenge against Goku for destroying theRed Ribbon Armywhen he was a child. Trunks says all of Goku's friends will fall to them - while Goku himself will die from a heart virus six months before their arrival. Trunks gives Goku medicine from the future that will save him from the heart virus and departs back to his own time. When the androids arrive, Goku falls ill during his fight withAndroid 19but is saved by Vegeta, who reveals that he has also achieved the Super Saiyan transformation. Vegeta and Piccolo easily defeat Android 19 and Dr. Gero (who turned himself into \"Android 20\"), but Trunks returns from the future to check on their progress and reveals that the androids they defeated are not the ones that killed all of them in the future. Goku is out of commission and his allies are overwhelmed by the arrival of Androids16,17and18, while an even stronger bio-Android calledCellemerges from a different timeline and embarks on a quest to find and absorb Androids 17 and 18, allowing him to attain his \"perfect form\". Cell successfully absorbs Android 17, becoming considerably more powerful, but Vegeta returns to the battle, having greatly elevated his power, and easily overpowers him. However, Vegeta allows Cell to absorb Android 18, believing that his \"perfect form\" will be no match for his Super Saiyan power. Vegeta is subsequently defeated, with Cell mockingly thanking him for helping him achieve perfection. Cell allows everyone to live for the time being and announces a fighting tournament to decide the fate of the Earth, known as the \"Cell Games\". Goku, recovered from the heart virus and having reached the zenith of the Super Saiyan form, takes on Cell at the tournament. Goku eventually realizes that Cell is far too powerful for him to handle, and forfeits the fight to the astonishment of everyone else. Goku proclaims that Gohan will be able to defeat Cell. Though initially outclassed, Gohan is eventually able to tap into his latent power and achieve the Super Saiyan 2 transformation after Android 16 sacrifices himself in a failed attempt to kill Cell. Refusing to accept defeat, Cell prepares to self-destruct and destroy the Earth. Goku uses his Instant Transmission ability to teleport himself and Cell to King Kai's planet, where Cell explodes and kills everyone there. However, Cell survives the blast and returns to Earth more powerful than ever, where he promptly murders Trunks, but Gohan unleashes the totality of his power in a massive Kamehameha wave and obliterates Cell for good. The Dragon Balls are then used to revive everyone that was killed by Cell, while Goku chooses to remain in the afterlife, refusing an offer by his friends to use the Namekian Dragon Balls to bring him back. Trunks returns to his timeline and uses his bolstered power to finally slay the Future Androids and Cell. Majin Buu Saga Seven years later, Goku is allowed to go back to Earth for one day to reunite with his loved ones and meet his youngest son,Goten, at the World Martial Arts Tournament(天下一武道会,Tenkaichi Budōkai, \"Number One Martial Arts Gathering Under the Heavens\"). Soon after, Goku and his allies are drawn into a fight by theSupreme Kaiagainst a magical being namedMajin Buu(魔人ブウ,\"Majin Buu\")summoned by the evil wizardBabidi. All efforts to stop the resurrection prove to be futile as Buu is successfully revived and begins slaughtering Earth's inhabitants. Goten and Trunks are taught the fusion technique by Piccolo, while Gohan gets his latent potential unlocked by theElder Supreme Kai. Meanwhile, Buu befriends Mr. Satan and vows to never kill anyone ever again, but is interrupted when a deranged gunman shoots and nearly kills Mr. Satan. As a result, Majin Buu becomes so angry that he expels the evil within himself, creating an evil Buu that proceeds to absorb the good Buu. The result is Super Buu, a psychopathic monster who wants nothing more than the destruction of the universe. After numerous battles that result in the deaths of many of Goku's allies as well as the destruction of Earth, Goku is fully restored by the Elder Supreme Kai and defeats Kid Buu (the original form of Majin Buu) with a Spirit Bomb attack containing the energy of all the inhabitants of Earth, who were resurrected along with the planet by the Namekian Dragon Balls. Goku makes a wish for Kid Buu to be reincarnated as a good person and, ten years later at another Tenkaichi Budōkai, he meets Kid Buu's human reincarnation,Uub. Leaving the match between them unfinished, Goku departs with Uub so he can train him to become Earth's new defender. Production and broadcasting Kazuhiko Torishima, Akira Toriyama's editor forDr. Slumpand the first half ofDragon Ball, felt that theDragon Ballanime's ratings were gradually declining because it had the same producer that worked onDr. Slump. Torishima said this producer had this \"cute and funny\" image connected to Toriyama's work and was missing the more serious tone in the newer series, and therefore asked the studio to change the producer. Impressed with their work onSaint Seiya, he asked its director Kōzō Morishita and writerTakao Koyamato help \"reboot\"Dragon Ball, which coincided with Goku growing up. The new producer explained that ending the first anime and creating a new one would result in more promotional money. The result was the start ofDragon Ball Z.Toriyama suggested the title because Z is the last letter of the alphabet. He wanted to finish the series because he was running out of ideas for it.Ironically enough, the sequel series would end up producing more episodes than its predecessor. Dragon Ball Zis adapted from the final 324 chapters of the manga series which were published inWeekly Shōnen Jumpfrom 1988 to 1995. It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31, 1996.Because Toriyama was writing the manga during the production of the anime,Dragon Ball Zadded original material not adapted from the manga, including lengthening scenes or adding new ones, and adding new attacks and characters not present in the manga. For example, Toriyama was asked to create an additional character for Goku's training with King Kai, resulting in the cricket Gregory. Throughout the production, the voice actors were tasked with playing different characters and performing their lines on cue, switching between roles as necessary.The voice actors were unable to record the lines separately because of the close dialogue timing. When asked if juggling the different voices of Goku, Gohan and Goten were difficult,Masako Nozawasaid that it was not and that she was able to switch roles simply upon seeing the character's picture.She did admit that when they were producing two films a year and television specials in addition to the regular series, there were times when they had only line art to look at while recording, which made giving finer nuanced details in her performance difficult. One of the character designers forDragon Ball Zwas Tadayoshi Yamamuro. He was responsible for designing and animating Goku'sSuper Saiyanform in the series. He used the martial artistBruce Leeas a reference for Goku's Super Saiyan form, stating that, when he \"first becomes a Super Saiyan, his slanting pose with that scowling look in his eyes is all Bruce Lee.\"In the original manga itself, Goku's piercing eyes in Super Saiyan form were also based on Bruce Lee's paralyzing glare. English dub production and broadcasting In 1996,Funimation Productions(now known asCrunchyroll LLC) licensedDragon Ball Zfor an English-language release in North America, after cancelling their initialdubofDragon Ballhalf-way through their originally-planned 26-episode first season.Funimation's 1996 release was not the first broadcast in the United States, as some networks had already aired versions of the series in other languages on a smaller scale. This includedNippon Golden Network's broadcast of a subtitled Japanese version in Hawaii from 1994.Funimation worked withSaban Entertainmentto syndicate the series on television, andPioneer Entertainmentto handle home video distribution.AVancouver-based cast recording at theOcean Studioswere hired by Funimation to dub the anime (Funimation had previously used a similar Vancouver-based voice cast in their initialDragon Balldub, recorded at Dick & Roger's Sound Studio).Contract musicians for Saban,Ron Wassermanand Jeremy Sweet,known for their work on thePower Rangersfranchise, composed a new guitar-driven soundtrack. The dub's opening theme (nicknamed \"Rock the Dragon\") was sung by Sweet, and afterwards Wasserman got hired by Saban to do background music for the dub. For contractual reasons, the background music and opening theme was officially credited to Saban foundersShuki LevyandHaim Saban(under the alias Kussa Mahehi), with the actual extent of their involvement in the soundtrack being unclear. Funimation's initial English dub ofDragon Ball Zhad mandated cuts tocontent and length, which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53 (though TV episode 53 actually ends half-way through uncut episode 67).Most of the edits were done to make the anime more tame and kid-friendly, most notably having references to death sidestepped with phrases like \"sent to the next dimension\".It premiered in the United States on September 13, 1996, infirst-run syndication, but halted production in 1998 after two seasonsdespite strong ratings.This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations, in order to focus on producing original material for theFox Kids Networkand its newly acquiredFox Family Channel.Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 (the end of the dub) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version,but did not do so. They did, however, release uncut dubs of the first threeZmovies on home video. On August 31, 1998, reruns of this canceled dub began airing onCartoon Networkas part of the channel's weekday afternoonToonamiblock. Cartoon Network eventually ordered more episodes ofDragon Ball Z, and Funimation resumed production on the series' English dub without Saban's assistance. Cartoon Network replaced the original Vancouver-based cast with an in-house voice cast at theirTexas-based studio, with the goal of the new voices sounding similar to the Vancouver cast.The Saban-produced soundtrack from the first two seasons was replaced with a new background score composed byBruce Faulconerand his team of musicians, which was used throughout the rest of Funimation'sDragon Ball Zdub.This renewed dub featured less censorship due to both Saban's absence and fewer restrictions oncable programming, and aired new episodes on Cartoon Network's Toonami block from September 13, 1999, to April 7, 2003 (continuing in re-runs through 2008).Kids' WBbriefly ranDragon Ball Zin 2001 on its short-lived Toonami block. In 2005, Funimation began to re-dub episodes 1–67 with their in-house voice cast, including content originally cut from their dub with Saban.This dub's background score was composed byNathan M. Johnson(Funimation had ceased working with Faulconer Productions after the final episode ofDragon Ball Zin 2003). Funimation's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network beginning in June 2005.Funimation's later remasteredDVDsof the series saw them redub portions of the dialogue, mostly after episode 67, and had the option to play the entire series' dub with both the American and Japanese background music. In January 2011, Funimation andToeiannounced that they would streamDragon Ball Zwithin 30 minutes before their simulcast ofOne Piece. The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia, and New Zealand. However, beginning with episode 108 (123 uncut), Westwood Media (in association with Ocean Studios) produced an alternate English dub, distributed to Europe byAB Groupe. The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK, the Netherlands and Ireland, although it also aired in Canada beginning from episode 168 (183 uncut) to fulfillCanadian contentrequirements. Funimation's in-house dub continued to air in the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand. The Westwood Media production used the same voice cast from the original 53-episode dub produced by Funimation, it featured an alternate soundtrack byTom Keenlysideand John Mitchell,though most of this score was pieces Ocean reused from other productions Keenlyside and Mitchell had scored for them, and it used the same scripts and video master as the TV edit of Funimation's in-house dub. The Westwood Media dub never received a home video release. In Australia,Dragon Ball Zwas broadcast by the free-to-air commercial network,Network 10during morning children's programming,Cheez TV, originally using the censored Funimation/Saban dub before switching to Funimation's in-house dub.Dragon Ball Zoriginally aired on the BritishComedy Networkin Fall 1998. The series was also available on the Funimation video streaming service (formerly FunimationNOW) upon its launch in 2016. In March 2022,Dragon Ball Zwas added toCrunchyroll, a service that Funimation acquired a year before, which in turn was acquired in 2018 by its current parent company,Sony Pictures Television. Dragon Ball Z Kai In February 2009, Toei Animation announced that it would begin broadcasting a remastered version ofDragon Ball Zas part of the series's 20th anniversary celebrations.The series premiered on Fuji TV in Japan on April 5, 2009, under the titleDragon Ball Kai. The ending suffix Kai(改)in the name means \"updated\" or \"altered\" and reflects the improvements and corrections of the original work.The original footage was remastered forHDTV, featuring updated opening and ending sequences, new music, and a re-recording of the vocal tracks.The original material and any damaged frames were removed, along with the majority of thefiller episodesto more closely follow the manga, resulting in a faster-moving story.According to Torishima,Kaiwas conceived whenBandaiasked if a newDragon Ballanime could be made to increase the franchise's merchandise sales. As Toriyama refused to create a new story, it was decided to release a remastered version of theDragon Ball Zanime that more closely follows the manga instead. He said the reception toKaiwas positive, \"so it all worked out\". The series initially concluded on its 97th episode in Japan on March 27, 2011, with the finale of the Cell saga. It was originally planned to run 98 episodes; however, due to theTōhoku offshore earthquake and tsunami, the final episode was not aired and was later released direct-to-video in Japan on August 2, 2011. In November 2012,Mayumi Tanaka, the Japanese voice actor of Krillin announced that she and the rest of the cast were recording more episodes ofDragon Ball Kai.In February 2014, theKaiadaptation of the Majin Buu saga was officially confirmed. The new run of the series, which is titledDragon Ball Z Kai: The Final Chaptersinternationally, began airing in Japan on Fuji TV on April 6, 2014, and ended its run on June 28, 2015.The final arc ofKaiwas originally produced to last 69 episodes (as most of the international versions run),but the Japanese broadcast cut it down to 61 episodes. English dub production and broadcasting Funimation licensedKaifor an English-language release in February 2010. The series was initially broadcast in the U.S. onNicktoonsfrom May 24, 2010, to January 1, 2012, continuing in re-runs until April 2013.In addition to Nicktoons, the series also began airing on the4Kids-owned Saturday morning programming blockToonzaionThe CWin August 2010,then on its successor, theSaban-ownedVortexx, beginning in August 2012 until the block ended in September 2014.Both the Nicktoons and CW airings were edited for content.Kaibegan airing uncut onAdult Swim'sToonamiblock on November 8, 2014,and re-runs of the previous weeks' episodes aired at the beginning of Adult Swim from February 2015 to June 2016.In the United Kingdom,CSC Media Groupacquired the broadcast rights toKaiand began airing it onKix!in early 2013. DespiteKai's continuation not being officially confirmed at the time even in Japan, Funimation voice actorsSean Schemmel(Goku) andKyle Hebert(Gohan), announced in April 2013 that they had started recording an English dub for new episodes.In November 2013,Kai's Australasian distributorMadman Entertainmentrevealed that the Majin Buu arc ofKaiwould be released in 2014 and that they were waiting on dubs to be finished.In February 2014, Funimation officially stated that they had not yet started recording a dub for the final arc ofKai.On December 6, 2016, Funimation announced the continuation ofKaiwould begin airing on Adult Swim's Toonami block. The series aired from January 7, 2017, to June 23, 2018, alongsideDragon Ball Super. An alternate English dub ofKaibyOcean Productionswas recorded for the original 98 episodes, featuring many of the original Vancouver cast reprising their roles, but it has yet to air. Editing Dragon Ball Z's original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work. Funimation CEOGen Fukunagais often criticized for his role in the editing; but it was the initial distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work, as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans.These changes included altering every aspect of the show from character names, clothing, scenes and dialogue of the show. The characterMr. Satanwas renamed Hercule and this change has been retained in other English media such as Viz'sDragon Ball Zmanga and video games, though the English dubs ofDragon Ball KaiandDragon Ball Superchanged the name back to Mr. Satan.The dialogue changes would sometimes contradict the scenes itself; after the apparent fatal explosion of a helicopter, one of the characters said, \"I can see their parachutes; they're okay!\"Funimation's redub for the 2005 release would address many of the issues raised by Saban, with the uncut releases preserving the integrity of the original Japanese release. During the original Japanese TV airing ofDragon Ball Kai, scenes involving blood and brief nudity were removed. Nicktoons would also alterKaifor its broadcast; it released a preview showcasing these changes which included removing the blood and cheek scar fromBardockand altering the color ofMaster Roshi's alcohol.The show was further edited for its broadcast on The CW; most notoriously, the characterMr. Popowastinted blue. The show's DVD andBlu-rayreleases only contained the edits present in the original Japanese version. A rumor that Cartoon Network would be airingKaiuncut was met with an official statement to debunk the rumor in June 2010;.However, it would later air uncut on the channel as part of Adult Swim's Toonami block. Steven Simmons, who did the subtitling for Funimation's home video releases, offered commentary on the subtitling from a project and technical standpoint, addressing several concerns.Simmons said thatGen Fukunagadid not want any swearing on the discs, but because there was no taboo word list, Simmons would substitute a variation in the strength of the words by situation with the changes starting in episode 21.The typographical errors in the script were caused by dashes (—) and double-quotes (\") failing to appear, which resulted in confusing dialogue. Music Dragon Ball Zhas released a series of 21 soundtracks as part of theDragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection series. In total, dozens of releases exist forDragon Ball Zwhich includes Japanese and foreign adapted releases of the anime themes and video game soundtracks. Shunsuke Kikuchicomposed the score forDragon Ball Z. The opening theme for the first 199 episodes is \"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\" performed byHironobu Kageyama. The second opening theme used up until the series finale at episode 291 is \"We Gotta Power\" also performed by Kageyama. Both opening themes were replaced with an original instrumental piece by Mark Menza, the composer of the alternate soundtrack, in the remastered Funimation dub due to licensing issues. The ending theme used for the first 199 episodes is \"Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Power!\"(でてこいとびきりZENKAIパワー!, \"Come Out, Incredible Full Power!\")performed by MANNA. The second ending theme used for the remaining episodes is \"Bokutachi wa Tenshi Datta\"(僕達は天使だった, \"We Were Angels\")performed by Kageyama. The initial English-Language release used a completely new musical score composed by Faulconer Productions. It was used for the North American broadcasts of the show from 1999 to 2005. Kenji Yamamotocomposed the score forDragon Ball Kai. The opening theme, \"Dragon Soul\", and the first ending theme used for the first 54 episodes, \"Yeah! Break! Care! Break!\", are both performed byTakayoshi Tanimotoof the unit, Dragon Soul, in Japanese.Sean Schemmel,Justin Cook,Vic Mignogna,Greg Ayres,Sonny StraitandBrina Palenciaperformed the English version of the opening theme, whileJerry Jewellperformed the English version of the ending theme.The second ending theme, used from episodes 55–98, is \"Kokoro no Hane\"(心の羽根, \"Wings of the Heart\")performed by Team Dragon, a unit of the idol girl groupAKB48, in Japanese andLeah Clarkin English.On March 9, 2011, Toei announced that due to Yamamoto's score infringing on the rights of an unknown third party or parties, the music for remaining episodes and reruns of previous episodes would be replaced.Later reports from Toei stated that except for the series' opening and closing songs, as well aseyecatchmusic, Yamamoto's score was replaced with Shunsuke Kikuchi's score fromDragon Ball Z. The music forThe Final Chaptersis composed by Norihito Sumitomo.The opening theme is \"Kuu•Zen•Zetsu•Go\"(空•前•絶•後)by Takayoshi Tanimoto of Dragon Soul, while the first ending song is \"Haikei, Tsuratsusutora\"(拝啓、ツラツストラ, \"Dear Zarathustra\")by Japanese rock bandGood Morning America,and the second \"Junjō\"(純情, \"Pure Heart\")byLeo Ieirifrom episode 112 to 123.The third ending song is \"Oh Yeah!!!!!!!\" byCzecho No Republicfrom episode 124 to 136,the fourth \"Galaxy\" byKyūso Nekokamifrom 137 to 146, and the fifth is \"Don't Let Me Down\" byGacharic Spinfrom 147 to 159.The international broadcast features two pieces of theme music. The opening theme, titled \"Fight It Out\", is performed by rock singerMasatoshi Ono, while the ending theme is \"Never Give Up!!!\", performed by rhythm and blues vocalist Junear. Related media Home media In Japan,Dragon Ball Zdid not receive a home video release until 2003, seven years after its broadcast.Pony Canyonannounced a remastering of the series in two 26-disc DVD box sets, that weremade-to-orderonly, released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as \"Dragon Box\". Since then, Pony Canyon content of these sets began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on November 2, 2005, and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7, 2007.In July 2009,Funimationannounced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame-by-frame \"Dragon Box\" restoration ofDragon Ball Zin North America. These seven limited edition collector's DVD box sets were released uncut and unedited in the show's original 4:3 fullscreen format between November 10, 2009, and October 11, 2011. The international home release structure ofDragon Ball Zis complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work. Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously. Both versions of the edited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently makeBillboardrankings as separate entries. Home release sales were featured prominently on theNielsenVideoScan charts.Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself; which was known to release \"DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible\"; as in the case of their third season.Pioneer Entertainmentdistributed the Funimation/Saban edited-only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999,and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999.Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were also released on VHS in 1999,and on DVD in 2001.In 1999, Funimation's own distribution of their initial onward dub, which began with episode 54, in edited or uncut VHS ran between 1999 and 2006.A DVD version was produced alongside these, although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles. In 2005, Funimation began releasing their onward dub of the beginning ofDragon Ball Zon DVD, marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America.However, only nine volumes were released, leaving it incomplete.Instead, Funimation remastered andcroppedthe entire series into 16:9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual \"season\" box sets; the first set released on February 6, 2007, and the final on May 19, 2009.On August 13, 2013, Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their firstDragon Ball Zdub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector's DVD box set, titled theRock the Dragon Edition. In July 2011, Funimation announced plans to releaseDragon Ball ZinBlu-rayformat, with the first set released on November 8, 2011.However, production of these 4:3 sets was suspended after the second volume, citing financial and technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame, with Funimation noting that the restoration costs incurred exceeded the retail price they were able to sell them for.Only a year later, the company began producing a cropped 16:9 remastered Blu-ray release in 2013, with nine sets released in total. In March 2019, Funimation announced plans to release a 30th anniversary Blu-ray release ofDragon Ball Z, with the box set being remastered in 4:3 aspect ratio, and containing an artbook and a collectible figure.It would be crowdfunded, originally requiring a minimum of 2500 pre-orders in order to be manufactured, but was later increased to a minimum of 3,000 units.The release sparked controversy amongst fans due to the framing of the video, color saturation anddigital video noise reduction.Funimation responded by stating that they cropped the release by going in \"scene-by-scene to make judgements based on the image available in each frame of how much to trim to get to a consistent 4:3 aspect ratio, while still attempting to cut as little out of the picture as possible,\" and that they felt the digital video noise reduction was \"mandatory for this release based on the different levels of fan support from various past DBZ releases with different levels of noise reduction over the years.\" Kai In Japan,Dragon Ball Kaiwas released on wide-screen on 33 DVDs and fullscreen on a single Blu-ray and eight four-disc Blu-ray sets from September 18, 2009, to August 2, 2011. Funimation released eight DVD and Blu-ray box sets ofDragon Ball Z Kaifrom May 18, 2010, to June 5, 2012.These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles, as well as the uncut version of the English dub, which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings. Before the final volume was even published, Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu-ray \"season\" sets between May 22, 2012, and March 12, 2013.Funimation releasedThe Final Chaptersin three DVD and Blu-ray volumes from April 25 to June 20, 2017. Manga While the manga was all titledDragon Ballin Japan, due to the popularity of theDragon Ball Zanime in the west,Viz Mediainitially changed the title of the last 26 volumes of the manga to \"Dragon Ball Z\" to avoid confusion. The volumes were originally published in Japan between 1988 and 1995. It began serialization in the AmericanShonen Jump, beginning in the middle of the series with the appearance of Trunks; thetankōbonvolumes of bothDragon Ball ZandDragon Ballwere released simultaneously by Viz Media in the United States.In March 2001, Viz continued this separation by re-shipping theDragon BallandDragon Ball Ztitles starting with the first volumes of each work.Viz's marketing for the manga made distinct the differences betweenDragon BallandDragon Ball Ztone. Viz billedDragon Ball Z: \"More action-packed than the stories of Goku's youth,Dragon Ball Zis pure adrenaline, with battles of truly Earth-shaking proportions!\"Between 2008 and 2010, Viz re-released the two series in a format called \"Viz Big Edition,\" which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume.However, in 2013 Viz began publishing new 3-in-1 volumes collecting the entire manga series, including what they previously released asDragon Ball Z, under theDragon Ballname. Films TheDragon Ball Zfilms comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015. The first 13 films were typically released every March and July during the series' original run by the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools. They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in length. These films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. All 15 films were licensed in North America by Funimation, and all have received in-house dubs by the company. Before Funimation, the third film was a part of the short-lived Saban syndication, being split into three episodes, and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer. Several of the films have been broadcast onCartoon NetworkandNicktoonsin the United States,Toonami UKin the United Kingdom (these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast byAB Groupe), andCartoon Networkin Australia. Television specials and original video animations Three TV specials based onDragon Ball Zwere produced and broadcast on Fuji TV. The first two wereDragon Ball Z: Bardock – The Father of Gokuin 1990 andDragon Ball Z: The History of Trunksin 1993, the latter being based on a special chapter of the original manga. Both were licensed by Funimation in North America and AB Groupe in Europe. In 2013, a two-part hour-longcrossoverwithOne PieceandToriko, titledDream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special!!, was created and aired. Additionally, twooriginal video animations(OVAs) bearing theDragon Ball Ztitle have been made. The first isDragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans, which was originally released in 1993 in two parts as \"Official Visual Guides\" for the video game of the same title.Dragon Ball: Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyanswas a 2010 remake of this OVA. None of the OVAs have been dubbed into English, and the only one to see a release in North America is the 2010 remake, which was subtitled and included as a bonus feature inDragon Ball: Raging Blast 2. Video games Over 57 video games are bearing theDragon Ball Zname across a range of platforms from theNintendo Entertainment Systemto the current generation consoles, with the most recent release beingDragon Ball Z: Kakarotin 2020. In North America, licensing rights had been given to bothNamco BandaiandAtari. In 1999, Atari acquired exclusive rights to the video games throughFunimation, a deal which was extended for five more years in 2005.A 2007 dispute would end with Atari paying Funimation $3.5 million.In July 2009, Namco Bandai was reported to have obtained exclusive rights to release the games for a period of five years.This presumably would have taken effect after Atari's licensing rights expired at the end of January 2010. Reception Dragon Ball Zwas listed as the 78th best animated show inIGN's \"Top 100 Animated Series\",and was also listed as the 50th greatest animated show inWizardmagazine's \"Top 100 Greatest Animated shows\" list.The series ranked sixth onWizard's AnimeMagazine on their \"Top 50 Anime released in North America\". In Asia, theDragon Ball Zfranchise, including the anime and merchandise, earned a profit of $3billion by 1999.In the United States, the series sold over14 millionvideos by 2002,and over 25millionDVDsby January 2012. In 2005,media historianHal Ericksonwrote that \"Dragon Ballmay be the closest thing on American television to an animatedsoap opera— though this particular genre is an old, established and venerated one in Japan, the series' country of origin.\"Christopher J. Olson and CarrieLynn D. Reinhard note that \"Western fans flocked toDragon Ball Zbecause it offered exciting action not found in movies or television shows (animated or otherwise) at that time.\"A key characteristic that setDragon Ball Z(and later other anime shows) apart from American television shows at the time was a serialization format, in which a continuousstory arcstretches over multiple episodes or seasons. Traditional American television had an episodic format, with each episode typically consisting of a self-contained story. Serialization has since also become a common characteristic of Americanstreaming televisionshows during the \"Peak TV\" era. Funimation's in-house English dub though has received mixed reviews from some critics over the years.IGNcriticized the dub for \"having poor quality, along with some over the top, and quite annoying voice acting.\"Frieza's female voice in particular left many fans confused over the character's gender.Other criticisms have been towards the English dub's script, and inaccurately translating the source material, such as portrayingGoku's character as a more stoic superhero. Cultural impact and legacy Dragon Ball Z's popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media. In 2001, it was reported that the official website ofDragon Ball Zrecorded 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000+ registered fans.The term \"Dragonball Z\" ranked fourth in 1999 and second in 2000 byLycos' web search engine.For 2001, \"Dragonball\" was the most popular search on Lycos and \"Dragonball Z\" was fifth onYahoo!.and \"Dragonball\" was the third most popular search term in 2002. It's Over 9000!became a famousInternet memeand is referenced both within and outside Dragonball related media. In 2015,Ford Motor Companyreleased two commercials featuring characters from the series, the first advertising theFord Fusionand the second for theFord Focus. Dragon Ballfans set aGuinness World Recordfor Largest Kamehameha attack move atSan Diego Comic-Conon July 17, 2019. Ratings Dragon Ball Z's Japanese run was very popular with an average viewer rating of 20.5% across the series.Dragon Ball Zalso proved to be a rating success in the United States, outperforming top shows such asFriendsandThe X-Filesin some parts of the country insweepsratings during its first season.The premiere of season three ofDragon Ball Zin 1999, done byFunimation's in-house dub, was the highest-rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network.In 2001, Cartoon Network obtained licensing to run 96 more episodes and air the originalDragon Ballanime and was the top rated show in the Toonami block of Cartoon Network.Beginning March 26, 2001, Cartoon Network ran a 12-week special promotion \"Toonami Reactor\" which included a focus onDragon Ball Z, which would stream episodes online to high-speed internet users.Many home video releases were met with both the edited and unedited versions placing on in the top 10 video charts ofBillboard. For example, \"The Dark Prince Returns\" (containing episodes 226-228) and \"Rivals\" (containing episodes 229-231) edited and unedited, made theBillboardmagazine top video list for October 20, 2001.In 2002, in the week ending September 22,Dragon Ball Zwas the #1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9-14, boys 9-14 and men 12-24, with the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday telecasts ofDragon Ball Zranked as the top three programs in all of television, broadcast or cable, for delivery of boys 9-14. The first episode ofDragon Ball Kaiearned a viewer ratings percentage of 11.3, ahead ofOne Pieceand behindCrayon Shin-chan.Although following episodes had lower ratings,Kaiwas among the top 10 anime in viewer ratings every week in Japan for most of its run.Towards the end of the original run the ratings hovered around 9%-10%.Dragon Ball Z Kaipremiered onNicktoonsin May 2010 and set the record for the highest-rated premiere in total viewers, and intweensand boys ages 9–14.Nielsen Mega Manila viewer ratings rankedDragon Ball Kaiwith a viewer ratings with a high of 18.4% for October 30 – November 4 in 2012.At the end of April 2013,Dragon Ball Kaiwould trail just behindOne Pieceat 14.2%.Broadcasters' Audience Research BoardrankedDragon Ball Z Kaias the second most viewed show in the week it debuted onKix.On its debut onVortexx,Dragon Ball Z Kaiwas the third highest rated show on the Saturday morning block with 841,000 viewers and a 0.5 household rating. Merchandise Dragon Ball Zmerchandise was a success prior to its peak American interest, with more than $3 billion in sales from 1996 to 2000.In 1996,Dragon Ball Zgrossed $2.95billion in merchandise sales worldwide.By January 2012,Dragon Ball Zgrossed $5billion in merchandise sales worldwide. In 1998, Animage-ine Entertainment, a division of Simitar, announced the sale of Chroma-Cels, mock animation cels to capitalize on the popularity ofDragon Ball Z.The original sale was forecasted for late 1998, but were pushed back to January 12, 1999. In 2000, MGA Entertainment released more than twenty toys, consisting oftable-top gamesandwalkie-talkies.Irwin Toyreleased more than 72figuresconsisting of 2-inch and 5 inch action figures, which became top-selling toys in a market dominated by thePokémon Trading Card Game.Irwin Toys would release other uniqueDragon Ball Ztoys including a battery powered Flying Nimbus Cloud which hovered without touching the ground and a die-cast line of vehicles with collector capsules.In June 2000,Burger Kinghad a toy promotion which would see 20 million figures; Burger King bore the cost of the promotion which provided free marketing for Funimation.The Halloween Association foundDragon Ball Zcostumes to be the fourth most popular costumes in their nationwide survey. In December 2002,Jakks Pacificsigned a three-year deal for licensingDragon Ball Ztoys, which was possible because of the bankruptcy of Irwin Toy.Jakks Pacific'sDragon Ball Z5-inch figures were cited as impressive for their painting and articulation. In 2010, Toei closed deals in Central and South American countries which included Algazarra, Richtex, Pil Andina, DTM, Doobalo and Bondy Fiesta.In 2012, Brazil's Abr-Art Bag Rio Comercio Importacao e Exportacao closed a deal with Toei. Notes References Further reading External links",
"List ofDragon Ball Zepisodes Dragon Ball Z(ドラゴンボールゼット,Doragon Bōru Zetto, commonly abbreviated asDBZ)is the long-runninganimesequel to theDragon BallTV series, adapted from the final twenty-six volumes of theDragon Ballmangawritten byAkira Toriyama. The manga portion of the series debuted inWeekly Shōnen Jumpon October 5, 1988, and lasted until 1995; the anime adaptation premiered in Japan onFuji Televisionon April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran until its end on January 31, 1996, lasting 291 episodes in Japan, and 276 episodes in the United States originally, although all 291 episodes were later broadcast when content from the first 67 episodes was restored. Dragon Ball Zuses four pieces oftheme musicin the Japanese version. From episodes 1–199, the opening theme is \"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\" byHironobu Kageyama, and the closing theme is \"Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Pawā!\" by MANNA. From episodes 200–291, the opening and closing themes are \"We Gotta Power\" and \"Boku-Tachi wa Tenshi Datta,\" both byHironobu Kageyama. Series overview In Japan,Dragon Ball Zwas aired year-round continuously, with regular off-days for sporting events and television specials taking place about once every six weeks on average. The English broadcast was divided into eight separate near-continuous blocks with breaks varying between four months to over a year between each block. Only in one instance, between episodes 194 and 195, was there actually parity between the DVD release and the actual broadcast sequence in terms of the end of one \"season\" and the beginning of the next. Episodes Season 1: Saiyan Saga (1989–1990) Season 2: Namek and Captain Ginyu Sagas (1990–91) Season 3: Frieza Saga (1991) Season 4: Garlic Jr., Trunks and Androids Sagas (1991–92) Season 5: Imperfect Cell and Perfect Cell Sagas (1992) Season 6: Cell Games Saga (1992–93) Season 7: Other World, Great Saiyaman and World Tournament Sagas (1993–94) Season 8: Babidi and Majin Buu Sagas (1994–95) Season 9: Fusion, Kid Buu and Peaceful World Sagas (1995–96) OVAs/Movie specials TV specials See also Notes References External links",
"Dragon Ball Zseason 3 The third season ofDragon Ball Zanime series contains the Frieza arc, which comprises Part 2 of theFrieza Saga. The episodes are produced byToei Animation, and are based on the final 26 volumes of theDragon Ballmangaseries byAkira Toriyama. The 33-episode season originally ran from January to September 1991 in Japan onFuji Television. The first English airing of the series was onCartoon NetworkwhereFunimation Entertainment'sdub of the series ran from September to November 1999. Funimation released the season in a box set, and in June 2009, announced that they would be re-releasingDragon Ball Zin a new seven volume set called the \"Dragon Boxes\". Based on the original series masters with frame-by-frame restoration, and is uncut. The first set was released November 10, 2009. Episode list References"
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"Goku Son Gokuis a fictional character and the mainprotagonistof theDragon Ballmangaseries created byAkira Toriyama. He is based on Sun Wukong (known as Son Goku in Japan andMonkey Kingin the West), a main character of the classic 16th-century Chinese novelJourney to the West, combined with influences from theHong Kong action cinemaofJackie ChanandBruce Lee. Goku made his debut in the firstDragon Ballchapter,Bulma and Son Goku,originally published in Japan'sWeekly Shōnen Jumpmagazine on December 3, 1984.Goku is introduced as an eccentric, monkey-tailed boy who practicesmartial artsand possessessuperhuman strength. He meetsBulmaand joins her on a journey to find the seven wish-granting Dragon Balls. Along the way, he finds new friends who follow him on his journey to become stronger. As Goku grows up, he becomes the Earth's mightiest warrior and battles a wide variety of villains with the help of his friends and family, while also gaining new allies in the process. Born under the nameKakarot,as a member of the",
"a member of the Saiyan race on Planet Vegeta, he is sent to Earth as an infant prior to his homeworld's destruction at the hands ofFrieza(ordered byBeerus).Upon his arrival on Earth, the infant is discovered bySon Gohan, who becomes the adoptive grandfather of the boy and gives him the name Goku. The boy is initially full of violence and aggression due to his Saiyan nature, until an accidentalhead injuryturns him into a cheerful, carefree person. Grandpa Gohan's kindness and teachings help to further influence Goku, who later on names his first sonGohanin honor of him. As the protagonist ofDragon Ball, Goku appears in most of the episodes, films, television specials andOVAsof the manga'sanimeadaptations (Dragon Ball,Dragon Ball Z) and sequels (Dragon Ball GT,Dragon Ball Super), as well as many of the franchise's video games. Due to the series' international popularity, Goku became one of the most recognizable and iconic manga/anime characters worldwide. Outside theDragon Ballfranchise, Goku has madecameo",
"Goku has madecameo appearancesin Toriyama'sself-parodyseriesNeko Majin Z, has been the subject of other parodies, and has appeared in special events. Most Western audiences were introduced to the adult version of Goku featured in theDragon Ball Zanime, which adapted the final 26Dragon Ballmanga volumes, as opposed to his initial appearance as a child due to the limited success of the first anime series overseas. Conception and creation Goku, andDragon Ballin general, evolved from one of Akira Toriyama's earlierone-shotseries calledDragon Boy. In this story, the protagonist looks similar to Goku, but has a pair of wings.The original inspiration wereHong Kong action cinema, including those byBruce Leesuch asEnter the Dragon(1973) and byJackie Chansuch asDrunken Master(1978);Toriyama said he had a young Chan in mind for a live-action Goku, stating that \"nobody could play Goku but him.\"Goku uses a variety andhybridofEast Asian martial artsstyles, includingKarateandWing Chun(Kung fu). Bulmaand Goku were the first",
"Goku were the first pair of characters which were introduced in the manga and Toriyama stated that he subsequently introduced other characters in pairs because \"that way, I'm able to explain the characters and their relationship to each other through their interactions. In my case, I feel that it isn't good to insert too much narration. I suppose Goku and Bulma are representative of that.\" He further added that \"as a child, Goku doesn't know anything , so without Bulma, he'd be a character who didn't say anything.\"Toriyama mentioned Torishima wanted Goku to form a relationship with Bulma, but this was never applied to the series.With the conclusion of theCellarc,Gohanwas intended to replace his father as the protagonist, but Toriyama later decided that Gohan was unsuitable for the role.According to Toriyama, Goku is more of a selfish person than a hero as his main interest in the story is to fight strong opponents rather than protecting the innocent. As a result, Toriyama was angered when the anime",
"when the anime adaptations ofDragon Ballstarted portraying Goku as more heroic than his manga counterpart.Toei kept protraying Goku as heroic figure, especially in the anime sequelDragon Ball GTwhere he often rescues his granddaughter Pan as producer Kōzō Morishita was influenced by the 1997 filmTitanic. Design The character Goku is based onSun Wukong(Son Goku in Japanese),the central character of the Chinese novelJourney to the West.To be creative with the idea of Sun Wukong, Toriyama designed Goku as a human boy with a monkey's tail, rather than a complete simian, because the tail would give the character a distinguishing feature.He later stated that the tail was a pain to draw, hence why he had it get cut off early on.Toriyama did not initially plan to make Goku analien, it was not until the introduction of fighters from other planets that he established him as a Saiyan.Goku was given the ability to teleport to any planet in seconds, so that Toriyama could increase the pace of the story. Wanting the",
"story. Wanting the series to have a Chinese appearance, Toriyama used the color of the robes worn byBuddhist monksfor Goku'sdōgi.During the early chapters of the manga, Toriyama's editorKazuhiko Torishimacommented that Goku looked rather plain. Toriyama had given him simple clothes on purpose because it was a fighting manga, so to combat this he added several characters likeMaster RoshiandKrillin, and created theTenkaichi Budōkaito focus the storyline on fighting. To defy the assumption that Goku would win the tournaments, Toriyama made him lose the first and second but win the third. Toriyama's editor was initially against having Goku grow up, saying it was uncommon to have the protagonist drastically change in manga, however, he gave in when Toriyama threatened that he would not be able to continue the series if the character did not.Toriyama later stated he had him grow up as a means to make drawing the fight scenes easier. When Toriyama thought up the Super Saiyanconcept during theFriezaarc, he felt the",
"he felt the only way to show Goku's massive power-up was to have him transform. Initially he was concerned that the facial expression looked like that of a villain, but felt it was acceptable since the transformation was brought about by anger.The Super Saiyan form spared the trouble of coloring Goku's hair all the time for the standard black-and-white manga pages.This was the reason for the Super Saiyan form having blonde hair, because it was easier to draw for Toriyama's assistant who spent a lot of time blacking in Goku's hair. Goku's piercing eyes in Super Saiyan form were inspired by Bruce Lee's paralyzing glare.For theDragon Ball Zanime adaptation, character designer Tadayoshi Yamamuro used Lee as a reference, stating that, when he \"first becomes a Super Saiyan, his slanting pose with that scowling look in his eyes is all Bruce Lee.\" Dragon Ball GTchief character designer Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru said he agonized over designing Goku's Super Saiyan 4 appearance, which was the idea of the show's producers,",
"show's producers, questioning whether it was necessary to go further with the transformations. Because Super Saiyan 4 is brought about while in a Saiyan'sŌzaruform, he made the hair more \"wild\" and covered Goku's body in red fur. There was only a single final draft of the character, although Nakatsuru did consider making the hair blonde, he ended up choosing black as it provides more contrast with the red fur. During the plans of the final story arc ofDragon Ball Super, it was decided that Goku should have another transformation: The Ultra Instinct. The concept was that the Ultra Instinct would be completely different from Goku's previous Super Saiyan transformations. Voice actors In the Japanese version of everyDragon Ballanime series and subsequent related media, Goku has been voiced byMasako Nozawa. Toriyama selected Nozawa upon hearing her audition sample, remarking that only Goku could sound like that.Nozawa stated that she was ecstatic when she got the role because she had always wanted to be in one of",
"to be in one of Toriyama's works. She said she had to be mindful of the fact that Goku grew up in the mountains and did not know much of the world. Despite having to voice Goku, Gohan,GotenandBardock, Nozawa says she is able to instantly get into the respective character upon seeing their image. Nozawa explained that she did not read the manga so that she would not know what was coming in the story until recording, making her reactions the same as Goku's.Nozawa said that she liked young Goku with his tail because he was cute, and stated that the character was still the same even at the end of the series. In the numerous English versions, Goku has been played by different actors because different companies produced the dubs, by reason of changes ofautomated dialogue replacementcompanies and recording studios, or due to actors quitting: Appearances InDragon Ball Goku first appears inDragon Ballas a monkey-tailed child adopted by the hermit martial artistGohan. Before the series' narrative begins, he",
"begins, he accidentally and unknowingly kills Gohan when he temporarily transforms into the mightyŌzaruafter staring at a full moon. Goku loses the ability when his friends cut off his tail. Living alone with an item known as a Dragon Ball which he keeps as a memento of Gohan, Goku befriends a teenage girl namedBulma. He joins her to find the seven Dragon Balls, which, when gathered, summon the wish-granting dragonShenron. They encounter the desert banditYamchaand twoshapeshiftersnamedOolongandPuar, who join their quest. Goku is later trained by the martial artistMaster Roshi, alongside a monk namedKrillin, who later becomes his best friend. It is Roshi who gives Goku the magic cloudKinto'un, as a reward for saving his pet sea turtle, which becomes Goku's primary source of flight travel across the world. Goku's first shown martial arts attack as a child isJan ken, three physical blows modeled after the hand signs inrock-paper-scissors.As a child, he wields theNyoi-bō, a magic staff that extends and retracts",
"and retracts on command, given to him by his grandfather. Goku's signature attack is theKamehameha(named after KingKamehameha IofHawai'i), which he learned from Roshi.TheKamehamehais a concentration ofenergy, released as a concussive beam. Roshi spent about 50 years developing and perfecting the technique, but, as a child, Goku is able to understand and copy the technique immediately after only one demonstration. After training with the Earth's Guardian,Kami, Goku learns to fly by virtue of the techniqueBukū-jutsuand uses the Nimbus cloud less frequently for flight travel. While participating in the World Martial Arts Tournament that attracts the most powerful fighters in the world, Goku battles foes, later turned allies, such asTien ShinhanandChiaotzu, as well as the NamekianPiccolo. After becoming the runner-up champion of the 21st and 22nd tournaments, Goku wins in the 23rd with Piccolo's defeat, and marriesChi-Chisoon after to fulfill a promise he made to her years ago despite not knowing what marriage",
"what marriage was. Five years later, Goku meets his evil older brotherRaditzand learns about his heritage.Goku comes from a race of nearly extinct extraterrestrials called Saiyans, himself having been sent from their home planet to prepare Earth for sale on the intergalactic market by destroying all its life.While Grandpa Gohan was taking care of him, Goku accidentally fell into a deep ravine and suffered a severe head injury, which caused him to forget his mission and drastically altered his personality. After Raditz kidnaps Goku's sonGohan, he forms a truce with Piccolo in order to defeat Raditz. After sacrificing his life during the battle, Goku trains withKing Kaiin the Other World. He teaches Goku theKaiō-ken, which multiplies his energy and strength but with possible strain to the body.It is from King Kai that Goku learns his most powerful attack: theGenki-Dama, an energy sphere created by gathering energy from surrounding animals, nature and humans. After being revived by the Dragon Balls, Goku faces",
"Balls, Goku faces off with the Saiyan princeVegeta, who eventually becomes his greatest rival and another ally. On his journey to Planet Namek in order to aid his friends in gathering the Namekian Dragon Balls to revive those killed by the Saiyans, Goku fights the galactic tyrantFrieza, who destroyed the Saiyans' home planet and nearly the entire race. During his epic battle with Frieza, Goku becomes the first Saiyan in a thousand years to transform into a fabled Super Saiyan. After defeating Frieza and escaping the destruction of Namek, Goku learns ateleportationskill calledShunkan Idō, taught by the inhabitants of the planet Yardrat.Goku contracts a heart virus whereof the time-travelerTrunkswarns him, but recovers after taking medicine provided by Trunks. Goku trains Gohan to be his successor and sacrifices himself again during the battle against the evil bio-androidCell. Goku is temporarily resurrected on Earth seven years later and meets his second sonGoten. Goku battles Vegeta again after Vegeta",
"again after Vegeta willingly falls under the control of the wizardBabidiin order to gain power. Shortly after, he is drawn into a battle for the universe against the monsterMajin Buu. Despite having mastered two new Super Saiyan transformations, Goku prepares Goten and Trunks to take his place as Earth's defender. After his life is fully restored, Goku attempts to fuse with Gohan in order to defeat Buu, but this fails when the latter is temporarily absorbed by Buu and so he persuades the newly arrived Vegeta to fuse with him, creating Vegito.Later when the Fusion technique is abandoned on both sides, Goku destroys Buu with a Spirit Bomb attack. Ten years later, during another World Martial Arts Tournament, Goku meetsUub, Buu's human reincarnation, and leaves with him, intending to train him as the new protector of Earth. InDragon Ball Super After defeating Majin Buu, Goku meets a new opponent known asBeerus, the God of Destruction in the filmBattle of Gods. An alternative, more innately powerful form known",
"powerful form known as the Super Saiyan Godis reached by Goku during this film. Though the temporary transformation wears off, Goku manages to harness its godly powers. In its sequel filmResurrection 'F', Goku manages to achieve a blue-haired evolution of Super Saiyan God underWhis's tutelage, known as the Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan, or \"Super Saiyan Blue\" for short, which Goku uses to battle the newly revived Frieza.These forms appear inDragon Ball Superand its manga tie-in, which expand upon the stories from the two films. Afterwards, Goku and his friends participate in a fighting tournament set between Beerus and his brother Champa, who is Universe 6's God of Destruction, facing the best warriors from Champa's universe. During this tournament, Goku reveals that he has learned to combine the perfect energy control of his Super Saiyan Blue form with his older technique, theKaiō-ken. After meeting with the omnipotent being known as Grand Zeno, Goku encounters an evil alternate version of himself called",
"of himself called \"Goku Black\", who is terrorizing Future Trunks' timeline. Black is eventually revealed to be a rogue Supreme Kai in training namedZamasu, who has stolen Goku's body from yet another alternate timeline and teamed up with the Zamasu of Future Trunks' timeline to fulfill their \"Zero Mortals Plan\". After Zamasu and Black become even more dangerous by undergoing Potara Fusion during the battle in Future Trunks' timeline, Goku ultimately summons the future version of Grand Zeno who erases Zamasu. Goku causes the Zenos to decide to hold a multi-universal martial arts tournament with the losing universes wiped from existence; the Tournament of Power.Throughout the tournament, Goku faces multiple opponents but finds his toughest in Jiren. It is during his fights with Jiren that Goku acquires a temporary transformed state using a divine technique known asMigatte no Goku'i.Ultimately, Goku and Frieza manage to work together to force Jiren out of bounds in a triple elimination, leavingAndroid 17as the",
"17as the winner who uses his wish on the Super Dragon Balls to restore the erased universes. Goku'sorigin storyfrom theDragon Ball Minusmanga chapter is retold in the filmDragon Ball Super: Broly. His birth parents areBardock, a low-class Saiyan mercenary, and Gine, the owner of a butcher shop. Bardock has a strong suspicion that Frieza is up to something when he receives an order on his scouter for all Saiyans to return home, so he convinces Gine to send their infant son in a space pod to Earth. In the present, following the events of the Tournament of Power, Goku and Vegeta encounter another Saiyan survivor namedBroly, whom Frieza has recruited to defeat them. When Broly proves to be too powerful for either of them to handle individually, Goku and Vegeta use the Metamoran Fusion Dance, which creates Gogeta.Gogeta almost defeats his opponent, but Broly's allies teleport him back to the barren planet he grew up on. Goku teleports to this planet as well to provide Broly and his two friends with survival",
"with survival supplies, hoping to be able to spar with Broly again someday. In the manga, directly after the final scene ofBroly, Goku and Vegeta meet Galactic Patrol by Jaco and a mysteriously highly skilled agent named Merus in order to help stop an ancient warlock called Moro. With Moro headed to New Namek to use the Namekian Dragon Balls, the two Saiyans travel to the planet to stop him, where they are defeated by him using his magic to drain their life essences until near death. Once recovered, they attempt to go after Moro again, but he escapes from them, Merus and (the also conscripted) Majin Buu with the help of his accomplice Cranberry (who he kills) in order to wish upon the Dragon Balls to free all the Galactic Prison prisoners. After a few days, Goku hears from Merus that Moro has grown even stronger and is unstoppable. This leads to Goku asking Merus to help train him to master theUltra Instincttechnique so he can defeat Moro. Goku helps his friends take out Moro's forces before he comes",
"before he comes face-to-face with Moro again. When Moro fuses with Seven-Three, he and his allies are soundly defeated and mortally wounded. Goku achieves the full power of \"Ultra Instinct\" once more, which he uses to debilitate Moro to near-death. Even after healing him with a Senzu bean, he is unfazed by his ensuing sneak attack, unsuccessfully attempting to convince him to reconsider his ways and go back to prison, and him using a stray severed arm with Merus's copied power to obtainUltra Instinctfor himself, Goku continuously outmatches Moro. Ultimately, with the help of his friends and family, along with key assistance from Buu/Grand Supreme Kai and Uub unknowingly contributing divine power, Goku manages to finish off Moro and save the Earth once more.He, Vegeta, Buu and Jaco then reunite with a now-mortal Merus to be honoured as heroes by the Galactic Patrol. Much later, Goku and Vegeta are contacted by a group of beings called the Heeters, on a seemingly imperative mission to defeat a surviving member",
"a surviving member of the now-extinct sharpshooting Cerealean race; Granolah. Blinded by his desire for revenge, Granolah confronts Goku and defeats him, as Goku'sUltra Instinctturns out to be taxing to his body and loses its accuracy as he keeps fighting. The fight is later revealed to be a ruse by the Heeters to eliminate Granolah and the Saiyans from the Heeters' plot to assassinate Frieza and achieve universal conquest. He is later rescued by the last Namekian on the planet Cereal, Monaito, who hides them in his home after a disastrous battle with the Heeter warrior Gas, who wishes absolute power using the planet's Dragon Balls. Monaito reveals the identity of his father, Bardock, and the story of his actions in keeping him and the young Granolah safe from the Heeters a long time ago. Moved by the story, Goku and Vegeta finally find resolve about the meaning of the Saiyan race's pride, and later confront Gas for a second round. Goku stalls him by teleporting across random locations within the cosmos",
"within the cosmos viaShunkan Idōwith Gas tailing him, in an effort to give Granolah time to regain his power. Remembering Whis' advice about finding one's true and personalUltra Instinct, Goku later molds his own version of the technique, using his emotions as freely as he pleases.Despite this, he and Vegeta are ultimately bested, even after Granolah inflicted his deadliest sniping shot towards the villain with Goku's assistance, but are saved by Frieza's unexpected arrival. Frieza kills Gas and Elec, the Heeter leader and mastermind of the coup, in swift succession, before unveiling a new transformation and demonstrating his new powers by knocking Goku and Vegeta out of their empowered forms in one quick strike. He spares the duo before making his leave. In the filmDragon Ball Super: Super Hero, Goku does not play the role of protagonist, as he and Vegeta train on Beerus' domain, accompanied by newcomer Broly,and his companions from the previous film. He spars with Vegeta without any transformations",
"any transformations orkitechniques except for flight. Back on Earth, Piccolo is forced to deal with the reinvigoratedRed Ribbon Armywith Gohan as his only best defense for Earth against the army's threat, as Bulma is unable to contact Goku and Vegeta because Beerus' ice cream container accidentally obstructed Whis' angelic staff. In the post-credits scene, tired and exhausted, Goku falls down from Vegeta's weak last punch, admitting defeat as his rival celebrates his triumph. In other media In the anime-only sequel seriesDragon Ball GT, Goku is transformed back into a child by an accidental wish made by his old enemyPilafusing the Black Star Dragon Balls while Pilaf was about to wish to take over the world.Goku, Trunks and his own granddaughterPantravel the universe to search for the Black Star Dragon Balls and return them to Earth to prevent its destruction. After acquiring the Super Saiyan 4 transformation, Goku battles the evil TuffleBaby,Super Android 17, and the evil Shadow Dragons. His final challenge",
"His final challenge is againstOmega Shenron, whom he destroys using the Spirit Bomb.Goku leaves with the original form of Shenron, but not before saying his goodbyes to his friends on Earth. He appears 100 years later at the next World Martial Arts Tournament as an adult, where he watches a battle between Goku Jr., his descendant, and Vegeta Jr., Vegeta's descendant. An elderly Pan sees him, but he quickly departs. Goku has appeared in various other media including an unofficial Taiwanese live-action filmand an unofficial Korean live-action film.He was portrayed byJustin Chatwinin the 200920th Century FoxfeatureDragonball Evolution.Goku has appeared in almost everyDragon Balllicensed video game, including crossover games such asJump Super Stars,Jump Ultimate StarsandBattle Stadium D.O.N. In 1992, Goku was featured in the interactive gameDragon Ball Z: Get Together! Goku World,in which Goku and his gang travel back in time to review events in theDragon Balltimeline and interacts with his younger self. In",
"younger self. In December 2007, Goku made a guest appearance in avatar form in the MMORPGSecond Lifefor aJump Festapromotion titledJumpland@Second Life.Goku appears in theDr. Slump and Arale-chanvideo game for the Nintendo DS. Goku has been the subject of, and is mentioned in, various songs. \"Son Goku Song\"and \"Gokū no Gokigen Jānī\"feature Goku as a child singing about himself. During his adult years, the song \"Aitsu wa Son Gokū\" byHironobu Kageyama, where Kageyama praises everything about Goku,and the duet \"Ore-tachi no Energy\"feature words spoken by the character. For the release of the single of theDragonball Evolutioninternational theme song \"Rule\", Toriyama supplied CD artwork of singerAyumi Hamasakidressed as Goku. Goku has been used in Japanesepublic service announcementsaimed at children. In June 1988, Goku and otherDragon Ballcharacters were featured in two PSA short films. The first, in which Goku is taught the importance of obeying traffic safety by others, is entitledGoku's Traffic Safety.The",
"Traffic Safety.The second is calledGoku's Fire Fighting Regiment, in which he teaches two children the importance of fire safety. Goku has made guest appearances in various Japanese television shows and manga. In 2005, Goku appeared in the Toriyama parody mangaNeko Majin Zwhere he is thesenseiof the main character Z.On September 15, 2006, in celebration of the 30th anniversary ofKochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo, the special mangaSuper Kochikamewas released. The chapter entitledThis is the Police Station in front of Dragon Park on Planet Namekhas Ryotsu Kankichi travel to planet Namek and try to issue Freeza a citation and scold both he and Goku for parking their ships illegally. Goku and otherDragon Ballcharacters joined the cast ofOne Piecein the 2006 crossover mangaCross Epoch.He appears in a single panel of Toriyama's 2013 mangaJaco the Galactic Patrolman, which is set before the events ofDragon Ball.The collectedtankōbonvolume ofJacofeatures the bonus storyDragon Ball Minus: The",
"Ball Minus: The Departure of the Fated Child, depicting how and why Goku's parents sent him to Earth. Goku has been the subject of various parodies. In the episode \"Career Day\" ofTakeshi's Castle, known in the United States asMXC, the hostsBeat TakeshiandSonomanma Higashidressed as popular anime characters, one as Goku as a child, the other asDoraemon.Weekly Shōnen Jump'sGag Special 2005issue, released on November 12, 2004, featured aBobobo-bo Bo-boboone-shotDragon Ballparody manga, a retelling of the first fight between Goku and Vegeta.In chapter #179 of theYakitate!! Japanmanga, Kawachi executes aGenki-Damaparody called aShinrai-Damaon the character Katsuo.In the manga and anime seriesBlood Lad, the character Staz performs the gestures for Goku's Kamehameha, having learned it from his favorite mangasuperhero, but it has no actual effect. Goku regularly appears onFuji TV. In 2003, Goku appeared in the interactive featureOrb's Panic Adventure!, which was featured at the Fuji TV headquarters in the orb",
"in the orb section. In this, Freeza attacks a visiting tourist, blasting the orb section free from the rest of the Fuji TV building. Goku fights Freeza over the real life aqua city ofOdaiba.In 2004, a sequel calledOrb's Panic Adventure Returns!was produced.On March 25, 2006, Goku and Freeza appeared in an original animated short film in theIQ Mirror Mistake 7segment of the Japanese game showIQ Supplement. On April 7, 2007, Goku and Fuji TV announcer Masaharu Miyake were commentators on the anime segment in theJapan Great Man AwardstitledWho is the Strongest Hero?. The segment featured a special tournament to decide who was the greatest person in Japanese history. During the intermission, Goku promoted the coming release ofR2Dragon BallDVDs. Since the U.S. debut ofDragon Ball Zin 1996, Goku has appeared in American pop culture. He was featured in an issue ofWizardmagazinein which he andSupermanfought a hypothetical battle and won.In theCodename: Kids Next Doorepisode \"Operation: R.E.P.O.R.T\", Numbuh Four's",
"Numbuh Four's version of the story is a parody of the Goku and Freeza's battle inDragon Ball Z.Goku appears inRobot Chickenin a sketch entitledA Very Dragon Ball Z Christmas, where Goku and Gohan fight an evilMrs. ClauswithSanta's reindeer, in an attempt to save Christmas. TheSaturday Night LivesketchTV FunhousetitledKobayashidepicts real-life hot-dog-eating championTakeru Kobayashias able to transform into a Super Saiyan as he prepares to eat hot dogs; Goku appears briefly near the end.Goku is referenced in the songs \"Goku\" and \"Anime\" bySoulja Boy Tell 'Em, where he brags that he looks and feels like Goku. Goku appears in a parody of the filmMoneyballon an episode ofMadentitledMoney Ball Z, in whichBilly Beanedrafts Goku and a couple of otherDragon Ballcharacters into theOakland A's.In 2013, he and Superman fought in a \"Death Battle\" episode of theRooster Teethweb seriesScrewAttackand lost.The episode \"Goku vs. Superman\" in the web seriesEpic Rap Battles of Historywon aStreamy Awardfor Best Music Video.",
"Best Music Video. The use of theKamehamehaattack became anInternet memewhich started with Japanese schoolgirls photographing themselves apparently using, and being affected by, this attack.It has attracted considerable media attention inFrance,Germany,as well as in many Spanish-speaking countries inSouth America. Cultural impact A number of notable public figures have commented on their feelings towards Goku or his status in popular culture. For example,Jackie Chanhas gone on record stating that Goku is his favoriteDragon Ballcharacter.The German rock bandSon Gokutakes their name from theDragon Ballprotagonist. The band's lead singer Thomas D chose the name because Goku embodies the band's philosophy, saying he was \"fascinated by Goku's naïveté and cheerfulness, yet, at the same time, a great warrior saving the world.\" In 2010, a fiberglass statue of Goku was created by Canadian-born Hong Kong artistEdison Chen, with Chen's facial features instead of Goku's, as part of Chen's collection that was displayed at",
"was displayed at the \"Treacherous Treis\" exhibition in Singapore's Museum of Art and Design.CNNreleased an article explaining how Goku was Spanish professional tennis playerRafael Nadal's childhood inspiration, and called Nadal \"the Dragon Ball of tennis\" due to his unorthodox style \"from another planet.\" One PiececreatorEiichiro OdaandNarutocreatorMasashi Kishimotosaid that Goku inspired their protagonists as well as series structure,withTekken'sLars Alexanderssonshowing traits of a hero through his design inspired by Goku alongside Marvel Comic's Thor.Commenting on Goku's popularity, Kishimoto stated that when people hear the name \"Son Goku\", no longer do they think of theJourney to the Westcharacter, but insteadDragon Ball's protagonist comes to mind.Additionally, for the second half of the series, Kishimoto created an ape named Son Goku in reference to Toriyama's character to the point the ape has four tails just like the four-star Dragon Ball Goku earned from his grandfather. In his book about Akira",
"book about Akira Toriyama published in 2004, Julius Weideman said Goku's journey and ever-growing strength resulted in the character winning \"the admiration of young boys everywhere.\"Jason Thompsonstated that unlike the \"manly\" heroes of other popularshōnen mangaof the late 1980s and early 1990s, such asCity HunterandFist of the North Star, Toriyama made his protagonist (Goku) cartoonish and small, thus starting a trend that Thompson says continues to this day.In 2015, the Japan Anniversary Association officially declared May 9 as \"Goku Day\".Goku is the first manga character to have a balloon at theMacy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, with his first appearance at the 2018 parade. Merchandise Several pieces of merchandising based on Goku have been released, includingaction figures,plushes,andkeychains. Reception Goku has appeared in several \"top\" character lists. He was ranked number one inIGN's 2009 list of Top 25 Anime Characters of All Timeand reappeared on the same list in 2014, however, on this occasion they",
"this occasion they ranked him third, withCowboy Bebop'sSpike SpiegelandNeon Genesis Evangelion'sShinji Ikariplaced above him, saying that \"He was, in many ways, a character that bucked the trends of his time and defined the direction of shonen manga/anime for decades.\"In Mania Entertainment's 10 Most Iconic Anime Heroes, Thomas Zoth commented that \"Goku andDragon Ballcompletely revolutionized shōnen manga.\" In aNewtypepoll from March 2010, Goku was voted the fifth most popular male character from the 1980s.Goku ranked consistently high in theAnime Grand Prixpoll in the category of \"best male character\" in the late 1980s and early 1990s, appearing seventeenth in the 1987 poll,fifteenth in the 1988 poll,second in the 1989 poll,fourth in the 1990 poll,third in the 1991 poll,fourth in the 1992 poll,thirteenth in 1993 poll,and twelfth in 1994 poll. In a 1993 character popularity poll for the series,Weekly Shōnen Jumpreaders voted Goku second, after his son Gohan.He came in first in the magazine's 1995 poll,as",
"1995 poll,as well as in a 2004 poll amongst fans of the series for the bookDragon Ball Forever.In a 2005The Daily Readerarticle entitled \"The Greatest Geek Movie Heroes of All Time\", Goku is the only animated character listed, and is ranked tenth.In a survey of 1,000 people, conducted byOriconin 2007, Goku ranked first place as the \"Strongest Manga character of all time.\" In the survey \"Friendship\" developed by rankingjapan.com, in which people chose which anime character they would like as a friend, Goku ranked fifth.In 2000, Goku placed third in anAnimaxpoll of favorite anime characters.In 2011, readers ofGuinness World Records Gamer's Editionvoted Goku as the 41st-top video game character of all time.NTTcustomers voted him as their third favorite black haired male anime character in a 2014 poll. Game designerHiroshi MatsuyamafromCyberConnect2said that while Goku is an appealing character readers could root for during the manga, he was hard to relate and, thus, instead preferred other characters like",
"characters like Krillin or Bulma. However, during the manga's finalstory arc, Matsuyama recalls being overjoyed when Goku says that Mr. Satan, a comic relief character with no superextraordinary skills, was the real hero of mankind as the Earthlings found him as the saviour of mankind when Buu was about win the final fight. Goku's characterization has been well received by publications for manga, anime and other media.Anime News Networknoted Goku as a good source of comedy and remarked that after everything he experiences, he still remains a naïve character.Tim Jones from THEM Anime Reviews noted that Goku is not an omnipotent character in the first anime series, unlikeDragon Ball Z, and does not disappear for long periods of time between sagas. Jones also liked the way the series' depict his entire adventures, making him a good main character.Voice actorMamoru Miyanosaid that Goku's first Super Saiyan transformation in the manga was his favorite part from the series as Goku not only changed visually but his",
"visually but his personality changes into a \"classic, prototypical hero\". Rationalmagic.com praised Goku's innocence as one of the funniest parts of the series.In January 2017,Nozawawon twoGuinness World Recordsfor her longevity as Goku; she has been the sole voice actor for the role for over 23 years.According toScreen Rant, Goku's origin story has some similarities to that ofSuperman.On the other hand, Collider was more critical to Goku's actions in the series most notably when Gohan becomes an active character who goes through severalcharacter's arcsyet he is constantly overshadowed by his father to the point Akira Toriyama refrained from turning Gohan into his successor following the Cell Games and Goku once again took over Gohan's role in the final arc ofDragon Ball Z. Despite his predominantly positive reception, Goku has received some negative feedback, in particular for his characterization inDragon Ball Superdue to how his constant desires for fighting stronger enemies resulted in setting up a story",
"setting up a story where all universes could be destroyed. While Anime Now's Richard Eisenbeis believes Goku is determined to protect his universe, the fact that he does not seemingly care about other loser universes being destroyed has been criticized. Monique Jones fromSyfypanned the character's relationship dynamic with his wife, as well as his perceived incompetency and irresponsibility as a father, drawing attention to the \"tons of memes and fan chatter about Piccolo actually being the best dad Gohan's ever had\".Sam Leach from Anime News Network agreed that fans of the series tend to joke about Piccolo being a better paternal figure to Gohan than his actual father, Goku, and felt thatDragon Ball Superemphasized this more when Piccolo started training him again. The same site also criticized Goku often being busy in the narrative, most notably in Frieza's resurrection, as the supporting characters have some extra scenes only to have their spotlight stolen by Goku and Vegeta. His rematch with Frieza was",
"with Frieza was criticized for how overpowered the character has become and how much back up his allies can provide in the battle, ruining the tension the film was supposed to generate.Despite enjoying his rematch with Frieza, DVD Talk expressed similar responses in the handling of these characters. IGNnoted that Goku has a tendency to show enemies mercy, including Vegeta, Piccolo, Cell and Moro. His decision to let Cell have a senzu bean without informing his allies in particular was considered to be infamous, which affected Gohan's confidence and led to his defeat.La Tercerawent to call Goku irresponsible and immature to the character for helping Moro as a result of this show of mercy and the consequences.Both Goku and Vegeta were criticized for being too overpowered inSuperto the point they steal the series' spotlight to the supporting cast while their strategies either lack complexity or create a plothole such as the time limit to the fusion Vegito. See also Explanatory notes References Further reading",
"Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball Zis a Japaneseanimetelevision series produced byToei Animation. Part of theDragon Ballmedia franchise, it is the sequel to the 1986Dragon Balltelevision series and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the originalDragon Ballmangaseries created byAkira Toriyama. The series aired in Japan onFuji TVfrom April 1989 to January 1996 and was later dubbed for broadcast in at least 81countries worldwide. Dragon Ball Zcontinues the adventures ofSon Gokuin his adult life as he and his companions defend the Earth against villains including aliens (Vegeta,Frieza), androids (Cell), and magical creatures (Majin Buu). At the same time, the story follows the life of Goku's son,Gohan, as well as the development of his rivals,Piccoloand Vegeta. Due to the success of the series in the United States, the manga chapters making up its story were initially released byViz Mediaunder theDragon Ball Ztitle. The anime's popularity has also spawned various media and merchandise that has come to represent the",
"to represent the majority of the material within theDragon Ballfranchise, including films, home video releases, soundtracks, trading cards, and video games.Dragon Ball Zremains acultural iconthrough numerous adaptations and re-releases, including a remastered broadcast titledDragon Ball Z Kai. Dragon Ball Zhas since been followed by a sequel series titledDragon Ball GT(1996–1997) and a \"midquel\" series titledDragon Ball Super(2015–2018). Plot Saiyan Saga Dragon Ball Zpicks up five years after the end of theDragon Ballseries, withSon Gokunow a young adult and father to his son,Gohan. A humanoid alien namedRaditzarrives on Earth in a spacecraft and tracks down Goku, revealing to him that he is his long-lost older brother and that they are members of a near-extinct elite alien warrior race calledSaiyans(サイヤ人,Saiya-jin). Goku (originally named Kakarot(カカロット,Kakarotto)had been sent to Earth as an infant to conquer the planet, but suffered a severe blow to his head shortly after his arrival and lost all memory of",
"lost all memory of his mission, as well as his blood-thirsty Saiyan nature. Raditz tells Goku that along with two stronger elites,VegetaandNappa, they are the only remaining Saiyans after their home planet Vegeta was destroyed. Raditz asks Goku to enlist in helping conquering planets and joining the remaining Saiyans. When Goku refuses to join and help them, Raditz takes Goku and Krillin down with one strike, kidnaps Gohan, and threatens to murder him if Goku does not kill 100 humans within the next 24 hours. Goku decides to team up with his arch-enemyPiccolo, who was also defeated by Raditz in an earlier encounter, to defeat him and save his son. During the battle, Gohan's rage momentarily makes him stronger than Piccolo and Goku as he attacks Raditz to protect his father. The battle ends with Goku restraining Raditz so that Piccolo can hit them with a deadly move called Special Beam Cannon(魔貫光殺砲,Makankōsappō, lit. \"Demon Penetrating, Killing Ray Gun\"), mortally wounding them both, and kills them after a",
"kills them after a short while. But before Raditz succumbs to his injuries, he reveals to Piccolo that the other two Saiyans are much stronger than him and will come for the Dragon Balls in one year. Having witnessed Gohan's latent potential, Piccolo takes him into the wild to train for the upcoming battle against the Saiyans. In the afterlife, Goku travels the million-kilometer Snake Way so that he can train under the ruler of the North Galaxy,King Kai. King Kai teaches Goku the Kaio-ken(界王拳,Kaiōken, lit. \"Fist of Kings of Worlds\")and the Spirit Bomb(元気玉,Genki Dama, lit. \"Energy Sphere\")techniques. Despite his gruff and villainous nature, Piccolo grows fond of Gohan while he oversees him learning to fend for himself. This forges an unlikely emotional bond between the two. After a year, Goku is revived with the Dragon Balls, but King Kai panics as he realizes that Goku will have to take Snake Way again to get back and will not make it until hours after the Saiyans arrive. Goku's allies group up to fight",
"group up to fight until Goku gets back, but prove to be no match for Nappa and the \"Prince of All Saiyans\", Vegeta.Yamcha,Tien Shinhan,Chiaotzuand Piccolo all perish in the battle, with Piccolo's death causing bothKamiand the Dragon Balls to fade from existence. When Goku finally arrives at the battlefield, he avenges his fallen friends by easily defeating Nappa before crippling him by breaking his spine in half. A furious Vegeta then executes Nappa for his failure to kill Goku. Goku uses several grades of the Kaio-ken to win the first clash with Vegeta, which concludes with a climactickibeam struggle, but it comes at a great cost to his body. Vegeta comes back and creates an artificial moon to transform into a Great Ape, which he uses to torture Goku.Krillinand Gohan sense that Goku is in trouble, and they return for a group fight with the now-seemingly unstoppable Vegeta. They are aided at key moments byYajirobe, who cuts Vegeta's tail to revert him into his normal state. Goku gives Krillin a Spirit Bomb",
"a Spirit Bomb that he made, and Krillin uses it to severely damage Vegeta. Vegeta is ultimately defeated when he is crushed by Gohan's Great Ape form, and he retreats to his spaceship as Krillin approaches to finish him off. Goku convinces Krillin to spare Vegeta's life and allow him to escape Earth, with Vegeta vowing to return and destroy the planet in revenge for his humiliation at Goku's hands. Frieza Saga During the battle, Krillin overhears Vegeta mentioning the original set of Dragon Balls from Piccolo's homeworld, Namek(ナメック星,Namekku-sei). While Goku recovers from his injuries, Gohan, Krillin, and Goku's oldest friendBulmadepart for Namek to use these Dragon Balls to revive their fallen friends in the battle. Upon their arrival on Namek, Krillin, Gohan, and Bulma discover that Vegeta and his superior, the galactic tyrantFrieza, are already there, each looking to use the Dragon Balls to obtainimmortality. Vegeta is stronger than before, as Saiyans become stronger when they recover from the brink of",
"from the brink of death, so he seizes the opportunity to rebel against Frieza. A triangular game of cat-and-mouse ensues, with Frieza, Vegeta, and Gohan plus Krillin alternately possessing one or more of the Dragon Balls, with no one managing to possess all seven at any given time. Vegeta manages to isolate Frieza's lieutenants one by one and kill them. When Frieza sees that Vegeta is posing too big of a problem, he summons theGinyu Force, a team of elite mercenaries led by Captain Ginyu, who can switch bodies with his opponents. Vegeta reluctantly teams up with Gohan and Krillin to fight them, knowing that they are too much for him to handle alone. The Ginyu Force proves too powerful, but Goku finally arrives and defeats them single-handedly, saving Vegeta, Gohan, and Krillin. Vegeta believes Goku may have become the legendary warrior of the Saiyans, theSuper Saiyan(超サイヤ人,Sūpā Saiya-jin). As Goku heals from a brutal fight with Captain Ginyu, Krillin, Dende, and Gohan secretly use the Dragon Balls behind",
"Dragon Balls behind Vegeta's back to wish for Piccolo's resurrection and teleport him to Namek. Vegeta finds them using the Dragon Balls without him, but theGrand Elderdies and rendering the Dragon Balls inert before he can wish for immortality. Just as this happens, Frieza arrives and decides to kill the four of them for denying him his wish for immortality. Piccolo arrives on Namek but is accidentally separated from the others due to a badly-worded wish. He finds the strongest Namekian warrior, Nail, who was defeated by Frieza and fuses with him to greatly increase his power. Despite both Piccolo and Vegeta's advances in power, they are greatly outclassed by Frieza, who goes through several transformations before reaching his final form, which he then uses to kill Dende. Goku arrives after healing from his injuries, and Vegeta tells him that Frieza was the one who destroyed the Saiyan homeworld and massacred the Saiyan race, as he feared that he would one day be overthrown by a Super Saiyan. Frieza then",
"Saiyan. Frieza then kills Vegeta in front of Goku. Though Goku's power exceeds Vegeta's, he is still no match for Frieza. Goku uses his last resort, a massive Spirit Bomb with the energy of Namek and the surrounding worlds, and it seemingly defeats the tyrant. However, Frieza manages to survive, and he unleashes his wrath upon the group by gravely wounding Piccolo and murdering Krillin. Goku's rage finally erupts, and he undergoes a strange transformation that turns his hair blond, his eyes green, and causes a golden aura to radiate from his body. Goku has finally become a Super Saiyan. Meanwhile, the revived Kami uses Earth's Dragon Balls to resurrect everyone on Namek that was killed by Frieza and his henchmen, which also allows the Grand Elder to be resurrected for a short time, and the Namekian Dragon to return. Dende uses the final wish to teleport everyone on Namek to Earth except for Goku and Frieza. Even at 100% power, Frieza cannot manage to defeat the Super Saiyan transformation. Goku outwits",
"Goku outwits Frieza, cutting him in half with his own attack, before escaping Namek as the planet is destroyed in a massive explosion. Garlic Jr. Saga After the battle with Frieza, Goku's friends and family are waiting for word on his return when a demonic star drifts into Earth's orbit and opens up a rift in space, allowing the malevolent immortalGarlic Jr.to break free from his imprisonment inside the Dead Zone. Seeking revenge fora past defeat at the hands of Goku and Piccolo, Garlic Jr. traps Kami and Mr. Popo inside a bottle and uses his Black Water Mist to turn all of Earth's inhabitants into bloodthirsty, vampire-like beings. Gohan, Krillin, Piccolo, Krillin's then-girlfriend Maron, and Gohan's pet dragon Icarus are the only ones unaffected and set out to stop Garlic Jr. and restore the Earth and its inhabitants. This proves to be easier said than done, as Garlic Jr. has complete immortality, making him impossible to kill. Luckily, Gohan's hidden potential gives him the edge he needs to eradicate",
"needs to eradicate Garlic Jr.'s forces and send him back into the Dead Zone. He also destroys the star, ensuring that Garlic Jr. will remain trapped in the Dead Zone for all eternity. Androids Saga One year later, Frieza is revealed to have survived and arrives on Earth with his father,King Cold, seeking revenge. However, a mysterious young man namedTrunksappears, transforms into a Super Saiyan, and kills Frieza and King Cold. Goku returns a few hours later, having spent the past year on the alien planet Yardrat learning a new technique: Instant Transmission, which allows him to teleport to any location he desires. Trunks reveals privately to Goku that he is the son of Vegeta and Bulma, and has traveled from 17 years in the future to warn Goku that twoAndroids(人造人間,Jinzōningen, lit. \"Artificial Humans\")created byDr. Gerowill appear in three years to seek revenge against Goku for destroying theRed Ribbon Armywhen he was a child. Trunks says all of Goku's friends will fall to them - while Goku himself will die",
"himself will die from a heart virus six months before their arrival. Trunks gives Goku medicine from the future that will save him from the heart virus and departs back to his own time. When the androids arrive, Goku falls ill during his fight withAndroid 19but is saved by Vegeta, who reveals that he has also achieved the Super Saiyan transformation. Vegeta and Piccolo easily defeat Android 19 and Dr. Gero (who turned himself into \"Android 20\"), but Trunks returns from the future to check on their progress and reveals that the androids they defeated are not the ones that killed all of them in the future. Goku is out of commission and his allies are overwhelmed by the arrival of Androids16,17and18, while an even stronger bio-Android calledCellemerges from a different timeline and embarks on a quest to find and absorb Androids 17 and 18, allowing him to attain his \"perfect form\". Cell successfully absorbs Android 17, becoming considerably more powerful, but Vegeta returns to the battle, having greatly elevated",
"greatly elevated his power, and easily overpowers him. However, Vegeta allows Cell to absorb Android 18, believing that his \"perfect form\" will be no match for his Super Saiyan power. Vegeta is subsequently defeated, with Cell mockingly thanking him for helping him achieve perfection. Cell allows everyone to live for the time being and announces a fighting tournament to decide the fate of the Earth, known as the \"Cell Games\". Goku, recovered from the heart virus and having reached the zenith of the Super Saiyan form, takes on Cell at the tournament. Goku eventually realizes that Cell is far too powerful for him to handle, and forfeits the fight to the astonishment of everyone else. Goku proclaims that Gohan will be able to defeat Cell. Though initially outclassed, Gohan is eventually able to tap into his latent power and achieve the Super Saiyan 2 transformation after Android 16 sacrifices himself in a failed attempt to kill Cell. Refusing to accept defeat, Cell prepares to self-destruct and destroy the",
"and destroy the Earth. Goku uses his Instant Transmission ability to teleport himself and Cell to King Kai's planet, where Cell explodes and kills everyone there. However, Cell survives the blast and returns to Earth more powerful than ever, where he promptly murders Trunks, but Gohan unleashes the totality of his power in a massive Kamehameha wave and obliterates Cell for good. The Dragon Balls are then used to revive everyone that was killed by Cell, while Goku chooses to remain in the afterlife, refusing an offer by his friends to use the Namekian Dragon Balls to bring him back. Trunks returns to his timeline and uses his bolstered power to finally slay the Future Androids and Cell. Majin Buu Saga Seven years later, Goku is allowed to go back to Earth for one day to reunite with his loved ones and meet his youngest son,Goten, at the World Martial Arts Tournament(天下一武道会,Tenkaichi Budōkai, \"Number One Martial Arts Gathering Under the Heavens\"). Soon after, Goku and his allies are drawn into a fight by",
"into a fight by theSupreme Kaiagainst a magical being namedMajin Buu(魔人ブウ,\"Majin Buu\")summoned by the evil wizardBabidi. All efforts to stop the resurrection prove to be futile as Buu is successfully revived and begins slaughtering Earth's inhabitants. Goten and Trunks are taught the fusion technique by Piccolo, while Gohan gets his latent potential unlocked by theElder Supreme Kai. Meanwhile, Buu befriends Mr. Satan and vows to never kill anyone ever again, but is interrupted when a deranged gunman shoots and nearly kills Mr. Satan. As a result, Majin Buu becomes so angry that he expels the evil within himself, creating an evil Buu that proceeds to absorb the good Buu. The result is Super Buu, a psychopathic monster who wants nothing more than the destruction of the universe. After numerous battles that result in the deaths of many of Goku's allies as well as the destruction of Earth, Goku is fully restored by the Elder Supreme Kai and defeats Kid Buu (the original form of Majin Buu) with a Spirit Bomb",
"with a Spirit Bomb attack containing the energy of all the inhabitants of Earth, who were resurrected along with the planet by the Namekian Dragon Balls. Goku makes a wish for Kid Buu to be reincarnated as a good person and, ten years later at another Tenkaichi Budōkai, he meets Kid Buu's human reincarnation,Uub. Leaving the match between them unfinished, Goku departs with Uub so he can train him to become Earth's new defender. Production and broadcasting Kazuhiko Torishima, Akira Toriyama's editor forDr. Slumpand the first half ofDragon Ball, felt that theDragon Ballanime's ratings were gradually declining because it had the same producer that worked onDr. Slump. Torishima said this producer had this \"cute and funny\" image connected to Toriyama's work and was missing the more serious tone in the newer series, and therefore asked the studio to change the producer. Impressed with their work onSaint Seiya, he asked its director Kōzō Morishita and writerTakao Koyamato help \"reboot\"Dragon Ball, which coincided",
"which coincided with Goku growing up. The new producer explained that ending the first anime and creating a new one would result in more promotional money. The result was the start ofDragon Ball Z.Toriyama suggested the title because Z is the last letter of the alphabet. He wanted to finish the series because he was running out of ideas for it.Ironically enough, the sequel series would end up producing more episodes than its predecessor. Dragon Ball Zis adapted from the final 324 chapters of the manga series which were published inWeekly Shōnen Jumpfrom 1988 to 1995. It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31, 1996.Because Toriyama was writing the manga during the production of the anime,Dragon Ball Zadded original material not adapted from the manga, including lengthening scenes or adding new ones, and adding new attacks and characters not present in the manga. For example, Toriyama was",
"Toriyama was asked to create an additional character for Goku's training with King Kai, resulting in the cricket Gregory. Throughout the production, the voice actors were tasked with playing different characters and performing their lines on cue, switching between roles as necessary.The voice actors were unable to record the lines separately because of the close dialogue timing. When asked if juggling the different voices of Goku, Gohan and Goten were difficult,Masako Nozawasaid that it was not and that she was able to switch roles simply upon seeing the character's picture.She did admit that when they were producing two films a year and television specials in addition to the regular series, there were times when they had only line art to look at while recording, which made giving finer nuanced details in her performance difficult. One of the character designers forDragon Ball Zwas Tadayoshi Yamamuro. He was responsible for designing and animating Goku'sSuper Saiyanform in the series. He used the martial",
"He used the martial artistBruce Leeas a reference for Goku's Super Saiyan form, stating that, when he \"first becomes a Super Saiyan, his slanting pose with that scowling look in his eyes is all Bruce Lee.\"In the original manga itself, Goku's piercing eyes in Super Saiyan form were also based on Bruce Lee's paralyzing glare. English dub production and broadcasting In 1996,Funimation Productions(now known asCrunchyroll LLC) licensedDragon Ball Zfor an English-language release in North America, after cancelling their initialdubofDragon Ballhalf-way through their originally-planned 26-episode first season.Funimation's 1996 release was not the first broadcast in the United States, as some networks had already aired versions of the series in other languages on a smaller scale. This includedNippon Golden Network's broadcast of a subtitled Japanese version in Hawaii from 1994.Funimation worked withSaban Entertainmentto syndicate the series on television, andPioneer Entertainmentto handle home video",
"handle home video distribution.AVancouver-based cast recording at theOcean Studioswere hired by Funimation to dub the anime (Funimation had previously used a similar Vancouver-based voice cast in their initialDragon Balldub, recorded at Dick & Roger's Sound Studio).Contract musicians for Saban,Ron Wassermanand Jeremy Sweet,known for their work on thePower Rangersfranchise, composed a new guitar-driven soundtrack. The dub's opening theme (nicknamed \"Rock the Dragon\") was sung by Sweet, and afterwards Wasserman got hired by Saban to do background music for the dub. For contractual reasons, the background music and opening theme was officially credited to Saban foundersShuki LevyandHaim Saban(under the alias Kussa Mahehi), with the actual extent of their involvement in the soundtrack being unclear. Funimation's initial English dub ofDragon Ball Zhad mandated cuts tocontent and length, which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53 (though TV episode 53 actually ends half-way through uncut episode 67).Most of the",
"67).Most of the edits were done to make the anime more tame and kid-friendly, most notably having references to death sidestepped with phrases like \"sent to the next dimension\".It premiered in the United States on September 13, 1996, infirst-run syndication, but halted production in 1998 after two seasonsdespite strong ratings.This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations, in order to focus on producing original material for theFox Kids Networkand its newly acquiredFox Family Channel.Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 (the end of the dub) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version,but did not do so. They did, however, release uncut dubs of the first threeZmovies on home video. On August 31, 1998, reruns of this canceled dub began airing onCartoon Networkas part of the channel's weekday afternoonToonamiblock. Cartoon Network eventually ordered more episodes ofDragon Ball Z, and Funimation resumed production on the series' English dub",
"series' English dub without Saban's assistance. Cartoon Network replaced the original Vancouver-based cast with an in-house voice cast at theirTexas-based studio, with the goal of the new voices sounding similar to the Vancouver cast.The Saban-produced soundtrack from the first two seasons was replaced with a new background score composed byBruce Faulconerand his team of musicians, which was used throughout the rest of Funimation'sDragon Ball Zdub.This renewed dub featured less censorship due to both Saban's absence and fewer restrictions oncable programming, and aired new episodes on Cartoon Network's Toonami block from September 13, 1999, to April 7, 2003 (continuing in re-runs through 2008).Kids' WBbriefly ranDragon Ball Zin 2001 on its short-lived Toonami block. In 2005, Funimation began to re-dub episodes 1–67 with their in-house voice cast, including content originally cut from their dub with Saban.This dub's background score was composed byNathan M. Johnson(Funimation had ceased working with Faulconer",
"with Faulconer Productions after the final episode ofDragon Ball Zin 2003). Funimation's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network beginning in June 2005.Funimation's later remasteredDVDsof the series saw them redub portions of the dialogue, mostly after episode 67, and had the option to play the entire series' dub with both the American and Japanese background music. In January 2011, Funimation andToeiannounced that they would streamDragon Ball Zwithin 30 minutes before their simulcast ofOne Piece. The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia, and New Zealand. However, beginning with episode 108 (123 uncut), Westwood Media (in association with Ocean Studios) produced an alternate English dub, distributed to Europe byAB Groupe. The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK, the Netherlands and Ireland, although it also aired in Canada beginning from episode 168 (183 uncut) to fulfillCanadian contentrequirements.",
"Funimation's in-house dub continued to air in the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand. The Westwood Media production used the same voice cast from the original 53-episode dub produced by Funimation, it featured an alternate soundtrack byTom Keenlysideand John Mitchell,though most of this score was pieces Ocean reused from other productions Keenlyside and Mitchell had scored for them, and it used the same scripts and video master as the TV edit of Funimation's in-house dub. The Westwood Media dub never received a home video release. In Australia,Dragon Ball Zwas broadcast by the free-to-air commercial network,Network 10during morning children's programming,Cheez TV, originally using the censored Funimation/Saban dub before switching to Funimation's in-house dub.Dragon Ball Zoriginally aired on the BritishComedy Networkin Fall 1998. The series was also available on the Funimation video streaming service (formerly FunimationNOW) upon its launch in 2016. In March 2022,Dragon Ball Zwas added toCrunchyroll, a service",
"a service that Funimation acquired a year before, which in turn was acquired in 2018 by its current parent company,Sony Pictures Television. Dragon Ball Z Kai In February 2009, Toei Animation announced that it would begin broadcasting a remastered version ofDragon Ball Zas part of the series's 20th anniversary celebrations.The series premiered on Fuji TV in Japan on April 5, 2009, under the titleDragon Ball Kai. The ending suffix Kai(改)in the name means \"updated\" or \"altered\" and reflects the improvements and corrections of the original work.The original footage was remastered forHDTV, featuring updated opening and ending sequences, new music, and a re-recording of the vocal tracks.The original material and any damaged frames were removed, along with the majority of thefiller episodesto more closely follow the manga, resulting in a faster-moving story.According to Torishima,Kaiwas conceived whenBandaiasked if a newDragon Ballanime could be made to increase the franchise's merchandise sales. As Toriyama",
"sales. As Toriyama refused to create a new story, it was decided to release a remastered version of theDragon Ball Zanime that more closely follows the manga instead. He said the reception toKaiwas positive, \"so it all worked out\". The series initially concluded on its 97th episode in Japan on March 27, 2011, with the finale of the Cell saga. It was originally planned to run 98 episodes; however, due to theTōhoku offshore earthquake and tsunami, the final episode was not aired and was later released direct-to-video in Japan on August 2, 2011. In November 2012,Mayumi Tanaka, the Japanese voice actor of Krillin announced that she and the rest of the cast were recording more episodes ofDragon Ball Kai.In February 2014, theKaiadaptation of the Majin Buu saga was officially confirmed. The new run of the series, which is titledDragon Ball Z Kai: The Final Chaptersinternationally, began airing in Japan on Fuji TV on April 6, 2014, and ended its run on June 28, 2015.The final arc ofKaiwas originally produced to last",
"produced to last 69 episodes (as most of the international versions run),but the Japanese broadcast cut it down to 61 episodes. English dub production and broadcasting Funimation licensedKaifor an English-language release in February 2010. The series was initially broadcast in the U.S. onNicktoonsfrom May 24, 2010, to January 1, 2012, continuing in re-runs until April 2013.In addition to Nicktoons, the series also began airing on the4Kids-owned Saturday morning programming blockToonzaionThe CWin August 2010,then on its successor, theSaban-ownedVortexx, beginning in August 2012 until the block ended in September 2014.Both the Nicktoons and CW airings were edited for content.Kaibegan airing uncut onAdult Swim'sToonamiblock on November 8, 2014,and re-runs of the previous weeks' episodes aired at the beginning of Adult Swim from February 2015 to June 2016.In the United Kingdom,CSC Media Groupacquired the broadcast rights toKaiand began airing it onKix!in early 2013. DespiteKai's continuation not being officially",
"being officially confirmed at the time even in Japan, Funimation voice actorsSean Schemmel(Goku) andKyle Hebert(Gohan), announced in April 2013 that they had started recording an English dub for new episodes.In November 2013,Kai's Australasian distributorMadman Entertainmentrevealed that the Majin Buu arc ofKaiwould be released in 2014 and that they were waiting on dubs to be finished.In February 2014, Funimation officially stated that they had not yet started recording a dub for the final arc ofKai.On December 6, 2016, Funimation announced the continuation ofKaiwould begin airing on Adult Swim's Toonami block. The series aired from January 7, 2017, to June 23, 2018, alongsideDragon Ball Super. An alternate English dub ofKaibyOcean Productionswas recorded for the original 98 episodes, featuring many of the original Vancouver cast reprising their roles, but it has yet to air. Editing Dragon Ball Z's original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed",
"amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work. Funimation CEOGen Fukunagais often criticized for his role in the editing; but it was the initial distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work, as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans.These changes included altering every aspect of the show from character names, clothing, scenes and dialogue of the show. The characterMr. Satanwas renamed Hercule and this change has been retained in other English media such as Viz'sDragon Ball Zmanga and video games, though the English dubs ofDragon Ball KaiandDragon Ball Superchanged the name back to Mr. Satan.The dialogue changes would sometimes contradict the scenes itself; after the apparent fatal explosion of a helicopter, one of the characters said, \"I can see their parachutes; they're okay!\"Funimation's redub for the 2005 release would address many of the issues raised by Saban, with the uncut releases preserving the integrity of the original",
"of the original Japanese release. During the original Japanese TV airing ofDragon Ball Kai, scenes involving blood and brief nudity were removed. Nicktoons would also alterKaifor its broadcast; it released a preview showcasing these changes which included removing the blood and cheek scar fromBardockand altering the color ofMaster Roshi's alcohol.The show was further edited for its broadcast on The CW; most notoriously, the characterMr. Popowastinted blue. The show's DVD andBlu-rayreleases only contained the edits present in the original Japanese version. A rumor that Cartoon Network would be airingKaiuncut was met with an official statement to debunk the rumor in June 2010;.However, it would later air uncut on the channel as part of Adult Swim's Toonami block. Steven Simmons, who did the subtitling for Funimation's home video releases, offered commentary on the subtitling from a project and technical standpoint, addressing several concerns.Simmons said thatGen Fukunagadid not want any swearing on the discs,",
"on the discs, but because there was no taboo word list, Simmons would substitute a variation in the strength of the words by situation with the changes starting in episode 21.The typographical errors in the script were caused by dashes (—) and double-quotes (\") failing to appear, which resulted in confusing dialogue. Music Dragon Ball Zhas released a series of 21 soundtracks as part of theDragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection series. In total, dozens of releases exist forDragon Ball Zwhich includes Japanese and foreign adapted releases of the anime themes and video game soundtracks. Shunsuke Kikuchicomposed the score forDragon Ball Z. The opening theme for the first 199 episodes is \"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\" performed byHironobu Kageyama. The second opening theme used up until the series finale at episode 291 is \"We Gotta Power\" also performed by Kageyama. Both opening themes were replaced with an original instrumental piece by Mark Menza, the composer of the alternate soundtrack, in the remastered Funimation dub due",
"Funimation dub due to licensing issues. The ending theme used for the first 199 episodes is \"Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Power!\"(でてこいとびきりZENKAIパワー!, \"Come Out, Incredible Full Power!\")performed by MANNA. The second ending theme used for the remaining episodes is \"Bokutachi wa Tenshi Datta\"(僕達は天使だった, \"We Were Angels\")performed by Kageyama. The initial English-Language release used a completely new musical score composed by Faulconer Productions. It was used for the North American broadcasts of the show from 1999 to 2005. Kenji Yamamotocomposed the score forDragon Ball Kai. The opening theme, \"Dragon Soul\", and the first ending theme used for the first 54 episodes, \"Yeah! Break! Care! Break!\", are both performed byTakayoshi Tanimotoof the unit, Dragon Soul, in Japanese.Sean Schemmel,Justin Cook,Vic Mignogna,Greg Ayres,Sonny StraitandBrina Palenciaperformed the English version of the opening theme, whileJerry Jewellperformed the English version of the ending theme.The second ending theme, used from episodes 55–98,",
"episodes 55–98, is \"Kokoro no Hane\"(心の羽根, \"Wings of the Heart\")performed by Team Dragon, a unit of the idol girl groupAKB48, in Japanese andLeah Clarkin English.On March 9, 2011, Toei announced that due to Yamamoto's score infringing on the rights of an unknown third party or parties, the music for remaining episodes and reruns of previous episodes would be replaced.Later reports from Toei stated that except for the series' opening and closing songs, as well aseyecatchmusic, Yamamoto's score was replaced with Shunsuke Kikuchi's score fromDragon Ball Z. The music forThe Final Chaptersis composed by Norihito Sumitomo.The opening theme is \"Kuu•Zen•Zetsu•Go\"(空•前•絶•後)by Takayoshi Tanimoto of Dragon Soul, while the first ending song is \"Haikei, Tsuratsusutora\"(拝啓、ツラツストラ, \"Dear Zarathustra\")by Japanese rock bandGood Morning America,and the second \"Junjō\"(純情, \"Pure Heart\")byLeo Ieirifrom episode 112 to 123.The third ending song is \"Oh Yeah!!!!!!!\" byCzecho No Republicfrom episode 124 to 136,the fourth \"Galaxy\"",
"fourth \"Galaxy\" byKyūso Nekokamifrom 137 to 146, and the fifth is \"Don't Let Me Down\" byGacharic Spinfrom 147 to 159.The international broadcast features two pieces of theme music. The opening theme, titled \"Fight It Out\", is performed by rock singerMasatoshi Ono, while the ending theme is \"Never Give Up!!!\", performed by rhythm and blues vocalist Junear. Related media Home media In Japan,Dragon Ball Zdid not receive a home video release until 2003, seven years after its broadcast.Pony Canyonannounced a remastering of the series in two 26-disc DVD box sets, that weremade-to-orderonly, released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as \"Dragon Box\". Since then, Pony Canyon content of these sets began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on November 2, 2005, and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7, 2007.In July 2009,Funimationannounced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame-by-frame \"Dragon Box\" restoration ofDragon Ball Zin North America. These seven",
"These seven limited edition collector's DVD box sets were released uncut and unedited in the show's original 4:3 fullscreen format between November 10, 2009, and October 11, 2011. The international home release structure ofDragon Ball Zis complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work. Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously. Both versions of the edited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently makeBillboardrankings as separate entries. Home release sales were featured prominently on theNielsenVideoScan charts.Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself; which was known to release \"DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible\"; as in the case of their third season.Pioneer Entertainmentdistributed the Funimation/Saban edited-only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999,and",
"1997 and 1999,and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999.Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were also released on VHS in 1999,and on DVD in 2001.In 1999, Funimation's own distribution of their initial onward dub, which began with episode 54, in edited or uncut VHS ran between 1999 and 2006.A DVD version was produced alongside these, although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles. In 2005, Funimation began releasing their onward dub of the beginning ofDragon Ball Zon DVD, marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America.However, only nine volumes were released, leaving it incomplete.Instead, Funimation remastered andcroppedthe entire series into 16:9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual \"season\" box sets; the first set released on February 6, 2007, and the final on May 19, 2009.On August 13, 2013, Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their firstDragon",
"their firstDragon Ball Zdub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector's DVD box set, titled theRock the Dragon Edition. In July 2011, Funimation announced plans to releaseDragon Ball ZinBlu-rayformat, with the first set released on November 8, 2011.However, production of these 4:3 sets was suspended after the second volume, citing financial and technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame, with Funimation noting that the restoration costs incurred exceeded the retail price they were able to sell them for.Only a year later, the company began producing a cropped 16:9 remastered Blu-ray release in 2013, with nine sets released in total. In March 2019, Funimation announced plans to release a 30th anniversary Blu-ray release ofDragon Ball Z, with the box set being remastered in 4:3 aspect ratio, and containing an artbook and a collectible figure.It would be crowdfunded, originally requiring a minimum of 2500 pre-orders in order to be manufactured, but was later increased",
"was later increased to a minimum of 3,000 units.The release sparked controversy amongst fans due to the framing of the video, color saturation anddigital video noise reduction.Funimation responded by stating that they cropped the release by going in \"scene-by-scene to make judgements based on the image available in each frame of how much to trim to get to a consistent 4:3 aspect ratio, while still attempting to cut as little out of the picture as possible,\" and that they felt the digital video noise reduction was \"mandatory for this release based on the different levels of fan support from various past DBZ releases with different levels of noise reduction over the years.\" Kai In Japan,Dragon Ball Kaiwas released on wide-screen on 33 DVDs and fullscreen on a single Blu-ray and eight four-disc Blu-ray sets from September 18, 2009, to August 2, 2011. Funimation released eight DVD and Blu-ray box sets ofDragon Ball Z Kaifrom May 18, 2010, to June 5, 2012.These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with",
"audio track with English subtitles, as well as the uncut version of the English dub, which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings. Before the final volume was even published, Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu-ray \"season\" sets between May 22, 2012, and March 12, 2013.Funimation releasedThe Final Chaptersin three DVD and Blu-ray volumes from April 25 to June 20, 2017. Manga While the manga was all titledDragon Ballin Japan, due to the popularity of theDragon Ball Zanime in the west,Viz Mediainitially changed the title of the last 26 volumes of the manga to \"Dragon Ball Z\" to avoid confusion. The volumes were originally published in Japan between 1988 and 1995. It began serialization in the AmericanShonen Jump, beginning in the middle of the series with the appearance of Trunks; thetankōbonvolumes of bothDragon Ball ZandDragon Ballwere released simultaneously by Viz Media in the United States.In March 2001, Viz continued this separation by re-shipping theDragon",
"theDragon BallandDragon Ball Ztitles starting with the first volumes of each work.Viz's marketing for the manga made distinct the differences betweenDragon BallandDragon Ball Ztone. Viz billedDragon Ball Z: \"More action-packed than the stories of Goku's youth,Dragon Ball Zis pure adrenaline, with battles of truly Earth-shaking proportions!\"Between 2008 and 2010, Viz re-released the two series in a format called \"Viz Big Edition,\" which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume.However, in 2013 Viz began publishing new 3-in-1 volumes collecting the entire manga series, including what they previously released asDragon Ball Z, under theDragon Ballname. Films TheDragon Ball Zfilms comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015. The first 13 films were typically released every March and July during the series' original run by the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools. They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in length.",
"or less in length. These films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. All 15 films were licensed in North America by Funimation, and all have received in-house dubs by the company. Before Funimation, the third film was a part of the short-lived Saban syndication, being split into three episodes, and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer. Several of the films have been broadcast onCartoon NetworkandNicktoonsin the United States,Toonami UKin the United Kingdom (these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast byAB Groupe), andCartoon Networkin Australia. Television specials and original video animations Three TV specials based onDragon Ball Zwere produced and broadcast on Fuji TV. The first two wereDragon Ball Z: Bardock – The Father of Gokuin 1990 andDragon Ball Z: The History of Trunksin 1993, the latter being based on a special",
"based on a special chapter of the original manga. Both were licensed by Funimation in North America and AB Groupe in Europe. In 2013, a two-part hour-longcrossoverwithOne PieceandToriko, titledDream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special!!, was created and aired. Additionally, twooriginal video animations(OVAs) bearing theDragon Ball Ztitle have been made. The first isDragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans, which was originally released in 1993 in two parts as \"Official Visual Guides\" for the video game of the same title.Dragon Ball: Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyanswas a 2010 remake of this OVA. None of the OVAs have been dubbed into English, and the only one to see a release in North America is the 2010 remake, which was subtitled and included as a bonus feature inDragon Ball: Raging Blast 2. Video games Over 57 video games are bearing theDragon Ball Zname across a range of platforms from theNintendo Entertainment Systemto the current generation consoles, with the",
"consoles, with the most recent release beingDragon Ball Z: Kakarotin 2020. In North America, licensing rights had been given to bothNamco BandaiandAtari. In 1999, Atari acquired exclusive rights to the video games throughFunimation, a deal which was extended for five more years in 2005.A 2007 dispute would end with Atari paying Funimation $3.5 million.In July 2009, Namco Bandai was reported to have obtained exclusive rights to release the games for a period of five years.This presumably would have taken effect after Atari's licensing rights expired at the end of January 2010. Reception Dragon Ball Zwas listed as the 78th best animated show inIGN's \"Top 100 Animated Series\",and was also listed as the 50th greatest animated show inWizardmagazine's \"Top 100 Greatest Animated shows\" list.The series ranked sixth onWizard's AnimeMagazine on their \"Top 50 Anime released in North America\". In Asia, theDragon Ball Zfranchise, including the anime and merchandise, earned a profit of $3billion by 1999.In the United",
"1999.In the United States, the series sold over14 millionvideos by 2002,and over 25millionDVDsby January 2012. In 2005,media historianHal Ericksonwrote that \"Dragon Ballmay be the closest thing on American television to an animatedsoap opera— though this particular genre is an old, established and venerated one in Japan, the series' country of origin.\"Christopher J. Olson and CarrieLynn D. Reinhard note that \"Western fans flocked toDragon Ball Zbecause it offered exciting action not found in movies or television shows (animated or otherwise) at that time.\"A key characteristic that setDragon Ball Z(and later other anime shows) apart from American television shows at the time was a serialization format, in which a continuousstory arcstretches over multiple episodes or seasons. Traditional American television had an episodic format, with each episode typically consisting of a self-contained story. Serialization has since also become a common characteristic of Americanstreaming televisionshows during the \"Peak",
"during the \"Peak TV\" era. Funimation's in-house English dub though has received mixed reviews from some critics over the years.IGNcriticized the dub for \"having poor quality, along with some over the top, and quite annoying voice acting.\"Frieza's female voice in particular left many fans confused over the character's gender.Other criticisms have been towards the English dub's script, and inaccurately translating the source material, such as portrayingGoku's character as a more stoic superhero. Cultural impact and legacy Dragon Ball Z's popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media. In 2001, it was reported that the official website ofDragon Ball Zrecorded 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000+ registered fans.The term \"Dragonball Z\" ranked fourth in 1999 and second in 2000 byLycos' web search engine.For 2001, \"Dragonball\" was the most popular search on Lycos and \"Dragonball Z\" was fifth onYahoo!.and \"Dragonball\" was the third most",
"was the third most popular search term in 2002. It's Over 9000!became a famousInternet memeand is referenced both within and outside Dragonball related media. In 2015,Ford Motor Companyreleased two commercials featuring characters from the series, the first advertising theFord Fusionand the second for theFord Focus. Dragon Ballfans set aGuinness World Recordfor Largest Kamehameha attack move atSan Diego Comic-Conon July 17, 2019. Ratings Dragon Ball Z's Japanese run was very popular with an average viewer rating of 20.5% across the series.Dragon Ball Zalso proved to be a rating success in the United States, outperforming top shows such asFriendsandThe X-Filesin some parts of the country insweepsratings during its first season.The premiere of season three ofDragon Ball Zin 1999, done byFunimation's in-house dub, was the highest-rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network.In 2001, Cartoon Network obtained licensing to run 96 more episodes and air the originalDragon Ballanime and was the top rated show in",
"top rated show in the Toonami block of Cartoon Network.Beginning March 26, 2001, Cartoon Network ran a 12-week special promotion \"Toonami Reactor\" which included a focus onDragon Ball Z, which would stream episodes online to high-speed internet users.Many home video releases were met with both the edited and unedited versions placing on in the top 10 video charts ofBillboard. For example, \"The Dark Prince Returns\" (containing episodes 226-228) and \"Rivals\" (containing episodes 229-231) edited and unedited, made theBillboardmagazine top video list for October 20, 2001.In 2002, in the week ending September 22,Dragon Ball Zwas the #1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9-14, boys 9-14 and men 12-24, with the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday telecasts ofDragon Ball Zranked as the top three programs in all of television, broadcast or cable, for delivery of boys 9-14. The first episode ofDragon Ball Kaiearned a viewer ratings percentage of 11.3, ahead ofOne Pieceand behindCrayon Shin-chan.Although",
"Shin-chan.Although following episodes had lower ratings,Kaiwas among the top 10 anime in viewer ratings every week in Japan for most of its run.Towards the end of the original run the ratings hovered around 9%-10%.Dragon Ball Z Kaipremiered onNicktoonsin May 2010 and set the record for the highest-rated premiere in total viewers, and intweensand boys ages 9–14.Nielsen Mega Manila viewer ratings rankedDragon Ball Kaiwith a viewer ratings with a high of 18.4% for October 30 – November 4 in 2012.At the end of April 2013,Dragon Ball Kaiwould trail just behindOne Pieceat 14.2%.Broadcasters' Audience Research BoardrankedDragon Ball Z Kaias the second most viewed show in the week it debuted onKix.On its debut onVortexx,Dragon Ball Z Kaiwas the third highest rated show on the Saturday morning block with 841,000 viewers and a 0.5 household rating. Merchandise Dragon Ball Zmerchandise was a success prior to its peak American interest, with more than $3 billion in sales from 1996 to 2000.In 1996,Dragon Ball Zgrossed",
"Ball Zgrossed $2.95billion in merchandise sales worldwide.By January 2012,Dragon Ball Zgrossed $5billion in merchandise sales worldwide. In 1998, Animage-ine Entertainment, a division of Simitar, announced the sale of Chroma-Cels, mock animation cels to capitalize on the popularity ofDragon Ball Z.The original sale was forecasted for late 1998, but were pushed back to January 12, 1999. In 2000, MGA Entertainment released more than twenty toys, consisting oftable-top gamesandwalkie-talkies.Irwin Toyreleased more than 72figuresconsisting of 2-inch and 5 inch action figures, which became top-selling toys in a market dominated by thePokémon Trading Card Game.Irwin Toys would release other uniqueDragon Ball Ztoys including a battery powered Flying Nimbus Cloud which hovered without touching the ground and a die-cast line of vehicles with collector capsules.In June 2000,Burger Kinghad a toy promotion which would see 20 million figures; Burger King bore the cost of the promotion which provided free marketing for",
"free marketing for Funimation.The Halloween Association foundDragon Ball Zcostumes to be the fourth most popular costumes in their nationwide survey. In December 2002,Jakks Pacificsigned a three-year deal for licensingDragon Ball Ztoys, which was possible because of the bankruptcy of Irwin Toy.Jakks Pacific'sDragon Ball Z5-inch figures were cited as impressive for their painting and articulation. In 2010, Toei closed deals in Central and South American countries which included Algazarra, Richtex, Pil Andina, DTM, Doobalo and Bondy Fiesta.In 2012, Brazil's Abr-Art Bag Rio Comercio Importacao e Exportacao closed a deal with Toei. Notes References Further reading External links",
"List ofDragon Ball Zepisodes Dragon Ball Z(ドラゴンボールゼット,Doragon Bōru Zetto, commonly abbreviated asDBZ)is the long-runninganimesequel to theDragon BallTV series, adapted from the final twenty-six volumes of theDragon Ballmangawritten byAkira Toriyama. The manga portion of the series debuted inWeekly Shōnen Jumpon October 5, 1988, and lasted until 1995; the anime adaptation premiered in Japan onFuji Televisionon April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran until its end on January 31, 1996, lasting 291 episodes in Japan, and 276 episodes in the United States originally, although all 291 episodes were later broadcast when content from the first 67 episodes was restored. Dragon Ball Zuses four pieces oftheme musicin the Japanese version. From episodes 1–199, the opening theme is \"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\" byHironobu Kageyama, and the closing theme is \"Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Pawā!\" by MANNA. From episodes 200–291, the opening and closing themes are \"We Gotta Power\" and \"Boku-Tachi wa Tenshi Datta,\"",
"wa Tenshi Datta,\" both byHironobu Kageyama. Series overview In Japan,Dragon Ball Zwas aired year-round continuously, with regular off-days for sporting events and television specials taking place about once every six weeks on average. The English broadcast was divided into eight separate near-continuous blocks with breaks varying between four months to over a year between each block. Only in one instance, between episodes 194 and 195, was there actually parity between the DVD release and the actual broadcast sequence in terms of the end of one \"season\" and the beginning of the next. Episodes Season 1: Saiyan Saga (1989–1990) Season 2: Namek and Captain Ginyu Sagas (1990–91) Season 3: Frieza Saga (1991) Season 4: Garlic Jr., Trunks and Androids Sagas (1991–92) Season 5: Imperfect Cell and Perfect Cell Sagas (1992) Season 6: Cell Games Saga (1992–93) Season 7: Other World, Great Saiyaman and World Tournament Sagas (1993–94) Season 8: Babidi and Majin Buu Sagas (1994–95) Season 9: Fusion, Kid Buu and Peaceful",
"Buu and Peaceful World Sagas (1995–96) OVAs/Movie specials TV specials See also Notes References External links",
"Dragon Ball Zseason 3 The third season ofDragon Ball Zanime series contains the Frieza arc, which comprises Part 2 of theFrieza Saga. The episodes are produced byToei Animation, and are based on the final 26 volumes of theDragon Ballmangaseries byAkira Toriyama. The 33-episode season originally ran from January to September 1991 in Japan onFuji Television. The first English airing of the series was onCartoon NetworkwhereFunimation Entertainment'sdub of the series ran from September to November 1999. Funimation released the season in a box set, and in June 2009, announced that they would be re-releasingDragon Ball Zin a new seven volume set called the \"Dragon Boxes\". Based on the original series masters with frame-by-frame restoration, and is uncut. The first set was released November 10, 2009. Episode list References"
] |
What is the birth year of the American President who once pet the cat who was buried at the Hagia Sofia in 2020? | 1961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gli | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gli', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gli",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"
] | [
"Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia(Turkish:Ayasofya;Ancient Greek:Ἁγία Σοφία,romanized:Hagía Sophía;Latin:Sancta Sapientia;lit.'Holy Wisdom'), officially theHagia Sophia Grand Mosque(Turkish:Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi;Greek:Μεγάλο Τζαμί της Αγίας Σοφίας),is amosqueand formerchurchserving as a major cultural and historical site inIstanbul,Turkey. The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by theEastern Roman Empire, it was completed in AD 537. The site was aGreek Orthodoxchurch from AD 360 to 1453, except for a brief time as aLatin Catholicchurch between theFourth Crusadeand 1261.After thefall of Constantinoplein 1453, it served as a mosque until 1935, when it became a museum. In 2020, the site once again became a mosque. The current structure was built by theByzantine emperorJustinian Ias the Christiancathedralof Constantinople for theByzantine Empirebetween 532 and 537, and was designed by theGreekgeometersIsidore of MiletusandAnthemius of Tralles.It was formally called theChurch of God's Holy Wisdom(Greek:Ναὸς τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας,romanized:Naòs tês Hagías toû Theoû Sophías)and upon completion became the world's largest interior space and amongthe firstto employ a fullypendentivedome. It is considered the epitome ofByzantine architectureand is said to have \"changed the history of architecture\".The present Justinianic building was the third church of the same name to occupy the site, as the prior one had been destroyed in theNika riots. As theepiscopal seeof theecumenical patriarch of Constantinople, it remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until theSeville Cathedralwas completed in 1520. Beginning with subsequent Byzantine architecture, Hagia Sophia became the paradigmaticOrthodox church form, and its architectural style was emulated byOttoman mosquesa thousand years later.It has been described as \"holding a unique position in theChristian world\"and as an architectural and cultural icon of Byzantine and Eastern Orthodox civilization. The religious and spiritual centre of theEastern Orthodox Churchfor nearly one thousand years, the church wasdedicatedto theHoly Wisdom.It was where theexcommunicationof PatriarchMichael I Cerulariuswas officially delivered byHumbert of Silva Candida, the envoy ofPope Leo IXin 1054, an act considered the start of theEast–West Schism. In 1204, it was converted during theFourth Crusadeinto a Catholic cathedral under theLatin Empire, before being returned to the Eastern Orthodox Church upon the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261.Enrico Dandolo, thedoge of Venicewho led theFourth Crusadeand the 1204Sack of Constantinople, was buried in the church. After the fall of Constantinople to theOttoman Empirein 1453,it wasconverted to a mosquebyMehmed the Conquerorand became theprincipal mosqueof Istanbul until the 1616 construction of theSultan Ahmed Mosque.Upon its conversion, thebells,altar,iconostasis,ambo, andbaptisterywere removed, whileiconography, such as themosaicdepictions of Jesus,Mary,Christian saintsandangelswere removed or plastered over.Islamic architecturaladditions included fourminarets, aminbarand amihrab. The Byzantine architecture of the Hagia Sophia served as inspiration for many other religious buildings including theHagia Sophia in Thessaloniki,Panagia Ekatontapiliani, theŞehzade Mosque, theSüleymaniye Mosque, theRüstem Pasha Mosqueand theKılıç Ali Pasha Complex. The patriarchate moved to theChurch of the Holy Apostles, which became the city's cathedral. The complex remained a mosque until 1931, when it was closed to the public for four years. It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum under thesecularRepublic of Turkey, and the building was Turkey's most visited tourist attraction as of 2019. In July 2020, theCouncil of Stateannulled the 1934 decision to establish the museum, and the Hagia Sophia was reclassified as a mosque. The 1934 decree was ruled to be unlawful under both Ottoman and Turkish law as Hagia Sophia'swaqf, endowed by Sultan Mehmed, had designated the site a mosque; proponents of the decision argued the Hagia Sophia was the personal property of the sultan. The decision to designate Hagia Sophia as a mosque was highly controversial. It resulted in divided opinions and drew condemnation from the Turkish opposition,UNESCO, theWorld Council of Churchesand theInternational Association of Byzantine Studies, as well as numerous international leaders, while several Muslim leaders in Turkey and other countries welcomed its conversion into a mosque. History Church of Constantius II The first church on the site was known as theMagna Ecclesia(Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία,Megálē Ekklēsíā, 'Great Church')because of its size compared to the sizes of the contemporary churches in the city.According to theChronicon Paschale, the church wasconsecratedon 15 February 360, during the reign of the emperorConstantius II(r.337–361) by theArianbishopEudoxius of Antioch.It was built next to the area where theGreat Palacewas being developed. According to the 5th-century ecclesiastical historianSocrates of Constantinople, the emperor Constantius hadc.346\"constructed the Great Church alongside that called Irene which because it was too small, the emperor's father had enlarged and beautified\".A tradition which is not older than the 7th or 8th century reports that the edifice was built by Constantius' father,Constantine the Great(r.306–337).Hesychius of Miletuswrote that Constantine built Hagia Sophia with a wooden roof and removed 427 (mostly pagan) statues from the site.The 12th-century chroniclerJoannes Zonarasreconciles the two opinions, writing that Constantius had repaired the edifice consecrated byEusebius of Nicomedia, after it had collapsed.Since Eusebius was thebishopof Constantinople from 339 to 341, and Constantine died in 337, it seems that the first church was erected by Constantius. The nearbyHagia Irene(\"Holy Peace\") church was completed earlier and served as cathedral until the Great Church was completed. Besides Hagia Irene, there is no record of major churches in the city-centre before the late 4th century.Rowland Mainstone argued the 4th-century church was not yet known as Hagia Sophia.Though its name as the 'Great Church' implies that it was larger than other Constantinopolitan churches, the only other major churches of the 4th century were theChurch of St Mocius, which lay outside the Constantinian walls and was perhaps attached to a cemetery, and theChurch of the Holy Apostles. The church itself is known to have had a timber roof, curtains, columns, and an entrance that faced west.It likely had anarthexand is described as being shaped like aRoman circus.This may mean that it had a U-shaped plan like the basilicas ofSan Marcellino e PietroandSant'Agnese fuori le murainRome.However, it may also have been a more conventional three-, four-, or five-aisled basilica, perhaps resembling the originalChurch of the Holy SepulchreinJerusalemor theChurch of the NativityinBethlehem.The building was likely preceded by anatrium, as in the later churches on the site. According toKen Darkand Jan Kostenec, a further remnant of the 4th century basilica may exist in a wall of alternating brick and stone banded masonry immediately to the west of the Justinianic church.The top part of the wall is constructed with bricks stamped with brick-stamps dating from the 5th century, but the lower part is of constructed with bricks typical of the 4th century.This wall was probably part of thepropylaeumat the west front of both the Constantinian and Theodosian Great Churches. The building was accompanied by abaptisteryand askeuophylakion.Ahypogeum, perhaps with anmartyriumabove it, was discovered before 1946, and the remnants of a brick wall with traces of marble revetment were identified in 2004.The hypogeum was a tomb which may have been part of the 4th-century church or may have been from the pre-Constantinian city ofByzantium.Theskeuophylakionis said byPalladiusto have had a circular floor plan, and since some U-shaped basilicas in Rome were funerary churches with attached circular mausolea (theMausoleum of Constantinaand theMausoleum of Helena), it is possible it originally had a funerary function, though by 405 its use had changed.A later account credited a woman called Anna with donating the land on which the church was built in return for the right to be buried there. Excavations on the western side of the site of the first church under the propylaeum wall reveal that the first church was built atop a road about 8 m (26 ft) wide.According to early accounts, the first Hagia Sophia was built on the site of an ancient pagan temple,although there are no artefacts to confirm this. The Patriarch of ConstantinopleJohn Chrysostomcame into a conflict with EmpressAelia Eudoxia, wife of the emperorArcadius(r.383–408), and was sent into exile on 20 June 404. During the subsequent riots, this first church was largely burnt down.Palladius noted that the 4th-centuryskeuophylakionsurvived the fire.According to Dark and Kostenec, the fire may only have affected the main basilica, leaving the surrounding ancillary buildings intact. Church of Theodosius II A second church on the site was ordered byTheodosius II(r.402–450), who inaugurated it on 10 October 415.TheNotitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae,a fifth-century list of monuments, names Hagia Sophia asMagna Ecclesia, 'Great Church', while the former cathedral Hagia Irene is referred to asEcclesia Antiqua, 'Old Church'. At the time of Socrates of Constantinople around 440, \"both churches enclosed by a single wall and served by the same clergy\".Thus, the complex would have encompassed a large area including the future site of theHospital of Samson.If the fire of 404 destroyed only the 4th-century main basilica church, then the 5th century Theodosian basilica could have been built surrounded by a complex constructed primarily during the fourth century. During the reign of Theodosius II, the emperor's elder sister, theAugustaPulcheria(r.414–453) was challenged by the patriarchNestorius(r.10 April 428 – 22 June 431).The patriarch denied theAugustaaccess to the sanctuary of the \"Great Church\", likely on 15 April 428.According to the anonymousLetter to Cosmas, the virgin empress, a promoter of thecult of the Virgin Marywho habitually partook in theEucharistat the sanctuary of Nestorius's predecessors, claimed right of entry because of her equivalent position to theTheotokos– the Virgin Mary – \"having given birth to God\".Their theological differences were part of the controversy over the titletheotokosthat resulted in theCouncil of Ephesusand the stimulation ofMonophysitismandNestorianism, a doctrine, which like Nestorius, rejects the use of the title.Pulcheria along withPope Celestine Iand PatriarchCyril of Alexandriahad Nestorius overthrown, condemned at the ecumenical council, and exiled. The area of the western entrance to the Justinianic Hagia Sophia revealed the western remains of its Theodosian predecessor, as well as some fragments of the Constantinian church.German archaeologistAlfons Maria Schneiderbegan conductingarchaeological excavationsduring the mid-1930s, publishing his final report in 1941.Excavations in the area that had once been the 6th-century atrium of the Justinianic church revealed the monumental western entrance and atrium, along with columns and sculptural fragments from both 4th- and 5th-century churches.Further digging was abandoned for fear of harming the structural integrity of the Justinianic building, but parts of the excavation trenches remain uncovered, laying bare the foundations of the Theodosian building. The basilica was built by architect Rufinus.The church's main entrance, which may have had gilded doors, faced west, and there was an additional entrance to the east.There was a centralpulpitand likely an upper gallery, possibly employed as amatroneum(women's section).The exterior was decorated with elaborate carvings of rich Theodosian-era designs, fragments of which have survived, while the floor just inside the portico was embellished with polychrome mosaics.The surviving carved gable end from the centre of the western façade is decorated with a cross-roundel.Fragments of afriezeofreliefswith 12 lambs representing the12 apostlesalso remain; unlike Justinian's 6th-century church, the Theodosian Hagia Sophia had both colourful floor mosaics and external decorative sculpture. At the western end, surviving stone fragments of the structure show there wasvaulting, at least at the western end.The Theodosian building had a monumental propylaeum hall with a portico that may account for this vaulting, which was thought by the original excavators in the 1930s to be part of the western entrance of the church itself.The propylaeum opened onto an atrium which lay in front of the basilica church itself. Preceding the propylaeum was a steep monumental staircase following the contours of the ground as it sloped away westwards in the direction of theStrategion, the Basilica, and the harbours of theGolden Horn.This arrangement would have resembled the steps outside the atrium of the ConstantinianOld St Peter's Basilicain Rome.Near the staircase, there was a cistern, perhaps to supply a fountain in the atrium or for worshippers to wash with before entering. The 4th-centuryskeuophylakionwas replaced in the 5th century by the present-day structure, arotundaconstructed of banded masonry in the lower two levels and of plain brick masonry in the third.Originally this rotunda, probably employed as a treasury for liturgical objects, had a second-floor internal gallery accessed by an external spiral staircase and two levels of niches for storage.A further row of windows with marble window frames on the third level remain bricked up.The gallery was supported on monumentalconsoleswith carvedacanthusdesigns, similar to those used on the late 5th-centuryColumn of Leo.A largelintelof theskeuophylakion's western entrance – bricked up during the Ottoman era – was discovered inside the rotunda when it was archaeologically cleared to its foundations in 1979, during which time the brickwork was alsorepointed.Theskeuophylakionwas again restored in 2014 by theVakıflar. A fire started during the tumult of theNika Revolt, which had begun nearby in theHippodrome of Constantinople, and the second Hagia Sophia was burnt to the ground on 13–14 January 532. The court historianProcopiuswrote: And by way of shewing that it was not against the Emperor alone that they had taken up arms, but no less against God himself, unholy wretches that they were, they had the hardihood to fire the Church of the Christians, which the people of Byzantium call \"Sophia\", an epithet which they have most appropriately invented for God, by which they call His temple; and God permitted them to accomplish this impiety, foreseeing into what an object of beauty this shrine was destined to be transformed. So the whole church at that time lay a charred mass of ruins. Church of Justinian I (current structure) On 23 February 532, only a few weeks after the destruction of the second basilica, EmperorJustinian Iinaugurated the construction of a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors.Justinian appointed two architects, mathematicianAnthemius of Trallesand geometer and engineerIsidore of Miletus, to design the building. Construction of the church began in 532 during the short tenure of Phocas aspraetorian prefect.Although Phocas had been arrested in 529 as a suspected practitioner ofpaganism, he replacedJohn the Cappadocianafter the Nika Riots saw the destruction of the Theodosian church.According toJohn the Lydian, Phocas was responsible for funding the initial construction of the building with 4,000Roman poundsof gold, but he was dismissed from office in October 532.John the Lydian wrote that Phocas had acquired the funds by moral means, butEvagrius Scholasticuslater wrote that the money had been obtained unjustly. According toAnthony Kaldellis, both of Hagia Sophia's architects named by Procopius were associated with theschoolof the pagan philosopherAmmonius of Alexandria.It is possible that both they and John the Lydian considered Hagia Sophia a great temple for the supremeNeoplatonistdeitywho manifestated through light and the sun. John the Lydian describes the church as the \"temenosof the Great God\" (Greek:τὸ τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ Τέμενος,romanized:tò toû megálou theoû Témenos). Originally the exterior of the church was covered withmarble veneer, as indicated by remaining pieces of marble and surviving attachments for lost panels on the building's western face.The white marblecladdingof much of the church, together withgildingof some parts, would have given Hagia Sophia a shimmering appearance quite different from the brick- and plaster-work of the modern period, and would have significantly increased its visibility from the sea.The cathedral's interior surfaces were sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purpleporphyry, and gold mosaics. The exterior was clad instuccothat was tinted yellow and red during the 19th-century restorations by theFossatiarchitects. The construction is described by Procopius inOn Buildings(Greek:Περὶ κτισμάτων,romanized:Peri ktismatōn, Latin:De aedificiis).Columns and other marble elements were imported from throughout the Mediterranean, although the columns were once thought to bespoilsfrom cities such as Rome and Ephesus.Even though they were made specifically for Hagia Sophia, they vary in size.More than ten thousand people were employed during the construction process. This new church was contemporaneously recognized as a major work of architecture. Outside the church was an elaborate array of monuments around the bronze-platedColumn of Justinian, topped by an equestrian statue of the emperor which dominated theAugustaeum, the open square outside the church which connected it with theGreat Palacecomplex through theChalke Gate. At the edge of the Augustaeum was theMilionand the Regia, the first stretch of Constantinople's main thoroughfare, theMese. Also facing the Augustaeum were the enormous Constantinianthermae, theBaths of Zeuxippus, and the Justinianic civic basilica under which was the vastcisternknown as theBasilica Cistern. On the opposite side of Hagia Sophia was the former cathedral, Hagia Irene. Referring to the destruction of the Theodosian Hagia Sophia and comparing the new church with the old, Procopius lauded the Justinianic building, writing inDe aedificiis: ... the Emperor Justinian built not long afterwards a church so finely shaped, that if anyone had enquired of the Christians before the burning if it would be their wish that the church should be destroyed and one like this should take its place, shewing them some sort of model of the building we now see, it seems to me that they would have prayed that they might see their church destroyed forthwith, in order that the building might be converted into its present form. Upon seeing the finished building, the Emperor reportedly said:\"Solomon, I have surpassed thee\" (Medieval Greek:Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών). Justinian andPatriarch Menasinaugurated the new basilica on 27 December 537, 5 years and 10 months after construction started, with much pomp.Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such ascoronations. The basilica offeredsanctuary from persecutionto criminals, although there was disagreement about whether Justinian had intended for murderers to be eligible for asylum. Earthquakes in August 553 and on14 December 557caused cracks in the main dome and easternsemi-dome. According to theChronicleofJohn Malalas, during a subsequent earthquake on 7 May 558,the eastern semi-dome collapsed, destroying theambon, altar, andciborium. The collapse was due mainly to the excessivebearing loadand to the enormousshear loadof the dome, which was too flat.These caused the deformation of the piers which sustained the dome.Justinian ordered an immediate restoration. He entrusted it to Isidorus the Younger, nephew of Isidore of Miletus, who used lighter materials. The entire vault had to be taken down and rebuilt 20 Byzantine feet (6.25 m or 20.5 ft) higher than before, giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 m (182 ft).Moreover, Isidorus changed the dome type, erecting a ribbed dome withpendentiveswhose diameter was between 32.7 and 33.5 m.Under Justinian's orders, eightCorinthian columnswere disassembled fromBaalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople around 560.This reconstruction, which gave the church its present 6th-century form, was completed in 562. The poetPaul the Silentiarycomposed anekphrasis, or long visual poem, for the re-dedication of the basilica presided over byPatriarch Eutychiuson 24 December 562. Paul the Silentiary's poem is conventionally known under the Latin titleDescriptio Sanctae Sophiae, and he was also author of anotherekphrasison the ambon of the church, theDescripto Ambonis. According to the history of the patriarchNicephorus Iand the chroniclerTheophanes the Confessor, various liturgical vessels of the cathedral were melted down on the order of the emperorHeraclius(r.610–641) after the capture ofAlexandriaandRoman Egyptby theSasanian Empireduring theByzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628.Theophanes states that these were made into gold and silver coins, and a tribute was paid to theAvars.The Avars attacked the extramural areas of Constantinople in 623, causing the Byzantines to move the \"garment\" relic (Greek:ἐσθής,translit.esthḗs) of Mary, mother of Jesus to Hagia Sophia from its usual shrine of theChurch of theTheotokosatBlachernaejust outside theTheodosian Walls.On 14 May 626, theScholae Palatinae, an elite body of soldiers, protested in Hagia Sophia against a planned increase in bread prices, after a stoppage of theCura Annonaerations resulting from the loss of the grain supply from Egypt.The Persians underShahrbarazand the Avars together laid thesiege of Constantinoplein 626; according to theChronicon Paschale, on 2 August 626,Theodore Syncellus, adeaconandpresbyterof Hagia Sophia, was among those who negotiated unsuccessfully with thekhaganof the Avars.Ahomily, attributed by existingmanuscriptsto Theodore Syncellus and possibly delivered on the anniversary of the event, describes the translation of the Virgin's garment and its ceremonial re-translation to Blachernae by the patriarchSergius Iafter the threat had passed.Another eyewitness account of the Avar–Persian siege was written byGeorge of Pisidia, a deacon of Hagia Sophia and an administrative official in for the patriarchate fromAntioch in Pisidia.Both George and Theodore, likely members of Sergius's literary circle, attribute the defeat of the Avars to the intervention of theTheotokos, a belief that strengthened in following centuries. In 726, the emperorLeo the Isaurianissued a series of edicts against the veneration of images, ordering the army to destroy all icons – ushering in the period ofByzantine iconoclasm. At that time, all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia. Following a brief hiatus during the reign of EmpressIrene(797–802), the iconoclasts returned. EmperorTheophilus(r.829–842) had two-winged bronze doors with hismonogramsinstalled at the southern entrance of the church. The basilica suffered damage, first in a great fire in 859, and again in an earthquake on 8 January 869 that caused the collapse of one of the half-domes.EmperorBasil Iordered repair of the tympanas, arches, and vaults. In his bookDe caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae(\"Book of Ceremonies\"), the emperorConstantine VII(r.913–959) wrote a detailed account of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch. Early in the 10th century, the pagan ruler of theKievan Rus'sent emissaries to his neighbors to learn about Judaism, Islam, and Roman and Orthodox Christianity. After visiting Hagia Sophia his emissaries reported back: \"We were led into a place where they serve their God, and we did not know where we were, in heaven or on earth.\" In the 940s or 950s, probably around 954 or 955, after theRus'–Byzantine Warof 941 and the death of theGrand Prince of Kiev,Igor I(r.912–945), his widowOlga of Kiev– regent for her infant sonSviatoslav I(r.945–972) – visited the emperor Constantine VII and was received as queen of theRus'in Constantinople.She was probably baptized in Hagia Sophia's baptistery, taking the name of the reigningaugusta,Helena Lecapena, and receiving the titleszōstē patrikíaand the styles ofarchontissaandhegemonof the Rus'.Her baptism was an important step towards theChristianization of the Kievan Rus', though the emperor's treatment of her visit inDe caerimoniisdoes not mention baptism.Olga is deemed a saint andequal-to-the-apostles(Greek:ἰσαπόστολος,translit.isapóstolos) in the Eastern Orthodox Church.According to an early 14th-century source, the second church in Kiev,Saint Sophia's, was founded inanno mundi6460 in theByzantine calendar, orc.952.The name of this future cathedral of Kiev probably commemorates Olga's baptism at Hagia Sophia. After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which collapsed the western dome arch, EmperorBasil IIasked for the Armenian architectTrdat, creator of theCathedral of Ani, to direct the repairs.He erected again and reinforced the fallen dome arch, and rebuilt the west side of the dome with 15 dome ribs.The extent of the damage required six years of repair and reconstruction; the church was re-opened on 13 May 994. At the end of the reconstruction, the church's decorations were renovated, including the addition of four immense paintings of cherubs; a new depiction of Christ on the dome; a burial cloth of Christ shown on Fridays, and on theapsea new depiction of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, between the apostles Peter and Paul.On the great side arches were painted the prophets and the teachers of the church. According to the 13th-century Greek historianNiketas Choniates, the emperorJohn II Comnenuscelebrated a revivedRoman triumphafter his victory over theDanishmendidsat the siege ofKastamonin 1133.After proceeding through the streets on foot carrying a cross with a silverquadrigabearing the icon of the Virgin Mary, the emperor participated in a ceremony at the cathedral before entering the imperial palace.In 1168, another triumph was held by the emperorManuel I Comnenus, again preceding with a gilded silverquadrigabearing the icon of the Virgin from the now-demolished East Gate (or Gate of St Barbara, later theTurkish:Top Kapısı,lit.'Cannon Gate') in thePropontis Wall, to Hagia Sophia for a thanks-giving service, and then to the imperial palace. In 1181, the daughter of the emperor Manuel I,Maria Comnena, and her husband, thecaesarRenier of Montferrat, fled to Hagia Sophia at the culmination of their dispute with the empressMaria of Antioch, regent for her son, the emperorAlexius II Comnenus.Maria Comnena and Renier occupied the cathedral with the support of the patriarch, refusing the imperial administration's demands for a peaceful departure.According to Niketas Choniates, they \"transformed the sacred courtyard into a military camp\", garrisoned the entrances to the complex with locals and mercenaries, and despite the strong opposition of the patriarch, made the \"house of prayer into a den of thieves or a well-fortified and precipitous stronghold, impregnable to assault\", while \"all the dwellings adjacent to Hagia Sophia and adjoining the Augusteion were demolished by men\".A battle ensued in the Augustaion and around theMilion, during which the defenders fought from the \"gallery of the Catechumeneia (also called the Makron)\" facing the Augusteion, from which they eventually retreated and took up positions in the exonarthex of Hagia Sophia itself.At this point, \"the patriarch was anxious lest the enemy troops enter the temple, with unholy feet trample the holy floor, and with hands defiled and dripping with blood still warm plunder the all-holy dedicatory offerings\".After a successful sally by Renier and his knights, Maria requested a truce, the imperial assault ceased, and an amnesty was negotiated by themegas douxAndronikos Kontostephanosand themegas hetaireiarchesJohn Doukas.Greek historianNiketas Choniatescompared the preservation of the cathedral to the efforts made by the 1st-century emperorTitusto avoid the destruction of theSecond Templeduring thesiege of Jerusalemin theFirst Jewish–Roman War.Choniates reports that in 1182, a whitehawkwearingjesseswas seen to fly from the east to Hagia Sophia, flying three times from the \"building of theThōmaitēs\" (a basilica erected on the southeastern side of the Augustaion) to thePalace of the Kathismain theGreat Palace, where new emperors wereacclaimed.This was supposed to presage the end of the reign ofAndronicus I Comnenus(r.1183–1185). Choniates further writes that in 1203, during theFourth Crusade, the emperorsIsaac II AngelusandAlexius IV Angelusstripped Hagia Sophia of all gold ornaments and silver oil-lamps in order to pay off the Crusaders who had oustedAlexius III Angelusand helped Isaac return to the throne.Upon the subsequentSack of Constantinoplein 1204, the church was further ransacked and desecrated by the Crusaders, as described by Choniates, though he did not witness the events in person. According to his account, composed at the court of the rumpEmpire of Nicaea, Hagia Sophia was stripped of its remaining metal ornaments, its altar was smashed into pieces, and a \"woman laden with sins\" sang and danced on thesynthronon.He adds that mules and donkeys were brought into the cathedral's sanctuary to carry away the gilded silver plating of the bema, the ambo, and the doors and other furnishings, and that one of them slipped on the marble floor and was accidentally disembowelled, further contaminating the place.According toAli ibn al-Athir, whose treatment of the Sack of Constantinople was probably dependent on a Christian source, the Crusaders massacred some clerics who had surrendered to them.Much of the interior was damaged and would not be repaired until its return to Orthodox control in 1261.The sack of Hagia Sophia, and Constantinople in general, remained a sore point inCatholic–Eastern Orthodox relations. During theLatin occupationof Constantinople (1204–1261), the church became a Latin Catholic cathedral.Baldwin I of Constantinople(r.1204–1205) was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in Hagia Sophia in a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices.Enrico Dandolo, theDogeofVenicewho commanded the sack and invasion of the city by the Latin Crusaders in 1204, is buried inside the church, probably in the upper easterngallery. In the 19th century, an Italian restoration team placed acenotaphmarker, frequently mistaken as being a medieval artifact, near the probable location and is still visible today. The original tomb was destroyed by the Ottomans during the conversion of the church into a mosque. Upon the capture of Constantinople in 1261 by theEmpire of Nicaeaand the emperorMichael VIII Palaeologus, (r.1261–1282), the church was in a dilapidated state. In 1317, emperorAndronicus II Palaeologus(r.1282–1328) ordered four newbuttresses(Medieval Greek:Πυραμίδας,romanized:Pyramídas) to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church, financing them with the inheritance of his late wife,Irene of Montferrat(d.1314).New cracks developed in the dome after the earthquake of October 1344, and several parts of the building collapsed on 19 May 1346. Repairs by architectsAstrasand Peralta began in 1354. On 12 December 1452,Isidore of Kievproclaimed in Hagia Sophia the long-anticipated ecclesiastical union between the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches as decided at theCouncil of Florenceand decreed by thepapal bullLaetentur Caeli, though it would be short-lived. The union was unpopular among the Byzantines, who had already expelled the Patriarch of Constantinople,Gregory III, for his pro-union stance. A new patriarch was not installed until after the Ottoman conquest. According to the Greek historianDoukas, the Hagia Sophia was tainted by these Catholic associations, and the anti-union Orthodox faithful avoided the cathedral, considering it to be a haunt ofdemonsand a \"Hellenic\" temple ofRoman paganism.Doukas also notes that after theLaetentur Caeliwas proclaimed, the Byzantines dispersed discontentedly to nearby venues where they drank toasts to theHodegetriaicon, which had, according to late Byzantine tradition, interceded to save them in the formersieges of Constantinopleby theAvar Khaganateand theUmayyad Caliphate. According toNestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad, the Hagia Sophia was the focus of an alarmingomeninterpreted as theHoly Spiritabandoning Constantinople on 21 May 1453, in the final days of the Siege of Constantinople.The sky lit up, illuminating the city, and \"many people gathered and saw on the Church of the Wisdom, at the top of the window, a large flame of fire issuing forth. It encircled the entire neck of the church for a long time. The flame gathered into one; its flame altered, and there was an indescribable light. At once it took to the sky. ... The light itself has gone up to heaven; the gates of heaven were opened; the light was received; and again they were closed.\"This phenomenon was perhapsSt Elmo's fireinduced by gunpowder smoke and unusual weather.The author relates that the fall of the city to \"Mohammadenism\" was foretold in an omen seen by Constantine the Great – an eagle fighting with a snake – which also signified that \"in the end Christianity will overpower Mohammedanism, will receive theSeven Hills, and will be enthroned in it\". The eventual fall of Constantinople had long been predicted inapocalyptic literature.A reference to the destruction of a city founded on seven hills in theBook of Revelationwas frequently understood to be about Constantinople, and theApocalypse of Pseudo-Methodiushad predicted an \"Ishmaelite\" conquest of the Roman Empire.In this text, the Muslim armies reach theForum Bovisbefore being turned back by divine intervention; in later apocalyptic texts, the climactic turn takes place at theColumn of Theodosiuscloser to Hagia Sophia; in others, it occurs at theColumn of Constantine, which is closer still.Hagia Sophia is mentioned in a hagiography of uncertain date detailing the life of the Eastern Orthodox saintAndrew the Fool.The text is self-attributed to Nicephorus, a priest of Hagia Sophia, and contains a description of theend timein the form of a dialogue, in which the interlocutor, upon being told by the saint that Constantinople will be sunk in a flood and that \"the waters as they gush forth will irresistibly deluge her and cover her and surrender her to the terrifying and immense sea of the abyss\", says \"some people say that the Great Church of God will not be submerged with the city but will be suspended in the air by an invisible power\".The reply is given that \"When the whole city sinks into the sea, how can the Great Church remain? Who will need her? Do you think God dwells in temples made with hands?\"TheColumn of Constantine, however, is prophesied to endure. From the time of Procopius in the reign of Justinian, the equestrian imperial statue on theColumn of Justinianin theAugustaionbeside Hagia Sophia, which gestured towards Asia with right hand, was understood to represent the emperor holding back the threat to the Romans from theSasanian Empirein theRoman–Persian Wars, while the orb orglobus crucigerheld in the statue's left was an expression of the global power of the Roman emperor.Subsequently, in theArab–Byzantine wars, the threat held back by the statue became theUmayyad Caliphate, and later, the statue was thought to be fending off the advance of the Turks.The identity of the emperor was often confused with that of other famous saint-emperors likeTheodosius IandHeraclius.The orb was frequently referred to as an apple in foreigners' accounts of the city, and it was interpreted in Greek folklore as a symbol of the Turks' mythological homeland in Central Asia, the \"Lone Apple Tree\".The orb fell to the ground in 1316 and was replaced by 1325, but while it was still in place around 1412, by the timeJohann Schiltbergersaw the statue in 1427, the \"empire-apple\" (German:Reichsapfel) had fallen to the earth.An attempt to raise it again in 1435 failed, and this amplified the prophecies of the city's fall.For the Turks, the \"red apple\" (Turkish:kızıl elma) came to symbolize Constantinople itself and subsequently the military supremacy of the Islamic caliphate over the Christian empire.InNiccolò Barbaro's account of the fall of the city in 1453, the Justinianic monument was interpreted in the last days of the siege as representing the city's founder Constantine the Great, indicating \"this is the way my conqueror will come\". According toLaonicus Chalcocondyles, Hagia Sophia was a refuge for the population during the city's capture.Despite the ill-repute and empty state of Hagia Sophia after December 1452, Doukas writes that after the Theodosian Walls were breached, the Byzantines took refuge there as the Turks advanced through the city: \"All the women and men, monks, and nuns ran to the Great Church. They, both men and women, were holding in their arms their infants. What a spectacle! That street was crowded, full of human beings.\"He attributes their change of heart to a prophecy. What was the reason that compelled all to flee to the Great Church? They had been listening, for many years, to some pseudo-soothsayers, who had declared that the city was destined to be handed over to the Turks, who would enter in large numbers and would massacre the Romans as far as the Column of Constantine the Great. After this an angel would descend, holding his sword. He would hand over the kingdom, together with the sword, to some insignificant, poor, and humble man who would happen to be standing by the Column. He would say to him: \"Take this sword and avenge the Lord's people.\" Then the Turks would be turned back, would be massacred by the pursuing Romans, and would be ejected from the city and from all places in the west and the east and would be driven as far as the borders of Persia, to a place called the Lone Tree …. That was the cause for the flight into the Great Church. In one hour that famous and enormous church was filled with men and women. An innumerable crowd was everywhere: upstairs, downstairs, in the courtyards, and in every conceivable place. They closed the gates and stood there, hoping for salvation. In accordance with the traditional custom of the time, SultanMehmed IIallowed his troops and his entourage three full days of unbridled pillage and looting in the city shortly after it was captured. This period saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches;Hagia Sophia itself was looted as the invaders believed it to contain the greatest treasures of the city.Shortly after the defence of theWalls of Constantinoplecollapsed and the victorious Ottoman troops entered the city, the pillagers and looters made their way to the Hagia Sophia and battered down its doors before storming inside.Once the three days passed, Mehmed was to claim the city's remaining contents for himself.However, by the end of the first day, he proclaimed that the looting should cease as he felt profound sadness when he toured the looted and enslaved city. Throughout the siege of Constantinople, the trapped people of the city participated in theDivine Liturgyand the Prayer of the Hours at the Hagia Sophia, and the church was a safe-haven and a refuge for many of those who were unable to contribute to the city's defence, including women, children, elderly, the sick and the wounded.As they were trapped in the church, the many congregants and other refugees inside became spoils-of-war to be divided amongst the triumphant invaders. The building was desecrated and looted, and those who sought shelter within the church were enslaved.While most of the elderly and the infirm, injured, and sick were killed, the remainder (mainly teenage males and young boys) were chained and sold into slavery. Mosque (1453–1935) Constantinoplefell to the attacking Ottoman forces on 29 May 1453.Sultan Mehmed IIentered the city and performed theFriday prayerandkhutbah(sermon) in Hagia Sophia, and this action marked the official conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque.The church's priests and religious personnel continued to perform Christian rites, prayers, and ceremonies until they were compelled to stop by the invaders.When Mehmed and his entourage entered the church, he ordered that it be converted into a mosque immediately. One of theʿulamāʾ(Islamic scholars) present climbed onto the church's ambo and recited theshahada(\"There is no god but Allah, andMuhammadis his messenger\"), thus marking the beginning of theconversion of the church into a mosque.Mehmed is reported to have taken a sword to a soldier who tried to pry up one of the paving slabs of the Proconnesian marble floor. As described by Western visitors before 1453, such as theCórdobannoblemanPero Tafurand theFlorentinegeographerCristoforo Buondelmonti,the church was in a dilapidated state, with several of its doors fallen from their hinges. Mehmed II ordered a renovation of the building. Mehmed attended the first Friday prayer in the mosque on 1 June 1453.Aya Sofya became the first imperial mosque of Istanbul.Most of the existing houses in the city and the area of the futureTopkapı Palacewere endowed to the correspondingwaqf.From 1478, 2,360 shops, 1,300 houses, 4caravanserais, 30bozashops, and 23 shops of sheep heads and trotters gave their income to the foundation.Through the imperial charters of 1520 (AH926) and 1547 (AH 954), shops and parts of theGrand Bazaarand other markets were added to the foundation. Before 1481, a smallminaretwas erected on the southwest corner of the building, above the stair tower.Mehmed's successorBayezid II(r.1481–1512) later built another minaret at the northeast corner.One of the minarets collapsed after theearthquake of 1509,and around the middle of the 16th century they were both replaced by two diagonally opposite minarets built at the east and west corners of the edifice.In 1498,Bernardo Bonsignoriwas the last Western visitor to Hagia Sophia to report seeing the ancient Justinianic floor; shortly afterwards the floor was covered over with carpet and not seen again until the 19th century. In the 16th century, SultanSuleiman the Magnificent(r.1520–1566) brought two colossal candlesticks from hisconquestof theKingdom of Hungaryand placed them on either side of themihrab. During Suleiman's reign, the mosaics above thenarthexand imperial gates depicting Jesus, Mary, and various Byzantine emperors were covered by whitewash and plaster, which were removed in 1930 under the Turkish Republic. During the reign ofSelim II(r.1566–1574), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by Ottoman architectMimar Sinan, who was also an earthquake engineer.In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure, Sinan built two additional large minarets at the western end of the building, the original sultan's lodge and thetürbe(mausoleum) of Selim II to the southeast of the building in 1576–1577 (AH 984). In order to do that, parts of the Patriarchate at the south corner of the building were pulled down the previous year.Moreover, the goldencrescentwas mounted on the top of the dome,and a respect zone 35arşın(about 24 m) wide was imposed around the building, leading to the demolition of all houses within the perimeter.The türbe became the location of the tombs of 43 Ottoman princes.Murad III(r.1574–1595) imported two largealabasterHellenisticurnsfromPergamon(Bergama) and placed them on two sides of the nave. In 1594 (AH 1004)Mimar(court architect)Davud Ağabuilt the türbe of Murad III, where the Sultan and hisvalide,Safiye Sultanwere buried.The octagonal mausoleum of their sonMehmed III(r.1595–1603) and hisvalidewas built next to it in 1608 (AH 1017) by royal architect Dalgiç Mehmet Aĝa.His sonMustafa I(r.1617–1618, 1622–1623) converted the baptistery into his türbe. In 1717, under the reign of SultanAhmed III(r.1703–1730), the crumbling plaster of the interior was renovated, contributing indirectly to the preservation of many mosaics, which otherwise would have been destroyed by mosque workers.In fact, it was usual for the mosaic'stesserae—believed to betalismans—to be sold to visitors.SultanMahmud Iordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added amedrese(a Koranic school, subsequently the library of the museum), animaret(soup kitchen for distribution to the poor) and a library, and in 1740 he added aŞadirvan(fountain for ritual ablutions), thus transforming it into akülliye, or social complex. At the same time, a new sultan's lodge and a new mihrab were built inside. Renovation of 1847–1849 The 19th-century restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by SultanAbdulmejid I(r.1823–1861) and completed between 1847 and 1849 by eight hundred workers under the supervision of theSwiss-Italianarchitect brothersGaspare and Giuseppe Fossati. The brothers consolidated the dome with a restraining iron chain and strengthened the vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building.The mosaics in the upper gallery were exposed and cleaned, although many were recovered \"for protection against further damage\". Eight new gigantic circular-framed discs ormedallionswere hung from thecornice, on each of the four piers and at either side of the apse and the west doors. These were designed by the calligrapherKazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi(1801–1877) and painted with the names ofAllah,Muhammad, theRashidun(the first four caliphs:Abu Bakr,Umar,UthmanandAli), and the two grandsons of Muhammad:HasanandHusayn, the sons of Ali.In 1850, the architects Fossati built a newmaqsuraor caliphal loge inNeo-Byzantinecolumns and an Ottoman–Rococo style marble grille connecting to the royal pavilion behind the mosque.The new maqsura was built at the extreme east end of the northern aisle, next to the north-eastern pier. The existing maqsura in the apse, near the mihrab, was demolished.A new entrance was constructed for the sultan: theHünkar Mahfili.The Fossati brothers also renovated theminbarandmihrab. Outside the main building, the minarets were repaired and altered so that they were of equal height.A clock building, theMuvakkithane, was built by the Fossatis for use by themuwaqqit(the mosque timekeeper), and a newmadrasa(Islamic school) was constructed. TheKasr-ı Hümayunwas also built under their direction.When the restoration was finished, the mosque was re-opened with a ceremony on 13 July 1849.An edition oflithographsfrom drawings made during the Fossatis' work on Hagia Sophia was published inLondonin 1852, entitled:Aya Sophia of Constantinople as Recently Restored by Order of H.M. The Sultan Abdulmedjid. Occupation of Istanbul (1918–1923) In the aftermath of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Constantinople wasoccupiedby British, French, Italian, and Greek forces. On 19 January 1919, the Greek Orthodox Christian military priestEleftherios Noufrakisperformed an unauthorizedDivine Liturgyin the Hagia Sophia, the only such instance since the 1453 fall of Constantinople.The anti-occupationSultanahmet demonstrationswere held next to Hagia Sophia from March to May 1919. In Greece, the 500drachmabanknotes issued in 1923 featured Hagia Sophia. Museum (1935–2020) In 1935, the firstTurkish Presidentand founder of the Republic of Turkey,Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, transformed the building into a museum. During the Second World War, the minarets of the museum housedMG 08machine guns.The carpet and the layer of mortar underneath were removed and marble floor decorations such as theomphalionappeared for the first time since theFossatis' restoration,when the white plaster covering many of the mosaics had been removed. Due to neglect, the condition of the structure continued to deteriorate, prompting theWorld Monuments Fund(WMF) to include the Hagia Sophiain their 1996and1998 Watch Lists. During this time period, the building's copper roof had cracked, causing water to leak down over the fragile frescoes and mosaics. Moisture entered from below as well. Risingground waterincreased the level of humidity within the monument, creating an unstable environment for stone and paint. The WMF secured a series of grants from 1997 to 2002 for the restoration of the dome. The first stage of work involved the structural stabilization and repair of the cracked roof, which was undertaken with the participation of theTurkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The second phase, the preservation of the dome's interior, afforded the opportunity to employ and train young Turkishconservatorsin the care of mosaics. By 2006, the WMF project was complete, though many areas of Hagia Sophia continue to require significant stability improvement, restoration, and conservation. In 2014, Hagia Sophia was the second most visited museum in Turkey, attracting almost 3.3 million visitors annually. While use of the complex as a place of worship (mosque or church) was strictly prohibited,in 1991 the Turkish government allowed the allocation of a pavilion in the museum complex (Ayasofya Müzesi Hünkar Kasrı) for use as a prayer room, and, since 2013, two of the museum's minarets had been used for voicing the call to prayer (theezan) regularly. From the early 2010s, several campaigns and government high officials, notably Turkey's deputy prime ministerBülent Arınçin November 2013, demanded the Hagia Sophia be converted back into a mosque.In 2015,Pope Francispublicly acknowledged theArmenian genocide, which isofficially denied in Turkey. In response, the mufti of Ankara, Mefail Hızlı, said he believed the Pope's remarks would accelerate the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque. On 1 July 2016, Muslim prayers were held again in the Hagia Sophia for the first time in 85 years.That November, a TurkishNGO, theAssociation for the Protection of Historic Monuments and the Environment, filed a lawsuit for converting the museum into a mosque.The court decided it should stay as a 'monument museum'.In October 2016, Turkey'sDirectorate of Religious Affairs(Diyanet) appointed, for the first time in 81 years, a designatedimam, Önder Soy, to the Hagia Sophia mosque (Ayasofya Camii Hünkar Kasrı), located at theHünkar Kasrı, a pavilion for the sultans' private ablutions. Since then, theadhanhas been regularly called out from the Hagia Sophia's all four minarets five times a day. On 13 May 2017, a large group of people, organized by the Anatolia Youth Association (AGD), gathered in front of Hagia Sophia and prayed the morning prayer with a call for the re-conversion of the museum into a mosque.On 21 June 2017 theDirectorate of Religious Affairs(Diyanet) organized a special programme, broadcast live by state-run televisionTRT, which included the recitation of theQuranand prayers in Hagia Sophia, to mark theLaylat al-Qadr. Reversion to mosque (2018–present) Since 2018,Turkish presidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğanhad talked of reverting the status of the Hagia Sophia back to a mosque, a move seen to be very popularly accepted by the religious populace whom Erdoğan was attempting to persuade.On 31 March 2018 Erdoğan recited the first verse of theQuranin the Hagia Sophia, dedicating the prayer to the \"souls of all who left us this work as inheritance, especially Istanbul'sconqueror,\" strengthening the political movement to make the Hagia Sophia a mosque once again, which would reverse Atatürk's measure of turning the Hagia Sophia into a secular museum.In March 2019 Erdoğan said that he would change the status of Hagia Sophia from a museum to a mosque,adding that it had been a \"very big mistake\" to turn it into a museum.As a UNESCO World Heritage site, this change would require approval from UNESCO'sWorld Heritage Committee.In late 2019 Erdoğan's office took over the administration and upkeep of the nearbyTopkapı Palace Museum, transferring responsibility for the site from theMinistry of Culture and Tourismby presidential decree. In 2020, Turkey's government celebrated the 567th anniversary of the Conquest of Constantinople with an Islamic prayer in Hagia Sophia. Erdoğan said during a televised broadcast \"Al-Fathsurahwill be recited and prayers will be done at Hagia Sophia as part of conquest festival\".In May, during the anniversary events, passages from the Quran were read in the Hagia Sophia. Greece condemned this action, while Turkey in response accused Greece of making \"futile and ineffective statements\".In June, the head of Turkey's Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) said that \"we would be very happy to open Hagia Sophia for worship\" and that if it happened \"we will provide our religious services as we do in all our mosques\".On 25 June,John Haldon, president of theInternational Association of Byzantine Studies, wrote an open letter to Erdoğan asking that he \"consider the value of keeping the Aya Sofya as a museum\". On 10 July 2020, the decision of the Council of Ministers from 1935 to transform the Hagia Sophia into a museum was annulled by the Council of State, decreeing that Hagia Sophia cannot be used \"for any other purpose\" than being a mosque and that the Hagia Sophia was property of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Han Foundation. The council reasoned Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, who conquered Istanbul, deemed the property to be used by the public as a mosque without any fees and was not within the jurisdiction of the Parliament or a ministry council.Despite secular and global criticism, Erdoğan signed a decree annulling the Hagia Sophia's museum status, reverting it to a mosque.The call to prayer was broadcast from the minarets shortly after the announcement of the change and rebroadcast by major Turkish news networks.The Hagia Sophia Museum's social media channels were taken down the same day, with Erdoğan announcing at a press conference that prayers themselves would be held there from 24 July.A presidential spokesperson said it would become a working mosque, open to anyone similar to theParisianchurchesSacré-CœurandNotre-Dame. The spokesperson also said that the change would not affect the status of the Hagia Sophia as a UNESCO World Heritage site, and that \"Christianicons\" within it would continue to be protected.Earlier the same day, before the final decision, the Turkish Finance and Treasury MinisterBerat Albayrakand the Justice MinisterAbdulhamit Gülexpressed their expectations of opening the Hagia Sophia to worship for Muslims.Mustafa Şentop,Speakerof Turkey'sGrand National Assembly, said \"a longing in the heart of our nation has ended\".A presidential spokesperson claimed that all political parties in Turkey supported Erdoğan's decision;however, thePeoples' Democratic Partyhad previously released a statement denouncing the decision, saying \"decisions on human heritage cannot be made on the basis of political games played by the government\".Themayor of Istanbul,Ekrem İmamoğlu, said that he supports the conversion \"as long as it benefits Turkey\", adding that he felt that Hagia Sophia has been a mosque since 1453.Ali Babacanattacked the policy of his former ally Erdoğan, saying the Hagia Sophia issue \"has come to the agenda now only to cover up other problems\".Orhan Pamuk, TurkishnovelistandNobel laureate, publicly denounced the move, saying \"Kemal Atatürk changed... Hagia Sophia from a mosque to a museum, honouring all previous Greek Orthodox and Latin Catholic history, making it as a sign of Turkish modern secularism\". On 17 July, Erdoğan announced that the first prayers in the Hagia Sophia would be open to between 1,000 and 1,500 worshippers. He said that Turkey hadsovereign powerover Hagia Sophia and was not obligated to bend to international opinion. While the Hagia Sophia has now been rehallowed as a mosque, the place remains open for visitors outside of prayer times. While at the beginning the entrance was free,later the Turkish government decided that, starting from 15 January 2024, the foreign nationals will have to pay an entrance fee. On 22 July, a turquoise-coloured carpet was laid to prepare the mosque for worshippers;Ali Erbaş, head of theDiyanet, attended its laying.Theomphalionwas left exposed. Due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, Erbaş said Hagia Sophia would accommodate up to 1,000 worshippers at a time and asked that they bring \"masks, aprayer rug, patience and understanding\".The mosque opened forFriday prayerson 24 July, the 97th anniversary of the signature of theTreaty of Lausanne, which established the borders of the modern Turkish Republic.The mosaics of the Virgin and Child in the apse were covered by white drapes.There had been proposals to conceal the mosaics withlasersduring prayer times, but this idea was ultimately shelved.Erbaş proclaimed during hissermon, \"Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror dedicated this magnificent construction to believers to remain a mosque until theDay of Resurrection\".Erdoğan and some government ministers attended the midday prayers as many worshippers prayed outside; at one point the security cordon was breached and dozens of people broke through police lines.Turkey invited foreign leaders and officials, includingPope Francis, for the prayers.It is the fourth Byzantine church converted from museum to a mosque during Erdoğan's rule. In April 2022, the Hagia Sophia held its first Ramadantarawihprayer in 88 years. International reaction and discussions Days before the final decision on the conversion was made, Ecumenical PatriarchBartholomew I of Constantinoplestated in a sermon that \"the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque would disappoint millions of Christians around the world\", he also said that Hagia Sophia, which was \"a vital center where East is embraced with the West\", would \"fracture these two worlds\" in the event of conversion.The proposed conversion was decried by other Orthodox Christian leaders, theRussian Orthodox Church'sPatriarch Kirill of Moscowstating that \"a threat to Hagia Sophia s a threat to all of Christian civilization\". Following the Turkish government's decision, UNESCO announced it \"deeply regret\" the conversion \"made without prior discussion\", and asked Turkey to \"open a dialogue without delay\", stating that the lack of negotiation was \"regrettable\".UNESCO further announced that the \"state of conservation\" of Hagia Sophia would be \"examined\" at the next session of theWorld Heritage Committee, urging Turkey \"to initiate dialogue without delay, in order to prevent any detrimental effect on the universal value of this exceptional heritage\".Ernesto Ottone, UNESCO's Assistant Director-General for Culture said \"It is important to avoid any implementing measure, without prior discussion with UNESCO, that would affect physical access to the site, the structure of the buildings, the site's moveable property, or the site's management\".UNESCO's statement of 10 July said \"these concerns were shared with the Republic of Turkey in several letters, and again yesterday evening with the representative of the Turkish Delegation\" without a response. TheWorld Council of Churches, which claims to represent 500 million Christians of 350denominations, condemned the decision to convert the building into a mosque, saying that would \"inevitably create uncertainties, suspicions and mistrust\"; the World Council of Churches urged Turkey's president Erdoğan \"to reconsider and reverse\" his decision \"in the interests of promoting mutual understanding, respect, dialogue and cooperation, and avoiding cultivating old animosities and divisions\".At the recitation of the SundayAngelusprayer atSt Peter's Squareon 12 JulyPope Francissaid, \"My thoughts go to Istanbul. I think of Santa Sophia and I am very pained\" (Italian:Penso a Santa Sofia, a Istanbul, e sono molto addolorato).The International Association of Byzantine Studies announced that its 21st International Congress, due to be held in Istanbul in 2021, will no longer be held there and is postponed to 2022. Josep Borrell, theEuropean Union'sHigh Representative for Foreign AffairsandVice-President of the European Commission, released a statement calling the decisions by the Council of State and Erdoğan \"regrettable\" and pointing out that \"as a founding member of theAlliance of Civilisations, Turkey has committed to the promotion of inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue and to fostering of tolerance and co-existence.\"According to Borrell, theEuropean Union member states' twenty-seven foreign ministers \"condemned the Turkish decision to convert such an emblematic monument as the Hagia Sophia\" at meeting on 13 July, saying it \"will inevitably fuel the mistrust, promote renewed division between religious communities and undermine our efforts at dialog and cooperation\" and that \"there was a broad support to call on the Turkish authorities to urgently reconsider and reverse this decision\".Greecedenounced the conversion and considered it a breach of the UNESCO World Heritage titling.Greek culture minister Lina Mendoni called it an \"open provocation to the civilised world\" which \"absolutely confirms that there is no independent justice\" in Erdoğan's Turkey, and that hisTurkish nationalism\"takes his country back six centuries\".Greece andCypruscalled for EU sanctions on Turkey.Morgan Ortagus, thespokesperson for the United States Department of State, noted: \"We are disappointed by the decision by the government of Turkey to change the status of the Hagia Sophia.\"Jean-Yves Le Drian,foreign ministerofFrance, said his country \"deplores\" the move, saying \"these decisions cast doubt on one of the most symbolic acts of modern and secular Turkey\".Vladimir Dzhabarov, deputy head of the foreign affairs committee of the RussianFederation Council, said that it \"will not do anything for the Muslim world. It does not bring nations together, but on the contrary brings them into collision\" and calling the move a \"mistake\".The formerdeputy prime minister of Italy,Matteo Salvini, held a demonstration in protest outside the Turkish consulate inMilan, calling for all plans foraccession of Turkey to the European Unionto be terminated \"once and for all\".InEast Jerusalem, a protest was held outside the Turkish consulate on 13 July, with the burning of aTurkish flagand the display of theGreek flagandflag of the Greek Orthodox Church.In a statement the Turkish foreign ministry condemned the burning of the flag, saying \"nobody can disrespect or encroach our glorious flag\". Ersin Tatar, prime minister of the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus, which isrecognized only by Turkey, welcomed the decision, calling it \"sound\" and \"pleasing\".He further criticized the government of Cyprus, claiming that \"theGreek Cypriotadministration, who burned down our mosques, should not have a say in this\".Through a spokesman theForeign MinistryofIranwelcomed the change, saying the decision was an \"issue that should be considered as part of Turkey's national sovereignty\" and \"Turkey's internal affair\".Sergei Vershinin, deputy foreign minister ofRussia, said that the matter was of one of \"internal affairs, in which, of course, neither we nor others should interfere.\"TheArab Maghreb Unionwas supportive.Ekrema Sabri, imam of theal-Aqsa Mosque, andAhmed bin Hamad al-Khalili, grand mufti ofOman, both congratulated Turkey on the move.TheMuslim Brotherhoodwas also in favour of the news.A spokesman for the PalestinianIslamistmovementHamascalled the verdict \"a proud moment for all Muslims\".Pakistani politicianChaudhry Pervaiz Elahiof thePakistan Muslim League (Q)welcomed the ruling, claiming it was \"not only in accordance with the wishes of the people of Turkey but the entire Muslim world\".TheMuslim Judicial Councilgroup inSouth Africapraised the move, calling it \"a historic turning point\".InNouakchott, capital ofMauritania, there were prayers and celebrations topped by the sacrifice of acamel.On the other hand,Shawki Allam, grand mufti ofEgypt, ruled that conversion of the Hagia Sophia to a mosque is \"impermissible\". When President Erdoğan announced that the first Muslim prayers would be held inside the building on 24 July, he added that \"like all our mosques, the doors of Hagia Sophia will be wide open to locals and foreigners, Muslims and non-Muslims.\" Presidential spokesmanİbrahim Kalınsaid that the icons and mosaics of the building would be preserved, and that \"in regards to the arguments of secularism, religious tolerance and coexistence, there are more than four hundred churches and synagogues open in Turkey today.\"Ömer Çelik, spokesman for the rulingJustice and Development Party(AKP), announced on 13 July that entry to Hagia Sophia would be free of charge and open to all visitors outside prayer times, during which Christian imagery in the building's mosaics would be covered by curtains orlasers.The Turkish foreign minister,Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, toldTRT Haberon 13 July that the government was surprised at the reaction of UNESCO, saying that \"We have to protect our ancestors' heritage. The function can be this way or that way – it does not matter\". On 14 July the prime minister of Greece,Kyriakos Mitsotakis, said his government was \"considering its response at all levels\" to what he called Turkey's \"unnecessary, petty initiative\", and that \"with this backward action, Turkey is opting to sever links withwestern worldand its values\".In relation to both Hagia Sophia and theCyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute, Mitsotakis called for European sanctions against Turkey, referring to it as \"a regional troublemaker, and which is evolving into a threat to the stability of the whole south-east Mediterranean region\".Dora Bakoyannis, Greek former foreign minister, said Turkey's actions had \"crossed the Rubicon\", distancing itself from the West.On the day of the building's re-opening, Mitsotakis called the re-conversion evidence of Turkey's weakness rather than a show of power. Armenia's Foreign Ministry expressed \"deep concern\" about the move, adding that it brought to a close Hagia Sophia's symbolism of \"cooperation and unity of humankind instead of clash of civilizations.\"CatholicosKarekin II, the head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, said the move \"violat the rights of national religious minorities in Turkey\"Sahak II Mashalian, the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, perceived as loyal to the Turkish government, endorsed the decision to convert the museum into a mosque. He said, \"I believe that believers' praying suits better the spirit of the temple instead of curious tourists running around to take pictures.\" In July 2021, UNESCO asked for an updated report on the state of conservation and expressed \"grave concern\". There were also some concerns about the future of its World Heritage status.Turkey responded that the changes had \"no negative impact\" on UNESCO standards and the criticism is \"biased and political\". Architecture Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples ofByzantine architecture.Its interior is decorated withmosaics,marblepillars, and coverings of great artistic value. Justinian had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years until the completion of thecathedral in Sevillein Spain. The Hagia Sophia uses masonry construction. The structure has brick andmortarjoints that are 1.5 times the width of the bricks. The mortar joints are composed of a combination of sand and minute ceramic pieces distributed evenly throughout the mortar joints. This combination of sand andpotsherdswas often used inRoman concrete, a predecessor to modernconcrete. A considerable amount of iron was used as well, in the form of cramps and ties. Justinian's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement oflate antiquityand the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in theEastern Christianity,Western Christianity, andIslamalike. The vast interior has a complex structure. Thenaveis covered by a central dome which at its maximum is 55.6 m (182 ft 5 in) from floor level and rests on an arcade of 40 arched windows. Repairs to its structure have left the dome somewhat elliptical, with the diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m (102 ft 6 in and 101 ft 3 in). At the western entrance and eastern liturgical side, there are arched openings extended by half domes of identical diameter to the central dome, carried on smallersemi-domedexedrae, a hierarchy of dome-headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the central dome, with a clear span of 76.2 m (250 ft). The theories ofHero of Alexandria, aHellenistic mathematicianof the 1st century AD, may have been utilized to address the challenges presented by building such an expansive dome over so large a space.Svenshon and Stiffel proposed that the architects used Hero's proposed values for constructing vaults. The square measurements were calculated using the side-and-diagonal number progression, which results in squares defined by the numbers 12 and 17, wherein 12 defines the side of the square and 17 its diagonal, which have been used as standard values as early as in cuneiform Babylonian texts. Each of the four sides of the great square Hagia Sophia is approximately 31 m long,and it was previously thought that this was the equivalent of 100Byzantine feet.Svenshon suggested that the size of the side of the central square of Hagia Sophia is not 100 Byzantine feet but instead 99 feet. This measurement is not only rational, but it is also embedded in the system of the side-and-diagonal number progression (70/99) and therefore a usable value by the applied mathematics of antiquity. It gives a diagonal of 140 which is manageable for constructing a huge dome like that of the Hagia Sophia. Floor The stone floor of Hagia Sophia dates from the 6th century. After the first collapse of the vault, the broken dome was leftin situon the original Justinianic floor and a new floor was laid above the rubble when the dome was rebuilt in 558.From the installation of this second Justinianic floor, the floor became part of theliturgy, with significant locations and spaces demarcated in various ways using different-coloured stones and marbles. The floor is predominantly made up ofProconnesian marble, quarried onProconnesus(Marmara Island) in thePropontis(Sea of Marmara). This was the main white marble used in the monuments of Constantinople. Other parts of the floor, like the Thessalianverd antique\"marble\", were quarried inThessalyinRoman Greece. The Thessalian verd antique bands across the nave floor were often likened to rivers. The floor was praised by numerous authors and repeatedly compared to a sea.The Justinianic poetPaul the Silentiarylikened the ambo and the solea connecting it to the sanctuary with an island in a sea, with the sanctuary itself a harbour.The 9th-centuryNarratiowrites of it as \"like the sea or the flowing waters of a river\".Michael the Deaconin the 12th century also described the floor as a sea in which the ambo and other liturgical furniture stood as islands.During the 15th-century conquest of Constantinople, the Ottoman caliph Mehmed is said to have ascended to the dome and the galleries in order to admire the floor, which according toTursun Begresembled \"a sea in a storm\" or a \"petrified sea\".Other Ottoman-era authors also praised the floor;Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebicompared it to waves of marble.The floor was hidden beneath a carpet on 22 July 2020. Narthex and portals The Imperial Gate, or Imperial Door, was the main entrance between the exo- and esonarthex, and it was originally exclusively used by the emperor.A long ramp from the northern part of the outer narthex leads up to the upper gallery. Upper gallery The upper gallery, ormatroneum, is horseshoe-shaped; it encloses the nave on three sides and is interrupted by the apse. Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the Empress and her court. The best-preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery. . The northern first floor gallery containsrunic graffitibelieved to have been left by members of theVarangian Guard.Structural damage caused by natural disasters is visible on the Hagia Sophia's exterior surface. To ensure that the Hagia Sophia did not sustain any damage on the interior of the building, studies have been conducted using ground penetrating radar within the gallery of the Hagia Sophia. With the use ofground-penetrating radar(GPR), teams discovered weak zones within the Hagia Sophia's gallery and also concluded that the curvature of the vault dome has been shifted out of proportion, compared to its original angular orientation. Dome Thedomeof Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians, architects, and engineers because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned it. The dome is carried on four spherical triangularpendentives, making the Hagia Sophia one of the first large-scale uses of this element. The pendentives are the corners of the square base of the dome, and they curve upwards into the dome to support it, thus restraining the lateral forces of the dome and allowing its weight to flow downwards.The main dome of the Hagia Sophia was the largest pendentive dome in the world until the completion ofSt Peter's Basilica, and it has a much lower height than any other dome of such a large diameter. The great dome at the Hagia Sophia is 32.6 meters (one hundred and seven feet) in diameter and is only 0.61 meters (two feet) thick. The main building materials for the original Hagia Sophia were brick and mortar. Brick aggregate was used to make roofs easier to construct. The aggregate weighs 2402.77 kilograms per cubic meter (150 pounds per cubic foot), an average weight of masonry construction at the time. Due to the materials plasticity, it was chosen over cut stone due to the fact that aggregate can be used over a longer distance.According to Rowland Mainstone, \"it is unlikely that the vaulting-shell is anywhere more than one normal brick in thickness\". The weight of the dome remained a problem for most of the building's existence. The original cupola collapsed entirely after the earthquake of 558; in 563 a new dome was built byIsidore the Younger, a nephew of Isidore of Miletus. Unlike the original, this included 40 ribs and was raised 6.1 meters (20 feet), in order to lower the lateral forces on the church walls. A larger section of the second dome collapsed as well, over two episodes, so that as of 2021, only two sections of the present dome, the north and south sides, are from the 562 reconstructions. Of the whole dome's 40 ribs, the surviving north section contains eight ribs, while the south section includes six ribs. Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches, the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure. Thebricklayersused moremortarthan brick, which is more effective if the mortar was allowed to settle, as the building would have been more flexible; however, the builders did not allow the mortar to cure before they began the next layer. When the dome was erected, its weight caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet mortar underneath. When Isidore the Younger rebuilt the fallen cupola, he had first to build up the interior of the walls to make them vertical again. Additionally, the architect raised the height of the rebuilt dome by approximately 6 m (20 ft) so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and its weight would be transmitted more effectively down into the walls. Moreover, he shaped the new cupola like ascallopedshell or the inside of an umbrella, withribsthat extend from the top down to the base. These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation. Hagia Sophia is famous for the light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, giving the dome the appearance of hovering above. This effect was achieved by inserting forty windows around the base of the original structure. Moreover, the insertion of the windows in the dome structure reduced its weight. Buttresses Numerousbuttresseshave been added throughout the centuries. Theflying buttressesto the west of the building, although thought to have been constructed by the Crusaders upon their visit to Constantinople, were actually built during the Byzantine era. This shows that the Romans had prior knowledge of flying buttresses, which can also be seen at in Greece, at theRotunda of GaleriusinThessaloniki, at the monastery ofHosios LoukasinBoeotia, and in Italy at the octagonal basilica ofSan VitaleinRavenna.Other buttresses were constructed during the Ottoman times under the guidance of the architectSinan. A total of 24 buttresses were added. Minarets Theminaretswere an Ottoman addition and not part of the original church's Byzantine design. They were built for notification of invitations for prayers (adhan) and announcements. Mehmed had built a wooden minaret over one of the half domes soon after Hagia Sophia's conversion from a cathedral to a mosque. This minaret does not exist today. One of the minarets (at southeast) was built from red brick and can be dated back from the reign of Mehmed or his successorBeyazıd II. The other three were built from white limestone and sandstone, of which the slender northeast column was erected by Bayezid II and the two identical, larger minarets to the west were erected bySelim IIand designed by the famous Ottoman architectMimar Sinan. Both are 60 m (200 ft) in height, and their thick and massive patterns complete Hagia Sophia's main structure. Many ornaments and details were added to these minarets on repairs during the 15th, 16th, and 19th centuries, which reflect each period's characteristics and ideals. Notable elements and decorations Originally, under Justinian's reign, the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs on marble slabs on the walls and floors as well as mosaics on the curving vaults. Of these mosaics, the twoarchangelsGabrielandMichaelare still visible in thespandrels(corners) of thebema. There were already a few figurative decorations, as attested by the late 6th-centuryekphrasisofPaul the Silentiary, theDescription of Hagia Sophia. The spandrels of the gallery are faced in inlaid thin slabs (opus sectile), showing patterns and figures of flowers and birds in precisely cut pieces of white marble set against a background of black marble. In later stages, figurative mosaics were added, which were destroyed during theiconoclastic controversy(726–843). Present mosaics are from the post-iconoclastic period. Apart from the mosaics, many figurative decorations were added during the second half of the 9th century: an image of Christ in the central dome; Eastern Orthodox saints, prophets andChurch Fathersin thetympanabelow; historical figures connected with this church, such asPatriarch Ignatius; and some scenes from theGospelsin the galleries.Basil IIlet artists paint a giant six-wingedseraphon each of the four pendentives.The Ottomans covered their faces with golden stars,but in 2009, one of them was restored to its original state. Loggia of the Empress Theloggiaof the empress is located in the centre of the gallery of the Hagia Sophia, above the Imperial Gate and directly opposite the apse. From thismatroneum(women's gallery), theempressand the court-ladies would watch the proceedings down below. A green stone disc ofverd antiquemarks the spot where thethroneof the empress stood. Lustration urns Two huge marblelustration(ritual purification)urnswere brought fromPergamonduring the reign of SultanMurad III. They are from theHellenistic periodand carved from single blocks of marble. Marble Door The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure or gallery. It was used by the participants insynods, who entered and left the meeting chamber through this door. It is saidthat each side is symbolic and that one side represents heaven while the other represents hell. Its panels are covered in fruits and fish motifs. The door opens into a space that was used as a venue for solemn meetings and important resolutions of patriarchate officials. The Nice Door The Nice Door is the oldest architectural element found in the Hagia Sophia dating back to the 2nd century BC. The decorations are of reliefs of geometric shapes as well as plants that are believed to have come from a pagan temple inTarsusinCilicia, part of theCibyrrhaeot Themein modern-dayMersin Provincein south-eastern Turkey. It was incorporated into the building byEmperor Theophilosin 838 where it is placed in the south exit in the inner narthex. Imperial Gate The Imperial Gate is the door that was used solely by the Emperor and his personal bodyguard and retinue.It is the largest door in the Hagia Sophia and has been dated to the 6th century. It is about 7 meters long and Byzantine sources say it was made with wood fromNoah's Ark. In April 2022, the door was vandalised by unknown assailant(s). The incident became known after the Association of Art Historians published a photo with the destruction. The Greek Foreign Ministry condemned the incident, while Turkish officials claimed that \"a citizen has taken a piece of the door\" and started an investigation. Wishing column At the northwest of the building, there is a column with a hole in the middle covered by bronze plates. This column goes by different names; the \"perspiring\" or \"sweating column\", the \"crying column\", or the \"wishing column\". Legend states that it has been moist since the appearance ofGregory the Wonderworkernear the column in 1200. It is believed that touching the moisture cures many illnesses. The Viking Inscription In the southern section of Hagia Sophia, a 9th-centuryVikinginscription has been discovered, which reads, \"Halvdan was here.\" It is theorized that the inscription was created by a Viking soldier serving as a mercenary in theEastern Roman Empire. Mosaics The first mosaics which adorned the church were completed during the reign ofJustin II.Many of the non-figurative mosaics in the church come from this period. Most of the mosaics, however, were created in the 10th and 12th centuries,following the periods ofByzantine Iconoclasm. During theSack of Constantinoplein 1204, the Latin Crusaders vandalized valuable items in every important Byzantine structure of the city, including the golden mosaics of the Hagia Sophia. Many of these items were shipped toVenice, whoseDogeEnrico Dandolohad organized the invasion and sack of Constantinople after an agreement with PrinceAlexios Angelos, the son of a deposedByzantine emperor. 19th-century restoration Following the building's conversion into a mosque in 1453, many of its mosaics were covered with plaster, due toIslam's ban on representational imagery. This process was not completed at once, and reports exist from the 17th century in which travellers note that they could still see Christian images in the former church. In 1847–1849, the building was restored by twoSwiss-ItalianFossati brothers, Gaspare and Giuseppe, and SultanAbdulmejid Iallowed them to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process, which were later archived in Swiss libraries.This work did not include repairing the mosaics, and after recording the details about an image, the Fossatis painted it over again. The Fossatis restored the mosaics of the twohexapteryga(singularGreek:ἑξαπτέρυγον, pr. hexapterygon, six-winged angel; it is uncertain whether they areseraphimorcherubim) located on the two east pendentives, and covered their faces again before the end of the restoration.The other two mosaics, placed on the west pendentives, are copies in paint created by the Fossatis since they could find no surviving remains of them.As in this case, the architects reproduced in paint damaged decorative mosaic patterns, sometimes redesigning them in the process. The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in the1894 Istanbul earthquake. These include a mosaic over a now-unidentifiedDoor of the Poor, a large image of a jewel-encrusted cross, and many images of angels, saints, patriarchs, and church fathers. Most of the missing images were located in the building's two tympana. One mosaic they documented isChrist Pantocratorin a circle, which would indicate it to be a ceiling mosaic, possibly even of the main dome, which was later covered and painted over with Islamic calligraphy that expounds God as the light of the universe. The Fossatis' drawings of the Hagia Sophia mosaics are today kept in the Archive of theCanton of Ticino. 20th-century restoration Many mosaics were uncovered in the 1930s by a team from theByzantine Institute of Americaled byThomas Whittemore. The team chose to let a number of simple cross images remain covered by plaster but uncovered all major mosaics found. Because of its long history as both a church and a mosque, a particular challenge arises in the restoration process. Christianiconographicmosaics can be uncovered, but often at the expense of important and historic Islamic art. Restorers have attempted to maintain a balance between both Christian and Islamic cultures. In particular, much controversy rests upon whether theIslamic calligraphyon the dome of the cathedral should be removed, in order to permit the underlying Pantocrator mosaic of Christ as Master of the World to be exhibited (assuming the mosaic still exists). The Hagia Sophia has been a victim of natural disasters that have caused deterioration to the buildings structure and walls. The deterioration of the Hagia Sophia's walls can be directly attributed to salt crystallization. The crystallization of salt is due to an intrusion of rainwater that causes the Hagia Sophia's deteriorating inner and outer walls. Diverting excess rainwater is the main solution to the deteriorating walls at the Hagia Sophia. Built between 532 and 537, a subsurface structure under the Hagia Sophia has been under investigation, using LaCoste-Romberggravimetersto determine the depth of the subsurface structure and to discover other hidden cavities beneath the Hagia Sophia. The hidden cavities have also acted as a support system against earthquakes. With these findings using the LaCoste-Romberg gravimeters, it was also discovered that the Hagia Sophia's foundation is built on a slope of natural rock. Imperial Gate mosaic The Imperial Gate mosaic is located in thetympanumabove that gate, which was used only by the emperors when entering the church. Based on style analysis, it has been dated to the late 9th or early 10th century. The emperor with animbus or halocould possibly represent emperorLeo VI the Wiseor his sonConstantine VII Porphyrogenitusbowing down before Christ Pantocrator, seated on a jewelled throne, giving his blessing and holding in his left hand an open book.The text on the book reads: \"Peace be with you\" (John 20,John 20:19,20:26) and \"I am the light of the world\" (John 8,John 8:12). On each side of Christ's shoulders is a circularmedallionwithbusts: on his left the Archangel Gabriel, holding astaff, on his right his mother Mary. Southwestern entrance mosaic The southwestern entrance mosaic, situated in the tympanum of the southwestern entrance, dates from the reign ofBasil II.It was rediscovered during the restorations of 1849 by the Fossatis. The Virgin sits on a throne without a back, her feet resting on a pedestal, embellished with precious stones. TheChrist Childsits on her lap, giving his blessing and holding a scroll in his left hand. On her left side stands emperor Constantine in ceremonial attire, presenting a model of the city to Mary. The inscription next to him says: \"Great emperor Constantine of the Saints\". On her right side stands emperorJustinian I, offering a model of the Hagia Sophia. The medallions on both sides of the Virgin's head carry thenomina sacraMPandΘΥ, abbreviations of the Greek:Μήτηρ του Θεοῦ,romanized:Mētēr Theou,lit.'Mother of God'.The composition of the figure of the Virgin enthroned was probably copied from the mosaic inside the semi-dome of the apse inside the liturgical space. Apse mosaics The mosaic in thesemi-domeabove the apse at the east end showsMary, mother of Jesusholding theChrist Childand seated on a jewelledthokosbackless throne.Since its rediscovery after a period of concealment in the Ottoman era, it \"has become one of the foremost monuments of Byzantium\".The infant Jesus's garment is depicted with goldentesserae. Guillaume-Joseph Grelot, who had travelled to Constantinople, in 1672 engraved and in 1680 published in Paris an image of the interior of Hagia Sophia which shows the apse mosaic indistinctly.Together with a picture by Cornelius Loos drawn in 1710, these images are early attestations of the mosiac before it was covered towards the end of the 18th century.The mosaic of the Virgin and Child was rediscovered during the restorations of the Fossati brothers in 1847–1848 and revealed by the restoration of Thomas Whittemore in 1935–1939.It was studied again in 1964 with the aid of scaffolding. It is not known when this mosaic was installed.According toCyril Mango, the mosaic is \"a curious reflection on how little we know about Byzantine art\".The work is generally believed to date from after the end ofByzantine Iconoclasmand usually dated to the patriarchate ofPhotius I(r.858–867, 877–886) and the time of the emperorsMichael III(r.842–867) andBasil I(r.867–886).Most specifically, the mosaic has been connected with a survivinghomilyknown to have been written and delivered by Photius in the cathedral on 29 March 867. Other scholars have favoured earlier or later dates for the present mosaic or its composition.Nikolaos Oikonomidespointed out that Photius's homily refers to a standing portrait of theTheotokos– aHodegetria– while the present mosaic shows her seated.Likewise, a biography of the patriarchIsidore I(r.1347–1350) by his successorPhilotheus I(r.1353–1354, 1364–1376) composed before 1363 describes Isidore seeing a standing image of the Virgin atEpiphanyin 1347.Serious damage was done to the building by earthquakes in the 14th century, and it is possible that a standing image of the Virgin that existed in Photius's time was lost in the earthquake of 1346, in which the eastern end of Hagia Sophia was partly destroyed.This interpretation supposes that the present mosaic of the Virgin and Child enthroned is of the late 14th century, a time in which, beginning withNilus of Constantinople(r.1380–1388), the patriarchs of Constantinople began to have officialsealsdepicting theTheotokosenthroned on athokos. Still other scholars have proposed an earlier date than the later 9th century. According to George Galavaris, the mosaic seen by Photius was aHodegetriaportrait which after the earthquake of 989 was replaced by the present image not later than the early 11th century.According to Oikonomides however, the image in fact dates to before theTriumph of Orthodoxy, having been completedc.787–797, during theiconoduleinterlude between the First Iconoclast (726–787) and the Second Iconoclast (814–842) periods.Having been plastered over in the Second Iconoclasm, Oikonomides argues a new, standing image of the VirginHodegetriawas created above the older mosaic in 867, which then fell off in the earthquakes of the 1340s and revealed again the late 8th-century image of the Virgin enthroned. More recently, analysis of ahexaptychmenologionicon panel fromSaint Catherine's MonasteryatMount Sinaihas determined that the panel, showing numerous scenes from thelife of the Virginand other theologically significant iconic representations, contains an image at the centre very similar to that in Hagia Sophia.The image is labelled in Greek merely as:Μήτηρ Θεοῦ,romanized:Mētēr Theou,lit.'Mother of God', but in theGeorgian languagethe inscription reveals the image is labelled \"of the semi-dome of Hagia Sophia\".This image is therefore the oldest depiction of the apse mosaic known and demonstrates that the apse mosaic's appearance was similar to the present day mosaic in the late 11th or early 12th centuries, when the hexaptych was inscribed in Georgian by a Georgian monk, which rules out a 14th-century date for the mosaic. The portraits of the archangels Gabriel and Michael (largely destroyed) in thebemaof the arch also date from the 9th century. The mosaics are set against the original golden background of the 6th century. These mosaics were believed to be a reconstruction of the mosaics of the 6th century that were previously destroyed during the iconoclastic era by the Byzantines of that time, as represented in the inaugural sermon by the patriarch Photios. However, no record of figurative decoration of Hagia Sophia exists before this time. Emperor Alexander mosaic The Emperor Alexander mosaic is not easy to find for the first-time visitor, located on the second floor in a dark corner of the ceiling. It depicts the emperorAlexanderin full regalia, holding a scroll in his right hand and aglobus crucigerin his left. A drawing by the Fossatis showed that the mosaic survived until 1849 and thatThomas Whittemore, founder of theByzantine Institute of Americawho was granted permission to preserve the mosaics, assumed that it had been destroyed in the earthquake of 1894. Eight years after his death, the mosaic was discovered in 1958 largely through the researches ofRobert Van Nice. Unlike most of the other mosaics in Hagia Sophia, which had been covered over by ordinary plaster, the Alexander mosaic was simply painted over and reflected the surrounding mosaic patterns and thus was well hidden. It was duly cleaned by the Byzantine Institute's successor to Whittemore,Paul A. Underwood. Empress Zoe mosaic The Empress Zoe mosaic on the eastern wall of the southern gallery dates from the 11th century. Christ Pantocrator, clad in the dark blue robe (as is the custom in Byzantine art), is seated in the middle against a golden background, giving his blessing with the right hand and holding theBiblein his left hand. On either side of his head are thenomina sacraICandXC, meaningIēsous Christos. He is flanked byConstantine IX MonomachusandEmpress Zoe, both in ceremonial costumes. He is offering a purse, as a symbol of donation, he made to the church, while she is holding a scroll, symbol of the donations she made. The inscription over the head of the emperor says: \"Constantine, pious emperor in Christ the God, king of the Romans, Monomachus\". The inscription over the head of the empress reads as follows: \"Zoë, the very pious Augusta\". The previous heads have been scraped off and replaced by the three present ones. Perhaps the earlier mosaic showed her first husbandRomanus III Argyrusor her second husbandMichael IV. Another theory is that this mosaic was made for an earlier emperor and empress, with their heads changed into the present ones. Comnenus mosaic The Comnenus mosaic, also located on the eastern wall of the southern gallery, dates from 1122. The Virgin Mary is standing in the middle, depicted, as usual in Byzantine art, in a dark blue gown. She holds the Christ Child on her lap. He gives his blessing with his right hand while holding a scroll in his left hand. On her right side stands emperorJohn II Comnenus, represented in a garb embellished with precious stones. He holds a purse, symbol of an imperial donation to the church. His wife, the empressIrene of Hungarystands on the left side of the Virgin, wearing ceremonial garments and offering a document. Their eldest sonAlexius Comnenusis represented on an adjacent pilaster. He is shown as a beardless youth, probably representing his appearance at his coronation aged seventeen. In this panel, one can already see a difference with the Empress Zoe mosaic that is one century older. There is a more realistic expression in the portraits instead of an idealized representation. The Empress Irene (bornPiroska), daughter ofLadislaus I of Hungary, is shown with plaited blond hair, rosy cheeks, and grey eyes, revealing herHungariandescent. The emperor is depicted in a dignified manner. Deësis mosaic TheDeësismosaic (Δέησις, \"Entreaty\") probably dates from 1261. It was commissioned to mark the end of 57 years of Latin Catholic use and the return to the Eastern Orthodox faith. It is the third panel situated in the imperial enclosure of the upper galleries. It is widely considered the finest in Hagia Sophia, because of the softness of the features, the humane expressions and the tones of the mosaic. The style is close to that of the Italian painters of the late 13th or early 14th century, such asDuccio. In this panel theVirgin MaryandJohn the Baptist(Ioannes Prodromos), both shown in three-quarters profile, are imploring theintercessionof Christ Pantocrator for humanity onJudgment Day. The bottom part of this mosaic is badly deteriorated.This mosaic is considered as the beginning of a renaissance in Byzantinepictorial art. Northern tympanum mosaics The northerntympanummosaics feature various saints. They have been able to survive due to their high and inaccessible location. They depict Patriarchs of ConstantinopleJohn ChrysostomandIgnatios of Constantinoplestanding, clothed in white robes with crosses, and holding richly jewelled Bibles. The figures of each patriarch, revered as saints, are identifiable by labels in Greek. The other mosaics in the other tympana have not survived probably due to the frequent earthquakes, as opposed to any deliberate destruction by the Ottoman conquerors. Dome mosaic The dome was decorated with four non-identical figures of the six-winged angels which protect theThrone of God; it is uncertain whether they areseraphimorcherubim. The mosaics survive in the eastern part of the dome, but since the ones on the western side were damaged during the Byzantine period, they have been renewed asfrescoes. During the Ottoman period each seraph's (or cherub's) face was covered with metallic lids in the shape of stars, but these were removed to reveal the faces during renovations in 2009. Other burials Works influenced by the Hagia Sophia Many buildings have been modeled on the Hagia Sophia's core structure of a large central dome resting on pendentives and buttressed by two semi-domes. Byzantinechurches influenced by the Hagia Sophia include theHagia Sophia in Thessaloniki, and theHagia Irene. The latter was remodeled to have a dome similar to the Hagia Sophia's during the reign of Justinian. Severalmosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynastyhave plans based on the Hagia Sophia, including theSüleymaniye Mosqueand theBayezid II Mosque.Ottoman architects preferred to surround the central dome with four semi-domes rather than two.There are four semi-domes on theSultan Ahmed Mosque, theFatih Mosque,and theNew Mosque (Istanbul). As with the original plan of the Hagia Sophia, these mosques are entered through colonnaded courtyards. However, thecourtyardof the Hagia Sophia no longer exists. Neo-Byzantinechurches modeled on the Hagia Sophia include theKronstadt Naval Cathedral,Holy Trinity Cathedral, SibiuandPoti Cathedral. Each closely replicates the internal geometry of the Hagia Sophia. The layout of the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral is nearly...",
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"Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia(Turkish:Ayasofya;Ancient Greek:Ἁγία Σοφία,romanized:Hagía Sophía;Latin:Sancta Sapientia;lit.'Holy Wisdom'), officially theHagia Sophia Grand Mosque(Turkish:Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi;Greek:Μεγάλο Τζαμί της Αγίας Σοφίας),is amosqueand formerchurchserving as a major cultural and historical site inIstanbul,Turkey. The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by theEastern Roman Empire, it was completed in AD 537. The site was aGreek Orthodoxchurch from AD 360 to 1453, except for a brief time as aLatin Catholicchurch between theFourth Crusadeand 1261.After thefall of Constantinoplein 1453, it served as a mosque until 1935, when it became a museum. In 2020, the site once again became a mosque. The current structure was built by theByzantine emperorJustinian Ias the Christiancathedralof Constantinople for theByzantine Empirebetween 532 and 537, and was designed by theGreekgeometersIsidore of MiletusandAnthemius of Tralles.It was formally called theChurch of",
"called theChurch of God's Holy Wisdom(Greek:Ναὸς τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας,romanized:Naòs tês Hagías toû Theoû Sophías)and upon completion became the world's largest interior space and amongthe firstto employ a fullypendentivedome. It is considered the epitome ofByzantine architectureand is said to have \"changed the history of architecture\".The present Justinianic building was the third church of the same name to occupy the site, as the prior one had been destroyed in theNika riots. As theepiscopal seeof theecumenical patriarch of Constantinople, it remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until theSeville Cathedralwas completed in 1520. Beginning with subsequent Byzantine architecture, Hagia Sophia became the paradigmaticOrthodox church form, and its architectural style was emulated byOttoman mosquesa thousand years later.It has been described as \"holding a unique position in theChristian world\"and as an architectural and cultural icon of Byzantine and Eastern Orthodox",
"Eastern Orthodox civilization. The religious and spiritual centre of theEastern Orthodox Churchfor nearly one thousand years, the church wasdedicatedto theHoly Wisdom.It was where theexcommunicationof PatriarchMichael I Cerulariuswas officially delivered byHumbert of Silva Candida, the envoy ofPope Leo IXin 1054, an act considered the start of theEast–West Schism. In 1204, it was converted during theFourth Crusadeinto a Catholic cathedral under theLatin Empire, before being returned to the Eastern Orthodox Church upon the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261.Enrico Dandolo, thedoge of Venicewho led theFourth Crusadeand the 1204Sack of Constantinople, was buried in the church. After the fall of Constantinople to theOttoman Empirein 1453,it wasconverted to a mosquebyMehmed the Conquerorand became theprincipal mosqueof Istanbul until the 1616 construction of theSultan Ahmed Mosque.Upon its conversion, thebells,altar,iconostasis,ambo, andbaptisterywere removed, whileiconography, such as",
"such as themosaicdepictions of Jesus,Mary,Christian saintsandangelswere removed or plastered over.Islamic architecturaladditions included fourminarets, aminbarand amihrab. The Byzantine architecture of the Hagia Sophia served as inspiration for many other religious buildings including theHagia Sophia in Thessaloniki,Panagia Ekatontapiliani, theŞehzade Mosque, theSüleymaniye Mosque, theRüstem Pasha Mosqueand theKılıç Ali Pasha Complex. The patriarchate moved to theChurch of the Holy Apostles, which became the city's cathedral. The complex remained a mosque until 1931, when it was closed to the public for four years. It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum under thesecularRepublic of Turkey, and the building was Turkey's most visited tourist attraction as of 2019. In July 2020, theCouncil of Stateannulled the 1934 decision to establish the museum, and the Hagia Sophia was reclassified as a mosque. The 1934 decree was ruled to be unlawful under both Ottoman and Turkish law as Hagia Sophia'swaqf, endowed by Sultan",
"endowed by Sultan Mehmed, had designated the site a mosque; proponents of the decision argued the Hagia Sophia was the personal property of the sultan. The decision to designate Hagia Sophia as a mosque was highly controversial. It resulted in divided opinions and drew condemnation from the Turkish opposition,UNESCO, theWorld Council of Churchesand theInternational Association of Byzantine Studies, as well as numerous international leaders, while several Muslim leaders in Turkey and other countries welcomed its conversion into a mosque. History Church of Constantius II The first church on the site was known as theMagna Ecclesia(Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία,Megálē Ekklēsíā, 'Great Church')because of its size compared to the sizes of the contemporary churches in the city.According to theChronicon Paschale, the church wasconsecratedon 15 February 360, during the reign of the emperorConstantius II(r.337–361) by theArianbishopEudoxius of Antioch.It was built next to the area where theGreat Palacewas being developed. According",
"According to the 5th-century ecclesiastical historianSocrates of Constantinople, the emperor Constantius hadc.346\"constructed the Great Church alongside that called Irene which because it was too small, the emperor's father had enlarged and beautified\".A tradition which is not older than the 7th or 8th century reports that the edifice was built by Constantius' father,Constantine the Great(r.306–337).Hesychius of Miletuswrote that Constantine built Hagia Sophia with a wooden roof and removed 427 (mostly pagan) statues from the site.The 12th-century chroniclerJoannes Zonarasreconciles the two opinions, writing that Constantius had repaired the edifice consecrated byEusebius of Nicomedia, after it had collapsed.Since Eusebius was thebishopof Constantinople from 339 to 341, and Constantine died in 337, it seems that the first church was erected by Constantius. The nearbyHagia Irene(\"Holy Peace\") church was completed earlier and served as cathedral until the Great Church was completed. Besides Hagia Irene, there",
"Hagia Irene, there is no record of major churches in the city-centre before the late 4th century.Rowland Mainstone argued the 4th-century church was not yet known as Hagia Sophia.Though its name as the 'Great Church' implies that it was larger than other Constantinopolitan churches, the only other major churches of the 4th century were theChurch of St Mocius, which lay outside the Constantinian walls and was perhaps attached to a cemetery, and theChurch of the Holy Apostles. The church itself is known to have had a timber roof, curtains, columns, and an entrance that faced west.It likely had anarthexand is described as being shaped like aRoman circus.This may mean that it had a U-shaped plan like the basilicas ofSan Marcellino e PietroandSant'Agnese fuori le murainRome.However, it may also have been a more conventional three-, four-, or five-aisled basilica, perhaps resembling the originalChurch of the Holy SepulchreinJerusalemor theChurch of the NativityinBethlehem.The building was likely preceded by",
"likely preceded by anatrium, as in the later churches on the site. According toKen Darkand Jan Kostenec, a further remnant of the 4th century basilica may exist in a wall of alternating brick and stone banded masonry immediately to the west of the Justinianic church.The top part of the wall is constructed with bricks stamped with brick-stamps dating from the 5th century, but the lower part is of constructed with bricks typical of the 4th century.This wall was probably part of thepropylaeumat the west front of both the Constantinian and Theodosian Great Churches. The building was accompanied by abaptisteryand askeuophylakion.Ahypogeum, perhaps with anmartyriumabove it, was discovered before 1946, and the remnants of a brick wall with traces of marble revetment were identified in 2004.The hypogeum was a tomb which may have been part of the 4th-century church or may have been from the pre-Constantinian city ofByzantium.Theskeuophylakionis said byPalladiusto have had a circular floor plan, and since some",
"and since some U-shaped basilicas in Rome were funerary churches with attached circular mausolea (theMausoleum of Constantinaand theMausoleum of Helena), it is possible it originally had a funerary function, though by 405 its use had changed.A later account credited a woman called Anna with donating the land on which the church was built in return for the right to be buried there. Excavations on the western side of the site of the first church under the propylaeum wall reveal that the first church was built atop a road about 8 m (26 ft) wide.According to early accounts, the first Hagia Sophia was built on the site of an ancient pagan temple,although there are no artefacts to confirm this. The Patriarch of ConstantinopleJohn Chrysostomcame into a conflict with EmpressAelia Eudoxia, wife of the emperorArcadius(r.383–408), and was sent into exile on 20 June 404. During the subsequent riots, this first church was largely burnt down.Palladius noted that the 4th-centuryskeuophylakionsurvived the fire.According to",
"fire.According to Dark and Kostenec, the fire may only have affected the main basilica, leaving the surrounding ancillary buildings intact. Church of Theodosius II A second church on the site was ordered byTheodosius II(r.402–450), who inaugurated it on 10 October 415.TheNotitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae,a fifth-century list of monuments, names Hagia Sophia asMagna Ecclesia, 'Great Church', while the former cathedral Hagia Irene is referred to asEcclesia Antiqua, 'Old Church'. At the time of Socrates of Constantinople around 440, \"both churches enclosed by a single wall and served by the same clergy\".Thus, the complex would have encompassed a large area including the future site of theHospital of Samson.If the fire of 404 destroyed only the 4th-century main basilica church, then the 5th century Theodosian basilica could have been built surrounded by a complex constructed primarily during the fourth century. During the reign of Theodosius II, the emperor's elder sister, theAugustaPulcheria(r.414–453) was",
"was challenged by the patriarchNestorius(r.10 April 428 – 22 June 431).The patriarch denied theAugustaaccess to the sanctuary of the \"Great Church\", likely on 15 April 428.According to the anonymousLetter to Cosmas, the virgin empress, a promoter of thecult of the Virgin Marywho habitually partook in theEucharistat the sanctuary of Nestorius's predecessors, claimed right of entry because of her equivalent position to theTheotokos– the Virgin Mary – \"having given birth to God\".Their theological differences were part of the controversy over the titletheotokosthat resulted in theCouncil of Ephesusand the stimulation ofMonophysitismandNestorianism, a doctrine, which like Nestorius, rejects the use of the title.Pulcheria along withPope Celestine Iand PatriarchCyril of Alexandriahad Nestorius overthrown, condemned at the ecumenical council, and exiled. The area of the western entrance to the Justinianic Hagia Sophia revealed the western remains of its Theodosian predecessor, as well as some fragments of the",
"fragments of the Constantinian church.German archaeologistAlfons Maria Schneiderbegan conductingarchaeological excavationsduring the mid-1930s, publishing his final report in 1941.Excavations in the area that had once been the 6th-century atrium of the Justinianic church revealed the monumental western entrance and atrium, along with columns and sculptural fragments from both 4th- and 5th-century churches.Further digging was abandoned for fear of harming the structural integrity of the Justinianic building, but parts of the excavation trenches remain uncovered, laying bare the foundations of the Theodosian building. The basilica was built by architect Rufinus.The church's main entrance, which may have had gilded doors, faced west, and there was an additional entrance to the east.There was a centralpulpitand likely an upper gallery, possibly employed as amatroneum(women's section).The exterior was decorated with elaborate carvings of rich Theodosian-era designs, fragments of which have survived, while the",
"survived, while the floor just inside the portico was embellished with polychrome mosaics.The surviving carved gable end from the centre of the western façade is decorated with a cross-roundel.Fragments of afriezeofreliefswith 12 lambs representing the12 apostlesalso remain; unlike Justinian's 6th-century church, the Theodosian Hagia Sophia had both colourful floor mosaics and external decorative sculpture. At the western end, surviving stone fragments of the structure show there wasvaulting, at least at the western end.The Theodosian building had a monumental propylaeum hall with a portico that may account for this vaulting, which was thought by the original excavators in the 1930s to be part of the western entrance of the church itself.The propylaeum opened onto an atrium which lay in front of the basilica church itself. Preceding the propylaeum was a steep monumental staircase following the contours of the ground as it sloped away westwards in the direction of theStrategion, the Basilica, and the harbours",
"and the harbours of theGolden Horn.This arrangement would have resembled the steps outside the atrium of the ConstantinianOld St Peter's Basilicain Rome.Near the staircase, there was a cistern, perhaps to supply a fountain in the atrium or for worshippers to wash with before entering. The 4th-centuryskeuophylakionwas replaced in the 5th century by the present-day structure, arotundaconstructed of banded masonry in the lower two levels and of plain brick masonry in the third.Originally this rotunda, probably employed as a treasury for liturgical objects, had a second-floor internal gallery accessed by an external spiral staircase and two levels of niches for storage.A further row of windows with marble window frames on the third level remain bricked up.The gallery was supported on monumentalconsoleswith carvedacanthusdesigns, similar to those used on the late 5th-centuryColumn of Leo.A largelintelof theskeuophylakion's western entrance – bricked up during the Ottoman era – was discovered inside the rotunda",
"inside the rotunda when it was archaeologically cleared to its foundations in 1979, during which time the brickwork was alsorepointed.Theskeuophylakionwas again restored in 2014 by theVakıflar. A fire started during the tumult of theNika Revolt, which had begun nearby in theHippodrome of Constantinople, and the second Hagia Sophia was burnt to the ground on 13–14 January 532. The court historianProcopiuswrote: And by way of shewing that it was not against the Emperor alone that they had taken up arms, but no less against God himself, unholy wretches that they were, they had the hardihood to fire the Church of the Christians, which the people of Byzantium call \"Sophia\", an epithet which they have most appropriately invented for God, by which they call His temple; and God permitted them to accomplish this impiety, foreseeing into what an object of beauty this shrine was destined to be transformed. So the whole church at that time lay a charred mass of ruins. Church of Justinian I (current structure) On 23",
"structure) On 23 February 532, only a few weeks after the destruction of the second basilica, EmperorJustinian Iinaugurated the construction of a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors.Justinian appointed two architects, mathematicianAnthemius of Trallesand geometer and engineerIsidore of Miletus, to design the building. Construction of the church began in 532 during the short tenure of Phocas aspraetorian prefect.Although Phocas had been arrested in 529 as a suspected practitioner ofpaganism, he replacedJohn the Cappadocianafter the Nika Riots saw the destruction of the Theodosian church.According toJohn the Lydian, Phocas was responsible for funding the initial construction of the building with 4,000Roman poundsof gold, but he was dismissed from office in October 532.John the Lydian wrote that Phocas had acquired the funds by moral means, butEvagrius Scholasticuslater wrote that the money had been obtained unjustly. According toAnthony Kaldellis, both of Hagia",
"both of Hagia Sophia's architects named by Procopius were associated with theschoolof the pagan philosopherAmmonius of Alexandria.It is possible that both they and John the Lydian considered Hagia Sophia a great temple for the supremeNeoplatonistdeitywho manifestated through light and the sun. John the Lydian describes the church as the \"temenosof the Great God\" (Greek:τὸ τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ Τέμενος,romanized:tò toû megálou theoû Témenos). Originally the exterior of the church was covered withmarble veneer, as indicated by remaining pieces of marble and surviving attachments for lost panels on the building's western face.The white marblecladdingof much of the church, together withgildingof some parts, would have given Hagia Sophia a shimmering appearance quite different from the brick- and plaster-work of the modern period, and would have significantly increased its visibility from the sea.The cathedral's interior surfaces were sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purpleporphyry, and gold",
"and gold mosaics. The exterior was clad instuccothat was tinted yellow and red during the 19th-century restorations by theFossatiarchitects. The construction is described by Procopius inOn Buildings(Greek:Περὶ κτισμάτων,romanized:Peri ktismatōn, Latin:De aedificiis).Columns and other marble elements were imported from throughout the Mediterranean, although the columns were once thought to bespoilsfrom cities such as Rome and Ephesus.Even though they were made specifically for Hagia Sophia, they vary in size.More than ten thousand people were employed during the construction process. This new church was contemporaneously recognized as a major work of architecture. Outside the church was an elaborate array of monuments around the bronze-platedColumn of Justinian, topped by an equestrian statue of the emperor which dominated theAugustaeum, the open square outside the church which connected it with theGreat Palacecomplex through theChalke Gate. At the edge of the Augustaeum was theMilionand the Regia, the first",
"Regia, the first stretch of Constantinople's main thoroughfare, theMese. Also facing the Augustaeum were the enormous Constantinianthermae, theBaths of Zeuxippus, and the Justinianic civic basilica under which was the vastcisternknown as theBasilica Cistern. On the opposite side of Hagia Sophia was the former cathedral, Hagia Irene. Referring to the destruction of the Theodosian Hagia Sophia and comparing the new church with the old, Procopius lauded the Justinianic building, writing inDe aedificiis: ... the Emperor Justinian built not long afterwards a church so finely shaped, that if anyone had enquired of the Christians before the burning if it would be their wish that the church should be destroyed and one like this should take its place, shewing them some sort of model of the building we now see, it seems to me that they would have prayed that they might see their church destroyed forthwith, in order that the building might be converted into its present form. Upon seeing the finished building, the",
"building, the Emperor reportedly said:\"Solomon, I have surpassed thee\" (Medieval Greek:Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών). Justinian andPatriarch Menasinaugurated the new basilica on 27 December 537, 5 years and 10 months after construction started, with much pomp.Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such ascoronations. The basilica offeredsanctuary from persecutionto criminals, although there was disagreement about whether Justinian had intended for murderers to be eligible for asylum. Earthquakes in August 553 and on14 December 557caused cracks in the main dome and easternsemi-dome. According to theChronicleofJohn Malalas, during a subsequent earthquake on 7 May 558,the eastern semi-dome collapsed, destroying theambon, altar, andciborium. The collapse was due mainly to the excessivebearing loadand to the enormousshear loadof the dome, which was too flat.These caused the deformation of the piers which sustained the dome.Justinian",
"the dome.Justinian ordered an immediate restoration. He entrusted it to Isidorus the Younger, nephew of Isidore of Miletus, who used lighter materials. The entire vault had to be taken down and rebuilt 20 Byzantine feet (6.25 m or 20.5 ft) higher than before, giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 m (182 ft).Moreover, Isidorus changed the dome type, erecting a ribbed dome withpendentiveswhose diameter was between 32.7 and 33.5 m.Under Justinian's orders, eightCorinthian columnswere disassembled fromBaalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople around 560.This reconstruction, which gave the church its present 6th-century form, was completed in 562. The poetPaul the Silentiarycomposed anekphrasis, or long visual poem, for the re-dedication of the basilica presided over byPatriarch Eutychiuson 24 December 562. Paul the Silentiary's poem is conventionally known under the Latin titleDescriptio Sanctae Sophiae, and he was also author of anotherekphrasison the ambon of the church, theDescripto",
"theDescripto Ambonis. According to the history of the patriarchNicephorus Iand the chroniclerTheophanes the Confessor, various liturgical vessels of the cathedral were melted down on the order of the emperorHeraclius(r.610–641) after the capture ofAlexandriaandRoman Egyptby theSasanian Empireduring theByzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628.Theophanes states that these were made into gold and silver coins, and a tribute was paid to theAvars.The Avars attacked the extramural areas of Constantinople in 623, causing the Byzantines to move the \"garment\" relic (Greek:ἐσθής,translit.esthḗs) of Mary, mother of Jesus to Hagia Sophia from its usual shrine of theChurch of theTheotokosatBlachernaejust outside theTheodosian Walls.On 14 May 626, theScholae Palatinae, an elite body of soldiers, protested in Hagia Sophia against a planned increase in bread prices, after a stoppage of theCura Annonaerations resulting from the loss of the grain supply from Egypt.The Persians underShahrbarazand the Avars together laid thesiege of",
"laid thesiege of Constantinoplein 626; according to theChronicon Paschale, on 2 August 626,Theodore Syncellus, adeaconandpresbyterof Hagia Sophia, was among those who negotiated unsuccessfully with thekhaganof the Avars.Ahomily, attributed by existingmanuscriptsto Theodore Syncellus and possibly delivered on the anniversary of the event, describes the translation of the Virgin's garment and its ceremonial re-translation to Blachernae by the patriarchSergius Iafter the threat had passed.Another eyewitness account of the Avar–Persian siege was written byGeorge of Pisidia, a deacon of Hagia Sophia and an administrative official in for the patriarchate fromAntioch in Pisidia.Both George and Theodore, likely members of Sergius's literary circle, attribute the defeat of the Avars to the intervention of theTheotokos, a belief that strengthened in following centuries. In 726, the emperorLeo the Isaurianissued a series of edicts against the veneration of images, ordering the army to destroy all icons – ushering in",
"icons – ushering in the period ofByzantine iconoclasm. At that time, all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia. Following a brief hiatus during the reign of EmpressIrene(797–802), the iconoclasts returned. EmperorTheophilus(r.829–842) had two-winged bronze doors with hismonogramsinstalled at the southern entrance of the church. The basilica suffered damage, first in a great fire in 859, and again in an earthquake on 8 January 869 that caused the collapse of one of the half-domes.EmperorBasil Iordered repair of the tympanas, arches, and vaults. In his bookDe caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae(\"Book of Ceremonies\"), the emperorConstantine VII(r.913–959) wrote a detailed account of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch. Early in the 10th century, the pagan ruler of theKievan Rus'sent emissaries to his neighbors to learn about Judaism, Islam, and Roman and Orthodox Christianity. After visiting Hagia Sophia his emissaries reported back: \"We were led into a",
"\"We were led into a place where they serve their God, and we did not know where we were, in heaven or on earth.\" In the 940s or 950s, probably around 954 or 955, after theRus'–Byzantine Warof 941 and the death of theGrand Prince of Kiev,Igor I(r.912–945), his widowOlga of Kiev– regent for her infant sonSviatoslav I(r.945–972) – visited the emperor Constantine VII and was received as queen of theRus'in Constantinople.She was probably baptized in Hagia Sophia's baptistery, taking the name of the reigningaugusta,Helena Lecapena, and receiving the titleszōstē patrikíaand the styles ofarchontissaandhegemonof the Rus'.Her baptism was an important step towards theChristianization of the Kievan Rus', though the emperor's treatment of her visit inDe caerimoniisdoes not mention baptism.Olga is deemed a saint andequal-to-the-apostles(Greek:ἰσαπόστολος,translit.isapóstolos) in the Eastern Orthodox Church.According to an early 14th-century source, the second church in Kiev,Saint Sophia's, was founded inanno mundi6460 in",
"inanno mundi6460 in theByzantine calendar, orc.952.The name of this future cathedral of Kiev probably commemorates Olga's baptism at Hagia Sophia. After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which collapsed the western dome arch, EmperorBasil IIasked for the Armenian architectTrdat, creator of theCathedral of Ani, to direct the repairs.He erected again and reinforced the fallen dome arch, and rebuilt the west side of the dome with 15 dome ribs.The extent of the damage required six years of repair and reconstruction; the church was re-opened on 13 May 994. At the end of the reconstruction, the church's decorations were renovated, including the addition of four immense paintings of cherubs; a new depiction of Christ on the dome; a burial cloth of Christ shown on Fridays, and on theapsea new depiction of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, between the apostles Peter and Paul.On the great side arches were painted the prophets and the teachers of the church. According to the 13th-century Greek historianNiketas",
"historianNiketas Choniates, the emperorJohn II Comnenuscelebrated a revivedRoman triumphafter his victory over theDanishmendidsat the siege ofKastamonin 1133.After proceeding through the streets on foot carrying a cross with a silverquadrigabearing the icon of the Virgin Mary, the emperor participated in a ceremony at the cathedral before entering the imperial palace.In 1168, another triumph was held by the emperorManuel I Comnenus, again preceding with a gilded silverquadrigabearing the icon of the Virgin from the now-demolished East Gate (or Gate of St Barbara, later theTurkish:Top Kapısı,lit.'Cannon Gate') in thePropontis Wall, to Hagia Sophia for a thanks-giving service, and then to the imperial palace. In 1181, the daughter of the emperor Manuel I,Maria Comnena, and her husband, thecaesarRenier of Montferrat, fled to Hagia Sophia at the culmination of their dispute with the empressMaria of Antioch, regent for her son, the emperorAlexius II Comnenus.Maria Comnena and Renier occupied the cathedral with",
"the cathedral with the support of the patriarch, refusing the imperial administration's demands for a peaceful departure.According to Niketas Choniates, they \"transformed the sacred courtyard into a military camp\", garrisoned the entrances to the complex with locals and mercenaries, and despite the strong opposition of the patriarch, made the \"house of prayer into a den of thieves or a well-fortified and precipitous stronghold, impregnable to assault\", while \"all the dwellings adjacent to Hagia Sophia and adjoining the Augusteion were demolished by men\".A battle ensued in the Augustaion and around theMilion, during which the defenders fought from the \"gallery of the Catechumeneia (also called the Makron)\" facing the Augusteion, from which they eventually retreated and took up positions in the exonarthex of Hagia Sophia itself.At this point, \"the patriarch was anxious lest the enemy troops enter the temple, with unholy feet trample the holy floor, and with hands defiled and dripping with blood still warm",
"blood still warm plunder the all-holy dedicatory offerings\".After a successful sally by Renier and his knights, Maria requested a truce, the imperial assault ceased, and an amnesty was negotiated by themegas douxAndronikos Kontostephanosand themegas hetaireiarchesJohn Doukas.Greek historianNiketas Choniatescompared the preservation of the cathedral to the efforts made by the 1st-century emperorTitusto avoid the destruction of theSecond Templeduring thesiege of Jerusalemin theFirst Jewish–Roman War.Choniates reports that in 1182, a whitehawkwearingjesseswas seen to fly from the east to Hagia Sophia, flying three times from the \"building of theThōmaitēs\" (a basilica erected on the southeastern side of the Augustaion) to thePalace of the Kathismain theGreat Palace, where new emperors wereacclaimed.This was supposed to presage the end of the reign ofAndronicus I Comnenus(r.1183–1185). Choniates further writes that in 1203, during theFourth Crusade, the emperorsIsaac II AngelusandAlexius IV Angelusstripped Hagia",
"Hagia Sophia of all gold ornaments and silver oil-lamps in order to pay off the Crusaders who had oustedAlexius III Angelusand helped Isaac return to the throne.Upon the subsequentSack of Constantinoplein 1204, the church was further ransacked and desecrated by the Crusaders, as described by Choniates, though he did not witness the events in person. According to his account, composed at the court of the rumpEmpire of Nicaea, Hagia Sophia was stripped of its remaining metal ornaments, its altar was smashed into pieces, and a \"woman laden with sins\" sang and danced on thesynthronon.He adds that mules and donkeys were brought into the cathedral's sanctuary to carry away the gilded silver plating of the bema, the ambo, and the doors and other furnishings, and that one of them slipped on the marble floor and was accidentally disembowelled, further contaminating the place.According toAli ibn al-Athir, whose treatment of the Sack of Constantinople was probably dependent on a Christian source, the Crusaders",
"the Crusaders massacred some clerics who had surrendered to them.Much of the interior was damaged and would not be repaired until its return to Orthodox control in 1261.The sack of Hagia Sophia, and Constantinople in general, remained a sore point inCatholic–Eastern Orthodox relations. During theLatin occupationof Constantinople (1204–1261), the church became a Latin Catholic cathedral.Baldwin I of Constantinople(r.1204–1205) was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in Hagia Sophia in a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices.Enrico Dandolo, theDogeofVenicewho commanded the sack and invasion of the city by the Latin Crusaders in 1204, is buried inside the church, probably in the upper easterngallery. In the 19th century, an Italian restoration team placed acenotaphmarker, frequently mistaken as being a medieval artifact, near the probable location and is still visible today. The original tomb was destroyed by the Ottomans during the conversion of the church into a mosque. Upon the capture of",
"Upon the capture of Constantinople in 1261 by theEmpire of Nicaeaand the emperorMichael VIII Palaeologus, (r.1261–1282), the church was in a dilapidated state. In 1317, emperorAndronicus II Palaeologus(r.1282–1328) ordered four newbuttresses(Medieval Greek:Πυραμίδας,romanized:Pyramídas) to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church, financing them with the inheritance of his late wife,Irene of Montferrat(d.1314).New cracks developed in the dome after the earthquake of October 1344, and several parts of the building collapsed on 19 May 1346. Repairs by architectsAstrasand Peralta began in 1354. On 12 December 1452,Isidore of Kievproclaimed in Hagia Sophia the long-anticipated ecclesiastical union between the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches as decided at theCouncil of Florenceand decreed by thepapal bullLaetentur Caeli, though it would be short-lived. The union was unpopular among the Byzantines, who had already expelled the Patriarch of Constantinople,Gregory III, for his",
"III, for his pro-union stance. A new patriarch was not installed until after the Ottoman conquest. According to the Greek historianDoukas, the Hagia Sophia was tainted by these Catholic associations, and the anti-union Orthodox faithful avoided the cathedral, considering it to be a haunt ofdemonsand a \"Hellenic\" temple ofRoman paganism.Doukas also notes that after theLaetentur Caeliwas proclaimed, the Byzantines dispersed discontentedly to nearby venues where they drank toasts to theHodegetriaicon, which had, according to late Byzantine tradition, interceded to save them in the formersieges of Constantinopleby theAvar Khaganateand theUmayyad Caliphate. According toNestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad, the Hagia Sophia was the focus of an alarmingomeninterpreted as theHoly Spiritabandoning Constantinople on 21 May 1453, in the final days of the Siege of Constantinople.The sky lit up, illuminating the city, and \"many people gathered and saw on the Church of the Wisdom, at the top of the window, a",
"of the window, a large flame of fire issuing forth. It encircled the entire neck of the church for a long time. The flame gathered into one; its flame altered, and there was an indescribable light. At once it took to the sky. ... The light itself has gone up to heaven; the gates of heaven were opened; the light was received; and again they were closed.\"This phenomenon was perhapsSt Elmo's fireinduced by gunpowder smoke and unusual weather.The author relates that the fall of the city to \"Mohammadenism\" was foretold in an omen seen by Constantine the Great – an eagle fighting with a snake – which also signified that \"in the end Christianity will overpower Mohammedanism, will receive theSeven Hills, and will be enthroned in it\". The eventual fall of Constantinople had long been predicted inapocalyptic literature.A reference to the destruction of a city founded on seven hills in theBook of Revelationwas frequently understood to be about Constantinople, and theApocalypse of Pseudo-Methodiushad predicted an",
"predicted an \"Ishmaelite\" conquest of the Roman Empire.In this text, the Muslim armies reach theForum Bovisbefore being turned back by divine intervention; in later apocalyptic texts, the climactic turn takes place at theColumn of Theodosiuscloser to Hagia Sophia; in others, it occurs at theColumn of Constantine, which is closer still.Hagia Sophia is mentioned in a hagiography of uncertain date detailing the life of the Eastern Orthodox saintAndrew the Fool.The text is self-attributed to Nicephorus, a priest of Hagia Sophia, and contains a description of theend timein the form of a dialogue, in which the interlocutor, upon being told by the saint that Constantinople will be sunk in a flood and that \"the waters as they gush forth will irresistibly deluge her and cover her and surrender her to the terrifying and immense sea of the abyss\", says \"some people say that the Great Church of God will not be submerged with the city but will be suspended in the air by an invisible power\".The reply is given that \"When",
"is given that \"When the whole city sinks into the sea, how can the Great Church remain? Who will need her? Do you think God dwells in temples made with hands?\"TheColumn of Constantine, however, is prophesied to endure. From the time of Procopius in the reign of Justinian, the equestrian imperial statue on theColumn of Justinianin theAugustaionbeside Hagia Sophia, which gestured towards Asia with right hand, was understood to represent the emperor holding back the threat to the Romans from theSasanian Empirein theRoman–Persian Wars, while the orb orglobus crucigerheld in the statue's left was an expression of the global power of the Roman emperor.Subsequently, in theArab–Byzantine wars, the threat held back by the statue became theUmayyad Caliphate, and later, the statue was thought to be fending off the advance of the Turks.The identity of the emperor was often confused with that of other famous saint-emperors likeTheodosius IandHeraclius.The orb was frequently referred to as an apple in foreigners' accounts",
"accounts of the city, and it was interpreted in Greek folklore as a symbol of the Turks' mythological homeland in Central Asia, the \"Lone Apple Tree\".The orb fell to the ground in 1316 and was replaced by 1325, but while it was still in place around 1412, by the timeJohann Schiltbergersaw the statue in 1427, the \"empire-apple\" (German:Reichsapfel) had fallen to the earth.An attempt to raise it again in 1435 failed, and this amplified the prophecies of the city's fall.For the Turks, the \"red apple\" (Turkish:kızıl elma) came to symbolize Constantinople itself and subsequently the military supremacy of the Islamic caliphate over the Christian empire.InNiccolò Barbaro's account of the fall of the city in 1453, the Justinianic monument was interpreted in the last days of the siege as representing the city's founder Constantine the Great, indicating \"this is the way my conqueror will come\". According toLaonicus Chalcocondyles, Hagia Sophia was a refuge for the population during the city's capture.Despite the",
"capture.Despite the ill-repute and empty state of Hagia Sophia after December 1452, Doukas writes that after the Theodosian Walls were breached, the Byzantines took refuge there as the Turks advanced through the city: \"All the women and men, monks, and nuns ran to the Great Church. They, both men and women, were holding in their arms their infants. What a spectacle! That street was crowded, full of human beings.\"He attributes their change of heart to a prophecy. What was the reason that compelled all to flee to the Great Church? They had been listening, for many years, to some pseudo-soothsayers, who had declared that the city was destined to be handed over to the Turks, who would enter in large numbers and would massacre the Romans as far as the Column of Constantine the Great. After this an angel would descend, holding his sword. He would hand over the kingdom, together with the sword, to some insignificant, poor, and humble man who would happen to be standing by the Column. He would say to him: \"Take this",
"to him: \"Take this sword and avenge the Lord's people.\" Then the Turks would be turned back, would be massacred by the pursuing Romans, and would be ejected from the city and from all places in the west and the east and would be driven as far as the borders of Persia, to a place called the Lone Tree …. That was the cause for the flight into the Great Church. In one hour that famous and enormous church was filled with men and women. An innumerable crowd was everywhere: upstairs, downstairs, in the courtyards, and in every conceivable place. They closed the gates and stood there, hoping for salvation. In accordance with the traditional custom of the time, SultanMehmed IIallowed his troops and his entourage three full days of unbridled pillage and looting in the city shortly after it was captured. This period saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches;Hagia Sophia itself was looted as the invaders believed it to contain the greatest treasures of the city.Shortly after the defence of theWalls of",
"of theWalls of Constantinoplecollapsed and the victorious Ottoman troops entered the city, the pillagers and looters made their way to the Hagia Sophia and battered down its doors before storming inside.Once the three days passed, Mehmed was to claim the city's remaining contents for himself.However, by the end of the first day, he proclaimed that the looting should cease as he felt profound sadness when he toured the looted and enslaved city. Throughout the siege of Constantinople, the trapped people of the city participated in theDivine Liturgyand the Prayer of the Hours at the Hagia Sophia, and the church was a safe-haven and a refuge for many of those who were unable to contribute to the city's defence, including women, children, elderly, the sick and the wounded.As they were trapped in the church, the many congregants and other refugees inside became spoils-of-war to be divided amongst the triumphant invaders. The building was desecrated and looted, and those who sought shelter within the church were",
"the church were enslaved.While most of the elderly and the infirm, injured, and sick were killed, the remainder (mainly teenage males and young boys) were chained and sold into slavery. Mosque (1453–1935) Constantinoplefell to the attacking Ottoman forces on 29 May 1453.Sultan Mehmed IIentered the city and performed theFriday prayerandkhutbah(sermon) in Hagia Sophia, and this action marked the official conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque.The church's priests and religious personnel continued to perform Christian rites, prayers, and ceremonies until they were compelled to stop by the invaders.When Mehmed and his entourage entered the church, he ordered that it be converted into a mosque immediately. One of theʿulamāʾ(Islamic scholars) present climbed onto the church's ambo and recited theshahada(\"There is no god but Allah, andMuhammadis his messenger\"), thus marking the beginning of theconversion of the church into a mosque.Mehmed is reported to have taken a sword to a soldier who tried to pry up one of",
"to pry up one of the paving slabs of the Proconnesian marble floor. As described by Western visitors before 1453, such as theCórdobannoblemanPero Tafurand theFlorentinegeographerCristoforo Buondelmonti,the church was in a dilapidated state, with several of its doors fallen from their hinges. Mehmed II ordered a renovation of the building. Mehmed attended the first Friday prayer in the mosque on 1 June 1453.Aya Sofya became the first imperial mosque of Istanbul.Most of the existing houses in the city and the area of the futureTopkapı Palacewere endowed to the correspondingwaqf.From 1478, 2,360 shops, 1,300 houses, 4caravanserais, 30bozashops, and 23 shops of sheep heads and trotters gave their income to the foundation.Through the imperial charters of 1520 (AH926) and 1547 (AH 954), shops and parts of theGrand Bazaarand other markets were added to the foundation. Before 1481, a smallminaretwas erected on the southwest corner of the building, above the stair tower.Mehmed's successorBayezid II(r.1481–1512) later",
"later built another minaret at the northeast corner.One of the minarets collapsed after theearthquake of 1509,and around the middle of the 16th century they were both replaced by two diagonally opposite minarets built at the east and west corners of the edifice.In 1498,Bernardo Bonsignoriwas the last Western visitor to Hagia Sophia to report seeing the ancient Justinianic floor; shortly afterwards the floor was covered over with carpet and not seen again until the 19th century. In the 16th century, SultanSuleiman the Magnificent(r.1520–1566) brought two colossal candlesticks from hisconquestof theKingdom of Hungaryand placed them on either side of themihrab. During Suleiman's reign, the mosaics above thenarthexand imperial gates depicting Jesus, Mary, and various Byzantine emperors were covered by whitewash and plaster, which were removed in 1930 under the Turkish Republic. During the reign ofSelim II(r.1566–1574), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the",
"with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by Ottoman architectMimar Sinan, who was also an earthquake engineer.In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure, Sinan built two additional large minarets at the western end of the building, the original sultan's lodge and thetürbe(mausoleum) of Selim II to the southeast of the building in 1576–1577 (AH 984). In order to do that, parts of the Patriarchate at the south corner of the building were pulled down the previous year.Moreover, the goldencrescentwas mounted on the top of the dome,and a respect zone 35arşın(about 24 m) wide was imposed around the building, leading to the demolition of all houses within the perimeter.The türbe became the location of the tombs of 43 Ottoman princes.Murad III(r.1574–1595) imported two largealabasterHellenisticurnsfromPergamon(Bergama) and placed them on two sides of the nave. In 1594 (AH 1004)Mimar(court architect)Davud Ağabuilt the türbe of Murad III, where the Sultan and hisvalide,Safiye",
"hisvalide,Safiye Sultanwere buried.The octagonal mausoleum of their sonMehmed III(r.1595–1603) and hisvalidewas built next to it in 1608 (AH 1017) by royal architect Dalgiç Mehmet Aĝa.His sonMustafa I(r.1617–1618, 1622–1623) converted the baptistery into his türbe. In 1717, under the reign of SultanAhmed III(r.1703–1730), the crumbling plaster of the interior was renovated, contributing indirectly to the preservation of many mosaics, which otherwise would have been destroyed by mosque workers.In fact, it was usual for the mosaic'stesserae—believed to betalismans—to be sold to visitors.SultanMahmud Iordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added amedrese(a Koranic school, subsequently the library of the museum), animaret(soup kitchen for distribution to the poor) and a library, and in 1740 he added aŞadirvan(fountain for ritual ablutions), thus transforming it into akülliye, or social complex. At the same time, a new sultan's lodge and a new mihrab were built inside. Renovation of 1847–1849 The",
"of 1847–1849 The 19th-century restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by SultanAbdulmejid I(r.1823–1861) and completed between 1847 and 1849 by eight hundred workers under the supervision of theSwiss-Italianarchitect brothersGaspare and Giuseppe Fossati. The brothers consolidated the dome with a restraining iron chain and strengthened the vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building.The mosaics in the upper gallery were exposed and cleaned, although many were recovered \"for protection against further damage\". Eight new gigantic circular-framed discs ormedallionswere hung from thecornice, on each of the four piers and at either side of the apse and the west doors. These were designed by the calligrapherKazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi(1801–1877) and painted with the names ofAllah,Muhammad, theRashidun(the first four caliphs:Abu Bakr,Umar,UthmanandAli), and the two grandsons of Muhammad:HasanandHusayn, the sons of Ali.In 1850, the architects",
"the architects Fossati built a newmaqsuraor caliphal loge inNeo-Byzantinecolumns and an Ottoman–Rococo style marble grille connecting to the royal pavilion behind the mosque.The new maqsura was built at the extreme east end of the northern aisle, next to the north-eastern pier. The existing maqsura in the apse, near the mihrab, was demolished.A new entrance was constructed for the sultan: theHünkar Mahfili.The Fossati brothers also renovated theminbarandmihrab. Outside the main building, the minarets were repaired and altered so that they were of equal height.A clock building, theMuvakkithane, was built by the Fossatis for use by themuwaqqit(the mosque timekeeper), and a newmadrasa(Islamic school) was constructed. TheKasr-ı Hümayunwas also built under their direction.When the restoration was finished, the mosque was re-opened with a ceremony on 13 July 1849.An edition oflithographsfrom drawings made during the Fossatis' work on Hagia Sophia was published inLondonin 1852, entitled:Aya Sophia of Constantinople",
"of Constantinople as Recently Restored by Order of H.M. The Sultan Abdulmedjid. Occupation of Istanbul (1918–1923) In the aftermath of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Constantinople wasoccupiedby British, French, Italian, and Greek forces. On 19 January 1919, the Greek Orthodox Christian military priestEleftherios Noufrakisperformed an unauthorizedDivine Liturgyin the Hagia Sophia, the only such instance since the 1453 fall of Constantinople.The anti-occupationSultanahmet demonstrationswere held next to Hagia Sophia from March to May 1919. In Greece, the 500drachmabanknotes issued in 1923 featured Hagia Sophia. Museum (1935–2020) In 1935, the firstTurkish Presidentand founder of the Republic of Turkey,Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, transformed the building into a museum. During the Second World War, the minarets of the museum housedMG 08machine guns.The carpet and the layer of mortar underneath were removed and marble floor decorations such as theomphalionappeared for the first time since",
"first time since theFossatis' restoration,when the white plaster covering many of the mosaics had been removed. Due to neglect, the condition of the structure continued to deteriorate, prompting theWorld Monuments Fund(WMF) to include the Hagia Sophiain their 1996and1998 Watch Lists. During this time period, the building's copper roof had cracked, causing water to leak down over the fragile frescoes and mosaics. Moisture entered from below as well. Risingground waterincreased the level of humidity within the monument, creating an unstable environment for stone and paint. The WMF secured a series of grants from 1997 to 2002 for the restoration of the dome. The first stage of work involved the structural stabilization and repair of the cracked roof, which was undertaken with the participation of theTurkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The second phase, the preservation of the dome's interior, afforded the opportunity to employ and train young Turkishconservatorsin the care of mosaics. By 2006, the WMF",
"By 2006, the WMF project was complete, though many areas of Hagia Sophia continue to require significant stability improvement, restoration, and conservation. In 2014, Hagia Sophia was the second most visited museum in Turkey, attracting almost 3.3 million visitors annually. While use of the complex as a place of worship (mosque or church) was strictly prohibited,in 1991 the Turkish government allowed the allocation of a pavilion in the museum complex (Ayasofya Müzesi Hünkar Kasrı) for use as a prayer room, and, since 2013, two of the museum's minarets had been used for voicing the call to prayer (theezan) regularly. From the early 2010s, several campaigns and government high officials, notably Turkey's deputy prime ministerBülent Arınçin November 2013, demanded the Hagia Sophia be converted back into a mosque.In 2015,Pope Francispublicly acknowledged theArmenian genocide, which isofficially denied in Turkey. In response, the mufti of Ankara, Mefail Hızlı, said he believed the Pope's remarks would accelerate",
"would accelerate the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque. On 1 July 2016, Muslim prayers were held again in the Hagia Sophia for the first time in 85 years.That November, a TurkishNGO, theAssociation for the Protection of Historic Monuments and the Environment, filed a lawsuit for converting the museum into a mosque.The court decided it should stay as a 'monument museum'.In October 2016, Turkey'sDirectorate of Religious Affairs(Diyanet) appointed, for the first time in 81 years, a designatedimam, Önder Soy, to the Hagia Sophia mosque (Ayasofya Camii Hünkar Kasrı), located at theHünkar Kasrı, a pavilion for the sultans' private ablutions. Since then, theadhanhas been regularly called out from the Hagia Sophia's all four minarets five times a day. On 13 May 2017, a large group of people, organized by the Anatolia Youth Association (AGD), gathered in front of Hagia Sophia and prayed the morning prayer with a call for the re-conversion of the museum into a mosque.On 21 June 2017 theDirectorate of Religious",
"of Religious Affairs(Diyanet) organized a special programme, broadcast live by state-run televisionTRT, which included the recitation of theQuranand prayers in Hagia Sophia, to mark theLaylat al-Qadr. Reversion to mosque (2018–present) Since 2018,Turkish presidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğanhad talked of reverting the status of the Hagia Sophia back to a mosque, a move seen to be very popularly accepted by the religious populace whom Erdoğan was attempting to persuade.On 31 March 2018 Erdoğan recited the first verse of theQuranin the Hagia Sophia, dedicating the prayer to the \"souls of all who left us this work as inheritance, especially Istanbul'sconqueror,\" strengthening the political movement to make the Hagia Sophia a mosque once again, which would reverse Atatürk's measure of turning the Hagia Sophia into a secular museum.In March 2019 Erdoğan said that he would change the status of Hagia Sophia from a museum to a mosque,adding that it had been a \"very big mistake\" to turn it into a museum.As a UNESCO World",
"a UNESCO World Heritage site, this change would require approval from UNESCO'sWorld Heritage Committee.In late 2019 Erdoğan's office took over the administration and upkeep of the nearbyTopkapı Palace Museum, transferring responsibility for the site from theMinistry of Culture and Tourismby presidential decree. In 2020, Turkey's government celebrated the 567th anniversary of the Conquest of Constantinople with an Islamic prayer in Hagia Sophia. Erdoğan said during a televised broadcast \"Al-Fathsurahwill be recited and prayers will be done at Hagia Sophia as part of conquest festival\".In May, during the anniversary events, passages from the Quran were read in the Hagia Sophia. Greece condemned this action, while Turkey in response accused Greece of making \"futile and ineffective statements\".In June, the head of Turkey's Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) said that \"we would be very happy to open Hagia Sophia for worship\" and that if it happened \"we will provide our religious services as we do in all",
"as we do in all our mosques\".On 25 June,John Haldon, president of theInternational Association of Byzantine Studies, wrote an open letter to Erdoğan asking that he \"consider the value of keeping the Aya Sofya as a museum\". On 10 July 2020, the decision of the Council of Ministers from 1935 to transform the Hagia Sophia into a museum was annulled by the Council of State, decreeing that Hagia Sophia cannot be used \"for any other purpose\" than being a mosque and that the Hagia Sophia was property of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Han Foundation. The council reasoned Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, who conquered Istanbul, deemed the property to be used by the public as a mosque without any fees and was not within the jurisdiction of the Parliament or a ministry council.Despite secular and global criticism, Erdoğan signed a decree annulling the Hagia Sophia's museum status, reverting it to a mosque.The call to prayer was broadcast from the minarets shortly after the announcement of the change and rebroadcast by major Turkish",
"by major Turkish news networks.The Hagia Sophia Museum's social media channels were taken down the same day, with Erdoğan announcing at a press conference that prayers themselves would be held there from 24 July.A presidential spokesperson said it would become a working mosque, open to anyone similar to theParisianchurchesSacré-CœurandNotre-Dame. The spokesperson also said that the change would not affect the status of the Hagia Sophia as a UNESCO World Heritage site, and that \"Christianicons\" within it would continue to be protected.Earlier the same day, before the final decision, the Turkish Finance and Treasury MinisterBerat Albayrakand the Justice MinisterAbdulhamit Gülexpressed their expectations of opening the Hagia Sophia to worship for Muslims.Mustafa Şentop,Speakerof Turkey'sGrand National Assembly, said \"a longing in the heart of our nation has ended\".A presidential spokesperson claimed that all political parties in Turkey supported Erdoğan's decision;however, thePeoples' Democratic Partyhad",
"Democratic Partyhad previously released a statement denouncing the decision, saying \"decisions on human heritage cannot be made on the basis of political games played by the government\".Themayor of Istanbul,Ekrem İmamoğlu, said that he supports the conversion \"as long as it benefits Turkey\", adding that he felt that Hagia Sophia has been a mosque since 1453.Ali Babacanattacked the policy of his former ally Erdoğan, saying the Hagia Sophia issue \"has come to the agenda now only to cover up other problems\".Orhan Pamuk, TurkishnovelistandNobel laureate, publicly denounced the move, saying \"Kemal Atatürk changed... Hagia Sophia from a mosque to a museum, honouring all previous Greek Orthodox and Latin Catholic history, making it as a sign of Turkish modern secularism\". On 17 July, Erdoğan announced that the first prayers in the Hagia Sophia would be open to between 1,000 and 1,500 worshippers. He said that Turkey hadsovereign powerover Hagia Sophia and was not obligated to bend to international opinion. While",
"opinion. While the Hagia Sophia has now been rehallowed as a mosque, the place remains open for visitors outside of prayer times. While at the beginning the entrance was free,later the Turkish government decided that, starting from 15 January 2024, the foreign nationals will have to pay an entrance fee. On 22 July, a turquoise-coloured carpet was laid to prepare the mosque for worshippers;Ali Erbaş, head of theDiyanet, attended its laying.Theomphalionwas left exposed. Due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, Erbaş said Hagia Sophia would accommodate up to 1,000 worshippers at a time and asked that they bring \"masks, aprayer rug, patience and understanding\".The mosque opened forFriday prayerson 24 July, the 97th anniversary of the signature of theTreaty of Lausanne, which established the borders of the modern Turkish Republic.The mosaics of the Virgin and Child in the apse were covered by white drapes.There had been proposals to conceal the mosaics withlasersduring prayer times, but this idea was ultimately shelved.Erbaş",
"shelved.Erbaş proclaimed during hissermon, \"Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror dedicated this magnificent construction to believers to remain a mosque until theDay of Resurrection\".Erdoğan and some government ministers attended the midday prayers as many worshippers prayed outside; at one point the security cordon was breached and dozens of people broke through police lines.Turkey invited foreign leaders and officials, includingPope Francis, for the prayers.It is the fourth Byzantine church converted from museum to a mosque during Erdoğan's rule. In April 2022, the Hagia Sophia held its first Ramadantarawihprayer in 88 years. International reaction and discussions Days before the final decision on the conversion was made, Ecumenical PatriarchBartholomew I of Constantinoplestated in a sermon that \"the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque would disappoint millions of Christians around the world\", he also said that Hagia Sophia, which was \"a vital center where East is embraced with the West\", would \"fracture these",
"\"fracture these two worlds\" in the event of conversion.The proposed conversion was decried by other Orthodox Christian leaders, theRussian Orthodox Church'sPatriarch Kirill of Moscowstating that \"a threat to Hagia Sophia s a threat to all of Christian civilization\". Following the Turkish government's decision, UNESCO announced it \"deeply regret\" the conversion \"made without prior discussion\", and asked Turkey to \"open a dialogue without delay\", stating that the lack of negotiation was \"regrettable\".UNESCO further announced that the \"state of conservation\" of Hagia Sophia would be \"examined\" at the next session of theWorld Heritage Committee, urging Turkey \"to initiate dialogue without delay, in order to prevent any detrimental effect on the universal value of this exceptional heritage\".Ernesto Ottone, UNESCO's Assistant Director-General for Culture said \"It is important to avoid any implementing measure, without prior discussion with UNESCO, that would affect physical access to the site, the structure of the",
"structure of the buildings, the site's moveable property, or the site's management\".UNESCO's statement of 10 July said \"these concerns were shared with the Republic of Turkey in several letters, and again yesterday evening with the representative of the Turkish Delegation\" without a response. TheWorld Council of Churches, which claims to represent 500 million Christians of 350denominations, condemned the decision to convert the building into a mosque, saying that would \"inevitably create uncertainties, suspicions and mistrust\"; the World Council of Churches urged Turkey's president Erdoğan \"to reconsider and reverse\" his decision \"in the interests of promoting mutual understanding, respect, dialogue and cooperation, and avoiding cultivating old animosities and divisions\".At the recitation of the SundayAngelusprayer atSt Peter's Squareon 12 JulyPope Francissaid, \"My thoughts go to Istanbul. I think of Santa Sophia and I am very pained\" (Italian:Penso a Santa Sofia, a Istanbul, e sono molto addolorato).The",
"addolorato).The International Association of Byzantine Studies announced that its 21st International Congress, due to be held in Istanbul in 2021, will no longer be held there and is postponed to 2022. Josep Borrell, theEuropean Union'sHigh Representative for Foreign AffairsandVice-President of the European Commission, released a statement calling the decisions by the Council of State and Erdoğan \"regrettable\" and pointing out that \"as a founding member of theAlliance of Civilisations, Turkey has committed to the promotion of inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue and to fostering of tolerance and co-existence.\"According to Borrell, theEuropean Union member states' twenty-seven foreign ministers \"condemned the Turkish decision to convert such an emblematic monument as the Hagia Sophia\" at meeting on 13 July, saying it \"will inevitably fuel the mistrust, promote renewed division between religious communities and undermine our efforts at dialog and cooperation\" and that \"there was a broad support to call",
"support to call on the Turkish authorities to urgently reconsider and reverse this decision\".Greecedenounced the conversion and considered it a breach of the UNESCO World Heritage titling.Greek culture minister Lina Mendoni called it an \"open provocation to the civilised world\" which \"absolutely confirms that there is no independent justice\" in Erdoğan's Turkey, and that hisTurkish nationalism\"takes his country back six centuries\".Greece andCypruscalled for EU sanctions on Turkey.Morgan Ortagus, thespokesperson for the United States Department of State, noted: \"We are disappointed by the decision by the government of Turkey to change the status of the Hagia Sophia.\"Jean-Yves Le Drian,foreign ministerofFrance, said his country \"deplores\" the move, saying \"these decisions cast doubt on one of the most symbolic acts of modern and secular Turkey\".Vladimir Dzhabarov, deputy head of the foreign affairs committee of the RussianFederation Council, said that it \"will not do anything for the Muslim world. It does not",
"world. It does not bring nations together, but on the contrary brings them into collision\" and calling the move a \"mistake\".The formerdeputy prime minister of Italy,Matteo Salvini, held a demonstration in protest outside the Turkish consulate inMilan, calling for all plans foraccession of Turkey to the European Unionto be terminated \"once and for all\".InEast Jerusalem, a protest was held outside the Turkish consulate on 13 July, with the burning of aTurkish flagand the display of theGreek flagandflag of the Greek Orthodox Church.In a statement the Turkish foreign ministry condemned the burning of the flag, saying \"nobody can disrespect or encroach our glorious flag\". Ersin Tatar, prime minister of the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus, which isrecognized only by Turkey, welcomed the decision, calling it \"sound\" and \"pleasing\".He further criticized the government of Cyprus, claiming that \"theGreek Cypriotadministration, who burned down our mosques, should not have a say in this\".Through a spokesman",
"a spokesman theForeign MinistryofIranwelcomed the change, saying the decision was an \"issue that should be considered as part of Turkey's national sovereignty\" and \"Turkey's internal affair\".Sergei Vershinin, deputy foreign minister ofRussia, said that the matter was of one of \"internal affairs, in which, of course, neither we nor others should interfere.\"TheArab Maghreb Unionwas supportive.Ekrema Sabri, imam of theal-Aqsa Mosque, andAhmed bin Hamad al-Khalili, grand mufti ofOman, both congratulated Turkey on the move.TheMuslim Brotherhoodwas also in favour of the news.A spokesman for the PalestinianIslamistmovementHamascalled the verdict \"a proud moment for all Muslims\".Pakistani politicianChaudhry Pervaiz Elahiof thePakistan Muslim League (Q)welcomed the ruling, claiming it was \"not only in accordance with the wishes of the people of Turkey but the entire Muslim world\".TheMuslim Judicial Councilgroup inSouth Africapraised the move, calling it \"a historic turning point\".InNouakchott, capital ofMauritania,",
"ofMauritania, there were prayers and celebrations topped by the sacrifice of acamel.On the other hand,Shawki Allam, grand mufti ofEgypt, ruled that conversion of the Hagia Sophia to a mosque is \"impermissible\". When President Erdoğan announced that the first Muslim prayers would be held inside the building on 24 July, he added that \"like all our mosques, the doors of Hagia Sophia will be wide open to locals and foreigners, Muslims and non-Muslims.\" Presidential spokesmanİbrahim Kalınsaid that the icons and mosaics of the building would be preserved, and that \"in regards to the arguments of secularism, religious tolerance and coexistence, there are more than four hundred churches and synagogues open in Turkey today.\"Ömer Çelik, spokesman for the rulingJustice and Development Party(AKP), announced on 13 July that entry to Hagia Sophia would be free of charge and open to all visitors outside prayer times, during which Christian imagery in the building's mosaics would be covered by curtains orlasers.The Turkish",
"Turkish foreign minister,Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, toldTRT Haberon 13 July that the government was surprised at the reaction of UNESCO, saying that \"We have to protect our ancestors' heritage. The function can be this way or that way – it does not matter\". On 14 July the prime minister of Greece,Kyriakos Mitsotakis, said his government was \"considering its response at all levels\" to what he called Turkey's \"unnecessary, petty initiative\", and that \"with this backward action, Turkey is opting to sever links withwestern worldand its values\".In relation to both Hagia Sophia and theCyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute, Mitsotakis called for European sanctions against Turkey, referring to it as \"a regional troublemaker, and which is evolving into a threat to the stability of the whole south-east Mediterranean region\".Dora Bakoyannis, Greek former foreign minister, said Turkey's actions had \"crossed the Rubicon\", distancing itself from the West.On the day of the building's re-opening, Mitsotakis called the re-conversion",
"the re-conversion evidence of Turkey's weakness rather than a show of power. Armenia's Foreign Ministry expressed \"deep concern\" about the move, adding that it brought to a close Hagia Sophia's symbolism of \"cooperation and unity of humankind instead of clash of civilizations.\"CatholicosKarekin II, the head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, said the move \"violat the rights of national religious minorities in Turkey\"Sahak II Mashalian, the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, perceived as loyal to the Turkish government, endorsed the decision to convert the museum into a mosque. He said, \"I believe that believers' praying suits better the spirit of the temple instead of curious tourists running around to take pictures.\" In July 2021, UNESCO asked for an updated report on the state of conservation and expressed \"grave concern\". There were also some concerns about the future of its World Heritage status.Turkey responded that the changes had \"no negative impact\" on UNESCO standards and the criticism is \"biased",
"is \"biased and political\". Architecture Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples ofByzantine architecture.Its interior is decorated withmosaics,marblepillars, and coverings of great artistic value. Justinian had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years until the completion of thecathedral in Sevillein Spain. The Hagia Sophia uses masonry construction. The structure has brick andmortarjoints that are 1.5 times the width of the bricks. The mortar joints are composed of a combination of sand and minute ceramic pieces distributed evenly throughout the mortar joints. This combination of sand andpotsherdswas often used inRoman concrete, a predecessor to modernconcrete. A considerable amount of iron was used as well, in the form of cramps and ties. Justinian's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement oflate antiquityand the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence,",
"Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in theEastern Christianity,Western Christianity, andIslamalike. The vast interior has a complex structure. Thenaveis covered by a central dome which at its maximum is 55.6 m (182 ft 5 in) from floor level and rests on an arcade of 40 arched windows. Repairs to its structure have left the dome somewhat elliptical, with the diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m (102 ft 6 in and 101 ft 3 in). At the western entrance and eastern liturgical side, there are arched openings extended by half domes of identical diameter to the central dome, carried on smallersemi-domedexedrae, a hierarchy of dome-headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the central dome, with a clear span of 76.2 m (250 ft). The theories ofHero of Alexandria, aHellenistic mathematicianof the 1st century AD, may have been utilized to address the challenges presented by building such an expansive dome over so large a space.Svenshon and",
"space.Svenshon and Stiffel proposed that the architects used Hero's proposed values for constructing vaults. The square measurements were calculated using the side-and-diagonal number progression, which results in squares defined by the numbers 12 and 17, wherein 12 defines the side of the square and 17 its diagonal, which have been used as standard values as early as in cuneiform Babylonian texts. Each of the four sides of the great square Hagia Sophia is approximately 31 m long,and it was previously thought that this was the equivalent of 100Byzantine feet.Svenshon suggested that the size of the side of the central square of Hagia Sophia is not 100 Byzantine feet but instead 99 feet. This measurement is not only rational, but it is also embedded in the system of the side-and-diagonal number progression (70/99) and therefore a usable value by the applied mathematics of antiquity. It gives a diagonal of 140 which is manageable for constructing a huge dome like that of the Hagia Sophia. Floor The stone floor",
"The stone floor of Hagia Sophia dates from the 6th century. After the first collapse of the vault, the broken dome was leftin situon the original Justinianic floor and a new floor was laid above the rubble when the dome was rebuilt in 558.From the installation of this second Justinianic floor, the floor became part of theliturgy, with significant locations and spaces demarcated in various ways using different-coloured stones and marbles. The floor is predominantly made up ofProconnesian marble, quarried onProconnesus(Marmara Island) in thePropontis(Sea of Marmara). This was the main white marble used in the monuments of Constantinople. Other parts of the floor, like the Thessalianverd antique\"marble\", were quarried inThessalyinRoman Greece. The Thessalian verd antique bands across the nave floor were often likened to rivers. The floor was praised by numerous authors and repeatedly compared to a sea.The Justinianic poetPaul the Silentiarylikened the ambo and the solea connecting it to the sanctuary with an",
"sanctuary with an island in a sea, with the sanctuary itself a harbour.The 9th-centuryNarratiowrites of it as \"like the sea or the flowing waters of a river\".Michael the Deaconin the 12th century also described the floor as a sea in which the ambo and other liturgical furniture stood as islands.During the 15th-century conquest of Constantinople, the Ottoman caliph Mehmed is said to have ascended to the dome and the galleries in order to admire the floor, which according toTursun Begresembled \"a sea in a storm\" or a \"petrified sea\".Other Ottoman-era authors also praised the floor;Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebicompared it to waves of marble.The floor was hidden beneath a carpet on 22 July 2020. Narthex and portals The Imperial Gate, or Imperial Door, was the main entrance between the exo- and esonarthex, and it was originally exclusively used by the emperor.A long ramp from the northern part of the outer narthex leads up to the upper gallery. Upper gallery The upper gallery, ormatroneum, is horseshoe-shaped; it",
"it encloses the nave on three sides and is interrupted by the apse. Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the Empress and her court. The best-preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery. . The northern first floor gallery containsrunic graffitibelieved to have been left by members of theVarangian Guard.Structural damage caused by natural disasters is visible on the Hagia Sophia's exterior surface. To ensure that the Hagia Sophia did not sustain any damage on the interior of the building, studies have been conducted using ground penetrating radar within the gallery of the Hagia Sophia. With the use ofground-penetrating radar(GPR), teams discovered weak zones within the Hagia Sophia's gallery and also concluded that the curvature of the vault dome has been shifted out of proportion, compared to its original angular orientation. Dome Thedomeof Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians, architects, and engineers",
"and engineers because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned it. The dome is carried on four spherical triangularpendentives, making the Hagia Sophia one of the first large-scale uses of this element. The pendentives are the corners of the square base of the dome, and they curve upwards into the dome to support it, thus restraining the lateral forces of the dome and allowing its weight to flow downwards.The main dome of the Hagia Sophia was the largest pendentive dome in the world until the completion ofSt Peter's Basilica, and it has a much lower height than any other dome of such a large diameter. The great dome at the Hagia Sophia is 32.6 meters (one hundred and seven feet) in diameter and is only 0.61 meters (two feet) thick. The main building materials for the original Hagia Sophia were brick and mortar. Brick aggregate was used to make roofs easier to construct. The aggregate weighs 2402.77 kilograms per cubic meter (150 pounds per cubic foot), an average weight of masonry",
"weight of masonry construction at the time. Due to the materials plasticity, it was chosen over cut stone due to the fact that aggregate can be used over a longer distance.According to Rowland Mainstone, \"it is unlikely that the vaulting-shell is anywhere more than one normal brick in thickness\". The weight of the dome remained a problem for most of the building's existence. The original cupola collapsed entirely after the earthquake of 558; in 563 a new dome was built byIsidore the Younger, a nephew of Isidore of Miletus. Unlike the original, this included 40 ribs and was raised 6.1 meters (20 feet), in order to lower the lateral forces on the church walls. A larger section of the second dome collapsed as well, over two episodes, so that as of 2021, only two sections of the present dome, the north and south sides, are from the 562 reconstructions. Of the whole dome's 40 ribs, the surviving north section contains eight ribs, while the south section includes six ribs. Although this design stabilizes the dome",
"stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches, the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure. Thebricklayersused moremortarthan brick, which is more effective if the mortar was allowed to settle, as the building would have been more flexible; however, the builders did not allow the mortar to cure before they began the next layer. When the dome was erected, its weight caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet mortar underneath. When Isidore the Younger rebuilt the fallen cupola, he had first to build up the interior of the walls to make them vertical again. Additionally, the architect raised the height of the rebuilt dome by approximately 6 m (20 ft) so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and its weight would be transmitted more effectively down into the walls. Moreover, he shaped the new cupola like ascallopedshell or the inside of an umbrella, withribsthat extend from the top down to the base. These ribs allow the weight of the dome to",
"of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation. Hagia Sophia is famous for the light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, giving the dome the appearance of hovering above. This effect was achieved by inserting forty windows around the base of the original structure. Moreover, the insertion of the windows in the dome structure reduced its weight. Buttresses Numerousbuttresseshave been added throughout the centuries. Theflying buttressesto the west of the building, although thought to have been constructed by the Crusaders upon their visit to Constantinople, were actually built during the Byzantine era. This shows that the Romans had prior knowledge of flying buttresses, which can also be seen at in Greece, at theRotunda of GaleriusinThessaloniki, at the monastery ofHosios LoukasinBoeotia, and in Italy at the octagonal basilica ofSan VitaleinRavenna.Other buttresses were constructed during the Ottoman times under the guidance of the",
"the guidance of the architectSinan. A total of 24 buttresses were added. Minarets Theminaretswere an Ottoman addition and not part of the original church's Byzantine design. They were built for notification of invitations for prayers (adhan) and announcements. Mehmed had built a wooden minaret over one of the half domes soon after Hagia Sophia's conversion from a cathedral to a mosque. This minaret does not exist today. One of the minarets (at southeast) was built from red brick and can be dated back from the reign of Mehmed or his successorBeyazıd II. The other three were built from white limestone and sandstone, of which the slender northeast column was erected by Bayezid II and the two identical, larger minarets to the west were erected bySelim IIand designed by the famous Ottoman architectMimar Sinan. Both are 60 m (200 ft) in height, and their thick and massive patterns complete Hagia Sophia's main structure. Many ornaments and details were added to these minarets on repairs during the 15th, 16th, and",
"the 15th, 16th, and 19th centuries, which reflect each period's characteristics and ideals. Notable elements and decorations Originally, under Justinian's reign, the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs on marble slabs on the walls and floors as well as mosaics on the curving vaults. Of these mosaics, the twoarchangelsGabrielandMichaelare still visible in thespandrels(corners) of thebema. There were already a few figurative decorations, as attested by the late 6th-centuryekphrasisofPaul the Silentiary, theDescription of Hagia Sophia. The spandrels of the gallery are faced in inlaid thin slabs (opus sectile), showing patterns and figures of flowers and birds in precisely cut pieces of white marble set against a background of black marble. In later stages, figurative mosaics were added, which were destroyed during theiconoclastic controversy(726–843). Present mosaics are from the post-iconoclastic period. Apart from the mosaics, many figurative decorations were added during the second half of the",
"second half of the 9th century: an image of Christ in the central dome; Eastern Orthodox saints, prophets andChurch Fathersin thetympanabelow; historical figures connected with this church, such asPatriarch Ignatius; and some scenes from theGospelsin the galleries.Basil IIlet artists paint a giant six-wingedseraphon each of the four pendentives.The Ottomans covered their faces with golden stars,but in 2009, one of them was restored to its original state. Loggia of the Empress Theloggiaof the empress is located in the centre of the gallery of the Hagia Sophia, above the Imperial Gate and directly opposite the apse. From thismatroneum(women's gallery), theempressand the court-ladies would watch the proceedings down below. A green stone disc ofverd antiquemarks the spot where thethroneof the empress stood. Lustration urns Two huge marblelustration(ritual purification)urnswere brought fromPergamonduring the reign of SultanMurad III. They are from theHellenistic periodand carved from single blocks of marble.",
"blocks of marble. Marble Door The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure or gallery. It was used by the participants insynods, who entered and left the meeting chamber through this door. It is saidthat each side is symbolic and that one side represents heaven while the other represents hell. Its panels are covered in fruits and fish motifs. The door opens into a space that was used as a venue for solemn meetings and important resolutions of patriarchate officials. The Nice Door The Nice Door is the oldest architectural element found in the Hagia Sophia dating back to the 2nd century BC. The decorations are of reliefs of geometric shapes as well as plants that are believed to have come from a pagan temple inTarsusinCilicia, part of theCibyrrhaeot Themein modern-dayMersin Provincein south-eastern Turkey. It was incorporated into the building byEmperor Theophilosin 838 where it is placed in the south exit in the inner narthex. Imperial Gate The Imperial Gate is the door",
"Gate is the door that was used solely by the Emperor and his personal bodyguard and retinue.It is the largest door in the Hagia Sophia and has been dated to the 6th century. It is about 7 meters long and Byzantine sources say it was made with wood fromNoah's Ark. In April 2022, the door was vandalised by unknown assailant(s). The incident became known after the Association of Art Historians published a photo with the destruction. The Greek Foreign Ministry condemned the incident, while Turkish officials claimed that \"a citizen has taken a piece of the door\" and started an investigation. Wishing column At the northwest of the building, there is a column with a hole in the middle covered by bronze plates. This column goes by different names; the \"perspiring\" or \"sweating column\", the \"crying column\", or the \"wishing column\". Legend states that it has been moist since the appearance ofGregory the Wonderworkernear the column in 1200. It is believed that touching the moisture cures many illnesses. The Viking",
"The Viking Inscription In the southern section of Hagia Sophia, a 9th-centuryVikinginscription has been discovered, which reads, \"Halvdan was here.\" It is theorized that the inscription was created by a Viking soldier serving as a mercenary in theEastern Roman Empire. Mosaics The first mosaics which adorned the church were completed during the reign ofJustin II.Many of the non-figurative mosaics in the church come from this period. Most of the mosaics, however, were created in the 10th and 12th centuries,following the periods ofByzantine Iconoclasm. During theSack of Constantinoplein 1204, the Latin Crusaders vandalized valuable items in every important Byzantine structure of the city, including the golden mosaics of the Hagia Sophia. Many of these items were shipped toVenice, whoseDogeEnrico Dandolohad organized the invasion and sack of Constantinople after an agreement with PrinceAlexios Angelos, the son of a deposedByzantine emperor. 19th-century restoration Following the building's conversion into a",
"conversion into a mosque in 1453, many of its mosaics were covered with plaster, due toIslam's ban on representational imagery. This process was not completed at once, and reports exist from the 17th century in which travellers note that they could still see Christian images in the former church. In 1847–1849, the building was restored by twoSwiss-ItalianFossati brothers, Gaspare and Giuseppe, and SultanAbdulmejid Iallowed them to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process, which were later archived in Swiss libraries.This work did not include repairing the mosaics, and after recording the details about an image, the Fossatis painted it over again. The Fossatis restored the mosaics of the twohexapteryga(singularGreek:ἑξαπτέρυγον, pr. hexapterygon, six-winged angel; it is uncertain whether they areseraphimorcherubim) located on the two east pendentives, and covered their faces again before the end of the restoration.The other two mosaics, placed on the west pendentives, are copies in",
"are copies in paint created by the Fossatis since they could find no surviving remains of them.As in this case, the architects reproduced in paint damaged decorative mosaic patterns, sometimes redesigning them in the process. The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in the1894 Istanbul earthquake. These include a mosaic over a now-unidentifiedDoor of the Poor, a large image of a jewel-encrusted cross, and many images of angels, saints, patriarchs, and church fathers. Most of the missing images were located in the building's two tympana. One mosaic they documented isChrist Pantocratorin a circle, which would indicate it to be a ceiling mosaic, possibly even of the main dome, which was later covered and painted over with Islamic calligraphy that expounds God as the light of the universe. The Fossatis' drawings of the Hagia Sophia mosaics are today kept in the Archive of theCanton of Ticino. 20th-century restoration",
"restoration Many mosaics were uncovered in the 1930s by a team from theByzantine Institute of Americaled byThomas Whittemore. The team chose to let a number of simple cross images remain covered by plaster but uncovered all major mosaics found. Because of its long history as both a church and a mosque, a particular challenge arises in the restoration process. Christianiconographicmosaics can be uncovered, but often at the expense of important and historic Islamic art. Restorers have attempted to maintain a balance between both Christian and Islamic cultures. In particular, much controversy rests upon whether theIslamic calligraphyon the dome of the cathedral should be removed, in order to permit the underlying Pantocrator mosaic of Christ as Master of the World to be exhibited (assuming the mosaic still exists). The Hagia Sophia has been a victim of natural disasters that have caused deterioration to the buildings structure and walls. The deterioration of the Hagia Sophia's walls can be directly attributed",
"directly attributed to salt crystallization. The crystallization of salt is due to an intrusion of rainwater that causes the Hagia Sophia's deteriorating inner and outer walls. Diverting excess rainwater is the main solution to the deteriorating walls at the Hagia Sophia. Built between 532 and 537, a subsurface structure under the Hagia Sophia has been under investigation, using LaCoste-Romberggravimetersto determine the depth of the subsurface structure and to discover other hidden cavities beneath the Hagia Sophia. The hidden cavities have also acted as a support system against earthquakes. With these findings using the LaCoste-Romberg gravimeters, it was also discovered that the Hagia Sophia's foundation is built on a slope of natural rock. Imperial Gate mosaic The Imperial Gate mosaic is located in thetympanumabove that gate, which was used only by the emperors when entering the church. Based on style analysis, it has been dated to the late 9th or early 10th century. The emperor with animbus or halocould",
"or halocould possibly represent emperorLeo VI the Wiseor his sonConstantine VII Porphyrogenitusbowing down before Christ Pantocrator, seated on a jewelled throne, giving his blessing and holding in his left hand an open book.The text on the book reads: \"Peace be with you\" (John 20,John 20:19,20:26) and \"I am the light of the world\" (John 8,John 8:12). On each side of Christ's shoulders is a circularmedallionwithbusts: on his left the Archangel Gabriel, holding astaff, on his right his mother Mary. Southwestern entrance mosaic The southwestern entrance mosaic, situated in the tympanum of the southwestern entrance, dates from the reign ofBasil II.It was rediscovered during the restorations of 1849 by the Fossatis. The Virgin sits on a throne without a back, her feet resting on a pedestal, embellished with precious stones. TheChrist Childsits on her lap, giving his blessing and holding a scroll in his left hand. On her left side stands emperor Constantine in ceremonial attire, presenting a model of the city to",
"of the city to Mary. The inscription next to him says: \"Great emperor Constantine of the Saints\". On her right side stands emperorJustinian I, offering a model of the Hagia Sophia. The medallions on both sides of the Virgin's head carry thenomina sacraMPandΘΥ, abbreviations of the Greek:Μήτηρ του Θεοῦ,romanized:Mētēr Theou,lit.'Mother of God'.The composition of the figure of the Virgin enthroned was probably copied from the mosaic inside the semi-dome of the apse inside the liturgical space. Apse mosaics The mosaic in thesemi-domeabove the apse at the east end showsMary, mother of Jesusholding theChrist Childand seated on a jewelledthokosbackless throne.Since its rediscovery after a period of concealment in the Ottoman era, it \"has become one of the foremost monuments of Byzantium\".The infant Jesus's garment is depicted with goldentesserae. Guillaume-Joseph Grelot, who had travelled to Constantinople, in 1672 engraved and in 1680 published in Paris an image of the interior of Hagia Sophia which shows the",
"which shows the apse mosaic indistinctly.Together with a picture by Cornelius Loos drawn in 1710, these images are early attestations of the mosiac before it was covered towards the end of the 18th century.The mosaic of the Virgin and Child was rediscovered during the restorations of the Fossati brothers in 1847–1848 and revealed by the restoration of Thomas Whittemore in 1935–1939.It was studied again in 1964 with the aid of scaffolding. It is not known when this mosaic was installed.According toCyril Mango, the mosaic is \"a curious reflection on how little we know about Byzantine art\".The work is generally believed to date from after the end ofByzantine Iconoclasmand usually dated to the patriarchate ofPhotius I(r.858–867, 877–886) and the time of the emperorsMichael III(r.842–867) andBasil I(r.867–886).Most specifically, the mosaic has been connected with a survivinghomilyknown to have been written and delivered by Photius in the cathedral on 29 March 867. Other scholars have favoured earlier or later",
"earlier or later dates for the present mosaic or its composition.Nikolaos Oikonomidespointed out that Photius's homily refers to a standing portrait of theTheotokos– aHodegetria– while the present mosaic shows her seated.Likewise, a biography of the patriarchIsidore I(r.1347–1350) by his successorPhilotheus I(r.1353–1354, 1364–1376) composed before 1363 describes Isidore seeing a standing image of the Virgin atEpiphanyin 1347.Serious damage was done to the building by earthquakes in the 14th century, and it is possible that a standing image of the Virgin that existed in Photius's time was lost in the earthquake of 1346, in which the eastern end of Hagia Sophia was partly destroyed.This interpretation supposes that the present mosaic of the Virgin and Child enthroned is of the late 14th century, a time in which, beginning withNilus of Constantinople(r.1380–1388), the patriarchs of Constantinople began to have officialsealsdepicting theTheotokosenthroned on athokos. Still other scholars have proposed an",
"have proposed an earlier date than the later 9th century. According to George Galavaris, the mosaic seen by Photius was aHodegetriaportrait which after the earthquake of 989 was replaced by the present image not later than the early 11th century.According to Oikonomides however, the image in fact dates to before theTriumph of Orthodoxy, having been completedc.787–797, during theiconoduleinterlude between the First Iconoclast (726–787) and the Second Iconoclast (814–842) periods.Having been plastered over in the Second Iconoclasm, Oikonomides argues a new, standing image of the VirginHodegetriawas created above the older mosaic in 867, which then fell off in the earthquakes of the 1340s and revealed again the late 8th-century image of the Virgin enthroned. More recently, analysis of ahexaptychmenologionicon panel fromSaint Catherine's MonasteryatMount Sinaihas determined that the panel, showing numerous scenes from thelife of the Virginand other theologically significant iconic representations, contains an",
"contains an image at the centre very similar to that in Hagia Sophia.The image is labelled in Greek merely as:Μήτηρ Θεοῦ,romanized:Mētēr Theou,lit.'Mother of God', but in theGeorgian languagethe inscription reveals the image is labelled \"of the semi-dome of Hagia Sophia\".This image is therefore the oldest depiction of the apse mosaic known and demonstrates that the apse mosaic's appearance was similar to the present day mosaic in the late 11th or early 12th centuries, when the hexaptych was inscribed in Georgian by a Georgian monk, which rules out a 14th-century date for the mosaic. The portraits of the archangels Gabriel and Michael (largely destroyed) in thebemaof the arch also date from the 9th century. The mosaics are set against the original golden background of the 6th century. These mosaics were believed to be a reconstruction of the mosaics of the 6th century that were previously destroyed during the iconoclastic era by the Byzantines of that time, as represented in the inaugural sermon by the",
"sermon by the patriarch Photios. However, no record of figurative decoration of Hagia Sophia exists before this time. Emperor Alexander mosaic The Emperor Alexander mosaic is not easy to find for the first-time visitor, located on the second floor in a dark corner of the ceiling. It depicts the emperorAlexanderin full regalia, holding a scroll in his right hand and aglobus crucigerin his left. A drawing by the Fossatis showed that the mosaic survived until 1849 and thatThomas Whittemore, founder of theByzantine Institute of Americawho was granted permission to preserve the mosaics, assumed that it had been destroyed in the earthquake of 1894. Eight years after his death, the mosaic was discovered in 1958 largely through the researches ofRobert Van Nice. Unlike most of the other mosaics in Hagia Sophia, which had been covered over by ordinary plaster, the Alexander mosaic was simply painted over and reflected the surrounding mosaic patterns and thus was well hidden. It was duly cleaned by the Byzantine",
"by the Byzantine Institute's successor to Whittemore,Paul A. Underwood. Empress Zoe mosaic The Empress Zoe mosaic on the eastern wall of the southern gallery dates from the 11th century. Christ Pantocrator, clad in the dark blue robe (as is the custom in Byzantine art), is seated in the middle against a golden background, giving his blessing with the right hand and holding theBiblein his left hand. On either side of his head are thenomina sacraICandXC, meaningIēsous Christos. He is flanked byConstantine IX MonomachusandEmpress Zoe, both in ceremonial costumes. He is offering a purse, as a symbol of donation, he made to the church, while she is holding a scroll, symbol of the donations she made. The inscription over the head of the emperor says: \"Constantine, pious emperor in Christ the God, king of the Romans, Monomachus\". The inscription over the head of the empress reads as follows: \"Zoë, the very pious Augusta\". The previous heads have been scraped off and replaced by the three present ones. Perhaps the",
"ones. Perhaps the earlier mosaic showed her first husbandRomanus III Argyrusor her second husbandMichael IV. Another theory is that this mosaic was made for an earlier emperor and empress, with their heads changed into the present ones. Comnenus mosaic The Comnenus mosaic, also located on the eastern wall of the southern gallery, dates from 1122. The Virgin Mary is standing in the middle, depicted, as usual in Byzantine art, in a dark blue gown. She holds the Christ Child on her lap. He gives his blessing with his right hand while holding a scroll in his left hand. On her right side stands emperorJohn II Comnenus, represented in a garb embellished with precious stones. He holds a purse, symbol of an imperial donation to the church. His wife, the empressIrene of Hungarystands on the left side of the Virgin, wearing ceremonial garments and offering a document. Their eldest sonAlexius Comnenusis represented on an adjacent pilaster. He is shown as a beardless youth, probably representing his appearance at his",
"appearance at his coronation aged seventeen. In this panel, one can already see a difference with the Empress Zoe mosaic that is one century older. There is a more realistic expression in the portraits instead of an idealized representation. The Empress Irene (bornPiroska), daughter ofLadislaus I of Hungary, is shown with plaited blond hair, rosy cheeks, and grey eyes, revealing herHungariandescent. The emperor is depicted in a dignified manner. Deësis mosaic TheDeësismosaic (Δέησις, \"Entreaty\") probably dates from 1261. It was commissioned to mark the end of 57 years of Latin Catholic use and the return to the Eastern Orthodox faith. It is the third panel situated in the imperial enclosure of the upper galleries. It is widely considered the finest in Hagia Sophia, because of the softness of the features, the humane expressions and the tones of the mosaic. The style is close to that of the Italian painters of the late 13th or early 14th century, such asDuccio. In this panel theVirgin MaryandJohn the",
"MaryandJohn the Baptist(Ioannes Prodromos), both shown in three-quarters profile, are imploring theintercessionof Christ Pantocrator for humanity onJudgment Day. The bottom part of this mosaic is badly deteriorated.This mosaic is considered as the beginning of a renaissance in Byzantinepictorial art. Northern tympanum mosaics The northerntympanummosaics feature various saints. They have been able to survive due to their high and inaccessible location. They depict Patriarchs of ConstantinopleJohn ChrysostomandIgnatios of Constantinoplestanding, clothed in white robes with crosses, and holding richly jewelled Bibles. The figures of each patriarch, revered as saints, are identifiable by labels in Greek. The other mosaics in the other tympana have not survived probably due to the frequent earthquakes, as opposed to any deliberate destruction by the Ottoman conquerors. Dome mosaic The dome was decorated with four non-identical figures of the six-winged angels which protect theThrone of God; it is uncertain",
"it is uncertain whether they areseraphimorcherubim. The mosaics survive in the eastern part of the dome, but since the ones on the western side were damaged during the Byzantine period, they have been renewed asfrescoes. During the Ottoman period each seraph's (or cherub's) face was covered with metallic lids in the shape of stars, but these were removed to reveal the faces during renovations in 2009. Other burials Works influenced by the Hagia Sophia Many buildings have been modeled on the Hagia Sophia's core structure of a large central dome resting on pendentives and buttressed by two semi-domes. Byzantinechurches influenced by the Hagia Sophia include theHagia Sophia in Thessaloniki, and theHagia Irene. The latter was remodeled to have a dome similar to the Hagia Sophia's during the reign of Justinian. Severalmosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynastyhave plans based on the Hagia Sophia, including theSüleymaniye Mosqueand theBayezid II Mosque.Ottoman architects preferred to surround the central dome",
"the central dome with four semi-domes rather than two.There are four semi-domes on theSultan Ahmed Mosque, theFatih Mosque,and theNew Mosque (Istanbul). As with the original plan of the Hagia Sophia, these mosques are entered through colonnaded courtyards. However, thecourtyardof the Hagia Sophia no longer exists. Neo-Byzantinechurches modeled on the Hagia Sophia include theKronstadt Naval Cathedral,Holy Trinity Cathedral, SibiuandPoti Cathedral. Each closely replicates the internal geometry of the Hagia Sophia. The layout of the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral is nearly...",
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] |
How many years were there between Heath Ledger's birth and the first successful use of a special human extraction technology that appeared in a Batman movie that Ledger starred in? | 21 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_surface-to-air_recovery_system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Ledger | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_surface-to-air_recovery_system', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Ledger'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_surface-to-air_recovery_system",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Ledger"
] | [
"Fulton surface-to-air recovery system TheFulton surface-to-air recovery system(STARS), also known asSkyhook, is a system used by theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA),United States Air Force, andUnited States Navyfor retrieving individuals on the ground using aircraft such as theMC-130E Combat Talon IandB-17 Flying Fortress. It involves using an overall-type harness and a self-inflating balloon with an attached lift line. An MC-130E engages the line with its V-shaped yoke and the person is reeled on board. Red flags on the lift line guide the pilot during daylight recoveries; lights on the lift line are used for night recoveries. Recovery kits were designed for one- and two-man retrievals. This system was developed by inventorRobert Edison Fulton, Jr., for the CIA in the early 1950s. It was an evolution from aglider snatch pick-up, a similar system that was used duringWorld War IIby American and British forces to retrieve both personnel and downedassault glidersfollowing airborne operations.Snatch pick-up did not use a balloon, but a line stretched between a pair of poles set in the ground on either side of the person or glider to be retrieved. An aircraft, usually aC-47 Skytrain, trailed a grappling hook that engaged the line, which was attached to the intended cargo. Development of the recovery system Experiments with the recovery system began in 1950 by the CIA and Air Force. Using aweather balloon, nylon line, and weights of 10 to 15 pounds (4.5 to 6.8 kg), Fulton made numerous pickup attempts as he sought to develop a reliable procedure. Successful at last, Fulton took photographs and sent them to AdmiralLuis de Florez, who had become the director of technical research at the CIA. Believing that the program could best be handled by the military, de Florez put Fulton in touch with theOffice of Naval Research(ONR), where he obtained a development contract from ONR's Air Programs Division. Over the next few years, Fulton refined the air and ground equipment for the pickup system. Based atEl Centro,California, he conducted numerous flights over theColorado Desertusing a NavyP-2V Neptune. He gradually increased the weight of the pickup until the line began to break. A braided nylon line with a test strength of 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) solved the problem. A major problem was the design of the locking device, or sky anchor, that secured the line to the aircraft. Fulton considered the solution of this issuethe most demanding part of the entire developmental process. Further tests were conducted atEglin Air Force Base, Florida, from 1 August 1959, using RB-69A, 54-4307, a CIA P2V-7U, according to an agency document. After experiments with instrumented dummies, Fulton continued to experiment with live pigs, as pigs have a nervous system close to humans. Lifted off the ground, the pig began to spin as it flew through the air at 125 miles per hour (200 km/h). It arrived on board uninjured, but in a disoriented state. When it recovered, it attacked the crew. By 1958, the Fulton aerial retrieval system, or \"Skyhook\", was finished. The ground system could be dropped from an aircraft and contained the necessary equipment for a pickup, including a harness, for cargo or a person, attached to 500 feet (150 m) of high-strength, braided nylon line and adirigible-shaped balloon inflated by aheliumbottle. The pickup aircraft was equipped with two tubular steel \"horns\", 30 feet (9 m) long and spread at a 70° angle from its nose. The aircraft flew into the line, aiming at a brightmylarmarker placed at the 425 foot (130 m) level. As the line was caught between the forks on the nose of the aircraft, the balloon was released and a spring-loaded trigger mechanism (sky anchor) secured the line to the aircraft. After the initial pickup, the line was snared by the pickup crew using a J-hook and attached to a powered winch and the person or cargo pulled on board. To prevent the pickup line from interfering with the aircraft's propellers in the case of an unsuccessful catch, the aircraft had deflector cables strung from the nose to the wingtips. Later the US Navy tested the Fulton system fitted to modifiedS-2 Trackercarrier-based antisubmarine patrol aircraft for use in rescuing downed pilots. It is unknown whether a Fulton equipped S-2 was ever used on a combat mission. First human pickups The CIA had secretly trainedSpecial Activities Divisionparamilitaryofficers to use a predecessor system for human pickups as early as 1952. The first human recovery mission authorized for operational use of this \"all American system\" took place inManchuriaon 29 November 1952. CIA C-47 pilots Norman Schwartz and Robert Snoddy were trained in the aerial pickup technique towards the end of 1952. CIA paramilitary officersJohn T. DowneyandRichard G. Fecteau, themselves hurriedly trained in the procedure during the week of 24 November, were to recover a courier who was in contact withanti-communistsympathizers in the area. The mission failed whenChinese forcesdowned the aircraft withsmall armsfire, capturing survivors Downey and Fecteau. The British allegedly also used the American system for personnel. The first human pickup using Fulton's STARS took place on 12 August 1958, whenStaff SergeantLevi W. Woods of the U.S. Marine Corps was winched on board the Neptune.Because of the geometry involved, the person being picked up experienced less of a shock than during a parachute opening. After the initial contact, which was described by one individual as similar to \"a kick in the pants\",the person rose vertically at a slow rate to about 100 ft (30 m), then began to streamline behind the aircraft. Extension of arms and legs prevented spinning as the individual was winched on board. The process took about six minutes. In August 1960, Capt. Edward A. Rodgers, commander of the Naval Air Development Unit, flew a Skyhook-equipped P2V toPoint Barrow,Alaska, to conduct pickup tests under the direction of Dr. Max Brewer, head of the Navy's Arctic Research Laboratory. With Fulton on board to monitor the equipment, the Neptune picked up mail from Floating Ice Island T-3, also known asFletcher's Ice Island, retrieved artifacts, including mastodon tusks, from an archaeological party on the tundra, and secured geological samples from Peters Lake Camp. The high point of the trials came when the P2V dropped a rescue package near theicebreakerUSSBurton Island. Retrieved by a ship's boat, the package was brought on deck, the balloon inflated, and the pickup accomplished. In July 1967, twoMACV-SOGoperators were retrieved by an MC-130E using the Fulton Skyhook system while operating in Vietnam. Project Coldfeet The first operational use of Skyhook wasProject Coldfeet, an examination of theSoviet drift stationNP-8, abandoned on 19 March 1962. Two agents parachuted to station NP 8 on 28 May 1962. After 72 hours at the site, on 1 June 1962, a pick-up was made of the Soviet equipment and both men. The mission yielded information on the Soviet Union's Arctic research activities, including evidence of advanced research on acoustical systems to detect under-ice submarines and efforts to develop Arctic anti-submarine warfare techniques. Later use The Fulton system was used from 1965 to 1996 on several variants of theC-130 Herculesincluding theMC-130sandHC-130s. It was also used on theC-123 Provider. Despite the apparent high-risk nature of the system, only one fatal accident occurred in 17 years of use. On 26 April 1982, SFC Clifford Wilson Strickland was picked up by a Lockheed MC-130 Combat Talon of the 7th Special Operations Squadron at CFB Lahr, Germany, during Flintlock 82 exercise, using the Fulton STARS recovery system, but fell to his death due to a failed bushing at the top of the left yoke pivot bolt. The increased availability of long-rangehelicopterssuch as theMH-53 Pave Low,HH-60 Pave Hawk, andMH-47 Chinook, and theV-22 Ospreytilt-rotoraircraft, all withaerial refuelingcapability, caused this system to be used less often. In September 1996, theAir Force Special Operations Commandceased maintaining the capability to deploy this system. In popular culture The Skyhook has been featured in a number of films and video games. It was seen in the 1965James BondfilmThunderball, where James Bond and his companionDomino Dervalare rescued at sea by a modifiedBoeing B-17equipped with the Fulton system at the end of the movie.In 1968, it was used in the John Wayne movieThe Green Beretsto spirit a VC officer to South Vietnam. The Skyhook system was also featured in the 2008 filmThe Dark Knight. First mentioned byLucius Foxas a means of re-boarding an aircraft without its landing,the system is attached to aLockheed L-100 Hercules. Invideo games, a heavily fictionalized interpretation of the Skyhook forms a core gameplay mechanic inMetal Gear Solid: Peace Walker,andMetal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain.More realistic depictions can be found inPUBG: Battlegrounds,Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, and its sequel,Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III. See also References External links",
"The Dark Knight The Dark Knightis a 2008superhero filmdirected byChristopher Nolan, from a screenplay co-written with his brotherJonathan. Based on theDC ComicssuperheroBatman, it is the sequel toBatman Begins(2005), and the second installment inThe Dark Knighttrilogy. The plot follows the vigilanteBatman, police lieutenantJames Gordon, and district attorneyHarvey Dent, who form an alliance to dismantleorganized crimeinGotham City. Their efforts are derailed by theJoker, an anarchistic mastermind who seeks to test how far Batman will go to save the city from chaos. Theensemble castincludesChristian Bale,Michael Caine,Heath Ledger,Gary Oldman,Aaron Eckhart,Maggie Gyllenhaal, andMorgan Freeman. Warner Bros. Picturesprioritized a sequel following the successful reinvention of theBatmanfilm serieswithBatman Begins. Christopher andBatman Beginsco-writerDavid S. Goyerdeveloped the story elements, making Dent the central protagonist caught up in the battle between Batman and the Joker. In writing the screenplay, the Nolans were influenced by 1980sBatmancomics and crime drama films, and sought to continueBatman Begins'heightened sense of realism. From April to November 2007, filming took place with a $185million budget in Chicago and Hong Kong, and on sets in England.The Dark Knightwas the first major motion picture to be filmed with high-resolutionIMAXcameras. Christopher avoided usingcomputer-generated imageryunless necessary, insisting on practicalstuntssuch as flipping an18-wheel truckand blowing up a factory. The Dark Knightwas marketed with an innovative interactiveviral campaignthat initially focused on countering criticism of Ledger's casting by those who believed he was a poor choice to portray the Joker. Ledger died from an accidental prescription drug overdose in January 2008, leading to widespread interest from the press and public regarding his performance. When it was released in July,The Dark Knightreceived acclaim for its mature tone and themes, visual style, and performances—particularly that of Ledger, who received many posthumous awards includingAcademy,BAFTA, andGolden Globeawards for Best Supporting Actor, makingThe Dark Knightthe first comic-book film to receive major industry awards. It broke several box-office records and became thehighest-grossing 2008 film, thefourth-highest-grossing film to that time, and the highest-grossing superhero film. Since its release,The Dark Knighthas been assessed as one of the greatest superhero films ever, one of the best movies of the 2000s, and one of thebest films ever made. It is considered the \"blueprint\" for many modern superhero films, particularly for its rejection of a typical comic-book movie style in favor of a crime film that features comic-book characters. Many filmmakers sought to repeat its success by emulating its gritty, realistic tone to varying degrees of success.The Dark Knighthas been analyzed for its themes of terrorism and the limitations of morality and ethics. The United StatesLibrary of Congressselected it for preservation in theNational Film Registryin 2020. A sequel,The Dark Knight Rises, concludedThe Dark Knighttrilogy in 2012. Plot A gang of masked criminals rob amafia-owned bank inGotham City, betraying and killing each other until the sole survivor, theJoker, reveals himself as the mastermind and escapes with the money. The vigilanteBatman, district attorneyHarvey Dent, and police lieutenantJim Gordonally to eliminate Gotham's organized crime. Batman's true identity, the billionaire Bruce Wayne, publicly supports Dent as Gotham's legitimate protector, as Wayne believes Dent's success will allow Batman to retire, allowing him to romantically pursue his childhood friendRachel Dawes, despite her relationship with Dent. Gotham's mafia bosses gather to discuss protecting their organizations from the Joker, the police, and Batman. The Joker interrupts the meeting and offers to kill Batman for half of the fortune their accountant, Lau, concealed before fleeing to Hong Kong to avoid extradition. With the help ofWayne EnterprisesCEOLucius Fox, Batman finds Lau in Hong Kong and returns him to the custody of Gotham police. His testimony enables Dent to apprehend the crime families. The bosses accept the Joker's offer, and he kills high-profile targets involved in the trial, including the judge and police commissioner. Although Gordon saves the mayor, the Joker threatens that his attacks will continue until Batman reveals his identity. He targets Dent at a fundraising dinner and throws Rachel out of a window, but Batman rescues her. Wayne struggles to understand the Joker's motives, but his butlerAlfred Pennyworthsays \"some men just want to watch the world burn.\" Dent claims he is Batman to lure out the Joker, who attacks the police convoy transporting him. Batman and Gordon apprehend the Joker, and Gordon is promoted to commissioner. At the police station, Batman interrogates the Joker, who says he finds Batman entertaining and has no intention of killing him. Having deduced Batman's feelings for Rachel, the Joker reveals she and Dent are being held separately in buildings rigged to explode. Batman races to rescue Rachel while Gordon and the other officers go after Dent, but they discover the Joker gave their positions in reverse. The explosives detonate, killing Rachel and severely burning Dent's face on one side. The Joker escapes custody, extracts the fortune's location from Lau, and burns it, killing Lau in the process. Wayne Enterprises accountant Coleman Reese deduces and tries to expose Batman's identity, but the Joker threatens to blow up a hospital unless Reese is killed. While the police evacuate hospitals and Gordon struggles to keep Reese alive, the Joker meets with a disillusioned Dent, persuading him to take the law into his own hands and avenge Rachel. Dent defers his decision-making to his now half-scarred, two-headed coin, killing the corrupt officers and the mafia involved in Rachel's death. As panic grips the city, the Joker reveals two evacuation ferries, one carrying civilians and the other prisoners, are rigged to explode at midnight unless one group sacrifices the other. To the Joker's disbelief, the passengers refuse to kill one another. Batman subdues the Joker but refuses to kill him. Before the police arrest the Joker, he says although Batman proved incorruptible, his plan to corrupt Dent has succeeded. Dent takes Gordon's family hostage, blaming his negligence for Rachel's death. He flips his coin to decide their fates, but Batman tackles him to save Gordon's son, and Dent falls to his death. Believing Dent is the hero the city needs and the truth of his corruption will harm Gotham, Batman takes the blame for his death and actions and persuades Gordon to conceal the truth. Pennyworth burns an undelivered letter from Rachel to Wayne that says she chose Dent, and Fox destroys the invasive surveillance network that helped Batman find the Joker. The city mourns Dent as a hero, and the police launch a manhunt for Batman. Cast Additionally,Eric Roberts,Michael Jai White, andRitchie Costerappear ascrime bossesSal Maroni, Gambol, and the Chechen, respectively; whileChin Hanportrays Lau, a Chinese criminal banker.The GCPD cast includesColin McFarlaneas commissionerGillian B. Loeb,Keith SzarabajkaandRon Deanas detectives Stephens and Wuertz,Monique Gabriela Curnenas rookie detective Anna RamirezandPhilip Bulcockas Murphy. The cast also featuresJoshua Hartoas Wayne Enterprises employee Coleman Reese,Anthony Michael Hallas news reporter Mike Engel,Néstor Carbonellas mayor Anthony Garcia,William Fichtneras a bank manager, Nydia Rodriguez Terracina as Judge Surrillo,Tom \"Tiny\" Lister Jr.as a prisoner,Beatrice Rosenas Wayne's Russian ballerina date, andDavid Dastmalchianas the Joker'sparanoid schizophrenichenchman Thomas Schiff.Melinda McGraw,Nathan Gamble, and Hannah Gunn portray Gordon's wife Barbara, his sonJames Jr., and his daughter, respectively.The Dark Knightfeatures several cameo appearances fromCillian Murphy, who reprises his role asJonathan Crane / ScarecrowfromBatman Begins;musical performerMatt Skiba;as well asUnited States Senatorand Batman fanPatrick Leahy, who has appeared in or voiced characters in otherBatmanmedia. Production Development Following the critical and financial success ofBatman Begins(2005), the film studioWarner Bros. Picturesprioritized a sequel.AlthoughBatman Beginsends with a scene in which Batman is presented with ajoker playing card, teasing the introduction of his archenemy, the Joker,Christopher Nolandid not intend to make a sequel and was unsureBatman Beginswould be successful enough to warrant one.Christopher, alongside his wife and longtime producerEmma Thomas, had never worked on a sequel filmbut he and co-writerDavid Goyerdiscussed ideas for a sequel during filming. Goyer developed an outline for two sequels, but Christopher remained unsure how to continue theBatman Beginsnarrative while keeping it consistent and relevant, though he was interested in utilizing the Joker inBegins'sgrounded, realistic style.Discussions between Warner Bros. Pictures and Christopher began shortly afterBatman Begins's theatrical release, and development began following the production of Christopher'sThe Prestige(2006). Writing Goyer and Christopher collaborated for three months to developThe Dark Knight'score plot points.They wanted to explore the theme of escalation and the idea that Batman's extraordinary efforts to combat common crimes would lead to an opposing escalation by criminals, attracting the Joker, who uses terrorism as a weapon. The joker playing card scene inBatman Beginswas intended to convey the fallacy of Batman's belief his war on crime would be temporary.Goyer and Christopher did not intentionally include real-world parallels to terrorism, thewar on terror, and laws enacted to combat terrorists by the United States government because they believed making overtly political statements would detract from the story. They wanted it to resonate with and reflect contemporary audiences.Christopher describedThe Dark Knightas representative of his own \"fear of anarchy\" and Joker represents \"somebody who wants to just tear down the world around him.\" Although he was a fan ofBatman(1989), starringJack Nicholsonas the Joker, Goyer did not consider Nicholson's portrayal scary and wantedThe Dark Knight's Joker to be an unknowable, already-formed character, similar to the shark inJaws(1975), without a \"cliché\" origin story.Christopher and Goyer did not give their Joker an origin story or a narrative arc, believing it made the character scarier; Christopher described their film as the \"rise of the Joker\". They felt the threat of cinematic villains such asHannibal LecterandDarth Vaderhad been undermined by subsequent films depicting their origins. With Christopher's help, his brotherJonathanspent six months developing the story into a draft screenplay. After submitting the draft to Warner Bros., Jonathan spent a further two months refining it until Christopher had finished directingThe Prestige. The pair collaborated on the final script over the next six months during pre-production forThe Dark Knight.Jonathan found the \"poignant\" ending the script's most interesting aspect; it had always depicted Batman fleeing from police but was changed from him leaping across rooftops to escaping on theBatpod, his motorcycle-like vehicle. The dialogue Jonathan considered most important, \"you either die a hero or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain\", came late in development.Influenced by films such asThe Godfather(1972) andHeat(1995), and maintainingBatman Begins'stone, their finished script bore more resemblance to a crime drama than a traditionalsuperhero film. Comic-book influences included writerFrank Miller's 1980s works, which portray characters in a serious tone, and the limited seriesBatman: The Long Halloween(1996–1997), which explores the relationship between Batman, Dent, and Gordon.Dent was written asThe Dark Knight'scentral character, serving as the center of the battle between Batman, who believes Dent is the hero the city needs, and the Joker, who wants to prove even the most righteous people can be corrupted. Christopher said the title refers to Dent as much as Batman.He considered Dent as having a duality similar to Batman's, providing interesting dramatic potential. Focusing on Dent meant Bruce Wayne / Batman was written as a generally static character who did not undergo drastic character development.Christopher found writing the Joker the easiest aspect of the script. The Nolans identified the traits common to his media incarnations and were influenced by the character's comic-book appearances as well as the villainDr. Mabusefrom the films ofFritz Lang.WriterAlan Moore'sgraphic novel,Batman: The Killing Joke(1988), did not influence the main narrative but Christopher believed his interpretation of the Joker as someone partially driven to prove anyone can become like him when pushed far enough helped the Nolans give purpose to an \"inherently purposeless\" character.The Joker was written as a purely evil psychopath and anarchist who lacks reason, logic, and fear, and could test the moral and ethical limits of Batman, Dent, and Gordon.Christopher and Jonathan later realized they had inadvertently written their version similarly to Joker's first appearance inBatman#1 (1940).The final scene, in which the Joker states he and Batman are destined to battle forever, was not intended to tease a sequel but to convey the diametrically opposed pair were in an endless conflict because they will not kill each other. Casting Describing how his character had evolved fromBatman Begins, Christian Bale said Wayne had changed from a young, naive, and angry man seeking purpose to a hero who is burdened by the realization his war against crime is seemingly endless.Because the new Batsuit allowed him to be more agile, Bale did not increase his muscle mass as much as he had forBatman Begins. Christopher had deliberately obscured combat in the previous film because it was intended to portray Batman from the criminals' point of view. The improved Batsuit design let him show more of Bale's Keysi-fighting method training. Christopher was aware that Nicholson's popular portrayal of the Joker would invite comparisons to his version, and wanted an actor who could cope with the associated scrutiny.Ledger's casting in August 2006 was criticized by some industry professionals and members of the public who considered him inappropriate for the role; executive producerCharles Rovensaid Ledger was the only person seriously considered, and thatBatman Begins'spositive reception would help alleviate any concerns.Christopher was confident in the casting because discussions between himself and Ledger had demonstrated they shared similar ideas regarding the Joker's portrayal.Ledger said he had some trepidation in succeeding Nicholson in the role but that the challenge excited him.He described his interpretation as a \"psychopathic, mass-murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy\", and avoided humanizing him. He was influenced byAlexfrom the crime filmA Clockwork Orange(1971), and British musiciansJohnny RottenandSid Vicious. Ledger spent about a month secluding himself in a hotel room while reading relevant comic books. He developed the character's voice by mixing a high-pitch and low-pitch, which was inspired by ventriloquist performances. His fighting style was designed to appear improvised and erratic.Ledger spent a further four months creating a \"Joker diary\" containing images and elements he believed would resonate with his character, such as finding the diseaseAIDShumorous.Describing his performance, Ledger said: \"It's the most fun I've had with a character and probably will ever have... It was an exhausting process. At the end of the day, I couldn't move. I couldn't talk. I was absolutely wrecked.\"In a November 2007 interview, Ledger said when committing himself to any role, he had difficulty sleeping because he could not relax his mind, and often slept only two hours a night during filming. Christopher wanted to cast an actor with an all-American \"heroic presence\" for Harvey Dent, something he likened toRobert Redfordbut with an undercurrent of anger or darkness.Josh Lucas,Ryan Phillippe, andMark Ruffalowere considered, as well asMatt Damon, who could not commit due to scheduling conflicts.According to Christopher, Eckhart had the all-American charm and \"aura ... of a good man pushed too far\".Eckhart found portraying conflicted characters to be interesting; he said the difference between Dent and Batman is the distance they are willing to go for their causes, and that after Dent's corruption he remains a crime fighter but he takes this to an extreme because he dislikes the restrictions of the law.Eckhart's performance was influenced by theKennedy family, particularlyRobert F. Kennedy, who fought organized crime with a similarly idealistic view of the law.During discussions on the portrayal of Dent's transformation into Two-Face, Eckhart and Christopher agreed to ignoreTommy Lee Jones's \"colorful\" portrayal inBatman Forever(1995), in which the character has pink hair and wears a split designer suit, in favor of a more realistic, slightly burnt, neutral-toned suit. Describing his role as GCPD Lieutenant James Gordon, Oldman said Gordon is the \"moral center\" ofThe Dark Knight, an honest and incorruptible character struggling with the limits of his morality.Maggie Gyllenhaal replacedKatie Holmesas Rachel Dawes, as Holmes chose to star in the crime comedyMad Money(2008) instead.Gyllenhaal approached Rachel as a new character and did not reference Holmes's previous performance. Christopher described Rachel as the emotional connection between Wayne and Dent, ultimately serving as a further personal loss to fuel Wayne's character. Gyllenhaal collaborated with Christopher on the character's depiction because she wanted Rachel to be important and meaningful in her relatively minor role.MusicianDwight Yoakamturned down a role as the bank manager or a corrupt police officer because he was recording his albumDwight Sings Buck(2007). Pre-production In October 2006, location scouting for Gotham City took place in the UK inLiverpool,Glasgow, London, and parts ofYorkshire, and in several cities in the U.S.Christopher chose Chicago because he liked the area and believed it offered interesting architectural features without being as recognizable as locations in better-known cities such as New York City.Chicagoan authorities had been supportive during filming ofBatman Begins, allowing the production to shut stretches of roads, freeways, and bridges.Christopher wanted to exchange the more natural, scenic settings ofBatman Beginssuch as theHimalayasand caverns for a modern, structured environment the Joker could disassemble. Production designerNathan Crowleysaid the clean, neat lines of Chicagoan architecture enhanced the urban-crime drama they wanted to make, and that Batman had helped improve the city. The destruction of Wayne Manor inBatman Beginsprovided an opportunity to move Wayne to a modern, sparse penthouse, reflecting his loneliness.Sets were still used for some interiors such as the Bat Bunker, the replacement for theBatcave, on the outskirts of the city. The production team considered placing it in the penthouse basement but believed it was too unrealistic a solution. Much ofThe Dark Knightwas filmed usingPanavision'sPanaflex Millennium XL and Platinum cameras but Christopher wanted to film about 40 minutes withIMAXcameras, a high-resolution technology using70 mm filmrather than the more-commonly used format35 mm; the finished film includes 15–20% IMAX footage, running for about 28 minutes.This made it the first major motion picture to use IMAX technology, which was generally employed for documentaries.Warner Bros. was reluctant to endorse the use of the technology because the cameras were large and unwieldy, and purchasing and processing the film stock cost up to four times as much as typical 35 mm film. Christopher said cameras that could be used onMount Everestcould be used forThe Dark Knight, and had cinematographerWally Pfisterand his crew begin training to use the equipment in January 2007 to test its feasibility.Christopher particularly wanted to film the bank heist prologue in IMAX to immediately convey the difference in scope betweenThe Dark KnightandBatman Begins. Filming in Chicago Principal photographybegan on April 18, 2007, in Chicago on a $185million budget.ForThe Dark Knight, Pfister chose to combine the \"rust-style\" visuals ofBatman Beginswith the \"dusk\"-like color scheme ofThe Prestige(cobalt blues, greens, blacks, and whites), in part to address over-dark scenes inBatman Begins.To avoid attention, filming in Chicago took place under the working titleRory's First Kissbut the production's true nature was quickly uncovered by media publications.The Joker's homemade videos were filmed and mainly directed by Ledger. Caine said he forgot his lines during a scene involving one video because of Ledger's \"stunning\" performance. The first scene filmed was the bank heist, which was shot in theOld Chicago Main Post Officeover five days.It was scheduled early to test the IMAX procedure, allowing it to be refilmed with traditional cameras if needed, and it was intended to be publicly released as part of the marketing campaign.Pfister described it as a week of patience and learning because of the four-day wait for the IMAX footage to be processed.Filming moved to England throughout May, returning to Chicago in June. Filming took place in the lobby ofOne Illinois Center, which served as Wayne's penthouse apartment; bookcases were built to hide the elevators. A floor of Two Illinois Center was decorated for Wayne's fundraiser. The crew was described as excited as this scene depicted the first meeting between Batman and the Joker. The windows in both settings were covered ingreen screenmaterial, allowing Gotham City visuals to be added later.In July, three weeks were spent filming the truck chase scene, mainly onWacker Drive, a multi-level street that had to be closed overnight.During filming, Christopher added a set-piece of a SWAT van crashing through a concrete barricade.The sequence continued onLaSalle Street, which was also used for the GCPD funeral procession, for a practical truck-flip stunt and helicopter sequence.Additional segments were filmed on Monroe Street andRandolph Street, and atRandolph Street Station. Navy Pier, along the shore ofLake Michigan, served as Gotham Harbor in a climactic ferry scene. Scouts spent over a month searching for suitable vessels but were unsuccessful, so construction coordinator Joe Ondrejko and his team built ferry facades atop barges.The entire sequence was filmed in one day and involved 800extras, who were moved through makeup and clothing departments in shifts.Exterior footage of the Gotham Prewitt Building, the site of Batman's and the Joker's final confrontation, was filmed at the in-constructionTrump International Hotel and Tower. The owners refused permission to film a stunt in which Batman suspends a SWAT team from the building, so this was filmed from the fortieth floor of a separate building site.A formerBrach'scandy factory onCicero Avenuescheduled for demolition was used to film the Gotham General Hospital explosion in August 2007.Filming in Chicago concluded on September 1, ending with scenes of Wayne driving and crashing his car, before the production returned to England. The Dark Knightincludes Chicago locations such as Lake Michigan, which doubled as theCaribbean Seawhere Wayne boards a seaplane;Richard J. Daley Center(Wayne Enterprises exteriors and a courtroom);The Berghoffrestaurant (GCPD arresting mobsters);Twin Anchors restaurant; the Sound Bar;McCormick Place(Wayne Enterprises interiors); andChicago Theatre.330 North Wabashserved as offices used by Dent, mayor Garcia, and commissioner Loeb; and its thirteenth floor appears as Wayne Enterprises' boardroom; Pfister enhanced its large, panoramic windows and natural light with an 80-foot (24 m) glass table and reflective bulbs.A Randolph Street parking garage is where Batman captures Scarecrow and Batman impersonators. Christopher wanted severalRottweilerdogs in the scene but locating a dog-handler willing to simultaneously manage several dogs was difficult.A scene of Batman surveying the city from a rooftop edge was filmed atopWillis Tower, Chicago's tallest building. Stuntman Buster Reeves was due to double as Batman, but Bale persuaded the filmmakers to let him perform the scene himself.The thirteen weeks of filming in Chicago was estimated to have generated $45million for the city's economy and thousands of local jobs. Filming in England and Hong Kong Many interior locations forThe Dark Knightwere filmed on sets atPinewood Studios,Buckinghamshire, andCardington Airfield,Bedfordshire; these locations include the Bat Bunker, which took six weeks to build in a Cardington hangar. The Bat Bunker was based on 1960s Chicago building designs, and was integrated into existing concrete floor, and used the 200-foot (61 m) long, 8 ft (2.4 m) tall ceiling to create a broad perspective. The 160-foot (49 m) tall hangar was unsuitable for suspending the bunker roof, and an encompassing gantry was built to hold it and the lighting.After moving from Chicago in May, scenes filmed in the UK also includeCriterion Restaurant, where Rachel, Dent, and Wayne share dinner, and a Gotham News scene that was filmed at theUniversity of Westminster. The GCPD headquarters was rebuilt in theFarmiloe Building. During the interrogation scene, Ledger asked Bale to actually hit him, and although he declined, Ledger cracked and dented the walls by throwing himself around. After returning to England in the middle of September, scenes were filmed for the ferry, hospital, and Gotham Prewitt building interiors.By mid-October, interior and exterior scenes of Rachel being held hostage surrounded by barrels of gasoline were filmed atBattersea Power Station. To avoid damaging the power station, alisted building, a false wall was built in front of it and lined with explosives.Nearby residents contacted emergency services believing the explosion was a terrorist attack.Filming in England concluded at the end of October with a variety of green-screen shots for the truck-chase sequence, and shots of Rachel being thrown from a window were filmed on a set at Cardington. The final nine days of production took place in Hong Kong and included aerial footage from atop theInternational Finance Centre, as well as filming atCentral to Mid-Levels escalator,The Center,Central,The Peninsula Hong Kong, andQueen's Road; and a stunt involving Batman catching an in-flightC-130aircraft.Despite extensive rehearsals of Reeves jumping from theMcClurg Buildingin Chicago, a planned stunt to depict Batman leaping from one Hong Kong skyscraper to another was canceled because local authorities refused permission for helicopter use; Pfister described the officials as a \"nightmare\".Christopher disputed a report that said a scene of Batman leaping intoVictoria Harbourwas canceled because of pollution concerns, saying it was a script decision.The 127-day shoot concluded on November 15, on time and under budget. Post-production Editing was underway in January 2008 when Ledger, aged 28, died from an accidental overdose of a prescription drug. A rumor his commitment to his performance as the Joker had affected his mental state circulated, but this was later refuted.Christopher said editing the film became \"tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day ... but the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish\".Because Christopher preferred to capture sound while filming rather thanre-recording dialogue in post-production, Ledger's work had been completed before his death, and Christopher did not modify the Joker's narrative in response.Christopher added a dedication to Ledger and stuntman Conway Wickliffe, who died during rehearsals for a Tumbler (Batmobile) stunt. Alongside lead editorLee Smith, Christopher took an \"aggressive editorial approach\" to editingThe Dark Knightto achieve its 152-minute running time.Christopher said no scenes were deleted because he believed every scene was essential, and that unnecessary material had been cut before filming.The Nolans had difficulties refining the script to reduce the running time. After removing so much material they believed the story had become incomprehensible, they added more scenes. Special effects and design Unlike the design process ofBatman Begins, which was restrained by a need to represent Batman iconography, audience acceptance of its realistic setting gaveThe Dark Knightmore design freedom.Chris Corbould, the film'sspecial effects supervisor,oversaw the 700 effect shotsDouble NegativeandFramestoreproduced; there were relatively few effects compared to equivalent films because Christopher only usedcomputer-generated imagingwhere practical effects would not suffice.Production designerNathan Crowleydesigned the Batpod (Batcycle) because Christopher did not want to extensively re-use the Tumbler. Corbould's team built the Batpod, which is based on a prototype Crowley and Christopher built bycombining different commercial model components.The unwieldy, wide-tired vehicle could only be ridden by stuntman Jean Pierre Goy after months of training.The Gotham General Hospital explosion was not in the script but added during filming because Corbould believed it could be done. Hemming, Crowley, Christopher, and Jamie Rama re-designed the Batsuit to make it more comfortable and flexible, developing a costume made from a stretchy material covered in over 100 urethane armor pieces.Sculptor Julian Murray developed Dent's burnt-facial design, which is based on Christopher's request for a skeletal appearance. Murray went through designs that were \"too real and more horrifying\" before settling on a more \"fanciful\" and detailed but less-repulsive version.Hemming designed Joker's overall appearance, which he based on fashion-and-music celebrities to create a modern and trendy look. Influence also came from the 1953 paintingStudy after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent XbyFrancis Bacon—suggested by Christopher—and the character's comic-book appearances.The outfit consists of a purple coat, a green vest, an antique shirt, and a thin, 1960s-style tie that Ledger suggested.Prosthetics supervisorConor O'Sullivancreated Joker's scars, which he partly based on a scarred delivery man he met, and used his own technique to create and apply the supple, skin-like prosthesis.John Caglione Jrdesigned Joker's \"organic\" makeup to look as though it had been worn for days; this idea was partly based on more of Bacon's works. Caglione Jr used a theatrical makeup technique for the application; he instructed Ledger to scrunch up his face so different cracks and textures were created once the makeup was applied and Ledger relaxed. Ledger always applied the lipstick himself, believing it was essential to his characterization. Music ComposersJames Newton HowardandHans Zimmer, who had also worked onBatman Begins, scoredThe Dark Knightbecause Christopher believed it was important to bridge the musical-narrative gap between the films. The score was recorded atAir Studios, London. Howard and Zimmer composed the score without seeing the film because Christopher wanted them to be influenced by the characters and story rather than fitting specific on-screen elements.Howard and Zimmer separated their duties by character; Howard focused on Dent and Zimmer focused on Batman and the Joker. Zimmer did not consider Batman to be strictly noble and wrote the theme to not seem \"super\".Howard wrote about ten minutes of music for Dent, wanting to portray him as an American who represents hope, but undergoes an emotional extreme and moral corruption. He used brass instruments for both moral ends but warped the sound as Dent is corrupted. Zimmer wanted to use a single note for the Joker's theme; he said, \"imagine one note that starts off slightly agitated and then goes to serious aggravation and finally rips your head off at the end\". He could not make it work, however, and used two notes with alternating tempos and a \"punk\" influence.The theme was influenced byelectronic musicinnovatorsKraftwerkand Zimmer's work with rock bandThe Damned. He wanted to convey elements of the Joker's corrosion, recklessness, and \"otherworldliness\" by combining electronic and orchestral music, and modifying almost every note after recording to emulate sounds including thunder and razors.He attempted to develop original sounds with synthesizers, trying to create an \"offputting\" result by instructing musicians to start with a single note and gradually shift to the second over a three-minute period; the musicians found this difficult because it was the opposite of their training.It took several months to achieve Zimmer's desired result.Following Ledger's death, Zimmer considered discarding the theme for a more traditional one but he and Howard believed they should honor Ledger's performance. Release Marketing and anti-piracy The Dark Knight's marketing campaign was developed byalternate reality game(ARG) development company42 Entertainment. Christopher wanted the team to focus on countering the negative reaction to Ledger's casting and controlling the revelation of the Joker's appearance.Influenced by the script and the comic booksThe Killing Joke,The Long Halloween, andArkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth(1989), 42 Entertainment paced the ARG over annual events, although Warner Bros. rejected their ideas to use Jokerized Santas at Christmas, coffins filled with chattering teeth on Mother's Day (mocking Wayne's late mother), and Batman actors on rooftops due to safety concerns. The ARG began in May 2007 with campaign posters for Dent and Joker playing cards bearing the phrase \"I believe in Harvey Dent\" were hidden inside comic books at stores around the U.S. This led people to a website where they could submit their e-mail addresses to reveal a pixel of a concealed Joker image; about 97,000 e-mail addresses and 20 hours were required to reveal the image in full, which was well received. AtSan Diego Comic-Con, 42 Entertainment modified 11,000 one-dollar bills with the Joker's image and the phrase \"Why So Serious?\" that led finders to a location. 42 Entertainment's initial plan to throw the bills from a balcony was canceled due to safety concerns, so the bills were covertly distributed to attendees. Although the event was expected to attract a few thousand people, 650,000 arrived and participated in activities that included calling a number taken from a plane flying overhead and wearing Joker makeup to commit disruptive acts with actors.Globally, fans photographed letters on signs to form aransom note. A U.S.-centric effort involved people recovering cellphones made byNokia—a brand partner to the film—from a cake, which led to an early screening of the film's bank-heist prologue before its public release in December. Ledger's appearance in the prologue was well-received and positively changed the discourse around his casting. Following Ledger's death, the campaign continued unchanged with a focus on Dent's election, which was influenced by the ongoing2008 United States presidential election. Warner Bros. was concerned public knowledge of Dent's character was poor; the campaign included signs, stickers, and \"Dentmobiles\" visiting U.S. cities to raise his profile. The campaign concluded in July with displays of theBat-Signalin Chicago and New York City that were eventually defaced by the Joker. Industry professionals considered the campaign innovative and successful. Warner Bros. dedicated six months toanti-piracy methods; the film industry lost an estimated $6.1billion to piracy in 2005. Delivery methods of film reels were randomized and copies had achain of custodyto track who had access. Some theater staff were given night-vision goggles to identify people recordingThe Dark Knight, and one person was caught inKansas City. Warner Bros. considered its strategy a success, delaying the appearance of the first \"poorly-lit\"camcorderversion until 38–48 hours after its earliest global release in Australia. Context Compared to 2007's $9.7billion box-office take, in 2008, lower revenues were expected due to the large number of comedies competing against each other and the release of films with dark tones, such asThe Dark Knight, during a period of rising living costs and election fatigue in the U.S. Fewer sequels, which generally performed well, were scheduled and only four—The Dark Knight,The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian,The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor, andIndiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull—were predicted to beblockbusters.Kingdom of the Crystal Skullwas the only film expected to easily earn over $300million. The Dark Knightwas expected to sell well based on high audience anticipation, positive pre-release reviews, and a record $3.5million in IMAX pre-sales. Predictions placed its opening-weekend take above that ofIron Man's $102.1million but below that ofSpider-Man 3's (2007) record $151.1million. Analysts said its success would be influenced by the lengthy running time that limited the number of screenings per day, andcounter-programmingfrom the romantic comedyMamma Mia!—which surveyed well with women—and the family comedySpace Chimps. There was also a perceived limit on financial success forBatmanfilms; the 1989 installment remained the franchise's highest-grossing release.The Dark Knight's premiere took place on July 14, in IMAX in New York City. A block inBroadwaywas closed for the event, which included a live performance of the film score by Howard and Zimmer.The Hollywood Reportersaid Ledger received several ovations, and that during the after-party, Warner Bros. executives struggled to maintain a balance between celebrating the successful response and commemorating Ledger. Box office On July 18, 2008,The Dark Knightwas widely released in the U.S. and Canada in a record 4,366 theaters on an estimated 9,200 screens. It earned $158.4million during the weekend, a per-theater average of $36,282, breakingSpider-Man 3's record and making it the number-one film ahead ofMamma Mia!($27.8million) andHancock($14million) in its third weekend.It set further records for the highest-grossing single-day ($67.2million on the Friday), Sunday ($43.6million), midnight opening ($18.5million, from 3,000 midnight screenings), and IMAX opening ($6.3million from about 94 locations), as well as the second-highest-grossing Saturday ($47.7million) behindSpider-Man 3, and contributed to the highest-grossing weekend on record ($253.6million).The film benefited from repeat viewings by younger audiences and had broad appeal, with 52% of the audience being male and an equal number of those under 25 years old, and those of 25 or older. The Dark Knightbroke more records, including for the highest-grossing opening week ($238.6million), and for three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-day cumulative grosses, including the highest-grossing non-holiday Monday ($24.5million) and non-opening Tuesday ($20.9million, as well as the second-highest-grossing non-opening Wednesday ($18.4million), behindTransformers($29.1million).It retained the number-one position in its second weekend with a total gross of $75.2million, ahead of the debutingStep Brothers($31million), giving it the highest-grossing second weekend.It retained the number-one position in its third ($42.7million) and fourth ($26.1million) weekends, before falling to second place in its fifth, with a gross of $16.4million, behind the debutingTropic Thunder($25.8million).The Dark Knightremained in the top-ten highest-grossing films for ten weeks, and became the film to surpass $400million soonest (18 days) and $500million (45 days).The film was playing in fewer than 100 theaters when it received a 300-theater relaunch in late January 2009 to raise its profile during nominations for the81st Academy Awards. This raised its total box office to $533.3million before it left theaters on March 5 after 33 weeks, making it the highest-grossing comic-book, superhero, andBatmanfilm; the highest-grossing film of 2008; and the second-highest-grossing film ever (unadjusted for inflation), behind the 1997 romantic dramaTitanic($600.8million). The Dark Knightwas released in Australia and Taiwan on Wednesday, July 16, 2008, and opened in twenty markets by the weekend. It earned about $40million combined, making it second toHancock($44.8million), which was playing in nearly four times as many countries.The Dark Knightwas available in sixty-two countries by the end of August, although Warner Bros. decided not to release it in China, blaming \"a number of pre-release conditions... as well as cultural sensitivities to some elements of the film\".The Dark Knightearned about $469.7million outside the U.S. and Canada, its highest grosses coming from the United Kingdom ($89.1million), Australia ($39.9million), Germany ($29.7million), France ($27.5million), Mexico ($25million), South Korea ($24.7million), and Brazil ($20.2million). This made it the second-highest-grossing film of the year behindIndiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. The film had grossed $997 million worldwide by January 2009.Its reissue in the run-up to the Oscars enabled the film to exceed $1billion in February,and it ultimately earned $1.003billion. It was the first superhero film to gross over $1billion, the highest-grossing film of 2008 worldwide, the fourth film to earn more than $1billion, and the fourth-highest-grossing film of its time behindPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest($1.066billion),The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King($1.119billion), andTitanic($1.842billion).As of September 2022,rereleases have further raised its box-office take to $1.006 billion. Reception Critical response The Dark Knightreceived critical acclaim.OnRotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 94% approval rating from the aggregated reviews of 347 critics, with an average score of 8.6/10. The consensus reads; \"Dark, complex and unforgettable,The Dark Knightsucceeds not just as an entertaining comic book film, but as a richly thrilling crime saga.\"OnMetacriticthe film has a weighted average score of 84 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Several publications calledThe Dark Knightthe best comic-book hero adaptation ever made.Roger Ebertsaid it, alongsideIron Man, had redefined the potential of superhero films by combining comic-book tropes with real world events.Some appreciated its complex moral tale about the effects of vigilantism and terrorism on contemporary society.Emanuel LevyandManohla Dargispraised the depiction of the characters as possessing both positive and negative aspects, such as Batman's efforts to end crime provoking unintended consequences and a greater response from criminals; Dargis believedThe Dark Knight's exploration of chaos, fear, and death, following theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, represented \"that American movies have entered a new era of ambivalence when it comes to their heroes or maybe just superness.\"Others criticized the dark, grim, intense, and self-serious tone as lacking any elements of fun or fantasy.David DenbysaidThe Dark Knightwas a product of a \"time of terror\", but focused on embracing and unleashing it while cynically setting up a sequel.Stephanie ZacharekandDavid Edelsteincriticized a perceived lack of visual storytelling in favor of exposition, and aspects of the plot being difficult to follow amid the fast pace and loud score.Christopher's action direction was criticized, especially during fight scenes where it could be difficult to see things clearly,although the prologue bank heist was praised as among the film's best. Ledger's performance received near-unanimous praise with the caveat that his death made the role both highly anticipated and difficult to watch.Dargis, among others, described Ledger as realizing the Joker so convincingly, intensely, and viscerally it made the audience forget about the actor behind the makeup.The Village Voicewrote the performance would have made Ledger a legend even if he had lived.Other reviews said Ledger outshone Nicholson's performance with macabre humor and malevolence.Reviews generally agreed the Joker was the best-written character, and that Ledger commanded scenes from the entire cast to create one of the most mesmerizing cinematic villains.Zacharek, however, lamented that the performance was not in service of a better film. Bale's reception was mixed; his performance was considered to be alternately \"captivating\" or serviceable, but ultimately uninteresting and undermined by portraying an immovable and generally unchanged character who delivers Batman's dialogue in a hoarse, unvarying tone.Eckhart's performance was generally well received; reviewers praised his portrayal of Dent as charismatic, and the character's subsequent transformation into a sad, bitter \"monster\", althoughVarietyconsidered his subplot the film's weakest.Stephen Huntersaid the Dent character was underwritten and that Eckhart was incapable of portraying the role as intended.Several reviewers regarded Gyllenhaal as an improvement over Holmes, although others said they found difficulty caring about the character and that Gyllenhaal, while more talented than her predecessor, was miscast.Peter Traverspraised Oldman's skill in making a virtuous character interesting and he, among others, described Caine's and Freeman's performances as \"effortless\".Ebert surmised the entire cast provided \"powerful\" performances that engage the audience, such that \"we're surprised how deeply the drama affects us\". Accolades The Dark Knightappeared on several lists recognizing the best films of 2008, including those compiled by Ebert,The Hollywood Reporter, and theAmerican Film Institute.At the13th Satellite Awards,The Dark Knightreceived one award for Sound Editing or Mixing (Richard King,Lora Hirschberg,Gary Rizzo).A further four wins came at the35th People's Choice Awards: Favorite Movie, Favorite Cast, Favorite Action Movie, and Favorite On-Screen Match-Up (Bale and Ledger),as well as Best Action Movie and Best Supporting Actor (Ledger) at the14th Critics' Choice Awards.Howard and Zimmer were recognized for Best Motion Picture Score at the51st Annual Grammy Awards.Ledger won the film's only awards at the15th Screen Actors Guild Awards,62nd British Academy Film Awards, and66th Golden Globe Awards, for Best Supporting Actor.At the14th Empire Awards,The Dark Knightreceived awards forBest Film,Best Director(Christopher Nolan), andBest Actor(Bale).Ledger received the award forBest Villainat the2009 MTV Movie Awards,and at the35th Saturn Awards,The Dark Knightwon awards forBest Action or Adventure Film,Best Supporting Actor(Ledger),Best Writing(Christopher and Jonathan Nolan),Best Music(Howard and Zimmer), andBest Special Effects(Corbould,Nick Davis,Paul J. Franklin,Timothy Webber). BeforeThe Dark Knight's release, film industry discourse focused on Ledger potentially earning an Academy Award nomination at the 81st Academy Awards in 2009, making him only the seventh person to be nominated posthumously, and if the decision would be influenced by his death or performance.Genre films such as those based on comic books were also generally ignored by Academy voters.Even so, Ledger was considered a favorite to earn the award based on praise from critic groups and his posthumous Golden Globe award.Ledger won theAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, making him only the second performer to win an award posthumously (afterPeter Finchin 1977), andThe Dark Knightthe first comic book adaptation to win an academy acting award.The Dark Knightalso won an award forBest Sound Editing(King), and received six nominations forBest Art Direction(Crowley andPeter Lando),Best Cinematography(Pfister),Best Film Editing(Smith),Best Makeup(Caglione Jr. and O'Sullivan),Best Sound Mixing(Hirschberg, Rizzo, andEd Novick), andBest Visual Effects(Davis, Corbould, Webber, and Franklin). Despite the success ofThe Dark Knight, the lack of aBest Picturenomination was criticized and described as a \"snub\" by some publications. The response was seen as the culmination of several years of criticism toward the academy ignoring high-performing, broadly popular films.The backlash was such that, for the82nd Academy Awardsawards in 2010, the academy increased the limit for Best Picture nominees from five to ten, a change known as \"The Dark Knight Rule\". It allowed for more broadly popular but \"respected\" films to be nominated, includingDistrict 9,The Blind Side,Avatar, andUp, the first animated film to be nominated in two decades.This change is seen as responsible for the first Best Picture nomination of a comic book adaptation,Black Panther(2018).Even so,The Hollywood Reporterargued the academy mistook the appeals to recognize important, \"generation-defining\" genre films with just nominating more films. Other releases Home media The Dark Knightwas released onDVDandBlu-rayin December 2008. The release has aslipcoverbox-art that revealed a \"Jokerized\" version underneath, and contains featurettes on Batman's equipment, the psychology used in the film, six episodes of the fictional news programGotham Tonight, and a gallery of concept art, posters, and Joker cards. The Blu-ray disc version additionally offers interactive elements describing the production of some scenes.A separate, limited-edition Blu-ray disc set came with a Batpod figurine.The Dark Knightsold 3million copies across both formats on its launch day in the U.S., Canada, and the UK; Blu-ray discs comprised about 25–30% of the sales—around 600,000 units. The film was released at the beginning of the Blu-ray disc format; it was considered a success, breakingIron Man's record of 250,000 units sold and indicating the format was growing in popularity.In 2011, it also became the first major-studio film to be released for rent via digital distribution onFacebook.A4K resolutionremaster, which was overseen by Christopher, was released in December 2017 as a set containing a 4KUltra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray disc, and digital download, as well as special features from earlier releases. Merchandise and spin-offs Merchandise forThe Dark Knightincludes statuettes, action figures, radio-controlled Tumbler and Batpod models, costumes, sets of Batarangs, a limited-edition Grappling Launcher replica, board games, puzzles, clothing, and a special-editionUNOcard game.A novelization written byDennis O'Neilwas released in 2008. Adirect-to-DVDanimated film,Batman: Gotham Knight, was released in July 2008. Executive produced byBruce Timmand Nolan's wife Emma Thomas, with Goyer as one of the writers, it includes veteran Batman voice actorKevin Conroyreprising his role. Originally there was interest in bringing Bale and other actors from the live-action films to voice their respective characters, but it was not possible due to scheduling conflicts.Gotham Knightpresents six vignettes, each of which are animated in a different artistic style, set between the events ofBatman BeginsandThe Dark Knight. A video game adaptation,Batman: The Dark Knight, was canceled due to development problems.The Dark Knight Coaster, an indoor roller coaster, opened in May 2008 atSix Flags Great AdventureinJackson Township, New Jersey. Costing $7.5million, the 1,213-foot (370 m) long attraction places riders in an imitation of Wayne Central Station in Gotham City as they move through areas that are vandalized or controlled by the Joker. Themes and analysis Terrorism and escalation A central theme ofThe Dark Knightis escalation, particularly the rise of the Joker in response to Batman's vigilantism.Batman's vigilante operation arms him with high-tech military equipment against common criminals, and the Joker is the inevitable response and escalation of lawlessness to counter Batman. Critic Siddhant Adlakha considered the Joker an analog for countries such as Iraq, Somalia, and Lebanon, which were targeted by U.S. military campaigns and responded with escalation using terrorism.Batman also inspires copycat vigilantes, further escalating lawlessness.Film studiesprofessor Todd McGowan said Batman asserts authority over these copycats, telling them to stop because they do not have the same defensive equipment as himself, reaffirming his self-given authority to act as a vigilante. The film has been analyzed as an analog for the war on terror, the militaristic campaign the U.S. launched following the September 11 attacks.The scene in which Batman stands in the ruins of a destroyed building, having failed to prevent the Joker's plot, is reminiscent of theWorld Trade Center siteafter September 11.According to historianStephen Prince,The Dark Knightis about the consequences of civil and government authorities abandoning rules in the fight against terrorism.Several publications criticizedThe Dark Knightfor a perceived endorsement of \"necessary evils\" such as torture andrendition.AuthorAndrew Klavansaid Batman is a stand-in for then-U.S. presidentGeorge W. Bushand justified the breaching of \"boundaries of civil rights to deal with an emergency, certain that will re-establish those boundaries when the emergency is past\".Klavan's interpretation was criticized by some publications that consideredThe Dark Knightanti-war, proposing society must not abandon the rule of law to combat lawlessness or risk creating the conditions for escalation.This is exemplified in the covert alliance formed between Batman, Dent, and Gordon, leading to Rachel's death and Dent's corruption.Writer Benjamin Kerstein said both viewpoints are valid, and that \"The Dark Knightis a perfect mirror of the society which is watching it: a society so divided on the issues of terror and how to fight it that, for the first time in decades, an American mainstream no longer exists\". Batman and Dent resort to torture orenhanced interrogationto stop the Joker but he remains immune to their efforts because he has a strong belief in his goals. When Dent ineffectually attempts to torture Joker's henchman, Batman does not condemn the act, only being concerned about public perception if people discover the truth. This conveys the protagonists' gradual abandonment of their principles when faced with an extreme foe.The Joker meets Dent in a hospital to explain how expected atrocities, such as the deaths of several soldiers, and societal failings are tolerated but when norms are unexpectedly disrupted, people panic and descend into chaos.Although the Joker wears disguising makeup, he is not hiding behind a mask and is the same person with or without makeup. He lacks any identity or origin, representing the uncertainty, unknowability, and fear of terrorism, although he does not follow any political ideology.Dent represents the fulfillment of American idealism, a noble person who can work within the confines of the law and allow Batman to retire, but the fear and chaos embodied by the Joker taints that idealism and corrupts Dent absolutely. InThe Dark Knight's final act, Batman employs an invasive surveillance network by co-opting the phones of Gotham's citizens to locate the Joker, violating their privacy. Adlakha described this act as a \"militaristic fantasy\", in which a significant violation of civil liberties is required through the means of advanced technology to capture a dangerous terrorist, reminiscent of the2001 Patriot Act. Lucius Fox threatens to stop helping Batman in response, believing he has crossed an ethical boundary, and although Batman agrees these violations are unacceptable and destroys the technology, the film demonstrates he could not have stopped the Joker in time without it. Morality and ethics The Dark Knightfocuses on the moral and ethical battles faced by the central characters, and the compromises they make to defeat the Joker under extraordinary circumstances.Roger Ebert said the Joker forces impossible ethical decisions on each character to test the limits of their morality.Batman represents order to the Joker's chaos and is brought to his own limit but avoids completely compromising himself. Dent represents goodness and hope; he is the city's \"white knight\" who is \"pure\" of intent and can operate within the law.Dent is motivated to do good because he identifies himself as good, not through trauma like Batman, and has faith in the legal system.Adlakha wrote Dent is framed as a religious icon, his campaign slogan being \"I believe in Harvey Dent\", and his eventual death leaves his arms spread wide likeJesus on the Cross.Eckhart described Dent as someone who loves the law but feels constrained by it and his inability to do what he believes is right because the rules he must follow do not allow it.Dent's desire to work outside the law is seen in his support of Batman's vigilantism to accomplish what he cannot. Dent's corruption suggests he is a proxy for those looking for hope because he is as fallible and susceptible to darkness as anyone else.This can be seen in his use of a two-headed coin to make decisions involving others, eliminating the risk of chance by controlling the outcome in his favor, indicating losing is not an acceptable outcome for him. Once Dent experiences a significant traumatic event in the loss of Rachel and his own disfigurement, he quickly abandons his noble former self to seek his own form of justice. His coin is scarred on one side, introducing the risk of chance, and he submits himself to it completely. According to English professor Daniel Boscaljon, Dent is not broken; he believes in a different form of justice in a seemingly unjust world, flipping a coin because it is \"Unbiased. Unprejudiced. Fair.\" The Joker represents an ideological deviancy; he does not seek personal gain and causes chaos for its own sake, setting a towering pile of cash ablaze to prove \"everything burns\". Unlike Batman, the Joker is the same with or without makeup, having no identity to conceal and nothing to lose.Boscaljon wrote the residents and criminals believe in a form of order and rules that must be obeyed; the Joker deliberately upends this belief because he has no rules or limitations.The character can be considered an example ofFriedrich Nietzsche's \"Superman\", who exists outside definitions such as good and evil, and follows his own indomitable will. The film, however, leaves open the option to dismiss his insights because his chaos ultimately leads to death and injustice.Christopher described the Joker as an unadulterated evil, and professor Charles Bellinger considered him a satanic figure who repels people from goodness and tempts them with things they supposedly lack, such as forcing Batman to choose between saving Dent—who is best for the city—and Rachel, who is best for Wayne.The Joker aims to corrupt Dent to prove anyone, even symbols, can be broken. In their desperation, Dent and Batman are forced to question their own limitations. As the Joker states to Batman: Their morals, their code ... it's a bad joke. Dropped at the first sign of trouble. They're only as good as the world allows them to be. You'll see—I'll show you ... when the chips are down, these civilized people ... they'll eat each other. See, I'm not a monster ... I'm just ahead of the curve. The ferry scene can be seen as the Joker's true defeat, demonstrating he is wrong about the residents turning on each other in an extreme scenario.According to writer David Chen, this demonstrates, individually, people cannot responsibly handle power but by sharing the responsibility, there is hope for a compassionate outcome.Although Batman holds to his morals and does not kill the Joker, he is forced to break his code by pushing Dent to his death to save an innocent person. Batman chooses to become a symbol of criminality by taking the blame for Dent's crimes and preserving him as a symbol of good, maintaining the hope of Gotham's residents.Critic David Crow wrote Batman's true test is not defeating the Joker but saving Dent, a task at which he fails.Batman makes his own Christ-like sacrifice, taking on Dent's sins to preserve the city. AlthoughThe Dark Knightpresents this as a heroic act, this \"noble lie\" is used to conceal and manipulate the truth for what a minority determines is the greater good.McGowan considered the act heroic because Batman's sacrifice will leave him hunted and despised without recognition, indicating he has learned from the Joker the established norms must sometimes be broken.According to professor Martin Fradley, among others, Batman's \"noble lie\" and Gordon's support of it is a cynical endorsement of deception and totalitarianism.Wayne's butler Alfred also commits a noble lie, concealing Rachel's choice of Dent over Wayne to spare him the pain of her rejection. Legacy Cultural influence The Dark Knightis considered an influential and often-imitated work that redefined the superhero/comic-book film genre, and filmmaking in general.In 2020, the United StatesLibrary of CongressselectedThe Dark Knightto be preserved in theNational Film Registryfor being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". BeforeThe Dark Knight, superhero films closely emulated their comic-book source material, and though the genre had seen significant successes such asSuperman(1978),Batman(1989),X-Men(2000), andSpider-Man(2002), they were often considered disposable entertainment that did not garner much industry respect.A 2018 retrospective byThe Hollywood ReportersaidThe Dark Knighttaught filmmakers \"comic book characters are malleable. They are able to be grounded or fantastic, able to be prestigious or pure blockbuster entertainment, to be dark and gritty or light, to be character-driven or action-packed, or any variation in-between.\" The Dark Knightis considered a blueprint for the modern superhero film that productions either attempt to closely emulate or deliberately counter.Its financial, critical, and cultural successes legitimized the genre with film studios at a time when recent films, such asDaredevil,Hulk(both 2003),Fantastic Four(2005), andSuperman Returns(2006) had failed to meet expectations.The genre became a focus of annual studio strategies rather than a relatively niche project, and a surge of comic-book adaptations followed, in part because of their broad franchising potential. In 2008, Ebert wrote; \", and to a lesser degreeIron Man, redefine the possibilities of the 'comic-book movie'\".The AtlanticwroteIron Man's legacy in launching theMarvel Cinematic Universe(MCU) could not have happened without the financial and critical success ofThe Dark Knight, which made comic book adaptations a central focus of film studios. Retrospective analysis has focused on the way studios, eager to replicate its performance, released tonally dark, gritty, and realistic films, or reboots of existing franchises, many of which failed critically or commercially.Some publications said studios took the wrong lessons fromThe Dark Knight, treating source material too seriously and mistaking a dark, gritty tone for narrative depth and intelligent writing.The MCU is seen as a successful continuation of what madeThe Dark Knighta success, combining genres and tones relevant to each respective film while treating the source material seriously, unlike theDC Extended Universe, which more closely emulated the tone ofThe Dark Knightbut failed to replicate its success. Directors includingSam Mendes(Skyfall, 2012),Ryan Coogler(Black Panther), andDavid Ayer(Suicide Squad, 2016), have cited it as an influence on their work,Steven Spielberglisted it among his favorite films, andTimothée Chalametsaid it inspired him to become an actor.The film has been referenced in a variety of media including television shows such asRobot Chicken,South Park, andThe Simpsons.U.S. PresidentBarack Obamaused Joker to explain the growth ofIslamic State(IS) military group, saying \"... the gang leaders of Gotham are meeting... they were thugs, but there was a kind of order... the Joker comes in and lights the whole city on fire. is the Joker.\"Joker's appearance became a popular Halloween costume and also influenced the 2009Barack Obama \"Joker\" poster. Retrospective assessments Since its release,The Dark Knighthas been assessed as one of the greatest superhero films ever made,among thegreatest films ever made,and one of the best sequel films.It is also considered among the best films of the 2000s,and in a 2010 poll of thirty-seven critics by Metacritic regarding the decade's top films,The Dark Knightreceived the eighth most mentions, appearing on 7 lists.In the 2010s, a poll of 177 film critics by theBBCin 2016 listed it as the 33rd-best film of the 21st century,andThe Guardianplaced it 98th on its own list.In 2020,Empiremagazine named it third-best, behindThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring(2001) andMad Max: Fury Road(2015).As of 2023, it remains the highest critically rated Batman film according to Rotten Tomatoes, and is often ranked as the best film featuring the character. The Dark Knightremains popular with entertainment industry professionals, including directors, actors, critics, and stunt actors, being ranked 57th onThe Hollywood Reporter's poll of the best films ever made,18th onTime Out's list of the best action films,and 96th on the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest American Films.The Dark Knightis included in the film-reference book1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,and film criticsJames BerardinelliandBarry Normanincluded it in their individual listings of the 100 greatest films of all time.In 2012,Total Filmnamed it the sixth-most-accomplished film of the preceding fifteen years, and a 2020 article byEmpirenamedThe Dark Knightas one of the films that defined the previous three decades.In 2020,Time Outnamed it the seventy-second-best action movie ever made. Ledger's Joker is considered one of the greatest cinematic villains; several publications placed his portrayal second only to Darth Vader.In 2017,The Hollywood Reporternamed Ledger's Joker the second-best cinematic superhero performance ever, behindHugh JackmanasWolverine,andColliderlisted him as the greatest villain of the 21st century.In 2022,Varietylisted him as the best superhero film performance of the preceding 50 years (Eckhart appears at number 22).Entertainment Weeklywrote there had not been another villain as interesting or \"perversely entertaining\" as Joker, and Ledger's performance was considered so defining that future interpretations would be compared against it.Michael B. Jordancited the character as an inspiration for his characterErik KillmongerinBlack Panther.The \"pencil trick\" scene, in which Joker makes a pencil disappear by slamming a mobster's head on it, is considered an iconic scene and among the film's most famous.Similarly, the character's line \"why so serious?\" is among the film's most famous and oft-quoted pieces of dialog,alongside \"everyone loses their minds,\" and Dent's line \"you either die a hero or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain\", as well as Pennyworth's line \"some men just want to watch the world burn\"; the lines also became popularinternet memes. The Dark Knightremains popular with audiences in publicly voted rankings. Over 17,000 people voted the film into the top ten ofAmerican Cinematographer's \"Best-Shot Film of 1998–2008\" list,and listeners ofBBC Radio 1andBBC Radio 1Xtranamed it their eighth-favorite film.Readers ofEmpirehave alternatively voted it the fifteenth (2008),third (2014),and the fourth-greatest film ever made (2020).The Dark Knightwas also voted the greatest superhero movie by readers ofRolling Stone(2014),and as one of New Zealand's favorite films (2015). Sequel The Dark Knightwas followed byThe Dark Knight Rises(2012), the conclusion ofThe Dark Knight Trilogy. In the film, Batman is forced out of his self-imposed retirement following the events ofThe Dark Knight; he allies withSelina Kyle / Catwomanto take onBane, a physically imposing revolutionary allied with theLeague of Shadowsthat is featured inBatman Begins.The Dark Knight Riseswas a financial success, surpassing the box-office take ofThe Dark Knight,and was generally well received by critics but proved more divisive with audiences. Notes References Citations Works cited External links",
"Heath Ledger Heath Andrew Ledger(4 April 1979 – 22 January 2008) was an Australian actor. After playing roles in several Australian television and film productions during the 1990s, he moved to the United States in 1998 to further develop his film career. His work consisted of 20 films in a variety of genres, including10 Things I Hate About You(1999),The Patriot(2000),A Knight's Tale(2001),Monster's Ball(2001),Casanova(2005),Lords of Dogtown(2005),Brokeback Mountain(2005),Candy(2006),I'm Not There(2007),The Dark Knight(2008), andThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus(2009), the latter two of which were posthumously released.He also produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director. For his portrayal ofEnnis Del MarinAng Lee'sBrokeback Mountain,he received nominations for theBAFTA Award,Screen Actors Guild Award,Golden Globe Awardand theAcademy Award for Best Actor, becoming theeighth-youngestnominee in the category at that time.In 2007, he played a fictional actor, Robbie Clark, one of six characters embodying aspects ofBob Dylan's life and persona inTodd Haynes'I'm Not There. Ledger died in January 2008from an accidental overdose as a result of prescription drug abuse.A few months before his death, he finished filming his role as theJokerinThe Dark Knight; the performance brought him praise and popularity, and numerous posthumous awards, including theAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, theGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, and theBAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor. Early life and education Ledger was born on 4 April 1979 inPerth, Western Australia, to Sally Ramshaw, a French teacher, and Kim Ledger, a racing car driver and mining engineer whose family established and owned the Ledger Engineering Foundry.The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust is named after his great-grandfatherFrank Ledger.He had English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry.Ledger attended Mary's Mount Primary School inGooseberry Hill,and laterGuildford Grammar School, where he had his first acting experiences, starring in a school production asPeter Panat age ten.His parents separated when he was ten and divorced when he was eleven.Ledger's older sister Kate, an actress and later a publicist, to whom he was very close, inspired his acting on stage; and his love ofGene Kellyinspired his successful choreography, leading to Guildford Grammar's 60-member team's \"first all-boy victory\" at theRock Eisteddfod Challenge.Ledger's two half-sisters are Ashleigh Bell (b. 1990), his mother's daughter with her second husband Roger Bell; and Olivia Ledger (b. 1996), his father's daughter with his second wife Emma Brown. Acting career 1990s After sitting for early graduation exams at age 16 to get his diploma, Ledger left school to pursue an acting career.With Trevor DiCarlo, his best friend since the age of three, Ledger drove across Australia from Perth to Sydney, returning to Perth to take a small role inClowning Around(1992), the first part of a two-part television series, and to work on the TV seriesSweat(1996), in which he played a cyclist.From 1993 to 1997, Ledger also had parts in the Perth television seriesShip to Shore(1993); Ledger also had parts in the short-livedFox Broadcasting Companyfantasy-dramaRoar(1997); inHome and Away(1997), one of Australia's most successful television shows; and in the Australian filmBlackrock(1997), his feature film debut.In 1999, he starred in the teen comedy10 Things I Hate About Youand in the acclaimed Australian crime filmTwo Hands, directed byGregor Jordan. 2000s In the early 2000s, he starred in supporting roles as Gabriel Martin, the eldest son of Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson), inThe Patriot(2000), and as Sonny Grotowski, the son of Hank Grotowski (Billy Bob Thornton), inMonster's Ball(2001); as well as leading or title roles inA Knight's Tale(2001),The Four Feathers(2002),The Order(2003),Ned Kelly(2003),Casanova(2005),The Brothers Grimm(2005), andLords of Dogtown(2005).In 2001, he won aShoWestAward as \"Male Star of Tomorrow\". Ledger received \"Best Actor of 2005\" awards from both theNew York Film Critics Circleand theSan Francisco Film Critics Circlefor his performance inBrokeback Mountain,in which he playsWyomingranch handEnnis Del Mar, who has a love affair with aspiring rodeo riderJack Twist, played byJake Gyllenhaal.He also received the nominations for aGolden GlobeAward forBest Actor — Motion Picture Drama, aScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, aBAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, and anAcademy Award for Best Actorfor this performance,making him, at age 26, theeighth-youngestnominee in the category.InThe New York Timesreview of the film, criticStephen Holdenwrites: \"Both Mr. Ledger and Mr. Gyllenhaal make this anguished love story physically palpable. Mr. Ledger magically and mysteriously disappears beneath the skin of his lean, sinewy character. It is a great screen performance, as good as the best ofMarlon BrandoandSean Penn.\"In a review inRolling Stone,Peter Traversstates: \"Ledger's magnificent performance is an acting miracle. He seems to tear it from his insides. Ledger doesn't just know how Ennis moves, speaks and listens; he knows how he breathes. To see him inhale the scent of a shirt hanging in Jack's closet is to take measure of the pain of love lost.\" AfterBrokeback Mountain, Ledger costarred with fellow AustralianAbbie Cornishin the 2006 Australian filmCandy,an adaptation of the 1998 novelCandy: A Novel of Love and Addiction,as young heroin addicts in love attempting to break free of their addiction, whose mentor is played byGeoffrey Rush; for his performance as sometime poet Dan, Ledger was nominated for three \"Best Actor\" awards, including one of theFilm Critics Circle of Australia Awards, which both Cornish and Rush won in their categories. Shortly after the release ofCandy, Ledger was invited to join theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.As one of six actors embodying different aspects of the life ofBob Dylanin the 2007 filmI'm Not There, directed byTodd Haynes, Ledger \"won praise for his portrayal of 'Robbie ,' a moody, counter-culture actor who represents the romanticist side of Dylan, but says accolades are never his motivation\".Posthumously, on 23 February 2008, he shared the2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Awardwith the rest of the film's ensemble cast, its director, and its casting director. In his penultimate film role, Ledger played theJokerinChristopher Nolan's 2008 filmThe Dark Knight, which was released nearly six months after his death. While working on the film in London, Ledger toldSarah Lyallin theirNew York Timesinterview that he viewedThe Dark Knight's Joker as a \"psychopathic,mass murdering,schizophrenicclownwith zeroempathy\".For his performance inThe Dark Knight, Ledger posthumously won theAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor(becoming the fourth-youngest winner of the award) which his family accepted on his behalf, as well as numerous other posthumous awards, including theGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, which Nolan accepted for him.At the time of his death on 22 January 2008, Ledger had completed about half of the work for his final film role as Tony inTerry Gilliam'sThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus.Gilliam chose to adapt the film after his death by having fellow actors (and friends of Ledger)Johnny Depp,Jude Law, andColin Farrellplay \"fantasy transformations\" of his character so that Ledger's final performance could be seen in theatres. Directorial work Ledger had aspirations to become a film director and had made some music videos with his production companyThe Masses, which directorTodd Haynespraised highly in his tribute to Ledger upon accepting theISP Robert Altman Award, which Ledger posthumously shared, on 23 February 2008.In 2006, Ledger directed music videos for the title track on Australianhip hopartistN'fa's CD debut solo albumCause An Effectand for the single \"Seduction Is Evil (She's Hot)\".Later that year, Ledger inaugurated a new record label,The Masses Music, with singerBen Harperand also directed a music video for Harper's song \"Morning Yearning\". At a news conference at the 2007Venice Film Festival, Ledger spoke of his desire to make a documentary film about the British singer-songwriterNick Drake, who died in 1974, at the age of 26, from an overdose of anantidepressant.Ledger created and acted in a music video set to Drake's recording of the singer's 1974 song about depression, \"Black Eyed Dog\" — a title \"inspired byWinston Churchill's descriptive term for depression\" (black dog);it was shown publicly only twice, first at the Bumbershoot Festival, in Seattle, held from 1 to 3 September 2007; and secondly as part of \"A Place To Be: A Celebration of Nick Drake\", with its screening ofTheir Place: Reflections On Nick Drake, \"a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake\" (including Ledger's), sponsored byAmerican Cinematheque, at theGrauman's Egyptian Theatre, in Hollywood, on 5 October 2007.After Ledger's death, his music video for \"Black Eyed Dog\" was shown on the Internet and excerpted in news clips distributed via YouTube. He was working with Scottish screenwriter and producerAllan Scotton an adaptation of the 1983 novelThe Queen's GambitbyWalter Tevis, which would have been his first feature film as a director. He also intended to act in the film, with Canadian actorElliot Pageproposed in the lead role.Ledger's final directorial work, in which he shot two music videos before his death, premiered in 2009.The music videos, completed forModest MouseandGrace Woodroofe,include an animated feature for Modest Mouse's song \"King Rat\", and the Woodroofe video for her cover ofDavid Bowie's \"Quicksand\".The \"King Rat\" video premiered on 4 August 2009. Personal life Ledger was an avidchessplayer, and had participated intournamentswhen he was young.As an adult, he often played with other chess enthusiasts atWashington Square Parkin Manhattan.He was a fan ofWest Coast Eagles, anAustralian rules footballteam that competes in theAustralian Football League(AFL) and is based in his hometown of Perth. Ledger was an \"obsessive\" photographer who loved taking stills, then drawing over them with paint, markers ornail polish. Relationships Ledger datedLisa Zane, Christina Cauchi,Heather Graham, andNaomi Watts. In 2004, he began a relationship with actressMichelle Williamsafter meeting her on the set ofBrokeback Mountain. Their daughter, Matilda Rose, was born on 28 October 2005 in New York City.Matilda's godparents areBrokeback Mountainco-starJake Gyllenhaaland Williams'Dawson's Creekco-starBusy Philipps.In January 2006, Ledger listed his residence inBronte, New South Walesfor saleand returned to the US, where he shared a house with Williams inBoerum Hill,Brooklynfrom 2005 to 2007.In September 2007, Williams' father confirmed toThe Daily Telegraphthat Ledger and Williams had broken up. After his breakup with Williams, the tabloid press and other public media linked Ledger romantically with supermodelsHelena ChristensenandGemma Ward. In 2011, Ward stated that the pair had begun dating in November 2007 and that their families had spent that year's Christmas together in their hometown of Perth. Press controversies Ledger's relationship with the Australian press was sometimes turbulent, and it led to his abandonment of plans for his family to reside part-time in Sydney.In 2004, he strongly denied press reports alleging that \"he spat at journalists on the Sydney set of the filmCandy\", or that one of his relatives had done so later, outside Ledger's Sydney home.On 13 January 2006, \"Several members of thepaparazziretaliated ... squirting Ledger and Williams with water pistols on thered carpetat the Sydney premiere ofBrokeback Mountain\". After his performance on stage at the2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards, when he had giggled in presentingBrokeback Mountainas a nominee forOutstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, theLos Angeles Timesreferred to his presentation as an \"apparent gay spoof\".Ledger called theTimeslater and explained that his levity resulted fromstage fright, saying that he had been told that he would be presenting the award only minutes earlier; he stated: \"I am so sorry and I apologise for my nervousness. I would be absolutely horrified if my stage fright was misinterpreted as a lack of respect for the film, the topic and for the amazing filmmakers.\" After learning that two cinemas in Utah refused to showBrokeback Mountain, Ledger said: \"I don't think the movie is but I think maybe theMormons in Utahdo. I think it's hilarious and very immature of a society\".In the same interview with theHerald Sunnewspaper, Ledger mistakenly claimed thatlynchingshad occurred in West Virginia as recently as the 1980s; state scholars disputed his statement, asserting that no documented lynchings had occurred in West Virginia since 1931. Health problems and drug use In an interview withSarah Lyall, published inThe New York Timeson 4 November 2007, Ledger stated that he often could not sleep when taking on roles, and that the role of the Joker inThe Dark Knight(2008) was causing his usual insomnia: \"Last week I probably slept an average of two hours a night. ... I couldn't stop thinking. My body was exhausted, and my mind was still going.\"At that time, he told Lyall that he had taken twoAmbienpills, after taking just one had not sufficed, and those left him in \"a stupor, only to wake up an hour later, his mind still racing\". Prior to his return to New York City from his last film assignment in London, in January 2008, while he was apparently suffering from some kind ofrespiratory illness, he reportedly complained to hisThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassusco-starChristopher Plummerthat he was continuing to have difficulty sleeping and taking pills to help with that problem: \"Confirming earlier reports that Ledger hadn't been feeling well on set, Plummer said: 'we all caught colds because we were shooting outside on horrible, damp nights. But Heath's went on and I don't think he dealt with it immediately with theantibiotics.... I think what he did have was thewalking pneumonia.' On top of that, 'He was saying all the time, 'dammit, I can't sleep'... and he was taking all these pills to help him'\". Speaking toInterviewmagazine after Ledger's death, Michelle Williams confirmed reports that the actor had experienced trouble sleeping: \"For as long as I'd known him, he had bouts with insomnia. He had too much energy. His mind was turning, turning, turning – always turning\". Ledger was \"widely reported to have struggled with substance abuse\".Following Ledger's death,Entertainment Tonightaired video footage from 2006 in which Ledger stated that he \"used to smoke fivejointsa day for 20 years\"and news outlets reported that his drug abuse had prompted Williams to request that he move out of their apartment in Brooklyn.Ledger's publicist asserted that reportage regarding Ledger's alleged drug use had been inaccurate. Death At around 3 p.m.Eastern Standard Timeon Tuesday, 22 January 2008, Ledger was found naked and lying face down unresponsive in his bed by hishousekeeper, Teresa Solomon, and hismassage therapist, Diana Wolozin, in hisloftat 421Broome Streetin theSoHoneighbourhood ofManhattan. According to police, Wolozin, who had arrived early for a 3 p.m. appointment with Ledger, telephoned his friendMary-Kate Olsenfor help. Olsen, who was in Los Angeles at the time, directed her New York City private security guard to go to the scene. At 3:26 p.m., \"less than 15 minutes after she first saw him in bed and only a few moments after the first call to Ms. Olsen\", Wolozin dialed 911 \"to say that Mr. Ledger was not breathing\". At the urging of the 911 operator, Wolozin administeredCPR, which was unsuccessful in reviving him. Paramedics and emergency medical technicians arrived seven minutes later, at 3:33 p.m. but were also unable to revive him.At 3:36 p.m., Ledger was pronounced dead, and his body was removed from the apartment.He was 28 years old. Autopsy and toxicology report On 6 February 2008, theOffice of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New Yorkreleased its conclusions. Those conclusions were based on an initialautopsythat occurred 23 January 2008, and a subsequent completetoxicological analysis.The report concluded that Ledger died \"as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects ofoxycodone,hydrocodone,diazepam,temazepam,alprazolamanddoxylamine\". It added: \"We have concluded that the manner of death is accident, resulting from the abuse ofprescribedmedications.\" While the medications found in the toxicological analysis may be prescribed in the United States for insomnia, anxiety, pain orcommon coldsymptoms (doxylamine), the vast majority of the country's physicians would be extremely reluctant to prescribe multiplebenzodiazepines(e.g. diazepam, alprazolam and temazepam) to a single patient, let alone to prescribe such medications to a patient already taking a mix of oxycodone and hydrocodone. Use of opioids with benzodiazepines, which depress the central nervous system, creates a serious risk of slowed breathing and death.Although theAssociated Pressand other outlets reported that police estimated Ledger's death occurred between 1 p.m. and 2:45 p.m. on 22 January 2008,the Medical Examiner's Office announced that it would not publicly disclose the official estimated time of death.The official announcement of the cause and manner of Ledger's death heightened concerns about the growing problems ofprescription drug abuseor misuse andcombined drug intoxication(CDI). In 2017, Jason Payne-James, a forensic pathologist, asserted that Ledger might have survived if hydrocodone and oxycodone had been left out of the combination of drugs that the actor took just prior to his death. He furthermore stated that the mixture of drugs, combined with a possible chest infection, caused Ledger to stop breathing. Federal investigation Late in February 2008, aDEAinvestigation of medical professionals relating to Ledger's death exonerated two American physicians, who practice in Los Angeles andHouston, of any wrongdoing, determining that \"the doctors in question had prescribed Ledger other medications – not the pills that killed him.\" On 4 August 2008, Mary-Kate Olsen's attorney Michael Miller issued a statement denying that Olsen supplied Ledger with the drugs causing his death and asserting that she did not know their source.In his statement, Miller said specifically, \"Despite tabloid speculation, Mary-Kate Olsen had nothing whatsoever to do with the drugs found in Heath Ledger's home or his body, and she does not know where he obtained them.\" After a flurry of further media speculation, on 6 August 2008, theUS Attorney's Officein Manhattan closed its investigation into Ledger's death without filing any charges and renderingmootitssubpoenaof Olsen.With the clearing of the two doctors and Olsen, and the closing of the investigation because the prosecutors in the Manhattan US Attorney's Office \"don't believe there's a viable target,\" it is still not known how Ledger obtained the oxycodone and hydrocodone in thelethal drug combinationthat killed him. Controversy over will After Ledger's death, in response to some press reports about hiswill, filed in New York City on 28 February 2008,and his daughter's access to his financial legacy, his father, Kim Ledger, said that he considered the financial well-being of Heath's daughter Matilda Rose an \"absolute priority,\" whilst also stating that her mother, Michelle Williams, was \"an integral part of our family\". He added, \"They will be taken care of and that's how Heath would want it to be\".Some of Ledger's relatives may be challenging the legal status of his will signed in 2003, prior to his involvement with Williams and the birth of their daughter and not updated to include them, which divides half of hisestatebetween his parents and half among his siblings; they claim that there is a second, unsigned will, which leaves most of that estate to Matilda Rose.Williams' father, Larry Williams, has also joined the controversy about Ledger's will, as it was filed in New York City soon after his death. On 31 March 2008, stimulating another controversy pertaining to Ledger's estate, Gemma Jones and Janet Fife-Yeomans published an \"Exclusive\" report, inThe Daily Telegraph, citing Ledger's uncle Haydn Ledger and other family members, who \"believe the late actor may have fathered a secret love child\" when he was 17, and stating that \"If it is confirmed that Ledger is the girl's biological father, it could split his multi-million dollar estate between ... Matilda Rose ... and his secret love child.\"A few days later, reports citing telephone interviews with Ledger's uncles Haydn and Mike Ledger and the family of the other little girl, published inOK!andUs Weekly, \"denied\" those \"claims\", with Ledger's uncles and the little girl's mother and stepfather describing them as unfounded \"rumors\" distorted and exaggerated by the media. On 15 July 2008, Fife-Yeomans reported further, via AustralianNews Limited, that \"While Ledger left everything to his parents and three sisters, it is understood they have legal advice that under Western Australia law, Matilda Rose is entitled to thelion's share\" of his estate; itsexecutors, Kim Ledger's former business colleague Robert John Collins andGeraldtonaccountant William Mark Dyson, \"have applied forprobatein theWest Australian Supreme CourtinPerth, advertising for 'creditorsand other persons' having claims on the estate to lodge them by 11 August 2008 ... to ensure all debts are paid before the estate is distributed....\"According to this report by Fife-Yeomans, earlier reports citing Ledger's uncles,and subsequent reports citing Ledger's father, which do not include his actual posthumous earnings, \"his entire fortune, mostly held in Australian trusts, is likely to be worth up to$20 million.\" On 27 September 2008, Ledger's father Kim stated that \"the family has agreed to leave the US$16.3 million fortune to Matilda,\" adding: \"There is no claim. Our family has gifted everything to Matilda.\"In October 2008,Forbesestimated Ledger's annual earnings from October 2007 through October 2008 — including his posthumous share ofThe Dark Knight's gross income of \"US$1 billion in box office revenue worldwide\" — as \"US$20 million\". Legacy Memorial tributes and services As the news of Ledger's death became public, throughout the night of 22 January 2008, and the following day, media crews, mourners, fans, and other onlookers began gathering outside his apartment building, with some leaving flowers or other memorial tributes. The following day, at 10:50amAWST, Ledger's parents and sister appeared outside his mother's house inApplecross, a riverside suburb ofPerth, and read a short statement to the media expressing their grief and desire for privacy.Within the next few days, memorial tributes were communicated by family members;Kevin Rudd(then-Prime Minister of Australia);Eric Ripper(then-Deputy Premier of Western Australia);Warner Bros.(distributor ofThe Dark Knight) and thousands of Ledger's fans around the world. Several actors made statements expressing their sorrow at Ledger's death, includingDaniel Day-Lewis, who dedicated hisScreen Actors Guild Awardto him, saying that he was inspired by Ledger's acting; Day-Lewis praised Ledger's performances inMonster's BallandBrokeback Mountain, describing the latter as \"unique, perfect\".Verne Troyer, who was working with Ledger onThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassusat the time of his death, had a heart shape, an exact duplicate of a symbol that Ledger scrawled on a piece of paper with his email address, tattooed on his hand in remembrance of Ledger because Ledger \"had made such an impression on \".On 1 February, in her first public statement after Ledger's death, Michelle Williams expressed her heartbreak and described Ledger's spirit as surviving in their daughter. After attending private memorial ceremonies in Los Angeles, Ledger's family members returned with his body toPerth.On 9 February, a memorial service attended by several hundred invited guests was held atPenrhos College, attracting considerablepressattention; afterward Ledger's body was cremated atFremantle Cemetery,followed by a private service attended by only 10 of his closest family members,The ashes were taken from Fremantle for interment at an unspecified location.Later that night, his family and friends gathered for awakeonCottesloe Beach. TheEskimo Joesong \"Foreign Land\" was written as a tribute to Ledger.The band were in New York at the time of his death. In January 2011, theState Theatre Centre of Western Australiain Ledger's home town ofPerthnamed a 575-seat theatre the Heath Ledger Theatre after him. For the opening of the theatre, Ledger'sAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actorwas on display in the theatre's foyer along with hisJokercostume. Bon Iver's \"Perth\" was inspired by Heath Ledger.Justin Vernon, the lead singer and songwriter of the American indie folk band, revealed back in 2011 that he had begun working on the song in 2008 and was scheduled to meet with a music video director who was good friends with Ledger, Matt Amato. \"The first thing I worked on, the riff and the beginning melodies, was the first song on the record, 'Perth,'\" Vernon toldExclaim!.Amato was directing the band's \"The Wolves (Act I & II)\" music video the day that Ledger died. \"It was no longer about just making a Bon Iver music video anymore,\" Vernon says. \"This was now our chance to be there with Matt as he grieved. It was a three-day wake.\" Amato told Vernon stories about Ledger that eventually became the inspiration for \"Perth,\" the opening track to the band's second studio albumBon Iver, Bon Iver(2011). Method and style \"You know when you see the preachers down South? And they grab a believer and they go, 'Bwoom! I touch you with the hand of God!' And they believe so strongly, they're on the ground shaking and spitting. And fuck's sake, that's the power of belief... Now, I don't believe in Jesus, but I believe in my performance. And if you can understand that the power of belief is one of the great tools of our time and that a lot of acting comes from it, you can do anything.\" —Ledger, during the interview withRolling Stonein 2006, on belief, power and acting Portraying a variety of roles, fromromantic heroestotragic characters, Ledger created a hodgepodge of characters that are deliberately unlike one another, stating: \"I feel like I am wasting my time if I repeat myself\". He also reflected on his inability to be happy with his work, \"I feel the same thing about everything I do. The day I say, 'It's good' is the day I should start doing something else.\"Ledger liked to wait between jobs so that he would start creatively hungry on new projects.In his own words, acting was about harnessing \"the infinite power of belief,\"thus using belief as a tool for creating. Directors who have worked with the actor praised him for his creativity, seriousness, and intuition. \"I've never felt as old as I did watching Heath explore his talents,\"The Dark KnightdirectorChristopher Nolanhas written, expressing amazement over the actor's working process, genuine curiosity and charisma.Marc Forster, who directed Ledger inMonster's Ball, complimented him as taking the job \"very seriously\", being disciplined, observant, understanding, and intuitive. In 2007, director Todd Haynes compared Ledger's presence to actorJames Dean, casting Ledger as Robbie Clarke, a fictive personification ofBob DylaninI'm Not There. Drawing on the similar characteristics between the actors, Haynes further highlighted Ledger's \"precocious seriousness\" and intuition. He also felt that Ledger had a rare maturity beyond his years.\"Ledger, however, disconnected himself and acting from perfectionism. \"I'm always gonna pull myself apart and dissect . I mean, there's no such thing as perfection in what do.Pornosare more perfect than we are, because they're actually fucking.\" \"Some people find their shtick,\" Ledger reflected on the categorisation of style. \"I never figured out who 'Heath Ledger' is on film: 'This is what you expect when you hire me, and it will be recognisable'... People always feel compelled to sum you up, to presume that they have you and can describe you. That's fine. But there are so many stories inside of me and a lot I want to achieve outside of one flat note.\" Posthumous films and awards Ledger's death affected the marketing campaign forChristopher Nolan'sThe Dark Knight(2008)and also both the production and marketing ofTerry Gilliam's filmThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, with both directors intending to celebrate and pay tribute to his work in these films.Although Gilliam temporarily suspended production on the latter film,he expressed determination to \"salvage\" it, perhaps usingcomputer-generated imagery(CGI), and dedicated it to Ledger.In February 2008, as a \"memorial tribute to the man many have called one of the best actors of his generation,\"Johnny Depp,Jude Law, andColin Farrellsigned on to take over Ledger's role, becoming multiple incarnations of his character, Tony, transformed in this \"magical re-telling of theFauststory\".The three actors donated their fees for the film to Ledger's and Williams's daughter. Speaking of editingThe Dark Knight,on which Ledger had completed his work in October 2007, Nolan recalled, \"It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day. ... But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish.\"All of Ledger's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no \"digital effects\" to alter Ledger's actual performance posthumously.Nolan dedicated the film in part to Ledger's memory, as well as to the memory of technician Conway Wickliffe, who was killed during a car accident while preparing one of the film's stunts. Released in July 2008,The Dark Knightbroke several box office records and received both popular and critical accolades, especially with regard to Ledger's performance as the Joker.Even film criticDavid Denby, who does not praise the film overall in his pre-release review inThe New Yorker, evaluates Ledger's work highly, describing his performance as both \"sinister and frightening\" and Ledger as \"mesmerising in every scene\", concluding: \"His performance is a heroic, unsettling final act: this young actor looked into the abyss.\"Attempting to dispel widespread speculations that Ledger's performance as the Joker had in any way led to his death (as Denby and others suggest), Ledger's co-star and friendChristian Bale, who played opposite him asBatman, has stressed that, as an actor, Ledger greatly enjoyed meeting the challenges of creating that role, an experience that Ledger himself described as \"the most fun I've ever had, or probably ever will have, playing a character\".Terry Gilliam also refuted the claims that playing the Joker made him crazy, calling it \"absolute nonsense\" and going on to say, \"Heath was so solid. His feet were on the ground and he was the least neurotic person I've ever met.\" Ledger received numerous awards for his Joker role inThe Dark Knight. On 10 November 2008, he was nominated for twoPeople's Choice Awardsrelated to his work on the film, \"Best Ensemble Cast\" and \"Best Onscreen Match-Up\" (shared with Christian Bale), and Ledger won an award for \"Match-Up\" in the ceremony aired live on CBS in January 2009. On 11 December 2008, it was announced that Ledger had been nominated for aGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picturefor his performance as the Joker inThe Dark Knight; he subsequently won the award at the66th Golden Globe Awardsceremony telecast onNBCon 11 January 2009, withDark Knightdirector Christopher Nolan accepting on his behalf. Film critics, co-starsMaggie GyllenhaalandMichael Caineand many of Ledger's peers in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008Academy Award for Best Supporting Actorin recognition of Ledger's achievement inThe Dark Knight.Ledger's subsequent nomination was announced on 22 January 2009, the anniversary of his death. Ledger went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second person to win a posthumous Academy Award for acting (after fellow Australian actorPeter Finch, who won for 1976'sNetwork), as well as the first comic-book movie actor to win an Oscar for their acting. Ledger's family attended theceremonyon 22 February 2009, with his parents and sister accepting the award onstage on his behalf.Following talks with the Ledger family in Australia, the academy determined that Ledger's daughter, Matilda Rose, would own the award. However, due to Matilda's age, she would not gain full ownership of the statuette until her eighteenth birthday in 2023.Her mother, Michelle Williams, would hold the statuette in trust for Matilda until that time. On 4 April 2017, a trailer was released for the documentaryI Am Heath Ledger, which was released on 3 May 2017.It features archival footage of Ledger and interviews. Filmography Film Television Music videos Accolades See also Notes References Further reading External links"
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"Fulton surface-to-air recovery system TheFulton surface-to-air recovery system(STARS), also known asSkyhook, is a system used by theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA),United States Air Force, andUnited States Navyfor retrieving individuals on the ground using aircraft such as theMC-130E Combat Talon IandB-17 Flying Fortress. It involves using an overall-type harness and a self-inflating balloon with an attached lift line. An MC-130E engages the line with its V-shaped yoke and the person is reeled on board. Red flags on the lift line guide the pilot during daylight recoveries; lights on the lift line are used for night recoveries. Recovery kits were designed for one- and two-man retrievals. This system was developed by inventorRobert Edison Fulton, Jr., for the CIA in the early 1950s. It was an evolution from aglider snatch pick-up, a similar system that was used duringWorld War IIby American and British forces to retrieve both personnel and downedassault glidersfollowing airborne operations.Snatch pick-up did",
"pick-up did not use a balloon, but a line stretched between a pair of poles set in the ground on either side of the person or glider to be retrieved. An aircraft, usually aC-47 Skytrain, trailed a grappling hook that engaged the line, which was attached to the intended cargo. Development of the recovery system Experiments with the recovery system began in 1950 by the CIA and Air Force. Using aweather balloon, nylon line, and weights of 10 to 15 pounds (4.5 to 6.8 kg), Fulton made numerous pickup attempts as he sought to develop a reliable procedure. Successful at last, Fulton took photographs and sent them to AdmiralLuis de Florez, who had become the director of technical research at the CIA. Believing that the program could best be handled by the military, de Florez put Fulton in touch with theOffice of Naval Research(ONR), where he obtained a development contract from ONR's Air Programs Division. Over the next few years, Fulton refined the air and ground equipment for the pickup system. Based atEl",
"system. Based atEl Centro,California, he conducted numerous flights over theColorado Desertusing a NavyP-2V Neptune. He gradually increased the weight of the pickup until the line began to break. A braided nylon line with a test strength of 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) solved the problem. A major problem was the design of the locking device, or sky anchor, that secured the line to the aircraft. Fulton considered the solution of this issuethe most demanding part of the entire developmental process. Further tests were conducted atEglin Air Force Base, Florida, from 1 August 1959, using RB-69A, 54-4307, a CIA P2V-7U, according to an agency document. After experiments with instrumented dummies, Fulton continued to experiment with live pigs, as pigs have a nervous system close to humans. Lifted off the ground, the pig began to spin as it flew through the air at 125 miles per hour (200 km/h). It arrived on board uninjured, but in a disoriented state. When it recovered, it attacked the crew. By 1958, the Fulton aerial",
"the Fulton aerial retrieval system, or \"Skyhook\", was finished. The ground system could be dropped from an aircraft and contained the necessary equipment for a pickup, including a harness, for cargo or a person, attached to 500 feet (150 m) of high-strength, braided nylon line and adirigible-shaped balloon inflated by aheliumbottle. The pickup aircraft was equipped with two tubular steel \"horns\", 30 feet (9 m) long and spread at a 70° angle from its nose. The aircraft flew into the line, aiming at a brightmylarmarker placed at the 425 foot (130 m) level. As the line was caught between the forks on the nose of the aircraft, the balloon was released and a spring-loaded trigger mechanism (sky anchor) secured the line to the aircraft. After the initial pickup, the line was snared by the pickup crew using a J-hook and attached to a powered winch and the person or cargo pulled on board. To prevent the pickup line from interfering with the aircraft's propellers in the case of an unsuccessful catch, the aircraft had",
"the aircraft had deflector cables strung from the nose to the wingtips. Later the US Navy tested the Fulton system fitted to modifiedS-2 Trackercarrier-based antisubmarine patrol aircraft for use in rescuing downed pilots. It is unknown whether a Fulton equipped S-2 was ever used on a combat mission. First human pickups The CIA had secretly trainedSpecial Activities Divisionparamilitaryofficers to use a predecessor system for human pickups as early as 1952. The first human recovery mission authorized for operational use of this \"all American system\" took place inManchuriaon 29 November 1952. CIA C-47 pilots Norman Schwartz and Robert Snoddy were trained in the aerial pickup technique towards the end of 1952. CIA paramilitary officersJohn T. DowneyandRichard G. Fecteau, themselves hurriedly trained in the procedure during the week of 24 November, were to recover a courier who was in contact withanti-communistsympathizers in the area. The mission failed whenChinese forcesdowned the aircraft withsmall armsfire,",
"withsmall armsfire, capturing survivors Downey and Fecteau. The British allegedly also used the American system for personnel. The first human pickup using Fulton's STARS took place on 12 August 1958, whenStaff SergeantLevi W. Woods of the U.S. Marine Corps was winched on board the Neptune.Because of the geometry involved, the person being picked up experienced less of a shock than during a parachute opening. After the initial contact, which was described by one individual as similar to \"a kick in the pants\",the person rose vertically at a slow rate to about 100 ft (30 m), then began to streamline behind the aircraft. Extension of arms and legs prevented spinning as the individual was winched on board. The process took about six minutes. In August 1960, Capt. Edward A. Rodgers, commander of the Naval Air Development Unit, flew a Skyhook-equipped P2V toPoint Barrow,Alaska, to conduct pickup tests under the direction of Dr. Max Brewer, head of the Navy's Arctic Research Laboratory. With Fulton on board to",
"Fulton on board to monitor the equipment, the Neptune picked up mail from Floating Ice Island T-3, also known asFletcher's Ice Island, retrieved artifacts, including mastodon tusks, from an archaeological party on the tundra, and secured geological samples from Peters Lake Camp. The high point of the trials came when the P2V dropped a rescue package near theicebreakerUSSBurton Island. Retrieved by a ship's boat, the package was brought on deck, the balloon inflated, and the pickup accomplished. In July 1967, twoMACV-SOGoperators were retrieved by an MC-130E using the Fulton Skyhook system while operating in Vietnam. Project Coldfeet The first operational use of Skyhook wasProject Coldfeet, an examination of theSoviet drift stationNP-8, abandoned on 19 March 1962. Two agents parachuted to station NP 8 on 28 May 1962. After 72 hours at the site, on 1 June 1962, a pick-up was made of the Soviet equipment and both men. The mission yielded information on the Soviet Union's Arctic research activities, including",
"including evidence of advanced research on acoustical systems to detect under-ice submarines and efforts to develop Arctic anti-submarine warfare techniques. Later use The Fulton system was used from 1965 to 1996 on several variants of theC-130 Herculesincluding theMC-130sandHC-130s. It was also used on theC-123 Provider. Despite the apparent high-risk nature of the system, only one fatal accident occurred in 17 years of use. On 26 April 1982, SFC Clifford Wilson Strickland was picked up by a Lockheed MC-130 Combat Talon of the 7th Special Operations Squadron at CFB Lahr, Germany, during Flintlock 82 exercise, using the Fulton STARS recovery system, but fell to his death due to a failed bushing at the top of the left yoke pivot bolt. The increased availability of long-rangehelicopterssuch as theMH-53 Pave Low,HH-60 Pave Hawk, andMH-47 Chinook, and theV-22 Ospreytilt-rotoraircraft, all withaerial refuelingcapability, caused this system to be used less often. In September 1996, theAir Force Special Operations",
"Special Operations Commandceased maintaining the capability to deploy this system. In popular culture The Skyhook has been featured in a number of films and video games. It was seen in the 1965James BondfilmThunderball, where James Bond and his companionDomino Dervalare rescued at sea by a modifiedBoeing B-17equipped with the Fulton system at the end of the movie.In 1968, it was used in the John Wayne movieThe Green Beretsto spirit a VC officer to South Vietnam. The Skyhook system was also featured in the 2008 filmThe Dark Knight. First mentioned byLucius Foxas a means of re-boarding an aircraft without its landing,the system is attached to aLockheed L-100 Hercules. Invideo games, a heavily fictionalized interpretation of the Skyhook forms a core gameplay mechanic inMetal Gear Solid: Peace Walker,andMetal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain.More realistic depictions can be found inPUBG: Battlegrounds,Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, and its sequel,Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III. See also References External links",
"The Dark Knight The Dark Knightis a 2008superhero filmdirected byChristopher Nolan, from a screenplay co-written with his brotherJonathan. Based on theDC ComicssuperheroBatman, it is the sequel toBatman Begins(2005), and the second installment inThe Dark Knighttrilogy. The plot follows the vigilanteBatman, police lieutenantJames Gordon, and district attorneyHarvey Dent, who form an alliance to dismantleorganized crimeinGotham City. Their efforts are derailed by theJoker, an anarchistic mastermind who seeks to test how far Batman will go to save the city from chaos. Theensemble castincludesChristian Bale,Michael Caine,Heath Ledger,Gary Oldman,Aaron Eckhart,Maggie Gyllenhaal, andMorgan Freeman. Warner Bros. Picturesprioritized a sequel following the successful reinvention of theBatmanfilm serieswithBatman Begins. Christopher andBatman Beginsco-writerDavid S. Goyerdeveloped the story elements, making Dent the central protagonist caught up in the battle between Batman and the Joker. In writing the screenplay, the",
"the screenplay, the Nolans were influenced by 1980sBatmancomics and crime drama films, and sought to continueBatman Begins'heightened sense of realism. From April to November 2007, filming took place with a $185million budget in Chicago and Hong Kong, and on sets in England.The Dark Knightwas the first major motion picture to be filmed with high-resolutionIMAXcameras. Christopher avoided usingcomputer-generated imageryunless necessary, insisting on practicalstuntssuch as flipping an18-wheel truckand blowing up a factory. The Dark Knightwas marketed with an innovative interactiveviral campaignthat initially focused on countering criticism of Ledger's casting by those who believed he was a poor choice to portray the Joker. Ledger died from an accidental prescription drug overdose in January 2008, leading to widespread interest from the press and public regarding his performance. When it was released in July,The Dark Knightreceived acclaim for its mature tone and themes, visual style, and",
"visual style, and performances—particularly that of Ledger, who received many posthumous awards includingAcademy,BAFTA, andGolden Globeawards for Best Supporting Actor, makingThe Dark Knightthe first comic-book film to receive major industry awards. It broke several box-office records and became thehighest-grossing 2008 film, thefourth-highest-grossing film to that time, and the highest-grossing superhero film. Since its release,The Dark Knighthas been assessed as one of the greatest superhero films ever, one of the best movies of the 2000s, and one of thebest films ever made. It is considered the \"blueprint\" for many modern superhero films, particularly for its rejection of a typical comic-book movie style in favor of a crime film that features comic-book characters. Many filmmakers sought to repeat its success by emulating its gritty, realistic tone to varying degrees of success.The Dark Knighthas been analyzed for its themes of terrorism and the limitations of morality and ethics. The United StatesLibrary",
"StatesLibrary of Congressselected it for preservation in theNational Film Registryin 2020. A sequel,The Dark Knight Rises, concludedThe Dark Knighttrilogy in 2012. Plot A gang of masked criminals rob amafia-owned bank inGotham City, betraying and killing each other until the sole survivor, theJoker, reveals himself as the mastermind and escapes with the money. The vigilanteBatman, district attorneyHarvey Dent, and police lieutenantJim Gordonally to eliminate Gotham's organized crime. Batman's true identity, the billionaire Bruce Wayne, publicly supports Dent as Gotham's legitimate protector, as Wayne believes Dent's success will allow Batman to retire, allowing him to romantically pursue his childhood friendRachel Dawes, despite her relationship with Dent. Gotham's mafia bosses gather to discuss protecting their organizations from the Joker, the police, and Batman. The Joker interrupts the meeting and offers to kill Batman for half of the fortune their accountant, Lau, concealed before fleeing to Hong Kong",
"to Hong Kong to avoid extradition. With the help ofWayne EnterprisesCEOLucius Fox, Batman finds Lau in Hong Kong and returns him to the custody of Gotham police. His testimony enables Dent to apprehend the crime families. The bosses accept the Joker's offer, and he kills high-profile targets involved in the trial, including the judge and police commissioner. Although Gordon saves the mayor, the Joker threatens that his attacks will continue until Batman reveals his identity. He targets Dent at a fundraising dinner and throws Rachel out of a window, but Batman rescues her. Wayne struggles to understand the Joker's motives, but his butlerAlfred Pennyworthsays \"some men just want to watch the world burn.\" Dent claims he is Batman to lure out the Joker, who attacks the police convoy transporting him. Batman and Gordon apprehend the Joker, and Gordon is promoted to commissioner. At the police station, Batman interrogates the Joker, who says he finds Batman entertaining and has no intention of killing him. Having",
"killing him. Having deduced Batman's feelings for Rachel, the Joker reveals she and Dent are being held separately in buildings rigged to explode. Batman races to rescue Rachel while Gordon and the other officers go after Dent, but they discover the Joker gave their positions in reverse. The explosives detonate, killing Rachel and severely burning Dent's face on one side. The Joker escapes custody, extracts the fortune's location from Lau, and burns it, killing Lau in the process. Wayne Enterprises accountant Coleman Reese deduces and tries to expose Batman's identity, but the Joker threatens to blow up a hospital unless Reese is killed. While the police evacuate hospitals and Gordon struggles to keep Reese alive, the Joker meets with a disillusioned Dent, persuading him to take the law into his own hands and avenge Rachel. Dent defers his decision-making to his now half-scarred, two-headed coin, killing the corrupt officers and the mafia involved in Rachel's death. As panic grips the city, the Joker reveals",
"the Joker reveals two evacuation ferries, one carrying civilians and the other prisoners, are rigged to explode at midnight unless one group sacrifices the other. To the Joker's disbelief, the passengers refuse to kill one another. Batman subdues the Joker but refuses to kill him. Before the police arrest the Joker, he says although Batman proved incorruptible, his plan to corrupt Dent has succeeded. Dent takes Gordon's family hostage, blaming his negligence for Rachel's death. He flips his coin to decide their fates, but Batman tackles him to save Gordon's son, and Dent falls to his death. Believing Dent is the hero the city needs and the truth of his corruption will harm Gotham, Batman takes the blame for his death and actions and persuades Gordon to conceal the truth. Pennyworth burns an undelivered letter from Rachel to Wayne that says she chose Dent, and Fox destroys the invasive surveillance network that helped Batman find the Joker. The city mourns Dent as a hero, and the police launch a manhunt for",
"a manhunt for Batman. Cast Additionally,Eric Roberts,Michael Jai White, andRitchie Costerappear ascrime bossesSal Maroni, Gambol, and the Chechen, respectively; whileChin Hanportrays Lau, a Chinese criminal banker.The GCPD cast includesColin McFarlaneas commissionerGillian B. Loeb,Keith SzarabajkaandRon Deanas detectives Stephens and Wuertz,Monique Gabriela Curnenas rookie detective Anna RamirezandPhilip Bulcockas Murphy. The cast also featuresJoshua Hartoas Wayne Enterprises employee Coleman Reese,Anthony Michael Hallas news reporter Mike Engel,Néstor Carbonellas mayor Anthony Garcia,William Fichtneras a bank manager, Nydia Rodriguez Terracina as Judge Surrillo,Tom \"Tiny\" Lister Jr.as a prisoner,Beatrice Rosenas Wayne's Russian ballerina date, andDavid Dastmalchianas the Joker'sparanoid schizophrenichenchman Thomas Schiff.Melinda McGraw,Nathan Gamble, and Hannah Gunn portray Gordon's wife Barbara, his sonJames Jr., and his daughter, respectively.The Dark Knightfeatures several cameo appearances fromCillian",
"fromCillian Murphy, who reprises his role asJonathan Crane / ScarecrowfromBatman Begins;musical performerMatt Skiba;as well asUnited States Senatorand Batman fanPatrick Leahy, who has appeared in or voiced characters in otherBatmanmedia. Production Development Following the critical and financial success ofBatman Begins(2005), the film studioWarner Bros. Picturesprioritized a sequel.AlthoughBatman Beginsends with a scene in which Batman is presented with ajoker playing card, teasing the introduction of his archenemy, the Joker,Christopher Nolandid not intend to make a sequel and was unsureBatman Beginswould be successful enough to warrant one.Christopher, alongside his wife and longtime producerEmma Thomas, had never worked on a sequel filmbut he and co-writerDavid Goyerdiscussed ideas for a sequel during filming. Goyer developed an outline for two sequels, but Christopher remained unsure how to continue theBatman Beginsnarrative while keeping it consistent and relevant, though he was interested in utilizing",
"in utilizing the Joker inBegins'sgrounded, realistic style.Discussions between Warner Bros. Pictures and Christopher began shortly afterBatman Begins's theatrical release, and development began following the production of Christopher'sThe Prestige(2006). Writing Goyer and Christopher collaborated for three months to developThe Dark Knight'score plot points.They wanted to explore the theme of escalation and the idea that Batman's extraordinary efforts to combat common crimes would lead to an opposing escalation by criminals, attracting the Joker, who uses terrorism as a weapon. The joker playing card scene inBatman Beginswas intended to convey the fallacy of Batman's belief his war on crime would be temporary.Goyer and Christopher did not intentionally include real-world parallels to terrorism, thewar on terror, and laws enacted to combat terrorists by the United States government because they believed making overtly political statements would detract from the story. They wanted it to resonate with and",
"resonate with and reflect contemporary audiences.Christopher describedThe Dark Knightas representative of his own \"fear of anarchy\" and Joker represents \"somebody who wants to just tear down the world around him.\" Although he was a fan ofBatman(1989), starringJack Nicholsonas the Joker, Goyer did not consider Nicholson's portrayal scary and wantedThe Dark Knight's Joker to be an unknowable, already-formed character, similar to the shark inJaws(1975), without a \"cliché\" origin story.Christopher and Goyer did not give their Joker an origin story or a narrative arc, believing it made the character scarier; Christopher described their film as the \"rise of the Joker\". They felt the threat of cinematic villains such asHannibal LecterandDarth Vaderhad been undermined by subsequent films depicting their origins. With Christopher's help, his brotherJonathanspent six months developing the story into a draft screenplay. After submitting the draft to Warner Bros., Jonathan spent a further two months refining it until",
"refining it until Christopher had finished directingThe Prestige. The pair collaborated on the final script over the next six months during pre-production forThe Dark Knight.Jonathan found the \"poignant\" ending the script's most interesting aspect; it had always depicted Batman fleeing from police but was changed from him leaping across rooftops to escaping on theBatpod, his motorcycle-like vehicle. The dialogue Jonathan considered most important, \"you either die a hero or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain\", came late in development.Influenced by films such asThe Godfather(1972) andHeat(1995), and maintainingBatman Begins'stone, their finished script bore more resemblance to a crime drama than a traditionalsuperhero film. Comic-book influences included writerFrank Miller's 1980s works, which portray characters in a serious tone, and the limited seriesBatman: The Long Halloween(1996–1997), which explores the relationship between Batman, Dent, and Gordon.Dent was written asThe Dark",
"written asThe Dark Knight'scentral character, serving as the center of the battle between Batman, who believes Dent is the hero the city needs, and the Joker, who wants to prove even the most righteous people can be corrupted. Christopher said the title refers to Dent as much as Batman.He considered Dent as having a duality similar to Batman's, providing interesting dramatic potential. Focusing on Dent meant Bruce Wayne / Batman was written as a generally static character who did not undergo drastic character development.Christopher found writing the Joker the easiest aspect of the script. The Nolans identified the traits common to his media incarnations and were influenced by the character's comic-book appearances as well as the villainDr. Mabusefrom the films ofFritz Lang.WriterAlan Moore'sgraphic novel,Batman: The Killing Joke(1988), did not influence the main narrative but Christopher believed his interpretation of the Joker as someone partially driven to prove anyone can become like him when pushed far",
"him when pushed far enough helped the Nolans give purpose to an \"inherently purposeless\" character.The Joker was written as a purely evil psychopath and anarchist who lacks reason, logic, and fear, and could test the moral and ethical limits of Batman, Dent, and Gordon.Christopher and Jonathan later realized they had inadvertently written their version similarly to Joker's first appearance inBatman#1 (1940).The final scene, in which the Joker states he and Batman are destined to battle forever, was not intended to tease a sequel but to convey the diametrically opposed pair were in an endless conflict because they will not kill each other. Casting Describing how his character had evolved fromBatman Begins, Christian Bale said Wayne had changed from a young, naive, and angry man seeking purpose to a hero who is burdened by the realization his war against crime is seemingly endless.Because the new Batsuit allowed him to be more agile, Bale did not increase his muscle mass as much as he had forBatman Begins.",
"forBatman Begins. Christopher had deliberately obscured combat in the previous film because it was intended to portray Batman from the criminals' point of view. The improved Batsuit design let him show more of Bale's Keysi-fighting method training. Christopher was aware that Nicholson's popular portrayal of the Joker would invite comparisons to his version, and wanted an actor who could cope with the associated scrutiny.Ledger's casting in August 2006 was criticized by some industry professionals and members of the public who considered him inappropriate for the role; executive producerCharles Rovensaid Ledger was the only person seriously considered, and thatBatman Begins'spositive reception would help alleviate any concerns.Christopher was confident in the casting because discussions between himself and Ledger had demonstrated they shared similar ideas regarding the Joker's portrayal.Ledger said he had some trepidation in succeeding Nicholson in the role but that the challenge excited him.He described his",
"described his interpretation as a \"psychopathic, mass-murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy\", and avoided humanizing him. He was influenced byAlexfrom the crime filmA Clockwork Orange(1971), and British musiciansJohnny RottenandSid Vicious. Ledger spent about a month secluding himself in a hotel room while reading relevant comic books. He developed the character's voice by mixing a high-pitch and low-pitch, which was inspired by ventriloquist performances. His fighting style was designed to appear improvised and erratic.Ledger spent a further four months creating a \"Joker diary\" containing images and elements he believed would resonate with his character, such as finding the diseaseAIDShumorous.Describing his performance, Ledger said: \"It's the most fun I've had with a character and probably will ever have... It was an exhausting process. At the end of the day, I couldn't move. I couldn't talk. I was absolutely wrecked.\"In a November 2007 interview, Ledger said when committing himself to any role,",
"to any role, he had difficulty sleeping because he could not relax his mind, and often slept only two hours a night during filming. Christopher wanted to cast an actor with an all-American \"heroic presence\" for Harvey Dent, something he likened toRobert Redfordbut with an undercurrent of anger or darkness.Josh Lucas,Ryan Phillippe, andMark Ruffalowere considered, as well asMatt Damon, who could not commit due to scheduling conflicts.According to Christopher, Eckhart had the all-American charm and \"aura ... of a good man pushed too far\".Eckhart found portraying conflicted characters to be interesting; he said the difference between Dent and Batman is the distance they are willing to go for their causes, and that after Dent's corruption he remains a crime fighter but he takes this to an extreme because he dislikes the restrictions of the law.Eckhart's performance was influenced by theKennedy family, particularlyRobert F. Kennedy, who fought organized crime with a similarly idealistic view of the law.During",
"of the law.During discussions on the portrayal of Dent's transformation into Two-Face, Eckhart and Christopher agreed to ignoreTommy Lee Jones's \"colorful\" portrayal inBatman Forever(1995), in which the character has pink hair and wears a split designer suit, in favor of a more realistic, slightly burnt, neutral-toned suit. Describing his role as GCPD Lieutenant James Gordon, Oldman said Gordon is the \"moral center\" ofThe Dark Knight, an honest and incorruptible character struggling with the limits of his morality.Maggie Gyllenhaal replacedKatie Holmesas Rachel Dawes, as Holmes chose to star in the crime comedyMad Money(2008) instead.Gyllenhaal approached Rachel as a new character and did not reference Holmes's previous performance. Christopher described Rachel as the emotional connection between Wayne and Dent, ultimately serving as a further personal loss to fuel Wayne's character. Gyllenhaal collaborated with Christopher on the character's depiction because she wanted Rachel to be important and meaningful",
"and meaningful in her relatively minor role.MusicianDwight Yoakamturned down a role as the bank manager or a corrupt police officer because he was recording his albumDwight Sings Buck(2007). Pre-production In October 2006, location scouting for Gotham City took place in the UK inLiverpool,Glasgow, London, and parts ofYorkshire, and in several cities in the U.S.Christopher chose Chicago because he liked the area and believed it offered interesting architectural features without being as recognizable as locations in better-known cities such as New York City.Chicagoan authorities had been supportive during filming ofBatman Begins, allowing the production to shut stretches of roads, freeways, and bridges.Christopher wanted to exchange the more natural, scenic settings ofBatman Beginssuch as theHimalayasand caverns for a modern, structured environment the Joker could disassemble. Production designerNathan Crowleysaid the clean, neat lines of Chicagoan architecture enhanced the urban-crime drama they wanted to",
"they wanted to make, and that Batman had helped improve the city. The destruction of Wayne Manor inBatman Beginsprovided an opportunity to move Wayne to a modern, sparse penthouse, reflecting his loneliness.Sets were still used for some interiors such as the Bat Bunker, the replacement for theBatcave, on the outskirts of the city. The production team considered placing it in the penthouse basement but believed it was too unrealistic a solution. Much ofThe Dark Knightwas filmed usingPanavision'sPanaflex Millennium XL and Platinum cameras but Christopher wanted to film about 40 minutes withIMAXcameras, a high-resolution technology using70 mm filmrather than the more-commonly used format35 mm; the finished film includes 15–20% IMAX footage, running for about 28 minutes.This made it the first major motion picture to use IMAX technology, which was generally employed for documentaries.Warner Bros. was reluctant to endorse the use of the technology because the cameras were large and unwieldy, and purchasing and",
"and purchasing and processing the film stock cost up to four times as much as typical 35 mm film. Christopher said cameras that could be used onMount Everestcould be used forThe Dark Knight, and had cinematographerWally Pfisterand his crew begin training to use the equipment in January 2007 to test its feasibility.Christopher particularly wanted to film the bank heist prologue in IMAX to immediately convey the difference in scope betweenThe Dark KnightandBatman Begins. Filming in Chicago Principal photographybegan on April 18, 2007, in Chicago on a $185million budget.ForThe Dark Knight, Pfister chose to combine the \"rust-style\" visuals ofBatman Beginswith the \"dusk\"-like color scheme ofThe Prestige(cobalt blues, greens, blacks, and whites), in part to address over-dark scenes inBatman Begins.To avoid attention, filming in Chicago took place under the working titleRory's First Kissbut the production's true nature was quickly uncovered by media publications.The Joker's homemade videos were filmed and mainly",
"filmed and mainly directed by Ledger. Caine said he forgot his lines during a scene involving one video because of Ledger's \"stunning\" performance. The first scene filmed was the bank heist, which was shot in theOld Chicago Main Post Officeover five days.It was scheduled early to test the IMAX procedure, allowing it to be refilmed with traditional cameras if needed, and it was intended to be publicly released as part of the marketing campaign.Pfister described it as a week of patience and learning because of the four-day wait for the IMAX footage to be processed.Filming moved to England throughout May, returning to Chicago in June. Filming took place in the lobby ofOne Illinois Center, which served as Wayne's penthouse apartment; bookcases were built to hide the elevators. A floor of Two Illinois Center was decorated for Wayne's fundraiser. The crew was described as excited as this scene depicted the first meeting between Batman and the Joker. The windows in both settings were covered ingreen screenmaterial,",
"screenmaterial, allowing Gotham City visuals to be added later.In July, three weeks were spent filming the truck chase scene, mainly onWacker Drive, a multi-level street that had to be closed overnight.During filming, Christopher added a set-piece of a SWAT van crashing through a concrete barricade.The sequence continued onLaSalle Street, which was also used for the GCPD funeral procession, for a practical truck-flip stunt and helicopter sequence.Additional segments were filmed on Monroe Street andRandolph Street, and atRandolph Street Station. Navy Pier, along the shore ofLake Michigan, served as Gotham Harbor in a climactic ferry scene. Scouts spent over a month searching for suitable vessels but were unsuccessful, so construction coordinator Joe Ondrejko and his team built ferry facades atop barges.The entire sequence was filmed in one day and involved 800extras, who were moved through makeup and clothing departments in shifts.Exterior footage of the Gotham Prewitt Building, the site of Batman's and the",
"of Batman's and the Joker's final confrontation, was filmed at the in-constructionTrump International Hotel and Tower. The owners refused permission to film a stunt in which Batman suspends a SWAT team from the building, so this was filmed from the fortieth floor of a separate building site.A formerBrach'scandy factory onCicero Avenuescheduled for demolition was used to film the Gotham General Hospital explosion in August 2007.Filming in Chicago concluded on September 1, ending with scenes of Wayne driving and crashing his car, before the production returned to England. The Dark Knightincludes Chicago locations such as Lake Michigan, which doubled as theCaribbean Seawhere Wayne boards a seaplane;Richard J. Daley Center(Wayne Enterprises exteriors and a courtroom);The Berghoffrestaurant (GCPD arresting mobsters);Twin Anchors restaurant; the Sound Bar;McCormick Place(Wayne Enterprises interiors); andChicago Theatre.330 North Wabashserved as offices used by Dent, mayor Garcia, and commissioner Loeb; and its",
"Loeb; and its thirteenth floor appears as Wayne Enterprises' boardroom; Pfister enhanced its large, panoramic windows and natural light with an 80-foot (24 m) glass table and reflective bulbs.A Randolph Street parking garage is where Batman captures Scarecrow and Batman impersonators. Christopher wanted severalRottweilerdogs in the scene but locating a dog-handler willing to simultaneously manage several dogs was difficult.A scene of Batman surveying the city from a rooftop edge was filmed atopWillis Tower, Chicago's tallest building. Stuntman Buster Reeves was due to double as Batman, but Bale persuaded the filmmakers to let him perform the scene himself.The thirteen weeks of filming in Chicago was estimated to have generated $45million for the city's economy and thousands of local jobs. Filming in England and Hong Kong Many interior locations forThe Dark Knightwere filmed on sets atPinewood Studios,Buckinghamshire, andCardington Airfield,Bedfordshire; these locations include the Bat Bunker, which took six",
"which took six weeks to build in a Cardington hangar. The Bat Bunker was based on 1960s Chicago building designs, and was integrated into existing concrete floor, and used the 200-foot (61 m) long, 8 ft (2.4 m) tall ceiling to create a broad perspective. The 160-foot (49 m) tall hangar was unsuitable for suspending the bunker roof, and an encompassing gantry was built to hold it and the lighting.After moving from Chicago in May, scenes filmed in the UK also includeCriterion Restaurant, where Rachel, Dent, and Wayne share dinner, and a Gotham News scene that was filmed at theUniversity of Westminster. The GCPD headquarters was rebuilt in theFarmiloe Building. During the interrogation scene, Ledger asked Bale to actually hit him, and although he declined, Ledger cracked and dented the walls by throwing himself around. After returning to England in the middle of September, scenes were filmed for the ferry, hospital, and Gotham Prewitt building interiors.By mid-October, interior and exterior scenes of Rachel",
"scenes of Rachel being held hostage surrounded by barrels of gasoline were filmed atBattersea Power Station. To avoid damaging the power station, alisted building, a false wall was built in front of it and lined with explosives.Nearby residents contacted emergency services believing the explosion was a terrorist attack.Filming in England concluded at the end of October with a variety of green-screen shots for the truck-chase sequence, and shots of Rachel being thrown from a window were filmed on a set at Cardington. The final nine days of production took place in Hong Kong and included aerial footage from atop theInternational Finance Centre, as well as filming atCentral to Mid-Levels escalator,The Center,Central,The Peninsula Hong Kong, andQueen's Road; and a stunt involving Batman catching an in-flightC-130aircraft.Despite extensive rehearsals of Reeves jumping from theMcClurg Buildingin Chicago, a planned stunt to depict Batman leaping from one Hong Kong skyscraper to another was canceled because local",
"because local authorities refused permission for helicopter use; Pfister described the officials as a \"nightmare\".Christopher disputed a report that said a scene of Batman leaping intoVictoria Harbourwas canceled because of pollution concerns, saying it was a script decision.The 127-day shoot concluded on November 15, on time and under budget. Post-production Editing was underway in January 2008 when Ledger, aged 28, died from an accidental overdose of a prescription drug. A rumor his commitment to his performance as the Joker had affected his mental state circulated, but this was later refuted.Christopher said editing the film became \"tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day ... but the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish\".Because Christopher preferred to capture sound while filming rather thanre-recording dialogue in",
"dialogue in post-production, Ledger's work had been completed before his death, and Christopher did not modify the Joker's narrative in response.Christopher added a dedication to Ledger and stuntman Conway Wickliffe, who died during rehearsals for a Tumbler (Batmobile) stunt. Alongside lead editorLee Smith, Christopher took an \"aggressive editorial approach\" to editingThe Dark Knightto achieve its 152-minute running time.Christopher said no scenes were deleted because he believed every scene was essential, and that unnecessary material had been cut before filming.The Nolans had difficulties refining the script to reduce the running time. After removing so much material they believed the story had become incomprehensible, they added more scenes. Special effects and design Unlike the design process ofBatman Begins, which was restrained by a need to represent Batman iconography, audience acceptance of its realistic setting gaveThe Dark Knightmore design freedom.Chris Corbould, the film'sspecial effects",
"effects supervisor,oversaw the 700 effect shotsDouble NegativeandFramestoreproduced; there were relatively few effects compared to equivalent films because Christopher only usedcomputer-generated imagingwhere practical effects would not suffice.Production designerNathan Crowleydesigned the Batpod (Batcycle) because Christopher did not want to extensively re-use the Tumbler. Corbould's team built the Batpod, which is based on a prototype Crowley and Christopher built bycombining different commercial model components.The unwieldy, wide-tired vehicle could only be ridden by stuntman Jean Pierre Goy after months of training.The Gotham General Hospital explosion was not in the script but added during filming because Corbould believed it could be done. Hemming, Crowley, Christopher, and Jamie Rama re-designed the Batsuit to make it more comfortable and flexible, developing a costume made from a stretchy material covered in over 100 urethane armor pieces.Sculptor Julian Murray developed Dent's burnt-facial design,",
"design, which is based on Christopher's request for a skeletal appearance. Murray went through designs that were \"too real and more horrifying\" before settling on a more \"fanciful\" and detailed but less-repulsive version.Hemming designed Joker's overall appearance, which he based on fashion-and-music celebrities to create a modern and trendy look. Influence also came from the 1953 paintingStudy after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent XbyFrancis Bacon—suggested by Christopher—and the character's comic-book appearances.The outfit consists of a purple coat, a green vest, an antique shirt, and a thin, 1960s-style tie that Ledger suggested.Prosthetics supervisorConor O'Sullivancreated Joker's scars, which he partly based on a scarred delivery man he met, and used his own technique to create and apply the supple, skin-like prosthesis.John Caglione Jrdesigned Joker's \"organic\" makeup to look as though it had been worn for days; this idea was partly based on more of Bacon's works. Caglione Jr used a theatrical",
"used a theatrical makeup technique for the application; he instructed Ledger to scrunch up his face so different cracks and textures were created once the makeup was applied and Ledger relaxed. Ledger always applied the lipstick himself, believing it was essential to his characterization. Music ComposersJames Newton HowardandHans Zimmer, who had also worked onBatman Begins, scoredThe Dark Knightbecause Christopher believed it was important to bridge the musical-narrative gap between the films. The score was recorded atAir Studios, London. Howard and Zimmer composed the score without seeing the film because Christopher wanted them to be influenced by the characters and story rather than fitting specific on-screen elements.Howard and Zimmer separated their duties by character; Howard focused on Dent and Zimmer focused on Batman and the Joker. Zimmer did not consider Batman to be strictly noble and wrote the theme to not seem \"super\".Howard wrote about ten minutes of music for Dent, wanting to portray him as an",
"portray him as an American who represents hope, but undergoes an emotional extreme and moral corruption. He used brass instruments for both moral ends but warped the sound as Dent is corrupted. Zimmer wanted to use a single note for the Joker's theme; he said, \"imagine one note that starts off slightly agitated and then goes to serious aggravation and finally rips your head off at the end\". He could not make it work, however, and used two notes with alternating tempos and a \"punk\" influence.The theme was influenced byelectronic musicinnovatorsKraftwerkand Zimmer's work with rock bandThe Damned. He wanted to convey elements of the Joker's corrosion, recklessness, and \"otherworldliness\" by combining electronic and orchestral music, and modifying almost every note after recording to emulate sounds including thunder and razors.He attempted to develop original sounds with synthesizers, trying to create an \"offputting\" result by instructing musicians to start with a single note and gradually shift to the second",
"shift to the second over a three-minute period; the musicians found this difficult because it was the opposite of their training.It took several months to achieve Zimmer's desired result.Following Ledger's death, Zimmer considered discarding the theme for a more traditional one but he and Howard believed they should honor Ledger's performance. Release Marketing and anti-piracy The Dark Knight's marketing campaign was developed byalternate reality game(ARG) development company42 Entertainment. Christopher wanted the team to focus on countering the negative reaction to Ledger's casting and controlling the revelation of the Joker's appearance.Influenced by the script and the comic booksThe Killing Joke,The Long Halloween, andArkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth(1989), 42 Entertainment paced the ARG over annual events, although Warner Bros. rejected their ideas to use Jokerized Santas at Christmas, coffins filled with chattering teeth on Mother's Day (mocking Wayne's late mother), and Batman actors on",
"Batman actors on rooftops due to safety concerns. The ARG began in May 2007 with campaign posters for Dent and Joker playing cards bearing the phrase \"I believe in Harvey Dent\" were hidden inside comic books at stores around the U.S. This led people to a website where they could submit their e-mail addresses to reveal a pixel of a concealed Joker image; about 97,000 e-mail addresses and 20 hours were required to reveal the image in full, which was well received. AtSan Diego Comic-Con, 42 Entertainment modified 11,000 one-dollar bills with the Joker's image and the phrase \"Why So Serious?\" that led finders to a location. 42 Entertainment's initial plan to throw the bills from a balcony was canceled due to safety concerns, so the bills were covertly distributed to attendees. Although the event was expected to attract a few thousand people, 650,000 arrived and participated in activities that included calling a number taken from a plane flying overhead and wearing Joker makeup to commit disruptive acts with",
"acts with actors.Globally, fans photographed letters on signs to form aransom note. A U.S.-centric effort involved people recovering cellphones made byNokia—a brand partner to the film—from a cake, which led to an early screening of the film's bank-heist prologue before its public release in December. Ledger's appearance in the prologue was well-received and positively changed the discourse around his casting. Following Ledger's death, the campaign continued unchanged with a focus on Dent's election, which was influenced by the ongoing2008 United States presidential election. Warner Bros. was concerned public knowledge of Dent's character was poor; the campaign included signs, stickers, and \"Dentmobiles\" visiting U.S. cities to raise his profile. The campaign concluded in July with displays of theBat-Signalin Chicago and New York City that were eventually defaced by the Joker. Industry professionals considered the campaign innovative and successful. Warner Bros. dedicated six months toanti-piracy methods;",
"methods; the film industry lost an estimated $6.1billion to piracy in 2005. Delivery methods of film reels were randomized and copies had achain of custodyto track who had access. Some theater staff were given night-vision goggles to identify people recordingThe Dark Knight, and one person was caught inKansas City. Warner Bros. considered its strategy a success, delaying the appearance of the first \"poorly-lit\"camcorderversion until 38–48 hours after its earliest global release in Australia. Context Compared to 2007's $9.7billion box-office take, in 2008, lower revenues were expected due to the large number of comedies competing against each other and the release of films with dark tones, such asThe Dark Knight, during a period of rising living costs and election fatigue in the U.S. Fewer sequels, which generally performed well, were scheduled and only four—The Dark Knight,The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian,The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor, andIndiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal",
"of the Crystal Skull—were predicted to beblockbusters.Kingdom of the Crystal Skullwas the only film expected to easily earn over $300million. The Dark Knightwas expected to sell well based on high audience anticipation, positive pre-release reviews, and a record $3.5million in IMAX pre-sales. Predictions placed its opening-weekend take above that ofIron Man's $102.1million but below that ofSpider-Man 3's (2007) record $151.1million. Analysts said its success would be influenced by the lengthy running time that limited the number of screenings per day, andcounter-programmingfrom the romantic comedyMamma Mia!—which surveyed well with women—and the family comedySpace Chimps. There was also a perceived limit on financial success forBatmanfilms; the 1989 installment remained the franchise's highest-grossing release.The Dark Knight's premiere took place on July 14, in IMAX in New York City. A block inBroadwaywas closed for the event, which included a live performance of the film score by Howard and Zimmer.The",
"and Zimmer.The Hollywood Reportersaid Ledger received several ovations, and that during the after-party, Warner Bros. executives struggled to maintain a balance between celebrating the successful response and commemorating Ledger. Box office On July 18, 2008,The Dark Knightwas widely released in the U.S. and Canada in a record 4,366 theaters on an estimated 9,200 screens. It earned $158.4million during the weekend, a per-theater average of $36,282, breakingSpider-Man 3's record and making it the number-one film ahead ofMamma Mia!($27.8million) andHancock($14million) in its third weekend.It set further records for the highest-grossing single-day ($67.2million on the Friday), Sunday ($43.6million), midnight opening ($18.5million, from 3,000 midnight screenings), and IMAX opening ($6.3million from about 94 locations), as well as the second-highest-grossing Saturday ($47.7million) behindSpider-Man 3, and contributed to the highest-grossing weekend on record ($253.6million).The film benefited from repeat viewings",
"repeat viewings by younger audiences and had broad appeal, with 52% of the audience being male and an equal number of those under 25 years old, and those of 25 or older. The Dark Knightbroke more records, including for the highest-grossing opening week ($238.6million), and for three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-day cumulative grosses, including the highest-grossing non-holiday Monday ($24.5million) and non-opening Tuesday ($20.9million, as well as the second-highest-grossing non-opening Wednesday ($18.4million), behindTransformers($29.1million).It retained the number-one position in its second weekend with a total gross of $75.2million, ahead of the debutingStep Brothers($31million), giving it the highest-grossing second weekend.It retained the number-one position in its third ($42.7million) and fourth ($26.1million) weekends, before falling to second place in its fifth, with a gross of $16.4million, behind the debutingTropic Thunder($25.8million).The Dark Knightremained in the",
"in the top-ten highest-grossing films for ten weeks, and became the film to surpass $400million soonest (18 days) and $500million (45 days).The film was playing in fewer than 100 theaters when it received a 300-theater relaunch in late January 2009 to raise its profile during nominations for the81st Academy Awards. This raised its total box office to $533.3million before it left theaters on March 5 after 33 weeks, making it the highest-grossing comic-book, superhero, andBatmanfilm; the highest-grossing film of 2008; and the second-highest-grossing film ever (unadjusted for inflation), behind the 1997 romantic dramaTitanic($600.8million). The Dark Knightwas released in Australia and Taiwan on Wednesday, July 16, 2008, and opened in twenty markets by the weekend. It earned about $40million combined, making it second toHancock($44.8million), which was playing in nearly four times as many countries.The Dark Knightwas available in sixty-two countries by the end of August, although Warner Bros. decided not to",
"decided not to release it in China, blaming \"a number of pre-release conditions... as well as cultural sensitivities to some elements of the film\".The Dark Knightearned about $469.7million outside the U.S. and Canada, its highest grosses coming from the United Kingdom ($89.1million), Australia ($39.9million), Germany ($29.7million), France ($27.5million), Mexico ($25million), South Korea ($24.7million), and Brazil ($20.2million). This made it the second-highest-grossing film of the year behindIndiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. The film had grossed $997 million worldwide by January 2009.Its reissue in the run-up to the Oscars enabled the film to exceed $1billion in February,and it ultimately earned $1.003billion. It was the first superhero film to gross over $1billion, the highest-grossing film of 2008 worldwide, the fourth film to earn more than $1billion, and the fourth-highest-grossing film of its time behindPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest($1.066billion),The Lord of the Rings:",
"Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King($1.119billion), andTitanic($1.842billion).As of September 2022,rereleases have further raised its box-office take to $1.006 billion. Reception Critical response The Dark Knightreceived critical acclaim.OnRotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 94% approval rating from the aggregated reviews of 347 critics, with an average score of 8.6/10. The consensus reads; \"Dark, complex and unforgettable,The Dark Knightsucceeds not just as an entertaining comic book film, but as a richly thrilling crime saga.\"OnMetacriticthe film has a weighted average score of 84 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Several publications calledThe Dark Knightthe best comic-book hero adaptation ever made.Roger Ebertsaid it, alongsideIron Man, had redefined the potential of superhero films by combining comic-book tropes with real world events.Some appreciated its complex moral tale about the",
"tale about the effects of vigilantism and terrorism on contemporary society.Emanuel LevyandManohla Dargispraised the depiction of the characters as possessing both positive and negative aspects, such as Batman's efforts to end crime provoking unintended consequences and a greater response from criminals; Dargis believedThe Dark Knight's exploration of chaos, fear, and death, following theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, represented \"that American movies have entered a new era of ambivalence when it comes to their heroes or maybe just superness.\"Others criticized the dark, grim, intense, and self-serious tone as lacking any elements of fun or fantasy.David DenbysaidThe Dark Knightwas a product of a \"time of terror\", but focused on embracing and unleashing it while cynically setting up a sequel.Stephanie ZacharekandDavid Edelsteincriticized a perceived lack of visual storytelling in favor of exposition, and aspects of the plot being difficult to follow amid the fast pace and loud score.Christopher's action",
"action direction was criticized, especially during fight scenes where it could be difficult to see things clearly,although the prologue bank heist was praised as among the film's best. Ledger's performance received near-unanimous praise with the caveat that his death made the role both highly anticipated and difficult to watch.Dargis, among others, described Ledger as realizing the Joker so convincingly, intensely, and viscerally it made the audience forget about the actor behind the makeup.The Village Voicewrote the performance would have made Ledger a legend even if he had lived.Other reviews said Ledger outshone Nicholson's performance with macabre humor and malevolence.Reviews generally agreed the Joker was the best-written character, and that Ledger commanded scenes from the entire cast to create one of the most mesmerizing cinematic villains.Zacharek, however, lamented that the performance was not in service of a better film. Bale's reception was mixed; his performance was considered to be alternately",
"to be alternately \"captivating\" or serviceable, but ultimately uninteresting and undermined by portraying an immovable and generally unchanged character who delivers Batman's dialogue in a hoarse, unvarying tone.Eckhart's performance was generally well received; reviewers praised his portrayal of Dent as charismatic, and the character's subsequent transformation into a sad, bitter \"monster\", althoughVarietyconsidered his subplot the film's weakest.Stephen Huntersaid the Dent character was underwritten and that Eckhart was incapable of portraying the role as intended.Several reviewers regarded Gyllenhaal as an improvement over Holmes, although others said they found difficulty caring about the character and that Gyllenhaal, while more talented than her predecessor, was miscast.Peter Traverspraised Oldman's skill in making a virtuous character interesting and he, among others, described Caine's and Freeman's performances as \"effortless\".Ebert surmised the entire cast provided \"powerful\" performances that",
"performances that engage the audience, such that \"we're surprised how deeply the drama affects us\". Accolades The Dark Knightappeared on several lists recognizing the best films of 2008, including those compiled by Ebert,The Hollywood Reporter, and theAmerican Film Institute.At the13th Satellite Awards,The Dark Knightreceived one award for Sound Editing or Mixing (Richard King,Lora Hirschberg,Gary Rizzo).A further four wins came at the35th People's Choice Awards: Favorite Movie, Favorite Cast, Favorite Action Movie, and Favorite On-Screen Match-Up (Bale and Ledger),as well as Best Action Movie and Best Supporting Actor (Ledger) at the14th Critics' Choice Awards.Howard and Zimmer were recognized for Best Motion Picture Score at the51st Annual Grammy Awards.Ledger won the film's only awards at the15th Screen Actors Guild Awards,62nd British Academy Film Awards, and66th Golden Globe Awards, for Best Supporting Actor.At the14th Empire Awards,The Dark Knightreceived awards forBest Film,Best Director(Christopher",
"Nolan), andBest Actor(Bale).Ledger received the award forBest Villainat the2009 MTV Movie Awards,and at the35th Saturn Awards,The Dark Knightwon awards forBest Action or Adventure Film,Best Supporting Actor(Ledger),Best Writing(Christopher and Jonathan Nolan),Best Music(Howard and Zimmer), andBest Special Effects(Corbould,Nick Davis,Paul J. Franklin,Timothy Webber). BeforeThe Dark Knight's release, film industry discourse focused on Ledger potentially earning an Academy Award nomination at the 81st Academy Awards in 2009, making him only the seventh person to be nominated posthumously, and if the decision would be influenced by his death or performance.Genre films such as those based on comic books were also generally ignored by Academy voters.Even so, Ledger was considered a favorite to earn the award based on praise from critic groups and his posthumous Golden Globe award.Ledger won theAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, making him only the second performer to win an award posthumously (afterPeter",
"(afterPeter Finchin 1977), andThe Dark Knightthe first comic book adaptation to win an academy acting award.The Dark Knightalso won an award forBest Sound Editing(King), and received six nominations forBest Art Direction(Crowley andPeter Lando),Best Cinematography(Pfister),Best Film Editing(Smith),Best Makeup(Caglione Jr. and O'Sullivan),Best Sound Mixing(Hirschberg, Rizzo, andEd Novick), andBest Visual Effects(Davis, Corbould, Webber, and Franklin). Despite the success ofThe Dark Knight, the lack of aBest Picturenomination was criticized and described as a \"snub\" by some publications. The response was seen as the culmination of several years of criticism toward the academy ignoring high-performing, broadly popular films.The backlash was such that, for the82nd Academy Awardsawards in 2010, the academy increased the limit for Best Picture nominees from five to ten, a change known as \"The Dark Knight Rule\". It allowed for more broadly popular but \"respected\" films to be nominated, includingDistrict 9,The Blind",
"9,The Blind Side,Avatar, andUp, the first animated film to be nominated in two decades.This change is seen as responsible for the first Best Picture nomination of a comic book adaptation,Black Panther(2018).Even so,The Hollywood Reporterargued the academy mistook the appeals to recognize important, \"generation-defining\" genre films with just nominating more films. Other releases Home media The Dark Knightwas released onDVDandBlu-rayin December 2008. The release has aslipcoverbox-art that revealed a \"Jokerized\" version underneath, and contains featurettes on Batman's equipment, the psychology used in the film, six episodes of the fictional news programGotham Tonight, and a gallery of concept art, posters, and Joker cards. The Blu-ray disc version additionally offers interactive elements describing the production of some scenes.A separate, limited-edition Blu-ray disc set came with a Batpod figurine.The Dark Knightsold 3million copies across both formats on its launch day in the U.S., Canada, and the UK;",
"Canada, and the UK; Blu-ray discs comprised about 25–30% of the sales—around 600,000 units. The film was released at the beginning of the Blu-ray disc format; it was considered a success, breakingIron Man's record of 250,000 units sold and indicating the format was growing in popularity.In 2011, it also became the first major-studio film to be released for rent via digital distribution onFacebook.A4K resolutionremaster, which was overseen by Christopher, was released in December 2017 as a set containing a 4KUltra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray disc, and digital download, as well as special features from earlier releases. Merchandise and spin-offs Merchandise forThe Dark Knightincludes statuettes, action figures, radio-controlled Tumbler and Batpod models, costumes, sets of Batarangs, a limited-edition Grappling Launcher replica, board games, puzzles, clothing, and a special-editionUNOcard game.A novelization written byDennis O'Neilwas released in 2008. Adirect-to-DVDanimated film,Batman: Gotham Knight, was released in",
"was released in July 2008. Executive produced byBruce Timmand Nolan's wife Emma Thomas, with Goyer as one of the writers, it includes veteran Batman voice actorKevin Conroyreprising his role. Originally there was interest in bringing Bale and other actors from the live-action films to voice their respective characters, but it was not possible due to scheduling conflicts.Gotham Knightpresents six vignettes, each of which are animated in a different artistic style, set between the events ofBatman BeginsandThe Dark Knight. A video game adaptation,Batman: The Dark Knight, was canceled due to development problems.The Dark Knight Coaster, an indoor roller coaster, opened in May 2008 atSix Flags Great AdventureinJackson Township, New Jersey. Costing $7.5million, the 1,213-foot (370 m) long attraction places riders in an imitation of Wayne Central Station in Gotham City as they move through areas that are vandalized or controlled by the Joker. Themes and analysis Terrorism and escalation A central theme ofThe Dark",
"theme ofThe Dark Knightis escalation, particularly the rise of the Joker in response to Batman's vigilantism.Batman's vigilante operation arms him with high-tech military equipment against common criminals, and the Joker is the inevitable response and escalation of lawlessness to counter Batman. Critic Siddhant Adlakha considered the Joker an analog for countries such as Iraq, Somalia, and Lebanon, which were targeted by U.S. military campaigns and responded with escalation using terrorism.Batman also inspires copycat vigilantes, further escalating lawlessness.Film studiesprofessor Todd McGowan said Batman asserts authority over these copycats, telling them to stop because they do not have the same defensive equipment as himself, reaffirming his self-given authority to act as a vigilante. The film has been analyzed as an analog for the war on terror, the militaristic campaign the U.S. launched following the September 11 attacks.The scene in which Batman stands in the ruins of a destroyed building, having",
"building, having failed to prevent the Joker's plot, is reminiscent of theWorld Trade Center siteafter September 11.According to historianStephen Prince,The Dark Knightis about the consequences of civil and government authorities abandoning rules in the fight against terrorism.Several publications criticizedThe Dark Knightfor a perceived endorsement of \"necessary evils\" such as torture andrendition.AuthorAndrew Klavansaid Batman is a stand-in for then-U.S. presidentGeorge W. Bushand justified the breaching of \"boundaries of civil rights to deal with an emergency, certain that will re-establish those boundaries when the emergency is past\".Klavan's interpretation was criticized by some publications that consideredThe Dark Knightanti-war, proposing society must not abandon the rule of law to combat lawlessness or risk creating the conditions for escalation.This is exemplified in the covert alliance formed between Batman, Dent, and Gordon, leading to Rachel's death and Dent's corruption.Writer Benjamin Kerstein",
"Benjamin Kerstein said both viewpoints are valid, and that \"The Dark Knightis a perfect mirror of the society which is watching it: a society so divided on the issues of terror and how to fight it that, for the first time in decades, an American mainstream no longer exists\". Batman and Dent resort to torture orenhanced interrogationto stop the Joker but he remains immune to their efforts because he has a strong belief in his goals. When Dent ineffectually attempts to torture Joker's henchman, Batman does not condemn the act, only being concerned about public perception if people discover the truth. This conveys the protagonists' gradual abandonment of their principles when faced with an extreme foe.The Joker meets Dent in a hospital to explain how expected atrocities, such as the deaths of several soldiers, and societal failings are tolerated but when norms are unexpectedly disrupted, people panic and descend into chaos.Although the Joker wears disguising makeup, he is not hiding behind a mask and is the",
"a mask and is the same person with or without makeup. He lacks any identity or origin, representing the uncertainty, unknowability, and fear of terrorism, although he does not follow any political ideology.Dent represents the fulfillment of American idealism, a noble person who can work within the confines of the law and allow Batman to retire, but the fear and chaos embodied by the Joker taints that idealism and corrupts Dent absolutely. InThe Dark Knight's final act, Batman employs an invasive surveillance network by co-opting the phones of Gotham's citizens to locate the Joker, violating their privacy. Adlakha described this act as a \"militaristic fantasy\", in which a significant violation of civil liberties is required through the means of advanced technology to capture a dangerous terrorist, reminiscent of the2001 Patriot Act. Lucius Fox threatens to stop helping Batman in response, believing he has crossed an ethical boundary, and although Batman agrees these violations are unacceptable and destroys",
"and destroys the technology, the film demonstrates he could not have stopped the Joker in time without it. Morality and ethics The Dark Knightfocuses on the moral and ethical battles faced by the central characters, and the compromises they make to defeat the Joker under extraordinary circumstances.Roger Ebert said the Joker forces impossible ethical decisions on each character to test the limits of their morality.Batman represents order to the Joker's chaos and is brought to his own limit but avoids completely compromising himself. Dent represents goodness and hope; he is the city's \"white knight\" who is \"pure\" of intent and can operate within the law.Dent is motivated to do good because he identifies himself as good, not through trauma like Batman, and has faith in the legal system.Adlakha wrote Dent is framed as a religious icon, his campaign slogan being \"I believe in Harvey Dent\", and his eventual death leaves his arms spread wide likeJesus on the Cross.Eckhart described Dent as someone who loves the",
"who loves the law but feels constrained by it and his inability to do what he believes is right because the rules he must follow do not allow it.Dent's desire to work outside the law is seen in his support of Batman's vigilantism to accomplish what he cannot. Dent's corruption suggests he is a proxy for those looking for hope because he is as fallible and susceptible to darkness as anyone else.This can be seen in his use of a two-headed coin to make decisions involving others, eliminating the risk of chance by controlling the outcome in his favor, indicating losing is not an acceptable outcome for him. Once Dent experiences a significant traumatic event in the loss of Rachel and his own disfigurement, he quickly abandons his noble former self to seek his own form of justice. His coin is scarred on one side, introducing the risk of chance, and he submits himself to it completely. According to English professor Daniel Boscaljon, Dent is not broken; he believes in a different form of justice in a seemingly",
"in a seemingly unjust world, flipping a coin because it is \"Unbiased. Unprejudiced. Fair.\" The Joker represents an ideological deviancy; he does not seek personal gain and causes chaos for its own sake, setting a towering pile of cash ablaze to prove \"everything burns\". Unlike Batman, the Joker is the same with or without makeup, having no identity to conceal and nothing to lose.Boscaljon wrote the residents and criminals believe in a form of order and rules that must be obeyed; the Joker deliberately upends this belief because he has no rules or limitations.The character can be considered an example ofFriedrich Nietzsche's \"Superman\", who exists outside definitions such as good and evil, and follows his own indomitable will. The film, however, leaves open the option to dismiss his insights because his chaos ultimately leads to death and injustice.Christopher described the Joker as an unadulterated evil, and professor Charles Bellinger considered him a satanic figure who repels people from goodness and",
"from goodness and tempts them with things they supposedly lack, such as forcing Batman to choose between saving Dent—who is best for the city—and Rachel, who is best for Wayne.The Joker aims to corrupt Dent to prove anyone, even symbols, can be broken. In their desperation, Dent and Batman are forced to question their own limitations. As the Joker states to Batman: Their morals, their code ... it's a bad joke. Dropped at the first sign of trouble. They're only as good as the world allows them to be. You'll see—I'll show you ... when the chips are down, these civilized people ... they'll eat each other. See, I'm not a monster ... I'm just ahead of the curve. The ferry scene can be seen as the Joker's true defeat, demonstrating he is wrong about the residents turning on each other in an extreme scenario.According to writer David Chen, this demonstrates, individually, people cannot responsibly handle power but by sharing the responsibility, there is hope for a compassionate outcome.Although Batman holds to his",
"Batman holds to his morals and does not kill the Joker, he is forced to break his code by pushing Dent to his death to save an innocent person. Batman chooses to become a symbol of criminality by taking the blame for Dent's crimes and preserving him as a symbol of good, maintaining the hope of Gotham's residents.Critic David Crow wrote Batman's true test is not defeating the Joker but saving Dent, a task at which he fails.Batman makes his own Christ-like sacrifice, taking on Dent's sins to preserve the city. AlthoughThe Dark Knightpresents this as a heroic act, this \"noble lie\" is used to conceal and manipulate the truth for what a minority determines is the greater good.McGowan considered the act heroic because Batman's sacrifice will leave him hunted and despised without recognition, indicating he has learned from the Joker the established norms must sometimes be broken.According to professor Martin Fradley, among others, Batman's \"noble lie\" and Gordon's support of it is a cynical endorsement of deception",
"of deception and totalitarianism.Wayne's butler Alfred also commits a noble lie, concealing Rachel's choice of Dent over Wayne to spare him the pain of her rejection. Legacy Cultural influence The Dark Knightis considered an influential and often-imitated work that redefined the superhero/comic-book film genre, and filmmaking in general.In 2020, the United StatesLibrary of CongressselectedThe Dark Knightto be preserved in theNational Film Registryfor being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". BeforeThe Dark Knight, superhero films closely emulated their comic-book source material, and though the genre had seen significant successes such asSuperman(1978),Batman(1989),X-Men(2000), andSpider-Man(2002), they were often considered disposable entertainment that did not garner much industry respect.A 2018 retrospective byThe Hollywood ReportersaidThe Dark Knighttaught filmmakers \"comic book characters are malleable. They are able to be grounded or fantastic, able to be prestigious or pure",
"prestigious or pure blockbuster entertainment, to be dark and gritty or light, to be character-driven or action-packed, or any variation in-between.\" The Dark Knightis considered a blueprint for the modern superhero film that productions either attempt to closely emulate or deliberately counter.Its financial, critical, and cultural successes legitimized the genre with film studios at a time when recent films, such asDaredevil,Hulk(both 2003),Fantastic Four(2005), andSuperman Returns(2006) had failed to meet expectations.The genre became a focus of annual studio strategies rather than a relatively niche project, and a surge of comic-book adaptations followed, in part because of their broad franchising potential. In 2008, Ebert wrote; \", and to a lesser degreeIron Man, redefine the possibilities of the 'comic-book movie'\".The AtlanticwroteIron Man's legacy in launching theMarvel Cinematic Universe(MCU) could not have happened without the financial and critical success ofThe Dark Knight, which made comic book",
"made comic book adaptations a central focus of film studios. Retrospective analysis has focused on the way studios, eager to replicate its performance, released tonally dark, gritty, and realistic films, or reboots of existing franchises, many of which failed critically or commercially.Some publications said studios took the wrong lessons fromThe Dark Knight, treating source material too seriously and mistaking a dark, gritty tone for narrative depth and intelligent writing.The MCU is seen as a successful continuation of what madeThe Dark Knighta success, combining genres and tones relevant to each respective film while treating the source material seriously, unlike theDC Extended Universe, which more closely emulated the tone ofThe Dark Knightbut failed to replicate its success. Directors includingSam Mendes(Skyfall, 2012),Ryan Coogler(Black Panther), andDavid Ayer(Suicide Squad, 2016), have cited it as an influence on their work,Steven Spielberglisted it among his favorite films, andTimothée Chalametsaid",
"Chalametsaid it inspired him to become an actor.The film has been referenced in a variety of media including television shows such asRobot Chicken,South Park, andThe Simpsons.U.S. PresidentBarack Obamaused Joker to explain the growth ofIslamic State(IS) military group, saying \"... the gang leaders of Gotham are meeting... they were thugs, but there was a kind of order... the Joker comes in and lights the whole city on fire. is the Joker.\"Joker's appearance became a popular Halloween costume and also influenced the 2009Barack Obama \"Joker\" poster. Retrospective assessments Since its release,The Dark Knighthas been assessed as one of the greatest superhero films ever made,among thegreatest films ever made,and one of the best sequel films.It is also considered among the best films of the 2000s,and in a 2010 poll of thirty-seven critics by Metacritic regarding the decade's top films,The Dark Knightreceived the eighth most mentions, appearing on 7 lists.In the 2010s, a poll of 177 film critics by theBBCin 2016",
"by theBBCin 2016 listed it as the 33rd-best film of the 21st century,andThe Guardianplaced it 98th on its own list.In 2020,Empiremagazine named it third-best, behindThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring(2001) andMad Max: Fury Road(2015).As of 2023, it remains the highest critically rated Batman film according to Rotten Tomatoes, and is often ranked as the best film featuring the character. The Dark Knightremains popular with entertainment industry professionals, including directors, actors, critics, and stunt actors, being ranked 57th onThe Hollywood Reporter's poll of the best films ever made,18th onTime Out's list of the best action films,and 96th on the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest American Films.The Dark Knightis included in the film-reference book1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,and film criticsJames BerardinelliandBarry Normanincluded it in their individual listings of the 100 greatest films of all time.In 2012,Total Filmnamed it the sixth-most-accomplished film of the preceding",
"of the preceding fifteen years, and a 2020 article byEmpirenamedThe Dark Knightas one of the films that defined the previous three decades.In 2020,Time Outnamed it the seventy-second-best action movie ever made. Ledger's Joker is considered one of the greatest cinematic villains; several publications placed his portrayal second only to Darth Vader.In 2017,The Hollywood Reporternamed Ledger's Joker the second-best cinematic superhero performance ever, behindHugh JackmanasWolverine,andColliderlisted him as the greatest villain of the 21st century.In 2022,Varietylisted him as the best superhero film performance of the preceding 50 years (Eckhart appears at number 22).Entertainment Weeklywrote there had not been another villain as interesting or \"perversely entertaining\" as Joker, and Ledger's performance was considered so defining that future interpretations would be compared against it.Michael B. Jordancited the character as an inspiration for his characterErik KillmongerinBlack Panther.The \"pencil trick\"",
"\"pencil trick\" scene, in which Joker makes a pencil disappear by slamming a mobster's head on it, is considered an iconic scene and among the film's most famous.Similarly, the character's line \"why so serious?\" is among the film's most famous and oft-quoted pieces of dialog,alongside \"everyone loses their minds,\" and Dent's line \"you either die a hero or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain\", as well as Pennyworth's line \"some men just want to watch the world burn\"; the lines also became popularinternet memes. The Dark Knightremains popular with audiences in publicly voted rankings. Over 17,000 people voted the film into the top ten ofAmerican Cinematographer's \"Best-Shot Film of 1998–2008\" list,and listeners ofBBC Radio 1andBBC Radio 1Xtranamed it their eighth-favorite film.Readers ofEmpirehave alternatively voted it the fifteenth (2008),third (2014),and the fourth-greatest film ever made (2020).The Dark Knightwas also voted the greatest superhero movie by readers ofRolling",
"readers ofRolling Stone(2014),and as one of New Zealand's favorite films (2015). Sequel The Dark Knightwas followed byThe Dark Knight Rises(2012), the conclusion ofThe Dark Knight Trilogy. In the film, Batman is forced out of his self-imposed retirement following the events ofThe Dark Knight; he allies withSelina Kyle / Catwomanto take onBane, a physically imposing revolutionary allied with theLeague of Shadowsthat is featured inBatman Begins.The Dark Knight Riseswas a financial success, surpassing the box-office take ofThe Dark Knight,and was generally well received by critics but proved more divisive with audiences. Notes References Citations Works cited External links",
"Heath Ledger Heath Andrew Ledger(4 April 1979 – 22 January 2008) was an Australian actor. After playing roles in several Australian television and film productions during the 1990s, he moved to the United States in 1998 to further develop his film career. His work consisted of 20 films in a variety of genres, including10 Things I Hate About You(1999),The Patriot(2000),A Knight's Tale(2001),Monster's Ball(2001),Casanova(2005),Lords of Dogtown(2005),Brokeback Mountain(2005),Candy(2006),I'm Not There(2007),The Dark Knight(2008), andThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus(2009), the latter two of which were posthumously released.He also produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director. For his portrayal ofEnnis Del MarinAng Lee'sBrokeback Mountain,he received nominations for theBAFTA Award,Screen Actors Guild Award,Golden Globe Awardand theAcademy Award for Best Actor, becoming theeighth-youngestnominee in the category at that time.In 2007, he played a fictional actor, Robbie Clark, one of six",
"Clark, one of six characters embodying aspects ofBob Dylan's life and persona inTodd Haynes'I'm Not There. Ledger died in January 2008from an accidental overdose as a result of prescription drug abuse.A few months before his death, he finished filming his role as theJokerinThe Dark Knight; the performance brought him praise and popularity, and numerous posthumous awards, including theAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, theGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, and theBAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor. Early life and education Ledger was born on 4 April 1979 inPerth, Western Australia, to Sally Ramshaw, a French teacher, and Kim Ledger, a racing car driver and mining engineer whose family established and owned the Ledger Engineering Foundry.The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust is named after his great-grandfatherFrank Ledger.He had English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry.Ledger attended Mary's Mount Primary School inGooseberry Hill,and laterGuildford Grammar School, where he had his first",
"he had his first acting experiences, starring in a school production asPeter Panat age ten.His parents separated when he was ten and divorced when he was eleven.Ledger's older sister Kate, an actress and later a publicist, to whom he was very close, inspired his acting on stage; and his love ofGene Kellyinspired his successful choreography, leading to Guildford Grammar's 60-member team's \"first all-boy victory\" at theRock Eisteddfod Challenge.Ledger's two half-sisters are Ashleigh Bell (b. 1990), his mother's daughter with her second husband Roger Bell; and Olivia Ledger (b. 1996), his father's daughter with his second wife Emma Brown. Acting career 1990s After sitting for early graduation exams at age 16 to get his diploma, Ledger left school to pursue an acting career.With Trevor DiCarlo, his best friend since the age of three, Ledger drove across Australia from Perth to Sydney, returning to Perth to take a small role inClowning Around(1992), the first part of a two-part television series, and to work on",
"and to work on the TV seriesSweat(1996), in which he played a cyclist.From 1993 to 1997, Ledger also had parts in the Perth television seriesShip to Shore(1993); Ledger also had parts in the short-livedFox Broadcasting Companyfantasy-dramaRoar(1997); inHome and Away(1997), one of Australia's most successful television shows; and in the Australian filmBlackrock(1997), his feature film debut.In 1999, he starred in the teen comedy10 Things I Hate About Youand in the acclaimed Australian crime filmTwo Hands, directed byGregor Jordan. 2000s In the early 2000s, he starred in supporting roles as Gabriel Martin, the eldest son of Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson), inThe Patriot(2000), and as Sonny Grotowski, the son of Hank Grotowski (Billy Bob Thornton), inMonster's Ball(2001); as well as leading or title roles inA Knight's Tale(2001),The Four Feathers(2002),The Order(2003),Ned Kelly(2003),Casanova(2005),The Brothers Grimm(2005), andLords of Dogtown(2005).In 2001, he won aShoWestAward as \"Male Star of Tomorrow\". Ledger",
"Tomorrow\". Ledger received \"Best Actor of 2005\" awards from both theNew York Film Critics Circleand theSan Francisco Film Critics Circlefor his performance inBrokeback Mountain,in which he playsWyomingranch handEnnis Del Mar, who has a love affair with aspiring rodeo riderJack Twist, played byJake Gyllenhaal.He also received the nominations for aGolden GlobeAward forBest Actor — Motion Picture Drama, aScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, aBAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, and anAcademy Award for Best Actorfor this performance,making him, at age 26, theeighth-youngestnominee in the category.InThe New York Timesreview of the film, criticStephen Holdenwrites: \"Both Mr. Ledger and Mr. Gyllenhaal make this anguished love story physically palpable. Mr. Ledger magically and mysteriously disappears beneath the skin of his lean, sinewy character. It is a great screen performance, as good as the best ofMarlon BrandoandSean Penn.\"In a review inRolling",
"a review inRolling Stone,Peter Traversstates: \"Ledger's magnificent performance is an acting miracle. He seems to tear it from his insides. Ledger doesn't just know how Ennis moves, speaks and listens; he knows how he breathes. To see him inhale the scent of a shirt hanging in Jack's closet is to take measure of the pain of love lost.\" AfterBrokeback Mountain, Ledger costarred with fellow AustralianAbbie Cornishin the 2006 Australian filmCandy,an adaptation of the 1998 novelCandy: A Novel of Love and Addiction,as young heroin addicts in love attempting to break free of their addiction, whose mentor is played byGeoffrey Rush; for his performance as sometime poet Dan, Ledger was nominated for three \"Best Actor\" awards, including one of theFilm Critics Circle of Australia Awards, which both Cornish and Rush won in their categories. Shortly after the release ofCandy, Ledger was invited to join theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.As one of six actors embodying different aspects of the life ofBob",
"of the life ofBob Dylanin the 2007 filmI'm Not There, directed byTodd Haynes, Ledger \"won praise for his portrayal of 'Robbie ,' a moody, counter-culture actor who represents the romanticist side of Dylan, but says accolades are never his motivation\".Posthumously, on 23 February 2008, he shared the2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Awardwith the rest of the film's ensemble cast, its director, and its casting director. In his penultimate film role, Ledger played theJokerinChristopher Nolan's 2008 filmThe Dark Knight, which was released nearly six months after his death. While working on the film in London, Ledger toldSarah Lyallin theirNew York Timesinterview that he viewedThe Dark Knight's Joker as a \"psychopathic,mass murdering,schizophrenicclownwith zeroempathy\".For his performance inThe Dark Knight, Ledger posthumously won theAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor(becoming the fourth-youngest winner of the award) which his family accepted on his behalf, as well as numerous other posthumous awards,",
"posthumous awards, including theGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, which Nolan accepted for him.At the time of his death on 22 January 2008, Ledger had completed about half of the work for his final film role as Tony inTerry Gilliam'sThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus.Gilliam chose to adapt the film after his death by having fellow actors (and friends of Ledger)Johnny Depp,Jude Law, andColin Farrellplay \"fantasy transformations\" of his character so that Ledger's final performance could be seen in theatres. Directorial work Ledger had aspirations to become a film director and had made some music videos with his production companyThe Masses, which directorTodd Haynespraised highly in his tribute to Ledger upon accepting theISP Robert Altman Award, which Ledger posthumously shared, on 23 February 2008.In 2006, Ledger directed music videos for the title track on Australianhip hopartistN'fa's CD debut solo albumCause An Effectand for the single \"Seduction Is Evil (She's Hot)\".Later that year, Ledger",
"that year, Ledger inaugurated a new record label,The Masses Music, with singerBen Harperand also directed a music video for Harper's song \"Morning Yearning\". At a news conference at the 2007Venice Film Festival, Ledger spoke of his desire to make a documentary film about the British singer-songwriterNick Drake, who died in 1974, at the age of 26, from an overdose of anantidepressant.Ledger created and acted in a music video set to Drake's recording of the singer's 1974 song about depression, \"Black Eyed Dog\" — a title \"inspired byWinston Churchill's descriptive term for depression\" (black dog);it was shown publicly only twice, first at the Bumbershoot Festival, in Seattle, held from 1 to 3 September 2007; and secondly as part of \"A Place To Be: A Celebration of Nick Drake\", with its screening ofTheir Place: Reflections On Nick Drake, \"a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake\" (including Ledger's), sponsored byAmerican Cinematheque, at theGrauman's Egyptian Theatre, in Hollywood, on 5 October 2007.After",
"October 2007.After Ledger's death, his music video for \"Black Eyed Dog\" was shown on the Internet and excerpted in news clips distributed via YouTube. He was working with Scottish screenwriter and producerAllan Scotton an adaptation of the 1983 novelThe Queen's GambitbyWalter Tevis, which would have been his first feature film as a director. He also intended to act in the film, with Canadian actorElliot Pageproposed in the lead role.Ledger's final directorial work, in which he shot two music videos before his death, premiered in 2009.The music videos, completed forModest MouseandGrace Woodroofe,include an animated feature for Modest Mouse's song \"King Rat\", and the Woodroofe video for her cover ofDavid Bowie's \"Quicksand\".The \"King Rat\" video premiered on 4 August 2009. Personal life Ledger was an avidchessplayer, and had participated intournamentswhen he was young.As an adult, he often played with other chess enthusiasts atWashington Square Parkin Manhattan.He was a fan ofWest Coast Eagles, anAustralian",
"anAustralian rules footballteam that competes in theAustralian Football League(AFL) and is based in his hometown of Perth. Ledger was an \"obsessive\" photographer who loved taking stills, then drawing over them with paint, markers ornail polish. Relationships Ledger datedLisa Zane, Christina Cauchi,Heather Graham, andNaomi Watts. In 2004, he began a relationship with actressMichelle Williamsafter meeting her on the set ofBrokeback Mountain. Their daughter, Matilda Rose, was born on 28 October 2005 in New York City.Matilda's godparents areBrokeback Mountainco-starJake Gyllenhaaland Williams'Dawson's Creekco-starBusy Philipps.In January 2006, Ledger listed his residence inBronte, New South Walesfor saleand returned to the US, where he shared a house with Williams inBoerum Hill,Brooklynfrom 2005 to 2007.In September 2007, Williams' father confirmed toThe Daily Telegraphthat Ledger and Williams had broken up. After his breakup with Williams, the tabloid press and other public media linked Ledger romantically with",
"romantically with supermodelsHelena ChristensenandGemma Ward. In 2011, Ward stated that the pair had begun dating in November 2007 and that their families had spent that year's Christmas together in their hometown of Perth. Press controversies Ledger's relationship with the Australian press was sometimes turbulent, and it led to his abandonment of plans for his family to reside part-time in Sydney.In 2004, he strongly denied press reports alleging that \"he spat at journalists on the Sydney set of the filmCandy\", or that one of his relatives had done so later, outside Ledger's Sydney home.On 13 January 2006, \"Several members of thepaparazziretaliated ... squirting Ledger and Williams with water pistols on thered carpetat the Sydney premiere ofBrokeback Mountain\". After his performance on stage at the2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards, when he had giggled in presentingBrokeback Mountainas a nominee forOutstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, theLos Angeles Timesreferred to his presentation as an",
"presentation as an \"apparent gay spoof\".Ledger called theTimeslater and explained that his levity resulted fromstage fright, saying that he had been told that he would be presenting the award only minutes earlier; he stated: \"I am so sorry and I apologise for my nervousness. I would be absolutely horrified if my stage fright was misinterpreted as a lack of respect for the film, the topic and for the amazing filmmakers.\" After learning that two cinemas in Utah refused to showBrokeback Mountain, Ledger said: \"I don't think the movie is but I think maybe theMormons in Utahdo. I think it's hilarious and very immature of a society\".In the same interview with theHerald Sunnewspaper, Ledger mistakenly claimed thatlynchingshad occurred in West Virginia as recently as the 1980s; state scholars disputed his statement, asserting that no documented lynchings had occurred in West Virginia since 1931. Health problems and drug use In an interview withSarah Lyall, published inThe New York Timeson 4 November 2007, Ledger",
"2007, Ledger stated that he often could not sleep when taking on roles, and that the role of the Joker inThe Dark Knight(2008) was causing his usual insomnia: \"Last week I probably slept an average of two hours a night. ... I couldn't stop thinking. My body was exhausted, and my mind was still going.\"At that time, he told Lyall that he had taken twoAmbienpills, after taking just one had not sufficed, and those left him in \"a stupor, only to wake up an hour later, his mind still racing\". Prior to his return to New York City from his last film assignment in London, in January 2008, while he was apparently suffering from some kind ofrespiratory illness, he reportedly complained to hisThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassusco-starChristopher Plummerthat he was continuing to have difficulty sleeping and taking pills to help with that problem: \"Confirming earlier reports that Ledger hadn't been feeling well on set, Plummer said: 'we all caught colds because we were shooting outside on horrible, damp nights. But",
"damp nights. But Heath's went on and I don't think he dealt with it immediately with theantibiotics.... I think what he did have was thewalking pneumonia.' On top of that, 'He was saying all the time, 'dammit, I can't sleep'... and he was taking all these pills to help him'\". Speaking toInterviewmagazine after Ledger's death, Michelle Williams confirmed reports that the actor had experienced trouble sleeping: \"For as long as I'd known him, he had bouts with insomnia. He had too much energy. His mind was turning, turning, turning – always turning\". Ledger was \"widely reported to have struggled with substance abuse\".Following Ledger's death,Entertainment Tonightaired video footage from 2006 in which Ledger stated that he \"used to smoke fivejointsa day for 20 years\"and news outlets reported that his drug abuse had prompted Williams to request that he move out of their apartment in Brooklyn.Ledger's publicist asserted that reportage regarding Ledger's alleged drug use had been inaccurate. Death At around 3",
"Death At around 3 p.m.Eastern Standard Timeon Tuesday, 22 January 2008, Ledger was found naked and lying face down unresponsive in his bed by hishousekeeper, Teresa Solomon, and hismassage therapist, Diana Wolozin, in hisloftat 421Broome Streetin theSoHoneighbourhood ofManhattan. According to police, Wolozin, who had arrived early for a 3 p.m. appointment with Ledger, telephoned his friendMary-Kate Olsenfor help. Olsen, who was in Los Angeles at the time, directed her New York City private security guard to go to the scene. At 3:26 p.m., \"less than 15 minutes after she first saw him in bed and only a few moments after the first call to Ms. Olsen\", Wolozin dialed 911 \"to say that Mr. Ledger was not breathing\". At the urging of the 911 operator, Wolozin administeredCPR, which was unsuccessful in reviving him. Paramedics and emergency medical technicians arrived seven minutes later, at 3:33 p.m. but were also unable to revive him.At 3:36 p.m., Ledger was pronounced dead, and his body was removed from the",
"removed from the apartment.He was 28 years old. Autopsy and toxicology report On 6 February 2008, theOffice of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New Yorkreleased its conclusions. Those conclusions were based on an initialautopsythat occurred 23 January 2008, and a subsequent completetoxicological analysis.The report concluded that Ledger died \"as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects ofoxycodone,hydrocodone,diazepam,temazepam,alprazolamanddoxylamine\". It added: \"We have concluded that the manner of death is accident, resulting from the abuse ofprescribedmedications.\" While the medications found in the toxicological analysis may be prescribed in the United States for insomnia, anxiety, pain orcommon coldsymptoms (doxylamine), the vast majority of the country's physicians would be extremely reluctant to prescribe multiplebenzodiazepines(e.g. diazepam, alprazolam and temazepam) to a single patient, let alone to prescribe such medications to a patient already taking a mix of oxycodone and",
"of oxycodone and hydrocodone. Use of opioids with benzodiazepines, which depress the central nervous system, creates a serious risk of slowed breathing and death.Although theAssociated Pressand other outlets reported that police estimated Ledger's death occurred between 1 p.m. and 2:45 p.m. on 22 January 2008,the Medical Examiner's Office announced that it would not publicly disclose the official estimated time of death.The official announcement of the cause and manner of Ledger's death heightened concerns about the growing problems ofprescription drug abuseor misuse andcombined drug intoxication(CDI). In 2017, Jason Payne-James, a forensic pathologist, asserted that Ledger might have survived if hydrocodone and oxycodone had been left out of the combination of drugs that the actor took just prior to his death. He furthermore stated that the mixture of drugs, combined with a possible chest infection, caused Ledger to stop breathing. Federal investigation Late in February 2008, aDEAinvestigation of medical",
"of medical professionals relating to Ledger's death exonerated two American physicians, who practice in Los Angeles andHouston, of any wrongdoing, determining that \"the doctors in question had prescribed Ledger other medications – not the pills that killed him.\" On 4 August 2008, Mary-Kate Olsen's attorney Michael Miller issued a statement denying that Olsen supplied Ledger with the drugs causing his death and asserting that she did not know their source.In his statement, Miller said specifically, \"Despite tabloid speculation, Mary-Kate Olsen had nothing whatsoever to do with the drugs found in Heath Ledger's home or his body, and she does not know where he obtained them.\" After a flurry of further media speculation, on 6 August 2008, theUS Attorney's Officein Manhattan closed its investigation into Ledger's death without filing any charges and renderingmootitssubpoenaof Olsen.With the clearing of the two doctors and Olsen, and the closing of the investigation because the prosecutors in the Manhattan US",
"in the Manhattan US Attorney's Office \"don't believe there's a viable target,\" it is still not known how Ledger obtained the oxycodone and hydrocodone in thelethal drug combinationthat killed him. Controversy over will After Ledger's death, in response to some press reports about hiswill, filed in New York City on 28 February 2008,and his daughter's access to his financial legacy, his father, Kim Ledger, said that he considered the financial well-being of Heath's daughter Matilda Rose an \"absolute priority,\" whilst also stating that her mother, Michelle Williams, was \"an integral part of our family\". He added, \"They will be taken care of and that's how Heath would want it to be\".Some of Ledger's relatives may be challenging the legal status of his will signed in 2003, prior to his involvement with Williams and the birth of their daughter and not updated to include them, which divides half of hisestatebetween his parents and half among his siblings; they claim that there is a second, unsigned will, which",
"will, which leaves most of that estate to Matilda Rose.Williams' father, Larry Williams, has also joined the controversy about Ledger's will, as it was filed in New York City soon after his death. On 31 March 2008, stimulating another controversy pertaining to Ledger's estate, Gemma Jones and Janet Fife-Yeomans published an \"Exclusive\" report, inThe Daily Telegraph, citing Ledger's uncle Haydn Ledger and other family members, who \"believe the late actor may have fathered a secret love child\" when he was 17, and stating that \"If it is confirmed that Ledger is the girl's biological father, it could split his multi-million dollar estate between ... Matilda Rose ... and his secret love child.\"A few days later, reports citing telephone interviews with Ledger's uncles Haydn and Mike Ledger and the family of the other little girl, published inOK!andUs Weekly, \"denied\" those \"claims\", with Ledger's uncles and the little girl's mother and stepfather describing them as unfounded \"rumors\" distorted and exaggerated by",
"and exaggerated by the media. On 15 July 2008, Fife-Yeomans reported further, via AustralianNews Limited, that \"While Ledger left everything to his parents and three sisters, it is understood they have legal advice that under Western Australia law, Matilda Rose is entitled to thelion's share\" of his estate; itsexecutors, Kim Ledger's former business colleague Robert John Collins andGeraldtonaccountant William Mark Dyson, \"have applied forprobatein theWest Australian Supreme CourtinPerth, advertising for 'creditorsand other persons' having claims on the estate to lodge them by 11 August 2008 ... to ensure all debts are paid before the estate is distributed....\"According to this report by Fife-Yeomans, earlier reports citing Ledger's uncles,and subsequent reports citing Ledger's father, which do not include his actual posthumous earnings, \"his entire fortune, mostly held in Australian trusts, is likely to be worth up to$20 million.\" On 27 September 2008, Ledger's father Kim stated that \"the family has agreed",
"family has agreed to leave the US$16.3 million fortune to Matilda,\" adding: \"There is no claim. Our family has gifted everything to Matilda.\"In October 2008,Forbesestimated Ledger's annual earnings from October 2007 through October 2008 — including his posthumous share ofThe Dark Knight's gross income of \"US$1 billion in box office revenue worldwide\" — as \"US$20 million\". Legacy Memorial tributes and services As the news of Ledger's death became public, throughout the night of 22 January 2008, and the following day, media crews, mourners, fans, and other onlookers began gathering outside his apartment building, with some leaving flowers or other memorial tributes. The following day, at 10:50amAWST, Ledger's parents and sister appeared outside his mother's house inApplecross, a riverside suburb ofPerth, and read a short statement to the media expressing their grief and desire for privacy.Within the next few days, memorial tributes were communicated by family members;Kevin Rudd(then-Prime Minister of",
"Minister of Australia);Eric Ripper(then-Deputy Premier of Western Australia);Warner Bros.(distributor ofThe Dark Knight) and thousands of Ledger's fans around the world. Several actors made statements expressing their sorrow at Ledger's death, includingDaniel Day-Lewis, who dedicated hisScreen Actors Guild Awardto him, saying that he was inspired by Ledger's acting; Day-Lewis praised Ledger's performances inMonster's BallandBrokeback Mountain, describing the latter as \"unique, perfect\".Verne Troyer, who was working with Ledger onThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassusat the time of his death, had a heart shape, an exact duplicate of a symbol that Ledger scrawled on a piece of paper with his email address, tattooed on his hand in remembrance of Ledger because Ledger \"had made such an impression on \".On 1 February, in her first public statement after Ledger's death, Michelle Williams expressed her heartbreak and described Ledger's spirit as surviving in their daughter. After attending private memorial ceremonies",
"memorial ceremonies in Los Angeles, Ledger's family members returned with his body toPerth.On 9 February, a memorial service attended by several hundred invited guests was held atPenrhos College, attracting considerablepressattention; afterward Ledger's body was cremated atFremantle Cemetery,followed by a private service attended by only 10 of his closest family members,The ashes were taken from Fremantle for interment at an unspecified location.Later that night, his family and friends gathered for awakeonCottesloe Beach. TheEskimo Joesong \"Foreign Land\" was written as a tribute to Ledger.The band were in New York at the time of his death. In January 2011, theState Theatre Centre of Western Australiain Ledger's home town ofPerthnamed a 575-seat theatre the Heath Ledger Theatre after him. For the opening of the theatre, Ledger'sAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actorwas on display in the theatre's foyer along with hisJokercostume. Bon Iver's \"Perth\" was inspired by Heath Ledger.Justin Vernon, the lead singer",
"the lead singer and songwriter of the American indie folk band, revealed back in 2011 that he had begun working on the song in 2008 and was scheduled to meet with a music video director who was good friends with Ledger, Matt Amato. \"The first thing I worked on, the riff and the beginning melodies, was the first song on the record, 'Perth,'\" Vernon toldExclaim!.Amato was directing the band's \"The Wolves (Act I & II)\" music video the day that Ledger died. \"It was no longer about just making a Bon Iver music video anymore,\" Vernon says. \"This was now our chance to be there with Matt as he grieved. It was a three-day wake.\" Amato told Vernon stories about Ledger that eventually became the inspiration for \"Perth,\" the opening track to the band's second studio albumBon Iver, Bon Iver(2011). Method and style \"You know when you see the preachers down South? And they grab a believer and they go, 'Bwoom! I touch you with the hand of God!' And they believe so strongly, they're on the ground shaking and spitting. And",
"and spitting. And fuck's sake, that's the power of belief... Now, I don't believe in Jesus, but I believe in my performance. And if you can understand that the power of belief is one of the great tools of our time and that a lot of acting comes from it, you can do anything.\" —Ledger, during the interview withRolling Stonein 2006, on belief, power and acting Portraying a variety of roles, fromromantic heroestotragic characters, Ledger created a hodgepodge of characters that are deliberately unlike one another, stating: \"I feel like I am wasting my time if I repeat myself\". He also reflected on his inability to be happy with his work, \"I feel the same thing about everything I do. The day I say, 'It's good' is the day I should start doing something else.\"Ledger liked to wait between jobs so that he would start creatively hungry on new projects.In his own words, acting was about harnessing \"the infinite power of belief,\"thus using belief as a tool for creating. Directors who have worked with the actor praised",
"the actor praised him for his creativity, seriousness, and intuition. \"I've never felt as old as I did watching Heath explore his talents,\"The Dark KnightdirectorChristopher Nolanhas written, expressing amazement over the actor's working process, genuine curiosity and charisma.Marc Forster, who directed Ledger inMonster's Ball, complimented him as taking the job \"very seriously\", being disciplined, observant, understanding, and intuitive. In 2007, director Todd Haynes compared Ledger's presence to actorJames Dean, casting Ledger as Robbie Clarke, a fictive personification ofBob DylaninI'm Not There. Drawing on the similar characteristics between the actors, Haynes further highlighted Ledger's \"precocious seriousness\" and intuition. He also felt that Ledger had a rare maturity beyond his years.\"Ledger, however, disconnected himself and acting from perfectionism. \"I'm always gonna pull myself apart and dissect . I mean, there's no such thing as perfection in what do.Pornosare more perfect than we are, because",
"we are, because they're actually fucking.\" \"Some people find their shtick,\" Ledger reflected on the categorisation of style. \"I never figured out who 'Heath Ledger' is on film: 'This is what you expect when you hire me, and it will be recognisable'... People always feel compelled to sum you up, to presume that they have you and can describe you. That's fine. But there are so many stories inside of me and a lot I want to achieve outside of one flat note.\" Posthumous films and awards Ledger's death affected the marketing campaign forChristopher Nolan'sThe Dark Knight(2008)and also both the production and marketing ofTerry Gilliam's filmThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, with both directors intending to celebrate and pay tribute to his work in these films.Although Gilliam temporarily suspended production on the latter film,he expressed determination to \"salvage\" it, perhaps usingcomputer-generated imagery(CGI), and dedicated it to Ledger.In February 2008, as a \"memorial tribute to the man many have called one",
"have called one of the best actors of his generation,\"Johnny Depp,Jude Law, andColin Farrellsigned on to take over Ledger's role, becoming multiple incarnations of his character, Tony, transformed in this \"magical re-telling of theFauststory\".The three actors donated their fees for the film to Ledger's and Williams's daughter. Speaking of editingThe Dark Knight,on which Ledger had completed his work in October 2007, Nolan recalled, \"It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day. ... But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish.\"All of Ledger's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no \"digital effects\" to alter Ledger's actual performance posthumously.Nolan dedicated the film in part to Ledger's memory, as well as to the memory of technician Conway Wickliffe, who was killed during a car",
"killed during a car accident while preparing one of the film's stunts. Released in July 2008,The Dark Knightbroke several box office records and received both popular and critical accolades, especially with regard to Ledger's performance as the Joker.Even film criticDavid Denby, who does not praise the film overall in his pre-release review inThe New Yorker, evaluates Ledger's work highly, describing his performance as both \"sinister and frightening\" and Ledger as \"mesmerising in every scene\", concluding: \"His performance is a heroic, unsettling final act: this young actor looked into the abyss.\"Attempting to dispel widespread speculations that Ledger's performance as the Joker had in any way led to his death (as Denby and others suggest), Ledger's co-star and friendChristian Bale, who played opposite him asBatman, has stressed that, as an actor, Ledger greatly enjoyed meeting the challenges of creating that role, an experience that Ledger himself described as \"the most fun I've ever had, or probably ever",
"or probably ever will have, playing a character\".Terry Gilliam also refuted the claims that playing the Joker made him crazy, calling it \"absolute nonsense\" and going on to say, \"Heath was so solid. His feet were on the ground and he was the least neurotic person I've ever met.\" Ledger received numerous awards for his Joker role inThe Dark Knight. On 10 November 2008, he was nominated for twoPeople's Choice Awardsrelated to his work on the film, \"Best Ensemble Cast\" and \"Best Onscreen Match-Up\" (shared with Christian Bale), and Ledger won an award for \"Match-Up\" in the ceremony aired live on CBS in January 2009. On 11 December 2008, it was announced that Ledger had been nominated for aGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picturefor his performance as the Joker inThe Dark Knight; he subsequently won the award at the66th Golden Globe Awardsceremony telecast onNBCon 11 January 2009, withDark Knightdirector Christopher Nolan accepting on his behalf. Film critics, co-starsMaggie",
"co-starsMaggie GyllenhaalandMichael Caineand many of Ledger's peers in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008Academy Award for Best Supporting Actorin recognition of Ledger's achievement inThe Dark Knight.Ledger's subsequent nomination was announced on 22 January 2009, the anniversary of his death. Ledger went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second person to win a posthumous Academy Award for acting (after fellow Australian actorPeter Finch, who won for 1976'sNetwork), as well as the first comic-book movie actor to win an Oscar for their acting. Ledger's family attended theceremonyon 22 February 2009, with his parents and sister accepting the award onstage on his behalf.Following talks with the Ledger family in Australia, the academy determined that Ledger's daughter, Matilda Rose, would own the award. However, due to Matilda's age, she would not gain full ownership of the statuette until her eighteenth birthday in 2023.Her",
"in 2023.Her mother, Michelle Williams, would hold the statuette in trust for Matilda until that time. On 4 April 2017, a trailer was released for the documentaryI Am Heath Ledger, which was released on 3 May 2017.It features archival footage of Ledger and interviews. Filmography Film Television Music videos Accolades See also Notes References Further reading External links"
] |
The author of the book "A Good Woman"'s author was married to a man in 2008, who resigned from the board of HP due to the actions taken by the board's chair. What types of cancer did the chair survive? | Breast and skin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Woman_(novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Steel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_(businessman) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_C._Dunn | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Woman_(novel)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Steel', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_(businessman)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_C._Dunn'] | [
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_C._Dunn"
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"Danielle Steel Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel(born August 14, 1947) is an American writer, best known for her romance novels. She is the bestselling living author and one of thebest-selling fiction authors of all time, with over 800 million copies sold.As of 2021, she has written190 books, including over 140novels. Based in California for most of her career, Steel has produced several books a year, often juggling up to five projects at once. All of her novels have been bestsellers, including those issued in hardback, despite \"a resounding lack of critical acclaim\" (Publishers Weekly).Her books often involve rich families facing a crisis, threatened by dark elements such as prison, fraud, blackmail, and suicide. Steel has also published children's fiction and poetry, as well as creating a foundation that funds mental illness-related organizations.Her books have been translated into 43 languages,with 22 adapted for television, including two that have receivedGolden Globenominations. Early life Steel was born Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel in New York City to a German father and a Portuguese mother. Her father, John Schuelein-Steel, was aGerman-Jewishimmigrant and a descendant of owners ofLöwenbräubeer. Her mother, Norma da Camara Stone dos Reis, was the daughter of a Portuguese diplomat.She spent much of her childhood inFrance,where from an early age she was included in her parents' dinner parties, giving her an opportunity to observe the habits and lives of the wealthy and famous.Her parents divorced when she was eight, and she was raised primarily by her father, rarely seeing her mother. Steel started writing stories as a child, and by her late teens had begun writing poetry.Raised Catholic, she thought of becoming anunduring her early years.A 1965 graduate of theLycée Français de New York,she studied literature design and fashion design,first atParsons School of Designand then atNew York University. Career 1965–1971: Career beginnings While still attending New York University, Steel began writing, completing her first manuscript at 19.Steel worked for a public-relations agency in New York called Supergirls. A client,Ladies' Home Journaleditor John Mack Carter, encouraged her to focus on writing,having been impressed with her freelance articles. He suggested she write a book, which she did. She later moved to San Francisco and worked as a copywriter forGrey Advertising. 1972–1981: First novels and growing success Her first novel,Going Home, was published in 1973. The novel contained many of the themes that her writing would become well known for, including a focus on family issues and human relationships. Her relationship with her second husband influencedPassion's PromiseandNow and Forever, the two novels that launched her career.With the success of her fourth book,The Promise, she became a participant inSan Franciscohigh society. 1981–1996: Fame and expansion to new genres Beginning in 1991, Steel had become a near-permanent fixture onThe New York Timeshardcover and paperback bestsellers lists. In 1999, she was listed in theGuinness Book of World Recordsfor having a book on theNew York Times Bestseller Listfor the most consecutive weeks of any author—456 consecutive weeks at that time.Steel is a prolific author, often releasing several books per year.Each book takes 2½ years to complete,so Steel has developed an ability to juggle up to five projects at once, researching one book while outlining another, then writing and editing additional books.Since her first book was published, every one of her novels has hit bestseller lists in paperback, and each one released in hardback has also been a hardback bestseller. During this time, Steel also expanded to non-fiction work.Having a Babywas published in 1968 and featured a chapter by Steel about suffering throughmiscarriage.The same year she published a book of poetry,Love: Poems.She also ventured into children's fiction, penning a series of 57 illustrated books for young readers. These books, known as the \"Max and Martha\" series, aim to help children face real-life problems: new baby, new school, loss of loved one, etc. In addition, Steel has authored the \"Freddie\" series. These four books address other real-life situations: first night away from home, trip to the doctor, etc. In 1993, Steel sued writer Lorenzo Bene, who had intended to disclose in his book that her son Nick was adopted by her then-current husband John Traina, despite the fact that adoption records are sealed inCalifornia.A San Francisco judge made a highly unusual ruling allowing the seal on Nick's adoption to be overturned, although he was still a minor. This order was confirmed by a California Appellate Judge, who ruled that because Steel was famous, her son's adoption did not have the same privacy right,and the book was allowed to be published. 1997–present: Continued success and awards After years of near-constant writing, in 2003 Steel opened an art gallery in San Francisco, Steel Gallery, which showed contemporary work and exhibited the paintings and sculptures of emerging artists. The gallery closed in 2007.She continues to curate shows a few times a year for the Andrea Schwartz Gallery in San Francisco. In 2002, Steel was decorated by the French government as anOfficierof theOrdre des Arts et des Lettres, for her contributions to world culture. She has additionally received: In 2006 Steel reached an agreement withElizabeth Ardento launch a new perfume, Danielle by Danielle Steel. In 2014, she wrote an article forSFGatewriting about her concern that San Francisco was losing its heart. Personal life Steel married French-American banker Claude-Eric Lazard in 1965 at age 18 and gave birth to their daughter Beatrix.Steel and Lazard separated in 1972. While still married to Lazard, Steel met Danny Zugelder while interviewing an inmate in a prison nearLompoc, California, where Zugelder was also incarcerated. He moved in with Steel when he was paroled in June 1973, but returned to prison in early 1974 on robbery andrapecharges. After receiving her divorce from Lazard in 1975, she married Zugelder in the prisoncanteen. During their relationship, Steel suffered multiple miscarriages. She divorced Zugelder in 1978. Steel married her third husband, William George Toth, in 1978, while pregnant with their son,Nick. They divorced in March 1981. Steel married for the fourth time in 1981, to John Traina, a shipping and cruise magnate and later vintner and art collector who was the ex-husband ofDede Wilsey.Together they had five children, Samantha, Victoria, Vanessa, Maxx, and Zara.Traina adopted Steel's son Nick and gave him his family name and Steel also became stepmother of Traina's sonsTrevorandTodd. Determined to spend as much time as possible with her children, Steel often wrote at night, making do with only four hours of sleep.Steel and Traina divorced in 1995. Her fear of flying created many challenges in the early 1980s; she went through an eight-week course based at the San Francisco airport to overcome her fear. Steel married for a fifth time, to Silicon Valley financierThomas James Perkins, but the marriage ended after four years in 2002.Steel has said that her novelThe Klone and Iwas inspired by a private joke between herself and Perkins.In 2006, Perkins dedicated his novelSex and the Single Zillionaireto Steel. Steel's longtime residence was inSan Francisco,but she now spends most of her time at a second home inParis.Her 55-room San Francisco home,Spreckels Mansion, was built in c.1912 as the mansion of sugar tycoonAdolph B. Spreckels. Despite her public image and varied pursuits, Steel is known to be shyand because of that and her desire to protect her children from the tabloids,she rarely grants interviews or makes public appearances. Nick Traina and Yo Angel Foundations Steel's son,Nick Traina, died bysuicidein 1997. Traina was the lead singer of San Francisco punk bandsLink 80and Knowledge. To honor his memory, Steel wrote the nonfiction bookHis Bright Light, about Nick's life and death. Proceeds of the book, which reachedThe New York TimesNon-Fiction Bestseller List,were used to found the Nick Traina Foundation, which Steel runs, to fund organizations dedicated to treating mental accessibility issues.To gain more recognition for children's mental health, Steel has lobbied for legislation in Washington, and previously held a fundraiser every two years (known as The Star Ball) in San Francisco.In 2002, she founded Yo Angel Foundation to assist the homeless. Writing style Steel's novels, often described as \"formulaic,\"tend to involve the characters in a crisis that threatens their relationship. The novels sometimes explore the world of the rich and famousand frequently deal with serious life issues like illness, death, loss, family crises, and relationships. There are claims that her popular story lines are based on the events of her life.Despite a reputation among critics for writing \"fluff\", Steel often delves into the less savory aspects of human nature, includingincest, suicide,divorce, war, and eventhe Holocaust.As time has progressed, Steel's writing has evolved. Her later heroines tend to be stronger and more authoritative, who, if they do not receive the level of respect and attention they desire from a man, move on to a new life.In recent years Steel has also been willing to take more risks with her plots.Ransomfocuses more on suspense than romance, and follows three sets of seemingly unconnected characters as their lives begin to intersect.Toxic Bachelorsdeparts from her usual style by telling the story through the eyes of the three title characters, men who are relationship phobic and ultimately discover their true loves. To avoid comparisons to her previous novels, Steel does not write sequels.Although many of her earliest books were released with initial print runs of 1 million copies, by 2004 her publisher had decreased the number of books initially printed to 650,000 due to the decline in book purchasing. However, her fan base was still extremely strong at that time, with Steel's books selling out atop charts worldwide. Adaptations Twenty-two of her books have been adapted for television,including two that have receivedGolden Globenominations. One isJewels, the story of the survival of a woman and her children inWorld War IIEurope, and the family's eventual rebirth as one of the greatest jewelry houses in Europe.Columbia Pictureswas the first movie studio to make an offer for one of her novels, purchasing the rights toThe Ghostin 1998.Steel also reached an agreement with New Line Home Entertainment in 2005 to sell the film rights to 30 of her novels for DVDs. Writing process Steel spends two to three years on each book, juggling multiple projects at once. According to Steel, once she has an idea for a story, her first step is to make notes, which are mostly about the characters. She toldThe New York Timesin 2018: \"I make notes for a while before I start work on the outline. The notes are usually more about the characters. I need to know the characters really well before I start — who they are, how they think, how they feel, what has happened to them, how they grew up.\"In a 2019 interview withThe Guardian, she reported often spending 20- to 30-hour periods on her typewriter, gaining her attention and criticism. Steel has written all of her novels on Olympia SG1 standard typewriters. She has two that she primarily writes on: one at her home in San Francisco and another at her home in Paris.Her typewriter at her home in San Francisco has been in her possession since she bought it while working on her first book. According to Steel, she bought it second hand for $20. Bibliography Danielle Steel has written more than 185 books, including over 141 novels.Her books have been translated into 43 languages and can be found in 69 countries across the globe. Her works consist of novels, non-fiction, picture books, and two series of children's books: the Max & Martha series and the Freddie series. Filmography See also References External links",
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"Patricia C. Dunn Patricia C. Dunn(March 27, 1953 – December 4, 2011)was thenon-executivechairman of the board ofHewlett-Packard(HP) from February 2005 until September 22, 2006, when she resigned her position. On October 4, 2006,Bill Lockyer, the California attorney general, charged Dunn with four felonies for her role in theHP spying scandal. Some members of the press reported that Dunn had been scapegoated.On March 14, 2007,California Superior CourtJudge Ray Cunningham dismissed the charges against her. Early life Born inBurbank, California, Dunn grew up inLas Vegas, Nevada, where both her parents were involved in the casino industry. Her father was the entertainment manager for the Dunes and Tropicana hotel-casinos, and her mother was a model and entertainer.When Dunn was only eleven, her father died.Her mother subsequently moved the family to California. Education After graduating fromTerra Linda High Schoolin 1970, Dunn entered theUniversity of Oregon,but dropped out to support her mother by working as a housecleaner.She resumed college and graduated fromUC Berkeleyin 1975 with a B.A. in Journalism. Career After college Dunn began working as a temporary secretary atWells Fargo & Co.She eventually became CEO atBarclays Global Investors,the company that acquired the asset management division of Wells Fargo. In 1998 she joined the HP Board of Directors.In 2001 the Financial Women of San Francisco named Dunn the \"Financial Woman of the Year\". Dunn became non-executive chair of the HP board in February 2005 whenCarly Fiorina, the CEO and chair of the HP board, left the company.Dunn was also non-executive Vice Chairman of Barclays Global Investors from 2002 to October 2006. Additionally, she was Director and Executive Committee member of Larkin Street Youth Services inSan Francisco, on the board of the Conference Board's Global Corporate Governance Research Center, and an advisory board member ofUC BerkeleyHaas School of Business. Scandal Dunn was at the center of the2006 HP Spying Scandalbecause she directed investigations of board-level leaks of information to reporters in 2005–2006.HP hired companies which, while investigating the leaks, obtained the personal telephone records of HP board members and reporters who covered HP through a practice calledpretexting.It is illegal under California law to use deceit and trickery to obtain private records of individuals. HP announced on September 12, 2006, thatMark Hurd(the company's CEO) would replace Dunn as Chairman in January but she would continue as a board member. Ten days later, however, Dunn resigned (effective immediately) both from her position as chairmanandfrom the board. In an official statement, Dunn noted \"I accepted the responsibility to identify the sources of those leaks, but I did not propose the specific methods of the investigation... Unfortunately, the people HP relied upon to conduct this type of investigation let me and the company down. I continue to have the best interests of HP at heart and thus I have accepted the board's request to resign.\" On October 4, 2006, Dunn and four others were charged by Californiaattorney generalBill Lockyerwith fourfelonycounts:fraudulentuse of wire, radio or television transmissions; taking, copying, and using computer data without authorization;identity theft; andconspiracy. Lockyer issuedarrest warrantsfor all five of those so charged.Dunn was scheduled to have been arraigned on November 17, 2006. On March 14, 2007, the judge in the case dropped all criminal charges against her in the \"interests of justice\".The dropping of the criminal charges by Judge Cunningham came after Dunn refused to take a plea of one misdemeanor in exchange for four felonies before the preliminary hearing. Personal life Dunn married William Jahnke, a former head ofWells Fargo Investment Advisors.The couple owned awineryinAustralia,a home inHawaii,and a home inOrinda, California. Having survivedbreastandskin cancer, Dunn was diagnosed in January 2004 withadvanced ovarian cancer.Chemotherapyled to remission until August 2006, when she underwent surgery to removeliver metastases.On December 4, 2011, she died at home in Orinda– survived by her husband, three adult children, ten grandchildren, a brother, and a sister– at age 58. References Further reading External links"
] | [
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Woman_(novel",
"Danielle Steel Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel(born August 14, 1947) is an American writer, best known for her romance novels. She is the bestselling living author and one of thebest-selling fiction authors of all time, with over 800 million copies sold.As of 2021, she has written190 books, including over 140novels. Based in California for most of her career, Steel has produced several books a year, often juggling up to five projects at once. All of her novels have been bestsellers, including those issued in hardback, despite \"a resounding lack of critical acclaim\" (Publishers Weekly).Her books often involve rich families facing a crisis, threatened by dark elements such as prison, fraud, blackmail, and suicide. Steel has also published children's fiction and poetry, as well as creating a foundation that funds mental illness-related organizations.Her books have been translated into 43 languages,with 22 adapted for television, including two that have receivedGolden Globenominations. Early life",
"Early life Steel was born Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel in New York City to a German father and a Portuguese mother. Her father, John Schuelein-Steel, was aGerman-Jewishimmigrant and a descendant of owners ofLöwenbräubeer. Her mother, Norma da Camara Stone dos Reis, was the daughter of a Portuguese diplomat.She spent much of her childhood inFrance,where from an early age she was included in her parents' dinner parties, giving her an opportunity to observe the habits and lives of the wealthy and famous.Her parents divorced when she was eight, and she was raised primarily by her father, rarely seeing her mother. Steel started writing stories as a child, and by her late teens had begun writing poetry.Raised Catholic, she thought of becoming anunduring her early years.A 1965 graduate of theLycée Français de New York,she studied literature design and fashion design,first atParsons School of Designand then atNew York University. Career 1965–1971: Career beginnings While still attending New York",
"attending New York University, Steel began writing, completing her first manuscript at 19.Steel worked for a public-relations agency in New York called Supergirls. A client,Ladies' Home Journaleditor John Mack Carter, encouraged her to focus on writing,having been impressed with her freelance articles. He suggested she write a book, which she did. She later moved to San Francisco and worked as a copywriter forGrey Advertising. 1972–1981: First novels and growing success Her first novel,Going Home, was published in 1973. The novel contained many of the themes that her writing would become well known for, including a focus on family issues and human relationships. Her relationship with her second husband influencedPassion's PromiseandNow and Forever, the two novels that launched her career.With the success of her fourth book,The Promise, she became a participant inSan Franciscohigh society. 1981–1996: Fame and expansion to new genres Beginning in 1991, Steel had become a near-permanent fixture onThe New York",
"onThe New York Timeshardcover and paperback bestsellers lists. In 1999, she was listed in theGuinness Book of World Recordsfor having a book on theNew York Times Bestseller Listfor the most consecutive weeks of any author—456 consecutive weeks at that time.Steel is a prolific author, often releasing several books per year.Each book takes 2½ years to complete,so Steel has developed an ability to juggle up to five projects at once, researching one book while outlining another, then writing and editing additional books.Since her first book was published, every one of her novels has hit bestseller lists in paperback, and each one released in hardback has also been a hardback bestseller. During this time, Steel also expanded to non-fiction work.Having a Babywas published in 1968 and featured a chapter by Steel about suffering throughmiscarriage.The same year she published a book of poetry,Love: Poems.She also ventured into children's fiction, penning a series of 57 illustrated books for young readers. These",
"readers. These books, known as the \"Max and Martha\" series, aim to help children face real-life problems: new baby, new school, loss of loved one, etc. In addition, Steel has authored the \"Freddie\" series. These four books address other real-life situations: first night away from home, trip to the doctor, etc. In 1993, Steel sued writer Lorenzo Bene, who had intended to disclose in his book that her son Nick was adopted by her then-current husband John Traina, despite the fact that adoption records are sealed inCalifornia.A San Francisco judge made a highly unusual ruling allowing the seal on Nick's adoption to be overturned, although he was still a minor. This order was confirmed by a California Appellate Judge, who ruled that because Steel was famous, her son's adoption did not have the same privacy right,and the book was allowed to be published. 1997–present: Continued success and awards After years of near-constant writing, in 2003 Steel opened an art gallery in San Francisco, Steel Gallery, which showed",
"which showed contemporary work and exhibited the paintings and sculptures of emerging artists. The gallery closed in 2007.She continues to curate shows a few times a year for the Andrea Schwartz Gallery in San Francisco. In 2002, Steel was decorated by the French government as anOfficierof theOrdre des Arts et des Lettres, for her contributions to world culture. She has additionally received: In 2006 Steel reached an agreement withElizabeth Ardento launch a new perfume, Danielle by Danielle Steel. In 2014, she wrote an article forSFGatewriting about her concern that San Francisco was losing its heart. Personal life Steel married French-American banker Claude-Eric Lazard in 1965 at age 18 and gave birth to their daughter Beatrix.Steel and Lazard separated in 1972. While still married to Lazard, Steel met Danny Zugelder while interviewing an inmate in a prison nearLompoc, California, where Zugelder was also incarcerated. He moved in with Steel when he was paroled in June 1973, but returned to prison in early",
"to prison in early 1974 on robbery andrapecharges. After receiving her divorce from Lazard in 1975, she married Zugelder in the prisoncanteen. During their relationship, Steel suffered multiple miscarriages. She divorced Zugelder in 1978. Steel married her third husband, William George Toth, in 1978, while pregnant with their son,Nick. They divorced in March 1981. Steel married for the fourth time in 1981, to John Traina, a shipping and cruise magnate and later vintner and art collector who was the ex-husband ofDede Wilsey.Together they had five children, Samantha, Victoria, Vanessa, Maxx, and Zara.Traina adopted Steel's son Nick and gave him his family name and Steel also became stepmother of Traina's sonsTrevorandTodd. Determined to spend as much time as possible with her children, Steel often wrote at night, making do with only four hours of sleep.Steel and Traina divorced in 1995. Her fear of flying created many challenges in the early 1980s; she went through an eight-week course based at the San",
"based at the San Francisco airport to overcome her fear. Steel married for a fifth time, to Silicon Valley financierThomas James Perkins, but the marriage ended after four years in 2002.Steel has said that her novelThe Klone and Iwas inspired by a private joke between herself and Perkins.In 2006, Perkins dedicated his novelSex and the Single Zillionaireto Steel. Steel's longtime residence was inSan Francisco,but she now spends most of her time at a second home inParis.Her 55-room San Francisco home,Spreckels Mansion, was built in c.1912 as the mansion of sugar tycoonAdolph B. Spreckels. Despite her public image and varied pursuits, Steel is known to be shyand because of that and her desire to protect her children from the tabloids,she rarely grants interviews or makes public appearances. Nick Traina and Yo Angel Foundations Steel's son,Nick Traina, died bysuicidein 1997. Traina was the lead singer of San Francisco punk bandsLink 80and Knowledge. To honor his memory, Steel wrote the nonfiction bookHis Bright",
"bookHis Bright Light, about Nick's life and death. Proceeds of the book, which reachedThe New York TimesNon-Fiction Bestseller List,were used to found the Nick Traina Foundation, which Steel runs, to fund organizations dedicated to treating mental accessibility issues.To gain more recognition for children's mental health, Steel has lobbied for legislation in Washington, and previously held a fundraiser every two years (known as The Star Ball) in San Francisco.In 2002, she founded Yo Angel Foundation to assist the homeless. Writing style Steel's novels, often described as \"formulaic,\"tend to involve the characters in a crisis that threatens their relationship. The novels sometimes explore the world of the rich and famousand frequently deal with serious life issues like illness, death, loss, family crises, and relationships. There are claims that her popular story lines are based on the events of her life.Despite a reputation among critics for writing \"fluff\", Steel often delves into the less savory aspects of",
"savory aspects of human nature, includingincest, suicide,divorce, war, and eventhe Holocaust.As time has progressed, Steel's writing has evolved. Her later heroines tend to be stronger and more authoritative, who, if they do not receive the level of respect and attention they desire from a man, move on to a new life.In recent years Steel has also been willing to take more risks with her plots.Ransomfocuses more on suspense than romance, and follows three sets of seemingly unconnected characters as their lives begin to intersect.Toxic Bachelorsdeparts from her usual style by telling the story through the eyes of the three title characters, men who are relationship phobic and ultimately discover their true loves. To avoid comparisons to her previous novels, Steel does not write sequels.Although many of her earliest books were released with initial print runs of 1 million copies, by 2004 her publisher had decreased the number of books initially printed to 650,000 due to the decline in book purchasing. However,",
"However, her fan base was still extremely strong at that time, with Steel's books selling out atop charts worldwide. Adaptations Twenty-two of her books have been adapted for television,including two that have receivedGolden Globenominations. One isJewels, the story of the survival of a woman and her children inWorld War IIEurope, and the family's eventual rebirth as one of the greatest jewelry houses in Europe.Columbia Pictureswas the first movie studio to make an offer for one of her novels, purchasing the rights toThe Ghostin 1998.Steel also reached an agreement with New Line Home Entertainment in 2005 to sell the film rights to 30 of her novels for DVDs. Writing process Steel spends two to three years on each book, juggling multiple projects at once. According to Steel, once she has an idea for a story, her first step is to make notes, which are mostly about the characters. She toldThe New York Timesin 2018: \"I make notes for a while before I start work on the outline. The notes are usually more about",
"usually more about the characters. I need to know the characters really well before I start — who they are, how they think, how they feel, what has happened to them, how they grew up.\"In a 2019 interview withThe Guardian, she reported often spending 20- to 30-hour periods on her typewriter, gaining her attention and criticism. Steel has written all of her novels on Olympia SG1 standard typewriters. She has two that she primarily writes on: one at her home in San Francisco and another at her home in Paris.Her typewriter at her home in San Francisco has been in her possession since she bought it while working on her first book. According to Steel, she bought it second hand for $20. Bibliography Danielle Steel has written more than 185 books, including over 141 novels.Her books have been translated into 43 languages and can be found in 69 countries across the globe. Her works consist of novels, non-fiction, picture books, and two series of children's books: the Max & Martha series and the Freddie series.",
"the Freddie series. Filmography See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_(businessman",
"Patricia C. Dunn Patricia C. Dunn(March 27, 1953 – December 4, 2011)was thenon-executivechairman of the board ofHewlett-Packard(HP) from February 2005 until September 22, 2006, when she resigned her position. On October 4, 2006,Bill Lockyer, the California attorney general, charged Dunn with four felonies for her role in theHP spying scandal. Some members of the press reported that Dunn had been scapegoated.On March 14, 2007,California Superior CourtJudge Ray Cunningham dismissed the charges against her. Early life Born inBurbank, California, Dunn grew up inLas Vegas, Nevada, where both her parents were involved in the casino industry. Her father was the entertainment manager for the Dunes and Tropicana hotel-casinos, and her mother was a model and entertainer.When Dunn was only eleven, her father died.Her mother subsequently moved the family to California. Education After graduating fromTerra Linda High Schoolin 1970, Dunn entered theUniversity of Oregon,but dropped out to support her mother by working as a",
"by working as a housecleaner.She resumed college and graduated fromUC Berkeleyin 1975 with a B.A. in Journalism. Career After college Dunn began working as a temporary secretary atWells Fargo & Co.She eventually became CEO atBarclays Global Investors,the company that acquired the asset management division of Wells Fargo. In 1998 she joined the HP Board of Directors.In 2001 the Financial Women of San Francisco named Dunn the \"Financial Woman of the Year\". Dunn became non-executive chair of the HP board in February 2005 whenCarly Fiorina, the CEO and chair of the HP board, left the company.Dunn was also non-executive Vice Chairman of Barclays Global Investors from 2002 to October 2006. Additionally, she was Director and Executive Committee member of Larkin Street Youth Services inSan Francisco, on the board of the Conference Board's Global Corporate Governance Research Center, and an advisory board member ofUC BerkeleyHaas School of Business. Scandal Dunn was at the center of the2006 HP Spying Scandalbecause",
"Scandalbecause she directed investigations of board-level leaks of information to reporters in 2005–2006.HP hired companies which, while investigating the leaks, obtained the personal telephone records of HP board members and reporters who covered HP through a practice calledpretexting.It is illegal under California law to use deceit and trickery to obtain private records of individuals. HP announced on September 12, 2006, thatMark Hurd(the company's CEO) would replace Dunn as Chairman in January but she would continue as a board member. Ten days later, however, Dunn resigned (effective immediately) both from her position as chairmanandfrom the board. In an official statement, Dunn noted \"I accepted the responsibility to identify the sources of those leaks, but I did not propose the specific methods of the investigation... Unfortunately, the people HP relied upon to conduct this type of investigation let me and the company down. I continue to have the best interests of HP at heart and thus I have accepted",
"I have accepted the board's request to resign.\" On October 4, 2006, Dunn and four others were charged by Californiaattorney generalBill Lockyerwith fourfelonycounts:fraudulentuse of wire, radio or television transmissions; taking, copying, and using computer data without authorization;identity theft; andconspiracy. Lockyer issuedarrest warrantsfor all five of those so charged.Dunn was scheduled to have been arraigned on November 17, 2006. On March 14, 2007, the judge in the case dropped all criminal charges against her in the \"interests of justice\".The dropping of the criminal charges by Judge Cunningham came after Dunn refused to take a plea of one misdemeanor in exchange for four felonies before the preliminary hearing. Personal life Dunn married William Jahnke, a former head ofWells Fargo Investment Advisors.The couple owned awineryinAustralia,a home inHawaii,and a home inOrinda, California. Having survivedbreastandskin cancer, Dunn was diagnosed in January 2004 withadvanced ovarian cancer.Chemotherapyled",
"to remission until August 2006, when she underwent surgery to removeliver metastases.On December 4, 2011, she died at home in Orinda– survived by her husband, three adult children, ten grandchildren, a brother, and a sister– at age 58. References Further reading External links"
] |
Who was older, the guitar player for the Dugites from 1982-1983 or the lead singer of The Sports? | Andrew Pendlebury | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dugites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pendlebury | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cummings | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dugites', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pendlebury', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cummings'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dugites",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pendlebury",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cummings"
] | [
"The Dugites The Dugiteswere an Australian rock band who formed in the late 1970s and went on to record three albums in the early 1980s. The Dugites combined elements of power pop, new wave and electronic, producing songs with strong melodies, hooks and a smattering of politics. With hit singles \"In Your Car\", \"Waiting\" and \"Juno and Me\", they received extensive airplay, appearances onCountdownand toured nationally around Australia. The band's name refers to the brown venomous snake, thedugite, common to Western Australia. History The Dugites formed in Perth in 1978 with a line-up of Lynda Nutter on vocals, Peter Crosbie on keyboards, Gunther Berghoffer on guitar, Phillip Bailey on bass and Clarence Bailey on drums. In 1979 The Dugites released a single \"Hit Single\"/\"Bruce\", and toured as the backing band forDave Warner. The single had been self-financed, but that year they were signed by the Deluxe label distributed by RCA Records. In 1980 Paul Noonan (ex-Dave Warner's from the Suburbs) replaced Phillip Bailey.Their first albumThe Dugites, produced byBob Andrews(Graham Parker and the Rumour),was released in June 1980 and reached No. 22 on the Australian Album charts.It went on to attain gold status (35 000 copies sold).Three singles were issued from the album, \"In Your Car\"/\"13 Again\" in May 1980, which reached No. 34 on the Australian Singles charts in July,\"Goodbye\"/\"No God, No Master\" in July and \"South Pacific\"/\"Gay Guys\" in October, which reached No. 90.At the 1980CountdownMusic Awardsboth The Dugites and Nutter received nominations for 'Best New Talent' and 'Most Popular Female' respectively. In December the band were the opening act forElton John's concert at thePerth Entertainment Centre. The band's second album,West of the Worldalso produced by Andrews,was released in July 1981. The album peaked at No. 33 on the Australian album charts and saw the release of two singles, \"Waiting\"/\"Who Loves You More?\", in May 1981, which reached No. 40 and \"Part of Me\"/\"Never Touch\" in September. In mid 1982 Berghoffer left the band and was replaced by guitarist Andrew Pendlebury (ex-The Sports),following which the band issued a single, \"No Money\"/\"Decide\" in July on the Rough Diamond label, and the related mini-album,No Moneyin August.Pendlebury was then replaced by Bob Fallovic (aka Boris Garter; ex-Stockings) and Paul Williamson also joined on saxophone.By mid-1983 however the line-up was reduced to Nutter, Crosbie, Bailey and Noonan.In 1985 after several appearances on TV'sHey Hey It's Saturday, Bailey and Nutter stayed to live in Melbourne, where Bailey played drums in an Afro Reaggae Band called 'Randy and JahRoots' featuring Ghanaian star Randy Borquaye and drummer-congero Dezzy 'Animal' McKenna fromHey Hey It's Saturday. The Dugites signed to Mercury/PolyGram and released their third album,Cut The Talking, in April 1984. Three singles were released from the album, \"Cut the Talking\"/\"Michael and Rodney\", in November 1983, \"Juno and Me\"/\"Everything Must Change\" in April 1984, which reached No. 60 on the Australian Singles charts, and \"It Ain't Like That\"/\"All That I Want\" in August. Following the release of the album the band added Peter Kaldor on saxophone and John Crosbie on trombone and trumpet to the line-up for touring purposes, but at the end of 1984 the group disbanded. When theABC's Sydney 'youth' radio station2JJwas launched in 1975,Skyhooks' \"You Just Like Me Cos I'm Good in Bed\" was chosen as the first song played on air, specifically because it had been banned by Australian commercial radio. When 2JJ switched bands toFMin 1980, The Dugites' \"Gay Guys\", which had also been banned by commercial radio, became the first song to be played by Double Jay's successor, 2JJJ-FM akaTriple J. Members Snakefish The Dugites were asked to be one of a number ofPerthbands of the 1970s and 1980s to be part of 2004'sOld Day OutinFremantle. Crosbie was by this time resident in France; Nutter recruited Perth keyboard player Kathy Travers and guitarist Richard Leach to join with Dugites members Clarence Bailey and Phil Bailey. TheOld Day Outgig was a success and led to a new band, Snakefish, with Nutter on vocals, Clarence Bailey on drums, Phil Bailey on bass with Cathie Travers, piano accordion, and Richard Leach on guitar. Discography Studio albums Compilation albums EPs Singles Awards and nominations TV Week/CountdownAwards Countdownwas an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcasterABC-TVfrom 1974 to 1987, and presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazineTV Week. TheTV Week/CountdownAwards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards. References External links",
"Andrew Pendlebury Andrew Scott Pendlebury(born 1952) is an Australian guitarist-songwriter. From 1977 to 1981 was a member ofThe Sportsand from 1986 to 1988 he joinedSlaughtermen. He has undertaken other projects and issued four solo albums. At theARIA Music Awards of 1993, Pendlebury's solo work,Don't Hold Back That Feeling, won theARIA Award for Best Adult Contemporary Album. From 2003 he has been a member of The Mercurials. Early years Andrew Scott Pendlebury was born inMelbourne,Victoriain 1952 and grew up there.His father,Laurence \"Scott\" Pendlebury(1914–1986); and mother,Eleanor Constance \"Nornie\" Gude(8 December 1915 – 24 January 2002); were both visual artists.His older sister,Anne Lorraine Pendlebury(born 21 August 1946),became a stage, film and TV actress.In May 1953 Scott won the Dunlop Art Contest, with a first prize ofA£300, ahead ofArthur Boyd. From the age of four years Pendlebury studied classical violin learning Bach and Vivaldi.After completing secondary education, Pendlebury followed his parents into visual arts and exhibited art works, which were \"mainly impressionistic-style landscapes\".Inspired byDjango ReinhardtandJimi Hendrix, Pendlebury taught himself guitar and began a career in music.By 1979 Anne appeared in theABC-TVdrama series,Twenty Good Years.Scott's portrait of his two children,Anne and Drew Pendlebury (actress and musician respectively), was a finalist for the 1979Archibald Prize. In the mid-1970s Pendlebury was a member of The Sharks with Peter Crosbie on keyboards. In 1976 he joined anR&B,countryoutfit, The Myriad Band, with Carrl Myriad on guitar and vocals, Mark Ferrie on bass guitar, Phil Smith on drums, and Chris Wilson on organ.This line-up provided three live tracks, \"Ballad of the Station Hotel\", \"Rock 'n' Roll Highway\" and \"Glenrowan\", for a Various Artists album,Live at the Station(1977). Career 1977–1987: The Sports, The Dugites, Slaughtermen In August 1977 Andrew Pendlebury left Myriad to join an R&B,rockabillygroup,The Sports.The Sports had formed a year earlier withStephen Cummingson lead vocals, Ed Bates on guitar, Paul Hitchins on drums, Robert Glover (ex-Myriad) on bass guitar and Jim Niven on piano.Upon joining Pendlebury also assisted Cummings with songwriting.The band released their first album,Reckless, in 1978 onMushroom Records, which peaked at No. 43 on the AustralianKent Music ReportAlbums Chart.It provided four charting singles.\"Who Listens to the Radio\", co-written by Cummings and Pendlebury,peaked at No. 45 on the United StatesBillboardPop Singleschart in November 1979. Their second album,Don't Throw Stones, consolidated their Australian chart success, peaking at No. 9,Their third album,Suddenly, featured a slicker, more pop sound, and charted at No. 74.During his time with The Sports, Pendlebury worked on side projects, including The Gentlemen with Bates,Wayne Duncan(Daddy Cool) on bass guitar, and Freddie Strauks (Skyhooks) on drums.The Sports fourth album,Sondra(No. 20), was released in 1981.By the end of 1981 The Sports had disbanded. Pendlebury spent a year withThe Dugitesalongside The Sharks' bandmate, Crosbie on keyboards and backing vocals, and Lynda Nutter on lead vocals.During his brief tenure they issued the related mini-album,No Money(August 1982).In 1983 he joined the Stephen Cummings Band reuniting with Cummings and Ferrie.Pendlebury played on Cummings' first solo albumSenso(released August 1984)and subsequent three albums,This Wonderful Life(September 1986),Lovetown(January 1988) andA New Kind of Blue(March 1989). Pendlebury also toured Australia with Stephen Cummings' Lovetown. From 1986 Andrew Pendlebury joined apost-punk,Southern gospelgroup,Slaughtermen, with Ferrie,Ian Stephenon vocals, piano and organ; andDes Hefneron drums.The group released two albums,Still Lovin' You(1986) andMelbourne, Memphis and a Mansion in the Sky(1988), before Pendlebury began to focus on his solo career. 1987–2000: Solo albums In July 1987 Pendlebury released his debut solo album,Between the Horizon and the Dockyard, on Cleopatra Records which was co-produced by Pendlebury with Mark Woods.For the album he was backed by Ferrie and drummerPeter Jones, with Cummings guesting on lead vocals for \"She Set Fire to the House\", which was issued as a single in September.According to Australian rock music historian,Ian McFarlane, the album showcased \"an eclectic mix of styles from country swing, Spanish, Bluegrass, jazz and rock\". In 1988 Pendlebury released his second solo album,Tigerland, which was followed in 1990 byZing Went the Stringson WEA Records.On both albums Pendlebury worked with Pete Linden (pedal steel),Paul Grabowsky(piano), Stephen Hadley (bass), J. J. Hacket (drums),Shane O'Mara, Nick Smith, Cummings,Doug de Vriesand Michael Williams. For his fourth solo album,Don't Hold Back That Feeling(1992), Pendlebury enlisted guest vocalists including Chris Wilson,Deborah Conway,Kate Ceberanoand Dave Steel.The album was critically acclaimed and, the following year, won theARIA Award for Best Adult Contemporary Albumat theARIA Music Awards of 1993. In 1993 he collaborated with De Vries on an albumKarateand again in 1995 to recordTrouble and Desirefor ABC Music. In 1999 McFarlane had described Pendlebury as having \"pursued a career that garnered him much critical acclaim, but little in the way of mainstream success. Although occasionally compared with Tommy Emmanuel, Pendlebury has preferred to follow a more low-key, highly specialised path away from the limelight\". 2002–present: The Mercurials In 2002 Pendlebury reunited with Ferrie and formed a twin guitar duo; the following year they released an album,Late Night at the Nicholas Building. When they added a third member, Adi Sappir, an Israelicellist, they were named, The Mercurials.Their first performance was at the Ian Potter Gallery in theNational Gallery of Victoriain December 2003. In March 2004 they appeared at theAdelaide Fringe Festival, which was followed by appearances at the 2006Port Fairy Folk Festivaland Mt Beauty Music Muster. In July 2005 The Mercurials released their debut self-titled album. This was followed by a second one,Tangentsin 2008, and a third album,Silver and Goldin 2009. Discography Albums Singles Awards and nominations ARIA Music Awards TheARIA Music Awardsis an annual awards ceremony held by theAustralian Recording Industry Association. Pendlebury has won one award from two nominations. References",
"Stephen Cummings Stephen Donald Cummings(born 13 September 1954) is an Australian rock singer and songwriter. He was the lead singer of Melbourne-based rock bandthe Sportsfrom 1976 to 1981,followed by a solo career which has met with critical acclaim but has had limited commercial success.He has written two novels,Wonderboy(1996) andStay Away from Lightning Girl(1999), and a memoir,Will It Be Funny Tomorrow, Billy(2009).In 2014 a documentary film,Don't Throw Stones, based on his memoir premiered as part of the Melbourne International Film Festival. Early years Stephen Cummings was born in 1954 in Melbourne and grew up in the suburb ofCamberwell. He was the vocalist for Ewe and the Merinos. Career The Pelaco Brothers The Pelaco Brothersformed in 1974, with Cummings on vocals,Joe Camillerion saxophone and vocals, Peter Lillie on guitar and vocals, Johnny Topper on bass guitar, Karl Wolfe on drums and Chris Worrall on guitar.They played \"rock-a-billy,country swingandR&Bwhich recalled American outfits likeCommander Cody and His Lost Planet AirmenandDan Hicks and his Hot Licks. Yet, the band's delivery presented a fiercely Australian outlook\".Only existing for 18 months, they later included Ed Bates on guitar and Peter Martin onslide guitar,their posthumous releases wereThe Notorious Pelaco Brothers Showalivesix-trackExtended Playon the Ralph imprint (a completely different entity from the San Francisco label) in June 1977 and threestudiotracks for a various artists release,The Autodrifters and The Relaxed Mechanics Meet The Fabulous Nudes and The Pelaco Bros, in June 1978 onMissing Link Records.The Pelaco Brothers disbanded in late 1975. Camilleri went on to formJo Jo Zep & The Falcons, Lillie formed Relaxed Mechanics and Topper formed the Fabulous Nudes. Lillie, Topper and Wolfe were all in the Autodrifters.Meanwhile, Steve Cummings and Bates formedthe Sportsin 1976 The Sports The Sportswere anew waveband formed in 1976 by Cummings and former Pelaco Brothers bandmate Ed Bates, with Robert Glover (former Myriad) on bass guitar, Jim Niven on piano (formerthe Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band)with Paul Hitchins on drums.Their early sets contained covers ofChuck Berry,Billy Emerson,Don Covay,Company CaineandGraham Parker.Original songs, mostly written by Cummings and Bates, completed their sets.The Sports' debut recording was theEPFair Gamein early 1977.A friend in London posted the record toNew Musical Expresswhich declared it \"Record Of The Week\".Andrew Pendlebury(ex-Myriad) joined on guitar in August 1977 and assisted Cummings with songwriting.Cummings brought inMartin Armigeron guitar, vocals and songwriting to replace Bates in August 1978.The Sports had top 30 hits on the AustralianKent Music Reportsingles charts with \"Don't Throw Stones\" (1979), \"Strangers on a Train\" (1980) and \"How Come\" (1981);and top 20 albums withDon't Throw Stones(#9, 1979),Suddenly(No. 13, 1980) andSondra(1981).\"Who Listens to the Radio?\", co-written by Cummings and Pendlebury,peaked at No. 35 on the Australian singles charts in 1978,and was their only hit on the United StatesBillboardpop singleschart, peaking at No. 45 in November 1979. Solo career After the Sports had disbanded in late 1981, Cummings formed a \"part-time\" band, A Ring of Truth, with Robert Glover (also the Sports),Peter Luscombe(Tinsley Waterhouse),Wilbur Wilde(Ol '55, Jo Jo Zep and the Falcons) and Les Stackpool (In-Focus).Stackpool was soon replaced by Peter Laffy (Mondo Rock).According toTharunka's Diane Livesey, \" way of relieving boredom for a while and inflicting 'the modern face of cabaret' upon an unsuspecting public ... The only way to describe them is 'truly wonderful'.\"By late March 1982, Cummings had left that group.He spent the rest of 1982 co-writing tracks withIan Stephenand waiting out his contract.He released his debut solo single, \"We all Make Mistakes\" onPhantom Records, in December 1982 and followed with \"Stuck on Love\" in May 1983.Cummings' debut album,Senso, released by Regular Records in August 1984, was produced by former bandmateMartin Armiger,and recorded with session musicians including Armiger,Joe Camilleriand Pendlebury from his earlier bands.Sensospawned twodance-popsingles, \"Gymnasium\" in July 1984 and \"Another Kick in the Head\" in October. His second studio album,This Wonderful Life, was released in August 1986. It was a more personal and less busy recordingwhich was produced by Cummingsand provided two singles, \"Speak with Frankness\" and \"Love is Crucial\".In September 1987, Cummings dueted with Pendlebury on \"She Set Fire to the House\".before releasing his third album,Lovetownin January 1988. Cummings formed Stephen Cummings' Lovetown (aka Stephen Cummings and Lovetown) with Rebecca Barnard on backing vocals, Mick Girasole (also inthe Black Sorrowsalongside Camilleri) on bass guitar, Peter Luscombe (also the Black Sorrows) on drums,Shane O'Maraon guitar and Pendlebury on guitar.It \"was a very subtle, alluring, personal and mostly acoustic album ... full of conversational, narrative vignettes\".The album, produced by Mark Woods and Cummings,provided two further singles, \"Some Prayers Are Answered\" in February and \"My Willingness\" in May. Cummings changed labels toTrue Tone Recordsfor his next album,A New Kind of Blue, which was released in March 1989 and produced by Cummings and O'Mara.It spawned three singles, \"A Life is a Life\" in October 1988, \"Your House is Falling\" in February 1989 and \"When the Day is Done\" in July. The album provided Cummings with his onlyAustralian Recording Industry Association(ARIA)Award, winning \"Best Adult Contemporary Album\" in1990. For his fifth solo album,Good Humour, Cummings returned to his earlier dance and funk sound from hisSensoalbum,using a backing band of Barnard, O'Mara and Nick Smith (ex-Kevins) on backing vocals, with additional session musicians from Sydney jazz outfitThe Necks, and Robert Goodge (I'm Talking) on guitar,drum programmingand co-production (for two tracks).The album, produced by Cummings and O'Mara,peaked at No. 40 on theARIA Album Chartsin March 1991.\"Hell (You've Put Me Through)\", which peaked at No. 33 after its November 1990 release,was followed by a cover ofSly Stone's \"Family Affair\" and then \"Stand Up (Love is the Greatest)\".Cummings has supplemented his income by writing advertising jingles: he co-wroteMedibank Private's theme \"I Feel Better Now\", with Goodge. Cummings' sixth studio album,Unguided Tour, produced by Cummings and O'Mara forPolygram Records,was issued in August 1992 and provided three singles.The album peaked at number 76 on the ARIA Charts. In 1993, Cummings' first compilation albumRollercoasterwas released. In August 1994, Cummings' seventh solo albumFalling Swingerwas released.The single, \"September 13\" appeared in July and is titled for Cummings' birthday, which he shares with Steve Kilbey.Later in 1994, theToni Childsand Cummings duet, \"Fell from a Great Height\", was released as a single. It later appeared on Childs'compilation album,The Very Best of Toni Childsin 1996. Steve Kilbey also produced Cummings' eighth studio albumEscapist, released in September 1996,which contained \"countrified ballad \"Everything Breaks Your Heart\" to the psychedelic-tinged mantra \"Sometimes\".Also in 1996, Cummings published his first novel,Wonderboy,which deals with relationships especially those between a father and son. On 14 November 1998, Cummings and, a briefly reformed, The Sports performed at theMushroom Records25thanniversary concert. His next solo album,Spiritual Bum, had Cummings as record producer and was issued in June 1999.He returned to anacoustic, melancholic sound.Cummings also had his second novel,Stay Away from Lightning Girl, published in 1999, which described an ageing musician and his band.In 2001, he releasedSkeleton Keyfollowed byFirecrackerin 2003,Close Upsin 2004,Love-O-Meterin 2005,Space Travelin 2007, andHappiest Man Alivein 2008. On 1 May 2009, his memoir,Will It Be Funny Tomorrow, Billywas printed,which his publishers described as a series of anecdotes from his childhood through thirty years of the music business and his family relationships.In October 2010, his 1988 albumLovetownwas listed in the top 40 in the book,100 Best Australian Albums. In 2019, Cummings released his 20th studio album,Prisoner of Love. A four disc anthology album, titledA Life is a Life, was also released in 2019. In February 2023, Cummings announced the forthcoming release of100 Years from Nowfor 5 May 2023. Personal life In March 2020, Cummings had a stroke, but partially recovered and began releasing work in 2023. Media reviews AlongsideNick CaveandTim Rogers, I would nominate Stephen Cummings. He is easily one of our great storytellers, capable of creating lives in miniature Apart fromPaul Kelly, no other Australian solo artist has managed to sustain a recording and performing career at such a high level of artistry for as long as Stephen Cummings Debonair, romantic and sensitive, Cummings owns a voice that allows vulnerable yearning qualities as much space as an authoritative voice of experience. In a year rich in fine albums from singer-songwriters as diverse asBob Dylan,Ron SexsmithandLucinda Williams, this is one of the finest Bibliography Discography Studio albums Live albums Compilation albums Singles Awards ARIA Music Awards TheARIA Music Awardsis an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres ofAustralian music. Cummings has won one award from six nominations. Countdown Australian Music Awards Countdownwas an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcasterABC-TVfrom 1974–1987, it presented music awards from 1979–1987, initially in conjunction with magazineTV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards. References External links"
] | [
"The Dugites The Dugiteswere an Australian rock band who formed in the late 1970s and went on to record three albums in the early 1980s. The Dugites combined elements of power pop, new wave and electronic, producing songs with strong melodies, hooks and a smattering of politics. With hit singles \"In Your Car\", \"Waiting\" and \"Juno and Me\", they received extensive airplay, appearances onCountdownand toured nationally around Australia. The band's name refers to the brown venomous snake, thedugite, common to Western Australia. History The Dugites formed in Perth in 1978 with a line-up of Lynda Nutter on vocals, Peter Crosbie on keyboards, Gunther Berghoffer on guitar, Phillip Bailey on bass and Clarence Bailey on drums. In 1979 The Dugites released a single \"Hit Single\"/\"Bruce\", and toured as the backing band forDave Warner. The single had been self-financed, but that year they were signed by the Deluxe label distributed by RCA Records. In 1980 Paul Noonan (ex-Dave Warner's from the Suburbs) replaced Phillip",
"replaced Phillip Bailey.Their first albumThe Dugites, produced byBob Andrews(Graham Parker and the Rumour),was released in June 1980 and reached No. 22 on the Australian Album charts.It went on to attain gold status (35 000 copies sold).Three singles were issued from the album, \"In Your Car\"/\"13 Again\" in May 1980, which reached No. 34 on the Australian Singles charts in July,\"Goodbye\"/\"No God, No Master\" in July and \"South Pacific\"/\"Gay Guys\" in October, which reached No. 90.At the 1980CountdownMusic Awardsboth The Dugites and Nutter received nominations for 'Best New Talent' and 'Most Popular Female' respectively. In December the band were the opening act forElton John's concert at thePerth Entertainment Centre. The band's second album,West of the Worldalso produced by Andrews,was released in July 1981. The album peaked at No. 33 on the Australian album charts and saw the release of two singles, \"Waiting\"/\"Who Loves You More?\", in May 1981, which reached No. 40 and \"Part of Me\"/\"Never Touch\" in September.",
"in September. In mid 1982 Berghoffer left the band and was replaced by guitarist Andrew Pendlebury (ex-The Sports),following which the band issued a single, \"No Money\"/\"Decide\" in July on the Rough Diamond label, and the related mini-album,No Moneyin August.Pendlebury was then replaced by Bob Fallovic (aka Boris Garter; ex-Stockings) and Paul Williamson also joined on saxophone.By mid-1983 however the line-up was reduced to Nutter, Crosbie, Bailey and Noonan.In 1985 after several appearances on TV'sHey Hey It's Saturday, Bailey and Nutter stayed to live in Melbourne, where Bailey played drums in an Afro Reaggae Band called 'Randy and JahRoots' featuring Ghanaian star Randy Borquaye and drummer-congero Dezzy 'Animal' McKenna fromHey Hey It's Saturday. The Dugites signed to Mercury/PolyGram and released their third album,Cut The Talking, in April 1984. Three singles were released from the album, \"Cut the Talking\"/\"Michael and Rodney\", in November 1983, \"Juno and Me\"/\"Everything Must Change\" in April 1984,",
"in April 1984, which reached No. 60 on the Australian Singles charts, and \"It Ain't Like That\"/\"All That I Want\" in August. Following the release of the album the band added Peter Kaldor on saxophone and John Crosbie on trombone and trumpet to the line-up for touring purposes, but at the end of 1984 the group disbanded. When theABC's Sydney 'youth' radio station2JJwas launched in 1975,Skyhooks' \"You Just Like Me Cos I'm Good in Bed\" was chosen as the first song played on air, specifically because it had been banned by Australian commercial radio. When 2JJ switched bands toFMin 1980, The Dugites' \"Gay Guys\", which had also been banned by commercial radio, became the first song to be played by Double Jay's successor, 2JJJ-FM akaTriple J. Members Snakefish The Dugites were asked to be one of a number ofPerthbands of the 1970s and 1980s to be part of 2004'sOld Day OutinFremantle. Crosbie was by this time resident in France; Nutter recruited Perth keyboard player Kathy Travers and guitarist Richard Leach to join",
"Leach to join with Dugites members Clarence Bailey and Phil Bailey. TheOld Day Outgig was a success and led to a new band, Snakefish, with Nutter on vocals, Clarence Bailey on drums, Phil Bailey on bass with Cathie Travers, piano accordion, and Richard Leach on guitar. Discography Studio albums Compilation albums EPs Singles Awards and nominations TV Week/CountdownAwards Countdownwas an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcasterABC-TVfrom 1974 to 1987, and presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazineTV Week. TheTV Week/CountdownAwards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards. References External links",
"Andrew Pendlebury Andrew Scott Pendlebury(born 1952) is an Australian guitarist-songwriter. From 1977 to 1981 was a member ofThe Sportsand from 1986 to 1988 he joinedSlaughtermen. He has undertaken other projects and issued four solo albums. At theARIA Music Awards of 1993, Pendlebury's solo work,Don't Hold Back That Feeling, won theARIA Award for Best Adult Contemporary Album. From 2003 he has been a member of The Mercurials. Early years Andrew Scott Pendlebury was born inMelbourne,Victoriain 1952 and grew up there.His father,Laurence \"Scott\" Pendlebury(1914–1986); and mother,Eleanor Constance \"Nornie\" Gude(8 December 1915 – 24 January 2002); were both visual artists.His older sister,Anne Lorraine Pendlebury(born 21 August 1946),became a stage, film and TV actress.In May 1953 Scott won the Dunlop Art Contest, with a first prize ofA£300, ahead ofArthur Boyd. From the age of four years Pendlebury studied classical violin learning Bach and Vivaldi.After completing secondary education, Pendlebury followed his",
"followed his parents into visual arts and exhibited art works, which were \"mainly impressionistic-style landscapes\".Inspired byDjango ReinhardtandJimi Hendrix, Pendlebury taught himself guitar and began a career in music.By 1979 Anne appeared in theABC-TVdrama series,Twenty Good Years.Scott's portrait of his two children,Anne and Drew Pendlebury (actress and musician respectively), was a finalist for the 1979Archibald Prize. In the mid-1970s Pendlebury was a member of The Sharks with Peter Crosbie on keyboards. In 1976 he joined anR&B,countryoutfit, The Myriad Band, with Carrl Myriad on guitar and vocals, Mark Ferrie on bass guitar, Phil Smith on drums, and Chris Wilson on organ.This line-up provided three live tracks, \"Ballad of the Station Hotel\", \"Rock 'n' Roll Highway\" and \"Glenrowan\", for a Various Artists album,Live at the Station(1977). Career 1977–1987: The Sports, The Dugites, Slaughtermen In August 1977 Andrew Pendlebury left Myriad to join an R&B,rockabillygroup,The Sports.The Sports had formed a",
"Sports had formed a year earlier withStephen Cummingson lead vocals, Ed Bates on guitar, Paul Hitchins on drums, Robert Glover (ex-Myriad) on bass guitar and Jim Niven on piano.Upon joining Pendlebury also assisted Cummings with songwriting.The band released their first album,Reckless, in 1978 onMushroom Records, which peaked at No. 43 on the AustralianKent Music ReportAlbums Chart.It provided four charting singles.\"Who Listens to the Radio\", co-written by Cummings and Pendlebury,peaked at No. 45 on the United StatesBillboardPop Singleschart in November 1979. Their second album,Don't Throw Stones, consolidated their Australian chart success, peaking at No. 9,Their third album,Suddenly, featured a slicker, more pop sound, and charted at No. 74.During his time with The Sports, Pendlebury worked on side projects, including The Gentlemen with Bates,Wayne Duncan(Daddy Cool) on bass guitar, and Freddie Strauks (Skyhooks) on drums.The Sports fourth album,Sondra(No. 20), was released in 1981.By the end of 1981 The",
"the end of 1981 The Sports had disbanded. Pendlebury spent a year withThe Dugitesalongside The Sharks' bandmate, Crosbie on keyboards and backing vocals, and Lynda Nutter on lead vocals.During his brief tenure they issued the related mini-album,No Money(August 1982).In 1983 he joined the Stephen Cummings Band reuniting with Cummings and Ferrie.Pendlebury played on Cummings' first solo albumSenso(released August 1984)and subsequent three albums,This Wonderful Life(September 1986),Lovetown(January 1988) andA New Kind of Blue(March 1989). Pendlebury also toured Australia with Stephen Cummings' Lovetown. From 1986 Andrew Pendlebury joined apost-punk,Southern gospelgroup,Slaughtermen, with Ferrie,Ian Stephenon vocals, piano and organ; andDes Hefneron drums.The group released two albums,Still Lovin' You(1986) andMelbourne, Memphis and a Mansion in the Sky(1988), before Pendlebury began to focus on his solo career. 1987–2000: Solo albums In July 1987 Pendlebury released his debut solo album,Between the Horizon and",
"the Horizon and the Dockyard, on Cleopatra Records which was co-produced by Pendlebury with Mark Woods.For the album he was backed by Ferrie and drummerPeter Jones, with Cummings guesting on lead vocals for \"She Set Fire to the House\", which was issued as a single in September.According to Australian rock music historian,Ian McFarlane, the album showcased \"an eclectic mix of styles from country swing, Spanish, Bluegrass, jazz and rock\". In 1988 Pendlebury released his second solo album,Tigerland, which was followed in 1990 byZing Went the Stringson WEA Records.On both albums Pendlebury worked with Pete Linden (pedal steel),Paul Grabowsky(piano), Stephen Hadley (bass), J. J. Hacket (drums),Shane O'Mara, Nick Smith, Cummings,Doug de Vriesand Michael Williams. For his fourth solo album,Don't Hold Back That Feeling(1992), Pendlebury enlisted guest vocalists including Chris Wilson,Deborah Conway,Kate Ceberanoand Dave Steel.The album was critically acclaimed and, the following year, won theARIA Award for Best",
"Award for Best Adult Contemporary Albumat theARIA Music Awards of 1993. In 1993 he collaborated with De Vries on an albumKarateand again in 1995 to recordTrouble and Desirefor ABC Music. In 1999 McFarlane had described Pendlebury as having \"pursued a career that garnered him much critical acclaim, but little in the way of mainstream success. Although occasionally compared with Tommy Emmanuel, Pendlebury has preferred to follow a more low-key, highly specialised path away from the limelight\". 2002–present: The Mercurials In 2002 Pendlebury reunited with Ferrie and formed a twin guitar duo; the following year they released an album,Late Night at the Nicholas Building. When they added a third member, Adi Sappir, an Israelicellist, they were named, The Mercurials.Their first performance was at the Ian Potter Gallery in theNational Gallery of Victoriain December 2003. In March 2004 they appeared at theAdelaide Fringe Festival, which was followed by appearances at the 2006Port Fairy Folk Festivaland Mt Beauty",
"Mt Beauty Music Muster. In July 2005 The Mercurials released their debut self-titled album. This was followed by a second one,Tangentsin 2008, and a third album,Silver and Goldin 2009. Discography Albums Singles Awards and nominations ARIA Music Awards TheARIA Music Awardsis an annual awards ceremony held by theAustralian Recording Industry Association. Pendlebury has won one award from two nominations. References",
"Stephen Cummings Stephen Donald Cummings(born 13 September 1954) is an Australian rock singer and songwriter. He was the lead singer of Melbourne-based rock bandthe Sportsfrom 1976 to 1981,followed by a solo career which has met with critical acclaim but has had limited commercial success.He has written two novels,Wonderboy(1996) andStay Away from Lightning Girl(1999), and a memoir,Will It Be Funny Tomorrow, Billy(2009).In 2014 a documentary film,Don't Throw Stones, based on his memoir premiered as part of the Melbourne International Film Festival. Early years Stephen Cummings was born in 1954 in Melbourne and grew up in the suburb ofCamberwell. He was the vocalist for Ewe and the Merinos. Career The Pelaco Brothers The Pelaco Brothersformed in 1974, with Cummings on vocals,Joe Camillerion saxophone and vocals, Peter Lillie on guitar and vocals, Johnny Topper on bass guitar, Karl Wolfe on drums and Chris Worrall on guitar.They played \"rock-a-billy,country swingandR&Bwhich recalled American outfits",
"American outfits likeCommander Cody and His Lost Planet AirmenandDan Hicks and his Hot Licks. Yet, the band's delivery presented a fiercely Australian outlook\".Only existing for 18 months, they later included Ed Bates on guitar and Peter Martin onslide guitar,their posthumous releases wereThe Notorious Pelaco Brothers Showalivesix-trackExtended Playon the Ralph imprint (a completely different entity from the San Francisco label) in June 1977 and threestudiotracks for a various artists release,The Autodrifters and The Relaxed Mechanics Meet The Fabulous Nudes and The Pelaco Bros, in June 1978 onMissing Link Records.The Pelaco Brothers disbanded in late 1975. Camilleri went on to formJo Jo Zep & The Falcons, Lillie formed Relaxed Mechanics and Topper formed the Fabulous Nudes. Lillie, Topper and Wolfe were all in the Autodrifters.Meanwhile, Steve Cummings and Bates formedthe Sportsin 1976 The Sports The Sportswere anew waveband formed in 1976 by Cummings and former Pelaco Brothers bandmate Ed Bates, with",
"Ed Bates, with Robert Glover (former Myriad) on bass guitar, Jim Niven on piano (formerthe Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band)with Paul Hitchins on drums.Their early sets contained covers ofChuck Berry,Billy Emerson,Don Covay,Company CaineandGraham Parker.Original songs, mostly written by Cummings and Bates, completed their sets.The Sports' debut recording was theEPFair Gamein early 1977.A friend in London posted the record toNew Musical Expresswhich declared it \"Record Of The Week\".Andrew Pendlebury(ex-Myriad) joined on guitar in August 1977 and assisted Cummings with songwriting.Cummings brought inMartin Armigeron guitar, vocals and songwriting to replace Bates in August 1978.The Sports had top 30 hits on the AustralianKent Music Reportsingles charts with \"Don't Throw Stones\" (1979), \"Strangers on a Train\" (1980) and \"How Come\" (1981);and top 20 albums withDon't Throw Stones(#9, 1979),Suddenly(No. 13, 1980) andSondra(1981).\"Who Listens to the Radio?\", co-written by Cummings and Pendlebury,peaked at No. 35 on",
"at No. 35 on the Australian singles charts in 1978,and was their only hit on the United StatesBillboardpop singleschart, peaking at No. 45 in November 1979. Solo career After the Sports had disbanded in late 1981, Cummings formed a \"part-time\" band, A Ring of Truth, with Robert Glover (also the Sports),Peter Luscombe(Tinsley Waterhouse),Wilbur Wilde(Ol '55, Jo Jo Zep and the Falcons) and Les Stackpool (In-Focus).Stackpool was soon replaced by Peter Laffy (Mondo Rock).According toTharunka's Diane Livesey, \" way of relieving boredom for a while and inflicting 'the modern face of cabaret' upon an unsuspecting public ... The only way to describe them is 'truly wonderful'.\"By late March 1982, Cummings had left that group.He spent the rest of 1982 co-writing tracks withIan Stephenand waiting out his contract.He released his debut solo single, \"We all Make Mistakes\" onPhantom Records, in December 1982 and followed with \"Stuck on Love\" in May 1983.Cummings' debut album,Senso, released by Regular Records in August",
"Records in August 1984, was produced by former bandmateMartin Armiger,and recorded with session musicians including Armiger,Joe Camilleriand Pendlebury from his earlier bands.Sensospawned twodance-popsingles, \"Gymnasium\" in July 1984 and \"Another Kick in the Head\" in October. His second studio album,This Wonderful Life, was released in August 1986. It was a more personal and less busy recordingwhich was produced by Cummingsand provided two singles, \"Speak with Frankness\" and \"Love is Crucial\".In September 1987, Cummings dueted with Pendlebury on \"She Set Fire to the House\".before releasing his third album,Lovetownin January 1988. Cummings formed Stephen Cummings' Lovetown (aka Stephen Cummings and Lovetown) with Rebecca Barnard on backing vocals, Mick Girasole (also inthe Black Sorrowsalongside Camilleri) on bass guitar, Peter Luscombe (also the Black Sorrows) on drums,Shane O'Maraon guitar and Pendlebury on guitar.It \"was a very subtle, alluring, personal and mostly acoustic album ... full of",
"album ... full of conversational, narrative vignettes\".The album, produced by Mark Woods and Cummings,provided two further singles, \"Some Prayers Are Answered\" in February and \"My Willingness\" in May. Cummings changed labels toTrue Tone Recordsfor his next album,A New Kind of Blue, which was released in March 1989 and produced by Cummings and O'Mara.It spawned three singles, \"A Life is a Life\" in October 1988, \"Your House is Falling\" in February 1989 and \"When the Day is Done\" in July. The album provided Cummings with his onlyAustralian Recording Industry Association(ARIA)Award, winning \"Best Adult Contemporary Album\" in1990. For his fifth solo album,Good Humour, Cummings returned to his earlier dance and funk sound from hisSensoalbum,using a backing band of Barnard, O'Mara and Nick Smith (ex-Kevins) on backing vocals, with additional session musicians from Sydney jazz outfitThe Necks, and Robert Goodge (I'm Talking) on guitar,drum programmingand co-production (for two tracks).The album, produced by Cummings",
"by Cummings and O'Mara,peaked at No. 40 on theARIA Album Chartsin March 1991.\"Hell (You've Put Me Through)\", which peaked at No. 33 after its November 1990 release,was followed by a cover ofSly Stone's \"Family Affair\" and then \"Stand Up (Love is the Greatest)\".Cummings has supplemented his income by writing advertising jingles: he co-wroteMedibank Private's theme \"I Feel Better Now\", with Goodge. Cummings' sixth studio album,Unguided Tour, produced by Cummings and O'Mara forPolygram Records,was issued in August 1992 and provided three singles.The album peaked at number 76 on the ARIA Charts. In 1993, Cummings' first compilation albumRollercoasterwas released. In August 1994, Cummings' seventh solo albumFalling Swingerwas released.The single, \"September 13\" appeared in July and is titled for Cummings' birthday, which he shares with Steve Kilbey.Later in 1994, theToni Childsand Cummings duet, \"Fell from a Great Height\", was released as a single. It later appeared on Childs'compilation album,The Very Best of",
"Very Best of Toni Childsin 1996. Steve Kilbey also produced Cummings' eighth studio albumEscapist, released in September 1996,which contained \"countrified ballad \"Everything Breaks Your Heart\" to the psychedelic-tinged mantra \"Sometimes\".Also in 1996, Cummings published his first novel,Wonderboy,which deals with relationships especially those between a father and son. On 14 November 1998, Cummings and, a briefly reformed, The Sports performed at theMushroom Records25thanniversary concert. His next solo album,Spiritual Bum, had Cummings as record producer and was issued in June 1999.He returned to anacoustic, melancholic sound.Cummings also had his second novel,Stay Away from Lightning Girl, published in 1999, which described an ageing musician and his band.In 2001, he releasedSkeleton Keyfollowed byFirecrackerin 2003,Close Upsin 2004,Love-O-Meterin 2005,Space Travelin 2007, andHappiest Man Alivein 2008. On 1 May 2009, his memoir,Will It Be Funny Tomorrow, Billywas printed,which his publishers described as a",
"described as a series of anecdotes from his childhood through thirty years of the music business and his family relationships.In October 2010, his 1988 albumLovetownwas listed in the top 40 in the book,100 Best Australian Albums. In 2019, Cummings released his 20th studio album,Prisoner of Love. A four disc anthology album, titledA Life is a Life, was also released in 2019. In February 2023, Cummings announced the forthcoming release of100 Years from Nowfor 5 May 2023. Personal life In March 2020, Cummings had a stroke, but partially recovered and began releasing work in 2023. Media reviews AlongsideNick CaveandTim Rogers, I would nominate Stephen Cummings. He is easily one of our great storytellers, capable of creating lives in miniature Apart fromPaul Kelly, no other Australian solo artist has managed to sustain a recording and performing career at such a high level of artistry for as long as Stephen Cummings Debonair, romantic and sensitive, Cummings owns a voice that allows vulnerable yearning qualities",
"yearning qualities as much space as an authoritative voice of experience. In a year rich in fine albums from singer-songwriters as diverse asBob Dylan,Ron SexsmithandLucinda Williams, this is one of the finest Bibliography Discography Studio albums Live albums Compilation albums Singles Awards ARIA Music Awards TheARIA Music Awardsis an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres ofAustralian music. Cummings has won one award from six nominations. Countdown Australian Music Awards Countdownwas an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcasterABC-TVfrom 1974–1987, it presented music awards from 1979–1987, initially in conjunction with magazineTV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards. References External links"
] |
Where did the daughter of the winner of the first US presidential election to occur after the official end of WWII attend university? | George Washington University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Truman | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Truman'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II",
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Truman"
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"Margaret Truman Mary Margaret Truman Daniel(February 17, 1924 – January 29, 2008) was an American classicalsoprano, actress, journalist, radio and television personality, writer, and New York socialite. She was the only child of PresidentHarry S. Trumanand First LadyBess Truman. While her father was president during the years 1945 to 1953, Margaret regularly accompanied him on campaign trips, such as the 1948 countrywidewhistle-stopcampaign lasting several weeks. She also appeared at important White House and political events during those years, being a favorite with the media. After graduating fromGeorge Washington Universityin 1946, she embarked on a career as acoloratura soprano, beginning with a concert appearance with theDetroit Symphony Orchestrain 1947. She appeared in concerts with orchestras throughout the United States and in recitals throughout the U.S. through 1956. She made recordings forRCA Victor, and made television appearances on programs likeWhat's My Line?andThe Bell Telephone Hour. In 1957, one year after her marriage, Truman abandoned her singing career to pursue a career as a journalist and radio personality, when she became the co-host of the programWeekdaywithMike Wallace. She also wrote articles as an independent journalist, for a variety of publications in the 1960s and 1970s. She later became the successful author of a series of murder mysteries, and a number of works on U.S. First Ladies and First Families, including well-received biographies of her father, PresidentHarry S. Trumanand motherBess Truman. She was married to journalistClifton Daniel, managing editor ofThe New York Times. The couple had four sons, and were prominent New York socialites who often hosted events for the New York elite. Early life Mary Margaret was born at 219 North Delaware Street inIndependence, Missouri, on February 17, 1924,and was christened Mary Margaret Truman (for her aunt Mary Jane Truman and maternal grandmother Margaret Gates Wallace), but was called Margaret from early childhood. She took voice and piano lessons as a child (at the encouragement of her father, who famously played piano) and attended public school in Independence until her father's1934 electionto theUnited States Senate, after which her education was split between public schools in Independence andGunston Hall School, a private school for girls in Washington, D.C. In 1942, she matriculated atGeorge Washington University, where she was a member ofPi Beta Phi,and earned aBachelor of Artsdegree inhistoryandinternational relationsin 1946.In June 1944, she christened the battleshipUSSMissouriatBrooklyn Navy Yard, and spoke again in 1986 at the ship's recommissioning. She studied singing withEstelle Liebling, the voice teacher ofBeverly Sills, in New York City. On April 12, 1945, PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltdied. His Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency when Margaret was 21. Career Singing When Truman was 16 years old, she began taking voice lessons in Independence from Mrs. Thomas J. Strickler, a family friend. After classical vocal training, Truman's singing career began with a debut radio recital in March 1947, followed shortly thereafter with her professional concert debut with theDetroit Symphony Orchestra. She sang professionally for the next decade, appearing with major American orchestras and giving several national concert tours.Some of her credits include concert appearances with theLos Angeles Philharmonicat theHollywood Bowl, theNational Symphony Orchestra, theNBC Symphony Orchestra, thePittsburgh Symphony, thePhiladelphia Orchestra, and theSaint Louis Symphonyamong others. While she never performed in staged operas, she did perform opera arias in concert. Her performances were mainly of both sacred and secular art songs,lieder, and works from the concert soprano repertoire. In 1951 and 1952,RCA Victorissued two albums by Truman, one of classical selections, the other of American art songs.She also made recordings of German lieder forNBC. A 1951Time Magazinecoverfeatured Truman with a single musical note floating by her head. She performed on stage, radio, and television through 1956. At the beginning of her career, critical reviews of Truman's singing were positive, polite or diplomatic in tone, with some later reviewers speculating that negative opinions were held back out of deference for her father as a current sitting United States President.This practice was broken in 1950 whenWashington Postmusic criticPaul Humewrote that Truman was \"extremely attractive on the stage... cannot sing very well. She is flat a good deal of the time. And still cannot sing with anything approaching professional finish.\" The review angered President Truman (who was dealing that same day with the sudden death of his childhood friend and White House Press SecretaryCharlie Ross), who wrote to Hume, \"Some day I hope to meet you. When that happens you'll need a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below!\"Hume wanted to publish the letter, butWashington PostpublisherPhilip Grahamvetoed the idea. However, Hume showed the letter to a number of his colleagues, includingMilton Berliner, music critic of the rivalWashington Times Herald, which published a story. ThePostwas then forced to acknowledge the letter, which drew international headlines, becoming a minor scandal for the Truman administration. Reviewers after that felt more free to be honest in their reviews of her performances, with mixed criticism for her singing thereafter. Acting, radio, and journalism Truman's professional acting debut occurred April 26, 1951. She co-starred withJames Stewartin the \"Jackpot\" episode ofScreen Directors PlayhouseonNBCradio.On March 17, 1952, Truman was guest soloist onThe Railroad Hourin a presentation of the operettaSari. Truman also performed on the NBC Radio programThe Big Show. There she met writerGoodman Ace, who gave her advice and pointers; Ace became a lifelong friend, advising Truman even afterThe Big Show.She became part of the team ofNBC Radio'sWeekdayshow that premiered in 1955, shortly after itsMonitorprogram made its debut.Paired withMike Wallace, she presented news and interviews aimed at a female listening audience. She appeared several times as a panelist (and twice as a mystery guest) on the game showWhat's My Line?and guest-starredmore than once onNBC'sTheMartha RayeShow. In 1957, she sang and played piano onThe Gisele MacKenzie Show. Writing Truman's full-length biography of her father, published shortly before his 1972 death, was critically acclaimed. She also wrote a personal biography of her mother and histories of theWhite Houseand its inhabitants (includingfirst ladiesandpets). Truman published regularly into her eighties. Novels From 1980 to 2011, 25 books in the Capital Crimes series of murder mysteries, most set in and around Washington, D.C., were published under Margaret Truman's name. ProfessionalghostwriterDonald Bain(1935–2017) acknowledged in the March 14, 2014, issue ofPublishers Weeklythat he had written \"27 novels in the Margaret Truman Capital Crimes series (mostly bylined by Truman, my close collaborator – my name is on only the most recent entries, released after her death).\" In 2000, another ghostwriter, William Harrington, had claimed in a self-written obituary before his apparent suicide that Margaret Truman and others were his clients. Institutions She served on the board of directors for theHarry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museumand the Board of Governors of theRoosevelt Institute, and served as a Trustee for her alma mater. Personal life On April 21, 1956, Truman marriedClifton Daniel, a reporter forThe New York Timesand later its managing editor, atTrinity Episcopal Churchin Independence; he died in 2000. They had four sons: Popular culture Italian dress designerMicol Fontana, who designed Truman’s wedding gown, was invited to be a surprise guest on the TV showWhat's My Line?in New York City, just six days before the Truman/Daniel wedding on April 21, 1956, in Independence, Missouri. Later years and death In later life, Truman lived in herPark Avenuehome.She died on January 29, 2008, in Chicago (to which she was relocating to be closer to her son Clifton). She was said to have been suffering from \"a simple infection\" and had been breathing with the assistance of a respirator.Her ashes and those of her husband were interred in Independence in her parents' burial plot on the grounds of the Truman Library. Bibliography Non-fiction Fiction The Capital Crimes series: As of 2021, six further novels in the series had been published under Truman's name as \"with Donald Bain\" or \"with John Land.\" References External links"
] | [
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"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Harry_S._Truman (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b9404ce20>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Margaret Truman Mary Margaret Truman Daniel(February 17, 1924 – January 29, 2008) was an American classicalsoprano, actress, journalist, radio and television personality, writer, and New York socialite. She was the only child of PresidentHarry S. Trumanand First LadyBess Truman. While her father was president during the years 1945 to 1953, Margaret regularly accompanied him on campaign trips, such as the 1948 countrywidewhistle-stopcampaign lasting several weeks. She also appeared at important White House and political events during those years, being a favorite with the media. After graduating fromGeorge Washington Universityin 1946, she embarked on a career as acoloratura soprano, beginning with a concert appearance with theDetroit Symphony Orchestrain 1947. She appeared in concerts with orchestras throughout the United States and in recitals throughout the U.S. through 1956. She made recordings forRCA Victor, and made television appearances on programs likeWhat's My Line?andThe Bell Telephone Hour. In",
"Telephone Hour. In 1957, one year after her marriage, Truman abandoned her singing career to pursue a career as a journalist and radio personality, when she became the co-host of the programWeekdaywithMike Wallace. She also wrote articles as an independent journalist, for a variety of publications in the 1960s and 1970s. She later became the successful author of a series of murder mysteries, and a number of works on U.S. First Ladies and First Families, including well-received biographies of her father, PresidentHarry S. Trumanand motherBess Truman. She was married to journalistClifton Daniel, managing editor ofThe New York Times. The couple had four sons, and were prominent New York socialites who often hosted events for the New York elite. Early life Mary Margaret was born at 219 North Delaware Street inIndependence, Missouri, on February 17, 1924,and was christened Mary Margaret Truman (for her aunt Mary Jane Truman and maternal grandmother Margaret Gates Wallace), but was called Margaret from early",
"Margaret from early childhood. She took voice and piano lessons as a child (at the encouragement of her father, who famously played piano) and attended public school in Independence until her father's1934 electionto theUnited States Senate, after which her education was split between public schools in Independence andGunston Hall School, a private school for girls in Washington, D.C. In 1942, she matriculated atGeorge Washington University, where she was a member ofPi Beta Phi,and earned aBachelor of Artsdegree inhistoryandinternational relationsin 1946.In June 1944, she christened the battleshipUSSMissouriatBrooklyn Navy Yard, and spoke again in 1986 at the ship's recommissioning. She studied singing withEstelle Liebling, the voice teacher ofBeverly Sills, in New York City. On April 12, 1945, PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltdied. His Vice President Harry Truman assumed the presidency when Margaret was 21. Career Singing When Truman was 16 years old, she began taking voice lessons in Independence from Mrs.",
"from Mrs. Thomas J. Strickler, a family friend. After classical vocal training, Truman's singing career began with a debut radio recital in March 1947, followed shortly thereafter with her professional concert debut with theDetroit Symphony Orchestra. She sang professionally for the next decade, appearing with major American orchestras and giving several national concert tours.Some of her credits include concert appearances with theLos Angeles Philharmonicat theHollywood Bowl, theNational Symphony Orchestra, theNBC Symphony Orchestra, thePittsburgh Symphony, thePhiladelphia Orchestra, and theSaint Louis Symphonyamong others. While she never performed in staged operas, she did perform opera arias in concert. Her performances were mainly of both sacred and secular art songs,lieder, and works from the concert soprano repertoire. In 1951 and 1952,RCA Victorissued two albums by Truman, one of classical selections, the other of American art songs.She also made recordings of German lieder forNBC. A 1951Time",
"forNBC. A 1951Time Magazinecoverfeatured Truman with a single musical note floating by her head. She performed on stage, radio, and television through 1956. At the beginning of her career, critical reviews of Truman's singing were positive, polite or diplomatic in tone, with some later reviewers speculating that negative opinions were held back out of deference for her father as a current sitting United States President.This practice was broken in 1950 whenWashington Postmusic criticPaul Humewrote that Truman was \"extremely attractive on the stage... cannot sing very well. She is flat a good deal of the time. And still cannot sing with anything approaching professional finish.\" The review angered President Truman (who was dealing that same day with the sudden death of his childhood friend and White House Press SecretaryCharlie Ross), who wrote to Hume, \"Some day I hope to meet you. When that happens you'll need a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below!\"Hume wanted to",
"wanted to publish the letter, butWashington PostpublisherPhilip Grahamvetoed the idea. However, Hume showed the letter to a number of his colleagues, includingMilton Berliner, music critic of the rivalWashington Times Herald, which published a story. ThePostwas then forced to acknowledge the letter, which drew international headlines, becoming a minor scandal for the Truman administration. Reviewers after that felt more free to be honest in their reviews of her performances, with mixed criticism for her singing thereafter. Acting, radio, and journalism Truman's professional acting debut occurred April 26, 1951. She co-starred withJames Stewartin the \"Jackpot\" episode ofScreen Directors PlayhouseonNBCradio.On March 17, 1952, Truman was guest soloist onThe Railroad Hourin a presentation of the operettaSari. Truman also performed on the NBC Radio programThe Big Show. There she met writerGoodman Ace, who gave her advice and pointers; Ace became a lifelong friend, advising Truman even afterThe Big Show.She became",
"Big Show.She became part of the team ofNBC Radio'sWeekdayshow that premiered in 1955, shortly after itsMonitorprogram made its debut.Paired withMike Wallace, she presented news and interviews aimed at a female listening audience. She appeared several times as a panelist (and twice as a mystery guest) on the game showWhat's My Line?and guest-starredmore than once onNBC'sTheMartha RayeShow. In 1957, she sang and played piano onThe Gisele MacKenzie Show. Writing Truman's full-length biography of her father, published shortly before his 1972 death, was critically acclaimed. She also wrote a personal biography of her mother and histories of theWhite Houseand its inhabitants (includingfirst ladiesandpets). Truman published regularly into her eighties. Novels From 1980 to 2011, 25 books in the Capital Crimes series of murder mysteries, most set in and around Washington, D.C., were published under Margaret Truman's name. ProfessionalghostwriterDonald Bain(1935–2017) acknowledged in the March 14, 2014, issue",
"14, 2014, issue ofPublishers Weeklythat he had written \"27 novels in the Margaret Truman Capital Crimes series (mostly bylined by Truman, my close collaborator – my name is on only the most recent entries, released after her death).\" In 2000, another ghostwriter, William Harrington, had claimed in a self-written obituary before his apparent suicide that Margaret Truman and others were his clients. Institutions She served on the board of directors for theHarry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museumand the Board of Governors of theRoosevelt Institute, and served as a Trustee for her alma mater. Personal life On April 21, 1956, Truman marriedClifton Daniel, a reporter forThe New York Timesand later its managing editor, atTrinity Episcopal Churchin Independence; he died in 2000. They had four sons: Popular culture Italian dress designerMicol Fontana, who designed Truman’s wedding gown, was invited to be a surprise guest on the TV showWhat's My Line?in New York City, just six days before the Truman/Daniel",
"the Truman/Daniel wedding on April 21, 1956, in Independence, Missouri. Later years and death In later life, Truman lived in herPark Avenuehome.She died on January 29, 2008, in Chicago (to which she was relocating to be closer to her son Clifton). She was said to have been suffering from \"a simple infection\" and had been breathing with the assistance of a respirator.Her ashes and those of her husband were interred in Independence in her parents' burial plot on the grounds of the Truman Library. Bibliography Non-fiction Fiction The Capital Crimes series: As of 2021, six further novels in the series had been published under Truman's name as \"with Donald Bain\" or \"with John Land.\" References External links"
] |
What is the name of the 2nd track on the album by Corinne Bailey Rae that came out 10 years before her album The Heart Speaks in Whispers? | Enchantment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_discography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album) | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_discography', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album)'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_discography",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album"
] | [
"Corinne Bailey Rae discography English singer and songwriterCorinne Bailey Raehas released fourstudio albums, onelive album, fourextended plays, 13singles(including five as a featured artist), onepromotional singleand 13music videos. Rae released hereponymous debut albumin February 2006. It debuted atop theUK Albums Chart,while reaching the top five in Ireland and the United States,and the top 10 in Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland.Corinne Bailey Raewas certified triple platinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry(BPI) and platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA),selling over four million copies worldwide.The album spawned four singles, including \"Put Your Records On\", which peaked at number two on theUK Singles Chart. Rae's second studio album,The Sea, was released in January 2010, reaching number five on the UK Albums Chart, number seven on the USBillboard200and number 13 on theCanadian Albums Chart.It was later certified gold by the BPI.The album was promoted by three singles: \"I'd Do It All Again\", \"Paris Nights/New York Mornings\" and \"Closer\". In May 2016, Rae released her third studio album,The Heart Speaks in Whispers, which peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart. Albums Studio albums Live albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist As featured artist Promotional singles Other charted songs Guest appearances Music videos Notes References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album"
] | [
"Corinne Bailey Rae discography English singer and songwriterCorinne Bailey Raehas released fourstudio albums, onelive album, fourextended plays, 13singles(including five as a featured artist), onepromotional singleand 13music videos. Rae released hereponymous debut albumin February 2006. It debuted atop theUK Albums Chart,while reaching the top five in Ireland and the United States,and the top 10 in Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland.Corinne Bailey Raewas certified triple platinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry(BPI) and platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA),selling over four million copies worldwide.The album spawned four singles, including \"Put Your Records On\", which peaked at number two on theUK Singles Chart. Rae's second studio album,The Sea, was released in January 2010, reaching number five on the UK Albums Chart, number seven on the USBillboard200and number 13 on theCanadian Albums Chart.It was later certified gold by the BPI.The album was promoted by three singles: \"I'd",
"three singles: \"I'd Do It All Again\", \"Paris Nights/New York Mornings\" and \"Closer\". In May 2016, Rae released her third studio album,The Heart Speaks in Whispers, which peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart. Albums Studio albums Live albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist As featured artist Promotional singles Other charted songs Guest appearances Music videos Notes References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae_(album"
] |
How many times in total did the Argentina women's field hockey team and the Uruguay women's field hockey team enter the Pan American Games and the Olympic Games from 2000 to 2020? | 15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Pan_American_Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Pan_American_Games', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Pan_American_Games",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics"
] | [
"Field hockey at the Pan American Games The winner of the field hockey event of thePan American Gamesqualifies for theSummer Olympicsin the following year. Women's field hockey was introduced at the1987 edition, and has served as the Olympics qualifying event since 1999. Men's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Women's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Medal table Total Men Women See also External links",
"Field hockey at the Summer Olympics Field hockeymade itsdebutat theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition in the1908 GamesinLondon. It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesand was reintroduced in the1928 Amsterdam Games. The Women's field hockey wasintroducedinto the Olympic programme at the1980 Moscow Olympics. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in 1924 and governs the hockey events. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but a qualification system was introduced since the1992 Barcelona Olympics. The last edition atPariswas the 25th occurrence of themen's eventand 12th consecutive occurrence ofwomen's eventin the Olympics. India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) while Australia and Netherlands hold the same record in women's competitions (11). India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals while the Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals. Great Britainwon the first two editions of the men's event in1908and1920.Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics from1928to1964withPakistanwinning three gold and silver medals each between the 1956 and1984 Games. The matches are played onartificial turfsince1976. Since the late 1980s, European nations have dominated the hockey events withGermanyandNetherlandshaving won three gold medals each in the men's event. In the women's event,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction in 1980. History Field hockeywas introduced at theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition at the1908 GamesinLondon.Great Britainwon the first two editions in1908(asEngland) and1920.It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesbecause of the lack of an international sporting structure. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in Paris that year as a response to the same.Men's field hockey was added to the Olympics for the next Olympic Games in1928 Gamesheld atAmsterdam. Starting in1928,Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics till1964including six consecutive gold medals from the1928 Olympicsto1956.Pakistanwon its first gold medal in1960and won three gold and silver medals each in a run lasting from 1956 to1984.West Germanywon the gold medal in the1972 Munich Olympics, for the first gold medal by a non-Asian country since 1928. Olympic field hockey games were first played onartificial turfat the1976 Montreal Gamesand was won byNew Zealand.The domination of both the Asian countries came to an end in the late 1980s with India winning its last gold medal in the competition in1980and Pakistan in 1984. Though the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was founded way back in 1927,Women's field hockeymade its debut at theSummer Olympicsonly at the1980 Moscow Olympicsand was won byZimbabwe. On 23 April 1983, women’s hockey programme was taken over by FIH and the IFWHA was dissolved.Great Britain won its first gold medal in themen's eventsince 1920 in the1988 Seoul Olympics. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but FIH introduced a qualification system starting from the1992 Barcelona Olympics. Since the 1990s, European countries have been dominant in the men's sport with the only exceptions being the wins byAustraliain2004andArgentinain2016. BothGermanyandNetherlandshave won three gold medals each, with the only other European winner beingBelgiumin2020.In the women's events,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction to the Olympic programme in1980. The only other winners of the women's event wereSpainin1992,Germanyin2004, andGreat Britainin2016. The last edition of both themen'sandwomen's eventswere held as a part of the2024 Paris Olympicswith Netherlands winning both the events.India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) andSpainhas appeared in the most Olympic men's competitions (19) without winning the men's gold medal with the best place finishes being the silver medal won in1980,1996, and2008.Australia and Netherlands hold the record for the most appearances in the Olympic women's competitions (11).India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals including eight gold medals. Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals including five gold medals and also leads the overall medal tally with 20 medals (eight gold, six silver and six bronze). Men Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since the debut of the hockey programme in 1908, 45 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Women Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since its debut at the 1980 Games, 23 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Overall medal table Source: Olympic records Men Women See also Notes References"
] | [
"Field hockey at the Pan American Games The winner of the field hockey event of thePan American Gamesqualifies for theSummer Olympicsin the following year. Women's field hockey was introduced at the1987 edition, and has served as the Olympics qualifying event since 1999. Men's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Women's tournament Results Summary Team appearances Medal table Total Men Women See also External links",
"Field hockey at the Summer Olympics Field hockeymade itsdebutat theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition in the1908 GamesinLondon. It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesand was reintroduced in the1928 Amsterdam Games. The Women's field hockey wasintroducedinto the Olympic programme at the1980 Moscow Olympics. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in 1924 and governs the hockey events. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but a qualification system was introduced since the1992 Barcelona Olympics. The last edition atPariswas the 25th occurrence of themen's eventand 12th consecutive occurrence ofwomen's eventin the Olympics. India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) while Australia and Netherlands hold the same record in women's competitions (11). India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals while the Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals. Great",
"10 medals. Great Britainwon the first two editions of the men's event in1908and1920.Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics from1928to1964withPakistanwinning three gold and silver medals each between the 1956 and1984 Games. The matches are played onartificial turfsince1976. Since the late 1980s, European nations have dominated the hockey events withGermanyandNetherlandshaving won three gold medals each in the men's event. In the women's event,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction in 1980. History Field hockeywas introduced at theModern Olympic Gamesas a men's competition at the1908 GamesinLondon.Great Britainwon the first two editions in1908(asEngland) and1920.It was removed from the Olympic schedule of theSummer Olympic Gamesfor the1924 Paris Gamesbecause of the lack of an international sporting structure. TheInternational Hockey Federation(FIH) was founded in Paris that year as a response to the same.Men's field",
"same.Men's field hockey was added to the Olympics for the next Olympic Games in1928 Gamesheld atAmsterdam. Starting in1928,Indiawon the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics till1964including six consecutive gold medals from the1928 Olympicsto1956.Pakistanwon its first gold medal in1960and won three gold and silver medals each in a run lasting from 1956 to1984.West Germanywon the gold medal in the1972 Munich Olympics, for the first gold medal by a non-Asian country since 1928. Olympic field hockey games were first played onartificial turfat the1976 Montreal Gamesand was won byNew Zealand.The domination of both the Asian countries came to an end in the late 1980s with India winning its last gold medal in the competition in1980and Pakistan in 1984. Though the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was founded way back in 1927,Women's field hockeymade its debut at theSummer Olympicsonly at the1980 Moscow Olympicsand was won byZimbabwe. On 23 April 1983, women’s hockey programme was",
"programme was taken over by FIH and the IFWHA was dissolved.Great Britain won its first gold medal in themen's eventsince 1920 in the1988 Seoul Olympics. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but FIH introduced a qualification system starting from the1992 Barcelona Olympics. Since the 1990s, European countries have been dominant in the men's sport with the only exceptions being the wins byAustraliain2004andArgentinain2016. BothGermanyandNetherlandshave won three gold medals each, with the only other European winner beingBelgiumin2020.In the women's events,NetherlandsandAustraliahave been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction to the Olympic programme in1980. The only other winners of the women's event wereSpainin1992,Germanyin2004, andGreat Britainin2016. The last edition of both themen'sandwomen's eventswere held as a part of the2024 Paris Olympicswith Netherlands winning both the events.India holds the record for the most appearances in the",
"appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) andSpainhas appeared in the most Olympic men's competitions (19) without winning the men's gold medal with the best place finishes being the silver medal won in1980,1996, and2008.Australia and Netherlands hold the record for the most appearances in the Olympic women's competitions (11).India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals including eight gold medals. Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals including five gold medals and also leads the overall medal tally with 20 medals (eight gold, six silver and six bronze). Men Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since the debut of the hockey programme in 1908, 45 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Women Results Medal table Top four statistics Team appearances Since its debut at the 1980 Games, 23 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games. Debut of teams Overall medal table Source: Olympic records Men Women See also Notes",
"See also Notes References"
] |
How many years was the first vessel Stephen Etnier commanded constructed after the novel that first inspired him to pursue painting was published? | 7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Etnier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mizpah | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Etnier', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mizpah'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Etnier",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mizpah"
] | [
"Stephen Etnier Stephen Morgan Etnier(September 11, 1903 – November 7, 1984) was an Americanrealistpainter, painting for six decades. His work is distinguished by a mixture of realism andluminism, favoring industrial and working scenes, but always imbued with atmospheric light. Geographically, his career spanned the length of the eastern Atlantic and beyond. Childhood and education Stephen Etnier was born in September, 1903 inYork, Pennsylvania. From 1915 to 1922 he attended the Haverford and Hill schools in Pennsylvania and Roxbury Tutoring School in Connecticut. He matriculated intoYale Universityclass of 1926, transferring to Yale Art School in December 1922. Re-entering Yale University in 1923 he was later dismissed for poor grades. He enteredHaverford Collegein 1924 and transferred to thePennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied for four years. From 1925 through 1929 he studied and apprenticed under the artists Henry Breckinridge,Rockwell Kentand John Carroll. Early career Drawing inspiration fromThe Moon and Sixpence,Somerset Maugham'snovel based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin, Etnier pursued painting, launching his career with a solo exhibition at Dudensing Galleries, New York City in 1931. He soon moved to New York's Milch Gallery, where he would remain until the 1960s. Etnier's early work of 1930s and 1940s provides a record of his life at the time. His work shows street scenes in his home state of Pennsylvania, waterfronts from his travels to Haiti and the Bahamas, (and made while sailing the Eastern Seaboard aboard his 70-foot sailboat,Morgana), aerial perspectives created as he learned to fly, and dramatic Maine landscapes, painted while he renovated a stately 1862 home, \"Gilbert Head\". Gilbert Head was on Long Island, Maine at the opening of theKennebec Riverand across fromFort Pophamand Popham Beach. Etnier and his wife Betsy lived on theMorganafor two years while they renovated the house. Her account of these years,On Gilbert Head, was published in 1937. In 1938 he executed the mural \"Waiting for the Mail,\" installed at theU.S. Post OfficeinSpring Valley, New York, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1988.In 1940 he painted a second mural, \"Mail for New England\" at theBoston, MA. Everett Branch Post Office. In 2010 this mural was restored and reinstalled at the Clarendon Street Post Office in Boston. Military service In 1941, at the age of thirty-eight, Etnier suspended his painting career to serve in theUnited States Navy. In May 1942, Etnier was commissioned as a lieutenant and assigned as commanding officer of theUSSMizpah, a North Atlantic convoy escort ship. In 1944, he was reassigned to the USSTourmalinein Boston, and later to theUSSGeneral Omar Bundyin San Francisco. He completed his tour of duty in 1945. Later career Etnier purchased land inSouth Harpswell, Maine in 1948 to build \"Old Cove\", his dream house and studio. Designed in collaboration with Portland, Maine architect James Saunders, the home featured a porch cantilevered over the ocean, north-facing windows for his studio, and a living room overlooking the ocean and framed byMondrian-inspired window frames. Named for the private cove it overlooked, the home served as the foundation for a productive and increasingly serene period in Etnier's career. Old Cove was sold to new owners in 2014 and subsequently demolished. The 1950s and 1960s mark a maturing, accomplished style in Etnier's work. Although still traveling south most winters in his boat, his life took a more domestic turn as he re-adopted Maine as his permanent home and married his fourth wife, Samuella \"Brownie\" Brown Rose. They were married for thirty-three years and had two sons. During those years, he painted daily, exhibited widely and enjoyed popular support, artistic awards and media attention. Etnier's work became more architectural, marked by stark geometry, light and shadow, impressionistic figures and accents of color and modern culture. He adopted an artist's discipline of rising early and painting each morning (learned first from Rockwell Kent ), seeking to capture the essence of Maine waterfronts and landscapes and the effects of light. The study of sunlight and water fascinated Etnier until the end of his career. On November 7, 1984, Stephen Etnier died at Old Cove, comforted by his two sons. Exhibitions and awards Etnier exhibited frequently in galleries in Pennsylvania, Maine, New York and Dallas. His work appears in the permanent collections of theMetropolitan Museum of Art,Boston Museum of Fine Artsand other museums across the United States. Acclaim includes his election as an academician by the National Academy of Design and a retrospective exhibit at the Farnsworth Museum in Rockland, Maine in 1953; receipt of the Saltus Award by the National Academy of Design in 1955; a solo exhibition at York Junior College in York, Pennsylvania and the Samuel F. B. Morse gold medal from the National Academy of Design in 1964; and a solo exhibition at the Bristol Art Museum in Bristol, Rhode Island in 1965. In 1969, Etnier was awarded honorary doctorates of fine arts from Bates College and Bowdoin College in Maine. In that year, he also began his association with Midtown Gallery in New York City. Posthumous retrospective exhibitions were mounted at thePortland Museum of Artin 1998 and at the Historical Society ofYork Countyin 1989. Marriages and children Stephen Etnier married Mathilde Gray, the daughter of John Lathrop Gray, Sr. and Harriet Hamilton Tyng of Greenwich, Connecticut in 1926.They had two daughters; Suzanne Mathilde Etnier, born July 6, 1927, and Penelope Royall Etnier born July 17, 1929. He married Elizabeth Morgan Jay of Westbury, New York in 1933. They had two daughters: Stephanie Jay Etnier was born September 8, 1936, and Elizabeth Victoria Etnier was born May 1, 1940. Etnier's third wife was Jane Walden Pearce, who died soon after they were married in 1948. He married Samuella \"Brownie\" Brown Rose in 1950. They had two sons; John Stephen Etnier, born August 26, 1953, and David Morrison Etnier, born August 29, 1955.Etnier's fifth and final marriage came in the last months of his life: he married Marcia Hall of Harpswell in 1983. They later divorced. References Notes Sources External links",
"The Moon and Sixpence The Moon and Sixpenceis a novel byW. Somerset Maugham, first published on 15 April 1919. It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator providing a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character, Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist. The story is, in part, based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin. Plot summary The book is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, a young, aspiring writer and playwright in London. Certain chapters entirely comprise accounts of events by other characters, which the narrator recalls from memory, selectively editing or elaborating on certain aspects of dialogue, particularly Strickland's, because Strickland is said by the narrator to have a very poor ability to express himself in words. The narrator first develops an acquaintance with Strickland's wife at literary parties and later meets Strickland himself, who appears to be an unremarkable businessman with no interest in his wife's literary or artistic tastes. Strickland is a well-off, middle-class stockbroker in London, sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century. Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris. The narrator enters directly into the story at that point, when he is asked by Mrs Strickland to go to Paris and talk with her husband. He lives a destitute but defiantly contented life there as a painter, lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger. Strickland, in his drive to express through his art what appears to continually possess and compel him on the inside, cares nothing for physical discomfort and is indifferent to his surroundings. He is helped and supported by a commercially successful but hackneyed Dutch painter, Dirk Stroeve, coincidentally, also an old friend of the narrator, who recognises Strickland's genius as a painter. After helping Strickland recover from a life-threatening illness, Stroeve is repaid by having his wife, Blanche, abandon him for Strickland. Strickland later discards the wife, because all he really wanted from Blanche was for her to be a model to paint, not a serious companion. It is hinted in the novel that he indicated that to her, but she took the risk anyway. Blanche then dies by suicide. She is another human casualty in Strickland's single-minded pursuit of art and beauty, the first casualties being his own established life, and those of his wife and children. After the Paris episode, the story continues inTahiti. Strickland has already died, and the narrator attempts to piece together his life there from recollections of others. He finds that Strickland had taken up with a native woman, had two children by her (one of whom died), and started painting prolifically. We learn that Strickland had settled for a short while in the French port ofMarseillebefore traveling to Tahiti, where he lived for a few years before dying ofleprosy. Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but hismagnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut before losing his sight to leprosy, was burnt by his wife after his death, as per his dying orders. Inspiration The Moon and Sixpenceis not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction. It is founded on what I had heard about him, but I used only the main facts of his story and for the rest trusted to such gifts of invention as I was fortunate enough to possess. The life of the French artistPaul Gauguinis the inspiration for the story, but the character of Strickland as a solitary,sociopathic, and destructive genius is more related to a mythological version of Gauguin's life, which the artist himself developed and promoted, than the actual course of his life. The real Gauguin was a participant in the artistic developments in France in the 1880s, exhibiting his work regularly with theImpressionists, and being a friend and collaborator with many artists. Gauguin did work as a stockbroker, did leave his wife and family to devote his life to art, and did leave Europe for Tahiti to pursue his career. However, none of that happened in the brutal way of the novel's character. Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914. Strickland is created as an extreme version of the \"modern artist as 'genius'\", who is indifferent and frequently hostile to the people around him. Writing in 1953, Maugham described the idea for the book as arising during a year that he spent living in Paris in 1904: \"...I met men who had known him and worked with him at Pont-Aven. I heard much about him. It occurred to me that there was in what I was told the subject of a novel.\" The idea remained in his mind for ten years, until a visit to Tahiti in 1914, where Maugham was able to meet people who had known Gauguin, inspired him to start writing.The critic Amy Dickson examines the relationship between Gauguin and Strickland. She contrasts the novel's description of Strickland, \"his faults are accepted as the necessary complement of his merits... but one thing can never be doubtful, and that is that he had genius\", with Gauguin's description of himself: \"I am an artist and you are right, you're not mad, I am a great artist and I know it. It's because I know it that I have endured such sufferings. To have done otherwise I would consider myself a brigand—which is what many people think I am.\" Dickson sums up the novel as follows: \"Maugham was fascinated by the impact of the arrival ofmodernismfrom Europe on an insular British consciousness and the emergence of the cult of the modernist artist-genius—The Moon and Sixpenceis at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" About the title According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review inThe Times Literary Supplementof Maugham's novelOf Human Bondage, in which the novel'sprotagonist, Philip Carey, is described as being \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\"According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon.\" Maugham's title echoes the description of Gauguin by his contemporary biographer, Meier-Graefe (1908): \"He may be charged with having always wanted something else.\" Adaptations The book was made into a stage play in 1925 at theNew Theatre, withHenry Ainleyas Strickland andEileen Sharpas Ata. Afilm of the same namedirected and written byAlbert Lewin, was released in 1942, starringGeorge Sandersas Charles Strickland. The novel served as the basis for a 1957 opera, also titledThe Moon and Sixpence, byJohn Gardnerto a libretto by Patrick Terry which premiered atSadlers Wells. S Lee Pogostin adapted it for American TV in 1959. That production,The Moon and Sixpence(1959), starredLaurence Olivier, withHume CronynandJessica Tandyin supporting roles. In popular culture Ray Noble's dance band hit \"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\" (1932), sung byAl Bowlly, takes its name from the book. The Moon and Sixpenceis central to the protagonist's solving the mystery in theHoward PeasenovelThe Ship Without a Crew(1934). The book was mentioned inAgatha Christie's mystery (Hercule Poirotseries) novelFive Little Pigs(1942), when Poirot asks one of the suspects (Angela Warren) if she read the book at the time the crime was committed. The victim in the case is a married artist infatuated with a younger woman he yearns to paint, and for whom he may or may not be about to abandon his wife. It was mentioned in the James Jones novelFrom Here to Eternity(1951), in a conversation between Sergeant Warden and Corporal Mazzioli. Jack Kerouacmentions the book in his novellaThe Subterraneans(1958). In the opening scene ofFrançois Truffaut's filmFahrenheit 451(1966), an adaptation ofRay Bradbury's 1953novel of the same name, several firemen are preparing books for burning. In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest. That book isThe Moon and Sixpence. It is also mentioned frequently in twoStephen Kingnovels:Bag of Bones(1998); and, in passing,Finders Keepers(2015). See also Notes External links",
"USSMizpah USSMizpah(PY-29)was aUnited States Navypatrol yacht. Constructed in 1926, the vessel was constructed as thepleasure yachtSavarona. In 1929 it was renamedAllegroand thenMizpahfor use on theGreat Lakes. The vessel was acquired by the United States Navy in 1942 and converted to a warship andcommissionedthe same year.Mizpahserved as aconvoyescort along the United States East Coast before becoming aschool shipin 1944. Following the end of the war, the vessel returned to private operation in 1946 until 1967 whenMizpahwas laid up with a brokencrankshaftatTampa, Florida. An attempt to save the ship proved futile andMizpahwasscuttledoff the coast of Florida as anartificial reefin 1968. The wreck is now a populardive site. Service history The 185-foot (56 m) ship was berthed in 1926 from the parts of an abandoned newdestroyer, as thepleasure yachtSavanarolaby theNewport News Shipbuilding and Drydock CompanyofNewport News, Virginia.The yacht, originally constructed for the United States Navy but due to naval treaties was prevented from being completed. The still unbuilt vessel was sold to Mrs. Cadwalader ofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania. After completion the vessel was given the nameSequoiabefore being sold to James Elverson who renamed itAllegro.In 1929 it was sold toEugene F. McDonaldofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, founder and president of theZenith Radio Corporation,who used it both as aChicagoresidence and a floating laboratory on which to test his electronics company's new products. One of the largest yachts on theGreat Lakesin its Jazz Age heyday, the ship was renamedMizpahin 1929. United States Navy service Mizpahwas acquired by theUnited States Navyon 16 March 1942 and converted to a warship atSturgeon Bay Shipbuilding Company,Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, with LieutenantStephen M. Etnierin command. It wascommissionedUSSMizpah(PY-29) on 26 October 1942.Mizpahdeparted Sturgeon Bay on 16 November 1942 for service as aconvoyescort along the eastern coast of the United States betweenNew York CityandKey West, Floridauntil July 1944. From August 1944 until April 1945,Mizpahserved as a navigationschool shipfrom the Amphibious Training Base atLittle Creek, Virginia, training officers to sail amphibious vessels in theChesapeake Bayregion. Mizpahunderwent conversion to aflagshipatBoston, Massachusetts and was employed as such by Destroyer Force,Atlantic Fleet.Mizpahbecame the flagship of Rear AdmiralOliver M. HustvedtatPortland, Maine, on 28 May 1945 under the command of Lt. Stephen M. Etnier. Hustvedt was succeeded by Rear AdmiralFrank E. Beatty, Jr., on 4 September 1945. In mid-October, 1945, Lt. Etnier was succeeded by Lieutenant D. Dudley Bloom, who sailedMizpahfrom Portland, Maine, south toCharleston, South Carolina, arriving on 10 December 1945. She wasdecommissionedon 16 January 1946 and transferred to the United States War Shipping Administration (WSA) on 25 September 1946 for disposal. Final years The WSA then sold her to a private Honduran corporation for transporting bananas out of South America. While sailing toTampa, Florida, the vessel was caught in a storm, suffered a brokencrankshaft, and was laid up in Tampa for repair. At that time, Eugene Kinney,McDonald's nephew and Zenith Corporation vice president who had grown up onMizpahand served as a naval officer in theSouth PacificduringWorld War II, learned of her plight and purchased her. FindingMizpahirreparably damaged, however, Kinneyscuttledher off the coast of Palm Beach, Florida, on 9 April 1968,along with another ship,USSPC-1174, to serve as anartificialreef to preventbeach erosion. Sitting in 90–110 feet (27–34 m) of waterwith her hatches left ajar,Mizpahis now one of the chief attractions of an offshore scuba diving area known as \"The Mizpah Corridor\". Citations Sources External links Cave dive sites:"
] | [
"Stephen Etnier Stephen Morgan Etnier(September 11, 1903 – November 7, 1984) was an Americanrealistpainter, painting for six decades. His work is distinguished by a mixture of realism andluminism, favoring industrial and working scenes, but always imbued with atmospheric light. Geographically, his career spanned the length of the eastern Atlantic and beyond. Childhood and education Stephen Etnier was born in September, 1903 inYork, Pennsylvania. From 1915 to 1922 he attended the Haverford and Hill schools in Pennsylvania and Roxbury Tutoring School in Connecticut. He matriculated intoYale Universityclass of 1926, transferring to Yale Art School in December 1922. Re-entering Yale University in 1923 he was later dismissed for poor grades. He enteredHaverford Collegein 1924 and transferred to thePennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied for four years. From 1925 through 1929 he studied and apprenticed under the artists Henry Breckinridge,Rockwell Kentand John Carroll. Early career Drawing inspiration",
"Drawing inspiration fromThe Moon and Sixpence,Somerset Maugham'snovel based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin, Etnier pursued painting, launching his career with a solo exhibition at Dudensing Galleries, New York City in 1931. He soon moved to New York's Milch Gallery, where he would remain until the 1960s. Etnier's early work of 1930s and 1940s provides a record of his life at the time. His work shows street scenes in his home state of Pennsylvania, waterfronts from his travels to Haiti and the Bahamas, (and made while sailing the Eastern Seaboard aboard his 70-foot sailboat,Morgana), aerial perspectives created as he learned to fly, and dramatic Maine landscapes, painted while he renovated a stately 1862 home, \"Gilbert Head\". Gilbert Head was on Long Island, Maine at the opening of theKennebec Riverand across fromFort Pophamand Popham Beach. Etnier and his wife Betsy lived on theMorganafor two years while they renovated the house. Her account of these years,On Gilbert Head, was published in 1937. In",
"in 1937. In 1938 he executed the mural \"Waiting for the Mail,\" installed at theU.S. Post OfficeinSpring Valley, New York, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1988.In 1940 he painted a second mural, \"Mail for New England\" at theBoston, MA. Everett Branch Post Office. In 2010 this mural was restored and reinstalled at the Clarendon Street Post Office in Boston. Military service In 1941, at the age of thirty-eight, Etnier suspended his painting career to serve in theUnited States Navy. In May 1942, Etnier was commissioned as a lieutenant and assigned as commanding officer of theUSSMizpah, a North Atlantic convoy escort ship. In 1944, he was reassigned to the USSTourmalinein Boston, and later to theUSSGeneral Omar Bundyin San Francisco. He completed his tour of duty in 1945. Later career Etnier purchased land inSouth Harpswell, Maine in 1948 to build \"Old Cove\", his dream house and studio. Designed in collaboration with Portland, Maine architect James Saunders, the home featured a porch",
"featured a porch cantilevered over the ocean, north-facing windows for his studio, and a living room overlooking the ocean and framed byMondrian-inspired window frames. Named for the private cove it overlooked, the home served as the foundation for a productive and increasingly serene period in Etnier's career. Old Cove was sold to new owners in 2014 and subsequently demolished. The 1950s and 1960s mark a maturing, accomplished style in Etnier's work. Although still traveling south most winters in his boat, his life took a more domestic turn as he re-adopted Maine as his permanent home and married his fourth wife, Samuella \"Brownie\" Brown Rose. They were married for thirty-three years and had two sons. During those years, he painted daily, exhibited widely and enjoyed popular support, artistic awards and media attention. Etnier's work became more architectural, marked by stark geometry, light and shadow, impressionistic figures and accents of color and modern culture. He adopted an artist's discipline of",
"discipline of rising early and painting each morning (learned first from Rockwell Kent ), seeking to capture the essence of Maine waterfronts and landscapes and the effects of light. The study of sunlight and water fascinated Etnier until the end of his career. On November 7, 1984, Stephen Etnier died at Old Cove, comforted by his two sons. Exhibitions and awards Etnier exhibited frequently in galleries in Pennsylvania, Maine, New York and Dallas. His work appears in the permanent collections of theMetropolitan Museum of Art,Boston Museum of Fine Artsand other museums across the United States. Acclaim includes his election as an academician by the National Academy of Design and a retrospective exhibit at the Farnsworth Museum in Rockland, Maine in 1953; receipt of the Saltus Award by the National Academy of Design in 1955; a solo exhibition at York Junior College in York, Pennsylvania and the Samuel F. B. Morse gold medal from the National Academy of Design in 1964; and a solo exhibition at the Bristol Art",
"at the Bristol Art Museum in Bristol, Rhode Island in 1965. In 1969, Etnier was awarded honorary doctorates of fine arts from Bates College and Bowdoin College in Maine. In that year, he also began his association with Midtown Gallery in New York City. Posthumous retrospective exhibitions were mounted at thePortland Museum of Artin 1998 and at the Historical Society ofYork Countyin 1989. Marriages and children Stephen Etnier married Mathilde Gray, the daughter of John Lathrop Gray, Sr. and Harriet Hamilton Tyng of Greenwich, Connecticut in 1926.They had two daughters; Suzanne Mathilde Etnier, born July 6, 1927, and Penelope Royall Etnier born July 17, 1929. He married Elizabeth Morgan Jay of Westbury, New York in 1933. They had two daughters: Stephanie Jay Etnier was born September 8, 1936, and Elizabeth Victoria Etnier was born May 1, 1940. Etnier's third wife was Jane Walden Pearce, who died soon after they were married in 1948. He married Samuella \"Brownie\" Brown Rose in 1950. They had two sons; John",
"had two sons; John Stephen Etnier, born August 26, 1953, and David Morrison Etnier, born August 29, 1955.Etnier's fifth and final marriage came in the last months of his life: he married Marcia Hall of Harpswell in 1983. They later divorced. References Notes Sources External links",
"The Moon and Sixpence The Moon and Sixpenceis a novel byW. Somerset Maugham, first published on 15 April 1919. It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator providing a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character, Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist. The story is, in part, based on the life of the painterPaul Gauguin. Plot summary The book is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, a young, aspiring writer and playwright in London. Certain chapters entirely comprise accounts of events by other characters, which the narrator recalls from memory, selectively editing or elaborating on certain aspects of dialogue, particularly Strickland's, because Strickland is said by the narrator to have a very poor ability to express himself in words. The narrator first develops an acquaintance with Strickland's wife at literary parties and later meets Strickland himself, who",
"himself, who appears to be an unremarkable businessman with no interest in his wife's literary or artistic tastes. Strickland is a well-off, middle-class stockbroker in London, sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century. Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris. The narrator enters directly into the story at that point, when he is asked by Mrs Strickland to go to Paris and talk with her husband. He lives a destitute but defiantly contented life there as a painter, lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger. Strickland, in his drive to express through his art what appears to continually possess and compel him on the inside, cares nothing for physical discomfort and is indifferent to his surroundings. He is helped and supported by a commercially successful but hackneyed Dutch painter, Dirk Stroeve, coincidentally, also an old friend of the narrator, who recognises Strickland's genius as a painter. After helping Strickland recover from a",
"recover from a life-threatening illness, Stroeve is repaid by having his wife, Blanche, abandon him for Strickland. Strickland later discards the wife, because all he really wanted from Blanche was for her to be a model to paint, not a serious companion. It is hinted in the novel that he indicated that to her, but she took the risk anyway. Blanche then dies by suicide. She is another human casualty in Strickland's single-minded pursuit of art and beauty, the first casualties being his own established life, and those of his wife and children. After the Paris episode, the story continues inTahiti. Strickland has already died, and the narrator attempts to piece together his life there from recollections of others. He finds that Strickland had taken up with a native woman, had two children by her (one of whom died), and started painting prolifically. We learn that Strickland had settled for a short while in the French port ofMarseillebefore traveling to Tahiti, where he lived for a few years before dying",
"years before dying ofleprosy. Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but hismagnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut before losing his sight to leprosy, was burnt by his wife after his death, as per his dying orders. Inspiration The Moon and Sixpenceis not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction. It is founded on what I had heard about him, but I used only the main facts of his story and for the rest trusted to such gifts of invention as I was fortunate enough to possess. The life of the French artistPaul Gauguinis the inspiration for the story, but the character of Strickland as a solitary,sociopathic, and destructive genius is more related to a mythological version of Gauguin's life, which the artist himself developed and promoted, than the actual course of his life. The real Gauguin was a participant in the artistic developments in France in the 1880s, exhibiting his work regularly with theImpressionists, and being a friend and collaborator with many artists. Gauguin did",
"Gauguin did work as a stockbroker, did leave his wife and family to devote his life to art, and did leave Europe for Tahiti to pursue his career. However, none of that happened in the brutal way of the novel's character. Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914. Strickland is created as an extreme version of the \"modern artist as 'genius'\", who is indifferent and frequently hostile to the people around him. Writing in 1953, Maugham described the idea for the book as arising during a year that he spent living in Paris in 1904: \"...I met men who had known him and worked with him at Pont-Aven. I heard much about him. It occurred to me that there was in what I was told the subject of a novel.\" The idea remained in his mind for ten years, until a visit to Tahiti in 1914, where Maugham was able to meet people who had known Gauguin, inspired him to start",
"him to start writing.The critic Amy Dickson examines the relationship between Gauguin and Strickland. She contrasts the novel's description of Strickland, \"his faults are accepted as the necessary complement of his merits... but one thing can never be doubtful, and that is that he had genius\", with Gauguin's description of himself: \"I am an artist and you are right, you're not mad, I am a great artist and I know it. It's because I know it that I have endured such sufferings. To have done otherwise I would consider myself a brigand—which is what many people think I am.\" Dickson sums up the novel as follows: \"Maugham was fascinated by the impact of the arrival ofmodernismfrom Europe on an insular British consciousness and the emergence of the cult of the modernist artist-genius—The Moon and Sixpenceis at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" About the title According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review inThe Times",
"review inThe Times Literary Supplementof Maugham's novelOf Human Bondage, in which the novel'sprotagonist, Philip Carey, is described as being \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\"According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon.\" Maugham's title echoes the description of Gauguin by his contemporary biographer, Meier-Graefe (1908): \"He may be charged with having always wanted something else.\" Adaptations The book was made into a stage play in 1925 at theNew Theatre, withHenry Ainleyas Strickland andEileen Sharpas Ata. Afilm of the same namedirected and written byAlbert Lewin, was released in 1942, starringGeorge Sandersas Charles Strickland. The novel served as the basis for a 1957 opera, also titledThe Moon and Sixpence, byJohn Gardnerto a libretto by Patrick Terry which premiered atSadlers Wells. S Lee Pogostin adapted it for American TV in 1959. That production,The Moon and",
"Moon and Sixpence(1959), starredLaurence Olivier, withHume CronynandJessica Tandyin supporting roles. In popular culture Ray Noble's dance band hit \"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\" (1932), sung byAl Bowlly, takes its name from the book. The Moon and Sixpenceis central to the protagonist's solving the mystery in theHoward PeasenovelThe Ship Without a Crew(1934). The book was mentioned inAgatha Christie's mystery (Hercule Poirotseries) novelFive Little Pigs(1942), when Poirot asks one of the suspects (Angela Warren) if she read the book at the time the crime was committed. The victim in the case is a married artist infatuated with a younger woman he yearns to paint, and for whom he may or may not be about to abandon his wife. It was mentioned in the James Jones novelFrom Here to Eternity(1951), in a conversation between Sergeant Warden and Corporal Mazzioli. Jack Kerouacmentions the book in his novellaThe Subterraneans(1958). In the opening scene ofFrançois Truffaut's filmFahrenheit 451(1966), an adaptation",
"an adaptation ofRay Bradbury's 1953novel of the same name, several firemen are preparing books for burning. In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest. That book isThe Moon and Sixpence. It is also mentioned frequently in twoStephen Kingnovels:Bag of Bones(1998); and, in passing,Finders Keepers(2015). See also Notes External links",
"USSMizpah USSMizpah(PY-29)was aUnited States Navypatrol yacht. Constructed in 1926, the vessel was constructed as thepleasure yachtSavarona. In 1929 it was renamedAllegroand thenMizpahfor use on theGreat Lakes. The vessel was acquired by the United States Navy in 1942 and converted to a warship andcommissionedthe same year.Mizpahserved as aconvoyescort along the United States East Coast before becoming aschool shipin 1944. Following the end of the war, the vessel returned to private operation in 1946 until 1967 whenMizpahwas laid up with a brokencrankshaftatTampa, Florida. An attempt to save the ship proved futile andMizpahwasscuttledoff the coast of Florida as anartificial reefin 1968. The wreck is now a populardive site. Service history The 185-foot (56 m) ship was berthed in 1926 from the parts of an abandoned newdestroyer, as thepleasure yachtSavanarolaby theNewport News Shipbuilding and Drydock CompanyofNewport News, Virginia.The yacht, originally constructed for the United States Navy but due to naval",
"but due to naval treaties was prevented from being completed. The still unbuilt vessel was sold to Mrs. Cadwalader ofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania. After completion the vessel was given the nameSequoiabefore being sold to James Elverson who renamed itAllegro.In 1929 it was sold toEugene F. McDonaldofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, founder and president of theZenith Radio Corporation,who used it both as aChicagoresidence and a floating laboratory on which to test his electronics company's new products. One of the largest yachts on theGreat Lakesin its Jazz Age heyday, the ship was renamedMizpahin 1929. United States Navy service Mizpahwas acquired by theUnited States Navyon 16 March 1942 and converted to a warship atSturgeon Bay Shipbuilding Company,Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, with LieutenantStephen M. Etnierin command. It wascommissionedUSSMizpah(PY-29) on 26 October 1942.Mizpahdeparted Sturgeon Bay on 16 November 1942 for service as aconvoyescort along the eastern coast of the United States betweenNew York CityandKey",
"York CityandKey West, Floridauntil July 1944. From August 1944 until April 1945,Mizpahserved as a navigationschool shipfrom the Amphibious Training Base atLittle Creek, Virginia, training officers to sail amphibious vessels in theChesapeake Bayregion. Mizpahunderwent conversion to aflagshipatBoston, Massachusetts and was employed as such by Destroyer Force,Atlantic Fleet.Mizpahbecame the flagship of Rear AdmiralOliver M. HustvedtatPortland, Maine, on 28 May 1945 under the command of Lt. Stephen M. Etnier. Hustvedt was succeeded by Rear AdmiralFrank E. Beatty, Jr., on 4 September 1945. In mid-October, 1945, Lt. Etnier was succeeded by Lieutenant D. Dudley Bloom, who sailedMizpahfrom Portland, Maine, south toCharleston, South Carolina, arriving on 10 December 1945. She wasdecommissionedon 16 January 1946 and transferred to the United States War Shipping Administration (WSA) on 25 September 1946 for disposal. Final years The WSA then sold her to a private Honduran corporation for transporting bananas out of",
"bananas out of South America. While sailing toTampa, Florida, the vessel was caught in a storm, suffered a brokencrankshaft, and was laid up in Tampa for repair. At that time, Eugene Kinney,McDonald's nephew and Zenith Corporation vice president who had grown up onMizpahand served as a naval officer in theSouth PacificduringWorld War II, learned of her plight and purchased her. FindingMizpahirreparably damaged, however, Kinneyscuttledher off the coast of Palm Beach, Florida, on 9 April 1968,along with another ship,USSPC-1174, to serve as anartificialreef to preventbeach erosion. Sitting in 90–110 feet (27–34 m) of waterwith her hatches left ajar,Mizpahis now one of the chief attractions of an offshore scuba diving area known as \"The Mizpah Corridor\". Citations Sources External links Cave dive sites:"
] |
How many calories are in 7 oz. of the fruit given as a present in the musical that won Best Revival of a Musical at the 52nd Annual Tony Awards? | 100 calories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Tony_Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Tony_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Tony_Awards",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple"
] | [
"52nd Tony Awards The52nd Annual Tony Awardsceremony was held on June 7, 1998, atRadio City Music Halland was broadcast byCBStelevision. A documentaries segment was telecast onPBStelevision. The ceremony was hosted byRosie O'Donnell, who hosted a total of three times (1997, 1998, and 2000). This ceremony is notable for its Best Direction of a Play and Best Direction of a Musical winners both being female, the first time a female has won either award.The writer of the Best Play winner was also female, the second female winner of the award. Ragtimehad 13 nominations, the most of the night, andRagtime,The Beauty Queen of LeenaneandCabareteach won four Tonys. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 1997–1998 season before April 30, 1998 are eligible. The ceremony The opening number was \"Broadway Divas\", withRosie O'Donnelland theChicagodancers introducing:Patti LuPone(\"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" fromEvita);Jennifer Holliday(\"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" fromDreamgirls); andBetty Buckley(\"Memory\" fromCats). Musicals represented: Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: The following productions received multiple awards. See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical",
"Pineapple Thepineapple(Ananas comosus) is atropical plantwith an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the familyBromeliaceae. The pineapple is indigenous toSouth America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant toEuropein the17th centurymade it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form amultiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from theoffsetproduced at the top of the fruitor from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year. Description The pineapple is aherbaceousperennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruitedcultivarscan exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create amultiple fruit. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are30 to 100 cm (1 to3+1⁄2ft) long, surrounding a thickstem; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-likeinflorescenceup to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily byhummingbirds.Certain wild pineapples areforagedand pollinated at night bybats.Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only forbreeding.InHawaii, where pineapples were cultivated andcannedindustrially throughout the 20th century,importation of hummingbirds was prohibited. The ovaries develop intoberries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlockinghelices, often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being aFibonacci number. The pineapple carries outCAM photosynthesis,fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acidmalate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. Taxonomy The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species.The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor varietybracteatus, have been sequenced. History Etymology The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French ofAndré Thevet'sThe New Found World, or Antarctikewhere he refers to aHoyriri, a fruit cultivated and eaten by theTupinambá people, living near modernRio de Janeiro, and now believed to be a pineapple.Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a \"Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple\", where he used anotherTupiwordnanas, meaning 'excellent fruit'.This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientificbinomialAnanas comosus, wherecomosus'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit asAnanas, but theOxford English Dictionary'sfirst record of the wordpineappleitself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714. Precolonial cultivation The wild plant originates from theParaná–Paraguay Riverdrainages between southernBrazilandParaguay.Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peruand 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico,where it was cultivated by theMayasand theAztecs.By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and astaple foodof Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple wasChristopher Columbus, inGuadeloupeon 4 November 1493.The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it intoIndiaby 1550.The 'Red Spanish' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to thePhilippines, and it was grown to producepiñafibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century. Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called itpiña de Indes, meaning \"pine of the Indians\". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr'sDecades of the New World(1516) andAntonio Pigafetta'sRelazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo(1524–1525), and the first known illustration was inOviedo'sHistoria General de Las Indias(1535). Old World introduction While the pineapple fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism,it was not successfully cultivated in Europe untilPieter de la Court(1664–1739) developedgreenhousehorticulture near Leiden.Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730.In England, the first pineapple was grown atDorney Court,Dorneyin Buckinghamshire, and a huge \"pineapple stove\" to heat the plants was built at theChelsea Physic Gardenin 1723.In France, KingLouis XVwas presented with a pineapple that had been grown atVersaillesin 1733. In Russia,Peter the Greatimported de la Court's method intoSt. Petersburgin the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse atEmpress Anna's new Moscow palace. Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called \"pineries\",pineapple became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stonecupola14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as theDunmore Pineapple.In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality. Since the 19th century: mass commercialization Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was \"Smooth Cayenne\", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to theUnited Kingdomin 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread viaHawaiito Australia and Africa. The \"Smooth Cayenne\" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the \"Smooth Cayenne\") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes. The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th centurywhere it is known as thehala kahiki(\"foreignhala\"),but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor wasJames Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into theDole Food Company.Dole andDel Montebegan growing pineapples on the island ofOahuin 1901 and 1917, respectively, and theMaui Pineapple Companybegan cultivation onMauiin 1909.James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911. Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations inHonoluluin 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,and by 2013, only theDole Plantationon Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as \"Hawaiian\" for this reason alone. In the Philippines, \"Smooth Cayenne\" was introduced in the early 1900s by theUS Bureau of Agricultureduring theAmerican colonial period. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island ofMindanaoin the 1920s; in the provinces ofCotabatoandBukidnon, respectively.Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged byWorld War II, and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s. The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014. Composition Nutrition Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13%carbohydrates, 0.5%protein, and contains negligiblefat(table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) offood energy, and is a rich source ofmanganese(40%Daily Value, DV) andvitamin C(53% DV), but otherwise contains nomicronutrientsin significant amounts (table). Phytochemistry Pineapple fruits and peels contain diversephytochemicals, among which arepolyphenols, includinggallic acid,syringic acid,vanillin,ferulic acid,sinapic acid,coumaric acid,chlorogenic acid,epicatechin, andarbutin. Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,bromelainis a mixture ofproteolyticenzymes. It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself.Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as inpregnancy,allergies, oranticoagulationtherapy. Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meatmarinadeandtenderizer.Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such asgelatin-based desserts orgelcapsules,their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking andcanning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specificextractioncan yield sufficient quantities fordomesticand industrial processing. Varieties Cultivars Manycultivarsare known.The leaves of the commonly grown \"Smooth Cayenne\" cultivar and its various clones are smooth,and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins inParaguayand the southern part ofBrazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.Varieties include: In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte andMaui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold.The successor company to MPC, the Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes ofHaleakala. Production In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29 milliontonnes, led byIndonesia, thePhilippines, andCosta Rica, each producing about 3 million tonnes. Uses Culinary The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with acherryin the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including theHawaiian pizza, or as a grilled ring on ahamburger. Traditional dishes that use pineapple includehamonado,afritada,kaeng som pla, andHawaiian haystack. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient incocktailssuch as thepiña coladaand in the drinktepache. In thePhilippines, a traditional jelly-like dessert callednata de piñahas also been produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteriaKomagataeibacter xylinus. Pineapple vinegar is an ingredient found in bothHonduranandFilipino cuisine, where it is produced locally.InMexico, it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, inTaiwanese cuisine, it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar. TheEuropean Unionconsumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. TheNetherlandswas the largest importer of pineapple juice inEurope.Thailand,Costa Ricaand theNetherlandsare the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016.Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 wereThailand,Indonesiaand thePhilippines, having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice inChinaandIndiais low compared to their populations. Textiles The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in thePhilippines. The long leaves of the cultivar were the source of traditionalpiñafibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted fromabacá. These were woven into lustrous lace-likenipisfabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known ascaladoandsombrado. The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditionalbarong tagalog,baro't saya, andtraje de mestizaclothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women'skerchiefs(pañuelo). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in theSecond World Warand is only starting to be revived. Houseplant The varietyA. comosus'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until the container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in). Cultivation In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially. Storage and transport Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator,Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developingethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is anon-climacteric fruit. Ethical and environmental concerns Like mostmodern fruit production, pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, oftenNicaraguan. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups. Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called \"banana republics\". Illegal drug trade Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover fornarcotrafficking, and containers are impounded routinely in both locations. Expansion into protected areas In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into theMaquenque,Corredor Fronterizo,Barra del ColoradoandCaño Negrowildlife refuges, all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi). Pests and diseases Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored bymealybugstypically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.Other diseases include citruspink disease, bacterial heart rot,anthracnose,fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteriaAcetobacter aceti,Gluconobacter oxydans,PantoeacitreaandTatumella ptyseos. Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales,thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, andsymphylids. Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused byPhytophthora cinnamomiandP. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; allsuckersthat are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds. See also References Bibliography External links"
] | [
"52nd Tony Awards The52nd Annual Tony Awardsceremony was held on June 7, 1998, atRadio City Music Halland was broadcast byCBStelevision. A documentaries segment was telecast onPBStelevision. The ceremony was hosted byRosie O'Donnell, who hosted a total of three times (1997, 1998, and 2000). This ceremony is notable for its Best Direction of a Play and Best Direction of a Musical winners both being female, the first time a female has won either award.The writer of the Best Play winner was also female, the second female winner of the award. Ragtimehad 13 nominations, the most of the night, andRagtime,The Beauty Queen of LeenaneandCabareteach won four Tonys. Eligibility Shows that opened on Broadway during the 1997–1998 season before April 30, 1998 are eligible. The ceremony The opening number was \"Broadway Divas\", withRosie O'Donnelland theChicagodancers introducing:Patti LuPone(\"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" fromEvita);Jennifer Holliday(\"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" fromDreamgirls); andBetty",
"andBetty Buckley(\"Memory\" fromCats). Musicals represented: Winners and nominees Winners are in bold Special awards Multiple nominations and awards These productions had multiple nominations: The following productions received multiple awards. See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical",
"Pineapple Thepineapple(Ananas comosus) is atropical plantwith an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the familyBromeliaceae. The pineapple is indigenous toSouth America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant toEuropein the17th centurymade it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form amultiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from theoffsetproduced at the top of the fruitor from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year. Description The pineapple is aherbaceousperennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some",
"although some large-fruitedcultivarscan exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create amultiple fruit. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are30 to 100 cm (1 to3+1⁄2ft) long, surrounding a thickstem; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-likeinflorescenceup to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily byhummingbirds.Certain wild pineapples areforagedand pollinated at night",
"pollinated at night bybats.Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only forbreeding.InHawaii, where pineapples were cultivated andcannedindustrially throughout the 20th century,importation of hummingbirds was prohibited. The ovaries develop intoberries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlockinghelices, often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being aFibonacci number. The pineapple carries outCAM photosynthesis,fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acidmalate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. Taxonomy The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species.The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor varietybracteatus, have been sequenced. History Etymology The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the",
"from the French ofAndré Thevet'sThe New Found World, or Antarctikewhere he refers to aHoyriri, a fruit cultivated and eaten by theTupinambá people, living near modernRio de Janeiro, and now believed to be a pineapple.Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a \"Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple\", where he used anotherTupiwordnanas, meaning 'excellent fruit'.This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientificbinomialAnanas comosus, wherecomosus'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit asAnanas, but theOxford English Dictionary'sfirst record of the wordpineappleitself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714. Precolonial cultivation The wild plant originates from theParaná–Paraguay Riverdrainages between southernBrazilandParaguay.Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800",
"back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peruand 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico,where it was cultivated by theMayasand theAztecs.By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and astaple foodof Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple wasChristopher Columbus, inGuadeloupeon 4 November 1493.The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it intoIndiaby 1550.The 'Red Spanish' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to thePhilippines, and it was grown to producepiñafibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century. Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called itpiña de Indes, meaning \"pine of the Indians\". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr'sDecades of the New World(1516) andAntonio Pigafetta'sRelazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo(1524–1525), and the first known illustration was inOviedo'sHistoria General de Las Indias(1535). Old World introduction While the pineapple fascinated",
"fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism,it was not successfully cultivated in Europe untilPieter de la Court(1664–1739) developedgreenhousehorticulture near Leiden.Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730.In England, the first pineapple was grown atDorney Court,Dorneyin Buckinghamshire, and a huge \"pineapple stove\" to heat the plants was built at theChelsea Physic Gardenin 1723.In France, KingLouis XVwas presented with a pineapple that had been grown atVersaillesin 1733. In Russia,Peter the Greatimported de la Court's method intoSt. Petersburgin the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse atEmpress Anna's new Moscow palace. Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called \"pineries\",pineapple became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather",
"parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stonecupola14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as theDunmore Pineapple.In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality. Since the 19th century: mass commercialization Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was \"Smooth Cayenne\", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to theUnited Kingdomin 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread viaHawaiito Australia and Africa. The \"Smooth Cayenne\" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the \"Smooth Cayenne\") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.Jams and",
"today.Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes. The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th centurywhere it is known as thehala kahiki(\"foreignhala\"),but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor wasJames Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into theDole Food Company.Dole andDel Montebegan growing pineapples on the island ofOahuin 1901 and 1917, respectively, and theMaui Pineapple Companybegan cultivation onMauiin 1909.James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca",
"Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911. Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations inHonoluluin 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,and by 2013, only theDole Plantationon Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as \"Hawaiian\" for this reason alone. In the Philippines, \"Smooth Cayenne\" was introduced in the early 1900s by theUS Bureau of Agricultureduring theAmerican colonial period. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island ofMindanaoin the 1920s; in the provinces ofCotabatoandBukidnon, respectively.Large scale canning had started in",
"had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged byWorld War II, and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s. The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014. Composition Nutrition Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13%carbohydrates, 0.5%protein, and contains negligiblefat(table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) offood energy, and is a rich source ofmanganese(40%Daily Value, DV) andvitamin C(53% DV), but otherwise contains nomicronutrientsin significant amounts (table). Phytochemistry Pineapple fruits and peels contain diversephytochemicals, among which arepolyphenols, includinggallic acid,syringic acid,vanillin,ferulic acid,sinapic acid,coumaric acid,chlorogenic acid,epicatechin, andarbutin. Present in all",
"Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,bromelainis a mixture ofproteolyticenzymes. It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself.Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as inpregnancy,allergies, oranticoagulationtherapy. Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meatmarinadeandtenderizer.Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such asgelatin-based desserts orgelcapsules,their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking andcanning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specificextractioncan yield sufficient quantities fordomesticand industrial processing. Varieties Cultivars Manycultivarsare known.The leaves of the commonly",
"of the commonly grown \"Smooth Cayenne\" cultivar and its various clones are smooth,and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins inParaguayand the southern part ofBrazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.Varieties include: In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte andMaui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold.The successor company to MPC, the Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes ofHaleakala. Production In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29",
"pineapples was 29 milliontonnes, led byIndonesia, thePhilippines, andCosta Rica, each producing about 3 million tonnes. Uses Culinary The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with acherryin the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including theHawaiian pizza, or as a grilled ring on ahamburger. Traditional dishes that use pineapple includehamonado,afritada,kaeng som pla, andHawaiian haystack. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient incocktailssuch as thepiña coladaand in the drinktepache. In thePhilippines, a traditional jelly-like dessert callednata de piñahas also been produced since the 18th century.",
"the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteriaKomagataeibacter xylinus. Pineapple vinegar is an ingredient found in bothHonduranandFilipino cuisine, where it is produced locally.InMexico, it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, inTaiwanese cuisine, it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar. TheEuropean Unionconsumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. TheNetherlandswas the largest importer of pineapple juice inEurope.Thailand,Costa Ricaand theNetherlandsare the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016.Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 wereThailand,Indonesiaand thePhilippines, having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice inChinaandIndiais low compared to their populations. Textiles The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in thePhilippines. The long leaves of the cultivar were",
"the cultivar were the source of traditionalpiñafibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted fromabacá. These were woven into lustrous lace-likenipisfabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known ascaladoandsombrado. The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditionalbarong tagalog,baro't saya, andtraje de mestizaclothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women'skerchiefs(pañuelo). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in theSecond World Warand is only starting to be revived. Houseplant The varietyA. comosus'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F).",
"of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until the container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in). Cultivation In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially. Storage and transport Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator,Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developingethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is anon-climacteric fruit. Ethical and environmental concerns",
"concerns Like mostmodern fruit production, pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, oftenNicaraguan. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups. Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called \"banana republics\". Illegal drug trade Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover fornarcotrafficking, and containers are impounded routinely in both locations. Expansion into protected areas In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into theMaquenque,Corredor Fronterizo,Barra del ColoradoandCaño Negrowildlife refuges, all located in the",
"all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi). Pests and diseases Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored bymealybugstypically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.Other diseases include citruspink disease, bacterial heart rot,anthracnose,fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.Pineapple",
"virus.Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteriaAcetobacter aceti,Gluconobacter oxydans,PantoeacitreaandTatumella ptyseos. Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales,thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, andsymphylids. Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused byPhytophthora cinnamomiandP. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; allsuckersthat are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds. See also References Bibliography External links"
] |
What was the population of the province which the town Robat-e Morad is located, in 2016? | 1,429,475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robat-e_Morad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_province | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robat-e_Morad', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_province'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robat-e_Morad",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_province"
] | [
"Robat-e Morad Robat-e Morad(Persian:رباطمراد)is a village in, and the capital of,Galehzan Rural Districtof theCentral DistrictofKhomeyn County,Markaziprovince,Iran. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,738 in 555 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,688 people in 607 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,415 people in 532 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district. See also Iran portal Notes References ThisKhomeyn Countylocation article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Markazi province Markazi province(Persian:استان مرکزی)is one of the 31provincesofIran. Its capital is the city ofArak.The present borders of the province date to 1977, when the province was split into the current Markazi andTehranprovinces, with portions being annexed byIsfahan,Semnan, andZanjanprovinces. In 2014, the province was placed inRegion 4. History Markazi Province was part of theMedian Empirein the first millennium BC, which included all of the central and western parts of modern-dayIran. The region is considered to be one of the ancient settlements on theIranian plateau. Numerous remaining ruins testify to the antiquity of this area. In the early centuries of Islam, the name of the area was changed toJibalorKuhestan. By the early 10th century,Khorhehhad become a famous city of Jibal province, followed byTafreshandKhomein. In recent times, the expansion of the North-South railroad (commonly known as thePersian Corridor) and the establishment of major industries have helped boost development in the area. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,326,826 in 364,155 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,413,959 people in 426,613 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,429,475 in 455,866 households.Persiansmake up the majority of the province,but there are significant minorities ofAzerbaijanis,Kurds,Lurs, etc. Administrative divisions The population history and structural changes of Markazi Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. Cities According to the 2016 census, 1,099,764 people (over 76% of the population of Markazi Province) live in the following cities: Colleges and universities Notable people Many figures in Iranian history trace their origins to this province. namely:Mirza Abu'l-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam,Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani,Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir,Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam,Mahmoud Hessabi,Ayatollah Khomeini,Ayatollah Araki, and many others. Gallery See also Media related toMarkazi Provinceat Wikimedia Commons Notes References External links"
] | [
"Robat-e Morad Robat-e Morad(Persian:رباطمراد)is a village in, and the capital of,Galehzan Rural Districtof theCentral DistrictofKhomeyn County,Markaziprovince,Iran. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,738 in 555 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,688 people in 607 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,415 people in 532 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district. See also Iran portal Notes References ThisKhomeyn Countylocation article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Markazi province Markazi province(Persian:استان مرکزی)is one of the 31provincesofIran. Its capital is the city ofArak.The present borders of the province date to 1977, when the province was split into the current Markazi andTehranprovinces, with portions being annexed byIsfahan,Semnan, andZanjanprovinces. In 2014, the province was placed inRegion 4. History Markazi Province was part of theMedian Empirein the first millennium BC, which included all of the central and western parts of modern-dayIran. The region is considered to be one of the ancient settlements on theIranian plateau. Numerous remaining ruins testify to the antiquity of this area. In the early centuries of Islam, the name of the area was changed toJibalorKuhestan. By the early 10th century,Khorhehhad become a famous city of Jibal province, followed byTafreshandKhomein. In recent times, the expansion of the North-South railroad (commonly known as thePersian Corridor) and the establishment of major industries have helped boost development in the",
"development in the area. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,326,826 in 364,155 households.The following census in 2011 counted 1,413,959 people in 426,613 households.The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,429,475 in 455,866 households.Persiansmake up the majority of the province,but there are significant minorities ofAzerbaijanis,Kurds,Lurs, etc. Administrative divisions The population history and structural changes of Markazi Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. Cities According to the 2016 census, 1,099,764 people (over 76% of the population of Markazi Province) live in the following cities: Colleges and universities Notable people Many figures in Iranian history trace their origins to this province. namely:Mirza Abu'l-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam,Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani,Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir,Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam,Mahmoud Hessabi,Ayatollah Khomeini,Ayatollah Araki,",
"Araki, and many others. Gallery See also Media related toMarkazi Provinceat Wikimedia Commons Notes References External links"
] |
Which of these statements is true as of August 3rd, 2024? a) 221 Eos is roughly double the diameter of 1844 Susilva. b) 1844 Susilva is roughly double the diameter of 221 Eos. c) 221 Eos's diameter is roughly 150% of the diameter of 1844 Susilva. d) 1844 Susilva's diameter is roughly 20% the diameter of 221 Eos. | d) 1844 Susilva's diameter is roughly 20% the diameter of 221 Eos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Susilva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_Eos | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Susilva', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_Eos'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Susilva",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221_Eos"
] | [
"1844 Susilva 1844 Susilva, provisional designation1972 UB, is a stony Eoanasteroidfrom the outer region of theasteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 October 1972, by Swiss astronomerPaul WildatZimmerwald Observatorynear Bern, Switzerland, and later named after a schoolfriend of the discoverer. Classification and orbit Susilvais a member of theEos family, a collisional group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being ofsilicaceouscomposition. It orbits the Sun in theoutermain-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2AUonce every 5 years and 3 months (1,912 days). Its orbit has aneccentricityof 0.05 and aninclinationof 12°with respect to theecliptic.First identified as1943 EUatTurku Observatory,Susilva's first used observation was taken atUccle Observatoryin 1953, extending the body'sobservation arcby 19 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA'sWide-field Infrared Survey Explorerwith its subsequentNEOWISEmission, the asteroid measures between 19.0 and 26.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has analbedoof 0.118 to 0.236.TheCollaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Linkassumes an albedo of 0.14, taken from221 Eos, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 22.4 kilometers based on an absolutemagnitudeof 11.0.Susilva'srotation periodhas not yet been measured. Naming The discoverer named a pair of asteroids after two of his former schoolmates, Susi and Helen, both from the small village ofWald, Zürichin Switzerland. This one was dedicated to Susi Petit–Pierre, while the subsequently numbered asteroid,1845 Helewalda, was given to Helen Gachnang.The officialnaming citationwas published by theMinor Planet Centeron 18 April 1977 (M.P.C.4156). References External links",
"221 Eos 221 Eosis a largemain-beltasteroidthat was discovered by Austrian astronomerJohann Palisaon January 18, 1882, inVienna. In 1884, it was named afterEos, theGreekgoddess of the dawn, to honour the opening of a newobservatorythat was hoped to bring about a new dawn for Viennese astronomy. The asteroid is orbiting theSunwith asemimajor axisof3.01AU, aperiodof 5.22 years, and aneccentricityof 0.1. Theorbital planeis inclined by 10.9° to theplane of the ecliptic. It has a mean cross-section of 104 km,and is spinning with arotation periodof 10.4 hours. Based upon its spectral characteristics, this object is classified as aK-type asteroid. The orbital properties show it to be a member of the extensiveEos asteroid family, which is named after it.The spectral properties of the asteroid suggest it may have come from apartially differentiatedparent body. References External links This article about an asteroid native to theasteroid beltis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it."
] | [
"1844 Susilva 1844 Susilva, provisional designation1972 UB, is a stony Eoanasteroidfrom the outer region of theasteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 October 1972, by Swiss astronomerPaul WildatZimmerwald Observatorynear Bern, Switzerland, and later named after a schoolfriend of the discoverer. Classification and orbit Susilvais a member of theEos family, a collisional group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being ofsilicaceouscomposition. It orbits the Sun in theoutermain-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2AUonce every 5 years and 3 months (1,912 days). Its orbit has aneccentricityof 0.05 and aninclinationof 12°with respect to theecliptic.First identified as1943 EUatTurku Observatory,Susilva's first used observation was taken atUccle Observatoryin 1953, extending the body'sobservation arcby 19 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA'sWide-field Infrared Survey",
"Infrared Survey Explorerwith its subsequentNEOWISEmission, the asteroid measures between 19.0 and 26.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has analbedoof 0.118 to 0.236.TheCollaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Linkassumes an albedo of 0.14, taken from221 Eos, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 22.4 kilometers based on an absolutemagnitudeof 11.0.Susilva'srotation periodhas not yet been measured. Naming The discoverer named a pair of asteroids after two of his former schoolmates, Susi and Helen, both from the small village ofWald, Zürichin Switzerland. This one was dedicated to Susi Petit–Pierre, while the subsequently numbered asteroid,1845 Helewalda, was given to Helen Gachnang.The officialnaming citationwas published by theMinor Planet Centeron 18 April 1977 (M.P.C.4156). References External links",
"221 Eos 221 Eosis a largemain-beltasteroidthat was discovered by Austrian astronomerJohann Palisaon January 18, 1882, inVienna. In 1884, it was named afterEos, theGreekgoddess of the dawn, to honour the opening of a newobservatorythat was hoped to bring about a new dawn for Viennese astronomy. The asteroid is orbiting theSunwith asemimajor axisof3.01AU, aperiodof 5.22 years, and aneccentricityof 0.1. Theorbital planeis inclined by 10.9° to theplane of the ecliptic. It has a mean cross-section of 104 km,and is spinning with arotation periodof 10.4 hours. Based upon its spectral characteristics, this object is classified as aK-type asteroid. The orbital properties show it to be a member of the extensiveEos asteroid family, which is named after it.The spectral properties of the asteroid suggest it may have come from apartially differentiatedparent body. References External links This article about an asteroid native to theasteroid beltis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it."
] |
In 1966, the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge became part of the U.S. National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). What is another natural site with water added during that year, also located in California? | Lake Merritt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mission_Dam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Island_Historic_District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bishop%27s_House | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mission_Dam', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Island_Historic_District', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bishop%27s_House', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mission_Dam",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Island_Historic_District",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bishop%27s_House",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Home_and_Gardens"
] | [
"Old Mission Dam Old Mission Damis a historic water impoundment structure inMission Trails Regional ParkinSan Diego, California. It was built in 1803 to impound theSan Diego Riverto provide water forirrigationof the fields associated withMission San Diego de Alcalá, the first Spanish mission in what is now the US state of California. It was the first major colonial-era irrigation project on the Pacific coast of the United States.The surviving remnant of the dam was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1963. Description and history Old Mission Dam is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of the site ofMission San Diego de Alcalá, in the hills northeast of San Diego. It spans theSan Diego River, which was historically a seasonal body of water which dried out in the summer. The dam is built out of stone and cement, and was 220 ft long (67 m), 13 ft wide (4.0 m) at its base and 12 ft high (3.7 m) as originally built. The dam created a body of water behind it, which would undergo controlled releases when the river otherwise ran dry. A tile channel to the mission fields was also built, in order to minimize water loss in the sandy soil, but only fragments of this work still survive. Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded in 1769 by FatherJunipero Serra, and was moved to its present surviving site in 1774. By 1800, the mission was a thriving community with 1,500 Christianized Native Americans. The mission suffered three years of drought in 1800-1802, which likely prompted construction of the irrigation project. The works probably reached their greatest extent in 1817, including the tiled aqueduct and other features lost to time and vandalism. The dam and aqueduct were reported to be in ruins in 1867, but the dam was repaired in 1874 and again put to use for a time. The dam is now part ofMission Trails Regional Park, the largest municipal park in California. Old Mission Dam is also a registered state historic landmark. See also References",
"Pecos National Historical Park Pecos National Historical Parkis a United StatesNational Historical ParkinSan Miguel County, New Mexico. The park, operated by theNational Park Service, encompasses thousands of acres of landscape infused with historical elements from prehistoric archaeological ruins to 19th-century ranches, to a battlefield of theAmerican Civil War. Its largest single feature isPecos Puebloalso known asCicuye Pueblo, a Native American community abandoned in historic times. First a state monument in 1935, it was madePecos National Monumentin 1965, and greatly enlarged and renamed in 1990. Two sites within the park, the pueblo and theGlorieta Pass Battlefield, areNational Historic Landmarks. Features Pecos National Historical Park's main unit is located in western San Miguel County,about 17 miles (27 km) east ofSanta Feand just south ofPecos. Pecos Pueblo The main unit of the park preserves the ruins of PecosPueblo, known historically as Cicuye (sometimes spelled Ciquique), the \"village of 500 warriors\".The first Pecos pueblo was one of two dozen rock-and-mud villages built in the valley around AD 1100 in the prehistoricPueblo II Era. Within 350 years thePueblo IV EraPecos village had grown to house more than 2,000 people in its five-storied complex. The people who lived at Cicuye/Pecos Pueblo spoke theTowa language.The Pecos people enjoyed a rich culture with inventive architecture and beautiful crafts. They also possessed an elaborate religious life, evidenced by the remains of over 20 ceremonial subterranean kivas. Some of the kivas have diameters as large as 40 feet and are 10 feet deep,accessed by wooden ladders. Farming was a main part of their diet and staple crops included the usual beans, corn, and squash. Their location, power and ability to supply goods made the Pecos a major trade center in the eastern part of the Puebloan territory, connecting the Pueblos to the Plains cultures such as the Comanche.There are seven distinct periods of their occupancy beginning with the Preceramic Period (11,500 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.)Ancestral PuebloanPaleo-Indians. Emigration of Pecos people to other areas, encroachment of Hispanic settlers in the area, outbreaks ofsmallpox, and problems withPlains Indianscaused the site to decline. The last 17 (or 20) inhabitants abandoned Pecos Pueblo in 1838, moving to theJemez Pueblo, the only other Pueblo which spoke the Towa language. The historical Pecos people produced, used or traded seven types of ceramic ware during their occupancy of the area. These are known as Rio Grande Greyware (plain and corrugated), Pajarito White Ware,Rio Grande Glaze Ware, Historic polychromes, Historic plain ware, White Mountain Red Ware, and Plains Apache Ware. Many of these were decorated with black, red or polychrome designs. Spanish mission The main unit of the park also protects the remains ofMission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos, aSpanish missionnear the pueblo built in the early 17th century. A 1.25-mile (2 km) self-guiding trail begins at the nearby visitor center and winds through the ruins of Pecos Pueblo and the mission church. Pecos was visited by expeditionaries withFrancisco Vásquez de Coronadoin 1540. The Spanish mission church was built in 1619. A traditionalkivawas built in front of the church during thePueblo Revoltin 1680 as a rejection of the Christian religion brought by Spanish colonists. However, when the Spanish returned in 1692, the Pecos community stayed on friendly terms with them, and a new, smaller church was built in 1717. Forked Lightning Ranch Another part of the park is the Forked Lightning Ranch, a cattle ranch established in the 1920s byTex Austin, a famous producer ofrodeos. It was headquartered at the Kozlowski's Stage Stop and Tavern, a stagecoach stop on the Santa Fe Trail that had also served as a Union forces encampment before the Battle of Glorieta Pass. It was only a cattle ranch for a time before Austin converted it into adude ranchwhich he promoted to Easterners. The main ranch was designed byJohn Gaw Meemin thePueblo Revival styleof architecture. Austin's heavily mortgaged endeavour failed, closing in 1933. In 1936 the ranch again became a working cattle ranch, and in 1941 it was purchased byBuddy Fogelson, a Texas oilman who married actressGreer Garson. After her husband died, Garson sold her share of the park in 1991 to a conservation group, which donated it to the Park Service. Old Santa Fe Trail Portions of the historicSanta Fe Trailrun through all units of the park. This rutted wagon trail was one of the major routes by which the American Southwest grew in the 19th century. Glorieta Pass Battlefield TheBattle of Glorieta Passwas fought March 26–28, 1862 in the mountain pass west of Pecos Pueblo, along the route of the Old Santa Fe Trail. Confederate forces were en route to take Union-controlledFort Union, and were fought to a standoff by militia raised in the New Mexico and Colorado Territories. Although parts of the battlefield have been compromised by highway construction, two sections of the battlefield have been preserved by the Park Service on either side of the pass. Public access to these units is limited by the National Park Service. Administrative history Pecos Pueblo and an area of 341 acres (138 ha) was acquired by the state and preserved as a state monument in 1935. In 1965, PresidentLyndon Johnsonestablished Pecos National Monument over the same area, and control was turned over the Park Service. In 1990 the main unit of the park was expanded to more than 6,000 acres (24 km2), including a large area of ranchland and archaeologically sensitive landscapes.The two units of the Glorieta Pass Battlefield were formally added to the park in 1993. Climate According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, the area has anoceanic climate, abbreviated \"Cfb\" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded was 100 °F (37.8 °C) on June 26, 1994 and July 18, 2023, while the coldest temperature recorded was −29 °F (−33.9 °C) on February 1, 1951. See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Walden_Pond (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b95138e50>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Seal Island Historic District TheSeal Island Historic Districtis aNational Historic Landmark Districtlocated on the islands ofSt. GeorgeandSt. Paulin thePribilof Islandsin theBering SeaofAlaska. These islands are home tonorthern fur sealherds which were actively hunted by indigenous populations and later by many nationalities. These islands of the Pribilofs are also the southern end of the range of thepolar bear, (Ursus maritimus) TheNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911signed by the United Kingdom, Japan, Russia and the United States limited hunting of the seals on these islands; this international treaty was one of the first conservation treaties, and set the stage for subsequent treaties. History The Pribilof Islands were discovered by Russian fur hunters in 1786, and in the following years a number of small villages for hunting and processing seals were established, including ones at the sites of the present-daySt. GeorgeandSt. Paul. After theRussian American Companywas granted an exclusive monopoly on fur in the area, these villages were largely consolidated. The Company continued to exploit the seal population until the area wassold to the United Statesin 1867. The area was then administered by the United States government, with leases authorizing private companies to exploit the herd. By the early 20th century, the seal population had fallen dramatically, from an estimated millions to under 300,000. Due to the lucrative nature of the industry, the Kingdoms of Russia, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to a moratorium on seal fishing in theNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911. The seal population had significantly recovered by the 1920s, and was around 1.5 million in 1952. The Convention expired in 1985, bringing an effective end to the seal hunting industry. The area is now part of theAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, and the herd is generally subject only to subsistence hunting by the nativeAleutpopulation.Although no longer commercially hunted, the seal population has been decreasing recently, possibly due to huge amounts of debris that has washed up on the islands. Landmark areas Three areas of Saint Paul and Saint George were designated aNational Historic Landmark Districtin 1962, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1966. On Saint George, the district includes a strip of land on the north shore, encompassing historic elements of the city of St. George, and extending east to a rookery and historic kill site area. On Saint Paul, the historic portion of the main city are included in the district, as is most of the northeastern triangular peninsula ending at North Point, where major rookeries are located. About 10% of the land area of Saint Paul Island is included in the district. In both cities, historic structures include industrial processing facilities as well as worker housing. The Russian Orthodox churches in the two communities,Sts. Peter and Paul Churchin St. Paul andSt. George the Great Martyr Orthodox Churchin St. George, also contribute to the area's historic significance and are separately listed on the National Register. The rookery area on St. George includes the remains of one of the early Russian-built villages, Staraya Atil. On Saint Paul the district includes nine separate rookery areas and five historic village sites. See also References",
"Russian Bishop's House TheRussian Bishop's House(Russian:Русский Архиерейский Дом), once theRussian Mission Orphanage(Russian:Российская Миссия Орфанадж), is a historic house museum andNational Historic Landmarkat Lincoln and Monastery Streets inSitka, Alaska. Built in 1841–43, this log structure is one of the oldest surviving buildings ofRussian America, and was one of the centerpieces of theRussian Orthodoxchurch's efforts to spread its influence among the natives of Alaska. It was the home and administrative center ofIvan Veniaminov, the first Bishop of Alaska, later canonized asInnocent of Alaska. The house is now a unit ofSitka National Historical Park, and is administered by theNational Park Service. Description The Russian Bishop's House is a two-story log structure, measuring about 42 by 63 feet (13 m × 19 m). It is divided into nine bays, each measuring about 7 feet (2.1 m) (onesazhen) square, and covered by a hip roof. The east and west ends of the building are further extended by shed-roof \"galleries\" that are 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, which historically provided space for stairwells, storage, latrines, and entrances. The exterior has undergone a number of alterations since construction. The south facade was sheathed in clapboarding c. 1851, and the galleries were roofed in metal around that time. In 1887 the galleries were sheathed in board-and-batten siding. The interior was repeatedly altered over the decades, and underwent a major restoration once the property was acquired by theNational Park Service1973. Secondary buildings The property on which the Bishop's House stands includes two secondary buildings associated with the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. East of the main house stands the Old School, a two-story wood-frame structure built in 1897 to provide a kindergarten and girls' school. House 105 is a1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure which stands facing Monastery Street. It was originally on a separate parcel of land, and was apparently moved to its present location in the 1950s. History The Russian Bishop's House was built between 1841 and 1843 by Finnish laborers brought in by theRussian American Company, to provide housing for ReverendIvan Veniaminov, who had been appointed the first Bishop of Alaska by the Russian Orthodox Church. From his seat in Sitka, Veniaminov oversaw the spread of Orthodox missionary and educational work to the indigenous peoples of southern Alaska, nearly doubling the number of Orthodox worshippers in the region between 1841 and 1860. Missionary efforts were continued after the United Statespurchased Alaskain 1867 and were only significantly cut back after funding cuts in the wake of theRussian Revolutionin 1917. The seat of the Russian diocese was relocated toSan Franciscoin 1872, and the Bishop's House was repurposed to provide housing quarters for priests. Its first floor also served as an inn for a time. In 1903 a bishop was once again assigned to a district with its seat at Sitka. For most of the 20th century, the upper floors housed a chapel and the quarters of the bishop, while the ground floor was used in a variety of ways. In the 1920s it housed a printing operation that produced, in addition to church publications, theSitka Sunand theSitka Tribune. The Old School was used as a church school building until 1922, and as a public school thereafter. House 105, while not of architectural note, was used as a church rental property for many years, and is one of the oldest buildings in Sitka. The property was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1962, and was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesas the \"Russian Mission Orphanage\" in 1966, reflecting its major function at that time. The National Register designation was altered to \"Russian Bishop's House\" in 1980. The Russian Bishop's House is now owned and managed by theNational Park Serviceas a unit ofSitka National Historical Park. It is open to the public on ranger-guided tours. See also References",
"Luther Burbank Home and Gardens Luther Burbank Home and Gardensis a city park containing the former home, greenhouse, gardens, and grave of noted AmericanhorticulturistLuther Burbank(1849-1926). It is located at the intersection of Santa Rosa Avenue and Sonoma Avenue inSanta Rosa, California, in theUnited States. The park is open daily without charge; a fee is charged for guided tours. It is designated as aNational Historic Landmarkas well as aCalifornia Historical Landmark (#234). History Burbank lived in Santa Rosa for more than 50 years, and performed the bulk of his life's work at this location. From 1884 to 1906 he lived in this park'sGreek Revivalhouse; he then moved across Tupper street to a house that no longer exists.After Burbank's death in 1926, his widow Elizabeth moved back to the house, where she remained until her death in 1977. Burbank, a native ofMassachusetts, was a nationally known figure who was responsible for creating many new varieties of plants. He is credited with introducing more than 250 new varieties offruit, including a large number ofplumvarieties that are widely used in agriculture. A portion of the property was declared aNational Historic Landmarkin 1964.The site is included in the officialSanta Rosa historic landmarksand the Sonoma County Historical Society list of landmarks. Gardens The gardens include many of Burbank's horticultural introductions, with collections ofcactus,fruittrees, ornamentalgrasses, medicinalherbs,roses, andwalnuts. Most plants are labeled with botanic and common names. The garden's greenhouse was designed and built by Burbank in 1889; Burbank's grave is nearby, underneath aCedar of Lebanon. See also References External links"
] | [
"Old Mission Dam Old Mission Damis a historic water impoundment structure inMission Trails Regional ParkinSan Diego, California. It was built in 1803 to impound theSan Diego Riverto provide water forirrigationof the fields associated withMission San Diego de Alcalá, the first Spanish mission in what is now the US state of California. It was the first major colonial-era irrigation project on the Pacific coast of the United States.The surviving remnant of the dam was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1963. Description and history Old Mission Dam is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of the site ofMission San Diego de Alcalá, in the hills northeast of San Diego. It spans theSan Diego River, which was historically a seasonal body of water which dried out in the summer. The dam is built out of stone and cement, and was 220 ft long (67 m), 13 ft wide (4.0 m) at its base and 12 ft high (3.7 m) as originally built. The dam created a body of water behind it, which would undergo controlled releases when the",
"releases when the river otherwise ran dry. A tile channel to the mission fields was also built, in order to minimize water loss in the sandy soil, but only fragments of this work still survive. Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded in 1769 by FatherJunipero Serra, and was moved to its present surviving site in 1774. By 1800, the mission was a thriving community with 1,500 Christianized Native Americans. The mission suffered three years of drought in 1800-1802, which likely prompted construction of the irrigation project. The works probably reached their greatest extent in 1817, including the tiled aqueduct and other features lost to time and vandalism. The dam and aqueduct were reported to be in ruins in 1867, but the dam was repaired in 1874 and again put to use for a time. The dam is now part ofMission Trails Regional Park, the largest municipal park in California. Old Mission Dam is also a registered state historic landmark. See also References",
"Pecos National Historical Park Pecos National Historical Parkis a United StatesNational Historical ParkinSan Miguel County, New Mexico. The park, operated by theNational Park Service, encompasses thousands of acres of landscape infused with historical elements from prehistoric archaeological ruins to 19th-century ranches, to a battlefield of theAmerican Civil War. Its largest single feature isPecos Puebloalso known asCicuye Pueblo, a Native American community abandoned in historic times. First a state monument in 1935, it was madePecos National Monumentin 1965, and greatly enlarged and renamed in 1990. Two sites within the park, the pueblo and theGlorieta Pass Battlefield, areNational Historic Landmarks. Features Pecos National Historical Park's main unit is located in western San Miguel County,about 17 miles (27 km) east ofSanta Feand just south ofPecos. Pecos Pueblo The main unit of the park preserves the ruins of PecosPueblo, known historically as Cicuye (sometimes spelled Ciquique), the \"village of 500",
"the \"village of 500 warriors\".The first Pecos pueblo was one of two dozen rock-and-mud villages built in the valley around AD 1100 in the prehistoricPueblo II Era. Within 350 years thePueblo IV EraPecos village had grown to house more than 2,000 people in its five-storied complex. The people who lived at Cicuye/Pecos Pueblo spoke theTowa language.The Pecos people enjoyed a rich culture with inventive architecture and beautiful crafts. They also possessed an elaborate religious life, evidenced by the remains of over 20 ceremonial subterranean kivas. Some of the kivas have diameters as large as 40 feet and are 10 feet deep,accessed by wooden ladders. Farming was a main part of their diet and staple crops included the usual beans, corn, and squash. Their location, power and ability to supply goods made the Pecos a major trade center in the eastern part of the Puebloan territory, connecting the Pueblos to the Plains cultures such as the Comanche.There are seven distinct periods of their occupancy beginning with",
"beginning with the Preceramic Period (11,500 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.)Ancestral PuebloanPaleo-Indians. Emigration of Pecos people to other areas, encroachment of Hispanic settlers in the area, outbreaks ofsmallpox, and problems withPlains Indianscaused the site to decline. The last 17 (or 20) inhabitants abandoned Pecos Pueblo in 1838, moving to theJemez Pueblo, the only other Pueblo which spoke the Towa language. The historical Pecos people produced, used or traded seven types of ceramic ware during their occupancy of the area. These are known as Rio Grande Greyware (plain and corrugated), Pajarito White Ware,Rio Grande Glaze Ware, Historic polychromes, Historic plain ware, White Mountain Red Ware, and Plains Apache Ware. Many of these were decorated with black, red or polychrome designs. Spanish mission The main unit of the park also protects the remains ofMission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos, aSpanish missionnear the pueblo built in the early 17th century. A 1.25-mile (2 km)",
"A 1.25-mile (2 km) self-guiding trail begins at the nearby visitor center and winds through the ruins of Pecos Pueblo and the mission church. Pecos was visited by expeditionaries withFrancisco Vásquez de Coronadoin 1540. The Spanish mission church was built in 1619. A traditionalkivawas built in front of the church during thePueblo Revoltin 1680 as a rejection of the Christian religion brought by Spanish colonists. However, when the Spanish returned in 1692, the Pecos community stayed on friendly terms with them, and a new, smaller church was built in 1717. Forked Lightning Ranch Another part of the park is the Forked Lightning Ranch, a cattle ranch established in the 1920s byTex Austin, a famous producer ofrodeos. It was headquartered at the Kozlowski's Stage Stop and Tavern, a stagecoach stop on the Santa Fe Trail that had also served as a Union forces encampment before the Battle of Glorieta Pass. It was only a cattle ranch for a time before Austin converted it into adude ranchwhich he promoted to",
"he promoted to Easterners. The main ranch was designed byJohn Gaw Meemin thePueblo Revival styleof architecture. Austin's heavily mortgaged endeavour failed, closing in 1933. In 1936 the ranch again became a working cattle ranch, and in 1941 it was purchased byBuddy Fogelson, a Texas oilman who married actressGreer Garson. After her husband died, Garson sold her share of the park in 1991 to a conservation group, which donated it to the Park Service. Old Santa Fe Trail Portions of the historicSanta Fe Trailrun through all units of the park. This rutted wagon trail was one of the major routes by which the American Southwest grew in the 19th century. Glorieta Pass Battlefield TheBattle of Glorieta Passwas fought March 26–28, 1862 in the mountain pass west of Pecos Pueblo, along the route of the Old Santa Fe Trail. Confederate forces were en route to take Union-controlledFort Union, and were fought to a standoff by militia raised in the New Mexico and Colorado Territories. Although parts of the battlefield have",
"battlefield have been compromised by highway construction, two sections of the battlefield have been preserved by the Park Service on either side of the pass. Public access to these units is limited by the National Park Service. Administrative history Pecos Pueblo and an area of 341 acres (138 ha) was acquired by the state and preserved as a state monument in 1935. In 1965, PresidentLyndon Johnsonestablished Pecos National Monument over the same area, and control was turned over the Park Service. In 1990 the main unit of the park was expanded to more than 6,000 acres (24 km2), including a large area of ranchland and archaeologically sensitive landscapes.The two units of the Glorieta Pass Battlefield were formally added to the park in 1993. Climate According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, the area has anoceanic climate, abbreviated \"Cfb\" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded was 100 °F (37.8 °C) on June 26, 1994 and July 18, 2023, while the coldest temperature recorded was −29 °F",
"recorded was −29 °F (−33.9 °C) on February 1, 1951. See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Walden_Pond (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b95138e50>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Seal Island Historic District TheSeal Island Historic Districtis aNational Historic Landmark Districtlocated on the islands ofSt. GeorgeandSt. Paulin thePribilof Islandsin theBering SeaofAlaska. These islands are home tonorthern fur sealherds which were actively hunted by indigenous populations and later by many nationalities. These islands of the Pribilofs are also the southern end of the range of thepolar bear, (Ursus maritimus) TheNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911signed by the United Kingdom, Japan, Russia and the United States limited hunting of the seals on these islands; this international treaty was one of the first conservation treaties, and set the stage for subsequent treaties. History The Pribilof Islands were discovered by Russian fur hunters in 1786, and in the following years a number of small villages for hunting and processing seals were established, including ones at the sites of the present-daySt. GeorgeandSt. Paul. After theRussian American Companywas granted an exclusive monopoly",
"exclusive monopoly on fur in the area, these villages were largely consolidated. The Company continued to exploit the seal population until the area wassold to the United Statesin 1867. The area was then administered by the United States government, with leases authorizing private companies to exploit the herd. By the early 20th century, the seal population had fallen dramatically, from an estimated millions to under 300,000. Due to the lucrative nature of the industry, the Kingdoms of Russia, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to a moratorium on seal fishing in theNorth Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911. The seal population had significantly recovered by the 1920s, and was around 1.5 million in 1952. The Convention expired in 1985, bringing an effective end to the seal hunting industry. The area is now part of theAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, and the herd is generally subject only to subsistence hunting by the nativeAleutpopulation.Although no longer commercially hunted, the",
"hunted, the seal population has been decreasing recently, possibly due to huge amounts of debris that has washed up on the islands. Landmark areas Three areas of Saint Paul and Saint George were designated aNational Historic Landmark Districtin 1962, and listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1966. On Saint George, the district includes a strip of land on the north shore, encompassing historic elements of the city of St. George, and extending east to a rookery and historic kill site area. On Saint Paul, the historic portion of the main city are included in the district, as is most of the northeastern triangular peninsula ending at North Point, where major rookeries are located. About 10% of the land area of Saint Paul Island is included in the district. In both cities, historic structures include industrial processing facilities as well as worker housing. The Russian Orthodox churches in the two communities,Sts. Peter and Paul Churchin St. Paul andSt. George the Great Martyr Orthodox Churchin",
"Orthodox Churchin St. George, also contribute to the area's historic significance and are separately listed on the National Register. The rookery area on St. George includes the remains of one of the early Russian-built villages, Staraya Atil. On Saint Paul the district includes nine separate rookery areas and five historic village sites. See also References",
"Russian Bishop's House TheRussian Bishop's House(Russian:Русский Архиерейский Дом), once theRussian Mission Orphanage(Russian:Российская Миссия Орфанадж), is a historic house museum andNational Historic Landmarkat Lincoln and Monastery Streets inSitka, Alaska. Built in 1841–43, this log structure is one of the oldest surviving buildings ofRussian America, and was one of the centerpieces of theRussian Orthodoxchurch's efforts to spread its influence among the natives of Alaska. It was the home and administrative center ofIvan Veniaminov, the first Bishop of Alaska, later canonized asInnocent of Alaska. The house is now a unit ofSitka National Historical Park, and is administered by theNational Park Service. Description The Russian Bishop's House is a two-story log structure, measuring about 42 by 63 feet (13 m × 19 m). It is divided into nine bays, each measuring about 7 feet (2.1 m) (onesazhen) square, and covered by a hip roof. The east and west ends of the building are further extended by shed-roof",
"by shed-roof \"galleries\" that are 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, which historically provided space for stairwells, storage, latrines, and entrances. The exterior has undergone a number of alterations since construction. The south facade was sheathed in clapboarding c. 1851, and the galleries were roofed in metal around that time. In 1887 the galleries were sheathed in board-and-batten siding. The interior was repeatedly altered over the decades, and underwent a major restoration once the property was acquired by theNational Park Service1973. Secondary buildings The property on which the Bishop's House stands includes two secondary buildings associated with the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. East of the main house stands the Old School, a two-story wood-frame structure built in 1897 to provide a kindergarten and girls' school. House 105 is a1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure which stands facing Monastery Street. It was originally on a separate parcel of land, and was apparently moved to its present location",
"present location in the 1950s. History The Russian Bishop's House was built between 1841 and 1843 by Finnish laborers brought in by theRussian American Company, to provide housing for ReverendIvan Veniaminov, who had been appointed the first Bishop of Alaska by the Russian Orthodox Church. From his seat in Sitka, Veniaminov oversaw the spread of Orthodox missionary and educational work to the indigenous peoples of southern Alaska, nearly doubling the number of Orthodox worshippers in the region between 1841 and 1860. Missionary efforts were continued after the United Statespurchased Alaskain 1867 and were only significantly cut back after funding cuts in the wake of theRussian Revolutionin 1917. The seat of the Russian diocese was relocated toSan Franciscoin 1872, and the Bishop's House was repurposed to provide housing quarters for priests. Its first floor also served as an inn for a time. In 1903 a bishop was once again assigned to a district with its seat at Sitka. For most of the 20th century, the upper",
"century, the upper floors housed a chapel and the quarters of the bishop, while the ground floor was used in a variety of ways. In the 1920s it housed a printing operation that produced, in addition to church publications, theSitka Sunand theSitka Tribune. The Old School was used as a church school building until 1922, and as a public school thereafter. House 105, while not of architectural note, was used as a church rental property for many years, and is one of the oldest buildings in Sitka. The property was designated aNational Historic Landmarkin 1962, and was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesas the \"Russian Mission Orphanage\" in 1966, reflecting its major function at that time. The National Register designation was altered to \"Russian Bishop's House\" in 1980. The Russian Bishop's House is now owned and managed by theNational Park Serviceas a unit ofSitka National Historical Park. It is open to the public on ranger-guided tours. See also References",
"Luther Burbank Home and Gardens Luther Burbank Home and Gardensis a city park containing the former home, greenhouse, gardens, and grave of noted AmericanhorticulturistLuther Burbank(1849-1926). It is located at the intersection of Santa Rosa Avenue and Sonoma Avenue inSanta Rosa, California, in theUnited States. The park is open daily without charge; a fee is charged for guided tours. It is designated as aNational Historic Landmarkas well as aCalifornia Historical Landmark (#234). History Burbank lived in Santa Rosa for more than 50 years, and performed the bulk of his life's work at this location. From 1884 to 1906 he lived in this park'sGreek Revivalhouse; he then moved across Tupper street to a house that no longer exists.After Burbank's death in 1926, his widow Elizabeth moved back to the house, where she remained until her death in 1977. Burbank, a native ofMassachusetts, was a nationally known figure who was responsible for creating many new varieties of plants. He is credited with introducing more",
"introducing more than 250 new varieties offruit, including a large number ofplumvarieties that are widely used in agriculture. A portion of the property was declared aNational Historic Landmarkin 1964.The site is included in the officialSanta Rosa historic landmarksand the Sonoma County Historical Society list of landmarks. Gardens The gardens include many of Burbank's horticultural introductions, with collections ofcactus,fruittrees, ornamentalgrasses, medicinalherbs,roses, andwalnuts. Most plants are labeled with botanic and common names. The garden's greenhouse was designed and built by Burbank in 1889; Burbank's grave is nearby, underneath aCedar of Lebanon. See also References External links"
] |
I lost a final against Greg Rusedski on grass, who won his 4th career singles title on grass against a player that once defeated me in the opening round of the US Open. I achieved my highest ranking in singles on what date? | 10 July 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Rusedski | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Kučera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popp | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Rusedski', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Kučera', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popp'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Rusedski",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Kučera",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popp"
] | [
"Greg Rusedski Gregory Rusedski(born 6 September 1973) is a British former professionaltennisplayer. He was the British No. 1 in 1997, 1999 and 2006, and reached theATPranking of world No. 4 for periods from 6 October 1997 to 12 October 1997 and from 25 May 1998 to 21 June 1998. In 1997, he was theUS Openfinalist, which led to him receiving theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. Also, he scored 30 wins and 13 losses with theGreat Britain Davis Cup team. Personal life Rusedski was born inMontreal, Quebec, to a British mother and a father of Polish and Ukrainian descent.He was a very promising junior player in Canada in the 1980s, and subsequently caused some anger in Canada when he decided to adopt British citizenship and play for Great Britain in 1995.Rusedski made the decision for \"lifestyle reasons\", noting that his girlfriend — who later became his wife — lived in Britain. Rusedski has been with his wife Lucy Connor since 1991, they met while he was competing in a junior tournament where she was a ball girl.They married in a Catholic ceremony atDouai Abbeyin West Berkshire in December 1999.They have two children: a daughter born in 2006,and a son born in 2009. Career Rusedski's first career singles tournament title was at theHall of Fame Championshipin Newport, Rhode Island in 1993. He opted to compete for the United Kingdom rather than Canada from 22 May 1995 onwards, a decision which was received poorly by Canadian fans; it was reported that he was given a \"traitor's reception\" by the crowd when he competed in his first Canadian Open after the switch. Rusedski reached the singles final of theUS Openin 1997, where he lost toPat Rafterin four sets (shortly thereafter reaching his career high rank of world No. 4). He also won theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. In 1998,Tim Henmaneclipsed Rusedski as the UK number one tennis player. Rusedski, however, won theGrand Slam Cupin 1999. In the1999 US Open, Rusedski reached the fourth round where he was eliminated 5–7, 0–6, 7–6 (7–3), 6–4, 6–4, byTodd Martin; Rusedski had a two-sets-to-none advantage and was serving for the match in the third set, then in the fifth set he was up 4–1, but lost 20 of the final 21 points including a stretch of 18 consecutive points. In the2002 US Open, after losing toPete Samprasin the third round in a grueling five-set match, Rusedski described Sampras as \"a half-step slow\" and predicted that Sampras would lose his fourth-round match to young German starTommy Haas.Sampras, however, went on to win the tournament. AtWimbledon in 2003, Rusedski was playing in a second-round match againstAndy Roddick. Roddick had won the first two sets, but Rusedski was 5–2 up in the third set. During a point on Roddick's service game, a member of the crowd loudly called one of Roddick's shots long, causing Rusedski to stop playing the point as he believed it was a line judge. The umpire ruled that the ball was good and that, as Roddick's next shot landed in court, Roddick was awarded the point. Rusedski, believing the point should have been replayed, launched into a long and expletive-riddled tirade at the umpire and, never regaining his composure, went on to lose the next five games without reply to concede the match. Rusedski apologized after the match, and Roddick reached the semifinals. Rusedski tested positive fornandrolonein January 2004, but he was cleared of the charges in a hearing on 10 March 2004. Rusedski was defeated in the second round ofWimbledonin 2005 byJoachim Johanssonof Sweden. Later that year, he defended his title at the Hall of Fame Championship, defeatingVince Spadeain the final. This was the first time he had successfully defended a title and the third time he had won the championship. He then reached the semifinals at both theRCA Championshipsin Indianapolis, losing toTaylor Dent, and theCanada Masterstournament in Montreal, losing toAndre Agassi. Towards the end of 2005, Rusedski's ranking had risen to the high 30s. A defeat for Rusedski in the first round of the Challenger event inDnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, left him ranked 38th, just one place short of regaining the UK top spot. Rusedski reclaimed the UK number-one spot on 15 May 2006, overtakingAndy Murrayby getting to the third round of theRome Masters. He lost the top UK ranking again after a first-round exit at Wimbledon. On 7 April 2007, Rusedski officially retired from tennis after partnering withJamie Murrayto a doubles victory over the Netherlands in aDavis Cupmatch, a result which gave Great Britain a winning 3–0 lead in the tie. He announced his retirement immediately after the win during a live interview withSue Barkeron BBC Television.Rusedski has stayed involved with professional tennis in his retirement, and currently works for theLawn Tennis Associationas a talent and performance ambassador.Rusedski held the record for fastest serve at 149 miles per hour until Andy Roddick broke it. On 24 January 2009, Rusedski confirmed he had been seeking a return to professional tennis. However, Davis Cup captain John Lloyd turned down his offer to compete in the Davis Cup, and Rusedski was unable to obtain any wild-card tournament entries.Because of this, Rusedski quickly retracted his announcement and is still retired. Rusedski vs. Henman Rusedski was often overshadowed in the British press by Henman, especially atWimbledon.They were generally closely matched over their careers; both reached a highest world ranking of 4. Rusedski won 15 singles titles compared to Henman's eleven, and also reached the final of theUS Openin 1997, whereas Henman never made it past the semifinals of a Grand Slam tournament. However, Henman reached six Grand Slam semifinals and an additional four quarterfinals, whereas Rusedski reached two Grand Slam quarterfinals in total: at the US Open where he reached the final, and at Wimbledon the same year. Neither Rusedski nor Henman ever reached the quarterfinals of the Australian Open. Henman reached the semifinals of the French Open, while Rusedski never made it past the fourth round at that tournament. His Davis Cup singles record was considerably poorer than Henman's. In Great Britain's two key Davis Cup ties in the World Group knockout stage, Rusedski lost all four singles rubbers, despite home advantage (against the US in 1999 and Sweden in 2002). However, as a doubles partnership, Rusedski and Henman won several Davis Cup matches, as well as other tournaments. Rusedski's final match at a Grand Slam was against Henman, at the 2006 US Open. Henman won 7–6, 6–2, 6–3. Over their careers, in head-to-head encounters, Henman won 8–2. Media career Rusedski has an active media career, having written columns forThe Sun,The Daily MirrorandThe Daily Telegraph.He also works for the television channel British Eurosport providing analysis during the stations' coverage of the Australian Open. He provided commentary and analysis for Sky Sports for their coverage of the US Open and ATP World Tour Events, and for the BBC's coverage of Wimbledon.He has done some acting, appearing in an episode ofAgatha Christie's Marpleas a tennis player.In 2008, he appeared as a contestant on the reality TV showsDancing on IceandBeat the Star. He has appeared in \"Dictionary Corner\" on the Channel 4 game showCountdown. Grand Slam tournament finals Singles: 1 (0–1) Other significant finals Grand Slam Cup Singles: 1 (1–0) Masters Series Singles: 2 (1–1) Career finals Singles: 27 (15 titles, 12 runners-up) Doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held inStockholmthrough 1994,Essenin 1995, andStuttgartfrom 1996 through 2001. 2Rusedski was granted British citizenship in May 1995, and competed for Great Britain from 22 May 1995 onwards. Top 10 wins References External links",
"Karol Kučera Karol Kučera(born 4 March 1974) is a Slovaktenniscoach and former professional player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 6 in September 1998, reaching the semifinals of theAustralian Openthe same year. In 2020, Kučera was elected an MP of theNational Council of Slovakiarepresenting theOrdinary People and Independent Personalitiesmovement, along with fellow former tennis playersJán KrošlákandRomana Tabak. Tennis career Kučera turned professional in 1992. He was a member of theCzechoslovakianGalea Cup teams in 1991 and 1992 and the 1992 European championship squad. In 1993 he qualified for his firstGrand SlamatRoland Garros. In 1995 when Kučera won his first ATP title inRosmalen. In 1996 he played in theSummer OlympicsinAtlantawhere he lost to eventual gold medalistAndre Agassi. A year later he won his second ATP title inOstravadefeatingMagnus Norman. He was runner-up in two other tournaments inNottinghamon grass toGreg RusedskiandStuttgartOutdoor toÁlex Corretjaon clay. Kučera's best year was in 1998, where he finished the year in the top 10, ranked World No. 8, which qualified him in theATP Tour World ChampionshipinHannover. During the year Kučera won 2 titles inSydneydefeatingTim HenmanandNew HavendefeatingGoran Ivanišević. He reached another two finals, losing toGustavo Kuertenin Stuttgart Outdoor and toWorld No. 1Pete SamprasinVienna. Overall in 1998, Kučera compiled a career high 53 match victories and earning $1,402,557. Kučera achieved his best Grand Slam result in 1998 reaching the semi-finals ofAustralian Openwhere on his way he defeatedSergi Bruguera,Daniel Vacek,Daniel Nestor,Richard Frombergand defending champion Pete Sampras in the quarter-finals, losing to eventual championPetr Kordain 4 sets. Later the same year he reached the quarterfinals of the US Open. In 1999, Kučera won his fifth ATP title inBaseldefeatingTim Henmanin the final. After 1999, Kučera struggled with form due to a right wrist and arm injury. After some injury plagued years, Kučera found some form again in 2003 when he finished in the top 50 for the first time since 1999. During the year he won his sixth and final tour title inCopenhagendefeatingOlivier Rochusin the final. Later, Kučera was one of the contributing members on theSlovakianteam which reached the final of theDavis Cupin 2005, eventually losing toCroatia2–3. He announced his retirement after the final. Style of play Miloslav Mečířknown as the \"Big Cat\" was Kučera's coach from 1997 to 2001. Kučera was nicknamed the \"Little Cat\" because of his deceptive style of play and his fluid movement around the court resembling his coach. Kučera was also coached for a time byNovak Djokovic's coach Marian Vajda. Career finals Singles 12 (6–6) Doubles: 4 (0–4) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held in Stockholm through 1994, Essen in 1995, and Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001. Top 10 wins References External links",
"2003 US Open – Men's singles Andy RoddickdefeatedJuan Carlos Ferreroin the final, 6–3, 7–6(7–2), 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2003 US Open. It was his first and onlymajortitle. Roddick remains the most recent American to win a major men's singles title. Roddicksaved a match pointen route to the title, in the semifinals againstDavid Nalbandian. He also completed the \"Summer Slam,\" having wonMasterstitles inCanadaandCincinnatiin the lead-up to the US Open. Pete Sampraswas the reigning champion, but he retired from professional tennis in August 2003. This tournament marked the first US Open main draw appearance for future four-time championRafael Nadal, as well as the first major main draw appearance for future world No. 4 andWimbledonfinalistTomáš Berdych. It also marked the final major appearances for former major championsMichael ChangandYevgeny Kafelnikov. Seeds Qualifying Draw Key Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 External links",
"Alexander Popp Alexander Popp(born 4 November 1976) is a former German professionaltennisplayer.He reached the quarterfinals ofWimbledonin2000and2003. Personal life Popp was born inHeidelbergto parents Rainer and Jennifer, and started playing tennis at the age of 8. He was coached by Helmut Luthy, from 1994 until retirement.He holds aBritishpassport through his mother, who was born inWolverhampton. Tennis career Popp turned professional in 1997 at the age of 21. Popp's career highlights are making the quarterfinals of Wimbledon (by far his most successful tournament) in2000(defeatingGustavo KuertenandMichael Changen route), and in2003(defeatingJiří Novák). He also reached the fourth round in2004, losing to the eventual runner-up in each of these three runs (Patrick Rafter,Mark PhilippoussisandAndy Roddickrespectively), and the third round in2005. Popp also reached the final ofNewport in 2004and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 74. In doubles, Popp made the final ofNewportin 2002 (partneringJürgen Melzer) and the semifinals of theHo Chi Minh Citychampionships in 2005 (partneringJiří Vaněk). ATP career finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 16 (13–3) Doubles: 2 (2–0) Performance timeline Singles References External links"
] | [
"Greg Rusedski Gregory Rusedski(born 6 September 1973) is a British former professionaltennisplayer. He was the British No. 1 in 1997, 1999 and 2006, and reached theATPranking of world No. 4 for periods from 6 October 1997 to 12 October 1997 and from 25 May 1998 to 21 June 1998. In 1997, he was theUS Openfinalist, which led to him receiving theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. Also, he scored 30 wins and 13 losses with theGreat Britain Davis Cup team. Personal life Rusedski was born inMontreal, Quebec, to a British mother and a father of Polish and Ukrainian descent.He was a very promising junior player in Canada in the 1980s, and subsequently caused some anger in Canada when he decided to adopt British citizenship and play for Great Britain in 1995.Rusedski made the decision for \"lifestyle reasons\", noting that his girlfriend — who later became his wife — lived in Britain. Rusedski has been with his wife Lucy Connor since 1991, they met while he was",
"met while he was competing in a junior tournament where she was a ball girl.They married in a Catholic ceremony atDouai Abbeyin West Berkshire in December 1999.They have two children: a daughter born in 2006,and a son born in 2009. Career Rusedski's first career singles tournament title was at theHall of Fame Championshipin Newport, Rhode Island in 1993. He opted to compete for the United Kingdom rather than Canada from 22 May 1995 onwards, a decision which was received poorly by Canadian fans; it was reported that he was given a \"traitor's reception\" by the crowd when he competed in his first Canadian Open after the switch. Rusedski reached the singles final of theUS Openin 1997, where he lost toPat Rafterin four sets (shortly thereafter reaching his career high rank of world No. 4). He also won theBBC Sports Personality of the Year Awardand the ITV Sports Champion of the Year Award. In 1998,Tim Henmaneclipsed Rusedski as the UK number one tennis player. Rusedski, however, won theGrand Slam Cupin 1999. In",
"Slam Cupin 1999. In the1999 US Open, Rusedski reached the fourth round where he was eliminated 5–7, 0–6, 7–6 (7–3), 6–4, 6–4, byTodd Martin; Rusedski had a two-sets-to-none advantage and was serving for the match in the third set, then in the fifth set he was up 4–1, but lost 20 of the final 21 points including a stretch of 18 consecutive points. In the2002 US Open, after losing toPete Samprasin the third round in a grueling five-set match, Rusedski described Sampras as \"a half-step slow\" and predicted that Sampras would lose his fourth-round match to young German starTommy Haas.Sampras, however, went on to win the tournament. AtWimbledon in 2003, Rusedski was playing in a second-round match againstAndy Roddick. Roddick had won the first two sets, but Rusedski was 5–2 up in the third set. During a point on Roddick's service game, a member of the crowd loudly called one of Roddick's shots long, causing Rusedski to stop playing the point as he believed it was a line judge. The umpire ruled that the ball was",
"that the ball was good and that, as Roddick's next shot landed in court, Roddick was awarded the point. Rusedski, believing the point should have been replayed, launched into a long and expletive-riddled tirade at the umpire and, never regaining his composure, went on to lose the next five games without reply to concede the match. Rusedski apologized after the match, and Roddick reached the semifinals. Rusedski tested positive fornandrolonein January 2004, but he was cleared of the charges in a hearing on 10 March 2004. Rusedski was defeated in the second round ofWimbledonin 2005 byJoachim Johanssonof Sweden. Later that year, he defended his title at the Hall of Fame Championship, defeatingVince Spadeain the final. This was the first time he had successfully defended a title and the third time he had won the championship. He then reached the semifinals at both theRCA Championshipsin Indianapolis, losing toTaylor Dent, and theCanada Masterstournament in Montreal, losing toAndre Agassi. Towards the end of",
"Towards the end of 2005, Rusedski's ranking had risen to the high 30s. A defeat for Rusedski in the first round of the Challenger event inDnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, left him ranked 38th, just one place short of regaining the UK top spot. Rusedski reclaimed the UK number-one spot on 15 May 2006, overtakingAndy Murrayby getting to the third round of theRome Masters. He lost the top UK ranking again after a first-round exit at Wimbledon. On 7 April 2007, Rusedski officially retired from tennis after partnering withJamie Murrayto a doubles victory over the Netherlands in aDavis Cupmatch, a result which gave Great Britain a winning 3–0 lead in the tie. He announced his retirement immediately after the win during a live interview withSue Barkeron BBC Television.Rusedski has stayed involved with professional tennis in his retirement, and currently works for theLawn Tennis Associationas a talent and performance ambassador.Rusedski held the record for fastest serve at 149 miles per hour until Andy Roddick broke it. On",
"broke it. On 24 January 2009, Rusedski confirmed he had been seeking a return to professional tennis. However, Davis Cup captain John Lloyd turned down his offer to compete in the Davis Cup, and Rusedski was unable to obtain any wild-card tournament entries.Because of this, Rusedski quickly retracted his announcement and is still retired. Rusedski vs. Henman Rusedski was often overshadowed in the British press by Henman, especially atWimbledon.They were generally closely matched over their careers; both reached a highest world ranking of 4. Rusedski won 15 singles titles compared to Henman's eleven, and also reached the final of theUS Openin 1997, whereas Henman never made it past the semifinals of a Grand Slam tournament. However, Henman reached six Grand Slam semifinals and an additional four quarterfinals, whereas Rusedski reached two Grand Slam quarterfinals in total: at the US Open where he reached the final, and at Wimbledon the same year. Neither Rusedski nor Henman ever reached the quarterfinals of",
"quarterfinals of the Australian Open. Henman reached the semifinals of the French Open, while Rusedski never made it past the fourth round at that tournament. His Davis Cup singles record was considerably poorer than Henman's. In Great Britain's two key Davis Cup ties in the World Group knockout stage, Rusedski lost all four singles rubbers, despite home advantage (against the US in 1999 and Sweden in 2002). However, as a doubles partnership, Rusedski and Henman won several Davis Cup matches, as well as other tournaments. Rusedski's final match at a Grand Slam was against Henman, at the 2006 US Open. Henman won 7–6, 6–2, 6–3. Over their careers, in head-to-head encounters, Henman won 8–2. Media career Rusedski has an active media career, having written columns forThe Sun,The Daily MirrorandThe Daily Telegraph.He also works for the television channel British Eurosport providing analysis during the stations' coverage of the Australian Open. He provided commentary and analysis for Sky Sports for their coverage",
"for their coverage of the US Open and ATP World Tour Events, and for the BBC's coverage of Wimbledon.He has done some acting, appearing in an episode ofAgatha Christie's Marpleas a tennis player.In 2008, he appeared as a contestant on the reality TV showsDancing on IceandBeat the Star. He has appeared in \"Dictionary Corner\" on the Channel 4 game showCountdown. Grand Slam tournament finals Singles: 1 (0–1) Other significant finals Grand Slam Cup Singles: 1 (1–0) Masters Series Singles: 2 (1–1) Career finals Singles: 27 (15 titles, 12 runners-up) Doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held inStockholmthrough 1994,Essenin 1995, andStuttgartfrom 1996 through 2001. 2Rusedski was granted British citizenship in May 1995, and competed for Great Britain from 22 May 1995 onwards. Top 10 wins References External links",
"Karol Kučera Karol Kučera(born 4 March 1974) is a Slovaktenniscoach and former professional player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 6 in September 1998, reaching the semifinals of theAustralian Openthe same year. In 2020, Kučera was elected an MP of theNational Council of Slovakiarepresenting theOrdinary People and Independent Personalitiesmovement, along with fellow former tennis playersJán KrošlákandRomana Tabak. Tennis career Kučera turned professional in 1992. He was a member of theCzechoslovakianGalea Cup teams in 1991 and 1992 and the 1992 European championship squad. In 1993 he qualified for his firstGrand SlamatRoland Garros. In 1995 when Kučera won his first ATP title inRosmalen. In 1996 he played in theSummer OlympicsinAtlantawhere he lost to eventual gold medalistAndre Agassi. A year later he won his second ATP title inOstravadefeatingMagnus Norman. He was runner-up in two other tournaments inNottinghamon grass toGreg RusedskiandStuttgartOutdoor toÁlex Corretjaon clay.",
"Corretjaon clay. Kučera's best year was in 1998, where he finished the year in the top 10, ranked World No. 8, which qualified him in theATP Tour World ChampionshipinHannover. During the year Kučera won 2 titles inSydneydefeatingTim HenmanandNew HavendefeatingGoran Ivanišević. He reached another two finals, losing toGustavo Kuertenin Stuttgart Outdoor and toWorld No. 1Pete SamprasinVienna. Overall in 1998, Kučera compiled a career high 53 match victories and earning $1,402,557. Kučera achieved his best Grand Slam result in 1998 reaching the semi-finals ofAustralian Openwhere on his way he defeatedSergi Bruguera,Daniel Vacek,Daniel Nestor,Richard Frombergand defending champion Pete Sampras in the quarter-finals, losing to eventual championPetr Kordain 4 sets. Later the same year he reached the quarterfinals of the US Open. In 1999, Kučera won his fifth ATP title inBaseldefeatingTim Henmanin the final. After 1999, Kučera struggled with form due to a right wrist and arm injury. After some injury plagued years,",
"plagued years, Kučera found some form again in 2003 when he finished in the top 50 for the first time since 1999. During the year he won his sixth and final tour title inCopenhagendefeatingOlivier Rochusin the final. Later, Kučera was one of the contributing members on theSlovakianteam which reached the final of theDavis Cupin 2005, eventually losing toCroatia2–3. He announced his retirement after the final. Style of play Miloslav Mečířknown as the \"Big Cat\" was Kučera's coach from 1997 to 2001. Kučera was nicknamed the \"Little Cat\" because of his deceptive style of play and his fluid movement around the court resembling his coach. Kučera was also coached for a time byNovak Djokovic's coach Marian Vajda. Career finals Singles 12 (6–6) Doubles: 4 (0–4) Singles performance timeline 1This event was held in Stockholm through 1994, Essen in 1995, and Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001. Top 10 wins References External links",
"2003 US Open – Men's singles Andy RoddickdefeatedJuan Carlos Ferreroin the final, 6–3, 7–6(7–2), 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2003 US Open. It was his first and onlymajortitle. Roddick remains the most recent American to win a major men's singles title. Roddicksaved a match pointen route to the title, in the semifinals againstDavid Nalbandian. He also completed the \"Summer Slam,\" having wonMasterstitles inCanadaandCincinnatiin the lead-up to the US Open. Pete Sampraswas the reigning champion, but he retired from professional tennis in August 2003. This tournament marked the first US Open main draw appearance for future four-time championRafael Nadal, as well as the first major main draw appearance for future world No. 4 andWimbledonfinalistTomáš Berdych. It also marked the final major appearances for former major championsMichael ChangandYevgeny Kafelnikov. Seeds Qualifying Draw Key Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8",
"Section 7 Section 8 External links",
"Alexander Popp Alexander Popp(born 4 November 1976) is a former German professionaltennisplayer.He reached the quarterfinals ofWimbledonin2000and2003. Personal life Popp was born inHeidelbergto parents Rainer and Jennifer, and started playing tennis at the age of 8. He was coached by Helmut Luthy, from 1994 until retirement.He holds aBritishpassport through his mother, who was born inWolverhampton. Tennis career Popp turned professional in 1997 at the age of 21. Popp's career highlights are making the quarterfinals of Wimbledon (by far his most successful tournament) in2000(defeatingGustavo KuertenandMichael Changen route), and in2003(defeatingJiří Novák). He also reached the fourth round in2004, losing to the eventual runner-up in each of these three runs (Patrick Rafter,Mark PhilippoussisandAndy Roddickrespectively), and the third round in2005. Popp also reached the final ofNewport in 2004and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 74. In doubles, Popp made the final ofNewportin 2002",
"ofNewportin 2002 (partneringJürgen Melzer) and the semifinals of theHo Chi Minh Citychampionships in 2005 (partneringJiří Vaněk). ATP career finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 16 (13–3) Doubles: 2 (2–0) Performance timeline Singles References External links"
] |
How many more votes did the Conservatives receive in the Highlands and Islands region in the 2021 Scottish Parliamentary Elections than in 2016? | 16,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election"
] | [
"2021 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2021 Scottish Parliament electiontook place on 11 May 2021,under the provisions of theScotland Act 1998. All 129Members of the Scottish Parliamentwere elected in the sixthelectionsince the parliament was re-established in 1999. The election was held alongside theSenedd electionin Wales,English local elections,London Assemblyandmayoral electionand theHartlepool by-election. The election campaign started on 25 March 2021 during theCOVID-19 pandemic in Scotland. Parliament was officiallydissolvedon 5 May, the day before the election.The main parties fielding candidates were: theScottish National Party(SNP), led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon; theScottish Conservatives, led byDouglas Ross;Scottish Labour, led byAnas Sarwar; theScottish Liberal Democrats, led byWillie Rennie, and theScottish Greens, jointly ledPatrick HarvieandLorna Slater. Of those five parties, three had changed their leader since the2016 election. Newer parties set up since the 2016 election included:Reform UK Scotland, led byMichelle Ballantyne; theAlba Party, led by former First Minister and SNP leaderAlex Salmond; andAll for Unity, led byGeorge Galloway. These parties only competed for seats on theregional lists. They all failed to win any seats. The election resulted in the SNP winning a fourth consecutive term in government. They won 64 seats, a net increase of one. The SNP gainedEdinburgh Central,Ayr, andEast Lothian, as well as winning the largest share of the popular vote and the largest number of constituency seats in any Scottish Parliament election (62).The Greens won eight seats, their best result to date at a Scottish Parliament election, while the Conservatives retained second place with 31 seats. Labour had its worst-ever result with 22 seats, and the lowest share of the vote in both constituency and list votes for either Westminster or Holyrood since 1910. The Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) also had their worst showing at a Holyrood election to date, winning only four seats. The SNP and the Greens, both of which supportScottish independence, won 72 of the 129 seats in the parliament. Unionist parties (that is, those against independence) achieved a small majority of votes in constituency contests, whilst pro-independence parties achieved a small majority in the regional lists.The turnout was 63.5%, which is the highest ever at a Scottish Parliament election. Following the election, thethird Sturgeon governmentwas formed. It initially consisted of just the SNP, but later included Slater and Harvie of the Scottish Greens as junior ministers after the two parties negotiated apower-sharing agreement. Background Electoral events 2016 Scottish Parliament election At the2016 election, the rulingScottish National Party(SNP) lost itsparliamentary majoritybut was able to continue governing underNicola Sturgeonas aminorityadministration.At the same election, theConservativesovertookLabourto place second, whilst theGreensovertook theLiberal Democratsto place fourth.No representatives of minor parties were elected to the Parliament. Other elections Four further elections affecting Scotland took place between the 2016 and 2021 Scottish Parliament elections: Leadership changes Three parties underwent leadership changes during the parliamentary term leading up to the election. In August 2017,Kezia Dugdaleresigned as leader of Scottish Labour and wasreplacedbyRichard Leonard.In January 2021, less than four months before the election, Leonard resigned.Anas Sarwarwon the subsequentleadership election. In August 2019,Lorna SlaterandPatrick Harviebecameco-leadersof theScottish Greens. Also in August 2019,Ruth Davidsonresigned as leader of the Scottish Conservatives and wassucceededbyJackson Carlaw.Carlaw resigned as leader in July 2020,withDouglas Rosswinning the subsequentleadership electionunopposed. Expansion of the electorate This is the first election after the passage of the Scottish Elections (Franchise and Representation) Act, which extended thefranchiseto those serving prison sentences of 12 months or less.In 2005, the United Kingdom was found in breach of Protocol 1, Article 3 of theEuropean Convention on Human Rightsin regards of prisoner voting rights in theEuropean Court of Human Rightsas a result ofHirst v United Kingdom (No 2); the Act brings Scotland in line with the court ruling. This act also allows all foreign nationals resident in Scotland to vote and all those withindefinite leave to remainor equivalent status, includingpre–settled statusin the United Kingdom, to stand as candidates.A BBC News report in April 2021 said that there were around 55,000 foreign nationals who had been given the right to vote as a result of these changes, including 20,000 refugees. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary general election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2016 election, i.e. in May 2020.This would have clashed with the proposed date of a UK general election, although this became a moot point when a snap UK general election was held inJune 2017(a further UK general election was held inDecember 2019).In November 2015, the Scottish Government published a Scottish Elections (Dates) Bill, which proposed to extend the term of the Parliament to five years.That Bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 25 February 2016 and received Royal Assent on 30 March 2016, setting the new date for the election as 6 May 2021. The Scottish Elections (Dates) Act did not affect the legal possibilities for the Parliament to be dissolved earlier, those being; Nevertheless, no extraordinary general elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary general election would be in addition to the ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case it would supplant it.This would not affect the year in which the subsequent ordinary general election would be held. On 16 November 2020, the Scottish General Election (Coronavirus) Bill was introduced.This draft legislation stated that while the next election was intended to be held on 6 May 2021, thePresiding Officerwould gain the power to postpone the election by up to six months if the spread ofCOVID-19made that date impractical.The bill also proposed to change the date of dissolution to the day before the election, meaning that the Parliament could be recalled during the election period.The bill was enacted and receivedRoyal Assenton 29 January 2021.Parliament was in fact recalled on 12 April, to allow MSPs to mark the death ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Retiring MSPs James Dornanannounced in February 2020 his intention to retire at the next Holyrood election,but reversed this decision some months later. Parties The SNP, Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies and all eight of the regional ballots.Five other parties contested both all eight regions and at least one constituency: the Scottish Greens (12 constituencies) theScottish Libertarian Party(9), theScottish Family Party(7),UKIP(5) and the Freedom Alliance (4). Four parties –Abolish the Scottish Parliament Party,Alba Party,All for Unity, andReform UK– stood in all eight electoral regions, but did not contest any constituencies. Six other parties contested some of the regions and at least one constituency:TUSC(3 regions and 3 constituencies), Restore Scotland (2 regions, 4 constituencies),Scotia Future(2 of each), theCommunist Party of Britain(2 regions and 1 constituency), theReclaim Party(1 of each) and the Vanguard Party (also 1 of each). Five other parties –Independent Green Voice(5 regions),Renew(5), theSocial Democratic Party(2),Women's Equality(2) andAnimal Welfare(1) – contested some of the regions, but not any constituencies. TheScottish Socialist Party, which participated in the last election as part of the electoral allianceRISE – Scotland's Left Alliance, opted not to participate in this election, for the first time since its inception. List of parties contesting all regional ballots Election system, seats and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The Scottish Parliament uses anadditional member system(AMS), designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There is a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt methodusing the constituency resultsis used to elect these additional MSPs. The boundaries of the 73 constituencies last changed as of the2011 Scottish Parliament election, as did the configuration of the electoral regions used to elect \"list\" members of the Scottish Parliament.These revisions were the outcome of the First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsconducted by theBoundary Commission for Scotland; the Review was announced on 3 July 2007 and the Commission published its final report on 26 May 2010. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The size difference between Westminster and Holyrood boundaries was due to diverge further upon the implementation of theSixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which has not been voted upon by Parliament. The2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituenciesfor a UK total of 650 MPs commenced in England in 2021 and will complete for the UK by 2023. Campaign The election campaign started on 25 March 2021.The Scottish Conservatives launched their campaign the same day, with a focus on promoting Scotland's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. On 26 March 2021, theAlba Partywas publicly launched by formerFirst Minister of Scotlandand SNP leader,Alex Salmond.The party announced plans to standlist-only candidates. Two sitting SNP MPs later defected to the Alba party.TheAction for Independenceparty, which had intended to pursue a similar list-only strategy, announced they would stand down their candidates in favour of Alba.Sturgeon said she would refuse to have any dealings with Salmond unless he apologises to the women who had accused him of harassment. BBC Scotlandannounced that it would broadcast two debates between the main parties' leaders; the first was aired on 30 March 2021 and was moderated by the corporation's Scotland editorSarah Smith.The debate included key questions from the audience on theCOVID-19 recovery,climate change, and asecond referendumonScottish independence. The second BBC debate was held on 4 May 2021 and was moderated by BBC Scotland's political editorGlenn Campbell. Commercial broadcasterSTVheld their leaders' debate on 13 April, moderated by their political editorColin Mackay.NUS Scotlandheld a debate on specifically on student issues which was moderated by NUS Scotland president, Matt Crilly on 20 April which featured the three main party leaders. On 1 April,Planet Radioannounced that theirClyde 2station would be hosting a Leaders Phone-In with the main parties' leaders every Sunday before the election.Douglas Rosswas the first to be interviewed on 4 April,withWillie Renniefollowing on 18 April. WhilstNicola Sturgeonwas set to be interviewed on 11 April, campaigning was delayed following the death ofPrince Philipand her phone-in was instead held on 22 April.Patrick Harviefollowed on 25 April; andAnas Sarwarhad the final phone-in on 2 May. Following Prince Philip's death on 9 April, the SNP, Conservatives, Labour, Greens and Liberal Democrats said they would suspend election campaigning until further notice.After discussion between the parties, they agreed to resume campaigning after a special parliamentary session on 12 April to make tributes and to pause activities again on the day of the funeral (17 April). Election debates Opinion polling Graph of opinion poll results prior to the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. Trendlines are 30-day moving averages. SNP –Scottish National PartyConservative –Scottish ConservativesLabour –Scottish LabourLib Dem –Scottish Liberal DemocratsGreen –Scottish GreensUKIP –UK Independence PartyReform –Reform UKSSP –Scottish Socialist PartyAlba –Alba PartyAFU –All for Unity Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2016 result to change hands. The most marginal opportunity for theGreenswas inGlasgow Kelvin, which they needed a 7.1% swing to gain. TheLiberal Democrats' best bet wasCaithness, Sutherland and Ross, which required a 6.1% swing. The SNP ended up holding both of these constituencies. SNP targets Conservative targets Labour targets Results Overall Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Constituency seat changes compared to 2016 MSPs who lost their seats Analysis The SNP won 64 seats, falling one seat short of an overall majority.Some commentators put this down to unionistsvoting tacticallyfor Conservative, Labour and Lib Dem candidates.According to psephologistJohn Curtice, \"Denying the SNP an overall majority was, indeed, a collective effort – at least on the part of Unionist voters, who on the constituency ballot demonstrated a remarkable willingness to back whichever pro-Union party appeared to be best placed locally to defeat the SNP. These patterns had a decisive impact on the outcome.\"This was apparent in seats likeDumbarton, where incumbent Labour MSPJackie Bailliesaw her 0.3% majority increased to 3.9%, whilst both the Conservative and Lib Dem vote share decreased. InThe National,Emer O'Toolequestioned whether social media adverts with \"a lack of transparency over funding\" may have cost the SNP key seats as well.The day before the election,The Guardianreported that anti-independence groups and campaigners had \"spent tens of thousands of pounds in the past week\", including onFacebookadverts, calling for tactical voting to prevent the SNP getting a majority.One of these groups was Scotland Matters, whose founder, ProfessorHugh Penningtonsaid, \"Across the country as a whole, tactical voting is obviously one of the ways forward to basically harm the SNP, not to put too fine a point on it.\" Additionally, the Greens claimed that they may have been deprived of two seats because ofIndependent Green Voice(IGV), a far-right party which has nothing to do with the Scottish Greens (who support Scottish independence). IGV received nearly 10,000 votes, including 2,210 inGlasgow(where the Greens were 1,000 short of gaining a seat) and 1,690 inSouth Scotland(where the Greens fell 100 short). This potentially prevented pro-independence parties from having a 19-seat majority instead of 15 seats. TheScottish and Welsh Election Studies 2021, revealed on 13 June, found that around a third of Scottish voters who decided to vote differently in the run-up to the election did so to stop another party, and that 90% of those who did this did so in a bid to prevent the SNP winning the seat. Rob Johns, Professor in Politics at theUniversity of Essex, said: \"e found a lot more switching than we had expected. The polls had suggested that not much was changing and obviously the overall election result was almost eerily similar to 2016. That can mean that nobody has changed their mind or it can mean lots of people have changed their mind – but these have cancelled out as people have moved in opposing directions. We found there was quite a lot more of that than we had expected.\" Voter demographics Data fromSavanta ComRes: Campaign spending Aftermath Nicola Sturgeonwas nominated asFirst Ministerby a vote of the parliament on 18 May 2021.Hercabinetwas approved by the parliament two days later and thus theThird Sturgeon government, aminority government, was formed. On 3 August 2021, it was reported that a co-operation agreement between the SNP and the Greens was \"on the brink of being finalised\" and could see Green MSPs take ministerial positions in government.On 19 August, the power-sharing agreement between the two parties was announced.Under the terms of the agreement, the Greens have two MSPs appointed as junior ministers in the government who are invited to attend cabinet meetings when their portfolios are being discussed. The Greens signed up to the bulk of the SNP's policies, but in areas of disagreement such as international relations and fee-paying schools the two parties are free to publicly disagree.The agreement states that the Greens support the government onvotes of confidenceandsupply. A deal that would seePatrick HarvieandLorna Slatermade ministers was revealed on 26 August, subject to being voted upon by Green Party members.Two days later, members of both parties overwhelmingly voted in favour of the deal. See also Other elections in the UK which were held on the same day: Footnotes References External links",
"2016 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2016 Scottish parliament electionwas held on Thursday, 5 May 2016to elect 129 members to theScottish Parliament. It was the fifthelection heldsince the devolved parliament was established in 1999. It was the first parliamentary election in Scotland in which 16 and 17 year olds were eligible to vote, under the provisions of the Scottish Elections (Reduction of Voting Age) Act.It was also the first time the three largest parties were led by women. Parliament went into dissolution on 24 March 2016, allowing the official period of campaigning to get underway. Five parties had MSPs in the previous parliament:Scottish National Party(SNP) led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon,Scottish Labourled byKezia Dugdale,Scottish Conservativesled byRuth Davidson,Scottish Liberal Democratsled byWillie Rennie,Scottish Greens, led by their co-convenersPatrick HarvieandMaggie Chapman. Of those five parties, four changed their leader since the2011 election. During the campaign, a series of televised debates took place, including party leaders of the elected parties.BBC Scotlandheld the first leaders' debate on 24 March,STVbroadcast the next on 29 March, and BBC Scotland hosted the final debate on 1 May. The election resulted in ahung parliamentwith the Scottish National Party winning a third term in government, but falling two seats short of securing a second consecutive overall majority.The Conservatives saw a significant increase in support and replaced the Labour Party as the second-largest party and main opposition in the Scottish Parliament. This was the first time that Labour had finished in third place at a Scottish election in 98 years.The Scottish Greens won six seats on the regional list and overtook the Liberal Democrats, who remained on five seats. Although the SNP had lost their majority, it was still by far the largest single party in the Scottish Parliament, with more than double the seats of the Conservatives. Accordingly, Sturgeon announced she would form aminority SNP government. She was voted in for a second term as First Minister on 17 May. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2011 election, i.e. in May 2015.In May 2010, thenew UK Governmentstated in itscoalition agreementthat thenext general electionwould also be held in May 2015.This proposal was criticised by the Scottish National Party and Labour, as it had been recommended after the2007 electionthat elections with different voting systems should be held on separate days: a recommendation which all of the political parties had then accepted.In response to this criticism, Deputy Prime MinisterNick Cleggoffered the right to vary the date of the Scottish Parliament election by a year either way.All the main political parties then stated their support for delaying the election by a year.TheFixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, a statute of the UK Parliament, moved the date of the Scottish Parliament election to 5 May 2016. The date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by themonarch, on the proposal of thePresiding Officer. If Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved, with at least two-thirds of theMembers(i.e. 86 Members) voting in favour, the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary election and the Parliament is dissolved by the monarch byroyal proclamation. It does not necessarily require a two-thirds majority to precipitate an extraordinary election, because under the Scotland Act Parliament is also dissolved if it fails to nominate one of its members to beFirst Ministerwithin certain time limits, irrespective of whether at the beginning or in the middle of a parliamentary term. Therefore, if the First Minister resigned, Parliament would then have 28 days to elect a successor (s46(2)b and s46(3)a). If no new First Minister was elected then the Presiding Officer would ask for Parliament to be dissolved under s3(1)a. This process could also be triggered if the First Minister lost avote of confidenceby asimple majority(i.e. more than 50%), as they must then resign (Scotland Act 1998 s45(2)). To date the Parliament has never held a vote of no confidence in a First Minister. No extraordinary elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary elections would be in addition to ordinary elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary election, in which case they supplant it. The subsequent ordinary election reverts to the first Thursday in May, a multiple of four years after 1999. It was envisaged that the election would still have taken place as scheduled if Scotland had voted in favour ofindependencein 2014. Retiring MSPs Deselected MSPs Changes to the SNP's selection procedures the previous year in order to ensure gender balance of candidates meant that any incumbent constituency MSP who chose to retire would have their replacement selected from anall-woman shortlist. The only ways for a new male candidate to receive a constituency nomination would be to stand in a constituency currently held by an opposition MSP or to run a de-selection campaign against a sitting MSP. For that reason there were far more challenges than normal within the SNP, but only two were successful: Election system, seats, and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsby theBoundary Commission for Scotland, was announced on 3 July 2007. The Commission published its provisional proposals for the regional boundaries in 2009. The Scottish Parliament uses anAdditional Members System, designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There are a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt method, using the constituency results, is used to elect these additional MSPs. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The boundaries used for the Scottish Parliament elections were then revised for the 2011 election. The Boundary Commission also recommended changes to the electoral regions used to elect \"list\" members of the Scottish Parliament,which were also implemented in 2011. Campaign On 29 February 2016,BBC Scotland'sScotland 2016current affairs programme held a debate focusing on education featuring theEducation MinisterAngela Constanceand three party leaders:Kezia Dugdale,Ruth DavidsonandWillie Rennie. On 24 March 2016,BBC Scotlandheld a debate inGlasgowwhich was televised that featured Dugdale, Davidson, Rennie,Nicola Sturgeon,Patrick HarvieandDavid Coburn. On 29 March 2016,STVhosted a televised leaders' debate, featuring the five leaders of the parties which held seats in the last Parliament. From 5–26 April 2016,Scotland 2016also held a series of weekly subject debates on Tuesday nights. The subjects were Tax, Health, Energy & Environment, and Housing.Of these, six parties (SNP,Labour,ConservativesandLiberal Democrats, theScottish GreensandUKIP) were invited to the Tax debate. Parties contesting the election The official nomination period closed on 1 April 2016, lists of candidates were then published by local councils once the applications had been processed. In March 2015, the Scottish Greens balloted their members to select candidates for their regional lists.The SNP released their regional candidate list in October 2015.The Conservative regional candidate list followed in December.In January 2016,RISE – Scotland's Left Allianceannounced list candidates for all regions except the North East.Labour had announced a new selection process for regional candidates in November 2013,then revealed their full list of regional candidates in February 2016.UKIP's regional candidates were picked by their executive committee, prompting one prospective candidate to resign his party membership. Contesting constituency and regional ballot The SNP, the Scottish Labour, the Scottish Conservatives and the Scottish Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies. Contesting regional ballot only Contesting constituency ballot only Opinion polling The chart shows the relative state of the parties since polling began from 2012, until the date of the election. The constituency vote is shown as semi-transparent lines, while the regional vote is shown in full lines. Result Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Margo MacDonaldhad been elected on the Lothian regional list in 2011, as an Independent; she died in 2014. Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2011 result to change hands. SNP targets Labour targets Conservative targets Liberal Democrat targets Incumbents defeated (stood forNorth East Scotland) * Formerly SNP See also Other elections in the UK being held on the same day UK parliamentary by-elections References External links Party manifestos"
] | [
"2021 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2021 Scottish Parliament electiontook place on 11 May 2021,under the provisions of theScotland Act 1998. All 129Members of the Scottish Parliamentwere elected in the sixthelectionsince the parliament was re-established in 1999. The election was held alongside theSenedd electionin Wales,English local elections,London Assemblyandmayoral electionand theHartlepool by-election. The election campaign started on 25 March 2021 during theCOVID-19 pandemic in Scotland. Parliament was officiallydissolvedon 5 May, the day before the election.The main parties fielding candidates were: theScottish National Party(SNP), led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon; theScottish Conservatives, led byDouglas Ross;Scottish Labour, led byAnas Sarwar; theScottish Liberal Democrats, led byWillie Rennie, and theScottish Greens, jointly ledPatrick HarvieandLorna Slater. Of those five parties, three had changed their leader since the2016 election. Newer parties set up",
"parties set up since the 2016 election included:Reform UK Scotland, led byMichelle Ballantyne; theAlba Party, led by former First Minister and SNP leaderAlex Salmond; andAll for Unity, led byGeorge Galloway. These parties only competed for seats on theregional lists. They all failed to win any seats. The election resulted in the SNP winning a fourth consecutive term in government. They won 64 seats, a net increase of one. The SNP gainedEdinburgh Central,Ayr, andEast Lothian, as well as winning the largest share of the popular vote and the largest number of constituency seats in any Scottish Parliament election (62).The Greens won eight seats, their best result to date at a Scottish Parliament election, while the Conservatives retained second place with 31 seats. Labour had its worst-ever result with 22 seats, and the lowest share of the vote in both constituency and list votes for either Westminster or Holyrood since 1910. The Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems) also had their worst showing at a Holyrood election",
"a Holyrood election to date, winning only four seats. The SNP and the Greens, both of which supportScottish independence, won 72 of the 129 seats in the parliament. Unionist parties (that is, those against independence) achieved a small majority of votes in constituency contests, whilst pro-independence parties achieved a small majority in the regional lists.The turnout was 63.5%, which is the highest ever at a Scottish Parliament election. Following the election, thethird Sturgeon governmentwas formed. It initially consisted of just the SNP, but later included Slater and Harvie of the Scottish Greens as junior ministers after the two parties negotiated apower-sharing agreement. Background Electoral events 2016 Scottish Parliament election At the2016 election, the rulingScottish National Party(SNP) lost itsparliamentary majoritybut was able to continue governing underNicola Sturgeonas aminorityadministration.At the same election, theConservativesovertookLabourto place second, whilst theGreensovertook",
"theGreensovertook theLiberal Democratsto place fourth.No representatives of minor parties were elected to the Parliament. Other elections Four further elections affecting Scotland took place between the 2016 and 2021 Scottish Parliament elections: Leadership changes Three parties underwent leadership changes during the parliamentary term leading up to the election. In August 2017,Kezia Dugdaleresigned as leader of Scottish Labour and wasreplacedbyRichard Leonard.In January 2021, less than four months before the election, Leonard resigned.Anas Sarwarwon the subsequentleadership election. In August 2019,Lorna SlaterandPatrick Harviebecameco-leadersof theScottish Greens. Also in August 2019,Ruth Davidsonresigned as leader of the Scottish Conservatives and wassucceededbyJackson Carlaw.Carlaw resigned as leader in July 2020,withDouglas Rosswinning the subsequentleadership electionunopposed. Expansion of the electorate This is the first election after the passage of the Scottish Elections (Franchise and",
"(Franchise and Representation) Act, which extended thefranchiseto those serving prison sentences of 12 months or less.In 2005, the United Kingdom was found in breach of Protocol 1, Article 3 of theEuropean Convention on Human Rightsin regards of prisoner voting rights in theEuropean Court of Human Rightsas a result ofHirst v United Kingdom (No 2); the Act brings Scotland in line with the court ruling. This act also allows all foreign nationals resident in Scotland to vote and all those withindefinite leave to remainor equivalent status, includingpre–settled statusin the United Kingdom, to stand as candidates.A BBC News report in April 2021 said that there were around 55,000 foreign nationals who had been given the right to vote as a result of these changes, including 20,000 refugees. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary general election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2016 election, i.e. in May 2020.This would have clashed with",
"have clashed with the proposed date of a UK general election, although this became a moot point when a snap UK general election was held inJune 2017(a further UK general election was held inDecember 2019).In November 2015, the Scottish Government published a Scottish Elections (Dates) Bill, which proposed to extend the term of the Parliament to five years.That Bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 25 February 2016 and received Royal Assent on 30 March 2016, setting the new date for the election as 6 May 2021. The Scottish Elections (Dates) Act did not affect the legal possibilities for the Parliament to be dissolved earlier, those being; Nevertheless, no extraordinary general elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary general election would be in addition to the ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case it would supplant it.This would not affect the year in which the subsequent ordinary general election",
"general election would be held. On 16 November 2020, the Scottish General Election (Coronavirus) Bill was introduced.This draft legislation stated that while the next election was intended to be held on 6 May 2021, thePresiding Officerwould gain the power to postpone the election by up to six months if the spread ofCOVID-19made that date impractical.The bill also proposed to change the date of dissolution to the day before the election, meaning that the Parliament could be recalled during the election period.The bill was enacted and receivedRoyal Assenton 29 January 2021.Parliament was in fact recalled on 12 April, to allow MSPs to mark the death ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Retiring MSPs James Dornanannounced in February 2020 his intention to retire at the next Holyrood election,but reversed this decision some months later. Parties The SNP, Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies and all eight of the regional ballots.Five other parties contested both",
"contested both all eight regions and at least one constituency: the Scottish Greens (12 constituencies) theScottish Libertarian Party(9), theScottish Family Party(7),UKIP(5) and the Freedom Alliance (4). Four parties –Abolish the Scottish Parliament Party,Alba Party,All for Unity, andReform UK– stood in all eight electoral regions, but did not contest any constituencies. Six other parties contested some of the regions and at least one constituency:TUSC(3 regions and 3 constituencies), Restore Scotland (2 regions, 4 constituencies),Scotia Future(2 of each), theCommunist Party of Britain(2 regions and 1 constituency), theReclaim Party(1 of each) and the Vanguard Party (also 1 of each). Five other parties –Independent Green Voice(5 regions),Renew(5), theSocial Democratic Party(2),Women's Equality(2) andAnimal Welfare(1) – contested some of the regions, but not any constituencies. TheScottish Socialist Party, which participated in the last election as part of the electoral allianceRISE – Scotland's Left",
"– Scotland's Left Alliance, opted not to participate in this election, for the first time since its inception. List of parties contesting all regional ballots Election system, seats and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The Scottish Parliament uses anadditional member system(AMS), designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There is a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt methodusing the constituency resultsis used to elect these additional MSPs. The boundaries of the 73 constituencies last changed as of the2011 Scottish Parliament election, as did the configuration of the electoral regions used to elect \"list\" members of the Scottish Parliament.These revisions were the outcome of",
"were the outcome of the First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsconducted by theBoundary Commission for Scotland; the Review was announced on 3 July 2007 and the Commission published its final report on 26 May 2010. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The size difference between Westminster and Holyrood boundaries was due to diverge further upon the implementation of theSixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which has not been voted upon by Parliament. The2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituenciesfor a UK total of 650 MPs commenced in England in 2021 and will complete for the UK by 2023. Campaign The election campaign started on 25 March 2021.The Scottish Conservatives launched their",
"launched their campaign the same day, with a focus on promoting Scotland's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. On 26 March 2021, theAlba Partywas publicly launched by formerFirst Minister of Scotlandand SNP leader,Alex Salmond.The party announced plans to standlist-only candidates. Two sitting SNP MPs later defected to the Alba party.TheAction for Independenceparty, which had intended to pursue a similar list-only strategy, announced they would stand down their candidates in favour of Alba.Sturgeon said she would refuse to have any dealings with Salmond unless he apologises to the women who had accused him of harassment. BBC Scotlandannounced that it would broadcast two debates between the main parties' leaders; the first was aired on 30 March 2021 and was moderated by the corporation's Scotland editorSarah Smith.The debate included key questions from the audience on theCOVID-19 recovery,climate change, and asecond referendumonScottish independence. The second BBC debate was held on 4 May 2021 and was",
"4 May 2021 and was moderated by BBC Scotland's political editorGlenn Campbell. Commercial broadcasterSTVheld their leaders' debate on 13 April, moderated by their political editorColin Mackay.NUS Scotlandheld a debate on specifically on student issues which was moderated by NUS Scotland president, Matt Crilly on 20 April which featured the three main party leaders. On 1 April,Planet Radioannounced that theirClyde 2station would be hosting a Leaders Phone-In with the main parties' leaders every Sunday before the election.Douglas Rosswas the first to be interviewed on 4 April,withWillie Renniefollowing on 18 April. WhilstNicola Sturgeonwas set to be interviewed on 11 April, campaigning was delayed following the death ofPrince Philipand her phone-in was instead held on 22 April.Patrick Harviefollowed on 25 April; andAnas Sarwarhad the final phone-in on 2 May. Following Prince Philip's death on 9 April, the SNP, Conservatives, Labour, Greens and Liberal Democrats said they would suspend election campaigning",
"campaigning until further notice.After discussion between the parties, they agreed to resume campaigning after a special parliamentary session on 12 April to make tributes and to pause activities again on the day of the funeral (17 April). Election debates Opinion polling Graph of opinion poll results prior to the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. Trendlines are 30-day moving averages. SNP –Scottish National PartyConservative –Scottish ConservativesLabour –Scottish LabourLib Dem –Scottish Liberal DemocratsGreen –Scottish GreensUKIP –UK Independence PartyReform –Reform UKSSP –Scottish Socialist PartyAlba –Alba PartyAFU –All for Unity Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2016 result to change hands. The most marginal opportunity for theGreenswas inGlasgow Kelvin, which they needed a 7.1% swing to gain. TheLiberal Democrats' best bet wasCaithness, Sutherland and Ross, which required a 6.1% swing. The SNP ended up holding both of these",
"both of these constituencies. SNP targets Conservative targets Labour targets Results Overall Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Constituency seat changes compared to 2016 MSPs who lost their seats Analysis The SNP won 64 seats, falling one seat short of an overall majority.Some commentators put this down to unionistsvoting tacticallyfor Conservative, Labour and Lib Dem candidates.According to psephologistJohn Curtice, \"Denying the SNP an overall majority was, indeed, a collective effort – at least on the part of Unionist voters, who on the constituency ballot demonstrated a remarkable willingness to back whichever pro-Union party appeared to be best placed locally to defeat the SNP. These patterns had a decisive impact on the outcome.\"This was apparent in seats likeDumbarton, where incumbent Labour MSPJackie Bailliesaw her 0.3% majority increased to 3.9%, whilst both the Conservative and Lib Dem vote",
"and Lib Dem vote share decreased. InThe National,Emer O'Toolequestioned whether social media adverts with \"a lack of transparency over funding\" may have cost the SNP key seats as well.The day before the election,The Guardianreported that anti-independence groups and campaigners had \"spent tens of thousands of pounds in the past week\", including onFacebookadverts, calling for tactical voting to prevent the SNP getting a majority.One of these groups was Scotland Matters, whose founder, ProfessorHugh Penningtonsaid, \"Across the country as a whole, tactical voting is obviously one of the ways forward to basically harm the SNP, not to put too fine a point on it.\" Additionally, the Greens claimed that they may have been deprived of two seats because ofIndependent Green Voice(IGV), a far-right party which has nothing to do with the Scottish Greens (who support Scottish independence). IGV received nearly 10,000 votes, including 2,210 inGlasgow(where the Greens were 1,000 short of gaining a seat) and 1,690 inSouth",
"and 1,690 inSouth Scotland(where the Greens fell 100 short). This potentially prevented pro-independence parties from having a 19-seat majority instead of 15 seats. TheScottish and Welsh Election Studies 2021, revealed on 13 June, found that around a third of Scottish voters who decided to vote differently in the run-up to the election did so to stop another party, and that 90% of those who did this did so in a bid to prevent the SNP winning the seat. Rob Johns, Professor in Politics at theUniversity of Essex, said: \"e found a lot more switching than we had expected. The polls had suggested that not much was changing and obviously the overall election result was almost eerily similar to 2016. That can mean that nobody has changed their mind or it can mean lots of people have changed their mind – but these have cancelled out as people have moved in opposing directions. We found there was quite a lot more of that than we had expected.\" Voter demographics Data fromSavanta ComRes: Campaign spending Aftermath",
"spending Aftermath Nicola Sturgeonwas nominated asFirst Ministerby a vote of the parliament on 18 May 2021.Hercabinetwas approved by the parliament two days later and thus theThird Sturgeon government, aminority government, was formed. On 3 August 2021, it was reported that a co-operation agreement between the SNP and the Greens was \"on the brink of being finalised\" and could see Green MSPs take ministerial positions in government.On 19 August, the power-sharing agreement between the two parties was announced.Under the terms of the agreement, the Greens have two MSPs appointed as junior ministers in the government who are invited to attend cabinet meetings when their portfolios are being discussed. The Greens signed up to the bulk of the SNP's policies, but in areas of disagreement such as international relations and fee-paying schools the two parties are free to publicly disagree.The agreement states that the Greens support the government onvotes of confidenceandsupply. A deal that would seePatrick",
"would seePatrick HarvieandLorna Slatermade ministers was revealed on 26 August, subject to being voted upon by Green Party members.Two days later, members of both parties overwhelmingly voted in favour of the deal. See also Other elections in the UK which were held on the same day: Footnotes References External links",
"2016 Scottish Parliament election Nicola SturgeonSNP Nicola SturgeonSNP The2016 Scottish parliament electionwas held on Thursday, 5 May 2016to elect 129 members to theScottish Parliament. It was the fifthelection heldsince the devolved parliament was established in 1999. It was the first parliamentary election in Scotland in which 16 and 17 year olds were eligible to vote, under the provisions of the Scottish Elections (Reduction of Voting Age) Act.It was also the first time the three largest parties were led by women. Parliament went into dissolution on 24 March 2016, allowing the official period of campaigning to get underway. Five parties had MSPs in the previous parliament:Scottish National Party(SNP) led byFirst MinisterNicola Sturgeon,Scottish Labourled byKezia Dugdale,Scottish Conservativesled byRuth Davidson,Scottish Liberal Democratsled byWillie Rennie,Scottish Greens, led by their co-convenersPatrick HarvieandMaggie Chapman. Of those five parties, four changed their leader since the2011 election.",
"the2011 election. During the campaign, a series of televised debates took place, including party leaders of the elected parties.BBC Scotlandheld the first leaders' debate on 24 March,STVbroadcast the next on 29 March, and BBC Scotland hosted the final debate on 1 May. The election resulted in ahung parliamentwith the Scottish National Party winning a third term in government, but falling two seats short of securing a second consecutive overall majority.The Conservatives saw a significant increase in support and replaced the Labour Party as the second-largest party and main opposition in the Scottish Parliament. This was the first time that Labour had finished in third place at a Scottish election in 98 years.The Scottish Greens won six seats on the regional list and overtook the Liberal Democrats, who remained on five seats. Although the SNP had lost their majority, it was still by far the largest single party in the Scottish Parliament, with more than double the seats of the Conservatives. Accordingly,",
"Accordingly, Sturgeon announced she would form aminority SNP government. She was voted in for a second term as First Minister on 17 May. Date Under theScotland Act 1998, an ordinary election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the2011 election, i.e. in May 2015.In May 2010, thenew UK Governmentstated in itscoalition agreementthat thenext general electionwould also be held in May 2015.This proposal was criticised by the Scottish National Party and Labour, as it had been recommended after the2007 electionthat elections with different voting systems should be held on separate days: a recommendation which all of the political parties had then accepted.In response to this criticism, Deputy Prime MinisterNick Cleggoffered the right to vary the date of the Scottish Parliament election by a year either way.All the main political parties then stated their support for delaying the election by a year.TheFixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, a statute of the",
"a statute of the UK Parliament, moved the date of the Scottish Parliament election to 5 May 2016. The date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by themonarch, on the proposal of thePresiding Officer. If Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved, with at least two-thirds of theMembers(i.e. 86 Members) voting in favour, the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary election and the Parliament is dissolved by the monarch byroyal proclamation. It does not necessarily require a two-thirds majority to precipitate an extraordinary election, because under the Scotland Act Parliament is also dissolved if it fails to nominate one of its members to beFirst Ministerwithin certain time limits, irrespective of whether at the beginning or in the middle of a parliamentary term. Therefore, if the First Minister resigned, Parliament would then have 28 days to elect a successor (s46(2)b and s46(3)a). If no new First Minister was elected then the Presiding Officer would ask for",
"would ask for Parliament to be dissolved under s3(1)a. This process could also be triggered if the First Minister lost avote of confidenceby asimple majority(i.e. more than 50%), as they must then resign (Scotland Act 1998 s45(2)). To date the Parliament has never held a vote of no confidence in a First Minister. No extraordinary elections have been held to date. Any extraordinary elections would be in addition to ordinary elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary election, in which case they supplant it. The subsequent ordinary election reverts to the first Thursday in May, a multiple of four years after 1999. It was envisaged that the election would still have taken place as scheduled if Scotland had voted in favour ofindependencein 2014. Retiring MSPs Deselected MSPs Changes to the SNP's selection procedures the previous year in order to ensure gender balance of candidates meant that any incumbent constituency MSP who chose to retire would have their replacement",
"their replacement selected from anall-woman shortlist. The only ways for a new male candidate to receive a constituency nomination would be to stand in a constituency currently held by an opposition MSP or to run a de-selection campaign against a sitting MSP. For that reason there were far more challenges than normal within the SNP, but only two were successful: Election system, seats, and regions The total number ofMembers of the Scottish Parliament(MSPs) elected to the Parliament is 129. The First Periodical Review of theScottish Parliament's constituencies and regionsby theBoundary Commission for Scotland, was announced on 3 July 2007. The Commission published its provisional proposals for the regional boundaries in 2009. The Scottish Parliament uses anAdditional Members System, designed to produce approximateproportional representationfor each region. There are 8 regions, each sub-divided into smaller constituencies. There are a total of 73constituencies. Each constituency elects one MSP by",
"elects one MSP by theplurality(first past the post) system of election. Each region elects 7 additional MSPs using anadditional membersystem. A modifiedD'Hondt method, using the constituency results, is used to elect these additional MSPs. The Scottish Parliament constituencies have not been coterminous withScottish Westminster constituenciessince the2005 general election, when the 72 former UK Parliament constituencies were replaced with a new set of 59, generally larger, constituencies (seeScottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004). The boundaries used for the Scottish Parliament elections were then revised for the 2011 election. The Boundary Commission also recommended changes to the electoral regions used to elect \"list\" members of the Scottish Parliament,which were also implemented in 2011. Campaign On 29 February 2016,BBC Scotland'sScotland 2016current affairs programme held a debate focusing on education featuring theEducation MinisterAngela Constanceand three party leaders:Kezia Dugdale,Ruth",
"Dugdale,Ruth DavidsonandWillie Rennie. On 24 March 2016,BBC Scotlandheld a debate inGlasgowwhich was televised that featured Dugdale, Davidson, Rennie,Nicola Sturgeon,Patrick HarvieandDavid Coburn. On 29 March 2016,STVhosted a televised leaders' debate, featuring the five leaders of the parties which held seats in the last Parliament. From 5–26 April 2016,Scotland 2016also held a series of weekly subject debates on Tuesday nights. The subjects were Tax, Health, Energy & Environment, and Housing.Of these, six parties (SNP,Labour,ConservativesandLiberal Democrats, theScottish GreensandUKIP) were invited to the Tax debate. Parties contesting the election The official nomination period closed on 1 April 2016, lists of candidates were then published by local councils once the applications had been processed. In March 2015, the Scottish Greens balloted their members to select candidates for their regional lists.The SNP released their regional candidate list in October 2015.The Conservative regional candidate list",
"candidate list followed in December.In January 2016,RISE – Scotland's Left Allianceannounced list candidates for all regions except the North East.Labour had announced a new selection process for regional candidates in November 2013,then revealed their full list of regional candidates in February 2016.UKIP's regional candidates were picked by their executive committee, prompting one prospective candidate to resign his party membership. Contesting constituency and regional ballot The SNP, the Scottish Labour, the Scottish Conservatives and the Scottish Liberal Democrats fielded candidates in all 73 constituencies. Contesting regional ballot only Contesting constituency ballot only Opinion polling The chart shows the relative state of the parties since polling began from 2012, until the date of the election. The constituency vote is shown as semi-transparent lines, while the regional vote is shown in full lines. Result Votes summary Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Margo MacDonaldhad been",
"MacDonaldhad been elected on the Lothian regional list in 2011, as an Independent; she died in 2014. Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Target seats Below are listed all the constituencies which required aswingof less than 5% from the 2011 result to change hands. SNP targets Labour targets Conservative targets Liberal Democrat targets Incumbents defeated (stood forNorth East Scotland) * Formerly SNP See also Other elections in the UK being held on the same day UK parliamentary by-elections References External links Party manifestos"
] |
What is the other name, beginning and ending with the letter "d", for the substance, often deployed by means of artillery shells, which was also instrumental in developing a treatment for a condition that dogs of the same breed as Mayor Max II are unusually prone to? | Distilled mustard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_Max_II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever#Health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma#Treatments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy#History | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_Max_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever#Health', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma#Treatments', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy#History', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_Max_II",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever#Health",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma#Treatments",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy#History",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas"
] | [
"Mayor Max II Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II(May 6, 2013 – July 30, 2022) was agolden retrieverdog who served as the second unofficial mayor of Idyllwild, part of thecensus-designated placeofIdyllwild–Pine Cove, California. His deputy mayors, Mitzi and Mikey, were his cousins.After his death Mayor Max II was succeeded by his cousin Max III, who was sworn in on December 10, 2022. Mayorality In 2012, the non-profit organization Idyllwild Animal Rescue Friends (ARF) hosted an \"election\" for mayor of Idyllwild (which, as part of an unincorporated community, has no local government) as part of a fundraising event for the organization. Fourteen dogs and two cats ran, and Max, aGolden Retriever, was elected as Idyllwild's first mayor. On April 2, 2013, Mayor Max died, and Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II, another Golden Retriever, arrived in Idyllwild on July 21 to complete the remainder of the term.In March 2014, as the end of Max's term approached, ARF solicited the town's interest in holding another election. The people overwhelmingly pled for Mayor Max's continuation in perpetuity. Mayor Max was recognized by theCounty of Riverside, California.The Mayor's duties included visiting with locals and out-of-town visitors, attending business grand openings and other town functions, participating in the town's two annual parades, and promoting Idyllwild.Max's popularity had spread the world over, and he has represented the town through appearances on news programs, talk shows, advertisements, billboards, and a game show. Death Mayor Max died in the city ofTemeculaon July 30, 2022, after suffering a brief medical issue.He was succeeded byMayor Max III, who formally took office on December 10, 2022. See also References External links",
"Golden Retriever TheGolden Retrieveris a Scottishbreedofretrieverdog of medium size. It is characterised by a gentle and affectionate nature and a striking golden coat. It is a working dog, and registration is subject to successful completion of a working trial.It is commonly kept as apetand is among the most frequently registered breeds in several Western countries; some may compete indog showsorobedience trials, or work as aguide dog. The Golden Retriever was bred bySir Dudley Marjoribanksat his Scottish estateGuisachanin the late nineteenth century. Hecross-bredFlat-coated RetrieverswithTweed Water Spaniels, with some further infusions ofRed Setter,Labrador RetrieverandBloodhound. It was recognised by theKennel Clubin 1913, and during theinterwar periodspread to many parts of the world. History The Golden Retriever was developed in Scotland in the nineteenth century bySir Dudley Marjoribanks(later to becomeBaron Tweedmouth) fromFlat-coated Retrieversjudiciously crossed withTweed Water Spanielsand some other British dog breeds.Prior to the 1952 publication of the very detailed stud book which had been meticulously maintained by Marjoribanks, a number of romantic tales were published about the origins of the breed. In the 1860s Marjoribanks set out to create what to his mind was the ultimate breed of retriever at his Scottish estateGuisachan.He started by acquiring a yellow-coloured Flat-coated Retriever dog called Nous;Nous had beenwhelpedin June 1864 and was the only yellow pup in an otherwise all black-colouredlitter.Whilst uncommon, occasionally liver, brown, golden or yellow-coloured purebred Flat-coated Retriever pups are whelped to matings of two black parents.It is the pedigree of Nous that was the source for the romantic tales of the heritage of the Golden Retriever.One early account claimed Nous was purchased from a Russian circus trainer inBrighton, another claimed he was bought from a cobbler, and yet another claimed a gypsy.The stud book states that Nous was a Flat-coated Retriever bred byLord Chichesteron hisStanmer Parkestate near Brighton. In 1868 Nous was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel bitch named Belle, who is recorded in the stud book as being whelped in 1863 and being of \"Ladykirk breeding\".The litter from this mating consisted of four yellow pups, Primrose, Ada, Cowslip and Crocus.The best bitch from this litter, Cowslip, was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel called Tweed with the mating producing a bitch pup called Topsy.Cowslip was subsequently mated to aRed Settercalled Sampson; that mating produced a dog pup called Jack.Topsy was mated with a black Flat-coated Retriever called Sambo and a bitch pup from that litter, Zoe, was mated back to Jack and two pups from that mating were retained, a dog called Nous II and a bitch called Gill.Gill was mated to a blackLabrador Retrievercalled Tracer, and a bitch pup from that mating, Queenie, was mated back to Nous II; all Golden Retrievers descend from this mating.The progeny from these various matings varied in colour from pure black to light cream, but it was the golden-coloured ones that were retained and mated to each other, forming the foundation stock of the Golden Retriever breed.Marjoribanks is also known to have used a sandy-colouredBloodhoundand another Labrador in subsequent years of the breeding programme. In 1952 Marjoribanks's great-nephew,Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester, teamed up with Elma Stonex and together they studied Marjoribanks's stud book.In 1960 their research was published, presenting all of the evidence required to counter all tales of Russian ancestry.The stud book, which covers the period from 1868 to 1890, is preserved in the library ofthe Kennel ClubinLondon.In the early days Golden Retrievers were called the 'Flat-coated Retriever, Golden',Initially the Golden Retriever was considered a colour variety of the former breed.In 1903the Kennel Clubrecorded the first examples, listing them in the same register as Flat-coats.In 1904 a Golden Retriever won afield trialand in 1908 the first examples were exhibited atconformation shows.In 1911 a breed club was formed for the breed in England, the Golden Retriever Club, and they were given a new name, the 'Yellow or Golden Retriever'; from this point they were increasingly seen as a separate breed from the Flat-coated Retriever.It was not until 1913 that the Kennel Club began recording them on a separate breed register from the Flat-coated Retriever and in 1920 the 'Yellow or' was dropped from the breed name and they were officially called the 'Golden Retriever'. One early twentieth century enthusiast of the breed, Winifred Charlesworth, was instrumental in the establishment of the breed club as well as its separate Kennel Club recognition.It was she who drew up the first breed standard, which was adopted by the Kennel Club and with only minor amendments and remains largely unchanged.She bred and exhibited the first Golden RetrieverShow Champion, was a strong advocate for maintaining the working instincts of the breed, and she is credited with popularising it at field trials and introducing it to shooting sportsmen. In the years after theFirst World Warits popularity increased markedly and in the 1920s and 1930s it spread through much of the Western world.TheCanadian Kennel Clubrecognised the breed in 1927, theAmerican Kennel Clubin 1932; the first examples were registered in France in 1934 and Australia in 1937.The worldwide popularity of the breed meant it did not suffer the misfortunes many British dog breeds did during theSecond World Wardue to British wartime restrictions on the breeding of larger dogs, with ample quality breeding stock available globally to ensure none of its characteristics were lost. Since the 1940s its popularity has continued to grow, and it has become one of the most recognised and most frequently registered dog breeds in the Western world. Description Appearance The Golden Retriever is a powerfully built, medium-sized breed of dog; according to the Kennel Clubbreed standard, dogs stand from 56 to 61 centimetres (22 to 24 in) and bitches from 51 to 56 centimetres (20 to 22 in).Healthy adult examples typically weigh between 25 and 34 kilograms (55 and 75 lb). The Golden Retriever has a broad head with a well-definedstop, with dark eyes set well apart, a wide and powerful muzzle, a large black nose, dark-pigmented and slightly droopingflews, and ears of moderate size set high and hanging with a slight fold.The neck is muscular and fairly long with loose-fitting skin, the shoulders well laid-back and long-bladed, and the body deep through the chest with well-sprung ribs.The back is usually level fromwitherstocroupand the long, straight tail is usually carried flat, roughly in line with the back.The forelegs are straight with good bone, the hind legs are powerful with well bentstiflesand muscular thighs, and the feet are cat-like. Thedouble coatis a recognisable and striking feature:the outer coat is long, flat or wavy and has good feathering on the forelegs, while the undercoat is dense and provides weather resistance.The coat can be any shade of cream, yellow or gold; the coat typically becomes paler with age.The Kennel Club breed standard prohibits red or mahogany-coloured coats, but a few white hairs on the chest are permitted.Originally only yellow or golden coloured examples were permitted, this excluded many outstanding cream coloured dogs; to overcome this in 1936 the Kennel Club's standard was amended to include the cream colour.The cream colour, which in more modern times can be almost white, has become the dominant colour and is particularly favoured byconformation showexhibitors.Golden Retrievers that are bred forconformation showstend to have longer and finer coats than those bred for working as gundogs. The Kennel Club breed standard is accepted by everykennel clubin the world except those of Canada and the United States.Breed standards in North America call for a slightly taller dogand the cream colour is not permitted. Temperament The Golden Retriever is considered an intelligent, gentle natured and very affectionate breed of dog.As is typical withretrieverbreeds, the breed is generally calm and biddable, being very easy to train and extremely keen to please their master.The breed is known to make excellent pets and family dogs, being generally extremely tolerant of children and keen to accompany any member of the family in a range of activities.Due to their affable natures, the breed is often completely devoid of guarding instincts.However, there have also been reports of some very aggressive Golden Retrievers in certain lineages. It has been suggested that these variations in aggression are partially caused by genetic factors. The breed usually retains many of their gundog traits and instincts including an excellent sense of smell and a strong instinct to retrieve; even among those not trained as gundogs it is typical for Golden Retrievers to present their owners with toys or other objects.Compared to other retriever breeds the Golden Retriever is typically quite slow to mature. Use The Golden Retriever is one of the most commonly kept breeds ofcompanion dogin the Western world, and is often among the top ten dog breeds by number of registrations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Canada.It is a frequent competitor atdog shows; separate show lines of the breed have been developed.The dogs can be trained asguide dogsandtherapy dogs,and may compete inobedience trialsand otherdog sports. The Golden Retriever is still used as agundogby sportsmen, both as a hunting companion in the field and for competing infield trials.It is used more for retrieval of land-based gamebirds such asgrouseandpartridgethan for wildfowl hunting.Those used as gundogs are usually from working lines specifically bred for field use; dogs from pet or show lines are rarely suitable.A Golden Retriever with a traditional dense double coat is well suited to working in cold and wet conditions, as the coat provides water resistance and insulation.Compared to other retriever breeds, the Golden Retriever is not a strong swimmer; its long coat causes it to sit low in the water when swimming. The Golden Retriever is much less commonly used by sportsmen as a hunting companion than theLabrador Retriever.One reason is that the breed is generally quite slow to mature, particularly compared to the Labrador; often when a Golden Retriever is still in basic training a Labrador of the same age has already completed a season of hunting.Another is its long coat, which requires more maintenance and grooming than that of the Labrador, particularly after working in muddy conditions or close cover, as their long hair is more prone to picking up dirt and burrs.More Golden Retrievers are bred as pets or for the show ring than for hunting, so it can be hard for sportsmen to find pups bred from proven working lines. Health A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 10 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.A 2005 Swedish study found 22% of Golden Retrievers died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10. The breed is unusually prone to cancer, with one United States study finding cancer to be the cause of death in approximately 50% of the population, the second highest in the study. Several European studies found a much lower prevalence (20–39%), which may reflect the significant genetic divergence between the American and European populations. They are especially prone tohemangiosarcomaandlymphoma, with an estimated lifetime risk of one in five for the former and one in eight for the latter. The high prevalence of cancer deaths among Golden Retrievers may partly represent a lack of other congenital diseases.One UK study found the risk ofmetastaticneoplasiain the breed to be 4.86 times higher than other dogs. The Golden Retriever has a genetic predisposition toprimary hypothyroidism; a review of 5 different studies found Golden Retrievers to make up 17% of cases. Notable Golden Retrievers Explanatory notes References Further reading",
"Hemangiosarcoma Hemangiosarcomais a rapidly growing, highly invasive variety ofcancerthat occurs almost exclusively in dogs, and only rarely in cats, horses, mice,or humans (vinyl chloridetoxicity). It is asarcomaarising from the lining of blood vessels; that is, blood-filled channels and spaces are commonly observed microscopically. A frequent cause of death is the rupturing of this tumor, causing the patient to rapidly bleed to death. The term \"angiosarcoma\", when used without a modifier, usually refers to hemangiosarcoma.However,glomangiosarcoma(8710/3) andlymphangiosarcoma(9170/3) are distinct conditions (in humans). Dogs Hemangiosarcoma is quite common indogs, and more so in certain breeds includingGerman ShepherdsandGolden Retrievers.It also occurs incats, but much more rarely. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma rarely show clinical signs until the tumor has become very large and hasmetastasized. Typically, clinical signs are due tohypovolemiaafter the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Owners of the affected dogs often discover that the dog has hemangiosarcoma only after the dog collapses. The tumor most often appears on thespleen, rightheartbase, orliver, although varieties also appear on or under the skin or in other locations. It is the most common tumor of the heart, and occurs in theright atriumorright auricular appendage. Here it can cause right-sidedheart failure,arrhythmias,pericardial effusion, andcardiac tamponade. Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen orliveris the most common tumor to causehemorrhagein theabdomen.Hemorrhage secondary to splenic and hepatic tumors can also cause ventriculararrhythmias. Hemangiosarcoma of theskinusually appears as a small red or bluish-black lump. It can also occur under the skin. It is suspected that in the skin, hemangiosarcoma is caused bysunexposure.Occasionally, hemangiosarcoma of the skin can be a metastasis from visceral hemangiosarcoma. Other sites the tumor may occur includebone,kidneys, thebladder,muscle, themouth, and thecentral nervous system. Clinical features Presenting complaints and clinical signs are usually related to the site of origin of the primary tumor or to the presence of metastases, spontaneous tumor rupture, coagulopathies, or cardiac arrhythmias. More than 50% of patients are presented because of acute collapse after spontaneous rupture of the primary tumor or its metastases. Some episodes of collapse are a result of ventricular arrhythmias, which are relatively common in dogs with splenic or cardiac HSA. Most common clinical signs of visceral hemangiosarcoma include loss of appetite,arrhythmias, weight loss, weakness, lethargy, collapse, palemucous membranes, and/or sudden death. An enlarged abdomen is often seen due to hemorrhage. Metastasis is most commonly to the liver,omentum,lungs, orbrain. A retrospective study published in 1999 by Ware, et al., found a five times greater risk of cardiac hemangiosarcoma in spayed vs. intact female dogs and a 2.4 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma in neutered dogs as compared to intact males.The validity of this study is in dispute. Clinicopathologic findings Hemangiosarcoma can cause a wide variety of hematologic and hemostatic abnormalities, includinganemia, thrombocytopenia(lowplateletcount),disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC); presence of nRBC, schistocytes, and acanthocytes in the blood smear; and leukocytosis with neutrophilia, left shift, and monocytosis. Diagnosis A definitive diagnosis requires biopsy and histopathology. Cytologic aspirates may be inconclusive with studies reporting various specificity, and negative results may not correlate with absence of disease, as one study concludes \"cytological diagnosis of splenic neoplasia is reliable, but a negative result cannot be used to exclude the possibility of splenic neoplasia.\"This is because of frequent blood contamination and poor exfoliation.Surgical biopsy is the typical approach in veterinary medicine. Imaging modalities may include one ore more of ultrasound, CT, MRIand FDG-PET/CT.FGD-PET/CT may show some benefit over traditional CT for staging and detection of metastasis. Symptoms Dogs rarely show symptoms of hemangiosarcoma until after the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Then symptoms can include short-term lethargy, loss of appetite, enlarged abdomen, weakness in the back legs, paled colored tongue and gums, rapid heart rate, and a weak pulse. Treatments Treatment includeschemotherapyand, where practical, removal of the tumor with the affected organ, such as with asplenectomy. Splenectomy alone gives an average survival time of 1–3 months. The addition ofchemotherapy, primarily comprising the drugdoxorubicin, alone or in combination with other drugs, can increase the average survival time by 2–4 months beyond splenectomy alone. A 2012 paper published the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School, in dogs treated with a compound derived from theCoriolus versicolor(commonly known as \"Turkey Tail\") mushroom showed a favorable response to the agent compared to historical controls of dogs treated with splenectomy and Doxorubicin .:.A controlled, randomized study in 101 dogs was later conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School which showed that the Coriolus versicolor mushroom did not have the same outcome noted in the 2012 paper with 15 dogs. In the 2022 paper by Gednet et al. dogs treated with splenectomy followed by Doxorubicin did better then dogs treated with splenectomy and mushroom agent. Combination of Doxorubicin with the Turkey Tail mushroom also did not improve survival when compared to Doxorubicin alone. However, as noted in the 2012 study, the Turkey Tail mushroom extract did not cause any systemic adverse reactions, even when combined with Doxorubicin.:. Immune therapy based on cultivation of tumor tissue is being developed for dogs.A preventive vaccine based on several proteins commonly found in dog cancers, including hemangiosarcomas, is also being developed. In the skin, it can be cured in most cases with complete surgical removal as long as there is not visceral involvement.Median survival times for stage I is 780 days, where more advanced stages can range from 172 to 307 days. References External links",
"Chemotherapy Chemotherapy(often abbreviatedchemo, sometimesCTXandCTx) is the type ofcancer treatmentthat uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agentsoralkylating agents) in a standardregimen. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or toreduce symptoms(palliativechemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted topharmacotherapyforcancer, which is calledmedical oncology. The termchemotherapynow means the non-specific use of intracellularpoisonsto inhibitmitosis(cell division) or to induceDNA damage(so thatDNA repaircan augment chemotherapy).This meaning excludes the more-selective agents that block extracellular signals (signal transduction). Therapies with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarilyestrogensfor breast cancer andandrogensfor prostate cancer), are now calledhormonal therapies. Other inhibitions of growth-signals, such as those associated withreceptor tyrosine kinases, aretargeted therapy. The use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or targeted therapy) issystemic therapyfor cancer: they are introduced into the blood stream (the system) and therefore can treat cancer anywhere in the body. Systemic therapy is often used with other,local therapy(treatments that work only where they are applied), such asradiation,surgery, andhyperthermia. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents arecytotoxicby means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death ifapoptosisis initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in thebone marrow,digestive tractandhair follicles. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy:myelosuppression(decreased production of blood cells, hence that alsoimmunosuppression),mucositis(inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), andalopecia(hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-calledautoimmunity). These includerheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus,multiple sclerosis,vasculitisand many others. Treatment strategies There are a number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent or it may aim to prolong life or topalliate symptoms. Allchemotherapy regimensrequire that the recipient be capable of undergoing the treatment.Performance statusis often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (fractional kill), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor.Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity. Effectiveness The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as someleukemias,to being ineffective, such as in somebrain tumors,to being needless in others, like mostnon-melanoma skin cancers. Dosage Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the person receiving it.The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculatedbody surface area(BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or anomogram, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans.The study only included nine human subjects.When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option. The validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned because the formula only takes into account the individual's weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which have major impacts on the actual concentration of the drug in the person's bloodstream.As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than ten-fold for many drugs.In other words, if two people receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one person may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other person.This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs. The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among people is that many people do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some people are overdosed while others are underdosed.For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard—68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed. There has been controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for people who areobese.Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear ofoverdosing.In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that when chemotherapy dosing is individualized to achieve optimal systemic drug exposure, treatment outcomes are improved and toxic side effects are reduced.In the 5-FU clinical study cited above, people whose dose was adjusted to achieve a pre-determined target exposure realized an 84% improvement in treatment response rate and a six-month improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with those dosed by BSA. In the same study, investigators compared the incidence of common 5-FU-associated grade 3/4 toxicities between the dose-adjusted people and people dosed per BSA.The incidence of debilitating grades of diarrhea was reduced from 18% in the BSA-dosed group to 4% in the dose-adjusted group and serious hematologic side effects were eliminated.Because of the reduced toxicity, dose-adjusted patients were able to be treated for longer periods of time.BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months.Completing the course of treatment is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes. Similar results were found in a study involving people with colorectal cancer who have been treated with the popularFOLFOXregimen.The incidence of serious diarrhea was reduced from 12% in the BSA-dosed group of patients to 1.7% in the dose-adjusted group, and the incidence of severe mucositis was reduced from 15% to 0.8%. The FOLFOX study also demonstrated an improvement in treatment outcomes.Positive response increased from 46% in the BSA-dosed group to 70% in the dose-adjusted group. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) both improved by six months in the dose adjusted group. One approach that can help clinicians individualize chemotherapy dosing is to measure the drug levels in blood plasma over time and adjust dose according to a formula or algorithm to achieve optimal exposure. With an established target exposure for optimized treatment effectiveness with minimized toxicities, dosing can be personalized to achieve target exposure and optimal results for each person. Such an algorithm was used in the clinical trials cited above and resulted in significantly improved treatment outcomes. Oncologists are already individualizing dosing of some cancer drugs based on exposure.Carboplatin: 4andbusulfandosing rely upon results from blood tests to calculate the optimal dose for each person. Simple blood tests are also available for dose optimization ofmethotrexate,5-FU,paclitaxel, anddocetaxel. The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types. Types Alkylating agents Alkylating agents are the oldest group of chemotherapeutics in use today. Originally derived frommustard gasused inWorld War I, there are now many types of alkylating agents in use.They are so named because of their ability toalkylatemany molecules, includingproteins,RNAandDNA. This ability to bindcovalentlyto DNA via theiralkyl groupis the primary cause for their anti-cancer effects.DNA is made of two strands and the molecules may either bind twice to one strand of DNA (intrastrand crosslink) or may bind once to both strands (interstrand crosslink). If the cell tries to replicate crosslinked DNA duringcell division, or tries to repair it, the DNA strands can break. This leads to a form of programmed cell death calledapoptosis.Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason, the effect on the cell is dose dependent; the fraction of cells that die is directly proportional to the dose of drug. The subtypes of alkylating agents are thenitrogen mustards,nitrosoureas,tetrazines,aziridines,cisplatinsand derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustards includemechlorethamine,cyclophosphamide,melphalan,chlorambucil,ifosfamideandbusulfan. Nitrosoureas includeN-Nitroso-N-methylurea(MNU),carmustine(BCNU),lomustine(CCNU) andsemustine(MeCCNU),fotemustineandstreptozotocin. Tetrazines includedacarbazine,mitozolomideandtemozolomide. Aziridines includethiotepa,mytomycinand diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives includecisplatin,carboplatinandoxaliplatin.They impair cell function by formingcovalent bondswith theamino,carboxyl,sulfhydryl, andphosphate groupsin biologically important molecules.Non-classical alkylating agents includeprocarbazineand hexamethylmelamine. Antimetabolites Anti-metabolitesare a group of molecules that impede DNA and RNA synthesis. Many of them have a similar structure to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The building blocks arenucleotides; a molecule comprising anucleobase, a sugar and aphosphate group. The nucleobases are divided intopurines(guanineandadenine) andpyrimidines(cytosine,thymineanduracil). Anti-metabolites resemble either nucleobases or nucleosides (a nucleotide without the phosphate group), but have alteredchemical groups.These drugs exert their effect by either blocking the enzymes required for DNA synthesis or becoming incorporated into DNA or RNA. By inhibiting the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, they prevent mitosis because the DNA cannot duplicate itself. Also, after misincorporation of the molecules into DNA,DNA damagecan occur and programmed cell death (apoptosis) is induced. Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of the cell cycle, in this caseS-phase(the DNA synthesis phase). For this reason, at a certain dose, the effect plateaus and proportionally no more cell death occurs with increased doses. Subtypes of the anti-metabolites are theanti-folates, fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues andthiopurines. The anti-folates includemethotrexateandpemetrexed. Methotrexate inhibitsdihydrofolate reductase(DHFR), an enzyme that regeneratestetrahydrofolatefromdihydrofolate. When the enzyme is inhibited by methotrexate, the cellular levels of folate coenzymes diminish. These are required forthymidylateand purine production, which are both essential for DNA synthesis and cell division.: 55–59: 11Pemetrexed is another anti-metabolite that affects purine and pyrimidine production, and therefore also inhibits DNA synthesis. It primarily inhibits the enzymethymidylate synthase, but also has effects on DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase andglycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.The fluoropyrimidines includefluorouracilandcapecitabine. Fluorouracil is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells to form at least two active products; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP). FUMP becomes incorporated into RNA and fdUMP inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase; both of which lead to cell death.: 11Capecitabine is aprodrugof 5-fluorouracil that is broken down in cells to produce the active drug.The deoxynucleoside analogues includecytarabine,gemcitabine,decitabine,azacitidine,fludarabine,nelarabine,cladribine,clofarabine, andpentostatin. The thiopurines includethioguanineandmercaptopurine. Anti-microtubule agents Anti-microtubule agentsareplant-derived chemicals that block cell division by preventingmicrotubulefunction. Microtubules are an important cellular structure composed of two proteins,α-tubulinandβ-tubulin. They are hollow, rod-shaped structures that are required for cell division, among other cellular functions.Microtubules are dynamic structures, which means that they are permanently in a state of assembly and disassembly.Vincaalkaloidsandtaxanesare the two main groups of anti-microtubule agents, and although both of these groups of drugs cause microtubule dysfunction, their mechanisms of action are completely opposite:Vincaalkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. By doing so, they can inducemitotic catastrophein the cancer cells.Following this, cell cycle arrest occurs, which induces programmed cell death (apoptosis).These drugs can also affectblood vessel growth, an essential process that tumours utilise in order to grow and metastasise. Vincaalkaloids are derived from theMadagascar periwinkle,Catharanthus roseus,formerly known asVinca rosea. They bind to specific sites on tubulin, inhibiting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The originalvincaalkaloids arenatural productsthat includevincristineandvinblastine.Following the success of these drugs, semi-syntheticvincaalkaloids were produced:vinorelbine(used in the treatment ofnon-small-cell lung cancer),vindesine, andvinflunine.These drugs arecell cycle-specific. They bind to the tubulin molecules inS-phaseand prevent proper microtubule formation required forM-phase. Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class,paclitaxel, was originally extracted fromTaxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew. Now this drug and another in this class,docetaxel, are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree,Taxus baccata. Podophyllotoxinis an antineoplasticlignanobtained primarily from theAmerican mayapple(Podophyllum peltatum) andHimalayan mayapple(Sinopodophyllum hexandrum). It has anti-microtubule activity, and its mechanism is similar to that ofvincaalkaloids in that they bind to tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation. Podophyllotoxin is used to produce two other drugs with different mechanisms of action:etoposideandteniposide. Topoisomerase inhibitors Topoisomerase inhibitors are drugs that affect the activity of two enzymes:topoisomerase Iandtopoisomerase II. When the DNA double-strand helix is unwound, during DNA replication ortranscription, for example, the adjacent unopened DNA winds tighter (supercoils), like opening the middle of a twisted rope. The stress caused by this effect is in part aided by the topoisomerase enzymes. They produce single- or double-strand breaks into DNA, reducing the tension in the DNA strand. This allows the normal unwinding of DNA to occur duringreplicationor transcription. Inhibition of topoisomerase I or II interferes with both of these processes. Two topoisomerase I inhibitors,irinotecanandtopotecan, are semi-synthetically derived fromcamptothecin, which is obtained from the Chinese ornamental treeCamptotheca acuminata.Drugs that target topoisomerase II can be divided into two groups. The topoisomerase II poisons cause increased levels enzymes bound to DNA. This prevents DNA replication and transcription, causes DNA strand breaks, and leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis). These agents includeetoposide,doxorubicin,mitoxantroneandteniposide. The second group, catalytic inhibitors, are drugs that block the activity of topoisomerase II, and therefore prevent DNA synthesis and translation because the DNA cannot unwind properly. This group includesnovobiocin, merbarone, andaclarubicin, which also have other significant mechanisms of action. Cytotoxic antibiotics The cytotoxicantibioticsare a varied group of drugs that have various mechanisms of action. The common theme that they share in their chemotherapy indication is that they interruptcell division. The most important subgroup is theanthracyclinesand thebleomycins; other prominent examples includemitomycin Candactinomycin. Among the anthracyclines,doxorubicinanddaunorubicinwere the first, and were obtained from thebacteriumStreptomyces peucetius.Derivatives of these compounds includeepirubicinandidarubicin. Other clinically used drugs in the anthracycline group arepirarubicin,aclarubicin, andmitoxantrone.The mechanisms of anthracyclines includeDNA intercalation(molecules insert between the two strands of DNA), generation of highly reactivefree radicalsthat damage intercellular molecules and topoisomerase inhibition. Actinomycin is a complex molecule that intercalates DNA and preventsRNA synthesis. Bleomycin, aglycopeptideisolated fromStreptomyces verticillus, also intercalates DNA, but producesfree radicalsthat damage DNA. This occurs when bleomycin binds to ametal ion, becomeschemically reducedand reacts withoxygen.: 87 Mitomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic with the ability to alkylate DNA. Delivery Most chemotherapy isdeliveredintravenously, although a number of agents can be administered orally (e.g.,melphalan,busulfan,capecitabine). According to a recent (2016) systematic review, oral therapies present additional challenges for patients and care teams to maintain and support adherence to treatment plans. There are many intravenous methods of drug delivery, known as vascular access devices. These include thewinged infusion device,peripheral venous catheter, midline catheter,peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC),central venous catheterandimplantable port. The devices have different applications regarding duration of chemotherapy treatment, method of delivery and types of chemotherapeutic agent.: 94–95 Depending on the person, the cancer, the stage of cancer, the type of chemotherapy, and the dosage, intravenous chemotherapy may be given on either aninpatientor anoutpatientbasis. For continuous, frequent or prolonged intravenous chemotherapy administration, various systems may be surgically inserted into the vasculature to maintain access.: 113–118Commonly used systems are theHickman line, thePort-a-Cath, and thePICC line. These have a lower infection risk, are much less prone tophlebitisorextravasation, and eliminate the need for repeated insertion of peripheral cannulae. Isolated limb perfusion(often used inmelanoma),or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liveror the lung have been used to treat some tumors. The main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage.These approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases ormicrometastases. Topical chemotherapies, such as5-fluorouracil, are used to treat some cases ofnon-melanoma skin cancer. If the cancer hascentral nervous systeminvolvement, or with meningeal disease,intrathecalchemotherapy may be administered. Adverse effects Chemotherapeutic techniques have a range of side effects that depend on the type of medications used. The most common medications affect mainly thefast-dividing cellsof the body, such as blood cells and the cells lining the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Chemotherapy-related toxicities can occur acutely after administration, within hours or days, or chronically, from weeks to years.: 265 Immunosuppression and myelosuppression Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of theimmune system, often by paralysing thebone marrowand leading to a decrease ofwhite blood cells,red blood cells, andplatelets.Anemiaandthrombocytopeniamay requireblood transfusion.Neutropenia(a decrease of theneutrophil granulocytecount below 0.5 x 109/litre) can be improved with syntheticG-CSF(granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, e.g.,filgrastim,lenograstim,efbemalenograstim alfa). In very severemyelosuppression, which occurs in some regimens, almost all the bone marrowstem cells(cells that producewhiteandred blood cells) are destroyed, meaningallogenicorautologousbone marrow cell transplantsare necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; inallogenicBMTs, the source is a donor.) However, some people still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow. Although people receiving chemotherapy are encouraged to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection-reducing steps, about 85% of infections are due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the person's owngastrointestinal tract(includingoral cavity) and skin.: 130This may manifest as systemic infections, such assepsis, or as localized outbreaks, such asHerpes simplex,shingles, or other members of theHerpesviridea.The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such asquinolonesortrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazolebefore any fever or sign of infection appears.Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer.However, in general, for every five people who are immunosuppressed following chemotherapy who take an antibiotic, one fever can be prevented; for every 34 who take an antibiotic, one death can be prevented.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because the immune system is suppressed to a critically low level. InJapan, the government has approved the use of somemedicinal mushroomslikeTrametes versicolor, to counteract depression of the immune system in people undergoing chemotherapy. Trilaciclibis an inhibitor ofcyclin-dependent kinase4/6 approved for the prevention of myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy. The drug is given before chemotherapy to protect bone marrow function. Neutropenic enterocolitis Due to immune system suppression,neutropenic enterocolitis(typhlitis) is a \"life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy.\"Typhlitisis an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms includingnausea,vomiting,diarrhea, adistended abdomen,fever,chills, orabdominal painand tenderness. Typhlitisis amedical emergency. It has a very poorprognosisand is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated.Successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective righthemicolectomyto prevent recurrence. Gastrointestinal distress Nausea,vomiting,anorexia,diarrhea, abdominal cramps, andconstipationare common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells.Malnutritionanddehydrationcan result when the recipient does not eat or drink enough, or when the person vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the person eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. Weight gain can also be caused by some steroid medications. These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated withantiemeticdrugs. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that probiotics may have a preventative and treatment effect of diarrhoea related to chemotherapy alone and with radiotherapy.However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhoea and bloating are also symptoms oftyphlitis, a very serious and potentially life-threateningmedical emergencythat requires immediate treatment. Anemia Anemiacan be a combined outcome caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and possible cancer-related causes such asbleeding,blood celldestruction (hemolysis), hereditary disease, kidney dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies oranemia of chronic disease. Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production (erythropoietin),iron supplements, andblood transfusions.Myelosuppressive therapy can cause a tendency to bleed easily, leading to anemia. Medications that kill rapidly dividing cells or blood cells can reduce the number ofplateletsin the blood, which can result inbruisesandbleeding. Extremely low platelet counts may be temporarily boosted throughplatelet transfusionsand new drugs to increase platelet counts during chemotherapy are being developed.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed to allow platelet counts to recover. Fatiguemay be a consequence of the cancer or its treatment, and can last for months to years after treatment. One physiological cause of fatigue is anemia, which can be caused by chemotherapy,surgery,radiotherapy, primary and metastatic disease or nutritional depletion.Aerobic exercisehas been found to be beneficial in reducing fatigue in people withsolid tumours. Nausea and vomiting Nauseaandvomitingare two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side-effects for people with cancer and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that people receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side-effects, respectively.Up to 20% of people receiving highly emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused potentially curative treatments.Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are common with many treatments and some forms of cancer. Since the 1990s, several novel classes ofantiemeticshave been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to successfully manage these symptoms in many people. Effective mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes debilitating symptoms results in increased quality of life for the recipient and more efficient treatment cycles, due to less stoppage of treatment due to better tolerance and better overall health. Hair loss Hair loss(alopecia) can be caused by chemotherapy that kills rapidly dividing cells; other medications may cause hair to thin. These are most often temporary effects: hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, but sometimes with a change in color, texture, thickness or style. Sometimes hair has a tendency to curl after regrowth, resulting in \"chemo curls.\" Severe hair loss occurs most often with drugs such asdoxorubicin,daunorubicin,paclitaxel,docetaxel,cyclophosphamide,ifosfamideandetoposide. Permanent thinning or hair loss can result from some standard chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy induced hair loss occurs by a non-androgenic mechanism, and can manifest asalopecia totalis, telogen effluvium, or less oftenalopecia areata.It is usually associated with systemic treatment due to the high mitotic rate of hair follicles, and more reversible than androgenic hair loss,although permanent cases can occur.Chemotherapy induces hair loss in women more often than men. Scalp coolingoffers a means of preventing both permanent and temporary hair loss; however, concerns about this method have been raised. Secondary neoplasm Development of secondary neoplasia after successful chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment can occur. The most commonsecondary neoplasmis secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors.Survivors ofchildhood cancerare more than 13 times as likely to get asecondary neoplasmduring the 30 years after treatment than the general population.Not all of this increase can be attributed to chemotherapy. Infertility Some types of chemotherapy are gonadotoxic and may causeinfertility.Chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil, and chlormethine.Drugs with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin.On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine,antibioticssuch as bleomycin and dactinomycin, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, and 5-fluorouracil. Female infertilityby chemotherapy appears to be secondary topremature ovarian failureby loss ofprimordial follicles.This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. People may choose between several methods offertility preservationprior to chemotherapy, includingcryopreservationof semen, ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos.As more than half of cancer patients are elderly, this adverse effect is only relevant for a minority of patients. A study in France between 1999 and 2011 came to the result that embryo freezing before administration of gonadotoxic agents to females caused a delay of treatment in 34% of cases, and a live birth in 27% of surviving cases who wanted to become pregnant, with the follow-up time varying between 1 and 13 years. Potential protective or attenuating agents includeGnRH analogs, where several studies have shown a protective effectin vivoin humans, but some studies show no such effect.Sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P) has shown similar effect, but its mechanism of inhibiting thesphingomyelin apoptotic pathwaymay also interfere with theapoptosisaction of chemotherapy drugs. In chemotherapy as aconditioning regimenin hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a study of people conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone for severe aplastic anemia came to the result that ovarian recovery occurred in all women younger than 26 years at time of transplantation, but only in five of 16 women older than 26 years. Teratogenicity Chemotherapy isteratogenicduringpregnancy, especially during thefirst trimester, to the extent thatabortionusually is recommended if pregnancy in this period is found during chemotherapy.Second- and third-trimester exposure does not usually increase the teratogenic risk and adverse effects on cognitive development, but it may increase the risk of variouscomplications of pregnancyand fetal myelosuppression. Female patients of reproductive potential should use effectivecontraceptionduring chemotherapy and for a few months after the last dose (e.g. 6 month fordoxorubicin). In males previously having undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy.The use ofassisted reproductive technologiesandmicromanipulation techniquesmight increase this risk.In females previously having undergone chemotherapy, miscarriage and congenital malformations are not increased in subsequent conceptions.However, whenin vitro fertilizationandembryo cryopreservationis practised between or shortly after treatment, possible genetic risks to the growing oocytes exist, and hence it has been recommended that the babies be screened. Peripheral neuropathy Between 30 and 40 percent of people undergoing chemotherapy experiencechemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy(CIPN), a progressive, enduring, and often irreversible condition, causing pain, tingling, numbness and sensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes progressing to the arms and legs.Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN includethalidomide,epothilones,vincaalkaloids, taxanes,proteasome inhibitors, and the platinum-based drugs.Whether CIPN arises, and to what degree, is determined by the choice of drug, duration of use, the total amount consumed and whether the person already hasperipheral neuropathy. Though the symptoms are mainly sensory, in some casesmotor nervesand theautonomic nervous systemare affected.CIPN often follows the first chemotherapy dose and increases in severity as treatment continues, but this progression usually levels off at completion of treatment. The platinum-based drugs are the exception; with these drugs, sensation may continue to deteriorate for several months after the end of treatment.Some CIPN appears to be irreversible.Pain can often be managed with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment. Cognitive impairment Some people receiving chemotherapy report fatigue or non-specific neurocognitive problems, such as an inability to concentrate; this is sometimes calledpost-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, referred to as \"chemo brain\" in popular and social media. Tumor lysis syndrome In particularly large tumors and cancers with highwhite cell counts, such aslymphomas,teratomas, and someleukemias, some people developtumor lysis syndrome. The rapid breakdown of cancer cells causes the release of chemicals from the inside of the cells. Following this, high levels ofuric acid,potassiumandphosphateare found in the blood. High levels of phosphate induce secondary hypoparathyroidism, resulting in low levels of calcium in the blood.This causes kidney damage and the high levels of potassium can causecardiac arrhythmia. Although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated in people with large tumors, this is a dangerous side-effect that can lead to death if left untreated.: 202 Organ damage Cardiotoxicity(heart damage) is especially prominent with the use ofanthracyclinedrugs (doxorubicin,epirubicin,idarubicin, andliposomal doxorubicin). The cause of this is most likely due to the production offree radicalsin the cell and subsequentDNA damage. Other chemotherapeutic agents that cause cardiotoxicity, but at a lower incidence, arecyclophosphamide,docetaxelandclofarabine. Hepatotoxicity(liver damage) can be caused by many cytotoxic drugs. The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself,viral hepatitis,immunosuppressionandnutritional deficiency. The liver damage can consist of damage to liver cells,hepatic sinusoidal syndrome(obstruction of the veins in the liver),cholestasis(where bile does not flow from the liver to the intestine) andliver fibrosis. Nephrotoxicity(kidney damage) can be caused bytumor lysis syndromeand also due direct effects of drug clearance by the kidneys. Different drugs will affect different parts of the kidney and the toxicity may beasymptomatic(only seen on blood or urine tests) or may causeacute kidney injury. Ototoxicity(damage to the inner ear) is a common side effect of platinum based drugs that can produce symptoms such as dizziness andvertigo.Children treated with platinum analogues have been found to be at risk for developing hearing loss. Other side-effects Less common side-effects include red skin (erythema), dry skin, damaged fingernails, a dry mouth (xerostomia),water retention, andsexual impotence. Some medications can triggerallergicorpseudoallergicreactions. Specific chemotherapeutic agents are associated with organ-specific toxicities, includingcardiovascular disease(e.g.,doxorubicin),interstitial lung disease(e.g.,bleomycin) and occasionallysecondary neoplasm(e.g.,MOPPtherapy for Hodgkin's disease). Hand-foot syndromeis another side effect to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Nutritional problems are also frequently seen in cancer patients at diagnosis and through chemotherapy treatment. Research suggests that in children and young people undergoing cancer treatment,parenteral nutritionmay help with this leading to weight gain and increased calorie and protein intake, when compared to enteral nutrition. Limitations Chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. People frequently fail to understand its limitations. In one study of people who had been newly diagnosed with incurable,stage 4 cancer, more than two-thirds of people with lung cancer and more than four-fifths of people with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely to cure their cancer. Theblood–brain barrierposes an obstacle to delivery of chemotherapy to thebrain. This is because the brain has an extensive system in place to protect it from harmful chemicals. Drug transporters can pump out drugs from the brain and brain's blood vessel cells into thecerebrospinal fluidand blood circulation. These transporters pump out most chemotherapy drugs, which reduces their efficacy for treatment of brain tumors. Only smalllipophilicalkylating agentssuch aslomustineortemozolomideare able to cross this blood–brain barrier. Blood vesselsin tumors are very different from those seen in normal tissues. As a tumor grows, tumor cells furthest away from the blood vessels become low in oxygen (hypoxic). To counteract this they then signal for new blood vessels to grow. The newly formed tumor vasculature is poorly formed and does not deliver an adequate blood supply to all areas of the tumor. This leads to issues with drug delivery because many drugs will be delivered to the tumor by thecirculatory system. Resistance Resistanceis a major cause of treatment failure in chemotherapeutic drugs. There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts of these pumps, known asp-glycoprotein, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p-glycoprotein and other such chemotherapy efflux pumps is currently ongoing. Medications to inhibit the function of p-glycoprotein are undergoing investigation, but due to toxicities and interactions with anti-cancer drugs their development has been difficult.Another mechanism of resistance isgene amplification, a process in which multiple copies of a gene are produced by cancer cells. This overcomes the effect of drugs that reduce the expression of genes involved in replication. With more copies of the gene, the drug can not prevent all expression of the gene and therefore the cell can restore its proliferative ability. Cancer cells can also cause defects in the cellular pathways ofapoptosis(programmed cell death). As most chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells in this manner, defective apoptosis allows survival of these cells, making them resistant. Many chemotherapy drugs also cause DNA damage, which can be repaired byenzymesin the cell that carry outDNA repair. Upregulation of these genes can overcome the DNA damage and prevent the induction of apoptosis. Mutations in genes that produce drug target proteins, such astubulin, can occur which prevent the drugs from binding to the protein, leading to resistance to these types of drugs.Drugs used in chemotherapy can induce cell stress, which can kill a cancer cell; however, under certain conditions, cells stress can induce changes in gene expression that enables resistance to several types of drugs.Inlung cancer, the transcription factorNFκBis thought to play a role in resistance to chemotherapy, via inflammatory pathways. Cytotoxics and targeted therapies Targeted therapiesare a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics. They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies. The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs. They will kill any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal. Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells.This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues. Although theside effectsare often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur. Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein. Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind. An example target for targeted therapy is the BCR-ABL1 protein produced from thePhiladelphia chromosome, a genetic lesion found commonly inchronic myelogenous leukemiaand in some patients withacute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thisfusion proteinhas enzyme activity that can be inhibited byimatinib, asmall moleculedrug. Mechanism of action Canceris the uncontrolled growth ofcellscoupled withmalignantbehaviour: invasion andmetastasis(among other features).It is caused by the interaction betweengeneticsusceptibility and environmental factors.These factors lead to accumulations ofgenetic mutationsinoncogenes(genes that control the growth rate of cells) andtumor suppressor genes(genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth.: 93–94 In the broad sense, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairingmitosis(cell division), effectively targetingfast-dividing cells. As these drugs cause damage to cells, they are termedcytotoxic. They prevent mitosis by various mechanisms including damaging DNA and inhibition of the cellular machinery involved in cell division.One theory as to why these drugs kill cancer cells is that they induce a programmed form of cell death known asapoptosis. As chemotherapy affects cell division, tumors with highgrowth rates(such asacute myelogenous leukemiaand the aggressivelymphomas, includingHodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy, as a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoingcell divisionat any time. Malignancies with slower growth rates, such as indolent lymphomas, tend to respond to chemotherapy much more modestly.Heterogeneic tumoursmay also display varying sensitivities to chemotherapy agents, depending on the subclonal populations within the tumor. Cells from theimmune systemalso make crucial contributions to the antitumor effects of chemotherapy.For example, the chemotherapeutic drugsoxaliplatinandcyclophosphamidecan cause tumor cells to die in a way that is detectable by the immune system (calledimmunogenic cell death), which mobilizes immune cells with antitumor functions.Chemotherapeutic drugs that cause cancer immunogenic tumor cell death can make unresponsive tumors sensitive toimmune checkpointtherapy. Other uses Some chemotherapy drugs are used in diseases other than cancer, such as in autoimmune disorders,and noncancerousplasma cell dyscrasia. In some cases they are often used at lower doses, which means that the side effects are minimized,while in other cases doses similar to ones used to treat cancer are used.Methotrexateis used in the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis(RA),psoriasis,ankylosing spondylitisandmultiple sclerosis.The anti-inflammatory response seen in RA is thought to be due to increases inadenosine, which causesimmunosuppression; effects on immuno-regulatorycyclooxygenase-2 enzyme pathways; reduction in pro-inflammatorycytokines; and anti-proliferative properties.Although methotrexate is used to treat both multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis, its efficacy in these diseases is still uncertain.Cyclophosphamideis sometimes used to treatlupus nephritis, a common symptom ofsystemic lupus erythematosus.Dexamethasonealong with eitherbortezomibormelphalanis commonly used as a treatment forAL amyloidosis. Recently, bortezomid in combination withcyclophosphamideand dexamethasone has also shown promise as a treatment for AL amyloidosis. Other drugs used to treatmyelomasuch aslenalidomidehave shown promise in treating AL amyloidosis. Chemotherapy drugs are also used inconditioning regimensprior to bone marrow transplant (hematopoietic stem cell transplant). Conditioning regimens are used to suppress the recipient's immune system in order to allow a transplant to engraft. Cyclophosphamide is a common cytotoxic drug used in this manner and is often used in conjunction withtotal body irradiation. Chemotherapeutic drugs may be used at high doses to permanently remove the recipient's bone marrow cells (myeloablative conditioning) or at lower doses that will prevent permanent bone marrow loss (non-myeloablative and reduced intensity conditioning).When used in non-cancer setting, the treatment is still called \"chemotherapy\", and is often done in the same treatment centers used for people with cancer. Occupational exposure and safe handling In the 1970s, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drugs were identified as hazardous, and theAmerican Society of Health-System Pharmacists(ASHP) has since then introduced the concept ofhazardous drugsafter publishing a recommendation in 1983 regarding handling hazardous drugs. The adaptation of federal regulations came when the U.S.Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) first released its guidelines in 1986 and then updated them in 1996, 1999, and, most recently, 2006. TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) has been conducting an assessment in the workplace since then regarding these drugs. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs has been linked to multiple health effects, including infertility and possible carcinogenic effects. A few cases have been reported by the NIOSH alert report, such as one in which a female pharmacist was diagnosed with papillary transitional cell carcinoma. Twelve years before the pharmacist was diagnosed with the condition, she had worked for 20 months in a hospital where she was responsible for preparing multiple antineoplastic drugs.The pharmacist did not have any other risk factor for cancer, and therefore, her cancer was attributed to the exposure to the antineoplastic drugs, although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established in the literature. Another case happened when a malfunction in biosafety cabinetry is believed to have exposed nursing personnel to antineoplastic drugs. Investigations revealed evidence of genotoxic biomarkers two and nine months after that exposure. Routes of exposure Antineoplastic drugs are usually given throughintravenous,intramuscular,intrathecal, orsubcutaneousadministration. In most cases, before the medication is administered to the patient, it needs to be prepared and handled by several workers. Any worker who is involved in handling, preparing, or administering the drugs, or with cleaning objects that have come into contact with antineoplastic drugs, is potentially exposed to hazardous drugs.Health care workers are exposed to drugs in different circumstances, such as when pharmacists and pharmacy technicians prepare and handle antineoplastic drugs and when nurses and physicians administer the drugs to patients. Additionally, those who are responsible for disposing antineoplastic drugs in health care facilities are also at risk of exposure. Dermal exposure is thought to be the main route of exposure due to the fact that significant amounts of the antineoplastic agents have been found in the gloves worn by healthcare workers who prepare, handle, and administer the agents. Another noteworthy route of exposure is inhalation of the drugs' vapors. Multiple studies have investigated inhalation as a route of exposure, and although air sampling has not shown any dangerous levels, it is still a potential route of exposure. Ingestion by hand to mouth is a route of exposure that is less likely compared to others because of the enforced hygienic standard in the health institutions. However, it is still a potential route, especially in the workplace, outside of a health institute. One can also be exposed to these hazardous drugs through injection byneedle sticks. Research conducted in this area has established that occupational exposure occurs by examining evidence in multiple urine samples from health care workers. Hazards Hazardous drugs expose health care workers to serious health risks. Many studies show that antineoplastic drugs could have many side effects on the reproductive system, such as fetal loss, congenital malformation, and infertility. Health care workers who are exposed to antineoplastic drugs on many occasions have adverse reproductive outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital malformations. Moreover, studies have shown that exposure to these drugs leads to menstrual cycle irregularities. Antineoplastic drugs may also increase the risk of learning disabilities among children of health care workers who are exposed to these hazardous substances. Moreover, these drugs havecarcinogeniceffects. In the past five decades, multiple studies have shown the carcinogenic effects of exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Similarly, there have been research studies that linked alkylating agents with humans developing leukemias. Studies have reported elevated risk of breast cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer, and cancer of the rectum among nurses who are exposed to these drugs. Other investigations revealed that there is a potentialgenotoxiceffect from anti-neoplastic drugs to workers in health care settings. Safe handling in health care settings As of 2018, there were nooccupational exposure limitsset for antineoplastic drugs, i.e., OSHA or theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) have not set workplace safety guidelines. Preparation NIOSH recommends using aventilated cabinetthat is designed to decrease worker exposure. Additionally, it recommends training of all staff, the use of cabinets, implementing an initial evaluation of the technique of the safety program, and wearing protective gloves and gowns when opening drug packaging, handling vials, or labeling. When wearingpersonal protective equipment, one should inspect gloves for physical defects before use and always wear double gloves and protective gowns. Health care workers are also required to wash their hands with water and soap before and after working with antineoplastic drugs, change gloves every 30 minutes or whenever punctured, and discard them immediately in a chemotherapy waste container. The gowns used should be disposable gowns made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene. When wearing gowns, individuals should make sure that the gowns are closed and have long sleeves. When preparation is done, the final product should be completely sealed in a plastic bag. The health care worker should also wipe all waste containers inside the ventilated cabinet before removing them from the cabinet. Finally, workers should remove all protective wear and put them in a bag for their disposal inside the ventilated cabinet. Administration Drugs should only be administered using protective medical devices such as needle lists and closed systems and techniques such as priming of IV tubing by pharmacy personnel inside a ventilated cabinet. Workers should always wear personal protective equipment such as double gloves, goggles, and protective gowns when opening the outer bag and assembling the delivery system to deliver the drug to the patient, and when disposing of all material used in the administration of the drugs. Hospital workers should never remove tubing from an IV bag that contains an antineoplastic drug, and when disconnecting the tubing in the system, they should make sure the tubing has been thoroughly flushed. After removing the IV bag, the workers should place it together with other disposable items directly in the yellow chemotherapy waste container with the lid closed. Protective equipment should be removed and put into a disposable chemotherapy waste container. After this has been done, one should double bag the chemotherapy waste before or after removing one's inner gloves. Moreover, one must always wash one's hands with soap and water before leaving the drug administration site. Employee training All employees whose jobs in health care facilities expose them to hazardous drugs must receive training. Training should include shipping and receiving personnel, housekeepers, pharmacists, assistants, and all individuals involved in the transportation and storage of antineoplastic drugs. These individuals should receive information and training to inform them of the hazards of the drugs present in their areas of work. They should be informed and trained on operations and procedures in their work areas where they can encounter hazards, different methods used to detect the presence of hazardous drugs and how the hazards are released, and the physical and health hazards of the drugs, including their reproductive and carcinogenic hazard potential. Additionally, they should be informed and trained on the measures they should take to avoid and protect themselves from these hazards. This information ought to be provided when health care workers come into contact with the drugs, that is, perform the initial assignment in a work area with hazardous drugs. Moreover, training should also be provided when new hazards emerge as well as when new drugs, procedures, or equipment are introduced. Housekeeping and waste disposal When performing cleaning and decontaminating the work area where antineoplastic drugs are used, one should make sure that there is sufficient ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne drug concentrations. When cleaning the work surface, hospital workers should use deactivation and cleaning agents before and after each activity as well as at the end of their shifts. Cleaning should always be done using double protective gloves and disposable gowns. After employees finish up cleaning, they should dispose of the items used in the activity in a yellow chemotherapy waste container while still wearing protective gloves. After removing the gloves, they should thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water. Anything that comes into contact or has a trace of the antineoplastic drugs, such as needles, empty vials, syringes, gowns, and gloves, should be put in the chemotherapy waste container. Spill control A written policy needs to be in place in case of a spill of antineoplastic products. The policy should address the possibility of various sizes of spills as well as the procedure and personal protective equipment required for each size. A trained worker should handle a large spill and always dispose of all cleanup materials in the chemical waste container according to EPA regulations, not in a yellow chemotherapy waste container. Occupational monitoring Amedical surveillanceprogram must be established. In case of exposure, occupational health professionals need to ask for a detailed history and do a thorough physical exam. They should test the urine of the potentially exposed worker by doing aurine dipstickor microscopic examination, mainly looking for blood, as several antineoplastic drugs are known to cause bladder damage. Urinary mutagenicity is a marker of exposure to antineoplastic drugs that was first used by Falck and colleagues in 1979 and uses bacterial mutagenicity assays. Apart from being nonspecific, the test can be influenced by extraneous factors such as dietary intake and smoking and is, therefore, used sparingly. However, the test played a significant role in changing the use of horizontal flow cabinets to vertical flow biological safety cabinets during the preparation of antineoplastic drugs because the former exposed health care workers to high levels of drugs. This changed the handling of drugs and effectively reduced workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Biomarkers of exposure to antineoplastic drugs commonly include urinaryplatinum,methotrexate, urinarycyclophosphamideandifosfamide, and urinary metabolite of5-fluorouracil. In addition to this, there are other drugs used to measure the drugs directly in the urine, although they are rarely used. A measurement of these drugs directly in one's urine is a sign of high exposure levels and that an uptake of the drugs is happening either through inhalation or dermally. Available agents There is an extensivelist of antineoplastic agents. Several classification schemes have been used to subdivide the medicines used for cancer into several different types. History The first use ofsmall-molecule drugsto treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although the specific chemicals first used were not originally intended for that purpose.Mustard gaswas used as achemical warfareagent duringWorld War Iand was discovered to be a potent suppressor ofhematopoiesis(blood production).A similar family of compounds known asnitrogen mustardswere studied further duringWorld War IIat theYale School of Medicine.It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer.Therefore, in December 1942, several people with advancedlymphomas(cancers of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas.Their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable.Concurrently, during a military operation in World War II, following a Germanair raidon the Italian harbour ofBari, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by theAllied forcesto prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of chemical warfare. The survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts.After WWII was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have similar effects against cancer. The first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research wasmustine. Since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion-dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply. The termchemotherapy The wordchemotherapywithout a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning was broader. The term was coined in the early 1900s byPaul Ehrlichas meaning any use of chemicals to treat any disease (chemo-+-therapy), such as the use ofantibiotics(antibacterial chemotherapy).Ehrlich was not optimistic that effective chemotherapy drugs would be found for the treatment of cancer.The first modern chemotherapeutic agent wasarsphenamine, an arsenic compound discovered in 1907 and used to treatsyphilis.This was later followed bysulfonamides(sulfa drugs) andpenicillin. In today'susage, thesense\"any treatment of disease with drugs\" is often expressed with the wordpharmacotherapy. In terms of metaphorical language, 'chemotherapy' can be paralleled with the idea of a 'storm', as both can cause distress but afterwards may have a healing/cleaning effect. Research Targeted delivery vehicles Specially targeted delivery vehicles aim to increase effective levels of chemotherapy for tumor cells while reducing effective levels for other cells. This should result in an increased tumor kill or reduced toxicity or both. Antibody-drug conjugates Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs) comprise anantibody, drug and a linker between them. The antibody will be targeted at a preferentially expressed protein in the tumour cells (known as atumor antigen) or on cells that the tumor can utilise, such as blood vesselendothelial cells. They bind to the tumor antigen and are internalised, where the linker releases the drug into the cell. These specially targeted delivery vehicles vary in their stability, selectivity, and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells.Reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in people who are sicker and that they can carry new chemotherapeutic agents that would have been far too toxic to deliver via traditional systemic approaches. The first approved drug of this type wasgemtuzumab ozogamicin(Mylotarg), released byWyeth(nowPfizer). The drug was approved to treatacute myeloid leukemia.Two other drugs,trastuzumab emtansineandbrentuximab vedotin, are both in late clinical trials, and the latter has been granted accelerated approval for the treatment ofrefractoryHodgkin's lymphomaand systemicanaplastic large cell lymphoma. Nanoparticles Nanoparticlesare 1–1000nanometer(nm) sized particles that can promote tumor selectivity and aid in delivering low-solubilitydrugs. Nanoparticles can be targeted passively or actively. Passive targeting exploits the difference between tumor blood vessels and normal blood vessels. Blood vessels in tumors are \"leaky\" because they have gaps from 200 to 2000 nm, which allow nanoparticles to escape into the tumor. Active targeting uses biological molecules (antibodies,proteins,DNAandreceptor ligands) to preferentially target the nanoparticles to the tumor cells. There are many types of nanoparticle delivery systems, such assilica,polymers,liposomesand magnetic particles. Nanoparticles made of magnetic material can also be used to concentrate agents at tumor sites using an externally applied magnetic field.They have emerged as a useful vehicle inmagnetic drug deliveryfor poorly soluble agents such aspaclitaxel. Electrochemotherapy Electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is followed by application of high-voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor. The treatment enables the chemotherapeutic drugs, which otherwise cannot or hardly go through the membrane of cells (such as bleomycin and cisplatin), to enter the cancer cells. Hence, greater effectiveness of antitumor treatment is achieved. Clinical electrochemotherapy has been successfully used for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors irrespective of their histological origin.The method has been reported as safe, simple and highly effective in all reports on clinical use of electrochemotherapy. According to the ESOPE project (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy), the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for electrochemotherapy were prepared, based on the experience of the leading European cancer centres on electrochemotherapy.Recently, new electrochemotherapy modalities have been developed for treatment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutaneous approaches to gain access to the treatment area. Hyperthermia therapy Hyperthermia therapyis heat treatment for cancer that can be a powerful tool when used in combination with chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy) or radiation for the control of a variety of cancers. The heat can be applied locally to the tumor site, which will dilate blood vessels to the tumor, allowing more chemotherapeutic medication to enter the tumor. Additionally, the tumor cell membrane will become more porous, further allowing more of the chemotherapeutic medicine to enter the tumor cell. Hyperthermia has also been shown to help prevent or reverse \"chemo-resistance.\" Chemotherapy resistance sometimes develops over time as the tumors adapt and can overcome the toxicity of the chemo medication. \"Overcoming chemoresistance has been extensively studied within the past, especially using CDDP-resistant cells. In regard to the potential benefit that drug-resistant cells can be recruited for effective therapy by combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia, it was important to show that chemoresistance against several anticancer drugs (e.g. mitomycin C, anthracyclines, BCNU, melphalan) including CDDP could be reversed at least partially by the addition of heat. Other animals Chemotherapy is used in veterinary medicine similar to how it is used in human medicine. See also References External links",
"Mustard gas Mustard gasorsulfur mustardare names commonly used for theorganosulfurchemical compoundbis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents−SCH2CH2X or −N(CH2CH2X)2are known assulfur mustardsornitrogen mustards, respectively, where X = Cl or Br. Such compounds are potentalkylating agents, making mustard gas acutely and severely toxic.Mustard gas is acarcinogen.There is no preventative agent against mustard gas, with protection depending entirely on skin and airways protection, and noantidoteexists for mustard poisoning. Also known as mustard agents, this family of compounds comprises infamouscytotoxinsandblister agentswith a long history of use aschemical weapons.The namemustard gasis technically incorrect; the substances, whendispersed, are often not gases but a fine mist of liquid droplets that can be readily absorbed through the skin and by inhalation.The skin can be affected by contact with either the liquid or vapor. The rate of penetration into skin is proportional to dose, temperature and humidity. Sulfur mustards are viscous liquids at room temperature and have an odor resemblingmustard plants,garlic, orhorseradish, hence the name.When pure, they are colorless, but when used in impure forms, such as in warfare, they are usuallyyellow-brown. Mustard gases formblisterson exposed skin and in the lungs, often resulting in prolonged illness ending in death. History as chemical weapons Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent.As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used inWorld War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including theIran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties.Sulfur-based andnitrogen-basedmustard agents are regulated underSchedule 1of the 1993Chemical Weapons Convention, as substances with few uses other than inchemical warfare.Mustard agents can be deployed by means ofartillery shells,aerial bombs,rockets, or by spraying from aircraft. Adverse health effects Mustard gases have powerfulblisteringeffects on victims. They are alsocarcinogenicandmutagenicalkylating agents.Their highlipophilicityaccelerates their absorption into the body.Because mustard agents often do not elicit immediate symptoms, contaminated areas may appear normal.Within 24 hours of exposure, victims experience intenseitchingand skin irritation. If this irritation goes untreated, blisters filled withpuscan form wherever the agent contacted the skin.Aschemical burns, these are severely debilitating. If the victim's eyes were exposed, then they become sore, starting withconjunctivitis(also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary blindness. Extreme ocular exposure to mustard gas vapors may result incorneal ulceration, anterior chamber scarring, andneovascularization.In these severe and infrequent cases,corneal transplantationhas been used as a treatment option.Miosis, when the pupil constricts more than usual, may also occur, which may be the result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard.If inhaled in high concentrations, mustard agents cause bleeding and blistering within therespiratory system, damagingmucous membranesand causingpulmonary edema.Depending on the level of contamination, mustard agent burns can vary betweenfirstandsecond degree burns. They can also be as severe, disfiguring, and dangerous asthird degree burns. Some 80% of sulfur mustard in contact with the skin evaporates, while 10% stays in the skin and 10% is absorbed and circulated in the blood. The carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of exposure to mustard gas increase the risk of developingcancerlater in life.In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were significantly mutated in the lungs and airways of mustard gas victims. Those genes all correspond to functions commonly affected by mustard gas exposure, includingapoptosis, inflammation, and stress responses.The long-term ocular complications include burning, tearing, itching,photophobia,presbyopia, pain, and foreign-body sensations. Medical management In a rinse-wipe-rinse sequence, skin is decontaminated of mustard gas by washing with liquid soap and water, or an absorbent powder.The eyes should be thoroughly rinsed using saline or clean water. A topical analgesic is used to relieve skin pain during decontamination. The blistering effects of mustard gas can be neutralized by decontamination solutions such as \"DS2\" (2%NaOH, 70%diethylenetriamine, 28%2-methoxyethanol).For skin lesions, topical treatments, such ascalamine lotion, steroids, and oralantihistaminesare used to relieve itching.Larger blisters are irrigated repeatedly with saline or soapy water, then treated with an antibiotic and petroleum gauze. Mustard agent burns do not heal quickly and (as with other types of burns) present a risk ofsepsiscaused bypathogenssuch asStaphylococcus aureusandPseudomonas aeruginosa. The mechanisms behind mustard gas's effect on endothelial cells are still being studied, but recent studies have shown that high levels of exposure can induce high rates of bothnecrosisandapoptosis. In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mMN-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protectsactinfilaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin filaments play a large role in the severe burns observed in victims. A British nurse treating soldiers with mustard agent burns duringWorld War Icommented: They cannot be bandaged or touched. We cover them with a tent of propped-up sheets. Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain, even with the worst wounds, but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they cannot help crying out. Mechanism of cellular toxicity Sulfur mustards readily eliminatechlorideions by intramolecularnucleophilic substitutionto form cyclicsulfoniumions. These very reactive intermediates tend to permanentlyalkylatenucleotidesinDNAstrands, which can prevent cellular division, leading toprogrammed cell death.Alternatively, if cell death is not immediate, the damaged DNA can lead to the development of cancer.Oxidative stresswould be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity. In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BC2H4X, where X is anyleaving groupand B is aLewis base, are known asmustards.Such compounds can form cyclic\"onium\" ions(sulfonium,ammonium, etc.) that are goodalkylating agents. Other such compounds are bis(2-haloethyl)ethers (oxygen mustards), the (2-haloethyl)amines (nitrogen mustards), andsesquimustard, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClC2H4S−) connected by an ethylene bridge (−C2H4−).These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties vary. Formulations In its history, various types and mixtures of mustard gas have been employed. These include: Commonly-stockpiled mustard agents (class) History Development Mustard gases were possibly developed as early as 1822 byCésar-Mansuète Despretz(1798–1863).Despretz described the reaction ofsulfur dichlorideandethylenebut never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientistFrederick Guthriesynthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting.Also in 1860, chemistAlbert Niemann, known as a pioneer incocainechemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886,Viktor Meyerpublished a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined2-chloroethanolwithaqueouspotassium sulfide, and then treated the resultingthiodiglycolwithphosphorus trichloride. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assistant, and in order to rule out the possibility that his assistant was suffering from a mental illness (psychosomatic symptoms), Meyer had this compound tested on laboratoryrabbits, most of which died. In 1913, the English chemistHans Thacher Clarke(known for theEschweiler-Clarke reaction) replaced the phosphorus trichloride withhydrochloric acidin Meyer's formulation while working withEmil FischerinBerlin. Clarke was hospitalized for two months for burns after one of his flasks broke. According to Meyer, Fischer's report on this accident to theGerman Chemical Societysent theGerman Empireon the road to chemical weapons. Mustard gas can have the effect of turning a patient's skin different colors, including shades of red, orange, pink, and in unusual cases, blue. TheGerman EmpireduringWorld War Irelied on the Meyer-Clarke method because2-chloroethanolwas readily available from the German dye industry of that time. Use Mustard gas was firstused in World War Iby the German army against British and Canadian soldiers nearYpres, Belgium, on July 12, 1917.Later also against theFrench Second Army.Yperiteis \"a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres.\"The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 atCambrai, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred onAvonmouth Docks(the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process).This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of theHindenburg Line. Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel andWilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method of large-scale production for theImperial German Armyin 1916. Mustard gas was dispersed as anaerosolin a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions asaerial bombs,land mines,mortar rounds,artillery shells, androckets.Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as anincapacitating agent. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing agas maskwas not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. A common countermeasure was using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a readily available remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries (e.g.They Shall Not Grow Oldin 2018) and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs; however, the effectiveness of this measure is unclear. Mustard gas can remain in the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates one's clothing and equipment while cold, then other people with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warm up enough material to become an airborne toxic agent. An example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches, particularly once the \"sousterrain\" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as anarea-denial weaponthat forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas. Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind: The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard gas, during warfare is known aschemical warfare, and this kind of warfare was prohibited by theGeneva Protocol of 1925, and also by the laterChemical Weapons Convention of 1993. The latter agreement also prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and sale of such weapons. In September 2012, a US official stated that the rebel militant groupISISwas manufacturing and using mustard gas in Syria and Iraq, which was allegedly confirmed by the group's head of chemical weapons development, Sleiman Daoud al-Afari, who has since been captured. Development of the first chemotherapy drug As early as 1919 it was known that mustard agent was a suppressor ofhematopoiesis.In addition, autopsies performed on 75 soldiers who had died of mustard agent duringWorld War Iwere done by researchers from theUniversity of Pennsylvaniawho reported decreased counts ofwhite blood cells.This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments atYale Universityto conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II. As a part of this effort, the group investigatednitrogen mustardas a therapy forHodgkin's lymphomaand other types oflymphomaandleukemia, and this compound was tried out on its first human patient in December 1942. The results of this study were not published until 1946, when they were declassified.In a parallel track, after theair raid on Bariin December 1943, the doctors of the U.S. Army noted that white blood cell counts were reduced in their patients. Some years after World War II was over, the incident in Bari and the work of the Yale University group with nitrogen mustard converged, and this prompted a search for other similarchemical compounds. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard called \"HN2\" became the first cancerchemotherapydrug,chlormethine(also known as mechlorethamine, mustine) to be used. Chlormethine and other mustard gas molecules are still used to this day as an chemotherapy agent albeit they have largely been replaced with more safe chemotherapy drugs likecisplatinandcarboplatin. Disposal In the United States, storage and incineration of mustard gas and other chemical weapons were carried out by the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency.Disposal projects at the two remaining American chemical weapons sites were carried out nearRichmond, Kentucky, andPueblo, Colorado. Although not yet declassified,toxicology specialists who dealt with the accidental puncturing of World War I gas stockpiles add that Air Force bases in Colorado have been made available to assist veterans of the 2003 American war with Iraq in which many Marines were exposed to gas as caches of up to 25,000 lb (11,000 kg).The United Nations definition of a weapon of mass destruction for mustard gas is 30,000 lb (14,000 kg), typically the Marines and other coalition allies discovered caches of 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) located across a road from 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) caches as multiple memoirs attest. These were discovered by the assistance of host country allies, or through leaks affecting personnel in an area with a weapon and gas cache called anASP. New detection techniques are being developed in order to detect the presence of mustard gas and its metabolites. The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. Theimmunochromatographicassay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilians from sulfur-mustard dumping sites. In 1946, 10,000 drums of mustard gas (2,800 tonnes) stored at the production facility of Stormont Chemicals inCornwall, Ontario, Canada, were loaded onto 187 boxcars for the 900 miles (1,400 km) journey to be buried at sea on board a 400 foot (120 m) long barge 40 miles (64 km) south ofSable Island, southeast ofHalifax, at a depth of 600 fathoms (1,100 m). The dump location is 42 degrees, 50 minutes north by 60 degrees, 12 minutes west. A large British stockpile of old mustard agent that had been made and stored since World War I atM. S. Factory, ValleynearRhydymwyninFlintshire, Wales, was destroyed in 1958. Most of the mustard gas found in Germany afterWorld War IIwas dumped into theBaltic Sea. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found about 700 chemical weapons in the region ofBornholm, most of which contain mustard gas. One of the more frequently dumped weapons was \"Sprühbüchse 37\" (SprüBü37, Spray Can 37, 1937 being the year of its fielding with the German Army). These weapons contain mustard gas mixed with athickener, which gives it a tar-like viscosity. When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustardhydrolyzes, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps (e.g., with the drag board of a fishing net or by the human hand) the enclosed mustard gas is still as active as it had been at the time the weapon was dumped. These lumps, when washed ashore, can be mistaken for amber, which can lead to severe health problems.Artillery shellscontaining mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still be found in France and Belgium. These were formerly disposed of by explosion undersea, but since the current environmental regulations prohibit this, theFrench governmentis building an automated factory to dispose of the accumulation of chemical shells. In 1972, theU.S. Congressbanned the practice of disposing of chemical weapons into the ocean by the United States. 29,000 tons of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean off the United States by theU.S. Army. According to a report created in 1998 by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in theU.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the army created at least 26 chemical weapons dumping sites in the ocean offshore from at least 11 states on both theEast Coastand theWest Coast(inOperation CHASE,Operation Geranium, etc.). In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of 1,044 tonnes (1,151 short tons) of mustard gas.By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame.India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become the third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations. Producing or stockpiling mustard gas is prohibited by theChemical Weapons Convention. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 17,440 tonnes of mustard gas. As of December 2015, 86% of these stockpiles had been destroyed. A significant portion of the United States' mustard agentstockpilewas stored at the Edgewood Area ofAberdeen Proving GroundinMaryland. Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agents were stored in one-ton containers on the base under heavy guard. A chemical neutralization plant was built on the proving ground and neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint program of the Army and theFederal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA).Unexploded shells containing mustard gases and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity to schools in the Edgewood area, but the smaller amounts of poison gas (4 to 14 pounds (1.8 to 6.4 kg)) present considerably lower risks. These remnants are being detected and excavated systematically for disposal. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency oversaw disposal of several other chemical weapons stockpiles located across the United States in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. These include the complete incineration of the chemical weapons stockpiled inAlabama,Arkansas,Indiana, andOregon. Earlier, this agency had also completed destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile located onJohnston Atolllocated south ofHawaiiin thePacific Ocean.The largest mustard agent stockpile, at approximately 6,200short tons, was stored at theDeseret Chemical Depotin northernUtah. The incineration of this stockpile began in 2006. In May 2011, the last of the mustard agents in the stockpile were incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last artillery shells containing mustard gas were incinerated in January 2012. In 2008, many emptyaerial bombsthat contained mustard gas were found in an excavation at theMarrangaroo Army Basejust west of Sydney, Australia.In 2009, a mining survey nearChinchilla, Queensland, uncovered 144 105-millimeterhowitzershells, some containing \"Mustard H\", that had been buried by the U.S. Army during World War II. In 2014, a collection of 200 bombs was found near theFlemishvillages ofPassendaleandMoorslede. The majority of the bombs were filled with mustard agents. The bombs were left over from the German army and were meant to be used in theBattle of Passchendaelein World War I. It was the largest collection of chemical weapons ever found in Belgium. A large amount of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, was found in a neighborhood ofWashington, D.C.The cleanup was completed in 2021. Post-war accidental exposure In 2002, an archaeologist at the Presidio Trust archaeology lab in San Francisco was exposed to mustard gas, which had been dug up at thePresidio of San Francisco, a former military base. In 2010, a clamming boat pulled up some oldartilleryshells of World War I from theAtlantic Oceansouth ofLong Island, New York. Multiple fishermen suffered from blistering and respiratory irritation severe enough to require hospitalization. WWII-era tests on men From 1943 to 1944, mustard agent experiments were performed on Australian service volunteers in tropicalQueensland, Australia, byRoyal Australian Engineers,British Armyand American experimenters, resulting in some severe injuries. One test site, theBrook Islands National Park, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by theImperial Japanese Army.These experiments were the subject of the documentary filmKeen as Mustard. The United States tested sulfur mustards and other chemical agents includingnitrogen mustardsandlewisiteon up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified secret and as withAgent Orange, claims for medical care and compensation were routinely denied, even after the WWII-era tests were declassified in 1993. TheDepartment of Veterans Affairsstated that it would contact 4,000 surviving test subjects but failed to do so, eventually only contacting 600. Skin cancer, severe eczema, leukemia, and chronic breathing problems plagued the test subjects, some of whom were as young as 19 at the time of the tests, until their deaths, but even those who had previously filed claims with the VA went without compensation. African American servicemenwere tested alongside white men in separate trials to determine whether their skin color would afford them a degree of immunity to the agents, andNiseiservicemen, some of whom had joined after their release fromJapanese American Internment Campswere tested to determine susceptibility ofJapanese military personnelto these agents. These tests also includedPuerto Ricansubjects. Detection in biological fluids Concentrations of thiodiglycol in urine have been used to confirm a diagnosis of chemical poisoning in hospitalized victims. The presence in urine of 1,1'-sulfonylbismethylthioethane (SBMTE), a conjugation product with glutathione, is considered a more specific marker, since this metabolite is not found in specimens from unexposed persons. In one case, intact mustard gas was detected in postmortem fluids and tissues of a man who died one week post-exposure. See also References Notes Further reading External links"
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"Mayor Max II Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II(May 6, 2013 – July 30, 2022) was agolden retrieverdog who served as the second unofficial mayor of Idyllwild, part of thecensus-designated placeofIdyllwild–Pine Cove, California. His deputy mayors, Mitzi and Mikey, were his cousins.After his death Mayor Max II was succeeded by his cousin Max III, who was sworn in on December 10, 2022. Mayorality In 2012, the non-profit organization Idyllwild Animal Rescue Friends (ARF) hosted an \"election\" for mayor of Idyllwild (which, as part of an unincorporated community, has no local government) as part of a fundraising event for the organization. Fourteen dogs and two cats ran, and Max, aGolden Retriever, was elected as Idyllwild's first mayor. On April 2, 2013, Mayor Max died, and Maximus Mighty-Dog Mueller II, another Golden Retriever, arrived in Idyllwild on July 21 to complete the remainder of the term.In March 2014, as the end of Max's term approached, ARF solicited the town's interest in holding another election. The",
"election. The people overwhelmingly pled for Mayor Max's continuation in perpetuity. Mayor Max was recognized by theCounty of Riverside, California.The Mayor's duties included visiting with locals and out-of-town visitors, attending business grand openings and other town functions, participating in the town's two annual parades, and promoting Idyllwild.Max's popularity had spread the world over, and he has represented the town through appearances on news programs, talk shows, advertisements, billboards, and a game show. Death Mayor Max died in the city ofTemeculaon July 30, 2022, after suffering a brief medical issue.He was succeeded byMayor Max III, who formally took office on December 10, 2022. See also References External links",
"Golden Retriever TheGolden Retrieveris a Scottishbreedofretrieverdog of medium size. It is characterised by a gentle and affectionate nature and a striking golden coat. It is a working dog, and registration is subject to successful completion of a working trial.It is commonly kept as apetand is among the most frequently registered breeds in several Western countries; some may compete indog showsorobedience trials, or work as aguide dog. The Golden Retriever was bred bySir Dudley Marjoribanksat his Scottish estateGuisachanin the late nineteenth century. Hecross-bredFlat-coated RetrieverswithTweed Water Spaniels, with some further infusions ofRed Setter,Labrador RetrieverandBloodhound. It was recognised by theKennel Clubin 1913, and during theinterwar periodspread to many parts of the world. History The Golden Retriever was developed in Scotland in the nineteenth century bySir Dudley Marjoribanks(later to becomeBaron Tweedmouth) fromFlat-coated Retrieversjudiciously crossed withTweed Water Spanielsand some",
"Spanielsand some other British dog breeds.Prior to the 1952 publication of the very detailed stud book which had been meticulously maintained by Marjoribanks, a number of romantic tales were published about the origins of the breed. In the 1860s Marjoribanks set out to create what to his mind was the ultimate breed of retriever at his Scottish estateGuisachan.He started by acquiring a yellow-coloured Flat-coated Retriever dog called Nous;Nous had beenwhelpedin June 1864 and was the only yellow pup in an otherwise all black-colouredlitter.Whilst uncommon, occasionally liver, brown, golden or yellow-coloured purebred Flat-coated Retriever pups are whelped to matings of two black parents.It is the pedigree of Nous that was the source for the romantic tales of the heritage of the Golden Retriever.One early account claimed Nous was purchased from a Russian circus trainer inBrighton, another claimed he was bought from a cobbler, and yet another claimed a gypsy.The stud book states that Nous was a Flat-coated",
"was a Flat-coated Retriever bred byLord Chichesteron hisStanmer Parkestate near Brighton. In 1868 Nous was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel bitch named Belle, who is recorded in the stud book as being whelped in 1863 and being of \"Ladykirk breeding\".The litter from this mating consisted of four yellow pups, Primrose, Ada, Cowslip and Crocus.The best bitch from this litter, Cowslip, was mated to a Tweed Water Spaniel called Tweed with the mating producing a bitch pup called Topsy.Cowslip was subsequently mated to aRed Settercalled Sampson; that mating produced a dog pup called Jack.Topsy was mated with a black Flat-coated Retriever called Sambo and a bitch pup from that litter, Zoe, was mated back to Jack and two pups from that mating were retained, a dog called Nous II and a bitch called Gill.Gill was mated to a blackLabrador Retrievercalled Tracer, and a bitch pup from that mating, Queenie, was mated back to Nous II; all Golden Retrievers descend from this mating.The progeny from these various matings varied",
"matings varied in colour from pure black to light cream, but it was the golden-coloured ones that were retained and mated to each other, forming the foundation stock of the Golden Retriever breed.Marjoribanks is also known to have used a sandy-colouredBloodhoundand another Labrador in subsequent years of the breeding programme. In 1952 Marjoribanks's great-nephew,Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester, teamed up with Elma Stonex and together they studied Marjoribanks's stud book.In 1960 their research was published, presenting all of the evidence required to counter all tales of Russian ancestry.The stud book, which covers the period from 1868 to 1890, is preserved in the library ofthe Kennel ClubinLondon.In the early days Golden Retrievers were called the 'Flat-coated Retriever, Golden',Initially the Golden Retriever was considered a colour variety of the former breed.In 1903the Kennel Clubrecorded the first examples, listing them in the same register as Flat-coats.In 1904 a Golden Retriever won afield",
"won afield trialand in 1908 the first examples were exhibited atconformation shows.In 1911 a breed club was formed for the breed in England, the Golden Retriever Club, and they were given a new name, the 'Yellow or Golden Retriever'; from this point they were increasingly seen as a separate breed from the Flat-coated Retriever.It was not until 1913 that the Kennel Club began recording them on a separate breed register from the Flat-coated Retriever and in 1920 the 'Yellow or' was dropped from the breed name and they were officially called the 'Golden Retriever'. One early twentieth century enthusiast of the breed, Winifred Charlesworth, was instrumental in the establishment of the breed club as well as its separate Kennel Club recognition.It was she who drew up the first breed standard, which was adopted by the Kennel Club and with only minor amendments and remains largely unchanged.She bred and exhibited the first Golden RetrieverShow Champion, was a strong advocate for maintaining the working instincts of",
"instincts of the breed, and she is credited with popularising it at field trials and introducing it to shooting sportsmen. In the years after theFirst World Warits popularity increased markedly and in the 1920s and 1930s it spread through much of the Western world.TheCanadian Kennel Clubrecognised the breed in 1927, theAmerican Kennel Clubin 1932; the first examples were registered in France in 1934 and Australia in 1937.The worldwide popularity of the breed meant it did not suffer the misfortunes many British dog breeds did during theSecond World Wardue to British wartime restrictions on the breeding of larger dogs, with ample quality breeding stock available globally to ensure none of its characteristics were lost. Since the 1940s its popularity has continued to grow, and it has become one of the most recognised and most frequently registered dog breeds in the Western world. Description Appearance The Golden Retriever is a powerfully built, medium-sized breed of dog; according to the Kennel Clubbreed",
"Kennel Clubbreed standard, dogs stand from 56 to 61 centimetres (22 to 24 in) and bitches from 51 to 56 centimetres (20 to 22 in).Healthy adult examples typically weigh between 25 and 34 kilograms (55 and 75 lb). The Golden Retriever has a broad head with a well-definedstop, with dark eyes set well apart, a wide and powerful muzzle, a large black nose, dark-pigmented and slightly droopingflews, and ears of moderate size set high and hanging with a slight fold.The neck is muscular and fairly long with loose-fitting skin, the shoulders well laid-back and long-bladed, and the body deep through the chest with well-sprung ribs.The back is usually level fromwitherstocroupand the long, straight tail is usually carried flat, roughly in line with the back.The forelegs are straight with good bone, the hind legs are powerful with well bentstiflesand muscular thighs, and the feet are cat-like. Thedouble coatis a recognisable and striking feature:the outer coat is long, flat or wavy and has good feathering on the",
"feathering on the forelegs, while the undercoat is dense and provides weather resistance.The coat can be any shade of cream, yellow or gold; the coat typically becomes paler with age.The Kennel Club breed standard prohibits red or mahogany-coloured coats, but a few white hairs on the chest are permitted.Originally only yellow or golden coloured examples were permitted, this excluded many outstanding cream coloured dogs; to overcome this in 1936 the Kennel Club's standard was amended to include the cream colour.The cream colour, which in more modern times can be almost white, has become the dominant colour and is particularly favoured byconformation showexhibitors.Golden Retrievers that are bred forconformation showstend to have longer and finer coats than those bred for working as gundogs. The Kennel Club breed standard is accepted by everykennel clubin the world except those of Canada and the United States.Breed standards in North America call for a slightly taller dogand the cream colour is not permitted.",
"is not permitted. Temperament The Golden Retriever is considered an intelligent, gentle natured and very affectionate breed of dog.As is typical withretrieverbreeds, the breed is generally calm and biddable, being very easy to train and extremely keen to please their master.The breed is known to make excellent pets and family dogs, being generally extremely tolerant of children and keen to accompany any member of the family in a range of activities.Due to their affable natures, the breed is often completely devoid of guarding instincts.However, there have also been reports of some very aggressive Golden Retrievers in certain lineages. It has been suggested that these variations in aggression are partially caused by genetic factors. The breed usually retains many of their gundog traits and instincts including an excellent sense of smell and a strong instinct to retrieve; even among those not trained as gundogs it is typical for Golden Retrievers to present their owners with toys or other objects.Compared to",
"objects.Compared to other retriever breeds the Golden Retriever is typically quite slow to mature. Use The Golden Retriever is one of the most commonly kept breeds ofcompanion dogin the Western world, and is often among the top ten dog breeds by number of registrations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Canada.It is a frequent competitor atdog shows; separate show lines of the breed have been developed.The dogs can be trained asguide dogsandtherapy dogs,and may compete inobedience trialsand otherdog sports. The Golden Retriever is still used as agundogby sportsmen, both as a hunting companion in the field and for competing infield trials.It is used more for retrieval of land-based gamebirds such asgrouseandpartridgethan for wildfowl hunting.Those used as gundogs are usually from working lines specifically bred for field use; dogs from pet or show lines are rarely suitable.A Golden Retriever with a traditional dense double coat is well suited to working in cold and wet conditions, as the",
"conditions, as the coat provides water resistance and insulation.Compared to other retriever breeds, the Golden Retriever is not a strong swimmer; its long coat causes it to sit low in the water when swimming. The Golden Retriever is much less commonly used by sportsmen as a hunting companion than theLabrador Retriever.One reason is that the breed is generally quite slow to mature, particularly compared to the Labrador; often when a Golden Retriever is still in basic training a Labrador of the same age has already completed a season of hunting.Another is its long coat, which requires more maintenance and grooming than that of the Labrador, particularly after working in muddy conditions or close cover, as their long hair is more prone to picking up dirt and burrs.More Golden Retrievers are bred as pets or for the show ring than for hunting, so it can be hard for sportsmen to find pups bred from proven working lines. Health A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.2 years for the breed compared to an",
"compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 10 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.A 2005 Swedish study found 22% of Golden Retrievers died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10. The breed is unusually prone to cancer, with one United States study finding cancer to be the cause of death in approximately 50% of the population, the second highest in the study. Several European studies found a much lower prevalence (20–39%), which may reflect the significant genetic divergence between the American and European populations. They are especially prone tohemangiosarcomaandlymphoma, with an estimated lifetime risk of one in five for the former and one in eight for the latter. The high prevalence of cancer deaths among Golden Retrievers may partly represent a lack of other congenital diseases.One UK study found the risk ofmetastaticneoplasiain the breed to be 4.86 times higher than other",
"higher than other dogs. The Golden Retriever has a genetic predisposition toprimary hypothyroidism; a review of 5 different studies found Golden Retrievers to make up 17% of cases. Notable Golden Retrievers Explanatory notes References Further reading",
"Hemangiosarcoma Hemangiosarcomais a rapidly growing, highly invasive variety ofcancerthat occurs almost exclusively in dogs, and only rarely in cats, horses, mice,or humans (vinyl chloridetoxicity). It is asarcomaarising from the lining of blood vessels; that is, blood-filled channels and spaces are commonly observed microscopically. A frequent cause of death is the rupturing of this tumor, causing the patient to rapidly bleed to death. The term \"angiosarcoma\", when used without a modifier, usually refers to hemangiosarcoma.However,glomangiosarcoma(8710/3) andlymphangiosarcoma(9170/3) are distinct conditions (in humans). Dogs Hemangiosarcoma is quite common indogs, and more so in certain breeds includingGerman ShepherdsandGolden Retrievers.It also occurs incats, but much more rarely. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma rarely show clinical signs until the tumor has become very large and hasmetastasized. Typically, clinical signs are due tohypovolemiaafter the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Owners of the",
"Owners of the affected dogs often discover that the dog has hemangiosarcoma only after the dog collapses. The tumor most often appears on thespleen, rightheartbase, orliver, although varieties also appear on or under the skin or in other locations. It is the most common tumor of the heart, and occurs in theright atriumorright auricular appendage. Here it can cause right-sidedheart failure,arrhythmias,pericardial effusion, andcardiac tamponade. Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen orliveris the most common tumor to causehemorrhagein theabdomen.Hemorrhage secondary to splenic and hepatic tumors can also cause ventriculararrhythmias. Hemangiosarcoma of theskinusually appears as a small red or bluish-black lump. It can also occur under the skin. It is suspected that in the skin, hemangiosarcoma is caused bysunexposure.Occasionally, hemangiosarcoma of the skin can be a metastasis from visceral hemangiosarcoma. Other sites the tumor may occur includebone,kidneys, thebladder,muscle, themouth, and thecentral nervous",
"thecentral nervous system. Clinical features Presenting complaints and clinical signs are usually related to the site of origin of the primary tumor or to the presence of metastases, spontaneous tumor rupture, coagulopathies, or cardiac arrhythmias. More than 50% of patients are presented because of acute collapse after spontaneous rupture of the primary tumor or its metastases. Some episodes of collapse are a result of ventricular arrhythmias, which are relatively common in dogs with splenic or cardiac HSA. Most common clinical signs of visceral hemangiosarcoma include loss of appetite,arrhythmias, weight loss, weakness, lethargy, collapse, palemucous membranes, and/or sudden death. An enlarged abdomen is often seen due to hemorrhage. Metastasis is most commonly to the liver,omentum,lungs, orbrain. A retrospective study published in 1999 by Ware, et al., found a five times greater risk of cardiac hemangiosarcoma in spayed vs. intact female dogs and a 2.4 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma in neutered",
"in neutered dogs as compared to intact males.The validity of this study is in dispute. Clinicopathologic findings Hemangiosarcoma can cause a wide variety of hematologic and hemostatic abnormalities, includinganemia, thrombocytopenia(lowplateletcount),disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC); presence of nRBC, schistocytes, and acanthocytes in the blood smear; and leukocytosis with neutrophilia, left shift, and monocytosis. Diagnosis A definitive diagnosis requires biopsy and histopathology. Cytologic aspirates may be inconclusive with studies reporting various specificity, and negative results may not correlate with absence of disease, as one study concludes \"cytological diagnosis of splenic neoplasia is reliable, but a negative result cannot be used to exclude the possibility of splenic neoplasia.\"This is because of frequent blood contamination and poor exfoliation.Surgical biopsy is the typical approach in veterinary medicine. Imaging modalities may include one ore more of ultrasound, CT, MRIand",
"CT, MRIand FDG-PET/CT.FGD-PET/CT may show some benefit over traditional CT for staging and detection of metastasis. Symptoms Dogs rarely show symptoms of hemangiosarcoma until after the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Then symptoms can include short-term lethargy, loss of appetite, enlarged abdomen, weakness in the back legs, paled colored tongue and gums, rapid heart rate, and a weak pulse. Treatments Treatment includeschemotherapyand, where practical, removal of the tumor with the affected organ, such as with asplenectomy. Splenectomy alone gives an average survival time of 1–3 months. The addition ofchemotherapy, primarily comprising the drugdoxorubicin, alone or in combination with other drugs, can increase the average survival time by 2–4 months beyond splenectomy alone. A 2012 paper published the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School, in dogs treated with a compound derived from theCoriolus versicolor(commonly known as \"Turkey Tail\") mushroom showed a favorable response to the agent",
"to the agent compared to historical controls of dogs treated with splenectomy and Doxorubicin .:.A controlled, randomized study in 101 dogs was later conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School which showed that the Coriolus versicolor mushroom did not have the same outcome noted in the 2012 paper with 15 dogs. In the 2022 paper by Gednet et al. dogs treated with splenectomy followed by Doxorubicin did better then dogs treated with splenectomy and mushroom agent. Combination of Doxorubicin with the Turkey Tail mushroom also did not improve survival when compared to Doxorubicin alone. However, as noted in the 2012 study, the Turkey Tail mushroom extract did not cause any systemic adverse reactions, even when combined with Doxorubicin.:. Immune therapy based on cultivation of tumor tissue is being developed for dogs.A preventive vaccine based on several proteins commonly found in dog cancers, including hemangiosarcomas, is also being developed. In the skin, it can be cured in most cases with",
"in most cases with complete surgical removal as long as there is not visceral involvement.Median survival times for stage I is 780 days, where more advanced stages can range from 172 to 307 days. References External links",
"Chemotherapy Chemotherapy(often abbreviatedchemo, sometimesCTXandCTx) is the type ofcancer treatmentthat uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agentsoralkylating agents) in a standardregimen. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or toreduce symptoms(palliativechemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted topharmacotherapyforcancer, which is calledmedical oncology. The termchemotherapynow means the non-specific use of intracellularpoisonsto inhibitmitosis(cell division) or to induceDNA damage(so thatDNA repaircan augment chemotherapy).This meaning excludes the more-selective agents that block extracellular signals (signal transduction). Therapies with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarilyestrogensfor breast cancer andandrogensfor prostate cancer), are now",
"cancer), are now calledhormonal therapies. Other inhibitions of growth-signals, such as those associated withreceptor tyrosine kinases, aretargeted therapy. The use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or targeted therapy) issystemic therapyfor cancer: they are introduced into the blood stream (the system) and therefore can treat cancer anywhere in the body. Systemic therapy is often used with other,local therapy(treatments that work only where they are applied), such asradiation,surgery, andhyperthermia. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents arecytotoxicby means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death ifapoptosisis initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in thebone marrow,digestive",
"marrow,digestive tractandhair follicles. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy:myelosuppression(decreased production of blood cells, hence that alsoimmunosuppression),mucositis(inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), andalopecia(hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-calledautoimmunity). These includerheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus,multiple sclerosis,vasculitisand many others. Treatment strategies There are a number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Chemotherapy may be given with acurativeintent or it may aim to prolong life or topalliate symptoms. Allchemotherapy regimensrequire that the recipient be capable of undergoing the treatment.Performance statusis often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose",
"or whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (fractional kill), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor.Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity. Effectiveness The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as someleukemias,to being ineffective, such as in somebrain tumors,to being needless in others, like mostnon-melanoma skin cancers. Dosage Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the person receiving it.The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculatedbody surface area(BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or",
"formula or anomogram, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans.The study only included nine human subjects.When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option. The validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned because the formula only takes into account the individual's weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which have major impacts on the actual concentration of the drug in the person's bloodstream.As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this",
"by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than ten-fold for many drugs.In other words, if two people receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one person may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other person.This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs. The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among people is that many people do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some people are overdosed while others are underdosed.For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard—68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed. There has been controversy over the use of BSA to",
"the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for people who areobese.Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear ofoverdosing.In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that when chemotherapy dosing is individualized to achieve optimal systemic drug exposure, treatment outcomes are improved and toxic side effects are reduced.In the 5-FU clinical study cited above, people whose dose was adjusted to achieve a pre-determined target exposure realized an 84% improvement in treatment response rate and a six-month improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with those dosed by BSA. In the same study, investigators compared the incidence of common 5-FU-associated grade 3/4 toxicities between the dose-adjusted people and people dosed per BSA.The incidence of debilitating grades of diarrhea was reduced from 18% in the BSA-dosed group to 4% in the dose-adjusted group and serious hematologic",
"serious hematologic side effects were eliminated.Because of the reduced toxicity, dose-adjusted patients were able to be treated for longer periods of time.BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months.Completing the course of treatment is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes. Similar results were found in a study involving people with colorectal cancer who have been treated with the popularFOLFOXregimen.The incidence of serious diarrhea was reduced from 12% in the BSA-dosed group of patients to 1.7% in the dose-adjusted group, and the incidence of severe mucositis was reduced from 15% to 0.8%. The FOLFOX study also demonstrated an improvement in treatment outcomes.Positive response increased from 46% in the BSA-dosed group to 70% in the dose-adjusted group. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) both improved by six months in the dose adjusted group. One approach that can",
"approach that can help clinicians individualize chemotherapy dosing is to measure the drug levels in blood plasma over time and adjust dose according to a formula or algorithm to achieve optimal exposure. With an established target exposure for optimized treatment effectiveness with minimized toxicities, dosing can be personalized to achieve target exposure and optimal results for each person. Such an algorithm was used in the clinical trials cited above and resulted in significantly improved treatment outcomes. Oncologists are already individualizing dosing of some cancer drugs based on exposure.Carboplatin: 4andbusulfandosing rely upon results from blood tests to calculate the optimal dose for each person. Simple blood tests are also available for dose optimization ofmethotrexate,5-FU,paclitaxel, anddocetaxel. The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types. Types Alkylating agents Alkylating agents are the",
"agents are the oldest group of chemotherapeutics in use today. Originally derived frommustard gasused inWorld War I, there are now many types of alkylating agents in use.They are so named because of their ability toalkylatemany molecules, includingproteins,RNAandDNA. This ability to bindcovalentlyto DNA via theiralkyl groupis the primary cause for their anti-cancer effects.DNA is made of two strands and the molecules may either bind twice to one strand of DNA (intrastrand crosslink) or may bind once to both strands (interstrand crosslink). If the cell tries to replicate crosslinked DNA duringcell division, or tries to repair it, the DNA strands can break. This leads to a form of programmed cell death calledapoptosis.Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason, the effect on the cell is dose dependent; the fraction of cells that die is directly proportional to the dose of drug. The subtypes of alkylating agents are thenitrogen",
"are thenitrogen mustards,nitrosoureas,tetrazines,aziridines,cisplatinsand derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustards includemechlorethamine,cyclophosphamide,melphalan,chlorambucil,ifosfamideandbusulfan. Nitrosoureas includeN-Nitroso-N-methylurea(MNU),carmustine(BCNU),lomustine(CCNU) andsemustine(MeCCNU),fotemustineandstreptozotocin. Tetrazines includedacarbazine,mitozolomideandtemozolomide. Aziridines includethiotepa,mytomycinand diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives includecisplatin,carboplatinandoxaliplatin.They impair cell function by formingcovalent bondswith theamino,carboxyl,sulfhydryl, andphosphate groupsin biologically important molecules.Non-classical alkylating agents includeprocarbazineand hexamethylmelamine. Antimetabolites Anti-metabolitesare a group of molecules that impede DNA and RNA synthesis. Many of them have a similar structure to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The building blocks arenucleotides; a molecule comprising anucleobase, a sugar and aphosphate",
"and aphosphate group. The nucleobases are divided intopurines(guanineandadenine) andpyrimidines(cytosine,thymineanduracil). Anti-metabolites resemble either nucleobases or nucleosides (a nucleotide without the phosphate group), but have alteredchemical groups.These drugs exert their effect by either blocking the enzymes required for DNA synthesis or becoming incorporated into DNA or RNA. By inhibiting the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, they prevent mitosis because the DNA cannot duplicate itself. Also, after misincorporation of the molecules into DNA,DNA damagecan occur and programmed cell death (apoptosis) is induced. Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of the cell cycle, in this caseS-phase(the DNA synthesis phase). For this reason, at a certain dose, the effect plateaus and proportionally no more cell death occurs with increased doses. Subtypes of the anti-metabolites are theanti-folates, fluoropyrimidines,",
"fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues andthiopurines. The anti-folates includemethotrexateandpemetrexed. Methotrexate inhibitsdihydrofolate reductase(DHFR), an enzyme that regeneratestetrahydrofolatefromdihydrofolate. When the enzyme is inhibited by methotrexate, the cellular levels of folate coenzymes diminish. These are required forthymidylateand purine production, which are both essential for DNA synthesis and cell division.: 55–59: 11Pemetrexed is another anti-metabolite that affects purine and pyrimidine production, and therefore also inhibits DNA synthesis. It primarily inhibits the enzymethymidylate synthase, but also has effects on DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase andglycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase.The fluoropyrimidines includefluorouracilandcapecitabine. Fluorouracil is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells to form at least two active products; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP).",
"(fdUMP). FUMP becomes incorporated into RNA and fdUMP inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase; both of which lead to cell death.: 11Capecitabine is aprodrugof 5-fluorouracil that is broken down in cells to produce the active drug.The deoxynucleoside analogues includecytarabine,gemcitabine,decitabine,azacitidine,fludarabine,nelarabine,cladribine,clofarabine, andpentostatin. The thiopurines includethioguanineandmercaptopurine. Anti-microtubule agents Anti-microtubule agentsareplant-derived chemicals that block cell division by preventingmicrotubulefunction. Microtubules are an important cellular structure composed of two proteins,α-tubulinandβ-tubulin. They are hollow, rod-shaped structures that are required for cell division, among other cellular functions.Microtubules are dynamic structures, which means that they are permanently in a state of assembly and disassembly.Vincaalkaloidsandtaxanesare the two main groups of anti-microtubule agents, and although both of these groups of drugs cause microtubule",
"cause microtubule dysfunction, their mechanisms of action are completely opposite:Vincaalkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. By doing so, they can inducemitotic catastrophein the cancer cells.Following this, cell cycle arrest occurs, which induces programmed cell death (apoptosis).These drugs can also affectblood vessel growth, an essential process that tumours utilise in order to grow and metastasise. Vincaalkaloids are derived from theMadagascar periwinkle,Catharanthus roseus,formerly known asVinca rosea. They bind to specific sites on tubulin, inhibiting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The originalvincaalkaloids arenatural productsthat includevincristineandvinblastine.Following the success of these drugs, semi-syntheticvincaalkaloids were produced:vinorelbine(used in the treatment ofnon-small-cell lung cancer),vindesine, andvinflunine.These drugs arecell cycle-specific. They bind to the tubulin molecules inS-phaseand prevent proper",
"prevent proper microtubule formation required forM-phase. Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class,paclitaxel, was originally extracted fromTaxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew. Now this drug and another in this class,docetaxel, are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree,Taxus baccata. Podophyllotoxinis an antineoplasticlignanobtained primarily from theAmerican mayapple(Podophyllum peltatum) andHimalayan mayapple(Sinopodophyllum hexandrum). It has anti-microtubule activity, and its mechanism is similar to that ofvincaalkaloids in that they bind to tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation. Podophyllotoxin is used to produce two other drugs with different mechanisms of action:etoposideandteniposide. Topoisomerase inhibitors Topoisomerase inhibitors are drugs that affect the activity of two enzymes:topoisomerase Iandtopoisomerase II. When the DNA double-strand helix is unwound, during DNA replication ortranscription, for example, the",
"for example, the adjacent unopened DNA winds tighter (supercoils), like opening the middle of a twisted rope. The stress caused by this effect is in part aided by the topoisomerase enzymes. They produce single- or double-strand breaks into DNA, reducing the tension in the DNA strand. This allows the normal unwinding of DNA to occur duringreplicationor transcription. Inhibition of topoisomerase I or II interferes with both of these processes. Two topoisomerase I inhibitors,irinotecanandtopotecan, are semi-synthetically derived fromcamptothecin, which is obtained from the Chinese ornamental treeCamptotheca acuminata.Drugs that target topoisomerase II can be divided into two groups. The topoisomerase II poisons cause increased levels enzymes bound to DNA. This prevents DNA replication and transcription, causes DNA strand breaks, and leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis). These agents includeetoposide,doxorubicin,mitoxantroneandteniposide. The second group, catalytic inhibitors, are drugs that block the",
"that block the activity of topoisomerase II, and therefore prevent DNA synthesis and translation because the DNA cannot unwind properly. This group includesnovobiocin, merbarone, andaclarubicin, which also have other significant mechanisms of action. Cytotoxic antibiotics The cytotoxicantibioticsare a varied group of drugs that have various mechanisms of action. The common theme that they share in their chemotherapy indication is that they interruptcell division. The most important subgroup is theanthracyclinesand thebleomycins; other prominent examples includemitomycin Candactinomycin. Among the anthracyclines,doxorubicinanddaunorubicinwere the first, and were obtained from thebacteriumStreptomyces peucetius.Derivatives of these compounds includeepirubicinandidarubicin. Other clinically used drugs in the anthracycline group arepirarubicin,aclarubicin, andmitoxantrone.The mechanisms of anthracyclines includeDNA intercalation(molecules insert between the two strands of DNA), generation of highly reactivefree",
"highly reactivefree radicalsthat damage intercellular molecules and topoisomerase inhibition. Actinomycin is a complex molecule that intercalates DNA and preventsRNA synthesis. Bleomycin, aglycopeptideisolated fromStreptomyces verticillus, also intercalates DNA, but producesfree radicalsthat damage DNA. This occurs when bleomycin binds to ametal ion, becomeschemically reducedand reacts withoxygen.: 87 Mitomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic with the ability to alkylate DNA. Delivery Most chemotherapy isdeliveredintravenously, although a number of agents can be administered orally (e.g.,melphalan,busulfan,capecitabine). According to a recent (2016) systematic review, oral therapies present additional challenges for patients and care teams to maintain and support adherence to treatment plans. There are many intravenous methods of drug delivery, known as vascular access devices. These include thewinged infusion device,peripheral venous catheter, midline catheter,peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC),central",
"venous catheterandimplantable port. The devices have different applications regarding duration of chemotherapy treatment, method of delivery and types of chemotherapeutic agent.: 94–95 Depending on the person, the cancer, the stage of cancer, the type of chemotherapy, and the dosage, intravenous chemotherapy may be given on either aninpatientor anoutpatientbasis. For continuous, frequent or prolonged intravenous chemotherapy administration, various systems may be surgically inserted into the vasculature to maintain access.: 113–118Commonly used systems are theHickman line, thePort-a-Cath, and thePICC line. These have a lower infection risk, are much less prone tophlebitisorextravasation, and eliminate the need for repeated insertion of peripheral cannulae. Isolated limb perfusion(often used inmelanoma),or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liveror the lung have been used to treat some tumors. The main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without",
"tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage.These approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases ormicrometastases. Topical chemotherapies, such as5-fluorouracil, are used to treat some cases ofnon-melanoma skin cancer. If the cancer hascentral nervous systeminvolvement, or with meningeal disease,intrathecalchemotherapy may be administered. Adverse effects Chemotherapeutic techniques have a range of side effects that depend on the type of medications used. The most common medications affect mainly thefast-dividing cellsof the body, such as blood cells and the cells lining the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Chemotherapy-related toxicities can occur acutely after administration, within hours or days, or chronically, from weeks to years.: 265 Immunosuppression and myelosuppression Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of theimmune system, often by paralysing thebone",
"paralysing thebone marrowand leading to a decrease ofwhite blood cells,red blood cells, andplatelets.Anemiaandthrombocytopeniamay requireblood transfusion.Neutropenia(a decrease of theneutrophil granulocytecount below 0.5 x 109/litre) can be improved with syntheticG-CSF(granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, e.g.,filgrastim,lenograstim,efbemalenograstim alfa). In very severemyelosuppression, which occurs in some regimens, almost all the bone marrowstem cells(cells that producewhiteandred blood cells) are destroyed, meaningallogenicorautologousbone marrow cell transplantsare necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; inallogenicBMTs, the source is a donor.) However, some people still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow. Although people receiving chemotherapy are encouraged to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection-reducing steps, about 85% of infections are due to naturally",
"due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the person's owngastrointestinal tract(includingoral cavity) and skin.: 130This may manifest as systemic infections, such assepsis, or as localized outbreaks, such asHerpes simplex,shingles, or other members of theHerpesviridea.The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such asquinolonesortrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazolebefore any fever or sign of infection appears.Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer.However, in general, for every five people who are immunosuppressed following chemotherapy who take an antibiotic, one fever can be prevented; for every 34 who take an antibiotic, one death can be prevented.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because the immune system is suppressed to a critically low level. InJapan, the government has approved the use of somemedicinal mushroomslikeTrametes versicolor, to counteract depression of the immune system in people undergoing chemotherapy.",
"chemotherapy. Trilaciclibis an inhibitor ofcyclin-dependent kinase4/6 approved for the prevention of myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy. The drug is given before chemotherapy to protect bone marrow function. Neutropenic enterocolitis Due to immune system suppression,neutropenic enterocolitis(typhlitis) is a \"life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy.\"Typhlitisis an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms includingnausea,vomiting,diarrhea, adistended abdomen,fever,chills, orabdominal painand tenderness. Typhlitisis amedical emergency. It has a very poorprognosisand is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated.Successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective righthemicolectomyto prevent recurrence. Gastrointestinal distress Nausea,vomiting,anorexia,diarrhea, abdominal cramps, andconstipationare common",
"common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells.Malnutritionanddehydrationcan result when the recipient does not eat or drink enough, or when the person vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the person eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. Weight gain can also be caused by some steroid medications. These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated withantiemeticdrugs. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that probiotics may have a preventative and treatment effect of diarrhoea related to chemotherapy alone and with radiotherapy.However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhoea and bloating are also symptoms oftyphlitis, a very serious and potentially life-threateningmedical emergencythat requires immediate treatment. Anemia Anemiacan be a combined outcome caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and possible cancer-related causes such",
"causes such asbleeding,blood celldestruction (hemolysis), hereditary disease, kidney dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies oranemia of chronic disease. Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production (erythropoietin),iron supplements, andblood transfusions.Myelosuppressive therapy can cause a tendency to bleed easily, leading to anemia. Medications that kill rapidly dividing cells or blood cells can reduce the number ofplateletsin the blood, which can result inbruisesandbleeding. Extremely low platelet counts may be temporarily boosted throughplatelet transfusionsand new drugs to increase platelet counts during chemotherapy are being developed.Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed to allow platelet counts to recover. Fatiguemay be a consequence of the cancer or its treatment, and can last for months to years after treatment. One physiological cause of fatigue is anemia, which can be caused by chemotherapy,surgery,radiotherapy, primary and metastatic disease or nutritional",
"or nutritional depletion.Aerobic exercisehas been found to be beneficial in reducing fatigue in people withsolid tumours. Nausea and vomiting Nauseaandvomitingare two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side-effects for people with cancer and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that people receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side-effects, respectively.Up to 20% of people receiving highly emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused potentially curative treatments.Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are common with many treatments and some forms of cancer. Since the 1990s, several novel classes ofantiemeticshave been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to successfully manage these symptoms in many people. Effective mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes debilitating symptoms results in increased quality of life for the recipient and more efficient",
"and more efficient treatment cycles, due to less stoppage of treatment due to better tolerance and better overall health. Hair loss Hair loss(alopecia) can be caused by chemotherapy that kills rapidly dividing cells; other medications may cause hair to thin. These are most often temporary effects: hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, but sometimes with a change in color, texture, thickness or style. Sometimes hair has a tendency to curl after regrowth, resulting in \"chemo curls.\" Severe hair loss occurs most often with drugs such asdoxorubicin,daunorubicin,paclitaxel,docetaxel,cyclophosphamide,ifosfamideandetoposide. Permanent thinning or hair loss can result from some standard chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy induced hair loss occurs by a non-androgenic mechanism, and can manifest asalopecia totalis, telogen effluvium, or less oftenalopecia areata.It is usually associated with systemic treatment due to the high mitotic rate of hair follicles, and more reversible than",
"reversible than androgenic hair loss,although permanent cases can occur.Chemotherapy induces hair loss in women more often than men. Scalp coolingoffers a means of preventing both permanent and temporary hair loss; however, concerns about this method have been raised. Secondary neoplasm Development of secondary neoplasia after successful chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment can occur. The most commonsecondary neoplasmis secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors.Survivors ofchildhood cancerare more than 13 times as likely to get asecondary neoplasmduring the 30 years after treatment than the general population.Not all of this increase can be attributed to chemotherapy. Infertility Some types of chemotherapy are gonadotoxic and may causeinfertility.Chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil, and chlormethine.Drugs with",
"with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin.On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine,antibioticssuch as bleomycin and dactinomycin, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, and 5-fluorouracil. Female infertilityby chemotherapy appears to be secondary topremature ovarian failureby loss ofprimordial follicles.This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. People may choose between several methods offertility preservationprior to chemotherapy, includingcryopreservationof semen, ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos.As more than half of cancer patients are elderly, this adverse effect is only relevant for a minority of patients. A study in France between 1999 and 2011 came to the result that embryo freezing before administration of",
"administration of gonadotoxic agents to females caused a delay of treatment in 34% of cases, and a live birth in 27% of surviving cases who wanted to become pregnant, with the follow-up time varying between 1 and 13 years. Potential protective or attenuating agents includeGnRH analogs, where several studies have shown a protective effectin vivoin humans, but some studies show no such effect.Sphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P) has shown similar effect, but its mechanism of inhibiting thesphingomyelin apoptotic pathwaymay also interfere with theapoptosisaction of chemotherapy drugs. In chemotherapy as aconditioning regimenin hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a study of people conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone for severe aplastic anemia came to the result that ovarian recovery occurred in all women younger than 26 years at time of transplantation, but only in five of 16 women older than 26 years. Teratogenicity Chemotherapy isteratogenicduringpregnancy, especially during thefirst trimester, to the extent",
"to the extent thatabortionusually is recommended if pregnancy in this period is found during chemotherapy.Second- and third-trimester exposure does not usually increase the teratogenic risk and adverse effects on cognitive development, but it may increase the risk of variouscomplications of pregnancyand fetal myelosuppression. Female patients of reproductive potential should use effectivecontraceptionduring chemotherapy and for a few months after the last dose (e.g. 6 month fordoxorubicin). In males previously having undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy.The use ofassisted reproductive technologiesandmicromanipulation techniquesmight increase this risk.In females previously having undergone chemotherapy, miscarriage and congenital malformations are not increased in subsequent conceptions.However, whenin vitro fertilizationandembryo cryopreservationis practised between or shortly after",
"or shortly after treatment, possible genetic risks to the growing oocytes exist, and hence it has been recommended that the babies be screened. Peripheral neuropathy Between 30 and 40 percent of people undergoing chemotherapy experiencechemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy(CIPN), a progressive, enduring, and often irreversible condition, causing pain, tingling, numbness and sensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes progressing to the arms and legs.Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN includethalidomide,epothilones,vincaalkaloids, taxanes,proteasome inhibitors, and the platinum-based drugs.Whether CIPN arises, and to what degree, is determined by the choice of drug, duration of use, the total amount consumed and whether the person already hasperipheral neuropathy. Though the symptoms are mainly sensory, in some casesmotor nervesand theautonomic nervous systemare affected.CIPN often follows the first chemotherapy dose and increases in severity as treatment continues, but this",
"continues, but this progression usually levels off at completion of treatment. The platinum-based drugs are the exception; with these drugs, sensation may continue to deteriorate for several months after the end of treatment.Some CIPN appears to be irreversible.Pain can often be managed with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment. Cognitive impairment Some people receiving chemotherapy report fatigue or non-specific neurocognitive problems, such as an inability to concentrate; this is sometimes calledpost-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, referred to as \"chemo brain\" in popular and social media. Tumor lysis syndrome In particularly large tumors and cancers with highwhite cell counts, such aslymphomas,teratomas, and someleukemias, some people developtumor lysis syndrome. The rapid breakdown of cancer cells causes the release of chemicals from the inside of the cells. Following this, high levels ofuric acid,potassiumandphosphateare found in the blood. High levels of",
"High levels of phosphate induce secondary hypoparathyroidism, resulting in low levels of calcium in the blood.This causes kidney damage and the high levels of potassium can causecardiac arrhythmia. Although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated in people with large tumors, this is a dangerous side-effect that can lead to death if left untreated.: 202 Organ damage Cardiotoxicity(heart damage) is especially prominent with the use ofanthracyclinedrugs (doxorubicin,epirubicin,idarubicin, andliposomal doxorubicin). The cause of this is most likely due to the production offree radicalsin the cell and subsequentDNA damage. Other chemotherapeutic agents that cause cardiotoxicity, but at a lower incidence, arecyclophosphamide,docetaxelandclofarabine. Hepatotoxicity(liver damage) can be caused by many cytotoxic drugs. The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself,viral hepatitis,immunosuppressionandnutritional deficiency. The liver damage can",
"liver damage can consist of damage to liver cells,hepatic sinusoidal syndrome(obstruction of the veins in the liver),cholestasis(where bile does not flow from the liver to the intestine) andliver fibrosis. Nephrotoxicity(kidney damage) can be caused bytumor lysis syndromeand also due direct effects of drug clearance by the kidneys. Different drugs will affect different parts of the kidney and the toxicity may beasymptomatic(only seen on blood or urine tests) or may causeacute kidney injury. Ototoxicity(damage to the inner ear) is a common side effect of platinum based drugs that can produce symptoms such as dizziness andvertigo.Children treated with platinum analogues have been found to be at risk for developing hearing loss. Other side-effects Less common side-effects include red skin (erythema), dry skin, damaged fingernails, a dry mouth (xerostomia),water retention, andsexual impotence. Some medications can triggerallergicorpseudoallergicreactions. Specific chemotherapeutic agents are associated with",
"are associated with organ-specific toxicities, includingcardiovascular disease(e.g.,doxorubicin),interstitial lung disease(e.g.,bleomycin) and occasionallysecondary neoplasm(e.g.,MOPPtherapy for Hodgkin's disease). Hand-foot syndromeis another side effect to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Nutritional problems are also frequently seen in cancer patients at diagnosis and through chemotherapy treatment. Research suggests that in children and young people undergoing cancer treatment,parenteral nutritionmay help with this leading to weight gain and increased calorie and protein intake, when compared to enteral nutrition. Limitations Chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. People frequently fail to understand its limitations. In one study of people who had been newly diagnosed with incurable,stage 4 cancer, more than two-thirds of people with lung cancer and more than four-fifths of people with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely",
"was likely to cure their cancer. Theblood–brain barrierposes an obstacle to delivery of chemotherapy to thebrain. This is because the brain has an extensive system in place to protect it from harmful chemicals. Drug transporters can pump out drugs from the brain and brain's blood vessel cells into thecerebrospinal fluidand blood circulation. These transporters pump out most chemotherapy drugs, which reduces their efficacy for treatment of brain tumors. Only smalllipophilicalkylating agentssuch aslomustineortemozolomideare able to cross this blood–brain barrier. Blood vesselsin tumors are very different from those seen in normal tissues. As a tumor grows, tumor cells furthest away from the blood vessels become low in oxygen (hypoxic). To counteract this they then signal for new blood vessels to grow. The newly formed tumor vasculature is poorly formed and does not deliver an adequate blood supply to all areas of the tumor. This leads to issues with drug delivery because many drugs will be delivered to the",
"be delivered to the tumor by thecirculatory system. Resistance Resistanceis a major cause of treatment failure in chemotherapeutic drugs. There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts of these pumps, known asp-glycoprotein, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p-glycoprotein and other such chemotherapy efflux pumps is currently ongoing. Medications to inhibit the function of p-glycoprotein are undergoing investigation, but due to toxicities and interactions with anti-cancer drugs their development has been difficult.Another mechanism of resistance isgene amplification, a process in which multiple copies of a gene are produced by cancer cells. This overcomes the effect of drugs that reduce the expression of genes involved in replication. With more copies of the gene, the drug can not prevent",
"can not prevent all expression of the gene and therefore the cell can restore its proliferative ability. Cancer cells can also cause defects in the cellular pathways ofapoptosis(programmed cell death). As most chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells in this manner, defective apoptosis allows survival of these cells, making them resistant. Many chemotherapy drugs also cause DNA damage, which can be repaired byenzymesin the cell that carry outDNA repair. Upregulation of these genes can overcome the DNA damage and prevent the induction of apoptosis. Mutations in genes that produce drug target proteins, such astubulin, can occur which prevent the drugs from binding to the protein, leading to resistance to these types of drugs.Drugs used in chemotherapy can induce cell stress, which can kill a cancer cell; however, under certain conditions, cells stress can induce changes in gene expression that enables resistance to several types of drugs.Inlung cancer, the transcription factorNFκBis thought to play a role in",
"to play a role in resistance to chemotherapy, via inflammatory pathways. Cytotoxics and targeted therapies Targeted therapiesare a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics. They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies. The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs. They will kill any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal. Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells.This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues. Although theside effectsare often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur. Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein. Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind. An example target for targeted therapy is the",
"therapy is the BCR-ABL1 protein produced from thePhiladelphia chromosome, a genetic lesion found commonly inchronic myelogenous leukemiaand in some patients withacute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thisfusion proteinhas enzyme activity that can be inhibited byimatinib, asmall moleculedrug. Mechanism of action Canceris the uncontrolled growth ofcellscoupled withmalignantbehaviour: invasion andmetastasis(among other features).It is caused by the interaction betweengeneticsusceptibility and environmental factors.These factors lead to accumulations ofgenetic mutationsinoncogenes(genes that control the growth rate of cells) andtumor suppressor genes(genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth.: 93–94 In the broad sense, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairingmitosis(cell division), effectively targetingfast-dividing cells. As these drugs cause damage to cells, they are termedcytotoxic. They prevent mitosis by various mechanisms including",
"including damaging DNA and inhibition of the cellular machinery involved in cell division.One theory as to why these drugs kill cancer cells is that they induce a programmed form of cell death known asapoptosis. As chemotherapy affects cell division, tumors with highgrowth rates(such asacute myelogenous leukemiaand the aggressivelymphomas, includingHodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy, as a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoingcell divisionat any time. Malignancies with slower growth rates, such as indolent lymphomas, tend to respond to chemotherapy much more modestly.Heterogeneic tumoursmay also display varying sensitivities to chemotherapy agents, depending on the subclonal populations within the tumor. Cells from theimmune systemalso make crucial contributions to the antitumor effects of chemotherapy.For example, the chemotherapeutic drugsoxaliplatinandcyclophosphamidecan cause tumor cells to die in a way that is detectable by the immune system (calledimmunogenic cell",
"cell death), which mobilizes immune cells with antitumor functions.Chemotherapeutic drugs that cause cancer immunogenic tumor cell death can make unresponsive tumors sensitive toimmune checkpointtherapy. Other uses Some chemotherapy drugs are used in diseases other than cancer, such as in autoimmune disorders,and noncancerousplasma cell dyscrasia. In some cases they are often used at lower doses, which means that the side effects are minimized,while in other cases doses similar to ones used to treat cancer are used.Methotrexateis used in the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis(RA),psoriasis,ankylosing spondylitisandmultiple sclerosis.The anti-inflammatory response seen in RA is thought to be due to increases inadenosine, which causesimmunosuppression; effects on immuno-regulatorycyclooxygenase-2 enzyme pathways; reduction in pro-inflammatorycytokines; and anti-proliferative properties.Although methotrexate is used to treat both multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis, its efficacy in these diseases is",
"these diseases is still uncertain.Cyclophosphamideis sometimes used to treatlupus nephritis, a common symptom ofsystemic lupus erythematosus.Dexamethasonealong with eitherbortezomibormelphalanis commonly used as a treatment forAL amyloidosis. Recently, bortezomid in combination withcyclophosphamideand dexamethasone has also shown promise as a treatment for AL amyloidosis. Other drugs used to treatmyelomasuch aslenalidomidehave shown promise in treating AL amyloidosis. Chemotherapy drugs are also used inconditioning regimensprior to bone marrow transplant (hematopoietic stem cell transplant). Conditioning regimens are used to suppress the recipient's immune system in order to allow a transplant to engraft. Cyclophosphamide is a common cytotoxic drug used in this manner and is often used in conjunction withtotal body irradiation. Chemotherapeutic drugs may be used at high doses to permanently remove the recipient's bone marrow cells (myeloablative conditioning) or at lower doses that will prevent permanent",
"prevent permanent bone marrow loss (non-myeloablative and reduced intensity conditioning).When used in non-cancer setting, the treatment is still called \"chemotherapy\", and is often done in the same treatment centers used for people with cancer. Occupational exposure and safe handling In the 1970s, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drugs were identified as hazardous, and theAmerican Society of Health-System Pharmacists(ASHP) has since then introduced the concept ofhazardous drugsafter publishing a recommendation in 1983 regarding handling hazardous drugs. The adaptation of federal regulations came when the U.S.Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) first released its guidelines in 1986 and then updated them in 1996, 1999, and, most recently, 2006. TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) has been conducting an assessment in the workplace since then regarding these drugs. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs has been linked to multiple health effects, including",
"effects, including infertility and possible carcinogenic effects. A few cases have been reported by the NIOSH alert report, such as one in which a female pharmacist was diagnosed with papillary transitional cell carcinoma. Twelve years before the pharmacist was diagnosed with the condition, she had worked for 20 months in a hospital where she was responsible for preparing multiple antineoplastic drugs.The pharmacist did not have any other risk factor for cancer, and therefore, her cancer was attributed to the exposure to the antineoplastic drugs, although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established in the literature. Another case happened when a malfunction in biosafety cabinetry is believed to have exposed nursing personnel to antineoplastic drugs. Investigations revealed evidence of genotoxic biomarkers two and nine months after that exposure. Routes of exposure Antineoplastic drugs are usually given throughintravenous,intramuscular,intrathecal, orsubcutaneousadministration. In most cases,",
"In most cases, before the medication is administered to the patient, it needs to be prepared and handled by several workers. Any worker who is involved in handling, preparing, or administering the drugs, or with cleaning objects that have come into contact with antineoplastic drugs, is potentially exposed to hazardous drugs.Health care workers are exposed to drugs in different circumstances, such as when pharmacists and pharmacy technicians prepare and handle antineoplastic drugs and when nurses and physicians administer the drugs to patients. Additionally, those who are responsible for disposing antineoplastic drugs in health care facilities are also at risk of exposure. Dermal exposure is thought to be the main route of exposure due to the fact that significant amounts of the antineoplastic agents have been found in the gloves worn by healthcare workers who prepare, handle, and administer the agents. Another noteworthy route of exposure is inhalation of the drugs' vapors. Multiple studies have investigated",
"have investigated inhalation as a route of exposure, and although air sampling has not shown any dangerous levels, it is still a potential route of exposure. Ingestion by hand to mouth is a route of exposure that is less likely compared to others because of the enforced hygienic standard in the health institutions. However, it is still a potential route, especially in the workplace, outside of a health institute. One can also be exposed to these hazardous drugs through injection byneedle sticks. Research conducted in this area has established that occupational exposure occurs by examining evidence in multiple urine samples from health care workers. Hazards Hazardous drugs expose health care workers to serious health risks. Many studies show that antineoplastic drugs could have many side effects on the reproductive system, such as fetal loss, congenital malformation, and infertility. Health care workers who are exposed to antineoplastic drugs on many occasions have adverse reproductive outcomes such as",
"outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital malformations. Moreover, studies have shown that exposure to these drugs leads to menstrual cycle irregularities. Antineoplastic drugs may also increase the risk of learning disabilities among children of health care workers who are exposed to these hazardous substances. Moreover, these drugs havecarcinogeniceffects. In the past five decades, multiple studies have shown the carcinogenic effects of exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Similarly, there have been research studies that linked alkylating agents with humans developing leukemias. Studies have reported elevated risk of breast cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer, and cancer of the rectum among nurses who are exposed to these drugs. Other investigations revealed that there is a potentialgenotoxiceffect from anti-neoplastic drugs to workers in health care settings. Safe handling in health care settings As of 2018, there were nooccupational exposure limitsset for antineoplastic drugs, i.e.,",
"drugs, i.e., OSHA or theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) have not set workplace safety guidelines. Preparation NIOSH recommends using aventilated cabinetthat is designed to decrease worker exposure. Additionally, it recommends training of all staff, the use of cabinets, implementing an initial evaluation of the technique of the safety program, and wearing protective gloves and gowns when opening drug packaging, handling vials, or labeling. When wearingpersonal protective equipment, one should inspect gloves for physical defects before use and always wear double gloves and protective gowns. Health care workers are also required to wash their hands with water and soap before and after working with antineoplastic drugs, change gloves every 30 minutes or whenever punctured, and discard them immediately in a chemotherapy waste container. The gowns used should be disposable gowns made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene. When wearing gowns, individuals should make sure that the",
"make sure that the gowns are closed and have long sleeves. When preparation is done, the final product should be completely sealed in a plastic bag. The health care worker should also wipe all waste containers inside the ventilated cabinet before removing them from the cabinet. Finally, workers should remove all protective wear and put them in a bag for their disposal inside the ventilated cabinet. Administration Drugs should only be administered using protective medical devices such as needle lists and closed systems and techniques such as priming of IV tubing by pharmacy personnel inside a ventilated cabinet. Workers should always wear personal protective equipment such as double gloves, goggles, and protective gowns when opening the outer bag and assembling the delivery system to deliver the drug to the patient, and when disposing of all material used in the administration of the drugs. Hospital workers should never remove tubing from an IV bag that contains an antineoplastic drug, and when disconnecting",
"when disconnecting the tubing in the system, they should make sure the tubing has been thoroughly flushed. After removing the IV bag, the workers should place it together with other disposable items directly in the yellow chemotherapy waste container with the lid closed. Protective equipment should be removed and put into a disposable chemotherapy waste container. After this has been done, one should double bag the chemotherapy waste before or after removing one's inner gloves. Moreover, one must always wash one's hands with soap and water before leaving the drug administration site. Employee training All employees whose jobs in health care facilities expose them to hazardous drugs must receive training. Training should include shipping and receiving personnel, housekeepers, pharmacists, assistants, and all individuals involved in the transportation and storage of antineoplastic drugs. These individuals should receive information and training to inform them of the hazards of the drugs present in their areas",
"in their areas of work. They should be informed and trained on operations and procedures in their work areas where they can encounter hazards, different methods used to detect the presence of hazardous drugs and how the hazards are released, and the physical and health hazards of the drugs, including their reproductive and carcinogenic hazard potential. Additionally, they should be informed and trained on the measures they should take to avoid and protect themselves from these hazards. This information ought to be provided when health care workers come into contact with the drugs, that is, perform the initial assignment in a work area with hazardous drugs. Moreover, training should also be provided when new hazards emerge as well as when new drugs, procedures, or equipment are introduced. Housekeeping and waste disposal When performing cleaning and decontaminating the work area where antineoplastic drugs are used, one should make sure that there is sufficient ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne",
"buildup of airborne drug concentrations. When cleaning the work surface, hospital workers should use deactivation and cleaning agents before and after each activity as well as at the end of their shifts. Cleaning should always be done using double protective gloves and disposable gowns. After employees finish up cleaning, they should dispose of the items used in the activity in a yellow chemotherapy waste container while still wearing protective gloves. After removing the gloves, they should thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water. Anything that comes into contact or has a trace of the antineoplastic drugs, such as needles, empty vials, syringes, gowns, and gloves, should be put in the chemotherapy waste container. Spill control A written policy needs to be in place in case of a spill of antineoplastic products. The policy should address the possibility of various sizes of spills as well as the procedure and personal protective equipment required for each size. A trained worker should handle a large",
"handle a large spill and always dispose of all cleanup materials in the chemical waste container according to EPA regulations, not in a yellow chemotherapy waste container. Occupational monitoring Amedical surveillanceprogram must be established. In case of exposure, occupational health professionals need to ask for a detailed history and do a thorough physical exam. They should test the urine of the potentially exposed worker by doing aurine dipstickor microscopic examination, mainly looking for blood, as several antineoplastic drugs are known to cause bladder damage. Urinary mutagenicity is a marker of exposure to antineoplastic drugs that was first used by Falck and colleagues in 1979 and uses bacterial mutagenicity assays. Apart from being nonspecific, the test can be influenced by extraneous factors such as dietary intake and smoking and is, therefore, used sparingly. However, the test played a significant role in changing the use of horizontal flow cabinets to vertical flow biological safety cabinets",
"safety cabinets during the preparation of antineoplastic drugs because the former exposed health care workers to high levels of drugs. This changed the handling of drugs and effectively reduced workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Biomarkers of exposure to antineoplastic drugs commonly include urinaryplatinum,methotrexate, urinarycyclophosphamideandifosfamide, and urinary metabolite of5-fluorouracil. In addition to this, there are other drugs used to measure the drugs directly in the urine, although they are rarely used. A measurement of these drugs directly in one's urine is a sign of high exposure levels and that an uptake of the drugs is happening either through inhalation or dermally. Available agents There is an extensivelist of antineoplastic agents. Several classification schemes have been used to subdivide the medicines used for cancer into several different types. History The first use ofsmall-molecule drugsto treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although the specific chemicals first",
"chemicals first used were not originally intended for that purpose.Mustard gaswas used as achemical warfareagent duringWorld War Iand was discovered to be a potent suppressor ofhematopoiesis(blood production).A similar family of compounds known asnitrogen mustardswere studied further duringWorld War IIat theYale School of Medicine.It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer.Therefore, in December 1942, several people with advancedlymphomas(cancers of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas.Their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable.Concurrently, during a military operation in World War II, following a Germanair raidon the Italian harbour ofBari, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by theAllied forcesto prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of chemical warfare. The",
"warfare. The survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts.After WWII was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have similar effects against cancer. The first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research wasmustine. Since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion-dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply. The termchemotherapy The wordchemotherapywithout a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning was broader. The term was coined in the early 1900s byPaul Ehrlichas meaning any use of chemicals to treat any disease (chemo-+-therapy), such as the use ofantibiotics(antibacterial chemotherapy).Ehrlich was not optimistic that effective chemotherapy drugs would be found for the treatment of cancer.The first modern",
"first modern chemotherapeutic agent wasarsphenamine, an arsenic compound discovered in 1907 and used to treatsyphilis.This was later followed bysulfonamides(sulfa drugs) andpenicillin. In today'susage, thesense\"any treatment of disease with drugs\" is often expressed with the wordpharmacotherapy. In terms of metaphorical language, 'chemotherapy' can be paralleled with the idea of a 'storm', as both can cause distress but afterwards may have a healing/cleaning effect. Research Targeted delivery vehicles Specially targeted delivery vehicles aim to increase effective levels of chemotherapy for tumor cells while reducing effective levels for other cells. This should result in an increased tumor kill or reduced toxicity or both. Antibody-drug conjugates Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs) comprise anantibody, drug and a linker between them. The antibody will be targeted at a preferentially expressed protein in the tumour cells (known as atumor antigen) or on cells that the tumor can utilise, such as blood",
"such as blood vesselendothelial cells. They bind to the tumor antigen and are internalised, where the linker releases the drug into the cell. These specially targeted delivery vehicles vary in their stability, selectivity, and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells.Reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in people who are sicker and that they can carry new chemotherapeutic agents that would have been far too toxic to deliver via traditional systemic approaches. The first approved drug of this type wasgemtuzumab ozogamicin(Mylotarg), released byWyeth(nowPfizer). The drug was approved to treatacute myeloid leukemia.Two other drugs,trastuzumab emtansineandbrentuximab vedotin, are both in late clinical trials, and the latter has been granted accelerated approval for the treatment ofrefractoryHodgkin's lymphomaand systemicanaplastic large cell lymphoma. Nanoparticles Nanoparticlesare 1–1000nanometer(nm)",
"1–1000nanometer(nm) sized particles that can promote tumor selectivity and aid in delivering low-solubilitydrugs. Nanoparticles can be targeted passively or actively. Passive targeting exploits the difference between tumor blood vessels and normal blood vessels. Blood vessels in tumors are \"leaky\" because they have gaps from 200 to 2000 nm, which allow nanoparticles to escape into the tumor. Active targeting uses biological molecules (antibodies,proteins,DNAandreceptor ligands) to preferentially target the nanoparticles to the tumor cells. There are many types of nanoparticle delivery systems, such assilica,polymers,liposomesand magnetic particles. Nanoparticles made of magnetic material can also be used to concentrate agents at tumor sites using an externally applied magnetic field.They have emerged as a useful vehicle inmagnetic drug deliveryfor poorly soluble agents such aspaclitaxel. Electrochemotherapy Electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is",
"drug is followed by application of high-voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor. The treatment enables the chemotherapeutic drugs, which otherwise cannot or hardly go through the membrane of cells (such as bleomycin and cisplatin), to enter the cancer cells. Hence, greater effectiveness of antitumor treatment is achieved. Clinical electrochemotherapy has been successfully used for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors irrespective of their histological origin.The method has been reported as safe, simple and highly effective in all reports on clinical use of electrochemotherapy. According to the ESOPE project (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy), the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for electrochemotherapy were prepared, based on the experience of the leading European cancer centres on electrochemotherapy.Recently, new electrochemotherapy modalities have been developed for treatment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutaneous",
"or percutaneous approaches to gain access to the treatment area. Hyperthermia therapy Hyperthermia therapyis heat treatment for cancer that can be a powerful tool when used in combination with chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy) or radiation for the control of a variety of cancers. The heat can be applied locally to the tumor site, which will dilate blood vessels to the tumor, allowing more chemotherapeutic medication to enter the tumor. Additionally, the tumor cell membrane will become more porous, further allowing more of the chemotherapeutic medicine to enter the tumor cell. Hyperthermia has also been shown to help prevent or reverse \"chemo-resistance.\" Chemotherapy resistance sometimes develops over time as the tumors adapt and can overcome the toxicity of the chemo medication. \"Overcoming chemoresistance has been extensively studied within the past, especially using CDDP-resistant cells. In regard to the potential benefit that drug-resistant cells can be recruited for effective therapy by combining",
"by combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia, it was important to show that chemoresistance against several anticancer drugs (e.g. mitomycin C, anthracyclines, BCNU, melphalan) including CDDP could be reversed at least partially by the addition of heat. Other animals Chemotherapy is used in veterinary medicine similar to how it is used in human medicine. See also References External links",
"Mustard gas Mustard gasorsulfur mustardare names commonly used for theorganosulfurchemical compoundbis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents−SCH2CH2X or −N(CH2CH2X)2are known assulfur mustardsornitrogen mustards, respectively, where X = Cl or Br. Such compounds are potentalkylating agents, making mustard gas acutely and severely toxic.Mustard gas is acarcinogen.There is no preventative agent against mustard gas, with protection depending entirely on skin and airways protection, and noantidoteexists for mustard poisoning. Also known as mustard agents, this family of compounds comprises infamouscytotoxinsandblister agentswith a long history of use aschemical weapons.The namemustard gasis technically incorrect; the substances, whendispersed, are often not gases but a fine mist of liquid droplets that can be readily absorbed through the skin and by inhalation.The skin can be affected by contact with",
"by contact with either the liquid or vapor. The rate of penetration into skin is proportional to dose, temperature and humidity. Sulfur mustards are viscous liquids at room temperature and have an odor resemblingmustard plants,garlic, orhorseradish, hence the name.When pure, they are colorless, but when used in impure forms, such as in warfare, they are usuallyyellow-brown. Mustard gases formblisterson exposed skin and in the lungs, often resulting in prolonged illness ending in death. History as chemical weapons Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent.As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used inWorld War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including theIran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties.Sulfur-based andnitrogen-basedmustard agents are regulated underSchedule 1of the 1993Chemical Weapons Convention, as substances with few uses other than inchemical warfare.Mustard agents can be deployed by means ofartillery shells,aerial bombs,rockets, or by",
"or by spraying from aircraft. Adverse health effects Mustard gases have powerfulblisteringeffects on victims. They are alsocarcinogenicandmutagenicalkylating agents.Their highlipophilicityaccelerates their absorption into the body.Because mustard agents often do not elicit immediate symptoms, contaminated areas may appear normal.Within 24 hours of exposure, victims experience intenseitchingand skin irritation. If this irritation goes untreated, blisters filled withpuscan form wherever the agent contacted the skin.Aschemical burns, these are severely debilitating. If the victim's eyes were exposed, then they become sore, starting withconjunctivitis(also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary blindness. Extreme ocular exposure to mustard gas vapors may result incorneal ulceration, anterior chamber scarring, andneovascularization.In these severe and infrequent cases,corneal transplantationhas been used as a treatment option.Miosis, when the pupil constricts more than usual,",
"more than usual, may also occur, which may be the result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard.If inhaled in high concentrations, mustard agents cause bleeding and blistering within therespiratory system, damagingmucous membranesand causingpulmonary edema.Depending on the level of contamination, mustard agent burns can vary betweenfirstandsecond degree burns. They can also be as severe, disfiguring, and dangerous asthird degree burns. Some 80% of sulfur mustard in contact with the skin evaporates, while 10% stays in the skin and 10% is absorbed and circulated in the blood. The carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of exposure to mustard gas increase the risk of developingcancerlater in life.In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were significantly mutated in the lungs and airways of mustard gas victims. Those genes all correspond to functions commonly affected by mustard gas exposure, includingapoptosis, inflammation,",
"inflammation, and stress responses.The long-term ocular complications include burning, tearing, itching,photophobia,presbyopia, pain, and foreign-body sensations. Medical management In a rinse-wipe-rinse sequence, skin is decontaminated of mustard gas by washing with liquid soap and water, or an absorbent powder.The eyes should be thoroughly rinsed using saline or clean water. A topical analgesic is used to relieve skin pain during decontamination. The blistering effects of mustard gas can be neutralized by decontamination solutions such as \"DS2\" (2%NaOH, 70%diethylenetriamine, 28%2-methoxyethanol).For skin lesions, topical treatments, such ascalamine lotion, steroids, and oralantihistaminesare used to relieve itching.Larger blisters are irrigated repeatedly with saline or soapy water, then treated with an antibiotic and petroleum gauze. Mustard agent burns do not heal quickly and (as with other types of burns) present a risk ofsepsiscaused bypathogenssuch asStaphylococcus aureusandPseudomonas aeruginosa.",
"aeruginosa. The mechanisms behind mustard gas's effect on endothelial cells are still being studied, but recent studies have shown that high levels of exposure can induce high rates of bothnecrosisandapoptosis. In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mMN-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protectsactinfilaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin filaments play a large role in the severe burns observed in victims. A British nurse treating soldiers with mustard agent burns duringWorld War Icommented: They cannot be bandaged or touched. We cover them with a tent of propped-up sheets. Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain, even with the worst wounds, but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they cannot help crying out. Mechanism of cellular toxicity Sulfur mustards readily eliminatechlorideions by",
"by intramolecularnucleophilic substitutionto form cyclicsulfoniumions. These very reactive intermediates tend to permanentlyalkylatenucleotidesinDNAstrands, which can prevent cellular division, leading toprogrammed cell death.Alternatively, if cell death is not immediate, the damaged DNA can lead to the development of cancer.Oxidative stresswould be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity. In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BC2H4X, where X is anyleaving groupand B is aLewis base, are known asmustards.Such compounds can form cyclic\"onium\" ions(sulfonium,ammonium, etc.) that are goodalkylating agents. Other such compounds are bis(2-haloethyl)ethers (oxygen mustards), the (2-haloethyl)amines (nitrogen mustards), andsesquimustard, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClC2H4S−) connected by an ethylene bridge (−C2H4−).These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties vary. Formulations In its history, various types and mixtures of",
"and mixtures of mustard gas have been employed. These include: Commonly-stockpiled mustard agents (class) History Development Mustard gases were possibly developed as early as 1822 byCésar-Mansuète Despretz(1798–1863).Despretz described the reaction ofsulfur dichlorideandethylenebut never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientistFrederick Guthriesynthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting.Also in 1860, chemistAlbert Niemann, known as a pioneer incocainechemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886,Viktor Meyerpublished a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined2-chloroethanolwithaqueouspotassium sulfide, and then treated the resultingthiodiglycolwithphosphorus trichloride. The",
"trichloride. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assistant, and in order to rule out the possibility that his assistant was suffering from a mental illness (psychosomatic symptoms), Meyer had this compound tested on laboratoryrabbits, most of which died. In 1913, the English chemistHans Thacher Clarke(known for theEschweiler-Clarke reaction) replaced the phosphorus trichloride withhydrochloric acidin Meyer's formulation while working withEmil FischerinBerlin. Clarke was hospitalized for two months for burns after one of his flasks broke. According to Meyer, Fischer's report on this accident to theGerman Chemical Societysent theGerman Empireon the road to chemical weapons. Mustard gas can have the effect of turning a patient's skin different colors, including shades of red, orange, pink, and in unusual cases, blue. TheGerman EmpireduringWorld War Irelied on the Meyer-Clarke",
"on the Meyer-Clarke method because2-chloroethanolwas readily available from the German dye industry of that time. Use Mustard gas was firstused in World War Iby the German army against British and Canadian soldiers nearYpres, Belgium, on July 12, 1917.Later also against theFrench Second Army.Yperiteis \"a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres.\"The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 atCambrai, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred onAvonmouth Docks(the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process).This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of theHindenburg Line. Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel andWilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method of large-scale production for theImperial German Armyin 1916. Mustard",
"1916. Mustard gas was dispersed as anaerosolin a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions asaerial bombs,land mines,mortar rounds,artillery shells, androckets.Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as anincapacitating agent. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing agas maskwas not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. A common countermeasure was using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a readily available remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries (e.g.They Shall Not Grow Oldin 2018) and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs; however, the effectiveness of this measure is unclear. Mustard gas can remain in the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill",
"to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates one's clothing and equipment while cold, then other people with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warm up enough material to become an airborne toxic agent. An example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches, particularly once the \"sousterrain\" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as anarea-denial weaponthat forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas. Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind: The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard gas, during warfare is known aschemical warfare, and this kind of warfare was prohibited by theGeneva Protocol of 1925, and also by the laterChemical Weapons Convention of 1993. The latter agreement",
"latter agreement also prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and sale of such weapons. In September 2012, a US official stated that the rebel militant groupISISwas manufacturing and using mustard gas in Syria and Iraq, which was allegedly confirmed by the group's head of chemical weapons development, Sleiman Daoud al-Afari, who has since been captured. Development of the first chemotherapy drug As early as 1919 it was known that mustard agent was a suppressor ofhematopoiesis.In addition, autopsies performed on 75 soldiers who had died of mustard agent duringWorld War Iwere done by researchers from theUniversity of Pennsylvaniawho reported decreased counts ofwhite blood cells.This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments atYale Universityto conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II. As a part of this effort, the group investigatednitrogen mustardas a therapy forHodgkin's lymphomaand other types",
"other types oflymphomaandleukemia, and this compound was tried out on its first human patient in December 1942. The results of this study were not published until 1946, when they were declassified.In a parallel track, after theair raid on Bariin December 1943, the doctors of the U.S. Army noted that white blood cell counts were reduced in their patients. Some years after World War II was over, the incident in Bari and the work of the Yale University group with nitrogen mustard converged, and this prompted a search for other similarchemical compounds. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard called \"HN2\" became the first cancerchemotherapydrug,chlormethine(also known as mechlorethamine, mustine) to be used. Chlormethine and other mustard gas molecules are still used to this day as an chemotherapy agent albeit they have largely been replaced with more safe chemotherapy drugs likecisplatinandcarboplatin. Disposal In the United States, storage and incineration of mustard gas and other chemical",
"and other chemical weapons were carried out by the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency.Disposal projects at the two remaining American chemical weapons sites were carried out nearRichmond, Kentucky, andPueblo, Colorado. Although not yet declassified,toxicology specialists who dealt with the accidental puncturing of World War I gas stockpiles add that Air Force bases in Colorado have been made available to assist veterans of the 2003 American war with Iraq in which many Marines were exposed to gas as caches of up to 25,000 lb (11,000 kg).The United Nations definition of a weapon of mass destruction for mustard gas is 30,000 lb (14,000 kg), typically the Marines and other coalition allies discovered caches of 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) located across a road from 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) caches as multiple memoirs attest. These were discovered by the assistance of host country allies, or through leaks affecting personnel in an area with a weapon and gas cache called anASP. New detection techniques are being",
"are being developed in order to detect the presence of mustard gas and its metabolites. The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. Theimmunochromatographicassay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilians from sulfur-mustard dumping sites. In 1946, 10,000 drums of mustard gas (2,800 tonnes) stored at the production facility of Stormont Chemicals inCornwall, Ontario, Canada, were loaded onto 187 boxcars for the 900 miles (1,400 km) journey to be buried at sea on board a 400 foot (120 m) long barge 40 miles (64 km) south ofSable Island, southeast ofHalifax, at a depth of 600 fathoms (1,100 m). The dump location is 42 degrees, 50 minutes north by 60 degrees, 12 minutes west. A large British stockpile of old mustard agent that had been made and stored since World War I atM. S. Factory, ValleynearRhydymwyninFlintshire, Wales,",
"Wales, was destroyed in 1958. Most of the mustard gas found in Germany afterWorld War IIwas dumped into theBaltic Sea. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found about 700 chemical weapons in the region ofBornholm, most of which contain mustard gas. One of the more frequently dumped weapons was \"Sprühbüchse 37\" (SprüBü37, Spray Can 37, 1937 being the year of its fielding with the German Army). These weapons contain mustard gas mixed with athickener, which gives it a tar-like viscosity. When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustardhydrolyzes, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps (e.g., with the drag board of a fishing net or by the human hand) the enclosed mustard gas is still as active as it had been at the time the weapon was dumped. These lumps, when washed ashore, can be mistaken for amber, which can lead to severe health",
"to severe health problems.Artillery shellscontaining mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still be found in France and Belgium. These were formerly disposed of by explosion undersea, but since the current environmental regulations prohibit this, theFrench governmentis building an automated factory to dispose of the accumulation of chemical shells. In 1972, theU.S. Congressbanned the practice of disposing of chemical weapons into the ocean by the United States. 29,000 tons of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean off the United States by theU.S. Army. According to a report created in 1998 by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in theU.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the army created at least 26 chemical weapons dumping sites in the ocean offshore from at least 11 states on both theEast Coastand theWest Coast(inOperation CHASE,Operation Geranium, etc.). In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the",
"one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of 1,044 tonnes (1,151 short tons) of mustard gas.By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame.India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become the third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations. Producing or stockpiling mustard gas is prohibited by theChemical Weapons Convention. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 17,440 tonnes of mustard gas. As of December 2015, 86% of these stockpiles had been destroyed. A significant",
"A significant portion of the United States' mustard agentstockpilewas stored at the Edgewood Area ofAberdeen Proving GroundinMaryland. Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agents were stored in one-ton containers on the base under heavy guard. A chemical neutralization plant was built on the proving ground and neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint program of the Army and theFederal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA).Unexploded shells containing mustard gases and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity",
"ranges in proximity to schools in the Edgewood area, but the smaller amounts of poison gas (4 to 14 pounds (1.8 to 6.4 kg)) present considerably lower risks. These remnants are being detected and excavated systematically for disposal. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency oversaw disposal of several other chemical weapons stockpiles located across the United States in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. These include the complete incineration of the chemical weapons stockpiled inAlabama,Arkansas,Indiana, andOregon. Earlier, this agency had also completed destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile located onJohnston Atolllocated south ofHawaiiin thePacific Ocean.The largest mustard agent stockpile, at approximately 6,200short tons, was stored at theDeseret Chemical Depotin northernUtah. The incineration of this stockpile began in 2006. In May 2011, the last of the mustard agents in the stockpile were incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last artillery shells containing",
"shells containing mustard gas were incinerated in January 2012. In 2008, many emptyaerial bombsthat contained mustard gas were found in an excavation at theMarrangaroo Army Basejust west of Sydney, Australia.In 2009, a mining survey nearChinchilla, Queensland, uncovered 144 105-millimeterhowitzershells, some containing \"Mustard H\", that had been buried by the U.S. Army during World War II. In 2014, a collection of 200 bombs was found near theFlemishvillages ofPassendaleandMoorslede. The majority of the bombs were filled with mustard agents. The bombs were left over from the German army and were meant to be used in theBattle of Passchendaelein World War I. It was the largest collection of chemical weapons ever found in Belgium. A large amount of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, was found in a neighborhood ofWashington, D.C.The cleanup was completed in 2021. Post-war accidental exposure In 2002, an archaeologist at the Presidio Trust archaeology lab in San Francisco was exposed to mustard gas, which",
"mustard gas, which had been dug up at thePresidio of San Francisco, a former military base. In 2010, a clamming boat pulled up some oldartilleryshells of World War I from theAtlantic Oceansouth ofLong Island, New York. Multiple fishermen suffered from blistering and respiratory irritation severe enough to require hospitalization. WWII-era tests on men From 1943 to 1944, mustard agent experiments were performed on Australian service volunteers in tropicalQueensland, Australia, byRoyal Australian Engineers,British Armyand American experimenters, resulting in some severe injuries. One test site, theBrook Islands National Park, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by theImperial Japanese Army.These experiments were the subject of the documentary filmKeen as Mustard. The United States tested sulfur mustards and other chemical agents includingnitrogen mustardsandlewisiteon up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified secret and as withAgent Orange, claims for medical care",
"for medical care and compensation were routinely denied, even after the WWII-era tests were declassified in 1993. TheDepartment of Veterans Affairsstated that it would contact 4,000 surviving test subjects but failed to do so, eventually only contacting 600. Skin cancer, severe eczema, leukemia, and chronic breathing problems plagued the test subjects, some of whom were as young as 19 at the time of the tests, until their deaths, but even those who had previously filed claims with the VA went without compensation. African American servicemenwere tested alongside white men in separate trials to determine whether their skin color would afford them a degree of immunity to the agents, andNiseiservicemen, some of whom had joined after their release fromJapanese American Internment Campswere tested to determine susceptibility ofJapanese military personnelto these agents. These tests also includedPuerto Ricansubjects. Detection in biological fluids Concentrations of thiodiglycol in urine have been used to confirm a",
"used to confirm a diagnosis of chemical poisoning in hospitalized victims. The presence in urine of 1,1'-sulfonylbismethylthioethane (SBMTE), a conjugation product with glutathione, is considered a more specific marker, since this metabolite is not found in specimens from unexposed persons. In one case, intact mustard gas was detected in postmortem fluids and tissues of a man who died one week post-exposure. See also References Notes Further reading External links"
] |
What member of the 1992 Unified Olympic women's gymnastics team scored a 9.975 in the qualifier for floor and competed under three different flags in her Olympic career? | Svetlana Boginskaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Boginskaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_team_all-around | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Boginskaya', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_team_all-around'] | [
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] | [
"Svetlana Boginskaya Svetlana Leonidovna Boginskaya(born February 9, 1973) is a formerartistic gymnastfor theSoviet UnionandBelarusof Belarusian origin. She is a three-time Olympic champion, with an individual gold medal onvaultfrom the1988 Summer Olympicsand team gold medals from the 1988 and1992 Summer Olympics. Early life Boginskaya was born inMinsk,Belaruson February 9, 1973.She practicedfigure skatingbefore beginning gymnastics at age six,after seeingNadia Comănecicompete at the Olympics.Two years later, she moved to Moscow to train full-time at the Round Lake Gymnastics Center, where she trained withLyubov Miromanova. Gymnastics career Boginskaya became a member of the Soviet national team at age 14. She competed internationally for the first time at the1987 World Championships, where she placed third on balance beam; the team placed second. She went on to compete in the1988 Olympic GamesinSeoul, South Korea, where she won four medals: gold in the team competition, gold on vault, silver on floor, and bronze in the individual all-around. Three days after the Olympics, Boginskaya's longtime coach,Lyubov Miromanova, died bysuicide. Miromanova had been a surrogate mother to Boginskaya, coaching and caring for her after she moved from Minsk to train full-time in Moscow. After Miromanova's death, Boginskaya began training withTatiana Grosovivich. Under Grosovivich's tutelage, Boginskaya competed at the 1989European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships, where she received gold in all-round, vault, and floor. Later that year, she placed first in all-around, floor, and team events at the1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,eventually dedicating her performance to her late mentor. The following year, Boginskaya became the fourth woman to win the gold medal in every individual event at the European Championships. She also competed at theFIG World Cup, where she placed first on floor. In 1991, Boginskaya won gold at the World Championships on beam and silver in the all-around; the team won gold.In a controversial finish,Boginskaya lost the gold medal in the all-around to American gymnastKim Zmeskal. In 1992, Boginskaya competed at the European Championships, where she won gold on beamwith a score of 9.95. However, she fell during her final event, the floor exercise, ultimately finishing fifth in the all-around. Her teammate,Tatiana Gutsu, received the all-around title. Despite Boginskaya's fall on floor, she remained a favorite to win the all-around title at the1992 Summer Olympicsin Barcelona, Spain.At the World Championships, Boginskaya won gold on vault and was selected for theUnified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.Many in the gymnastics world expected a duel between Boginskaya and Zmeskal at the Olympics, and the media promoted this story.At the Olympic games, Boginskaya won her third Olympic gold in the team competition;in the individual competition, she faltered on the uneven bars and finished fifth in the individual all-around; Zmeskal finished tenth. Following the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya retired. However, she returned to the sport in 1995, stating that she had been inspired byKatarina Wittwho had a memorable comeback at the1994 Winter Olympics.Boginskaya moved toHouston, Texas to train withBela Karolyiand upgraded the difficulty of her routines.At the 1995 European Championships, she won silver in the all-around. In 1996, at age 23, she placed second in the all-around at theAmerican Cupbehind one of Karolyi's pupils,Kerri Strug. She also placed second at the European Championships inBirminghambehind the defending world championLilia Podkopayeva. She then progressed to the1996 OlympicsinAtlanta, Georgia, where she was one of a number of older gymnasts competing.Boginskaya competed in the all-around and vault finals, but did not medal. The Belarusian team came in sixth. Following the 1996 Olympics, Boginskaya retired from gymnastics. Boginskaya is among a small group of women to have competed in three Olympic Games; and due to the break-up of the Soviet Union, she competed at each Games under a different flag:USSR, theUnified Team, and Belarus. She was inducted into theInternational Gymnastics Hall of Famein 2005. Boginskaya has remained active in both the American and international gymnastics communities, and works as a consulting guest coach. In the early 2010s, she frequently supported former teammateOksana Chusovitina, who continues to compete in her late 40s, and has appeared on the competition floor as her coach. Post-gymnastics and personal life Boginskaya lives inHouston, Texas with her husband and two children. She runs several businesses, including an online gymnastics apparel retailer and a summer camp for gymnasts. In popular culture After the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya appeared alongside her compatriotVitaly Scherboin the music video for the song \"Revolution Earth,\" byThe B-52's. Trademarks Boginskaya's floor routine at the 1988 Olympics was done to the music ofGeorges Bizet'sCarmen, and another routine she performed in parts of 1990 and 1991 was choreographed by theBolshoi Ballet. Her uneven bars exercise included a signature giant to handstand with 180° split into a toe-on element. Commentators and reporters cited her height and slim stature as elements she used to her advantage through attention to posture and body alignment; meanwhile they also suggested that she relied more on execution and presentation than difficulty, though she did usually fulfill requirements and earn 10.0 start values. She frequently landed dismounts and vaults with her right foot placed slightly in front of her left, an intentional touch of artistry that also helped her stick landings. Competitive history See also Notes References External links",
"Gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around These are the results of the women's artistic team all-around competition, one of six events for female competitors inartistic gymnasticsat the1992 Summer OlympicsinBarcelona. The compulsory and optional rounds took place on July 26 and 28 at the Palau d'Esports de Barcelona. Qualification The top 12 teams at the1991 World Artistic Gymnastics Championshipsearned places in the team all-around competition. Results External links"
] | [
"Svetlana Boginskaya Svetlana Leonidovna Boginskaya(born February 9, 1973) is a formerartistic gymnastfor theSoviet UnionandBelarusof Belarusian origin. She is a three-time Olympic champion, with an individual gold medal onvaultfrom the1988 Summer Olympicsand team gold medals from the 1988 and1992 Summer Olympics. Early life Boginskaya was born inMinsk,Belaruson February 9, 1973.She practicedfigure skatingbefore beginning gymnastics at age six,after seeingNadia Comănecicompete at the Olympics.Two years later, she moved to Moscow to train full-time at the Round Lake Gymnastics Center, where she trained withLyubov Miromanova. Gymnastics career Boginskaya became a member of the Soviet national team at age 14. She competed internationally for the first time at the1987 World Championships, where she placed third on balance beam; the team placed second. She went on to compete in the1988 Olympic GamesinSeoul, South Korea, where she won four medals: gold in the team competition, gold on vault, silver on floor, and",
"on floor, and bronze in the individual all-around. Three days after the Olympics, Boginskaya's longtime coach,Lyubov Miromanova, died bysuicide. Miromanova had been a surrogate mother to Boginskaya, coaching and caring for her after she moved from Minsk to train full-time in Moscow. After Miromanova's death, Boginskaya began training withTatiana Grosovivich. Under Grosovivich's tutelage, Boginskaya competed at the 1989European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships, where she received gold in all-round, vault, and floor. Later that year, she placed first in all-around, floor, and team events at the1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,eventually dedicating her performance to her late mentor. The following year, Boginskaya became the fourth woman to win the gold medal in every individual event at the European Championships. She also competed at theFIG World Cup, where she placed first on floor. In 1991, Boginskaya won gold at the World Championships on beam and silver in the all-around; the team won",
"the team won gold.In a controversial finish,Boginskaya lost the gold medal in the all-around to American gymnastKim Zmeskal. In 1992, Boginskaya competed at the European Championships, where she won gold on beamwith a score of 9.95. However, she fell during her final event, the floor exercise, ultimately finishing fifth in the all-around. Her teammate,Tatiana Gutsu, received the all-around title. Despite Boginskaya's fall on floor, she remained a favorite to win the all-around title at the1992 Summer Olympicsin Barcelona, Spain.At the World Championships, Boginskaya won gold on vault and was selected for theUnified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.Many in the gymnastics world expected a duel between Boginskaya and Zmeskal at the Olympics, and the media promoted this story.At the Olympic games, Boginskaya won her third Olympic gold in the team competition;in the individual competition, she faltered on the uneven bars and finished fifth in the individual all-around; Zmeskal finished tenth. Following the 1992",
"Following the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya retired. However, she returned to the sport in 1995, stating that she had been inspired byKatarina Wittwho had a memorable comeback at the1994 Winter Olympics.Boginskaya moved toHouston, Texas to train withBela Karolyiand upgraded the difficulty of her routines.At the 1995 European Championships, she won silver in the all-around. In 1996, at age 23, she placed second in the all-around at theAmerican Cupbehind one of Karolyi's pupils,Kerri Strug. She also placed second at the European Championships inBirminghambehind the defending world championLilia Podkopayeva. She then progressed to the1996 OlympicsinAtlanta, Georgia, where she was one of a number of older gymnasts competing.Boginskaya competed in the all-around and vault finals, but did not medal. The Belarusian team came in sixth. Following the 1996 Olympics, Boginskaya retired from gymnastics. Boginskaya is among a small group of women to have competed in three Olympic Games; and due to the break-up of the Soviet",
"of the Soviet Union, she competed at each Games under a different flag:USSR, theUnified Team, and Belarus. She was inducted into theInternational Gymnastics Hall of Famein 2005. Boginskaya has remained active in both the American and international gymnastics communities, and works as a consulting guest coach. In the early 2010s, she frequently supported former teammateOksana Chusovitina, who continues to compete in her late 40s, and has appeared on the competition floor as her coach. Post-gymnastics and personal life Boginskaya lives inHouston, Texas with her husband and two children. She runs several businesses, including an online gymnastics apparel retailer and a summer camp for gymnasts. In popular culture After the 1992 Olympics, Boginskaya appeared alongside her compatriotVitaly Scherboin the music video for the song \"Revolution Earth,\" byThe B-52's. Trademarks Boginskaya's floor routine at the 1988 Olympics was done to the music ofGeorges Bizet'sCarmen, and another routine she performed in parts of",
"in parts of 1990 and 1991 was choreographed by theBolshoi Ballet. Her uneven bars exercise included a signature giant to handstand with 180° split into a toe-on element. Commentators and reporters cited her height and slim stature as elements she used to her advantage through attention to posture and body alignment; meanwhile they also suggested that she relied more on execution and presentation than difficulty, though she did usually fulfill requirements and earn 10.0 start values. She frequently landed dismounts and vaults with her right foot placed slightly in front of her left, an intentional touch of artistry that also helped her stick landings. Competitive history See also Notes References External links",
"Gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around These are the results of the women's artistic team all-around competition, one of six events for female competitors inartistic gymnasticsat the1992 Summer OlympicsinBarcelona. The compulsory and optional rounds took place on July 26 and 28 at the Palau d'Esports de Barcelona. Qualification The top 12 teams at the1991 World Artistic Gymnastics Championshipsearned places in the team all-around competition. Results External links"
] |
What is the nickname for the city where Mette Solli was born? Give the answer in Norwegian. | Rosenes by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mette_Solli | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Post processing | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mette_Solli', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mette_Solli",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde"
] | [
"Mette Solli Mette Solli(born 14 September 1974) is a Norwegiankickboxer. Biography Solli was born inMoldeon 17 September 1974. Her achievements include gold medal in light-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2001 (Maribor), a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. European Championships 2004 (Budva), and a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 (Coimbra). She was awarded theKongepokal(King's Cup) trophy at the national championships in 2007. References This biographical article related tomartial artsinNorwayis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Molde Molde(Norwegian pronunciation:ⓘ) is a town andmunicipalityinMøre og Romsdalcounty,Norway. It is located in thetraditional districtofRomsdal. It is located on theRomsdal Peninsula, surrounding theFannefjordandMoldefjord. Theadministrative centreof the municipality is thecity of Moldewhich is also theadministrative centreofMøre og Romsdalcounty, the commercial hub of theRomsdalregion, and the seat of theDiocese of Møre. Other main population centres in the municipality include the villages ofHjelset,Kleive,Nesjestranda,Midsund,Nord-Heggdal,Eidsvåg,Rausand,Boggestranda,Myklebostad,Eresfjord, andEikesdalen. Molde has amaritime,temperate climate, with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. The city is nicknamedThe City of Roses. Molde was originally the name of a farm by a natural harbour, which grew into a timber trading port in the late16th century.Formal trading rights were introduced before 1604,and the town was incorporated through aroyal charterin 1742. Molde was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). The town continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a centre for Norwegiantextileandgarmentindustry, as well as theadministrative centrefor the region, and a major tourist destination. AfterWorld War II, Molde experienced accelerated growth, merging withBolsøyMunicipality and parts ofVeøyMunicipality on 1 January 1964, and has become a centre for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. The 1,503-square-kilometre (580 sq mi) municipality is the 56th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Molde is the 31st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 32,446. The municipality'spopulation densityis 22.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (59/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.9% over the previous 10-year period. History The city's current location dates from the late Medieval times but is preceded by an earlierMedievaltownship onVeøya, an island to the south of present-day Molde. The settlement at Veøya probably dates from theMigration Period, but is first mentioned in the sagas bySnorri Sturlusonas the location of theBattle ofSekkenin 1162, whereking Håkonthe Broad-shouldered was killed fighting the aristocratErling Skakke, during theNorwegian civil wars. However, settlement in the area can be traced much further back in time—evidence given by two rock slabs carved withpetroglyphsfound at Bjørset, west of the city center. At the eve of the 15th century, the influence of Veøya waned, and the island was eventually deserted. Originating from the two farms Reknes and Molde (later Moldegård), a minor port calledMoldefjæra(Molde Landing) emerged around 1600, based on trade with timber and herring. The town gained formal trading rights before 1604 under the supervision ofTrondheim.After theTreaty of Copenhagenin 1660, Molde became theadministrative centerofRomsdal amt, and was incorporated as acitythrough aroyal charterin 1742. Molde continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a center for the Norwegian textile and garment industry. Tourism later became a major industry, and Molde saw notabilities such as the German emperorWilhelm IIofGermanyand thePrince of Walesas regular summer visitors. Molde consisted of luxurious hotels surrounding an idyllic township with quaint, wooden houses, lush gardens, and parks, esplanades, and pavilions, earning it the nicknamethe Town of Roses. This was interrupted when one-third of the city was destroyed in a fire on 21 January 1916. However, Molde recovered and continued to grow in the economically difficult interbellum period. A second fire, or series of fires, struck from theGermanair-raids inApril and May 1940, which destroyed about two-thirds of the town. Molde was in effect the capital of Norway for a week after King Haakon, Crown Prince Olav, and members of the government and parliament arrived at Molde on April 23, after a dramatic flight from Oslo. They were put up at Glomstua, then at the western outskirts of the town, and experienced the bombing raids personally. The Norwegian gold reserve was also conveyed to Molde, and was hidden in a clothing factory. However, German intelligence was well aware of this, and on April 25 theLuftwaffeinitiated a series of air-raids. For a week the air-raid siren on the chimney of the dairy building announced the repeated attacks. April 29 turned out to be the worst day in the history of Molde, as the city was transformed into a sea of flames by incendiary bombs. Until then the church had escaped undamaged, but in the final sortie a firebomb became stuck high up in the tower, and the wooden church was obliterated by fire. After World War II, Molde experienced tremendous growth. As the modernization of the Norwegian society accelerated in the post-reconstruction years, Molde became a center for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. After the consolidation of the town itself and its adjacent communities in 1964, Molde became a modern city, encompassing most branches of employment, from farming and fisheries to industrial production, banking, higher education, tourism, commerce, health care, and civil administration. Municipality The town of Molde was established as an urban municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). It was surrounded by the rural municipality ofBolsøy. On 1 July 1915, a part of Bolsøy (population: 183) was transferred to the city of Molde. On 1 January 1952, another part of Bolsøy (population: 1,913) was transferred to Molde. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of theSchei Committee. On 1 January 1964, theMolde (town)(population: 8,289) merged with theSekken,Veøya, andNesjestrandaparts of municipality ofVeøy(population: 756), all of the municipality ofBolsøy(population: 7,996), and the Mordal area ofNord-Aukramunicipality (population: 77) to form the present day municipality of Molde. On 1 January 2020, the neighbouring municipalities ofMidsundandNessetmerged with Molde to form a much larger municipality called Molde. Name The municipality (originally the town andparish) is named after the oldMoldefarmstead (Old Norse:Moldar) since this was where the town was built. The name's origin is somewhat uncertain. It could be the plural form ismoldwhich means \"fertile soil\" or \"earth\". The other possibility is that it comes from the wordmoldrwhich means \"skull\" or \"mold\" (referring to the rounded peaks inMoldemarka).Pronunciation varies between the standardMoldeand the ruralMolle. A person from Molde will refer to themself as aMoldenser. Coat of arms Thecoat of armswas granted on 29 June 1742. The informalblazonis\"a water spouting whale, which drives a barrel in front of itself\"(Norwegian:en vannsprutende hvalfisk, som driver en tønne for seg). The arms have a bluefield(background) and thechargeis a whale and barrel floating on the ocean waves. It also has amural crownabove theescutcheonsince the municipality includes a town. The exact design of the coat of arms is not formally depicted in law, so it has varied some over the centuries. The arms symbolize awhalechasingherringinto a barrel, based on an old myth that the whales (guided by God) chased the schools of herring into the fjords at certain times. It also portrays the city's founding industries of herring fisheries and timber exports. Molde was never a whaling port, but the unusually bountiful fisheries in the early 1740s alleviated the city's suffering during a major famine. The sighting of whales, usually pods oforca, was commonly held to be the start of the spring herring fisheries. The municipal flag is a white flag with the coat of arms in the centre. Moldesangen (The Song of Molde) is the semi-official anthem. It was written by Palle Godtfred Olaus Dørum (1818–1886) and composed by Karl Groos (1789–1861), supposedly in 1818, and is the same tune used the anthem of the German federal stateMecklenburg-Vorpommern(Moldesangen) Geography Molde municipality includes part of theRomsdal peninsulaas well as many islands including the islands ofOtrøyaandMidøya. To the southeast, Molde municipality stretches about 75 kilometres (47 mi) inland. Thetown of Moldeconsists of a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide strip of urban land running east–west along the north shore of theMoldefjord, an arm of theRomsdalsfjord, on theRomsdal peninsula. The city is sheltered byBolsøyaand theMolde archipelago, a chain of low-lying islands and islets, to the south, and the wood-clad hills ofMoldemarkato the north. The city centre is located just west of the riverMoldeelva, which runs into the city from the north, originating in theMoldevatnetlake, through the valley Moldedalen. Despite the river being minor and seasonal, it supported severalsawmillsin the 16th and 17th centuries. This gave rise to the original town itself through a combination of a good harbour, proximity to the sea routes, vast timber resources, and a river capable of supporting mills. In 1909, the river housed the firsthydro electricpower plantcapable of providing sufficient electricity for the city, and the upper reaches of the river still provide drinking water for most of the city. Its panoramic view of some 222 partly snow-clad peaks, usually referred to as theMolde panorama, is one of Molde's main attractions, and has drawn tourists to the city since the 19th century. Molde is nicknamed theTown of Roses, a name which originated during Molde's era as a tourist destination of international fame in the late 19th century. Neighbouring municipalities areAukra,Gjemnes, andHustadvika(to the north);Ålesund(to the southwest);VestnesandRauma(to the south); andTingvollandSunndal(to the east). Points of interest Salmon,sea troutandsea charare found in the rivers throughout the area, especially theRauma,Driva, andEira, already legendary among the Britishgentryin the mid-19th century.Troutis abundant in most lakes.Cod,pollock,saithe,mackereland other species of saltwaterfishare commonly caught in the Romsdalsfjord, both from land and from boat.Skiingis a common activity among the inhabitants of Molde in the winter, on groomed tracks, in resorts or by own trail. There are severalrock climbing,ice climbing,bouldering,glacierandbasejumpingareas in the immediate vicinity of Molde. TheAtlantic roadwas voted the Norwegian Construction of the Century in 2005. It is built on bridges and landfills across small islands and skerries, and spans from the small communities of Vikan and Vevang toAverøy, an island with several historic landmarks, such as the Bremsnes cave withMesolithicfindings from theFosnaculture, themediaevalKvernes stave church, and Langøysund, now a remote fishing community, but once a bustling port along the main coastal route. Langøysund was the site of the compromise between KingMagnus Iand the farmers along the coast in 1040. The compromise is regarded as Norway'sMagna Carta, and is commemorated though thePilespisser(English:Arrowheads) monument. Trollkirka(English: lit.Troll Church) is a marble grotto leading up to an underground waterfall. The grotto is situated 30 minutes outside Molde, followed by a 1-hour hike up a steep trail.Trollveggenis Europe's tallest vertical, overhanging mountain face,with several very difficult climbing routes.Trollstigenis the most visited tourist road in Norway. The road twists and turns its way up an almost vertical mountainside through 11 hairpin bends to an altitude of 858 m (2,814.96 ft).Mardalsfossenis the highestwaterfallinNorthern Europeand the fourth highest waterfall in the world, cascading 297 metres down into the valley. The total height of the waterfall is 655 m (2,148.95 ft). Budis a fishing village on the very tip of the Romsdalpeninsula. It gained importance during theMiddle Agesas a trading post, and hosted the last freePrivy Councilof Norway in 1533, a desperate attempt to save the country's independence and stave off theProtestant Reformation, led byOlav Engelbrektsson,archbishop of Nidaros(todayTrondheim). The massive Ergan coastal defences, a restored German coastal fort fromWorld War II, and a part of theAtlantic Wall, is situated in Bud. The fishing communities of Ona, Bjørnsund and Håholmen are located on remote islands off the coast, only accessible by boat or ferry. Moldemarka Moldemarka, the hilly woodland area north of the city, ispublic land. The area has an extensive network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads enter the area from several directions. Bulletin boards and maps provide information regarding local plants and wildlife, as well as signposts along the trails. Marked trails lead to a number of peaks, sites and fishing lakes and rivers. A national fishing licence is required to fish in the lakes and streams. Varden, 407 metres (1,335 ft)above sea levelis a viewpoint directly above Molde, with a good view of the city, thefjordwith theMolde archipelagoand theMolde panorama. Climate Molde has a temperateoceanic climate(Cfb) also known as marine west coast climate. Molde holds the national high for the month of October, with 25.6 °C or 78.1 °F recorded on 11 October 2005. Due to its geographic location, Molde experiences frequentsnowfallsin winter, but this snow is usually wet as the winters tend to be mild. The record high 31 °C or 88 °F was recorded in July 2018. The record low −17 °C or 1 °F was recorded in both January and February 2010. Anatural phenomenonoccurring in Molde and the adjacent district, are frequent winter days with temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F), sometimes even above 14 °C (57 °F). This is due to thefoehn windfrom south and south-east. The sheltered location of the city, facing south with hills to the north, mountains to the east and mountainous islands to the west, contributes to Molde's climate and rich plant life, especially among species naturally growing on far lower latitudes, likechestnut,oak,tilia(limeorlinden),beech,yew, and others. Government Molde Municipality is responsible forprimary education(through 10th grade), outpatienthealth services,senior citizenservices,welfareand othersocial services,zoning,economic development, and municipalroadsand utilities. The municipality is governed by amunicipal councilofdirectly electedrepresentatives. Themayorisindirectly electedby a vote of the municipal council.The municipality is under the jurisdiction of theMøre og Romsdal District Courtand theFrostating Court of Appeal. Municipal council Themunicipal council(Kommunestyre) of Molde is made up of 49 representatives who are elected to four-year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty. Mayors Themayors(Norwegian:ordfører) of Molde: Culture Three of thefour greatNorwegian authors are connected to Molde.Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsonspent his childhood years atNessetoutside Molde, and attended school in the city.Henrik Ibsenfrequently spent his vacations at the mansionMoldegårdvisiting the family Møller; andAlexander Kiellandresided in the city as the governor ofRomsdals amt. Ibsen's playRosmersholmis generally thought to be inspired by life at the mansion Moldegård, andThe Lady from the Seais also believed to be set in the city of Molde, although never actually mentioned. Other authors from or with ties to Molde includeEdvard Hoem,Jo Nesbø,Knut Ødegård, andNini Roll Anker, a friend ofSigrid Undset. TheRomsdal Museum, one of Norway's largest folkmuseums, was established in 1912. Buildings originating from all over the region have been moved here to form a typical cluster of farm buildings including \"openhearth\" houses, sheds, outhouses, smokehouses and a small chapel. The \"town street\" with Mali's Café shows typical Molde town houses from the pre-World War I period. TheMuseum of the Fisheriesis an open-air museum located on the island of Hjertøya, 10 minutes from the centre of Molde. A small fishing village with authentic buildings, boats and fishing equipment, the museum shows local coastal culture from 1850 onwards. The local newspaper isRomsdals Budstikke. Churches TheChurch of Norwayhas ten parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Molde. It is part of theMolde domprosti(arch-deanery) in theDiocese of Møre. Festivals TheMoldejazzjazzfestival is held in Molde every July. Moldejazz is one of the largest and oldest jazz festivals in Europe, and one of the most important. An estimated 40,000 tickets are sold for the more than a hundred events during the festival. Between 80,000 and 100,000 visitors visit the city during the one-week-long festival. Every August, Molde andNessetare hosts to theBjørnson Festival, an international literature festival. Established by the poet Knut Ødegård in connection with the 250-year anniversary of Molde, the festival is named in honour of theNobel Prize in LiteraturelaureateBjørnstjerne Bjørnson(1832–1910). It is the oldest and the most internationally acclaimed literature festival in Norway. In addition to the two major events, a number of minor festivals are held annually. Byfest, the city's celebration of incorporation, is an arrangement by local artists, coinciding with the anniversary of the royal charter of 29 June 1742. Education Molde University Collegeoffers a wide range of academic opportunities, from nursing and health-related studies, to economics and administrative courses. The school is Norway's leading college in logistics,and well established as a centre for research and academic programmes in information technology, with degrees up to and including PhD. Transportation Hurtigrutacalls on Molde every day, on its journey betweenBergenandKirkenes. The nearest railway station isÅndalsnes, the terminus for theRauma Line. The local airport isMolde Airportwhich has several daily flights to Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim, as well as weekly flights to other domestic and international destinations. TheEuropean route E39andNorwegian County Road 64both pass through the municipality. The city of Molde is connected to Fræna Municipality (to the north) by theTussen Tunnel. The city is connected to theRøvikaandNesjestrandapart of the municipality by theFannefjord TunnelandBolsøy Bridge, significantly shortening the drive by avoiding driving all the way around theFannefjorden. The proposedLangfjord Tunnelwould connect Molde Municipality to Rauma Municipality via a tunnel under theLangfjorden. Sports Molde hosts a variety of sports teams, most notably thefootballteam,Molde FK, which plays in theEliteserien, the top division in theNorwegian football league system. Their home matches are played atAker stadion, inaugurated in 1998, which holds a record attendance of 13,308. The team is five-time league champions (2011,2012,2014,2019and2022), five-time Norwegian Cup winners (1994,2005,2013,2014and2021-22), and has made numerous appearances in European tournaments, including theUEFA Champions League. The club was founded in 1911, during Molde's period of great British and Continental influx, and was first named \"International\", since it predominantly played teams made up from crews of foreign vessels visiting the city. In addition to a number of international players, the city has also produced severalski jumpers,cross-country skiersandalpine skiersof international merit. Other sports include the accomplishedteam handballclubs (Molde Elite,SK Træff,SK Rival), athletics teams (IL Molde-Olymp), skiing clubs, basketball and volleyball teams. International relations Twin towns — sister cities Molde has threesister cities. They are: Notable residents Public service & business The Arts Sport References External links"
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"Mette Solli Mette Solli(born 14 September 1974) is a Norwegiankickboxer. Biography Solli was born inMoldeon 17 September 1974. Her achievements include gold medal in light-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2001 (Maribor), a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. European Championships 2004 (Budva), and a gold medal in full-contact at theW.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 (Coimbra). She was awarded theKongepokal(King's Cup) trophy at the national championships in 2007. References This biographical article related tomartial artsinNorwayis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"Molde Molde(Norwegian pronunciation:ⓘ) is a town andmunicipalityinMøre og Romsdalcounty,Norway. It is located in thetraditional districtofRomsdal. It is located on theRomsdal Peninsula, surrounding theFannefjordandMoldefjord. Theadministrative centreof the municipality is thecity of Moldewhich is also theadministrative centreofMøre og Romsdalcounty, the commercial hub of theRomsdalregion, and the seat of theDiocese of Møre. Other main population centres in the municipality include the villages ofHjelset,Kleive,Nesjestranda,Midsund,Nord-Heggdal,Eidsvåg,Rausand,Boggestranda,Myklebostad,Eresfjord, andEikesdalen. Molde has amaritime,temperate climate, with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. The city is nicknamedThe City of Roses. Molde was originally the name of a farm by a natural harbour, which grew into a timber trading port in the late16th century.Formal trading rights were introduced before 1604,and the town was incorporated through aroyal charterin 1742. Molde was established as a",
"established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). The town continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a centre for Norwegiantextileandgarmentindustry, as well as theadministrative centrefor the region, and a major tourist destination. AfterWorld War II, Molde experienced accelerated growth, merging withBolsøyMunicipality and parts ofVeøyMunicipality on 1 January 1964, and has become a centre for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. The 1,503-square-kilometre (580 sq mi) municipality is the 56th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Molde is the 31st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 32,446. The municipality'spopulation densityis 22.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (59/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.9% over the previous 10-year period. History The city's current location dates from the late Medieval times but is preceded by an",
"is preceded by an earlierMedievaltownship onVeøya, an island to the south of present-day Molde. The settlement at Veøya probably dates from theMigration Period, but is first mentioned in the sagas bySnorri Sturlusonas the location of theBattle ofSekkenin 1162, whereking Håkonthe Broad-shouldered was killed fighting the aristocratErling Skakke, during theNorwegian civil wars. However, settlement in the area can be traced much further back in time—evidence given by two rock slabs carved withpetroglyphsfound at Bjørset, west of the city center. At the eve of the 15th century, the influence of Veøya waned, and the island was eventually deserted. Originating from the two farms Reknes and Molde (later Moldegård), a minor port calledMoldefjæra(Molde Landing) emerged around 1600, based on trade with timber and herring. The town gained formal trading rights before 1604 under the supervision ofTrondheim.After theTreaty of Copenhagenin 1660, Molde became theadministrative centerofRomsdal amt, and was incorporated as",
"was incorporated as acitythrough aroyal charterin 1742. Molde continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a center for the Norwegian textile and garment industry. Tourism later became a major industry, and Molde saw notabilities such as the German emperorWilhelm IIofGermanyand thePrince of Walesas regular summer visitors. Molde consisted of luxurious hotels surrounding an idyllic township with quaint, wooden houses, lush gardens, and parks, esplanades, and pavilions, earning it the nicknamethe Town of Roses. This was interrupted when one-third of the city was destroyed in a fire on 21 January 1916. However, Molde recovered and continued to grow in the economically difficult interbellum period. A second fire, or series of fires, struck from theGermanair-raids inApril and May 1940, which destroyed about two-thirds of the town. Molde was in effect the capital of Norway for a week after King Haakon, Crown Prince Olav, and members of the government and parliament arrived at Molde on April",
"at Molde on April 23, after a dramatic flight from Oslo. They were put up at Glomstua, then at the western outskirts of the town, and experienced the bombing raids personally. The Norwegian gold reserve was also conveyed to Molde, and was hidden in a clothing factory. However, German intelligence was well aware of this, and on April 25 theLuftwaffeinitiated a series of air-raids. For a week the air-raid siren on the chimney of the dairy building announced the repeated attacks. April 29 turned out to be the worst day in the history of Molde, as the city was transformed into a sea of flames by incendiary bombs. Until then the church had escaped undamaged, but in the final sortie a firebomb became stuck high up in the tower, and the wooden church was obliterated by fire. After World War II, Molde experienced tremendous growth. As the modernization of the Norwegian society accelerated in the post-reconstruction years, Molde became a center for not only administrative and public services, but also academic",
"but also academic resources and industrial output. After the consolidation of the town itself and its adjacent communities in 1964, Molde became a modern city, encompassing most branches of employment, from farming and fisheries to industrial production, banking, higher education, tourism, commerce, health care, and civil administration. Municipality The town of Molde was established as an urban municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistriktlaw). It was surrounded by the rural municipality ofBolsøy. On 1 July 1915, a part of Bolsøy (population: 183) was transferred to the city of Molde. On 1 January 1952, another part of Bolsøy (population: 1,913) was transferred to Molde. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of theSchei Committee. On 1 January 1964, theMolde (town)(population: 8,289) merged with theSekken,Veøya, andNesjestrandaparts of municipality ofVeøy(population: 756), all of the municipality ofBolsøy(population: 7,996), and the Mordal area",
"and the Mordal area ofNord-Aukramunicipality (population: 77) to form the present day municipality of Molde. On 1 January 2020, the neighbouring municipalities ofMidsundandNessetmerged with Molde to form a much larger municipality called Molde. Name The municipality (originally the town andparish) is named after the oldMoldefarmstead (Old Norse:Moldar) since this was where the town was built. The name's origin is somewhat uncertain. It could be the plural form ismoldwhich means \"fertile soil\" or \"earth\". The other possibility is that it comes from the wordmoldrwhich means \"skull\" or \"mold\" (referring to the rounded peaks inMoldemarka).Pronunciation varies between the standardMoldeand the ruralMolle. A person from Molde will refer to themself as aMoldenser. Coat of arms Thecoat of armswas granted on 29 June 1742. The informalblazonis\"a water spouting whale, which drives a barrel in front of itself\"(Norwegian:en vannsprutende hvalfisk, som driver en tønne for seg). The arms have a bluefield(background) and",
"and thechargeis a whale and barrel floating on the ocean waves. It also has amural crownabove theescutcheonsince the municipality includes a town. The exact design of the coat of arms is not formally depicted in law, so it has varied some over the centuries. The arms symbolize awhalechasingherringinto a barrel, based on an old myth that the whales (guided by God) chased the schools of herring into the fjords at certain times. It also portrays the city's founding industries of herring fisheries and timber exports. Molde was never a whaling port, but the unusually bountiful fisheries in the early 1740s alleviated the city's suffering during a major famine. The sighting of whales, usually pods oforca, was commonly held to be the start of the spring herring fisheries. The municipal flag is a white flag with the coat of arms in the centre. Moldesangen (The Song of Molde) is the semi-official anthem. It was written by Palle Godtfred Olaus Dørum (1818–1886) and composed by Karl Groos (1789–1861), supposedly in",
"supposedly in 1818, and is the same tune used the anthem of the German federal stateMecklenburg-Vorpommern(Moldesangen) Geography Molde municipality includes part of theRomsdal peninsulaas well as many islands including the islands ofOtrøyaandMidøya. To the southeast, Molde municipality stretches about 75 kilometres (47 mi) inland. Thetown of Moldeconsists of a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and 1 to 2 kilometres (0.62 to 1.24 mi) wide strip of urban land running east–west along the north shore of theMoldefjord, an arm of theRomsdalsfjord, on theRomsdal peninsula. The city is sheltered byBolsøyaand theMolde archipelago, a chain of low-lying islands and islets, to the south, and the wood-clad hills ofMoldemarkato the north. The city centre is located just west of the riverMoldeelva, which runs into the city from the north, originating in theMoldevatnetlake, through the valley Moldedalen. Despite the river being minor and seasonal, it supported severalsawmillsin the 16th and 17th centuries. This gave rise to the",
"gave rise to the original town itself through a combination of a good harbour, proximity to the sea routes, vast timber resources, and a river capable of supporting mills. In 1909, the river housed the firsthydro electricpower plantcapable of providing sufficient electricity for the city, and the upper reaches of the river still provide drinking water for most of the city. Its panoramic view of some 222 partly snow-clad peaks, usually referred to as theMolde panorama, is one of Molde's main attractions, and has drawn tourists to the city since the 19th century. Molde is nicknamed theTown of Roses, a name which originated during Molde's era as a tourist destination of international fame in the late 19th century. Neighbouring municipalities areAukra,Gjemnes, andHustadvika(to the north);Ålesund(to the southwest);VestnesandRauma(to the south); andTingvollandSunndal(to the east). Points of interest Salmon,sea troutandsea charare found in the rivers throughout the area, especially theRauma,Driva, andEira, already",
"andEira, already legendary among the Britishgentryin the mid-19th century.Troutis abundant in most lakes.Cod,pollock,saithe,mackereland other species of saltwaterfishare commonly caught in the Romsdalsfjord, both from land and from boat.Skiingis a common activity among the inhabitants of Molde in the winter, on groomed tracks, in resorts or by own trail. There are severalrock climbing,ice climbing,bouldering,glacierandbasejumpingareas in the immediate vicinity of Molde. TheAtlantic roadwas voted the Norwegian Construction of the Century in 2005. It is built on bridges and landfills across small islands and skerries, and spans from the small communities of Vikan and Vevang toAverøy, an island with several historic landmarks, such as the Bremsnes cave withMesolithicfindings from theFosnaculture, themediaevalKvernes stave church, and Langøysund, now a remote fishing community, but once a bustling port along the main coastal route. Langøysund was the site of the compromise between KingMagnus Iand the farmers",
"Iand the farmers along the coast in 1040. The compromise is regarded as Norway'sMagna Carta, and is commemorated though thePilespisser(English:Arrowheads) monument. Trollkirka(English: lit.Troll Church) is a marble grotto leading up to an underground waterfall. The grotto is situated 30 minutes outside Molde, followed by a 1-hour hike up a steep trail.Trollveggenis Europe's tallest vertical, overhanging mountain face,with several very difficult climbing routes.Trollstigenis the most visited tourist road in Norway. The road twists and turns its way up an almost vertical mountainside through 11 hairpin bends to an altitude of 858 m (2,814.96 ft).Mardalsfossenis the highestwaterfallinNorthern Europeand the fourth highest waterfall in the world, cascading 297 metres down into the valley. The total height of the waterfall is 655 m (2,148.95 ft). Budis a fishing village on the very tip of the Romsdalpeninsula. It gained importance during theMiddle Agesas a trading post, and hosted the last freePrivy Councilof",
"freePrivy Councilof Norway in 1533, a desperate attempt to save the country's independence and stave off theProtestant Reformation, led byOlav Engelbrektsson,archbishop of Nidaros(todayTrondheim). The massive Ergan coastal defences, a restored German coastal fort fromWorld War II, and a part of theAtlantic Wall, is situated in Bud. The fishing communities of Ona, Bjørnsund and Håholmen are located on remote islands off the coast, only accessible by boat or ferry. Moldemarka Moldemarka, the hilly woodland area north of the city, ispublic land. The area has an extensive network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads enter the area from several directions. Bulletin boards and maps provide information regarding local plants and wildlife, as well as signposts along the trails. Marked trails lead to a number of peaks, sites and fishing lakes and rivers. A national fishing licence is required to fish in the lakes and streams. Varden, 407 metres (1,335 ft)above sea levelis a viewpoint directly",
"viewpoint directly above Molde, with a good view of the city, thefjordwith theMolde archipelagoand theMolde panorama. Climate Molde has a temperateoceanic climate(Cfb) also known as marine west coast climate. Molde holds the national high for the month of October, with 25.6 °C or 78.1 °F recorded on 11 October 2005. Due to its geographic location, Molde experiences frequentsnowfallsin winter, but this snow is usually wet as the winters tend to be mild. The record high 31 °C or 88 °F was recorded in July 2018. The record low −17 °C or 1 °F was recorded in both January and February 2010. Anatural phenomenonoccurring in Molde and the adjacent district, are frequent winter days with temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F), sometimes even above 14 °C (57 °F). This is due to thefoehn windfrom south and south-east. The sheltered location of the city, facing south with hills to the north, mountains to the east and mountainous islands to the west, contributes to Molde's climate and rich plant life, especially among species",
"among species naturally growing on far lower latitudes, likechestnut,oak,tilia(limeorlinden),beech,yew, and others. Government Molde Municipality is responsible forprimary education(through 10th grade), outpatienthealth services,senior citizenservices,welfareand othersocial services,zoning,economic development, and municipalroadsand utilities. The municipality is governed by amunicipal councilofdirectly electedrepresentatives. Themayorisindirectly electedby a vote of the municipal council.The municipality is under the jurisdiction of theMøre og Romsdal District Courtand theFrostating Court of Appeal. Municipal council Themunicipal council(Kommunestyre) of Molde is made up of 49 representatives who are elected to four-year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty. Mayors Themayors(Norwegian:ordfører) of Molde: Culture Three of thefour greatNorwegian authors are connected to Molde.Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsonspent his childhood years atNessetoutside Molde,",
"Molde, and attended school in the city.Henrik Ibsenfrequently spent his vacations at the mansionMoldegårdvisiting the family Møller; andAlexander Kiellandresided in the city as the governor ofRomsdals amt. Ibsen's playRosmersholmis generally thought to be inspired by life at the mansion Moldegård, andThe Lady from the Seais also believed to be set in the city of Molde, although never actually mentioned. Other authors from or with ties to Molde includeEdvard Hoem,Jo Nesbø,Knut Ødegård, andNini Roll Anker, a friend ofSigrid Undset. TheRomsdal Museum, one of Norway's largest folkmuseums, was established in 1912. Buildings originating from all over the region have been moved here to form a typical cluster of farm buildings including \"openhearth\" houses, sheds, outhouses, smokehouses and a small chapel. The \"town street\" with Mali's Café shows typical Molde town houses from the pre-World War I period. TheMuseum of the Fisheriesis an open-air museum located on the island of Hjertøya, 10 minutes from the centre of",
"from the centre of Molde. A small fishing village with authentic buildings, boats and fishing equipment, the museum shows local coastal culture from 1850 onwards. The local newspaper isRomsdals Budstikke. Churches TheChurch of Norwayhas ten parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Molde. It is part of theMolde domprosti(arch-deanery) in theDiocese of Møre. Festivals TheMoldejazzjazzfestival is held in Molde every July. Moldejazz is one of the largest and oldest jazz festivals in Europe, and one of the most important. An estimated 40,000 tickets are sold for the more than a hundred events during the festival. Between 80,000 and 100,000 visitors visit the city during the one-week-long festival. Every August, Molde andNessetare hosts to theBjørnson Festival, an international literature festival. Established by the poet Knut Ødegård in connection with the 250-year anniversary of Molde, the festival is named in honour of theNobel Prize in LiteraturelaureateBjørnstjerne Bjørnson(1832–1910). It is the oldest and",
"is the oldest and the most internationally acclaimed literature festival in Norway. In addition to the two major events, a number of minor festivals are held annually. Byfest, the city's celebration of incorporation, is an arrangement by local artists, coinciding with the anniversary of the royal charter of 29 June 1742. Education Molde University Collegeoffers a wide range of academic opportunities, from nursing and health-related studies, to economics and administrative courses. The school is Norway's leading college in logistics,and well established as a centre for research and academic programmes in information technology, with degrees up to and including PhD. Transportation Hurtigrutacalls on Molde every day, on its journey betweenBergenandKirkenes. The nearest railway station isÅndalsnes, the terminus for theRauma Line. The local airport isMolde Airportwhich has several daily flights to Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim, as well as weekly flights to other domestic and international destinations. TheEuropean",
"TheEuropean route E39andNorwegian County Road 64both pass through the municipality. The city of Molde is connected to Fræna Municipality (to the north) by theTussen Tunnel. The city is connected to theRøvikaandNesjestrandapart of the municipality by theFannefjord TunnelandBolsøy Bridge, significantly shortening the drive by avoiding driving all the way around theFannefjorden. The proposedLangfjord Tunnelwould connect Molde Municipality to Rauma Municipality via a tunnel under theLangfjorden. Sports Molde hosts a variety of sports teams, most notably thefootballteam,Molde FK, which plays in theEliteserien, the top division in theNorwegian football league system. Their home matches are played atAker stadion, inaugurated in 1998, which holds a record attendance of 13,308. The team is five-time league champions (2011,2012,2014,2019and2022), five-time Norwegian Cup winners (1994,2005,2013,2014and2021-22), and has made numerous appearances in European tournaments, including theUEFA Champions League. The club was",
"The club was founded in 1911, during Molde's period of great British and Continental influx, and was first named \"International\", since it predominantly played teams made up from crews of foreign vessels visiting the city. In addition to a number of international players, the city has also produced severalski jumpers,cross-country skiersandalpine skiersof international merit. Other sports include the accomplishedteam handballclubs (Molde Elite,SK Træff,SK Rival), athletics teams (IL Molde-Olymp), skiing clubs, basketball and volleyball teams. International relations Twin towns — sister cities Molde has threesister cities. They are: Notable residents Public service & business The Arts Sport References External links"
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How many years apart were the Canadian Museum of History and the National Gallery of Canada established? | 24 years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"
] | [
"Canadian Museum of History TheCanadian Museum of History(French:Musée canadien de l’histoire) is anational museumonanthropology,Canadian history,cultural studies, andethnologyinGatineau,Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related research. The museum is based in a 75,000-square-metre-building (810,000 sq ft) designed byDouglas Cardinal. The museum originated from a museum established by theGeological Survey of Canadain 1856, which later expanded to include an anthropology division in 1910. In 1927, the institution was renamed the National Museum of Canada. The national museum was later split into several separate institutions in 1968, with the anthropology and human history departments forming theNational Museum of Man. The museum relocated to its present location in Gatineau in 1989 and adopted the nameCanadian Museum of Civilization(French:Musée canadien des civilisations) the following year. In 2013, the museum adopted its current name, the Canadian Museum of History, and modified its mandate to emphasizeCanadian identityand history. The museum's collection contains over three million artifacts and documents, with some on display in the museum's permanent exhibitions. The museum also hosts and organizes a number of temporary,travelling, andonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. History Early museum (1856–1968) The Canadian Museum of History originates from the collecting efforts of theGeological Survey of Canada(GSC), an organization established in 1842 inMontreal.In 1856 theLegislative Assembly of the Province of Canadapassed an act that enabled the GSC to establish a museum to exhibit items found from its geological and archaeological field trips; with the museum initially established in Montreal on Great St. James Street (nowSaint Jacques Street).The museum held its firstethnologicalexhibit from 1862 to 1863, showcasing stone implements and fragments of pottery byFirst Nations.In 1877, the museum mandate was formally expanded to include the study of modern fauna and flora, in addition to human history, languages, and traditions. In 1881, the museum relocated from Montreal todowntown Ottawato what is now referred to asFormer Geological Survey of Canada Building; although space in the new facility soon proved to be inadequate, with theRoyal Society of Canadapetitioning thefederal governmentto build a new building for the museum by 1896.Preliminary plans for a new building were drawn up by 1899, although work on the building did not begin until 1906.In the following year, management of the museum was handed over from the GSC to theDepartment of Mines, with the mandate formally expanded to include anthropological studies.The new museum building, theVictoria Memorial Museum Building, was also completed in 1910, although it was not opened to the public until 1911. Under the Department of Mines, the museum formally established ananthropologydivision under the direction ofEdward Sapirin 1910.Another anthropologist,Marius Barbeau, was also hired by the museum in the following year to assist Sapir.The anthropology division was charged with the preservation of the cultural heritage of people in Canada and assembling objects related to these cultures. Under Sapir's direction, the institution's research initially focused on Aboriginal communities across Canada they believed were imperilled by rapid acculturation.The museum's first anthropological exhibits were organized by Sapir and his protege,Franz Boas.Since this period, the museum had become a centre for Canadian anthropology, having attracted notable anthropologists includingDiamond Jennessafter the Second World War. In 1927, the museum division of the Department of Mines was renamed theNational Museum of Canada.Management of the National Museum is transferred from the Department of Mines to theDepartment of Resources and Developmentin 1950.In 1965, the museum was split into two branches, one focused on natural history and another on human history.The mandate of the museum further expanded in the following decades, with the museum assuming the management of theCanadian War Museumin 1958, and its human history branch establishing a history division in 1964. Museum of anthropology and history (1968–present) On 1 April 1968, the branches of the National Museum of Canada were formally split into separate museums.The Canadian Museum of History originated from the human history branch of the museum, initially incorporated as theNational Museum of Man.The natural history branch of the former National Museum of Canada became the National Museum of Natural Sciences (later renamed theCanadian Museum of Nature), while the science and technology branch became the National Museum of Science and Technology (later renamed theCanada Science and Technology Museum).The National Museums of Canada Corporation was formed by the federal government in order to manage these national museums, in addition to theNational Gallery of Canada.Although the institutions were split, the National Museum of Man and the National Museum of Natural History continued to share the Victoria Memorial building; with the National Museum of Man occupying the western half of the building. In April 1972, the National Museum of Man established a Communications Division in order to provide media communications regarding the museum's education and information programs.During the 1970s, the staff of the institution adopted a philosophy that stressed public access to its heritage collection.Because the Victoria Memorial Museum building had insufficient space to exhibit the museum's growing collection, the museum's collection and staff were scattered across 17 buildings, with these buildings acting as decentralized units of the museum. In 1980, management of the National Museums of Canada Corporation is transferred to theDepartment of Communications.The following year in June 1981, thecabinet of Canadaapproved several plans concerning severalnational museums of Canada, including moving the National Museum of Man into a new structure.The plan was formally announced to the public in February 1982.After a study of potential locations saw four sites inOttawaand one inGatineau.A site acquired by theNational Capital Commission(NCC) from the E.B Eddy Company in Gatineau was chosen as the site for the new museum; due to it already being public land, being linked toConfederation Boulevard, and because it was prominently visible from theOttawa River.The site was also selected because the NCC had desired to developHull, and incorporate it into the design of the capital region; while officials in Gatineau had similar desires to develop the area into anurban park.On 10 February 1983, the site for the new museum was announced to the public; andDouglas CardinalArchitect Limited was named as the project's design architect, in association with Montreal-based architectural firm Tétreault, Parent, Languedoc et Associés.The design created by Cardinal was approved in 1983 by theCabinet of Canada. In an effort to avoid stereotypes in languages, the name of the museum was changed to theCanadian Museum of Civilizationin 1986.In 1988, the institution absorbed the museum operated by the department of theMinister responsible for Canada Post Corporation, although itsphilateliccollection was transferred to theNational Archives of Canada.The museum opened its new building in Gatineau in 1989. However, the building opened with only two permanent exhibitions, Canada Hall and the exhibitions on theIndigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, as budgetary shortfalls prevented the museum from opening the exhibitions it had originally planned for the museum. In 1990, theMuseum Actwas passed by the federal government, replacing the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation and forming several new entities to manage thenational museums of Canada; with the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation formed on 1 July 1990 to manage the Canadian Museum of Civilization, and the Canadian War Museum. 21st century In 2007, the museum organized a temporary exhibition,Treasures from China, in partnership with theNational Museum of China. The partnership saw artifacts leave China to be exhibited only at the Canadian Museum of Civilization. As a part of the agreement, the Canadian Museum of Civilization prepared Indigenous Canadian artifacts for its own exhibition,First Peoples of Canada: Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization, at thePalace MuseuminBeijing. In October 2012,James Moore, theminister of Canadian Heritageannounced the ministry would provide $25 million to overhaul the museum and renovate Canada Hall.The government later announced plans to update and reopen the gallery in 2017, coinciding with the150th anniversary of Canada.Approximately 24,000 people from across nine Canadian cities were surveyed about the updates to the exhibition.The museum consulted a women's history committee, an indigenous history committee, and three historic time-period committees. In December 2013, theCanadian Museum of History Actreceived Royal Assent, which shifted the museum's mandate from developing a collection with a \"special but not exclusive reference to Canada,\" to one that enhanced the knowledge of Canadian history and identity;and expanding the museum's focus to include social and political history.The Act also changed the institution's name from theCanadian Museum of Civilizationto theCanadian Museum of History. TheCanadian Postal Museum, a department of the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation that operated from within the institution was shut down in 2012 as a result of the museum's transition into the Canadian Museum of History. Some have criticized the new mandate and updating of Canada Hall as a part of a wider plan by the incumbent Conservative government to redirect public historical understanding to emphasize aspects ofCanadian military historyandmonarchism; as well as elide problematic elements of Canadian history in favour of achievements.However, the museum contended that new exhibits planned for the museum will include a range of themes and topics, and will also explore the country's \"dark episodes\".The updated gallery was completed at approximately $30 million and was opened onCanada Dayin 2017 byCharles, Prince of WalesandMélanie Joly, theminister of Canadian Heritage.Partisan concerns were alleviated after Canadian History Hall was unveiled to the public. Site The museum is situated on a 9.6-hectare (23.7-acre) plot of land, formerly known asParc Laurier. The museum site is the firstCanadian national museumto be located on theGatineauside of theNational Capital Region, and the first to be located adjacent to theOttawa River. The site is bounded by the western access point for theAlexandra Bridge, the Ottawa River to the east, a paper production plant to the south, and Laurier Street to the west.The median of the property extends 235 metres (771 ft) from Laurier Street to the river.From Laurier Street, the property descends towards the Ottawa River at a 5.5 per centgrade; with the portion of the property closest to Laurier Street at an elevation of 53.5 metres (176 ft), while the riverfront is at an elevation of 41 metres (135 ft).Because of the property's low elevation, the construction of the museum building was limited to the portion of the property closer to Laurier Street. The site includes a museum building with two wings. The two wings wrap around and are connected by a large hemispherical entrance plaza which contains its food services, lounge, library, and underground parking.The parkland and open space between the two wings are intended to represent the \"plains over which mankind migrated\" over millennia.A large staircase east of the entrance plaza descends to the museum's lower plaza and gardens adjacent to the riverside park. A pedestrian and cycling pathway is situated on the riverfront portion of the property, with the pathways continuing north intoJacques-Cartier Park, a municipal park north of the property. Building The 75,000 square metres (810,000 sq ft) structure was designed by Douglas Cardinal.The building's infrastructure includes approximately 56,000 square metres (600,000 sq ft) of concrete, and 7,300 tonnes of steel.Cardinal sought to create form a \"sculptural icon\" for the country, encouraged by then-prime minister,Pierre Trudeau, to develop a symbol that \"enshrined our cultures\". As a result, the building was the first structure in the National Capital Region that incorporates Indigenous architectural designs.Cardinal's design for the building was largely influenced by his understanding of how geography helped shaped Canada's history and culture. The museum building has over 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) of exhibition space, more than any other museum in Canada. In addition to exhibition space, the building also contains three restaurants, a boutique store, and two live performance theatres, including a 500-seat theatre for live performances.The building also has a 295-seat 3D theatre that uses aBarcodigital projector. Before the installation of the Barco projector in 2016, the 3D theatre used aIMAXprojector and was branded as an IMAX theatre. Water is drawn from the Ottawa River to heat and cool the building.The building's energy needs are met by two substations in Gatineau, with two additional backup generators also available if both substations fail. Exterior The building's exterior is clad with 30,000 square metres (320,000 sq ft) ofTyndall stone;with the material being selected because of its durability and its relationship with glaciers. Cardinal sought to build a structure that appeared to be \"flowing with the contours of the land,\" and simple lines and forms could be used to display the idea of movement.The building's design draws uponArt Nouveaustyles to illustrate Canada's geography at the end of theLast Glacial Periodwhen the landscape was largely uniform; with certain elements of the building evokingigloosearth lodges, andlonghouses. The building includes a cantilevered northern/curatorial wing and a southern wing that houses most of the museum's public facilities, including its galleries, and theatres.The curatorial wing was designed to evoke outcroppings of theCanadian Shield, while the southern public wing with its glass-fronted Grand Hall, was intended to evoke an image of a melting glacier. The southern wing's copper roof represents vegetation's recolonization of the lands once covered by glacial till.The copper roof is nearly 11,000 square metres (120,000 sq ft) and weighs approximately 90 tonnes.Both wings are curvaceous on their river sides to blend into their landscapes, although their street-side façade is more angular. The NCC placed several restrictions on the building design, that the building does not obstruct the view of the Ottawa River, and that the building does not obstruct delineated \"viewing cones\" of Parliament Hill from the Gatineau side of the river.Because of these restrictions, the buildings were designed with a low-profile, to avoid obscuring the view for buildings across the street.From certain angles, the building appears as two separate pavilions, with an opening between these two sections providing an unobstructed view ofParliament Hillfrom Laurier Street.Considerations also needed to be taken to protect artifacts displayed in the building. Windows were triple-glazed and coated with a film that helps contain radiant heat and reduce solar ultraviolet rays, and the southern wing's Grand Hall was intentionally designed to face direct sunlight only in the morning. The building was designed to create an \"ever-changing pattern\" of shadows across the structure's surface, with most of the building's exterior lighting kept below 30luxto allow viewers to see deeper shadows at night. Exhibitions The museum hosts several permanent and temporary exhibitions on anthropology, ethnology, and history. Artifacts from the museum's collection are exhibited in these exhibitions.In addition,travelling exhibitionsare occasionally held at the museum. The museum has also created severalonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. Permanent exhibitions include First Peoples Hall, Canadian History Hall, the Canadian Children's Museum, the Canadian Stamp Collection, and two exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in the building's Grand Hall.First Peoples Hall is situated on the first floor of the building, whereas the Canada Hall is situated on the third level of the building.First Peoples Hall is situated next to the Grand Hall, with its exhibitions located on the ground floor. Many of the exhibits that were designed in the 1980s for the new building were influenced by the director of the museum,George F. MacDonald, his personal admiration for Pacific Northwest Coast art and culture, and the communication theories of his mentor,Marshall McLuhan.Merging exhibits detailing theIndigenous peoples of Canadawith other Canadian historical exhibits were considered by the exhibition design team when plans were being made to move the museum in the 1980s.However, it was later decided to depict both topics as separate exhibitions, resulting in both exhibitions being planned by different teams with separate budgets.This decision was later reversed in 2017 when the museum reopened the Canadian History Hall exhibition with Indigenous exhibits incorporated throughout its exhibit. First Peoples Hall First Peoples Hall is an exhibition opened in 2003, that explores Canada'sFirst Nations,Inuit, andMétispeoples.The exhibition occupies 3,300 square metres (35,000 sq ft) of space on the ground floor of the building.The hall contains more than 2,000 objects on display.Most of the exhibition space is devoted to changing exhibits, to keep up with contemporary views on traditional cultures and current issues. However, First Peoples Hall does have some space devoted to long-term exhibits. These long-term exhibits explore topics that are less subject to changing interpretations; like ancient history, Indigenous languages, and the history of the relationship between Indigenous and European cultures.The exhibition is organized into several sections, such as the \"Ways of Knowing\", \"An Ancient Bond with the Land\", and \"The Arrival of Strangers\". The exhibition was designed to \"deconstruct and supersede\" histories that visitors are familiar with.Exhibits were designed to address issues of stereotyping Indigenous identity, and the diversity and cultural distinctiveness between Indigenous nations; with many of the exhibits linking identity toIndigenous land claims in Canada.Additionally, exhibits were designed to portray Indigenous peoples as living peoples in the modern world.Archaeological exhibits in First Peoples Hall are themed to reinforce the fact that the Indigenous peoples of Canada have occupied the land sincetime immemorial, and that Canadian history has a long and complex history preceding European colonization. Additionally, many of these archaeological exhibits are designed to confront the notion of Eurasiantechnological supremacyat the time of first contact with the Americas.The exhibition concludes with contemporary issue exhibits, which explore recent clashes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada over land and resources. The curatorial model used to develop the exhibition conformed to the suggestions provided in the 1992 recommendations from the federal Task Force on Museums and First Peoples.The content and messaging of First Peoples Hall were determined in consultation with indigenous communities across Canada.Acting upon the task force's recommendation to establish partnerships with First Nation representatives whose cultures were being exhibited, an advisory committee of 15 Indigenous members was formed to help define the exhibition's thematic structure and messaging.As a result, exhibits in First Peoples Hall take a \"multivocal\" approach, where different perspectives can be distinguished within the exhibition; and explanatory fields like archaeology, ethnology and traditional Indigenous knowledge are juxtaposed, and contestatory with one another in some cases. Canadian History Hall Canadian History Hall is an exhibition that explores Canadian history. Canadian History Hall is approximately 4,690 square metres (50,500 sq ft), and includes over 14 projectors and 58 screens used in the exhibition.The exhibition includes three galleries and a long curved walkway that serves as the entrance to the three galleries. The entrance walkway is decorated with 101 silhouettes of Canadian cultural symbols and activities, as well as national landmarks.Canadian History Hall's galleries centre around a hub that was designed by Douglas Cardinal to resembleChaudière Falls.The hub features a large 15.5 by 9.5 metres (51 ft × 31 ft) image of Canada on the floor. The image of Canada is made up of 121 satellite photos taken by theCanadian Space Agency, that were stitched together to form a single image. The exhibition summarizes over 15,000 years of history and is divided into three era-centric galleries, Early Canada: From Earliest Times to 1763, Colonial Canada: 1763 to 1914, and Modern Canada: 1914 to the Present Day.The first two galleries are located on the same floor, while the third gallery occupies the mezzanine above the two galleries.The galleries are designed to showcase events and \"turning points\" in each respective era through the multimedia presentations and the artifacts on display.Each gallery is further organized into six separate \"vignettes\" that are thematically different, but interconnected with one another.The vignettes are primarily organized temporally, although some are specifically focused on a specific aspect of Canadian history.The exhibition takes a largely didactic approach with its subject and is particularly focused on the country's political and economic history, as well as the experience of Indigenous peoples.According to the exhibit team's head, David Morrison, Indigenous peoples and their relationship with newcomers will serve as an important overarching theme of Canadian History Hall. Early Canada explores provides a summary of Indigenous history prior to the arrival of the Europeans as well as early Canadian colonies likeNew France.The gallery includes Indigenous artifacts, narrative recounts of Indigenous interactions between Norse, English and French explorers, and detailed accounts on theNorth American fur trade, the spread ofdisease within Indigenous populations, and theBeaver Wars.Colonial Canada exploresCanada under British rulesince theconquest of New France, as well aspost-Confederation Canadato 1914. Modern Canada explores Canada's recent history, up to the arrival of Syrian refugees in the 2010s.The latter two galleries provide detailed histories on theSeven Years' War, treaties signed between various Indigenous groups and the Crown, the push forresponsible government,Canadian Confederation, the world wars, theCanadian Indian residential school system,Quebec nationalism, andmulticulturalism in Canada. There are over 1,500 artifacts on display in Canadian History Hall.Historic artifacts include a 3,600 to 3,900 years old ivory carving believed to be the oldest representation of a human face found in Canada;James Wolfecoat; and handcuffs worn byLouis Rielprior to his execution;Maurice Richard'shockey jersey;Terry Fox's T-shirt;Tommy Douglas's hat; the table on which the proclamation of theConstitution Act, 1982was signed by QueenElizabeth IIin 1982;Randy Bachman's guitar, and the sewing machine whichJoan O'Malleysewed the firstMaple Leaf flag.There are 40 linear films shown at the exhibition, includingOrigin Stories, a film that illustrates how theAnishinaabebelieved the earth was formed.Origin Storiesis displayed along the curved wall of the Canadian History Hall's entrance. The modular structure of the exhibits enables the museum to swap segments easier. The number of exhibits in the galleries may also expand, with the museum having reserved enough space to allow for the addition of new exhibits in the three galleries. Pre-2017 exhibition Canadian History Hall's predecessor, Canada Hall, opened as an inaugural exhibit at the museum in 1989.The original exhibition was divided into 23 modules that were arranged chronologically, beginning with theNorse colonization of North America.The gallery aimed to promote Canadian multiculturalism, having portrayed a social history that depicted a \"march of immigrants\" from east to west, and the success of different groups in Canada.However, these modules provided little in-depth consideration for pre-colonial Indigenous cultures, which were only explored in the museum's other exhibitions prior to Canada Hall's updates in the 2010s.The original design of Canada Hall recreated historical settings with period rooms and full-scale historical buildings incorporated into the exhibition; reflecting McLuhan's theories, and innovations adopted by entertainment pavilions like Disney'sEpcot. Canada Hall was closed to the public in September 2014 to enable renovations and significant updates to the exhibition.The exhibition reopened in 2017 significantly changed from its original design.Nearly all of the life-sized dioramas were dismantled as a part of the exhibition's update. St. Onuphrius Church, an original early-20th-century Ukrainian church from theCanadian Prairiesthat was later relocated to the museum, is the only remaining life-sized diorama in the exhibition. Canadian Children's Museum The Canadian Children's Museum is Canada's largest exhibition centre designed specifically for children with over 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) of space. The museum uses more than 15,000 artifacts, props, and hands-on items for use in its exhibitions and programs. These items include art, clothing, games, photographs, and toys.The museum includes an International Village, as well as Canadian-themed attractions that were added into the exhibition in 2007. In 2018, the museum announced it would undertake a renewal project in January 2020. The museum announced the revamp would reflect how children play and learn, and will remove more dated exhibits from the exhibition, like the post office and telephone booth.It reopened in May 2022. Canadian Stamp Collection The Canadian Stamp Collection is astamp collectionof more than 3,000 stamps and includes every Canadian stamp issued since 1851. The stamp collection was housed at the Canadian Postal Museum until 2012 when the postal museum closed and its stamp collection relocated to the Canadian Museum of History.The Canadian Museum of History opened a permanent exhibition for the collection in 2014 in partnership withCanada Post. Stamps that are exhibited in the exhibition are showcased with artifacts that either inspired its creation or were used to make the stamp. Grand Hall exhibitions Grand Hall features two permanent exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast,First Peoples of the Northwest CoastandFrom Time Immemorial — Tsimshian Prehistory. The exhibits includetotem polesand other artifacts.The exhibitions were developed as a collaboration between the museum's curators and Indigenous cultural specialists in the 1980s. In 1993, a large mural titledMorning Starwas added to the domed ceiling of the Grand Hall. The mural was created byAlex Janvierand is symbolic of Indigenous life and history.In addition to the two permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall is also used to host other major events.In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall has also been used to host temporary exhibitions. Collections As of June 2021, the Canadian Museum of History's permanent collection includes more than three million artifacts, documents, works of art, and other specimens.This includes over one million photographs, 72,000 sound recordings and 18,000 films and videotapes. The collection takes up approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) of shelf space.Approximately 218,000 artifacts have been digitized and made accessible online by the museum. The museum's permanent collection dates back to the collection established by the Geological Survey of Canada in the 1860s.The museum's collection of artifacts has expanded through the institution's research programs.The first collection representing Indigenous peoples was established by the Geological Survey of Canada, with other parts of the collection having been acquired by government officials and missionaries working outside Ottawa. The collection continued to expand after the anthropology department was established in 1910, and the museum began a systematic program of documenting Indigenous cultures and lineages. The museum's collection of Indigenous items is the largest in Canada and is the only major collection with a national scope in the country.The museum also possesses the world's largest collection of totem poles.The Sacred Materials Project was created by the museum to help maintain Indigenous sacred items, and facilitate therepatriationof select items to their respective communities. The project provides funds for Indigenous representatives to view the museum's collections and discuss the repatriation of identified sacred items, as well as identify other objects in the collection that require ritualistic care. The museum's permanent collection contains several smaller collections, like theWindfield FarmCollection. The Windfield Farm Collection was acquired by the museum in 2013 and contains documents, photographs, memorabilia and trophies, including theKentucky Derbytrophy won byNorthern Dancer.The museum's collection of flags is also the largest in the country. Other notable items in the museum's permanent collection includes aContempraphone, the first telephone to be designed and manufactured in Canada;cough syrup from the1918 influenza pandemic;the original plaster forBill Reid'sSpirit of Haida Gwaii;ten large heraldic sculptures known asThe Queen's Beasts;androyal gownworn by Elizabeth II during herroyal tours of Canada.The museum also contains a number of ice hockey artifacts, including game-usedNational Hockey Leaguesticks,hockey cards, and the world's oldest existingice hockey stick.The ice hockey stick dates back to the mid-1830s and was acquired by the museum in 2015 for $300,000. In addition to its permanent collection, the Canadian Museum of History also co-manages collections with other institutions. In July 1999, the museum entered an agreement with the Canadian Nursing Association (CNA), the Canadian War Museum, and the National Archives of Canada to create the Canadian Nursing History Collection. This collection includes over 9,000 photographs, 1,600 audiovisual materials, and over 35 metres (115 ft) of textual records from the CNA, the Nursing Sisters Association of Canada, and theHelen MussallemCollection. Approximately 950 documented artifacts from this collection are deposited at the Canadian Museum of History.Items from the collection at the Canadian Museum of History include 167 nurses' caps, dating from 1895 to 1983.In June 2005, the museum opened a temporary exhibition that focused on this collection.In 2021, the Canadian Museum of History entered into an agreement to house and maintain artifacts fromCanada's Sports Hall of Fame. Library and archives The museum's resource centre operates a library and archives. As of 2015, the museum's library has more than 60,000 books, over 2,000 journals and magazines, and over 1,000 DVDs, CDs, and video tapes. The museum's rare and old books collection includesPaul-Émile Borduas'sRefus Global(1948) andPierre François Xavier de Charlevoix'sHistoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France(1744). Research The museum's collection is used to support research in anthropology, archaeology, Indigenous people in Canada, linguistics, material culture, multicultural communities, social and political history andmuseologyin Canada.The museum also publishes its ownacademic journal, theMercury Series; on history, archaeology, and anthropology. The journal has been published in partnership with theUniversity of Ottawa Presssince 2012.The museum has also published the academic journalMaterial Culture Reviewin partnership with the Canada Science and Technology Museum since the 1970s. The journal provides a forum for research on historical artifacts collected by Canadian museums. Management The Canadian Museum of History is managed by afederal Crown corporationof the same name under theDepartment of Canadian Heritage's portfolio. The museum is one of two national museums managed by the corporation, the other being the Canadian War Museum.The corporation also administers the Virtual Museum of New France, avirtual museumand online exhibition of the Canadian Museum of History;and theVirtual Museum of Canada, an administrative program that supports the development of online projects for museums and heritage organizations across Canada.The Virtual Museum of Canada was an online portal for virtual exhibits in Canada until 2020, when the Virtual Museum of Canada's website was decommissioned, and the project was reoriented into a support program. Management of the corporation is conducted through an 11-memberboard of trustees. Trustees are appointed by the Minister of Canadian Heritage, with approval from theGovernor-in-Council. In turn, the board appoints the corporation's president andchief executive officer.The corporation reports to theParliament of Canadathrough theMinister of Canadian Heritage. The corporation's mandate is defined under theMuseums Act. The corporation was established as the Canadian Museum of Civilization in June 1990 through theMuseums Act;an Act that was later amended in 2014.The corporation adopted its current name in 2013.The Crown corporation was one of several that succeeded the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation, a Crown corporation that managed most of the country's national museums until its dissolution in 1988. See also Notes References Further reading External links",
"National Gallery of Canada TheNational Gallery of Canada(French:Musée des beaux-arts du Canada), located in the capital city ofOttawa,Ontario, is Canada'snationalart museum.The museum's building takes up 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft), with 12,400 square metres (133,000 sq ft) of space used for exhibiting art. It is one of thelargest art museumsin North America by exhibition space. The institution was established in 1880 at theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building, and moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building in 1911. In 1913, theGovernment of Canadapassed theNational Gallery Act, formally outlining the institution's mandate as a national art museum. The Gallery was moved to the Lorne Building in 1960. In 1988, the Gallery was relocated to a new building designed for this purpose. The National Gallery of Canada is situated in a glass and granite building onSussex Drive, with a notable view of Canada's Parliament Buildings onParliament Hill. The building was designed by Israeli architectMoshe Safdieand opened in 1988. The Gallery's permanent collection includes more than 93,000 works by European, American, Asian, Canadian, andIndigenousartists. In addition to exhibiting works from its permanent collection, the Gallery also organizes and hosts a number oftravelling exhibitions. History The Gallery was first formed in 1880 by Canada's Governor General,John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyllin conjunction with the establishment of theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. In 1882, moved into its first home onParliament Hill, housed in theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building. Eric Brownwas named the first director in 1910.In 1911, the Gallery moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building, sharing it with theNational Museum of Natural Sciences. In 1913, the firstNational Gallery Actwas passed, outlining the Gallery's mandate and resources.During the 1920s, the building was expanded. The art gallery was given four floors, and a separate entrance was created for the art museum. In addition, a firewall was built between the Natural Sciences Museum and the National Gallery.But, the Gallery was still in temporary space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building. Longterm plans were to move it to a new permanent location, with spaces dedicated to the viewing of art. By the 1950s, the space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building had grown inadequate for the Gallery's collections. In 1952, the Gallery launched a design contest for architects to design a permanent home for the gallery.But the Gallery failed to garner support from the government ofLouis St. Laurent, resulting in the Gallery having to abandon the winning bid. To provide a workable compromise for the National Gallery, St. Laurent's government offered the National Gallery the eight-storey Lorne Building for its use.The National Gallery moved into the nondescript office building onElgin Street.The Lorne Building has since been demolished and replaced by a 17-storey office building to house the Federal Finance Department. In 1962,Charles Comfort, the Gallery's director, was criticized after half of the works on display at an exhibition forWalter Chrysler's European works were exposed as forgeries by American journalists. Comfort had allowed the Gallery to host the exhibition, despite being warned about the works by the director of theMontreal Museum of Fine Arts. TheNational Museums of CanadaCorporation (NMC) absorbed the National Gallery of Canada in 1968.During the 1970s, the NMC diverted funds from the National Gallery to form regional galleries.The Gallery completed renovations to the Lorne Building in 1976.By 1980, it had become apparent that the National Gallery would need to relocate, given the poor condition of the building, historical use ofasbestosthere, and inadequate exhibition areas that provided only enough space for two per cent of the collection to be exhibited at any given time. After the Canada'sConstitutionwaspatriatedin 1982, Prime MinisterPierre Trudeauannounced a shift in policy focus towards the \"creation of a nation,\" with priority given to the arts in an effort to enrichCanadian identity.In that same year, Minister of CommunicationsFrancis Foxdeclared the government's commitment to erect new permanent buildings for its national museums, including the National Gallery, and theMuseum of Manwithin five years.The director of the National Gallery,Jean Sutherland Boggs, was chosen by Trudeau to oversee construction of the National Gallery and museums.The Gallery began construction for its permanent museum building onSussex Drivein 1985, and was opened in May 1988. The diversion of funds by the NMC to help fund regional museums was ended in 1982,and the National Museums of Canada formally dissolved in 1987.As a result of this dissolution, the National Gallery reacquired its institutional independence, along with the mandate and powers outlined in its formative legislative act prior to 1968. TheCanadian Museum of Contemporary Photography(CMCP), formerly the Stills Photography Division of theNational Film Board of Canada, was an affiliated institution of the National Gallery, and was established in 1985. In 1988, the CMCP's administration was amalgamated with that of the National Gallery's. The CMCP later moved to its new location at 1 Rideau Canal, and continued to operate there until its closure in 2006. Its collection was later absorbed into the National Gallery's in 2009. In December 2000, the National Gallery announced it suspected approximately 100 works from its collection wasplunder stolen by the Nazisduring the Second World War.The Gallery posted images of works suspected of beingstolen artonline, permitting its last legal owners to examine and possibly lay claim to the works.In 2006, the Gallery returned a painting byÉdouard Vuillardthat had been looted by the Nazis fromAlfred Lindonin 1942,The Salon of Madame Aron, to Lindon's heirs. In December 2009, the National Gallery of Canada and theArt Gallery of Albertaissued a joint press release announcing a three-year partnership, which saw the use of the Art Gallery of Alberta's galleries to exhibit works from the National Gallery's collection.The program was the first \"satellite program\" between the National Gallery of Canada, and another institution, with similar initiatives launched at other Canadian art galleries in the following years. Marc Mayerwas named the Gallery's director, succeeding Pierre Théberge, on 19 January 2009.On 19 April 2019, he was succeeded byAlexandra Suda, who was appointed the 11th Director and chief executive officer of the National Gallery of Canada. Under Sasha Suda, the Gallery underwent a major re-branding, dubbed Ankosé, to be more inclusive and work towards reconciliation. After only three years, Suda resigned. Angela Cassie was then appointed interim Director and CEO in July 2022. Building The Gallery's present building was designed byMoshe Safdie& Associates, with construction beginning in 1985, and the building opening in 1988. The building has a total floor area of 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft). In 2000, theRoyal Architectural Institute of Canadachose the National Gallery as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium.The National Gallery of Canada is housed in a building onSussex Drive, adjacent to theByWard Marketdistrict. The building is the fourth edifice to house the art museum. An independent Crown corporation, the Canadian Museums Construction Corporation was established to build the Gallery, with a budget ofC$185 million.Following the1984 Canadian federal election, Prime MinisterBrian Mulroneydissolved the corporation.However, because the groundwork for the building was already completed, Mulroney chose to continue funding construction for the Gallery, albeit at a reduced total budget of C$162 million. Exterior The building's northern, eastern, and western exterior facade is made up of pink-granite walls, or glass-windows.The southern exterior facade features an elongated glass wall, supported by concrete pylons grouped in fours.The profile of the southern facade was designed to mimic acathedral, with the concrete pylons being used similarly to theflying buttressesfound onGothiccathedrals.The eastern portion of the building's southern facade transitions into a low-levelled crystalline glass cupola, which holds the museum's main entrance; and its western portion, which features a three-tiered glass cupola. The three-tiered glass cupola is formed out of rectangular glass and narrow steel supports.The second tier of the cupola is formed out of rectangles and equilateral triangles that are further subdivided into eight or twelve smaller equilateral triangles.All these glass pieces are joined by steel struts. The third tier of the cupola is formed with similar designs, although the triangular glass panes are isosceles triangles.The isosceles triangles converge upwards, with its apexes towards the centre.The building's three-tiered cupola is positioned in a manner in which the cupola would be flanked by thePeace Towerand theLibrary of Parliamentto the west when approaching the museum from the east. Interior The interior entrance lobby is floored with pink-granite, and includes a straight four metres (13 ft) wide ramp which slopes upward towards the west.Safdie noted the importance of the ramp in his design, stating that one should \"go through some kind of procession to make your way into something as important as the National Gallery,\" and that it gave the visitor the feeling of making an ascent to a ritual, a ceremony.The walls of the entrance lobby are lined with rectangular cut pink granite, excluding the southern wall, which is part of the glass-walled exterior facade.A glass and steel ceiling reminiscent of Gothic cathedral architecture, extends the entire way of the ramp.However, as opposed to most Gothic cathedrals, the ceiling has several concrete columns spaced out to support the roof.The summit of the ramp leads towards the Great Hall of the building, situated in the three-storey glass cupola. The interior courtyard of the building includes the Taiga Garden. The garden was designed byCornelia Oberlander, who modelled the paintingTerre SauvagebyA. Y. Jackson;a painting in the National Gallery's permanent collection. The garden attempts to mimic thetaigalandscape depicted in the painting, theCanadian shield; although limestone is substituted in place of the granite typically found at the Canadian shield. Collection As of October 2018, the National Gallery of Canada's permanent collection holds more than 93,625 works,representing several artistic movements and eras in art history. The Gallery has a large and varied collection of paintings, works on paper, sculptures and photographs. The earliest works acquired by the museum were from Canadian artists, with Canadian art remaining the focus of the institution. However, its collection also includes several works from artists around the world. The Gallery's collection has been built up through purchases and donations. The Gallery organizes its owntravelling exhibitionsto exhibit its collection, travelling across Canada and abroad.The National Gallery is the largest lender of art in Canada, sending out approximately 800 works a year. The Gallery's prints and drawings collection includes 27,000 works on paper, dating from the 15th century to the present day. The prints and drawing collection includes 10,000 works on paper by Canadian artists; more than 800 of these prints and drawings being crafted byInuitartists.The prints and drawing collection also includes 2,500 drawings and 10,000 prints by American, Asian, and European artists. The Gallery also has approximately 400 works from Asian artists, dating from 200 CE to the 19th century. The Gallery's Asian collection began in the early 20th century, with a number of works originating from the collection ofNasli Heeramaneck.The Gallery also has a collection of photographs. A number of the photographs in the collection originated from the defunct Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography. Until the mid-1980s, the Gallery's mandate did not include collecting art by Indigenous peoples. This has been much critiqued, and led to important changes at the Gallery from the 1980s onwards.Despite a major re-hang in 2003 of the Canadian galleries to include Indigenous art for the first time, the Gallery continues to work towards more equitable representation of Indigenous art, particularly in its historical galleries. The largest work in the Gallery is the entire interior of theRideau Street Chapel, which formed part of the Convent of Our Lady Sacred Heart,The interior decorations of the Rideau Street Chapel were designed by Georges Couillon in 1887.The chapel interior was acquired by the Gallery in 1972, when the convent was slated for demolition. The 1,123-piece interior was dismantled, stored and reconstructed within the Gallery as a work of art in 1988. Canadian and Indigenous works The Gallery's Canadian collection includes works dating from the 18th centuryNew France, to the 1990s.The collection includes paintings from pre-Confederation; abstract paintings and other postwar art; and the Henry Birks Collection of Canadian Silver.Early pre-Confederation paintings were among the first items in the Canadian collections, with the National Gallery's earliest works originating from Canadian artists at theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. The Gallery's Canadian collection holds a large number of works by theGroup of Seven.The Gallery also holds a large collection of works by Tom Thomson,withThe Jack Pineadded to its collection in 1918.The Gallery also holds the largest collection of works byAlex Colville.Other artists featured in the collection includeWilliam Berczy,Jack Bush,Paul-Émile Borduas,Emily Carr,Robert Field,Vera Frenkel,Theophile Hamel,Joseph Légaré,Cornelius Krieghoff,Fernand Leduc,Alexandra Luke,Ken Lum,James Wilson Morrice,John O'Brien,Antoine Plamondon,William Raphael,Jean-Paul Riopelle,William Ronald,Michael Snow,Lisa Steele,Jeff Wall,Joyce Wieland,Paul Wong, and members of theRegina Five. In commemoration of the150th anniversary of Canadain 2017, the Gallery undertook a C$7.4 million renovation to open the Canadian and Indigenous Art: From Time Immemorial to 1967 gallery.This gallery displays the progression of Canadian art and history, exhibiting Canadian and Indigenous works side by side.These works are exhibited in a manner which examines the intertwined relations between the two groups of people. The Indigenous collection includes works byIndigenousartists around the world, although it has an emphasis on works by theIndigenous peoples of Canada. The Gallery collection acquired its first works byFirst NationsandMetisartists in the early 20th century.However, the makers of these works were often not acknowledged as Indigenous, because the Gallery's mandate did not include the collection of art by Indigenous peoples until the 1980s. The Gallery acquired its firstInuitworks in 1956, crafted by artists inNunavik.The Gallery's acquisition of Inuit works, at a time when it was not actively collecting art by other Indigenous peoples, is related to the Government's promotion of Inuit art to create jobs in the North and to assert Canadian sovereignty there.In 1979,Henry Birksbequeathed a large collection to NGC consisting primarily of Quebecois pre-confederation silver; this bequest of more than 12,000 objects included around 16 works by Indigenous artists.In 1989 and 1992, theDepartment of Indian Affairs and Northern Developmentbequeathed 570 works by Inuit artists. A number of Indigenous artists whose works are featured in the collection includeKenojuak Ashevak,Kiawak Ashoona,Qaqaq Ashoona,Carl Beam,Faye HeavyShield,Osuitok Ipeelee,Rita Letendre,Norval Morrisseau,Shelley Niro,David Ruben Piqtoukun,Abraham Anghik Ruben,Lucy Tasseor Tutsweetok,Jeffrey Thomas,John Tiktak, andLawrence Paul Yuxweluptun. Contemporary The Gallery's contemporary collection includes 1,500 works from artists since the 1990s.The collection features a number of works from Canada and its Indigenous artists. The first Indigenous Canadian contemporary artwork acquired by the National Gallery was purchased in 1987, a piece calledThe North American Iceberg(1985) byOjibweartistCarl Beam. In 2017,Bob Renniedonated a contemporary art collection to the National Gallery in honour of Canada' 150th anniversary.The collection includes 197 paintings, sculptures, and mixed-media pieces with most of it originating from Vancouver-based artists includingGeoffrey Farmer,Rodney Graham,Brian Jungen, andIan Wallace.The Rennie collection also includes some international contemporary works, including fromDoris Salcedo. In 1990 the Gallery boughtBarnett Newman'sVoice of Firefor $1.8 million, igniting a storm of controversy. However, since that time its value has appreciated to approximately C$40 million as of 2014.In 1999, the Gallery acquired a sculpture of a giant spider,Maman, byLouise Bourgeoisfor a cost of C$3.2 million.The sculpture was installed on the plaza in front of the Gallery.In 2011 the Gallery installed Canadian sculptorJoe Fafard'sRunning Horsesnext to the Sussex Drive entrance, and American artistRoxy Paine's stainless steel sculptureOne Hundred Foot LineatKìwekì Pointbehind the gallery. Other contemporary artists whose works are featured in the National Gallery's collection includeDavid Altmejd,Lee Bul,Janet Cardiff,Bharti Kher,Christian Marclay,Elizabeth McIntosh,Chris Ofili, Paine,Ugo Rondinone, andJoanne Tod. European, American, and Asian The European, American, and Asian collection area includes most of the Gallery's works by non-Canadian artists. The Gallery acquired its first European work in 1907: the paintingIgnatius SanchobyThomas Gainsborough.Conversely, the Gallery did not begin to develop its collection of American art until the 1970s. The Gallery's collection includes American and European works dating from the Renaissance through the 20th century.In addition toWestern art, the collection also has 400 works from India,Nepal, andTibet. The Gallery's European collection has since expanded either through acquisitions or gifts. Such works includeLa Tour EiffelbyMarc Chagall, acquired by the Gallery in 1956 for $C16,000.In 2018, the Gallery planned to sell the work to fund other acquisitions, but abandoned those plans after the decision was found to be unpopular with the public.In 2005, the Gallery acquired a painting by Italian Renaissance painterFrancesco Salviatifor $4.5 million.In 2018, the Gallery acquiredThe Partie CaréebyJames Tissotfrom the collection of David R. Graham, putting it on display in December 2018.It is the third work by Tissot to be acquired by the museum since 1921.Other works from the collection includeThe Death of General Wolfeby Anglo-American artistBenjamin West.Other artists featured in the museum's European collection includesAlejo Fernández,Vilhelm Hammershøi,Gustav Klimt,Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun,Henri Matisse,Charles Meynier,Claude Monet,Rembrandt, andVincent van Gogh. Library and archives The library and archives of the National Gallery of Canada hold an extensive collection of literature on Canadian art.The library and archives was established alongside the Gallery in 1880, and contains documents on western art from theLate Middle Agesto the present day.The collection includes 275,000 books, exhibition catalogues, and periodicals; 76,000 documentation files; and 95,000 microforms.The archives serves as the institutional archive for the Gallery. The library and archives'special collectionsincludes over 50,000 auction catalogues, in addition to 182,000 slides and 360,000 research photographs.The Library and Archives' Exceptional Materials and Notable Subject Collections contains a number of rare imprints, books, and bookplates on Canadian artists, as well as items relating to historians of Canadian art. Management The federal government assumed responsibility for the Gallery in 1913, with the enactment of theNational Gallery of Canada Act. The Gallery became aCrown corporationon 1 July 1990 with the proclamation of theMuseums Act. TheMuseums Actserves as the museum's governing legislation. It empowers a board of trustees to serve as the Gallery's governing body, with the board, through the Chair, being accountable to theMinister of Canadian Heritage, who is ultimately responsible for the Museum.The Director and CEO is charged with the day-to-day management of the Gallery. The Gallery is affiliated with several associations, including theCanadian Museums Association, theOntario Association of Art Galleries, theCanadian Heritage Information Network, and theVirtual Museum of Canada. Directors The following is a list of directors of the National Gallery of Canada: Selected works Canadian collection European and American collection Prints and drawings collection See also Notes References Further reading External links Media related toNational Gallery of Canadaat Wikimedia Commons"
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"Canadian Museum of History TheCanadian Museum of History(French:Musée canadien de l’histoire) is anational museumonanthropology,Canadian history,cultural studies, andethnologyinGatineau,Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related research. The museum is based in a 75,000-square-metre-building (810,000 sq ft) designed byDouglas Cardinal. The museum originated from a museum established by theGeological Survey of Canadain 1856, which later expanded to include an anthropology division in 1910. In 1927, the institution was renamed the National Museum of Canada. The national museum was later split into several separate institutions in 1968, with the anthropology and human history departments forming theNational Museum of Man. The museum relocated to its present location in Gatineau in 1989 and adopted the nameCanadian Museum of Civilization(French:Musée canadien des civilisations) the following year. In 2013, the museum adopted its current name, the",
"current name, the Canadian Museum of History, and modified its mandate to emphasizeCanadian identityand history. The museum's collection contains over three million artifacts and documents, with some on display in the museum's permanent exhibitions. The museum also hosts and organizes a number of temporary,travelling, andonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. History Early museum (1856–1968) The Canadian Museum of History originates from the collecting efforts of theGeological Survey of Canada(GSC), an organization established in 1842 inMontreal.In 1856 theLegislative Assembly of the Province of Canadapassed an act that enabled the GSC to establish a museum to exhibit items found from its geological and archaeological field trips; with the museum initially established in Montreal on Great St. James Street (nowSaint Jacques Street).The museum held its firstethnologicalexhibit from 1862 to 1863, showcasing stone implements and fragments of pottery byFirst Nations.In 1877, the museum mandate",
"the museum mandate was formally expanded to include the study of modern fauna and flora, in addition to human history, languages, and traditions. In 1881, the museum relocated from Montreal todowntown Ottawato what is now referred to asFormer Geological Survey of Canada Building; although space in the new facility soon proved to be inadequate, with theRoyal Society of Canadapetitioning thefederal governmentto build a new building for the museum by 1896.Preliminary plans for a new building were drawn up by 1899, although work on the building did not begin until 1906.In the following year, management of the museum was handed over from the GSC to theDepartment of Mines, with the mandate formally expanded to include anthropological studies.The new museum building, theVictoria Memorial Museum Building, was also completed in 1910, although it was not opened to the public until 1911. Under the Department of Mines, the museum formally established ananthropologydivision under the direction ofEdward Sapirin",
"ofEdward Sapirin 1910.Another anthropologist,Marius Barbeau, was also hired by the museum in the following year to assist Sapir.The anthropology division was charged with the preservation of the cultural heritage of people in Canada and assembling objects related to these cultures. Under Sapir's direction, the institution's research initially focused on Aboriginal communities across Canada they believed were imperilled by rapid acculturation.The museum's first anthropological exhibits were organized by Sapir and his protege,Franz Boas.Since this period, the museum had become a centre for Canadian anthropology, having attracted notable anthropologists includingDiamond Jennessafter the Second World War. In 1927, the museum division of the Department of Mines was renamed theNational Museum of Canada.Management of the National Museum is transferred from the Department of Mines to theDepartment of Resources and Developmentin 1950.In 1965, the museum was split into two branches, one focused on natural history and",
"natural history and another on human history.The mandate of the museum further expanded in the following decades, with the museum assuming the management of theCanadian War Museumin 1958, and its human history branch establishing a history division in 1964. Museum of anthropology and history (1968–present) On 1 April 1968, the branches of the National Museum of Canada were formally split into separate museums.The Canadian Museum of History originated from the human history branch of the museum, initially incorporated as theNational Museum of Man.The natural history branch of the former National Museum of Canada became the National Museum of Natural Sciences (later renamed theCanadian Museum of Nature), while the science and technology branch became the National Museum of Science and Technology (later renamed theCanada Science and Technology Museum).The National Museums of Canada Corporation was formed by the federal government in order to manage these national museums, in addition to theNational Gallery of",
"Gallery of Canada.Although the institutions were split, the National Museum of Man and the National Museum of Natural History continued to share the Victoria Memorial building; with the National Museum of Man occupying the western half of the building. In April 1972, the National Museum of Man established a Communications Division in order to provide media communications regarding the museum's education and information programs.During the 1970s, the staff of the institution adopted a philosophy that stressed public access to its heritage collection.Because the Victoria Memorial Museum building had insufficient space to exhibit the museum's growing collection, the museum's collection and staff were scattered across 17 buildings, with these buildings acting as decentralized units of the museum. In 1980, management of the National Museums of Canada Corporation is transferred to theDepartment of Communications.The following year in June 1981, thecabinet of Canadaapproved several plans concerning severalnational",
"severalnational museums of Canada, including moving the National Museum of Man into a new structure.The plan was formally announced to the public in February 1982.After a study of potential locations saw four sites inOttawaand one inGatineau.A site acquired by theNational Capital Commission(NCC) from the E.B Eddy Company in Gatineau was chosen as the site for the new museum; due to it already being public land, being linked toConfederation Boulevard, and because it was prominently visible from theOttawa River.The site was also selected because the NCC had desired to developHull, and incorporate it into the design of the capital region; while officials in Gatineau had similar desires to develop the area into anurban park.On 10 February 1983, the site for the new museum was announced to the public; andDouglas CardinalArchitect Limited was named as the project's design architect, in association with Montreal-based architectural firm Tétreault, Parent, Languedoc et Associés.The design created by Cardinal was",
"by Cardinal was approved in 1983 by theCabinet of Canada. In an effort to avoid stereotypes in languages, the name of the museum was changed to theCanadian Museum of Civilizationin 1986.In 1988, the institution absorbed the museum operated by the department of theMinister responsible for Canada Post Corporation, although itsphilateliccollection was transferred to theNational Archives of Canada.The museum opened its new building in Gatineau in 1989. However, the building opened with only two permanent exhibitions, Canada Hall and the exhibitions on theIndigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, as budgetary shortfalls prevented the museum from opening the exhibitions it had originally planned for the museum. In 1990, theMuseum Actwas passed by the federal government, replacing the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation and forming several new entities to manage thenational museums of Canada; with the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation formed on 1 July 1990 to manage the Canadian Museum",
"the Canadian Museum of Civilization, and the Canadian War Museum. 21st century In 2007, the museum organized a temporary exhibition,Treasures from China, in partnership with theNational Museum of China. The partnership saw artifacts leave China to be exhibited only at the Canadian Museum of Civilization. As a part of the agreement, the Canadian Museum of Civilization prepared Indigenous Canadian artifacts for its own exhibition,First Peoples of Canada: Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization, at thePalace MuseuminBeijing. In October 2012,James Moore, theminister of Canadian Heritageannounced the ministry would provide $25 million to overhaul the museum and renovate Canada Hall.The government later announced plans to update and reopen the gallery in 2017, coinciding with the150th anniversary of Canada.Approximately 24,000 people from across nine Canadian cities were surveyed about the updates to the exhibition.The museum consulted a women's history committee, an indigenous history committee, and",
"committee, and three historic time-period committees. In December 2013, theCanadian Museum of History Actreceived Royal Assent, which shifted the museum's mandate from developing a collection with a \"special but not exclusive reference to Canada,\" to one that enhanced the knowledge of Canadian history and identity;and expanding the museum's focus to include social and political history.The Act also changed the institution's name from theCanadian Museum of Civilizationto theCanadian Museum of History. TheCanadian Postal Museum, a department of the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation that operated from within the institution was shut down in 2012 as a result of the museum's transition into the Canadian Museum of History. Some have criticized the new mandate and updating of Canada Hall as a part of a wider plan by the incumbent Conservative government to redirect public historical understanding to emphasize aspects ofCanadian military historyandmonarchism; as well as elide problematic elements of",
"elements of Canadian history in favour of achievements.However, the museum contended that new exhibits planned for the museum will include a range of themes and topics, and will also explore the country's \"dark episodes\".The updated gallery was completed at approximately $30 million and was opened onCanada Dayin 2017 byCharles, Prince of WalesandMélanie Joly, theminister of Canadian Heritage.Partisan concerns were alleviated after Canadian History Hall was unveiled to the public. Site The museum is situated on a 9.6-hectare (23.7-acre) plot of land, formerly known asParc Laurier. The museum site is the firstCanadian national museumto be located on theGatineauside of theNational Capital Region, and the first to be located adjacent to theOttawa River. The site is bounded by the western access point for theAlexandra Bridge, the Ottawa River to the east, a paper production plant to the south, and Laurier Street to the west.The median of the property extends 235 metres (771 ft) from Laurier Street to the",
"Street to the river.From Laurier Street, the property descends towards the Ottawa River at a 5.5 per centgrade; with the portion of the property closest to Laurier Street at an elevation of 53.5 metres (176 ft), while the riverfront is at an elevation of 41 metres (135 ft).Because of the property's low elevation, the construction of the museum building was limited to the portion of the property closer to Laurier Street. The site includes a museum building with two wings. The two wings wrap around and are connected by a large hemispherical entrance plaza which contains its food services, lounge, library, and underground parking.The parkland and open space between the two wings are intended to represent the \"plains over which mankind migrated\" over millennia.A large staircase east of the entrance plaza descends to the museum's lower plaza and gardens adjacent to the riverside park. A pedestrian and cycling pathway is situated on the riverfront portion of the property, with the pathways continuing north",
"continuing north intoJacques-Cartier Park, a municipal park north of the property. Building The 75,000 square metres (810,000 sq ft) structure was designed by Douglas Cardinal.The building's infrastructure includes approximately 56,000 square metres (600,000 sq ft) of concrete, and 7,300 tonnes of steel.Cardinal sought to create form a \"sculptural icon\" for the country, encouraged by then-prime minister,Pierre Trudeau, to develop a symbol that \"enshrined our cultures\". As a result, the building was the first structure in the National Capital Region that incorporates Indigenous architectural designs.Cardinal's design for the building was largely influenced by his understanding of how geography helped shaped Canada's history and culture. The museum building has over 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) of exhibition space, more than any other museum in Canada. In addition to exhibition space, the building also contains three restaurants, a boutique store, and two live performance theatres, including a 500-seat",
"a 500-seat theatre for live performances.The building also has a 295-seat 3D theatre that uses aBarcodigital projector. Before the installation of the Barco projector in 2016, the 3D theatre used aIMAXprojector and was branded as an IMAX theatre. Water is drawn from the Ottawa River to heat and cool the building.The building's energy needs are met by two substations in Gatineau, with two additional backup generators also available if both substations fail. Exterior The building's exterior is clad with 30,000 square metres (320,000 sq ft) ofTyndall stone;with the material being selected because of its durability and its relationship with glaciers. Cardinal sought to build a structure that appeared to be \"flowing with the contours of the land,\" and simple lines and forms could be used to display the idea of movement.The building's design draws uponArt Nouveaustyles to illustrate Canada's geography at the end of theLast Glacial Periodwhen the landscape was largely uniform; with certain elements of the building",
"of the building evokingigloosearth lodges, andlonghouses. The building includes a cantilevered northern/curatorial wing and a southern wing that houses most of the museum's public facilities, including its galleries, and theatres.The curatorial wing was designed to evoke outcroppings of theCanadian Shield, while the southern public wing with its glass-fronted Grand Hall, was intended to evoke an image of a melting glacier. The southern wing's copper roof represents vegetation's recolonization of the lands once covered by glacial till.The copper roof is nearly 11,000 square metres (120,000 sq ft) and weighs approximately 90 tonnes.Both wings are curvaceous on their river sides to blend into their landscapes, although their street-side façade is more angular. The NCC placed several restrictions on the building design, that the building does not obstruct the view of the Ottawa River, and that the building does not obstruct delineated \"viewing cones\" of Parliament Hill from the Gatineau side of the river.Because",
"the river.Because of these restrictions, the buildings were designed with a low-profile, to avoid obscuring the view for buildings across the street.From certain angles, the building appears as two separate pavilions, with an opening between these two sections providing an unobstructed view ofParliament Hillfrom Laurier Street.Considerations also needed to be taken to protect artifacts displayed in the building. Windows were triple-glazed and coated with a film that helps contain radiant heat and reduce solar ultraviolet rays, and the southern wing's Grand Hall was intentionally designed to face direct sunlight only in the morning. The building was designed to create an \"ever-changing pattern\" of shadows across the structure's surface, with most of the building's exterior lighting kept below 30luxto allow viewers to see deeper shadows at night. Exhibitions The museum hosts several permanent and temporary exhibitions on anthropology, ethnology, and history. Artifacts from the museum's collection are exhibited",
"are exhibited in these exhibitions.In addition,travelling exhibitionsare occasionally held at the museum. The museum has also created severalonline exhibitions, like theVirtual Museum of New France. Permanent exhibitions include First Peoples Hall, Canadian History Hall, the Canadian Children's Museum, the Canadian Stamp Collection, and two exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in the building's Grand Hall.First Peoples Hall is situated on the first floor of the building, whereas the Canada Hall is situated on the third level of the building.First Peoples Hall is situated next to the Grand Hall, with its exhibitions located on the ground floor. Many of the exhibits that were designed in the 1980s for the new building were influenced by the director of the museum,George F. MacDonald, his personal admiration for Pacific Northwest Coast art and culture, and the communication theories of his mentor,Marshall McLuhan.Merging exhibits detailing theIndigenous peoples of Canadawith",
"of Canadawith other Canadian historical exhibits were considered by the exhibition design team when plans were being made to move the museum in the 1980s.However, it was later decided to depict both topics as separate exhibitions, resulting in both exhibitions being planned by different teams with separate budgets.This decision was later reversed in 2017 when the museum reopened the Canadian History Hall exhibition with Indigenous exhibits incorporated throughout its exhibit. First Peoples Hall First Peoples Hall is an exhibition opened in 2003, that explores Canada'sFirst Nations,Inuit, andMétispeoples.The exhibition occupies 3,300 square metres (35,000 sq ft) of space on the ground floor of the building.The hall contains more than 2,000 objects on display.Most of the exhibition space is devoted to changing exhibits, to keep up with contemporary views on traditional cultures and current issues. However, First Peoples Hall does have some space devoted to long-term exhibits. These long-term exhibits explore",
"exhibits explore topics that are less subject to changing interpretations; like ancient history, Indigenous languages, and the history of the relationship between Indigenous and European cultures.The exhibition is organized into several sections, such as the \"Ways of Knowing\", \"An Ancient Bond with the Land\", and \"The Arrival of Strangers\". The exhibition was designed to \"deconstruct and supersede\" histories that visitors are familiar with.Exhibits were designed to address issues of stereotyping Indigenous identity, and the diversity and cultural distinctiveness between Indigenous nations; with many of the exhibits linking identity toIndigenous land claims in Canada.Additionally, exhibits were designed to portray Indigenous peoples as living peoples in the modern world.Archaeological exhibits in First Peoples Hall are themed to reinforce the fact that the Indigenous peoples of Canada have occupied the land sincetime immemorial, and that Canadian history has a long and complex history preceding European",
"preceding European colonization. Additionally, many of these archaeological exhibits are designed to confront the notion of Eurasiantechnological supremacyat the time of first contact with the Americas.The exhibition concludes with contemporary issue exhibits, which explore recent clashes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada over land and resources. The curatorial model used to develop the exhibition conformed to the suggestions provided in the 1992 recommendations from the federal Task Force on Museums and First Peoples.The content and messaging of First Peoples Hall were determined in consultation with indigenous communities across Canada.Acting upon the task force's recommendation to establish partnerships with First Nation representatives whose cultures were being exhibited, an advisory committee of 15 Indigenous members was formed to help define the exhibition's thematic structure and messaging.As a result, exhibits in First Peoples Hall take a \"multivocal\" approach, where different",
"where different perspectives can be distinguished within the exhibition; and explanatory fields like archaeology, ethnology and traditional Indigenous knowledge are juxtaposed, and contestatory with one another in some cases. Canadian History Hall Canadian History Hall is an exhibition that explores Canadian history. Canadian History Hall is approximately 4,690 square metres (50,500 sq ft), and includes over 14 projectors and 58 screens used in the exhibition.The exhibition includes three galleries and a long curved walkway that serves as the entrance to the three galleries. The entrance walkway is decorated with 101 silhouettes of Canadian cultural symbols and activities, as well as national landmarks.Canadian History Hall's galleries centre around a hub that was designed by Douglas Cardinal to resembleChaudière Falls.The hub features a large 15.5 by 9.5 metres (51 ft × 31 ft) image of Canada on the floor. The image of Canada is made up of 121 satellite photos taken by theCanadian Space Agency, that were",
"Agency, that were stitched together to form a single image. The exhibition summarizes over 15,000 years of history and is divided into three era-centric galleries, Early Canada: From Earliest Times to 1763, Colonial Canada: 1763 to 1914, and Modern Canada: 1914 to the Present Day.The first two galleries are located on the same floor, while the third gallery occupies the mezzanine above the two galleries.The galleries are designed to showcase events and \"turning points\" in each respective era through the multimedia presentations and the artifacts on display.Each gallery is further organized into six separate \"vignettes\" that are thematically different, but interconnected with one another.The vignettes are primarily organized temporally, although some are specifically focused on a specific aspect of Canadian history.The exhibition takes a largely didactic approach with its subject and is particularly focused on the country's political and economic history, as well as the experience of Indigenous",
"of Indigenous peoples.According to the exhibit team's head, David Morrison, Indigenous peoples and their relationship with newcomers will serve as an important overarching theme of Canadian History Hall. Early Canada explores provides a summary of Indigenous history prior to the arrival of the Europeans as well as early Canadian colonies likeNew France.The gallery includes Indigenous artifacts, narrative recounts of Indigenous interactions between Norse, English and French explorers, and detailed accounts on theNorth American fur trade, the spread ofdisease within Indigenous populations, and theBeaver Wars.Colonial Canada exploresCanada under British rulesince theconquest of New France, as well aspost-Confederation Canadato 1914. Modern Canada explores Canada's recent history, up to the arrival of Syrian refugees in the 2010s.The latter two galleries provide detailed histories on theSeven Years' War, treaties signed between various Indigenous groups and the Crown, the push forresponsible government,Canadian",
"government,Canadian Confederation, the world wars, theCanadian Indian residential school system,Quebec nationalism, andmulticulturalism in Canada. There are over 1,500 artifacts on display in Canadian History Hall.Historic artifacts include a 3,600 to 3,900 years old ivory carving believed to be the oldest representation of a human face found in Canada;James Wolfecoat; and handcuffs worn byLouis Rielprior to his execution;Maurice Richard'shockey jersey;Terry Fox's T-shirt;Tommy Douglas's hat; the table on which the proclamation of theConstitution Act, 1982was signed by QueenElizabeth IIin 1982;Randy Bachman's guitar, and the sewing machine whichJoan O'Malleysewed the firstMaple Leaf flag.There are 40 linear films shown at the exhibition, includingOrigin Stories, a film that illustrates how theAnishinaabebelieved the earth was formed.Origin Storiesis displayed along the curved wall of the Canadian History Hall's entrance. The modular structure of the exhibits enables the museum to swap segments easier. The",
"easier. The number of exhibits in the galleries may also expand, with the museum having reserved enough space to allow for the addition of new exhibits in the three galleries. Pre-2017 exhibition Canadian History Hall's predecessor, Canada Hall, opened as an inaugural exhibit at the museum in 1989.The original exhibition was divided into 23 modules that were arranged chronologically, beginning with theNorse colonization of North America.The gallery aimed to promote Canadian multiculturalism, having portrayed a social history that depicted a \"march of immigrants\" from east to west, and the success of different groups in Canada.However, these modules provided little in-depth consideration for pre-colonial Indigenous cultures, which were only explored in the museum's other exhibitions prior to Canada Hall's updates in the 2010s.The original design of Canada Hall recreated historical settings with period rooms and full-scale historical buildings incorporated into the exhibition; reflecting McLuhan's theories,",
"McLuhan's theories, and innovations adopted by entertainment pavilions like Disney'sEpcot. Canada Hall was closed to the public in September 2014 to enable renovations and significant updates to the exhibition.The exhibition reopened in 2017 significantly changed from its original design.Nearly all of the life-sized dioramas were dismantled as a part of the exhibition's update. St. Onuphrius Church, an original early-20th-century Ukrainian church from theCanadian Prairiesthat was later relocated to the museum, is the only remaining life-sized diorama in the exhibition. Canadian Children's Museum The Canadian Children's Museum is Canada's largest exhibition centre designed specifically for children with over 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) of space. The museum uses more than 15,000 artifacts, props, and hands-on items for use in its exhibitions and programs. These items include art, clothing, games, photographs, and toys.The museum includes an International Village, as well as Canadian-themed attractions",
"attractions that were added into the exhibition in 2007. In 2018, the museum announced it would undertake a renewal project in January 2020. The museum announced the revamp would reflect how children play and learn, and will remove more dated exhibits from the exhibition, like the post office and telephone booth.It reopened in May 2022. Canadian Stamp Collection The Canadian Stamp Collection is astamp collectionof more than 3,000 stamps and includes every Canadian stamp issued since 1851. The stamp collection was housed at the Canadian Postal Museum until 2012 when the postal museum closed and its stamp collection relocated to the Canadian Museum of History.The Canadian Museum of History opened a permanent exhibition for the collection in 2014 in partnership withCanada Post. Stamps that are exhibited in the exhibition are showcased with artifacts that either inspired its creation or were used to make the stamp. Grand Hall exhibitions Grand Hall features two permanent exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of",
"peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast,First Peoples of the Northwest CoastandFrom Time Immemorial — Tsimshian Prehistory. The exhibits includetotem polesand other artifacts.The exhibitions were developed as a collaboration between the museum's curators and Indigenous cultural specialists in the 1980s. In 1993, a large mural titledMorning Starwas added to the domed ceiling of the Grand Hall. The mural was created byAlex Janvierand is symbolic of Indigenous life and history.In addition to the two permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall is also used to host other major events.In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall has also been used to host temporary exhibitions. Collections As of June 2021, the Canadian Museum of History's permanent collection includes more than three million artifacts, documents, works of art, and other specimens.This includes over one million photographs, 72,000 sound recordings and 18,000 films and videotapes. The collection takes up approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) of",
"(2.5 mi) of shelf space.Approximately 218,000 artifacts have been digitized and made accessible online by the museum. The museum's permanent collection dates back to the collection established by the Geological Survey of Canada in the 1860s.The museum's collection of artifacts has expanded through the institution's research programs.The first collection representing Indigenous peoples was established by the Geological Survey of Canada, with other parts of the collection having been acquired by government officials and missionaries working outside Ottawa. The collection continued to expand after the anthropology department was established in 1910, and the museum began a systematic program of documenting Indigenous cultures and lineages. The museum's collection of Indigenous items is the largest in Canada and is the only major collection with a national scope in the country.The museum also possesses the world's largest collection of totem poles.The Sacred Materials Project was created by the museum to help",
"the museum to help maintain Indigenous sacred items, and facilitate therepatriationof select items to their respective communities. The project provides funds for Indigenous representatives to view the museum's collections and discuss the repatriation of identified sacred items, as well as identify other objects in the collection that require ritualistic care. The museum's permanent collection contains several smaller collections, like theWindfield FarmCollection. The Windfield Farm Collection was acquired by the museum in 2013 and contains documents, photographs, memorabilia and trophies, including theKentucky Derbytrophy won byNorthern Dancer.The museum's collection of flags is also the largest in the country. Other notable items in the museum's permanent collection includes aContempraphone, the first telephone to be designed and manufactured in Canada;cough syrup from the1918 influenza pandemic;the original plaster forBill Reid'sSpirit of Haida Gwaii;ten large heraldic sculptures known asThe Queen's",
"known asThe Queen's Beasts;androyal gownworn by Elizabeth II during herroyal tours of Canada.The museum also contains a number of ice hockey artifacts, including game-usedNational Hockey Leaguesticks,hockey cards, and the world's oldest existingice hockey stick.The ice hockey stick dates back to the mid-1830s and was acquired by the museum in 2015 for $300,000. In addition to its permanent collection, the Canadian Museum of History also co-manages collections with other institutions. In July 1999, the museum entered an agreement with the Canadian Nursing Association (CNA), the Canadian War Museum, and the National Archives of Canada to create the Canadian Nursing History Collection. This collection includes over 9,000 photographs, 1,600 audiovisual materials, and over 35 metres (115 ft) of textual records from the CNA, the Nursing Sisters Association of Canada, and theHelen MussallemCollection. Approximately 950 documented artifacts from this collection are deposited at the Canadian Museum of History.Items",
"of History.Items from the collection at the Canadian Museum of History include 167 nurses' caps, dating from 1895 to 1983.In June 2005, the museum opened a temporary exhibition that focused on this collection.In 2021, the Canadian Museum of History entered into an agreement to house and maintain artifacts fromCanada's Sports Hall of Fame. Library and archives The museum's resource centre operates a library and archives. As of 2015, the museum's library has more than 60,000 books, over 2,000 journals and magazines, and over 1,000 DVDs, CDs, and video tapes. The museum's rare and old books collection includesPaul-Émile Borduas'sRefus Global(1948) andPierre François Xavier de Charlevoix'sHistoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France(1744). Research The museum's collection is used to support research in anthropology, archaeology, Indigenous people in Canada, linguistics, material culture, multicultural communities, social and political history andmuseologyin Canada.The museum also publishes its",
"also publishes its ownacademic journal, theMercury Series; on history, archaeology, and anthropology. The journal has been published in partnership with theUniversity of Ottawa Presssince 2012.The museum has also published the academic journalMaterial Culture Reviewin partnership with the Canada Science and Technology Museum since the 1970s. The journal provides a forum for research on historical artifacts collected by Canadian museums. Management The Canadian Museum of History is managed by afederal Crown corporationof the same name under theDepartment of Canadian Heritage's portfolio. The museum is one of two national museums managed by the corporation, the other being the Canadian War Museum.The corporation also administers the Virtual Museum of New France, avirtual museumand online exhibition of the Canadian Museum of History;and theVirtual Museum of Canada, an administrative program that supports the development of online projects for museums and heritage organizations across Canada.The Virtual Museum",
"Virtual Museum of Canada was an online portal for virtual exhibits in Canada until 2020, when the Virtual Museum of Canada's website was decommissioned, and the project was reoriented into a support program. Management of the corporation is conducted through an 11-memberboard of trustees. Trustees are appointed by the Minister of Canadian Heritage, with approval from theGovernor-in-Council. In turn, the board appoints the corporation's president andchief executive officer.The corporation reports to theParliament of Canadathrough theMinister of Canadian Heritage. The corporation's mandate is defined under theMuseums Act. The corporation was established as the Canadian Museum of Civilization in June 1990 through theMuseums Act;an Act that was later amended in 2014.The corporation adopted its current name in 2013.The Crown corporation was one of several that succeeded the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation, a Crown corporation that managed most of the country's national museums until its dissolution",
"its dissolution in 1988. See also Notes References Further reading External links",
"National Gallery of Canada TheNational Gallery of Canada(French:Musée des beaux-arts du Canada), located in the capital city ofOttawa,Ontario, is Canada'snationalart museum.The museum's building takes up 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft), with 12,400 square metres (133,000 sq ft) of space used for exhibiting art. It is one of thelargest art museumsin North America by exhibition space. The institution was established in 1880 at theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building, and moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building in 1911. In 1913, theGovernment of Canadapassed theNational Gallery Act, formally outlining the institution's mandate as a national art museum. The Gallery was moved to the Lorne Building in 1960. In 1988, the Gallery was relocated to a new building designed for this purpose. The National Gallery of Canada is situated in a glass and granite building onSussex Drive, with a notable view of Canada's Parliament Buildings onParliament Hill. The building was designed by Israeli architectMoshe",
"architectMoshe Safdieand opened in 1988. The Gallery's permanent collection includes more than 93,000 works by European, American, Asian, Canadian, andIndigenousartists. In addition to exhibiting works from its permanent collection, the Gallery also organizes and hosts a number oftravelling exhibitions. History The Gallery was first formed in 1880 by Canada's Governor General,John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyllin conjunction with the establishment of theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. In 1882, moved into its first home onParliament Hill, housed in theSecond Supreme Court of Canada building. Eric Brownwas named the first director in 1910.In 1911, the Gallery moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building, sharing it with theNational Museum of Natural Sciences. In 1913, the firstNational Gallery Actwas passed, outlining the Gallery's mandate and resources.During the 1920s, the building was expanded. The art gallery was given four floors, and a separate entrance was created for the art museum. In addition, a",
"In addition, a firewall was built between the Natural Sciences Museum and the National Gallery.But, the Gallery was still in temporary space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building. Longterm plans were to move it to a new permanent location, with spaces dedicated to the viewing of art. By the 1950s, the space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building had grown inadequate for the Gallery's collections. In 1952, the Gallery launched a design contest for architects to design a permanent home for the gallery.But the Gallery failed to garner support from the government ofLouis St. Laurent, resulting in the Gallery having to abandon the winning bid. To provide a workable compromise for the National Gallery, St. Laurent's government offered the National Gallery the eight-storey Lorne Building for its use.The National Gallery moved into the nondescript office building onElgin Street.The Lorne Building has since been demolished and replaced by a 17-storey office building to house the Federal Finance Department. In",
"Department. In 1962,Charles Comfort, the Gallery's director, was criticized after half of the works on display at an exhibition forWalter Chrysler's European works were exposed as forgeries by American journalists. Comfort had allowed the Gallery to host the exhibition, despite being warned about the works by the director of theMontreal Museum of Fine Arts. TheNational Museums of CanadaCorporation (NMC) absorbed the National Gallery of Canada in 1968.During the 1970s, the NMC diverted funds from the National Gallery to form regional galleries.The Gallery completed renovations to the Lorne Building in 1976.By 1980, it had become apparent that the National Gallery would need to relocate, given the poor condition of the building, historical use ofasbestosthere, and inadequate exhibition areas that provided only enough space for two per cent of the collection to be exhibited at any given time. After the Canada'sConstitutionwaspatriatedin 1982, Prime MinisterPierre Trudeauannounced a shift in policy focus towards",
"focus towards the \"creation of a nation,\" with priority given to the arts in an effort to enrichCanadian identity.In that same year, Minister of CommunicationsFrancis Foxdeclared the government's commitment to erect new permanent buildings for its national museums, including the National Gallery, and theMuseum of Manwithin five years.The director of the National Gallery,Jean Sutherland Boggs, was chosen by Trudeau to oversee construction of the National Gallery and museums.The Gallery began construction for its permanent museum building onSussex Drivein 1985, and was opened in May 1988. The diversion of funds by the NMC to help fund regional museums was ended in 1982,and the National Museums of Canada formally dissolved in 1987.As a result of this dissolution, the National Gallery reacquired its institutional independence, along with the mandate and powers outlined in its formative legislative act prior to 1968. TheCanadian Museum of Contemporary Photography(CMCP), formerly the Stills Photography Division of",
"Division of theNational Film Board of Canada, was an affiliated institution of the National Gallery, and was established in 1985. In 1988, the CMCP's administration was amalgamated with that of the National Gallery's. The CMCP later moved to its new location at 1 Rideau Canal, and continued to operate there until its closure in 2006. Its collection was later absorbed into the National Gallery's in 2009. In December 2000, the National Gallery announced it suspected approximately 100 works from its collection wasplunder stolen by the Nazisduring the Second World War.The Gallery posted images of works suspected of beingstolen artonline, permitting its last legal owners to examine and possibly lay claim to the works.In 2006, the Gallery returned a painting byÉdouard Vuillardthat had been looted by the Nazis fromAlfred Lindonin 1942,The Salon of Madame Aron, to Lindon's heirs. In December 2009, the National Gallery of Canada and theArt Gallery of Albertaissued a joint press release announcing a three-year",
"a three-year partnership, which saw the use of the Art Gallery of Alberta's galleries to exhibit works from the National Gallery's collection.The program was the first \"satellite program\" between the National Gallery of Canada, and another institution, with similar initiatives launched at other Canadian art galleries in the following years. Marc Mayerwas named the Gallery's director, succeeding Pierre Théberge, on 19 January 2009.On 19 April 2019, he was succeeded byAlexandra Suda, who was appointed the 11th Director and chief executive officer of the National Gallery of Canada. Under Sasha Suda, the Gallery underwent a major re-branding, dubbed Ankosé, to be more inclusive and work towards reconciliation. After only three years, Suda resigned. Angela Cassie was then appointed interim Director and CEO in July 2022. Building The Gallery's present building was designed byMoshe Safdie& Associates, with construction beginning in 1985, and the building opening in 1988. The building has a total floor area of",
"total floor area of 46,621 square metres (501,820 sq ft). In 2000, theRoyal Architectural Institute of Canadachose the National Gallery as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium.The National Gallery of Canada is housed in a building onSussex Drive, adjacent to theByWard Marketdistrict. The building is the fourth edifice to house the art museum. An independent Crown corporation, the Canadian Museums Construction Corporation was established to build the Gallery, with a budget ofC$185 million.Following the1984 Canadian federal election, Prime MinisterBrian Mulroneydissolved the corporation.However, because the groundwork for the building was already completed, Mulroney chose to continue funding construction for the Gallery, albeit at a reduced total budget of C$162 million. Exterior The building's northern, eastern, and western exterior facade is made up of pink-granite walls, or glass-windows.The southern exterior facade features an elongated glass wall, supported by",
"wall, supported by concrete pylons grouped in fours.The profile of the southern facade was designed to mimic acathedral, with the concrete pylons being used similarly to theflying buttressesfound onGothiccathedrals.The eastern portion of the building's southern facade transitions into a low-levelled crystalline glass cupola, which holds the museum's main entrance; and its western portion, which features a three-tiered glass cupola. The three-tiered glass cupola is formed out of rectangular glass and narrow steel supports.The second tier of the cupola is formed out of rectangles and equilateral triangles that are further subdivided into eight or twelve smaller equilateral triangles.All these glass pieces are joined by steel struts. The third tier of the cupola is formed with similar designs, although the triangular glass panes are isosceles triangles.The isosceles triangles converge upwards, with its apexes towards the centre.The building's three-tiered cupola is positioned in a manner in which the cupola",
"in which the cupola would be flanked by thePeace Towerand theLibrary of Parliamentto the west when approaching the museum from the east. Interior The interior entrance lobby is floored with pink-granite, and includes a straight four metres (13 ft) wide ramp which slopes upward towards the west.Safdie noted the importance of the ramp in his design, stating that one should \"go through some kind of procession to make your way into something as important as the National Gallery,\" and that it gave the visitor the feeling of making an ascent to a ritual, a ceremony.The walls of the entrance lobby are lined with rectangular cut pink granite, excluding the southern wall, which is part of the glass-walled exterior facade.A glass and steel ceiling reminiscent of Gothic cathedral architecture, extends the entire way of the ramp.However, as opposed to most Gothic cathedrals, the ceiling has several concrete columns spaced out to support the roof.The summit of the ramp leads towards the Great Hall of the building,",
"of the building, situated in the three-storey glass cupola. The interior courtyard of the building includes the Taiga Garden. The garden was designed byCornelia Oberlander, who modelled the paintingTerre SauvagebyA. Y. Jackson;a painting in the National Gallery's permanent collection. The garden attempts to mimic thetaigalandscape depicted in the painting, theCanadian shield; although limestone is substituted in place of the granite typically found at the Canadian shield. Collection As of October 2018, the National Gallery of Canada's permanent collection holds more than 93,625 works,representing several artistic movements and eras in art history. The Gallery has a large and varied collection of paintings, works on paper, sculptures and photographs. The earliest works acquired by the museum were from Canadian artists, with Canadian art remaining the focus of the institution. However, its collection also includes several works from artists around the world. The Gallery's collection has been built up through",
"built up through purchases and donations. The Gallery organizes its owntravelling exhibitionsto exhibit its collection, travelling across Canada and abroad.The National Gallery is the largest lender of art in Canada, sending out approximately 800 works a year. The Gallery's prints and drawings collection includes 27,000 works on paper, dating from the 15th century to the present day. The prints and drawing collection includes 10,000 works on paper by Canadian artists; more than 800 of these prints and drawings being crafted byInuitartists.The prints and drawing collection also includes 2,500 drawings and 10,000 prints by American, Asian, and European artists. The Gallery also has approximately 400 works from Asian artists, dating from 200 CE to the 19th century. The Gallery's Asian collection began in the early 20th century, with a number of works originating from the collection ofNasli Heeramaneck.The Gallery also has a collection of photographs. A number of the photographs in the collection originated from",
"originated from the defunct Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography. Until the mid-1980s, the Gallery's mandate did not include collecting art by Indigenous peoples. This has been much critiqued, and led to important changes at the Gallery from the 1980s onwards.Despite a major re-hang in 2003 of the Canadian galleries to include Indigenous art for the first time, the Gallery continues to work towards more equitable representation of Indigenous art, particularly in its historical galleries. The largest work in the Gallery is the entire interior of theRideau Street Chapel, which formed part of the Convent of Our Lady Sacred Heart,The interior decorations of the Rideau Street Chapel were designed by Georges Couillon in 1887.The chapel interior was acquired by the Gallery in 1972, when the convent was slated for demolition. The 1,123-piece interior was dismantled, stored and reconstructed within the Gallery as a work of art in 1988. Canadian and Indigenous works The Gallery's Canadian collection includes",
"collection includes works dating from the 18th centuryNew France, to the 1990s.The collection includes paintings from pre-Confederation; abstract paintings and other postwar art; and the Henry Birks Collection of Canadian Silver.Early pre-Confederation paintings were among the first items in the Canadian collections, with the National Gallery's earliest works originating from Canadian artists at theRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts. The Gallery's Canadian collection holds a large number of works by theGroup of Seven.The Gallery also holds a large collection of works by Tom Thomson,withThe Jack Pineadded to its collection in 1918.The Gallery also holds the largest collection of works byAlex Colville.Other artists featured in the collection includeWilliam Berczy,Jack Bush,Paul-Émile Borduas,Emily Carr,Robert Field,Vera Frenkel,Theophile Hamel,Joseph Légaré,Cornelius Krieghoff,Fernand Leduc,Alexandra Luke,Ken Lum,James Wilson Morrice,John O'Brien,Antoine Plamondon,William Raphael,Jean-Paul Riopelle,William",
"Riopelle,William Ronald,Michael Snow,Lisa Steele,Jeff Wall,Joyce Wieland,Paul Wong, and members of theRegina Five. In commemoration of the150th anniversary of Canadain 2017, the Gallery undertook a C$7.4 million renovation to open the Canadian and Indigenous Art: From Time Immemorial to 1967 gallery.This gallery displays the progression of Canadian art and history, exhibiting Canadian and Indigenous works side by side.These works are exhibited in a manner which examines the intertwined relations between the two groups of people. The Indigenous collection includes works byIndigenousartists around the world, although it has an emphasis on works by theIndigenous peoples of Canada. The Gallery collection acquired its first works byFirst NationsandMetisartists in the early 20th century.However, the makers of these works were often not acknowledged as Indigenous, because the Gallery's mandate did not include the collection of art by Indigenous peoples until the 1980s. The Gallery acquired its firstInuitworks in",
"firstInuitworks in 1956, crafted by artists inNunavik.The Gallery's acquisition of Inuit works, at a time when it was not actively collecting art by other Indigenous peoples, is related to the Government's promotion of Inuit art to create jobs in the North and to assert Canadian sovereignty there.In 1979,Henry Birksbequeathed a large collection to NGC consisting primarily of Quebecois pre-confederation silver; this bequest of more than 12,000 objects included around 16 works by Indigenous artists.In 1989 and 1992, theDepartment of Indian Affairs and Northern Developmentbequeathed 570 works by Inuit artists. A number of Indigenous artists whose works are featured in the collection includeKenojuak Ashevak,Kiawak Ashoona,Qaqaq Ashoona,Carl Beam,Faye HeavyShield,Osuitok Ipeelee,Rita Letendre,Norval Morrisseau,Shelley Niro,David Ruben Piqtoukun,Abraham Anghik Ruben,Lucy Tasseor Tutsweetok,Jeffrey Thomas,John Tiktak, andLawrence Paul Yuxweluptun. Contemporary The Gallery's contemporary collection includes 1,500",
"includes 1,500 works from artists since the 1990s.The collection features a number of works from Canada and its Indigenous artists. The first Indigenous Canadian contemporary artwork acquired by the National Gallery was purchased in 1987, a piece calledThe North American Iceberg(1985) byOjibweartistCarl Beam. In 2017,Bob Renniedonated a contemporary art collection to the National Gallery in honour of Canada' 150th anniversary.The collection includes 197 paintings, sculptures, and mixed-media pieces with most of it originating from Vancouver-based artists includingGeoffrey Farmer,Rodney Graham,Brian Jungen, andIan Wallace.The Rennie collection also includes some international contemporary works, including fromDoris Salcedo. In 1990 the Gallery boughtBarnett Newman'sVoice of Firefor $1.8 million, igniting a storm of controversy. However, since that time its value has appreciated to approximately C$40 million as of 2014.In 1999, the Gallery acquired a sculpture of a giant spider,Maman, byLouise Bourgeoisfor a",
"Bourgeoisfor a cost of C$3.2 million.The sculpture was installed on the plaza in front of the Gallery.In 2011 the Gallery installed Canadian sculptorJoe Fafard'sRunning Horsesnext to the Sussex Drive entrance, and American artistRoxy Paine's stainless steel sculptureOne Hundred Foot LineatKìwekì Pointbehind the gallery. Other contemporary artists whose works are featured in the National Gallery's collection includeDavid Altmejd,Lee Bul,Janet Cardiff,Bharti Kher,Christian Marclay,Elizabeth McIntosh,Chris Ofili, Paine,Ugo Rondinone, andJoanne Tod. European, American, and Asian The European, American, and Asian collection area includes most of the Gallery's works by non-Canadian artists. The Gallery acquired its first European work in 1907: the paintingIgnatius SanchobyThomas Gainsborough.Conversely, the Gallery did not begin to develop its collection of American art until the 1970s. The Gallery's collection includes American and European works dating from the Renaissance through the 20th century.In addition",
"century.In addition toWestern art, the collection also has 400 works from India,Nepal, andTibet. The Gallery's European collection has since expanded either through acquisitions or gifts. Such works includeLa Tour EiffelbyMarc Chagall, acquired by the Gallery in 1956 for $C16,000.In 2018, the Gallery planned to sell the work to fund other acquisitions, but abandoned those plans after the decision was found to be unpopular with the public.In 2005, the Gallery acquired a painting by Italian Renaissance painterFrancesco Salviatifor $4.5 million.In 2018, the Gallery acquiredThe Partie CaréebyJames Tissotfrom the collection of David R. Graham, putting it on display in December 2018.It is the third work by Tissot to be acquired by the museum since 1921.Other works from the collection includeThe Death of General Wolfeby Anglo-American artistBenjamin West.Other artists featured in the museum's European collection includesAlejo Fernández,Vilhelm Hammershøi,Gustav Klimt,Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun,Henri Matisse,Charles",
"Matisse,Charles Meynier,Claude Monet,Rembrandt, andVincent van Gogh. Library and archives The library and archives of the National Gallery of Canada hold an extensive collection of literature on Canadian art.The library and archives was established alongside the Gallery in 1880, and contains documents on western art from theLate Middle Agesto the present day.The collection includes 275,000 books, exhibition catalogues, and periodicals; 76,000 documentation files; and 95,000 microforms.The archives serves as the institutional archive for the Gallery. The library and archives'special collectionsincludes over 50,000 auction catalogues, in addition to 182,000 slides and 360,000 research photographs.The Library and Archives' Exceptional Materials and Notable Subject Collections contains a number of rare imprints, books, and bookplates on Canadian artists, as well as items relating to historians of Canadian art. Management The federal government assumed responsibility for the Gallery in 1913, with the enactment of",
"the enactment of theNational Gallery of Canada Act. The Gallery became aCrown corporationon 1 July 1990 with the proclamation of theMuseums Act. TheMuseums Actserves as the museum's governing legislation. It empowers a board of trustees to serve as the Gallery's governing body, with the board, through the Chair, being accountable to theMinister of Canadian Heritage, who is ultimately responsible for the Museum.The Director and CEO is charged with the day-to-day management of the Gallery. The Gallery is affiliated with several associations, including theCanadian Museums Association, theOntario Association of Art Galleries, theCanadian Heritage Information Network, and theVirtual Museum of Canada. Directors The following is a list of directors of the National Gallery of Canada: Selected works Canadian collection European and American collection Prints and drawings collection See also Notes References Further reading External links Media related toNational Gallery of Canadaat Wikimedia Commons"
] |
In the second album of a synthpop-rock band from the county seat city of Utah County, which song has a length of under 3 minutes, not counting any bonus tracks? | Everybody Talks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_County,_Utah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Provo,_Utah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Trees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album) | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_County,_Utah', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Provo,_Utah', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Trees', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album)'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_County,_Utah",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Provo,_Utah",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Trees",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album"
] | [
"Utah County, Utah Utah Countyis the second-most populouscountyin theU.S. stateofUtah. Thecounty seatand largest city isProvo,which is the state's fourth-largest city, and the largest outside ofSalt Lake County. As of the2020 United States Census, the population was 665,665. Utah County is one oftwocounties forming the Provo–Oremmetropolitan statistical area, and is part of the largerSalt Lake City–Provo–Orem, UTCombined Statistical Area. In 2020, the center of population of Utah was in Utah County, in the city ofSaratoga Springs. Utah County is one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States, ranking among the top ten counties in numerical growth.Correspondingly, Provo–Orem is among the top eight metropolitan areas by percentage growth in the country. Utah County is one of seven counties in the United States to have the same name as its state. The other six counties areArkansas County,Hawaii County,Idaho County,Iowa County,Oklahoma CountyandNew York County(commonly known as Manhattan). History The legislature of theState of Deseretcreated a county on January 31, 1850,to govern the civic affairs ofUtah Valley, which by the 1850s was bustling with newly arrived settlers. The county name is derived from the valley name, which is derived from the Spanish name (Yuta) for theUteIndians. The State of Deseret dissolved soon after (April 5, 1851), but the counties it had set in place continued. There is little record of any official activity conducted by the fledgling county until April 18, 1852, when a full slate of county officials was published, and recordkeeping began. The first courthouse was built in central Provo in 1866–67. It was soon outgrown and was replaced by a second courthouse (1872–73). By the 1920s, this building was also cramped, and the decision was made to erect a combined city-county building, which was completed in 1926. The county's boundaries were adjusted in 1852, 1854, 1856, 1862, 1880, and 1884. It has retained its present boundary since 1884. Geography Utah County terrain ranges from stiff mountain ranges in the east (theWasatch Range), dropping steeply to a large lake-filled valley. Most of the comparatively level ground is dedicated to agriculture or developed uses, while most of the steep terrain is covered with arid-climate forestation.The county generally slopes to the west and north, with its highest point (the northern peak of the twin-peakedMt. Neboin the southern part of the county), at 11,928 ft (3,636 m) ASL.The county has an area of 2,144 square miles (5,550 km2), of which 2,003 square miles (5,190 km2) is land and 141 square miles (370 km2) (6.6%) is water. Utah Valleylies at the center of the county, lined by the mountains of theWasatch Rangeon the east.Utah Lakeoccupies a large part of the valley. The elevation ranges from 4,487 feet (1,368 m) above sea level at the lake to 11,928 feet (3,636 m) at the peak ofMount Nebo. Major highways Source: Protected areas Source: Lakes Source: Demographics 1The 2000 census was the first to allow residents to select multiple race categories. Prior to 2000, the census used the category 'Other Race' as a catch-all identifier. For county-level census data in 1950 and 1900, Utah counted all non-White and non-Black residents using this category. 'Other races' formed 1.4% of Utah County's population in 1990, 0.43% in 1950, and 0.07% in 1900. 2020 census As of the2020 United States Census, there were 659,399 people and 171,899 households in the county. The population density was 329.12 people per square mile (127.07 people/km2). There were 192,570 housing units, at an average density of 96.12 units per square mile (37.11 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. 1Due to respondents reporting multiple ethnicities, percentages may add up to greater than 100%. Religion 2000 census As of the2000 United States Census, there were 516,564 people, 140,602 households, and 114,350 families in the county. The population density was 258 people per square mile (100 people/km2). There were 148,350 housing units, at an average density of 74.1 units per square mile (28.6 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. In 2005, the five most reported ancestries in Utah County were: Government The government is a three-member electedcounty commissionelected at-large. Other elected officials include the countysheriff, thecounty clerk, county recorder, county assessor, county surveyor, county treasurer, and thecounty attorney. The current county attorney is Jeff Gray. In 2020, Utah County voters rejected Proposition 9, which would have changed the county's government to a five-member elected county council with an elected county mayor. The first sheriff of the county was John T. Willis, who was succeeded byWilliam Madison Wall. Alexander Williams served duringJohn Cradlebaugh's court in 1859. He was succeeded by Eli Whipple, who resigned in 1861 and was replaced by Russell Kelly.In 2020, Sheriff Mike Smith publicly stated he would not enforceCOVID-19 face mask mandates. The Utah County Fire Department provides emergency response to all unincorporated areas within Utah County and works with all the incorporated cities within the county plus all Utah state and federal lands. The department is primarily awildland firesresponse andurban interspaceservice with some structure fire andHAZMATabatement capability. Politics Utah County has been referred to as \"the most Republican county in the most Republican state in the United States\".It has only voted for a Democratic president nine times since statehood, and has not supported a Democrat for president since 1964. In the1992 presidential election,George H. W. Bushreceived the most votes andBill Clintonwas third in votes received. In the2004 presidential election, 85.99% voted forGeorge W. Bush.In the2008 U.S. presidential election, the county voted forJohn McCainby a 58.9% margin overBarack Obama, compared to McCain winning by 28.1% statewide.Eight other Utah counties voted more strongly in favor of McCain.In the2012 election,Mitt Romneyreceived 88.32% of the vote. In the2016 election, it gave a slim majority of the vote toDonald Trump, and nearly 30% of the vote to independent candidateEvan McMullin, who outperformedHillary Clintonin the county. This was McMullin's largest share of the vote in any county in Utah and his second best nationwide afterMadison County, Idaho. In 2020,Joe Bidenreceived over 75,000 votes - the Democrats had never previously received more than 30,000 votes in the county. Until2013, Utah County was represented entirely by one congressional district. Currently, the county is split between two congressional districts. Most of the county's population is in the3rd District, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, former Provo Mayor. Much of the county's area however, including Utah Lake, resides in the4th Districtcurrently represented by RepublicanBurgess Owens. The county's Republican bent runs right through state and local politics. All five state senators representing the county, as well as all 14 state representatives,are Republicans. Social issues Utah County saw high rates of opioid and other prescription drug addiction from the mid-2000s onwards, foreshadowing the nationalopioid crisis. The 2008 documentaryHappy Valleyexamined the problem. Giving USA, which reports on charitable giving in the US, named Utah County as one of the three most generous counties in philanthropic donations, alongsideSan Juan County, UtahandMadison County, Idaho. In 2019, one in eight people and one in six children in the countydid not have sufficient food. Infrastructure Much of Utah's transportation infrastructure was built to support automobiles. Prior to the 1950s, Utah County relied on theU.S. Highway Systemfor local transportation. WhenI-15was built in 1956 (parallel toHighway 89), it became the dominant transportation vein in the state. The I-15 CORE project added multiple lanes on I-15 through most of Utah County. This expanded 24 miles (39 km) of freeway and was completed in 2012.Other construction projects by UDOT have been done on I-15 since then, including the Technology Corridor project and the Point of the Mountain project.However, the highway system retains its significance in Utah County due to the mountainous terrain.Highway 6is the closest major road connecting Colorado to the Wasatch Front, running through Spanish Fork Canyon before converging with I-15 in the city of Spanish Fork. Portions of Highway 89 have become prominent local roads known collectively as 'State Street'.Highway 189is known as 'University Avenue' in the city of Provo, and runs throughProvo CanyonintoHeberin neighboringWasatch County. Utah County has seen significant growth in public transportation over the past 15 years, owing in part to the county's large student population of more than 70,000 commuting to-and-fromBrigham Young University(BYU) in Provo andUtah Valley University(UVU) in Orem. The two cities jointly operateUVX, abus rapid transitsystem, as part of their city bus routes. Provo also serves as the southernmost terminus of theFrontRunner, Utah's intrastate commuter rail service.The Provo FrontRunner station is located on South University Avenue, directly southwest of Amtrak's Provo Station—which is Utah's third westbound stop, after Green River and Helper, for the California Zephyr Amtrak route. In addition to Provo, The FrontRunner currently has three stops in the county. The Orem FrontRunner station is located on the west side of I-15, served by a pedestrian bridge over the freeway that connects the UVU campus directly to the station. An additional stop inVineyard, Utahwas completed in August 2022.Utah County also operates the American Fork FrontRunner Station and the Lehi FrontRunner Station located nearThanksgiving Point. From Lehi, the FrontRunner leaves Utah County and entersSalt Lake County. Education School districts School dstricts include: Colleges and universities Four-year institutions Two-year institutions Communities Cities Towns Census-designated places Unincorporated communities Former communities See also References Further reading External links",
"Provo, Utah Provo(/ˈproʊvoʊ/PROH-voh) is a city in and thecounty seatofUtah County, Utah, United States. It is 43 miles (69 km) south ofSalt Lake Cityalong theWasatch Front, and lies between the cities ofOremto the north andSpringvilleto the south. With a population at the2020 censusof 115,162,Provo is thefourth-largest cityin Utah and the principal city in theProvo-Orem metropolitan area, which had a population of 526,810 at the 2010 census.It is Utah's second-largestmetropolitan areaafterSalt Lake City. Provo is the home toBrigham Young University(BYU),a private higher education institution operated bythe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church). Provo also has the LDS Church's largestMissionary Training Center(MTC). The city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion-dollarstartups.The city'sPeaks Ice Arenawas a venue for the Salt Lake CityWinter Olympics in 2002. History The Provo area was originally called Timpanogas, aNumic(Ute people) word perhaps meaning \"rock river\".The area was inhabited by theTimpanogos.It was the largest and most settled area in modern-day Utah.The ample food from the Provo River made the Timpanogos a peaceful people.The area also served as the traditional meeting place for theUteandShoshonetribes and was used as a common location for worship of their creator deity. FatherSilvestre Vélez de Escalante, a SpanishFranciscanmissionary-explorer, is considered the first European explorer to have visited the area in 1776. He was guided by two Timpanogos Utes, whom he called Silvestre and Joaquín.Escalante chronicled this first European exploration across theGreat Basin Desert. The Europeans did not build a permanent settlement but traded with the Timpanogos, whom they called Lagunas (lake people) or Come Pescado (fish eaters). In 1847, theMormon pioneersarrived in theSalt Lake Valley, which was just north ofTimpanogos Mountain. At first, the Natives were friendly with the Mormons. But, as relations deteriorated with the Shoshoni and Utes because of disputes over land and cattle, tensions rose. Because of the reported stolen goods of settlers by the Utes, Brigham Young gave small militia orders \"to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future.\" This ended in what is known as theBattle Creek massacre, in modern-dayPleasant Grove, Utah. The Mormons continued pushing into Timpanog lands. In 1849, 33Mormonfamilies from Salt Lake City establishedFort Utah. In 1850, Brigham Young sent an army from Salt Lake to drive out the Timpanogos in what is called theProvo War.Escalating tensions with the Timpanog contributed to theWalker War.Fort Utah was renamed Provo in 1850 forÉtienne Provost,an earlyFrench-Canadiantrapper who arrived in the region in 1825. In 1850, the first schoolhouse was constructed in Provo, built within Utah Fort. As moreLatter-day Saintsarrived, Provo quickly grew as a city. It soon was nicknamedThe Garden Citywith a large number of fruit orchards and gardens there. In 1872, a railroad reached Provo. It was also this year that the Provo Woolen Mills opened. They were the first large factory in Provo and employed about 150 people, initially mainly skilled textile laborers who had emigrated from Britain. Geography Provo lies on the eastern bank ofUtah LakeinUtah Valleyat an elevation of 4,549 feet (1,387 m). According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 44.2 square miles (114.4 km2), of which 41.7 square miles (107.9 km2) is land and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2), or 5.66%, is water. TheWasatch Rangecontains many peaks withinUtah Countyalong the east side of theWasatch Front. One of them, known asY Mountain, towers over the city. There is a largehillside letterYmade of whitewashed concrete halfway up the steep mountain, built in the early part of the 20th century to commemorate BYU (original plans included construction use of all three letters). Wild deer (and less frequently,cougars, andmoose) still roam the mountains (and occasionally the city streets). The geography allows for hiking,skiing,fishingand other outdoor activities. Climate Provo's climate can be classified as either ahot-summer Mediterranean climateclassification (Köppen:Csa) or as acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk). Overall, annual rainfall at the location of BYU is around 17.23 inches (440 mm); however, the western part of the metropolitan area near Orem is substantially drier, receiving only around 13.5 inches (340 mm) of precipitation and consequently has acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk).The wettest calendar year in Provo has been 1983 with 37.54 inches (953.5 mm) and the driest 2020 with 7.28 inches (184.9 mm). Winters are cold with substantial snowfall averaging 57.2 inches (145 cm) and a record monthly total of 66.0 inches (168 cm) in January 1918, during which the record snow cover of 34 inches (86 cm) was recorded on the 17th. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from 127.5 inches (324 cm) in 1983–84 to 10.1 inches (26 cm) in 2014–15. Very cold weather may occur when cold air from over theContinental Divideinvades the region: although only four mornings fall to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C during an average winter and this temperature was not reached at all between 1999 and 2006, during the very cold January 1917 (average temperature 14.9 °F; −9.5 °C), seventeen mornings fell this cold.By contrast, in several recent winters like 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2004–05, and 2005–06, averages have been above freezing every month. Temperatures warm rapidly during the spring, with the first afternoon over 70 °F (21.1 °C) on March 21, the last freeze expected on April 29, and the first temperature equal to or hotter than 90 °F (32.2 °C) on May 30. Rainfall is not infrequent during the spring: over 5.10 inches (130 mm) was recorded in the Mays of 1995 and 2011, and a total of 12.29 inches (312.2 mm) fell during the four-month span of March to June 2005 – in contrast as little as 2.04 inches (51.8 mm) fell in the same months of 2012. Being too far north to gain any influence fromthe monsoonexcept in rare cases like the 4.38 inches (111.3 mm) of rainfall of August 1983, Provo's summers are hot and dry, though relatively short – no maxima above 100 °F (37.8 °C) have been recorded outside the range of June 7 to August 27. Monthly maxima average over 91 °F (32.8 °C) in July and August, and precipitation averages under one inch per month with a two-month total in 2016 as low as 0.06 inches (1.5 mm). The hottest month on record is July 2003 with a mean of 81.8 °F (27.7 °C), and a mean maximum of 99.0 °F (37.2 °C). The hottest temperature on record is 108 °F (42.2 °C) on July 13, 2002. The fall season sees steady cooling and a transition to winter weather, with rare influences of rain systems from further south, as in the record wet month of September 1982, which saw 6.53 inches (165.9 mm) of total precipitation, including 4.15 inches (105.4 mm) over the last six days from a storm moving in from Arizona. The last maximum of 90 °F (32.2 °C) can be expected around September 10, and the first morning below freezing on October 14. Demographics 2020 census 2010 census At the2010 census,112,488 people, 31,524 households and 21,166 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,697.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,041.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.8%White, 0.7%Black or African American, 0.8%American Indian, 2.5%Asian, 1.1%Pacific Islander, 6.6% fromother races, and 3.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 15.2% of the population. There were 31,524 households, of which 34.8% had children under 18 living with them, 55.4% weremarried couplesliving together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 12.8% of all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24, and the average family size was 3.41. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 36.4% were from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 10.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 96.4 males. 2000 census At the2000 census,105,166 people, 29,192 households and 19,938 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,653.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,024.4/km2). There were 30,374 housing units at an average density of 766.3/sq mi (295.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.52%White, 0.46%Black or African American, 0.80%American Indian, 1.83%Asian, 0.84%Pacific Islander, 5.10% fromother races, and 2.44% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 10.47% of the population. There were 29,192 households, of which 33.8% had children under 18 living with them, 57.0% weremarried couplesliving together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.34, and the average family size was 3.40. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 40.2% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 8.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. Themedian household incomewas $34,313, and the median family income was $36,393. Males had a median income of $32,010 and females $20,928. Theper capita incomewas $13,207. About 12.5% of families and 26.8% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those aged 65 or over. The residents of Provo are predominantly members of the LDS Church. According to data taken in 2000 by theARDA, 88% of the overall population, and 98% of religious adherents in the Provo-Orem area are Latter-day Saints.According to a study in 2015, the Provo-Orem metro area is about as dissimilar to the rest of America as possible. Weighing factors such as race, housing, income, and education, the study ranked Provo-Orem 376th of 381 of the United States' largest cities in terms of resemblance to the country. Religion According to the breakdown for Utah County in 2010, most people (90.6%) were Christian, with Latter-day Saints constituting 88.7% of the population.Catholicsconstituted 1.3% andProtestantsconstituted 0.6%. Other religions constituted 0.3% of the population. 9.1% of the population did not adhere to any religion. Economy Local companies Provo has more than 100restaurants(with over 60 in the downtown area)and a couple ofshopping centers.The Shops At RiverwoodsandProvo Towne Centre, bothshopping malls, operate in Provo. Several small shops, music venues, and boutiques have popped up downtown, along Center Street and University Avenue. Downtown has also begun to host \"gallery strolls\" every first Friday of the month that features local artists. There are many dining establishments in and around downtown Provo. Five Provo companies are listed onInc.com's Inc. 5000list of the fastest-growing private companies in the United States. The largest, DieCuts With a View, is ranked number 1403 and has revenues of $26.2 million.Other companies on the list are VitalSmarts (ranked 4109, with $41.4 million in revenue),and Connect Public Relations (ranked 3694, with $6.1 million in revenue).The global recreation and entertainment companyRyze Trampoline Parks, with locations throughout Asia, Europe and the U.S., is headquartered in Provo. Novell, the dominant personal computer networking company from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s, was headquartered in Provo and occupied several buildings at the height of its success. It was eventually acquired byThe Attachmate Groupand then byMicro Focus, which still maintains facilities there. The Food & Care Coalition is a local organization providing services to the homeless and low-income citizens of Provo and Utah Counties. They also providevolunteeropportunities. International companies Top employers According to Provo's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,the top employers in the city were: Arts and culture Annual cultural events Every July, Provo hostsAmerica's Freedom Festival at Provowhich includes theStadium of Fireat BYU. It is held inLaVell Edwards Stadium, home to BYU'sNCAAfootballteam. The Independence Day festivities are popular among residents and have featured such notable figures asBob Hope,David Hasselhoff,Reba McEntire,Mandy Moore,Huey Lewis and the News,Toby Keith,Sean Hannity,Fred Willard, andTaylor Hicks.In 2015, the event included performances byJourneyandOlivia Holt, and was hosted by television personalityMontel Williams. Provo has two other large festivals each fall.Festival Latinoamericanois an annual family-oriented Labor Day weekend event in downtown Provo that offers the community a taste of the region'sHispanicculture through ethnic food, vendors, and performances. The city has hosted an annual LGBT Provo Pride Festival since 2013. Points of interest Covey Center for the Arts The Covey Center for the Arts,a performing arts center, is at 425 West Center Street. It features plays, ballets, art showcases, and musical performances throughout the year. The size of the building is a total of 42,000 square feet (3,902 m2). The main performance hall seats 670 people. Three dance studios are furnished with a piano, ballet bars, and mirrors. Another theater, the Brinton Black Box Theater, seats 60 for smaller, more intimate events. There are also two art galleries: the 1,620-square-foot (151 m2) Secured Gallery and the Eccles Gallery in the lower lobby. LDS Church MTC Provo is the location of the church's largest MTC. Each week approximately 475missionariesenter for 3–9 weeks of training before they depart for the mission field, becoming part of more than 58,000 in more than 120 countries. About 1,100 instructors (many of them returned missionaries) teach 62 languages. The MTC in Provo began construction in July 1974 and was completed in July 1976. The MTC was expanded in the early 1990s to become the largest of the 17 such centers than in the world.Additional construction was completed in 2017. Provo City Library at Academy Square TheProvo City Libraryis a public library that occupies the building of the former Brigham Young Academy, built-in 1892. The building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1976. Its collection contains over 277,000 media. The library is on University Avenue and 550 North. Provo Recreation Center With construction finished in 2013, the center provides a location for aquatic recreation next to the Provo Power plant. Provo Utah Temple The Provo Utah Temple is at the base of Rock Canyon in Provo. This temple has been among the busiest in the LDS Church due to its proximity to BYU and the MTC.The temple closed in February 2024, has been razed, and is currently being reconstructed. The temple, estimated for completion in 2027, will reopen as theProvo Utah Rock Canyon Temple. Provo City Center Temple Located at the corner of University Avenue and Center Street, the Provo City Center Temple serves as another temple for the Provo area's Latter-day Saint population. After a fire in 2010 destroyed the Provo Tabernacle,Thomas S. Monson, then LDS Churchpresident, announced the site would become the city's second temple.Renovations were finished and the temple was dedicated in March 2016. Utah Valley Convention Center The Utah Valley Convention Center opened in 2012.It has 83,578 square feet (7,764.7 m2) of combined meeting, pre-function and garden space. Other points of interest Government Federally, Provo is part ofUtah's 3rd congressional district, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, elected in 2017. City administration Provo is administered by a seven-membercity counciland a mayor. Five of the council seats are elected by individual city districts, and two of the seats are elected by the city as a whole. These elected officials serve four-year terms, with elections alternating every two years. Provo has aMayor–council government, which creates two separate but equal branches of government. The mayor is chief executive of the city and the council is the legislative and policy-making body of the city.The mayor isMichelle Kaufusi, who has been in office since December 5, 2017. Education Higher education BYU is a private university operated by the LDS Church. BYU is thethird-largest private university in the United States, with more than 34,000 students. It is the flagship of theChurch Educational System. On the campus is theSpencer W. Kimball Tower, the tallest building in Provo. Rocky Mountain University of Health Professionsis a private, for-profit university emphasizing graduate healthcare education. The Northwest Commission accredits the university of Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). RMUoHP offers programs in nursing practice, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and health science. RMUoHP will be building Utah County's first new medical school. Provo Collegeis a private, for-profit educational institution specializing in career education. The school is accredited by theAccrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools(ACICS). Provo College offers associate degrees and diplomas in fields such as nursing, medical assisting, criminal justice, graphic design, and office administration. Primary and secondary education Almost all of Provo is within theProvo School District.The school board has seven members, each representing a different district of the city. There are thirteen elementary schools, two middle schools, and three high schools.Provo High Schoolwas the first school inUtah Countyto be an IB World school. The school has a record of 4A state basketball championships, more state champions than any other school in the state.Timpview High Schoolhas a record of 4A state football championships. A small section of the city lies withinAlpine School District. Infrastructure Transportation Interstate 15runs through western Provo, connecting it with the rest of the Wasatch Front and much of Utah.US-89runs northwest to southeast through the city as State Street, whileUS-189connects US-89 with I-15, BYU, and Orem to the north. At the north edge of the city, US-189 heads northeast intoProvo Canyon, where it connects withHeber. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service toProvo station, operating itsCalifornia Zephyrdaily in both directions betweenChicago,Illinois, andEmeryville,California(in theSan Francisco Bay Area). Provo also can be accessed by Salt Lake Express intercity buses and the extensiveUtah Transit Authority(UTA) bus system. UTA'scommuter railservice, theFrontRunner, opened an extension to Provo from Salt Lake City on December 10, 2012.TheProvo Intermodal Center, adjacent to the Amtrak station, connects theFrontRunnerwith local bus routes, as well as Greyhound service. TheProvo Municipal Airportis Utah's second busiest airport regarding the number of aircraft take-offs and landings.Allegiant Airlineshas been based out of the airport since 2022. Notable people Provo is home to (or the hometown of) many well-known people, includingThe Osmonds(includingDonny,Marie, and theOsmond Brothers),LDS ChurchapostleDallin H. Oaks, and NFL and BYU quarterbackSteve Young.Goodwin Knight, who served as the 35th Governor of California (1947–1953), was born in Provo. The global economistDambisa Moyomoved to Provo following her marriage toQualtricsco-founder Jared Smith. Sister cities Provo has three sister cities designated bySister Cities International: See also References External links",
"List of people from Provo, Utah This is alist of notable people fromProvo, Utah. This list includes notable individuals born and raised in Provo, those who currently live in Provo, and those who lived for a significant period in Provo. Notable people See also References",
"Neon Trees Neon Treesare an Americanrockband fromProvo, Utah. The band received nationwide exposure in late 2008 when they opened several North American tour dates for the bandthe Killers.Not long after, the band was signed byMercury Records.Their first single, \"Animal\", climbed to No. 13 on theBillboardHot 100and No. 1 on theAlternative Songschart. Since their formation, Neon Trees has released five studio albums:Habits(2010),Picture Show(2012),Pop Psychology(2014),I Can Feel You Forgetting Me(2020), andSink Your Teeth(2024). The band has also released eight EPs (two exclusive toiTunes) and fourteen singles. History Formed initially by childhood friendsTyler Glenn(vocals,keyboards) and Chris Allen (guitar,vocals) who both grew up inMurrieta, California, the band made its first home in Provo after Glenn and Allen moved there from Southern California, eventually adding Branden Campbell (bass guitar, vocals) andElaine Bradley(drums,percussion, vocals) to the lineup.David Charles also plays with the band as touring guitarist. They first started playing under the name Neon Trees in late 2005 with five original members, Tyler Glenn and Chris Allen from California, and three veterans of the Utah music scene, bass player Mike Liechty, drummer Jason Gibbons and keyboardist Nathan Evans. The band's name originates from the lighted trees on theIn-N-Out Burgersigns, which inspired Tyler Glenn. In a strange coincidence, it was later learned that Branden Campbell's father, Steve Campbell, installed the exact Neon Trees in the In-N-Out that inspired Glenn while working for a sign company out of Las Vegas. They released an EP,Becoming Different People, in 2006 during the time of their first tour through California. The EP featured promising songs like \"Phones\", \"Sister Stereo\", \"Up Against the Glass\". They also recorded other unreleased tracks during the \"Treehouse Sessions\" in 2006. The band's lineup soon narrowed down to four members with Branden Campbell and Elaine Bradley joining the group on bass and drums, respectively. Touring musician Bruce Rubenson on keyboards and drums joined in. Shortly thereafter,The Killers' drummer,Ronnie Vannucci Jr., went to watch the band play at a small club in Las Vegas as he had been in a Ska band called \"Attaboy Skip\" with Neon Trees bassist Branden Campbell prior to joining The Killers. Ronnie was impressed, and as a result they were chosen to open for The Killers for a string of dates on their 2008 North American tour. Vannucci later helped the band sign to major labelMercury Records, which was announced in late 2008. Additionally, the group was voted Band of the Year in 2009 byCity Weekly, a popular Salt Lake City publication. 2010–11:Habitsand commercial breakthrough Although they had several prior independent releases, the band released its debut album on Mercury/Island Def Jam,Habits, on March 16, 2010.\"Animal\" was chosen as the lead singleand was shortly thereafter featured as the Free Single of the Week oniTunesin March 2010. They performed the song onJimmy Kimmel Live!on March 23, 2010,The Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon May 14, 2010,Lopez Tonighton October 18, 2010,Live! with Regis & Kellyon November 4, 2010, and TBS'Conanon November 24, 2010. They performed a second single1983onLate Night with Jimmy Fallonon January 13, 2011 and another stint onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jan 18, 2011. They performed third single \"Your Surrender\" onLate Show with David Lettermanon May 5, 2011 and a third appearance onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jun 10, 2011.Mark HoppusofBlink-182selected \"Animal\" as hisSpinmagazine Pick of the Week.The song has also been featured on a commercial for Las Vegas. The group has also released a digital EP of four remixes of the song, one of which by Tyler Glenn. In 2010, the band coveredJustin Bieber's song \"Baby\" as well asBen E. King's \"Stand By Me\".Throughout early 2010 the band, along withMutemathandStreet Drum Corps, opened for theThirty Seconds to MarstourInto the Wild. Subsequently, they headlined the Bang the Gong Tour withPaper Tongues,MeTalkPretty, andCivil Twilightin mid-2010, performed a set to 7,000 atLollapalooza, and went on tour with Thirty Seconds to Mars in the last half of the year. In November 2010, the band released a Christmas single called \"Wish List\". It was available for free oniTunesthe first week it was released.In November 2010, Tyler and Elaine appeared as Neon Trees onDaryl Hall's monthly Internet concert seriesLive from Daryl's House. They performed four songs fromHabits, including \"Animal\" and \"1983\", as well as theFleetwood Machit \"Dreams\" andHall & Oatessongs \"Head Above Water\" and \"Adult Education.\" Neon Trees released a live album,iTunes Live from SoHo, in November 2010 featuring eight live tracks: \"Calling My Name\", \"Animal\", \"Your Surrender\", \"Never Tear Us Apart\", \"In the Next Room\", \"1983\", \"Love and Affection\", and \"Sins of My Youth\". From March 31, 2011, to April 23, 2011, they also opened forMy Chemical Romanceduring the North American leg of theirWorld Contamination Tour.They opened a show forPanic! at the Discoin Central Park in September 2011.In September and October 2011, they opened forDuran Duranon the North American leg of the All You Need Is Now tour. The band's song \"Animal\" was also performed by the cast ofGleein the 15th episode of Season 2 entitled \"Sexy\". 2011–13:Picture Show On December 7, 2011, an article published byRolling Stone's website streamed the band's new song \"Everybody Talks\".On February 10, 2012, a video was posted on their official YouTube page, titled Neon Trees – Picture Show Teaser One / The New Album April 17, advertising their new album is to be released on April 17, 2012.In March 2012, Neon Trees and their single \"Everybody Talks\" were featured in a commercial for the 2012Buick Verano.The single was covered in episode five of season four ofGlee. Neon Trees' second studio albumPicture Showwas released on April 17, 2012.On June 28, 2012, Neon Trees was the opening act forthe Flaming Lipsconcert poolside at theHard Rock CasinoinBiloxi, Mississippias a part of theirGuinness World Recordfor the most concerts in different cities (eight) in a 24-hour period.On August 29, 2012, Neon Trees performed \"Everybody Talks\" on theAmerica's Got Talentlive results show.In early fall 2012, the band toured withThe OffspringandDead Sara.In 2013 they joinedMaroon 5in their world tour alongsideOwl City.In November/December 2013 they were a support act forTaylor Swift's three concerts in New Zealand and four concerts in Australia.The band was featured on NBC's coverage of the 2012 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. They performed an abbreviated version of their single \"Everybody Talks\".The second single from the album is the track \"Lessons in Love (All Day, All Night)\" with the collaboration of American record producer and D.J.Kaskade. 2014–2017:Pop Psychology Neon Trees' third studio album,Pop Psychology, was released on April 22, 2014.The first single fromPop Psychology, titled \"Sleeping with a Friend\", was released for digital download. The band performed the single onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon January 22, 2014. \"Sleeping with a Friend\" was solicited to U.S.Contemporary hit radioby both Mercury andIsland Recordson February 25, 2014.Neon Trees later released four more singles following \"Sleeping with a Friend\". The singles are titled \"I Love You (But I Hate Your Friends)\", \"Voices In the Halls\", and \"First Things First\".\"First Things First\" is the end credit song for the 2016 Netflix Original seriesDirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency. In 2015, the group announced the \"An Intimate Night With Neon Trees\" Tour. The tour ran from June 6, 2015, to July 26, 2015, finishing inBoston, Massachusetts, at the House Of Blues Boston. Opening acts includedAlex Winston, Yes You Are, Coin, andFictionist. On May 5, 2015, the band released a non-album single entitled \"Songs I Can't Listen To\"and an accompanying music video on June 3, 2015, featuringDustin Lance Black. On August 4, 2017, the band premiered a new single \"Feel Good\". 2019–2023:I Can Feel You Forgetting Me Neon Trees released \"Used to Like\", the lead single from their fourth album, on November 13, 2019.The second single, \"New Best Friend\" was released on May 20, 2020.On July 10, 2020, the band released the third single called \"Mess Me Up\".The fourth and final single, \"Nights\", was released on July 22, 2020.The album,I Can Feel You Forgetting Me, was released on July 24, 2020.In December 2021, they released a new single and video, \"Holiday Rock\". 2023-present:Sink Your Teeth Sink Your Teeth, the fifth studio album by Neon Trees, was released on September 20, 2024. There are 12 songs on the album. On June 30, 2023, the first and lead single of the album \"Favorite Daze\" was released. The second single, \"Losing My Head\", was released on September 15, 2023. Three more singles were released in early 2024 before the album; \"Bad Dreams\" (May 31), \"El Diablo\" (July 19), and \"Cruel Intentions\" (August 28) Musical style Neon Trees' musical style has been described aspop rock,new wave,synth-pop,indie rock,alternative rock,pop,andelectropop.When describing the band's sound, Heather Phares ofAllMusicwrote \"Neon Trees blend new wave,dance, and indie into smart, catchy pop.\"Sputnikmusic described the band's debut studio albumHabitsas a \"refreshing blast of timelessrockenergy and spirit that wouldn’t sound out of place at any point from ‘60sgarage-rockto 2010dance rock.\" Band members Current members Former members Touring musicians Timeline Discography Awards and nominations APRA Music Awards BMI Pop Awards Billboard Music Awards International Dance Music Awards MTV Europe Music Awards World Music Awards References External links",
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"Utah County, Utah Utah Countyis the second-most populouscountyin theU.S. stateofUtah. Thecounty seatand largest city isProvo,which is the state's fourth-largest city, and the largest outside ofSalt Lake County. As of the2020 United States Census, the population was 665,665. Utah County is one oftwocounties forming the Provo–Oremmetropolitan statistical area, and is part of the largerSalt Lake City–Provo–Orem, UTCombined Statistical Area. In 2020, the center of population of Utah was in Utah County, in the city ofSaratoga Springs. Utah County is one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States, ranking among the top ten counties in numerical growth.Correspondingly, Provo–Orem is among the top eight metropolitan areas by percentage growth in the country. Utah County is one of seven counties in the United States to have the same name as its state. The other six counties areArkansas County,Hawaii County,Idaho County,Iowa County,Oklahoma CountyandNew York County(commonly known as Manhattan). History The",
"History The legislature of theState of Deseretcreated a county on January 31, 1850,to govern the civic affairs ofUtah Valley, which by the 1850s was bustling with newly arrived settlers. The county name is derived from the valley name, which is derived from the Spanish name (Yuta) for theUteIndians. The State of Deseret dissolved soon after (April 5, 1851), but the counties it had set in place continued. There is little record of any official activity conducted by the fledgling county until April 18, 1852, when a full slate of county officials was published, and recordkeeping began. The first courthouse was built in central Provo in 1866–67. It was soon outgrown and was replaced by a second courthouse (1872–73). By the 1920s, this building was also cramped, and the decision was made to erect a combined city-county building, which was completed in 1926. The county's boundaries were adjusted in 1852, 1854, 1856, 1862, 1880, and 1884. It has retained its present boundary since 1884. Geography Utah County",
"Utah County terrain ranges from stiff mountain ranges in the east (theWasatch Range), dropping steeply to a large lake-filled valley. Most of the comparatively level ground is dedicated to agriculture or developed uses, while most of the steep terrain is covered with arid-climate forestation.The county generally slopes to the west and north, with its highest point (the northern peak of the twin-peakedMt. Neboin the southern part of the county), at 11,928 ft (3,636 m) ASL.The county has an area of 2,144 square miles (5,550 km2), of which 2,003 square miles (5,190 km2) is land and 141 square miles (370 km2) (6.6%) is water. Utah Valleylies at the center of the county, lined by the mountains of theWasatch Rangeon the east.Utah Lakeoccupies a large part of the valley. The elevation ranges from 4,487 feet (1,368 m) above sea level at the lake to 11,928 feet (3,636 m) at the peak ofMount Nebo. Major highways Source: Protected areas Source: Lakes Source: Demographics 1The 2000 census was the first to allow",
"the first to allow residents to select multiple race categories. Prior to 2000, the census used the category 'Other Race' as a catch-all identifier. For county-level census data in 1950 and 1900, Utah counted all non-White and non-Black residents using this category. 'Other races' formed 1.4% of Utah County's population in 1990, 0.43% in 1950, and 0.07% in 1900. 2020 census As of the2020 United States Census, there were 659,399 people and 171,899 households in the county. The population density was 329.12 people per square mile (127.07 people/km2). There were 192,570 housing units, at an average density of 96.12 units per square mile (37.11 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the",
"children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty",
"below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. 1Due to respondents reporting multiple ethnicities, percentages may add up to greater than 100%. Religion 2000 census As of the2000 United States Census, there were 516,564 people, 140,602 households, and 114,350 families in the county. The population density was 258 people per square mile (100 people/km2). There were 148,350 housing units, at an average density of 74.1 units per square mile (28.6 units/km2). The county's racial makeup was 89.4%White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 4.6% some other race, and 2.7% from two or more races. 10.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 140,602 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were headed by married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7%",
"present, and 18.7% were non-families. Of all households, 11.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, and the average family size was 3.88. The county's population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 15.8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $50,196. Males had a median income of $37,878 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,557. About 6.80% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 4.80% of those age 65 or over. In 2005, the five most reported ancestries in Utah County were:",
"Utah County were: Government The government is a three-member electedcounty commissionelected at-large. Other elected officials include the countysheriff, thecounty clerk, county recorder, county assessor, county surveyor, county treasurer, and thecounty attorney. The current county attorney is Jeff Gray. In 2020, Utah County voters rejected Proposition 9, which would have changed the county's government to a five-member elected county council with an elected county mayor. The first sheriff of the county was John T. Willis, who was succeeded byWilliam Madison Wall. Alexander Williams served duringJohn Cradlebaugh's court in 1859. He was succeeded by Eli Whipple, who resigned in 1861 and was replaced by Russell Kelly.In 2020, Sheriff Mike Smith publicly stated he would not enforceCOVID-19 face mask mandates. The Utah County Fire Department provides emergency response to all unincorporated areas within Utah County and works with all the incorporated cities within the county plus all Utah state and federal",
"state and federal lands. The department is primarily awildland firesresponse andurban interspaceservice with some structure fire andHAZMATabatement capability. Politics Utah County has been referred to as \"the most Republican county in the most Republican state in the United States\".It has only voted for a Democratic president nine times since statehood, and has not supported a Democrat for president since 1964. In the1992 presidential election,George H. W. Bushreceived the most votes andBill Clintonwas third in votes received. In the2004 presidential election, 85.99% voted forGeorge W. Bush.In the2008 U.S. presidential election, the county voted forJohn McCainby a 58.9% margin overBarack Obama, compared to McCain winning by 28.1% statewide.Eight other Utah counties voted more strongly in favor of McCain.In the2012 election,Mitt Romneyreceived 88.32% of the vote. In the2016 election, it gave a slim majority of the vote toDonald Trump, and nearly 30% of the vote to independent candidateEvan McMullin, who",
"McMullin, who outperformedHillary Clintonin the county. This was McMullin's largest share of the vote in any county in Utah and his second best nationwide afterMadison County, Idaho. In 2020,Joe Bidenreceived over 75,000 votes - the Democrats had never previously received more than 30,000 votes in the county. Until2013, Utah County was represented entirely by one congressional district. Currently, the county is split between two congressional districts. Most of the county's population is in the3rd District, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, former Provo Mayor. Much of the county's area however, including Utah Lake, resides in the4th Districtcurrently represented by RepublicanBurgess Owens. The county's Republican bent runs right through state and local politics. All five state senators representing the county, as well as all 14 state representatives,are Republicans. Social issues Utah County saw high rates of opioid and other prescription drug addiction from the mid-2000s onwards, foreshadowing the",
"foreshadowing the nationalopioid crisis. The 2008 documentaryHappy Valleyexamined the problem. Giving USA, which reports on charitable giving in the US, named Utah County as one of the three most generous counties in philanthropic donations, alongsideSan Juan County, UtahandMadison County, Idaho. In 2019, one in eight people and one in six children in the countydid not have sufficient food. Infrastructure Much of Utah's transportation infrastructure was built to support automobiles. Prior to the 1950s, Utah County relied on theU.S. Highway Systemfor local transportation. WhenI-15was built in 1956 (parallel toHighway 89), it became the dominant transportation vein in the state. The I-15 CORE project added multiple lanes on I-15 through most of Utah County. This expanded 24 miles (39 km) of freeway and was completed in 2012.Other construction projects by UDOT have been done on I-15 since then, including the Technology Corridor project and the Point of the Mountain project.However, the highway system retains",
"system retains its significance in Utah County due to the mountainous terrain.Highway 6is the closest major road connecting Colorado to the Wasatch Front, running through Spanish Fork Canyon before converging with I-15 in the city of Spanish Fork. Portions of Highway 89 have become prominent local roads known collectively as 'State Street'.Highway 189is known as 'University Avenue' in the city of Provo, and runs throughProvo CanyonintoHeberin neighboringWasatch County. Utah County has seen significant growth in public transportation over the past 15 years, owing in part to the county's large student population of more than 70,000 commuting to-and-fromBrigham Young University(BYU) in Provo andUtah Valley University(UVU) in Orem. The two cities jointly operateUVX, abus rapid transitsystem, as part of their city bus routes. Provo also serves as the southernmost terminus of theFrontRunner, Utah's intrastate commuter rail service.The Provo FrontRunner station is located on South University Avenue, directly",
"Avenue, directly southwest of Amtrak's Provo Station—which is Utah's third westbound stop, after Green River and Helper, for the California Zephyr Amtrak route. In addition to Provo, The FrontRunner currently has three stops in the county. The Orem FrontRunner station is located on the west side of I-15, served by a pedestrian bridge over the freeway that connects the UVU campus directly to the station. An additional stop inVineyard, Utahwas completed in August 2022.Utah County also operates the American Fork FrontRunner Station and the Lehi FrontRunner Station located nearThanksgiving Point. From Lehi, the FrontRunner leaves Utah County and entersSalt Lake County. Education School districts School dstricts include: Colleges and universities Four-year institutions Two-year institutions Communities Cities Towns Census-designated places Unincorporated communities Former communities See also References Further reading External links",
"Provo, Utah Provo(/ˈproʊvoʊ/PROH-voh) is a city in and thecounty seatofUtah County, Utah, United States. It is 43 miles (69 km) south ofSalt Lake Cityalong theWasatch Front, and lies between the cities ofOremto the north andSpringvilleto the south. With a population at the2020 censusof 115,162,Provo is thefourth-largest cityin Utah and the principal city in theProvo-Orem metropolitan area, which had a population of 526,810 at the 2010 census.It is Utah's second-largestmetropolitan areaafterSalt Lake City. Provo is the home toBrigham Young University(BYU),a private higher education institution operated bythe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church). Provo also has the LDS Church's largestMissionary Training Center(MTC). The city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion-dollarstartups.The city'sPeaks Ice Arenawas a venue for the Salt Lake CityWinter Olympics in 2002. History The Provo area was originally called Timpanogas, aNumic(Ute people) word perhaps meaning",
"perhaps meaning \"rock river\".The area was inhabited by theTimpanogos.It was the largest and most settled area in modern-day Utah.The ample food from the Provo River made the Timpanogos a peaceful people.The area also served as the traditional meeting place for theUteandShoshonetribes and was used as a common location for worship of their creator deity. FatherSilvestre Vélez de Escalante, a SpanishFranciscanmissionary-explorer, is considered the first European explorer to have visited the area in 1776. He was guided by two Timpanogos Utes, whom he called Silvestre and Joaquín.Escalante chronicled this first European exploration across theGreat Basin Desert. The Europeans did not build a permanent settlement but traded with the Timpanogos, whom they called Lagunas (lake people) or Come Pescado (fish eaters). In 1847, theMormon pioneersarrived in theSalt Lake Valley, which was just north ofTimpanogos Mountain. At first, the Natives were friendly with the Mormons. But, as relations deteriorated with the Shoshoni",
"with the Shoshoni and Utes because of disputes over land and cattle, tensions rose. Because of the reported stolen goods of settlers by the Utes, Brigham Young gave small militia orders \"to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future.\" This ended in what is known as theBattle Creek massacre, in modern-dayPleasant Grove, Utah. The Mormons continued pushing into Timpanog lands. In 1849, 33Mormonfamilies from Salt Lake City establishedFort Utah. In 1850, Brigham Young sent an army from Salt Lake to drive out the Timpanogos in what is called theProvo War.Escalating tensions with the Timpanog contributed to theWalker War.Fort Utah was renamed Provo in 1850 forÉtienne Provost,an earlyFrench-Canadiantrapper who arrived in the region in 1825. In 1850, the first schoolhouse was constructed in Provo, built within Utah Fort. As moreLatter-day Saintsarrived, Provo quickly grew as a city. It soon was nicknamedThe Garden Citywith a large number of fruit orchards and gardens there. In 1872,",
"there. In 1872, a railroad reached Provo. It was also this year that the Provo Woolen Mills opened. They were the first large factory in Provo and employed about 150 people, initially mainly skilled textile laborers who had emigrated from Britain. Geography Provo lies on the eastern bank ofUtah LakeinUtah Valleyat an elevation of 4,549 feet (1,387 m). According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 44.2 square miles (114.4 km2), of which 41.7 square miles (107.9 km2) is land and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2), or 5.66%, is water. TheWasatch Rangecontains many peaks withinUtah Countyalong the east side of theWasatch Front. One of them, known asY Mountain, towers over the city. There is a largehillside letterYmade of whitewashed concrete halfway up the steep mountain, built in the early part of the 20th century to commemorate BYU (original plans included construction use of all three letters). Wild deer (and less frequently,cougars, andmoose) still roam the mountains (and occasionally the city",
"the city streets). The geography allows for hiking,skiing,fishingand other outdoor activities. Climate Provo's climate can be classified as either ahot-summer Mediterranean climateclassification (Köppen:Csa) or as acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk). Overall, annual rainfall at the location of BYU is around 17.23 inches (440 mm); however, the western part of the metropolitan area near Orem is substantially drier, receiving only around 13.5 inches (340 mm) of precipitation and consequently has acool semi-arid climate(Köppen:BSk).The wettest calendar year in Provo has been 1983 with 37.54 inches (953.5 mm) and the driest 2020 with 7.28 inches (184.9 mm). Winters are cold with substantial snowfall averaging 57.2 inches (145 cm) and a record monthly total of 66.0 inches (168 cm) in January 1918, during which the record snow cover of 34 inches (86 cm) was recorded on the 17th. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from 127.5 inches (324 cm) in 1983–84 to 10.1 inches (26 cm) in 2014–15. Very cold weather may occur when",
"may occur when cold air from over theContinental Divideinvades the region: although only four mornings fall to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C during an average winter and this temperature was not reached at all between 1999 and 2006, during the very cold January 1917 (average temperature 14.9 °F; −9.5 °C), seventeen mornings fell this cold.By contrast, in several recent winters like 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2004–05, and 2005–06, averages have been above freezing every month. Temperatures warm rapidly during the spring, with the first afternoon over 70 °F (21.1 °C) on March 21, the last freeze expected on April 29, and the first temperature equal to or hotter than 90 °F (32.2 °C) on May 30. Rainfall is not infrequent during the spring: over 5.10 inches (130 mm) was recorded in the Mays of 1995 and 2011, and a total of 12.29 inches (312.2 mm) fell during the four-month span of March to June 2005 – in contrast as little as 2.04 inches (51.8 mm) fell in the same months of 2012. Being too far north to gain any",
"north to gain any influence fromthe monsoonexcept in rare cases like the 4.38 inches (111.3 mm) of rainfall of August 1983, Provo's summers are hot and dry, though relatively short – no maxima above 100 °F (37.8 °C) have been recorded outside the range of June 7 to August 27. Monthly maxima average over 91 °F (32.8 °C) in July and August, and precipitation averages under one inch per month with a two-month total in 2016 as low as 0.06 inches (1.5 mm). The hottest month on record is July 2003 with a mean of 81.8 °F (27.7 °C), and a mean maximum of 99.0 °F (37.2 °C). The hottest temperature on record is 108 °F (42.2 °C) on July 13, 2002. The fall season sees steady cooling and a transition to winter weather, with rare influences of rain systems from further south, as in the record wet month of September 1982, which saw 6.53 inches (165.9 mm) of total precipitation, including 4.15 inches (105.4 mm) over the last six days from a storm moving in from Arizona. The last maximum of 90 °F (32.2 °C) can be expected",
"°C) can be expected around September 10, and the first morning below freezing on October 14. Demographics 2020 census 2010 census At the2010 census,112,488 people, 31,524 households and 21,166 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,697.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,041.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.8%White, 0.7%Black or African American, 0.8%American Indian, 2.5%Asian, 1.1%Pacific Islander, 6.6% fromother races, and 3.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 15.2% of the population. There were 31,524 households, of which 34.8% had children under 18 living with them, 55.4% weremarried couplesliving together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 12.8% of all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24, and the average family size was 3.41. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 36.4%",
"under 18, 36.4% were from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 10.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 96.4 males. 2000 census At the2000 census,105,166 people, 29,192 households and 19,938 families resided in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 2,653.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,024.4/km2). There were 30,374 housing units at an average density of 766.3/sq mi (295.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.52%White, 0.46%Black or African American, 0.80%American Indian, 1.83%Asian, 0.84%Pacific Islander, 5.10% fromother races, and 2.44% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoresidents of any race were 10.47% of the population. There were 29,192 households, of which 33.8% had children under 18 living with them, 57.0% weremarried couplesliving together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were",
"all households were made up of a single individual, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.34, and the average family size was 3.40. In the city, 22.3% of residents were under 18, 40.2% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 8.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. Themedian household incomewas $34,313, and the median family income was $36,393. Males had a median income of $32,010 and females $20,928. Theper capita incomewas $13,207. About 12.5% of families and 26.8% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those aged 65 or over. The residents of Provo are predominantly members of the LDS Church. According to data taken in 2000 by theARDA, 88% of the overall population, and 98% of religious adherents in the Provo-Orem area are Latter-day",
"area are Latter-day Saints.According to a study in 2015, the Provo-Orem metro area is about as dissimilar to the rest of America as possible. Weighing factors such as race, housing, income, and education, the study ranked Provo-Orem 376th of 381 of the United States' largest cities in terms of resemblance to the country. Religion According to the breakdown for Utah County in 2010, most people (90.6%) were Christian, with Latter-day Saints constituting 88.7% of the population.Catholicsconstituted 1.3% andProtestantsconstituted 0.6%. Other religions constituted 0.3% of the population. 9.1% of the population did not adhere to any religion. Economy Local companies Provo has more than 100restaurants(with over 60 in the downtown area)and a couple ofshopping centers.The Shops At RiverwoodsandProvo Towne Centre, bothshopping malls, operate in Provo. Several small shops, music venues, and boutiques have popped up downtown, along Center Street and University Avenue. Downtown has also begun to host \"gallery strolls\"",
"\"gallery strolls\" every first Friday of the month that features local artists. There are many dining establishments in and around downtown Provo. Five Provo companies are listed onInc.com's Inc. 5000list of the fastest-growing private companies in the United States. The largest, DieCuts With a View, is ranked number 1403 and has revenues of $26.2 million.Other companies on the list are VitalSmarts (ranked 4109, with $41.4 million in revenue),and Connect Public Relations (ranked 3694, with $6.1 million in revenue).The global recreation and entertainment companyRyze Trampoline Parks, with locations throughout Asia, Europe and the U.S., is headquartered in Provo. Novell, the dominant personal computer networking company from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s, was headquartered in Provo and occupied several buildings at the height of its success. It was eventually acquired byThe Attachmate Groupand then byMicro Focus, which still maintains facilities there. The Food & Care Coalition is a local organization",
"local organization providing services to the homeless and low-income citizens of Provo and Utah Counties. They also providevolunteeropportunities. International companies Top employers According to Provo's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,the top employers in the city were: Arts and culture Annual cultural events Every July, Provo hostsAmerica's Freedom Festival at Provowhich includes theStadium of Fireat BYU. It is held inLaVell Edwards Stadium, home to BYU'sNCAAfootballteam. The Independence Day festivities are popular among residents and have featured such notable figures asBob Hope,David Hasselhoff,Reba McEntire,Mandy Moore,Huey Lewis and the News,Toby Keith,Sean Hannity,Fred Willard, andTaylor Hicks.In 2015, the event included performances byJourneyandOlivia Holt, and was hosted by television personalityMontel Williams. Provo has two other large festivals each fall.Festival Latinoamericanois an annual family-oriented Labor Day weekend event in downtown Provo that offers the community a taste",
"community a taste of the region'sHispanicculture through ethnic food, vendors, and performances. The city has hosted an annual LGBT Provo Pride Festival since 2013. Points of interest Covey Center for the Arts The Covey Center for the Arts,a performing arts center, is at 425 West Center Street. It features plays, ballets, art showcases, and musical performances throughout the year. The size of the building is a total of 42,000 square feet (3,902 m2). The main performance hall seats 670 people. Three dance studios are furnished with a piano, ballet bars, and mirrors. Another theater, the Brinton Black Box Theater, seats 60 for smaller, more intimate events. There are also two art galleries: the 1,620-square-foot (151 m2) Secured Gallery and the Eccles Gallery in the lower lobby. LDS Church MTC Provo is the location of the church's largest MTC. Each week approximately 475missionariesenter for 3–9 weeks of training before they depart for the mission field, becoming part of more than 58,000 in more than 120",
"in more than 120 countries. About 1,100 instructors (many of them returned missionaries) teach 62 languages. The MTC in Provo began construction in July 1974 and was completed in July 1976. The MTC was expanded in the early 1990s to become the largest of the 17 such centers than in the world.Additional construction was completed in 2017. Provo City Library at Academy Square TheProvo City Libraryis a public library that occupies the building of the former Brigham Young Academy, built-in 1892. The building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1976. Its collection contains over 277,000 media. The library is on University Avenue and 550 North. Provo Recreation Center With construction finished in 2013, the center provides a location for aquatic recreation next to the Provo Power plant. Provo Utah Temple The Provo Utah Temple is at the base of Rock Canyon in Provo. This temple has been among the busiest in the LDS Church due to its proximity to BYU and the MTC.The temple closed in February 2024,",
"in February 2024, has been razed, and is currently being reconstructed. The temple, estimated for completion in 2027, will reopen as theProvo Utah Rock Canyon Temple. Provo City Center Temple Located at the corner of University Avenue and Center Street, the Provo City Center Temple serves as another temple for the Provo area's Latter-day Saint population. After a fire in 2010 destroyed the Provo Tabernacle,Thomas S. Monson, then LDS Churchpresident, announced the site would become the city's second temple.Renovations were finished and the temple was dedicated in March 2016. Utah Valley Convention Center The Utah Valley Convention Center opened in 2012.It has 83,578 square feet (7,764.7 m2) of combined meeting, pre-function and garden space. Other points of interest Government Federally, Provo is part ofUtah's 3rd congressional district, represented by RepublicanJohn Curtis, elected in 2017. City administration Provo is administered by a seven-membercity counciland a mayor. Five of the council seats are",
"council seats are elected by individual city districts, and two of the seats are elected by the city as a whole. These elected officials serve four-year terms, with elections alternating every two years. Provo has aMayor–council government, which creates two separate but equal branches of government. The mayor is chief executive of the city and the council is the legislative and policy-making body of the city.The mayor isMichelle Kaufusi, who has been in office since December 5, 2017. Education Higher education BYU is a private university operated by the LDS Church. BYU is thethird-largest private university in the United States, with more than 34,000 students. It is the flagship of theChurch Educational System. On the campus is theSpencer W. Kimball Tower, the tallest building in Provo. Rocky Mountain University of Health Professionsis a private, for-profit university emphasizing graduate healthcare education. The Northwest Commission accredits the university of Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). RMUoHP",
"(NWCCU). RMUoHP offers programs in nursing practice, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and health science. RMUoHP will be building Utah County's first new medical school. Provo Collegeis a private, for-profit educational institution specializing in career education. The school is accredited by theAccrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools(ACICS). Provo College offers associate degrees and diplomas in fields such as nursing, medical assisting, criminal justice, graphic design, and office administration. Primary and secondary education Almost all of Provo is within theProvo School District.The school board has seven members, each representing a different district of the city. There are thirteen elementary schools, two middle schools, and three high schools.Provo High Schoolwas the first school inUtah Countyto be an IB World school. The school has a record of 4A state basketball championships, more state champions than any other school in the state.Timpview High Schoolhas a record of 4A",
"a record of 4A state football championships. A small section of the city lies withinAlpine School District. Infrastructure Transportation Interstate 15runs through western Provo, connecting it with the rest of the Wasatch Front and much of Utah.US-89runs northwest to southeast through the city as State Street, whileUS-189connects US-89 with I-15, BYU, and Orem to the north. At the north edge of the city, US-189 heads northeast intoProvo Canyon, where it connects withHeber. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service toProvo station, operating itsCalifornia Zephyrdaily in both directions betweenChicago,Illinois, andEmeryville,California(in theSan Francisco Bay Area). Provo also can be accessed by Salt Lake Express intercity buses and the extensiveUtah Transit Authority(UTA) bus system. UTA'scommuter railservice, theFrontRunner, opened an extension to Provo from Salt Lake City on December 10, 2012.TheProvo Intermodal Center, adjacent to the Amtrak station, connects theFrontRunnerwith local bus",
"local bus routes, as well as Greyhound service. TheProvo Municipal Airportis Utah's second busiest airport regarding the number of aircraft take-offs and landings.Allegiant Airlineshas been based out of the airport since 2022. Notable people Provo is home to (or the hometown of) many well-known people, includingThe Osmonds(includingDonny,Marie, and theOsmond Brothers),LDS ChurchapostleDallin H. Oaks, and NFL and BYU quarterbackSteve Young.Goodwin Knight, who served as the 35th Governor of California (1947–1953), was born in Provo. The global economistDambisa Moyomoved to Provo following her marriage toQualtricsco-founder Jared Smith. Sister cities Provo has three sister cities designated bySister Cities International: See also References External links",
"List of people from Provo, Utah This is alist of notable people fromProvo, Utah. This list includes notable individuals born and raised in Provo, those who currently live in Provo, and those who lived for a significant period in Provo. Notable people See also References",
"Neon Trees Neon Treesare an Americanrockband fromProvo, Utah. The band received nationwide exposure in late 2008 when they opened several North American tour dates for the bandthe Killers.Not long after, the band was signed byMercury Records.Their first single, \"Animal\", climbed to No. 13 on theBillboardHot 100and No. 1 on theAlternative Songschart. Since their formation, Neon Trees has released five studio albums:Habits(2010),Picture Show(2012),Pop Psychology(2014),I Can Feel You Forgetting Me(2020), andSink Your Teeth(2024). The band has also released eight EPs (two exclusive toiTunes) and fourteen singles. History Formed initially by childhood friendsTyler Glenn(vocals,keyboards) and Chris Allen (guitar,vocals) who both grew up inMurrieta, California, the band made its first home in Provo after Glenn and Allen moved there from Southern California, eventually adding Branden Campbell (bass guitar, vocals) andElaine Bradley(drums,percussion, vocals) to the lineup.David Charles also plays with the band as",
"with the band as touring guitarist. They first started playing under the name Neon Trees in late 2005 with five original members, Tyler Glenn and Chris Allen from California, and three veterans of the Utah music scene, bass player Mike Liechty, drummer Jason Gibbons and keyboardist Nathan Evans. The band's name originates from the lighted trees on theIn-N-Out Burgersigns, which inspired Tyler Glenn. In a strange coincidence, it was later learned that Branden Campbell's father, Steve Campbell, installed the exact Neon Trees in the In-N-Out that inspired Glenn while working for a sign company out of Las Vegas. They released an EP,Becoming Different People, in 2006 during the time of their first tour through California. The EP featured promising songs like \"Phones\", \"Sister Stereo\", \"Up Against the Glass\". They also recorded other unreleased tracks during the \"Treehouse Sessions\" in 2006. The band's lineup soon narrowed down to four members with Branden Campbell and Elaine Bradley joining the group on bass and",
"group on bass and drums, respectively. Touring musician Bruce Rubenson on keyboards and drums joined in. Shortly thereafter,The Killers' drummer,Ronnie Vannucci Jr., went to watch the band play at a small club in Las Vegas as he had been in a Ska band called \"Attaboy Skip\" with Neon Trees bassist Branden Campbell prior to joining The Killers. Ronnie was impressed, and as a result they were chosen to open for The Killers for a string of dates on their 2008 North American tour. Vannucci later helped the band sign to major labelMercury Records, which was announced in late 2008. Additionally, the group was voted Band of the Year in 2009 byCity Weekly, a popular Salt Lake City publication. 2010–11:Habitsand commercial breakthrough Although they had several prior independent releases, the band released its debut album on Mercury/Island Def Jam,Habits, on March 16, 2010.\"Animal\" was chosen as the lead singleand was shortly thereafter featured as the Free Single of the Week oniTunesin March 2010. They performed the",
"They performed the song onJimmy Kimmel Live!on March 23, 2010,The Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon May 14, 2010,Lopez Tonighton October 18, 2010,Live! with Regis & Kellyon November 4, 2010, and TBS'Conanon November 24, 2010. They performed a second single1983onLate Night with Jimmy Fallonon January 13, 2011 and another stint onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jan 18, 2011. They performed third single \"Your Surrender\" onLate Show with David Lettermanon May 5, 2011 and a third appearance onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon Jun 10, 2011.Mark HoppusofBlink-182selected \"Animal\" as hisSpinmagazine Pick of the Week.The song has also been featured on a commercial for Las Vegas. The group has also released a digital EP of four remixes of the song, one of which by Tyler Glenn. In 2010, the band coveredJustin Bieber's song \"Baby\" as well asBen E. King's \"Stand By Me\".Throughout early 2010 the band, along withMutemathandStreet Drum Corps, opened for theThirty Seconds to MarstourInto the Wild. Subsequently, they headlined the",
"they headlined the Bang the Gong Tour withPaper Tongues,MeTalkPretty, andCivil Twilightin mid-2010, performed a set to 7,000 atLollapalooza, and went on tour with Thirty Seconds to Mars in the last half of the year. In November 2010, the band released a Christmas single called \"Wish List\". It was available for free oniTunesthe first week it was released.In November 2010, Tyler and Elaine appeared as Neon Trees onDaryl Hall's monthly Internet concert seriesLive from Daryl's House. They performed four songs fromHabits, including \"Animal\" and \"1983\", as well as theFleetwood Machit \"Dreams\" andHall & Oatessongs \"Head Above Water\" and \"Adult Education.\" Neon Trees released a live album,iTunes Live from SoHo, in November 2010 featuring eight live tracks: \"Calling My Name\", \"Animal\", \"Your Surrender\", \"Never Tear Us Apart\", \"In the Next Room\", \"1983\", \"Love and Affection\", and \"Sins of My Youth\". From March 31, 2011, to April 23, 2011, they also opened forMy Chemical Romanceduring the North American leg of",
"American leg of theirWorld Contamination Tour.They opened a show forPanic! at the Discoin Central Park in September 2011.In September and October 2011, they opened forDuran Duranon the North American leg of the All You Need Is Now tour. The band's song \"Animal\" was also performed by the cast ofGleein the 15th episode of Season 2 entitled \"Sexy\". 2011–13:Picture Show On December 7, 2011, an article published byRolling Stone's website streamed the band's new song \"Everybody Talks\".On February 10, 2012, a video was posted on their official YouTube page, titled Neon Trees – Picture Show Teaser One / The New Album April 17, advertising their new album is to be released on April 17, 2012.In March 2012, Neon Trees and their single \"Everybody Talks\" were featured in a commercial for the 2012Buick Verano.The single was covered in episode five of season four ofGlee. Neon Trees' second studio albumPicture Showwas released on April 17, 2012.On June 28, 2012, Neon Trees was the opening act forthe Flaming Lipsconcert",
"Flaming Lipsconcert poolside at theHard Rock CasinoinBiloxi, Mississippias a part of theirGuinness World Recordfor the most concerts in different cities (eight) in a 24-hour period.On August 29, 2012, Neon Trees performed \"Everybody Talks\" on theAmerica's Got Talentlive results show.In early fall 2012, the band toured withThe OffspringandDead Sara.In 2013 they joinedMaroon 5in their world tour alongsideOwl City.In November/December 2013 they were a support act forTaylor Swift's three concerts in New Zealand and four concerts in Australia.The band was featured on NBC's coverage of the 2012 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. They performed an abbreviated version of their single \"Everybody Talks\".The second single from the album is the track \"Lessons in Love (All Day, All Night)\" with the collaboration of American record producer and D.J.Kaskade. 2014–2017:Pop Psychology Neon Trees' third studio album,Pop Psychology, was released on April 22, 2014.The first single fromPop Psychology, titled \"Sleeping with a",
"\"Sleeping with a Friend\", was released for digital download. The band performed the single onThe Tonight Show with Jay Lenoon January 22, 2014. \"Sleeping with a Friend\" was solicited to U.S.Contemporary hit radioby both Mercury andIsland Recordson February 25, 2014.Neon Trees later released four more singles following \"Sleeping with a Friend\". The singles are titled \"I Love You (But I Hate Your Friends)\", \"Voices In the Halls\", and \"First Things First\".\"First Things First\" is the end credit song for the 2016 Netflix Original seriesDirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency. In 2015, the group announced the \"An Intimate Night With Neon Trees\" Tour. The tour ran from June 6, 2015, to July 26, 2015, finishing inBoston, Massachusetts, at the House Of Blues Boston. Opening acts includedAlex Winston, Yes You Are, Coin, andFictionist. On May 5, 2015, the band released a non-album single entitled \"Songs I Can't Listen To\"and an accompanying music video on June 3, 2015, featuringDustin Lance Black. On August 4, 2017,",
"On August 4, 2017, the band premiered a new single \"Feel Good\". 2019–2023:I Can Feel You Forgetting Me Neon Trees released \"Used to Like\", the lead single from their fourth album, on November 13, 2019.The second single, \"New Best Friend\" was released on May 20, 2020.On July 10, 2020, the band released the third single called \"Mess Me Up\".The fourth and final single, \"Nights\", was released on July 22, 2020.The album,I Can Feel You Forgetting Me, was released on July 24, 2020.In December 2021, they released a new single and video, \"Holiday Rock\". 2023-present:Sink Your Teeth Sink Your Teeth, the fifth studio album by Neon Trees, was released on September 20, 2024. There are 12 songs on the album. On June 30, 2023, the first and lead single of the album \"Favorite Daze\" was released. The second single, \"Losing My Head\", was released on September 15, 2023. Three more singles were released in early 2024 before the album; \"Bad Dreams\" (May 31), \"El Diablo\" (July 19), and \"Cruel Intentions\" (August 28) Musical style",
"28) Musical style Neon Trees' musical style has been described aspop rock,new wave,synth-pop,indie rock,alternative rock,pop,andelectropop.When describing the band's sound, Heather Phares ofAllMusicwrote \"Neon Trees blend new wave,dance, and indie into smart, catchy pop.\"Sputnikmusic described the band's debut studio albumHabitsas a \"refreshing blast of timelessrockenergy and spirit that wouldn’t sound out of place at any point from ‘60sgarage-rockto 2010dance rock.\" Band members Current members Former members Touring musicians Timeline Discography Awards and nominations APRA Music Awards BMI Pop Awards Billboard Music Awards International Dance Music Awards MTV Europe Music Awards World Music Awards References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Show_(album"
] |
According to the 2011 census, what is total population of the cities of the birthplaces of author Clive Barker, Prince William, and Sir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury? Round to the nearest 100,000. | 11,300,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Post processing | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography"
] | [
"Clive Barker Clive Barker(born 5 October 1952) is an English writer, filmmaker and visual artist. He came to prominence in the mid-1980s with a series of short stories, theBooks of Blood, which established him as a leadinghorrorwriter. He has since written many novels and other works. His fiction has been adapted into films, notably theHellraiserseries, the first installment of which he also wrote and directed, and theCandymanseries. Barker's paintings and illustrations have been shown in galleries in the United States, and have appeared in his books. He has also created characters and series for comic books, and some of his more popular horror stories have been featured in ongoing comics series. Early life Barker was born on 5 October 1952 inLiverpool,the son of Joan Ruby (née Revill), a painter and school welfare officer, and Leonard Barker, a personnel director for an industrial relations firm.He was educated atDovedale Primary School,Quarry Bank High Schooland theUniversity of Liverpool, where he studied English and philosophy. When he was three, Barker witnessed the French skydiverLéo Valentinplummet to his death in 1956 during a performance at an air show in Liverpool.He later alluded to Valentin in many of his stories. Theatrical work Barker's involvement in live theatre began while still in school with productions ofVoodooandInfernoin 1967. He collaborated on six plays withTheatre of the Imaginationin 1974 and two more that he was the sole writer of,A Clowns' SodomandDay of the Dog,forThe Mute Pantomime Theatrein 1976 and 1977. He co-founded the avant-garde theatrical troupeThe Dog Companyin 1978 with former school friends and up and coming actors, many of whom would go on to become key collaborators in Barker's film work.Doug Bradleytook on the iconic role of Pinhead in theHellraiserseries while Peter Atkins wrote the scripts for the first threeHellraisersequels.Over the next five years Barker wrote nine plays, often serving as director, including some of his best-known stage productions,The History of The Devil,Frankenstein in Love, andThe Secret Life of Cartoons. From 1982 to 1983, he wroteCrazyface,Subtle BodiesandColossusfor the Cockpit Youth Theatre. His theatrical work came to a close as he shifted focus to writing theBooks of Blood. Writing career Barker is an author of horror andfantasy. He began writing horror early in his career, mostly in the form of short stories (collected inBooks of Blood1–6) and theFaustiannovelThe Damnation Game(1985). Later he moved toward modern-day fantasy andurban fantasywith horror elements inWeaveworld(1987),The Great and Secret Show(1989), the world-spanningImajica(1991), andSacrament(1996). WhenBooks of Bloodwas first published in the United States in paperback,Stephen Kingwas quoted on the book covers: \"I have seen the future of horror and his name is Clive Barker.\"As influences on his writing, Barker listsHerman Melville,Edgar Allan Poe,Ray Bradbury,William S. Burroughs,William Blake, andJean Cocteau, among others. He is the writer of the best-sellingAbaratseries. In early 2024 he announced he would stop attending conventions and public events so he could focus more on his writing, as he was working on the manuscripts for 31 different projects, some closer to completion than others. Personal life During his early years as a writer, Barker occasionally worked as an escort when his writing did not provide sufficient income.With the success ofWeaveworld, he could permanently retire as a sex worker.In 2003, he received the Davidson/Valentini Award at the15th GLAAD Media Awards. He has been open about his experiences withsadomasochism, and says that \"on S&M's sliding scale, I'm probably a 6\". Barker is critical of organized religion, but has said that the Bible influences his work and spirituality.Years later, he said on Facebook that he did not identify himself as a Christian. Barker said in a December 2008 online interview (published in March 2009) that he had throat polyps which were so severe, a doctor told him he was taking in only 10% of the air he was supposed to. He has had two surgeries to remove them and believes his voice has improved as a result. He said he did not have cancer, and has given up cigars. In 2012, Barker entered a coma for several days after contractingtoxic shock syndrome, triggered by a visit to a dentist where a spillage of poisonous bacteria entered his bloodstream, almost killing him.Realising he might have just a short time to live, he decided to put his personal concerns about the world and society into the upcoming novelDeep Hill, which he thought could be his final book. As of 2015, he is a member of the board of advisers for the Hollywood Horror Museum. Relationships While appearing on the radio call-in showLovelineon 20 August 1996, Barker said that in his teens he had several relationships with older women, but came to identify himself as homosexual by 18 or 19. His relationship with John Gregson lasted from 1975 until 1986. He later spent 13 years with photographer David Armstrong, described as his husband in the introduction toColdheart Canyon; they separated in 2009. Film work Barker wrote the screenplays forUnderworld(1985) andRawhead Rex(1986), both directed byGeorge Pavlou. Displeased by how his material was handled, he moved to directing withHellraiser(1987), based on his novellaThe Hellbound Heart. After his filmNightbreed(1990) flopped, Barker returned to write and directLord of Illusions(1995). The short story \"The Forbidden\", from Barker'sBooks of Blood, provided the basis for the 1992 filmCandymanand its three sequels. He had been working on a series of film adaptations of hisThe Abarat Quintetbooks underThe Walt Disney Company's management,but due to creative differences, the project was cancelled. He served as an executive producer for the 1998 filmGods and Monsters,a semi-fictional tale ofFrankensteindirectorJames Whale's later years, which won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.Barker said of his interest in the project: \"Whale was gay, I'm gay; Whale was English, I'm English…Whale made some horror movies, and I've made some horror movies. It seemed as if I should be helping to tell this story.\"Barker also provided the foreword on the published shooting script. In 2005, Barker and horror film producer Jorge Saralegui created the film production company Midnight Picture Show with the intent of producing two horror films per year. In October 2006, Barker announced through his website that he will be writing the script to a forthcoming remake of the originalHellraiserfilm.He was developing a film based on hisTortured Soulsline of toys fromMcFarlane Toys. In 2020, Barker regained control of theHellraiserfranchise, and served as executive producer on a2022 rebootfilm for the streaming serviceHulu. Television work In May 2015,Varietyreported that Clive Barker was developing a television series adaptation of variouscreepypastasin partnership withWarner Brothers, to be calledClive Barker's Creepypastas, a feature arc based onSlender ManandBen Drowned.Barker was involved in a streaming servicefilm adaptationofThe Books of Bloodin 2020,and is developing aNightbreedtelevision seriesdirected byMichael Doughertyand written byJosh StolbergforSyFy.In April 2020,HBOwas announced to be developing aHellraisertelevision series that would serve as \"an elevated continuation and expansion\" of its mythology withMark VerheidenandMichael Doughertywriting the series andDavid Gordon Greendirecting several episodes. Verheiden, Dougherty and Green will also be executive producing the series withDanny McBride,Jody Hill,Brandon JamesandRoy LeeofVertigo Entertainment. Visual art Barker is a prolific visual artist, often illustrating his own books. His paintings have been seen first on the covers of his official fan club magazine,Dread, published byFantacoin the early '90s; on the covers of the collections of his plays,Incarnations(1995) andForms of Heaven(1996); and on the second printing of the original British publications of hisBooks of Bloodseries. Barker also provided the artwork for his young adult novelThe Thief of Alwaysand for theAbaratseries. His artwork has been exhibited at Bert Green Fine Art in Los Angeles and Chicago, at the Bess Cutler Gallery in New York and La Luz De Jesus in Los Angeles. Many of his sketches and paintings can be found in the collectionClive Barker, Illustrator, published in 1990 by Arcane/Eclipse Books, and inVisions of Heaven and Hell, published in 2005 by Rizzoli Books. He worked on the horror video gameClive Barker's Undying, providing the voice for the character Ambrose.Undyingwas developed byDreamWorks Interactiveand released in 2001. He worked onClive Barker's JerichoforCodemasters, which was released in late 2007. Barker createdHalloweencostume designs for Disguise Costumes. Around 150 art works by Barker were used in the set of the Academy of the Unseen Arts for the Netflix TV seriesChilling Adventures of Sabrina. Comic books Barker published hisRazorlineimprint viaMarvel Comicsin 1993. Barker horror adaptations and spin-offs in comics include the Marvel/Epic ComicsseriesHellraiser,Nightbreed,Pinhead,The Harrowers,Book of the Damned, andJihad;Eclipse Books' series andgraphic novelsTapping The Vein,Dread,Son of Celluloid,Revelations,The Life of Death,Rawhead RexandThe Yattering and Jack, andDark Horse Comics'Primal, among others. Barker served as a consultant and wrote issues of theHellraiseranthology comic book. In 2005, IDW published a three-issue adaptation of Barker's children's fantasy novelThe Thief of Always, written and painted by Kris Oprisko and Gabriel Hernandez. IDW is publishing a 12 issue adaptation of Barker's novelThe Great and Secret Show. In December 2007, Chris Ryall and Clive Barker announced an upcoming collaboration of an original comic book series,Torakator, to be published by IDW. In 2008, Barker authored a foreword for the first volume of theDEMONICSEXcomic series by Chuck Conner and Sean Platter. In October 2009, IDW publishedSeduth, co-written by Barker. The work was released with three variant covers. In 2011,Boom! Studiosbegan publishing an originalHellraisercomic book series. In 2013, Boom! Studios announcedNext Testament, the first original story by Barker to be published in comic book format. Works Novels Hellraiserseries Books of the Artseries The Books of Abarat Short stories Collections: Uncollected short stories: Plays Collections: All plays: Poems Uncollected poems: Non-fiction Toys Filmography Adaptations Video games See also References Bibliography External links",
"William, Prince of Wales William, Prince of Wales(William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982), is theheir apparentto theBritish throne. He is the elder son of KingCharles IIIandDiana, Princess of Wales. William was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II. He was educated atWetherby School,Ludgrove SchoolandEton College. He earned aMaster of Arts degreeingeographyat theUniversity of St Andrewswhere he met his future wife,Catherine Middleton. They have three children:George,CharlotteandLouis. After university, William trained at theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstprior to serving with theBlues and Royalsregiment. In 2008 he graduated from theRoyal Air Force College Cranwell, joining theRAF Search and Rescue Forcein early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulancefor two years, starting in July 2015. William performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the monarch. He holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations, including theTusk Trust,Centrepoint,The Passage,Wales Air AmbulanceandLondon's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through theRoyal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, homelessness, and emergency workers. In 2020 William launched theEarthshot Prize, a £50 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade. William was madeDuke of Cambridgeimmediately beforehis weddingin April 2011. He becameDuke of CornwallandDuke of Rothesayupon his father's accession to the throne on 8 September 2022. The following day he was madePrince of Wales. Early life Prince William was born at 21:03BSTon 21 June 1982 inSt Mary's Hospital, London, as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (laterKing Charles III), and his first wife,Diana, Princess of Wales, during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II.Buckingham Palace announced his name – William Arthur Philip Louis – on 28 June.William was christened in the Music Room ofBuckingham Palaceby the thenArchbishop of Canterbury,Robert Runcie, on 4 August, coinciding with the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother,Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. William was the first child born to aPrinceandPrincess of WalessincePrince Johnwas born to Prince George and Princess Mary (laterKing George VandQueen Mary) in July 1905.When he was nine months old, William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, as his first trip overseas.It also marked the first time that a royal baby was taken on an overseas tour.His younger brother,Prince Harry, was born in September 1984. Both of them were raised atKensington Palacein London, andHighgrove Housein Gloucestershire. Known informally as \"Wills\" within his family,William was nicknamed \"Willy\" by his brother and \"Wombat\" by his mother.Diana wished her sons to obtain broader and more typical life experiences beyond royal upbringing, taking them toWalt Disney World,McDonald's, AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless.BiographerRobert Laceyasserts that William, a \"rambunctious\" and \"bratty\" child, grew \"more reflective\" with a \"noticeably quiet character\" as he began boarding school.Diana was reported to have described William as \"my little wise old man\" on whom she started to rely as her confidant by his early teens. William carried out his first public engagement while accompanying his parents on a visit toLlandaffonSaint David's Dayin 1991.He and Harry travelled to Canada on an official visit with their parents in 1991 and again with Charles in 1998.William's parents divorced in 1996. Dianadied in a car accidentin the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, was staying atBalmoral Castleat the time. The following morning, Charles informed William and Harry of their mother's death.William was reportedly uncertain as to whether he should walk behind his mother's coffin during thefuneral procession. His grandfatherPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, told him: \"If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?\".At the funeral, William and Harry walked alongside their father, grandfather, and maternal uncle,Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace toWestminster Abbey. After his mother's death, William stated that he was \"in a state of shock for many years\".He and Harry inherited the majority of the £12.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown to £10 million each by 2014.In 2014 the brothers inherited theirmother's wedding dressalong with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters and paintings. They also received the original lyrics and score of \"Candle in the Wind\" byBernie TaupinandElton Johnas performed by the latter at Diana's funeral.In 2002The Timesreported that William and Harry would also share £4.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother on their respective 21st birthdays, as well as £8 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. Education William was educated atprivate schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatoryWetherby School, both in London.Following this, he attendedLudgrove SchoolnearWokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers byRory Stewart.At Ludgrove, he participated infootball, swimming, basketball,clay pigeon shooting, andcross country running. He was subsequently admitted toEton College, studying geography, biology, and history of art atA-Level. He obtained an 'A' in geography, a 'C' in biology, and a 'B' in history of art.William was captain of the swimming team and his house football team at Eton, also taking upwater polo. The decision to place William at Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children toGordonstoun, which his father and grandfather both attended. Diana's brother andfatherwere both Eton students.The royal family and the tabloid press agreed that William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life.John Wakeham, chairman of thePress Complaints Commission, stated \"Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man.\"While at Eton, he often had tea on weekends at the nearbyWindsor Castlewith his grandmother, discussingstate boxesand constitutional duties meant to \"prepare as future King.\" In June 1991, William was admitted to theRoyal Berkshire Hospitalafter being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on atGreat Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar.The incident received widespread media attention.In 1999 he underwent an operation on his left hand after he broke a finger.After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part inBritish Armytraining exercises in Belize,worked on English dairy farms, and visited Africa.As part of theRaleigh Internationalprogramme in the town ofTortelin southern Chile, William worked for ten weeks on local construction projects and taught English. He lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores.His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himselfSwahili. In 2001 William enrolled at theUniversity of St Andrewsin Scotland.Similar to his time at Eton, the media agreed not to invade his privacy, and students were warned not to leak stories to the press.William embarked on a degree course inArt Historybut later changed his main subject toGeography. He focused hisdissertationon the Indian Ocean'sRodriguescoral reefs and graduated with anundergraduate Master of Arts(MA Hons) degree withupper second class honoursin 2005.While at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004.He was reportedly known as \"Steve\" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. Early appointments and duties At the age of 21, William was appointed aCounsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended theCommonwealth Heads of Government Meetingin the same year.In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo public engagements on an overseas tour of New Zealand, travelling to participate in World War II commemorations.According to authorTina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to becomeGovernor-General of Australia.In 2009 the Queen set up aprivate officefor William and Harry withDavid Manningas their adviser.Manning accompanied William on his first official tour in January 2010 as the latter touredAucklandandWellington; William opened the new building of theSupreme Court of New Zealandand was welcomed by aMāorichief.The visit spurred crowds of \"many thousands\", with positive public reception compared to that of his mother's 1983 tour.In March 2011, William visitedChristchurch, New Zealand, shortly after theearthquake,and spoke at the memorial service atHagley Parkon behalf of his grandmother.He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding inQueenslandandVictoria. Before attending Sandhurst, William did a three-week internship at several institutions, including theBank of England, theLondon Stock ExchangeandLloyd's of London.To prepare for his eventual management of theDuchy of Cornwall, in 2014, he enteredSt John's College, Cambridgeto undertake an executive agriculture management degree run by theCambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership(CPSL), of which his father is patron.In April 2019, Kensington Palace announced that William had completed a three-week internship atMI5,MI6andGCHQ,during which he was tasked with monitoring extreme Islamist terror cells, identifying potential threats abroad, and observing code breaking technology. Military and air ambulance service Having decided on a military career, William was admitted to theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstin January 2006; his admission was based on successfully completing a 44-week course as an Officer Cadet which led to his commission as a British Army officer.As \"Lieutenant Wales\" – a name based on his father's then title Prince of Wales – he followed his brotherinto theBlues and Royalsin December that year as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post atBovington Campin Dorset. Despite the Queen's approval for William to serve on the frontline, his position as second-in-line to the throne at the time cast doubts on his chances of seeing combat.Plans by theMinistry of Defenceto send William to Southern Iraq leaked and the government eventually decided against sending him as it would endanger both his life and the lives of people around him if he was targeted.William instead trained in theRoyal NavyandRoyal Air Force, obtaining his commission as asub-lieutenantin the former and aflying officerin the latter, both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant. After completing his training, he undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force atRAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with hisRAF wingsby his father,who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell.During thissecondment, William flew to Afghanistan in aC-17 Globemasterthat repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson.William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy.He then completed an accelerated Naval Officer training course at theBritannia Royal Naval College.Whilst serving onHMSIron Dukein July 2008, William participated in a £40m drug seizure in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados.He was part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter which helped seize 900 kg of cocaine from a speedboat. In January 2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted toFlight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF'sSearch and Rescue Force.As part of his training across all branches of the military in 2009, he spent up to six weeks with theSpecial Air Service, theSpecial Boat Service, and theSpecial Reconnaissance Regiment.In January 2010, he graduated from theDefence Helicopter Flying SchoolatRAF Shawbury.In the same month, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit atRAF Valley,Anglesey, to receive training on theSea Kingsearch and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010.This made him the first member of the British royal family sinceHenry VIIto live in Wales. William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of a RAF Sea King was in response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard in October 2010.In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue two sailors.He was deployed to theFalkland Islandsfor a six-week tour withNo. 1564 Flightfrom February to March 2012.The Argentine government condemned William's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of theFalklands Waras a \"provocative act\".In June 2012, he gained a qualification to be captain orpilot in commandof a Sea King rather than a co-pilot.His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.He conducted 156 search and rescue operations, which resulted in 149 people being rescued.He later became patron to theBattle of Britain Memorial Flight. In July 2015, William began working full-time as a pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulance(EAAA) based atCambridge Airport, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous search-and-rescue role.He donated his full salary to the EAAA charity.William required a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to begin his role.He underwent part of his training atNorwich Airport.William described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly withcritical carecases.He also discussed the impact of witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement on his mental health and personal life.TheBBChas written that William was \"exposed to theNational Health Servicein a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be.\" William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties.After supporting an anniversary campaign forLondon's Air Ambulance Charityin 2019, he became the charity's official patron in March 2020.In May 2020, he granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during theCOVID-19 pandemic.To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his \"profound respect\" for the community, particularly during the \"immeasurably difficult\" outbreak.In February 2023, he became patron of theWales Air Ambulancecharity. Personal life Relationship with Catherine Middleton In 2001 William metCatherine Middleton, while they were students in residence atSt Salvator's Hall, at the University of St Andrews, and they became close friends.She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show at the university in 2002 when she appeared on the stage wearing a see-through lace dress.During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends.The couple began dating in 2003.From 2003 to 2005 they both resided at Balgove House on theStrathtyrumestate with two roommates.In 2004 the couple briefly split but reconciled soon afterwards. The relationship was followed closely by the tabloid press.Media attention became so intense that William asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton.In December 2006, Middleton and her family attended William'spassing out paradeat the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.In April 2007, William and Middleton were reported to have split.Middleton and her family attended theConcert for Dianathree months later;the couple were subsequently reported to have \"rekindled their relationship\".She also attended theOrder of the Garterprocession at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where William was made aRoyal Knight of the Garter.In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on theBodorgan Estatein Anglesey, Wales, where they resided until 2014. Marriage and children The couple became engaged in October 2010, at a remote alpine cabin onMount Kenya, during a 10-day trip to theLewa Wildlife Conservancyto celebrate William's passing the RAF helicopter search and rescue course.Clarence Houseannounced their engagement on 16 November.William gave his fianceé his mother'sengagement ring.The wedding took place in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011.The global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million, whereas 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone.William and Catherine usedNottingham Cottageas their London home until 2013, when £4.5 million renovations completed at Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace, which continues to be their official residence in the capital.The couple were given the country houseAnmer Hall, on theSandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen, where they lived from 2015 to 2017.Kensington Palace was the couple's main residence until 2022, when the family moved toAdelaide CottageinWindsor. Catherine's first pregnancy was announced in December 2012.She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth toPrince George.In September 2014, it was announced that Catherine was pregnant with her second child.She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital where she gave birth toPrincess Charlottethe same day.Catherine's third pregnancy was announced in September 2017;Prince Louiswas born on 23 April 2018.William and Catherine have owned twoEnglish Cocker Spaniels, namedLupoand Orla. Duke of Cambridge William was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of Strathearn, andBaron Carrickferguson the day of his wedding in April 2011.He and Catherinetoured Canadathat summer.Nicholas Witchell, writing forBBC News, noted that the tour to Canada had been an \"unqualified success\" for the couple as they engaged in various activities from tree planting to street hockey, with their warm interactions and thoughtful gestures enhancing their popularity and reinforcing positive sentiments towards the monarchy in Canada.The couple served as ambassadors for the2012 Summer Olympicsin London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2013, William and Catherine visited Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of theQueen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations.William hosted his firstinvestitureceremony at Buckingham Palace in October that year.In April 2014, he and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia accompanied by their son George.In August that year, the couple and Prince Harry represented the royal family atWorld War Icommemorations in Belgium.In December, the couple visited New York and Washington DC, where William made a speech at theWorld Bankcondemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In 2015 and 2016 William embarked on various visits of Asian countries, including Japan, China, Bhutan and India;he was the first royal to visit mainland China in almost three decades, with the press referring to William's diplomacy as \"deft\" and \"polished\".In response to media allegations of being \"work-shy\", he asserted his commitment to his duties, emphasizing his dedication to fatherhood and his role in air ambulance work.Countries visited by William and Catherine in 2017 included France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium.In January 2018 the couple visited Sweden and Norway.The visits, which were, like others, requested by theForeign Office, were interpreted to benefitUK-European relationspostBrexit.In June 2018, William toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine. William and Catherine toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years.The tour was a success, helping promote diplomatic relations with Pakistan while also reflecting the couple's personal interests in climate change and the significance of quality education.In November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for COVID-19 in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'.The Daily Telegraphreported he had been \"very ill\" and had isolated away from his family;other sources said that he had not been seriously ill, not bed-ridden and working for most of the time.In December that year, the couple embarked on a tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via theBritish royal train\"to pay tribute to the inspiring work\" of communities and charities in 2020.Boris Johnsonexpressed his support, while Scottish first ministerNicola Sturgeoncriticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; local governments were consulted before planning the tour. In William's capacity asLord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, he and Catherine toured the country in May 2021.The couple attended theG7 summitfor the first time in June 2021 in Cornwall.In March 2022, they embarked on a tour of Belize, the Bahamas and Jamaica as part of theQueen's Platinum Jubilee celebrations.Reparations for slaveryemerged as a major demand of public protesters during the couple's visit.During the unveiling of the National Windrush Monument in London, William described the tour as \"an opportunity to reflect\" and condemnedracism facedby both members of theWindrush generationand British minorities in 2022.In May 2022, he attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time as acounsellor of state, where his father delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of Elizabeth II. Prince of Wales Queen Elizabeth II diedon 8 September 2022, and William's father succeeded as Charles III. William, nowheir apparent, was created Prince of Wales by his father on 9 September.Controversy regarding the titlebecame a topic of public debate in Wales.By 17 September, a petition calling for the end of the title had received over 30,000 signatures,while aYouGovpoll showed 66 per cent support for William to be given the title compared to 22 percent of respondents opposed.On 30 October, Senedd LlywyddElin Jonesnoted that an investiture is not a constitutional requirement and suggested that contemporary Wales would deem it unnecessary.Kensington Palace also stated an investiture is \"not on the table\".As the eldest son of the British monarch, William has inherited the Duchy of Cornwall, which brings him additional income.The duchy is \"a £760 million (about US$1.25 billion) entity established in 1337\" to provide a private income to the monarch's eldest son. William and Catherine visitedAngleseyandSwanseaon 27 September 2022, which marked their first visit to Wales since becoming Prince and Princess of Wales.He visited theSeneddin November 2022, meeting the Welsh first ministerMark Drakeford.In February 2023, William and Catherine visitedFalmouth, marking their first visit to the region since becoming Duke and Duchess of Cornwall.In March 2023, he undertook a solo visit to Poland during which he visitedRzeszówto meet Polish and British troops and Ukrainian refugees, and had talks with Polish presidentAndrzej Dudaat thePresidential Palace.In October 2023, William and Catherine condemned theHamas-led attack on Israel.In February 2024, he visited the headquarters of theBritish Red Cross, where he met humanitarian aid workers supporting civilians during theIsrael–Gaza conflict, and called for an end to the fighting in a statement approved by theUK government.Later that month, William pulled out at the last moment fromthe thanksgiving serviceof his godfather,Constantine II of Greece, due to an undisclosed \"personal matter\".The same month, he visitedWestern Marble Arch Synagogueto acknowledge the increase in antisemitism and human suffering in the Middle East. Charity work William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, he and Harry volunteered at aBritish Red Crossaid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the2004 Boxing Day tsunami.Later, in December 2005, William spent two weeks in North Wales withMountain Rescue England and Wales(MREW).In May 2007, he became patron of MREW and president of theRoyal Marsden Hospital, the latter of which was a role previously held by his mother. In July 2007, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry.In October 2008, the brothers embarked on the 1,000 mile eight-day Enduro Africa motorbike ride across South Africa to raise money forSentebale,UNICEFand theNelson Mandela Children's Fund.In 2010 William became a patron of100 Women in Hedge Funds' philanthropic initiatives for the following three years until 2012.The same year, he succeededLord Attenboroughas the fifth president of theBritish Academy of Film and Television Arts.In March 2011, he and Catherine set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers to donate money to charities supporting the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation in lieu of gifts.The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry is now known asThe Royal Foundation of The Prince and Princess of Wales. Humanitarian causes In March 2020, William appeared in a video for theNational Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised £11 million in its first week, eventually totalling to £90 million, with the money going out to \"front line charities\" and to theUK Community Foundationsto be distributed among \"local community foundations\".In April 2020, he officially became patron of the organisation.Later that month, he made a surprise appearance onThe Big Night In, atelethonheld during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call withStephen Fry, who reprised his role as (a descendant of)Lord Melchett, from theBlackadderseries. In December 2020, William and Catherine became joint patrons ofNHS Charities Together.In February 2021, he visited a vaccination centre inKing's Lynnand later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncingfalse informationthat could causevaccine hesitancy.In May 2021, William got his first dose ofCOVID-19 vaccineby NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.In September 2021, it was reported that he had assisted in the evacuation of an Afghan officer, a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst graduate and aide to British troops, from Kabul airport, along with over 10 of his family members, during the2021 Taliban offensive.In March 2022 amid theRussian invasion of Ukraine, William and Catherine made a donation to help the refugees.In February 2023, they donated to theDisasters Emergency Committee(DEC) which was helping victims of the2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.In July 2023, William became patron of the appeal to launch The Fleming Centre, driving a new global movement to tackleantimicrobial resistance.In July 2024, he and Catherine made donations to help victims ofHurricane Beryl. Conservation William became patron of theTusk Trustin December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development across Africa.He carried out his first official duty with the Trust in launching a 5,000-mile (8,000 km) bike ride across the African continent in April 2008.Later, William helped with launching the Tusk Conservation Awards, which have been presented to selected environmental activists annually since 2013.In June 2010, he and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, undertaking projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children.In 2013 he succeeded his grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, as president ofFields in Trustand transitioned into the role of patron in 2024.He established the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce in December 2014, with the goal of reducing global illegal wildlife trade.In 2014Jane Goodallstated that William had expressed the view that all ivory in the royal collection needed tobe destroyed.William has occasionally commented on the effects ofoverpopulationon thewildlife of Africa, but his remarks have been criticised in the media for not takingresource consumptionand population density into consideration. After two years of research, William launched theEarthshot Prizein October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade.Following the launch, he gave aTED Talkon environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative.Later that month, William took over the patronages ofFauna and Flora Internationaland theBritish Trust for Ornithology, passed on from his grandparents.In the same month, he appeared in an ITV documentary titledPrince William: A Planet For Us Allto discuss environmental issues. In 2021 William made a private donation to the Thin Green Line Foundation, which provides grants for the relatives of conservation park rangers that are killed every year while protecting wildlife.In July 2022, he condemned the murder of South African park ranger Anton Mzimba and asked for the responsible parties to \"be brought to justice\".In August 2022, William voiced his support for the prison sentence given to a man in the United States responsible for trafficking rhinoceros horns and elephant ivory.He had previously called for harsher punishments and penalties for poachers and smugglers at the Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference in 2018. LGBT rights William has spoken out forLGBT rightsas part of his work againstcyberbullying, stating the importance of being \"proud of the person you are\" and discussing the effects of online abuse and discrimination.In 2016 he appeared in the July issue ofAttitudeand became the first member of the royal family to be featured on the cover of a gay magazine.He was recognised at theBritish LGBT Awardsin May 2017.William hosted a commemorativePride Monthdiscussion with mental health charity volunteers at theRoyal Vauxhall Tavernin June 2023. Mental health Since 2009, William has been patron of Child Bereavement UK, which provides support to children and families who have lost a loved one.In 2016 the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by William, Catherine and Harry to de-stigmatise mental health.Legacy programmes include Mental Health at Work, launched in September 2018 to change the approach to workplace mental health in the United Kingdom, as well as Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with theFootball Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults.Later that month, William and Catherine, together with William's brother Harry and sister-in-lawMeghan, launched Shout, the United Kingdom's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues.William later volunteered on the crisis helpline during theCOVID-19 lockdownsto provide support via text message.He attributes his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, his work with the homeless, veterans' welfare, and his wife's anti-addiction advocacy. In March 2020, William and Catherine began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England agency amidst the coronavirus pandemic.In April 2020, the couple announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.In September 2020, William established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders, in partnership withKing's College Londonand the Open University.In May 2021 and 2022, William and Catherine voiced the Mental Health Minute message, which was broadcast on every radio station in the United Kingdom on and asked people to help individuals around them that suffer from loneliness.In October 2022, to mark the World Mental Health Day, the couple took overNewsbeatand interviewed four guests on topics related to mental health.In September 2023, William unveiled two organizations that had partnered with the Duchy of Cornwall to raise better mental well-being and provide mental health services for all its tenants.In October 2023 and to mark World Mental Health Day, he and Catherine took part in a forum for young people in Birmingham, alongside BBC Radio 1 and charity called The Mix, calledExploring our Emotional Worldscontinuing their longstanding work to promote mental well-being.In May 2024, he announced a three-year funding package for the charity We Are Farming Minds to provide mental health support for farmers on the Duchy of Cornwall lands. Homelessness In September 2005, William became patron ofCentrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless.In December 2009, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, the prince spent the night in a sleeping bag nearBlackfriars Bridgeto raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth.He opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50th anniversary. William has been patron of homelessness charityThe Passagesince 2019 after first visiting the centre in 1993 with his mother.In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during theCOVID-19 pandemic.In December 2020, William volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences.In 2022 and 2023, he was spotted selling copies ofThe Big Issueon the streets, copies of which are usually sold by homeless and unemployed people to collect money. In June 2023, William launched Homewards after two years of development, which aims to \"finally end homelessness\" in the United Kingdom.The five-year initiative aims to tackle homelessness in six pilot locations across the United Kingdom with an initial seed funding allocated for each area by the Royal Foundation, working with existing private sector and grassroots charity partners.The project focuses on early intervention and providing housing to families before other issues, such as abuse and joblessness, are addressed.In February 2024, William, in partnership with Cornish charity St Petrocs, announced plans for building 24 homes on Duchy of Cornwall land inNansledanto provide temporary accommodation for people experiencing homelessness in the area.Future plans include building more than 400 social rented homes and a further 475 affordable dwellings inSouth East Faversham. Sport William often playspoloto raise money for charity.He is a fan of football, and supports the English clubAston Villa.He became president ofEngland's Football Association(FA) in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of theWelsh Rugby Union(WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron.The same year, the WRU's decision to name thePrince William Cupdrew criticism as some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it afterRay Gravell.William became patron of the WRU and the FA in 2016 and 2024, respectively. In December 2010, William, alongsideDavid Cameron, attended a meeting withFIFAvice-presidentChung Mong-joonat which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA, considering it a violation of anti-collusion rules.In 2011 William, as president of the English FA, voted againstAustralia's 2022 FIFA bidand instead voted for South Korea, despite beingAustralia's future heir. In 2020 he voted against the jointAustralia–New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bidand instead voted forColombia. In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed atMarcus Rashford, William released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the \"racist abuse... whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media\" as \"despicable\" and stating that \"we all have a responsibility\" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability.In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competitionThe Super League, adding that he \"share the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love.\"In July 2021, he condemned racist attacks against England football players following their loss at theUEFA Euro 2020finale. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association.In 2012, together with his wife Catherine and brother Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the2012 Olympicsand provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach.In May 2020, he appeared in aBBC OneDocumentary titledFootball, Prince William and Our Mental Healthas a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium. Both William and Harry are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns aDucati 1198 S Corse.In May 2014, William, like his father and grandfather, became president of theBritish Sub-Aqua Club(BSAC).He also took part in abandyevent inStockholmin January 2018. In November 2022, William was criticised by Welsh football followers and Welsh actorMichael Sheenfor holding the Prince of Wales title whilst having affiliations with theEngland national football team, particularly after he presented jerseys to the squad in advance of the2022 FIFA World Cupin which bothWalesand England were placed in the same Group B.William commented that he had supported the England football team from a very young age, but happily supportedWelsh rugby union, of which he is patron, over England.In August 2023, he was criticised in segments of the press and social media for not attending2023 FIFA Women's World Cup finalin Australia as president of the FA. Public image William has been one of the most popular members of the British royal family since his birth.Having lived a public life since birth, he was regarded as a \"heartthrob\" and eligible as a young adult, similar to his father.Ruth La Ferla ofThe New York Timescontrasted William's \"refined\" and \"polite\" appeal toLeonardo DiCaprio's \"bad-boy\" popularity.Following his marriage, William's public image assumed a more \"staid\" and fatherly demeanour, having \"settled into a stable domestic order.\" JournalistAnne McElvoyhas described William's public personality as a \"genial presence\" with a \"tougher side\", alongside his mother's \"inimitable style\".Much of his royal duties focus on \"big bet\" projects, rather than \"plaques and patronages\". In 2016 William gave an interview stating his goal was \"how do I make the royal family relevant in the next 20 years ... that's the challenge for me\". In April 2011,Timemagazine listed him asone of the most influential people in the worldalongside his then-newlywed wife Catherine.In August 2023,Gallup, Inc.named him as the most popular public figure in the US after conducting a survey that asked for people's views on 15 prominent individuals.He was found to be the most popular member of the royal family by statistics and polling companyYouGovin December 2022and September 2023,and as the second most popular in April 2024. Privacy and the media The death of William's mother while being chased by thepaparazziin August 1997has since influenced his attitude towards the media.He and Catherine have often requested that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.In 2005 William spoke with ITV reporterTom Bradbyand concluded that it was likely that their voicemails were being accessed.An investigation under thenDeputy Assistant CommissionerPeter Clarkeconcluded that the compromised voice mail accounts belonged to William's aides, includingJamie Lowther-Pinkerton,and not the prince himself.However,Clive Goodmanlater stated that he hadhackedWilliam's phone on 35 occasions.William later suedNews Group Newspapers, publisher ofNews of the WorldandThe Sun, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement in 2020.He and his brother Harry brought a claim privately through their mutual attorneys, but Harry later pursued his case separately with a new solicitor. In 2005, after his then-girlfriend Catherine Middleton was chased by the paparazzi on her way to a job interview, William consulted Middleton andher fatherand wrote a legal letter to newspapers requesting that they respect her privacy.As media attention increased around the time of Middleton's 25th birthday in January 2007, he issued a public statement mentioning that \"the situation is proving unbearable for all those concerned.\"In October 2007, William issued a public statement via his press secretary complaining about the \"aggressive pursuit\" by \"photographers on motorcycles, in vehicles and on foot\" while the couple were leaving a London nightclub and later driving in his car.Following the statement,Daily Mail,Daily Mirror, andDaily Expressall decided against using the paparazzi photos of the couple, butThe Sunpublished photos taken before the couple's car had left.The statement prompted the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) to issue a warning, asking editors not to publish photographs which were taken through harassment.In April 2009, William's lawyers obtained an apology fromThe Daily Starafter the tabloid had claimed he had \"wrecked\" a $2m plane during his pilot training. In September 2012, the French edition ofCloserand Italiangossip magazineChipublished photographs of Catherine sun-bathing topless while on holiday at theChâteau d'Autetin Provence.William and Catherine filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at theTribunal de Grande InstancedeNanterre.The following day the courts granted an injunction againstCloserprohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced that a criminal investigation would be initiated.In September 2017,Closerwas fined €100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000. In October 2014, William and Catherine sent a legal letter to a freelance photographer who had put their son George and his nanny \"under surveillance\", asking the individual to stop \"harassing and following\" them.In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the \"dangerous\" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. In November 2016, William issued a statement supporting Prince Harry and his then-girlfriend,Meghan Markle, following their complaints about the press intrusion, stating that he \"understands the situation concerning privacy and supports the need for Prince Harry to support those closest to him.\"During a visit to the BBC studios in central London in November 2018, he publicly criticised the social media firms' approach to handling \"misinformation and conspiracy\" and added, \"Their self-image is so grounded in their positive power for good that they seem unable to engage in constructive discussion about the social problems they are creating\". In June 2022, a three-minute video of William confronting Terry Harris, a paparazzi photographer, was posted on Harris' YouTube channel.It was recorded by Harris in January 2021 and shows William arguing with Harris as the latter attempts to film William's family on a bike ride near Anmer Hall.Kensington Palace described the video as a breach of the family's privacy and asked for it to be removed from public websites.The couple's lawyers also contacted the photographer, who claimed he was on public roads and had filmed the video after hearing about allegations that the couple had broken the \"rule of six\" as they toured a public attraction at Sandringham while William's uncle and aunt, thenEarlandCountess of Wessex, and their children happened to be in the same spot. Titles, styles, and honours Titles and styles William has been aBritish princesince birth, and was known as \"Prince William of Wales\" until April 2011. He was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of StrathearnandBaron Carrickfergusby his grandmother, Elizabeth II, on the day of his wedding. Theletters patentgranting these titles were issued on 26 May that year. As the eldest son of the monarch, William automatically becameDuke of Cornwall,Duke of Rothesay,Earl of Carrick,Baron of Renfrew,Lord of the Isles, andPrince and Great Steward of Scotlandon the accession of his father on 8 September 2022.From 8 to 9 September, William was styled as \"His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge\".On 9 September, Charles announced the creation of William asPrince of Wales, the traditional title for the male heir apparent to the British monarch. William has since been known as \"His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales\", except in Scotland, where he is called \"His Royal Highness the Duke of Rothesay\" instead.The letters patent formally granting him this title and that ofEarl of Chesterwere issued on 13 February 2023. Honours William is a RoyalKnight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter(KG),an ExtraKnight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle(KT),Great Master of theMost Honourable Order of the Bath(GCB),a member of thePrivy Council of the United Kingdom(PC),and aPersonal Aide-de-Camp(ADC) to the sovereign. Ancestry William's ancestry is royal and aristocratic.Patrilineally, he is a member of theHouse of Windsorand also descends from theHouse of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses. More specifically, he descends from thecadet branchknown as theHouse of Glücksburg. Through his mother, William descends from theEarls Spencer– a cadet branch of theSpencer familydescended from theEarls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now alsoDukes of Marlborough; theBarons Fermoy; and more anciently fromHenry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, andCharles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond– two illegitimate sons of KingCharles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since the death ofAnnein 1714 to undisputedly descend fromCharles Iand the first to descend from Charles II. William descendsmatrilineallyfrom Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his 18th-century ancestor Theodore Forbes – a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company inSurat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as \"a dark-skinned native woman\", \"anArmenianwoman from Bombay\", and \"Mrs. Forbesian\".GenealogistWilliam Addams Reitwiesnerassumed Kewark was Armenian.In June 2013, it was reported thatgenealogical DNA testson two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent. Bibliography Book contributions Authored letters and articles See also Footnotes References Further reading Books Articles External links",
"Malcolm Bradbury Sir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury,CBE(7 September 1932 – 27 November 2000) was an English author and academic. Life Bradbury was born inSheffield, the son of a railwayman.His family moved to London in 1935, but returned to Sheffield in 1941 with his brother and mother. The family later moved toNottinghamand in 1943 Bradbury attendedWest BridgfordGrammar School, where he remained until 1950. He read English atUniversity College, Leicester, gaining a first-class degree in 1953. He continued his studies atQueen Mary College, University of London, where he gained his MA in 1955. Between 1955 and 1958, Bradbury moved between teaching posts with theUniversity of ManchesterandIndiana Universityin the United States. He returned to England in 1958 for a major heart operation; such was his heart condition that he was not expected to live beyond middle age. In 1959, while in hospital, he completed his first novel,Eating People is Wrong. Bradbury married Elizabeth Salt and they had two sons. He took up his first teaching post as an adult-education tutor at theUniversity of Hull. With his study onEvelyn Waughin 1962 he began his career of writing and editing critical books. From 1961 to 1965 he taught at theUniversity of Birmingham. He completed his PhD inAmerican studiesat the University of Manchester in 1962, moving to theUniversity of East Anglia(his second novel,Stepping Westward, appeared in 1965), where he became Professor of American Studies in 1970 and launched theMA in Creative Writingcourse, attended by bothIan McEwanandKazuo Ishiguro. He publishedPossibilities: Essays on the State of the Novelin 1973,The History Manin 1975,Who Do You Think You Are?in 1976,Rates of Exchangein 1983 andCuts: A Very Short Novelin 1987. He retired from academic life in 1995. Bradbury became aCommander of the Order of the British Empirein 1991 for services to literature and was made aKnight Bachelorin theNew Year Honours 2000, again for services to literature. Bradbury died at Priscilla Bacon Lodge, Colman Hospital, Norwich, on 27 November 2000, attended by his wife and their two sons, Matthew and Dominic. He was buried on 4 December 2000 in the churchyard of St Mary's parish church,Tasburgh, near Norwich where the Bradburys owned a second home. Though he was not an orthodox religious believer, he respected the traditions and socio-cultural role of theChurch of Englandand enjoyed visiting churches in the spirit ofPhilip Larkin's poem, \"Church Going\". Works Bradbury was a productive academic writer as well as a successful teacher; an expert on themodern novel, he published books onEvelyn Waugh,Saul BellowandE. M. Forster, as well as editions of such modern classics asF. Scott Fitzgerald'sThe Great Gatsby, and a number of surveys and handbooks of modern fiction, both British and American. However, he is best known to a wider public as a novelist. Although often compared with his contemporaryDavid Lodge, a friend who has also writtencampus novels, Bradbury's books are consistently darker in mood and less playful both in style and language. In 1986, he wrote a short humorous book titledWhy Come to Slaka?, a parody of travel books, dealing withSlaka, the fictionalEastern Europeancountry that is the setting for his novelRates of Exchange, a 1983 novel that was shortlisted for theBooker Prize. Bradbury also wrote extensively for television, including scripting series such asAnything More Would Be Greedy,The Gravy Train(and its sequel,The Gravy Train Goes East, which explored life in Bradbury's fictional Slaka), and adapting novels such asTom Sharpe'sBlott on the LandscapeandPorterhouse Blue,Alison Lurie'sImaginary Friends,Kingsley Amis'sThe Green Man, and the penultimateInspector MorseepisodeThe Wench is Dead. His last television script was forDalziel and Pascoeseries 5, produced byAndy Rowley. The episode \"Foreign Bodies\" was screened onBBC Oneon 15 July 2000. His work was often humorous and ironic, mockingacademe,British culture, andcommunism, usually with apicaresquetone. Selected bibliography See also References External links",
"England – inEurope(green & dark grey)– in theUnited Kingdom(green) Englandis acountrythat is part of theUnited Kingdom.It is located on the island ofGreat Britain, of which it covers approximately 62%, andover 100 smaller adjacent islands. It has land borders withScotlandto the north andWalesto the west, and is otherwise surrounded by theNorth Seato the east, theEnglish Channelto the south, theCeltic Seato the south-west, and theIrish Seato the west.Continental Europelies to the south-east, andIrelandto the west. At the2021 census, the population was 56,490,048.Londonis boththe largest cityand thecapital. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during theUpper Paleolithic. It takes its name from theAngles, aGermanictribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world since theAge of Discovery, which began during the 15th century.TheKingdom of England, which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separatesovereign stateon 1 May 1707, when theActs of Unionbrought into effect a political union with theKingdom of Scotlandthat created theKingdom of Great Britain. England is the origin of theEnglish language, theEnglish legal system(which served as the basis for thecommon lawsystems of many other countries),association football, and theAnglicanbranch of Christianity; itsparliamentary system of governmenthas been widely adopted by other nations.TheIndustrial Revolutionbegan in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.England is home tothe two oldest universitiesin the English-speaking world: theUniversity of Oxford, founded in 1096, and theUniversity of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked among the most prestigious in the world. England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills andplains, especially in thecentreandsouth. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in thenorthand west, includingDartmoor, theLake District, thePennines, and theShropshire Hills. The country's capital isLondon, themetropolitan areaof which has a population of 14.2 million as of 2021, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom,largely concentrated around London, theSouth East, and conurbations in theMidlands, theNorth West, theNorth East, andYorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Toponymy The name \"England\" is derived from theOld EnglishnameEnglaland, which means \"land of theAngles\".The Angles were one of theGermanic tribesthat settled in Great Britain during theEarly Middle Ages. They came from theAngelnregion of what is now the German state ofSchleswig-Holstein.The earliest recorded use of the term, as \"Engla londe\", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English ofBede'sEcclesiastical History of the English People. The term was then used to mean \"the land inhabited by the English\", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom ofNorthumbria. TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclerecorded that theDomesday Bookof 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later theChroniclestated that KingMalcolm IIIwent \"out of Scotlande intoLothianin Englaland\", thus using it in the more ancient sense. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work byTacitus,Germania, in which theLatinwordAngliiis used.The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, anangularshape.How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as theSaxons, came to be used for the entire country is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in BritainAngli Saxonesor English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony in Germany.InScottish Gaelic, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);similarly, theWelshname for the English language is \"Saesneg\". A romantic name for England isLoegria, related to the Welsh word for England,Lloegr, and made popular by its use inArthurian legend.Albionis also applied to England in a more poetic capacity,though its original meaning is the island of Britain as a whole. History Prehistory The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that ofHomo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during theUpper Paleolithicperiod, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.After thelast ice ageonly large mammals such asmammoths,bisonandwoolly rhinocerosremained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, when theice sheetsbegan to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of theIberian Peninsula.The sea level was lower than the present day and Britain was connected byland bridgeto Ireland andEurasia.As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. TheBeaker culturearrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.It was during this time that majorNeolithicmonuments such asStonehenge(phase III) andAveburywere constructed. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people madebronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of ironsmeltingallowed the construction of betterploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, withCeltic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons. During theIron Age,Celtic culture, deriving from theHallstattandLa Tène cultures, arrived from Central Europe.Brythonicwas the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according toPtolemy'sGeographiathere were around 20 tribes in the area. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of theRoman Republicattempted toinvade twicein 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up aclient kingfrom theTrinovantes. Ancient history The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of EmperorClaudius, subsequentlyconquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire asBritannia province.The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were theCatuvellauniled byCaratacus. Later, an uprising led byBoudica, Queen of theIceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at theBattle of Watling Street.The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000.This era saw aGreco-Romanculture prevail with the introduction ofRoman law,Roman architecture,aqueducts,sewers, many agricultural items and silk.In the 3rd century, EmperorSeptimius Severusdied atEboracum(nowYork), whereConstantinewas subsequently proclaimed emperor a century later. There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. According toBede, missionaries were sent from Rome byEleutheriusat the request of the chieftainLucius of Britainin 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction throughJoseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.By 410, during thedecline of the Roman Empire, Britain was left exposed by theend of Roman rule in Britainand the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Local \"congregations\" were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated church. Middle Ages Roman militarywithdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Saxons,Angles,Jutesand Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province. These groups then began to settle in increasing numbers over the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, initially in the eastern part of the country.Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at theBattle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, overrunning the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area underBrittoniccontrol to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as aDark Age. Details of theAnglo-Saxon settlement of Britainare consequently subject to considerable disagreement; the emerging consensus is that it occurred on a large scale in the south and east but was less substantial to the north and west, where Celtic languages continued to be spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon control.Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, been replaced in the conquered territories byAnglo-Saxon paganism, but wasreintroduced by missionariesfrom Rome led byAugustinefrom 597.Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at theCouncil of Whitby(664), which was ostensibly abouttonsures(clerical haircuts) and the date of Easter, but more significantly, about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice. During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms includingNorthumbria,Mercia,Wessex,East Anglia,Essex,KentandSussex. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued.The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by theDanesculminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex underAlfred the Greatwas left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of theDanelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished underÆthelstanin 927 and definitively established after further conflicts byEadredin 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom bySweyn Forkbeardin 1013 and again by his sonCnutin 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-livedNorth Sea Empirethat also includedDenmarkandNorway. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession ofEdward the Confessorin 1042. A dispute over the succession to Edward led to an unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion in September 1066 close to York in the North, and the successfulNorman Conquestin October 1066, accomplished by an army led byDuke William of Normandyinvading at Hastings late September 1066.TheNormansthemselves originated fromScandinaviaand had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language. Subsequently, theHouse of PlantagenetfromAnjouinherited the English throne underHenry II, adding England to the buddingAngevin Empireof fiefs the family had inherited in France includingAquitaine.They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs beingRichard I,Edward I,Edward IIIandHenry V.The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing ofMagna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholicmonasticismflourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. ThePrincipality of Walesbecame a Plantagenet fief during the 13th centuryand theLordship of Irelandwas given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and theHouse of Valoisclaimed to be legitimate claimants to theHouse of Capetand of France; the two powers clashed in theHundred Years' War.TheBlack Deathepidemichit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England'sinhabitants. Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war known as theWar of the Roseswaged between the two branches of the royal family, theYorkistsandLancastrians.Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family theTudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed byHenry Tudorwho invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at theBattle of Bosworth Fieldwhere the Yorkist kingRichard IIIwas killed. Early modern period During theTudor period, England began to developnaval skills, and exploration intensified in theAge of Discovery.Henry VIIIbroke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to his divorce, under theActs of Supremacyin 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of theChurch of England. In contrast with much of EuropeanProtestantism, theroots of the splitwere more political than theological.He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters,Mary IandElizabeth I. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy ofAnglicanism. TheElizabethan erais the epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (\"the Virgin Queen\"). Historians often depict it as thegolden agein English history that represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of great art, drama, poetry, music and literature.England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government. Competing withSpain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorerWalter RaleighinVirginiaand namedRoanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.With theEast India Company, England also competed with theDutchandFrenchin the East. During the Elizabethan period, England was at war with Spain. Anarmadasailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet underLord Howard of Effingham. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in1596and1597, but both were driven back by storms. Union with Scotland The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when theKing of Scots,James VI, a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating apersonal union.He styled himselfKing of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.Under the auspices of James VI and I the AuthorisedKing James Versionof the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, theEnglish Civil Warwas fought between the supporters ofParliamentand those of KingCharles I, known colloquially asRoundheadsandCavaliersrespectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifacetedWars of the Three Kingdoms, involvingScotlandandIreland. The Parliamentarians were victorious,Charles I was executedand the kingdom replaced by theCommonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces,Oliver Cromwelldeclared himselfLord Protectorin 1653; a period ofpersonal rulefollowed.After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his sonRichardas Lord Protector,Charles IIwas invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called theRestoration. With the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature and performing arts flourished throughout the Restoration of the \"Merry Monarch\" Charles II.After theGlorious Revolutionof 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with theBill of Rightsin 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.Also since that time, no British monarch has entered theHouse of Commonswhen it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at theState Opening of Parliamentby the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.With the founding of theRoyal Societyin 1660, science was greatly encouraged. In 1666 theGreat Fire of Londongutted the city of London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward with many significant buildings designed by SirChristopher Wren.By the mid-to-late 17th century, two political factions had emerged – theToriesandWhigs. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic kingJames II, some of them, along with the Whigs, during theRevolution of 1688invited the DutchPrince William of Orangeto defeat James and become the king. Some English people, especially in the north, wereJacobitesand continued to support James and his sons. Under theStuart dynastyEngland expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. The Royal Navy developed Europe's largest merchant fleet.After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,the two countries joined inpolitical union, to create theKingdom of Great Britainin 1707.To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. Late modern and contemporary periods Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and otherEnglish initiativescombined with theScottish Enlightenmentto create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth inBritish overseas tradeprotected by theRoyal Navypaved the way for the establishment of theBritish Empire. Domestically it drove theIndustrial Revolution, a period of profound change in thesocioeconomicand cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.The opening of Northwest England'sBridgewater Canalin 1761 ushered in thecanal age in Britain.In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – theStockton and Darlington Railway– opened to the public. During theIndustrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance atBirminghamandManchester,with the latter the world's first industrial city.England maintained relative stability throughout theFrench Revolution, underGeorge IIIandWilliam Pitt the Younger. Theregency of George IVis noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture.During theNapoleonic Wars,Napoleonplanned toinvade from the south-east; however, this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea byHoratio Nelson, and on land byArthur Wellesley. The major victory at theBattle of Trafalgarconfirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept ofBritishnessand a united nationalBritish people, shared with the English, Scots and Welsh. London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during theVictorian era, and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious.Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and prosperity.Political agitation at home from radicals such as theChartistsand thesuffragettesenabled legislative reform anduniversal suffrage. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of theAllies.Two decades later, inWorld War II, the United Kingdom was again one of theAllies. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids duringthe Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapiddecolonisation, and there was a speeding-up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport andFrank Whittle's development of thejet engineled to widerair travel.Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of theNational Health Servicein 1948, providingpublicly funded health careto all permanent residents free at the point of need. Combined, these prompted the reform oflocal government in Englandin the mid-20th century. Since the 20th century, there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of theBritish Isles, but also from theCommonwealth, particularly theIndian subcontinent.Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on theservice industry.As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined acommon marketinitiative called theEuropean Economic Communitywhich became theEuropean Union. Since the late 20th century theadministration of the United Kingdomhas moved towardsdevolved governancein Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.England and Walescontinues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected byreferendum. Governance Politics England is part of the United Kingdom, aconstitutional monarchywith aparliamentary system.There has not been agovernment of Englandsince 1707, when theActs of Union 1707,putting into effect the terms of theTreaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form theKingdom of Great Britain.Before the union England was ruled byits monarchand theParliament of England. Today England is governed directly by theParliament of the United Kingdom, although othercountries of the United Kingdomhavedevolvedgovernments.There has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that variousregions of Englandwould be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by theNorth Eastin a2004 referendum, this has not been carried out.In 2024, an England-only intergovernmental body, known as theMayoral Council, was established to bring together ministers from theUK Government, theMayor of Londonand the leaders ofcombined authorities. In theHouse of Commonswhich is thelower houseof the British Parliament based at thePalace of Westminster, there are 543 members of parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.England is represented by 347 MPs from theLabour Party, 116 from theConservative Party, 65 from theLiberal Democrats, five forReform UKand four for theGreen Party of England and Wales. Law TheEnglish lawlegal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis ofcommon lawlegal systems used in mostCommonwealthcountriesand the United States (exceptLouisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of theCourts of England and Walescontinued, under theTreaty of Union, as a separate legal system fromthe one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge oflegal precedent–stare decisis– to the facts before them. The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of theCourt of Appeal, theHigh Court of Justicefor civil cases, and theCrown Courtfor criminal cases.TheSupreme Court of the United Kingdomis the highest court for criminal and civil cases inEngland and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over thejudicial functions of the House of Lords.A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions. TheSecretary of State for Justiceis the minister responsible to Parliament for thejudiciary, the court system and prisons and probation in England.Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it one of thehighest incarceration ratesin Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.His Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to theMinistry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing 81,309 prisoners in England and Wales as of September 2022. Subdivisions Thesubdivisions of Englandconsist of up to four levels ofsubnational division, controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes oflocal government. Outside the London region, England's highest tier is the 48ceremonial counties.These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference. Of these, 38 developed gradually since theMiddle Ages; these were reformed to 51 in 1974 and to their current number in 1996.Each has aLord LieutenantandHigh Sheriff; these posts are used to represent theBritish monarchlocally.Some counties, such asHerefordshire, are only divided further into civil parishes. The royal county of Berkshire and the metropolitan counties have different types of status to other ceremonial counties. The second tier is made up ofcombined authoritiesand the 27county-tiershire counties. In 1974, all ceremonial counties were two-tier; and with the metropolitan county tier phased out, the 1996 reform separated the ceremonial county and the administrative county tier. England is also divided into local government districts.The district can align to a ceremonial county, or be a district tier within ashire county, be aroyalormetropolitan borough, haveboroughorcity status, or be aunitary authority. At the community level, much of England is divided intocivil parisheswith their owncouncils; in Greater London only one such parish,Queen's Park, exists as of 2014after they wereabolished in 1965until legislationallowed their recreationin 2007. London From 1994 until the early 2010s England was divided for a few purposes into regions; a1998 referendumfor the London Region created theLondon Assemblytwo years later.A failed2004 North East England devolution referendumcancelled furtherregional assemblydevolutionwith the regional structure outside London abolished. Ceremonially and administratively, the region is divided between theCity of LondonandGreater London; these are further divided into the 32London Boroughsand the 25Wards of the City of London. Geography Landscape and rivers Geographically, England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as theIsle of Wightand theIsles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom:to the northby Scotland andto the westby Wales. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. It is separated fromFrance(Hauts-de-France) by a 21-mile (34 km)sea gap, though the two countries are connected by theChannel TunnelnearFolkestone.England also has shores on theIrish Sea,North Seaand Atlantic Ocean. The ports of London,Liverpool, andNewcastlelie on the tidal riversThames,MerseyandTynerespectively. At 220 miles (350 km), theSevernis the longest river flowing through England.It empties into theBristol Channeland is notable for itsSevern Bore(atidal bore), which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length.There are manylakes in England; the largest isWindermere, within the aptly namedLake District. Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include thePennines, a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and theCheviot Hills, straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), isScafell Pikein the Lake District.TheShropshire Hillsare near Wales whileDartmoorandExmoorare two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by theTees–Exe line. The Pennines, known as the \"backbone of England\", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of thePaleozoic Eraaround 300 million years ago.Their geological composition includes, among others,sandstoneandlimestone, and also coal. There arekarstlandscapes in calcite areas such as parts ofYorkshireandDerbyshire. The Pennine landscape is highmoorlandin upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain twonational parks, theYorkshire Dalesand thePeak District. In theWest Country, Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite. TheEnglish Lowlandsare in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including theCotswold Hills,Chiltern Hills,NorthandSouth Downs; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as thecliffs of Dover. This also includes relatively flat plains such as theSalisbury Plain,Somerset Levels,South Coast PlainandThe Fens. Climate England has atemperatemaritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on theEnglish coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to theAtlantic Ocean, its northernlatitudeand the warming of the sea by theGulf Stream.Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of theLake Districtreceive more rain than anywhere else in the country.Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on 19 July 2022 atConingsby,Lincolnshire,while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 inEdgmond, Shropshire. Nature and wildlife The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in theBritish Isleswith a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats.National nature reserves in Englandare designated byNatural Englandas key places forwildlifeand natural features in England. They were established to protect the most significant areas of habitat and of geological formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members ofThe Wildlife Trustspartnership, theNational Trust, and theRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds. There are 221 NNRs in England covering 110,000 hectares (1,100 square kilometres). Often they contain rare species or nationally important populations of plants and animals.. TheEnvironment Agencyis a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by theDepartment for Environment, Food and Rural Affairswith responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.TheSecretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairsis the minister responsible for environmental protection, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England. England has atemperate oceanic climatein most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas ofsubarcticand warmer areas inthe South West. Towards theNorth of Englandthe climate becomes colder and most of England's mountains and high hills are located here and have a major impact on the climate and thus the local fauna of the areas.Deciduouswoodlands are common across all of England and provide a great habitat for much of England's wildlife, but these give way in northern and upland areas of England toconiferousforests (mainly plantations) which also benefit certain forms of wildlife. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban environment, particularly thered fox, which is the most successfulurban mammalafter thebrown rat, and other animals such ascommon wood pigeon, both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas. Major conurbations TheGreater London Built-up Areais by far the largest urban area in Englandand one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered aglobal cityand has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be innorthern Englandor theEnglish Midlands.There are50 settlementswhich have designatedcity status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has 66. While many cities in England are quite large, such asBirmingham,Sheffield,Manchester,Liverpool,Leeds,Newcastle,Bradford,Nottingham, population size is not a prerequisite for city status.Traditionally the status was given to towns withdiocesan cathedrals, so there are smaller cities likeWells,Ely,Ripon,TruroandChichester. Economy England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with an averageGDP per capitaof £37,852 in 2022.HM Treasury, led by theChancellor of the Exchequer, is responsible for developing and executing the government'spublic financepolicy andeconomic policy.Usually regarded as amixed market economy, it has adopted manyfree marketprinciples, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure. The economy of England is the largest part of theUK's economy.England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularlyaerospace, thearms industry, and thesoftware industry. London, home to theLondon Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's mainstock exchangeand the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.London is the largest financial centre in Europe and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world. London has also been named as the fastest growing technology hub in Europe, with England having over 100 unique tech companies with a value of $1 billion or more.TheBank of England, founded in 1694 as private banker to the government of England and astate-owned institutionsince 1946, is the United Kingdom'scentral bank.The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes inEngland and Wales, although not in other parts of the UK. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank'sMonetary Policy Committeefor managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates. England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a moreservice industryoriented economy.Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated bypharmaceuticals, automotives,crude oiland petroleum from the English parts ofNorth Sea oilalong withWytch Farm,aircraft enginesand alcoholic beverages.Thecreative industriesaccounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the remainder to arable crops.The main crops that are grown arewheat,barley,oats,potatoes, andsugar beets. England retains a significant fishing industry. Its fleets bring home a variety of fish, ranging fromsoletoherring. England is also rich in natural resources includingcoal,petroleum,natural gas,tin,limestone,iron ore,salt,clay,chalk,gypsum,lead, and silica. Science and technology Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include SirIsaac Newton,Charles Darwin,Robert Hooke,Alan Turing,Stephen Hawking,Edward Jenner,Francis Crick,Joseph Lister,Joseph Priestley,Thomas Young,Christopher WrenandRichard Dawkins. England was a leading centre of theScientific Revolutionfrom the 17th century.As the birthplace of theIndustrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers includeIsambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of theGreat Western Railway, a series of famoussteamships, and numerous important bridges, revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.Thomas Newcomen'ssteam enginehelped spawn the Industrial Revolution. The Father of Railways,George Stephenson, built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, theLiverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage,Matthew Boulton(business partner ofJames Watt) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.The physicianEdward Jenner'ssmallpox vaccineis said to have \"saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history.\" Inventions and discoveries of the English include thejet engine; the first industrialspinning machine;the first computerand the firstmodern computer; theWorld Wide Webalong withHTML; the first successful humanblood transfusion; the motorisedvacuum cleaner;thelawn mower; theseat belt; thehovercraft; theelectric motor;steam engines; and theories such as the Darwinian theory ofevolutionandatomic theory. Newton developed the ideas ofuniversal gravitation,Newtonian mechanics, andcalculus, andRobert Hookehis eponymously namedlaw of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, thethermosiphon,tarmac, therubber band, themousetrap,\"cat's eye\"road marker, joint development of thelight bulb, steamlocomotives, the modernseed drilland many modern techniques and technologies used inprecision engineering. TheRoyal Society, formallyThe Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge,is alearned societyand theUnited Kingdom's nationalacademy of sciences. Founded on 28 November 1660,It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.TheRoyal Institution of Great Britainwas founded in 1799 by leading English scientists, includingHenry Cavendish.Some experts claim that the earliest concept of ametric systemwas invented byJohn Wilkinsin 1668. Scientific research and development remains important in theuniversities of England, with many establishingscience parksto facilitate production and co-operation with industry.Cambridgeis the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.In 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (after the United States and China).Scientific journals produced in England includeNature, theBritish Medical JournalandThe Lancet. TheDepartment for Science, Innovation and Technology,Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology, andMinister of State for Science, Research and Innovationhas responsibility for science in England. Transport TheDepartment for Transportis the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by theSecretary of State for Transport. England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are manymotorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as theA1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle(much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is theM6, fromRugbythrough theNorth Westup to theAnglo-Scottish border, a distance of 232 miles (373 km).Other major routes include: theM1from London to Leeds, theM25which encircles London, theM60which encircles Manchester, theM4from London to South Wales, theM62from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and theM5from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West. Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies includeArriva,FirstGroup,Go-Ahead Group,Mobico Group,RotalaandStagecoach Group.Bus rapid transitoriginated in England with theRuncornBusway opening in 1971.The reddouble-decker busesin London have become a symbol of England.National Cycle Routeoffers cycling routes nationally. Rail transport in Englandis the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.Much of Britain's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, theChannel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994. Great British Railwaysis a planned state-owned public body that will overseerail transport in Great Britainfrom 2024. TheOffice of Rail and Roadis responsible for the economic and safety regulation of England's railways.Crossrailwas Europe's largest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost, opened in 2022.High Speed 2, a new high-speed north–south railway line, is under construction. There is arapid transitnetwork in two English cities: theLondon Underground, and theTyne and Wear MetroinNewcastle upon Tyne,GatesheadandSunderland.There are several extensive tram networks, such as theManchester Metrolink,Sheffield Supertram,West Midlands Metro,Nottingham Express Transit, andTramlinkin South London.England also has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport isHeathrow, which is theworld's second busiest airport measured by number of international passengers. By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium.There are around 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by theCanal & River Trust,however, water transport is very limited. TheRiver Thamesis the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at thePort of Tilburyin theThames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports. Energy Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reducecarbon dioxideemissions. Notably, the UK isone of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.Wind power contributed 26.8% of UK electricity generation in 2022.England is home toHornsea 2, the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire. TheClimate Change Act 2008was passed in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally bindingclimate change mitigationtarget set by a country.UK government energy policyaims to play a key role in limitinggreenhouse gas emissions, while meeting energy demand. Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country'senergy mixthrough changes in costs. The current energy policy is the responsibility of theDepartment for Energy Security and Net ZeroandSecretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero.TheMinister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growthis responsible for green finance, climate science and innovation, and low carbon generation.In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked 2 out of 180 countries in theEnvironmental Performance Index.A law has been passed thatUK greenhouse gas emissionswill benet zeroby 2050. Healthcare TheNational Health Service(NHS), is the publicly fundedhealthcare systemresponsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of theNational Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of theBeveridge Report, prepared by the economist and social reformer,William Beveridge.The NHS is largely funded by general taxation andNational Insurancepayments;it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care. The government department responsible for the NHS is theDepartment of Health, under theSecretary of State for Health. Most of the department's expenses are on the NHS – £98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.Regulatory bodies such as theGeneral Medical Counciland theNursing and Midwifery Councilare organised on a UK-wide basis, as are non-governmental bodies such as theRoyal Colleges. The averagelife expectancyis 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the fourcountries of the United Kingdom.The south of England has a higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years. Demography Population With over 56 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.England taken as a unit and measured against international states would be the 26th largestcountry by populationin the world. TheEnglish peopleareBritish people.There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially theUnited States,Canada,Australia,South AfricaandNew Zealand.Since the late 1990s, many English peoplehave migratedto Spain.Due in particular to the economic prosperity ofSouth East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom.There has beensignificant Irish migration.The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 81.7%,includingWhite British,GermansandPoles,down from 94.1% in 1991.Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, about 7% of people living in England have familyorigins in the Indian subcontinent, mostlyIndia,PakistanandBangladesh.About 0.7% areChinese,0.6% areArabs.4.0% of the population areblack, from Africa and theCaribbean, especially former British colonies,and 2.9% identified as multiracial ormixed. In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were fromethnic minorityfamilies,and in 2011 that figure was 26.5%.About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. England contains one indigenous national minority, theCornish people, recognised by the UK government under theFramework Convention for the Protection of National Minoritiesin 2014. Language (thousands) English, today widely spoken around the world,originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal tongue. According to a 2011 census, it is spoken well or very well by 98% of the population English language learning and teachingis an importanteconomic activity. There is nolegislationmandating anofficial languagefor England,but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinctregional accents. Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived,and is now protected under theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.It is spoken by 0.1% of people inCornwall,and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools. State schoolsteach students asecond languageorthird languagefrom the ages of seven, most commonly French, Spanish or German.It was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke aforeign languageat home,the most common beingPunjabiandUrdu. However, following the 2011 census data released by theOffice for National Statistics, figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English.In 2022,British Sign Languagebecame an official language of England when theBritish Sign Language Act 2022came into effect. Religion In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that they had no religion, 5% specified that they wereMuslim, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2% did not give an answer.Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. Theestablished churchof England is theChurch of England,which left communion withRomein the 1530s whenHenry VIIIwas unable to annul his marriage toCatherine of Aragon. The church regards itself as both Catholic andProtestant. There areHigh ChurchandLow Churchtraditions and some Anglicans regard themselves asAnglo-Catholics, following theTractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is thesupreme governor of the Church of England, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). It forms part of theAnglican Communionwith theArchbishop of Canterburyacting as its symbolic worldwide head.Manycathedralsand parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such asWestminster Abbey,York Minster,Durham Cathedral, andSalisbury Cathedral. The second-largest Christian denomination is theCatholic Church. Since its reintroduction after theCatholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on anEngland and Walesbasis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).There has been one Pope from England to date,Adrian IV, while saintsBedeandAnselmare regarded asDoctors of the Church. A form ofProtestantismknown asMethodismis the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism throughJohn Wesley.It gained popularity in themill townsofLancashireandYorkshire, and among tin miners inCornwall.There are othernon-conformistminorities, such asBaptists,Quakers,Congregationalists,UnitariansandThe Salvation Army. The patron saint of England isSaint George; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England.There are many other English and associated saints, includingCuthbert,Edmund,Alban,Wilfrid,Aidan,Edward the Confessor,John Fisher,Thomas More,Petroc,Piran,Margaret ClitherowandThomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised.Jewshave a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.They were expelled from England in 1290 following theEdict of Expulsion, and were allowed back in 1656. Especially since the 1950s, religions from theformer British colonieshave grown in numbers, due to immigration.Islamis the most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England.Hinduism,SikhismandBuddhismare next in number, adding up to 2.8% combined,introduced from India andSoutheast Asia. A small minority of the population practise ancientPagan religions.Neopaganism in the United Kingdomis primarily represented byWiccaandNeopagan witchcraft,Druidry, andHeathenry. According to the2011 census, there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,including 11,026Wiccans.24.7% of people in England declaredno religion, compared with 14.6% in 2001.Norwichhad the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed byBrighton and Hoveat 42.4%. Education TheDepartment for Educationis the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.State-funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.Education is the responsibility of theSecretary of State for Education. Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or anEarly Years Foundation Stagereception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. State-funded schools are obliged by law to teach theNational Curriculum; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history, geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education. TheProgramme for International Student Assessmentcoordinated by theOECDcurrently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493. Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are selective intakegrammar schoolsto which entrance is subject to passing theeleven-plusexam. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attendprivate schools, which are funded by private sources.Standards in state schools are monitored by theOffice for Standards in Education, and in private schools by theIndependent Schools Inspectorate. After finishing compulsory education, students takeGCSEexaminations. Students may then opt to continue intofurther educationfor two years.Further education colleges(particularlysixth form colleges) often form part of a secondary school site.A-levelexaminations are sat by a large number of further education students, and often form the basis of an application to university. Further education covers a wide curriculum of study andapprenticeships, includingT-levels,BTEC,NVQand others.Tertiary collegesprovide both academic and vocational courses. Higher education Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for anacademic degree. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which arepublic institutions. TheDepartment for Business, Innovation and Skillsis the government department responsible for higher education in England.Students are generally entitled tostudent loansto covertuition feesand living costs.The first degree offered to undergraduates is thebachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or a doctorate, which takes three or more years. England's universitiesinclude some of the highest-ranked universities in the world. As of 2024, four England-based universities, theUniversity of Cambridge,University of Oxford,Imperial College London, andUniversity College London, are ranked among the top ten in the 2024QS World University Rankings. The University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, and the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, are the twooldest universities in the English-speaking world. TheLondon School of Economicshas been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.TheLondon Business Schoolis considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by theFinancial Times.Academic degreesin England are usually split into classes: first class, upper second class, lower second class, third, and unclassified.The King's School, CanterburyandKing's School, Rochesterare the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.Many of England's most well-known schools, such asWinchester College,Eton,St Paul's School,Harrow SchoolandRugby Schoolare fee-paying institutions. Culture Architecture Many ancientstanding stonemonuments were erected during the prehistoric period; among the best known areStonehenge,Devil's Arrows,Rudston MonolithandCastlerigg.With the introduction ofAncient Roman architecturethere was a development ofbasilicas,baths,amphitheaters,triumphal arches,villas,Roman temples,Roman roads,Roman forts,stockadesandaqueducts.It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example isHadrian's Wallstretching right across northern England.Another well-preserved example is theRoman BathsatBath, Somerset. Early medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber withthatchfor roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis ofHiberno–Saxonmonasticism,toEarly Christianbasilicaand architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 variouscastleswere created; the best known include theTower of London,Warwick Castle,Durham CastleandWindsor Castle. Throughout the Plantagenet era, anEnglish Gothic architectureflourished, with prime examples including themedieval cathedralssuch asCanterbury Cathedral,Westminster AbbeyandYork Minster.Expanding on theNorman basethere was alsocastles,palaces,great houses, universities andparish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-centuryTudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as theTudor arch, was a defining feature as werewattle and daubhouses domestically. In the aftermath of theRenaissancea form of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, theEnglish Baroquestyle of architectChristopher Wrenbeing particularly championed. Georgian architecturefollowed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; theRoyal Crescentat Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence ofromanticismduring Victorian period, aGothic Revivalwas launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such asThe Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s variousmodernistforms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places. Gardens Landscape gardening, as developed byCapability Brown, set an international trend for theEnglish landscape garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples,Gothicruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by theFrench landscape garden, and as far away asPavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, the gardens of the futureEmperor Paul. It also had a major influence on thepublic parksand gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.The English landscape garden was centred on theEnglish country houseand manor houses. English Heritageand theNational Trustpreserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country.TheRHS Chelsea Flower Showis held every year by theRoyal Horticultural Societyand is said to be the largest gardening show in the world. Folklore English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings includepixies,giants,elves,bogeymen,trolls,goblinsanddwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuringOffa of AngelandWayland the Smith,others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuringRobin Hoodand hisMerry MenofSherwood, and their battles with theSheriff of Nottingham, are among the best-known of these. During theHigh Middle Agestales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into theArthurian myth.These were derived fromAnglo-Norman, Welsh and French sources,featuringKing Arthur,Camelot,Excalibur,Merlinand theKnights of the Round Tablesuch asLancelot. These stories are most centrally brought together withinGeoffrey of Monmouth'sHistoria Regum Britanniae(History of the Kings of Britain). Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries.On 5 November people celebrateBonfire Nightto commemorate the foiling of theGunpowder Plotcentred onGuy Fawkes. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such asMorris dancing,Maypole dancing,Rapper swordin the North East,Long Sword dancein Yorkshire,Mummers Plays,bottle-kickingin Leicestershire, andcheese-rollingatCooper's Hill.There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as thePearly Kings and Queensassociated with cockneys, theRoyal Guard, theMorris costumeandBeefeaters. Cuisine Since theearly modern periodthe food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.During theMiddle Agesand the Renaissance, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during theIndustrial Revolutionwith increasing urbanisation. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some good ratings inRestaurant'sbest restaurant in the worldcharts. Traditional examples of English food include theSunday roast, featuring aroasted joint(usually beef,lamb, chicken or pork) served with assorted vegetables,Yorkshire puddingandgravy.Other prominent meals includefish and chipsand thefull English breakfast(generally consisting ofbacon,sausages, grilled tomatoes, fried bread,black pudding,baked beans,mushroomsand eggs).Variousmeat piesare consumed, such assteak and kidney pie,steak and ale pie,cottage pie,pork pie(usually eaten cold)and theCornish pasty. Sausages are commonly eaten, either asbangers and mashortoad in the hole.Lancashire hotpotis a well-known stew originating in the northwest. Some of the more popular cheeses areCheddar,Red Leicester,Wensleydale,Double GloucesterandBlue Stilton. ManyAnglo-Indianhybrid dishes,curries, have been created, such aschicken tikka masalaandbalti. Traditional English dessert dishes includeapple pieor other fruit pies;spotted dick– all generally served withcustard; and, more recently,sticky toffee pudding. Sweet pastries includesconesserved with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves,Eccles cakesandmince piesas well as sweet or spiced biscuits. Common non-alcoholic drinks include teaand coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine,cidersandEnglish beers, such asbitter,mild,stoutandbrown ale. Visual arts The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock andcave artpieces, most prominent inNorth Yorkshire, Northumberland andCumbria, but also feature further south, for example atCreswell Crags.With the arrival ofRoman culturein the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those atLullingstoneandAldborough.During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in theStaffordshire Hoarddiscovered in 2009. Some of these blendedGaelic and Anglianstyles, such as theLindisfarne GospelsandVespasian Psalter.LaterGothic artwas popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such asBenedictional of St. ÆthelwoldandLuttrell Psalter. The Tudor era sawprominent artistsas part of their court; portrait painting, which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by GermanHans Holbein, and natives such asNicholas Hilliardbuilt on this.Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period includeAnthony van Dyck,Peter Lely,Godfrey KnellerandWilliam Dobson.The 18th century saw the founding of theRoyal Academy; aclassicismbased on theHigh Renaissanceprevailed, withThomas GainsboroughandJoshua Reynoldsbecoming two of England's most treasured artists. In the 19th century,John ConstableandJ. M. W. Turnerwere major landscape artists. TheNorwich Schoolcontinued the landscape tradition, while thePre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, led by artists such asHolman Hunt,Dante Gabriel RossettiandJohn Everett Millais, revived theEarly Renaissancestyle with their vivid and detailed style.Prominent among 20th-century artists wasHenry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.TheRoyal Society of Artsis an organisation committed to the arts. Literature, poetry, and philosophy Early authors such asBedeandAlcuinwrote in Latin.The period ofOld English literatureprovided the epic poemBeowulfand the secular prose of theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle,along with Christian writings such asJudith,Cædmon'sHymnandhagiographies.Following the Norman conquestLatincontinued among the educated classes, as well as anAnglo-Norman literature. Middle English literatureemerged withGeoffrey Chaucer, author ofThe Canterbury Tales, along withGower, thePearl PoetandLangland.William of OckhamandRoger Bacon, who wereFranciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages.Julian of Norwich, who wroteRevelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With theEnglish Renaissanceliterature in theEarly Modern Englishstyle appeared.William Shakespeare, whose works includeHamlet,Romeo and Juliet,Macbeth, andA Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature. Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser,Philip Sydney,Thomas Kyd,John Donne, andBen Jonsonare other established authors of theElizabethan age.Francis BaconandThomas Hobbeswrote onempiricismandmaterialism, includingscientific methodandsocial contract.Filmerwrote on theDivine Right of Kings.Marvellwas the best-known poet of theCommonwealth,whileJohn MiltonauthoredParadise Lostduring theRestoration. This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. William Shakespeare. Some of the most prominent philosophers of theEnlightenmentwereJohn Locke,Thomas Paine,Samuel JohnsonandJeremy Bentham. More radical elements were later countered byEdmund Burkewho is regarded as the founder of conservatism.The poetAlexander Popewith his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role inromanticism:Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Lord Byron,John Keats,Mary Shelley,Percy Bysshe Shelley,William BlakeandWilliam Wordsworthwere major figures. In response to theIndustrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way betweenlibertyand tradition;William Cobbett,G. K. ChestertonandHilaire Bellocwere main exponents, while the founder ofguild socialism,Arthur Penty, andcooperative movementadvocateG. D. H. Coleare somewhat related.Empiricism continued throughJohn Stuart MillandBertrand Russell, whileBernard Williamswas involved inanalytics. Authors from around theVictorian eraincludeCharles Dickens, theBrontë sisters,Jane Austen,George Eliot,Rudyard Kipling,Thomas Hardy,H. G. WellsandLewis Carroll.Since then England has continued to produce novelists such asGeorge Orwell,D. H. Lawrence,Virginia Woolf,C. S. Lewis,Enid Blyton,Aldous Huxley,Agatha Christie,Terry Pratchett,J. R. R. Tolkien, andJ. K. Rowling. Performing arts The traditionalfolk music of Englandis centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostlysea shanties,jigs,hornpipesanddance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed byWynkyn de Wordein the 16th century, are an important artefact, as areJohn Playford'sThe Dancing MasterandRobert Harley'sRoxburghe Balladscollections.Some of the best-known songs areGreensleeves,Pastime with Good Company,Maggie MayandSpanish Ladiesamong others. Manynursery rhymesare of English origin such asMary, Mary, Quite Contrary,Roses Are Red,Jack and Jill,London Bridge Is Falling Down,The Grand Old Duke of York,Hey Diddle DiddleandHumpty Dumpty.Traditional English Christmas carols include \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\", \"The First Noel\", \"I Saw Three Ships\" and \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\". Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artistsThomas TallisandWilliam Byrd, followed byHenry Purcellfrom theBaroque periodandThomas Arnewho was well known for his patriotic songRule, Britannia!. German-bornGeorge Frideric Handelspent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios,The Messiah,Solomon,Water Music, andMusic for the Royal Fireworks. Classical music attracted much attention in the 18th century with the formation of theBirmingham Triennial Music Festival, which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in 1912. TheEnglish Musical Renaissancewas a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers, often those lecturing or trained at theRoyal College of Music, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led byEdward Elgar,Benjamin Britten,Frederick Delius,Gustav Holst,Ralph Vaughan Williamsand others.Present-day composers from England includeMichael Nyman, best known forThe Piano, andAndrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have achieved enormous success in theWest Endand worldwide. Inpopular music, many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such asthe Beatles,Led Zeppelin,Pink Floyd,Elton John,Queen,Rod Stewart,David Bowie,the Rolling StonesandDef Leppardare among the highest-selling recording artists in the world.Many musical genres have origins in (or strong associations with) England, such asBritish invasion,progressive rock,hard rock,Mod,glam rock,heavy metal,Britpop,indie rock,gothic rock,shoegazing,acid house,garage,trip hop,drum and bassanddubstep. Large outdoormusic festivalsin the summer and autumn are popular, such asGlastonbury,V Festival, and theReading and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, freeravemovement from the late 1980s, which inspired the pan-European culture ofteknivals.TheBoishakhi Melais aBengali New Yearfestival celebrated by theBritish Bangladeshicommunity. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After theNotting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the UK, attracting over 80,000 visitors. The most prominentopera housein England is theRoyal Opera HouseatCovent Garden.The Promsis a major annual cultural event in the English calendar.The Royal Balletis one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies. TheRoyal Academy of Musicis the oldestconservatoirein the UK, founded in 1822, receiving itsroyal charterin 1830.England is home to numerous major orchestras such as theBBC Symphony Orchestra, theRoyal Philharmonic Orchestra, thePhilharmonia Orchestra, and theLondon Symphony Orchestra.Other forms of entertainment that originated in England include thecircusand thepantomime. Cinema England has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, includingAlfred Hitchcock,Charlie Chaplin,David Lean,Laurence Olivier,Vivien Leigh,John Gielgud,Peter Sellers,Julie Andrews,Michael Caine,Gary Oldman,Helen Mirren,Kate WinsletandDaniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers.Hitchcock'sThe Lodger: A Story of the London Fog(1926) helped shape thethrillergenre in film, while his 1929Blackmailis often regarded as the first Britishsoundfeature film. Major film studios in England includePinewood,ElstreeandShepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of thehighest-grossing film franchises(Harry PotterandJames Bond).Ealing Studiosin London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world.Famous for recording many motion picturefilm scores, theLondon Symphony Orchestrafirst performed film music in 1935.TheHammer Horrorfilms starringChristopher Leesaw the production of the first gory horror films showing blood and guts in colour. TheBFI Top 100 British filmsincludesMonty Python's Life of Brian(1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.English producers are also active ininternational co-productionsand English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council rankedDavid Yates,Christopher Nolan,Mike Newell,Ridley ScottandPaul Greengrassthe five most commercially successful English directors since 2001.Other contemporary English directors includeSam Mendes,Guy RitchieandRichard Curtis. Current actors includeTom Hardy,Daniel Craig,Benedict Cumberbatch,Lena Headey,Felicity Jones,Emilia Clarke,Lashana Lynch, andEmma Watson. Acclaimed for his motion capture work,Andy SerkisopenedThe Imaginarium Studiosin London in 2011.The visual effects companyFramestorein London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people,storiesor events. The 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films includeAlice in Wonderland,The Jungle BookandWinnie the Pooh. Sites and institutions English Heritageis a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by theDepartment for Culture, Media and Sport. A non-governmental charity, theNational Trustholds a complementary role, focussed on landscapes andcountry houses. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCOWorld Heritage Sitesfall within England.Some of the best-known of these are:Hadrian's Wall,Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, theTower of London, theJurassic Coast,Saltaire,Ironbridge Gorge,Blenheim Palaceand theLake District. London'sBritish Museumholds more than seven million objects,one of the largest and most comprehensive collections in the world,illustrating and documenting global human culture from its beginnings to the present. TheBritish Libraryin London is thenational libraryand is one of the world's largestresearch libraries, holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats, including around 25 million books.TheNational GalleryinTrafalgar Squarehouses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.TheTategalleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host theTurner Prize. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility for cultural property and heritage.Ablue plaque, the oldesthistorical markerscheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event. In 2011 there were around 1,600 museums in England.Entry to most museums and galleries is free.Londonis one of the world's most visited cities, regularly taking the top five most visited cities inEurope. It is considered a global centre of finance, art and culture. Media TheBBC, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by thetelevision licence.TheBBC World Serviceis aninternational broadcasterowned and operated by theBBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages. London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, althoughManchesteris also a significant national media centre. The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.National newspapers produced in England includeThe Times,The Guardian,The Daily Telegraph, and theFinancial Times. Magazines and journals published in England that have achieved worldwide circulation includeNature,New Scientist,The Spectator,Prospect,NMEandThe Economist. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility over media and broadcasting in England. Sport England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th centurycodifiedmany sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England includeassociation football,cricket,rugby union,rugby league,tennis,boxing, badminton,squash,rounders,hockey,snooker,billiards,darts, table tennis,bowls,netball,thoroughbredhorseracing,greyhound racingandfox hunting. It has helped the development ofgolf, sailing andFormula One. England has been crowned world champion in several major sports including:Cricket,RugbyandAssociation Football. Football is themost popularof these sports. TheEngland national football team, whose home venue isWembley Stadium, playedScotlandin the first-ever international football match in 1872.Referred to as the \"home of football\" byFIFA, England hosted and won the1966 FIFA World Cup.With a British television audience peak of 32.30 million viewers, thefinalis themost watched television event everin the UK.England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football:Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world's oldest club.TheEngland women's national football teamwon theUEFA Euro 2022, hosted by England. Cricketis generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of theWeald.TheEngland cricket teamis a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries isThe Ashesseries between England andAustralia, contested since 1882.Lord's Cricket Groundsituated in London is sometimes referred to as the \"Mecca of Cricket\".After winning the2019 Cricket World Cup, England became the first country to win the World Cups in football, rugby union, and cricket. William Penny Brookeswas prominent in organising the format for the modernOlympic Games.London has hosted theSummer Olympic Gamesthree times, in1908,1948, and2012. England competes in theCommonwealth Games, held every four years.Sport Englandis the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. Rugby unionoriginated inRugby School, Warwickshire in the early 19th century.The top level of club participation is theEnglish Premiership.Rugby leaguewas born inHuddersfieldin 1895. Since 2008, theEngland national rugby league teamhas been a full test nation in lieu of theGreat Britain national rugby league team, which won threeWorld Cups. Club sides play inSuper League, the present-day embodiment of theRugby Football League Championship. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties ofLancashire, Yorkshire andCumbria. Golfhas been prominent in England, due in part to itscultural and geographical ties to Scotland.There are professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: thePGAand theEuropean Tour. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major isThe Open Championship, played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, theRyder Cup, is named after English businessmanSamuel Ryder. Tenniswas created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, andthe Wimbledon Championshipsis the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.Wimbledon has a major place in the English cultural calendar. Inboxing, under theMarquess of Queensberry Rules, England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies. Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, thethoroughbredis a horse breed best known for its use inhorse racing. TheNational Hunthorse race theGrand National, is held annually atAintree Racecoursein early April. It is the most watched horse race in the UK, and three-time winnerRed Rumis the most successful racehorse in the event's history. The1950 British Grand PrixatSilverstonewas the first race in the newly createdFormula One World Championship.England has seen the manufacture some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations.England also has a rich heritage inGrand Prix motorcycle racing, the premier championship of motorcycleroad racing, and has produced several world champions. Dartsis a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, it is a traditionalpub game.Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games issnooker, and England has produced several world champions. The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitivesailing; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including thematch race, a regatta, and theAmerica's Cup. National symbols The St George's Cross has been the nationalflag of Englandsince the 13th century. Originally, the flag was used by the maritimeRepublic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to theDoge of Genoafrom 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for manyCrusadersin the 12th and 13th centuries, and became associated withSaint George.Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of theUnion Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by KingJames I.During theEnglish Civil WarandInterregnum, theNew Model Army's standards and theCommonwealth'sGreat Sealboth incorporated the flag of Saint George. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including theTudor rose, the nation'sfloral emblem, and the Three Lions featured on theRoyal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of theWars of the Rosesas a symbol of peace.It is asyncreticsymbol in that it merged the white rose of theYorkistsand the red rose of theLancastrians. It is also known as theRose of England.Theoaktree is a symbol of England: theRoyal Oaksymbol andOak Apple Daycommemorate the escape of KingCharles IIafter his father's execution, when he hid in an oak to avoid detection by the parliamentarians before safely reaching exile. The Royal Arms of England, a nationalcoat of armsfeaturing three lions, originated withRichard the Lionheartin 1198. It isblazonedasgules, three lions passant guardant orand it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England. England does not have an official national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole hasGod Save the King. However,Jerusalem,Land of Hope and Glory(used for England during the2002 Commonwealth Games),andI Vow to Thee, My Countryare often considered unofficialEnglish national anthems. England'sNational Dayis 23 April which isSaint George's Day: Saint George is the patron saint of England. See also Notes References Bibliography External links 53°08′N1°23′W / 53.13°N 1.38°W /53.13; -1.38"
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"Clive Barker Clive Barker(born 5 October 1952) is an English writer, filmmaker and visual artist. He came to prominence in the mid-1980s with a series of short stories, theBooks of Blood, which established him as a leadinghorrorwriter. He has since written many novels and other works. His fiction has been adapted into films, notably theHellraiserseries, the first installment of which he also wrote and directed, and theCandymanseries. Barker's paintings and illustrations have been shown in galleries in the United States, and have appeared in his books. He has also created characters and series for comic books, and some of his more popular horror stories have been featured in ongoing comics series. Early life Barker was born on 5 October 1952 inLiverpool,the son of Joan Ruby (née Revill), a painter and school welfare officer, and Leonard Barker, a personnel director for an industrial relations firm.He was educated atDovedale Primary School,Quarry Bank High Schooland theUniversity of Liverpool, where he studied",
"where he studied English and philosophy. When he was three, Barker witnessed the French skydiverLéo Valentinplummet to his death in 1956 during a performance at an air show in Liverpool.He later alluded to Valentin in many of his stories. Theatrical work Barker's involvement in live theatre began while still in school with productions ofVoodooandInfernoin 1967. He collaborated on six plays withTheatre of the Imaginationin 1974 and two more that he was the sole writer of,A Clowns' SodomandDay of the Dog,forThe Mute Pantomime Theatrein 1976 and 1977. He co-founded the avant-garde theatrical troupeThe Dog Companyin 1978 with former school friends and up and coming actors, many of whom would go on to become key collaborators in Barker's film work.Doug Bradleytook on the iconic role of Pinhead in theHellraiserseries while Peter Atkins wrote the scripts for the first threeHellraisersequels.Over the next five years Barker wrote nine plays, often serving as director, including some of his best-known stage",
"best-known stage productions,The History of The Devil,Frankenstein in Love, andThe Secret Life of Cartoons. From 1982 to 1983, he wroteCrazyface,Subtle BodiesandColossusfor the Cockpit Youth Theatre. His theatrical work came to a close as he shifted focus to writing theBooks of Blood. Writing career Barker is an author of horror andfantasy. He began writing horror early in his career, mostly in the form of short stories (collected inBooks of Blood1–6) and theFaustiannovelThe Damnation Game(1985). Later he moved toward modern-day fantasy andurban fantasywith horror elements inWeaveworld(1987),The Great and Secret Show(1989), the world-spanningImajica(1991), andSacrament(1996). WhenBooks of Bloodwas first published in the United States in paperback,Stephen Kingwas quoted on the book covers: \"I have seen the future of horror and his name is Clive Barker.\"As influences on his writing, Barker listsHerman Melville,Edgar Allan Poe,Ray Bradbury,William S. Burroughs,William Blake, andJean Cocteau, among others. He is",
"among others. He is the writer of the best-sellingAbaratseries. In early 2024 he announced he would stop attending conventions and public events so he could focus more on his writing, as he was working on the manuscripts for 31 different projects, some closer to completion than others. Personal life During his early years as a writer, Barker occasionally worked as an escort when his writing did not provide sufficient income.With the success ofWeaveworld, he could permanently retire as a sex worker.In 2003, he received the Davidson/Valentini Award at the15th GLAAD Media Awards. He has been open about his experiences withsadomasochism, and says that \"on S&M's sliding scale, I'm probably a 6\". Barker is critical of organized religion, but has said that the Bible influences his work and spirituality.Years later, he said on Facebook that he did not identify himself as a Christian. Barker said in a December 2008 online interview (published in March 2009) that he had throat polyps which were so severe, a doctor",
"so severe, a doctor told him he was taking in only 10% of the air he was supposed to. He has had two surgeries to remove them and believes his voice has improved as a result. He said he did not have cancer, and has given up cigars. In 2012, Barker entered a coma for several days after contractingtoxic shock syndrome, triggered by a visit to a dentist where a spillage of poisonous bacteria entered his bloodstream, almost killing him.Realising he might have just a short time to live, he decided to put his personal concerns about the world and society into the upcoming novelDeep Hill, which he thought could be his final book. As of 2015, he is a member of the board of advisers for the Hollywood Horror Museum. Relationships While appearing on the radio call-in showLovelineon 20 August 1996, Barker said that in his teens he had several relationships with older women, but came to identify himself as homosexual by 18 or 19. His relationship with John Gregson lasted from 1975 until 1986. He later spent 13 years with",
"spent 13 years with photographer David Armstrong, described as his husband in the introduction toColdheart Canyon; they separated in 2009. Film work Barker wrote the screenplays forUnderworld(1985) andRawhead Rex(1986), both directed byGeorge Pavlou. Displeased by how his material was handled, he moved to directing withHellraiser(1987), based on his novellaThe Hellbound Heart. After his filmNightbreed(1990) flopped, Barker returned to write and directLord of Illusions(1995). The short story \"The Forbidden\", from Barker'sBooks of Blood, provided the basis for the 1992 filmCandymanand its three sequels. He had been working on a series of film adaptations of hisThe Abarat Quintetbooks underThe Walt Disney Company's management,but due to creative differences, the project was cancelled. He served as an executive producer for the 1998 filmGods and Monsters,a semi-fictional tale ofFrankensteindirectorJames Whale's later years, which won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.Barker said of his interest in the",
"his interest in the project: \"Whale was gay, I'm gay; Whale was English, I'm English…Whale made some horror movies, and I've made some horror movies. It seemed as if I should be helping to tell this story.\"Barker also provided the foreword on the published shooting script. In 2005, Barker and horror film producer Jorge Saralegui created the film production company Midnight Picture Show with the intent of producing two horror films per year. In October 2006, Barker announced through his website that he will be writing the script to a forthcoming remake of the originalHellraiserfilm.He was developing a film based on hisTortured Soulsline of toys fromMcFarlane Toys. In 2020, Barker regained control of theHellraiserfranchise, and served as executive producer on a2022 rebootfilm for the streaming serviceHulu. Television work In May 2015,Varietyreported that Clive Barker was developing a television series adaptation of variouscreepypastasin partnership withWarner Brothers, to be calledClive Barker's Creepypastas,",
"Creepypastas, a feature arc based onSlender ManandBen Drowned.Barker was involved in a streaming servicefilm adaptationofThe Books of Bloodin 2020,and is developing aNightbreedtelevision seriesdirected byMichael Doughertyand written byJosh StolbergforSyFy.In April 2020,HBOwas announced to be developing aHellraisertelevision series that would serve as \"an elevated continuation and expansion\" of its mythology withMark VerheidenandMichael Doughertywriting the series andDavid Gordon Greendirecting several episodes. Verheiden, Dougherty and Green will also be executive producing the series withDanny McBride,Jody Hill,Brandon JamesandRoy LeeofVertigo Entertainment. Visual art Barker is a prolific visual artist, often illustrating his own books. His paintings have been seen first on the covers of his official fan club magazine,Dread, published byFantacoin the early '90s; on the covers of the collections of his plays,Incarnations(1995) andForms of Heaven(1996); and on the second printing of the original British",
"original British publications of hisBooks of Bloodseries. Barker also provided the artwork for his young adult novelThe Thief of Alwaysand for theAbaratseries. His artwork has been exhibited at Bert Green Fine Art in Los Angeles and Chicago, at the Bess Cutler Gallery in New York and La Luz De Jesus in Los Angeles. Many of his sketches and paintings can be found in the collectionClive Barker, Illustrator, published in 1990 by Arcane/Eclipse Books, and inVisions of Heaven and Hell, published in 2005 by Rizzoli Books. He worked on the horror video gameClive Barker's Undying, providing the voice for the character Ambrose.Undyingwas developed byDreamWorks Interactiveand released in 2001. He worked onClive Barker's JerichoforCodemasters, which was released in late 2007. Barker createdHalloweencostume designs for Disguise Costumes. Around 150 art works by Barker were used in the set of the Academy of the Unseen Arts for the Netflix TV seriesChilling Adventures of Sabrina. Comic books Barker published",
"Barker published hisRazorlineimprint viaMarvel Comicsin 1993. Barker horror adaptations and spin-offs in comics include the Marvel/Epic ComicsseriesHellraiser,Nightbreed,Pinhead,The Harrowers,Book of the Damned, andJihad;Eclipse Books' series andgraphic novelsTapping The Vein,Dread,Son of Celluloid,Revelations,The Life of Death,Rawhead RexandThe Yattering and Jack, andDark Horse Comics'Primal, among others. Barker served as a consultant and wrote issues of theHellraiseranthology comic book. In 2005, IDW published a three-issue adaptation of Barker's children's fantasy novelThe Thief of Always, written and painted by Kris Oprisko and Gabriel Hernandez. IDW is publishing a 12 issue adaptation of Barker's novelThe Great and Secret Show. In December 2007, Chris Ryall and Clive Barker announced an upcoming collaboration of an original comic book series,Torakator, to be published by IDW. In 2008, Barker authored a foreword for the first volume of theDEMONICSEXcomic series by Chuck Conner and Sean Platter. In",
"Sean Platter. In October 2009, IDW publishedSeduth, co-written by Barker. The work was released with three variant covers. In 2011,Boom! Studiosbegan publishing an originalHellraisercomic book series. In 2013, Boom! Studios announcedNext Testament, the first original story by Barker to be published in comic book format. Works Novels Hellraiserseries Books of the Artseries The Books of Abarat Short stories Collections: Uncollected short stories: Plays Collections: All plays: Poems Uncollected poems: Non-fiction Toys Filmography Adaptations Video games See also References Bibliography External links",
"William, Prince of Wales William, Prince of Wales(William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982), is theheir apparentto theBritish throne. He is the elder son of KingCharles IIIandDiana, Princess of Wales. William was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II. He was educated atWetherby School,Ludgrove SchoolandEton College. He earned aMaster of Arts degreeingeographyat theUniversity of St Andrewswhere he met his future wife,Catherine Middleton. They have three children:George,CharlotteandLouis. After university, William trained at theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstprior to serving with theBlues and Royalsregiment. In 2008 he graduated from theRoyal Air Force College Cranwell, joining theRAF Search and Rescue Forcein early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulancefor two years, starting in July 2015. William performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the monarch. He holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations,",
"organisations, including theTusk Trust,Centrepoint,The Passage,Wales Air AmbulanceandLondon's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through theRoyal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, homelessness, and emergency workers. In 2020 William launched theEarthshot Prize, a £50 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade. William was madeDuke of Cambridgeimmediately beforehis weddingin April 2011. He becameDuke of CornwallandDuke of Rothesayupon his father's accession to the throne on 8 September 2022. The following day he was madePrince of Wales. Early life Prince William was born at 21:03BSTon 21 June 1982 inSt Mary's Hospital, London, as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (laterKing Charles III), and his first wife,Diana, Princess of Wales, during the reign of his paternal grandmother,Queen Elizabeth II.Buckingham Palace announced his name – William Arthur Philip Louis – on 28 June.William was christened in the Music",
"in the Music Room ofBuckingham Palaceby the thenArchbishop of Canterbury,Robert Runcie, on 4 August, coinciding with the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother,Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. William was the first child born to aPrinceandPrincess of WalessincePrince Johnwas born to Prince George and Princess Mary (laterKing George VandQueen Mary) in July 1905.When he was nine months old, William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, as his first trip overseas.It also marked the first time that a royal baby was taken on an overseas tour.His younger brother,Prince Harry, was born in September 1984. Both of them were raised atKensington Palacein London, andHighgrove Housein Gloucestershire. Known informally as \"Wills\" within his family,William was nicknamed \"Willy\" by his brother and \"Wombat\" by his mother.Diana wished her sons to obtain broader and more typical life experiences beyond royal upbringing, taking them toWalt Disney World,McDonald's, AIDS clinics and",
"AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless.BiographerRobert Laceyasserts that William, a \"rambunctious\" and \"bratty\" child, grew \"more reflective\" with a \"noticeably quiet character\" as he began boarding school.Diana was reported to have described William as \"my little wise old man\" on whom she started to rely as her confidant by his early teens. William carried out his first public engagement while accompanying his parents on a visit toLlandaffonSaint David's Dayin 1991.He and Harry travelled to Canada on an official visit with their parents in 1991 and again with Charles in 1998.William's parents divorced in 1996. Dianadied in a car accidentin the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, was staying atBalmoral Castleat the time. The following morning, Charles informed William and Harry of their mother's death.William was reportedly uncertain as to whether he should walk behind his mother's coffin during thefuneral procession. His",
"procession. His grandfatherPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, told him: \"If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?\".At the funeral, William and Harry walked alongside their father, grandfather, and maternal uncle,Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace toWestminster Abbey. After his mother's death, William stated that he was \"in a state of shock for many years\".He and Harry inherited the majority of the £12.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown to £10 million each by 2014.In 2014 the brothers inherited theirmother's wedding dressalong with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters and paintings. They also received the original lyrics and score of \"Candle in the Wind\" byBernie TaupinandElton Johnas performed by the latter at Diana's funeral.In 2002The Timesreported that William and Harry would also share £4.9 million from",
"£4.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother on their respective 21st birthdays, as well as £8 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. Education William was educated atprivate schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatoryWetherby School, both in London.Following this, he attendedLudgrove SchoolnearWokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers byRory Stewart.At Ludgrove, he participated infootball, swimming, basketball,clay pigeon shooting, andcross country running. He was subsequently admitted toEton College, studying geography, biology, and history of art atA-Level. He obtained an 'A' in geography, a 'C' in biology, and a 'B' in history of art.William was captain of the swimming team and his house football team at Eton, also taking upwater polo. The decision to place William at Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children toGordonstoun, which his father and grandfather both attended. Diana's brother andfatherwere",
"andfatherwere both Eton students.The royal family and the tabloid press agreed that William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life.John Wakeham, chairman of thePress Complaints Commission, stated \"Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man.\"While at Eton, he often had tea on weekends at the nearbyWindsor Castlewith his grandmother, discussingstate boxesand constitutional duties meant to \"prepare as future King.\" In June 1991, William was admitted to theRoyal Berkshire Hospitalafter being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on atGreat Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar.The incident received widespread media attention.In 1999 he underwent an operation on his left hand after",
"his left hand after he broke a finger.After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part inBritish Armytraining exercises in Belize,worked on English dairy farms, and visited Africa.As part of theRaleigh Internationalprogramme in the town ofTortelin southern Chile, William worked for ten weeks on local construction projects and taught English. He lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores.His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himselfSwahili. In 2001 William enrolled at theUniversity of St Andrewsin Scotland.Similar to his time at Eton, the media agreed not to invade his privacy, and students were warned not to leak stories to the press.William embarked on a degree course inArt Historybut later changed his main subject toGeography. He focused hisdissertationon the Indian Ocean'sRodriguescoral reefs and graduated with anundergraduate Master of Arts(MA Hons) degree withupper second class honoursin 2005.While at university, he",
"at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004.He was reportedly known as \"Steve\" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. Early appointments and duties At the age of 21, William was appointed aCounsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended theCommonwealth Heads of Government Meetingin the same year.In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo public engagements on an overseas tour of New Zealand, travelling to participate in World War II commemorations.According to authorTina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to becomeGovernor-General of Australia.In 2009 the Queen set up aprivate officefor William and Harry withDavid Manningas their adviser.Manning accompanied William on his first official tour in January 2010 as the latter touredAucklandandWellington; William opened the new building of theSupreme Court of New Zealandand was welcomed by",
"was welcomed by aMāorichief.The visit spurred crowds of \"many thousands\", with positive public reception compared to that of his mother's 1983 tour.In March 2011, William visitedChristchurch, New Zealand, shortly after theearthquake,and spoke at the memorial service atHagley Parkon behalf of his grandmother.He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding inQueenslandandVictoria. Before attending Sandhurst, William did a three-week internship at several institutions, including theBank of England, theLondon Stock ExchangeandLloyd's of London.To prepare for his eventual management of theDuchy of Cornwall, in 2014, he enteredSt John's College, Cambridgeto undertake an executive agriculture management degree run by theCambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership(CPSL), of which his father is patron.In April 2019, Kensington Palace announced that William had completed a three-week internship atMI5,MI6andGCHQ,during which he was tasked with monitoring extreme Islamist terror cells,",
"terror cells, identifying potential threats abroad, and observing code breaking technology. Military and air ambulance service Having decided on a military career, William was admitted to theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurstin January 2006; his admission was based on successfully completing a 44-week course as an Officer Cadet which led to his commission as a British Army officer.As \"Lieutenant Wales\" – a name based on his father's then title Prince of Wales – he followed his brotherinto theBlues and Royalsin December that year as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post atBovington Campin Dorset. Despite the Queen's approval for William to serve on the frontline, his position as second-in-line to the throne at the time cast doubts on his chances of seeing combat.Plans by theMinistry of Defenceto send William to Southern Iraq leaked and the government eventually decided against sending him as it would endanger both his life and the lives of",
"and the lives of people around him if he was targeted.William instead trained in theRoyal NavyandRoyal Air Force, obtaining his commission as asub-lieutenantin the former and aflying officerin the latter, both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant. After completing his training, he undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force atRAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with hisRAF wingsby his father,who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell.During thissecondment, William flew to Afghanistan in aC-17 Globemasterthat repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson.William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy.He then completed an accelerated Naval Officer training course at theBritannia Royal Naval College.Whilst serving onHMSIron Dukein July 2008, William participated in a £40m drug seizure in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados.He was part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter which helped seize 900 kg of cocaine from a speedboat. In January 2009, William",
"2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted toFlight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF'sSearch and Rescue Force.As part of his training across all branches of the military in 2009, he spent up to six weeks with theSpecial Air Service, theSpecial Boat Service, and theSpecial Reconnaissance Regiment.In January 2010, he graduated from theDefence Helicopter Flying SchoolatRAF Shawbury.In the same month, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit atRAF Valley,Anglesey, to receive training on theSea Kingsearch and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010.This made him the first member of the British royal family sinceHenry VIIto live in Wales. William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of a RAF Sea King was in response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard in October 2010.In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue",
"helped rescue two sailors.He was deployed to theFalkland Islandsfor a six-week tour withNo. 1564 Flightfrom February to March 2012.The Argentine government condemned William's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of theFalklands Waras a \"provocative act\".In June 2012, he gained a qualification to be captain orpilot in commandof a Sea King rather than a co-pilot.His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.He conducted 156 search and rescue operations, which resulted in 149 people being rescued.He later became patron to theBattle of Britain Memorial Flight. In July 2015, William began working full-time as a pilot with theEast Anglian Air Ambulance(EAAA) based atCambridge Airport, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous search-and-rescue role.He donated his full salary to the EAAA charity.William required a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to begin his role.He underwent part of his training",
"of his training atNorwich Airport.William described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly withcritical carecases.He also discussed the impact of witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement on his mental health and personal life.TheBBChas written that William was \"exposed to theNational Health Servicein a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be.\" William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties.After supporting an anniversary campaign forLondon's Air Ambulance Charityin 2019, he became the charity's official patron in March 2020.In May 2020, he granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during theCOVID-19 pandemic.To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his \"profound respect\" for the community, particularly during the \"immeasurably difficult\" outbreak.In February 2023, he became patron of theWales Air Ambulancecharity. Personal life Relationship with",
"Relationship with Catherine Middleton In 2001 William metCatherine Middleton, while they were students in residence atSt Salvator's Hall, at the University of St Andrews, and they became close friends.She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show at the university in 2002 when she appeared on the stage wearing a see-through lace dress.During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends.The couple began dating in 2003.From 2003 to 2005 they both resided at Balgove House on theStrathtyrumestate with two roommates.In 2004 the couple briefly split but reconciled soon afterwards. The relationship was followed closely by the tabloid press.Media attention became so intense that William asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton.In December 2006, Middleton and her family attended William'spassing out paradeat the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.In April 2007, William and Middleton were reported to have split.Middleton and her family attended",
"her family attended theConcert for Dianathree months later;the couple were subsequently reported to have \"rekindled their relationship\".She also attended theOrder of the Garterprocession at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where William was made aRoyal Knight of the Garter.In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on theBodorgan Estatein Anglesey, Wales, where they resided until 2014. Marriage and children The couple became engaged in October 2010, at a remote alpine cabin onMount Kenya, during a 10-day trip to theLewa Wildlife Conservancyto celebrate William's passing the RAF helicopter search and rescue course.Clarence Houseannounced their engagement on 16 November.William gave his fianceé his mother'sengagement ring.The wedding took place in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011.The global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million, whereas 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone.William and Catherine usedNottingham Cottageas their London home until 2013, when £4.5 million renovations",
"million renovations completed at Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace, which continues to be their official residence in the capital.The couple were given the country houseAnmer Hall, on theSandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen, where they lived from 2015 to 2017.Kensington Palace was the couple's main residence until 2022, when the family moved toAdelaide CottageinWindsor. Catherine's first pregnancy was announced in December 2012.She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth toPrince George.In September 2014, it was announced that Catherine was pregnant with her second child.She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital where she gave birth toPrincess Charlottethe same day.Catherine's third pregnancy was announced in September 2017;Prince Louiswas born on 23 April 2018.William and Catherine have owned twoEnglish Cocker Spaniels, namedLupoand Orla. Duke of Cambridge William was",
"William was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of Strathearn, andBaron Carrickferguson the day of his wedding in April 2011.He and Catherinetoured Canadathat summer.Nicholas Witchell, writing forBBC News, noted that the tour to Canada had been an \"unqualified success\" for the couple as they engaged in various activities from tree planting to street hockey, with their warm interactions and thoughtful gestures enhancing their popularity and reinforcing positive sentiments towards the monarchy in Canada.The couple served as ambassadors for the2012 Summer Olympicsin London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2013, William and Catherine visited Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of theQueen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations.William hosted his firstinvestitureceremony at Buckingham Palace in October that year.In April 2014, he and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia accompanied by their son George.In August that year, the couple and Prince",
"couple and Prince Harry represented the royal family atWorld War Icommemorations in Belgium.In December, the couple visited New York and Washington DC, where William made a speech at theWorld Bankcondemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In 2015 and 2016 William embarked on various visits of Asian countries, including Japan, China, Bhutan and India;he was the first royal to visit mainland China in almost three decades, with the press referring to William's diplomacy as \"deft\" and \"polished\".In response to media allegations of being \"work-shy\", he asserted his commitment to his duties, emphasizing his dedication to fatherhood and his role in air ambulance work.Countries visited by William and Catherine in 2017 included France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium.In January 2018 the couple visited Sweden and Norway.The visits, which were, like others, requested by theForeign Office, were interpreted to benefitUK-European relationspostBrexit.In June 2018, William toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine. William and",
"William and Catherine toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years.The tour was a success, helping promote diplomatic relations with Pakistan while also reflecting the couple's personal interests in climate change and the significance of quality education.In November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for COVID-19 in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'.The Daily Telegraphreported he had been \"very ill\" and had isolated away from his family;other sources said that he had not been seriously ill, not bed-ridden and working for most of the time.In December that year, the couple embarked on a tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via theBritish royal train\"to pay tribute to the inspiring work\" of communities and charities in 2020.Boris Johnsonexpressed his support, while Scottish first ministerNicola Sturgeoncriticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; local governments were consulted before planning",
"before planning the tour. In William's capacity asLord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, he and Catherine toured the country in May 2021.The couple attended theG7 summitfor the first time in June 2021 in Cornwall.In March 2022, they embarked on a tour of Belize, the Bahamas and Jamaica as part of theQueen's Platinum Jubilee celebrations.Reparations for slaveryemerged as a major demand of public protesters during the couple's visit.During the unveiling of the National Windrush Monument in London, William described the tour as \"an opportunity to reflect\" and condemnedracism facedby both members of theWindrush generationand British minorities in 2022.In May 2022, he attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time as acounsellor of state, where his father delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of Elizabeth II. Prince of Wales Queen Elizabeth II diedon 8 September 2022, and William's father succeeded as Charles III. William, nowheir apparent, was created Prince of",
"created Prince of Wales by his father on 9 September.Controversy regarding the titlebecame a topic of public debate in Wales.By 17 September, a petition calling for the end of the title had received over 30,000 signatures,while aYouGovpoll showed 66 per cent support for William to be given the title compared to 22 percent of respondents opposed.On 30 October, Senedd LlywyddElin Jonesnoted that an investiture is not a constitutional requirement and suggested that contemporary Wales would deem it unnecessary.Kensington Palace also stated an investiture is \"not on the table\".As the eldest son of the British monarch, William has inherited the Duchy of Cornwall, which brings him additional income.The duchy is \"a £760 million (about US$1.25 billion) entity established in 1337\" to provide a private income to the monarch's eldest son. William and Catherine visitedAngleseyandSwanseaon 27 September 2022, which marked their first visit to Wales since becoming Prince and Princess of Wales.He visited theSeneddin November",
"November 2022, meeting the Welsh first ministerMark Drakeford.In February 2023, William and Catherine visitedFalmouth, marking their first visit to the region since becoming Duke and Duchess of Cornwall.In March 2023, he undertook a solo visit to Poland during which he visitedRzeszówto meet Polish and British troops and Ukrainian refugees, and had talks with Polish presidentAndrzej Dudaat thePresidential Palace.In October 2023, William and Catherine condemned theHamas-led attack on Israel.In February 2024, he visited the headquarters of theBritish Red Cross, where he met humanitarian aid workers supporting civilians during theIsrael–Gaza conflict, and called for an end to the fighting in a statement approved by theUK government.Later that month, William pulled out at the last moment fromthe thanksgiving serviceof his godfather,Constantine II of Greece, due to an undisclosed \"personal matter\".The same month, he visitedWestern Marble Arch Synagogueto acknowledge the increase in antisemitism and human suffering",
"and human suffering in the Middle East. Charity work William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, he and Harry volunteered at aBritish Red Crossaid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the2004 Boxing Day tsunami.Later, in December 2005, William spent two weeks in North Wales withMountain Rescue England and Wales(MREW).In May 2007, he became patron of MREW and president of theRoyal Marsden Hospital, the latter of which was a role previously held by his mother. In July 2007, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry.In October 2008, the brothers embarked on the 1,000 mile eight-day Enduro Africa motorbike ride across South Africa to raise money forSentebale,UNICEFand theNelson Mandela Children's Fund.In 2010 William became a patron of100 Women in Hedge",
"Women in Hedge Funds' philanthropic initiatives for the following three years until 2012.The same year, he succeededLord Attenboroughas the fifth president of theBritish Academy of Film and Television Arts.In March 2011, he and Catherine set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers to donate money to charities supporting the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation in lieu of gifts.The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry is now known asThe Royal Foundation of The Prince and Princess of Wales. Humanitarian causes In March 2020, William appeared in a video for theNational Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised £11 million in its first week, eventually totalling to £90 million, with the money going out to \"front line charities\" and to theUK Community Foundationsto be distributed among \"local community foundations\".In April 2020, he officially became patron",
"became patron of the organisation.Later that month, he made a surprise appearance onThe Big Night In, atelethonheld during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call withStephen Fry, who reprised his role as (a descendant of)Lord Melchett, from theBlackadderseries. In December 2020, William and Catherine became joint patrons ofNHS Charities Together.In February 2021, he visited a vaccination centre inKing's Lynnand later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncingfalse informationthat could causevaccine hesitancy.In May 2021, William got his first dose ofCOVID-19 vaccineby NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.In September 2021, it was reported that he had assisted in the evacuation of an Afghan officer, a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst graduate and aide to British troops, from Kabul airport, along with over 10 of his family members, during the2021 Taliban offensive.In March 2022 amid theRussian invasion of Ukraine, William and Catherine made a donation to help the refugees.In February",
"February 2023, they donated to theDisasters Emergency Committee(DEC) which was helping victims of the2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.In July 2023, William became patron of the appeal to launch The Fleming Centre, driving a new global movement to tackleantimicrobial resistance.In July 2024, he and Catherine made donations to help victims ofHurricane Beryl. Conservation William became patron of theTusk Trustin December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development across Africa.He carried out his first official duty with the Trust in launching a 5,000-mile (8,000 km) bike ride across the African continent in April 2008.Later, William helped with launching the Tusk Conservation Awards, which have been presented to selected environmental activists annually since 2013.In June 2010, he and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, undertaking projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children.In 2013 he succeeded his grandfather, the Duke of",
"the Duke of Edinburgh, as president ofFields in Trustand transitioned into the role of patron in 2024.He established the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce in December 2014, with the goal of reducing global illegal wildlife trade.In 2014Jane Goodallstated that William had expressed the view that all ivory in the royal collection needed tobe destroyed.William has occasionally commented on the effects ofoverpopulationon thewildlife of Africa, but his remarks have been criticised in the media for not takingresource consumptionand population density into consideration. After two years of research, William launched theEarthshot Prizein October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade.Following the launch, he gave aTED Talkon environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative.Later that month, William took over the patronages ofFauna and Flora Internationaland theBritish Trust for Ornithology, passed on from",
"passed on from his grandparents.In the same month, he appeared in an ITV documentary titledPrince William: A Planet For Us Allto discuss environmental issues. In 2021 William made a private donation to the Thin Green Line Foundation, which provides grants for the relatives of conservation park rangers that are killed every year while protecting wildlife.In July 2022, he condemned the murder of South African park ranger Anton Mzimba and asked for the responsible parties to \"be brought to justice\".In August 2022, William voiced his support for the prison sentence given to a man in the United States responsible for trafficking rhinoceros horns and elephant ivory.He had previously called for harsher punishments and penalties for poachers and smugglers at the Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference in 2018. LGBT rights William has spoken out forLGBT rightsas part of his work againstcyberbullying, stating the importance of being \"proud of the person you are\" and discussing the effects of online abuse and",
"of online abuse and discrimination.In 2016 he appeared in the July issue ofAttitudeand became the first member of the royal family to be featured on the cover of a gay magazine.He was recognised at theBritish LGBT Awardsin May 2017.William hosted a commemorativePride Monthdiscussion with mental health charity volunteers at theRoyal Vauxhall Tavernin June 2023. Mental health Since 2009, William has been patron of Child Bereavement UK, which provides support to children and families who have lost a loved one.In 2016 the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by William, Catherine and Harry to de-stigmatise mental health.Legacy programmes include Mental Health at Work, launched in September 2018 to change the approach to workplace mental health in the United Kingdom, as well as Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with theFootball Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults.Later that",
"adults.Later that month, William and Catherine, together with William's brother Harry and sister-in-lawMeghan, launched Shout, the United Kingdom's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues.William later volunteered on the crisis helpline during theCOVID-19 lockdownsto provide support via text message.He attributes his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, his work with the homeless, veterans' welfare, and his wife's anti-addiction advocacy. In March 2020, William and Catherine began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England agency amidst the coronavirus pandemic.In April 2020, the couple announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.In September 2020, William established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders, in partnership withKing's College Londonand",
"College Londonand the Open University.In May 2021 and 2022, William and Catherine voiced the Mental Health Minute message, which was broadcast on every radio station in the United Kingdom on and asked people to help individuals around them that suffer from loneliness.In October 2022, to mark the World Mental Health Day, the couple took overNewsbeatand interviewed four guests on topics related to mental health.In September 2023, William unveiled two organizations that had partnered with the Duchy of Cornwall to raise better mental well-being and provide mental health services for all its tenants.In October 2023 and to mark World Mental Health Day, he and Catherine took part in a forum for young people in Birmingham, alongside BBC Radio 1 and charity called The Mix, calledExploring our Emotional Worldscontinuing their longstanding work to promote mental well-being.In May 2024, he announced a three-year funding package for the charity We Are Farming Minds to provide mental health support for farmers on the",
"for farmers on the Duchy of Cornwall lands. Homelessness In September 2005, William became patron ofCentrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless.In December 2009, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, the prince spent the night in a sleeping bag nearBlackfriars Bridgeto raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth.He opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50th anniversary. William has been patron of homelessness charityThe Passagesince 2019 after first visiting the centre in 1993 with his mother.In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during theCOVID-19 pandemic.In December 2020, William volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences.In 2022 and 2023, he was spotted selling copies ofThe Big Issueon the streets,",
"the streets, copies of which are usually sold by homeless and unemployed people to collect money. In June 2023, William launched Homewards after two years of development, which aims to \"finally end homelessness\" in the United Kingdom.The five-year initiative aims to tackle homelessness in six pilot locations across the United Kingdom with an initial seed funding allocated for each area by the Royal Foundation, working with existing private sector and grassroots charity partners.The project focuses on early intervention and providing housing to families before other issues, such as abuse and joblessness, are addressed.In February 2024, William, in partnership with Cornish charity St Petrocs, announced plans for building 24 homes on Duchy of Cornwall land inNansledanto provide temporary accommodation for people experiencing homelessness in the area.Future plans include building more than 400 social rented homes and a further 475 affordable dwellings inSouth East Faversham. Sport William often playspoloto raise",
"playspoloto raise money for charity.He is a fan of football, and supports the English clubAston Villa.He became president ofEngland's Football Association(FA) in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of theWelsh Rugby Union(WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron.The same year, the WRU's decision to name thePrince William Cupdrew criticism as some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it afterRay Gravell.William became patron of the WRU and the FA in 2016 and 2024, respectively. In December 2010, William, alongsideDavid Cameron, attended a meeting withFIFAvice-presidentChung Mong-joonat which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA, considering it a violation of anti-collusion rules.In 2011 William, as president of the English FA, voted againstAustralia's 2022 FIFA bidand instead voted for South Korea, despite beingAustralia's future heir. In 2020 he voted against the",
"voted against the jointAustralia–New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bidand instead voted forColombia. In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed atMarcus Rashford, William released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the \"racist abuse... whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media\" as \"despicable\" and stating that \"we all have a responsibility\" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability.In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competitionThe Super League, adding that he \"share the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love.\"In July 2021, he condemned racist attacks against England football players following their loss at theUEFA Euro 2020finale. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association.In 2012, together with his wife Catherine and brother Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the2012 Olympicsand provides",
"provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach.In May 2020, he appeared in aBBC OneDocumentary titledFootball, Prince William and Our Mental Healthas a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium. Both William and Harry are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns aDucati 1198 S Corse.In May 2014, William, like his father and grandfather, became president of theBritish Sub-Aqua Club(BSAC).He also took part in abandyevent inStockholmin January 2018. In November 2022, William was criticised by Welsh football followers and Welsh actorMichael Sheenfor holding the Prince of Wales title whilst having affiliations with theEngland national football team, particularly after he presented jerseys to the squad in advance of the2022 FIFA World Cupin which bothWalesand England were placed in the same Group B.William commented that he had supported the England football team from a very young age, but happily",
"age, but happily supportedWelsh rugby union, of which he is patron, over England.In August 2023, he was criticised in segments of the press and social media for not attending2023 FIFA Women's World Cup finalin Australia as president of the FA. Public image William has been one of the most popular members of the British royal family since his birth.Having lived a public life since birth, he was regarded as a \"heartthrob\" and eligible as a young adult, similar to his father.Ruth La Ferla ofThe New York Timescontrasted William's \"refined\" and \"polite\" appeal toLeonardo DiCaprio's \"bad-boy\" popularity.Following his marriage, William's public image assumed a more \"staid\" and fatherly demeanour, having \"settled into a stable domestic order.\" JournalistAnne McElvoyhas described William's public personality as a \"genial presence\" with a \"tougher side\", alongside his mother's \"inimitable style\".Much of his royal duties focus on \"big bet\" projects, rather than \"plaques and patronages\". In 2016 William gave an",
"William gave an interview stating his goal was \"how do I make the royal family relevant in the next 20 years ... that's the challenge for me\". In April 2011,Timemagazine listed him asone of the most influential people in the worldalongside his then-newlywed wife Catherine.In August 2023,Gallup, Inc.named him as the most popular public figure in the US after conducting a survey that asked for people's views on 15 prominent individuals.He was found to be the most popular member of the royal family by statistics and polling companyYouGovin December 2022and September 2023,and as the second most popular in April 2024. Privacy and the media The death of William's mother while being chased by thepaparazziin August 1997has since influenced his attitude towards the media.He and Catherine have often requested that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.In 2005 William spoke with ITV reporterTom Bradbyand concluded that it was likely that their voicemails were being accessed.An investigation under thenDeputy",
"under thenDeputy Assistant CommissionerPeter Clarkeconcluded that the compromised voice mail accounts belonged to William's aides, includingJamie Lowther-Pinkerton,and not the prince himself.However,Clive Goodmanlater stated that he hadhackedWilliam's phone on 35 occasions.William later suedNews Group Newspapers, publisher ofNews of the WorldandThe Sun, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement in 2020.He and his brother Harry brought a claim privately through their mutual attorneys, but Harry later pursued his case separately with a new solicitor. In 2005, after his then-girlfriend Catherine Middleton was chased by the paparazzi on her way to a job interview, William consulted Middleton andher fatherand wrote a legal letter to newspapers requesting that they respect her privacy.As media attention increased around the time of Middleton's 25th birthday in January 2007, he issued a public statement mentioning that \"the situation is proving unbearable for all those concerned.\"In October 2007, William issued",
"William issued a public statement via his press secretary complaining about the \"aggressive pursuit\" by \"photographers on motorcycles, in vehicles and on foot\" while the couple were leaving a London nightclub and later driving in his car.Following the statement,Daily Mail,Daily Mirror, andDaily Expressall decided against using the paparazzi photos of the couple, butThe Sunpublished photos taken before the couple's car had left.The statement prompted the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) to issue a warning, asking editors not to publish photographs which were taken through harassment.In April 2009, William's lawyers obtained an apology fromThe Daily Starafter the tabloid had claimed he had \"wrecked\" a $2m plane during his pilot training. In September 2012, the French edition ofCloserand Italiangossip magazineChipublished photographs of Catherine sun-bathing topless while on holiday at theChâteau d'Autetin Provence.William and Catherine filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and",
"department and launched a claim for civil damages at theTribunal de Grande InstancedeNanterre.The following day the courts granted an injunction againstCloserprohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced that a criminal investigation would be initiated.In September 2017,Closerwas fined €100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000. In October 2014, William and Catherine sent a legal letter to a freelance photographer who had put their son George and his nanny \"under surveillance\", asking the individual to stop \"harassing and following\" them.In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the \"dangerous\" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. In November 2016, William issued a statement supporting Prince Harry and his then-girlfriend,Meghan Markle, following their complaints about the press intrusion, stating that he \"understands the situation concerning",
"concerning privacy and supports the need for Prince Harry to support those closest to him.\"During a visit to the BBC studios in central London in November 2018, he publicly criticised the social media firms' approach to handling \"misinformation and conspiracy\" and added, \"Their self-image is so grounded in their positive power for good that they seem unable to engage in constructive discussion about the social problems they are creating\". In June 2022, a three-minute video of William confronting Terry Harris, a paparazzi photographer, was posted on Harris' YouTube channel.It was recorded by Harris in January 2021 and shows William arguing with Harris as the latter attempts to film William's family on a bike ride near Anmer Hall.Kensington Palace described the video as a breach of the family's privacy and asked for it to be removed from public websites.The couple's lawyers also contacted the photographer, who claimed he was on public roads and had filmed the video after hearing about allegations that the",
"that the couple had broken the \"rule of six\" as they toured a public attraction at Sandringham while William's uncle and aunt, thenEarlandCountess of Wessex, and their children happened to be in the same spot. Titles, styles, and honours Titles and styles William has been aBritish princesince birth, and was known as \"Prince William of Wales\" until April 2011. He was createdDuke of Cambridge,Earl of StrathearnandBaron Carrickfergusby his grandmother, Elizabeth II, on the day of his wedding. Theletters patentgranting these titles were issued on 26 May that year. As the eldest son of the monarch, William automatically becameDuke of Cornwall,Duke of Rothesay,Earl of Carrick,Baron of Renfrew,Lord of the Isles, andPrince and Great Steward of Scotlandon the accession of his father on 8 September 2022.From 8 to 9 September, William was styled as \"His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge\".On 9 September, Charles announced the creation of William asPrince of Wales, the traditional title for the male heir",
"for the male heir apparent to the British monarch. William has since been known as \"His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales\", except in Scotland, where he is called \"His Royal Highness the Duke of Rothesay\" instead.The letters patent formally granting him this title and that ofEarl of Chesterwere issued on 13 February 2023. Honours William is a RoyalKnight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter(KG),an ExtraKnight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle(KT),Great Master of theMost Honourable Order of the Bath(GCB),a member of thePrivy Council of the United Kingdom(PC),and aPersonal Aide-de-Camp(ADC) to the sovereign. Ancestry William's ancestry is royal and aristocratic.Patrilineally, he is a member of theHouse of Windsorand also descends from theHouse of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses. More specifically, he descends from thecadet branchknown as theHouse of Glücksburg. Through his mother, William descends from theEarls Spencer– a cadet branch of theSpencer",
"of theSpencer familydescended from theEarls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now alsoDukes of Marlborough; theBarons Fermoy; and more anciently fromHenry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, andCharles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond– two illegitimate sons of KingCharles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since the death ofAnnein 1714 to undisputedly descend fromCharles Iand the first to descend from Charles II. William descendsmatrilineallyfrom Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his 18th-century ancestor Theodore Forbes – a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company inSurat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as \"a dark-skinned native woman\", \"anArmenianwoman from Bombay\", and \"Mrs. Forbesian\".GenealogistWilliam Addams Reitwiesnerassumed Kewark was Armenian.In June 2013, it was reported thatgenealogical DNA testson two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent. Bibliography Book contributions Authored letters and articles",
"and articles See also Footnotes References Further reading Books Articles External links",
"Malcolm Bradbury Sir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury,CBE(7 September 1932 – 27 November 2000) was an English author and academic. Life Bradbury was born inSheffield, the son of a railwayman.His family moved to London in 1935, but returned to Sheffield in 1941 with his brother and mother. The family later moved toNottinghamand in 1943 Bradbury attendedWest BridgfordGrammar School, where he remained until 1950. He read English atUniversity College, Leicester, gaining a first-class degree in 1953. He continued his studies atQueen Mary College, University of London, where he gained his MA in 1955. Between 1955 and 1958, Bradbury moved between teaching posts with theUniversity of ManchesterandIndiana Universityin the United States. He returned to England in 1958 for a major heart operation; such was his heart condition that he was not expected to live beyond middle age. In 1959, while in hospital, he completed his first novel,Eating People is Wrong. Bradbury married Elizabeth Salt and they had two sons. He took up his",
"He took up his first teaching post as an adult-education tutor at theUniversity of Hull. With his study onEvelyn Waughin 1962 he began his career of writing and editing critical books. From 1961 to 1965 he taught at theUniversity of Birmingham. He completed his PhD inAmerican studiesat the University of Manchester in 1962, moving to theUniversity of East Anglia(his second novel,Stepping Westward, appeared in 1965), where he became Professor of American Studies in 1970 and launched theMA in Creative Writingcourse, attended by bothIan McEwanandKazuo Ishiguro. He publishedPossibilities: Essays on the State of the Novelin 1973,The History Manin 1975,Who Do You Think You Are?in 1976,Rates of Exchangein 1983 andCuts: A Very Short Novelin 1987. He retired from academic life in 1995. Bradbury became aCommander of the Order of the British Empirein 1991 for services to literature and was made aKnight Bachelorin theNew Year Honours 2000, again for services to literature. Bradbury died at Priscilla Bacon Lodge, Colman",
"Bacon Lodge, Colman Hospital, Norwich, on 27 November 2000, attended by his wife and their two sons, Matthew and Dominic. He was buried on 4 December 2000 in the churchyard of St Mary's parish church,Tasburgh, near Norwich where the Bradburys owned a second home. Though he was not an orthodox religious believer, he respected the traditions and socio-cultural role of theChurch of Englandand enjoyed visiting churches in the spirit ofPhilip Larkin's poem, \"Church Going\". Works Bradbury was a productive academic writer as well as a successful teacher; an expert on themodern novel, he published books onEvelyn Waugh,Saul BellowandE. M. Forster, as well as editions of such modern classics asF. Scott Fitzgerald'sThe Great Gatsby, and a number of surveys and handbooks of modern fiction, both British and American. However, he is best known to a wider public as a novelist. Although often compared with his contemporaryDavid Lodge, a friend who has also writtencampus novels, Bradbury's books are consistently darker in",
"darker in mood and less playful both in style and language. In 1986, he wrote a short humorous book titledWhy Come to Slaka?, a parody of travel books, dealing withSlaka, the fictionalEastern Europeancountry that is the setting for his novelRates of Exchange, a 1983 novel that was shortlisted for theBooker Prize. Bradbury also wrote extensively for television, including scripting series such asAnything More Would Be Greedy,The Gravy Train(and its sequel,The Gravy Train Goes East, which explored life in Bradbury's fictional Slaka), and adapting novels such asTom Sharpe'sBlott on the LandscapeandPorterhouse Blue,Alison Lurie'sImaginary Friends,Kingsley Amis'sThe Green Man, and the penultimateInspector MorseepisodeThe Wench is Dead. His last television script was forDalziel and Pascoeseries 5, produced byAndy Rowley. The episode \"Foreign Bodies\" was screened onBBC Oneon 15 July 2000. His work was often humorous and ironic, mockingacademe,British culture, andcommunism, usually with apicaresquetone. Selected",
"Selected bibliography See also References External links",
"England – inEurope(green & dark grey)– in theUnited Kingdom(green) Englandis acountrythat is part of theUnited Kingdom.It is located on the island ofGreat Britain, of which it covers approximately 62%, andover 100 smaller adjacent islands. It has land borders withScotlandto the north andWalesto the west, and is otherwise surrounded by theNorth Seato the east, theEnglish Channelto the south, theCeltic Seato the south-west, and theIrish Seato the west.Continental Europelies to the south-east, andIrelandto the west. At the2021 census, the population was 56,490,048.Londonis boththe largest cityand thecapital. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during theUpper Paleolithic. It takes its name from theAngles, aGermanictribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world since theAge of Discovery, which began during the 15th century.TheKingdom of England, which included",
"which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separatesovereign stateon 1 May 1707, when theActs of Unionbrought into effect a political union with theKingdom of Scotlandthat created theKingdom of Great Britain. England is the origin of theEnglish language, theEnglish legal system(which served as the basis for thecommon lawsystems of many other countries),association football, and theAnglicanbranch of Christianity; itsparliamentary system of governmenthas been widely adopted by other nations.TheIndustrial Revolutionbegan in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.England is home tothe two oldest universitiesin the English-speaking world: theUniversity of Oxford, founded in 1096, and theUniversity of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked among the most prestigious in the world. England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills andplains, especially in thecentreandsouth. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in thenorthand west,",
"thenorthand west, includingDartmoor, theLake District, thePennines, and theShropshire Hills. The country's capital isLondon, themetropolitan areaof which has a population of 14.2 million as of 2021, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom,largely concentrated around London, theSouth East, and conurbations in theMidlands, theNorth West, theNorth East, andYorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Toponymy The name \"England\" is derived from theOld EnglishnameEnglaland, which means \"land of theAngles\".The Angles were one of theGermanic tribesthat settled in Great Britain during theEarly Middle Ages. They came from theAngelnregion of what is now the German state ofSchleswig-Holstein.The earliest recorded use of the term, as \"Engla londe\", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English ofBede'sEcclesiastical History of the English People. The term was",
"The term was then used to mean \"the land inhabited by the English\", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom ofNorthumbria. TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclerecorded that theDomesday Bookof 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later theChroniclestated that KingMalcolm IIIwent \"out of Scotlande intoLothianin Englaland\", thus using it in the more ancient sense. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work byTacitus,Germania, in which theLatinwordAngliiis used.The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, anangularshape.How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as theSaxons, came to be used for the entire country is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in BritainAngli Saxonesor English",
"Saxonesor English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony in Germany.InScottish Gaelic, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);similarly, theWelshname for the English language is \"Saesneg\". A romantic name for England isLoegria, related to the Welsh word for England,Lloegr, and made popular by its use inArthurian legend.Albionis also applied to England in a more poetic capacity,though its original meaning is the island of Britain as a whole. History Prehistory The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that ofHomo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during theUpper Paleolithicperiod, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.After thelast ice ageonly large mammals such asmammoths,bisonandwoolly rhinocerosremained. Roughly",
"Roughly 11,000 years ago, when theice sheetsbegan to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of theIberian Peninsula.The sea level was lower than the present day and Britain was connected byland bridgeto Ireland andEurasia.As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. TheBeaker culturearrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.It was during this time that majorNeolithicmonuments such asStonehenge(phase III) andAveburywere constructed. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people madebronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of ironsmeltingallowed the construction of betterploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, withCeltic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons. During theIron Age,Celtic culture,",
"Age,Celtic culture, deriving from theHallstattandLa Tène cultures, arrived from Central Europe.Brythonicwas the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according toPtolemy'sGeographiathere were around 20 tribes in the area. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of theRoman Republicattempted toinvade twicein 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up aclient kingfrom theTrinovantes. Ancient history The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of EmperorClaudius, subsequentlyconquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire asBritannia province.The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were theCatuvellauniled byCaratacus. Later, an uprising led byBoudica, Queen of theIceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at theBattle of Watling Street.The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders",
"the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000.This era saw aGreco-Romanculture prevail with the introduction ofRoman law,Roman architecture,aqueducts,sewers, many agricultural items and silk.In the 3rd century, EmperorSeptimius Severusdied atEboracum(nowYork), whereConstantinewas subsequently proclaimed emperor a century later. There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. According toBede, missionaries were sent from Rome byEleutheriusat the request of the chieftainLucius of Britainin 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction throughJoseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.By 410, during thedecline of the Roman Empire, Britain was left exposed by theend of Roman rule in Britainand the withdrawal of Roman army units,",
"Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Local \"congregations\" were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated church. Middle Ages Roman militarywithdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Saxons,Angles,Jutesand Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province. These groups then began to settle in increasing numbers over the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, initially in the eastern part of the country.Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at theBattle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, overrunning the fertile lowlands of",
"fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area underBrittoniccontrol to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as aDark Age. Details of theAnglo-Saxon settlement of Britainare consequently subject to considerable disagreement; the emerging consensus is that it occurred on a large scale in the south and east but was less substantial to the north and west, where Celtic languages continued to be spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon control.Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, been replaced in the conquered territories byAnglo-Saxon paganism, but wasreintroduced by missionariesfrom Rome led byAugustinefrom 597.Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at theCouncil of Whitby(664), which was ostensibly abouttonsures(clerical haircuts) and the date of Easter, but more",
"of Easter, but more significantly, about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice. During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms includingNorthumbria,Mercia,Wessex,East Anglia,Essex,KentandSussex. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued.The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by theDanesculminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex underAlfred the Greatwas left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his",
"and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of theDanelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished underÆthelstanin 927 and definitively established after further conflicts byEadredin 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom bySweyn Forkbeardin 1013 and again by his sonCnutin 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-livedNorth Sea Empirethat also includedDenmarkandNorway. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession ofEdward the Confessorin 1042. A dispute over the succession to Edward led to an unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion in September 1066 close to York in the North, and the successfulNorman Conquestin October 1066, accomplished by an army led byDuke William of Normandyinvading at Hastings late September 1066.TheNormansthemselves originated fromScandinaviaand had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.This conquest",
"conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language. Subsequently, theHouse of PlantagenetfromAnjouinherited the English throne underHenry II, adding England to the buddingAngevin Empireof fiefs the family had inherited in France includingAquitaine.They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs beingRichard I,Edward I,Edward IIIandHenry V.The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing ofMagna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholicmonasticismflourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. ThePrincipality of Walesbecame a Plantagenet fief during the 13th centuryand theLordship of Irelandwas given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and",
"Plantagenets and theHouse of Valoisclaimed to be legitimate claimants to theHouse of Capetand of France; the two powers clashed in theHundred Years' War.TheBlack Deathepidemichit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England'sinhabitants. Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war known as theWar of the Roseswaged between the two branches of the royal family, theYorkistsandLancastrians.Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family theTudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed byHenry Tudorwho invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at theBattle of Bosworth Fieldwhere the Yorkist kingRichard IIIwas killed. Early modern period During theTudor period, England began to developnaval skills, and exploration intensified in theAge of Discovery.Henry VIIIbroke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to his divorce, under theActs of Supremacyin 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of theChurch of England. In contrast",
"In contrast with much of EuropeanProtestantism, theroots of the splitwere more political than theological.He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters,Mary IandElizabeth I. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy ofAnglicanism. TheElizabethan erais the epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (\"the Virgin Queen\"). Historians often depict it as thegolden agein English history that represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of great art, drama, poetry, music and literature.England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government. Competing withSpain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorerWalter RaleighinVirginiaand namedRoanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony",
"as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.With theEast India Company, England also competed with theDutchandFrenchin the East. During the Elizabethan period, England was at war with Spain. Anarmadasailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet underLord Howard of Effingham. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in1596and1597, but both were driven back by storms. Union with Scotland The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when theKing of Scots,James VI, a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating apersonal union.He styled himselfKing of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.Under the auspices of James VI and I the AuthorisedKing James",
"James Versionof the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, theEnglish Civil Warwas fought between the supporters ofParliamentand those of KingCharles I, known colloquially asRoundheadsandCavaliersrespectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifacetedWars of the Three Kingdoms, involvingScotlandandIreland. The Parliamentarians were victorious,Charles I was executedand the kingdom replaced by theCommonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces,Oliver Cromwelldeclared himselfLord Protectorin 1653; a period ofpersonal rulefollowed.After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his sonRichardas Lord Protector,Charles IIwas invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called theRestoration. With the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature and performing arts flourished throughout the",
"throughout the Restoration of the \"Merry Monarch\" Charles II.After theGlorious Revolutionof 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with theBill of Rightsin 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.Also since that time, no British monarch has entered theHouse of Commonswhen it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at theState Opening of Parliamentby the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.With the founding of theRoyal Societyin 1660, science was greatly encouraged. In 1666 theGreat Fire of Londongutted the city of London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward with",
"afterward with many significant buildings designed by SirChristopher Wren.By the mid-to-late 17th century, two political factions had emerged – theToriesandWhigs. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic kingJames II, some of them, along with the Whigs, during theRevolution of 1688invited the DutchPrince William of Orangeto defeat James and become the king. Some English people, especially in the north, wereJacobitesand continued to support James and his sons. Under theStuart dynastyEngland expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. The Royal Navy developed Europe's largest merchant fleet.After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,the two countries joined inpolitical union, to create theKingdom of Great Britainin 1707.To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. Late modern and contemporary periods Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and otherEnglish initiativescombined with theScottish",
"with theScottish Enlightenmentto create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth inBritish overseas tradeprotected by theRoyal Navypaved the way for the establishment of theBritish Empire. Domestically it drove theIndustrial Revolution, a period of profound change in thesocioeconomicand cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.The opening of Northwest England'sBridgewater Canalin 1761 ushered in thecanal age in Britain.In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – theStockton and Darlington Railway– opened to the public. During theIndustrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance atBirminghamandManchester,with the latter the world's first industrial city.England maintained relative",
"maintained relative stability throughout theFrench Revolution, underGeorge IIIandWilliam Pitt the Younger. Theregency of George IVis noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture.During theNapoleonic Wars,Napoleonplanned toinvade from the south-east; however, this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea byHoratio Nelson, and on land byArthur Wellesley. The major victory at theBattle of Trafalgarconfirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept ofBritishnessand a united nationalBritish people, shared with the English, Scots and Welsh. London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during theVictorian era, and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious.Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and",
"Kingdom's power and prosperity.Political agitation at home from radicals such as theChartistsand thesuffragettesenabled legislative reform anduniversal suffrage. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of theAllies.Two decades later, inWorld War II, the United Kingdom was again one of theAllies. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids duringthe Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapiddecolonisation, and there was a speeding-up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport andFrank Whittle's development of thejet engineled to widerair travel.Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of theNational Health Servicein 1948, providingpublicly funded health careto all permanent residents free at the point of need. Combined, these prompted the reform oflocal government in Englandin the",
"in Englandin the mid-20th century. Since the 20th century, there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of theBritish Isles, but also from theCommonwealth, particularly theIndian subcontinent.Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on theservice industry.As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined acommon marketinitiative called theEuropean Economic Communitywhich became theEuropean Union. Since the late 20th century theadministration of the United Kingdomhas moved towardsdevolved governancein Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.England and Walescontinues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected byreferendum. Governance Politics England is part of the United Kingdom, aconstitutional",
"aconstitutional monarchywith aparliamentary system.There has not been agovernment of Englandsince 1707, when theActs of Union 1707,putting into effect the terms of theTreaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form theKingdom of Great Britain.Before the union England was ruled byits monarchand theParliament of England. Today England is governed directly by theParliament of the United Kingdom, although othercountries of the United Kingdomhavedevolvedgovernments.There has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that variousregions of Englandwould be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by theNorth Eastin a2004 referendum, this has not been carried out.In 2024, an England-only intergovernmental body, known as theMayoral Council, was established to bring together ministers from theUK Government, theMayor of Londonand the leaders ofcombined authorities. In theHouse of Commonswhich is thelower houseof the British Parliament based at thePalace of",
"at thePalace of Westminster, there are 543 members of parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.England is represented by 347 MPs from theLabour Party, 116 from theConservative Party, 65 from theLiberal Democrats, five forReform UKand four for theGreen Party of England and Wales. Law TheEnglish lawlegal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis ofcommon lawlegal systems used in mostCommonwealthcountriesand the United States (exceptLouisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of theCourts of England and Walescontinued, under theTreaty of Union, as a separate legal system fromthe one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge oflegal precedent–stare decisis– to the facts before them. The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of theCourt of Appeal, theHigh Court of Justicefor civil cases, and theCrown Courtfor",
"theCrown Courtfor criminal cases.TheSupreme Court of the United Kingdomis the highest court for criminal and civil cases inEngland and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over thejudicial functions of the House of Lords.A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions. TheSecretary of State for Justiceis the minister responsible to Parliament for thejudiciary, the court system and prisons and probation in England.Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it one of thehighest incarceration ratesin Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.His Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to theMinistry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing 81,309 prisoners in England and Wales as of September 2022. Subdivisions Thesubdivisions of Englandconsist of up to four levels ofsubnational division, controlled through a variety of types of",
"variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes oflocal government. Outside the London region, England's highest tier is the 48ceremonial counties.These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference. Of these, 38 developed gradually since theMiddle Ages; these were reformed to 51 in 1974 and to their current number in 1996.Each has aLord LieutenantandHigh Sheriff; these posts are used to represent theBritish monarchlocally.Some counties, such asHerefordshire, are only divided further into civil parishes. The royal county of Berkshire and the metropolitan counties have different types of status to other ceremonial counties. The second tier is made up ofcombined authoritiesand the 27county-tiershire counties. In 1974, all ceremonial counties were two-tier; and with the metropolitan county tier phased out, the 1996 reform separated the ceremonial county and the administrative county tier. England is also divided into local government districts.The district can align to a",
"can align to a ceremonial county, or be a district tier within ashire county, be aroyalormetropolitan borough, haveboroughorcity status, or be aunitary authority. At the community level, much of England is divided intocivil parisheswith their owncouncils; in Greater London only one such parish,Queen's Park, exists as of 2014after they wereabolished in 1965until legislationallowed their recreationin 2007. London From 1994 until the early 2010s England was divided for a few purposes into regions; a1998 referendumfor the London Region created theLondon Assemblytwo years later.A failed2004 North East England devolution referendumcancelled furtherregional assemblydevolutionwith the regional structure outside London abolished. Ceremonially and administratively, the region is divided between theCity of LondonandGreater London; these are further divided into the 32London Boroughsand the 25Wards of the City of London. Geography Landscape and rivers Geographically, England includes the central and southern two-thirds",
"southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as theIsle of Wightand theIsles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom:to the northby Scotland andto the westby Wales. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. It is separated fromFrance(Hauts-de-France) by a 21-mile (34 km)sea gap, though the two countries are connected by theChannel TunnelnearFolkestone.England also has shores on theIrish Sea,North Seaand Atlantic Ocean. The ports of London,Liverpool, andNewcastlelie on the tidal riversThames,MerseyandTynerespectively. At 220 miles (350 km), theSevernis the longest river flowing through England.It empties into theBristol Channeland is notable for itsSevern Bore(atidal bore), which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length.There are manylakes in England; the largest isWindermere, within the aptly namedLake",
"the aptly namedLake District. Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include thePennines, a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and theCheviot Hills, straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), isScafell Pikein the Lake District.TheShropshire Hillsare near Wales whileDartmoorandExmoorare two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by theTees–Exe line. The Pennines, known as the \"backbone of England\", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of thePaleozoic Eraaround 300 million years ago.Their geological composition includes, among others,sandstoneandlimestone, and also coal. There arekarstlandscapes in calcite areas such as parts ofYorkshireandDerbyshire. The Pennine",
"The Pennine landscape is highmoorlandin upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain twonational parks, theYorkshire Dalesand thePeak District. In theWest Country, Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite. TheEnglish Lowlandsare in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including theCotswold Hills,Chiltern Hills,NorthandSouth Downs; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as thecliffs of Dover. This also includes relatively flat plains such as theSalisbury Plain,Somerset Levels,South Coast PlainandThe Fens. Climate England has atemperatemaritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on theEnglish coast, while July is normally the warmest",
"the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to theAtlantic Ocean, its northernlatitudeand the warming of the sea by theGulf Stream.Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of theLake Districtreceive more rain than anywhere else in the country.Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on 19 July 2022 atConingsby,Lincolnshire,while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 inEdgmond, Shropshire. Nature and wildlife The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in theBritish Isleswith a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats.National nature reserves in Englandare designated byNatural Englandas key places forwildlifeand natural features in England. They were established to protect the most significant areas of habitat and of geological formations.",
"formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members ofThe Wildlife Trustspartnership, theNational Trust, and theRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds. There are 221 NNRs in England covering 110,000 hectares (1,100 square kilometres). Often they contain rare species or nationally important populations of plants and animals.. TheEnvironment Agencyis a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by theDepartment for Environment, Food and Rural Affairswith responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.TheSecretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairsis the minister responsible for environmental protection, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England. England has atemperate oceanic climatein most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas ofsubarcticand warmer areas inthe South West. Towards",
"South West. Towards theNorth of Englandthe climate becomes colder and most of England's mountains and high hills are located here and have a major impact on the climate and thus the local fauna of the areas.Deciduouswoodlands are common across all of England and provide a great habitat for much of England's wildlife, but these give way in northern and upland areas of England toconiferousforests (mainly plantations) which also benefit certain forms of wildlife. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban environment, particularly thered fox, which is the most successfulurban mammalafter thebrown rat, and other animals such ascommon wood pigeon, both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas. Major conurbations TheGreater London Built-up Areais by far the largest urban area in Englandand one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered aglobal cityand has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.Other urban areas of considerable size and influence",
"size and influence tend to be innorthern Englandor theEnglish Midlands.There are50 settlementswhich have designatedcity status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has 66. While many cities in England are quite large, such asBirmingham,Sheffield,Manchester,Liverpool,Leeds,Newcastle,Bradford,Nottingham, population size is not a prerequisite for city status.Traditionally the status was given to towns withdiocesan cathedrals, so there are smaller cities likeWells,Ely,Ripon,TruroandChichester. Economy England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with an averageGDP per capitaof £37,852 in 2022.HM Treasury, led by theChancellor of the Exchequer, is responsible for developing and executing the government'spublic financepolicy andeconomic policy.Usually regarded as amixed market economy, it has adopted manyfree marketprinciples, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure. The economy of England is the largest part of theUK's economy.England is a leader in the chemical and",
"in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularlyaerospace, thearms industry, and thesoftware industry. London, home to theLondon Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's mainstock exchangeand the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.London is the largest financial centre in Europe and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world. London has also been named as the fastest growing technology hub in Europe, with England having over 100 unique tech companies with a value of $1 billion or more.TheBank of England, founded in 1694 as private banker to the government of England and astate-owned institutionsince 1946, is the United Kingdom'scentral bank.The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes inEngland and Wales, although not in other parts of the UK. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank'sMonetary Policy Committeefor managing the monetary policy of the country and setting",
"country and setting interest rates. England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a moreservice industryoriented economy.Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated bypharmaceuticals, automotives,crude oiland petroleum from the English parts ofNorth Sea oilalong withWytch Farm,aircraft enginesand alcoholic beverages.Thecreative industriesaccounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the remainder to arable crops.The main crops that are grown arewheat,barley,oats,potatoes, andsugar beets. England retains a significant fishing industry. Its fleets bring",
"Its fleets bring home a variety of fish, ranging fromsoletoherring. England is also rich in natural resources includingcoal,petroleum,natural gas,tin,limestone,iron ore,salt,clay,chalk,gypsum,lead, and silica. Science and technology Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include SirIsaac Newton,Charles Darwin,Robert Hooke,Alan Turing,Stephen Hawking,Edward Jenner,Francis Crick,Joseph Lister,Joseph Priestley,Thomas Young,Christopher WrenandRichard Dawkins. England was a leading centre of theScientific Revolutionfrom the 17th century.As the birthplace of theIndustrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers includeIsambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of theGreat Western Railway, a series of famoussteamships, and numerous important bridges, revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.Thomas Newcomen'ssteam enginehelped spawn the Industrial Revolution. The Father",
"The Father of Railways,George Stephenson, built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, theLiverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage,Matthew Boulton(business partner ofJames Watt) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.The physicianEdward Jenner'ssmallpox vaccineis said to have \"saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history.\" Inventions and discoveries of the English include thejet engine; the first industrialspinning machine;the first computerand the firstmodern computer; theWorld Wide Webalong withHTML; the first successful humanblood transfusion; the motorisedvacuum cleaner;thelawn mower; theseat belt; thehovercraft; theelectric motor;steam engines; and theories such as the Darwinian theory ofevolutionandatomic theory. Newton developed the ideas ofuniversal gravitation,Newtonian mechanics,",
"mechanics, andcalculus, andRobert Hookehis eponymously namedlaw of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, thethermosiphon,tarmac, therubber band, themousetrap,\"cat's eye\"road marker, joint development of thelight bulb, steamlocomotives, the modernseed drilland many modern techniques and technologies used inprecision engineering. TheRoyal Society, formallyThe Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge,is alearned societyand theUnited Kingdom's nationalacademy of sciences. Founded on 28 November 1660,It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.TheRoyal Institution of Great Britainwas founded in 1799 by leading English scientists, includingHenry Cavendish.Some experts claim that the earliest concept of ametric systemwas invented byJohn Wilkinsin 1668. Scientific research and development remains important in theuniversities of England, with many establishingscience parksto facilitate production and co-operation with industry.Cambridgeis the most intensive",
"the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.In 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (after the United States and China).Scientific journals produced in England includeNature, theBritish Medical JournalandThe Lancet. TheDepartment for Science, Innovation and Technology,Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology, andMinister of State for Science, Research and Innovationhas responsibility for science in England. Transport TheDepartment for Transportis the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by theSecretary of State for Transport. England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are manymotorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as theA1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle(much of this section is motorway) and onward to",
"and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is theM6, fromRugbythrough theNorth Westup to theAnglo-Scottish border, a distance of 232 miles (373 km).Other major routes include: theM1from London to Leeds, theM25which encircles London, theM60which encircles Manchester, theM4from London to South Wales, theM62from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and theM5from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West. Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies includeArriva,FirstGroup,Go-Ahead Group,Mobico Group,RotalaandStagecoach Group.Bus rapid transitoriginated in England with theRuncornBusway opening in 1971.The reddouble-decker busesin London have become a symbol of England.National Cycle Routeoffers cycling routes nationally. Rail transport in Englandis the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.Much of Britain's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively. There is rail transport",
"is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, theChannel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994. Great British Railwaysis a planned state-owned public body that will overseerail transport in Great Britainfrom 2024. TheOffice of Rail and Roadis responsible for the economic and safety regulation of England's railways.Crossrailwas Europe's largest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost, opened in 2022.High Speed 2, a new high-speed north–south railway line, is under construction. There is arapid transitnetwork in two English cities: theLondon Underground, and theTyne and Wear MetroinNewcastle upon Tyne,GatesheadandSunderland.There are several extensive tram networks, such as theManchester Metrolink,Sheffield Supertram,West Midlands Metro,Nottingham Express Transit, andTramlinkin South London.England also has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport isHeathrow, which is theworld's second busiest airport measured by number of",
"by number of international passengers. By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium.There are around 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by theCanal & River Trust,however, water transport is very limited. TheRiver Thamesis the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at thePort of Tilburyin theThames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports. Energy Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reducecarbon dioxideemissions. Notably, the UK isone of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.Wind power contributed 26.8% of UK electricity generation in 2022.England is home toHornsea 2, the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire. TheClimate Change Act 2008was passed in Parliament with",
"in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally bindingclimate change mitigationtarget set by a country.UK government energy policyaims to play a key role in limitinggreenhouse gas emissions, while meeting energy demand. Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country'senergy mixthrough changes in costs. The current energy policy is the responsibility of theDepartment for Energy Security and Net ZeroandSecretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero.TheMinister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growthis responsible for green finance, climate science and innovation, and low carbon generation.In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked 2 out of 180 countries in theEnvironmental Performance Index.A law has been passed thatUK greenhouse gas emissionswill benet zeroby 2050. Healthcare TheNational Health Service(NHS), is the",
"is the publicly fundedhealthcare systemresponsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of theNational Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of theBeveridge Report, prepared by the economist and social reformer,William Beveridge.The NHS is largely funded by general taxation andNational Insurancepayments;it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care. The government department responsible for the NHS is theDepartment of Health, under theSecretary of State for Health. Most of the department's expenses are on the NHS – £98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.Regulatory bodies such as theGeneral Medical Counciland theNursing and Midwifery Councilare organised on a UK-wide basis, as are non-governmental bodies such as theRoyal Colleges. The averagelife expectancyis 77.5 years for males and",
"years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the fourcountries of the United Kingdom.The south of England has a higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years. Demography Population With over 56 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.England taken as a unit and measured against international states would be the 26th largestcountry by populationin the world. TheEnglish peopleareBritish people.There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially theUnited States,Canada,Australia,South AfricaandNew Zealand.Since the late 1990s, many English peoplehave migratedto Spain.Due in particular to the economic prosperity ofSouth East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United",
"parts of the United Kingdom.There has beensignificant Irish migration.The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 81.7%,includingWhite British,GermansandPoles,down from 94.1% in 1991.Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, about 7% of people living in England have familyorigins in the Indian subcontinent, mostlyIndia,PakistanandBangladesh.About 0.7% areChinese,0.6% areArabs.4.0% of the population areblack, from Africa and theCaribbean, especially former British colonies,and 2.9% identified as multiracial ormixed. In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were fromethnic minorityfamilies,and in 2011 that figure was 26.5%.About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. England contains one indigenous national minority, theCornish people, recognised by the UK government under theFramework Convention for the Protection of National Minoritiesin 2014. Language (thousands) English,",
"English, today widely spoken around the world,originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal tongue. According to a 2011 census, it is spoken well or very well by 98% of the population English language learning and teachingis an importanteconomic activity. There is nolegislationmandating anofficial languagefor England,but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinctregional accents. Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived,and is now protected under theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.It is spoken by 0.1% of people inCornwall,and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools. State schoolsteach students asecond languageorthird languagefrom the ages of seven, most commonly French, Spanish or German.It was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke aforeign languageat home,the most common beingPunjabiandUrdu. However,",
"However, following the 2011 census data released by theOffice for National Statistics, figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English.In 2022,British Sign Languagebecame an official language of England when theBritish Sign Language Act 2022came into effect. Religion In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that they had no religion, 5% specified that they wereMuslim, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2% did not give an answer.Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. Theestablished churchof England is theChurch of England,which left communion withRomein the 1530s whenHenry VIIIwas unable to annul his marriage toCatherine of Aragon. The church regards itself as both Catholic andProtestant. There areHigh ChurchandLow Churchtraditions and some Anglicans regard themselves asAnglo-Catholics, following theTractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is",
"United Kingdom is thesupreme governor of the Church of England, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). It forms part of theAnglican Communionwith theArchbishop of Canterburyacting as its symbolic worldwide head.Manycathedralsand parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such asWestminster Abbey,York Minster,Durham Cathedral, andSalisbury Cathedral. The second-largest Christian denomination is theCatholic Church. Since its reintroduction after theCatholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on anEngland and Walesbasis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).There has been one Pope from England to date,Adrian IV, while saintsBedeandAnselmare regarded asDoctors of the Church. A form ofProtestantismknown asMethodismis the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism throughJohn Wesley.It gained popularity in themill townsofLancashireandYorkshire, and",
"and among tin miners inCornwall.There are othernon-conformistminorities, such asBaptists,Quakers,Congregationalists,UnitariansandThe Salvation Army. The patron saint of England isSaint George; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England.There are many other English and associated saints, includingCuthbert,Edmund,Alban,Wilfrid,Aidan,Edward the Confessor,John Fisher,Thomas More,Petroc,Piran,Margaret ClitherowandThomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised.Jewshave a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.They were expelled from England in 1290 following theEdict of Expulsion, and were allowed back in 1656. Especially since the 1950s, religions from theformer British colonieshave grown in numbers, due to immigration.Islamis the most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England.Hinduism,SikhismandBuddhismare next in number, adding up to 2.8% combined,introduced from India andSoutheast Asia. A small minority of the population practise",
"population practise ancientPagan religions.Neopaganism in the United Kingdomis primarily represented byWiccaandNeopagan witchcraft,Druidry, andHeathenry. According to the2011 census, there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,including 11,026Wiccans.24.7% of people in England declaredno religion, compared with 14.6% in 2001.Norwichhad the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed byBrighton and Hoveat 42.4%. Education TheDepartment for Educationis the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.State-funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.Education is the responsibility of theSecretary of State for Education. Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or anEarly Years Foundation Stagereception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. State-funded schools are",
"schools are obliged by law to teach theNational Curriculum; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history, geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education. TheProgramme for International Student Assessmentcoordinated by theOECDcurrently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493. Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are selective intakegrammar schoolsto which entrance is subject to passing theeleven-plusexam. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attendprivate schools, which are funded by private sources.Standards in state schools are monitored by theOffice for Standards in Education, and in private schools by theIndependent Schools Inspectorate. After finishing",
"After finishing compulsory education, students takeGCSEexaminations. Students may then opt to continue intofurther educationfor two years.Further education colleges(particularlysixth form colleges) often form part of a secondary school site.A-levelexaminations are sat by a large number of further education students, and often form the basis of an application to university. Further education covers a wide curriculum of study andapprenticeships, includingT-levels,BTEC,NVQand others.Tertiary collegesprovide both academic and vocational courses. Higher education Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for anacademic degree. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which arepublic institutions. TheDepartment for Business, Innovation and Skillsis the government department responsible for higher education in England.Students are generally entitled tostudent loansto covertuition feesand living costs.The first degree offered to undergraduates is",
"undergraduates is thebachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or a doctorate, which takes three or more years. England's universitiesinclude some of the highest-ranked universities in the world. As of 2024, four England-based universities, theUniversity of Cambridge,University of Oxford,Imperial College London, andUniversity College London, are ranked among the top ten in the 2024QS World University Rankings. The University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, and the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, are the twooldest universities in the English-speaking world. TheLondon School of Economicshas been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.TheLondon Business Schoolis considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by theFinancial Times.Academic degreesin England are usually split",
"are usually split into classes: first class, upper second class, lower second class, third, and unclassified.The King's School, CanterburyandKing's School, Rochesterare the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.Many of England's most well-known schools, such asWinchester College,Eton,St Paul's School,Harrow SchoolandRugby Schoolare fee-paying institutions. Culture Architecture Many ancientstanding stonemonuments were erected during the prehistoric period; among the best known areStonehenge,Devil's Arrows,Rudston MonolithandCastlerigg.With the introduction ofAncient Roman architecturethere was a development ofbasilicas,baths,amphitheaters,triumphal arches,villas,Roman temples,Roman roads,Roman forts,stockadesandaqueducts.It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example isHadrian's Wallstretching right across northern England.Another well-preserved example is theRoman BathsatBath, Somerset. Early medieval",
"Early medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber withthatchfor roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis ofHiberno–Saxonmonasticism,toEarly Christianbasilicaand architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 variouscastleswere created; the best known include theTower of London,Warwick Castle,Durham CastleandWindsor Castle. Throughout the Plantagenet era, anEnglish Gothic architectureflourished, with prime examples including themedieval cathedralssuch asCanterbury Cathedral,Westminster AbbeyandYork Minster.Expanding on theNorman basethere was alsocastles,palaces,great houses, universities andparish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-centuryTudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as theTudor arch, was a defining feature as werewattle and daubhouses domestically. In the aftermath of theRenaissancea form of architecture",
"of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, theEnglish Baroquestyle of architectChristopher Wrenbeing particularly championed. Georgian architecturefollowed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; theRoyal Crescentat Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence ofromanticismduring Victorian period, aGothic Revivalwas launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such asThe Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s variousmodernistforms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places. Gardens Landscape gardening, as developed byCapability Brown, set an international trend for theEnglish landscape garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually included",
"usually included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples,Gothicruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by theFrench landscape garden, and as far away asPavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, the gardens of the futureEmperor Paul. It also had a major influence on thepublic parksand gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.The English landscape garden was centred on theEnglish country houseand manor houses. English Heritageand theNational Trustpreserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country.TheRHS Chelsea Flower Showis held every year by theRoyal Horticultural Societyand is said to be the largest gardening show in the world. Folklore English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common",
"regions. Common folkloric beings includepixies,giants,elves,bogeymen,trolls,goblinsanddwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuringOffa of AngelandWayland the Smith,others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuringRobin Hoodand hisMerry MenofSherwood, and their battles with theSheriff of Nottingham, are among the best-known of these. During theHigh Middle Agestales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into theArthurian myth.These were derived fromAnglo-Norman, Welsh and French sources,featuringKing Arthur,Camelot,Excalibur,Merlinand theKnights of the Round Tablesuch asLancelot. These stories are most centrally brought together withinGeoffrey of Monmouth'sHistoria Regum Britanniae(History of the Kings of Britain). Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries.On 5 November people celebrateBonfire Nightto commemorate the foiling of",
"the foiling of theGunpowder Plotcentred onGuy Fawkes. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such asMorris dancing,Maypole dancing,Rapper swordin the North East,Long Sword dancein Yorkshire,Mummers Plays,bottle-kickingin Leicestershire, andcheese-rollingatCooper's Hill.There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as thePearly Kings and Queensassociated with cockneys, theRoyal Guard, theMorris costumeandBeefeaters. Cuisine Since theearly modern periodthe food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.During theMiddle Agesand the Renaissance, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during theIndustrial Revolutionwith increasing urbanisation. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some good ratings inRestaurant'sbest restaurant in the",
"restaurant in the worldcharts. Traditional examples of English food include theSunday roast, featuring aroasted joint(usually beef,lamb, chicken or pork) served with assorted vegetables,Yorkshire puddingandgravy.Other prominent meals includefish and chipsand thefull English breakfast(generally consisting ofbacon,sausages, grilled tomatoes, fried bread,black pudding,baked beans,mushroomsand eggs).Variousmeat piesare consumed, such assteak and kidney pie,steak and ale pie,cottage pie,pork pie(usually eaten cold)and theCornish pasty. Sausages are commonly eaten, either asbangers and mashortoad in the hole.Lancashire hotpotis a well-known stew originating in the northwest. Some of the more popular cheeses areCheddar,Red Leicester,Wensleydale,Double GloucesterandBlue Stilton. ManyAnglo-Indianhybrid dishes,curries, have been created, such aschicken tikka masalaandbalti. Traditional English dessert dishes includeapple pieor other fruit pies;spotted dick– all generally served withcustard; and, more recently,sticky",
"recently,sticky toffee pudding. Sweet pastries includesconesserved with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves,Eccles cakesandmince piesas well as sweet or spiced biscuits. Common non-alcoholic drinks include teaand coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine,cidersandEnglish beers, such asbitter,mild,stoutandbrown ale. Visual arts The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock andcave artpieces, most prominent inNorth Yorkshire, Northumberland andCumbria, but also feature further south, for example atCreswell Crags.With the arrival ofRoman culturein the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those atLullingstoneandAldborough.During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in theStaffordshire Hoarddiscovered in 2009. Some of these blendedGaelic and",
"blendedGaelic and Anglianstyles, such as theLindisfarne GospelsandVespasian Psalter.LaterGothic artwas popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such asBenedictional of St. ÆthelwoldandLuttrell Psalter. The Tudor era sawprominent artistsas part of their court; portrait painting, which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by GermanHans Holbein, and natives such asNicholas Hilliardbuilt on this.Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period includeAnthony van Dyck,Peter Lely,Godfrey KnellerandWilliam Dobson.The 18th century saw the founding of theRoyal Academy; aclassicismbased on theHigh Renaissanceprevailed, withThomas GainsboroughandJoshua Reynoldsbecoming two of England's most treasured artists. In the 19th century,John ConstableandJ. M. W. Turnerwere major landscape artists. TheNorwich Schoolcontinued the landscape tradition, while thePre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, led by artists such asHolman Hunt,Dante Gabriel",
"Hunt,Dante Gabriel RossettiandJohn Everett Millais, revived theEarly Renaissancestyle with their vivid and detailed style.Prominent among 20th-century artists wasHenry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.TheRoyal Society of Artsis an organisation committed to the arts. Literature, poetry, and philosophy Early authors such asBedeandAlcuinwrote in Latin.The period ofOld English literatureprovided the epic poemBeowulfand the secular prose of theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle,along with Christian writings such asJudith,Cædmon'sHymnandhagiographies.Following the Norman conquestLatincontinued among the educated classes, as well as anAnglo-Norman literature. Middle English literatureemerged withGeoffrey Chaucer, author ofThe Canterbury Tales, along withGower, thePearl PoetandLangland.William of OckhamandRoger Bacon, who wereFranciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages.Julian of Norwich, who wroteRevelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With",
"mystic. With theEnglish Renaissanceliterature in theEarly Modern Englishstyle appeared.William Shakespeare, whose works includeHamlet,Romeo and Juliet,Macbeth, andA Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature. Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser,Philip Sydney,Thomas Kyd,John Donne, andBen Jonsonare other established authors of theElizabethan age.Francis BaconandThomas Hobbeswrote onempiricismandmaterialism, includingscientific methodandsocial contract.Filmerwrote on theDivine Right of Kings.Marvellwas the best-known poet of theCommonwealth,whileJohn MiltonauthoredParadise Lostduring theRestoration. This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. William Shakespeare. Some of the most prominent philosophers of theEnlightenmentwereJohn Locke,Thomas Paine,Samuel JohnsonandJeremy Bentham. More",
"Bentham. More radical elements were later countered byEdmund Burkewho is regarded as the founder of conservatism.The poetAlexander Popewith his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role inromanticism:Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Lord Byron,John Keats,Mary Shelley,Percy Bysshe Shelley,William BlakeandWilliam Wordsworthwere major figures. In response to theIndustrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way betweenlibertyand tradition;William Cobbett,G. K. ChestertonandHilaire Bellocwere main exponents, while the founder ofguild socialism,Arthur Penty, andcooperative movementadvocateG. D. H. Coleare somewhat related.Empiricism continued throughJohn Stuart MillandBertrand Russell, whileBernard Williamswas involved inanalytics. Authors from around theVictorian eraincludeCharles Dickens, theBrontë sisters,Jane Austen,George Eliot,Rudyard Kipling,Thomas Hardy,H. G. WellsandLewis Carroll.Since then England has continued to produce novelists such asGeorge Orwell,D. H. Lawrence,Virginia",
"Lawrence,Virginia Woolf,C. S. Lewis,Enid Blyton,Aldous Huxley,Agatha Christie,Terry Pratchett,J. R. R. Tolkien, andJ. K. Rowling. Performing arts The traditionalfolk music of Englandis centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostlysea shanties,jigs,hornpipesanddance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed byWynkyn de Wordein the 16th century, are an important artefact, as areJohn Playford'sThe Dancing MasterandRobert Harley'sRoxburghe Balladscollections.Some of the best-known songs areGreensleeves,Pastime with Good Company,Maggie MayandSpanish Ladiesamong others. Manynursery rhymesare of English origin such asMary, Mary, Quite Contrary,Roses Are Red,Jack and Jill,London Bridge Is Falling Down,The Grand Old Duke of York,Hey Diddle DiddleandHumpty Dumpty.Traditional English Christmas carols include \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\", \"The First Noel\", \"I Saw Three Ships\" and \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\". Early English",
"Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artistsThomas TallisandWilliam Byrd, followed byHenry Purcellfrom theBaroque periodandThomas Arnewho was well known for his patriotic songRule, Britannia!. German-bornGeorge Frideric Handelspent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios,The Messiah,Solomon,Water Music, andMusic for the Royal Fireworks. Classical music attracted much attention in the 18th century with the formation of theBirmingham Triennial Music Festival, which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in 1912. TheEnglish Musical Renaissancewas a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers, often those lecturing or trained at theRoyal College of Music, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences. There was a revival in the profile of",
"in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led byEdward Elgar,Benjamin Britten,Frederick Delius,Gustav Holst,Ralph Vaughan Williamsand others.Present-day composers from England includeMichael Nyman, best known forThe Piano, andAndrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have achieved enormous success in theWest Endand worldwide. Inpopular music, many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such asthe Beatles,Led Zeppelin,Pink Floyd,Elton John,Queen,Rod Stewart,David Bowie,the Rolling StonesandDef Leppardare among the highest-selling recording artists in the world.Many musical genres have origins in (or strong associations with) England, such asBritish invasion,progressive rock,hard rock,Mod,glam rock,heavy metal,Britpop,indie rock,gothic rock,shoegazing,acid house,garage,trip hop,drum and bassanddubstep. Large outdoormusic festivalsin the summer and autumn are popular, such asGlastonbury,V Festival, and theReading and Leeds",
"and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, freeravemovement from the late 1980s, which inspired the pan-European culture ofteknivals.TheBoishakhi Melais aBengali New Yearfestival celebrated by theBritish Bangladeshicommunity. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After theNotting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the UK, attracting over 80,000 visitors. The most prominentopera housein England is theRoyal Opera HouseatCovent Garden.The Promsis a major annual cultural event in the English calendar.The Royal Balletis one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies. TheRoyal Academy of Musicis the oldestconservatoirein the UK, founded in 1822, receiving itsroyal charterin 1830.England is home to numerous major orchestras such as theBBC Symphony Orchestra, theRoyal Philharmonic Orchestra, thePhilharmonia Orchestra, and theLondon Symphony Orchestra.Other forms of entertainment that originated in England include thecircusand thepantomime. Cinema",
"Cinema England has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, includingAlfred Hitchcock,Charlie Chaplin,David Lean,Laurence Olivier,Vivien Leigh,John Gielgud,Peter Sellers,Julie Andrews,Michael Caine,Gary Oldman,Helen Mirren,Kate WinsletandDaniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers.Hitchcock'sThe Lodger: A Story of the London Fog(1926) helped shape thethrillergenre in film, while his 1929Blackmailis often regarded as the first Britishsoundfeature film. Major film studios in England includePinewood,ElstreeandShepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of thehighest-grossing film franchises(Harry PotterandJames Bond).Ealing Studiosin London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world.Famous for recording many motion picturefilm scores, theLondon Symphony",
"theLondon Symphony Orchestrafirst performed film music in 1935.TheHammer Horrorfilms starringChristopher Leesaw the production of the first gory horror films showing blood and guts in colour. TheBFI Top 100 British filmsincludesMonty Python's Life of Brian(1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.English producers are also active ininternational co-productionsand English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council rankedDavid Yates,Christopher Nolan,Mike Newell,Ridley ScottandPaul Greengrassthe five most commercially successful English directors since 2001.Other contemporary English directors includeSam Mendes,Guy RitchieandRichard Curtis. Current actors includeTom Hardy,Daniel Craig,Benedict Cumberbatch,Lena Headey,Felicity Jones,Emilia Clarke,Lashana Lynch, andEmma Watson. Acclaimed for his motion capture work,Andy SerkisopenedThe Imaginarium Studiosin London in 2011.The visual effects companyFramestorein London has produced some of the",
"some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people,storiesor events. The 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films includeAlice in Wonderland,The Jungle BookandWinnie the Pooh. Sites and institutions English Heritageis a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by theDepartment for Culture, Media and Sport. A non-governmental charity, theNational Trustholds a complementary role, focussed on landscapes andcountry houses. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCOWorld Heritage Sitesfall within England.Some of the best-known of these are:Hadrian's Wall,Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, theTower of London, theJurassic Coast,Saltaire,Ironbridge Gorge,Blenheim Palaceand theLake District. London'sBritish Museumholds more than seven million objects,one of the largest and most comprehensive collections in the world,illustrating and documenting",
"and documenting global human culture from its beginnings to the present. TheBritish Libraryin London is thenational libraryand is one of the world's largestresearch libraries, holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats, including around 25 million books.TheNational GalleryinTrafalgar Squarehouses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.TheTategalleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host theTurner Prize. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility for cultural property and heritage.Ablue plaque, the oldesthistorical markerscheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event. In 2011 there were around 1,600 museums in England.Entry to most museums and galleries is free.Londonis one of the world's most visited cities, regularly taking the top five most visited",
"five most visited cities inEurope. It is considered a global centre of finance, art and culture. Media TheBBC, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by thetelevision licence.TheBBC World Serviceis aninternational broadcasterowned and operated by theBBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages. London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, althoughManchesteris also a significant national media centre. The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.National newspapers produced",
"newspapers produced in England includeThe Times,The Guardian,The Daily Telegraph, and theFinancial Times. Magazines and journals published in England that have achieved worldwide circulation includeNature,New Scientist,The Spectator,Prospect,NMEandThe Economist. TheSecretary of State for Culture, Media and Sporthas overall responsibility over media and broadcasting in England. Sport England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th centurycodifiedmany sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England includeassociation football,cricket,rugby union,rugby league,tennis,boxing, badminton,squash,rounders,hockey,snooker,billiards,darts, table tennis,bowls,netball,thoroughbredhorseracing,greyhound racingandfox hunting. It has helped the development ofgolf, sailing andFormula One. England has been crowned world champion in several major sports including:Cricket,RugbyandAssociation Football. Football is themost popularof these sports. TheEngland national football team, whose home",
"team, whose home venue isWembley Stadium, playedScotlandin the first-ever international football match in 1872.Referred to as the \"home of football\" byFIFA, England hosted and won the1966 FIFA World Cup.With a British television audience peak of 32.30 million viewers, thefinalis themost watched television event everin the UK.England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football:Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world's oldest club.TheEngland women's national football teamwon theUEFA Euro 2022, hosted by England. Cricketis generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of theWeald.TheEngland cricket teamis a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries isThe Ashesseries between England andAustralia, contested since 1882.Lord's Cricket Groundsituated in London is sometimes referred to as the \"Mecca of Cricket\".After winning the2019 Cricket World Cup, England became the first country to win the World Cups",
"win the World Cups in football, rugby union, and cricket. William Penny Brookeswas prominent in organising the format for the modernOlympic Games.London has hosted theSummer Olympic Gamesthree times, in1908,1948, and2012. England competes in theCommonwealth Games, held every four years.Sport Englandis the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. Rugby unionoriginated inRugby School, Warwickshire in the early 19th century.The top level of club participation is theEnglish Premiership.Rugby leaguewas born inHuddersfieldin 1895. Since 2008, theEngland national rugby league teamhas been a full test nation in lieu of theGreat Britain national rugby league team, which won threeWorld Cups. Club sides play inSuper League, the present-day embodiment of theRugby Football League Championship. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties ofLancashire, Yorkshire andCumbria. Golfhas been prominent in England, due in",
"in England, due in part to itscultural and geographical ties to Scotland.There are professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: thePGAand theEuropean Tour. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major isThe Open Championship, played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, theRyder Cup, is named after English businessmanSamuel Ryder. Tenniswas created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, andthe Wimbledon Championshipsis the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.Wimbledon has a major place in the English cultural calendar. Inboxing, under theMarquess of Queensberry Rules, England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies. Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, thethoroughbredis a horse breed best known for its use inhorse racing. TheNational Hunthorse race theGrand National, is held annually atAintree Racecoursein early April. It is the most",
"It is the most watched horse race in the UK, and three-time winnerRed Rumis the most successful racehorse in the event's history. The1950 British Grand PrixatSilverstonewas the first race in the newly createdFormula One World Championship.England has seen the manufacture some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations.England also has a rich heritage inGrand Prix motorcycle racing, the premier championship of motorcycleroad racing, and has produced several world champions. Dartsis a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, it is a traditionalpub game.Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games issnooker, and England has produced several world champions. The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitivesailing; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including thematch race, a regatta, and theAmerica's",
"and theAmerica's Cup. National symbols The St George's Cross has been the nationalflag of Englandsince the 13th century. Originally, the flag was used by the maritimeRepublic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to theDoge of Genoafrom 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for manyCrusadersin the 12th and 13th centuries, and became associated withSaint George.Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of theUnion Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by KingJames I.During theEnglish Civil WarandInterregnum, theNew Model Army's standards and theCommonwealth'sGreat Sealboth incorporated the flag of Saint George. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including theTudor rose, the nation'sfloral emblem, and the Three Lions featured on theRoyal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of theWars",
"the time of theWars of the Rosesas a symbol of peace.It is asyncreticsymbol in that it merged the white rose of theYorkistsand the red rose of theLancastrians. It is also known as theRose of England.Theoaktree is a symbol of England: theRoyal Oaksymbol andOak Apple Daycommemorate the escape of KingCharles IIafter his father's execution, when he hid in an oak to avoid detection by the parliamentarians before safely reaching exile. The Royal Arms of England, a nationalcoat of armsfeaturing three lions, originated withRichard the Lionheartin 1198. It isblazonedasgules, three lions passant guardant orand it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England. England does not have an official national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole hasGod Save the King. However,Jerusalem,Land of Hope and Glory(used for England during the2002 Commonwealth Games),andI Vow to Thee, My Countryare often considered unofficialEnglish national anthems. England'sNational Dayis 23 April which isSaint George's Day: Saint George",
"Day: Saint George is the patron saint of England. See also Notes References Bibliography External links 53°08′N1°23′W / 53.13°N 1.38°W /53.13; -1.38"
] |
What is the English meaning of the name of the smaller of the two constellations which resides in the middle of the Summer Triangle? | Arrow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Triangle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpecula | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Triangle', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitta', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpecula'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Triangle",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitta",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpecula"
] | [
"Summer Triangle TheSummer Triangleis an astronomicalasterismin thenorthern celestial hemisphere. The definingverticesof this imaginarytriangleare atAltair,Deneb, andVega, each of which is thebrightest starof itsconstellation(Aquila,Cygnus, andLyra, respectively). The greatest declination is +45° and lowest is +9° meaning the three can be seen from all places in the Northern Hemisphere and from the home of most people resident in the Southern Hemisphere. The two stars in Aquila and Cygnus represent the head of an eagle and tail of a swan that looks east inscribed into the triangle and forming thealtitude of the triangle. Two small constellations,SagittaandVulpecula, lie between Aquila in the south of the triangle and Cygnus and Lyra to the north. History The term was popularized by American authorH. A. Reyand British astronomerPatrick Moorein the 1950s.The name can be found in constellation guidebooks as far back as 1913.The Austrian astronomerOswald Thomasdescribed these stars asGrosses Dreieck(Great Triangle) in the late 1920s andSommerliches Dreieck(Summerly Triangle) in 1934. The asterism was remarked upon byJoseph Johann von Littrow, who described it as the \"conspicuous triangle\" in the text of his atlas (1866), andJohann Elert Bodeconnected the stars in a map in a book in 1816, although without label. These are the same stars recognized in the Chinese legend ofThe Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, a story dating back some 2,600 years, celebrated in theQixi Festival. The stars also bear ceremonial significance in the related celebrations ofTanabata,Chilseok, and Thất Tịch, derived from Qixi. In the mid- to late-20th century, beforeinertial navigation systemsand other electronic and mechanical equipment took their places in military aircraft,United States Air Forcenavigators referred to this asterism as the \"Navigator's Triangle\". Visibility Frommid-to-tropicalnorthern latitudes: From mid-southern latitudes, the asterism is in the north during the culmination season described above. The stars of the Summer Triangle Both Altair and Vega are bluish-white, rapidly-rotating A-type main sequence stars in the local neighbourhood of the sun. However, Deneb is a white supergiant star over 100 times as distant, and one of the most luminous stars in the entire galaxy. See also References External links",
"Sagitta Sagittais a dim but distinctiveconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor 'arrow', not to be confused with the significantly larger constellationSagittarius'the archer'. It was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomerPtolemy, and it remains one of the88 modern constellationsdefined by theInternational Astronomical Union. Although it dates to antiquity, Sagitta has no star brighter than 3rdmagnitudeand has the third-smallest area of any constellation. Gamma Sagittaeis the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 3.47. It is an agingred giantstar 90% as massive as the Sun that has cooled and expanded to a radius 54 times greater than it.Delta,Epsilon,Zeta, andTheta Sagittaeare eachmultiplestars whose components can be seen in small telescopes.V Sagittaeis acataclysmic variable—abinary star systemcomposed of awhite dwarfaccreting mass of a donor star that is expected to gonovaand briefly become the mostluminousstar in theMilky Wayand one of the brightest stars in our sky around the year 2083. Two star systems in Sagitta are known to have Jupiter-like planets, while a third—15 Sagittae—has abrown dwarfcompanion. History Theancient Greekscalled SagittaOistos'the arrow',and it was one of the 48 constellations described byPtolemy.It was regarded as the weapon thatHerculesused to kill the eagle (Aquila) ofJovethat perpetually gnawedPrometheus' liver.Sagitta is located beyond the north border ofAquila, the Eagle. An amateur naturalist, polymathRichard Hinckley Allenproposed that the constellation could represent the arrow shot by Hercules towards the adjacentStymphalian birds(which feature inHercules' sixth labour) who had claws, beaks, and wings of iron, and who lived on human flesh in the marshes ofArcadia—denoted in the sky by the constellations Aquila the Eagle,Cygnus 'the Swan', andLyra 'the Vulture'—and still lying between them, whence the titleHerculea.Greek scholarEratosthenesclaimed it as the arrow with whichApolloexterminated theCyclopes.The Romans named it Sagitta.In Arabic, it becameal-sahm'arrow', though this name becameShamand was transferred toAlpha Sagittaeonly. The Greek name has also been mistranslated asὁ istos'the loom' and thus in Arabical-nawl. It was also calledal-'anaza'pike/javelin'. Characteristics The four brightest stars make up an arrow-shapedasterismlocated due north of the bright starAltair.Covering 79.9 square degrees and hence 0.194% of the sky, Sagitta ranks 86th of the88 modern constellationsby area. OnlyEquuleusandCruxare smaller.Sagitta is most readily observed from the late spring to early autumn to northern hemisphere observers, with midnightculminationoccurring on 17 July.Its position in theNorthern Celestial Hemispheremeans that the wholeconstellationis visible to observers north of69°S.Sagitta is bordered byVulpeculato the north,Herculesto the west, Aquila to the south, andDelphinusto the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Unionin 1922, is \"Sge\"; American astronomerHenry Norris Russell, who devised the code, had to resort to using thegenitiveform of the name to come up with a letter to include ('e') that was not in the name of the constellation Sagittarius.The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delportein 1930, are defined by a polygon of twelve segments (illustrated in infobox). In theequatorial coordinate system, theright ascensioncoordinates of these borders lie between18h57.2mand20h20.5m, while thedeclinationcoordinates are between 16.08° and 21.64°. Notable features Stars Celestial cartographerJohann BayergaveBayer designationsto eight stars, labelling them Alpha to Theta. English astronomerJohn Flamsteedadded the letters x, mistaken asChi(χ), y and z to 13, 14, and 15 Sagittae in hisCatalogus Britannicus. All three were dropped by later astronomersJohn BevisandFrancis Baily. Bright stars Ptolemy saw the constellation's brightest starGamma Sagittaeas marking the arrow's head,while Bayer saw Gamma, Eta, and Theta as depicting the arrow's shaft.Gamma Sagittae is ared giantof spectral type M0 III,and magnitude 3.47. It lies at a distance of258±4light-yearsfrom Earth.With around 90% of the Sun's mass,it has a radius 54 times that of the Sun and is 575 times as bright. It is most likely on thered-giant branchof itsevolutionarylifespan, having exhausted its core hydrogen and now burning it in a surrounding shell. Delta Sagittaeis the second-brightest star in the constellation and is a binary. Delta and Zeta depicted the spike according to Bayer.The Delta Sagittae system is composed of ared supergiantof spectral type M2 IIthat has 3.9 times the Sun's mass and 152 times its radius and a blue-white B9.5Vmain sequencestar that is 2.9 times as massive as the Sun. The two orbit each other every ten years.Zeta Sagittaeis a triple star system,approximately326 light-yearsfrom Earth. The primary and secondary are A-type stars. In hisUranometria, Bayer depicted Alpha,Beta, andEpsilon Sagittaeas the fins of the arrow.Also known as Sham, Alpha is a yellowbright giantstar ofspectral classG1 II with anapparent magnitudeof 4.38, which lies at a distance of382±8 light-yearsfrom Earth.Four times as massive as the Sun, it has swollen and brightened to 21 times the Sun's radius and 340 times itsluminosity.Also of magnitude 4.38, Beta is a G-typegiantlocated420±10 light-yearsdistant from Earth.Estimated to be around 129 million years old, it is 4.33 times as massive as the Sun,and has expanded to roughly 27 times its radius.Epsilon Sagittae is adouble starwhose component stars can be seen in a small telescope.With an apparent magnitude of 5.77,the main star is a 331-million-year-old yellow giant of spectral type G8 III around 3.09 times as massive as the Sun,that has swollen to18.37+0.65−0.88its radius.It is580±10 light-yearsdistant.The visual companion of magnitude 8.35 is 87.4arcsecondsdistant,but is an unrelatedblue supergiantaround7,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth. Eta Sagittaeis an orange giant of spectral class K2 IIIwith a magnitude of 5.09.Located155.9±0.9 light-yearsfrom Earth, it has a 61.1% chance of being a member of theHyades–Pleiadesstream of stars that share acommon motion through space.Theta Sagittaeis a double star system, with components 12 arcseconds apart visible in a small telescope.At magnitude 6.5, the brighter is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F3 V,located146.1±0.2 light-yearsfrom Earth.The 8.8-magnitude fainter companion is a main sequence star of spectral type G5 V. A 7.4-magnitude orange giant of spectral type K2 III is also visible91″from the binary pair,located842±9 light-yearsaway. Variable stars Variable stars are popular targets for amateur astronomers, their observations providing valuable contributions to understanding star behaviour.R Sagittaeis a member of the rareRV Tauri variableclass of star. It ranges in magnitude from 8.2 to 10.4.It is around8,100 light-yearsdistant.It has a radius61.2+12.4−9.9times that of the Sun, and is2,329+744−638as luminous, yet most likely is less massive than the Sun. An aging star, it has moved on from theasymptotic giant branchof stellar evolution and is on its way to becoming aplanetary nebula.FG Sagittaeis a \"born again\" star, a highly luminous star around4,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth.It reignited fusion of a helium shell shortly before becoming a white dwarf, and has expanded first to a blue supergiant and then to a K-classsupergiantin less than 100 years.It is surrounded by a faint (visual magnitude 23) planetary nebula, Henize 1–5, that formed when FG Sagittae first left the asymptotic giant branch. S Sagittaeis aclassical Cepheidthat varies from magnitude 5.24 to 6.04 every 8.38 days. It is a yellow-white supergiant that pulsates between spectral types F6 Ib and G5 Ib.Around 6 or 7 times as massive and 3,500 times as luminous as the Sun,it is located around5,100 light-yearsfrom Earth.HD 183143is a remote highly luminous star around7,900 light-yearsaway,that has been classified as a bluehypergiant.Infraredbands of ionisedbuckminsterfullerenemolecules have also been found in its spectrum.WR 124is aWolf–Rayet starmoving at great speed surrounded by a nebula of ejected gas. U Sagittaeis an eclipsing binary that varies between magnitudes 6.6 and 9.2 over 3.4 days, making it a suitable target for enthusiasts with small telescopes.There are two component stars—a blue-white star of spectral type B8 V and an ageing star that has cooled and expanded into a yellow subgiant of spectral type G4 III-IV. They orbit each other close enough that the cooler subgiant has filled itsRoche lobeand is passing material to the hotter star, and hence it is asemidetached binarysystem.The system is900±10 light-yearsdistant.Near U Sagittae isX Sagittae, asemiregular variableranging between magnitudes 7.9 and 8.4 over 196 days.Acarbon star, X Sagittae has a surface temperature of2,576K. Located near 18 Sagittae isV Sagittae, the prototype of theV Sagittae variables,cataclysmic variablesthat are alsosuper soft X-ray sources.It is expected to become aluminous red novawhen the two stars merge around the year 2083, and briefly become the most luminous star in theMilky Wayand one of the brightest stars in Earth's sky.WZ Sagittaeis another cataclysmic variable, composed of awhite dwarfthat has about 85% the mass of the Sun, and low-mass star companion that has been calculated to be abrown dwarfof spectral class L2 that is only 8% as massive as the Sun.Normally a faint object dimmer than magnitude 15, it flared up in 1913, 1946 and 1978 to be visible in binoculars.Theblack widow pulsar(B1957+20) is the secondmillisecond pulsarever discovered.It is a massiveneutron starthat isablatingits brown dwarf-sized companion which causes the pulsar's radio signals toattenuateas they pass through the outflowing material. Stars with exoplanets HD 231701is ayellow-white main sequence starhotter and larger than the Sun, with aJupiter-likeplanetthat was discovered in 2007 by theradial velocity technique. The planet orbits at a distance of0.57AUfrom the star with a period of 141.6 days.It has a mass of at least 1.13 Jupiter masses. HAT-P-34 is a star1.392±0.047times as massive as the Sun with1.535+0.135−0.102times its radius and3.63+0.75−0.51times its luminosity. With an apparent magnitude of 10.4,it is819±9 light-yearsdistant.A planet3.328±0.211times as massive as Jupiter was discovered transiting it in 2012. With a period of 5.45 days and a distance of0.06 AUfrom its star, it has an estimated surface temperature of1,520±60 K. 15 Sagittaeis asolar analog—a star similar to the Sun, with1.08±0.04times its mass,1.115±0.021times its radius and1.338±0.03times its luminosity. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.80.It has an L4 brown dwarf substellar companion that is around the same size as Jupiter but 69 times as massive with a surface temperature of between 1,510 and1,850 K, taking around 73.3 years to complete an orbit around the star.The system is estimated to be2.5±1.8billion years old. Deep-sky objects The band of the Milky Way and theGreat Riftwithin it pass though Sagitta, with Alpha, Beta and Epsilon Sagittae marking the Rift's border.Located between Beta and Gamma Sagittae isMessier 71,a very looseglobular clustermistaken for some time for a denseopen cluster.At a distance of about13,000 light-yearsfrom Earth,it was first discovered by the French astronomerPhilippe Loys de Chéseauxin the year 1745 or 1746.The loose globular cluster has a mass of around 53,000M☉and aluminosityof approximately 19,000L☉. There are two notableplanetary nebulaein Sagitta:NGC 6886is composed of a hot central post-AGB star that has 55% of the Sun's mass yet2,700±850times its luminosity, with a surface temperature of142,000 K, and surrounding nebula estimated to have been expanding for between 1,280 and 1,600 years,The nebula was discovered byRalph Copelandin 1884.TheNecklace Nebula—originally a close binary, one component of which swallowed the other as it expanded to become a giant star. The smaller star remained in orbit inside the larger, whose rotation speed increased greatly, resulting in it flinging its outer layers off into space, forming a ring with knots of bright gas formed from clumps of stellar material.It was discovered in 2005 and is around 2 light-years wide.It has a size of0.35′.Both nebulae are around15,000 light-yearsfrom Earth. See also Notes References External links",
"Vulpecula Vulpecula/vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/is a faintconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor \"littlefox\", although it is commonly known simply as the fox. It was identified in the seventeenth century, and is located in the middle of theSummer Triangle(anasterismconsisting of the bright starsDeneb,Vega, andAltair). Features Stars There are no stars brighter than 4th magnitude in this constellation. The brightest star in Vulpecula isAlpha Vulpeculae, amagnitude4.44mred giantat an approximate distance of 291light-years. The star is anoptical binary(separation of 413.7\") that can be split using binoculars. The star also carries the traditional name Anser, which refers to the goose the little fox holds in its jaws. 23 Vulpeculaeis the second brightest star in the constellation. In 1967, the firstpulsar,PSR B1919+21, was discovered in Vulpecula byJocelyn Bell, supervised byAntony Hewish, inCambridge. While they were searching for scintillation of radio signals ofquasars, they observed pulses which repeated with aperiodof 1.3373seconds.Terrestrial origin of the signal was ruled out because the time it took the object to reappear was asidereal dayinstead of asolar day. This anomaly was finally identified as the signal of a rapidly rotatingneutron star. Fifteen years after the first pulsar was discovered, the firstmillisecond pulsar,PSR B1937+21, was also discovered in Vulpecula, only a few degrees in the sky away from PSR B1919+21. Vulpecula is also home toHD 189733 b, one of the closest extrasolar planets studied by the now-retiredSpitzer Space Telescope. On 11 July 2007, a team led byGiovanna Tinettipublished the results of their observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope concluding there is solid evidence for significant amounts of water vapor in the planet's atmosphere.Although HD 189733b with atmospheric temperatures rising above 1,000 °C is far from being habitable, this finding increases the likelihood that water, an essential component of life, would be found on a more Earth-like planet in the future. Also located in Vulpecula issoft gamma repeaterSGR 1935+2154. In 2020 it emitted afast radio burst, the first one to be observed in the Milky Way. Deep-sky objects TheDumbbell Nebula(M27), is a large, brightplanetary nebulawhich was discovered by the French astronomerCharles Messierin 1764 as the very first object of its kind.It can be seen with goodbinocularsin a dark sky location, appearing as a dimly glowing disk approximately 8arcminutesin diameter.The nebula is approximately 9,800 years old.Atelescopereveals its double-lobed shape, similar to that of an hourglass.Brocchi's Cluster(Collinder 399) is anasterismformerly thought to be anopen cluster. It is also called \"the Coathanger\" because of its distinctive star pattern when viewed with binoculars or a low power telescope. NGC 7052is anelliptical galaxyin Vulpecula at a distance of 214 million light-years from Earth. It has a centraldustydisk with a diameter of 3700 light-years; there is asupermassive black holewith a mass of 300 million solar masses in itsnucleus. Astronomers surmise that the disk is the remnant of a smaller galaxy thatmergedwith NGC 7052.Jetscan be seen emanating from the galaxy, and it has very strongradio emissions. This means that it is also classified as aradio galaxy. The eastern part of Vulpecula is occupied by theHercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall. It is a galaxy filament, with the length of 3,000 megaparsecs, making it the largest known structure in the universe. Stellar association Vulpecula contains an OB-association of young stars, called theVulpecula OB-associationor Vul OB1. The association contains nearly 100OB-starsand over 800young stellar objects.It lies in the galactic plane, at a distance of about 2300parsec. It contains the emission-line nebulae Sh-86, Sh-87 andSh-88. Vul OB1 has a length of about 100 parsec and is sculpting many pillar-like structures in this region. History In the late 17th century, the astronomerJohannes Heveliuscreated Vulpecula. It was originally known asVulpecula cum ansere(\"the little fox with thegoose\") orVulpecula et Anser(\"the little fox and the goose\"), and was illustrated with a goose in the jaws of a fox. Hevelius did not regard the fox and the goose to be two separate constellations, but later the stars were divided into a separate Anser and Vulpecula. Today, they have been merged again under the name of the fox, but the goose is remembered by the name of the star α Vulpeculae:Anser. See also References Sources Footnotes External links"
] | [
"Summer Triangle TheSummer Triangleis an astronomicalasterismin thenorthern celestial hemisphere. The definingverticesof this imaginarytriangleare atAltair,Deneb, andVega, each of which is thebrightest starof itsconstellation(Aquila,Cygnus, andLyra, respectively). The greatest declination is +45° and lowest is +9° meaning the three can be seen from all places in the Northern Hemisphere and from the home of most people resident in the Southern Hemisphere. The two stars in Aquila and Cygnus represent the head of an eagle and tail of a swan that looks east inscribed into the triangle and forming thealtitude of the triangle. Two small constellations,SagittaandVulpecula, lie between Aquila in the south of the triangle and Cygnus and Lyra to the north. History The term was popularized by American authorH. A. Reyand British astronomerPatrick Moorein the 1950s.The name can be found in constellation guidebooks as far back as 1913.The Austrian astronomerOswald Thomasdescribed these stars asGrosses Dreieck(Great",
"Dreieck(Great Triangle) in the late 1920s andSommerliches Dreieck(Summerly Triangle) in 1934. The asterism was remarked upon byJoseph Johann von Littrow, who described it as the \"conspicuous triangle\" in the text of his atlas (1866), andJohann Elert Bodeconnected the stars in a map in a book in 1816, although without label. These are the same stars recognized in the Chinese legend ofThe Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, a story dating back some 2,600 years, celebrated in theQixi Festival. The stars also bear ceremonial significance in the related celebrations ofTanabata,Chilseok, and Thất Tịch, derived from Qixi. In the mid- to late-20th century, beforeinertial navigation systemsand other electronic and mechanical equipment took their places in military aircraft,United States Air Forcenavigators referred to this asterism as the \"Navigator's Triangle\". Visibility Frommid-to-tropicalnorthern latitudes: From mid-southern latitudes, the asterism is in the north during the culmination season described above. The stars",
"above. The stars of the Summer Triangle Both Altair and Vega are bluish-white, rapidly-rotating A-type main sequence stars in the local neighbourhood of the sun. However, Deneb is a white supergiant star over 100 times as distant, and one of the most luminous stars in the entire galaxy. See also References External links",
"Sagitta Sagittais a dim but distinctiveconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor 'arrow', not to be confused with the significantly larger constellationSagittarius'the archer'. It was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomerPtolemy, and it remains one of the88 modern constellationsdefined by theInternational Astronomical Union. Although it dates to antiquity, Sagitta has no star brighter than 3rdmagnitudeand has the third-smallest area of any constellation. Gamma Sagittaeis the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 3.47. It is an agingred giantstar 90% as massive as the Sun that has cooled and expanded to a radius 54 times greater than it.Delta,Epsilon,Zeta, andTheta Sagittaeare eachmultiplestars whose components can be seen in small telescopes.V Sagittaeis acataclysmic variable—abinary star systemcomposed of awhite dwarfaccreting mass of a donor star that is expected to gonovaand briefly become the mostluminousstar in theMilky Wayand one of",
"Wayand one of the brightest stars in our sky around the year 2083. Two star systems in Sagitta are known to have Jupiter-like planets, while a third—15 Sagittae—has abrown dwarfcompanion. History Theancient Greekscalled SagittaOistos'the arrow',and it was one of the 48 constellations described byPtolemy.It was regarded as the weapon thatHerculesused to kill the eagle (Aquila) ofJovethat perpetually gnawedPrometheus' liver.Sagitta is located beyond the north border ofAquila, the Eagle. An amateur naturalist, polymathRichard Hinckley Allenproposed that the constellation could represent the arrow shot by Hercules towards the adjacentStymphalian birds(which feature inHercules' sixth labour) who had claws, beaks, and wings of iron, and who lived on human flesh in the marshes ofArcadia—denoted in the sky by the constellations Aquila the Eagle,Cygnus 'the Swan', andLyra 'the Vulture'—and still lying between them, whence the titleHerculea.Greek scholarEratosthenesclaimed it as the arrow with whichApolloexterminated",
"theCyclopes.The Romans named it Sagitta.In Arabic, it becameal-sahm'arrow', though this name becameShamand was transferred toAlpha Sagittaeonly. The Greek name has also been mistranslated asὁ istos'the loom' and thus in Arabical-nawl. It was also calledal-'anaza'pike/javelin'. Characteristics The four brightest stars make up an arrow-shapedasterismlocated due north of the bright starAltair.Covering 79.9 square degrees and hence 0.194% of the sky, Sagitta ranks 86th of the88 modern constellationsby area. OnlyEquuleusandCruxare smaller.Sagitta is most readily observed from the late spring to early autumn to northern hemisphere observers, with midnightculminationoccurring on 17 July.Its position in theNorthern Celestial Hemispheremeans that the wholeconstellationis visible to observers north of69°S.Sagitta is bordered byVulpeculato the north,Herculesto the west, Aquila to the south, andDelphinusto the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Unionin",
"Unionin 1922, is \"Sge\"; American astronomerHenry Norris Russell, who devised the code, had to resort to using thegenitiveform of the name to come up with a letter to include ('e') that was not in the name of the constellation Sagittarius.The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delportein 1930, are defined by a polygon of twelve segments (illustrated in infobox). In theequatorial coordinate system, theright ascensioncoordinates of these borders lie between18h57.2mand20h20.5m, while thedeclinationcoordinates are between 16.08° and 21.64°. Notable features Stars Celestial cartographerJohann BayergaveBayer designationsto eight stars, labelling them Alpha to Theta. English astronomerJohn Flamsteedadded the letters x, mistaken asChi(χ), y and z to 13, 14, and 15 Sagittae in hisCatalogus Britannicus. All three were dropped by later astronomersJohn BevisandFrancis Baily. Bright stars Ptolemy saw the constellation's brightest starGamma Sagittaeas marking the arrow's head,while Bayer",
"head,while Bayer saw Gamma, Eta, and Theta as depicting the arrow's shaft.Gamma Sagittae is ared giantof spectral type M0 III,and magnitude 3.47. It lies at a distance of258±4light-yearsfrom Earth.With around 90% of the Sun's mass,it has a radius 54 times that of the Sun and is 575 times as bright. It is most likely on thered-giant branchof itsevolutionarylifespan, having exhausted its core hydrogen and now burning it in a surrounding shell. Delta Sagittaeis the second-brightest star in the constellation and is a binary. Delta and Zeta depicted the spike according to Bayer.The Delta Sagittae system is composed of ared supergiantof spectral type M2 IIthat has 3.9 times the Sun's mass and 152 times its radius and a blue-white B9.5Vmain sequencestar that is 2.9 times as massive as the Sun. The two orbit each other every ten years.Zeta Sagittaeis a triple star system,approximately326 light-yearsfrom Earth. The primary and secondary are A-type stars. In hisUranometria, Bayer depicted Alpha,Beta, andEpsilon",
"andEpsilon Sagittaeas the fins of the arrow.Also known as Sham, Alpha is a yellowbright giantstar ofspectral classG1 II with anapparent magnitudeof 4.38, which lies at a distance of382±8 light-yearsfrom Earth.Four times as massive as the Sun, it has swollen and brightened to 21 times the Sun's radius and 340 times itsluminosity.Also of magnitude 4.38, Beta is a G-typegiantlocated420±10 light-yearsdistant from Earth.Estimated to be around 129 million years old, it is 4.33 times as massive as the Sun,and has expanded to roughly 27 times its radius.Epsilon Sagittae is adouble starwhose component stars can be seen in a small telescope.With an apparent magnitude of 5.77,the main star is a 331-million-year-old yellow giant of spectral type G8 III around 3.09 times as massive as the Sun,that has swollen to18.37+0.65−0.88its radius.It is580±10 light-yearsdistant.The visual companion of magnitude 8.35 is 87.4arcsecondsdistant,but is an unrelatedblue supergiantaround7,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth. Eta Sagittaeis",
"Eta Sagittaeis an orange giant of spectral class K2 IIIwith a magnitude of 5.09.Located155.9±0.9 light-yearsfrom Earth, it has a 61.1% chance of being a member of theHyades–Pleiadesstream of stars that share acommon motion through space.Theta Sagittaeis a double star system, with components 12 arcseconds apart visible in a small telescope.At magnitude 6.5, the brighter is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F3 V,located146.1±0.2 light-yearsfrom Earth.The 8.8-magnitude fainter companion is a main sequence star of spectral type G5 V. A 7.4-magnitude orange giant of spectral type K2 III is also visible91″from the binary pair,located842±9 light-yearsaway. Variable stars Variable stars are popular targets for amateur astronomers, their observations providing valuable contributions to understanding star behaviour.R Sagittaeis a member of the rareRV Tauri variableclass of star. It ranges in magnitude from 8.2 to 10.4.It is around8,100 light-yearsdistant.It has a radius61.2+12.4−9.9times that of the",
"that of the Sun, and is2,329+744−638as luminous, yet most likely is less massive than the Sun. An aging star, it has moved on from theasymptotic giant branchof stellar evolution and is on its way to becoming aplanetary nebula.FG Sagittaeis a \"born again\" star, a highly luminous star around4,000 light-yearsdistant from Earth.It reignited fusion of a helium shell shortly before becoming a white dwarf, and has expanded first to a blue supergiant and then to a K-classsupergiantin less than 100 years.It is surrounded by a faint (visual magnitude 23) planetary nebula, Henize 1–5, that formed when FG Sagittae first left the asymptotic giant branch. S Sagittaeis aclassical Cepheidthat varies from magnitude 5.24 to 6.04 every 8.38 days. It is a yellow-white supergiant that pulsates between spectral types F6 Ib and G5 Ib.Around 6 or 7 times as massive and 3,500 times as luminous as the Sun,it is located around5,100 light-yearsfrom Earth.HD 183143is a remote highly luminous star around7,900 light-yearsaway,that has",
"has been classified as a bluehypergiant.Infraredbands of ionisedbuckminsterfullerenemolecules have also been found in its spectrum.WR 124is aWolf–Rayet starmoving at great speed surrounded by a nebula of ejected gas. U Sagittaeis an eclipsing binary that varies between magnitudes 6.6 and 9.2 over 3.4 days, making it a suitable target for enthusiasts with small telescopes.There are two component stars—a blue-white star of spectral type B8 V and an ageing star that has cooled and expanded into a yellow subgiant of spectral type G4 III-IV. They orbit each other close enough that the cooler subgiant has filled itsRoche lobeand is passing material to the hotter star, and hence it is asemidetached binarysystem.The system is900±10 light-yearsdistant.Near U Sagittae isX Sagittae, asemiregular variableranging between magnitudes 7.9 and 8.4 over 196 days.Acarbon star, X Sagittae has a surface temperature of2,576K. Located near 18 Sagittae isV Sagittae, the prototype of theV Sagittae variables,cataclysmic variablesthat",
"variablesthat are alsosuper soft X-ray sources.It is expected to become aluminous red novawhen the two stars merge around the year 2083, and briefly become the most luminous star in theMilky Wayand one of the brightest stars in Earth's sky.WZ Sagittaeis another cataclysmic variable, composed of awhite dwarfthat has about 85% the mass of the Sun, and low-mass star companion that has been calculated to be abrown dwarfof spectral class L2 that is only 8% as massive as the Sun.Normally a faint object dimmer than magnitude 15, it flared up in 1913, 1946 and 1978 to be visible in binoculars.Theblack widow pulsar(B1957+20) is the secondmillisecond pulsarever discovered.It is a massiveneutron starthat isablatingits brown dwarf-sized companion which causes the pulsar's radio signals toattenuateas they pass through the outflowing material. Stars with exoplanets HD 231701is ayellow-white main sequence starhotter and larger than the Sun, with aJupiter-likeplanetthat was discovered in 2007 by theradial velocity",
"theradial velocity technique. The planet orbits at a distance of0.57AUfrom the star with a period of 141.6 days.It has a mass of at least 1.13 Jupiter masses. HAT-P-34 is a star1.392±0.047times as massive as the Sun with1.535+0.135−0.102times its radius and3.63+0.75−0.51times its luminosity. With an apparent magnitude of 10.4,it is819±9 light-yearsdistant.A planet3.328±0.211times as massive as Jupiter was discovered transiting it in 2012. With a period of 5.45 days and a distance of0.06 AUfrom its star, it has an estimated surface temperature of1,520±60 K. 15 Sagittaeis asolar analog—a star similar to the Sun, with1.08±0.04times its mass,1.115±0.021times its radius and1.338±0.03times its luminosity. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.80.It has an L4 brown dwarf substellar companion that is around the same size as Jupiter but 69 times as massive with a surface temperature of between 1,510 and1,850 K, taking around 73.3 years to complete an orbit around the star.The system is estimated to be2.5±1.8billion years",
"years old. Deep-sky objects The band of the Milky Way and theGreat Riftwithin it pass though Sagitta, with Alpha, Beta and Epsilon Sagittae marking the Rift's border.Located between Beta and Gamma Sagittae isMessier 71,a very looseglobular clustermistaken for some time for a denseopen cluster.At a distance of about13,000 light-yearsfrom Earth,it was first discovered by the French astronomerPhilippe Loys de Chéseauxin the year 1745 or 1746.The loose globular cluster has a mass of around 53,000M☉and aluminosityof approximately 19,000L☉. There are two notableplanetary nebulaein Sagitta:NGC 6886is composed of a hot central post-AGB star that has 55% of the Sun's mass yet2,700±850times its luminosity, with a surface temperature of142,000 K, and surrounding nebula estimated to have been expanding for between 1,280 and 1,600 years,The nebula was discovered byRalph Copelandin 1884.TheNecklace Nebula—originally a close binary, one component of which swallowed the other as it expanded to become a giant star. The",
"a giant star. The smaller star remained in orbit inside the larger, whose rotation speed increased greatly, resulting in it flinging its outer layers off into space, forming a ring with knots of bright gas formed from clumps of stellar material.It was discovered in 2005 and is around 2 light-years wide.It has a size of0.35′.Both nebulae are around15,000 light-yearsfrom Earth. See also Notes References External links",
"Vulpecula Vulpecula/vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/is a faintconstellationin the northern sky. Its name isLatinfor \"littlefox\", although it is commonly known simply as the fox. It was identified in the seventeenth century, and is located in the middle of theSummer Triangle(anasterismconsisting of the bright starsDeneb,Vega, andAltair). Features Stars There are no stars brighter than 4th magnitude in this constellation. The brightest star in Vulpecula isAlpha Vulpeculae, amagnitude4.44mred giantat an approximate distance of 291light-years. The star is anoptical binary(separation of 413.7\") that can be split using binoculars. The star also carries the traditional name Anser, which refers to the goose the little fox holds in its jaws. 23 Vulpeculaeis the second brightest star in the constellation. In 1967, the firstpulsar,PSR B1919+21, was discovered in Vulpecula byJocelyn Bell, supervised byAntony Hewish, inCambridge. While they were searching for scintillation of radio signals ofquasars, they observed pulses which repeated with",
"which repeated with aperiodof 1.3373seconds.Terrestrial origin of the signal was ruled out because the time it took the object to reappear was asidereal dayinstead of asolar day. This anomaly was finally identified as the signal of a rapidly rotatingneutron star. Fifteen years after the first pulsar was discovered, the firstmillisecond pulsar,PSR B1937+21, was also discovered in Vulpecula, only a few degrees in the sky away from PSR B1919+21. Vulpecula is also home toHD 189733 b, one of the closest extrasolar planets studied by the now-retiredSpitzer Space Telescope. On 11 July 2007, a team led byGiovanna Tinettipublished the results of their observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope concluding there is solid evidence for significant amounts of water vapor in the planet's atmosphere.Although HD 189733b with atmospheric temperatures rising above 1,000 °C is far from being habitable, this finding increases the likelihood that water, an essential component of life, would be found on a more Earth-like",
"a more Earth-like planet in the future. Also located in Vulpecula issoft gamma repeaterSGR 1935+2154. In 2020 it emitted afast radio burst, the first one to be observed in the Milky Way. Deep-sky objects TheDumbbell Nebula(M27), is a large, brightplanetary nebulawhich was discovered by the French astronomerCharles Messierin 1764 as the very first object of its kind.It can be seen with goodbinocularsin a dark sky location, appearing as a dimly glowing disk approximately 8arcminutesin diameter.The nebula is approximately 9,800 years old.Atelescopereveals its double-lobed shape, similar to that of an hourglass.Brocchi's Cluster(Collinder 399) is anasterismformerly thought to be anopen cluster. It is also called \"the Coathanger\" because of its distinctive star pattern when viewed with binoculars or a low power telescope. NGC 7052is anelliptical galaxyin Vulpecula at a distance of 214 million light-years from Earth. It has a centraldustydisk with a diameter of 3700 light-years; there is asupermassive black",
"asupermassive black holewith a mass of 300 million solar masses in itsnucleus. Astronomers surmise that the disk is the remnant of a smaller galaxy thatmergedwith NGC 7052.Jetscan be seen emanating from the galaxy, and it has very strongradio emissions. This means that it is also classified as aradio galaxy. The eastern part of Vulpecula is occupied by theHercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall. It is a galaxy filament, with the length of 3,000 megaparsecs, making it the largest known structure in the universe. Stellar association Vulpecula contains an OB-association of young stars, called theVulpecula OB-associationor Vul OB1. The association contains nearly 100OB-starsand over 800young stellar objects.It lies in the galactic plane, at a distance of about 2300parsec. It contains the emission-line nebulae Sh-86, Sh-87 andSh-88. Vul OB1 has a length of about 100 parsec and is sculpting many pillar-like structures in this region. History In the late 17th century, the astronomerJohannes Heveliuscreated Vulpecula.",
"Vulpecula. It was originally known asVulpecula cum ansere(\"the little fox with thegoose\") orVulpecula et Anser(\"the little fox and the goose\"), and was illustrated with a goose in the jaws of a fox. Hevelius did not regard the fox and the goose to be two separate constellations, but later the stars were divided into a separate Anser and Vulpecula. Today, they have been merged again under the name of the fox, but the goose is remembered by the name of the star α Vulpeculae:Anser. See also References Sources Footnotes External links"
] |
Who was the president of the USA when the wife of the former HEB Grocery Company CEO Howard Edward Butt Sr. died? | Bill Clinton was president beginning in 1993, the same year that Mary Elizabeth Butt passed away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Butt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Butt', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Butt",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"
] | [
"Mary Elizabeth Butt Mary Elizabeth Butt(néeHoldsworth; 1903–1993) was a prominentTexasphilanthropist and wife of formerHEB Grocery CompanyCEOHoward Edward Butt Sr., son of HEB founder, Florence Butt. Her philanthropic efforts were particularly focused on the care of emotionally disturbed children and the development of library services. Early life Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt was born on February 4, 1903, nearLoma Vista, Texas, the daughter of Rosa (née Ross) and Thomas Holdsworth. She was the fourth of seven children. Her father, the son of an English schoolteacher, emigrated from England to Texas with his parents in 1880. Her mother was a schoolteacher who grew up and worked inKerrville, Texas.Both her parents were devout, tithingBaptists.In 1924, she marriedHoward Edward Butt. Howard owned a small grocery store in Kerrville. Over time, her husband's business prospered and expanded, enabling Mary Elizabeth to take an active role in supporting numerous and varied charitable causes. Her husband stated: \"I make the money, and Mary spends it (on worthy causes). And I am glad she does.\"In 1940, they moved toCorpus Christi, Texas. Philanthropy In 1929, she moved toBrownsville, Texas, in theRio Grande Valleyand thereafter toHarlingen. Mary Elizabeth started the State Crippled Children's Program using her dining room as an office. She also served as chairwoman of the Cameron County Child Welfare Board. In addition, she started the first tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment program in the region; and also purchased the first equipment used to test the hearing and vision of schoolchildren. In 1934, the Butts formed the H. E. Butt Foundation, one of the first charitable organizations in Texas. The foundation focused on funding public school programs, establishing libraries and constructing recreational facilities.Mary Butt served as its president. In 1940, the Butt family moved toCorpus Christi, Texas, where she organized the local branches of theYWCA; theNueces Countyhome for the aged; the Nueces County Tuberculosis Hospital; and the local branch of theAmerican Cancer Society. She also established the Mary Bethune Day Nursery which addressed shortfalls in access to day care forAfrican-Americanchildren. In 1949, she along with Dr. Robert Sutherland (director of theHogg Foundation for Mental Healthfounded byIma Hoggin 1940) and Margaret Scarbrough (wife of Austin retailer Lemuel Scarbrough and founder of the Scarbrough Foundation), organized and hosted the first Conference of Texas Foundations and Trusts which coordinated philanthropic giving so as to avoid duplication and promoted the exchange ideas and strategies.Texas became the first state to have such an organization and the model was duplicated in other states.The Foundation quickly blossomed from 10 mostly family-sponsored organizations at inception to 48 organizations in 1956.The organization (now known as the Conference of Southwest Foundations) presently consists of 200 member organizations in a seven-state area. In 1953, she helped to establish the Hilltop Hospital which treated tuberculosis patients and eventually serving five years as the chairman of its board. In 1954, the Butts established the H. E. Butt Foundation Camp located on theFrio RiverAs she was particularly dedicated to the care of emotionally disturbed children, she developed a camping program for specifically for their care.As of 2012, the camp continues to serve, without cost, over 20,000 campers annuallyand is also the site of the Laity Lodge, a prominent center of Christian learning founded by their son, Howard E. Butt Jr. In 1955, she was appointed by Texas GovernorAllan Shiversto the governing board of Texas State Hospitals and Special Schools (later theTexas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation). She served as the only woman member of the board for 18 yearsbeing appointed by six different governors. The Butts contributed to the founding of theButt-Holdsworth Memorial Library, which was inaugurated in summer 1967. Personal life and death She had four children with her husband: Another child, Mary Beth Butt, who lived for only 10 days (November 17, 1943 - November 27, 1943), is buried beside Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt at the Glen Rest Cemetery in Kerrville, Texas, was the fourth child of Howard Butt, Sr., and Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt. Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt died in her house in Corpus Christi on October 6, 1993. Awards TheTexas State Historical Associationlists the many awards Butt has received over the years for her philanthropic activities: References External links",
"Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton(néBlythe; born August 19, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42ndpresident of the United Statesfrom 1993 to 2001. A member of theDemocratic Party, he previously served asgovernor of Arkansasfrom 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy, became known as aNew Democrat. Clinton was born and raised inArkansas. He graduated fromGeorgetown Universityin 1968, and later fromYale Law School, where he met his future wife,Hillary Rodham. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed bytwo non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of theNational Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the1992 election, defeating the incumbentRepublican PartypresidentGeorge H. W. Bushand the independent businessmanRoss Perot. He became the first president to be born in theBaby Boomergeneration. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law theNorth American Free Trade Agreementand theViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Actbut failed to pass his plan fornational health care reform. Starting in the mid-1990s, he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy, advocating for and signing thePersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, theState Children's Health Insurance Programand financial deregulation measures. He appointedRuth Bader GinsburgandStephen Breyerto theU.S. Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in theBosnianandKosovo wars, eventually signing theDayton Peace agreement. He also called for theexpansion of NATOin Eastern Europe and many formerWarsaw Pactmembers joined NATO during his presidency. Clinton's foreign policy in the Middle East saw him sign theIraq Liberation Actwhich gave aid to groups againstSaddam Hussein. He also participated in theOslo I AccordandCamp David Summitto advance theIsraeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted theNorthern Ireland peace process. Clinton won re-election in the1996 election, defeating Republican nomineeBob DoleandReform Partynominee Perot. His second term was dominated by theClinton–Lewinsky scandal, which began in 1995, when he had a sexual relationship with the then 22-year-oldWhite HouseinternMonica Lewinsky. In January 1998, news of the affair made tabloid headlines.This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating in December whenClinton was impeachedby theHouse of Representatives, becoming the first U.S. president to be impeached sinceAndrew Johnson. The two impeachment articles that the House passed were centered aroundperjuryand Clinton using the powers of the presidency to commit obstruction of justice. In 1999,Clinton's impeachment trialbegan in theSenate, where he was acquitted on both charges. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, theCongressional Budget Officereported a budget surplus—the first such surplus since 1969. Clinton left office in 2001 with the joint-highest approval rating of any U.S. president. His presidency ranks among the middle to upper tier inhistorical rankings of U.S. presidents. However, his personal conduct andmisconduct allegationshave made him the subject of substantial scrutiny. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created theClinton Foundationto address international causes such as the prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2009, he was named theUnited Nations special envoy to Haiti. After the2010 Haiti earthquake, Clinton founded theClinton Bush Haiti FundwithGeorge W. BushandBarack Obama. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's2008and2016 presidential campaigns. Early life and career Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital inHope, Arkansas.He is the son ofWilliam Jefferson Blythe Jr., a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, andVirginia Dell Cassidy(later Virginia Kelley).Blythe had initially survived the crash, but drowned in a drainage ditch. His parents had married on September 4, 1943, but this union later proved to be bigamous, as Blythe was still married to his fourth wife.Virginia traveled toNew Orleansto study nursing soon after Bill was born, leaving him in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store.At a time when the southern United States wasracially segregated, Clinton's grandparents sold goods oncreditto people of all races.In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and marriedRoger Clinton Sr., who co-owned anautomobile dealershipinHot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother andEarl T. Ricks.The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950. Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Clinton turned 15that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward him.Clinton has described his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half-brother,Roger Clinton Jr.The physical abuse only ceased after a then-14-year-old Bill challenged his stepfather to \"stand and face\" him, though the verbal/emotional abuse continued.Bill would eventually forgive Roger Sr. for his abusive actions near the latter's death. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and thesegregatedHot Springs High School, where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician.Clinton was in the chorus and played thetenor saxophone, winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. While in high school, Clinton performed for two years in a jazz trio,The 3 Kings, withRandy Goodrum, who became a successful professional pianist. In 1961, Clinton became a member of the Hot Springs Chapter of theOrder of DeMolay, a youth group affiliated withFreemasonry, but he never became a Freemason.He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiographyMy Life: Clinton began an interest in law at Hot Springs High, when he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancientRoman senatorCatilinein a mock trial in his Latin class.After a vigorous defense that made use of his \"budding rhetorical and political skills\", he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck it \"made him realize that someday he would study law\". Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life, both occurring in 1963, that contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit as aBoys Nationsenator to theWhite Houseto meet PresidentJohn F. Kennedy.The other was watchingMartin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 \"I Have a Dream\" speech on TV, which impressed him so much that he later memorized it. College and law school years Georgetown University With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended theSchool of Foreign ServiceatGeorgetown Universityin Washington, D.C., receiving aBachelor of Sciencein foreign service degree in 1968. Georgetown was the only university where Clinton applied. In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won elections forclass president.From 1964 to 1967, he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas SenatorJ. William Fulbright.While in college, he became a brother of service fraternityAlpha Phi Omegaand was elected toPhi Beta Kappa. He is a member ofKappa Kappa Psihonorary band fraternity. Oxford Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won aRhodes ScholarshiptoUniversity College, Oxford, where he initially read for aB.Phil.inphilosophy, politics, and economicsbut transferred to aB.Litt.in politics and, ultimately, a B.Phil. in politics.Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs; this type of activity was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort. He had received an offer to study atYale Law School, and so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford. During his time at Oxford, Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller. In 1969, Aller received adraftletter that mandated deployment to theVietnam War. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton.British writer and feministSara Maitlandsaid of Clinton, \"I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War. I knew nothing about it, and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry. Bill said that feeling bad wasn't good enough. That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren't enough and you had to do something about such things\".Clinton was a member of theOxford University Basketball Cluband also played for Oxford University'srugby unionteam. While Clinton was president in 1994, he received an honoraryDoctor of Civil Lawdegree and a fellowship from theUniversity of Oxford, specifically for being \"a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace\", having \"a powerful collaborator in his wife\", and for winning \"general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget\". Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy During the Vietnam War, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969.While at Oxford, he participated inVietnam War protestsand organized aMoratorium to End the War in Vietnamevent in October 1969.He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. and knew he might lose his deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in theNational Guardand theAir Force officer candidate school, and he then made arrangements to join theReserve Officers' Training Corps(ROTC) program at theUniversity of Arkansas. He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way \"to maintain my political viability within the system\".Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers1 to 310 would bedraftedbefore him, making it unlikely he would be called up. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.) ColonelEugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform. He issued anotarizedstatement during the 1992 presidential campaign: During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in theNavy Reserve, which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then.Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service.Clinton's 1992 campaign manager,James Carville, successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position. Law school After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned aJuris Doctor(J.D.) degree in 1973.In 1971, he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham, in theYale Law Library; she was a class year ahead of him.They began dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his summer plans to be a coordinator for theGeorge McGoverncampaignfor the1972 United States presidential electionin order to move in with her in California.The couple continuedliving togetherin New Haven when they returned to law school. Clinton eventuallymoved to Texas with Rodham in 1972to take a job leading McGovern's effort there. He spent considerable time inDallas, at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. Clinton worked with future two-termmayor of DallasRon Kirk,futuregovernor of TexasAnn Richards,and then unknown television director and filmmakerSteven Spielberg. Failed congressional campaign and tenure as Attorney General of Arkansas After graduating fromYale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a lawprofessorat theUniversity of Arkansas. In 1974, he ran for theHouse of Representatives. Running in the conservative3rd districtagainst incumbent RepublicanJohn Paul Hammerschmidt, Clinton's campaign was bolstered by the anti-Republican and anti-incumbent mood resulting from theWatergate scandal. Hammerschmidt, who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972, defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin. In 1976, Clinton ran forArkansas attorney general. Defeating the secretary of state and the deputy attorney general in the Democratic primary, Clinton was elected with no opposition at all in the general election, as no Republican had run for the office. Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992) In 1978, Clinton entered the Arkansas gubernatorial primary. At just 31 years old, he was one of the youngest gubernatorial candidates in the state's history. Clinton was electedgovernor of Arkansasin1978, having defeated the Republican candidateLynn Lowe, a farmer fromTexarkana. Clinton was only 32 years old when he took office, the youngest governor in the country at the time and the second youngest governor in the history of Arkansas.Due to his youthful appearance, Clinton was often called the \"Boy Governor\".He worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform. However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from theMariel boatlift) detained inFort Chaffeein 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose, ofKingslandinCleveland County, polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat by Republican challengerFrank D. Whitein the general election that year. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. After leaving office in January 1981, Clinton joined friendBruce Lindsey's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings.In 1982, he was elected governor a second time and kept the office for ten years. Effective with the 1986 election, Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years. During his term, he helped transform Arkansas's economy and improved the state's educational system.Forsenior citizens, he removed thesales taxfrom medications and increased the home property-tax exemption.He became a leading figure among theNew Democrats, a group ofDemocratswho advocated welfare reform, smaller government, and other policies not supported by liberals. Formally organized as theDemocratic Leadership Council(DLC), the New Democrats argued that in light of PresidentRonald Reagan'slandslide victory in 1984, the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level.Clinton delivered theDemocratic responseto Reagan's1985 State of the Union Addressand served as chair of theNational Governors Associationfrom 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas. In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority of his gubernatorial administration. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee was chaired by Clinton's wife Hillary, who was also an attorney as well as the chair of theLegal Services Corporation. The committee transformed Arkansas's education system. Proposed reforms included more spending for schools (supported by a sales-tax increase), better opportunities for gifted children, vocational education, higher teachers' salaries, more course variety, and compulsory teacher competency exams. The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a speciallegislative session—the longest in Arkansas history.Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship.He defeated four Republican candidates for governor: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986),JonesborobusinessmenWoody Freeman(1984), andSheffield Nelsonof Little Rock (1990). Also in the 1980s, the Clintons' personal and business affairs included transactions that became the basis of theWhitewater controversyinvestigation, which later dogged his presidential administration.After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas. According to some sources, Clinton was adeath penaltyopponent in his early years, but he eventually switched positions.However he might have felt previously, by 1992, Clinton was insisting that Democrats \"should no longer feel guilty about protecting the innocent\".During Clinton's final term as governor,Arkansas performed its first executionssince 1964 (the death penalty had been reinstated in 1976).As Governor, he oversaw thefirst four executions carried outby the state of Arkansas since the death penalty was reinstated there in 1976: one byelectric chairand three bylethal injection.To draw attention to his stance on capital punishment, Clinton flew home to Arkansas mid-campaign in 1992, in order to affirm in person that the controversial execution ofRicky Ray Rector, would go forward as scheduled. Scandals and allegations During his time as governor in the 1980s, Arkansas was the center of a drug smuggling operation throughMena Airport.CIAagentBarry Sealallegedly imported three to five billion dollars worth ofcocainethrough the airport, and the operation was linked to theIran–Contra affair.Clinton was accused of knowing about this operation, although nothing could be proven against him.JournalistSam Smithtied him to various questionable business dealings.Clinton was also accused byGennifer Flowersto have used cocaine as governorand his half-brother Roger was sentenced to prison in 1985 for possession and smuggling of cocaine, but was laterpardoned by his brotherafter serving his sentence.During his time in Arkansas, there were also other scandals such as theWhitewater controversyinvolving the Clintons' real estate dealings, and Bill Clinton was accused of serious sexual misconduct in Arkansas, including allegations of using theArkansas State Policeto gain access to women (Troopergate affair).Thekilling of Don Henry and Kevin Ivesin 1987 started variousconspiracy theoriesthat accused Clinton and the Arkansas state authorities of covering up the crime. 1988 Democratic presidential primaries In 1987, the media speculated that Clinton would enter the presidential race. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary for governor, initially favored—but ultimately vetoed—by the First Lady).For the nomination, Clinton endorsedMassachusetts governorMichael Dukakis. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the1988 Democratic National Convention, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice the length it was expected to be, was criticized for being too long.Clinton presented himself both as a moderate and as a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, and he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991. 1992 United States presidential election In the first primary contest, theIowa Caucus, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa senatorTom Harkin. During the campaign for theNew Hampshire primary, reports surfaced that Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair withGennifer Flowers. Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts senatorPaul Tsongasin the New Hampshire polls.FollowingSuper Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on60 Minutesto rebuff the charges.Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in theNew Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him \"The Comeback Kid\" for earning a firm second-place finish. Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of theSouthern primariesonSuper Tuesdaygave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However, former California governorJerry Brownwas scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South.With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate.Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California. During the campaign, questions ofconflict of interestregarding state business and the politically powerfulRose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents \"for the price of one\". Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas while campaigning for U.S. president, and he returned to his home state to see thatRicky Ray Rectorwould be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to both Arkansas state law and federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in an article forThe New York Timesas a possible political move to counter \"soft on crime\" accusations. Bush'sapproval ratingswere around 80 percent during theGulf War, and he was described as unbeatable. When Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower federal deficits, he reneged on hispromise not to raise taxes, which hurt his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep.By election time, the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent.Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. WhenPat BuchananandPat Robertsonaddressed Christian themes at theRepublican National Convention—with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform—many moderates were alienated.Clinton then pointed to his moderate, \"New Democrat\" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious.Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton.Clinton and his running mate,Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a \"new beginning\". On March 26, 1992, during a Democraticfund raiserof the presidential campaign,Robert Rafskyconfronted then Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas and asked what he was going to do aboutAIDS, to which Clinton replied, \"I feel your pain\".The televised exchange led to AIDS becoming an issue in the 1992 presidential election. On April 4, then candidate Clinton met with members ofACT UPand other leading AIDS advocates to discuss his AIDS agenda and agreed to make a major AIDS policy speech, to have people with HIV speak to theDemocratic Convention, and to sign onto theAIDS UnitedAction five point plan. Clinton won the1992 presidential election(370 electoral votes) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (168 electoral votes) and billionairepopulistRoss Perot(zero electoral votes), who ran as an independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues. Bush's steep decline in public approval was a significant part of Clinton's success.Clinton's victory in the election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of theUnited States Congress,the first time one party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the96th United States Congressduring thepresidency of Jimmy Carter. According toSeymour Martin Lipset, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was the presence of a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups. Presidency (1993–2001) Clinton's \"third way\" of moderate liberalism built up the nation's fiscal health and put the nation on a firm footing abroad amid globalization and the development of anti-American terrorist organizations. During his presidency,Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, particularly theNorth American Free Trade Agreementandwelfare reform, have been attributed to acentristThird Wayphilosophy of governance.His policy offiscal conservatismhelped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters.Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. TheCongressional Budget Officereported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.Over the years of the recorded surplus, the gross national debt rose each year. At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each of the years a surplus was recorded, the U.S. Treasury reported a gross debt of $5.413 trillion in 1997, $5.526 trillion in 1998, $5.656 trillion in 1999, and $5.674 trillion in 2000.Over the same period, the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year (December 31) gross debt of $5.369 trillion in 1997, $5.478 trillion in 1998, $5.606 in 1999, and $5.629 trillion in 2000.At the end of his presidency, the Clintons moved to 15 Old House Lane inChappaqua, New York, in order to quell political worries about his wife's residency for election as a U.S. Senator from New York. First term (1993–1997) \"Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.\" Inaugural address, January 20, 1993. Afterhis presidential transition, Clinton wasinauguratedas the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993. Clinton was physically exhausted at the time, and had an inexperienced staff. His high levels of public support dropped in the first few weeks, as he made a series of mistakes. His first choice for attorney general had not paid her taxes on babysitters and was forced to withdraw. The second appointee also withdrew for the same reason. Clinton had repeatedly promised to encourage gays in the military service, despite what he knew to be the strong opposition of the military leadership. He tried anyway, and was publicly opposed by the top generals, and forced by Congress to a compromise position of \"Don't ask, don't tell\" whereby gays could serve if and only if they kept it secret.He devised a $16-billion stimulus package primarily to aid inner-city programs desired by liberals, but it was defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate.His popularity at the 100 day mark of his term was the lowest of any president at that point. Public opinion did support one liberal program, and Clinton signed theFamily and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support,and was popular with the public. Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993—the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision inRoe v. Wade—Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and internationalfamily planningprograms that had been imposed by Reagan and Bush.Clinton said abortion should be kept \"safe, legal, and rare\"—a slogan that had been suggested by political scientistSamuel L. Popkinand first used by Clinton in December 1991, while campaigning.During the eight years of the Clinton administration, the abortion rate declined by 18 percent. On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to close abudget deficit.Two days later, in a nationally televised address to ajoint session of Congress, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda.Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes, based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates. President Clinton's attorney generalJanet Renoauthorized the FBI's use of armored vehicles to deploy tear gas into the buildings of the Branch Davidian community near Waco, Texas, in hopes of ending a51 day siege. During the operation on April 19, 1993, the buildings caught fire and 75 of the residents died, including 24 children. The raid had originally been planned by the Bush administration; Clinton had played no role. In August, Clinton signed theOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for 15million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses,and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2 percent of taxpayers. Additionally, it mandated that the budget be balanced over many years through the implementation of spending restraints. On September 22, 1993, Clinton made a major speech to Congress regardinga health care reform plan; the program aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan. This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. The plan was well received in political circles, but it was eventually doomed by well-organized lobby opposition from conservatives, theAmerican Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, Clinton biographerJohn F. Harrissaid the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation byGeorge J. Mitchellfailed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. The failure of the bill was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton administration. On November 30, 1993, Clinton signed into law theBrady Bill, which mandated federalbackground checkson people who purchase firearms in the United States. The law also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until theNICS systemwas implemented in 1998. He also expanded theEarned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low-income workers. In December of the same year, allegations by Arkansas state troopersLarry Pattersonand Roger Perry were first reported byDavid BrockinThe American Spectator.In the affair later known as \"Troopergate\", the officers alleged that they had arranged sexual liaisons for Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman namedPaula, a reference toPaula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated \"bad journalism\", and that \"the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives\". That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\", which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexual orientation a secret. The Act forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation.The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton's proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats, including senatorsJohn McCain(R-AZ) andSam Nunn(D-GA). According toDavid Mixner, Clinton's support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore, who felt that \"the President should lift the ban ... even though was sure to be overridden by the Congress\".Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions.Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that PresidentHarry S. Trumanused executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future.Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not \"out of whack\".The policy remained controversial, and was finallyrepealed in 2011, removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces. On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes in favor and 200 votes opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and one independent opposed). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president. On July 29, 1994, the Clinton administration launched the first official White House website,whitehouse.gov.The site was followed with three more versions, with the final version being launched on July 21, 2000.The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, \"Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011—Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public.\" TheOmnibus Crime Bill, which Clinton signed into law in September 1994,made many changes to U.S. crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, \"My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons.\"It also included a subsection ofassault weapons banfor a ten-year period. After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress to the Republicans in themid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years. A speech delivered by President Bill Clinton at the December 6, 1995White House Conferenceon HIV/AIDS projected that a cure for AIDS and a vaccine to prevent further infection would be developed. The President focused on his administration's accomplishments and efforts related to theepidemic, including an accelerated drug-approval process. He also condemnedhomophobiaand discrimination against people withHIV. Clinton announced three new initiatives: creating a special working group to coordinate AIDS research throughout thefederal government; convening public health experts to develop an action plan that integrates HIV prevention with substance abuse prevention; and launching a new effort by theDepartment of Justiceto ensure that health care facilities provide equal access to people with HIV and AIDS.1996 would mark the first year since the beginning of theHIV/AIDS epidemicthat the number of new HIV/AIDS diagnoses would decline, with the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) even later reporting a significant 47% decline in the number of AIDS-related deaths in 1997 compared to the previous year.Credit for this decline would be given to the growing effectiveness of new drug therapy which was promoted by the Clinton Administration's Department of Health and Human Services, such ashighly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART). On September 21, 1996, Clinton signed into law theDefense of Marriage Act(DOMA), which defined marriage for federal purposes as the legal union of one man and one woman; the legislation allowed individual states to refuse to recognize gay marriages that were performed in other states.Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said Clinton's signing DOMA \"was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election\". In defense of his actions, Clinton has said that DOMA was intended to \"head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states\", a possibility he described as highly likely in the context of a \"very reactionary Congress\".Administration spokesmanRichard Socaridessaid, \"the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected.\"Clinton himself said DOMA was something \"which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for Bush up, I think it's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that\";others were more critical. The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activistEvan Wolfsonhas called these claims \"historic revisionism\".Despite this, it has been noted that other than a brief written response to a Reader's Digest that questioned whether he agreed with it, Clinton had made no documented reference to the issue of gay marriage until May 1996.In a July 2, 2011, editorialThe New York Timesopined, \"The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments.\"Ultimately, inUnited States v. Windsor, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA in June 2013. Despite DOMA, Clinton was the first president to select openly gay persons for administrative positions,and he is generally credited as being the first president to publicly champion gay rights.During his presidency, Clinton issued two substantially controversial executive orders on behalf of gay rights, the first lifting the ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employeesand the second outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian workforce.Under Clinton's leadership, federal funding for HIV/AIDS research, prevention and treatment more than doubled.Clinton also pushed for passing hate crimes laws for gays and for the private sectorEmployment Non-Discrimination Act, which, buoyed by his lobbying, failed to pass the Senate by a single vote in 1996.Advocacy for these issues, paired with the politically unpopular nature of the gay rights movement at the time, led to enthusiastic support for Clinton's election and reelection by theHuman Rights Campaign.Clinton came out for gay marriage in July 2009and urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA in 2013.He was later honored byGLAADfor his prior pro-gay stances and his reversal on DOMA. \"When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web ... Now evenmy cathas its own page.\" Bill Clinton's announcement ofNext Generation Internet initiative, October 1996. The1996 United States campaign finance controversywas an alleged effort byChinato influence the domestic policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.Despite the evidence,theChinese governmentdenied all accusations. As part of a 1996 initiative to curbillegal immigration, Clinton signed theIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act(IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton,theU.S. Commission on Immigration Reformrecommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000. In November 1996, Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines,which was a bridge bomb planted byal-Qaedaand was masterminded byOsama bin Laden. During Clinton's presidency, the attempt remained top secret,and it remains classified as of March 2024, whenReutersreported having spoken with eight retired secret service agents about the incident. 1996 presidential campaign In the1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote over RepublicanBob Dole(40.7 percent of the popular vote) andReformcandidate Ross Perot (8.4 percent of the popular vote). Clinton received 379 of theElectoral Collegevotes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes. With his victory, he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections sinceFranklin D. Roosevelt. Second term (1997–2001) In the January 1997, State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. SenatorsTed Kennedy—a Democrat—andOrrin Hatch—a Republican—teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming theState Children's Health Insurance Program(SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress theAdoption and Safe Families Actand two years later she succeeded in helping pass theFoster Care Independence Act. Bill Clinton negotiated the passage of theBalanced Budget Act of 1997by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth.In 1999, he signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as theGramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed the part of theGlass–Steagall Actthat had prohibited a bank from offering a full range ofinvestment,commercial banking, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933. Investigations In November 1993,David Hale—the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy—alleged that while governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.AU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissioninvestigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair.Investigations byRobert B. FiskeandKen Starrfound insufficient to evidence to prosecute the Clintons. TheWhite House FBI files controversyof June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House toFBIsecurity-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.In March 2000, Independent CounselRobert Raydetermined there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, \"there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved\" in seeking the files. On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office. This caused theWhite House travel office controversyeven though the travel office staff served at the pleasure of the president and could bedismissed without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued a report which accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed their efforts to investigate the affair.Special counsel Robert Fiske said that Hillary Clinton was involved in the firing and gave \"factually false\" testimony to the GAO, congress, and the independent counsel. However Fiske said there was not enough evidence to prosecute. Impeachment and acquittal Aftera House inquiry, Clinton wasimpeachedon December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives. The House voted 228–206 to impeach him for perjury to agrand juryand voted 221–212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice.Clinton was only the second U.S. president (the first beingAndrew Johnson) to be impeached.Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and laterDepartment of Defense) employeeMonica Lewinsky.After theStarr Reportwas submitted to the House providing what it termed \"substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment\",the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before themid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, Republican leadership called alame-duck sessionin December 1998. While theHouse Judiciary Committeehearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony before a grand jury that had been convened to investigate perjury he may have committed in his sworn deposition duringJones v. Clinton,Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit.The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition. The Senate later acquitted Clinton of both charges.The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firmWilliams & Connolly.The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote of 55 not guilty/45 guilty on the perjury chargeand 50 not guilty/50 guilty on the obstruction of justice charge.Both votes fell short of the constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty. On January 19, 2001, Clinton's law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in theJonescase. Pardons and commutations Clintonissued141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.Controversy surroundedMarc Richand allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother,Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.Federal prosecutorMary Jo Whitewas appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-RepublicanJames Comey. The investigation found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part.Clinton also pardoned four defendants in theWhitewater Scandal,Chris Wade,Susan McDougal,Stephen Smith, andRobert W. Palmer, all of whom had ties to Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas.Former ClintonHUD SecretaryHenry Cisneros, who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI, was also among Clinton's pardons. Campaign finance controversies In February 1997 it was discovered upon documents being released by theClinton Administrationthat 938 people had stayed at the White House and that 821 of them had made donations to theDemocratic Partyand got the opportunity to stay in the Lincoln bedroom as a result of the donations.Some donors includedSteven Spielberg,Tom Hanks,Jane Fonda, andJudy Collins. Top donors also got golf games and morning jogs with Clinton as a result of the contributions.Janet Renowas called on to investigate the matter byTrent Lott, but she refused. In 1996, it was found that several Chinese foreigners made contributions to Clinton's reelection campaign and theDemocratic National Committeewith the backing of the People's Republic of China. Some of them also attempted to donate to Clinton's defense fund.This violated United States law forbidding non-American citizens from making campaign contributions. Clinton andAl Gorealso allegedly met with the foreign donors.A Republican investigation led byFred Thompsonfound that Clinton was targeted by the Chinese government. However, Democratic senatorsJoe LiebermanandJohn Glennsaid that the evidence showed that China only targeted congressional elections and not presidential elections. Military and foreign affairs Somalia American troops had first enteredSomaliaduring theBush administrationin response to a humanitarian crisis andcivil war. Though initially involved to assist humanitarian efforts, the Clinton administration shifted the objectives set out in the mission and began pursuing a policy of attempting to neutralize Somali warlords. In 1993, during theBattle of Mogadishu,two U.S. helicopterswere shot down byrocket-propelled grenadeattacks to theirtail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and resulted in one being taken prisoner.Television news programs depicted the supporters of warlordMohammed Aididdesecrating the corpses of troops.The backlash resulting from the incident prompted in a drop in support for American intervention in the country and coincided with a more cautious use of troops throughout the rest of the Clinton administration.Following a subsequent national security policy review, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground. Rwanda In April 1994,genocidebroke out inRwanda. Intelligence reports indicate that Clinton was aware a \"final solution to eliminate allTutsis\" was underway, long before the administration publicly used the word \"genocide\".Fearing a reprisal of the events in Somalia the previous year, Clinton chose not to intervene.Clinton has called his failure to intervene one of his main foreign policy failings, saying \"I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it.\" Bosnia and Herzegovina In 1993 and 1994, Clinton pressured Western European leaders to adopt a strong military policy againstBosnian Serbsduring theBosnian War. This strategy faced staunch opposition from theUnited Nations,NATOallies, and Congressional Republicans, leading Clinton to adopt a more diplomatic approach.In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraftbombed Bosnian Serb targetsto halt attacks on UN safe zones and pressure them into a peace accord that would end theBosnian war. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequentDayton Agreement. Irish peace talks In 1992, before his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy toNorthern Ireland, but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the British government. In November 1995, in a ceasefire duringthe Troubles, Clinton became the first president to visit Northern Ireland, examining both of the two divided communities ofBelfast.Despiteunionistcriticism, Clinton used his visit as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict, playing a key role in thepeace talksthat produced theGood Friday Agreementin 1998. Iran Clinton sought to continue the Bush administration's policy of limiting Iranian influence in the Middle East, which he laid out in thedual containmentstrategy. In 1994, Clinton declared that Iran was a \"state sponsor of terrorism\" and a \"rogue state\", marking the first time that an American President used that term.Subsequent executive orders heavily sanctioned Iran's oil industry and banned almost all trade between U.S. companies and the Iranian government. In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US$131.8million (equivalent to $256.05 million in 2023) in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U.S. in theInternational Court of Justiceafter the shooting down ofIran Air Flight 655by the U.S. Navyguided missile cruiser. Iraq In Clinton's1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress that Iraqi dictatorSaddam Husseinwas building an arsenal of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Clinton signed theIraq Liberation Act of 1998on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of \"regime change\" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign namedOperation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. At the end of this operation Clinton announced that \"So long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. With our allies, we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program, while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors.\"American and British aircraft in the Iraq no-fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000. Osama bin Laden Capturing Osama bin Laden was an objective of the U.S. government during the Clinton presidency (and continued to be untilbin Laden's death in 2011).Despite claims byMansoor Ijazand Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden, and that U.S. authorities rejected each offer,the9/11 Commission Reportstated that \"we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim\". In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Ladenand the1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africaby al-Qaeda (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, all of which were unsuccessful. In August 1998, Clintonordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, targeting theAl-Shifa pharmaceutical factoryin Sudan, which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. The factory was destroyed by the attack, resulting in the death of one employee and the wounding of 11 other people.After the destruction of the factory, there was a medicine shortage in Sudan due to the plant providing 50 percent of Sudan's medicine, and the destruction of the plant led to a shortage of chloroquine, a drug which is used to treat malaria.U.S. officials later acknowledged that there was no evidence the plant was acknowledging manufacturing or storing nerve gas.The attack provoked criticism of Clinton from journalists and academics includingChristopher Hitchens,Seymour Hersh,Max Taylor,and others. Kosovo In the midst of a brutal crackdown onethnic Albanian separatistsin the province ofKosovoby theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia, Clinton authorized the use of U.S. Armed Forces in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, namedOperation Allied Force.The stated reasoning behind the intervention was to stop theethnic cleansing(and what the Clinton administration labeledgenocide)of Albanians by Yugoslav anti-guerilla military units. GeneralWesley ClarkwasSupreme Allied Commander of NATOand oversaw the mission. WithUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized apeacekeeping forceto be deployed to the region.NATO announced its soldiers all survived combat,though two died in anApache helicoptercrash.Journalists in the popular press criticized genocide statements by the Clinton administration as false and greatly exaggerated.Prior to the bombing campaign on March 24, 1999, estimates showed that the number of civilians killed in the over year longconflict in Kosovohad been approximately 1,800, with critics asserting that little or no evidence existed of genocide.In a post-war inquiry, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europenoted \"the patterns of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings, killings, rape, kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24.\"In 2001, theUN-supervisedSupreme Court of Kosovoruled that genocide (theintent to destroya people) did not take place, but recognized \"a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments\" with the intention being the forceful departure of the Albanian population.The term \"ethnic cleansing\" was used as an alternative to \"genocide\" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is little difference.Slobodan Milošević, the president of Yugoslavia at the time of the atrocities, waseventually brought to trialbefore theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslaviainthe Hagueon charges includingcrimes against humanityand war crimes for his role in the war.He died in 2006, before the completion of the trial. China Clinton aimed to increase trade with China, minimizing import tariffs and offering the countrymost favoured nationstatus in 1993, his administration minimized tariff levels in Chinese imports. Clinton initially conditioned extension of this status onhuman rightsreforms, but ultimately decided to extend the status despite a lack of reform in the specified areas, including free emigration, treatment of prisoners in terms of international human rights, and observation of human rights specified by UN resolutions, among others. Relations were damaged briefly by theAmerican bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgradein May 1999. Clinton apologized for the bombing, stating it was accidental. On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law theUnited States–China Relations Act of 2000, which grantedpermanent normal trade relations(PNTR) trade status to China.The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform. In encouraging Congress to approve the agreement and China's accession to theWorld Trade Organization(WTO), Clinton stated that more trade with China would advance America's economic interests, saying that \"economically, this agreement is the equivalent of a one-way street. It requires China to open its markets—with a fifth of the world's population, potentially the biggest markets in the world—to both our products and services in unprecedented new ways.\" Israeli-Palestinian conflict Clinton attempted to end theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict. Secret negotiations mediated by Clinton between Israeli Prime MinisterYitzhak RabinandPalestine Liberation Organization(PLO) ChairmanYasser Arafatled to a historic declaration of peace in September 1993, called theOslo Accords, which were signed at the White House on September 13. The agreement led to theIsrael–Jordan peace treatyin 1994 and theWye River Memorandumin October 1998, however, this did not end the conflict. He brought Israeli prime ministerEhud Barakand Palestinian Authority chairmanYasser Arafattogether atCamp Davidfor the2000 Camp David Summit, which lasted 14 days in July.Following another attempt in December 2000 atBolling Air Force Base, in which the president offered theClinton Parameters, the situation broke down completely after the end of theTaba Summitand with the start of theSecond Intifada. Judicial appointments Clinton appointed two justices to theSupreme Court:Ruth Bader Ginsburgin 1993andStephen Breyerin 1994.Both justices went on to serve until the 2020s, leaving a lasting judicial legacy for President Clinton. Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts.In his eight years in office, 11.6% of Clinton's court of appeals nominees and 17.4% of his district court nominees were black; 32.8% of his court of appeals nominees and 28.5% of his district court nominees were women. Public opinion Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.According to aCBS News/New York Timespoll, Clinton left office with an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.Clinton's averageGallup pollapproval rating for his last quarter in office was 61 percent, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years.Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him; 55 percent thought he \"would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life\"; 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his \"involvement in personal scandal\" than for \"his accomplishments\"; and 58 percent answered \"No\" to the question \"Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?\"The same percentage said he would be remembered as either \"outstanding\" or \"above average\" as a president, while 22 percent said he would be remembered as \"below average\" or \"poor\".ABC Newscharacterized public consensus on Clinton as, \"You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics—and he's done a heck of a good job.\" In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U.S. history. In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in aQuinnipiac University Polling Institutepoll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II, making him the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.The same poll showed that just 3 percent of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II. A 2015 poll byThe Washington Postasked 162 scholars of theAmerican Political Science Associationto rank all the U.S. presidents in order of greatness. According to their findings, Clinton ranked eighth overall, with a rating of 70 percent. Public image Clinton was the firstbaby boomerpresident.Authors Martin Walker andBob Woodwardstated that Clinton's innovative use ofsound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.When Clinton played the saxophone onThe Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as \"the MTV president\".Opponents sometimes referred to him as \"Slick Willie\", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 byPine Bluff CommercialjournalistPaul Greenberg;Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such asWinthrop Rockefeller,Dale BumpersandDavid Pryor.The claim \"Slick Willie\" would last throughout his presidency.His folksy manner led him to benicknamedBubbastarting from the 1992 presidential election.Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as \"The Big Dog\" or \"Big Dog\".His prominent role in campaigning for Obama during the2012 presidential electionand his widely publicized speech at the2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nomineeMitt Romneyand Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname \"Explainer-in-Chief\". Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency.In 1998,NobellaureateToni Morrisoncalled Clinton \"the first black president\", saying, \"Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing,McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas\".Morrison noted that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, and she compared this to the stereotyping anddouble standardsthat, she said, black people typically endure.Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging both to Clinton and to the African-American community. Sexual assault and misconduct allegations Several women have publicly accused Clinton of sexual misconduct, including rape, harassment, and sexual assault. Additionally, some commentators have characterized Clinton's sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non-consensual, despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time. These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018, in light of the#MeToo movement, with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair. In 1994,Paula Jonesinitiated asexual harassment lawsuitagainst Clinton, claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by JudgeSusan Webber Wrighton the grounds that it lacked legal merit.Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998.In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas.Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing \"a pack of lies\" and \"an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States\" funded by Clinton's political enemies.In October 1998, Clinton's attorneys tentatively offered $700,000 to settle the case, which was then the $800,000 which Jones' lawyers sought.Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,Clintondenied having sexual relationswith Monica Lewinsky—a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury. In 1998,Kathleen Willeyalleged that Clinton hadgropedher in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave \"false information\" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released anaffidavit, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office.An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former independent counsel for prosecutorial misconduct. Also in 1998,Juanita Broaddrickalleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she said she did not remember the exact date.To support her charge, Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton, something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press.Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any \"unwelcome sexual advances\" and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition.In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape, Broaddrick said she had denied (under oath) being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly. The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton's legacy, beyond his impeachment in 1998.In the wake of the #MeToo movement (which shed light on the widespread prevalence ofsexual assaultandharassment, especially in the workplace), various commentators and Democratic political leaders, as well as Lewinsky herself, have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual, and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment, in light of the power differential between a president and a 22-year-old intern. In 2018, Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he should have resigned, and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning.During the2018 Congressional elections,The New York Timesalleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal.However, former DNC interim chairDonna Brazilepreviously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections, in spite of New York U.S. senatorKirsten Gillibrand's recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal. Alleged affairs Clinton admitted to having extramarital affairs with singerGennifer FlowersandMonica Lewinsky.ActressElizabeth Gracen,Miss Arkansas winnerSally Perdue,and Dolly Kyle Browningall claimed that they had affairs with Clinton during his time as governor of Arkansas. Browning later sued Clinton,Bruce Lindsey,Robert S. Bennett, andJane Mayer, alleging they engaged in a conspiracy to attempt to block her from publishing a book loosely based on her relationship with Clinton and tried to defame him. However, Browning's lawsuit was dismissed. Post-presidency (2001–present) Activities until 2008 campaign In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences,and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this).In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at theUnited Nations Climate Change conferencein Montreal. TheWilliam J. Clinton Presidential Center and ParkinLittle Rock, Arkansas, was dedicated in 2004.Clinton released a best-selling autobiography,My Life, in 2004.In 2007, he releasedGiving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became aNew York TimesBest Sellerand garnered positive reviews. In the aftermath of the2004 Asian tsunami,U.N. secretary-generalKofi Annanappointed Clinton to head a relief effort.AfterHurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in aSuper Bowl XXXIXpre-game show,and traveled to the affected areas.They also spoke together at the funeral ofBoris Yeltsinin April 2007. Based on his philanthropic worldview,Clinton created theWilliam J. Clinton Foundationto address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. TheClinton Global Initiative(CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as globalpublic health, poverty alleviation and religious andethnic conflict.In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools.Clinton's foundation joined with theLarge Cities Climate Leadership Groupin 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.In 2008, Foundation directorInder Singhannounced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.Clinton also spoke in favor ofCalifornia Proposition 87onalternative energy, which was voted down. 2008 presidential election During the2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rivalBarack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.Considering Bill's remarks, many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.Such remarks led to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the2008 Democratic National Convention, saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is \"ready to lead\".After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt. After the 2008 election In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalistsimprisonedthere.Euna LeeandLaura Linghad been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.Jimmy Carterhad made a similar visit in 1994.After Clinton met with North Korean leaderKim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon. Since then, Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions. He was named United NationsSpecial Envoyto Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused $1 billion in damages.Clinton organized a conference with the Inter-American Development Bank, where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to \"build back better\".In response to the2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.Funds began pouring into Haiti, which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake. While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea, she andCheryl Millsworked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the U.S. State Department, ensuring that the new industrial park would have a key tenant.In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration ofNTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama. 2016 presidential election and after During the2016 presidential election, Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary, and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail.In a series of tweets, then-President-electDonald Trumpcriticized his ability to get people out to vote.Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York. He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running-mateTim Kaine. On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities. In2020, Clinton again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York, casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket ofJoe BidenandKamala Harris. Citizen: My Life After the White House,his autobiography about his life after his presidency, will be released in November 19, 2024. Post-presidential health concerns In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung.On February 11, 2010, he was rushed toNew York-Presbyterian/Columbia Hospitalin Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had twocoronary stentsimplanted in his heart.After this procedure, Clinton adopted a plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet, which had been recommended by doctorsDean OrnishandCaldwell Esselstyn.He has since incorporated fish and lean animal flesh at the suggestion ofMark Hyman, a proponent of thepseudoscientificethos offunctional medicine.As a result, he is no longer a strict vegan. In October 2021, Clinton was treated forsepsisat theUniversity of California, Irvine Medical Center.In December 2022, Clinton tested positive forCOVID-19. Wealth The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency, which were paid off four years after he left office.Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing.In 2016,Forbesreported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240million in the 15years from January 2001, to December 2015, (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).Also in 2016,CNNreported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015.In May 2015,The Hillreported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5million or more from her book,Hard Choices, during the same time period.In July 2014,The Wall Street Journalreported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth between $5million and $25.5million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president.Clinton earned more than $104million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.In June 2014, ABC News andThe Washington Postreported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008,The New York Timesreported that the Clintons' income tax returnsshow they made $109million in the eight years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92million from his speaking and book-writing. Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton $500,000 for a speech inMoscow.Hillary Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially \"broke\" and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House. \"We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education\". She added, \"Bill has worked really hard ... we had to pay off all our debts ... he had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members\". Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein In the early 2000s, Clinton took flights onJeffrey Epstein's private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work.According to Epstein's attorneyGerald B. Lefcourt, Epstein was \"part of the original group that conceived of theClinton Global Initiative\".In 2002, a spokesperson for Clinton praised Epstein as \"a committed philanthropist\" with \"insights and generosity\".While Clinton was president, Epstein visited the White House at least 17 times between 1993 and 1995.Years later, Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges. Clinton's office released a statement in 2019 saying, \"President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago, or those with which he has been recently charged in New York. In 2002 and 2003, President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein's airplane: one to Europe, one to Asia, and two to Africa, which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation. Staff, supporters of the Foundation, and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip. He's not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade.\" However, later reports showed that Clinton had flown on Epstein's plane 26 times.In another statement Clinton said \"one meeting with Epstein in his Harlem office in 2002, and around the same time made one brief visit to Epstein's New York apartment with a staff member and his security detail\". In July 2019 it was reported that Clinton attended a dinner with Epstein in 1995, a meeting with Epstein that Clinton had not previously disclosed. Clinton reportedly used Epstein's private jet to visitLittle St. James Island, where Epstein resided,on multiple occasions between 2002 and 2005.Virginia Roberts, later known as Virginia Giuffre, says in a lawsuit that while working atDonald Trump'sMar-a-Lagoresortshe was lured into asex-traffickingring run by Epstein and while traveling with Epstein she saw Clinton on the island.In a 2011 conversation with her lawyers, Roberts stated that Clinton traveled to Epstein's retreat on Little St. James in 2002.According to Roberts, Epstein told her that Clinton \"owes me favors\" when she asked what he was doing there.She also reportedly claimed that Epstein and Clinton had dined in the presence of two girls aged approximately seventeen whom she believed Epstein had invited to have sex with Clinton, but that Clinton showed no interest in them.AFreedom of Information Actrequest forUnited States Secret Servicerecords of visits Clinton may have made to Little St. James produced no such evidence.According to Epstein's flight logs, Clinton never flew near the U.S. Virgin Islands.In July 2019, a Clinton spokesperson issued a statement saying Clinton never visited the island.When he was personally asked by a journalist about his ties with Epstein in a rally inLaredo, Texasin November 2022, Clinton said \"I think the evidence is clear\".According to former Clinton aide,Doug Band, Clinton visited Epstein's island in January 2003.In 2024, unsealed court documents revealed allegations that Clinton had visited the offices ofVanity Fairand 'threatened' the paper not to print stories about Epstein's sexual trafficking. FormerVanity FaireditorGraydon Carterdenied the incident ever took place. Personal life At the age of 10, he was baptized at Park PlaceBaptistChurch inHot Springs, Arkansas.When he became president in 1993, he became a member ofFoundry United Methodist ChurchinWashington, D.C.with his wife, aMethodist. On October 11, 1975, inFayetteville, Arkansas, he marriedHillary Rodham, whom he met while studying atYale University. They hadChelsea Clinton, their only child, on February 27, 1980.He is the maternal grandfather to Chelsea's three children. Accolades Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, includingDoctorate of LawdegreesandDoctor of Humane Lettersdegrees.He received an honorary degree from Georgetown University, his alma mater, and was the commencement speaker in 1980.He is an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as aRhodes Scholar, although he did not complete his studies there.Schools have been named for Clinton,and statues have been built to pay him homage.U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,Arkansas,Kentucky,and New York.He was presented with theMedal for Distinguished Public ServicebySecretary of DefenseWilliam Cohenin 2001.TheClinton Presidential Centerwas opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in his honor on December 5, 2001. Clinton has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,Papua New Guinea,Germany,and Kosovo.The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during theKosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city ofPristinaasBill Clinton Boulevardand added a monumental Clinton statue. Clinton was selected asTime's\"Man of the Year\" in 1992,and again in 1998, along withKen Starr.From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included inGallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.In 2001, Clinton received theNAACP'sPresident's Award.He has also been honored with a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,aTEDPrize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),and was named as an HonoraryGLAAD Media Awardrecipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community. Clinton, along withMikhail GorbachevandSophia Loren,received the2003 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album for ChildrenforWolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf.Theaudiobookedition of his autobiography,My Life, read by Clinton himself, won the2005 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album,as well as theAudie Awardas the Audiobook of the Year.Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks:Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the Worldin2007andBack to Workin2012. In 2011, Haitian presidentMichel Martellyawarded Clinton with theNational Order of Honour and Meritto the rank of Grand Cross \"for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010\". Clinton declared at the ceremony that \"in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise\". President Obama awarded Clinton thePresidential Medal of Freedomon November 20, 2013. See also References Citations Further reading Primary sources Popular books Scholarly studies Arkansas years External links Official Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other"
] | [
"Mary Elizabeth Butt Mary Elizabeth Butt(néeHoldsworth; 1903–1993) was a prominentTexasphilanthropist and wife of formerHEB Grocery CompanyCEOHoward Edward Butt Sr., son of HEB founder, Florence Butt. Her philanthropic efforts were particularly focused on the care of emotionally disturbed children and the development of library services. Early life Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt was born on February 4, 1903, nearLoma Vista, Texas, the daughter of Rosa (née Ross) and Thomas Holdsworth. She was the fourth of seven children. Her father, the son of an English schoolteacher, emigrated from England to Texas with his parents in 1880. Her mother was a schoolteacher who grew up and worked inKerrville, Texas.Both her parents were devout, tithingBaptists.In 1924, she marriedHoward Edward Butt. Howard owned a small grocery store in Kerrville. Over time, her husband's business prospered and expanded, enabling Mary Elizabeth to take an active role in supporting numerous and varied charitable causes. Her husband stated: \"I",
"husband stated: \"I make the money, and Mary spends it (on worthy causes). And I am glad she does.\"In 1940, they moved toCorpus Christi, Texas. Philanthropy In 1929, she moved toBrownsville, Texas, in theRio Grande Valleyand thereafter toHarlingen. Mary Elizabeth started the State Crippled Children's Program using her dining room as an office. She also served as chairwoman of the Cameron County Child Welfare Board. In addition, she started the first tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment program in the region; and also purchased the first equipment used to test the hearing and vision of schoolchildren. In 1934, the Butts formed the H. E. Butt Foundation, one of the first charitable organizations in Texas. The foundation focused on funding public school programs, establishing libraries and constructing recreational facilities.Mary Butt served as its president. In 1940, the Butt family moved toCorpus Christi, Texas, where she organized the local branches of theYWCA; theNueces Countyhome for the aged; the Nueces",
"aged; the Nueces County Tuberculosis Hospital; and the local branch of theAmerican Cancer Society. She also established the Mary Bethune Day Nursery which addressed shortfalls in access to day care forAfrican-Americanchildren. In 1949, she along with Dr. Robert Sutherland (director of theHogg Foundation for Mental Healthfounded byIma Hoggin 1940) and Margaret Scarbrough (wife of Austin retailer Lemuel Scarbrough and founder of the Scarbrough Foundation), organized and hosted the first Conference of Texas Foundations and Trusts which coordinated philanthropic giving so as to avoid duplication and promoted the exchange ideas and strategies.Texas became the first state to have such an organization and the model was duplicated in other states.The Foundation quickly blossomed from 10 mostly family-sponsored organizations at inception to 48 organizations in 1956.The organization (now known as the Conference of Southwest Foundations) presently consists of 200 member organizations in a seven-state area. In 1953, she",
"area. In 1953, she helped to establish the Hilltop Hospital which treated tuberculosis patients and eventually serving five years as the chairman of its board. In 1954, the Butts established the H. E. Butt Foundation Camp located on theFrio RiverAs she was particularly dedicated to the care of emotionally disturbed children, she developed a camping program for specifically for their care.As of 2012, the camp continues to serve, without cost, over 20,000 campers annuallyand is also the site of the Laity Lodge, a prominent center of Christian learning founded by their son, Howard E. Butt Jr. In 1955, she was appointed by Texas GovernorAllan Shiversto the governing board of Texas State Hospitals and Special Schools (later theTexas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation). She served as the only woman member of the board for 18 yearsbeing appointed by six different governors. The Butts contributed to the founding of theButt-Holdsworth Memorial Library, which was inaugurated in summer 1967. Personal",
"1967. Personal life and death She had four children with her husband: Another child, Mary Beth Butt, who lived for only 10 days (November 17, 1943 - November 27, 1943), is buried beside Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt at the Glen Rest Cemetery in Kerrville, Texas, was the fourth child of Howard Butt, Sr., and Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt. Mary Elizabeth Holdsworth Butt died in her house in Corpus Christi on October 6, 1993. Awards TheTexas State Historical Associationlists the many awards Butt has received over the years for her philanthropic activities: References External links",
"Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton(néBlythe; born August 19, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42ndpresident of the United Statesfrom 1993 to 2001. A member of theDemocratic Party, he previously served asgovernor of Arkansasfrom 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy, became known as aNew Democrat. Clinton was born and raised inArkansas. He graduated fromGeorgetown Universityin 1968, and later fromYale Law School, where he met his future wife,Hillary Rodham. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed bytwo non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of theNational Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the1992 election, defeating the incumbentRepublican PartypresidentGeorge H. W. Bushand the independent businessmanRoss Perot. He",
"Perot. He became the first president to be born in theBaby Boomergeneration. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law theNorth American Free Trade Agreementand theViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Actbut failed to pass his plan fornational health care reform. Starting in the mid-1990s, he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy, advocating for and signing thePersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, theState Children's Health Insurance Programand financial deregulation measures. He appointedRuth Bader GinsburgandStephen Breyerto theU.S. Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in theBosnianandKosovo wars, eventually signing theDayton Peace agreement. He also called for theexpansion of NATOin Eastern Europe and many formerWarsaw Pactmembers joined NATO during his presidency. Clinton's foreign policy in the Middle East saw him sign theIraq",
"him sign theIraq Liberation Actwhich gave aid to groups againstSaddam Hussein. He also participated in theOslo I AccordandCamp David Summitto advance theIsraeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted theNorthern Ireland peace process. Clinton won re-election in the1996 election, defeating Republican nomineeBob DoleandReform Partynominee Perot. His second term was dominated by theClinton–Lewinsky scandal, which began in 1995, when he had a sexual relationship with the then 22-year-oldWhite HouseinternMonica Lewinsky. In January 1998, news of the affair made tabloid headlines.This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating in December whenClinton was impeachedby theHouse of Representatives, becoming the first U.S. president to be impeached sinceAndrew Johnson. The two impeachment articles that the House passed were centered aroundperjuryand Clinton using the powers of the presidency to commit obstruction of justice. In 1999,Clinton's impeachment trialbegan in theSenate, where he was acquitted on both",
"acquitted on both charges. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, theCongressional Budget Officereported a budget surplus—the first such surplus since 1969. Clinton left office in 2001 with the joint-highest approval rating of any U.S. president. His presidency ranks among the middle to upper tier inhistorical rankings of U.S. presidents. However, his personal conduct andmisconduct allegationshave made him the subject of substantial scrutiny. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created theClinton Foundationto address international causes such as the prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2009, he was named theUnited Nations special envoy to Haiti. After the2010 Haiti earthquake, Clinton founded theClinton Bush Haiti FundwithGeorge W. BushandBarack Obama. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's2008and2016 presidential campaigns. Early life and career Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe",
"Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital inHope, Arkansas.He is the son ofWilliam Jefferson Blythe Jr., a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, andVirginia Dell Cassidy(later Virginia Kelley).Blythe had initially survived the crash, but drowned in a drainage ditch. His parents had married on September 4, 1943, but this union later proved to be bigamous, as Blythe was still married to his fourth wife.Virginia traveled toNew Orleansto study nursing soon after Bill was born, leaving him in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store.At a time when the southern United States wasracially segregated, Clinton's grandparents sold goods oncreditto people of all races.In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and marriedRoger Clinton Sr., who co-owned anautomobile dealershipinHot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother andEarl T. Ricks.The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950. Although he",
"1950. Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Clinton turned 15that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward him.Clinton has described his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half-brother,Roger Clinton Jr.The physical abuse only ceased after a then-14-year-old Bill challenged his stepfather to \"stand and face\" him, though the verbal/emotional abuse continued.Bill would eventually forgive Roger Sr. for his abusive actions near the latter's death. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and thesegregatedHot Springs High School, where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician.Clinton was in the chorus and played thetenor saxophone, winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. While in high school, Clinton performed for two years in a jazz trio,The 3 Kings, withRandy Goodrum, who became a successful professional pianist. In",
"pianist. In 1961, Clinton became a member of the Hot Springs Chapter of theOrder of DeMolay, a youth group affiliated withFreemasonry, but he never became a Freemason.He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiographyMy Life: Clinton began an interest in law at Hot Springs High, when he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancientRoman senatorCatilinein a mock trial in his Latin class.After a vigorous defense that made use of his \"budding rhetorical and political skills\", he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck it \"made him realize that someday he would study law\". Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life, both occurring in 1963, that contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit as aBoys Nationsenator to theWhite Houseto meet PresidentJohn F. Kennedy.The other was watchingMartin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 \"I Have a Dream\" speech on TV, which impressed him so much that he later memorized it. College and law school",
"and law school years Georgetown University With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended theSchool of Foreign ServiceatGeorgetown Universityin Washington, D.C., receiving aBachelor of Sciencein foreign service degree in 1968. Georgetown was the only university where Clinton applied. In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won elections forclass president.From 1964 to 1967, he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas SenatorJ. William Fulbright.While in college, he became a brother of service fraternityAlpha Phi Omegaand was elected toPhi Beta Kappa. He is a member ofKappa Kappa Psihonorary band fraternity. Oxford Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won aRhodes ScholarshiptoUniversity College, Oxford, where he initially read for aB.Phil.inphilosophy, politics, and economicsbut transferred to aB.Litt.in politics and, ultimately, a B.Phil. in politics.Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs; this type of activity was common among",
"was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort. He had received an offer to study atYale Law School, and so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford. During his time at Oxford, Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller. In 1969, Aller received adraftletter that mandated deployment to theVietnam War. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton.British writer and feministSara Maitlandsaid of Clinton, \"I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War. I knew nothing about it, and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry. Bill said that feeling bad wasn't good enough. That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren't enough and you had to do something about such things\".Clinton was a member of theOxford University Basketball Cluband also played for Oxford University'srugby",
"University'srugby unionteam. While Clinton was president in 1994, he received an honoraryDoctor of Civil Lawdegree and a fellowship from theUniversity of Oxford, specifically for being \"a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace\", having \"a powerful collaborator in his wife\", and for winning \"general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget\". Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy During the Vietnam War, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969.While at Oxford, he participated inVietnam War protestsand organized aMoratorium to End the War in Vietnamevent in October 1969.He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. and knew he might lose his deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in theNational Guardand theAir Force officer candidate school, and he then made arrangements to join theReserve Officers' Training Corps(ROTC) program at theUniversity of Arkansas. He",
"of Arkansas. He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way \"to maintain my political viability within the system\".Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers1 to 310 would bedraftedbefore him, making it unlikely he would be called up. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.) ColonelEugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform. He issued anotarizedstatement during the 1992 presidential campaign: During the",
"During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in theNavy Reserve, which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then.Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service.Clinton's 1992 campaign manager,James Carville, successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position. Law school After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned aJuris Doctor(J.D.) degree in 1973.In 1971, he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham, in theYale Law Library; she was",
"Library; she was a class year ahead of him.They began dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his summer plans to be a coordinator for theGeorge McGoverncampaignfor the1972 United States presidential electionin order to move in with her in California.The couple continuedliving togetherin New Haven when they returned to law school. Clinton eventuallymoved to Texas with Rodham in 1972to take a job leading McGovern's effort there. He spent considerable time inDallas, at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. Clinton worked with future two-termmayor of DallasRon Kirk,futuregovernor of TexasAnn Richards,and then unknown television director and filmmakerSteven Spielberg. Failed congressional campaign and tenure as Attorney General of Arkansas After graduating fromYale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a lawprofessorat theUniversity of Arkansas. In 1974, he ran for theHouse of Representatives. Running in the conservative3rd",
"the conservative3rd districtagainst incumbent RepublicanJohn Paul Hammerschmidt, Clinton's campaign was bolstered by the anti-Republican and anti-incumbent mood resulting from theWatergate scandal. Hammerschmidt, who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972, defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin. In 1976, Clinton ran forArkansas attorney general. Defeating the secretary of state and the deputy attorney general in the Democratic primary, Clinton was elected with no opposition at all in the general election, as no Republican had run for the office. Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992) In 1978, Clinton entered the Arkansas gubernatorial primary. At just 31 years old, he was one of the youngest gubernatorial candidates in the state's history. Clinton was electedgovernor of Arkansasin1978, having defeated the Republican candidateLynn Lowe, a farmer fromTexarkana. Clinton was only 32 years old when he took office, the youngest governor in the country at the time and the second",
"time and the second youngest governor in the history of Arkansas.Due to his youthful appearance, Clinton was often called the \"Boy Governor\".He worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform. However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from theMariel boatlift) detained inFort Chaffeein 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose, ofKingslandinCleveland County, polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat by Republican challengerFrank D. Whitein the general election that year. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. After leaving office in January 1981, Clinton joined friendBruce Lindsey's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings.In 1982, he was elected governor a second",
"governor a second time and kept the office for ten years. Effective with the 1986 election, Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years. During his term, he helped transform Arkansas's economy and improved the state's educational system.Forsenior citizens, he removed thesales taxfrom medications and increased the home property-tax exemption.He became a leading figure among theNew Democrats, a group ofDemocratswho advocated welfare reform, smaller government, and other policies not supported by liberals. Formally organized as theDemocratic Leadership Council(DLC), the New Democrats argued that in light of PresidentRonald Reagan'slandslide victory in 1984, the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level.Clinton delivered theDemocratic responseto Reagan's1985 State of the Union Addressand served as chair of theNational Governors Associationfrom 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas. In the early",
"In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority of his gubernatorial administration. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee was chaired by Clinton's wife Hillary, who was also an attorney as well as the chair of theLegal Services Corporation. The committee transformed Arkansas's education system. Proposed reforms included more spending for schools (supported by a sales-tax increase), better opportunities for gifted children, vocational education, higher teachers' salaries, more course variety, and compulsory teacher competency exams. The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a speciallegislative session—the longest in Arkansas history.Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship.He defeated four Republican candidates for governor: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986),JonesborobusinessmenWoody Freeman(1984), andSheffield Nelsonof Little Rock (1990). Also in the 1980s, the Clintons' personal and business affairs",
"business affairs included transactions that became the basis of theWhitewater controversyinvestigation, which later dogged his presidential administration.After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas. According to some sources, Clinton was adeath penaltyopponent in his early years, but he eventually switched positions.However he might have felt previously, by 1992, Clinton was insisting that Democrats \"should no longer feel guilty about protecting the innocent\".During Clinton's final term as governor,Arkansas performed its first executionssince 1964 (the death penalty had been reinstated in 1976).As Governor, he oversaw thefirst four executions carried outby the state of Arkansas since the death penalty was reinstated there in 1976: one byelectric chairand three bylethal injection.To draw attention to his stance on capital punishment, Clinton flew home to Arkansas mid-campaign in 1992, in order to affirm in person that the",
"in person that the controversial execution ofRicky Ray Rector, would go forward as scheduled. Scandals and allegations During his time as governor in the 1980s, Arkansas was the center of a drug smuggling operation throughMena Airport.CIAagentBarry Sealallegedly imported three to five billion dollars worth ofcocainethrough the airport, and the operation was linked to theIran–Contra affair.Clinton was accused of knowing about this operation, although nothing could be proven against him.JournalistSam Smithtied him to various questionable business dealings.Clinton was also accused byGennifer Flowersto have used cocaine as governorand his half-brother Roger was sentenced to prison in 1985 for possession and smuggling of cocaine, but was laterpardoned by his brotherafter serving his sentence.During his time in Arkansas, there were also other scandals such as theWhitewater controversyinvolving the Clintons' real estate dealings, and Bill Clinton was accused of serious sexual misconduct in Arkansas, including",
"Arkansas, including allegations of using theArkansas State Policeto gain access to women (Troopergate affair).Thekilling of Don Henry and Kevin Ivesin 1987 started variousconspiracy theoriesthat accused Clinton and the Arkansas state authorities of covering up the crime. 1988 Democratic presidential primaries In 1987, the media speculated that Clinton would enter the presidential race. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary for governor, initially favored—but ultimately vetoed—by the First Lady).For the nomination, Clinton endorsedMassachusetts governorMichael Dukakis. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the1988 Democratic National Convention, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice the length it was expected to be, was criticized for being too long.Clinton presented himself both as a moderate and as a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, and he headed the moderate Democratic",
"moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991. 1992 United States presidential election In the first primary contest, theIowa Caucus, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa senatorTom Harkin. During the campaign for theNew Hampshire primary, reports surfaced that Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair withGennifer Flowers. Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts senatorPaul Tsongasin the New Hampshire polls.FollowingSuper Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on60 Minutesto rebuff the charges.Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in theNew Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him \"The Comeback Kid\" for earning a firm second-place finish. Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of theSouthern primariesonSuper Tuesdaygave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However,",
"lead. However, former California governorJerry Brownwas scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South.With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate.Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California. During the campaign, questions ofconflict of interestregarding state business and the politically powerfulRose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents \"for the price of one\". Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas while campaigning for U.S. president,",
"for U.S. president, and he returned to his home state to see thatRicky Ray Rectorwould be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to both Arkansas state law and federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in an article forThe New York Timesas a possible political move to counter \"soft on crime\" accusations. Bush'sapproval ratingswere around 80 percent during theGulf War, and he was described as unbeatable. When Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower federal deficits, he reneged on hispromise not to raise taxes, which hurt his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep.By election time, the economy was",
"the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent.Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. WhenPat BuchananandPat Robertsonaddressed Christian themes at theRepublican National Convention—with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform—many moderates were alienated.Clinton then pointed to his moderate, \"New Democrat\" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious.Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton.Clinton and his running mate,Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a \"new beginning\". On March 26, 1992, during a Democraticfund raiserof the presidential campaign,Robert Rafskyconfronted then Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas and asked what he was going to do aboutAIDS,",
"to do aboutAIDS, to which Clinton replied, \"I feel your pain\".The televised exchange led to AIDS becoming an issue in the 1992 presidential election. On April 4, then candidate Clinton met with members ofACT UPand other leading AIDS advocates to discuss his AIDS agenda and agreed to make a major AIDS policy speech, to have people with HIV speak to theDemocratic Convention, and to sign onto theAIDS UnitedAction five point plan. Clinton won the1992 presidential election(370 electoral votes) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (168 electoral votes) and billionairepopulistRoss Perot(zero electoral votes), who ran as an independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues. Bush's steep decline in public approval was a significant part of Clinton's success.Clinton's victory in the election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of theUnited States Congress,the first time one party controlled",
"party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the96th United States Congressduring thepresidency of Jimmy Carter. According toSeymour Martin Lipset, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was the presence of a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups. Presidency (1993–2001) Clinton's \"third way\" of moderate liberalism built up the nation's fiscal health and put the nation on a firm footing abroad amid globalization and the development of anti-American terrorist organizations. During his presidency,Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, particularly theNorth American Free Trade",
"American Free Trade Agreementandwelfare reform, have been attributed to acentristThird Wayphilosophy of governance.His policy offiscal conservatismhelped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters.Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. TheCongressional Budget Officereported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.Over the years of the recorded surplus, the gross national debt rose each year. At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each of the years a surplus was recorded, the U.S. Treasury reported a gross debt of $5.413 trillion in 1997, $5.526 trillion in 1998, $5.656 trillion in 1999, and $5.674 trillion in 2000.Over the same period, the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year (December 31) gross debt of $5.369 trillion in 1997, $5.478 trillion in 1998, $5.606 in 1999, and $5.629 trillion in 2000.At the end of his presidency, the",
"his presidency, the Clintons moved to 15 Old House Lane inChappaqua, New York, in order to quell political worries about his wife's residency for election as a U.S. Senator from New York. First term (1993–1997) \"Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.\" Inaugural address, January 20, 1993. Afterhis presidential transition, Clinton wasinauguratedas the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993. Clinton was physically exhausted at the time, and had an inexperienced staff. His high levels of public support dropped in the first few weeks, as he made a series of mistakes. His first choice for attorney general had not paid her taxes on babysitters and was forced to withdraw. The second appointee also withdrew for the same reason. Clinton had repeatedly promised to encourage gays in the military service, despite what he knew to be the strong opposition of the military",
"of the military leadership. He tried anyway, and was publicly opposed by the top generals, and forced by Congress to a compromise position of \"Don't ask, don't tell\" whereby gays could serve if and only if they kept it secret.He devised a $16-billion stimulus package primarily to aid inner-city programs desired by liberals, but it was defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate.His popularity at the 100 day mark of his term was the lowest of any president at that point. Public opinion did support one liberal program, and Clinton signed theFamily and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support,and was popular with the public. Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993—the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision inRoe v. Wade—Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and internationalfamily planningprograms that had been imposed by Reagan and",
"by Reagan and Bush.Clinton said abortion should be kept \"safe, legal, and rare\"—a slogan that had been suggested by political scientistSamuel L. Popkinand first used by Clinton in December 1991, while campaigning.During the eight years of the Clinton administration, the abortion rate declined by 18 percent. On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to close abudget deficit.Two days later, in a nationally televised address to ajoint session of Congress, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda.Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes, based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates. President Clinton's attorney generalJanet Renoauthorized the FBI's use of armored vehicles to deploy tear gas into the buildings of the Branch Davidian community near Waco, Texas, in hopes of",
"Texas, in hopes of ending a51 day siege. During the operation on April 19, 1993, the buildings caught fire and 75 of the residents died, including 24 children. The raid had originally been planned by the Bush administration; Clinton had played no role. In August, Clinton signed theOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for 15million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses,and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2 percent of taxpayers. Additionally, it mandated that the budget be balanced over many years through the implementation of spending restraints. On September 22, 1993, Clinton made a major speech to Congress regardinga health care reform plan; the program aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan. This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. The plan was well received in political",
"in political circles, but it was eventually doomed by well-organized lobby opposition from conservatives, theAmerican Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, Clinton biographerJohn F. Harrissaid the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation byGeorge J. Mitchellfailed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. The failure of the bill was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton administration. On November 30, 1993, Clinton signed into law theBrady Bill, which mandated federalbackground checkson people who purchase firearms in the United States. The law also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until theNICS systemwas implemented in 1998. He also expanded theEarned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low-income workers. In December of the same year, allegations by Arkansas state troopersLarry",
"state troopersLarry Pattersonand Roger Perry were first reported byDavid BrockinThe American Spectator.In the affair later known as \"Troopergate\", the officers alleged that they had arranged sexual liaisons for Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman namedPaula, a reference toPaula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated \"bad journalism\", and that \"the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives\". That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\", which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexual orientation a secret. The Act forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation.The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton's proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats, including senatorsJohn McCain(R-AZ) andSam",
"McCain(R-AZ) andSam Nunn(D-GA). According toDavid Mixner, Clinton's support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore, who felt that \"the President should lift the ban ... even though was sure to be overridden by the Congress\".Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions.Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that PresidentHarry S. Trumanused executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future.Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not \"out of whack\".The policy remained controversial, and was finallyrepealed in 2011,",
"in 2011, removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces. On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes in favor and 200 votes opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and one independent opposed). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president. On July 29, 1994, the Clinton administration launched the first official White House website,whitehouse.gov.The site was followed with three more versions, with the final version being launched",
"being launched on July 21, 2000.The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, \"Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011—Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public.\" TheOmnibus Crime Bill, which Clinton signed into law in September 1994,made many changes to U.S. crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, \"My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug",
"penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons.\"It also included a subsection ofassault weapons banfor a ten-year period. After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress to the Republicans in themid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years. A speech delivered by President Bill Clinton at the December 6, 1995White House Conferenceon HIV/AIDS projected that a cure for AIDS and a vaccine to prevent further infection would be developed. The President focused on his administration's accomplishments and efforts related to theepidemic, including an accelerated drug-approval process. He also condemnedhomophobiaand discrimination against people withHIV. Clinton announced three new initiatives: creating a special working group to coordinate AIDS research throughout thefederal government; convening public health experts to develop an action plan that integrates HIV prevention with",
"HIV prevention with substance abuse prevention; and launching a new effort by theDepartment of Justiceto ensure that health care facilities provide equal access to people with HIV and AIDS.1996 would mark the first year since the beginning of theHIV/AIDS epidemicthat the number of new HIV/AIDS diagnoses would decline, with the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) even later reporting a significant 47% decline in the number of AIDS-related deaths in 1997 compared to the previous year.Credit for this decline would be given to the growing effectiveness of new drug therapy which was promoted by the Clinton Administration's Department of Health and Human Services, such ashighly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART). On September 21, 1996, Clinton signed into law theDefense of Marriage Act(DOMA), which defined marriage for federal purposes as the legal union of one man and one woman; the legislation allowed individual states to refuse to recognize gay marriages that were performed in other",
"performed in other states.Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said Clinton's signing DOMA \"was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election\". In defense of his actions, Clinton has said that DOMA was intended to \"head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states\", a possibility he described as highly likely in the context of a \"very reactionary Congress\".Administration spokesmanRichard Socaridessaid, \"the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected.\"Clinton himself said DOMA was something \"which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for Bush up, I think it's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that\";others were more critical. The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activistEvan Wolfsonhas called these claims \"historic revisionism\".Despite this, it has been noted that",
"has been noted that other than a brief written response to a Reader's Digest that questioned whether he agreed with it, Clinton had made no documented reference to the issue of gay marriage until May 1996.In a July 2, 2011, editorialThe New York Timesopined, \"The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments.\"Ultimately, inUnited States v. Windsor, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA in June 2013. Despite DOMA, Clinton was the first president to select openly gay persons for administrative positions,and he is generally credited as being the first president to publicly champion gay rights.During his presidency, Clinton issued two substantially controversial executive orders on behalf of gay rights, the first lifting the ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employeesand the second outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian workforce.Under Clinton's leadership, federal",
"leadership, federal funding for HIV/AIDS research, prevention and treatment more than doubled.Clinton also pushed for passing hate crimes laws for gays and for the private sectorEmployment Non-Discrimination Act, which, buoyed by his lobbying, failed to pass the Senate by a single vote in 1996.Advocacy for these issues, paired with the politically unpopular nature of the gay rights movement at the time, led to enthusiastic support for Clinton's election and reelection by theHuman Rights Campaign.Clinton came out for gay marriage in July 2009and urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA in 2013.He was later honored byGLAADfor his prior pro-gay stances and his reversal on DOMA. \"When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web ... Now evenmy cathas its own page.\" Bill Clinton's announcement ofNext Generation Internet initiative, October 1996. The1996 United States campaign finance controversywas an alleged effort byChinato influence the domestic policies of the",
"policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.Despite the evidence,theChinese governmentdenied all accusations. As part of a 1996 initiative to curbillegal immigration, Clinton signed theIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act(IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton,theU.S. Commission on Immigration Reformrecommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000. In November 1996, Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines,which was a bridge bomb planted byal-Qaedaand was masterminded byOsama bin Laden. During Clinton's presidency, the attempt remained top secret,and it remains classified as of March 2024, whenReutersreported having spoken with eight retired secret service agents about the incident. 1996 presidential campaign In the1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote",
"of the popular vote over RepublicanBob Dole(40.7 percent of the popular vote) andReformcandidate Ross Perot (8.4 percent of the popular vote). Clinton received 379 of theElectoral Collegevotes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes. With his victory, he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections sinceFranklin D. Roosevelt. Second term (1997–2001) In the January 1997, State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. SenatorsTed Kennedy—a Democrat—andOrrin Hatch—a Republican—teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming theState Children's Health Insurance Program(SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress theAdoption and Safe Families Actand two years later she succeeded in helping pass theFoster Care Independence Act. Bill Clinton negotiated the",
"negotiated the passage of theBalanced Budget Act of 1997by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth.In 1999, he signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as theGramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed the part of theGlass–Steagall Actthat had prohibited a bank from offering a full range ofinvestment,commercial banking, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933. Investigations In November 1993,David Hale—the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy—alleged that while governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.AU.S. Securities and Exchange Commissioninvestigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and",
"never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair.Investigations byRobert B. FiskeandKen Starrfound insufficient to evidence to prosecute the Clintons. TheWhite House FBI files controversyof June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House toFBIsecurity-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.In March 2000, Independent CounselRobert Raydetermined there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, \"there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved\" in seeking the files. On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office. This caused theWhite House travel office controversyeven though the travel office staff served at the",
"staff served at the pleasure of the president and could bedismissed without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued a report which accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed their efforts to investigate the affair.Special counsel Robert Fiske said that Hillary Clinton was involved in the firing and gave \"factually false\" testimony to the GAO, congress, and the independent counsel. However Fiske said there was not enough evidence to prosecute. Impeachment and acquittal Aftera House inquiry, Clinton wasimpeachedon December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives. The House voted 228–206 to impeach him for perjury to agrand juryand voted",
"juryand voted 221–212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice.Clinton was only the second U.S. president (the first beingAndrew Johnson) to be impeached.Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and laterDepartment of Defense) employeeMonica Lewinsky.After theStarr Reportwas submitted to the House providing what it termed \"substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment\",the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before themid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, Republican leadership called alame-duck sessionin December 1998. While theHouse Judiciary Committeehearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of",
"and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony before a grand jury that had been convened to investigate perjury he may have committed in his sworn deposition duringJones v. Clinton,Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit.The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition. The Senate later acquitted Clinton of both charges.The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firmWilliams & Connolly.The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote of 55 not guilty/45 guilty on the perjury chargeand 50 not guilty/50 guilty on the obstruction of justice charge.Both votes fell short of the constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty,",
"voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty. On January 19, 2001, Clinton's law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in theJonescase. Pardons and commutations Clintonissued141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.Controversy surroundedMarc Richand allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother,Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.Federal prosecutorMary Jo Whitewas appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-RepublicanJames Comey. The investigation found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part.Clinton also pardoned four defendants in theWhitewater Scandal,Chris Wade,Susan McDougal,Stephen Smith, andRobert W. Palmer, all of whom had ties to Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas.Former ClintonHUD SecretaryHenry Cisneros, who pleaded",
"who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI, was also among Clinton's pardons. Campaign finance controversies In February 1997 it was discovered upon documents being released by theClinton Administrationthat 938 people had stayed at the White House and that 821 of them had made donations to theDemocratic Partyand got the opportunity to stay in the Lincoln bedroom as a result of the donations.Some donors includedSteven Spielberg,Tom Hanks,Jane Fonda, andJudy Collins. Top donors also got golf games and morning jogs with Clinton as a result of the contributions.Janet Renowas called on to investigate the matter byTrent Lott, but she refused. In 1996, it was found that several Chinese foreigners made contributions to Clinton's reelection campaign and theDemocratic National Committeewith the backing of the People's Republic of China. Some of them also attempted to donate to Clinton's defense fund.This violated United States law forbidding non-American citizens from making campaign contributions. Clinton andAl Gorealso",
"andAl Gorealso allegedly met with the foreign donors.A Republican investigation led byFred Thompsonfound that Clinton was targeted by the Chinese government. However, Democratic senatorsJoe LiebermanandJohn Glennsaid that the evidence showed that China only targeted congressional elections and not presidential elections. Military and foreign affairs Somalia American troops had first enteredSomaliaduring theBush administrationin response to a humanitarian crisis andcivil war. Though initially involved to assist humanitarian efforts, the Clinton administration shifted the objectives set out in the mission and began pursuing a policy of attempting to neutralize Somali warlords. In 1993, during theBattle of Mogadishu,two U.S. helicopterswere shot down byrocket-propelled grenadeattacks to theirtail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and resulted in one being taken prisoner.Television news programs depicted the",
"depicted the supporters of warlordMohammed Aididdesecrating the corpses of troops.The backlash resulting from the incident prompted in a drop in support for American intervention in the country and coincided with a more cautious use of troops throughout the rest of the Clinton administration.Following a subsequent national security policy review, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground. Rwanda In April 1994,genocidebroke out inRwanda. Intelligence reports indicate that Clinton was aware a \"final solution to eliminate allTutsis\" was underway, long before the administration publicly used the word \"genocide\".Fearing a reprisal of the events in Somalia the previous year, Clinton chose not to intervene.Clinton has called his failure to intervene one of his main foreign policy failings, saying \"I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it.\" Bosnia and Herzegovina In 1993 and 1994, Clinton",
"and 1994, Clinton pressured Western European leaders to adopt a strong military policy againstBosnian Serbsduring theBosnian War. This strategy faced staunch opposition from theUnited Nations,NATOallies, and Congressional Republicans, leading Clinton to adopt a more diplomatic approach.In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraftbombed Bosnian Serb targetsto halt attacks on UN safe zones and pressure them into a peace accord that would end theBosnian war. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequentDayton Agreement. Irish peace talks In 1992, before his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy toNorthern Ireland, but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the British government. In November 1995, in a ceasefire duringthe Troubles, Clinton became the first president to visit Northern Ireland, examining both of the two divided communities ofBelfast.Despiteunionistcriticism, Clinton used his visit as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict, playing a key role in",
"a key role in thepeace talksthat produced theGood Friday Agreementin 1998. Iran Clinton sought to continue the Bush administration's policy of limiting Iranian influence in the Middle East, which he laid out in thedual containmentstrategy. In 1994, Clinton declared that Iran was a \"state sponsor of terrorism\" and a \"rogue state\", marking the first time that an American President used that term.Subsequent executive orders heavily sanctioned Iran's oil industry and banned almost all trade between U.S. companies and the Iranian government. In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US$131.8million (equivalent to $256.05 million in 2023) in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U.S. in theInternational Court of Justiceafter the shooting down ofIran Air Flight 655by the U.S. Navyguided missile cruiser. Iraq In Clinton's1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress that Iraqi dictatorSaddam Husseinwas building an arsenal of chemical, biological and nuclear",
"and nuclear weapons. Clinton signed theIraq Liberation Act of 1998on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of \"regime change\" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign namedOperation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. At the end of this operation Clinton announced that \"So long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. With our allies, we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program, while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors.\"American and British aircraft in the Iraq no-fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000. Osama bin Laden Capturing Osama bin Laden was an objective of the U.S. government during the Clinton presidency (and",
"presidency (and continued to be untilbin Laden's death in 2011).Despite claims byMansoor Ijazand Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden, and that U.S. authorities rejected each offer,the9/11 Commission Reportstated that \"we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim\". In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Ladenand the1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africaby al-Qaeda (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, all of which were unsuccessful. In August 1998, Clintonordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, targeting theAl-Shifa pharmaceutical factoryin Sudan, which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. The factory was destroyed by the attack, resulting in the death of one employee and the wounding of 11 other",
"of 11 other people.After the destruction of the factory, there was a medicine shortage in Sudan due to the plant providing 50 percent of Sudan's medicine, and the destruction of the plant led to a shortage of chloroquine, a drug which is used to treat malaria.U.S. officials later acknowledged that there was no evidence the plant was acknowledging manufacturing or storing nerve gas.The attack provoked criticism of Clinton from journalists and academics includingChristopher Hitchens,Seymour Hersh,Max Taylor,and others. Kosovo In the midst of a brutal crackdown onethnic Albanian separatistsin the province ofKosovoby theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia, Clinton authorized the use of U.S. Armed Forces in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, namedOperation Allied Force.The stated reasoning behind the intervention was to stop theethnic cleansing(and what the Clinton administration labeledgenocide)of Albanians by Yugoslav anti-guerilla military units. GeneralWesley ClarkwasSupreme Allied Commander of",
"Allied Commander of NATOand oversaw the mission. WithUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized apeacekeeping forceto be deployed to the region.NATO announced its soldiers all survived combat,though two died in anApache helicoptercrash.Journalists in the popular press criticized genocide statements by the Clinton administration as false and greatly exaggerated.Prior to the bombing campaign on March 24, 1999, estimates showed that the number of civilians killed in the over year longconflict in Kosovohad been approximately 1,800, with critics asserting that little or no evidence existed of genocide.In a post-war inquiry, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europenoted \"the patterns of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings, killings, rape, kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24.\"In 2001, theUN-supervisedSupreme Court of Kosovoruled that genocide",
"that genocide (theintent to destroya people) did not take place, but recognized \"a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments\" with the intention being the forceful departure of the Albanian population.The term \"ethnic cleansing\" was used as an alternative to \"genocide\" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is little difference.Slobodan Milošević, the president of Yugoslavia at the time of the atrocities, waseventually brought to trialbefore theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslaviainthe Hagueon charges includingcrimes against humanityand war crimes for his role in the war.He died in 2006, before the completion of the trial. China Clinton aimed to increase trade with China, minimizing import tariffs and offering the countrymost favoured nationstatus in 1993, his administration minimized tariff levels in Chinese imports. Clinton initially conditioned extension of this status onhuman",
"this status onhuman rightsreforms, but ultimately decided to extend the status despite a lack of reform in the specified areas, including free emigration, treatment of prisoners in terms of international human rights, and observation of human rights specified by UN resolutions, among others. Relations were damaged briefly by theAmerican bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgradein May 1999. Clinton apologized for the bombing, stating it was accidental. On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law theUnited States–China Relations Act of 2000, which grantedpermanent normal trade relations(PNTR) trade status to China.The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform. In encouraging Congress to approve the agreement and China's accession to theWorld Trade Organization(WTO), Clinton stated that more trade with China would advance America's economic interests, saying that \"economically, this agreement is the equivalent of a one-way street. It requires China to open its",
"China to open its markets—with a fifth of the world's population, potentially the biggest markets in the world—to both our products and services in unprecedented new ways.\" Israeli-Palestinian conflict Clinton attempted to end theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict. Secret negotiations mediated by Clinton between Israeli Prime MinisterYitzhak RabinandPalestine Liberation Organization(PLO) ChairmanYasser Arafatled to a historic declaration of peace in September 1993, called theOslo Accords, which were signed at the White House on September 13. The agreement led to theIsrael–Jordan peace treatyin 1994 and theWye River Memorandumin October 1998, however, this did not end the conflict. He brought Israeli prime ministerEhud Barakand Palestinian Authority chairmanYasser Arafattogether atCamp Davidfor the2000 Camp David Summit, which lasted 14 days in July.Following another attempt in December 2000 atBolling Air Force Base, in which the president offered theClinton Parameters, the situation broke down completely after the",
"after the end of theTaba Summitand with the start of theSecond Intifada. Judicial appointments Clinton appointed two justices to theSupreme Court:Ruth Bader Ginsburgin 1993andStephen Breyerin 1994.Both justices went on to serve until the 2020s, leaving a lasting judicial legacy for President Clinton. Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts.In his eight years in office, 11.6% of Clinton's court of appeals nominees and 17.4% of his district court nominees were black; 32.8% of his court of appeals nominees and 28.5% of his district court nominees were women. Public opinion Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.According to aCBS News/New York Timespoll, Clinton left office with an approval rating",
"an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.Clinton's averageGallup pollapproval rating for his last quarter in office was 61 percent, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years.Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him; 55 percent thought he \"would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life\"; 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his \"involvement in personal scandal\" than for \"his accomplishments\"; and 58 percent answered \"No\" to the question \"Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?\"The same percentage said he would be remembered as either \"outstanding\" or \"above average\" as a president, while 22 percent said he would be",
"said he would be remembered as \"below average\" or \"poor\".ABC Newscharacterized public consensus on Clinton as, \"You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics—and he's done a heck of a good job.\" In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U.S. history. In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in aQuinnipiac University Polling Institutepoll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II, making him the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.The same poll showed that just 3 percent of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II. A 2015 poll byThe Washington Postasked 162 scholars of theAmerican Political Science",
"Political Science Associationto rank all the U.S. presidents in order of greatness. According to their findings, Clinton ranked eighth overall, with a rating of 70 percent. Public image Clinton was the firstbaby boomerpresident.Authors Martin Walker andBob Woodwardstated that Clinton's innovative use ofsound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.When Clinton played the saxophone onThe Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as \"the MTV president\".Opponents sometimes referred to him as \"Slick Willie\", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 byPine Bluff CommercialjournalistPaul Greenberg;Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such asWinthrop Rockefeller,Dale BumpersandDavid Pryor.The claim \"Slick Willie\" would last throughout his presidency.His folksy manner led him to benicknamedBubbastarting from the 1992",
"from the 1992 presidential election.Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as \"The Big Dog\" or \"Big Dog\".His prominent role in campaigning for Obama during the2012 presidential electionand his widely publicized speech at the2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nomineeMitt Romneyand Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname \"Explainer-in-Chief\". Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency.In 1998,NobellaureateToni Morrisoncalled Clinton \"the first black president\", saying, \"Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing,McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas\".Morrison noted that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, and she compared this to the stereotyping anddouble standardsthat, she said, black",
"she said, black people typically endure.Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging both to Clinton and to the African-American community. Sexual assault and misconduct allegations Several women have publicly accused Clinton of sexual misconduct, including rape, harassment, and sexual assault. Additionally, some commentators have characterized Clinton's sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non-consensual, despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time. These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018, in light of the#MeToo movement, with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair. In 1994,Paula Jonesinitiated asexual harassment lawsuitagainst Clinton, claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by JudgeSusan Webber Wrighton the",
"Webber Wrighton the grounds that it lacked legal merit.Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998.In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas.Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing \"a pack of lies\" and \"an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States\" funded by Clinton's political enemies.In October 1998, Clinton's attorneys tentatively offered $700,000 to settle the case, which was then the $800,000 which Jones' lawyers sought.Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,Clintondenied having sexual relationswith Monica",
"Monica Lewinsky—a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury. In 1998,Kathleen Willeyalleged that Clinton hadgropedher in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave \"false information\" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released anaffidavit, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office.An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former independent counsel for prosecutorial misconduct. Also in 1998,Juanita Broaddrickalleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she said she did not remember the exact date.To support her charge, Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in",
"witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton, something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press.Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any \"unwelcome sexual advances\" and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition.In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape, Broaddrick said she had denied (under oath) being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly. The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton's legacy, beyond his impeachment in 1998.In the wake of the #MeToo movement (which shed light on the widespread prevalence ofsexual assaultandharassment, especially in the workplace), various commentators and Democratic political leaders, as well as Lewinsky herself, have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual, and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment, in light of the power differential between a president and a 22-year-old intern. In 2018, Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he",
"about whether he should have resigned, and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning.During the2018 Congressional elections,The New York Timesalleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal.However, former DNC interim chairDonna Brazilepreviously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections, in spite of New York U.S. senatorKirsten Gillibrand's recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal. Alleged affairs Clinton admitted to having extramarital affairs with singerGennifer FlowersandMonica Lewinsky.ActressElizabeth Gracen,Miss Arkansas winnerSally Perdue,and Dolly Kyle Browningall claimed that they had affairs with Clinton during his time as governor of Arkansas. Browning later sued Clinton,Bruce Lindsey,Robert S. Bennett, andJane Mayer, alleging they engaged in a conspiracy to attempt to block her from publishing a book loosely based on her",
"based on her relationship with Clinton and tried to defame him. However, Browning's lawsuit was dismissed. Post-presidency (2001–present) Activities until 2008 campaign In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences,and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this).In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at theUnited Nations Climate Change conferencein Montreal. TheWilliam J. Clinton Presidential Center and ParkinLittle Rock, Arkansas, was dedicated in 2004.Clinton released a best-selling autobiography,My Life, in 2004.In 2007, he releasedGiving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became aNew York TimesBest Sellerand garnered positive reviews. In the aftermath of the2004 Asian tsunami,U.N. secretary-generalKofi Annanappointed Clinton to head a relief effort.AfterHurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. W.",
"George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in aSuper Bowl XXXIXpre-game show,and traveled to the affected areas.They also spoke together at the funeral ofBoris Yeltsinin April 2007. Based on his philanthropic worldview,Clinton created theWilliam J. Clinton Foundationto address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. TheClinton Global Initiative(CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as globalpublic health, poverty alleviation and religious andethnic conflict.In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools.Clinton's foundation joined with theLarge Cities Climate",
"Cities Climate Leadership Groupin 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.In 2008, Foundation directorInder Singhannounced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.Clinton also spoke in favor ofCalifornia Proposition 87onalternative energy, which was voted down. 2008 presidential election During the2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rivalBarack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008",
"Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.Considering Bill's remarks, many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.Such remarks led to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the2008 Democratic National Convention, saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is \"ready to lead\".After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt. After the 2008 election In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalistsimprisonedthere.Euna LeeandLaura Linghad been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.Jimmy Carterhad made a similar visit in 1994.After Clinton met with North Korean leaderKim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon. Since then, Clinton has",
"then, Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions. He was named United NationsSpecial Envoyto Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused $1 billion in damages.Clinton organized a conference with the Inter-American Development Bank, where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to \"build back better\".In response to the2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.Funds began pouring into Haiti, which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake. While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea, she andCheryl Millsworked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the U.S. State Department, ensuring that the new industrial park would have",
"park would have a key tenant.In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration ofNTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama. 2016 presidential election and after During the2016 presidential election, Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary, and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail.In a series of tweets, then-President-electDonald Trumpcriticized his ability to get people out to vote.Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York. He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running-mateTim Kaine. On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities. In2020, Clinton again served as a",
"again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York, casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket ofJoe BidenandKamala Harris. Citizen: My Life After the White House,his autobiography about his life after his presidency, will be released in November 19, 2024. Post-presidential health concerns In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung.On February 11, 2010, he was rushed toNew York-Presbyterian/Columbia Hospitalin Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had twocoronary stentsimplanted in his heart.After this procedure, Clinton adopted a plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet, which had been recommended by doctorsDean OrnishandCaldwell Esselstyn.He has since incorporated fish and lean animal flesh at the suggestion ofMark Hyman, a proponent of thepseudoscientificethos offunctional medicine.As a result, he is no longer a strict vegan. In October 2021, Clinton was",
"2021, Clinton was treated forsepsisat theUniversity of California, Irvine Medical Center.In December 2022, Clinton tested positive forCOVID-19. Wealth The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency, which were paid off four years after he left office.Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing.In 2016,Forbesreported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240million in the 15years from January 2001, to December 2015, (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).Also in 2016,CNNreported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015.In May 2015,The Hillreported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5million or more from her book,Hard Choices, during the same time period.In July 2014,The Wall Street Journalreported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth",
"Clintons were worth between $5million and $25.5million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president.Clinton earned more than $104million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.In June 2014, ABC News andThe Washington Postreported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008,The New York Timesreported that the Clintons' income tax returnsshow they made $109million in the eight years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92million from his speaking and book-writing. Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton $500,000 for a speech inMoscow.Hillary Clinton",
"Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially \"broke\" and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House. \"We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education\". She added, \"Bill has worked really hard ... we had to pay off all our debts ... he had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members\". Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein In the early 2000s, Clinton took flights onJeffrey Epstein's private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work.According to Epstein's attorneyGerald B. Lefcourt, Epstein was \"part of the original group that conceived of theClinton Global Initiative\".In 2002, a spokesperson for Clinton praised Epstein as \"a committed philanthropist\" with \"insights and generosity\".While Clinton was president, Epstein visited the White House at least 17",
"House at least 17 times between 1993 and 1995.Years later, Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges. Clinton's office released a statement in 2019 saying, \"President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago, or those with which he has been recently charged in New York. In 2002 and 2003, President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein's airplane: one to Europe, one to Asia, and two to Africa, which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation. Staff, supporters of the Foundation, and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip. He's not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade.\" However, later reports showed that Clinton had flown on Epstein's plane 26 times.In another statement Clinton said \"one meeting with Epstein in his Harlem office in 2002, and around the same time made one brief visit to Epstein's New York apartment with a staff member and his security detail\". In July 2019 it was",
"In July 2019 it was reported that Clinton attended a dinner with Epstein in 1995, a meeting with Epstein that Clinton had not previously disclosed. Clinton reportedly used Epstein's private jet to visitLittle St. James Island, where Epstein resided,on multiple occasions between 2002 and 2005.Virginia Roberts, later known as Virginia Giuffre, says in a lawsuit that while working atDonald Trump'sMar-a-Lagoresortshe was lured into asex-traffickingring run by Epstein and while traveling with Epstein she saw Clinton on the island.In a 2011 conversation with her lawyers, Roberts stated that Clinton traveled to Epstein's retreat on Little St. James in 2002.According to Roberts, Epstein told her that Clinton \"owes me favors\" when she asked what he was doing there.She also reportedly claimed that Epstein and Clinton had dined in the presence of two girls aged approximately seventeen whom she believed Epstein had invited to have sex with Clinton, but that Clinton showed no interest in them.AFreedom of Information",
"of Information Actrequest forUnited States Secret Servicerecords of visits Clinton may have made to Little St. James produced no such evidence.According to Epstein's flight logs, Clinton never flew near the U.S. Virgin Islands.In July 2019, a Clinton spokesperson issued a statement saying Clinton never visited the island.When he was personally asked by a journalist about his ties with Epstein in a rally inLaredo, Texasin November 2022, Clinton said \"I think the evidence is clear\".According to former Clinton aide,Doug Band, Clinton visited Epstein's island in January 2003.In 2024, unsealed court documents revealed allegations that Clinton had visited the offices ofVanity Fairand 'threatened' the paper not to print stories about Epstein's sexual trafficking. FormerVanity FaireditorGraydon Carterdenied the incident ever took place. Personal life At the age of 10, he was baptized at Park PlaceBaptistChurch inHot Springs, Arkansas.When he became president in 1993, he became a member ofFoundry United Methodist",
"United Methodist ChurchinWashington, D.C.with his wife, aMethodist. On October 11, 1975, inFayetteville, Arkansas, he marriedHillary Rodham, whom he met while studying atYale University. They hadChelsea Clinton, their only child, on February 27, 1980.He is the maternal grandfather to Chelsea's three children. Accolades Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, includingDoctorate of LawdegreesandDoctor of Humane Lettersdegrees.He received an honorary degree from Georgetown University, his alma mater, and was the commencement speaker in 1980.He is an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as aRhodes Scholar, although he did not complete his studies there.Schools have been named for Clinton,and statues have been built to pay him homage.U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,Arkansas,Kentucky,and New York.He was presented with theMedal for Distinguished Public ServicebySecretary of DefenseWilliam Cohenin 2001.TheClinton Presidential",
"Presidential Centerwas opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in his honor on December 5, 2001. Clinton has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,Papua New Guinea,Germany,and Kosovo.The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during theKosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city ofPristinaasBill Clinton Boulevardand added a monumental Clinton statue. Clinton was selected asTime's\"Man of the Year\" in 1992,and again in 1998, along withKen Starr.From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included inGallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.In 2001, Clinton received theNAACP'sPresident's Award.He has also been honored with a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,aTEDPrize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),and was named as an HonoraryGLAAD Media Awardrecipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community. Clinton, along withMikhail",
"along withMikhail GorbachevandSophia Loren,received the2003 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album for ChildrenforWolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf.Theaudiobookedition of his autobiography,My Life, read by Clinton himself, won the2005 Grammy AwardforBest Spoken Word Album,as well as theAudie Awardas the Audiobook of the Year.Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks:Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the Worldin2007andBack to Workin2012. In 2011, Haitian presidentMichel Martellyawarded Clinton with theNational Order of Honour and Meritto the rank of Grand Cross \"for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010\". Clinton declared at the ceremony that \"in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise\". President Obama awarded Clinton thePresidential Medal of",
"Medal of Freedomon November 20, 2013. See also References Citations Further reading Primary sources Popular books Scholarly studies Arkansas years External links Official Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other"
] |
What state is the home of the losing team of the World Series three years before "Old Shufflefoot" managed his team to victory? | Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"
] | [
"Lou Boudreau As manager Louis Boudreau(July 17, 1917 – August 10, 2001), nicknamed \"Old Shufflefoot\", \"Handsome Lou\", and \"the Good Kid\", was an Americanprofessional baseballplayer and manager.He played inMajor League Baseball(MLB) for 15 seasons, primarily as ashortstopon theCleveland Indians, and managed four teams for 15 seasons including 10 seasons as aplayer-manager. He was also a radio announcer for theChicago Cubsand in college was a dual-sport athlete in baseball and basketball, earningAll-Americanhonors in basketball for theUniversity of Illinois. Boudreau was anAll-Starfor seven seasons.In 1948, Boudreau won theAmerican LeagueMost Valuable Player Awardand managed theCleveland Indiansto theWorld Seriestitle. He won the 1944 American League (AL)batting title(.327), and led the league in doubles in 1941, 1944, and 1947. He led AL shortstops in fielding eight times. Boudreau still holds the MLB record for hitting the most consecutive doubles in a game (four), set on July 14, 1946. In 1970, Boudreau was elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fameand his No. 5 was retired by the Indians that same year. Early life Boudreau was born inHarvey, Illinois, the son of Birdie (Henry) and Louis Boudreau.His father was of French-Canadian ancestry, his mother was Jewish, and both of his maternal grandparents were observantOrthodox Jewswith whom when he was young he celebratedPassoverseders.He was raised Catholic by his father after his parents divorced.He graduated fromThornton Township High SchoolinHarvey, Illinois, where he led the \"Flying Clouds\" to three straightIllinois high school championshipgames, winning in 1933 and finishing as runner up in 1934 and 1935. College baseball and basketball Boudreau attended theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was a member ofPhi Sigma Kappafraternity and captain of thebasketballandbaseballteams. During the1936–37 basketballand baseball seasons, Boudreau led each Fighting Illini team to aBig Ten Conferencechampionship.During the1937–38 basketball season, Boudreau was named anNCAA Men's Basketball All-American. While Boudreau was still at Illinois,Cleveland Indiansgeneral managerCy Slapnickapaid him an undisclosed sum in return for agreeing to play baseball for the Indians after he graduated. Due to this agreement, Boudreau was ruled ineligible for collegiate sports by theBig Ten Conferenceofficials.During his senior year at Illinois, he played professional basketball with theHammond Ciesar All-Americansof theNational Basketball League. Despite playing professional baseball with Cleveland, Boudreau earned hisBachelor of Sciencein education from Illinois in 1940 and worked as the Illinois freshman basketball coach for the 1939 and 1940 teams. Boudreau stayed on as an assistant coach for the1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball teamand he was instrumental in recruiting futureNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame InducteeAndy Phillipto play for Illinois. Professional baseball career Cleveland Indians Boudreau made his major league debut on September 9, 1938, for theCleveland Indiansat 21 as a third baseman in his first game. In 1939, Indian managerOssie Vitttold him that he would have to move from his normal third base position toshortstopsince established sluggerKen Keltneralready had the regular third base job. In 1940, his first full year as a starter, he batted .295 with 46doublesand 101RBI, and was selected for theAll-Star Gamefor the first of five consecutive seasons (MLB cancelled the1945 gamedue to war-time travel restrictions and did not name All-Stars). Boudreau helped make history in 1941 as a key figure in stopping the56-game hitting streakbyJoe DiMaggio. After two sparkling stops by Keltner at third base on hard ground balls earlier in the game, Boudreau snagged a bad-hop grounder to short barehanded and started a double play retiring DiMaggio at first.He finished the season with a modest .257 batting average, but had a league-leading 45 doubles. After the 1941 season, ownerAlva Bradleypromoted Indians managerRoger Peckinpaughto general manager and appointed the 25-year-old Boudreau player-manager. Boudreau played and managed the Indians throughout World War II (playing basketball had put a strain on Boudreau's ankles that turned intoarthritis, which classified him as4-Fand thus ineligible for military service).In 1944, Boudreau turned 134double plays, the most ever by a player-manager in MLB history. When he bought the Indians in 1947,Bill Veeck, after being approached by Boudreau, renewed the player-manager agreement with mixed feelings on both sides, as Boudreau stated that he would rather be traded than only play shortstop. Details of possibly trading him forVern Stephensof the St. Louis Browns in 1947 only attracted fans to the side of Boudreau. However, Boudreau hit .355 in 1948; Cleveland won the AL pennant and theWorld Series, the Indians first World Series championship in 28 years and only the second in Indians history, with Veeck and Boudreau publicly acknowledging each other's role in the team's success. Later career Boudreau was released by the Indians as both player and manager following the 1950 season. He signed with theBoston Red Sox, playing full-time in 1951, moving up to player-manager in 1952 and managing from the bench in 1953–54. He then became the first manager of theKansas City Athleticsin 1955 after their move from Philadelphia until he was fired after 104 games in 1957 and replaced byHarry Craft. He last managed the Chicago Cubs, in 1960. Managerial record Boudreau shift Boudreau is credited with inventing theinfield shift, which came to be known colloquially as the \"Boudreau shift.\" Because sluggingRed SoxsuperstarTed Williamswas a dead-pull hitter, he moved most of his Cleveland Indian fielders to the right of second base against the Splendid Splinter, leaving only the third baseman and left fielder to the left of second but also very close to second base, far to the right of their normal positions. With characteristic stubborn pride, Williams refused the obvious advice from teammates to hit orbuntto left against the Boudreau shift, but great hitter that he was, not changing his approach against the shift didn't affect his hitting very much. Boudreau later admitted that the shift was more about \"psyching out\" Williams rather than playing him to pull. \"I always considered the Boudreau shift a psychological, rather than a tactical\" ploy, he declared in his autobiographyPlayer-Manager. Broadcasting Boudreau did play-by-play for Cub games in 1958–59 before switching roles with manager \"Jolly Cholly\"Charlie Grimmin 1960. But after only one season as Cubs manager, Boudreau returned to the radio booth and remained there until 1987. He also did radio play-by-play for theChicago Bullsin 1966–1968 and worked onChicago Blackhawksgames forWGN radioandtelevisionas well. The presence of a Hall of Fame announcer affected at least one game. On June 23, 1976, the Cubs were two runs behind at home in the fourth inning of the second game of a doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates at home when the umpires called the game on account of darkness (since there were no lights atWrigley Fielduntil 1988), announcing that the game would be resumed at the same point the next day as was normally the case in those days. But Boudreau knew the rules better than anyone else in the park, it turned out, for he went down quickly to the clubhouse and pointed out to the umpires that a game that was not yet an official game could not be treated as a suspended game (i.e., it had not gone five innings, or four and a half with the home team leading, as neither was the case), and as such had to be replayed from the first pitch (as was then the rule in a rain-out). The umpires called the National League office, found Boudreau was correct, and removed the two-run Cubs deficit. Later life and honors Boudreau was elected to theBaseball Hall of Famein 1970 with 77.33% of the vote. That same year, his uniform number 5 was retired by theCleveland Indians(he wore number 4 with the Red Sox). In 1973, the city ofClevelandrenamed a street borderingCleveland Municipal Stadiumafter Boudreau.Boudreau Drive in Urbana, Illinois, is also named after Boudreau. In 1990, the Cleveland Indians established The Lou Boudreau Award, which is given every year to the organization's Minor League Player of the Year.In 1992, Boudreau's number 5 jersey was retired by theIllinois Fighting Illini baseballprogram. Boudreau is only one of threeIllinois Fighting Illiniathletes to have their number retired; the other two athletes beingIllinois Fighting Illini footballplayersRed GrangeandDick Butkus. Personal life Boudreau married Della DeRuiter in 1938, and together they had four children. His daughter Sharyn marriedDenny McLain, a former star pitcher with theDetroit Tigerswho was the last 30-game winner in the major leagues (31–6 for the world champion 1968Detroit Tigers). Boudreau had a home inFrankfort, Illinois, for many years. He died on August 10, 2001, due tocardiac arrestat St. James Medical Center inOlympia Fields, Illinois. He was 84. He received a Catholic funeral and his body was interred in the Pleasant Hill Cemetery. See also Notes References Further reading External links",
"List of World Series champions TheWorld Seriesis the annual championship series ofMajor League Baseball(MLB) and concludes theMLB postseason. First played in 1903,the World Series championship is abest-of-seven playoffand is a contest between the champions of baseball'sNational League(NL) andAmerican League(AL).Often referred to as the \"Fall Classic\",the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions: in1904, when the NL championNew York Giantsdeclined to play the AL championBoston Americans; and in1994, when the series was canceled due to theplayers' strike.The best-of-seven style has been the format of all World Series except in1903,1919,1920,1921, when the winner was determined through abest-of-nine playoff.Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October, a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November. The Series-winning team is awarded theCommissioner's Trophy.Players, coaches and others associated with the team are generally givenWorld Series ringsto commemorate their victory; however, they have received other items such aspocket watchesand medallions in the past.The winning team is traditionally invited to theWhite Houseto meet thePresident of the United States. A total of 119 World Series have been contested through 2023, with the AL champion winning 68 and the NL champion winning 51. TheNew York Yankeesof the AL have played in 40 World Series, winning 27 – the most championship appearances and most victories by any team amongst themajor North American professional sports leagues. TheDodgersof the NL have the most losses with 14, while the Yankees have the most losses among AL teams with 13. TheSt. Louis Cardinalshave won 11 championships, the most championships among NL clubs and second-most all-time behind the Yankees, and have made 19 total appearances, third-most among NL clubs.The Dodgers have represented the NL the most in the World Series with 21 appearances. TheSeattle Marinersare the only MLB franchise that has never appeared in a World Series; theMilwaukee Brewers,San Diego Padres,Tampa Bay Rays, andColorado Rockieshave all played in the Series but have never won it, with the Padres and the Rays appearing twice. TheLos Angeles AngelsandWashington Nationalsare the only teams who have won their only World Series appearance, and theToronto Blue JaysandMiami Marlinsare the only teams with multiple World Series appearances with no losses. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in and win a World Series, winning in 1992 and 1993. TheHouston Astrosare the only franchise to have represented both the NL (2005) and the AL (2017, 2019, 2021, 2022), winning the Series in 2017 and 2022. The 1919 and 2017 World Series were both marred with cheating scandals: theBlack Sox Scandaland theHouston Astros sign stealing scandal. The most recent World Series champions are theTexas Rangers. World Series results Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows: Source for this Table World Series records by franchise In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the \"Season(s)\" column,bold yearsindicate winning appearances. Frequent matchups The following are the 20 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series. All teams that have participated in these were \"Classic Eight\" members of either the American or National League; no expansion team (created in 1961 or later) has faced the same opponent more than once in a World Series. See also References External links",
"Chicago Chicagois themost populous cityin theU.S. stateofIllinoisand in theMidwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the2020 census,it is thethird-most populous city in the United StatesafterNew York CityandLos Angeles. As theseatofCook County, thesecond-most populous countyin the U.S., Chicago is the center of theChicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called \"Chicagoland\" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on the shore ofLake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near aportagebetween theGreat Lakesand theMississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.In 1871, theGreat Chicago Firedestroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,but Chicago's population continued to grow.Chicago made noted contributions tourban planningandarchitecture, such as theChicago School, the development of theCity Beautiful movement, and the steel-framedskyscraper. Chicago is an international hub for finance,culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, andtransportation. It has the largest and most diverse financederivativesmarket in the world, generating 20% of all volume incommoditiesand financial futures alone.O'Hare International Airportis routinely ranked among theworld's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic,and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.The Chicago area has one of the highestgross domestic products(GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.Chicago's economyisdiverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination fortourism, including visitors to itscultural institutions, and Lake Michiganbeaches. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts,literature, film,theater, comedy (especiallyimprovisational comedy),food, dance, andmusic(particularlyjazz,blues,soul,hip-hop,gospel,andelectronic dance music, includinghouse music). Chicago is home to theChicago Symphony Orchestraand theLyric Opera of Chicago, while theArt Institute of Chicagoprovides an influential visual arts museum andart school. The Chicago area also hosts theUniversity of Chicago,Northwestern University, and theUniversity of Illinois Chicago, amongother institutions of learning. ProfessionalsportsinChicago includeallmajor professional leagues, including twoMajor League Baseballteams. Etymology and nicknames The nameChicagois derived from a French rendering of theindigenousMiami–Illinoiswordshikaakwafor a wild relative of theonion; it is known to botanists asAllium tricoccumand known more commonly as \"ramps\". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as \"Checagou\" was byRobert de LaSallearound 1679 in a memoir.Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild \"garlic\" grew profusely in the area.According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at the said place called \"Chicagou\" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has hadseveral nicknamesthroughout its history, such as theWindy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. History Beginnings In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by thePotawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded theMiami,SaukandMeskwakipeoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was traderJean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was ofAfricandescent, perhaps born in theFrench colonyofSaint-Domingue(Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the \"Founder of Chicago.\" In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in theNorthwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with theTreaty of Greenville. In 1803, theU.S. ArmyconstructedFort Dearborn, which was destroyed during theWar of 1812in theBattle of Fort Dearbornby the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, theOttawa,Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the1833 Treaty of Chicagoand sent west of theMississippi Riveras part of the federal policy ofIndian removal. 19th century On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began withEdmund Dick Tayloras Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of theChicago Portage,the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway,Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and theIllinois and Michigan Canalopened in 1848. The canal allowedsteamboatsandsailing shipson theGreat Lakesto connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities andimmigrantsfrom abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing theAmerican economy.TheChicago Board of Trade(established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized \"exchange-traded\" forward contracts, which were calledfutures contracts. In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of SenatorStephen Douglas, the champion of theKansas–Nebraska Actand the \"popular sovereignty\" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan,Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the1860 Republican National Convention, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called theWigwam. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for theAmerican Civil War. To accommodaterapid population growthand demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approvedChesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.The projectraised much of central Chicagoto a new grade with the use ofjackscrewsfor raising buildings.While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into theChicago River, and subsequently intoLake Michigan, polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly builtwater cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canalthat connects to theIllinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.Much of the city, including railroads andstockyards, survived intact,and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world'sfirst skyscraperin 1885, usingsteel-skeletonconstruction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including theHyde Park Township, which now comprises most of theSouth Side of Chicagoand the far southeast of Chicago, and theJefferson Township, which now makes up most ofChicago's Northwest Side.The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants fromEuropeand migrants from theEastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage.Germans,Irish,Poles,Swedes, andCzechsmade up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflictsfollowed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including theHaymarket affairon May 4, 1886, and in 1894 thePullman Strike. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor ledJane AddamsandEllen Gates Starrto foundHull Housein 1889.Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field ofsocial work. During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics ofcholera,smallpox, andyellow feverwere both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscapedmunicipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago wasJohn H. Rauch, M.D.Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He createdLincoln Parkby closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North Americantime zones.This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted theWorld's Columbian Expositionon former marshland at the present location ofJackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influentialworld's fairin history.TheUniversity of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term \"midway\" for a fair or carnival referred originally to theMidway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects theWashingtonand Jackson Parks. 20th and 21st centuries 1900 to 1939 DuringWorld War Iand the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from theSouthern United States. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.ThisGreat Migrationhad an immense cultural impact, called theChicago Black Renaissance, part of theNew Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music.Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as theChicago race riot of 1919, also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 whenProhibitionwas repealed. The 1920s sawgangsters, includingAl Capone,Dion O'Banion,Bugs MoranandTony Accardobattle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during theProhibition era.Chicago was the location of the infamousSt. Valentine's Day Massacrein 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenantrent strikes, which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called theSociety for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals,Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been aDemocrat. From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, withUnemployed Councilscontributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 theWorkers Alliance of Americabegun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed theMemorial Day massacre of 1937in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago MayorAnton Cermakwas fatally wounded inMiami, Florida, during afailed assassinationattempt on President-electFranklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting theCentury of ProgressInternational ExpositionWorld's Fair.The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. 1940 to 1979 DuringWorld War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more thanNazi Germanyfrom 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in thesecond wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicistEnrico Fermiconducted the world's first controllednuclear reactionat the University of Chicago as part of the top-secretManhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used inWorld War IIin 1945. MayorRichard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era ofmachine politics. In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known aswhite flight– as Blacks continued to move beyond theBlack Belt.While home loan discriminatoryredliningagainst blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known asblockbusting, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966,Martin Luther King Jr.andAlbert Rabyled theChicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as theWillis Tower, which in 1974 became theworld's tallest building),University of Illinois at Chicago,McCormick Place, andO'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.In 1979,Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-riddenCabrini-Greenhousing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. 1980 to present In 1983,Harold Washingtonbecame the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderpersonEugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives forsustainable development, as well as closingMeigs Fieldin the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near theKinzie Street Bridgeproduced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of anabandoned freight tunnel systemextending throughout the downtownLoopdistrict. Thetunnels filledwith 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011,Rahm Emanuel, a formerWhite House Chief of Staffand member of theHouse of Representatives, won the mayoral election.Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.Lori Lightfoot, the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk wasAnna Valenciaand the city treasurer wasMelissa Conyears-Ervin. On May 15, 2023,Brandon Johnsonassumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago. Geography Topography Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in theChicago Metropolitan Area, situated in both theMidwestern United Statesand theGreat Lakes region. The city rests on acontinental divideat the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakeswatersheds. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and theCalumet Riverin the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's hugelake freightersuse the city'sLake Calumet Harboron the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.The overallgradeof the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m)above sea level. While measurements vary somewhat,the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge ofBlue Islandin the city's far south side. Lake Shore Driveruns adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront includeLincoln Park,Grant Park,Burnham Park, andJackson Park. There are 24 publicbeachesacross 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space forNavy Pier,Northerly Island, theMuseum Campus, and large portions of theMcCormick PlaceConvention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entireChicago metropolitan areais \"Chicagoland\", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Communities Major sections of the city include the central business district, calledthe Loop, and the North,South, andWest Sides.The three sides of the city are represented on theFlag of Chicagoby three horizontal white stripes.The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of thePort of Chicago. In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinctcommunity areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally definedneighborhoods. Streetscape Chicago's streets were laid out in astreet gridthat grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.Streets following thePublic Land Survey Systemsection lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in thePlan of Chicago, but only the extension ofOgden Avenuewas ever constructed. In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago'sWestern Avenueis the longest continuous urban street in the world.Other notable streets includeMichigan Avenue,State Street,95th Street,Cicero Avenue,Clark Street, andBelmont Avenue. TheCity Beautiful movementinspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways. Architecture The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the firststeel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in theskyscraper era,which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest. Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;Willis Tower(formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in theWestern HemisphereafterOne World Trade Center, andTrump International Hotel and Toweris the third tallest in the country.The Loop's historic buildings include theChicago Board of Trade Building, theFine Arts Building,35 East Wacker, and theChicago Building,860-880 Lake Shore Drive ApartmentsbyMies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such asDaniel Burnham,Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, andHelmut Jahn. TheMerchandise Mart, once first on thelist of largest buildings in the world, currently listed as 44th-largest 2013 as September 9, 2013, had its ownzip codeuntil 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code),Trump International Hotel and Tower, theAon Center(previously the Standard Oil Building), and theJohn Hancock Center.Industrial districts, such as some areas on theSouth Side, the areas along theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and theNorthwest Indianaarea are clustered. Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to thePrairie School, two movements in architecture.Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brickbungalowsbuilt from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of thePolish Cathedral styleofchurch architecture. The Chicago suburb ofOak Parkwas home to famous architectFrank Lloyd Wright, who had designed TheRobie Houselocated near the University of Chicago. A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River. Monuments and public art Chicago is famous for its outdoorpublic artwith donors establishing funding for such art as far back asBenjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust.A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these areChagall's Four Seasons; theChicago Picasso;Miro's Chicago;Calder'sFlamingo;Oldenburg'sBatcolumn;Moore'sLarge Interior Form, 1953-54,Man Enters the CosmosandNuclear Energy;Dubuffet'sMonument with Standing Beast,Abakanowicz'sAgora; and,Anish Kapoor'sCloud Gatewhich has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including theGreat Northern Migration(Saar) and thecentennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art:Plensa'sCrown Fountainas well asBurnhamand Bennett'sBuckingham Fountain. Climate The city lies within the typical hot-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons.Summersare hot and humid, with frequentheat waves. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake.Wintersare relatively cold and snowy.Blizzardsdo occur, such as inwinter 2011.There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. Apolar vortex in January 2019nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April. Springandautumnare mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity.Dew pointtemperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies withinUSDAplanthardiness zone6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs. According to theNational Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934.Midway Airportreached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded aheat indexof 125 °F (52 °C) during the1995 heatwave.The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded onJanuary 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport.Most of the city's rainfall is brought bythunderstorms, averaging 38 a year. The region is prone tosevere thunderstormsduring the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes. Like other major cities, Chicago experiences anurban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.Northeast winds from wintertimecyclonesdeparting south of the region sometimes bring the citylake-effect snow. Time zone As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of theCentral Time Zone. The border with theEastern Time Zoneis located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan andcertain parts of Indiana. Demographics During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world,and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, includingItalians,Jews,Russians,Poles,Greeks,Lithuanians,Bulgarians,Albanians,Romanians,Turks,Croatians,Serbs,Bosnians,MontenegrinsandCzechs.To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrialworking class, were added an additional influx ofAfrican Americansfrom theAmerican South—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.Chicago has asignificant Bosnian population, many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s. In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called \"Black Belt\" on the city'sSouth Side.A large number of blacks also settled on theWest Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on theNorth Sideis that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue inUptownwas the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York'sHarlem. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago. Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born inMexico,PolandorIndia. Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken byLos Angelesas the United States' second largest city. The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census. According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population. Chicago has the third-largestLGBTpopulation in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ.In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT.Since the 2013 legalization ofsame-sex marriage in Illinois, over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed inCook County, a majority of them in Chicago. Chicago became a \"de jure\"sanctuary cityin 2012 when MayorRahm Emanueland the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance. According to the U.S. Census Bureau'sAmerican Community Surveydata estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million. According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were: Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790. Religion Religion in Chicago (2014) According to a 2014 study by thePew Research Center,Christianityis the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States afterDallas,AtlantaandHouston.Roman CatholicismandProtestantismare the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed byEastern OrthodoxyandJehovah's Witnesseswith 1% each.Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups includeIrreligious(22%),Judaism(3%),Islam(2%),Buddhism(1%) andHinduism(1%). Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including theEvangelical Covenant Churchand theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America. It is the seat of severaldioceses. TheFourth Presbyterian Churchis one of the largestPresbyteriancongregations in the United States based on memberships.Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of theAssyrian Church of the East.In 2014 theCatholic Churchwas the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicagobeing the largest Catholic jurisdiction.Evangelical Protestantismform the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed byMainline Protestants(11%), and historicallyBlack churches(8%). Among denominational Protestant branches,Baptistsformed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%);Lutherans(4%); andPentecostals(3%). Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014.Judaismhas at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population, making it the second largest religion.A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500. The first twoParliament of the World's Religionsin 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, includingMother Teresa, theDalai LamaandPope John Paul IIin 1979. Economy Chicago has the third-largestgross metropolitan productin the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialistsJohn Crerar,John Whitfield Bunn,Richard Teller Crane,Marshall Field,John Farwell,Julius Rosenwald, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, followingMidtown Manhattan.The city is the seat of theFederal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial andfutures exchanges, including theChicago Stock Exchange, theChicago Board Options Exchange(CBOE), and theChicago Mercantile Exchange(the \"Merc\"), which is owned, along with theChicago Board of Trade(CBOT), by Chicago'sCME Group. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives.Chase Bankhas its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago'sChase Tower.Academically, Chicago has been influential through theChicago school of economics, which fielded 12Nobel Prizewinners. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.Illinois is home to 66Fortune1000companies, including those in Chicago.The city of Chicago also hosts 12FortuneGlobal 500 companies and 17Financial Times500 companies. The city claims threeDow 30companies:aerospacegiantBoeing, which moved its headquarters fromSeattleto the Chicago Loop in 2001;McDonald's; andWalgreens Boots Alliance.For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.However, threeFortune500companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City. Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, includingBaxter International,Boeing,Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare division ofGeneral Electric. Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters ofConagra,Ferrara Candy Company,Kraft Heinz,McDonald's,Mondelez International, andQuaker Oats.Chicago has been a hub of theretailsector since its early development, withMontgomery Ward,Sears, andMarshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, includingWalgreens,Sears,Ace Hardware,Claire's,ULTA Beauty, andCrate & Barrel. Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of thebicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introducedstampingto the production process and significantly reduced costs,while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting theBrass Era carbuilder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.Chicago was also the site of theSchwinn Bicycle Company. Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behindLas VegasandOrlando) in number of conventions hosted annually. Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021. Culture and contemporary life The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods fromRogers Parkin the north toSouth Shorein the south.The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include theMexican Americanneighborhoods, such asPilsenalong 18th street, andLa Villitaalong 26th Street; thePuerto Ricanenclave ofPaseo Boricuain theHumboldt Parkneighborhood;Greektown, along SouthHalsted Street, immediately west of downtown;Little Italy, along Taylor Street;ChinatowninArmour Square;Polish PatchesinWest Town;Little SeoulinAlbany Parkaround Lawrence Avenue;Little VietnamnearBroadwayin Uptown; and theDesiarea, alongDevon AvenueinWest Ridge. Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called \"The Loop\", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term \"The Loop\" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes theNear North Side, theNear South Side, and theNear West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famousskyscrapers, abundant restaurants,shopping,museums,Soldier Field, convention facilities,parkland, andbeaches. Lincoln Park contains theLincoln Park Zooand theLincoln Park Conservatory. TheRiver North Gallery Districtfeatures the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.Lake Viewis home toBoystown, the city's largeLGBTnightlife and culture center. TheChicago Pride Parade, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.NorthHalsted Streetis the main thoroughfare of Boystown. The South Side neighborhood ofHyde Parkis the home of former U.S. PresidentBarack Obama. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,and theMuseum of Science and Industry. The 6-mile (9.7 km) longBurnham Parkstretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sitsWashington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called theMidway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African AmericanBud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels throughBronzevilleto Washington Park.Ford Motor Companyhas anautomobile assembly planton the South Side inHegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side. The West Side holds theGarfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here includeHumboldt Park'sInstitute of Puerto Rican Arts and Cultureand the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as theNational Museum of Mexican ArtandSt. Adalbert's ChurchinPilsen. The Near West Side holds theUniversity of Illinois at Chicagoand was once home toOprah Winfrey'sHarpo Studios, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's. The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films likeThe Blues Brothersand television programs like theSaturday Night Liveskit \"Bill Swerski's Superfans\", is an advanced form ofInland Northern American English. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such asCleveland,Milwaukee,Detroit, andRochester, New York, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as theshort 'a'sound as in \"cat\", which can sound more like \"kyet\" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city. Entertainment and the arts Renowned Chicago theater companies include theGoodman Theatrein the Loop; theSteppenwolf Theatre CompanyandVictory Gardens Theaterin Lincoln Park; and theChicago Shakespeare Theaterat Navy Pier.Broadway In Chicagooffers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: theNederlander Theatre,CIBC Theatre,Cadillac Palace Theatre,Auditorium BuildingofRoosevelt University, andBroadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place.Polish languageproductions forChicago's large Polish speaking populationcan be seen at the historicGateway TheatreinJefferson Park. Since 1968, theJoseph Jefferson Awardsare given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modernimprovisational theater, and includes the prominent groupsThe Second CityandI.O.(formerly ImprovOlympic). TheChicago Symphony Orchestra(CSO) performs atSymphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.Also performing regularly atSymphony Centeris theChicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park andMillennium Park.Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. TheCivic Opera Houseis home to theLyric Opera of Chicago.TheLithuanian Opera Company of Chicagowas founded byLithuanian Chicagoansin 1956,and presents operas inLithuanian. TheJoffrey BalletandChicago Festival Balletperform in various venues, including theHarris TheaterinMillennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as theHubbard Street Dance ChicagoandChicago Dance Crash. Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage includeChicago blues,Chicago soul,jazz, andgospel. The city is the birthplace ofhouse music(a popular form of electronic dance music) andindustrial music, and is the site of an influentialhip hop scene. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular foralternative rock,punk, andnew wave. The city has been a center forraveculture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicagoindie.Annual festivalsfeature various acts, such asLollapaloozaand thePitchfork Music Festival.Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by theUniversity of Chicago Cultural Policy Centerranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in \"size of music industry\" and fourth among all U.S. cities in \"number of concerts and performances\". Chicago has a distinctivefine arttradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurativesurrealism, as in the works ofIvan AlbrightandEd Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of theChicago Imagists, such asRoger Brown,Leon Golub,Robert Lostutter,Jim Nutt, andBarbara Rossiproduced bizarre representational paintings.Henry Dargeris one of the most celebrated figures ofoutsider art. Tourism In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.These visitors contributed more thanUS$13.7billion to Chicago's economy.Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largestconventiondestination. A 2017 study byWalk Scoreranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south ofSoldier Field. Navy Pier, located just east ofStreeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. Museums Among the city's museums are theAdler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, theField Museum of Natural History, and theShedd Aquarium. TheMuseum Campusjoins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago'sInstitute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africahas an extensive collection ofancient EgyptianandNear Easternarchaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include theChicago History Museum, theDriehaus Museum, theDuSable Museum of African American History, theMuseum of Contemporary Art, thePeggy Notebaert Nature Museum, thePolish Museum of America, theMuseum of Broadcast Communications, theChicago Architecture Foundation, and theMuseum of Science and Industry. Cuisine Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowneddeep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated atPizzeria Uno.The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.Certain Chicago pizza favorites includeLou Malnati'sandGiordano's. TheChicago-style hot dog, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish,yellow mustard, pickledsport peppers,tomatowedges,dill picklespear and topped off withcelery salton apoppy seedbun.Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use ofketchupas a garnish, but may prefer to addgiardiniera. A distinctly Chicago sandwich, theItalian beefsandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered inau jusand served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. TheMaxwell Street Polishis a grilled or deep-friedkielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. Chicken Vesuviois roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. ThePuerto Rican-influencedjibaritois a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. Themother-in-lawis atamaletopped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.The tradition of serving theGreekdishsaganakiwhile aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused withMetaxaandflambéedtable-side.Chicago-style barbecuefeatures hardwood smokedrib tipsandhot linkswhich were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.Annual festivalsfeature various Chicago signature dishes, such asTaste of Chicagoand the Chicago Food Truck Festival. One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of threeMichelinstars,Alineais located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include:Charlie Trotter,Rick Tramonto,Grant Achatz, andRick Bayless. In 2003,Robb Reportnamed Chicago the country's \"most exceptional dining destination\". Literature Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition ofsocial realism. In theEncyclopedia of Chicago,Northwestern UniversityProfessor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to \"capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people.\" The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of \"high-flown romance\" and \"genteel realism\", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,and create a \"city of feeling\" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. At least three short periods in thehistory of Chicagohave had a lasting influence onAmerican literature.These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of theGreat Depressionthrough the 1940s. What would become the influentialPoetrymagazine was founded in 1912 byHarriet Monroe, who was working as anartcriticfor theChicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets asGwendolyn Brooks,James Merrill, andJohn Ashbery.T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\", was first published byPoetry. Contributors have includedEzra Pound,William Butler Yeats,William Carlos Williams,Langston Hughes, andCarl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching theImagistandObjectivistpoetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, thepoetry slam. Sports The city has twoMajor League Baseball(MLB) teams: theChicago Cubsof the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and theChicago White Soxof the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906. The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;they have played in Chicago since 1871.They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. TheChicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of theNational Football League(NFL), have won nineNFL Championships, including the 1985Super Bowl XX. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. TheChicago Bullsof theNational Basketball Association(NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.During the 1990s, withMichael Jordanleading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons. TheChicago Blackhawksof theNational Hockey League(NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the \"Original Six\" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won sixStanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at theUnited Center. Chicago Fire FCis a member ofMajor League Soccer(MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and fourU.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successfulFIFA World Cupwith games played at Soldier Field. TheChicago Red Starsare a team in theNational Women's Soccer League(NWSL). They previously played inWomen's Professional Soccer(WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play atSeatGeek StadiuminBridgeview, Illinois. TheChicago Skyis a professional basketball team playing in theWomen's National Basketball Association(WNBA). They play home games at theWintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began. TheChicago Marathonhas been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of sixWorld Marathon Majors. Five area colleges play inDivision Iconferences: two from major conferences—theDePaul Blue Demons(Big East Conference) and theNorthwestern Wildcats(Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—theChicago State Cougars(Northeast Conference); theLoyola Ramblers(Atlantic 10 Conference); and theUIC Flames(Missouri Valley Conference). Chicago has also entered intoesportswith the creation of theOpTic Chicago, a professionalCall of Dutyteam that participates within theCDL. Parks and greenspace When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the mottoUrbs in Horto, aLatinphrase which means \"City in a Garden\". Today, theChicago Park Districtconsists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) ofmunicipal parkland. There are 31 sandbeaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors afterCentral ParkinNew York City, and theNational Mall and Memorial ParksinWashington, D.C. There is a historicboulevard system,a network of wide, tree-linedboulevardswhich connect a number of Chicagoparks.The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.A number ofChicago neighborhoodsemerged along these roadways in the 19th century.The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and sixsquares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.TheChicago Park Boulevard System Historic Districtwas listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2018. With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as thePing Tom Memorial Parkin Chinatown,DuSable Parkon the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by theCook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest,prairie,wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,including both theChicago Botanic GardeninGlencoeand theBrookfield ZooinBrookfield.Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago. Law and government Government The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive andlegislativebranches. Themayor of Chicagois the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor isBrandon Johnson. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. TheCity Councilis the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from eachwardin the city.The council takes official action through the passage ofordinancesand resolutions and approves the city budget. TheChicago Police Departmentprovides law enforcement and theChicago Fire Departmentprovides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in theCook County Circuit Courtof the State of Illinois court system, or in theNorthern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinoisstate's attorney; in the Federal court it is the United Statesattorney. Politics During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growingDemocratic Partyorganization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organizedsocialist,anarchistandlabor organizations.For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been \"solid blue\" inpresidential electionssince 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected aRepublicanmayor since 1927, whenWilliam Thompsonwas voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17districtsin theUnited States House of Representatives. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each:Robert P. Hanrahanfrom 1973 to 1975, andMichael Patrick Flanaganfrom 1995 to 1997. Machine politicspersisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal \"independent\" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election ofHarold Washington(in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor,Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democraticprimaryvote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed. The city is home of former United States PresidentBarack Obamaand First LadyMichelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago inKenwoodon the city's south side. Crime Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.Chicago experienced major rises inviolent crimein the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.Chicago's biggestcriminal justicechallenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide,armed robbery, gang violence, andaggravated battery. Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States. Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.The neighborhoods ofEnglewoodon the South Side, andAustinon the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.According to reports in 2013, \"most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,\"and is specifically related to the activities of theSinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities.Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000. Chicago has a long history of publiccorruptionthat regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.Most corruption cases in Chicago are prosecuted by theU.S. Attorney's office, as legaljurisdictionmakes most offenses punishable as a federal crime. Education Schools and libraries Chicago Public Schools(CPS) is the governing body of theschool districtthat contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors andAdvanced Placement(AP) courses.Walter Payton College Prep High Schoolis ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois. Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's \"choice system\", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). Chicago has a network ofLutheran schools,and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as theIda Crown Jewish AcademyinWest Ridge. TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of ChicagooperatesCatholic schools, that includeJesuit preparatory schoolsand others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the privateChicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the publicChicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts. TheChicago Public Librarysystem operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library. Colleges and universities Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top \"National Universities\" in the United States, as determined byU.S. News & World Report.Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University;Illinois Institute of Technology;Loyola University Chicago;DePaul University;Columbia College Chicagoand theUniversity of Illinois Chicago. Other notable schools include:Chicago State University; theSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago;East–West University;National Louis University;North Park University;Northeastern Illinois University;Robert Morris University Illinois;Roosevelt University;Saint Xavier University;Rush University; andShimer College. William Rainey Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of thejunior collegeconcept, establishing nearbyJoliet Junior Collegeas the first in the nation in 1901.His legacy continues with the multiplecommunity collegesin the Chicago proper, including the sevenCity Colleges of Chicago:Richard J. Daley College,Kennedy–King College,Malcolm X College,Olive–Harvey College,Truman College,Harold Washington College, andWilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately heldMacCormac College. Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as theAdler School of Professional Psychology,The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, theErikson Institute,The Institute for Clinical Social Work, theLutheran School of Theology at Chicago, theCatholic Theological Union, theMoody Bible Institute, and theUniversity of Chicago Divinity School. Media Television The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.Each of the big fiveU.S. television networks,NBC,ABC,CBS,FoxandThe CW, directly owns and operates ahigh-definition televisionstation in Chicago (WMAQ5,WLS7,WBBM2,WFLD32 andWGN-TV9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by theNexstar Media Group, which acquired it from its founding ownerTribune Broadcastingin 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as \"WGN America\" oncable and satellite TVnationwide and in parts of theCaribbean. WGN America eventually becameNewsNationin 2021. Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, includingThe Oprah Winfrey Show,Steve Harvey Show,The Rosie Show,The Jerry Springer Show,The Phil Donahue Show,The Jenny Jones Show, and more. The city also has onePBSmember station (its second:WYCC20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017):WTTW11, producer of shows such asSneak Previews,The Frugal Gourmet,Lamb Chop's Play-AlongandThe McLaughlin Group. As of 2018,Windy City Liveis Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner andRyan Chiaveriniat ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999,Judge Mathisalso films his syndicated arbitration-based realitycourt showat theNBC Tower. Beginning in January 2019,Newsybegan producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago. Television stations Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are: Newspapers Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: theChicago Tribuneand theChicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such asChicago, theDziennik Związkowy(Polish Daily News),Draugas(the Lithuanian daily newspaper), theChicago Reader, theSouthtownStar, theChicago Defender, theDaily Herald,Newcity,StreetWiseand theWindy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazineTime Out ChicagoandGRABmagazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazineChicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet,The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication,The A.V. Club. Movies and filming Radio Chicago has five50,000 watt AM radio stations: theAudacy-ownedWBBMandWSCR; theTribune Broadcasting-ownedWGN; theCumulus Media-ownedWLS; and theESPN Radio-ownedWMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, includingBeyond the BeltwaywithBruce DuMonton Sunday evenings. Chicago Public Radioproduces nationally aired programs such asPRI'sThis American LifeandNPR'sWait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. Infrastructure Transportation Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world afterHong KongandSingapore. The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. Parking Due to Chicago'sWheel Tax,residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests. Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to itspublicstreet parking.In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease itsparking metersystem to an operating company created byMorgan Stanley, calledChicago Parking Meters LLC. Daley said the \"agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy.\" The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue forChicago Parking Meters LLCinvestors. Expressways Seven mainline and four auxiliaryinterstate highways(55,57,65(only in Indiana),80(also inIndiana),88,90(also inIndiana),94(also inIndiana),190,290,294, and355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidateAdlai Stevenson. TheKennedyandDan RyanExpressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois. Transit systems TheRegional Transportation Authority(RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace. Greyhound Linesprovides inter-city bus service to and from the city at theChicago Bus Station, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network ofMegabus (North America). Passenger rail Amtraklong distance andcommuter railservices originate fromUnion Station.Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans,Portland,Seattle,Milwaukee,Quincy,St. Louis,Carbondale, Boston,Grand Rapids,Port Huron,Pontiac, Los Angeles, andSan Antonio. Future service will terminate atMoline. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via theChicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed. Bicycle and scooter sharing systems In July 2013, thebicycle-sharing systemDivvywas launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stationsIt is operated byLyftfor theChicago Department of Transportation.As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excludingPullman, Rosedale,Beverly,Belmont CraginandEdison Park. In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leadersBird,Jump,LimeandLyft.Each company was allowed to bring 250electric scooters, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken. Freight rail Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.All fiveClass I railroadsmeet in Chicago. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.CREATE, theChicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area. Airports Chicago is served byO'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,on the far Northwest Side, andMidway International Airporton the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago.Gary/Chicago International AirportandChicago Rockford International Airport, located inGary, IndianaandRockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towardsbuilding an entirely new airportin the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.The City of Chicago is the world headquarters forUnited Airlines, the world's third-largest airline. Port authority The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Utilities Electricity for most ofnorthern Illinoisis provided byCommonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory bordersIroquois Countyto the south, theWisconsinborder to the north, theIowaborder to the west and theIndianaborder to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division ofExelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy. Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary ofIntegrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago. Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is nowlandfilled, mainly in theCalumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had ablue bagprogram to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city. Health systems TheIllinois Medical Districtis on the Near West Side. It includesRush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2014–16, theUniversity of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, andJohn H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation. Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, includingNorthwestern Memorial Hospitaland theUniversity of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes theFeinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2017–18;theShirley Ryan AbilityLab(formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital byU.S. News & World Report;the newPrentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. TheUniversity of Illinois College of Medicineat UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford andUrbana–Champaign). In addition, theChicago Medical Schooland Loyola University Chicago'sStritch School of Medicineare located in the suburbs ofNorth ChicagoandMaywood, respectively. TheMidwestern UniversityChicago College ofOsteopathic Medicineis inDowners Grove. TheAmerican Medical Association,Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education,American Osteopathic Association,American Dental Association,Academy of General Dentistry,Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,American Association of Nurse Anesthetists,American College of Surgeons,American Society for Clinical Pathology,American College of Healthcare Executives, theAmerican Hospital Association, andBlue Cross and Blue Shield Associationare all based in Chicago. Sister cities See also Explanatory notes References Citations Cited references Further reading External links Former:Evanston•Hyde Park•Jefferson•Lake•Lake View•North Chicago•Rogers Park•South Chicago•West Chicago"
] | [
"Lou Boudreau As manager Louis Boudreau(July 17, 1917 – August 10, 2001), nicknamed \"Old Shufflefoot\", \"Handsome Lou\", and \"the Good Kid\", was an Americanprofessional baseballplayer and manager.He played inMajor League Baseball(MLB) for 15 seasons, primarily as ashortstopon theCleveland Indians, and managed four teams for 15 seasons including 10 seasons as aplayer-manager. He was also a radio announcer for theChicago Cubsand in college was a dual-sport athlete in baseball and basketball, earningAll-Americanhonors in basketball for theUniversity of Illinois. Boudreau was anAll-Starfor seven seasons.In 1948, Boudreau won theAmerican LeagueMost Valuable Player Awardand managed theCleveland Indiansto theWorld Seriestitle. He won the 1944 American League (AL)batting title(.327), and led the league in doubles in 1941, 1944, and 1947. He led AL shortstops in fielding eight times. Boudreau still holds the MLB record for hitting the most consecutive doubles in a game (four), set on July 14, 1946. In 1970, Boudreau was",
"1970, Boudreau was elected to theNational Baseball Hall of Fameand his No. 5 was retired by the Indians that same year. Early life Boudreau was born inHarvey, Illinois, the son of Birdie (Henry) and Louis Boudreau.His father was of French-Canadian ancestry, his mother was Jewish, and both of his maternal grandparents were observantOrthodox Jewswith whom when he was young he celebratedPassoverseders.He was raised Catholic by his father after his parents divorced.He graduated fromThornton Township High SchoolinHarvey, Illinois, where he led the \"Flying Clouds\" to three straightIllinois high school championshipgames, winning in 1933 and finishing as runner up in 1934 and 1935. College baseball and basketball Boudreau attended theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was a member ofPhi Sigma Kappafraternity and captain of thebasketballandbaseballteams. During the1936–37 basketballand baseball seasons, Boudreau led each Fighting Illini team to aBig Ten Conferencechampionship.During the1937–38",
"the1937–38 basketball season, Boudreau was named anNCAA Men's Basketball All-American. While Boudreau was still at Illinois,Cleveland Indiansgeneral managerCy Slapnickapaid him an undisclosed sum in return for agreeing to play baseball for the Indians after he graduated. Due to this agreement, Boudreau was ruled ineligible for collegiate sports by theBig Ten Conferenceofficials.During his senior year at Illinois, he played professional basketball with theHammond Ciesar All-Americansof theNational Basketball League. Despite playing professional baseball with Cleveland, Boudreau earned hisBachelor of Sciencein education from Illinois in 1940 and worked as the Illinois freshman basketball coach for the 1939 and 1940 teams. Boudreau stayed on as an assistant coach for the1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball teamand he was instrumental in recruiting futureNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame InducteeAndy Phillipto play for Illinois. Professional baseball career Cleveland Indians Boudreau made",
"Boudreau made his major league debut on September 9, 1938, for theCleveland Indiansat 21 as a third baseman in his first game. In 1939, Indian managerOssie Vitttold him that he would have to move from his normal third base position toshortstopsince established sluggerKen Keltneralready had the regular third base job. In 1940, his first full year as a starter, he batted .295 with 46doublesand 101RBI, and was selected for theAll-Star Gamefor the first of five consecutive seasons (MLB cancelled the1945 gamedue to war-time travel restrictions and did not name All-Stars). Boudreau helped make history in 1941 as a key figure in stopping the56-game hitting streakbyJoe DiMaggio. After two sparkling stops by Keltner at third base on hard ground balls earlier in the game, Boudreau snagged a bad-hop grounder to short barehanded and started a double play retiring DiMaggio at first.He finished the season with a modest .257 batting average, but had a league-leading 45 doubles. After the 1941 season, ownerAlva",
"season, ownerAlva Bradleypromoted Indians managerRoger Peckinpaughto general manager and appointed the 25-year-old Boudreau player-manager. Boudreau played and managed the Indians throughout World War II (playing basketball had put a strain on Boudreau's ankles that turned intoarthritis, which classified him as4-Fand thus ineligible for military service).In 1944, Boudreau turned 134double plays, the most ever by a player-manager in MLB history. When he bought the Indians in 1947,Bill Veeck, after being approached by Boudreau, renewed the player-manager agreement with mixed feelings on both sides, as Boudreau stated that he would rather be traded than only play shortstop. Details of possibly trading him forVern Stephensof the St. Louis Browns in 1947 only attracted fans to the side of Boudreau. However, Boudreau hit .355 in 1948; Cleveland won the AL pennant and theWorld Series, the Indians first World Series championship in 28 years and only the second in Indians history, with Veeck and Boudreau publicly",
"Boudreau publicly acknowledging each other's role in the team's success. Later career Boudreau was released by the Indians as both player and manager following the 1950 season. He signed with theBoston Red Sox, playing full-time in 1951, moving up to player-manager in 1952 and managing from the bench in 1953–54. He then became the first manager of theKansas City Athleticsin 1955 after their move from Philadelphia until he was fired after 104 games in 1957 and replaced byHarry Craft. He last managed the Chicago Cubs, in 1960. Managerial record Boudreau shift Boudreau is credited with inventing theinfield shift, which came to be known colloquially as the \"Boudreau shift.\" Because sluggingRed SoxsuperstarTed Williamswas a dead-pull hitter, he moved most of his Cleveland Indian fielders to the right of second base against the Splendid Splinter, leaving only the third baseman and left fielder to the left of second but also very close to second base, far to the right of their normal positions. With characteristic",
"With characteristic stubborn pride, Williams refused the obvious advice from teammates to hit orbuntto left against the Boudreau shift, but great hitter that he was, not changing his approach against the shift didn't affect his hitting very much. Boudreau later admitted that the shift was more about \"psyching out\" Williams rather than playing him to pull. \"I always considered the Boudreau shift a psychological, rather than a tactical\" ploy, he declared in his autobiographyPlayer-Manager. Broadcasting Boudreau did play-by-play for Cub games in 1958–59 before switching roles with manager \"Jolly Cholly\"Charlie Grimmin 1960. But after only one season as Cubs manager, Boudreau returned to the radio booth and remained there until 1987. He also did radio play-by-play for theChicago Bullsin 1966–1968 and worked onChicago Blackhawksgames forWGN radioandtelevisionas well. The presence of a Hall of Fame announcer affected at least one game. On June 23, 1976, the Cubs were two runs behind at home in the fourth inning of",
"fourth inning of the second game of a doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates at home when the umpires called the game on account of darkness (since there were no lights atWrigley Fielduntil 1988), announcing that the game would be resumed at the same point the next day as was normally the case in those days. But Boudreau knew the rules better than anyone else in the park, it turned out, for he went down quickly to the clubhouse and pointed out to the umpires that a game that was not yet an official game could not be treated as a suspended game (i.e., it had not gone five innings, or four and a half with the home team leading, as neither was the case), and as such had to be replayed from the first pitch (as was then the rule in a rain-out). The umpires called the National League office, found Boudreau was correct, and removed the two-run Cubs deficit. Later life and honors Boudreau was elected to theBaseball Hall of Famein 1970 with 77.33% of the vote. That same year, his uniform number 5 was retired by",
"5 was retired by theCleveland Indians(he wore number 4 with the Red Sox). In 1973, the city ofClevelandrenamed a street borderingCleveland Municipal Stadiumafter Boudreau.Boudreau Drive in Urbana, Illinois, is also named after Boudreau. In 1990, the Cleveland Indians established The Lou Boudreau Award, which is given every year to the organization's Minor League Player of the Year.In 1992, Boudreau's number 5 jersey was retired by theIllinois Fighting Illini baseballprogram. Boudreau is only one of threeIllinois Fighting Illiniathletes to have their number retired; the other two athletes beingIllinois Fighting Illini footballplayersRed GrangeandDick Butkus. Personal life Boudreau married Della DeRuiter in 1938, and together they had four children. His daughter Sharyn marriedDenny McLain, a former star pitcher with theDetroit Tigerswho was the last 30-game winner in the major leagues (31–6 for the world champion 1968Detroit Tigers). Boudreau had a home inFrankfort, Illinois, for many years. He died on August",
"He died on August 10, 2001, due tocardiac arrestat St. James Medical Center inOlympia Fields, Illinois. He was 84. He received a Catholic funeral and his body was interred in the Pleasant Hill Cemetery. See also Notes References Further reading External links",
"List of World Series champions TheWorld Seriesis the annual championship series ofMajor League Baseball(MLB) and concludes theMLB postseason. First played in 1903,the World Series championship is abest-of-seven playoffand is a contest between the champions of baseball'sNational League(NL) andAmerican League(AL).Often referred to as the \"Fall Classic\",the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions: in1904, when the NL championNew York Giantsdeclined to play the AL championBoston Americans; and in1994, when the series was canceled due to theplayers' strike.The best-of-seven style has been the format of all World Series except in1903,1919,1920,1921, when the winner was determined through abest-of-nine playoff.Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October, a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November. The Series-winning team is awarded theCommissioner's Trophy.Players, coaches and others",
"coaches and others associated with the team are generally givenWorld Series ringsto commemorate their victory; however, they have received other items such aspocket watchesand medallions in the past.The winning team is traditionally invited to theWhite Houseto meet thePresident of the United States. A total of 119 World Series have been contested through 2023, with the AL champion winning 68 and the NL champion winning 51. TheNew York Yankeesof the AL have played in 40 World Series, winning 27 – the most championship appearances and most victories by any team amongst themajor North American professional sports leagues. TheDodgersof the NL have the most losses with 14, while the Yankees have the most losses among AL teams with 13. TheSt. Louis Cardinalshave won 11 championships, the most championships among NL clubs and second-most all-time behind the Yankees, and have made 19 total appearances, third-most among NL clubs.The Dodgers have represented the NL the most in the World Series with 21 appearances.",
"21 appearances. TheSeattle Marinersare the only MLB franchise that has never appeared in a World Series; theMilwaukee Brewers,San Diego Padres,Tampa Bay Rays, andColorado Rockieshave all played in the Series but have never won it, with the Padres and the Rays appearing twice. TheLos Angeles AngelsandWashington Nationalsare the only teams who have won their only World Series appearance, and theToronto Blue JaysandMiami Marlinsare the only teams with multiple World Series appearances with no losses. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in and win a World Series, winning in 1992 and 1993. TheHouston Astrosare the only franchise to have represented both the NL (2005) and the AL (2017, 2019, 2021, 2022), winning the Series in 2017 and 2022. The 1919 and 2017 World Series were both marred with cheating scandals: theBlack Sox Scandaland theHouston Astros sign stealing scandal. The most recent World Series champions are theTexas Rangers. World Series results Numbers",
"results Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows: Source for this Table World Series records by franchise In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the \"Season(s)\" column,bold yearsindicate winning appearances. Frequent matchups The following are the 20 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series. All teams that have participated in these were \"Classic Eight\" members of either the American or National League; no expansion team (created in 1961 or later) has faced the same opponent more than once in a World Series. See also References External links",
"Chicago Chicagois themost populous cityin theU.S. stateofIllinoisand in theMidwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the2020 census,it is thethird-most populous city in the United StatesafterNew York CityandLos Angeles. As theseatofCook County, thesecond-most populous countyin the U.S., Chicago is the center of theChicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called \"Chicagoland\" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on the shore ofLake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near aportagebetween theGreat Lakesand theMississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.In 1871, theGreat Chicago Firedestroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,but Chicago's population continued to grow.Chicago made noted contributions tourban planningandarchitecture, such as theChicago School, the development of theCity Beautiful movement, and the steel-framedskyscraper. Chicago is an international hub for finance,culture, commerce, industry,",
"commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, andtransportation. It has the largest and most diverse financederivativesmarket in the world, generating 20% of all volume incommoditiesand financial futures alone.O'Hare International Airportis routinely ranked among theworld's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic,and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.The Chicago area has one of the highestgross domestic products(GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.Chicago's economyisdiverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination fortourism, including visitors to itscultural institutions, and Lake Michiganbeaches. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts,literature, film,theater, comedy (especiallyimprovisational comedy),food, dance, andmusic(particularlyjazz,blues,soul,hip-hop,gospel,andelectronic dance music, includinghouse music). Chicago is home to theChicago Symphony",
"theChicago Symphony Orchestraand theLyric Opera of Chicago, while theArt Institute of Chicagoprovides an influential visual arts museum andart school. The Chicago area also hosts theUniversity of Chicago,Northwestern University, and theUniversity of Illinois Chicago, amongother institutions of learning. ProfessionalsportsinChicago includeallmajor professional leagues, including twoMajor League Baseballteams. Etymology and nicknames The nameChicagois derived from a French rendering of theindigenousMiami–Illinoiswordshikaakwafor a wild relative of theonion; it is known to botanists asAllium tricoccumand known more commonly as \"ramps\". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as \"Checagou\" was byRobert de LaSallearound 1679 in a memoir.Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild \"garlic\" grew profusely in the area.According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at the said place called \"Chicagou\" which, according to what we were able to",
"we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has hadseveral nicknamesthroughout its history, such as theWindy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. History Beginnings In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by thePotawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded theMiami,SaukandMeskwakipeoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was traderJean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was ofAfricandescent, perhaps born in theFrench colonyofSaint-Domingue(Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the \"Founder of Chicago.\" In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in theNorthwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with theTreaty of Greenville. In 1803, theU.S. ArmyconstructedFort Dearborn, which was destroyed during theWar of 1812in",
"theWar of 1812in theBattle of Fort Dearbornby the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, theOttawa,Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the1833 Treaty of Chicagoand sent west of theMississippi Riveras part of the federal policy ofIndian removal. 19th century On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began withEdmund Dick Tayloras Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of theChicago Portage,the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway,Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and theIllinois and Michigan Canalopened in 1848. The",
"in 1848. The canal allowedsteamboatsandsailing shipson theGreat Lakesto connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities andimmigrantsfrom abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing theAmerican economy.TheChicago Board of Trade(established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized \"exchange-traded\" forward contracts, which were calledfutures contracts. In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of SenatorStephen Douglas, the champion of theKansas–Nebraska Actand the \"popular sovereignty\" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan,Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the1860 Republican National Convention, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called theWigwam. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for theAmerican Civil War. To accommodaterapid",
"To accommodaterapid population growthand demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approvedChesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.The projectraised much of central Chicagoto a new grade with the use ofjackscrewsfor raising buildings.While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into theChicago River, and subsequently intoLake Michigan, polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly builtwater cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with",
"was completed with theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canalthat connects to theIllinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.Much of the city, including railroads andstockyards, survived intact,and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world'sfirst skyscraperin 1885, usingsteel-skeletonconstruction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including theHyde Park Township, which now comprises most of theSouth Side of Chicagoand the far southeast of Chicago, and theJefferson Township, which now makes up most ofChicago's Northwest Side.The",
"Northwest Side.The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants fromEuropeand migrants from theEastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage.Germans,Irish,Poles,Swedes, andCzechsmade up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflictsfollowed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including theHaymarket affairon May 4, 1886, and in 1894 thePullman Strike. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor ledJane AddamsandEllen Gates Starrto foundHull Housein 1889.Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field ofsocial work. During the 1870s and 1880s,",
"1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics ofcholera,smallpox, andyellow feverwere both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscapedmunicipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago wasJohn H. Rauch, M.D.Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He createdLincoln Parkby closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910",
"hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North Americantime zones.This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted theWorld's Columbian Expositionon former marshland at the present location ofJackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influentialworld's fairin history.TheUniversity of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term \"midway\" for a fair or carnival referred originally to theMidway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects theWashingtonand Jackson Parks. 20th and 21st centuries 1900 to 1939 DuringWorld War Iand the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from theSouthern United",
"theSouthern United States. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.ThisGreat Migrationhad an immense cultural impact, called theChicago Black Renaissance, part of theNew Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music.Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as theChicago race riot of 1919, also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 whenProhibitionwas repealed. The 1920s sawgangsters, includingAl Capone,Dion O'Banion,Bugs MoranandTony Accardobattle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during theProhibition era.Chicago was the location of the infamousSt. Valentine's Day Massacrein 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side,",
"gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenantrent strikes, which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called theSociety for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals,Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were",
"in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been aDemocrat. From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, withUnemployed Councilscontributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 theWorkers Alliance of Americabegun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed theMemorial Day massacre of 1937in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago MayorAnton Cermakwas fatally wounded inMiami, Florida, during afailed assassinationattempt on President-electFranklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city",
"and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting theCentury of ProgressInternational ExpositionWorld's Fair.The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. 1940 to 1979 DuringWorld War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more thanNazi Germanyfrom 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in thesecond wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicistEnrico Fermiconducted the world's first controllednuclear reactionat the University of Chicago as part of the top-secretManhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used inWorld War IIin 1945. MayorRichard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era ofmachine politics. In 1956, the city conducted its",
"city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known aswhite flight– as Blacks continued to move beyond theBlack Belt.While home loan discriminatoryredliningagainst blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known asblockbusting, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966,Martin Luther King Jr.andAlbert Rabyled theChicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years",
"leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as theWillis Tower, which in 1974 became theworld's tallest building),University of Illinois at Chicago,McCormick Place, andO'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.In 1979,Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-riddenCabrini-Greenhousing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. 1980 to present In 1983,Harold Washingtonbecame the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.Washington was succeeded",
"was succeeded by 6th ward alderpersonEugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives forsustainable development, as well as closingMeigs Fieldin the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near theKinzie Street Bridgeproduced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of anabandoned freight tunnel systemextending throughout the downtownLoopdistrict. Thetunnels filledwith 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were",
"weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011,Rahm Emanuel, a formerWhite House Chief of Staffand member of theHouse of Representatives, won the mayoral election.Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.Lori Lightfoot, the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk wasAnna Valenciaand the city treasurer wasMelissa Conyears-Ervin. On May 15, 2023,Brandon Johnsonassumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago. Geography Topography Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in theChicago Metropolitan Area, situated in both theMidwestern United Statesand theGreat Lakes region. The city rests on acontinental divideat the site of the Chicago",
"site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakeswatersheds. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and theCalumet Riverin the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's hugelake freightersuse the city'sLake Calumet Harboron the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.The overallgradeof the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight",
"only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m)above sea level. While measurements vary somewhat,the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge ofBlue Islandin the city's far south side. Lake Shore Driveruns adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront includeLincoln Park,Grant Park,Burnham Park, andJackson Park. There are 24 publicbeachesacross 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space forNavy Pier,Northerly Island, theMuseum Campus, and large portions of theMcCormick PlaceConvention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entireChicago metropolitan areais \"Chicagoland\", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Communities",
"Communities Major sections of the city include the central business district, calledthe Loop, and the North,South, andWest Sides.The three sides of the city are represented on theFlag of Chicagoby three horizontal white stripes.The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of thePort of Chicago. In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinctcommunity areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally definedneighborhoods. Streetscape Chicago's streets were laid out in astreet gridthat grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.Streets following thePublic Land",
"thePublic Land Survey Systemsection lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in thePlan of Chicago, but only the extension ofOgden Avenuewas ever constructed. In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic.",
"the street traffic. Chicago'sWestern Avenueis the longest continuous urban street in the world.Other notable streets includeMichigan Avenue,State Street,95th Street,Cicero Avenue,Clark Street, andBelmont Avenue. TheCity Beautiful movementinspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways. Architecture The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the firststeel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in theskyscraper era,which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest. Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;Willis Tower(formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in theWestern HemisphereafterOne World Trade Center, andTrump International Hotel and Toweris the third tallest in the country.The Loop's historic buildings include theChicago Board of Trade Building, theFine Arts",
"theFine Arts Building,35 East Wacker, and theChicago Building,860-880 Lake Shore Drive ApartmentsbyMies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such asDaniel Burnham,Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, andHelmut Jahn. TheMerchandise Mart, once first on thelist of largest buildings in the world, currently listed as 44th-largest 2013 as September 9, 2013, had its ownzip codeuntil 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code),Trump International Hotel and Tower, theAon Center(previously the Standard Oil Building), and theJohn Hancock Center.Industrial districts, such as some areas on theSouth Side, the areas along theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and theNorthwest Indianaarea are clustered. Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to thePrairie School, two movements",
"two movements in architecture.Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brickbungalowsbuilt from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of thePolish Cathedral styleofchurch architecture. The Chicago suburb ofOak Parkwas home to famous architectFrank Lloyd Wright, who had designed TheRobie Houselocated near the University of Chicago. A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River. Monuments and public art Chicago is famous for its outdoorpublic artwith donors establishing funding for such art as far back asBenjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust.A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these areChagall's Four Seasons; theChicago Picasso;Miro's Chicago;Calder'sFlamingo;Oldenburg'sBatcolumn;Moore'sLarge Interior Form, 1953-54,Man",
"Form, 1953-54,Man Enters the CosmosandNuclear Energy;Dubuffet'sMonument with Standing Beast,Abakanowicz'sAgora; and,Anish Kapoor'sCloud Gatewhich has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including theGreat Northern Migration(Saar) and thecentennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art:Plensa'sCrown Fountainas well asBurnhamand Bennett'sBuckingham Fountain. Climate The city lies within the typical hot-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons.Summersare hot and humid, with frequentheat waves. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake.Wintersare relatively cold and snowy.Blizzardsdo occur, such as inwinter",
"such as inwinter 2011.There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. Apolar vortex in January 2019nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April. Springandautumnare mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity.Dew pointtemperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies withinUSDAplanthardiness zone6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs. According to theNational Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934.Midway Airportreached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded aheat indexof 125 °F (52 °C) during the1995 heatwave.The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C)",
"of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded onJanuary 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport.Most of the city's rainfall is brought bythunderstorms, averaging 38 a year. The region is prone tosevere thunderstormsduring the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes. Like other major cities, Chicago experiences anurban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.Northeast winds from wintertimecyclonesdeparting south of the region sometimes bring the citylake-effect snow. Time zone As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of theCentral Time Zone. The border with theEastern Time Zoneis located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan andcertain parts of Indiana. Demographics During its first hundred years,",
"hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world,and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, includingItalians,Jews,Russians,Poles,Greeks,Lithuanians,Bulgarians,Albanians,Romanians,Turks,Croatians,Serbs,Bosnians,MontenegrinsandCzechs.To",
"these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrialworking class, were added an additional influx ofAfrican Americansfrom theAmerican South—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.Chicago has asignificant Bosnian population, many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s. In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called \"Black Belt\" on the city'sSouth Side.A large number of blacks also settled on theWest Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on theNorth Sideis that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue inUptownwas the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York'sHarlem. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining",
"and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago. Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born inMexico,PolandorIndia. Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken byLos Angelesas the United States' second largest city. The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census. According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the",
"at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population. Chicago has the third-largestLGBTpopulation in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ.In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT.Since the 2013 legalization ofsame-sex marriage in Illinois, over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed inCook County, a majority of them in Chicago. Chicago became a \"de jure\"sanctuary cityin 2012 when MayorRahm Emanueland the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance. According to the U.S. Census Bureau'sAmerican Community Surveydata estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly",
"with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million. According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were: Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790. Religion Religion in Chicago (2014) According to a 2014 study by thePew Research Center,Christianityis the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States afterDallas,AtlantaandHouston.Roman CatholicismandProtestantismare the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed byEastern OrthodoxyandJehovah's Witnesseswith 1% each.Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups includeIrreligious(22%),Judaism(3%),Islam(2%),Buddhism(1%) andHinduism(1%). Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including theEvangelical Covenant Churchand theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America. It is the seat of severaldioceses. TheFourth",
"TheFourth Presbyterian Churchis one of the largestPresbyteriancongregations in the United States based on memberships.Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of theAssyrian Church of the East.In 2014 theCatholic Churchwas the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicagobeing the largest Catholic jurisdiction.Evangelical Protestantismform the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed byMainline Protestants(11%), and historicallyBlack churches(8%). Among denominational Protestant branches,Baptistsformed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%);Lutherans(4%); andPentecostals(3%). Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014.Judaismhas at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population, making it the second largest religion.A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500. The first",
"319,500. The first twoParliament of the World's Religionsin 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, includingMother Teresa, theDalai LamaandPope John Paul IIin 1979. Economy Chicago has the third-largestgross metropolitan productin the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialistsJohn Crerar,John Whitfield Bunn,Richard Teller Crane,Marshall Field,John Farwell,Julius Rosenwald, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, followingMidtown Manhattan.The",
"Manhattan.The city is the seat of theFederal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial andfutures exchanges, including theChicago Stock Exchange, theChicago Board Options Exchange(CBOE), and theChicago Mercantile Exchange(the \"Merc\"), which is owned, along with theChicago Board of Trade(CBOT), by Chicago'sCME Group. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives.Chase Bankhas its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago'sChase Tower.Academically, Chicago has been influential through theChicago school of economics, which fielded 12Nobel Prizewinners. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.Illinois is home to 66Fortune1000companies, including those in Chicago.The city of Chicago also hosts 12FortuneGlobal 500 companies and 17Financial Times500 companies. The city claims threeDow 30companies:aerospacegiantBoeing, which moved its headquarters",
"its headquarters fromSeattleto the Chicago Loop in 2001;McDonald's; andWalgreens Boots Alliance.For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.However, threeFortune500companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City. Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, includingBaxter International,Boeing,Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare division ofGeneral Electric. Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters ofConagra,Ferrara Candy Company,Kraft Heinz,McDonald's,Mondelez International, andQuaker Oats.Chicago has been a hub of theretailsector since its early development, withMontgomery Ward,Sears, andMarshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers,",
"several retailers, includingWalgreens,Sears,Ace Hardware,Claire's,ULTA Beauty, andCrate & Barrel. Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of thebicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introducedstampingto the production process and significantly reduced costs,while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting theBrass Era carbuilder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.Chicago was also the site of theSchwinn Bicycle Company. Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behindLas VegasandOrlando) in number of conventions hosted annually. Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021. Culture and contemporary life The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents",
"attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods fromRogers Parkin the north toSouth Shorein the south.The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include theMexican Americanneighborhoods, such asPilsenalong 18th street, andLa Villitaalong 26th Street; thePuerto Ricanenclave ofPaseo Boricuain theHumboldt Parkneighborhood;Greektown, along SouthHalsted Street, immediately west of downtown;Little Italy, along Taylor Street;ChinatowninArmour Square;Polish PatchesinWest Town;Little SeoulinAlbany Parkaround Lawrence Avenue;Little VietnamnearBroadwayin Uptown; and theDesiarea, alongDevon AvenueinWest Ridge. Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located",
"are located within a section of downtown called \"The Loop\", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term \"The Loop\" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes theNear North Side, theNear South Side, and theNear West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famousskyscrapers, abundant restaurants,shopping,museums,Soldier Field, convention facilities,parkland, andbeaches. Lincoln Park contains theLincoln Park Zooand theLincoln Park Conservatory. TheRiver North Gallery Districtfeatures the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.Lake Viewis home toBoystown, the city's largeLGBTnightlife and culture center. TheChicago Pride Parade, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.NorthHalsted Streetis the main thoroughfare of Boystown. The South Side neighborhood ofHyde Parkis the home of",
"Parkis the home of former U.S. PresidentBarack Obama. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,and theMuseum of Science and Industry. The 6-mile (9.7 km) longBurnham Parkstretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sitsWashington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called theMidway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African AmericanBud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels throughBronzevilleto Washington Park.Ford Motor Companyhas anautomobile assembly planton the South Side inHegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side. The West Side holds theGarfield Park",
"theGarfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here includeHumboldt Park'sInstitute of Puerto Rican Arts and Cultureand the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as theNational Museum of Mexican ArtandSt. Adalbert's ChurchinPilsen. The Near West Side holds theUniversity of Illinois at Chicagoand was once home toOprah Winfrey'sHarpo Studios, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's. The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films likeThe Blues Brothersand television programs like theSaturday Night Liveskit \"Bill Swerski's Superfans\", is an advanced form ofInland Northern American English. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such asCleveland,Milwaukee,Detroit, andRochester, New York, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as theshort 'a'sound as in \"cat\", which can sound more",
"can sound more like \"kyet\" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city. Entertainment and the arts Renowned Chicago theater companies include theGoodman Theatrein the Loop; theSteppenwolf Theatre CompanyandVictory Gardens Theaterin Lincoln Park; and theChicago Shakespeare Theaterat Navy Pier.Broadway In Chicagooffers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: theNederlander Theatre,CIBC Theatre,Cadillac Palace Theatre,Auditorium BuildingofRoosevelt University, andBroadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place.Polish languageproductions forChicago's large Polish speaking populationcan be seen at the historicGateway TheatreinJefferson Park. Since 1968, theJoseph Jefferson Awardsare given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modernimprovisational theater, and includes the prominent groupsThe Second CityandI.O.(formerly ImprovOlympic). TheChicago Symphony Orchestra(CSO) performs atSymphony Center, and is recognized as one of the",
"as one of the best orchestras in the world.Also performing regularly atSymphony Centeris theChicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park andMillennium Park.Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. TheCivic Opera Houseis home to theLyric Opera of Chicago.TheLithuanian Opera Company of Chicagowas founded byLithuanian Chicagoansin 1956,and presents operas inLithuanian. TheJoffrey BalletandChicago Festival Balletperform in various venues, including theHarris TheaterinMillennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as theHubbard Street Dance ChicagoandChicago Dance Crash. Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage includeChicago blues,Chicago soul,jazz, andgospel. The city is the birthplace ofhouse music(a popular form of electronic dance music)",
"dance music) andindustrial music, and is the site of an influentialhip hop scene. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular foralternative rock,punk, andnew wave. The city has been a center forraveculture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicagoindie.Annual festivalsfeature various acts, such asLollapaloozaand thePitchfork Music Festival.Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by theUniversity of Chicago Cultural Policy Centerranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in \"size of music industry\" and fourth among all U.S. cities in \"number of concerts and performances\". Chicago has a distinctivefine arttradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurativesurrealism, as in the works ofIvan",
"in the works ofIvan AlbrightandEd Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of theChicago Imagists, such asRoger Brown,Leon Golub,Robert Lostutter,Jim Nutt, andBarbara Rossiproduced bizarre representational paintings.Henry Dargeris one of the most celebrated figures ofoutsider art. Tourism In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.These visitors contributed more thanUS$13.7billion to Chicago's economy.Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largestconventiondestination. A 2017 study byWalk Scoreranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south ofSoldier Field. Navy Pier, located just east ofStreeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants,",
"restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. Museums Among the city's museums are theAdler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, theField Museum of Natural History, and theShedd Aquarium. TheMuseum Campusjoins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago'sInstitute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africahas an extensive collection ofancient EgyptianandNear Easternarchaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include theChicago History Museum, theDriehaus Museum, theDuSable Museum of African American History, theMuseum of Contemporary Art, thePeggy Notebaert Nature Museum, thePolish Museum of America, theMuseum of Broadcast Communications, theChicago Architecture Foundation, and",
"Foundation, and theMuseum of Science and Industry. Cuisine Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowneddeep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated atPizzeria Uno.The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.Certain Chicago pizza favorites includeLou Malnati'sandGiordano's. TheChicago-style hot dog, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish,yellow mustard, pickledsport peppers,tomatowedges,dill picklespear and topped off withcelery salton apoppy seedbun.Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use ofketchupas a garnish, but may prefer to addgiardiniera. A distinctly Chicago sandwich, theItalian beefsandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered inau jusand served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of",
"the addition of an Italian sausage. TheMaxwell Street Polishis a grilled or deep-friedkielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. Chicken Vesuviois roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. ThePuerto Rican-influencedjibaritois a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. Themother-in-lawis atamaletopped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.The tradition of serving theGreekdishsaganakiwhile aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused withMetaxaandflambéedtable-side.Chicago-style barbecuefeatures hardwood smokedrib tipsandhot linkswhich were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.Annual festivalsfeature various Chicago signature dishes, such asTaste of Chicagoand the Chicago Food Truck Festival. One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a",
"restaurants and a recipient of threeMichelinstars,Alineais located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include:Charlie Trotter,Rick Tramonto,Grant Achatz, andRick Bayless. In 2003,Robb Reportnamed Chicago the country's \"most exceptional dining destination\". Literature Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition ofsocial realism. In theEncyclopedia of Chicago,Northwestern UniversityProfessor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to \"capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people.\" The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of \"high-flown romance\" and \"genteel realism\", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a",
"hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,and create a \"city of feeling\" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. At least three short periods in thehistory of Chicagohave had a lasting influence onAmerican literature.These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of theGreat Depressionthrough the 1940s. What would become the influentialPoetrymagazine was founded in 1912 byHarriet Monroe, who was working as anartcriticfor theChicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets asGwendolyn Brooks,James Merrill, andJohn Ashbery.T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\", was first published byPoetry. Contributors have includedEzra Pound,William Butler Yeats,William Carlos Williams,Langston Hughes,",
"Hughes, andCarl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching theImagistandObjectivistpoetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, thepoetry slam. Sports The city has twoMajor League Baseball(MLB) teams: theChicago Cubsof the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and theChicago White Soxof the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906. The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;they have played in Chicago since 1871.They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League",
"six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. TheChicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of theNational Football League(NFL), have won nineNFL Championships, including the 1985Super Bowl XX. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. TheChicago Bullsof theNational Basketball Association(NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.During the 1990s, withMichael Jordanleading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons. TheChicago Blackhawksof theNational Hockey League(NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the \"Original Six\" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won sixStanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at theUnited Center. Chicago Fire FCis a member ofMajor League Soccer(MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and fourU.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successfulFIFA World Cupwith games played at Soldier",
"played at Soldier Field. TheChicago Red Starsare a team in theNational Women's Soccer League(NWSL). They previously played inWomen's Professional Soccer(WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play atSeatGeek StadiuminBridgeview, Illinois. TheChicago Skyis a professional basketball team playing in theWomen's National Basketball Association(WNBA). They play home games at theWintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began. TheChicago Marathonhas been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of sixWorld Marathon Majors. Five area colleges play inDivision Iconferences: two from major conferences—theDePaul Blue Demons(Big East Conference) and theNorthwestern Wildcats(Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—theChicago State Cougars(Northeast Conference); theLoyola Ramblers(Atlantic 10 Conference); and theUIC Flames(Missouri Valley Conference). Chicago has also",
"Chicago has also entered intoesportswith the creation of theOpTic Chicago, a professionalCall of Dutyteam that participates within theCDL. Parks and greenspace When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the mottoUrbs in Horto, aLatinphrase which means \"City in a Garden\". Today, theChicago Park Districtconsists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) ofmunicipal parkland. There are 31 sandbeaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors afterCentral ParkinNew York City, and theNational Mall and Memorial ParksinWashington, D.C. There is a historicboulevard system,a network of wide, tree-linedboulevardswhich connect a number of Chicagoparks.The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.A number ofChicago neighborhoodsemerged along these roadways in the 19th",
"in the 19th century.The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and sixsquares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.TheChicago Park Boulevard System Historic Districtwas listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2018. With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as thePing Tom Memorial Parkin Chinatown,DuSable Parkon the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by theCook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest,prairie,wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which",
"natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,including both theChicago Botanic GardeninGlencoeand theBrookfield ZooinBrookfield.Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago. Law and government Government The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive andlegislativebranches. Themayor of Chicagois the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor isBrandon Johnson. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. TheCity Councilis the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from eachwardin the city.The council takes official action through the passage ofordinancesand resolutions and approves the city budget. TheChicago Police",
"TheChicago Police Departmentprovides law enforcement and theChicago Fire Departmentprovides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in theCook County Circuit Courtof the State of Illinois court system, or in theNorthern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinoisstate's attorney; in the Federal court it is the United Statesattorney. Politics During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growingDemocratic Partyorganization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organizedsocialist,anarchistandlabor organizations.For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been \"solid blue\" inpresidential electionssince 1992. Even before then, it was not",
"then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected aRepublicanmayor since 1927, whenWilliam Thompsonwas voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17districtsin theUnited States House of Representatives. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each:Robert P. Hanrahanfrom 1973 to 1975, andMichael Patrick Flanaganfrom 1995 to 1997. Machine politicspersisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S.",
"in other large U.S. cities.During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal \"independent\" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election ofHarold Washington(in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor,Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democraticprimaryvote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed. The city is home of former United States PresidentBarack Obamaand First LadyMichelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago inKenwoodon the",
"inKenwoodon the city's south side. Crime Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.Chicago experienced major rises inviolent crimein the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.Chicago's biggestcriminal justicechallenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide,armed robbery, gang violence, andaggravated battery. Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States. Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.The neighborhoods ofEnglewoodon the South Side, andAustinon the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.According to reports in 2013, \"most of Chicago's violent crime comes from",
"crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,\"and is specifically related to the activities of theSinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities.Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000. Chicago has a long history of publiccorruptionthat regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.Most corruption cases in Chicago are",
"in Chicago are prosecuted by theU.S. Attorney's office, as legaljurisdictionmakes most offenses punishable as a federal crime. Education Schools and libraries Chicago Public Schools(CPS) is the governing body of theschool districtthat contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors andAdvanced Placement(AP) courses.Walter Payton College Prep High Schoolis ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois. Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the",
"on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's \"choice system\", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). Chicago has a network ofLutheran schools,and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as theIda Crown Jewish AcademyinWest Ridge. TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of ChicagooperatesCatholic schools, that includeJesuit preparatory schoolsand others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the privateChicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the publicChicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts. TheChicago Public",
"TheChicago Public Librarysystem operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library. Colleges and universities Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top \"National Universities\" in the United States, as determined byU.S. News & World Report.Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University;Illinois Institute of Technology;Loyola University Chicago;DePaul University;Columbia College Chicagoand theUniversity of Illinois Chicago. Other notable schools include:Chicago State University; theSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago;East–West University;National Louis University;North Park University;Northeastern Illinois University;Robert Morris University Illinois;Roosevelt University;Saint Xavier University;Rush University; andShimer College. William Rainey Harper, the first president of",
"first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of thejunior collegeconcept, establishing nearbyJoliet Junior Collegeas the first in the nation in 1901.His legacy continues with the multiplecommunity collegesin the Chicago proper, including the sevenCity Colleges of Chicago:Richard J. Daley College,Kennedy–King College,Malcolm X College,Olive–Harvey College,Truman College,Harold Washington College, andWilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately heldMacCormac College. Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as theAdler School of Professional Psychology,The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, theErikson Institute,The Institute for Clinical Social Work, theLutheran School of Theology at Chicago, theCatholic Theological Union, theMoody Bible Institute, and theUniversity of Chicago Divinity School. Media Television The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the",
"media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.Each of the big fiveU.S. television networks,NBC,ABC,CBS,FoxandThe CW, directly owns and operates ahigh-definition televisionstation in Chicago (WMAQ5,WLS7,WBBM2,WFLD32 andWGN-TV9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by theNexstar Media Group, which acquired it from its founding ownerTribune Broadcastingin 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as \"WGN America\" oncable and satellite TVnationwide and in parts of theCaribbean. WGN America eventually becameNewsNationin 2021. Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, includingThe Oprah Winfrey Show,Steve Harvey Show,The Rosie Show,The Jerry Springer Show,The Phil Donahue Show,The Jenny Jones Show, and more. The city also has onePBSmember station (its second:WYCC20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017):WTTW11, producer of shows such asSneak Previews,The Frugal",
"Previews,The Frugal Gourmet,Lamb Chop's Play-AlongandThe McLaughlin Group. As of 2018,Windy City Liveis Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner andRyan Chiaveriniat ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999,Judge Mathisalso films his syndicated arbitration-based realitycourt showat theNBC Tower. Beginning in January 2019,Newsybegan producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago. Television stations Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are: Newspapers Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: theChicago Tribuneand theChicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such asChicago, theDziennik Związkowy(Polish Daily News),Draugas(the Lithuanian daily newspaper), theChicago Reader, theSouthtownStar, theChicago Defender, theDaily",
"Defender, theDaily Herald,Newcity,StreetWiseand theWindy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazineTime Out ChicagoandGRABmagazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazineChicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet,The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication,The A.V. Club. Movies and filming Radio Chicago has five50,000 watt AM radio stations: theAudacy-ownedWBBMandWSCR; theTribune Broadcasting-ownedWGN; theCumulus Media-ownedWLS; and theESPN Radio-ownedWMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, includingBeyond the BeltwaywithBruce DuMonton Sunday evenings. Chicago Public Radioproduces nationally aired programs such asPRI'sThis American LifeandNPR'sWait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. Infrastructure Transportation Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world afterHong KongandSingapore.",
"KongandSingapore. The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. Parking Due to Chicago'sWheel Tax,residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests. Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to itspublicstreet parking.In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease itsparking metersystem to an operating company created byMorgan Stanley, calledChicago Parking Meters LLC. Daley said the \"agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1",
"more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy.\" The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue forChicago Parking Meters LLCinvestors. Expressways Seven mainline and four auxiliaryinterstate highways(55,57,65(only in Indiana),80(also inIndiana),88,90(also inIndiana),94(also inIndiana),190,290,294, and355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidateAdlai Stevenson. TheKennedyandDan RyanExpressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois. Transit systems TheRegional Transportation Authority(RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace. Greyhound Linesprovides inter-city bus service to and from the city at theChicago Bus",
"at theChicago Bus Station, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network ofMegabus (North America). Passenger rail Amtraklong distance andcommuter railservices originate fromUnion Station.Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans,Portland,Seattle,Milwaukee,Quincy,St. Louis,Carbondale, Boston,Grand Rapids,Port Huron,Pontiac, Los Angeles, andSan Antonio. Future service will terminate atMoline. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via theChicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed. Bicycle and scooter sharing systems In July 2013, thebicycle-sharing systemDivvywas launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stationsIt is operated byLyftfor theChicago Department of Transportation.As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city,",
"all of the city, excludingPullman, Rosedale,Beverly,Belmont CraginandEdison Park. In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leadersBird,Jump,LimeandLyft.Each company was allowed to bring 250electric scooters, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken. Freight rail Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.All fiveClass I railroadsmeet in Chicago. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase",
"to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.CREATE, theChicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area. Airports Chicago is served byO'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,on the far Northwest Side, andMidway International Airporton the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago.Gary/Chicago International AirportandChicago Rockford International Airport, located inGary, IndianaandRockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towardsbuilding an",
"towardsbuilding an entirely new airportin the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.The City of Chicago is the world headquarters forUnited Airlines, the world's third-largest airline. Port authority The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Utilities Electricity for most ofnorthern Illinoisis provided byCommonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory bordersIroquois Countyto the south, theWisconsinborder to the north, theIowaborder to the west and theIndianaborder to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division ofExelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began",
"the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy. Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary ofIntegrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago. Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is nowlandfilled, mainly in theCalumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had ablue bagprogram to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city. Health systems TheIllinois Medical Districtis on the Near West Side. It includesRush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2014–16, theUniversity of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, andJohn H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation. Two of the country's premier",
"country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, includingNorthwestern Memorial Hospitaland theUniversity of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes theFeinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2017–18;theShirley Ryan AbilityLab(formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital byU.S. News & World Report;the newPrentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. TheUniversity of Illinois College of Medicineat UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford andUrbana–Champaign). In addition, theChicago Medical Schooland Loyola University Chicago'sStritch School of Medicineare located in the suburbs ofNorth ChicagoandMaywood, respectively. TheMidwestern UniversityChicago",
"UniversityChicago College ofOsteopathic Medicineis inDowners Grove. TheAmerican Medical Association,Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education,American Osteopathic Association,American Dental Association,Academy of General Dentistry,Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,American Association of Nurse Anesthetists,American College of Surgeons,American Society for Clinical Pathology,American College of Healthcare Executives, theAmerican Hospital Association, andBlue Cross and Blue Shield Associationare all based in Chicago. Sister cities See also Explanatory notes References Citations Cited references Further reading External links Former:Evanston•Hyde Park•Jefferson•Lake•Lake View•North Chicago•Rogers Park•South Chicago•West Chicago"
] |
In Slovakia there is a well known Film Festival called the Bratistlava International Film Festival. What city/ town was the film editor for the Grand Prix winner of 2003 born in? | Roudnice nad Labem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem"
] | [
"Bratislava International Film Festival TheBratislava International Film Festival(also known asBratislava IFF) is an internationalfilm festivalestablished in 1999 and held annually inBratislava,Slovakia. Apart from the international competition programme, it also regularly features renowned authors' film retrospectives, a European film program,independent filmprogrammes and various theme programmes. Awards Awards are presented in the following categories: Award winners Grand Prix 2003 IFF Bratislava 2004 IFF Bratislava 2005 IFF Bratislava 2006 IFF Bratislava 2007 IFF Bratislava 2008 IFF Bratislava 2009 IFF Bratislava 2010 IFF Bratislava 2011 IFF Bratislava References External links",
"Boredom in Brno Boredom in Brno(Czech:Nuda v Brně) is aCzechcomedy filmdirected byVladimír Morávek, based on the story \"Standa's Debut\" byPavel Bedura. It was released in 2003, and won fiveCzech Lionawards, including Best Film, Best Director (Morávek), Best Script (Morávek andJan Budař), Best Male Actor in a Leading Role (Budař) and Best Editing (Jiří Brožek). Cast Plot The film follows several couples over one night inBrno. The focus is on a 20-something couple with unspecified learning difficulties, Olinka (Kateřina Holánová) and Standa (Jan Budař), who are preparing to have sex for the first time. Standa has been receiving advice from his brother Jarda (Martin Pechlát), while Olinka has been given tips and guidance by her friends, the women who live in her apartment block. Standa and Jarda travel to Brno fromBrundalfor the occasion. Meanwhile, in a nearby pub, depressed actor Mirek (Miroslav Donutil) is with psychologist Vlasta (Pavla Tomicová), complaining about his life, and the two presently return to Vlasta's flat together where they have sex, and Vlasta counsels Mirek about the state of his marriage. In the same pub are Jaroslava (Ivana Uhlířová), a young woman who habitually attracts unpleasant men, and her current partner Richard (Marek Daniel), a pretentious and self-absorbed man who is tempted by sexual experimentation and submission. This couple return to Richard's flat in the same apartment block where Richard persuades an unwilling Jaroslava to spank him, alongside other requests. Also in the pub are life-long friends Honza (Pavel Liška) and Pavel (Filip Rajmont). While Honza rambles drunkenly about his desire for various women, Pavel has an undeclared love for Honza. At the house, Olinka is horrified to see her controlling mother return unexpectedly to the flat. Panicking, she administersrohypnolinto her mother's coffee, and locks her unconscious in a storage cupboard. Standa arrives and they visit Olinka's friends so Standa can be vetted for their approval. Back down in Olinka's flat, Standa and Olinka share an awkward meal, and then proceed to the bedroom and are extremely nervous, but eventually Olinka manages to initiate sex. Despite Jarda's training, Standa is unable to put on the condom, so they do not use one. Meanwhile Jarda arrives at Olinka's friends' party upstairs to drink with them. Meanwhile, Mirek leaves Vlasta's house to go home, but on the way has a drunken argument with his wife on the phone, and ends up walking home toLíšeňin a drunken depression. Honza and Pavel also head home to Pavel's house, and Pavel is perturbed when Honza kisses his cheek while he sleeps. After having sex, Olinka excitedly tells her friends what happened, but at the same time her mother wakes up and sees Standa dancing in his underwear through the keyhole. When Olinka returns to the flat, the two women argue, and Standa flees the flat in panic. Pavel and Honza leave Pavel's place very early to deliverrohlíkto Líšeň, but on the way Pavel takes his eyes off the road and hits Mirek, killing him. Comforting Pavel, Honza confides that his love is returned. Meanwhile, Olinka releases her mother from the pantry, but then locks her in again when Standa returns to her. A voice over confirms that Olinka is pregnant. External links",
"Jiří Brožek Jiří Brožek(born 11 March 1947) is a Czech film editor. Biography During 1967‒1973 he attended Editing and Directing atFAMU.Then he started to work inBarrandov Movie Studios, from 1976 Brožek is self-employed. During the career he edited more than 100 feature films, variety of the TV production and many TV series. He cooperated withLadislav Smoljak(Ball Lightning,Waiter, Scarper!,Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping)Karel Kachyňa(Love Between the Raindrops,Forbidden Dreams),Jiří Menzel(Cutting It Short,The Snowdrop Festival,My Sweet Little Village),Věra Chytilová(Calamity,Wolf's Hole) orVáclav Havel(Leaving). Jiří Brožek was awarded nineCzech Lionsfor filmsKrvavý román(1993),Sekal Has to Die(1998),Anděl Exit(2000),Boredom in Brno(2003),The City of the Sun(2005),Pleasant Moments(2006),...a bude hůř(2007),Leaving(2011) andFilthy(2017), twice he gainedSlovakfilm awardSlnko v sietiforThe City of the Sun(2006) andGypsy(2012). He is a member ofCzech Film and Television Academy(ČFTA)and honourable member of Slovak Film and Television Academy (SFTA). He is married and has three children. Filmography Editor Actor Cooperation References External links",
"Roudnice nad Labem Roudnice nad Labem(Czech pronunciation:;German:Raudnitz an der Elbe) is a town inLitoměřice Districtin theÚstí nad Labem Regionof theCzech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as anurban monument zone. A steel road bridge dating from the early 20th century spans theElbein Roudnice nad Labem. Its medieval predecessor was the third oldest stone bridge inBohemia(afterPragueandPísek) and the first bridge to connect both banks of the river. Roudnice nad Labem features a castle of lateRomanesqueorigin, now reconstructed inBaroquestyle. Administrative parts The village of Podlusky is an administrative part of Roudnice nad Labem. Etymology The initial names Rúdnik and Rúdnica probably come from the iron water of a nearby spring (ruda= 'ore'). Geography Roudnice nad Labem is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast ofLitoměřiceand 37 km (23 mi) north ofPrague. It lies in theLower Ohře Table, in thePolabílowlands. The highest point is on the hill Hostěraz at 265 m (869 ft) above sea level. The town is situated on the left bank of theElbeRiver, which forms the northern municipal border. History Roudnice nad Labem is one of the oldest Czech towns. The first written mentions of Roudnice are from 1167 and 1176,but archeological excavations in the area confirm existence of a prehistoric settlement. The market settlement quickly became economically important due to its location on the Lusatian road, and in the 13th century, it received town status. In the 12th century, aRomanesquecastle was built, used as the summer residence of archbishops and bishops. In 1333, BishopJan IV of Dražiceordered that a bridge be built over the Elbe. It was the first stone bridge over the Elbe and the third stone bridge in Bohemia. At the end of the 14th century, the New Town of Roudnice nad Labem (encompassing today's Jan of Dražice Square and Hus Square) was built and, along with the Old Town of Roudnice nad Labem, surrounded by walls. In 1421, during theHussite Wars, Roudnice nad Labem was conquered byJan Žižka. During the Hussite invasions, the local monastery was destroyed and would never be rebuilt. After the Hussite Wars, the town was sold several times, which did not benefit its development. In 1603, it was acquired by theLobkowicz familyand it remained under their control until 1945. During their rule, the town was rebuilt and expanded. During theThirty Years' War, Roudnice nad Labem was burned down and demolished by theSwedish army. In the 19th century, Roudnice nad Labem became the industrial and economical centre of the Podřipský region, due to several new factories and the railway from Prague to Dresden.Until 1918, the town was part ofAustria-Hungary, in the district of the same name, one of the 94BezirkshauptmannschafteninBohemia. The firstfootballmatch in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in the Czech lands took place on the islet in the middle of the Elbe, located within the town limits, in 1887 (in 1892, according to some sources).In 1910, the old stone bridge was rebuilt into a new steel road bridge. Demographics Transport TheD8 motorwayfrom Prague to Ústí nad Labem runs along the western municipal border. Roudnice nad Labem is located on the intraregional railway line Prague–Děčín. It is also the starting point of a local line toBřízawith four stops within the town. Education There are four high schools in Roudnice nad Labem: Gymnasium Roudnice nad Labem, Vocational School and Training Centre, Podřipská Private Vocational School and Training Centre, and Higher Vocational School and Secondary Vocational School, which also offers higher education.There are also five primary schools, including one special school, and a primary art school. Sport The town has a swimming pool, an ice hockey arena, and football and athletic stadiums. Roudnice airport is located near the southwestern edge of the town and hosts the Memorial Air Show every other year. Sights The historic centre is made up of the castle complex and ofCharlesSquare (Karlovo náměstí),HusSquare (Husovo náměstí),PurkyněSquare (Purkyňovo náměstí) and Jan of Dražice Square (náměstí Jana z Dražic). The town hall is located on Charles Square. It is a pseudo-Renaissance building from 1869. The Gothic stone watchtower is the only preserved remnant of the Old Town's fortifications. It is open to the public as a lookout tower. The church complex is formed of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and the Augustinian monastery. The monastery was built in 1333–1353. The church is a typical Czech Gothic building from the first half of the 14th century. The iron spring after which the town got its name is located there. Roudnice Castle Roudnice Castle was built in the 12th century by Prague bishops to protect an important trade route from Prague toUpper Lusatiaalong theElbe. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style and became a popular summer residence for Prague bishops.There is a common misconception thatJan Huswas ordained as a priest there. In 1421, the Catholic Church sold the castle to noble Jan Smiřický who renovated it again. KingGeorge of Poděbradycaptured Roudnice from Smiřický in 1467. It passed into the ownership ofWilliam of Rosenberg, the Supreme Burgrave and one of the wealthiest men in Bohemia. After Rosenberg's death, his widow Polyxena Pernštejn married Zdeněk Vojtěch ofLobkowicz, Chancellor of the Czech Kingdom, and, later, 1st Prince Lobkowicz, bringing Roudnice into the Lobkowicz family possessions. In 1652, their son,Václav Eusebius, embarked upon an ambitious project to transform the castle into an early Baroque palace. From 1657 untilWorld War II, the Lobkowicz Collection's library was stored in Roudnice Castle, leading to the library being named theRoudnice Lobkowicz Library. Václav Eusebius of Lobkowicz hired two Italian architects, Francesco Caratti and Antonio della Porta, to completely renovate Roudnice Castle. Between 1652 and 1684, they demolished most of the original structure, creating a 200-room baroque residence that included a clock tower, a chapel decorated with elaborate frescoes, a theatre, and large formal gardens. For two and a half centuries Roudnice served as a repository for the Lobkowicz family's collections of artwork, religious objects, musical instruments, and books and manuscripts. The castle was confiscated by the Communist government in 1948; theCzechoslovak People's Armyused the building for the Vít Nejedlý military music school, as well as for administrative offices. After 1989, the castle was restored to the Lobkowicz family, who continued to rent the castle to the school until it closed in 2008. In 2009 the castle underwent major renovations, and it was opened to the public. The Castle Riding Hall was built in the 17th century by Antonio della Porta. Today it houses the Gallery of Modern Art. Notable people Twin towns – sister cities Roudnice nad Labem istwinnedwith: Gallery References External links"
] | [
"Bratislava International Film Festival TheBratislava International Film Festival(also known asBratislava IFF) is an internationalfilm festivalestablished in 1999 and held annually inBratislava,Slovakia. Apart from the international competition programme, it also regularly features renowned authors' film retrospectives, a European film program,independent filmprogrammes and various theme programmes. Awards Awards are presented in the following categories: Award winners Grand Prix 2003 IFF Bratislava 2004 IFF Bratislava 2005 IFF Bratislava 2006 IFF Bratislava 2007 IFF Bratislava 2008 IFF Bratislava 2009 IFF Bratislava 2010 IFF Bratislava 2011 IFF Bratislava References External links",
"Boredom in Brno Boredom in Brno(Czech:Nuda v Brně) is aCzechcomedy filmdirected byVladimír Morávek, based on the story \"Standa's Debut\" byPavel Bedura. It was released in 2003, and won fiveCzech Lionawards, including Best Film, Best Director (Morávek), Best Script (Morávek andJan Budař), Best Male Actor in a Leading Role (Budař) and Best Editing (Jiří Brožek). Cast Plot The film follows several couples over one night inBrno. The focus is on a 20-something couple with unspecified learning difficulties, Olinka (Kateřina Holánová) and Standa (Jan Budař), who are preparing to have sex for the first time. Standa has been receiving advice from his brother Jarda (Martin Pechlát), while Olinka has been given tips and guidance by her friends, the women who live in her apartment block. Standa and Jarda travel to Brno fromBrundalfor the occasion. Meanwhile, in a nearby pub, depressed actor Mirek (Miroslav Donutil) is with psychologist Vlasta (Pavla Tomicová), complaining about his life, and the two presently return to",
"presently return to Vlasta's flat together where they have sex, and Vlasta counsels Mirek about the state of his marriage. In the same pub are Jaroslava (Ivana Uhlířová), a young woman who habitually attracts unpleasant men, and her current partner Richard (Marek Daniel), a pretentious and self-absorbed man who is tempted by sexual experimentation and submission. This couple return to Richard's flat in the same apartment block where Richard persuades an unwilling Jaroslava to spank him, alongside other requests. Also in the pub are life-long friends Honza (Pavel Liška) and Pavel (Filip Rajmont). While Honza rambles drunkenly about his desire for various women, Pavel has an undeclared love for Honza. At the house, Olinka is horrified to see her controlling mother return unexpectedly to the flat. Panicking, she administersrohypnolinto her mother's coffee, and locks her unconscious in a storage cupboard. Standa arrives and they visit Olinka's friends so Standa can be vetted for their approval. Back down in",
"Back down in Olinka's flat, Standa and Olinka share an awkward meal, and then proceed to the bedroom and are extremely nervous, but eventually Olinka manages to initiate sex. Despite Jarda's training, Standa is unable to put on the condom, so they do not use one. Meanwhile Jarda arrives at Olinka's friends' party upstairs to drink with them. Meanwhile, Mirek leaves Vlasta's house to go home, but on the way has a drunken argument with his wife on the phone, and ends up walking home toLíšeňin a drunken depression. Honza and Pavel also head home to Pavel's house, and Pavel is perturbed when Honza kisses his cheek while he sleeps. After having sex, Olinka excitedly tells her friends what happened, but at the same time her mother wakes up and sees Standa dancing in his underwear through the keyhole. When Olinka returns to the flat, the two women argue, and Standa flees the flat in panic. Pavel and Honza leave Pavel's place very early to deliverrohlíkto Líšeň, but on the way Pavel takes his eyes off the road and",
"off the road and hits Mirek, killing him. Comforting Pavel, Honza confides that his love is returned. Meanwhile, Olinka releases her mother from the pantry, but then locks her in again when Standa returns to her. A voice over confirms that Olinka is pregnant. External links",
"Jiří Brožek Jiří Brožek(born 11 March 1947) is a Czech film editor. Biography During 1967‒1973 he attended Editing and Directing atFAMU.Then he started to work inBarrandov Movie Studios, from 1976 Brožek is self-employed. During the career he edited more than 100 feature films, variety of the TV production and many TV series. He cooperated withLadislav Smoljak(Ball Lightning,Waiter, Scarper!,Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping)Karel Kachyňa(Love Between the Raindrops,Forbidden Dreams),Jiří Menzel(Cutting It Short,The Snowdrop Festival,My Sweet Little Village),Věra Chytilová(Calamity,Wolf's Hole) orVáclav Havel(Leaving). Jiří Brožek was awarded nineCzech Lionsfor filmsKrvavý román(1993),Sekal Has to Die(1998),Anděl Exit(2000),Boredom in Brno(2003),The City of the Sun(2005),Pleasant Moments(2006),...a bude hůř(2007),Leaving(2011) andFilthy(2017), twice he gainedSlovakfilm awardSlnko v sietiforThe City of the Sun(2006) andGypsy(2012). He is a member ofCzech Film and Television Academy(ČFTA)and honourable member of",
"member of Slovak Film and Television Academy (SFTA). He is married and has three children. Filmography Editor Actor Cooperation References External links",
"Roudnice nad Labem Roudnice nad Labem(Czech pronunciation:;German:Raudnitz an der Elbe) is a town inLitoměřice Districtin theÚstí nad Labem Regionof theCzech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as anurban monument zone. A steel road bridge dating from the early 20th century spans theElbein Roudnice nad Labem. Its medieval predecessor was the third oldest stone bridge inBohemia(afterPragueandPísek) and the first bridge to connect both banks of the river. Roudnice nad Labem features a castle of lateRomanesqueorigin, now reconstructed inBaroquestyle. Administrative parts The village of Podlusky is an administrative part of Roudnice nad Labem. Etymology The initial names Rúdnik and Rúdnica probably come from the iron water of a nearby spring (ruda= 'ore'). Geography Roudnice nad Labem is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast ofLitoměřiceand 37 km (23 mi) north ofPrague. It lies in theLower Ohře Table, in thePolabílowlands. The",
"The highest point is on the hill Hostěraz at 265 m (869 ft) above sea level. The town is situated on the left bank of theElbeRiver, which forms the northern municipal border. History Roudnice nad Labem is one of the oldest Czech towns. The first written mentions of Roudnice are from 1167 and 1176,but archeological excavations in the area confirm existence of a prehistoric settlement. The market settlement quickly became economically important due to its location on the Lusatian road, and in the 13th century, it received town status. In the 12th century, aRomanesquecastle was built, used as the summer residence of archbishops and bishops. In 1333, BishopJan IV of Dražiceordered that a bridge be built over the Elbe. It was the first stone bridge over the Elbe and the third stone bridge in Bohemia. At the end of the 14th century, the New Town of Roudnice nad Labem (encompassing today's Jan of Dražice Square and Hus Square) was built and, along with the Old Town of Roudnice nad Labem, surrounded by walls. In",
"by walls. In 1421, during theHussite Wars, Roudnice nad Labem was conquered byJan Žižka. During the Hussite invasions, the local monastery was destroyed and would never be rebuilt. After the Hussite Wars, the town was sold several times, which did not benefit its development. In 1603, it was acquired by theLobkowicz familyand it remained under their control until 1945. During their rule, the town was rebuilt and expanded. During theThirty Years' War, Roudnice nad Labem was burned down and demolished by theSwedish army. In the 19th century, Roudnice nad Labem became the industrial and economical centre of the Podřipský region, due to several new factories and the railway from Prague to Dresden.Until 1918, the town was part ofAustria-Hungary, in the district of the same name, one of the 94BezirkshauptmannschafteninBohemia. The firstfootballmatch in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in the Czech lands took place on the islet in the middle of the Elbe, located within the town limits, in 1887 (in 1892, according to",
"1892, according to some sources).In 1910, the old stone bridge was rebuilt into a new steel road bridge. Demographics Transport TheD8 motorwayfrom Prague to Ústí nad Labem runs along the western municipal border. Roudnice nad Labem is located on the intraregional railway line Prague–Děčín. It is also the starting point of a local line toBřízawith four stops within the town. Education There are four high schools in Roudnice nad Labem: Gymnasium Roudnice nad Labem, Vocational School and Training Centre, Podřipská Private Vocational School and Training Centre, and Higher Vocational School and Secondary Vocational School, which also offers higher education.There are also five primary schools, including one special school, and a primary art school. Sport The town has a swimming pool, an ice hockey arena, and football and athletic stadiums. Roudnice airport is located near the southwestern edge of the town and hosts the Memorial Air Show every other year. Sights The historic centre is made up of the castle complex",
"the castle complex and ofCharlesSquare (Karlovo náměstí),HusSquare (Husovo náměstí),PurkyněSquare (Purkyňovo náměstí) and Jan of Dražice Square (náměstí Jana z Dražic). The town hall is located on Charles Square. It is a pseudo-Renaissance building from 1869. The Gothic stone watchtower is the only preserved remnant of the Old Town's fortifications. It is open to the public as a lookout tower. The church complex is formed of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and the Augustinian monastery. The monastery was built in 1333–1353. The church is a typical Czech Gothic building from the first half of the 14th century. The iron spring after which the town got its name is located there. Roudnice Castle Roudnice Castle was built in the 12th century by Prague bishops to protect an important trade route from Prague toUpper Lusatiaalong theElbe. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style and became a popular summer residence for Prague bishops.There is a common misconception thatJan",
"thatJan Huswas ordained as a priest there. In 1421, the Catholic Church sold the castle to noble Jan Smiřický who renovated it again. KingGeorge of Poděbradycaptured Roudnice from Smiřický in 1467. It passed into the ownership ofWilliam of Rosenberg, the Supreme Burgrave and one of the wealthiest men in Bohemia. After Rosenberg's death, his widow Polyxena Pernštejn married Zdeněk Vojtěch ofLobkowicz, Chancellor of the Czech Kingdom, and, later, 1st Prince Lobkowicz, bringing Roudnice into the Lobkowicz family possessions. In 1652, their son,Václav Eusebius, embarked upon an ambitious project to transform the castle into an early Baroque palace. From 1657 untilWorld War II, the Lobkowicz Collection's library was stored in Roudnice Castle, leading to the library being named theRoudnice Lobkowicz Library. Václav Eusebius of Lobkowicz hired two Italian architects, Francesco Caratti and Antonio della Porta, to completely renovate Roudnice Castle. Between 1652 and 1684, they demolished most of the original",
"of the original structure, creating a 200-room baroque residence that included a clock tower, a chapel decorated with elaborate frescoes, a theatre, and large formal gardens. For two and a half centuries Roudnice served as a repository for the Lobkowicz family's collections of artwork, religious objects, musical instruments, and books and manuscripts. The castle was confiscated by the Communist government in 1948; theCzechoslovak People's Armyused the building for the Vít Nejedlý military music school, as well as for administrative offices. After 1989, the castle was restored to the Lobkowicz family, who continued to rent the castle to the school until it closed in 2008. In 2009 the castle underwent major renovations, and it was opened to the public. The Castle Riding Hall was built in the 17th century by Antonio della Porta. Today it houses the Gallery of Modern Art. Notable people Twin towns – sister cities Roudnice nad Labem istwinnedwith: Gallery References External links"
] |
Who won the season of the dance show that Tate McRae placed third in back in 2016? | Leon "Kida" Burns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_McRae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series) | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_McRae', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series)'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_McRae",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series"
] | [
"Tate McRae Tate Rosner McRae(born July 1, 2003) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and dancer. At the age of 13, she gained prominence as the first Canadian finalist on the American reality television seriesSo You Think You Can Dance. McRae was signed byRCA Recordsin 2019 after her songs had gained traction online—including her 2017 viral hit \"One Day\"—and she released her debutextended play(EP),All the Things I Never Said(2020), in January of the following year. Her 2020 single, \"You Broke Me First\", became an international hit and peaked at number 17 on theBillboardHot 100. In 2021, McRae was the youngest musician to be featured on theForbes'30 Under 30list. Her second EP,Too Young to Be Sad(2021) was the most streamed female EP of 2021 onSpotify. Her debut studio album,I Used to Think I Could Fly(2022)was met with favorable critical response and peaked at number 13 on the USBillboard200, also reaching the top ten in several countries. Developing a more pop-oriented image, McRae's 2023 single, \"Greedy\" saw her furthest commercial success; it peaked atop theCanadian Hot 100and reached number three on theBillboardHot 100. Its follow-up, \"Exes\", peaked at numbers nine and 34 on the charts, respectively, and preceded the release of her second studio album,Think Later(2023), which debuted in the top five in various countries. Early life and education Tate Rosner McRaewas born inCalgary, Alberta, onCanada Dayin 2003, to a Canadian father ofScottishdescent and mother ofGermandescent.At the age of four, due to her father's work, she moved with her family toOman, where her mother taught dance lessons, and she lived there for three years.During her time in Oman, McRae attendedThe American International School Muscat(TAISM).McRae began recreational dance training at age six.Having returned to Calgary, at the age of eight, she began to train more intensively in danceand competed with Drewitz Dance Productions. From age 11, she began training in all styles of dance at YYC Dance Project, a dance company owned by her mother,and underwent ballet training at the School of Alberta Ballet, the training school for theAlberta Ballet Company.McRae attendedWestern Canada High Schooland graduatedonlinein 2022. Career 2013–2018: Dance career McRae was awarded MiniBest Female Dancerat the2013 Dance Awardsin New York City.After gaining some prominence,she became a brand ambassador for the American dance manufacturerCapezio.She became a finalist at the New York City Dance Alliance's 2014 National Gala.She also voiced Spot Splatter Splash for theLalaloopsy(2013-2015) franchise. In 2015, McRae was awarded a two-week scholarship at theBerlin State Balletcompany after winning the silver medal as a soloist and the bronze medal for her duet at the2015 Youth America Grand Prix.She danced in the music video forWalk off the Earth's platinum-certified single \"Rule The World\".For the second time, McRae was awarded theBest Female Danceraward at the2015 Dance Awards, this time in the Junior category. In June 2016, she performed atJustin Bieber's concert in Calgary for thePurpose World Tourduring Bieber's performance of \"Children\".In April 2016, McRae performed onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showas part of the DancerPalooza troupe.In June 2016, she took part in thethirteenth seasonof American television showSo You Think You Can Dance.While competing for the America's Favorite Dancer title as a non-American, she was mentored by American dancer and actressKathryn McCormick.She advanced further in the competition than any other Canadian in the show's history, placing third on the final episode.Canadian TV hostMurtz JafferfromToronto Sunreacted, \"The fact that Canadians couldn't vote for Tate makes her third-place finish all the more impressive. While she might not have been voted America's favourite dancer, she certainly might be Canada's.\"She performed at the2016 Teen Choice Awardsas a finalist from theSYTYCDcast.She performed again onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showin October 2016 as part of the Jump Dance Convention troupe. She was featured on the cover ofDance SpiritMagazinein April 2017.In May 2017, she was featured in apas de deuxin Alberta Ballet Company's production, \"Our Canada\"choreographed by Jean Grand-Maître.In November 2017, after performing a dance toDemi Lovato'ssongTell Me You Love Meshe was invited by Lovato to rehearse with their dancers for their performance at theAmerican Music Awards.For the third time, she won Best Female Dancer at the2018 Dance Awardsin Las Vegas, this time in the Teen category,making her the first dancer in the competition's history to win in all categories from mini to teen. In April 2018, she choreographed and danced in the music video for the song \"Just Say When\" by American rock bandNothing More. 2017–2019: Music career beginnings Since its creation in 2011, McRae's YouTube channel has featured a fairly consistent stream of primarily dance videos. In 2017 she started Create With Tate, a video series, focused on showcasing original songs she wrote and recorded in her bedroom.Her upload of the series' first song \"One Day\" which she wrote at the age of 14, attracted over 40 million views, prompting her to self-release the song as an independent single.The song would eventually be certified gold in Canada, making it the first certification of her career.From 2017 to 2019, McRae continued to upload and release independent singles as part of her Create With Tate series. Notable songs include \"Dear Ex Best Friend\" which has over 50 million views and \"Dear Parents\" with over 20 million views. The series led to her being named a YouTube Artist on the Rise. Her earlier upload of \"One Day\" caught the attention of 11 record labels.She eventually signed withRCA Records, in August 2019,because they supported her in maintaining a dance career alongside her music.Following her signing, McRae announced her debut EPAll the Things I Never Saidin December 2019.She released the five-track EP on January 24, 2020, and announced her first headlining tour of Europe and North America.Each stop on the tour was sold out.The tour received a four out of five star rating from Roisin O'Connor ofThe Independentwho described McRae as an impressive performer. The EP's lead single, \"Tear Myself Apart\", was co-written byBillie EilishandFinneas O'Connell.The EP's final single, \"Stupid\" charted in Ireland and Canada, earning significant radio airplay performance in the latter, peaking within the top 15 of the Canadian pop radio charts.\"Stupid\" was certified gold in Canada.\"That Way\", a track from the EP experienced a resurgence in 2021 after going viral on TikTok and charted in the UKand Ireland.McRae released a remix of \"That Way\" withJeremy Zuckeron September 3, 2021.By December 2023, the EP had amassed over 729 million streams on Spotify. 2020–2021:Too Young to Be Sad In April 2020, McRae released the single \"You Broke Me First\" as the lead single for her second EP titledToo Young to Be Sad.The song was an international success, peaking within the top ten of the charts in several countries and becoming her first single to chart on theBillboardHot 100.It was also the longest charting song released by a female artist in 2020 on theBillboard Hot 100, at 38 weeks.It peaked at number 1 on theMediabaseTop 40 chart, breaking the record for the longest climb to number 1 by a female solo artist at 28 weeks. McRae released the single \"Vicious\" featuring American rapperLil Moseyin June 2020and \"Don't Be Sad\" in August 2020.She was nominated for theMTV Video Music Award for Push Best New Artist,and performed \"You Broke Me First\" at theVMAs pre-show.In September 2020, she was featured on the cover ofDorkMagazine. McRae made her first late night TV appearance onJimmy Kimmel Live!in October 21 performing \"You Broke Me First\".The same month, she released the single \"Lie to Me\" with Canadian singerAli Gatie.She again performed \"You Broke Me First\" in November 2020 at the2020 MTV Europe Music Awards. She appeared on the cover ofNotionin November 2020.In December 2020, she released \"r u ok\", the second single from her upcoming EP. McRae gained notable recognition as a rising artist in 2020, being namedYouTube's Artist on the Rise,MTV's Push Artist for July, and aVevoDSCVR artist.She was featured inBillboard's21 Under 21 One to Watch listand named byPandora,The Independent,NME,Amazon Music,andUproxxas an artist to watch in 2021. In December 2020, she was the youngest person listed in theForbes 30 Under 30list in the music category.In the same month, she was named one ofRolling Stone's top ten biggest breakthrough artists of 2020and featured onTikTok's \"The Come Up: Emerging Artists\" list as one of the top emerging artists on the platform.She was also featured onHarper's Bazaar'sOn the Rise series.Towards the end of the year, following the success of \"You Broke Me First\", she signed a worldwide publishing deal withSony/ATV. In January 2021, McRae performed \"You Broke Me First\" onThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.The following day, she released the song \"Rubberband\" as the third single from her upcoming EP.On March 3, 2021, she released the single \"Slower\" and announced her second EP calledToo Young to Be Sad, which was released on March 26, 2021.On that same day, she was announced as anApple MusicUp Nextartist.In March 2021, McRae appeared onJimmy Kimmel Live!performing \"Slower\",and received twoJuno Awardnominations. On April 16, 2021, McRae released the track\"You\"alongsideRegardandTroye Sivan.On May 8, 2021, McRae performed a global virtual show, \"Too Young to Be Sad\".The show was praised by Ali Shutler ofNME, who gave it a four star rating and described the show as slick, impressive, constant spectacle with pop star ambition. Later that month, she signed her first endorsement deal with Essentia Water.In May 2021, McRae was nominated for the Social Star Award at theIHeartRadio Music Awards,and performed \"You\" with Regard andTroye SivanonThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.At the end of the month, she was featured on the soundtrack of theAmazonoriginal seriesPanicwith the track \"Darkest Hour\". In June 2021, she was featured on the song \"U love U\" byBlackbear,performed \"Lie to Me\" at the2021 Juno Awards,and released the track \"Working\", a collaboration withKhalid.In August 2021, McRae was featured on the cover ofHunger.In October 2021, she was featured onBillboard's21 under 21 list for 2021 andPeople'sOne to Watch list for 2021.McRae was featured on the cover ofNuméroin November 2021.By the end of 2021,Too Young to Be Sadhad amassed over 1 billion Spotify streams, becoming the most streamed EP of 2021 by a female artist on Spotify. The EP was nominated forAlbum of the YearandPop Album of the Yearat the2022 Juno Awards. 2021–2022:I Used to Think I Could Fly On November 11, 2021, McRae released \"Feel Like Shit\", the lead single from her debut studio albumI Used to Think I Could Fly, which was released on May 27, 2022.In January 2022, she was nominated for three iHeart Radio Awards. \"She's All I Wanna Be\", the second single from the album, was released on February 4, 2022.The song reached the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, Norway, Singapore, and Belgium. It also charted in the Top 40 in several countries. It debuted at number 52 in the US, becoming her highest debut on the Hot 100 at the time.In February 2022, McRae was announced as a brand ambassador forMaybellineand the face of their new Vinyl Ink liquid lip color. McRae released \"Chaotic\", the third single from the album on March 25, 2022, and released \"What Would You Do?\" as the fourth single on May 13, 2022.On June 3, 2022, Tate released a music video for her single \"Don't Come Back\" exclusively via TikTok, and later released the vertical version of the video on July 11, 2022, on YouTube. In September 2022, McRae released the single \"Uh Oh\".In November 2022, Tate was featured on \"10:35\" byTiësto, a promo-single for the opening of the luxury resortAtlantis The Royal, Dubai.The song became her second UK Top 10. It reached the Top 10 in ten other countries. 2023–present:Think Later McRae was nominated for five Juno Awards in 2023, and performed at the show.In March 2023, McRae teamed up withMCM Worldwidefor their Spring/Summer 2023 Campaign, performing \"uh oh\" and \"She's All I Wanna Be\".On September 15, 2023, she released \"Greedy\" as the lead single for her sophomore studio albumThink Later.Greedy became her biggest debut to date on Spotify,and her first top 10 on the Global Spotify Charts.It debuted at number 1 in NorwayandDenmarkand peaked at number 1 in several countries includingCanada,Denmark,Austria, andthe Netherlands, as well as theBillboard Global 200, making it her first official number 1 single worldwide. McRae’s second studio albumThink Laterwas officially released on December 8, 2023.The album received mixed to positive appraisal from both fans and critics, withRolling StonenotingM.I.A.andAriana Grande’s influences on the project, stating that in terms of the latter,Think Later\"represented a career-defining shift for McRae as she pulled herself from the rubble of grief, heartbreak, and internal turmoil.\"Think Laterdebuted in the top 5 of the charts in US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Belgium and Norway. The second single fromThink Later, \"Exes\", was released on November 17, 2023, and peaked in the top 10 in Canada and the Netherlands, top 20 in the UK and Australia, and top 40 in the US. On November 18, 2023, she performed \"Greedy\" and a then-unreleased song titled \"Grave\" onSaturday Night Live.She also made her debut American award show performance with \"Greedy\" at theBillboard Music Awardson November 19, 2023.McRae performed a medley at the2024 NHL All-Star gameinTorontoin February 2024.In March 2024, she made her debut performance at theBrit Awardswith \"Greedy\"and subsequently performed a medley of \"Greedy\" and \"Exes\" at theiHeartRadio Music Awardsin April.McRae won theJuno Awardfor Artist of the Year, and Single of the Year for \"Greedy\" at the2024 Juno Awards. On September 13, 2024, McRae released the song \"It's OK I'm OK\". Personal life McRae is a fan of theCalgary Flamesof the NHL, and has attended numerous games. From late 2021 to early 2023, McRae was in a relationship withColumbus Blue JacketsplayerCole Sillinger.In April 2024, Australian rapper and singerthe Kid Laroiconfirmed his relationship with McRae. Artistry and public image McRae has namedPost Malone,the Weeknd,Khalid,Jessie Reyez,Ariana GrandeandJeremy Zuckeras her biggest musical influences.She citesZendayaandDua Lipaas all-around influences, and has described both women as her biggest idols,noting that she looks up to them in all aspects of life. She has also namedBruno Mars,Madonna,Christina Aguilera,Britney Spears,Ciara,Jennifer LopezandJustin Timberlakeas inspirations for bringing dance into her performances,while namingTaylor Swift,Julia MichaelsandAlec Benjaminas songwriting inspirations.Further, McRae has called herself a \"huge fan\" of Swift and described her as \"one of the greatest songwriters.\"McRae has also expressed an admiration forBillie EilishandRosalía. McRae has been described as \"the teen dance star turned future pop idol\" byi-D,\"the new teen queen\" byNotion,\"Canada's answer toBillie Eilish\" byElle,and \"one of pop's bright young hopes\" byThe Independent.She has also been noted for her honest lyrics, “impressive” vocals and relatable music.Additionally, McRae has received considerable acclaim as a dancer, and has been praised by artist, dancer and choreographerPaula Abdulwho declared her a \"gift from God\",and choreographers such asStacey TookeyandBlake McGrath, both of whom stated that she's talented beyond her years, with the latter describing her as \"one of the best dancers he has ever worked with\"as well as two-time Emmy winnerTravis Wall,who has named her as one of his muses.Margaret Furher ofDance Spirit Magazinedescribed her dancing as virtuosic both technically and artistically.As of March 2024, her YouTube channel has amassed over 1.5 billion views and she has garnered more than 8.4 billion career streams across all platforms. Discography Studio albums Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Listicles Tours See also References External links",
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] | [
"Tate McRae Tate Rosner McRae(born July 1, 2003) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and dancer. At the age of 13, she gained prominence as the first Canadian finalist on the American reality television seriesSo You Think You Can Dance. McRae was signed byRCA Recordsin 2019 after her songs had gained traction online—including her 2017 viral hit \"One Day\"—and she released her debutextended play(EP),All the Things I Never Said(2020), in January of the following year. Her 2020 single, \"You Broke Me First\", became an international hit and peaked at number 17 on theBillboardHot 100. In 2021, McRae was the youngest musician to be featured on theForbes'30 Under 30list. Her second EP,Too Young to Be Sad(2021) was the most streamed female EP of 2021 onSpotify. Her debut studio album,I Used to Think I Could Fly(2022)was met with favorable critical response and peaked at number 13 on the USBillboard200, also reaching the top ten in several countries. Developing a more pop-oriented image, McRae's 2023 single, \"Greedy\" saw",
"\"Greedy\" saw her furthest commercial success; it peaked atop theCanadian Hot 100and reached number three on theBillboardHot 100. Its follow-up, \"Exes\", peaked at numbers nine and 34 on the charts, respectively, and preceded the release of her second studio album,Think Later(2023), which debuted in the top five in various countries. Early life and education Tate Rosner McRaewas born inCalgary, Alberta, onCanada Dayin 2003, to a Canadian father ofScottishdescent and mother ofGermandescent.At the age of four, due to her father's work, she moved with her family toOman, where her mother taught dance lessons, and she lived there for three years.During her time in Oman, McRae attendedThe American International School Muscat(TAISM).McRae began recreational dance training at age six.Having returned to Calgary, at the age of eight, she began to train more intensively in danceand competed with Drewitz Dance Productions. From age 11, she began training in all styles of dance at YYC Dance Project, a dance company owned",
"dance company owned by her mother,and underwent ballet training at the School of Alberta Ballet, the training school for theAlberta Ballet Company.McRae attendedWestern Canada High Schooland graduatedonlinein 2022. Career 2013–2018: Dance career McRae was awarded MiniBest Female Dancerat the2013 Dance Awardsin New York City.After gaining some prominence,she became a brand ambassador for the American dance manufacturerCapezio.She became a finalist at the New York City Dance Alliance's 2014 National Gala.She also voiced Spot Splatter Splash for theLalaloopsy(2013-2015) franchise. In 2015, McRae was awarded a two-week scholarship at theBerlin State Balletcompany after winning the silver medal as a soloist and the bronze medal for her duet at the2015 Youth America Grand Prix.She danced in the music video forWalk off the Earth's platinum-certified single \"Rule The World\".For the second time, McRae was awarded theBest Female Danceraward at the2015 Dance Awards, this time in the Junior category. In June 2016, she",
"In June 2016, she performed atJustin Bieber's concert in Calgary for thePurpose World Tourduring Bieber's performance of \"Children\".In April 2016, McRae performed onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showas part of the DancerPalooza troupe.In June 2016, she took part in thethirteenth seasonof American television showSo You Think You Can Dance.While competing for the America's Favorite Dancer title as a non-American, she was mentored by American dancer and actressKathryn McCormick.She advanced further in the competition than any other Canadian in the show's history, placing third on the final episode.Canadian TV hostMurtz JafferfromToronto Sunreacted, \"The fact that Canadians couldn't vote for Tate makes her third-place finish all the more impressive. While she might not have been voted America's favourite dancer, she certainly might be Canada's.\"She performed at the2016 Teen Choice Awardsas a finalist from theSYTYCDcast.She performed again onThe Ellen DeGeneres Showin October 2016 as part of the Jump Dance Convention",
"Dance Convention troupe. She was featured on the cover ofDance SpiritMagazinein April 2017.In May 2017, she was featured in apas de deuxin Alberta Ballet Company's production, \"Our Canada\"choreographed by Jean Grand-Maître.In November 2017, after performing a dance toDemi Lovato'ssongTell Me You Love Meshe was invited by Lovato to rehearse with their dancers for their performance at theAmerican Music Awards.For the third time, she won Best Female Dancer at the2018 Dance Awardsin Las Vegas, this time in the Teen category,making her the first dancer in the competition's history to win in all categories from mini to teen. In April 2018, she choreographed and danced in the music video for the song \"Just Say When\" by American rock bandNothing More. 2017–2019: Music career beginnings Since its creation in 2011, McRae's YouTube channel has featured a fairly consistent stream of primarily dance videos. In 2017 she started Create With Tate, a video series, focused on showcasing original songs she wrote and recorded",
"wrote and recorded in her bedroom.Her upload of the series' first song \"One Day\" which she wrote at the age of 14, attracted over 40 million views, prompting her to self-release the song as an independent single.The song would eventually be certified gold in Canada, making it the first certification of her career.From 2017 to 2019, McRae continued to upload and release independent singles as part of her Create With Tate series. Notable songs include \"Dear Ex Best Friend\" which has over 50 million views and \"Dear Parents\" with over 20 million views. The series led to her being named a YouTube Artist on the Rise. Her earlier upload of \"One Day\" caught the attention of 11 record labels.She eventually signed withRCA Records, in August 2019,because they supported her in maintaining a dance career alongside her music.Following her signing, McRae announced her debut EPAll the Things I Never Saidin December 2019.She released the five-track EP on January 24, 2020, and announced her first headlining tour of Europe and",
"tour of Europe and North America.Each stop on the tour was sold out.The tour received a four out of five star rating from Roisin O'Connor ofThe Independentwho described McRae as an impressive performer. The EP's lead single, \"Tear Myself Apart\", was co-written byBillie EilishandFinneas O'Connell.The EP's final single, \"Stupid\" charted in Ireland and Canada, earning significant radio airplay performance in the latter, peaking within the top 15 of the Canadian pop radio charts.\"Stupid\" was certified gold in Canada.\"That Way\", a track from the EP experienced a resurgence in 2021 after going viral on TikTok and charted in the UKand Ireland.McRae released a remix of \"That Way\" withJeremy Zuckeron September 3, 2021.By December 2023, the EP had amassed over 729 million streams on Spotify. 2020–2021:Too Young to Be Sad In April 2020, McRae released the single \"You Broke Me First\" as the lead single for her second EP titledToo Young to Be Sad.The song was an international success, peaking within the top ten of the",
"the top ten of the charts in several countries and becoming her first single to chart on theBillboardHot 100.It was also the longest charting song released by a female artist in 2020 on theBillboard Hot 100, at 38 weeks.It peaked at number 1 on theMediabaseTop 40 chart, breaking the record for the longest climb to number 1 by a female solo artist at 28 weeks. McRae released the single \"Vicious\" featuring American rapperLil Moseyin June 2020and \"Don't Be Sad\" in August 2020.She was nominated for theMTV Video Music Award for Push Best New Artist,and performed \"You Broke Me First\" at theVMAs pre-show.In September 2020, she was featured on the cover ofDorkMagazine. McRae made her first late night TV appearance onJimmy Kimmel Live!in October 21 performing \"You Broke Me First\".The same month, she released the single \"Lie to Me\" with Canadian singerAli Gatie.She again performed \"You Broke Me First\" in November 2020 at the2020 MTV Europe Music Awards. She appeared on the cover ofNotionin November 2020.In December",
"2020.In December 2020, she released \"r u ok\", the second single from her upcoming EP. McRae gained notable recognition as a rising artist in 2020, being namedYouTube's Artist on the Rise,MTV's Push Artist for July, and aVevoDSCVR artist.She was featured inBillboard's21 Under 21 One to Watch listand named byPandora,The Independent,NME,Amazon Music,andUproxxas an artist to watch in 2021. In December 2020, she was the youngest person listed in theForbes 30 Under 30list in the music category.In the same month, she was named one ofRolling Stone's top ten biggest breakthrough artists of 2020and featured onTikTok's \"The Come Up: Emerging Artists\" list as one of the top emerging artists on the platform.She was also featured onHarper's Bazaar'sOn the Rise series.Towards the end of the year, following the success of \"You Broke Me First\", she signed a worldwide publishing deal withSony/ATV. In January 2021, McRae performed \"You Broke Me First\" onThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.The following day, she released the",
"she released the song \"Rubberband\" as the third single from her upcoming EP.On March 3, 2021, she released the single \"Slower\" and announced her second EP calledToo Young to Be Sad, which was released on March 26, 2021.On that same day, she was announced as anApple MusicUp Nextartist.In March 2021, McRae appeared onJimmy Kimmel Live!performing \"Slower\",and received twoJuno Awardnominations. On April 16, 2021, McRae released the track\"You\"alongsideRegardandTroye Sivan.On May 8, 2021, McRae performed a global virtual show, \"Too Young to Be Sad\".The show was praised by Ali Shutler ofNME, who gave it a four star rating and described the show as slick, impressive, constant spectacle with pop star ambition. Later that month, she signed her first endorsement deal with Essentia Water.In May 2021, McRae was nominated for the Social Star Award at theIHeartRadio Music Awards,and performed \"You\" with Regard andTroye SivanonThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.At the end of the month, she was featured on the soundtrack",
"on the soundtrack of theAmazonoriginal seriesPanicwith the track \"Darkest Hour\". In June 2021, she was featured on the song \"U love U\" byBlackbear,performed \"Lie to Me\" at the2021 Juno Awards,and released the track \"Working\", a collaboration withKhalid.In August 2021, McRae was featured on the cover ofHunger.In October 2021, she was featured onBillboard's21 under 21 list for 2021 andPeople'sOne to Watch list for 2021.McRae was featured on the cover ofNuméroin November 2021.By the end of 2021,Too Young to Be Sadhad amassed over 1 billion Spotify streams, becoming the most streamed EP of 2021 by a female artist on Spotify. The EP was nominated forAlbum of the YearandPop Album of the Yearat the2022 Juno Awards. 2021–2022:I Used to Think I Could Fly On November 11, 2021, McRae released \"Feel Like Shit\", the lead single from her debut studio albumI Used to Think I Could Fly, which was released on May 27, 2022.In January 2022, she was nominated for three iHeart Radio Awards. \"She's All I Wanna Be\", the second",
"Be\", the second single from the album, was released on February 4, 2022.The song reached the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, Norway, Singapore, and Belgium. It also charted in the Top 40 in several countries. It debuted at number 52 in the US, becoming her highest debut on the Hot 100 at the time.In February 2022, McRae was announced as a brand ambassador forMaybellineand the face of their new Vinyl Ink liquid lip color. McRae released \"Chaotic\", the third single from the album on March 25, 2022, and released \"What Would You Do?\" as the fourth single on May 13, 2022.On June 3, 2022, Tate released a music video for her single \"Don't Come Back\" exclusively via TikTok, and later released the vertical version of the video on July 11, 2022, on YouTube. In September 2022, McRae released the single \"Uh Oh\".In November 2022, Tate was featured on \"10:35\" byTiësto, a promo-single for the opening of the luxury resortAtlantis The Royal, Dubai.The song became her second UK Top 10. It reached the Top 10 in ten other countries.",
"other countries. 2023–present:Think Later McRae was nominated for five Juno Awards in 2023, and performed at the show.In March 2023, McRae teamed up withMCM Worldwidefor their Spring/Summer 2023 Campaign, performing \"uh oh\" and \"She's All I Wanna Be\".On September 15, 2023, she released \"Greedy\" as the lead single for her sophomore studio albumThink Later.Greedy became her biggest debut to date on Spotify,and her first top 10 on the Global Spotify Charts.It debuted at number 1 in NorwayandDenmarkand peaked at number 1 in several countries includingCanada,Denmark,Austria, andthe Netherlands, as well as theBillboard Global 200, making it her first official number 1 single worldwide. McRae’s second studio albumThink Laterwas officially released on December 8, 2023.The album received mixed to positive appraisal from both fans and critics, withRolling StonenotingM.I.A.andAriana Grande’s influences on the project, stating that in terms of the latter,Think Later\"represented a career-defining shift for McRae as she",
"for McRae as she pulled herself from the rubble of grief, heartbreak, and internal turmoil.\"Think Laterdebuted in the top 5 of the charts in US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Belgium and Norway. The second single fromThink Later, \"Exes\", was released on November 17, 2023, and peaked in the top 10 in Canada and the Netherlands, top 20 in the UK and Australia, and top 40 in the US. On November 18, 2023, she performed \"Greedy\" and a then-unreleased song titled \"Grave\" onSaturday Night Live.She also made her debut American award show performance with \"Greedy\" at theBillboard Music Awardson November 19, 2023.McRae performed a medley at the2024 NHL All-Star gameinTorontoin February 2024.In March 2024, she made her debut performance at theBrit Awardswith \"Greedy\"and subsequently performed a medley of \"Greedy\" and \"Exes\" at theiHeartRadio Music Awardsin April.McRae won theJuno Awardfor Artist of the Year, and Single of the Year for \"Greedy\" at the2024 Juno Awards. On September 13, 2024, McRae released the song",
"released the song \"It's OK I'm OK\". Personal life McRae is a fan of theCalgary Flamesof the NHL, and has attended numerous games. From late 2021 to early 2023, McRae was in a relationship withColumbus Blue JacketsplayerCole Sillinger.In April 2024, Australian rapper and singerthe Kid Laroiconfirmed his relationship with McRae. Artistry and public image McRae has namedPost Malone,the Weeknd,Khalid,Jessie Reyez,Ariana GrandeandJeremy Zuckeras her biggest musical influences.She citesZendayaandDua Lipaas all-around influences, and has described both women as her biggest idols,noting that she looks up to them in all aspects of life. She has also namedBruno Mars,Madonna,Christina Aguilera,Britney Spears,Ciara,Jennifer LopezandJustin Timberlakeas inspirations for bringing dance into her performances,while namingTaylor Swift,Julia MichaelsandAlec Benjaminas songwriting inspirations.Further, McRae has called herself a \"huge fan\" of Swift and described her as \"one of the greatest songwriters.\"McRae has also expressed",
"has also expressed an admiration forBillie EilishandRosalía. McRae has been described as \"the teen dance star turned future pop idol\" byi-D,\"the new teen queen\" byNotion,\"Canada's answer toBillie Eilish\" byElle,and \"one of pop's bright young hopes\" byThe Independent.She has also been noted for her honest lyrics, “impressive” vocals and relatable music.Additionally, McRae has received considerable acclaim as a dancer, and has been praised by artist, dancer and choreographerPaula Abdulwho declared her a \"gift from God\",and choreographers such asStacey TookeyandBlake McGrath, both of whom stated that she's talented beyond her years, with the latter describing her as \"one of the best dancers he has ever worked with\"as well as two-time Emmy winnerTravis Wall,who has named her as one of his muses.Margaret Furher ofDance Spirit Magazinedescribed her dancing as virtuosic both technically and artistically.As of March 2024, her YouTube channel has amassed over 1.5 billion views and she has garnered more than 8.4",
"more than 8.4 billion career streams across all platforms. Discography Studio albums Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Listicles Tours See also References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(American_TV_series"
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NASA launched an Apollo mission a year after the Stonewall Riots. How many collective children did the astronauts onboard that mission have? | 8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swigert | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Post processing | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swigert', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swigert",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise"
] | [
"Stonewall riots TheStonewall riots, also known as theStonewall uprising,Stonewall rebellion,Stonewall revolution,or simplyStonewall, were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against apolice raidthat took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at theStonewall Inn, in theGreenwich Villageneighborhood ofNew York City. Although the demonstrations werenot the first time American homosexuals fought backagainst government-sponsored persecution ofsexual minorities, the Stonewall riots marked a new beginning for thegay rights movementin the United States and around the world. American gays and lesbians in the 1950s and 1960s faced a legal system more anti-homosexual than those of someWarsaw Pactcountries.Earlyhomophilegroups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society, and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals alike. The last years of the 1960s, however, were very contentious, as many social movements were active, including theAfrican American Civil Rights Movement, theCounterculture of the 1960s, andantiwar demonstrations. These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots. Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. The Stonewall Inn was owned by theMafiaand catered to an assortment of patrons, popular among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community:drag queens, representatives of a newly self-awaretransgendercommunity, effeminate young men,hustlers, and homeless youth. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn and attracted a crowd that was incited toriot. Tensions betweenNew York City policeand gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about theirsexual orientationwithout fear of being arrested. Following the Stonewall riots, sexual minorities in New York City faced gender, class, and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community. In the weeks and months after, they initiated politically active social organizations and launched publications that spoke openly about rights for gay people. The first anniversary of the riots was marked by peaceful demonstrations in several American cities that have since grown to becomepride parades. TheStonewall National Monumentwas established at the site in 2016. Today, pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. Background Homosexuality in 20th-century United States Following the social upheaval ofWorld War II, many people in the United States felt a fervent desire to \"restore the prewar social order and hold off the forces of change\", according to historianBarry Adam.Spurred by the national emphasis onanti-communism, SenatorJoseph McCarthyconducted hearings searching for communists in the U.S. government, theU.S. Army, and other government-funded agencies and institutions, leading to a national paranoia.Anarchists,communists, and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks. Gay men and lesbians wereincludedin this list by theU.S. State Departmenton the theory that they were susceptible toblackmail. In 1950, a Senate investigation chaired byClyde R. Hoeynoted in a report, \"It is generally believed that those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons\",and said all of the government's intelligence agencies \"are in complete agreement that sex perverts in Government constitute security risks\".Between 1947 and 1950, 1,700 federal job applications were denied, 4,380 people were discharged from the military, and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, theFederal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) and police departments kept lists of known homosexuals and their favored establishments and friends; theU.S. Post Officekept track of addresses where material pertaining tohomosexualitywas mailed.State and local governments followed suit: bars catering to gay men and lesbians were shut down and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers. Cities performed \"sweeps\" to rid neighborhoods, parks, bars, and beaches of gay people. They outlawed the wearing of opposite-gender clothes and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual. In 1952, theAmerican Psychiatric Associationlisted homosexuality in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual(DSM) as a mental disorder. A large-scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify the inclusion of the \"disorder\" as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent–child relationships. This view was widely influential in the medical profession.In 1956, the psychologistEvelyn Hookerperformed a study that compared the happiness and well-adjusted nature of self-identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference.Her study stunned the medical community and made her a hero to many gay men and lesbians,but homosexuality remained in theDSMuntil 1974. Homophile activism In response to this trend, two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of gay men and lesbians and provide opportunities where they could socialize without fear of being arrested.Los Angelesarea homosexuals created theMattachine Societyin 1950, in the home of communist activistHarry Hay.Their objectives were to unify homosexuals, educate them, provide leadership, and assist \"sexual deviants\" with legal troubles.Facing enormous opposition to their radical approach, in 1953 the Mattachine shifted their focus to assimilation and respectability. They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gay men and lesbians were normal people, no different from heterosexuals.Soon after, several women inSan Franciscomet in their living rooms to form theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB) for lesbians.Although the eight women who created the DOB initially came together to be able to have a safe place to dance, as the DOB grew they developed similar goals to the Mattachine and urged their members to assimilate into general society. One of the first challenges togovernment repressioncame in 1953. An organization namedONE, Inc.published a magazine calledONE. The U.S. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue, which concerned homosexual people in heterosexual marriages, on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping. The case eventuallywent to the Supreme Court, which in 1958 ruled that ONE, Inc. could mail its materials through the Postal Service. Homophileorganizations—as homosexual groups self-identified in this era—grew in number and spread to the East Coast. Gradually, members of these organizations grew bolder.Frank Kamenyfounded the Mattachine ofWashington, D.C.He had been fired from the U.S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated. Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals, often aiming his efforts atmental health professionals, some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal. In 1965, news onCubanprison work camps for homosexuals inspired Mattachine New York and D.C. to organize protests at theUnited Nationsand theWhite House. Similar demonstrations were then held also at other government buildings. The purpose was to protest the treatment of gay people in Cubaand U.S. employment discrimination. These pickets shocked many gay people and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB.At the same time, demonstrations in the civil rights movement andopposition to the Vietnam Warall grew in prominence, frequency, and severity throughout the 1960s, as did their confrontations with police forces. Earlier resistance and riots On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations. They were effeminate men and masculine women, or people who dressed and lived in contrast to theirsex assigned at birth, either part or full-time. Contemporaneous nomenclature classified them astransvestitesand they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities. They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB asserted homosexuals were respectable, normal people.The Mattachine and DOB considered the trials of being arrested for wearing clothing of the opposite gender as a parallel to the struggles of homophile organizations: similar but distinctly separate. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people staged a smallriot at the Cooper Do-nutscafé in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment.In a larger 1966 event in San Francisco, drag queens, hustlers, and trans womenwere sitting inCompton's Cafeteriawhen the police arrived to arrest people appearing to be physically male who were presenting as women. A riot ensued, with the cafeteria patrons slinging cups, plates, and saucers and breaking theplexiglasswindows in the front of the restaurant and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced.ProfessorSusan Strykerclassifies the Compton's Cafeteria riot as an \"act of anti-transgender discrimination, rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation\" and connects the uprising to the issues of gender, race, and class that were being downplayed by homophile organizations.It marked the beginning oftransgenderactivism in San Francisco. Greenwich Village TheManhattanneighborhoods of Greenwich Village andHarlemwere home to sizable gay and lesbian populations afterWorld War I, when people who had served in the military took advantage of the opportunity to settle in larger cities. The enclaves of gay men and lesbians, described by a newspaper story as \"short-haired women and long-haired men\", developed a distinct subculture through the following two decades.Prohibitioninadvertently benefited gay establishments, as drinking alcohol was pushed underground along with other behaviors considered immoral. New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses, but because alcohol was in high demand,speakeasiesand impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all.However, police raids continued, resulting in the closure of iconic establishments such asEve's Hangoutin 1926. The social repression of the 1950s resulted in a cultural revolution in Greenwich Village. A cohort of poets, later named theBeatpoets, wrote about the evils of the social organization at the time, glorifying anarchy, drugs, and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance, consumerism, and closed-mindedness. Of them,Allen GinsbergandWilliam S. Burroughs—both Greenwich Village residents—also wrote bluntly and honestly about homosexuality. Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal-minded people, as well as homosexuals looking for a community. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in full effect by order of MayorRobert F. Wagner Jr., who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the1964 World's Fair. The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible.Entrapmentusually consisted of an undercover officer who found a man in a bar or public park, engaged him in conversation; if the conversation headed toward the possibility that they might leave together—or the officer bought the man a drink—he was arrested forsolicitation. One story in theNew York Postdescribed an arrest in a gym locker room, where the officer grabbed his crotch, moaning, and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested.Few lawyers would defend cases as undesirable as these and some of those lawyers kicked back their fees to the arresting officer. The Mattachine Society succeeded in getting newly elected mayorJohn Lindsayto end the campaign of police entrapment in New York City. They had a more difficult time with theNew York State Liquor Authority(SLA). While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals, courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become \"disorderly\".Despite the high population of gay men and lesbians who called Greenwich Village home, very few places existed, other than bars, where they were able to congregate openly without being harassed or arrested. In 1966 the New York Mattachine held a \"sip-in\" at a Greenwich Village bar namedJulius, which was frequented by gay men, to illustrate the discrimination homosexuals faced. None of the bars frequented by gay men and lesbians were owned by gay people. Almost all of them were owned and controlled byorganized crime, who treated the regulars poorly, watered down the liquor, and overcharged for drinks. However, they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids. Stonewall Inn The Stonewall Inn, located at 51 and 53Christopher Street, along with several other establishments in the city, was owned by theGenovese crime family.In 1966, three members of the Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff known as agayola, as the Stonewall Inn had noliquor license.It had no running water behind the bar—dirty glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused.There were no fire exits, and the toilets overran consistently.Though the bar was not used for prostitution, drug sales and other black market activities took place. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed;dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club. Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by abouncerwho inspected them through a peephole in the door. The legal drinking age was 18 and to avoid unwittingly letting in undercover police (who were called \"Lily Law\", \"Alice Blue Gown\", or \"Betty Badge\"), visitors would have to be known by the doorman or 'look gay'. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private \"bottle club\", but they rarely signed their real names. There were two dance floors in the Stonewall. The interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights orblack lights. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching.In the rear of the bar was a smaller room frequented by \"queens\"; it was one of two bars where effeminate men who wore makeup and teased their hair (though dressed in men's clothing) could go.Only a few people in fulldragwere allowed in by the bouncers. The customers were \"98 percent male\" but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearbyChristopher Park, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks.The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties and the racial mix was distributed among mainly white, with Black, and Hispanic patrons.Because of its mix of people, its location, and the attraction of dancing, the Stonewall Inn was known by many as \"thegay bar in the city\". Police raids on gay bars were frequent, occurring on average once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized.Bar management usually knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished.During a typical raid, the lights were turned on and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used theirdraft cardsas identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Typically, employees and management of the bars were also arrested.The period immediately before June 28, 1969, was marked by frequent raids of local bars—including a raid at the Stonewall Inn on the Tuesday before the riots—and the closing of the Checkerboard, the Tele-Star, and two other clubs in Greenwich Village. Riots Police raid At 1:20 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, four plainclothes policemen in dark suits, two patrol officers in uniform, Detective Charles Smythe, and Deputy InspectorSeymour Pinearrived at the Stonewall Inn's double doors and announced \"Police! We're taking the place!\"Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen entered the bar early that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once ready, the undercover officers called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night, as was the custom.The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 200 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. Michael Fader remembered, \"Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar.\" The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their sex, upon which any people appearing to be physically male and dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those suspected of cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar. All parties involved recall that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly, started by police who assaulted some of the lesbians by \"feeling some of them up inappropriately\" while frisking them. When did you ever see a fag fight back?... Now, times were a-changin'. Tuesday night was the last night for bullshit... Predominantly, the theme as, \"this shit has got to stop!\" —anonymous Stonewall riots participant The police were to transport the bar's alcohol in patrol wagons. Twenty-eight cases of beer and nineteen bottles of hard liquor were seized, but the patrol wagons had not yet arrived, so patrons were required to wait in line for about 15 minutes.Those who were not arrested were released from the front door, but they did not leave quickly as usual. Instead, they stopped outside and a crowd began to grow and watch. Within minutes, between 100 and 150 people had congregated outside, some after they were released from inside the Stonewall and some after noticing the police cars and the crowd. Although the police forcefully pushed or kicked some patrons out of the bar, some customers released by the police performed for the crowd by posing and saluting the police in an exaggerated fashion. The crowd's applause encouraged them further. When the first patrol wagon arrived, Inspector Pine recalled that the crowd—most of whom were homosexual—had grown to at least ten times the number of people who were arrested and they all became very quiet.Confusion over radio communication delayed the arrival of a second wagon. The police began escorting Mafia members into the first wagon, to the cheers of the bystanders. Next, regular employees were loaded into the wagon. A bystander shouted, \"Gay power!\", someone began singing \"We Shall Overcome\" and the crowd reacted with amusement and general good humor mixed with \"growing and intensive hostility\".An officer shoved a person in drag, who responded by hitting him on the head with her purse. The cop clubbed her over the head, as the crowd began to boo. AuthorEdmund White, who had been passing by, recalled, \"Everyone's restless, angry, and high-spirited. No one has a slogan, no one even has an attitude, but something's brewing.\"Pennies, then beer bottles, were thrown at the wagon as a rumor spread through the crowd that patrons still inside the bar were being beaten. A scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times. She escaped repeatedly and fought with four of the police, swearing and shouting, for about ten minutes. Described as \"a typical New York butch\" and \"a dyke–stone butch\", she had been hit on the head by an officer with abatonfor, as one witness claimed, complaining that her handcuffs were too tight.Bystanders recalled that the woman, whose identity remains unknown (Stormé DeLarveriehas been identified by some, including herself, as the woman, but accounts vary), sparked the crowd to fight when she looked at bystanders and shouted, \"Why don't you guys do something?\" After an officer picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon,the crowd became a mob and became violent. Violence breaks out The police tried to restrain some of the crowd, knocking a few people down, which incited bystanders even more. Some of those handcuffed in the wagon escaped when police left them unattended (deliberately, according to some witnesses).As the crowd tried to overturn the police wagon, two police cars and the wagon—with a few slashed tires—left immediately, with Inspector Pine urging them to return as soon as possible. The commotion attracted more people who learned what was happening. Someone in the crowd declared that the bar had been raided because \"they didn't pay off the cops\", to which someone else yelled, \"Let's pay them off!\"Coins sailed through the air towards the police as the crowd shouted \"Pigs!\" and \"Faggot cops!\" Beer cans were thrown and the police lashed out, dispersing some of the crowd who found a construction site nearby with stacks of bricks. The police, outnumbered by between 500 and 600 people, grabbed several people, including activist folk singer (and mentor ofBob Dylan)Dave Van Ronk—who had been attracted to the revolt from a bar two doors away from the Stonewall. Though Van Ronk was not gay, he had experienced police violence when he participated in antiwar demonstrations: \"As far as I was concerned, anybody who'd stand against the cops was all right with me and that's why I stayed in... Every time you turned around the cops were pulling some outrage or another.\"Van Ronk was the first of thirteen arrested that night.Ten police officers—including two policewomen—barricaded themselves, Van Ronk,Howard Smith(a column writer forThe Village Voice), and several handcuffed detainees inside the Stonewall Inn for their own safety. Multiple accounts of the riot assert that there was no pre-existing organization or apparent cause for the demonstration; what ensued was spontaneous.Michael Fader explained: We all had a collective feeling like we'd had enough of this kind of shit. It wasn't anything tangible anybody said to anyone else, it was just kind of like everything over the years had come to a head on that one particular night in the one particular place and it was not an organized demonstration... The only known photograph from the first night of the riots, taken by freelance photographer Joseph Ambrosini, shows the homeless gay youth who slept in nearby Christopher Park, scuffling with police. Jackie Hormona andTommy Lanigan-Schmidtare on the far left. The Mattachine Society newsletter a month later offered its explanation of why the riots occurred: \"It catered largely to a group of people who are not welcome in, or cannot afford, other places of homosexual social gathering... The Stonewall became home to these kids. When it was raided, they fought for it. That and the fact that they had nothing to lose other than the most tolerant and broadminded gay place in town, explains why.\" Garbage cans, garbage, bottles, rocks, and bricks were hurled at the building, breaking the windows. Witnesses attest that \"flame queens\", hustlers, and gay \"street kids\"—the most outcast people in the gay community—were responsible for the first volley of projectiles, as well as the uprooting of aparking meterused as abattering ramon the doors of the Stonewall Inn. The mob lit garbage on fire and stuffed it through the broken windows as the police grabbed a fire hose. Because it had no water pressure, the hose was ineffective in dispersing the crowd and seemed only to encourage them.Marsha P. Johnsonlater said that it was the police that had started the fire in the bar.When demonstrators broke through the windows—which had been covered byplywoodby the bar owners to deter the police from raiding the bar—the police inside unholstered their pistols. The doors flew open and officers pointed their weapons at the angry crowd, threatening to shoot. Howard Smith, in the bar with the police, took a wrench from the bar and stuffed it in his pants, unsure if he might have to use it against the mob or the police. He watched someone squirtlighter fluidinto the bar; as it was lit and the police took aim,sirenswere heard and fire trucks arrived. The onslaught had lasted 45 minutes. When the violence broke out, the women and transmasculine people being held down the street atThe Women's House of Detentionjoined in by chanting, setting fire to their belongings and tossing them into the street below. The historian Hugh Ryan says, \"When I would talk to people about Stonewall, they would tell me, that night on Stonewall, we looked to the prison because we saw the women rioting and chanting, 'Gay rights, gay rights, gay rights.'\" Escalation TheTactical Patrol Force(TPF) of the New York City Police Department arrived to free the police trapped inside the Stonewall. One officer's eye was cut and a few others were bruised from being struck by flying debris.Bob Kohler, who was walking his dog by the Stonewall that night, saw the TPF arrive: I had been in enough riots to know the fun was over... The cops were totally humiliated. This never, ever happened. They were angrier than I guess they had ever been because everybody else had rioted... but the fairies were not supposed to riot... no group had ever forced cops to retreat before, so the anger was just enormous. I mean, they wanted to kill. With larger numbers, police detained anyone they could and put them in patrol wagons to go to jail, though Inspector Pine recalled, \"Fights erupted with the transvestites, who wouldn't go into the patrol wagon.\" His recollection was corroborated by another witness across the street who said, \"All I could see about who was fighting was that it was transvestites and they were fighting furiously.\" The TPF formed aphalanxand attempted to clear the streets by marching slowly and pushing the crowd back. The mob openly mocked the police. The crowd cheered, started impromptukick linesand sang to the tune of \"Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay\": \"We are the Stonewall girls/ We wear our hair in curls/ We don't wear underwear/ We show our pubic hair.\"Lucian Truscottreported inThe Village Voice: \"A stagnant situation there brought on some gay tomfoolery in the form of achorus linefacing the line of helmeted and club-carrying cops. Just as the line got into a full kick routine, the TPF advanced again and cleared the crowd of screaming gay powerites down Christopher to Seventh Avenue.\"One participant who had been in the Stonewall during the raid recalled, \"The police rushed us and that's when I realized this is not a good thing to do, because they got me in the back with anightstick.\" Another account stated, \"I just can't ever get that one sight out of my mind. The cops with the and the kick line on the other side. It was the most amazing thing... And all the sudden that kick line, which I guess was a spoof on the machismo... I think that's when I felt rage. Because people were getting smashed with bats. And for what? A kick line.\" Marsha P. Johnson, anAfrican-Americanstreet queen,recalled arriving at the bar around \"2:00 \", and that at that point the riots were well underway, with the building in flames.As the riots went on into the early hours of the morning, Johnson, along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona, were noted as \"three individuals known to have been in the vanguard\" of the pushback against the police. Craig Rodwell, owner of theOscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, reported watching police chase participants through the crooked streets, only to see them appear around the next corner behind the police. Members of the mob stopped cars, overturning one of them to block Christopher Street.Jack NicholsandLige Clarke, in their column printed inScrew, declared that \"massive crowds of angry protesters chased for blocks screaming, 'Catch them!'\" By 4:00 am, the streets had nearly been cleared. Many people sat on stoops or gathered nearby in Christopher Park throughout the morning, dazed in disbelief at what had transpired. Many witnesses remembered the surreal and eerie quiet that descended upon Christopher Street, though there continued to be \"electricity in the air\".One commented: \"There was a certain beauty in the aftermath of the riot... It was obvious, at least to me, that a lot of people really were gay and, you know, this was our street.\"Thirteen people had been arrested. Some in the crowd were hospitalized,and four police officers were injured. Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken. Inspector Pine had intended to close and dismantle the Stonewall Inn that night. Pay phones, toilets, mirrors,jukeboxes, and cigarette machines were all smashed, possibly in the riot and possibly by the police. Second night of rioting During the siege of the Stonewall, Craig Rodwell calledThe New York Times, theNew York Post, and theDaily Newsto tell them what was happening. All three papers covered the riots; theDaily Newsplaced coverage on the front page. News of the riot spread quickly throughout Greenwich Village, fueled by rumors that it had been organized by theStudents for a Democratic Society, theBlack Panthers, or triggered by \"a homosexual police officer whose roommate went dancing at the Stonewall against the officer's wishes\".All day Saturday, June 28, people came to stare at the burned and blackened Stonewall Inn.Graffitiappeared on the walls of the bar, declaring \"Drag power\", \"They invaded our rights\", \"Support gay power\" and \"Legalize gay bars\", along with accusations of police looting and—regarding the status of the bar—\"We are open.\" The next night, rioting again surrounded Christopher Street; participants remember differently which night was more frantic or violent. Many of the same people returned from the previous evening—hustlers, street youths, and \"queens\"—but they were joined by \"police provocateurs\", curious bystanders, and even tourists.Remarkable to many was the sudden exhibition of homosexual affection in public, as described by one witness: \"From going to places where you had to knock on a door and speak to someone through a peephole in order to get in. We were just out. We were in the streets.\" Thousands of people had gathered in front of the Stonewall, which had opened again, choking Christopher Street until the crowd spilled into adjoining blocks. The throng surrounded buses and cars, harassing the occupants unless they either admitted they were gay or indicated their support for the demonstrators.Marsha P. Johnson was seen climbing a lamppost and dropping a heavy bag onto the hood of a police car, shattering the windshield. As on the previous evening, fires were started in garbage cans throughout the neighborhood. More than a hundred police were present from the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and NinthPrecincts, but after 2:00 a.m. the TPF arrived again. Kick lines and police chases waxed and waned; when police captured demonstrators, whom the majority of witnesses described as \"sissies\" or \"swishes\", the crowd surged to recapture them.Again, street battling ensued until 4:00 am. Beat poet and longtime Greenwich Village resident Allen Ginsberg lived on Christopher Street and happened upon the jubilant chaos. After he learned of the riot that had occurred the previous evening, he stated, \"Gay power! Isn't that great!... It's about time we did something to assert ourselves\" and visited the open Stonewall Inn for the first time. While walking home, he declared to Lucian Truscott, \"You know, the guys there were so beautiful—they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago.\" ActivistMark Segalrecounts thatMartha ShelleyandMarty Robinsonstood and made speeches from the front door of the Stonewall on June 29, 1969, the second night of the riot. Leaflets, press coverage, and more violence Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic on Monday, June 30, and Tuesday, July 1, partly due to rain. Police and Village residents had a few altercations, as both groups antagonized each other. Craig Rodwell and his partnerFred Sargeanttook the opportunity the morning after the first riot to print and distribute 5,000 leaflets, one of them reading: \"Get the Mafia and the Cops out of Gay Bars.\" The leaflets called for gay people to own their own establishments, for a boycott of the Stonewall and other Mafia-owned bars, and for public pressure on the mayor's office to investigate the \"intolerable situation\". Not everyone in the gay community considered the revolt a positive development. To many older homosexuals and many members of the Mattachine Society who had worked throughout the 1960s to promote homosexuals as no different from heterosexuals, the display of violence and effeminate behavior was embarrassing.Randy Wicker, who had marched in the first gay picket lines before the White House in 1965, said the \"screaming queens forming chorus lines and kicking went against everything that I wanted people to think about homosexuals... that we were a bunch of drag queens in the Village acting disorderly and tacky and cheap.\"Others found the closing of the Stonewall Inn, termed a \"sleaze joint\", as advantageous to the Village. On Wednesday, however,The Village Voiceran reports of the riots, written by Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott, that included unflattering descriptions of the events and its participants: \"forces of faggotry\", \"limp wrists\" and \"Sunday fag follies\".A mob descended upon Christopher Street once again and threatened to burn down the offices ofThe Village Voice,which at the time was headquartered several buildings west of the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street; that proximity gave Truscott and other writers for the newspaper first hand observations of the uprising. Also in the mob of between 500 and 1,000 were other groups that had had unsuccessful confrontations with the police and were curious how the police were defeated in this situation. Another explosive street battle took place, with injuries to demonstrators and police alike, local shops getting looted, and arrests of five people.The incidents on Wednesday night lasted about an hour and were summarized by one witness: \"The word is out. Christopher Street shall be liberated. The fags have had it with oppression.\" Aftermath The feeling of urgency spread throughout Greenwich Village, even to people who had not witnessed the riots. Many who were moved by the rebellion attended organizational meetings, sensing an opportunity to take action. On July 4, 1969, the Mattachine Society performed its annual picket in front ofIndependence HallinPhiladelphia, called theAnnual Reminder. OrganizersCraig Rodwell,Frank Kameny,Randy Wicker,Barbara Gittings, andKay Lahusen, who had all participated for several years, took a bus along with other picketers from New York City to Philadelphia. Since 1965, the pickets had been very controlled: women wore skirts and men wore suits and ties and all marched quietly in organized lines.This year Rodwell remembered feeling restricted by the rules Kameny had set. When two women spontaneously held hands, Kameny broke them apart, saying, \"None of that! None of that!\" Rodwell, however, convinced about ten couples to hold hands. The hand-holding couples made Kameny furious, but they earned more press attention than all of the previous marches.ParticipantLilli Vincenzremembered, \"It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered.\"Rodwell returned to New York City determined to change the established quiet, meek ways of trying to get attention. One of his first priorities was planning Christopher Street Liberation Day. Gay Liberation Front Although the Mattachine Society had existed since the 1950s, many of their methods now seemed too mild for people who had witnessed or been inspired by the riots. Mattachine recognized the shift in attitudes in a story from their newsletter entitled, \"The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World.\"When a Mattachine officer suggested an \"amicable and sweet\" candlelight vigil demonstration, a man in the audience fumed and shouted, \"Sweet!Bullshit!That's the role society has been forcing these queens to play.\"With a flyer announcing: \"Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are!\",theGay Liberation Front(GLF) was soon formed, the first gay organization to usegayin its name. Previous organizations such as theMattachine Society, theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB), and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names. The rise of militancy became apparent to Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings—who had worked in homophile organizations for years and were both very public about their roles—when they attended a GLF meeting to see the new group. A young GLF member demanded to know who they were and what their credentials were. Gittings, nonplussed, stammered, \"I'm gay. That's why I'm here.\"The GLF borrowed tactics from and aligned themselves with black andantiwardemonstrators with the ideal that they \"could work to restructure American society\".They took on causes of the Black Panthers, marching to theWomen's House of Detentionin support ofAfeni Shakurand other radicalNew Leftcauses. Four months after the group formed, however, it disbanded when members were unable to agree on operating procedure. Gay Activists Alliance Within six months of the Stonewall riots, activists started a citywide newspaper calledGay; they considered it necessary because the most liberal publication in the city—The Village Voice—refused to print the wordgayin GLF advertisements seeking new members and volunteers.Two other newspapers were initiated within a six-week period:Come Out!andGay Power; the readership of these three periodicals quickly climbed to between 20,000 and 25,000. GLF members organized several same-sex dances, but GLF meetings were chaotic. When Bob Kohler asked for clothes and money to help the homeless youth who had participated in the riots, many of whom slept in Christopher Park or Sheridan Square, the response was a discussion on the downfall ofcapitalism.In late December 1969, several people who had visited GLF meetings and left out of frustration formed theGay Activists Alliance(GAA). The GAA was to be more orderly and entirely focused on gay issues. Their constitution began, \"We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings.\"The GAA developed and perfected a confrontational tactic called azap: they would catch a politician off guard during a public relations opportunity and force him or her to acknowledge gay and lesbian rights. City councilmen were zapped and mayor John Lindsay was zapped several times—once on television when GAA members made up the majority of the audience. Police raids on gay bars did not stop after the Stonewall riots. In March 1970, deputy inspector Seymour Pine raided the Zodiac and 17 Barrow Street. An after-hours gay club with no liquor or occupancy licenses called The Snake Pit was soon raided and 167 people were arrested. One of them wasDiego Viñales, an Argentinian national so frightened that he might bedeportedas a homosexual that he tried to escape the police precinct by jumping out of a two-story window, impaling himself on a 14-inch (36 cm) spike fence.TheNew York Daily Newsprinted a graphic photo of the young man's impalement on the front page. GAA members organized a march from Christopher Park to the Sixth Precinct in which hundreds of gay men, lesbians, and liberal sympathizers peacefully confronted the TPF.They also sponsored a letter-writing campaign to Mayor Lindsay in which the Greenwich VillageDemocratic Partyand congressmanEd Kochsent pleas to end raids on gay bars in the city. The Stonewall Inn lasted only a few weeks after the riot. By October 1969 it was up for rent. Village residents surmised it was too notorious a location and Rodwell's boycott discouraged business. Gay Pride Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with an assembly on Christopher Street; with simultaneous Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles andChicago, these were the firstGay Pride marchesin US history.The next year, Gay Pride marches took place inBoston,Dallas,Milwaukee,London,Paris,West BerlinandStockholm.Themarch in New Yorkcovered 51 blocks, from Christopher Street toCentral Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.The New York Timesreported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.Reporting byThe Village Voicewas positive, describing \"the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago\". There was little open animosity and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign \"I am a Lesbian\" walked by. —The New York Timescoverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970 By 1972, the participating cities includedAtlanta,Buffalo,Detroit, Washington, D.C.,Miami,Minneapolis, and Philadelphia,as well as San Francisco. Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from them. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department, and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the US government.Ten people marched with Kameny then and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, \"By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred.\" Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as \"one of the greatest mistakes of his life\".The image of gay people retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, \"stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals\".Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, \"Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly, it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale.\"David Carter explained that even though there were several uprisings before Stonewall, the reason Stonewall was so significant was that thousands of people were involved, the riot lasted a long time (six days), it was the first to get major media coverage, and it sparked the formation of many gay rights groups. Trans organizations According toSusan Stryker's book,Transgender History, the Stonewall riots had significant effects on trans rights activism.Sylvia RiveraandMarsha P. Johnsonestablished the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization, as they believed that trans people weren't being adequately represented in the Gay Activists Alliance and Gay Liberation Front. They established politicized versions of \"houses\", which came from Black and Latino queer communities, and were places that marginalized trans youth could seek shelter. Besides STAR, organizations such asTransvestites and Transsexuals(TAT) andQueens' Liberation Front(QLF) were also established. QLF, which was established by drag queen Lee Brewster and heterosexual transvestite Bunny Eisenhower, marched on Christopher Street Liberation Day and fought against drag erasure and for trans visibility. Legacy The Stonewall riots are often considered to be the origin or impetus of thegay liberationmovement, and many studies ofLGBT historyin the U.S. are divided into pre- and post-Stonewall analyses.This has been criticized byhistorians of sexuality. Calls for the rights ofgender and sexual minoritiespredate the Stonewall riots. Thefirst homosexual movementbegan one hundred years earlier, in Germany.West Germanyhad abolished criminal liability for homosexual acts among adults over 21 years of age through a change ofSection 175of the German Criminal Code on June 25, 1969 − just three days before the Stonewall riots began.There was already the emergence of a gay liberation movement in New York at the time of the riots. The Stonewall riots were not the only time LGBT people organized politically amid attacks on LGBT establishments. The event has been said to occupy a unique place in thecollective memoryof many LGBT people,including those outside of the United States,as it \"is marked by an international commemorative ritual – an annual gay pride parade\", according to sociologist Elizabeth A. Armstrong. Community Within two years of the Stonewall riots, there were gay rights groups in every major American city, as well as in Canada, Australia, and Western Europe.People who joined activist organizations after the riots had very little in common other than theirsame-sex attraction. Many who arrived at GLF or GAA meetings were taken aback by the number of gay people in one place.Race, class, ideology, and gender became frequent obstacles in the years after the riots. This was illustrated during the 1973 Stonewall rally when, moments afterBarbara Gittingsexuberantly praised the diversity of the crowd, feminist activistJean O'Learyprotested what she perceived as the mocking of women bycross-dressersanddrag queensin attendance. During a speech by O'Leary, in which she claimed that drag queens made fun of women for entertainment value and profit,Sylvia RiveraandLee Brewsterjumped on the stage and shouted \"You go to bars because of what drag queens did for you andthese bitchestell us to quit being ourselves!\"Both the drag queens and lesbian feminists in attendance left in disgust. O'Leary also worked in the early 1970s to exclude transgender people from gay rights issues because she felt that rights for transgender people would be too difficult to attain.Sylvia Rivera left New York City in the mid-1970s, relocating toupstate New York.She later returned to the city in the mid-1990s, after the 1992 death of friendMarsha P. Johnson. Rivera lived on the \"gay pier\" at the end of Christopher street and advocated for homeless members of the gay community.The initial disagreements among participants in the movements often evolved after further reflection. O'Leary later regretted her stance against the drag queens attending in 1973: \"Looking back, I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then. I would never pick on a transvestite now.\"\"It was horrible. How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians?\" O'Leary was referring to theLavender Menace, an appellation bysecond-wave feministBetty Friedanbased on attempts by members of theNational Organization for Women(NOW) to distance themselves from the perception of NOW as a haven for lesbians. As part of this process,Rita Mae Brownand other lesbians who had been active in NOW were forced out. They staged a protest in 1970 at the Second Congress to Unite Women and earned the support of many NOW members, finally gaining full acceptance in 1971. The growth oflesbian feminismin the 1970s at times so conflicted with the gay liberation movement that some lesbians refused to work with gay men. Many lesbians found men's attitudes patriarchal and chauvinistic and saw in gay men the same misguided notions about women that they saw in heterosexual men.The issues most important to gay men—entrapmentand public solicitation—were not shared by lesbians. In 1977, a Lesbian Pride Rally was organized as an alternative to sharing gay men's issues, especially whatAdrienne Richtermed \"the violent, self-destructive world of the gay bars\".Veteran gay activist Barbara Gittings chose to work in the gay rights movement, explaining, \"It's a matter of where does it hurt the most? For me it hurts the most not in the female arena, but the gay arena.\" Throughout the 1970s, gay activism had significant successes. One of the first and most important was the \"zap\" in May 1970 by the Los Angeles GLF at a convention of theAmerican Psychiatric Association(APA). At a conference onbehavior modification, during a film demonstrating the use ofelectroshock therapyto decrease same-sex attraction,Morris Kightand GLF members in the audience interrupted the film with shouts of \"Torture!\" and \"Barbarism!\"They took over the microphone to announce that medical professionals who prescribed such therapy for their homosexual patients were complicit in torturing them. Although 20 psychiatrists in attendance left, the GLF spent the hour following the zap with those remaining, trying to convince them that homosexual people were not mentally ill.When the APA invited gay activists to speak to the group in 1972, activists broughtJohn E. Fryer, a gay psychiatrist who wore a mask, because he felt his practice was in danger. In December 1973—in large part due to the efforts of gay activists—the APA voted unanimously to remove homosexuality from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual. Gay men and lesbians came together to work ingrassrootspolitical organizations responding to organized resistance in 1977. A coalition of conservatives namedSave Our Childrenstaged a campaign to repeal a civil rights ordinance inMiami-Dade County. Save Our Children was successful enough to influence similar repeals in several American cities in 1978. However, that same year, a campaign in California called theBriggs Initiative, designed to force the dismissal of homosexual public school employees, was defeated.Reaction to the influence of Save Our Children and the Briggs Initiative in the gay community was so significant that it has been called the second Stonewall for many activists, marking their initiation into political participation.The subsequent 1979National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rightswas timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Rejection of prior gay subculture The Stonewall riots marked such a significant turning point that many aspects of priorgay and lesbian culture, such as bar culture formed from decades of shame and secrecy, were forcefully ignored and denied. HistorianMartin Dubermanwrites, \"The decades preceding Stonewall... continue to be regarded by most gay men and lesbians as some vast neolithic wasteland.\"SociologistBarry Adamnotes, \"Every social movement must choose at some point what to retain and what to reject out of its past. What traits are the results of oppression and what are healthy and authentic?\"In conjunction with the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s, roles ofbutch and femmethat developed in lesbian bars in the 1950s and 1960s were rejected, because as one writer put it: \"all role playing is sick.\"Lesbian feminists considered the butch roles as archaic imitations of masculine behavior.Some women, according toLillian Faderman, were eager to shed the roles they felt forced into playing. The roles returned for some women in the 1980s, although they allowed for more flexibility than before Stonewall. Author Michael Bronski highlights the \"attack on pre-Stonewall culture\", particularlygay pulp fictionfor men, where the themes often reflected self-hatred or ambivalence about being gay. Many books ended unsatisfactorily and drastically, often with suicide, and writers portrayed their gay characters as alcoholics or deeply unhappy. These books, which he describes as \"an enormous and cohesive literature by and for gay men\",have not been reissued and are lost to later generations. Dismissing the notion that the rejection was motivated by political correctness, Bronski writes, \"gay liberation was a youth movement whose sense of history was defined to a large degree by rejection of the past.\" Impact and recognition The riots spawned from a bar raid became a literal example of gay men and lesbians fighting back and a symbolic call to arms for many people. Historian David Carter remarks in his book about the Stonewall riots that the bar itself was a complex business that represented a community center, an opportunity for the Mafia to blackmail its own customers, a home, and a place of \"exploitation and degradation\".The true legacy of the Stonewall riots, Carter insists, is the \"ongoing struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender equality\".Historian Nicholas Edsall writes: Stonewall has been compared to any number of acts of radical protest and defiance in American history from the Boston Tea Party on. But the best and certainly a more nearly contemporary analogy is Rosa Parks' refusal to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1955, which sparked the modern civil rights movement. Within months after Stonewall, radical gay liberation groups and newsletters sprang up in cities and on college campuses across America and then across all of northern Europe as well. Before the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn, homosexuals were, as historians Dudley Clendinen andAdam Nagourneywrite: a secret legion of people, known of but discounted, ignored, laughed at or despised. And like the holders of a secret, they had an advantage which was a disadvantage too, and which was true of no other minority group in the United States. They were invisible. Unlike African Americans, women, Native Americans, Jews, the Irish, Italians, Asians, Hispanics, or any other cultural group which struggled for respect and equal rights, homosexuals had no physical or cultural markings, no language or dialect which could identify them to each other, or to anyone else... But that night, for the first time, the usual acquiescence turned into violent resistance... From that night the lives of millions of gay men and lesbians and the attitude toward them of the larger culture in which they lived, began to change rapidly. People began to appear in public as homosexuals, demanding respect. HistorianLillian Fadermancalls the riots the \"shot heard round the world\", explaining, \"The Stonewall Rebellion was crucial because it sounded the rally for that movement. It became an emblem of gay and lesbian power. By calling on the dramatic tactic of violent protest that was being used by other oppressed groups, the events at the Stonewall implied that homosexuals had as much reason to be disaffected as they.\" Joan Nestleco-founded theLesbian Herstory Archivesin 1974 and credits \"its creation to that night and the courage that found its voice in the streets.\"Cautious, however, not to attribute the start of gay activism to the Stonewall riots, Nestle writes: I certainly don't see gay and lesbian history starting with Stonewall... and I don't see resistance starting with Stonewall. What I do see is a historical coming together of forces, and the sixties changed how human beings endured things in this society and what they refused to endure... Certainly, something special happened on that night in 1969 and we've made it more special in our need to have what I call a point of origin... it's more complex than saying that it all started with Stonewall. The events of the early morning of June 28, 1969, were not the first instances of gay men and lesbians fighting back against police in New York City and elsewhere. Not only had the Mattachine Society been active in major cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago, but similarly marginalized people started the riot at Compton's Cafeteria in 1966 and another riot responded to a raid on Los Angeles'Black Cat Tavernin 1967.However, several circumstances were in play that made the Stonewall riots memorable. The location of theLower Manhattanraid was a factor: it was across the street fromThe Village Voiceoffices, and the narrow crooked streets gave the rioters an advantage over the police.Many of the participants and residents of Greenwich Village were involved in political organizations that were effectively able to mobilize a large and cohesive gay community in the weeks and months after the rebellion. The most significant facet of the Stonewall riots, however, was the commemoration of them in Christopher Street Liberation Day, which grew into the annualGay Prideevents around the world. Stonewall(officially Stonewall Equality Limited) is anLGBT rightscharity in the United Kingdom, founded in 1989 and named after theStonewall Innbecause of the Stonewall riots. TheStonewall Awardsis an annual event the charity has held since 2006 to recognize people who have affected the lives of British lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. The middle of the 1990s was marked by the inclusion ofbisexualsas a represented group within the gay community, when they successfully sought to be included on the platform of the 1993March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation. Transgender people also asked to be included but were not, though trans-inclusive language was added to the march's list of demands.The transgender community continued to find itself simultaneously welcome and at odds with the gay community as attitudes aboutnon-binary gender discriminationandpansexual orientationdeveloped and came increasingly into conflict.In 1994, New York City celebrated \"Stonewall 25\" with a march that went past theUnited Nations Headquartersand intoCentral Park. Estimates put the attendance at 1.1 million people.Sylvia Riveraled an alternate march in New York City in 1994 to protest the exclusion of transgender people from the events. Attendance at LGBT Pride events has grown substantially over the decades. Most large cities around the world now have some kind of Pride demonstration; Pride events in some cities mark the largest annual celebration of any kind.The growing trend towards commercializing marches into parades—with events receiving corporate sponsorship—has caused concern about taking away the autonomy of the original grassroots demonstrations. President Barack Obamadeclared June 2009 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, citing the riots as a reason to \"commit to achieving equal justice under law for LGBT Americans\".The year marked the 40th anniversary of the riots. An editorial in theWashington Bladecompared the scruffy, violent activism during and following the Stonewall riots to the lackluster response to failed promises given by President Obama; for being ignored, wealthy LGBT activists reacted by promising to give less money to Democratic causes.Two years later, the Stonewall Inn served as a rallying point for celebrations after theNew York State Senatevoted to passsame-sex marriage. The act was signed into law by GovernorAndrew Cuomoon June 24, 2011. Obama also referenced the Stonewall riots in a call for full equality during hissecond inaugural addresson January 21, 2013: We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths—that all of us are created equal—is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall... Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well. This was a historic moment: the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address. Throughout June 2019,Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, produced byHeritage of Pridein partnership with theI Love New Yorkprogram's LGBT division, took place in New York to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising. The final official estimate included 5 million visitors attending in Manhattan alone, making it thelargest LGBTQ celebrationin history.June is traditionally Pride month in New York City and worldwide, and the events were held under the auspices of the annualNYC Pride March. On June 6, 2019, coinciding withWorldPridebeing celebrated in New York City, Police CommissionerJames P. O'Neillapologized on behalf of the NYPD for the actions of its officers at the Stonewall uprising. The official 50th-anniversary commemoration of the Stonewall Uprising occurred on June 28 on Christopher Street in front ofStonewall Inn. The official commemoration was themed as a rally, in reference to the original rallies in front of Stonewall Inn in 1969. Speakers at this event included mayorBill De Blasio, senatorKirsten Gillibrand, congressmanJerry Nadler, American activistX González, and global activistRémy Bonny. In 2019, Paris, France, officially named a square in theMaraisdistrict asPlace des Émeutes-de-Stonewall(Stonewall Riots Place). Stonewall Day In 2018, 49 years after the uprising, Stonewall Day was announced as a commemoration day byPride Live, a social advocacy and community engagement organization.The second Stonewall Day was held on Friday, June 28, 2019, outside the Stonewall Inn.During this event, Pride Live introduced their Stonewall Ambassadors program, to raise awareness for the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots. Historic landmark and monument In June 1999, theUS Department of the Interiorincluded 51 and 53Christopher Streetand the surrounding area in Greenwich Village into theNational Register of Historic Places, the first of significance to the LGBT community.In a dedication ceremony, Assistant Secretary of the Department of the InteriorJohn Berrystated, \"Let it forever be remembered that here—on this spot—men and women stood proud, they stood fast, so that we may be who we are, we may work where we will, live where we choose, and love whom our hearts desire.\"The Stonewall Inn was also named aNational Historic Landmarkin February 2000. On June 23, 2015, theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissiondesignated Stonewall as a city landmark, the first to be designated based on its LGBT cultural significance alone.On June 24, 2016, PresidentBarack Obamaannounced the establishment of theStonewall National Monument, administered by theNational Park Service.The designation protects Christopher Park and adjacent areas totaling more than seven acres; the Stonewall Inn is within the boundaries of the monument but remains privately owned.TheNational Park Foundationformed a newnonprofit organizationto raise funds for a ranger station and interpretive exhibits for the monument,including the first official national visitor center dedicated to the LGBTQIA+ experience, which was inaugurated on June 28, 2024.TheNew York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed theChristopher Street–Stonewall stationon the same day. Media representations No newsreel or TV footage was taken of the riots and few home movies and photographs exist, but those that do have been used in documentaries. Film Music Theatre See also Analogous events Notes Citations Sources External links",
"List of Apollo missions TheApollo programwas a United Stateshuman spaceflightprogram carried out from 1961 to 1972 by theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), which landed the firstastronautson theMoon.The program used theSaturn IBandSaturn Vlaunch vehiclesto lift theCommand/Service Module(CSM) andLunar Module(LM) spacecraft into space, and theLittle Joe IIrocket to test alaunch escape systemwhich was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure.Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission. Apollo achieved the first crewed lunar landing on theApollo 11mission, whenNeil ArmstrongandBuzz Aldrinlanded theirLMEaglein theSea of Tranquilityand walked on the lunar surface, whileMichael Collinsremained inlunar orbitin theCSMColumbia, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.Five subsequent missions landed astronauts on various lunar sites, ending in December 1972 withtwelve men having walked on the Moonand 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks andsoilsamples returned to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. Two Apollo missions were failures: a 1967 cabin fire killed the entireApollo 1crew during a ground test in preparation for what was to be the first crewed flight;and the third landing attempt onApollo 13was aborted by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, which disabled the CSMOdyssey's electrical power and life support systems, and made the propulsion system unsafe to use. The crew circled the Moon and were returned safely to Earth using the LMAquariusas a \"lifeboat\" for these functions. Uncrewed test flights From 1961 through 1967,Saturn launch vehiclesandApollo spacecraftcomponents were tested in uncrewed flights. Saturn I TheSaturn Ilaunch vehicle was originally planned to carry crewed Command Module flights intolow Earth orbit, but its 20,000-pound (9,100 kg) payload capacity limit could not lift even a partially fueled Service Module, which would have required building a lightweightretrorocketmodule for deorbit. These plans were eventually scrapped, in favor of using the upratedSaturn IBto launch the Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module for crewed Earth orbit tests. This limited Saturn I flights to Saturn launch vehicle development, CSMboilerplatetesting, and three micrometeoroid satellite launches in support of Apollo. SA-1 15:06 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-2 14:00 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-3 17:45 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-4 20:11 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-5 16:25 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-6 17:07 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-7 17:22 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-9 14:37 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-8 07:35 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-10 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 37B There was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn (AS), or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed toApollo 1posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple \"Apollo\" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renamingAS-201,AS-202, andAS-203as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered. Saturn IB The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designatedSaturn IB, by replacing theS-IVsecond stage with theS-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg), enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module. Two suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one Lunar Module test were conducted. Success of the LM test led to cancellation of a planned second uncrewed flight. SA-201 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-203 14:53 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-202 17:15 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-204 22:48 GMTLaunch Complex 37B Launch escape system tests From August 1963 to January 1966, a number of tests were conducted at theWhite Sands Missile Rangefor development of thelaunch escape system(LES). These included simulated \"pad aborts\", which might occur while the Apollo-Saturnspace vehiclewas still on thelaunch pad, and flights on theLittle Joe IIrocket to simulateMode I abortswhich might occur while the vehicle was in the air. 13:05 GMTLaunch Complex 36 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:01 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:17 GMTLaunch Complex 36 Saturn V Prior toGeorge Mueller's tenure as NASA's Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight starting in 1963, it was assumed that 20Saturn Vs, with at least 10 unpiloted test flights, would be required to achieve a crewed Moon landing, using the conservative one-stage-at-a-time testing philosophy used for the Saturn I. But Mueller introduced the \"all-up\" testing philosophy of using three live stages plus the Apollo spacecraft on every test flight. This achieved development of the Saturn V with far fewer uncrewed tests, and facilitated achieving the Moon landing by the 1969 goal. The size of the Saturn V production lot was reduced from 20 to 15 units. Three uncrewed test flights were planned to human-rate thesuper heavy-liftSaturn Vwhich would take crewed Apollo flights to the Moon. Success of the first flight and qualified success of the second led to the decision to cancel the third uncrewed test. SA-501 12:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A SA-502 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 39A Alphabetical mission types The Apollo program required sequential testing of several major mission elements in the runup to a crewed lunar landing. An alphabetical list of major mission types was proposed byOwen Maynardin September 1967.Two \"A-type\" missions performed uncrewed tests of the CSM and the Saturn V, and one B-type mission performed an uncrewed test of the LM. The C-type mission, the first crewed flight of the CSM in Earth orbit, was performed by Apollo 7. The list was revised uponGeorge Low's proposal to commit a mission to lunar orbit ahead of schedule, an idea influenced by the status of the CSM as a proven craft and production delays of the LM.Apollo 8 was reclassified from its original assignment as a D-type mission, a test of the complete CSM/LM spacecraft in Earth orbit, to a \"C-prime\" mission which would fly humans to the Moon. Once complete, it obviated the need for the E-type objective of amedium Earth orbitaltest. The D-type mission was instead performed by Apollo 9; the F-type mission, Apollo 10, flew the CSM/LM spacecraft to the Moon for final testing, without landing. The G-type mission, Apollo 11, performed the first lunar landing, the central goal of the program. The initial A–Glist was expanded to include later mission types:: 466H-type missions—Apollo 12, 13 (planned) and 14—would perform precision landings, and J-type missions—Apollo 15, 16 and 17—would perform thorough scientific investigation. The I-type objective, which called for extended lunar orbital surveillance of the Moon,was incorporated into the J-type missions.: 466 Crewed missions The Block I CSM spacecraft did not have capability to fly with the LM, and the three crew positions were designated Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot, based onU.S. Air Force pilot ratings. The Block II spacecraft was designed to fly with the Lunar Module, so the corresponding crew positions were designated Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot regardless of whether a Lunar Module was present or not on any mission. Seven of the missions involvedextravehicular activity(EVA), spacewalks or moonwalks outside of the spacecraft. These were of three types: testing the lunar EVA suit in Earth orbit (Apollo 9), exploring the lunar surface, and retrieving film canisters from theScientific Instrument Modulestored in the Service Module. Launch Complex 34(planned) 15:02 GMTLaunch Complex 34 12:51 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-503) 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-504) 16:49 GMTLaunch Complex 39B (SA-505) 13:32 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-506) 16:22 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-507) 19:13 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-508) 21:03 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-509) 13:34 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-510) 17:54 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-511) 05:33 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-512) Canceled missions Several planned missions of the Apollo program were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations. See also There were two NASA post-Apollo crewed spaceflight programs that used Apollo hardware: Notes References Bibliography External links",
"Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr.(/ˈlʌvəl/LUV-əl; born March 25, 1928) is an American retiredastronaut,naval aviator,test pilotand mechanical engineer. In 1968, ascommand module pilotofApollo 8, he became, withFrank BormanandWilliam Anders, one of the first three astronauts to fly to and orbit the Moon. He then commanded theApollo 13lunar mission in 1970 which, after a critical failure en route, looped around the Moon and returned safely to Earth. A graduate of theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland, in the class of 1952, Lovell flewF2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. In January 1958, he entered a six-month test pilot training course at theNaval Air Test CenteratNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20 and graduated at the top of the class. He was then assigned to Electronics Test, working withradar, and in 1960 he became the Navy'sMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager. The following year he became a flight instructor and safety engineering officer atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, and completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. Lovell was not selected byNASAas one of theMercury Sevenastronauts due to a temporarily highbilirubincount. He was accepted in September 1962 as one of thesecond group of astronautsneeded for theGeminiandApolloprograms. Prior to Apollo, Lovell flew in space on two Gemini missions,Gemini 7(with Borman) in 1965 andGemini 12in 1966. He was the first person to fly into space four times. One of24 people to have flown to the Moon, Lovell was the first to fly to it twice. He is a recipient of theCongressional Space Medal of Honorand thePresidential Medal of Freedom. He co-authored the 1994 bookLost Moon, on which the 1995 filmApollo 13was based. Lovell was featured in acameo appearancein the film. Early life James Arthur Lovell Jr. was born inCleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928, the only child of James Lovell Sr., aToronto, Ontario, Canada-born coal furnace salesman who died in a car accident in 1933and Blanche née Masek, who was ofCzechdescent.For the first two years after the death of his father, Lovell and his mother lived with a relative inTerre Haute, Indiana. They then relocated toMilwaukee, Wisconsin, where he went toJuneau High School.He was a member of theBoy Scoutsduring his childhood and eventually achievedEagle Scout, the organization's highest rank.He became interested in rocketry and built flying models as a teenager. After graduating from high school, Lovell attended theUniversity of WisconsininMadisonfor two years, where he studied engineering under theUnited States Navy's\"Flying Midshipman\" programfrom 1946 to 1948.He would later credit the program for his ability to attend college, citing that he didn't otherwise have the money to attend.At Wisconsin, he playedcollege footballand pledged to theAlpha Phi Omegafraternity.He supplemented his meager Navy stipend by working at a local restaurant washing dishes and busing tables, and caring for the university'slab ratsandmiceon weekends. While Lovell was attending pre-flight training in the summer of 1948, the Navy was beginning to make cutbacks in the program, and cadets were under a great deal of pressure to transfer out. There were concerns that some or most of the students who graduated asnaval aviatorswould not have pilot billets to fill. To avoid this prospect, Lovell decided to apply to theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland.He secured a nomination from his localU.S. Representative,John C. Brophy, and entered Annapolis in July 1948. During his first year, Lovell wrote a treatise on theliquid-propellant rocketengine. He graduated in the spring of 1952 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as anensignin the Navy.On June 6, he married Marilyn Lillie Gerlach in a ceremony atSt. Anne's Churchin Annapolis. The two had begun dating while they were in high school.As a college student, Gerlach had transferred fromWisconsin State Teachers CollegetoGeorge Washington Universityin Washington, D.C., so she could be near him while he was at Annapolis.They had four children: Barbara, James, Susan, and Jeffrey. Navy career Lovell was one of 50 members of his graduating class of 783 initially selected for naval aviation training.He went to flight training atNaval Air Station Pensacolafrom October 1952 to February 1954. He was designated a naval aviator on February 1, 1954, upon completion of pilot training, and was assigned toVC-3atMoffett Fieldnear San Francisco, California. From 1954 to 1956 he flewMcDonnell F2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. Lovell eventually completed 107 carrier deck landings. Upon his return to shore duty, he was reassigned to provide pilot transition training for theNorth American FJ-4 Fury,McDonnell F3H DemonandVought F8U Crusader. In January 1958, Lovell entered a six-monthtest pilottraining course at what was then the Naval Air Test Center (now theUnited States Naval Test Pilot School) atNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20,which also included futureastronautsWally SchirraandPete Conrad,who gave Lovell the nickname \"Shaky\".Lovell graduated at the top of the class.Usually the top graduate was assigned to flight test on graduation, but the head of electronics test had complained about never getting the top graduate, so Lovell was assigned to electronics test, where he worked withradarsets. Later that year, Lovell, Conrad, and Schirra were among 110 military test pilots selected as potential astronaut candidates forProject Mercury. Schirra went on to become one of theMercury Seven, but Lovell was not selected because of a temporarily highbilirubincount.In 1960, electronics test was merged with armaments test to become weapons test, and Lovell became theMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager.During this time future astronautJohn Youngserved under him. In 1961 Lovell received orders forVF-101 \"Detachment Alpha\"atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, as a flight instructor and safety engineering officer,and he completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. NASA career Astronaut selection In 1962,NASAbegan recruiting its second group of astronauts, intended to fly during theGeminiandApolloprograms. This time the process was a public one. Lovell found out about the selection from an advertisement that had been placed inAviation Week & Space Technology, and decided to apply a second time.A three-person selection panel consisting of Mercury Seven astronautsAlan ShepardandDeke Slayton, and NASA test pilotWarren J. North, reduced the candidates to 32 finalists,who were sent toBrooks Air Force BaseinSan Antoniofor medical examinations. The tests there were much the same as those employed to select the Mercury Seven,but this time Lovell passed.The remaining 27 then went toEllington Air Force Basenear Houston, where they were individually interviewed by the selection panel. On September 14, Slayton informed Lovell that he had been accepted.To avoid tipping off the media, all checked into theRice Hotelin Houston under the name of Max Peck, its general manager.On September 17, the media crowded into the 1800-seat Cullen Auditorium at theUniversity of Houstonfor the official announcement, but it was a low-key event compared to the unveiling of the Mercury Seven three years before.The group became known as the \"Next Nine\" or the \"New Nine\".The new astronauts moved to the Houston area in October 1962.Conrad and Lovell built houses inTimber Cove, south of theManned Spacecraft Center(MSC).Developers in Timber Cove offered astronauts mortgages with small down payments and low interest rates.The MSC complex was not yet complete, so NASA temporarily leased office space in Houston. The task of supervising the Next Nine's training fell to Mercury Seven astronautGus Grissom.Initially, each of the astronauts was given four months of classroom instruction on subjects such asspacecraft propulsion,orbital mechanics,astronomy,computing, andspace medicine. Classes were for six hours a day, two days a week, and all sixteen astronauts had to attend. There was also familiarization with the Gemini spacecraft,Titan IIandAtlasboosters, and theAgena target vehicle.Jungle survival training was conducted at theUnited States Air Force(USAF) Tropic Survival School atAlbrook Air Force Stationin thePanama Canal Zone, desert survival training atStead Air Force BaseinNevada, and water survival training on theDilbert Dunkerat the USN school at the Naval Air Station Pensacola and onGalveston Bay.Following the precedent set by the Mercury Seven, each of the Next Nine was assigned a special area in which to develop expertise that could be shared with the others, and to provide astronaut input to designers and engineers.Lovell became responsible for recovery systems. Gemini program Gemini 7 Lovell was selected as backup pilot forGemini 4,which was officially announced on July 29, 1964.It put him in position for his first space flight three missions later, as pilot ofGemini 7with command pilotFrank Borman, under a rotation system devised by Slayton.Borman was a USAF officer, and Lovell had first met him during the evaluation process for astronaut selection.Their selection for the Gemini 7 mission was officially announced on July 1, 1965, along with that ofEdward WhiteandMichael Collinsas their backup crew. Like all Gemini missions, it was part of the preparations for Apollo. The flight's objective was to evaluate the effects on the crew and spacecraft from fourteen days in orbit, this being sufficiently long for any possible Moon mission, and would therefore enable doctors to evaluate the medical aspects of such a flight. Whereas theGemini 6mission preceding it was to demonstrate techniques forspace rendezvous, likewise critical requirement of Apollo. These techniques had been worked out by Dean F. Grimm andBuzz Aldrin, who had written his doctoral thesis on the subject. The Gemini 6 mission, which was commanded by Schirra withTom Staffordas pilot, had a serious setback on October 15, 1965, when the Agena target vehicle that Gemini 6 was supposed to rendezvous with exploded soon after takeoff. Lovell was present at theLaunch Control CenteratCape Kennedywhen this occurred. Officials fromMcDonnell, the manufacturer of the Gemini spacecraft, then raised the possibility of a rendezvous between Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 during the two weeks while Gemini 7 was in orbit.The only change to the latter's flight plan this required was to circularize its orbit to match that intended for the Agena target vehicle. Borman rejected a proposal by Schirra that Lovell and Stafford exchange places, on the grounds that it was hazardous and likely to jeopardize the fourteen-day mission objective through loss of oxygen. In planning the mission, it was decided that both astronauts would sleep at the same time and observe the same work periods, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Experiments were not scheduled, but fitted in when time allowed.Of the twenty experiments, eight were medical, aimed at gathering data about the effects of long-duration space flight. Of the rest, four were tests of spacecraft systems, five involved radiometry or navigation, and three involved photography and observation,To save space, theG5C space suitwas designed that incorporated a soft hood instead of a helmet and zippers instead of a neck ring. It weighed a third less than the standard Gemini space suit and could be stowed more easily. Gemini 7 lifted off on December 4, 1965, and reached its intended 300-kilometer (160 nmi) near-circular orbit. Lovell was taller than Borman and had more difficulty donning and removing his space suit. Initially one astronaut had to be suited, but this made him uncomfortably warm, and eventually mission control relented and allowed both to leave their space suits off.Gemini 6, now called Gemini 6A, attempted to launch on December 12; the engines ignited, but shut down less than two seconds later due to an electrical problem and a fuel cap accidentally having been left in place.After repairs, Gemini 6A successfully lifted off on December 15, and rendezvoused with Gemini 7 on Gemini 6A's fourth orbit. The two spacecraft then flew in tandem for three orbits, the distance between them varying between 0.30 and 90 meters (1 and 300 ft). Gemini 6A returned to Earth on December 16. In the final two days of the mission, Lovell had time to read part ofDrums Along the MohawkbyWalter D. Edmonds. As in earlier long-duration flights, malfunctions accumulated as the flight wore on. Two of the thrusters stopped working. After the flight, this was traced to the fact that they had an old type of laminate in the thrust chamber instead of the new type that had been developed to solve this problem. This proved to be only an annoyance, but there was more concern over a loss of power in thefuel cells. By day thirteen, a warning light was illuminated continuously and it was feared that the cells, which were only giving partial output, might fail completely, and the mission might have to be cut short; tests were carried out inSt. Louisthat demonstrated that the batteries could sustain them for the remainder of the flight. Gemini 7 made a successful return from orbit on December 18.The fourteen-day flight set an endurance record, making 206 orbits. Gemini 12 On January 24, 1966, Lovell was named as the backup command pilot ofGemini 10, with Aldrin as the pilot. On March 21, this was changed as a result of the deaths of theGemini 9prime crew,Elliot SeeandCharles Bassett, inan air crash. The Gemini 9 backup crew of Tom Stafford andGene Cernanbecame the prime crew of Gemini 9A, and Lovell and Aldrin became their backups. This positioned Lovell for his second flight and first command, ofGemini 12. Lovell and Aldrin's selection for this mission was officially announced on June 17, along with that ofGordon Cooperand Gene Cernan as their backups. The goals of Gemini 12, the final Gemini mission, were ill-defined at first. \"Essentially Gemini 12 didn't have a mission\", Lovell later recalled. \"It was, I guess, by default... supposed to wind up the Gemini program and catch all those items that were not caught on previous flights.\"By July, its mission had become to masterextravehicular activity(EVA), something that had proven problematic on earlier Gemini missions, as they had been more strenuous than expected and performing simple tasks had been more complicated. A series of innovations had been developed in response to the problems that had been encountered. It had been found that moving in space was similar to being underwater, and Aldrin made use of this new training technique. A waist restraint was provided on the space suit, and the Gemini spacecraft and the Agena target vehicle had additional handrails, handholds, and rings for tethering the waist restraint. Procedures were modified to minimize fatigue. Gemini 12 lifted off on November 11, and quickly achieved orbit. Its first task was to rendezvous with its Agena target vehicle. This was complicated when the rendezvous radar set failed. Instead, Aldrin, who had written his PhD on the rendezvous, used asextantto measure the angle between the spacecraft and the Agena, and then calculated the required actions using the onboard computer. Lovell then flew the spacecraft accordingly. Rendezvous was achieved, and Gemini successfullydockedwith the Agena, achieving the fifth space rendezvous and fourth space docking with an Agena target vehicle. Lovell then successfully undocked and docked again. Aldrin performed three EVAs. The first was a standup EVA on November 12, in which the spacecraft door was opened and he stood up, but did not leave the spacecraft. The standup EVA mimicked some of the actions he would do during his free-flight EVA, so he could compare the effort expended between the two. It set an EVA record of two hours and twenty minutes. The next day Aldrin performed his free-flight EVA. He climbed across the newly installed hand-holds to the Agena and installed the cable needed for the gravity-gradient stabilization experiment. He performed several tasks, including installing electrical connectors and testing tools that would be needed for Apollo. The EVA concluded after two hours and six minutes.Before returning to the spacecraft, Aldrin cleaned the pilot's window with a cloth, and Lovell jokingly asked him if he could change the oil too.A third, 55-minute standup EVA was conducted on November 14, during which Aldrin took photographs, conducted experiments, and discarded some unneeded items. Gemini 12 returned to Earth on November 15, after 59 orbits. During re-entry a pouch containing books and small pieces of equipment broke free and landed in Lovell's lap. He did not want to grab it, as he feared he might pull on theD-ringthat activated the ejector seat. It did not move any further, and the landing went well. The spacecraft landed just 5.5 kilometers (3.0 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSWasp. Twelve experiments had been carried out.This mission proved that people could work effectively outside the spacecraft, which was required for the Apollo missions with the goal of getting man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Apollo program Apollo 1 On January 27, 1967, Grissom, White andRoger Chaffeewere killed in theApollo 1fire. At the time, Lovell was in Washington, D.C., where, along with fellow astronautsNeil Armstrong,Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper andRichard Gordon, he had attended the signing of theOuter Space Treatyand the reception afterwards in theGreen Roomof theWhite Househosted by PresidentLyndon Johnson. Four days later, Lovell flew toWest Point, New York, with Borman in a NASAT-38for the funeral service for White at theOld Cadet Chapel. After the service, White was laid to rest in theWest Point Cemetery; Lovell served as a pallbearer along with Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Stafford and Aldrin. TheApollo command modulewas redesigned after the fire, and afterwards it underwent a series of qualification tests.In April 1968, Lovell, along with fellow astronautsStuart RoosaandCharles Duke, spent 48 hours in command module CM-007A, bobbing in theGulf of Mexicoto test the seaworthiness of the Apollo spacecraft.The NASA research vesselMVRetrieverstood by with technicians and divers,while the astronauts assessed how quickly the spacecraft's flotation devices could right it from the \"stable II\" (upside down) position. The urine collection hose was used to vacuum up water that entered the cabin.Although this did not seem to bother Lovell, Duke regarded it as his worst experience as an astronaut, and Roosa became quiteseasick.The NASARoundupnewspaper wrote the event up under the headline, \"Yo, Ho, Ho and a Bottle of Marezine\", referencing the brand name ofa motion sickness drug. Apollo 8 Lovell was originally chosen as command module pilot (CMP) on the backup crew for Apollo 9 along with Armstrong as commander (CDR) and Aldrin aslunar modulepilot (LMP). Apollo 9 was planned as a high-apogeeEarth orbital test of the Lunar Module (LM). Lovell later replaced Michael Collins as CMP on the Apollo 9 prime crew in July 1968 when Collins needed to have surgery for abone spuron his spine. This reunited Lovell with his Gemini 7 commander Frank Borman, along with LMPWilliam Anders. Aldrin became Lovell's backup CMP, andFred Haisejoined Armstrong's crew as LMP. Construction delays of the first crewed LM prevented it from being ready in time to fly on Apollo 8, planned as alow Earth orbittest. It was decided to swap the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 prime and backup crews in the flight schedule so that the crew trained for the low-orbit test could fly it asApollo 9, when the LM would be ready. A lunar orbital flight, nowApollo 8, replaced the original Apollo 9 medium Earth orbit test mission.The crew was informed of this decision on August 10, 1968, and the training schedule was adjusted accordingly. Starting in September, the crew spent ten hours a day in the simulator rehearsing the mission. Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, 1968, and Borman, Lovell and Anders became the first crew to ride theSaturn Vrocket, as well as the first to travel to theMoon.Their Apollo craft entered lunar orbit on December 24 (Christmas Eve) and reduced speed to go into a 11-by-312-kilometer (5.9 by 168.5 nmi) orbit. The engine was then fired again to enter a 112-kilometer (60 nmi) circular orbit around the Moon. On Christmas Eve, the crew broadcast black-and-white television pictures of the lunar surface back to Earth. Lovell took his turn with Borman and Anders in reading a passage from the Biblical creation story in theBook of Genesis.They made a total of ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours and ten minutes,and began their return to Earth on December 25 (Christmas Day) with a rocket burn made on the Moon's far side, out of radio contact with Earth. When contact was re-established, Lovell broadcast, \"Please be informed, there is aSanta Claus.\" As CMP, Lovell served as the navigator, using the spacecraft's built-in sextant to determine its position by measuring star positions. This information was then used to calculate required mid-course corrections. Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view stars by using theApollo guidance computerkeyboard. Lovell accidentally erased some of the computer's memory by entering the wrong codes, which caused theinertial measurement unit(IMU) to contain data indicating that the module was in the same relative orientation it had been in before lift-off; the IMU then fired the thrusters to \"correct\" the module's attitude. Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they knew that they would have to reenter the correct data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation. It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the correct values, using the thrusters to get the starsRigelandSiriusaligned,and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer.Sixteen months later, during theApollo 13mission, Lovell would have to perform a similar manual realignment under even more critical conditions after the module's IMU had been turned off to conserve energy. A feature on the Moon's surface (Mount Marilyn) was named by Lovell in honor of his wife. The spacecraftsplashed downsafely before dawn on December 27 after 147 hours of flight, 4.8 kilometers (2.6 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSYorktown. It was estimated that the crew had traveled 933,419 kilometers (504,006 nmi). Apollo 13 Lovell was backup CDR ofApollo 11, with Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP.In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with theNational Aeronautics and Space Councileffective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time.Ken Mattinglywas moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. Under the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly as the prime crew ofApollo 14, butGeorge Mueller, the director of NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight, rejected Slayton's choice of fellow Mercury Seven astronaut Alan Shepard to command Apollo 13. Shepard had only recently returned to flight status after being grounded for several years, and Mueller thought that he needed more training time to prepare for a mission to the Moon. Slayton then asked Lovell if he was willing to switch places with Shepard's crew to give them more training time.\"Sure, why not?\" Lovell replied, \"What could possibly be the difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14?\" There was one more change. Seven days before launch, a member of the Apollo 13 backup crew, Duke, contractedrubellafrom a friend of his son.This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Of the five, only Mattingly was not immune through prior exposure. Normally, if any member of the prime crew had to be grounded, the remaining crew would be replaced as well, and the backup crew substituted, but Duke's illness ruled this out,so two days before launch, Mattingly was replaced byJack Swigertfrom the backup crew.Mattingly never developed rubella and later flew to the Moon onApollo 16. Lovell lifted off aboard Apollo 13 on April 11, 1970.He and Haise were to land near theFra Mauro crater. TheFra Mauro formationwas believed to contain much material spattered by the impact that had filled theImbrium basinearly in the Moon's history, and dating it would provide information about the early history of the Earth and the Moon. \"We have a problem here\", Swigert informed mission control.\"This is Houston, say again please,\" thecapsule communicator,Jack Lousma, responded.\"Houston, we've had a problem,\" Lovell replied. Lovell & Kluger 1995, p. 95 During a routineliquid oxygentank stir in transit to the Moon, a fire started inside an oxygen tank. The most probable cause determined by NASA was damaged electrical insulation on wiring that created a spark that started the fire.A problem with draining the tank had been reported before the mission, and Lovell had approved the action taken to turn on the heaters to purge the oxygen rather than to replace the faulty tank, which would have delayed the mission by a month. Neither he nor the launch pad crew were aware that the tank contained the wrong thermostat switch. The heaters were left on for eight hours, and while this successfully purged the oxygen, it also removedtefloninsulation from the copper electrical wiring.Liquid oxygen rapidly turned into a high-pressure gas, which burst the tank and caused the leak of a second oxygen tank. In just over two hours, all onboard oxygen was lost, disabling the hydrogen fuel cells that provided electrical power to the Command/Service ModuleOdyssey. Apollo 13 was the second mission not to use afree-return trajectory, so that they could explore the western lunar regions.Using theApollo Lunar Moduleas a \"life boat\" providing battery power, oxygen, and propulsion, Lovell and his crew re-established the free return trajectory that they had left, and swung around the Moon to return home.Based on the flight controllers' calculations made on Earth, Lovell had to adjust the course twice by manually controlling the Lunar Module's thrusters and engine. Apollo 13 returned safely to Earth on April 17.\"I'm afraid\", Lovell said, \"this is going to be the last lunar mission for a long time.\"His comment was rebutted byNASA AdministratorThomas O. Paine, who hastened to reassure the public that NASA would be mounting more missions to the Moon.Nine months later, Apollo 14 would make the voyage to Fra Mauro, with modified oxygen tanks and an extra battery for emergencies. Apollo 13's flight trajectory gave Lovell, Haise, and Swigert the record for the farthest distance that humans have ever traveled from Earth.Lovell is one of only three men to travel to the Moon twice, but unlike the other two, John Young and Gene Cernan, he never walked on it.He accrued 715 hours and 5 minutes in space flights on his Gemini and Apollo flights, a personal record that stood until theSkylab 3mission in 1973. Later life Lovell retired from the Navy and the space program on March 1, 1973, and went to work at the Bay-Houston Towing Company inHouston, Texas,taking on the role of CEO in 1975. He became president of Fisk Telephone Systems in 1977,and later worked forCentel Corporationin Chicago, retiring as an executive vice president on January 1, 1991.Lovell was a recipient of theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award.He was also recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with theirSilver Buffalo Award. Lovell served on the board of directors for several organizations, includingFederal Signal Corporationin Chicago from 1984 to 2003, theAstronautics Corporation of Americain his hometown of Milwaukee from 1990 to 1999, and Centel from 1987 to 1991. In 1999, the Lovell family opened a restaurant inLake Forest, Illinois, \"Lovell's of Lake Forest\". The restaurant displayed memorabilia from Lovell's time with NASA and the filming ofApollo 13. The restaurant was sold to son and executive chef James (\"Jay\") in 2006.The restaurant was put on the market for sale in February 2014,and it closed in April 2015, the property being auctioned the same month. Marilyn Lovell (born on July 11, 1930) died of natural causes at the age of 93, at her home in the Lake Forest Place retirement community in Lake Forest, Illinois on August 27, 2023. Upon the death ofFrank Bormanon November 7, 2023, Lovell became the oldest living former astronaut. Awards and decorations Lovell's awards and decorations include: Military, federal service, and foreign awards Other awards and accomplishments The Gemini 6 and 7 crews were awarded theHarmon International Trophyfor 1966 in a ceremony at the White House.Lovell received a second Harmon International Trophy in 1967 when he and Aldrin were selected for their Gemini 12 flight.The Apollo 8 crew won theRobert J. Collier Trophyfor 1968,and PresidentRichard Nixonawarded them theDr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophyin 1969, which Lovell accepted on behalf of the crew.The General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy is normally awarded to Air Force personnel, but an exception was made to include Lovell, and the Apollo 8 crew were awarded the 1968 trophy.Lovell was awarded a third Harmon International Trophy in 1969 for his role in the Apollo 8 mission.The Apollo 8 crew was also awarded theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1970,and were namedTimeMagazine Men of the Yearin 1968.The Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10 crews were awarded the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award for 1969.Lovell was one of ten Gemini astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1982,and, along with the other 12 Gemini astronauts, Lovell was inducted into the secondU.S. Astronaut Hall of Fameclass in 1993.At a parade attended by 500,000 people, Lovell was conferred Chicago's medal of merit.The Apollo 13 crew was awarded the City of New York Gold Medal, but Lovell had already received it for the Apollo 8 mission. In lieu of a second medal, the mayor gifted him a crystal paperweight that he \"invented for the occasion\".He was also awarded the 1970 City ofHoustonMedal for Valor for the mission.He was awarded his second Haley Astronautics Award for his role on Apollo 13. Lovell was featured on the cover ofTimemagazine on January 3, 1969, and April 27, 1970,and on the cover ofLifemagazine on April 24, 1970. Lovell was a recipient of the University of Wisconsin's Distinguished Alumni Service Award in 1970. In his acceptance speech he emphasized the use of words over \"rock throwing\" to help attain political goals.He was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree atWestern Michigan University's summer commencement exercises in 1970.He was also awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree atWilliam Paterson College's commencement exercises in 1974.Lovell was also granted an honorarydoctor of sciencedegree from University of Wisconsin–Madison, his original alma mater, speaking at the December 2016 commencement. Tributes A small crater on thefar side of the Moonwas namedLovellin his honor in 1970.Discovery Worldin Milwaukee was renamed The James Lovell Museum of Science, Economics and Technology. It was at the time located on James Lovell St., also named for Lovell.TheCaptain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Centerwas completed in October 2010, merging theNaval Health Clinic Great Lakesand the North Chicago Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Organizations In popular culture About a month after the return to Earth of Apollo 13, Lovell and his crewmates, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert, appeared onThe Tonight Showwith hostJohnny Carson.In 1976, Lovell made a cameo appearance in the Nicolas Roeg movieThe Man Who Fell to Earth. Lovell andJeffrey Klugerwrote a 1994 book about the Apollo 13 mission,Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13,on which the 1995Ron HowardfilmApollo 13was based. Lovell's first impression on being approached about the film was thatKevin Costnerwould be a good choice to portray him, given the physical resemblance,butTom Hankswas cast in the role.To prepare, Hanks visited James and Marilyn Lovell at their home in Texas and flew with Lovell in his private airplane.Kathleen Quinlanwas nominated for asupporting actress Oscarfor her performance as Marilyn. In the film, Lovell has a cameo as the captain of theUSSIwo Jima. He can be seen as the naval officer shaking Hanks' hand, as Hanks speaks invoice-over, in the scene where the astronauts come aboard theIwo Jima. The filmmakers offered to make Lovell's character an admiral aboard the ship, but Lovell said: \"I retired as a captain and a captain I will be.\" He was cast as the ship's skipper, CaptainLeland Kirkemo. Along with his wife Marilyn, who also has a cameo in the film, Lovell provided a commentary track on both the single disc and the two-disc special edition DVD. Tim Dalyportrayed Lovell in the 1998HBOminiseriesFrom the Earth to the Moon,andPablo Schreiberin the 2018 film about Armstrong,First Man. Notes References External links",
"Jack Swigert John Leonard Swigert Jr.(August 30, 1931 – December 27, 1982) was an AmericanNASAastronaut,test pilot,mechanical engineer,aerospace engineer,United States Air Forcepilot, andpolitician. In April 1970, as command module pilot ofApollo 13, he became one of24 astronauts who flew to the Moon.Ironically, due to the \"slingshot\" route around the Moon they chose to safely return to Earth, the Apollo 13 astronauts flew farther away from Earth than any other astronauts before or since, though they had to abort the Moon landing. Before joining NASA in 1966, Swigert was a civiliantest pilotandfighter pilotin theAir National Guard. After leaving NASA, he ran forSenatebut lost in a primary election againstBill Armstrong. Later he ran forCongress, but while running was diagnosed with cancer. He won the election for Colorado's new6th districtin 1982, but died before being sworn in. Early life John Leonard Swigert Jr. was born on August 30, 1931, inDenver,Colorado, to parents John Leonard Swigert Sr. (1903–1973) and Virginia Swigert (1906–1993). Swigert's father was anophthalmologist.At the age of 14, he became fascinated by aviation. While he would have been content just watching planes take off from nearby Combs Field, young Jack became determined to do more than be a spectator. He took on a newspaper route to earn money for flying lessons, and by age 16 he was alicensed private pilot.He was a member of theBoy Scouts of Americaand attained the rank ofSecond Class Scout.He attendedBlessed Sacrament School,Regis Jesuit High School, andEast High School, from which he graduated in 1949. Swigert received aBachelor of Sciencedegree inmechanical engineeringfromUniversity of Coloradoin 1953, where he also playedfootballfor theBuffaloes.He later earned aMaster of Sciencedegree inaerospace engineeringfromRensselaer Polytechnic Institute(Hartford campus) in 1965,and aMaster of Business Administrationdegree fromUniversity of Hartfordin 1967. His recreational interests includedgolf,handball,bowling,skiing,swimming, andbasketball. His hobbies includedphotography. Flight experience Following his graduation from Colorado in 1953, Swigert joined theUnited States Air Force(USAF). Upon graduation from the Pilot Training Program andGunnery SchoolatNellis Air Force Base,Nevada, he was assigned as afighter pilotinJapanandSouth Korea. In 1953, he survived his plane crashing into a radar unit on a Korean airstrip. After completing his tour of active duty in the USAF, he served as a jet fighter pilot with theMassachusetts(1957–1960) andConnecticut Air National Guard(1960–1965).Swigert held a position as engineering test pilot forNorth American Aviationbefore joining NASA. He was previously an engineering test pilot forPratt & Whitney, from February 1957 to June 1964. He logged over 7,200 hours in flight, including more than 5,725 hours injet aircraft. NASA career After unsuccessfully applying for NASA'ssecondandthirdastronaut selections,Swigert was accepted into theNASA Astronaut Corpsas part ofNASA Astronaut Group 5in April 1966.Swigert became a specialist on theApollo command module: he was one of the few astronauts who requested to be command module pilots. Swigert was a member ofApollo 7's astronaut support crew, the first support crew for an Apollo mission; he served asCapsule communicator(CAPCOM) during the ascent phase of the flight. Apollo 13 Swigert was one of three astronauts aboard theApollo 13Moon mission launched April 11, 1970. Originally part of the backup crew for the mission, he was assigned to the mission three days before launch, replacing astronautKen Mattingly. The prime crew had been exposed toGerman Measles(the rubella virus) fromCharles Dukeand, because Mattingly had no immunity to the disease, NASA did not want to risk him falling ill during critical phases of the flight. Apollo 13 was the third crewed lunar-landing attempt, but was aborted after the rupture of an oxygen tank in the spacecraft'sservice module. Swigert was the astronaut who first announced, \"Houston, we've had a problem here\".The statement was then repeated by commander of the flightJim Lovell. Swigert, along with fellow astronauts Lovell andFred Haise, traveled around the Moon and returned safely to Earth on April 17 after about 5 days and 23 hours, and received thePresidential Medal of Freedomthe next day. Apollo–Soyuz Test Project NASA Director of Flight Crew OperationsDeke Slayton, who selected the astronauts, recommended Swigert ascommand module pilotfor theApollo–Soyuz Test Project, the first joint mission with theSoviet Union. Slayton felt Swigert deserved another chance to fly after having been selected for Apollo 13 two days before launch, and performing well. During 1972, theApollo 15 postal covers incidentcaused NASA investigators to inquire into other astronauts.A number of Apollo astronauts, including Swigert, had made agreements with West German stamp dealer Hermann Sieger, who originated the idea for theApollo 15covers, to autograph philatelic items in exchange for a payment of about $2,500. Swigert originally denied involvement when interviewed by NASA investigators.According toChristopher C. Kraft, the investigators subpoenaed his bank records, finding more funds than expected, and records of a predated charitable donation.Swigert's subsequent admission caused NASA Deputy AdministratorGeorge M. Lowto remove him from Apollo–Soyuz. Post-NASA career Aware that his spaceflight career was most likely over,Swigert took a leave of absence from NASA in April 1973 and went toWashington, D.C.to become executive director of theCommittee on Science and Astronautics,U.S. House of Representatives. Swigert eventually left NASA and the committee in August 1977 to enter politics.He ran for theU.S. Senatein 1978, but was soundly defeated in the Republican primary in September byCongressmanBill Armstrong, who was far better known.In 1979, Swigert became vice president of B.D.M. Corporation inGolden.He left in 1981 to join International Gold and Minerals Limited as vice president for financial and corporate affairs. In February 1982, Swigert left International Gold and Minerals Limited to run forU.S. Congressin the newly created6th districtas a Republican. When amalignant tumorin his right nasal passage was found, theastronaut-politiciandisclosed this to the voters. Doctors told him he would finish radiation treatments on June 15 and make a complete recovery.However, in August, Swigert developed back pain and was diagnosed withbone marrow cancer.On November 2, 1982, he won the seat with 64% of the popular vote. Death On December 19, 1982, seven weeks after his election, he was airlifted from his home inLittletontoGeorgetown University Hospitalin Washington, D.C. He died ofrespiratory failureat itsLombardi Cancer Centeron December 27, seven days before the beginning of his congressional term, aged 51.He was the last member-elect of the House to die before taking office untilLuke Letlow'sdeath fromCOVID-19in December 2020. Fifteen astronauts, including fellow Apollo 13 crewmatesJim LovellandFred Haise, were among the thousand mourners at hisfull military honorsfuneral in Denver, presided over byArchbishopJames Casey, which included amissing man flyoverbyA-7 Corsairsof theColorado Air National Guard.He is buried alongside his parents inMount Olivet CemeteryinWheat Ridge. Awards, honors, and organizations Swigert received theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA)Octave Chanute Awardfor 1966 for his participation in demonstrating theRogallo wingas a feasible land landing system for returning space vehicles and astronauts. President Richard Nixon awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedomto the Apollo 13 crew shortly after the conclusion of their mission.Following a sparse parade, Swigert received the City of New York Gold Medal on June 3.He received the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor, 1970.Swigert received theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Award for 1970.He was given University of Colorado-Boulder's Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award in 1970.Vice President Spiro Agnew presented the crews of Apollo 11, 12, and 13 with theNASA Distinguished Service Medalin 1970.The Apollo 13 crew also received the AIAA Haley Astronautics Award in 1971, which included a small monetary award and a medal. Swigert was awarded the 1972 Antonian Gold Medal. He was presented anHonorary Doctorate of Sciencedegree fromAmerican International Collegein 1970,anHonorary Doctorate of Lawsdegree fromWestern State Universityin 1970,and anHonorary Doctorate of SciencefromWestern Michigan Universityin 1970. In 1983, Swigert was among 14 Apollo astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Fame. In 1988, Swigert was inducted into theColorado Aviation Hall of Fame. In 1995, Swigert was portrayed byKevin BaconinRon Howard's filmApollo 13. In 1997, Swigert, along with 23 other Apollo astronauts, was posthumously inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of Famewhich is located at the Kennedy Space Center. He was elected in September 2003 to theRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteAlumni Hall of Fame. In 1997, astatue of Swigertmade by George and Mark Lundeen was placed on display in theU.S. Capitol Buildingas one of two statues given by the state of Colorado to theNational Statuary Hall Collection.As of December 2008 the statue is on display in Emancipation Hall in theUnited States Capitol Visitor Center. A duplicate statue is currently on display atDenver International AirportTerminal B, where passengers exit the airport's train system. The Space Foundation was founded in 1983 in part to honor the memory and accomplishments of Swigert.In 2004, the Space Foundation launched theJohn L. \"Jack\" Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration, which is presented annually to an individual, group, or organization that has made a significant contribution to space exploration. On August 18, 2009, theSpace Foundationand Colorado Springs District 11 partnered to open the Jack Swigert Aerospace Academy. Swigert was a member of numerous organizations. He was afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society; associate fellow of theSociety of Experimental Test Pilotsand theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and member of theQuiet Birdmen,Phi Gamma Delta,Pi Tau Sigma, andSigma Tau. See also References Works cited External links",
"Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr.(/heɪz/HAYZ;born November 14, 1933) is an American formerNASAastronaut,engineer,fighter pilotwith theU.S. Marine CorpsandU.S. Air Force, and atest pilot. He is one of24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown asLunar Modulepilot onApollo 13. He was slated to become the 6th person to walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 landing mission was aborted en route. Haise went on to fly fiveSpace ShuttleApproach and Landing Testsin 1977,before retiring from NASA in 1979. Early life Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. was born on November 14, 1933, and raised inBiloxi, Mississippi, to Fred Wallace Haise (1903–1960) and Lucille (néeBlacksher) Haise (1913–2005).: 1He has a younger sister who was born in 1941.: 6After theattack on Pearl Harboron December 7, 1941, his father enlisted in theU.S. Navyat the age of 38, and the Haise family moved toChicago.: 8The family then moved toKey West, Florida, until his father's ship,YMS-84, deployed to theSouth Pacific, when the family moved back to Biloxi.: 9–10He graduated fromBiloxi High Schoolin 1950.: 13He attendedPerkinston Junior Collegewith a scholarship for journalism,: 13and played on the baseball team.: 14He graduated in 1952,and joined the Naval Aviation Cadet Program.: 16He went to ground school atNAS Pensacola,: 16and then moved toNAS Whiting Fieldin 1952.: 18He trained in theSNJandF6F Hellcat, and completed his flight training in 1954.: 22–26He served as aU.S. Marine Corpsfighterpilot, with VMF-533, then VMF-114 on theF2H-4 BansheeandF9F-8 CougaratMCAS Cherry Point,North Carolina, from March 1954 to September 1956. Haise also served as a tactics and all-weatherflight instructorin the U.S. Navy Advanced Training Command atNAS Kingsville,Texas. Haise has accumulated 9,300 hours flying time, including 6,200 hours injets. After his military service, Haise returned to school and graduated with aBachelor of Sciencedegree with honors inaeronautical engineeringfrom theUniversity of Oklahomain 1959, concurrently serving for two years in theOklahoma Air National Guard, as a fighter interceptor pilot with the185th Fighter Interceptor Squadron,flying theF-86D.He then worked for the newly createdNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), first as a research pilot at theLewis Research CenternearCleveland. HisAir National Guardunit was called up during theBerlin Crisis of 1961and he served ten months as a fighter pilot in theUnited States Air Force.He was a tactical fighter pilot and chief of the 164th Standardization-Evaluation Flight of the164th Tactical Fighter SquadronatMansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base,Ohio,flying theF-84F. Haise completed post-graduate courses at theU.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School(Class 64A) atEdwards Air Force Base,Californiain 1964, and attended the six-weekHarvard Business School'sAdvanced Management Programin 1972. NASA career In 1966, Haise was one of 19 astronauts selected forNASA Astronaut Group 5.He had already worked with NASA for several years as a civilian research pilot. He was the first astronaut in his group to be assigned to a mission, serving as backup Lunar Module Pilot for bothApollo 8andApollo 11. Apollo 13 It only seems interesting to the public if it's the first exploration of another planetary body, or if you're having a problem. Fred Haise According to the rotation of crews during Apollo, Haise was originally assigned as Lunar Module Pilot forApollo 14, but his crew was switched to Apollo 13 so thatAlan Shepardcould have more training time. He flew as Lunar Module Pilot on the abortedApollo 13lunar mission in 1970.Due to the distance between the Earth and Moon during the mission, Haise,Jim Lovell, andJack Swigerthold the record for the farthest distance from the Earth ever traveled by human beings.Haise and Jack Swigert were the first people from Group 5 to fly in space. During this flight Haise developed aurinary tract infectionand later kidney infections. These caused him to be in pain for most of the trip. Haise was slated to become the 6th human to walk on the Moon during Apollo 13 behind Lovell, who was to be 5th.Alan ShepardandEdgar Mitchelleventually became the fifth and sixth, respectively, onApollo 14, which completed Apollo 13's mission to theFra Mauro formation. Haise later served as backup commander forApollo 16. Though there was no formal selection, Haise was prospectively slated to commandApollo 19withWilliam R. Pogueas Command Module Pilot andGerald P. Carras Lunar Module Pilot. However, the mission was canceled in 1970 due to budget cuts. Space Shuttle approach and landing tests After completing his backup assignment on Apollo 16, Haise moved to theSpace Shuttle program. In 1977, he participated in the program'sApproach and Landing Tests(ALT) atEdwards Air Force Base.Along withC. Gordon Fullertonas pilot, Haise as commander piloted theSpace ShuttleEnterprisein free flight to three landings after being released from theShuttle Carrier Aircraft.The tests verified the shuttle's flight characteristics, an important step toward the success of the program. Haise was assigned to commandSTS-2A, withJack R. Lousmaas pilot, the second Space Shuttle mission, which would have delivered theTeleoperator Retrieval Systemthat would have boostedSkylabto a higher orbit, preserving it for future use. Delays in the Shuttle program development as well as an unexpected increase in Skylab's orbital decay led to the mission being canceled. Skylab was destroyed upon entering the Earth's atmosphere in July 1979, while the Space Shuttle did not launch until April 1981. In June 1979, Haise left NASA to become a test pilot andexecutivewithGrumman Aerospace Corporation, where he remained until retiring in 1996.He was the only one of the four astronauts who conducted theEnterpriselanding tests not to fly in space on the Shuttle. Personal life Haise has four children with his first wife Mary Griffin Grant, whom he married on June 4, 1954, and divorced on July 21, 1978.He married Frances Patt Price, on January 9, 1979.On February 7, 2022, Frances died. On August 22, 1973, Haise was piloting aConvair BT-13belonging to theCommemorative Air Forcethat had been converted to look like anAichi D3A\"Val\" torpedo bomber for the 1970 filmTora! Tora! Tora!. While attempting a landing go around atScholes FieldinGalveston, Texas, an undetermined power plant failure led to a crash landing. Haise sufferedsecond‐degree burnsover 50 percent of his body in the post crash fire. Haise published his autobiography,Never Panic Early, about his life and experiences in the Apollo program in 2022. Organizations Haise is afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society(AAS) and theSociety of Experimental Test Pilots(SETP); member,Tau Beta Pi,Sigma Gamma Tau, andPhi Theta Kappa; and honorary member, National WWII Glider Pilots Association. Awards and honors Haise's other awards include theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1971;theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Awards for 1970 and 1977; the City ofNew YorkGold Medal in 1970;the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor in 1970;theJeff DavisAward (1970);the Mississippi Distinguished Civilian Service Medal (1970);the American Defense Ribbon;the SETP's Ray E. Tenhoff Award for 1966;the A. B. Honts Trophy as the outstanding graduate of Class 64A from the Aerospace Research Pilot School in 1964;an honorary doctor of science degree fromWestern Michigan University(1970);theJSCSpecial Achievement Award (1978);theSoaring Society of America's Certificate of Achievement Award (1978); the GeneralThomas D. WhiteUSAF Space Trophy for 1977;the SETP'sIven C. Kincheloe Award(1978);and theAir Force Association'sDavid C. SchillingAward (1978). He received thePresidential Medal of Freedom,NASA Distinguished Service Medal,andNASA Exceptional Service Medal. He was inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1983 and theAerospace Walk of Honorin 1995.He was also one of 24 Apollo astronauts inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of Fameon October 4, 1997. On February 13, 2022, the City of Biloxi unveiled a statue of Haise in the parking lot of the historicBiloxi Lighthouse. Haise was present at the ceremony and had his handprints set in concrete at the statue's base prior to its unveiling. The statue was created by Mississippi artist Mary Ott Tremel Davidson. In September 2023, Haise was inducted into theNational Aviation Hall of Famein Dayton, Ohio. In popular culture In the 1995 motion pictureApollo 13, Haise was played byBill Paxton. See also References Sources External links"
] | [
"Stonewall riots TheStonewall riots, also known as theStonewall uprising,Stonewall rebellion,Stonewall revolution,or simplyStonewall, were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against apolice raidthat took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at theStonewall Inn, in theGreenwich Villageneighborhood ofNew York City. Although the demonstrations werenot the first time American homosexuals fought backagainst government-sponsored persecution ofsexual minorities, the Stonewall riots marked a new beginning for thegay rights movementin the United States and around the world. American gays and lesbians in the 1950s and 1960s faced a legal system more anti-homosexual than those of someWarsaw Pactcountries.Earlyhomophilegroups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society, and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals alike. The last years of the 1960s, however, were very contentious, as many social movements were active,",
"were active, including theAfrican American Civil Rights Movement, theCounterculture of the 1960s, andantiwar demonstrations. These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots. Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. The Stonewall Inn was owned by theMafiaand catered to an assortment of patrons, popular among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community:drag queens, representatives of a newly self-awaretransgendercommunity, effeminate young men,hustlers, and homeless youth. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn and attracted a crowd that was incited toriot. Tensions betweenNew York City policeand gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. Within weeks,",
"Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about theirsexual orientationwithout fear of being arrested. Following the Stonewall riots, sexual minorities in New York City faced gender, class, and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community. In the weeks and months after, they initiated politically active social organizations and launched publications that spoke openly about rights for gay people. The first anniversary of the riots was marked by peaceful demonstrations in several American cities that have since grown to becomepride parades. TheStonewall National Monumentwas established at the site in 2016. Today, pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. Background Homosexuality in 20th-century United States Following the social upheaval ofWorld War II, many people in the United States felt a fervent desire to \"restore the prewar",
"\"restore the prewar social order and hold off the forces of change\", according to historianBarry Adam.Spurred by the national emphasis onanti-communism, SenatorJoseph McCarthyconducted hearings searching for communists in the U.S. government, theU.S. Army, and other government-funded agencies and institutions, leading to a national paranoia.Anarchists,communists, and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks. Gay men and lesbians wereincludedin this list by theU.S. State Departmenton the theory that they were susceptible toblackmail. In 1950, a Senate investigation chaired byClyde R. Hoeynoted in a report, \"It is generally believed that those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons\",and said all of the government's intelligence agencies \"are in complete agreement that sex perverts in Government constitute security risks\".Between 1947 and 1950, 1,700 federal job applications were denied, 4,380 people were discharged from the",
"discharged from the military, and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, theFederal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) and police departments kept lists of known homosexuals and their favored establishments and friends; theU.S. Post Officekept track of addresses where material pertaining tohomosexualitywas mailed.State and local governments followed suit: bars catering to gay men and lesbians were shut down and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers. Cities performed \"sweeps\" to rid neighborhoods, parks, bars, and beaches of gay people. They outlawed the wearing of opposite-gender clothes and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual. In 1952, theAmerican Psychiatric Associationlisted homosexuality in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual(DSM) as a mental disorder. A large-scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify the inclusion of the \"disorder\" as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the",
"hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent–child relationships. This view was widely influential in the medical profession.In 1956, the psychologistEvelyn Hookerperformed a study that compared the happiness and well-adjusted nature of self-identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference.Her study stunned the medical community and made her a hero to many gay men and lesbians,but homosexuality remained in theDSMuntil 1974. Homophile activism In response to this trend, two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of gay men and lesbians and provide opportunities where they could socialize without fear of being arrested.Los Angelesarea homosexuals created theMattachine Societyin 1950, in the home of communist activistHarry Hay.Their objectives were to unify homosexuals, educate them, provide leadership, and assist \"sexual deviants\" with legal troubles.Facing enormous opposition to their radical approach, in 1953 the Mattachine shifted their",
"shifted their focus to assimilation and respectability. They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gay men and lesbians were normal people, no different from heterosexuals.Soon after, several women inSan Franciscomet in their living rooms to form theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB) for lesbians.Although the eight women who created the DOB initially came together to be able to have a safe place to dance, as the DOB grew they developed similar goals to the Mattachine and urged their members to assimilate into general society. One of the first challenges togovernment repressioncame in 1953. An organization namedONE, Inc.published a magazine calledONE. The U.S. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue, which concerned homosexual people in heterosexual marriages, on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping. The case eventuallywent to the Supreme Court, which in 1958 ruled that ONE, Inc. could mail its materials through the",
"through the Postal Service. Homophileorganizations—as homosexual groups self-identified in this era—grew in number and spread to the East Coast. Gradually, members of these organizations grew bolder.Frank Kamenyfounded the Mattachine ofWashington, D.C.He had been fired from the U.S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated. Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals, often aiming his efforts atmental health professionals, some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal. In 1965, news onCubanprison work camps for homosexuals inspired Mattachine New York and D.C. to organize protests at theUnited Nationsand theWhite House. Similar demonstrations were then held also at other government buildings. The purpose was to protest the treatment of gay people in Cubaand U.S. employment discrimination. These pickets shocked many gay people and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB.At the same time,",
"the same time, demonstrations in the civil rights movement andopposition to the Vietnam Warall grew in prominence, frequency, and severity throughout the 1960s, as did their confrontations with police forces. Earlier resistance and riots On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations. They were effeminate men and masculine women, or people who dressed and lived in contrast to theirsex assigned at birth, either part or full-time. Contemporaneous nomenclature classified them astransvestitesand they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities. They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB asserted homosexuals were respectable, normal people.The Mattachine and DOB considered the trials of being arrested for wearing clothing of the opposite gender as a parallel to the struggles of homophile organizations: similar but distinctly separate. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people staged a smallriot at",
"a smallriot at the Cooper Do-nutscafé in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment.In a larger 1966 event in San Francisco, drag queens, hustlers, and trans womenwere sitting inCompton's Cafeteriawhen the police arrived to arrest people appearing to be physically male who were presenting as women. A riot ensued, with the cafeteria patrons slinging cups, plates, and saucers and breaking theplexiglasswindows in the front of the restaurant and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced.ProfessorSusan Strykerclassifies the Compton's Cafeteria riot as an \"act of anti-transgender discrimination, rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation\" and connects the uprising to the issues of gender, race, and class that were being downplayed by homophile organizations.It marked the beginning oftransgenderactivism in San Francisco. Greenwich Village TheManhattanneighborhoods of Greenwich Village andHarlemwere home to sizable gay and lesbian populations",
"lesbian populations afterWorld War I, when people who had served in the military took advantage of the opportunity to settle in larger cities. The enclaves of gay men and lesbians, described by a newspaper story as \"short-haired women and long-haired men\", developed a distinct subculture through the following two decades.Prohibitioninadvertently benefited gay establishments, as drinking alcohol was pushed underground along with other behaviors considered immoral. New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses, but because alcohol was in high demand,speakeasiesand impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all.However, police raids continued, resulting in the closure of iconic establishments such asEve's Hangoutin 1926. The social repression of the 1950s resulted in a cultural revolution in Greenwich Village. A cohort of poets, later named theBeatpoets, wrote about the evils of the social organization at the",
"organization at the time, glorifying anarchy, drugs, and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance, consumerism, and closed-mindedness. Of them,Allen GinsbergandWilliam S. Burroughs—both Greenwich Village residents—also wrote bluntly and honestly about homosexuality. Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal-minded people, as well as homosexuals looking for a community. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in full effect by order of MayorRobert F. Wagner Jr., who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the1964 World's Fair. The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible.Entrapmentusually consisted of an undercover officer who found a man in a bar or public park, engaged him in conversation; if the conversation headed toward the possibility that they might leave together—or the officer bought the man a drink—he was arrested forsolicitation. One story in",
"One story in theNew York Postdescribed an arrest in a gym locker room, where the officer grabbed his crotch, moaning, and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested.Few lawyers would defend cases as undesirable as these and some of those lawyers kicked back their fees to the arresting officer. The Mattachine Society succeeded in getting newly elected mayorJohn Lindsayto end the campaign of police entrapment in New York City. They had a more difficult time with theNew York State Liquor Authority(SLA). While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals, courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become \"disorderly\".Despite the high population of gay men and lesbians who called Greenwich Village home, very few places existed, other than bars, where they were able to congregate openly without being harassed or arrested. In 1966 the New York Mattachine held a \"sip-in\" at a Greenwich Village bar namedJulius, which was frequented by gay men, to",
"by gay men, to illustrate the discrimination homosexuals faced. None of the bars frequented by gay men and lesbians were owned by gay people. Almost all of them were owned and controlled byorganized crime, who treated the regulars poorly, watered down the liquor, and overcharged for drinks. However, they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids. Stonewall Inn The Stonewall Inn, located at 51 and 53Christopher Street, along with several other establishments in the city, was owned by theGenovese crime family.In 1966, three members of the Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff known as agayola, as the Stonewall Inn had noliquor license.It had no running water behind the bar—dirty glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused.There were no fire exits, and the toilets overran consistently.Though the bar was not used for",
"was not used for prostitution, drug sales and other black market activities took place. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed;dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club. Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by abouncerwho inspected them through a peephole in the door. The legal drinking age was 18 and to avoid unwittingly letting in undercover police (who were called \"Lily Law\", \"Alice Blue Gown\", or \"Betty Badge\"), visitors would have to be known by the doorman or 'look gay'. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private \"bottle club\", but they rarely signed their real names. There were two dance floors in the Stonewall. The interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights orblack lights. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching.In the rear of the bar was a smaller room frequented by \"queens\";",
"by \"queens\"; it was one of two bars where effeminate men who wore makeup and teased their hair (though dressed in men's clothing) could go.Only a few people in fulldragwere allowed in by the bouncers. The customers were \"98 percent male\" but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearbyChristopher Park, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks.The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties and the racial mix was distributed among mainly white, with Black, and Hispanic patrons.Because of its mix of people, its location, and the attraction of dancing, the Stonewall Inn was known by many as \"thegay bar in the city\". Police raids on gay bars were frequent, occurring on average once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized.Bar management usually knew about raids",
"knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished.During a typical raid, the lights were turned on and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used theirdraft cardsas identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Typically, employees and management of the bars were also arrested.The period immediately before June 28, 1969, was marked by frequent raids of local bars—including a raid at the Stonewall Inn on the Tuesday before the riots—and the closing of the Checkerboard, the Tele-Star, and two other clubs in Greenwich Village. Riots Police raid At 1:20 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, four plainclothes policemen in dark suits, two patrol officers in uniform,",
"in uniform, Detective Charles Smythe, and Deputy InspectorSeymour Pinearrived at the Stonewall Inn's double doors and announced \"Police! We're taking the place!\"Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen entered the bar early that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once ready, the undercover officers called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night, as was the custom.The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 200 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. Michael Fader remembered, \"Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to",
"get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar.\" The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their sex, upon which any people appearing to be physically male and dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those suspected of cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar. All parties involved recall that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly, started by police who assaulted some of the lesbians by \"feeling some of them up inappropriately\" while frisking them. When did you ever see a fag fight back?... Now, times were a-changin'. Tuesday night was the last night for bullshit... Predominantly, the theme as, \"this shit has got to",
"shit has got to stop!\" —anonymous Stonewall riots participant The police were to transport the bar's alcohol in patrol wagons. Twenty-eight cases of beer and nineteen bottles of hard liquor were seized, but the patrol wagons had not yet arrived, so patrons were required to wait in line for about 15 minutes.Those who were not arrested were released from the front door, but they did not leave quickly as usual. Instead, they stopped outside and a crowd began to grow and watch. Within minutes, between 100 and 150 people had congregated outside, some after they were released from inside the Stonewall and some after noticing the police cars and the crowd. Although the police forcefully pushed or kicked some patrons out of the bar, some customers released by the police performed for the crowd by posing and saluting the police in an exaggerated fashion. The crowd's applause encouraged them further. When the first patrol wagon arrived, Inspector Pine recalled that the crowd—most of whom were homosexual—had grown to",
"grown to at least ten times the number of people who were arrested and they all became very quiet.Confusion over radio communication delayed the arrival of a second wagon. The police began escorting Mafia members into the first wagon, to the cheers of the bystanders. Next, regular employees were loaded into the wagon. A bystander shouted, \"Gay power!\", someone began singing \"We Shall Overcome\" and the crowd reacted with amusement and general good humor mixed with \"growing and intensive hostility\".An officer shoved a person in drag, who responded by hitting him on the head with her purse. The cop clubbed her over the head, as the crowd began to boo. AuthorEdmund White, who had been passing by, recalled, \"Everyone's restless, angry, and high-spirited. No one has a slogan, no one even has an attitude, but something's brewing.\"Pennies, then beer bottles, were thrown at the wagon as a rumor spread through the crowd that patrons still inside the bar were being beaten. A scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs",
"woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times. She escaped repeatedly and fought with four of the police, swearing and shouting, for about ten minutes. Described as \"a typical New York butch\" and \"a dyke–stone butch\", she had been hit on the head by an officer with abatonfor, as one witness claimed, complaining that her handcuffs were too tight.Bystanders recalled that the woman, whose identity remains unknown (Stormé DeLarveriehas been identified by some, including herself, as the woman, but accounts vary), sparked the crowd to fight when she looked at bystanders and shouted, \"Why don't you guys do something?\" After an officer picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon,the crowd became a mob and became violent. Violence breaks out The police tried to restrain some of the crowd, knocking a few people down, which incited bystanders even more. Some of those handcuffed in the wagon escaped when police left them unattended (deliberately, according",
"according to some witnesses).As the crowd tried to overturn the police wagon, two police cars and the wagon—with a few slashed tires—left immediately, with Inspector Pine urging them to return as soon as possible. The commotion attracted more people who learned what was happening. Someone in the crowd declared that the bar had been raided because \"they didn't pay off the cops\", to which someone else yelled, \"Let's pay them off!\"Coins sailed through the air towards the police as the crowd shouted \"Pigs!\" and \"Faggot cops!\" Beer cans were thrown and the police lashed out, dispersing some of the crowd who found a construction site nearby with stacks of bricks. The police, outnumbered by between 500 and 600 people, grabbed several people, including activist folk singer (and mentor ofBob Dylan)Dave Van Ronk—who had been attracted to the revolt from a bar two doors away from the Stonewall. Though Van Ronk was not gay, he had experienced police violence when he participated in antiwar demonstrations: \"As far as I",
"\"As far as I was concerned, anybody who'd stand against the cops was all right with me and that's why I stayed in... Every time you turned around the cops were pulling some outrage or another.\"Van Ronk was the first of thirteen arrested that night.Ten police officers—including two policewomen—barricaded themselves, Van Ronk,Howard Smith(a column writer forThe Village Voice), and several handcuffed detainees inside the Stonewall Inn for their own safety. Multiple accounts of the riot assert that there was no pre-existing organization or apparent cause for the demonstration; what ensued was spontaneous.Michael Fader explained: We all had a collective feeling like we'd had enough of this kind of shit. It wasn't anything tangible anybody said to anyone else, it was just kind of like everything over the years had come to a head on that one particular night in the one particular place and it was not an organized demonstration... The only known photograph from the first night of the riots, taken by freelance",
"taken by freelance photographer Joseph Ambrosini, shows the homeless gay youth who slept in nearby Christopher Park, scuffling with police. Jackie Hormona andTommy Lanigan-Schmidtare on the far left. The Mattachine Society newsletter a month later offered its explanation of why the riots occurred: \"It catered largely to a group of people who are not welcome in, or cannot afford, other places of homosexual social gathering... The Stonewall became home to these kids. When it was raided, they fought for it. That and the fact that they had nothing to lose other than the most tolerant and broadminded gay place in town, explains why.\" Garbage cans, garbage, bottles, rocks, and bricks were hurled at the building, breaking the windows. Witnesses attest that \"flame queens\", hustlers, and gay \"street kids\"—the most outcast people in the gay community—were responsible for the first volley of projectiles, as well as the uprooting of aparking meterused as abattering ramon the doors of the Stonewall Inn. The mob lit",
"Inn. The mob lit garbage on fire and stuffed it through the broken windows as the police grabbed a fire hose. Because it had no water pressure, the hose was ineffective in dispersing the crowd and seemed only to encourage them.Marsha P. Johnsonlater said that it was the police that had started the fire in the bar.When demonstrators broke through the windows—which had been covered byplywoodby the bar owners to deter the police from raiding the bar—the police inside unholstered their pistols. The doors flew open and officers pointed their weapons at the angry crowd, threatening to shoot. Howard Smith, in the bar with the police, took a wrench from the bar and stuffed it in his pants, unsure if he might have to use it against the mob or the police. He watched someone squirtlighter fluidinto the bar; as it was lit and the police took aim,sirenswere heard and fire trucks arrived. The onslaught had lasted 45 minutes. When the violence broke out, the women and transmasculine people being held down the street atThe",
"the street atThe Women's House of Detentionjoined in by chanting, setting fire to their belongings and tossing them into the street below. The historian Hugh Ryan says, \"When I would talk to people about Stonewall, they would tell me, that night on Stonewall, we looked to the prison because we saw the women rioting and chanting, 'Gay rights, gay rights, gay rights.'\" Escalation TheTactical Patrol Force(TPF) of the New York City Police Department arrived to free the police trapped inside the Stonewall. One officer's eye was cut and a few others were bruised from being struck by flying debris.Bob Kohler, who was walking his dog by the Stonewall that night, saw the TPF arrive: I had been in enough riots to know the fun was over... The cops were totally humiliated. This never, ever happened. They were angrier than I guess they had ever been because everybody else had rioted... but the fairies were not supposed to riot... no group had ever forced cops to retreat before, so the anger was just enormous. I mean,",
"enormous. I mean, they wanted to kill. With larger numbers, police detained anyone they could and put them in patrol wagons to go to jail, though Inspector Pine recalled, \"Fights erupted with the transvestites, who wouldn't go into the patrol wagon.\" His recollection was corroborated by another witness across the street who said, \"All I could see about who was fighting was that it was transvestites and they were fighting furiously.\" The TPF formed aphalanxand attempted to clear the streets by marching slowly and pushing the crowd back. The mob openly mocked the police. The crowd cheered, started impromptukick linesand sang to the tune of \"Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay\": \"We are the Stonewall girls/ We wear our hair in curls/ We don't wear underwear/ We show our pubic hair.\"Lucian Truscottreported inThe Village Voice: \"A stagnant situation there brought on some gay tomfoolery in the form of achorus linefacing the line of helmeted and club-carrying cops. Just as the line got into a full kick routine, the TPF advanced",
"the TPF advanced again and cleared the crowd of screaming gay powerites down Christopher to Seventh Avenue.\"One participant who had been in the Stonewall during the raid recalled, \"The police rushed us and that's when I realized this is not a good thing to do, because they got me in the back with anightstick.\" Another account stated, \"I just can't ever get that one sight out of my mind. The cops with the and the kick line on the other side. It was the most amazing thing... And all the sudden that kick line, which I guess was a spoof on the machismo... I think that's when I felt rage. Because people were getting smashed with bats. And for what? A kick line.\" Marsha P. Johnson, anAfrican-Americanstreet queen,recalled arriving at the bar around \"2:00 \", and that at that point the riots were well underway, with the building in flames.As the riots went on into the early hours of the morning, Johnson, along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona, were noted as \"three individuals known to have been in the vanguard\" of",
"in the vanguard\" of the pushback against the police. Craig Rodwell, owner of theOscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, reported watching police chase participants through the crooked streets, only to see them appear around the next corner behind the police. Members of the mob stopped cars, overturning one of them to block Christopher Street.Jack NicholsandLige Clarke, in their column printed inScrew, declared that \"massive crowds of angry protesters chased for blocks screaming, 'Catch them!'\" By 4:00 am, the streets had nearly been cleared. Many people sat on stoops or gathered nearby in Christopher Park throughout the morning, dazed in disbelief at what had transpired. Many witnesses remembered the surreal and eerie quiet that descended upon Christopher Street, though there continued to be \"electricity in the air\".One commented: \"There was a certain beauty in the aftermath of the riot... It was obvious, at least to me, that a lot of people really were gay and, you know, this was our street.\"Thirteen people had",
"people had been arrested. Some in the crowd were hospitalized,and four police officers were injured. Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken. Inspector Pine had intended to close and dismantle the Stonewall Inn that night. Pay phones, toilets, mirrors,jukeboxes, and cigarette machines were all smashed, possibly in the riot and possibly by the police. Second night of rioting During the siege of the Stonewall, Craig Rodwell calledThe New York Times, theNew York Post, and theDaily Newsto tell them what was happening. All three papers covered the riots; theDaily Newsplaced coverage on the front page. News of the riot spread quickly throughout Greenwich Village, fueled by rumors that it had been organized by theStudents for a Democratic Society, theBlack Panthers, or triggered by \"a homosexual police officer whose roommate went dancing at the Stonewall against the officer's wishes\".All day Saturday, June 28, people came to stare at the burned and blackened Stonewall Inn.Graffitiappeared on the walls of",
"on the walls of the bar, declaring \"Drag power\", \"They invaded our rights\", \"Support gay power\" and \"Legalize gay bars\", along with accusations of police looting and—regarding the status of the bar—\"We are open.\" The next night, rioting again surrounded Christopher Street; participants remember differently which night was more frantic or violent. Many of the same people returned from the previous evening—hustlers, street youths, and \"queens\"—but they were joined by \"police provocateurs\", curious bystanders, and even tourists.Remarkable to many was the sudden exhibition of homosexual affection in public, as described by one witness: \"From going to places where you had to knock on a door and speak to someone through a peephole in order to get in. We were just out. We were in the streets.\" Thousands of people had gathered in front of the Stonewall, which had opened again, choking Christopher Street until the crowd spilled into adjoining blocks. The throng surrounded buses and cars, harassing the occupants",
"the occupants unless they either admitted they were gay or indicated their support for the demonstrators.Marsha P. Johnson was seen climbing a lamppost and dropping a heavy bag onto the hood of a police car, shattering the windshield. As on the previous evening, fires were started in garbage cans throughout the neighborhood. More than a hundred police were present from the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and NinthPrecincts, but after 2:00 a.m. the TPF arrived again. Kick lines and police chases waxed and waned; when police captured demonstrators, whom the majority of witnesses described as \"sissies\" or \"swishes\", the crowd surged to recapture them.Again, street battling ensued until 4:00 am. Beat poet and longtime Greenwich Village resident Allen Ginsberg lived on Christopher Street and happened upon the jubilant chaos. After he learned of the riot that had occurred the previous evening, he stated, \"Gay power! Isn't that great!... It's about time we did something to assert ourselves\" and visited the open Stonewall Inn",
"open Stonewall Inn for the first time. While walking home, he declared to Lucian Truscott, \"You know, the guys there were so beautiful—they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago.\" ActivistMark Segalrecounts thatMartha ShelleyandMarty Robinsonstood and made speeches from the front door of the Stonewall on June 29, 1969, the second night of the riot. Leaflets, press coverage, and more violence Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic on Monday, June 30, and Tuesday, July 1, partly due to rain. Police and Village residents had a few altercations, as both groups antagonized each other. Craig Rodwell and his partnerFred Sargeanttook the opportunity the morning after the first riot to print and distribute 5,000 leaflets, one of them reading: \"Get the Mafia and the Cops out of Gay Bars.\" The leaflets called for gay people to own their own establishments, for a boycott of the Stonewall and other Mafia-owned bars, and for public pressure on the mayor's office to investigate the \"intolerable",
"the \"intolerable situation\". Not everyone in the gay community considered the revolt a positive development. To many older homosexuals and many members of the Mattachine Society who had worked throughout the 1960s to promote homosexuals as no different from heterosexuals, the display of violence and effeminate behavior was embarrassing.Randy Wicker, who had marched in the first gay picket lines before the White House in 1965, said the \"screaming queens forming chorus lines and kicking went against everything that I wanted people to think about homosexuals... that we were a bunch of drag queens in the Village acting disorderly and tacky and cheap.\"Others found the closing of the Stonewall Inn, termed a \"sleaze joint\", as advantageous to the Village. On Wednesday, however,The Village Voiceran reports of the riots, written by Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott, that included unflattering descriptions of the events and its participants: \"forces of faggotry\", \"limp wrists\" and \"Sunday fag follies\".A mob descended",
"mob descended upon Christopher Street once again and threatened to burn down the offices ofThe Village Voice,which at the time was headquartered several buildings west of the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street; that proximity gave Truscott and other writers for the newspaper first hand observations of the uprising. Also in the mob of between 500 and 1,000 were other groups that had had unsuccessful confrontations with the police and were curious how the police were defeated in this situation. Another explosive street battle took place, with injuries to demonstrators and police alike, local shops getting looted, and arrests of five people.The incidents on Wednesday night lasted about an hour and were summarized by one witness: \"The word is out. Christopher Street shall be liberated. The fags have had it with oppression.\" Aftermath The feeling of urgency spread throughout Greenwich Village, even to people who had not witnessed the riots. Many who were moved by the rebellion attended organizational meetings,",
"meetings, sensing an opportunity to take action. On July 4, 1969, the Mattachine Society performed its annual picket in front ofIndependence HallinPhiladelphia, called theAnnual Reminder. OrganizersCraig Rodwell,Frank Kameny,Randy Wicker,Barbara Gittings, andKay Lahusen, who had all participated for several years, took a bus along with other picketers from New York City to Philadelphia. Since 1965, the pickets had been very controlled: women wore skirts and men wore suits and ties and all marched quietly in organized lines.This year Rodwell remembered feeling restricted by the rules Kameny had set. When two women spontaneously held hands, Kameny broke them apart, saying, \"None of that! None of that!\" Rodwell, however, convinced about ten couples to hold hands. The hand-holding couples made Kameny furious, but they earned more press attention than all of the previous marches.ParticipantLilli Vincenzremembered, \"It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered.\"Rodwell",
"empowered.\"Rodwell returned to New York City determined to change the established quiet, meek ways of trying to get attention. One of his first priorities was planning Christopher Street Liberation Day. Gay Liberation Front Although the Mattachine Society had existed since the 1950s, many of their methods now seemed too mild for people who had witnessed or been inspired by the riots. Mattachine recognized the shift in attitudes in a story from their newsletter entitled, \"The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World.\"When a Mattachine officer suggested an \"amicable and sweet\" candlelight vigil demonstration, a man in the audience fumed and shouted, \"Sweet!Bullshit!That's the role society has been forcing these queens to play.\"With a flyer announcing: \"Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are!\",theGay Liberation Front(GLF) was soon formed, the first gay organization to usegayin its name. Previous organizations such as theMattachine Society, theDaughters of Bilitis(DOB), and various",
"and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names. The rise of militancy became apparent to Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings—who had worked in homophile organizations for years and were both very public about their roles—when they attended a GLF meeting to see the new group. A young GLF member demanded to know who they were and what their credentials were. Gittings, nonplussed, stammered, \"I'm gay. That's why I'm here.\"The GLF borrowed tactics from and aligned themselves with black andantiwardemonstrators with the ideal that they \"could work to restructure American society\".They took on causes of the Black Panthers, marching to theWomen's House of Detentionin support ofAfeni Shakurand other radicalNew Leftcauses. Four months after the group formed, however, it disbanded when members were unable to agree on operating procedure. Gay Activists Alliance Within six months of the Stonewall riots, activists started a citywide newspaper calledGay; they considered it",
"they considered it necessary because the most liberal publication in the city—The Village Voice—refused to print the wordgayin GLF advertisements seeking new members and volunteers.Two other newspapers were initiated within a six-week period:Come Out!andGay Power; the readership of these three periodicals quickly climbed to between 20,000 and 25,000. GLF members organized several same-sex dances, but GLF meetings were chaotic. When Bob Kohler asked for clothes and money to help the homeless youth who had participated in the riots, many of whom slept in Christopher Park or Sheridan Square, the response was a discussion on the downfall ofcapitalism.In late December 1969, several people who had visited GLF meetings and left out of frustration formed theGay Activists Alliance(GAA). The GAA was to be more orderly and entirely focused on gay issues. Their constitution began, \"We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings.\"The GAA developed and",
"GAA developed and perfected a confrontational tactic called azap: they would catch a politician off guard during a public relations opportunity and force him or her to acknowledge gay and lesbian rights. City councilmen were zapped and mayor John Lindsay was zapped several times—once on television when GAA members made up the majority of the audience. Police raids on gay bars did not stop after the Stonewall riots. In March 1970, deputy inspector Seymour Pine raided the Zodiac and 17 Barrow Street. An after-hours gay club with no liquor or occupancy licenses called The Snake Pit was soon raided and 167 people were arrested. One of them wasDiego Viñales, an Argentinian national so frightened that he might bedeportedas a homosexual that he tried to escape the police precinct by jumping out of a two-story window, impaling himself on a 14-inch (36 cm) spike fence.TheNew York Daily Newsprinted a graphic photo of the young man's impalement on the front page. GAA members organized a march from Christopher Park to",
"Christopher Park to the Sixth Precinct in which hundreds of gay men, lesbians, and liberal sympathizers peacefully confronted the TPF.They also sponsored a letter-writing campaign to Mayor Lindsay in which the Greenwich VillageDemocratic Partyand congressmanEd Kochsent pleas to end raids on gay bars in the city. The Stonewall Inn lasted only a few weeks after the riot. By October 1969 it was up for rent. Village residents surmised it was too notorious a location and Rodwell's boycott discouraged business. Gay Pride Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with an assembly on Christopher Street; with simultaneous Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles andChicago, these were the firstGay Pride marchesin US history.The next year, Gay Pride marches took place inBoston,Dallas,Milwaukee,London,Paris,West BerlinandStockholm.Themarch in New Yorkcovered 51 blocks, from Christopher Street toCentral Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to",
"time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.The New York Timesreported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.Reporting byThe Village Voicewas positive, describing \"the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago\". There was little open animosity and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign \"I am a Lesbian\" walked by. —The New York Timescoverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970 By 1972, the participating cities includedAtlanta,Buffalo,Detroit, Washington, D.C.,Miami,Minneapolis, and Philadelphia,as well as San Francisco. Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince",
"trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from them. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department, and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the US government.Ten people marched with Kameny then and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, \"By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred.\" Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as \"one of the greatest mistakes of his life\".The image of gay people retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, \"stirred an unexpected spirit",
"unexpected spirit among many homosexuals\".Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, \"Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly, it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale.\"David Carter explained that even though there were several uprisings before Stonewall, the reason Stonewall was so significant was that thousands of people were involved, the riot lasted a long time (six days), it was the first to get major media coverage, and it sparked the formation of many gay rights groups. Trans organizations According toSusan Stryker's book,Transgender History, the Stonewall riots had significant effects on trans rights activism.Sylvia RiveraandMarsha P. Johnsonestablished the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization, as they believed that trans people weren't being adequately represented in the Gay Activists Alliance and Gay",
"Alliance and Gay Liberation Front. They established politicized versions of \"houses\", which came from Black and Latino queer communities, and were places that marginalized trans youth could seek shelter. Besides STAR, organizations such asTransvestites and Transsexuals(TAT) andQueens' Liberation Front(QLF) were also established. QLF, which was established by drag queen Lee Brewster and heterosexual transvestite Bunny Eisenhower, marched on Christopher Street Liberation Day and fought against drag erasure and for trans visibility. Legacy The Stonewall riots are often considered to be the origin or impetus of thegay liberationmovement, and many studies ofLGBT historyin the U.S. are divided into pre- and post-Stonewall analyses.This has been criticized byhistorians of sexuality. Calls for the rights ofgender and sexual minoritiespredate the Stonewall riots. Thefirst homosexual movementbegan one hundred years earlier, in Germany.West Germanyhad abolished criminal liability for homosexual acts among adults over",
"among adults over 21 years of age through a change ofSection 175of the German Criminal Code on June 25, 1969 − just three days before the Stonewall riots began.There was already the emergence of a gay liberation movement in New York at the time of the riots. The Stonewall riots were not the only time LGBT people organized politically amid attacks on LGBT establishments. The event has been said to occupy a unique place in thecollective memoryof many LGBT people,including those outside of the United States,as it \"is marked by an international commemorative ritual – an annual gay pride parade\", according to sociologist Elizabeth A. Armstrong. Community Within two years of the Stonewall riots, there were gay rights groups in every major American city, as well as in Canada, Australia, and Western Europe.People who joined activist organizations after the riots had very little in common other than theirsame-sex attraction. Many who arrived at GLF or GAA meetings were taken aback by the number of gay people in one",
"gay people in one place.Race, class, ideology, and gender became frequent obstacles in the years after the riots. This was illustrated during the 1973 Stonewall rally when, moments afterBarbara Gittingsexuberantly praised the diversity of the crowd, feminist activistJean O'Learyprotested what she perceived as the mocking of women bycross-dressersanddrag queensin attendance. During a speech by O'Leary, in which she claimed that drag queens made fun of women for entertainment value and profit,Sylvia RiveraandLee Brewsterjumped on the stage and shouted \"You go to bars because of what drag queens did for you andthese bitchestell us to quit being ourselves!\"Both the drag queens and lesbian feminists in attendance left in disgust. O'Leary also worked in the early 1970s to exclude transgender people from gay rights issues because she felt that rights for transgender people would be too difficult to attain.Sylvia Rivera left New York City in the mid-1970s, relocating toupstate New York.She later returned to the city",
"to the city in the mid-1990s, after the 1992 death of friendMarsha P. Johnson. Rivera lived on the \"gay pier\" at the end of Christopher street and advocated for homeless members of the gay community.The initial disagreements among participants in the movements often evolved after further reflection. O'Leary later regretted her stance against the drag queens attending in 1973: \"Looking back, I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then. I would never pick on a transvestite now.\"\"It was horrible. How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians?\" O'Leary was referring to theLavender Menace, an appellation bysecond-wave feministBetty Friedanbased on attempts by members of theNational Organization for Women(NOW) to distance themselves from the perception of NOW as a haven for lesbians. As part of this process,Rita Mae Brownand other lesbians who had been active in NOW were forced",
"in NOW were forced out. They staged a protest in 1970 at the Second Congress to Unite Women and earned the support of many NOW members, finally gaining full acceptance in 1971. The growth oflesbian feminismin the 1970s at times so conflicted with the gay liberation movement that some lesbians refused to work with gay men. Many lesbians found men's attitudes patriarchal and chauvinistic and saw in gay men the same misguided notions about women that they saw in heterosexual men.The issues most important to gay men—entrapmentand public solicitation—were not shared by lesbians. In 1977, a Lesbian Pride Rally was organized as an alternative to sharing gay men's issues, especially whatAdrienne Richtermed \"the violent, self-destructive world of the gay bars\".Veteran gay activist Barbara Gittings chose to work in the gay rights movement, explaining, \"It's a matter of where does it hurt the most? For me it hurts the most not in the female arena, but the gay arena.\" Throughout the 1970s, gay activism had significant",
"had significant successes. One of the first and most important was the \"zap\" in May 1970 by the Los Angeles GLF at a convention of theAmerican Psychiatric Association(APA). At a conference onbehavior modification, during a film demonstrating the use ofelectroshock therapyto decrease same-sex attraction,Morris Kightand GLF members in the audience interrupted the film with shouts of \"Torture!\" and \"Barbarism!\"They took over the microphone to announce that medical professionals who prescribed such therapy for their homosexual patients were complicit in torturing them. Although 20 psychiatrists in attendance left, the GLF spent the hour following the zap with those remaining, trying to convince them that homosexual people were not mentally ill.When the APA invited gay activists to speak to the group in 1972, activists broughtJohn E. Fryer, a gay psychiatrist who wore a mask, because he felt his practice was in danger. In December 1973—in large part due to the efforts of gay activists—the APA voted unanimously to",
"unanimously to remove homosexuality from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual. Gay men and lesbians came together to work ingrassrootspolitical organizations responding to organized resistance in 1977. A coalition of conservatives namedSave Our Childrenstaged a campaign to repeal a civil rights ordinance inMiami-Dade County. Save Our Children was successful enough to influence similar repeals in several American cities in 1978. However, that same year, a campaign in California called theBriggs Initiative, designed to force the dismissal of homosexual public school employees, was defeated.Reaction to the influence of Save Our Children and the Briggs Initiative in the gay community was so significant that it has been called the second Stonewall for many activists, marking their initiation into political participation.The subsequent 1979National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rightswas timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Rejection of prior gay subculture The Stonewall",
"The Stonewall riots marked such a significant turning point that many aspects of priorgay and lesbian culture, such as bar culture formed from decades of shame and secrecy, were forcefully ignored and denied. HistorianMartin Dubermanwrites, \"The decades preceding Stonewall... continue to be regarded by most gay men and lesbians as some vast neolithic wasteland.\"SociologistBarry Adamnotes, \"Every social movement must choose at some point what to retain and what to reject out of its past. What traits are the results of oppression and what are healthy and authentic?\"In conjunction with the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s, roles ofbutch and femmethat developed in lesbian bars in the 1950s and 1960s were rejected, because as one writer put it: \"all role playing is sick.\"Lesbian feminists considered the butch roles as archaic imitations of masculine behavior.Some women, according toLillian Faderman, were eager to shed the roles they felt forced into playing. The roles returned for some women in the",
"some women in the 1980s, although they allowed for more flexibility than before Stonewall. Author Michael Bronski highlights the \"attack on pre-Stonewall culture\", particularlygay pulp fictionfor men, where the themes often reflected self-hatred or ambivalence about being gay. Many books ended unsatisfactorily and drastically, often with suicide, and writers portrayed their gay characters as alcoholics or deeply unhappy. These books, which he describes as \"an enormous and cohesive literature by and for gay men\",have not been reissued and are lost to later generations. Dismissing the notion that the rejection was motivated by political correctness, Bronski writes, \"gay liberation was a youth movement whose sense of history was defined to a large degree by rejection of the past.\" Impact and recognition The riots spawned from a bar raid became a literal example of gay men and lesbians fighting back and a symbolic call to arms for many people. Historian David Carter remarks in his book about the Stonewall riots",
"the Stonewall riots that the bar itself was a complex business that represented a community center, an opportunity for the Mafia to blackmail its own customers, a home, and a place of \"exploitation and degradation\".The true legacy of the Stonewall riots, Carter insists, is the \"ongoing struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender equality\".Historian Nicholas Edsall writes: Stonewall has been compared to any number of acts of radical protest and defiance in American history from the Boston Tea Party on. But the best and certainly a more nearly contemporary analogy is Rosa Parks' refusal to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1955, which sparked the modern civil rights movement. Within months after Stonewall, radical gay liberation groups and newsletters sprang up in cities and on college campuses across America and then across all of northern Europe as well. Before the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn, homosexuals were, as historians Dudley Clendinen andAdam Nagourneywrite: a",
"Nagourneywrite: a secret legion of people, known of but discounted, ignored, laughed at or despised. And like the holders of a secret, they had an advantage which was a disadvantage too, and which was true of no other minority group in the United States. They were invisible. Unlike African Americans, women, Native Americans, Jews, the Irish, Italians, Asians, Hispanics, or any other cultural group which struggled for respect and equal rights, homosexuals had no physical or cultural markings, no language or dialect which could identify them to each other, or to anyone else... But that night, for the first time, the usual acquiescence turned into violent resistance... From that night the lives of millions of gay men and lesbians and the attitude toward them of the larger culture in which they lived, began to change rapidly. People began to appear in public as homosexuals, demanding respect. HistorianLillian Fadermancalls the riots the \"shot heard round the world\", explaining, \"The Stonewall Rebellion was",
"Rebellion was crucial because it sounded the rally for that movement. It became an emblem of gay and lesbian power. By calling on the dramatic tactic of violent protest that was being used by other oppressed groups, the events at the Stonewall implied that homosexuals had as much reason to be disaffected as they.\" Joan Nestleco-founded theLesbian Herstory Archivesin 1974 and credits \"its creation to that night and the courage that found its voice in the streets.\"Cautious, however, not to attribute the start of gay activism to the Stonewall riots, Nestle writes: I certainly don't see gay and lesbian history starting with Stonewall... and I don't see resistance starting with Stonewall. What I do see is a historical coming together of forces, and the sixties changed how human beings endured things in this society and what they refused to endure... Certainly, something special happened on that night in 1969 and we've made it more special in our need to have what I call a point of origin... it's more complex than",
"more complex than saying that it all started with Stonewall. The events of the early morning of June 28, 1969, were not the first instances of gay men and lesbians fighting back against police in New York City and elsewhere. Not only had the Mattachine Society been active in major cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago, but similarly marginalized people started the riot at Compton's Cafeteria in 1966 and another riot responded to a raid on Los Angeles'Black Cat Tavernin 1967.However, several circumstances were in play that made the Stonewall riots memorable. The location of theLower Manhattanraid was a factor: it was across the street fromThe Village Voiceoffices, and the narrow crooked streets gave the rioters an advantage over the police.Many of the participants and residents of Greenwich Village were involved in political organizations that were effectively able to mobilize a large and cohesive gay community in the weeks and months after the rebellion. The most significant facet of the Stonewall riots,",
"Stonewall riots, however, was the commemoration of them in Christopher Street Liberation Day, which grew into the annualGay Prideevents around the world. Stonewall(officially Stonewall Equality Limited) is anLGBT rightscharity in the United Kingdom, founded in 1989 and named after theStonewall Innbecause of the Stonewall riots. TheStonewall Awardsis an annual event the charity has held since 2006 to recognize people who have affected the lives of British lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. The middle of the 1990s was marked by the inclusion ofbisexualsas a represented group within the gay community, when they successfully sought to be included on the platform of the 1993March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation. Transgender people also asked to be included but were not, though trans-inclusive language was added to the march's list of demands.The transgender community continued to find itself simultaneously welcome and at odds with the gay community as attitudes aboutnon-binary",
"aboutnon-binary gender discriminationandpansexual orientationdeveloped and came increasingly into conflict.In 1994, New York City celebrated \"Stonewall 25\" with a march that went past theUnited Nations Headquartersand intoCentral Park. Estimates put the attendance at 1.1 million people.Sylvia Riveraled an alternate march in New York City in 1994 to protest the exclusion of transgender people from the events. Attendance at LGBT Pride events has grown substantially over the decades. Most large cities around the world now have some kind of Pride demonstration; Pride events in some cities mark the largest annual celebration of any kind.The growing trend towards commercializing marches into parades—with events receiving corporate sponsorship—has caused concern about taking away the autonomy of the original grassroots demonstrations. President Barack Obamadeclared June 2009 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, citing the riots as a reason to \"commit to achieving equal justice under law for LGBT",
"under law for LGBT Americans\".The year marked the 40th anniversary of the riots. An editorial in theWashington Bladecompared the scruffy, violent activism during and following the Stonewall riots to the lackluster response to failed promises given by President Obama; for being ignored, wealthy LGBT activists reacted by promising to give less money to Democratic causes.Two years later, the Stonewall Inn served as a rallying point for celebrations after theNew York State Senatevoted to passsame-sex marriage. The act was signed into law by GovernorAndrew Cuomoon June 24, 2011. Obama also referenced the Stonewall riots in a call for full equality during hissecond inaugural addresson January 21, 2013: We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths—that all of us are created equal—is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall... Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the",
"else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well. This was a historic moment: the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address. Throughout June 2019,Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, produced byHeritage of Pridein partnership with theI Love New Yorkprogram's LGBT division, took place in New York to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising. The final official estimate included 5 million visitors attending in Manhattan alone, making it thelargest LGBTQ celebrationin history.June is traditionally Pride month in New York City and worldwide, and the events were held under the auspices of the annualNYC Pride March. On June 6, 2019, coinciding withWorldPridebeing celebrated in New York City, Police CommissionerJames P. O'Neillapologized on behalf of the NYPD for the actions of its officers at the Stonewall uprising. The official 50th-anniversary commemoration of the Stonewall",
"of the Stonewall Uprising occurred on June 28 on Christopher Street in front ofStonewall Inn. The official commemoration was themed as a rally, in reference to the original rallies in front of Stonewall Inn in 1969. Speakers at this event included mayorBill De Blasio, senatorKirsten Gillibrand, congressmanJerry Nadler, American activistX González, and global activistRémy Bonny. In 2019, Paris, France, officially named a square in theMaraisdistrict asPlace des Émeutes-de-Stonewall(Stonewall Riots Place). Stonewall Day In 2018, 49 years after the uprising, Stonewall Day was announced as a commemoration day byPride Live, a social advocacy and community engagement organization.The second Stonewall Day was held on Friday, June 28, 2019, outside the Stonewall Inn.During this event, Pride Live introduced their Stonewall Ambassadors program, to raise awareness for the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots. Historic landmark and monument In June 1999, theUS Department of the Interiorincluded 51 and 53Christopher",
"and 53Christopher Streetand the surrounding area in Greenwich Village into theNational Register of Historic Places, the first of significance to the LGBT community.In a dedication ceremony, Assistant Secretary of the Department of the InteriorJohn Berrystated, \"Let it forever be remembered that here—on this spot—men and women stood proud, they stood fast, so that we may be who we are, we may work where we will, live where we choose, and love whom our hearts desire.\"The Stonewall Inn was also named aNational Historic Landmarkin February 2000. On June 23, 2015, theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissiondesignated Stonewall as a city landmark, the first to be designated based on its LGBT cultural significance alone.On June 24, 2016, PresidentBarack Obamaannounced the establishment of theStonewall National Monument, administered by theNational Park Service.The designation protects Christopher Park and adjacent areas totaling more than seven acres; the Stonewall Inn is within the boundaries of the",
"boundaries of the monument but remains privately owned.TheNational Park Foundationformed a newnonprofit organizationto raise funds for a ranger station and interpretive exhibits for the monument,including the first official national visitor center dedicated to the LGBTQIA+ experience, which was inaugurated on June 28, 2024.TheNew York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed theChristopher Street–Stonewall stationon the same day. Media representations No newsreel or TV footage was taken of the riots and few home movies and photographs exist, but those that do have been used in documentaries. Film Music Theatre See also Analogous events Notes Citations Sources External links",
"List of Apollo missions TheApollo programwas a United Stateshuman spaceflightprogram carried out from 1961 to 1972 by theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), which landed the firstastronautson theMoon.The program used theSaturn IBandSaturn Vlaunch vehiclesto lift theCommand/Service Module(CSM) andLunar Module(LM) spacecraft into space, and theLittle Joe IIrocket to test alaunch escape systemwhich was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure.Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission. Apollo achieved the first crewed lunar landing on theApollo 11mission, whenNeil ArmstrongandBuzz Aldrinlanded theirLMEaglein theSea of Tranquilityand walked on the lunar surface, whileMichael Collinsremained inlunar orbitin theCSMColumbia, and all three landed safely on",
"landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.Five subsequent missions landed astronauts on various lunar sites, ending in December 1972 withtwelve men having walked on the Moonand 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks andsoilsamples returned to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. Two Apollo missions were failures: a 1967 cabin fire killed the entireApollo 1crew during a ground test in preparation for what was to be the first crewed flight;and the third landing attempt onApollo 13was aborted by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, which disabled the CSMOdyssey's electrical power and life support systems, and made the propulsion system unsafe to use. The crew circled the Moon and were returned safely to Earth using the LMAquariusas a \"lifeboat\" for these functions. Uncrewed test flights From 1961 through 1967,Saturn launch vehiclesandApollo spacecraftcomponents were tested in uncrewed flights. Saturn I TheSaturn Ilaunch vehicle was originally",
"was originally planned to carry crewed Command Module flights intolow Earth orbit, but its 20,000-pound (9,100 kg) payload capacity limit could not lift even a partially fueled Service Module, which would have required building a lightweightretrorocketmodule for deorbit. These plans were eventually scrapped, in favor of using the upratedSaturn IBto launch the Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module for crewed Earth orbit tests. This limited Saturn I flights to Saturn launch vehicle development, CSMboilerplatetesting, and three micrometeoroid satellite launches in support of Apollo. SA-1 15:06 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-2 14:00 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-3 17:45 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-4 20:11 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-5 16:25 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-6 17:07 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-7 17:22 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-9 14:37 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-8 07:35 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-10 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 37B There was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn",
"Apollo-Saturn (AS), or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed toApollo 1posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple \"Apollo\" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renamingAS-201,AS-202, andAS-203as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered. Saturn IB The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designatedSaturn IB, by replacing theS-IVsecond stage with theS-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg), enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module,",
"Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module. Two suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one Lunar Module test were conducted. Success of the LM test led to cancellation of a planned second uncrewed flight. SA-201 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-203 14:53 GMTLaunch Complex 37B SA-202 17:15 GMTLaunch Complex 34 SA-204 22:48 GMTLaunch Complex 37B Launch escape system tests From August 1963 to January 1966, a number of tests were conducted at theWhite Sands Missile Rangefor development of thelaunch escape system(LES). These included simulated \"pad aborts\", which might occur while the Apollo-Saturnspace vehiclewas still on thelaunch pad, and flights on theLittle Joe IIrocket to simulateMode I abortswhich might occur while the vehicle was in the air. 13:05 GMTLaunch Complex 36 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:01 GMTLaunch Complex 36 13:00 GMTLaunch Complex 36 15:17 GMTLaunch",
"36 15:17 GMTLaunch Complex 36 Saturn V Prior toGeorge Mueller's tenure as NASA's Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight starting in 1963, it was assumed that 20Saturn Vs, with at least 10 unpiloted test flights, would be required to achieve a crewed Moon landing, using the conservative one-stage-at-a-time testing philosophy used for the Saturn I. But Mueller introduced the \"all-up\" testing philosophy of using three live stages plus the Apollo spacecraft on every test flight. This achieved development of the Saturn V with far fewer uncrewed tests, and facilitated achieving the Moon landing by the 1969 goal. The size of the Saturn V production lot was reduced from 20 to 15 units. Three uncrewed test flights were planned to human-rate thesuper heavy-liftSaturn Vwhich would take crewed Apollo flights to the Moon. Success of the first flight and qualified success of the second led to the decision to cancel the third uncrewed test. SA-501 12:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A SA-502 16:12 GMTLaunch Complex 39A",
"Complex 39A Alphabetical mission types The Apollo program required sequential testing of several major mission elements in the runup to a crewed lunar landing. An alphabetical list of major mission types was proposed byOwen Maynardin September 1967.Two \"A-type\" missions performed uncrewed tests of the CSM and the Saturn V, and one B-type mission performed an uncrewed test of the LM. The C-type mission, the first crewed flight of the CSM in Earth orbit, was performed by Apollo 7. The list was revised uponGeorge Low's proposal to commit a mission to lunar orbit ahead of schedule, an idea influenced by the status of the CSM as a proven craft and production delays of the LM.Apollo 8 was reclassified from its original assignment as a D-type mission, a test of the complete CSM/LM spacecraft in Earth orbit, to a \"C-prime\" mission which would fly humans to the Moon. Once complete, it obviated the need for the E-type objective of amedium Earth orbitaltest. The D-type mission was instead performed by Apollo 9; the",
"by Apollo 9; the F-type mission, Apollo 10, flew the CSM/LM spacecraft to the Moon for final testing, without landing. The G-type mission, Apollo 11, performed the first lunar landing, the central goal of the program. The initial A–Glist was expanded to include later mission types:: 466H-type missions—Apollo 12, 13 (planned) and 14—would perform precision landings, and J-type missions—Apollo 15, 16 and 17—would perform thorough scientific investigation. The I-type objective, which called for extended lunar orbital surveillance of the Moon,was incorporated into the J-type missions.: 466 Crewed missions The Block I CSM spacecraft did not have capability to fly with the LM, and the three crew positions were designated Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot, based onU.S. Air Force pilot ratings. The Block II spacecraft was designed to fly with the Lunar Module, so the corresponding crew positions were designated Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot regardless of whether a Lunar Module was",
"a Lunar Module was present or not on any mission. Seven of the missions involvedextravehicular activity(EVA), spacewalks or moonwalks outside of the spacecraft. These were of three types: testing the lunar EVA suit in Earth orbit (Apollo 9), exploring the lunar surface, and retrieving film canisters from theScientific Instrument Modulestored in the Service Module. Launch Complex 34(planned) 15:02 GMTLaunch Complex 34 12:51 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-503) 16:00 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-504) 16:49 GMTLaunch Complex 39B (SA-505) 13:32 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-506) 16:22 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-507) 19:13 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-508) 21:03 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-509) 13:34 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-510) 17:54 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-511) 05:33 GMTLaunch Complex 39A (SA-512) Canceled missions Several planned missions of the Apollo program were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations. See also There were two",
"also There were two NASA post-Apollo crewed spaceflight programs that used Apollo hardware: Notes References Bibliography External links",
"Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr.(/ˈlʌvəl/LUV-əl; born March 25, 1928) is an American retiredastronaut,naval aviator,test pilotand mechanical engineer. In 1968, ascommand module pilotofApollo 8, he became, withFrank BormanandWilliam Anders, one of the first three astronauts to fly to and orbit the Moon. He then commanded theApollo 13lunar mission in 1970 which, after a critical failure en route, looped around the Moon and returned safely to Earth. A graduate of theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland, in the class of 1952, Lovell flewF2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. In January 1958, he entered a six-month test pilot training course at theNaval Air Test CenteratNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20 and graduated at the top of the class. He was then assigned to Electronics Test, working withradar, and in 1960 he became the Navy'sMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager. The following year he",
"following year he became a flight instructor and safety engineering officer atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, and completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. Lovell was not selected byNASAas one of theMercury Sevenastronauts due to a temporarily highbilirubincount. He was accepted in September 1962 as one of thesecond group of astronautsneeded for theGeminiandApolloprograms. Prior to Apollo, Lovell flew in space on two Gemini missions,Gemini 7(with Borman) in 1965 andGemini 12in 1966. He was the first person to fly into space four times. One of24 people to have flown to the Moon, Lovell was the first to fly to it twice. He is a recipient of theCongressional Space Medal of Honorand thePresidential Medal of Freedom. He co-authored the 1994 bookLost Moon, on which the 1995 filmApollo 13was based. Lovell was featured in acameo appearancein the film. Early life James Arthur Lovell Jr. was born inCleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928, the only child of James Lovell",
"of James Lovell Sr., aToronto, Ontario, Canada-born coal furnace salesman who died in a car accident in 1933and Blanche née Masek, who was ofCzechdescent.For the first two years after the death of his father, Lovell and his mother lived with a relative inTerre Haute, Indiana. They then relocated toMilwaukee, Wisconsin, where he went toJuneau High School.He was a member of theBoy Scoutsduring his childhood and eventually achievedEagle Scout, the organization's highest rank.He became interested in rocketry and built flying models as a teenager. After graduating from high school, Lovell attended theUniversity of WisconsininMadisonfor two years, where he studied engineering under theUnited States Navy's\"Flying Midshipman\" programfrom 1946 to 1948.He would later credit the program for his ability to attend college, citing that he didn't otherwise have the money to attend.At Wisconsin, he playedcollege footballand pledged to theAlpha Phi Omegafraternity.He supplemented his meager Navy stipend by working at a local",
"working at a local restaurant washing dishes and busing tables, and caring for the university'slab ratsandmiceon weekends. While Lovell was attending pre-flight training in the summer of 1948, the Navy was beginning to make cutbacks in the program, and cadets were under a great deal of pressure to transfer out. There were concerns that some or most of the students who graduated asnaval aviatorswould not have pilot billets to fill. To avoid this prospect, Lovell decided to apply to theUnited States Naval AcademyinAnnapolis, Maryland.He secured a nomination from his localU.S. Representative,John C. Brophy, and entered Annapolis in July 1948. During his first year, Lovell wrote a treatise on theliquid-propellant rocketengine. He graduated in the spring of 1952 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as anensignin the Navy.On June 6, he married Marilyn Lillie Gerlach in a ceremony atSt. Anne's Churchin Annapolis. The two had begun dating while they were in high school.As a college student, Gerlach",
"student, Gerlach had transferred fromWisconsin State Teachers CollegetoGeorge Washington Universityin Washington, D.C., so she could be near him while he was at Annapolis.They had four children: Barbara, James, Susan, and Jeffrey. Navy career Lovell was one of 50 members of his graduating class of 783 initially selected for naval aviation training.He went to flight training atNaval Air Station Pensacolafrom October 1952 to February 1954. He was designated a naval aviator on February 1, 1954, upon completion of pilot training, and was assigned toVC-3atMoffett Fieldnear San Francisco, California. From 1954 to 1956 he flewMcDonnell F2H Bansheenight fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard the aircraft carrierUSSShangri-La. Lovell eventually completed 107 carrier deck landings. Upon his return to shore duty, he was reassigned to provide pilot transition training for theNorth American FJ-4 Fury,McDonnell F3H DemonandVought F8U Crusader. In January 1958, Lovell entered a six-monthtest",
"a six-monthtest pilottraining course at what was then the Naval Air Test Center (now theUnited States Naval Test Pilot School) atNaval Air Station Patuxent River,Maryland, with Class 20,which also included futureastronautsWally SchirraandPete Conrad,who gave Lovell the nickname \"Shaky\".Lovell graduated at the top of the class.Usually the top graduate was assigned to flight test on graduation, but the head of electronics test had complained about never getting the top graduate, so Lovell was assigned to electronics test, where he worked withradarsets. Later that year, Lovell, Conrad, and Schirra were among 110 military test pilots selected as potential astronaut candidates forProject Mercury. Schirra went on to become one of theMercury Seven, but Lovell was not selected because of a temporarily highbilirubincount.In 1960, electronics test was merged with armaments test to become weapons test, and Lovell became theMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIprogram manager.During this time future astronautJohn Youngserved",
"Youngserved under him. In 1961 Lovell received orders forVF-101 \"Detachment Alpha\"atNaval Air Station OceanainVirginia Beach, Virginia, as a flight instructor and safety engineering officer,and he completed Aviation Safety School at theUniversity of Southern California. NASA career Astronaut selection In 1962,NASAbegan recruiting its second group of astronauts, intended to fly during theGeminiandApolloprograms. This time the process was a public one. Lovell found out about the selection from an advertisement that had been placed inAviation Week & Space Technology, and decided to apply a second time.A three-person selection panel consisting of Mercury Seven astronautsAlan ShepardandDeke Slayton, and NASA test pilotWarren J. North, reduced the candidates to 32 finalists,who were sent toBrooks Air Force BaseinSan Antoniofor medical examinations. The tests there were much the same as those employed to select the Mercury Seven,but this time Lovell passed.The remaining 27 then went toEllington Air Force Basenear",
"Air Force Basenear Houston, where they were individually interviewed by the selection panel. On September 14, Slayton informed Lovell that he had been accepted.To avoid tipping off the media, all checked into theRice Hotelin Houston under the name of Max Peck, its general manager.On September 17, the media crowded into the 1800-seat Cullen Auditorium at theUniversity of Houstonfor the official announcement, but it was a low-key event compared to the unveiling of the Mercury Seven three years before.The group became known as the \"Next Nine\" or the \"New Nine\".The new astronauts moved to the Houston area in October 1962.Conrad and Lovell built houses inTimber Cove, south of theManned Spacecraft Center(MSC).Developers in Timber Cove offered astronauts mortgages with small down payments and low interest rates.The MSC complex was not yet complete, so NASA temporarily leased office space in Houston. The task of supervising the Next Nine's training fell to Mercury Seven astronautGus Grissom.Initially, each of the",
"each of the astronauts was given four months of classroom instruction on subjects such asspacecraft propulsion,orbital mechanics,astronomy,computing, andspace medicine. Classes were for six hours a day, two days a week, and all sixteen astronauts had to attend. There was also familiarization with the Gemini spacecraft,Titan IIandAtlasboosters, and theAgena target vehicle.Jungle survival training was conducted at theUnited States Air Force(USAF) Tropic Survival School atAlbrook Air Force Stationin thePanama Canal Zone, desert survival training atStead Air Force BaseinNevada, and water survival training on theDilbert Dunkerat the USN school at the Naval Air Station Pensacola and onGalveston Bay.Following the precedent set by the Mercury Seven, each of the Next Nine was assigned a special area in which to develop expertise that could be shared with the others, and to provide astronaut input to designers and engineers.Lovell became responsible for recovery systems. Gemini program Gemini 7 Lovell was selected as",
"was selected as backup pilot forGemini 4,which was officially announced on July 29, 1964.It put him in position for his first space flight three missions later, as pilot ofGemini 7with command pilotFrank Borman, under a rotation system devised by Slayton.Borman was a USAF officer, and Lovell had first met him during the evaluation process for astronaut selection.Their selection for the Gemini 7 mission was officially announced on July 1, 1965, along with that ofEdward WhiteandMichael Collinsas their backup crew. Like all Gemini missions, it was part of the preparations for Apollo. The flight's objective was to evaluate the effects on the crew and spacecraft from fourteen days in orbit, this being sufficiently long for any possible Moon mission, and would therefore enable doctors to evaluate the medical aspects of such a flight. Whereas theGemini 6mission preceding it was to demonstrate techniques forspace rendezvous, likewise critical requirement of Apollo. These techniques had been worked out by Dean F.",
"out by Dean F. Grimm andBuzz Aldrin, who had written his doctoral thesis on the subject. The Gemini 6 mission, which was commanded by Schirra withTom Staffordas pilot, had a serious setback on October 15, 1965, when the Agena target vehicle that Gemini 6 was supposed to rendezvous with exploded soon after takeoff. Lovell was present at theLaunch Control CenteratCape Kennedywhen this occurred. Officials fromMcDonnell, the manufacturer of the Gemini spacecraft, then raised the possibility of a rendezvous between Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 during the two weeks while Gemini 7 was in orbit.The only change to the latter's flight plan this required was to circularize its orbit to match that intended for the Agena target vehicle. Borman rejected a proposal by Schirra that Lovell and Stafford exchange places, on the grounds that it was hazardous and likely to jeopardize the fourteen-day mission objective through loss of oxygen. In planning the mission, it was decided that both astronauts would sleep at the same time and",
"the same time and observe the same work periods, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Experiments were not scheduled, but fitted in when time allowed.Of the twenty experiments, eight were medical, aimed at gathering data about the effects of long-duration space flight. Of the rest, four were tests of spacecraft systems, five involved radiometry or navigation, and three involved photography and observation,To save space, theG5C space suitwas designed that incorporated a soft hood instead of a helmet and zippers instead of a neck ring. It weighed a third less than the standard Gemini space suit and could be stowed more easily. Gemini 7 lifted off on December 4, 1965, and reached its intended 300-kilometer (160 nmi) near-circular orbit. Lovell was taller than Borman and had more difficulty donning and removing his space suit. Initially one astronaut had to be suited, but this made him uncomfortably warm, and eventually mission control relented and allowed both to leave their space suits off.Gemini 6,",
"suits off.Gemini 6, now called Gemini 6A, attempted to launch on December 12; the engines ignited, but shut down less than two seconds later due to an electrical problem and a fuel cap accidentally having been left in place.After repairs, Gemini 6A successfully lifted off on December 15, and rendezvoused with Gemini 7 on Gemini 6A's fourth orbit. The two spacecraft then flew in tandem for three orbits, the distance between them varying between 0.30 and 90 meters (1 and 300 ft). Gemini 6A returned to Earth on December 16. In the final two days of the mission, Lovell had time to read part ofDrums Along the MohawkbyWalter D. Edmonds. As in earlier long-duration flights, malfunctions accumulated as the flight wore on. Two of the thrusters stopped working. After the flight, this was traced to the fact that they had an old type of laminate in the thrust chamber instead of the new type that had been developed to solve this problem. This proved to be only an annoyance, but there was more concern over a loss of power",
"a loss of power in thefuel cells. By day thirteen, a warning light was illuminated continuously and it was feared that the cells, which were only giving partial output, might fail completely, and the mission might have to be cut short; tests were carried out inSt. Louisthat demonstrated that the batteries could sustain them for the remainder of the flight. Gemini 7 made a successful return from orbit on December 18.The fourteen-day flight set an endurance record, making 206 orbits. Gemini 12 On January 24, 1966, Lovell was named as the backup command pilot ofGemini 10, with Aldrin as the pilot. On March 21, this was changed as a result of the deaths of theGemini 9prime crew,Elliot SeeandCharles Bassett, inan air crash. The Gemini 9 backup crew of Tom Stafford andGene Cernanbecame the prime crew of Gemini 9A, and Lovell and Aldrin became their backups. This positioned Lovell for his second flight and first command, ofGemini 12. Lovell and Aldrin's selection for this mission was officially announced on June",
"announced on June 17, along with that ofGordon Cooperand Gene Cernan as their backups. The goals of Gemini 12, the final Gemini mission, were ill-defined at first. \"Essentially Gemini 12 didn't have a mission\", Lovell later recalled. \"It was, I guess, by default... supposed to wind up the Gemini program and catch all those items that were not caught on previous flights.\"By July, its mission had become to masterextravehicular activity(EVA), something that had proven problematic on earlier Gemini missions, as they had been more strenuous than expected and performing simple tasks had been more complicated. A series of innovations had been developed in response to the problems that had been encountered. It had been found that moving in space was similar to being underwater, and Aldrin made use of this new training technique. A waist restraint was provided on the space suit, and the Gemini spacecraft and the Agena target vehicle had additional handrails, handholds, and rings for tethering the waist restraint.",
"waist restraint. Procedures were modified to minimize fatigue. Gemini 12 lifted off on November 11, and quickly achieved orbit. Its first task was to rendezvous with its Agena target vehicle. This was complicated when the rendezvous radar set failed. Instead, Aldrin, who had written his PhD on the rendezvous, used asextantto measure the angle between the spacecraft and the Agena, and then calculated the required actions using the onboard computer. Lovell then flew the spacecraft accordingly. Rendezvous was achieved, and Gemini successfullydockedwith the Agena, achieving the fifth space rendezvous and fourth space docking with an Agena target vehicle. Lovell then successfully undocked and docked again. Aldrin performed three EVAs. The first was a standup EVA on November 12, in which the spacecraft door was opened and he stood up, but did not leave the spacecraft. The standup EVA mimicked some of the actions he would do during his free-flight EVA, so he could compare the effort expended between the two. It set",
"the two. It set an EVA record of two hours and twenty minutes. The next day Aldrin performed his free-flight EVA. He climbed across the newly installed hand-holds to the Agena and installed the cable needed for the gravity-gradient stabilization experiment. He performed several tasks, including installing electrical connectors and testing tools that would be needed for Apollo. The EVA concluded after two hours and six minutes.Before returning to the spacecraft, Aldrin cleaned the pilot's window with a cloth, and Lovell jokingly asked him if he could change the oil too.A third, 55-minute standup EVA was conducted on November 14, during which Aldrin took photographs, conducted experiments, and discarded some unneeded items. Gemini 12 returned to Earth on November 15, after 59 orbits. During re-entry a pouch containing books and small pieces of equipment broke free and landed in Lovell's lap. He did not want to grab it, as he feared he might pull on theD-ringthat activated the ejector seat. It did not move any",
"It did not move any further, and the landing went well. The spacecraft landed just 5.5 kilometers (3.0 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSWasp. Twelve experiments had been carried out.This mission proved that people could work effectively outside the spacecraft, which was required for the Apollo missions with the goal of getting man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Apollo program Apollo 1 On January 27, 1967, Grissom, White andRoger Chaffeewere killed in theApollo 1fire. At the time, Lovell was in Washington, D.C., where, along with fellow astronautsNeil Armstrong,Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper andRichard Gordon, he had attended the signing of theOuter Space Treatyand the reception afterwards in theGreen Roomof theWhite Househosted by PresidentLyndon Johnson. Four days later, Lovell flew toWest Point, New York, with Borman in a NASAT-38for the funeral service for White at theOld Cadet Chapel. After the service, White was laid to rest in theWest Point Cemetery; Lovell served as a",
"Lovell served as a pallbearer along with Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Stafford and Aldrin. TheApollo command modulewas redesigned after the fire, and afterwards it underwent a series of qualification tests.In April 1968, Lovell, along with fellow astronautsStuart RoosaandCharles Duke, spent 48 hours in command module CM-007A, bobbing in theGulf of Mexicoto test the seaworthiness of the Apollo spacecraft.The NASA research vesselMVRetrieverstood by with technicians and divers,while the astronauts assessed how quickly the spacecraft's flotation devices could right it from the \"stable II\" (upside down) position. The urine collection hose was used to vacuum up water that entered the cabin.Although this did not seem to bother Lovell, Duke regarded it as his worst experience as an astronaut, and Roosa became quiteseasick.The NASARoundupnewspaper wrote the event up under the headline, \"Yo, Ho, Ho and a Bottle of Marezine\", referencing the brand name ofa motion sickness drug. Apollo 8 Lovell was originally chosen as",
"chosen as command module pilot (CMP) on the backup crew for Apollo 9 along with Armstrong as commander (CDR) and Aldrin aslunar modulepilot (LMP). Apollo 9 was planned as a high-apogeeEarth orbital test of the Lunar Module (LM). Lovell later replaced Michael Collins as CMP on the Apollo 9 prime crew in July 1968 when Collins needed to have surgery for abone spuron his spine. This reunited Lovell with his Gemini 7 commander Frank Borman, along with LMPWilliam Anders. Aldrin became Lovell's backup CMP, andFred Haisejoined Armstrong's crew as LMP. Construction delays of the first crewed LM prevented it from being ready in time to fly on Apollo 8, planned as alow Earth orbittest. It was decided to swap the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 prime and backup crews in the flight schedule so that the crew trained for the low-orbit test could fly it asApollo 9, when the LM would be ready. A lunar orbital flight, nowApollo 8, replaced the original Apollo 9 medium Earth orbit test mission.The crew was informed of this decision on",
"of this decision on August 10, 1968, and the training schedule was adjusted accordingly. Starting in September, the crew spent ten hours a day in the simulator rehearsing the mission. Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, 1968, and Borman, Lovell and Anders became the first crew to ride theSaturn Vrocket, as well as the first to travel to theMoon.Their Apollo craft entered lunar orbit on December 24 (Christmas Eve) and reduced speed to go into a 11-by-312-kilometer (5.9 by 168.5 nmi) orbit. The engine was then fired again to enter a 112-kilometer (60 nmi) circular orbit around the Moon. On Christmas Eve, the crew broadcast black-and-white television pictures of the lunar surface back to Earth. Lovell took his turn with Borman and Anders in reading a passage from the Biblical creation story in theBook of Genesis.They made a total of ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours and ten minutes,and began their return to Earth on December 25 (Christmas Day) with a rocket burn made on the Moon's far side, out of radio",
"side, out of radio contact with Earth. When contact was re-established, Lovell broadcast, \"Please be informed, there is aSanta Claus.\" As CMP, Lovell served as the navigator, using the spacecraft's built-in sextant to determine its position by measuring star positions. This information was then used to calculate required mid-course corrections. Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view stars by using theApollo guidance computerkeyboard. Lovell accidentally erased some of the computer's memory by entering the wrong codes, which caused theinertial measurement unit(IMU) to contain data indicating that the module was in the same relative orientation it had been in before lift-off; the IMU then fired the thrusters to \"correct\" the module's attitude. Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they knew that they would have to reenter the correct data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation. It took Lovell ten",
"It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the correct values, using the thrusters to get the starsRigelandSiriusaligned,and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer.Sixteen months later, during theApollo 13mission, Lovell would have to perform a similar manual realignment under even more critical conditions after the module's IMU had been turned off to conserve energy. A feature on the Moon's surface (Mount Marilyn) was named by Lovell in honor of his wife. The spacecraftsplashed downsafely before dawn on December 27 after 147 hours of flight, 4.8 kilometers (2.6 nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSSYorktown. It was estimated that the crew had traveled 933,419 kilometers (504,006 nmi). Apollo 13 Lovell was backup CDR ofApollo 11, with Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP.In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with theNational Aeronautics and Space Councileffective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time.Ken Mattinglywas moved from the support",
"from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. Under the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly as the prime crew ofApollo 14, butGeorge Mueller, the director of NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight, rejected Slayton's choice of fellow Mercury Seven astronaut Alan Shepard to command Apollo 13. Shepard had only recently returned to flight status after being grounded for several years, and Mueller thought that he needed more training time to prepare for a mission to the Moon. Slayton then asked Lovell if he was willing to switch places with Shepard's crew to give them more training time.\"Sure, why not?\" Lovell replied, \"What could possibly be the difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14?\" There was one more change. Seven days before launch, a member of the Apollo 13 backup crew, Duke, contractedrubellafrom a friend of",
"a friend of his son.This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Of the five, only Mattingly was not immune through prior exposure. Normally, if any member of the prime crew had to be grounded, the remaining crew would be replaced as well, and the backup crew substituted, but Duke's illness ruled this out,so two days before launch, Mattingly was replaced byJack Swigertfrom the backup crew.Mattingly never developed rubella and later flew to the Moon onApollo 16. Lovell lifted off aboard Apollo 13 on April 11, 1970.He and Haise were to land near theFra Mauro crater. TheFra Mauro formationwas believed to contain much material spattered by the impact that had filled theImbrium basinearly in the Moon's history, and dating it would provide information about the early history of the Earth and the Moon. \"We have a problem here\", Swigert informed mission control.\"This is Houston, say again please,\" thecapsule communicator,Jack Lousma, responded.\"Houston, we've had a problem,\" Lovell replied.",
"Lovell replied. Lovell & Kluger 1995, p. 95 During a routineliquid oxygentank stir in transit to the Moon, a fire started inside an oxygen tank. The most probable cause determined by NASA was damaged electrical insulation on wiring that created a spark that started the fire.A problem with draining the tank had been reported before the mission, and Lovell had approved the action taken to turn on the heaters to purge the oxygen rather than to replace the faulty tank, which would have delayed the mission by a month. Neither he nor the launch pad crew were aware that the tank contained the wrong thermostat switch. The heaters were left on for eight hours, and while this successfully purged the oxygen, it also removedtefloninsulation from the copper electrical wiring.Liquid oxygen rapidly turned into a high-pressure gas, which burst the tank and caused the leak of a second oxygen tank. In just over two hours, all onboard oxygen was lost, disabling the hydrogen fuel cells that provided electrical power to the",
"power to the Command/Service ModuleOdyssey. Apollo 13 was the second mission not to use afree-return trajectory, so that they could explore the western lunar regions.Using theApollo Lunar Moduleas a \"life boat\" providing battery power, oxygen, and propulsion, Lovell and his crew re-established the free return trajectory that they had left, and swung around the Moon to return home.Based on the flight controllers' calculations made on Earth, Lovell had to adjust the course twice by manually controlling the Lunar Module's thrusters and engine. Apollo 13 returned safely to Earth on April 17.\"I'm afraid\", Lovell said, \"this is going to be the last lunar mission for a long time.\"His comment was rebutted byNASA AdministratorThomas O. Paine, who hastened to reassure the public that NASA would be mounting more missions to the Moon.Nine months later, Apollo 14 would make the voyage to Fra Mauro, with modified oxygen tanks and an extra battery for emergencies. Apollo 13's flight trajectory gave Lovell, Haise, and",
"Lovell, Haise, and Swigert the record for the farthest distance that humans have ever traveled from Earth.Lovell is one of only three men to travel to the Moon twice, but unlike the other two, John Young and Gene Cernan, he never walked on it.He accrued 715 hours and 5 minutes in space flights on his Gemini and Apollo flights, a personal record that stood until theSkylab 3mission in 1973. Later life Lovell retired from the Navy and the space program on March 1, 1973, and went to work at the Bay-Houston Towing Company inHouston, Texas,taking on the role of CEO in 1975. He became president of Fisk Telephone Systems in 1977,and later worked forCentel Corporationin Chicago, retiring as an executive vice president on January 1, 1991.Lovell was a recipient of theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award.He was also recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with theirSilver Buffalo Award. Lovell served on the board of directors for several organizations, includingFederal Signal Corporationin Chicago from 1984 to 2003,",
"from 1984 to 2003, theAstronautics Corporation of Americain his hometown of Milwaukee from 1990 to 1999, and Centel from 1987 to 1991. In 1999, the Lovell family opened a restaurant inLake Forest, Illinois, \"Lovell's of Lake Forest\". The restaurant displayed memorabilia from Lovell's time with NASA and the filming ofApollo 13. The restaurant was sold to son and executive chef James (\"Jay\") in 2006.The restaurant was put on the market for sale in February 2014,and it closed in April 2015, the property being auctioned the same month. Marilyn Lovell (born on July 11, 1930) died of natural causes at the age of 93, at her home in the Lake Forest Place retirement community in Lake Forest, Illinois on August 27, 2023. Upon the death ofFrank Bormanon November 7, 2023, Lovell became the oldest living former astronaut. Awards and decorations Lovell's awards and decorations include: Military, federal service, and foreign awards Other awards and accomplishments The Gemini 6 and 7 crews were awarded theHarmon",
"awarded theHarmon International Trophyfor 1966 in a ceremony at the White House.Lovell received a second Harmon International Trophy in 1967 when he and Aldrin were selected for their Gemini 12 flight.The Apollo 8 crew won theRobert J. Collier Trophyfor 1968,and PresidentRichard Nixonawarded them theDr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophyin 1969, which Lovell accepted on behalf of the crew.The General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy is normally awarded to Air Force personnel, but an exception was made to include Lovell, and the Apollo 8 crew were awarded the 1968 trophy.Lovell was awarded a third Harmon International Trophy in 1969 for his role in the Apollo 8 mission.The Apollo 8 crew was also awarded theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1970,and were namedTimeMagazine Men of the Yearin 1968.The Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10 crews were awarded the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award for 1969.Lovell was one of ten Gemini",
"one of ten Gemini astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1982,and, along with the other 12 Gemini astronauts, Lovell was inducted into the secondU.S. Astronaut Hall of Fameclass in 1993.At a parade attended by 500,000 people, Lovell was conferred Chicago's medal of merit.The Apollo 13 crew was awarded the City of New York Gold Medal, but Lovell had already received it for the Apollo 8 mission. In lieu of a second medal, the mayor gifted him a crystal paperweight that he \"invented for the occasion\".He was also awarded the 1970 City ofHoustonMedal for Valor for the mission.He was awarded his second Haley Astronautics Award for his role on Apollo 13. Lovell was featured on the cover ofTimemagazine on January 3, 1969, and April 27, 1970,and on the cover ofLifemagazine on April 24, 1970. Lovell was a recipient of the University of Wisconsin's Distinguished Alumni Service Award in 1970. In his acceptance speech he emphasized the use of words over \"rock throwing\" to help attain political",
"attain political goals.He was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree atWestern Michigan University's summer commencement exercises in 1970.He was also awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree atWilliam Paterson College's commencement exercises in 1974.Lovell was also granted an honorarydoctor of sciencedegree from University of Wisconsin–Madison, his original alma mater, speaking at the December 2016 commencement. Tributes A small crater on thefar side of the Moonwas namedLovellin his honor in 1970.Discovery Worldin Milwaukee was renamed The James Lovell Museum of Science, Economics and Technology. It was at the time located on James Lovell St., also named for Lovell.TheCaptain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Centerwas completed in October 2010, merging theNaval Health Clinic Great Lakesand the North Chicago Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Organizations In popular culture About a month after the return to Earth of Apollo 13, Lovell and his crewmates, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert, appeared onThe",
"appeared onThe Tonight Showwith hostJohnny Carson.In 1976, Lovell made a cameo appearance in the Nicolas Roeg movieThe Man Who Fell to Earth. Lovell andJeffrey Klugerwrote a 1994 book about the Apollo 13 mission,Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13,on which the 1995Ron HowardfilmApollo 13was based. Lovell's first impression on being approached about the film was thatKevin Costnerwould be a good choice to portray him, given the physical resemblance,butTom Hankswas cast in the role.To prepare, Hanks visited James and Marilyn Lovell at their home in Texas and flew with Lovell in his private airplane.Kathleen Quinlanwas nominated for asupporting actress Oscarfor her performance as Marilyn. In the film, Lovell has a cameo as the captain of theUSSIwo Jima. He can be seen as the naval officer shaking Hanks' hand, as Hanks speaks invoice-over, in the scene where the astronauts come aboard theIwo Jima. The filmmakers offered to make Lovell's character an admiral aboard the ship, but Lovell said: \"I retired as",
"said: \"I retired as a captain and a captain I will be.\" He was cast as the ship's skipper, CaptainLeland Kirkemo. Along with his wife Marilyn, who also has a cameo in the film, Lovell provided a commentary track on both the single disc and the two-disc special edition DVD. Tim Dalyportrayed Lovell in the 1998HBOminiseriesFrom the Earth to the Moon,andPablo Schreiberin the 2018 film about Armstrong,First Man. Notes References External links",
"Jack Swigert John Leonard Swigert Jr.(August 30, 1931 – December 27, 1982) was an AmericanNASAastronaut,test pilot,mechanical engineer,aerospace engineer,United States Air Forcepilot, andpolitician. In April 1970, as command module pilot ofApollo 13, he became one of24 astronauts who flew to the Moon.Ironically, due to the \"slingshot\" route around the Moon they chose to safely return to Earth, the Apollo 13 astronauts flew farther away from Earth than any other astronauts before or since, though they had to abort the Moon landing. Before joining NASA in 1966, Swigert was a civiliantest pilotandfighter pilotin theAir National Guard. After leaving NASA, he ran forSenatebut lost in a primary election againstBill Armstrong. Later he ran forCongress, but while running was diagnosed with cancer. He won the election for Colorado's new6th districtin 1982, but died before being sworn in. Early life John Leonard Swigert Jr. was born on August 30, 1931, inDenver,Colorado, to parents John Leonard Swigert Sr. (1903–1973)",
"Sr. (1903–1973) and Virginia Swigert (1906–1993). Swigert's father was anophthalmologist.At the age of 14, he became fascinated by aviation. While he would have been content just watching planes take off from nearby Combs Field, young Jack became determined to do more than be a spectator. He took on a newspaper route to earn money for flying lessons, and by age 16 he was alicensed private pilot.He was a member of theBoy Scouts of Americaand attained the rank ofSecond Class Scout.He attendedBlessed Sacrament School,Regis Jesuit High School, andEast High School, from which he graduated in 1949. Swigert received aBachelor of Sciencedegree inmechanical engineeringfromUniversity of Coloradoin 1953, where he also playedfootballfor theBuffaloes.He later earned aMaster of Sciencedegree inaerospace engineeringfromRensselaer Polytechnic Institute(Hartford campus) in 1965,and aMaster of Business Administrationdegree fromUniversity of Hartfordin 1967. His recreational interests",
"interests includedgolf,handball,bowling,skiing,swimming, andbasketball. His hobbies includedphotography. Flight experience Following his graduation from Colorado in 1953, Swigert joined theUnited States Air Force(USAF). Upon graduation from the Pilot Training Program andGunnery SchoolatNellis Air Force Base,Nevada, he was assigned as afighter pilotinJapanandSouth Korea. In 1953, he survived his plane crashing into a radar unit on a Korean airstrip. After completing his tour of active duty in the USAF, he served as a jet fighter pilot with theMassachusetts(1957–1960) andConnecticut Air National Guard(1960–1965).Swigert held a position as engineering test pilot forNorth American Aviationbefore joining NASA. He was previously an engineering test pilot forPratt & Whitney, from February 1957 to June 1964. He logged over 7,200 hours in flight, including more than 5,725 hours injet aircraft. NASA career After unsuccessfully applying for NASA'ssecondandthirdastronaut selections,Swigert was accepted into theNASA",
"into theNASA Astronaut Corpsas part ofNASA Astronaut Group 5in April 1966.Swigert became a specialist on theApollo command module: he was one of the few astronauts who requested to be command module pilots. Swigert was a member ofApollo 7's astronaut support crew, the first support crew for an Apollo mission; he served asCapsule communicator(CAPCOM) during the ascent phase of the flight. Apollo 13 Swigert was one of three astronauts aboard theApollo 13Moon mission launched April 11, 1970. Originally part of the backup crew for the mission, he was assigned to the mission three days before launch, replacing astronautKen Mattingly. The prime crew had been exposed toGerman Measles(the rubella virus) fromCharles Dukeand, because Mattingly had no immunity to the disease, NASA did not want to risk him falling ill during critical phases of the flight. Apollo 13 was the third crewed lunar-landing attempt, but was aborted after the rupture of an oxygen tank in the spacecraft'sservice module. Swigert was the astronaut",
"was the astronaut who first announced, \"Houston, we've had a problem here\".The statement was then repeated by commander of the flightJim Lovell. Swigert, along with fellow astronauts Lovell andFred Haise, traveled around the Moon and returned safely to Earth on April 17 after about 5 days and 23 hours, and received thePresidential Medal of Freedomthe next day. Apollo–Soyuz Test Project NASA Director of Flight Crew OperationsDeke Slayton, who selected the astronauts, recommended Swigert ascommand module pilotfor theApollo–Soyuz Test Project, the first joint mission with theSoviet Union. Slayton felt Swigert deserved another chance to fly after having been selected for Apollo 13 two days before launch, and performing well. During 1972, theApollo 15 postal covers incidentcaused NASA investigators to inquire into other astronauts.A number of Apollo astronauts, including Swigert, had made agreements with West German stamp dealer Hermann Sieger, who originated the idea for theApollo 15covers, to autograph",
"to autograph philatelic items in exchange for a payment of about $2,500. Swigert originally denied involvement when interviewed by NASA investigators.According toChristopher C. Kraft, the investigators subpoenaed his bank records, finding more funds than expected, and records of a predated charitable donation.Swigert's subsequent admission caused NASA Deputy AdministratorGeorge M. Lowto remove him from Apollo–Soyuz. Post-NASA career Aware that his spaceflight career was most likely over,Swigert took a leave of absence from NASA in April 1973 and went toWashington, D.C.to become executive director of theCommittee on Science and Astronautics,U.S. House of Representatives. Swigert eventually left NASA and the committee in August 1977 to enter politics.He ran for theU.S. Senatein 1978, but was soundly defeated in the Republican primary in September byCongressmanBill Armstrong, who was far better known.In 1979, Swigert became vice president of B.D.M. Corporation inGolden.He left in 1981 to join International Gold",
"International Gold and Minerals Limited as vice president for financial and corporate affairs. In February 1982, Swigert left International Gold and Minerals Limited to run forU.S. Congressin the newly created6th districtas a Republican. When amalignant tumorin his right nasal passage was found, theastronaut-politiciandisclosed this to the voters. Doctors told him he would finish radiation treatments on June 15 and make a complete recovery.However, in August, Swigert developed back pain and was diagnosed withbone marrow cancer.On November 2, 1982, he won the seat with 64% of the popular vote. Death On December 19, 1982, seven weeks after his election, he was airlifted from his home inLittletontoGeorgetown University Hospitalin Washington, D.C. He died ofrespiratory failureat itsLombardi Cancer Centeron December 27, seven days before the beginning of his congressional term, aged 51.He was the last member-elect of the House to die before taking office untilLuke Letlow'sdeath fromCOVID-19in December 2020.",
"December 2020. Fifteen astronauts, including fellow Apollo 13 crewmatesJim LovellandFred Haise, were among the thousand mourners at hisfull military honorsfuneral in Denver, presided over byArchbishopJames Casey, which included amissing man flyoverbyA-7 Corsairsof theColorado Air National Guard.He is buried alongside his parents inMount Olivet CemeteryinWheat Ridge. Awards, honors, and organizations Swigert received theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA)Octave Chanute Awardfor 1966 for his participation in demonstrating theRogallo wingas a feasible land landing system for returning space vehicles and astronauts. President Richard Nixon awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedomto the Apollo 13 crew shortly after the conclusion of their mission.Following a sparse parade, Swigert received the City of New York Gold Medal on June 3.He received the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor, 1970.Swigert received theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Award for 1970.He was given University of",
"given University of Colorado-Boulder's Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award in 1970.Vice President Spiro Agnew presented the crews of Apollo 11, 12, and 13 with theNASA Distinguished Service Medalin 1970.The Apollo 13 crew also received the AIAA Haley Astronautics Award in 1971, which included a small monetary award and a medal. Swigert was awarded the 1972 Antonian Gold Medal. He was presented anHonorary Doctorate of Sciencedegree fromAmerican International Collegein 1970,anHonorary Doctorate of Lawsdegree fromWestern State Universityin 1970,and anHonorary Doctorate of SciencefromWestern Michigan Universityin 1970. In 1983, Swigert was among 14 Apollo astronauts inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Fame. In 1988, Swigert was inducted into theColorado Aviation Hall of Fame. In 1995, Swigert was portrayed byKevin BaconinRon Howard's filmApollo 13. In 1997, Swigert, along with 23 other Apollo astronauts, was posthumously inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of Famewhich is located at the Kennedy",
"at the Kennedy Space Center. He was elected in September 2003 to theRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteAlumni Hall of Fame. In 1997, astatue of Swigertmade by George and Mark Lundeen was placed on display in theU.S. Capitol Buildingas one of two statues given by the state of Colorado to theNational Statuary Hall Collection.As of December 2008 the statue is on display in Emancipation Hall in theUnited States Capitol Visitor Center. A duplicate statue is currently on display atDenver International AirportTerminal B, where passengers exit the airport's train system. The Space Foundation was founded in 1983 in part to honor the memory and accomplishments of Swigert.In 2004, the Space Foundation launched theJohn L. \"Jack\" Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration, which is presented annually to an individual, group, or organization that has made a significant contribution to space exploration. On August 18, 2009, theSpace Foundationand Colorado Springs District 11 partnered to open the Jack Swigert Aerospace Academy.",
"Aerospace Academy. Swigert was a member of numerous organizations. He was afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society; associate fellow of theSociety of Experimental Test Pilotsand theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and member of theQuiet Birdmen,Phi Gamma Delta,Pi Tau Sigma, andSigma Tau. See also References Works cited External links",
"Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr.(/heɪz/HAYZ;born November 14, 1933) is an American formerNASAastronaut,engineer,fighter pilotwith theU.S. Marine CorpsandU.S. Air Force, and atest pilot. He is one of24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown asLunar Modulepilot onApollo 13. He was slated to become the 6th person to walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 landing mission was aborted en route. Haise went on to fly fiveSpace ShuttleApproach and Landing Testsin 1977,before retiring from NASA in 1979. Early life Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. was born on November 14, 1933, and raised inBiloxi, Mississippi, to Fred Wallace Haise (1903–1960) and Lucille (néeBlacksher) Haise (1913–2005).: 1He has a younger sister who was born in 1941.: 6After theattack on Pearl Harboron December 7, 1941, his father enlisted in theU.S. Navyat the age of 38, and the Haise family moved toChicago.: 8The family then moved toKey West, Florida, until his father's ship,YMS-84, deployed to theSouth Pacific, when the family moved back to Biloxi.:",
"back to Biloxi.: 9–10He graduated fromBiloxi High Schoolin 1950.: 13He attendedPerkinston Junior Collegewith a scholarship for journalism,: 13and played on the baseball team.: 14He graduated in 1952,and joined the Naval Aviation Cadet Program.: 16He went to ground school atNAS Pensacola,: 16and then moved toNAS Whiting Fieldin 1952.: 18He trained in theSNJandF6F Hellcat, and completed his flight training in 1954.: 22–26He served as aU.S. Marine Corpsfighterpilot, with VMF-533, then VMF-114 on theF2H-4 BansheeandF9F-8 CougaratMCAS Cherry Point,North Carolina, from March 1954 to September 1956. Haise also served as a tactics and all-weatherflight instructorin the U.S. Navy Advanced Training Command atNAS Kingsville,Texas. Haise has accumulated 9,300 hours flying time, including 6,200 hours injets. After his military service, Haise returned to school and graduated with aBachelor of Sciencedegree with honors inaeronautical engineeringfrom theUniversity of Oklahomain 1959, concurrently serving for two years in",
"for two years in theOklahoma Air National Guard, as a fighter interceptor pilot with the185th Fighter Interceptor Squadron,flying theF-86D.He then worked for the newly createdNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), first as a research pilot at theLewis Research CenternearCleveland. HisAir National Guardunit was called up during theBerlin Crisis of 1961and he served ten months as a fighter pilot in theUnited States Air Force.He was a tactical fighter pilot and chief of the 164th Standardization-Evaluation Flight of the164th Tactical Fighter SquadronatMansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base,Ohio,flying theF-84F. Haise completed post-graduate courses at theU.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School(Class 64A) atEdwards Air Force Base,Californiain 1964, and attended the six-weekHarvard Business School'sAdvanced Management Programin 1972. NASA career In 1966, Haise was one of 19 astronauts selected forNASA Astronaut Group 5.He had already worked with NASA for several years as a civilian research",
"a civilian research pilot. He was the first astronaut in his group to be assigned to a mission, serving as backup Lunar Module Pilot for bothApollo 8andApollo 11. Apollo 13 It only seems interesting to the public if it's the first exploration of another planetary body, or if you're having a problem. Fred Haise According to the rotation of crews during Apollo, Haise was originally assigned as Lunar Module Pilot forApollo 14, but his crew was switched to Apollo 13 so thatAlan Shepardcould have more training time. He flew as Lunar Module Pilot on the abortedApollo 13lunar mission in 1970.Due to the distance between the Earth and Moon during the mission, Haise,Jim Lovell, andJack Swigerthold the record for the farthest distance from the Earth ever traveled by human beings.Haise and Jack Swigert were the first people from Group 5 to fly in space. During this flight Haise developed aurinary tract infectionand later kidney infections. These caused him to be in pain for most of the trip. Haise was slated to become",
"slated to become the 6th human to walk on the Moon during Apollo 13 behind Lovell, who was to be 5th.Alan ShepardandEdgar Mitchelleventually became the fifth and sixth, respectively, onApollo 14, which completed Apollo 13's mission to theFra Mauro formation. Haise later served as backup commander forApollo 16. Though there was no formal selection, Haise was prospectively slated to commandApollo 19withWilliam R. Pogueas Command Module Pilot andGerald P. Carras Lunar Module Pilot. However, the mission was canceled in 1970 due to budget cuts. Space Shuttle approach and landing tests After completing his backup assignment on Apollo 16, Haise moved to theSpace Shuttle program. In 1977, he participated in the program'sApproach and Landing Tests(ALT) atEdwards Air Force Base.Along withC. Gordon Fullertonas pilot, Haise as commander piloted theSpace ShuttleEnterprisein free flight to three landings after being released from theShuttle Carrier Aircraft.The tests verified the shuttle's flight characteristics, an",
"characteristics, an important step toward the success of the program. Haise was assigned to commandSTS-2A, withJack R. Lousmaas pilot, the second Space Shuttle mission, which would have delivered theTeleoperator Retrieval Systemthat would have boostedSkylabto a higher orbit, preserving it for future use. Delays in the Shuttle program development as well as an unexpected increase in Skylab's orbital decay led to the mission being canceled. Skylab was destroyed upon entering the Earth's atmosphere in July 1979, while the Space Shuttle did not launch until April 1981. In June 1979, Haise left NASA to become a test pilot andexecutivewithGrumman Aerospace Corporation, where he remained until retiring in 1996.He was the only one of the four astronauts who conducted theEnterpriselanding tests not to fly in space on the Shuttle. Personal life Haise has four children with his first wife Mary Griffin Grant, whom he married on June 4, 1954, and divorced on July 21, 1978.He married Frances Patt Price, on January 9,",
"on January 9, 1979.On February 7, 2022, Frances died. On August 22, 1973, Haise was piloting aConvair BT-13belonging to theCommemorative Air Forcethat had been converted to look like anAichi D3A\"Val\" torpedo bomber for the 1970 filmTora! Tora! Tora!. While attempting a landing go around atScholes FieldinGalveston, Texas, an undetermined power plant failure led to a crash landing. Haise sufferedsecond‐degree burnsover 50 percent of his body in the post crash fire. Haise published his autobiography,Never Panic Early, about his life and experiences in the Apollo program in 2022. Organizations Haise is afellowof theAmerican Astronautical Society(AAS) and theSociety of Experimental Test Pilots(SETP); member,Tau Beta Pi,Sigma Gamma Tau, andPhi Theta Kappa; and honorary member, National WWII Glider Pilots Association. Awards and honors Haise's other awards include theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for 1971;theAmerican Astronautical SocietyFlight Achievement Awards",
"Achievement Awards for 1970 and 1977; the City ofNew YorkGold Medal in 1970;the City ofHoustonMedal for Valor in 1970;theJeff DavisAward (1970);the Mississippi Distinguished Civilian Service Medal (1970);the American Defense Ribbon;the SETP's Ray E. Tenhoff Award for 1966;the A. B. Honts Trophy as the outstanding graduate of Class 64A from the Aerospace Research Pilot School in 1964;an honorary doctor of science degree fromWestern Michigan University(1970);theJSCSpecial Achievement Award (1978);theSoaring Society of America's Certificate of Achievement Award (1978); the GeneralThomas D. WhiteUSAF Space Trophy for 1977;the SETP'sIven C. Kincheloe Award(1978);and theAir Force Association'sDavid C. SchillingAward (1978). He received thePresidential Medal of Freedom,NASA Distinguished Service Medal,andNASA Exceptional Service Medal. He was inducted into theInternational Space Hall of Famein 1983 and theAerospace Walk of Honorin 1995.He was also one of 24 Apollo astronauts inducted into theU.S. Astronaut Hall of",
"Astronaut Hall of Fameon October 4, 1997. On February 13, 2022, the City of Biloxi unveiled a statue of Haise in the parking lot of the historicBiloxi Lighthouse. Haise was present at the ceremony and had his handprints set in concrete at the statue's base prior to its unveiling. The statue was created by Mississippi artist Mary Ott Tremel Davidson. In September 2023, Haise was inducted into theNational Aviation Hall of Famein Dayton, Ohio. In popular culture In the 1995 motion pictureApollo 13, Haise was played byBill Paxton. See also References Sources External links"
] |
Which film, based loosely on the story of Frederick 'Fritz' Niland, won the Golden Globe for best drama at the 56th Golden Globes in 1999? | Saving Private Ryan was loosely based on the story of Frederick 'Fritz' Niland, and won the Golden Globe for best drama at the 56th Golden Globes in 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niland_brothers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan#Reception | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niland_brothers', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan#Reception'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niland_brothers",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan#Reception"
] | [
"Niland brothers TheNiland brotherswere four American brothers fromTonawanda, New York, who served in the military duringWorld War II. They were sons of Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Niland.Two survived the war but, for a time, only one, Frederick \"Fritz\" Niland, was believed to have survived. After the reported deaths of his three brothers, Fritz was sent back to the United States to complete his service, and only later learned that his brother Edward, missing and presumed dead, was captive in aJapanesePOW campinBurma. Brothers Memorials In popular culture Steven Spielberg's1998 filmSaving Private Ryanis loosely based on the brothers' story. See also References External links",
"Saving Private Ryan Saving Private Ryanis a 1998 Americanepicwar filmdirected bySteven Spielbergand written byRobert Rodat. Set in 1944 inNormandy, France, duringWorld War II, it follows a group of soldiers, led by Captain John Miller (Tom Hanks), on a mission to locate Private James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon) and bring him home safely after his three brothers have been killed in action. The cast also includesEdward Burns,Tom Sizemore,Barry Pepper,Giovanni Ribisi,Vin Diesel,Adam GoldbergandJeremy Davies. Inspired by the books ofStephen E. Ambroseand accounts of multiple soldiers in a single family, such as theNiland brothers, being killed in action, Rodat drafted the script, andParamount Pictureshired him to finish writing it. The project came to the attention of Hanks and Spielberg, whose involvement, due to their previous successes, secured the project's development. Spielberg wanted to makeSaving Private Ryanas authentic as possible and hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto do uncredited rewrites based on research and interviews with veterans. The main cast went through a week-long boot camp to help them understand the soldier's experience. Filming took place from June to September 1997, on a $65–70million budget, almost entirely on location in England and Ireland. The openingOmaha Beachbattle was the most demanding scene, costing $12 million to film over a four-week period, and using 1,500 background actors. Saving Private Ryanbecame one of the year's most successful films, earning critical acclaim for its graphic portrayal of combat. WWII veterans described the combat scenes as the most realistic portrayal of their own experiences they had seen; some said they had been unable to watch it due to their traumatic memories. The film earned $481.8million, making it thesecond-highest-grossing film of 1998, and went on to win many accolades, includingGolden Globe,Academy,BAFTA, andSaturnawards. Consideredone of the greatest films ever made,Saving Private Ryan's battle-scene filming techniques impacted many subsequent war, action, and superhero films, and numerous directors have citedSaving Private Ryanas an influence on them. The picture is credited with having helped to renew interest in WWII at the turn of the century, inspiring other films, television shows, and video gamesset during the war. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Plot On June 6, 1944, theU.S. Armylands atOmaha Beachas part of theNormandy invasion, incurring major losses against the artillery and machine gun fire of the heavily fortifiedGerman forces. Initially dazed by the chaotic battle,2nd Ranger BattalionCaptainJohn H. Miller takes command of a surviving group and leads a successful infiltration behind German lines to secure victory. TheUnited States Department of Warreceives communication that three of four Ryan brothers have been killed in action; the last, James Francis Ryan of the101st Airborne Division, is listed as missing.GeneralGeorge C. Marshallorders that Ryan be found and sent home, to spare his family the loss of all its sons. Miller is tasked with recovering Ryan and assembles a detachment of soldiers to accompany him: Mike Horvath, Richard Reiben, Adrian Caparzo, Stanley Mellish, Daniel Jackson, Irwin Wade, and interpreter Timothy Upham, who lacks any combat experience. The group tracks Ryan to the town ofNeuville-au-Plain, where Caparzo is killed by a German sniper while trying to rescue a young girl. Mourning their friend, the men grow resentful at being forced to risk their lives for one man. They later find James Frederick Ryan, but realize he is the wrong man with a similar name. That evening, the men rest in a chapel, where Miller tells Horvath that his hands began uncontrollably shaking after he joined the war. The men travel to a rallying point where the 101st Airborne might be after landing off course, where they find scores of wounded and displaced soldiers. Wade admonishes Reiben, Mellish, and Jackson for callously searching through a pile of deceased soldiers'dog tagsin front of passing troops, hoping to find Ryan's among them and conclude their mission. Remorseful for ignoring their behavior, Miller shouts for anyone who knows Ryan; one deafened soldier tells him that Ryan was reassigned to defend a vital bridge in the town of Ramelle. On the way, Miller decides to neutralize a German gun nest they discover, against the advice of his men, and although they are successful, Wade is killed. The men prepare to execute a surrendered German soldier in revenge, but Upham intervenes, arguing that they should follow therules of war. Miller releases the soldier, nicknamed \"Steamboat Willie\", ordering that he surrender to the nextAlliedpatrol. Discontented with the mission, Reiben threatens todesert, leading to a standoff between the men that Miller defuses by revealing his civilian background as a teacher and baseball coach, which he had always refused to disclose. Miller muses that people often guessed his career before he became a soldier, while his men could not, implying that war has changed him, and worries whether he is still the man he was and whether his wife will recognize him. In Ramelle, Miller's detachment finds Ryan and informs him of their mission, but Ryan refuses to abandon his post or his fellow soldiers, believing he does not deserve to go home more than anyone else. Horvath convinces Miller that saving Ryan might be the only truly decent thing they can accomplish during the war. Miller takes command of Ryan's group as the only officer present and prepares the soldiers for a German assault. Jackson and Horvath are killed, and Upham stands paralyzed with fear as Mellish is stabbed to death. Steamboat Willie returns and shoots Miller before reinforcements arrive to defeat the Germans. Upham confronts Willie, who attempts to surrender again, and kills him, before sending the other surrendering Germans away. Upham and Reiben observe as the mortally wounded Miller tells Ryan to earn the sacrifices made to send him home. Decades later, an elderly Ryan and his family visit Miller's grave at theNormandy Cemetery. Ryan expresses that he remembers Miller's words every day, lived his life the best he could, and hopes he has earned their sacrifices. Cast The cast also includesGlenn Wrageas Doyle,Corey Johnsonas a radioman,John Sharianas Corporal Loeb, andRolf Saxonas Lieutenant Briggs—Allied soldiers at the Omaha beach landing.Demetri GoritsasandDylan Brunoportray Parker and Private First Class Toynbe, respectively, who aid in the battle of Ramelle.Joerg Stadler appears as Steamboat Willie, a German prisoner.Amanda Boxerportrays Ryan's mother, whileHarrison YoungandKathleen Byronportray the elderly James Ryan and his wife, Margaret.Technical advisor andMarineveteranDale Dyeappears as a War Department colonel. Production Concept ProducerMark Gordonwas a fan of writerRobert Rodat's previous work on films such asTall Tale(1995) andFly Away Home(1996). The pair met in early 1995 to discuss potential projects and ideas. Within a few weeks, Rodat conceived ofSaving Private Ryan.He was inspired by a gift from his wife, the historical bookD-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II(1994), byStephen E. Ambrose, recounting the events of the Normandy landings. Rodat visited a monument inKeene, New Hampshirededicated to American soldiers killed in combat; he noticed the losses included brothers. He said, \"The idea of losing a son to war is painful beyond description... the idea of losing more than one son is inconceivable\".The Ryan family was based on the fourNiland brothersdetailed in Ambrose's book, who were deployed during WWII; two were killed and a third presumed dead; per theSole Survivor Policy, the fourth was returned from the war. Development To developSaving Private Ryan, Gordon founded the independent film studioMutual Film Company, alongside producerGary Levinsohn.Gordon brought Rodat's draft toParamount Picturesexecutives; they responded positively and hired Rodat who wrote the script over the following 12 months.Michael Baywas hired as director, but left the project because he could not resolve how to approach the material.Carin Sage, a junior agent representing Tom Hanks at theCreative Artists Agency, gave the script to Hanks, who was immediately interested and met with Gordon and Levinsohn.Hanks shared the script withSteven Spielbergwho agreed to direct because the pair had wanted to work together for some time.Rodat thought that Paramount would cancel the project after the studio purchased two other WWII-era scripts,CombatandWith Wings as Eagles, with popular actorsBruce WillisandArnold Schwarzeneggerattached, respectively.However, having secured the involvement of Hanks and Spielberg, two of the highest-paid and most successful actors and directors, Gordon suggested Paramount executives prioritizeSaving Private Ryan. Describing what interested him about the project, Spielberg said, \"So what you're doing is sending eight people out, all of whom have parents, to rescue one boy and send him back to his mom when any or all of these kids, along the mission route, could be killed. That was the central tug that made me want to tell the story\".Spielberg had a lifelong interest in WWII, having made war films as a teenager because \"it was the seminal conversation inside my family. My parents talked aboutthe Holocaustand they talked about combat and war. And I was born knowing this.My dadwas a veteran... he had many veterans over to the house, and I became absolutely obsessed... based on my father's stories, recollections, and also based on all the WWII movies\".He described the project as a tribute to his father. With Spielberg on board,DreamWorks Pictures, which he co-founded, became involved as a financier, with his companyAmblin Entertainmentas a production company.Spielberg's clout effectively removed Gordon and Levinsohn from the production, having no creative input, equity, or rights, but receiving a producer's credit and one-off payment. Levinsohn said, \"You just know going in what the score is... I guess it's unspoken that when you hire you're not going to be on the set making decisions\".DreamWorks hiredIan Bryceto replace them. In April 1997,Sumner Redstone, chairman of Paramount's parent companyViacom, had Spielberg flip a coin to determine the film's distribution rights. Spielberg won the toss, giving DreamWorks the favored North American distribution rights and Paramount the international rights. Earnings were held collectively and split evenly between the studios. In exchange, Paramount received the North American distribution rights to DreamWorks'Deep Impact(1998).To keep the budget low, Spielberg and Hanks took minimal upfront salaries in exchange for a guaranteed 17.5% of the gross profits, equivalent to 35 cents of every dollar earned. Rewrite Spielberg's initial concept forSaving Private Ryanwas aBoys' Own–style adventure film in which the search for Ryan was apublic relationseffort by the war department. However, after interviewing WWII veterans for research, he found this idea inappropriate. He decided to embed the story within a realistic portrayal of actual events while portraying the conflicted morality of sending men into life-threatening situations to save one man.He said, \"I cannot tell you how many veterans came up to me... and said: 'Please be honest about it. Please don't make another Hollywood movie about WWII. Please tell our stories...'\" The surviving Niland family was interviewed, and the story was further influenced by other substantial family war losses, including the fiveSullivan brotherskilled during WWII, and the Bixby brothers during theAmerican Civil War; theresulting letterbyAbraham Lincolnis quoted in the film. Spielberg described existing WWII films as \"sanitized\" and sentimentalized, focused on depicting honor and the glory of service in a manner that was \"very safe and wholly untrue\".He wanted to present the courage of the soldiers in the face of \"palpable terror, almost blind terror\": I remember one of the telling me the entire charge up the beach was a blur—not a blur to his memory because he still remembered every single grain of sand when he had his face buried in it from that fusillade raining down on them from above. But he described how everything was not in focus for him. He described the sounds, and he described the vibrations of every concussion of every88 shellthat hit the beach, which gave some of them bloody noses, rattled their ears. The ground would come up and slam into their faces from the concussions.\" Ambrose served as a historical consultant. He disliked glorified depictions of the Normandy landings that ignored the reality of soldiers slowly dying in mud and water, wanting \"their mothers, they wanted morphine. It took a long time.\"Spielberg believed the legacy of theVietnam Warhad made his generation less interested in glorifying combat in film. Even so, he was influenced by early war films such asBattleground(1949),The Steel Helmet(1951), andHell Is for Heroes(1962). Although Rodat's script came close to the ideal WWII project he had hoped for, he believed it had \"a few problems\".He hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto performuncredited script rewrites.The scene begins as the second wave of soldiers arrives on Omaha beach (Darabont's suggestion),so they would be walking into \"Hell on Earth\" instead of empty beaches.Scott Frank performed rewrites based on transcriptions of Spielberg's recorded ideas and two folders of historical facts about the Normandy landings; these gave Frank ideas but he found it difficult to parse the reality of events into original ideas. The Normandy cemetery scene was based on Spielberg's own experience visiting the area as a youth; he witnessed a family accompanying a man who fell to his knees and began to cry at a grave marker. Casting Spielberg wanted older actors for his main cast, claiming that young soldiers would look older than their age under the stresses of war.Miller is the \"adult in the story,\" intended to project a calmness and feeling of safety that is undermined by the character's uncontrollable handshaking.Spielberg wanted Hanks to play Miller because he was the only actor he thought of who would not \"want to use his teeth to pull out a pin from a hand grenade\".Hanks formed Miller's character based on the history of the 2nd Ranger Battalion before Omaha Beach, saying he believed Miller was \"horribly afraid\" of getting more of his men killed.Mel GibsonandHarrison Fordwere considered for the role.Miller's detachment is a diverse group, including a Jew and Italian, reminiscent of earlier WWII films; this was not a deliberate choice, although Spielberg believed he had subconsciously drawn on conventional WWII films.Burns described Reiben as a \"wise guy\" in the script, but the experience of filming the Omaha Beach landing inspired him to give the character a \"much harder edge\".Sizemore was cast inThe Thin Red Line(1998) when Spielberg offered him an alternative role as Horvath, Miller's friend, and confidant.The actor had a history of drug addiction, and Spielberg mandated that he pass regular drug tests to keep his part, or the role would be recast and his scenes re-shot.Describing his character, Sizemore said, \"he was a quiet man; he was taciturn; he followed orders, and he loved the captain... if he had a tragic flaw, it was that he didn't know when he had had enough when it was time to say, 'I can't do this anymore.'\" Diesel was cast after Spielberg saw his self-starring directorial efforts,Multi-Facial(1995) andStrays(1997). The actor was working as a telemarketer at the time, having struggled to secure acting jobs.Goldberg's role did not exist in the script until his casting.Spielberg wanted a relatively unknown actor to portray Private Ryan. Spielberg visited the set ofGood Will Hunting(1997), andRobin Williamsintroduced him to Damon. Spielberg cast him shortly after, believing he possessed a \"great American everyboy look,\" unaware thatGood Will Hunting's success would significantly raise Damon's profile.Neil Patrick Harriswas considered for the role, andEdward Nortonturned it down forAmerican History X(1998).Pete Postlethwaite,Tony Shalhoub, andGarth Brookswere considered for unspecified roles. At Hanks's and Dye's suggestion, Spielberg had the principal cast take part in a six-dayboot camp, wanting them to experience cold, wet, and exhaustive conditions, like those of WWII soldiers.Overseen by Dye and retired U.S. marines, the actors remained in character while simulating attacks, performing five-mile runs with full backpacks, weapons training, military exercises, and push-ups after making mistakes, on three hours of sleep per night in cold and rainy conditions.The men wanted to quit, but Hanks convinced them otherwise, saying they would regret not following through and the experience would help them understand their characters and motivations.Diesel said, \"at that moment we got this huge respect for him in real life, we were all exhausted, we all wanted to leave and here was this guy who was a superstar, who doesn't have to be here, voting to stay\".Dye was present throughout filming to remind the actors of their training.Spielberg kept Damon out of the boot camp because he wanted the other actors to resent him and his character. Pre-production The pre-production forSaving Private Ryanwas truncated because Spielberg chose to filmAmistad(1997) immediately after finishing work onThe Lost World: Jurassic Park(1997). CinematographerJanusz Kamińskispent several weeks performing camera tests to define the film's visual aesthetic. The pair considered filmingmonochromaticallyas Spielberg had with his Holocaust film,Schindler's List(1993). However, they considered that this would seem \"pretentious,\" and were interested in emulating the colored WWII footage from their research. Kamiński let his interpretation of the narrative dictate how to light scenes and narrowed down visual styles by identifying which films he did not wantSaving Private Ryanto emulate.He and Spielberg were visually influenced by WWII documentaries, such asMemphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress(1944),The Battle of Midway(1942),Why We Fight(1942–1945), and theNazi propagandafilms ofLeni Riefenstahl. They also looked at various books, paintings, and photographs of the Omaha Beach invasion taken by the war photographerRobert Capa.Kamiński wanted it to look like a major production \"shot on by a bunch of combat cameramen\". A variety of camera techniques were used to emulate the experience of being on a battlefield: Kamiński removed the protective coating on some lenses, creating a \"flatter\", degraded image akin to WWII-era cameras, and mismatched lenses when using multiple cameras for an inconsistent result; alternatingshutter anglesand speeds; and desynchronizing the camera shutter which created a \"streaking\" effect. Kamiński considered this a risky option because if it failed there was no way to fix the image in post-production.AClairmont Camera Image Shakervibrated the camera to emulate the effects of a nearby explosion or rolling tank.Spielberg chose to film in1.85:1 aspect ratiobecause he believed it was more lifelike and closer to \"the way the human eye really sees,\" and foundwidescreen formatsto be artificial. Three months were spent scouting for a location to portray the Normandy coast. The real location was too developed for their needs, and many other French beaches were restricted by military or wildlife use; Spielberg believed officials were difficult because they did not want him filming there.Beaches researched in England and Scotland lacked either the aesthetics or amenities required, such as housing for the crew, and the filmmakers needed a specific depth for the cast to leap from the landing crafts into the water.Associate producer, Kevin De La Noy's earlier work onBraveheart(1995) in Ireland had developed contacts with the Irish Army and knowledge of local beaches. One such location, the 11 km (6.8 mi) long Curracloe Beach, nearCurracloe, County Wexford, offered the desired golden sands and sheer cliffs and nearby amenities.Spielberg selected a 1 km (0.62 mi) segment of the beach, known as Ballinesker.He said, \"I was a bit disappointed that the beach we used wasn't as broad as the real Omaha Beach... I tried to use certain wide-angle lenses to extend the length of the flats on the sandy beach before the soldiers reach the shingle. I used wider lenses for geography and tighter lenses for the compression of action.A segment adjacent toBlackwater, also in Wexford, was considered, but the local nuns could not make the land available in time.Service roads were built for vehicles to reach Ballinesker.Production designerThomas E. Sandersled construction of the concrete battlements, bunkers,Czech hedgehogs, and barbed wire, much of which was made by local metalworkers.Over eleven weeks were spent preparing Ballinesker for filming.A storm destroyed some of the props just before filming, but they were rebuilt overnight.The main crew arrived on location on June 25, 1997. Filming in Ireland Principal photographybegan on June 27, 1997.Filming completed up to 50 shots per day. Spielberg wanted the actors to get little rest, \"A war is fought fast, and I really wanted to keep all of the actors off-balance. I didn't want them to be able to read 75 pages of a novel... I wanted to work fast enough so that they always felt as if they were in combat... I had to keep them on the set, which meant shooting the film even faster than I normally do. War doesn't give you a break.\"Saving Private Ryanwas shot almost entirely in continuity order, although some of the crew found this \"a mentally demoralizing experience\" because the cast started together and left as their characters died. The Omaha Beach battle was filmed over three to four weeks, for $12million.The scene involved about 1,500 people including 400 crew, 1,000 volunteerreserveandIrish armysoldiers, and dozens of extras and about 30 amputees and paraplegics fitted with prosthetic limbs to portray disfigured soldiers.Their numbers were supplemented with over one thousand detailed mannequins.The extras were divided into platoons with a designated leader, allowing Dye to control their action via four different radios with aid from threenon-commissioned officers.Costume designerJoanna Johnstoncontracted an American company responsible for making boots for soldiers during WWII to create about 2,000 pairs, using the last batch of dye from that period.Soldiers in the ocean wore wet suits beneath their uniforms to minimize hypothermia.ArmorerSimon Atherton was responsible for supplying authentic weapons. TwoHiggins Boatsused in the landings were used in the scene; additional boats from the 1950s were brought from California, Donegal, and Southampton.Hanks recalled: The first day of shooting... I was in the back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was. The air literally went pink and the noise was deafening and there's bits and pieces of stuff falling all on top of you and it was horrifying.\" Soldiers vomiting from the boats was achieved usingmilk of magnesia.Acrane shotmoving from beneath the ocean surface to above the battlefield was achieved by placing the crane on a flatbed trailer and reversing it into the sea. The Omaha Beach sequence was extensively choreographed by stunt coordinatorSimon Crane, withsquibsand explosives managed byNeil Corbould. The only serious accident resulted when an extra's foot was run over by a car.Thousands of gallons of fake blood were used, mainly to turn the ocean and shoreline red.Based on his interviews with veterans, Spielberg had dead fish strewn in the water and around the battlefield, as well as floating a Bible on the surface.Bullet impacts were emulated using air pipes concealed beneath the sand and ocean surface.Drums of diesel fuel were burned to create black smoke, while a series of pickup trucks carried systems to disperse white smoke. During filming, the weather was cold, rainy, and overcast; Kamiński said this matched the weather during the Normandy landings, enhancing the film's accuracy.Artificial light was used sparingly apart from on the boats to highlight the actors' eyes under their helmets.Spielberg had the camera stay close to the ground to appear as if it was the view of a soldier avoiding getting shot or a combat cameraman. He intended for the audience to feel like they were a part of the battle rather than watching.Most ofSaving Private Ryanwas filmed with handheld cameras. This was physically demanding on camera operator Mitch Dubin andSteadicamoperator Chris Haarhoff due to both proximity to the ground and movement through exploding scenery. The camera was close enough that fake blood, water, and sand would stick to the camera lens, but the filmmakers believed this made the footage more authentic. Kamiński considered the extensive setup of explosives, smoke, and choreography of over a thousand characters to be demanding as it could take half a day to reset if something went wrong, but the majority of scenes in the sequence were captured in less than four takes, using up to three cameras simultaneously. Spielberg said, \"I rarely walked away from a scene until I got what I wanted, and I'd say that I got what I wanted from those complex setups about 80 percent of the time.\"He reviewed each day's footage nightly in a local parish hall.The production crew remained after filming to restore the beach to its original state over the following month, per an ecological protection order. Filming in England and France Filming relocated to theHatfield Aerodromein Hertfordshire, England, at the end of August, for the remaining scenes and the battle of Ramelle.French towns and rivers were scouted where a partial set could be built, but this was discarded over environmental concerns of filming contaminating the water. Instead, Sanders and his team built the fictional Ramelle on the grounds of the Aerodrome, based on five towns where fighting took place. Nearly threecity blockslong, the set included fully built buildings, facades, and a custom built, 900 ft (270 m) long river. The river was lined because they \"had to control the height of the water very carefully\". Explosives were used to create bomb craters and damage around Ramelle. Though the battle involved fewer extras than the Omaha Beach scene, several weeks were spent developing the complex choreography based on a battle plan devised by Dye.Spielberg did notstoryboardSaving Private Ryanbecause he wanted to position the camera spontaneously in reaction to what was taking place in each scene and he often relied on Dye and other WWII consultants for advice on staging the combat scenes.Dale also advised on technical aspects of weapons; where Spielberg wanted to use larger explosions typically found in Hollywood action films, Dye would generally advise him to \"go half that size, they were never that big\".The production was estimated to have spent about £8million in the local area. Spielberg's spontaneous approach carried into other aspects; about halfway through filming, he decided to depict the remainder of the film from Upham's perspective, believing he represented the audience's inexperience of war.Goldberg's character was only going to be shot dead until Dye suggested a hand-to-hand combat sequence on the day of filming, leading Mellish to be stabbed through the heart.A separate scene of Ryan talking about his brothers was ad-libbed by Damon. The German machine-gun nest and following ambush of a half-track vehicle were filmed on the grounds ofThame Park, Thame, inOxfordshire; the chapel interior where Miller's men rest was filmed in the Thame Park chapel.The Iowa cornfields where Ryan's mother lives in a house built for filming was set nearWest Kennet, Wiltshire.The American war office was filmed in the Hatfield Aerodrome. Kamiński wanted scenes in America to be more colorful and a relief from the muted tones of the combat scenes, so he positioned very bright lighting outside the windows.Scenes featuring the elderly Ryan were filmed at theNormandy American Cemetery and MemorialinColleville-sur-Mer, France, adjacent to Omaha Beach. Filming concluded ahead of schedule on September 13, 1997, after 12 weeks, with the French church interior scenes.The estimated total budget was $65–$70million. Post-production Kamiński chose to render his footage usingTechnicolor's proprietary ENR process (similar to ableach bypass) which retained more silver in thefilm stockand produced deeper blacks. He used \"70 percent ENR\" for a desaturated image which added a blue hue. Concerned this change would make the fake blood appear inauthentic, the effects department mixed blue coloring into it, giving it a dark red appearance.Visual-effects studioIndustrial Light & Magicprovided digital enhancements; many bullet wounds and blood splatter werecomputer-generated imagery. Michael Kahnedited the final 170-minute cut.Spielberg said that Kahn's style was intended to defy audience expectations and not make every scene or transition clear.Some scenes were cut because of their graphic imagery, such as Miller's unit encounter with burnt out tanks with charred bodies. Mellish's death was also trimmed, removing parts where the character screams in pain, after Spielberg's projectionist said \"It's too painful to watch.\" Spielberg said his movie had to be \"ugly\", but was worried the violent content could be seen as exploitative and earn it a restrictiveNC-17rating from theMotion Picture Association of America, restricting it to audiences over 17 years of age.He anticipated that the \"historical importance\" of the content would be taken into consideration; it received anR rating, meaning children could watch when accompanied by an adult. Music A long-time Spielberg collaborator, composerJohn Williams, produced the score.Spielberg chose little music accompaniment, wanting the sounds of battle and death to be prominent. Using aspottingprocess, he and Williams watched a rough cut of the film to agree on which scenes would feature music.Williams deliberately avoided \"anything grandiose or operatic\".Williams recorded the 55-minute score over three days atSymphony Hallin Boston, with theBoston Symphony Orchestraand vocals by theTanglewood Festival Chorus.The recording cost about $100,000 per hour.Spielberg chose the Orchestra: \"This is a movie about a company of soldiers, and it seemed appropriate to use an experienced company of musicians who are all virtuosos. Also we really wanted the sound of this room, Symphony Hall. On a soundstage you can get acoustically correct sound, but you don't hear the air. Here you get a rich, warm sound off the walls and ceiling, and you do hear the air; Symphony Hall is an instrument too.\" Release Context The 1998 summer theatrical season began in early May withDeep Impact, a surprise box office hit that studios saw as a positive indicator for their upcoming 100 film releases.GodzillaandArmageddonwere expected to be the biggest successes, while industry executives were hopeful for smaller budget films (costing less than $60million) likeSmall Soldiers,The Negotiator,The Parent Trap, andThere's Something About Maryto become sleeper hits. Fewer sequels and less escapist entertainment were scheduled for release, and more films were targeted toward older audiences.Saving Private Ryanwas highly anticipated but analysis suggested the film faced commercial limitations because of its long runtime, restricting the number of times it could be screened daily, and its violent content.DreamWorks' marketing chief Terry Press said it was risky to release a serious drama in the summer, a time generally reserved for family and escapist entertainment, but this was offset by Spielberg and Hanks's popularity.A screening for DreamWorks and Paramount executives was highly praised,but Spielberg had low expectations, believing the film was too violent to attract broad audiences. Box office The film premiered on July 21, 1998. The event was a low-profile affair without a party or many celebrities; Press said of the premiere, \"it would have been inappropriate\".Saving Private Ryanwas released in the United States and Canada on July 24, 1998.During its opening weekend, it earned $30.6million across 2,463 theaters—an average of $12,414 per theater.This figure made it the number-one film of the weekend, ahead ofThe Mask of Zorro($13.4million) in its second weekend,Lethal Weapon 4($13.1million) in its third, andThere's Something About Mary($12.5million), also in its second.The audience was split evenly between women and men, and skewed towards those aged over 25.The New York Timesdescribed it as unusual for a near-three-hour-long drama to perform so well on its opening weekend, crediting positive reviews. DreamWorks believed the box-office figure would have been higher if not for a delay in film prints arriving in hundreds of theaters across California and Arizona until late in the afternoon. In its second weekend,Saving Private Ryanremained the number-one film, with $23.6million, ahead of the debutingThe Parent Trap($11.1million) andThere's Something About Mary($10.9million) in its third.Saving Private Ryanretained the number-one position in its third weekend with ($17.4million), ahead of the debuts ofSnake Eyes($16.3million) andHalloween H20: 20 Years Later($16.1million), and its fourth with $13.2million, ahead of the debuts ofHow Stella Got Her Groove Back($11.3million) andThe Avengers($10.3million).In its fifth weekend,Saving Private Ryanfell to number2 with $10.1million, behind the debut ofBlade($17.1million).Without regaining the number1 position, it ranked among the top ten for 12 weeks.By the end of its theatrical run,Saving Private Ryanearned a total box-office gross of $216.5million, making it the highest-grossing film of the year, ahead ofArmageddon($201.6million) andThere's Something About Mary($176.5million).This also made it only the third R-rated film to earn more than $200million, after 1984'sBeverly Hills Cop($235million) and 1991'sTerminator 2: Judgment Day($205million). Outside of the U.S. and Canada,Saving Private Ryanis estimated to have earned a further $265.3million. This gave the film a cumulative worldwide gross of $481.8million, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1998, behindArmageddon($553.7million). Saving Private Ryanwas seen as the biggest success of the theatrical summer.The New York Timeswrote that the success of a \"prestige film\" during a time of blockbuster entertainment with broad appeal was evidence that audiences were accepting of serious dramas alongside action films, such asArmageddonandGodzilla, and \"gross-out comedy\" likeThere's Something About Mary. The publication wrote that the popularity ofSaving Private Ryanwas, in part, because it depicted a \"nobler, cleaner era\" promoting values of heroism and \"patriotic duty\".The 1998 box office broke records with over $7billion earned. Despite expectations, the biggest successes had relatively modest budgets, such asSaving Private Ryan,There's Something About Mary,Rush Hour, andThe Waterboy, while the anticipated blockbusters, such asGodzillaandArmageddon, were so expensive to make that they were less profitable.Re-releases ofSaving Private Ryanhave raised the box office to $482.3million.Spielberg's and Hanks's pay agreement earned them an estimated $30–$40 million each of the box office. Reception Critical response Saving Private Ryanreceived critical acclaim,and audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.Critics generally agreed thatSaving Private Ryanpresented the grim and brutal reality of the \"Good War\" in a way previously unseen on film.Writing for theLos Angeles Times,Kenneth Turandescribed the film as darker and more pessimistic than any of Spielberg's previous works, dispelling the mythos of WWII as staunchly good heroes fighting against evil forces, to depict the reality of combat where, \"American soldiers mock virtue and shoot surrendering Germans, where decent and altruistic actions tend to be fatal, where death is random, stupid and redeems hardly anything at all\".Some reviewers said this exploration of the limitations of morality in combat asked audiences to consider that the lives lost during the conflict were as valuable as those saved by their sacrifices. Writing for theChicago Tribune,Gene Siskellauded the film's ability to discuss the \"brutality and madness\" of war while \"believably\" celebrating the sacrifices and courage of those fighting it.Salon.com's Gary Kamiya concluded, \"it will forever change the way people imagine the most important event in 20th century history. That is no small achievement.\"InThe New York Times,Stephen Holdensaid \"it's a safe bet thatSaving Private Ryan, a powerful but flawed movie, will be revered as a classic decades hence.\" Many reviewers focused on the film's two major combat sequences, particularly the opening on Omaha Beach.Focus was on the \"horrifying,\" \"visceral,\" \"brutal,\" \"shocking,\" and \"fierce\" violence present in the opening battle, described byEntertainment Weekly'sOwen GleibermanandTime'sRichard Schickelas one of the most revolutionary film sequences ever made.Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesand Schickel compared it with the energy and dread of similar scenes in the Vietnam war filmPlatoon(1986), but with a grander scope depicting masses of men killing each other from afar, drawing the \"horror\" out of a lengthy, sustained sequence, without the audience being allowed to become desensitized.Some reviewers believed that the scene was so impactful and thought-provoking that it overshadowed the rest of the film.Although there was some criticism toward the realistic violence and gore, Turan believed it was done purposely and dispassionately, conveying the chaos and despair experienced by the soldiers, and not done for the sake of entertainment.Spielberg rejected this criticism, affirming he wanted the audience to understand what real combat was like and what the soldiers experienced, not observe it from afar as spectators.Some reviewers believed the concluding battle in Ramelle was more violent than Omaha Beach, particularly the slow death of Mellish as he is stabbed through the chest.The New York Observer'sAndrew Sarriscriticized the \"pornography of violence and cruelty\" depicted in severed limbs and rivers of blood. Turan andJonathan Rosenbaumfound that, outside of the combat, the script was effective but uninspired and derivative of war films by other directors, such asOliver Stone,Stanley Kubrick, andFrancis Ford Coppola.Others criticized \"manipulative\" oversentimentality, particularly in the modern dayframing devicefeaturing the elderly Ryan.Even so, Kamiya described it as \"enormously moving, it serves as a kind of redemption, a necessary if eternally fragile answer to the hell he witnessed\". Hanks's performance was generally praised, with some reviewers calling it the best of his career to date.Many reviewers agreed that hiseverymanpersona allowed him to portray Miller with a gentle weariness, empathy, and vulnerability beneath a surface of strength and decency, but also cynicism toward the war.Ebert and Schickel wrote that he offered a quiet reserve \"hinting at unspoken competencies\" that convince his men and the audience to follow along with him.Turan believed that Hanks's \"indelible\" performance represented how the audience would hope to be when confronted by the same situations.The other main cast also generally received positive reviews, particularly Davies, with Ebert saying that his transformation from inexperienced interpreter to soldier was the conclusion to \"Spielberg's unspoken philosophical argument\".Gleiberman and Turan also highlighted the performances of Pepper, Ribisi, and Sizemore, who Turan believed delivered his career's \"best, most controlled\" performance.Ebert praised the cast for not devolving into cliché or \"zany\" archetypes and effectively portraying the bonds between them.However, Kamiya wrote that Damon's performance was \"jarring\", believing both his more cinematic aesthetic and speech about his brothers to be artificial. The review concluded that Ryan was not very compelling, which made it difficult to care about the mission to save him. Accolades At the56th Golden Globe Awardsin 1999,Saving Private RyanwonBest DramaandBest Director(Spielberg), and was nominated forBest Drama Actor(Hanks),Best Original Score(Williams), andBest Screenplay(Rodat).At the71st Academy Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Director(Spielberg),Best Cinematography(Kamiński),Best Film Editing(Kahn),Best Sound(Gary Rydstrom,Gary Summers,Andy Nelson,Ronald Judkins), andBest Sound Effects Editing(Rydstrom and Richard Hymns) while it was nominated forBest Actor(Hanks),Best Original Screenplay(Rodat),Best Music(Williams),Best Production Design(Sanders andLisa Dean Kavanaugh), andBest Makeup(Lois Burwell,Conor O'Sullivan,Daniel C. Striepeke).Saving Private Ryan's unexpected loss ofBest PicturetoShakespeare in Loveis seen as one of the biggest upsets in the awards history and led to DreamWorks executives accusing its producers,Miramax, of \"overly aggressive campaigning\".A 2015 poll of Academy voters suggested that, given another opportunity, they would have votedSaving Private Ryanas Best Picture. At the52nd British Academy Film Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Special EffectsandBest Sound, and was nominated forBest Film,Best Direction(Spielberg), andBest Actor(Hanks).At the25th Saturn Awards, it wonBest Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.The3rd Golden Satellite Awardsalso earned the filmBest Editing(Kahn), and a nomination forBest Supporting Actor(Sizemore),as well asBest Director(Spielberg) andBest Actor(Hanks) at theEmpire Awards. Saving Private Ryanalso won awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement (Directors Guild of America, Spielberg),Motion Picture Producer of the Year (PGA Awards, Spielberg, Bryce, Gordon, and Levinsohn),Best Casting (Casting Society of America, Denise Chamian),Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture (Grammy Awards, Williams),Best Sound Editing for Dialogue (Motion Picture Sound Editors, Hymns, Rydstrom, Sandina Bailo-Lape, Ethan Van der Ryn, Teresa Eckton, Frank Eulner Karen Wilson, Larry Oatfield, and Bruce Lacey), and Sound Effects (Hymns, Rydstrom, Gwendolyn Yates Whittle, Larry Singer, Ewa Sztompke Oatfield, Sara Bolder, Denise Whiting, and Thomas Whiting)and Best of Show - Audiovisual (Key Art Awards).In 2014, the United StatesLibrary of CongressselectedSaving Private Ryanto be preserved in theNational Film Registryas \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Post-release Historical accuracy and veteran responses Several publications highlighted the accuracy of the Omaha Beach assault, down to the sound of gunfire, although some errors were noted, such as bullets killing soldiers underwater, the absence of Britishcoxswainssteering the boats, and the battle's truncated duration.Historical curator John Delaney said: It's accurate for that unit on that bit of that beach on that day... but you can't say, 'That's what D-Day was like', because it wasn't. Omaha beach is about three and a half miles long. What's happening at one end of the beach isn't what's happening at the other end. Discussing the core narrative, Ambrose said, \"It's a stretch that they would send eight soldiers, but it could have been hard to find him... the paratroopers were scattered everywhere.\" Many World War II veterans described the opening ofSaving Private Ryanas depicting the most realistic representation of combat. Another veteran, interviewed byTime, said \"I remember when I walked out into the lobby of the moviehouse, not a single person coming out of that showing said one word... everybody was stunned by it... It just brought back so many memories.\"There were various reports of some veterans being unable to finish watchingSaving Private Ryanbecause of the memories it brought back.TheUnited States Department of Veterans Affairscreated a dedicated phoneline for viewers affected by the film, and more veterans visited counselors forpost traumatic stress disorder. The rest of the film is less historically accurate. Fictitious elements include the nonexistent town of Ramelle, the battle associated with it, certain military tactical errors (included for dramatic effect), much of the dialogue, and some of the methods used to locate Ryan.Total Filmand some non U.S. veterans were critical of the lack of other Allied forces throughout the film.British broadcasterChannel 4said that these critics had missed the point of the film, in that it was \"unashamedly an American story\". Home media Saving Private Ryanwas released onVHSin May 1999.It became the most successful rental debut of its time, earning $9.6million in its first week and $44million by July 1999.A limited edition two-VHS version was released in November 1999, adding a making-of documentary, as well as a message from Spielberg about D-Day and theNational D-Day Museum. ADVDwas released alongside the limited edition VHS, with the same extras.A two-disc Special Collector's Edition DVD set was released in May 2004 to coincide with the 60th anniversary of D-Day.This edition included additional content, includingbehind-the-scenescontent recorded during filming. Spielberg discussed his interest in WWII, the Niland brothers, the story and character development, the cast's boot camp experience, the involvement of the Irish army and locations, the recreation of Omaha Beach, the music, sound effects, and a farewell from Spielberg.This was released alongside a four-disc deluxe \"The World War II Collection\" DVD package that included a collectible book and two documentaries:Price for Peace(directed byJames Moll) about the use of dogs in WWII, andShooting War(directed by Richard Schickel) about combat photographers, with narration by Hanks. Saving Private Ryanwas released as a two-discBlu-rayin May 2010, including all previously released special features apart fromPrice for Peace.Paramount Home Entertainmentissued a recall of the Blu-rays after discovering that some versions featured an audio synchronization issue. The defect was fixed in versions re-released later that month.For the film's 20th anniversary in 2018, a three-disc \"Commemorative 20th Anniversary\" Blu-ray set was released, including a4K Ultra HD Blu-rayand all previously released features. Other media A novelization, written byMax Allan Collinsand Rodat, was released alongside the film.Saving Private Ryan: The Men, the Mission, the Movie : A Film by Steven Spielbergwas also released in 1998. It features illustrations, color plates, extracts from the screenplay and Ambrose's works, as well as commentary by crew including Spielberg, Hanks, and Damon. Thematic analysis Patriotism Leading into the early 21st century, there was renewed focus in America on glorifying the generation that had fought in WWII, depicted in films such asSaving Private RyanandThe Thin Red Line, the miniseriesBand of Brothers(2001), books such asThe Greatest Generation(1998), and construction of aWorld War II Memorialin Washington, D.C.Many publications believed this resurgence of interest in the war to be a response to decades of American cynicism toward the nation'sfailure in the Vietnam War(1955–1975), and anticlimactic victories in theColdandGulf Warsthat resulted in little diplomatic success or celebration. Many films about the Vietnam War depicted its American combatants as self-hating, \"deeply troubled, or even psychotic,\" offered little respect, and portrayed the conflict itself as one mired in dread, anxiety, and general negativity.Literature professor Marzena Sokołowska-Paryż said the worship of WWII as \"the last Good War\" and its veterans as \"thegreatest generation\" represented a \"therapeutic patriotism\" designed to rehabilitate the modern image of combatants as the enduring legacy of WWII soldiers and the core American national identity while forgetting any lingering guilt over the Vietnam War.Film scholar Albert Auster described this reappraisal as a reversal of attitudes up to the early 1990s where historical wars, including WWII, were not beyond criticism and, particularly in response to the Vietnam War, literary critics aimed to undo the impression of WWII as the \"Good War\".Saving Private Ryanis American-centric, beginning and ending with an image of the nation's flag fluttering in the wind, a desaturated image suggesting a nostalgic image of \"the deep pride we once felt in our flag\".Stephen Holden described it as \"a wholehearted celebration of American pluck and virtue and honor\". Holden and Ebert disagreed with the view of some critics thatSaving Private Ryan's \"harrowing\" and realistic combat scenes were astatement against war. They wrote that it accepts war as a necessity and portrays its main characters not as symbols, but as real people trying to kill the enemy without getting themselves killed.The scenes of the elderly Ryan visiting Miller's grave with his family received some criticism.AuthorJohn Biguenetqueried how such a \"savage and unsentimental film\" could conclude with a scene so sentimentalized. Spielberg said in making the film he was meant to \"wave the flag and be patriotic,\" but that the reality of his father's experiences made him want to also convey the harsh reality.The Omaha Beach landing establishes the distance between the commanders safe at home who order Ryan be rescued, and the soldiers endangered in doing so.It is a sentimental mission intended to spare one family the grief of losing all of its sons, but Miller refers to it as a public relations scheme designed to boost civilian morale.General Marshall quotes a letter by Abraham Lincoln to a similarly affected family, but where Lincoln's letter expresses sentiment and patriotic sacrifice to the mother, it is not sentimental nor does it claim that her grief is greater than any other mother who lost her child at war.Biguenet said Marshall, in comparison, confuses sentimentality for morality. Despite the patriotic American imagery, the characters ofSaving Private Ryando not discuss their home country or protecting democracy fromfascism. The soldiers are only concerned with returning home to their loved ones. Miller's men openly state that they do not care about Ryan, but Miller says that he will go into metaphorical Hell to save him, if it means Miller can return to his wife. The soldiers actively fighting are not sentimental about their mission. Turan and Biguenet saidSaving Private Ryan\"feels like an official act of atonement\" for modern generations failing to acknowledge the \"courage and sacrifice\" of WWII soldiers. When Miller tells Ryan to \"earn this,\" he is effectively speaking about the debt owed to veterans who made \"the ultimate sacrifice\" for their country.Biguenet called this a \"terrible, impossible order\", a moral burden that Ryan will carry until his own death because there is no way to compensate the high price paid by Miller's men. Spielberg suggested the answer was in the living paying homage to the fallen soldiers and the freedom for which they fought.History professor John Bodnar described the image of the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial as depicting a national unity with row after row of white grave markers, serving as a permanent reminder \"to other nations of the sacrifices made by the United States\". Morality and humanity Unlike some older WWII films that portrayed the soldiers as infallible heroes,Saving Private Ryanpresents battles fought by brave but frightened civilians, the majority of whom at Omaha Beach were not combat veterans.Ebert believed much of the audience, including himself, would identify with Upham, someone completely unprepared for the realities of war but who must fight regardless.Miller is the opposite: an experienced soldier who is scared and anxious because he knows exactly what to expect and is haunted by his responsibility for the lives of his men.Although 94 men have died under his command, Miller rationalizes that he can prioritize his mission over his men because each sacrifice was responsible for saving many more lives. However, his mission to rescue Ryan demands he risk the lives of several men to save just one.Turan said Miller's trembling hands were a sign that he is \"dangerously close to coming apart\".Far Outmagazine wrote that the focus on Miller's ailment acknowledges the side effects of war such as post-traumatic stress disorder, something he suppresses to fulfil his duty. Spielberg said the mission to rescue Ryan cannot be morally or patriotically justified, risking eight lives to save one. This theme is reinforced when they encounter the sole survivor of a glider crash caused by heavy steel shielding added to protect a single general on board, resulting in 22 deaths. No character claims that the mission of Miller and his men is heroic, and the men express the grief their own mothers will feel should they be killed on this endeavor. The \"toughest\" soldier, Horvath, gives it meaning when he tells Miller that saving Ryan could be the one decent thing they can accomplish in \"this whole godawful, shitty mess\". Biguenet said that Spielberg is explicitly condemning their mission as an immoral act to force upon soldiers.Ebert considered the decision to deviate from the mission to attack the German gun nest on the way to Ramelle to be a deliberate rebellion against their orders. The action is not part of their mission and it is possible to avoid the situation entirely, but it grants the soldiers the opportunity to do what they came to Europe for: to fight a war.Hanks said the decision to stay with Ryan and defend Ramelle was the characters \"bringing meaning to a situation that until then had been absurd\". While film critic Andrew Sarris found the German characters to match evil archetypes found in other WWII films, concluding with Upham's lesson that Steamboat Willie should have been killed earlier,Saving Private Ryandoes not portray the Allied soldiers as unimpeachable heroes.Following Omaha Beach, two Allied soldiers laugh as they execute two pleading German soldiers, but the soldiers are speaking Czech, indicating they are potentially from German-conquered Czechoslovakia, forcibly conscripted into the war effort.Biguenet wrote that the Germans are not portrayed as any worse than the Americans, as they are similarly affected by the horrors of war and casually execute downed American soldiers. InSaving Private Ryan, allegiances do not matter, all men are equal, and rules only matter until they conflict with the mission objective. Upham's transformation from cowardly interpreter to Willie's executioner shows the transformative realities of combat.Professor William J. Prior and Auster wrote that Upham represents respect for human life and moral decency when he interferes to prevent Steamboat Willie's execution, despite the fact that it would protect the mission. He offers the intellectual perspective of a civilian, but his lack of combat experience makes him unable to kill the prisoner, which results in the deaths of many of his allies.Miller's experience means he is conscious of the risk involved in releasing Willie, but he is simultaneously struggling to cling to his own humanity and decency, believing that every time he kills he is moving \"farther from home\". Although Willie is the enemy, he is also a human with his own right to exist, and summarily executing him would further distance Miller from the self he and his wife knew.His decision to spare Willie and reveal his civilian background, returns to him a semblance of his humanity. Legacy Cultural influence Saving Private Ryanwas credited with renewing interest in World War II leading into the 21st century.NBC Newswrote that in presenting audiences with its \"stomach-churning violence and soul-shaking intensity of that pivotal chapter in the war\", the film had reshaped the United States' \"cultural memory\".It is regarded as one of the most accurate and realistic war films ever made, particularly for the opening Omaha Beach battle.Film historian Steven Jay Rubin said, \"It was a game-changer... it was devastatingly dramatic, visceral, immersive. I didn't touch my popcorn because it felt sacrilegious to eat while I'm watching it.\"Even so, director and Vietnam War veteran Oliver Stone claimed thatSaving Private Ryandepicted a \"worship\" of WWII as \"the good war\" that, alongside films such asGladiator(2000) andBlack Hawk Down, made audiences more in favor of war: \"By the time of theIraq War, we were ready to go back.\"American academicPaul Fussellsimilarly decriedSaving Private Ryanfor providing an \"honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening\" of Omaha Beach before descending into more broadly acceptable action-adventure fare. He said, \"Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious.\" The film is considered to have had a lasting influence on filmmaking, particularly its opening battle scenes.Vanity Fairwrote, \"no films about combat made since would look the way they do without the de-saturated, handheld, blood-splatters-and-all horror of cinema that is this extended sequence... it's a terrifying scene, either honorable or exploitative in its all vérité, depending on whom you ask. Regardless of any moral assessment, it's easily one of the most aped and referenced scenes of the late 20th century.\"Saving Private Ryanwas named by other directors as an influence, such asQuentin Tarantino(Inglourious Basterds, 2009),Christopher Nolan(Dunkirk, 2017), andRobert Altman.TheLos Angeles Timeswrote thatSaving Private Ryan's stylistic choices, such as placing the audience close to the on-screen action, can be seen in war and action media that followed. This includes films such asGladiator(2000),Enemy at the Gates,Pearl Harbor(both 2001),Flags of Our Fathers(2006), andHacksaw Ridge(2016), the \"psychological anguish\" ofAmerican Sniper(2014), and modern superhero films.This influence extends to television, with shows such asGame of Thrones(\"The Spoils of War\", 2017) andThe Pacific(2010).Saving Private Ryanis also seen as an influence on video games.Spielberg and DreamWorks developedMedal of Honor(1999) to translate the realism and setting ofSaving Private Ryan. Its success launched aseries ofMedal of Honorgames, which, in turn, contributed to the creation of theCall of Dutyseries. Modern reception Saving Private Ryanis considered one of thegreatest war films ever made.In a 2018 interview, Spielberg said, \"I didn't anticipate the success of the movie... in very early screenings, certain associates and other people in my life were saying that I made it too tough. I feared that almost nobody would see it because the word of mouth would spread quickly after the first 25 minutes.\" In 2007, theAmerican Film Institute(AFI) listedSaving Private Ryanas71st-greatest American film.The AFI listed it among the mostthrilling,inspiring, andepicAmerican films.A 2014 poll of 2,120 entertainment industry professionals byThe Hollywood ReporterrankedSaving Private Ryanas the 46th-best film.Publications such asParadeandVarietynamed it one of the greatest films of all time.Saving Private Ryanis included in the 2013 film reference book1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,and it is listed onRotten Tomatoes' 300 essential movies.The film is generally considered to be among the best of Spielberg's works,and of Hanks's credits. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 94% approval rating across 149 critics, with an average score of 8.7/10. The consensus reads; \"Anchored by another winning performance from Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre.\"The film has a score of 91 out of 100 onMetacritic, based on 38 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Saving Private Ryanhas remained popular with audiences, with reader and viewer-ranked polling listing it as one of the greatest war films,among the greatest films of the 1990s, and the greatest films of all time. Notes References Citations Works cited External links"
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"Niland brothers TheNiland brotherswere four American brothers fromTonawanda, New York, who served in the military duringWorld War II. They were sons of Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Niland.Two survived the war but, for a time, only one, Frederick \"Fritz\" Niland, was believed to have survived. After the reported deaths of his three brothers, Fritz was sent back to the United States to complete his service, and only later learned that his brother Edward, missing and presumed dead, was captive in aJapanesePOW campinBurma. Brothers Memorials In popular culture Steven Spielberg's1998 filmSaving Private Ryanis loosely based on the brothers' story. See also References External links",
"Saving Private Ryan Saving Private Ryanis a 1998 Americanepicwar filmdirected bySteven Spielbergand written byRobert Rodat. Set in 1944 inNormandy, France, duringWorld War II, it follows a group of soldiers, led by Captain John Miller (Tom Hanks), on a mission to locate Private James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon) and bring him home safely after his three brothers have been killed in action. The cast also includesEdward Burns,Tom Sizemore,Barry Pepper,Giovanni Ribisi,Vin Diesel,Adam GoldbergandJeremy Davies. Inspired by the books ofStephen E. Ambroseand accounts of multiple soldiers in a single family, such as theNiland brothers, being killed in action, Rodat drafted the script, andParamount Pictureshired him to finish writing it. The project came to the attention of Hanks and Spielberg, whose involvement, due to their previous successes, secured the project's development. Spielberg wanted to makeSaving Private Ryanas authentic as possible and hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto do uncredited rewrites based on",
"rewrites based on research and interviews with veterans. The main cast went through a week-long boot camp to help them understand the soldier's experience. Filming took place from June to September 1997, on a $65–70million budget, almost entirely on location in England and Ireland. The openingOmaha Beachbattle was the most demanding scene, costing $12 million to film over a four-week period, and using 1,500 background actors. Saving Private Ryanbecame one of the year's most successful films, earning critical acclaim for its graphic portrayal of combat. WWII veterans described the combat scenes as the most realistic portrayal of their own experiences they had seen; some said they had been unable to watch it due to their traumatic memories. The film earned $481.8million, making it thesecond-highest-grossing film of 1998, and went on to win many accolades, includingGolden Globe,Academy,BAFTA, andSaturnawards. Consideredone of the greatest films ever made,Saving Private Ryan's battle-scene filming techniques",
"filming techniques impacted many subsequent war, action, and superhero films, and numerous directors have citedSaving Private Ryanas an influence on them. The picture is credited with having helped to renew interest in WWII at the turn of the century, inspiring other films, television shows, and video gamesset during the war. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Plot On June 6, 1944, theU.S. Armylands atOmaha Beachas part of theNormandy invasion, incurring major losses against the artillery and machine gun fire of the heavily fortifiedGerman forces. Initially dazed by the chaotic battle,2nd Ranger BattalionCaptainJohn H. Miller takes command of a surviving group and leads a successful infiltration behind German lines to secure victory. TheUnited States Department of Warreceives communication that three of four Ryan brothers have been killed in action; the last, James",
"the last, James Francis Ryan of the101st Airborne Division, is listed as missing.GeneralGeorge C. Marshallorders that Ryan be found and sent home, to spare his family the loss of all its sons. Miller is tasked with recovering Ryan and assembles a detachment of soldiers to accompany him: Mike Horvath, Richard Reiben, Adrian Caparzo, Stanley Mellish, Daniel Jackson, Irwin Wade, and interpreter Timothy Upham, who lacks any combat experience. The group tracks Ryan to the town ofNeuville-au-Plain, where Caparzo is killed by a German sniper while trying to rescue a young girl. Mourning their friend, the men grow resentful at being forced to risk their lives for one man. They later find James Frederick Ryan, but realize he is the wrong man with a similar name. That evening, the men rest in a chapel, where Miller tells Horvath that his hands began uncontrollably shaking after he joined the war. The men travel to a rallying point where the 101st Airborne might be after landing off course, where they find scores of",
"they find scores of wounded and displaced soldiers. Wade admonishes Reiben, Mellish, and Jackson for callously searching through a pile of deceased soldiers'dog tagsin front of passing troops, hoping to find Ryan's among them and conclude their mission. Remorseful for ignoring their behavior, Miller shouts for anyone who knows Ryan; one deafened soldier tells him that Ryan was reassigned to defend a vital bridge in the town of Ramelle. On the way, Miller decides to neutralize a German gun nest they discover, against the advice of his men, and although they are successful, Wade is killed. The men prepare to execute a surrendered German soldier in revenge, but Upham intervenes, arguing that they should follow therules of war. Miller releases the soldier, nicknamed \"Steamboat Willie\", ordering that he surrender to the nextAlliedpatrol. Discontented with the mission, Reiben threatens todesert, leading to a standoff between the men that Miller defuses by revealing his civilian background as a teacher and baseball",
"and baseball coach, which he had always refused to disclose. Miller muses that people often guessed his career before he became a soldier, while his men could not, implying that war has changed him, and worries whether he is still the man he was and whether his wife will recognize him. In Ramelle, Miller's detachment finds Ryan and informs him of their mission, but Ryan refuses to abandon his post or his fellow soldiers, believing he does not deserve to go home more than anyone else. Horvath convinces Miller that saving Ryan might be the only truly decent thing they can accomplish during the war. Miller takes command of Ryan's group as the only officer present and prepares the soldiers for a German assault. Jackson and Horvath are killed, and Upham stands paralyzed with fear as Mellish is stabbed to death. Steamboat Willie returns and shoots Miller before reinforcements arrive to defeat the Germans. Upham confronts Willie, who attempts to surrender again, and kills him, before sending the other surrendering",
"other surrendering Germans away. Upham and Reiben observe as the mortally wounded Miller tells Ryan to earn the sacrifices made to send him home. Decades later, an elderly Ryan and his family visit Miller's grave at theNormandy Cemetery. Ryan expresses that he remembers Miller's words every day, lived his life the best he could, and hopes he has earned their sacrifices. Cast The cast also includesGlenn Wrageas Doyle,Corey Johnsonas a radioman,John Sharianas Corporal Loeb, andRolf Saxonas Lieutenant Briggs—Allied soldiers at the Omaha beach landing.Demetri GoritsasandDylan Brunoportray Parker and Private First Class Toynbe, respectively, who aid in the battle of Ramelle.Joerg Stadler appears as Steamboat Willie, a German prisoner.Amanda Boxerportrays Ryan's mother, whileHarrison YoungandKathleen Byronportray the elderly James Ryan and his wife, Margaret.Technical advisor andMarineveteranDale Dyeappears as a War Department colonel. Production Concept ProducerMark Gordonwas a fan of writerRobert Rodat's",
"Rodat's previous work on films such asTall Tale(1995) andFly Away Home(1996). The pair met in early 1995 to discuss potential projects and ideas. Within a few weeks, Rodat conceived ofSaving Private Ryan.He was inspired by a gift from his wife, the historical bookD-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II(1994), byStephen E. Ambrose, recounting the events of the Normandy landings. Rodat visited a monument inKeene, New Hampshirededicated to American soldiers killed in combat; he noticed the losses included brothers. He said, \"The idea of losing a son to war is painful beyond description... the idea of losing more than one son is inconceivable\".The Ryan family was based on the fourNiland brothersdetailed in Ambrose's book, who were deployed during WWII; two were killed and a third presumed dead; per theSole Survivor Policy, the fourth was returned from the war. Development To developSaving Private Ryan, Gordon founded the independent film studioMutual Film Company, alongside producerGary",
"producerGary Levinsohn.Gordon brought Rodat's draft toParamount Picturesexecutives; they responded positively and hired Rodat who wrote the script over the following 12 months.Michael Baywas hired as director, but left the project because he could not resolve how to approach the material.Carin Sage, a junior agent representing Tom Hanks at theCreative Artists Agency, gave the script to Hanks, who was immediately interested and met with Gordon and Levinsohn.Hanks shared the script withSteven Spielbergwho agreed to direct because the pair had wanted to work together for some time.Rodat thought that Paramount would cancel the project after the studio purchased two other WWII-era scripts,CombatandWith Wings as Eagles, with popular actorsBruce WillisandArnold Schwarzeneggerattached, respectively.However, having secured the involvement of Hanks and Spielberg, two of the highest-paid and most successful actors and directors, Gordon suggested Paramount executives prioritizeSaving Private Ryan. Describing what",
"Describing what interested him about the project, Spielberg said, \"So what you're doing is sending eight people out, all of whom have parents, to rescue one boy and send him back to his mom when any or all of these kids, along the mission route, could be killed. That was the central tug that made me want to tell the story\".Spielberg had a lifelong interest in WWII, having made war films as a teenager because \"it was the seminal conversation inside my family. My parents talked aboutthe Holocaustand they talked about combat and war. And I was born knowing this.My dadwas a veteran... he had many veterans over to the house, and I became absolutely obsessed... based on my father's stories, recollections, and also based on all the WWII movies\".He described the project as a tribute to his father. With Spielberg on board,DreamWorks Pictures, which he co-founded, became involved as a financier, with his companyAmblin Entertainmentas a production company.Spielberg's clout effectively removed Gordon and Levinsohn from",
"and Levinsohn from the production, having no creative input, equity, or rights, but receiving a producer's credit and one-off payment. Levinsohn said, \"You just know going in what the score is... I guess it's unspoken that when you hire you're not going to be on the set making decisions\".DreamWorks hiredIan Bryceto replace them. In April 1997,Sumner Redstone, chairman of Paramount's parent companyViacom, had Spielberg flip a coin to determine the film's distribution rights. Spielberg won the toss, giving DreamWorks the favored North American distribution rights and Paramount the international rights. Earnings were held collectively and split evenly between the studios. In exchange, Paramount received the North American distribution rights to DreamWorks'Deep Impact(1998).To keep the budget low, Spielberg and Hanks took minimal upfront salaries in exchange for a guaranteed 17.5% of the gross profits, equivalent to 35 cents of every dollar earned. Rewrite Spielberg's initial concept forSaving Private Ryanwas",
"Private Ryanwas aBoys' Own–style adventure film in which the search for Ryan was apublic relationseffort by the war department. However, after interviewing WWII veterans for research, he found this idea inappropriate. He decided to embed the story within a realistic portrayal of actual events while portraying the conflicted morality of sending men into life-threatening situations to save one man.He said, \"I cannot tell you how many veterans came up to me... and said: 'Please be honest about it. Please don't make another Hollywood movie about WWII. Please tell our stories...'\" The surviving Niland family was interviewed, and the story was further influenced by other substantial family war losses, including the fiveSullivan brotherskilled during WWII, and the Bixby brothers during theAmerican Civil War; theresulting letterbyAbraham Lincolnis quoted in the film. Spielberg described existing WWII films as \"sanitized\" and sentimentalized, focused on depicting honor and the glory of service in a manner that was",
"a manner that was \"very safe and wholly untrue\".He wanted to present the courage of the soldiers in the face of \"palpable terror, almost blind terror\": I remember one of the telling me the entire charge up the beach was a blur—not a blur to his memory because he still remembered every single grain of sand when he had his face buried in it from that fusillade raining down on them from above. But he described how everything was not in focus for him. He described the sounds, and he described the vibrations of every concussion of every88 shellthat hit the beach, which gave some of them bloody noses, rattled their ears. The ground would come up and slam into their faces from the concussions.\" Ambrose served as a historical consultant. He disliked glorified depictions of the Normandy landings that ignored the reality of soldiers slowly dying in mud and water, wanting \"their mothers, they wanted morphine. It took a long time.\"Spielberg believed the legacy of theVietnam Warhad made his generation less interested in",
"less interested in glorifying combat in film. Even so, he was influenced by early war films such asBattleground(1949),The Steel Helmet(1951), andHell Is for Heroes(1962). Although Rodat's script came close to the ideal WWII project he had hoped for, he believed it had \"a few problems\".He hiredFrank DarabontandScott Frankto performuncredited script rewrites.The scene begins as the second wave of soldiers arrives on Omaha beach (Darabont's suggestion),so they would be walking into \"Hell on Earth\" instead of empty beaches.Scott Frank performed rewrites based on transcriptions of Spielberg's recorded ideas and two folders of historical facts about the Normandy landings; these gave Frank ideas but he found it difficult to parse the reality of events into original ideas. The Normandy cemetery scene was based on Spielberg's own experience visiting the area as a youth; he witnessed a family accompanying a man who fell to his knees and began to cry at a grave marker. Casting Spielberg wanted older actors for his main",
"actors for his main cast, claiming that young soldiers would look older than their age under the stresses of war.Miller is the \"adult in the story,\" intended to project a calmness and feeling of safety that is undermined by the character's uncontrollable handshaking.Spielberg wanted Hanks to play Miller because he was the only actor he thought of who would not \"want to use his teeth to pull out a pin from a hand grenade\".Hanks formed Miller's character based on the history of the 2nd Ranger Battalion before Omaha Beach, saying he believed Miller was \"horribly afraid\" of getting more of his men killed.Mel GibsonandHarrison Fordwere considered for the role.Miller's detachment is a diverse group, including a Jew and Italian, reminiscent of earlier WWII films; this was not a deliberate choice, although Spielberg believed he had subconsciously drawn on conventional WWII films.Burns described Reiben as a \"wise guy\" in the script, but the experience of filming the Omaha Beach landing inspired him to give the",
"him to give the character a \"much harder edge\".Sizemore was cast inThe Thin Red Line(1998) when Spielberg offered him an alternative role as Horvath, Miller's friend, and confidant.The actor had a history of drug addiction, and Spielberg mandated that he pass regular drug tests to keep his part, or the role would be recast and his scenes re-shot.Describing his character, Sizemore said, \"he was a quiet man; he was taciturn; he followed orders, and he loved the captain... if he had a tragic flaw, it was that he didn't know when he had had enough when it was time to say, 'I can't do this anymore.'\" Diesel was cast after Spielberg saw his self-starring directorial efforts,Multi-Facial(1995) andStrays(1997). The actor was working as a telemarketer at the time, having struggled to secure acting jobs.Goldberg's role did not exist in the script until his casting.Spielberg wanted a relatively unknown actor to portray Private Ryan. Spielberg visited the set ofGood Will Hunting(1997), andRobin Williamsintroduced him to",
"him to Damon. Spielberg cast him shortly after, believing he possessed a \"great American everyboy look,\" unaware thatGood Will Hunting's success would significantly raise Damon's profile.Neil Patrick Harriswas considered for the role, andEdward Nortonturned it down forAmerican History X(1998).Pete Postlethwaite,Tony Shalhoub, andGarth Brookswere considered for unspecified roles. At Hanks's and Dye's suggestion, Spielberg had the principal cast take part in a six-dayboot camp, wanting them to experience cold, wet, and exhaustive conditions, like those of WWII soldiers.Overseen by Dye and retired U.S. marines, the actors remained in character while simulating attacks, performing five-mile runs with full backpacks, weapons training, military exercises, and push-ups after making mistakes, on three hours of sleep per night in cold and rainy conditions.The men wanted to quit, but Hanks convinced them otherwise, saying they would regret not following through and the experience would help them understand their",
"understand their characters and motivations.Diesel said, \"at that moment we got this huge respect for him in real life, we were all exhausted, we all wanted to leave and here was this guy who was a superstar, who doesn't have to be here, voting to stay\".Dye was present throughout filming to remind the actors of their training.Spielberg kept Damon out of the boot camp because he wanted the other actors to resent him and his character. Pre-production The pre-production forSaving Private Ryanwas truncated because Spielberg chose to filmAmistad(1997) immediately after finishing work onThe Lost World: Jurassic Park(1997). CinematographerJanusz Kamińskispent several weeks performing camera tests to define the film's visual aesthetic. The pair considered filmingmonochromaticallyas Spielberg had with his Holocaust film,Schindler's List(1993). However, they considered that this would seem \"pretentious,\" and were interested in emulating the colored WWII footage from their research. Kamiński let his interpretation of",
"interpretation of the narrative dictate how to light scenes and narrowed down visual styles by identifying which films he did not wantSaving Private Ryanto emulate.He and Spielberg were visually influenced by WWII documentaries, such asMemphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress(1944),The Battle of Midway(1942),Why We Fight(1942–1945), and theNazi propagandafilms ofLeni Riefenstahl. They also looked at various books, paintings, and photographs of the Omaha Beach invasion taken by the war photographerRobert Capa.Kamiński wanted it to look like a major production \"shot on by a bunch of combat cameramen\". A variety of camera techniques were used to emulate the experience of being on a battlefield: Kamiński removed the protective coating on some lenses, creating a \"flatter\", degraded image akin to WWII-era cameras, and mismatched lenses when using multiple cameras for an inconsistent result; alternatingshutter anglesand speeds; and desynchronizing the camera shutter which created a \"streaking\" effect. Kamiński",
"effect. Kamiński considered this a risky option because if it failed there was no way to fix the image in post-production.AClairmont Camera Image Shakervibrated the camera to emulate the effects of a nearby explosion or rolling tank.Spielberg chose to film in1.85:1 aspect ratiobecause he believed it was more lifelike and closer to \"the way the human eye really sees,\" and foundwidescreen formatsto be artificial. Three months were spent scouting for a location to portray the Normandy coast. The real location was too developed for their needs, and many other French beaches were restricted by military or wildlife use; Spielberg believed officials were difficult because they did not want him filming there.Beaches researched in England and Scotland lacked either the aesthetics or amenities required, such as housing for the crew, and the filmmakers needed a specific depth for the cast to leap from the landing crafts into the water.Associate producer, Kevin De La Noy's earlier work onBraveheart(1995) in Ireland had",
"in Ireland had developed contacts with the Irish Army and knowledge of local beaches. One such location, the 11 km (6.8 mi) long Curracloe Beach, nearCurracloe, County Wexford, offered the desired golden sands and sheer cliffs and nearby amenities.Spielberg selected a 1 km (0.62 mi) segment of the beach, known as Ballinesker.He said, \"I was a bit disappointed that the beach we used wasn't as broad as the real Omaha Beach... I tried to use certain wide-angle lenses to extend the length of the flats on the sandy beach before the soldiers reach the shingle. I used wider lenses for geography and tighter lenses for the compression of action.A segment adjacent toBlackwater, also in Wexford, was considered, but the local nuns could not make the land available in time.Service roads were built for vehicles to reach Ballinesker.Production designerThomas E. Sandersled construction of the concrete battlements, bunkers,Czech hedgehogs, and barbed wire, much of which was made by local metalworkers.Over eleven weeks were",
"eleven weeks were spent preparing Ballinesker for filming.A storm destroyed some of the props just before filming, but they were rebuilt overnight.The main crew arrived on location on June 25, 1997. Filming in Ireland Principal photographybegan on June 27, 1997.Filming completed up to 50 shots per day. Spielberg wanted the actors to get little rest, \"A war is fought fast, and I really wanted to keep all of the actors off-balance. I didn't want them to be able to read 75 pages of a novel... I wanted to work fast enough so that they always felt as if they were in combat... I had to keep them on the set, which meant shooting the film even faster than I normally do. War doesn't give you a break.\"Saving Private Ryanwas shot almost entirely in continuity order, although some of the crew found this \"a mentally demoralizing experience\" because the cast started together and left as their characters died. The Omaha Beach battle was filmed over three to four weeks, for $12million.The scene involved about 1,500 people",
"about 1,500 people including 400 crew, 1,000 volunteerreserveandIrish armysoldiers, and dozens of extras and about 30 amputees and paraplegics fitted with prosthetic limbs to portray disfigured soldiers.Their numbers were supplemented with over one thousand detailed mannequins.The extras were divided into platoons with a designated leader, allowing Dye to control their action via four different radios with aid from threenon-commissioned officers.Costume designerJoanna Johnstoncontracted an American company responsible for making boots for soldiers during WWII to create about 2,000 pairs, using the last batch of dye from that period.Soldiers in the ocean wore wet suits beneath their uniforms to minimize hypothermia.ArmorerSimon Atherton was responsible for supplying authentic weapons. TwoHiggins Boatsused in the landings were used in the scene; additional boats from the 1950s were brought from California, Donegal, and Southampton.Hanks recalled: The first day of shooting... I was in the back of the landing",
"back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was. The air literally went pink and the noise was deafening and there's bits and pieces of stuff falling all on top of you and it was horrifying.\" Soldiers vomiting from the boats was achieved usingmilk of magnesia.Acrane shotmoving from beneath the ocean surface to above the battlefield was achieved by placing the crane on a flatbed trailer and reversing it into the sea. The Omaha Beach sequence was extensively choreographed by stunt coordinatorSimon Crane, withsquibsand explosives managed byNeil Corbould. The only serious accident resulted when an extra's foot was run over by a car.Thousands of gallons of fake blood were used, mainly to turn the ocean and shoreline red.Based on his interviews with veterans, Spielberg had dead fish strewn in the water and around the battlefield, as well as",
"as well as floating a Bible on the surface.Bullet impacts were emulated using air pipes concealed beneath the sand and ocean surface.Drums of diesel fuel were burned to create black smoke, while a series of pickup trucks carried systems to disperse white smoke. During filming, the weather was cold, rainy, and overcast; Kamiński said this matched the weather during the Normandy landings, enhancing the film's accuracy.Artificial light was used sparingly apart from on the boats to highlight the actors' eyes under their helmets.Spielberg had the camera stay close to the ground to appear as if it was the view of a soldier avoiding getting shot or a combat cameraman. He intended for the audience to feel like they were a part of the battle rather than watching.Most ofSaving Private Ryanwas filmed with handheld cameras. This was physically demanding on camera operator Mitch Dubin andSteadicamoperator Chris Haarhoff due to both proximity to the ground and movement through exploding scenery. The camera was close",
"camera was close enough that fake blood, water, and sand would stick to the camera lens, but the filmmakers believed this made the footage more authentic. Kamiński considered the extensive setup of explosives, smoke, and choreography of over a thousand characters to be demanding as it could take half a day to reset if something went wrong, but the majority of scenes in the sequence were captured in less than four takes, using up to three cameras simultaneously. Spielberg said, \"I rarely walked away from a scene until I got what I wanted, and I'd say that I got what I wanted from those complex setups about 80 percent of the time.\"He reviewed each day's footage nightly in a local parish hall.The production crew remained after filming to restore the beach to its original state over the following month, per an ecological protection order. Filming in England and France Filming relocated to theHatfield Aerodromein Hertfordshire, England, at the end of August, for the remaining scenes and the battle of",
"and the battle of Ramelle.French towns and rivers were scouted where a partial set could be built, but this was discarded over environmental concerns of filming contaminating the water. Instead, Sanders and his team built the fictional Ramelle on the grounds of the Aerodrome, based on five towns where fighting took place. Nearly threecity blockslong, the set included fully built buildings, facades, and a custom built, 900 ft (270 m) long river. The river was lined because they \"had to control the height of the water very carefully\". Explosives were used to create bomb craters and damage around Ramelle. Though the battle involved fewer extras than the Omaha Beach scene, several weeks were spent developing the complex choreography based on a battle plan devised by Dye.Spielberg did notstoryboardSaving Private Ryanbecause he wanted to position the camera spontaneously in reaction to what was taking place in each scene and he often relied on Dye and other WWII consultants for advice on staging the combat",
"staging the combat scenes.Dale also advised on technical aspects of weapons; where Spielberg wanted to use larger explosions typically found in Hollywood action films, Dye would generally advise him to \"go half that size, they were never that big\".The production was estimated to have spent about £8million in the local area. Spielberg's spontaneous approach carried into other aspects; about halfway through filming, he decided to depict the remainder of the film from Upham's perspective, believing he represented the audience's inexperience of war.Goldberg's character was only going to be shot dead until Dye suggested a hand-to-hand combat sequence on the day of filming, leading Mellish to be stabbed through the heart.A separate scene of Ryan talking about his brothers was ad-libbed by Damon. The German machine-gun nest and following ambush of a half-track vehicle were filmed on the grounds ofThame Park, Thame, inOxfordshire; the chapel interior where Miller's men rest was filmed in the Thame Park chapel.The",
"Park chapel.The Iowa cornfields where Ryan's mother lives in a house built for filming was set nearWest Kennet, Wiltshire.The American war office was filmed in the Hatfield Aerodrome. Kamiński wanted scenes in America to be more colorful and a relief from the muted tones of the combat scenes, so he positioned very bright lighting outside the windows.Scenes featuring the elderly Ryan were filmed at theNormandy American Cemetery and MemorialinColleville-sur-Mer, France, adjacent to Omaha Beach. Filming concluded ahead of schedule on September 13, 1997, after 12 weeks, with the French church interior scenes.The estimated total budget was $65–$70million. Post-production Kamiński chose to render his footage usingTechnicolor's proprietary ENR process (similar to ableach bypass) which retained more silver in thefilm stockand produced deeper blacks. He used \"70 percent ENR\" for a desaturated image which added a blue hue. Concerned this change would make the fake blood appear inauthentic, the effects department mixed",
"department mixed blue coloring into it, giving it a dark red appearance.Visual-effects studioIndustrial Light & Magicprovided digital enhancements; many bullet wounds and blood splatter werecomputer-generated imagery. Michael Kahnedited the final 170-minute cut.Spielberg said that Kahn's style was intended to defy audience expectations and not make every scene or transition clear.Some scenes were cut because of their graphic imagery, such as Miller's unit encounter with burnt out tanks with charred bodies. Mellish's death was also trimmed, removing parts where the character screams in pain, after Spielberg's projectionist said \"It's too painful to watch.\" Spielberg said his movie had to be \"ugly\", but was worried the violent content could be seen as exploitative and earn it a restrictiveNC-17rating from theMotion Picture Association of America, restricting it to audiences over 17 years of age.He anticipated that the \"historical importance\" of the content would be taken into consideration; it received anR",
"it received anR rating, meaning children could watch when accompanied by an adult. Music A long-time Spielberg collaborator, composerJohn Williams, produced the score.Spielberg chose little music accompaniment, wanting the sounds of battle and death to be prominent. Using aspottingprocess, he and Williams watched a rough cut of the film to agree on which scenes would feature music.Williams deliberately avoided \"anything grandiose or operatic\".Williams recorded the 55-minute score over three days atSymphony Hallin Boston, with theBoston Symphony Orchestraand vocals by theTanglewood Festival Chorus.The recording cost about $100,000 per hour.Spielberg chose the Orchestra: \"This is a movie about a company of soldiers, and it seemed appropriate to use an experienced company of musicians who are all virtuosos. Also we really wanted the sound of this room, Symphony Hall. On a soundstage you can get acoustically correct sound, but you don't hear the air. Here you get a rich, warm sound off the walls and ceiling, and",
"and ceiling, and you do hear the air; Symphony Hall is an instrument too.\" Release Context The 1998 summer theatrical season began in early May withDeep Impact, a surprise box office hit that studios saw as a positive indicator for their upcoming 100 film releases.GodzillaandArmageddonwere expected to be the biggest successes, while industry executives were hopeful for smaller budget films (costing less than $60million) likeSmall Soldiers,The Negotiator,The Parent Trap, andThere's Something About Maryto become sleeper hits. Fewer sequels and less escapist entertainment were scheduled for release, and more films were targeted toward older audiences.Saving Private Ryanwas highly anticipated but analysis suggested the film faced commercial limitations because of its long runtime, restricting the number of times it could be screened daily, and its violent content.DreamWorks' marketing chief Terry Press said it was risky to release a serious drama in the summer, a time generally reserved for family and escapist",
"family and escapist entertainment, but this was offset by Spielberg and Hanks's popularity.A screening for DreamWorks and Paramount executives was highly praised,but Spielberg had low expectations, believing the film was too violent to attract broad audiences. Box office The film premiered on July 21, 1998. The event was a low-profile affair without a party or many celebrities; Press said of the premiere, \"it would have been inappropriate\".Saving Private Ryanwas released in the United States and Canada on July 24, 1998.During its opening weekend, it earned $30.6million across 2,463 theaters—an average of $12,414 per theater.This figure made it the number-one film of the weekend, ahead ofThe Mask of Zorro($13.4million) in its second weekend,Lethal Weapon 4($13.1million) in its third, andThere's Something About Mary($12.5million), also in its second.The audience was split evenly between women and men, and skewed towards those aged over 25.The New York Timesdescribed it as unusual for a near-three-hour-long",
"drama to perform so well on its opening weekend, crediting positive reviews. DreamWorks believed the box-office figure would have been higher if not for a delay in film prints arriving in hundreds of theaters across California and Arizona until late in the afternoon. In its second weekend,Saving Private Ryanremained the number-one film, with $23.6million, ahead of the debutingThe Parent Trap($11.1million) andThere's Something About Mary($10.9million) in its third.Saving Private Ryanretained the number-one position in its third weekend with ($17.4million), ahead of the debuts ofSnake Eyes($16.3million) andHalloween H20: 20 Years Later($16.1million), and its fourth with $13.2million, ahead of the debuts ofHow Stella Got Her Groove Back($11.3million) andThe Avengers($10.3million).In its fifth weekend,Saving Private Ryanfell to number2 with $10.1million, behind the debut ofBlade($17.1million).Without regaining the number1 position, it ranked among the top ten for 12 weeks.By the end of its theatrical run,Saving",
"run,Saving Private Ryanearned a total box-office gross of $216.5million, making it the highest-grossing film of the year, ahead ofArmageddon($201.6million) andThere's Something About Mary($176.5million).This also made it only the third R-rated film to earn more than $200million, after 1984'sBeverly Hills Cop($235million) and 1991'sTerminator 2: Judgment Day($205million). Outside of the U.S. and Canada,Saving Private Ryanis estimated to have earned a further $265.3million. This gave the film a cumulative worldwide gross of $481.8million, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1998, behindArmageddon($553.7million). Saving Private Ryanwas seen as the biggest success of the theatrical summer.The New York Timeswrote that the success of a \"prestige film\" during a time of blockbuster entertainment with broad appeal was evidence that audiences were accepting of serious dramas alongside action films, such asArmageddonandGodzilla, and \"gross-out comedy\" likeThere's Something About Mary. The publication wrote",
"publication wrote that the popularity ofSaving Private Ryanwas, in part, because it depicted a \"nobler, cleaner era\" promoting values of heroism and \"patriotic duty\".The 1998 box office broke records with over $7billion earned. Despite expectations, the biggest successes had relatively modest budgets, such asSaving Private Ryan,There's Something About Mary,Rush Hour, andThe Waterboy, while the anticipated blockbusters, such asGodzillaandArmageddon, were so expensive to make that they were less profitable.Re-releases ofSaving Private Ryanhave raised the box office to $482.3million.Spielberg's and Hanks's pay agreement earned them an estimated $30–$40 million each of the box office. Reception Critical response Saving Private Ryanreceived critical acclaim,and audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.Critics generally agreed thatSaving Private Ryanpresented the grim and brutal reality of the \"Good War\" in a way previously unseen on film.Writing for theLos Angeles",
"for theLos Angeles Times,Kenneth Turandescribed the film as darker and more pessimistic than any of Spielberg's previous works, dispelling the mythos of WWII as staunchly good heroes fighting against evil forces, to depict the reality of combat where, \"American soldiers mock virtue and shoot surrendering Germans, where decent and altruistic actions tend to be fatal, where death is random, stupid and redeems hardly anything at all\".Some reviewers said this exploration of the limitations of morality in combat asked audiences to consider that the lives lost during the conflict were as valuable as those saved by their sacrifices. Writing for theChicago Tribune,Gene Siskellauded the film's ability to discuss the \"brutality and madness\" of war while \"believably\" celebrating the sacrifices and courage of those fighting it.Salon.com's Gary Kamiya concluded, \"it will forever change the way people imagine the most important event in 20th century history. That is no small achievement.\"InThe New York Times,Stephen",
"York Times,Stephen Holdensaid \"it's a safe bet thatSaving Private Ryan, a powerful but flawed movie, will be revered as a classic decades hence.\" Many reviewers focused on the film's two major combat sequences, particularly the opening on Omaha Beach.Focus was on the \"horrifying,\" \"visceral,\" \"brutal,\" \"shocking,\" and \"fierce\" violence present in the opening battle, described byEntertainment Weekly'sOwen GleibermanandTime'sRichard Schickelas one of the most revolutionary film sequences ever made.Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesand Schickel compared it with the energy and dread of similar scenes in the Vietnam war filmPlatoon(1986), but with a grander scope depicting masses of men killing each other from afar, drawing the \"horror\" out of a lengthy, sustained sequence, without the audience being allowed to become desensitized.Some reviewers believed that the scene was so impactful and thought-provoking that it overshadowed the rest of the film.Although there was some criticism toward the realistic violence",
"realistic violence and gore, Turan believed it was done purposely and dispassionately, conveying the chaos and despair experienced by the soldiers, and not done for the sake of entertainment.Spielberg rejected this criticism, affirming he wanted the audience to understand what real combat was like and what the soldiers experienced, not observe it from afar as spectators.Some reviewers believed the concluding battle in Ramelle was more violent than Omaha Beach, particularly the slow death of Mellish as he is stabbed through the chest.The New York Observer'sAndrew Sarriscriticized the \"pornography of violence and cruelty\" depicted in severed limbs and rivers of blood. Turan andJonathan Rosenbaumfound that, outside of the combat, the script was effective but uninspired and derivative of war films by other directors, such asOliver Stone,Stanley Kubrick, andFrancis Ford Coppola.Others criticized \"manipulative\" oversentimentality, particularly in the modern dayframing devicefeaturing the elderly Ryan.Even so,",
"Ryan.Even so, Kamiya described it as \"enormously moving, it serves as a kind of redemption, a necessary if eternally fragile answer to the hell he witnessed\". Hanks's performance was generally praised, with some reviewers calling it the best of his career to date.Many reviewers agreed that hiseverymanpersona allowed him to portray Miller with a gentle weariness, empathy, and vulnerability beneath a surface of strength and decency, but also cynicism toward the war.Ebert and Schickel wrote that he offered a quiet reserve \"hinting at unspoken competencies\" that convince his men and the audience to follow along with him.Turan believed that Hanks's \"indelible\" performance represented how the audience would hope to be when confronted by the same situations.The other main cast also generally received positive reviews, particularly Davies, with Ebert saying that his transformation from inexperienced interpreter to soldier was the conclusion to \"Spielberg's unspoken philosophical argument\".Gleiberman and Turan also",
"and Turan also highlighted the performances of Pepper, Ribisi, and Sizemore, who Turan believed delivered his career's \"best, most controlled\" performance.Ebert praised the cast for not devolving into cliché or \"zany\" archetypes and effectively portraying the bonds between them.However, Kamiya wrote that Damon's performance was \"jarring\", believing both his more cinematic aesthetic and speech about his brothers to be artificial. The review concluded that Ryan was not very compelling, which made it difficult to care about the mission to save him. Accolades At the56th Golden Globe Awardsin 1999,Saving Private RyanwonBest DramaandBest Director(Spielberg), and was nominated forBest Drama Actor(Hanks),Best Original Score(Williams), andBest Screenplay(Rodat).At the71st Academy Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Director(Spielberg),Best Cinematography(Kamiński),Best Film Editing(Kahn),Best Sound(Gary Rydstrom,Gary Summers,Andy Nelson,Ronald Judkins), andBest Sound Effects Editing(Rydstrom and Richard Hymns) while it",
"Hymns) while it was nominated forBest Actor(Hanks),Best Original Screenplay(Rodat),Best Music(Williams),Best Production Design(Sanders andLisa Dean Kavanaugh), andBest Makeup(Lois Burwell,Conor O'Sullivan,Daniel C. Striepeke).Saving Private Ryan's unexpected loss ofBest PicturetoShakespeare in Loveis seen as one of the biggest upsets in the awards history and led to DreamWorks executives accusing its producers,Miramax, of \"overly aggressive campaigning\".A 2015 poll of Academy voters suggested that, given another opportunity, they would have votedSaving Private Ryanas Best Picture. At the52nd British Academy Film Awards,Saving Private RyanwonBest Special EffectsandBest Sound, and was nominated forBest Film,Best Direction(Spielberg), andBest Actor(Hanks).At the25th Saturn Awards, it wonBest Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film.The3rd Golden Satellite Awardsalso earned the filmBest Editing(Kahn), and a nomination forBest Supporting Actor(Sizemore),as well asBest Director(Spielberg) andBest Actor(Hanks) at",
"Actor(Hanks) at theEmpire Awards. Saving Private Ryanalso won awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement (Directors Guild of America, Spielberg),Motion Picture Producer of the Year (PGA Awards, Spielberg, Bryce, Gordon, and Levinsohn),Best Casting (Casting Society of America, Denise Chamian),Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture (Grammy Awards, Williams),Best Sound Editing for Dialogue (Motion Picture Sound Editors, Hymns, Rydstrom, Sandina Bailo-Lape, Ethan Van der Ryn, Teresa Eckton, Frank Eulner Karen Wilson, Larry Oatfield, and Bruce Lacey), and Sound Effects (Hymns, Rydstrom, Gwendolyn Yates Whittle, Larry Singer, Ewa Sztompke Oatfield, Sara Bolder, Denise Whiting, and Thomas Whiting)and Best of Show - Audiovisual (Key Art Awards).In 2014, the United StatesLibrary of CongressselectedSaving Private Ryanto be preserved in theNational Film Registryas \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Post-release Historical accuracy and veteran responses Several publications",
"publications highlighted the accuracy of the Omaha Beach assault, down to the sound of gunfire, although some errors were noted, such as bullets killing soldiers underwater, the absence of Britishcoxswainssteering the boats, and the battle's truncated duration.Historical curator John Delaney said: It's accurate for that unit on that bit of that beach on that day... but you can't say, 'That's what D-Day was like', because it wasn't. Omaha beach is about three and a half miles long. What's happening at one end of the beach isn't what's happening at the other end. Discussing the core narrative, Ambrose said, \"It's a stretch that they would send eight soldiers, but it could have been hard to find him... the paratroopers were scattered everywhere.\" Many World War II veterans described the opening ofSaving Private Ryanas depicting the most realistic representation of combat. Another veteran, interviewed byTime, said \"I remember when I walked out into the lobby of the moviehouse, not a single person coming out of",
"coming out of that showing said one word... everybody was stunned by it... It just brought back so many memories.\"There were various reports of some veterans being unable to finish watchingSaving Private Ryanbecause of the memories it brought back.TheUnited States Department of Veterans Affairscreated a dedicated phoneline for viewers affected by the film, and more veterans visited counselors forpost traumatic stress disorder. The rest of the film is less historically accurate. Fictitious elements include the nonexistent town of Ramelle, the battle associated with it, certain military tactical errors (included for dramatic effect), much of the dialogue, and some of the methods used to locate Ryan.Total Filmand some non U.S. veterans were critical of the lack of other Allied forces throughout the film.British broadcasterChannel 4said that these critics had missed the point of the film, in that it was \"unashamedly an American story\". Home media Saving Private Ryanwas released onVHSin May 1999.It became the",
"1999.It became the most successful rental debut of its time, earning $9.6million in its first week and $44million by July 1999.A limited edition two-VHS version was released in November 1999, adding a making-of documentary, as well as a message from Spielberg about D-Day and theNational D-Day Museum. ADVDwas released alongside the limited edition VHS, with the same extras.A two-disc Special Collector's Edition DVD set was released in May 2004 to coincide with the 60th anniversary of D-Day.This edition included additional content, includingbehind-the-scenescontent recorded during filming. Spielberg discussed his interest in WWII, the Niland brothers, the story and character development, the cast's boot camp experience, the involvement of the Irish army and locations, the recreation of Omaha Beach, the music, sound effects, and a farewell from Spielberg.This was released alongside a four-disc deluxe \"The World War II Collection\" DVD package that included a collectible book and two documentaries:Price for",
"for Peace(directed byJames Moll) about the use of dogs in WWII, andShooting War(directed by Richard Schickel) about combat photographers, with narration by Hanks. Saving Private Ryanwas released as a two-discBlu-rayin May 2010, including all previously released special features apart fromPrice for Peace.Paramount Home Entertainmentissued a recall of the Blu-rays after discovering that some versions featured an audio synchronization issue. The defect was fixed in versions re-released later that month.For the film's 20th anniversary in 2018, a three-disc \"Commemorative 20th Anniversary\" Blu-ray set was released, including a4K Ultra HD Blu-rayand all previously released features. Other media A novelization, written byMax Allan Collinsand Rodat, was released alongside the film.Saving Private Ryan: The Men, the Mission, the Movie : A Film by Steven Spielbergwas also released in 1998. It features illustrations, color plates, extracts from the screenplay and Ambrose's works, as well as commentary by crew including",
"by crew including Spielberg, Hanks, and Damon. Thematic analysis Patriotism Leading into the early 21st century, there was renewed focus in America on glorifying the generation that had fought in WWII, depicted in films such asSaving Private RyanandThe Thin Red Line, the miniseriesBand of Brothers(2001), books such asThe Greatest Generation(1998), and construction of aWorld War II Memorialin Washington, D.C.Many publications believed this resurgence of interest in the war to be a response to decades of American cynicism toward the nation'sfailure in the Vietnam War(1955–1975), and anticlimactic victories in theColdandGulf Warsthat resulted in little diplomatic success or celebration. Many films about the Vietnam War depicted its American combatants as self-hating, \"deeply troubled, or even psychotic,\" offered little respect, and portrayed the conflict itself as one mired in dread, anxiety, and general negativity.Literature professor Marzena Sokołowska-Paryż said the worship of WWII as \"the last Good War\" and",
"last Good War\" and its veterans as \"thegreatest generation\" represented a \"therapeutic patriotism\" designed to rehabilitate the modern image of combatants as the enduring legacy of WWII soldiers and the core American national identity while forgetting any lingering guilt over the Vietnam War.Film scholar Albert Auster described this reappraisal as a reversal of attitudes up to the early 1990s where historical wars, including WWII, were not beyond criticism and, particularly in response to the Vietnam War, literary critics aimed to undo the impression of WWII as the \"Good War\".Saving Private Ryanis American-centric, beginning and ending with an image of the nation's flag fluttering in the wind, a desaturated image suggesting a nostalgic image of \"the deep pride we once felt in our flag\".Stephen Holden described it as \"a wholehearted celebration of American pluck and virtue and honor\". Holden and Ebert disagreed with the view of some critics thatSaving Private Ryan's \"harrowing\" and realistic combat scenes",
"combat scenes were astatement against war. They wrote that it accepts war as a necessity and portrays its main characters not as symbols, but as real people trying to kill the enemy without getting themselves killed.The scenes of the elderly Ryan visiting Miller's grave with his family received some criticism.AuthorJohn Biguenetqueried how such a \"savage and unsentimental film\" could conclude with a scene so sentimentalized. Spielberg said in making the film he was meant to \"wave the flag and be patriotic,\" but that the reality of his father's experiences made him want to also convey the harsh reality.The Omaha Beach landing establishes the distance between the commanders safe at home who order Ryan be rescued, and the soldiers endangered in doing so.It is a sentimental mission intended to spare one family the grief of losing all of its sons, but Miller refers to it as a public relations scheme designed to boost civilian morale.General Marshall quotes a letter by Abraham Lincoln to a similarly affected",
"similarly affected family, but where Lincoln's letter expresses sentiment and patriotic sacrifice to the mother, it is not sentimental nor does it claim that her grief is greater than any other mother who lost her child at war.Biguenet said Marshall, in comparison, confuses sentimentality for morality. Despite the patriotic American imagery, the characters ofSaving Private Ryando not discuss their home country or protecting democracy fromfascism. The soldiers are only concerned with returning home to their loved ones. Miller's men openly state that they do not care about Ryan, but Miller says that he will go into metaphorical Hell to save him, if it means Miller can return to his wife. The soldiers actively fighting are not sentimental about their mission. Turan and Biguenet saidSaving Private Ryan\"feels like an official act of atonement\" for modern generations failing to acknowledge the \"courage and sacrifice\" of WWII soldiers. When Miller tells Ryan to \"earn this,\" he is effectively speaking about the debt",
"about the debt owed to veterans who made \"the ultimate sacrifice\" for their country.Biguenet called this a \"terrible, impossible order\", a moral burden that Ryan will carry until his own death because there is no way to compensate the high price paid by Miller's men. Spielberg suggested the answer was in the living paying homage to the fallen soldiers and the freedom for which they fought.History professor John Bodnar described the image of the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial as depicting a national unity with row after row of white grave markers, serving as a permanent reminder \"to other nations of the sacrifices made by the United States\". Morality and humanity Unlike some older WWII films that portrayed the soldiers as infallible heroes,Saving Private Ryanpresents battles fought by brave but frightened civilians, the majority of whom at Omaha Beach were not combat veterans.Ebert believed much of the audience, including himself, would identify with Upham, someone completely unprepared for the",
"unprepared for the realities of war but who must fight regardless.Miller is the opposite: an experienced soldier who is scared and anxious because he knows exactly what to expect and is haunted by his responsibility for the lives of his men.Although 94 men have died under his command, Miller rationalizes that he can prioritize his mission over his men because each sacrifice was responsible for saving many more lives. However, his mission to rescue Ryan demands he risk the lives of several men to save just one.Turan said Miller's trembling hands were a sign that he is \"dangerously close to coming apart\".Far Outmagazine wrote that the focus on Miller's ailment acknowledges the side effects of war such as post-traumatic stress disorder, something he suppresses to fulfil his duty. Spielberg said the mission to rescue Ryan cannot be morally or patriotically justified, risking eight lives to save one. This theme is reinforced when they encounter the sole survivor of a glider crash caused by heavy steel shielding",
"steel shielding added to protect a single general on board, resulting in 22 deaths. No character claims that the mission of Miller and his men is heroic, and the men express the grief their own mothers will feel should they be killed on this endeavor. The \"toughest\" soldier, Horvath, gives it meaning when he tells Miller that saving Ryan could be the one decent thing they can accomplish in \"this whole godawful, shitty mess\". Biguenet said that Spielberg is explicitly condemning their mission as an immoral act to force upon soldiers.Ebert considered the decision to deviate from the mission to attack the German gun nest on the way to Ramelle to be a deliberate rebellion against their orders. The action is not part of their mission and it is possible to avoid the situation entirely, but it grants the soldiers the opportunity to do what they came to Europe for: to fight a war.Hanks said the decision to stay with Ryan and defend Ramelle was the characters \"bringing meaning to a situation that until then had been",
"until then had been absurd\". While film critic Andrew Sarris found the German characters to match evil archetypes found in other WWII films, concluding with Upham's lesson that Steamboat Willie should have been killed earlier,Saving Private Ryandoes not portray the Allied soldiers as unimpeachable heroes.Following Omaha Beach, two Allied soldiers laugh as they execute two pleading German soldiers, but the soldiers are speaking Czech, indicating they are potentially from German-conquered Czechoslovakia, forcibly conscripted into the war effort.Biguenet wrote that the Germans are not portrayed as any worse than the Americans, as they are similarly affected by the horrors of war and casually execute downed American soldiers. InSaving Private Ryan, allegiances do not matter, all men are equal, and rules only matter until they conflict with the mission objective. Upham's transformation from cowardly interpreter to Willie's executioner shows the transformative realities of combat.Professor William J. Prior and",
"J. Prior and Auster wrote that Upham represents respect for human life and moral decency when he interferes to prevent Steamboat Willie's execution, despite the fact that it would protect the mission. He offers the intellectual perspective of a civilian, but his lack of combat experience makes him unable to kill the prisoner, which results in the deaths of many of his allies.Miller's experience means he is conscious of the risk involved in releasing Willie, but he is simultaneously struggling to cling to his own humanity and decency, believing that every time he kills he is moving \"farther from home\". Although Willie is the enemy, he is also a human with his own right to exist, and summarily executing him would further distance Miller from the self he and his wife knew.His decision to spare Willie and reveal his civilian background, returns to him a semblance of his humanity. Legacy Cultural influence Saving Private Ryanwas credited with renewing interest in World War II leading into the 21st century.NBC",
"21st century.NBC Newswrote that in presenting audiences with its \"stomach-churning violence and soul-shaking intensity of that pivotal chapter in the war\", the film had reshaped the United States' \"cultural memory\".It is regarded as one of the most accurate and realistic war films ever made, particularly for the opening Omaha Beach battle.Film historian Steven Jay Rubin said, \"It was a game-changer... it was devastatingly dramatic, visceral, immersive. I didn't touch my popcorn because it felt sacrilegious to eat while I'm watching it.\"Even so, director and Vietnam War veteran Oliver Stone claimed thatSaving Private Ryandepicted a \"worship\" of WWII as \"the good war\" that, alongside films such asGladiator(2000) andBlack Hawk Down, made audiences more in favor of war: \"By the time of theIraq War, we were ready to go back.\"American academicPaul Fussellsimilarly decriedSaving Private Ryanfor providing an \"honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening\" of Omaha Beach before descending into more broadly acceptable",
"broadly acceptable action-adventure fare. He said, \"Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious.\" The film is considered to have had a lasting influence on filmmaking, particularly its opening battle scenes.Vanity Fairwrote, \"no films about combat made since would look the way they do without the de-saturated, handheld, blood-splatters-and-all horror of cinema that is this extended sequence... it's a terrifying scene, either honorable or exploitative in its all vérité, depending on whom you ask. Regardless of any moral assessment, it's easily one of the most aped and referenced scenes of the late 20th century.\"Saving Private Ryanwas named by other directors as an influence, such asQuentin Tarantino(Inglourious Basterds, 2009),Christopher Nolan(Dunkirk, 2017), andRobert Altman.TheLos Angeles Timeswrote thatSaving Private Ryan's stylistic choices, such as placing the audience close to the on-screen action, can be seen in war and action media that followed. This",
"that followed. This includes films such asGladiator(2000),Enemy at the Gates,Pearl Harbor(both 2001),Flags of Our Fathers(2006), andHacksaw Ridge(2016), the \"psychological anguish\" ofAmerican Sniper(2014), and modern superhero films.This influence extends to television, with shows such asGame of Thrones(\"The Spoils of War\", 2017) andThe Pacific(2010).Saving Private Ryanis also seen as an influence on video games.Spielberg and DreamWorks developedMedal of Honor(1999) to translate the realism and setting ofSaving Private Ryan. Its success launched aseries ofMedal of Honorgames, which, in turn, contributed to the creation of theCall of Dutyseries. Modern reception Saving Private Ryanis considered one of thegreatest war films ever made.In a 2018 interview, Spielberg said, \"I didn't anticipate the success of the movie... in very early screenings, certain associates and other people in my life were saying that I made it too tough. I feared that almost nobody would see it because the word of mouth would spread",
"mouth would spread quickly after the first 25 minutes.\" In 2007, theAmerican Film Institute(AFI) listedSaving Private Ryanas71st-greatest American film.The AFI listed it among the mostthrilling,inspiring, andepicAmerican films.A 2014 poll of 2,120 entertainment industry professionals byThe Hollywood ReporterrankedSaving Private Ryanas the 46th-best film.Publications such asParadeandVarietynamed it one of the greatest films of all time.Saving Private Ryanis included in the 2013 film reference book1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,and it is listed onRotten Tomatoes' 300 essential movies.The film is generally considered to be among the best of Spielberg's works,and of Hanks's credits. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 94% approval rating across 149 critics, with an average score of 8.7/10. The consensus reads; \"Anchored by another winning performance from Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre.\"The film has a score of 91 out of 100 onMetacritic,",
"100 onMetacritic, based on 38 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Saving Private Ryanhas remained popular with audiences, with reader and viewer-ranked polling listing it as one of the greatest war films,among the greatest films of the 1990s, and the greatest films of all time. Notes References Citations Works cited External links"
] |
Who was the Argentinian president who resigned from the position the same year the José Martín Olaeta Stadium was inaugurated? | Pedro Ramírez | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADn_Olaeta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_in_Argentina | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADn_Olaeta', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_in_Argentina'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADn_Olaeta",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_in_Argentina"
] | [
"Estadio José Martín Olaeta Estadio José Martín Olaetais afootballstadiumlocated in the city ofRosarioofSanta Fe Province,Argentina. The stadium is owned and operated byC.A. Argentino. It has a capacity of 8,500 spectators and was inaugurated in 1944. The stadium was named after José Martín Olaeta, president of the club what promoted Argentino's affiliation toArgentine Football Association(AFA) in 1944,as part of being behind the construction of the venue. It has two grandstands, one cement-built and another wooden-built.Olaeta is regarded as the most important executive in club's history. It was declared \"City of Rosario Heritage Site\" in 2012. The statement said \"the stadium's heritage value is not its architectural style but what this means for its neighbors and club members\". History The first Club Argentino stadium was located on Boulevard Avellaneda and Gorriti streets, inBarrio Refinería, then moving to Gorriti and Iguazú street inBarrio Industrial. When the institution requested affiliation to AFA in 1943, the observers requested the club to build a grandstand to fulfil the AFA's regulations for official competitions. Club executives decided to buy one of the boundaries lands to make the refurbishments requested. As the land's owner refused to sell his property, Olaeta (then president of the club) decided to acquire a land in the north side of the city, on Víctor Mercante street, where the stadium was finally built, and affiliation was accepted by the AFA. Club Atlético Argentino made their debut in tournaments organised by AFA in the 1944Torneo de Ascenso(then the second division of Argentine football)playing its first match vsAll Boys, on 15 April 1944, which was also the first match held in Estadio Olaeta. References",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1944_in_Argentina (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b935ae4d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"
] | [
"Estadio José Martín Olaeta Estadio José Martín Olaetais afootballstadiumlocated in the city ofRosarioofSanta Fe Province,Argentina. The stadium is owned and operated byC.A. Argentino. It has a capacity of 8,500 spectators and was inaugurated in 1944. The stadium was named after José Martín Olaeta, president of the club what promoted Argentino's affiliation toArgentine Football Association(AFA) in 1944,as part of being behind the construction of the venue. It has two grandstands, one cement-built and another wooden-built.Olaeta is regarded as the most important executive in club's history. It was declared \"City of Rosario Heritage Site\" in 2012. The statement said \"the stadium's heritage value is not its architectural style but what this means for its neighbors and club members\". History The first Club Argentino stadium was located on Boulevard Avellaneda and Gorriti streets, inBarrio Refinería, then moving to Gorriti and Iguazú street inBarrio Industrial. When the institution requested affiliation to AFA in",
"to AFA in 1943, the observers requested the club to build a grandstand to fulfil the AFA's regulations for official competitions. Club executives decided to buy one of the boundaries lands to make the refurbishments requested. As the land's owner refused to sell his property, Olaeta (then president of the club) decided to acquire a land in the north side of the city, on Víctor Mercante street, where the stadium was finally built, and affiliation was accepted by the AFA. Club Atlético Argentino made their debut in tournaments organised by AFA in the 1944Torneo de Ascenso(then the second division of Argentine football)playing its first match vsAll Boys, on 15 April 1944, which was also the first match held in Estadio Olaeta. References",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1944_in_Argentina (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b935ae4d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"
] |
Who was the manager of the team that won the first Football League after the death of Queen Victoria? | Tom Watson was the manager of Liverpool F.C. in 1901. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Football_League#Final_league_tables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liverpool_F.C._managers#Managers | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Football_League#Final_league_tables', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liverpool_F.C._managers#Managers'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Football_League#Final_league_tables",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liverpool_F.C._managers#Managers"
] | [
"Queen Victoria Victoria(Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) wasQueen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom 20 June 1837 untilher deathin 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days—which waslonger than those of any of her predecessors—constituted theVictorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within theUnited Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of theBritish Empire. In 1876, theBritish Parliamentvoted to grant her the additional title ofEmpress of India. Victoria was the daughter ofPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn(the fourth son ofKing George III), andPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she wasraised under close supervisionby her mother and hercomptroller,John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without survivinglegitimateissue. Victoria, aconstitutional monarch, attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards ofpersonal morality. Victoria marriedher first cousin,Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria thesobriquet\"grandmother of Europe\". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion,British republicanismtemporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. HerGoldenandDiamondjubileeswere times of public celebration. Victoria died atOsborne Houseon theIsle of Wight, at the age of 81. The lastBritish monarchof theHouse of Hanover, she was succeeded by her sonEdward VIIof theHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Early life Birth and ancestry Victoria's father wasPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son ofKing George IIIandQueen Charlotte. Until 1817, King George's only legitimate grandchild was Edward's niecePrincess Charlotte of Wales, the daughter ofGeorge, Prince Regent(who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte's death in 1817 precipitated asuccession crisisthat brought pressure on Prince Edward and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent marriedPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl(1804–1856) andFeodora(1807–1872)—by her first marriage toEmich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen. Her brotherLeopoldwas Princess Charlotte's widower and later the firstking of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria was born at 4:15 a.m. on Monday 24 May 1819 atKensington Palacein London. Victoria was christened privately by theArchbishop of Canterbury,Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.She was baptisedAlexandrinaafter one of her godparents, TsarAlexander I of Russia, andVictoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent. At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV);Frederick, Duke of York;William, Duke of Clarence(later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.Prince George had no surviving children, and Prince Frederick had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William married in 1818, in a joint ceremony with his brother Edward, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter,Princess Elizabeth, lived, from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821. Heir presumptive Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria becameheir presumptive. TheRegency Act 1830made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that aregencycould be avoided. Victoria later described her childhood as \"rather melancholy\".Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \"Kensington System\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineeringcomptroller,Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and herKing Charles Spaniel,Dash.Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,but she spoke only English at home. In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit theMalvern Hills, stopping at towns and greatcountry housesalong the way.Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.William compared the journeys toroyal progressesand was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.AtRamsgatein October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy herprivate secretary.As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household. By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her toPrince Albert,the son of his brotherErnest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit ofPrince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son ofthe Prince of Orange.Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, \" is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful.\"Alexander, on the other hand, she described as \"very plain\". Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her \"best and kindest adviser\",to thank him \"for the prospect ofgreathappiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see.\"However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time. Accession and early reign Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and aregencywas avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me theArchbishop of CanterburyandLord Conynghamwere here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) andalone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently thatIamQueen.\"Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again. Since 1714,Britainhad shared a monarch withHanoverin Germany, but underSalic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother,Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, becameKing of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child. At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by theWhigprime ministerLord Melbourne. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.Charles Grevillesupposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.Her coronationtook place on 28 June 1838 atWestminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.She became the first sovereign to take up residence atBuckingham Palaceand inherited the revenues of the duchies ofLancasterandCornwallas well as being granted acivil listallowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts. At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting,Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.Victoria believed the rumours.She hated Conroy, and despised \"that odious Lady Flora\",because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.Conroy, the Hastings family, and the oppositionToriesorganised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as \"Mrs. Melbourne\". In 1839, Melbourne resigned afterRadicalsand Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution ofJamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with theabolition of slavery.The Queen commissioned a Tory,Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of theRoyal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen'sladies of the bedchamberwere wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the \"bedchamber crisis\", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office. Marriage and public life Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required bysocial conventionto live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.The Duchess was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised \"torment for many years\", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a \"schocking alternative\".Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock. Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived atWindsor.They were married on 10 February 1840, in theChapel RoyalofSt James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary: I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could havehopedto have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such aHusband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life! Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House inBelgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's auntPrincess Augustain 1840, the Duchess was given bothClarence HouseandFrogmore House.Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved. During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-oldEdward Oxfordattempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.He was tried forhigh treason, foundnot guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over theHastings affairand thebedchamber crisis.Her daughter, also namedVictoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant,viewed breast-feeding with disgust,and thought newborn babies were ugly.Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children:Albert Edward,Alice,Alfred,Helena,Louise,Arthur,LeopoldandBeatrice. The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, BaronessLouise LehzenfromHanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoriaand had supported her against the Kensington System.Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended. On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage alongThe Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted totransportation for life,John William Beanalso tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed alongConstitution Hill, London.In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer,Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation. Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the1841 general electionthe Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced. In 1845, Ireland was hit by apotato blight.In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as theGreat Famine.In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \"The Famine Queen\".In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £230,000 and £8.5million in 2022)to theBritish Relief Association, more than any other individual famine relief donor,and supported theMaynooth Grantto a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount toBattersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century. By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of theCorn Laws. Many Tories—by then known also asConservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade orientedliberal conservative\"Peelites\"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced byLord John Russell. Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and theHouse of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with KingLouis Philippe IatChâteau d'Euin Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting ofHenry VIII of EnglandandFrancis I of Franceon theField of the Cloth of Goldin 1520.When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.Louis Philippe was deposed in therevolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England.At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety ofOsborne House,a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.Demonstrations byChartistsandIrish nationalistsfailed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances.Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism. Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.She found particularly offensive theForeign Secretary,Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen.Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of PresidentLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte'scoup in Francewithout consulting the Prime Minister.The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led byLord Derby. In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic,chloroform. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.Victoria may have hadpostnatal depressionafter many of her pregnancies.Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\". In early 1855, the government ofLord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in theCrimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister. Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.Napoleon III met the couple atBoulogneand accompanied them to Paris.They visited theExposition Universelle(a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild theGreat Exhibition) andNapoleon I's tomb atLes Invalides(to which his remains had only beenreturnedin 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at thePalace of Versailles.This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years. On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain calledFelice Orsiniattempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port ofCherbourgon 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of theRoyal Navyin comparison to theFrench Navy.Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office. Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter marriedPrince Frederick William of Prussiain London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17.The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlargingPrussianstate.The Queen felt \"sick at heart\" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; \"It really makes me shudder\", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, \"when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one.\"Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild,Wilhelm, who would become the last German emperor. Widowhood and isolation In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for \"wickedly\" estranging her from her mother.To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son,Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying inKillarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.He was diagnosed withtyphoid feverbyWilliam Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales'sphilandering. He had been \"killed by that dreadful business\", she said.She entered a state ofmourningand wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.Her seclusion earned her the nickname \"widow of Windsor\".Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances. Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847,Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings ofBuckingham Palacethat announced \"these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business\".Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of theRoyal Horticultural SocietyatKensingtonand take a drive through London in an open carriage. Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland,John Brown.Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as \"Mrs. Brown\".The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movieMrs. Brown. A painting by SirEdwin Henry Landseerdepicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at theRoyal Academy, and Victoria published a book,Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly. Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time since Albert's death.The following year she supported the passing of theReform Act 1867which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,though she was not in favour of votes for women.Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced byBenjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. \"Everyone likes flattery,\" he said, \"and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.\"With the phrase \"we authors, Ma'am\", he complimented her.Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival,William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \"a public meeting rather than a woman\". In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of theThird French Republic.A republican rally inTrafalgar Squaredemanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with anabscessin her arm, whichJoseph Listersuccessfully lanced and treated with his new antisepticcarbolic acidspray.In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.To general rejoicing, he recovered.Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving inSt Paul's Cathedralon 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided. On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MPFeargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,and abirching.As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further. Empress of India After theIndian Rebellion of 1857, theBritish East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on theIndian subcontinentwere formally incorporated into theBritish Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.She wrote of \"her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war\",and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state \"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\".At her behest, a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom. In the1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed thePublic Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with thepresbyterianChurch of Scotlandthan theepiscopalChurch of England.Disraeli also pushed theRoyal Titles Act 1876through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \"Empress of India\" from 1 May 1876.The new title was proclaimed at theDelhi Durbarof 1 January 1877. On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had marriedLouis of Hesse, died ofdiphtheriainDarmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as \"almost incredible and most mysterious\".In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth ofPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her \"poor old 60th birthday\". She felt \"aged\" by \"the loss of my beloved child\". Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during theRusso-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with theCongress of Berlin.Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as theAnglo-Zulu Warand theSecond Anglo-Afghan War. \"Ifweare tomaintainour position as afirst-ratePower\", she wrote, \"we must ... bePreparedforattacksandwars,somewhereorother, CONTINUALLY.\"Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \"It is not in our custom to annexe countries\", she said, \"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\"To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by \"fast falling tears\",and erected a memorial tablet \"placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.\" On 2 March 1882,Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,shot at the Queen as her carriage leftWindsor railway station.Gordon Chesney Wilsonand another schoolboy fromEton Collegestruck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was \"worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved\". On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, SirHenry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.Ponsonby andRandall Davidson,Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.The manuscript was destroyed.In early 1884, Victoria did publishMore Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\".On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died inCannes. He was \"the dearest of my dear sons\", she lamented.The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love withPrince Henry of Battenbergat the wedding of Victoria's granddaughterPrincess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhineto Henry's brotherPrince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her. Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.She thought his government was \"the worst I have ever had\", and blamed him for the death ofGeneral Gordonduring theSiege of Khartoum.Gladstone was replaced byLord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a \"half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man\".Gladstone attempted to passa bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated.Inthe ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again. Golden and Diamond Jubilees In 1887, theBritish EmpirecelebratedVictoria's Golden Jubilee. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service inWestminster Abbey.By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.Two days later on 23 June,she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom wasAbdul Karim. He was soon promoted to \"Munshi\": teaching herUrduand acting as a clerk.Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.EquerryFrederick Ponsonby(the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported toLord Elgin,Viceroy of India, \"the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do.\"Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death. Victoria's eldest daughter becameempress consort of Germanyin 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor asWilhelm II. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer inautocracy. Victoria thought he had \"little heart orZartgefühl – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped \". Gladstone returned to power after the1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MPHenry Labouchèreto theCabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointedLord Roseberyas prime minister.His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign. On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as thelongest-reigning monarch in British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide withher Diamond Jubilee,which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of theColonial Secretary,Joseph Chamberlain.The prime ministers of all theself-governingDominionswere invited to London for the festivities.One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson Wilhelm II, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen. Declining health and death Victoria regularly holidayed in mainland Europe. In 1889, during a stay inBiarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to visit Spain by briefly crossing the border.By April 1900, theBoer Warwas so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred (\"Affie\"), died. \"Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too\", she wrote in her journal. \"It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.\" Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.Rheumatismin her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.Through early January, she felt \"weak and unwell\",and by mid-January she was \"drowsy dazed, confused\".Herfavourite petPomeranian, Turi, was laid on her bed as a last request.She died aged 81 on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, in the presence of her eldest son, Albert Edward, and grandson Wilhelm II. Albert Edward immediately succeeded as Edward VII. In 1897, Victoria had written instructions forher funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,and white instead of black.On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.Items ofjewelleryplaced on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown's mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, inSt George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in theRoyal Mausoleum, Frogmore, atWindsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was thelongest-reigning British monarchand thelongest-reigningqueen regnantin world history, until her great-great-granddaughterElizabeth IIsurpassed her on 9 September 2015.She was the last monarch of Britain from theHouse of Hanover; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband'sHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Legacy Reputation According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailedjournal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy,Lord Eshertranscribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited byA. C. Benson,Hector Bolitho,George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher,Roger Fulford, andRichard Houghamong others. In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about five feet (1.5 metres) tall, but she projected a grand image.She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public.Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such asLytton Strachey'sQueen Victoriaof 1921, are now considered out of date.The biographies written byElizabeth LongfordandCecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking. Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modernconstitutional monarchyin Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of theHouse of Commonsat the expense of theHouse of Lordsand the monarch.In 1867,Walter Bagehotwrote that the monarch only retained \"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\".As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \"family monarchy\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified. Descendants and haemophilia Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname \"the grandmother of Europe\".Of thegrandchildren of Victoria and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood. Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting diseasehaemophilia Band at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers.Royal haemophiliacsdescended from Victoria included her great-grandsons,Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia;Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; andInfante Gonzalo of Spain.The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led tomodern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases. Titles, styles, honours, and arms Titles and styles At the end of her reign, the Queen's fullstylewas: \"Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandQueen,Defender of the Faith, Empress of India\". Honours British honours Foreign honours Arms As Sovereign, Victoria used theroyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne. Family Issue Ancestry Family tree Notes References Citations Bibliography Primary sources Further reading External links",
"1900–01 Football League The1900–01seasonwas the 13th season ofThe Football League. Final league tables Beginning in the 1894–95 season, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded). In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season. During the first six seasons of the league, (up to the 1893–94 season), re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. From the 1894–95 season and until the 1920–21 season the re-election process was required of the clubs which finished in the bottom three of the league. First Division Results Maps Second Division Results Maps See also References",
"List of Liverpool F.C. managers Liverpool Football Clubis an English association football club based inLiverpool,Merseyside. Liverpool won theFirst Division titlefor the first time in 1901; since then, the club has won a further 18 league titles, along with eightFA Cupsand tenFootball League Cups. They have also been crowned champions of European football on six occasions by winning theEuropean Cup/UEFA Champions Leaguein1977,1978,1981,1984,2005and2019.The club was one of 22 members of thePremier Leaguewhen it was founded in 1992. Liverpool have had 22 full-time managers. The most successful person to manage Liverpool isBob Paisley, who won six Football League titles, sixCharity Shields, three Football League Cups, three European Cups, oneUEFA Super Cupand oneUEFA Cupin his nine-year reign as manager. The club's longest-serving manager wasTom Watson, who managed the club from 1896 to 1915, totalling 19 years.Kenny Dalglishis the only person to have managed the club on two occasions. He first managed Liverpool from 1985 to February 1991, and then from January 2011 to June 2012. This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Liverpool since their foundation in 1892. Each manager's entry includes his dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his care.Caretaker managersare included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge. Managerial history 1892–1959 The first Liverpool managers,William Edward BarclayandJohn McKenna, were appointed in 1892. Barclay acted as secretary-manager, overseeing the administrative side of the club, while McKenna took charge of matters on the field. The two worked in tandem as Liverpool won promotion from the Lancashire League in the club's first season.However, in 1896, McKenna appointedTom Watsonas manager.He went on to win twoFootball League championships. As theFirst World Warbroke out, Watson was embarking on his nineteenth season in charge at Anfield. It was to be his last, because he died in May 1915, aged 56.David Ashworthwas appointed manager when football resumed after the War.Ashworth won one league title, but left forOldham Athleticsoon after this. He was replaced in February 1923 by a Liverpool director,Matt McQueen, who won one league title for the club. However, this marked the beginning of a barren spell spanning more than 20 years before Liverpool finally regained the title in 1947 under the stewardship ofGeorge Kay. Kay also led Liverpool to theFA Cup Finalin1950, but lost the game 2–0 to Arsenal. He retired the following year, owing to ill-health.The next manager,Don Welshbecame the first Liverpool manager to be sacked after leading the club to relegation in 1954. His successor,Phil Taylor, also failed to win a trophy or gain promotion back to the top flight during his reign as boss. 1959–1991 On 1 December 1959,Bill Shanklywas appointed manager, beginning a fifteen-year spell as manager that brought three league titles, twoFA Cupsand a first European trophy, theUEFA Cup, toAnfield.Shankly's reign as manager is famous for the establishment ofthe Anfield boot roomas the location for his tactical discussions with his coaches.When he was not managing the club, Shankly was usually at his typewriter, personally replying to the letters which arrived at Melwood. Shankly even called some supporters at home to discuss the previous day's game, while the accounts of him providing tickets for fans are endless.When Shankly retired in 1974, he was replaced by his assistant,Bob Paisley. During the next nine seasons, Paisley proceeded to win six league titles and threeEuropean Cupsto become the most successful manager in the history of the club.When Paisley retired in 1983, his assistantJoe Fagantook over, and continued the Boot Room tradition, and winning atrebleof League, European Cup andLeague Cupin his first season. He again guided Liverpool to aEuropean Cup Final, but the match was overshadowed by theHeysel Stadium disaster, and he retired soon after.StrikerKenny Dalglishwas then made the club's firstplayer-managerand in his first season in charge, Dalglish led the club to a League and FA Cupdouble.After that great first season, Dalglish led Liverpool to a further two league titles and another FA Cup. However, theHillsborough disasterovershadowed his reign; it was one of the reasons for Dalglish resigning on 22 February 1991. 1991–2015 First-team coachRonnie Morantook charge of team affairs for several weeks beforeGraeme Sounesswas named as Dalglish's successor. Under Souness, Liverpool won the FA Cup in1992, but nothing else. He made way forRoy Evans, who also won just one trophy, the League Cup, beforeGérard Houllierwas appointed joint manager with Evans in 1998. This arrangement lasted only 18 games before Evans resigned, leaving Houllier—Liverpool's first non-British manager—in sole charge. Houllier won nothing until atreblein 2001, consisting of the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup. Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the2001–02season, but the squad was unaffected and managed to hold on to a second-place finish. AlthoughPhil Thompsonstepped in as temporary manager while Houllier was recovering from heart surgery, the matches played under Thompson are included in Houllier's record.Another League Cup was won in2003, but this was to be Houllier's last trophy as Liverpool manager as he and the club parted by mutual consent at the end of the2003–04season,to be replaced byValenciamanager,Rafael Benítez. In Benítez's first season in charge, Liverpool reached theUEFA Champions League Final, where they beatA.C. Milanon penalties, after the match finished 3–3 afterextra time. The following season, Liverpool reached theFA Cup Final, where they beatWest Ham United, again on penalties after a 3–3 draw. Benítez again guided Liverpool to aChampions League Finalin 2007, but this time A.C. Milan beat them 2–1. On 3 June 2010, Benitez paid the price for a disappointing2009–10season when Liverpool announced he had left the club by mutual consent after six years in charge. Benitez, who was one year into a five-year contract, finalised his departure after agreeing a severance payment. Benitez's assistantSammy Leetook over the reins at Liverpool until Managing director Christian Purslow and former managerKenny Dalglishfound a replacement. On 1 July 2010, formerFulhambossRoy Hodgsonwas confirmed as the new manager.After a poor tenure, which included Liverpool being 18th after 6 games, and only one away win during Hodgson's time in charge, Hodgson was sacked on 8 January 2011 and was replaced by former managerKenny Dalglishthe day before a 3rd Round FA Cup game againstManchester United.Dalglish signed a three-year contract as permanent manager in May, but was sacked a year later.Although the 2011–12 season ended with a poor 8th-place finish in the Premier League, Dalglish guided Liverpool to two Cup finals at Wembley, ending a six-year trophy drought by winning theLeague Cup. The second Cup final appearance was theFA Cup, which Liverpool lost toChelsea. He was replaced byBrendan Rodgerson 1 June 2012. Rodgers led them in the2013–14 seasonto a surprise title challenge, however Liverpool ended the league season in second place, despite scoring 101 goals, the club's most since the1895–96 seasonand the third-highest in Premier League history.Rodgers was the first Liverpool manager to win theLMA Manager of The Year Award.However, he was the first manager of the club not to win a major trophy in his first three years at the helm, and on 4 October 2015, he was sacked. 2015–2024 On 8 October 2015, Brendan Rodgers was replaced by formerBorussia DortmundmanagerJürgen Klopp.Klopp made an instant impact on the club and guided them to aLeague Cup Finaland a surpriseEuropa League Finalinhis first seasonat the club.During their Europa League campaign, he beat bothEnglish rivalsManchester United and his former club Borussia Dortmund en route to the final.However, they lost the League Cup Final to Manchester City viapenalty shoot-outand they lost 1–3 to Spanish sideSevillain the Europa League Final.They also finished 8th in the league, meaning they wouldn't qualify for European competition for the2016–17 season. On 8 June 2016, Klopp and his coaching staff signed six-year contract extensions that ran until 2022.Klopp guided the club to a fourth-place finish in the2016–17 season, qualifying them for the2017–18 UEFA Champions Leaguequalifying play-offs, where they beat German club,TSG 1899 Hoffenheim6–3 on aggregate in a two-legged play-off to reach the group stage.Klopp led the team to finish top of their group and beat eventual English champions, Manchester City, and Italian club Roma in the knockout phase en route to the2018 UEFA Champions League Final.Unfortunately for Liverpool, they lost 1–3 to Spanish giantsReal Madrid. During the2018–19 season, Klopp guided Liverpool to their sixth Champions League triumph with a2–0 winover fellow English club, Tottenham Hotspur,and also guided the club toa second-place finish in the league.At the start of the2019–20 season, Klopp's Liverpool side played against Manchester City in theFA Community Shieldand against Chelsea in theUEFA Super Cup.Both matches went into penalty shoot-outs, with Liverpool losing the former and winning the latter.Later in December, Klopp also guided Liverpool to their first ever FIFA club World Cup trophy, making it 3 trophies in 2019. In the 2019–20 season, Klopp secured Liverpool's first Premier League title and first top-flight title since 1990 by finishing on the most points in their history (99 points). The season was notable both for Liverpool's huge points lead over the rest of the league and for its interruption by theCoronavirusshutdown, meaning Liverpool won the Premier League atboth the earliest(7 games to go) and the latest time (June) ever. On 26 January 2024, the club released a statement, sharing Klopp's announcement that he would step down as Liverpool manager at the end of the current season (2023–24).Arne Slotwas announced as the head coach ahead of the2024–25 season. Key Key to record: Key to honours: Managers Information correct as of 20 October 2024. Only competitive matches are counted. Notes References General Specific Bibliography"
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"Queen Victoria Victoria(Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) wasQueen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom 20 June 1837 untilher deathin 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days—which waslonger than those of any of her predecessors—constituted theVictorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within theUnited Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of theBritish Empire. In 1876, theBritish Parliamentvoted to grant her the additional title ofEmpress of India. Victoria was the daughter ofPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn(the fourth son ofKing George III), andPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she wasraised under close supervisionby her mother and hercomptroller,John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without survivinglegitimateissue. Victoria, aconstitutional monarch, attempted privately to influence",
"to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards ofpersonal morality. Victoria marriedher first cousin,Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria thesobriquet\"grandmother of Europe\". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion,British republicanismtemporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. HerGoldenandDiamondjubileeswere times of public celebration. Victoria died atOsborne Houseon theIsle of Wight, at the age of 81. The lastBritish monarchof theHouse of Hanover, she was succeeded by her sonEdward VIIof theHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Early life Birth and ancestry Victoria's father wasPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son ofKing George IIIandQueen Charlotte. Until",
"Charlotte. Until 1817, King George's only legitimate grandchild was Edward's niecePrincess Charlotte of Wales, the daughter ofGeorge, Prince Regent(who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte's death in 1817 precipitated asuccession crisisthat brought pressure on Prince Edward and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent marriedPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl(1804–1856) andFeodora(1807–1872)—by her first marriage toEmich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen. Her brotherLeopoldwas Princess Charlotte's widower and later the firstking of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria was born at 4:15 a.m. on Monday 24 May 1819 atKensington Palacein London. Victoria was christened privately by theArchbishop of Canterbury,Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.She was baptisedAlexandrinaafter one of her godparents, TsarAlexander I of Russia, andVictoria, after her",
"after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent. At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV);Frederick, Duke of York;William, Duke of Clarence(later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.Prince George had no surviving children, and Prince Frederick had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William married in 1818, in a joint ceremony with his brother Edward, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died",
"grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter,Princess Elizabeth, lived, from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821. Heir presumptive Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria becameheir presumptive. TheRegency Act 1830made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that aregencycould be avoided. Victoria later described her childhood as \"rather melancholy\".Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \"Kensington System\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by",
"devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineeringcomptroller,Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover.The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children.Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and herKing Charles Spaniel,Dash.Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,but she spoke only English at home. In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit theMalvern Hills, stopping at towns and greatcountry housesalong the way.Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically",
"enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.William compared the journeys toroyal progressesand was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.AtRamsgatein October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy herprivate secretary.As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household. By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her",
"hoped to marry her toPrince Albert,the son of his brotherErnest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit ofPrince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son ofthe Prince of Orange.Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, \" is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful.\"Alexander, on the other hand, she described as \"very plain\". Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her \"best and kindest adviser\",to thank him \"for",
"thank him \"for the prospect ofgreathappiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see.\"However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time. Accession and early reign Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and aregencywas avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me theArchbishop of CanterburyandLord Conynghamwere here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) andalone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted",
"then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently thatIamQueen.\"Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again. Since 1714,Britainhad shared a monarch withHanoverin Germany, but underSalic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother,Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, becameKing of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child. At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by theWhigprime ministerLord Melbourne. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.Charles Grevillesupposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\", and Victoria probably",
"Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.Her coronationtook place on 28 June 1838 atWestminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.She became the first sovereign to take up residence atBuckingham Palaceand inherited the revenues of the duchies ofLancasterandCornwallas well as being granted acivil listallowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts. At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting,Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.Victoria believed the rumours.She hated Conroy, and despised \"that odious Lady Flora\",because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.Conroy,",
"be a virgin.Conroy, the Hastings family, and the oppositionToriesorganised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as \"Mrs. Melbourne\". In 1839, Melbourne resigned afterRadicalsand Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution ofJamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with theabolition of slavery.The Queen commissioned a Tory,Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of theRoyal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen'sladies of the bedchamberwere wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the \"bedchamber crisis\", Victoria,",
"crisis\", Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office. Marriage and public life Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required bysocial conventionto live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.The Duchess was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised \"torment for many years\", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a \"schocking alternative\".Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock. Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839.",
"in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived atWindsor.They were married on 10 February 1840, in theChapel RoyalofSt James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary: I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could havehopedto have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such aHusband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life! Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half",
"in the first half of her life.Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House inBelgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's auntPrincess Augustain 1840, the Duchess was given bothClarence HouseandFrogmore House.Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved. During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-oldEdward Oxfordattempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.He was tried forhigh treason, foundnot guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over theHastings affairand thebedchamber crisis.Her daughter, also namedVictoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being",
"Queen hated being pregnant,viewed breast-feeding with disgust,and thought newborn babies were ugly.Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children:Albert Edward,Alice,Alfred,Helena,Louise,Arthur,LeopoldandBeatrice. The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, BaronessLouise LehzenfromHanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoriaand had supported her against the Kensington System.Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended. On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage alongThe Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait",
"attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted totransportation for life,John William Beanalso tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed alongConstitution Hill, London.In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer,Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation. Melbourne's support in the House of",
"in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the1841 general electionthe Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced. In 1845, Ireland was hit by apotato blight.In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as theGreat Famine.In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \"The Famine Queen\".In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £230,000 and £8.5million in 2022)to theBritish Relief Association, more than any other individual famine relief donor,and supported theMaynooth Grantto a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount toBattersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century. By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of theCorn Laws. Many Tories—by",
"Many Tories—by then known also asConservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade orientedliberal conservative\"Peelites\"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced byLord John Russell. Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and theHouse of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with KingLouis Philippe IatChâteau d'Euin Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French monarch since the meeting ofHenry VIII of EnglandandFrancis I of Franceon theField of the Cloth of Goldin 1520.When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.Louis Philippe was deposed in therevolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England.At the height of a",
"the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety ofOsborne House,a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.Demonstrations byChartistsandIrish nationalistsfailed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances.Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism. Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.She found particularly offensive theForeign Secretary,Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen.Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after",
"was removed after he announced the British government's approval of PresidentLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte'scoup in Francewithout consulting the Prime Minister.The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led byLord Derby. In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic,chloroform. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.Victoria may have hadpostnatal depressionafter many of her pregnancies.Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her",
"Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\". In early 1855, the government ofLord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in theCrimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister. Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.Napoleon III met the couple atBoulogneand accompanied them to Paris.They visited theExposition Universelle(a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild theGreat Exhibition) andNapoleon I's tomb atLes Invalides(to which his remains had only beenreturnedin 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at thePalace of Versailles.This marked the first time that a reigning British monarch had been to Paris in over 400 years. On 14 January 1858, an",
"14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain calledFelice Orsiniattempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port ofCherbourgon 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of theRoyal Navyin comparison to theFrench Navy.Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office. Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter marriedPrince Frederick William of Prussiain London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and her husband Albert until the bride was 17.The Queen and Albert",
"Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlargingPrussianstate.The Queen felt \"sick at heart\" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; \"It really makes me shudder\", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, \"when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one.\"Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild,Wilhelm, who would become the last German emperor. Widowhood and isolation In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for \"wickedly\" estranging her from her mother.To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son,Albert",
"their son,Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying inKillarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.He was diagnosed withtyphoid feverbyWilliam Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales'sphilandering. He had been \"killed by that dreadful business\", she said.She entered a state ofmourningand wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.Her seclusion earned her the nickname \"widow of Windsor\".Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances. Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and",
"the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847,Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings ofBuckingham Palacethat announced \"these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business\".Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of theRoyal Horticultural SocietyatKensingtonand take a drive through London in an open carriage. Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland,John Brown.Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as \"Mrs. Brown\".The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movieMrs. Brown. A painting by SirEdwin Henry Landseerdepicting",
"Landseerdepicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at theRoyal Academy, and Victoria published a book,Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly. Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time since Albert's death.The following year she supported the passing of theReform Act 1867which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,though she was not in favour of votes for women.Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced byBenjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. \"Everyone likes flattery,\" he said, \"and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.\"With the phrase \"we authors, Ma'am\", he complimented her.Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival,William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria",
"minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \"a public meeting rather than a woman\". In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of theThird French Republic.A republican rally inTrafalgar Squaredemanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with anabscessin her arm, whichJoseph Listersuccessfully lanced and treated with his new antisepticcarbolic acidspray.In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.To general rejoicing, he recovered.Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a",
"London and a grand service of thanksgiving inSt Paul's Cathedralon 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided. On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MPFeargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,and abirching.As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further. Empress of India After theIndian Rebellion of 1857, theBritish East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on theIndian subcontinentwere formally incorporated into theBritish Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.She wrote of \"her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war\",and insisted, urged on by",
"urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state \"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\".At her behest, a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom. In the1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed thePublic Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with thepresbyterianChurch of Scotlandthan theepiscopalChurch of England.Disraeli also pushed theRoyal Titles Act 1876through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \"Empress of India\" from 1 May 1876.The new title was proclaimed at theDelhi Durbarof 1 January 1877. On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had marriedLouis of Hesse,",
"of Hesse, died ofdiphtheriainDarmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as \"almost incredible and most mysterious\".In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth ofPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her \"poor old 60th birthday\". She felt \"aged\" by \"the loss of my beloved child\". Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during theRusso-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with theCongress of Berlin.Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as theAnglo-Zulu Warand theSecond Anglo-Afghan War. \"Ifweare tomaintainour position as afirst-ratePower\", she wrote, \"we must ... bePreparedforattacksandwars,somewhereorother, CONTINUALLY.\"Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \"It is not in our custom to annexe",
"custom to annexe countries\", she said, \"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\"To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by \"fast falling tears\",and erected a memorial tablet \"placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.\" On 2 March 1882,Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,shot at the Queen as her carriage leftWindsor railway station.Gordon Chesney Wilsonand another schoolboy fromEton Collegestruck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was \"worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved\". On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued",
"and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, SirHenry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.Ponsonby andRandall Davidson,Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.The manuscript was destroyed.In early 1884, Victoria did publishMore Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\".On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died inCannes. He was \"the dearest of my dear sons\", she lamented.The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love withPrince Henry of Battenbergat the wedding of Victoria's granddaughterPrincess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhineto Henry's",
"by Rhineto Henry's brotherPrince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her. Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.She thought his government was \"the worst I have ever had\", and blamed him for the death ofGeneral Gordonduring theSiege of Khartoum.Gladstone was replaced byLord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a \"half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man\".Gladstone attempted to passa bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated.Inthe ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again. Golden and Diamond Jubilees In 1887, theBritish EmpirecelebratedVictoria's Golden",
"Golden Jubilee. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service inWestminster Abbey.By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.Two days later on 23 June,she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom wasAbdul Karim. He was soon promoted to \"Munshi\": teaching herUrduand acting as a clerk.Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.EquerryFrederick Ponsonby(the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported toLord Elgin,Viceroy of India, \"the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do.\"Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death. Victoria's eldest daughter",
"eldest daughter becameempress consort of Germanyin 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor asWilhelm II. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer inautocracy. Victoria thought he had \"little heart orZartgefühl – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped \". Gladstone returned to power after the1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MPHenry Labouchèreto theCabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointedLord Roseberyas prime minister.His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign. On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as thelongest-reigning monarch in",
"monarch in British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide withher Diamond Jubilee,which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of theColonial Secretary,Joseph Chamberlain.The prime ministers of all theself-governingDominionswere invited to London for the festivities.One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria's grandson Wilhelm II, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the",
"affection for the 78-year-old Queen. Declining health and death Victoria regularly holidayed in mainland Europe. In 1889, during a stay inBiarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to visit Spain by briefly crossing the border.By April 1900, theBoer Warwas so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred (\"Affie\"), died. \"Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too\", she wrote in her journal. \"It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.\" Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.Rheumatismin her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.Through early January, she felt \"weak and unwell\",and by mid-January she was",
"mid-January she was \"drowsy dazed, confused\".Herfavourite petPomeranian, Turi, was laid on her bed as a last request.She died aged 81 on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, in the presence of her eldest son, Albert Edward, and grandson Wilhelm II. Albert Edward immediately succeeded as Edward VII. In 1897, Victoria had written instructions forher funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,and white instead of black.On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family",
"view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.Items ofjewelleryplaced on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown's mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, inSt George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in theRoyal Mausoleum, Frogmore, atWindsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was thelongest-reigning British monarchand thelongest-reigningqueen regnantin world history, until her great-great-granddaughterElizabeth IIsurpassed her on 9 September 2015.She was the last monarch of Britain from theHouse of Hanover; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband'sHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Legacy Reputation According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailedjournal, which eventually encompassed 122",
"encompassed 122 volumes.After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy,Lord Eshertranscribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited byA. C. Benson,Hector Bolitho,George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher,Roger Fulford, andRichard Houghamong others. In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about five feet (1.5 metres) tall, but she projected a grand image.She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider",
"known to the wider public.Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such asLytton Strachey'sQueen Victoriaof 1921, are now considered out of date.The biographies written byElizabeth LongfordandCecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking. Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modernconstitutional monarchyin Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of theHouse of Commonsat the expense of theHouse of Lordsand the monarch.In 1867,Walter Bagehotwrote that the monarch only retained \"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\".As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the",
"members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \"family monarchy\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified. Descendants and haemophilia Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname \"the grandmother of Europe\".Of thegrandchildren of Victoria and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood. Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting diseasehaemophilia Band at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers.Royal haemophiliacsdescended from Victoria included her great-grandsons,Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia;Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; andInfante Gonzalo of Spain.The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led tomodern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even",
"the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases. Titles, styles, honours, and arms Titles and styles At the end of her reign, the Queen's fullstylewas: \"Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandQueen,Defender of the Faith, Empress of India\". Honours British honours Foreign honours Arms As Sovereign, Victoria used theroyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne. Family Issue Ancestry Family tree Notes References Citations Bibliography Primary sources Further reading External links",
"1900–01 Football League The1900–01seasonwas the 13th season ofThe Football League. Final league tables Beginning in the 1894–95 season, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded). In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season. During the first six seasons of the league, (up to the 1893–94 season), re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. From the 1894–95 season and until the 1920–21 season the re-election process was required of the clubs which finished in the bottom three of the league. First Division Results Maps Second Division Results Maps See also References",
"List of Liverpool F.C. managers Liverpool Football Clubis an English association football club based inLiverpool,Merseyside. Liverpool won theFirst Division titlefor the first time in 1901; since then, the club has won a further 18 league titles, along with eightFA Cupsand tenFootball League Cups. They have also been crowned champions of European football on six occasions by winning theEuropean Cup/UEFA Champions Leaguein1977,1978,1981,1984,2005and2019.The club was one of 22 members of thePremier Leaguewhen it was founded in 1992. Liverpool have had 22 full-time managers. The most successful person to manage Liverpool isBob Paisley, who won six Football League titles, sixCharity Shields, three Football League Cups, three European Cups, oneUEFA Super Cupand oneUEFA Cupin his nine-year reign as manager. The club's longest-serving manager wasTom Watson, who managed the club from 1896 to 1915, totalling 19 years.Kenny Dalglishis the only person to have managed the club on two occasions. He first managed Liverpool",
"managed Liverpool from 1985 to February 1991, and then from January 2011 to June 2012. This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Liverpool since their foundation in 1892. Each manager's entry includes his dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his care.Caretaker managersare included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge. Managerial history 1892–1959 The first Liverpool managers,William Edward BarclayandJohn McKenna, were appointed in 1892. Barclay acted as secretary-manager, overseeing the administrative side of the club, while McKenna took charge of matters on the field. The two worked in tandem as Liverpool won promotion from the Lancashire League in the club's first season.However, in 1896, McKenna appointedTom Watsonas manager.He went on to win twoFootball League championships. As theFirst World Warbroke",
"World Warbroke out, Watson was embarking on his nineteenth season in charge at Anfield. It was to be his last, because he died in May 1915, aged 56.David Ashworthwas appointed manager when football resumed after the War.Ashworth won one league title, but left forOldham Athleticsoon after this. He was replaced in February 1923 by a Liverpool director,Matt McQueen, who won one league title for the club. However, this marked the beginning of a barren spell spanning more than 20 years before Liverpool finally regained the title in 1947 under the stewardship ofGeorge Kay. Kay also led Liverpool to theFA Cup Finalin1950, but lost the game 2–0 to Arsenal. He retired the following year, owing to ill-health.The next manager,Don Welshbecame the first Liverpool manager to be sacked after leading the club to relegation in 1954. His successor,Phil Taylor, also failed to win a trophy or gain promotion back to the top flight during his reign as boss. 1959–1991 On 1 December 1959,Bill Shanklywas appointed manager, beginning",
"manager, beginning a fifteen-year spell as manager that brought three league titles, twoFA Cupsand a first European trophy, theUEFA Cup, toAnfield.Shankly's reign as manager is famous for the establishment ofthe Anfield boot roomas the location for his tactical discussions with his coaches.When he was not managing the club, Shankly was usually at his typewriter, personally replying to the letters which arrived at Melwood. Shankly even called some supporters at home to discuss the previous day's game, while the accounts of him providing tickets for fans are endless.When Shankly retired in 1974, he was replaced by his assistant,Bob Paisley. During the next nine seasons, Paisley proceeded to win six league titles and threeEuropean Cupsto become the most successful manager in the history of the club.When Paisley retired in 1983, his assistantJoe Fagantook over, and continued the Boot Room tradition, and winning atrebleof League, European Cup andLeague Cupin his first season. He again guided Liverpool to",
"guided Liverpool to aEuropean Cup Final, but the match was overshadowed by theHeysel Stadium disaster, and he retired soon after.StrikerKenny Dalglishwas then made the club's firstplayer-managerand in his first season in charge, Dalglish led the club to a League and FA Cupdouble.After that great first season, Dalglish led Liverpool to a further two league titles and another FA Cup. However, theHillsborough disasterovershadowed his reign; it was one of the reasons for Dalglish resigning on 22 February 1991. 1991–2015 First-team coachRonnie Morantook charge of team affairs for several weeks beforeGraeme Sounesswas named as Dalglish's successor. Under Souness, Liverpool won the FA Cup in1992, but nothing else. He made way forRoy Evans, who also won just one trophy, the League Cup, beforeGérard Houllierwas appointed joint manager with Evans in 1998. This arrangement lasted only 18 games before Evans resigned, leaving Houllier—Liverpool's first non-British manager—in sole charge. Houllier won nothing until",
"won nothing until atreblein 2001, consisting of the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup. Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the2001–02season, but the squad was unaffected and managed to hold on to a second-place finish. AlthoughPhil Thompsonstepped in as temporary manager while Houllier was recovering from heart surgery, the matches played under Thompson are included in Houllier's record.Another League Cup was won in2003, but this was to be Houllier's last trophy as Liverpool manager as he and the club parted by mutual consent at the end of the2003–04season,to be replaced byValenciamanager,Rafael Benítez. In Benítez's first season in charge, Liverpool reached theUEFA Champions League Final, where they beatA.C. Milanon penalties, after the match finished 3–3 afterextra time. The following season, Liverpool reached theFA Cup Final, where they beatWest Ham United, again on penalties after a 3–3 draw. Benítez again guided Liverpool to aChampions League Finalin 2007, but this time A.C. Milan beat them 2–1.",
"beat them 2–1. On 3 June 2010, Benitez paid the price for a disappointing2009–10season when Liverpool announced he had left the club by mutual consent after six years in charge. Benitez, who was one year into a five-year contract, finalised his departure after agreeing a severance payment. Benitez's assistantSammy Leetook over the reins at Liverpool until Managing director Christian Purslow and former managerKenny Dalglishfound a replacement. On 1 July 2010, formerFulhambossRoy Hodgsonwas confirmed as the new manager.After a poor tenure, which included Liverpool being 18th after 6 games, and only one away win during Hodgson's time in charge, Hodgson was sacked on 8 January 2011 and was replaced by former managerKenny Dalglishthe day before a 3rd Round FA Cup game againstManchester United.Dalglish signed a three-year contract as permanent manager in May, but was sacked a year later.Although the 2011–12 season ended with a poor 8th-place finish in the Premier League, Dalglish guided Liverpool to two Cup finals",
"to two Cup finals at Wembley, ending a six-year trophy drought by winning theLeague Cup. The second Cup final appearance was theFA Cup, which Liverpool lost toChelsea. He was replaced byBrendan Rodgerson 1 June 2012. Rodgers led them in the2013–14 seasonto a surprise title challenge, however Liverpool ended the league season in second place, despite scoring 101 goals, the club's most since the1895–96 seasonand the third-highest in Premier League history.Rodgers was the first Liverpool manager to win theLMA Manager of The Year Award.However, he was the first manager of the club not to win a major trophy in his first three years at the helm, and on 4 October 2015, he was sacked. 2015–2024 On 8 October 2015, Brendan Rodgers was replaced by formerBorussia DortmundmanagerJürgen Klopp.Klopp made an instant impact on the club and guided them to aLeague Cup Finaland a surpriseEuropa League Finalinhis first seasonat the club.During their Europa League campaign, he beat bothEnglish rivalsManchester United and his",
"United and his former club Borussia Dortmund en route to the final.However, they lost the League Cup Final to Manchester City viapenalty shoot-outand they lost 1–3 to Spanish sideSevillain the Europa League Final.They also finished 8th in the league, meaning they wouldn't qualify for European competition for the2016–17 season. On 8 June 2016, Klopp and his coaching staff signed six-year contract extensions that ran until 2022.Klopp guided the club to a fourth-place finish in the2016–17 season, qualifying them for the2017–18 UEFA Champions Leaguequalifying play-offs, where they beat German club,TSG 1899 Hoffenheim6–3 on aggregate in a two-legged play-off to reach the group stage.Klopp led the team to finish top of their group and beat eventual English champions, Manchester City, and Italian club Roma in the knockout phase en route to the2018 UEFA Champions League Final.Unfortunately for Liverpool, they lost 1–3 to Spanish giantsReal Madrid. During the2018–19 season, Klopp guided Liverpool to their sixth",
"to their sixth Champions League triumph with a2–0 winover fellow English club, Tottenham Hotspur,and also guided the club toa second-place finish in the league.At the start of the2019–20 season, Klopp's Liverpool side played against Manchester City in theFA Community Shieldand against Chelsea in theUEFA Super Cup.Both matches went into penalty shoot-outs, with Liverpool losing the former and winning the latter.Later in December, Klopp also guided Liverpool to their first ever FIFA club World Cup trophy, making it 3 trophies in 2019. In the 2019–20 season, Klopp secured Liverpool's first Premier League title and first top-flight title since 1990 by finishing on the most points in their history (99 points). The season was notable both for Liverpool's huge points lead over the rest of the league and for its interruption by theCoronavirusshutdown, meaning Liverpool won the Premier League atboth the earliest(7 games to go) and the latest time (June) ever. On 26 January 2024, the club released a statement, sharing",
"statement, sharing Klopp's announcement that he would step down as Liverpool manager at the end of the current season (2023–24).Arne Slotwas announced as the head coach ahead of the2024–25 season. Key Key to record: Key to honours: Managers Information correct as of 20 October 2024. Only competitive matches are counted. Notes References General Specific Bibliography"
] |
What is the name of the rock climber/businessman who co-founded the environmental group that the co-founder of Netflix joined? | Yvon Chouinard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Randolph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Percent_for_the_Planet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Randolph', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Percent_for_the_Planet', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Randolph",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Percent_for_the_Planet",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard"
] | [
"Netflix Netflixis an Americansubscription video on-demandover-the-topstreamingservice. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows from various genres, and it is available internationally in multiple languages. Launched in 2007, nearly a decade afterNetflix, Inc.began its pioneeringDVD-by-mailmovie rentalservice, Netflix is themost-subscribed video on demandstreaming mediaservices, with 282.7 million paid memberships in more than 190 countries as of 2024.By 2022, \"Netflix Original\" productions accounted for half of its library in the United States and the namesake company had ventured into other categories, such asvideo game publishingofmobile gamesthrough its flagship service. As of 2023, Netflix is the23rd most-visited website in the world, with 23.66% of its traffic coming from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 5.84%, and Brazil at 5.64%. History Launch as a mail-based rental business (1997–2006) Netflix was founded byMarc RandolphandReed Hastingson August 29, 1997, inScotts Valley, California. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, was a co-founder ofPure Software, which was acquired byRational Softwarethat year for $750 million, the then biggest acquisition inSilicon Valleyhistory.Randolph had worked as a marketing director forPure Softwareafter Pure Atria acquired a company where Randolph worked. He was previously a co-founder ofMicroWarehouse, a computer mail-order company, as well as vice president of marketing forBorland.Hastings and Randolph came up with the idea for Netflix whilecarpoolingbetween their homes inSanta Cruz, California, and Pure Atria's headquarters in Sunnyvale.Patty McCord, later head ofhuman resourcesat Netflix, was also in the carpool group.Randolph admiredAmazonand wanted to find a large category of portable items to sell over theInternetusing a similar model. Hastings and Randolph considered and rejected selling and rentingVHSas too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship.When they heard about DVDs, first introduced in the United States in early 1997, they tested the concept of selling or renting DVDs by mail, by mailing acompact discto Hastings's house in Santa Cruz.When the CD arrived intact, they decided to enter the $16 billionHome-videosales and rental industry.Hastings is often quoted saying that he decided to start Netflix after being fined $40 at a Blockbuster store for being late to return a copy ofApollo 13.Hastings invested $2.5 million into Netflix from the sale of Pure Atria.Netflix launched as the first DVD rental and sales website with 30 employees and 925 titles available—nearly all DVDs published.Randolph and Hastings met withJeff Bezos, whereAmazonoffered to acquire Netflix for between $14 and $16 million. Fearing competition from Amazon, Randolph at first thought the offer was fair, but Hastings, who owned 70% of the company, turned it down on the plane ride home. Initially, Netflix offered a per-rental model for each DVD but introduced a monthly subscription concept in September 1999.The per-rental model was dropped by early 2000, allowing the company to focus on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees.In September 2000, during thedot-com bubble, while Netflix was suffering losses, Hastings and Randolph offered to sell the company toBlockbusterfor $50 million.John Antioco, CEO of Blockbuster, thought the offer was a joke and declined, saying, \"The dot-com hysteria is completely overblown.\"While Netflix experienced fast growth in early 2001, the continued effects of the dot-com bubble collapse and theSeptember 11 attackscaused the company to hold off plans for itsinitial public offering(IPO) and to lay off one-third of its 120 employees. DVD players were a popular gift for holiday sales in late 2001, and demand for DVD subscription services were \"growing like crazy\", according to chief talent officerPatty McCord.The company wentpublicon May 23, 2002, selling 5.5 million shares ofcommon stockat US$15.00 per share.In 2003, Netflix was issued a patent by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office to cover its subscription rental service and several extensions.Netflix posted its first profit in 2003, earning $6.5 million on revenues of $272 million; by 2004, profit had increased to $49 million on over $500 million in revenues.In 2005, 35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day. In 2004, Blockbuster introduced a DVD rental service, which not only allowed users to check out titles through online sites but allowed for them to return them atbrick and-mortarstores.By 2006, Blockbuster's service reached two million users, and while trailing Netflix's subscriber count, was drawing business away from Netflix. Netflix lowered fees in 2007.While it was anurban legendthat Netflix ultimately \"killed\" Blockbuster in the DVD rental market, Blockbuster's debt load and internal disagreements hurt the company. On April 4, 2006, Netflix filed apatent infringementlawsuit in which it demanded ajury trialin theUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging thatBlockbuster'sonline DVD rentalsubscription program violated two patents held by Netflix. The firstcause of actionalleged Blockbuster's infringement of copying the \"dynamic queue\" of DVDs available for each customer, Netflix's method of using the ranked preferences in the queue to send DVDs to subscribers, and Netflix's method permitting the queue to be updated and reordered.The second cause of action alleged infringement of the subscription rental service as well as Netflix's methods of communication and delivery.The companies settled their dispute on June 25, 2007; terms were not disclosed. On October 1, 2006, Netflix announced theNetflix Prize, $1,000,000 to the first developer of a video-recommendationalgorithmthat could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. On September 21, 2009, it awarded the $1,000,000 prize to team \"BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos\".Cinematch, launched in 2000, was a system that recommended movies to its users, many of which might have been entirely new to the user. Through its divisionRed Envelope Entertainment, Netflix licensed and distributed independent films such asBorn into BrothelsandSherrybaby. In late 2006,Red Envelope Entertainmentalso expanded into producing original content with filmmakers such asJohn Waters.Netflix closed Red Envelope Entertainment in 2008. Transition to streaming services (2007–2012) In January 2007, the company launched astreaming mediaservice, introducingvideo on demandvia the Internet. However, at that time it only had 1,000 films available for streaming, compared to 70,000 available on DVD.The company had for some time considered offering movies online, but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net. The original idea was a \"Netflix box\" that could download movies overnight, and be ready to watch the next day. By 2005, Netflix had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service. But after witnessing how popular streaming services such asYouTubewere despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept. In February 2007, Netflix delivered its billionth DVD, a copy ofBabelto a customer in Texas.In April 2007, Netflix recruitedReplayTVfounderAnthony Wood, to build a \"Netflix Player\" that would allow streaming content to be played directly on a television rather than a desktop or laptop.Hastings eventually shut down the project to help encourage other hardware manufacturers to include built-in Netflix support, which would be spun off as thedigital media playerproductRoku. In January 2008, all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost. This change came in a response to the introduction ofHuluand toApple's new video-rental services.In August 2008, the Netflix database was corrupted and the company was not able to ship DVDs to customers for 3 days, leading the company to move all its data to theAmazon Web Servicescloud.In November 2008, Netflix began offering subscribers rentals onBlu-rayand discontinued its sale of used DVDs.In 2009, Netflix streams overtook DVD shipments. On January 6, 2010, Netflix agreed withWarner Bros.to delay new release rentals to 28 days after the DVDs became available for sale, in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies, and similar deals involvingUniversal Picturesand20th Century Foxwere reached on April 9.In July 2010, Netflix signed a deal to stream movies ofRelativity Media.In August 2010, Netflix reached a five-year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films fromParamount,LionsgateandMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The deal increased Netflix's annual spending fees, adding roughly $200 million per year. It spent $117 million in the first six months of 2010 on streaming, up from $31 million in 2009.On September 22, 2010, Netflix launched in Canada, its first international market.In November 2010, Netflix began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals. In 2010, Netflix acquired the rights toBreaking Bad, produced by Sony Pictures Television, after the show's third season, at a point where original broadcasterAMChad expressed the possibility of cancelling the show. Sony pushed Netflix to releaseBreaking Badin time for the fourth season, which as a result, greatly expanded the show's audience on AMC due to new viewers bingeing on the Netflix past episodes, and doubling the viewership by the time of the fifth season.Breaking Badis considered the first such show to have this \"Netflix effect\". In January 2011, Netflix announced agreements with several manufacturers to includebranded Netflix buttonson theremote controlsof devices compatible with the service, such asBlu-ray players.By May 2011, Netflix had become the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America, accounting for 30% of traffic during peak hours. On July 12, 2011, Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services.The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price.On September 11, 2011, Netflix expanded to countries in Latin America.On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster, separating DVD rental and streaming services.On September 26, 2011, Netflix announced a content deal withDreamWorks Animation.On October 10, 2011, Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and that its streaming and DVD-rental plans would remain branded together, citing customer dissatisfaction with the split. In October 2011. Netflix andThe CWsigned a multi-year output deal for its television shows.On January 9, 2012, Netflix started its expansion to Europe, launching in the United Kingdom and Ireland.In February 2012, Netflix reached a multi-year agreement withThe Weinstein Company.In March 2012, Netflix acquired thedomain nameDVD.com.By 2016, Netflix rebranded its DVD-by-mail service under the nameDVD.com, A Netflix Company.In April 2012, Netflix filed with theFederal Election Commission(FEC) to form apolitical action committee(PAC) called FLIXPAC.Netflix spokesperson Joris Evers tweeted that the intent was to \"engage on issues likenet neutrality,bandwidth caps,UBBandVPPA\".In June 2012, Netflix signed a deal withOpen Road Films. On August 23, 2012, Netflix andThe Weinstein Companysigned a multi-year output deal for RADiUS-TWC films.In September 2012,Epixsigned a five-year streaming deal with Netflix. For the initial two years of this agreement, first-run and back-catalog content from Epix was exclusive to Netflix. Epix films came to Netflix 90 days after premiering on Epix.These included films from Paramount, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Lionsgate. On October 18, 2012, Netflix launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.On December 4, 2012, Netflix and Disney announced an exclusive multi-year agreement for first-run United States subscription television rights to Walt Disney Studios' animated and live-action films, with classics such asDumbo,Alice in WonderlandandPocahontasavailable immediately and others available on Netflix beginning in 2016.Direct-to-videoreleases were made available in 2013. On January 14, 2013, Netflix signed an agreement withTime Warner'sTurner Broadcasting Systemand Warner Bros. Television to distributeCartoon Network,Warner Bros. Animation, andAdult Swimcontent, as well asTNT'sDallas, beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs were given to Netflix shortly after deals withViacomto streamNickelodeonandNick Jr. Channelprograms expired. For cost reasons, Netflix stated that it would limit its expansion in 2013,adding only one new market—the Netherlands—in September of that year. This expanded its availability to 40 territories. Development of original programming and distribution expansion (2013–2017) In 2011, Netflix began its efforts into original content development. In March, it made a straight-to-series order fromMRCfor the political dramaHouse of Cards, led byKevin Spacey, outbidding U.S. cable networks. This marked the first instance of a first-run television series being specifically commissioned by the service.In November the same year, Netflix added two more significant productions to its roster: the comedy-dramaOrange Is the New Black, adapted fromPiper Kerman'smemoir,and a new season of the previously cancelled Fox sitcomArrested Development.Netflix acquired the U.S. rights to the Norwegian dramaLilyhammerafter its television premiere on Norway'sNRK1on January 25, 2012. Notably departing from the traditional broadcast television model of weekly episode premieres, Netflix chose to release the entire first season on February 8 of the same year. House of Cardswas released by Netflix on February 1, 2013, marketed as the first \"Netflix Original\" production.Later that month, Netflix announced an agreement withDreamWorks Animationto commission children's television series based on its properties, beginning withTurbo: F.A.S.T., a spin-off of its filmTurbo.Orange is the New Blackwould premiere in July 2013; Netflix stated thatOrange is the New Blackhad been its most-watched original series so far, with all of them having \"an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV.\" On March 13, 2013, Netflix added aFacebooksharing feature, letting United States subscribers access \"Watched by your friends\" and \"Friends' Favorites\" by agreeing.This was not legal until theVideo Privacy Protection Actwas modified in early 2013.On August 1, 2013, Netflix reintroduced the \"Profiles\" feature that permits accounts to accommodate up to five user profiles. In November 2013,Marvel TelevisionandABC Studiosannounced Netflix had ordered a slate offour television seriesbased on theMarvel ComicscharactersDaredevil,Jessica Jones,Iron FistandLuke Cage. Each of the four series received an initial order of 13 episodes, and Netflix also ordered aDefendersminiseries that would tie them together.DaredevilandJessica Jonespremiered in 2015.TheLuke Cageseries premiered on September 30, 2016, followed byIron Fiston March 17, 2017, andThe Defenderson August 18, 2017.Marvel ownerDisneylater entered into other content agreements with Netflix, including acquiring its animatedStar WarsseriesStar Wars: The Clone Wars, and a new sixth season. In February 2014, Netflix began to enter into agreements with U.S. internet service providers, beginning withComcast(whose customers had repeatedly complained of frequentbufferingwhen streaming Netflix), in order to provide the service a direct connection to their networks.In April 2014, Netflix signedArrested DevelopmentcreatorMitchell Hurwitzand his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service.In May 2014, Netflix &Sony Pictures Animationhad a major multi-deal to acquired streaming rights to produce films.It also began to introduce an updated logo, with a flatter appearance and updated typography. In September 2014, Netflix expanded into six new European markets, including Austria, Belgium, France, Germany,Luxembourg, and Switzerland.On September 10, 2014, Netflix participated inInternet Slowdown Dayby deliberately slowing down its speed in support ofnet neutralityregulations in the United States.In October 2014, Netflix announced a four-film deal withAdam Sandlerand hisHappy Madison Productions. In April 2015, following the launch ofDaredevil, Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support foraudio description, and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its other original series over time.The following year, as part of a settlement with theAmerican Council of the Blind, Netflix agreed to provide descriptions for its original series within 30 days of their premiere, and addscreen readersupport and the ability to browse content by availability of descriptions. In March 2015, Netflix expanded to Australia and New Zealand.In September 2015, Netflix launched in Japan, its first country in Asia.In October 2015, Netflix launched in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In January 2016, at theConsumer Electronics Show, Netflix announced a major international expansion of its service into 130 additional countries. It then had become available worldwide except China, Syria, North Korea,KosovoandCrimea.In May 2016, Netflix created a tool called Fast.com to determine the speed of an Internet connection.It received praise for being \"simple\" and \"easy to use\", and does not includeonline advertising, unlike competitors.On November 30, 2016, Netflix launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps onAndroidoriOStocachecontent on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing offline, without an Internet connection. In 2016, Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films, more than any network or cable channel.In April 2016, Hastings stated that the company planned to expand its in-house, Los Angeles-based Netflix Studios to grow its output; Hastings ruled out any potential acquisitions of existing studios. In February 2017, Netflix signed amusic publishingdeal withBMG Rights Management, whereby BMG will oversee rights outside of the United States for music associated with Netflix original content. Netflix continues to handle these tasks in-house in the United States.On April 25, 2017, Netflix signed a licensing deal withIQiyi, a Chinese video streaming platform owned byBaidu, to allow selected Netflix original content to be distributed in China on the platform. On August 7, 2017, Netflix acquiredMillarworld, the creator-owned publishing company of comic book writerMark Millar. The purchase marked the first corporate acquisition to have been made by Netflix.On August 14, 2017, Netflix entered into an exclusive development deal withShonda Rhimesand her production companyShondaland. In September 2017, Netflix announced it would offer its low-broadband mobile technology to airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi so that passengers can watch movies on Netflix while on planes. In September 2017,Minister of HeritageMélanie Jolyannounced that Netflix had agreed to make aCA$500 million(US$400 million) investment over the next five years in producing content in Canada. The company denied that the deal was intended to result in atax break.Netflix realized this goal by December 2018. In October 2017, Netflix iterated a goal of having half of its library consist of original content by 2019, announcing a plan to invest $8 billion on original content in 2018.In October 2017, Netflix introduced the \"Skip Intro\" feature which allows customers to skip the intros to shows on its platform through a variety of techniques including manual reviewing, audio tagging, andmachine learning. In November 2017, Netflix signed an exclusive multi-year deal withOrange Is the New BlackcreatorJenji Kohan.In November 2017, Netflix withdrew from co-hosting a party at the75th Golden Globe AwardswithThe Weinstein Companydue to theHarvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases. Expansion into international productions and new productions (2017–2020) In November 2017, Netflix announced that it would be making its first original Colombian series, to be executive produced byCiro Guerra.In December 2017, Netflix signedStranger Thingsdirector-producerShawn Levyand his production company21 Laps Entertainmentto what sources say is a four-year deal.In 2017, Netflix invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials fromDave Chappelle,Louis C.K.,Chris Rock,Jim Gaffigan,Bill BurrandJerry Seinfeld. In February 2018, Netflix acquired the rights toThe Cloverfield ParadoxfromParamount Picturesfor $50 million and launched on its service on February 4, 2018, shortly after airing its first trailer duringSuper Bowl LII. Analysts believed that Netflix's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release, while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal.Other films acquired by Netflix include international distribution for Paramount'sAnnihilationand Universal'sNews of the Worldand worldwide distribution of Universal'sExtinction,Warner Bros.'Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle,Paramount'sThe Lovebirdsand 20th Century Studios'The Woman in the Window.In March, the service orderedFormula 1: Drive to Survive, a racing docuseries following teams in theFormula Oneworld championship. In March 2018,Sky UKannounced an agreement with Netflix to integrate Netflix's subscription VOD offering into its pay-TV service. Customers with its high-end Sky Q set-top box and service will be able to see Netflix titles alongside their regular Sky channels.In October 2022, Netflix revealed that its annual revenue from the UK subscribers in 2021 was £1.4bn. In April 2018, Netflix pulled out of theCannes Film Festival, in response to new rules requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters. The Cannes premiere ofOkjain 2017 was controversial, and led to discussions over the appropriateness of films with simultaneous digital releases being screened at an event showcasing theatrical film; audience members also booed the Netflixproduction logoat the screening. Netflix's attempts to negotiate to allow a limited release in France were curtailed by organizers, as well as Frenchcultural exceptionlaw—where theatrically screened films are legally forbidden from being made available via video-on-demand services until at least 36 months after their release.Besides traditional Hollywood markets as well as from partners like theBBC, Sarandos said the company also looking to expand investments in non-traditional foreign markets due to the growth of viewers outside of North America. At the time, this included programs such asDarkfrom Germany,Ingobernablefrom Mexico and3%from Brazil. On May 22, 2018, formerpresident,Barack Obama, and his wife,Michelle Obama, signed a deal to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions. In June 2018, Netflix announced a partnership withTelltale Gamesto port itsadventure gamesto the service in a streaming video format, allowing simple controls through a television remote.The first game,Minecraft: Story Mode, was released in November 2018.In July 2018, Netflix earned the most Emmy nominations of any network for the first time with 112 nods. On August 27, 2018, the company signed a five-year exclusive overall deal with international best–selling authorHarlan Coben.On the same day, the company signed an overall deal withGravity FallscreatorAlex Hirsch.In October 2018, Netflix paid under $30 million to acquireAlbuquerque Studios(ABQ Studios), a $91 million film and TV production facility with eight sound stages inAlbuquerque,New Mexico, for its first U.S. production hub, pledging to spend over $1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America.In November 2018,Paramount Picturessigned a multi-picture film deal with Netflix, making Paramount the first major film studio to sign a deal with Netflix.A sequel toAwesomenessTV'sTo All the Boys I've Loved Beforewas released on Netflix under the titleTo All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love Youas part of the agreement.In December 2018, the company announced a partnership withESPN Filmson atelevision documentarychronicling Michael Jordan and the1997–98 Chicago Bulls seasontitledThe Last Dance. It was released internationally on Netflix and became available for streaming in the United States three months after a broadcast airing onESPN. In January 2019,Sex Educationmade its debut as a Netflix original series, receiving much critical acclaim.On January 22, 2019, Netflix sought and was approved for membership into theMotion Picture Association of America(MPAA), making it the first streaming service to join the association.In February 2019,The HauntingcreatorMike Flanaganjoined frequent collaborator Trevor Macy as a partner inIntrepid Picturesand the duo signed an exclusive overall deal with Netflix to produce television content.On May 9, 2019, Netflix contracted withDark Horse Entertainmentto make television series and films based on comics fromDark Horse Comics.In July 2019, Netflix announced that it would be opening a hub atShepperton Studiosas part of a deal withPinewood Group.In early-August 2019, Netflix negotiated an exclusive multi-year film and television deal withGame of Thronescreators and showrunnersDavid BenioffandD.B. Weiss.The first Netflix production created by Benioff and Weiss was planned as an adaptation ofLiu Cixin's science fiction novelThe Three-Body Problem, part of theRemembrance of Earth's Pasttrilogy.On September 30, 2019, in addition to renewingStranger Thingsfor afourth season, Netflix signedThe Duffer Brothersto anoverall dealcovering future film and television projects for the service. On November 13, 2019, Netflix andNickelodeonentered into a multi-year agreement to produce several original animated feature films and television series based on Nickelodeon's library of characters. This agreement expanded on their existing relationship, in which new specials based on the past Nickelodeon seriesInvader ZimandRocko's Modern Life(Invader Zim: Enter the FlorpusandRocko's Modern Life: Static Clingrespectively) were released by Netflix. Other new projects planned under the team-up include a music project featuringSquidward Tentaclesfrom the animated television seriesSpongeBob SquarePants, and films based onThe Loud HouseandRise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.The agreement with Disney ended in 2019 due to the launch ofDisney+, with its Marvel productions moving exclusively to the service in 2022. In November 2019, Netflix announced that it had signed a long-term lease to save the Paris Theatre, the last single-screen movie theater in Manhattan. The company oversaw several renovations at the theater, including new seats and a concession stand. In January 2020, Netflix announced a new four-film deal with Adam Sandler worth up to $275 million.On February 25, 2020, Netflix formed partnerships with six Japanese creators to produce an original Japanese anime project. This partnership includes manga creator group CLAMP, mangaka Shin Kibayashi, mangaka Yasuo Ohtagaki, novelist and film director Otsuichi, novelist Tow Ubutaka, and manga creator Mari Yamazaki.On March 4, 2020,ViacomCBSannounced that it will be producing two spin-off films based onSpongeBob SquarePantsfor Netflix.On April 7, 2020,Peter Chernin'sChernin Entertainmentmade a multi-yearfirst-look dealwith Netflix to make films.On May 29, 2020, Netflix announced the acquisition ofGrauman's Egyptian Theatrefrom theAmerican Cinemathequeto use as a special events venue.In July 2020, Netflix appointed Sarandos as co-CEO.In July 2020, Netflix invested inBlack MirrorcreatorsCharlie BrookerandAnnabel Jones' new production outfit Broke And Bones. In September 2020, Netflix signed a multi-million dollar deal with theDukeandDuchessof Sussex. Harry and Meghan agreed to a multi-year deal promising to create TV shows, films, and children's content as part of their commitment to stepping away from the duties of the royal family.In September 2020, Hastings released a book about Netflix culture titledNo Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention, which was coauthored byErin Meyer.In December 2020, Netflix signed a first-look deal withMillie Bobby Brownto develop and star in several projects including a potential action franchise. Expansion into gaming,Squid Game, new programing and new initiatives (2021–2022) In March 2021, Netflix earned the most Academy Award nominations of any studio, with 36. Netflix won seven Academy Awards, which was the most by any studio.Later that year, Netflix also won more Emmys than any other network or studio with 44 wins, tying the record for most Emmys won in a single year set by CBS in 1974. On April 8, 2021,Sony Pictures Entertainmentannounced an agreement for Netflix to hold the U.S. pay television window rights to its releases beginning in 2022, replacingStarzand expanding upon an existing agreement withSony Pictures Animation. The agreement also includes a first-look deal for any future direct-to-streaming films being produced bySony Pictures, with Netflix required to commit to a minimum number of them.On April 27, Netflix announced that it was opening its first Canadian headquarters inToronto.The company also announced that it would open an office in Sweden as well asRomeandIstanbulto increase its original content in those regions. In early-June, Netflix hosted a first-ever week-long virtual event called \"Geeked Week\", where it shared exclusive news, new trailers, cast appearances and more about upcoming genre titles likeThe Witcher,The Cuphead Show!, andThe Sandman. On June 7, 2021,Jennifer Lopez'sNuyorican Productionssigned a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix spanning feature films, TV series, and unscripted content, with an emphasis on projects that support diverse female actors, writers, and filmmakers.On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced it was launching an online store for curated products tied to the Netflix brand and shows such asStranger ThingsandThe Witcher.On June 21, 2021,Steven Spielberg'sAmblin Partnerssigned a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service.On June 30, 2021,Powerhouse Animation Studios(the studio behind Netflix'sCastlevania) announced signing a first-look deal with the streamer to produce more animated series. In July 2021, Netflix hiredMike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. On July 14, 2021, Netflix signed a first-look deal withJoey King, star ofThe Kissing Boothfranchise, in which King will produce and develop films for Netflix via her All The King's Horses production company.On July 21, 2021,Zack Snyder, director of Netflix'sArmy of the Dead, announced he had signed his production companyThe Stone Quarryto a first-look deal with Netflix; his upcoming projects include a sequel toArmy of the Deadand a sci-fi adventure film titledRebel Moon.In 2019, he agreed to produce ananime-styleweb seriesinspired byNorse mythology. As of August 2021,Netflix Originalsmade up 40% of Netflix's overall library in the United States.The company announced that \"TUDUM: A Netflix Global Fan Event\", a three-hour virtual behind the scenes featuring first-look reveals for 100 of the streamer's series, films and specials, would have its inaugural show in late September 2021.According to Netflix, the show garnered 25.7 million views across Netflix's 29 Netflix YouTube channels, Twitter, Twitch, Facebook, TikTok and Tudum.com. Also in September, the company announced The Queen's Ball: A Bridgerton Experience, launching in 2022 in Los Angeles,Chicago,Montreal, andWashington, D.C.. Squid Game, a South Korean survival drama created and produced byHwang Dong-hyuk, rapidly became the service's most-watched show within a week of its launch in many markets on September 17, 2021, including Korea, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.Within its first 28 days on the service,Squid Gamedrew more than 111 million viewers, surpassingBridgertonand becoming Netflix's most-watched show. On September 20, 2021, Netflix signed a long-term lease withAviva Investorsto operate and expand theLongcross StudiosinSurrey, UK.On September 21, 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire the Roald Dahl Story Company, which manages the rights toRoald Dahl'sstories and characters, for an undisclosed price and would operate it as an independent company.The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, on September 28, 2021. On October 13, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of the Netflix Book Club, partnering withStarbucksfor a social series calledBut Have You Read the Book?.Uzo Adubabecame inaugural host of the series and announced monthly book selections set to be adapted by the streamer. Aduba speaks with the cast, creators, and authors about the book adaptation process over a cup of coffee at Starbucks.Through October 2021, Netflix commonly reported viewership for its programming based on the number of viewers or households that watched a show in a given period (such as the first 28 days from its premiere) for at least two minutes. On the announcement of its quarterly earnings in October 2021, the company stated that it would switch its viewership metrics to measuring the number of hours that a show was watched, including rewatches, which the company said was closer to the measurements used in linear broadcast television, and thus \"our members and the industry can better measure success in the streaming world.\" Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Some games in the collection require an active internet connection to play, while others will be available offline. Netflix Kids' accounts will not have games available.On November 16, Netflix announced the launch of \"Top10 on Netflix.com\", a new website with weekly global and country lists of the most popular titles on their service based on their new viewership metrics.On November 22, Netflix announced that it would acquireScanline VFX, the visual effects and animation company behindCowboy BebopandStranger Things.On the same day,Roberto Patinosigned a deal with Netflix and established his own production banner, Analog Inc., in partnership with the company. Patino's first project under the deal is a series adaptation ofImage Comics'Nocterra. On December 6, 2021, Netflix andStage 32announced that they have teamed up the workshops at the Creating Content for the Global Marketplace program.On December 7, 2021, Netflix partnered with IllumiNative, a woman-led non-profit organization, for the Indigenous Producers Training Program.On December 9, Netflix announced the launch of \"Tudum\", an official companion website that offers news, exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes videos for its original television shows and films.On December 13, Netflix signed a multi-year overall deal withKalinda Vazquez.On December 16, 2021, Netflix signed a multi-year creative partnership withSpike Leeand his production company40 Acres and a Mule Filmworksto develop film and television projects. In compliance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its implementation in France, Netflix reached commitments with French broadcasting authorities and film guilds, as required by law, to invest a specific amount of its annual revenue into original French films and series. These films must be theatrically released and would not be allowed to be carried on Netflix until 15 months after their release. In January 2022, Netflix ordered additional sports docuseries fromDrive to Surviveproducers Box to Box Films, including a series that would followPGA Tourgolfers, and another that would follow professional tennis players on theATPandWTA Tourcircuits. The company announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for €65 million as part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum. On March 15, 2022, Netflix announced a partnership withDr. SeussEnterprises to produce five new series and specials based on Seusspropertiesfollowing the success ofGreen Eggs and Ham.On March 29, 2022, Netflix announced that it would open an office in Poland to serve as a hub for its original productions acrossCentral and Eastern Europe.On March 30, 2022, Netflix extended its lease agreement with Martini Film Studios, just outside Vancouver, Canada, for another five years.On March 31, 2022, Netflix ordered a docuseries that would follow teams in the2022 Tour de France, which would also be co-produced by Box to Box Films. Following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netflix suspended its operations and future projects in Russia.It also announced that it would not comply with a proposed directive byRoskomnadzorrequiring all internet streaming services with more than 100,000 subscribers to integrate the major free-to-air channels (which are primarily state-owned).A month later, ex-Russian subscribers filed a class action lawsuit against Netflix. Netflix stated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others, and that Canada and the United States accounted for 30 million of them. Following these announcements, Netflix's stock price fell by 35 percent.By June 2022, Netflix had laid off 450 full-time and contract employees as part of the company's plan to trim costs amid lower than expected subscriber growth. On April 13, 2022, Netflix released the seriesOur Great National Parks, which was hosted and narrated by former US President Barack Obama.It also partnered with Group Effort Initiative, a company founded byRyan ReynoldsandBlake Lively, to provide opportunities behind the camera for those in underrepresented communities.On the same day, Netflix partnered with Lebanon-basedArab Fund For Arts And Culturefor supporting the Arab female filmmakers. It will provide a one-time grant of $250,000 to female producers and directors in the Arab world through the company's Fund for Creative Equity.Also on the same day, Netflix announced anExploding Kittensmobile card game tied to a new animated TV series, which will launch in May.Netflix formed a creative partnership withJ. Miles Dale.The company also formed a partnership with Japan'sStudio Colorido, signing a multi-film deal to boost their anime content in Asia. The streaming giant is said to co-produce three feature films with the studio, the first of which will premiere in September 2022.On April 28, the company launched its inauguralNetflix Is a Jokecomedy festival, featuring more than 250 shows over 12 nights at 30-plus locations across Los Angeles, including the first-ever stand-up show atDodger Stadium. The first volume ofStranger Things 4logged Netflix's biggest premiere weekend ever for an original series with 286.79 million hours viewed.This was preceded by a newStranger Thingsinteractive experience hosted in New York City that was developed by the show's creators.After the release of the second volume ofStranger Things 4on July 1, 2022, it became Netflix's second title to receive more than one billion hours viewed. On July 19, 2022, Netflix announced plans to acquire Australian animation studioAnimal Logic.That month, in collaboration withSennheiser, Netflix began to add Ambeo 2-channel audio mixes (referred to as \"spatial audio\") to selected original productions, which allows simulatedsurround soundon stereo speakers and headphones. On September 5, 2022, Netflix opened an office inWarsaw, Poland responsible for the service's operations in 28 markets in Central and Eastern Europe. On October 4, 2022, Netflix have signed a creative partnership withAndrea BerloffandJohn Gatins.On October 11, Netflix signed up with theBroadcasters' Audience Research Boardfor external measurement of viewership in the UK.On October 12, Netflix signed to build a production complex atFort MonmouthinEatontown, New Jersey.On October 18, Netflix began exploring a cloud gaming offering and opened a new gaming studio in Southern California. On November 7, 2022, Netflix announced a strategic partnership with The Seven, a Japanese production company owned byTBS Holdings, to produce multiple original live-action titles for the subscribers over the next five years.On December 12, 2022, Netflix announced that sixty-percent of its subscribers had watched aKorean drama.CEO Ted Sarandos attributed the increase in viewership of Korean content among Americans to Korean films and dramas being \"often unpredictable\" and catching \"the American audience by surprise\". On January 10, 2023, Netflix announced plans to open an engineering hub in its Warsaw office. The hub is to provide Netflix's creative partners with software solutions for the production of films and series.In February 2023, Netflix launched a wider rollout of spatial audio, and began allowing Premium subscribers to download content for offline playback on up to six devices (expanded from four). On March 4, 2023, Netflix broadcast its first-ever global live-streaming event, the stand-up comedy specialChris Rock: Selective Outrage. Netflix reworked its viewership metrics again in June 2023. Viewership of shows was measured during the first 91 days of availability, instead of the first 28 days, and now are based on the total viewership hours divided by the total hours of the show itself. This provided more equal considerations for shorter shows and movies compared to longer ones. In August 2023, the company announced Netflix Stories, a collection of interactive narrative games from Netflix series and films such asLove is Blind,Money HeistandVirgin River. Discontinuation of DVD rentals, expansion of live events, WWE agreement (2023–present) On April 18, 2023, Netflix announced that it would discontinue itsDVD-by-mailservice on September 29.Users of the service were able to keep the DVDs that they had received. Over its lifetime the service had sent out over 5 billion shipments. In October 2023, Eunice Kim was promoted to Chief Product Officer and Elizabeth Stone was promoted to Chief Technology Officer.That same month, amid a restructuring of its animation division, Netflix announced a multi-film agreement withSkydance Animationbeginning with the upcomingSpellbound. The agreement partially replaces one it had withApple TV+. In December 2023, Netflix released its first \"What We Watched: A Netflix Engagement Report\", a look at viewership for every original and licensed title watched more than 50,000 hours from January to June 2023. The company also announced plans to publish the report twice a year.In its first report for the first six months of 2023, it reported thatThe Night Agentwas the most watched show on globally in that period. On January 23, 2024, Netflix announced a major agreement withprofessional wrestlingpromotionWWE, under which it will acquire the international rights to its live weekly programRawbeginning in January 2025; the rights will initially cover the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Latin America, and expand to other territories over time. Outside of the United States, it will also hold international rights to all three of WWE's main weekly programs (Raw,SmackDown, andNXT),premium live events, and documentaries among other content. The agreement was reported to be valued at $500 million per-year over ten years. In February 2024, Netflix joined withPeter Morgan, creator of the Netflix seriesThe Crown, to produce the playPatriotsonBroadway. The venture is the first Broadway credit for the company but not its first stage project. It was actively involved as a producer ofStranger Things: The First Shadowin London. Both productions share a lead producer,Sonia Friedman. In May 2024, the company hosted its second Netflix Is a Joke festival in Los Angeles. It streamed several specials from the festival live, includingKatt Williams'sWoke FolkandThe Roast of Tom Brady, both of which ranked on Netflix's global top 10 the following two weeks.That same month, Netflix announced that it would stream bothNational Football LeagueChristmas gamesin 2024. For 2025 and 2026, the streamer will have exclusive rights to at least one NFL Christmas game each year. In June 2024, the company announced plans for Netflix House, a new permanent entertainment venue for fans to experience Netflix series and films. The first locations in the announcement areKing of Prussia Mallin Pennsylvania andGalleria Dallasin Texas. Availability and access Global availability Netflix is available in every country and territory except forChina,North Korea,SyriaandRussia. In January 2016, Netflix announced it would beginVPN blockingsince it can be used to watch videos from a country where they are unavailable.The result of the VPN block is that people can only watch videos available worldwide and other videos are hidden from search results.Variety is present on Netflix. Hebrew and right-to-left interface orientation, which is a common localization strategy in many markets, are what define the Israeli user interface's localization, and in some regions, Netflix offers a more affordable mobile-only subscription. Subscriptions Customers can subscribe to one of three plans; the difference in plans relates to video resolution, the number of simultaneous streams, and the number of devices to which content can be downloaded. At the end of Q1 2022, Netflix estimated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others.In March 2022, Netflix began to charge a fee for additional users in Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica to attempt to controlaccount sharing.On July 18, 2022, Netflix announced that it would test the account sharing feature in more countries, including Argentina, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.On October 17, Netflix launched Profile Transfer to help end account sharing. On July 13, 2022, Netflix announced plans to launch an advertising-supported subscription option.Netflix's planned advertising tier would not allow subscribers to download content like the existing ad-free platform.On July 20, 2022, it was announced that the advertising-supported tier would be coming to Netflix in 2023 but it would not feature the full library of content.In October, the launch date was announced as November 3, 2022, and was launched in 12 countries: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, Japan and South Korea.The ad-supported plan was called \"Basic with Ads\" and it cost $6.99 per month in the United States at launch. On February 24, 2023, Netflix cut subscription prices in more than 30 countries around the world to attract more subscribers from those countries. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Croatia, Venezuela, Kenya, and Iran are on the list of countries where the cost for a subscription will be reduced.In the same month stronger anti-password-sharing rules were expanded to Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain.In May 2023, these measures were further expanded to United States and Brazil subscribers. In July 2023, Netflix added 5.9 million subscribers for the second quarter of the year for a total of 238.39 million subscribers overall. The United States and Canada accounted for 1.2 million subscribers which was the largest regional quarterly gain since 2021. Netflix announced in February that it was going to enforce stricter regulations for password sharing. In May 2023, Netflix began cracking down on password-sharing in the US, UK, and Australia. Under these new rules, multiple people can use and share one account, but they have to be under the same household. Netflix defines a household as people who live in the same location as the owner of the account. Users are asked to set a primary location based on the device's IP address. Netflix reported 8.05 million new subscribers in Q2 2024, up from 5.9 million subscribers added in Q2 2023. In July 2024, Netflix started phasing out its cheapest subscription plan for users in France and the US, a year after the plan was removed for Canada and the UK. Members in these countries have the option to sign up for either the standard ad-free plan or the ad plan. Device support Netflix can be accessed via aweb browser, while Netflix apps are available on various platforms, includingBlu-rayplayers,tablet computers, mobile phones,smart TVs,digital media players, andvideo game consoles. Currently supported game consoles include: Several older devices no longer support Netflix. For home gaming consoles, this includes thePlayStation 2,PlayStation TV,WiiandWii U.For handheld gaming consoles, this includes theNintendo 3DSfamily of systems and thePlayStation Vita.The second and third generationApple TVpreviously supported Netflix with an ad-free plan, but the app was automatically removed on these devices on July 31, 2024. In addition, a growing number ofmultichannel televisionproviders, including cable television andIPTVservices, have added Netflix apps accessible within their ownset-top boxes, sometimes with the ability for its content (along with those of other online video services) to be presented within a unified search interface alongside linear television programming as an \"all-in-one\" solution. The maximum video resolution supported on computers is dependent on theDRMsystems available on a particular operating system and web browser. Content Original programming \"Netflix Originals\" are content that is produced, co-produced, or distributed exclusively by Netflix. Netflix funds its original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign a project, providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series.It keeps licensing rights, which normally give production companies future revenue opportunities from syndication, merchandising, etc. Over the years, Netflix output ballooned to a level unmatched by any television network or streaming service. According toVariety Insight, Netflix produced a total of 240 new original shows and movies in 2018, then climbed to 371 in 2019, a figure \"greater than the number of original series that the entire U.S. TV industry released in 2005.\"The Netflix budget allocated to production increased annually, reaching $13.6 billion in 2021 and projected to hit $18.9 billion by 2025, a figure that once again overshadowed any of its competitors.As of August 2022, original productions made up 50% of Netflix's overall library in the United States. Film and television deals Netflix has exclusivepay TVdeals with several studios. The deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms. Distributors that have licensed content to Netflix include Warner Bros., Universal Pictures,Sony Pictures Entertainmentand previously The Walt Disney Studios. Netflix also holds current and back-catalog rights to television programs distributed byWalt Disney Television,DreamWorks Classics,Kino International,Warner Bros. TelevisionandParamount Global Content Distribution, along with titles from other companies such asHasbro EntertainmentandFunimation. Formerly, the streaming service also held rights to select television programs distributed byNBCUniversal Television Distribution,Sony Pictures Televisionand20th Century Fox Television. Netflix negotiated to distribute animated films from Universal that HBO declined to acquire, such asThe Lorax,ParaNorman, andMinions. Netflix holds exclusive streaming rights to the film library ofStudio Ghibli(exceptGrave of the Fireflies) worldwide except in the U.S. and Japan as part of an agreement signed with Ghibli's international sales holderWild Bunchin 2020. Netflix Games In July 2021, Netflix hired Mike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Verdu said in October 2022 that besides continuing to expand their portfolio of games, they were also interested incloud gamingoptions. To support the games effort, Netflix began acquiring and forming a number of studios. The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, in September 2021.Netflix announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for€65 millionas part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum.Netflix opened a mobile game studio in Helsinki, Finland in September 2022,and a new studio, their fifth total, in southern California in October 2022,alongside the acquisition ofSpry Foxin Seattle. In June 2024, Verdu was moved into a new role focusing on \"innovation in game development.\"The next month, Netflix hired Alain Tascan, vice president of game development atEpic Games, to head up Netflix Games.As of July 2024, Netflix has over 80 games in development, releasing at least one game each month to attract fans. Technology Content delivery Netflix freelypeerswithInternet service providers(ISPs) directly and at commonInternet exchange points. In June 2012, a customcontent delivery network,Open Connect, was announced.For larger ISPs with over 100,000 subscribers, Netflix offers freeNetflix Open Connectcomputer appliancesthat cache their content within the ISPs'data centersor networks to further reduceInternet transitcosts.By August 2016, Netflix closed its last physical data center, but continued to develop its Open Connect technology.A 2016 study at theUniversity of Londondetected 233 individual Open Connect locations on over six continents, with the largest amount of traffic in the US, followed by Mexico. As of July 2017, Netflix series and movies accounted for more than a third of all prime-time download Internet traffic in North America. API On October 1, 2008, Netflix offered access to its service via a publicapplication programming interface(API).It allowed access to data for all Netflix titles, and allows users to manage their movie queues. The API was free and allowed commercial use.In June 2012, Netflix began to restrict the availability of its public API.Netflix instead focused on a small number of known partners using private interfaces, since most traffic came from those private interfaces.In November 2014, Netflix retired the public API.Netflix then partnered with the developers of eight services deemed the most valuable, including Instant Watcher, Fanhattan, Yidio and Nextguide. Recommendations and thumbnails Netflix presents viewers with recommendations based on interactions with the service, such as previous viewing history and ratings of viewed content. These are often grouped into genres and formats, or feature the platform's highest-rated content. Each title is presented with a thumbnail. Before around 2015, these were the samekey artfor everyone, but since then has been customized. Netflix may select a specific key art for a thumbnail based on viewing history,such as an actor or scene type based on genre preferences.Some thumbnails are generated from video stills. The Netflix recommendation system is a vital part of the streaming platform's success, enabling personalized content suggestions for hundreds of millions of subscribers worldwide.Using advanced machine learning algorithms, Netflix analyzes user interactions, including viewing history, searches, and ratings, to deliver personalized recommendations for movies and TV shows. The recommendation system considers individual user preferences, similarities with other users with comparable tastes, specific title attributes (genre, release year, etc.), device usage patterns, and viewing time. As users interact with the platform and provide feedback with their viewing habits, the recommendation system is able to adapt and refine its suggestions over time. Netflix uses a two-tiered ranking system, using the presentation of titles on the homepage for easy navigation to maximize user engagement. This is done by organizing content into rows and ranking the titles within each row based on how much the user would be interested in it.Netflix also uses A/B testing to determine what causes the biggest interest and engagement related to options concerning movie suggestions and how titles are organized. Tags like \"bittersweet\", \"sitcom\", or \"intimate\" are assigned to each title by Netflix employees.Netflix also uses the tags to create recommendation micro-genres like \"Goofy TV Shows\" or \"Girls Night In\". Awards On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the firstPrimetime Emmy Awardsnominations for originalstreamingprograms at the65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its series,Arrested Development,Hemlock GroveandHouse of Cards, earned a combined 14 nominations (nine forHouse of Cards, three forArrested Developmentand two forHemlock Grove).TheHouse of Cardsepisode \"Chapter 1\" received four nominations for both the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, becoming the first episode of a streaming television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination. With its win for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, \"Chapter 1\" became the first episode from a streaming service to be awarded an Emmy.David Fincher's win for Directing for a Drama Series forHouse of Cardsmade the episode the first from a streaming service to win a Primetime Emmy. On November 6, 2013, Netflix earned its first Grammy nomination whenYou've Got TimebyRegina Spektor— the main title theme song forOrange Is the New Black— was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On December 12, 2013, the network earned six nominations forGolden Globe Awards, including four forHouse of Cards.Among those nominations was Wright forGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Dramafor her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won. With the accolade, Wright became the first actress to win a Golden Globe for a streaming television series. It also marked Netflix's first major acting award.House of CardsandOrange is the New Blackalso wonPeabody Awardsin 2013. On January 16, 2014, Netflix became the first streaming service to earn an Academy Award nomination whenThe Squarewas nominated for Best Documentary Feature. On July 10, 2014, Netflix received 31 Emmy nominations. Among other nominations,House of Cardsreceived nominations forOutstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.Orange is the New Blackwas nominated in the comedy categories, earning nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series.Taylor Schilling,Kate Mulgrew, andUzo Adubawere respectively nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (the latter was for Aduba's recurring role in season one, as she was promoted to series regular for the show's second season). Netflix got the largest share of 2016 Emmy Award nominations, with 16 major nominations. However, streaming shows only got 24 nominations out of a total of 139, falling significantly behind cable. The 16 Netflix nominees were:House of Cardswith Kevin Spacey,A Very Murray Christmaswith Bill Murray,Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt,Master of None, andBloodline. Stranger Thingsreceived 19 nominations at the2017 Primetime Emmy Awards, whileThe Crownreceived 13 nominations. In December 2017, Netflix was awardedPETA's Company of the Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries likeForks Over KnivesandWhat the Health. At the90th Academy Awards, held on March 4, 2018, the filmIcarus, distributed by Netflix, won its firstAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film. During his remarks backstage, director and writer Bryan Fogel remarked that Netflix had \"single-handedly changed the documentary world.\"Icarushad its premiere at the 2017Sundance Film Festivaland was bought by Netflix for $5 million, one of the biggest deals ever for a non-fiction film.Netflix became the network whose programs received more nomination at the 2018PrimetimeandCreative Arts Emmy Awardswith 112 nominations, therefore breakingHBO's 17-years record as a network whose programs received more nomination at the Emmys, which received 108 nominations. On January 22, 2019, films distributed by Netflix scored 15 nominations for the91st Academy Awards, includingAcademy Award for Best PictureforAlfonso Cuarón'sRoma, which was nominated for 10 awards.The 15 nominations equal the total nominations films distributed by Netflix had received in previous years. In 2020, Netflix received 20 TV nominations and films distributed by Netflix also got 22 film nominations at the78th Golden Globe Awards. It secured three out of the five nominations forbest drama TV seriesforThe Crown,OzarkandRatchedand four of the five nominations forbest actress in a TV series:Olivia Colman,Emma Corrin,Laura LinneyandSarah Paulson. In 2020, Netflix earned 24 Academy Award nominations, marking the first time a streaming service led all studios. Films and programs distributed by Netflix received 30 nominations at the 2021Screen Actors Guild Awards, more than any other distribution company, where their distributed films and programs won seven awards including best motion picture forThe Trial of the Chicago 7and best TV drama forThe Crown.Netflix also received the most nominations of any studio at the93rd Academy Awards– 35 total nominations with 7 award wins. In February 2022,The Power of the Dog, a gritty western distributed by Netflix and directed by Jane Campion, received 12 nominations, including Best Picture, for the 94th annual Academy Awards. Films distributed by the streamer received a total of 72 nominations.Campion became the third female to receive the Best Director award, winning her second Oscar forThe Power of the Dog.At the50th International Emmy Awards, Netflix originalSex EducationwonBest Comedy Series.Later that year, Netflix received 26 Emmy Awards including six forSquid Game. TheSquid Gamewins forOutstanding Lead Actor in a Drama SeriesandOutstanding Directing for a Drama Serieswere the first-ever for a non-English language series in those categories. In March 2023, Netflix won six Academy Awards including four forAll Quiet on the Western Frontwhich was the most awarded Netflix film in its history.Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchiowas the first streaming film to namedBest Animated FeatureandThe Elephant Whispererswas the first Indian-produced film to receiveBest Documentary Short Film.Netflix received 103 Emmy nominations including 13 each for the limited seriesBeefandDahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story. In July 2024, Netflix received 107 Emmy nominations which was the most of any network. Criticism Netflix has been subject to criticism from various groups and individuals as its popularity and market reach increased in the 2010s. Customers have complained about price increases in Netflix offerings dating back to the company's decision to separate its DVD rental and streaming services, which was quickly reversed. As Netflix increased its streaming output, it has faced calls to limit accessibility tographic violenceand include viewer advisories for issues such as sensationalism and promotion ofpseudoscience. Netflix's content has also been criticized bydisability rights movementadvocates for lack ofclosed captioningquality. Some media organizations and competitors have criticized Netflix for selectively releasing ratings andviewer numbersof its original programming. The company has made claims boasting about viewership records without providing data to substantiate its successes or using problematic estimation methods.In March 2020, some government agencies called for Netflix and other streamers to limit services due to increased broadband and energy consumption as use of the platform increased. In response, the company announced it would reducebit rateacross all streams in Europe, thus decreasing Netflix traffic on European networks by around 25 percent. These same steps were later taken in India. In May 2022, Netflix's shareholder Imperium Irrevocable Trust filed a lawsuit against the company for violating the U.S.securitieslaws.In January 2024, a federal judge dismissed the suit, stating that shareholders failed to provide instances of Netflix lying about subscriber growth. In May 2023, Netflix officially banned the use of password sharing between individuals of different households, meaning sharing an account was only available to those living in the same house. See also References Further reading External links",
"Marc Randolph Marc Bernays Randolph(born April 29, 1958) is an American tech entrepreneur, advisor and speaker.He is the co-founder and firstCEOofNetflix. A serial entrepreneur who is said to have helped found the U.S. edition ofMacworldmagazine and the computer mail-order businesses MacWarehouse andMicroWarehouse,Randolph now serves on the boards ofLooker Data Sciencesand Chubbies Shorts. He previously served on the boards of Getable, Rafter, ReadyForce. Randolph, who has equated founding companies to his experience as a mountain guide, is the chairman of the board of trustees of theNational Outdoor Leadership School(NOLS) in Lander,Wyoming and a board member of the environmental advocacy group1% for the Planet. Early life and education Randolph was born to aJewishfamily inChappaqua, New York, the eldest child of Stephen Bernays Randolph, an Austrian-born nuclear engineer turned financial adviser and Muriel Lipchik of Brooklyn, New York who ran her own real estate firm.One of Randolph's paternal great-grand uncles was psychoanalysis pioneerSigmund Freud. Another paternal great-uncle of Randolph wasEdward Bernays, an Austrian-American pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda.Randolph spent his summers during high school and college working for the National Outdoor Leadership School, becoming one of its youngest instructors. He graduated fromHamilton Collegein New York with a geology degree. Career Early career Randolph's first job out of college in 1981 was atCherry Lane MusicCompany in New York. Put in charge of the company's small mail-order operation, Randolph taught himself direct mail and marketing techniques while tinkering with different ways to sell Cherry Lane's catalog of sheet music directly to consumers. Randolph's fascination with using computer software to track customers' buying behavior would ultimately inform his decision to create a user interface at Netflix that doubled as a market research platform.He further developed his theories about using direct mail to influence and retain customers doing circulation work while helping found the U.S. version ofMacUsermagazine in 1984. While co-founding computer mail-order firms MacWarehouse andMicroWarehousewith Peter Godfrey and his partners about a year later, Randolph made the connection between overnight delivery and improved customer retention.The discovery later proved crucial to Netflix's growth and survival: the company's subscriber base first blossomed and cut intoBlockbuster Increvenues in cities where Netflix offered overnight DVD delivery. Randolph spent the dawn of the Internet age building direct-to-consumer marketing operations at software giantBorlandInternational starting in 1988. He left Borland in 1995 for a series of short stints at Silicon Valley start-ups, including heading marketing at desktop scanner makerVisioneer, and then as a member of the founding team of Integrity QA, a developer of automated software testing products.In late 1996, software debugging companyPure Atriaacquired the nine-person software startup. Pure Atria's founder and CEOReed Hastingsretained Randolph as vice president of corporate marketing for the rapidly expanding Pure Atria.In late 1996, Pure Atria announced thatRational Softwarewould acquire it in an $850 million stock swap in what was then the richest merger inSilicon Valleyhistory.Hastings and Randolph commuted together between their homes inSanta Cruz, California, into Silicon Valley for about four months while the Rational merger was finalized, and on these drives, the idea for Netflix was born. Netflix Randolph wanted to replicate the e-commerce model pioneered by online booksellerAmazon.com. He had heard that digital-versatile-discs (DVD) were being tested in several U.S. markets, and he wanted to explore the concept of selling the compact new digital format online. He and Hastings could not find a DVD, so they tested the idea with acompact disc.\"Reed and I were in downtown Santa Cruz and we were saying, 'I wonder if we can mail these things',\" Randolph said. \"We went in and bought a music CD and went into one of the stationery stores … and bought a greeting card and stuck the CD in the envelope and mailed it to Reed's house. And the next day, he said, 'It came. It's fine.' If there was an aha moment, that was it.\"Hastings, Randolph's mother, and Integrity QA founder Steve Kahn were initial investors in Netflix when plans first started in 1996-1997.Randolph named the company, designed its initial user interface and branding and acted as chief executive for the first year while Hastings attendedStanford Universitygraduate school. Netflix launched on April 14, 1998, out of an office park inScotts Valley, California.Randolph designed the user interface to act as an online catalog of movies and a market research platform so that he could constantly test different versions to perfect the user experience. The data generated by these market tests led the team to three concepts that they combined in 1999 to create Netflix's successful business model: a subscription-based service with no due dates or late fees and unlimited access to content, a \"Queue\" that allowed subscribers to specify the order in which DVDs should be mailed to them, and a serialized delivery system that automatically mailed out a DVD as soon as the previous rental was returned. The subscriber data collected by the user interface fed a recommendation engine known as Cinematch, that helped manage the company's limited DVD inventory by guiding subscribers to movies and TV shows that were in stock and generally away from new releases. Randolph ceded the CEO post to Hastings in 1999 and turned to product development. He and founding team memberMitch Lowetested a concept for a movie rental kiosk called Netflix Express that Lowe later turned into movie kiosk giantRedboxafter Hastings rejected it as a line of business.Randolph left Netflix in 2002 after helping guide the company through its initial public offering two years earlier.He credited Hastings with successfully scaling the company to 93 million subscribers worldwide,and said he preferred the start-up stage.\"At the beginning, it's very much triage. If there are a hundred things broken and you need the skill to pick the three you've got to fix, I'm really good at that. I'm not good at the other ninety-seven,\" Randolph said. After Netflix Since his departure from Netflix, Randolph has served as a mentor at MiddCOREand a board member ofLooker Data Sciences.He is also Entrepreneur in Residence forHigh Point Universityand its Belk Entrepreneurship Center.In addition to his mentorships he is a keynote speaker, focusing on entrepreneurship, leadership, and innovation. He travels the world speaking about his experience with Netflix and the lessons he has learned from his other startup investments. In September 2019, his book,That Will Never Work: The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Ideawas published byLittle, Brown and Company. Personal life Randolph has been married to Lorraine Kiernan since 1987. They have three children. He now lives in Santa Cruz, California. References External links",
"One Percent for the Planet One Percent for the Planetis an international organization whose members contribute at least one percent of their annualrevenueto environmental causes to protect the environment. Since 1985,Patagoniapledged 1% of sales to the preservation of restoration of the natural environment. In 2002,1% for the Planetwas founded byYvon Chouinard, founder of Patagonia, and Craig Mathews, owner of Blue Ribbon Flies,to \"encourage more businesses to donate 1% of sales to environmental groups\".Since its creation, the organization has been joined by countries around the world, with a great number of partners in France, Great Britain, Australia, and Japan.France is the only country to have an independent entity. Members BICjoined as a member in 2022 with an eco-friendly product line;Honest Teajoined with a glass product line.Other notable members includeOXO,New Belgium Brewing Company, Klean Kanteen, andNature's Path's EnviroKidz brand. References External links",
"Yvon Chouinard Yvon Chouinard(born November 9, 1938)is an American rock climber, environmentalist, philanthropist, and outdoor industry businessman. His company,Patagonia, is known for its high quality outdoor products and outerwear. He was named one of the100 most influential people in the worldbyTimemagazine in 2023. Chouinard is also a surfer, kayaker, and falconer and is particularly fond oftenkarafly-fishing.He has written about climbing issues and ethics and on mixingenvironmentalismand business. Early life Chouinard's father was aFrench-Canadianhandyman, mechanic, and plumber. In 1947, Yvon and his family moved fromLewiston, Maineto Southern California. They wereCatholic. His early climbing partners includedRoyal RobbinsandTom Frost.ASierra Clubmember, in his youth he founded the Southern California Falconry Club, and it was his investigations offalconaeriesthat led him to rock climbing.To save money and to make adaptations for the way he was climbing, he decided to make his own climbing tools by teaching himself blacksmithing, and eventually started a business. Yosemite rock climber to leading alpinist Chouinard was one of the leading climbers of the \"Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing.\" He was one of the protagonists of the film made about this era:Valley Uprising(2014). He participated in the first ascent of the North America Wall in 1964 (withRoyal Robbins,Tom Frost, andChuck Pratt), using no fixed ropes. The next year, his and TM Herbert's ascent of the Muir Wall on El Capitan improved the style of previous first ascents.Chouinard became the most articulate advocate of the importance of style, the basis of modern rock climbing. In 1961, he visited Western Canada withFred Beckey, and made several important first ascents, including the North Face ofMount Edith Cavell(Rockies), the Beckey-Chouinard Route on South Howser Tower in theBugaboos(Purcell Mountains), and the North Face ofMount Sir Donald(Selkirk Mountains). These climbs opened his eyes to the idea of applying Yosemite big-wall climbing techniques to mountain climbing, and his advocacy was important to modern,high-grade alpinism. Also in 1961, he visitedShawangunk Ridgefor the first time,freeclimbingthe first pitch of Matinee (the hardest free climb done at Shawangunk Ridge at the time); and introducingchrome-molybdenum steelpitons to the area, which revolutionized climbing protection. In 1968, he climbedCerro FitzroyinPatagoniaby a new route (The Californian Route, 3rd overall ascent of the mountain) with Dick Dorworth,Chris Jones, Lito Tejada-Flores, andDouglas Tompkins. Chouinard has also traveled and climbed in the European Alps and in Pakistan. Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In 1957, he bought a second-hand coal-fired forge, and started making hardened steelpitonsfor use inYosemiteValley. Between time spent surfing and climbing, he sold pitons out of the back of his car to support himself. The improved pitons were a big factor in the birth of big-wall climbing from 1957 to 1960 in Yosemite. The success of his pitons caused him to found Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In the late 1960s, Chouinard and business partnerTom Frostbegan studying ice climbing equipment, and re-invented the basic tools (cramponsand ice axes) to perform on steeper ice. These new tools and his bookClimbing Ice(1978) started the modern sport of ice climbing. Around 1970, he became aware that the use of steel pitons made by his company was causing significant damage to the cracks of Yosemite. These pitons composed 70 percent of his income.In 1971 and 1972, Chouinard and Frost introduced new aluminum chockstones, calledHexentricsand Stoppers, along with the less successful steel Crack-n-Ups, and committed the company to the advocacy of the new tools and a new style of climbing called \"clean climbing.\" This concept revolutionized rock climbing and led to further success of the company, despite cannibalizing the sales of pitons, formerly his most important product. They applied for a U.S. patent on Hexentrics in 1974, and it was granted on April 6, 1976.These are still manufactured byBlack Diamond Equipment. In the latter 1960s, Chouinard attempted a number of significant technological and technique changes to ice climbing after trips to the Alps in Europe and Sierra Nevada ice gullies in autumn. He removed the flex from crampons, making them more rigid for front-pointing. He drew the taper of a rock hammer into a point for better ice purchase. He increased the cross section of ice screws while also using lighter materials. He experimented with pick and blade issues with ice axes. Prior to this, much of ice climbing was seen as mere step cutting. He attempted to replace hand ice picks (climbing type) with a small ice axe head called a Climaxe. In 1989, Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. filed for bankruptcy protection in order to protect it from liability lawsuits. The hard assets of Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. were acquired by its employees through theChapter 11process, and the company was reestablished asBlack Diamond Equipment, Ltd. Patagonia and environmentalism Chouinard is most known for founding the clothing and gear companyPatagonia. Chouinard started to sell clothes by chance as a way to support his moderately profitable equipment business.In 1970 on a trip to Scotland, he purchased some rugby shirts and sold them with great success.From this small start, the Patagonia company developed a wide selection of rugged technical clothing. According to Chouinard, the intent of Patagonia is to make clothes for people under the rugged, southern Andes/Cape Horn conditions of places like Patagonia. Recognizing that the financial success of the company provided the opportunity to also achieve personal goals, Chouinard committed the company to being an outstanding place to work, and to be an important resource for environmental activism. In 1984, Patagonia opened an on-site cafeteria offering \"healthy, mostly vegetarian food,\" and started providing on-site child care.In 1986, Chouinard committed the company to \"tithing\" for environmental activism, committing one percent of sales or ten percent of profits, whichever is the greater. The commitment included paying employees working on local environmental projects so they could commit their efforts full-time. In the early 1990s, an environmental audit of Patagonia revealed the surprising result (at the time), that corporatecotton, although it was a natural material, had a heavy environmental footprint. In 1996, Chouinard committed the company to using all organic cotton. In 2002, Yvon Chouinard founded1% for the Planetand Patagonia became the first business to commit 1% of annual sales to the environment. In 2014, Patagonia supported the advocacy documentary filmDamNation, which is about changing attitudes in America towards its dams. Chouinard was the executive producer of the film, and he was also featured in the film commenting about dams. In 2018, in acknowledgment that sustainability and responsible practices are core to Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard was recognized with theSierra Club's top award, theJohn Muir Award. In 2022, Chouinard announced that he was donating ownership in Patagonia to atrustto ensure profits are used for addressingclimate change.Chouinard's family retains control of the company's voting stock through the Patagonia Purpose Trust. Personal life In 1971, Chouinard met and married his wife, Malinda Pennoyer, who was an art and home economics student atCalifornia State University, Fresno.They have a son (Fletcher) and a daughter (Claire), both of whom work for Patagonia. In 2021, Yvon Chouinard received an honorary degree fromBates College. Publications Notable ascents Related reading References Other sources External links"
] | [
"Netflix Netflixis an Americansubscription video on-demandover-the-topstreamingservice. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows from various genres, and it is available internationally in multiple languages. Launched in 2007, nearly a decade afterNetflix, Inc.began its pioneeringDVD-by-mailmovie rentalservice, Netflix is themost-subscribed video on demandstreaming mediaservices, with 282.7 million paid memberships in more than 190 countries as of 2024.By 2022, \"Netflix Original\" productions accounted for half of its library in the United States and the namesake company had ventured into other categories, such asvideo game publishingofmobile gamesthrough its flagship service. As of 2023, Netflix is the23rd most-visited website in the world, with 23.66% of its traffic coming from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 5.84%, and Brazil at 5.64%. History Launch as a mail-based rental business (1997–2006) Netflix was founded byMarc RandolphandReed Hastingson",
"Hastingson August 29, 1997, inScotts Valley, California. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, was a co-founder ofPure Software, which was acquired byRational Softwarethat year for $750 million, the then biggest acquisition inSilicon Valleyhistory.Randolph had worked as a marketing director forPure Softwareafter Pure Atria acquired a company where Randolph worked. He was previously a co-founder ofMicroWarehouse, a computer mail-order company, as well as vice president of marketing forBorland.Hastings and Randolph came up with the idea for Netflix whilecarpoolingbetween their homes inSanta Cruz, California, and Pure Atria's headquarters in Sunnyvale.Patty McCord, later head ofhuman resourcesat Netflix, was also in the carpool group.Randolph admiredAmazonand wanted to find a large category of portable items to sell over theInternetusing a similar model. Hastings and Randolph considered and rejected selling and rentingVHSas too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship.When they heard about DVDs,",
"heard about DVDs, first introduced in the United States in early 1997, they tested the concept of selling or renting DVDs by mail, by mailing acompact discto Hastings's house in Santa Cruz.When the CD arrived intact, they decided to enter the $16 billionHome-videosales and rental industry.Hastings is often quoted saying that he decided to start Netflix after being fined $40 at a Blockbuster store for being late to return a copy ofApollo 13.Hastings invested $2.5 million into Netflix from the sale of Pure Atria.Netflix launched as the first DVD rental and sales website with 30 employees and 925 titles available—nearly all DVDs published.Randolph and Hastings met withJeff Bezos, whereAmazonoffered to acquire Netflix for between $14 and $16 million. Fearing competition from Amazon, Randolph at first thought the offer was fair, but Hastings, who owned 70% of the company, turned it down on the plane ride home. Initially, Netflix offered a per-rental model for each DVD but introduced a monthly subscription concept",
"concept in September 1999.The per-rental model was dropped by early 2000, allowing the company to focus on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees.In September 2000, during thedot-com bubble, while Netflix was suffering losses, Hastings and Randolph offered to sell the company toBlockbusterfor $50 million.John Antioco, CEO of Blockbuster, thought the offer was a joke and declined, saying, \"The dot-com hysteria is completely overblown.\"While Netflix experienced fast growth in early 2001, the continued effects of the dot-com bubble collapse and theSeptember 11 attackscaused the company to hold off plans for itsinitial public offering(IPO) and to lay off one-third of its 120 employees. DVD players were a popular gift for holiday sales in late 2001, and demand for DVD subscription services were \"growing like crazy\", according to chief talent officerPatty McCord.The company wentpublicon May 23, 2002, selling 5.5 million",
"selling 5.5 million shares ofcommon stockat US$15.00 per share.In 2003, Netflix was issued a patent by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office to cover its subscription rental service and several extensions.Netflix posted its first profit in 2003, earning $6.5 million on revenues of $272 million; by 2004, profit had increased to $49 million on over $500 million in revenues.In 2005, 35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day. In 2004, Blockbuster introduced a DVD rental service, which not only allowed users to check out titles through online sites but allowed for them to return them atbrick and-mortarstores.By 2006, Blockbuster's service reached two million users, and while trailing Netflix's subscriber count, was drawing business away from Netflix. Netflix lowered fees in 2007.While it was anurban legendthat Netflix ultimately \"killed\" Blockbuster in the DVD rental market, Blockbuster's debt load and internal disagreements hurt the company. On April 4, 2006, Netflix",
"4, 2006, Netflix filed apatent infringementlawsuit in which it demanded ajury trialin theUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging thatBlockbuster'sonline DVD rentalsubscription program violated two patents held by Netflix. The firstcause of actionalleged Blockbuster's infringement of copying the \"dynamic queue\" of DVDs available for each customer, Netflix's method of using the ranked preferences in the queue to send DVDs to subscribers, and Netflix's method permitting the queue to be updated and reordered.The second cause of action alleged infringement of the subscription rental service as well as Netflix's methods of communication and delivery.The companies settled their dispute on June 25, 2007; terms were not disclosed. On October 1, 2006, Netflix announced theNetflix Prize, $1,000,000 to the first developer of a video-recommendationalgorithmthat could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. On September 21, 2009, it",
"21, 2009, it awarded the $1,000,000 prize to team \"BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos\".Cinematch, launched in 2000, was a system that recommended movies to its users, many of which might have been entirely new to the user. Through its divisionRed Envelope Entertainment, Netflix licensed and distributed independent films such asBorn into BrothelsandSherrybaby. In late 2006,Red Envelope Entertainmentalso expanded into producing original content with filmmakers such asJohn Waters.Netflix closed Red Envelope Entertainment in 2008. Transition to streaming services (2007–2012) In January 2007, the company launched astreaming mediaservice, introducingvideo on demandvia the Internet. However, at that time it only had 1,000 films available for streaming, compared to 70,000 available on DVD.The company had for some time considered offering movies online, but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net. The original idea was a",
"original idea was a \"Netflix box\" that could download movies overnight, and be ready to watch the next day. By 2005, Netflix had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service. But after witnessing how popular streaming services such asYouTubewere despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept. In February 2007, Netflix delivered its billionth DVD, a copy ofBabelto a customer in Texas.In April 2007, Netflix recruitedReplayTVfounderAnthony Wood, to build a \"Netflix Player\" that would allow streaming content to be played directly on a television rather than a desktop or laptop.Hastings eventually shut down the project to help encourage other hardware manufacturers to include built-in Netflix support, which would be spun off as thedigital media playerproductRoku. In January 2008, all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost. This change came in a response to the",
"a response to the introduction ofHuluand toApple's new video-rental services.In August 2008, the Netflix database was corrupted and the company was not able to ship DVDs to customers for 3 days, leading the company to move all its data to theAmazon Web Servicescloud.In November 2008, Netflix began offering subscribers rentals onBlu-rayand discontinued its sale of used DVDs.In 2009, Netflix streams overtook DVD shipments. On January 6, 2010, Netflix agreed withWarner Bros.to delay new release rentals to 28 days after the DVDs became available for sale, in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies, and similar deals involvingUniversal Picturesand20th Century Foxwere reached on April 9.In July 2010, Netflix signed a deal to stream movies ofRelativity Media.In August 2010, Netflix reached a five-year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films fromParamount,LionsgateandMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The deal increased Netflix's annual spending fees, adding roughly $200 million per year. It spent $117 million in the",
"$117 million in the first six months of 2010 on streaming, up from $31 million in 2009.On September 22, 2010, Netflix launched in Canada, its first international market.In November 2010, Netflix began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals. In 2010, Netflix acquired the rights toBreaking Bad, produced by Sony Pictures Television, after the show's third season, at a point where original broadcasterAMChad expressed the possibility of cancelling the show. Sony pushed Netflix to releaseBreaking Badin time for the fourth season, which as a result, greatly expanded the show's audience on AMC due to new viewers bingeing on the Netflix past episodes, and doubling the viewership by the time of the fifth season.Breaking Badis considered the first such show to have this \"Netflix effect\". In January 2011, Netflix announced agreements with several manufacturers to includebranded Netflix buttonson theremote controlsof devices compatible with the service, such asBlu-ray players.By May 2011,",
"May 2011, Netflix had become the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America, accounting for 30% of traffic during peak hours. On July 12, 2011, Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services.The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price.On September 11, 2011, Netflix expanded to countries in Latin America.On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster, separating DVD rental and streaming services.On September 26, 2011, Netflix announced a content deal withDreamWorks Animation.On October 10, 2011, Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and that its streaming and DVD-rental plans would remain branded together, citing customer dissatisfaction with the split. In October 2011. Netflix",
"2011. Netflix andThe CWsigned a multi-year output deal for its television shows.On January 9, 2012, Netflix started its expansion to Europe, launching in the United Kingdom and Ireland.In February 2012, Netflix reached a multi-year agreement withThe Weinstein Company.In March 2012, Netflix acquired thedomain nameDVD.com.By 2016, Netflix rebranded its DVD-by-mail service under the nameDVD.com, A Netflix Company.In April 2012, Netflix filed with theFederal Election Commission(FEC) to form apolitical action committee(PAC) called FLIXPAC.Netflix spokesperson Joris Evers tweeted that the intent was to \"engage on issues likenet neutrality,bandwidth caps,UBBandVPPA\".In June 2012, Netflix signed a deal withOpen Road Films. On August 23, 2012, Netflix andThe Weinstein Companysigned a multi-year output deal for RADiUS-TWC films.In September 2012,Epixsigned a five-year streaming deal with Netflix. For the initial two years of this agreement, first-run and back-catalog content from Epix was exclusive to Netflix. Epix",
"to Netflix. Epix films came to Netflix 90 days after premiering on Epix.These included films from Paramount, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Lionsgate. On October 18, 2012, Netflix launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.On December 4, 2012, Netflix and Disney announced an exclusive multi-year agreement for first-run United States subscription television rights to Walt Disney Studios' animated and live-action films, with classics such asDumbo,Alice in WonderlandandPocahontasavailable immediately and others available on Netflix beginning in 2016.Direct-to-videoreleases were made available in 2013. On January 14, 2013, Netflix signed an agreement withTime Warner'sTurner Broadcasting Systemand Warner Bros. Television to distributeCartoon Network,Warner Bros. Animation, andAdult Swimcontent, as well asTNT'sDallas, beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs were given to Netflix shortly after deals withViacomto streamNickelodeonandNick Jr. Channelprograms expired. For cost reasons, Netflix stated that",
"Netflix stated that it would limit its expansion in 2013,adding only one new market—the Netherlands—in September of that year. This expanded its availability to 40 territories. Development of original programming and distribution expansion (2013–2017) In 2011, Netflix began its efforts into original content development. In March, it made a straight-to-series order fromMRCfor the political dramaHouse of Cards, led byKevin Spacey, outbidding U.S. cable networks. This marked the first instance of a first-run television series being specifically commissioned by the service.In November the same year, Netflix added two more significant productions to its roster: the comedy-dramaOrange Is the New Black, adapted fromPiper Kerman'smemoir,and a new season of the previously cancelled Fox sitcomArrested Development.Netflix acquired the U.S. rights to the Norwegian dramaLilyhammerafter its television premiere on Norway'sNRK1on January 25, 2012. Notably departing from the traditional broadcast television model of weekly",
"model of weekly episode premieres, Netflix chose to release the entire first season on February 8 of the same year. House of Cardswas released by Netflix on February 1, 2013, marketed as the first \"Netflix Original\" production.Later that month, Netflix announced an agreement withDreamWorks Animationto commission children's television series based on its properties, beginning withTurbo: F.A.S.T., a spin-off of its filmTurbo.Orange is the New Blackwould premiere in July 2013; Netflix stated thatOrange is the New Blackhad been its most-watched original series so far, with all of them having \"an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV.\" On March 13, 2013, Netflix added aFacebooksharing feature, letting United States subscribers access \"Watched by your friends\" and \"Friends' Favorites\" by agreeing.This was not legal until theVideo Privacy Protection Actwas modified in early 2013.On August 1, 2013, Netflix reintroduced the \"Profiles\" feature that permits accounts to accommodate up to",
"accommodate up to five user profiles. In November 2013,Marvel TelevisionandABC Studiosannounced Netflix had ordered a slate offour television seriesbased on theMarvel ComicscharactersDaredevil,Jessica Jones,Iron FistandLuke Cage. Each of the four series received an initial order of 13 episodes, and Netflix also ordered aDefendersminiseries that would tie them together.DaredevilandJessica Jonespremiered in 2015.TheLuke Cageseries premiered on September 30, 2016, followed byIron Fiston March 17, 2017, andThe Defenderson August 18, 2017.Marvel ownerDisneylater entered into other content agreements with Netflix, including acquiring its animatedStar WarsseriesStar Wars: The Clone Wars, and a new sixth season. In February 2014, Netflix began to enter into agreements with U.S. internet service providers, beginning withComcast(whose customers had repeatedly complained of frequentbufferingwhen streaming Netflix), in order to provide the service a direct connection to their networks.In April 2014, Netflix",
"April 2014, Netflix signedArrested DevelopmentcreatorMitchell Hurwitzand his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service.In May 2014, Netflix &Sony Pictures Animationhad a major multi-deal to acquired streaming rights to produce films.It also began to introduce an updated logo, with a flatter appearance and updated typography. In September 2014, Netflix expanded into six new European markets, including Austria, Belgium, France, Germany,Luxembourg, and Switzerland.On September 10, 2014, Netflix participated inInternet Slowdown Dayby deliberately slowing down its speed in support ofnet neutralityregulations in the United States.In October 2014, Netflix announced a four-film deal withAdam Sandlerand hisHappy Madison Productions. In April 2015, following the launch ofDaredevil, Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support foraudio description, and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its",
"descriptions to its other original series over time.The following year, as part of a settlement with theAmerican Council of the Blind, Netflix agreed to provide descriptions for its original series within 30 days of their premiere, and addscreen readersupport and the ability to browse content by availability of descriptions. In March 2015, Netflix expanded to Australia and New Zealand.In September 2015, Netflix launched in Japan, its first country in Asia.In October 2015, Netflix launched in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In January 2016, at theConsumer Electronics Show, Netflix announced a major international expansion of its service into 130 additional countries. It then had become available worldwide except China, Syria, North Korea,KosovoandCrimea.In May 2016, Netflix created a tool called Fast.com to determine the speed of an Internet connection.It received praise for being \"simple\" and \"easy to use\", and does not includeonline advertising, unlike competitors.On November 30, 2016, Netflix launched an",
"Netflix launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps onAndroidoriOStocachecontent on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing offline, without an Internet connection. In 2016, Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films, more than any network or cable channel.In April 2016, Hastings stated that the company planned to expand its in-house, Los Angeles-based Netflix Studios to grow its output; Hastings ruled out any potential acquisitions of existing studios. In February 2017, Netflix signed amusic publishingdeal withBMG Rights Management, whereby BMG will oversee rights outside of the United States for music associated with Netflix original content. Netflix continues to handle these tasks in-house in the United States.On April 25, 2017, Netflix signed a licensing deal withIQiyi, a Chinese video streaming platform owned byBaidu, to allow selected Netflix original content to be distributed in China on the platform. On August 7, 2017, Netflix",
"7, 2017, Netflix acquiredMillarworld, the creator-owned publishing company of comic book writerMark Millar. The purchase marked the first corporate acquisition to have been made by Netflix.On August 14, 2017, Netflix entered into an exclusive development deal withShonda Rhimesand her production companyShondaland. In September 2017, Netflix announced it would offer its low-broadband mobile technology to airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi so that passengers can watch movies on Netflix while on planes. In September 2017,Minister of HeritageMélanie Jolyannounced that Netflix had agreed to make aCA$500 million(US$400 million) investment over the next five years in producing content in Canada. The company denied that the deal was intended to result in atax break.Netflix realized this goal by December 2018. In October 2017, Netflix iterated a goal of having half of its library consist of original content by 2019, announcing a plan to invest $8 billion on original content in 2018.In October 2017, Netflix",
"2017, Netflix introduced the \"Skip Intro\" feature which allows customers to skip the intros to shows on its platform through a variety of techniques including manual reviewing, audio tagging, andmachine learning. In November 2017, Netflix signed an exclusive multi-year deal withOrange Is the New BlackcreatorJenji Kohan.In November 2017, Netflix withdrew from co-hosting a party at the75th Golden Globe AwardswithThe Weinstein Companydue to theHarvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases. Expansion into international productions and new productions (2017–2020) In November 2017, Netflix announced that it would be making its first original Colombian series, to be executive produced byCiro Guerra.In December 2017, Netflix signedStranger Thingsdirector-producerShawn Levyand his production company21 Laps Entertainmentto what sources say is a four-year deal.In 2017, Netflix invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials fromDave Chappelle,Louis C.K.,Chris Rock,Jim Gaffigan,Bill BurrandJerry Seinfeld. In February",
"In February 2018, Netflix acquired the rights toThe Cloverfield ParadoxfromParamount Picturesfor $50 million and launched on its service on February 4, 2018, shortly after airing its first trailer duringSuper Bowl LII. Analysts believed that Netflix's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release, while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal.Other films acquired by Netflix include international distribution for Paramount'sAnnihilationand Universal'sNews of the Worldand worldwide distribution of Universal'sExtinction,Warner Bros.'Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle,Paramount'sThe Lovebirdsand 20th Century Studios'The Woman in the Window.In March, the service orderedFormula 1: Drive to Survive, a racing docuseries following teams in theFormula Oneworld championship. In March 2018,Sky UKannounced an agreement with Netflix to integrate Netflix's subscription VOD offering into its pay-TV service. Customers with its high-end Sky Q",
"its high-end Sky Q set-top box and service will be able to see Netflix titles alongside their regular Sky channels.In October 2022, Netflix revealed that its annual revenue from the UK subscribers in 2021 was £1.4bn. In April 2018, Netflix pulled out of theCannes Film Festival, in response to new rules requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters. The Cannes premiere ofOkjain 2017 was controversial, and led to discussions over the appropriateness of films with simultaneous digital releases being screened at an event showcasing theatrical film; audience members also booed the Netflixproduction logoat the screening. Netflix's attempts to negotiate to allow a limited release in France were curtailed by organizers, as well as Frenchcultural exceptionlaw—where theatrically screened films are legally forbidden from being made available via video-on-demand services until at least 36 months after their release.Besides traditional Hollywood markets as well as from partners like theBBC,",
"like theBBC, Sarandos said the company also looking to expand investments in non-traditional foreign markets due to the growth of viewers outside of North America. At the time, this included programs such asDarkfrom Germany,Ingobernablefrom Mexico and3%from Brazil. On May 22, 2018, formerpresident,Barack Obama, and his wife,Michelle Obama, signed a deal to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions. In June 2018, Netflix announced a partnership withTelltale Gamesto port itsadventure gamesto the service in a streaming video format, allowing simple controls through a television remote.The first game,Minecraft: Story Mode, was released in November 2018.In July 2018, Netflix earned the most Emmy nominations of any network for the first time with 112 nods. On August 27, 2018, the company signed a five-year exclusive overall deal with international best–selling authorHarlan Coben.On the same day, the company signed an",
"company signed an overall deal withGravity FallscreatorAlex Hirsch.In October 2018, Netflix paid under $30 million to acquireAlbuquerque Studios(ABQ Studios), a $91 million film and TV production facility with eight sound stages inAlbuquerque,New Mexico, for its first U.S. production hub, pledging to spend over $1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America.In November 2018,Paramount Picturessigned a multi-picture film deal with Netflix, making Paramount the first major film studio to sign a deal with Netflix.A sequel toAwesomenessTV'sTo All the Boys I've Loved Beforewas released on Netflix under the titleTo All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love Youas part of the agreement.In December 2018, the company announced a partnership withESPN Filmson atelevision documentarychronicling Michael Jordan and the1997–98 Chicago Bulls seasontitledThe Last Dance. It was released internationally on Netflix and became available for streaming in the United States three months after a",
"months after a broadcast airing onESPN. In January 2019,Sex Educationmade its debut as a Netflix original series, receiving much critical acclaim.On January 22, 2019, Netflix sought and was approved for membership into theMotion Picture Association of America(MPAA), making it the first streaming service to join the association.In February 2019,The HauntingcreatorMike Flanaganjoined frequent collaborator Trevor Macy as a partner inIntrepid Picturesand the duo signed an exclusive overall deal with Netflix to produce television content.On May 9, 2019, Netflix contracted withDark Horse Entertainmentto make television series and films based on comics fromDark Horse Comics.In July 2019, Netflix announced that it would be opening a hub atShepperton Studiosas part of a deal withPinewood Group.In early-August 2019, Netflix negotiated an exclusive multi-year film and television deal withGame of Thronescreators and showrunnersDavid BenioffandD.B. Weiss.The first Netflix production created by Benioff and Weiss was",
"and Weiss was planned as an adaptation ofLiu Cixin's science fiction novelThe Three-Body Problem, part of theRemembrance of Earth's Pasttrilogy.On September 30, 2019, in addition to renewingStranger Thingsfor afourth season, Netflix signedThe Duffer Brothersto anoverall dealcovering future film and television projects for the service. On November 13, 2019, Netflix andNickelodeonentered into a multi-year agreement to produce several original animated feature films and television series based on Nickelodeon's library of characters. This agreement expanded on their existing relationship, in which new specials based on the past Nickelodeon seriesInvader ZimandRocko's Modern Life(Invader Zim: Enter the FlorpusandRocko's Modern Life: Static Clingrespectively) were released by Netflix. Other new projects planned under the team-up include a music project featuringSquidward Tentaclesfrom the animated television seriesSpongeBob SquarePants, and films based onThe Loud HouseandRise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja",
"Mutant Ninja Turtles.The agreement with Disney ended in 2019 due to the launch ofDisney+, with its Marvel productions moving exclusively to the service in 2022. In November 2019, Netflix announced that it had signed a long-term lease to save the Paris Theatre, the last single-screen movie theater in Manhattan. The company oversaw several renovations at the theater, including new seats and a concession stand. In January 2020, Netflix announced a new four-film deal with Adam Sandler worth up to $275 million.On February 25, 2020, Netflix formed partnerships with six Japanese creators to produce an original Japanese anime project. This partnership includes manga creator group CLAMP, mangaka Shin Kibayashi, mangaka Yasuo Ohtagaki, novelist and film director Otsuichi, novelist Tow Ubutaka, and manga creator Mari Yamazaki.On March 4, 2020,ViacomCBSannounced that it will be producing two spin-off films based onSpongeBob SquarePantsfor Netflix.On April 7, 2020,Peter Chernin'sChernin Entertainmentmade a",
"Entertainmentmade a multi-yearfirst-look dealwith Netflix to make films.On May 29, 2020, Netflix announced the acquisition ofGrauman's Egyptian Theatrefrom theAmerican Cinemathequeto use as a special events venue.In July 2020, Netflix appointed Sarandos as co-CEO.In July 2020, Netflix invested inBlack MirrorcreatorsCharlie BrookerandAnnabel Jones' new production outfit Broke And Bones. In September 2020, Netflix signed a multi-million dollar deal with theDukeandDuchessof Sussex. Harry and Meghan agreed to a multi-year deal promising to create TV shows, films, and children's content as part of their commitment to stepping away from the duties of the royal family.In September 2020, Hastings released a book about Netflix culture titledNo Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention, which was coauthored byErin Meyer.In December 2020, Netflix signed a first-look deal withMillie Bobby Brownto develop and star in several projects including a potential action franchise. Expansion into gaming,Squid Game, new",
"Game, new programing and new initiatives (2021–2022) In March 2021, Netflix earned the most Academy Award nominations of any studio, with 36. Netflix won seven Academy Awards, which was the most by any studio.Later that year, Netflix also won more Emmys than any other network or studio with 44 wins, tying the record for most Emmys won in a single year set by CBS in 1974. On April 8, 2021,Sony Pictures Entertainmentannounced an agreement for Netflix to hold the U.S. pay television window rights to its releases beginning in 2022, replacingStarzand expanding upon an existing agreement withSony Pictures Animation. The agreement also includes a first-look deal for any future direct-to-streaming films being produced bySony Pictures, with Netflix required to commit to a minimum number of them.On April 27, Netflix announced that it was opening its first Canadian headquarters inToronto.The company also announced that it would open an office in Sweden as well asRomeandIstanbulto increase its original content in those",
"content in those regions. In early-June, Netflix hosted a first-ever week-long virtual event called \"Geeked Week\", where it shared exclusive news, new trailers, cast appearances and more about upcoming genre titles likeThe Witcher,The Cuphead Show!, andThe Sandman. On June 7, 2021,Jennifer Lopez'sNuyorican Productionssigned a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix spanning feature films, TV series, and unscripted content, with an emphasis on projects that support diverse female actors, writers, and filmmakers.On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced it was launching an online store for curated products tied to the Netflix brand and shows such asStranger ThingsandThe Witcher.On June 21, 2021,Steven Spielberg'sAmblin Partnerssigned a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service.On June 30, 2021,Powerhouse Animation Studios(the studio behind Netflix'sCastlevania) announced signing a first-look deal with the streamer to produce more animated series. In July 2021, Netflix",
"July 2021, Netflix hiredMike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. On July 14, 2021, Netflix signed a first-look deal withJoey King, star ofThe Kissing Boothfranchise, in which King will produce and develop films for Netflix via her All The King's Horses production company.On July 21, 2021,Zack Snyder, director of Netflix'sArmy of the Dead, announced he had signed his production companyThe Stone Quarryto a first-look deal with Netflix; his upcoming projects include a sequel toArmy of the Deadand a sci-fi adventure film titledRebel Moon.In 2019, he agreed to produce",
"agreed to produce ananime-styleweb seriesinspired byNorse mythology. As of August 2021,Netflix Originalsmade up 40% of Netflix's overall library in the United States.The company announced that \"TUDUM: A Netflix Global Fan Event\", a three-hour virtual behind the scenes featuring first-look reveals for 100 of the streamer's series, films and specials, would have its inaugural show in late September 2021.According to Netflix, the show garnered 25.7 million views across Netflix's 29 Netflix YouTube channels, Twitter, Twitch, Facebook, TikTok and Tudum.com. Also in September, the company announced The Queen's Ball: A Bridgerton Experience, launching in 2022 in Los Angeles,Chicago,Montreal, andWashington, D.C.. Squid Game, a South Korean survival drama created and produced byHwang Dong-hyuk, rapidly became the service's most-watched show within a week of its launch in many markets on September 17, 2021, including Korea, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.Within its first 28 days on the service,Squid Gamedrew more",
"Gamedrew more than 111 million viewers, surpassingBridgertonand becoming Netflix's most-watched show. On September 20, 2021, Netflix signed a long-term lease withAviva Investorsto operate and expand theLongcross StudiosinSurrey, UK.On September 21, 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire the Roald Dahl Story Company, which manages the rights toRoald Dahl'sstories and characters, for an undisclosed price and would operate it as an independent company.The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, on September 28, 2021. On October 13, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of the Netflix Book Club, partnering withStarbucksfor a social series calledBut Have You Read the Book?.Uzo Adubabecame inaugural host of the series and announced monthly book selections set to be adapted by the streamer. Aduba speaks with the cast, creators, and authors about the book adaptation process over a cup of coffee at Starbucks.Through October 2021, Netflix commonly reported viewership for its",
"viewership for its programming based on the number of viewers or households that watched a show in a given period (such as the first 28 days from its premiere) for at least two minutes. On the announcement of its quarterly earnings in October 2021, the company stated that it would switch its viewership metrics to measuring the number of hours that a show was watched, including rewatches, which the company said was closer to the measurements used in linear broadcast television, and thus \"our members and the industry can better measure success in the streaming world.\" Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Some games in the collection require an active internet connection to play, while others will be available offline. Netflix Kids'",
"Netflix Kids' accounts will not have games available.On November 16, Netflix announced the launch of \"Top10 on Netflix.com\", a new website with weekly global and country lists of the most popular titles on their service based on their new viewership metrics.On November 22, Netflix announced that it would acquireScanline VFX, the visual effects and animation company behindCowboy BebopandStranger Things.On the same day,Roberto Patinosigned a deal with Netflix and established his own production banner, Analog Inc., in partnership with the company. Patino's first project under the deal is a series adaptation ofImage Comics'Nocterra. On December 6, 2021, Netflix andStage 32announced that they have teamed up the workshops at the Creating Content for the Global Marketplace program.On December 7, 2021, Netflix partnered with IllumiNative, a woman-led non-profit organization, for the Indigenous Producers Training Program.On December 9, Netflix announced the launch of \"Tudum\", an official companion website that offers",
"website that offers news, exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes videos for its original television shows and films.On December 13, Netflix signed a multi-year overall deal withKalinda Vazquez.On December 16, 2021, Netflix signed a multi-year creative partnership withSpike Leeand his production company40 Acres and a Mule Filmworksto develop film and television projects. In compliance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its implementation in France, Netflix reached commitments with French broadcasting authorities and film guilds, as required by law, to invest a specific amount of its annual revenue into original French films and series. These films must be theatrically released and would not be allowed to be carried on Netflix until 15 months after their release. In January 2022, Netflix ordered additional sports docuseries fromDrive to Surviveproducers Box to Box Films, including a series that would followPGA Tourgolfers, and another that would follow professional tennis players on",
"tennis players on theATPandWTA Tourcircuits. The company announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for €65 million as part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum. On March 15, 2022, Netflix announced a partnership withDr. SeussEnterprises to produce five new series and specials based on Seusspropertiesfollowing the success ofGreen Eggs and Ham.On March 29, 2022, Netflix announced that it would open an office in Poland to serve as a hub for its original productions acrossCentral and Eastern Europe.On March 30, 2022, Netflix extended its lease agreement with Martini Film Studios, just outside Vancouver, Canada, for another five years.On March 31, 2022, Netflix ordered a docuseries that would follow teams in the2022 Tour de France, which would also be co-produced by",
"be co-produced by Box to Box Films. Following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netflix suspended its operations and future projects in Russia.It also announced that it would not comply with a proposed directive byRoskomnadzorrequiring all internet streaming services with more than 100,000 subscribers to integrate the major free-to-air channels (which are primarily state-owned).A month later, ex-Russian subscribers filed a class action lawsuit against Netflix. Netflix stated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others, and that Canada and the United States accounted for 30 million of them. Following these announcements, Netflix's stock price fell by 35 percent.By June 2022, Netflix had laid off 450 full-time and contract employees as part of the company's plan to trim costs amid lower than expected subscriber growth. On April 13, 2022, Netflix released the seriesOur Great National Parks, which was hosted and narrated by former US President Barack Obama.It also",
"Obama.It also partnered with Group Effort Initiative, a company founded byRyan ReynoldsandBlake Lively, to provide opportunities behind the camera for those in underrepresented communities.On the same day, Netflix partnered with Lebanon-basedArab Fund For Arts And Culturefor supporting the Arab female filmmakers. It will provide a one-time grant of $250,000 to female producers and directors in the Arab world through the company's Fund for Creative Equity.Also on the same day, Netflix announced anExploding Kittensmobile card game tied to a new animated TV series, which will launch in May.Netflix formed a creative partnership withJ. Miles Dale.The company also formed a partnership with Japan'sStudio Colorido, signing a multi-film deal to boost their anime content in Asia. The streaming giant is said to co-produce three feature films with the studio, the first of which will premiere in September 2022.On April 28, the company launched its inauguralNetflix Is a Jokecomedy festival, featuring more than 250 shows",
"more than 250 shows over 12 nights at 30-plus locations across Los Angeles, including the first-ever stand-up show atDodger Stadium. The first volume ofStranger Things 4logged Netflix's biggest premiere weekend ever for an original series with 286.79 million hours viewed.This was preceded by a newStranger Thingsinteractive experience hosted in New York City that was developed by the show's creators.After the release of the second volume ofStranger Things 4on July 1, 2022, it became Netflix's second title to receive more than one billion hours viewed. On July 19, 2022, Netflix announced plans to acquire Australian animation studioAnimal Logic.That month, in collaboration withSennheiser, Netflix began to add Ambeo 2-channel audio mixes (referred to as \"spatial audio\") to selected original productions, which allows simulatedsurround soundon stereo speakers and headphones. On September 5, 2022, Netflix opened an office inWarsaw, Poland responsible for the service's operations in 28 markets in Central and Eastern",
"Central and Eastern Europe. On October 4, 2022, Netflix have signed a creative partnership withAndrea BerloffandJohn Gatins.On October 11, Netflix signed up with theBroadcasters' Audience Research Boardfor external measurement of viewership in the UK.On October 12, Netflix signed to build a production complex atFort MonmouthinEatontown, New Jersey.On October 18, Netflix began exploring a cloud gaming offering and opened a new gaming studio in Southern California. On November 7, 2022, Netflix announced a strategic partnership with The Seven, a Japanese production company owned byTBS Holdings, to produce multiple original live-action titles for the subscribers over the next five years.On December 12, 2022, Netflix announced that sixty-percent of its subscribers had watched aKorean drama.CEO Ted Sarandos attributed the increase in viewership of Korean content among Americans to Korean films and dramas being \"often unpredictable\" and catching \"the American audience by surprise\". On January 10, 2023, Netflix",
"10, 2023, Netflix announced plans to open an engineering hub in its Warsaw office. The hub is to provide Netflix's creative partners with software solutions for the production of films and series.In February 2023, Netflix launched a wider rollout of spatial audio, and began allowing Premium subscribers to download content for offline playback on up to six devices (expanded from four). On March 4, 2023, Netflix broadcast its first-ever global live-streaming event, the stand-up comedy specialChris Rock: Selective Outrage. Netflix reworked its viewership metrics again in June 2023. Viewership of shows was measured during the first 91 days of availability, instead of the first 28 days, and now are based on the total viewership hours divided by the total hours of the show itself. This provided more equal considerations for shorter shows and movies compared to longer ones. In August 2023, the company announced Netflix Stories, a collection of interactive narrative games from Netflix series and films such asLove is",
"such asLove is Blind,Money HeistandVirgin River. Discontinuation of DVD rentals, expansion of live events, WWE agreement (2023–present) On April 18, 2023, Netflix announced that it would discontinue itsDVD-by-mailservice on September 29.Users of the service were able to keep the DVDs that they had received. Over its lifetime the service had sent out over 5 billion shipments. In October 2023, Eunice Kim was promoted to Chief Product Officer and Elizabeth Stone was promoted to Chief Technology Officer.That same month, amid a restructuring of its animation division, Netflix announced a multi-film agreement withSkydance Animationbeginning with the upcomingSpellbound. The agreement partially replaces one it had withApple TV+. In December 2023, Netflix released its first \"What We Watched: A Netflix Engagement Report\", a look at viewership for every original and licensed title watched more than 50,000 hours from January to June 2023. The company also announced plans to publish the report twice a year.In its first",
"a year.In its first report for the first six months of 2023, it reported thatThe Night Agentwas the most watched show on globally in that period. On January 23, 2024, Netflix announced a major agreement withprofessional wrestlingpromotionWWE, under which it will acquire the international rights to its live weekly programRawbeginning in January 2025; the rights will initially cover the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Latin America, and expand to other territories over time. Outside of the United States, it will also hold international rights to all three of WWE's main weekly programs (Raw,SmackDown, andNXT),premium live events, and documentaries among other content. The agreement was reported to be valued at $500 million per-year over ten years. In February 2024, Netflix joined withPeter Morgan, creator of the Netflix seriesThe Crown, to produce the playPatriotsonBroadway. The venture is the first Broadway credit for the company but not its first stage project. It was actively involved as a",
"involved as a producer ofStranger Things: The First Shadowin London. Both productions share a lead producer,Sonia Friedman. In May 2024, the company hosted its second Netflix Is a Joke festival in Los Angeles. It streamed several specials from the festival live, includingKatt Williams'sWoke FolkandThe Roast of Tom Brady, both of which ranked on Netflix's global top 10 the following two weeks.That same month, Netflix announced that it would stream bothNational Football LeagueChristmas gamesin 2024. For 2025 and 2026, the streamer will have exclusive rights to at least one NFL Christmas game each year. In June 2024, the company announced plans for Netflix House, a new permanent entertainment venue for fans to experience Netflix series and films. The first locations in the announcement areKing of Prussia Mallin Pennsylvania andGalleria Dallasin Texas. Availability and access Global availability Netflix is available in every country and territory except forChina,North Korea,SyriaandRussia. In January 2016,",
"In January 2016, Netflix announced it would beginVPN blockingsince it can be used to watch videos from a country where they are unavailable.The result of the VPN block is that people can only watch videos available worldwide and other videos are hidden from search results.Variety is present on Netflix. Hebrew and right-to-left interface orientation, which is a common localization strategy in many markets, are what define the Israeli user interface's localization, and in some regions, Netflix offers a more affordable mobile-only subscription. Subscriptions Customers can subscribe to one of three plans; the difference in plans relates to video resolution, the number of simultaneous streams, and the number of devices to which content can be downloaded. At the end of Q1 2022, Netflix estimated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others.In March 2022, Netflix began to charge a fee for additional users in Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica to attempt to controlaccount",
"to controlaccount sharing.On July 18, 2022, Netflix announced that it would test the account sharing feature in more countries, including Argentina, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.On October 17, Netflix launched Profile Transfer to help end account sharing. On July 13, 2022, Netflix announced plans to launch an advertising-supported subscription option.Netflix's planned advertising tier would not allow subscribers to download content like the existing ad-free platform.On July 20, 2022, it was announced that the advertising-supported tier would be coming to Netflix in 2023 but it would not feature the full library of content.In October, the launch date was announced as November 3, 2022, and was launched in 12 countries: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, Japan and South Korea.The ad-supported plan was called \"Basic with Ads\" and it cost $6.99 per month in the United States at launch. On February 24, 2023, Netflix cut",
"2023, Netflix cut subscription prices in more than 30 countries around the world to attract more subscribers from those countries. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Croatia, Venezuela, Kenya, and Iran are on the list of countries where the cost for a subscription will be reduced.In the same month stronger anti-password-sharing rules were expanded to Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain.In May 2023, these measures were further expanded to United States and Brazil subscribers. In July 2023, Netflix added 5.9 million subscribers for the second quarter of the year for a total of 238.39 million subscribers overall. The United States and Canada accounted for 1.2 million subscribers which was the largest regional quarterly gain since 2021. Netflix announced in February that it was going to enforce stricter regulations for password sharing. In May 2023, Netflix began cracking down on password-sharing in the US, UK, and Australia. Under these new rules, multiple people can use and share one account,",
"share one account, but they have to be under the same household. Netflix defines a household as people who live in the same location as the owner of the account. Users are asked to set a primary location based on the device's IP address. Netflix reported 8.05 million new subscribers in Q2 2024, up from 5.9 million subscribers added in Q2 2023. In July 2024, Netflix started phasing out its cheapest subscription plan for users in France and the US, a year after the plan was removed for Canada and the UK. Members in these countries have the option to sign up for either the standard ad-free plan or the ad plan. Device support Netflix can be accessed via aweb browser, while Netflix apps are available on various platforms, includingBlu-rayplayers,tablet computers, mobile phones,smart TVs,digital media players, andvideo game consoles. Currently supported game consoles include: Several older devices no longer support Netflix. For home gaming consoles, this includes thePlayStation 2,PlayStation TV,WiiandWii U.For",
"TV,WiiandWii U.For handheld gaming consoles, this includes theNintendo 3DSfamily of systems and thePlayStation Vita.The second and third generationApple TVpreviously supported Netflix with an ad-free plan, but the app was automatically removed on these devices on July 31, 2024. In addition, a growing number ofmultichannel televisionproviders, including cable television andIPTVservices, have added Netflix apps accessible within their ownset-top boxes, sometimes with the ability for its content (along with those of other online video services) to be presented within a unified search interface alongside linear television programming as an \"all-in-one\" solution. The maximum video resolution supported on computers is dependent on theDRMsystems available on a particular operating system and web browser. Content Original programming \"Netflix Originals\" are content that is produced, co-produced, or distributed exclusively by Netflix. Netflix funds its original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign",
"when they sign a project, providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series.It keeps licensing rights, which normally give production companies future revenue opportunities from syndication, merchandising, etc. Over the years, Netflix output ballooned to a level unmatched by any television network or streaming service. According toVariety Insight, Netflix produced a total of 240 new original shows and movies in 2018, then climbed to 371 in 2019, a figure \"greater than the number of original series that the entire U.S. TV industry released in 2005.\"The Netflix budget allocated to production increased annually, reaching $13.6 billion in 2021 and projected to hit $18.9 billion by 2025, a figure that once again overshadowed any of its competitors.As of August 2022, original productions made up 50% of Netflix's overall library in the United States. Film and television deals Netflix has exclusivepay TVdeals with several studios. The deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while",
"rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms. Distributors that have licensed content to Netflix include Warner Bros., Universal Pictures,Sony Pictures Entertainmentand previously The Walt Disney Studios. Netflix also holds current and back-catalog rights to television programs distributed byWalt Disney Television,DreamWorks Classics,Kino International,Warner Bros. TelevisionandParamount Global Content Distribution, along with titles from other companies such asHasbro EntertainmentandFunimation. Formerly, the streaming service also held rights to select television programs distributed byNBCUniversal Television Distribution,Sony Pictures Televisionand20th Century Fox Television. Netflix negotiated to distribute animated films from Universal that HBO declined to acquire, such asThe Lorax,ParaNorman, andMinions. Netflix holds exclusive streaming rights to the film library ofStudio Ghibli(exceptGrave of the Fireflies) worldwide except in the U.S. and Japan as part of an agreement signed",
"an agreement signed with Ghibli's international sales holderWild Bunchin 2020. Netflix Games In July 2021, Netflix hired Mike Verdu, a former executive fromElectronic ArtsandFacebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.Netflix announced plans to releasemobile gameswhich would be included in subscribers' plans to the service.Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based onStranger ThingsincludingStranger Things 3: The Game, for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously madeStranger Thingstitles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.On November 9, the collection launched foriOS.Verdu said in October 2022 that besides continuing to expand their portfolio of games, they were also",
"they were also interested incloud gamingoptions. To support the games effort, Netflix began acquiring and forming a number of studios. The company acquiredNight School Studio, an independent video game developer, in September 2021.Netflix announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for€65 millionas part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile titleStranger Things: Puzzle Talesas well as twoThe Walking Deadmobile games.Later in the month, Netflix also acquired theTexas-based mobile game developer,Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum.Netflix opened a mobile game studio in Helsinki, Finland in September 2022,and a new studio, their fifth total, in southern California in October 2022,alongside the acquisition ofSpry Foxin Seattle. In June 2024, Verdu was moved into a new role focusing on \"innovation in game development.\"The next month, Netflix hired Alain Tascan, vice president of game development atEpic Games, to head up Netflix Games.As of July 2024, Netflix",
"July 2024, Netflix has over 80 games in development, releasing at least one game each month to attract fans. Technology Content delivery Netflix freelypeerswithInternet service providers(ISPs) directly and at commonInternet exchange points. In June 2012, a customcontent delivery network,Open Connect, was announced.For larger ISPs with over 100,000 subscribers, Netflix offers freeNetflix Open Connectcomputer appliancesthat cache their content within the ISPs'data centersor networks to further reduceInternet transitcosts.By August 2016, Netflix closed its last physical data center, but continued to develop its Open Connect technology.A 2016 study at theUniversity of Londondetected 233 individual Open Connect locations on over six continents, with the largest amount of traffic in the US, followed by Mexico. As of July 2017, Netflix series and movies accounted for more than a third of all prime-time download Internet traffic in North America. API On October 1, 2008, Netflix offered access to its service via a",
"its service via a publicapplication programming interface(API).It allowed access to data for all Netflix titles, and allows users to manage their movie queues. The API was free and allowed commercial use.In June 2012, Netflix began to restrict the availability of its public API.Netflix instead focused on a small number of known partners using private interfaces, since most traffic came from those private interfaces.In November 2014, Netflix retired the public API.Netflix then partnered with the developers of eight services deemed the most valuable, including Instant Watcher, Fanhattan, Yidio and Nextguide. Recommendations and thumbnails Netflix presents viewers with recommendations based on interactions with the service, such as previous viewing history and ratings of viewed content. These are often grouped into genres and formats, or feature the platform's highest-rated content. Each title is presented with a thumbnail. Before around 2015, these were the samekey artfor everyone, but since then has been",
"since then has been customized. Netflix may select a specific key art for a thumbnail based on viewing history,such as an actor or scene type based on genre preferences.Some thumbnails are generated from video stills. The Netflix recommendation system is a vital part of the streaming platform's success, enabling personalized content suggestions for hundreds of millions of subscribers worldwide.Using advanced machine learning algorithms, Netflix analyzes user interactions, including viewing history, searches, and ratings, to deliver personalized recommendations for movies and TV shows. The recommendation system considers individual user preferences, similarities with other users with comparable tastes, specific title attributes (genre, release year, etc.), device usage patterns, and viewing time. As users interact with the platform and provide feedback with their viewing habits, the recommendation system is able to adapt and refine its suggestions over time. Netflix uses a two-tiered ranking system, using the",
"system, using the presentation of titles on the homepage for easy navigation to maximize user engagement. This is done by organizing content into rows and ranking the titles within each row based on how much the user would be interested in it.Netflix also uses A/B testing to determine what causes the biggest interest and engagement related to options concerning movie suggestions and how titles are organized. Tags like \"bittersweet\", \"sitcom\", or \"intimate\" are assigned to each title by Netflix employees.Netflix also uses the tags to create recommendation micro-genres like \"Goofy TV Shows\" or \"Girls Night In\". Awards On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the firstPrimetime Emmy Awardsnominations for originalstreamingprograms at the65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its series,Arrested Development,Hemlock GroveandHouse of Cards, earned a combined 14 nominations (nine forHouse of Cards, three forArrested Developmentand two forHemlock Grove).TheHouse of Cardsepisode \"Chapter 1\" received four nominations for both",
"for both the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, becoming the first episode of a streaming television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination. With its win for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, \"Chapter 1\" became the first episode from a streaming service to be awarded an Emmy.David Fincher's win for Directing for a Drama Series forHouse of Cardsmade the episode the first from a streaming service to win a Primetime Emmy. On November 6, 2013, Netflix earned its first Grammy nomination whenYou've Got TimebyRegina Spektor— the main title theme song forOrange Is the New Black— was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On December 12, 2013, the network earned six nominations forGolden Globe Awards, including four forHouse of Cards.Among those nominations was Wright forGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Dramafor her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won. With the accolade, Wright became the first",
"became the first actress to win a Golden Globe for a streaming television series. It also marked Netflix's first major acting award.House of CardsandOrange is the New Blackalso wonPeabody Awardsin 2013. On January 16, 2014, Netflix became the first streaming service to earn an Academy Award nomination whenThe Squarewas nominated for Best Documentary Feature. On July 10, 2014, Netflix received 31 Emmy nominations. Among other nominations,House of Cardsreceived nominations forOutstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.Orange is the New Blackwas nominated in the comedy categories, earning nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series.Taylor Schilling,Kate Mulgrew, andUzo Adubawere respectively nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy",
"Actress in a Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (the latter was for Aduba's recurring role in season one, as she was promoted to series regular for the show's second season). Netflix got the largest share of 2016 Emmy Award nominations, with 16 major nominations. However, streaming shows only got 24 nominations out of a total of 139, falling significantly behind cable. The 16 Netflix nominees were:House of Cardswith Kevin Spacey,A Very Murray Christmaswith Bill Murray,Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt,Master of None, andBloodline. Stranger Thingsreceived 19 nominations at the2017 Primetime Emmy Awards, whileThe Crownreceived 13 nominations. In December 2017, Netflix was awardedPETA's Company of the Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries likeForks Over KnivesandWhat the Health. At the90th Academy Awards, held on March 4, 2018, the filmIcarus, distributed by Netflix, won its firstAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature",
"Documentary Feature Film. During his remarks backstage, director and writer Bryan Fogel remarked that Netflix had \"single-handedly changed the documentary world.\"Icarushad its premiere at the 2017Sundance Film Festivaland was bought by Netflix for $5 million, one of the biggest deals ever for a non-fiction film.Netflix became the network whose programs received more nomination at the 2018PrimetimeandCreative Arts Emmy Awardswith 112 nominations, therefore breakingHBO's 17-years record as a network whose programs received more nomination at the Emmys, which received 108 nominations. On January 22, 2019, films distributed by Netflix scored 15 nominations for the91st Academy Awards, includingAcademy Award for Best PictureforAlfonso Cuarón'sRoma, which was nominated for 10 awards.The 15 nominations equal the total nominations films distributed by Netflix had received in previous years. In 2020, Netflix received 20 TV nominations and films distributed by Netflix also got 22 film nominations at the78th Golden",
"at the78th Golden Globe Awards. It secured three out of the five nominations forbest drama TV seriesforThe Crown,OzarkandRatchedand four of the five nominations forbest actress in a TV series:Olivia Colman,Emma Corrin,Laura LinneyandSarah Paulson. In 2020, Netflix earned 24 Academy Award nominations, marking the first time a streaming service led all studios. Films and programs distributed by Netflix received 30 nominations at the 2021Screen Actors Guild Awards, more than any other distribution company, where their distributed films and programs won seven awards including best motion picture forThe Trial of the Chicago 7and best TV drama forThe Crown.Netflix also received the most nominations of any studio at the93rd Academy Awards– 35 total nominations with 7 award wins. In February 2022,The Power of the Dog, a gritty western distributed by Netflix and directed by Jane Campion, received 12 nominations, including Best Picture, for the 94th annual Academy Awards. Films distributed by the streamer received a",
"streamer received a total of 72 nominations.Campion became the third female to receive the Best Director award, winning her second Oscar forThe Power of the Dog.At the50th International Emmy Awards, Netflix originalSex EducationwonBest Comedy Series.Later that year, Netflix received 26 Emmy Awards including six forSquid Game. TheSquid Gamewins forOutstanding Lead Actor in a Drama SeriesandOutstanding Directing for a Drama Serieswere the first-ever for a non-English language series in those categories. In March 2023, Netflix won six Academy Awards including four forAll Quiet on the Western Frontwhich was the most awarded Netflix film in its history.Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchiowas the first streaming film to namedBest Animated FeatureandThe Elephant Whispererswas the first Indian-produced film to receiveBest Documentary Short Film.Netflix received 103 Emmy nominations including 13 each for the limited seriesBeefandDahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story. In July 2024, Netflix received 107 Emmy nominations",
"Emmy nominations which was the most of any network. Criticism Netflix has been subject to criticism from various groups and individuals as its popularity and market reach increased in the 2010s. Customers have complained about price increases in Netflix offerings dating back to the company's decision to separate its DVD rental and streaming services, which was quickly reversed. As Netflix increased its streaming output, it has faced calls to limit accessibility tographic violenceand include viewer advisories for issues such as sensationalism and promotion ofpseudoscience. Netflix's content has also been criticized bydisability rights movementadvocates for lack ofclosed captioningquality. Some media organizations and competitors have criticized Netflix for selectively releasing ratings andviewer numbersof its original programming. The company has made claims boasting about viewership records without providing data to substantiate its successes or using problematic estimation methods.In March 2020, some",
"March 2020, some government agencies called for Netflix and other streamers to limit services due to increased broadband and energy consumption as use of the platform increased. In response, the company announced it would reducebit rateacross all streams in Europe, thus decreasing Netflix traffic on European networks by around 25 percent. These same steps were later taken in India. In May 2022, Netflix's shareholder Imperium Irrevocable Trust filed a lawsuit against the company for violating the U.S.securitieslaws.In January 2024, a federal judge dismissed the suit, stating that shareholders failed to provide instances of Netflix lying about subscriber growth. In May 2023, Netflix officially banned the use of password sharing between individuals of different households, meaning sharing an account was only available to those living in the same house. See also References Further reading External links",
"Marc Randolph Marc Bernays Randolph(born April 29, 1958) is an American tech entrepreneur, advisor and speaker.He is the co-founder and firstCEOofNetflix. A serial entrepreneur who is said to have helped found the U.S. edition ofMacworldmagazine and the computer mail-order businesses MacWarehouse andMicroWarehouse,Randolph now serves on the boards ofLooker Data Sciencesand Chubbies Shorts. He previously served on the boards of Getable, Rafter, ReadyForce. Randolph, who has equated founding companies to his experience as a mountain guide, is the chairman of the board of trustees of theNational Outdoor Leadership School(NOLS) in Lander,Wyoming and a board member of the environmental advocacy group1% for the Planet. Early life and education Randolph was born to aJewishfamily inChappaqua, New York, the eldest child of Stephen Bernays Randolph, an Austrian-born nuclear engineer turned financial adviser and Muriel Lipchik of Brooklyn, New York who ran her own real estate firm.One of Randolph's paternal great-grand",
"great-grand uncles was psychoanalysis pioneerSigmund Freud. Another paternal great-uncle of Randolph wasEdward Bernays, an Austrian-American pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda.Randolph spent his summers during high school and college working for the National Outdoor Leadership School, becoming one of its youngest instructors. He graduated fromHamilton Collegein New York with a geology degree. Career Early career Randolph's first job out of college in 1981 was atCherry Lane MusicCompany in New York. Put in charge of the company's small mail-order operation, Randolph taught himself direct mail and marketing techniques while tinkering with different ways to sell Cherry Lane's catalog of sheet music directly to consumers. Randolph's fascination with using computer software to track customers' buying behavior would ultimately inform his decision to create a user interface at Netflix that doubled as a market research platform.He further developed his theories about using direct mail to",
"direct mail to influence and retain customers doing circulation work while helping found the U.S. version ofMacUsermagazine in 1984. While co-founding computer mail-order firms MacWarehouse andMicroWarehousewith Peter Godfrey and his partners about a year later, Randolph made the connection between overnight delivery and improved customer retention.The discovery later proved crucial to Netflix's growth and survival: the company's subscriber base first blossomed and cut intoBlockbuster Increvenues in cities where Netflix offered overnight DVD delivery. Randolph spent the dawn of the Internet age building direct-to-consumer marketing operations at software giantBorlandInternational starting in 1988. He left Borland in 1995 for a series of short stints at Silicon Valley start-ups, including heading marketing at desktop scanner makerVisioneer, and then as a member of the founding team of Integrity QA, a developer of automated software testing products.In late 1996, software debugging companyPure Atriaacquired",
"Atriaacquired the nine-person software startup. Pure Atria's founder and CEOReed Hastingsretained Randolph as vice president of corporate marketing for the rapidly expanding Pure Atria.In late 1996, Pure Atria announced thatRational Softwarewould acquire it in an $850 million stock swap in what was then the richest merger inSilicon Valleyhistory.Hastings and Randolph commuted together between their homes inSanta Cruz, California, into Silicon Valley for about four months while the Rational merger was finalized, and on these drives, the idea for Netflix was born. Netflix Randolph wanted to replicate the e-commerce model pioneered by online booksellerAmazon.com. He had heard that digital-versatile-discs (DVD) were being tested in several U.S. markets, and he wanted to explore the concept of selling the compact new digital format online. He and Hastings could not find a DVD, so they tested the idea with acompact disc.\"Reed and I were in downtown Santa Cruz and we were saying, 'I wonder if we can mail these",
"we can mail these things',\" Randolph said. \"We went in and bought a music CD and went into one of the stationery stores … and bought a greeting card and stuck the CD in the envelope and mailed it to Reed's house. And the next day, he said, 'It came. It's fine.' If there was an aha moment, that was it.\"Hastings, Randolph's mother, and Integrity QA founder Steve Kahn were initial investors in Netflix when plans first started in 1996-1997.Randolph named the company, designed its initial user interface and branding and acted as chief executive for the first year while Hastings attendedStanford Universitygraduate school. Netflix launched on April 14, 1998, out of an office park inScotts Valley, California.Randolph designed the user interface to act as an online catalog of movies and a market research platform so that he could constantly test different versions to perfect the user experience. The data generated by these market tests led the team to three concepts that they combined in 1999 to create Netflix's",
"to create Netflix's successful business model: a subscription-based service with no due dates or late fees and unlimited access to content, a \"Queue\" that allowed subscribers to specify the order in which DVDs should be mailed to them, and a serialized delivery system that automatically mailed out a DVD as soon as the previous rental was returned. The subscriber data collected by the user interface fed a recommendation engine known as Cinematch, that helped manage the company's limited DVD inventory by guiding subscribers to movies and TV shows that were in stock and generally away from new releases. Randolph ceded the CEO post to Hastings in 1999 and turned to product development. He and founding team memberMitch Lowetested a concept for a movie rental kiosk called Netflix Express that Lowe later turned into movie kiosk giantRedboxafter Hastings rejected it as a line of business.Randolph left Netflix in 2002 after helping guide the company through its initial public offering two years earlier.He credited",
"earlier.He credited Hastings with successfully scaling the company to 93 million subscribers worldwide,and said he preferred the start-up stage.\"At the beginning, it's very much triage. If there are a hundred things broken and you need the skill to pick the three you've got to fix, I'm really good at that. I'm not good at the other ninety-seven,\" Randolph said. After Netflix Since his departure from Netflix, Randolph has served as a mentor at MiddCOREand a board member ofLooker Data Sciences.He is also Entrepreneur in Residence forHigh Point Universityand its Belk Entrepreneurship Center.In addition to his mentorships he is a keynote speaker, focusing on entrepreneurship, leadership, and innovation. He travels the world speaking about his experience with Netflix and the lessons he has learned from his other startup investments. In September 2019, his book,That Will Never Work: The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Ideawas published byLittle, Brown and Company. Personal life Randolph has been",
"Randolph has been married to Lorraine Kiernan since 1987. They have three children. He now lives in Santa Cruz, California. References External links",
"One Percent for the Planet One Percent for the Planetis an international organization whose members contribute at least one percent of their annualrevenueto environmental causes to protect the environment. Since 1985,Patagoniapledged 1% of sales to the preservation of restoration of the natural environment. In 2002,1% for the Planetwas founded byYvon Chouinard, founder of Patagonia, and Craig Mathews, owner of Blue Ribbon Flies,to \"encourage more businesses to donate 1% of sales to environmental groups\".Since its creation, the organization has been joined by countries around the world, with a great number of partners in France, Great Britain, Australia, and Japan.France is the only country to have an independent entity. Members BICjoined as a member in 2022 with an eco-friendly product line;Honest Teajoined with a glass product line.Other notable members includeOXO,New Belgium Brewing Company, Klean Kanteen, andNature's Path's EnviroKidz brand. References External links",
"Yvon Chouinard Yvon Chouinard(born November 9, 1938)is an American rock climber, environmentalist, philanthropist, and outdoor industry businessman. His company,Patagonia, is known for its high quality outdoor products and outerwear. He was named one of the100 most influential people in the worldbyTimemagazine in 2023. Chouinard is also a surfer, kayaker, and falconer and is particularly fond oftenkarafly-fishing.He has written about climbing issues and ethics and on mixingenvironmentalismand business. Early life Chouinard's father was aFrench-Canadianhandyman, mechanic, and plumber. In 1947, Yvon and his family moved fromLewiston, Maineto Southern California. They wereCatholic. His early climbing partners includedRoyal RobbinsandTom Frost.ASierra Clubmember, in his youth he founded the Southern California Falconry Club, and it was his investigations offalconaeriesthat led him to rock climbing.To save money and to make adaptations for the way he was climbing, he decided to make his own climbing tools by",
"climbing tools by teaching himself blacksmithing, and eventually started a business. Yosemite rock climber to leading alpinist Chouinard was one of the leading climbers of the \"Golden Age of Yosemite Climbing.\" He was one of the protagonists of the film made about this era:Valley Uprising(2014). He participated in the first ascent of the North America Wall in 1964 (withRoyal Robbins,Tom Frost, andChuck Pratt), using no fixed ropes. The next year, his and TM Herbert's ascent of the Muir Wall on El Capitan improved the style of previous first ascents.Chouinard became the most articulate advocate of the importance of style, the basis of modern rock climbing. In 1961, he visited Western Canada withFred Beckey, and made several important first ascents, including the North Face ofMount Edith Cavell(Rockies), the Beckey-Chouinard Route on South Howser Tower in theBugaboos(Purcell Mountains), and the North Face ofMount Sir Donald(Selkirk Mountains). These climbs opened his eyes to the idea of applying Yosemite",
"applying Yosemite big-wall climbing techniques to mountain climbing, and his advocacy was important to modern,high-grade alpinism. Also in 1961, he visitedShawangunk Ridgefor the first time,freeclimbingthe first pitch of Matinee (the hardest free climb done at Shawangunk Ridge at the time); and introducingchrome-molybdenum steelpitons to the area, which revolutionized climbing protection. In 1968, he climbedCerro FitzroyinPatagoniaby a new route (The Californian Route, 3rd overall ascent of the mountain) with Dick Dorworth,Chris Jones, Lito Tejada-Flores, andDouglas Tompkins. Chouinard has also traveled and climbed in the European Alps and in Pakistan. Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In 1957, he bought a second-hand coal-fired forge, and started making hardened steelpitonsfor use inYosemiteValley. Between time spent surfing and climbing, he sold pitons out of the back of his car to support himself. The improved pitons were a big factor in the birth of big-wall climbing from 1957 to 1960 in Yosemite. The success of",
"The success of his pitons caused him to found Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. In the late 1960s, Chouinard and business partnerTom Frostbegan studying ice climbing equipment, and re-invented the basic tools (cramponsand ice axes) to perform on steeper ice. These new tools and his bookClimbing Ice(1978) started the modern sport of ice climbing. Around 1970, he became aware that the use of steel pitons made by his company was causing significant damage to the cracks of Yosemite. These pitons composed 70 percent of his income.In 1971 and 1972, Chouinard and Frost introduced new aluminum chockstones, calledHexentricsand Stoppers, along with the less successful steel Crack-n-Ups, and committed the company to the advocacy of the new tools and a new style of climbing called \"clean climbing.\" This concept revolutionized rock climbing and led to further success of the company, despite cannibalizing the sales of pitons, formerly his most important product. They applied for a U.S. patent on Hexentrics in 1974, and it was",
"in 1974, and it was granted on April 6, 1976.These are still manufactured byBlack Diamond Equipment. In the latter 1960s, Chouinard attempted a number of significant technological and technique changes to ice climbing after trips to the Alps in Europe and Sierra Nevada ice gullies in autumn. He removed the flex from crampons, making them more rigid for front-pointing. He drew the taper of a rock hammer into a point for better ice purchase. He increased the cross section of ice screws while also using lighter materials. He experimented with pick and blade issues with ice axes. Prior to this, much of ice climbing was seen as mere step cutting. He attempted to replace hand ice picks (climbing type) with a small ice axe head called a Climaxe. In 1989, Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. filed for bankruptcy protection in order to protect it from liability lawsuits. The hard assets of Chouinard Equipment, Ltd. were acquired by its employees through theChapter 11process, and the company was reestablished asBlack Diamond",
"asBlack Diamond Equipment, Ltd. Patagonia and environmentalism Chouinard is most known for founding the clothing and gear companyPatagonia. Chouinard started to sell clothes by chance as a way to support his moderately profitable equipment business.In 1970 on a trip to Scotland, he purchased some rugby shirts and sold them with great success.From this small start, the Patagonia company developed a wide selection of rugged technical clothing. According to Chouinard, the intent of Patagonia is to make clothes for people under the rugged, southern Andes/Cape Horn conditions of places like Patagonia. Recognizing that the financial success of the company provided the opportunity to also achieve personal goals, Chouinard committed the company to being an outstanding place to work, and to be an important resource for environmental activism. In 1984, Patagonia opened an on-site cafeteria offering \"healthy, mostly vegetarian food,\" and started providing on-site child care.In 1986, Chouinard committed the company to",
"the company to \"tithing\" for environmental activism, committing one percent of sales or ten percent of profits, whichever is the greater. The commitment included paying employees working on local environmental projects so they could commit their efforts full-time. In the early 1990s, an environmental audit of Patagonia revealed the surprising result (at the time), that corporatecotton, although it was a natural material, had a heavy environmental footprint. In 1996, Chouinard committed the company to using all organic cotton. In 2002, Yvon Chouinard founded1% for the Planetand Patagonia became the first business to commit 1% of annual sales to the environment. In 2014, Patagonia supported the advocacy documentary filmDamNation, which is about changing attitudes in America towards its dams. Chouinard was the executive producer of the film, and he was also featured in the film commenting about dams. In 2018, in acknowledgment that sustainability and responsible practices are core to Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard",
"Yvon Chouinard was recognized with theSierra Club's top award, theJohn Muir Award. In 2022, Chouinard announced that he was donating ownership in Patagonia to atrustto ensure profits are used for addressingclimate change.Chouinard's family retains control of the company's voting stock through the Patagonia Purpose Trust. Personal life In 1971, Chouinard met and married his wife, Malinda Pennoyer, who was an art and home economics student atCalifornia State University, Fresno.They have a son (Fletcher) and a daughter (Claire), both of whom work for Patagonia. In 2021, Yvon Chouinard received an honorary degree fromBates College. Publications Notable ascents Related reading References Other sources External links"
] |
Is the time between Oasis's first album and 2024 shorter or longer than between Oasis's first album and The Beatles' last album? | Longer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"
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] |
How many years did Cardi B's rap career overlap with Tupac's rap career? | Zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"
] | [
"Cardi B Belcalis Marlenis Cephus(néeAlmánzar;born October 11, 1992), known professionally asCardi B, is an American rapper and songwriter. Distinguished for her aggressiveflowand outspoken clever lyrics, Cardi B has established herself as one of the most successful female artists in contemporary music. From 2015 to early 2017, she gained recognition onVineandInstagram, as a cast member onVH1'sLove & Hip Hop: New York, and by releasingtwo mixtapes. Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy(2018), debuted at number one on theBillboard200andBillboardranked it the top female rap album of the 2010s. Critically acclaimed, it made Cardi B the only solo female artist to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Album, andRolling Stoneranked it the best debut album of all time by a female rapper. Its singles \"Bodak Yellow\" and \"I Like It\" both topped theBillboardHot 100and were certifieddiamondby theRIAA; the former made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the Hot 100 with a solo song in the 21st century and the first to achieve a diamond-certified song, while the latter made her the first with multiple number-one songs. Her third US number-one, the collaboration \"Girls Like You\" (2018) withMaroon 5, made her the first female rapper to earn multiple RIAA diamond-certified songs. She released \"WAP\" (withMegan Thee Stallion) in 2020 and \"Up\" in 2021, both of which topped the Hot 100 and other charts worldwide. \"WAP\" is the only female rap collaboration to debut atop the Hot 100, made Cardi B the first lead artist to top theBillboardGlobal 200, and had a large cultural impact. Recognized byForbesas one of the most influential female rappers of all time, Cardi B holds various records among women in hip hop; she isthe female rapper with the most number-one singles(five) on theBillboardHot 100, the only female rapper to achieve multiple solo number-ones, and the only to earn number-one singles in two decades (2010s and 2020s). She further isthe highest-certified(digital singles) female rapper of all time in the US,the female rapper with the most diamond-certified songs(three) by the RIAA, and has over 100 million certifiedunitssold in the US. Additionally,Invasion of Privacyis the most-streamed female rap album onApple MusicandSpotify.Her accoladesinclude aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards, sixGuinness World Records, sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, 14BET Hip Hop Awardsand twoASCAPSongwriter of the Yearawards.Timelisted her as one of the100 most influential people in the worldin 2018 andBillboardnamed herWoman of the Yearin 2020. Outside of music, Cardi B served as a judge on the music competition seriesRhythm + Flow(2019), appeared in the filmsHustlers(2019) andF9(2021), and had a voice role inBaby Shark's Big Movie!(2023). In 2022, she became thecreative directorof entertainment magazinePlayboy. Early life Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar was born on October 11, 1992, in theWashington Heightsneighborhood ofManhattan,New York City.Her father Carlos isDominicanand her mother Clara is aTrinidadianofAfricanandSpanishdescent; Almánzar identifies as anAfro-Latina.Almánzar was raised in theHighbridgeneighborhood of theSouth Bronx,and spent much time at her paternal grandmother's home in Washington Heights, which she credits with giving her \"such a thick accent.\"Almánzar developed the stage name \"Cardi B\" as a derivation ofBacardi, arumbrand that was formerly her nickname.She has a younger sister, Hennessy Carolina, who was born in 1995. She has said she was a gang member with theBloodsin her youth, since age 16,but stated she would not encourage joining a gang.She attended Renaissance High School for Musical Theater & Technology, avocational high schoolon theHerbert H. Lehman High Schoolcampus. During her teens, Cardi B was employed at a grocery store inTribeca.She was fired and became a dancer at a strip club across the street.Cardi B has said that becoming a stripper was positive for her life in many ways: \"It really saved me from a lot of things. When I started stripping I went back to school.\"She stated that she became a stripper to escape poverty anddomestic violence, having been in an abusive relationship at the time after being kicked out of her mother's house,and that stripping was her only way to earn enough money to escape the situation and get an education.She attendedBorough of Manhattan Community Collegebefore eventually dropping out.While stripping, Cardi B lied to her mother by telling her she was making money bybabysitting. In 2013, she began to gain publicity due to several of her videos spreading on social media, onVineand herInstagrampage. Career 2015–2016: Career beginnings In 2015, Cardi B joined the cast of theVH1reality television seriesLove & Hip Hop: New York, debuting in season six.Jezebelconsidered her the breakout star of the show's sixth season.The New York Timeswrote that she garnered popularity with \"her ability to rattle off one-liners\".The sixth and seventh seasons chronicle her rise to stardom and her turbulent relationship with her incarcerated fiancé. On December 30, 2016, after two seasons, she announced that she would be leaving the show to further pursue a career in music. In November 2015, Cardi B made her musical debut on Jamaicanreggae fusionsingerShaggy's remix to his single \"Boom Boom\", alongside fellow JamaicandancehallsingerPopcaan.She made her music video debut on December 15, 2015, with the song \"Cheap Ass Weave\", her rendition of BritishrapperLady Leshurr's \"Queen's Speech 4\".On March 7, 2016, Cardi B released her first full-length project, amixtapetitledGangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1.In November 2016, she was featured on the digital cover ofVibemagazine's \"Viva\" issue. On September 12, 2016, KSR Group released the compilationUnderestimated: The Album, which is a collaboration between KSR Group artists Cardi B,HoodCelebrityy, SwiftOnDemand, Cashflow Harlem, andJosh X. It was previously released only to attendees of their U.S. tour. the label's flagship artist, Cardi B, said: \"I wanted to make a song that would make girls dance,twerkand at the same time encourage them to go get that Shmoney,\" in regard to the compilation's single \"What a Girl Likes\". She appeared on the December 9, 2015, episode ofUncommon Sense with Charlamagne.On April 6, 2016, she was on the twelfth episode ofKhloé Kardashian'sKocktails with Khloé: in this episode, she revealed how she told her mother that she was a stripper.In November 2016, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of theBETseriesBeing Mary Jane.TVLinedescribes her character, Mercedes, as a \"round-the-way beauty with a big weave, big boobs and a big booty to match her oversize, ratchet personality.\" In 2016, Cardi B was featured in her first endorsement deal withRomantic Depot, a large New York chain of lingerie stores that sell sexual health and wellness products. The ad campaign was featured on radio and cable TV. 2017–2018: Breakthrough withInvasion of Privacy On January 20, 2017, Cardi B released her second mixtape,Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2.In February 2017, Cardi B partnered withMAC Cosmeticsand Rio Uribe'sGypsy Sportfor an event forNew York Fashion Week.In late February, Cardi B signed her first major record label recording contract withAtlantic Records.On February 25, 2017, Cardi B was theopening actforEast Coast hip hopgroupThe Lox'sFilthy America... It's BeautifulTour, alongside fellow New York City-based rappersLil' KimandRemy Ma.In April 2017, she was featured ini-D's\"A-Z of Music\" video sponsored byMarc Jacobs.Cardi guest-starred on the celebritypanel showHip Hop Squares, appearing on the March 13 and April 3, 2017, episodes.She also released thefreestyle\"Red Barz\". In May 2017, the nominees for the2017 BET Awardswere announced, revealing that Cardi B had been nominated forBest New ArtistandBest Female Hip-Hop Artist.AlthoughChance the Rapperand Remy Ma won those categories, respectively, Cardi B performed at theBET AwardsAfterpartyshow.On June 11, 2017, duringHot 97's annualSummer Jammusic festival, Remy Ma brought out Cardi B, along withThe Lady of Rage,MC Lyte,Young M.A,Monie Love, Lil' Kim, andQueen Latifah, to celebrate female rappers and perform Latifah's 1993 hit single \"U.N.I.T.Y.\" aboutfemale empowerment.In June 2017, it was revealed that Cardi B would be on the cover ofThe Fader's Summer Music issue for July/August 2017.She performed atMoMA PS1on August 19 to a crowd of 4,000. On June 16, 2017, Atlantic Records released Cardi B's commercial debut single, \"Bodak Yellow\", viadigital distribution.She performed the single onThe Wendy Williams ShowandJimmy Kimmel Live!The song climbed the charts for several months, and, on theBillboardHot 100chart dated September 25, 2017, \"Bodak Yellow\" reached the number one spot, making Cardi B the first female rapper to do so with a solo single sinceLauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" debuted atop the chart in 1998.The song stayed atop the charts for three consecutive weeks, tying with American pop singerTaylor Swift's \"Look What You Made Me Do\" as the longest running female at the number one spot in 2017. Cardi B became the first person of Dominican descent to reach number one in the history of the Hot 100 since it was launched in 1958.An editor ofThe New York Timescalled it \"the rap anthem of the summer\".Selected byThe Washington PostandPitchforkmusic critics as the best song of 2017,\"Bodak Yellow\" was eventually certifiedDiamondby theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). The song received nominations forBest Rap PerformanceandBest Rap Songat the60th Grammy Awards.It won Single of the Year at the2017 BET Hip Hop Awards. With her collaborations \"No Limit\" and \"MotorSport\", she became the first female rapper to land her first three entries in the top 10 of the Hot 100,and the first female artist to achieve the same on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart.In October 2017, Cardi B headlinedPower 105.1's annual Powerhouse music celebration, alongsidethe Weeknd,Migos, andLil Uzi Vert, at theBarclays Centerin Brooklyn, New York.In December, she released two songs: a collaboration with Puerto Rican singerOzunatitled \"La Modelo\",and \"Bartier Cardi\", the second single from herdebut album. On January 3, 2018, Cardi B was featured on the remix ofBruno Mars' single \"Finesse\",and appeared in the 90s inspired video. It reached the top three on the Hot 100, Canada and New Zealand. On January 18, 2018, Cardi B became the first female rapper to have five top 10 singles simultaneously on theBillboardHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.She released another single, \"Be Careful\", on March 30, 2018, a week before her album's release. Her debut studio album,Invasion of Privacy, was released on April 6, 2018, to universal acclaim from music critics.Editors fromVarietyandThe New York Timescalled it \"one of the most powerful debuts of this millennium\" and \"a hip-hop album that doesn't sound like any of its temporal peers,\" respectively.The album entered at number one in the United States, while she became the first female artist to chart 13 entries simultaneously on theBillboardHot 100, on the chart issue dated April 21.It became the moststreamedalbum by a female artist in a single week inApple Music,and the largest on-demand audio streaming week ever for an album by a woman.Cardi held the latter recorduntil 2019.The album's title reflects Cardi B's feeling that as she gained popularity her privacy was being invaded in a variety of ways.Following the album's release, during a performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B officially announced her pregnancy, after much media speculation.She also co-hosted an episode ofThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Several months later, in July 2018, the album's fourth single, \"I Like It\", which features vocals fromBad BunnyandJ Balvin, reached number one on theHot 100; this marked her second number one on the chart and made her the first female rapper to achieve multiple chart-toppers.It received critical acclaim,withRolling Stonenaming it \"thebest summer songof all time\" in 2020.Her collaboration withMaroon 5, \"Girls Like You\", also reached number one on the Hot 100 chart, extending her record among female rappersand also making her the sixth female artist to achieve three number-one singles on the chart during the 2010s.The song's music video has received more than 3 billion views onYouTubeand was thefifth-best selling songof the year globally. With \"Girls Like You\" following \"I Like It\" at the top of theBillboardRadio Songschart, Cardi B became thefirst female rapperto replace herself at number one on the chart.The single spent seven weeks atop the Hot 100, making Cardi the female rapper with the most cumulative weeks atop the chart, with eleven weeks.It spent 33 weeks in the top 10, tying bothEd Sheeran's \"Shape of You\" andPost MaloneandSwae Lee's \"Sunflower\" for the longest top 10 run in the chart's archives at the time.In October 2018,Invasion of Privacywas certifieddouble platinumby the RIAA, and the following year it was updated to triple platinum. With the thirteen tracks, she became the first female artist to have all songs from an album certified gold or higher in the US. Cardi B received the most nominations for the2018 MTV Video Music Awardswith 12 mentions—including forVideo of the Year, winning three awards.She tied withDrakefor the most nominations at the2018 American Music Awards. She won three AMAs and performed at the ceremony.Her single \"Money\" earned her a fourth Video Music Award, with visuals that feature Cardi playing characters in different locations, including in an art museum, a bank and a strip club.Her collaboration withDJ Snake\"Taki Taki\" topped the charts in a number of Hispanic countries, made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the SpotifyGlobal 50chart,and has garnered more than 2 billion views. Both singles were certified multiple-platinum by the RIAA.People en Españolnamed her Star of the Year,andEntertainment Weeklydeemed her \"a pop culture phenomenon\", as she was named one of \"2018 Entertainers of the Year\". On November 30, 2018, Cardi B was honored atEbony's annual Power 100 Gala.Cardi ranked fifth on the 2018BillboardYear-EndTop Artists chart, whileInvasion of Privacyranked sixth. She achieved the most-streamed album of the year by a female artist globally inApple Music,and ranked as the most streamed female artist of the year in the United States inSpotify.Editorial staff from Apple Music andBillboardnamed \"I Like It\" the best song of 2018,whileTimemagazineandRolling StonenamedInvasion of Privacythe best album of the year.Also in 2018,Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world.In its decade-end review article,NMEstated that the era secured \"her crown as the newQueen of Rap.\" 2019–2020:Hustlers,Rhythm + Flowand \"WAP\" Cardi B received five nominations at the61st Grammy Awards, including forAlbum of the Year,Best Rap AlbumandRecord of the Year(\"I Like It\").She became the third female rapper to be nominated for Album of the Year, followingLauryn Hill(1999) andMissy Elliott(2004).On February 10, 2019, she then performed at the award ceremony, where she wore three vintageThierry Muglercouture looks during the telecast and became the first female rapper to winBest Rap Albumas a solo artist. Cardi B led the2019 Billboard Music Awardsnominations, with 21, earning the most nominations in a single year by a female artist and the third most nominations in a year (behind Drake and The Chainsmokers, who both had 22 in a year).She ended up winning six awards, including forTop Hot 100 Song, bringing her career total wins to seven—the most of any female rapper in history.An article byOmaha World-Heraldcalled her \"the biggest rapper in the world.\" On February 15, 2019, Cardi B released \"Please Me\", a collaboration with Bruno Mars, which became her seventh top-ten song on the Hot 100, reaching number three.The song marked Cardi and Bruno's second collaboration, following \"Finesse\" in 2018. The official music video was released two weeks later.On March 1, Cardi set a new attendance record at theHouston Livestock Show and Rodeo, with 75,580 fans in the audience.With \"Backin' It Up\", \"Twerk\" and \"Money\", Cardi became the first female artist to occupy the top three on theBillboardMainstream R&B/Hip-Hop airplay chart. Her following single titled \"Press\" was released on May 31, 2019.Theparental-advisorylabeled music video marked her directorial debut—being credited as co-director, and was released on June 26, 2019.It had its debut performance at the2019 BET Awards, where she received the most nominations with seven, and wonAlbum of the Year.During the summer of 2019, she embarked on an arena tour.In September, she led theBET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with ten. Cardi B made her film debut inHustlersdirected byLorene Scafaria, oppositeJennifer Lopez,Constance Wu, andLili Reinhart.The film was released on September 13, 2019.Cardi B, along withChance the RapperandT.I., were confirmed as judges for theNetflixseriesRhythm + Flow, a ten-part hip-hop talent search that premiered on October 9, 2019, which she alsoexecutive produced. In December 2019, Cardi B embarked on her first tour of Africa, performing in Nigeria and Ghana.Her collaboration \"Clout\" was nominated for aGrammy Award for Best Rap Performance.She was the most streamed female rapper of 2019 in the US, according to Spotify.Consequence of Sounddeemed her \"one of the most formidable hip-hop artists of the decade.\"In March 2020, Cardi B created a reaction video about thecoronavirus pandemic. DJ iMarkkeyz, a Brooklyn DJ known for turning memes and online moments into full-length songs, created a track, based on her reaction titled \"Coronavirus\", which became aninternet memeand was released to music platforms.Netflix announced the return ofRhythm + Flowfor 2021. Cardi B released the single \"WAP\" featuring American rapperMegan Thee Stallionon August 7, 2020, as the lead single off her forthcoming second studio album.The song received critical acclaim and was praised for itssex positivemessages.TheColin Tilley-directed music video accompanied the song itself, and broke the record for the biggest 24-hour debut for an all-female collaboration on YouTube.She became the only female rap artist to top the Global Spotify chart multiple times.\"WAP\" debuted at number-one on theBillboardHot 100chart, garnering Cardi B her fourth chart-topper in the US, extending her record as the female rapper with the most number-one singles, and also making her the first female rapper to achieve Hot 100 number one singles in two different decades (2010s and 2020s). With 93 million streaming units, it became the largest first-week streams for a song, breaking the all-time record held byAriana Grande's \"7 Rings\".It has spent four weeks atop the Hot 100. The single has also spent multiple weeks at number one in seven other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom. Neil Shah ofThe Wall Street Journaldeemed it \"a big moment for female rappers\" and \"a historic sign that women artists are making their mark on hip-hop like never before\".\"WAP\" became the first number one single on the inauguralBillboardGlobal 200chart. It became critics' best song of the year according to a compilation of rankings made by theBBC,with publications such asPitchforkandRolling Stoneplacing it at number one. Cardi B won theBillboardMusic Award for Top Rap Female Artistfor the third time at the2020 ceremony.In December 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards.With her win for \"WAP\" at theAmerican Music Awards, she became the first artist to win theAmerican Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Songmultiple times, following her win for \"Bodak Yellow\" in 2018. 2021–present: Upcoming second studio album On February 5, 2021, Cardi B released \"Up\", the second single from her upcoming studio album. A music video for the single was released alongside it. The song was praised byNMEmagazine for its lyricism and fresh approach as a successor to \"WAP\".\"Up\" debuted at number two on the USBillboardHot 100chart, marking the highest debut for a solo female rap song sinceLauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" in 1998.The song debuted at number one on theRolling StoneTop 100, becoming both Cardi B's second number-one single and second number-one debut, as well as the first time a female rapper debuts atop the chart with a solo song.Cardi B became the first female artist and first lead artist with consecutive number-one debuts on the USHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart, and second overall performer followingDrakein 2016.\"Up\" reached number one on theBillboardHot 100 after herGrammy Awardsperformance, making her the only female rapper to reach number one multiple times with solo songs, following \"Bodak Yellow\", and extended her record as the female rapper with the most number-one songs on the Hot 100 as her fifth chart-topper.Cardi B received a second nomination for theBrit Award for International Female Solo Artist. Cardi B made a last-minute appearance in \"Big Paper\", from DJ Khaled's albumKhaled Khaledreleased on April 30, 2021.Cardi received two nominations for theBET Award for Video of the Year, for the videos \"Up\" and \"WAP\", winning for the latter and becoming the first female rapper to win Video of the Year as a lead artist. This became the 10th time that an artist has had two nominated videos in this category as a lead artist, and the second time for her, following her nominations for \"Money\" and \"Please Me\" in 2019. She announced her second pregnancy during the performance of her Migos collaboration \"Type Shit\" at the2021 ceremony.She also appeared inF9, which was released on June 25, 2021, byUniversal Pictures.On July 16, 2021, Cardi B was featured on theNormanisingle \"Wild Side\".Cardi collaborated withLizzoon \"Rumors\", which debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi B's tenth top 10 single on the chart, and her seventh number-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Cardi B received six nominations at the2021 MTV Video Music Awards, including her second nomination for Video of the Year.She also led the nominations for the2021 BET Hip Hop Awardsalong with Megan Thee Stallion, with nine each;both rappers won the most awards during the ceremony with three for \"WAP\", with Cardi becoming the first female artist to win Best Hip Hop Video twice (2019 and 2021). On October 28, 2021, Cardi B previewed her second album to Atlantic Records via her Instagram Story. She captioned \"The money people liking the album sounds\".On November 2, Cardi B was announced as the host of the2021 American Music Awards(AMAs). The award show was held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles on November 21,and marked the most social telecast of the year per interactions across social media.During the ceremony, \"Up\" won the award forFavorite Hip Hop Song, making Cardi B the first artist to win the category three times.Cardi B featured onSummer Walker's 2021 albumStill Over Iton the opening track \"Bitter\".Warner Records released the soundtrack forHalle Berry's directorial debut filmBruisedon November 19. Selected by executive producers Berry and Cardi B, the Netflix film's soundtrack features six original songs by female artists, including Cardi,H.E.R., City Girls,Flo Milli,Saweetie, andLatto, and seven additional female rap songs inspired by the film. In March 2022, Cardi B appeared on the extended version of Summer Walker andSZA's collaboration, \"No Love\".The following month, she featured on rapper Kay Flock's song, \"Shake It\"; it samplesAkon's 2005 song \"Belly Dancer (Bananza)\".Also in April, Cardi guest-voiced as Sharki B, her \"aquatic alter ego\", on \"The Seaweed Sway\" episode of theNickelodeonanimated seriesBaby Shark's Big Show!—and performed a song of the same name.She appeared alongside Offset and her daughter.On July 1, 2022, Cardi B released \"Hot Shit\", featuring rappersKanye WestandLil Durk, as the third single from her upcoming second studio album.The song was first announced during aBET Awards 2022commercial break.On July 8 and 9, she headlined the 2022Wireless Festivalin London andBirmingham.Cardi B worked with cousin and fellow rapperGloRillaon the remix to her song \"Tomorrow\", titled \"Tomorrow 2\", which was released in September 2022.The remix peaked at number nine on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi's eleventh top-ten single.HipHopDXlisted it as the \"Best Hip-Hop Collaboration\" of 2022 while it was also the highest-listed song by a female rapper onBillboard's 100 Best Songs of 2022 list.On October 1, Cardi B made a surprise appearance at theInglewoodshow of Puerto Rican rapperBad Bunny's concert tour, theWorld's Hottest Tour.In November, she signed with entertainment executiveIrving Azoff's Full Stop Management.In December 2022, she gave a 35-minute private performance at theMiami Art Baselfor which she was paid $1 million.Later that month, a remix of Spanish artistRosalía's song \"Despechá\" featuring Cardi, was released. Cardi B appeared as a surprise performer at the New York City shows of SZA and GloRilla's tours: theSOS Tourand Anyways, Life's Great Tour, in early 2023.In April, she served as one of three headliners of the inauguralRolling Loud Thailandfestival inPattaya, along withTravis ScottandChris Brown.In June, she featured on \"Put It on da Floor Again\", the remix to rapper Latto's \"Put It on da Floor\".It peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100, becoming Cardi's 20th top-twenty single.On June 4, Cardi B headlined the 2023Summer Jamfestival inElmont, New York.ln July, she featured on \"Point Me 2\", the remix to drill rapper FendiDa Rappa's single \"Point Me to the Slut's\".Later that month, she collaborated with Offset on two tracks of his second solo album,Set It Off(2023): \"Freaky\" and \"Jealousy\".The latter was released as the lead single of the record; it samplesThree 6 Mafia's \"Jealous Ass Bitches\".Cardi released \"Bongos\" featuring Megan Thee Stallion on September 8, 2023, as the fourth single of her upcoming second studio album. The song marks the pair's second collaboration after \"WAP\" (2020).The music video, directed byTanu Muino,cost over $2 million.\"Bongos\" reached number 14 in the US.Cardi led the2023 BET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with21 Savage, with twelve each.She reprised her voice role as Sharki B for the children's animated film,Baby Shark's Big Movie!, in which ch she appeared alongside Offset and their two children. It premiered in December onParamount+and Nickelodeon.Cardi B co-headlinedTikTok's inaugural In the Mix festival on December 10 inMesa, Arizona,which was released as a concert special on Disney+ and Hulu on December 15.She performed at theFontainebleau Miami Beach, accompanied by DJGryffin, on December 31, 2023, which aired live for the 2024 edition ofDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. She released the promotional single \"Like What (Freestyle)\" on March 1, 2024, with an accompanying music video directed by Offset.Her first solo song since \"Up\" (2021), it is afreestyleof rapperMissy Elliot's \"She's a Bitch\" (1999).The track reached the top 40 in the US and became Cardi's 19th top-ten and 11th chart-topper onHot Rap Songsand Hot Rap Digital Songs.It was followed by \"Enough (Miami)\" on March 15,which marked her 12th top-ten on the Hot 100 and seventh number-one on the Digital Songs chart.A remix ofFlo Milli's \"Never Lose Me\" was released on the same day, featuring SZA and Cardi B.On March 11, Cardi joinedMadonnaonstage for a guest appearance at the Inglewood show of herCelebration Tour.She appeared on \"Puntería\" withShakira, the opening track and eighth single of the latter's twelfth albumLas Mujeres Ya No Lloran, released on March 22, 2024.\"Puntería\" reached number one on theLatin Airplaychart and topped theLatin Pop Airplaychart for nine weeks.On May 21, Cardi B appeared as a surprise performer at theMadison Square Gardenshow of Megan Thee Stallion'sHot Girl Summer Tour.She featured on the remix of Thee Stallion and GloRilla's \"Wanna Be\", released on May 31.In June, Cardi featured on \"Put Em in the Fridge\" fromPeso Pluma's fourth albumÉxodo.She co-headlined theBET Experiencefestival at theCrypto.com Arenaon June 28.Her collaboration withRob49, titled \"On Dat Money\", was released on July 19. In August, Cardi confirmed that her second studio album would be released in late 2024, stating that it was \"three-quarters of the way done\".Previously iterated for a 2023 release,she revealed that she was \"just holding it\" because she felt \" missing a couple of things\" and \"gotta make sure that everything is just planned out\".In October, Cardi will co-headline the 2024 One Musicfest inAtlanta. Artistry Influences InBillboard's \"You Should Know\" series, Cardi B said the first albums she ever purchased were by American entertainersMissy ElliottandTweet, respectively.She has credited Puerto Rican rapperIvy Queenand Jamaican dancehall artistSpiceas influences, as well asBeyoncé,Lady Gaga,Lil' Kim,Madonna,andSelena.She has mentionedChicago drill musicas an important influence.When asked about the initial direction for her music, Cardi B said in an interview, \"When I first started rapping I liked certain songs fromKhiaandTrina, and they fighting songs. I haven't heard fighting songs for a very long time,\" crediting the two female rappers for her aggressive rap style. She continued, saying \"a lot of girls they cannot affordred bottoms, a lot of girls they cannot afford foreign cars but I know that every girl has beef with a girl I know that every bitch don't like some bitch, and it's like 'that's what I wanna rap about.'\" She also credits growing up in the South Bronx and real life experiences as influences for her songwriting; \"I wouldn't be able to rap about the things that I rap about now .\" Musical style Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy, is primarily ahip hoprecord, which comprises elements oftrap,Latin music, andR&B.Consequence of Sounddescribed her flow as \"acrobatic and nimble.\"AllMusiceditor David Jeffries called Cardi B \"a raw and aggressive rapper\".Stereogumcalled her voice \"a full-bodied New Yawk nasal bleat, the sort of thing that you've heard if someone has ever told you that you stupid for taking too long at swiping yourMetroCard.\" They continued to call her voice \"an unabashedly loud and sexual fuck-you New York honk—that translates perfectly to rap.\" In a 2017Complexarticle about her, the editor wrote \"unapologetic does not begin to describe the totally unfiltered and sheer Cardi B-ness of Cardi B's personality. She's a hood chick who's not afraid to be hood no matter the setting. Cardi B is Cardi B24/7, 365, this is why she resonates with people, and that same energy comes out in her music.\"Herflowhas been described as aggressiveIn 2019,NMEdescribed her lyrics as \"sexually free\" performed with \"rapid\" flow,and other publications have further described her lyrics as outspoken,while her punchlines have been praised, by such publications asPitchforkandThe Source, as clever and quotable.She possesses aNew York-Dominicanaccent. Cardi B has defended her musical content featuring sexually-charged lyrics—like most contemporary female rappers; she stated that the content \"seems like that's what people want to hear\", since she faced negative reactions after releasing her more emotional song, \"Be Careful\".She has declared, \" is the type of artist I always wanted to be: I like to rap about the streets, and I like to rap about my pussy. I don't give a fuck about it.\"She has stated that writing and performing songs about her personal life and relationships initially caused her a \"weird and uncomfortable\" feeling and shyness. Cardi B employs different vocal styles in her music; in \"WAP\" her vocal performance has been described as \"throaty\"and \"staccato\",while in \"Up\" she raps withalliteration, atongue twister-run, and \"some classically comedic Cardi\"punch lines. Other ventures Products and endorsements In February 2017, she partnered withM.A.Cand Rio Uribe's Gypsy Sport for aNew York Fashion Weekevent.Her April appearance ini-D's \"A-Z of Music\" video was sponsored by designerMarc Jacobs,and she made the cover ofThe Fader's July/August 2017 Summer Music issue.Tom Ford's Cardi B-inspired lipstick, named after her, was released in September 2018. It sold out within 24 hours.In November, she released a clothing line collection withFashion Nova.The same month she partnered withReebok, promoting the brand's Aztrek sneaker.In partnership with Reebok, she released a footwear and apparel collection in 2020, inspired by her personal style and paying homage to \"classic 80s styling\" and motifs.She released her second collection with Reebok in 2021, titled \"Let Me Be...In My World\", comprising sneakers, tracksuits, and corsets, inspired by everyday life in New York City.The third collection with the brand, \"Mommy & Me\", was released in May 2021 in recognition ofMother's Day, which includes Cardi's iteration of Club C shoes for adults, children, and infants.The next, titled \"Let Me Be...Enchanted\" was released in two parts in June and July 2022; it was revealed to be inspired by \"a state of enchantment and euphoria\" and included crop tops, faux fur jackets, and leotards along with footwear.The fifth and final collection, \"Let Me Be...Next Level Energy\", was also released in two parts in September and December 2022, concluding her four-year partnership with Reebok.Inspired by Cardi B's \"unmatched energy\", the collection consisted of bodysuits, crop tops, footwear, leggings, and woven jackets—of a color palette based oncrystals. Cardi B teamed up withPepsifor three television commercials, which aired during theSuper Bowl LIII, the61st Annual Grammy Awards, and Christmas.In early 2019, Cardi also joined other hip hop artists (including her husbandOffset, as part ofMigos) in releasing her flavors of snack food Rap Snacks: two flavors of chips, and two of popcorn. The bags' artwork was designed by Jai Manselle and inspired by the cover ofInvasion of Privacy. In December 2021, Cardi B partnered withPLBY Group Inc.ascreative directorin residence forPlayboyand founding member of Centerfold, a creator-driven website in the works. The partnership also includes fashion and sexual wellness products. In February 2023, Cardi B and Offset partnered withMcDonald'sto create the Cardi B and Offset meal, which was launched onValentine's Day.The meal was first announced in the2023McDonald'sSuper Bowl commercialwhich the couple appeared in.In October, she fronted the campaign forSkims' Cotton Collection.The campaign generated over $4 million in media impact value (MIV).In December 2023, she made her runway debut at the Balenciaga fall 2024 show in Los Angeles. In February 2024, Cardi B starred inNYX Cosmetics' inaugural Super Bowl commercial forSuper Bowl LVIII, titled \"Lips Only\".An edited version of the advert—centered around the company's Duck Plump lip gloss—was broadcast during the commercial break, due toribald themesof humor.In May 2024, she appeared alongside sprinterSha'Carri Richardsonin a commercial for the2024 Summer Olympics.In July, Cardi fronted theMarc Jacobsfall 2024 campaign. Whipshots In collaboration with Starco Brands, Cardi B launched avodka-infused,veganwhipped cream, called Whipshots, in the US in December 2021.It has sold over five million cans as of March 2024. Cardi Tries She premiered the seriesCardi TriesviaFacebook Messengerin December 2020, with herself as one of the executive producers.The web series ran for three seasons until April 2023. Philanthropy In 2022, Cardi B donated $100,000 to the elementary school she attended, I.S. 232 inThe Bronx. Public image Political statements Cardi B identifies as afeminist.The rapper has been called \"unabashedly, directly political\"and often uses social media to advocate for causes she believes in, such asgun control.During the2016 presidential primaries, she warned her fans ofDonald Trump's immigration policies and encouraged them to vote for SenatorBernie Sanders.At theGrammy Awardsin 2018, she appeared in a video along withHillary Clintonto narrate a portion ofFire and Fury,Michael Wolff's insider's account of Trump's administration, and stated \"Why am I even reading this shit? I can't believe this. I can't believe—this is how he really lives his life?\" Early in 2018 she used her social media to demand transparency ontax policy, asking for detailed information on how her taxpayer dollars are being spent in New York state and criticizing the maintenance of its streets, prisons, andpublic transportation.Cardi B endorsed Sanders once again in hissecond bidfor the presidency in the2020 United States presidential election, while praising U.S. RepresentativeTim Ryan.She stated that one of the reasons for her endorsement is Sanders' long-time involvement in supporting underprivileged minorities and \"people gettingMedicarebecause he knows they can't afford it,\"whilePoliticoargued that she \"might be one of Bernie's most powerful 2020 allies.\" She has used her social pages to raise awareness for victims ofpolice brutality, and has encouraged people to vote for mayors, judges anddistrict attorneysin local elections.In a conversation with Democratic candidateJoe BidenforElle, they discussed Medicare,free college tuition, and racial equality.According to a study published byThe Hollywood Reporter, Cardi B ranked as the fifth most influential celebrity, and fourth amongGeneration Z, for the 2020 presidential election. In November 2023, Cardi B stated that she no longer supports Joe Biden for president,saying that she would \"not endorsing no fucking president's no more\" as a result of Biden's \"spending on wars\". She has praised PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltfor advocating for theSocial Securityprogram and theNew Dealproject.She said of Roosevelt, \"he helped us get over theDepression, all while he was in a wheelchair. Like, this man was suffering frompolioat the time of his presidency, and yet all he was worried about was trying to make America great—make America great again for real. He's the real 'Make America Great Again,' because if it wasn't for him, old people wouldn't even get Social Security.\"Sanders has praised her for her \"leading role\" in calling attention to Social Security. Fashion Cardi has a noted affinity forChristian Louboutinheels, a running theme in her song \"Bodak Yellow\".She has also mentioned her affinity for cheap,fast fashionbrands stating \"I don't care if it cost $20 or $15. If it looks good on me, it looks good on me\".During an interview in early 2017, Cardi B spoke on being rejected by some fashion designers.Cardi wore vintageThierry Muglerto the2019 Grammy Awards, with ani-Darticle stating that the fashion house's \"resurgence onto the fashion scene can almost single-handedly be attributed\" to theSwarovski crystal-embroidered crinoline sheath gown she wore at the ceremony. Mugler's collaboration with Cardi B marked the second time in 25 years that the Paris house opened its archives to dress a celebrity, the first beingBeyoncéfor her 2009 concert tour.Wmagazine credited the \"WAP\" music video for popularizing the Mugler bodysuit in the mainstream.Cardi has acknowledged Mugler as one of the first designers to \"take a major chance on \" for their fashion collaborations. Vogue,The Telegraph,Time, andVibehave referred to her as afashion icon.An article fromVoguenoted she \"is famous for her statement getups—whether she's rocking archival Mugler on the red carpet, or dripping in Chanel while sitting courtside at a basketball game.\"Her over-the-top manicures, designed bynail artistJenny Buiand studded withSwarovski crystals, has become a part of her signature look.EditorChristian Allairefrom the magazine in 2021 commented that her signature \"bold\" ensembles \"create a spectacle\" duringfashion weeks. In 2018, she became the first female rapper in the US to appear on the cover ofVoguemagazine. Photographed byAnnie Leibovitz, the cover, one of four for the January 2019 issue that includedStella McCartney,features her in a red and whiteMichael Korsdress and matching redJimmy Chooshoes, while holding her daughter, Kulture. In 2019, theCouncil of Fashion Designers of Americaincluded her on their list of \"28 Black Fashion Forces\".Vogueeditor-in-chiefAnna Wintourcommended her fashion sense, declaring that she \"completely rethought opinion of Cardi B's style\" after the 2019Met Gala, where the rapper wore aThom Browne-designed burgundy gown that extends outward in concentric circles for about ten feet and was inspired by thefemale form. Cardi B became the face ofBalenciaga's ad campaign for the winter 2020 season. The campaign includes billboards in several international locations, such as theLouvremuseum.Vogue's Brooke Bobb commented, \"This is Cardi's first campaign for a luxury fashion house, though she's definitely no stranger to the Parisian style scene\", citing her floral printedRichard Quinnensemble \"that literally covered her from head to toe\" and her being \"a front row fixture\" athigh fashionshows, adding, \"She and her stylist Kollin Carter have been wildly successful in carving out a much-needed space for Cardi within the fashion industry, and they've cultivated a personal style that is all her own while being inspiring to all\". In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be awarded by theFN Achievement Awardswhen she won the Style Influencer of the Year award, which was presented to her byChristian Louboutin. In a press release for the awards show, she was called an \"influence just about everything in pop culture—from music, fashion and style to social media, politics and even public service\".In 2022,Rolling Stoneranked her as the second most-stylish woman in music, behindLady Gaga,andGQconsidered her \"one of fashion's preeminent risk-takers.\" Impact Cardi B has been referred to as the \"Reigning Queen of Hip Hop\" by multiple publications, includingBillboard,The Hollywood Reporter,Entertainment Weekly,Omaha World-Herald,Black Enterprise,Newsweek, andThe A.V. Club,and as the \"Queen of Rap\" byNME,Essence,Harper's Bazaar Malaysia,The Jakarta Post,Uproxx,iHeartRadio,Geo TV,Vanity Fair,Joe,Boston Herald,Refinery 29,France 24, and Nigerian mediaThe Guardian,BBC News, andDaily Trust. Spinstaff credited her for opening \"the table to a new generation of pop artists remaking American music in their own image and accents,\" as Cardi B \"recognized thatPOCartists no longer need to pander or soften themselves in order to become household names.\"Billboardeditors stated that with \"Bodak Yellow\"'s commercial success, \"she left an indelible mark on the summer of 2017, not only because she rewrote history, but she gave hope to the have nots...\".Several publications have credited \"I Like It\", the firstLatin trapsong to reach number one on theHot 100, for introducing the \"musical movement\" to a mainstream, massive audience.Billboard'sCarl Lamarre considered \"WAP\"'s achievements \"a clever Trojan horse for the myriad ways Cardi influences the culture with every move she makes.\" The Wall Street Journal's Neil Shah stated in 2020 that her breakthrough and success influenced \"today's female-rap renaissance,\" whileGeniusstaff credited her for \"helping jumpstart a new wave of female hip-hop signings and promotion at labels,\"andNPR Musiccommented that the \"renaissance\" of the dynamism of women in rap grew \"in enthusiasm and breadth\" since Cardi's \"first historic run\" in 2017.Similarly,Clover Hope's bookThe Motherlode(2021) stated thatInvasion of Privacy\"jump-started a new era for women rappers in which success felt much more tangible\" as Cardi B \"multiplied the wealth of talent and resurrected the idea that numerous women who controlled their own stories could dominate rap at once.\" The New Yorkerhas credited her for \"changing a genre that has rarely allowed for more than one female superstar at a time.\"Uproxxnoted Cardi B for promoting up-and-coming female rappers; \" choosing to use her position at the height of stardom to open doors for other women to flourish in hip-hop at a greater level than any since theGolden Eraand 'Ladies First',\" considering it \"something of a departure from tradition; for the decade previous to Cardi's precipitous come-up, it seemed hip-hop had an unspoken,Highlander-esque rule in place regarding women.\"Varietydeemed her a \"hip-hop icon\",andThe Independentcalled her \"the people's pop culture icon\", writing that she \"has become one of the most recognisable cultural figures of the past 10 years\". NPRdefined \"Cardi B effect\" as \"abranding powerrooted in specific authenticity, created and permeated by rapper Cardi B\" and noticed that with her breakthrough, \"brands finally started to become hip to effect, noticing the cultural markers outside of the rap world that were proving it wasn't limited to clubs, concerts and radio.\"Business magazineInc.stated that her success \"shows how social media changed everything we knew abouttraditional marketingand media\", which no longer relies on a \"well-thought marketing scheme or millions of dollars in advertising.\"In 2019, a life-sized sculpture of her was on display at theBrooklyn Museum, as part ofSpotify's RapCaviar \"Pantheon\". Bloombergreported that her data bill helped to boost Ghana's GDP growth in 2019, after it was part of a concert tour.She inspired the creation of the sitcomPartners in Rhyme, executively produced byMC Lyteabout a young woman in high school who \"aspires to be the next Cardi B.\"P-Valleycreator and executive producerKatori Hallcited her an inspiration for the TV series, and credited her for \"helping prepare the public\" for its storyline. Several artists have cited Cardi B's work as an inspiration, includingRosalía,Olivia Rodrigo,Jazmine Sullivan,Selena Gomez,Blackpink,Spice,Greta Gerwig,Nathy Peluso,Rubi Rose,María Becerra,andAbigail Asante.Cardi B has been credited for supporting and uniting female rappers in the industry,with a writer fromUproxxconsidering her co-sign \"the newDrakeeffect\" for women in hip hop. Achievements Cardi B is the recipient of numerous accolades, including aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards(including three consecutiveTop Rap Female Artistwins), sixGuinness World Records,sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, sixBET Awards(includingAlbum of the Year), and fourteenBET Hip Hop Awards.Invasion of Privacy—which made her the first female rapper to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Albumas a solo artist—became the first female rap albumin fifteen yearsto be nominated for aGrammy Award for Album of the Year. Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018.She received theASCAPaward forSongwriter of the Yearin 2019, becoming the first female rapper to win the award.She received the honor for the second time in 2020, making her the first female songwriter to win the award twice.In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards. Cardi B is the female rapper with the mostBillboardHot 100number one singles (5)and the one with the most total weeks on the top position (16).\"I Like It\" became the first song led by a female rapper to surpassa billion streamsonSpotify, making her the first woman in hip hop with multiple billion-streamers on the service, and the female rapper with the second-most, with a total of four so far.With the singles \"Taki Taki\" and \"WAP\" she became the only female rapper to top the global Spotify chart multiple times.Since August 2020, \"WAP\" holds the record of the biggest first-week streams for a song in the United States.Invasion of Privacywas the top female rap album of the 2010s, according to theBillboard200decade-end chart.It became the longest-charting album by a female rapper on theBillboard200,and the most-streamed female rap album on Spotify. Cardi is the female rapper with the mostDiamond-certifiedsongs by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) (3): \"Bodak Yellow\", which made her the first female rapper to have a song certified Diamond; \"Girls Like You\", which made her the only female rapper to achieve multiple Diamond-certified songs; and \"I Like It\", a tie for the second-most among women artists.Cardi B has topped twicePitchfork'sannual list of best songs of the year(2017 and 2020).Billboardstaff andRolling Stoneranked her debut album number 13 and 34 on their critics' lists of the best albums of the 2010s respectively, both the highest rank for a female rapper for the decade.Cardi B has become the highest-certified female rapper of all time on theRIAA's Top Artists (Digital Singles)ranking, with 58 million certified units, also being among the highest-certified female artists overall.In October 2022, five years after her major-label debut, she reached 100 million units sold in RIAA certifications, across her album, singles and guest appearances. In the US, Cardi has achieved three times the best-performing song of the year by a female artist—the first act to do so this century—in 2017, 2018, and 2020.As of 2021, \"I Like It\" is the most-streamed song by a female rapper in the United Kingdom.In August 2021, \"Bodak Yellow\" made Cardi B the first female rapper to have two videos on herYouTubechannel with more than 1 billion views, joining \"I Like It\", and became the fastest solo female rap song to reach that mark on the platform.She has the most-viewed music videos on YouTube, both as a solo act and feature, among female rappers (\"Bodak Yellow\"; \"Girls Like You\"). As of September 2024, she has one music video with over 3 billion views (\"Girls Like You\"); one video with over 2 billion views (\"Taki Taki\"); and three videos with over a billion views (\"I Like It\", \"Bodak Yellow\", \"Girls Like You (Volume 2)\") on YouTube. Cardi is the only female rapper ranked onBillboard's Greatest Hot 100 Hits of All Time, with \"Girls Like You\" at number 30. Personal life Cardi B defined herself as a practicingCatholic.In 2016, Cardi B said that, while working as a stripper during her younger years, she used to drug and rob men to get money.Following controversies on the matter, sparked in 2019, she defended herself by saying that she took money from them because they \"wasted her time by falling asleep\", and then \"kept coming back.\"In 2024, she spoke on the matter again, saying she \"doesn't feel bad\" about drugging and robbing men and would do it again. She identifies asbisexual.In connection with theMe Too movement, she has discussed being sexually assaulted in the past while working as a stripper. In a 2018 interview, Cardi B talked about beingAfro-LatinaandAfro-Caribbean: We are Caribbean people. Some people want to decide if you're black or not, depending on your skin complexion, because they don't understand Caribbean people or our culture. I don't got to tell you that I'm black. I expect you to know about it. When my father taught me about Caribbean countries, he told me that Europeans took over our lands. That's why we all speak different languages. Just like everybody else, we came over here the same way. I hate when people try to take my roots from me. Because we know that there's African roots inside of us. Relationships In early 2017, Cardi B began dating fellow rapperOffset.They became engaged on October 27, 2017.On April 7, 2018, during her second performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B revealed her pregnancy; she was about six months (24 weeks) pregnant at the time.On June 25, 2018,TMZfound a marriage license revealing Cardi B and Offset had actually secretly married in September 2017, one month before the public proposal. She later confirmed this in a social media post. Cardi B gave birth to her daughter on July 10, 2018.In December 2018, she announced onInstagramthat she and Offset had separated, though the pair later reunited.In February 2019, the couple made a public appearance for the Grammys.He accompanied her onstage during her acceptance speech forBest Rap Album. In September 2020, it was reported that Cardi B had filed for divorce from Offset,but the following month it was revealed they were back together.In June 2021, Cardi B revealed she was pregnant with her second child, a boy.She gave birth to her son on September 4, 2021.On the fifth anniversary of her marriage, Cardi B announced she was planning her official wedding.In December 2023, Cardi shared via Instagram that she had been \"single for a minute,\" confirming that she and Offset were no longer together.However, as of March 2024, the current status of their marriage became unclear as they were still working together, with Offset having directed a music video for Cardi B.In July 2024, Cardi officially filed for divorce from Offset. She announced her third pregnancy the day after.She gave birth to her third child, on September 7, 2024. Legal issues On October 1, 2018, Cardi B was accused of an alleged assault of two female bartenders.The victims claimed that Cardi B and her entourage \"threw bottles and alcohol at them.\"She denied involvement.She was charged with twomisdemeanors: assault and reckless endangerment.Cardi B appeared in court for her arraignment on December 7, 2018, after she did not show up for the originally scheduled date due to a scheduling conflict, according to her attorney.On June 21, 2019, a jury indicted Cardi B on 14 charges, including two counts of felony assault with intent to cause serious physical injury, stemming from the incident.She was arraigned on June 25, 2019, and pleaded not guilty on all charges.On September 15, 2022, she pleaded guilty to third-degree assault and second-degree reckless endangerment, resulting in a sentence of 15 days of community service. On January 24, 2022, Cardi won a million-dollar defamation verdict against YouTuber Latasha Kebe (Tasha K) for waging a \"malicious campaign\" to hurt her reputation by posting false rumors. She stated that the lies had led her to contemplate suicide in 2019.The jury issued a verdict that Cardi B had been defamed and awarded $1.25 million in damages.Further proceedings brought the total fine against Kebe to $3.82 million. On March 25, 2022, Cardi, her sister Hennessy, and Hennessy's girlfriend won a defamation lawsuit filed against them by three men over an incident at a Suffolk County beach. In July 2023, Cardi B threw her microphone into the crowd at aLas Vegasconcert of hers after a fan threw a liquid at her. Subsequently, one fan attempted to press charges but theClark CountyPolice Department following an investigation decided not to move forward with a case. Controversies Cardi B sparked controversy after throwing one of her high heel shoes at and attempting to physically attack fellow rapperNicki Minajat aNew York Fashion Weekafter-party in September 2018; bodyguards intervened before she could reach Minaj, leaving her a large bump on her forehead.Following the altercation, she alleged on Instagram that Minaj had previously \"liked\" social media comments that spoke negatively of Cardi B's ability to take care of her newborn daughter.Minaj denied the allegations on her Queen Radio show and expressed embarrassment at the fight.She accused Cardi B of building \"her career off of sympathy and payola\" and of bribing DJs and radio outlets with sex to play her records. Minaj also criticized Cardi B's rapping ability, saying, \"Do you know what it's like to sit in your room for hours writing raps? You came into my fucking culture. I never had to fuck a DJ to play my songs.\"Minaj also called Cardi B a \"disgusting pig\" for allegedlycyberbullyinga guest caller on Minaj's show and unearthed posts calling dark-skinned black women \"cockroaches\", which she had defended earlier by saying that it is a derogatory term inthe Bronxused for anyone being disrespectful.Cardi B was on the cover of the 2019 spring fashion issue ofHarper's Bazaar, which featured her in aCinderella-themed photo shoot wearing a red gown and leaving a shoe behind. Some interpreted this as a reference to the incident. After the release of \"Girls\" in May 2018, a collaboration where she had a featured verse, Cardi B responded to accusations of the song trivializingLGBTrelationships; she tweeted, \"We never try to cause harm or had bad intentions with the song.\" She went on to add, \"I personally myself had experiences with other women.\" Discography Filmography Commercials See also Notes References Further reading External links",
"Tupac Shakur Tupac Amaru Shakur(/ˈtuːpɑːkʃəˈkʊər/ⓘ; bornLesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names2PacandMakaveli, was an American rapper and actor. Considered to be one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time,academics regard him as one of the most influential music artists of the 20th century and a prominent political activist forBlack America.In addition to his music career, Shakur also wrote poetry and had numerous starring roles in movies. Shakur is among thebest-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide.His lyrical content has been noted for addressing social injustice, political issues, and the marginalization of otherAfrican-Americans,but he was also synonymous withgangsta rapand violent lyrics. Shakur was born inNew York Cityto parents who were both political activists andBlack Panther Partymembers. Raised by his mother,Afeni Shakur, he relocated toBaltimorein 1984 and to theSan Francisco Bay Areain 1988. With the release of his debut album2Pacalypse Nowin 1991, he became a central figure inWest Coast hip hopfor hisconscious rapandpolitical raplyrics.Shakur achieved further critical and commercialmulti-platinumsuccess with his follow-up albumsStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...(1993) andMe Against the World(1995).HisDiamondcertified albumAll Eyez on Me(1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.In addition to his music career, Shakur starred roles inJuice(1992),Poetic Justice(1993),Above the Rim(1994),Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Shakur's most notable songs include \"California Love,\" \"Changes,\" \"Dear Mama,\" \"Hail Mary,\" \"Keep Ya Head Up,\" \"Hit 'Em Up,\" \"Ambitionz az a Ridah,\" \"All Eyez on Me,\" \"Ghetto Gospel,\" \"Do for Love,\" \"So Many Tears,\" \"To Live & Die in L.A.,\" \"How Do U Want It,\" \"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted,\" \"Brenda's Got a Baby\" and \"I Get Around.\" Alongside his solo career, Shakur was part of the groupThug Lifeand collaborated with artists likeSnoop Dogg,Dr. Dre, and theOutlawz. During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, includingincarceration. He served eight months in prison onsexual abusecharges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction in 1995.Following his release, he signed toMarion \"Suge\" Knight's labelDeath Row Recordsand became heavily involved in the growingEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.On September 7, 1996, Shakur wasshot four timesby an unidentified assailant in adrive-by shootinginLas Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur's friend-turned-rival,the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered inanother drive-by shootingsix months later in March 1997, while visiting Los Angeles.On September 22, 1996, a peace summit was convened atMosque MaryambyLouis Farrakhanin response to hisassassination. Shakur's double-length posthumous albumGreatest Hits(1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.Five more albums have been released since Shakur's death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous albumThe Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory(1996)under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified multi-platinum in the United States.In 2002, Shakur was inducted into theHip-Hop Hall of Fame.In 2017, he was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Famein his first year of eligibility.Rolling Stoneranked Shakur among the100 Greatest Artists of All Time.In 2023, he was awarded a posthumous star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His influence in music, activism, songwriting, and other areas of culture has been the subject of academic studies. Early life Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, inEast Harlem, Manhattan, New York City.While born Lesane Parish Crooks, at age one he was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.He was named afterTúpac Amaru II, a descendant of the lastIncanruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after hisrevoltagainstSpanish rule.Shakur's motherAfeni Shakurexplained, \"I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood.\"Tupac's surname came from Lumumba Shakur, a Sunni Muslim, whom his mother married in November 1968. Their marriage fell apart when it was discovered that Lumumba was not Tupac's biological father. Shakur had an older stepbrother,Mopreme \"Komani\" Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior. Panther heritage Shakur's parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, William \"Billy\" Garland, had been activeBlack Panther Partymembers in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.A month before Shakur's birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of thePanther 21criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges. Other family members who were involved in theBlack Panthers'Black Liberation Armywere convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur's stepfather,Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years as one of theFBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur'sgodfather,Elmer \"Geronimo\" Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was wrongly convicted of murdering a schoolteacher during a 1968 robbery. After he spent 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution's having concealed evidence that proved his innocence. Shakur's godmother,Assata Shakur, is a former member of theBlack Liberation Armywho was convicted in 1977 of thefirst-degree murderof aNew Jersey State Trooper. Since 2013, she has been in theFBI Most Wanted Terroristslist after she escapedprisonin 1979. Education In the 1980s, Shakur's mother found it difficult to find work and struggled with drug addiction.In 1984, his family moved from New York City toBaltimore, Maryland.Beginning in 1984 when Shakur was 13, he lived in thePen Lucyneighborhood with his mother and younger sister at 3955 Greenmount Ave.The home was a two-storyrowhousethat had been subdivided into two separate rental units; the Shakur family lived on the first floor.After his death, the block was renamed Tupac Shakur Way. While living in Baltimore, Shakur attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade atPaul Laurence Dunbar High School.He transferred to theBaltimore School for the Artsin the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry,jazz, and ballet.He performed inShakespeare plays—the themes of which he identified in patterns of gang warfare—and as the Mouse King inThe Nutcrackerballet. At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actressJada Pinkett, who became the subject of some of his poems (\"Jada\" and \"The Tears in Cupid's Eyes\").With his friend Dana \"Mouse\" Smith as abeatbox, he won competitions for the school's best rapper.Known for his humor, he was popular with all crowds of students.He listened to a diverse range of music that includedKate Bush,Culture Club,Sinéad O'Connor, andU2. Upon connecting with the BaltimoreYoung Communist League USA,Shakur dated Mary Baldridge, who was the daughter of the director of the local chapter of theCommunist Party USA. In 1988, Shakur moved toMarin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.In nearbyMill Valley, he attendedTamalpais High School,where he performed in several theater productions.Shakur did not graduate from high school, but later earned hisGED. Music career MC New York Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.That year, he began attending the poetry classes ofLeila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap groupDigital Underground.In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as aroadieandbackup dancer. Digital Underground Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac onDigital Underground, under a new record label,Interscope Records, on the group's January 1991 single \"Same Song\". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, starringDan Aykroyd,John Candy,Chevy Chase, andDemi Moore.The song opened the group's January 1991 EP titledThis Is an EP Release,while Shakur appeared in the music video. At the request of Steinberg, Digital Underground co-founder Jimi \"Chopmaster J\" Dright worked with Shakur,Ray Luvand Dize, a DJ, on their earliest studio recordings. Dright recalls that Shakur did not work well as part of a group, and added, \"this guy was on a mission. From day one. Maybe he knew he wasn't going to be around seven years later.\" From 1988 to 1991, Dright and Digital Underground produced Shakur's earliest work with his crew at the time, Strictly Dope.The recordings were rediscovered in 2000 and released asThe Lost Tapes: Circa 1989.Afeni Shakur sued to stop the sale of the recordings but the suit was settled in June 2001 and rereleased asBeginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991. Shakur's early days withDigital Undergroundmade him acquainted withRandy \"Stretch\" Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team,Live Squad, inQueens, New York.Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground's 1991 albumSons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often. 2Pacalypse Now Shakur's debut album,2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 filmApocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—likeNas,Eminem,Game, andTalib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.Aside from \"If My Homie Calls\", the singles \"Trapped\" and \"Brenda's Got a Baby\" poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage. U.S. Vice PresidentDan Quaylesaid, \"There's no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society.\" Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,explained, in part: I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males. When I said that, I didn't know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males, to be the media's kicking post for young black males. 2Pacalypse Nowwascertified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day. Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... Shakur's second album,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..., was released in February 1993.A critical and commercial success, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200.An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac's sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song \"Last Wordz\" featuresIce Cube, co-writer ofN.W.A's\"Fuck tha Police\", who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantlypolitical, andgangsta rapperIce-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his bandBody Count's track \"Cop Killer\". In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the \"Black Side\", while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the \"Dark Side\".The album carries the single \"I Get Around\", a party anthem featuring Digital Underground'sShock GandMoney-B, which became Shakur's breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, theBillboardHot 100.And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, \"Keep Ya Head Up\", an anthem forwomen's empowerment.The album was certifiedPlatinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies. Thug Life In late 1993, Shakur formed the groupThug Lifewith Tyrus \"Big Syke\" Himes, Diron \"Macadoshis\" Rivers, his stepbrotherMopreme Shakur, and Walter \"Rated R\" Burns.Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac. Thug Life released its only album,Thug Life, Volume I, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single \"Pour Out a Little Liquor\", produced byJohnny \"J\" Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur's albumAll Eyez on Me. The track also appears on theAbove the Rimsoundtrack.Due togangsta rapbeing under heavy criticism at the time, the album's original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, \"Out on Bail\", which was never released, at the1994 Source Awards. The Notorious B.I.G. and Junior M.A.F.I.A. In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles,the Notorious B.I.G.asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.Together, they recorded the songs \"Runnin' from tha Police\" and \"House of Pain\". Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him thatSean Combswould make him a star.Yet in the meantime, Shakur's lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, theJunior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friendsLil' CeaseandLil' Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994. Me Against the World Shakur's third album,Me Against the World,was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.It is now hailed as hismagnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.The album debuted at No. 1 on theBillboard200and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper. The lead single, \"Dear Mama\", was released in February 1995 with \"Old School\" as theB-side.It is the album's most successful single, topping theHot Rap Singleschart, and peaking at No. 9 on theBillboardHot 100.In July, it was certified Platinum.It ranked No. 51 on theyear-end charts. The second single, \"So Many Tears\", was released in June 1995,reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.The final single, \"Temptations\", was released in August 1995.It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for \"Temptations\". Shakur won best rap album at the1996 Soul Train Music Awards.In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the U.S. All Eyez on Me While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contactDeath Row RecordsfounderSuge Knightin Los Angeles.Reportedly, Shakur's mother promptly received $15,000.After an August visit toClinton Correctional Facilityin northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the2nd Annual Source Awardsceremony. Meanwhile, anEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalrywas brewing between Death Row andBad Boy Records.In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending. Shakur's fourth album,All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996.It was rap's first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur's contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.The album shows Shakurrapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.Music journalistKevin Powellnoted that Shakur, once released from prison, became more aggressive, and \"seemed like a completely transformed person\". As Shakur's second album to hit No. 1 on both theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and the pop albums chart, theBillboard200,it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it wascertified5× Multi-Platinum in April.The singles \"How Do U Want It\" and \"California Love\" reached No. 1 on theBillboardHot 100.Death Row released Shakur's diss track \"Hit 'Em Up\" as the non-album B-side to \"How Do U Want It\". In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed \"Bad Boy killer\" threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duoMobb Deepand rapperChino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute. All Eyez on Mewon R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the1997 Soul Train Music Awards.At the1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,and 10× in July 2014. Posthumous albums At the time of his death, a fifth solo album was already finished,The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded during the summer of 1996 and released that year.The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com rankedThe 7 Day Theoryat No. 9 among hip hop's greatest albums ever,and by 2006 a classic album.Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans. According to George \"Papa G\" Pryce, Death Row Records' then director ofpublic relations, the album was meant to be \"underground\", and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.It peaked at No. 1 onBillboard'sTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and on theBillboard200,with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum. Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are: Poetry collection Before and during his hip-hop career, Shakur wrote dozens of poems.Some of the most notable are \"Can U C The Pride in The Panther\", \"If I fail\", \"Family Tree\", and \"The Rose that grew from the concrete\". In 1993 Tupac played a character named “Lucky” in the film titledPoetic JusticealongsideJanet Jackson. Poet and activistMaya Angelou, whom worked withMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm Xduring the civil rights movement, wrote the poems used in the 1993 film. In April 2022, handwritten poems written by Tupac when he was 11 years old were up for sale for $300,000 USD but only sold for $90,000.The poems were forJamal Josephand three otherBlack Panther Partymembers while they were incarcerated atLeavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur's writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The poems feature a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart and the phrase \"Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter\". In October, 2023, sexually explicit poems he wrote toJada Pinkett Smithwhile in prison went public in the book \"Tupac Shakur: The Authorized Biography.\"Pinkett Smith celebrated Shakur's 50th birthday by showing a unreleased poem on Instagram called \"Lost Soulz.\"According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\"Tupac had passion for theater and admiration ofWilliam Shakespeare. Years after Tupac's death,Nassaid \"I put Tupac beyond Shakespeare.\" Film career Shakur's first film appearance was in the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, acameoby the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred inJuice, in which he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual.Rolling Stone'sPeter Traverscalls him \"the film's most magnetic figure\". In 1993, Shakur starred alongsideJanet JacksoninJohn Singleton's romance film,Poetic Justice.Singleton later fired Shakur from the 1995 filmHigher Learningbecause the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.For the lead role in the eventual 2001 filmBaby Boy, a role played byTyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.Ultimately, theset designincludes a Shakur mural in the protagonist's bedroom, and the film's score includes Shakur's song \"Hail Mary\". DirectorAllen Hugheshad cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 filmMenace II Societybut replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors \"because he was bigger than the movie\". Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 filmAbove the Rim.By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealerJacques \"Haitian Jack\" Agnant,who managed and promoted rappers.Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the warning.Through Haitian Jack, Shakur metJames \"Jimmy Henchman\" Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager. Soon after Shakur's death, three more films starring him were released,Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Posthumous rumored roles andStar Wars It was rumored that Shakur was being considered byGeorge Lucasto portrayJedi MasterMace Winduin theStar Warsprequel films (1999–2005). According to formerDeath Row Recordschief engineer Rick Clifford, George Lucas was eyeing Tupac to star in his return to the \"Star Wars\" saga. Clifford talked about how excited Tupac was for the role, \"'Pac found out that I worked for Brian Austin Green, who was on90210, then he found out I some movies, so we always talked about his film career and stuff. He was telling me that he was supposed to read for George Lucas and them. They wanted him to be a Jedi. I'm serious. Samuel L. got Tupac's part. said , 'Old man, keep your fingers crossed.' He said, 'I've got three movies coming up. One of them, I've got to read for George Lucas.\" The Phantom Menacescript had begun being written in 1996 and the eventual film seeing release in 1999. Lucas had asked Jackson to ask Shakur to audition but due to Shakur's untimely death the role ultimately went toSamuel L. Jackson. The two had worked on the filmJuicetogether. Personal life In his 1995 interview withVibemagazine, Shakur listedJada Pinkett,Jasmine Guy,TreachandMickey Rourkeamong the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.Shakur also mentioned thatMadonnawas a supportive friend.Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994. Shakur became close friends with Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.He helped Pinkett land her first movie role in the filmMenace II Society(1993).In turn, Pinkett secured Shakur a guest starring role on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.She appeared in his music videos \"Keep Ya Head Up\" and \"Temptations\".She also came up with the concept for his \"California Love\" music video and had intended to direct it, but removed herself from the project.In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur's bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.Pinkett later revealed that she turned down hismarriage proposalwhile he was incarcerated atRikers Islandin 1995.Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: \"Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life. We'll be old together. Jada can ask me to do anything and she can have it.\"Pinkett said Shakur was \"one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime\". After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy's home.They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.Guy appeared in his music video \"Temptations\" and later wrote his mother's 2004 biography,Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary. Shakur befriended Treach when they were both roadies on Public Enemy's tour in 1990.He made a cameo inNaughty by Nature's music video \"Uptown Anthem\" in 1992.Treach collaborated on Shakur's song \"5 Deadly Venomz\" and appeared in the music video for Shakur's \"Temptations\".Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996. In 1993, during a police raid of Shakur's room at New York City'sParker Meridian Hotel, a videotape was confiscated which showed Shakur having sex with his then-girlfriend Desiree Smith. Officers were attempting to build their case against Shakur for the allegedsodomyof Ayanna Jackson. In 2022, Smith insisted she was neither underage nor intoxicated at the time of their tryst.In 2011, asex tapefeaturing Shakur receivingoral sexfrom a groupie while rapping and dancing along to one of his own unreleased songs, was sold to a private collector. The video, which was filmed in 1993, also features rapperMoney BfromDigital Underground. Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the movieBulletin 1994.Rourke recalled that Shakur \"was there for me during some very hard times.\" Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, includingMike TysonChuck D,Jim Carrey,andAlanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together. On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris, apre-lawstudent.Their marriage was annulled ten months later. In a 1993 interview published inThe Source, Shakur criticized record producerQuincy Jonesfor hisinterracial marriageto actressPeggy Lipton.Their daughterRashida Jonesresponded with an irate open letter.Shakur later apologized to her sisterKidada Jones, whom he began dating in 1996.Shakur and Jones attendedMen's Fashion Weekin Milan and walked the runway together for aVersacefashion show.Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot. Legal issues Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release In November 1993, Shakur and two other men were charged in New York withsodomizinga woman in Shakur's hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room on a later day, when Shakur, record executiveJacques \"Haitian Jack\" Agnant, Shakur's road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended and forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.Shakur was also charged withillegal possession of a firearmas two guns were found in the hotel room.Interviewed onThe Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that \"a woman would accuse me of taking something from her\", as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life. On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for \"forcibly touching the woman's buttocks\" in his hotel room.Jurors have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.Shakur's lawyer characterized the sentence as \"out of line\" with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as \"inhumane\". Shakur's accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequentlysettled. After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant's case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.A. J. Benzareported inNew York Daily NewsShakur's new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant andJames \"Henchman\" Rosemond, who he considered to be behind the 1994 Quad Studios shooting. Shakur was unable to post the $3 million bond to keep himself free until sentencing so he surrendered himself to authorities at theBellevue Hospital Jail Wardin New York City on December 23, 1994.At the time, he was still recovering from injuries he received on November 30, when he was shot five times and robbed at Quad Studios.In January 1995, Shakur was moved to the North Infirmary Command (NIC) onRikers Islandinthe Bronx.On February 7, 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to4+1⁄2years in prison by a judge who decried \"an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman\". In March 1995, Shakur was transferred toClinton Correctional FacilityinDannemora.While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such asThe Princeby Italian philosopherNiccolò MachiavelliandThe Art of Warby Chinese military strategistSun Tzusparked Shakur's interest inphilosophy,philosophy of warandmilitary strategy.On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such asJim CarreyandTony Danzaamong others.He was also visited byAl Sharpton, who helped Shakur get released fromsolitary confinement. By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum securityDannemoraClinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,onceSuge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arraigned for posting of his $1.4 million bond. 1993 shooting in Atlanta On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.As they argued with the driver, Shakur's car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them first. Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur's car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from aHenry Countypolice evidence room.Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell's suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell's $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper's estate in 1998. 1994 Quad Studios shooting On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.Music managerJames \"Jimmy Henchman\" Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his clientLittle Shawn.Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up. Against medical advice, Shakur checked out ofMetropolitan Hospital Centera few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actressJasmine Guyto recuperate.The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury's verdict for his sexual abuse case.Shakur spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy's home.TheFruit of Islamand former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him. Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G. In a 1995 interview withVibe, Shakur accusedSean Combs,Jimmy Henchman,and the Notorious B.I.G, – who were at Quad Studios at the time – among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting.Vibealerted the names of the accused.The accusations were significant to the East–West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track \"Who Shot Ya?\", which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released adiss song, \"Hit 'Em Up\", in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs,their record label,Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of \"Hit 'Em Up\", he mentions rivalsMobb DeepandChino XL. In March 2008,Chuck Philips, in theLos Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman's order.Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources. Other criminal or civil cases 1991 Oakland Police Department lawsuit On October 17, 1991, twoOakland Police Departmentofficers stopped Shakur forjaywalkingat a downtown intersection.According to Shakur, officers Alex Boyovic and Kevin Rogers asked him for his ID and pressed him about his name before choking him, throwing him to the ground and slamming his head on the concrete.Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the officers forpolice brutality.The case wassettledfor about $43,000.It was later revealed that this incident was the onset of Shakur's autoimmune diseasealopecia, which led him to shave his head bald. Misdemeanor assault convictions On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert atMichigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show, that he never swung it, and that there was no criminal intent.Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to amisdemeanorand was sentenced to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended on condition that he complete 35 hours of community service. Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993Hughes Brothers' filmMenace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film's directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.The prosecution's evidence included aYo! MTV Rapsinterview in which Shakur boasted that he had \"beat up the director ofMenace II Society\". Concealed weapon case In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals pending in other cases. 1995 wrongful death suit On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carriedColt Mustangbut dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged. About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa'id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a.38-caliberpistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa'id's mother filed awrongful death suitagainst Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000. C. Delores Tucker lawsuit Civil rights activist and fierce rap criticC. Delores Tuckersued Shakur's estate in federal court, claiming that lyrics in \"How Do U Want It\" and \"Wonda Why They Call U Bitch\" inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.The case was later dismissed. Murder and aftermath On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada to attend theBruce Seldon vs. Mike Tysonboxing match with Suge Knight at theMGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby one of Knight's associates spottedOrlando \"Baby Lane\" Anderson, aSouthside ComptonCrip, and told Shakur he had tried to rob them earlier that year. The hotel'ssurveillancefootage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a blackBMW 750iLsedan, part of a larger convoy. At about 11 p.m. onLas Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk, and the car was released without a ticket.At about 11:15 p.m. at a stop light, a white, four-door, late-modelCadillacsedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chestwith one bullet entering his right lung.Shards hit Knight's head. Frank Alexander, Shakur's bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur's girlfriend,Kidada Jones. Shakur was taken to theUniversity Medical Center of Southern Nevadawhere he was heavily sedated and put on life support.In theintensive-care uniton the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died frominternal bleeding.He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m.The official causes of death arerespiratory failureandcardiopulmonary arrestassociated with multiple gunshot wounds.Shakur's body wascrematedthe next day. Members of theOutlawz, recalling a line in his song \"Black Jesus\", (although uncertain of the artist's attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some of his body's ashes after mixing them withmarijuana. In 2002, investigative journalistChuck Philips,after a year of work, reported in theLos Angeles Timesthat Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur's entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips's 2002 article also alleges the involvement ofChristopher \"Notorious B.I.G.\" Wallaceand several within New York City's criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.Music journalist John Leland, inThe New York Times, called the evidence \"inconclusive\". In 2011, via theFreedom of Information Act, theFBIreleased documents related to its investigation which described anextortionscheme by theJewish Defense League(classified as \"aright wing terroristgroup\" by theFBI) that included makingdeath threatsagainst Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder. On July 18, 2023, theLas Vegas Police Departmentexecuted asearch warrantin connection with Shakur's murder. On September 29, 2023, theAPreported that Las Vegas police had arrested a suspect,Duane \"Keefe D\" Davis, in Shakur's murder. Police had two months previously served a search warrant at his wife's home in the Las Vegas suburb of Henderson.Davis pleaded not guilty on November 2, 2023, in Las Vegas. Artistry Musical style Shakur's music and philosophical outlook were deeply influenced by a wide range of American,African American, and global influences, including theBlack Panther Party,black nationalism,egalitarianism, and the concept ofliberty. Moreover, Shakur's artistic sensibilities were enriched by his passion for theater and admiration for the works ofWilliam Shakespeare. Notably, he honed his theatrical skills as a student at theBaltimore School for the Arts, where he delved into the psychological complexities inherent in inter-gang warfare and inter-cultural conflicts, reflecting themes explored in Shakespearean dramas. 2Pacalypse Now(1991), showcased his socially conscious perspective. Through powerful tracks like \"Brenda's Got a Baby\", \"Trapped\", and \"Part Time Mutha\", Shakur addressed social injustice, poverty, and police brutality. In doing so, he contributed to the ongoing success of rap groups such asBoogie Down Productions,Public Enemy,X-Clan, andGrandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, while establishing himself as one of the pioneering socially conscious rappers from the West Coast. Continuing his focus on the social challenges faced by African American people, Shakur's second album featured songs like \"The Streetz R Deathrow\" and \"Last Wordz\". Simultaneously, he showcased his compassionate side with the empowering anthem \"Keep Ya Head Up\", and his legendary intensity with the title track from the albumStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...Additionally, he paid homage to his former groupDigital Undergroundby including them on the playful track \"I Get Around\". Throughout his career, Shakur's subsequent albums reflected a growing assertiveness in his approach. Shakur's body of work encompassed contrasting themes, includingsocial inequality,injustice, compassion, playfulness, andhope. These elements continued to shape his artistry, exemplified by his explosive 1995 albumMe Against the World.The release ofAll Eyez on Mein 1996 further solidified his reputation, with tracks like \"Ambitionz az a Ridah\", \"I Ain't Mad at Cha\", \"California Love\", \"Life Goes On\", and \"Picture Me Rollin'\" being hailed as classics by critics. Shakur describedAll Eyez on Meas a celebration of life, and the album achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success.According toEminem, Tupac is the greatest songwriter of all time.Nassaid in 2002: \"I put Tupac beyondShakespeare.\" Vocal style Singers can manipulate different parts of their body to create various sounds. For instance, the \"head voice\" involves singing high-pitched tones resonating from the head, while the \"chest voice\" utilizes the chest area. In the documentary \"Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel,\"Greg \"Shock G\" Jacobs, one of Shakur's early producers, discusses how rappers also utilize different bodily areas to project their voices. According to him, \"Slick Rick rhymed from the nasal palate, Nas from the back of his throat, and Pac from the pit of his stomach, which is where his power came from.\" Shakur's influences stemmed from powerful orators likeMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm X. Despite not being physically imposing, Shakur's voice carried immense weight and power, reminiscent of these influential speakers. Shakur was also known for his technique of stacking or layering vocals, adding depth and rawness to his voice. This approach, demonstrated notably on tracks like \"Dear Mama\" from his 1995 albumMe Against the World, involves overlaying multiple vocal lines to highlight rhythms and emphasize words and phrases. Mastering this technique requires precision to maintain flow and clarity, as heard in the lyrics \"and even though I act crazy/I gotta thank the Lord that you made me,\" where Shakur's voice transitions from full to husky, underscoring the emotional depth of the lyrics. Despite its difficulty, Shakur's background in jazz, poetry, and theater endowed him with exceptional rhythm control, enabling him to layer vocals seamlessly while preserving cohesion and flow. Legacy and remembrance Shakur is considered one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.He was listed as one of the greatest artists of all time byRolling Stone.He is widely credited as an important figure inhip hop culture, and his prominence inpop culturein general has been noted.Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, \"Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure.\"Yet to some, he was a \"father figure\" who, said rapperYG, \"makes you want to be better—at every level.\"In 2023,Billboardranked Tupac at number 4 among the top 50 rappers of all time. AllMusic'sStephen Thomas Erlewinedescribed Shakur as \"the unlikely martyr ofgangsta rap\", with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along withSnoop Dogg.The online rap magazineAllHipHopheld a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappersCormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duoMobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.Shakur emerged as a celebrated artist, earning recognition for his astonishingly prolific output and unwavering commitment to his craft.According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\" In 2017, American rapperSnoop Doggcalled Tupac “the greatest rapper of all time” during hisRock & Roll Hall of Fametribute.In 2021,SaweetietoldComplexthat Tupac was “the greatest rapper that ever lived”. According to British writer Rob Marriott, he deemed the act of tying abandanainto rabbit ears as one of the most distinctive and instantly recognizable style choices in the world ofhip-hop. Regarded as asex symbol, his unique style helped shape the fashion landscape of the 1990s and continues to influence artists and fashion enthusiasts to this day. In 2010, writingRolling Stonemagazine's entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the \"100 greatest artists\", New York rapper50 Centappraised: Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. People either try to emulate him in some way, or they go in a different direction because they didn't like what he did. But whatever you think of him, he definitely developed his own style: He didn't sound like anyone who came before him. According to music journalistChuck Philips, Shakur \"had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon.\"Philips writes, \"The slaying silenced one of modern music's most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds.\"Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as amartyr, \"the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use\", academicMichael Eric Dysonconcedes.But Dyson adds, \"Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac's martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs.\" In 2014,BETexplained that \"his confounding mixture of ladies' man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In50 Cent,Ja Rule,Lil Wayne, newcomers likeFreddie Gibbsand even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it's easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world's attention the way Tupac did and still does.\"More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.In 2020, former California Senator and current vice-presidentKamala Harriscalled Shakur the \"best rapper alive\", which she explained as being because \"West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on\".According to writerKevin Powell: \"He deserves to be put in the same category asBob Dylan,Bob Marley, asJohn Lennon, in terms of his global impact.\"Tupac is regarded as one of the most influential artists in music and popular culture in general and an icon of activism. Palestinian rapperTamer Nafar, leader and a founding member ofDAM, became passionate about hip hop by listening to Tupac saying, “The imagery in Shakur’s videos was similar to our reality in Lod.\" Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation In 1997, Shakur's mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to \"provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents.\"The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened theTupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, inStone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015. Academic appraisal In 1997, theUniversity of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled \"History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur\".In April 2003,Harvard Universitycosponsored the symposium \"All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero\".Where Shakur's influence as both an artist and an activist was analyzed.The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.Calling him a \"Thug Nigga Intellectual\", an \"organic intellectual\",English scholarMark Anthony Nealassessed his death as leaving a \"leadership void amongst hip-hop artists\",as this \"walking contradiction\" helps, Neal explained, \"make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people.\" Tracing Shakur'smythicalstatus, Murray Forman discussed him as \"O.G.\", or \"Ostensibly Gone\", with fans, using digital mediums, \"resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force.\"Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a \"Black folk hero\", traced his persona to Black American folklore'stricksters, which, afterabolition, evolved into the urban \"bad-man\". Yet in Shakur's \"terrible sense of urgency\", Price identified instead a quest to \"unify mind, body, and spirit.\"According to Price, Tupac had surpassed the legacies ofJohn ColtraneandMahalia Jacksonwithin the tradition of black music. In 2012, the NorwegianUniversity of Osloorganized the course: \"Tupac, hiphop og kulturhistorie (Tupac, hip hop and cultural history).\" As Knut Aukrust, Norwegian professor and academic scholar of cultural studies at the University of Oslo, puts it:\"Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) is one of the most famous and controversial representatives of hip-hop culture. He has become an icon with saint status far beyond his fans. References to him and his message appear all over the world, from Barack Obama's slogan about \"changes\", to Palestinians and Israelis longing for peace in the Middle East, to the people of Groruddalen who want their experiences to be taken on board serious. The course highlights how a single person can fit into a wider network of cultural models and how a local storytelling tradition has become an international cultural phenomenon.\" Jeffrey Ogbonna Green Ogbar, professor of History and Popular Music at theUniversity of Connecticut, described Shakur as \"one of the most iconic and influential music artists of the 20th century\", and also a \"politically conscious activist voice for Black America.\" Multimedia releases In 2005, Death Row released on DVD,Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006,Tupac Shakur Legacy, an \"interactive biography\" byJamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur albumPac's Lifewas released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry's most popular releases.In 2008, his estate made about $15 million. On April 15, 2012, at theCoachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg andDr. Drejoined a Shakur \"hologram\" (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with theMusion Eyeliner),and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs \"Hail Mary\" and \"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted\".There were talks of a tour,but Dre refused.Meanwhile, theGreatest Hitsalbum, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew sales gains. Film and stage The documentary filmTupac: Resurrectionwas released in November 2003. It was nominated forBest Documentaryat the2005 Academy Awards. In 2014, the playHoller If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur's lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway's worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic,All Eyez on Me, began filming inAtlantain December 2015.It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur's 46th birthday,albeit to generally negative reviews. In August 2019, adocuseriesdirected byAllen Hughes,Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced. Awards and honors In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the firstHip Hop Honors. In 2006, Shakur's close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored Shakur's 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him. In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added \"Changes\", a1998 posthumoustrack, to its online playlist.On June 23, 2010, theLibrary of Congressadded \"Dear Mama\" to theNational Recording Registry, the third rap song. In 2015, theGrammy Museumopened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur. In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017. In January 2022, the exhibitionTupac Shakur: Wake Me When I'm Freeopened at The Canvas atL.A. Livein Los Angeles. On May 16, 2023, Oakland City Council voted to name the section of MacArthur Boulevard between Grand Avenue and Van Buren Avenue \"Tupac Shakur Way\". On June 7, 2023, Shakur received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His half-sister, Sekyiwa \"Set\" Shakur, accepted the award in his honor. Rankings Final resting place in Soweto In 2006, on the 10th anniversary of Tupac Shakur's passing, his ashes were laid to rest inSoweto. Shakur's mother Afeni transported them to the \"birthplace of his ancestors\" and conducted a memorial service in what's considered as one of the most renownedSouth African townships. Afeni Shakur explained that Soweto had been selected due to its significance as the \"birthplace of the South African struggle fordemocracyand againstapartheid.\" TheCity of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipalitydonated a five-acre plot of undeveloped land in theZolaarea of Soweto to build a memorial honoring Shakur. A portion of the land was designated to be transformed into a park for the benefit of local children as well as aimed at promotingenvironmental education, pathways, orphanages, bridges, skateboard ramps and a golf range while plans also included the construction of anamphitheaterand a museum showcasing South African music and arts. The project was funded by Johannesburg city authorities and the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation. The memorial was hosted by South African musician and actorZola 7. SingerMacy Grayand members of the Outlawz were amongst the attendees who paid their respects. Discography Filmography Portrayals in film Documentaries Shakur's life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominatedTupac: Resurrection(2003). See also References Further reading External links"
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"Cardi B Belcalis Marlenis Cephus(néeAlmánzar;born October 11, 1992), known professionally asCardi B, is an American rapper and songwriter. Distinguished for her aggressiveflowand outspoken clever lyrics, Cardi B has established herself as one of the most successful female artists in contemporary music. From 2015 to early 2017, she gained recognition onVineandInstagram, as a cast member onVH1'sLove & Hip Hop: New York, and by releasingtwo mixtapes. Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy(2018), debuted at number one on theBillboard200andBillboardranked it the top female rap album of the 2010s. Critically acclaimed, it made Cardi B the only solo female artist to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Album, andRolling Stoneranked it the best debut album of all time by a female rapper. Its singles \"Bodak Yellow\" and \"I Like It\" both topped theBillboardHot 100and were certifieddiamondby theRIAA; the former made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the Hot 100 with a solo song in the 21st century and the first to",
"and the first to achieve a diamond-certified song, while the latter made her the first with multiple number-one songs. Her third US number-one, the collaboration \"Girls Like You\" (2018) withMaroon 5, made her the first female rapper to earn multiple RIAA diamond-certified songs. She released \"WAP\" (withMegan Thee Stallion) in 2020 and \"Up\" in 2021, both of which topped the Hot 100 and other charts worldwide. \"WAP\" is the only female rap collaboration to debut atop the Hot 100, made Cardi B the first lead artist to top theBillboardGlobal 200, and had a large cultural impact. Recognized byForbesas one of the most influential female rappers of all time, Cardi B holds various records among women in hip hop; she isthe female rapper with the most number-one singles(five) on theBillboardHot 100, the only female rapper to achieve multiple solo number-ones, and the only to earn number-one singles in two decades (2010s and 2020s). She further isthe highest-certified(digital singles) female rapper of all time in the",
"of all time in the US,the female rapper with the most diamond-certified songs(three) by the RIAA, and has over 100 million certifiedunitssold in the US. Additionally,Invasion of Privacyis the most-streamed female rap album onApple MusicandSpotify.Her accoladesinclude aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards, sixGuinness World Records, sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, 14BET Hip Hop Awardsand twoASCAPSongwriter of the Yearawards.Timelisted her as one of the100 most influential people in the worldin 2018 andBillboardnamed herWoman of the Yearin 2020. Outside of music, Cardi B served as a judge on the music competition seriesRhythm + Flow(2019), appeared in the filmsHustlers(2019) andF9(2021), and had a voice role inBaby Shark's Big Movie!(2023). In 2022, she became thecreative directorof entertainment magazinePlayboy. Early life Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar was born on October 11, 1992, in theWashington Heightsneighborhood ofManhattan,New York City.Her father Carlos isDominicanand her mother",
"her mother Clara is aTrinidadianofAfricanandSpanishdescent; Almánzar identifies as anAfro-Latina.Almánzar was raised in theHighbridgeneighborhood of theSouth Bronx,and spent much time at her paternal grandmother's home in Washington Heights, which she credits with giving her \"such a thick accent.\"Almánzar developed the stage name \"Cardi B\" as a derivation ofBacardi, arumbrand that was formerly her nickname.She has a younger sister, Hennessy Carolina, who was born in 1995. She has said she was a gang member with theBloodsin her youth, since age 16,but stated she would not encourage joining a gang.She attended Renaissance High School for Musical Theater & Technology, avocational high schoolon theHerbert H. Lehman High Schoolcampus. During her teens, Cardi B was employed at a grocery store inTribeca.She was fired and became a dancer at a strip club across the street.Cardi B has said that becoming a stripper was positive for her life in many ways: \"It really saved me from a lot of things. When I started",
"When I started stripping I went back to school.\"She stated that she became a stripper to escape poverty anddomestic violence, having been in an abusive relationship at the time after being kicked out of her mother's house,and that stripping was her only way to earn enough money to escape the situation and get an education.She attendedBorough of Manhattan Community Collegebefore eventually dropping out.While stripping, Cardi B lied to her mother by telling her she was making money bybabysitting. In 2013, she began to gain publicity due to several of her videos spreading on social media, onVineand herInstagrampage. Career 2015–2016: Career beginnings In 2015, Cardi B joined the cast of theVH1reality television seriesLove & Hip Hop: New York, debuting in season six.Jezebelconsidered her the breakout star of the show's sixth season.The New York Timeswrote that she garnered popularity with \"her ability to rattle off one-liners\".The sixth and seventh seasons chronicle her rise to stardom and her turbulent",
"and her turbulent relationship with her incarcerated fiancé. On December 30, 2016, after two seasons, she announced that she would be leaving the show to further pursue a career in music. In November 2015, Cardi B made her musical debut on Jamaicanreggae fusionsingerShaggy's remix to his single \"Boom Boom\", alongside fellow JamaicandancehallsingerPopcaan.She made her music video debut on December 15, 2015, with the song \"Cheap Ass Weave\", her rendition of BritishrapperLady Leshurr's \"Queen's Speech 4\".On March 7, 2016, Cardi B released her first full-length project, amixtapetitledGangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1.In November 2016, she was featured on the digital cover ofVibemagazine's \"Viva\" issue. On September 12, 2016, KSR Group released the compilationUnderestimated: The Album, which is a collaboration between KSR Group artists Cardi B,HoodCelebrityy, SwiftOnDemand, Cashflow Harlem, andJosh X. It was previously released only to attendees of their U.S. tour. the label's flagship artist, Cardi B, said: \"I wanted",
"B, said: \"I wanted to make a song that would make girls dance,twerkand at the same time encourage them to go get that Shmoney,\" in regard to the compilation's single \"What a Girl Likes\". She appeared on the December 9, 2015, episode ofUncommon Sense with Charlamagne.On April 6, 2016, she was on the twelfth episode ofKhloé Kardashian'sKocktails with Khloé: in this episode, she revealed how she told her mother that she was a stripper.In November 2016, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of theBETseriesBeing Mary Jane.TVLinedescribes her character, Mercedes, as a \"round-the-way beauty with a big weave, big boobs and a big booty to match her oversize, ratchet personality.\" In 2016, Cardi B was featured in her first endorsement deal withRomantic Depot, a large New York chain of lingerie stores that sell sexual health and wellness products. The ad campaign was featured on radio and cable TV. 2017–2018: Breakthrough withInvasion of Privacy On January 20, 2017, Cardi B released her second",
"released her second mixtape,Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2.In February 2017, Cardi B partnered withMAC Cosmeticsand Rio Uribe'sGypsy Sportfor an event forNew York Fashion Week.In late February, Cardi B signed her first major record label recording contract withAtlantic Records.On February 25, 2017, Cardi B was theopening actforEast Coast hip hopgroupThe Lox'sFilthy America... It's BeautifulTour, alongside fellow New York City-based rappersLil' KimandRemy Ma.In April 2017, she was featured ini-D's\"A-Z of Music\" video sponsored byMarc Jacobs.Cardi guest-starred on the celebritypanel showHip Hop Squares, appearing on the March 13 and April 3, 2017, episodes.She also released thefreestyle\"Red Barz\". In May 2017, the nominees for the2017 BET Awardswere announced, revealing that Cardi B had been nominated forBest New ArtistandBest Female Hip-Hop Artist.AlthoughChance the Rapperand Remy Ma won those categories, respectively, Cardi B performed at theBET AwardsAfterpartyshow.On June 11, 2017, duringHot 97's annualSummer",
"97's annualSummer Jammusic festival, Remy Ma brought out Cardi B, along withThe Lady of Rage,MC Lyte,Young M.A,Monie Love, Lil' Kim, andQueen Latifah, to celebrate female rappers and perform Latifah's 1993 hit single \"U.N.I.T.Y.\" aboutfemale empowerment.In June 2017, it was revealed that Cardi B would be on the cover ofThe Fader's Summer Music issue for July/August 2017.She performed atMoMA PS1on August 19 to a crowd of 4,000. On June 16, 2017, Atlantic Records released Cardi B's commercial debut single, \"Bodak Yellow\", viadigital distribution.She performed the single onThe Wendy Williams ShowandJimmy Kimmel Live!The song climbed the charts for several months, and, on theBillboardHot 100chart dated September 25, 2017, \"Bodak Yellow\" reached the number one spot, making Cardi B the first female rapper to do so with a solo single sinceLauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" debuted atop the chart in 1998.The song stayed atop the charts for three consecutive weeks, tying with American pop singerTaylor Swift's \"Look",
"Swift's \"Look What You Made Me Do\" as the longest running female at the number one spot in 2017. Cardi B became the first person of Dominican descent to reach number one in the history of the Hot 100 since it was launched in 1958.An editor ofThe New York Timescalled it \"the rap anthem of the summer\".Selected byThe Washington PostandPitchforkmusic critics as the best song of 2017,\"Bodak Yellow\" was eventually certifiedDiamondby theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA). The song received nominations forBest Rap PerformanceandBest Rap Songat the60th Grammy Awards.It won Single of the Year at the2017 BET Hip Hop Awards. With her collaborations \"No Limit\" and \"MotorSport\", she became the first female rapper to land her first three entries in the top 10 of the Hot 100,and the first female artist to achieve the same on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart.In October 2017, Cardi B headlinedPower 105.1's annual Powerhouse music celebration, alongsidethe Weeknd,Migos, andLil Uzi Vert, at theBarclays Centerin",
"Centerin Brooklyn, New York.In December, she released two songs: a collaboration with Puerto Rican singerOzunatitled \"La Modelo\",and \"Bartier Cardi\", the second single from herdebut album. On January 3, 2018, Cardi B was featured on the remix ofBruno Mars' single \"Finesse\",and appeared in the 90s inspired video. It reached the top three on the Hot 100, Canada and New Zealand. On January 18, 2018, Cardi B became the first female rapper to have five top 10 singles simultaneously on theBillboardHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.She released another single, \"Be Careful\", on March 30, 2018, a week before her album's release. Her debut studio album,Invasion of Privacy, was released on April 6, 2018, to universal acclaim from music critics.Editors fromVarietyandThe New York Timescalled it \"one of the most powerful debuts of this millennium\" and \"a hip-hop album that doesn't sound like any of its temporal peers,\" respectively.The album entered at number one in the United States, while she became the first female artist to",
"female artist to chart 13 entries simultaneously on theBillboardHot 100, on the chart issue dated April 21.It became the moststreamedalbum by a female artist in a single week inApple Music,and the largest on-demand audio streaming week ever for an album by a woman.Cardi held the latter recorduntil 2019.The album's title reflects Cardi B's feeling that as she gained popularity her privacy was being invaded in a variety of ways.Following the album's release, during a performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B officially announced her pregnancy, after much media speculation.She also co-hosted an episode ofThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Several months later, in July 2018, the album's fourth single, \"I Like It\", which features vocals fromBad BunnyandJ Balvin, reached number one on theHot 100; this marked her second number one on the chart and made her the first female rapper to achieve multiple chart-toppers.It received critical acclaim,withRolling Stonenaming it \"thebest summer songof all time\" in",
"songof all time\" in 2020.Her collaboration withMaroon 5, \"Girls Like You\", also reached number one on the Hot 100 chart, extending her record among female rappersand also making her the sixth female artist to achieve three number-one singles on the chart during the 2010s.The song's music video has received more than 3 billion views onYouTubeand was thefifth-best selling songof the year globally. With \"Girls Like You\" following \"I Like It\" at the top of theBillboardRadio Songschart, Cardi B became thefirst female rapperto replace herself at number one on the chart.The single spent seven weeks atop the Hot 100, making Cardi the female rapper with the most cumulative weeks atop the chart, with eleven weeks.It spent 33 weeks in the top 10, tying bothEd Sheeran's \"Shape of You\" andPost MaloneandSwae Lee's \"Sunflower\" for the longest top 10 run in the chart's archives at the time.In October 2018,Invasion of Privacywas certifieddouble platinumby the RIAA, and the following year it was updated to triple platinum.",
"to triple platinum. With the thirteen tracks, she became the first female artist to have all songs from an album certified gold or higher in the US. Cardi B received the most nominations for the2018 MTV Video Music Awardswith 12 mentions—including forVideo of the Year, winning three awards.She tied withDrakefor the most nominations at the2018 American Music Awards. She won three AMAs and performed at the ceremony.Her single \"Money\" earned her a fourth Video Music Award, with visuals that feature Cardi playing characters in different locations, including in an art museum, a bank and a strip club.Her collaboration withDJ Snake\"Taki Taki\" topped the charts in a number of Hispanic countries, made Cardi B the first female rapper to top the SpotifyGlobal 50chart,and has garnered more than 2 billion views. Both singles were certified multiple-platinum by the RIAA.People en Españolnamed her Star of the Year,andEntertainment Weeklydeemed her \"a pop culture phenomenon\", as she was named one of \"2018 Entertainers of",
"Entertainers of the Year\". On November 30, 2018, Cardi B was honored atEbony's annual Power 100 Gala.Cardi ranked fifth on the 2018BillboardYear-EndTop Artists chart, whileInvasion of Privacyranked sixth. She achieved the most-streamed album of the year by a female artist globally inApple Music,and ranked as the most streamed female artist of the year in the United States inSpotify.Editorial staff from Apple Music andBillboardnamed \"I Like It\" the best song of 2018,whileTimemagazineandRolling StonenamedInvasion of Privacythe best album of the year.Also in 2018,Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world.In its decade-end review article,NMEstated that the era secured \"her crown as the newQueen of Rap.\" 2019–2020:Hustlers,Rhythm + Flowand \"WAP\" Cardi B received five nominations at the61st Grammy Awards, including forAlbum of the Year,Best Rap AlbumandRecord of the Year(\"I Like It\").She became the third female rapper to be nominated for Album of the Year, followingLauryn",
"followingLauryn Hill(1999) andMissy Elliott(2004).On February 10, 2019, she then performed at the award ceremony, where she wore three vintageThierry Muglercouture looks during the telecast and became the first female rapper to winBest Rap Albumas a solo artist. Cardi B led the2019 Billboard Music Awardsnominations, with 21, earning the most nominations in a single year by a female artist and the third most nominations in a year (behind Drake and The Chainsmokers, who both had 22 in a year).She ended up winning six awards, including forTop Hot 100 Song, bringing her career total wins to seven—the most of any female rapper in history.An article byOmaha World-Heraldcalled her \"the biggest rapper in the world.\" On February 15, 2019, Cardi B released \"Please Me\", a collaboration with Bruno Mars, which became her seventh top-ten song on the Hot 100, reaching number three.The song marked Cardi and Bruno's second collaboration, following \"Finesse\" in 2018. The official music video was released two weeks later.On",
"two weeks later.On March 1, Cardi set a new attendance record at theHouston Livestock Show and Rodeo, with 75,580 fans in the audience.With \"Backin' It Up\", \"Twerk\" and \"Money\", Cardi became the first female artist to occupy the top three on theBillboardMainstream R&B/Hip-Hop airplay chart. Her following single titled \"Press\" was released on May 31, 2019.Theparental-advisorylabeled music video marked her directorial debut—being credited as co-director, and was released on June 26, 2019.It had its debut performance at the2019 BET Awards, where she received the most nominations with seven, and wonAlbum of the Year.During the summer of 2019, she embarked on an arena tour.In September, she led theBET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with ten. Cardi B made her film debut inHustlersdirected byLorene Scafaria, oppositeJennifer Lopez,Constance Wu, andLili Reinhart.The film was released on September 13, 2019.Cardi B, along withChance the RapperandT.I., were confirmed as judges for theNetflixseriesRhythm + Flow, a ten-part",
"+ Flow, a ten-part hip-hop talent search that premiered on October 9, 2019, which she alsoexecutive produced. In December 2019, Cardi B embarked on her first tour of Africa, performing in Nigeria and Ghana.Her collaboration \"Clout\" was nominated for aGrammy Award for Best Rap Performance.She was the most streamed female rapper of 2019 in the US, according to Spotify.Consequence of Sounddeemed her \"one of the most formidable hip-hop artists of the decade.\"In March 2020, Cardi B created a reaction video about thecoronavirus pandemic. DJ iMarkkeyz, a Brooklyn DJ known for turning memes and online moments into full-length songs, created a track, based on her reaction titled \"Coronavirus\", which became aninternet memeand was released to music platforms.Netflix announced the return ofRhythm + Flowfor 2021. Cardi B released the single \"WAP\" featuring American rapperMegan Thee Stallionon August 7, 2020, as the lead single off her forthcoming second studio album.The song received critical acclaim and was praised for",
"and was praised for itssex positivemessages.TheColin Tilley-directed music video accompanied the song itself, and broke the record for the biggest 24-hour debut for an all-female collaboration on YouTube.She became the only female rap artist to top the Global Spotify chart multiple times.\"WAP\" debuted at number-one on theBillboardHot 100chart, garnering Cardi B her fourth chart-topper in the US, extending her record as the female rapper with the most number-one singles, and also making her the first female rapper to achieve Hot 100 number one singles in two different decades (2010s and 2020s). With 93 million streaming units, it became the largest first-week streams for a song, breaking the all-time record held byAriana Grande's \"7 Rings\".It has spent four weeks atop the Hot 100. The single has also spent multiple weeks at number one in seven other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom. Neil Shah ofThe Wall Street Journaldeemed it \"a big moment for female rappers\" and \"a historic sign that",
"historic sign that women artists are making their mark on hip-hop like never before\".\"WAP\" became the first number one single on the inauguralBillboardGlobal 200chart. It became critics' best song of the year according to a compilation of rankings made by theBBC,with publications such asPitchforkandRolling Stoneplacing it at number one. Cardi B won theBillboardMusic Award for Top Rap Female Artistfor the third time at the2020 ceremony.In December 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards.With her win for \"WAP\" at theAmerican Music Awards, she became the first artist to win theAmerican Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Songmultiple times, following her win for \"Bodak Yellow\" in 2018. 2021–present: Upcoming second studio album On February 5, 2021, Cardi B released \"Up\", the second single from her upcoming studio album. A music video for the single was released alongside it. The song was praised byNMEmagazine for its lyricism and fresh",
"lyricism and fresh approach as a successor to \"WAP\".\"Up\" debuted at number two on the USBillboardHot 100chart, marking the highest debut for a solo female rap song sinceLauryn Hill's \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" in 1998.The song debuted at number one on theRolling StoneTop 100, becoming both Cardi B's second number-one single and second number-one debut, as well as the first time a female rapper debuts atop the chart with a solo song.Cardi B became the first female artist and first lead artist with consecutive number-one debuts on the USHot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart, and second overall performer followingDrakein 2016.\"Up\" reached number one on theBillboardHot 100 after herGrammy Awardsperformance, making her the only female rapper to reach number one multiple times with solo songs, following \"Bodak Yellow\", and extended her record as the female rapper with the most number-one songs on the Hot 100 as her fifth chart-topper.Cardi B received a second nomination for theBrit Award for International Female Solo Artist.",
"Female Solo Artist. Cardi B made a last-minute appearance in \"Big Paper\", from DJ Khaled's albumKhaled Khaledreleased on April 30, 2021.Cardi received two nominations for theBET Award for Video of the Year, for the videos \"Up\" and \"WAP\", winning for the latter and becoming the first female rapper to win Video of the Year as a lead artist. This became the 10th time that an artist has had two nominated videos in this category as a lead artist, and the second time for her, following her nominations for \"Money\" and \"Please Me\" in 2019. She announced her second pregnancy during the performance of her Migos collaboration \"Type Shit\" at the2021 ceremony.She also appeared inF9, which was released on June 25, 2021, byUniversal Pictures.On July 16, 2021, Cardi B was featured on theNormanisingle \"Wild Side\".Cardi collaborated withLizzoon \"Rumors\", which debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi B's tenth top 10 single on the chart, and her seventh number-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Cardi",
"Songs chart. Cardi B received six nominations at the2021 MTV Video Music Awards, including her second nomination for Video of the Year.She also led the nominations for the2021 BET Hip Hop Awardsalong with Megan Thee Stallion, with nine each;both rappers won the most awards during the ceremony with three for \"WAP\", with Cardi becoming the first female artist to win Best Hip Hop Video twice (2019 and 2021). On October 28, 2021, Cardi B previewed her second album to Atlantic Records via her Instagram Story. She captioned \"The money people liking the album sounds\".On November 2, Cardi B was announced as the host of the2021 American Music Awards(AMAs). The award show was held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles on November 21,and marked the most social telecast of the year per interactions across social media.During the ceremony, \"Up\" won the award forFavorite Hip Hop Song, making Cardi B the first artist to win the category three times.Cardi B featured onSummer Walker's 2021 albumStill Over Iton the opening",
"Iton the opening track \"Bitter\".Warner Records released the soundtrack forHalle Berry's directorial debut filmBruisedon November 19. Selected by executive producers Berry and Cardi B, the Netflix film's soundtrack features six original songs by female artists, including Cardi,H.E.R., City Girls,Flo Milli,Saweetie, andLatto, and seven additional female rap songs inspired by the film. In March 2022, Cardi B appeared on the extended version of Summer Walker andSZA's collaboration, \"No Love\".The following month, she featured on rapper Kay Flock's song, \"Shake It\"; it samplesAkon's 2005 song \"Belly Dancer (Bananza)\".Also in April, Cardi guest-voiced as Sharki B, her \"aquatic alter ego\", on \"The Seaweed Sway\" episode of theNickelodeonanimated seriesBaby Shark's Big Show!—and performed a song of the same name.She appeared alongside Offset and her daughter.On July 1, 2022, Cardi B released \"Hot Shit\", featuring rappersKanye WestandLil Durk, as the third single from her upcoming second studio album.The song was first",
"song was first announced during aBET Awards 2022commercial break.On July 8 and 9, she headlined the 2022Wireless Festivalin London andBirmingham.Cardi B worked with cousin and fellow rapperGloRillaon the remix to her song \"Tomorrow\", titled \"Tomorrow 2\", which was released in September 2022.The remix peaked at number nine on theBillboardHot 100, becoming Cardi's eleventh top-ten single.HipHopDXlisted it as the \"Best Hip-Hop Collaboration\" of 2022 while it was also the highest-listed song by a female rapper onBillboard's 100 Best Songs of 2022 list.On October 1, Cardi B made a surprise appearance at theInglewoodshow of Puerto Rican rapperBad Bunny's concert tour, theWorld's Hottest Tour.In November, she signed with entertainment executiveIrving Azoff's Full Stop Management.In December 2022, she gave a 35-minute private performance at theMiami Art Baselfor which she was paid $1 million.Later that month, a remix of Spanish artistRosalía's song \"Despechá\" featuring Cardi, was released. Cardi B appeared as a",
"B appeared as a surprise performer at the New York City shows of SZA and GloRilla's tours: theSOS Tourand Anyways, Life's Great Tour, in early 2023.In April, she served as one of three headliners of the inauguralRolling Loud Thailandfestival inPattaya, along withTravis ScottandChris Brown.In June, she featured on \"Put It on da Floor Again\", the remix to rapper Latto's \"Put It on da Floor\".It peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100, becoming Cardi's 20th top-twenty single.On June 4, Cardi B headlined the 2023Summer Jamfestival inElmont, New York.ln July, she featured on \"Point Me 2\", the remix to drill rapper FendiDa Rappa's single \"Point Me to the Slut's\".Later that month, she collaborated with Offset on two tracks of his second solo album,Set It Off(2023): \"Freaky\" and \"Jealousy\".The latter was released as the lead single of the record; it samplesThree 6 Mafia's \"Jealous Ass Bitches\".Cardi released \"Bongos\" featuring Megan Thee Stallion on September 8, 2023, as the fourth single of her upcoming second studio",
"second studio album. The song marks the pair's second collaboration after \"WAP\" (2020).The music video, directed byTanu Muino,cost over $2 million.\"Bongos\" reached number 14 in the US.Cardi led the2023 BET Hip Hop Awardsnominations with21 Savage, with twelve each.She reprised her voice role as Sharki B for the children's animated film,Baby Shark's Big Movie!, in which ch she appeared alongside Offset and their two children. It premiered in December onParamount+and Nickelodeon.Cardi B co-headlinedTikTok's inaugural In the Mix festival on December 10 inMesa, Arizona,which was released as a concert special on Disney+ and Hulu on December 15.She performed at theFontainebleau Miami Beach, accompanied by DJGryffin, on December 31, 2023, which aired live for the 2024 edition ofDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. She released the promotional single \"Like What (Freestyle)\" on March 1, 2024, with an accompanying music video directed by Offset.Her first solo song since \"Up\" (2021), it is afreestyleof rapperMissy",
"rapperMissy Elliot's \"She's a Bitch\" (1999).The track reached the top 40 in the US and became Cardi's 19th top-ten and 11th chart-topper onHot Rap Songsand Hot Rap Digital Songs.It was followed by \"Enough (Miami)\" on March 15,which marked her 12th top-ten on the Hot 100 and seventh number-one on the Digital Songs chart.A remix ofFlo Milli's \"Never Lose Me\" was released on the same day, featuring SZA and Cardi B.On March 11, Cardi joinedMadonnaonstage for a guest appearance at the Inglewood show of herCelebration Tour.She appeared on \"Puntería\" withShakira, the opening track and eighth single of the latter's twelfth albumLas Mujeres Ya No Lloran, released on March 22, 2024.\"Puntería\" reached number one on theLatin Airplaychart and topped theLatin Pop Airplaychart for nine weeks.On May 21, Cardi B appeared as a surprise performer at theMadison Square Gardenshow of Megan Thee Stallion'sHot Girl Summer Tour.She featured on the remix of Thee Stallion and GloRilla's \"Wanna Be\", released on May 31.In June, Cardi",
"31.In June, Cardi featured on \"Put Em in the Fridge\" fromPeso Pluma's fourth albumÉxodo.She co-headlined theBET Experiencefestival at theCrypto.com Arenaon June 28.Her collaboration withRob49, titled \"On Dat Money\", was released on July 19. In August, Cardi confirmed that her second studio album would be released in late 2024, stating that it was \"three-quarters of the way done\".Previously iterated for a 2023 release,she revealed that she was \"just holding it\" because she felt \" missing a couple of things\" and \"gotta make sure that everything is just planned out\".In October, Cardi will co-headline the 2024 One Musicfest inAtlanta. Artistry Influences InBillboard's \"You Should Know\" series, Cardi B said the first albums she ever purchased were by American entertainersMissy ElliottandTweet, respectively.She has credited Puerto Rican rapperIvy Queenand Jamaican dancehall artistSpiceas influences, as well asBeyoncé,Lady Gaga,Lil' Kim,Madonna,andSelena.She has mentionedChicago drill musicas an important",
"an important influence.When asked about the initial direction for her music, Cardi B said in an interview, \"When I first started rapping I liked certain songs fromKhiaandTrina, and they fighting songs. I haven't heard fighting songs for a very long time,\" crediting the two female rappers for her aggressive rap style. She continued, saying \"a lot of girls they cannot affordred bottoms, a lot of girls they cannot afford foreign cars but I know that every girl has beef with a girl I know that every bitch don't like some bitch, and it's like 'that's what I wanna rap about.'\" She also credits growing up in the South Bronx and real life experiences as influences for her songwriting; \"I wouldn't be able to rap about the things that I rap about now .\" Musical style Her first studio album,Invasion of Privacy, is primarily ahip hoprecord, which comprises elements oftrap,Latin music, andR&B.Consequence of Sounddescribed her flow as \"acrobatic and nimble.\"AllMusiceditor David Jeffries called Cardi B \"a raw and",
"Cardi B \"a raw and aggressive rapper\".Stereogumcalled her voice \"a full-bodied New Yawk nasal bleat, the sort of thing that you've heard if someone has ever told you that you stupid for taking too long at swiping yourMetroCard.\" They continued to call her voice \"an unabashedly loud and sexual fuck-you New York honk—that translates perfectly to rap.\" In a 2017Complexarticle about her, the editor wrote \"unapologetic does not begin to describe the totally unfiltered and sheer Cardi B-ness of Cardi B's personality. She's a hood chick who's not afraid to be hood no matter the setting. Cardi B is Cardi B24/7, 365, this is why she resonates with people, and that same energy comes out in her music.\"Herflowhas been described as aggressiveIn 2019,NMEdescribed her lyrics as \"sexually free\" performed with \"rapid\" flow,and other publications have further described her lyrics as outspoken,while her punchlines have been praised, by such publications asPitchforkandThe Source, as clever and quotable.She possesses aNew",
"possesses aNew York-Dominicanaccent. Cardi B has defended her musical content featuring sexually-charged lyrics—like most contemporary female rappers; she stated that the content \"seems like that's what people want to hear\", since she faced negative reactions after releasing her more emotional song, \"Be Careful\".She has declared, \" is the type of artist I always wanted to be: I like to rap about the streets, and I like to rap about my pussy. I don't give a fuck about it.\"She has stated that writing and performing songs about her personal life and relationships initially caused her a \"weird and uncomfortable\" feeling and shyness. Cardi B employs different vocal styles in her music; in \"WAP\" her vocal performance has been described as \"throaty\"and \"staccato\",while in \"Up\" she raps withalliteration, atongue twister-run, and \"some classically comedic Cardi\"punch lines. Other ventures Products and endorsements In February 2017, she partnered withM.A.Cand Rio Uribe's Gypsy Sport for aNew York Fashion Weekevent.Her",
"Weekevent.Her April appearance ini-D's \"A-Z of Music\" video was sponsored by designerMarc Jacobs,and she made the cover ofThe Fader's July/August 2017 Summer Music issue.Tom Ford's Cardi B-inspired lipstick, named after her, was released in September 2018. It sold out within 24 hours.In November, she released a clothing line collection withFashion Nova.The same month she partnered withReebok, promoting the brand's Aztrek sneaker.In partnership with Reebok, she released a footwear and apparel collection in 2020, inspired by her personal style and paying homage to \"classic 80s styling\" and motifs.She released her second collection with Reebok in 2021, titled \"Let Me Be...In My World\", comprising sneakers, tracksuits, and corsets, inspired by everyday life in New York City.The third collection with the brand, \"Mommy & Me\", was released in May 2021 in recognition ofMother's Day, which includes Cardi's iteration of Club C shoes for adults, children, and infants.The next, titled \"Let Me Be...Enchanted\" was",
"Be...Enchanted\" was released in two parts in June and July 2022; it was revealed to be inspired by \"a state of enchantment and euphoria\" and included crop tops, faux fur jackets, and leotards along with footwear.The fifth and final collection, \"Let Me Be...Next Level Energy\", was also released in two parts in September and December 2022, concluding her four-year partnership with Reebok.Inspired by Cardi B's \"unmatched energy\", the collection consisted of bodysuits, crop tops, footwear, leggings, and woven jackets—of a color palette based oncrystals. Cardi B teamed up withPepsifor three television commercials, which aired during theSuper Bowl LIII, the61st Annual Grammy Awards, and Christmas.In early 2019, Cardi also joined other hip hop artists (including her husbandOffset, as part ofMigos) in releasing her flavors of snack food Rap Snacks: two flavors of chips, and two of popcorn. The bags' artwork was designed by Jai Manselle and inspired by the cover ofInvasion of Privacy. In December 2021, Cardi B",
"2021, Cardi B partnered withPLBY Group Inc.ascreative directorin residence forPlayboyand founding member of Centerfold, a creator-driven website in the works. The partnership also includes fashion and sexual wellness products. In February 2023, Cardi B and Offset partnered withMcDonald'sto create the Cardi B and Offset meal, which was launched onValentine's Day.The meal was first announced in the2023McDonald'sSuper Bowl commercialwhich the couple appeared in.In October, she fronted the campaign forSkims' Cotton Collection.The campaign generated over $4 million in media impact value (MIV).In December 2023, she made her runway debut at the Balenciaga fall 2024 show in Los Angeles. In February 2024, Cardi B starred inNYX Cosmetics' inaugural Super Bowl commercial forSuper Bowl LVIII, titled \"Lips Only\".An edited version of the advert—centered around the company's Duck Plump lip gloss—was broadcast during the commercial break, due toribald themesof humor.In May 2024, she appeared alongside sprinterSha'Carri",
"sprinterSha'Carri Richardsonin a commercial for the2024 Summer Olympics.In July, Cardi fronted theMarc Jacobsfall 2024 campaign. Whipshots In collaboration with Starco Brands, Cardi B launched avodka-infused,veganwhipped cream, called Whipshots, in the US in December 2021.It has sold over five million cans as of March 2024. Cardi Tries She premiered the seriesCardi TriesviaFacebook Messengerin December 2020, with herself as one of the executive producers.The web series ran for three seasons until April 2023. Philanthropy In 2022, Cardi B donated $100,000 to the elementary school she attended, I.S. 232 inThe Bronx. Public image Political statements Cardi B identifies as afeminist.The rapper has been called \"unabashedly, directly political\"and often uses social media to advocate for causes she believes in, such asgun control.During the2016 presidential primaries, she warned her fans ofDonald Trump's immigration policies and encouraged them to vote for SenatorBernie Sanders.At theGrammy Awardsin 2018, she",
"Awardsin 2018, she appeared in a video along withHillary Clintonto narrate a portion ofFire and Fury,Michael Wolff's insider's account of Trump's administration, and stated \"Why am I even reading this shit? I can't believe this. I can't believe—this is how he really lives his life?\" Early in 2018 she used her social media to demand transparency ontax policy, asking for detailed information on how her taxpayer dollars are being spent in New York state and criticizing the maintenance of its streets, prisons, andpublic transportation.Cardi B endorsed Sanders once again in hissecond bidfor the presidency in the2020 United States presidential election, while praising U.S. RepresentativeTim Ryan.She stated that one of the reasons for her endorsement is Sanders' long-time involvement in supporting underprivileged minorities and \"people gettingMedicarebecause he knows they can't afford it,\"whilePoliticoargued that she \"might be one of Bernie's most powerful 2020 allies.\" She has used her social pages to raise",
"pages to raise awareness for victims ofpolice brutality, and has encouraged people to vote for mayors, judges anddistrict attorneysin local elections.In a conversation with Democratic candidateJoe BidenforElle, they discussed Medicare,free college tuition, and racial equality.According to a study published byThe Hollywood Reporter, Cardi B ranked as the fifth most influential celebrity, and fourth amongGeneration Z, for the 2020 presidential election. In November 2023, Cardi B stated that she no longer supports Joe Biden for president,saying that she would \"not endorsing no fucking president's no more\" as a result of Biden's \"spending on wars\". She has praised PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltfor advocating for theSocial Securityprogram and theNew Dealproject.She said of Roosevelt, \"he helped us get over theDepression, all while he was in a wheelchair. Like, this man was suffering frompolioat the time of his presidency, and yet all he was worried about was trying to make America great—make America great again",
"America great again for real. He's the real 'Make America Great Again,' because if it wasn't for him, old people wouldn't even get Social Security.\"Sanders has praised her for her \"leading role\" in calling attention to Social Security. Fashion Cardi has a noted affinity forChristian Louboutinheels, a running theme in her song \"Bodak Yellow\".She has also mentioned her affinity for cheap,fast fashionbrands stating \"I don't care if it cost $20 or $15. If it looks good on me, it looks good on me\".During an interview in early 2017, Cardi B spoke on being rejected by some fashion designers.Cardi wore vintageThierry Muglerto the2019 Grammy Awards, with ani-Darticle stating that the fashion house's \"resurgence onto the fashion scene can almost single-handedly be attributed\" to theSwarovski crystal-embroidered crinoline sheath gown she wore at the ceremony. Mugler's collaboration with Cardi B marked the second time in 25 years that the Paris house opened its archives to dress a celebrity, the first beingBeyoncéfor",
"beingBeyoncéfor her 2009 concert tour.Wmagazine credited the \"WAP\" music video for popularizing the Mugler bodysuit in the mainstream.Cardi has acknowledged Mugler as one of the first designers to \"take a major chance on \" for their fashion collaborations. Vogue,The Telegraph,Time, andVibehave referred to her as afashion icon.An article fromVoguenoted she \"is famous for her statement getups—whether she's rocking archival Mugler on the red carpet, or dripping in Chanel while sitting courtside at a basketball game.\"Her over-the-top manicures, designed bynail artistJenny Buiand studded withSwarovski crystals, has become a part of her signature look.EditorChristian Allairefrom the magazine in 2021 commented that her signature \"bold\" ensembles \"create a spectacle\" duringfashion weeks. In 2018, she became the first female rapper in the US to appear on the cover ofVoguemagazine. Photographed byAnnie Leibovitz, the cover, one of four for the January 2019 issue that includedStella McCartney,features her in a red and",
"her in a red and whiteMichael Korsdress and matching redJimmy Chooshoes, while holding her daughter, Kulture. In 2019, theCouncil of Fashion Designers of Americaincluded her on their list of \"28 Black Fashion Forces\".Vogueeditor-in-chiefAnna Wintourcommended her fashion sense, declaring that she \"completely rethought opinion of Cardi B's style\" after the 2019Met Gala, where the rapper wore aThom Browne-designed burgundy gown that extends outward in concentric circles for about ten feet and was inspired by thefemale form. Cardi B became the face ofBalenciaga's ad campaign for the winter 2020 season. The campaign includes billboards in several international locations, such as theLouvremuseum.Vogue's Brooke Bobb commented, \"This is Cardi's first campaign for a luxury fashion house, though she's definitely no stranger to the Parisian style scene\", citing her floral printedRichard Quinnensemble \"that literally covered her from head to toe\" and her being \"a front row fixture\" athigh fashionshows, adding, \"She and",
"adding, \"She and her stylist Kollin Carter have been wildly successful in carving out a much-needed space for Cardi within the fashion industry, and they've cultivated a personal style that is all her own while being inspiring to all\". In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be awarded by theFN Achievement Awardswhen she won the Style Influencer of the Year award, which was presented to her byChristian Louboutin. In a press release for the awards show, she was called an \"influence just about everything in pop culture—from music, fashion and style to social media, politics and even public service\".In 2022,Rolling Stoneranked her as the second most-stylish woman in music, behindLady Gaga,andGQconsidered her \"one of fashion's preeminent risk-takers.\" Impact Cardi B has been referred to as the \"Reigning Queen of Hip Hop\" by multiple publications, includingBillboard,The Hollywood Reporter,Entertainment Weekly,Omaha World-Herald,Black Enterprise,Newsweek, andThe A.V. Club,and as the \"Queen of Rap\"",
"the \"Queen of Rap\" byNME,Essence,Harper's Bazaar Malaysia,The Jakarta Post,Uproxx,iHeartRadio,Geo TV,Vanity Fair,Joe,Boston Herald,Refinery 29,France 24, and Nigerian mediaThe Guardian,BBC News, andDaily Trust. Spinstaff credited her for opening \"the table to a new generation of pop artists remaking American music in their own image and accents,\" as Cardi B \"recognized thatPOCartists no longer need to pander or soften themselves in order to become household names.\"Billboardeditors stated that with \"Bodak Yellow\"'s commercial success, \"she left an indelible mark on the summer of 2017, not only because she rewrote history, but she gave hope to the have nots...\".Several publications have credited \"I Like It\", the firstLatin trapsong to reach number one on theHot 100, for introducing the \"musical movement\" to a mainstream, massive audience.Billboard'sCarl Lamarre considered \"WAP\"'s achievements \"a clever Trojan horse for the myriad ways Cardi influences the culture with every move she makes.\" The Wall Street",
"The Wall Street Journal's Neil Shah stated in 2020 that her breakthrough and success influenced \"today's female-rap renaissance,\" whileGeniusstaff credited her for \"helping jumpstart a new wave of female hip-hop signings and promotion at labels,\"andNPR Musiccommented that the \"renaissance\" of the dynamism of women in rap grew \"in enthusiasm and breadth\" since Cardi's \"first historic run\" in 2017.Similarly,Clover Hope's bookThe Motherlode(2021) stated thatInvasion of Privacy\"jump-started a new era for women rappers in which success felt much more tangible\" as Cardi B \"multiplied the wealth of talent and resurrected the idea that numerous women who controlled their own stories could dominate rap at once.\" The New Yorkerhas credited her for \"changing a genre that has rarely allowed for more than one female superstar at a time.\"Uproxxnoted Cardi B for promoting up-and-coming female rappers; \" choosing to use her position at the height of stardom to open doors for other women to flourish in hip-hop at a greater",
"at a greater level than any since theGolden Eraand 'Ladies First',\" considering it \"something of a departure from tradition; for the decade previous to Cardi's precipitous come-up, it seemed hip-hop had an unspoken,Highlander-esque rule in place regarding women.\"Varietydeemed her a \"hip-hop icon\",andThe Independentcalled her \"the people's pop culture icon\", writing that she \"has become one of the most recognisable cultural figures of the past 10 years\". NPRdefined \"Cardi B effect\" as \"abranding powerrooted in specific authenticity, created and permeated by rapper Cardi B\" and noticed that with her breakthrough, \"brands finally started to become hip to effect, noticing the cultural markers outside of the rap world that were proving it wasn't limited to clubs, concerts and radio.\"Business magazineInc.stated that her success \"shows how social media changed everything we knew abouttraditional marketingand media\", which no longer relies on a \"well-thought marketing scheme or millions of dollars in",
"of dollars in advertising.\"In 2019, a life-sized sculpture of her was on display at theBrooklyn Museum, as part ofSpotify's RapCaviar \"Pantheon\". Bloombergreported that her data bill helped to boost Ghana's GDP growth in 2019, after it was part of a concert tour.She inspired the creation of the sitcomPartners in Rhyme, executively produced byMC Lyteabout a young woman in high school who \"aspires to be the next Cardi B.\"P-Valleycreator and executive producerKatori Hallcited her an inspiration for the TV series, and credited her for \"helping prepare the public\" for its storyline. Several artists have cited Cardi B's work as an inspiration, includingRosalía,Olivia Rodrigo,Jazmine Sullivan,Selena Gomez,Blackpink,Spice,Greta Gerwig,Nathy Peluso,Rubi Rose,María Becerra,andAbigail Asante.Cardi B has been credited for supporting and uniting female rappers in the industry,with a writer fromUproxxconsidering her co-sign \"the newDrakeeffect\" for women in hip hop. Achievements Cardi B is the recipient of numerous",
"of numerous accolades, including aGrammy Award, eightBillboardMusic Awards(including three consecutiveTop Rap Female Artistwins), sixGuinness World Records,sixAmerican Music Awards, fourMTV Video Music Awards, sixBET Awards(includingAlbum of the Year), and fourteenBET Hip Hop Awards.Invasion of Privacy—which made her the first female rapper to win theGrammy Award for Best Rap Albumas a solo artist—became the first female rap albumin fifteen yearsto be nominated for aGrammy Award for Album of the Year. Timeincluded her on theirannual listof the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018.She received theASCAPaward forSongwriter of the Yearin 2019, becoming the first female rapper to win the award.She received the honor for the second time in 2020, making her the first female songwriter to win the award twice.In 2020, Cardi B became the first female rapper to be namedWoman of the Yearat theBillboardWomen in MusicAwards. Cardi B is the female rapper with the mostBillboardHot 100number one singles (5)and",
"one singles (5)and the one with the most total weeks on the top position (16).\"I Like It\" became the first song led by a female rapper to surpassa billion streamsonSpotify, making her the first woman in hip hop with multiple billion-streamers on the service, and the female rapper with the second-most, with a total of four so far.With the singles \"Taki Taki\" and \"WAP\" she became the only female rapper to top the global Spotify chart multiple times.Since August 2020, \"WAP\" holds the record of the biggest first-week streams for a song in the United States.Invasion of Privacywas the top female rap album of the 2010s, according to theBillboard200decade-end chart.It became the longest-charting album by a female rapper on theBillboard200,and the most-streamed female rap album on Spotify. Cardi is the female rapper with the mostDiamond-certifiedsongs by theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) (3): \"Bodak Yellow\", which made her the first female rapper to have a song certified Diamond; \"Girls Like You\",",
"\"Girls Like You\", which made her the only female rapper to achieve multiple Diamond-certified songs; and \"I Like It\", a tie for the second-most among women artists.Cardi B has topped twicePitchfork'sannual list of best songs of the year(2017 and 2020).Billboardstaff andRolling Stoneranked her debut album number 13 and 34 on their critics' lists of the best albums of the 2010s respectively, both the highest rank for a female rapper for the decade.Cardi B has become the highest-certified female rapper of all time on theRIAA's Top Artists (Digital Singles)ranking, with 58 million certified units, also being among the highest-certified female artists overall.In October 2022, five years after her major-label debut, she reached 100 million units sold in RIAA certifications, across her album, singles and guest appearances. In the US, Cardi has achieved three times the best-performing song of the year by a female artist—the first act to do so this century—in 2017, 2018, and 2020.As of 2021, \"I Like It\" is the",
"\"I Like It\" is the most-streamed song by a female rapper in the United Kingdom.In August 2021, \"Bodak Yellow\" made Cardi B the first female rapper to have two videos on herYouTubechannel with more than 1 billion views, joining \"I Like It\", and became the fastest solo female rap song to reach that mark on the platform.She has the most-viewed music videos on YouTube, both as a solo act and feature, among female rappers (\"Bodak Yellow\"; \"Girls Like You\"). As of September 2024, she has one music video with over 3 billion views (\"Girls Like You\"); one video with over 2 billion views (\"Taki Taki\"); and three videos with over a billion views (\"I Like It\", \"Bodak Yellow\", \"Girls Like You (Volume 2)\") on YouTube. Cardi is the only female rapper ranked onBillboard's Greatest Hot 100 Hits of All Time, with \"Girls Like You\" at number 30. Personal life Cardi B defined herself as a practicingCatholic.In 2016, Cardi B said that, while working as a stripper during her younger years, she used to drug and rob men to get",
"and rob men to get money.Following controversies on the matter, sparked in 2019, she defended herself by saying that she took money from them because they \"wasted her time by falling asleep\", and then \"kept coming back.\"In 2024, she spoke on the matter again, saying she \"doesn't feel bad\" about drugging and robbing men and would do it again. She identifies asbisexual.In connection with theMe Too movement, she has discussed being sexually assaulted in the past while working as a stripper. In a 2018 interview, Cardi B talked about beingAfro-LatinaandAfro-Caribbean: We are Caribbean people. Some people want to decide if you're black or not, depending on your skin complexion, because they don't understand Caribbean people or our culture. I don't got to tell you that I'm black. I expect you to know about it. When my father taught me about Caribbean countries, he told me that Europeans took over our lands. That's why we all speak different languages. Just like everybody else, we came over here the same way. I",
"the same way. I hate when people try to take my roots from me. Because we know that there's African roots inside of us. Relationships In early 2017, Cardi B began dating fellow rapperOffset.They became engaged on October 27, 2017.On April 7, 2018, during her second performance onSaturday Night Live, Cardi B revealed her pregnancy; she was about six months (24 weeks) pregnant at the time.On June 25, 2018,TMZfound a marriage license revealing Cardi B and Offset had actually secretly married in September 2017, one month before the public proposal. She later confirmed this in a social media post. Cardi B gave birth to her daughter on July 10, 2018.In December 2018, she announced onInstagramthat she and Offset had separated, though the pair later reunited.In February 2019, the couple made a public appearance for the Grammys.He accompanied her onstage during her acceptance speech forBest Rap Album. In September 2020, it was reported that Cardi B had filed for divorce from Offset,but the following month it was",
"month it was revealed they were back together.In June 2021, Cardi B revealed she was pregnant with her second child, a boy.She gave birth to her son on September 4, 2021.On the fifth anniversary of her marriage, Cardi B announced she was planning her official wedding.In December 2023, Cardi shared via Instagram that she had been \"single for a minute,\" confirming that she and Offset were no longer together.However, as of March 2024, the current status of their marriage became unclear as they were still working together, with Offset having directed a music video for Cardi B.In July 2024, Cardi officially filed for divorce from Offset. She announced her third pregnancy the day after.She gave birth to her third child, on September 7, 2024. Legal issues On October 1, 2018, Cardi B was accused of an alleged assault of two female bartenders.The victims claimed that Cardi B and her entourage \"threw bottles and alcohol at them.\"She denied involvement.She was charged with twomisdemeanors: assault and reckless",
"and reckless endangerment.Cardi B appeared in court for her arraignment on December 7, 2018, after she did not show up for the originally scheduled date due to a scheduling conflict, according to her attorney.On June 21, 2019, a jury indicted Cardi B on 14 charges, including two counts of felony assault with intent to cause serious physical injury, stemming from the incident.She was arraigned on June 25, 2019, and pleaded not guilty on all charges.On September 15, 2022, she pleaded guilty to third-degree assault and second-degree reckless endangerment, resulting in a sentence of 15 days of community service. On January 24, 2022, Cardi won a million-dollar defamation verdict against YouTuber Latasha Kebe (Tasha K) for waging a \"malicious campaign\" to hurt her reputation by posting false rumors. She stated that the lies had led her to contemplate suicide in 2019.The jury issued a verdict that Cardi B had been defamed and awarded $1.25 million in damages.Further proceedings brought the total fine against Kebe",
"fine against Kebe to $3.82 million. On March 25, 2022, Cardi, her sister Hennessy, and Hennessy's girlfriend won a defamation lawsuit filed against them by three men over an incident at a Suffolk County beach. In July 2023, Cardi B threw her microphone into the crowd at aLas Vegasconcert of hers after a fan threw a liquid at her. Subsequently, one fan attempted to press charges but theClark CountyPolice Department following an investigation decided not to move forward with a case. Controversies Cardi B sparked controversy after throwing one of her high heel shoes at and attempting to physically attack fellow rapperNicki Minajat aNew York Fashion Weekafter-party in September 2018; bodyguards intervened before she could reach Minaj, leaving her a large bump on her forehead.Following the altercation, she alleged on Instagram that Minaj had previously \"liked\" social media comments that spoke negatively of Cardi B's ability to take care of her newborn daughter.Minaj denied the allegations on her Queen Radio show",
"Queen Radio show and expressed embarrassment at the fight.She accused Cardi B of building \"her career off of sympathy and payola\" and of bribing DJs and radio outlets with sex to play her records. Minaj also criticized Cardi B's rapping ability, saying, \"Do you know what it's like to sit in your room for hours writing raps? You came into my fucking culture. I never had to fuck a DJ to play my songs.\"Minaj also called Cardi B a \"disgusting pig\" for allegedlycyberbullyinga guest caller on Minaj's show and unearthed posts calling dark-skinned black women \"cockroaches\", which she had defended earlier by saying that it is a derogatory term inthe Bronxused for anyone being disrespectful.Cardi B was on the cover of the 2019 spring fashion issue ofHarper's Bazaar, which featured her in aCinderella-themed photo shoot wearing a red gown and leaving a shoe behind. Some interpreted this as a reference to the incident. After the release of \"Girls\" in May 2018, a collaboration where she had a featured verse, Cardi B",
"verse, Cardi B responded to accusations of the song trivializingLGBTrelationships; she tweeted, \"We never try to cause harm or had bad intentions with the song.\" She went on to add, \"I personally myself had experiences with other women.\" Discography Filmography Commercials See also Notes References Further reading External links",
"Tupac Shakur Tupac Amaru Shakur(/ˈtuːpɑːkʃəˈkʊər/ⓘ; bornLesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names2PacandMakaveli, was an American rapper and actor. Considered to be one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time,academics regard him as one of the most influential music artists of the 20th century and a prominent political activist forBlack America.In addition to his music career, Shakur also wrote poetry and had numerous starring roles in movies. Shakur is among thebest-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide.His lyrical content has been noted for addressing social injustice, political issues, and the marginalization of otherAfrican-Americans,but he was also synonymous withgangsta rapand violent lyrics. Shakur was born inNew York Cityto parents who were both political activists andBlack Panther Partymembers. Raised by his mother,Afeni Shakur, he relocated toBaltimorein 1984 and to theSan Francisco Bay Areain 1988.",
"Bay Areain 1988. With the release of his debut album2Pacalypse Nowin 1991, he became a central figure inWest Coast hip hopfor hisconscious rapandpolitical raplyrics.Shakur achieved further critical and commercialmulti-platinumsuccess with his follow-up albumsStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...(1993) andMe Against the World(1995).HisDiamondcertified albumAll Eyez on Me(1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.In addition to his music career, Shakur starred roles inJuice(1992),Poetic Justice(1993),Above the Rim(1994),Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Shakur's most notable songs include \"California Love,\" \"Changes,\" \"Dear Mama,\" \"Hail Mary,\" \"Keep Ya Head Up,\" \"Hit 'Em Up,\" \"Ambitionz az a Ridah,\" \"All Eyez on Me,\" \"Ghetto Gospel,\" \"Do for Love,\" \"So Many Tears,\" \"To Live & Die in L.A.,\" \"How Do U Want It,\" \"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted,\" \"Brenda's Got a Baby\" and \"I Get Around.\" Alongside his solo career, Shakur was part of",
"Shakur was part of the groupThug Lifeand collaborated with artists likeSnoop Dogg,Dr. Dre, and theOutlawz. During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, includingincarceration. He served eight months in prison onsexual abusecharges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction in 1995.Following his release, he signed toMarion \"Suge\" Knight's labelDeath Row Recordsand became heavily involved in the growingEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.On September 7, 1996, Shakur wasshot four timesby an unidentified assailant in adrive-by shootinginLas Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur's friend-turned-rival,the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered inanother drive-by shootingsix months later in March 1997, while visiting Los Angeles.On September 22, 1996, a peace summit was convened atMosque MaryambyLouis Farrakhanin response to",
"response to hisassassination. Shakur's double-length posthumous albumGreatest Hits(1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.Five more albums have been released since Shakur's death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous albumThe Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory(1996)under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified multi-platinum in the United States.In 2002, Shakur was inducted into theHip-Hop Hall of Fame.In 2017, he was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Famein his first year of eligibility.Rolling Stoneranked Shakur among the100 Greatest Artists of All Time.In 2023, he was awarded a posthumous star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His influence in music, activism, songwriting, and other areas of culture has been the subject of academic studies. Early life Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, inEast Harlem, Manhattan, New York City.While born Lesane Parish Crooks, at age one he was renamed Tupac",
"was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.He was named afterTúpac Amaru II, a descendant of the lastIncanruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after hisrevoltagainstSpanish rule.Shakur's motherAfeni Shakurexplained, \"I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood.\"Tupac's surname came from Lumumba Shakur, a Sunni Muslim, whom his mother married in November 1968. Their marriage fell apart when it was discovered that Lumumba was not Tupac's biological father. Shakur had an older stepbrother,Mopreme \"Komani\" Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior. Panther heritage Shakur's parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, William \"Billy\" Garland, had been activeBlack Panther Partymembers in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.A month before Shakur's birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of thePanther 21criminal",
"21criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges. Other family members who were involved in theBlack Panthers'Black Liberation Armywere convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur's stepfather,Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years as one of theFBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur'sgodfather,Elmer \"Geronimo\" Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was wrongly convicted of murdering a schoolteacher during a 1968 robbery. After he spent 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution's having concealed evidence that proved his innocence. Shakur's godmother,Assata Shakur, is a former member of theBlack Liberation Armywho was convicted in 1977 of thefirst-degree murderof aNew Jersey State Trooper. Since 2013, she has been in theFBI Most Wanted Terroristslist after she escapedprisonin 1979. Education In the",
"Education In the 1980s, Shakur's mother found it difficult to find work and struggled with drug addiction.In 1984, his family moved from New York City toBaltimore, Maryland.Beginning in 1984 when Shakur was 13, he lived in thePen Lucyneighborhood with his mother and younger sister at 3955 Greenmount Ave.The home was a two-storyrowhousethat had been subdivided into two separate rental units; the Shakur family lived on the first floor.After his death, the block was renamed Tupac Shakur Way. While living in Baltimore, Shakur attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade atPaul Laurence Dunbar High School.He transferred to theBaltimore School for the Artsin the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry,jazz, and ballet.He performed inShakespeare plays—the themes of which he identified in patterns of gang warfare—and as the Mouse King inThe Nutcrackerballet. At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actressJada Pinkett, who became the subject of some of his poems (\"Jada\"",
"his poems (\"Jada\" and \"The Tears in Cupid's Eyes\").With his friend Dana \"Mouse\" Smith as abeatbox, he won competitions for the school's best rapper.Known for his humor, he was popular with all crowds of students.He listened to a diverse range of music that includedKate Bush,Culture Club,Sinéad O'Connor, andU2. Upon connecting with the BaltimoreYoung Communist League USA,Shakur dated Mary Baldridge, who was the daughter of the director of the local chapter of theCommunist Party USA. In 1988, Shakur moved toMarin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.In nearbyMill Valley, he attendedTamalpais High School,where he performed in several theater productions.Shakur did not graduate from high school, but later earned hisGED. Music career MC New York Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.That year, he began attending the poetry classes ofLeila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly",
"rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap groupDigital Underground.In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as aroadieandbackup dancer. Digital Underground Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac onDigital Underground, under a new record label,Interscope Records, on the group's January 1991 single \"Same Song\". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, starringDan Aykroyd,John Candy,Chevy Chase, andDemi Moore.The song opened the group's January 1991 EP titledThis Is an EP Release,while Shakur appeared in the music video. At the request of Steinberg, Digital Underground co-founder Jimi \"Chopmaster J\" Dright worked with Shakur,Ray Luvand Dize, a DJ, on their earliest studio recordings. Dright recalls that Shakur did not work well as part of a group, and added, \"this guy was on a mission. From day one. Maybe he knew he wasn't going to be around seven years later.\" From 1988 to 1991, Dright and Digital",
"Dright and Digital Underground produced Shakur's earliest work with his crew at the time, Strictly Dope.The recordings were rediscovered in 2000 and released asThe Lost Tapes: Circa 1989.Afeni Shakur sued to stop the sale of the recordings but the suit was settled in June 2001 and rereleased asBeginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991. Shakur's early days withDigital Undergroundmade him acquainted withRandy \"Stretch\" Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team,Live Squad, inQueens, New York.Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground's 1991 albumSons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often. 2Pacalypse Now Shakur's debut album,2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 filmApocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—likeNas,Eminem,Game, andTalib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.Aside from \"If My Homie Calls\", the singles \"Trapped\" and \"Brenda's Got a Baby\"",
"Got a Baby\" poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage. U.S. Vice PresidentDan Quaylesaid, \"There's no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society.\" Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,explained, in part: I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males. When I said that, I didn't know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males, to be the media's kicking post for young black males. 2Pacalypse Nowwascertified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day. Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... Shakur's second album,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..., was released in February 1993.A critical and commercial success, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200.An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac's sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song \"Last Wordz\"",
"song \"Last Wordz\" featuresIce Cube, co-writer ofN.W.A's\"Fuck tha Police\", who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantlypolitical, andgangsta rapperIce-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his bandBody Count's track \"Cop Killer\". In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the \"Black Side\", while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the \"Dark Side\".The album carries the single \"I Get Around\", a party anthem featuring Digital Underground'sShock GandMoney-B, which became Shakur's breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, theBillboardHot 100.And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, \"Keep Ya Head Up\", an anthem forwomen's empowerment.The album was certifiedPlatinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums,Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies. Thug Life In late 1993, Shakur formed the groupThug Lifewith Tyrus \"Big Syke\" Himes, Diron \"Macadoshis\" Rivers, his",
"Rivers, his stepbrotherMopreme Shakur, and Walter \"Rated R\" Burns.Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac. Thug Life released its only album,Thug Life, Volume I, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single \"Pour Out a Little Liquor\", produced byJohnny \"J\" Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur's albumAll Eyez on Me. The track also appears on theAbove the Rimsoundtrack.Due togangsta rapbeing under heavy criticism at the time, the album's original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, \"Out on Bail\", which was never released, at the1994 Source Awards. The Notorious B.I.G. and Junior M.A.F.I.A. In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles,the Notorious B.I.G.asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call",
"Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.Together, they recorded the songs \"Runnin' from tha Police\" and \"House of Pain\". Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him thatSean Combswould make him a star.Yet in the meantime, Shakur's lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, theJunior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friendsLil' CeaseandLil' Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994. Me Against the World Shakur's third album,Me Against the World,was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.It is now hailed as hismagnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.The album debuted at No. 1 on theBillboard200and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper. The lead single,",
"The lead single, \"Dear Mama\", was released in February 1995 with \"Old School\" as theB-side.It is the album's most successful single, topping theHot Rap Singleschart, and peaking at No. 9 on theBillboardHot 100.In July, it was certified Platinum.It ranked No. 51 on theyear-end charts. The second single, \"So Many Tears\", was released in June 1995,reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.The final single, \"Temptations\", was released in August 1995.It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on theHot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for \"Temptations\". Shakur won best rap album at the1996 Soul Train Music Awards.In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the U.S. All Eyez on Me While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contactDeath Row RecordsfounderSuge",
"RecordsfounderSuge Knightin Los Angeles.Reportedly, Shakur's mother promptly received $15,000.After an August visit toClinton Correctional Facilityin northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the2nd Annual Source Awardsceremony. Meanwhile, anEast Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalrywas brewing between Death Row andBad Boy Records.In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending. Shakur's fourth album,All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996.It was rap's first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur's contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.The album shows Shakurrapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.Music journalistKevin Powellnoted that Shakur, once released from prison, became",
"from prison, became more aggressive, and \"seemed like a completely transformed person\". As Shakur's second album to hit No. 1 on both theTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and the pop albums chart, theBillboard200,it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it wascertified5× Multi-Platinum in April.The singles \"How Do U Want It\" and \"California Love\" reached No. 1 on theBillboardHot 100.Death Row released Shakur's diss track \"Hit 'Em Up\" as the non-album B-side to \"How Do U Want It\". In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed \"Bad Boy killer\" threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duoMobb Deepand rapperChino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute. All Eyez on Mewon R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the1997 Soul Train Music Awards.At the1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,and 10× in July",
"10× in July 2014. Posthumous albums At the time of his death, a fifth solo album was already finished,The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded during the summer of 1996 and released that year.The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com rankedThe 7 Day Theoryat No. 9 among hip hop's greatest albums ever,and by 2006 a classic album.Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans. According to George \"Papa G\" Pryce, Death Row Records' then director ofpublic relations, the album was meant to be \"underground\", and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.It peaked at No. 1 onBillboard'sTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albumschart and on theBillboard200,with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum. Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are: Poetry",
"albums are: Poetry collection Before and during his hip-hop career, Shakur wrote dozens of poems.Some of the most notable are \"Can U C The Pride in The Panther\", \"If I fail\", \"Family Tree\", and \"The Rose that grew from the concrete\". In 1993 Tupac played a character named “Lucky” in the film titledPoetic JusticealongsideJanet Jackson. Poet and activistMaya Angelou, whom worked withMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm Xduring the civil rights movement, wrote the poems used in the 1993 film. In April 2022, handwritten poems written by Tupac when he was 11 years old were up for sale for $300,000 USD but only sold for $90,000.The poems were forJamal Josephand three otherBlack Panther Partymembers while they were incarcerated atLeavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur's writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The poems feature a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart",
"signed with a heart and the phrase \"Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter\". In October, 2023, sexually explicit poems he wrote toJada Pinkett Smithwhile in prison went public in the book \"Tupac Shakur: The Authorized Biography.\"Pinkett Smith celebrated Shakur's 50th birthday by showing a unreleased poem on Instagram called \"Lost Soulz.\"According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\"Tupac had passion for theater and admiration ofWilliam Shakespeare. Years after Tupac's death,Nassaid \"I put Tupac beyond Shakespeare.\" Film career Shakur's first film appearance was in the 1991 filmNothing but Trouble, acameoby the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred inJuice, in which he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual.Rolling Stone'sPeter Traverscalls him \"the film's most magnetic figure\". In 1993, Shakur starred alongsideJanet JacksoninJohn Singleton's romance film,Poetic Justice.Singleton later fired",
"later fired Shakur from the 1995 filmHigher Learningbecause the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.For the lead role in the eventual 2001 filmBaby Boy, a role played byTyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.Ultimately, theset designincludes a Shakur mural in the protagonist's bedroom, and the film's score includes Shakur's song \"Hail Mary\". DirectorAllen Hugheshad cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 filmMenace II Societybut replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors \"because he was bigger than the movie\". Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 filmAbove the Rim.By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealerJacques \"Haitian Jack\" Agnant,who managed and promoted rappers.Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the",
"disregarded the warning.Through Haitian Jack, Shakur metJames \"Jimmy Henchman\" Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager. Soon after Shakur's death, three more films starring him were released,Bullet(1996),Gridlock'd(1997), andGang Related(1997). Posthumous rumored roles andStar Wars It was rumored that Shakur was being considered byGeorge Lucasto portrayJedi MasterMace Winduin theStar Warsprequel films (1999–2005). According to formerDeath Row Recordschief engineer Rick Clifford, George Lucas was eyeing Tupac to star in his return to the \"Star Wars\" saga. Clifford talked about how excited Tupac was for the role, \"'Pac found out that I worked for Brian Austin Green, who was on90210, then he found out I some movies, so we always talked about his film career and stuff. He was telling me that he was supposed to read for George Lucas and them. They wanted him to be a Jedi. I'm serious. Samuel L. got Tupac's part. said , 'Old man, keep your fingers crossed.' He said, 'I've got three movies",
"got three movies coming up. One of them, I've got to read for George Lucas.\" The Phantom Menacescript had begun being written in 1996 and the eventual film seeing release in 1999. Lucas had asked Jackson to ask Shakur to audition but due to Shakur's untimely death the role ultimately went toSamuel L. Jackson. The two had worked on the filmJuicetogether. Personal life In his 1995 interview withVibemagazine, Shakur listedJada Pinkett,Jasmine Guy,TreachandMickey Rourkeamong the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.Shakur also mentioned thatMadonnawas a supportive friend.Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994. Shakur became close friends with Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.He helped Pinkett land her first movie role in the filmMenace II Society(1993).In turn, Pinkett secured Shakur a guest starring role on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.She appeared in his music videos \"Keep Ya Head Up\" and \"Temptations\".She also came up with the concept for",
"the concept for his \"California Love\" music video and had intended to direct it, but removed herself from the project.In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur's bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.Pinkett later revealed that she turned down hismarriage proposalwhile he was incarcerated atRikers Islandin 1995.Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: \"Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life. We'll be old together. Jada can ask me to do anything and she can have it.\"Pinkett said Shakur was \"one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime\". After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy's home.They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcomA Different Worldin 1993.Guy appeared in his music video \"Temptations\" and later wrote his mother's 2004 biography,Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary. Shakur befriended Treach when they were both",
"when they were both roadies on Public Enemy's tour in 1990.He made a cameo inNaughty by Nature's music video \"Uptown Anthem\" in 1992.Treach collaborated on Shakur's song \"5 Deadly Venomz\" and appeared in the music video for Shakur's \"Temptations\".Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996. In 1993, during a police raid of Shakur's room at New York City'sParker Meridian Hotel, a videotape was confiscated which showed Shakur having sex with his then-girlfriend Desiree Smith. Officers were attempting to build their case against Shakur for the allegedsodomyof Ayanna Jackson. In 2022, Smith insisted she was neither underage nor intoxicated at the time of their tryst.In 2011, asex tapefeaturing Shakur receivingoral sexfrom a groupie while rapping and dancing along to one of his own unreleased songs, was sold to a private collector. The video, which was filmed in 1993, also features rapperMoney BfromDigital Underground. Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the",
"while filming the movieBulletin 1994.Rourke recalled that Shakur \"was there for me during some very hard times.\" Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, includingMike TysonChuck D,Jim Carrey,andAlanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together. On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris, apre-lawstudent.Their marriage was annulled ten months later. In a 1993 interview published inThe Source, Shakur criticized record producerQuincy Jonesfor hisinterracial marriageto actressPeggy Lipton.Their daughterRashida Jonesresponded with an irate open letter.Shakur later apologized to her sisterKidada Jones, whom he began dating in 1996.Shakur and Jones attendedMen's Fashion Weekin Milan and walked the runway together for aVersacefashion show.Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot. Legal issues Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release In November 1993, Shakur and two",
"Shakur and two other men were charged in New York withsodomizinga woman in Shakur's hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room on a later day, when Shakur, record executiveJacques \"Haitian Jack\" Agnant, Shakur's road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended and forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.Shakur was also charged withillegal possession of a firearmas two guns were found in the hotel room.Interviewed onThe Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that \"a woman would accuse me of taking something from her\", as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life. On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for \"forcibly touching the woman's buttocks\" in his hotel room.Jurors have said the",
"have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.Shakur's lawyer characterized the sentence as \"out of line\" with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as \"inhumane\". Shakur's accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequentlysettled. After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant's case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.A. J. Benzareported inNew York Daily NewsShakur's new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant andJames \"Henchman\" Rosemond, who he considered to be behind the 1994 Quad Studios shooting. Shakur was unable to post the $3 million bond to keep himself free until sentencing so he surrendered himself to authorities at theBellevue Hospital Jail Wardin New York City on December 23, 1994.At the time, he was still recovering from injuries",
"from injuries he received on November 30, when he was shot five times and robbed at Quad Studios.In January 1995, Shakur was moved to the North Infirmary Command (NIC) onRikers Islandinthe Bronx.On February 7, 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to4+1⁄2years in prison by a judge who decried \"an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman\". In March 1995, Shakur was transferred toClinton Correctional FacilityinDannemora.While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such asThe Princeby Italian philosopherNiccolò MachiavelliandThe Art of Warby Chinese military strategistSun Tzusparked Shakur's interest inphilosophy,philosophy of warandmilitary strategy.On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such asJim CarreyandTony Danzaamong others.He was also visited byAl Sharpton, who helped Shakur get",
"helped Shakur get released fromsolitary confinement. By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum securityDannemoraClinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,onceSuge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arraigned for posting of his $1.4 million bond. 1993 shooting in Atlanta On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.As they argued with the driver, Shakur's car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them",
"shot at them first. Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur's car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from aHenry Countypolice evidence room.Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell's suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell's $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper's estate in 1998. 1994 Quad Studios shooting On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.Music managerJames \"Jimmy Henchman\" Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his clientLittle Shawn.Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed",
"as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up. Against medical advice, Shakur checked out ofMetropolitan Hospital Centera few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actressJasmine Guyto recuperate.The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury's verdict for his sexual abuse case.Shakur spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy's home.TheFruit of Islamand former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him. Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G. In a 1995 interview withVibe, Shakur accusedSean Combs,Jimmy Henchman,and the Notorious B.I.G, – who were at Quad Studios at the time – among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting.Vibealerted the names of",
"the names of the accused.The accusations were significant to the East–West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track \"Who Shot Ya?\", which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released adiss song, \"Hit 'Em Up\", in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs,their record label,Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of \"Hit 'Em Up\", he mentions rivalsMobb DeepandChino XL. In March 2008,Chuck Philips, in theLos Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman's order.Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources. Other criminal or civil cases 1991 Oakland Police Department",
"Police Department lawsuit On October 17, 1991, twoOakland Police Departmentofficers stopped Shakur forjaywalkingat a downtown intersection.According to Shakur, officers Alex Boyovic and Kevin Rogers asked him for his ID and pressed him about his name before choking him, throwing him to the ground and slamming his head on the concrete.Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the officers forpolice brutality.The case wassettledfor about $43,000.It was later revealed that this incident was the onset of Shakur's autoimmune diseasealopecia, which led him to shave his head bald. Misdemeanor assault convictions On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert atMichigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show, that he never swung it, and that there was no criminal intent.Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to amisdemeanorand was sentenced to 30 days",
"to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended on condition that he complete 35 hours of community service. Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993Hughes Brothers' filmMenace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film's directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.The prosecution's evidence included aYo! MTV Rapsinterview in which Shakur boasted that he had \"beat up the director ofMenace II Society\". Concealed weapon case In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals",
"via appeals pending in other cases. 1995 wrongful death suit On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carriedColt Mustangbut dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged. About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa'id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a.38-caliberpistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa'id's mother filed awrongful death suitagainst Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000. C. Delores Tucker lawsuit Civil rights activist and fierce rap criticC. Delores Tuckersued Shakur's estate in federal court, claiming that",
"claiming that lyrics in \"How Do U Want It\" and \"Wonda Why They Call U Bitch\" inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.The case was later dismissed. Murder and aftermath On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada to attend theBruce Seldon vs. Mike Tysonboxing match with Suge Knight at theMGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby one of Knight's associates spottedOrlando \"Baby Lane\" Anderson, aSouthside ComptonCrip, and told Shakur he had tried to rob them earlier that year. The hotel'ssurveillancefootage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a blackBMW 750iLsedan, part of a larger convoy. At about 11 p.m. onLas Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk, and the car was released without a ticket.At about 11:15 p.m. at a stop light, a white, four-door,",
"a white, four-door, late-modelCadillacsedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chestwith one bullet entering his right lung.Shards hit Knight's head. Frank Alexander, Shakur's bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur's girlfriend,Kidada Jones. Shakur was taken to theUniversity Medical Center of Southern Nevadawhere he was heavily sedated and put on life support.In theintensive-care uniton the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died frominternal bleeding.He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m.The official causes of death arerespiratory failureandcardiopulmonary arrestassociated with multiple gunshot wounds.Shakur's body wascrematedthe next day. Members of theOutlawz, recalling a line in his song \"Black Jesus\", (although uncertain of the artist's attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some",
"smoked some of his body's ashes after mixing them withmarijuana. In 2002, investigative journalistChuck Philips,after a year of work, reported in theLos Angeles Timesthat Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur's entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips's 2002 article also alleges the involvement ofChristopher \"Notorious B.I.G.\" Wallaceand several within New York City's criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.Music journalist John Leland, inThe New York Times, called the evidence \"inconclusive\". In 2011, via theFreedom of Information Act, theFBIreleased documents related to its investigation which described anextortionscheme by theJewish Defense League(classified as \"aright wing terroristgroup\" by theFBI) that included makingdeath threatsagainst Shakur",
"Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder. On July 18, 2023, theLas Vegas Police Departmentexecuted asearch warrantin connection with Shakur's murder. On September 29, 2023, theAPreported that Las Vegas police had arrested a suspect,Duane \"Keefe D\" Davis, in Shakur's murder. Police had two months previously served a search warrant at his wife's home in the Las Vegas suburb of Henderson.Davis pleaded not guilty on November 2, 2023, in Las Vegas. Artistry Musical style Shakur's music and philosophical outlook were deeply influenced by a wide range of American,African American, and global influences, including theBlack Panther Party,black nationalism,egalitarianism, and the concept ofliberty. Moreover, Shakur's artistic sensibilities were enriched by his passion for theater and admiration for the works ofWilliam Shakespeare. Notably, he honed his theatrical skills as a student at theBaltimore School for the Arts, where he delved into the psychological complexities inherent",
"inherent in inter-gang warfare and inter-cultural conflicts, reflecting themes explored in Shakespearean dramas. 2Pacalypse Now(1991), showcased his socially conscious perspective. Through powerful tracks like \"Brenda's Got a Baby\", \"Trapped\", and \"Part Time Mutha\", Shakur addressed social injustice, poverty, and police brutality. In doing so, he contributed to the ongoing success of rap groups such asBoogie Down Productions,Public Enemy,X-Clan, andGrandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, while establishing himself as one of the pioneering socially conscious rappers from the West Coast. Continuing his focus on the social challenges faced by African American people, Shakur's second album featured songs like \"The Streetz R Deathrow\" and \"Last Wordz\". Simultaneously, he showcased his compassionate side with the empowering anthem \"Keep Ya Head Up\", and his legendary intensity with the title track from the albumStrictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...Additionally, he paid homage to his former groupDigital Undergroundby",
"Undergroundby including them on the playful track \"I Get Around\". Throughout his career, Shakur's subsequent albums reflected a growing assertiveness in his approach. Shakur's body of work encompassed contrasting themes, includingsocial inequality,injustice, compassion, playfulness, andhope. These elements continued to shape his artistry, exemplified by his explosive 1995 albumMe Against the World.The release ofAll Eyez on Mein 1996 further solidified his reputation, with tracks like \"Ambitionz az a Ridah\", \"I Ain't Mad at Cha\", \"California Love\", \"Life Goes On\", and \"Picture Me Rollin'\" being hailed as classics by critics. Shakur describedAll Eyez on Meas a celebration of life, and the album achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success.According toEminem, Tupac is the greatest songwriter of all time.Nassaid in 2002: \"I put Tupac beyondShakespeare.\" Vocal style Singers can manipulate different parts of their body to create various sounds. For instance, the \"head voice\" involves singing high-pitched",
"high-pitched tones resonating from the head, while the \"chest voice\" utilizes the chest area. In the documentary \"Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel,\"Greg \"Shock G\" Jacobs, one of Shakur's early producers, discusses how rappers also utilize different bodily areas to project their voices. According to him, \"Slick Rick rhymed from the nasal palate, Nas from the back of his throat, and Pac from the pit of his stomach, which is where his power came from.\" Shakur's influences stemmed from powerful orators likeMartin Luther King Jr.andMalcolm X. Despite not being physically imposing, Shakur's voice carried immense weight and power, reminiscent of these influential speakers. Shakur was also known for his technique of stacking or layering vocals, adding depth and rawness to his voice. This approach, demonstrated notably on tracks like \"Dear Mama\" from his 1995 albumMe Against the World, involves overlaying multiple vocal lines to highlight rhythms and emphasize words and phrases. Mastering this technique requires precision to",
"precision to maintain flow and clarity, as heard in the lyrics \"and even though I act crazy/I gotta thank the Lord that you made me,\" where Shakur's voice transitions from full to husky, underscoring the emotional depth of the lyrics. Despite its difficulty, Shakur's background in jazz, poetry, and theater endowed him with exceptional rhythm control, enabling him to layer vocals seamlessly while preserving cohesion and flow. Legacy and remembrance Shakur is considered one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.He was listed as one of the greatest artists of all time byRolling Stone.He is widely credited as an important figure inhip hop culture, and his prominence inpop culturein general has been noted.Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, \"Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure.\"Yet to some, he was a \"father figure\" who, said rapperYG, \"makes you",
"\"makes you want to be better—at every level.\"In 2023,Billboardranked Tupac at number 4 among the top 50 rappers of all time. AllMusic'sStephen Thomas Erlewinedescribed Shakur as \"the unlikely martyr ofgangsta rap\", with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along withSnoop Dogg.The online rap magazineAllHipHopheld a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappersCormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duoMobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.Shakur emerged as a celebrated artist, earning recognition for his astonishingly prolific output and unwavering commitment to his craft.According toRolling Stonewriter Andy Green: “He was also a poet and activist who became one of his era’s most revolutionary voices.\" In 2017, American rapperSnoop Doggcalled Tupac “the greatest rapper of all time” during hisRock & Roll Hall of Fametribute.In 2021,SaweetietoldComplexthat Tupac was “the greatest",
"was “the greatest rapper that ever lived”. According to British writer Rob Marriott, he deemed the act of tying abandanainto rabbit ears as one of the most distinctive and instantly recognizable style choices in the world ofhip-hop. Regarded as asex symbol, his unique style helped shape the fashion landscape of the 1990s and continues to influence artists and fashion enthusiasts to this day. In 2010, writingRolling Stonemagazine's entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the \"100 greatest artists\", New York rapper50 Centappraised: Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. People either try to emulate him in some way, or they go in a different direction because they didn't like what he did. But whatever you think of him, he definitely developed his own style: He didn't sound like anyone who came before him. According to music journalistChuck Philips, Shakur \"had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon.\"Philips",
"phenomenon.\"Philips writes, \"The slaying silenced one of modern music's most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds.\"Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as amartyr, \"the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use\", academicMichael Eric Dysonconcedes.But Dyson adds, \"Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac's martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs.\" In 2014,BETexplained that \"his confounding mixture of ladies' man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In50 Cent,Ja Rule,Lil Wayne, newcomers likeFreddie Gibbsand even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it's easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta",
"statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world's attention the way Tupac did and still does.\"More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.In 2020, former California Senator and current vice-presidentKamala Harriscalled Shakur the \"best rapper alive\", which she explained as being because \"West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on\".According to writerKevin Powell: \"He deserves to be put in the same category asBob Dylan,Bob Marley, asJohn Lennon, in terms of his global impact.\"Tupac is regarded as one of the most influential artists in music and popular culture in general and an icon of activism. Palestinian rapperTamer Nafar, leader and a founding member ofDAM, became passionate about hip hop by listening to Tupac saying, “The imagery in Shakur’s videos was similar to our reality in Lod.\" Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation In 1997, Shakur's mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru",
"the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to \"provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents.\"The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened theTupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, inStone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015. Academic appraisal In 1997, theUniversity of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled \"History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur\".In April 2003,Harvard Universitycosponsored the symposium \"All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero\".Where Shakur's influence as both an artist and an activist was analyzed.The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.Calling him a \"Thug Nigga Intellectual\", an \"organic intellectual\",English scholarMark Anthony Nealassessed his death as leaving a \"leadership void amongst",
"void amongst hip-hop artists\",as this \"walking contradiction\" helps, Neal explained, \"make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people.\" Tracing Shakur'smythicalstatus, Murray Forman discussed him as \"O.G.\", or \"Ostensibly Gone\", with fans, using digital mediums, \"resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force.\"Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a \"Black folk hero\", traced his persona to Black American folklore'stricksters, which, afterabolition, evolved into the urban \"bad-man\". Yet in Shakur's \"terrible sense of urgency\", Price identified instead a quest to \"unify mind, body, and spirit.\"According to Price, Tupac had surpassed the legacies ofJohn ColtraneandMahalia Jacksonwithin the tradition of black music. In 2012, the NorwegianUniversity of Osloorganized the course: \"Tupac, hiphop og kulturhistorie (Tupac, hip hop and cultural history).\" As Knut Aukrust, Norwegian professor and academic scholar of cultural studies at the University of Oslo, puts it:\"Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) is one of",
"is one of the most famous and controversial representatives of hip-hop culture. He has become an icon with saint status far beyond his fans. References to him and his message appear all over the world, from Barack Obama's slogan about \"changes\", to Palestinians and Israelis longing for peace in the Middle East, to the people of Groruddalen who want their experiences to be taken on board serious. The course highlights how a single person can fit into a wider network of cultural models and how a local storytelling tradition has become an international cultural phenomenon.\" Jeffrey Ogbonna Green Ogbar, professor of History and Popular Music at theUniversity of Connecticut, described Shakur as \"one of the most iconic and influential music artists of the 20th century\", and also a \"politically conscious activist voice for Black America.\" Multimedia releases In 2005, Death Row released on DVD,Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006,Tupac",
"August 2006,Tupac Shakur Legacy, an \"interactive biography\" byJamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur albumPac's Lifewas released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry's most popular releases.In 2008, his estate made about $15 million. On April 15, 2012, at theCoachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg andDr. Drejoined a Shakur \"hologram\" (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with theMusion Eyeliner),and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs \"Hail Mary\" and \"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted\".There were talks of a tour,but Dre refused.Meanwhile, theGreatest Hitsalbum, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, theBillboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew",
"and singles drew sales gains. Film and stage The documentary filmTupac: Resurrectionwas released in November 2003. It was nominated forBest Documentaryat the2005 Academy Awards. In 2014, the playHoller If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur's lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway's worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic,All Eyez on Me, began filming inAtlantain December 2015.It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur's 46th birthday,albeit to generally negative reviews. In August 2019, adocuseriesdirected byAllen Hughes,Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced. Awards and honors In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the firstHip Hop Honors. In 2006, Shakur's close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored",
"Smith honored Shakur's 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him. In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added \"Changes\", a1998 posthumoustrack, to its online playlist.On June 23, 2010, theLibrary of Congressadded \"Dear Mama\" to theNational Recording Registry, the third rap song. In 2015, theGrammy Museumopened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur. In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017. In January 2022, the exhibitionTupac Shakur: Wake Me When I'm Freeopened at The Canvas atL.A. Livein Los Angeles. On May 16, 2023, Oakland City Council voted to name the section of MacArthur Boulevard between Grand Avenue and Van Buren Avenue \"Tupac Shakur Way\". On June 7, 2023, Shakur received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.His half-sister, Sekyiwa \"Set\" Shakur, accepted the award in his honor. Rankings Final resting place in Soweto In 2006, on the 10th anniversary of Tupac Shakur's passing, his ashes were laid to rest",
"were laid to rest inSoweto. Shakur's mother Afeni transported them to the \"birthplace of his ancestors\" and conducted a memorial service in what's considered as one of the most renownedSouth African townships. Afeni Shakur explained that Soweto had been selected due to its significance as the \"birthplace of the South African struggle fordemocracyand againstapartheid.\" TheCity of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipalitydonated a five-acre plot of undeveloped land in theZolaarea of Soweto to build a memorial honoring Shakur. A portion of the land was designated to be transformed into a park for the benefit of local children as well as aimed at promotingenvironmental education, pathways, orphanages, bridges, skateboard ramps and a golf range while plans also included the construction of anamphitheaterand a museum showcasing South African music and arts. The project was funded by Johannesburg city authorities and the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation. The memorial was hosted by South African musician and actorZola 7.",
"and actorZola 7. SingerMacy Grayand members of the Outlawz were amongst the attendees who paid their respects. Discography Filmography Portrayals in film Documentaries Shakur's life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominatedTupac: Resurrection(2003). See also References Further reading External links"
] |
What BTS member turned 5 years old the soonest after BoA's first album was released? | Jimin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoA#Discography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID;_Peace_B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoA#Discography', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID;_Peace_B', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoA#Discography",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID;_Peace_B",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin"
] | [
"BoA Kwon Bo-ah(Korean:권보아; born November 5, 1986), known professionally asBoAand often referred to as the \"Queen of K-pop\", is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, and actress. Born and raised inGyeonggi-do, South Korea, BoA was discovered bySM Entertainmenttalent agents when she accompanied her older brother, a music video director, to a talent search in 1998. She was trained for two years and made her debut withID; Peace B(2000). BoA has since released twenty studio albums, including ten in Korean, nine in Japanese, and one in English. On television, she appeared as a judge on the reality competition showK-pop Star(2011–2013), as an actress on the television dramaListen to Love(2016), as a host for thesecond seasonofProduce 101(2017), and as a coach for thethird seasonofThe Voice of Korea(2020). With the release of her debut Japanese studio album,Listen to My Heart(2002), BoA became the first South Korean pop star to break through in Japan following the fall of barriers that had restricted the import and export of entertainment between the countries since the end ofWorld War II. Her Japanese albumsValenti(2003) andBest of Soul(2005) went on to sell over one million copies each according toOricon; the latter of which remained the last album to do so by a non-Japanese artist for 16 years. Herself-titled English album(2009) became the first record by a K-pop artist to appear on theBillboard200, debuting at number 127. BoA has sold over ten million albums throughout her career and is one of only three female artists with six consecutive number-one studio albums on theOricon Albums Chartsince her debut, alongside Japanese singersAyumi HamasakiandHikaru Utada. She is the recipient of numerous awards in South Korea and Japan, including eightMAMA Awards, sixSBS Music Awards, fiveJapan Record Awards, and fiveJapan Gold Disc Awards. In 2013,Mnetincluded her in their Legend 100 Artists list of the most influential artists in South Korea. Life and career 2000–2003: Debut and commercial success in South Korea and Japan Kwon Bo-ah was born on November 5, 1986.At the age of eleven, BoA accompanied her older brother to an SM Entertainment talent search.Though her brother was the one who auditioned as a break-dancer,SMtalent scoutsinstead took notice of BoA and offered her a contract on the same night as the auditions.Her parents initially opposed the notion of BoA leaving school to enter the entertainment business but eventually consented at her older brothers' persuasion.She has said that her early influence as a singer wasSeo Taiji. BoA underwent two years of training (involving vocal, dance, English, and Japanese lessons), and at the age of thirteen she released her debut albumID; Peace Bin South Korea on August 25, 2000.The album was moderately successful; it entered the Top 10 of the South Korean charts and sold around 156,000 units.Meanwhile, her Korean record label, SM Entertainment, made arrangements with Japanese labelAvex Traxto launch her music career in Japan. She was forced to quit school to prepareand in early 2001, BoA released her firstmini-album,Don't Start Now; it sold around 90,000 units. After its release, she took a hiatus from the Korean music industry to focus on the Japanese market at which time she worked to solidify her skills in Japanese. BoA began her Japanese music career singing at the Avex-owned clubVelfarre.Her debut Japanese album,Listen to My Heart, was released on March 13, 2002. The album was a breakthrough in BoA's career, becoming anRIAJ-certified million-seller and debuted atop the Oricon, the first album by a Korean artist to do so.It was promoted with several singles: the Top 20 hit \"ID; Peace B\" (originally from the eponymous album), \"Amazing Kiss\", \"Kimochi wa Tsutawaru\", the Top 5 hit \"Listen to My Heart\", and the Top 10 \"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\". After theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks, BoA recorded the charity single \"The Meaning of Peace\" withKumi Kodaas part of Avex'sSong Nationproject to raise funds for charity.From 2001 to 2007, BoA hostedBeat it BoA's World, a radio program on theJapan FM Network. After the release ofListen to My Heart, BoA released her second Korean studio album,No. 1, a month later on April 12, 2002.The album sold around 544,853 units and became the fourth-best-selling record of the year in South Korea.Jumping into the World(a Japanese re-release of the mini-albumDon't Start Now) and the Japanese single \"Don't Start Now\" were released a month later on the same day.At the end of the year, BoA released her second Korean mini-albumMiracle. BoA's second Japanese studio album,Valenti(January 2003), became her best-selling album, with over 1,249,000 copies sold.Three singles preceded its release: \"Valenti\", which peaked at the number-two position on the Oricon chart,\"Kiseki / No.1\" and \"Jewel Song / Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\", both which also peaked at the number-three position. In support of the album, BoA launchedBoA 1st Live Tour Valenti, her first Japanese concert tour.Later in the same year, BoA released her third Korean-language studio album,Atlantis Princesson May 30, 2003,and then released a mini-albumShine We Are!on December 4, 2003. The former was the fifth-best-selling South Korean record of the year with around 345,000 units sold; the latter sold around 58,000 units. 2004–2008: New image, foray into China, and creative control Her third Japanese studio album,Love & Honesty(January 2004) was a musical \"change in direction\": it contained a rock-dance song (\"Rock with You\") and \"harder\" R&B.Though the album failed to matchValentiin sales, it topped the Oricon chart for two weeks and became RIAJ-certified triple-platinum.In support of the album, BoA held a tour,Live Concert Tour 2004: Love & Honesty, spanning nine performances and attracted approximately 105,000 attendants.In contrast with1st Live Tour, which \"emphasized exotic Asian design\", theLove & Honestytour had an \"outer-space, sci-fi\" theme; among the props were a three-storey-highspace shipand the robotAsimo. Her firstcompilation album,Best of Soul(February 2005), however, sold over a million copies, making BoA the first non-Japanese Asian singer to have two million-selling albums in Japan.It remained the last album by a foreign artist to have sold over a million copies in Japan for 16 years, untilBTSin 2021. BoA reinvented her image for her fourth and fifth Korean albums,My Name(June 2004) andGirls on Top(June 2005), shedding the \"cute\" and \"youthful\" style that had characterized previous years and adopted a more \"sexy\" and \"sultry\" look.The sales of BoA's Korean albums began to decline:My Namesold 191,000 units and became the eleventh-best-selling South Korean album in 2004whileGirls on Topranked fourteenth in 2005 with 113,000 units sold.In September 2004, BoA instigated controversy in Japan when she donated₩50 million to a memorial project forKorean independenceactivist and nationalistAn Jung-geun. Her fourth Japanese studio album,Outgrow, (February 2006) reached the number-one spot on the Oricon chart for its first week of release, making it her fourth consecutive original Japanese album to do so. With 220,000 copies sold, it became her lowest-selling first-week debut for a studio album at that point.\"Do the Motion\", the first single from the album, reached the top spot, making her the fourth non-Japanese Asian to have a number-one single on the Oricon charts.\"Merry Christmas from BoA\" (2005), the album's last single, was the singer's first digital single. That May, BoA renewed her contract with SM Entertainment until 2012. At the time it was noted that she had a shareholding in the company of 100,000 (Approximately worth $1m USD).She performed \"Everlasting\", the image song for Roman Polanski'sOliver Twist (2005 film).She also voiced Heather the possum in the Korean and Japanese version of the animated filmOver the Hedge.On September 21, 2006, she released her first digital single in Korea, a Korean version of \"Key of Heart\". In support ofOutgrow, BoA launched a specialZepptour, B0A The Live, on September 29, 2006, which lasted until October 29.She staged her first Christmas concert on December 7, 2006. Three singles preceded BoA's fifth Japanese studio album,Made in Twenty(January 2007): the Top 3 \"Nanairo no Ashita (Brand New Beat)/Your Color,\" the Top 10 \"Key of Heart\", and the No. 2 hit \"Winter Love\". The album, which contained R&B and dance songs as well as ballads, debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making the album her sixth in a row to do so (including one compilation).Having previously compose the song \"No More Make Me Sick\" forMade in Twenty,BoA assumed creative control over her sixth Japanese album,The Face(February 2008).The album debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making BoA one of only two artists in Japan to have six consecutive studio albums top the Oricon weekly charts (the other isAyumi Hamasaki, who has eight consecutive number-one albums).On June 9, 2008, BoA and nine other artists from around the world recorded an English cover ofWei Wei's \"Dedication of Love\". Produced byRoald Hoffmannand Brian Alan, the single was used to raise funds for victims of theSichuan earthquake.But due to a tight schedule, BoA was pulled back from this project. Korean jewelry brand Ramee also released, \"Ramee by BoA\", a line of jewelry designed by the singer herself. 2008–2012: American expansion and return to Asia On September 2, 2008, it was announced that BoA would make her American debut under a new subsidiary label, SM Entertainment USA.Hoping to become a \"world-renowned entertainer\" in the vein ofJanet Jackson,BoA's debut American single \"Eat You Up\", was produced byThomas Troelsen, and released on October 21, 2008. It charted at No. 9 on theBillboardHot Dance Club Playchart.To promote the single, BoA performed \"Eat You Up\" as well as other songs at YouTube's Tokyo Live concert, and performed in New York City on December 3, 2008, as well as theJingle Ballat theAnaheim Honda Centeron December 6, 2008.The following year, she released \"Eien/Universe/Believe in Love\" and was also featured inRavex's single \"Believe in Love\". BoA'sself-titled English albumwas released in the U.S. on March 17 and featured tracks by producersBloodshy and Avantas well as a duet withSean Garrett.Her second Japanese compilation album,Best & USAwas released on March 18 tying together a compilation of recent hits in Japan with her English-language debut. Though she stated that \"t has always been my dream to debut in America,\" she found English tougher to learn than Japanese and despite living in West Beverly Hills, found it difficult to make friends.BoA later headlined theSan Francisco Pride Festivalon June 28, 2009, alongsideSolange KnowlesandThe Cliks,where she also performed the song \"Energetic\" for the first time in public, in addition to \"Eat You Up\" and \"I Did It for Love\".On August 31, SM USA releasedBoA Deluxe, a repackaged version of her debut English album. The album contained two new tracks and the radio edit version of \"Energetic\". With her U.S. career struggling to gain traction, BoA returned to East Asia to release her seventh Japanese album,Identity(February 2010). Promoted by the singles \"Bump Bump!\" featuringVerbalfromM-Floand \"Mamoritai: White Wishes\" (December 2009), the album only charted at No. 4, selling 37,606 copies in its first week. With little promotion from her label, it ended her run of six consecutive No. 1 albums, suggesting that it would be impossible for her to sustain her career in three territories simultaneously.Her first Korean album in five years,Hurricane Venus,was released on August 5, 2010,and sold 55,776 units making it the 22nd best selling album in South Korea for 2010.She also represented South Korea and performed at the7th Asia Song Festival, organized byKorea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, at theSeoul Olympic Stadium. BoA made her Hollywood movie debut in the dance filmMake Your Move 3D, playing the character Aya oppositeDerek Hough. Although production ended in 2011, the film was released in 2013. The movie received mixed reviews, with Inkoo Kang of theLos Angeles Timespraising the choreography but stating that \"henever actor Derek Hough and BoA stop leaping and twirling, is an underwritten mess.\"To celebrate the 10th anniversary of her Japanese debut, BoA released \"Milestone\", which ranked at No. 4 on the Oricon Weekly Music-DVD charts.She also held her 10th anniversary concert on December 10–11 at Tokyo International Forum. Following the concert, BoA shifted her activities to her native county, joining the judging panel onSBS's audition programK-pop Staras a representative of S.M. Entertainment, alongsideYang Hyun-sukfromYG EntertainmentandPark Jin-youngfromJYP Entertainment. BoA received praise for her ability as a judge with her insightful comments and discerning eyes,and also sang the theme song \"One Dream\".For her seventh Korean album,Only One(July 2012), BoA wrote and composed its title track,while its dance steps choreographed by NappyTabs, who has previously worked with BoA inCobu.Upon its release, \"Only One\" achieved an all-kill on several music charts.She followed this up with the second \"The Shadow\", was released August 18, 2012.Additionally, she recorded the song \"Lookin'\" featuringThe Quiettfor Hyundai's 'Premium Younique Lifestyle' campaign. 2013–2015: Music production, television role, and 15th anniversary BoA launched her first Korean tour withBoA Special Live 2013: Here I Amtour at the Olympic Hall,and released the song \"Disturbance\", which she wrote and composed, to commemorate her first concert tour in South Korea.In September 2013, BoA starred in KBS' two-episode drama specialExpect to DatealongsideChoi DanielandIm Si-wan, her full first role in a drama, following a string of cameo appearances.She received praise for her acting performance.She also participated inInfinity Challenge'sbi-annual song festival and was paired withLeessang'sGil, with the two co-produced the song \"G.A.B\".In March 2014, BoA was appointed as a de facto creative director in S.M. Entertainment, alongside labelmateKangta; she was placed in charge of mental care of artists who debut at a young age. The singles for BoA's eighth Japanese album,Who's Back?(September 2014),were released over a span of four years prior to the album's release:\"Woo Weekend\" and \"I See Me\" in 2010, \"Milestone\" in 2011,Only One\", \"Tail of Hope\" and \"Message / Call My Name\" in 2013,and \"Shout It Out\"and \"Masayume Chasing\" in 2014.To promote the album, she embarked on her BoA Live Tour 2014 Who's Back? tour in September, her first Japanese tour in four years.After the tour concluded, BoA starred in her first Korean film,Big MatchalongsideLee Jung-jaeandShin Ha-kyunthough a Japanese single \"Fly\" was released on December 3, 2014. Her eighth Korean albumKiss My Lips(May 2015)became her first entirely self-written, self-produced album, working alongside American producers The Underdogs and Stereotypes.The single \"Who Are You\" (feat. Gaeko) was released prior to the album's unveiling, along with its accompanying music video, which starred EXO'sSehunas the male lead.The rest of the album was unveiled on May 12 along with an official music video of the eponymous title track.Billboardcalled the singer a promising songwriter despite moments of musical blandness. In July, she performed at the BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness to commemorate her 15th anniversary. The concert took place on August 22 and 23 at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts in South Korea, making BoA the first female idol to hold a solo concert at the venue.This was followed by BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness in Japan which took place on December 11, 2015, at Tokyo International Forum Hall-A.Her 15th anniversary in Japan the following year was celebrated in a similar fashion,including the release of the song \"Lookbook\", and a 15th anniversary edition of BoA's Japanese Winter hit, \"Meri Kuri\". As part of S.M. Entertainment's special winter project,Winter Garden,BoA released a digital single entitled \"Christmas Paradise\". 2016–present: Musical projects, television production, and acting debut On January 12, 2016, BoA released an English-language single \"Make Me Complete\", which serves as the theme song for the Fuji TV special dramaOoku, starring Sawajiri Erika and Watanabe Mayu.In June, she collaborated with Korean rapperBeenzinoforS.M. Entertainment'sSM Stationproject. The duo released the single \"No Matter What\", which ranked atop five domestic charts.BoA worked with BeatBurger for anotherSM Stationsingle titled \"Music Is Wonderful\", where she participated in the composing and writing of the track.From October to November 2016, BoA starred in JTBC's romance melodramaListen to Love, returning to the small screen after three years. The following year, BoA became one of the producers forMnet'sboy groupsurvival reality show,Produce 101 Season 2, which aired from April 7 to June 16.BoA later released another song forSM Station, \"Spring Rain\", an R&B number produced by Kenzie.In May, BoA embarked on her BoA The live inBillboardLive Tour, held in Tokyo and Osaka.She also released the single \"Camo,\" a dance song with a heavy emphasis on bass and synthesizer sounds, which was a change in sound from her previous materials and produced by The Underdogs.In July, she released the Japanese single \"Right Here, Right Everywhere\" for the soundtrack of dramaYaneura no Koibito.She later starred in the filmAutumn Sonataalongside Lee Hak-joo, playing a terminally ill patient. In 2018, BoA returned to Japan and released her ninth Japanese albumWatashi Konomama de Iinokanaon February 14, 2018, followed by EPUnchainedin March. To accompany the release of the EP, she embarked on the BoA The Live 2018: Unchained Tour from March 15 to April 4. People who attend the concerts received a copy ofUnchained.On January 31, she released \"Nega Dola\", which served as a single for BoA's then-upcoming first extended play.The EP,One Shot, Two Shot, was released on February 20, alongside its titular lead single and the song's music video.The EP peaked at number six at the South Korean Gaon Album Chart and number seven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart.On October 24, she released her ninth Korean albumWomanalongside a lead single of the same name.The album peaked at number six at the Gaon Album Chart, number eleven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart. On June 4, 2019, she released the single \"Feedback\", which features rapperNucksal, alongside the song's music video.BoA embarked on her #Mood Tour, which had six dates in Japan and two dates in Seoul, from September to October 2019.On October 23, she released a new Japanese single, \"Wishing Well\", which she earlier debuted on the tour.On December 11, 2019, she released her second extended playStarry Night. In May 2020, BoA was featured as one of the coaches for the third season ofThe Voice of Korea, alongsideDynamic Duo,Sung Si-kyung, andKim Jong-kook.On December 1, 2020, she released her tenth Korean albumBetter.SpoTV News shared BoA to join as a judge for Mnet Dance program \"Street Woman Fighter\". It is a female dance crew competition premiering in August 2021.On November 5, 2021, BoA released the Japanese single, \"My Dear\", to commemorate her 20th anniversary. BoA was revealed as a member of the supergroupGot the Beaton December 27, 2021. The group debuted on January 3, 2022.To celebrate her 20th anniversary, BoA released the Japanese compilation albumThe Greateston May 30, 2022.On November 8, 2022, BoA announced her third EPForgive Mealong with the title track on the same name on November 22, 2022.In 2024, BoA appeared in the dramaMarry My Husband, where she played Oh Yu-ra. Her performance in the drama was met with negative reviews. Image and artistry BoA lists hip hop as her main musical influence, though she also enjoys R&B. Her favorite musicians areWhitney Houston,Michael Jackson,Justin Timberlake, andNe-Yo;as a result, much of BoA's music is eitherdance-popor R&B. Because she also singsballads, she is often compared to Japanese singersNamie AmuroandAyumi Hamasaki. Her debut album,ID; Peace B, containedurban pop, \"slickly produced\" ballads, and \"upbeat dance tunes\". As her career went on, she began experimenting with different styles:Valenticontained mostly ballads;Love and Honestywas an experiment with \"harder\" R&B and rock music. Though her earlier releases were marked by a \"cute\" and \"youthful\" style, BoA began to present a more \"mature\" image starting from the albumMy Name. In aTalk Asiainterview,Anjali Raonoted that some felt thatMy Namemarked the beginning of BoA's decline in popularity and asked if the public would always see the singer as \"Little Baby BoA\"; BoA replied, \"So while I apologize to those people who still want the baby BoA, in fact, what can I do? I just keep growing up! I can't stop that from happening.\" The Facewas influenced byelectropopand included \"happy spring\" songs (\"Sweet Impact\" and \"Bad Drive\"), a guitar-driven \"groovy dance\" song (\"Lose Your Mind\"), and ballads.Because the composition and writing of BoA's songs is handled mostly by her staff, BoA has been criticized as being a \"manufactured pop star\".In response to such criticism, BoA said that \"if one person were to force their own will on something, then things that should have gone right could easily go wrong\" and that she is \"not all that unhappy with the expression that a manufactured star. In a way, that is true. Because SM Entertainment created the environment and all the surrounding conditions, able to be successful in the way now.\"She later assumed creative control withThe Face,whileKiss My Lipsbecame her first entirely self-written, self-produced album. BoA has collaborated with high-profile artists. Among the Japanese artists she has performed with are the hip hop groupM-Flo(for the single \"The Love Bug\"), pop singerKumi Koda, andhouseDJMondo Grosso. She has performed with Western artists: the song \"Flying Without Wings\" from her albumNext Worldwas a collaboration with Irish bandWestlifecovering theoriginal song; theBratzsingle \"Show Me What You Got\" was performed withHowie Dof the American bandBackstreet Boys.She also worked withAkon, singing the song \"Beautiful\", which was featured on the Japanese release of his third album,Freedom.Other artists she has collaborated with areSoul'd Out, Dabo, Verbal (of M-Flo), Rah-D,Seamo,TVXQ, Yutaka Furakawa (of the band Doping Panda), andCrystal Kay(for her single \"After Love: First Boyfriend/Girlfriend\").American rock bandWeezercovered \"Meri Kuri\" on the Japanese version of their albumWeezer. Cultural impact and legacy BoA is regarded as one of South Korea's most influential and prominent singers and is widely referred to as the \"Queen of K-pop\",in recognition of her contributions in spearheading theKorean waveinto Japan.BoA's success in the Japanese market has been deemed a catalyst in the Japanese interest in Korean pop music beginning in the early 2000s, when the two countries began promoting cultural exchanges since the end ofWorld War II.Music critics have recognized BoA for improving \"civil relations between the Korean and Japanese public through her music and appearances in Japanese radio and television\",with Oxford Political Review noting \"BoA's role in strengthening Japan-South Korea ties as a cultural envoy\".In Alisa Freedman'sIntroducing Japanese Pop Culture, BoA was noted for \"herald a new phase of Japanese engagement with Korean singers\", registering \"remarkable success during the first half of the 2000s in Japan\". She highlighted that the timing of her success coincided with several political and cultural developments; these of which include the implementation of Korea's Open-Door Policy, theKorea Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup, and the popularity of the drama seriesWinter Sonata. Freedman evaluated BoA's career path and localization strategies in Japan for having set \"the first trend\" of the Korean wave into the country. Voxhailed BoA as \"one of South Korea's best-known exports\" in the years after her debut whileThe Korea Timescalled BoA \"the forerunner of the new generation of idols who popularized K-pop in Japan and elsewhere.\"In 2004, theMinistry of Culture, Sports and Tourismhonored BoA with the Asian Cultural Exchange Merit Award for her contributions in raising the status of K-pop throughout Asia.The Diplomatstated that BoA \"paved the way\" for future K-pop artists \"to later captivate Japanese fans despite souring relations between Seoul and Tokyo.\" Music critic Lim Jin-mo wrote that BoA \"opened many doors for pop acts from her country in the second largest music market in the world\", acting \"as a figurehead for breakthroughs in Japan for South Korean acts\" and became \"a pivotal figure in K-pop's history\". Yim Hyun-su fromThe Korea Heraldviewed her for \"forever changing the landscape of South Korea's music industry\".In 2016, she was honored with the Presidential Commendation at theKorean Popular Culture and Arts Awardsfor her contributions to the spread of the Korean wave, and for laying \"the foundation for the revival of K-pop\". With nearly 15 years in the entertainment industry, BoA has little to prove in Korea, where she's widely regarded as a pioneer in K-pop's modern-day international platform. —Billboard(2015) In 2013, 50 music experts, professors and critics organized byMnetnamed BoA one of the 100 most influential artists in South Korean music.\"No. 1\" was ranked number 27 in a 2006Gallup Koreasurvey of 100 all-time favorite Korean songsand was included in Mnet's Legend 100 list of popular Korean songs since the 1960s.In 2021, a panel of 35 music experts organized byMelonandSeoul Shinmunranked \"No. 1\" and \"Atlantis Princess\" number 1 and number 93 in their list of the greatest K-pop songs of all time.Critic Rhian Daly forThe Forty-Fiveranked \"Atlantis Princess\" number 1 in her list of the best K-pop songs of all-time.Rolling Stoneranked \"No. 1\" at number 18 in their list of the greatest songs in the history of K-pop, writing it represents \"her most emblematic crossover hit\". BoA has been cited by many artists in the South Korean music industry as an influence and role model,includingAespa,Girls' Generation'sTaeyeon,Sunny,Tiffany,Hyoyeon,Seohyun,Shinee'sKey,Exo'sSehun,Red Velvet'sIrene,Ailee,Chungha,Yukika Teramoto,Kwon Eun-bi,Baek A-yeon,Mamamoo'sSolar,f(x)'sLuna,Kiss of Life'sNatty,Lovelyz's Kei,andBilllie's Tsuki.Aespa's Giselle said in aRolling Stoneinterview that \"Everyone knows her. She's not just famous — she's a legend\". Other ventures Endorsements Because of her wide appeal, BoA has appeared in advertisements for many brands.Among the brands she has promoted areOlympus,Lotte,Nike,L'Oréal, Japanese cosmetic companyKosé,Skechers,Audio-Technica,GM DaewooandL'Occitane.Several of her songs have been used in affiliation with television shows. \"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\" was used as the ending theme for theanimeInuYasha;\"Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\" was used as the opening theme for the animeMonkey Typhoon;\"Key of Heart\" was the theme song for the Japanese release ofOver the Hedge;\"Your Color\" was the theme song of the video gameNinety-Nine Nights;\"Mamoritai: White Wishes\" was the theme song of the video gameTales of Graces.\"Tail of Hope\" was used as the theme for the Japanese dramaHakui no Namida,and \"Masayume Chasing\" was used as the 15th opening theme song for the animeFairy Tail. In 2007,Anycall(aSamsungbrand) signed BoA,Xiah(of TVXQ),Tablo(ofEpik High), and jazz pianistJin Boraonto \"Anyband\", a band created specifically to promote Anycall. The band released only one single, \"AnyBand\".In December 2010, she recorded \"I See Me\" for to promote Audio Technica headphones in Japan.The song \"Woo Weekend\" was used to promote Disney on Ice's 25th Anniversary in Japanwhile \"Lookbook\" served as the ending theme for the NTV Kei programTokui to Goto to Uruwashi no Shelley ga Konya Kurabete Mimashita.BoA served as ambassador for Asia Youth Day in 2014.In August 2017, it was announced that BoA was chosen as promotional ambassador for Jeju Biennale, an inaugural international art event on the resort island of Jeju.In Her widespread popularity has also made her a \"cultural ambassador\"; she has represented South Korea in inter-Asian musical events and has appeared in anOxford University Press-published English-language textbook. Discography Korean albums Japanese albums English albums Filmography Film Television series Television shows Concerts and tours Japan tours Asia tours Concert participation Awards and nominations See also Footnotes References External links",
"ID; Peace B ID; Peace Bis the debut Korean-languagestudio albumby South Korean singerBoA, released on August 25, 2000 bySM Entertainment.It saw moderate levels of success in South Korea upon its release, peaking at number 16 on the Recording Industry Association of Korea's monthly album chart in October 2000.The album sold 156,354 copies in 2000 and was the 59th best-selling album of the year.The album was released on May 29, 2002 in Japan, where it reached number 30 on theOricon Albums Chart. Production and lyrics The song \"Sara\" is about a cat, \"I'm Sorry\" is about the tragedy of loving the lover of her older sister, and \"ID; Peace B\" is about the generation gap due to the use of the internet. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Monthly charts Year-end charts Release history References",
"BTS BTS(Korean:방탄소년단;RR:Bangtan Sonyeondan;lit.Bulletproof Boy Scouts), also known as theBangtan Boys, is a South Koreanboy bandformed in 2010. The band consists ofJin,Suga,J-Hope,RM,Jimin,V, andJungkook, who co-write or co-produce much of their material. Originally ahip hopgroup, they expanded their musical style to incorporate a wide range of genres, while their lyrics have focused on subjects including mental health, the troubles of school-age youth andcoming of age, loss, the journey towards self-love, individualism, and the consequences of fame and recognition. Their discography and adjacent work has also referenced literature, philosophy and psychology, and includes analternate universestoryline. BTS debuted in 2013 underBig Hit Entertainmentwith the single album2 Cool 4 Skool.BTS released their first Korean and Japanese-language studio albums,Dark & WildandWake Uprespectively, in 2014. The group's second Korean studio album,Wings(2016), was their first to sell one million copies in South Korea. By 2017, BTS had crossed into the global music market and led theKorean Waveinto the United States, becoming the first Korean ensemble to receive aGold certificationfrom theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) for their single \"Mic Drop\", as well as the first act from South Korea to top theBillboard200with their studio albumLove Yourself: Tear(2018). In 2020, BTS became the fastest group sincethe Beatlesto chart four US number-one albums in less than two years, withLove Yourself: Answer(2018) becoming the first Korean album certified Platinum by the RIAA; in the same year, they also became the first all-South Korean act to reach number one on both theBillboardHot 100andBillboardGlobal 200with their Grammy-nominated single \"Dynamite\". Follow-up releases \"Savage Love\", \"Life Goes On\", \"Butter\", and \"Permission to Dance\" made them the fastest act to earn four US number-one singles sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006. As of 2023, BTS is the best-selling musical act in South Korean history according to theCircle Chart, having sold in excess of 40 million albums.Their studio albumMap of the Soul: 7(2020) is thefourth best-selling album of all time in South Korea, as well as the first in the country to surpass both four and five million registered sales. They are the first non-English-speaking and Asian act to sell out concerts atWembley Stadiumand theRose Bowl(Love Yourself World Tour, 2019), and were named theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry's (IFPI)Global Recording Artist of the Yearfor both 2020 and 2021. The group'saccoladesinclude multipleAmerican Music Awards,BillboardMusic Awards,Golden Disc Awards, and nominations for fiveGrammy Awards. Outside of music, they have addressed three sessions of theUnited Nations General Assemblyand partnered withUNICEFin 2017 to establish theLove Myselfanti-violence campaign. Featured onTime'sinternational cover as \"Next Generation Leaders\" and dubbed the \"Princes of Pop\", BTS has also appeared onTime'slists of the 25 most influential people on the internet (2017–2019) and the100 most influential people in the world(2019), and in 2018 became the youngest recipients of the South KoreanOrder of Cultural Meritfor their contributions in spreading the Korean culture and language. On June 14, 2022, the group announced a scheduled pause in group activities to enable the members to complete their 18 months ofmandatory South Korean military service, with a reunion planned for 2025.Jin, the eldest member, enlisted on December 13, 2022; the others followed in 2023. Name BTS stands for the Korean phraseBangtan Sonyeondan(Korean:방탄소년단; Hanja:防彈少年團), which translates literally to 'Bulletproof Boy Scouts'. According to memberJ-Hope, the name signifies the group's desire \"to block out stereotypes, criticisms, and expectations that aim on adolescents like bullets\".In Japan, they are known asBōdan Shōnendan(防弾少年団).In July 2017, BTS announced that their name would also stand for \"Beyond the Scene\" as part of their newbrand identity.This extended the meaning of their name to encompass the idea of growth \"from a boy to an adult who opens the doors that are facing forward\". History 2010–2014: Formation and early years BTS was formed in 2010, after Big Hit Entertainment CEOBang Si-hyukwanted to form ahip hop grouparoundRM(Kim Nam-joon), an underground rapper well known on the music scene inSeoul. At the time,physical album saleswere on the decline and digital revenues were not yet high enough to compensate.Seeing a need for diversified income streams, Bang decided to form an idol group instead, because of the potential for live concert performances and passionate support from fans of such groups. Many trainees refused to become part of an idol group, butJ-Hope, RM, andSugaremained.Bang chose to vary from the usual, highly regimented idol groups and create one where the members would be individuals rather than an ensemble and free to express themselves.Auditions were held in 2010 with plans to launch the following year.The band members lived together, practicing up to 15 hours a day, and first performed before a small crowd of industry insiders in 2013. We started to tell the stories that people wanted to hear and were ready to hear, stories that other people could not or would not tell. We said what other people were feeling—like pain, anxieties and worries. That was our goal, to create this empathy that people can relate to. —Suga BTS's representation by Big Hit, rather than one of the three agencies that dominated K-pop at the time, allowed the individual members leeway to express their individuality and have input into the music.On June 12, 2013, BTS released their debutsingle album2 Cool 4 Skool, along with thelead single\"No More Dream\", neither of which sold particularly well at the time.On June 13, 2013, BTS made their stage debut onM Countdownwith the single, \"No More Dream\".Nevertheless, according to Kathy Sprinkel in her book on BTS, that single was \"spotlighting young people's anxiety in the face of lofty parental expectations, sent shock waves through the K-pop ranks. Here was a musical act that wasn't pulling any punches. More specifically, they had a point of view, and they weren't afraid to take on topics that are considered taboo in South Korean society and elsewhere.\"The album reached the top five on South Korea's Gaon Music Chart.In2 Cool 4 Skool, BTS employed an old-school hip-hop sound from the 1990s.The album's release was followed by appearances on Korean music shows, which caught the attention of reviewers and viewers. In September 2013, BTS released the second entry in their \"school trilogy\": theEP,O!RUL8,2?.The album was released alongside the single \"N.O.\"Similarly to2 Cool 4 Skool, the new release had a theme of students feeling under pressure and needing to sacrifice their dreams and aspirations.According to scholar Kyung Hyun Kim, many of BTS's earlier works such as \"N.O.\" and \"No More Dreams\" were \"expressions of rebellion against the establishment that tapped into Korean teenagers' frustrations with the country's educational system\" and, he stated, helped them build a fan base among young people in North America and Europe.That same month, BTS starred in their own variety show,SBS MTV'sRookie King Channel Bangtan, in which members parodied variety shows such asVJ Special ForcesandMasterChef Korea.At the end of the year, BTS was recognized with several New Artist of the Year awards in South Korea. 2014–2017 Skool Luv Affairand first concert tour The last entry in BTS \"school trilogy\", theSkool Luv AffairEP, was released in February 2014.The release topped theGaon Album Chart,and appeared onBillboard'sWorld AlbumsChart for the first time, peaking at number three.The EP was supported by two singles: \"Boy in Luv\" and \"Just One Day\".FollowingSkool Luv Affair's release, BTS played at their first fan meeting inSeoul, selecting the name A.R.M.Y. for the fan club.In July 2014, BTS hosted a concert inWest Hollywood, their first show in the United States,and in August, they appeared atKCONin Los Angeles. In August 2014, BTS released the albumDark & Wild, which reached number two in South Korea.It was supported by two singles: \"Danger\" and \"War of Hormone\".The group embarked on their firstconcert tour,2014 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, which lasted from October to December 2014.The band launched their first Japanese studio album,Wake Up, in December 2014; the release peaked at number three on theOricon Albums Chart.After the album's release, BTS held their1st Japan Tour 2015 Wake Up: Open Your Eyesin February 2015.The Red Bullet Tour that had begun on October 17, 2014, in South Korea was resumed on June 6, 2015, in Malaysia and toured Australia, North America and Latin America before ending in Hong Kong that August. In all, the entire tour attracted 80,000 spectators at 18 cities in 13 countries. Mainstream breakthrough and commercial success BTS experimented with other styles of music besides hip-hop inThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 1, released in 2015.BTS wanted to express the beauty and anxiousness of youth and settled on the title of \"花樣年華\" (Korean:화양연화;RR:Hwayangyeonhwa), loosely interpreted to define \"youth\" metaphorically as \"the most beautiful moment in life\".The album served as an introduction to their youth trilogy, a triptych of albums dedicated to the struggles of young people.The single \"I Need U\" was a top-five hit in South Korea and garnered the group a win on SBS MTV'sThe Show.The second single \"Dope (Korean:쩔어;RR:Jjeoreo;lit.It's awesome)\" reached number three onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart and its music video was viewed over 100 million times on YouTube.The group began the world tour extension of their Red Bullet Tour in June, titled2015 Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, visiting cities throughout Asia, Oceania, North America, and Latin America.\"For You\", in Japanese, was released together with Japanese versions of \"War of Hormone\" and \"Let Me Know\" on June 17, 2015, and immediately topped Oricon's daily chart. In November, BTS commenced their third concert tour,2015 BTS LIVE \"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: On Stage\", beginning with three sold-out shows in Seoul. The tour marked the debut of their fourth EP,The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2, and was later extended to Japan.Thematically, the EP focused more on the serious and speculative aspects of youth, touching on the pursuit of success, loneliness, affection for their origins, and the suffering of the younger generation due to unfavorable conditions in current society.The album topped the weekly Gaon Album andBillboardWorld Albums charts.It also marked their first appearance on theBillboard200chart,making it for one week at number 171,and eight of the tracks appeared onBillboard's World Digital Song Sales chart. Their compilation album and the finale to their \"youth trilogy\",The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwas released on May 2, 2016. With 300,000 presold copies,it included three new singles: \"Epilogue: Young Forever\", \"Fire\", and \"Save Me\",which debuted in the top three spots on theBillboardWorld Digital Charts.The album topped the Gaon Album Chart in South Korea fortwo consecutive weeksand reached number 107 on theBillboard200.The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwon Album of the Year at the2016 Melon Music Awards.BTS embarked on their Asia tour extension,2016 BTS LIVE \"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage: Epilogue\"from May to August 2016. Tickets for the 14 shows in 10 Asian cities sold out, some in as little as five seconds. In September 2016, BTS released their second Japanese studio albumYouth.The album sold 44,547 copies on the first day of its release, and charted 1st in the Oricon Daily Album Chart.The album was eventually certified Gold with sales of roughly over 100,000 in Japan.It was followed one month later in October,by their next studio albumWings,which combined the themes of youth presented in their previous \"youth trilogy\" with temptation and adversity.The album and its tracks, including the single \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" immediately rose to the top on eight music charts, including the Gaon Music Chart, and led theiTunesalbum charts in 23 countries.Wingsopened at number 26 on theBillboard200, with 16,000album-equivalent unitsin the US for the week of its release, the best week ever there for a K-pop album.It became the best-selling album in Gaon Album Chart history. You Never Walk AloneandLove Yourself: Her In February 2017, BTS released the repackaged edition ofWingsentitledYou Never Walk Alone. The 700,000 pre-orders of it (an increase from the 500,000 pre-orders ofWings) helped break the record for most albums sold in a month in South Korea, as it reached 1.49 million copies by the end of its first month.The lead single was \"Spring Day\"and it won Best Song of the Year at the2017 Melon Music Awards.BTS's second world tour,2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour, began in February.On the tour, BTS played arenas in the US, such as New Jersey'sPrudential Centerand California'sHonda Center. Tickets for the North American leg sold out within hours and two shows were added.After completing the North American leg, BTS attended the24thBillboardMusic Awardsin May and wonTop Social Artist,the first K-pop group to win a Billboard award.BTS fans cast over 300million votes for the band and broke a six-year winning streak held byJustin Bieber, a performer with 100millionTwitterfollowers.This caused the international media to focus on the ability of BTS's fandom to propel the group to such a victory. BTS released a remake ofSeo Taiji's \"Come Back Home\" (1995) in July 2017, giving it new lyrics but maintaining the theme of urging societal change.Later that year, BTS embarked on their \"Love Yourself\" album series, with theme of the enlightenment of self-love through the \"起承轉結\" (Korean:기승전결;RR:Giseungjeongyeol) narrative sequence of \"beginning, development, turn, and conclusion.\"BTS released its first part, their fifth EP,Love Yourself: Her, on September 18.RM considered \"DNA\", the lead single from that album,as \"taking BTS to new ground. We tried to apply new grammar and perspectives.\"He said of the album, \"I believe it's going to be the starting point of a second chapter of our career; the beginning of our Chapter Two.\"Sonically, the EP served as \"a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings\". Love Yourself: Herdebuted at number seven on theBillboard200.The album had 1,664,041 sales in May 2017 to lead the Gaon Chart,and was the first in 16 years to exceed 1.2 million copies sold sinceg.o.d's fourth albumChapter 4(2001).\"DNA\" was released simultaneously with the EP, and its music video accumulated 21 million views in its first 24 hours.It became BTS's first entry on theBillboardHot 100, charting at number 85, making them the first K-pop boy band to reach that chart.The single rose to number 67 the following week and became the highest-charting song on the Hot 100 for any K-pop group.A remix of \"Mic Drop\" from the album, featuringDesiigner, was released as a single and peaked at number 28, the first time a K-pop group had cracked the top forty.Both singles attained Gold certification from theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) in early 2018.\"Mic Drop\" achieved Platinum status in the US later that year. In November 2017, BTS became the first K-pop group to perform at theAmerican Music Awards.BTS wonArtist of the Yearat the19th Mnet Asian Music Awardsin December, winning for the second consecutive year.They released \"DNA\" and \"Mic Drop\" together with a new song \"Crystal Snow\" as a single album in Japan on December 6, 2017, though the songs were made digitally available elsewhere.It topped the Oricon Chart for the week of its release. It was the only album by a foreign artist to be certified Double Platinum in Japan in 2017. Later that month, they made their Japanese television prime time music show debut onMusic Station Super Live,and ended the year by performing onDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. In 2017, BTS partnered withUNICEFon the \"Love Myself\" campaign, intended to help end violence, abuse, and bullying, and to promote self-esteem and well-being among young people. Both Big Hit and the group pledged money to promote the campaign, and BTS sold special \"Love Myself\" merchandise and set up dedicated booths at concert venues. The campaign was renewed in 2021, with UNICEF deeming it to have been successful. 2018–2020 Love Yourselfalbum series BTS won major awards at the Golden Disc and Seoul Music Awards in January 2018.In March, the group premiered an eight-episode documentary titledBurn the Stagethat offered a behind-the-scenes look at their 2017 Wings Tour, exclusively onYouTube Premium.Their third Japanese studio album,Face Yourself, was released on April 4, 2018,and quickly reached the top 5 of the U.S. iTunes Albums chart. A nine-minute short film, titledEuphoria: Theme of \"Love Yourself: Wonder\"and featuring the song \"Euphoria\", followed the next day as a prelude to the group's third Korean-language studio album,Love Yourself: Tear.BTS promotedTear's May 18, 2018, release with an appearance at the25thBillboardMusic Awardstwo days later,where they made their initial BBMA performance with their single, \"Fake Love\".The group also won Top Social Artist for a second consecutive time.The album coincided with the \"轉\" or \"turn\" of the series, touching on the tortuous enlightenment of loving without being loved, the pains and sorrows of separation, and providing encouragement to those without dreams. Love Yourself: Teardebuted at number one its first week on theBillboard200, becoming BTS's first number-one album in the US and the first K-pop album to top the US albums chart.It also became BTS's first top-10 release in Britain, reaching number eight on theUK Albums Chart.\"Fake Love\" became BTS's top-10 single on the Hot100, the first time a song sung mostly in a language other than English had debuted in the top 10.BTS released their compilation albumLove Yourself: Answerin August 2018.The album was supported by the single \"Idol\" and its alternative digital release featuringNicki Minaj. Love Yourself: Answersold over 1.9 million copies on the Gaon Album Chart in August2018.The album became BTS's second number-one on theBillboard200 and led to their highest US sales week in the country to that point with 185,000 album equivalent units.In November 2018,Love Yourself: Answerbecame the first Korean language album to be certified Gold by the RIAA.\"Idol\" andLove Yourself: Answerboth received Platinum certifications in the US, with sales of more than 1million. In conjunction withLove Yourself: Answer's release in August2018, BTS commenced their world tour,BTS World Tour: Love Yourself, with two concerts in the Seoul Olympic Stadium, which sold out in a matter of seconds, as did others of the 22 shows in 12 countries.In October, BTS released their collaboration with Steve Aoki \"Waste It on Me\", their first all-English language feature.For the final stop of the North American leg, the group performed at Citi Field in New York City, marking the first time a Korean act performed at a US stadium.According toStubHub, BTS was the second best-selling concert act outside the US, behind onlyEd Sheeran.That October, BTS renewed their contract with Big Hit Entertainment through 2026. In early November 2018, a popular Japanese music show cancelled BTS's performance, citing a T-shirt a member wore the year before, bearing a photograph of amushroom cloudfollowing thebombing of Nagasaki.In the same month, the Jewish human rights organizationSimon Wiesenthal Center(SWC) stated that BTS owed an apology for that shirt, and for clothing and flags with Nazi symbolism.Big Hit Entertainment issued an apology, explaining that the images were not intended to be hurtful to the victims ofNazismor atomic bombings and that the group and management would take steps to prevent future mistakes.They also stated the flags were meant to be a commentary on the Korean school system.The apology was accepted by SWC and the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim Association.John Lie, in his scholarly article on BTS, opined that the Nazi incident showed that the group is not tightly controlled, as are other K-pop ensembles, whose every move seems scripted, and that the members have opinions and are not afraid to express them. At the20th Mnet Asian Music Awards, BTS won Artist of the Year and ranked number eight onBillboard'syear-end Top Artist Chart and were also the number two act of the year in the Duo/Group ranking, only behindImagine Dragons.They were also listed asone of the 50 most influential people by Bloombergfor their \"willingness to address social issues, mental health, and politics, despite being in a genre often painted as bubble gum pop\". Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour andBTS World In February 2019, BTS, for the first time, were presenters atthe Grammy Awards.In April,Timenamed them one of theTime100, the most influential people of 2019.Their EP,Map of the Soul: Persona, was released on April12 with the single \"Boy with Luv\" (Korean:작은 것들을 위한 시;RR:Jageun geotdeureul wihan si), featuring American singerHalsey.The EP's release was followed by a performance onSaturday Night Live, the first K-pop act to appear there.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the first Korean-language album to reach the number one position in both the UK and Australia,and the group's third album to top theBillboard200 in less than a year.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the best-selling album ever in South Korea in terms of physical copies sold, with more than 3.2 million sales in less than a month.\"Boy with Luv\" debuted at number eight on theBillboardHot 100 in April 2019, the highest placement ever for a K-pop song. Following their two wins at the26thBillboardMusic Awardsin May, including forTop Duo/Group,BTS embarked on their world tour stadium extension,Love Yourself: Speak Yourself.Due to the demand, BTS added more shows after tickets for the first dates sold out within two hours.In the lead up to the release of their mobile gameBTS World, in June 2019 BTS released \"Dream Glow\" featuringCharli XCX,\"A Brand New Day\" withZara Larsson,and \"All Night\" withJuice Wrld.The group released the song \"Heartbeat\" with a music video from the game's official soundtrack, titledBTS World: Original Soundtrack.The soundtrack was certified Double Platinum by Gaon.On July 3, 2019, pre-orders for the single\"Lights\"crossed one million copies, marking the first time a foreign artist had accomplished this in Japan sinceCeline Dionin 1995.\"Lights\" debuted at number 81 on theBillboardJapan Hot 100for the chart issue date of July 8, 2019, and reached number one the following week.On August 8, 2019, \"Lights\" receivedMillioncertificationfrom the RIAJ, denoting shipments of one million copies. Love Yourself: HerandLove Yourself: Tearboth crossed 2 million copies in August.All three albums of theLove Yourselfseries have sold more than 2 million copies each in South Korea.Love Yourself: Teargained silver certification by the BPI for sales in the UK, becoming their third album to do so followingLove Yourself: AnswerandMap of the Soul: Persona.For the final stop of their record-breaking Love Yourself: Speak Yourself World Tour, the group played Seoul's Olympic Stadium.BTS was the third top-grossing touring musical act of 2019.That same month, they released a remix version of the song \"Make It Right\" featuringLauv.In November, BTS won three times at the2019 American Music Awards, for Best Tour, Favorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rock, and Favorite Social Artist (the second consecutive year). In December, they attended both the2019 Melon Music Awardsand the2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards. In each case, they became the first group to sweep the four major awards.At the34th Golden Disc Awards, BTS became the first artists in history to win grand prizes in both the physical and digital categories in a single year.Map of the Soul: Personawas named the second best-selling physical album of 2019 in the US byNielsen MusicbehindTaylor Swift'sLoverand was ranked sixth overall on the chart of Top10 Albums (Total Sales) in the US.BTS wrapped 2019 as the fourth-highest-ranked group onBillboard's TopBillboard200 Artists–Duo/Group ranking, behindQueen, Imagine Dragons and the Beatles.Map of the Soul: Personawas named as the third best-selling album of 2019 by theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry(IFPI), making BTS the first Korean artist to be listed on the Global Top10 Album Chart in consecutive years.The IFPI named BTS as one of the best-selling artists of 2019 for a second consecutive year, making them the first non-English speaking act to achieve this. Map of the Soul: 7, \"Dynamite\" andBe In January 2020, BTS released \"Black Swan\" along with a choreography art film performed by MN Dance Company of Slovenia as the first single from their albumMap of the Soul: 7.Album distributorDreamusreported that stock pre-orders of the album reached a record-breaking 4.02 million.Later that month, BTS performed at the62nd Annual Grammy Awards, making BTS the first Korean act to perform at the Grammys.Map of the Soul: 7was released on February 21 to favorable reviews.The album was supported by the single \"On\" and an alternative digital release of it featuring Australian singerSia.According toGaon Chart,Map of the Soul: 7sold over 4.1 million copies in nine days after its release, surpassingMap of the Soul: Personato become the best-selling album in South Korean history and the first album to be certified quadruple million.The album debuted atop the USBillboard200, making BTS the fastest group to earn four number one albums sincethe Beatlesin 1966–1968.\"On\" debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, giving BTS its first top-five hit, and the most Hot 100 top-10 entries of any Korean act, with three.BTS planned to support theMap of the Soulalbum series with a concert series,Map of the Soul Tour, beginning in April,but this was indefinitely postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, BTS became the first K-pop artist to sell more than 20 million albums cumulatively,making them the best-selling artist in South Korean history.That month, amid the pandemic restrictions, BTS held a two-day online streaming concert event titledBang Bang Con, where the group shared footage of past concerts on their YouTube channel.On June 7, BTS headlined YouTube'sDear Class of 2020online graduation event, performing \"Boy with Luv\", \"Spring Day\", and \"Mikrokosmos\".Their commencement speeches highlighted their own graduations and offered \"messages of hope and inspiration for the class of 2020 in both Korean and English\".On June 14, BTS held an online live concert,Bang Bang Con: The Live, as part of the seventh anniversary of their debut.It garnered peak viewership of 756,000live viewers in 107countries and territories, setting the record for the largest audience for a paid virtual concert.On June 19, BTS released the Japanese single, \"Stay Gold\", from their fourth Japanese album,Map of the Soul: 7 – The Journey, which was released worldwide on July 14.It surpassed 564,000copies in its first week, breaking the record for highest first week album sales by male foreign artists in Japan. BTS released their first English-language single, \"Dynamite\", on August 21.\"Dynamite\" debuted at number one on the USBillboardHot 100 chart, earning BTS their first chart topper and making them the first all-South Korean act to earn a number one single in the US.The single also toppedBillboard'snewGlobal 200for the week ending September 24, as well asGlobal Excluding UScharts, becoming the first single to top both simultaneously.\"Dynamite\" peaked at number five on the USMainstream Top 40and on the.Billboard Pop Singleschart, becoming their first Top 10 on each and the former the highest-charting entry by a Korean act.On August 31, BTS made theirMTV Video Music Awards(VMAs) debut with the first live performance of \"Dynamite\"and won four awards: Best Group, Best Choreography, Best Pop Video, and Best K-pop (the last three for their music video for \"On\").On October 14, they performed the single at the 2020BillboardMusic Awards and won the Top Social Artist award for a fourth consecutive year. On October 2, 2020, BTS released a remix ofJawsh 685andJason Derulo's single \"Savage Love (Laxed – Siren Beat)\".It topped the Hot 100.On October 10 and 11, BTS hosted a two-day virtualpay-per-viewconcert at KSPO Dome in Seoul, calledMap of the Soul ON:E, which drew 993,000 viewers from 191 countries and territories.On November 20, BTS released their fifth Korean studio albumBe, led by the single \"Life Goes On\".\"Life Goes On\" debuted at number one on the Hot 100,BTS's third consecutive US number-one single in three months and the first song performed primarily in Korean to top the chart. On November 24, 2020, BTS became the first Korean pop artists recognized bythe Recording Academywhen \"Dynamite\" received a nomination forBest Pop Duo/Group Performanceat the63rd Annual Grammy Awards.The group won the Special International Music Award at the62nd Japan Record Awards.Kim, in his book on the influence of Korean popular culture, suggested that 2020, the worst year in many people's lives, was a noteworthy one for Korean culture, withParasitewinning theAcademy Award for Best Pictureand BTS posting three number-one hits on theBillboardGlobal 200. 2021–present \"Butter\", \"Permission to Dance\" andProof On March 4, 2021, the IFPI named BTS its Global Recording Artist of the Year for 2020, the first Asian and first non-English speaking act to top the ranking.BTS occupied three spots in the Global Album Sales Chart of 2020, withMap of the Soul: 7at number one,Be (Deluxe Edition)at number two, andMap of the Soul: 7–The Journeyat number eight.On the newly launched Global Album All Format Chart,Map of the Soul: 7claimed first place andBe (Deluxe Edition)claimed fourth.On March 14, 2021, BTS performed \"Dynamite\" at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming the first Korean nominee to perform, though they did not win the award.On April 1, BTS released \"Film Out\", the first single from their then-upcoming Japanese compilation album,BTS, the Best.BTS held a two-day online streaming event on their YouTube channel beginning April 17, titledBang Bang Con 21, and aired three of their previous in-person concerts. On May 21, BTS released their second English-language single, \"Butter\".It debuted at number one on the Hot 100—their fourth number one in nine months—making them the quickest act to achieve four chart-toppers sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006, and the fastest group sincethe Jackson 5in 1970.Their next English-language single, \"Permission to Dance\", was released on July 9.It became BTS's eighth number-one on theDigital Songschart, extending their record as the group with the most number-one entries on the ranking.On September24, 2021, the band released the single \"My Universe\" withColdplay.The single debuted at number one on the Hot 100, making it the first collaboration between two groups to debut at number one.The band held an online concert, titledPermission to Dance on Stage, on October 24, 2021, in Seoul.On November 23, \"Butter\" earned a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the64th Annual Grammy Awards.Between November 27 and December 2, BTS held their first live performances before an in-person audience since before the pandemic. The band playedfour sold-out showsatSoFi Stadiumin Los Angeles as a continuation of their Permission to Dance on Stage concert series. On January 15, 2022, a fictionalwebtoonbased on BTS, titled7Fates: Chakho, was released. The comic surpassed 15million views globally in its first two days of availability and became the highest-viewed title ever launched byWebtoon.The band held three limited-capacity concerts at Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 10, 12 and 13—the largest music gatheringsapproved by the South Korean government since the pandemic restrictions were imposed—with a total audience of 45,000people.On April 3, BTS performed \"Butter\" at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards,though the song did not win the award for which it was nominated.On April 8, the band earned seven nominations at the2022BillboardMusic Awardsand won three, making them the most-nominated and the most-awarded group in the show's history. On June 10, 2022, BTS released their three-CDanthologyalbumProof.On June 14, during their ninth anniversary celebrations, the band announced a temporary suspension of group activities to focus on solo projects and other endeavors.Hybe Corporation, which owns Big Hit,clarified in subsequent statements that BTS was neither disbanding nor going on hiatus, but would be actively furthering their individual careers with the label's full support while still participating in group activities, including the filming ofRun BTS.The incident caused Hybe Corporation's stock to decline rapidly, resulting in a decrease in market value of US$1.7billion.On August 24,Billboardmagazine reported that BTS would be performing inBusanon October 15 in a benefit concert in support of the city's efforts to have aWorld Expositionin 2030, participating under the bannerYet to Come. Military service and contract renewal In spite of the announcement of the October 2022 benefit concert, Hybe Corporation's stock prices dropped to below its originalIPOamid continuing market speculation about the implications of the upcoming mandatorymilitary enlistmentof the band's members.Under South Korean laws, all able-bodied males must complete between 18 and 21 months of military service, usually by age 28.Bloomberg Newsreported the concert as a success but also indicated that there were no further concert dates scheduled. It was estimated that if the band members completed their service, Hybe Corporation would lose nearly US$10 billion over ten years, with the loss to the South Korean economy at nearly US$39 billion. In October 2022, Big Hit confirmed that Jin, the band's oldest member, aged 29, had withdrawn his enlistment deferral request.The other members planned to enlist later, with the group planning to reunite in 2025 following discharge.At the end of October 2022, BTS earned five nominations for the2022 MAMA Awards, with the band members receiving eight further nominations as solo artists.On November 15, BTS earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards, including a nomination forBest Music Videofor \"Yet to Come\".\"My Universe\" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, making BTS the only act to be nominated three years in a row in this category since its introduction in 2011.The band was also nominated forAlbum of the Yearas featured artists on Coldplay'sMusic of the Spheres.Jin enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 13.On February 26, 2023, Big Hit announced that J-Hope had requested cancellation of the postponement of his military service. Following their scheduled separation, the band'sBTS 'Yet to Come' in Busanconcert film was released on February 1, 2023.During a trip to Spain, RM toldEFEthat BTS \"will come together again when we finish our military service, and we will look for new synergies between us to enter a second phase.\"Hybe chairman Bang Si-hyuk stated on March 15, 2023, that their comeback might not occur in 2025 since it was hard to target a specific date, and that they had not discussed their contract renewal yet.J-Hope enlisted as an active duty soldier on April 18.On May 12, BTS released a soundtrack \"The Planet\" for the South KoreananimatedseriesBastions.To commemorate their tenth anniversary, the group released the song \"Take Two\" on June 9. On September 20, 2023, Hybe confirmed through a press release that BTS would renew their exclusive contracts. The members will sign these agreements sequentially, considering their military service, after a board resolution with Big Hit Music, solidifying their commitment to future projects starting from 2025 onwards. Hybe expressed their anticipation for supporting BTS' group endeavors and pledged unwavering support to enhance their worldwide influence, ensuring the group's continuity even after completing their military service.On September 22, 2023, Suga enlisted as a social worker.RM and V enlisted on December 11, 2023, followed by Jimin and Jungkook on December 12.On June 12, 2024, Jin became the first BTS member to complete his mandatory military service and was officially discharged. Artistry Influences BTS have cited Seo Taiji and Boys,Nas,Eminem,Kanye West,Drake,Post Malone,Charlie Puth, andDangeras musical inspirations.They have also cited Queen as an influence, saying they \"grew up watching videos ofLive Aid\".During their concert at Wembley Stadium in London, Jin paid tribute to Queen by leading the crowd in a version ofFreddie Mercury's \"ay-oh\" chant.\"Hip Hop Phile\" which was released when BTS's hip-hop concept was at its height, pays homage to the artists who influenced them, including the South Korean groupEpik High,Jay-Z,Biggie,CL Smooth, and others. Their 2016 albumWingswas inspired byHermann Hesse'scoming of agenovel,Demian.Their song \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" quotesFriedrich Nietzsche'sThus Spoke Zarathustra, and its music video features visual references toHerbert James Draper'sThe Lament for Icarus,Pieter Bruegel'sLandscape with the Fall of Icarus, and Bruegel'sThe Fall of the Rebel Angels.Among the literary and other sources that have inspired their works are those byHaruki Murakami,Ursula K. Le Guin,Carl Jung,George Orwelland Nietzsche.TheLove Yourselfseries was influenced byErich Fromm'sThe Art of Loving,and their 2018 song \"Magic Shop\" fromLove Yourself: Tearwas inspired byJames R. Doty's memoirInto the Magic Shop. Musical style Since their inception, BTS have emphasized hip hop as their musical base, largely due to the influence of RM and Suga's background as underground rappers;during early visits to the US, the group received mentoring from American rappers.Bang Si-hyukpreviously acknowledged that K-pop as a whole draws fromblack music,and author Crystal S. Anderson stated, \"BTS's rising popularity in the US represents the continuation of the ways that K-pop functions as part of a global R&B tradition.\"T.K. Park and Youngdae Kim ofVulturedeemed the track \"Outro: Her\" fromLove Yourself: Heras the best example of the group's understanding ofold-school hip hop, with raps inspired byChuck DandTupacand jazzy chords from the 1990s to create a classic hip hop sound. The release of \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" in 2016 accelerated BTS's transition from a hip hop to a pop group. Park and Kim noted that the song draws fromdancehall,reggaeton, andmoombahtonbut opts for a \"baroque mysticism\" rather than the \"partylike atmosphere of its influences\".The group also began incorporating traditional Korean elements into their music. For example, their single \"Idol\" (2018) features an adlib fromPansori, a Korean form of operatic storytelling, and vocal imitations of the sounds of Koreanjanggudrums. While BTS maintains roots in hip hop, their sound has diversified. They first experimented withR&B,rockandjazz hip hoponDark & Wildin 2014;EDMin theirThe Most Beautiful Moment in Lifealbum series;moombahton andtropical houseonWingsandYou Never Walk Alone;future bassandLatin popin theirLove Yourselfalbum series;slow-dance ballads,emo rap,Afro pop,funk,trap,pop rock, andhip popin theirMap of the Soulalbum series;anddiscoin their single \"Dynamite\".The band members have explored different genres on solo tracks, such asneo soulon V's \"Stigma\" and flowing R&B on Jimin's \"Lie\". Lyrical themes Since their formation, BTS have believed that telling their own stories is the best way for the younger generation to relate to their music.Writing many of their own lyrics,the group discusses universal life experiences such as sadness and loneliness in their work and turn them into something lighter and more manageable. RM stated that BTS tries to avoid a preaching or reprimanding tone in their songs \"because that's not the way that we want to spread our message ... We're born with different lives, but you cannot choose some things. So we thought that love, the real meaning of it, starts with loving ourselves and accepting some ironies and some destinies that we have from the very start.\"When asked if it is difficult to write about things like mental health, Suga responded, We feel that people who have the platform to talk about those things really should talk more, because they say depression is something where you go to the hospital and you're diagnosed, but you can't really know until the doctor talks to you ... More and more, I think artists or celebrities who have a voice should talk about these problems and bring it up to the surface. Themes explored in BTS's discography range from exploring \"the troubles and anxieties of school-age youth\" to \"themes like love, friendship, loss, death, and more.\"Early BTS songs, such as \"No More Dream\" and \"N.O\" from their school trilogy, were described by Tamar Herman as motivated by personal experiences with South Korea's rigid approach to education and called for change to the educational system and societal expectations.The members' experiences with South Korean youth culture also inspired the songs \"Dope\" and \"Silver Spoon\" (Korean:뱁새;RR:Baepsae) from their youth trilogy. These songs reference generational disparity andmillennialsgiving up romantic relationships, marriage, children, proper employment, homes, and social life in the face of economic difficulties and societal ills while facing condemnation from the media and older generations.The group's label dubbedThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever, the conclusion to their youth trilogy, \"a special album that marks the conclusion of the epic journey of the series, containing the last stories told by young people who, despite an uncertain and insecure reality (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt. 1) continue to surge forward (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt. 2).\"Wingsfocused on mental health, criticisms of the K-pop \"idol\" scene, and delivering a female empowerment message.TheLove Yourselfseries introduced new themes regarding youth culture in South Korea, including the excitement of love, pain of farewell, and enlightenment of self-love.According to Kathy Sprinkel, BTS's 2020 \"quarantine album\"Be\"chronicles the group's coming to terms with a suddenly new reality and offers support for their listeners going through the same upheaval and uncertainty\". BTS's lyrics have also addressed topics outside youth culture. The song \"Am I Wrong\" fromWingsquestioned societal apathy towards changing the status quo; the lyric \"We're all dogs and pigs / we become dogs because we're angry\" appeared to reference South KoreanMinistry of Educationofficial Na Hyang-wook, who advocated acaste systemfor the country and who reportedly described average people as \"dogs and pigs\". BTS released the song amid the2016 South Korean political scandalthat resulted in the impeachment of presidentPark Geun-hye.RM and Suga's personal struggles with mental health have inspired some of their music.\"Not Today\" from 2017'sYou Never Walk Aloneis ananti-establishmentanthem, urging \"all the underdogs in the world\" to keep fighting,and \"Spring Day\" honored the victims of theSewol Ferry tragedy.Journalist Jeff Benjamin praised BTS inFusefor \"speak honestly about topics they deem important, even in a conservative society\".Former South Korean presidentMoon Jae-insaid: \"Each of the seven members sings in a way that is true to himself and the life he wants to live. Their melody and lyrics transcend regional borders, language, culture, and institutions.\" Impact On April 29, 2019,Timemagazine named BTS one of the100 most influential people of the year, labeling them the \"Princes of Pop\".Billboardexecutive Silvio Pietroluongo compared the group's influence to that of the Beatles.MRC Dataexecutive Helena Kosinski noted that \"although BTS weren't the first to open the doors to K-Pop worldwide, they were the first to become mainstream. They don't just appeal to young people but also to the 50s and 60s age demographic.\"The first non-English speaking artist to make the Global Artist Chart in 2018, BTS was the second best-selling artists worldwide across multiple media platforms, second only to Drake.In 2020, BTS became the first non-western and non-English speaking artist to be named IFPI's Global Recording Artist of the Year.In South Korea, BTS accounted for 41.9 percent of album sales in the first half of 2019, up from their market share of 25.3 percent the previous year. In 2022, Youna Kim described BTS as having spearheaded the Korean Wave, representing the global expansion of Korean culture as effectively as Psy did in the previous decade and with the strength of influence that theAcademy Award-winning South Korean filmParasitehad in 2020.South Korea's central bank, theBank of Korea, found in 2021 that BTS, including a \"ripple effect\" that included increased tourism to South Korea; increased interest in Korean culture, movies, and study of the Korean language; and added approximately US$5billion per year to South Korea's economy, a growth of about 0.5 percent.A 2018 study showed that, on average, 800,000foreigners per year had visited South Korea over the past four years for BTS-related reasons. Writers identified BTS as leaders even among other highly influential K-pop groups such asGirls' Generation,Super Junior,Exo,Twice, andBlackpinkand note that BTS's success shows the importance of a strong, active fan base in the age of social media, where fan campaigning can be as important as musical quality to a song's success.The group has also distinguished themselves at the forefront of the business side of the K-pop industry by pursuing less restrictive contracts with their management company to maximize their artistic originality and creativity.With this newer approach to career management, BTS created closer ties to the South Korean youth and encourage individuality and authenticity among their audience. Diplomacy In his 1990 essaySoft Power, political scientistJoseph Nyedeveloped the concept of a second type of power different from traditional authoritarianism.Nye wrote, \"This second aspect of power – which occurs when one country gets other countries to want what it wants – might be called co-optive orsoft powerin contrast with the hard or command power of ordering others to do what it wants.\"Researchers such as Maud Quessard have applied the concept of soft power to BTS and their influence on entertainment diplomacy and international relations.Youna Kim and Maud Quessard all read the currency of soft power as includingculture, politicalvalues, andforeign policy, which applies to BTS's ability to be co-optive in their approach to spreading their message of harmony, acceptance, and addressing life's setbacks via their broad appeal on the international stage. BTS was invited to address theUnited Nations General Assemblyin New York in September 2018.That same year they performed in Paris before an audience of 400, including President Moon Jae-in and other officials, at the 2018 Korea-France Friendship Concert, a summit celebrating the friendly relations between France and South Korea.That year, BTS became the youngest recipients of theOrder of Cultural Merit. Despite cultural medals traditionally being given to recipients with over 15 years of achievement, Moon recognized the group, five years into their career, for their contributions in spreading Korean culture and language worldwide.In September2019, BTS were mentioned by Moon while announcing strategies for the content industries, for having pioneered innovative business models through direct communication with fans.In 2020, BTS received theJames A. Van Fleet Awardin recognition of their outstanding contributions to the promotion of US-Korea relations, the youngest honorees to receive the award.In July2021, they were appointedSpecial Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and Cultureby President Moon. In their role as envoys, they help to \"raise awareness on global agendas, such as sustainable development, to our future generations and to strengthen the nation's diplomatic power across the world\"and appear at international events such as the76th United Nations General Assembly.On May 31, 2022, BTS visited USPresident Joe Bidenat theWhite Houseto discuss the recent rise in anti-Asian hate crimes and discrimination. Fandom According to Kyung Hyun Kim, BTS's rise was facilitated by a great increase in music video programming and consumption on YouTube and the coming of an idol empire, including merchandising of nonmusical products, games, and fantasy fiction, as well as an expansion of online music fandom.The group has a large, highly organized, online community of fans known as ARMY (Adorable Representative M.C. for Youth), which translates the group's lyrics and social media posts into other languages and matches charitable contributions of BTS's members. As of 2020, some 40million ARMY members subscribe to the band's YouTube channel, with more than 30million following the official BTS Twitter andInstagramaccounts.The fan community helps generate BTS's number-one chart rankings via coordinated campaigns on streaming platforms,as well as pushes to feature BTS's music on radio stations and television.Some ARMY members may even surpass the group itself in influence among BTS fans. BTS interacted and engaged with their followers from their earliest days via social media,as well as viaBTS Universe, analternate storylineinvolving the members told through music videos, mobile games, books, short films, and more that gives fans room to theorize.Kim suggested that ARMY are drawn to BTS since the members are seen as underdogs, originating from the Korean countryside and a relatively minor Korean entertainment company, which allows young fans to identify with them.BTS's lyrics speak to social values, and fans respond by trying to improve the world. As a result, the fandom regularly embraces activism on charitable causes and socio-political issues such as refugee crises,racial discrimination,children's rights,climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic.Feedback from ARMY to BTS affects the group's actions and lyrics; BTS has eliminated certain Korean words that sound like American racial slurs from their songs and ended collaboration with a Japanese producer when Korean ARMY members deemed his views extreme. Per South Korean author Jiyoung Lee, the relationship between BTS and ARMY is \"a mutual exchange between artists and their fans\" that is about more than merely \"ensuring the band's primacy\", but also \"extending the band's message of positivity into the world\". Lee opines that BTS and ARMY are \"a symbol of change in zeitgeist, not just of generational change\".The band members themselves agree and have long acknowledged their fans' role in their success.According to Sarah Keith, \"BTS embody a moment of generational transformation. ARMY represents a 'coming of age' for the young, in which cultural production and influence are global and meaningful, and where the youth are politically and socially engaged.\" Other ventures Endorsements BTS partnered withPumabeginning in 2015, initially as Puma Korea's brand ambassadors before expanding to global ambassadors in 2018, and promoting the remix of Puma's \"Turin\" and \"Sportstyle\" line worldwide.In 2019, BTS signed withFilato endorse its sportswear.BTS has also served as global brand ambassadors forLG Electronics'smartphones,andHyundai Motors'2019 flagshipSUVthe \"Palisade\"andhydrogenfuel cell electricSUV, the \"Nexo\".BTS became global ambassadors of the electric street racing seriesFormula Eto promote how electric vehicles can helpcombat climate change.In 2020, BTS partnered withSamsung Electronics,releasing a limited BTS-themed version of theGalaxy S20+andGalaxy Buds+.As the first male pop group ever to collaborate withDior, BTS sported ensembles fromKim Jones' Pre-Fall 2019 collection at their concert atStade de France.The band became global brand ambassadors forLouis Vuittonin April 2021. Philanthropy BTS are known for their philanthropic endeavors. Several members of the band have been inducted into prestigious donation clubs, such as theUNICEFHonors Club and the Green Noble Club, in acknowledgement of the size and frequency of their donations.They have also received awards for their donations, with one member receiving a Patron of the Arts Award for donations to the arts,and BTS as a whole receiving a UNICEF Inspire Award for their Love Myself campaign. They often donate privately, with theirpatronagelater being made public by the organizations they support and the media.The band's efforts have motivated their fans to also engage in various charitable andhumanitarianactivities, and on occasion even match their donations. Accolades BTS have received numerous awards throughout their career. They have consecutively won theBillboard Music Award for Top Social Artistsince 2017; are the only K-pop group to winTop Duo/Group, at the2019 Billboard Music Awards;and are the most-awarded group inBBMA historyas of2022, with 12 wins overall.BTS are also the only K-pop group to winFavorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rockand Favorite Social Artist at theAmerican Music Awards,and became the first Asian act in the show's history to win Artist of the Year in 2021.They are the first Korean pop act to receive aGrammy Awardnomination,and the first Korean artist to be nominated for aBrit Award.With 30 awards overall, including a record four consecutive wins for Artist of the Year (Asia), BTS are the most-awarded foreign artist in the history of theJapan Gold Disc Awards. They have also received a total of 50 trophies at theMAMA Awards. Members Discography Korean-language studio albums Japanese-language studio albums Filmography Films Online shows Bibliography Concert tours Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links",
"Jimin Park Ji-min(Korean:박지민; born October 13, 1995), knownmononymouslyasJimin, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and dancer. In 2013, he made his debut as a member of the South Koreanboy bandBTS, under the record labelBig Hit Entertainment. Jimin has released three solo tracks under BTS' name—\"Lie\" in 2016, \"Serendipity\" in 2017, and \"Filter\" in 2020—all of which have charted on South Korea'sGaon Digital Chart. He released his first credited solo song, the digital track \"Promise\", which he co-wrote, in 2018 and recorded the duet \"With You\" withHa Sung-woonfor the soundtrack for theTvNdramaOur Bluesin 2022. Jimin released his debut solo album,Facein 2023, which debuted at number one in South Korea and Japan and number two on the USBillboard200, making him the highest-charting Korean solo artist on the latter chart. The album's single \"Like Crazy\" became the first song by a Korean solo artist to debut at number one on the USBillboardHot 100in history. Jimin also became the first Korean solo artist to top theBillboardArtist 100chart. In 2024, he released his second album,Muse, and its lead single \"Who\", which debuted at number one on theBillboardGlobal 200. Early life and education Park Ji-min was born on October 13, 1995, inGeumjeong District,Busan, South Korea.He is of theMilyang Park clan.His immediate family includes his mother, father, and younger brother. When he was a child, he attended Busan's Hodong Elementary School and Yonsan Middle School.In middle school, he attended Just Dance Academy, where he learnedpoppingandlocking.Prior to becoming a trainee, Jimin studiedcontemporary danceat Busan High School of Arts and was a top student in the modern dance department.A teacher suggested that he join an entertainment company, leading him toBig Hit Entertainment. Once he passed the auditions in 2012, he transferred toKorean Arts High School, graduating in 2014. Jimin graduated from Global Cyber University in August 2020 with a major in Broadcasting and Entertainment. He was awarded the President's Award, the school's highest honor.As of 2021, he is enrolled atHanyang Cyber University, pursuing aMaster of Business Administrationin Advertising and Media. Career 2013–present: BTS Jimin was the last Big Hit trainee to be added to the lineup that would eventually becomeBTS. Of the band's seven members, he spent the shortest period of time—six months—as a trainee prior to debuting.On June 13, 2013, he debuted as a vocalist and dancer in BTS with the song \"No More Dream\" from their first single2 Cool 4 Skool.Under the band's name, he released three solo songs: \"Lie\", \"Serendipity\", and \"Filter\". \"Lie\" was released in 2016, as part of the band's second Korean studio album,Wings. It was described as stunning and dramatic, conveying dark undertones and emotions in line with the overall concept of the album.In contrast, \"Serendipity\", from the band'sLove Yourself: Her(2017)extended play(EP), was soft and sensual, expressing the joy, conviction, and curiosity of love.\"Filter\", a track from BTS' 2020 studio albumMap of the Soul: 7, had aLatin popflair, with lyrics reflecting the different sides of Jimin that he shows to the world and those around him.Jimin additionally co-wrote and co-produced another track included on that album, \"Friends\", which was later featured in theMarvel StudiosfilmEternals. \"Serendipity\" and \"Lie\" both surpassed fifty million streams onSpotifyin 2018, followed shortly thereafter by the former's full length version from BTS'Love Yourself: Answer(2018) compilation album, which achieved the milestone in early 2019. Jimin became the first Korean artist to have three solo tracks accumulate over 50 million streams each, surpassingPsy, who previously crossed the 50 million streams mark twice with \"Gangnam Style\" (2012) and \"Gentleman\" (2013).Both songs were also the only solos by a BTS member included in theOfficial Charts Company's (OCC) list of the top 20 most streamed BTS songs in the United Kingdom as of October 2018, ranking at number 17 and 19 respectively.In April 2019, the list was expanded to reflect the top 40, and both tracks were the highest ranked solos included that year, at numbers 18 and 20 respectively. In May 2019, Jimin became the first BTS member to have a solo music video achieve 100 million views onYouTubewhen \"Serendipity\" surpassed the milestone.He remained the only BTS member with multiple solo songs in the January 2020 update of the OCC's top 40 list: \"Lie\" and \"Serendipity\" were the second and third most-streamed solos, at numbers 24 and 29 respectively, with the full-length version of the latter at number 38.The following month, Jimin earned his first entry on theBillboardHot 100with \"Filter\", which debuted at number 87 on the chart,as well his first number one on the World Digital Song Sales chart. The song set the record for the biggest streaming debut among all Korean songs on Spotify, accruing over 2.2 million streams in its first 24 hours of release, and went on to become the fastest Korean solo in the platform's history to surpass 20–60 million streams.It was also the only solo album track by BTS to receive a Song of the Year nomination at theGaon Chart Music Awards.In March 2021, \"Filter\" became the 15th BTS song to spend a full year onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart.It was the longest-charting Korean song released in 2020 on the ranking,having spent 80 weeks on the chart as of the issue dated October 9, 2021. Jimin was awarded the fifth-class HwagwanOrder of Cultural Meritin 2018, alongside his bandmates, by thePresident of South Korea,Moon Jae-in, for their contributions to the promotion of Korean culture.Three years later, Moon appointed himSpecial Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and Culture, alongside his bandmates, to help \"lead the global agenda for future generations\" and \"expand South Korea's diplomatic efforts and global standing\" in the international community. 2014–present: Solo work In 2014, Jimin collaborated with bandmateJungkookon a song called \"Christmas Day\", a Korean rendition ofJustin Bieber's \"Mistletoe\"; Jimin wrote the Korean lyrics himself.The two collaborated again in 2017, on a cover ofCharlie Puth's \"We Don't Talk Anymore\" featuringSelena Gomez.Jungkook previously released a solo version of the song in February, and the two prepared the duet as a special gift to the band's fandom, releasing it on June 2, during BTS' fourth anniversary celebrations.Teen Voguewrote that \"adding Jimin's voice to the mix makes the rendition all the more lovely\",while the Canadian outletFlaremagazine stated that \"it honestly might be better than the original\".Elite Dailydescribed the cover as \"nothing short of flawless\". Jimin appeared on several variety shows such asHello Counselor,Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, andGod's Workplacein 2016.He also served as a special MC ondomestic television music programssuch asShow! Music CoreandM Countdown.In December 2016, he participated in a dance duet at theKBS Song FestivalwithTaeminfromShinee. On December 30, 2018, Jimin released \"Promise\", his first credited song as a solo artist, for free on BTS'SoundCloudpage.It earned the biggest 24-hour debut in SoundCloud history with 8.5 million streams, surpassing previous record holderDrake's \"Duppy Freestyle\" which received 4.9 million streams,and would go on to become the most streamed song on the platform by December 2021, with over 300 million streams.Described byBillboardas a \"mellowpop ballad\",the song was composed by Jimin and Big Hit producer Slow Rabbit, who also produced the track,and features lyrics written by Jimin and bandmateRM.Jimin released his second solo song \"Christmas Love\", about his childhood memories of the holidays, on December 24, 2020.In 2022, he contributed the single \"With You\", a duet withHa Sung-woon, to the soundtrack of theTvNdramaOur Blues; the single was released on April 24. In January 2023, Jimin co-wrote and featured on the single \"Vibe\" byTaeyang.His first official solo project since BTS announced an increased focus on individual music endeavors a year prior,the single earned Jimin his debut entry on theBillboardHot 100as a solo artist, at number 76.He was announced as aglobal ambassadorforDiorlater that month,and forTiffany & Co.in March.\"Promise\" and \"Christmas Love\" were made available on streaming platforms worldwide as official singles under Jimin's name on March 6.His debut solo albumFacewas released on March 24.It set several chart and sales records, debuting at number one in South Korea and Japan,and number two in the US, making Jimin the highest-charting Korean solo artist of all time on theBillboard200.The album's two singles, \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" and \"Like Crazy\", released on March 17 and 24 respectively,both entered the Hot 100: the former debuted at number 30,while the latter debuted at number one, making Jimin the first South Korean solo artist in history to top the chart.The album's release led Jimin to become the first Korean solo artist to reach number one on theBillboardArtist 100.In May, he appeared as a featured artist, alongsideJvkeandMuni Long, on the single \"Angel Pt. 1\" byKodak BlackandNLE Choppa, as part of the soundtrack for the filmFast X.The digital single \"Closer Than This\" was released on December 22, shortly after Jiminenlistedin theSouth Korean Army. Originally recorded during the production ofFace, it is a song dedicated to the BTS fandom in gratitude for their support. Big Hit announced an eight-episode travel reality series,Are You Sure?!, featuring Jimin and Jungkook on July 2, 2024. Available forstreamingexclusively onDisney+, the premiere episode aired August 8, with subsequent episodes following weekly through September 19.The label released Jimin's second solo album,Muse, on July 19, while he was carrying out his mandatory military service. It was supported by the singles \"Smeraldo Garden Marching Band\" and \"Who\".\"Who\" became Jimin's first song to debut atop both ofBillboard'sglobal charts. Artistry Jimin's vocals have been described as delicate and sweet.He is regarded as an exceptional dancer among the members of BTS and in K-pop in general,often praised for his \"smooth and elegant movements\" and charm on stage. In the documentaryBurn the Stagereleased in 2018, Jimin addressed hisperfectionism.In 2023, Jimin stated that as a pop artist, he \"aims to excel at both dancing and singing and perform a diverse range of musical genres and themes\" while \"taking a healthy and sustainable approach to do so\". He has cited singerRainas an inspiration and one of the reasons why he wanted to become a singer and performer. Impact and influence In 2016, Jimin was ranked as the 14th most popular idol in an annual survey conducted byGallup Korea.He subsequently ranked seventh in 2017, and then consecutively ranked first in 2018 and 2019,as the only idol to top the survey for two consecutive years.In 2018, Jimin was the ninth most-tweeted about celebrity and the eighth most-tweeted about musician globally.He was named the 17th best boy band member in history byThe Guardian.From January to May 2018, Jimin won the monthly \"Top K-Pop Artist–Individual\" award forPeeper x Billboard, a collaboration between thePeepersocial media app andBillboardKoreathat collects fan votes for their favorite K-pop artists. The prize was a donation toUNICEFin his name. The Cultural Conservation Society awarded Jimin a plaque of appreciation in 2019, for performingbuchaechum, a traditional Korean fan dance, during the2018 Melon Music Awardsand helping spread the dance outside of Korea.In October 2021, he became the first idol to spend 34 consecutive months atop the brand reputation ranking for individual boy group idolsand the only one to top the overall ranking for three consecutive years. Jimin is often cited as a role model by various idols in theK-popindustry, many of whom try to emulate his style of dance, mannerisms, and stage presence; media outlets have called him the \"Idol of Idols\", \"Idol's Bible\", and \"Rookies' Bible\". Artists who have cited him as an influence include Arthur ofKingdom, Bic ofMCND, Kim Si-hun ofBDC, Woochul ofNewkidd, Hyunjin ofStray Kids, Wooyoung ofAteez, Lim Se-jun ofVicton, Huening Kai and Beomgyu ofTomorrow X Together, and Ni-ki and Jay ofEnhypen.British internet personalityOli Londonunderwent 15 cosmetic surgeries by 2020 to resemble Jimin. Jimin has also been acknowledged beyond theK-popindustry. In 2019, Award-winning director and photographerGus Van Santnamed Jimin as the artist he wished to work with.In 2021, Olympic figure skaterYuzuru Hanyushared being aBTSfan and mentioned Jimin as a source of inspiration for his dance movements on the rink.In 2023,Ryan Goslinggifted Jimin the guitar his character Ken used in the movieBarbie. Gosling gave Jimin the custom guitar as homage for jimin'sPermission to Danceoutfit serving as inspiration for one of the outfits Gosling wore for his role as Ken. Forbes Koreaincluded Jimin on theForbes Korea Power Celebrity 40for 2024, at number seven, making him the highest ranking K-pop soloist and second-highest ranking soloist on the list. Philanthropy Jimin is a supporter of education and the arts. From 2016 to 2018, he covered uniform expenses of students at his alma mater, Busan Hodong Elementary School. After the school's closing was announced, he donated summer and winter middle school uniforms to the final graduates and gifted autographed albums to the entire student body.In early 2019, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$85,810.58) to the Busan Department of Education to help support students from low income families. Of the total,₩30 million (US$25,743.17) went to his alma mater, Busan Arts High School.In July 2020, he donated₩100 million (US$84,726.68) to the Jeonnam Future Education Foundation to fund the creation of a scholarship fund for talented students from South Jeolla Province who were struggling financially. In July 2021, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) toRotary Internationalto help polio patients. As with previous donations, the benefaction was made privately but became public in September, when the Go-seong Rotary Club displayed a banner thanking him for the donation.He was announced as a member of the Green Noble Club, a group of major donors to the Green Umbrella Children's Foundation who have contributed ₩100 million or more, on October 12. In September 2022, Jimin made a donation to the Gangwon Provincial Office of Education.In February 2023, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) through the Korean UNICEF Committee toward emergency relief for children affected by theTurkey–Syria earthquake.In March, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the North Chungcheong Provincial Office of Education to fund books and reading education programs for students.In August, Jimin participated in the \"Hometown Love Donation System\", a program allowing non-residents to donate to support welfare in the district of Nam-gu, Busan. He donated the maximum allowed donation amount of₩5 million (US$4,370.82) and proceeded to re-donate his campaign's donor return gifts to people in need in the region.In February 2024, Jimin was inducted in the Nam-gu Hometown Love Donation System Donor Hall of Fame for his contribution to the district welfare programs.In May, he made a donation of₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the South Gyeongsang Provincial Office of Education to create a scholarship for underprivileged students. Personal life Jimin used to live inHannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea, with his bandmates.In 2021, he purchased a property in the area worth₩5.9billion(US$5.16 million). Health In 2017, during BTS'Wings Tour, Jimin was unable to participate in the show inMacaudue to neck and shoulder cramping.The following year, while inLondonfor theLove Yourself World Tour, he withdrew from the band's scheduled performance onThe Graham Norton Showbecause of \"severe muscle pain in his neck and back\", according to a statement released byBig Hit Entertainment. In 2022, Jimin was hospitalized after having abdominal pain and a mild sore throat. He underwentappendicitissurgery on January 31, and received a positiveCOVID-19diagnosis. Military service On November 22, 2023, Big Hit announced throughWeversethat Jimin, along with bandmatesRM,V, andJungkook, had started the enlistment process to carry out hismandatory military service.He enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 12 at the Army 5th Division Recruit Training Center inYeoncheon.He completed his five weeks of basic training in January 2024, placing first as an outstanding trainee and received the Best trainee commendation award from the Division Commander, taking an oath as the representative of all trainees in his unit.He was then appointed to an Artillery Unit in the5th Infantry Division. Discography Studio albums Singles As lead artist As featured artist Other charted songs Other songs Writing credits All song credits are adapted from theKorea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted. Filmography Television Music videos Awards and nominations World records Notes References External links"
] | [
"BoA Kwon Bo-ah(Korean:권보아; born November 5, 1986), known professionally asBoAand often referred to as the \"Queen of K-pop\", is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, producer, and actress. Born and raised inGyeonggi-do, South Korea, BoA was discovered bySM Entertainmenttalent agents when she accompanied her older brother, a music video director, to a talent search in 1998. She was trained for two years and made her debut withID; Peace B(2000). BoA has since released twenty studio albums, including ten in Korean, nine in Japanese, and one in English. On television, she appeared as a judge on the reality competition showK-pop Star(2011–2013), as an actress on the television dramaListen to Love(2016), as a host for thesecond seasonofProduce 101(2017), and as a coach for thethird seasonofThe Voice of Korea(2020). With the release of her debut Japanese studio album,Listen to My Heart(2002), BoA became the first South Korean pop star to break through in Japan following the fall of barriers that had restricted",
"that had restricted the import and export of entertainment between the countries since the end ofWorld War II. Her Japanese albumsValenti(2003) andBest of Soul(2005) went on to sell over one million copies each according toOricon; the latter of which remained the last album to do so by a non-Japanese artist for 16 years. Herself-titled English album(2009) became the first record by a K-pop artist to appear on theBillboard200, debuting at number 127. BoA has sold over ten million albums throughout her career and is one of only three female artists with six consecutive number-one studio albums on theOricon Albums Chartsince her debut, alongside Japanese singersAyumi HamasakiandHikaru Utada. She is the recipient of numerous awards in South Korea and Japan, including eightMAMA Awards, sixSBS Music Awards, fiveJapan Record Awards, and fiveJapan Gold Disc Awards. In 2013,Mnetincluded her in their Legend 100 Artists list of the most influential artists in South Korea. Life and career 2000–2003: Debut and commercial",
"and commercial success in South Korea and Japan Kwon Bo-ah was born on November 5, 1986.At the age of eleven, BoA accompanied her older brother to an SM Entertainment talent search.Though her brother was the one who auditioned as a break-dancer,SMtalent scoutsinstead took notice of BoA and offered her a contract on the same night as the auditions.Her parents initially opposed the notion of BoA leaving school to enter the entertainment business but eventually consented at her older brothers' persuasion.She has said that her early influence as a singer wasSeo Taiji. BoA underwent two years of training (involving vocal, dance, English, and Japanese lessons), and at the age of thirteen she released her debut albumID; Peace Bin South Korea on August 25, 2000.The album was moderately successful; it entered the Top 10 of the South Korean charts and sold around 156,000 units.Meanwhile, her Korean record label, SM Entertainment, made arrangements with Japanese labelAvex Traxto launch her music career in Japan. She",
"in Japan. She was forced to quit school to prepareand in early 2001, BoA released her firstmini-album,Don't Start Now; it sold around 90,000 units. After its release, she took a hiatus from the Korean music industry to focus on the Japanese market at which time she worked to solidify her skills in Japanese. BoA began her Japanese music career singing at the Avex-owned clubVelfarre.Her debut Japanese album,Listen to My Heart, was released on March 13, 2002. The album was a breakthrough in BoA's career, becoming anRIAJ-certified million-seller and debuted atop the Oricon, the first album by a Korean artist to do so.It was promoted with several singles: the Top 20 hit \"ID; Peace B\" (originally from the eponymous album), \"Amazing Kiss\", \"Kimochi wa Tsutawaru\", the Top 5 hit \"Listen to My Heart\", and the Top 10 \"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\". After theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks, BoA recorded the charity single \"The Meaning of Peace\" withKumi Kodaas part of Avex'sSong Nationproject to raise funds for charity.From",
"for charity.From 2001 to 2007, BoA hostedBeat it BoA's World, a radio program on theJapan FM Network. After the release ofListen to My Heart, BoA released her second Korean studio album,No. 1, a month later on April 12, 2002.The album sold around 544,853 units and became the fourth-best-selling record of the year in South Korea.Jumping into the World(a Japanese re-release of the mini-albumDon't Start Now) and the Japanese single \"Don't Start Now\" were released a month later on the same day.At the end of the year, BoA released her second Korean mini-albumMiracle. BoA's second Japanese studio album,Valenti(January 2003), became her best-selling album, with over 1,249,000 copies sold.Three singles preceded its release: \"Valenti\", which peaked at the number-two position on the Oricon chart,\"Kiseki / No.1\" and \"Jewel Song / Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\", both which also peaked at the number-three position. In support of the album, BoA launchedBoA 1st Live Tour Valenti, her first Japanese concert tour.Later in the",
"tour.Later in the same year, BoA released her third Korean-language studio album,Atlantis Princesson May 30, 2003,and then released a mini-albumShine We Are!on December 4, 2003. The former was the fifth-best-selling South Korean record of the year with around 345,000 units sold; the latter sold around 58,000 units. 2004–2008: New image, foray into China, and creative control Her third Japanese studio album,Love & Honesty(January 2004) was a musical \"change in direction\": it contained a rock-dance song (\"Rock with You\") and \"harder\" R&B.Though the album failed to matchValentiin sales, it topped the Oricon chart for two weeks and became RIAJ-certified triple-platinum.In support of the album, BoA held a tour,Live Concert Tour 2004: Love & Honesty, spanning nine performances and attracted approximately 105,000 attendants.In contrast with1st Live Tour, which \"emphasized exotic Asian design\", theLove & Honestytour had an \"outer-space, sci-fi\" theme; among the props were a three-storey-highspace shipand the",
"shipand the robotAsimo. Her firstcompilation album,Best of Soul(February 2005), however, sold over a million copies, making BoA the first non-Japanese Asian singer to have two million-selling albums in Japan.It remained the last album by a foreign artist to have sold over a million copies in Japan for 16 years, untilBTSin 2021. BoA reinvented her image for her fourth and fifth Korean albums,My Name(June 2004) andGirls on Top(June 2005), shedding the \"cute\" and \"youthful\" style that had characterized previous years and adopted a more \"sexy\" and \"sultry\" look.The sales of BoA's Korean albums began to decline:My Namesold 191,000 units and became the eleventh-best-selling South Korean album in 2004whileGirls on Topranked fourteenth in 2005 with 113,000 units sold.In September 2004, BoA instigated controversy in Japan when she donated₩50 million to a memorial project forKorean independenceactivist and nationalistAn Jung-geun. Her fourth Japanese studio album,Outgrow, (February 2006) reached the number-one spot on",
"number-one spot on the Oricon chart for its first week of release, making it her fourth consecutive original Japanese album to do so. With 220,000 copies sold, it became her lowest-selling first-week debut for a studio album at that point.\"Do the Motion\", the first single from the album, reached the top spot, making her the fourth non-Japanese Asian to have a number-one single on the Oricon charts.\"Merry Christmas from BoA\" (2005), the album's last single, was the singer's first digital single. That May, BoA renewed her contract with SM Entertainment until 2012. At the time it was noted that she had a shareholding in the company of 100,000 (Approximately worth $1m USD).She performed \"Everlasting\", the image song for Roman Polanski'sOliver Twist (2005 film).She also voiced Heather the possum in the Korean and Japanese version of the animated filmOver the Hedge.On September 21, 2006, she released her first digital single in Korea, a Korean version of \"Key of Heart\". In support ofOutgrow, BoA launched a",
"BoA launched a specialZepptour, B0A The Live, on September 29, 2006, which lasted until October 29.She staged her first Christmas concert on December 7, 2006. Three singles preceded BoA's fifth Japanese studio album,Made in Twenty(January 2007): the Top 3 \"Nanairo no Ashita (Brand New Beat)/Your Color,\" the Top 10 \"Key of Heart\", and the No. 2 hit \"Winter Love\". The album, which contained R&B and dance songs as well as ballads, debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making the album her sixth in a row to do so (including one compilation).Having previously compose the song \"No More Make Me Sick\" forMade in Twenty,BoA assumed creative control over her sixth Japanese album,The Face(February 2008).The album debuted at the top of the weekly Oricon charts, making BoA one of only two artists in Japan to have six consecutive studio albums top the Oricon weekly charts (the other isAyumi Hamasaki, who has eight consecutive number-one albums).On June 9, 2008, BoA and nine other artists from around the world",
"around the world recorded an English cover ofWei Wei's \"Dedication of Love\". Produced byRoald Hoffmannand Brian Alan, the single was used to raise funds for victims of theSichuan earthquake.But due to a tight schedule, BoA was pulled back from this project. Korean jewelry brand Ramee also released, \"Ramee by BoA\", a line of jewelry designed by the singer herself. 2008–2012: American expansion and return to Asia On September 2, 2008, it was announced that BoA would make her American debut under a new subsidiary label, SM Entertainment USA.Hoping to become a \"world-renowned entertainer\" in the vein ofJanet Jackson,BoA's debut American single \"Eat You Up\", was produced byThomas Troelsen, and released on October 21, 2008. It charted at No. 9 on theBillboardHot Dance Club Playchart.To promote the single, BoA performed \"Eat You Up\" as well as other songs at YouTube's Tokyo Live concert, and performed in New York City on December 3, 2008, as well as theJingle Ballat theAnaheim Honda Centeron December 6, 2008.The",
"6, 2008.The following year, she released \"Eien/Universe/Believe in Love\" and was also featured inRavex's single \"Believe in Love\". BoA'sself-titled English albumwas released in the U.S. on March 17 and featured tracks by producersBloodshy and Avantas well as a duet withSean Garrett.Her second Japanese compilation album,Best & USAwas released on March 18 tying together a compilation of recent hits in Japan with her English-language debut. Though she stated that \"t has always been my dream to debut in America,\" she found English tougher to learn than Japanese and despite living in West Beverly Hills, found it difficult to make friends.BoA later headlined theSan Francisco Pride Festivalon June 28, 2009, alongsideSolange KnowlesandThe Cliks,where she also performed the song \"Energetic\" for the first time in public, in addition to \"Eat You Up\" and \"I Did It for Love\".On August 31, SM USA releasedBoA Deluxe, a repackaged version of her debut English album. The album contained two new tracks and the radio edit",
"and the radio edit version of \"Energetic\". With her U.S. career struggling to gain traction, BoA returned to East Asia to release her seventh Japanese album,Identity(February 2010). Promoted by the singles \"Bump Bump!\" featuringVerbalfromM-Floand \"Mamoritai: White Wishes\" (December 2009), the album only charted at No. 4, selling 37,606 copies in its first week. With little promotion from her label, it ended her run of six consecutive No. 1 albums, suggesting that it would be impossible for her to sustain her career in three territories simultaneously.Her first Korean album in five years,Hurricane Venus,was released on August 5, 2010,and sold 55,776 units making it the 22nd best selling album in South Korea for 2010.She also represented South Korea and performed at the7th Asia Song Festival, organized byKorea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, at theSeoul Olympic Stadium. BoA made her Hollywood movie debut in the dance filmMake Your Move 3D, playing the character Aya oppositeDerek Hough. Although",
"Hough. Although production ended in 2011, the film was released in 2013. The movie received mixed reviews, with Inkoo Kang of theLos Angeles Timespraising the choreography but stating that \"henever actor Derek Hough and BoA stop leaping and twirling, is an underwritten mess.\"To celebrate the 10th anniversary of her Japanese debut, BoA released \"Milestone\", which ranked at No. 4 on the Oricon Weekly Music-DVD charts.She also held her 10th anniversary concert on December 10–11 at Tokyo International Forum. Following the concert, BoA shifted her activities to her native county, joining the judging panel onSBS's audition programK-pop Staras a representative of S.M. Entertainment, alongsideYang Hyun-sukfromYG EntertainmentandPark Jin-youngfromJYP Entertainment. BoA received praise for her ability as a judge with her insightful comments and discerning eyes,and also sang the theme song \"One Dream\".For her seventh Korean album,Only One(July 2012), BoA wrote and composed its title track,while its dance steps",
"its dance steps choreographed by NappyTabs, who has previously worked with BoA inCobu.Upon its release, \"Only One\" achieved an all-kill on several music charts.She followed this up with the second \"The Shadow\", was released August 18, 2012.Additionally, she recorded the song \"Lookin'\" featuringThe Quiettfor Hyundai's 'Premium Younique Lifestyle' campaign. 2013–2015: Music production, television role, and 15th anniversary BoA launched her first Korean tour withBoA Special Live 2013: Here I Amtour at the Olympic Hall,and released the song \"Disturbance\", which she wrote and composed, to commemorate her first concert tour in South Korea.In September 2013, BoA starred in KBS' two-episode drama specialExpect to DatealongsideChoi DanielandIm Si-wan, her full first role in a drama, following a string of cameo appearances.She received praise for her acting performance.She also participated inInfinity Challenge'sbi-annual song festival and was paired withLeessang'sGil, with the two co-produced the song \"G.A.B\".In",
"the song \"G.A.B\".In March 2014, BoA was appointed as a de facto creative director in S.M. Entertainment, alongside labelmateKangta; she was placed in charge of mental care of artists who debut at a young age. The singles for BoA's eighth Japanese album,Who's Back?(September 2014),were released over a span of four years prior to the album's release:\"Woo Weekend\" and \"I See Me\" in 2010, \"Milestone\" in 2011,Only One\", \"Tail of Hope\" and \"Message / Call My Name\" in 2013,and \"Shout It Out\"and \"Masayume Chasing\" in 2014.To promote the album, she embarked on her BoA Live Tour 2014 Who's Back? tour in September, her first Japanese tour in four years.After the tour concluded, BoA starred in her first Korean film,Big MatchalongsideLee Jung-jaeandShin Ha-kyunthough a Japanese single \"Fly\" was released on December 3, 2014. Her eighth Korean albumKiss My Lips(May 2015)became her first entirely self-written, self-produced album, working alongside American producers The Underdogs and Stereotypes.The single \"Who Are You\"",
"\"Who Are You\" (feat. Gaeko) was released prior to the album's unveiling, along with its accompanying music video, which starred EXO'sSehunas the male lead.The rest of the album was unveiled on May 12 along with an official music video of the eponymous title track.Billboardcalled the singer a promising songwriter despite moments of musical blandness. In July, she performed at the BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness to commemorate her 15th anniversary. The concert took place on August 22 and 23 at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts in South Korea, making BoA the first female idol to hold a solo concert at the venue.This was followed by BoA Special Live 2015: Nowness in Japan which took place on December 11, 2015, at Tokyo International Forum Hall-A.Her 15th anniversary in Japan the following year was celebrated in a similar fashion,including the release of the song \"Lookbook\", and a 15th anniversary edition of BoA's Japanese Winter hit, \"Meri Kuri\". As part of S.M. Entertainment's special winter",
"special winter project,Winter Garden,BoA released a digital single entitled \"Christmas Paradise\". 2016–present: Musical projects, television production, and acting debut On January 12, 2016, BoA released an English-language single \"Make Me Complete\", which serves as the theme song for the Fuji TV special dramaOoku, starring Sawajiri Erika and Watanabe Mayu.In June, she collaborated with Korean rapperBeenzinoforS.M. Entertainment'sSM Stationproject. The duo released the single \"No Matter What\", which ranked atop five domestic charts.BoA worked with BeatBurger for anotherSM Stationsingle titled \"Music Is Wonderful\", where she participated in the composing and writing of the track.From October to November 2016, BoA starred in JTBC's romance melodramaListen to Love, returning to the small screen after three years. The following year, BoA became one of the producers forMnet'sboy groupsurvival reality show,Produce 101 Season 2, which aired from April 7 to June 16.BoA later released another song forSM Station,",
"song forSM Station, \"Spring Rain\", an R&B number produced by Kenzie.In May, BoA embarked on her BoA The live inBillboardLive Tour, held in Tokyo and Osaka.She also released the single \"Camo,\" a dance song with a heavy emphasis on bass and synthesizer sounds, which was a change in sound from her previous materials and produced by The Underdogs.In July, she released the Japanese single \"Right Here, Right Everywhere\" for the soundtrack of dramaYaneura no Koibito.She later starred in the filmAutumn Sonataalongside Lee Hak-joo, playing a terminally ill patient. In 2018, BoA returned to Japan and released her ninth Japanese albumWatashi Konomama de Iinokanaon February 14, 2018, followed by EPUnchainedin March. To accompany the release of the EP, she embarked on the BoA The Live 2018: Unchained Tour from March 15 to April 4. People who attend the concerts received a copy ofUnchained.On January 31, she released \"Nega Dola\", which served as a single for BoA's then-upcoming first extended play.The EP,One Shot, Two",
"EP,One Shot, Two Shot, was released on February 20, alongside its titular lead single and the song's music video.The EP peaked at number six at the South Korean Gaon Album Chart and number seven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart.On October 24, she released her ninth Korean albumWomanalongside a lead single of the same name.The album peaked at number six at the Gaon Album Chart, number eleven at theBillboardWorld Albums Chart. On June 4, 2019, she released the single \"Feedback\", which features rapperNucksal, alongside the song's music video.BoA embarked on her #Mood Tour, which had six dates in Japan and two dates in Seoul, from September to October 2019.On October 23, she released a new Japanese single, \"Wishing Well\", which she earlier debuted on the tour.On December 11, 2019, she released her second extended playStarry Night. In May 2020, BoA was featured as one of the coaches for the third season ofThe Voice of Korea, alongsideDynamic Duo,Sung Si-kyung, andKim Jong-kook.On December 1, 2020, she released",
"2020, she released her tenth Korean albumBetter.SpoTV News shared BoA to join as a judge for Mnet Dance program \"Street Woman Fighter\". It is a female dance crew competition premiering in August 2021.On November 5, 2021, BoA released the Japanese single, \"My Dear\", to commemorate her 20th anniversary. BoA was revealed as a member of the supergroupGot the Beaton December 27, 2021. The group debuted on January 3, 2022.To celebrate her 20th anniversary, BoA released the Japanese compilation albumThe Greateston May 30, 2022.On November 8, 2022, BoA announced her third EPForgive Mealong with the title track on the same name on November 22, 2022.In 2024, BoA appeared in the dramaMarry My Husband, where she played Oh Yu-ra. Her performance in the drama was met with negative reviews. Image and artistry BoA lists hip hop as her main musical influence, though she also enjoys R&B. Her favorite musicians areWhitney Houston,Michael Jackson,Justin Timberlake, andNe-Yo;as a result, much of BoA's music is eitherdance-popor",
"eitherdance-popor R&B. Because she also singsballads, she is often compared to Japanese singersNamie AmuroandAyumi Hamasaki. Her debut album,ID; Peace B, containedurban pop, \"slickly produced\" ballads, and \"upbeat dance tunes\". As her career went on, she began experimenting with different styles:Valenticontained mostly ballads;Love and Honestywas an experiment with \"harder\" R&B and rock music. Though her earlier releases were marked by a \"cute\" and \"youthful\" style, BoA began to present a more \"mature\" image starting from the albumMy Name. In aTalk Asiainterview,Anjali Raonoted that some felt thatMy Namemarked the beginning of BoA's decline in popularity and asked if the public would always see the singer as \"Little Baby BoA\"; BoA replied, \"So while I apologize to those people who still want the baby BoA, in fact, what can I do? I just keep growing up! I can't stop that from happening.\" The Facewas influenced byelectropopand included \"happy spring\" songs (\"Sweet Impact\" and \"Bad Drive\"), a guitar-driven",
"a guitar-driven \"groovy dance\" song (\"Lose Your Mind\"), and ballads.Because the composition and writing of BoA's songs is handled mostly by her staff, BoA has been criticized as being a \"manufactured pop star\".In response to such criticism, BoA said that \"if one person were to force their own will on something, then things that should have gone right could easily go wrong\" and that she is \"not all that unhappy with the expression that a manufactured star. In a way, that is true. Because SM Entertainment created the environment and all the surrounding conditions, able to be successful in the way now.\"She later assumed creative control withThe Face,whileKiss My Lipsbecame her first entirely self-written, self-produced album. BoA has collaborated with high-profile artists. Among the Japanese artists she has performed with are the hip hop groupM-Flo(for the single \"The Love Bug\"), pop singerKumi Koda, andhouseDJMondo Grosso. She has performed with Western artists: the song \"Flying Without Wings\" from her",
"Wings\" from her albumNext Worldwas a collaboration with Irish bandWestlifecovering theoriginal song; theBratzsingle \"Show Me What You Got\" was performed withHowie Dof the American bandBackstreet Boys.She also worked withAkon, singing the song \"Beautiful\", which was featured on the Japanese release of his third album,Freedom.Other artists she has collaborated with areSoul'd Out, Dabo, Verbal (of M-Flo), Rah-D,Seamo,TVXQ, Yutaka Furakawa (of the band Doping Panda), andCrystal Kay(for her single \"After Love: First Boyfriend/Girlfriend\").American rock bandWeezercovered \"Meri Kuri\" on the Japanese version of their albumWeezer. Cultural impact and legacy BoA is regarded as one of South Korea's most influential and prominent singers and is widely referred to as the \"Queen of K-pop\",in recognition of her contributions in spearheading theKorean waveinto Japan.BoA's success in the Japanese market has been deemed a catalyst in the Japanese interest in Korean pop music beginning in the early 2000s, when the two",
"2000s, when the two countries began promoting cultural exchanges since the end ofWorld War II.Music critics have recognized BoA for improving \"civil relations between the Korean and Japanese public through her music and appearances in Japanese radio and television\",with Oxford Political Review noting \"BoA's role in strengthening Japan-South Korea ties as a cultural envoy\".In Alisa Freedman'sIntroducing Japanese Pop Culture, BoA was noted for \"herald a new phase of Japanese engagement with Korean singers\", registering \"remarkable success during the first half of the 2000s in Japan\". She highlighted that the timing of her success coincided with several political and cultural developments; these of which include the implementation of Korea's Open-Door Policy, theKorea Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup, and the popularity of the drama seriesWinter Sonata. Freedman evaluated BoA's career path and localization strategies in Japan for having set \"the first trend\" of the Korean wave into the country. Voxhailed BoA as \"one",
"BoA as \"one of South Korea's best-known exports\" in the years after her debut whileThe Korea Timescalled BoA \"the forerunner of the new generation of idols who popularized K-pop in Japan and elsewhere.\"In 2004, theMinistry of Culture, Sports and Tourismhonored BoA with the Asian Cultural Exchange Merit Award for her contributions in raising the status of K-pop throughout Asia.The Diplomatstated that BoA \"paved the way\" for future K-pop artists \"to later captivate Japanese fans despite souring relations between Seoul and Tokyo.\" Music critic Lim Jin-mo wrote that BoA \"opened many doors for pop acts from her country in the second largest music market in the world\", acting \"as a figurehead for breakthroughs in Japan for South Korean acts\" and became \"a pivotal figure in K-pop's history\". Yim Hyun-su fromThe Korea Heraldviewed her for \"forever changing the landscape of South Korea's music industry\".In 2016, she was honored with the Presidential Commendation at theKorean Popular Culture and Arts Awardsfor her",
"Arts Awardsfor her contributions to the spread of the Korean wave, and for laying \"the foundation for the revival of K-pop\". With nearly 15 years in the entertainment industry, BoA has little to prove in Korea, where she's widely regarded as a pioneer in K-pop's modern-day international platform. —Billboard(2015) In 2013, 50 music experts, professors and critics organized byMnetnamed BoA one of the 100 most influential artists in South Korean music.\"No. 1\" was ranked number 27 in a 2006Gallup Koreasurvey of 100 all-time favorite Korean songsand was included in Mnet's Legend 100 list of popular Korean songs since the 1960s.In 2021, a panel of 35 music experts organized byMelonandSeoul Shinmunranked \"No. 1\" and \"Atlantis Princess\" number 1 and number 93 in their list of the greatest K-pop songs of all time.Critic Rhian Daly forThe Forty-Fiveranked \"Atlantis Princess\" number 1 in her list of the best K-pop songs of all-time.Rolling Stoneranked \"No. 1\" at number 18 in their list of the greatest songs in the",
"songs in the history of K-pop, writing it represents \"her most emblematic crossover hit\". BoA has been cited by many artists in the South Korean music industry as an influence and role model,includingAespa,Girls' Generation'sTaeyeon,Sunny,Tiffany,Hyoyeon,Seohyun,Shinee'sKey,Exo'sSehun,Red Velvet'sIrene,Ailee,Chungha,Yukika Teramoto,Kwon Eun-bi,Baek A-yeon,Mamamoo'sSolar,f(x)'sLuna,Kiss of Life'sNatty,Lovelyz's Kei,andBilllie's Tsuki.Aespa's Giselle said in aRolling Stoneinterview that \"Everyone knows her. She's not just famous — she's a legend\". Other ventures Endorsements Because of her wide appeal, BoA has appeared in advertisements for many brands.Among the brands she has promoted areOlympus,Lotte,Nike,L'Oréal, Japanese cosmetic companyKosé,Skechers,Audio-Technica,GM DaewooandL'Occitane.Several of her songs have been used in affiliation with television shows. \"Every Heart: Minna no Kimochi\" was used as the ending theme for theanimeInuYasha;\"Beside You: Boku o Yobu Koe\" was used as the opening theme for",
"opening theme for the animeMonkey Typhoon;\"Key of Heart\" was the theme song for the Japanese release ofOver the Hedge;\"Your Color\" was the theme song of the video gameNinety-Nine Nights;\"Mamoritai: White Wishes\" was the theme song of the video gameTales of Graces.\"Tail of Hope\" was used as the theme for the Japanese dramaHakui no Namida,and \"Masayume Chasing\" was used as the 15th opening theme song for the animeFairy Tail. In 2007,Anycall(aSamsungbrand) signed BoA,Xiah(of TVXQ),Tablo(ofEpik High), and jazz pianistJin Boraonto \"Anyband\", a band created specifically to promote Anycall. The band released only one single, \"AnyBand\".In December 2010, she recorded \"I See Me\" for to promote Audio Technica headphones in Japan.The song \"Woo Weekend\" was used to promote Disney on Ice's 25th Anniversary in Japanwhile \"Lookbook\" served as the ending theme for the NTV Kei programTokui to Goto to Uruwashi no Shelley ga Konya Kurabete Mimashita.BoA served as ambassador for Asia Youth Day in 2014.In August 2017, it was",
"August 2017, it was announced that BoA was chosen as promotional ambassador for Jeju Biennale, an inaugural international art event on the resort island of Jeju.In Her widespread popularity has also made her a \"cultural ambassador\"; she has represented South Korea in inter-Asian musical events and has appeared in anOxford University Press-published English-language textbook. Discography Korean albums Japanese albums English albums Filmography Film Television series Television shows Concerts and tours Japan tours Asia tours Concert participation Awards and nominations See also Footnotes References External links",
"ID; Peace B ID; Peace Bis the debut Korean-languagestudio albumby South Korean singerBoA, released on August 25, 2000 bySM Entertainment.It saw moderate levels of success in South Korea upon its release, peaking at number 16 on the Recording Industry Association of Korea's monthly album chart in October 2000.The album sold 156,354 copies in 2000 and was the 59th best-selling album of the year.The album was released on May 29, 2002 in Japan, where it reached number 30 on theOricon Albums Chart. Production and lyrics The song \"Sara\" is about a cat, \"I'm Sorry\" is about the tragedy of loving the lover of her older sister, and \"ID; Peace B\" is about the generation gap due to the use of the internet. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Monthly charts Year-end charts Release history References",
"BTS BTS(Korean:방탄소년단;RR:Bangtan Sonyeondan;lit.Bulletproof Boy Scouts), also known as theBangtan Boys, is a South Koreanboy bandformed in 2010. The band consists ofJin,Suga,J-Hope,RM,Jimin,V, andJungkook, who co-write or co-produce much of their material. Originally ahip hopgroup, they expanded their musical style to incorporate a wide range of genres, while their lyrics have focused on subjects including mental health, the troubles of school-age youth andcoming of age, loss, the journey towards self-love, individualism, and the consequences of fame and recognition. Their discography and adjacent work has also referenced literature, philosophy and psychology, and includes analternate universestoryline. BTS debuted in 2013 underBig Hit Entertainmentwith the single album2 Cool 4 Skool.BTS released their first Korean and Japanese-language studio albums,Dark & WildandWake Uprespectively, in 2014. The group's second Korean studio album,Wings(2016), was their first to sell one million copies in South Korea. By",
"in South Korea. By 2017, BTS had crossed into the global music market and led theKorean Waveinto the United States, becoming the first Korean ensemble to receive aGold certificationfrom theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) for their single \"Mic Drop\", as well as the first act from South Korea to top theBillboard200with their studio albumLove Yourself: Tear(2018). In 2020, BTS became the fastest group sincethe Beatlesto chart four US number-one albums in less than two years, withLove Yourself: Answer(2018) becoming the first Korean album certified Platinum by the RIAA; in the same year, they also became the first all-South Korean act to reach number one on both theBillboardHot 100andBillboardGlobal 200with their Grammy-nominated single \"Dynamite\". Follow-up releases \"Savage Love\", \"Life Goes On\", \"Butter\", and \"Permission to Dance\" made them the fastest act to earn four US number-one singles sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006. As of 2023, BTS is the best-selling musical act in South Korean history",
"Korean history according to theCircle Chart, having sold in excess of 40 million albums.Their studio albumMap of the Soul: 7(2020) is thefourth best-selling album of all time in South Korea, as well as the first in the country to surpass both four and five million registered sales. They are the first non-English-speaking and Asian act to sell out concerts atWembley Stadiumand theRose Bowl(Love Yourself World Tour, 2019), and were named theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry's (IFPI)Global Recording Artist of the Yearfor both 2020 and 2021. The group'saccoladesinclude multipleAmerican Music Awards,BillboardMusic Awards,Golden Disc Awards, and nominations for fiveGrammy Awards. Outside of music, they have addressed three sessions of theUnited Nations General Assemblyand partnered withUNICEFin 2017 to establish theLove Myselfanti-violence campaign. Featured onTime'sinternational cover as \"Next Generation Leaders\" and dubbed the \"Princes of Pop\", BTS has also appeared onTime'slists of the 25",
"of the 25 most influential people on the internet (2017–2019) and the100 most influential people in the world(2019), and in 2018 became the youngest recipients of the South KoreanOrder of Cultural Meritfor their contributions in spreading the Korean culture and language. On June 14, 2022, the group announced a scheduled pause in group activities to enable the members to complete their 18 months ofmandatory South Korean military service, with a reunion planned for 2025.Jin, the eldest member, enlisted on December 13, 2022; the others followed in 2023. Name BTS stands for the Korean phraseBangtan Sonyeondan(Korean:방탄소년단; Hanja:防彈少年團), which translates literally to 'Bulletproof Boy Scouts'. According to memberJ-Hope, the name signifies the group's desire \"to block out stereotypes, criticisms, and expectations that aim on adolescents like bullets\".In Japan, they are known asBōdan Shōnendan(防弾少年団).In July 2017, BTS announced that their name would also stand for \"Beyond the Scene\" as part of their newbrand",
"of their newbrand identity.This extended the meaning of their name to encompass the idea of growth \"from a boy to an adult who opens the doors that are facing forward\". History 2010–2014: Formation and early years BTS was formed in 2010, after Big Hit Entertainment CEOBang Si-hyukwanted to form ahip hop grouparoundRM(Kim Nam-joon), an underground rapper well known on the music scene inSeoul. At the time,physical album saleswere on the decline and digital revenues were not yet high enough to compensate.Seeing a need for diversified income streams, Bang decided to form an idol group instead, because of the potential for live concert performances and passionate support from fans of such groups. Many trainees refused to become part of an idol group, butJ-Hope, RM, andSugaremained.Bang chose to vary from the usual, highly regimented idol groups and create one where the members would be individuals rather than an ensemble and free to express themselves.Auditions were held in 2010 with plans to launch the following",
"the following year.The band members lived together, practicing up to 15 hours a day, and first performed before a small crowd of industry insiders in 2013. We started to tell the stories that people wanted to hear and were ready to hear, stories that other people could not or would not tell. We said what other people were feeling—like pain, anxieties and worries. That was our goal, to create this empathy that people can relate to. —Suga BTS's representation by Big Hit, rather than one of the three agencies that dominated K-pop at the time, allowed the individual members leeway to express their individuality and have input into the music.On June 12, 2013, BTS released their debutsingle album2 Cool 4 Skool, along with thelead single\"No More Dream\", neither of which sold particularly well at the time.On June 13, 2013, BTS made their stage debut onM Countdownwith the single, \"No More Dream\".Nevertheless, according to Kathy Sprinkel in her book on BTS, that single was \"spotlighting young people's anxiety in the",
"anxiety in the face of lofty parental expectations, sent shock waves through the K-pop ranks. Here was a musical act that wasn't pulling any punches. More specifically, they had a point of view, and they weren't afraid to take on topics that are considered taboo in South Korean society and elsewhere.\"The album reached the top five on South Korea's Gaon Music Chart.In2 Cool 4 Skool, BTS employed an old-school hip-hop sound from the 1990s.The album's release was followed by appearances on Korean music shows, which caught the attention of reviewers and viewers. In September 2013, BTS released the second entry in their \"school trilogy\": theEP,O!RUL8,2?.The album was released alongside the single \"N.O.\"Similarly to2 Cool 4 Skool, the new release had a theme of students feeling under pressure and needing to sacrifice their dreams and aspirations.According to scholar Kyung Hyun Kim, many of BTS's earlier works such as \"N.O.\" and \"No More Dreams\" were \"expressions of rebellion against the establishment that tapped",
"that tapped into Korean teenagers' frustrations with the country's educational system\" and, he stated, helped them build a fan base among young people in North America and Europe.That same month, BTS starred in their own variety show,SBS MTV'sRookie King Channel Bangtan, in which members parodied variety shows such asVJ Special ForcesandMasterChef Korea.At the end of the year, BTS was recognized with several New Artist of the Year awards in South Korea. 2014–2017 Skool Luv Affairand first concert tour The last entry in BTS \"school trilogy\", theSkool Luv AffairEP, was released in February 2014.The release topped theGaon Album Chart,and appeared onBillboard'sWorld AlbumsChart for the first time, peaking at number three.The EP was supported by two singles: \"Boy in Luv\" and \"Just One Day\".FollowingSkool Luv Affair's release, BTS played at their first fan meeting inSeoul, selecting the name A.R.M.Y. for the fan club.In July 2014, BTS hosted a concert inWest Hollywood, their first show in the United States,and in",
"States,and in August, they appeared atKCONin Los Angeles. In August 2014, BTS released the albumDark & Wild, which reached number two in South Korea.It was supported by two singles: \"Danger\" and \"War of Hormone\".The group embarked on their firstconcert tour,2014 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, which lasted from October to December 2014.The band launched their first Japanese studio album,Wake Up, in December 2014; the release peaked at number three on theOricon Albums Chart.After the album's release, BTS held their1st Japan Tour 2015 Wake Up: Open Your Eyesin February 2015.The Red Bullet Tour that had begun on October 17, 2014, in South Korea was resumed on June 6, 2015, in Malaysia and toured Australia, North America and Latin America before ending in Hong Kong that August. In all, the entire tour attracted 80,000 spectators at 18 cities in 13 countries. Mainstream breakthrough and commercial success BTS experimented with other styles of music besides hip-hop inThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life,",
"Moment in Life, Pt. 1, released in 2015.BTS wanted to express the beauty and anxiousness of youth and settled on the title of \"花樣年華\" (Korean:화양연화;RR:Hwayangyeonhwa), loosely interpreted to define \"youth\" metaphorically as \"the most beautiful moment in life\".The album served as an introduction to their youth trilogy, a triptych of albums dedicated to the struggles of young people.The single \"I Need U\" was a top-five hit in South Korea and garnered the group a win on SBS MTV'sThe Show.The second single \"Dope (Korean:쩔어;RR:Jjeoreo;lit.It's awesome)\" reached number three onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart and its music video was viewed over 100 million times on YouTube.The group began the world tour extension of their Red Bullet Tour in June, titled2015 Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet, visiting cities throughout Asia, Oceania, North America, and Latin America.\"For You\", in Japanese, was released together with Japanese versions of \"War of Hormone\" and \"Let Me Know\" on June 17, 2015, and",
"June 17, 2015, and immediately topped Oricon's daily chart. In November, BTS commenced their third concert tour,2015 BTS LIVE \"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: On Stage\", beginning with three sold-out shows in Seoul. The tour marked the debut of their fourth EP,The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2, and was later extended to Japan.Thematically, the EP focused more on the serious and speculative aspects of youth, touching on the pursuit of success, loneliness, affection for their origins, and the suffering of the younger generation due to unfavorable conditions in current society.The album topped the weekly Gaon Album andBillboardWorld Albums charts.It also marked their first appearance on theBillboard200chart,making it for one week at number 171,and eight of the tracks appeared onBillboard's World Digital Song Sales chart. Their compilation album and the finale to their \"youth trilogy\",The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwas released on May 2, 2016. With 300,000 presold copies,it included",
"copies,it included three new singles: \"Epilogue: Young Forever\", \"Fire\", and \"Save Me\",which debuted in the top three spots on theBillboardWorld Digital Charts.The album topped the Gaon Album Chart in South Korea fortwo consecutive weeksand reached number 107 on theBillboard200.The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Foreverwon Album of the Year at the2016 Melon Music Awards.BTS embarked on their Asia tour extension,2016 BTS LIVE \"The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage: Epilogue\"from May to August 2016. Tickets for the 14 shows in 10 Asian cities sold out, some in as little as five seconds. In September 2016, BTS released their second Japanese studio albumYouth.The album sold 44,547 copies on the first day of its release, and charted 1st in the Oricon Daily Album Chart.The album was eventually certified Gold with sales of roughly over 100,000 in Japan.It was followed one month later in October,by their next studio albumWings,which combined the themes of youth presented in their previous \"youth trilogy\"",
"\"youth trilogy\" with temptation and adversity.The album and its tracks, including the single \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" immediately rose to the top on eight music charts, including the Gaon Music Chart, and led theiTunesalbum charts in 23 countries.Wingsopened at number 26 on theBillboard200, with 16,000album-equivalent unitsin the US for the week of its release, the best week ever there for a K-pop album.It became the best-selling album in Gaon Album Chart history. You Never Walk AloneandLove Yourself: Her In February 2017, BTS released the repackaged edition ofWingsentitledYou Never Walk Alone. The 700,000 pre-orders of it (an increase from the 500,000 pre-orders ofWings) helped break the record for most albums sold in a month in South Korea, as it reached 1.49 million copies by the end of its first month.The lead single was \"Spring Day\"and it won Best Song of the Year at the2017 Melon Music Awards.BTS's second world tour,2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour, began in February.On the tour, BTS",
"the tour, BTS played arenas in the US, such as New Jersey'sPrudential Centerand California'sHonda Center. Tickets for the North American leg sold out within hours and two shows were added.After completing the North American leg, BTS attended the24thBillboardMusic Awardsin May and wonTop Social Artist,the first K-pop group to win a Billboard award.BTS fans cast over 300million votes for the band and broke a six-year winning streak held byJustin Bieber, a performer with 100millionTwitterfollowers.This caused the international media to focus on the ability of BTS's fandom to propel the group to such a victory. BTS released a remake ofSeo Taiji's \"Come Back Home\" (1995) in July 2017, giving it new lyrics but maintaining the theme of urging societal change.Later that year, BTS embarked on their \"Love Yourself\" album series, with theme of the enlightenment of self-love through the \"起承轉結\" (Korean:기승전결;RR:Giseungjeongyeol) narrative sequence of \"beginning, development, turn, and conclusion.\"BTS released its first",
"released its first part, their fifth EP,Love Yourself: Her, on September 18.RM considered \"DNA\", the lead single from that album,as \"taking BTS to new ground. We tried to apply new grammar and perspectives.\"He said of the album, \"I believe it's going to be the starting point of a second chapter of our career; the beginning of our Chapter Two.\"Sonically, the EP served as \"a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings\". Love Yourself: Herdebuted at number seven on theBillboard200.The album had 1,664,041 sales in May 2017 to lead the Gaon Chart,and was the first in 16 years to exceed 1.2 million copies sold sinceg.o.d's fourth albumChapter 4(2001).\"DNA\" was released simultaneously with the EP, and its music video accumulated 21 million views in its first 24 hours.It became BTS's first entry on theBillboardHot 100, charting at number 85, making them the first K-pop boy band to reach that chart.The single rose to number 67 the following week and became the highest-charting song on the Hot 100",
"song on the Hot 100 for any K-pop group.A remix of \"Mic Drop\" from the album, featuringDesiigner, was released as a single and peaked at number 28, the first time a K-pop group had cracked the top forty.Both singles attained Gold certification from theRecording Industry Association of America(RIAA) in early 2018.\"Mic Drop\" achieved Platinum status in the US later that year. In November 2017, BTS became the first K-pop group to perform at theAmerican Music Awards.BTS wonArtist of the Yearat the19th Mnet Asian Music Awardsin December, winning for the second consecutive year.They released \"DNA\" and \"Mic Drop\" together with a new song \"Crystal Snow\" as a single album in Japan on December 6, 2017, though the songs were made digitally available elsewhere.It topped the Oricon Chart for the week of its release. It was the only album by a foreign artist to be certified Double Platinum in Japan in 2017. Later that month, they made their Japanese television prime time music show debut onMusic Station Super Live,and",
"Super Live,and ended the year by performing onDick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. In 2017, BTS partnered withUNICEFon the \"Love Myself\" campaign, intended to help end violence, abuse, and bullying, and to promote self-esteem and well-being among young people. Both Big Hit and the group pledged money to promote the campaign, and BTS sold special \"Love Myself\" merchandise and set up dedicated booths at concert venues. The campaign was renewed in 2021, with UNICEF deeming it to have been successful. 2018–2020 Love Yourselfalbum series BTS won major awards at the Golden Disc and Seoul Music Awards in January 2018.In March, the group premiered an eight-episode documentary titledBurn the Stagethat offered a behind-the-scenes look at their 2017 Wings Tour, exclusively onYouTube Premium.Their third Japanese studio album,Face Yourself, was released on April 4, 2018,and quickly reached the top 5 of the U.S. iTunes Albums chart. A nine-minute short film, titledEuphoria: Theme of \"Love Yourself: Wonder\"and featuring",
"featuring the song \"Euphoria\", followed the next day as a prelude to the group's third Korean-language studio album,Love Yourself: Tear.BTS promotedTear's May 18, 2018, release with an appearance at the25thBillboardMusic Awardstwo days later,where they made their initial BBMA performance with their single, \"Fake Love\".The group also won Top Social Artist for a second consecutive time.The album coincided with the \"轉\" or \"turn\" of the series, touching on the tortuous enlightenment of loving without being loved, the pains and sorrows of separation, and providing encouragement to those without dreams. Love Yourself: Teardebuted at number one its first week on theBillboard200, becoming BTS's first number-one album in the US and the first K-pop album to top the US albums chart.It also became BTS's first top-10 release in Britain, reaching number eight on theUK Albums Chart.\"Fake Love\" became BTS's top-10 single on the Hot100, the first time a song sung mostly in a language other than English had debuted in the top",
"debuted in the top 10.BTS released their compilation albumLove Yourself: Answerin August 2018.The album was supported by the single \"Idol\" and its alternative digital release featuringNicki Minaj. Love Yourself: Answersold over 1.9 million copies on the Gaon Album Chart in August2018.The album became BTS's second number-one on theBillboard200 and led to their highest US sales week in the country to that point with 185,000 album equivalent units.In November 2018,Love Yourself: Answerbecame the first Korean language album to be certified Gold by the RIAA.\"Idol\" andLove Yourself: Answerboth received Platinum certifications in the US, with sales of more than 1million. In conjunction withLove Yourself: Answer's release in August2018, BTS commenced their world tour,BTS World Tour: Love Yourself, with two concerts in the Seoul Olympic Stadium, which sold out in a matter of seconds, as did others of the 22 shows in 12 countries.In October, BTS released their collaboration with Steve Aoki \"Waste It on Me\", their",
"It on Me\", their first all-English language feature.For the final stop of the North American leg, the group performed at Citi Field in New York City, marking the first time a Korean act performed at a US stadium.According toStubHub, BTS was the second best-selling concert act outside the US, behind onlyEd Sheeran.That October, BTS renewed their contract with Big Hit Entertainment through 2026. In early November 2018, a popular Japanese music show cancelled BTS's performance, citing a T-shirt a member wore the year before, bearing a photograph of amushroom cloudfollowing thebombing of Nagasaki.In the same month, the Jewish human rights organizationSimon Wiesenthal Center(SWC) stated that BTS owed an apology for that shirt, and for clothing and flags with Nazi symbolism.Big Hit Entertainment issued an apology, explaining that the images were not intended to be hurtful to the victims ofNazismor atomic bombings and that the group and management would take steps to prevent future mistakes.They also stated the",
"also stated the flags were meant to be a commentary on the Korean school system.The apology was accepted by SWC and the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim Association.John Lie, in his scholarly article on BTS, opined that the Nazi incident showed that the group is not tightly controlled, as are other K-pop ensembles, whose every move seems scripted, and that the members have opinions and are not afraid to express them. At the20th Mnet Asian Music Awards, BTS won Artist of the Year and ranked number eight onBillboard'syear-end Top Artist Chart and were also the number two act of the year in the Duo/Group ranking, only behindImagine Dragons.They were also listed asone of the 50 most influential people by Bloombergfor their \"willingness to address social issues, mental health, and politics, despite being in a genre often painted as bubble gum pop\". Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour andBTS World In February 2019, BTS, for the first time, were presenters atthe Grammy Awards.In April,Timenamed them one of",
"them one of theTime100, the most influential people of 2019.Their EP,Map of the Soul: Persona, was released on April12 with the single \"Boy with Luv\" (Korean:작은 것들을 위한 시;RR:Jageun geotdeureul wihan si), featuring American singerHalsey.The EP's release was followed by a performance onSaturday Night Live, the first K-pop act to appear there.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the first Korean-language album to reach the number one position in both the UK and Australia,and the group's third album to top theBillboard200 in less than a year.Map of the Soul: Personabecame the best-selling album ever in South Korea in terms of physical copies sold, with more than 3.2 million sales in less than a month.\"Boy with Luv\" debuted at number eight on theBillboardHot 100 in April 2019, the highest placement ever for a K-pop song. Following their two wins at the26thBillboardMusic Awardsin May, including forTop Duo/Group,BTS embarked on their world tour stadium extension,Love Yourself: Speak Yourself.Due to the demand, BTS added",
"demand, BTS added more shows after tickets for the first dates sold out within two hours.In the lead up to the release of their mobile gameBTS World, in June 2019 BTS released \"Dream Glow\" featuringCharli XCX,\"A Brand New Day\" withZara Larsson,and \"All Night\" withJuice Wrld.The group released the song \"Heartbeat\" with a music video from the game's official soundtrack, titledBTS World: Original Soundtrack.The soundtrack was certified Double Platinum by Gaon.On July 3, 2019, pre-orders for the single\"Lights\"crossed one million copies, marking the first time a foreign artist had accomplished this in Japan sinceCeline Dionin 1995.\"Lights\" debuted at number 81 on theBillboardJapan Hot 100for the chart issue date of July 8, 2019, and reached number one the following week.On August 8, 2019, \"Lights\" receivedMillioncertificationfrom the RIAJ, denoting shipments of one million copies. Love Yourself: HerandLove Yourself: Tearboth crossed 2 million copies in August.All three albums of theLove Yourselfseries have sold",
"have sold more than 2 million copies each in South Korea.Love Yourself: Teargained silver certification by the BPI for sales in the UK, becoming their third album to do so followingLove Yourself: AnswerandMap of the Soul: Persona.For the final stop of their record-breaking Love Yourself: Speak Yourself World Tour, the group played Seoul's Olympic Stadium.BTS was the third top-grossing touring musical act of 2019.That same month, they released a remix version of the song \"Make It Right\" featuringLauv.In November, BTS won three times at the2019 American Music Awards, for Best Tour, Favorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rock, and Favorite Social Artist (the second consecutive year). In December, they attended both the2019 Melon Music Awardsand the2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards. In each case, they became the first group to sweep the four major awards.At the34th Golden Disc Awards, BTS became the first artists in history to win grand prizes in both the physical and digital categories in a single year.Map of the Soul:",
"of the Soul: Personawas named the second best-selling physical album of 2019 in the US byNielsen MusicbehindTaylor Swift'sLoverand was ranked sixth overall on the chart of Top10 Albums (Total Sales) in the US.BTS wrapped 2019 as the fourth-highest-ranked group onBillboard's TopBillboard200 Artists–Duo/Group ranking, behindQueen, Imagine Dragons and the Beatles.Map of the Soul: Personawas named as the third best-selling album of 2019 by theInternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry(IFPI), making BTS the first Korean artist to be listed on the Global Top10 Album Chart in consecutive years.The IFPI named BTS as one of the best-selling artists of 2019 for a second consecutive year, making them the first non-English speaking act to achieve this. Map of the Soul: 7, \"Dynamite\" andBe In January 2020, BTS released \"Black Swan\" along with a choreography art film performed by MN Dance Company of Slovenia as the first single from their albumMap of the Soul: 7.Album distributorDreamusreported that stock",
"that stock pre-orders of the album reached a record-breaking 4.02 million.Later that month, BTS performed at the62nd Annual Grammy Awards, making BTS the first Korean act to perform at the Grammys.Map of the Soul: 7was released on February 21 to favorable reviews.The album was supported by the single \"On\" and an alternative digital release of it featuring Australian singerSia.According toGaon Chart,Map of the Soul: 7sold over 4.1 million copies in nine days after its release, surpassingMap of the Soul: Personato become the best-selling album in South Korean history and the first album to be certified quadruple million.The album debuted atop the USBillboard200, making BTS the fastest group to earn four number one albums sincethe Beatlesin 1966–1968.\"On\" debuted at number four on theBillboardHot 100, giving BTS its first top-five hit, and the most Hot 100 top-10 entries of any Korean act, with three.BTS planned to support theMap of the Soulalbum series with a concert series,Map of the Soul Tour, beginning in",
"Tour, beginning in April,but this was indefinitely postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, BTS became the first K-pop artist to sell more than 20 million albums cumulatively,making them the best-selling artist in South Korean history.That month, amid the pandemic restrictions, BTS held a two-day online streaming concert event titledBang Bang Con, where the group shared footage of past concerts on their YouTube channel.On June 7, BTS headlined YouTube'sDear Class of 2020online graduation event, performing \"Boy with Luv\", \"Spring Day\", and \"Mikrokosmos\".Their commencement speeches highlighted their own graduations and offered \"messages of hope and inspiration for the class of 2020 in both Korean and English\".On June 14, BTS held an online live concert,Bang Bang Con: The Live, as part of the seventh anniversary of their debut.It garnered peak viewership of 756,000live viewers in 107countries and territories, setting the record for the largest audience for a paid virtual concert.On June 19, BTS",
"June 19, BTS released the Japanese single, \"Stay Gold\", from their fourth Japanese album,Map of the Soul: 7 – The Journey, which was released worldwide on July 14.It surpassed 564,000copies in its first week, breaking the record for highest first week album sales by male foreign artists in Japan. BTS released their first English-language single, \"Dynamite\", on August 21.\"Dynamite\" debuted at number one on the USBillboardHot 100 chart, earning BTS their first chart topper and making them the first all-South Korean act to earn a number one single in the US.The single also toppedBillboard'snewGlobal 200for the week ending September 24, as well asGlobal Excluding UScharts, becoming the first single to top both simultaneously.\"Dynamite\" peaked at number five on the USMainstream Top 40and on the.Billboard Pop Singleschart, becoming their first Top 10 on each and the former the highest-charting entry by a Korean act.On August 31, BTS made theirMTV Video Music Awards(VMAs) debut with the first live performance of",
"live performance of \"Dynamite\"and won four awards: Best Group, Best Choreography, Best Pop Video, and Best K-pop (the last three for their music video for \"On\").On October 14, they performed the single at the 2020BillboardMusic Awards and won the Top Social Artist award for a fourth consecutive year. On October 2, 2020, BTS released a remix ofJawsh 685andJason Derulo's single \"Savage Love (Laxed – Siren Beat)\".It topped the Hot 100.On October 10 and 11, BTS hosted a two-day virtualpay-per-viewconcert at KSPO Dome in Seoul, calledMap of the Soul ON:E, which drew 993,000 viewers from 191 countries and territories.On November 20, BTS released their fifth Korean studio albumBe, led by the single \"Life Goes On\".\"Life Goes On\" debuted at number one on the Hot 100,BTS's third consecutive US number-one single in three months and the first song performed primarily in Korean to top the chart. On November 24, 2020, BTS became the first Korean pop artists recognized bythe Recording Academywhen \"Dynamite\" received a",
"received a nomination forBest Pop Duo/Group Performanceat the63rd Annual Grammy Awards.The group won the Special International Music Award at the62nd Japan Record Awards.Kim, in his book on the influence of Korean popular culture, suggested that 2020, the worst year in many people's lives, was a noteworthy one for Korean culture, withParasitewinning theAcademy Award for Best Pictureand BTS posting three number-one hits on theBillboardGlobal 200. 2021–present \"Butter\", \"Permission to Dance\" andProof On March 4, 2021, the IFPI named BTS its Global Recording Artist of the Year for 2020, the first Asian and first non-English speaking act to top the ranking.BTS occupied three spots in the Global Album Sales Chart of 2020, withMap of the Soul: 7at number one,Be (Deluxe Edition)at number two, andMap of the Soul: 7–The Journeyat number eight.On the newly launched Global Album All Format Chart,Map of the Soul: 7claimed first place andBe (Deluxe Edition)claimed fourth.On March 14, 2021, BTS performed \"Dynamite\" at the",
"\"Dynamite\" at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming the first Korean nominee to perform, though they did not win the award.On April 1, BTS released \"Film Out\", the first single from their then-upcoming Japanese compilation album,BTS, the Best.BTS held a two-day online streaming event on their YouTube channel beginning April 17, titledBang Bang Con 21, and aired three of their previous in-person concerts. On May 21, BTS released their second English-language single, \"Butter\".It debuted at number one on the Hot 100—their fourth number one in nine months—making them the quickest act to achieve four chart-toppers sinceJustin Timberlakein 2006, and the fastest group sincethe Jackson 5in 1970.Their next English-language single, \"Permission to Dance\", was released on July 9.It became BTS's eighth number-one on theDigital Songschart, extending their record as the group with the most number-one entries on the ranking.On September24, 2021, the band released the single \"My Universe\" withColdplay.The single debuted at",
"single debuted at number one on the Hot 100, making it the first collaboration between two groups to debut at number one.The band held an online concert, titledPermission to Dance on Stage, on October 24, 2021, in Seoul.On November 23, \"Butter\" earned a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the64th Annual Grammy Awards.Between November 27 and December 2, BTS held their first live performances before an in-person audience since before the pandemic. The band playedfour sold-out showsatSoFi Stadiumin Los Angeles as a continuation of their Permission to Dance on Stage concert series. On January 15, 2022, a fictionalwebtoonbased on BTS, titled7Fates: Chakho, was released. The comic surpassed 15million views globally in its first two days of availability and became the highest-viewed title ever launched byWebtoon.The band held three limited-capacity concerts at Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 10, 12 and 13—the largest music gatheringsapproved by the South Korean government since the pandemic",
"since the pandemic restrictions were imposed—with a total audience of 45,000people.On April 3, BTS performed \"Butter\" at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards,though the song did not win the award for which it was nominated.On April 8, the band earned seven nominations at the2022BillboardMusic Awardsand won three, making them the most-nominated and the most-awarded group in the show's history. On June 10, 2022, BTS released their three-CDanthologyalbumProof.On June 14, during their ninth anniversary celebrations, the band announced a temporary suspension of group activities to focus on solo projects and other endeavors.Hybe Corporation, which owns Big Hit,clarified in subsequent statements that BTS was neither disbanding nor going on hiatus, but would be actively furthering their individual careers with the label's full support while still participating in group activities, including the filming ofRun BTS.The incident caused Hybe Corporation's stock to decline rapidly, resulting in a decrease in market value of",
"in market value of US$1.7billion.On August 24,Billboardmagazine reported that BTS would be performing inBusanon October 15 in a benefit concert in support of the city's efforts to have aWorld Expositionin 2030, participating under the bannerYet to Come. Military service and contract renewal In spite of the announcement of the October 2022 benefit concert, Hybe Corporation's stock prices dropped to below its originalIPOamid continuing market speculation about the implications of the upcoming mandatorymilitary enlistmentof the band's members.Under South Korean laws, all able-bodied males must complete between 18 and 21 months of military service, usually by age 28.Bloomberg Newsreported the concert as a success but also indicated that there were no further concert dates scheduled. It was estimated that if the band members completed their service, Hybe Corporation would lose nearly US$10 billion over ten years, with the loss to the South Korean economy at nearly US$39 billion. In October 2022, Big Hit confirmed",
"Big Hit confirmed that Jin, the band's oldest member, aged 29, had withdrawn his enlistment deferral request.The other members planned to enlist later, with the group planning to reunite in 2025 following discharge.At the end of October 2022, BTS earned five nominations for the2022 MAMA Awards, with the band members receiving eight further nominations as solo artists.On November 15, BTS earned three nominations at the65th Annual Grammy Awards, including a nomination forBest Music Videofor \"Yet to Come\".\"My Universe\" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, making BTS the only act to be nominated three years in a row in this category since its introduction in 2011.The band was also nominated forAlbum of the Yearas featured artists on Coldplay'sMusic of the Spheres.Jin enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 13.On February 26, 2023, Big Hit announced that J-Hope had requested cancellation of the postponement of his military service. Following their scheduled separation, the band'sBTS 'Yet to",
"band'sBTS 'Yet to Come' in Busanconcert film was released on February 1, 2023.During a trip to Spain, RM toldEFEthat BTS \"will come together again when we finish our military service, and we will look for new synergies between us to enter a second phase.\"Hybe chairman Bang Si-hyuk stated on March 15, 2023, that their comeback might not occur in 2025 since it was hard to target a specific date, and that they had not discussed their contract renewal yet.J-Hope enlisted as an active duty soldier on April 18.On May 12, BTS released a soundtrack \"The Planet\" for the South KoreananimatedseriesBastions.To commemorate their tenth anniversary, the group released the song \"Take Two\" on June 9. On September 20, 2023, Hybe confirmed through a press release that BTS would renew their exclusive contracts. The members will sign these agreements sequentially, considering their military service, after a board resolution with Big Hit Music, solidifying their commitment to future projects starting from 2025 onwards. Hybe",
"2025 onwards. Hybe expressed their anticipation for supporting BTS' group endeavors and pledged unwavering support to enhance their worldwide influence, ensuring the group's continuity even after completing their military service.On September 22, 2023, Suga enlisted as a social worker.RM and V enlisted on December 11, 2023, followed by Jimin and Jungkook on December 12.On June 12, 2024, Jin became the first BTS member to complete his mandatory military service and was officially discharged. Artistry Influences BTS have cited Seo Taiji and Boys,Nas,Eminem,Kanye West,Drake,Post Malone,Charlie Puth, andDangeras musical inspirations.They have also cited Queen as an influence, saying they \"grew up watching videos ofLive Aid\".During their concert at Wembley Stadium in London, Jin paid tribute to Queen by leading the crowd in a version ofFreddie Mercury's \"ay-oh\" chant.\"Hip Hop Phile\" which was released when BTS's hip-hop concept was at its height, pays homage to the artists who influenced them, including the South",
"including the South Korean groupEpik High,Jay-Z,Biggie,CL Smooth, and others. Their 2016 albumWingswas inspired byHermann Hesse'scoming of agenovel,Demian.Their song \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" quotesFriedrich Nietzsche'sThus Spoke Zarathustra, and its music video features visual references toHerbert James Draper'sThe Lament for Icarus,Pieter Bruegel'sLandscape with the Fall of Icarus, and Bruegel'sThe Fall of the Rebel Angels.Among the literary and other sources that have inspired their works are those byHaruki Murakami,Ursula K. Le Guin,Carl Jung,George Orwelland Nietzsche.TheLove Yourselfseries was influenced byErich Fromm'sThe Art of Loving,and their 2018 song \"Magic Shop\" fromLove Yourself: Tearwas inspired byJames R. Doty's memoirInto the Magic Shop. Musical style Since their inception, BTS have emphasized hip hop as their musical base, largely due to the influence of RM and Suga's background as underground rappers;during early visits to the US, the group received mentoring from American rappers.Bang",
"rappers.Bang Si-hyukpreviously acknowledged that K-pop as a whole draws fromblack music,and author Crystal S. Anderson stated, \"BTS's rising popularity in the US represents the continuation of the ways that K-pop functions as part of a global R&B tradition.\"T.K. Park and Youngdae Kim ofVulturedeemed the track \"Outro: Her\" fromLove Yourself: Heras the best example of the group's understanding ofold-school hip hop, with raps inspired byChuck DandTupacand jazzy chords from the 1990s to create a classic hip hop sound. The release of \"Blood Sweat & Tears\" in 2016 accelerated BTS's transition from a hip hop to a pop group. Park and Kim noted that the song draws fromdancehall,reggaeton, andmoombahtonbut opts for a \"baroque mysticism\" rather than the \"partylike atmosphere of its influences\".The group also began incorporating traditional Korean elements into their music. For example, their single \"Idol\" (2018) features an adlib fromPansori, a Korean form of operatic storytelling, and vocal imitations of the sounds of",
"of the sounds of Koreanjanggudrums. While BTS maintains roots in hip hop, their sound has diversified. They first experimented withR&B,rockandjazz hip hoponDark & Wildin 2014;EDMin theirThe Most Beautiful Moment in Lifealbum series;moombahton andtropical houseonWingsandYou Never Walk Alone;future bassandLatin popin theirLove Yourselfalbum series;slow-dance ballads,emo rap,Afro pop,funk,trap,pop rock, andhip popin theirMap of the Soulalbum series;anddiscoin their single \"Dynamite\".The band members have explored different genres on solo tracks, such asneo soulon V's \"Stigma\" and flowing R&B on Jimin's \"Lie\". Lyrical themes Since their formation, BTS have believed that telling their own stories is the best way for the younger generation to relate to their music.Writing many of their own lyrics,the group discusses universal life experiences such as sadness and loneliness in their work and turn them into something lighter and more manageable. RM stated that BTS tries to avoid a preaching or reprimanding tone in",
"tone in their songs \"because that's not the way that we want to spread our message ... We're born with different lives, but you cannot choose some things. So we thought that love, the real meaning of it, starts with loving ourselves and accepting some ironies and some destinies that we have from the very start.\"When asked if it is difficult to write about things like mental health, Suga responded, We feel that people who have the platform to talk about those things really should talk more, because they say depression is something where you go to the hospital and you're diagnosed, but you can't really know until the doctor talks to you ... More and more, I think artists or celebrities who have a voice should talk about these problems and bring it up to the surface. Themes explored in BTS's discography range from exploring \"the troubles and anxieties of school-age youth\" to \"themes like love, friendship, loss, death, and more.\"Early BTS songs, such as \"No More Dream\" and \"N.O\" from their school trilogy, were",
"trilogy, were described by Tamar Herman as motivated by personal experiences with South Korea's rigid approach to education and called for change to the educational system and societal expectations.The members' experiences with South Korean youth culture also inspired the songs \"Dope\" and \"Silver Spoon\" (Korean:뱁새;RR:Baepsae) from their youth trilogy. These songs reference generational disparity andmillennialsgiving up romantic relationships, marriage, children, proper employment, homes, and social life in the face of economic difficulties and societal ills while facing condemnation from the media and older generations.The group's label dubbedThe Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever, the conclusion to their youth trilogy, \"a special album that marks the conclusion of the epic journey of the series, containing the last stories told by young people who, despite an uncertain and insecure reality (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt. 1) continue to surge forward (The Most Beautiful Moment in Life Pt.",
"Moment in Life Pt. 2).\"Wingsfocused on mental health, criticisms of the K-pop \"idol\" scene, and delivering a female empowerment message.TheLove Yourselfseries introduced new themes regarding youth culture in South Korea, including the excitement of love, pain of farewell, and enlightenment of self-love.According to Kathy Sprinkel, BTS's 2020 \"quarantine album\"Be\"chronicles the group's coming to terms with a suddenly new reality and offers support for their listeners going through the same upheaval and uncertainty\". BTS's lyrics have also addressed topics outside youth culture. The song \"Am I Wrong\" fromWingsquestioned societal apathy towards changing the status quo; the lyric \"We're all dogs and pigs / we become dogs because we're angry\" appeared to reference South KoreanMinistry of Educationofficial Na Hyang-wook, who advocated acaste systemfor the country and who reportedly described average people as \"dogs and pigs\". BTS released the song amid the2016 South Korean political scandalthat resulted in the",
"resulted in the impeachment of presidentPark Geun-hye.RM and Suga's personal struggles with mental health have inspired some of their music.\"Not Today\" from 2017'sYou Never Walk Aloneis ananti-establishmentanthem, urging \"all the underdogs in the world\" to keep fighting,and \"Spring Day\" honored the victims of theSewol Ferry tragedy.Journalist Jeff Benjamin praised BTS inFusefor \"speak honestly about topics they deem important, even in a conservative society\".Former South Korean presidentMoon Jae-insaid: \"Each of the seven members sings in a way that is true to himself and the life he wants to live. Their melody and lyrics transcend regional borders, language, culture, and institutions.\" Impact On April 29, 2019,Timemagazine named BTS one of the100 most influential people of the year, labeling them the \"Princes of Pop\".Billboardexecutive Silvio Pietroluongo compared the group's influence to that of the Beatles.MRC Dataexecutive Helena Kosinski noted that \"although BTS weren't the first to open the doors to",
"open the doors to K-Pop worldwide, they were the first to become mainstream. They don't just appeal to young people but also to the 50s and 60s age demographic.\"The first non-English speaking artist to make the Global Artist Chart in 2018, BTS was the second best-selling artists worldwide across multiple media platforms, second only to Drake.In 2020, BTS became the first non-western and non-English speaking artist to be named IFPI's Global Recording Artist of the Year.In South Korea, BTS accounted for 41.9 percent of album sales in the first half of 2019, up from their market share of 25.3 percent the previous year. In 2022, Youna Kim described BTS as having spearheaded the Korean Wave, representing the global expansion of Korean culture as effectively as Psy did in the previous decade and with the strength of influence that theAcademy Award-winning South Korean filmParasitehad in 2020.South Korea's central bank, theBank of Korea, found in 2021 that BTS, including a \"ripple effect\" that included increased",
"included increased tourism to South Korea; increased interest in Korean culture, movies, and study of the Korean language; and added approximately US$5billion per year to South Korea's economy, a growth of about 0.5 percent.A 2018 study showed that, on average, 800,000foreigners per year had visited South Korea over the past four years for BTS-related reasons. Writers identified BTS as leaders even among other highly influential K-pop groups such asGirls' Generation,Super Junior,Exo,Twice, andBlackpinkand note that BTS's success shows the importance of a strong, active fan base in the age of social media, where fan campaigning can be as important as musical quality to a song's success.The group has also distinguished themselves at the forefront of the business side of the K-pop industry by pursuing less restrictive contracts with their management company to maximize their artistic originality and creativity.With this newer approach to career management, BTS created closer ties to the South Korean youth and",
"Korean youth and encourage individuality and authenticity among their audience. Diplomacy In his 1990 essaySoft Power, political scientistJoseph Nyedeveloped the concept of a second type of power different from traditional authoritarianism.Nye wrote, \"This second aspect of power – which occurs when one country gets other countries to want what it wants – might be called co-optive orsoft powerin contrast with the hard or command power of ordering others to do what it wants.\"Researchers such as Maud Quessard have applied the concept of soft power to BTS and their influence on entertainment diplomacy and international relations.Youna Kim and Maud Quessard all read the currency of soft power as includingculture, politicalvalues, andforeign policy, which applies to BTS's ability to be co-optive in their approach to spreading their message of harmony, acceptance, and addressing life's setbacks via their broad appeal on the international stage. BTS was invited to address theUnited Nations General Assemblyin New",
"Assemblyin New York in September 2018.That same year they performed in Paris before an audience of 400, including President Moon Jae-in and other officials, at the 2018 Korea-France Friendship Concert, a summit celebrating the friendly relations between France and South Korea.That year, BTS became the youngest recipients of theOrder of Cultural Merit. Despite cultural medals traditionally being given to recipients with over 15 years of achievement, Moon recognized the group, five years into their career, for their contributions in spreading Korean culture and language worldwide.In September2019, BTS were mentioned by Moon while announcing strategies for the content industries, for having pioneered innovative business models through direct communication with fans.In 2020, BTS received theJames A. Van Fleet Awardin recognition of their outstanding contributions to the promotion of US-Korea relations, the youngest honorees to receive the award.In July2021, they were appointedSpecial Presidential Envoy for",
"Envoy for Future Generations and Cultureby President Moon. In their role as envoys, they help to \"raise awareness on global agendas, such as sustainable development, to our future generations and to strengthen the nation's diplomatic power across the world\"and appear at international events such as the76th United Nations General Assembly.On May 31, 2022, BTS visited USPresident Joe Bidenat theWhite Houseto discuss the recent rise in anti-Asian hate crimes and discrimination. Fandom According to Kyung Hyun Kim, BTS's rise was facilitated by a great increase in music video programming and consumption on YouTube and the coming of an idol empire, including merchandising of nonmusical products, games, and fantasy fiction, as well as an expansion of online music fandom.The group has a large, highly organized, online community of fans known as ARMY (Adorable Representative M.C. for Youth), which translates the group's lyrics and social media posts into other languages and matches charitable contributions of BTS's",
"of BTS's members. As of 2020, some 40million ARMY members subscribe to the band's YouTube channel, with more than 30million following the official BTS Twitter andInstagramaccounts.The fan community helps generate BTS's number-one chart rankings via coordinated campaigns on streaming platforms,as well as pushes to feature BTS's music on radio stations and television.Some ARMY members may even surpass the group itself in influence among BTS fans. BTS interacted and engaged with their followers from their earliest days via social media,as well as viaBTS Universe, analternate storylineinvolving the members told through music videos, mobile games, books, short films, and more that gives fans room to theorize.Kim suggested that ARMY are drawn to BTS since the members are seen as underdogs, originating from the Korean countryside and a relatively minor Korean entertainment company, which allows young fans to identify with them.BTS's lyrics speak to social values, and fans respond by trying to improve the world. As",
"the world. As a result, the fandom regularly embraces activism on charitable causes and socio-political issues such as refugee crises,racial discrimination,children's rights,climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic.Feedback from ARMY to BTS affects the group's actions and lyrics; BTS has eliminated certain Korean words that sound like American racial slurs from their songs and ended collaboration with a Japanese producer when Korean ARMY members deemed his views extreme. Per South Korean author Jiyoung Lee, the relationship between BTS and ARMY is \"a mutual exchange between artists and their fans\" that is about more than merely \"ensuring the band's primacy\", but also \"extending the band's message of positivity into the world\". Lee opines that BTS and ARMY are \"a symbol of change in zeitgeist, not just of generational change\".The band members themselves agree and have long acknowledged their fans' role in their success.According to Sarah Keith, \"BTS embody a moment of generational transformation. ARMY",
"ARMY represents a 'coming of age' for the young, in which cultural production and influence are global and meaningful, and where the youth are politically and socially engaged.\" Other ventures Endorsements BTS partnered withPumabeginning in 2015, initially as Puma Korea's brand ambassadors before expanding to global ambassadors in 2018, and promoting the remix of Puma's \"Turin\" and \"Sportstyle\" line worldwide.In 2019, BTS signed withFilato endorse its sportswear.BTS has also served as global brand ambassadors forLG Electronics'smartphones,andHyundai Motors'2019 flagshipSUVthe \"Palisade\"andhydrogenfuel cell electricSUV, the \"Nexo\".BTS became global ambassadors of the electric street racing seriesFormula Eto promote how electric vehicles can helpcombat climate change.In 2020, BTS partnered withSamsung Electronics,releasing a limited BTS-themed version of theGalaxy S20+andGalaxy Buds+.As the first male pop group ever to collaborate withDior, BTS sported ensembles fromKim Jones' Pre-Fall 2019 collection at their",
"collection at their concert atStade de France.The band became global brand ambassadors forLouis Vuittonin April 2021. Philanthropy BTS are known for their philanthropic endeavors. Several members of the band have been inducted into prestigious donation clubs, such as theUNICEFHonors Club and the Green Noble Club, in acknowledgement of the size and frequency of their donations.They have also received awards for their donations, with one member receiving a Patron of the Arts Award for donations to the arts,and BTS as a whole receiving a UNICEF Inspire Award for their Love Myself campaign. They often donate privately, with theirpatronagelater being made public by the organizations they support and the media.The band's efforts have motivated their fans to also engage in various charitable andhumanitarianactivities, and on occasion even match their donations. Accolades BTS have received numerous awards throughout their career. They have consecutively won theBillboard Music Award for Top Social Artistsince 2017;",
"Artistsince 2017; are the only K-pop group to winTop Duo/Group, at the2019 Billboard Music Awards;and are the most-awarded group inBBMA historyas of2022, with 12 wins overall.BTS are also the only K-pop group to winFavorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rockand Favorite Social Artist at theAmerican Music Awards,and became the first Asian act in the show's history to win Artist of the Year in 2021.They are the first Korean pop act to receive aGrammy Awardnomination,and the first Korean artist to be nominated for aBrit Award.With 30 awards overall, including a record four consecutive wins for Artist of the Year (Asia), BTS are the most-awarded foreign artist in the history of theJapan Gold Disc Awards. They have also received a total of 50 trophies at theMAMA Awards. Members Discography Korean-language studio albums Japanese-language studio albums Filmography Films Online shows Bibliography Concert tours Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links",
"Jimin Park Ji-min(Korean:박지민; born October 13, 1995), knownmononymouslyasJimin, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and dancer. In 2013, he made his debut as a member of the South Koreanboy bandBTS, under the record labelBig Hit Entertainment. Jimin has released three solo tracks under BTS' name—\"Lie\" in 2016, \"Serendipity\" in 2017, and \"Filter\" in 2020—all of which have charted on South Korea'sGaon Digital Chart. He released his first credited solo song, the digital track \"Promise\", which he co-wrote, in 2018 and recorded the duet \"With You\" withHa Sung-woonfor the soundtrack for theTvNdramaOur Bluesin 2022. Jimin released his debut solo album,Facein 2023, which debuted at number one in South Korea and Japan and number two on the USBillboard200, making him the highest-charting Korean solo artist on the latter chart. The album's single \"Like Crazy\" became the first song by a Korean solo artist to debut at number one on the USBillboardHot 100in history. Jimin also became the first Korean solo artist to top",
"solo artist to top theBillboardArtist 100chart. In 2024, he released his second album,Muse, and its lead single \"Who\", which debuted at number one on theBillboardGlobal 200. Early life and education Park Ji-min was born on October 13, 1995, inGeumjeong District,Busan, South Korea.He is of theMilyang Park clan.His immediate family includes his mother, father, and younger brother. When he was a child, he attended Busan's Hodong Elementary School and Yonsan Middle School.In middle school, he attended Just Dance Academy, where he learnedpoppingandlocking.Prior to becoming a trainee, Jimin studiedcontemporary danceat Busan High School of Arts and was a top student in the modern dance department.A teacher suggested that he join an entertainment company, leading him toBig Hit Entertainment. Once he passed the auditions in 2012, he transferred toKorean Arts High School, graduating in 2014. Jimin graduated from Global Cyber University in August 2020 with a major in Broadcasting and Entertainment. He was awarded the",
"He was awarded the President's Award, the school's highest honor.As of 2021, he is enrolled atHanyang Cyber University, pursuing aMaster of Business Administrationin Advertising and Media. Career 2013–present: BTS Jimin was the last Big Hit trainee to be added to the lineup that would eventually becomeBTS. Of the band's seven members, he spent the shortest period of time—six months—as a trainee prior to debuting.On June 13, 2013, he debuted as a vocalist and dancer in BTS with the song \"No More Dream\" from their first single2 Cool 4 Skool.Under the band's name, he released three solo songs: \"Lie\", \"Serendipity\", and \"Filter\". \"Lie\" was released in 2016, as part of the band's second Korean studio album,Wings. It was described as stunning and dramatic, conveying dark undertones and emotions in line with the overall concept of the album.In contrast, \"Serendipity\", from the band'sLove Yourself: Her(2017)extended play(EP), was soft and sensual, expressing the joy, conviction, and curiosity of love.\"Filter\", a",
"of love.\"Filter\", a track from BTS' 2020 studio albumMap of the Soul: 7, had aLatin popflair, with lyrics reflecting the different sides of Jimin that he shows to the world and those around him.Jimin additionally co-wrote and co-produced another track included on that album, \"Friends\", which was later featured in theMarvel StudiosfilmEternals. \"Serendipity\" and \"Lie\" both surpassed fifty million streams onSpotifyin 2018, followed shortly thereafter by the former's full length version from BTS'Love Yourself: Answer(2018) compilation album, which achieved the milestone in early 2019. Jimin became the first Korean artist to have three solo tracks accumulate over 50 million streams each, surpassingPsy, who previously crossed the 50 million streams mark twice with \"Gangnam Style\" (2012) and \"Gentleman\" (2013).Both songs were also the only solos by a BTS member included in theOfficial Charts Company's (OCC) list of the top 20 most streamed BTS songs in the United Kingdom as of October 2018, ranking at number 17",
"at number 17 and 19 respectively.In April 2019, the list was expanded to reflect the top 40, and both tracks were the highest ranked solos included that year, at numbers 18 and 20 respectively. In May 2019, Jimin became the first BTS member to have a solo music video achieve 100 million views onYouTubewhen \"Serendipity\" surpassed the milestone.He remained the only BTS member with multiple solo songs in the January 2020 update of the OCC's top 40 list: \"Lie\" and \"Serendipity\" were the second and third most-streamed solos, at numbers 24 and 29 respectively, with the full-length version of the latter at number 38.The following month, Jimin earned his first entry on theBillboardHot 100with \"Filter\", which debuted at number 87 on the chart,as well his first number one on the World Digital Song Sales chart. The song set the record for the biggest streaming debut among all Korean songs on Spotify, accruing over 2.2 million streams in its first 24 hours of release, and went on to become the fastest Korean solo in",
"Korean solo in the platform's history to surpass 20–60 million streams.It was also the only solo album track by BTS to receive a Song of the Year nomination at theGaon Chart Music Awards.In March 2021, \"Filter\" became the 15th BTS song to spend a full year onBillboard'sWorld Digital Song Saleschart.It was the longest-charting Korean song released in 2020 on the ranking,having spent 80 weeks on the chart as of the issue dated October 9, 2021. Jimin was awarded the fifth-class HwagwanOrder of Cultural Meritin 2018, alongside his bandmates, by thePresident of South Korea,Moon Jae-in, for their contributions to the promotion of Korean culture.Three years later, Moon appointed himSpecial Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and Culture, alongside his bandmates, to help \"lead the global agenda for future generations\" and \"expand South Korea's diplomatic efforts and global standing\" in the international community. 2014–present: Solo work In 2014, Jimin collaborated with bandmateJungkookon a song called",
"a song called \"Christmas Day\", a Korean rendition ofJustin Bieber's \"Mistletoe\"; Jimin wrote the Korean lyrics himself.The two collaborated again in 2017, on a cover ofCharlie Puth's \"We Don't Talk Anymore\" featuringSelena Gomez.Jungkook previously released a solo version of the song in February, and the two prepared the duet as a special gift to the band's fandom, releasing it on June 2, during BTS' fourth anniversary celebrations.Teen Voguewrote that \"adding Jimin's voice to the mix makes the rendition all the more lovely\",while the Canadian outletFlaremagazine stated that \"it honestly might be better than the original\".Elite Dailydescribed the cover as \"nothing short of flawless\". Jimin appeared on several variety shows such asHello Counselor,Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, andGod's Workplacein 2016.He also served as a special MC ondomestic television music programssuch asShow! Music CoreandM Countdown.In December 2016, he participated in a dance duet at theKBS Song FestivalwithTaeminfromShinee. On",
"On December 30, 2018, Jimin released \"Promise\", his first credited song as a solo artist, for free on BTS'SoundCloudpage.It earned the biggest 24-hour debut in SoundCloud history with 8.5 million streams, surpassing previous record holderDrake's \"Duppy Freestyle\" which received 4.9 million streams,and would go on to become the most streamed song on the platform by December 2021, with over 300 million streams.Described byBillboardas a \"mellowpop ballad\",the song was composed by Jimin and Big Hit producer Slow Rabbit, who also produced the track,and features lyrics written by Jimin and bandmateRM.Jimin released his second solo song \"Christmas Love\", about his childhood memories of the holidays, on December 24, 2020.In 2022, he contributed the single \"With You\", a duet withHa Sung-woon, to the soundtrack of theTvNdramaOur Blues; the single was released on April 24. In January 2023, Jimin co-wrote and featured on the single \"Vibe\" byTaeyang.His first official solo project since BTS announced an increased focus",
"an increased focus on individual music endeavors a year prior,the single earned Jimin his debut entry on theBillboardHot 100as a solo artist, at number 76.He was announced as aglobal ambassadorforDiorlater that month,and forTiffany & Co.in March.\"Promise\" and \"Christmas Love\" were made available on streaming platforms worldwide as official singles under Jimin's name on March 6.His debut solo albumFacewas released on March 24.It set several chart and sales records, debuting at number one in South Korea and Japan,and number two in the US, making Jimin the highest-charting Korean solo artist of all time on theBillboard200.The album's two singles, \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" and \"Like Crazy\", released on March 17 and 24 respectively,both entered the Hot 100: the former debuted at number 30,while the latter debuted at number one, making Jimin the first South Korean solo artist in history to top the chart.The album's release led Jimin to become the first Korean solo artist to reach number one on theBillboardArtist 100.In",
"100.In May, he appeared as a featured artist, alongsideJvkeandMuni Long, on the single \"Angel Pt. 1\" byKodak BlackandNLE Choppa, as part of the soundtrack for the filmFast X.The digital single \"Closer Than This\" was released on December 22, shortly after Jiminenlistedin theSouth Korean Army. Originally recorded during the production ofFace, it is a song dedicated to the BTS fandom in gratitude for their support. Big Hit announced an eight-episode travel reality series,Are You Sure?!, featuring Jimin and Jungkook on July 2, 2024. Available forstreamingexclusively onDisney+, the premiere episode aired August 8, with subsequent episodes following weekly through September 19.The label released Jimin's second solo album,Muse, on July 19, while he was carrying out his mandatory military service. It was supported by the singles \"Smeraldo Garden Marching Band\" and \"Who\".\"Who\" became Jimin's first song to debut atop both ofBillboard'sglobal charts. Artistry Jimin's vocals have been described as delicate and sweet.He",
"and sweet.He is regarded as an exceptional dancer among the members of BTS and in K-pop in general,often praised for his \"smooth and elegant movements\" and charm on stage. In the documentaryBurn the Stagereleased in 2018, Jimin addressed hisperfectionism.In 2023, Jimin stated that as a pop artist, he \"aims to excel at both dancing and singing and perform a diverse range of musical genres and themes\" while \"taking a healthy and sustainable approach to do so\". He has cited singerRainas an inspiration and one of the reasons why he wanted to become a singer and performer. Impact and influence In 2016, Jimin was ranked as the 14th most popular idol in an annual survey conducted byGallup Korea.He subsequently ranked seventh in 2017, and then consecutively ranked first in 2018 and 2019,as the only idol to top the survey for two consecutive years.In 2018, Jimin was the ninth most-tweeted about celebrity and the eighth most-tweeted about musician globally.He was named the 17th best boy band member in history byThe",
"in history byThe Guardian.From January to May 2018, Jimin won the monthly \"Top K-Pop Artist–Individual\" award forPeeper x Billboard, a collaboration between thePeepersocial media app andBillboardKoreathat collects fan votes for their favorite K-pop artists. The prize was a donation toUNICEFin his name. The Cultural Conservation Society awarded Jimin a plaque of appreciation in 2019, for performingbuchaechum, a traditional Korean fan dance, during the2018 Melon Music Awardsand helping spread the dance outside of Korea.In October 2021, he became the first idol to spend 34 consecutive months atop the brand reputation ranking for individual boy group idolsand the only one to top the overall ranking for three consecutive years. Jimin is often cited as a role model by various idols in theK-popindustry, many of whom try to emulate his style of dance, mannerisms, and stage presence; media outlets have called him the \"Idol of Idols\", \"Idol's Bible\", and \"Rookies' Bible\". Artists who have cited him as an influence",
"him as an influence include Arthur ofKingdom, Bic ofMCND, Kim Si-hun ofBDC, Woochul ofNewkidd, Hyunjin ofStray Kids, Wooyoung ofAteez, Lim Se-jun ofVicton, Huening Kai and Beomgyu ofTomorrow X Together, and Ni-ki and Jay ofEnhypen.British internet personalityOli Londonunderwent 15 cosmetic surgeries by 2020 to resemble Jimin. Jimin has also been acknowledged beyond theK-popindustry. In 2019, Award-winning director and photographerGus Van Santnamed Jimin as the artist he wished to work with.In 2021, Olympic figure skaterYuzuru Hanyushared being aBTSfan and mentioned Jimin as a source of inspiration for his dance movements on the rink.In 2023,Ryan Goslinggifted Jimin the guitar his character Ken used in the movieBarbie. Gosling gave Jimin the custom guitar as homage for jimin'sPermission to Danceoutfit serving as inspiration for one of the outfits Gosling wore for his role as Ken. Forbes Koreaincluded Jimin on theForbes Korea Power Celebrity 40for 2024, at number seven, making him the highest ranking K-pop",
"ranking K-pop soloist and second-highest ranking soloist on the list. Philanthropy Jimin is a supporter of education and the arts. From 2016 to 2018, he covered uniform expenses of students at his alma mater, Busan Hodong Elementary School. After the school's closing was announced, he donated summer and winter middle school uniforms to the final graduates and gifted autographed albums to the entire student body.In early 2019, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$85,810.58) to the Busan Department of Education to help support students from low income families. Of the total,₩30 million (US$25,743.17) went to his alma mater, Busan Arts High School.In July 2020, he donated₩100 million (US$84,726.68) to the Jeonnam Future Education Foundation to fund the creation of a scholarship fund for talented students from South Jeolla Province who were struggling financially. In July 2021, Jimin donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) toRotary Internationalto help polio patients. As with previous donations, the benefaction was made",
"was made privately but became public in September, when the Go-seong Rotary Club displayed a banner thanking him for the donation.He was announced as a member of the Green Noble Club, a group of major donors to the Green Umbrella Children's Foundation who have contributed ₩100 million or more, on October 12. In September 2022, Jimin made a donation to the Gangwon Provincial Office of Education.In February 2023, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) through the Korean UNICEF Committee toward emergency relief for children affected by theTurkey–Syria earthquake.In March, he donated₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the North Chungcheong Provincial Office of Education to fund books and reading education programs for students.In August, Jimin participated in the \"Hometown Love Donation System\", a program allowing non-residents to donate to support welfare in the district of Nam-gu, Busan. He donated the maximum allowed donation amount of₩5 million (US$4,370.82) and proceeded to re-donate his campaign's donor return",
"donor return gifts to people in need in the region.In February 2024, Jimin was inducted in the Nam-gu Hometown Love Donation System Donor Hall of Fame for his contribution to the district welfare programs.In May, he made a donation of₩100 million (US$87,416.41) to the South Gyeongsang Provincial Office of Education to create a scholarship for underprivileged students. Personal life Jimin used to live inHannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea, with his bandmates.In 2021, he purchased a property in the area worth₩5.9billion(US$5.16 million). Health In 2017, during BTS'Wings Tour, Jimin was unable to participate in the show inMacaudue to neck and shoulder cramping.The following year, while inLondonfor theLove Yourself World Tour, he withdrew from the band's scheduled performance onThe Graham Norton Showbecause of \"severe muscle pain in his neck and back\", according to a statement released byBig Hit Entertainment. In 2022, Jimin was hospitalized after having abdominal pain and a mild sore throat. He",
"sore throat. He underwentappendicitissurgery on January 31, and received a positiveCOVID-19diagnosis. Military service On November 22, 2023, Big Hit announced throughWeversethat Jimin, along with bandmatesRM,V, andJungkook, had started the enlistment process to carry out hismandatory military service.He enlisted as an active duty soldier on December 12 at the Army 5th Division Recruit Training Center inYeoncheon.He completed his five weeks of basic training in January 2024, placing first as an outstanding trainee and received the Best trainee commendation award from the Division Commander, taking an oath as the representative of all trainees in his unit.He was then appointed to an Artillery Unit in the5th Infantry Division. Discography Studio albums Singles As lead artist As featured artist Other charted songs Other songs Writing credits All song credits are adapted from theKorea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted. Filmography Television Music videos Awards and nominations World",
"nominations World records Notes References External links"
] |
What is the difference in mean flow rate (in cubic feet per second) between the River Avon at Great Somerford and its tributary, the River Marden? | 75.5 cubic ft/s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Avon,_Bristol#Hydrology_and_water_quality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Marden | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Avon,_Bristol#Hydrology_and_water_quality', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Marden'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Avon,_Bristol#Hydrology_and_water_quality",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Marden"
] | [
"River Avon, Bristol TheRiver Avon/ˈeɪvən/is a river in the southwest of England. To distinguish it from a number of otherrivers of the same name, it is often called theBristol Avon. The name 'Avon' isloanedfrom an ancestor of theWelshwordafon, meaning 'river'. The Avonrisesjust north of the village ofActon TurvilleinSouth Gloucestershire, before flowing throughWiltshireintoSomerset. In its lower reaches fromBath(where it meets theKennet and Avon Canal) to theSevern EstuaryatAvonmouthnearBristol, the river is navigable and is known as theAvon Navigation. The Avon is the19th longestriver in the United Kingdom, at 83 miles (134 km), although there are just 19 miles (31 km)as the crow fliesbetween the source and its mouth in theSevern Estuary. Thecatchment areais 2,220 square kilometres (860 sq mi). Etymology The name \"Avon\" isloanedfrom theCommon Brittonicabona, \"river\", which survives in theWelshwordafon. \"River Avon\", therefore, literally means \"river river\"; several other English and Scottish rivers share the name.TheCounty of Avonthat existed from 1974 to 1996 was named after the river, and coveredBristol,Bath, and the lower Avon valley. Course The Avonriseson the southern edge of theCotswold hills, atDidmartonin Gloucestershire;at Joyce's Pool a plaque marks the source.It flows south-east into Wiltshire toSherston, where it is joined by the Luckington Brook which drains an area west ofLuckingtonthat includes theBadminton Houseestate. From Sherston the river flows east toMalmesbury, where it is joined by its first major tributary, theTetbury Avon, which rises just east ofTetburyin Gloucestershire.This is known locally as the Ingleburn,which inOld Englishmeans 'English river'. The two rivers flow north and south of a rocky outcrop, almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of Malmesbury to sit on. Upstream of this confluence the river is sometimes referred to as the 'River Avon (Sherston branch)' to distinguish it from the Tetbury branch. After the two rivers merge, the Avon turns southeast away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clayDauntsey Vale, where it is joined by theRiver Marden, until it reaches the biggest town so far,Chippenham. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on viaLacocktoMelksham, then turns north-west throughBradford-on-Avon, where the centre of the town grew up around aford, hence the origin of the town's name (\"Broad-Ford\").This was supplemented inNormantimes by theGrade I listedbridge that still stands today; originally apackhorse bridge, it was widened in the 17th century by rebuilding the downstream side. The Avon Valley between Bradford-on-Avon and Bath is an example of a valley where four forms of ground transport are found: road, rail, river, canal. The river passes under theAvoncliffandDundas Aqueductswhich carry theKennet and Avon Canal, and atFreshfordis joined by the SomersetRiver Frome. Avoncliff Aqueduct was built byJohn Rennieand chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801. Theaqueductconsists of three arches and is 110 yards (100 m) long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.The Dundas Aqueduct was built by the same team between 1797 and 1801 and completed in 1805.James McIlquhamwas appointed contractor.The aqueduct is 150 yards (137.2 m) long with three arches built ofBath Stone, withDoricpilasters, and balustrades at each end.The central semicircular arch spans 64 feet (19.5 m); the two oval side arches span 20 feet (6.1 m).It is aGrade I listedstructure,and was the first canal structure to be designated as aScheduled Ancient Monumentin 1951.The stretch of river below and above the aqueduct, where it is joined byMidford Brook, has been used by rowing crews fromMonkton Combe Schoolsince at least the beginning of the 1900s. It then flows pastClaverton Pumping Station, which pumped water from the River Avon byWarleigh Weirinto the canal, using power from the flow of the river. The pumping station is located in a pump house built of Bath Stone, located at river level. Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about 200 yd (180 m) upstream. The water flows down aleatto the pumping station, where it powers awater wheel, 24 ft (7.3 m) wide and 17 ft (5.2 m) in diameter, with 48 wooden slats. At full power the wheel uses 2tons(2tonnes) of water per second and rotates five times a minute.The water wheel drives gearing which increases the speed to 16rpm. From here, cranks drive vertical connecting rods which transfer the energy to two 18 ft (5.5 m) longcast ironrocking beams. Each rocking beam in turn drives an 18 in (0.5 m) diameterlift pump, which also take their supply from the mill leat. Each pump stroke raises 50 imperial gallons (230 L; 60 US gal) of water to the canal.In 1981,British Waterwaysinstalled two 75 horsepower (56 kW) electric pumps just upstream from the station. The Avon then flows throughBathford, where it is joined by theBybrook River, andBathamptonwhere it passes under theBathampton Toll Bridge. It is joined by theLam Brookat Lambridge inBathand then passes underClevelandandPulteney Bridgesand over the weir. Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826 byWilliam Hazledine,owner of theCoalbrookdaleIronworks, withHenry Goodridgeas the architect,on the site of aRomanferry crossing. Named after the 3rdDuke of Cleveland, it spans the River Avon atBathwick, and enabled further development ofGeorgianBath to take place on the south side of the river. It was designed by architectHenry Goodridgeto take the traffic of his day, horse-drawn vehicles and pedestrians, and was constructed usingBath Stoneand acast ironarchedspan. Pulteney Bridge was completed in 1773 and is designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade I listed structure.The bridge was designed byRobert Adam,and is one of only four bridges in the world with shops across the full span on both sides.It is named afterFrances Pulteney, heiress in 1767 of the Bathwick estate across the river from Bath. Floods in 1799 and 1800 wrecked the north side of the bridge, which had been constructed with inadequate support. It was rebuilt byJohn Pinch the Elder, surveyor to the Pulteney estate, in a less ambitious version of Adam's design.Bath and North East Somersetcouncil have discussed plans to ban vehicles from the bridge and turn it into a pedestrianised zone,but it remains open to buses and taxis. Some 700 metres below Pulteney weir, the river is joined by theKennet and Avon Canalwhich connects throughBath Locks. Together with theKennet Navigationwhich joins theRiver Thamesat Reading, this provides a through route for canal boats from Bristol to London. From this point downstream the river is known as the Avon Navigation. Navigation The Avon above Bath remains navigable as far as Bathampton where there is the remains of aflash lock. However, the lock past the weir below Pulteney Bridge was demolished when the weir was reconstructed, so passage between the sections is only possible for dinghies and canoes using the roller slipway on the side of the weir. Beyond its junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, the Avon flows throughKeynshamtowardsBristol. For much of its course after leaving Wiltshire, it marks the traditional boundary between Somerset and Gloucestershire. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural riverbed, with six locks overcoming a rise of 30 feet (9 m). From Bath toNetham Lockwhere it divides into the New Cut and the Floating Harbour is 12 miles (19 km). The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs. In the centre of Bath it passes under various bridges including theMidland Bridgewhich was originally built by theMidland RailwayCompany to allow theSomerset and Dorset Joint Railwayaccess to and from itsGreen Park Terminus Station. In November 2011 the navigation between Bath and Bristol was closed because of safety concerns aboutVictoria Bridge.Weston Lockon the outskirts of Bath is in what now forms theNewbridgearea. Weston Cut is a man made channel, opened in 1727, for boats to approach and pass through Weston Lock; the island created between the cut and the river weir became known as Dutch Island after the owner of thebrass millestablished on the riverside in the early 18th century. Kelston Lockand weir have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by.Saltford Lockand weir are overlooked by the remains of theKelstonBrass Mill, which was working until 1925. It is a Grade IIlisted building.Alongside the lock is apub, whose garden extends over the lock to the small island between the lock and weir. The lock was opened in 1727 and destroyed in 1738 by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation.In its heyday, between 1709 and 1859,Swinefordhad an activebrassand copper industry aroundSwineford Lock, served by the river which also provided water power for the cloth industry,as did theRiver Boyd, a tributary which flows into the Avon nearBitton.Keynsham Lockopened in 1727.Just above the lock are visitor moorings and a pub, on an island between the lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of theRiver Chew.Hanhamis the last tidal lock,after which the river is joined byBrislington Brook. Netham Lockis the point atNethamin Bristol at which boats from the Avon gain access to Bristol'sfloating harbour. Construction started in 1804 to build the tidalNew Cut, where it is joined by theRiver Malago, and divert the Avon along theFeeder Canalto the harbour; a system designed and built byWilliam Jessopand later improved byIsambard Kingdom Brunel.A weir carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent lock. Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.Netham Lock and the weir form part of Bristol's flood defence mechanisms. It was announced in December 2008 that they would be upgraded as part of the £11 million City Docks Capital Project. In central Bristol, where the river istidal, it is diverted from its original course into the New Cut, a channel dug between 1804 and 1809 at a cost of £600,000.The original course is held at a constant level by lock gates (designed by Jessop) and is known as thefloating harbour. The harbour is protected by an 1870s replacement for Jessop's locks. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and itstributaries, theRiver FromeandSiston Brook, and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the floating harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft. The harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol, the river passes through the deepAvon Gorge, spanned by Brunel'sClifton Suspension Bridge: the river is tidal and is navigable by seagoing vessels at high tide but dries to a steep-sided muddy channel at low tide. It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the floating harbour as commercial docks and saw them replaced by docks atAvonmouthwhere the Avon joins theSevern Estuary. Before reaching its mouth, the Avon is joined by theRiver TrymatSea Millswhich was the site ofPortus Abonae, aRomanport. Shortly after, it passes the village ofPillon the south bank where the Pill Hobblers were based in order to tow ships up the river to Bristol and where yachts and other boats still have moorings in Chapel Pill and Crockerne Pill.It then passes under theAvonmouth Bridgewhich carries theM5 motorway. The main span is 538 ft (164 m) long, and the bridge is 4,554 ft (1,388 m) long, with an air draught above mean high water level of 98.4 ft (30 m). The river then serves two major dock areas. TheRoyal Portbury Dockis on the southern side of the mouth of the river. The deepwater dock was constructed between 1972 and 1977, and is now a major port for the import ofmotor vehicles. The Royal Portbury Dock has the largest entrance lock into any UK port, accommodating vessels up to 41 m (135 ft) beam, 290 m (951 ft) length and 14.5 m (48 ft) draft. TheAvonmouth Docksare on the north side of the river and are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables. The first dock at Avonmouth, Avonmouth Old Dock, was opened in 1877 and acquired by Bristol Corporation in 1884. In 1907, a much larger dock, the Royal Edward Dock, was opened. The docks form part of thePort of Bristoland were operated by the Port of Bristol Authority, part ofBristol City Council, until 1991 when the council granted a 150-year lease to the Bristol Port Company. Pilotage is provided by Bristol Pilots LLP who supply authorised pilots for the River Avon and Bristol City docks, as well as the Severn estuary and the Bristol channel; they are based at Avonmouth Docks. Hydrology and water quality At Great Somerford the Avon has a mean flow rate of 3.355 cubic metres per second (118.5 cu ft/s),and a typical river level range between 0.16 metres (6.3 in) and 0.74 metres (2 ft 5 in) with a highest level of 2.43 metres (8 ft 0 in).At Melksham the Avon has a mean flow rate of 6.703 cubic metres per second (236.7 cu ft/s).December 2013 was the highest level recorded at Bradford on Avon when the level reached 3.42 metres (11.2 ft) with a normal range at the monitoring station being 1.01 metres (3 ft 4 in) to 1.40 metres (4 ft 7 in).At Bathford the highest river level was also in December 2013 when it reached 4.41 metres (14.5 ft) while the normal range is 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) and 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in),with a flow rate of 18.274 cubic metres per second (645.3 cu ft/s). In Bath at St James, which is 180 metres (590 ft) upstream of Pultney Weir the mean flow is 20.466 cubic metres per second (722.7 cu ft/s),with a similar flow (20.984 cubic metres per second (741.0 cu ft/s)) downstream of the weir.At the Destructor Bridge in Bath the typical height range is 0.40 metres (1 ft 4 in) to 0.81 metres (2 ft 8 in) with a high of 1.64 metres (5 ft 5 in) also in December 2013. At Saltford the range is 0.46 metres (1 ft 6 in) to 1.41 metres (4 ft 8 in) with a highest recording of 2.31 metres (7 ft 7 in) on 24 December 2013.At Keynsham the typical range is between 0.23 metres (9.1 in) and 2.09 metres (6 ft 10 in). The highest was on 25 December 2013 when it reached 5.36 metres (17.6 ft).At Netham Weir where the new cut carries the flow away from Bristol Harbour the typical range for the depth of the river is 0.15 metres (5.9 in) to 0.84 metres (2 ft 9 in) with the highest ever recorded being 3.22 metres (10.6 ft). For the purpose of water quality monitoring and improvement the river is divided into several catchment management areas; South of Malmesbury, Bristol Avon Rural and Bristol Avon Urban.In the rural area 22 water bodies are classified as good, 46 as moderate and 8 as poor. The main reasons for not achieving good scores are pollution from waste water, agriculture and rural land management.In the urban area one water body is rated good, while 12 are rated moderate and one is poor. The pollution from upstream is added to by the effects of industry, manufacturing and other businesses and is significantly affected by physical modifications to the water course.Within the catchment area there are 137 river water bodies and 6 lakes; of these 22 per cent of rivers are rated as good ecological status, 40 per cent good for chemical status and 31 per cent good for biological status. Conservation areas The river is important for its dragonfly communities, with a strong population ofscarce chaser(found in only six other areas in England),together with a strong population ofwhite-legged damselfly.red-eyed damselflyis also found. The river is also important for aquatic plants, includingLoddon pondweed. TheKellaways – West TythertonSite of Special Scientific Interest, 3 miles (4.8 km) north east ofChippenham, is of geological interest as the river bank exposesCallovianhighly-fossiliferous sandstone which contains well-preservedbivalves,gastropods,brachiopods,belemnitesandammonites.Further downstream atNewton St LoetheNewton St Loe SSSIis anotherGeological Conservation ReviewSSSI. It represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferousPleistocenegravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, it has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of earlyglaciationwithinSouth West England. The bodies ofmammoths(Mammuthus) and horses (Equus) have been found at the site. TheAvon Gorgehas been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it supports some rare fauna and flora, including species unique to the gorge. There are a total of 24 rare plant species and two unique trees: theBristolandWilmotts's whitebeams.Other notable plants includeBristol rock-cress,Bristol onion,spiked speedwell,autumn squillandhonewort.Other areas along the river which have this designation includeBickley Wood,Cleeve Wood, Hanhamfor its large population of Bath asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum).Stidham FarmnearKeynshamcontains at least At least 2 metres (7 ft) ofPleistoceneterrace-gravels, consisting oflimestoneclastsmainly, but also withMillstone Grit,Pennant Sandstone, flint and chert clasts. The site is of considerable importance for studies relating to the possible glaciation of the area, and of the terracestratigraphy, particularly as it is one of only two accessible terrace deposits in this part of the Avon valley.Newton St Loe SSSIis also listed for geological reasons as it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, they have aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation withinSouth West England. AtHorseshoe Bend, Shirehamptonthe wooded cliff and a narrowsalt marshare supported by rocks of Devonian ageOld Red SandstoneandCarboniferous Limestone, overlain by withTriassicdolomiticconglomerate. The site's principal interest and the reason for its designation as an SSSI is the presence of a population of thetrue service-tree(Sorbus domestica) growing on the cliffs. This tree is nationally rare in Britain, and this site hosts the largest known population in England. Other notable species ofSorbushere are the whitebeamsSorbus eminensandSorbus anglica, both of which are also nationally rare in Britain. The nationally scarcelarge-leaved lime(Tilia platyphyllos) also occurs, and herbs includefield garlic(Allium oleraceum) andpale St. John's-wort(Hypericum montanum). The saltmarsh vegetation, which lies at the base of the cliff, is predominantly made up ofsea aster(Aster tripolium) andEnglish scurvygrass(Cochlearia anglica). There are however two nationally scarce vascular plant species here as well –slender hare's-ear(Bupleurum tenuissimum) andlong-stalked orache(Atriplex longipes). The tidal reaches of the River Avon provide habitat for waterbirds, with 64 species having been recorded up to 2004,including 21 species ofshorebird,and 13 species ofgull. Authorities A catchment board for the Avon was created by theLand Drainage Act 1930and became the Bristol AvonRiver Boardunder theRiver Boards Act 1948; the board was in turn replaced by the Bristol AvonRiver Authorityunder theWater Resources Act 1963. Twenty-five minor watercourses were added to the Authority's jurisdiction in 1973.Reorganisation in 1974, under theWater Act 1973brought the Avon catchment into a newregional body, the Wessex Water Authority.Privatisationsaw responsibility for the catchment pass to theNational Rivers Authorityon its formation on 1 September 1989. In 1996 the authority became part of theEnvironment Agency. Navigation conservancy in the lower river from Avonmouth to the lock at Hotwells is the responsibility of The Bristol Port Company as both statutory and competent harbour authority.Navigation within Bristol's floating harbour is retained byBristol City Councilas statutory and competent harbour authority. History The distribution of archaeological finds suggests that the western end of the river between Bath and Avonmouth formed a border between theDobunniandDurotrigesduring the lateIron Age, prior to theRoman conquest of Britain. Further east, between Bath and what is now Wiltshire, it may also have formed a border of the territory ruled by theBelgae. After the Roman occupation the river formed a boundary between the lands of theHwicce(which becameMercia) and the kingdom ofWessex. The river Avon had been navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century but construction of mills on the river forced its closure.Thefloodplainof the Avon, on which the city centre ofBathis built, has an altitude of about 59 ft (18 m) abovesea level.The river, once an unnavigable series ofbraided streamsbroken up byswampsand ponds, has been managed byweirsinto a single channel. Periodic flooding, which shortened the life of many buildings in the lowest part of the city, was normal until major flood control works were completed in the 1970s. The Bristol Avon Navigation, which runs the 15 miles (24 km) from the Kennet and Avon Canal at Hanham Lock to the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth, was constructed between 1724 and 1727,following legislation passed byQueen Anne,by a company of proprietors and the engineerJohn HoreofNewbury. The first cargo of 'Deal boards, Pig-Lead and Meal' arrived in Bath in December 1727.It is now administered by theCanal & River Trust. Throughout Bristol's history theAvon Gorgehas been an important transport route, carrying the River Avon, major roads and two railways. The Bristol Channel has a very high tidal range of 15 metres (49 ft),second only toBay of FundyinEastern Canada;and the gorge is relatively narrow and meandering, making it notoriously difficult to navigate. Several vessels have grounded in the gorge including theSS Demerarasoon after her launch in 1851, the schoonerGipsyin 1878, the steam tugBlack Eaglein 1861 and theLlandaff City. In 1877, Halfpenny Bridge, a pedestrian toll bridge crossing the river fromBath Spa railway stationtoWidcombe, collapsed with the loss of about 10 lives amongst a large crowd going to theBath and West Agricultural show. The Avon has flooded several times in its recorded history. These floods include the one in 1799/1800 damagingPulteney Bridge.Various points along the river including the valley aroundFreshfordare at risk offluvialflooding, as a result of sediment entering the river and narrowing the channel. To help cope with this some areas on the banks of the river are designated as a functional floodplain to cope with increased flow volumes.The potential changes to weather patterns as a result of climate change suggest that further measures are likely to be needed to protect the population from flooding risk.A tidal surge, combined with high water levels from theflooding of the surrounding areacaused flooding in the city of Bristol. Route and points of interest Download coordinates as: See also References External links Media related toRiver Avon, South-West Englandat Wikimedia Commons",
"River Marden TheRiver Mardenis a smalltributaryof theRiver Avonin England. It flows from the hills surroundingCalneand meets the Avon about a mile upstream ofChippenham. The river has a mean flow of 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s). Course The Marden rises just north of the valley of Ranscombe Bottom nearCalstone WellingtoninWiltshire.It then flows in a north-west direction through theBlacklandarea, where it forms a small ornamental lake at Blackland House, and on toQuemerford, where it is joined on the right bank by the Rivers Brook. In Calne, the Abberd Brook joins on the right. The river turns in a westerly direction and is joined by the overspill from Bowood Lake, part of theBowood Houseestate, on the left at Studleybrook Farm. The river is then joined by the combined Fisher's and Cowage brooks before turning to the north-west, past the village ofStanley. 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later it joins the Bristol Avon to the north-east ofChippenham. History TheDomesday surveyof England in 1086 records fourwatermillson the Marden at Calne. In the 18th century fourfullingmills are recorded and one of these, Upper Mill, became a paper mill in 1768 and continued in operation until 1860. Hassell's Mill atStudleyremained in operation until 1960. A branch of theWilts & Berks Canal, opened in 1810, paralleled the course of the Marden west of Calne. The canal was closed in 1914 following the collapse into the river of the Stanley aqueduct in 1901. Traces of the canal and its towpath survive. Hydrology TheEnvironment Agencygauging station at Stanley has measured the mean flow of the river as 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s), with a maximum recorded flow of 1,529 cubic feet per second (43.3 m3/s) on 30 October 2000 and a minimum of 3.9 cubic feet per second (0.11 m3/s) on 21 August 1976. References"
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"River Avon, Bristol TheRiver Avon/ˈeɪvən/is a river in the southwest of England. To distinguish it from a number of otherrivers of the same name, it is often called theBristol Avon. The name 'Avon' isloanedfrom an ancestor of theWelshwordafon, meaning 'river'. The Avonrisesjust north of the village ofActon TurvilleinSouth Gloucestershire, before flowing throughWiltshireintoSomerset. In its lower reaches fromBath(where it meets theKennet and Avon Canal) to theSevern EstuaryatAvonmouthnearBristol, the river is navigable and is known as theAvon Navigation. The Avon is the19th longestriver in the United Kingdom, at 83 miles (134 km), although there are just 19 miles (31 km)as the crow fliesbetween the source and its mouth in theSevern Estuary. Thecatchment areais 2,220 square kilometres (860 sq mi). Etymology The name \"Avon\" isloanedfrom theCommon Brittonicabona, \"river\", which survives in theWelshwordafon. \"River Avon\", therefore, literally means \"river river\"; several other English and Scottish rivers share the",
"rivers share the name.TheCounty of Avonthat existed from 1974 to 1996 was named after the river, and coveredBristol,Bath, and the lower Avon valley. Course The Avonriseson the southern edge of theCotswold hills, atDidmartonin Gloucestershire;at Joyce's Pool a plaque marks the source.It flows south-east into Wiltshire toSherston, where it is joined by the Luckington Brook which drains an area west ofLuckingtonthat includes theBadminton Houseestate. From Sherston the river flows east toMalmesbury, where it is joined by its first major tributary, theTetbury Avon, which rises just east ofTetburyin Gloucestershire.This is known locally as the Ingleburn,which inOld Englishmeans 'English river'. The two rivers flow north and south of a rocky outcrop, almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of Malmesbury to sit on. Upstream of this confluence the river is sometimes referred to as the 'River Avon (Sherston branch)' to distinguish it from the Tetbury branch. After the two rivers merge, the Avon turns",
"the Avon turns southeast away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clayDauntsey Vale, where it is joined by theRiver Marden, until it reaches the biggest town so far,Chippenham. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on viaLacocktoMelksham, then turns north-west throughBradford-on-Avon, where the centre of the town grew up around aford, hence the origin of the town's name (\"Broad-Ford\").This was supplemented inNormantimes by theGrade I listedbridge that still stands today; originally apackhorse bridge, it was widened in the 17th century by rebuilding the downstream side. The Avon Valley between Bradford-on-Avon and Bath is an example of a valley where four forms of ground transport are found: road, rail, river, canal. The river passes under theAvoncliffandDundas Aqueductswhich carry theKennet and Avon Canal, and atFreshfordis joined by the SomersetRiver Frome. Avoncliff Aqueduct was built byJohn Rennieand chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801.",
"1797 and 1801. Theaqueductconsists of three arches and is 110 yards (100 m) long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.The Dundas Aqueduct was built by the same team between 1797 and 1801 and completed in 1805.James McIlquhamwas appointed contractor.The aqueduct is 150 yards (137.2 m) long with three arches built ofBath Stone, withDoricpilasters, and balustrades at each end.The central semicircular arch spans 64 feet (19.5 m); the two oval side arches span 20 feet (6.1 m).It is aGrade I listedstructure,and was the first canal structure to be designated as aScheduled Ancient Monumentin 1951.The stretch of river below and above the aqueduct, where it is joined byMidford Brook, has been used by rowing crews fromMonkton Combe",
"fromMonkton Combe Schoolsince at least the beginning of the 1900s. It then flows pastClaverton Pumping Station, which pumped water from the River Avon byWarleigh Weirinto the canal, using power from the flow of the river. The pumping station is located in a pump house built of Bath Stone, located at river level. Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about 200 yd (180 m) upstream. The water flows down aleatto the pumping station, where it powers awater wheel, 24 ft (7.3 m) wide and 17 ft (5.2 m) in diameter, with 48 wooden slats. At full power the wheel uses 2tons(2tonnes) of water per second and rotates five times a minute.The water wheel drives gearing which increases the speed to 16rpm. From here, cranks drive vertical connecting rods which transfer the energy to two 18 ft (5.5 m) longcast ironrocking beams. Each rocking beam in turn drives an 18 in (0.5 m) diameterlift pump, which also take their supply from the mill leat. Each pump stroke raises 50 imperial gallons (230 L; 60 US gal) of",
"L; 60 US gal) of water to the canal.In 1981,British Waterwaysinstalled two 75 horsepower (56 kW) electric pumps just upstream from the station. The Avon then flows throughBathford, where it is joined by theBybrook River, andBathamptonwhere it passes under theBathampton Toll Bridge. It is joined by theLam Brookat Lambridge inBathand then passes underClevelandandPulteney Bridgesand over the weir. Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826 byWilliam Hazledine,owner of theCoalbrookdaleIronworks, withHenry Goodridgeas the architect,on the site of aRomanferry crossing. Named after the 3rdDuke of Cleveland, it spans the River Avon atBathwick, and enabled further development ofGeorgianBath to take place on the south side of the river. It was designed by architectHenry Goodridgeto take the traffic of his day, horse-drawn vehicles and pedestrians, and was constructed usingBath Stoneand acast ironarchedspan. Pulteney Bridge was completed in 1773 and is designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade I listed structure.The bridge was",
"bridge was designed byRobert Adam,and is one of only four bridges in the world with shops across the full span on both sides.It is named afterFrances Pulteney, heiress in 1767 of the Bathwick estate across the river from Bath. Floods in 1799 and 1800 wrecked the north side of the bridge, which had been constructed with inadequate support. It was rebuilt byJohn Pinch the Elder, surveyor to the Pulteney estate, in a less ambitious version of Adam's design.Bath and North East Somersetcouncil have discussed plans to ban vehicles from the bridge and turn it into a pedestrianised zone,but it remains open to buses and taxis. Some 700 metres below Pulteney weir, the river is joined by theKennet and Avon Canalwhich connects throughBath Locks. Together with theKennet Navigationwhich joins theRiver Thamesat Reading, this provides a through route for canal boats from Bristol to London. From this point downstream the river is known as the Avon Navigation. Navigation The Avon above Bath remains navigable as far as",
"navigable as far as Bathampton where there is the remains of aflash lock. However, the lock past the weir below Pulteney Bridge was demolished when the weir was reconstructed, so passage between the sections is only possible for dinghies and canoes using the roller slipway on the side of the weir. Beyond its junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, the Avon flows throughKeynshamtowardsBristol. For much of its course after leaving Wiltshire, it marks the traditional boundary between Somerset and Gloucestershire. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural riverbed, with six locks overcoming a rise of 30 feet (9 m). From Bath toNetham Lockwhere it divides into the New Cut and the Floating Harbour is 12 miles (19 km). The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs. In the centre of Bath it passes under various bridges including theMidland Bridgewhich was originally built by theMidland RailwayCompany to allow theSomerset and Dorset Joint Railwayaccess to and from itsGreen Park",
"from itsGreen Park Terminus Station. In November 2011 the navigation between Bath and Bristol was closed because of safety concerns aboutVictoria Bridge.Weston Lockon the outskirts of Bath is in what now forms theNewbridgearea. Weston Cut is a man made channel, opened in 1727, for boats to approach and pass through Weston Lock; the island created between the cut and the river weir became known as Dutch Island after the owner of thebrass millestablished on the riverside in the early 18th century. Kelston Lockand weir have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by.Saltford Lockand weir are overlooked by the remains of theKelstonBrass Mill, which was working until 1925. It is a Grade IIlisted building.Alongside the lock is apub, whose garden extends over the lock to the small island between the lock and weir. The lock was opened in 1727 and destroyed in 1738 by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation.In its heyday, between 1709",
"between 1709 and 1859,Swinefordhad an activebrassand copper industry aroundSwineford Lock, served by the river which also provided water power for the cloth industry,as did theRiver Boyd, a tributary which flows into the Avon nearBitton.Keynsham Lockopened in 1727.Just above the lock are visitor moorings and a pub, on an island between the lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of theRiver Chew.Hanhamis the last tidal lock,after which the river is joined byBrislington Brook. Netham Lockis the point atNethamin Bristol at which boats from the Avon gain access to Bristol'sfloating harbour. Construction started in 1804 to build the tidalNew Cut, where it is joined by theRiver Malago, and divert the Avon along theFeeder Canalto the harbour; a system designed and built byWilliam Jessopand later improved byIsambard Kingdom Brunel.A weir carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent lock. Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open",
"keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.Netham Lock and the weir form part of Bristol's flood defence mechanisms. It was announced in December 2008 that they would be upgraded as part of the £11 million City Docks Capital Project. In central Bristol, where the river istidal, it is diverted from its original course into the New Cut, a channel dug between 1804 and 1809 at a cost of £600,000.The original course is held at a constant level by lock gates (designed by Jessop) and is known as thefloating harbour. The harbour is protected by an 1870s replacement for Jessop's locks. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and itstributaries, theRiver FromeandSiston Brook, and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the floating harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the",
"with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft. The harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol, the river passes through the deepAvon Gorge, spanned by Brunel'sClifton Suspension Bridge: the river is tidal and is navigable by seagoing vessels at high tide but dries to a steep-sided muddy channel at low tide. It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the floating harbour as commercial docks and saw them replaced by docks atAvonmouthwhere the Avon joins theSevern Estuary. Before reaching its mouth, the Avon is joined by theRiver TrymatSea Millswhich was the site ofPortus Abonae, aRomanport. Shortly after, it passes the village ofPillon the south bank where the Pill Hobblers were based in order to tow ships up the river to Bristol and where yachts and other boats still have moorings in",
"have moorings in Chapel Pill and Crockerne Pill.It then passes under theAvonmouth Bridgewhich carries theM5 motorway. The main span is 538 ft (164 m) long, and the bridge is 4,554 ft (1,388 m) long, with an air draught above mean high water level of 98.4 ft (30 m). The river then serves two major dock areas. TheRoyal Portbury Dockis on the southern side of the mouth of the river. The deepwater dock was constructed between 1972 and 1977, and is now a major port for the import ofmotor vehicles. The Royal Portbury Dock has the largest entrance lock into any UK port, accommodating vessels up to 41 m (135 ft) beam, 290 m (951 ft) length and 14.5 m (48 ft) draft. TheAvonmouth Docksare on the north side of the river and are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables. The first dock at Avonmouth, Avonmouth Old Dock, was opened in 1877 and acquired by Bristol Corporation in 1884. In 1907, a much larger dock, the Royal Edward Dock, was opened. The docks form part of thePort of",
"part of thePort of Bristoland were operated by the Port of Bristol Authority, part ofBristol City Council, until 1991 when the council granted a 150-year lease to the Bristol Port Company. Pilotage is provided by Bristol Pilots LLP who supply authorised pilots for the River Avon and Bristol City docks, as well as the Severn estuary and the Bristol channel; they are based at Avonmouth Docks. Hydrology and water quality At Great Somerford the Avon has a mean flow rate of 3.355 cubic metres per second (118.5 cu ft/s),and a typical river level range between 0.16 metres (6.3 in) and 0.74 metres (2 ft 5 in) with a highest level of 2.43 metres (8 ft 0 in).At Melksham the Avon has a mean flow rate of 6.703 cubic metres per second (236.7 cu ft/s).December 2013 was the highest level recorded at Bradford on Avon when the level reached 3.42 metres (11.2 ft) with a normal range at the monitoring station being 1.01 metres (3 ft 4 in) to 1.40 metres (4 ft 7 in).At Bathford the highest river level was also in December 2013",
"in December 2013 when it reached 4.41 metres (14.5 ft) while the normal range is 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) and 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in),with a flow rate of 18.274 cubic metres per second (645.3 cu ft/s). In Bath at St James, which is 180 metres (590 ft) upstream of Pultney Weir the mean flow is 20.466 cubic metres per second (722.7 cu ft/s),with a similar flow (20.984 cubic metres per second (741.0 cu ft/s)) downstream of the weir.At the Destructor Bridge in Bath the typical height range is 0.40 metres (1 ft 4 in) to 0.81 metres (2 ft 8 in) with a high of 1.64 metres (5 ft 5 in) also in December 2013. At Saltford the range is 0.46 metres (1 ft 6 in) to 1.41 metres (4 ft 8 in) with a highest recording of 2.31 metres (7 ft 7 in) on 24 December 2013.At Keynsham the typical range is between 0.23 metres (9.1 in) and 2.09 metres (6 ft 10 in). The highest was on 25 December 2013 when it reached 5.36 metres (17.6 ft).At Netham Weir where the new cut carries the flow away from Bristol Harbour the typical range for the",
"range for the depth of the river is 0.15 metres (5.9 in) to 0.84 metres (2 ft 9 in) with the highest ever recorded being 3.22 metres (10.6 ft). For the purpose of water quality monitoring and improvement the river is divided into several catchment management areas; South of Malmesbury, Bristol Avon Rural and Bristol Avon Urban.In the rural area 22 water bodies are classified as good, 46 as moderate and 8 as poor. The main reasons for not achieving good scores are pollution from waste water, agriculture and rural land management.In the urban area one water body is rated good, while 12 are rated moderate and one is poor. The pollution from upstream is added to by the effects of industry, manufacturing and other businesses and is significantly affected by physical modifications to the water course.Within the catchment area there are 137 river water bodies and 6 lakes; of these 22 per cent of rivers are rated as good ecological status, 40 per cent good for chemical status and 31 per cent good for biological",
"good for biological status. Conservation areas The river is important for its dragonfly communities, with a strong population ofscarce chaser(found in only six other areas in England),together with a strong population ofwhite-legged damselfly.red-eyed damselflyis also found. The river is also important for aquatic plants, includingLoddon pondweed. TheKellaways – West TythertonSite of Special Scientific Interest, 3 miles (4.8 km) north east ofChippenham, is of geological interest as the river bank exposesCallovianhighly-fossiliferous sandstone which contains well-preservedbivalves,gastropods,brachiopods,belemnitesandammonites.Further downstream atNewton St LoetheNewton St Loe SSSIis anotherGeological Conservation ReviewSSSI. It represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferousPleistocenegravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, it has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of earlyglaciationwithinSouth West England. The bodies",
"England. The bodies ofmammoths(Mammuthus) and horses (Equus) have been found at the site. TheAvon Gorgehas been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it supports some rare fauna and flora, including species unique to the gorge. There are a total of 24 rare plant species and two unique trees: theBristolandWilmotts's whitebeams.Other notable plants includeBristol rock-cress,Bristol onion,spiked speedwell,autumn squillandhonewort.Other areas along the river which have this designation includeBickley Wood,Cleeve Wood, Hanhamfor its large population of Bath asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum).Stidham FarmnearKeynshamcontains at least At least 2 metres (7 ft) ofPleistoceneterrace-gravels, consisting oflimestoneclastsmainly, but also withMillstone Grit,Pennant Sandstone, flint and chert clasts. The site is of considerable importance for studies relating to the possible glaciation of the area, and of the terracestratigraphy, particularly as it is one of only two accessible terrace deposits in",
"terrace deposits in this part of the Avon valley.Newton St Loe SSSIis also listed for geological reasons as it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, they have aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation withinSouth West England. AtHorseshoe Bend, Shirehamptonthe wooded cliff and a narrowsalt marshare supported by rocks of Devonian ageOld Red SandstoneandCarboniferous Limestone, overlain by withTriassicdolomiticconglomerate. The site's principal interest and the reason for its designation as an SSSI is the presence of a population of thetrue service-tree(Sorbus domestica) growing on the cliffs. This tree is nationally rare in Britain, and this site hosts the largest known population in England. Other notable species ofSorbushere are the whitebeamsSorbus eminensandSorbus anglica, both of which are also nationally rare in Britain. The nationally",
"The nationally scarcelarge-leaved lime(Tilia platyphyllos) also occurs, and herbs includefield garlic(Allium oleraceum) andpale St. John's-wort(Hypericum montanum). The saltmarsh vegetation, which lies at the base of the cliff, is predominantly made up ofsea aster(Aster tripolium) andEnglish scurvygrass(Cochlearia anglica). There are however two nationally scarce vascular plant species here as well –slender hare's-ear(Bupleurum tenuissimum) andlong-stalked orache(Atriplex longipes). The tidal reaches of the River Avon provide habitat for waterbirds, with 64 species having been recorded up to 2004,including 21 species ofshorebird,and 13 species ofgull. Authorities A catchment board for the Avon was created by theLand Drainage Act 1930and became the Bristol AvonRiver Boardunder theRiver Boards Act 1948; the board was in turn replaced by the Bristol AvonRiver Authorityunder theWater Resources Act 1963. Twenty-five minor watercourses were added to the Authority's jurisdiction in 1973.Reorganisation in 1974,",
"in 1974, under theWater Act 1973brought the Avon catchment into a newregional body, the Wessex Water Authority.Privatisationsaw responsibility for the catchment pass to theNational Rivers Authorityon its formation on 1 September 1989. In 1996 the authority became part of theEnvironment Agency. Navigation conservancy in the lower river from Avonmouth to the lock at Hotwells is the responsibility of The Bristol Port Company as both statutory and competent harbour authority.Navigation within Bristol's floating harbour is retained byBristol City Councilas statutory and competent harbour authority. History The distribution of archaeological finds suggests that the western end of the river between Bath and Avonmouth formed a border between theDobunniandDurotrigesduring the lateIron Age, prior to theRoman conquest of Britain. Further east, between Bath and what is now Wiltshire, it may also have formed a border of the territory ruled by theBelgae. After the Roman occupation the river formed a boundary between the",
"between the lands of theHwicce(which becameMercia) and the kingdom ofWessex. The river Avon had been navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century but construction of mills on the river forced its closure.Thefloodplainof the Avon, on which the city centre ofBathis built, has an altitude of about 59 ft (18 m) abovesea level.The river, once an unnavigable series ofbraided streamsbroken up byswampsand ponds, has been managed byweirsinto a single channel. Periodic flooding, which shortened the life of many buildings in the lowest part of the city, was normal until major flood control works were completed in the 1970s. The Bristol Avon Navigation, which runs the 15 miles (24 km) from the Kennet and Avon Canal at Hanham Lock to the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth, was constructed between 1724 and 1727,following legislation passed byQueen Anne,by a company of proprietors and the engineerJohn HoreofNewbury. The first cargo of 'Deal boards, Pig-Lead and Meal' arrived in Bath in December",
"in Bath in December 1727.It is now administered by theCanal & River Trust. Throughout Bristol's history theAvon Gorgehas been an important transport route, carrying the River Avon, major roads and two railways. The Bristol Channel has a very high tidal range of 15 metres (49 ft),second only toBay of FundyinEastern Canada;and the gorge is relatively narrow and meandering, making it notoriously difficult to navigate. Several vessels have grounded in the gorge including theSS Demerarasoon after her launch in 1851, the schoonerGipsyin 1878, the steam tugBlack Eaglein 1861 and theLlandaff City. In 1877, Halfpenny Bridge, a pedestrian toll bridge crossing the river fromBath Spa railway stationtoWidcombe, collapsed with the loss of about 10 lives amongst a large crowd going to theBath and West Agricultural show. The Avon has flooded several times in its recorded history. These floods include the one in 1799/1800 damagingPulteney Bridge.Various points along the river including the valley aroundFreshfordare at risk",
"at risk offluvialflooding, as a result of sediment entering the river and narrowing the channel. To help cope with this some areas on the banks of the river are designated as a functional floodplain to cope with increased flow volumes.The potential changes to weather patterns as a result of climate change suggest that further measures are likely to be needed to protect the population from flooding risk.A tidal surge, combined with high water levels from theflooding of the surrounding areacaused flooding in the city of Bristol. Route and points of interest Download coordinates as: See also References External links Media related toRiver Avon, South-West Englandat Wikimedia Commons",
"River Marden TheRiver Mardenis a smalltributaryof theRiver Avonin England. It flows from the hills surroundingCalneand meets the Avon about a mile upstream ofChippenham. The river has a mean flow of 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s). Course The Marden rises just north of the valley of Ranscombe Bottom nearCalstone WellingtoninWiltshire.It then flows in a north-west direction through theBlacklandarea, where it forms a small ornamental lake at Blackland House, and on toQuemerford, where it is joined on the right bank by the Rivers Brook. In Calne, the Abberd Brook joins on the right. The river turns in a westerly direction and is joined by the overspill from Bowood Lake, part of theBowood Houseestate, on the left at Studleybrook Farm. The river is then joined by the combined Fisher's and Cowage brooks before turning to the north-west, past the village ofStanley. 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later it joins the Bristol Avon to the north-east ofChippenham. History TheDomesday surveyof England in 1086 records",
"in 1086 records fourwatermillson the Marden at Calne. In the 18th century fourfullingmills are recorded and one of these, Upper Mill, became a paper mill in 1768 and continued in operation until 1860. Hassell's Mill atStudleyremained in operation until 1960. A branch of theWilts & Berks Canal, opened in 1810, paralleled the course of the Marden west of Calne. The canal was closed in 1914 following the collapse into the river of the Stanley aqueduct in 1901. Traces of the canal and its towpath survive. Hydrology TheEnvironment Agencygauging station at Stanley has measured the mean flow of the river as 43 cubic feet per second (1.2 m3/s), with a maximum recorded flow of 1,529 cubic feet per second (43.3 m3/s) on 30 October 2000 and a minimum of 3.9 cubic feet per second (0.11 m3/s) on 21 August 1976. References"
] |
As noted in the 2020 census, what is the population of the county in which Waterville, Maine, resides? | 123,642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterville,_Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebec_County,_Maine | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterville,_Maine', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebec_County,_Maine'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterville,_Maine",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebec_County,_Maine"
] | [
"Waterville, Maine Watervilleis a city inKennebec County, Maine, United States, on the west bank of theKennebec River. A college town, the city is home toColby College, aNESCACcollege, andThomas College. It is also home to the headquarters of HealthReach Community Health Centers. As of the2020 censusthe population was 15,828.Along withAugusta, Waterville is one of the principal cities of theAugusta-Waterville, ME Micropolitan Statistical Area. History The area now known as Waterville was once inhabited by theCanibastribe of theAbenakipeople. Called \"Taconnet\" after Chief Taconnet, the main village was located on the east bank of the Kennebec River at its confluence with theSebasticook Riverat what is nowWinslow. Known as \"Ticonic\" byEnglish settlers, it was burned in 1692 duringKing William's War, after which the Canibas tribe abandoned the area.Fort Halifaxwas built by GeneralJohn Winslowin 1754, and the last skirmish with indigenous peoples occurred on May 18, 1757. The township would be organized as Kingfield Plantation, then incorporated asWinslowin 1771. When residents on the west side of the Kennebec found themselves unable to cross the river to attendtown meetings, Waterville was founded from the western parts of Winslow and incorporated on June 23, 1802. In 1824 a bridge was built joining the communities. Early industries includedfishing,lumbering,agricultureandship building, with larger boats launched in spring duringfreshets. By the early 1900s, there were five shipyards in the community. Ticonic Falls blocked navigation farther upriver, so Waterville developed as the terminus for trade and shipping. The Kennebec River and Messalonskee Stream providedwater powerfor mills, including severalsawmills, agristmill, asashandblindfactory, a furniture factory, and a shovel handle factory. There was also a carriage and sleigh factory, boot shop,brickyard, andtannery. On September 27, 1849, theAndroscoggin and Kennebec Railroadopened to Waterville. It would become part of theMaine Central Railroad, which in 1870 establishedlocomotiveand car repair shops in the thrivingmill town. West Waterville (renamedOakland) was set off as a town in 1873. Waterville was incorporated as a city on January 12, 1888. The Ticonic Water Power & Manufacturing Company was formed in 1866 and soon built a dam across the Kennebec. After a change of ownership in 1873, the company began construction on what would become the Lockwood Manufacturing Company, acottontextile plant. A second mill was added, and by 1900 the firm dominated the riverfront and employed 1,300 workers. Lockwood Mills survived until the mid-1950s. The ironWaterville-Winslow Footbridgeopened in 1901, as a means for Waterville residents to commute to Winslow for work in theHollingsworth & Whitney Co.and Wyandotte Worsted Co. mills, but in less than a year was carried away by the highest river level since 1832. Rebuilt in 1903, it would be called the Two Cent Bridge because of itstoll.In 1902, theBeaux-Artsstyle City Hall and Opera House designed by George Gilman Adams was dedicated. In 2002, theC.F. Hathaway Company, one of the last remaining factories in the United States producing high-enddress shirts, was purchased by Warren Buffett'sBerkshire Hathawaycompany and was closed after over 160 years of operation in the city. Waterville also developed as an educational center. In 1813, theMaine Literary and Theological Institutionwas established. It would be renamed Waterville College in 1821, thenColby Collegein 1867.Thomas Collegewas established in 1894. The Latin School was founded in 1820 to prepare students to attend Colby and other colleges, and was subsequently named Waterville Academy, Waterville Classical Institute, and Coburn Classical Institute; the Institute merged with the Oak Grove School inVassalboroin 1970, and remained open until 1989. The first public high school was built in 1877, while the current Waterville Senior High School was built in 1961. Geography Waterville is in northern Kennebec County, in central Maine, at44°33′07″N69°38′45″W / 44.552051°N 69.645839°W /44.552051; -69.645839.Its northern boundary is theSomerset Countyline. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.05 square miles (36.39 km2), of which 13.58 square miles (35.17 km2) is land and 0.47 square miles (1.22 km2), or 3.36%, is water.Situated beside theKennebec River, Waterville is drained by the Messalonskee Stream. Waterville is served byInterstate 95,U.S. Route 201, and Maine State Routes137and104. It is bordered byFairfieldon the north in Somerset County,Winslowon the east,Sidneyon the south andOaklandon the west. Climate Thisclimaticregion is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, Waterville has ahumid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps. Waterville Pump Stn, Maine – Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature (1958 to 2012) Demographics 2010 census As of thecensusof 2010, there were 15,722 people, 6,370 households, and 3,274 families living in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 1,157.7 inhabitants per square mile (447.0/km2). There were 7,065 housing units at an average density of 520.3 per square mile (200.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.9%White, 1.1%African American, 0.6%Native American, 1.2%Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 0.8% fromother races, and 2.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 6,370 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% weremarried couplesliving together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.6% were non-families. Of all households 38.9% were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 17.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 18.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.8% male and 53.2% female. 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 15,605 people, 6,218 households, and 3,370 families living in the city. The population density was 1,148.7 inhabitants per square mile (443.5/km2). There were 6,819 housing units at an average density of 501.9 per square mile (193.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.81%White, 0.78%African American, 0.56%Native American, 1.03%Asian, 0.03%Pacific Islander, 0.42% fromother races, and 1.36% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 1.10% of the population. 32% reported French and French Canadian ancestry, 18% English, 11% Irish, and 6% German. There were 6,218households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% weremarried couplesliving together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. Of all households 38.6% were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.84. In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 18.5% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,816, and the median income for a family was $38,052. Males had a median income of $30,086 versus $22,037 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $16,430. 19.2% of the population and 15.1% of families were below the federalpovertylevel. Statewide, 10.9% of the population was below the poverty level.In Kennebec County, 11.1% of the population was below the federal poverty level. Thus, although the county poverty rate was close to the state poverty rate, the poverty rate for Waterville was higher—typical for a regional center whose suburbs had grown in population. Out of the total population, 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Economy and redevelopment Like many other towns in Maine and in the United States, Waterville has seen development in the suburbs and the decline of the downtown area.There have been new businesses and new facilities built byInland Hospitalon Kennedy Memorial Drive.Walmart,Home Depot, and a small strip mall of other stores have been built in the northern part of the city as part of an open-air shopping center. Because of this growth, the existing and now-neighboring Elm Plaza shopping center has recently had its exterior renovated and filled most or all of its previous vacancies. In contrast, the downtown area has had its share of hardships due to chain store growth in the city. Stores that had a long history in the downtown area have closed in recent decades, including Levine's, Butlers, Sterns, Dunhams, Alvina and Delias, and LaVerdieres. The large vacancy in The Concourse shopping center that once housed theAmes,Zayredepartment store, as well asBrooks Pharmacyis struggling to find tenants; as is the now vacant Main Street location of aCVSpharmacy (it moved to a brand new building on Kennedy Memorial Drive).Organizations likeWaterville Main Stcontinue their efforts to revitalize downtown. Colby College has built a new dormitory for students on Main Street, and the boutique Lockwood Hotel opened in August 2022. The Paul J. Schupf Art Center is currently under construction. Developer Paul Boghossian has converted the old Hathaway Mill to retail, office, and residential use.MaineGeneral Health agreed at the end of June 2007 to become the first tenant. Waterville's top employers include MaineGeneral Medical Center, Colby College,HealthReach Community Health Centers, Northern Light Inland Hospital,Hannaford Supermarket,Shaw's Supermarket,Wal-Mart, Mount St. Joseph Nursing Home, Kennebec Valley Community Action Program, Thomas College, City of Waterville, The Woodlands Residential Care, andCentral Maine Newspapers. Government Local government Waterville has amayorandcouncil-managerform of government, led by a mayor and a seven-member city council. The city council is the governing board, and the city manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, responsible for the management of all city affairs. Waterville adopted acity charterin the 1970s.For some 40 years, the city had a \"strong mayor\" system in which the mayor enjoyed broad executive powers, including the power to veto measures passed by the city council and toline-item vetobudget items passed by the council.In 2005, the charter was substantially revised, changing the city government to a \"weak mayor\"council-manager system.Under the present system, thecity manageris the chief executive.The charter revision was approved by city voters by a 4–1 margin.The city is currently divided into seven geographicwards, each of which elects one member of the Waterville City Council and one member of the Waterville School Board. Since 1970, the following people have served as mayor of Waterville:Richard \"Spike\" Carey(1970–1978), Paul Laverdiere (Republican, 1978–1982); Ann Gilbride Hill (Democrat, 1982–1986); Thomas Nale (1986–1987);Judy C. Kany(Democrat, 1988–1989); David E. Bernier (1990–1993); Thomas J. Brazier (1994–1995); Nelson Megna (1995–1996); Ruth Joseph (Democrat, 1996–1998);Nelson Madore(Democrat, 1999–2004);Paul R. LePage(Republican, 2004–2011); Dana W. Sennett (Democrat, 2011);Karen Heck(independent, 2012–2014); Nicholas Isgro (Republican, 2015–2020); Jay Coelho (2021–present). In 2018, Isgro faced arecall electionafter he made aTwitterpost insulting a gun control activist present during theStoneman Douglas High School shootinginParkland, Florida. The recall effort was backed by former MayorKaren Heck, a Democrat who had previously endorsed Isgro. Isgro later made his Twitter feed private and said that he had deleted the post.During the recall effort, Isgro asserted that outside interests and the City Council were plotting to oust him over disputes over the city budget and taxation.After an acrimonious recall campaign,Waterville voters defeated the recall attempt, with 1,563 \"no\" votes (51%) to 1,472 \"yes\" votes (49%). Political makeup Waterville is considered aDemocraticstronghold inMaine's 1st congressional district.Barack Obamareceived 70% of Waterville's votes in the2008 presidential election. Voter registration Transportation Education Waterville Public Schoolsprovides the city primary and secondary education. It was a part ofKennebec Valley Consolidated Schools(AOS92) from 2009 to 2018. Kennebec Valley Community CollegeinFairfieldis the local publiccommunity college. Colby College and Thomas College are private 4-year colleges located in the city. Colby is the third highest ranked liberal arts college in Maine, according toU.S. News. Media Waterville is home to one daily newspaper, theMorning Sentinel, and a weekly college newspaper,The Colby Echo.The city is also home toFoxaffiliateWPFOandDaystarrebroadcasterWFYW-LP, both serving thePortlandmarket, and to several radio stations, including Colby'sWMHB,countryWEBB, andMPBNon 91.3 FM. The 2001 satirical comedy movieWet Hot American Summeris set in a fictional summer camp near Waterville, with some scenes taking place in the city. The movie was filmed in Pennsylvania,but signs displaying \"Waterville Maine Est. 1802 Pop. 17,173\" and \"Waterville C.B. Radio Supply Inc.\" are shown in these scenes. Gary, a character played byA. D. Miles, asks, \"Hey, guys, how was Waterville?\" after the group returns to camp from the city. Sister cities Sites of interest Notable people See also References External links",
"Kennebec County, Maine Kennebec Countyis acountylocated in the South-central portion of theU.S. stateofMaine. At the2020 census, the population was 123,642.Itscounty seatisAugusta,thestate capital. The county was established on February 20, 1799, from portions ofCumberlandandLincolnCounties. The name Kennebec comes from theEastern Abenaki/kínipekʷ/, meaning \"large body of still water, large bay.\" Kennebec County comprises theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, thecenter of populationof Maine was in Kennebec County, in the city of Augusta. Geography According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 951 square miles (2,460 km2), of which 868 square miles (2,250 km2) is land and 84 square miles (220 km2) (8.8%) is water. The county is nearly bisected by theKennebec River, which also forms parts of the county line in the north and south of the county. The county is also dotted by many lakes and ponds, as well as the Kennebec Highlands in the northwest part of the county. Adjacent counties Major highways Demographics 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 117,114 people, 47,683 households, and 31,327 families living in the county. Thepopulation densitywas 135 people per square mile (52 people/km2). There were 56,364 housing units at an average density of 65 per square mile (25/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.45%White, 0.34%BlackorAfrican American, 0.40%Native American, 0.59%Asian, 0.02%Pacific Islander, 0.18% fromother races, and 1.02% from two or more races. 0.73% of the population wereHispanicorLatinoof any race. 20.6% were ofEnglish, 17.4%French, 13.4%French Canadian, 10.9%United Statesor American and 9.9%Irishancestry. 92.5% spoke onlyEnglishat home, while 5.48% spokeFrench. There were 47,683 households, out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.60% weremarried couplesliving together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.30% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.80% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 24.90% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males. The median income for a household in the county was $36,498, and the median income for a family was $43,814. Males had a median income of $32,279 versus $24,032 for females. Theper capita incomefor the county was $18,520. About 8.50% of families and 11.10% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 13.20% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the2010 United States Census, there were 122,151 people, 51,128 households, and 32,368 families living in the county.The population density was 140.8 inhabitants per square mile (54.4/km2). There were 60,972 housing units at an average density of 70.3 units per square mile (27.1 units/km2).The racial makeup of the county was % from other races, and % from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up % of the population.In terms of ancestry, 24.2% wereEnglish, 17.0% wereIrish, 8.3% wereGerman, 7.7% wereFrench Canadian, 5.7% wereAmerican, and 5.4% wereScottish. The median income for a household in the county was $45,973 and the median income for a family was $56,853. Males had a median income of $42,176 versus $32,471 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,656. About 7.8% of families and 12.5% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over. Micropolitan statistical area TheUnited States Office of Management and Budgethas designated Kennebec County as theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical Area(μSA). As of the2010 U.S. Censusthe micropolitan area ranked the most populous in the State of Maine and also the only micropolitan area within the state. The area also ranks14th most populousin the United States with a population of 125,540 as of July 2022. Economy Kennebec County's economy has traditionally been industrial. A large amount of paper and textiles were produced, and mills sprung up along the Kennebec river. The median household income is $36,498. The unemployment rate is 4.2%. Education There are three colleges:Colby CollegeandThomas College(both inWaterville), and theUniversity of Maine at Augusta. There are 19 school districts (however, 4 are consolidated ones). In China Maine, there is no public high school, but a private school (Erskine Academy) exists, and the town pays for students tuition if they choose to attend. Students from Vassalboro can pick from one of four school districts (Cony in Augusta, Erskine, Winslow, or Waterville). However, many towns have local public high schools. K-12 school districts include: Politics Kennebec County has consistently voted for Democrats in recent elections, until2016when it voted for RepublicanDonald Trump, the first time it had voted Republican since1988. While the more rural areas support theRepublican Party, the urban areas are stronglyDemocratic. Kennebec County is the only county in Maine that is split between Maine's two congressional districts. The larger, southern portion of the county is in the1st Congressional District, while the northern, smaller portion is in the2nd Congressional District. Historically, the county was more Democratic-leaning than the rest of the state in presidential elections. The county voted for DemocratFranklin D. Rooseveltin1940even as RepublicanWendell Willkiecarried Maine, and it voted for DemocratJimmy Carterin1976as RepublicanGerald Fordwon the state. In more recent elections, the county voted in-line with the state, voting for the statewide winner in every election from1980to2012. In2016, Kennebec voted for RepublicanDonald Trumpeven as DemocratHillary Clintoncarried Maine.In2020, it was the closest county in the state, with DemocratJoe Bidendefeating Trump by just 181 votes. Voter registration Communities Cities Towns Unorganized territory Census-designated places Other unincorporated villages See also Footnotes Further reading External links 44°25′N69°46′W / 44.41°N 69.77°W /44.41; -69.77"
] | [
"Waterville, Maine Watervilleis a city inKennebec County, Maine, United States, on the west bank of theKennebec River. A college town, the city is home toColby College, aNESCACcollege, andThomas College. It is also home to the headquarters of HealthReach Community Health Centers. As of the2020 censusthe population was 15,828.Along withAugusta, Waterville is one of the principal cities of theAugusta-Waterville, ME Micropolitan Statistical Area. History The area now known as Waterville was once inhabited by theCanibastribe of theAbenakipeople. Called \"Taconnet\" after Chief Taconnet, the main village was located on the east bank of the Kennebec River at its confluence with theSebasticook Riverat what is nowWinslow. Known as \"Ticonic\" byEnglish settlers, it was burned in 1692 duringKing William's War, after which the Canibas tribe abandoned the area.Fort Halifaxwas built by GeneralJohn Winslowin 1754, and the last skirmish with indigenous peoples occurred on May 18, 1757. The township would be organized as",
"be organized as Kingfield Plantation, then incorporated asWinslowin 1771. When residents on the west side of the Kennebec found themselves unable to cross the river to attendtown meetings, Waterville was founded from the western parts of Winslow and incorporated on June 23, 1802. In 1824 a bridge was built joining the communities. Early industries includedfishing,lumbering,agricultureandship building, with larger boats launched in spring duringfreshets. By the early 1900s, there were five shipyards in the community. Ticonic Falls blocked navigation farther upriver, so Waterville developed as the terminus for trade and shipping. The Kennebec River and Messalonskee Stream providedwater powerfor mills, including severalsawmills, agristmill, asashandblindfactory, a furniture factory, and a shovel handle factory. There was also a carriage and sleigh factory, boot shop,brickyard, andtannery. On September 27, 1849, theAndroscoggin and Kennebec Railroadopened to Waterville. It would become part of theMaine Central",
"of theMaine Central Railroad, which in 1870 establishedlocomotiveand car repair shops in the thrivingmill town. West Waterville (renamedOakland) was set off as a town in 1873. Waterville was incorporated as a city on January 12, 1888. The Ticonic Water Power & Manufacturing Company was formed in 1866 and soon built a dam across the Kennebec. After a change of ownership in 1873, the company began construction on what would become the Lockwood Manufacturing Company, acottontextile plant. A second mill was added, and by 1900 the firm dominated the riverfront and employed 1,300 workers. Lockwood Mills survived until the mid-1950s. The ironWaterville-Winslow Footbridgeopened in 1901, as a means for Waterville residents to commute to Winslow for work in theHollingsworth & Whitney Co.and Wyandotte Worsted Co. mills, but in less than a year was carried away by the highest river level since 1832. Rebuilt in 1903, it would be called the Two Cent Bridge because of itstoll.In 1902, theBeaux-Artsstyle City Hall and Opera",
"City Hall and Opera House designed by George Gilman Adams was dedicated. In 2002, theC.F. Hathaway Company, one of the last remaining factories in the United States producing high-enddress shirts, was purchased by Warren Buffett'sBerkshire Hathawaycompany and was closed after over 160 years of operation in the city. Waterville also developed as an educational center. In 1813, theMaine Literary and Theological Institutionwas established. It would be renamed Waterville College in 1821, thenColby Collegein 1867.Thomas Collegewas established in 1894. The Latin School was founded in 1820 to prepare students to attend Colby and other colleges, and was subsequently named Waterville Academy, Waterville Classical Institute, and Coburn Classical Institute; the Institute merged with the Oak Grove School inVassalboroin 1970, and remained open until 1989. The first public high school was built in 1877, while the current Waterville Senior High School was built in 1961. Geography Waterville is in northern Kennebec County,",
"Kennebec County, in central Maine, at44°33′07″N69°38′45″W / 44.552051°N 69.645839°W /44.552051; -69.645839.Its northern boundary is theSomerset Countyline. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.05 square miles (36.39 km2), of which 13.58 square miles (35.17 km2) is land and 0.47 square miles (1.22 km2), or 3.36%, is water.Situated beside theKennebec River, Waterville is drained by the Messalonskee Stream. Waterville is served byInterstate 95,U.S. Route 201, and Maine State Routes137and104. It is bordered byFairfieldon the north in Somerset County,Winslowon the east,Sidneyon the south andOaklandon the west. Climate Thisclimaticregion is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to theKöppen Climate Classificationsystem, Waterville has ahumid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps. Waterville Pump Stn, Maine – Period of Record General Climate Summary –",
"Climate Summary – Temperature (1958 to 2012) Demographics 2010 census As of thecensusof 2010, there were 15,722 people, 6,370 households, and 3,274 families living in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 1,157.7 inhabitants per square mile (447.0/km2). There were 7,065 housing units at an average density of 520.3 per square mile (200.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.9%White, 1.1%African American, 0.6%Native American, 1.2%Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 0.8% fromother races, and 2.4% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 6,370 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% weremarried couplesliving together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.6% were non-families. Of all households 38.9% were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average",
"and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 17.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 18.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.8% male and 53.2% female. 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 15,605 people, 6,218 households, and 3,370 families living in the city. The population density was 1,148.7 inhabitants per square mile (443.5/km2). There were 6,819 housing units at an average density of 501.9 per square mile (193.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.81%White, 0.78%African American, 0.56%Native American, 1.03%Asian, 0.03%Pacific Islander, 0.42% fromother races, and 1.36% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 1.10% of the population. 32% reported French and French Canadian ancestry, 18% English, 11% Irish, and 6% German. There were 6,218households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18",
"under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% weremarried couplesliving together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. Of all households 38.6% were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.84. In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 18.5% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,816, and the median income for a family was $38,052. Males had a median income of $30,086 versus $22,037 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $16,430. 19.2% of the population and 15.1% of families were below the federalpovertylevel. Statewide, 10.9% of the population was",
"the population was below the poverty level.In Kennebec County, 11.1% of the population was below the federal poverty level. Thus, although the county poverty rate was close to the state poverty rate, the poverty rate for Waterville was higher—typical for a regional center whose suburbs had grown in population. Out of the total population, 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Economy and redevelopment Like many other towns in Maine and in the United States, Waterville has seen development in the suburbs and the decline of the downtown area.There have been new businesses and new facilities built byInland Hospitalon Kennedy Memorial Drive.Walmart,Home Depot, and a small strip mall of other stores have been built in the northern part of the city as part of an open-air shopping center. Because of this growth, the existing and now-neighboring Elm Plaza shopping center has recently had its exterior renovated and filled most or all of its previous",
"all of its previous vacancies. In contrast, the downtown area has had its share of hardships due to chain store growth in the city. Stores that had a long history in the downtown area have closed in recent decades, including Levine's, Butlers, Sterns, Dunhams, Alvina and Delias, and LaVerdieres. The large vacancy in The Concourse shopping center that once housed theAmes,Zayredepartment store, as well asBrooks Pharmacyis struggling to find tenants; as is the now vacant Main Street location of aCVSpharmacy (it moved to a brand new building on Kennedy Memorial Drive).Organizations likeWaterville Main Stcontinue their efforts to revitalize downtown. Colby College has built a new dormitory for students on Main Street, and the boutique Lockwood Hotel opened in August 2022. The Paul J. Schupf Art Center is currently under construction. Developer Paul Boghossian has converted the old Hathaway Mill to retail, office, and residential use.MaineGeneral Health agreed at the end of June 2007 to become the first tenant.",
"the first tenant. Waterville's top employers include MaineGeneral Medical Center, Colby College,HealthReach Community Health Centers, Northern Light Inland Hospital,Hannaford Supermarket,Shaw's Supermarket,Wal-Mart, Mount St. Joseph Nursing Home, Kennebec Valley Community Action Program, Thomas College, City of Waterville, The Woodlands Residential Care, andCentral Maine Newspapers. Government Local government Waterville has amayorandcouncil-managerform of government, led by a mayor and a seven-member city council. The city council is the governing board, and the city manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, responsible for the management of all city affairs. Waterville adopted acity charterin the 1970s.For some 40 years, the city had a \"strong mayor\" system in which the mayor enjoyed broad executive powers, including the power to veto measures passed by the city council and toline-item vetobudget items passed by the council.In 2005, the charter was substantially revised, changing the city",
"changing the city government to a \"weak mayor\"council-manager system.Under the present system, thecity manageris the chief executive.The charter revision was approved by city voters by a 4–1 margin.The city is currently divided into seven geographicwards, each of which elects one member of the Waterville City Council and one member of the Waterville School Board. Since 1970, the following people have served as mayor of Waterville:Richard \"Spike\" Carey(1970–1978), Paul Laverdiere (Republican, 1978–1982); Ann Gilbride Hill (Democrat, 1982–1986); Thomas Nale (1986–1987);Judy C. Kany(Democrat, 1988–1989); David E. Bernier (1990–1993); Thomas J. Brazier (1994–1995); Nelson Megna (1995–1996); Ruth Joseph (Democrat, 1996–1998);Nelson Madore(Democrat, 1999–2004);Paul R. LePage(Republican, 2004–2011); Dana W. Sennett (Democrat, 2011);Karen Heck(independent, 2012–2014); Nicholas Isgro (Republican, 2015–2020); Jay Coelho (2021–present). In 2018, Isgro faced arecall electionafter he made aTwitterpost insulting a gun",
"insulting a gun control activist present during theStoneman Douglas High School shootinginParkland, Florida. The recall effort was backed by former MayorKaren Heck, a Democrat who had previously endorsed Isgro. Isgro later made his Twitter feed private and said that he had deleted the post.During the recall effort, Isgro asserted that outside interests and the City Council were plotting to oust him over disputes over the city budget and taxation.After an acrimonious recall campaign,Waterville voters defeated the recall attempt, with 1,563 \"no\" votes (51%) to 1,472 \"yes\" votes (49%). Political makeup Waterville is considered aDemocraticstronghold inMaine's 1st congressional district.Barack Obamareceived 70% of Waterville's votes in the2008 presidential election. Voter registration Transportation Education Waterville Public Schoolsprovides the city primary and secondary education. It was a part ofKennebec Valley Consolidated Schools(AOS92) from 2009 to 2018. Kennebec Valley Community CollegeinFairfieldis the",
"the local publiccommunity college. Colby College and Thomas College are private 4-year colleges located in the city. Colby is the third highest ranked liberal arts college in Maine, according toU.S. News. Media Waterville is home to one daily newspaper, theMorning Sentinel, and a weekly college newspaper,The Colby Echo.The city is also home toFoxaffiliateWPFOandDaystarrebroadcasterWFYW-LP, both serving thePortlandmarket, and to several radio stations, including Colby'sWMHB,countryWEBB, andMPBNon 91.3 FM. The 2001 satirical comedy movieWet Hot American Summeris set in a fictional summer camp near Waterville, with some scenes taking place in the city. The movie was filmed in Pennsylvania,but signs displaying \"Waterville Maine Est. 1802 Pop. 17,173\" and \"Waterville C.B. Radio Supply Inc.\" are shown in these scenes. Gary, a character played byA. D. Miles, asks, \"Hey, guys, how was Waterville?\" after the group returns to camp from the city. Sister cities Sites of interest Notable people See also References",
"See also References External links",
"Kennebec County, Maine Kennebec Countyis acountylocated in the South-central portion of theU.S. stateofMaine. At the2020 census, the population was 123,642.Itscounty seatisAugusta,thestate capital. The county was established on February 20, 1799, from portions ofCumberlandandLincolnCounties. The name Kennebec comes from theEastern Abenaki/kínipekʷ/, meaning \"large body of still water, large bay.\" Kennebec County comprises theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, thecenter of populationof Maine was in Kennebec County, in the city of Augusta. Geography According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 951 square miles (2,460 km2), of which 868 square miles (2,250 km2) is land and 84 square miles (220 km2) (8.8%) is water. The county is nearly bisected by theKennebec River, which also forms parts of the county line in the north and south of the county. The county is also dotted by many lakes and ponds, as well as the Kennebec Highlands in the northwest part of the county.",
"part of the county. Adjacent counties Major highways Demographics 2000 census As of thecensusof 2000, there were 117,114 people, 47,683 households, and 31,327 families living in the county. Thepopulation densitywas 135 people per square mile (52 people/km2). There were 56,364 housing units at an average density of 65 per square mile (25/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.45%White, 0.34%BlackorAfrican American, 0.40%Native American, 0.59%Asian, 0.02%Pacific Islander, 0.18% fromother races, and 1.02% from two or more races. 0.73% of the population wereHispanicorLatinoof any race. 20.6% were ofEnglish, 17.4%French, 13.4%French Canadian, 10.9%United Statesor American and 9.9%Irishancestry. 92.5% spoke onlyEnglishat home, while 5.48% spokeFrench. There were 47,683 households, out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.60% weremarried couplesliving together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.30% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were",
"all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.80% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 24.90% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males. The median income for a household in the county was $36,498, and the median income for a family was $43,814. Males had a median income of $32,279 versus $24,032 for females. Theper capita incomefor the county was $18,520. About 8.50% of families and 11.10% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 13.20% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the2010 United States Census, there were 122,151 people, 51,128 households, and 32,368 families living in the",
"living in the county.The population density was 140.8 inhabitants per square mile (54.4/km2). There were 60,972 housing units at an average density of 70.3 units per square mile (27.1 units/km2).The racial makeup of the county was % from other races, and % from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up % of the population.In terms of ancestry, 24.2% wereEnglish, 17.0% wereIrish, 8.3% wereGerman, 7.7% wereFrench Canadian, 5.7% wereAmerican, and 5.4% wereScottish. The median income for a household in the county was $45,973 and the median income for a family was $56,853. Males had a median income of $42,176 versus $32,471 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,656. About 7.8% of families and 12.5% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over. Micropolitan statistical area TheUnited States Office of Management and Budgethas designated Kennebec County as theAugusta–Waterville, MEMicropolitan Statistical",
"Statistical Area(μSA). As of the2010 U.S. Censusthe micropolitan area ranked the most populous in the State of Maine and also the only micropolitan area within the state. The area also ranks14th most populousin the United States with a population of 125,540 as of July 2022. Economy Kennebec County's economy has traditionally been industrial. A large amount of paper and textiles were produced, and mills sprung up along the Kennebec river. The median household income is $36,498. The unemployment rate is 4.2%. Education There are three colleges:Colby CollegeandThomas College(both inWaterville), and theUniversity of Maine at Augusta. There are 19 school districts (however, 4 are consolidated ones). In China Maine, there is no public high school, but a private school (Erskine Academy) exists, and the town pays for students tuition if they choose to attend. Students from Vassalboro can pick from one of four school districts (Cony in Augusta, Erskine, Winslow, or Waterville). However, many towns have local public",
"have local public high schools. K-12 school districts include: Politics Kennebec County has consistently voted for Democrats in recent elections, until2016when it voted for RepublicanDonald Trump, the first time it had voted Republican since1988. While the more rural areas support theRepublican Party, the urban areas are stronglyDemocratic. Kennebec County is the only county in Maine that is split between Maine's two congressional districts. The larger, southern portion of the county is in the1st Congressional District, while the northern, smaller portion is in the2nd Congressional District. Historically, the county was more Democratic-leaning than the rest of the state in presidential elections. The county voted for DemocratFranklin D. Rooseveltin1940even as RepublicanWendell Willkiecarried Maine, and it voted for DemocratJimmy Carterin1976as RepublicanGerald Fordwon the state. In more recent elections, the county voted in-line with the state, voting for the statewide winner in every election",
"in every election from1980to2012. In2016, Kennebec voted for RepublicanDonald Trumpeven as DemocratHillary Clintoncarried Maine.In2020, it was the closest county in the state, with DemocratJoe Bidendefeating Trump by just 181 votes. Voter registration Communities Cities Towns Unorganized territory Census-designated places Other unincorporated villages See also Footnotes Further reading External links 44°25′N69°46′W / 44.41°N 69.77°W /44.41; -69.77"
] |
How many years earlier would Punxsutawney Phil have to be canonically alive to have made a Groundhog Day prediction in the same state as the US capitol? | 87 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"
] | [
"Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney Phil(/ˌpʌŋksəˈtɔːni/) is agroundhogresiding inYoung TownshipnearPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania, United States, who is the central figure in Punxsutawney's annualGroundhog Daycelebration. Folklore On February 2 each year,Punxsutawneyholds a civic festival with music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) southeast of the town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks ofwinter-like weather.If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an \"earlyspring.\"Punxsutawney's event is the most famous of many Groundhog Day festivals held in the United States and Canada. The event formally began in 1887, although its roots go back even further. The event is based upon a communal light-heartedsuspension of disbeliefwhich extends to the assertion that the same groundhog has been making predictions since the 19th century. The event is organized by the \"Inner Circle\" – recognizable by theirtop hatsandtuxedos– who ostensibly communicate with Phil to receive his prediction. The vice president of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. At daybreak on February 2, Punxsutawney Phil awakens from his burrow on Gobbler's Knob, is helped to the top of the stump by his handlers, and purportedly explains to the president of the Inner Circle, in a language known as \"Groundhogese\",whether he has seen his shadow. The president of the Inner Circle, the only person able to understand Groundhogese through his possession of an ancientacaciawood cane, then interprets Phil's message, and directs the vice president to read the proper scroll to the crowd gathered on Gobbler's Knob and the masses of \"phaithphil phollowers\" tuned in to live broadcasts around the world. The Inner Circle scripts the Groundhog Day ceremonies in advance, with the Inner Circle deciding beforehand whether Phil will see his shadow.The Stormfax Almanac has made note of the weather conditions on each Groundhog Day since 1999; the almanac has recorded 12 incidents in a 20-year span in which the Inner Circle said the groundhog saw his shadow while the sky was cloudy or there was rain or snow coming down, and in one case said the groundhog did not see his shadow despite sunshine.Outside of Groundhog Day, Phil resides with a mate, Phyllis, at the Punxsutawney Memorial Library in a climate-controlled environment. In March 2024, the Inner Circle announced that Phil had sired two babies, the first time in the history of the event that such a siring had happened; the birth surprised the Inner Circle, which had assumed that groundhogs do not breed in captivity. As a result of the births, the family will move permanently to Gobblers Knob. The Inner Circle disowned the babies from ever inheriting their father's position. Punxsutawney Phil canon The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil's predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other groundhogs are impostors.It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of \"groundhog punch\" or \"elixir of life\" administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall.The lifespan of a groundhog in the wild is roughly six years. According to the Groundhog Club, Phil, after the prediction, speaks to the club president in the language of 'Groundhogese', which supposedly only the current president can understand, and then his prediction is translated and revealed to all. The Groundhog Day celebration is rooted inGermanictradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Christian celebration ofCandlemas, winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, ahedgehogwould cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May.When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs. Several other towns in the region holdsimilar Groundhog Day events. Phil first received his name in 1961. The origins of the name are unclear, but speculation suggests that it may have been indirectly named afterPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Reception Prior to 1993, the Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney attracted crowds of approximately 2,000. The popularity of the filmGroundhog Daybrought significantly more attention to the event, with annual crowds rising to 10,000–20,000. A notable exception was 2021, when the event took place without any crowds due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.Since approximately 2018, the event is streamed online each year. Also given the recent increase in crowd sizes, three sitting governors of Pennsylvania have attended the festivities, all since 2000:Ed Rendellin 2003,Tom Corbettin 2012, andJosh Shapiroin 2023 and 2024. Phil was named the \"Official\" State Meteorologist by Governor Shapiro during the 2024 ceremony. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animalsobject to the event, claiming that Phil is put under stress. They suggest replacing Phil with a robotic groundhog. In some cases where Phil's prognostications have been incorrect, organizations have jokingly made legal threats against the groundhog. Such tongue-in-cheek actions have been made by a prosecutor in Ohio,the sheriff's office ofMonroe County, Pennsylvania,and theMerrimack, New HampshirePolice Department. In media and popular culture Past predictions Predictive accuracy The Inner Circle, in keeping with thesuspension of disbelief, claims a 100% accuracy rate, and an approximately 80% accuracy rate in recorded predictions. They claim that whenever the prediction is wrong, the person in charge of translating the message must have made a mistake in their interpretation. Impartial estimates place the groundhog's accuracy between 35% and 41%. See also References Further reading External links 40°55′49″N78°57′28″W / 40.9302°N 78.9578°W /40.9302; -78.9578",
"United States Capitol TheUnited States Capitol, often called theCapitolor theCapitol Building, is theseatof theUnited States Congress, thelegislative branchof thefederal government. It is located onCapitol Hillat the eastern end of theNational MallinWashington, D.C.Although no longer at the geographic center of thenational capital, the U.S. Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well asits four quadrants. Like the principal buildings of theexecutiveandjudicialbranches, the Capitol is built in aneoclassical styleand has a white exterior. Central sections of the present building were completed in 1800. These were partly destroyed in the1814 Burning of Washington, then were fully restored within five years. The building was enlarged in the 1850s by extending the wings for the chambers for thebicamerallegislature, theHouse of Representativesin the south wing and theSenatein the north wing. The massivedomewas completed around 1866 just after theAmerican Civil War. The east front portico was extended in 1958. The building'sVisitors Centerwas opened in the early 21st century. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to asfronts, although only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries, while the west front is now used for presidential inauguration ceremonies. The building and grounds are overseen by thearchitect of the Capitol, who also oversees the surroundingCapitol Complex. History 18th century Prior to establishing the nation's capital inWashington, D.C., theUnited States Congressand its predecessors met atIndependence HallandCongress HallinPhiladelphia,Federal HallinNew York City, and five additional locations:York, Pennsylvania,Lancaster, Pennsylvania, theMaryland State HouseinAnnapolis, Maryland, andNassau HallinPrinceton, New Jersey, andTrenton, New Jersey.In September 1774, theFirst Continental Congressbrought together delegates from thecoloniesin Philadelphia, followed by theSecond Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781. After adopting theArticles of Confederationin York, Pennsylvania, theCongress of the Confederationwas formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during theAmerican Revolutionary War. Congress requested thatJohn Dickinson, theGovernor of Pennsylvania, call up themilitiato defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as thePennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee toPrinceton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,and met inAnnapolis, Maryland, andTrenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City. The U.S. Congress was established uponratificationof theU.S. Constitutionand formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,when theResidence Actwas passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, butAlexander Hamiltonhelped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support fromnorthern statesfor locating the capital along thePotomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready. Pierre L'Enfantwas charged with creatingthe city planfor the new capital city and the major public buildings.The Congress House would be built on Jenkins Hill, now known asCapitol Hill, which L'Enfant described as a \"pedestal awaiting a monument.\"L'Enfant connected Congress House with the President's House viaPennsylvania Avenuewith a width set at 160 feet, identical to the narrowest points of theChamps-Élyséesin Paris. Westwards was a 400-foot-wide (122 m) garden-lined \"grand avenue\" containing a public walk (later known as theNational Mall) that would travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along the east–west line. The term \"Capitol\" (from LatinCapitolium) originally denoted theCapitoline Hillin Rome and theTemple of Jupiterthat stood on its summit.The Roman Capitol was sometimes misconceived of as a meeting place for senators, and this led the term to be applied to legislative buildings; the first such building was theWilliamsburg CapitolinVirginia.Thomas Jeffersonhad sat here as a member of theHouse of Burgesses, and it was he who applied the name \"Capitol\" to what on L'Enfant's plan had been called the \"Congress House\".\"Capitol\" has since become a general term for government buildings, especially in the United States. It is often confused with \"capital\"; one, however, denotes a building or complex of buildings, while the other denotes a city. In early 1792, afterPierre L'Enfantwas dismissed from the federal city project, Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the \"President's House\", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time. The most promising of the submissions was byStephen Hallet, a trained French architect who was a draftsman to Pierre L'Enfant on the city plan.However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.However, the design did incorporate the concept for a \"great circular room and dome\" which had originated with L'Enfant.John Trumbullwas given a tour of \"Jenkins Hill\" by L'Enfant himself and confirmed this in his autobiography years later. On January 31, 1793, a late entry by amateur architectWilliam Thorntonwas submitted, and was met with praise for its \"Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty\" by Washington, along with praise from Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by theeast front of the Louvre, as well as theParis Pantheonfor the center portion of the design.Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, and Thornton served as the firstarchitect of the Capitol(and later first superintendent of theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office).In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic. In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along withJames Hoban(winning architect of the \"President's Palace\") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan. Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan, which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton.The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an openrecessin the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan. The original design by Thornton was later significantly altered byBenjamin Henry Latrobe, and laterCharles Bulfinch.Thecurrent cast-iron domeand the House's new southern extension andSenatenew northern wing were designed byThomas Ustick WalterandAugust Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,and were completed under the supervision ofEdward Clark. L'Enfant secured the lease ofquarriesatWigginton Islandand alongAquia CreekinVirginiafor use in thefoundationsand outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted.On September 18, 1793, President Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed inmasonicregalia,laid the cornerstone, which was made bysilversmithCaleb Bentley. Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision ofJames Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the \"President's House\" (also later known as the \"Executive Mansion\"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.George Hadfieldwas hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far. 19th century The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until theHouse of Representatives(south) wing was finally completed in 1811, with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be. However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held itsfirst sessionof the U.S. Congress with both chambers in session on November 17, 1800. The National Legislature was moved toWashingtonprematurely, at the urging of PresidentJohn Adams, in hopes of securing enoughSouthernvotes in theElectoral Collegeto be re-elected for a second term as president. In March 1803,James MadisonappointedBenjamin Henry Latrobeto the position of \"Surveyor of Public Buildings\", with the principal responsibility of completing construction of the Capitol's south and north wings. Work on the north wing began in November 1806. Although occupied for only six years, it had suffered from falling plaster, rotting floors and a leaking roof. Instead of repairing it, Latrobe demolished, redesigned and rebuilt the interiors within the existing brick and sandstone walls. Notably, Latrobe designed the Supreme Court and Senate chambers. The former was a particular architectural achievement; the size and structure of its vaulted, semi-circular ceiling was then unprecedented in the United States. For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the \"hall\" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the \"Oven\", which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now calledStatuary Hall). When held in the House chamber, the Speaker's podium was used as the preacher's pulpit. According to theU.S. Library of CongressexhibitReligion and the Founding of the American Republic: It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) and ofJames Madison(1809–1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House – a practice that continued until after theCivil War– were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist,Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson,Vice PresidentAaron Burr, and a \"crowded audience\". Not long after the completion of both wings, the Capitol waspartially burnedby theBritishon August 24, 1814, during theWar of 1812. After the fires, Latrobe was rehired as Architect of the Capitol to oversee restoration works. George BomfordandJoseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in theOld Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interiorRotundarising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor Bulfinch also played a major role, such as design of the first low dome covered in copper. By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and PresidentMillard Fillmoreappointed Philadelphia architectThomas U. Walterto carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added: a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north. When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out byslaves\"who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks\".The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe. However, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts; African Americans, some free and some enslaved, along with Scottish stonemasons, comprised most of the workforce. Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the United States Capitol; it dwarfed the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed byCharles Bulfinchwhich was no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building. In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the \"wedding-cake style\" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed byThomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. LikeMansart's dome atLes InvalidesinParis(which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a largeoculusin the inner dome, through which is seenThe Apotheosis of Washingtonpainted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and thetholosthat supports theStatue of Freedom, a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. The statue invokes the goddessesMinervaorAthena.Thecast ironfor the dome weighs 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).The dome'scast iron framewas supplied and constructed by the iron foundryJanes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co.The thirty-six Corinthian columns that surround the base of the dome were provided by the Baltimore ironworks ofPoole & Hunt. When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the EastPortico, built in 1828. 20th century In 1904, the East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt, following a design of the architectsCarrère and Hastings, who designed theRussell SenateandCannon Houseoffice buildings earlier that year. In 1958, the next major expansion to the Capitol started, with a 33.5-foot (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.In 1960, two years into the project, the dome underwent a restoration.A marble duplicate of thesandstoneEast Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front. In 1962, a connecting extension repurposed what had been an outside wall as an inside wall. In the process, the original sandstoneCorinthiancolumnswere removed and replaced with marble. It was not until 1984 that landscape designerRussell Pagecreated a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at theU.S. National Arboretumin northeast Washington as theNational Capitol Columns, where they were combined with a reflecting pool into an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins ofPersepolis, inPersia. Besides the columns, two hundred tons of the original stone were removed in several hundred block, which were first stored on site at the Capitol, and then stored in an unused yard at theCapitol Power Plantuntil 1975.The same year, the power plant was renovated and expanded in accordance with legislation passed in 1970, and the stones fell to the Commission on the Extension of the United States Capitol.As this body was long-defunct, responsibility for the material passed to the House and Senate office building commissions.These commissions then arranged for theNational Park Serviceto store the debris at the back of a NPS maintenance yard inRock Creek Park. With the permission of theSpeaker of the House, the United States Capitol Historical Society has periodically mined the blocks for sandstone since 1975. The stone removed is used to make commemorative bookends, which are still sold to support the Capitol Historical Society.By 1982, more than $20,000 (nearly $60,000adjusted) had been raised through such sales.Unpursued uses for the stones proposed by the Capitol Historical Society have included their sale as cornerstones in new housing developments. On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared aNational Historic Landmarkby the National Park Service.The building was ranked #6 in a 2007 survey conducted for theAmerican Institute of Architects' \"America's Favorite Architecture\" list. The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome ofSt. Peter's Basilicain theVaticanandSt. Paul's Cathedralin London.On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly theU.S. flagwhen either is in session. On September 18, 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted. U.S. SenatorStrom Thurmondwas one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony. 21st century On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for theCapitol Visitor Center, which opened on December 2, 2008.From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of mostpresidential inaugurationsuntilRonald Reaganbegan a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol. Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as aservice tunnel. A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, theSenate Appropriations Committeevoted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014. In 2014, extensive scaffolding was erected, enclosing and obscuring the dome.All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016. With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network forWi-Fiand mobile-phone within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center. The winning bidder was anIsraeli companycalled Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired byCorning Incorporated. Interior The Capitol building is marked by its centraldomeabove arotundain the central section of the structure (which also includes the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north and inner south) containing the two original smallermeeting chambersfor the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example ofneoclassical architecture. Tunnels and internalsubwaysconnect the Capitol building with theCongressional office buildingsin theCapitol Complex. All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S (for Senate) or H (for House), depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol. Art Since 1856, the Capitol has featured some the most prominentart in the United States, includingItalianandGreek AmericanartistConstantino Brumidi, whosemuralsare located in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as theBrumidi Corridors,reflect great moments and people inUnited States history. Among the original works are those depictingBenjamin Franklin,John Fitch,Robert Fulton, and events such as theCession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and naturalfloraindigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are theSpirit of St. Louis, theMoon landing, and theSpace ShuttleChallengercrew. Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He paintedThe Apotheosis of Washingtonbeneath the top of the dome, and also theFrieze of American History.The Apotheosis of Washingtonwas completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify afounding father. Washington is depicted surrounded by 13maidensin an inner ring with manyGreekandRoman gods and goddessesbelow him in a second ring. Thefriezeis located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing ofChristopher Columbusto theWright Brothers's flight inKitty Hawk,North Carolina. The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists: Brumidi,Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, andAllyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began hisFrieze of the United States History. Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings includeThe Baptism ofPocahontasbyJohn Gadsby Chapman,The Embarkation of thePilgrimsbyRobert Walter Weir,The Discovery of theMississippibyWilliam Henry Powell, andThe Landing of ColumbusbyJohn Vanderlyn. The paintings on the west side are byJohn Trumbull:Declaration of Independence,Surrender of General Burgoyne,Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, andGeneral George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in theAmerican Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait intoSurrender of Lord Cornwallis. First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, an 1864 painting byFrancis Bicknell Carpenter, hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing. The Capitol also houses theNational Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of thefifty statesto honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues in theNational Statuary Hallis abronze statue of King Kamehamehadonated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959. The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center. The 100th, and last statue for the collection, that ofPo'payfrom the state ofNew Mexico, was added on September 22, 2005. It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall. Crypt On the ground floor is an area known asthe Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place ofGeorge Washington, with a ringedbalustradeat the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his lastwill, Washington was buried atMount Vernon. The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. Acompass starinlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for howaddresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE,NW,SE, orSW). Gutzon Borglum's massiveAbraham Lincoln Bustis housed in the crypt. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block ofmarble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908; it was donated to the Congress byEugene Meyer Jr.and accepted by theJoint Committee on the Librarythe same year. The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all the sculptures in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.Borglum was a patriot and believed the \"monuments we have built are not our own\"; he looked to create art that was \"American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement\", according to a 1908 interview article.Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate thatRobert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as \"the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen\".Supposedly, according to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing the left ear) to symbolize Lincoln'sunfinished life. Features A statue ofJohn C. Calhounis located at one end of the room near theOld Supreme Court Chamber. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the1998 shooting incidentis clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue. Twelve presidents havelain in statein the Rotunda for public viewing, most recentlyGeorge H. W. Bush. The tomb meant for Washington stored thecatafalquewhich is used to supportcoffinslying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque now on display in the Exhibition Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center was used for President Lincoln. TheHall of Columnsis located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were aspa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and amassage parlor. A steep metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.The number of steps represents each day of the year.Also in the basement, the weeklyJummahprayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers. Height Contrary to a popular myth,building height lawshave never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m).Indeed, the Capitol is only thefourth-tallest structure in Washington. House Chamber TheHouse of RepresentativesChamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike senators, representatives do not have assigned seats.The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests forjoint sessionsof Congress such as theState of the Unionspeech and other events. The Chamber is adorned withrelief portraitsof famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout Western and Near Eastern history. TheUnited States national motto\"In God We Trust\" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits, only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits. In order, clockwise around the chamber: There is a quote by statesmanDaniel Websteretched in the marble of the chamber, as stated: \"Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered.\" Senate Chamber The currentSenateChamber opened in 1859and is adorned withwhite marble bustsof the formerPresidents of the Senate(Vice Presidents). Old Chambers Statuary Hall The NationalStatuary Hallis a chamber in the United States Capitol devoted to sculptures of prominent Americans. The hall, also known as the Old Hall of the House, is a large, two-story, semicircular room with a second story gallery along the curved perimeter. It is located immediately south of the Rotunda. It was the meeting place of the U.S. House of Representatives for nearly 50 years (1807–1857). After a few years of disuse, in 1864, it was repurposed as a statuary hall. Old Senate and Supreme Court Chambers TheOld Senate Chamberis a room in the United States Capitol that was the legislative chamber of the United States Senate from 1810 to 1859, and served as the Supreme Court chamber from 1860 until 1935. This room was originally the lower half of theOld Senate Chamberfrom 1800 to 1806. After division of the chamber in two levels, this room was used from 1806 until 1860 as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, theSupreme Courtbegan using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. In 1935, the Supreme Court vacated the Capitol Building and began meeting in the newly constructedUnited States Supreme Court Buildingacross the street. Floor plans Exterior Landscaping TheCapitol Groundscover approximately 274 acres (1.11 km2), with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol includingThe RescueandGeorge Washington. The current grounds were designed by noted Americanlandscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted, who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted proposed the construction of themarbleterraceson the north, west, and south sides of the building creating an enveloping base. This addressed issues with the placement of the original structure; it had been built too far westwards on the crest of the hill and gave the appearance as if the building might slide into the marshy terrain below. Olmsted also designed the Summerhouse, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Threearchesopen into thehexagonalstructure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window which looks onto an artificialgrotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summerhouse was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Moderndrinking fountainshave since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summerhouse on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation. Flag Up to fourU.S. flagscan be seen flying over the Capitol. Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides. These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night sinceWorld War I. The other two flagpoles are above the North (Senate) and South (House of Representatives) wings of the building, and fly only when the chamber below is in session. The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered byHouse pages. The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers. To raise the flag, Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from theSenate Sergeant at Arms's office. Several auxiliary flagpoles, to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground, are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol.Constituentspay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of aveteranfamily member. Major events The Capitol and the grounds ofCapitol Hillhave played host to major events, includingpresidential inaugurations, which are held every four years. During an inauguration, the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase. Annual events at the Capitol includeIndependence Daycelebrations, and theNational Memorial Day Concert. The general public has paid respect to a number of individualslying in stateat the Capitol, including numerous former presidents, senators, and other officials. Other Americans lying in honor includeOfficersJacob ChestnutandJohn Gibson, the two officers killed in the1998 shooting incident. Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol. The public also paid respect toRosa Parks, an icon of thecivil rights movement, at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev.Billy Grahambecame the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda. On September 24, 2015,Pope Francisgave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so. Security The U.S. Capitol is believed to have been the intended target ofUnited Airlines Flight 93, one of the four planes that were hijacked in theSeptember 11 attacks. The plane crashed nearShanksville, Pennsylvaniaafter passengers tried to regain control of the plane from the hijackers. Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.The level of screening employed varies. On the main east–west thoroughfares ofConstitutionandIndependence Avenues,barricadesare implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger thanpickupsare interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes. On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent \"emergency\" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass. All Capitol visitors are screened by amagnetometer, and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by anx-ray device. In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency. Structures ranging from scores ofJersey barriersto hundreds of ornamentalbollardshave been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways. After theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack, security increased again. Additional security fences were installed around the perimeter, andNational Guardtroops were deployed to bolster security. List of security incidents Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion spacefor the US Congress. The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors,and offers visitors a food court, restrooms, and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome.It also featuresskylightsaffording views of the actual dome. Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was$621 million. Gallery See also Citations References Further reading External links"
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"Punxsutawney Phil Punxsutawney Phil(/ˌpʌŋksəˈtɔːni/) is agroundhogresiding inYoung TownshipnearPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania, United States, who is the central figure in Punxsutawney's annualGroundhog Daycelebration. Folklore On February 2 each year,Punxsutawneyholds a civic festival with music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) southeast of the town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks ofwinter-like weather.If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an \"earlyspring.\"Punxsutawney's event is the most famous of many Groundhog Day festivals held in the United States and Canada. The event formally began in 1887, although its roots go back even further. The event is based upon a communal light-heartedsuspension of disbeliefwhich extends to the assertion that the same groundhog has been making",
"has been making predictions since the 19th century. The event is organized by the \"Inner Circle\" – recognizable by theirtop hatsandtuxedos– who ostensibly communicate with Phil to receive his prediction. The vice president of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. At daybreak on February 2, Punxsutawney Phil awakens from his burrow on Gobbler's Knob, is helped to the top of the stump by his handlers, and purportedly explains to the president of the Inner Circle, in a language known as \"Groundhogese\",whether he has seen his shadow. The president of the Inner Circle, the only person able to understand Groundhogese through his possession of an ancientacaciawood cane, then interprets Phil's message, and directs the vice president to read the proper scroll to the crowd gathered on Gobbler's Knob and the masses of \"phaithphil phollowers\" tuned in to live broadcasts around the world. The Inner Circle",
"The Inner Circle scripts the Groundhog Day ceremonies in advance, with the Inner Circle deciding beforehand whether Phil will see his shadow.The Stormfax Almanac has made note of the weather conditions on each Groundhog Day since 1999; the almanac has recorded 12 incidents in a 20-year span in which the Inner Circle said the groundhog saw his shadow while the sky was cloudy or there was rain or snow coming down, and in one case said the groundhog did not see his shadow despite sunshine.Outside of Groundhog Day, Phil resides with a mate, Phyllis, at the Punxsutawney Memorial Library in a climate-controlled environment. In March 2024, the Inner Circle announced that Phil had sired two babies, the first time in the history of the event that such a siring had happened; the birth surprised the Inner Circle, which had assumed that groundhogs do not breed in captivity. As a result of the births, the family will move permanently to Gobblers Knob. The Inner Circle disowned the babies from ever inheriting their",
"inheriting their father's position. Punxsutawney Phil canon The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil's predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other groundhogs are impostors.It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of \"groundhog punch\" or \"elixir of life\" administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall.The lifespan of a groundhog in the wild is roughly six years. According to the Groundhog Club, Phil, after the prediction, speaks to the club president in the language of 'Groundhogese', which supposedly only the current president can understand, and then his prediction is translated and revealed to all. The Groundhog Day celebration is rooted inGermanictradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Christian celebration ofCandlemas, winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no",
"six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, ahedgehogwould cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May.When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs. Several other towns in the region holdsimilar Groundhog Day events. Phil first received his name in 1961. The origins of the name are unclear, but speculation suggests that it may have been indirectly named afterPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Reception Prior to 1993, the Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney attracted crowds of approximately 2,000. The popularity of the filmGroundhog Daybrought significantly more attention to the event, with annual crowds rising to 10,000–20,000. A notable exception was 2021, when the event took place without any crowds due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.Since approximately 2018, the event is streamed online each year. Also given",
"year. Also given the recent increase in crowd sizes, three sitting governors of Pennsylvania have attended the festivities, all since 2000:Ed Rendellin 2003,Tom Corbettin 2012, andJosh Shapiroin 2023 and 2024. Phil was named the \"Official\" State Meteorologist by Governor Shapiro during the 2024 ceremony. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animalsobject to the event, claiming that Phil is put under stress. They suggest replacing Phil with a robotic groundhog. In some cases where Phil's prognostications have been incorrect, organizations have jokingly made legal threats against the groundhog. Such tongue-in-cheek actions have been made by a prosecutor in Ohio,the sheriff's office ofMonroe County, Pennsylvania,and theMerrimack, New HampshirePolice Department. In media and popular culture Past predictions Predictive accuracy The Inner Circle, in keeping with thesuspension of disbelief, claims a 100% accuracy rate, and an approximately 80% accuracy rate in recorded predictions. They claim that whenever the",
"that whenever the prediction is wrong, the person in charge of translating the message must have made a mistake in their interpretation. Impartial estimates place the groundhog's accuracy between 35% and 41%. See also References Further reading External links 40°55′49″N78°57′28″W / 40.9302°N 78.9578°W /40.9302; -78.9578",
"United States Capitol TheUnited States Capitol, often called theCapitolor theCapitol Building, is theseatof theUnited States Congress, thelegislative branchof thefederal government. It is located onCapitol Hillat the eastern end of theNational MallinWashington, D.C.Although no longer at the geographic center of thenational capital, the U.S. Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well asits four quadrants. Like the principal buildings of theexecutiveandjudicialbranches, the Capitol is built in aneoclassical styleand has a white exterior. Central sections of the present building were completed in 1800. These were partly destroyed in the1814 Burning of Washington, then were fully restored within five years. The building was enlarged in the 1850s by extending the wings for the chambers for thebicamerallegislature, theHouse of Representativesin the south wing and theSenatein the north wing. The massivedomewas completed around 1866 just after theAmerican Civil War. The",
"Civil War. The east front portico was extended in 1958. The building'sVisitors Centerwas opened in the early 21st century. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to asfronts, although only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries, while the west front is now used for presidential inauguration ceremonies. The building and grounds are overseen by thearchitect of the Capitol, who also oversees the surroundingCapitol Complex. History 18th century Prior to establishing the nation's capital inWashington, D.C., theUnited States Congressand its predecessors met atIndependence HallandCongress HallinPhiladelphia,Federal HallinNew York City, and five additional locations:York, Pennsylvania,Lancaster, Pennsylvania, theMaryland State HouseinAnnapolis, Maryland, andNassau HallinPrinceton, New Jersey, andTrenton, New Jersey.In September 1774, theFirst Continental Congressbrought together delegates from thecoloniesin Philadelphia, followed by theSecond Continental Congress,",
"Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781. After adopting theArticles of Confederationin York, Pennsylvania, theCongress of the Confederationwas formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during theAmerican Revolutionary War. Congress requested thatJohn Dickinson, theGovernor of Pennsylvania, call up themilitiato defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as thePennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee toPrinceton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,and met inAnnapolis, Maryland, andTrenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City. The U.S. Congress was established uponratificationof theU.S. Constitutionand formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,when theResidence Actwas passed to pave the",
"passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, butAlexander Hamiltonhelped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support fromnorthern statesfor locating the capital along thePotomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready. Pierre L'Enfantwas charged with creatingthe city planfor the new capital city and the major public buildings.The Congress House would be built on Jenkins Hill, now known asCapitol Hill, which L'Enfant described as a \"pedestal awaiting a monument.\"L'Enfant connected Congress House with the President's House viaPennsylvania Avenuewith a width set at 160 feet, identical to the narrowest points of theChamps-Élyséesin Paris. Westwards was a 400-foot-wide (122 m) garden-lined \"grand avenue\"",
"\"grand avenue\" containing a public walk (later known as theNational Mall) that would travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along the east–west line. The term \"Capitol\" (from LatinCapitolium) originally denoted theCapitoline Hillin Rome and theTemple of Jupiterthat stood on its summit.The Roman Capitol was sometimes misconceived of as a meeting place for senators, and this led the term to be applied to legislative buildings; the first such building was theWilliamsburg CapitolinVirginia.Thomas Jeffersonhad sat here as a member of theHouse of Burgesses, and it was he who applied the name \"Capitol\" to what on L'Enfant's plan had been called the \"Congress House\".\"Capitol\" has since become a general term for government buildings, especially in the United States. It is often confused with \"capital\"; one, however, denotes a building or complex of buildings, while the other denotes a city. In early 1792, afterPierre L'Enfantwas dismissed from the federal city project, Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit",
"to solicit designs for the Capitol and the \"President's House\", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time. The most promising of the submissions was byStephen Hallet, a trained French architect who was a draftsman to Pierre L'Enfant on the city plan.However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.However, the design did incorporate the concept for a \"great circular room and dome\" which had originated with L'Enfant.John Trumbullwas given a tour of \"Jenkins Hill\" by L'Enfant himself and confirmed this in his autobiography years later. On January 31, 1793, a late entry by amateur architectWilliam Thorntonwas submitted, and was met with praise for its \"Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty\" by",
"and Beauty\" by Washington, along with praise from Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by theeast front of the Louvre, as well as theParis Pantheonfor the center portion of the design.Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, and Thornton served as the firstarchitect of the Capitol(and later first superintendent of theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office).In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic. In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along withJames Hoban(winning architect of the \"President's Palace\") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan. Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan, which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton.The",
"by Thornton.The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an openrecessin the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan. The original design by Thornton was later significantly altered byBenjamin Henry Latrobe, and laterCharles Bulfinch.Thecurrent cast-iron domeand the House's new southern extension andSenatenew northern wing were designed byThomas Ustick WalterandAugust Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,and were completed under the supervision ofEdward Clark. L'Enfant secured the lease ofquarriesatWigginton Islandand alongAquia CreekinVirginiafor use in thefoundationsand outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted.On September 18, 1793, President Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed inmasonicregalia,laid the cornerstone, which was made bysilversmithCaleb Bentley. Construction proceeded with Hallet working",
"with Hallet working under supervision ofJames Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the \"President's House\" (also later known as the \"Executive Mansion\"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.George Hadfieldwas hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far. 19th century The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until theHouse of Representatives(south) wing was finally",
"wing was finally completed in 1811, with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be. However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held itsfirst sessionof the U.S. Congress with both chambers in session on November 17, 1800. The National Legislature was moved toWashingtonprematurely, at the urging of PresidentJohn Adams, in hopes of securing enoughSouthernvotes in theElectoral Collegeto be re-elected for a second term as president. In March 1803,James MadisonappointedBenjamin Henry Latrobeto the position of \"Surveyor of Public Buildings\", with the principal responsibility of completing construction of the Capitol's south and north wings. Work on the north wing began in November 1806. Although occupied for only six years, it had suffered from falling plaster, rotting floors and a leaking roof.",
"and a leaking roof. Instead of repairing it, Latrobe demolished, redesigned and rebuilt the interiors within the existing brick and sandstone walls. Notably, Latrobe designed the Supreme Court and Senate chambers. The former was a particular architectural achievement; the size and structure of its vaulted, semi-circular ceiling was then unprecedented in the United States. For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the \"hall\" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the \"Oven\", which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now calledStatuary Hall). When held in the House chamber, the Speaker's podium was used as the preacher's pulpit. According to",
"According to theU.S. Library of CongressexhibitReligion and the Founding of the American Republic: It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) and ofJames Madison(1809–1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House – a practice that continued until after theCivil War– were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist,Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson,Vice PresidentAaron Burr, and a \"crowded audience\". Not long after the completion",
"the completion of both wings, the Capitol waspartially burnedby theBritishon August 24, 1814, during theWar of 1812. After the fires, Latrobe was rehired as Architect of the Capitol to oversee restoration works. George BomfordandJoseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in theOld Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interiorRotundarising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor Bulfinch also played a major role, such as design of the first low dome covered in copper. By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not",
"Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and PresidentMillard Fillmoreappointed Philadelphia architectThomas U. Walterto carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added: a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north. When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out byslaves\"who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks\".The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe. However, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts; African Americans, some free and some enslaved, along with Scottish stonemasons, comprised most of the workforce. Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the United States Capitol; it dwarfed the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed byCharles Bulfinchwhich was no longer in proportion with the increased size of",
"increased size of the building. In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the \"wedding-cake style\" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed byThomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. LikeMansart's dome atLes InvalidesinParis(which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a largeoculusin the inner dome, through which is seenThe Apotheosis of Washingtonpainted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and thetholosthat supports theStatue of Freedom, a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. The statue invokes the goddessesMinervaorAthena.Thecast ironfor the dome weighs 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).The dome'scast iron framewas supplied and constructed by the iron foundryJanes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co.The thirty-six Corinthian columns that surround the base",
"surround the base of the dome were provided by the Baltimore ironworks ofPoole & Hunt. When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the EastPortico, built in 1828. 20th century In 1904, the East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt, following a design of the architectsCarrère and Hastings, who designed theRussell SenateandCannon Houseoffice buildings earlier that year. In 1958, the next major expansion to the Capitol started, with a 33.5-foot (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.In 1960, two years into the project, the dome underwent a restoration.A marble duplicate of thesandstoneEast Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front. In 1962, a connecting extension repurposed what had been an outside wall as an inside wall. In the process, the original sandstoneCorinthiancolumnswere removed and replaced with marble. It was not until 1984 that landscape designerRussell Pagecreated a suitable setting for them",
"setting for them in a large meadow at theU.S. National Arboretumin northeast Washington as theNational Capitol Columns, where they were combined with a reflecting pool into an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins ofPersepolis, inPersia. Besides the columns, two hundred tons of the original stone were removed in several hundred block, which were first stored on site at the Capitol, and then stored in an unused yard at theCapitol Power Plantuntil 1975.The same year, the power plant was renovated and expanded in accordance with legislation passed in 1970, and the stones fell to the Commission on the Extension of the United States Capitol.As this body was long-defunct, responsibility for the material passed to the House and Senate office building commissions.These commissions then arranged for theNational Park Serviceto store the debris at the back of a NPS maintenance yard inRock Creek Park. With the permission of theSpeaker of the House, the United States Capitol Historical Society has periodically",
"has periodically mined the blocks for sandstone since 1975. The stone removed is used to make commemorative bookends, which are still sold to support the Capitol Historical Society.By 1982, more than $20,000 (nearly $60,000adjusted) had been raised through such sales.Unpursued uses for the stones proposed by the Capitol Historical Society have included their sale as cornerstones in new housing developments. On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared aNational Historic Landmarkby the National Park Service.The building was ranked #6 in a 2007 survey conducted for theAmerican Institute of Architects' \"America's Favorite Architecture\" list. The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome ofSt. Peter's Basilicain theVaticanandSt. Paul's Cathedralin London.On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly theU.S. flagwhen either is in session. On September 18, 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic",
"the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted. U.S. SenatorStrom Thurmondwas one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony. 21st century On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for theCapitol Visitor Center, which opened on December 2, 2008.From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of mostpresidential inaugurationsuntilRonald Reaganbegan a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol. Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as aservice tunnel. A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since",
"such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, theSenate Appropriations Committeevoted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014. In 2014, extensive scaffolding was erected, enclosing and obscuring the dome.All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016. With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network forWi-Fiand mobile-phone within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed",
"annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center. The winning bidder was anIsraeli companycalled Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired byCorning Incorporated. Interior The Capitol building is marked by its centraldomeabove arotundain the central section of the structure (which also includes the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north and inner south) containing the two original smallermeeting chambersfor the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example ofneoclassical architecture. Tunnels and internalsubwaysconnect the Capitol building",
"Capitol building with theCongressional office buildingsin theCapitol Complex. All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S (for Senate) or H (for House), depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol. Art Since 1856, the Capitol has featured some the most prominentart in the United States, includingItalianandGreek AmericanartistConstantino Brumidi, whosemuralsare located in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as theBrumidi Corridors,reflect great moments and people inUnited States history. Among the original works are those depictingBenjamin Franklin,John Fitch,Robert Fulton, and events such as theCession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and naturalfloraindigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are theSpirit of St. Louis, theMoon landing, and theSpace ShuttleChallengercrew. Brumidi also worked",
"Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He paintedThe Apotheosis of Washingtonbeneath the top of the dome, and also theFrieze of American History.The Apotheosis of Washingtonwas completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify afounding father. Washington is depicted surrounded by 13maidensin an inner ring with manyGreekandRoman gods and goddessesbelow him in a second ring. Thefriezeis located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing ofChristopher Columbusto theWright Brothers's flight inKitty Hawk,North Carolina. The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists: Brumidi,Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, andAllyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began hisFrieze of the United States History.",
"States History. Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings includeThe Baptism ofPocahontasbyJohn Gadsby Chapman,The Embarkation of thePilgrimsbyRobert Walter Weir,The Discovery of theMississippibyWilliam Henry Powell, andThe Landing of ColumbusbyJohn Vanderlyn. The paintings on the west side are byJohn Trumbull:Declaration of Independence,Surrender of General Burgoyne,Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, andGeneral George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in theAmerican Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait intoSurrender of Lord Cornwallis. First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, an 1864 painting byFrancis Bicknell Carpenter, hangs over the west",
"hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing. The Capitol also houses theNational Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of thefifty statesto honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues in theNational Statuary Hallis abronze statue of King Kamehamehadonated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959. The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center. The 100th, and last statue for the collection, that ofPo'payfrom the state ofNew Mexico, was added on September 22, 2005. It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall. Crypt On the ground floor is an area known asthe Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place ofGeorge Washington, with a ringedbalustradeat the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his lastwill, Washington was",
"Washington was buried atMount Vernon. The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. Acompass starinlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for howaddresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE,NW,SE, orSW). Gutzon Borglum's massiveAbraham Lincoln Bustis housed in the crypt. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block ofmarble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908; it was donated to the Congress byEugene Meyer Jr.and accepted by theJoint Committee on the Librarythe same year. The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all the sculptures in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.Borglum was a patriot and believed the \"monuments we have built are not our own\"; he looked to create art that was \"American, drawn from",
"drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement\", according to a 1908 interview article.Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate thatRobert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as \"the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen\".Supposedly, according to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing the left ear) to symbolize Lincoln'sunfinished life. Features A statue ofJohn C. Calhounis located at one end of the room near theOld Supreme Court Chamber. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the1998 shooting incidentis clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue. Twelve presidents havelain in statein the Rotunda for public viewing, most recentlyGeorge H. W. Bush. The tomb meant for Washington stored thecatafalquewhich is used to supportcoffinslying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque now on display in the Exhibition Hall of the Capitol Visitor",
"the Capitol Visitor Center was used for President Lincoln. TheHall of Columnsis located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were aspa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and amassage parlor. A steep metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.The number of steps represents each day of the year.Also in the basement, the weeklyJummahprayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers. Height Contrary to a popular myth,building height lawshave never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m).Indeed, the Capitol is only thefourth-tallest",
"thefourth-tallest structure in Washington. House Chamber TheHouse of RepresentativesChamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike senators, representatives do not have assigned seats.The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests forjoint sessionsof Congress such as theState of the Unionspeech and other events. The Chamber is adorned withrelief portraitsof famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout Western and Near Eastern history. TheUnited States national motto\"In God We Trust\" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits, only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits. In order, clockwise around the chamber: There is a quote by statesmanDaniel Websteretched in the marble of the chamber, as stated: \"Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions,",
"its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered.\" Senate Chamber The currentSenateChamber opened in 1859and is adorned withwhite marble bustsof the formerPresidents of the Senate(Vice Presidents). Old Chambers Statuary Hall The NationalStatuary Hallis a chamber in the United States Capitol devoted to sculptures of prominent Americans. The hall, also known as the Old Hall of the House, is a large, two-story, semicircular room with a second story gallery along the curved perimeter. It is located immediately south of the Rotunda. It was the meeting place of the U.S. House of Representatives for nearly 50 years (1807–1857). After a few years of disuse, in 1864, it was repurposed as a statuary hall. Old Senate and Supreme Court Chambers TheOld Senate Chamberis a room in the United States Capitol that was the legislative chamber of the United States Senate from 1810 to 1859, and served as the Supreme Court",
"the Supreme Court chamber from 1860 until 1935. This room was originally the lower half of theOld Senate Chamberfrom 1800 to 1806. After division of the chamber in two levels, this room was used from 1806 until 1860 as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, theSupreme Courtbegan using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. In 1935, the Supreme Court vacated the Capitol Building and began meeting in the newly constructedUnited States Supreme Court Buildingacross the street. Floor plans Exterior Landscaping TheCapitol Groundscover approximately 274 acres (1.11 km2), with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol includingThe RescueandGeorge Washington. The current grounds were designed by noted Americanlandscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted, who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted",
"Olmsted proposed the construction of themarbleterraceson the north, west, and south sides of the building creating an enveloping base. This addressed issues with the placement of the original structure; it had been built too far westwards on the crest of the hill and gave the appearance as if the building might slide into the marshy terrain below. Olmsted also designed the Summerhouse, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Threearchesopen into thehexagonalstructure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window which looks onto an artificialgrotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summerhouse was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Moderndrinking fountainshave since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summerhouse on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional",
"but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation. Flag Up to fourU.S. flagscan be seen flying over the Capitol. Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides. These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night sinceWorld War I. The other two flagpoles are above the North (Senate) and South (House of Representatives) wings of the building, and fly only when the chamber below is in session. The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered byHouse pages. The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers. To raise the flag, Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from theSenate Sergeant at Arms's office. Several auxiliary flagpoles, to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground, are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol.Constituentspay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of aveteranfamily member. Major events The Capitol",
"events The Capitol and the grounds ofCapitol Hillhave played host to major events, includingpresidential inaugurations, which are held every four years. During an inauguration, the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase. Annual events at the Capitol includeIndependence Daycelebrations, and theNational Memorial Day Concert. The general public has paid respect to a number of individualslying in stateat the Capitol, including numerous former presidents, senators, and other officials. Other Americans lying in honor includeOfficersJacob ChestnutandJohn Gibson, the two officers killed in the1998 shooting incident. Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol. The public also paid respect toRosa Parks, an icon of thecivil rights movement, at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev.Billy Grahambecame the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the",
"lie in honor in the Rotunda. On September 24, 2015,Pope Francisgave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so. Security The U.S. Capitol is believed to have been the intended target ofUnited Airlines Flight 93, one of the four planes that were hijacked in theSeptember 11 attacks. The plane crashed nearShanksville, Pennsylvaniaafter passengers tried to regain control of the plane from the hijackers. Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.The level of screening employed varies. On the main east–west thoroughfares ofConstitutionandIndependence Avenues,barricadesare implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger thanpickupsare interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes. On the checkpoints at",
"the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent \"emergency\" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass. All Capitol visitors are screened by amagnetometer, and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by anx-ray device. In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency. Structures ranging from scores ofJersey barriersto hundreds of ornamentalbollardshave been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways. After theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack, security increased again. Additional security fences were installed around the perimeter, andNational Guardtroops were deployed to bolster security. List of security incidents Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East,",
"1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion spacefor the US Congress. The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors,and offers visitors a food court, restrooms, and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome.It also featuresskylightsaffording views of the actual dome. Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was$621 million. Gallery See also Citations References Further reading External links"
] |
Emma Lazarus's most famous poem inspired the founding of an order of nursing nuns. What disease does this order specialize in treating? | Cancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Sisters_of_Hawthorne | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarus', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Sisters_of_Hawthorne'] | [
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Sisters_of_Hawthorne"
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"Emma Lazarus Emma Lazarus(July 22, 1849 – November 19, 1887) was an American author of poetry, prose, and translations, as well as an activist for Jewish andGeorgistcauses. She is remembered for writing thesonnet\"The New Colossus\", which was inspired by theStatue of Liberty, in 1883.Its lines appear inscribed on abronzeplaque, installed in 1903,on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.Lazarus was involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fledantisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe, and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.The last lines of the sonnet were set to music byIrving Berlinas the song \"Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor\" for the 1949 musicalMiss Liberty, which was based on the sculpting of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). The latter part of the sonnet was also set byLee Hoibyin his song \"The Lady of the Harbor\" written in 1985 as part of his song cycle \"Three Women\". Lazarus was also the author ofPoems and Translations(New York, 1867);Admetus, and other Poems(1871);Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life(Philadelphia, 1874);Poems and Ballads of Heine(New York, 1881);Poems, 2 Vols.;Narrative, Lyric and Dramatic; as well asJewish Poems and Translations. Early years and education Emma Lazarus was born inNew York City, July 22, 1849,into a large Jewish family. She was the fourth of seven children of Moses Lazarus, a wealthy merchantand sugar refiner,and Esther Nathan (of a long-established German-Jewish New York family).One of her great-grandfathers on the Lazarus side was from Germany;the rest of her Lazarus ancestors were originally fromPortugaland they were among theoriginal twenty-three Portuguese Jews who arrived in New Amsterdamafter they fledRecife,Brazilin an attempt to flee from theInquisition.Lazarus's great-great-grandmother on her mother's side,Grace Seixas Nathan(born inStratford, Connecticut, in 1752) was also a poet.Lazarus was related through her mother toBenjamin N. Cardozo,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Her siblings included sistersJosephine, Sarah, Mary, Agnes and Annie, and a brother, Frank. Privately educated by tutors from an early age, she studied American and British literature as well as several languages, includingGerman,French, andItalian.She was attracted in youth to poetry, writing her first lyrics when she was eleven years old. Career Writer The first stimulus for Lazarus's writing was offered by theAmerican Civil War. A collection of herPoems and Translations, verses written between the ages of fourteen and seventeen, appeared in 1867 (New York), and was commended byWilliam Cullen Bryant.It included translations fromFriedrich Schiller,Heinrich Heine,Alexandre Dumas, andVictor Hugo.Admetus and Other Poemsfollowed in 1871. The title poem was dedicated \"To my friendRalph Waldo Emerson\", whose works and personality were exercising an abiding influence upon the poet's intellectual growth.During the next decade, in which \"Phantasies\" and \"Epochs\" were written, her poems appeared chiefly inLippincott's Monthly MagazineandScribner's Monthly. By this time, Lazarus's work had won recognition abroad. Her first prose production,Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life, a romance treating of theFriederike Brionincident, was published in 1874 (Philadelphia), and was followed byThe Spagnoletto(1876), a tragedy.Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine(New York, 1881) followed, and was prefixed by a biographical sketch of Heine; Lazarus's renderings of some of Heine's verse are considered among the best in English.In the same year, 1881, she became friends withRose Hawthorne Lathrop.In April 1882, Lazarus published inThe Century Magazinethe article \"Was theEarl of Beaconsfielda Representative Jew?\" Her statement of the reasons for answering this question in the affirmative may be taken to close what may be termed the Hellenic and journeyman period of Lazarus's life, during which her subjects were drawn from classic and romantic sources. Lazarus also wroteThe Crowing of the Red Cock,and the sixteen-part cycle poem \"Epochs\".In addition to writing her own poems, Lazarus edited many adaptations of German poems, notably those ofJohann Wolfgang von Goetheand Heinrich Heine.She also wrote a novel and two plays in five acts,The Spagnoletto, a tragic verse drama aboutthe titular figureandThe Dance to Death, a dramatization of a German short story about the burning of Jews inNordhausenduring theBlack Death.During the time Lazarus became interested in her Jewish roots, she continued her purely literary and critical work in magazines with such articles as \"Tommaso Salvini\", \"Salvini's 'King Lear'\", \"Emerson's Personality\", \"Heine, the Poet\", \"A Day in Surrey with William Morris\", and others. Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.\"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!\" cries sheWith silent lips. \"Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!\" (1883) Lines from her sonnet \"The New Colossus\" appear on a bronze plaque which was placed in the pedestal of theStatue of Libertyin 1903.The sonnet was written in 1883 and donated to an auction, conducted by the \"Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of theBartholdiPedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty\" in order to raise funds to build the pedestal.Lazarus's close friendRose Hawthorne Lathropwas inspired by \"The New Colossus\" to found theDominican Sisters of Hawthorne. She traveled twice to Europe, first in 1883 and again from 1885 to 1887.On one of those trips,Georgiana Burne-Jones, the wife of thePre-RaphaelitepainterEdward Burne-Jones, introduced her toWilliam Morrisat her home.She also met withHenry James,Robert BrowningandThomas Huxleyduring her European travels.A collection ofPoems in Prose(1887) was her last book. HerComplete Poems with a Memoirappeared in 1888, at Boston. Activism Lazarus was a friend and admirer of the American political economistHenry George. She believed deeply inGeorgisteconomic reforms and became active in the \"single tax\" movement forland value tax. Lazarus published a poem in theNew York Timesnamed after George's book,Progress and Poverty. Lazarus became more interested in her Jewish ancestry as she heard of the Russianpogromsthat followed theassassination of Tsar Alexander IIin 1881. As a result of thisanti-Semiticviolence, and the poor standard of living in Russia in general, thousands of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the RussianPale of Settlementto New York. Lazarus began to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish immigrants. She helped establish theHebrew Technical Institutein New York to providevocational trainingto assist destitute Jewish immigrants to become self-supporting. Lazarus volunteered as well in theHebrew Emigrant Aid Societyemployment bureau, although she eventually criticized its organization.In 1883, she founded the Society for the Improvement and Colonization of East European Jews. The literary fruits of identification with her religion were poems like \"The Crowing of the Red Cock\", \"The Banner of the Jew\", \"The Choice\", \"The New Ezekiel\", \"The Dance to Death\" (a strong, though unequally executed drama), and her last published work (March 1887), \"By the Waters of Babylon: Little Poems in Prose\", which constituted her strongest claim to a foremost rank in American literature. During the same period (1882–87), Lazarus translated the Hebrew poets of medieval Spain with the aid of the German versions of Michael Sachs and Abraham Geiger, and wrote articles, signed and unsigned, upon Jewish subjects for the Jewish press, besides essays on \"Bar Kochba\", \"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\", \"M. Renan and the Jews\", and others for Jewish literary associations.Several of her translations from medieval Hebrew writers found a place in the ritual of American synagogues.Lazarus's most notable series of articles was that titled \"An Epistle to the Hebrews\" (The American Hebrew, November 10, 1882 – February 24, 1883), in which she discussed the Jewish problems of the day, urged a technical and a Jewish education for Jews, and ranged herself among the advocates of an independent Jewish nationality and of Jewish repatriation in Palestine. The only collection of poems issued during this period wasSongs of a Semite: The Dance to Death and Other Poems(New York, 1882), dedicated to the memory of George Eliot. Death and legacy Lazarus returned to New York City seriously ill after she completed her second trip to Europe, and she died two months later, on November 19, 1887,most likely fromHodgkin's lymphoma. She never married.Lazarus was buried inBeth Olam CemeteryinCypress Hills, Brooklyn.The Poems of Emma Lazarus(2 vols., Boston and New York, 1889) was published after her death, comprising most of her poetic work from previous collections, periodical publications, and some of the literary heritage which her executors deemed appropriate to preserve for posterity.Her papers are kept by the American Jewish Historical Society,Center for Jewish History,and her letters are collected atColumbia University. TheEmma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs, founded in 1951, was named after Lazarus. A stamp featuring the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus's poem \"The New Colossus\" was issued byAntigua and Barbudain 1985.In 1992, she was named as a Women's History Month Honoree by theNational Women's History Project.Lazarus was honored by the Office of theManhattan Borough Presidentin March 2008, and her home on West10th Streetwas included on a map ofWomen's Rights Historic Sites.In 2009, she was inducted into theNational Women's Hall of Fame.TheMuseum of Jewish Heritagefeatured an exhibition about Lazarus in 2012. The Emma Lazarus Art and Music Venue, as well as a park are named in her honor in Carrick, a refugee-friendly neighborhood in the Carrick, a neighborhood on the South Side of the City of Pittsburgh. BiographerEsther Schorpraised Lazarus' lasting contribution: The irony is that the statue goes on speaking, even when the tide turns against immigration — even against immigrants themselves, as they adjust to their American lives. You can't think of the statue without hearing the words Emma Lazarus gave her. Style and themes Lazarus contributed toward shaping the self-image of the United States as well as how the country understands the needs of those who emigrate to the United States. Her themes produced sensitivity and enduring lessons regarding immigrants and their need for dignity.What was needed to make her a poet of the people as well as one of literary merit was a great theme, the establishment of instant communication between some stirring reality and her still hidden and irresolute subjectivity. Such a theme was provided by the immigration of Russian Jews to America, consequent upon the proscriptiveMay Lawsof 1882. She rose to the defense of her ethnic compatriots in powerful articles, as contributions toThe Century(May 1882 and February 1883). Hitherto, her life had held no Jewish inspiration. Though of Sephardic ancestry, and ostensibly Orthodox in belief, her family had till then not participated in the activities of thesynagogueor of the Jewish community. Contact with the unfortunates from Russia led her to study the Torah, the Hebrew language, Judaism, and Jewish history.While her early poetry demonstrated no Jewish themes, herSongs of a Semite(1882) is considered to be the earliest volume of Jewish American poetry. A review ofAlidebyLippincott's Monthly Magazinewas critical of Lazarus's style and elements of technique. Notes References Citations Attribution Bibliography External links",
"Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne TheDominican Sisters of Hawthorneare aRoman Catholiccongregationofreligious sisters, who are a part of theThird Order of Saint Dominic. The Congregation was founded on December 8, 1900, byRose Hawthorne Lathrop, a daughter of the famednovelistNathaniel Hawthorne. They specialize in caring for those suffering fromterminalcancerand have no financial resources. History Early in life, Rose Hawthorne marriedGeorge Parsons Lathrop, both of whom converted toRoman Catholicismin 1891. Rose had seemingly married well as a young woman, and they moved from her nativeMassachusettstoNew York Cityand then to Connecticut after their marriage. Her husband soon turned out to be unreliable and difficult. Eventually she was driven in 1895 to seek permission from the Church to live apart from him, and this was granted. Finding herself alone and with few financial resources, she began to seek some meaning to her life. She learned of the plight of the poor who were diagnosed with incurable cancer. At the time, this disease was believed by many to be highly contagious, so there was a deep fear of contact with those suffering from this affliction. Lathrop soon found a special vocation to this work. In the fall of 1896, after having taken a three-month nursing course at New York's Cancer Hospital, Lathrop moved into a three-roomcold-water flaton New York City's impoverishedLower East Sideand began to nurse the poor with incurable cancer.In March 1898 Alice Huber, having responded to an article Lathrop had written about her work, joined her in this service. Shortly afterwards Rose's husband George died. As others came to join them, Lathrop was inspired to found a religious congregation. One of her early supporters was Josephine Lazarus, sister of the poetEmma Lazaruswho had been Rose's friend until her death from cancer. A new congregation The community became established as a congregation of Religious Sisters in 1900 and were given the Dominicanhabit.They termed themselves \"the Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer\", and their purpose was to provide for the well-being of incurably ill and destitute cancer patients. Lathrop was elected as mother superior of the community and became known as Mother Mary Alphonsa. The Sisters took only the most destitute, and provided them with all the care they needed, doing so without any form of compensation. In 1901 she established a nursing home in a smallhamletofWestchester County, some twenty miles north of New York City. Rosary Hill Home, as it was named, was formally opened to both male and female patients on June 5, 1901.Mother Mary Alphonsa lived at Rosary Hill for the rest of her life and rarely left, even declining an invitation fromHarriett Lothropto participate in a centennial celebration for her father at their former homeThe WaysideinConcord, Massachusetts. The Sisters took a strict daily routine under Mother Mary Alphonsa, rising for prayers in the chapel at 4:30 in the morning before breakfast, then care for the sick and perform tasks like milking cows.The area around Rosary Hill later came to be calledHawthorne, New York, in honor of Lathrop's father. The order founded a second home in 1912 at 71 Jackson Street in Manhattan.It was named St. Rose's Free Home for Incurable Cancer. Mother Alphonsa wanted a better environment for her charges than the bleak dirty streets of that part of Manhattan. In 1930 the sisters opened the thirty-five bed skilled nursing facility, Sacred Heart Home in Philadelphia. In 1939 the Dominicans opened Our Lady of Perpetual Help Home in Atlanta, Georgia. In December 1941, the sisters opened Our Lady of Good Counsel Home in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 2009, the Sisters turned over operation of the home to the Franciscan Health Community, who continue to provide free care to those in need at end-of-life. Present situation The order continues to refuse any payment from the patients or their families or from government funds from eitherSocial SecurityorMedicare, nor do they accept money from private insurance. By the end of the 20th century, like many other religious communities, the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne were greatly reduced in numbers. In Fall 2002, the order closed the Rose Hawthorne Lathrop House inFall River, Massachusetts.St. Rose's Home in Manhattan closed March 31, 2009. As of 2013 the order numbered fifty-three sisters.The Sisters continue to serve at Rosary Hill in New York and at homes inPhiladelphia, andAtlanta. References External links"
] | [
"Emma Lazarus Emma Lazarus(July 22, 1849 – November 19, 1887) was an American author of poetry, prose, and translations, as well as an activist for Jewish andGeorgistcauses. She is remembered for writing thesonnet\"The New Colossus\", which was inspired by theStatue of Liberty, in 1883.Its lines appear inscribed on abronzeplaque, installed in 1903,on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.Lazarus was involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fledantisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe, and she saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.The last lines of the sonnet were set to music byIrving Berlinas the song \"Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor\" for the 1949 musicalMiss Liberty, which was based on the sculpting of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). The latter part of the sonnet was also set byLee Hoibyin his song \"The Lady of the Harbor\" written in 1985 as part of his song cycle \"Three Women\". Lazarus was also the author ofPoems and Translations(New York,",
"York, 1867);Admetus, and other Poems(1871);Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life(Philadelphia, 1874);Poems and Ballads of Heine(New York, 1881);Poems, 2 Vols.;Narrative, Lyric and Dramatic; as well asJewish Poems and Translations. Early years and education Emma Lazarus was born inNew York City, July 22, 1849,into a large Jewish family. She was the fourth of seven children of Moses Lazarus, a wealthy merchantand sugar refiner,and Esther Nathan (of a long-established German-Jewish New York family).One of her great-grandfathers on the Lazarus side was from Germany;the rest of her Lazarus ancestors were originally fromPortugaland they were among theoriginal twenty-three Portuguese Jews who arrived in New Amsterdamafter they fledRecife,Brazilin an attempt to flee from theInquisition.Lazarus's great-great-grandmother on her mother's side,Grace Seixas Nathan(born inStratford, Connecticut, in 1752) was also a poet.Lazarus was related through her mother toBenjamin N. Cardozo,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the",
"Court of the United States. Her siblings included sistersJosephine, Sarah, Mary, Agnes and Annie, and a brother, Frank. Privately educated by tutors from an early age, she studied American and British literature as well as several languages, includingGerman,French, andItalian.She was attracted in youth to poetry, writing her first lyrics when she was eleven years old. Career Writer The first stimulus for Lazarus's writing was offered by theAmerican Civil War. A collection of herPoems and Translations, verses written between the ages of fourteen and seventeen, appeared in 1867 (New York), and was commended byWilliam Cullen Bryant.It included translations fromFriedrich Schiller,Heinrich Heine,Alexandre Dumas, andVictor Hugo.Admetus and Other Poemsfollowed in 1871. The title poem was dedicated \"To my friendRalph Waldo Emerson\", whose works and personality were exercising an abiding influence upon the poet's intellectual growth.During the next decade, in which \"Phantasies\" and \"Epochs\" were written, her poems",
"written, her poems appeared chiefly inLippincott's Monthly MagazineandScribner's Monthly. By this time, Lazarus's work had won recognition abroad. Her first prose production,Alide: An Episode of Goethe's Life, a romance treating of theFriederike Brionincident, was published in 1874 (Philadelphia), and was followed byThe Spagnoletto(1876), a tragedy.Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine(New York, 1881) followed, and was prefixed by a biographical sketch of Heine; Lazarus's renderings of some of Heine's verse are considered among the best in English.In the same year, 1881, she became friends withRose Hawthorne Lathrop.In April 1882, Lazarus published inThe Century Magazinethe article \"Was theEarl of Beaconsfielda Representative Jew?\" Her statement of the reasons for answering this question in the affirmative may be taken to close what may be termed the Hellenic and journeyman period of Lazarus's life, during which her subjects were drawn from classic and romantic sources. Lazarus also wroteThe Crowing of the Red",
"Crowing of the Red Cock,and the sixteen-part cycle poem \"Epochs\".In addition to writing her own poems, Lazarus edited many adaptations of German poems, notably those ofJohann Wolfgang von Goetheand Heinrich Heine.She also wrote a novel and two plays in five acts,The Spagnoletto, a tragic verse drama aboutthe titular figureandThe Dance to Death, a dramatization of a German short story about the burning of Jews inNordhausenduring theBlack Death.During the time Lazarus became interested in her Jewish roots, she continued her purely literary and critical work in magazines with such articles as \"Tommaso Salvini\", \"Salvini's 'King Lear'\", \"Emerson's Personality\", \"Heine, the Poet\", \"A Day in Surrey with William Morris\", and others. Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her",
"welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.\"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!\" cries sheWith silent lips. \"Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!\" (1883) Lines from her sonnet \"The New Colossus\" appear on a bronze plaque which was placed in the pedestal of theStatue of Libertyin 1903.The sonnet was written in 1883 and donated to an auction, conducted by the \"Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of theBartholdiPedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty\" in order to raise funds to build the pedestal.Lazarus's close friendRose Hawthorne Lathropwas inspired by \"The New Colossus\" to found theDominican Sisters of Hawthorne. She traveled twice to Europe, first in 1883 and again from 1885 to 1887.On one of those trips,Georgiana Burne-Jones, the wife of thePre-RaphaelitepainterEdward Burne-Jones, introduced her toWilliam",
"her toWilliam Morrisat her home.She also met withHenry James,Robert BrowningandThomas Huxleyduring her European travels.A collection ofPoems in Prose(1887) was her last book. HerComplete Poems with a Memoirappeared in 1888, at Boston. Activism Lazarus was a friend and admirer of the American political economistHenry George. She believed deeply inGeorgisteconomic reforms and became active in the \"single tax\" movement forland value tax. Lazarus published a poem in theNew York Timesnamed after George's book,Progress and Poverty. Lazarus became more interested in her Jewish ancestry as she heard of the Russianpogromsthat followed theassassination of Tsar Alexander IIin 1881. As a result of thisanti-Semiticviolence, and the poor standard of living in Russia in general, thousands of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the RussianPale of Settlementto New York. Lazarus began to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish immigrants. She helped establish theHebrew Technical Institutein New York to providevocational",
"providevocational trainingto assist destitute Jewish immigrants to become self-supporting. Lazarus volunteered as well in theHebrew Emigrant Aid Societyemployment bureau, although she eventually criticized its organization.In 1883, she founded the Society for the Improvement and Colonization of East European Jews. The literary fruits of identification with her religion were poems like \"The Crowing of the Red Cock\", \"The Banner of the Jew\", \"The Choice\", \"The New Ezekiel\", \"The Dance to Death\" (a strong, though unequally executed drama), and her last published work (March 1887), \"By the Waters of Babylon: Little Poems in Prose\", which constituted her strongest claim to a foremost rank in American literature. During the same period (1882–87), Lazarus translated the Hebrew poets of medieval Spain with the aid of the German versions of Michael Sachs and Abraham Geiger, and wrote articles, signed and unsigned, upon Jewish subjects for the Jewish press, besides essays on \"Bar Kochba\", \"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\",",
"Longfellow\", \"M. Renan and the Jews\", and others for Jewish literary associations.Several of her translations from medieval Hebrew writers found a place in the ritual of American synagogues.Lazarus's most notable series of articles was that titled \"An Epistle to the Hebrews\" (The American Hebrew, November 10, 1882 – February 24, 1883), in which she discussed the Jewish problems of the day, urged a technical and a Jewish education for Jews, and ranged herself among the advocates of an independent Jewish nationality and of Jewish repatriation in Palestine. The only collection of poems issued during this period wasSongs of a Semite: The Dance to Death and Other Poems(New York, 1882), dedicated to the memory of George Eliot. Death and legacy Lazarus returned to New York City seriously ill after she completed her second trip to Europe, and she died two months later, on November 19, 1887,most likely fromHodgkin's lymphoma. She never married.Lazarus was buried inBeth Olam CemeteryinCypress Hills, Brooklyn.The Poems",
"Brooklyn.The Poems of Emma Lazarus(2 vols., Boston and New York, 1889) was published after her death, comprising most of her poetic work from previous collections, periodical publications, and some of the literary heritage which her executors deemed appropriate to preserve for posterity.Her papers are kept by the American Jewish Historical Society,Center for Jewish History,and her letters are collected atColumbia University. TheEmma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs, founded in 1951, was named after Lazarus. A stamp featuring the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus's poem \"The New Colossus\" was issued byAntigua and Barbudain 1985.In 1992, she was named as a Women's History Month Honoree by theNational Women's History Project.Lazarus was honored by the Office of theManhattan Borough Presidentin March 2008, and her home on West10th Streetwas included on a map ofWomen's Rights Historic Sites.In 2009, she was inducted into theNational Women's Hall of Fame.TheMuseum of Jewish Heritagefeatured an exhibition",
"an exhibition about Lazarus in 2012. The Emma Lazarus Art and Music Venue, as well as a park are named in her honor in Carrick, a refugee-friendly neighborhood in the Carrick, a neighborhood on the South Side of the City of Pittsburgh. BiographerEsther Schorpraised Lazarus' lasting contribution: The irony is that the statue goes on speaking, even when the tide turns against immigration — even against immigrants themselves, as they adjust to their American lives. You can't think of the statue without hearing the words Emma Lazarus gave her. Style and themes Lazarus contributed toward shaping the self-image of the United States as well as how the country understands the needs of those who emigrate to the United States. Her themes produced sensitivity and enduring lessons regarding immigrants and their need for dignity.What was needed to make her a poet of the people as well as one of literary merit was a great theme, the establishment of instant communication between some stirring reality and her still hidden",
"her still hidden and irresolute subjectivity. Such a theme was provided by the immigration of Russian Jews to America, consequent upon the proscriptiveMay Lawsof 1882. She rose to the defense of her ethnic compatriots in powerful articles, as contributions toThe Century(May 1882 and February 1883). Hitherto, her life had held no Jewish inspiration. Though of Sephardic ancestry, and ostensibly Orthodox in belief, her family had till then not participated in the activities of thesynagogueor of the Jewish community. Contact with the unfortunates from Russia led her to study the Torah, the Hebrew language, Judaism, and Jewish history.While her early poetry demonstrated no Jewish themes, herSongs of a Semite(1882) is considered to be the earliest volume of Jewish American poetry. A review ofAlidebyLippincott's Monthly Magazinewas critical of Lazarus's style and elements of technique. Notes References Citations Attribution Bibliography External links",
"Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne TheDominican Sisters of Hawthorneare aRoman Catholiccongregationofreligious sisters, who are a part of theThird Order of Saint Dominic. The Congregation was founded on December 8, 1900, byRose Hawthorne Lathrop, a daughter of the famednovelistNathaniel Hawthorne. They specialize in caring for those suffering fromterminalcancerand have no financial resources. History Early in life, Rose Hawthorne marriedGeorge Parsons Lathrop, both of whom converted toRoman Catholicismin 1891. Rose had seemingly married well as a young woman, and they moved from her nativeMassachusettstoNew York Cityand then to Connecticut after their marriage. Her husband soon turned out to be unreliable and difficult. Eventually she was driven in 1895 to seek permission from the Church to live apart from him, and this was granted. Finding herself alone and with few financial resources, she began to seek some meaning to her life. She learned of the plight of the poor who were diagnosed with incurable cancer. At",
"cancer. At the time, this disease was believed by many to be highly contagious, so there was a deep fear of contact with those suffering from this affliction. Lathrop soon found a special vocation to this work. In the fall of 1896, after having taken a three-month nursing course at New York's Cancer Hospital, Lathrop moved into a three-roomcold-water flaton New York City's impoverishedLower East Sideand began to nurse the poor with incurable cancer.In March 1898 Alice Huber, having responded to an article Lathrop had written about her work, joined her in this service. Shortly afterwards Rose's husband George died. As others came to join them, Lathrop was inspired to found a religious congregation. One of her early supporters was Josephine Lazarus, sister of the poetEmma Lazaruswho had been Rose's friend until her death from cancer. A new congregation The community became established as a congregation of Religious Sisters in 1900 and were given the Dominicanhabit.They termed themselves \"the Servants of Relief",
"Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer\", and their purpose was to provide for the well-being of incurably ill and destitute cancer patients. Lathrop was elected as mother superior of the community and became known as Mother Mary Alphonsa. The Sisters took only the most destitute, and provided them with all the care they needed, doing so without any form of compensation. In 1901 she established a nursing home in a smallhamletofWestchester County, some twenty miles north of New York City. Rosary Hill Home, as it was named, was formally opened to both male and female patients on June 5, 1901.Mother Mary Alphonsa lived at Rosary Hill for the rest of her life and rarely left, even declining an invitation fromHarriett Lothropto participate in a centennial celebration for her father at their former homeThe WaysideinConcord, Massachusetts. The Sisters took a strict daily routine under Mother Mary Alphonsa, rising for prayers in the chapel at 4:30 in the morning before breakfast, then care for the sick and perform",
"sick and perform tasks like milking cows.The area around Rosary Hill later came to be calledHawthorne, New York, in honor of Lathrop's father. The order founded a second home in 1912 at 71 Jackson Street in Manhattan.It was named St. Rose's Free Home for Incurable Cancer. Mother Alphonsa wanted a better environment for her charges than the bleak dirty streets of that part of Manhattan. In 1930 the sisters opened the thirty-five bed skilled nursing facility, Sacred Heart Home in Philadelphia. In 1939 the Dominicans opened Our Lady of Perpetual Help Home in Atlanta, Georgia. In December 1941, the sisters opened Our Lady of Good Counsel Home in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 2009, the Sisters turned over operation of the home to the Franciscan Health Community, who continue to provide free care to those in need at end-of-life. Present situation The order continues to refuse any payment from the patients or their families or from government funds from eitherSocial SecurityorMedicare, nor do they accept money from",
"accept money from private insurance. By the end of the 20th century, like many other religious communities, the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne were greatly reduced in numbers. In Fall 2002, the order closed the Rose Hawthorne Lathrop House inFall River, Massachusetts.St. Rose's Home in Manhattan closed March 31, 2009. As of 2013 the order numbered fifty-three sisters.The Sisters continue to serve at Rosary Hill in New York and at homes inPhiladelphia, andAtlanta. References External links"
] |
If Anastasia Romanov had still been alive when the 90s cartoon movie based on her was released, how old would she be? | Duchess Anastasia Romanov would have been 96 years old. | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film) | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | ['https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia', 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film)'] | [
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film"
] | [
"Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia(Russian:Анастасия Николаевна Романова,romanized:Anastasiya Nikolaevna Romanova; 18 June 1901 – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter ofTsar Nicholas II, the last sovereign ofImperial Russia, and his wife,Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. Anastasia was the younger sister of Grand DuchessesOlga,Tatiana, andMaria(commonly known together as theOTMAsisters) and was the elder sister ofAlexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia. She wasmurdered with her familyby a group ofBolsheviksinYekaterinburgon 17 July 1918. Persistent rumors of her possible escape circulated after her death, fueled by the fact that the location of her burial was unknown during the decades ofcommunistrule. The abandoned mine serving as a mass grave nearYekaterinburgwhich held the acidified remains of the Tsar, his wife, and three of their daughters was revealed in 1991. These remains were put to rest atPeter and Paul Fortressin 1998. The bodies of Alexei and the remaining daughter—either Anastasia or her older sister Maria—were discovered in 2007. Her purported survival has been conclusively disproven. Scientific analysis includingDNA testingconfirmed that the remains are those of theimperial family, showing that Anastasia was killed alongside her family. Several women falsely claimed to have been Anastasia; the best known impostor wasAnna Anderson. Anderson's body was cremated upon her death in 1984; DNA testing in 1994 on pieces of Anderson's tissue and hair showed no relation to the Romanov family. Contents Biography Early years Anastasia was born on 18 June 1901. She was the fourth daughter ofTsar Nicholas IIandTsarina Alexandra. When she was born, her parents and extended family were disappointed that she was a girl. They had hoped for a son who would have becomeheir apparentto the throne. Her father went for a long walk to compose himself before going to visit his wife and their newborn child for the first time.Her paternal auntGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russiasaid, \"My God! What a disappointment!... a fourth girl!\"Her first cousin twice removedGrand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovichwrote, \"Forgive us, Lord, if we all felt disappointment instead of joy. We were so hoping for a boy, and it's a daughter.\"The travel writerBurton Holmeswrote, \"Nicholas would part with half his Empire in exchange for one Imperial boy.\" Anastasia was named for the fourth-century martyrSt. Anastasia.\"Anastasia\" is a Greek name (Αναστασία), meaning \"of the resurrection\", a fact often alluded to later in stories about her rumored survival. Anastasia's title is most precisely translated as \"Grand Princess\". \"Grand Duchess\" became the most widely used translation of the title into English from Russian. The Tsar's children were raised as simply as possible. They slept on hard camp cots without pillows, except when they were ill, took cold baths in the morning, and were expected to tidy their rooms and do needlework to be sold at various charity events when they were not otherwise occupied. Most in the household, including the servants, generally called the Grand Duchess by her first name andpatronym, \"Anastasia Nikolaevna\", and did not use her title or style. She was occasionally called by the French version of her name, \"Anastasie\", or by the Russian nicknames \"Nastasya\", \"Nastya\", \"Nastas\", or \"Nastenka\". Other family nicknames for Anastasia were \"Malenkaya\", meaning \"little (one)\" in Russian,or \"Shvybzik\", meaning \"merry little one\"or \"little mischief\"inGerman. Anastasia and her older sister Maria were known within the family as \"The Little Pair\". The two girls shared a room, often wore variations of the same dress, and spent much of their time together. Their older sisters Olga and Tatiana also shared a room and were known as \"The Big Pair\". The four girls sometimes signed letters using the nicknameOTMA, which derived from the first letters of their first names. DNA testing on the remains of the imperial family proved conclusively in 2009 that Anastasia’s younger brother, Alexei, suffered fromHemophilia B, a rare form of the disease. His mother and one sister, identified alternatively as Maria or Anastasia, were carriers. Symptomatic carriers of the gene, while not hemophiliacs themselves, can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normalblood-clottingfactor that can lead to heavy bleeding.If Anastasia lived to have children of her own, it is genetically probable that they would have been afflicted by the disease. Appearance and personality Anastasia was short and inclined to be chubby, and she had blue eyesand blonde hair.BaronessSophie Buxhoeveden, her mother's lady-in-waiting, reflected that \"her features were regular and finely cut. She had fair hair, fine eyes, with impish laughter in their depths, and dark eyebrows that nearly met.\"Buxhoeveden believed that Anastasia resembled her mother, saying that she \"was more like her mother's than her father's family. She was rather short even at seventeen, and was, then decidedly fat, but it was the fatness of youth. She would have outgrown it, as had her sister Marie.\" Anastasia was a vivacious and energetic child.Margaretta Eagar, a governess to the four grand duchesses, said one person commented that the toddler Anastasia had the greatest personal charm of any child she had ever seen. While often described as gifted and bright, she was never interested in the restrictions of the school room, according to her tutorsPierre GilliardandSydney Gibbes. Gibbes, Gilliard, andladies-in-waitingLili DehnandAnna Vyrubovadescribed Anastasia as lively, mischievous, and a gifted actress. Her sharp, witty remarks sometimes hit sensitive spots.However, she was also very amusing: \"Even as a baby she had entertained grave old men, who were her neighbors at table, with her astonishing remarks.\" Anastasia's daring occasionally exceeded the limits of acceptable behavior. \"She undoubtedly held the record for punishable deeds in her family, for in naughtiness she was a true genius\", saidGleb Botkin, son of the court physicianYevgeny Botkin, who later died with the family at Yekaterinburg.Anastasia sometimes tripped the servants and played pranks on her tutors. As a child, she would climb trees and refuse to come down. Once, during asnowball fightat the family's Polish estate, Anastasia rolled a rock into a snowball and threw it at her older sister Tatiana, knocking her to the ground.A distant cousin,Princess Nina Georgievna, recalled that \"Anastasia was nasty to the point of being evil\", and would cheat, kick and scratch her playmates during games; she was affronted because the younger Nina was taller than she was.She was less concerned about her appearance than her sisters.Hallie Erminie Rives, a best-selling American author and wife of an American diplomat, described how 10-year-old Anastasia ate chocolates without bothering to remove her long, whiteopera glovesat the St. Petersburg opera house. Despite her energy, Anastasia's physical health was sometimes poor. The Grand Duchess suffered from painfulbunions, which affected both of her big toes.Anastasia had a weak muscle in her back and was prescribed twice-weekly massage. She hid under the bed or in a cupboard to put off the massage.Anastasia's older sister, Maria, reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils, according to her paternal auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, who was interviewed later in her life. The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Maria's mother. Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of thehemophiliagene, like their mother. Association with Grigori Rasputin Her mother relied on the counsel ofGrigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wanderingstaretsor \"holy man,\" and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions. Anastasia and her siblings were taught to view Rasputin as \"Our Friend\" and to share confidences with him. In the autumn of 1907, Anastasia's auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russiawas escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin. Anastasia, her sisters and brother Alexei were all wearing their long white nightgowns. \"All the children seemed to like him,\" Olga Alexandrovna recalled. \"They were completely at ease with him.\"Rasputin's friendship with the imperial children was evident in some of the messages he sent to them. In February 1909, Rasputin sent the imperial children a telegram, advising them to \"Love the whole of God's nature, the whole of His creation in particular this earth. The Mother of God was always occupied with flowers and needlework.\" However, one of the girls' governesses,Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva, was horrified in 1910 that Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns and wanted him barred. Nicholas asked Rasputin to avoid going to the nurseries in the future. The children were aware of the tension and feared that their mother would be angered by Tyutcheva's actions. \"I am so afr(aid) that S.I. (governess Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva) can speak ... about our friend something bad,\" Anastasia's twelve-year-old sister Tatiana wrote to their mother on 8 March 1910. \"I hope our nurse will be nice to our friend now.\" Tyutcheva was eventually fired. She took her story to other members of the family.While Rasputin's visits to the children were, by all accounts, completely innocent in nature, the family was scandalized. Tyutcheva told Nicholas's sister,Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, that Rasputin visited the girls, talked with them while they were getting ready for bed, and hugged and patted them. Tyutcheva said the children had been taught not to discuss Rasputin with her and were careful to hide his visits from the nursery staff. Xenia wrote on 15 March 1910, that she could not understand \"...the attitude of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory (whom they consider to be almost a saint, when in fact he's only akhlyst!)\" In the spring of 1910, Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova, a royal governess, claimed that Rasputin had raped her. Vishnyakova said the empress refused to believe her account of the assault, and insisted that \"everything Rasputin does is holy.\"Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova's claim had been immediately investigated, but instead \"they caught the young woman in bed with aCossackof the Imperial Guard.\" Vishnyakova was kept from seeing Rasputin after she made her accusation and was eventually dismissed from her post in 1913. However, rumors persisted and it was later whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four grand duchesses.This was followed by circulation ofpornographic cartoons, which depicted Rasputin having relations with the Empress, her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova.After the scandal, Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time, much to Alexandra's displeasure, and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage toPalestine.Despite the rumors, the imperial family's association with Rasputin continued until his murder on 17 December 1916. \"Our Friend is so contented with our girlies, says they have gone through heavy 'courses' for their age and their souls have much developed\", Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on 6 December 1916. In his memoirs, A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared \"cold and visibly terribly upset\" by Rasputin's death, and sat \"huddled up closely together\" on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news. Mordvinov recalled that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed.Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on its reverse by Anastasia, her mother and her sisters. She attended his funeral on 21 December 1916, and her family planned to build a church over the site of Rasputin's grave.After they were killed by the Bolsheviks, it was discovered Anastasia and her sisters were all wearing amulets bearing Rasputin's picture and a prayer. Captivity during World War I and Russian Revolution During World War I, Anastasia, along with her sister Maria, visited wounded soldiers at aprivate hospitalin the grounds atTsarskoye Selo. The two teenagers, too young to becomeRed Crossnurses like their mother and elder sisters, played games ofcheckersandbilliardswith the soldiers and tried to lift their spirits. Felix Dassel, who was treated at the hospital and knew Anastasia, recalled that the grand duchess had a \"laugh like a squirrel\", and walked rapidly \"as though shetrippedalong.\" In February 1917, Anastasia and her family were placed underhouse arrestat theAlexander Palacein Tsarskoye Selo during theRussian Revolution. Nicholas II abdicated on 15 March 1917. As theBolsheviksapproached,Alexander Kerenskyof theProvisional Governmenthad them moved toTobolsk,Siberia, where they were housed in theGovernor's Mansion.After the Bolsheviks seized majority control of Russia, Anastasia and her family were moved to theIpatiev House, or House of Special Purpose, atYekaterinburg. The stress and uncertainty of captivity took their toll on Anastasia as well as her family. \"Goodby \", she wrote to a friend in the winter of 1917. \"Don't forget us.\"At Tobolsk, she wrote a melancholy theme for her English tutor, filled with spelling mistakes, about \"Evelyn Hope\", a poem byRobert Browningabout a girl: \"When she died she was only sixteen years old ... Ther(e) was a man who loved her without having seen her but (k)new her very well. And she he(a)rd of him also. He never could tell her that he loved her, and now she was dead. But still he thought that when he and she will live next life whenever it will be that ...\", she wrote. Upon arriving in Yekaterinburg, Pierre Gilliard recalled his last sight of the children: \"The sailor Nagorny, who attended to Alexei Nikolaevitch, passed my window carrying the sick boy in his arms, behind him came the Grand Duchesses loaded with valises and small personal belongings. I tried to get out, but was roughly pushed back into the carriage by the sentry. I came back to the window. Tatiana Nikolayevna came last carrying her little dog and struggling to drag a heavy brown valise. It was raining and I saw her feet sink into the mud at every step. Nagorny tried to come to her assistance; he was roughly pushed back by one of the commisars ...\" Baroness Sophie Buxhoevedentold of her sad last glimpse of Anastasia: \"Once, standing on some steps at the door of a house close by, I saw a hand and a pink-sleeved arm opening the topmost pane. According to the blouse the hand must have belonged either to the Grand Duchess Marie or Anastasia. They could not see me through their windows, and this was to be the last glimpse that I was to have of any of them!\" However, even in the last months of her life, she found ways to enjoy herself. She and other members of the household performed plays for the enjoyment of their parents and others in the spring of 1918. Anastasia's performance made everyone howl with laughter, according to her tutor Sydney Gibbes. On 7 May 1918, in a letter fromTobolskto her sister Maria in Yekaterinburg, Anastasia described a moment of joy despite her sadness and loneliness and worry for the sick Alexei: \"We played on the swing, that was when I roared with laughter, the fall was so wonderful! Indeed! I told the sisters about it so many times yesterday that they got quite fed up, but I could go on telling it masses of times ... What weather we've had! One could simply shout with joy.\" In his memoirs, one of the guards at the Ipatiev House, Alexander Strekotin, remembered Anastasia as \"very friendly and full of fun\", while another guard said Anastasia was \"a very charming devil! She was mischievous and, I think, rarely tired. She was lively, and was fond of performing comic mimes with the dogs, as though they were performing in a circus.\"Yet another of the guards, however, called the youngest grand duchess \"offensive and a terrorist\" and complained that her occasionally provocative comments sometimes caused tension in the ranks.Anastasia and her sisters helped their maid darn stockings and assisted the cook in making bread and other kitchen chores while they were in captivity at the Ipatiev House. In the summer, the privations of the captivity, including their closer confinement at the Ipatiev House negatively affected the family. On 14 July 1918, local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family. They reported that Anastasia and her family, contrary to custom, fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead, and that the girls had become despondent and hopeless, and no longer sang the replies in the service. Noticing this dramatic change in their demeanor since his last visit, one priest told the other, \"Something has happened to them in there.\"But the next day, on 15 July 1918, Anastasia and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked and helped move the beds in their shared bedroom so that cleaning women could clean the floors. They helped the women scrub the floors and whispered to them when the guards were not watching. Anastasia stuck her tongue out atYakov Yurovsky, the head of the detachment, when he momentarily turned his back and left the room. Death After theBolshevik revolutionin October 1917, Russia quickly disintegrated intocivil war. Negotiations for the release of the Romanovs between their Bolshevik (commonly referred to as 'Reds') captors and their extended family, many of whom were prominent members of the royal houses of Europe, stalled.As the Whites (anti-Bolshevik forces, although not necessarily supportive of the Tsar) advanced toward Yekaterinburg, the Reds were in a precarious situation. The Reds knew Yekaterinburg would fall to the better manned and equippedWhite Army. When the Whites reached Yekaterinburg, the imperial family had simply disappeared. The most widely accepted account was that the family had been murdered. This was due to an investigation by White Army investigator Nicholas Sokolov, who came to the conclusion based on items that had belonged to the family being found thrown down a mine shaft atGanina Yama. The \"Yurovsky Note\", an account of the event filed by Yurovsky to his Bolshevik superiors following the killings, was found in 1989 and detailed inEdvard Radzinsky's 1992 book,The Last Tsar. According to the note, on the night of the deaths, the family was awakened and told to dress. They were told they were being moved to a new location to ensure their safety in anticipation of the violence that might ensue when theWhite Armyreached Yekaterinburg. Once dressed, the family and the small circle of servants who had remained with them were herded into a small room in the house's sub-basement and told to wait. Alexandra and Alexei sat in chairs provided by guards at the Empress's request. After several minutes, the guards entered the room, led by Yurovsky, who quickly informed the Tsar and his family that they were to be executed. The Tsar had time to say only \"What?\" and turn to his family before he was killed by several bullets to the chest (not, as is commonly stated, to the head; his skull, recovered in 1991, bears no bullet wounds).The Tsarina and her daughter Olga tried to make the sign of the cross but were killed in the initial volley of bullets fired by the executioners. The rest of the Imperial retinue were shot in short order, with the exception ofAnna Demidova, Alexandra's maid. Demidova survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall of the basement while trying to defend herself with a small pillow she had carried into the sub-basement that was filled with precious gems and jewels. The \"Yurovsky Note\" further reported that once the thick smoke that had filled the room from so many weapons being fired in such close proximity cleared, it was discovered that the executioners' bullets had ricocheted off the corsets of two or three of the Grand Duchesses. The executioners later came to find out that this was because the family's crown jewels and diamonds had been sewn inside the linings of the corsets to hide them from their captors. The corsets thus served as a form of \"armor\" against the bullets. Anastasia and Maria were said to have crouched up against a wall, covering their heads in terror, until they were shot down by bullets, recalled Yurovsky. However, another guard, Peter Ermakov, told his wife that Anastasia had been finished off with bayonets. As the bodies were carried out, one or more of the girls cried out, and were clubbed on the back of the head, wrote Yurovsky. False reports of survival Anastasia's supposed escape and possible survival was one of the most popular historical mysteries of the 20th century, provoking many books and films. At least ten women claimed to be her, offering varying stories as to how she had survived.Anna Anderson, the best known Anastasiaimpostor, first surfaced publicly between 1920 and 1922. She contended that she had feigned death among the bodies of her family and servants, and was able to make her escape with the help of a compassionate guard who noticed she was still breathing and took sympathy upon her.Her legal battle for recognition from 1938 to 1970 continued a lifelong controversy and was the longest running case ever heard by the German courts, where it was officially filed. The final decision of the court was that Anderson had not provided sufficient proof to claim the identity of the grand duchess. Anderson died in 1984 and her body was cremated. DNA tests were conducted in 1994 on a tissue sample from Anderson located in a hospital and the blood ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a great-nephew of Empress Alexandra. According to Dr Gill who conducted the tests, \"If you accept that these samples came from Anna Anderson, then Anna Anderson could not be related to Tsar Nicholas or Tsarina Alexandra.\" Anderson'smitochondrial DNAwas a match with a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska, a missing Polish factory worker.Some supporters of Anderson's claim acknowledged that the DNA tests proving she could not have been the Grand Duchess had \"won the day\". Other lesser known claimants wereNadezhda Ivanovna VasilyevaandEugenia Smith.Two young women claiming to be Anastasia and her sister Maria were taken in by a priest in theUral Mountainsin 1919 where they lived as nuns until their deaths in 1964. They were buried under the names Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna. Rumors of Anastasia's survival were embellished with various contemporary reports of trains and houses being searched for \"Anastasia Romanov\" by Bolshevik soldiers and secret police.When she was briefly imprisoned atPermin 1918,Princess Helena Petrovna, the wife of Anastasia's distant cousin,Prince John Constantinovich of Russia, reported that a guard brought a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked if the girl was the daughter of the Tsar. Helena Petrovna said she did not recognize the girl and the guard took her away.Although other witnesses in Perm later reported that they saw Anastasia, her mother and sisters in Perm after the murders, this story is now widely discredited.Rumors that they were alive were fueled by deliberate misinformation designed to hide the fact that the family was dead. A few days after they had been murdered, the German government sent several telegrams to Russia demanding \"the safety of the princesses of German blood\". Russia had recently signed apeace treatywith the Germans, and did not want to upset them by letting them know the women were dead, so they told them they had been moved to a safer location. In another incident, eight witnesses reported the recapture of a young woman after an apparent escape attempt in September 1918 at a railway station at Siding 37, northwest of Perm. These witnesses were Maxim Grigoyev, Tatiana Sitnikova (and her son Fyodor Sitnikov), Ivan Kuklin and Matrina Kuklina, Vassily Ryabov, Ustinya Varankina, and Dr Pavel Utkin, a physician who treated the girl after the incident.Some of the witnesses identified the girl as Anastasia when they were shown photographs of the grand duchess byWhite RussianArmy investigators. Utkin also told the White Russian Army investigators that the injured girl, whom he treated atChekaheadquarters in Perm, told him, \"I am the daughter of the ruler, Anastasia.\" Utkin obtained a prescription from a pharmacy for a patient named \"N\" at the orders of the secret police. White Army investigators later independently located records for the prescription.During the same time period in mid-1918, there were several reports of young people in Russia passing themselves off as Romanov escapees.Boris Soloviev, the husband of Rasputin's daughterMaria, defrauded prominent Russian families by asking for money for a Romanov impostor to escape to China. Soloviev also found young women willing to masquerade as one of the grand duchesses to assist in deceiving the families he had defrauded. Some biographers' accounts speculated that the opportunity for one or more of the guards to rescue a survivor existed.Yakov Yurovskydemanded that the guards come to his office and turn over items they had stolen following the murder. There was reportedly a span of time when the bodies of the victims were left largely unattended in the truck, in the basement and in the corridor of the house. Some guards who had not participated in the murders and had been sympathetic to the grand duchesses were reportedly left in the basement with the bodies. Romanov graves and DNA proof In 1991, the presumed burial site of the imperial family and their servants was excavated in the woods outsideYekaterinburg. The grave had been found nearly a decade earlier, but was kept hidden by its discoverers from the Communists who were still ruling Russia at the time. The grave only held nine of the expected eleven sets of remains. DNA and skeletal analysis matched these remains to Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of the four grand duchesses (Olga, Tatiana and presumably Maria). The other remains, with unrelated DNA, correspond to the family's doctor (Yevgeny Botkin), their valet (Alexei Trupp), their cook (Ivan Kharitonov), and Alexandra's maid (Anna Demidova). Forensic expertWilliam R. Maplesfound that the Tsarevitch Alexei and Anastasia's bodies were missing from the family's grave. Russian scientists contested this conclusion, however, claiming it was the body of Maria that was missing. The Russians identified the body as that of Anastasia by using acomputer programto compare photos of the youngest grand duchess with the skulls of the victims from the mass grave. They estimated the height and width of the skulls where pieces of bone were missing. American scientists found this method inexact. American scientists thought the missing body to be Anastasia because none of the female skeletons showed the evidence of immaturity, such as an immature collarbone, undescendedwisdom teeth, or immature vertebrae in the back, that they would have expected to find in a seventeen-year-old. In 1998, when the remains of the imperial family were finally interred, a body measuring approximately 5'7\" was buried under the name of Anastasia. Photographs taken of her standing beside her three sisters up until six months before the murders demonstrate that Anastasia was several inches shorter than all of them. Her mother commented on sixteen-year-old Anastasia's short stature in a 15 December 1917 letter, written seven months before the murders. \"Anastasia, to her despair, is now very fat, as Maria was, round and fat to the waist, with short legs. I do hope she will grow.\"Scientists considered it unlikely that the teenager could have grown so much in the last months of her life. Her actual height was approximately 5'2\". The account of the \"Yurovsky Note\" indicated that two of the bodies were removed from the main grave and cremated at an undisclosed area in order to further disguise the burials of the Tsar and his retinue, if the remains were discovered by the Whites, since the body count would not be correct. Searches of the area in subsequent years failed to turn up a cremation site or the remains of the two missing Romanov children. However, on 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones were from a boy who was roughly between the ages of twelve and fifteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of fifteen and nineteen years old.Anastasia was seventeen years and one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old respectively at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found \"shards of a container ofsulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber\". The site was initially found withmetal detectorsand by using metal rods as probes. DNA testing by multiple international laboratories including theArmed Forces DNA Identification LaboratoryandInnsbruck Medical Universityconfirmed that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, proving conclusively that all family members, including Anastasia, died in 1918. The parents and all five children are now accounted for, and each has his or her own unique DNA profile.While the tests have confirmed that all the Romanov bodies have been found, one of the studies was still unsure which body from the two graves was Maria's and which was Anastasia's: a well publicized debate over which daughter, Maria (according to Russian experts) or Anastasia (according to US experts), has been recovered from the second grave cannot be settled based upon the DNA results reported here. In the absence of a DNA reference from each sister, we can only conclusively identify Alexei – the only son of Nicholas and Alexandra. Sainthood In 2000, Anastasia and her family werecanonizedaspassion bearersby theRussian Orthodox Church. The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by theRussian Orthodox Church Abroadasholy martyrs. The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were finally interred in the St. Catherine Chapel atSaints Peter and Paul Cathedral, St Petersburgon 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.As of 2018 the bones of Alexei and Maria (or possibly Anastasia) were still being held by the Orthodox Church. Depictions in art, media, and literature The purported survival of Anastasia has been the subject ofcinema(such as the1997 animated filmand the1956 filmthat inspired it starringIngrid BergmanandYul Brynner),made-for-televisionfilms, and aBroadway musical. The earliest, made in 1928, was calledClothes Make the Woman. The story followed a woman who turns up to play the part of a rescued Anastasia for a Hollywood film, and ends up being recognized by the Russian soldier who originally rescued her from her would-be assassins. Ancestry Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links",
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"Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia(Russian:Анастасия Николаевна Романова,romanized:Anastasiya Nikolaevna Romanova; 18 June 1901 – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter ofTsar Nicholas II, the last sovereign ofImperial Russia, and his wife,Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. Anastasia was the younger sister of Grand DuchessesOlga,Tatiana, andMaria(commonly known together as theOTMAsisters) and was the elder sister ofAlexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia. She wasmurdered with her familyby a group ofBolsheviksinYekaterinburgon 17 July 1918. Persistent rumors of her possible escape circulated after her death, fueled by the fact that the location of her burial was unknown during the decades ofcommunistrule. The abandoned mine serving as a mass grave nearYekaterinburgwhich held the acidified remains of the Tsar, his wife, and three of their daughters was revealed in 1991. These remains were put to rest atPeter and Paul Fortressin 1998. The bodies of Alexei and",
"of Alexei and the remaining daughter—either Anastasia or her older sister Maria—were discovered in 2007. Her purported survival has been conclusively disproven. Scientific analysis includingDNA testingconfirmed that the remains are those of theimperial family, showing that Anastasia was killed alongside her family. Several women falsely claimed to have been Anastasia; the best known impostor wasAnna Anderson. Anderson's body was cremated upon her death in 1984; DNA testing in 1994 on pieces of Anderson's tissue and hair showed no relation to the Romanov family. Contents Biography Early years Anastasia was born on 18 June 1901. She was the fourth daughter ofTsar Nicholas IIandTsarina Alexandra. When she was born, her parents and extended family were disappointed that she was a girl. They had hoped for a son who would have becomeheir apparentto the throne. Her father went for a long walk to compose himself before going to visit his wife and their newborn child for the first time.Her paternal auntGrand Duchess",
"auntGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russiasaid, \"My God! What a disappointment!... a fourth girl!\"Her first cousin twice removedGrand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovichwrote, \"Forgive us, Lord, if we all felt disappointment instead of joy. We were so hoping for a boy, and it's a daughter.\"The travel writerBurton Holmeswrote, \"Nicholas would part with half his Empire in exchange for one Imperial boy.\" Anastasia was named for the fourth-century martyrSt. Anastasia.\"Anastasia\" is a Greek name (Αναστασία), meaning \"of the resurrection\", a fact often alluded to later in stories about her rumored survival. Anastasia's title is most precisely translated as \"Grand Princess\". \"Grand Duchess\" became the most widely used translation of the title into English from Russian. The Tsar's children were raised as simply as possible. They slept on hard camp cots without pillows, except when they were ill, took cold baths in the morning, and were expected to tidy their rooms and do needlework to be sold at various charity",
"at various charity events when they were not otherwise occupied. Most in the household, including the servants, generally called the Grand Duchess by her first name andpatronym, \"Anastasia Nikolaevna\", and did not use her title or style. She was occasionally called by the French version of her name, \"Anastasie\", or by the Russian nicknames \"Nastasya\", \"Nastya\", \"Nastas\", or \"Nastenka\". Other family nicknames for Anastasia were \"Malenkaya\", meaning \"little (one)\" in Russian,or \"Shvybzik\", meaning \"merry little one\"or \"little mischief\"inGerman. Anastasia and her older sister Maria were known within the family as \"The Little Pair\". The two girls shared a room, often wore variations of the same dress, and spent much of their time together. Their older sisters Olga and Tatiana also shared a room and were known as \"The Big Pair\". The four girls sometimes signed letters using the nicknameOTMA, which derived from the first letters of their first names. DNA testing on the remains of the imperial family proved",
"family proved conclusively in 2009 that Anastasia’s younger brother, Alexei, suffered fromHemophilia B, a rare form of the disease. His mother and one sister, identified alternatively as Maria or Anastasia, were carriers. Symptomatic carriers of the gene, while not hemophiliacs themselves, can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normalblood-clottingfactor that can lead to heavy bleeding.If Anastasia lived to have children of her own, it is genetically probable that they would have been afflicted by the disease. Appearance and personality Anastasia was short and inclined to be chubby, and she had blue eyesand blonde hair.BaronessSophie Buxhoeveden, her mother's lady-in-waiting, reflected that \"her features were regular and finely cut. She had fair hair, fine eyes, with impish laughter in their depths, and dark eyebrows that nearly met.\"Buxhoeveden believed that Anastasia resembled her mother, saying that she \"was more like her mother's than her father's family. She was rather short even at",
"short even at seventeen, and was, then decidedly fat, but it was the fatness of youth. She would have outgrown it, as had her sister Marie.\" Anastasia was a vivacious and energetic child.Margaretta Eagar, a governess to the four grand duchesses, said one person commented that the toddler Anastasia had the greatest personal charm of any child she had ever seen. While often described as gifted and bright, she was never interested in the restrictions of the school room, according to her tutorsPierre GilliardandSydney Gibbes. Gibbes, Gilliard, andladies-in-waitingLili DehnandAnna Vyrubovadescribed Anastasia as lively, mischievous, and a gifted actress. Her sharp, witty remarks sometimes hit sensitive spots.However, she was also very amusing: \"Even as a baby she had entertained grave old men, who were her neighbors at table, with her astonishing remarks.\" Anastasia's daring occasionally exceeded the limits of acceptable behavior. \"She undoubtedly held the record for punishable deeds in her family, for in",
"her family, for in naughtiness she was a true genius\", saidGleb Botkin, son of the court physicianYevgeny Botkin, who later died with the family at Yekaterinburg.Anastasia sometimes tripped the servants and played pranks on her tutors. As a child, she would climb trees and refuse to come down. Once, during asnowball fightat the family's Polish estate, Anastasia rolled a rock into a snowball and threw it at her older sister Tatiana, knocking her to the ground.A distant cousin,Princess Nina Georgievna, recalled that \"Anastasia was nasty to the point of being evil\", and would cheat, kick and scratch her playmates during games; she was affronted because the younger Nina was taller than she was.She was less concerned about her appearance than her sisters.Hallie Erminie Rives, a best-selling American author and wife of an American diplomat, described how 10-year-old Anastasia ate chocolates without bothering to remove her long, whiteopera glovesat the St. Petersburg opera house. Despite her energy, Anastasia's",
"energy, Anastasia's physical health was sometimes poor. The Grand Duchess suffered from painfulbunions, which affected both of her big toes.Anastasia had a weak muscle in her back and was prescribed twice-weekly massage. She hid under the bed or in a cupboard to put off the massage.Anastasia's older sister, Maria, reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils, according to her paternal auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, who was interviewed later in her life. The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Maria's mother. Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of thehemophiliagene, like their mother. Association with Grigori Rasputin Her mother relied on the counsel ofGrigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wanderingstaretsor \"holy man,\" and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions. Anastasia and her",
"Anastasia and her siblings were taught to view Rasputin as \"Our Friend\" and to share confidences with him. In the autumn of 1907, Anastasia's auntGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russiawas escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin. Anastasia, her sisters and brother Alexei were all wearing their long white nightgowns. \"All the children seemed to like him,\" Olga Alexandrovna recalled. \"They were completely at ease with him.\"Rasputin's friendship with the imperial children was evident in some of the messages he sent to them. In February 1909, Rasputin sent the imperial children a telegram, advising them to \"Love the whole of God's nature, the whole of His creation in particular this earth. The Mother of God was always occupied with flowers and needlework.\" However, one of the girls' governesses,Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva, was horrified in 1910 that Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns and wanted him barred. Nicholas asked Rasputin to avoid going",
"to avoid going to the nurseries in the future. The children were aware of the tension and feared that their mother would be angered by Tyutcheva's actions. \"I am so afr(aid) that S.I. (governess Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva) can speak ... about our friend something bad,\" Anastasia's twelve-year-old sister Tatiana wrote to their mother on 8 March 1910. \"I hope our nurse will be nice to our friend now.\" Tyutcheva was eventually fired. She took her story to other members of the family.While Rasputin's visits to the children were, by all accounts, completely innocent in nature, the family was scandalized. Tyutcheva told Nicholas's sister,Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, that Rasputin visited the girls, talked with them while they were getting ready for bed, and hugged and patted them. Tyutcheva said the children had been taught not to discuss Rasputin with her and were careful to hide his visits from the nursery staff. Xenia wrote on 15 March 1910, that she could not understand \"...the attitude of Alix",
"attitude of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory (whom they consider to be almost a saint, when in fact he's only akhlyst!)\" In the spring of 1910, Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova, a royal governess, claimed that Rasputin had raped her. Vishnyakova said the empress refused to believe her account of the assault, and insisted that \"everything Rasputin does is holy.\"Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova's claim had been immediately investigated, but instead \"they caught the young woman in bed with aCossackof the Imperial Guard.\" Vishnyakova was kept from seeing Rasputin after she made her accusation and was eventually dismissed from her post in 1913. However, rumors persisted and it was later whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four grand duchesses.This was followed by circulation ofpornographic cartoons, which depicted Rasputin having relations with the Empress, her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova.After the scandal, Nicholas ordered",
"Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time, much to Alexandra's displeasure, and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage toPalestine.Despite the rumors, the imperial family's association with Rasputin continued until his murder on 17 December 1916. \"Our Friend is so contented with our girlies, says they have gone through heavy 'courses' for their age and their souls have much developed\", Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on 6 December 1916. In his memoirs, A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared \"cold and visibly terribly upset\" by Rasputin's death, and sat \"huddled up closely together\" on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news. Mordvinov recalled that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed.Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on its reverse by Anastasia, her mother and her sisters. She attended his funeral on 21 December 1916, and her family planned to build a church over the",
"a church over the site of Rasputin's grave.After they were killed by the Bolsheviks, it was discovered Anastasia and her sisters were all wearing amulets bearing Rasputin's picture and a prayer. Captivity during World War I and Russian Revolution During World War I, Anastasia, along with her sister Maria, visited wounded soldiers at aprivate hospitalin the grounds atTsarskoye Selo. The two teenagers, too young to becomeRed Crossnurses like their mother and elder sisters, played games ofcheckersandbilliardswith the soldiers and tried to lift their spirits. Felix Dassel, who was treated at the hospital and knew Anastasia, recalled that the grand duchess had a \"laugh like a squirrel\", and walked rapidly \"as though shetrippedalong.\" In February 1917, Anastasia and her family were placed underhouse arrestat theAlexander Palacein Tsarskoye Selo during theRussian Revolution. Nicholas II abdicated on 15 March 1917. As theBolsheviksapproached,Alexander Kerenskyof theProvisional Governmenthad them moved",
"them moved toTobolsk,Siberia, where they were housed in theGovernor's Mansion.After the Bolsheviks seized majority control of Russia, Anastasia and her family were moved to theIpatiev House, or House of Special Purpose, atYekaterinburg. The stress and uncertainty of captivity took their toll on Anastasia as well as her family. \"Goodby \", she wrote to a friend in the winter of 1917. \"Don't forget us.\"At Tobolsk, she wrote a melancholy theme for her English tutor, filled with spelling mistakes, about \"Evelyn Hope\", a poem byRobert Browningabout a girl: \"When she died she was only sixteen years old ... Ther(e) was a man who loved her without having seen her but (k)new her very well. And she he(a)rd of him also. He never could tell her that he loved her, and now she was dead. But still he thought that when he and she will live next life whenever it will be that ...\", she wrote. Upon arriving in Yekaterinburg, Pierre Gilliard recalled his last sight of the children: \"The sailor Nagorny, who attended to Alexei",
"attended to Alexei Nikolaevitch, passed my window carrying the sick boy in his arms, behind him came the Grand Duchesses loaded with valises and small personal belongings. I tried to get out, but was roughly pushed back into the carriage by the sentry. I came back to the window. Tatiana Nikolayevna came last carrying her little dog and struggling to drag a heavy brown valise. It was raining and I saw her feet sink into the mud at every step. Nagorny tried to come to her assistance; he was roughly pushed back by one of the commisars ...\" Baroness Sophie Buxhoevedentold of her sad last glimpse of Anastasia: \"Once, standing on some steps at the door of a house close by, I saw a hand and a pink-sleeved arm opening the topmost pane. According to the blouse the hand must have belonged either to the Grand Duchess Marie or Anastasia. They could not see me through their windows, and this was to be the last glimpse that I was to have of any of them!\" However, even in the last months of her life, she found ways to",
"she found ways to enjoy herself. She and other members of the household performed plays for the enjoyment of their parents and others in the spring of 1918. Anastasia's performance made everyone howl with laughter, according to her tutor Sydney Gibbes. On 7 May 1918, in a letter fromTobolskto her sister Maria in Yekaterinburg, Anastasia described a moment of joy despite her sadness and loneliness and worry for the sick Alexei: \"We played on the swing, that was when I roared with laughter, the fall was so wonderful! Indeed! I told the sisters about it so many times yesterday that they got quite fed up, but I could go on telling it masses of times ... What weather we've had! One could simply shout with joy.\" In his memoirs, one of the guards at the Ipatiev House, Alexander Strekotin, remembered Anastasia as \"very friendly and full of fun\", while another guard said Anastasia was \"a very charming devil! She was mischievous and, I think, rarely tired. She was lively, and was fond of performing comic mimes with",
"comic mimes with the dogs, as though they were performing in a circus.\"Yet another of the guards, however, called the youngest grand duchess \"offensive and a terrorist\" and complained that her occasionally provocative comments sometimes caused tension in the ranks.Anastasia and her sisters helped their maid darn stockings and assisted the cook in making bread and other kitchen chores while they were in captivity at the Ipatiev House. In the summer, the privations of the captivity, including their closer confinement at the Ipatiev House negatively affected the family. On 14 July 1918, local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family. They reported that Anastasia and her family, contrary to custom, fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead, and that the girls had become despondent and hopeless, and no longer sang the replies in the service. Noticing this dramatic change in their demeanor since his last visit, one priest told the other, \"Something has happened to them in",
"happened to them in there.\"But the next day, on 15 July 1918, Anastasia and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked and helped move the beds in their shared bedroom so that cleaning women could clean the floors. They helped the women scrub the floors and whispered to them when the guards were not watching. Anastasia stuck her tongue out atYakov Yurovsky, the head of the detachment, when he momentarily turned his back and left the room. Death After theBolshevik revolutionin October 1917, Russia quickly disintegrated intocivil war. Negotiations for the release of the Romanovs between their Bolshevik (commonly referred to as 'Reds') captors and their extended family, many of whom were prominent members of the royal houses of Europe, stalled.As the Whites (anti-Bolshevik forces, although not necessarily supportive of the Tsar) advanced toward Yekaterinburg, the Reds were in a precarious situation. The Reds knew Yekaterinburg would fall to the better manned and equippedWhite Army. When the Whites",
"When the Whites reached Yekaterinburg, the imperial family had simply disappeared. The most widely accepted account was that the family had been murdered. This was due to an investigation by White Army investigator Nicholas Sokolov, who came to the conclusion based on items that had belonged to the family being found thrown down a mine shaft atGanina Yama. The \"Yurovsky Note\", an account of the event filed by Yurovsky to his Bolshevik superiors following the killings, was found in 1989 and detailed inEdvard Radzinsky's 1992 book,The Last Tsar. According to the note, on the night of the deaths, the family was awakened and told to dress. They were told they were being moved to a new location to ensure their safety in anticipation of the violence that might ensue when theWhite Armyreached Yekaterinburg. Once dressed, the family and the small circle of servants who had remained with them were herded into a small room in the house's sub-basement and told to wait. Alexandra and Alexei sat in chairs provided by",
"chairs provided by guards at the Empress's request. After several minutes, the guards entered the room, led by Yurovsky, who quickly informed the Tsar and his family that they were to be executed. The Tsar had time to say only \"What?\" and turn to his family before he was killed by several bullets to the chest (not, as is commonly stated, to the head; his skull, recovered in 1991, bears no bullet wounds).The Tsarina and her daughter Olga tried to make the sign of the cross but were killed in the initial volley of bullets fired by the executioners. The rest of the Imperial retinue were shot in short order, with the exception ofAnna Demidova, Alexandra's maid. Demidova survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall of the basement while trying to defend herself with a small pillow she had carried into the sub-basement that was filled with precious gems and jewels. The \"Yurovsky Note\" further reported that once the thick smoke that had filled the room from so many weapons",
"so many weapons being fired in such close proximity cleared, it was discovered that the executioners' bullets had ricocheted off the corsets of two or three of the Grand Duchesses. The executioners later came to find out that this was because the family's crown jewels and diamonds had been sewn inside the linings of the corsets to hide them from their captors. The corsets thus served as a form of \"armor\" against the bullets. Anastasia and Maria were said to have crouched up against a wall, covering their heads in terror, until they were shot down by bullets, recalled Yurovsky. However, another guard, Peter Ermakov, told his wife that Anastasia had been finished off with bayonets. As the bodies were carried out, one or more of the girls cried out, and were clubbed on the back of the head, wrote Yurovsky. False reports of survival Anastasia's supposed escape and possible survival was one of the most popular historical mysteries of the 20th century, provoking many books and films. At least ten women claimed to",
"women claimed to be her, offering varying stories as to how she had survived.Anna Anderson, the best known Anastasiaimpostor, first surfaced publicly between 1920 and 1922. She contended that she had feigned death among the bodies of her family and servants, and was able to make her escape with the help of a compassionate guard who noticed she was still breathing and took sympathy upon her.Her legal battle for recognition from 1938 to 1970 continued a lifelong controversy and was the longest running case ever heard by the German courts, where it was officially filed. The final decision of the court was that Anderson had not provided sufficient proof to claim the identity of the grand duchess. Anderson died in 1984 and her body was cremated. DNA tests were conducted in 1994 on a tissue sample from Anderson located in a hospital and the blood ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a great-nephew of Empress Alexandra. According to Dr Gill who conducted the tests, \"If you accept that these samples came from Anna",
"came from Anna Anderson, then Anna Anderson could not be related to Tsar Nicholas or Tsarina Alexandra.\" Anderson'smitochondrial DNAwas a match with a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska, a missing Polish factory worker.Some supporters of Anderson's claim acknowledged that the DNA tests proving she could not have been the Grand Duchess had \"won the day\". Other lesser known claimants wereNadezhda Ivanovna VasilyevaandEugenia Smith.Two young women claiming to be Anastasia and her sister Maria were taken in by a priest in theUral Mountainsin 1919 where they lived as nuns until their deaths in 1964. They were buried under the names Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna. Rumors of Anastasia's survival were embellished with various contemporary reports of trains and houses being searched for \"Anastasia Romanov\" by Bolshevik soldiers and secret police.When she was briefly imprisoned atPermin 1918,Princess Helena Petrovna, the wife of Anastasia's distant cousin,Prince John Constantinovich of Russia, reported that a",
"reported that a guard brought a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked if the girl was the daughter of the Tsar. Helena Petrovna said she did not recognize the girl and the guard took her away.Although other witnesses in Perm later reported that they saw Anastasia, her mother and sisters in Perm after the murders, this story is now widely discredited.Rumors that they were alive were fueled by deliberate misinformation designed to hide the fact that the family was dead. A few days after they had been murdered, the German government sent several telegrams to Russia demanding \"the safety of the princesses of German blood\". Russia had recently signed apeace treatywith the Germans, and did not want to upset them by letting them know the women were dead, so they told them they had been moved to a safer location. In another incident, eight witnesses reported the recapture of a young woman after an apparent escape attempt in September 1918 at a railway station at Siding 37, northwest of",
"37, northwest of Perm. These witnesses were Maxim Grigoyev, Tatiana Sitnikova (and her son Fyodor Sitnikov), Ivan Kuklin and Matrina Kuklina, Vassily Ryabov, Ustinya Varankina, and Dr Pavel Utkin, a physician who treated the girl after the incident.Some of the witnesses identified the girl as Anastasia when they were shown photographs of the grand duchess byWhite RussianArmy investigators. Utkin also told the White Russian Army investigators that the injured girl, whom he treated atChekaheadquarters in Perm, told him, \"I am the daughter of the ruler, Anastasia.\" Utkin obtained a prescription from a pharmacy for a patient named \"N\" at the orders of the secret police. White Army investigators later independently located records for the prescription.During the same time period in mid-1918, there were several reports of young people in Russia passing themselves off as Romanov escapees.Boris Soloviev, the husband of Rasputin's daughterMaria, defrauded prominent Russian families by asking for money for a Romanov",
"money for a Romanov impostor to escape to China. Soloviev also found young women willing to masquerade as one of the grand duchesses to assist in deceiving the families he had defrauded. Some biographers' accounts speculated that the opportunity for one or more of the guards to rescue a survivor existed.Yakov Yurovskydemanded that the guards come to his office and turn over items they had stolen following the murder. There was reportedly a span of time when the bodies of the victims were left largely unattended in the truck, in the basement and in the corridor of the house. Some guards who had not participated in the murders and had been sympathetic to the grand duchesses were reportedly left in the basement with the bodies. Romanov graves and DNA proof In 1991, the presumed burial site of the imperial family and their servants was excavated in the woods outsideYekaterinburg. The grave had been found nearly a decade earlier, but was kept hidden by its discoverers from the Communists who were still ruling",
"were still ruling Russia at the time. The grave only held nine of the expected eleven sets of remains. DNA and skeletal analysis matched these remains to Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of the four grand duchesses (Olga, Tatiana and presumably Maria). The other remains, with unrelated DNA, correspond to the family's doctor (Yevgeny Botkin), their valet (Alexei Trupp), their cook (Ivan Kharitonov), and Alexandra's maid (Anna Demidova). Forensic expertWilliam R. Maplesfound that the Tsarevitch Alexei and Anastasia's bodies were missing from the family's grave. Russian scientists contested this conclusion, however, claiming it was the body of Maria that was missing. The Russians identified the body as that of Anastasia by using acomputer programto compare photos of the youngest grand duchess with the skulls of the victims from the mass grave. They estimated the height and width of the skulls where pieces of bone were missing. American scientists found this method inexact. American scientists",
"American scientists thought the missing body to be Anastasia because none of the female skeletons showed the evidence of immaturity, such as an immature collarbone, undescendedwisdom teeth, or immature vertebrae in the back, that they would have expected to find in a seventeen-year-old. In 1998, when the remains of the imperial family were finally interred, a body measuring approximately 5'7\" was buried under the name of Anastasia. Photographs taken of her standing beside her three sisters up until six months before the murders demonstrate that Anastasia was several inches shorter than all of them. Her mother commented on sixteen-year-old Anastasia's short stature in a 15 December 1917 letter, written seven months before the murders. \"Anastasia, to her despair, is now very fat, as Maria was, round and fat to the waist, with short legs. I do hope she will grow.\"Scientists considered it unlikely that the teenager could have grown so much in the last months of her life. Her actual height was approximately 5'2\".",
"approximately 5'2\". The account of the \"Yurovsky Note\" indicated that two of the bodies were removed from the main grave and cremated at an undisclosed area in order to further disguise the burials of the Tsar and his retinue, if the remains were discovered by the Whites, since the body count would not be correct. Searches of the area in subsequent years failed to turn up a cremation site or the remains of the two missing Romanov children. However, on 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones were from a boy who was roughly between the ages of twelve and fifteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of fifteen and nineteen years old.Anastasia was seventeen years and one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and",
"one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old respectively at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found \"shards of a container ofsulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber\". The site was initially found withmetal detectorsand by using metal rods as probes. DNA testing by multiple international laboratories including theArmed Forces DNA Identification LaboratoryandInnsbruck Medical Universityconfirmed that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, proving conclusively that all family members, including Anastasia, died in 1918. The parents and all five children are now accounted for, and each has his or her own unique DNA profile.While the tests have confirmed that all the Romanov bodies have been found, one of the studies was still unsure which body from the two graves",
"from the two graves was Maria's and which was Anastasia's: a well publicized debate over which daughter, Maria (according to Russian experts) or Anastasia (according to US experts), has been recovered from the second grave cannot be settled based upon the DNA results reported here. In the absence of a DNA reference from each sister, we can only conclusively identify Alexei – the only son of Nicholas and Alexandra. Sainthood In 2000, Anastasia and her family werecanonizedaspassion bearersby theRussian Orthodox Church. The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by theRussian Orthodox Church Abroadasholy martyrs. The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were finally interred in the St. Catherine Chapel atSaints Peter and Paul Cathedral, St Petersburgon 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.As of 2018 the bones of Alexei and Maria (or possibly Anastasia) were still being held by the Orthodox Church. Depictions in art, media, and literature The purported",
"The purported survival of Anastasia has been the subject ofcinema(such as the1997 animated filmand the1956 filmthat inspired it starringIngrid BergmanandYul Brynner),made-for-televisionfilms, and aBroadway musical. The earliest, made in 1928, was calledClothes Make the Woman. The story followed a woman who turns up to play the part of a rescued Anastasia for a Hollywood film, and ends up being recognized by the Russian soldier who originally rescued her from her would-be assassins. Ancestry Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film"
] |
How old were the founders of the firm that designed the Empire State Building when construction on the building began? | Richmond Shreve was 52 years old and William Lamb was 46 years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreve,_Lamb_%26_Harmon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Shreve | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Lamb | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreve,_Lamb_%26_Harmon', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Shreve', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Lamb'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreve,_Lamb_%26_Harmon",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Shreve",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Lamb"
] | [
"Empire State Building TheEmpire State Buildingis a 102-storyArt Decoskyscraper in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City. The building was designed byShreve, Lamb & Harmonand built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from \"Empire State\", thenicknameof the state ofNew York. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including itsantenna. The Empire State Building was the world's tallest building until the first tower of theWorld Trade Centerwastopped out in 1970; following theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building was New York City's tallest building until it was surpassed in 2012 byOne World Trade Center. As of 2022, the building is theseventh-tallest building in New York City, theninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, and the54th-tallest in the world. The site of the Empire State Building, on the west side ofFifth Avenuebetween West33rdand34th Streets, was developed in 1893 as theWaldorf–Astoria Hotel. In 1929, Empire State Inc. acquired the site and devised plans for a skyscraper there. The design for the Empire State Building was changed fifteen times until it was ensured to be the world's tallest building. Construction started on March 17, 1930, and the building opened thirteen and a half months afterward on May 1, 1931. Despite favorable publicity related to the building's construction, because of theGreat DepressionandWorld War II, its owners did not make a profit until the early 1950s. The building'sArt Deco architecture, height, andobservation deckshave made it a popular attraction. Around four million tourists from around the world annually visit the building's 86th- and 102nd-floor observatories; an additional indoor observatory on the 80th floor opened in 2019. The Empire State Building is an internationalcultural icon: it has been featured in more than 250 television series and films since the filmKing Kongwas released in 1933. The building's size has been used as a standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. A symbol of New York City, the building has been named as one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldby theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers. It was ranked first on theAmerican Institute of Architects' List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecturein 2007. Additionally, the Empire State Building and its ground-floor interior were designated city landmarks by theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionin 1980, and were added to theNational Register of Historic Placesas aNational Historic Landmarkin 1986. Site The Empire State Building is located on the west side ofFifth Avenue, between33rd Streetto the south and34th Streetto the north, in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City.Tenants enter the building through theArt Decolobby located at 350 Fifth Avenue. Visitors to the observatories use an entrance at 20 West 34th Street; prior to August 2018, visitors entered through the Fifth Avenue lobby.Although physically located in South Midtown,a mixed residential and commercial area,the building is so large that it was assigned its ownZIP Code, 10118;as of 2012, it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that have their own ZIP codes. The areas surrounding the Empire State Building are home to other major points of interest, includingMacy'satHerald SquareonSixth Avenueand 34th Street,andKoreatownon 32nd Street betweenMadisonand Sixth avenues.To the east of the Empire State Building isMurray Hill,a neighborhood with a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment activity.The block directly to the northeast contains theB. Altman and Company Building, which houses theCity University of New York'sGraduate Center.The nearestNew York City Subwaystations are34th Street–Herald Square, one block west, and33rd StreetatPark Avenue, two blocks east; there is also aPATHstation at33rd Street and Sixth Avenue. Architecture The Empire State Building was designed byShreve, Lamb and Harmonin theArt Decostyle.The Empire State Building is 1,250 ft (381 m) tall to its 102nd floor, or1,453 feet8+9⁄16inches (443.092 m) including its 203-foot (61.9 m) pinnacle.It was the first building in the world to be more than 100 stories tall,though only the lowest 86 stories are usable. The first through 85th floors contain 2.158 million square feet (200,500 m2) of commercial and office space, while the 86th floor contains an observatory.The remaining 16 stories are part of the spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd floor; the spire does not contain any intermediate levels and is used mostly for mechanical purposes.Atop the 102nd story is the 203 ft (61.9 m) pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with alightning rod. Form The Empire State Building has a symmetricalmassingbecause of its large lot and relatively short base. Itsarticulationconsists of three horizontal sections—a base, shaft, andcapital—similar to the components of acolumn.The five-story base occupies the entire lot, while the 81-story shaft above it isset backsharply from the base.The setback above the 5th story is 60 feet (18 m) deep on all sides.There are smaller setbacks on the upper stories, allowing sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors while also positioning these floors away from the noisy streets below.The setbacks are located at the 21st, 25th, 30th, 72nd, 81st, and 85th stories.The setbacks correspond to the tops of elevator shafts, allowing interior spaces to be at most 28 feet (8.5 m) deep (see§ Interior). The setbacks were mandated by the1916 Zoning Resolution, which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well.Normally, a building of the Empire State's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on the 33rd Street and 34th Street sides, before it would have to utilize setbacks.However, with the largest setback being located above the base, the tower stories could contain a uniform shape.According to architectural writerRobert A. M. Stern, the building's form contrasted with the nearly contemporary, similarly designed500 Fifth Avenueeight blocks north, which had an asymmetrical massing on a smaller lot. Facade The Empire State Building's Art Deco design is typical of pre–World War II architecture in New York City.Thefacadeis clad inIndiana limestonepanels made by the Indiana Limestone Companyand sourced from a quarry in south-central Indiana;the panels give the building its signature blonde color.According to official fact sheets, the facade uses 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3) of limestone and granite, ten million bricks, and 730 short tons (650 long tons) of aluminum and stainless steel.The building also contains 6,514 windows.The decorative features on the facade are largely geometric, in contrast with earlier buildings, whose decorations often were intended to represent a specific narrative. The main entrance, composed of three sets of metal doors, is at the center of the facade's Fifth Avenueelevation, flanked by molded piers that are topped with eagles. Above the main entrance is atransom, a triple-height transom window with geometric patterns, and the golden letters \"Empire State\" above the fifth-floor windows.There are two entrances each on 33rd and 34th streets, with modernistic,stainless steelcanopies projecting from the entrances on 33rd and 34th streets there. Above the secondary entrances are triple windows, less elaborate in design than those on Fifth Avenue. The storefronts on the first floor contain aluminum-framed doors and windows within a black granite cladding.The second through fourth stories consist of windows alternating with wide stonepiersand narrower stonemullions. The fifth story contains windows alternating with wide and narrow mullions, and is topped by a horizontal stone sill. The facade of the tower stories is split into several verticalbayson each side, with windows projecting slightly from the limestone cladding. The bays are arranged into sets of one, two, or three windows on each floor.The bays are separated by alternating narrow and wide piers, the inclusion of which may have been influenced by the design of the contemporaryDaily News Building.The windows in each bay are separated by vertical nickel-chrome steelmullionsand connected by horizontal aluminumspandrelsbetween each floor.The windows are placed within stainless-steel frames, which saved money by eliminating the need to apply a stonefinisharound the windows. In addition, the use of aluminum spandrels obviated the need for cross-bonding, which would have been required if stone had been used instead. Lights The building was originally equipped with whitesearchlightsat the top. They were first used in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt's victory over Hoover in thepresidential election of that year.These were later swapped for four \"Freedom Lights\" in 1956.In February 1964, flood lights were added on the 72nd floorto illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year.The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of theenergy crisisat the time.In 1976, the businessmanDouglas Leighsuggested that Wien and Helmsley install 204metal-halide lights, which were four times as bright as the 1,000 incandescent lights they were to replace.New red, white, and blue metal-halide lights were installed in time for the country'sbicentennialthat July.After the bicentennial, Helmsley retained the new lights due to the reduced maintenance cost, about $116 a year. Since October 12, 1977, the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays.Organizations are allowed to make requests through the building's website.The building is also lit in the colors of New York-based sports teams on nights when they host games: for example, orange, blue, and white for theNew York Knicks; red, white, and blue for theNew York Rangers.The spire can also be lit to commemorate events including disasters, anniversaries, or deaths, as well as for celebrations such asPrideandHalloween. In 1998, the building was lit in blue after the death of singerFrank Sinatra, who was nicknamed \"Ol' Blue Eyes\". The structure was lit in red, white, and blue for several months after thecollapse of the World Trade CenteronSeptember 11, 2001.On January 13, 2012, the building was lit in red, orange, and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of theNBCprogramThe Today Show.After retired basketball playerKobe Bryant'sJanuary 2020 death, the building was lit in purple and gold, signifying the colors of his former team, theLos Angeles Lakers.The evening after iconic actorJames Earl Jonesdied, September 9, 2024, the building was lit up to look like Jones's iconicDarth Vadervillain from “Star Wars.” In addition to lightings, the Empire State Building is able to do immersive visual projections on the building's exterior. It partnered with Netflix in May 2022 to celebrate the return ofStranger Thingsfourth season by projecting the Upside Down onto the Empire State Building. In 2012, the building's four hundredmetal halidelamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200LEDfixtures, increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million.The computer-controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels.For instance,CNNused the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard during the2012 United States presidential election, using red and blue lights to representRepublicanandDemocraticelectoral votes respectively.Also, on November 26, 2012, the building had its first synchronized light show, using music from recording artistAlicia Keys.Artists such as Eminem and OneRepublic have been featured in later shows, including the building's annual Holiday Music-to-Lights Show.The building's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights; for instance, they do not use the lights to play advertisements. Interior According to official fact sheets, the Empire State Building weighs 365,000 short tons (331,122 t) and has an internal volume of 37 million cubic feet (1,000,000 m3).The interior required 1,172 miles (1,886 km) of elevator cable and 2 million feet (609,600 m) of electrical wires.It has a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft (257,211 m2), and each of the floors in the base cover 2 acres (1 ha).This gives the building capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors. Therivetedsteel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building's gravitational stresses andwind loads.The amount of material used in the building's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to otherskyscrapers, with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot (2.0 kPa) versus theWillis Tower's 33 pounds per square foot (1.6 kPa) and theJohn Hancock Center's 26 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa).A December 1930 feature inPopular Mechanicsestimated that a building with the Empire State's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons (45 long tons). Utilities are grouped in a central shaft.On the 6th through 86th stories, the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides.Per the final specifications of the building, the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet (8.5 m) deep, maximizing office space at a time before air conditioning became commonplace.Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it, which provide structural stability but limits the amount of open space on these floors.The relative dearth of stone in the Empire State Building allows for more space overall, with a 1:200 stone-to-building ratio compared to a 1:50 ratio in similar buildings. Lobby The original main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue, on the building's east side, and is the only place in the building where the design contains narrative motifs.It contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair ofrevolving doors. At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif depicting one of three \"crafts or industries\" used in the building's construction—Electricity, Masonry, and Heating.The three-story-high space runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets.The lobby contains two tiers of marble: awainscotingof darker marble, topped by lighter marble. There is a pattern of zigzaggingterrazzotiles on the lobby floor, which leads from east to west.To the north and south are storefronts, which are flanked by tubes of dark rounded marble and topped by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble.Until the 1960s, there was aLongchampsrestaurant next to the lobby, with six oval murals designed byWinold Reiss; these murals were placed in storage when the Longchamps closed. The western ends of the north and south walls include escalators to a mezzanine level.At the west end of the lobby, behind the security desk, is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was originally built (without the antenna).The relief, which was intended to provide a welcoming effect,contains an embossed outline of the building, with rays radiating from the spire and the sun behind it.In the background is a state map of New York with the building's location marked by a \"medallion\" in the very southeast portion of the outline. A compass is depicted in the bottom right and a plaque to the building's major developers is on the bottom left.A scale model of the building was also placed south of the security desk. The plaque at the western end of the lobby is on the eastern interior wall of a one-story-tall rectangular-shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators, with a similar design to the lobby.The rectangular-shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle,as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side.At both ends of the northern and southern corridors, there is a bank of four low-rise elevators in between the corridors.The western side of the rectangular elevator-bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance. It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators (originally stairs), which go both to the second floor and to the basement. Going from west to east, there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from the northern and southern corridors, respectively.The side entrances from 33rd and 34th Street lead to two-story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel-and-glass-enclosed bridges at the mezzanine floor. Until the 1960s, anArt Decomural, inspired by both the sky and theMachine Age, was installed in the lobby ceilings.Subsequent damage to these murals, designed by artist Leif Neandross, resulted in reproductions being installed. Renovations to the lobby in 2009, such as replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with ananemometerand installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it originally opened, revived much of its original grandeur.The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels created in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov, in time for the1964 World's Fair, depicting the building as theEighth Wonder of the Worldalongside the traditional seven.The building's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artistKysa Johnsonin the concourse level. Johnson later filed a federal lawsuit, in January 2014, under theVisual Artists Rights Actalleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist.As part of the building's 2010 renovation,Denise Amsescommissioned a work consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles, superimposed on a 13-by-5-foot (4.0 by 1.5 m)etched-glassinstallation, in the lobby. Elevators The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all, including service elevators.Its original 64 elevators, built by theOtis Elevator Company,in a central core and are of varying heights, with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor.As originally built, there were four \"express\" elevators that connected the lobby, 80th floor, and several landings in between; the other 60 \"local\" elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings.Of the 64 total elevators, 58 were for passenger use (comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators), and eight were for freight deliveries.The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min). At the time of the skyscraper's construction, their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute (213 m/min) per city law, but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened. Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it, as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved.The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011, when they were replaced with automatic elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building.An additional elevator connects the 86th and 102nd floor observatories, which allows visitors access the 102nd floor observatory after having their tickets scanned. It also allows employees to access the mechanical floors located between the 87th and 101st floors. Observation decks The 80th, 86th, and 102nd floors contain observatories.The latter two observatories saw a combined average of four million visitors per year in 2010.Since opening, the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at30 Rockefeller Plaza, the Chrysler Building, the first One World Trade Center, or theWoolworth Building, despite being more expensive.There are variable charges to enter the observatories; one ticket allows visitors to go as high as the 86th floor, and there is an additional charge to visit the 102nd floor. Other ticket options for visitors include scheduled access to view the sunrise from the observatory, a \"premium\" guided tour with VIP access, and the \"AM/PM\" package which allows for two visits in the same day. The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed viewing gallery and an open-air outdoor viewing area, allowing for it to remain open 365 days a year regardless of the weather. The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller in size. The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005 due to limited viewing capacity and long lines.The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979.The 102nd floor was again redesigned in a project that was completed in 2019, allowing the windows to be extended from floor to ceiling and widening the space in the observatory overall.An observatory on the 80th floor, opened in 2019, includes various exhibits as well as a mural of the skyline drawn by British artistStephen Wiltshire.An interactive multimedia museum, with multiple hands-on exhibitions about the building's history, was added during this project.The design of the 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) Observatory Experience was inspired by the plans and designs of the original Empire State Building. According to a 2010 report byConcierge.com, the five lines to enter the observation decks are \"as legendary as the building itself\". Concierge.com stated that there were five lines: the sidewalk line, the lobby elevator line, the ticket purchase line, the second elevator line, and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck.In 2016, New York City's official tourism website made note of only three lines: the security check line, the ticket purchase line, and the second elevator line.Following renovations completed in 2019, designed to streamline queuing and reduce wait times, guests enter from a single entrance on 34th Street, where they make their way through 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibits on their way up to the observatories. Guests were offered a variety of ticket packages, including a package that enables them to skip the lines throughout the duration of their stay.The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks, making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years. New York Skyride In early 1994, amotion simulatorattraction was built on the 2nd floor,as a complement to the observation deck.The original cinematic presentation lasted approximately 25 minutes, while the simulation was about eight minutes.The ride had two incarnations. The original version, which ran from 1994 until around 2002, featuredJames Doohan,Star Trek'sScotty, as the airplane's pilot who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm.After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the ride was closed.An updated version debuted in mid-2002, featuring actorKevin Baconas the pilot, with the new flight also going haywire.This new version served a more informative goal, as opposed to the old version's main purpose of entertainment, and contained details about the 9/11 attacks.The simulator received mixed reviews, with assessments of the ride ranging from \"great\" to \"satisfactory\" to \"corny\". Spire Above the 102nd floor The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast, a 158-foot (48 m) steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities, above the 86th floor.The spire of the Empire State Building was originally intended to serve as a mooring mast for zeppelins and other airships, although the plan was abandoned after high winds made that impossible.At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd-floor docking station.Inside, the elevators would ascend 167 feet (51 m) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33-foot-wide (10 m) 101st-floorwaiting room.From there, stairs would lead to the 102nd floor,where passengers would enter the airships.The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor. As constructed, the mast contains four rectangular tiers topped by a cylindrical shaft with a conical pinnacle.On the 102nd floor (formerly the 101st floor), there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor (formerly the 102nd).This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building's spire, and has a circular balcony outside.It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance. The room now contains electrical equipment, but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there.Above the 103rd floor, there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work.The mast's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015.The mast serves as the base of the building's broadcasting antenna. Inflatable objects have sometimes been mounted to the spire for promotional purposes. For example, aKing Kongballoon was attached to the spire in 1983 to mark the 50th anniversary of the character's introduction,and am inflatable dragon was placed on the spire in 2024 to promote the TV seriesHouse of Dragon. Broadcast stations Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22, 1931, whenNBCandRCAbegan transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the mast, with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data. They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there.In 1934, RCA was joined byEdwin Howard Armstrongin a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building's antenna.This setup, which entailed the installation of the world's firstFM transmitter,continued only until October of the next year due to disputes between RCA and Armstrong.Specifically, NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong's transmitter was located. After some time, the 85th floor became home to RCA's New York television operations initially as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then, from 1941, as commercial station WNBT channel 1 (nowWNBCchannel 4). NBC's FM station, W2XDG, began transmitting from the antenna in 1940.NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 when theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated. The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York-area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted. Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors, often along with sister FM stations.Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27, 1950,with TV, and FM, transmissions starting in 1951. The 200-foot (61 m) broadcast tower was completed in 1953.From 1951, six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $600,000 per year for the use of the antenna.In 1965, a separate set of FM antennae was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna. The placement of the stations in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the construction of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in the late 1960s, and early 1970s. The greater height of the Twin Towers would reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building, eventually resulting in some broadcasters relocating to the newer towers instead of suing the developer, thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey.Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984, most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971. The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in theNorth Tower, as well as pay the broadcasters' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984.Only a few broadcasters renewed their leases in the Empire State Building. The September 11 attacks destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it, leaving most of the city's stations without a transmitter for ten days until theArmstrong TowerinAlpine, New Jersey, was re-activated temporarily.By October 2001, nearly all of the city's commercial broadcast stations (both television and FM radio) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building. In a report thatCongresscommissioned about the transition fromanalog televisiontodigital television, it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered \"problematic\" due to interference from nearby buildings. In comparison, the congressional report stated that the former Twin Towers had very few buildings of comparable height nearby thus signals suffered little interference.In 2003, a few FM stations were relocated to the nearbyCondé Nast Buildingto reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building.Eleventelevisionstations and twenty-twoFMstations had signed 15-year leases in the building by May 2003. It was expected that a taller broadcast tower inBayonne, New Jersey, orGovernors Island, would be built in the meantime with the Empire State Building being used as a \"backup\" since signal transmissions from the building were generally of poorer quality.Following the construction ofOne World Trade Centerin the late 2000s and early 2010s, some TV stations began moving their transmitting facilities there. As of 2021, the Empire State Building is home to the following stations: History The site was previously owned byJohn Jacob Astorof the prominentAstor family, who had owned the site since the mid-1820s.In 1893, John Jacob Astor Sr.'s grandsonWilliam Waldorf Astoropened the Waldorf Hotel on the site.Four years later, his cousin,John Jacob Astor IV, opened the 16-story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site.The two portions of theWaldorf–Astoriahotel had 1,300 bedrooms, making it the largest hotel in the world at the time.After the death of its founding proprietor,George Boldt, in early 1918, the hotel lease was purchased byThomas Coleman du Pont.By the 1920s, the old Waldorf–Astoria was becoming dated and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north.Additionally, many stores had opened on Fifth Avenue north of 34th Street.The Astor family decided to build areplacement hotelonPark Avenueand sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14–16 million.The hotel closed shortly thereafter on May 3, 1929. Planning Early plans Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25-story office building on the Waldorf–Astoria site. The company's president, Floyd De L. Brown, paid $100,000 of the $1 milliondown paymentrequired to start construction on the building, with the promise that the difference would be paid later.Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank butdefaultedon the loan. After Brown was unable to secure additional funding,the land was resold to Empire State Inc., a group of wealthy investors that includedLouis G. Kaufman,Ellis P. Earle,John J. Raskob, Coleman du Pont, andPierre S. du Pont.The name came from thestate nicknamefor New York.Alfred E. Smith, a formerGovernor of New Yorkand U.S. presidential candidate whose1928 campaignhad been managed by Raskob,was appointed head of the company.The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the 2 acres (1 ha) needed for the base, with the combined plot measuring 425 feet (130 m) wide by 200 feet (61 m) long.The Empire State Inc. consortium was announced to the public in August 1929.Concurrently, Smith announced the construction of an 80-story building on the site, to be taller than any other buildings in existence. Empire State Inc. contractedWilliam F. Lamb, of architectural firmShreve, Lamb and Harmon, to create the building design.Lamb produced the initial building design in just two weeks using the firm's earlier designs for theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem, North Carolina, as the basis.He had also been inspired byRaymond Hood's design for theDaily News Building, which was being constructed at the same time.Concurrently, Lamb's partnerRichmond Shrevecreated \"bug diagrams\" of the project requirements.The1916 Zoning Actforced Lamb to design a structure that incorporatedsetbacksresulting in the lower floors being larger than the upper floors.Consequently, the building was conceived from the top down,giving it a pencil-like shape.The plans were devised within a budget of $50 million and a stipulation that the building be ready for occupancy within 18 months of the start of construction.Design drawings and construction were concurrent. Steel drawings were completed in mid-January 1930, when foundations were underway. Design changes The original plan of the building was 50 stories,but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories.Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildingsto ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80-story, 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) buildingwould have unobstructed views of the city.The New York Timeslauded the site's proximity tomass transit, with theBrooklyn–Manhattan Transit's34th Streetstation and theHudson and Manhattan Railroad's33rd Streetterminal one block away, as well asPenn Stationtwo blocks away andGrand Central Terminalnine blocks away at its closest. It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of proposed floor space near \"one of the busiest sections in the world\".The Empire State Building was to be a typical office building, but Raskob intended to build it \"better and in a bigger way\", according to architectural writer Donald J. Reynolds. While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized, an intense competition in New York for the title of \"world's tallest building\" was underway.40 Wall Street(then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and theChrysler Buildingin Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building.The \"Race into the Sky\", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities.The race was defined by at least five other proposals, although only the Empire State Building would survive theWall Street Crash of 1929.The 40 Wall Street tower was revised, in April 1929, from 840 feet (260 m) to 925 feet (282 m) making it the world's tallest.The Chrysler Building added its 185-foot (56 m) steel tip to its roof in October 1929, thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street.The Chrysler Building's developer,Walter Chrysler, realized that his tower's height would exceed the Empire State Building's as well, having instructed his architect,William Van Alen, to change the Chrysler's original roof from a stubbyRomanesquedome to a narrow steel spire.Raskob, wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world's tallest, reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire; however, the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the extension.On November 18, 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27–31 West 33rd Street, adding 75 feet (23 m) to the width of the proposed office building's site.Two days later, Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper. The plans included an observation deck on the 86th-floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler's 71st-floor observation deck. The 1,050-foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet (1.2 m) taller than the Chrysler Building,and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to \"pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute.\"The plans were revised one last time in December 1929, to include a 16-story, 200-foot (61 m) metal \"crown\" and an additional 222-foot (68 m) mooring mast intended fordirigibles. The roof height was now 1,250 feet (380 m), making it the tallest building in the world by far, even without the antenna.The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor, the now-enclosed 86th floor, would have to be built below the crown;however, unlike the Chrysler's spire, the Empire State's mast would serve a practical purpose.A revised plan was announced to the public in late December 1929, just before the start of construction.The final plan was sketched within two hours, the night before the plan was supposed to be presented to the site's owners in January 1930.The New York Timesreported that the spire was facing some \"technical problems\", but they were \"no greater than might be expected under such a novel plan.\"By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved.Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final, approved plan: The program was short enough—a fixed budget, no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor, as many stories of such space as possible, an exterior of limestone, and completion date of , 1931, which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches. Construction The contractors wereStarrett Brothers and Eken, which were composed ofPaulandWilliam A. StarrettandAndrew J. Eken.The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont,whileJames Farley's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials.John W. Bowserwas the construction superintendent of the project,and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom.The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized. Hotel demolition Demolition of the old Waldorf–Astoria began on October 1, 1929.Stripping the building down was an arduous process, as the hotel had been constructed using more rigid material than earlier buildings had been. Furthermore, the old hotel's granite, wood chips, and \"'precious' metals such as lead, brass, and zinc\" were not in high demand, resulting in issues with disposal.Most of the wood was deposited into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp elsewhere. Much of the other materials that made up the old hotel, including the granite and bronze, were dumped into theAtlantic OceannearSandy Hook, New Jersey. By the time the hotel's demolition started, Raskob had secured the required funding for the construction of the building.The plan was to start construction later that year but, on October 24, theNew York Stock Exchangeexperienced the major and suddenWall Street Crash, marking the beginning of the decade-longGreat Depression. Despite the economic downturn, Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point.Neither Raskob, who had ceasedspeculationin the stock market the previous year, nor Smith, who had no stock investments, suffered financially in the crash.However, most of the investors were affected and as a result, in December 1929, Empire State Inc. obtained a $27.5 million loan fromMetropolitan Life Insurance Companyso construction could begin.The stock market crash resulted in no demand for new office space; Raskob and Smith nonetheless started construction,as canceling the project would have resulted in greater losses for the investors. Steel structure A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12, 1930,with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22,before the old hotel had been completely demolished.Two twelve-hour shifts, consisting of 300 men each, worked continuously to dig the 55-foot (17 m) deep foundation.Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork.Excavation was nearly complete by early March,and construction on the building itself started on March 17,with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished.Around this time, Lamb held a press conference on the building plans. He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows, the large-blockIndiana Limestonefacade that was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks, and the building's vertical lines.Four colossal columns, intended for installation in the center of the building site, were delivered; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) when the building was finished. The structural steel was pre-ordered andpre-fabricatedin anticipation of a revision to the city's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch (120,000 kPa), up from 16,000 pounds per square inch (110,000 kPa), thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building. Although the 18,000-psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities, MayorJimmy Walkerdid not sign the new codes into law until March 26, 1930, just before construction was due to commence.The first steel framework was installed on April 1, 1930.From there, construction proceeded at a rapid pace; during one stretch of 10 working days, the builders erected fourteen floors.This was made possible through precise coordination of the building's planning, as well as themass productionof common materials such as windows andspandrels.On one occasion, when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble, Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble. The scale of the project was massive, with trucks carrying \"16,000 partition tiles, 5,000 bags of cement, 450 cubic yards of sand and 300 bags of lime\" arriving at the construction site every day.There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch.Temporary water taps were also built so workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level.Additionally, carts running on a small railway system transported materials from the basement storageto elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors where they would then be distributed throughout that level using another set of tracks.The 57,480 short tons (51,320 long tons) of steel ordered for the project was the largest-ever single order of steel at the time, comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined.According to historianJohn Tauranac, building materials were sourced from numerous, and distant, sources with \"limestone from Indiana, steel girders from Pittsburgh, cement and mortar from upper New York State, marble from Italy, France, and England, wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests, hardware from New England.\"The facade, too, used a variety of material, most prominently Indiana limestone but alsoSwedish black granite,terracotta, andbrick. By June 20, the skyscraper's supportingsteel structurehad risen to the 26th floor, and by July 27, half of the steel structure had been completed.Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction, achieving a pace of four and a half stories per week;prior to this, the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been three and a half stories per week.While construction progressed, the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up (as opposed to the general design, which had been from the roof down). Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval, with several orders placed within an hour of a plan being finalized.On September 10, as steelwork was nearing completion, Smith laid the building'scornerstoneduring a ceremony attended by thousands. The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts including the previous day'sNew York Times, a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930, a history of the site and building, and photographs of the people involved in construction.The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet (319 m) on September 19, twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of construction.Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone. Completion and scale Work on the building's interior and crowning mast commenced after the topping out.The mooring mast topped out on November 21, two months after the steelwork had been completed.Meanwhile, work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace, with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor.The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November.Because of the building's height, it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins, so the builders contracted with theOtis Elevator Companyto make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min), which represented the largest-ever elevator order at the time. In addition to the time constraint builders had, there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly, and trucks needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic. This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing the materials in the building's first floor and basements.Concrete mixers, brick hoppers, and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public.At one point, over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day.A series of relay and erectionderricks, placed on platforms erected near the building, lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations.The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced.Al Smith shot the final rivet, which was made of solid gold. The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak,including 3,439 on a single day, August 14, 1930.Many of the workers were Irish and Italian immigrants,with a sizable minority ofMohawkironworkersfrom theKahnawakereserve nearMontreal.According to official accounts, five workers died during the construction,although theNew York Daily Newsgave reports of 14 deathsand a headline in the socialist magazineThe New Massesspread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths.The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build (equivalent to $661 million in 2023),including demolition of the Waldorf–Astoria. This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction. Lewis Hinecaptured many photographs of the construction, documenting not only the work itself but also providing insight into the daily life of workers in that era.Hine's images were used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases.According to the writerJim Rasenberger, Hine \"climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture, as no one ever had before (or has since), the dizzy work of building skyscrapers\". In Rasenberger's words, Hine turned what might have been an assignment of \"corporate flak\" into \"exhilarating art\".These images were later organized into their own collection.Onlookers were enraptured by the sheer height at which the steelworkers operated.New Yorkmagazine wrote of the steelworkers: \"Like little spiders they toiled, spinning a fabric of steel against the sky\". Opening and early years The Empire State Building officially opened on May 1, 1931, forty-five days ahead of its projected opening date, and eighteen months from the start of construction.The opening was marked with an event featuring United States PresidentHerbert Hoover, who turned on the building's lights with the ceremonial button push fromWashington, D.C.Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony, and following luncheon, at the 86th floor includingJimmy Walker, GovernorFranklin D. Roosevelt, andAl Smith.An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog, with other landmarks such as theStatue of Libertybeing \"lost in the mist\" enveloping New York City.The Empire State Building officially opened the next day.Advertisements for the building's observatories were placed in local newspapers, while nearby hotels also capitalized on the events by releasing advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened building. According toThe New York Times, builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250-foot-tall (380 m) Empire State Building would be the world's tallest building \"for many years\", thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry. At the time, most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than 1,200 feet (370 m), even with the hardy Manhattanbedrockas a foundation.Technically, it was believed possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet (610 m), but it was deemed uneconomical to do so, especially during the Great Depression.As the tallest building in the world, at that time, and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and, ultimately, of the nation. In 1932, the Fifth Avenue Association gave the building its 1931 \"gold medal\" for architectural excellence, signifying that the Empire State had been the best-designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931.A year later, on March 2, 1933, the movieKing Kongwas released. The movie, which depicted a largestop motionape namedKongclimbing the Empire State Building, made the still-new building into a cinematic icon. Tenants and tourism At the beginning of 1931, Fifth Avenue was experiencing high demand for storefront space, with only 12 of 224 stores being unoccupied. The Empire State Building, along with 500 Fifth Avenue and608 Fifth Avenue, were expected to add a combined 11 stores.The office space was less successful, as the Empire State Building's opening had coincided with theGreat Depression in the United States.In the first year, only 23 percent of the available space was rented,as compared to the early 1920s, where the average building would be 52 percent occupied upon opening and 90 percent occupied within five years.The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the \"Empty State Building\"or \"Smith's Folly\". The earliest tenants in the Empire State Building were large companies, banks, and garment industries.Jack Brod, one of the building's longest resident tenants,co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931and rented space in the building until he died in 2008.Brod recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening, including him,and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh-floor offices.Generally, during the early 1930s, it was rare for more than a single office space to be rented in the building, despite Smith's and Raskob's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew.The building's lights were continuously left on, even in the unrented spaces, to give the impression of occupancy. This was exacerbated by competition fromRockefeller Centeras well as from buildings on42nd Street, which, when combined with the Empire State Building, resulted in surplus of office space in a slow market during the 1930s. Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building's status as the world's tallest.The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets.The building became a popular tourist attraction, with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931.In its first year of operation, the observation deck made approximately $2 million in revenue, as much as its owners made in rent that year.By 1936, the observation deck was crowded on a daily basis, with food and drink available for purchase at the top,and by 1944 the building had received its five-millionth visitor.In 1931,NBCtook up tenancy, leasing space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts.From the outset the building was in debt, losing $1 million per year by 1935. Real estate developerSeymour Durstrecalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor, as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob/Du Pont offices on the 81st floor. Other events Per the original plans, the Empire State Building'sspirewas intended to be anairshipdocking station. Raskob and Smith had proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor, while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor.An elevator would ferry passengers from the 86th to the 101st floorafter they had checked in on the 86th floor,after which passengers would have climbed steep ladders to board the airship.The idea, however, was impractical and dangerous due to powerful updrafts caused by the building itself,the wind currents across Manhattan,and the spires of nearby skyscrapers.Furthermore, even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles, its crew would have to jettison someballastby releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability, and then tie the craft's nose to the spire with no mooring lines securing the tail end of the craft.On September 15, 1931, a small commercialUnited States Navyairship circled 25 times in 45-mile-per-hour (72 km/h) winds.The airship then attempted to dock at the mast, but its ballast spilled and the craft was rocked by unpredictableeddies.The near-disaster scuttled plans to turn the building's spire into an airship terminal, although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward. On July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbombercrashedinto the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 79th and 80th floors.One engine completely penetrated the building and landed in a neighboring block, while the other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft. Fourteen people were killed in the incident,but the building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later. Profitability By the 1940s, the Empire State Building was 98 percent occupied.The structurebroke evenfor the first time in the 1950s.At the time, mass transit options in the building's vicinity were limited compared to the present day. Despite this challenge, the Empire State Building began to attract renters due to its reputation.A 222-foot (68 m)radio antennawas erected on top of the towers starting in 1950,allowing the area's television stations to be broadcast from the building. Despite the turnaround in the building's fortunes, Raskob listed it for sale in 1951,with a minimum asking price of $50 million.The property was purchased by business partnersRoger L. Stevens,Henry Crown, Alfred R. Glancy andBen Tobin.The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company, a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan,for $51 million, the highest price paid for a single structure at the time.By this time, the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building, according to theCortland Standard.That same year, six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use thebuilding's antenna,which was completed in 1953.Crown bought out his partners' ownership stakes in 1954, becoming the sole owner.The following year, theAmerican Society of Civil Engineersnamed the building one of the \"Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders\". In 1961,Lawrence A. Wiensigned a contract to purchase the Empire State Building for $65 million, withHarry B. Helmsleyacting as partners in the building's operating lease.This became the new highest price for a single structure.Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates. The company in turnsubleasedthe building to another company headed by Helmsley and Wien, raising $33 million of the funds needed to pay the purchase price.In a separate transaction,the land underneath the building was sold toPrudential Insurancefor $29 million.Helmsley, Wien, and Peter Malkin quickly started a program of minor improvement projects, including the first-ever full-building facade refurbishment and window-washing in 1962,the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964,and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966.The little-used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964, at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly sought retail area. Loss of \"tallest building\" title In 1961, the same year that Helmsley, Wien, and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building, thePort Authority of New York and New Jerseyformally backed plans for a newWorld Trade CenterinLower Manhattan.The plan originally included 66-story twin towers with column-free open spaces. The Empire State's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers' 7.6 million square feet (710,000 m2) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building's profits from lessees.A revision in the World Trade Center's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet (420 m) each or 110 stories, taller than the Empire State.Opponents of the new project included prominent real-estate developerRobert Tishman, as well as Wien's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center.In response to Wien's opposition, Port Authority executive directorAustin J. Tobinsaid that Wien was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world's tallest building. The World Trade Center's twin towers startedconstructionin 1966.The following year, theOstankino Towersucceeded the Empire State Building as thetallest freestanding structure in the world.In 1970, the Empire State surrendered its position as the world's tallest building,when the World Trade Center's still-under-construction North Tower surpassed it, on October 19;the North Tower wastopped outon December 23, 1970. In December 1975, the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers, significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire State Building.The latter was also losing revenue during this period, particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984.The Empire State Building was still seen as prestigious, having seen its forty-millionth visitor in March 1971. 1980s and 1990s By 1980, there were nearly two million annual visitors,although a building official had previously estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors.The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 in a roll out of 63 new postal codes in Manhattan. At the time, its tenants collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail daily.The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1, 1981, with a much-publicized, but poorly received, laser light show,as well as an \"Empire State Building Week\" that ran through to May 8.TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commission(LPC) voted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981, Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million.Because all of the building's windows were being replaced at the same time, the LPC mandated a paint-color test for the windows; the test revealed that the Empire State Building's original windows were actually red.The improvements also entailed replacing alarm systems, elevators, windows, and air conditioning; making the observation deck compliant with theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA); and refurbishing the limestone facade.The observation deck renovation was added after disability rights groups and theUnited States Department of Justicefiled a lawsuit against the building in 1992, in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law.A settlement was reached in 1994, in which Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA-compliant elements, such as new elevators, ramps, and automatic doors, during the renovation. Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelierHideki Yokoi, who was imprisoned at the time in connection with the deadlyHotel New Japan Fireat theHotel New JapaninTokyo.In 1994,Donald Trumpentered into a joint-venture agreement with Yokoi, with a shared goal of breaking the Empire State Building's lease on the land in an effort to gain total ownership of the building so that, if successful, the two could reap the potential profits of merging the ownership of the building with the land beneath it.Having secured a half-ownership of the land, Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it, even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project.He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995, claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a \"high-rise slum\"and a \"second-rate, rodent-infested\" office tower.Trump had intended to have Empire State Building Associates evicted for violating the terms of their lease,but was denied.This led to Helmsley's companies countersuing Trump in May.This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years,partly arising from Trump's desire to obtain the building's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates.Upon Harry Helmsley's death in 1997, the Malkins sued Helmsley's widow,Leona Helmsley, for control of the building. 21st century 2000s Following the destruction of the World Trade Center during theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building again became thetallest building in New York City, but was only thesecond-tallest building in the Americasafter theSears (later Willis) Towerin Chicago.As a result of the attacks, transmissions from nearly all of the city's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building.The attacks also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against prominent sites in New York City. In 2002, Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates, now headed by Malkin, in a $57.5 million sale.This action merged the building's title and lease for the first time in half a century.Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9/11 attacks, the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004, compared to about 2.8 million in 2003. Even though she maintained her ownership stake in the building until the post-consolidation IPO in October 2013,Leona Helmsleyhanded over day-to-day operations of the building in 2006 to Peter Malkin's company.In 2008, the building was temporarily \"stolen\" by theNew York Daily Newsto show how easy it was to transfer the deed on a property, since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information, as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money. The paperwork submitted to the city included the names ofFay Wray, the famous star ofKing Kong, andWillie Sutton, a notorious New York bank robber. The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners, who at that time were Empire State Land Associates. 2010s to present Starting in 2009, the building's public areas received a $550 million renovation, with improvements to the air conditioning and waterproofing, renovations to the observation deck and main lobby,and relocation of the gift shop to the 80th floor.About $120 million was spent on improving theenergy efficiencyof the building, with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38% within five years.For example, all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film-coated \"superwindows\" which block heat but pass light.Air conditioningoperating costs on hot days were reduced, saving $17 million of the project's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits.The Empire State Building won theLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)Gold for Existing Buildings rating in September 2011, as well as theWorld Federation of Great Towers' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010.For the LEED Gold certification, the building's energy reduction was considered, as was a large purchase ofcarbon offsets. Other factors included low-flow bathroom fixtures, green cleaning supplies, and use of recycled paper products. On April 30, 2012,One World Trade Centertopped out, taking the Empire State Building's record of tallest in the city.By 2014, the building was owned by the Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT), with Anthony Malkin as chairman, CEO, and president.The ESRT was apublic company, having begun trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange the previous year.In August 2016, the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) was issued new fully diluted shares equivalent to 9.9% of the trust; this investment gave them partial ownership of the entirety of the ESRT's portfolio, and as a result, partial ownership of the Empire State Building.The trust's president John Kessler called it an \"endorsement of the company's irreplaceable assets\".The investment has been described by the real-estate magazineThe Real Dealas \"an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund\", as these funds typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies.Other foreign entities that have a stake in the ESRT include investors from Norway, Japan, and Australia. A renovation of the Empire State Building was commenced in the 2010s to further improve energy efficiency, public areas, and amenities.In August 2018, to improve the flow of visitor traffic, the main visitor's entrance was shifted to 20 West 34th Street as part of a major renovation of the observatory lobby.The new lobby includes several technological features, including large LED panels, digital ticket kiosks in nine languages, and a two-story architectural model of the building surrounded by two metal staircases.The first phase of the renovation, completed in 2019, features an updated exterior lighting system and digital hosts.The new lobby also features free Wi-Fi provided for those waiting.A 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibit with nine galleries opened in July 2019.The 102nd floor observatory, the third phase of the redesign, reopened to the public on October 12, 2019.That portion of the project included outfitting the space with floor-to-ceiling glass windows and a brand-new glass elevator.The final portion of the renovations to be completed was a new observatory on the 80th floor, which opened on December 2, 2019.In total, the renovation cost $160 millionor $165 million and took four years to finish. A comprehensive restoration of the building's mooring and antenna masts also began in June 2019. Antennas on the mooring mast were removed or relocated to the upper mast, while the aluminum panels were cleaned and coated with silver paint.To minimize disruption to the observation decks, the restoration work took place at night. The project was completed by late 2020. Height records The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper (to structural height), which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by theNorth Towerof the World Trade Center in October 1970.The Empire State Building was also thetallest human-made structurein the world before it was surpassed by theGriffin Television Tower Oklahoma(KWTV Mast) in 1954,and thetallest freestanding structure in the worlduntil the completion of theOstankino Towerin 1967.An early-1970s proposal to dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors, which would have brought the building's height to 1,494 feet (455 m) and made it once again the world's tallest at the time, was considered but ultimately rejected. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in theSeptember 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became thetallest building in New York City, and thesecond-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by theWillis Towerin Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the newOne World Trade Centerreached a greater height in April 2012.As of 2022, it is the seventh-tallest building in New York City and thetenth-tallest in the United States.The Empire State Building is the49th-tallest in the worldas of February 2021.It is also theeleventh-tallest freestanding structure in the Americasbehind the tallest U.S. buildings and theCN Tower. Notable tenants As of 2013, the building housed around 1,000 businesses.Current tenants include: Former tenants include: Incidents 1945 plane crash At 9:40 am on July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbomber, piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr.,crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors (then the offices of theNational Catholic Welfare Council).One engine completely penetrated the building, landing on the roof of a nearby building where it started a fire that destroyed a penthouse.The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft, causing a fire that was extinguished in 40 minutes. Fourteen people were killed in the incident.Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver fell 75 stories and survived, which still holds theGuinness World Recordfor the longest survived elevator fall recorded. Despite the damage and loss of life, many floors were open two days later.The crash helped spur the passage of the long-pendingFederal Tort Claims Actof 1946, as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the incident.Also as a result of the crash, theCivil Aeronautics Administrationenacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City, setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level regardless of the weather conditions. A year later, on July 24, 1946, another airplane narrowly missed striking the building. The unidentified twin-engine plane scraped past the observation deck, frightening the tourists there. 2000 elevator plunge On January 24, 2000, an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin's maximum speed was severed.The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor, where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system. Despite the 40-floor fall, both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured. After the fall, building inspectors reviewed all of the building's elevators. Suicide attempts Because of the building's iconic status, it and other Midtown landmarks are common locations forsuicideattempts.More than 30 people haveattempted suicideover the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building, with most attempts being successful. The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7, 1931, before it was even completed, when a carpenter who had been laid-off went to the 58th floor and jumped.The first suicide after the building's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory in February 1935, when Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet (314 m) onto amarquee sign.On December 16, 1943, William Lloyd Rambo jumped to his death from the 86th floor, landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below.In the early morning of September 27, 1946,shell-shockedMarine Douglas W. Brashear Jr. jumped from the 76th-floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency; police found his shoes 50 feet (15 m) from his body. On May 1, 1947,Evelyn McHaleleapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and landed on alimousineparked at the curb. Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death. The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck: \"He is much better off without me.... I wouldn't make a good wife for anybody\". The photo ran in the May 12, 1947, edition ofLifemagazineand is often referred to as \"The Most Beautiful Suicide\". It was later used by visual artistAndy Warholin one of his prints entitledSuicide (Fallen Body).A 7-foot (2.1 m) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three-week span in October and November of that year.By then, sixteen people had died from suicide jumps. Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory. Frederick Eckert ofAstoriaran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd-floor gallery on November 3, 1932, and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended fordirigiblepassengers. He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade. Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor. On December 2, 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with abroken hip.On April 25, 2013, a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck, but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th-floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation. Shootings Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building. Abu Kamal, a 69-year-old Palestinian teacher,shot seven peopleon the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23, 1997. He killed one person and wounded six others before committing suicide.Kamal reportedly committed the shooting in response to events happening inPalestineandIsrael. On the morning of August 24, 2012, 58-year-old Jeffrey T. Johnsonshot and killeda former co-worker on the building's Fifth Avenue sidewalk. He had been laid off from his job in 2011. Two police officers confronted the gunman, and he aimed his firearm at them. They responded by firing 16 shots, killing him but also wounding nine bystanders. Most of the injured were hit by bullet fragments, although three took direct hits from bullets. Impact As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation.In 2013,Timemagazine noted that the Empire State Building \"seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with\".The historian John Tauranac called it \"'the' twentieth-century New York building\", despite the existence of taller and moremodernistbuildings. TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionvoted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981,citing the historic nature of the first and second floors, as well as \"the fixtures and interior components\" of the upper floors.TheNew York City Planning Commissionendorsed the landmark status.The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986in close alignment with the New York City Landmarks report.The Empire State Building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesthe following year due to its architectural significance. Contemporary reception Early architectural critics also focused on the Empire State Building's exterior ornamentation.Architectural critic Talbot Hamlin wrote in 1931, \"That it is the world's tallest building is purely incidental.\"George Shepard Chappell, writing inThe New Yorkerunder the pseudonym \"T-Square\", wrote the same year that the Empire State Building had a \"palpably enormous\" appeal to the general public, and that \"its difference and distinction in the extreme sensitiveness of its entire design\".Edmund Wilson ofThe New Republicwrote that the building's neutral color palette made it \"New York's handsomest skyscraper\". Architectural critics also wrote negatively of the mast, especially in light of its failure to become a real air terminal. Chappell called the mast \"a silly gesture\", andLewis Mumfordcalled it \"a public comfort station for migratory birds\".Nevertheless, architecture criticDouglas Haskellsaid the Empire State Building's appeal came from the fact that it was \"caught at the exact moment of transition—caught between metal and stone, between the idea of 'monumental mass' and that of airy volume, between handicraft and machine design, and in the swing from what was essentially handicraft to what will be essentially industrial methods of fabrication.\" As icon Early in the building's history, travel companies such asShort Line Motor Coach ServiceandNew York Central Railroadused the building as an icon to symbolize the city.In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, fourteen ranked the Empire State Building as the United States' best building; the Empire State Building received more votes than any building except theLincoln Memorial.After the construction of the first World Trade Center, architectPaul Goldbergernoted that the Empire State Building \"is famous for being tall, but it is good enough to be famous for being good.\" As an icon of the United States, it is also very popular among Americans. In a 2007 survey, the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was \"America's favorite building\".The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression, as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants.The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was \"a building intended to celebrate a new America, built by men (both clients and construction workers) who were themselves new Americans.\"The architectural criticJonathan Glanceyrefers to the building as an \"icon of American design\".Additionally, in 2007, the Empire State Building was first on the AIA's List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecture. The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a \"wonder of the world\" due to the massive effort expended during construction.The Washington Starlisted it as part of one of the \"seven wonders of the modern world\" in 1931, whileHolidaymagazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State's height would be taller than the combined heights of theEiffel Towerand theGreat Pyramid of Giza.TheAmerican Society of Civil Engineersalso declared the building \"A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States\" in 1958and one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldin 1994.Ron Miller, in a 2010 book, also described the Empire State Building as one of the \"seven wonders of engineering\".It has often been called theEighth Wonder of the Worldas well, an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening.The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this, showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building.The Empire State Building also became the standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures globally, both natural and human-made. The building has also inspired replicas. TheNew York-New York Hotel and CasinoinParadise, Nevada, contains the \"Empire Tower\",a 47-story replica of the Empire State Building.A portion of the hotel's interior was also designed to resemble the Empire State Building's interior. In media As an icon of New York City, the Empire State Building has been featured in various films, books, TV shows, and video games. According to the building's official website, more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building.In his book about the building, John Tauranac writes that its first documented appearance in popular culture wasSwiss Family Manhattan, a 1932 children's story byChristopher Morley.A year later, the filmKing KongdepictedKong, a giantstop motionape that climbs the Empire State Building during the film's climax,bringing the building into the popular imagination.Later movies such asAn Affair to Remember(1957),Sleepless in Seattle(1993), andIndependence Day(1996) also prominently featured the building.The building has also been featured in other works, such as \"Daleks in Manhattan\", a 2007 episode of the TV seriesDoctor Who;andEmpire, an eight-hour black-and-whitesilent filmbyAndy Warhol,which was later added to theLibrary of Congress'sNational Film Registry. Throughout its history, the Empire State Building has welcomed celebrities, royalty, and dignitaries to visit the observation deck. From celebrities likeTaylor SwiftandZendayato royalty such asPrince William, the Empire State Building hosts notable figures every year. Empire State Building Run-Up The Empire State Building Run-Up, a foot race from ground level to the 86th-floor observation deck, has been held annually since 1978.It is organized byNYCRUNS.Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers, and are oftentower runningenthusiasts. The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 ft (320 m) and takes in 1,576 steps. The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds, achieved by Australian professional cyclistPaul Crakein 2003, at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft (2,010 m) per hour. See also References Notes Citations Sources Further reading External links",
"Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, founded asShreve & Lamb, was anarchitectural firmbest known for designing theEmpire State Building, the tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1931. The firm was prominent in the proliferation ofArt Deco architecture in New York City. History The firm was founded in 1920 as Shreve & Lamb, a partnership ofRichmond Harold (\"R.H.\") Shreve, a Canadian fromNova Scotia, andWilliam F. Lamb, fromBrooklyn, New York. Shreve was the administrator, while Lamb was the architect. The two met while working atCarrère & Hastings, and Shreve & Lamb was initially a Carrère & Hastings firm. In 1924 the pair decided to leave Carrère & Hastings and became an autonomous architectural company. In 1929,Arthur Loomis Harmon, fromChicago, Illinois, joined Shreve & Lamb, and the firm became Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.Prior to joining the firm, Harmon's works included battle monuments at Tours, Cantigny and Somme-Py in France, a YMCA inJerusalem, and the Shelton Hotel in New York, U.S. For the construction of the Empire State Building, the firm's most notable work and a symbol of theAmerican expression of the Art Decostyle, Lamb was responsible for the design, while Shreve's planning skills facilitated the completion of the construction in a year. Shreve's planning skills were recognized in New York, and he was involved in projects beyond the firm, such as theSlum ClearanceCommittee of New York. Shreve, Lamb & Harmon's primary focus was commercial office buildings, and their work in this area was described as \"spare and functional\" in 2010 by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. However, the firm completed numerous residential projects, such as No. 130 East 57th Street, and this facet of the company's work was mainly conducted in neo-Tudor, as well as other popular historical styles of the 1920s. Shreve, Lamb and Harmon had also employed the future architect behind the originalWorld Trade Centercomplex,Minoru Yamasaki, after he had completed a masters degree in architecture in 1936. Lasting until 1945, this professional relationship was cut short when Yamasaki took a job atSmith, Hinchman & Grylls. It is not entirely clear when the company went out of business, with 1989 being a likely date. The archivesof Shreve, Lamb & Harmon are kept at theAvery Architectural and Fine Arts LibraryofColumbia University. Notable buildings All buildings are located inNew York Cityunless otherwise indicated: References Notes External links",
"Richmond Shreve Richmond Harold Shreve(June 25, 1877 – September 11, 1946) was a Canadian-American architect. Biography He was born on June 25, 1877, inCornwallis, Nova Scotia, the son of Richmond Shreve, an Anglican priest, and Mary Catherine Parker Hocken.Shreve attendedCornell University, taught there from 1902 to 1906, and was a member of theSphinx Head Society. He was president of theAmerican Institute of Architectsfrom 1941 through 1943. He died on September 11, 1946, inHastings-on-Hudson, New York. Legacy His companyShreve, Lamb and Harmonled the construction of theEmpire State Buildingas well as severalCornell Universitybuildings.Shreve was also the lead architect for the landmark 1937Williamsburg Houseshousing development in Brooklyn. He was profiled in the bookThe 100 Most Notable Cornellians. Notes External links",
"William F. Lamb William Frederick LambFAIA(November 21, 1883 – September 8, 1952), was an Americanarchitect, chiefly known as one of the principal designers of theEmpire State Building. Biography Lamb joined the New York architecture firmCarrère & Hastingsin 1911, shortly after returning from Paris, where he earned a diploma at theÉcole des Beaux-Arts. Lamb became a partner in 1920; the firm would be known as Shreve & Lamb from 1924 to 1929 and thereafter asShreve, Lamb and Harmon. Lamb's notable projects include theEmpire State Building, theStandard Oil Building, 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, and the General Motors Building in New York City; the Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Building in Washington, D.C.; and academic buildings for the Connecticut College for Women, Williams College, Cornell University, and Wesleyan University. In addition to his studies at the École des Beaux Arts, Lamb received a bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1904 and did graduate work at the School of Architecture,Columbia University, from 1904 to 1906. Lamb received an honorary doctorate from Williams College in 1932; other honors include two gold medals from the Fifth Avenue Association (1930, 1931), a medal from theArchitectural League of New York(1931), and a medal of honor from the New York Chapter of theAmerican Institute of Architects(1932). He was a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters, the Art Commission of the City of New York, theBeaux-Arts Institute of Design, and the Architectural League of New York. In the period preceding the 1939 New York World's fair, Lamb served as \"Coordinator of Design\" for the fair's board of planners.Lamb served on theU.S. Commission of Fine Artsfrom 1937 to 1945, including as vice chairman from 1941 to 1945.In 1942 he was elected into theNational Academy of Designas an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1950. The firm also designed 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, theStandard Oil Building, and theBankers Trust Buildingand worked with H. Craig Severance on40 Wall Streetin New York. He also designed theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem,North Carolina He died in New York on September 8, 1952. References External links"
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"Empire State Building TheEmpire State Buildingis a 102-storyArt Decoskyscraper in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City. The building was designed byShreve, Lamb & Harmonand built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from \"Empire State\", thenicknameof the state ofNew York. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including itsantenna. The Empire State Building was the world's tallest building until the first tower of theWorld Trade Centerwastopped out in 1970; following theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building was New York City's tallest building until it was surpassed in 2012 byOne World Trade Center. As of 2022, the building is theseventh-tallest building in New York City, theninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, and the54th-tallest in the world. The site of the Empire State Building, on the west side ofFifth Avenuebetween West33rdand34th Streets, was developed in 1893 as theWaldorf–Astoria",
"theWaldorf–Astoria Hotel. In 1929, Empire State Inc. acquired the site and devised plans for a skyscraper there. The design for the Empire State Building was changed fifteen times until it was ensured to be the world's tallest building. Construction started on March 17, 1930, and the building opened thirteen and a half months afterward on May 1, 1931. Despite favorable publicity related to the building's construction, because of theGreat DepressionandWorld War II, its owners did not make a profit until the early 1950s. The building'sArt Deco architecture, height, andobservation deckshave made it a popular attraction. Around four million tourists from around the world annually visit the building's 86th- and 102nd-floor observatories; an additional indoor observatory on the 80th floor opened in 2019. The Empire State Building is an internationalcultural icon: it has been featured in more than 250 television series and films since the filmKing Kongwas released in 1933. The building's size has been used as a",
"has been used as a standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. A symbol of New York City, the building has been named as one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldby theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers. It was ranked first on theAmerican Institute of Architects' List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecturein 2007. Additionally, the Empire State Building and its ground-floor interior were designated city landmarks by theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionin 1980, and were added to theNational Register of Historic Placesas aNational Historic Landmarkin 1986. Site The Empire State Building is located on the west side ofFifth Avenue, between33rd Streetto the south and34th Streetto the north, in theMidtown Southneighborhood ofManhattaninNew York City.Tenants enter the building through theArt Decolobby located at 350 Fifth Avenue. Visitors to the observatories use an entrance at 20 West 34th Street; prior to August 2018, visitors entered through the Fifth Avenue",
"the Fifth Avenue lobby.Although physically located in South Midtown,a mixed residential and commercial area,the building is so large that it was assigned its ownZIP Code, 10118;as of 2012, it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that have their own ZIP codes. The areas surrounding the Empire State Building are home to other major points of interest, includingMacy'satHerald SquareonSixth Avenueand 34th Street,andKoreatownon 32nd Street betweenMadisonand Sixth avenues.To the east of the Empire State Building isMurray Hill,a neighborhood with a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment activity.The block directly to the northeast contains theB. Altman and Company Building, which houses theCity University of New York'sGraduate Center.The nearestNew York City Subwaystations are34th Street–Herald Square, one block west, and33rd StreetatPark Avenue, two blocks east; there is also aPATHstation at33rd Street and Sixth Avenue. Architecture The Empire State Building was designed byShreve, Lamb and Harmonin",
"Lamb and Harmonin theArt Decostyle.The Empire State Building is 1,250 ft (381 m) tall to its 102nd floor, or1,453 feet8+9⁄16inches (443.092 m) including its 203-foot (61.9 m) pinnacle.It was the first building in the world to be more than 100 stories tall,though only the lowest 86 stories are usable. The first through 85th floors contain 2.158 million square feet (200,500 m2) of commercial and office space, while the 86th floor contains an observatory.The remaining 16 stories are part of the spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd floor; the spire does not contain any intermediate levels and is used mostly for mechanical purposes.Atop the 102nd story is the 203 ft (61.9 m) pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with alightning rod. Form The Empire State Building has a symmetricalmassingbecause of its large lot and relatively short base. Itsarticulationconsists of three horizontal sections—a base, shaft, andcapital—similar to the components of acolumn.The",
"of acolumn.The five-story base occupies the entire lot, while the 81-story shaft above it isset backsharply from the base.The setback above the 5th story is 60 feet (18 m) deep on all sides.There are smaller setbacks on the upper stories, allowing sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors while also positioning these floors away from the noisy streets below.The setbacks are located at the 21st, 25th, 30th, 72nd, 81st, and 85th stories.The setbacks correspond to the tops of elevator shafts, allowing interior spaces to be at most 28 feet (8.5 m) deep (see§ Interior). The setbacks were mandated by the1916 Zoning Resolution, which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well.Normally, a building of the Empire State's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on the 33rd Street and 34th Street sides, before it would have to utilize setbacks.However, with the largest setback being located above the base, the tower stories",
"the tower stories could contain a uniform shape.According to architectural writerRobert A. M. Stern, the building's form contrasted with the nearly contemporary, similarly designed500 Fifth Avenueeight blocks north, which had an asymmetrical massing on a smaller lot. Facade The Empire State Building's Art Deco design is typical of pre–World War II architecture in New York City.Thefacadeis clad inIndiana limestonepanels made by the Indiana Limestone Companyand sourced from a quarry in south-central Indiana;the panels give the building its signature blonde color.According to official fact sheets, the facade uses 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3) of limestone and granite, ten million bricks, and 730 short tons (650 long tons) of aluminum and stainless steel.The building also contains 6,514 windows.The decorative features on the facade are largely geometric, in contrast with earlier buildings, whose decorations often were intended to represent a specific narrative. The main entrance, composed of three sets of metal",
"three sets of metal doors, is at the center of the facade's Fifth Avenueelevation, flanked by molded piers that are topped with eagles. Above the main entrance is atransom, a triple-height transom window with geometric patterns, and the golden letters \"Empire State\" above the fifth-floor windows.There are two entrances each on 33rd and 34th streets, with modernistic,stainless steelcanopies projecting from the entrances on 33rd and 34th streets there. Above the secondary entrances are triple windows, less elaborate in design than those on Fifth Avenue. The storefronts on the first floor contain aluminum-framed doors and windows within a black granite cladding.The second through fourth stories consist of windows alternating with wide stonepiersand narrower stonemullions. The fifth story contains windows alternating with wide and narrow mullions, and is topped by a horizontal stone sill. The facade of the tower stories is split into several verticalbayson each side, with windows projecting slightly from the",
"slightly from the limestone cladding. The bays are arranged into sets of one, two, or three windows on each floor.The bays are separated by alternating narrow and wide piers, the inclusion of which may have been influenced by the design of the contemporaryDaily News Building.The windows in each bay are separated by vertical nickel-chrome steelmullionsand connected by horizontal aluminumspandrelsbetween each floor.The windows are placed within stainless-steel frames, which saved money by eliminating the need to apply a stonefinisharound the windows. In addition, the use of aluminum spandrels obviated the need for cross-bonding, which would have been required if stone had been used instead. Lights The building was originally equipped with whitesearchlightsat the top. They were first used in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt's victory over Hoover in thepresidential election of that year.These were later swapped for four \"Freedom Lights\" in 1956.In February 1964, flood lights were added on the",
"were added on the 72nd floorto illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year.The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of theenergy crisisat the time.In 1976, the businessmanDouglas Leighsuggested that Wien and Helmsley install 204metal-halide lights, which were four times as bright as the 1,000 incandescent lights they were to replace.New red, white, and blue metal-halide lights were installed in time for the country'sbicentennialthat July.After the bicentennial, Helmsley retained the new lights due to the reduced maintenance cost, about $116 a year. Since October 12, 1977, the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays.Organizations are allowed to make requests through the building's website.The building is also lit in the colors of New York-based sports teams on nights when they host games: for example, orange, blue, and white for theNew York Knicks; red, white, and blue for theNew",
"and blue for theNew York Rangers.The spire can also be lit to commemorate events including disasters, anniversaries, or deaths, as well as for celebrations such asPrideandHalloween. In 1998, the building was lit in blue after the death of singerFrank Sinatra, who was nicknamed \"Ol' Blue Eyes\". The structure was lit in red, white, and blue for several months after thecollapse of the World Trade CenteronSeptember 11, 2001.On January 13, 2012, the building was lit in red, orange, and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of theNBCprogramThe Today Show.After retired basketball playerKobe Bryant'sJanuary 2020 death, the building was lit in purple and gold, signifying the colors of his former team, theLos Angeles Lakers.The evening after iconic actorJames Earl Jonesdied, September 9, 2024, the building was lit up to look like Jones's iconicDarth Vadervillain from “Star Wars.” In addition to lightings, the Empire State Building is able to do immersive visual projections on the building's exterior. It partnered with",
"It partnered with Netflix in May 2022 to celebrate the return ofStranger Thingsfourth season by projecting the Upside Down onto the Empire State Building. In 2012, the building's four hundredmetal halidelamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200LEDfixtures, increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million.The computer-controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels.For instance,CNNused the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard during the2012 United States presidential election, using red and blue lights to representRepublicanandDemocraticelectoral votes respectively.Also, on November 26, 2012, the building had its first synchronized light show, using music from recording artistAlicia Keys.Artists such as Eminem and OneRepublic have been featured in later shows, including the building's annual Holiday Music-to-Lights Show.The building's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights; for instance, they",
"for instance, they do not use the lights to play advertisements. Interior According to official fact sheets, the Empire State Building weighs 365,000 short tons (331,122 t) and has an internal volume of 37 million cubic feet (1,000,000 m3).The interior required 1,172 miles (1,886 km) of elevator cable and 2 million feet (609,600 m) of electrical wires.It has a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft (257,211 m2), and each of the floors in the base cover 2 acres (1 ha).This gives the building capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors. Therivetedsteel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building's gravitational stresses andwind loads.The amount of material used in the building's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to otherskyscrapers, with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot (2.0 kPa) versus theWillis Tower's 33 pounds per square foot (1.6 kPa) and theJohn Hancock Center's 26 pounds per square foot (1.2 kPa).A December 1930 feature",
"1930 feature inPopular Mechanicsestimated that a building with the Empire State's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons (45 long tons). Utilities are grouped in a central shaft.On the 6th through 86th stories, the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides.Per the final specifications of the building, the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet (8.5 m) deep, maximizing office space at a time before air conditioning became commonplace.Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it, which provide structural stability but limits the amount of open space on these floors.The relative dearth of stone in the Empire State Building allows for more space overall, with a 1:200 stone-to-building ratio compared to a 1:50 ratio in similar buildings. Lobby The original main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue, on the building's east side, and is the only place in the building where the design contains narrative motifs.It contains an",
"contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair ofrevolving doors. At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif depicting one of three \"crafts or industries\" used in the building's construction—Electricity, Masonry, and Heating.The three-story-high space runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets.The lobby contains two tiers of marble: awainscotingof darker marble, topped by lighter marble. There is a pattern of zigzaggingterrazzotiles on the lobby floor, which leads from east to west.To the north and south are storefronts, which are flanked by tubes of dark rounded marble and topped by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble.Until the 1960s, there was aLongchampsrestaurant next to the lobby, with six oval murals designed byWinold Reiss; these murals were placed in storage when the Longchamps closed. The western ends of the north and south walls include escalators to a mezzanine level.At the west end of the lobby, behind the security desk, is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was",
"as it was originally built (without the antenna).The relief, which was intended to provide a welcoming effect,contains an embossed outline of the building, with rays radiating from the spire and the sun behind it.In the background is a state map of New York with the building's location marked by a \"medallion\" in the very southeast portion of the outline. A compass is depicted in the bottom right and a plaque to the building's major developers is on the bottom left.A scale model of the building was also placed south of the security desk. The plaque at the western end of the lobby is on the eastern interior wall of a one-story-tall rectangular-shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators, with a similar design to the lobby.The rectangular-shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle,as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side.At both ends of the northern and southern corridors, there is a",
"there is a bank of four low-rise elevators in between the corridors.The western side of the rectangular elevator-bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance. It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators (originally stairs), which go both to the second floor and to the basement. Going from west to east, there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from the northern and southern corridors, respectively.The side entrances from 33rd and 34th Street lead to two-story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel-and-glass-enclosed bridges at the mezzanine floor. Until the 1960s, anArt Decomural, inspired by both the sky and theMachine Age, was installed in the lobby ceilings.Subsequent damage to these murals, designed by artist Leif Neandross, resulted in reproductions being installed. Renovations to the lobby in 2009, such as replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with ananemometerand",
"ananemometerand installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it originally opened, revived much of its original grandeur.The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels created in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov, in time for the1964 World's Fair, depicting the building as theEighth Wonder of the Worldalongside the traditional seven.The building's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artistKysa Johnsonin the concourse level. Johnson later filed a federal lawsuit, in January 2014, under theVisual Artists Rights Actalleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist.As part of the building's 2010 renovation,Denise Amsescommissioned a work consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles, superimposed on a 13-by-5-foot (4.0 by 1.5 m)etched-glassinstallation, in the lobby. Elevators The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all, including service elevators.Its original 64 elevators, built by theOtis Elevator Company,in",
"Elevator Company,in a central core and are of varying heights, with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor.As originally built, there were four \"express\" elevators that connected the lobby, 80th floor, and several landings in between; the other 60 \"local\" elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings.Of the 64 total elevators, 58 were for passenger use (comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators), and eight were for freight deliveries.The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min). At the time of the skyscraper's construction, their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute (213 m/min) per city law, but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened. Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it, as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved.The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011, when they were replaced",
"they were replaced with automatic elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building.An additional elevator connects the 86th and 102nd floor observatories, which allows visitors access the 102nd floor observatory after having their tickets scanned. It also allows employees to access the mechanical floors located between the 87th and 101st floors. Observation decks The 80th, 86th, and 102nd floors contain observatories.The latter two observatories saw a combined average of four million visitors per year in 2010.Since opening, the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at30 Rockefeller Plaza, the Chrysler Building, the first One World Trade Center, or theWoolworth Building, despite being more expensive.There are variable charges to enter the observatories; one ticket allows visitors to go as high as the 86th floor, and there is an additional charge to visit the 102nd floor. Other ticket options for visitors include scheduled access to view the sunrise from the observatory, a",
"the observatory, a \"premium\" guided tour with VIP access, and the \"AM/PM\" package which allows for two visits in the same day. The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed viewing gallery and an open-air outdoor viewing area, allowing for it to remain open 365 days a year regardless of the weather. The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller in size. The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005 due to limited viewing capacity and long lines.The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979.The 102nd floor was again redesigned in a project that was completed in 2019, allowing the windows to be extended from floor to ceiling and widening the space in the observatory overall.An observatory on the 80th floor, opened in 2019, includes various exhibits as well as a mural of the skyline drawn by British artistStephen Wiltshire.An interactive multimedia museum, with multiple hands-on exhibitions about the building's history, was added during this",
"added during this project.The design of the 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) Observatory Experience was inspired by the plans and designs of the original Empire State Building. According to a 2010 report byConcierge.com, the five lines to enter the observation decks are \"as legendary as the building itself\". Concierge.com stated that there were five lines: the sidewalk line, the lobby elevator line, the ticket purchase line, the second elevator line, and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck.In 2016, New York City's official tourism website made note of only three lines: the security check line, the ticket purchase line, and the second elevator line.Following renovations completed in 2019, designed to streamline queuing and reduce wait times, guests enter from a single entrance on 34th Street, where they make their way through 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibits on their way up to the observatories. Guests were offered a variety of ticket packages, including a package that enables them to skip",
"them to skip the lines throughout the duration of their stay.The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks, making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years. New York Skyride In early 1994, amotion simulatorattraction was built on the 2nd floor,as a complement to the observation deck.The original cinematic presentation lasted approximately 25 minutes, while the simulation was about eight minutes.The ride had two incarnations. The original version, which ran from 1994 until around 2002, featuredJames Doohan,Star Trek'sScotty, as the airplane's pilot who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm.After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the ride was closed.An updated version debuted in mid-2002, featuring actorKevin Baconas the pilot, with the new flight also going haywire.This new version served a more informative goal, as opposed to the old version's main purpose of entertainment, and",
"entertainment, and contained details about the 9/11 attacks.The simulator received mixed reviews, with assessments of the ride ranging from \"great\" to \"satisfactory\" to \"corny\". Spire Above the 102nd floor The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast, a 158-foot (48 m) steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities, above the 86th floor.The spire of the Empire State Building was originally intended to serve as a mooring mast for zeppelins and other airships, although the plan was abandoned after high winds made that impossible.At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd-floor docking station.Inside, the elevators would ascend 167 feet (51 m) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33-foot-wide (10 m) 101st-floorwaiting room.From there, stairs would lead to the 102nd floor,where passengers would enter the airships.The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor. As constructed, the mast contains four rectangular tiers topped by a",
"tiers topped by a cylindrical shaft with a conical pinnacle.On the 102nd floor (formerly the 101st floor), there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor (formerly the 102nd).This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building's spire, and has a circular balcony outside.It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance. The room now contains electrical equipment, but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there.Above the 103rd floor, there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work.The mast's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015.The mast serves as the base of the building's broadcasting antenna. Inflatable objects have sometimes been mounted to the spire for promotional purposes. For example, aKing Kongballoon was attached to the spire in 1983 to mark the 50th anniversary of the character's introduction,and am inflatable dragon was placed on the spire in 2024 to promote the TV seriesHouse of",
"TV seriesHouse of Dragon. Broadcast stations Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22, 1931, whenNBCandRCAbegan transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the mast, with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data. They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there.In 1934, RCA was joined byEdwin Howard Armstrongin a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building's antenna.This setup, which entailed the installation of the world's firstFM transmitter,continued only until October of the next year due to disputes between RCA and Armstrong.Specifically, NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong's transmitter was located. After some time, the 85th floor became home to RCA's New York television operations initially as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then, from 1941, as commercial station WNBT channel 1 (nowWNBCchannel 4). NBC's FM station, W2XDG, began transmitting from the antenna in 1940.NBC",
"antenna in 1940.NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 when theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated. The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York-area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted. Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors, often along with sister FM stations.Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27, 1950,with TV, and FM, transmissions starting in 1951. The 200-foot (61 m) broadcast tower was completed in 1953.From 1951, six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $600,000 per year for the use of the antenna.In 1965, a separate set of FM antennae was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna. The placement of the stations in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the",
"issue with the construction of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in the late 1960s, and early 1970s. The greater height of the Twin Towers would reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building, eventually resulting in some broadcasters relocating to the newer towers instead of suing the developer, thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey.Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984, most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971. The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in theNorth Tower, as well as pay the broadcasters' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984.Only a few broadcasters renewed their leases in the Empire State Building. The September 11 attacks destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it, leaving most of the city's stations without a",
"stations without a transmitter for ten days until theArmstrong TowerinAlpine, New Jersey, was re-activated temporarily.By October 2001, nearly all of the city's commercial broadcast stations (both television and FM radio) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building. In a report thatCongresscommissioned about the transition fromanalog televisiontodigital television, it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered \"problematic\" due to interference from nearby buildings. In comparison, the congressional report stated that the former Twin Towers had very few buildings of comparable height nearby thus signals suffered little interference.In 2003, a few FM stations were relocated to the nearbyCondé Nast Buildingto reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building.Eleventelevisionstations and twenty-twoFMstations had signed 15-year leases in the building by May 2003. It was expected that a taller broadcast tower",
"broadcast tower inBayonne, New Jersey, orGovernors Island, would be built in the meantime with the Empire State Building being used as a \"backup\" since signal transmissions from the building were generally of poorer quality.Following the construction ofOne World Trade Centerin the late 2000s and early 2010s, some TV stations began moving their transmitting facilities there. As of 2021, the Empire State Building is home to the following stations: History The site was previously owned byJohn Jacob Astorof the prominentAstor family, who had owned the site since the mid-1820s.In 1893, John Jacob Astor Sr.'s grandsonWilliam Waldorf Astoropened the Waldorf Hotel on the site.Four years later, his cousin,John Jacob Astor IV, opened the 16-story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site.The two portions of theWaldorf–Astoriahotel had 1,300 bedrooms, making it the largest hotel in the world at the time.After the death of its founding proprietor,George Boldt, in early 1918, the hotel lease was purchased byThomas Coleman du",
"byThomas Coleman du Pont.By the 1920s, the old Waldorf–Astoria was becoming dated and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north.Additionally, many stores had opened on Fifth Avenue north of 34th Street.The Astor family decided to build areplacement hotelonPark Avenueand sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14–16 million.The hotel closed shortly thereafter on May 3, 1929. Planning Early plans Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25-story office building on the Waldorf–Astoria site. The company's president, Floyd De L. Brown, paid $100,000 of the $1 milliondown paymentrequired to start construction on the building, with the promise that the difference would be paid later.Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank butdefaultedon the loan. After Brown was unable to secure additional funding,the land was resold to Empire State Inc., a group of wealthy investors that includedLouis G. Kaufman,Ellis P. Earle,John J. Raskob, Coleman du Pont,",
"Coleman du Pont, andPierre S. du Pont.The name came from thestate nicknamefor New York.Alfred E. Smith, a formerGovernor of New Yorkand U.S. presidential candidate whose1928 campaignhad been managed by Raskob,was appointed head of the company.The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the 2 acres (1 ha) needed for the base, with the combined plot measuring 425 feet (130 m) wide by 200 feet (61 m) long.The Empire State Inc. consortium was announced to the public in August 1929.Concurrently, Smith announced the construction of an 80-story building on the site, to be taller than any other buildings in existence. Empire State Inc. contractedWilliam F. Lamb, of architectural firmShreve, Lamb and Harmon, to create the building design.Lamb produced the initial building design in just two weeks using the firm's earlier designs for theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem, North Carolina, as the basis.He had also been inspired byRaymond Hood's design for theDaily News Building, which was being constructed at",
"constructed at the same time.Concurrently, Lamb's partnerRichmond Shrevecreated \"bug diagrams\" of the project requirements.The1916 Zoning Actforced Lamb to design a structure that incorporatedsetbacksresulting in the lower floors being larger than the upper floors.Consequently, the building was conceived from the top down,giving it a pencil-like shape.The plans were devised within a budget of $50 million and a stipulation that the building be ready for occupancy within 18 months of the start of construction.Design drawings and construction were concurrent. Steel drawings were completed in mid-January 1930, when foundations were underway. Design changes The original plan of the building was 50 stories,but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories.Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildingsto ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80-story, 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) buildingwould have unobstructed views of the city.The New York Timeslauded the site's proximity tomass transit, with",
"transit, with theBrooklyn–Manhattan Transit's34th Streetstation and theHudson and Manhattan Railroad's33rd Streetterminal one block away, as well asPenn Stationtwo blocks away andGrand Central Terminalnine blocks away at its closest. It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of proposed floor space near \"one of the busiest sections in the world\".The Empire State Building was to be a typical office building, but Raskob intended to build it \"better and in a bigger way\", according to architectural writer Donald J. Reynolds. While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized, an intense competition in New York for the title of \"world's tallest building\" was underway.40 Wall Street(then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and theChrysler Buildingin Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building.The \"Race into the Sky\", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s,",
"in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities.The race was defined by at least five other proposals, although only the Empire State Building would survive theWall Street Crash of 1929.The 40 Wall Street tower was revised, in April 1929, from 840 feet (260 m) to 925 feet (282 m) making it the world's tallest.The Chrysler Building added its 185-foot (56 m) steel tip to its roof in October 1929, thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street.The Chrysler Building's developer,Walter Chrysler, realized that his tower's height would exceed the Empire State Building's as well, having instructed his architect,William Van Alen, to change the Chrysler's original roof from a stubbyRomanesquedome to a narrow steel spire.Raskob, wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world's tallest, reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire; however, the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the",
"pressure on the extension.On November 18, 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27–31 West 33rd Street, adding 75 feet (23 m) to the width of the proposed office building's site.Two days later, Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper. The plans included an observation deck on the 86th-floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler's 71st-floor observation deck. The 1,050-foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet (1.2 m) taller than the Chrysler Building,and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to \"pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute.\"The plans were revised one last time in December 1929, to include a 16-story, 200-foot (61 m) metal \"crown\" and an additional 222-foot (68 m) mooring mast intended fordirigibles. The roof height was now 1,250 feet (380 m), making it the tallest building in the world by far, even without the antenna.The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor, the now-enclosed 86th floor,",
"86th floor, would have to be built below the crown;however, unlike the Chrysler's spire, the Empire State's mast would serve a practical purpose.A revised plan was announced to the public in late December 1929, just before the start of construction.The final plan was sketched within two hours, the night before the plan was supposed to be presented to the site's owners in January 1930.The New York Timesreported that the spire was facing some \"technical problems\", but they were \"no greater than might be expected under such a novel plan.\"By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved.Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final, approved plan: The program was short enough—a fixed budget, no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor, as many stories of such space as possible, an exterior of limestone, and completion date of , 1931, which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches. Construction The",
"Construction The contractors wereStarrett Brothers and Eken, which were composed ofPaulandWilliam A. StarrettandAndrew J. Eken.The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont,whileJames Farley's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials.John W. Bowserwas the construction superintendent of the project,and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom.The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized. Hotel demolition Demolition of the old Waldorf–Astoria began on October 1, 1929.Stripping the building down was an arduous process, as the hotel had been constructed using more rigid material than earlier buildings had been. Furthermore, the old hotel's granite, wood chips, and \"'precious' metals such as lead, brass, and zinc\" were not in high demand, resulting in issues with disposal.Most of the wood was deposited into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp",
"burned in a swamp elsewhere. Much of the other materials that made up the old hotel, including the granite and bronze, were dumped into theAtlantic OceannearSandy Hook, New Jersey. By the time the hotel's demolition started, Raskob had secured the required funding for the construction of the building.The plan was to start construction later that year but, on October 24, theNew York Stock Exchangeexperienced the major and suddenWall Street Crash, marking the beginning of the decade-longGreat Depression. Despite the economic downturn, Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point.Neither Raskob, who had ceasedspeculationin the stock market the previous year, nor Smith, who had no stock investments, suffered financially in the crash.However, most of the investors were affected and as a result, in December 1929, Empire State Inc. obtained a $27.5 million loan fromMetropolitan Life Insurance Companyso construction could begin.The stock market crash resulted in no",
"resulted in no demand for new office space; Raskob and Smith nonetheless started construction,as canceling the project would have resulted in greater losses for the investors. Steel structure A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12, 1930,with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22,before the old hotel had been completely demolished.Two twelve-hour shifts, consisting of 300 men each, worked continuously to dig the 55-foot (17 m) deep foundation.Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork.Excavation was nearly complete by early March,and construction on the building itself started on March 17,with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished.Around this time, Lamb held a press conference on the building plans. He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows, the large-blockIndiana Limestonefacade that was slightly more",
"was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks, and the building's vertical lines.Four colossal columns, intended for installation in the center of the building site, were delivered; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) when the building was finished. The structural steel was pre-ordered andpre-fabricatedin anticipation of a revision to the city's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch (120,000 kPa), up from 16,000 pounds per square inch (110,000 kPa), thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building. Although the 18,000-psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities, MayorJimmy Walkerdid not sign the new codes into law until March 26, 1930, just before construction was due to commence.The first steel framework was installed on April 1, 1930.From there, construction proceeded at a rapid pace; during one stretch of 10 working days, the builders erected fourteen floors.This was made",
"was made possible through precise coordination of the building's planning, as well as themass productionof common materials such as windows andspandrels.On one occasion, when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble, Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble. The scale of the project was massive, with trucks carrying \"16,000 partition tiles, 5,000 bags of cement, 450 cubic yards of sand and 300 bags of lime\" arriving at the construction site every day.There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch.Temporary water taps were also built so workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level.Additionally, carts running on a small railway system transported materials from the basement storageto elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors where they would",
"where they would then be distributed throughout that level using another set of tracks.The 57,480 short tons (51,320 long tons) of steel ordered for the project was the largest-ever single order of steel at the time, comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined.According to historianJohn Tauranac, building materials were sourced from numerous, and distant, sources with \"limestone from Indiana, steel girders from Pittsburgh, cement and mortar from upper New York State, marble from Italy, France, and England, wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests, hardware from New England.\"The facade, too, used a variety of material, most prominently Indiana limestone but alsoSwedish black granite,terracotta, andbrick. By June 20, the skyscraper's supportingsteel structurehad risen to the 26th floor, and by July 27, half of the steel structure had been completed.Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction, achieving a",
"achieving a pace of four and a half stories per week;prior to this, the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been three and a half stories per week.While construction progressed, the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up (as opposed to the general design, which had been from the roof down). Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval, with several orders placed within an hour of a plan being finalized.On September 10, as steelwork was nearing completion, Smith laid the building'scornerstoneduring a ceremony attended by thousands. The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts including the previous day'sNew York Times, a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930, a history of the site and building, and photographs of the people involved in construction.The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet (319 m) on September 19, twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of",
"after the start of construction.Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone. Completion and scale Work on the building's interior and crowning mast commenced after the topping out.The mooring mast topped out on November 21, two months after the steelwork had been completed.Meanwhile, work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace, with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor.The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November.Because of the building's height, it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins, so the builders contracted with theOtis Elevator Companyto make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min), which represented the largest-ever elevator order at the time. In addition to the time constraint builders had, there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly, and trucks needed to drop off",
"needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic. This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing the materials in the building's first floor and basements.Concrete mixers, brick hoppers, and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public.At one point, over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day.A series of relay and erectionderricks, placed on platforms erected near the building, lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations.The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced.Al Smith shot the final rivet, which was made of solid gold. The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak,including 3,439 on a single day, August 14, 1930.Many of the workers were Irish and",
"were Irish and Italian immigrants,with a sizable minority ofMohawkironworkersfrom theKahnawakereserve nearMontreal.According to official accounts, five workers died during the construction,although theNew York Daily Newsgave reports of 14 deathsand a headline in the socialist magazineThe New Massesspread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths.The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build (equivalent to $661 million in 2023),including demolition of the Waldorf–Astoria. This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction. Lewis Hinecaptured many photographs of the construction, documenting not only the work itself but also providing insight into the daily life of workers in that era.Hine's images were used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases.According to the writerJim Rasenberger, Hine \"climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture, as no one ever had before (or has since), the dizzy work of building",
"work of building skyscrapers\". In Rasenberger's words, Hine turned what might have been an assignment of \"corporate flak\" into \"exhilarating art\".These images were later organized into their own collection.Onlookers were enraptured by the sheer height at which the steelworkers operated.New Yorkmagazine wrote of the steelworkers: \"Like little spiders they toiled, spinning a fabric of steel against the sky\". Opening and early years The Empire State Building officially opened on May 1, 1931, forty-five days ahead of its projected opening date, and eighteen months from the start of construction.The opening was marked with an event featuring United States PresidentHerbert Hoover, who turned on the building's lights with the ceremonial button push fromWashington, D.C.Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony, and following luncheon, at the 86th floor includingJimmy Walker, GovernorFranklin D. Roosevelt, andAl Smith.An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog, with",
"by a fog, with other landmarks such as theStatue of Libertybeing \"lost in the mist\" enveloping New York City.The Empire State Building officially opened the next day.Advertisements for the building's observatories were placed in local newspapers, while nearby hotels also capitalized on the events by releasing advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened building. According toThe New York Times, builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250-foot-tall (380 m) Empire State Building would be the world's tallest building \"for many years\", thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry. At the time, most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than 1,200 feet (370 m), even with the hardy Manhattanbedrockas a foundation.Technically, it was believed possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet (610 m), but it was deemed uneconomical to do so, especially during the Great Depression.As the tallest building in the world, at that time, and the",
"that time, and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and, ultimately, of the nation. In 1932, the Fifth Avenue Association gave the building its 1931 \"gold medal\" for architectural excellence, signifying that the Empire State had been the best-designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931.A year later, on March 2, 1933, the movieKing Kongwas released. The movie, which depicted a largestop motionape namedKongclimbing the Empire State Building, made the still-new building into a cinematic icon. Tenants and tourism At the beginning of 1931, Fifth Avenue was experiencing high demand for storefront space, with only 12 of 224 stores being unoccupied. The Empire State Building, along with 500 Fifth Avenue and608 Fifth Avenue, were expected to add a combined 11 stores.The office space was less successful, as the Empire State Building's opening had coincided with theGreat Depression in the United States.In the first year, only 23 percent of the available space",
"the available space was rented,as compared to the early 1920s, where the average building would be 52 percent occupied upon opening and 90 percent occupied within five years.The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the \"Empty State Building\"or \"Smith's Folly\". The earliest tenants in the Empire State Building were large companies, banks, and garment industries.Jack Brod, one of the building's longest resident tenants,co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931and rented space in the building until he died in 2008.Brod recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening, including him,and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh-floor offices.Generally, during the early 1930s, it was rare for more than a single office space to be rented in the building, despite Smith's and Raskob's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew.The building's lights were continuously left",
"continuously left on, even in the unrented spaces, to give the impression of occupancy. This was exacerbated by competition fromRockefeller Centeras well as from buildings on42nd Street, which, when combined with the Empire State Building, resulted in surplus of office space in a slow market during the 1930s. Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building's status as the world's tallest.The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets.The building became a popular tourist attraction, with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931.In its first year of operation, the observation deck made approximately $2 million in revenue, as much as its owners made in rent that year.By 1936, the observation deck was crowded on a daily basis, with food and drink available for purchase at the top,and by 1944 the building had received its five-millionth visitor.In 1931,NBCtook up tenancy, leasing space on the 85th",
"space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts.From the outset the building was in debt, losing $1 million per year by 1935. Real estate developerSeymour Durstrecalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor, as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob/Du Pont offices on the 81st floor. Other events Per the original plans, the Empire State Building'sspirewas intended to be anairshipdocking station. Raskob and Smith had proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor, while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building's 106th floor.An elevator would ferry passengers from the 86th to the 101st floorafter they had checked in on the 86th floor,after which passengers would have climbed steep ladders to board the airship.The idea, however, was impractical and dangerous due to powerful updrafts caused by the building itself,the wind currents",
"wind currents across Manhattan,and the spires of nearby skyscrapers.Furthermore, even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles, its crew would have to jettison someballastby releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability, and then tie the craft's nose to the spire with no mooring lines securing the tail end of the craft.On September 15, 1931, a small commercialUnited States Navyairship circled 25 times in 45-mile-per-hour (72 km/h) winds.The airship then attempted to dock at the mast, but its ballast spilled and the craft was rocked by unpredictableeddies.The near-disaster scuttled plans to turn the building's spire into an airship terminal, although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward. On July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbombercrashedinto the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 79th and 80th floors.One engine completely penetrated the building and landed in a neighboring block, while the other engine and part of the",
"and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft. Fourteen people were killed in the incident,but the building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later. Profitability By the 1940s, the Empire State Building was 98 percent occupied.The structurebroke evenfor the first time in the 1950s.At the time, mass transit options in the building's vicinity were limited compared to the present day. Despite this challenge, the Empire State Building began to attract renters due to its reputation.A 222-foot (68 m)radio antennawas erected on top of the towers starting in 1950,allowing the area's television stations to be broadcast from the building. Despite the turnaround in the building's fortunes, Raskob listed it for sale in 1951,with a minimum asking price of $50 million.The property was purchased by business partnersRoger L. Stevens,Henry Crown, Alfred R. Glancy andBen Tobin.The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company, a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan,for $51 million,",
"$51 million, the highest price paid for a single structure at the time.By this time, the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building, according to theCortland Standard.That same year, six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use thebuilding's antenna,which was completed in 1953.Crown bought out his partners' ownership stakes in 1954, becoming the sole owner.The following year, theAmerican Society of Civil Engineersnamed the building one of the \"Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders\". In 1961,Lawrence A. Wiensigned a contract to purchase the Empire State Building for $65 million, withHarry B. Helmsleyacting as partners in the building's operating lease.This became the new highest price for a single structure.Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates. The company in turnsubleasedthe building to another company headed by Helmsley",
"headed by Helmsley and Wien, raising $33 million of the funds needed to pay the purchase price.In a separate transaction,the land underneath the building was sold toPrudential Insurancefor $29 million.Helmsley, Wien, and Peter Malkin quickly started a program of minor improvement projects, including the first-ever full-building facade refurbishment and window-washing in 1962,the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964,and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966.The little-used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964, at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly sought retail area. Loss of \"tallest building\" title In 1961, the same year that Helmsley, Wien, and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building, thePort Authority of New York and New Jerseyformally backed plans for a newWorld Trade CenterinLower Manhattan.The plan originally included 66-story twin towers with",
"twin towers with column-free open spaces. The Empire State's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers' 7.6 million square feet (710,000 m2) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building's profits from lessees.A revision in the World Trade Center's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet (420 m) each or 110 stories, taller than the Empire State.Opponents of the new project included prominent real-estate developerRobert Tishman, as well as Wien's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center.In response to Wien's opposition, Port Authority executive directorAustin J. Tobinsaid that Wien was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world's tallest building. The World Trade Center's twin towers startedconstructionin 1966.The following year, theOstankino Towersucceeded the Empire State Building as thetallest freestanding structure in the world.In 1970, the Empire State",
"the Empire State surrendered its position as the world's tallest building,when the World Trade Center's still-under-construction North Tower surpassed it, on October 19;the North Tower wastopped outon December 23, 1970. In December 1975, the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers, significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire State Building.The latter was also losing revenue during this period, particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984.The Empire State Building was still seen as prestigious, having seen its forty-millionth visitor in March 1971. 1980s and 1990s By 1980, there were nearly two million annual visitors,although a building official had previously estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors.The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 in a roll out of 63 new postal codes in",
"new postal codes in Manhattan. At the time, its tenants collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail daily.The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1, 1981, with a much-publicized, but poorly received, laser light show,as well as an \"Empire State Building Week\" that ran through to May 8.TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commission(LPC) voted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981, Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million.Because all of the building's windows were being replaced at the same time, the LPC mandated a paint-color test for the windows; the test revealed that the Empire State Building's original windows were actually red.The improvements also entailed replacing alarm systems, elevators, windows, and air conditioning; making the observation deck compliant with theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA); and refurbishing the limestone facade.The observation",
"observation deck renovation was added after disability rights groups and theUnited States Department of Justicefiled a lawsuit against the building in 1992, in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law.A settlement was reached in 1994, in which Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA-compliant elements, such as new elevators, ramps, and automatic doors, during the renovation. Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelierHideki Yokoi, who was imprisoned at the time in connection with the deadlyHotel New Japan Fireat theHotel New JapaninTokyo.In 1994,Donald Trumpentered into a joint-venture agreement with Yokoi, with a shared goal of breaking the Empire State Building's lease on the land in an effort to gain total ownership of the building so that, if successful, the two could reap the potential profits of merging the ownership of the building with the land beneath it.Having secured a half-ownership of the land, Trump",
"of the land, Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it, even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project.He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995, claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a \"high-rise slum\"and a \"second-rate, rodent-infested\" office tower.Trump had intended to have Empire State Building Associates evicted for violating the terms of their lease,but was denied.This led to Helmsley's companies countersuing Trump in May.This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years,partly arising from Trump's desire to obtain the building's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates.Upon Harry Helmsley's death in 1997, the Malkins sued Helmsley's widow,Leona Helmsley, for control of the building. 21st century 2000s Following the destruction of the World Trade Center during theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001, the Empire State Building again became thetallest",
"became thetallest building in New York City, but was only thesecond-tallest building in the Americasafter theSears (later Willis) Towerin Chicago.As a result of the attacks, transmissions from nearly all of the city's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building.The attacks also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against prominent sites in New York City. In 2002, Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates, now headed by Malkin, in a $57.5 million sale.This action merged the building's title and lease for the first time in half a century.Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9/11 attacks, the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004, compared to about 2.8 million in 2003. Even though she maintained her ownership stake in the building until the post-consolidation IPO in October 2013,Leona Helmsleyhanded over day-to-day operations of the",
"operations of the building in 2006 to Peter Malkin's company.In 2008, the building was temporarily \"stolen\" by theNew York Daily Newsto show how easy it was to transfer the deed on a property, since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information, as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money. The paperwork submitted to the city included the names ofFay Wray, the famous star ofKing Kong, andWillie Sutton, a notorious New York bank robber. The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners, who at that time were Empire State Land Associates. 2010s to present Starting in 2009, the building's public areas received a $550 million renovation, with improvements to the air conditioning and waterproofing, renovations to the observation deck and main lobby,and relocation of the gift shop to the 80th floor.About $120 million was spent on improving theenergy efficiencyof the",
"efficiencyof the building, with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38% within five years.For example, all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film-coated \"superwindows\" which block heat but pass light.Air conditioningoperating costs on hot days were reduced, saving $17 million of the project's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits.The Empire State Building won theLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)Gold for Existing Buildings rating in September 2011, as well as theWorld Federation of Great Towers' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010.For the LEED Gold certification, the building's energy reduction was considered, as was a large purchase ofcarbon offsets. Other factors included low-flow bathroom fixtures, green cleaning supplies, and use of recycled paper products. On April 30, 2012,One World Trade Centertopped out, taking the Empire State Building's record of tallest in the city.By 2014, the building was owned by the Empire State Realty",
"Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT), with Anthony Malkin as chairman, CEO, and president.The ESRT was apublic company, having begun trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange the previous year.In August 2016, the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) was issued new fully diluted shares equivalent to 9.9% of the trust; this investment gave them partial ownership of the entirety of the ESRT's portfolio, and as a result, partial ownership of the Empire State Building.The trust's president John Kessler called it an \"endorsement of the company's irreplaceable assets\".The investment has been described by the real-estate magazineThe Real Dealas \"an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund\", as these funds typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies.Other foreign entities that have a stake in the ESRT include investors from Norway, Japan, and Australia. A renovation of the Empire State Building was commenced in the 2010s to further improve energy efficiency, public areas, and amenities.In",
"and amenities.In August 2018, to improve the flow of visitor traffic, the main visitor's entrance was shifted to 20 West 34th Street as part of a major renovation of the observatory lobby.The new lobby includes several technological features, including large LED panels, digital ticket kiosks in nine languages, and a two-story architectural model of the building surrounded by two metal staircases.The first phase of the renovation, completed in 2019, features an updated exterior lighting system and digital hosts.The new lobby also features free Wi-Fi provided for those waiting.A 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) exhibit with nine galleries opened in July 2019.The 102nd floor observatory, the third phase of the redesign, reopened to the public on October 12, 2019.That portion of the project included outfitting the space with floor-to-ceiling glass windows and a brand-new glass elevator.The final portion of the renovations to be completed was a new observatory on the 80th floor, which opened on December 2, 2019.In",
"December 2, 2019.In total, the renovation cost $160 millionor $165 million and took four years to finish. A comprehensive restoration of the building's mooring and antenna masts also began in June 2019. Antennas on the mooring mast were removed or relocated to the upper mast, while the aluminum panels were cleaned and coated with silver paint.To minimize disruption to the observation decks, the restoration work took place at night. The project was completed by late 2020. Height records The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper (to structural height), which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by theNorth Towerof the World Trade Center in October 1970.The Empire State Building was also thetallest human-made structurein the world before it was surpassed by theGriffin Television Tower Oklahoma(KWTV Mast) in 1954,and thetallest freestanding structure in the worlduntil the completion of theOstankino Towerin 1967.An early-1970s proposal to dismantle the spire",
"dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors, which would have brought the building's height to 1,494 feet (455 m) and made it once again the world's tallest at the time, was considered but ultimately rejected. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in theSeptember 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became thetallest building in New York City, and thesecond-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by theWillis Towerin Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the newOne World Trade Centerreached a greater height in April 2012.As of 2022, it is the seventh-tallest building in New York City and thetenth-tallest in the United States.The Empire State Building is the49th-tallest in the worldas of February 2021.It is also theeleventh-tallest freestanding structure in the Americasbehind the tallest U.S. buildings and theCN Tower. Notable tenants As of 2013, the building housed around 1,000 businesses.Current tenants include: Former",
"include: Former tenants include: Incidents 1945 plane crash At 9:40 am on July 28, 1945, aB-25 Mitchellbomber, piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr.,crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors (then the offices of theNational Catholic Welfare Council).One engine completely penetrated the building, landing on the roof of a nearby building where it started a fire that destroyed a penthouse.The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft, causing a fire that was extinguished in 40 minutes. Fourteen people were killed in the incident.Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver fell 75 stories and survived, which still holds theGuinness World Recordfor the longest survived elevator fall recorded. Despite the damage and loss of life, many floors were open two days later.The crash helped spur the passage of the long-pendingFederal Tort Claims Actof 1946, as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the",
"provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the incident.Also as a result of the crash, theCivil Aeronautics Administrationenacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City, setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level regardless of the weather conditions. A year later, on July 24, 1946, another airplane narrowly missed striking the building. The unidentified twin-engine plane scraped past the observation deck, frightening the tourists there. 2000 elevator plunge On January 24, 2000, an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin's maximum speed was severed.The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor, where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system. Despite the 40-floor fall, both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured. After the fall, building inspectors reviewed all of the building's elevators. Suicide attempts Because of the",
"Because of the building's iconic status, it and other Midtown landmarks are common locations forsuicideattempts.More than 30 people haveattempted suicideover the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building, with most attempts being successful. The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7, 1931, before it was even completed, when a carpenter who had been laid-off went to the 58th floor and jumped.The first suicide after the building's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory in February 1935, when Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet (314 m) onto amarquee sign.On December 16, 1943, William Lloyd Rambo jumped to his death from the 86th floor, landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below.In the early morning of September 27, 1946,shell-shockedMarine Douglas W. Brashear Jr. jumped from the 76th-floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency; police found his shoes 50 feet (15 m) from his body. On May 1, 1947,Evelyn McHaleleapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and",
"deck and landed on alimousineparked at the curb. Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death. The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck: \"He is much better off without me.... I wouldn't make a good wife for anybody\". The photo ran in the May 12, 1947, edition ofLifemagazineand is often referred to as \"The Most Beautiful Suicide\". It was later used by visual artistAndy Warholin one of his prints entitledSuicide (Fallen Body).A 7-foot (2.1 m) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three-week span in October and November of that year.By then, sixteen people had died from suicide jumps. Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory. Frederick Eckert ofAstoriaran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd-floor gallery on November 3, 1932, and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended fordirigiblepassengers. He landed and",
"He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade. Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor. On December 2, 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with abroken hip.On April 25, 2013, a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck, but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th-floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation. Shootings Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building. Abu Kamal, a 69-year-old Palestinian teacher,shot seven peopleon the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23, 1997. He killed one person and wounded six others before committing suicide.Kamal reportedly committed the shooting in response to events happening inPalestineandIsrael. On the morning of August 24, 2012, 58-year-old Jeffrey T. Johnsonshot and",
"T. Johnsonshot and killeda former co-worker on the building's Fifth Avenue sidewalk. He had been laid off from his job in 2011. Two police officers confronted the gunman, and he aimed his firearm at them. They responded by firing 16 shots, killing him but also wounding nine bystanders. Most of the injured were hit by bullet fragments, although three took direct hits from bullets. Impact As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation.In 2013,Timemagazine noted that the Empire State Building \"seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with\".The historian John Tauranac called it \"'the' twentieth-century New York building\", despite the existence of taller and moremodernistbuildings. TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionvoted to designate the building and its lobby as city landmarks on May 19, 1981,citing the historic nature of the first and second floors, as well as \"the",
"as well as \"the fixtures and interior components\" of the upper floors.TheNew York City Planning Commissionendorsed the landmark status.The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986in close alignment with the New York City Landmarks report.The Empire State Building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesthe following year due to its architectural significance. Contemporary reception Early architectural critics also focused on the Empire State Building's exterior ornamentation.Architectural critic Talbot Hamlin wrote in 1931, \"That it is the world's tallest building is purely incidental.\"George Shepard Chappell, writing inThe New Yorkerunder the pseudonym \"T-Square\", wrote the same year that the Empire State Building had a \"palpably enormous\" appeal to the general public, and that \"its difference and distinction in the extreme sensitiveness of its entire design\".Edmund Wilson ofThe New Republicwrote that the building's neutral color palette made it \"New York's handsomest skyscraper\".",
"skyscraper\". Architectural critics also wrote negatively of the mast, especially in light of its failure to become a real air terminal. Chappell called the mast \"a silly gesture\", andLewis Mumfordcalled it \"a public comfort station for migratory birds\".Nevertheless, architecture criticDouglas Haskellsaid the Empire State Building's appeal came from the fact that it was \"caught at the exact moment of transition—caught between metal and stone, between the idea of 'monumental mass' and that of airy volume, between handicraft and machine design, and in the swing from what was essentially handicraft to what will be essentially industrial methods of fabrication.\" As icon Early in the building's history, travel companies such asShort Line Motor Coach ServiceandNew York Central Railroadused the building as an icon to symbolize the city.In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, fourteen ranked the Empire State Building as the United States' best building; the Empire State Building received more votes than any",
"more votes than any building except theLincoln Memorial.After the construction of the first World Trade Center, architectPaul Goldbergernoted that the Empire State Building \"is famous for being tall, but it is good enough to be famous for being good.\" As an icon of the United States, it is also very popular among Americans. In a 2007 survey, the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was \"America's favorite building\".The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression, as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants.The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was \"a building intended to celebrate a new America, built by men (both clients and construction workers) who were themselves new Americans.\"The architectural criticJonathan Glanceyrefers to the building as an \"icon of American design\".Additionally, in 2007, the Empire State Building was first on the AIA's List ofAmerica's Favorite Architecture. The Empire State",
"The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a \"wonder of the world\" due to the massive effort expended during construction.The Washington Starlisted it as part of one of the \"seven wonders of the modern world\" in 1931, whileHolidaymagazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State's height would be taller than the combined heights of theEiffel Towerand theGreat Pyramid of Giza.TheAmerican Society of Civil Engineersalso declared the building \"A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States\" in 1958and one of theSeven Wonders of the Modern Worldin 1994.Ron Miller, in a 2010 book, also described the Empire State Building as one of the \"seven wonders of engineering\".It has often been called theEighth Wonder of the Worldas well, an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening.The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this, showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building.The Empire State Building also became the standard of reference to describe the",
"to describe the height and length of other structures globally, both natural and human-made. The building has also inspired replicas. TheNew York-New York Hotel and CasinoinParadise, Nevada, contains the \"Empire Tower\",a 47-story replica of the Empire State Building.A portion of the hotel's interior was also designed to resemble the Empire State Building's interior. In media As an icon of New York City, the Empire State Building has been featured in various films, books, TV shows, and video games. According to the building's official website, more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building.In his book about the building, John Tauranac writes that its first documented appearance in popular culture wasSwiss Family Manhattan, a 1932 children's story byChristopher Morley.A year later, the filmKing KongdepictedKong, a giantstop motionape that climbs the Empire State Building during the film's climax,bringing the building into the popular imagination.Later movies such asAn Affair to",
"such asAn Affair to Remember(1957),Sleepless in Seattle(1993), andIndependence Day(1996) also prominently featured the building.The building has also been featured in other works, such as \"Daleks in Manhattan\", a 2007 episode of the TV seriesDoctor Who;andEmpire, an eight-hour black-and-whitesilent filmbyAndy Warhol,which was later added to theLibrary of Congress'sNational Film Registry. Throughout its history, the Empire State Building has welcomed celebrities, royalty, and dignitaries to visit the observation deck. From celebrities likeTaylor SwiftandZendayato royalty such asPrince William, the Empire State Building hosts notable figures every year. Empire State Building Run-Up The Empire State Building Run-Up, a foot race from ground level to the 86th-floor observation deck, has been held annually since 1978.It is organized byNYCRUNS.Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers, and are oftentower runningenthusiasts. The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 ft (320 m) and takes in",
"m) and takes in 1,576 steps. The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds, achieved by Australian professional cyclistPaul Crakein 2003, at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft (2,010 m) per hour. See also References Notes Citations Sources Further reading External links",
"Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, founded asShreve & Lamb, was anarchitectural firmbest known for designing theEmpire State Building, the tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1931. The firm was prominent in the proliferation ofArt Deco architecture in New York City. History The firm was founded in 1920 as Shreve & Lamb, a partnership ofRichmond Harold (\"R.H.\") Shreve, a Canadian fromNova Scotia, andWilliam F. Lamb, fromBrooklyn, New York. Shreve was the administrator, while Lamb was the architect. The two met while working atCarrère & Hastings, and Shreve & Lamb was initially a Carrère & Hastings firm. In 1924 the pair decided to leave Carrère & Hastings and became an autonomous architectural company. In 1929,Arthur Loomis Harmon, fromChicago, Illinois, joined Shreve & Lamb, and the firm became Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.Prior to joining the firm, Harmon's works included battle monuments at Tours, Cantigny and Somme-Py in France, a YMCA inJerusalem, and the Shelton Hotel in",
"Shelton Hotel in New York, U.S. For the construction of the Empire State Building, the firm's most notable work and a symbol of theAmerican expression of the Art Decostyle, Lamb was responsible for the design, while Shreve's planning skills facilitated the completion of the construction in a year. Shreve's planning skills were recognized in New York, and he was involved in projects beyond the firm, such as theSlum ClearanceCommittee of New York. Shreve, Lamb & Harmon's primary focus was commercial office buildings, and their work in this area was described as \"spare and functional\" in 2010 by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. However, the firm completed numerous residential projects, such as No. 130 East 57th Street, and this facet of the company's work was mainly conducted in neo-Tudor, as well as other popular historical styles of the 1920s. Shreve, Lamb and Harmon had also employed the future architect behind the originalWorld Trade Centercomplex,Minoru Yamasaki, after he had completed a masters",
"completed a masters degree in architecture in 1936. Lasting until 1945, this professional relationship was cut short when Yamasaki took a job atSmith, Hinchman & Grylls. It is not entirely clear when the company went out of business, with 1989 being a likely date. The archivesof Shreve, Lamb & Harmon are kept at theAvery Architectural and Fine Arts LibraryofColumbia University. Notable buildings All buildings are located inNew York Cityunless otherwise indicated: References Notes External links",
"Richmond Shreve Richmond Harold Shreve(June 25, 1877 – September 11, 1946) was a Canadian-American architect. Biography He was born on June 25, 1877, inCornwallis, Nova Scotia, the son of Richmond Shreve, an Anglican priest, and Mary Catherine Parker Hocken.Shreve attendedCornell University, taught there from 1902 to 1906, and was a member of theSphinx Head Society. He was president of theAmerican Institute of Architectsfrom 1941 through 1943. He died on September 11, 1946, inHastings-on-Hudson, New York. Legacy His companyShreve, Lamb and Harmonled the construction of theEmpire State Buildingas well as severalCornell Universitybuildings.Shreve was also the lead architect for the landmark 1937Williamsburg Houseshousing development in Brooklyn. He was profiled in the bookThe 100 Most Notable Cornellians. Notes External links",
"William F. Lamb William Frederick LambFAIA(November 21, 1883 – September 8, 1952), was an Americanarchitect, chiefly known as one of the principal designers of theEmpire State Building. Biography Lamb joined the New York architecture firmCarrère & Hastingsin 1911, shortly after returning from Paris, where he earned a diploma at theÉcole des Beaux-Arts. Lamb became a partner in 1920; the firm would be known as Shreve & Lamb from 1924 to 1929 and thereafter asShreve, Lamb and Harmon. Lamb's notable projects include theEmpire State Building, theStandard Oil Building, 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, and the General Motors Building in New York City; the Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Building in Washington, D.C.; and academic buildings for the Connecticut College for Women, Williams College, Cornell University, and Wesleyan University. In addition to his studies at the École des Beaux Arts, Lamb received a bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1904 and did graduate work at the School of",
"at the School of Architecture,Columbia University, from 1904 to 1906. Lamb received an honorary doctorate from Williams College in 1932; other honors include two gold medals from the Fifth Avenue Association (1930, 1931), a medal from theArchitectural League of New York(1931), and a medal of honor from the New York Chapter of theAmerican Institute of Architects(1932). He was a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters, the Art Commission of the City of New York, theBeaux-Arts Institute of Design, and the Architectural League of New York. In the period preceding the 1939 New York World's fair, Lamb served as \"Coordinator of Design\" for the fair's board of planners.Lamb served on theU.S. Commission of Fine Artsfrom 1937 to 1945, including as vice chairman from 1941 to 1945.In 1942 he was elected into theNational Academy of Designas an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1950. The firm also designed 521 Fifth Avenue, the Forbes Magazine Building, theStandard Oil Building, and theBankers",
"and theBankers Trust Buildingand worked with H. Craig Severance on40 Wall Streetin New York. He also designed theReynolds BuildinginWinston-Salem,North Carolina He died in New York on September 8, 1952. References External links"
] |
Out of every team that has won at least one official global Valorant tournament, which team has also won at least one League of Legends World Championship and at least one CS:GO Major Championship as of 2024? | Fnatic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valorant_Champions_Tour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends_World_Championship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Strike_Major_Championships | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valorant_Champions_Tour', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends_World_Championship', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Strike_Major_Championships'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valorant_Champions_Tour",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends_World_Championship",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Strike_Major_Championships"
] | [
"ValorantChampions Tour TheValorantChampions Tour(VCT) is a global competitiveesportstournament series for the video gameValorantorganised byRiot Games, the game's developers. The series runs multiple events throughout each season, culminating inValorantChampions, the top-level event of the tour. The VCT was announced in 2020, with its inaugural season taking place in 2021. History 2021–2022: Open-qualifiers era In November 2020,Riot Gamesannounced the firstValorantChampions Tour, a tournament series divided into three tiers: Challengers, Masters, and Champions. Challengers would act as the lowest tier, split into seven regions: North America, Brazil, Latin America (Hispanic America), EMEA, Southeast Asia (later included South Asia and Oceania, become to Asia-Pacific), Korea, Japan. Teams that advance past Challengers would move on to Masters, where teams would not be divided by regions anymore, and the top 16 teams from Masters would move on to Champions, the final tournament of VCT.In February 2021, they announced the VCT Game Changers, a supplementary tournament initiative for women and marginalized genders. Riot hired esports infrastructure company Nerd Street Gamers as operators and producers for all North American Challengers and Masters events.They also hired several third-party companies to broadcast their events, such as Liga de Videojuegos Profesional (LVP) for their Spanish-language broadcasts andLetsPlay.Livefor theirOceaniabroadcasts.The2021 Champions tournamenttook place on December 1–12 at theVerti Music Hallin Berlin, Germany, concluding with team Acend defeatingGambit Esportsin the grand finals by a score of 3–2. Over 10,000 teams competed in the VCT in 2021. Outside of Champions, VCT saw its highest viewership at theReykjavíkMasters tournament in May, with a peak viewership of 1,085,850. The Champions grand finals match in December reached a peak viewership of 1,089,068, making it the VCT's highest peak viewership. Riot made several changes to the format of VCT for its second iteration. While the overall structure of Challengers, Masters, and Champions remained unchanged, it reduced the number of stages of Challengers and Masters events from three to two. VCT Challengers began on February 11, 2022.The2022 ChampionsTournament took place from September 1 to 18 in Istanbul, Turkey. 2023–present: Partnerships era Riot Games announced a new format starting in 2023.The season will be split into three international regions –Americas,EMEA, andPacificinstead of the 7 regions format used in previous years. Each international region will have its own International League that replaces the Challengers to become the domestic competitions to qualify for Masters and Champions. On September 21, 2022, Riot Games announced the thirty teams that had been selected as part of their new partnership format. ForChina, Riot Games showed favor towards players here by given Chinese teams a number of direct slots to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through third parties competitions in Hong Kong server, instead of having to play through Pacific league. In a June 2023 press conference, Riot COO Whalen Rozelle confirmed that Valorant would launch inChinain July under the name 无畏契约 (\"Fearless Contract\"), with hopes to launch a VCT league there in 2024.Shortly after in August, Riot announced an own regional league for China, and raising the number of partnered teams to 40. Leagues and format Franchised leagues International Leagues As of 2023, 30 teams are selected to be partner teams in International Leagues for five years with 10 teams per region. Non-partner teams compete in many sub-regions of Challengers events to qualify for \"Ascension\" events. The Ascension events will have one winner per region, which earns them a two-year promotion into their regions' International League. The promoted teams will have a chance to qualify for the global tournaments (Masters and Champions), as well as get benefits provided to other partnered teams. Each year through the Challengers promotion system, the three International Leagues will expand by one team each, until they reach a cap of 12 teams in each region in 2025 (beforehand this was supposed to be a 14-team cap by 2027). Teams in each International League will play onLANin a centralized local: the Riot Games Arena inLos Angelesfor VCT Americas,Riot Games Arena inBerlinfor VCT EMEA,andSeoulfor VCT Pacific.The Americas and EMEA venues are shared with theLeague of Legendsregional leagues'League Championship Series(LCS) andLeague of Legends EMEA Championship(LEC) respectively. China League Right from global launch, althoughValoranthad not been licensed for release in China, Riot Games showed favor towards Chinese players by allowed Chinese teams to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through achievements in domestic tournaments organized by third parties, played atHong Kongserver. Since 2024, withValorantlicensed for release servers inmainland, Riot launched the VCT CN specifically for the only country that they considers a pro region on the same level as the three International Leagues for many countries, as well as competition slots for only teams from China at Masters and Champions.They also announced thesecond Mastersevent of the year to take place inShanghaiand released a new Chinese agentIsoalongside previous agentSage. The China League is based at the VCT CN Arena in Shanghai. ValorantMasters TheValorantMasters is an biannualValorantinternational tournament organized by Riot Games in the middle of years since 2021.Similar to theMid-Season InvitationalforLeague of Legends, it is the second most important internationalValoranttournament after Champions.Teams must place near the top of their regional league to qualify for Masters. ValorantChampions TheValorantChampions is the annual professionalValorantworld championship tournament hosted by Riot Games and is the culmination of each VCT season. Teams compete for the world champion title ofValorantesports. Non-franchised leagues Challengers and Ascension Non-partner teams compete in Challengers events of sub-regions in Americas, EMEA and Pacific to qualify for \"Ascension\", the yearly promotion event to the respective International Leagues. Originally, it was announced that teams would have two-year stays in their International League after winning Ascension, with one team promoted every year until 2026, when two teams would be promoted every year until 2028. The leagues would have 14 teams each, totaling to 42 teams across the three leagues. On June 21, 2024, Riot announced changes to the Ascension format from 2025, with teams promoted to the International Leagues for one-year stays instead, after which they would be relegated toChallengersagain if they did not finish in the top 8 in their region's International League; if they qualified forChampionshowever, they get to stay for another year; if they finished between 5th and 8th in the International League, they qualify for that year'sAscensionfor a chance to keep their place in the league. In 2023-24, there are 23 minor regional leagues across the three international territories.From 2025, decreased to 15. ValorantGame Changers ValorantGame Changers is a series of domestic competitions for women and other marginalized genders withinValorantesports.Teams that finish in top places qualify for theValorant Game Changers Championship, the world championship event of Game Changers, and also earn the chance to be promoted to their region's Challengers league. Results International Leagues & China League winners Global tournaments Teams won titles *Team or organization no longer participates inValorantesports. *Team or organization no longer participates in Tier 1Valorantesports. Regions' titles Ascension winners ValorantGame Changers Championship Awards Masters The original masters trophy was unveiled by Riot at a May 2021 media preview event in the build up to Masters Reykjavik. It features a metal bottom and a glass top. The trophy was redesigned in 2023, again by Volpin Props, to be reusable for Masters tournaments in multiple regions.It stands at 18 inches (46 cm) and features a swappable 'Radianite' core. ForMasters Tokyo, it featured duelist Yoru's ultimateOnimask. The body of the trophy is palladium-plated with plastic components. Champions The Valorant Champions trophy was first unveiled ahead of Valorant Champions 2021. Also designed and built by Volpin Props ofAtlanta, Georgia, it stands at 2 feet (61 cm) tall and is partially 3D-printed, with 24 karat gold decoration overlayed. Notes References External links",
"League of LegendsWorld Championship TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championship(commonly abbreviated asWorlds) is the annual professionalLeague of Legendsworld championship tournament hosted byRiot Gamesand is the culmination of each season. Teams compete for the champion title, the 44-pound (20-kilogram) Summoner's Cup, and a multi-million-dollar championship prize. In 2018, the final was watched by 99.6 million people, breaking2017's final's viewer record.The tournament has been praised for its ceremonial performances,while receiving attention worldwide due to its dramatic and emotional nature. TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championships has gained tremendous success and popularity, making it among the world's most prestigious and watched tournaments, as well as the most watched esports event in the world. The tournament rotates its venues across different major countries and regions each year. South Korea'sT1is the most successful team in the tournament's history, having won four world championships. History Season 1 (2011) The Season 1 Championshipwas held in June 2011 atDreamhack Summer 2011, and featured a US$100,000 tournament prize pool.8 teams from Europe, North America, Southeast Asiaparticipated in the championship.Over 1.6 million viewers watched the streaming broadcast of the event, with a peak of over 210,069 simultaneous viewers in the final.Maciej \"Shushei\" Ratuszniak of the winning teamFnaticwas named themost valuable player(MVP) of the tournament. Season 2 (2012) After Season 1, Riot announced thatUS$5,000,000 would be paid out over Season 2. Of this $5 million, $2 million went to Riot's partners including theIGN Pro Leagueand other majoresportsassociations. Another $2 million went to Riot's Season 2 qualifiers and championship. The final $1 million went to other organizers who applied to Riot to host independentLeague of Legendstournaments. The Season 2 World Championship was held in early October 2012 inLos Angeles, Californiato conclude theUS$5 million season. Twelve qualifying teams from around the world participated in the championship, which boasted the largest prize pool in the history of esports tournaments at the time atUS$2 million, withUS$1 million going to the champions. The group stage, quarterfinal, and semifinal matches took place between 4 and 6 October. The grand final took place a week after, on 13 October in theUniversity of Southern California'sGalen Centerin front of 10,000 fans, and were broadcast in 13 different languages.In the grand final,Taiwan's professional teamTaipei Assassinstriumphed overSouth Korea's Azubu Frost 3 to 1 and claimed theUS$1 million in prize money. Over 8 million viewers tuned in to the Season 2 World Championship broadcast, with a maximum of 1.1 million concurrent viewers during the grand finale, making the Season 2 World Championship the most watched esports event in history at the time. Season 3 (2013) The Season 3 World Championship was held in late 2013 inLos Angeles, California. 14 teams from North America, Korea, China, Southeast Asia, Europe, and one of the emergingLeague of Legendsterritories measured up at the World Playoffs after having qualified through their regional competitions.The grand final was held in theStaples Centeron 4 October 2013, where Korean teamSK Telecom T1defeated the Chinese team Royal Club,granting them the title of the Season 3 world champions, the Summoner's Cup and the $1 million prize. The Season 3 World Championship grand final broadcast on 4 October was watched by 32 million people with a peak concurrent viewership of 8.5 million.The numbers once again beat the previous records for esports viewership. 2014 The 2014 World Championship featured 16 teams competing for a $2.13 million prize pool, with 14 teams qualifying from the primaryLeague of Legendsregions (China, Europe, North America, Korea and Taiwan/SEA) and two international wildcard teams. Riot stopped numbering seasons and instead simply used the year for the 2014 and future championships. The group stage began on 18 September inTaipeiand concluded on 28 September inSingaporewith eight teams advancing to the bracket stage.The bracket stage started on 3 October inBusan, South Korea, and concluded on 19 October with the grand final hosted at the 45,000-seatsSeoul World Cup Stadium,where South Korean teamSamsung Galaxy Whitebeat the Chinese team Star Horn Royal Club to become the 2014League of Legendsworld champions.Support player Cho \"Mata\" Se-hyeong was named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP). American bandImagine Dragonscontributed the theme song \"Warriors\" for the tournament,and performed live on the grand final stage in South Korea.All games were made available for free via live streaming. The 2014 World Championship games were streamed live by 40 broadcast partners and cast in 19 languages. The grand final was watched by 27 million people, with concurrent viewership peaking at over 11 million viewers. 2015 After the 2014 season,Riot Gamesintroduced a number of changes to competitiveLeague of Legends. The number of teams in theLeague Championship Serieswas increased from 8 to 10 in both the North America and Europe regions.A second Riot Games official international tournament was announced, the Mid-Season Invitational, which took place in May 2015, and featured a single team from each major region and one international wildcard.Additionally, starting from 2015, all teams are required to field a head coach in their competitive matches, who will stay on stage and speak with the team via voice-chat in the pick–ban phase of the game. This change makes the head coach an officially recognized member of the team. The 2015 World Championship concluded the 2015 season and was held at several venues across Europe in October 2015. Like the 2014 World Championship, the 2015 World Championship was a multi-city, multi-country event.2015 Worlds was won bySK Telecom T1, their second title, as they won the 2013 Worlds too. SKT top lanerJang \"MaRin\" Gyeong-hwanwas named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP). The final was watched by 36 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14 million viewers. 2016 The various stages of the 2016 Worlds were held throughout theUnited StatesinChicago,San Francisco,New York City, and the final inLos Angeles. The groups of teams were decided through a live group draw show on 10 September. The games were played on the 6.18 patch of the game with Yorick disabled, and Aurelion Sol disabled for days 1–3. There were 16 teams and 4 groups that consisted of 4 teams. The group stage was Bo1 and the top two teams from each group would advance to the Knockout Stage. The Knockout Stage was Bo5 and the #1 vs #2 teams from each group would face each other in the bracket. The total prize pool was US$5,070,000 and it was spread among the teams. The first place (SK Telecom T1) took $2,028,000, the second team (Samsung Galaxy) took $760,500, and the third and fourth place (ROX Tigers and H2K) took $380,250 divided among the 2 teams. The rest of the prize pool was distributed among the 5th–16th places. SKT won 3–2 versus Samsung Galaxy in the 2016 World Championship final, with Faker winning the MVP award.The final was watched by 43 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14.7 million viewers, breaking 2015's final's viewer records. 2017 The 2017 World Championship series started in September 2017, and concluded in November 2017. It was held in 4 different locations throughout China:Wuhan(play-in and groups),Guangzhou(quarterfinals),Shanghai(semifinals), andBeijing(final).It was played on patch 7.18, with the newest champion Ornn being disabled. Patch 7.18 is slightly older than patches 7.19 and 7.20, which are the new standard for online matches during the September - November period. The most notable difference being the stronger Ardent Censer support meta with patch 7.18. A total of 24 teams participated in the tournament: 3 teams from South Korea, China, North America, Europe and Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau; 1 team from Brazil, Latin America North, Latin America South, Japan, Oceania, Turkey, Southeast Asia and CIS/Russia; and 1 team from the Wildcard region with the highest rank finish at the 2017 Mid-Season Invitational (GPL in Southeast Asia, due to Gigabyte Marines from Vietnam prevailing there, and Vietnam received 1 more slot for VCS's second seed to participate GPL 2017 summer split). Samsung Galaxy reversed the previous year's result and defeated SK Telecom T1 3–0 in the 2017 World Championship final.Park \"Ruler\" Jae-hyuk, the AD carry of Samsung, was named MVP.The final was watched by 60 million people, breaking 2016's final's viewer records. The tournament is widely praised for its high quality of plays and amazing ceremonial performances, while receiving worldwide attention for its dramatic and emotional series. It is currently the most watched tournament inLeague of Legends'history and is lauded as one of the best. 2018 The 2018 World Championship was held from 1 October to 3 November, 2018, in 4 cities acrossSouth Korea:Seoul(play-in),Busan(groups & quarterfinals),Gwangju(semifinals), andIncheon(final).Twenty four teams qualified for the tournament based on their placement in regional circuits such as those in North America, Europe, South Korea, and China, with twelve of those teams having to reach the group stage via a play-in round. The 2018 World Championship was played on Patch 8.19. Notably, champions Aatrox, Alistar and Urgot were extremely prevalent in the tournament, with the three characters being picked or banned in over 90 percent of the 78 games played.The World Championship final was played between Invictus Gaming and Fnatic. Invictus Gaming won 3–0 against Fnatic, granting China and theLPLtheir first World Championship. Gao \"Ning\" Zhenning was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by 99.6 million unique viewers, with concurrent viewership reaching a peak of 44 million viewers, breaking 2017's final's viewership record. 2019 The 2019 World Championship was held between 2 October to 10 November 2019, in three countries and cities inEurope:Berlin(play-in & groups),Madrid(quarterfinals and semifinals), andParis(final).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play. The 2019 World Championship was played on Patch 9.19 from start to finish.The World Championship final was played on 10 November 2019 betweenLPL'sFunPlus PhoenixandLEC'sG2 EsportsatAccorHotels Arenain Paris. FunPlus Phoenix won 3–0 against G2 Esports, granting China and the LPL back-to-back World Championships. Gao \"Tian\" Tianliang was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by more than 100 million viewers, peaking at 44 million concurrent views. 2020 The 2020 World Championship was held from 25 September to 31 October 2020 inShanghai, China. 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere unable to attend the event. All games leading up to the final were hosted in the Shanghai Media Tech Studio with no fans in attendance. The final was hosted in thePudong Football Stadiumas the building's inaugural event, hosting a limited number of 6,312 fans due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The final was played on 31 October 2020 betweenSuning, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, andDamwon Gaming, fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Damwon Gaming winning the championship 3–1. During the second game, Suning's top laner Chen \"Bin\" Zebin achieved the first \"Pentakill\" in the final of a World Championship.Damwon Gaming's jungler, Kim \"Canyon\" Geon-bu, was named the MVP of the series.Damwon's win ended the LPL's back-to-back streak of world championship victories.The final was watched at its peak by 46.07 million viewers. 2021 The 2021 World Championship was held from 5 October to 6 November 2021 inReykjavík, Iceland. In line with last year's iteration, 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere once again unable to attend the event. All games of the tournament were hosted in theLaugardalshöll, with no fans in attendance due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Iceland. The final was played on 6 November 2021 betweenEdward Gaming, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, and defending championsDWG KIA(formerly Damwon Gaming), fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Edward Gaming winning the championship 3–2, ending DWG KIA's chance to win back-to-back world championships.Edward Gaming's mid laner, Lee \"Scout\" Ye-chan, was named the MVP of the series.The final had an average audience of 30.6 million, peaking at 73.86 million concurrent viewers. 2022 The 2022 World Championship was held from 29 September to 5 November, 2022, with the event taking place in 4 cities acrossNorth America:Mexico City(play-in),New York City(groups & quarterfinals),Atlanta(semifinals) andSan Francisco(finals).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of theRussian invasion of Ukraine, theLeague of Legends Continental Leaguefrom theCISregion was unable to send a representative to participate in the event. The finals was played at theChase Centeron 5 November 2022 betweenT1andDRX, both from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK). Riot Games collaborated withLil Nas Xto releaseSTAR WALKIN'for the finals. He appeared at the Chase Center in San Francisco, California, and he was broadcast through over 20 music stations live for tens of millions of people.In the final, DRX defeated T1 3–2 in a close series, becoming the first team to win the championship after starting from the play-in stage.DRX's top laner, Hwang \"Kingen\" Seong-hoon, was named the MVP of the series.Their victory was considered aCinderellaandunderdogsuccess story, as they had come from the play-in stage as Korea's fourth seed representative, and had beaten some of the more favored and accomplished teams along the way, including the previous worlds championsEdward Gamingin a 3–2 reverse sweep in the quarterfinals, and defeating theLCK Summer Split championsGen.G3–1 in the semifinals. 2023 The 2023 World Championship was held from 10 October to 19 November 2023, with the event taking place in two cities across South Korea:SeoulandBusan. Twenty-two teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.Albeit, one team qualified for the event through the newly inaugurated Worlds Qualifying Series between the fourth-seeded teams from the LEC and LCS. The format for the event differed to the previous editions, with the introduction of a play-in stage, consisting of eight teams who are split into two double elimination brackets. There, three teams qualified to the second stage of the event where the qualifying teams, along with thirteen other teams, faced off in aswiss-system tournamentto determine the qualifiers to the knockout stage, with the eventual champions being crowned at the conclusion of the single-elimination knockout stage. The finals was played at theGocheok Sky Domeon 19 November 2023 betweenWeibo Gamingfrom theLeague of Legends Pro League(LPL), and previous years' finalistT1from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK).In the final, T1 defeated Weibo Gaming 3–0, extending their record for the most world championships won by single team with four titles.T1's top laner,Choi \"Zeus\" Woo-je, was named the MVP of the series, while teammateLee \"Faker\" Sang-hyeokbecame the first player to win four World Championships. 2024 The 2024 World Championship will be held from 25 September to 2 November 2024, with the event taking place in three cities across Europe:Berlin,ParisandLondon. Twenty-two teams will qualify to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and results gained inthis years' Mid-Season Invitational(MSI), with the LCK and LPL's 4th seeds in the Swiss stage reallocated to the winner and a team from the best performing region of the event. It was revealed during the finals' broadcast of the 2023 World Championship, that the finals of this years' Worlds is set to take place in London atThe O2 Arenaon 2 November 2024. 2025 Details about the 2025 World Championship's location and dates are yet to be known. However, this edition of the tournament will feature 17 teams in total, with the MSI slots being kept and three teams from each ofLeague's new competitive regions (Americas, EMEA, Korea, China and Asia-Pacific) qualifying on top. One best-of-5 play-in match will be held before the Swiss stage between two teams. Trophy Riot Games, which ownsLeague of Legends, commissioned the winner's trophy as the Summoner's Cup. Riot specified that it should weigh 70 pounds (about 32 kilograms), though the actual weight of the finished cup was reduced so it would not be too heavy to lift in victory. The World Championship Cups for 2012 and for 2014 were created byThomas Lyte. In 2022, Riot Games announced the formation of a multi-year partnership with American jewelry brandTiffany & Co., producing a newly designed Summoner's Cup with a weight of 44 pounds (about 20 kilograms). Results By year By region By team Italicsindicates a team/organization has been disbanded, acquired or no longer participates in the regional league. Notes References",
"Counter-StrikeMajor Championships Counter-StrikeMajor Championships, commonly known as theMajors, areCounter-Strike(CS)esportstournaments sponsored byValve, the game's developer. The first Valve-recognized Major took place in 2013 inJönköping,Swedenand was hosted byDreamHackwith a total prize pool ofUS$250,000split among 16 teams. This, along with the following 18 Majors, was played inCounter-Strike: Global Offensive. As of the 2023 release ofCounter-Strike 2(CS2),Counter-Strikeesports, including the Majors, are played in CS2. Since then, the Major circuit has expanded significantly, with recent tournaments advertising aUS$2,000,000prize pool and featuring twenty-four teams from around the world. The Majors are considered to be the most important and prestigious tournaments in the Counter-Strike scene. The current champions areNatus Vincere, who won their second Major atPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the first to be held inCounter-Strike 2.Astralishold the record for the most Major titles with four. History Counter-Strike: Global Offensiveis amultiplayerfirst-person shootervideo game developed byHidden Path EntertainmentandValve. It is the fourth game in theCounter-Strikeseries. The first game in the series,Counter-Strike 1.6, was officially released in 2000 and competitive play began soon after. The first significant international tournament was the 2001Cyberathlete Professional LeagueWinter Championship, considered the first \"Major\".The CPL Summer and Winter Championships, along with theWorld Cyber Games,Electronic Sports World CupandIntel Extreme MastersWorld Championships, were considered Majors by the community, although Valve did not sponsor or give any official designation to the tournaments. Swedish teams, most notablySK Gaming,dominated early Majors but the Polish roster known as the Golden Five were the most successful lineup.Many teams from other parts of the world would win Majors, includingTeam 3Dfrom the United States at CPL Winter 2002and WCG 2004,NoA from Norway at CPL Winter 2004,mibrfrom Brazil at ESWC 2006,andWeMade FOXfrom South Korea at WEM 2010. On September 16, 2013, a year after the release ofGlobal Offensive, Valve announced aUS$250,000community-funded prize pool for the first official CS:GO Major.The money was partially community-funded through the game's Arms Deal update, which allowed players to buyin-game skins.Valve announced the tournament would take place in Sweden and would be hosted byDreamHack.The tournament took place in late November and was won by the Swedish teamFnaticwho upsetNinjas in Pyjamasin the finals.After Dreamhack 2013, Valve announced they would partner with tournament organizers to host three Majors per year. These Majors are the most prestigious events in the competitive CS:GO scene, and the professional players' legacies are often judged by their performances at these tournaments. The early Majors were dominated by Swedish teams, as Fnatic and NiP combined to win the four of the first six Majors. NiP would play in five of the first six grand finals. When Fnatic won Cologne 2015, they became the first team to win back to back Majors, and the first to win a third Major in total.Only the Danish teamAstralishas since matched that total. At the end of 2015, Valve announced thatMLGwould host the first Major in North America.On February 23, 2016, withMLG Columbus 2016coming up, Valve announced a permanent increase in the prize pool fromUS$250,000toUS$1,000,000.However, Valve reduced the number of Majors per year from three to two.Luminosity Gaming, a Brazilian team, won the event to becomes the first non-European team to win a Major.This roster would also go on to win back to back Majors, with their second asSK GamingatESL One Cologne 2016. Gambit Esports, made up primarily of players from Kazakhstan, wonPGL Major Kraków 2017to become the first Asian and CIS team to win a Major. On December 13, 2017, the general manager ofELEAGUE, the hosts of theELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, announced a revised format designed by Valve and ELEAGUE that would expand the number of teams in the Major from sixteen to twenty-four.This was also the first Major to take place in multiple cities, as the group stages took place inAtlantaat theTurner Studios.Cloud9, an American team, won the event to become the first North American team to win a Major. After Boston 2018, the Danish team Astralis became the top team in CS:GO and one of the best teams inCounter-Strikehistory.With wins atLondon 2018,Katowice 2019, andBerlin 2019, Astralis become the first team to win three Majors in a row and four majors total.After Berlin 2019, Valve and ESL announced the following Major,ESL One Rio 2020, which was to be the first Major to be hosted in South America.Rio 2020, originally scheduled for May, was then postponed to November due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The November Major was announced with aUS$2,000,000prize pool, combining the amounts that would have been set aside for both Majors.In September 2020, the Rio Major was officially canceled due to COVID-19.In December 2020, Valve moved the 2021 Major from May to October and November, citing concerns over the pandemic.On January 14, 2021, Valve announced that the championship would be held between October 23 and November 7 in Stockholm.Over two years after the last Major,PGL Major Stockholm 2021took place, with favouritesNatus Vinceredominating the tournament and becoming the first team in CS:GO history to win a Major without dropping a single map throughout the tournament. PGL Major Stockholm 2021 surpassed the long-standing Counter-Strike viewership record 4 times; reaching 2.75 million concurrent viewers in the final. FaZe Clanwon thePGL Major Antwerp 2022, defeating Natus Vincere 2-0, and becoming the first international team in CS:GO history to win a Major. The previously cancelledESL One Rio 2020Major was replaced withIEM Rio Major 2022and was held inRio de Janeiro, Brazilon October 31 - November 13, 2022.Outsiders, a neutral name for esports organizationVirtus.produe to ties with the Russian government in light of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, won the tournament defeatingHeroicin the grand final 2-0. BLAST Paris Major 2023was held inParison May 8 - May 21, 2023 with a prize pool of $1,250,000USD.Shortly after the announcement of Counter-Strike 2, the official CS:GO Twitter account announced that the BLAST Paris Major would be the last CS:GO Major with the next major happening in March 2024 in CS2.Team Vitality, a French organization with native star playerMathieu 'ZywOo' Herbaut, defeateddark horseGamerLegionby 2–0 to clinch the final CS:GO Major title. The firstCounter-Strike 2Major was announced to be thePGL CS2 Major Copenhagen 2024which was held from March 17–31 in theRoyal Arena.On November 12, 2023,Perfect World, who are responsible for distributingCounter-Strike 2in China, announced the second major following the release ofCounter-Strike 2, taking place inShanghaibetween December 1-15, 2024. Format Qualification Starting after Dreamhack 2013, the top eight teams from each Major (those who made it to the playoff stage) earned automatic berths to the next Major.These teams are called \"Legends\". The other eight teams, called \"Challengers\", were decided by regional qualifiers, mainly from Europe and North America.A small number of teams have been directly invited or earned attendance from a last chance qualifier to fill final open spots when necessary.Beginning with theDreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015qualification cycle, Valve created a single 16-team main qualifier before the Major. The bottom eight teams from the previous Major earn automatic berths to the newly formed Major qualifier, and the regional qualifiers now send teams to the main qualifier, instead of directly to the Major. For MLG Columbus 2016 the regional qualifiers, leading into the Major qualifier, were replaced by \"Minors\".The Columbus Minor system involved four regional qualifiers and two \"last chance\" qualifiers, and results in invites going to one team from the Americas, two Asian teams, oneCISteam, one European team, and three last chance qualifier spots. The system was simplified in the following Major,ESL One Cologne 2016, with the removal of the last chance qualifiers.Four Minors—Asia, CIS, Europe, Americas—were used. Two teams from each qualifier would go to the Major qualifier, joining the bottom eight teams from the previous Major.The top eight teams from the 16-team Major qualifier advance to the Major. At ELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, the Major qualifier was integrated into the full Major as the first of three phases, expanding the number of teams in each Major to 24.The Major qualifier was renamed the \"Challengers Stage\", the former group stage was renamed the \"Legends Stage\", and the playoff stage was named the \"Champions Stage\".This increased the number of teams getting automatic invites to Majors to 16, while retaining the Minor system to fill the remaining eight spots in phase one of the Major. The Legends—still made up of the teams who reach the playoff stage—earn an automatic invitation to the Legends Stage of the following Major, while the teams placing 9-16 earn automatic invitations to the Challengers Stage of the following Major.On August 28, 2018, shortly before the start of theFACEIT Major: London 2018, Valve announced that they were reducing the number of automatic Major invites to fourteen, starting with the London 2018 Major: the two teams that go winless in the first phase must go through the Minors to get back to the next Major. From thePGL Major Stockholm 2021onwards, no automatic berths have been given to any team regardless of their record in the previous Major. Instead, a Regional Major Ranking (RMR) system has been used, which at first was a yearly points circuit where each region would have three qualifying tournaments where teams can receive points towards qualifying for the Major, which included Contenders, Challengers and Legends distinctions (As well as the Legends bye) for the top teams within each region.Despite initially being used for the ESL One Rio Major 2020, the event's cancellation would mean that PGL Major Stockholm 2021 was the first Major that utilized the RMR system.The very next Major,PGL Major Antwerp 2022, would scrap the points circuit in favor of qualifying tournaments that bear the RMR name, initially (and still) 2 for Europe (which included the CIS region), 1 for the Americas and 1 for Asia-Pacific. Teams qualify for their regional RMRs via being the top teams in their region in the Valve rankings (before thePerfect World Shanghai Major 2024, the teams who placed in the Legends Stage of the previous Major would qualify automatically for the RMRs) or via online qualifying made up of Open Qualifiers (if needed) and Closed Qualifiers, where the next-best ranked teams compete for the remaining RMR spots. In addition, regions can gain or lose Challengers and Legends spots in the Major based on the region's results from the previous Major, with 3 Challengers spots reserved for Europe and the Americas and 2 for Asia-Pacific. For example, afterPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the Americas region would go from 1 Legends spot and 4 Challengers spot, to 7 Challengers spots for Perfect World Shanghai, after 4 teams from the Americas qualified for the Elimination Stage, with none making the Playoff stage. Unlike traditional sports or other esports leagues, Valve considers the players in each team to have the Major spots, rather than the organization itself.For instance, at theELEAGUE Major 2017,Team EnVyUsplaced ninth, meaning it would have an automatic berth at the next Major qualifier. However, before the next Major, three of EnVyUs's players transferred toG2 Esports, meaning Team EnVyUs lost its spot at the Major qualifier. Tournament format Although the playoff stage of the Majors has generally followed a standard 8-team single-elimination format, the group stages have changed multiple times. From 2013 to 2016, Majors used a four group GSL format for the group stage.In each four-team group, the two higher seeds would initially face the two lower seeds. The two winners from the first round of matches would then play to determine which team gets the top seed. The two losers would also play to eliminate one team. After this second round of matches, the remaining two teams play to determine which team takes the final playoff spot.All group stage games at the first Majors were best-of-ones. The last Major of 2015 and both Majors in 2016 featured a best-of-three decider in the final match of each group. The group stage of ESL One Cologne 2015 worked differently. Initially, the first three matches of the group stage started out the same way as the standard GSL format, determining the group winner. However, teams were then reassigned afterwards so that the two losers played from different groups and then the decider match would also be teams from different groups. Beginning in 2017, the group stage has featured aSwiss-system group stage.Before the tournament, teams are divided into four pots, with pot one having the four highest seeds, pot two having the next four highest seeds, and so on. A randomly selected team from pot one would face off against a randomly selected team from pot four. The same process is done with the pots two and three. After the initial seeded match, teams play five rounds against randomly drawn teams with the same record.No two teams play twice unless necessary. If a team wins three matches, then that team moves on to the next stage. If a team loses three matches, that team is eliminated. All games were best-of-one until the London 2018 Major. The Boston 2018 Major featured two Swiss group stages; the stage formerly known as the offline Major qualifier was now called the New Challengers stage and the group stage was now rebranded as the New Legends stage. The London 2018 Major used a slightly different form of the Swiss system, called the Buchholz system, in which matchups were seeded instead of random and the last round featured best-of-three sets.The next Major,Katowice 2019, featured a crowdsourcedElo system, in which participating teams ranked the 15 other teams before the Legends Stage to create a seeding system for each round of the Swiss system.TheCopenhagen 2024 Majorwill have the names of the two Swiss stages changed, with the Challengers Stage becoming the Opening Stage and the Legends Stage becoming the Elimination Stage, while the first round match-up seeding for the Swiss stages will be tweaked. The Playoffs, known as the New Champions stage and Champions stage beforehand, have featured eight teams at all Majors. All matches are best-of-three, single-elimination series. When the GSL format was used for group stages, group winners earned top seeds and group runner-ups earned bottom seeds. Each top seed played a bottom seed in quarterfinals. With current Swiss format seeding, the two teams that finish undefeated in the group stage earn the highest seeds. Two of the three lowest seeds from the group stage (teams that advance with two losses) are randomly selected to play against the high seeds. Two of the three middle seeds (teams that advance with one loss) are randomly selected to play each other, and the remaining two teams face each other to finalize the bracket. Banned players Valve has banned players from attending the Majors for violations of competitive integrity. AValve Anti-Cheat(VAC) ban is the most common way players get banned. VAC is an anti-cheat program designed by Valve to detect cheats running in various games, includingCounter-Strike. If cheats are detected, the account is given a permanent lifetime ban from playing on VAC-secured servers. Other server providers, such asFACEITandESEA, have their own anti-cheat systems and work with Valve to detect new cheats.One of the most high-profile VAC bans was given to Hovik \"KQLY\" Tovmassian. KQLY, along with several other professional players, was banned while playing for France's best team,Titan. Valve has also banned players from Valve-sponsored events formatch fixing. The first Valve ban for match fixing was a response to theiBUYPOWER match fixing scandal, in which esports journalistRichard Lewisrevealed that one of North America's best teams, iBUYPOWER, had thrown a match for high-valueskins.Valve indefinitely banned seven players who were involved in the scandal from attending any Majors. Tyler \"Skadoodle\" Latham was the only iBUYPOWER player not to be banned, as he did not receive any payment after the game.Valve would later make the bans permanent, causing some controversy in the Counter-Strike community.Although tournament organizersESLandDreamHacklifted their own bans on the former iBUYPOWER players in 2017,the Major ban effectively ended the high level careers of two of North America's best in-game leaders (Sam \"DaZeD\" Marine and Joshua \"steel\" Nissan) and Braxton \"swag\" Pierce.Skadoodle would go on to win a Major with Cloud9. Following the iBUYPOWER ban, there have been two other match fixing bans, resulting in nine other players being barred from the Majors. List of Major Championships Titles by organization Titles by players Features Stickers Stickers are virtual items in the game which players can buy or get from sticker capsules. The stickers can then be applied toin-game gun skins. Valve has released a sticker design for each team attending a Major since Katowice 2014,and a sticker for each professional player's signature since Cologne 2015.These two types of stickers come in a variety of styles: paper, glitter, holographic, foil, and gold.With each sticker purchase, half of the proceeds go to the player or team and half go to Valve. These sticker capsules are unique for each tournament and can only be purchased at the time of the tournament. Because of this forced rarity, stickers from early majors tend to become more expensive over time.After initially costing less thanUS$10, a \"Titan\" holographic sticker from Katowice 2014 sold on secondary markets forUS$80,000in 2023,making it the most expensive public sticker trade in the game's history. Souvenir packages Souvenir packages are virtual packages containing a gun skin that are exclusive to CS:GO Majors.These \"souvenir skins\" can rank among the most expensive skins in the game because of their rarity. After Cloud9 became the first ever North American CS:GO Major champion at Boston 2018, a souvenir skin with the signature of the finals MVP, Tyler \"Skadoodle\" Latham, sold forUS$61,000. In-game tributes After certain significant or iconic moments inGlobal OffensiveMajors, Valve has added in-game memorials to the location of the event, usually in the form of graffiti or signs.Thus far, there have been six moments in Majors that have been memorialized by Valve, though one graffiti was removed whenDust IIwas updated. Notes References"
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"ValorantChampions Tour TheValorantChampions Tour(VCT) is a global competitiveesportstournament series for the video gameValorantorganised byRiot Games, the game's developers. The series runs multiple events throughout each season, culminating inValorantChampions, the top-level event of the tour. The VCT was announced in 2020, with its inaugural season taking place in 2021. History 2021–2022: Open-qualifiers era In November 2020,Riot Gamesannounced the firstValorantChampions Tour, a tournament series divided into three tiers: Challengers, Masters, and Champions. Challengers would act as the lowest tier, split into seven regions: North America, Brazil, Latin America (Hispanic America), EMEA, Southeast Asia (later included South Asia and Oceania, become to Asia-Pacific), Korea, Japan. Teams that advance past Challengers would move on to Masters, where teams would not be divided by regions anymore, and the top 16 teams from Masters would move on to Champions, the final tournament of VCT.In February 2021, they",
"February 2021, they announced the VCT Game Changers, a supplementary tournament initiative for women and marginalized genders. Riot hired esports infrastructure company Nerd Street Gamers as operators and producers for all North American Challengers and Masters events.They also hired several third-party companies to broadcast their events, such as Liga de Videojuegos Profesional (LVP) for their Spanish-language broadcasts andLetsPlay.Livefor theirOceaniabroadcasts.The2021 Champions tournamenttook place on December 1–12 at theVerti Music Hallin Berlin, Germany, concluding with team Acend defeatingGambit Esportsin the grand finals by a score of 3–2. Over 10,000 teams competed in the VCT in 2021. Outside of Champions, VCT saw its highest viewership at theReykjavíkMasters tournament in May, with a peak viewership of 1,085,850. The Champions grand finals match in December reached a peak viewership of 1,089,068, making it the VCT's highest peak viewership. Riot made several changes to the format of VCT for its",
"of VCT for its second iteration. While the overall structure of Challengers, Masters, and Champions remained unchanged, it reduced the number of stages of Challengers and Masters events from three to two. VCT Challengers began on February 11, 2022.The2022 ChampionsTournament took place from September 1 to 18 in Istanbul, Turkey. 2023–present: Partnerships era Riot Games announced a new format starting in 2023.The season will be split into three international regions –Americas,EMEA, andPacificinstead of the 7 regions format used in previous years. Each international region will have its own International League that replaces the Challengers to become the domestic competitions to qualify for Masters and Champions. On September 21, 2022, Riot Games announced the thirty teams that had been selected as part of their new partnership format. ForChina, Riot Games showed favor towards players here by given Chinese teams a number of direct slots to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through",
"Champions) through third parties competitions in Hong Kong server, instead of having to play through Pacific league. In a June 2023 press conference, Riot COO Whalen Rozelle confirmed that Valorant would launch inChinain July under the name 无畏契约 (\"Fearless Contract\"), with hopes to launch a VCT league there in 2024.Shortly after in August, Riot announced an own regional league for China, and raising the number of partnered teams to 40. Leagues and format Franchised leagues International Leagues As of 2023, 30 teams are selected to be partner teams in International Leagues for five years with 10 teams per region. Non-partner teams compete in many sub-regions of Challengers events to qualify for \"Ascension\" events. The Ascension events will have one winner per region, which earns them a two-year promotion into their regions' International League. The promoted teams will have a chance to qualify for the global tournaments (Masters and Champions), as well as get benefits provided to other partnered teams. Each",
"teams. Each year through the Challengers promotion system, the three International Leagues will expand by one team each, until they reach a cap of 12 teams in each region in 2025 (beforehand this was supposed to be a 14-team cap by 2027). Teams in each International League will play onLANin a centralized local: the Riot Games Arena inLos Angelesfor VCT Americas,Riot Games Arena inBerlinfor VCT EMEA,andSeoulfor VCT Pacific.The Americas and EMEA venues are shared with theLeague of Legendsregional leagues'League Championship Series(LCS) andLeague of Legends EMEA Championship(LEC) respectively. China League Right from global launch, althoughValoranthad not been licensed for release in China, Riot Games showed favor towards Chinese players by allowed Chinese teams to participate in global tournaments (Masters and Champions) through achievements in domestic tournaments organized by third parties, played atHong Kongserver. Since 2024, withValorantlicensed for release servers inmainland, Riot launched the VCT CN",
"launched the VCT CN specifically for the only country that they considers a pro region on the same level as the three International Leagues for many countries, as well as competition slots for only teams from China at Masters and Champions.They also announced thesecond Mastersevent of the year to take place inShanghaiand released a new Chinese agentIsoalongside previous agentSage. The China League is based at the VCT CN Arena in Shanghai. ValorantMasters TheValorantMasters is an biannualValorantinternational tournament organized by Riot Games in the middle of years since 2021.Similar to theMid-Season InvitationalforLeague of Legends, it is the second most important internationalValoranttournament after Champions.Teams must place near the top of their regional league to qualify for Masters. ValorantChampions TheValorantChampions is the annual professionalValorantworld championship tournament hosted by Riot Games and is the culmination of each VCT season. Teams compete for the world champion title",
"champion title ofValorantesports. Non-franchised leagues Challengers and Ascension Non-partner teams compete in Challengers events of sub-regions in Americas, EMEA and Pacific to qualify for \"Ascension\", the yearly promotion event to the respective International Leagues. Originally, it was announced that teams would have two-year stays in their International League after winning Ascension, with one team promoted every year until 2026, when two teams would be promoted every year until 2028. The leagues would have 14 teams each, totaling to 42 teams across the three leagues. On June 21, 2024, Riot announced changes to the Ascension format from 2025, with teams promoted to the International Leagues for one-year stays instead, after which they would be relegated toChallengersagain if they did not finish in the top 8 in their region's International League; if they qualified forChampionshowever, they get to stay for another year; if they finished between 5th and 8th in the International League, they qualify for",
"they qualify for that year'sAscensionfor a chance to keep their place in the league. In 2023-24, there are 23 minor regional leagues across the three international territories.From 2025, decreased to 15. ValorantGame Changers ValorantGame Changers is a series of domestic competitions for women and other marginalized genders withinValorantesports.Teams that finish in top places qualify for theValorant Game Changers Championship, the world championship event of Game Changers, and also earn the chance to be promoted to their region's Challengers league. Results International Leagues & China League winners Global tournaments Teams won titles *Team or organization no longer participates inValorantesports. *Team or organization no longer participates in Tier 1Valorantesports. Regions' titles Ascension winners ValorantGame Changers Championship Awards Masters The original masters trophy was unveiled by Riot at a May 2021 media preview event in the build up to Masters Reykjavik. It features a metal bottom and a",
"metal bottom and a glass top. The trophy was redesigned in 2023, again by Volpin Props, to be reusable for Masters tournaments in multiple regions.It stands at 18 inches (46 cm) and features a swappable 'Radianite' core. ForMasters Tokyo, it featured duelist Yoru's ultimateOnimask. The body of the trophy is palladium-plated with plastic components. Champions The Valorant Champions trophy was first unveiled ahead of Valorant Champions 2021. Also designed and built by Volpin Props ofAtlanta, Georgia, it stands at 2 feet (61 cm) tall and is partially 3D-printed, with 24 karat gold decoration overlayed. Notes References External links",
"League of LegendsWorld Championship TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championship(commonly abbreviated asWorlds) is the annual professionalLeague of Legendsworld championship tournament hosted byRiot Gamesand is the culmination of each season. Teams compete for the champion title, the 44-pound (20-kilogram) Summoner's Cup, and a multi-million-dollar championship prize. In 2018, the final was watched by 99.6 million people, breaking2017's final's viewer record.The tournament has been praised for its ceremonial performances,while receiving attention worldwide due to its dramatic and emotional nature. TheLeague of LegendsWorld Championships has gained tremendous success and popularity, making it among the world's most prestigious and watched tournaments, as well as the most watched esports event in the world. The tournament rotates its venues across different major countries and regions each year. South Korea'sT1is the most successful team in the tournament's history, having won four world championships. History Season",
"History Season 1 (2011) The Season 1 Championshipwas held in June 2011 atDreamhack Summer 2011, and featured a US$100,000 tournament prize pool.8 teams from Europe, North America, Southeast Asiaparticipated in the championship.Over 1.6 million viewers watched the streaming broadcast of the event, with a peak of over 210,069 simultaneous viewers in the final.Maciej \"Shushei\" Ratuszniak of the winning teamFnaticwas named themost valuable player(MVP) of the tournament. Season 2 (2012) After Season 1, Riot announced thatUS$5,000,000 would be paid out over Season 2. Of this $5 million, $2 million went to Riot's partners including theIGN Pro Leagueand other majoresportsassociations. Another $2 million went to Riot's Season 2 qualifiers and championship. The final $1 million went to other organizers who applied to Riot to host independentLeague of Legendstournaments. The Season 2 World Championship was held in early October 2012 inLos Angeles, Californiato conclude theUS$5 million season. Twelve qualifying teams",
"qualifying teams from around the world participated in the championship, which boasted the largest prize pool in the history of esports tournaments at the time atUS$2 million, withUS$1 million going to the champions. The group stage, quarterfinal, and semifinal matches took place between 4 and 6 October. The grand final took place a week after, on 13 October in theUniversity of Southern California'sGalen Centerin front of 10,000 fans, and were broadcast in 13 different languages.In the grand final,Taiwan's professional teamTaipei Assassinstriumphed overSouth Korea's Azubu Frost 3 to 1 and claimed theUS$1 million in prize money. Over 8 million viewers tuned in to the Season 2 World Championship broadcast, with a maximum of 1.1 million concurrent viewers during the grand finale, making the Season 2 World Championship the most watched esports event in history at the time. Season 3 (2013) The Season 3 World Championship was held in late 2013 inLos Angeles, California. 14 teams from North America, Korea, China,",
"Korea, China, Southeast Asia, Europe, and one of the emergingLeague of Legendsterritories measured up at the World Playoffs after having qualified through their regional competitions.The grand final was held in theStaples Centeron 4 October 2013, where Korean teamSK Telecom T1defeated the Chinese team Royal Club,granting them the title of the Season 3 world champions, the Summoner's Cup and the $1 million prize. The Season 3 World Championship grand final broadcast on 4 October was watched by 32 million people with a peak concurrent viewership of 8.5 million.The numbers once again beat the previous records for esports viewership. 2014 The 2014 World Championship featured 16 teams competing for a $2.13 million prize pool, with 14 teams qualifying from the primaryLeague of Legendsregions (China, Europe, North America, Korea and Taiwan/SEA) and two international wildcard teams. Riot stopped numbering seasons and instead simply used the year for the 2014 and future championships. The group stage began on 18",
"stage began on 18 September inTaipeiand concluded on 28 September inSingaporewith eight teams advancing to the bracket stage.The bracket stage started on 3 October inBusan, South Korea, and concluded on 19 October with the grand final hosted at the 45,000-seatsSeoul World Cup Stadium,where South Korean teamSamsung Galaxy Whitebeat the Chinese team Star Horn Royal Club to become the 2014League of Legendsworld champions.Support player Cho \"Mata\" Se-hyeong was named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP). American bandImagine Dragonscontributed the theme song \"Warriors\" for the tournament,and performed live on the grand final stage in South Korea.All games were made available for free via live streaming. The 2014 World Championship games were streamed live by 40 broadcast partners and cast in 19 languages. The grand final was watched by 27 million people, with concurrent viewership peaking at over 11 million viewers. 2015 After the 2014 season,Riot Gamesintroduced a number of changes to competitiveLeague of",
"of Legends. The number of teams in theLeague Championship Serieswas increased from 8 to 10 in both the North America and Europe regions.A second Riot Games official international tournament was announced, the Mid-Season Invitational, which took place in May 2015, and featured a single team from each major region and one international wildcard.Additionally, starting from 2015, all teams are required to field a head coach in their competitive matches, who will stay on stage and speak with the team via voice-chat in the pick–ban phase of the game. This change makes the head coach an officially recognized member of the team. The 2015 World Championship concluded the 2015 season and was held at several venues across Europe in October 2015. Like the 2014 World Championship, the 2015 World Championship was a multi-city, multi-country event.2015 Worlds was won bySK Telecom T1, their second title, as they won the 2013 Worlds too. SKT top lanerJang \"MaRin\" Gyeong-hwanwas named the tournamentmost valuable player(MVP).",
"player(MVP). The final was watched by 36 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14 million viewers. 2016 The various stages of the 2016 Worlds were held throughout theUnited StatesinChicago,San Francisco,New York City, and the final inLos Angeles. The groups of teams were decided through a live group draw show on 10 September. The games were played on the 6.18 patch of the game with Yorick disabled, and Aurelion Sol disabled for days 1–3. There were 16 teams and 4 groups that consisted of 4 teams. The group stage was Bo1 and the top two teams from each group would advance to the Knockout Stage. The Knockout Stage was Bo5 and the #1 vs #2 teams from each group would face each other in the bracket. The total prize pool was US$5,070,000 and it was spread among the teams. The first place (SK Telecom T1) took $2,028,000, the second team (Samsung Galaxy) took $760,500, and the third and fourth place (ROX Tigers and H2K) took $380,250 divided among the 2 teams. The rest of the prize pool was",
"the prize pool was distributed among the 5th–16th places. SKT won 3–2 versus Samsung Galaxy in the 2016 World Championship final, with Faker winning the MVP award.The final was watched by 43 million people, with a peak concurrent viewership of 14.7 million viewers, breaking 2015's final's viewer records. 2017 The 2017 World Championship series started in September 2017, and concluded in November 2017. It was held in 4 different locations throughout China:Wuhan(play-in and groups),Guangzhou(quarterfinals),Shanghai(semifinals), andBeijing(final).It was played on patch 7.18, with the newest champion Ornn being disabled. Patch 7.18 is slightly older than patches 7.19 and 7.20, which are the new standard for online matches during the September - November period. The most notable difference being the stronger Ardent Censer support meta with patch 7.18. A total of 24 teams participated in the tournament: 3 teams from South Korea, China, North America, Europe and Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau; 1 team from Brazil, Latin",
"from Brazil, Latin America North, Latin America South, Japan, Oceania, Turkey, Southeast Asia and CIS/Russia; and 1 team from the Wildcard region with the highest rank finish at the 2017 Mid-Season Invitational (GPL in Southeast Asia, due to Gigabyte Marines from Vietnam prevailing there, and Vietnam received 1 more slot for VCS's second seed to participate GPL 2017 summer split). Samsung Galaxy reversed the previous year's result and defeated SK Telecom T1 3–0 in the 2017 World Championship final.Park \"Ruler\" Jae-hyuk, the AD carry of Samsung, was named MVP.The final was watched by 60 million people, breaking 2016's final's viewer records. The tournament is widely praised for its high quality of plays and amazing ceremonial performances, while receiving worldwide attention for its dramatic and emotional series. It is currently the most watched tournament inLeague of Legends'history and is lauded as one of the best. 2018 The 2018 World Championship was held from 1 October to 3 November, 2018, in 4 cities",
"2018, in 4 cities acrossSouth Korea:Seoul(play-in),Busan(groups & quarterfinals),Gwangju(semifinals), andIncheon(final).Twenty four teams qualified for the tournament based on their placement in regional circuits such as those in North America, Europe, South Korea, and China, with twelve of those teams having to reach the group stage via a play-in round. The 2018 World Championship was played on Patch 8.19. Notably, champions Aatrox, Alistar and Urgot were extremely prevalent in the tournament, with the three characters being picked or banned in over 90 percent of the 78 games played.The World Championship final was played between Invictus Gaming and Fnatic. Invictus Gaming won 3–0 against Fnatic, granting China and theLPLtheir first World Championship. Gao \"Ning\" Zhenning was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by 99.6 million unique viewers, with concurrent viewership reaching a peak of 44 million viewers, breaking 2017's final's viewership record. 2019 The 2019 World",
"2019 The 2019 World Championship was held between 2 October to 10 November 2019, in three countries and cities inEurope:Berlin(play-in & groups),Madrid(quarterfinals and semifinals), andParis(final).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play. The 2019 World Championship was played on Patch 9.19 from start to finish.The World Championship final was played on 10 November 2019 betweenLPL'sFunPlus PhoenixandLEC'sG2 EsportsatAccorHotels Arenain Paris. FunPlus Phoenix won 3–0 against G2 Esports, granting China and the LPL back-to-back World Championships. Gao \"Tian\" Tianliang was named the MVP of the series in their victory.The final was watched by more than 100 million viewers, peaking at 44 million concurrent views. 2020 The 2020 World Championship was held from 25 September to 31 October 2020 inShanghai, China. 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on",
"based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere unable to attend the event. All games leading up to the final were hosted in the Shanghai Media Tech Studio with no fans in attendance. The final was hosted in thePudong Football Stadiumas the building's inaugural event, hosting a limited number of 6,312 fans due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The final was played on 31 October 2020 betweenSuning, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, andDamwon Gaming, fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Damwon Gaming winning the championship 3–1. During the second game, Suning's top laner Chen \"Bin\" Zebin achieved the first \"Pentakill\" in the final of a World Championship.Damwon Gaming's jungler, Kim \"Canyon\" Geon-bu, was named the MVP of the series.Damwon's win ended the LPL's back-to-back streak of world championship",
"world championship victories.The final was watched at its peak by 46.07 million viewers. 2021 The 2021 World Championship was held from 5 October to 6 November 2021 inReykjavík, Iceland. In line with last year's iteration, 22 teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of travel restrictions related to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the two teams that qualified from theVietnam Championship Serieswere once again unable to attend the event. All games of the tournament were hosted in theLaugardalshöll, with no fans in attendance due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Iceland. The final was played on 6 November 2021 betweenEdward Gaming, from China'sLeague of Legends Pro League, and defending championsDWG KIA(formerly Damwon Gaming), fromLeague of Legends Champions Korea, with Edward Gaming winning the championship 3–2, ending DWG KIA's chance to win back-to-back world championships.Edward Gaming's",
"Gaming's mid laner, Lee \"Scout\" Ye-chan, was named the MVP of the series.The final had an average audience of 30.6 million, peaking at 73.86 million concurrent viewers. 2022 The 2022 World Championship was held from 29 September to 5 November, 2022, with the event taking place in 4 cities acrossNorth America:Mexico City(play-in),New York City(groups & quarterfinals),Atlanta(semifinals) andSan Francisco(finals).Twenty-four teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in international play.As a result of theRussian invasion of Ukraine, theLeague of Legends Continental Leaguefrom theCISregion was unable to send a representative to participate in the event. The finals was played at theChase Centeron 5 November 2022 betweenT1andDRX, both from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK). Riot Games collaborated withLil Nas Xto releaseSTAR WALKIN'for the finals. He appeared at the Chase Center in San Francisco, California,",
"California, and he was broadcast through over 20 music stations live for tens of millions of people.In the final, DRX defeated T1 3–2 in a close series, becoming the first team to win the championship after starting from the play-in stage.DRX's top laner, Hwang \"Kingen\" Seong-hoon, was named the MVP of the series.Their victory was considered aCinderellaandunderdogsuccess story, as they had come from the play-in stage as Korea's fourth seed representative, and had beaten some of the more favored and accomplished teams along the way, including the previous worlds championsEdward Gamingin a 3–2 reverse sweep in the quarterfinals, and defeating theLCK Summer Split championsGen.G3–1 in the semifinals. 2023 The 2023 World Championship was held from 10 October to 19 November 2023, with the event taking place in two cities across South Korea:SeoulandBusan. Twenty-two teams qualified to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and previous regional results in",
"regional results in international play.Albeit, one team qualified for the event through the newly inaugurated Worlds Qualifying Series between the fourth-seeded teams from the LEC and LCS. The format for the event differed to the previous editions, with the introduction of a play-in stage, consisting of eight teams who are split into two double elimination brackets. There, three teams qualified to the second stage of the event where the qualifying teams, along with thirteen other teams, faced off in aswiss-system tournamentto determine the qualifiers to the knockout stage, with the eventual champions being crowned at the conclusion of the single-elimination knockout stage. The finals was played at theGocheok Sky Domeon 19 November 2023 betweenWeibo Gamingfrom theLeague of Legends Pro League(LPL), and previous years' finalistT1from theLeague of Legends Champions Korea(LCK).In the final, T1 defeated Weibo Gaming 3–0, extending their record for the most world championships won by single team with four",
"team with four titles.T1's top laner,Choi \"Zeus\" Woo-je, was named the MVP of the series, while teammateLee \"Faker\" Sang-hyeokbecame the first player to win four World Championships. 2024 The 2024 World Championship will be held from 25 September to 2 November 2024, with the event taking place in three cities across Europe:Berlin,ParisandLondon. Twenty-two teams will qualify to participate at the World Championship based on placement within their own regional leagues and results gained inthis years' Mid-Season Invitational(MSI), with the LCK and LPL's 4th seeds in the Swiss stage reallocated to the winner and a team from the best performing region of the event. It was revealed during the finals' broadcast of the 2023 World Championship, that the finals of this years' Worlds is set to take place in London atThe O2 Arenaon 2 November 2024. 2025 Details about the 2025 World Championship's location and dates are yet to be known. However, this edition of the tournament will feature 17 teams in total, with the MSI",
"total, with the MSI slots being kept and three teams from each ofLeague's new competitive regions (Americas, EMEA, Korea, China and Asia-Pacific) qualifying on top. One best-of-5 play-in match will be held before the Swiss stage between two teams. Trophy Riot Games, which ownsLeague of Legends, commissioned the winner's trophy as the Summoner's Cup. Riot specified that it should weigh 70 pounds (about 32 kilograms), though the actual weight of the finished cup was reduced so it would not be too heavy to lift in victory. The World Championship Cups for 2012 and for 2014 were created byThomas Lyte. In 2022, Riot Games announced the formation of a multi-year partnership with American jewelry brandTiffany & Co., producing a newly designed Summoner's Cup with a weight of 44 pounds (about 20 kilograms). Results By year By region By team Italicsindicates a team/organization has been disbanded, acquired or no longer participates in the regional league. Notes References",
"Counter-StrikeMajor Championships Counter-StrikeMajor Championships, commonly known as theMajors, areCounter-Strike(CS)esportstournaments sponsored byValve, the game's developer. The first Valve-recognized Major took place in 2013 inJönköping,Swedenand was hosted byDreamHackwith a total prize pool ofUS$250,000split among 16 teams. This, along with the following 18 Majors, was played inCounter-Strike: Global Offensive. As of the 2023 release ofCounter-Strike 2(CS2),Counter-Strikeesports, including the Majors, are played in CS2. Since then, the Major circuit has expanded significantly, with recent tournaments advertising aUS$2,000,000prize pool and featuring twenty-four teams from around the world. The Majors are considered to be the most important and prestigious tournaments in the Counter-Strike scene. The current champions areNatus Vincere, who won their second Major atPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the first to be held inCounter-Strike 2.Astralishold the record for the most Major titles with four. History",
"with four. History Counter-Strike: Global Offensiveis amultiplayerfirst-person shootervideo game developed byHidden Path EntertainmentandValve. It is the fourth game in theCounter-Strikeseries. The first game in the series,Counter-Strike 1.6, was officially released in 2000 and competitive play began soon after. The first significant international tournament was the 2001Cyberathlete Professional LeagueWinter Championship, considered the first \"Major\".The CPL Summer and Winter Championships, along with theWorld Cyber Games,Electronic Sports World CupandIntel Extreme MastersWorld Championships, were considered Majors by the community, although Valve did not sponsor or give any official designation to the tournaments. Swedish teams, most notablySK Gaming,dominated early Majors but the Polish roster known as the Golden Five were the most successful lineup.Many teams from other parts of the world would win Majors, includingTeam 3Dfrom the United States at CPL Winter 2002and WCG 2004,NoA from Norway at CPL Winter",
"at CPL Winter 2004,mibrfrom Brazil at ESWC 2006,andWeMade FOXfrom South Korea at WEM 2010. On September 16, 2013, a year after the release ofGlobal Offensive, Valve announced aUS$250,000community-funded prize pool for the first official CS:GO Major.The money was partially community-funded through the game's Arms Deal update, which allowed players to buyin-game skins.Valve announced the tournament would take place in Sweden and would be hosted byDreamHack.The tournament took place in late November and was won by the Swedish teamFnaticwho upsetNinjas in Pyjamasin the finals.After Dreamhack 2013, Valve announced they would partner with tournament organizers to host three Majors per year. These Majors are the most prestigious events in the competitive CS:GO scene, and the professional players' legacies are often judged by their performances at these tournaments. The early Majors were dominated by Swedish teams, as Fnatic and NiP combined to win the four of the first six Majors. NiP would play in five of the",
"play in five of the first six grand finals. When Fnatic won Cologne 2015, they became the first team to win back to back Majors, and the first to win a third Major in total.Only the Danish teamAstralishas since matched that total. At the end of 2015, Valve announced thatMLGwould host the first Major in North America.On February 23, 2016, withMLG Columbus 2016coming up, Valve announced a permanent increase in the prize pool fromUS$250,000toUS$1,000,000.However, Valve reduced the number of Majors per year from three to two.Luminosity Gaming, a Brazilian team, won the event to becomes the first non-European team to win a Major.This roster would also go on to win back to back Majors, with their second asSK GamingatESL One Cologne 2016. Gambit Esports, made up primarily of players from Kazakhstan, wonPGL Major Kraków 2017to become the first Asian and CIS team to win a Major. On December 13, 2017, the general manager ofELEAGUE, the hosts of theELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, announced a revised format designed by",
"format designed by Valve and ELEAGUE that would expand the number of teams in the Major from sixteen to twenty-four.This was also the first Major to take place in multiple cities, as the group stages took place inAtlantaat theTurner Studios.Cloud9, an American team, won the event to become the first North American team to win a Major. After Boston 2018, the Danish team Astralis became the top team in CS:GO and one of the best teams inCounter-Strikehistory.With wins atLondon 2018,Katowice 2019, andBerlin 2019, Astralis become the first team to win three Majors in a row and four majors total.After Berlin 2019, Valve and ESL announced the following Major,ESL One Rio 2020, which was to be the first Major to be hosted in South America.Rio 2020, originally scheduled for May, was then postponed to November due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. The November Major was announced with aUS$2,000,000prize pool, combining the amounts that would have been set aside for both Majors.In September 2020, the Rio Major was officially",
"was officially canceled due to COVID-19.In December 2020, Valve moved the 2021 Major from May to October and November, citing concerns over the pandemic.On January 14, 2021, Valve announced that the championship would be held between October 23 and November 7 in Stockholm.Over two years after the last Major,PGL Major Stockholm 2021took place, with favouritesNatus Vinceredominating the tournament and becoming the first team in CS:GO history to win a Major without dropping a single map throughout the tournament. PGL Major Stockholm 2021 surpassed the long-standing Counter-Strike viewership record 4 times; reaching 2.75 million concurrent viewers in the final. FaZe Clanwon thePGL Major Antwerp 2022, defeating Natus Vincere 2-0, and becoming the first international team in CS:GO history to win a Major. The previously cancelledESL One Rio 2020Major was replaced withIEM Rio Major 2022and was held inRio de Janeiro, Brazilon October 31 - November 13, 2022.Outsiders, a neutral name for esports",
"name for esports organizationVirtus.produe to ties with the Russian government in light of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, won the tournament defeatingHeroicin the grand final 2-0. BLAST Paris Major 2023was held inParison May 8 - May 21, 2023 with a prize pool of $1,250,000USD.Shortly after the announcement of Counter-Strike 2, the official CS:GO Twitter account announced that the BLAST Paris Major would be the last CS:GO Major with the next major happening in March 2024 in CS2.Team Vitality, a French organization with native star playerMathieu 'ZywOo' Herbaut, defeateddark horseGamerLegionby 2–0 to clinch the final CS:GO Major title. The firstCounter-Strike 2Major was announced to be thePGL CS2 Major Copenhagen 2024which was held from March 17–31 in theRoyal Arena.On November 12, 2023,Perfect World, who are responsible for distributingCounter-Strike 2in China, announced the second major following the release ofCounter-Strike 2, taking place inShanghaibetween December 1-15, 2024. Format Qualification",
"Qualification Starting after Dreamhack 2013, the top eight teams from each Major (those who made it to the playoff stage) earned automatic berths to the next Major.These teams are called \"Legends\". The other eight teams, called \"Challengers\", were decided by regional qualifiers, mainly from Europe and North America.A small number of teams have been directly invited or earned attendance from a last chance qualifier to fill final open spots when necessary.Beginning with theDreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015qualification cycle, Valve created a single 16-team main qualifier before the Major. The bottom eight teams from the previous Major earn automatic berths to the newly formed Major qualifier, and the regional qualifiers now send teams to the main qualifier, instead of directly to the Major. For MLG Columbus 2016 the regional qualifiers, leading into the Major qualifier, were replaced by \"Minors\".The Columbus Minor system involved four regional qualifiers and two \"last chance\" qualifiers, and results in invites",
"results in invites going to one team from the Americas, two Asian teams, oneCISteam, one European team, and three last chance qualifier spots. The system was simplified in the following Major,ESL One Cologne 2016, with the removal of the last chance qualifiers.Four Minors—Asia, CIS, Europe, Americas—were used. Two teams from each qualifier would go to the Major qualifier, joining the bottom eight teams from the previous Major.The top eight teams from the 16-team Major qualifier advance to the Major. At ELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018, the Major qualifier was integrated into the full Major as the first of three phases, expanding the number of teams in each Major to 24.The Major qualifier was renamed the \"Challengers Stage\", the former group stage was renamed the \"Legends Stage\", and the playoff stage was named the \"Champions Stage\".This increased the number of teams getting automatic invites to Majors to 16, while retaining the Minor system to fill the remaining eight spots in phase one of the Major. The",
"of the Major. The Legends—still made up of the teams who reach the playoff stage—earn an automatic invitation to the Legends Stage of the following Major, while the teams placing 9-16 earn automatic invitations to the Challengers Stage of the following Major.On August 28, 2018, shortly before the start of theFACEIT Major: London 2018, Valve announced that they were reducing the number of automatic Major invites to fourteen, starting with the London 2018 Major: the two teams that go winless in the first phase must go through the Minors to get back to the next Major. From thePGL Major Stockholm 2021onwards, no automatic berths have been given to any team regardless of their record in the previous Major. Instead, a Regional Major Ranking (RMR) system has been used, which at first was a yearly points circuit where each region would have three qualifying tournaments where teams can receive points towards qualifying for the Major, which included Contenders, Challengers and Legends distinctions (As well as the",
"(As well as the Legends bye) for the top teams within each region.Despite initially being used for the ESL One Rio Major 2020, the event's cancellation would mean that PGL Major Stockholm 2021 was the first Major that utilized the RMR system.The very next Major,PGL Major Antwerp 2022, would scrap the points circuit in favor of qualifying tournaments that bear the RMR name, initially (and still) 2 for Europe (which included the CIS region), 1 for the Americas and 1 for Asia-Pacific. Teams qualify for their regional RMRs via being the top teams in their region in the Valve rankings (before thePerfect World Shanghai Major 2024, the teams who placed in the Legends Stage of the previous Major would qualify automatically for the RMRs) or via online qualifying made up of Open Qualifiers (if needed) and Closed Qualifiers, where the next-best ranked teams compete for the remaining RMR spots. In addition, regions can gain or lose Challengers and Legends spots in the Major based on the region's results from the",
"results from the previous Major, with 3 Challengers spots reserved for Europe and the Americas and 2 for Asia-Pacific. For example, afterPGL Major Copenhagen 2024, the Americas region would go from 1 Legends spot and 4 Challengers spot, to 7 Challengers spots for Perfect World Shanghai, after 4 teams from the Americas qualified for the Elimination Stage, with none making the Playoff stage. Unlike traditional sports or other esports leagues, Valve considers the players in each team to have the Major spots, rather than the organization itself.For instance, at theELEAGUE Major 2017,Team EnVyUsplaced ninth, meaning it would have an automatic berth at the next Major qualifier. However, before the next Major, three of EnVyUs's players transferred toG2 Esports, meaning Team EnVyUs lost its spot at the Major qualifier. Tournament format Although the playoff stage of the Majors has generally followed a standard 8-team single-elimination format, the group stages have changed multiple times. From 2013 to 2016, Majors",
"to 2016, Majors used a four group GSL format for the group stage.In each four-team group, the two higher seeds would initially face the two lower seeds. The two winners from the first round of matches would then play to determine which team gets the top seed. The two losers would also play to eliminate one team. After this second round of matches, the remaining two teams play to determine which team takes the final playoff spot.All group stage games at the first Majors were best-of-ones. The last Major of 2015 and both Majors in 2016 featured a best-of-three decider in the final match of each group. The group stage of ESL One Cologne 2015 worked differently. Initially, the first three matches of the group stage started out the same way as the standard GSL format, determining the group winner. However, teams were then reassigned afterwards so that the two losers played from different groups and then the decider match would also be teams from different groups. Beginning in 2017, the group stage has featured",
"stage has featured aSwiss-system group stage.Before the tournament, teams are divided into four pots, with pot one having the four highest seeds, pot two having the next four highest seeds, and so on. A randomly selected team from pot one would face off against a randomly selected team from pot four. The same process is done with the pots two and three. After the initial seeded match, teams play five rounds against randomly drawn teams with the same record.No two teams play twice unless necessary. If a team wins three matches, then that team moves on to the next stage. If a team loses three matches, that team is eliminated. All games were best-of-one until the London 2018 Major. The Boston 2018 Major featured two Swiss group stages; the stage formerly known as the offline Major qualifier was now called the New Challengers stage and the group stage was now rebranded as the New Legends stage. The London 2018 Major used a slightly different form of the Swiss system, called the Buchholz system, in which matchups",
"in which matchups were seeded instead of random and the last round featured best-of-three sets.The next Major,Katowice 2019, featured a crowdsourcedElo system, in which participating teams ranked the 15 other teams before the Legends Stage to create a seeding system for each round of the Swiss system.TheCopenhagen 2024 Majorwill have the names of the two Swiss stages changed, with the Challengers Stage becoming the Opening Stage and the Legends Stage becoming the Elimination Stage, while the first round match-up seeding for the Swiss stages will be tweaked. The Playoffs, known as the New Champions stage and Champions stage beforehand, have featured eight teams at all Majors. All matches are best-of-three, single-elimination series. When the GSL format was used for group stages, group winners earned top seeds and group runner-ups earned bottom seeds. Each top seed played a bottom seed in quarterfinals. With current Swiss format seeding, the two teams that finish undefeated in the group stage earn the highest",
"earn the highest seeds. Two of the three lowest seeds from the group stage (teams that advance with two losses) are randomly selected to play against the high seeds. Two of the three middle seeds (teams that advance with one loss) are randomly selected to play each other, and the remaining two teams face each other to finalize the bracket. Banned players Valve has banned players from attending the Majors for violations of competitive integrity. AValve Anti-Cheat(VAC) ban is the most common way players get banned. VAC is an anti-cheat program designed by Valve to detect cheats running in various games, includingCounter-Strike. If cheats are detected, the account is given a permanent lifetime ban from playing on VAC-secured servers. Other server providers, such asFACEITandESEA, have their own anti-cheat systems and work with Valve to detect new cheats.One of the most high-profile VAC bans was given to Hovik \"KQLY\" Tovmassian. KQLY, along with several other professional players, was banned while playing for",
"while playing for France's best team,Titan. Valve has also banned players from Valve-sponsored events formatch fixing. The first Valve ban for match fixing was a response to theiBUYPOWER match fixing scandal, in which esports journalistRichard Lewisrevealed that one of North America's best teams, iBUYPOWER, had thrown a match for high-valueskins.Valve indefinitely banned seven players who were involved in the scandal from attending any Majors. Tyler \"Skadoodle\" Latham was the only iBUYPOWER player not to be banned, as he did not receive any payment after the game.Valve would later make the bans permanent, causing some controversy in the Counter-Strike community.Although tournament organizersESLandDreamHacklifted their own bans on the former iBUYPOWER players in 2017,the Major ban effectively ended the high level careers of two of North America's best in-game leaders (Sam \"DaZeD\" Marine and Joshua \"steel\" Nissan) and Braxton \"swag\" Pierce.Skadoodle would go on to win a Major with Cloud9. Following the",
"Following the iBUYPOWER ban, there have been two other match fixing bans, resulting in nine other players being barred from the Majors. List of Major Championships Titles by organization Titles by players Features Stickers Stickers are virtual items in the game which players can buy or get from sticker capsules. The stickers can then be applied toin-game gun skins. Valve has released a sticker design for each team attending a Major since Katowice 2014,and a sticker for each professional player's signature since Cologne 2015.These two types of stickers come in a variety of styles: paper, glitter, holographic, foil, and gold.With each sticker purchase, half of the proceeds go to the player or team and half go to Valve. These sticker capsules are unique for each tournament and can only be purchased at the time of the tournament. Because of this forced rarity, stickers from early majors tend to become more expensive over time.After initially costing less thanUS$10, a \"Titan\" holographic sticker from Katowice",
"from Katowice 2014 sold on secondary markets forUS$80,000in 2023,making it the most expensive public sticker trade in the game's history. Souvenir packages Souvenir packages are virtual packages containing a gun skin that are exclusive to CS:GO Majors.These \"souvenir skins\" can rank among the most expensive skins in the game because of their rarity. After Cloud9 became the first ever North American CS:GO Major champion at Boston 2018, a souvenir skin with the signature of the finals MVP, Tyler \"Skadoodle\" Latham, sold forUS$61,000. In-game tributes After certain significant or iconic moments inGlobal OffensiveMajors, Valve has added in-game memorials to the location of the event, usually in the form of graffiti or signs.Thus far, there have been six moments in Majors that have been memorialized by Valve, though one graffiti was removed whenDust IIwas updated. Notes References"
] |
In what city were the Summer Olympic Games held in the year the RMS _Titanic_ sank? | Stockholm (Sweden) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"
] | [
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Titanic (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b9438c670>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b93a24370>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"
] | [
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/Titanic (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b9438c670>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))",
"Error fetching content: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f4b93a24370>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable'))"
] |
How many more points did Michael Jordan average in his sophomore season (regular season) in the NBA than the first black NBA player averaged during his career (regular season)? Show me a math equation to justify your answer. | 14.3 PPG 22.7 - 8.4 = 14.3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_NBA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Lloyd | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Post processing | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_NBA', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Lloyd'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_NBA",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Lloyd"
] | [
"Michael Jordan Michael Jeffrey Jordan(born February 17, 1963), also known by his initialsMJ,is an American businessman and former professionalbasketballplayer. He played 15 seasons in theNational Basketball Association(NBA) between 1984 and 2003, winning sixNBA championshipswith theChicago Bulls. He was integral in popularizing basketball and the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s,becoming a globalcultural icon.His profile on the NBA website states, \"By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time.\" Jordan playedcollege basketballwith theNorth Carolina Tar Heels. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in1982.Jordan joined the Bulls in1984as the third overall draft pickand quickly emerged as a league star, entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring while gaining a reputation as one of the best defensive players.His leaping ability, demonstrated by performingslam dunksfrom thefree-throw lineinSlam Dunk Contests, earned him the nicknames \"Air Jordan\" and \"His Airness\".Jordan won his first NBA title with the Bulls in1991and followed that achievement with titles in1992and1993, securing athree-peat. Citing \"physical and mental exhaustion\" from basketball and superstardom, Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the1993–94 NBA seasonto playMinor League Baseballin theChicago White Soxorganization. He returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three more championships in1996,1997, and1998, as well as a then-record 72 regular season wins in the1995–96 NBA season.Jordan retired for the second time in January 1999, returning for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of theWashington Wizards.He was selected to play for theUnited States national teamduring his college and NBA careers, winning fourgold medals—at the1983 Pan American Games,1984 Summer Olympics,1992 Tournament of the Americasand1992 Summer Olympics—while also being undefeated. Jordan's individual accolades include sixNBA Finals Most Valuable Player(MVP) awards, tenNBA scoring titles(both all-time records), fiveNBA MVPawards, 10All-NBAFirst Team designations, nineAll-DefensiveFirst Team honors, fourteenNBA All-Star Gameselections, threeNBA All-Star Game MVPawards, threeNBA steals titles, and the 1988NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award.He holds theNBA recordsfor career regular season scoring average (30.1 points per game) and career playoff scoring average (33.4 points per game).In 1999, Jordan was named the 20th century's greatest North American athlete byESPNand was second toBabe Ruthon theAssociated Press' list of athletes of the century.Jordan was twice inducted into theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, once in 2009 for his individual career,and again in 2010 as part of the1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team(\"The Dream Team\").He became a member of theUnited States Olympic Hall of Famein 2009,a member of theNorth Carolina Sports Hall of Famein 2010,and an individual member of theFIBA Hall of Famein 2015 and a \"Dream Team\" member in 2017.Jordan was named to theNBA 50th Anniversary Teamin 1996 and to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.The trophy for theNBA Most Valuable Player Awardis named in his honor. One of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation, Jordan made many product endorsements.He fueled the success ofNike'sAir Jordansneakers, which were introduced in 1984 and remain popular.Jordan starred as himself in the live-action/animation hybrid filmSpace Jam(1996) and was the central focus of theEmmy-winning documentary seriesThe Last Dance(2020). He became part-owner and head of basketball operations for theCharlotte Hornets(then named the Bobcats) in 2006 and bought a controlling interest in 2010, before selling his majority stake in 2023. Jordan is also a co-owner of23XI Racingin theNASCAR Cup Series. In 2016, he became the first billionaire player in NBA history.That same year, PresidentBarack Obamaawarded Jordan thePresidential Medal of Freedom.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes. Early life Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born atCumberland Hospitalin Brooklyn, New York City, on February 17, 1963,to bank employee Deloris (née Peoples) and equipment supervisorJames R. Jordan Sr.He has two older brothers, James Jr. and basketball playerLarry, as well as an older sister named Deloris and a younger sister named Roslyn.Jordan and his siblings were raised in theMethodistfaith. In 1968, the family moved toWilmington, North Carolina.Jordan attendedEmsley A. Laney High School, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the basketballvarsity teamduring his sophomore year, but at a height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m), he was deemed too short. His taller friendHarvest Leroy Smithwas the only sophomore to make the team.Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney'sjunior varsity teamand tallied some 40-point games.The following summer, he grew four inches (10 cm) and trained rigorously.Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged more than 25points per game(ppg) over his final two seasons of high school play.As a senior, he was selected to play in the1981 McDonald's All-American Gameand scored 30points,after averaging 26.8 ppg,11.6rebounds(rpg), and 10.1assistsper game (apg) for the season. Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, includingDuke,North Carolina,South Carolina,Syracuse, andVirginia.In 1981, he accepted a basketball scholarship to theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where Jordan majored incultural geography.He chose this field of study because of its relationship tometeorology, as Jordan was interested in a career as ameteorologist. College career As a freshman in coachDean Smith's team-oriented system, Jordan was namedACCFreshman of the Year after averaging 13.4 ppg on 53.4% shooting (field goal percentage).He made the game-winningjump shotin the1982 NCAA Championship gameagainstGeorgetown, which was led by future NBA rivalPatrick Ewing.Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.During his three seasons with theTar Heels, Jordan averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting and added 5.0 rpg and 1.8 apg. Jordan was selected by consensus to theNCAA All-American First Teamin both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons.After winning theNaismithand theWoodenCollege Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina a year before his scheduled graduation to enter the1984 NBA draft. Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986,when he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography.In 2002, Jordan was named to theACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball teamhonoring the 50 greatest players in ACC history. Professional career Chicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998) Early NBA years (1984–1987) TheChicago Bullsselected Jordan with the third overall pick of the1984 NBA draftafterHakeem Olajuwon(Houston Rockets) andSam Bowie(Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of acenter.Trail Blazers general managerStu Inmancontended that it was not a matter of drafting a center but more a matter of taking Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already hadClyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan.Citing Bowie's injury-laden college career,ESPNnamed the Blazers' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history. Jordan made his NBA debut atChicago Stadiumon October 26, 1984, and scored 16 points. In 2021, a ticket stub from the game sold at auction for $264,000, setting a record for a collectible ticket stub.During his rookie1984–85 seasonwith the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting,and helped the Bulls improve from 28-54 to 38-44. Jordan quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas.Roy S. Johnson ofThe New York Timesdescribed Jordan as \"the phenomenal rookie of the Bulls\" in November,and he appeared on the cover ofSports Illustratedwith the heading \"A Star Is Born\" in December.The fans voted in Jordan as anAll-Starstarter during his rookie season.Controversy arose before the1985 NBA All-Star Gamewhen word surfaced that several veteran players, led byIsiah Thomas, were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.This led to a so-called \"freeze-out\" on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him.The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted theNBA Rookie of the Year.The Bulls finished the season 38–44,and lost to theMilwaukee Bucksin four games in the first round ofthe playoffs. An often-cited moment was on August 26, 1985,when Jordan shook the arena during a Nike exhibition game inTrieste, Italy, by shattering the glass of the backboard with a dunk.The moment was filmed and is often referred to as an important milestone in Jordan's rise.The shoes Jordan wore during the game were auctioned in August 2020 for $615,000, a record for a pair of sneakers.Jordan's1985–86 seasonwas cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games.The Bulls madethe playoffsdespite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record,at the time the fifth-worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history.Jordan recovered in time to participate in the postseason and performed well upon his return. On April 20 at theBoston Garden, in Game 2 of the First Round, a 135–131 double overtime loss to the eventualNBA championBoston Celtics, Jordan scored a playoff career-high 63 points, breakingElgin Baylor'ssingle-game playoff scoring record.The Celtics team, though, swept the series in three games. Jordan completely recovered in time for the1986–87 season,and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history; he became the only player other thanWilt Chamberlainto score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league-high 37.1 ppg on 48.2% shooting.Jordan also demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200stealsand 100blocked shotsin a season.Despite Jordan's success,Magic Johnsonwon theNBA Most Valuable Player Award.The Bulls reached 40 wins,and advanced tothe playoffsfor the third consecutive year but were again swept by theCeltics. Pistons roadblock (1987–1990) Jordan led the league in scoring during the1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting,and won his first league MVP Award. He was named theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearafter averaging 1.6 blocks per game (bpg), a league-high 3.1 steals per game (spg),and leading the Bulls defense to the fewest points per game allowed in the league.The Bulls finished 50–32,and made it past the first round ofthe playoffsfor the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated theCleveland Cavaliersin five games.In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, the Bulls lost in five games to the more experiencedDetroit Pistons,who were led byIsiah Thomasand a group of physical players known as the \"Bad Boys\". In the1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8.0 rpg and 8.0 apg.During the season,Sam Vincent, Chicago'spoint guard, was having trouble running the offense, and Jordan expressed his frustration with head coachDoug Collins, who then put Jordan at point guard. In his time as a point guard, Jordan had 10triple-doublesin 11 games, with averages of 33.6 ppg, 11.4 rpg, 10.8 apg, 2.9 spg, and 0.8 bpg on 51% shooting. The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,and advanced to theEastern ConferenceFinals, defeating theCavaliersandNew York Knicksalong the way.The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit \"The Shot\" overCraig Ehloat the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.In the Eastern Conference Finals, thePistonsagain defeated the Bulls, this time in six games,by utilizing their \"Jordan Rules\" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double andtriple teaminghim every time he touched the ball. The Bulls entered the1989–90 seasonas a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players likeScottie PippenandHorace Grant, and under the guidance of new coachPhil Jackson.On March 28, 1990, Jordan scored a career-high 69 points in a 117–113 road win over the Cavaliers.He averaged a league-leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg,in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating theBucksandPhiladelphia 76ers;despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to thePistonsfor the third consecutive season. First three-peat (1991–1993) Jackson sought to instill the principles of the triangle offense more deeply within the team, and this required Michael Jordan to change his playing style. As Jackson explained in his bookEleven Rings, \"I was planning to ask Michael... to reduce the number of shots he took so that other members of the team could get more involved.\" Jackson worked with Jordan to ensure he could still pursue scoring titles, but now in a way that better integrated his personal ambitions with the team's success. In the1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in sixteen years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.WithScottie Pippendeveloping into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated theNew York Knicksand thePhiladelphia 76ersin the opening two rounds ofthe playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, theDetroit Pistons, awaited them;this time, the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four-game sweep. The Bulls advanced tothe Finalsfor the first time in franchise history to face theLos Angeles Lakers. The Bulls won the series in five games, and compiled a 15–2 playoff record along the way.Perhaps the best-known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potentialSam Perkinsblock by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket.In his first Finals appearance, Jordan had 31.2 ppg on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 apg, 6.6 rpg, 2.8 spg, and 1.4 bpg.Jordan won his firstNBA Finals MVPawardand cried while holding the Finals trophy. Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the1991–92 season, establishing a 67–15 record, topping their franchise record from the 1990–91 campaign.Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 ppg, 6.4 rpg, and 6.1 apg on 52% shooting.After winning a physical seven-game series over theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffsand finishing off theCleveland Cavaliersin the Conference Finals in six games, the Bulls metClyde Drexlerand thePortland Trail Blazersinthe Finals. The media, hoping to recreate aMagic–Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between \"Air\" Jordan and Clyde \"The Glide\" during the pre-Finals hype. In a Game 1 victory, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting sixthree-point field goals.After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside.Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying: \"I can't believe I'm doing this.\"The Bulls went on to defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row,and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 52.6% from the floor. In the1992–93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign, including a second-place finish in Defensive Player of the Year voting,Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended, as he lost the award to his friendCharles Barkley,upsetting him.Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and hisPhoenix Sunsin the1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game-winning shot byJohn Paxsonand a last-second block byHorace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's leader. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,and became the first player in NBA history to win three consecutive Finals MVP awards.Jordan scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in four consecutive games.With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life. Gambling During the1993 NBA playoffs, Jordan was seen gambling inAtlantic City, New Jersey, the night before Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals against theNew York Knicks.The previous year, he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book in 1993 claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.David Stern, thecommissioner of the NBA, denied in 1995 and 2006 that Jordan's 1993 retirement was a secret suspension by the league for gambling,but the rumor spread widely. In 2005, Jordan discussed his gambling withEd Bradleyof60 Minutesand admitted that he made reckless decisions. Jordan stated: Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah. When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied: \"No.\"In 2010,Ron Shelton, director ofJordan Rides the Bus, said that he began working on the documentary believing that the NBA had suspended him, but that research \"convinced was nonsense\". First retirement and stint in Minor League Baseball (1993–1995) On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, saying that he lost his desire to play basketball. He later said that the murder of his father three months earlier helped shape his decision.James R. Jordan Sr.was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highwayrest areainLumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked hisLexus.His body, dumped in a South Carolina swamp, was not discovered until August 3.Green and Demery were sentenced to life imprisonment.However, inThe Last Dance, Jordan stated that he retired due to physical and mental exhaustion from basketball and superstardom, and that he had made up his mind during the Bulls' playoff run and discussed the decision with his father. Jordan was close to his father; as a child, Jordan imitated the way his father stuck out his tongue while absorbed in work. Jordan later adopted it as his own signature, often displaying it as he drove to the basket.In 1996, Jordan founded a Chicago-areaBoys & Girls Cluband dedicated it to his father.In his 1998 autobiographyFor the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he was preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.The added exhaustion due to the \"Dream Team\" run in the1992 Summer Olympicssolidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world. Jordan further surprised the sports world by signing aMinor League Baseball(MiLB) contract with theChicago White Soxon February 7, 1994.He reported tospring traininginSarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31.Jordan said that this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who always envisioned his son as aMajor League Baseball(MLB) player.The White Sox were owned by Bulls ownerJerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. In 1994, Jordan played for theBirmingham Barons, aDouble-Aminor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox,batting.202 with threehome runs, 51runs batted in, 30stolen bases, 114strikeouts, 51bases on balls, and 11errors.His strikeout total led the team and his games played tied for the team lead. His 30 stolen bases were second on the team only toDoug Brady.Jordan also appeared for theScottsdale Scorpionsin the 1994Arizona Fall League, batting .252 against the top prospects in baseball.On November 1, 1994, hisNo.23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known asThe Spiritoutside the newUnited Center. Return to the NBA (1995) The Bulls went 55–27 in1993–94without Jordan in the lineupand lost to theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffs.In the1994–95 Bulls, Jordan surprised many by returning to the Bulls midway through the season. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball because he feared he might become areplacement playerduring theMajor League Baseball strike.On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA in a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\"The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face theIndiana PacersinIndianapolis, scoring 19 points.The game had the highestNielsen ratingof any regular season NBA game since 1975.Although he could have worn his original number even though the Bulls retired it, Jordan wore No. 45, his baseball number. Despite his 18-month hiatus from the NBA, Jordan played well, making a game-winning jump shot againstAtlantain his fourth game back. He scored 55 points in his next game, against theNew York KnicksatMadison Square Gardenon March 28, 1995.Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to makethe playoffsand advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against theOrlando Magic.At the end of Game 1, Orlando'sNick Andersonstripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket for the Magic; he later commented that Jordan \"didn't look like the old Michael Jordan\",and said, \"No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to\". Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former No. 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA.Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black.He averaged 31 ppg in the playoffs, but Orlando won the series in six games. Second three-peat (1996–1998) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the1995–96 season.The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialistDennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41–3.The Bulls finished with the best regular season record in NBA history, 72–10, a mark broken two decades later by the2015–16 Golden State Warriors.Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg,and he won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards. Inthe playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat3–0,New York Knicks4–1, andOrlando Magic4–0), as they defeated theSeattle SuperSonics4–2 in theNBA Finalsto win their fourth championship.The series was one of the tougher ones for Jordan as he shot 41%, 32%, and 26% from the field in three of the six games.Nevertheless, Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time;he achieved only the second sweep of the MVP awards in the All-Star Game, regular season, and NBA Finals afterWillis Reedin the1969–70 season.Upon winning the championship, his first since his father's murder, Jordan reacted emotionally, clutching the game ball and crying on the locker room floor. In the1996–97 season, the Bulls stood at a 69–11 record but ended the season by losing their final two games to finish the year 69–13, missing out on a second consecutive 70-win season.The Bulls again advanced tothe Finals, where they faced theUtah Jazz.That team includedKarl Malone, who had beaten Jordan for the NBA MVP award in a tight race (986–957).The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with abuzzer-beatingjump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied 2–2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as \"The Flu Game\", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-winning three-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.During the1997 NBA All-Star Game, he posted the first triple-double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort, but the MVP award went toGlen Rice. The Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the1997–98 season.Jordan led the league with 28.7 ppg,securing his fifth regular season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team, and the All-Star Game MVP.The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven-game series with theIndiana Pacersin the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with theNew York Knicks.After winning, they moved on for a rematch with theJazzinthe Finals. The Bulls returned to theDelta CenterforGame 6on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.With 41.9 seconds remaining and the Bulls trailing 86–83, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and sank a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting Utah's lead to 86–85.The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to Malone, who was set up in thelow postand was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and stole the ball out of his hands. Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guardBryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call afoul.With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan made the climactic shot of his Bulls career,a top-key jumper over a stumbling Russell to give Chicago an 87–86 lead. Afterwards, the Jazz'John Stocktonnarrowly missed a game-winning three-pointer, and the buzzer sounded as Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship,achieving a second three-peat in the decade.Once again, Jordan was voted Finals MVP for a record sixth time,having led all scorers by averaging 33.5 ppg, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series,and Game 6 holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history. Second retirement (1999–2001) WithPhil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures ofScottie PippenandDennis Rodmanlooming, and being in the latter stages of an owner-inducedlockoutof NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999.On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player but as part owner and president of basketball operations for theWashington Wizards.Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive, as he controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters; opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (like forwardJuwan Howardand point guardRod Strickland)but used the first pick in the2001 NBA draftto select high school studentKwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons. Despite his January 1999 claim that he was \"99.9% certain\" he would never play another NBA game,Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback in the summer of 2001, this time with his new team.Inspired by theNHLcomeback of his friendMario Lemieuxthe previous winter,Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach,Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return. Washington Wizards (2001–2003) On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of theSeptember 11 attacks.In an injury-plagued2001–02 season, Jordan led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.4 spg),and was an MVP candidate, as he led the Wizards to a winning record and playoff contention;Jordan would eventually finish 13th in the MVP ballot.After he suffered torncartilagein his right knee,and subsequent knee soreness,the Wizards missed the playoffs,and Jordan's season ended after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the1994–95 season.Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 ppg, 5.4 apg, and 6.0 rpg, and shooting 41.9% from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.The Wizards finished the season with a 37–45 record, an 18-game improvement. Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in2003, Jordan passedKareem Abdul-Jabbaras the all-time leading scorer in All-Star Game history, a record since broken byKobe BryantandLeBron James.That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them as he came off the bench in 15. Jordan averaged 20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 spg per game.He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free-throw line.Although Jordan turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at theMCI Centerwere sold out and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.Jordan's final two seasons did not result in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and he was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.At several points, Jordan openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that ofKwame Brown, thenumber-one draft pickin the2001 NBA draft. Final retirement (2003) With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at theUnited Centerin Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.TheMiami Heatretired the No. 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team.At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot fromTracy McGradyandAllen Iversonbut refused both;he accepted the spot ofVince Carter.Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, inPhiladelphia. After scoring 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds left in the third quarter and his team trailing thePhiladelphia 76ers75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, theFirst Union Centercrowd began chanting \"We want Mike!\" After much encouragement from coachDoug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacingLarry Hugheswith 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers'Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookieJohn Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled byBobby Simmonsone second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. He received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans. National team career Jordan made his debut as a college player for theU.S. national basketball teamat the1983 Pan American GamesinCaracas, Venezuela. He led the team in scoring with 17.3 ppg as the U.S., coached byJack Hartman, won thegold medal.The following year, Jordan won another gold medal in the1984 Summer Olympics. The1984 U.S. teamwas coached byBob Knightand featured young players such asPatrick Ewing,Sam Perkins,Chris Mullin,Steve Alford, andWayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament. In 1992, Jordan, now an NBA player, was a member of the star-studded squad that was dubbed the \"Dream Team\", which includedLarry Birdand Magic Johnson. The team won two gold medals: the first in the1992 Tournament of the Americas,and the second in the1992 Summer Olympics. Jordan was the only player to start all eight games in the Olympics. He averaged 14.9 ppg on 45% shooting from the field and 68% from the free-throw line. He was second on the team in scoring.He was undefeated in the four tournaments he played for the United States national team, and Jordan won all 30 games he took part in. Player profile Jordan was ashooting guardwho could also play as asmall forward, the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with theWashington Wizards.Jordan was known throughout his career as a strongclutchperformer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests.His competitiveness was visible in his prolifictrash talkand well-known work ethic.Jordan often used perceived slights to fuel his performances. SportswriterWright Thompsondescribed him as \"a killer, in the Darwinian sense of the word, immediately sensing and attacking someone's weakest spot\".As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not \"tough enough\" to compete with him in practice. To improve his defense, Jordan spent hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvization.Jordan's fierce competitiveness greatly impacted his teammates, sometimes motivating them but also leading to tension and alienation. Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986–87 to 2001–02, when he injured his right knee.Of the 15 seasons Jordan was in the NBA, he played all 82 regular season games nine times.Jordan has frequently citedDavid Thompson,Walter Davis, andJerry Westas influences.Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a special \"Love of the Game Clause\" written into his contract, which was unusual at the time, and allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere. Jordan had a versatile offensive game and was capable of aggressivelydrivingto the basket as well as drawingfoulsfrom his opponents at a high rate. His 8,772free throwattempts are the 11th-highest total in NBA history.Early in Jordan's career, he weighed in at around 200 pounds (91 kg) and was more athletic in terms of play style.As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability topost uphis opponents and score with his trademarkfadeawayjump shot, using his leaping ability to avoid block attempts. According toHubie Brown, this move alone made Jordan nearly unstoppable.Around this time, he bulked up to 215 pounds (98 kg) in order to adapt to the increased physicality of NBA defenses during the 1990s, sacrificing some athleticism for added strength in the post.Despite media criticism by some as a selfish player early in his career, Jordan was willing to defer to this teammates, with a career average of 5.3 apg and a season-high of 8.0 apg.For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder, finishing with 6.2 rpg. Defensively, he averaged 2.3 spg and 0.8 bpg. Thethree-point field goalwas not Jordan's strength, especially in his early years. Later on in his career, Jordan improved his three-point shooting, and finished his career with a three-point field goal percentage of 32%.His best years shooting from three occurred in the 1989-90 and 1992-93 seasons, where he shot 37% and 35% from three, respectively (Jordan did shoot higher percentages from 1994-97, but in those years, the three-point line was temporarily moved inwards). Overall, Jordan was a highly efficient scorer. Hiseffective field goal percentagewas 50%, and he had six seasons with at least 50% shooting, five of which consecutively (1988–1992); Jordan also shot 51% and 50% from the field, and 30% and 33% from the three-point range, throughout his first and second retirements, respectively, finishing his Bulls career with 31.5 points per game on 50.5 FG% shooting and his overall career with 49.7 FG% shooting. In 1988, Jordan was honored with theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearand theMost Valuable Playerawards, becoming the first NBA player to win both awards in a career let alone season. He also set both seasonal and career records forblocked shotsby a guard,and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. Despite his defensive prowess, the 1988 season has come under scrutiny due to the large discrepancy between Jordan's steals' numbers at home versus on the road. Such stat inflation was common, and a 2024 study by Tom Haberstroh found that there were games where Jordan was often credited with steals that could not have happened. For example, in one game, he was credited with more steals than the opposing team had live-ball turnovers.Jordan ranks fourth in NBA history in totalstealswith 2,514, trailingJohn Stockton,Jason KiddandChris Paul.Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.Doc Riversdeclared Jordan \"the best superstar defender in the history of the game\". Jordan was known to have strong eyesight. BroadcasterAl Michaelssaid that Jordan was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away.During the2001 NBA Finals,Phil Jacksoncompared Jordan's dominance toShaquille O'Neal, stating: \"Michael would get fouled on every play and still have to play through it and just clear himself for shots instead and would rise to that occasion.\" Legacy Jordan's talent was clear from his first NBA season; by November 1984, he was being compared toJulius Erving.Larry Birdsaid that rookie Jordan was the best player he ever saw, and that Jordan was \"one of a kind\", and comparable toWayne Gretzkyas an athlete.In his first game in Madison Square Garden against theNew York Knicks, Jordan received a near minute-long standing ovation.After Jordan established the single game playoff record of 63 points against theBoston Celticson April 20, 1986, Bird described him as \"God disguised as Michael Jordan\". Jordanled the NBA in scoringin 10 seasons (NBA record) and tiedWilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles.Jordan was a fixture of theNBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared withGary Payton,Kevin Garnett, andKobe Bryant).He also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 ppg, respectively.By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time.Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second-highest amongNBA career playoff scoring leaders.He scored 32,292 points in the regular season,placing him fifth on theNBA all-time scoring listbehindLeBron James,Kareem Abdul-Jabbar,Karl Malone, and Bryant. With five regular season MVPs (tied for second place withBill Russell—only Abdul-Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and threeNBA All-Star Game MVPs, Jordan is among the most decorated player in NBA history.He finished among the top three in regular season MVP voting 10 times.Jordan was named one of the50 Greatest Players in NBA Historyin 1996,and selected to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men's basketball teams).Since 1976, the year of theABA–NBA merger,Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team.In theAll-Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other player. \"There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us.\" —Magic Johnson Many of Jordan's contemporaries have said that he is the greatest basketball player of all time.In 1999, anESPNsurvey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century.Jordan placed second toBabe Ruthin theAssociated Press' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes.The Associated Press also voted Jordan the greatest basketball player of the 20th century.He has also appeared on the front cover ofSports Illustrateda record 50 times.In the September 1996 issue ofSport, which was the publication's 50th-anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years. Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-backSlam Dunk Contestchampionships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players.Several NBA players, including James andDwyane Wade, have stated that they considered Jordan as their role model while they were growing up.Commentators have also dubbed a number of next-generation players \"the next Michael Jordan\" upon their entry to the NBA, includingPenny Hardaway,Grant Hill,Allen Iverson, Bryant,Vince Carter, James, and Wade.Some analysts, such asThe Ringer's Dan Devine, drew parallels between Jordan's experiment at point guard in the 1988–89 season and the modern NBA; for Devine, it \"inadvertently foreshadowed the modern game's stylistic shift toward monster-usage primary playmakers\", such asRussell Westbrook,James Harden,Luka Dončić, and James.Don Nelsonstated: \"I would've been playing him at point guard the day he showed up as a rookie.\" Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his \"Air Jordan\" image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,a fact Jordan himself has lamented, saying: \"I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized.\"During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game; television ratings increased only during his time in the league.The popularity of the NBA in the U.S. declined after his last title.As late as 2022,NBA Finals television ratingshad not returned to the level reached during his last championship-winning season. In August 2009, theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FameinSpringfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers as well as from the 1992 \"Dream Team\"; the exhibit also has a battingbaseball gloveto signify Jordan's short career in theMinor League Baseball.After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 memberDavid Thompsonto present him.As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels when growing up in North Carolina but greatly admired Thompson, who played for the rivalNC State Wolfpack. In September, Jordan was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, includingScottie Pippen,Dennis Rodman,Charles Oakley,Ron Harper,Steve Kerr, andToni Kukoč.Dean SmithandDoug Collins, two of Jordan's former coaches, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech when Jordan began to cry was captured by Associated Press photographerStephan Savoiaand would later go viral on social media as the \"Crying Jordan\" Internet meme.In 2016, PresidentBarack Obamahonored Jordan with thePresidential Medal of Freedom.In October 2021, he was named to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team.In September 2022, Jordan's jersey in which he played the opening game of the 1998 NBA Finals was sold for $10.1 million, making it the most expensive game-worn sports memorabilia in history.In December 2022, the NBA unveiled a new MVP trophy, named in Jordan's honor, to be awarded beginning with the2022–23 season, which replaced the original trophy, named in honor of former NBA commissionerMaurice Podoloff. NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Awards and honors NBA USA Basketball NCAA High school Halls of Fame Media National State/local Post-retirement After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.Jordan's previous tenure had produced mixed results and may have also influenced the trade ofRichard \"Rip\" HamiltonforJerry Stackhouse, although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002.On May 7, 2003, Wizards ownerAbe Pollinfired Jordan from the role.Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring, he never would have come back to play for the Wizards. Over the next few years, Jordan played golf in celebrity charity tournaments and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles.Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with twoSuzukisin thepremier Superbike championshipsanctioned by theAmerican Motorcyclist Association(AMA) until the end of the 2013 season. Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in theCharlotte Bobcats(known as theHornetssince 2013), becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority ownerRobert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title Managing Member of Basketball Operations.Despite his previous success as an endorser, Jordan made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.A decade earlier, he had made a bid to become part-owner of Charlotte's original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when ownerGeorge Shinnrefused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations. In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and formerHouston RocketspresidentGeorge Postoloswere the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team from Johnson pending NBA approval.On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team,and the league's only African-American majority owner. During the2011 NBA lockout,The New York Timeswrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during thelabor dispute in 1998, Jordan toldWashington Wizardsthen-ownerAbe Pollin: \"If you can't make a profit, you should sell your team.\"Jason WhitlockofFoxSports.comcalled Jordan \"a hypocriteselloutwho can easily betray the very people who made him a billionaire global icon\" for wanting \"current players to pay for his incompetence\".He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing playersKwame BrownandAdam Morrison. During the2011–12 NBA seasonthat was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. The team closed out the season with a 23-game losing streak; their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.Before the next season, Jordan said: \"I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating.\" During the 2019 NBA offseason, Jordan sold a minority piece of the Hornets to Gabe Plotkin and Daniel Sundheim, retaining the majority for himself,as well as the role of chairman.In 2023, Jordan finalized the sale of his majority stake to Gabe Plotkin and Rick Schnall, ending his 13-year tenure as majority owner, although he kept a minority stake.The sale was officially completed in August 2023 for approximately $3 billion, more than 10 times the $275 million Jordan had paid for the team. 23XI Racing On September 21, 2020, Jordan andNASCARdriverDenny Hamlinannounced they would be fielding aNASCAR Cup Seriesteam withBubba Wallacedriving, beginning competition in the2021 season.On October 22, the team's name was confirmed to be23XI Racing(pronounced twenty-three eleven) and the team's entry would bear No. 23.After the team's inaugural season, it added a second car with No. 45, driven byKurt Buschin2022andTyler Reddickin2023.Ty Gibbs,John Hunter Nemechek, andDaniel Hemricalso drove for 23XI as substitute drivers during the 2022 season.The team fielded a third car, No. 67, driven byTravis Pastranain the2023 Daytona 500.23XI Racing has won seven races, two by Wallace, four by Reddick, and one by Busch.Reddick won the2024 NASCAR Cup Seriesregular season championship, the first for the team. Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy atA Little White Wedding ChapelinLas Vegason September 2, 1989.They had three children:Jeffrey,Marcus, and Jasmine.The Jordans filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made \"mutually and amicably\".It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $254 million in 2023), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time. In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot inHighland Park, Illinois, where he planned to build a 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m2) mansion. It was completed in 1995. Jordan listed the mansion for sale in 2012.He also owns homes inNorth CarolinaandJupiter Island, Florida. On July 21, 2006, a judge inCook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim.Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file apaternity suitafter Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991; aDNA testshowed that Jordan was not the father of the child. Jordan proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American modelYvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011,and they were married on April 27, 2013, atBethesda-by-the-SeaEpiscopal Church.It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together.On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.In 2019, Jordan became a grandfather when his daughter Jasmine gave birth to a son, whose father is professional basketball playerRakeem Christmas. Media figure and business interests Endorsements Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands asNike,Coca-Cola,Chevrolet,Gatorade,McDonald's,Ball Park Franks,Rayovac,Wheaties,Hanes, andMCI.Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the \"Be Like Mike\" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan. Nike created a signature shoe for Jordan, called theAir Jordan, in 1984.One of his more popular commercials for the shoe involvedSpike Leeplaying the part ofMars Blackmon. In the commercials, Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that \"it's gotta be the shoes\".The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of \"shoe-jackings\", in which people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the \"Jordan Brand\". The company features a list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers.The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those ofNorth Carolina,UCLA,California,Oklahoma,Florida,Georgetown, andMarquette. Jordan also has been associated with theLooney Tunescartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992'sSuper Bowl XXVIfeatured Jordan andBugs Bunnyplaying basketball.The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996live action/animatedfilmSpace Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former's first retirement from basketball.They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.Jordan also made an appearance in the music video forMichael Jackson's \"Jam\" (1992). Since 2008, Jordan's yearly income from endorsements is estimated to be over $40 million.In addition, when his power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games.Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US$30 million per season.An academic study found that his first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion. Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent,David Falk.Jordan has described Falk as \"the best at what he does\" and that \"marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan'.\" Business ventures In June 2010, Jordan was ranked byForbesas the 20th-most-powerful celebrity in the world, with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According toForbes, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%.On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with theCharlotte Business Journal's Business Person of the Year for 2014.In 2017, he became a part owner of theMiami MarlinsofMajor League Baseball. Forbesdesignated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017.From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes,making him thefifth-richest African-American, behindRobert F. Smith,David Steward,Oprah Winfrey, andRihanna. Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name. The company has aNissandealership inDurham, North Carolina, acquired in 1990,and formerly had aLincoln–Mercurydealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009.The company also owned a Nissan franchise inGlen Burnie, Maryland.The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan's. Restaurants he has owned include asteakhousein New York City'sGrand Central Terminal, among others;that restaurant closed in 2018.Jordan is the majority investor in a golf course, Grove XXIII inHobe Sound, Florida. In September 2020, Jordan became an investor and advisor forDraftKings. Philanthropy From 2001 to 2014, Jordan hosted an annual golf tournament, the Michael Jordan Celebrity Invitational, that raised money for various charities.In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago'sHales Franciscan High School.TheJordan Brandhas made donations toHabitat for Humanityand aLouisianabranch of theBoys & Girls Clubs of America. TheMake-A-Wish Foundationnamed Jordan its Chief Wish Ambassador in 2008.In 2013, he granted his 200th wish for the organization.As of 2019, Jordan has raised more than $5 million for the Make-A-Wish Foundation.In 2023, he donated $10 million to the organization for his 60th birthday. In 2015, Jordan donated a settlement of undisclosed size from a lawsuit against supermarkets that had used his name without permission to 23 different Chicago charities.In 2017, Jordan funded twoNovant HealthMichael Jordan Family Clinics inCharlotte, North Carolina, by giving $7 million, the biggest donation he had made at the time.The following year, afterHurricane Florencedamaged parts of North Carolina, including his former hometown of Wilmington, Jordan donated $2 million to relief efforts.He gave $1 million to aid the Bahamas' recovery followingHurricane Dorianin 2019. On June 5, 2020, in the wake ofthe protestsfollowing themurder of George Floyd, Jordan and his brand announced in a joint statement that they would be donating $100 million over the next 10 years to organizations dedicated to \"ensuring racial equality, social justice and greater access to education\".In February 2021, Jordan funded two Novant Health Michael Jordan Family Clinics inNew Hanover County, North Carolina, by giving $10 million.In 2024, he funded the opening of another Novant Health Clinic, this time in Wilmington. Film and television Jordan played himself in the 1996 comedy filmSpace Jam. The film received mixed reviews,but it was a box office success, making $230 million worldwide, and earned more than $1 billion through merchandise sales. In 2000, Jordan was the subject of anIMAXdocumentary about his career with the Chicago Bulls, especially the1998 NBA playoffs, titledMichael Jordan to the Max.Two decades later, the same period of Jordan's life was covered in much greater and more personal detail by theEmmy Award-winningThe Last Dance, a 10-part TV documentary which debuted onESPNin April and May 2020.The Last Dancerelied heavily on about 500 hours of candid film of Jordan's and his teammates' off-court activities which anNBA Entertainmentcrew had shot over the course of the1997–98 NBA seasonfor use in a documentary. The project was delayed for many years because Jordan had not yet given his permission for the footage to be used.Jordan was interviewed at three homes associated with the production and did not want cameras in his home or on his plane, as according to director Jason Hehir \"there are certain aspects of his life that he wants to keep private\". Jordan granted rapperTravis Scottpermission to film a music video for his single \"Franchise\" at his home inHighland Park, Illinois.Jordan appeared in the 2022 miniseriesThe Captain, which follows the life and career ofDerek Jeter. Books Jordan has authored several books focusing on his life, basketball career, and world view. See also Notes References Sources Further reading External links",
"Race and ethnicity in the NBA The composition ofraceandethnicityin theNational Basketball Association(NBA) has changed throughout the league's history. The firstnon-whiteplayer to play in the league was anAsian American,Wat Misaka, in 1947.African Americansentered the league beginning in 1950. According toracial equalityactivistRichard Lapchick, the NBA in 2021 was composed of 73.2 percentblackplayers, 16.8 percentwhiteplayers, 3.1 percentLatinoplayers of any race, and 0.4 percentAsianplayers. Additionally, 6.6 percent of the players were classified as either multiracial or \"other\" races.The league has the highest percentage of black players of anymajor professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. History Players The NBA was founded in June 1946, with its first season played in1946–47.Wat Misakadebuted in1947–48as the first non-white player and the firstAsian Americanto play in the league. African Americansfirst appeared in the NBA in 1950.Chuck Cooperwas the first black playerdraftedin the NBA.On April 26, 1950,Harold Huntersigned with theWashington Capitols, becoming the firstAfrican Americanto sign a contract with any NBA team in history.However, Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.On May 24,Nathaniel \"Sweetwater\" Cliftonwas the second African American player to sign an NBA contract.Earl Lloydwas the first to play in the NBA.Hank DeZoniealso played that year.In 1953,Don Barksdalebecame the first African American to play in anNBA All-Star Game. With the emergence of African American players by the 1960s, the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim. Many of the league's great players were black. At that time, African Americans believed they were limited by anunofficialleague quota of four black players per team. Puerto RicanButch Leein 1978 was the first Latino in the league.Wang Zhizhibecame the first Chinese player in 2001.In 2010,Jeremy Linbecame the first American of Chinese or Taiwanese descent to play in the NBA. In 2011,Richard LapchickwithThe Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport(TIDES) of theUniversity of Central Floridareported in their annualRacial and Gender Report Cardthat 17 percent of the league's players werewhite, the lowest since the report began in 1990.Hall of Fameplayer andIndiana Pacerspresident of basketball operationsLarry Bird, who is white, stated in 2004 that the league needed more white players since the league's fans are mostly white. \"And if you just had a couple of white guys in there, you might get them a little excited. But it is a black man's game, and it will be forever. I mean, the greatest athletes in the world are African American,\" said Bird.Contrary to Bird's assertion, as of 2017, White Americans, made up only 34% of the NBA's viewership, making it the only major sports league inNorth America, that doesn't have a majority white viewership. At the same time, the black share of viewership stands at 47 percent, while Hispanic (of any race) stood at 11% and Asian viewership stood at 8%. More recently, a number of commentators and fans have remarked on the league's dwindling number ofwhite Americanplayers. While a TIDES study found that the NBA was 18.3 percent white in the 2015–16 season, this number also included non-Americans, most notably Europeans. During the entire 1996–97 season, only three NBA teams did not field an American-born white; on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, eight teams did not have a white American on their roster, and an additional 10 teams had only one. At the latter point in time, fewer than 10 percent of NBA players were American-born whites (43 out of a possible 450). Coaches Bill Russellin 1966 became the first non-white and African Americanhead coachin the NBA.In the late 1980s, teams began hiring black coaches in large numbers.At the start of the2015–16 season, there were seven black head coaches in the league, down 50 percent from three years earlier, and the fewest in 16 years.At the conclusion of the 2016-17 season there were eight African American head coaches. Owners Robert Johnsonof theCharlotte Bobcats(now known as the Charlotte Hornets) was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004–05.He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010–11 by another African American,Michael Jordan.In 2013–14, Jordan andSacramento KingsownerVivek Ranadivé, who is Indian, marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U.S. that there were two non-white majority owners in a league.The number of NBA teams with non-white majority owners increased to three in September 2019 with the league approval of Taiwanese Canadian entrepreneurJoseph Tsai's purchase of RussianMikhail Prokhorov's 51 percent share in theBrooklyn Nets. Tsai had previously held a 49 percent interest in the team, having acquired that stake from Prokhorov in 2018, and exercised an option to purchase the remaining interest before its 2021 expiration date. Viewership demographics Among NBA fans during the 2013–14 season, African Americans (844 minutes) andAsian Americans(719) spent the most time watching the league, followed byHispanics(of any race, 390) and Whites (290).Furthermore, according to a Nielsen's survey, the NBA has the highest share ofblackviewers, with 45 percent of its viewers being black and 40 percent of viewers beingwhite, making it the only top North American sport that did not have a white majority audience. During the 2016–17 season, 66 percent of the league's viewers were racial and ethnic minorities. Its audience was 47 percent Blacks, 34 percent Whites, 11 percent Hispanics (of any race), and 8 percent Asians. Timothy J. Piper examines how the NBA uses archival sports video in its advertising to give the impression that racial issues don't exist in the league, despite the fact that they do. The NBA tried to revitalize its brand prior to 2007 as a result of issues like dwindling attendance and broadcast ratings. In particular, it introduced a \"business casual\" attire policy for players in 2005 as part of its effort to distance itself from facets of hip-hop culture. The league's efforts to solve its economic fall were tied to this clothing code, which was intended to redefine player uniforms for NBA commerce, according to then-NBA Commissioner David Stern. This was all in order to enhance the league's image; some players welcomed this idea. The article also notes the NBA's 2007 advertising campaign, \"Where Amazing Happens,\" which featured archival footage and signaled a change in the league's branding approach. The goal of this campaign, which marked a change from prior ones, was to portray the NBA as varied but \"raceless\". See also Notes References Further reading External links",
"Earl Lloyd Earl Francis Lloyd(April 3, 1928 – February 26, 2015) was an American professionalbasketballplayer and coach. He was the firstAfrican Americanplayer to play a game in theNational Basketball Association(NBA). An All–American player atWest Virginia State University, Lloyd helped lead West Virginia State to an undefeated season in 1948. As a professional, Lloyd helped lead theSyracuse Nationalsto the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd was inducted into theNaismith Basketball Hall of Famein 2003. Early life Earl Lloyd was born inAlexandria, Virginia, on April 3, 1928, to Theodore Lloyd Sr. and Daisy Lloyd. His father worked in the coal industry and his mother was a stay-at-home mom. Being a high school standout, Lloyd was named to the All-South Atlantic Conference three times and the All-State Virginia Interscholastic Conference twice. Lloyd did attend a segregated school, but gives gratitude to his family and educators for helping him through the tough times and his success after school. Lloyd was a 1946 graduate of Parker–Grey High School, where he played for Coach Louis Randolph Johnson. He received a scholarship to play basketball atWest Virginia State University, home of theYellow Jackets. In school he was nicknamed \"Moon Fixer\" because of his size and was known as a defensive specialist. College career Lloyd led West Virginia State to twoCentral Intercollegiate Athletic Association(CIAA) Conference and Tournament Championships in 1948 and 1949. He was named All–Conference three times (1948–50) and wasAll-Americantwice, as named by thePittsburgh Courier(1949–50). As a senior, he averaged 14 points and 8 rebounds per game, while leading West Virginia State to a second–place finish in the CIAA Conference and Tournament Championship. In 1947–48, West Virginia State was the only undefeated team in the United States, with a 30–0 record.Lloyd graduated from WVSU with his B.S. degree in physical education in 1950. Harlem Globetrotter Prior to being drafted in the ninth round of the 1950 NBA Draft, Lloyd starred in the lineup of the Harlem Globetrotters. Lloyd led the team to two wins over the reigning Minneapolis Lakers; this proved his talents beyond his race. Except for racial segregation, he was one of the finest artists of his time.Lloyd's talents were recognized amongst other black teammates, the two being Chuck Cooper and Nathaniel \"Sweetwater\" Clifton. All three would go on to be drafted by the NBA, Clifton in 1947, Cooper in 1950, and Lloyd in 1950, the 100th overall pick. NBA career Lloyd was drafted in the 9th round with pick #100 by theWashington Capitolsin the1950 NBA draft. Nicknamed \"The Big Cat\", Lloyd was one of three black players to enter the NBA at the same time. It was because of the order in which the team's season openers fell that Lloyd was the first to actually play in a game in the NBA, scoring six points on Halloween night.The date was October 31, 1950, one day ahead ofChuck Cooperof theBoston Celticsand four days beforeNat \"Sweetwater\" Cliftonof theNew York Knicks. Lloyd played in over 560 games in nine seasons. The 6-foot-5, 225-pound forward played in only seven games for the Washington Capitols before the team folded on January 9, 1951. He was then drafted into the U.S. Army atFort Sill,Oklahoma. While fulfilling his military duty, theSyracuse Nationalspicked him up on waivers. Lloyd served time fighting in theKorean Warbefore coming back to basketball in 1952. In the 1953–54 season, Lloyd led the NBA in both personal fouls and disqualifications. In 1954–1955, Lloyd averaged career highs of 10.2 points and 7.7 rebounds for Syracuse, which beat theFort Wayne Pistons4 games to 3 to win the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd andJim Tuckerbecame the first African–Americans to play on an NBA championship team. Lloyd spent six seasons with Syracuse and two with theDetroit Pistonsbefore retiring in 1961. Regarding the racism black players faced in the early years of the NBA, Lloyd recalled being refused service multiple times and an incident where a fan in Indiana spit on him. He even went as far as to detail a time in which he was told to \"go back\" to Africa, and a plethora of times racial slurs were used towards him. However, Lloyd persevered and said that these instances only pushed him and made him play harder.Saying he didn't encounter racial animosity from teammates or opposing players, Lloyd said of fans' antics, “My philosophy was: If they weren’t calling you names, you weren’t doing nothing. If they’re calling you names, you were hurting them.” \"In 1950, basketball was like a babe in the woods; it didn't enjoy the notoriety that baseball enjoyed,\" Lloyd once said. \"I don't think my situation was anything like Jackie Robinson's-a guy who played in a hostile environment, where some of his teammates didn't want him around. In basketball, folks were used to seeing integrated college teams. There was a different mentality.\" “He’s an unsung star. Anybody can score. Lloyd was an excellent defensive player. That was No. 1 on my roster,” said his Syracuse Coach Al Cervi. In his NBA career with theWashington Capitols(1950–1951),Syracuse Nationals(1952–1958) andDetroit Pistons(1958–1960), Earl averaged 8.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 560 games over nine seasons. Coaching and scouting career According to Detroit News sportswriter Jerry Green, in 1965 Detroit Pistons General Manager Don Wattrick wanted to hire Lloyd as the team's head coach.Dave DeBusscherewas instead named Pistons player–coach. Lloyd was the first African–American assistant coach and was named head coach for the 1971–72 season, making him the third African–American head coach, afterJohn McLendonandBill Russell.A 2–5 start to thefollowing campaignresulted in Lloyd being relieved of his duties and replaced by assistant coachRay Scotton October 28, 1972.He had an overall record of 22–55 with the Pistons. Lloyd worked for the Pistons as a scout for five seasons. Lloyd is credited with helping draftBailey Howelland discoveringWillis Reed,Earl Monroe,Ray ScottandWally Jones. Personal life After his basketball career, Lloyd worked during the 1970s and 1980s as a job placement administrator for the Detroit public school system. During this time, Lloyd also ran programs for underprivileged children teaching job skills. Lloyd served as Community Relations Director for the Bing Group, a Detroit manufacturing company in the 1990s. Approached by a young African–American player who said he was indebted to Lloyd for opening the doors for future generations of black players, Lloyd replied that he owed him absolutely nothing. “You cannot understand what an honor this is,” Lloyd said in 2007 about the court atT. C. Williams High Schoolbeing named in his honor. “There’s no better honor than being validated by people who know you best. I will always, always treasure this.” Lloyd and his wife, Charlita, had three sons and four grandchildren. Lloyd resided inFairfield Glade, Tennessee, just outsideCrossville, Tennessee, until his death on February 26, 2015. Honors NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Head coaching record See also References Further reading External links # denotes interim head coach"
] | [
"Michael Jordan Michael Jeffrey Jordan(born February 17, 1963), also known by his initialsMJ,is an American businessman and former professionalbasketballplayer. He played 15 seasons in theNational Basketball Association(NBA) between 1984 and 2003, winning sixNBA championshipswith theChicago Bulls. He was integral in popularizing basketball and the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s,becoming a globalcultural icon.His profile on the NBA website states, \"By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time.\" Jordan playedcollege basketballwith theNorth Carolina Tar Heels. As a freshman, he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in1982.Jordan joined the Bulls in1984as the third overall draft pickand quickly emerged as a league star, entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring while gaining a reputation as one of the best defensive players.His leaping ability, demonstrated by performingslam dunksfrom thefree-throw lineinSlam Dunk Contests, earned him the",
"earned him the nicknames \"Air Jordan\" and \"His Airness\".Jordan won his first NBA title with the Bulls in1991and followed that achievement with titles in1992and1993, securing athree-peat. Citing \"physical and mental exhaustion\" from basketball and superstardom, Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the1993–94 NBA seasonto playMinor League Baseballin theChicago White Soxorganization. He returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three more championships in1996,1997, and1998, as well as a then-record 72 regular season wins in the1995–96 NBA season.Jordan retired for the second time in January 1999, returning for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of theWashington Wizards.He was selected to play for theUnited States national teamduring his college and NBA careers, winning fourgold medals—at the1983 Pan American Games,1984 Summer Olympics,1992 Tournament of the Americasand1992 Summer Olympics—while also being undefeated. Jordan's individual accolades include sixNBA Finals Most",
"sixNBA Finals Most Valuable Player(MVP) awards, tenNBA scoring titles(both all-time records), fiveNBA MVPawards, 10All-NBAFirst Team designations, nineAll-DefensiveFirst Team honors, fourteenNBA All-Star Gameselections, threeNBA All-Star Game MVPawards, threeNBA steals titles, and the 1988NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award.He holds theNBA recordsfor career regular season scoring average (30.1 points per game) and career playoff scoring average (33.4 points per game).In 1999, Jordan was named the 20th century's greatest North American athlete byESPNand was second toBabe Ruthon theAssociated Press' list of athletes of the century.Jordan was twice inducted into theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, once in 2009 for his individual career,and again in 2010 as part of the1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team(\"The Dream Team\").He became a member of theUnited States Olympic Hall of Famein 2009,a member of theNorth Carolina Sports Hall of Famein 2010,and an individual member of theFIBA Hall of",
"of theFIBA Hall of Famein 2015 and a \"Dream Team\" member in 2017.Jordan was named to theNBA 50th Anniversary Teamin 1996 and to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.The trophy for theNBA Most Valuable Player Awardis named in his honor. One of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation, Jordan made many product endorsements.He fueled the success ofNike'sAir Jordansneakers, which were introduced in 1984 and remain popular.Jordan starred as himself in the live-action/animation hybrid filmSpace Jam(1996) and was the central focus of theEmmy-winning documentary seriesThe Last Dance(2020). He became part-owner and head of basketball operations for theCharlotte Hornets(then named the Bobcats) in 2006 and bought a controlling interest in 2010, before selling his majority stake in 2023. Jordan is also a co-owner of23XI Racingin theNASCAR Cup Series. In 2016, he became the first billionaire player in NBA history.That same year, PresidentBarack Obamaawarded Jordan thePresidential Medal of Freedom.As of",
"of Freedom.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes. Early life Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born atCumberland Hospitalin Brooklyn, New York City, on February 17, 1963,to bank employee Deloris (née Peoples) and equipment supervisorJames R. Jordan Sr.He has two older brothers, James Jr. and basketball playerLarry, as well as an older sister named Deloris and a younger sister named Roslyn.Jordan and his siblings were raised in theMethodistfaith. In 1968, the family moved toWilmington, North Carolina.Jordan attendedEmsley A. Laney High School, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the basketballvarsity teamduring his sophomore year, but at a height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m), he was deemed too short. His taller friendHarvest Leroy Smithwas the only sophomore to make the team.Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney'sjunior varsity teamand tallied some 40-point games.The following summer, he grew four",
"he grew four inches (10 cm) and trained rigorously.Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged more than 25points per game(ppg) over his final two seasons of high school play.As a senior, he was selected to play in the1981 McDonald's All-American Gameand scored 30points,after averaging 26.8 ppg,11.6rebounds(rpg), and 10.1assistsper game (apg) for the season. Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, includingDuke,North Carolina,South Carolina,Syracuse, andVirginia.In 1981, he accepted a basketball scholarship to theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where Jordan majored incultural geography.He chose this field of study because of its relationship tometeorology, as Jordan was interested in a career as ameteorologist. College career As a freshman in coachDean Smith's team-oriented system, Jordan was namedACCFreshman of the Year after averaging 13.4 ppg on 53.4% shooting (field goal percentage).He made the game-winningjump shotin the1982 NCAA Championship",
"NCAA Championship gameagainstGeorgetown, which was led by future NBA rivalPatrick Ewing.Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.During his three seasons with theTar Heels, Jordan averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting and added 5.0 rpg and 1.8 apg. Jordan was selected by consensus to theNCAA All-American First Teamin both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons.After winning theNaismithand theWoodenCollege Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina a year before his scheduled graduation to enter the1984 NBA draft. Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986,when he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography.In 2002, Jordan was named to theACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball teamhonoring the 50 greatest players in ACC history. Professional career Chicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998) Early NBA years (1984–1987) TheChicago Bullsselected Jordan with the third overall pick of the1984 NBA draftafterHakeem",
"draftafterHakeem Olajuwon(Houston Rockets) andSam Bowie(Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of acenter.Trail Blazers general managerStu Inmancontended that it was not a matter of drafting a center but more a matter of taking Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already hadClyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan.Citing Bowie's injury-laden college career,ESPNnamed the Blazers' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history. Jordan made his NBA debut atChicago Stadiumon October 26, 1984, and scored 16 points. In 2021, a ticket stub from the game sold at auction for $264,000, setting a record for a collectible ticket stub.During his rookie1984–85 seasonwith the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting,and helped the Bulls improve from 28-54 to 38-44. Jordan quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas.Roy S. Johnson ofThe New York",
"ofThe New York Timesdescribed Jordan as \"the phenomenal rookie of the Bulls\" in November,and he appeared on the cover ofSports Illustratedwith the heading \"A Star Is Born\" in December.The fans voted in Jordan as anAll-Starstarter during his rookie season.Controversy arose before the1985 NBA All-Star Gamewhen word surfaced that several veteran players, led byIsiah Thomas, were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.This led to a so-called \"freeze-out\" on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him.The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted theNBA Rookie of the Year.The Bulls finished the season 38–44,and lost to theMilwaukee Bucksin four games in the first round ofthe playoffs. An often-cited moment was on August 26, 1985,when Jordan shook the arena during a Nike exhibition game inTrieste, Italy, by shattering the glass of the backboard with a dunk.The moment was filmed and is often referred to as an",
"referred to as an important milestone in Jordan's rise.The shoes Jordan wore during the game were auctioned in August 2020 for $615,000, a record for a pair of sneakers.Jordan's1985–86 seasonwas cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games.The Bulls madethe playoffsdespite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record,at the time the fifth-worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history.Jordan recovered in time to participate in the postseason and performed well upon his return. On April 20 at theBoston Garden, in Game 2 of the First Round, a 135–131 double overtime loss to the eventualNBA championBoston Celtics, Jordan scored a playoff career-high 63 points, breakingElgin Baylor'ssingle-game playoff scoring record.The Celtics team, though, swept the series in three games. Jordan completely recovered in time for the1986–87 season,and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history; he became the only player other thanWilt Chamberlainto",
"Chamberlainto score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league-high 37.1 ppg on 48.2% shooting.Jordan also demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200stealsand 100blocked shotsin a season.Despite Jordan's success,Magic Johnsonwon theNBA Most Valuable Player Award.The Bulls reached 40 wins,and advanced tothe playoffsfor the third consecutive year but were again swept by theCeltics. Pistons roadblock (1987–1990) Jordan led the league in scoring during the1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting,and won his first league MVP Award. He was named theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearafter averaging 1.6 blocks per game (bpg), a league-high 3.1 steals per game (spg),and leading the Bulls defense to the fewest points per game allowed in the league.The Bulls finished 50–32,and made it past the first round ofthe playoffsfor the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated theCleveland Cavaliersin five games.In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, the Bulls",
"the Bulls lost in five games to the more experiencedDetroit Pistons,who were led byIsiah Thomasand a group of physical players known as the \"Bad Boys\". In the1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8.0 rpg and 8.0 apg.During the season,Sam Vincent, Chicago'spoint guard, was having trouble running the offense, and Jordan expressed his frustration with head coachDoug Collins, who then put Jordan at point guard. In his time as a point guard, Jordan had 10triple-doublesin 11 games, with averages of 33.6 ppg, 11.4 rpg, 10.8 apg, 2.9 spg, and 0.8 bpg on 51% shooting. The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,and advanced to theEastern ConferenceFinals, defeating theCavaliersandNew York Knicksalong the way.The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit \"The Shot\" overCraig Ehloat the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.In the Eastern Conference Finals, thePistonsagain defeated the Bulls, this time in",
"Bulls, this time in six games,by utilizing their \"Jordan Rules\" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double andtriple teaminghim every time he touched the ball. The Bulls entered the1989–90 seasonas a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players likeScottie PippenandHorace Grant, and under the guidance of new coachPhil Jackson.On March 28, 1990, Jordan scored a career-high 69 points in a 117–113 road win over the Cavaliers.He averaged a league-leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg,in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating theBucksandPhiladelphia 76ers;despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to thePistonsfor the third consecutive season. First three-peat (1991–1993) Jackson sought to instill the principles of the triangle offense more deeply within the team, and this required Michael Jordan to change his playing style. As Jackson explained in his bookEleven",
"in his bookEleven Rings, \"I was planning to ask Michael... to reduce the number of shots he took so that other members of the team could get more involved.\" Jackson worked with Jordan to ensure he could still pursue scoring titles, but now in a way that better integrated his personal ambitions with the team's success. In the1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in sixteen years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.WithScottie Pippendeveloping into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated theNew York Knicksand thePhiladelphia 76ersin the opening two rounds ofthe playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, theDetroit Pistons, awaited them;this time, the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four-game sweep. The Bulls advanced tothe Finalsfor the first time in franchise",
"time in franchise history to face theLos Angeles Lakers. The Bulls won the series in five games, and compiled a 15–2 playoff record along the way.Perhaps the best-known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potentialSam Perkinsblock by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket.In his first Finals appearance, Jordan had 31.2 ppg on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 apg, 6.6 rpg, 2.8 spg, and 1.4 bpg.Jordan won his firstNBA Finals MVPawardand cried while holding the Finals trophy. Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the1991–92 season, establishing a 67–15 record, topping their franchise record from the 1990–91 campaign.Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 ppg, 6.4 rpg, and 6.1 apg on 52% shooting.After winning a physical seven-game series over theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffsand finishing off theCleveland Cavaliersin the Conference Finals in six games, the",
"in six games, the Bulls metClyde Drexlerand thePortland Trail Blazersinthe Finals. The media, hoping to recreate aMagic–Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between \"Air\" Jordan and Clyde \"The Glide\" during the pre-Finals hype. In a Game 1 victory, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting sixthree-point field goals.After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside.Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying: \"I can't believe I'm doing this.\"The Bulls went on to defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row,and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 52.6% from the floor. In the1992–93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign, including a second-place finish in Defensive Player of the Year voting,Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended, as he lost the award to his",
"the award to his friendCharles Barkley,upsetting him.Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and hisPhoenix Sunsin the1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game-winning shot byJohn Paxsonand a last-second block byHorace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's leader. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,and became the first player in NBA history to win three consecutive Finals MVP awards.Jordan scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in four consecutive games.With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life. Gambling During the1993 NBA playoffs, Jordan was seen gambling inAtlantic City, New Jersey, the night before Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals against theNew York Knicks.The previous year, he admitted that he",
"he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book in 1993 claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.David Stern, thecommissioner of the NBA, denied in 1995 and 2006 that Jordan's 1993 retirement was a secret suspension by the league for gambling,but the rumor spread widely. In 2005, Jordan discussed his gambling withEd Bradleyof60 Minutesand admitted that he made reckless decisions. Jordan stated: Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah. When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied: \"No.\"In 2010,Ron Shelton, director ofJordan Rides the Bus, said that he began working on the documentary believing that the NBA had suspended him, but that research \"convinced was",
"\"convinced was nonsense\". First retirement and stint in Minor League Baseball (1993–1995) On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, saying that he lost his desire to play basketball. He later said that the murder of his father three months earlier helped shape his decision.James R. Jordan Sr.was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highwayrest areainLumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked hisLexus.His body, dumped in a South Carolina swamp, was not discovered until August 3.Green and Demery were sentenced to life imprisonment.However, inThe Last Dance, Jordan stated that he retired due to physical and mental exhaustion from basketball and superstardom, and that he had made up his mind during the Bulls' playoff run and discussed the decision with his father. Jordan was close to his father; as a child, Jordan imitated the way his father stuck out his tongue while absorbed in work. Jordan later adopted it as his own signature, often displaying it",
"often displaying it as he drove to the basket.In 1996, Jordan founded a Chicago-areaBoys & Girls Cluband dedicated it to his father.In his 1998 autobiographyFor the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he was preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.The added exhaustion due to the \"Dream Team\" run in the1992 Summer Olympicssolidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world. Jordan further surprised the sports world by signing aMinor League Baseball(MiLB) contract with theChicago White Soxon February 7, 1994.He reported tospring traininginSarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31.Jordan said that this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who always envisioned his son as aMajor League Baseball(MLB) player.The White Sox were owned by Bulls ownerJerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's",
"to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball. In 1994, Jordan played for theBirmingham Barons, aDouble-Aminor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox,batting.202 with threehome runs, 51runs batted in, 30stolen bases, 114strikeouts, 51bases on balls, and 11errors.His strikeout total led the team and his games played tied for the team lead. His 30 stolen bases were second on the team only toDoug Brady.Jordan also appeared for theScottsdale Scorpionsin the 1994Arizona Fall League, batting .252 against the top prospects in baseball.On November 1, 1994, hisNo.23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known asThe Spiritoutside the newUnited Center. Return to the NBA (1995) The Bulls went 55–27 in1993–94without Jordan in the lineupand lost to theNew York Knicksin the second round ofthe playoffs.In the1994–95 Bulls, Jordan surprised many by returning to the Bulls midway through the season. In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit",
"decided to quit baseball because he feared he might become areplacement playerduring theMajor League Baseball strike.On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA in a two-word press release: \"I'm back.\"The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face theIndiana PacersinIndianapolis, scoring 19 points.The game had the highestNielsen ratingof any regular season NBA game since 1975.Although he could have worn his original number even though the Bulls retired it, Jordan wore No. 45, his baseball number. Despite his 18-month hiatus from the NBA, Jordan played well, making a game-winning jump shot againstAtlantain his fourth game back. He scored 55 points in his next game, against theNew York KnicksatMadison Square Gardenon March 28, 1995.Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to makethe playoffsand advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against theOrlando Magic.At the end of Game 1, Orlando'sNick Andersonstripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket",
"game-winning basket for the Magic; he later commented that Jordan \"didn't look like the old Michael Jordan\",and said, \"No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to\". Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former No. 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA.Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black.He averaged 31 ppg in the playoffs, but Orlando won the series in six games. Second three-peat (1996–1998) Jordan was freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the1995–96 season.The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialistDennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41–3.The Bulls finished with the best regular season record in NBA history, 72–10, a mark broken two decades later by the2015–16 Golden State",
"Golden State Warriors.Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg,and he won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards. Inthe playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat3–0,New York Knicks4–1, andOrlando Magic4–0), as they defeated theSeattle SuperSonics4–2 in theNBA Finalsto win their fourth championship.The series was one of the tougher ones for Jordan as he shot 41%, 32%, and 26% from the field in three of the six games.Nevertheless, Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time;he achieved only the second sweep of the MVP awards in the All-Star Game, regular season, and NBA Finals afterWillis Reedin the1969–70 season.Upon winning the championship, his first since his father's murder, Jordan reacted emotionally, clutching the game ball and crying on the locker room floor. In the1996–97 season, the Bulls stood at a 69–11 record but ended the season by losing their final two games to finish the year 69–13, missing out on a second consecutive 70-win",
"consecutive 70-win season.The Bulls again advanced tothe Finals, where they faced theUtah Jazz.That team includedKarl Malone, who had beaten Jordan for the NBA MVP award in a tight race (986–957).The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with abuzzer-beatingjump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied 2–2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as \"The Flu Game\", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-winning three-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.During the1997 NBA All-Star Game, he posted the first triple-double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort, but the MVP award went toGlen Rice. The Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the1997–98 season.Jordan led the league with 28.7 ppg,securing his fifth regular season MVP",
"regular season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team, and the All-Star Game MVP.The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven-game series with theIndiana Pacersin the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with theNew York Knicks.After winning, they moved on for a rematch with theJazzinthe Finals. The Bulls returned to theDelta CenterforGame 6on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.With 41.9 seconds remaining and the Bulls trailing 86–83, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and sank a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting Utah's lead to 86–85.The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to Malone, who was set up in thelow postand was being",
"postand was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and stole the ball out of his hands. Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guardBryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call afoul.With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan made the climactic shot of his Bulls career,a top-key jumper over a stumbling Russell to give Chicago an 87–86 lead. Afterwards, the Jazz'John Stocktonnarrowly missed a game-winning three-pointer, and the buzzer sounded as Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship,achieving a second three-peat in the decade.Once again, Jordan was voted Finals MVP for a record sixth time,having led all scorers by averaging 33.5 ppg, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series,and Game 6 holds the highest television rating",
"television rating of any game in NBA history. Second retirement (1999–2001) WithPhil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures ofScottie PippenandDennis Rodmanlooming, and being in the latter stages of an owner-inducedlockoutof NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999.On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player but as part owner and president of basketball operations for theWashington Wizards.Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive, as he controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters; opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (like forwardJuwan Howardand point guardRod Strickland)but used the first pick in the2001 NBA draftto select high school studentKwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons. Despite his January 1999 claim that he was",
"claim that he was \"99.9% certain\" he would never play another NBA game,Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback in the summer of 2001, this time with his new team.Inspired by theNHLcomeback of his friendMario Lemieuxthe previous winter,Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach,Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return. Washington Wizards (2001–2003) On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of theSeptember 11 attacks.In an injury-plagued2001–02 season, Jordan led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.4 spg),and was an MVP candidate, as he led the Wizards to a winning record and playoff contention;Jordan would",
"would eventually finish 13th in the MVP ballot.After he suffered torncartilagein his right knee,and subsequent knee soreness,the Wizards missed the playoffs,and Jordan's season ended after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the1994–95 season.Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 ppg, 5.4 apg, and 6.0 rpg, and shooting 41.9% from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.The Wizards finished the season with a 37–45 record, an 18-game improvement. Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in2003, Jordan passedKareem Abdul-Jabbaras the all-time leading scorer in All-Star Game history, a record since broken byKobe BryantandLeBron James.That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them as he came off the bench in 15. Jordan averaged 20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg,",
"20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 spg per game.He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free-throw line.Although Jordan turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at theMCI Centerwere sold out and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.Jordan's final two seasons did not result in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and he was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.At several points, Jordan openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that ofKwame Brown, thenumber-one draft pickin the2001 NBA draft. Final retirement (2003) With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him",
"were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at theUnited Centerin Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.TheMiami Heatretired the No. 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team.At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot fromTracy McGradyandAllen Iversonbut refused both;he accepted the spot ofVince Carter.Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, inPhiladelphia. After scoring 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds left in the third quarter and his team trailing thePhiladelphia 76ers75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, theFirst Union Centercrowd began chanting \"We want Mike!\" After much encouragement from coachDoug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacingLarry Hugheswith 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers'Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws.",
"both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookieJohn Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled byBobby Simmonsone second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. He received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans. National team career Jordan made his debut as a college player for theU.S. national basketball teamat the1983 Pan American GamesinCaracas, Venezuela. He led the team in scoring with 17.3 ppg as the U.S., coached byJack Hartman, won thegold medal.The following year, Jordan won another gold medal in the1984 Summer Olympics. The1984 U.S. teamwas coached byBob Knightand featured young players such asPatrick Ewing,Sam Perkins,Chris Mullin,Steve Alford, andWayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament. In 1992, Jordan, now an NBA player, was a member of the star-studded squad that was dubbed the \"Dream Team\", which includedLarry",
"which includedLarry Birdand Magic Johnson. The team won two gold medals: the first in the1992 Tournament of the Americas,and the second in the1992 Summer Olympics. Jordan was the only player to start all eight games in the Olympics. He averaged 14.9 ppg on 45% shooting from the field and 68% from the free-throw line. He was second on the team in scoring.He was undefeated in the four tournaments he played for the United States national team, and Jordan won all 30 games he took part in. Player profile Jordan was ashooting guardwho could also play as asmall forward, the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with theWashington Wizards.Jordan was known throughout his career as a strongclutchperformer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests.His competitiveness was visible in his prolifictrash talkand well-known work ethic.Jordan often used perceived",
"used perceived slights to fuel his performances. SportswriterWright Thompsondescribed him as \"a killer, in the Darwinian sense of the word, immediately sensing and attacking someone's weakest spot\".As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not \"tough enough\" to compete with him in practice. To improve his defense, Jordan spent hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvization.Jordan's fierce competitiveness greatly impacted his teammates, sometimes motivating them but also leading to tension and alienation. Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986–87 to 2001–02, when he injured his right knee.Of the 15 seasons Jordan was in the NBA, he played all 82 regular season games nine times.Jordan has frequently citedDavid Thompson,Walter Davis, andJerry Westas influences.Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a",
"on, Jordan had a special \"Love of the Game Clause\" written into his contract, which was unusual at the time, and allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere. Jordan had a versatile offensive game and was capable of aggressivelydrivingto the basket as well as drawingfoulsfrom his opponents at a high rate. His 8,772free throwattempts are the 11th-highest total in NBA history.Early in Jordan's career, he weighed in at around 200 pounds (91 kg) and was more athletic in terms of play style.As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability topost uphis opponents and score with his trademarkfadeawayjump shot, using his leaping ability to avoid block attempts. According toHubie Brown, this move alone made Jordan nearly unstoppable.Around this time, he bulked up to 215 pounds (98 kg) in order to adapt to the increased physicality of NBA defenses during the 1990s, sacrificing some athleticism for added strength in the post.Despite media criticism by some as a selfish player early in",
"player early in his career, Jordan was willing to defer to this teammates, with a career average of 5.3 apg and a season-high of 8.0 apg.For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder, finishing with 6.2 rpg. Defensively, he averaged 2.3 spg and 0.8 bpg. Thethree-point field goalwas not Jordan's strength, especially in his early years. Later on in his career, Jordan improved his three-point shooting, and finished his career with a three-point field goal percentage of 32%.His best years shooting from three occurred in the 1989-90 and 1992-93 seasons, where he shot 37% and 35% from three, respectively (Jordan did shoot higher percentages from 1994-97, but in those years, the three-point line was temporarily moved inwards). Overall, Jordan was a highly efficient scorer. Hiseffective field goal percentagewas 50%, and he had six seasons with at least 50% shooting, five of which consecutively (1988–1992); Jordan also shot 51% and 50% from the field, and 30% and 33% from the three-point range, throughout his first",
"his first and second retirements, respectively, finishing his Bulls career with 31.5 points per game on 50.5 FG% shooting and his overall career with 49.7 FG% shooting. In 1988, Jordan was honored with theNBA Defensive Player of the Yearand theMost Valuable Playerawards, becoming the first NBA player to win both awards in a career let alone season. He also set both seasonal and career records forblocked shotsby a guard,and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. Despite his defensive prowess, the 1988 season has come under scrutiny due to the large discrepancy between Jordan's steals' numbers at home versus on the road. Such stat inflation was common, and a 2024 study by Tom Haberstroh found that there were games where Jordan was often credited with steals that could not have happened. For example, in one game, he was credited with more steals than the opposing team had live-ball turnovers.Jordan ranks fourth in NBA history in totalstealswith 2,514, trailingJohn",
"2,514, trailingJohn Stockton,Jason KiddandChris Paul.Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.Doc Riversdeclared Jordan \"the best superstar defender in the history of the game\". Jordan was known to have strong eyesight. BroadcasterAl Michaelssaid that Jordan was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away.During the2001 NBA Finals,Phil Jacksoncompared Jordan's dominance toShaquille O'Neal, stating: \"Michael would get fouled on every play and still have to play through it and just clear himself for shots instead and would rise to that occasion.\" Legacy Jordan's talent was clear from his first NBA season; by November 1984, he was being compared toJulius Erving.Larry Birdsaid that rookie Jordan was the best player he ever saw, and that Jordan was \"one of a kind\", and comparable toWayne Gretzkyas an athlete.In his first game in Madison Square Garden against theNew York Knicks,",
"theNew York Knicks, Jordan received a near minute-long standing ovation.After Jordan established the single game playoff record of 63 points against theBoston Celticson April 20, 1986, Bird described him as \"God disguised as Michael Jordan\". Jordanled the NBA in scoringin 10 seasons (NBA record) and tiedWilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles.Jordan was a fixture of theNBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared withGary Payton,Kevin Garnett, andKobe Bryant).He also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 ppg, respectively.By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time.Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second-highest amongNBA career playoff scoring",
"playoff scoring leaders.He scored 32,292 points in the regular season,placing him fifth on theNBA all-time scoring listbehindLeBron James,Kareem Abdul-Jabbar,Karl Malone, and Bryant. With five regular season MVPs (tied for second place withBill Russell—only Abdul-Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and threeNBA All-Star Game MVPs, Jordan is among the most decorated player in NBA history.He finished among the top three in regular season MVP voting 10 times.Jordan was named one of the50 Greatest Players in NBA Historyin 1996,and selected to theNBA 75th Anniversary Teamin 2021.He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men's basketball teams).Since 1976, the year of theABA–NBA merger,Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team.In theAll-Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other",
"more than any other player. \"There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us.\" —Magic Johnson Many of Jordan's contemporaries have said that he is the greatest basketball player of all time.In 1999, anESPNsurvey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century.Jordan placed second toBabe Ruthin theAssociated Press' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes.The Associated Press also voted Jordan the greatest basketball player of the 20th century.He has also appeared on the front cover ofSports Illustrateda record 50 times.In the September 1996 issue ofSport, which was the publication's 50th-anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years. Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-backSlam Dunk Contestchampionships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players.Several NBA players, including James andDwyane Wade, have stated that",
"have stated that they considered Jordan as their role model while they were growing up.Commentators have also dubbed a number of next-generation players \"the next Michael Jordan\" upon their entry to the NBA, includingPenny Hardaway,Grant Hill,Allen Iverson, Bryant,Vince Carter, James, and Wade.Some analysts, such asThe Ringer's Dan Devine, drew parallels between Jordan's experiment at point guard in the 1988–89 season and the modern NBA; for Devine, it \"inadvertently foreshadowed the modern game's stylistic shift toward monster-usage primary playmakers\", such asRussell Westbrook,James Harden,Luka Dončić, and James.Don Nelsonstated: \"I would've been playing him at point guard the day he showed up as a rookie.\" Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his \"Air Jordan\" image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,a fact Jordan himself has lamented, saying: \"I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael",
"of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized.\"During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game; television ratings increased only during his time in the league.The popularity of the NBA in the U.S. declined after his last title.As late as 2022,NBA Finals television ratingshad not returned to the level reached during his last championship-winning season. In August 2009, theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FameinSpringfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers as well as from the 1992 \"Dream Team\"; the exhibit also has a battingbaseball gloveto signify Jordan's short career in theMinor League Baseball.After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 memberDavid Thompsonto present him.As Jordan would later",
"Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels when growing up in North Carolina but greatly admired Thompson, who played for the rivalNC State Wolfpack. In September, Jordan was inducted into the Hall with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, includingScottie Pippen,Dennis Rodman,Charles Oakley,Ron Harper,Steve Kerr, andToni Kukoč.Dean SmithandDoug Collins, two of Jordan's former coaches, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech when Jordan began to cry was captured by Associated Press photographerStephan Savoiaand would later go viral on social media as the \"Crying Jordan\" Internet meme.In 2016, PresidentBarack Obamahonored Jordan with thePresidential Medal of Freedom.In October 2021, he was named to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team.In September 2022, Jordan's jersey in which he played the opening game of the 1998 NBA Finals was sold for $10.1 million, making it the most expensive game-worn sports memorabilia",
"sports memorabilia in history.In December 2022, the NBA unveiled a new MVP trophy, named in Jordan's honor, to be awarded beginning with the2022–23 season, which replaced the original trophy, named in honor of former NBA commissionerMaurice Podoloff. NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Awards and honors NBA USA Basketball NCAA High school Halls of Fame Media National State/local Post-retirement After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.Jordan's previous tenure had produced mixed results and may have also influenced the trade ofRichard \"Rip\" HamiltonforJerry Stackhouse, although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002.On May 7, 2003, Wizards ownerAbe Pollinfired Jordan from the role.Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring, he never would have come back to play for the Wizards. Over the next few",
"Over the next few years, Jordan played golf in celebrity charity tournaments and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles.Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with twoSuzukisin thepremier Superbike championshipsanctioned by theAmerican Motorcyclist Association(AMA) until the end of the 2013 season. Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in theCharlotte Bobcats(known as theHornetssince 2013), becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority ownerRobert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title Managing Member of Basketball Operations.Despite his previous success as an endorser, Jordan made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.A decade earlier, he had made a bid to become part-owner of Charlotte's original",
"original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when ownerGeorge Shinnrefused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations. In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and formerHouston RocketspresidentGeorge Postoloswere the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team from Johnson pending NBA approval.On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team,and the league's only African-American majority owner. During the2011 NBA lockout,The New York Timeswrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during",
"that, during thelabor dispute in 1998, Jordan toldWashington Wizardsthen-ownerAbe Pollin: \"If you can't make a profit, you should sell your team.\"Jason WhitlockofFoxSports.comcalled Jordan \"a hypocriteselloutwho can easily betray the very people who made him a billionaire global icon\" for wanting \"current players to pay for his incompetence\".He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing playersKwame BrownandAdam Morrison. During the2011–12 NBA seasonthat was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. The team closed out the season with a 23-game losing streak; their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.Before the next season, Jordan said: \"I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating.\" During the 2019 NBA offseason, Jordan sold a minority piece of the Hornets to Gabe Plotkin and Daniel Sundheim, retaining the majority for himself,as well as the role of chairman.In 2023, Jordan finalized the sale of his",
"the sale of his majority stake to Gabe Plotkin and Rick Schnall, ending his 13-year tenure as majority owner, although he kept a minority stake.The sale was officially completed in August 2023 for approximately $3 billion, more than 10 times the $275 million Jordan had paid for the team. 23XI Racing On September 21, 2020, Jordan andNASCARdriverDenny Hamlinannounced they would be fielding aNASCAR Cup Seriesteam withBubba Wallacedriving, beginning competition in the2021 season.On October 22, the team's name was confirmed to be23XI Racing(pronounced twenty-three eleven) and the team's entry would bear No. 23.After the team's inaugural season, it added a second car with No. 45, driven byKurt Buschin2022andTyler Reddickin2023.Ty Gibbs,John Hunter Nemechek, andDaniel Hemricalso drove for 23XI as substitute drivers during the 2022 season.The team fielded a third car, No. 67, driven byTravis Pastranain the2023 Daytona 500.23XI Racing has won seven races, two by Wallace, four by Reddick, and one by Busch.Reddick won",
"Busch.Reddick won the2024 NASCAR Cup Seriesregular season championship, the first for the team. Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy atA Little White Wedding ChapelinLas Vegason September 2, 1989.They had three children:Jeffrey,Marcus, and Jasmine.The Jordans filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made \"mutually and amicably\".It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $254 million in 2023), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time. In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot inHighland Park, Illinois, where he planned to build a 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m2) mansion. It was completed in 1995. Jordan listed the mansion for sale in 2012.He also owns homes inNorth CarolinaandJupiter Island, Florida. On July 21, 2006, a judge inCook",
"a judge inCook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim.Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file apaternity suitafter Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991; aDNA testshowed that Jordan was not the father of the child. Jordan proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American modelYvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011,and they were married on April 27, 2013, atBethesda-by-the-SeaEpiscopal Church.It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together.On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.In 2019, Jordan became a grandfather when his daughter Jasmine gave birth to a son, whose father is professional basketball playerRakeem Christmas. Media figure and business interests Endorsements Jordan is one of the",
"is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands asNike,Coca-Cola,Chevrolet,Gatorade,McDonald's,Ball Park Franks,Rayovac,Wheaties,Hanes, andMCI.Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the \"Be Like Mike\" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan. Nike created a signature shoe for Jordan, called theAir Jordan, in 1984.One of his more popular commercials for the shoe involvedSpike Leeplaying the part ofMars Blackmon. In the commercials, Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that \"it's gotta be the shoes\".The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of \"shoe-jackings\", in which people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the \"Jordan Brand\". The company features a list of athletes and celebrities as",
"and celebrities as endorsers.The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those ofNorth Carolina,UCLA,California,Oklahoma,Florida,Georgetown, andMarquette. Jordan also has been associated with theLooney Tunescartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992'sSuper Bowl XXVIfeatured Jordan andBugs Bunnyplaying basketball.The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996live action/animatedfilmSpace Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former's first retirement from basketball.They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.Jordan also made an appearance in the music video forMichael Jackson's \"Jam\" (1992). Since 2008, Jordan's yearly income from endorsements is estimated to be over $40 million.In addition, when his power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games.Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US$30 million per",
"US$30 million per season.An academic study found that his first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion. Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent,David Falk.Jordan has described Falk as \"the best at what he does\" and that \"marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan'.\" Business ventures In June 2010, Jordan was ranked byForbesas the 20th-most-powerful celebrity in the world, with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According toForbes, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%.On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with theCharlotte Business Journal's Business Person of the Year for 2014.In 2017, he became a part owner of theMiami MarlinsofMajor League Baseball.",
"League Baseball. Forbesdesignated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017.From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete.As of 2024, his net worth is estimated at $3.2 billion byForbes,making him thefifth-richest African-American, behindRobert F. Smith,David Steward,Oprah Winfrey, andRihanna. Jordan co-owns an automotive group which bears his name. The company has aNissandealership inDurham, North Carolina, acquired in 1990,and formerly had aLincoln–Mercurydealership from 1995 until its closure in June 2009.The company also owned a Nissan franchise inGlen Burnie, Maryland.The restaurant industry is another business interest of Jordan's. Restaurants he has owned include asteakhousein New York City'sGrand Central Terminal, among others;that restaurant closed in 2018.Jordan is the majority investor in a golf course, Grove XXIII inHobe Sound, Florida. In September 2020, Jordan became an investor and advisor",
"and advisor forDraftKings. Philanthropy From 2001 to 2014, Jordan hosted an annual golf tournament, the Michael Jordan Celebrity Invitational, that raised money for various charities.In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago'sHales Franciscan High School.TheJordan Brandhas made donations toHabitat for Humanityand aLouisianabranch of theBoys & Girls Clubs of America. TheMake-A-Wish Foundationnamed Jordan its Chief Wish Ambassador in 2008.In 2013, he granted his 200th wish for the organization.As of 2019, Jordan has raised more than $5 million for the Make-A-Wish Foundation.In 2023, he donated $10 million to the organization for his 60th birthday. In 2015, Jordan donated a settlement of undisclosed size from a lawsuit against supermarkets that had used his name without permission to 23 different Chicago charities.In 2017, Jordan funded twoNovant HealthMichael Jordan Family Clinics inCharlotte, North Carolina, by giving $7 million, the biggest donation he had made at the time.The",
"at the time.The following year, afterHurricane Florencedamaged parts of North Carolina, including his former hometown of Wilmington, Jordan donated $2 million to relief efforts.He gave $1 million to aid the Bahamas' recovery followingHurricane Dorianin 2019. On June 5, 2020, in the wake ofthe protestsfollowing themurder of George Floyd, Jordan and his brand announced in a joint statement that they would be donating $100 million over the next 10 years to organizations dedicated to \"ensuring racial equality, social justice and greater access to education\".In February 2021, Jordan funded two Novant Health Michael Jordan Family Clinics inNew Hanover County, North Carolina, by giving $10 million.In 2024, he funded the opening of another Novant Health Clinic, this time in Wilmington. Film and television Jordan played himself in the 1996 comedy filmSpace Jam. The film received mixed reviews,but it was a box office success, making $230 million worldwide, and earned more than $1 billion through merchandise sales. In",
"sales. In 2000, Jordan was the subject of anIMAXdocumentary about his career with the Chicago Bulls, especially the1998 NBA playoffs, titledMichael Jordan to the Max.Two decades later, the same period of Jordan's life was covered in much greater and more personal detail by theEmmy Award-winningThe Last Dance, a 10-part TV documentary which debuted onESPNin April and May 2020.The Last Dancerelied heavily on about 500 hours of candid film of Jordan's and his teammates' off-court activities which anNBA Entertainmentcrew had shot over the course of the1997–98 NBA seasonfor use in a documentary. The project was delayed for many years because Jordan had not yet given his permission for the footage to be used.Jordan was interviewed at three homes associated with the production and did not want cameras in his home or on his plane, as according to director Jason Hehir \"there are certain aspects of his life that he wants to keep private\". Jordan granted rapperTravis Scottpermission to film a music video for his single",
"for his single \"Franchise\" at his home inHighland Park, Illinois.Jordan appeared in the 2022 miniseriesThe Captain, which follows the life and career ofDerek Jeter. Books Jordan has authored several books focusing on his life, basketball career, and world view. See also Notes References Sources Further reading External links",
"Race and ethnicity in the NBA The composition ofraceandethnicityin theNational Basketball Association(NBA) has changed throughout the league's history. The firstnon-whiteplayer to play in the league was anAsian American,Wat Misaka, in 1947.African Americansentered the league beginning in 1950. According toracial equalityactivistRichard Lapchick, the NBA in 2021 was composed of 73.2 percentblackplayers, 16.8 percentwhiteplayers, 3.1 percentLatinoplayers of any race, and 0.4 percentAsianplayers. Additionally, 6.6 percent of the players were classified as either multiracial or \"other\" races.The league has the highest percentage of black players of anymajor professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. History Players The NBA was founded in June 1946, with its first season played in1946–47.Wat Misakadebuted in1947–48as the first non-white player and the firstAsian Americanto play in the league. African Americansfirst appeared in the NBA in 1950.Chuck Cooperwas the first black playerdraftedin the",
"playerdraftedin the NBA.On April 26, 1950,Harold Huntersigned with theWashington Capitols, becoming the firstAfrican Americanto sign a contract with any NBA team in history.However, Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.On May 24,Nathaniel \"Sweetwater\" Cliftonwas the second African American player to sign an NBA contract.Earl Lloydwas the first to play in the NBA.Hank DeZoniealso played that year.In 1953,Don Barksdalebecame the first African American to play in anNBA All-Star Game. With the emergence of African American players by the 1960s, the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim. Many of the league's great players were black. At that time, African Americans believed they were limited by anunofficialleague quota of four black players per team. Puerto RicanButch Leein 1978 was the first Latino in the league.Wang Zhizhibecame the first Chinese player in 2001.In 2010,Jeremy Linbecame the first American of Chinese or Taiwanese descent to",
"descent to play in the NBA. In 2011,Richard LapchickwithThe Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport(TIDES) of theUniversity of Central Floridareported in their annualRacial and Gender Report Cardthat 17 percent of the league's players werewhite, the lowest since the report began in 1990.Hall of Fameplayer andIndiana Pacerspresident of basketball operationsLarry Bird, who is white, stated in 2004 that the league needed more white players since the league's fans are mostly white. \"And if you just had a couple of white guys in there, you might get them a little excited. But it is a black man's game, and it will be forever. I mean, the greatest athletes in the world are African American,\" said Bird.Contrary to Bird's assertion, as of 2017, White Americans, made up only 34% of the NBA's viewership, making it the only major sports league inNorth America, that doesn't have a majority white viewership. At the same time, the black share of viewership stands at 47 percent, while Hispanic (of any race) stood at",
"any race) stood at 11% and Asian viewership stood at 8%. More recently, a number of commentators and fans have remarked on the league's dwindling number ofwhite Americanplayers. While a TIDES study found that the NBA was 18.3 percent white in the 2015–16 season, this number also included non-Americans, most notably Europeans. During the entire 1996–97 season, only three NBA teams did not field an American-born white; on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, eight teams did not have a white American on their roster, and an additional 10 teams had only one. At the latter point in time, fewer than 10 percent of NBA players were American-born whites (43 out of a possible 450). Coaches Bill Russellin 1966 became the first non-white and African Americanhead coachin the NBA.In the late 1980s, teams began hiring black coaches in large numbers.At the start of the2015–16 season, there were seven black head coaches in the league, down 50 percent from three years earlier, and the fewest in 16 years.At the conclusion of",
"the conclusion of the 2016-17 season there were eight African American head coaches. Owners Robert Johnsonof theCharlotte Bobcats(now known as the Charlotte Hornets) was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004–05.He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010–11 by another African American,Michael Jordan.In 2013–14, Jordan andSacramento KingsownerVivek Ranadivé, who is Indian, marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U.S. that there were two non-white majority owners in a league.The number of NBA teams with non-white majority owners increased to three in September 2019 with the league approval of Taiwanese Canadian entrepreneurJoseph Tsai's purchase of RussianMikhail Prokhorov's 51 percent share in theBrooklyn Nets. Tsai had previously held a 49 percent interest in the team, having acquired that stake from Prokhorov in 2018, and exercised an option to purchase the remaining interest before its 2021 expiration date. Viewership demographics Among NBA fans during the",
"NBA fans during the 2013–14 season, African Americans (844 minutes) andAsian Americans(719) spent the most time watching the league, followed byHispanics(of any race, 390) and Whites (290).Furthermore, according to a Nielsen's survey, the NBA has the highest share ofblackviewers, with 45 percent of its viewers being black and 40 percent of viewers beingwhite, making it the only top North American sport that did not have a white majority audience. During the 2016–17 season, 66 percent of the league's viewers were racial and ethnic minorities. Its audience was 47 percent Blacks, 34 percent Whites, 11 percent Hispanics (of any race), and 8 percent Asians. Timothy J. Piper examines how the NBA uses archival sports video in its advertising to give the impression that racial issues don't exist in the league, despite the fact that they do. The NBA tried to revitalize its brand prior to 2007 as a result of issues like dwindling attendance and broadcast ratings. In particular, it introduced a \"business casual\" attire",
"casual\" attire policy for players in 2005 as part of its effort to distance itself from facets of hip-hop culture. The league's efforts to solve its economic fall were tied to this clothing code, which was intended to redefine player uniforms for NBA commerce, according to then-NBA Commissioner David Stern. This was all in order to enhance the league's image; some players welcomed this idea. The article also notes the NBA's 2007 advertising campaign, \"Where Amazing Happens,\" which featured archival footage and signaled a change in the league's branding approach. The goal of this campaign, which marked a change from prior ones, was to portray the NBA as varied but \"raceless\". See also Notes References Further reading External links",
"Earl Lloyd Earl Francis Lloyd(April 3, 1928 – February 26, 2015) was an American professionalbasketballplayer and coach. He was the firstAfrican Americanplayer to play a game in theNational Basketball Association(NBA). An All–American player atWest Virginia State University, Lloyd helped lead West Virginia State to an undefeated season in 1948. As a professional, Lloyd helped lead theSyracuse Nationalsto the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd was inducted into theNaismith Basketball Hall of Famein 2003. Early life Earl Lloyd was born inAlexandria, Virginia, on April 3, 1928, to Theodore Lloyd Sr. and Daisy Lloyd. His father worked in the coal industry and his mother was a stay-at-home mom. Being a high school standout, Lloyd was named to the All-South Atlantic Conference three times and the All-State Virginia Interscholastic Conference twice. Lloyd did attend a segregated school, but gives gratitude to his family and educators for helping him through the tough times and his success after school. Lloyd was a 1946",
"Lloyd was a 1946 graduate of Parker–Grey High School, where he played for Coach Louis Randolph Johnson. He received a scholarship to play basketball atWest Virginia State University, home of theYellow Jackets. In school he was nicknamed \"Moon Fixer\" because of his size and was known as a defensive specialist. College career Lloyd led West Virginia State to twoCentral Intercollegiate Athletic Association(CIAA) Conference and Tournament Championships in 1948 and 1949. He was named All–Conference three times (1948–50) and wasAll-Americantwice, as named by thePittsburgh Courier(1949–50). As a senior, he averaged 14 points and 8 rebounds per game, while leading West Virginia State to a second–place finish in the CIAA Conference and Tournament Championship. In 1947–48, West Virginia State was the only undefeated team in the United States, with a 30–0 record.Lloyd graduated from WVSU with his B.S. degree in physical education in 1950. Harlem Globetrotter Prior to being drafted in the ninth round of the 1950 NBA",
"of the 1950 NBA Draft, Lloyd starred in the lineup of the Harlem Globetrotters. Lloyd led the team to two wins over the reigning Minneapolis Lakers; this proved his talents beyond his race. Except for racial segregation, he was one of the finest artists of his time.Lloyd's talents were recognized amongst other black teammates, the two being Chuck Cooper and Nathaniel \"Sweetwater\" Clifton. All three would go on to be drafted by the NBA, Clifton in 1947, Cooper in 1950, and Lloyd in 1950, the 100th overall pick. NBA career Lloyd was drafted in the 9th round with pick #100 by theWashington Capitolsin the1950 NBA draft. Nicknamed \"The Big Cat\", Lloyd was one of three black players to enter the NBA at the same time. It was because of the order in which the team's season openers fell that Lloyd was the first to actually play in a game in the NBA, scoring six points on Halloween night.The date was October 31, 1950, one day ahead ofChuck Cooperof theBoston Celticsand four days beforeNat \"Sweetwater\" Cliftonof theNew",
"Cliftonof theNew York Knicks. Lloyd played in over 560 games in nine seasons. The 6-foot-5, 225-pound forward played in only seven games for the Washington Capitols before the team folded on January 9, 1951. He was then drafted into the U.S. Army atFort Sill,Oklahoma. While fulfilling his military duty, theSyracuse Nationalspicked him up on waivers. Lloyd served time fighting in theKorean Warbefore coming back to basketball in 1952. In the 1953–54 season, Lloyd led the NBA in both personal fouls and disqualifications. In 1954–1955, Lloyd averaged career highs of 10.2 points and 7.7 rebounds for Syracuse, which beat theFort Wayne Pistons4 games to 3 to win the1955 NBA Championship. Lloyd andJim Tuckerbecame the first African–Americans to play on an NBA championship team. Lloyd spent six seasons with Syracuse and two with theDetroit Pistonsbefore retiring in 1961. Regarding the racism black players faced in the early years of the NBA, Lloyd recalled being refused service multiple times and an incident where a",
"an incident where a fan in Indiana spit on him. He even went as far as to detail a time in which he was told to \"go back\" to Africa, and a plethora of times racial slurs were used towards him. However, Lloyd persevered and said that these instances only pushed him and made him play harder.Saying he didn't encounter racial animosity from teammates or opposing players, Lloyd said of fans' antics, “My philosophy was: If they weren’t calling you names, you weren’t doing nothing. If they’re calling you names, you were hurting them.” \"In 1950, basketball was like a babe in the woods; it didn't enjoy the notoriety that baseball enjoyed,\" Lloyd once said. \"I don't think my situation was anything like Jackie Robinson's-a guy who played in a hostile environment, where some of his teammates didn't want him around. In basketball, folks were used to seeing integrated college teams. There was a different mentality.\" “He’s an unsung star. Anybody can score. Lloyd was an excellent defensive player. That was No. 1 on my",
"was No. 1 on my roster,” said his Syracuse Coach Al Cervi. In his NBA career with theWashington Capitols(1950–1951),Syracuse Nationals(1952–1958) andDetroit Pistons(1958–1960), Earl averaged 8.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 560 games over nine seasons. Coaching and scouting career According to Detroit News sportswriter Jerry Green, in 1965 Detroit Pistons General Manager Don Wattrick wanted to hire Lloyd as the team's head coach.Dave DeBusscherewas instead named Pistons player–coach. Lloyd was the first African–American assistant coach and was named head coach for the 1971–72 season, making him the third African–American head coach, afterJohn McLendonandBill Russell.A 2–5 start to thefollowing campaignresulted in Lloyd being relieved of his duties and replaced by assistant coachRay Scotton October 28, 1972.He had an overall record of 22–55 with the Pistons. Lloyd worked for the Pistons as a scout for five seasons. Lloyd is credited with helping draftBailey Howelland discoveringWillis Reed,Earl",
"Reed,Earl Monroe,Ray ScottandWally Jones. Personal life After his basketball career, Lloyd worked during the 1970s and 1980s as a job placement administrator for the Detroit public school system. During this time, Lloyd also ran programs for underprivileged children teaching job skills. Lloyd served as Community Relations Director for the Bing Group, a Detroit manufacturing company in the 1990s. Approached by a young African–American player who said he was indebted to Lloyd for opening the doors for future generations of black players, Lloyd replied that he owed him absolutely nothing. “You cannot understand what an honor this is,” Lloyd said in 2007 about the court atT. C. Williams High Schoolbeing named in his honor. “There’s no better honor than being validated by people who know you best. I will always, always treasure this.” Lloyd and his wife, Charlita, had three sons and four grandchildren. Lloyd resided inFairfield Glade, Tennessee, just outsideCrossville, Tennessee, until his death on February 26,",
"on February 26, 2015. Honors NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Head coaching record See also References Further reading External links # denotes interim head coach"
] |
As of 2024, how many total Academy award nominations has the the man who won the Academy award for best actor one year before 1999 received? | 12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Post processing | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"
] | [
"70th Academy Awards The70th Academy Awardsceremony, organized by theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences(AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at theShrine AuditoriuminLos Angelesbeginning at 6:00 p.m.PST/ 9:00 p.m.EST. During the show, AMPAS presentedAcademy Awards(commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoringfilms released in 1997. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States byABC, was produced byGil Catesand directed by Louis J. Horvitz.ActorBilly Crystalhosted the show for the sixth time.He had first hosted the62nd ceremonyheld in 1990, and most recently theprevious year's awards.Nearly a month earlier in an event held at theRegent Beverly Wilshire HotelinBeverly Hills, Californiaon February 28, theAcademy Awards for Technical Achievementwere presented by hostAshley Judd. Titanicwon 11 awards, includingBest Picture, a number that is tied withBen-HurandThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.Other winners includedAs Good as It Gets,Good Will Hunting, andL.A. Confidentialwith two awards, andCharacter,The Full Monty,Geri's Game,The Long Way Home,Men in Black,A Story of Healing, andVisas and Virtuewith one. The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States, making it the most-watched Oscars broadcast in history. Winners and nominees The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, byRobert Rehme, president of the academy, and actressGeena Davis.Titanicreceived the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950'sAll About Eve, and later 2016'sLa La Land, also achieved this distinction);Good Will HuntingandL.A. Confidentialcame in second with nine apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards,Titanictied withBen-Hurfor the most Academy Awards in Oscar history.It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenwriting nomination since 1965'sThe Sound of Music.Jack Nicholsonbecame the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars.Both Nicholson andHelen Huntwon for their roles inAs Good as It Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards.Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater inTitanic, Best Actress nomineeKate Winsletand Best Supporting Actress nomineeGloria Stuartbecame the first pair of actresses nominated for portraying the same character in the same film.At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar. Awards Winners are listed first, highlighted inboldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡). Academy Honorary Award Films with multiple nominations and awards The following 16 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: Presenters and performers The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. Presenters Performers Ceremony information In December 1997, the academy hired veteran Oscar telecast producerGil Catesto oversee the 1998 ceremony.\"Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer, consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast,\" said AMPAS President Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection. \"His shows are full of wit, charm and surprise.\"A few days later, actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast. Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying, \"Billy's performance last year was spectacular. There is nobody like him.\"In an article published inUSA Todayhe initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after theprevious year's ceremonythat he would like to take a break from hosting duties. However, pressure from the academy, Cates, and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision.His sixth stint would make him second only toBob Hopein number of ceremonies hosted. To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards, 70 actors who have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar's Family Album.Each former winner was acknowledged by announcerNorman Rosewith the films he or she won for. At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger, Helen Hunt, and Robin Williams joined them. This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the50th ceremonyheld in 1978. Several others participated in the production of the ceremony.Bill Contiserved as musical director for the telecast.DancerDaniel Ezralowchoreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score.Bart the Bearmade a surprise appearance during the presentation of theBest Sound Effects Editingaward withMike Myers. Box office performance of nominees At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film.Titanicwas the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts.The film was followed byAs Good as It Gets($92.6 million),Good Will Hunting($68.9 million),L.A. Confidential($39.7 million), and finallyThe Full Monty($38.7 million). Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list. OnlyTitanic(1st),As Good as It Gets(16th),Good Will Hunting(20th), andIn & Out(24th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations wereMen in Black(2nd),The Lost World: Jurassic Park(3rd),Air Force One(5th),My Best Friends Wedding(7th),Face/Off(9th),Con Air(12th),Contact(13th),Hercules(14th),The Fifth Element(25th),Anastasia(30th), andStarship Troopers(34th). Critical response The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television criticHoward Rosenbergof theLos Angeles Timeslauded Crystal's performance writing that he \"would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes.\"San Francisco Chroniclecolumnist John Carman raved,\"It was the best Oscar show in two decades.\" He also gave high marks for the host, commenting, \"But last night, Crystal was back in razor form.\"The Seattle Timestelevision editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that \"he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment.\" In addition, she noted that while the ceremony dragged on, \"Last night was one of television's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory.\" Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Ray Richmond ofVarietycomplained that the ceremony proved to be a \"Yawner of an Oscarcast.\" He added that Crystal's \"off-the-cuff one-liners sank faster than the great ship herself.\"Boston Globetelevision critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned,\"There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night's Oscarcast.\"Film critic Carrie Rickey fromThe Philadelphia Inquirerlamented that the inevitableTitanicsweep \"sank a telecast loaded with montages of previous years' Oscar highlights.\" Ratings and reception The popularity ofTitanicgreatly increased television ratings for the ceremony.The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length, which was a 29% increase from theprevious year's ceremony.An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.The show also earned higherNielsen ratingscompared to the previous ceremony with 35.32% of households watching over a 55.77 share.In addition, it garnered a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic.It overtook the network's own telecast of the1983 Academy Awardsto become, as it remains to date, the highest viewership for both an Academy Award telecast (since figures were compiled beginning with the46th ceremonyin 1974) and any live awards show airing in U.S. television history. In July 1998, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the50th Primetime Emmys.Two months later, the ceremony won five of those nominations forOutstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program(Billy Crystal), Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program (Louis J Horvitz), Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, or Movie (Bob Barnhart, Robert Dickinson, Matt Ford, Andy O'Reilly), Outstanding Music Direction (Bill Conti), and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Tommy Vicari). \"In Memoriam\" The annual \"In Memoriam\" tribute was presented by actressWhoopi Goldberg. The montage featured an excerpt of \"Appassionata\" fromThe Passagecomposed by Michael J. Lewis. See also References Bibliography External links Official websites Analysis Other resources",
"Jack Nicholson John Joseph Nicholson(born April 22, 1937) is a retired American actor and filmmaker.Nicholson is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of the 20th century.Throughout his five-decade career he receivednumerous accolades, including threeAcademy Awards, threeBAFTA Film Awards, sixGolden Globe Awards, and aGrammy Award. He also received theAmerican Film Institute's Life Achievement Awardin 1994 and theKennedy Center Honorin 2001. In many of his films, he played rebels against the social structure. Nicholson has won threeAcademy Awards, forBest ActorinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest(1975) and inAs Good as It Gets(1997), and forBest Supporting ActorinTerms of Endearment(1983). He was Oscar-nominated forEasy Rider(1969),Five Easy Pieces(1970),The Last Detail(1974),Chinatown(1974),Reds(1981),Prizzi's Honor(1986),Ironweed(1987),A Few Good Men(1992) andAbout Schmidt(2002). Nicholson is also known for his notable roles inCarnal Knowledge(1971),The Shining(1980),Heartburn(1986),Broadcast News(1987),Batman(1989),Hoffa(1992),Mars Attacks!(1996),Something's Gotta Give(2003),The Departed(2006) andThe Bucket List(2007). Nicholson has directed three films,Drive, He Said(1971),Goin' South(1978), andThe Two Jakes(1990). He is one of only threemale actors to win three Academy Awardsand one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in films made in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s (alongsideMichael Caine). His 12 Academy Award nominations make himthe most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Early life and education John Joseph Nicholson was born on April 22, 1937, inNeptune City, New Jersey,the son of ashowgirl, June Frances Nicholson (stage name June Nilson; 1918–1963).Nicholson's mother was of Irish, English, German, andWelshdescent. Nicholson has identified as Irish, comparing himself to the playwrightEugene O'Neill, whom he played in the filmReds(1981): \"I'm not saying I'm as dark as he was ... but I am a writer, I am Irish, I have had problems with my family.\"His mother marriedItalian-Americanshowman Donald Furcillo (stage name Donald Rose; 1909–1997) in 1936, before realizing that he was already married.: 8BiographerPatrick McGilliganstated in his bookJack's Lifethat Latvian-born Eddie King (originally Edgar A. Kirschfeld),June's manager, may have been Nicholson's biological father, rather than Furcillo. Other sources suggest June Nicholson was unsure of the father's identity. As June was only 17 and unmarried, her parentsagreed to raise Nicholson as their own child without revealing his true parentage, with June acting as his sister.In 1974,Timemagazine researchers learned, and informed Nicholson, that his \"sister\", June, was actually his mother, and his other \"sister\", Lorraine, was really his aunt.By this time, both his mother and grandmother had died (in 1963 and 1970, respectively). On finding out, Nicholson said it was \"a pretty dramatic event, but it wasn't what I'd call traumatizing ... I was pretty well psychologically formed\". Nicholson grew up inNeptune City, New Jersey.: 7Before starting high school, his family moved to an apartment inSpring Lake, New Jersey.: 16\"Nick\", as he was known to his high school friends, attended nearbyManasquan High School, where he was voted \"Class Clown\" by the Class of 1954. He was in detention every day for a whole school year.A theatre and a drama award at the school are named in his honor. In 2004, Nicholson attended his 50-yearhigh school reunionaccompanied by his aunt Lorraine. Military service In 1957, Nicholson joined theCalifornia Air National Guard,a move he sometimes characterized as an effort to \"dodge the draft\";theKorean Warera'sMilitary Selective Service Actwas still in force, and draftees were required to perform up to two years of active duty. After completing theAir Force'sbasic trainingatLackland Air Force Base,Nicholson performed weekend drills and two-week annual training as a firefighter assigned to the unit based at theVan Nuys Airport.During theBerlin Crisis of 1961, Nicholson was called up for several months of extended active duty,and he was discharged at the end of his enlistment in 1962. Career 1958–1969: Early roles and breakthrough Nicholson first came to California in 1950, when he was 13, to visit his sister. He took a job as an office worker for animation directorsWilliam HannaandJoseph Barberaat theMGM cartoon studio. They offered him an entry-level job as an animator, but he declined, citing his desire to become an actor.While accepting theCecil B. DeMille Awardat the56th Golden Globe Awards, he recalled that his first day as a working actor (onTales of Wells Fargo) was May 5, 1955, which he considered lucky, as 5 was the jersey number of his boyhood idol,Joe DiMaggio.He trained to be an actor with a group called the Players Ring Theater, after which he found small parts performing on the stage and in TV soap operas.He made his film debut in a low-budget teen dramaThe Cry Baby Killer(1958), playing the title role. For the next decade, Nicholson frequently collaborated with the film's producer,Roger Corman. Corman directed Nicholson on several occasions, such as inThe Little Shop of Horrorsas undertaker (andmasochisticdental patient) Wilbur Force; inThe Raven;The Terror, where he plays a French officer seduced by an evil ghost; andThe St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Nicholson frequently worked with directorMonte Hellmanon low-budget westerns; two of them—Ride in the WhirlwindandThe Shooting—initially failed to interest U.S. film distributors but gained cult success on the French art-house circuit and were later sold to television. Nicholson also appeared in two episodes ofThe Andy Griffith Show, and starred as a rebellious dirt-track race driver in the 1960 filmThe Wild Ride. With his acting career foundering, Nicholson seemed resigned to a career behind the camera as a writer/director. His first real taste of writing success was the screenplay for the 1967counterculturefilmThe Trip(directed by Corman), starringPeter FondaandDennis Hopper. After first reading the script, Fonda told Nicholson he was impressed by the writing and felt it could become a great film. But Fonda was disappointed with how the film turned out and blamed the editing for turning it into a \"predictable\" film and said so publicly. \"I was livid\", he recalls.Nicholson also co-wrote, withBob Rafelson, the movieHead, which starredThe Monkees, and arranged the movie's soundtrack. Nicholson's first big acting break came when a role opened up in Fonda and Hopper'sEasy Rider(1969). He played alcoholic lawyer George Hanson, for which he received his first Oscar nomination. The film cost only $400,000 to make, and became a blockbuster, grossing $40 million.BiographerJohn Parkerwrites that Nicholson's interpretation of his role placed him in the company of earlierantiheroactors, such asJames CagneyandHumphrey Bogart, while promoting him into an \"overnight number-one hero of the counter-culture movement\".The part was a lucky break for Nicholson. The role had been written forRip Torn, who withdrew from the project after an argument with Hopper.Nicholson later acknowledged the importance of being cast inEasy Rider: \"All I could see in the early films, beforeEasy Rider, was this desperate young actor trying to vault out of the screen and create a movie career.\"Stanley Kubrick, who was impressed by his performance inEasy Rider, cast Nicholson asNapoleonin a film about his life, and although production on the film commenced,the project fizzled out, partly due to a change in ownership at MGM. 1970–1989: Stardom and acclaim In 1970, Nicholson starred inFive Easy PiecesalongsideKaren Blackin what became his persona-defining role. Nicholson and Black were nominated for Academy Awards for their performances. Nicholson played Bobby Dupea, an oil rig worker, and Black played his waitress girlfriend. Black noted that Nicholson's character in the film was very subdued and very different from Nicholson's real personality. She said that the now-infamous restaurant scene was partly improvised by Nicholson, and was out of character for Bobby, who would not have cared enough to argue with a waitress.\"I think that Jack really has very little in common with Bobby. I think Bobby has given up looking for love. But Jack hasn't, he's very interested in love, in finding out things. Jack is a very curious, alive human being. Always ready for a new idea.\": 37Nicholson himself said as much, telling an interviewer, \"I like listening to everybody. This to me is the elixir of life.\" There isJames Cagney,Spencer Tracy,Humphrey Bogart, andHenry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson? —Mike Nichols, director Black later admitted that she had a crush on Nicholson from the time they met, although they dated only briefly. \"He was very beautiful. He just looked right at you ... I liked him a lot ... He really sort of wanted to date me but I didn't think of him that way because I was going withPeter Kastner... Then I went to doEasy Rider, but didn't see him because we didn't have any scenes together ... At the premiere, I saw him out in the lobby afterward and I started crying ... He didn't understand that, but what it was was that I really loved him a lot, and I didn't know it until I saw him again, because it all welled up.\": 36 Within a month after its release that September,Five Easy Piecesbecame a blockbuster, making Nicholson aleading manand the \"new American anti-hero\", according to McDougal.: 130Critics began speculating as to whether he might become anotherMarlon BrandoorJames Dean. His career and income skyrocketed. He said, \"I have much sought after. Your name becomes a brand image like a product. You become Campbell's soup, with thirty-one different varieties of roles you can play.\": 130He told his new agent, Sandy Bresler, to find him unusual roles so he could stretch his acting skill: \"I like to play people that haven't existed yet, a 'cusp character'\", he said, \"I have that creative yearning. Much in the wayChagallflies figures into the air: once it becomes part of the conventional wisdom, it doesn't seem particularly adventurous or weird or wild.\": 130 Also in 1970, Nicholson appeared in the film adaptation ofOn a Clear Day You Can See Forever, although most of his performance was left on thecutting room floor. His agent turned down a starring role inDeliverancewhen the film's producer and director,John Boorman, refused to pay what Nicholson's agent wanted.: 130In 1971, Nicholson starred inCarnal Knowledge, a comedy-drama directed byMike Nicholsand co-starringArt Garfunkel,Ann-Margret, andCandice Bergen. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Award for Best Actor. Nichols felt few actors could handle the role, saying, \"There is James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, Humphrey Bogart, and Henry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson?\"During the filming, Nicholson struck up what became a lifelong friendship with Garfunkel. When he visited Los Angeles, Garfunkel stayed at Nicholson's home in a room Nicholson jokingly called \"the Arthur Garfunkel Suite\".: 127 Other Nicholson roles includedHal Ashby'sThe Last Detail(1973), withRandy Quaid, for which Nicholson wonBest Actorat theCannes Film Festivaland was nominated for his third Oscar and a Golden Globe. Television journalistDavid Gilmourwrites that one of his favorite Nicholson scenes from all his films was the often censored one in this film, when Nicholson slaps his gun on the bar yelling hewasthe Shore Patrol.CriticRoger Ebertcalled it a very good movie, but credited Nicholson's acting as the main reason: \"He creates a character so complete and so complex that we stop thinking about the movie and just watch to see what he'll do next.\"In 1974, Nicholson starred inRoman Polanski's noir thrillerChinatown, and was again nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actorfor his role as Jake Gittes, a private detective. The film co-starredFaye DunawayandJohn Huston, and included a cameo role with Polanski. Ebert called Nicholson's portrayal sharp-edged, menacing, and aggressive, a character who knew \"how to go over the top\", as he did inOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. That edge keptChinatownfrom becoming a typical genre crime film.Ebert also notes the importance of the role for Nicholson's career, seeing it as a major transition from the exploitation films of the previous decade. \"As Jake Gittes, he stepped into Bogart's shoes\", says Ebert. \"As a man attractive to audiences because he suggests both comfort and danger ... From Gittes forward, Nicholson created the persona of a man who had seen it all and was still capable of being wickedly amused.\" Nicholson had been friends with Polanski long before themurderof Polanski's wife,Sharon Tate, by theManson Family, and supported him in the days following her death.: 109–110After Tate's death, Nicholson began sleeping with a hammer under his pillowand took breaks from work to attend Manson's trial. In 1977, three years afterChinatown, Polanski was arrested at Nicholson's home for thesexual assaultof 13-year-old Samantha Geimer, who was modeling for Polanski during a magazine photo shoot around the pool. At the time, Nicholson was out of town making a film, but his steady girlfriend, actressAnjelica Huston, had dropped by unannounced to pick up some items. She heard Polanski in the other room say, \"We'll be right out.\"Polanski then came out with Geimer and introduced her to Huston, and they chatted about Nicholson's two large dogs, which were sitting nearby. Huston recalled Geimer was wearing platform heels and appeared quite tall.After a few minutes of talking, Polanski had packed up his camera gear and Huston saw them drive off in his car. Huston told police the next day, after Polanski was arrested, that she \"had witnessed nothing untoward\" and never saw them together in the other room. Geimer learned afterward that Huston herself was not supposed to be at Nicholson's house that day, since they had recently broken up, but stopped over to pick up some belongings. Geimer described Nicholson's house as \"definitely\" a guy's house, with lots of wood and shelves crowded with photos and mementos. One of Nicholson's successes came in 1975, with his role asRandle P. McMurphyinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The movie was an adaptation ofKen Kesey's novel of thesame name, and was directed byMiloš Formanand co-produced byMichael Douglas. Nicholson plays an anti-authoritarian patient at a mental hospital where he becomes an inspiring leader for the other patients. Playing one of the patients wasDanny DeVitoin an early role. Nicholson learned afterward that DeVito grew up in the same area of New Jersey, and they knew many of the same people.The film received nine nominations at the Academy Awards, and won five, including Nicholson's first forBest Actor.The role seemed perfect for Nicholson, with biographer Ken Burke noting that his \"smartass demeanor balances his genuine concern for the treatment of his fellow patients with his independent spirit too free to exist in a repressive social structure\".Forman allowed Nicholson to improvise throughout the film, including most of the group therapy sequences.: 273ReviewerMarie Brennernotes that his bravura performance \"transcends the screen\" and continually inspires the other actors by lightening their mental illnesses with his comic dialogue. She describes his performance: Nicholson is everywhere; his energy propels the ward of loonies and makes of them an ensemble, a chorus of people caught in a bummer with nowhere else to go, but still fighting for some frail sense of themselves. ... There are scenes inCuckoo's Nestthat are as intimate—and in their language, twice as rough—as the best moments inThe Godfather... far above the general run of Hollywood performances. — Marie Brenner,Texas Monthly Also in 1975, Nicholson starred inMichelangelo Antonioni'sThe Passenger(1975), which co-starredMaria Schneider. Nicholson plays a journalist, David Locke, who during an assignment in North Africa decides to quit journalism and disappear by taking on a new hidden identity. Unfortunately, the dead person whose identity he takes on turns out to have been a weapons smuggler on the run. Antonioni's unusual plot included convincing dialogue and fine acting, states film criticSeymour Chatman.It was shot in Algeria, Spain, Germany, and England. The film received good reviews and revived Antonioni's reputation as a great director.He said he wanted the film to have more of a \"spy feeling be more political\".Nicholson began shooting the film from an unfinished script, notesJudith Crist,yet upon its completion he thought so highly of the film that he bought the world rights and recorded a reminiscence of working with Antonioni. Critic and screenwriterPenelope Gilliattprovides an overview of Nicholson's role, \"The Passengeris an unidealized portrait of a drained man whose one remaining stimulus is to push his luck. Again and again, in the movie, we watch him court danger. It interests him to walk the edge of risk. He does it with passivity as if he were taking part in an expressionless game of double-dare with life. Jack Nicholson's performance is a wonder of insight. How to animate a personality that is barely there.: 443 Nicholson continued to take more unusual roles. He took a small role inThe Last TycoonoppositeRobert De Niro. He took a less sympathetic role inArthur Penn's westernThe Missouri Breaks(1976), specifically to work withMarlon Brando. Nicholson was especially inspired by Brando's acting ability, recalling that in his youth, as an assistant manager at a theater, he watchedOn the Waterfrontabout 40 times. He once stated, \"Marlon Brando influenced me strongly. Today, it's hard for people who weren't there to realize the impact that Brando had on an audience. ... He's always been the patron saint of actors\".\"I'm part of the first generation that idolized Marlon Brando\", he said. Nicholson has observed that while both De Niro and Brando were noted for their skill asmethod actors, he himself has seldom been described as one, a fact he sees as an accomplishment: \"I'm still fooling them\", he toldSean Penn. \"I consider it an accomplishment because there's probably no one who understands Method acting better academically than I do—or actually uses it more in his work. But it's funny, nobody really sees that. It's perception versus reality, I guess.\" His work is always interesting, clearly conceived, and has the X-factor, magic. Jack is particularly suited for roles that require intelligence. He is an intelligent and literate man, and these are almost impossible to act. InThe Shiningyou believe he's a writer, failed or otherwise. —Stanley Kubrick Although he garnered noAcademy AwardforStanley Kubrick's adaptation ofStephen King'sThe Shining(1980), his role in the film as writerJack Torranceremains one of his more significant. He was Kubrick's first choice to play the role, although the book's author, Stephen King, wanted more of an \"everyman\". Kubrick won the argument and called Nicholson's acting \"on a par with the greatest stars of the past, likeSpencer TracyandJimmy Cagney\".In preparation for the role, Nicholson drew upon his own experiences as a writer and slept short hours to help remain in an agitated state during the shoot. His co-starShelley Duvallrecalled that she and Nicholson spent many hours discussing their characters, with Nicholson maintaining that his character be cold to her from the start.On the set, Nicholson always appeared in character and if Kubrick felt confident that Nicholson knew his lines well enough, he encouraged him to improvise beyond the script.: 434For example, Nicholson improvised his now-famous \"Here's Johnny!\" line,: 433along with a scene in which he unleashes his anger on his wife when she interrupts his work.: 445There were also extensive takes of scenes, due to Kubrick's perfectionism. Nicholson shot a scene with the ghostly bartender 36 times.He said, \"Stanley's demanding. He'll do a scene fifty times, and you have to be good to do that.\": 38 In 1982, he starred as an immigration enforcement agent inThe Border, directed byTony Richardson. It co-starredWarren Oates, who played a corrupt border official.Richardson wanted Nicholson to play his role less expressively than he had in his earlier roles. \"Less is more\", he told him, and wanted him to wear reflecting sunglasses to portray what patrolmen wore.: 318Richardson recalled that Nicholson worked hard on the set: He's what the Thirties and Forties stars were like. He can come on the set and deliver, without any fuss, without taking a long time walking around getting into it. \"What do you want? Okay.\" And he just does it straight off. And then if you want him to do it another way on the next take, he can adapt to that too.: 318 Nicholson won his second Oscar, anAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for his role of retired astronaut Garrett Breedlove inTerms of Endearment(1983), directed byJames L. Brooks. It starredShirley MacLaineandDebra Winger. McGilligan claims it was one of Nicholson's most complex and unforgettable characters. He and MacLaine played many of their scenes in different ways, constantly testing and making adjustments. Their scenes together gave the film its \"buoyant edge\", states McGilligan, and describes Nicholson's acting as \"Jack floating like a butterfly\".: 330 Nicholson continued to work prolifically in the 1980s, starring in such films as:The Postman Always Rings Twice(1981);Reds(1981), where Nicholson portrays the writerEugene O'Neillwith a quiet intensity;Prizzi's Honor(1985);Heartburn(1986);The Witches of Eastwick(1987);Broadcast News(1987); andIronweed(1987). Three Oscar nominations also followed (Reds,Prizzi's Honor, andIronweed).John Huston, who directedPrizzi's Honor, said of Nicholson's acting, \"He just illuminates the book. He impressed me in one scene after another; the movie is composed largely of first takes with him.\"In the 1989Batmanmovie, Nicholson played the psychotic villain,the Joker. The film was an international smash hit, and a lucrative deal earned him a percentage of the box office gross estimated at $60 million to $90 million.Nicholson said that he was \"particularly proud\" of his performance as the Joker: \"I considered it a piece ofpop art\", he said. 1990–1999: Established actor For his role as hot-headed Col. Nathan R. Jessup inA Few Good Men(1992), a movie about a murder in aU.S. Marine Corpsunit, Nicholson received yet another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.One review describes his performance as \"spellbinding\", adding that he portrayed \"the essence of the quintessential military mindset\".Critic David Thomson notes that Nicholson's character \"blazed and roared\".The film's director,Rob Reiner, recalls how Nicholson's level of acting experience affected the other actors during rehearsals: \"I had the luck of having Jack Nicholson there. He knows what he's doing, and he comes to play, every time out, full-out performance! And what it says to a lot of the other actors is, 'Oooooh, I better get on my game here because this guy's coming to play! So I can't hold back; I've got to come up to him.' He sets the tone.\" In 1996, Nicholson collaborated once more withBatmandirectorTim BurtononMars Attacks!, pulling double duty as two contrasting characters, President James Dale andLas Vegasproperty developer Art Land. Not all of Nicholson's performances have been well received. He was nominated forRazzie Awardsas worst actor forMan Trouble(1992) andHoffa(1992). But his performance inHoffaalso earned him aGolden Globenomination.David Thomson states that the film was terribly neglected, since Nicholson portrayed one of his best screen characters, someone who is \"snarly, dumb, smart, noble, rascally—all the parts of 'Jack'\".Roger Ebertalso praised his performance writing, \"Nicholson is an actor who can reflect almost anything in his face. One reason his performance is so good as Hoffa is that he reveals almost nothing.\" Nicholson won his nextAcademy Award for Best Actorin the romantic comedyAs Good as It Gets(1997), his third film directed byJames L. Brooks. He played Melvin Udall, a \"wickedly funny\",mean-spirited novelist withobsessive-compulsive disorder. \"I'm a studioMethod actor\", he said. \"So I was prone to give some kind of clinical presentation of the disorder.\"His Oscar was matched by theAcademy Award for Best ActressforHelen Hunt, who played a Manhattan single mother drawn into a love/hate friendship with Udall, a frequent diner in the restaurant where she works as a waitress. The film was a box-office success, grossing $314 million, making it Nicholson's second-best-grossing film, afterBatman.The win was Nicholson's third Academy Award, tying him with six other actors,Walter Brennan,Ingrid Bergman,Meryl Streep,Daniel Day-Lewis, andFrances McDormandwho all have three acting Oscars. Nicholson admits he initially disliked playing a middle-aged man alongside a much younger Hunt, seeing it as a movie cliché. \"But Helen disarmed that at the first meeting\", he says, \"and I stopped thinking about it.\" They got along well during the filming, with Hunt saying that he \"treated me like a queen\", and they connected immediately: \"It wasn't even what we said\", she said. \"It was just some frequency we both could tune into that was very, very compatible.\"Critic Jack Mathews ofNewsdaysaid Nicholson was \"in rare form\", adding, \"it's one of those performances that make you aware how much fun the actor is having\".Author and screenwriter Andrew Horton describes their on-screen relationship as being like \"fire and ice, oil and water—seemingly complete opposites\". 2000–present: Later roles and retirement In 2001, Nicholson was the first actor to receive theStanislavsky Awardat the23rd Moscow International Film Festivalfor \"conquering the heights of acting and faithfulness\".That same year Nicholson starred inThe Pledge, amysterydrama where he portrays retired police detective Jerry Black, who vows to find a murderer of a young girl. Nicholson was praised for his performance; Bob Graham of theSan Francisco Chroniclecalled it \"deeply felt\" compared to some of Nicholson's other films.Nicholson acted inAlexander Payne's comedy-dramaAbout Schmidt(2002), playing a retiredOmaha,Nebraska,actuarywho questions his own life after his wife dies. His quietly restrained performance earned him nominations for anAcademy Award,BAFTA Award,Golden Globe AwardandScreen Actors Guild Awardfor Best Actor. InAnger Management(2003), he played an aggressive therapist assigned to help an overly pacifist man (Adam Sandler). In 2003, Nicholson also starred in theNancy Meyersdirected romantic comedySomething's Gotta Giveplaying an aging playboy who falls for the mother (Diane Keaton) of his young girlfriend. For his performance he was nominated for theGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. In late 2006, Nicholson marked his return to the dark side inMartin Scorsese'sOscar-winning filmThe Departed, a remake ofAndrew Lau'sInfernal Affairs,playingFrank Costello, a nefariousBostonIrish Mobboss based onWhitey Bulger, who was still on the run at the time. The role earned Nicholson worldwide critical praise, along with various awards and nominations, including aGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picturenomination. In 2007, Nicholson co-starred withMorgan FreemaninRob Reiner'sThe Bucket List,in which Nicholson and Freeman portrayed dying men who fulfill their list of goals. In researching the role, Nicholson visited a Los Angeles hospital to see how cancer patients coped with their illnesses. Nicholson is the Hollywood celebrity who is most like a character in some ongoing novel of our times. He is also the most beloved of stars—not even his huge wealth, his reckless aging, and the public disasters of his private life can detract from this ... For he is still a touchstone, someone we value for the way he helps us see ourselves. —David Thomson, a film critic. Nicholson's next film role saw him reunite withJames L. Brooks, director ofTerms of Endearment,Broadcast NewsandAs Good as It Gets, for a supporting role for the 2010 filmHow Do You KnowstarringPaul Rudd,Reese Witherspoon, andOwen Wilson. The film was a financial and critical failure. In a September 2013Vanity Fairarticle, Nicholson said that he did not consider himself retired, but that he was now less driven to \"be out there anymore\".As of 2023,How Do You Knowremains Nicholson's last film role, and brings his filmography to 80 films.In 2013, Nicholson co-presented theAcademy Award for Best Picturewith First LadyMichelle Obama,the eighth time he presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2013). On February 15, 2015, Nicholson made a special appearance as a presenter onSNL 40, the 40th anniversary special ofSaturday Night Live.After the death of boxerMuhammad Alion June 3, 2016, Nicholson appeared onHBO'sThe Fight Game withJim Lampleyfor an exclusive interview about his friendship with Ali.He was reported to be starring in an English-language remake ofToni Erdmannin 2017 oppositeKristen Wiig, his first feature film role sinceHow Do You Know,but the project was later abandoned.In October 2019, with the release ofThe ShiningsequelDoctor Sleep, directorMike Flanaganrevealed he approached Nicholson for acameo appearance, but Nicholson declined with best wishes.Flanagan also disclosed that Nicholson had previously been approached to appear inSteven Spielberg's science-fiction filmReady Player One(2018). During an appearance in the November 2, 2023, episode ofMarc Maron's podcast,WTF with Marc Maron, record producerLou Adler, a longtime friend of Nicholson's, related an anecdote pertaining to the unofficial retirement of the actor, who had not done a film in the 13 years sinceHow Do You Know, saying, \"A friend of mine wanted to put him in a movie. And he had a conversation with him. But Jack says, 'I don't want to do it.' He goes, 'You know what I did today? I sat under a tree and I read a book.' That sounds like Jack.\" Adler stated that Nicholson was \"doing whatever he really wants to do,\" adding, \"He wants to be quiet. He wants to eat what he wants. He wants to live the life he wants.\" Influence Nicholson has describedMarlon Brandoas a major influence on his career. He stated, \"Actors don't normally discuss who the best actor in the world is, because it's obvious—Brando is the best.” He also namedJohn Ford,Akira Kurosawa, andOrson Wellesas his favorite directors. Actors who have cited Nicholson as an influence includeLeonardo DiCaprio,Alden Ehrenreich,andMorgan Freeman. Personal life Relationships and children In his personal life, Nicholson is notorious for his inability to \"settle down\";he has fathered six children by five women but married only once.Nicholson's marriage was toThe Terrorco-starSandra Knightfrom 1962 to 1968, though they separated in 1966.The couple had one daughter, Jennifer (born September 13, 1963). Five Easy Piecesco-starSusan Anspachcontended that her son Caleb (born September 26, 1970), whose legal father wasMark Goddard, was actually Nicholson's biological son.In 1984, Nicholson said he was not convinced of this,but in 1996, Caleb said that Nicholson had recognized him as his son in private.By 1998, Nicholson publicly acknowledged Caleb as his son and said that they got along \"beautifully now.\" In 1971 and 1972, Nicholson was in a relationship with singerMichelle Phillips, the ex-wife of his best friendDennis Hopper, during which time she suffered a miscarriage.Nicholson's longest relationship was 17 years with actressAnjelica Huston, from 1973 until 1990. Their on-again, off-again romance included several periods of overlap with other women, notably former Bond girlJill St. Johnand Danish model Winnie Hollman, with whom Nicholson fathered a daughter, Honey Hollman (born January 26, 1982).Winnie Hollman has claimed that a DNA test during her pregnancy confirmed that Nicholson was the biological father. However, in 2024, it was revealed that Nicholson was not the biological father of Honey,who did a DNA test herself in 1999. Honey said in 2006 that she has a “normal father-daughter relationship” with Nicholson. The relationship with Huston ended amid actress/waitressRebecca Broussard's first pregnancy by Nicholson. He and Broussard had two children,Lorraine(born April 16, 1990) andRaymond(born February 20, 1992).The pair split up in 1994, and that same year, Nicholson supposedly had a daughter, Tessa (born August 15, 1994), with waitress Jeannine Gourin.Nicholson has never publicly acknowledged his paternity. Beginning in the late 1990s, Nicholson was involved with actressLara Flynn Boyle. The two initially broke up in 2000, later reuniting before splitting permanently in 2004, after which Nicholson was linked to English supermodelKate Moss.In 2006, Nicholson dated actressPaz de la Huerta. Nicholson has said that children \"give your life a resonance that it can't have without them ... As a father, I'm there all the time. I give unconditional love\".He has also lamented that he \"didn't see enough of my eldest daughter because I was trying to make a career\". Legal issues In a criminalcomplaintfiled on February 8, 1994, Robert Blank stated that Nicholson, then 56, approached Blank'sMercedes-Benzwhile he was stopped at a red light inNorth Hollywood. After accusing Blank of cutting him off in traffic, Nicholson used a golf club to bash the roof and windshield of Blank's car. A witness confirmed Blank's account of the incident andmisdemeanorcharges of assault and vandalism were filed against Nicholson. Charges were dropped after Nicholson apologized to Blank, and the two reached an undisclosed settlement, which included a reported $500,000 check from Nicholson. In 1996, a lawsuit was brought against him alleging that he promised a woman named Catherine Sheehan $1,000 for sex and then assaulted her when she asked for the money. Sheehan received a settlement of about $40,000, but filed another lawsuit against him, arguing that the settlement was insufficient to cover the injuries inflicted upon her, includingbrain trauma, which she said were \"actually killing her.\"The case was dismissed. Celebrity friendships Nicholson lived next door toMarlon Brandofor a number of years onMulholland DriveinBeverly Hills, California.Warren Beattyalso lived nearby, earning the road the nickname \"Bad Boy Drive\". After Brando's death in 2004, Nicholson purchased his bungalow for $6.1 million, with the purpose of having it demolished. Nicholson said he did so out of respect for Brando's legacy, as it had become too expensive to renovate the \"derelict\" building, which was plagued by mold. Nicholson's friendship with author-journalistHunter S. Thompsonis described in Thompson's autobiographyKingdom of Fear(2003).After Thompson died in 2005, Nicholson and fellow actorsJohnny Depp,John Cusack, andSean Pennattended his private memorial service in Colorado.Nicholson was also a close friend ofRobert Evans, the producer ofChinatown, and after Evans lost Woodland, his home, as the result of a 1980s drug bust, Nicholson and other friends of Evans bought Woodland to give it back to him.Nicholson is also friends with fellow New JerseyansDanny DeVitoandJoe Pesci. Hobbies Nicholson is a fan of theNew York YankeesandLos Angeles Lakers. He became a Lakers season ticket holder in1970, and held courtside seats next to the opponent's benches both atThe ForumandStaples Center. He was described as a \"fixture\" at the games, though his regular attendance had stopped by 2021, as he withdrew from public appearances.Nicholson occasionally argued with game officials and opposing players, and even walked onto the court.He was almost ejected from a Lakers playoff game in May 2003 after yelling at a referee.After the death of former Lakers starKobe Bryantin ahelicopter crashin January 2020, Nicholson gave a rare phone interview to Los Angeles stationKCBS-TVexpressing his grief.He attended a2023 playoff game, which media outlets noted was his first appearance at a Lakers game in nearly two years. Nicholson is a collector of 20th-century and contemporary paintings, including those ofHenri Matisse,Tamara de Lempicka,Andy WarholandJack Vettriano.In 1995, artistEdward Ruschasaid that Nicholson has \"one of the best collections out here\". Political views Nicholson has called himself a \"lifelongIrishDemocrat.”He supportedGeorge McGovernin the 1972 presidential election,Michael Dukakisin 1988,Hillary Clintonin 2008, andBernie Sandersin 2020. Nicholson supportssolar energy,decriminalizing drugs,monopoly laws, and raising teachers' pay.Although personally againstabortion, he ispro-choice. He has said, \"I'm pro-choice but against abortion because I'm an illegitimate child myself, and it would be hypocritical to take any other position. I'd be dead. I wouldn't exist.\" He has also said that he has \"nothing but total admiration, gratitude, and respect for the strength of the women who made the decision they made in my individual case\". Religious beliefs Nicholson was raisedRoman Catholicand has expressed admiration for the religion, calling it \"the only officialdogmatraining I've had. I liked it. It's a smart religion.\"It has been asserted that some of Nicholson's 1970s movie roles were influenced by Catholicism.In a 1992Vanity Fairinterview, Nicholson said, \"I don't believe in God now. I can still work up an envy for someone who has faith. I can see how that could be a deeply soothing experience.\" Acting credits and accolades During his career Nicholson has appeared in 80 films.Among some of Nicholson's films are: With 12Academy Awardnominations (eight for Best Actor and four for Best Supporting Actor), Nicholson is the most nominated male actor in Academy Awards history. Only Nicholson (1960s–2000s),Michael Caine(1960s–2000s),Meryl Streep(1970s–2010s),Paul Newman(1950s–1960s, 1980s–2000s),Katharine Hepburn(1930s–1960s, 1980s),Frances McDormand(1980s–2020s),Denzel Washington(1980s–2020s), andLaurence Olivier(1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties withWalter Brennan,Daniel Day-Lewis,Ingrid Bergman,Frances McDormandandMeryl Streepfor the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. OnlyKatharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Academy. In May 2008, then-California GovernorArnold Schwarzeneggerand First LadyMaria Shriverannounced that Nicholson would be inducted into theCalifornia Hall of Fame, located atThe California MuseuminSacramento. The induction ceremony took place on December 15, 2008, where he was inducted alongside 11 other Californians.In 2010, Nicholson was inducted into theNew Jersey Hall of Fame.In 2011, Nicholson received an honoraryDoctor of Fine Artsdegree fromBrown Universityat its 243rd commencement. At the ceremony,Ruth Simmons, Brown University's president, called him \"the most skilled actor of our lifetime\". Explanatory note References General bibliography External links"
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"70th Academy Awards The70th Academy Awardsceremony, organized by theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences(AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at theShrine AuditoriuminLos Angelesbeginning at 6:00 p.m.PST/ 9:00 p.m.EST. During the show, AMPAS presentedAcademy Awards(commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoringfilms released in 1997. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States byABC, was produced byGil Catesand directed by Louis J. Horvitz.ActorBilly Crystalhosted the show for the sixth time.He had first hosted the62nd ceremonyheld in 1990, and most recently theprevious year's awards.Nearly a month earlier in an event held at theRegent Beverly Wilshire HotelinBeverly Hills, Californiaon February 28, theAcademy Awards for Technical Achievementwere presented by hostAshley Judd. Titanicwon 11 awards, includingBest Picture, a number that is tied withBen-HurandThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.Other winners includedAs Good as It Gets,Good Will Hunting, andL.A.",
"Hunting, andL.A. Confidentialwith two awards, andCharacter,The Full Monty,Geri's Game,The Long Way Home,Men in Black,A Story of Healing, andVisas and Virtuewith one. The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States, making it the most-watched Oscars broadcast in history. Winners and nominees The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, byRobert Rehme, president of the academy, and actressGeena Davis.Titanicreceived the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950'sAll About Eve, and later 2016'sLa La Land, also achieved this distinction);Good Will HuntingandL.A. Confidentialcame in second with nine apiece. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards,Titanictied withBen-Hurfor the most Academy Awards in Oscar history.It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenwriting nomination since 1965'sThe Sound of Music.Jack",
"Sound of Music.Jack Nicholsonbecame the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars.Both Nicholson andHelen Huntwon for their roles inAs Good as It Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards.Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater inTitanic, Best Actress nomineeKate Winsletand Best Supporting Actress nomineeGloria Stuartbecame the first pair of actresses nominated for portraying the same character in the same film.At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar. Awards Winners are listed first, highlighted inboldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡). Academy Honorary Award Films with multiple nominations and awards The following 16 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: Presenters and performers The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers. Presenters Performers Ceremony information In December 1997, the academy hired veteran Oscar telecast",
"Oscar telecast producerGil Catesto oversee the 1998 ceremony.\"Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer, consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast,\" said AMPAS President Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection. \"His shows are full of wit, charm and surprise.\"A few days later, actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast. Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying, \"Billy's performance last year was spectacular. There is nobody like him.\"In an article published inUSA Todayhe initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after theprevious year's ceremonythat he would like to take a break from hosting duties. However, pressure from the academy, Cates, and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision.His sixth stint would make him second only toBob Hopein number of ceremonies hosted. To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards, 70 actors who have received both",
"have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar's Family Album.Each former winner was acknowledged by announcerNorman Rosewith the films he or she won for. At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger, Helen Hunt, and Robin Williams joined them. This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the50th ceremonyheld in 1978. Several others participated in the production of the ceremony.Bill Contiserved as musical director for the telecast.DancerDaniel Ezralowchoreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score.Bart the Bearmade a surprise appearance during the presentation of theBest Sound Effects Editingaward withMike Myers. Box office performance of nominees At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film.Titanicwas the highest earner among the Best Picture",
"the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts.The film was followed byAs Good as It Gets($92.6 million),Good Will Hunting($68.9 million),L.A. Confidential($39.7 million), and finallyThe Full Monty($38.7 million). Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list. OnlyTitanic(1st),As Good as It Gets(16th),Good Will Hunting(20th), andIn & Out(24th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations wereMen in Black(2nd),The Lost World: Jurassic Park(3rd),Air Force One(5th),My Best Friends Wedding(7th),Face/Off(9th),Con Air(12th),Contact(13th),Hercules(14th),The Fifth Element(25th),Anastasia(30th), andStarship Troopers(34th). Critical response The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television criticHoward Rosenbergof theLos Angeles Timeslauded Crystal's performance writing that he \"would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful",
"comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes.\"San Francisco Chroniclecolumnist John Carman raved,\"It was the best Oscar show in two decades.\" He also gave high marks for the host, commenting, \"But last night, Crystal was back in razor form.\"The Seattle Timestelevision editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that \"he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment.\" In addition, she noted that while the ceremony dragged on, \"Last night was one of television's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory.\" Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Ray Richmond ofVarietycomplained that the ceremony proved to be a \"Yawner of an Oscarcast.\" He added that Crystal's \"off-the-cuff one-liners sank faster than the great ship herself.\"Boston Globetelevision critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned,\"There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night's Oscarcast.\"Film critic Carrie Rickey fromThe Philadelphia Inquirerlamented that the inevitableTitanicsweep \"sank a telecast loaded with montages of",
"with montages of previous years' Oscar highlights.\" Ratings and reception The popularity ofTitanicgreatly increased television ratings for the ceremony.The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length, which was a 29% increase from theprevious year's ceremony.An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.The show also earned higherNielsen ratingscompared to the previous ceremony with 35.32% of households watching over a 55.77 share.In addition, it garnered a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic.It overtook the network's own telecast of the1983 Academy Awardsto become, as it remains to date, the highest viewership for both an Academy Award telecast (since figures were compiled beginning with the46th ceremonyin 1974) and any live awards show airing in U.S. television history. In July 1998, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the50th Primetime Emmys.Two months",
"Emmys.Two months later, the ceremony won five of those nominations forOutstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program(Billy Crystal), Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program (Louis J Horvitz), Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, or Movie (Bob Barnhart, Robert Dickinson, Matt Ford, Andy O'Reilly), Outstanding Music Direction (Bill Conti), and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Tommy Vicari). \"In Memoriam\" The annual \"In Memoriam\" tribute was presented by actressWhoopi Goldberg. The montage featured an excerpt of \"Appassionata\" fromThe Passagecomposed by Michael J. Lewis. See also References Bibliography External links Official websites Analysis Other resources",
"Jack Nicholson John Joseph Nicholson(born April 22, 1937) is a retired American actor and filmmaker.Nicholson is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of the 20th century.Throughout his five-decade career he receivednumerous accolades, including threeAcademy Awards, threeBAFTA Film Awards, sixGolden Globe Awards, and aGrammy Award. He also received theAmerican Film Institute's Life Achievement Awardin 1994 and theKennedy Center Honorin 2001. In many of his films, he played rebels against the social structure. Nicholson has won threeAcademy Awards, forBest ActorinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest(1975) and inAs Good as It Gets(1997), and forBest Supporting ActorinTerms of Endearment(1983). He was Oscar-nominated forEasy Rider(1969),Five Easy Pieces(1970),The Last Detail(1974),Chinatown(1974),Reds(1981),Prizzi's Honor(1986),Ironweed(1987),A Few Good Men(1992) andAbout Schmidt(2002). Nicholson is also known for his notable roles inCarnal Knowledge(1971),The Shining(1980),Heartburn(1986),Broadcast",
"News(1987),Batman(1989),Hoffa(1992),Mars Attacks!(1996),Something's Gotta Give(2003),The Departed(2006) andThe Bucket List(2007). Nicholson has directed three films,Drive, He Said(1971),Goin' South(1978), andThe Two Jakes(1990). He is one of only threemale actors to win three Academy Awardsand one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in films made in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s (alongsideMichael Caine). His 12 Academy Award nominations make himthe most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Early life and education John Joseph Nicholson was born on April 22, 1937, inNeptune City, New Jersey,the son of ashowgirl, June Frances Nicholson (stage name June Nilson; 1918–1963).Nicholson's mother was of Irish, English, German, andWelshdescent. Nicholson has identified as Irish, comparing himself to the playwrightEugene O'Neill, whom he played in the filmReds(1981): \"I'm not saying I'm as dark as he was ... but I am a writer, I am Irish, I have had problems with my",
"problems with my family.\"His mother marriedItalian-Americanshowman Donald Furcillo (stage name Donald Rose; 1909–1997) in 1936, before realizing that he was already married.: 8BiographerPatrick McGilliganstated in his bookJack's Lifethat Latvian-born Eddie King (originally Edgar A. Kirschfeld),June's manager, may have been Nicholson's biological father, rather than Furcillo. Other sources suggest June Nicholson was unsure of the father's identity. As June was only 17 and unmarried, her parentsagreed to raise Nicholson as their own child without revealing his true parentage, with June acting as his sister.In 1974,Timemagazine researchers learned, and informed Nicholson, that his \"sister\", June, was actually his mother, and his other \"sister\", Lorraine, was really his aunt.By this time, both his mother and grandmother had died (in 1963 and 1970, respectively). On finding out, Nicholson said it was \"a pretty dramatic event, but it wasn't what I'd call traumatizing ... I was pretty well psychologically formed\".",
"formed\". Nicholson grew up inNeptune City, New Jersey.: 7Before starting high school, his family moved to an apartment inSpring Lake, New Jersey.: 16\"Nick\", as he was known to his high school friends, attended nearbyManasquan High School, where he was voted \"Class Clown\" by the Class of 1954. He was in detention every day for a whole school year.A theatre and a drama award at the school are named in his honor. In 2004, Nicholson attended his 50-yearhigh school reunionaccompanied by his aunt Lorraine. Military service In 1957, Nicholson joined theCalifornia Air National Guard,a move he sometimes characterized as an effort to \"dodge the draft\";theKorean Warera'sMilitary Selective Service Actwas still in force, and draftees were required to perform up to two years of active duty. After completing theAir Force'sbasic trainingatLackland Air Force Base,Nicholson performed weekend drills and two-week annual training as a firefighter assigned to the unit based at theVan Nuys Airport.During theBerlin Crisis of 1961,",
"Crisis of 1961, Nicholson was called up for several months of extended active duty,and he was discharged at the end of his enlistment in 1962. Career 1958–1969: Early roles and breakthrough Nicholson first came to California in 1950, when he was 13, to visit his sister. He took a job as an office worker for animation directorsWilliam HannaandJoseph Barberaat theMGM cartoon studio. They offered him an entry-level job as an animator, but he declined, citing his desire to become an actor.While accepting theCecil B. DeMille Awardat the56th Golden Globe Awards, he recalled that his first day as a working actor (onTales of Wells Fargo) was May 5, 1955, which he considered lucky, as 5 was the jersey number of his boyhood idol,Joe DiMaggio.He trained to be an actor with a group called the Players Ring Theater, after which he found small parts performing on the stage and in TV soap operas.He made his film debut in a low-budget teen dramaThe Cry Baby Killer(1958), playing the title role. For the next decade, Nicholson",
"decade, Nicholson frequently collaborated with the film's producer,Roger Corman. Corman directed Nicholson on several occasions, such as inThe Little Shop of Horrorsas undertaker (andmasochisticdental patient) Wilbur Force; inThe Raven;The Terror, where he plays a French officer seduced by an evil ghost; andThe St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Nicholson frequently worked with directorMonte Hellmanon low-budget westerns; two of them—Ride in the WhirlwindandThe Shooting—initially failed to interest U.S. film distributors but gained cult success on the French art-house circuit and were later sold to television. Nicholson also appeared in two episodes ofThe Andy Griffith Show, and starred as a rebellious dirt-track race driver in the 1960 filmThe Wild Ride. With his acting career foundering, Nicholson seemed resigned to a career behind the camera as a writer/director. His first real taste of writing success was the screenplay for the 1967counterculturefilmThe Trip(directed by Corman), starringPeter FondaandDennis",
"FondaandDennis Hopper. After first reading the script, Fonda told Nicholson he was impressed by the writing and felt it could become a great film. But Fonda was disappointed with how the film turned out and blamed the editing for turning it into a \"predictable\" film and said so publicly. \"I was livid\", he recalls.Nicholson also co-wrote, withBob Rafelson, the movieHead, which starredThe Monkees, and arranged the movie's soundtrack. Nicholson's first big acting break came when a role opened up in Fonda and Hopper'sEasy Rider(1969). He played alcoholic lawyer George Hanson, for which he received his first Oscar nomination. The film cost only $400,000 to make, and became a blockbuster, grossing $40 million.BiographerJohn Parkerwrites that Nicholson's interpretation of his role placed him in the company of earlierantiheroactors, such asJames CagneyandHumphrey Bogart, while promoting him into an \"overnight number-one hero of the counter-culture movement\".The part was a lucky break for Nicholson. The role had been",
"The role had been written forRip Torn, who withdrew from the project after an argument with Hopper.Nicholson later acknowledged the importance of being cast inEasy Rider: \"All I could see in the early films, beforeEasy Rider, was this desperate young actor trying to vault out of the screen and create a movie career.\"Stanley Kubrick, who was impressed by his performance inEasy Rider, cast Nicholson asNapoleonin a film about his life, and although production on the film commenced,the project fizzled out, partly due to a change in ownership at MGM. 1970–1989: Stardom and acclaim In 1970, Nicholson starred inFive Easy PiecesalongsideKaren Blackin what became his persona-defining role. Nicholson and Black were nominated for Academy Awards for their performances. Nicholson played Bobby Dupea, an oil rig worker, and Black played his waitress girlfriend. Black noted that Nicholson's character in the film was very subdued and very different from Nicholson's real personality. She said that the now-infamous restaurant",
"restaurant scene was partly improvised by Nicholson, and was out of character for Bobby, who would not have cared enough to argue with a waitress.\"I think that Jack really has very little in common with Bobby. I think Bobby has given up looking for love. But Jack hasn't, he's very interested in love, in finding out things. Jack is a very curious, alive human being. Always ready for a new idea.\": 37Nicholson himself said as much, telling an interviewer, \"I like listening to everybody. This to me is the elixir of life.\" There isJames Cagney,Spencer Tracy,Humphrey Bogart, andHenry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson? —Mike Nichols, director Black later admitted that she had a crush on Nicholson from the time they met, although they dated only briefly. \"He was very beautiful. He just looked right at you ... I liked him a lot ... He really sort of wanted to date me but I didn't think of him that way because I was going withPeter Kastner... Then I went to doEasy Rider, but didn't see him because we",
"see him because we didn't have any scenes together ... At the premiere, I saw him out in the lobby afterward and I started crying ... He didn't understand that, but what it was was that I really loved him a lot, and I didn't know it until I saw him again, because it all welled up.\": 36 Within a month after its release that September,Five Easy Piecesbecame a blockbuster, making Nicholson aleading manand the \"new American anti-hero\", according to McDougal.: 130Critics began speculating as to whether he might become anotherMarlon BrandoorJames Dean. His career and income skyrocketed. He said, \"I have much sought after. Your name becomes a brand image like a product. You become Campbell's soup, with thirty-one different varieties of roles you can play.\": 130He told his new agent, Sandy Bresler, to find him unusual roles so he could stretch his acting skill: \"I like to play people that haven't existed yet, a 'cusp character'\", he said, \"I have that creative yearning. Much in the wayChagallflies figures into the",
"figures into the air: once it becomes part of the conventional wisdom, it doesn't seem particularly adventurous or weird or wild.\": 130 Also in 1970, Nicholson appeared in the film adaptation ofOn a Clear Day You Can See Forever, although most of his performance was left on thecutting room floor. His agent turned down a starring role inDeliverancewhen the film's producer and director,John Boorman, refused to pay what Nicholson's agent wanted.: 130In 1971, Nicholson starred inCarnal Knowledge, a comedy-drama directed byMike Nicholsand co-starringArt Garfunkel,Ann-Margret, andCandice Bergen. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Award for Best Actor. Nichols felt few actors could handle the role, saying, \"There is James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, Humphrey Bogart, and Henry Fonda. After that, who is there but Jack Nicholson?\"During the filming, Nicholson struck up what became a lifelong friendship with Garfunkel. When he visited Los Angeles, Garfunkel stayed at Nicholson's home in a room Nicholson jokingly called \"the",
"called \"the Arthur Garfunkel Suite\".: 127 Other Nicholson roles includedHal Ashby'sThe Last Detail(1973), withRandy Quaid, for which Nicholson wonBest Actorat theCannes Film Festivaland was nominated for his third Oscar and a Golden Globe. Television journalistDavid Gilmourwrites that one of his favorite Nicholson scenes from all his films was the often censored one in this film, when Nicholson slaps his gun on the bar yelling hewasthe Shore Patrol.CriticRoger Ebertcalled it a very good movie, but credited Nicholson's acting as the main reason: \"He creates a character so complete and so complex that we stop thinking about the movie and just watch to see what he'll do next.\"In 1974, Nicholson starred inRoman Polanski's noir thrillerChinatown, and was again nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actorfor his role as Jake Gittes, a private detective. The film co-starredFaye DunawayandJohn Huston, and included a cameo role with Polanski. Ebert called Nicholson's portrayal sharp-edged, menacing, and aggressive,",
"and aggressive, a character who knew \"how to go over the top\", as he did inOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. That edge keptChinatownfrom becoming a typical genre crime film.Ebert also notes the importance of the role for Nicholson's career, seeing it as a major transition from the exploitation films of the previous decade. \"As Jake Gittes, he stepped into Bogart's shoes\", says Ebert. \"As a man attractive to audiences because he suggests both comfort and danger ... From Gittes forward, Nicholson created the persona of a man who had seen it all and was still capable of being wickedly amused.\" Nicholson had been friends with Polanski long before themurderof Polanski's wife,Sharon Tate, by theManson Family, and supported him in the days following her death.: 109–110After Tate's death, Nicholson began sleeping with a hammer under his pillowand took breaks from work to attend Manson's trial. In 1977, three years afterChinatown, Polanski was arrested at Nicholson's home for thesexual assaultof 13-year-old Samantha",
"Samantha Geimer, who was modeling for Polanski during a magazine photo shoot around the pool. At the time, Nicholson was out of town making a film, but his steady girlfriend, actressAnjelica Huston, had dropped by unannounced to pick up some items. She heard Polanski in the other room say, \"We'll be right out.\"Polanski then came out with Geimer and introduced her to Huston, and they chatted about Nicholson's two large dogs, which were sitting nearby. Huston recalled Geimer was wearing platform heels and appeared quite tall.After a few minutes of talking, Polanski had packed up his camera gear and Huston saw them drive off in his car. Huston told police the next day, after Polanski was arrested, that she \"had witnessed nothing untoward\" and never saw them together in the other room. Geimer learned afterward that Huston herself was not supposed to be at Nicholson's house that day, since they had recently broken up, but stopped over to pick up some belongings. Geimer described Nicholson's house as \"definitely\"",
"as \"definitely\" a guy's house, with lots of wood and shelves crowded with photos and mementos. One of Nicholson's successes came in 1975, with his role asRandle P. McMurphyinOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The movie was an adaptation ofKen Kesey's novel of thesame name, and was directed byMiloš Formanand co-produced byMichael Douglas. Nicholson plays an anti-authoritarian patient at a mental hospital where he becomes an inspiring leader for the other patients. Playing one of the patients wasDanny DeVitoin an early role. Nicholson learned afterward that DeVito grew up in the same area of New Jersey, and they knew many of the same people.The film received nine nominations at the Academy Awards, and won five, including Nicholson's first forBest Actor.The role seemed perfect for Nicholson, with biographer Ken Burke noting that his \"smartass demeanor balances his genuine concern for the treatment of his fellow patients with his independent spirit too free to exist in a repressive social structure\".Forman allowed",
"allowed Nicholson to improvise throughout the film, including most of the group therapy sequences.: 273ReviewerMarie Brennernotes that his bravura performance \"transcends the screen\" and continually inspires the other actors by lightening their mental illnesses with his comic dialogue. She describes his performance: Nicholson is everywhere; his energy propels the ward of loonies and makes of them an ensemble, a chorus of people caught in a bummer with nowhere else to go, but still fighting for some frail sense of themselves. ... There are scenes inCuckoo's Nestthat are as intimate—and in their language, twice as rough—as the best moments inThe Godfather... far above the general run of Hollywood performances. — Marie Brenner,Texas Monthly Also in 1975, Nicholson starred inMichelangelo Antonioni'sThe Passenger(1975), which co-starredMaria Schneider. Nicholson plays a journalist, David Locke, who during an assignment in North Africa decides to quit journalism and disappear by taking on a new hidden identity.",
"hidden identity. Unfortunately, the dead person whose identity he takes on turns out to have been a weapons smuggler on the run. Antonioni's unusual plot included convincing dialogue and fine acting, states film criticSeymour Chatman.It was shot in Algeria, Spain, Germany, and England. The film received good reviews and revived Antonioni's reputation as a great director.He said he wanted the film to have more of a \"spy feeling be more political\".Nicholson began shooting the film from an unfinished script, notesJudith Crist,yet upon its completion he thought so highly of the film that he bought the world rights and recorded a reminiscence of working with Antonioni. Critic and screenwriterPenelope Gilliattprovides an overview of Nicholson's role, \"The Passengeris an unidealized portrait of a drained man whose one remaining stimulus is to push his luck. Again and again, in the movie, we watch him court danger. It interests him to walk the edge of risk. He does it with passivity as if he were taking part in an",
"taking part in an expressionless game of double-dare with life. Jack Nicholson's performance is a wonder of insight. How to animate a personality that is barely there.: 443 Nicholson continued to take more unusual roles. He took a small role inThe Last TycoonoppositeRobert De Niro. He took a less sympathetic role inArthur Penn's westernThe Missouri Breaks(1976), specifically to work withMarlon Brando. Nicholson was especially inspired by Brando's acting ability, recalling that in his youth, as an assistant manager at a theater, he watchedOn the Waterfrontabout 40 times. He once stated, \"Marlon Brando influenced me strongly. Today, it's hard for people who weren't there to realize the impact that Brando had on an audience. ... He's always been the patron saint of actors\".\"I'm part of the first generation that idolized Marlon Brando\", he said. Nicholson has observed that while both De Niro and Brando were noted for their skill asmethod actors, he himself has seldom been described as one, a fact he sees as an",
"fact he sees as an accomplishment: \"I'm still fooling them\", he toldSean Penn. \"I consider it an accomplishment because there's probably no one who understands Method acting better academically than I do—or actually uses it more in his work. But it's funny, nobody really sees that. It's perception versus reality, I guess.\" His work is always interesting, clearly conceived, and has the X-factor, magic. Jack is particularly suited for roles that require intelligence. He is an intelligent and literate man, and these are almost impossible to act. InThe Shiningyou believe he's a writer, failed or otherwise. —Stanley Kubrick Although he garnered noAcademy AwardforStanley Kubrick's adaptation ofStephen King'sThe Shining(1980), his role in the film as writerJack Torranceremains one of his more significant. He was Kubrick's first choice to play the role, although the book's author, Stephen King, wanted more of an \"everyman\". Kubrick won the argument and called Nicholson's acting \"on a par with the greatest stars of",
"greatest stars of the past, likeSpencer TracyandJimmy Cagney\".In preparation for the role, Nicholson drew upon his own experiences as a writer and slept short hours to help remain in an agitated state during the shoot. His co-starShelley Duvallrecalled that she and Nicholson spent many hours discussing their characters, with Nicholson maintaining that his character be cold to her from the start.On the set, Nicholson always appeared in character and if Kubrick felt confident that Nicholson knew his lines well enough, he encouraged him to improvise beyond the script.: 434For example, Nicholson improvised his now-famous \"Here's Johnny!\" line,: 433along with a scene in which he unleashes his anger on his wife when she interrupts his work.: 445There were also extensive takes of scenes, due to Kubrick's perfectionism. Nicholson shot a scene with the ghostly bartender 36 times.He said, \"Stanley's demanding. He'll do a scene fifty times, and you have to be good to do that.\": 38 In 1982, he starred as an immigration",
"as an immigration enforcement agent inThe Border, directed byTony Richardson. It co-starredWarren Oates, who played a corrupt border official.Richardson wanted Nicholson to play his role less expressively than he had in his earlier roles. \"Less is more\", he told him, and wanted him to wear reflecting sunglasses to portray what patrolmen wore.: 318Richardson recalled that Nicholson worked hard on the set: He's what the Thirties and Forties stars were like. He can come on the set and deliver, without any fuss, without taking a long time walking around getting into it. \"What do you want? Okay.\" And he just does it straight off. And then if you want him to do it another way on the next take, he can adapt to that too.: 318 Nicholson won his second Oscar, anAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, for his role of retired astronaut Garrett Breedlove inTerms of Endearment(1983), directed byJames L. Brooks. It starredShirley MacLaineandDebra Winger. McGilligan claims it was one of Nicholson's most complex and",
"most complex and unforgettable characters. He and MacLaine played many of their scenes in different ways, constantly testing and making adjustments. Their scenes together gave the film its \"buoyant edge\", states McGilligan, and describes Nicholson's acting as \"Jack floating like a butterfly\".: 330 Nicholson continued to work prolifically in the 1980s, starring in such films as:The Postman Always Rings Twice(1981);Reds(1981), where Nicholson portrays the writerEugene O'Neillwith a quiet intensity;Prizzi's Honor(1985);Heartburn(1986);The Witches of Eastwick(1987);Broadcast News(1987); andIronweed(1987). Three Oscar nominations also followed (Reds,Prizzi's Honor, andIronweed).John Huston, who directedPrizzi's Honor, said of Nicholson's acting, \"He just illuminates the book. He impressed me in one scene after another; the movie is composed largely of first takes with him.\"In the 1989Batmanmovie, Nicholson played the psychotic villain,the Joker. The film was an international smash hit, and a lucrative deal earned",
"deal earned him a percentage of the box office gross estimated at $60 million to $90 million.Nicholson said that he was \"particularly proud\" of his performance as the Joker: \"I considered it a piece ofpop art\", he said. 1990–1999: Established actor For his role as hot-headed Col. Nathan R. Jessup inA Few Good Men(1992), a movie about a murder in aU.S. Marine Corpsunit, Nicholson received yet another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.One review describes his performance as \"spellbinding\", adding that he portrayed \"the essence of the quintessential military mindset\".Critic David Thomson notes that Nicholson's character \"blazed and roared\".The film's director,Rob Reiner, recalls how Nicholson's level of acting experience affected the other actors during rehearsals: \"I had the luck of having Jack Nicholson there. He knows what he's doing, and he comes to play, every time out, full-out performance! And what it says to a lot of the other actors is, 'Oooooh, I better get on my game here because",
"game here because this guy's coming to play! So I can't hold back; I've got to come up to him.' He sets the tone.\" In 1996, Nicholson collaborated once more withBatmandirectorTim BurtononMars Attacks!, pulling double duty as two contrasting characters, President James Dale andLas Vegasproperty developer Art Land. Not all of Nicholson's performances have been well received. He was nominated forRazzie Awardsas worst actor forMan Trouble(1992) andHoffa(1992). But his performance inHoffaalso earned him aGolden Globenomination.David Thomson states that the film was terribly neglected, since Nicholson portrayed one of his best screen characters, someone who is \"snarly, dumb, smart, noble, rascally—all the parts of 'Jack'\".Roger Ebertalso praised his performance writing, \"Nicholson is an actor who can reflect almost anything in his face. One reason his performance is so good as Hoffa is that he reveals almost nothing.\" Nicholson won his nextAcademy Award for Best Actorin the romantic comedyAs Good as It Gets(1997),",
"as It Gets(1997), his third film directed byJames L. Brooks. He played Melvin Udall, a \"wickedly funny\",mean-spirited novelist withobsessive-compulsive disorder. \"I'm a studioMethod actor\", he said. \"So I was prone to give some kind of clinical presentation of the disorder.\"His Oscar was matched by theAcademy Award for Best ActressforHelen Hunt, who played a Manhattan single mother drawn into a love/hate friendship with Udall, a frequent diner in the restaurant where she works as a waitress. The film was a box-office success, grossing $314 million, making it Nicholson's second-best-grossing film, afterBatman.The win was Nicholson's third Academy Award, tying him with six other actors,Walter Brennan,Ingrid Bergman,Meryl Streep,Daniel Day-Lewis, andFrances McDormandwho all have three acting Oscars. Nicholson admits he initially disliked playing a middle-aged man alongside a much younger Hunt, seeing it as a movie cliché. \"But Helen disarmed that at the first meeting\", he says, \"and I stopped thinking about",
"thinking about it.\" They got along well during the filming, with Hunt saying that he \"treated me like a queen\", and they connected immediately: \"It wasn't even what we said\", she said. \"It was just some frequency we both could tune into that was very, very compatible.\"Critic Jack Mathews ofNewsdaysaid Nicholson was \"in rare form\", adding, \"it's one of those performances that make you aware how much fun the actor is having\".Author and screenwriter Andrew Horton describes their on-screen relationship as being like \"fire and ice, oil and water—seemingly complete opposites\". 2000–present: Later roles and retirement In 2001, Nicholson was the first actor to receive theStanislavsky Awardat the23rd Moscow International Film Festivalfor \"conquering the heights of acting and faithfulness\".That same year Nicholson starred inThe Pledge, amysterydrama where he portrays retired police detective Jerry Black, who vows to find a murderer of a young girl. Nicholson was praised for his performance; Bob Graham of theSan",
"Graham of theSan Francisco Chroniclecalled it \"deeply felt\" compared to some of Nicholson's other films.Nicholson acted inAlexander Payne's comedy-dramaAbout Schmidt(2002), playing a retiredOmaha,Nebraska,actuarywho questions his own life after his wife dies. His quietly restrained performance earned him nominations for anAcademy Award,BAFTA Award,Golden Globe AwardandScreen Actors Guild Awardfor Best Actor. InAnger Management(2003), he played an aggressive therapist assigned to help an overly pacifist man (Adam Sandler). In 2003, Nicholson also starred in theNancy Meyersdirected romantic comedySomething's Gotta Giveplaying an aging playboy who falls for the mother (Diane Keaton) of his young girlfriend. For his performance he was nominated for theGolden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. In late 2006, Nicholson marked his return to the dark side inMartin Scorsese'sOscar-winning filmThe Departed, a remake ofAndrew Lau'sInfernal Affairs,playingFrank Costello, a nefariousBostonIrish",
"Mobboss based onWhitey Bulger, who was still on the run at the time. The role earned Nicholson worldwide critical praise, along with various awards and nominations, including aGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picturenomination. In 2007, Nicholson co-starred withMorgan FreemaninRob Reiner'sThe Bucket List,in which Nicholson and Freeman portrayed dying men who fulfill their list of goals. In researching the role, Nicholson visited a Los Angeles hospital to see how cancer patients coped with their illnesses. Nicholson is the Hollywood celebrity who is most like a character in some ongoing novel of our times. He is also the most beloved of stars—not even his huge wealth, his reckless aging, and the public disasters of his private life can detract from this ... For he is still a touchstone, someone we value for the way he helps us see ourselves. —David Thomson, a film critic. Nicholson's next film role saw him reunite withJames L. Brooks, director ofTerms of Endearment,Broadcast NewsandAs",
"NewsandAs Good as It Gets, for a supporting role for the 2010 filmHow Do You KnowstarringPaul Rudd,Reese Witherspoon, andOwen Wilson. The film was a financial and critical failure. In a September 2013Vanity Fairarticle, Nicholson said that he did not consider himself retired, but that he was now less driven to \"be out there anymore\".As of 2023,How Do You Knowremains Nicholson's last film role, and brings his filmography to 80 films.In 2013, Nicholson co-presented theAcademy Award for Best Picturewith First LadyMichelle Obama,the eighth time he presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2013). On February 15, 2015, Nicholson made a special appearance as a presenter onSNL 40, the 40th anniversary special ofSaturday Night Live.After the death of boxerMuhammad Alion June 3, 2016, Nicholson appeared onHBO'sThe Fight Game withJim Lampleyfor an exclusive interview about his friendship with Ali.He was reported to be starring in an English-language remake ofToni",
"remake ofToni Erdmannin 2017 oppositeKristen Wiig, his first feature film role sinceHow Do You Know,but the project was later abandoned.In October 2019, with the release ofThe ShiningsequelDoctor Sleep, directorMike Flanaganrevealed he approached Nicholson for acameo appearance, but Nicholson declined with best wishes.Flanagan also disclosed that Nicholson had previously been approached to appear inSteven Spielberg's science-fiction filmReady Player One(2018). During an appearance in the November 2, 2023, episode ofMarc Maron's podcast,WTF with Marc Maron, record producerLou Adler, a longtime friend of Nicholson's, related an anecdote pertaining to the unofficial retirement of the actor, who had not done a film in the 13 years sinceHow Do You Know, saying, \"A friend of mine wanted to put him in a movie. And he had a conversation with him. But Jack says, 'I don't want to do it.' He goes, 'You know what I did today? I sat under a tree and I read a book.' That sounds like Jack.\" Adler stated that Nicholson was",
"that Nicholson was \"doing whatever he really wants to do,\" adding, \"He wants to be quiet. He wants to eat what he wants. He wants to live the life he wants.\" Influence Nicholson has describedMarlon Brandoas a major influence on his career. He stated, \"Actors don't normally discuss who the best actor in the world is, because it's obvious—Brando is the best.” He also namedJohn Ford,Akira Kurosawa, andOrson Wellesas his favorite directors. Actors who have cited Nicholson as an influence includeLeonardo DiCaprio,Alden Ehrenreich,andMorgan Freeman. Personal life Relationships and children In his personal life, Nicholson is notorious for his inability to \"settle down\";he has fathered six children by five women but married only once.Nicholson's marriage was toThe Terrorco-starSandra Knightfrom 1962 to 1968, though they separated in 1966.The couple had one daughter, Jennifer (born September 13, 1963). Five Easy Piecesco-starSusan Anspachcontended that her son Caleb (born September 26, 1970), whose legal father",
"whose legal father wasMark Goddard, was actually Nicholson's biological son.In 1984, Nicholson said he was not convinced of this,but in 1996, Caleb said that Nicholson had recognized him as his son in private.By 1998, Nicholson publicly acknowledged Caleb as his son and said that they got along \"beautifully now.\" In 1971 and 1972, Nicholson was in a relationship with singerMichelle Phillips, the ex-wife of his best friendDennis Hopper, during which time she suffered a miscarriage.Nicholson's longest relationship was 17 years with actressAnjelica Huston, from 1973 until 1990. Their on-again, off-again romance included several periods of overlap with other women, notably former Bond girlJill St. Johnand Danish model Winnie Hollman, with whom Nicholson fathered a daughter, Honey Hollman (born January 26, 1982).Winnie Hollman has claimed that a DNA test during her pregnancy confirmed that Nicholson was the biological father. However, in 2024, it was revealed that Nicholson was not the biological father of",
"father of Honey,who did a DNA test herself in 1999. Honey said in 2006 that she has a “normal father-daughter relationship” with Nicholson. The relationship with Huston ended amid actress/waitressRebecca Broussard's first pregnancy by Nicholson. He and Broussard had two children,Lorraine(born April 16, 1990) andRaymond(born February 20, 1992).The pair split up in 1994, and that same year, Nicholson supposedly had a daughter, Tessa (born August 15, 1994), with waitress Jeannine Gourin.Nicholson has never publicly acknowledged his paternity. Beginning in the late 1990s, Nicholson was involved with actressLara Flynn Boyle. The two initially broke up in 2000, later reuniting before splitting permanently in 2004, after which Nicholson was linked to English supermodelKate Moss.In 2006, Nicholson dated actressPaz de la Huerta. Nicholson has said that children \"give your life a resonance that it can't have without them ... As a father, I'm there all the time. I give unconditional love\".He has also lamented that he",
"lamented that he \"didn't see enough of my eldest daughter because I was trying to make a career\". Legal issues In a criminalcomplaintfiled on February 8, 1994, Robert Blank stated that Nicholson, then 56, approached Blank'sMercedes-Benzwhile he was stopped at a red light inNorth Hollywood. After accusing Blank of cutting him off in traffic, Nicholson used a golf club to bash the roof and windshield of Blank's car. A witness confirmed Blank's account of the incident andmisdemeanorcharges of assault and vandalism were filed against Nicholson. Charges were dropped after Nicholson apologized to Blank, and the two reached an undisclosed settlement, which included a reported $500,000 check from Nicholson. In 1996, a lawsuit was brought against him alleging that he promised a woman named Catherine Sheehan $1,000 for sex and then assaulted her when she asked for the money. Sheehan received a settlement of about $40,000, but filed another lawsuit against him, arguing that the settlement was insufficient to cover the",
"to cover the injuries inflicted upon her, includingbrain trauma, which she said were \"actually killing her.\"The case was dismissed. Celebrity friendships Nicholson lived next door toMarlon Brandofor a number of years onMulholland DriveinBeverly Hills, California.Warren Beattyalso lived nearby, earning the road the nickname \"Bad Boy Drive\". After Brando's death in 2004, Nicholson purchased his bungalow for $6.1 million, with the purpose of having it demolished. Nicholson said he did so out of respect for Brando's legacy, as it had become too expensive to renovate the \"derelict\" building, which was plagued by mold. Nicholson's friendship with author-journalistHunter S. Thompsonis described in Thompson's autobiographyKingdom of Fear(2003).After Thompson died in 2005, Nicholson and fellow actorsJohnny Depp,John Cusack, andSean Pennattended his private memorial service in Colorado.Nicholson was also a close friend ofRobert Evans, the producer ofChinatown, and after Evans lost Woodland, his home, as the result of",
"as the result of a 1980s drug bust, Nicholson and other friends of Evans bought Woodland to give it back to him.Nicholson is also friends with fellow New JerseyansDanny DeVitoandJoe Pesci. Hobbies Nicholson is a fan of theNew York YankeesandLos Angeles Lakers. He became a Lakers season ticket holder in1970, and held courtside seats next to the opponent's benches both atThe ForumandStaples Center. He was described as a \"fixture\" at the games, though his regular attendance had stopped by 2021, as he withdrew from public appearances.Nicholson occasionally argued with game officials and opposing players, and even walked onto the court.He was almost ejected from a Lakers playoff game in May 2003 after yelling at a referee.After the death of former Lakers starKobe Bryantin ahelicopter crashin January 2020, Nicholson gave a rare phone interview to Los Angeles stationKCBS-TVexpressing his grief.He attended a2023 playoff game, which media outlets noted was his first appearance at a Lakers game in nearly two years.",
"nearly two years. Nicholson is a collector of 20th-century and contemporary paintings, including those ofHenri Matisse,Tamara de Lempicka,Andy WarholandJack Vettriano.In 1995, artistEdward Ruschasaid that Nicholson has \"one of the best collections out here\". Political views Nicholson has called himself a \"lifelongIrishDemocrat.”He supportedGeorge McGovernin the 1972 presidential election,Michael Dukakisin 1988,Hillary Clintonin 2008, andBernie Sandersin 2020. Nicholson supportssolar energy,decriminalizing drugs,monopoly laws, and raising teachers' pay.Although personally againstabortion, he ispro-choice. He has said, \"I'm pro-choice but against abortion because I'm an illegitimate child myself, and it would be hypocritical to take any other position. I'd be dead. I wouldn't exist.\" He has also said that he has \"nothing but total admiration, gratitude, and respect for the strength of the women who made the decision they made in my individual case\". Religious beliefs Nicholson was raisedRoman Catholicand has",
"Catholicand has expressed admiration for the religion, calling it \"the only officialdogmatraining I've had. I liked it. It's a smart religion.\"It has been asserted that some of Nicholson's 1970s movie roles were influenced by Catholicism.In a 1992Vanity Fairinterview, Nicholson said, \"I don't believe in God now. I can still work up an envy for someone who has faith. I can see how that could be a deeply soothing experience.\" Acting credits and accolades During his career Nicholson has appeared in 80 films.Among some of Nicholson's films are: With 12Academy Awardnominations (eight for Best Actor and four for Best Supporting Actor), Nicholson is the most nominated male actor in Academy Awards history. Only Nicholson (1960s–2000s),Michael Caine(1960s–2000s),Meryl Streep(1970s–2010s),Paul Newman(1950s–1960s, 1980s–2000s),Katharine Hepburn(1930s–1960s, 1980s),Frances McDormand(1980s–2020s),Denzel Washington(1980s–2020s), andLaurence Olivier(1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting)",
"or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties withWalter Brennan,Daniel Day-Lewis,Ingrid Bergman,Frances McDormandandMeryl Streepfor the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. OnlyKatharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Academy. In May 2008, then-California GovernorArnold Schwarzeneggerand First LadyMaria Shriverannounced that Nicholson would be inducted into theCalifornia Hall of Fame, located atThe California MuseuminSacramento. The induction ceremony took place on December 15, 2008, where he was inducted alongside 11 other Californians.In 2010, Nicholson was inducted into theNew Jersey Hall of Fame.In 2011, Nicholson received an honoraryDoctor of Fine Artsdegree fromBrown Universityat its 243rd commencement. At the ceremony,Ruth Simmons, Brown University's president, called him \"the most skilled actor of our lifetime\". Explanatory note References General bibliography External links"
] |
In 1994, Linus Roache starred in Priest. Who composed the music on his next film? | Edward Shearmur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Roache | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film) | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(1994_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Roache', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film)'] | [
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"Linus Roache Linus William Roache(born 1 February 1964) is a British actor. He played Executive ADAMichael Cutterin theNBCdramasLaw & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012), and also playedEcbert, King of WessexinVikingsfrom 2014 to 2017. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Awardfor playingRobert F. KennedyinRFK(2002) and won aSatellite Award for Best Supporting Actor (TV)for his role asRalph WigraminThe Gathering Storm(2002). His film appearances includePriest(1994),The Wings of the Dove(1997),Pandaemonium(2000),The Chronicles of Riddick(2004),Batman Begins(2005),Non-Stop(2014) andMandy(2018). In 2018 and 2020, he had a recurring role in the final two seasons ofHomeland. In 2023, he played the role of Senator Wesley Smith in Showtime'sFellow Travelers. Early life Roache was born inManchester, England, the son ofCoronation StreetactorWilliam Roacheand actressAnna Cropper.Roache was educated atBishop Luffa SchoolinChichester, West Sussex,and atRydal SchoolinColwyn Bayinnorth Wales.He studied acting at theCentral School of Speech and Drama.He married actressRosalind BennettinMalvern Hills,Worcestershire, in 2002. Career In 1975 Roache appeared inCoronation StreetplayingPeter Barlow, the son of his father's character Ken Barlow.Roache is also a past member of theRoyal Shakespeare Company. In the 1990s, Roache began a career in films while remaining active in television and on stage. In 1994 he took a leading role inAntonia Bird'sPriest. In 1997, he starred oppositeHelena Bonham Carterin the filmThe Wings of the Dove.In 2001, he won theEvening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor, for his performance asSamuel Taylor Coleridgein theJulien Templedirected filmPandaemoniumalongsideSamantha Morton. In 2005, he playedThomas Wayne, father ofBatman, inBatman Begins.On television he playedExecutive Assistant District AttorneyMichael Cutterin two American series,Law & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012). In June 2010, it was announced that he would return to play Laurence Cunningham alongside his father William Roache inCoronation Street. The following month, he was cast in theHBOpilotThe Miraculous Year. In April 2011, Roache was cast as the lead in theITVminiseriesTitanic, airing in March and April 2012 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the sinking ofthe ship. In February 2014, Roache debuted in season two of the TV seriesVikingsasEcbert, King of Wessex. He starred in seasons seven and eight of the TV seriesHomelandas David Wellington in 2017–2019. Filmography Film Television Selected theatre Awards and nominations References External links",
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"Linus Roache Linus William Roache(born 1 February 1964) is a British actor. He played Executive ADAMichael Cutterin theNBCdramasLaw & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012), and also playedEcbert, King of WessexinVikingsfrom 2014 to 2017. He was nominated for aGolden Globe Awardfor playingRobert F. KennedyinRFK(2002) and won aSatellite Award for Best Supporting Actor (TV)for his role asRalph WigraminThe Gathering Storm(2002). His film appearances includePriest(1994),The Wings of the Dove(1997),Pandaemonium(2000),The Chronicles of Riddick(2004),Batman Begins(2005),Non-Stop(2014) andMandy(2018). In 2018 and 2020, he had a recurring role in the final two seasons ofHomeland. In 2023, he played the role of Senator Wesley Smith in Showtime'sFellow Travelers. Early life Roache was born inManchester, England, the son ofCoronation StreetactorWilliam Roacheand actressAnna Cropper.Roache was educated atBishop Luffa SchoolinChichester, West Sussex,and atRydal SchoolinColwyn Bayinnorth Wales.He",
"Bayinnorth Wales.He studied acting at theCentral School of Speech and Drama.He married actressRosalind BennettinMalvern Hills,Worcestershire, in 2002. Career In 1975 Roache appeared inCoronation StreetplayingPeter Barlow, the son of his father's character Ken Barlow.Roache is also a past member of theRoyal Shakespeare Company. In the 1990s, Roache began a career in films while remaining active in television and on stage. In 1994 he took a leading role inAntonia Bird'sPriest. In 1997, he starred oppositeHelena Bonham Carterin the filmThe Wings of the Dove.In 2001, he won theEvening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor, for his performance asSamuel Taylor Coleridgein theJulien Templedirected filmPandaemoniumalongsideSamantha Morton. In 2005, he playedThomas Wayne, father ofBatman, inBatman Begins.On television he playedExecutive Assistant District AttorneyMichael Cutterin two American series,Law & Order(2008–2010) andLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit(2011–2012). In June 2010, it was announced that he",
"announced that he would return to play Laurence Cunningham alongside his father William Roache inCoronation Street. The following month, he was cast in theHBOpilotThe Miraculous Year. In April 2011, Roache was cast as the lead in theITVminiseriesTitanic, airing in March and April 2012 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the sinking ofthe ship. In February 2014, Roache debuted in season two of the TV seriesVikingsasEcbert, King of Wessex. He starred in seasons seven and eight of the TV seriesHomelandas David Wellington in 2017–2019. Filmography Film Television Selected theatre Awards and nominations References External links",
"Error fetching content: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove_(1997_film"
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How many more full seasons already existed of the longest running cartoon television series ever in the United States of all time than seasons of "X-Men: The Animated Series" when Barack Obama was elected president of the United States. Show me your reasoning using a mathematical equation. Write out your answer in words, but give me the mathematical equation in numerical form. | Fourteen 19 - 5 = 14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Post processing | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count"
] | [
"Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \"Barry\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \"Barry\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana, andcocaineduring his teenage years to \"push questions of who I was out of my mind\".Obama was also a member of the \"Choom Gang\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\" he said. \"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \"was not raised in a religious household.\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\", and \"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\" He described his father as a \"confirmedatheist\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \"of all the different people I've met along the way\", adding: \"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\" The items, \"a whole bowl full\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \"it's not too late\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\"House Divided\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \"It Begins with Us\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \"strict guidelines\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \"common-sense gun reform\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \"postracial America\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \"a great deal\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \"Cash for Clunkers\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \"unusually uncertain\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \"it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \"defining challenge of our time\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \"Obamacare\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \"out-of-pocket\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \"closely-held\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \"established by the State\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \"new era\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \"break\" and \"reset\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \"A New Beginning\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \"Joint Planning Cell\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays.\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \"Panther Brigade\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \"dangerous distraction\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\", an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \"greatest threat\" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \"surgical raid\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \"dangerous\" and \"bad.\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\" and that it was \"a mess\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \"worst mistake\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \"red line\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \"Complex Modernization\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \"call to action\" and remarked: \"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \"thanks, Obama\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\"#thanks Obama\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \"wokeness\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \"an absolute chaotic disaster\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \"could ultimately backfire.\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian Zelizercredits Obama with \"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\" Zeitzer calls this the \"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \"in areas many Progressives hold dear\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \"a disappointingly conventional president\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \"skinny repeal\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \"mixed\", adding that \"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other",
"X-Men: The Animated Series X-Men: The Animated Series, also known asX-Men, is ananimatedsuperherotelevision series aired in the United States for five seasons from October 31, 1992, to September 20, 1997, onFox'sFox Kidsprogramming block.It wasMarvel Comics' second attempt at an animatedX-Mentelevision series after the pilotX-Men: Pryde of the X-Menwas not picked up.Set in the samefictional universeasSpider-Man(1994–1998), Earth-92131,it was followed by arevival,X-Men '97, which began airing on March 20, 2024, onDisney+to critical acclaim. Production In March 1990,Margaret Loesch(who had previously worked as president and chief executive officer atMarvel Productions) became head ofFox Children's Network.Having championed thePryde of the X-Menpilotin 1989, she ordered 13 episodes ofX-Men.Saban Entertainmentwas contracted to produce the show and hired a small studio,Graz Entertainment, to produce episodes because, at the time, they lacked sufficient staff to handle in-house production. Mark Edward Edens and Eric Lewald were to write the show, with the two dividing the job between Edens as head writer and Lewald as story editor.The voice work was done throughCanadianstudios, andSouth KoreanstudioAKOMwas hired to animate episodes.X-Menwas initially set to premiere overLabor Dayweekend in September; however, due to production delays, it was delayed to the end of October. When AKOM turned in the first episode, it contained several animation errors, which they refused to fix. Because of time constraints, the episode was aired unfinished;when Fox re-aired the pilot in early 1993, the errors were corrected.The second episode was submitted just before the deadline, with 50 scenes missing and a single day reserved for editing.The two-part episode \"Night of the Sentinels\" originally aired as a \"sneak preview\" on October 31. Because of the production delays and animation errors, Fox threatened to sever AKOM's contracts.The series earned top ratings throughout its first season,and was renewed for a second season of 13 episodes. Throughout its run, producers had to deal with quality control issues, including attempts to cut costs and requests to change the tone of the series to more child-friendly and integrated toys. The show was originally planned to run for 65 episodes, but as a result of its success, Saban funded eleven more episodes, albeit with a reduced budget due to Marvel's bankruptcy. The series is currently owned and distributed byThe Walt Disney Company(Marvel's parent company), which acquired all Fox Kids-related properties fromNews CorporationandSaban Internationalin 2001. The series was added to streaming serviceDisney+following its launch on November 12, 2019, with a revival,X-Men '97, subsequently announced to be in development.The series premiered on March 20, 2024. Episodes Synopsis The show features a team similar to that of the early 1990sX-Mencomics byJim Lee, specifically the Blue Team established early on inX-Men (vol. 2). It consists ofCyclops,Wolverine,Rogue,Storm,Beast,Gambit,Jubilee,Jean Grey, andProfessor X, as well as original characterMorph, who is based onChangeling. All 76 episodes were directed by Larry Houston. The series deals with social issues, including divorce (\"Proteus\"), religion (\"Nightcrawler\" and \"Bloodlines\"),the Holocaust(\"Enter Magneto\", \"Deadly Reunions\", \"Days of Future Past\" and \"The Phalanx Covenant\"),AIDShysteria (\"Time Fugitives\"), and loneliness (\"No Mutant Is an Island\"). It satirizes television in the episodes \"Mojovision\" and \"Longshot\". It crossed over withSpider-Manwhen Spider-Man seeks the X-Men's help to stop his progressing mutation. In theabbreviated formof the Secret Wars storyline, theBeyonderandMadame Webselect Spider-Man to lead a team of heroes against a group of villains. An earlier draft of \"Secret Wars\" involved all the X-Men, but transporting the voice cast from Canada to Los Angeles, where production for theSpider-Mananimated series was based, had been too costly in previous crossovers, so the episode was rewritten to feature only Storm, whose actress, Iona Morris, lived in Los Angeles. In the first season, the X-Men come into conflict with human conspirators buildingSentinelrobots to kill mutants, Magneto's plan to instigate a human-mutant war, and the powerful mutantApocalypse's plan to eradicate the weak. Other storylines include X-Men member Morph's death at the hands of the Sentinels, Beast's incarceration, and Apocalypse's minions attempting to assassinate U.S. Senator Kelly to turn humans against mutants. In the second season, Cyclops and Jean are married and targeted byMister Sinister, who seeks to use the genetically perfect combination of their DNA to create an army of obedient mutants. Morph returns, having been rescued by Sinister and brainwashed into forcing the X-Men apart. Over time, a rift grows between humans and mutants, with the Friends of Humanity, an anti-mutant group, leading their persecution. Apocalypse returns, developing a deadly plague that he plans to blame on mutants to fuel hatred against them. It features a parallel narrative of Professor X and Magneto being lost in the Savage Land. The third season involves thePhoenix, a cosmic force that merges with Jean Grey and turns her into the Dark Phoenix. It introduces theShi'ar Empire, which includes Lilandra and Gladiator, and seeks to stop the Dark Phoenix. Other storylines include the introduction of Wolverine's former lover turned mercenary, Lady Deathstrike, former X-Men memberIceman, and the villainousShadow King. Volume 5 of theOfficial Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z Hardcoverslists the cartoon as part of the Marvel multiverse, inhabiting Earth-92131. As well, the plague-infested future thatBishoptries to prevent in Season 2 is listed as Earth-13393, whileCable's release of the cure is listed as Earth-121893. Voice cast The series' voice acting was recorded in Toronto studios, with Dan Hennessey serving as voice director. Toronto voice actors had also been used in the 1960s Marvel Comics cartoons.Catherine Disherhad originally auditioned for the part ofStormbefore she was cast asJean Grey.Chris Potterwas cast in the role ofGambitduring filming forKung Fu: The Legend Continues(1993-1997) which was helpful since his co-starDavid Carradine, a big fan of the comics, helped as he was unfamiliar.Alyson CourtandCal Doddwere neighbors when Court was a child and Dodd was a well-known actor in Canada long before voicing bothJubileeandWolverinerespectively, attributing their characters' chemistry to being previously acquainted with one another. Another voice actor originally had been cast as Jubilee, but Court was cast when the original voice was deemed too sweet and innocent for the role. Principal cast Additional cast Other versions The original opening sequence, used throughout the first four seasons, features the X-Men demonstrating their mutant abilities to an instrumental theme written byRon Wassermanand composed byHaim SabanandShuki Levy. A modified version is introduced in season five, episode one (\"Phalanx Covenant, Part One\"), which slightly changes the beginning of the theme. WhenUPNbegan airing reruns on Sunday mornings, an alternate credits sequence was used: a high-quality Japanese-animated version of the original opening. This modified version occasionally appears in the digital streaming release of the show, which was used for re-runs on Toon Disney. In Italy, where the series began airing in 1994 onCanale 5, the intro and outro sequences were replaced by a new sequence and theme song: \"Insuperabili X-Men\", sung by Marco Destro and Pietro Ubaldi. X-Menoriginally aired onTV Tokyofrom 1994 to 1995. For the TV Tokyo dub of the series, the intro was replaced with a new, Japanese-animated sequence and a new theme: \"Rising\" by Ambience. Starting with episode 42, a second intro was used, featuring the song \"Dakishimetai Dare Yori Mo\"(抱きしめたい誰よりも, \"I want to embrace you more than anyone else\"). The end credits sequence was also changed: it featured shots of AmericanX-Mencomic books set to the song \"Back to You\", also by Ambience. The TV Tokyo dub was directed by Yoshikazu Iwanami and featured scripts rewritten to include a more humorous, self-satirical tone with an emphasis on comical adlibbing, a hallmark of his dubbing style. Episodes were edited for time so that new segments could be added to the end to promoteX-Men: Children of the Atom, which featured the dub actors pretending to play the game as their characters. A second dub was made in the early 2000s for broadcast onToon Disney (Japan)that is more faithful to the original English scripts and does not cut episodes for time. This version used the original American intro and end credits rather than the unique ones created for the TV Tokyo version. Two versions of the episode \"No Mutant is an Island\" exist, each with a different animation. The first version was aired for Toon Disney reruns, can be seen on digital streaming services such as Amazon Video, aired on Fox Kids in the United States, and uses the remixed intro theme from Season 5. The second version is available on Region 1 DVD, aired on Fox Kids overseas, and uses the default intro theme from Seasons 1–4. Viewership In its prime,X-Mengarnered very highratingsfor a Saturday morning cartoon and received praise for adapting many different storylines from the comics. Haim Saban credits the success of the series in assisting him to sell his next project to Fox:Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. X-Menreached a viewership of over23 millionhouseholds. Legacy X-Men '97 By 2019, there were ongoing talks withDisney+to revive the series.In November 2021, it was revealed that a revival titledX-Men '97was in development which will continue the plot of the series.X-Men '97eventually premiered on March 20, 2024. Beau DeMayo served ashead writerfor the first two seasons, with most of the surviving cast members of the original series reprising their roles, including Dodd, Zann, Buza, Disher, Potter, Sealy-Smith, Hough, and Britton. They were joined byJennifer Hale, Anniwaa Buachie,Ray Chase, Matthew Waterson,JP Karliak, Holly Chou,Jeff Bennett, andA.J. LoCascio. Alyson Court did not reprise her role as Jubilee, requesting that Jubilee be voiced by an Asian actress. She instead returned to voice an alternate version of the character.The series is produced byMarvel Studios Animation, but does not take place within theMarvel Cinematic Universe. Comics X-Men Adventures X-Men Adventureswas acomic bookspin-offof the animated series. Beginning in November 1992, it adapted the first three seasons of the show; in April 1996, it becameAdventures of the X-Men, which contained original stories set within the same continuity.The comic book lasted until March 1997, shortly after the show's cancellation by theFox Network. Bibliography Additionally, stories featuring the same characters were printed through the 19 issues ofSpider-Man Magazine, published between March 1994 and March 1997, alongside stories inspired by the animated seriesSpider-Man. X-Men '92 The comic book seriesX-Men '92was first released as one of the many tie-in titles for Marvel's 2015Secret Warsevent, and continued in its second volume as a regular series in early 2016, starring characters of the TV show's reality. In January 2022 Marvel announced a new series inspired by the cartoon,X-Men '92: House of XCII. Scheduled for publication in April of that same year, the series will explore an alternate universe where the events ofJonathan Hickman'sHouse of X and Powers of Xhappened decades earlier, in the '90s of the original show. Manga Books Previously on X-Men In 2017, series developer and showrunner Eric Lewald released the bookPreviously on X-Men: The Making of an Animated Series, which features his interviews with 36 of the staff and voice cast behind the TV series, as well as Lewald's personal experiences on the series' development and production. X-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series In 2020, Eric Lewald and Julia Lewald released the bookX-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series, which features previously unseen concept art, storyboards, character models, background layouts, animation cels, and other production/promotional materials, along with new interviews with the series principal artists and production staff. Video games In film The series was credited for being responsible for the beginning development of the 2000X-Menfilm. Fox Kids owner20th Century Foxwas impressed by the success of the TV show, and producerLauren Shuler Donnerpurchased the film rights for them in 1994.The film's success led to afilm franchise, which includes a series of sequels, prequels, and spin-offs, for two decades up to 2020, when the series came to an end due toDisney'sacquisition of Fox, with the character rights reverting to Marvel Studios. Potter revealed that he once auditioned for the role of Cyclops in the 2000 film before losing it toJames Marsden, while Buza would appear in the film proper as a truck driver. In the 2022Marvel Cinematic UniversefilmDoctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, produced by Marvel Studios, the theme song from the TV series (orchestrated byDanny Elfmanand credited asX-Men '97 Theme) is played whenCharles Xavier(portrayed byPatrick Stewart) first appears; in the film, unlike his previous performances as the character in Fox'sX-Menfranchise, Stewart's Xavier is visually redesigned to match his animated counterpart, complete with his iconic green suit, blue and black tie, and yellow hoverchair. In television In theMs. Marvelepisode \"No Normal\", set in the MCU, the theme song from theX-Menanimated series is played whenKamala Khandiscovers that she is a \"mutant\". Lawsuit On October 9, 2019, Hungarian immigrant Zoltán Krisko, manager of the estate ofGyörgy Vukán, filed a lawsuit againstMarvel Entertainment Group,Warner Chappell Music,Haim Saban,Shuki Levy,Ron Wasserman,UMG Recordings, the current distributor of Disney Music Group, andFox Corporation. He claims the theme music was plagiarized from the theme song to the 1984–1991 Hungarian action-adventure television seriesLinda, which was composed by Vukán. Notes References Sources External links",
"The Simpsons The Simpsonsis an Americananimated sitcomcreated byMatt Groeningfor theFox Broadcasting Company.Developed by Groening,James L. Brooks, andSam Simon, the series is asatiricaldepiction of American life, epitomized by theSimpson family, which consists ofHomer,Marge,Bart,Lisa, andMaggie. Set in the fictional town ofSpringfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and thehuman condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series ofanimated shortswith producer Brooks. He created adysfunctional familyand named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to \"simpleton\".The shorts became a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). Since its debut on December 17, 1989,771 episodesof the show have been broadcast. It is thelongest-running American animated series,longest-running American sitcom, and thelongest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in seasons and individual episodes. A feature-length film,The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, to critical and commercial success, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerouscomic book series,video games,books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollarmerchandising industry.The Simpsonsis produced byGracie Filmswith20th Televisiondistributing the series.It has been distributed under the20th Television Animationlabel since 2021, although the animation studio has produced animation for the series since season 28. On January 26, 2023, the series was renewed for its 35th and 36th seasons, taking the show through the 2024–25 television season.Both seasons contain a combined total of 51 episodes. Seven of these episodes are season 34 holdovers, while the other 44 will be produced in the production cycle of the upcoming seasons, bringing the show's overall episode total up to 801.Season 35 premiered on October 1, 2023.Season 36 premiered on September 29, 2024. The Simpsonsreceived widespread acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its \"golden age\". Since then, it has been criticized for aperceived decline in quality.Timenamed it the 20th century's best television series,and Erik Adams ofThe A.V. Clubnamed it \"television's crowning achievement regardless of format\".On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 37Primetime Emmy Awards, 34Annie Awards, and 2Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of \"D'oh!\" has been adopted into the English language, whileThe Simpsonshas influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series. Premise Characters The main characters are theSimpson family, who live in the fictional \"Middle America\" town of Springfield.Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at theSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married toMarge(néeBouvier), a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children:Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster;Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; andMaggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family also owns agreyhound,Santa's Little Helper, (who first appeared in the episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\") and a cat,Snowball II, who is replaced by a cat also called Snowball II in the fifteenth-season episode \"I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot\".Extended members of the Simpson and Bouvier family in the main cast include Homer's fatherAbeand Marge's sistersPatty and Selma. Marge's motherJacquelineand Homer's motherMonaappear less frequently. The show includes a vast array of quirky supporting characters, which include Homer's friendsBarney Gumble,Lenny LeonardandCarl Carlson; the school principalSeymour Skinnerand staff members such asEdna KrabappelandGroundskeeper Willie; students such asMilhouse Van Houten,Nelson MuntzandRalph Wiggum; shopkeepers such asApu Nahasapeemapetilon,Comic Book GuyandMoe Szyslak; government figuresMayor \"Diamond\" Joe QuimbyandClancy Wiggum; next-door neighborNed Flanders; local celebrities such asKrusty the Clownand news reporterKent Brockman; nuclear tycoonMontgomery Burnsand his devoted assistantWaylon Smithers; anddozens more. The creators originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town. A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes. According to Matt Groening, the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the comedy showSCTV. Continuity and the floating timeline Despite the depiction of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays passing, the characters never age. The series uses afloating timelinein which episodes generally take place in the year the episode is produced. Flashbacks and flashforwards do occasionally depict the characters at other points in their lives, with the timeline of these depictions also generally floating relative to the year the episode is produced. For example, the 1991 episodes \"The Way We Was\" and \"I Married Marge\" depict Homer and Marge as high schoolers in the 1970s who had Bart (who is always 10 years old) in the early '80s, while the 2008 episode \"That '90s Show\" depicts Homer and Marge as a childless couple in the '90s, and the 2021 episode \"Do Pizza Bots Dream of Electric Guitars\" portrays Homer as an adolescent in the same period. The 1995 episode \"Lisa's Wedding\" takes place during Lisa's college years in the then-future year of 2010, the same year the show began airing its22nd season, in which Lisa was still 8. Regarding the contradictory flashbacks, Selman stated that \"they all kind of happened in their imaginary world.\" The show follows a loose and inconsistent continuity. For example,Krusty the Clownmay be able to read in one episode, but not inanother. However, it is consistently portrayed that he isJewish, that his father was arabbi, and that his career began in the 1960s. The latter point introduces another snag in the floating timeline: historical periods that are a core part of a character's backstory remain so even when their age makes it unlikely or impossible, such asGrampa SimpsonandPrincipal Skinner's respective service inWorld War IIandVietnam. The only episodes not part of the series' main canon are theTreehouse of Horrorepisodes, which often feature the deaths of main characters. Characters who die in \"regular\" episodes, such asMaude Flanders,Mona SimpsonandEdna Krabappel, however, stay dead. Most episodes end with thestatus quobeing restored, though occasionally major changes will stick, such as Lisa's conversions tovegetarianismandBuddhism, the divorce ofMilhouse van Houten's parents, and the marriage and subsequent parenthood ofApuandManjula. Setting The Simpsonstakes place in a fictional American town calledSpringfield. Although there are many real settlements in America named Springfield,the town the show is set in is fictional. The state it is in is not established. In fact, the show is intentionally evasive with regard to Springfield's location.Springfield's geography and that of its surroundings is inconsistent: from one episode to another, it may have coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, mountains, or whatever the story or joke requires.Groening has said that Springfield has much in common withPortland, Oregon, the city where he grew up.Groening has said that he named it afterSpringfield, Oregon, and the fictitious Springfield which was the setting of the seriesFather Knows Best. He \"figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do.\"Many landmarks, including street names, have connections to Portland. Production Development When producerJames L. Brookswas working on the television variety showThe Tracey Ullman Show, he decided to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonistMatt Groening'sLife in Hellcomic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts. Groening initially intended to present an animated version of hisLife in Hellseries.However, Groening later realized that animatingLife in Hellwould require the rescinding ofpublication rightsfor his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons.He named the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name, adopting ananagramof the wordbrat. The Simpson family first appeared asshortsinThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987.Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts.The animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo,withWes Archer,David Silverman, andBill Koppbeing animators for the first season.The colorist, \"Georgie\" Gyorgyi Kovacs Peluce (Kovács Györgyike)made the characters yellow; as Bart, Lisa and Maggie have no hairlines, she felt they would look strange if they were flesh-colored. Groening supported the decision, saying: \"Marge is yellow with blue hair? That's hilarious — let's do it!\" In 1989, a team of production companies adaptedThe Simpsonsinto a half-hour series for theFox Broadcasting Company. The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content.Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \"the mainstream trash\" that they were watching.The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989, with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\".\"Some Enchanted Evening\" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990, as the last episode of the first season, because of animation problems.In 1992,Tracey Ullmanfiled a lawsuit against Fox, claiming that her show was the source of the series' success. The suit said she should receive a share of the profits ofThe Simpsons—a claim rejected by the courts. Executive producers and showrunners List of showrunners throughout the series' run: Matt Groening and James L. Brooks have served as executive producers during the show's entire history, and also function as creative consultants.Sam Simon, described by formerSimpsonsdirectorBrad Birdas \"the unsung hero\" of the show,served as creative supervisor for the first four seasons. He was constantly at odds with Groening, Brooks and the show's production companyGracie Filmsand left in 1993.Before leaving, he negotiated a deal that sees him receive a share of the profits every year, and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since 1993,at least until his passing in 2015.A more involved position on the show is theshowrunner, who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season. Writing The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted ofJohn Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,George Meyer,Jeff Martin,Al Jean,Mike Reiss,Jay KogenandWallace Wolodarsky.NewerSimpsons'writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December.The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers.Until 2004,George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits.Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events. Credited with sixty episodes,John Swartzwelderis the most prolific writer onThe Simpsons.One of the best-known former writers isConan O'Brien, who contributed to several episodes in the early 1990s before replacingDavid Lettermanas host of the talk showLate Night.English comedianRicky Gervaiswrote the episode \"Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife\", becoming the first celebrity both to write and guest star in the same episode.Seth RogenandEvan Goldberg, writers of the filmSuperbad, wrote the episode \"Homer the Whopper\", with Rogen voicing a character in it. At the end of 2007, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. The show's writers had joined the guild in 1998. In May 2023, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. Voice actors The Simpsonshas six main cast members:Dan Castellaneta,Julie Kavner,Nancy Cartwright,Yeardley Smith,Hank Azaria, andHarry Shearer. Castellaneta voicesHomer Simpson,Grampa Simpson,Krusty the Clown,Groundskeeper Willie,Mayor Quimby,Barney Gumble, and other adult male characters.Julie KavnervoicesMarge SimpsonandPatty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showcast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be needed.Cartwright voicesBart Simpson,Nelson Muntz,Ralph Wiggumand other children.Smith, the voice ofLisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting directorBonita Pietilabelieved her voice was too high,so she was given the role of Lisa instead.Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa, but upon arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, clever\".Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.Cartwright is the only one of the six mainSimpsonscast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family, but play a majority of the male townspeople. Azaria, who has been a part of the main voice cast since the second season in one episode \"Old Money\" and then perpetually part of the regular main voice cast since the third season, voices recurring characters such asMoe Szyslak,Chief Wiggum,Apu NahasapeemapetilonandProfessor Frink. Shearer provides voices forMr. Burns,Mr. Smithers,Principal Skinner,Ned Flanders,Reverend Lovejoyand formerlyDr. Hibbert.Every main cast member has won aPrimetime Emmy AwardforOutstanding Voice-Over Performance. With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice. Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and, therefore, closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists.However, the network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode \"Old Money\", because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work.In 2003, the cast appeared in an episode ofInside the Actors Studio, doing live performances of their characters' voices. The six main actors were paid $30,000 per episode, until 1998, when they were involved in a pay dispute with Fox. The company threatened to replace them with new actors, even going as far as preparing for casting of new voices, but series creator Groening supported the actors in their action.The issue was soon resolved and, from 1998 to 2004, they were paid $125,000 per episode. The show's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales, and in April 2004 the main cast stopped appearing for script readings, demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode.The strike was resolved a month laterand their salaries were increased to something between $250,000and $360,000 per episode.In 2008, production for thetwentieth seasonwas put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors, who wanted a \"healthy bump\" in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode.The negotiations were soon completed, and the actors' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode.Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, the cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode. In addition to the main cast,Pamela Hayden,Tress MacNeille,Marcia Wallace,Maggie Roswell, andRussi Taylorvoice supporting characters.From 1999 to 2002, Roswell's characters were voiced byMarcia Mitzman Gaven.Karl Wiedergotthas also appeared in minor roles, but does not voice any recurring characters.Wiedergott left the show in 2010, and since thenChris Edgerlyhas appeared regularly to voice minor characters. Repeat \"special guest\" cast members includeAlbert Brooks,Phil Hartman,Jon Lovitz,Joe Mantegna,Maurice LaMarche, andKelsey Grammer.Following Hartman's death in 1998, the characters he voiced (Troy McClureandLionel Hutz) were retired;Wallace's character ofEdna Krabappelwas retired as well after her death in 2013. Following Taylor's death in 2019, her characters (includingSherri, Terri, andMartin Prince) are now voiced byGrey Griffin. Episodes will quite often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians and scientists. In the earlier seasons, most of the guest stars voiced characters, but eventually more started appearing as themselves.Tony Bennettwas the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing briefly in the season two episode \"Dancin' Homer\".The Simpsonsholds theworld recordfor \"Most Guest Stars Featured in a Television Series\". The Simpsonshas been dubbed intoseveral other languages, including Japanese, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is also one of the few programs dubbed in bothstandard FrenchandQuebec French.The show has been broadcast in Arabic, but due toIslamiccustoms, numerous aspects of the show have been changed. For example, Homer drinkssodainstead of beer and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. Because of such changes, the Arabized version of the series met with a negative reaction from the lifelongSimpsonsfans in the area. Animation Several different U.S. and international studios animateThe Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts onThe Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo.With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several local and foreign studios.These areAKOM,Anivision,Rough Draft Studios,USAnimation,and Toonzone Entertainment. For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animatedThe Simpsonsin the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Gracie Films, switched domestic production toFilm Roman,who continued to animate the show until 2016 when they were replaced byFox Television Animation, which allowed the show to be made more in-house. InSeason 14, production switched from traditionalcel animationtodigital ink and paint.The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was \"Radioactive Man\" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of theseason 12episode \"Tennis the Menace\", but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed \"Tennis the Menace\" was broadcast as made. The production staff at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, drawsstoryboards, designs new characters, backgrounds, props and draws character and background layouts, which in turn becomeanimaticsto be screened for the writers at Gracie Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas. The overseas studios then draw theinbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later. The series beganhigh-definitionproduction in Season 20; the first episode, \"Take My Life, Please\", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV included a new opening sequence.Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation. Themes The Simpsonsuses the standard setup of a situational comedy, or sitcom, as its premise. The series centers on a family and their life in a typical American town,serving as asatiricalparody of amiddle classAmerican lifestyle.However, because of its animated nature,The Simpsons'scope is larger than that of a regular sitcom. The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society. By having Homer work in anuclear power plant, the show can comment on the state of the environment.Through Bart and Lisa's days atSpringfield Elementary School, the show's writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education. The town features a vast array of television channels, which enables the producers to make jokes about the entertainment industry and the press. Some commentators say the show is political in nature and susceptible to a left-wing bias.Al Jeanacknowledged in an interview that \"We are ofliberalbent.\"The writers often evince an appreciation forprogressive leanings, but the show makes jokes across the political spectrum.The show portrays government and large corporations as evil entities that take advantage of the common worker.Thus, the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light. InThe Simpsons, politicians are corrupt, ministers such asReverend Lovejoyare dismissive to churchgoers, and the local police force is incompetent.Religion also figures as a recurring theme.In times of crisis, the family often turns to God, and the show has dealt with most of the major religions. Sexualityis often a source of jokes in the series or serves as the theme of certain episodes. Even though homosexuals are sometimes sources of gags, the series often comments on how American society treats them, with \"Homer's Phobia\" devoting an entire episode to the family making a gay friend and Homer's initial hostility to him. In 1990,The Simpsonsbecame the first animated early evening show to depict a kiss between two men in \"Simpson and Delilah\". Hallmarks Opening sequence The Simpsons'opening sequenceis one of the show's most memorable hallmarks. The standard opening has gone through three iterations (a replacement of some shots at the start of the second season, and a brand new sequence when the show switched to high-definition in 2009). Each has the same basic sequence of events: the camera zooms throughcumulus clouds, through the show's title towards the town ofSpringfield. The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home. Upon entering their house, the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television. The original opening was created byDavid Silverman, and was the first task he did when production began on the show.The series' distinctivetheme songwascomposedby musicianDanny Elfmanin 1989, after Groening approached him requesting a retro-style piece. This piece has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career. One of the most distinctive aspects of the opening is that three of its elements change from episode to episode: Bart writes different things on the school chalkboard,Lisa plays different solos on her saxophone (or occasionally a different instrument), and different gags accompany the family as they enter their living room to sit on the couch. Halloween episodes The specialHalloweenepisode has become an annual tradition. \"Treehouse of Horror\" first broadcast in 1990 as part ofseason twoand established the pattern of three separate, self-contained stories in each Halloween episode.These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres.They always take place outside the normal continuity of the show. Although theTreehouseseries is meant to be seen on Halloween, this changed by the 2000s (and again in 2020), when new installments have premiered after Halloween due toFox's currentcontractwithMajor League Baseball'sWorld Series.Prior to 2020 (between 2011 and 2019), everyTreehouse of Horrorepisode had aired in October. Humor The show's humor turns on cultural references that cover a wide spectrum of society so that viewers from all generations can enjoy the show. Such references, for example, come from movies, television, music, literature, science, and history.The animators also regularly add jokes or sight gags into the show's background via humorous or incongruous bits of text in signs, newspapers,billboards, and elsewhere. The audience may often not notice the visual jokes in a single viewing. Some are so fleeting that they become apparent only by pausing a video recording of the show or viewing it in slow motion.Kristin Thompson argues thatThe Simpsonsuses a \"flurry of cultural references, intentionally inconsistent characterization, and considerable self-reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show.\" One of Bart's earlyhallmarkswas his prank calls toMoe's TavernownerMoe Szyslakwhere he asks for agag name. Moe tries to find that person in the bar, but soon realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart. These calls were apparently based on a series of prank calls known as theTube Bar recordings, though Groening has denied any causal connection.Moe was based partly on Tube Bar ownerLouis \"Red\" Deutsch, whose often profane responses inspired Moe's violent side.As the series progressed, it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe's angry response, and the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season.The Simpsonsalso often includesself-referential humor.The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting.For example, the episode \"She Used to Be My Girl\" included a scene in which aFox News Channelvan drove down the street while displaying a large \"Bush Cheney 2004\" banner and playingQueen's \"We Are the Champions\", in reference to the2004 U.S. presidential electionand claims ofconservative bias in Fox News. The show usescatchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have at least one each.Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \"D'oh!\", Mr. Burns' \"Excellent\" andNelson Muntz's \"Ha-ha!\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \"¡Ay, caramba!\", \"Don't have a cow, man!\" and \"Eat my shorts!\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days.However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through themerchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on theKrusty the Clown Showsolely for saying \"I didn't do it.\" Purported foreshadowing of actual events The Simpsonshas gained notoriety for jokes that appeared to become reality. Perhaps the most famous example comes from the episode \"Bart to the Future\", which mentions billionaireDonald Trumphaving been president of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke.The episode first aired in 2000, sixteen years before Trump (who at the time wasexploring a presidential run) was elected.Another episode, \"When You Dish Upon a Star\", lampooned20th Century Foxas a division ofThe Walt Disney Company. Nineteen years later,Disney purchased Fox.Other examples purported asThe Simpsonspredicting the future include the introduction of thesmartwatch,video chatservices,Richard Branson's spaceflightandLady Gaga's acrobatic performance at theSuper Bowl LI halftime show. Al Jeanhas commented on the show's purported ability to predict the future, explaining that they are really just \"educated guesses\" and stating that \"if you throw enough darts, you're going to get some bullseyes.\"ProducerBill Oakleystated, \"There are very few cases whereThe Simpsonspredicted something. It's mainly just coincidence because the episodes are so old that history repeats itself.\"Fact-checkingsources such asSnopeshave debunked many of the claimed prophecies, explaining that the show's extensive run means \"a lot of jokes, and a lot of opportunities for coincidences to appear\" and \"most of these 'predictions' have rather simple and mundane explanations\".For example, the device shown onThe Simpsonswith autocorrection is anApple Newton, a real 1993 device notorious for its poorhandwriting recognition.Technologically advanced watches have appeared in numerous works of fiction, decades beforeThe Simpsons. Influence and legacy Idioms A number ofneologismsthat originated onThe Simpsonshave entered popular vernacular.Mark Liberman, director of theLinguistic Data Consortium, remarked, \"The Simpsonshas apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual allusions.\"The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: \"D'oh!\" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in theOxford English Dictionary, but without the apostrophe.Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase fromJames Finlayson, an actor in manyLaurel and Hardycomedies, who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone. The staff ofThe Simpsonstold Castellaneta to shorten the noise, and it went on to become the well-known exclamation in the television series. Groundskeeper Willie's description of the French as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\" was used byNational ReviewcolumnistJonah Goldbergin 2003, after France's opposition to the proposedinvasion of Iraq. The phrase quickly spread to other journalists.\"Cromulent\" and \"embiggen\", words used in \"Lisa the Iconoclast\", have since appeared in theDictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon,and scientific journals respectively.\"Kwyjibo\", a fakeScrabbleword invented by Bart in \"Bart the Genius\", was used as one of the aliases of the creator of theMelissa worm.\"I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords\", was used byKent Brockmanin \"Deep Space Homer\" and has become asnowclone,with variants of the utterance used to express obsequious submission. It has been used in media, such asNew Scientistmagazine.The dismissive term \"Meh\", believed to have been popularized by the show,entered theCollins English Dictionaryin 2008.Other words credited as stemming from the show include \"yoink\" and \"craptacular\". The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotationsincludes several quotations from the show. As well as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", Homer's lines, \"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try\", from \"Burns' Heir\" (season five, 1994) as well as \"Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all\", from \"Eight Misbehavin'\"(season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007. Many quotes/scenes have become popularInternet memes, including Jasper Beardley's quote \"That's a paddlin'\" from \"The PTA Disbands\" (season 6, 1995) and \"Steamed Hams\" from \"22 Short Films About Springfield\" (season 7, 1996). Television The Simpsonswas the first successful animated program in American prime time sinceWait Till Your Father Gets Homein the 1970s.During most of the 1980s, US pundits considered animated shows as appropriate only for children, and animating a show was too expensive to achieve a quality suitable for prime-time television.The Simpsonschanged this perception,initially leading to a short period where networks attempted to recreate prime-time cartoon success with shows likeCapitol Critters,Fish Police, andFamily Dog, which were expensive and unsuccessful.The Simpsons'use of Korean animation studios fortweening, coloring, and filming made the episodes cheaper. The success ofThe Simpsonsand the lower production cost prompted US television networks to take chances on other adult animated series.This development led US producers to a 1990s boom in new, animated prime-time shows for adults, such asBeavis and Butt-Head,South Park,Family Guy,King of the Hill,Futurama(which was created by Matt Groening), andThe Critic(which was also produced by Gracie Films).ForFamily GuycreatorSeth MacFarlane, \"The Simpsonscreated an audience for prime-time animation that had not been there for many, many years ... As far as I'm concerned, they basically re-invented the wheel. They created what is in many ways—you could classify it as—a wholly new medium.\" The Simpsonshas had crossovers with four other shows. In the episode \"A Star Is Burns\", Marge invites Jay Sherman, the main character ofThe Critic, to be a judge for a film festival in Springfield. Matt Groening had his name removed from the episode since he had no involvement withThe Critic.South Parklater paid homage toThe Simpsonswith the episode \"Simpsons Already Did It\".In \"Simpsorama\", the Planet Express crew fromFuturamacome to Springfield in the present to prevent the Simpsons from destroying the future.In theFamily Guyepisode \"The Simpsons Guy\", the Griffins visit Springfield and meet the Simpsons. The Simpsonshas also influenced live-action shows likeMalcolm in the Middle, which featured the use ofsight gagsand did not use alaugh trackunlike most sitcoms.Malcolm in the Middledebuted January 9, 2000, in the time slot afterThe Simpsons.Ricky GervaiscalledThe Simpsonsan influence onThe Office,and fellow British sitcomSpacedwas, according to its directorEdgar Wright, \"an attempt to do a live-actionThe Simpsons\".InGeorgia, the animated television sitcomThe Samsonadzes, launched in November 2009, has been noted for its very strong resemblance withThe Simpsons, which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged. LGBT representation The Simpsonshas historically been open to portrayals ofLGBTcharacters and settings, and it has routinely challengedheteronormativity.It was one of several animated television shows in the United States that began introducing characters that were LGBT, both openly and implied, in the 1990s.While early episodes involving LGBT characters primarily included them through the use of stereotypes,The Simpsonsdeveloped several prominent LGBT characters over its run.Producers of the show, such asMatt GroeningandAl Jean, have expressed their opinion that LGBT representation in media is important, and that they seek to actively include it.Some characters, such as Julio, were created with their sexual orientation in mind, with it being central to their character.The show expanded its roster of openly LGBT characters through episodes in which prominent charactersPatty BouvierandWaylon Smitherscame out in seasons16and27, respectively. Release Broadcast Syndication The cable television networkFXX, a sibling of 20th Television and formerly the Fox network, hasexclusive cable and digital syndicationrights forThe Simpsons.Original contracts had previously stated that syndication rights forThe Simpsonswould not be sold to cable until the series conclusion, at a time when cable syndication deals were highly rare. The series has been syndicated to local broadcast stations in nearly all markets throughout the United States since September 1994. FXX premieredThe Simpsonson their network on August 21, 2014, by starting a twelve-daymarathonwhich featured the first 552 episodes (every single episode that had already been released at the time) aired chronologically, includingThe Simpsons Movie, which FX Networks had already owned the rights to air. It was the longest continuous marathon in the history of television (untilVH1 Classicaired a 433-hour, nineteen-day, marathon ofSaturday Night Livein 2015; celebrating that program's 40th anniversary).The first day of the marathon was the highest rated broadcast day in the history of the network so far, the ratings more than tripled those of regular prime time programming for FXX.Ratings during the first six nights of the marathon grew night after night, with the network ranking within the top 5 networks in basic cable each night.In Australia, a marathon of every episode of the show (at the time) aired from December 16, 2019, to January 5, 2020, onFox8(a cable network operated on pay TV providerFoxteland a corporate sibling to the American Fox network). After Disneyacquiredboth 20th Television and FX Networks, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswould air on the company'sFreeformchannel starting October 2, 2019. Streaming and digital sell-through On October 21, 2014, a digital service courtesy of theFXNOWapp, calledSimpsons World, launched with every episode of the series accessible to authenticated FX subscribers, and is available on game consoles such asXbox One, streaming devices such asRokuandApple TV, and online via web browser.There was early criticism of both wrong aspect ratios for earlier episodes and the length of commercial breaks on the streaming service, but that problem was soon amended with fewer commercial breaks during individual episodes.Later it was announced thatSimpsons Worldwould now let users watch all of the SD episodes in their original format.Simpsons Worldwas discontinued after the launch ofDisney+on November 12, 2019, where the series streams exclusively.Initially, the series was only available cropped to16:9without the option to view the original4:3versions, reigniting criticisms of cropping old episodes.In response, Disney announced that \"in early 2020, Disney+ will make the first 19 seasons (and some episodes from season 20) ofThe Simpsonsavailable in their original 4:3 aspect ratio, giving subscribers a choice of how they prefer to view the popular series.\"On May 28, 2020, Disney+ made the first 19 seasons, along with some episodes from season 20, ofThe Simpsonsavailable in both 16:9 and the original 4:3 aspect ratio.Season 31 came to Disney+ on October 2, 2020, withHulustreaming the latest episodes of season 32 the next day. Season 32 came to Disney+ on September 29, 2021. The season 3 premiere \"Stark Raving Dad\", which featuresMichael Jacksonas the voice of Leon Kompowsky, was pulled out of rotation in 2019 by Matt Groening, James L. Brooks and Al Jean afterHBOaired the documentaryLeaving Neverland, in which two men share details into how Jackson allegedly abused them as children.It is therefore unavailable on Disney+. However, the episode is still available onThe Complete Third SeasonDVD box set released on August 26, 2003. In July 2017, all episodes from seasons 4 to 19 were made available for purchase on theiTunes Storein Canada. On August 10, 2024, it was announced that four episodes of season 36 would air exclusively on Disney+. Reception and achievements Early success The Simpsonswas the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows.In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \"Bartmania\".He became the most prevalentSimpsonscharacter on memorabilia, such asT-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold;as many as one million were sold on some days.Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\".The Simpsonsmerchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 theFox Networkdecided to switchThe Simpsons'time slot from 8:00 p.m.ETon Sunday night to the same time on Thursday, where it competed withThe Cosby ShowonNBC, thenumber one showat the time.Through the summer, several news outlets published stories about the supposed \"Bill vs. Bart\" rivalry.\"Bart Gets an 'F'\"(season two, 1990) was the first episode to air againstThe Cosby Show, and it received a lowerNielsen rating, tying for eighth behindThe Cosby Show, which had an 18.5 rating. The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show, butNielsen Media Researchestimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network,and it is still the highest rated episode in the history ofThe Simpsons.The show moved back to its Sunday slot in 1994 and has remained there ever since. The Simpsonshas received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, and it has been noted for being described as \"the most irreverent and unapologetic show on the air.\"In a 1990 review of the show, Ken Tucker ofEntertainment Weeklydescribed it as \"the American family at its most complicated, drawn as simple cartoons. It's this neat paradox that makes millions of people turn away from the three big networks on Sunday nights to concentrate on The Simpsons.\"Tucker also described the show as a \"pop-cultural phenomenon, a prime-time cartoon show that appeals to the entire family.\" Run length achievements On February 9, 1997,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Flintstoneswith the episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States.In 2004,The SimpsonsreplacedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet(1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States in terms of the number of years airing.In 2009,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet's record of 435 episodes and is now recognized byGuinness World Recordsas the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count).In October 2004,Scooby-Doobriefly overtookThe Simpsonsas the American animated show with the highest number of episodes (albeit under several different iterations).However, network executives in April 2005 again canceledScooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, andThe Simpsonsreclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season.In May 2007,The Simpsonsreached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. WhileThe Simpsonshas the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassedThe Simpsons.For example, the JapaneseanimeseriesSazae-sanhas over 2,000 episodes (7,000+ segments) to its credit. In 2009, Fox began a year-long celebration of the show titled \"Best. 20 Years. Ever.\" to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the premiere ofThe Simpsons. One of the first parts of the celebration is the \"Unleash Your Yellow\" contest in which entrants must design a poster for the show.The celebration ended on January 10, 2010 (almost 20 years after \"Bart the Genius\" aired on January 14, 1990), withThe Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!, a documentary special by documentary filmmakerMorgan Spurlockthat examines the \"cultural phenomenon ofThe Simpsons\". As of the twenty-first season (2009–2010),The Simpsonsbecame the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, having surpassed the 1955–1975 run ofGunsmoke. On April 29, 2018,The Simpsonsalso surpassedGunsmoke's 635-episode count with the episode \"Forgive and Regret\". The Simpsonsis both the longest-running and the highest ranking animated series to feature onTV Time's top 50 most followed TV shows ever. On February 6, 2019, it was announced thatThe Simpsonshas been renewed for seasons 31 and 32. On March 3, 2021, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswas renewed for seasons 33 and 34. Awards and honors The Simpsonshas won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 34Primetime Emmy Awards,34Annie Awardsand aPeabody Award.In a 1999 issue celebrating the 20th century's greatest achievements in arts and entertainment,TimenamedThe Simpsonsthe century's best television series, writing: \"Dazzlingly intelligent and unapologetically vulgar, the Simpsons have surpassed the humor, topicality and, yes, humanity of past TV greats.\"In that same issue,Timeincluded Bart Simpson in theTime 100, the publication's list of the century's 100 most influential people.Bart was the only fictional character on the list. On January 14, 2000, the Simpsons were awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.Also in 2000,Entertainment Weeklymagazine TV critic Ken Tucker namedThe Simpsonsthe greatest television show of the1990s. Furthermore, viewers of the UK television channelChannel 4have votedThe Simpsonsat the top of two polls: 2001's 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows (despite the show not being aimed at children),and 2005's The 100 Greatest Cartoons,with Homer Simpson voted into first place in 2001's 100 Greatest TV Characters.Homer also placed ninth onEntertainment Weekly'slist of the \"50 Greatest TV icons\".In 2002,The Simpsonsranked No. 8 onTV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time,and was ranked the No. 6 cult show in 2004.In 2007, it moved to No. 8 on TV Guide's cult shows listand was included inTime'slist of the \"100 Best TV Shows of All Time\".In 2008 the show was placed in first onEntertainment Weekly's\"Top 100 Shows of the Past 25 Years\".Empirenamed it the greatest TV show of all time.In 2010,Entertainment Weeklynamed Homer \"the greatest character of the last 20 years\",while in 2013 theWriters Guild of AmericalistedThe Simpsonsas the 11th \"best written\" series in television history.In 2013,TV GuiderankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest TV cartoon of all timeand the tenth greatest show of all time.A 2015The Hollywood Reportersurvey of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named it as their No. 10 favorite show.In 2015, British newspaperThe TelegraphnamedThe Simpsonsas one of the 10 best TV sitcoms of all time.Television criticsAlan SepinwallandMatt Zoller SeitzrankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 bookTV (The Book).In 2022,Rolling StonerankedThe Simpsonsas the second-greatest TV show of all time.In 2023,VarietyrankedThe Simpsonsas the fourth-greatest TV show of all time. Criticism Controversy Bart's rebellious, bad boy nature, which underlies his misbehavior and rarely leads to any punishment, led some people to characterize him as a poorrole modelfor children.In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a \"threat to learning\" because of his \"underachiever and proud of it\" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.Others described him as \"egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited\".In a 1991 interview,Bill Cosbydescribed Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him \"angry, confused, frustrated\". In response, Matt Groening said, \"That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do.\"On January 27, 1992, then-PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushsaid, \"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more likethe Waltonsand a lot less like the Simpsons.\"The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment that aired three days later before a rerun of \"Stark Raving Dad\" in which Bart replied, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end tothe Depression, too.\" The show also received criticism from the nuclear power industry in its early years, with its portrayal of the evil boss Mr. Burns and \"bungling idiot\" employees (including Homer Simpson himself) with their lack of safety and security.In a letter to the nuclear power-backedU.S. Council for Energy Awareness, producer Sam Simon apologized, stating, \"I apologize that the Simpsons have offended a lot of people in the energy industry. I agree with you that in real life, Homer Simpson would not be employed at a nuclear power plant. On the other hand, he probably wouldn't be employed anywhere.\" Various episodes of the show have generated controversy. The Simpsons visit Australia in \"Bart vs. Australia\" (season six, 1995) and Brazil in \"Blame It on Lisa\" (season 13, 2002) and both episodes generated controversy and negative reaction in the visited countries.In the latter case, Rio de Janeiro's tourist board—which claimed that the city was portrayed as having rampant street crime, kidnappings, slums, and monkey and rat infestations—went so far as to threaten Fox with legal action.Groening was a fierce and vocal critic of the episode \"A Star Is Burns\" (season six, 1995), which featured acrossoverwithThe Critic. He felt that it was just an advertisement forThe Critic, and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him. When he was unsuccessful in getting the episode pulled, he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns, openly criticizing James L. Brooks and saying the episode \"violates the Simpsons' universe.\" In response, Brooks said, \"I am furious with Matt, ... he's allowed his opinion, but airing this publicly in the press is going too far. ... his behavior right now is rotten.\" \"The Principal and the Pauper\" (season nine, 1997) is one of the most controversial episodes ofThe Simpsons. Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation thatSeymour Skinner, a recurring character since the first season, was an impostor. The episode has been criticized by Groening and byHarry Shearer, who provides the voice of Skinner. In a 2001 interview, Shearer recalled that after reading the script, he told the writers, \"That'ssowrong. You're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason, for a story we've done before with other characters. It's so arbitrary and gratuitous, and it's disrespectful to the audience.\" Bans The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries. China banned it from prime-time television in August 2006, \"in an effort to protect China's struggling animation studios.\"In 2008,Venezuelabarred the show from airing on morning television as it was deemed \"unsuitable for children\".The same year, several RussianPentecostalchurches demanded thatThe Simpsons,South Parkand some other Western cartoons be removed from broadcast schedules \"for propaganda of various vices\" and the broadcaster's license to be revoked. However, a court decision later dismissed this request. Perceived decline in quality Critics' reviews of earlySimpsonsepisodes praised the show for its sassy humor, wit, realism, and intelligence.However, in the late 1990s, around the airing ofseason 9, the tone and emphasis of the show began to change. Some critics started calling the show \"tired\".By 2000, some long-term fans had become disillusioned with the show, and pointed to its shift from character-driven plots to what they perceived as an overemphasis on zany antics.Jim Schembri ofThe Sydney Morning Heraldattributed the decline in quality to an abandonment of character-driven storylines in favor of celebritycameo appearancesand references to popular culture. Schembri wrote in 2011: \"The central tragedy ofThe Simpsonsis that it has gone from commanding attention to merely being attention-seeking. It began by proving that cartoon characters don't have to be caricatures; they can be invested with real emotions. Now the show has in essence fermented into a limp parody of itself. Memorable story arcs have been sacrificed for the sake of celebrity walk-ons and punchline-hungry dialogue.\" In 2010, the BBC noted \"the common consensus is thatThe Simpsons'golden era ended afterseason nine\",and Todd Leopold of CNN, in an article looking at its perceived decline, stated \"for many fans ... the glory days are long past.\"Similarly, Tyler Wilson ofCoeur d'Alene Presshas referred to seasons one to nine as the show's \"golden age\",and Ian Nathan ofEmpiredescribed the show's classic era as being \"say, the first ten seasons\".Jon HeacockofLucidWorksstated that \"for the first ten years , the show was consistently at the top of its game\", with \"so many moments, quotations, and references – both epic and obscure – that helped turn the Simpson family into the cultural icons that they remain to this day\". Mike Scully, who was showrunner during seasons nine throughtwelve, has been the subject of criticism.Chris Suellentrop ofSlatewrote that \"under Scully's tenure,The Simpsonsbecame, well, a cartoon ... Episodes that once would have ended withHomer and Marge bicycling into the sunsetnow end withHomer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge's neck. The show's still funny, but it hasn't been touching in years.\"When asked in 2007 how the series' longevity is sustained, Scully joked: \"Lower your quality standards. Once you've done that you can go on forever.\" Al Jean, who was showrunner during seasonsthirteenthroughthirty-three,has also been the subject of criticism, with some arguing that the show has continued to decline in quality under his tenure. Former writers have complained that under Jean, the show is \"on auto-pilot\", \"too sentimental\", and the episodes are \"just being cranked out\". Some critics believe that the show has \"entered a steady decline under Jean and is no longer really funny\".John Ortved, author ofThe Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History, characterized the Jean era as \"toothless\",and criticized what he perceived as the show's increase in social and political commentary.Jean responded: \"Well, it's possible that we've declined. But honestly, I've been here the whole time and I do remember in season two people saying, 'It's gone downhill.' If we'd listened to that then we would have stopped after episode 13. I'm glad we didn't.\" In 2004, cast memberHarry Shearercriticized what he perceived as the show's declining quality: \"I rate the last three seasons as among the worst, soseason fourlooks very good to me now.\"Cast memberDan Castellanetaresponded: \"I don't agree, ... I think Harry's issue is that the show isn't as grounded as it was in the first three or four seasons, that it's gotten crazy or a little more madcap. I think it organically changes to stay fresh.\"Also in 2004 authorDouglas Couplanddescribed claims of declining quality in the series as \"hogwash\", saying \"The Simpsonshasn't fumbled the ball in fourteen years, it's hardly likely to fumble it now.\"In an April 2006 interview, Groening said: \"I honestly don't see any end in sight. I think it's possible that the show will get too financially cumbersome ... but right now, the show is creatively, I think, as good or better than it's ever been. The animation is incredibly detailed and imaginative, the stories do things that we haven't done before, so creatively there's no reason to quit.\" In 2016, popular culture writer Anna Leszkiewicz suggested that even thoughThe Simpsonsstill holds cultural relevance, \"contemporary appeal\" is only for the \"first ten or so seasons\", with recent episodes only garnering mainstream attention when a favorite character from the golden era is killed off, or when new information and shock twists are given for old characters.The series' ratings have also declined; while thefirst seasonenjoyed an average of 13.4 million viewing households per episode in the U.S.,thetwenty-first seasonhad an average of 7.2 million viewers. Alan SepinwallandMatt Zoller Seitzargued in their 2016 book titledTV (The Book)that the peak ofThe Simpsonsare \"roughlyseasons 3–12\", and that despite the decline, episodes from the later seasons such as \"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind\" and \"Holidays of Future Passed\" could be considered on par with the earlier classic episodes, further stating that \"even if you want to call the show today a thin shadow of its former self, think about how mind-boggingly great its former self had to be for so-diminished a version to be watchable at all.\" In 2020,Uproxxwriter Josh Kurp stated that while he agrees with the sentiment thatThe Simpsonsis not as good as it used to be, it is because \"it was working at a level of comedy and characterization that no show ever has.\" He felt there were still many reasons to watch the series, as it was \"still capable of quality television, and even the occasional new classic\" and the fact that the show was willing to experiment, giving examples such as bringing on guest animators likeDon HertzfeldtandSylvain Chometto produce couch gags, and guest writers likeSeth RogenandEvan Goldberg,Pete HolmesandMegan Amramto write episodes.In theseason 32episode \"I, Carumbus\", the show itself makes a nod to these concerns in its credits gag where the godJupiternotes that \"It definitely feels like they're wrapping it up ... any day now.\" In a 2021 interview withNME, Jean was quoted as saying, \"To people who sayThe Simpsonsisn't as good as it used to be, I would say I think the world isn't as good as it used to be. But we're declining at a slower rate.\" Race controversy The stereotypical nature of the characterApu Nahasapeemapetilonhas been the subject of controversy. Indian-American comedianHari Kondabolustated in his 2017 documentaryThe Problem with Aputhat as a child he was a fan ofThe Simpsonsand liked Apu, but he now finds the character's stereotypical nature troublesome. Defenders of the character responded that the show is built on comical stereotypes, with creator Matt Groening saying, \"that's the nature of cartooning.\"He added that he was \"proud of what we do on the show\", and \"it's a time in our culture where people love to pretend they're offended\".In response to the controversy, Apu's voice actor,Hank Azaria, said he was willing to step aside from his role as Apu: \"The most important thing is to listen to South Asian people, Indian people in this country when they talk about what they feel and how they think about this character.\"In February 2020, he confirmed that he would no longer voice Apu. Groening stated at the same time that the character would remain in the show. The criticisms were referenced in the season 29 episode \"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\", when Lisa breaks thefourth walland addresses the audience by saying, \"Something that started decades ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?\" to which Marge replies, \"Some things will be addressed at a later date.\" Lisa adds, \"If at all.\" This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying \"Don't have a cow, Apu\", a play on Bart's catchphrase \"Don't have a cow, man,\" as well as the fact that manyHindusdo not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show,which Groening denied. On June 26, 2020, in light of the variousBlack Lives Matterprotests, Fox announced that recurring characters of color (Carl CarlsonandDr. Hibbert, among others) would no longer be voiced by white actors.Beginning withseason 32, Carl, a black character originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by black actorAlex Désert.In addition,Bumblebee Man, a Spanish-speaking Latino character also originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by Mexican-American actorEric Lopez,and Dr. Hibbert, a black character originally voiced byHarry Shearer, is now voiced by black actorKevin Michael Richardson. Other media Comic books Numerous Simpson-related comic books have been released over the years. The firstcomic stripsbased onThe Simpsonsappeared in 1991 in the magazineSimpsons Illustrated, which was a companion magazine to the show.The comic strips were popular and a one-shot comic book titledSimpsons Comics and Stories, containing four different stories, was released in 1993 for the fans.The book was a success and due to this, Groening and his companionsBill Morrison, Mike Rote, and Steve and Cindy Vance created the publishing companyBongo Comics.A total of nine comic book series were published by Bongo Comics between 1993 and the company's dissolution in 2018.Issues ofSimpsons Comics,Bart Simpson's Treehouse of HorrorandBart Simpsonhave been collected and reprinted intrade paperbacksin the United States byHarperCollins. Film 20th Century FoxandGracie FilmsproducedThe Simpsons Movie, an animated film that was released on July 27, 2007.The film was directed by long-timeSimpsonsproducerDavid Silvermanand written by a team ofSimpsonswriters comprising Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, Al Jean, George Meyer,Mike Reiss,John Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,David Mirkin,Mike Scully,Matt Selman, andIan Maxtone-Graham.Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long-time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded.There had been talk of a possible feature-lengthSimpsonsfilm ever since the early seasons of the series. James L. Brooks originally thought that the story of the episode \"Kamp Krusty\" was suitable for a film, but he encountered difficulties in trying to expand the script to feature-length.For a long time, difficulties such as lack of a suitable story and an already fully engaged crew of writers delayed the project. On August 10, 2018, 20th Century Fox announced that a sequel is in development. Music Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albumsSongs in the Key of Springfield,Go Simpsonic with The SimpsonsandThe Simpsons: Testify.Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release and have not been featured on the show. The albumThe Simpsons Sing the Blueswas released in September 1990 and was a success, peaking at No. 3 on theBillboard200and becoming certified 2× platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America.The first single from the album was thepop rapsong \"Do the Bartman\", performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written byMichael Jackson, although he did not receive any credit.The Yellow Albumwas released in 1998, but received poor reception and did not chart in any country. The SimpsonsRide In 2007, it was officially announced thatThe SimpsonsRide, asimulator ride, would be implemented into theUniversal Studios OrlandoandUniversal Studios Hollywood.It officially opened May 15, 2008, in Floridaand May 19, 2008, in Hollywood.In the ride, patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built byKrusty the Clown. However,Sideshow Bobis loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and theSimpson family.It features more than 24 regular characters fromThe Simpsonsand features the voices of the regular cast members, as well asPamela Hayden,Russi TaylorandKelsey Grammer.Harry Shearerdid not participate in the ride, so none of his characters have vocal parts.The ride also features clips from the show in the waiting line. Video games Numerous video games based on the show have been produced. Some of the early games includeKonami'sarcade gameThe Simpsons(1991) andAcclaim Entertainment'sThe Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants(1991).More modern games includeThe Simpsons: Road Rage(2001),The Simpsons: Hit & Run(2003) andThe Simpsons Game(2007).Electronic Arts, which producedThe Simpsons Game, has owned the exclusive rights to create video games based on the show since 2005.In 2010, they released a game calledThe Simpsons ArcadeforiOS.Another EA-produced mobile game,Tapped Out, was released in 2012 for iOS users, then in 2013 forAndroidandKindleusers.TwoSimpsonspinballmachines have been produced: one that was available briefly after the first season, and another in 2007, both out of production. Merchandise The popularity ofThe Simpsonshas made it a billion-dollar merchandising industry.The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T-shirts to posters.The Simpsonshas been used as a theme for special editions of well-known board games, includingClue,Scrabble,Monopoly,Operation, andThe Game of Life, as well as thetriviagames What Would Homer Do? and SimpsonsJeopardy!. Several card games such astrump cardsand The Simpsons Trading Card Game have also been released. Many official or unofficialSimpsonsbooks such as episode guides have been published. Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the first season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the first season ofChappelle's Show.In particular, seasons one through seventeen were released on DVD for 13 years between September 2001 to December 2014 in the U.S./Canada (Region 1), Europe (Region 2), and Australia/New Zealand/Latin America (Region 4). However, on April 8, 2015, Al Jean announced that the Season 17 DVD would be the last one ever produced, leaving the collection from Seasons 1 to 17, Season 20 (released out of order in 2010), with Seasons 18, 19, and 21 onwards unreleased.Jean also stated that the deleted scenes and commentaries would try to be released to the Simpsons World app, and that they were pushing for Simpsons World to be expanded outside of the U.S.Two years later, however, on July 22, 2017, it was announced that Season 18 would be released on December 5, 2017, on DVD.Another two years later, on July 20, 2019, it was announced that Season 19 would be released on December 3, 2019, on DVD. In 2003, about 500 companies around the world were licensed to useSimpsonscharacters in their advertising.As a promotion forThe Simpsons Movie, twelve7-Elevenstores were transformed intoKwik-E-Martsand soldThe Simpsonsrelated products. These included \"Buzz Cola\", \"Krusty-O\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \"Squishees\". In 2008, consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related toThe Simpsons, with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts.On April 9, 2009, theUnited States Postal Serviceunveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary.The Simpsonsis the first television series still in production to receive this recognition.The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009.Approximately one billion were printed, but only 318 million were sold, costing the Postal Service $1.2 million. References Bibliography Further reading External links",
"List of animated television series by episode count This is a list ofanimated television seriesby episode count. This article does not includeanimeseries which originate fromJapan(for this see thelist of anime series by episode count). Single series with at least 100 episodes and television franchises with at least 40 episodes are listed. Single series Longest-running animated television franchises See also References"
] | [
"Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary",
"close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater",
"encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and",
"D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S.",
"Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr.",
"1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they",
"From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \"Barry\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade",
"from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \"Barry\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana,",
"andcocaineduring his teenage years to \"push questions of who I was out of my mind\".Obama was also a member of the \"Choom Gang\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating,",
"After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya,",
"weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama",
"In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\" he said. \"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings",
"other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as",
"for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox",
"wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to",
"were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \"was not raised in a religious household.\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\", and \"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\" He described",
"He described his father as a \"confirmedatheist\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life",
"of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \"of all the different people I've met along the way\", adding: \"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\" The items, \"a whole bowl full\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of",
"a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of",
"Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures.",
"homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his",
"2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \"it's not too late\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won",
"election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black",
"Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an",
"Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental",
"and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\"House Divided\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered",
"candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance",
"his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States",
"three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \"It Begins with Us\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as",
"to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential",
"to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \"strict guidelines\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama",
"nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on",
"House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to",
"urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \"common-sense gun reform\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but",
"as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \"postracial America\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of",
"thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a",
"for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \"a great deal\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving",
"people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in",
"Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing.",
"while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \"Cash for Clunkers\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the",
"to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the",
"November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \"unusually uncertain\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \"it is impossible to determine how many of the",
"how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new",
"benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \"defining challenge of our time\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan",
"formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of",
"the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic",
"known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public",
"a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \"Obamacare\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \"out-of-pocket\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share",
"the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was",
"the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \"closely-held\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \"established by the State\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \"new era\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \"break\" and \"reset\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by",
"to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \"A New Beginning\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to",
"The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \"Joint Planning Cell\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama",
"18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays.\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American",
"3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \"Panther Brigade\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \"dangerous distraction\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\", an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"He replaced",
"replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \"greatest threat\" to the security of Afghanistan and",
"of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \"surgical raid\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from",
"and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the",
"2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group,",
"Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring",
"seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \"dangerous\" and \"bad.\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization,",
"the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk",
"the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\" and that it was \"a mess\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \"worst mistake\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have",
"later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \"red line\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \"Complex Modernization\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled",
"The deal titled the \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.",
"the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\", adding that the legacy of this",
"the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68",
"with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval",
"approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as",
"world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \"call to action\" and remarked: \"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \"thanks, Obama\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\"#thanks",
"hashtag\"#thanks Obama\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H.",
"Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc",
"VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \"wokeness\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \"an absolute chaotic disaster\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the",
"Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court",
"the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \"could ultimately backfire.\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian",
"Zelizercredits Obama with \"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\" Zeitzer calls this the \"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \"in areas many Progressives hold dear\", including",
"dear\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \"a disappointingly conventional president\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \"skinny repeal\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama",
"theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama",
"As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau",
"States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \"mixed\", adding that \"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is",
"Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other",
"X-Men: The Animated Series X-Men: The Animated Series, also known asX-Men, is ananimatedsuperherotelevision series aired in the United States for five seasons from October 31, 1992, to September 20, 1997, onFox'sFox Kidsprogramming block.It wasMarvel Comics' second attempt at an animatedX-Mentelevision series after the pilotX-Men: Pryde of the X-Menwas not picked up.Set in the samefictional universeasSpider-Man(1994–1998), Earth-92131,it was followed by arevival,X-Men '97, which began airing on March 20, 2024, onDisney+to critical acclaim. Production In March 1990,Margaret Loesch(who had previously worked as president and chief executive officer atMarvel Productions) became head ofFox Children's Network.Having championed thePryde of the X-Menpilotin 1989, she ordered 13 episodes ofX-Men.Saban Entertainmentwas contracted to produce the show and hired a small studio,Graz Entertainment, to produce episodes because, at the time, they lacked sufficient staff to handle in-house production. Mark Edward Edens and",
"Edward Edens and Eric Lewald were to write the show, with the two dividing the job between Edens as head writer and Lewald as story editor.The voice work was done throughCanadianstudios, andSouth KoreanstudioAKOMwas hired to animate episodes.X-Menwas initially set to premiere overLabor Dayweekend in September; however, due to production delays, it was delayed to the end of October. When AKOM turned in the first episode, it contained several animation errors, which they refused to fix. Because of time constraints, the episode was aired unfinished;when Fox re-aired the pilot in early 1993, the errors were corrected.The second episode was submitted just before the deadline, with 50 scenes missing and a single day reserved for editing.The two-part episode \"Night of the Sentinels\" originally aired as a \"sneak preview\" on October 31. Because of the production delays and animation errors, Fox threatened to sever AKOM's contracts.The series earned top ratings throughout its first season,and was renewed for a second",
"for a second season of 13 episodes. Throughout its run, producers had to deal with quality control issues, including attempts to cut costs and requests to change the tone of the series to more child-friendly and integrated toys. The show was originally planned to run for 65 episodes, but as a result of its success, Saban funded eleven more episodes, albeit with a reduced budget due to Marvel's bankruptcy. The series is currently owned and distributed byThe Walt Disney Company(Marvel's parent company), which acquired all Fox Kids-related properties fromNews CorporationandSaban Internationalin 2001. The series was added to streaming serviceDisney+following its launch on November 12, 2019, with a revival,X-Men '97, subsequently announced to be in development.The series premiered on March 20, 2024. Episodes Synopsis The show features a team similar to that of the early 1990sX-Mencomics byJim Lee, specifically the Blue Team established early on inX-Men (vol. 2). It consists",
"2). It consists ofCyclops,Wolverine,Rogue,Storm,Beast,Gambit,Jubilee,Jean Grey, andProfessor X, as well as original characterMorph, who is based onChangeling. All 76 episodes were directed by Larry Houston. The series deals with social issues, including divorce (\"Proteus\"), religion (\"Nightcrawler\" and \"Bloodlines\"),the Holocaust(\"Enter Magneto\", \"Deadly Reunions\", \"Days of Future Past\" and \"The Phalanx Covenant\"),AIDShysteria (\"Time Fugitives\"), and loneliness (\"No Mutant Is an Island\"). It satirizes television in the episodes \"Mojovision\" and \"Longshot\". It crossed over withSpider-Manwhen Spider-Man seeks the X-Men's help to stop his progressing mutation. In theabbreviated formof the Secret Wars storyline, theBeyonderandMadame Webselect Spider-Man to lead a team of heroes against a group of villains. An earlier draft of \"Secret Wars\" involved all the X-Men, but transporting the voice cast from Canada to Los Angeles, where production for theSpider-Mananimated series was based, had been too costly in",
"been too costly in previous crossovers, so the episode was rewritten to feature only Storm, whose actress, Iona Morris, lived in Los Angeles. In the first season, the X-Men come into conflict with human conspirators buildingSentinelrobots to kill mutants, Magneto's plan to instigate a human-mutant war, and the powerful mutantApocalypse's plan to eradicate the weak. Other storylines include X-Men member Morph's death at the hands of the Sentinels, Beast's incarceration, and Apocalypse's minions attempting to assassinate U.S. Senator Kelly to turn humans against mutants. In the second season, Cyclops and Jean are married and targeted byMister Sinister, who seeks to use the genetically perfect combination of their DNA to create an army of obedient mutants. Morph returns, having been rescued by Sinister and brainwashed into forcing the X-Men apart. Over time, a rift grows between humans and mutants, with the Friends of Humanity, an anti-mutant group, leading their persecution. Apocalypse returns, developing a",
"developing a deadly plague that he plans to blame on mutants to fuel hatred against them. It features a parallel narrative of Professor X and Magneto being lost in the Savage Land. The third season involves thePhoenix, a cosmic force that merges with Jean Grey and turns her into the Dark Phoenix. It introduces theShi'ar Empire, which includes Lilandra and Gladiator, and seeks to stop the Dark Phoenix. Other storylines include the introduction of Wolverine's former lover turned mercenary, Lady Deathstrike, former X-Men memberIceman, and the villainousShadow King. Volume 5 of theOfficial Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z Hardcoverslists the cartoon as part of the Marvel multiverse, inhabiting Earth-92131. As well, the plague-infested future thatBishoptries to prevent in Season 2 is listed as Earth-13393, whileCable's release of the cure is listed as Earth-121893. Voice cast The series' voice acting was recorded in Toronto studios, with Dan Hennessey serving as voice director. Toronto voice actors had also",
"actors had also been used in the 1960s Marvel Comics cartoons.Catherine Disherhad originally auditioned for the part ofStormbefore she was cast asJean Grey.Chris Potterwas cast in the role ofGambitduring filming forKung Fu: The Legend Continues(1993-1997) which was helpful since his co-starDavid Carradine, a big fan of the comics, helped as he was unfamiliar.Alyson CourtandCal Doddwere neighbors when Court was a child and Dodd was a well-known actor in Canada long before voicing bothJubileeandWolverinerespectively, attributing their characters' chemistry to being previously acquainted with one another. Another voice actor originally had been cast as Jubilee, but Court was cast when the original voice was deemed too sweet and innocent for the role. Principal cast Additional cast Other versions The original opening sequence, used throughout the first four seasons, features the X-Men demonstrating their mutant abilities to an instrumental theme written byRon Wassermanand composed byHaim SabanandShuki Levy. A",
"Levy. A modified version is introduced in season five, episode one (\"Phalanx Covenant, Part One\"), which slightly changes the beginning of the theme. WhenUPNbegan airing reruns on Sunday mornings, an alternate credits sequence was used: a high-quality Japanese-animated version of the original opening. This modified version occasionally appears in the digital streaming release of the show, which was used for re-runs on Toon Disney. In Italy, where the series began airing in 1994 onCanale 5, the intro and outro sequences were replaced by a new sequence and theme song: \"Insuperabili X-Men\", sung by Marco Destro and Pietro Ubaldi. X-Menoriginally aired onTV Tokyofrom 1994 to 1995. For the TV Tokyo dub of the series, the intro was replaced with a new, Japanese-animated sequence and a new theme: \"Rising\" by Ambience. Starting with episode 42, a second intro was used, featuring the song \"Dakishimetai Dare Yori Mo\"(抱きしめたい誰よりも, \"I want to embrace you more than anyone else\"). The end credits sequence was also changed:",
"was also changed: it featured shots of AmericanX-Mencomic books set to the song \"Back to You\", also by Ambience. The TV Tokyo dub was directed by Yoshikazu Iwanami and featured scripts rewritten to include a more humorous, self-satirical tone with an emphasis on comical adlibbing, a hallmark of his dubbing style. Episodes were edited for time so that new segments could be added to the end to promoteX-Men: Children of the Atom, which featured the dub actors pretending to play the game as their characters. A second dub was made in the early 2000s for broadcast onToon Disney (Japan)that is more faithful to the original English scripts and does not cut episodes for time. This version used the original American intro and end credits rather than the unique ones created for the TV Tokyo version. Two versions of the episode \"No Mutant is an Island\" exist, each with a different animation. The first version was aired for Toon Disney reruns, can be seen on digital streaming services such as Amazon Video, aired on Fox",
"Video, aired on Fox Kids in the United States, and uses the remixed intro theme from Season 5. The second version is available on Region 1 DVD, aired on Fox Kids overseas, and uses the default intro theme from Seasons 1–4. Viewership In its prime,X-Mengarnered very highratingsfor a Saturday morning cartoon and received praise for adapting many different storylines from the comics. Haim Saban credits the success of the series in assisting him to sell his next project to Fox:Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. X-Menreached a viewership of over23 millionhouseholds. Legacy X-Men '97 By 2019, there were ongoing talks withDisney+to revive the series.In November 2021, it was revealed that a revival titledX-Men '97was in development which will continue the plot of the series.X-Men '97eventually premiered on March 20, 2024. Beau DeMayo served ashead writerfor the first two seasons, with most of the surviving cast members of the original series reprising their roles, including Dodd, Zann, Buza, Disher, Potter, Sealy-Smith,",
"Sealy-Smith, Hough, and Britton. They were joined byJennifer Hale, Anniwaa Buachie,Ray Chase, Matthew Waterson,JP Karliak, Holly Chou,Jeff Bennett, andA.J. LoCascio. Alyson Court did not reprise her role as Jubilee, requesting that Jubilee be voiced by an Asian actress. She instead returned to voice an alternate version of the character.The series is produced byMarvel Studios Animation, but does not take place within theMarvel Cinematic Universe. Comics X-Men Adventures X-Men Adventureswas acomic bookspin-offof the animated series. Beginning in November 1992, it adapted the first three seasons of the show; in April 1996, it becameAdventures of the X-Men, which contained original stories set within the same continuity.The comic book lasted until March 1997, shortly after the show's cancellation by theFox Network. Bibliography Additionally, stories featuring the same characters were printed through the 19 issues ofSpider-Man Magazine, published between March 1994 and March 1997, alongside stories inspired by",
"stories inspired by the animated seriesSpider-Man. X-Men '92 The comic book seriesX-Men '92was first released as one of the many tie-in titles for Marvel's 2015Secret Warsevent, and continued in its second volume as a regular series in early 2016, starring characters of the TV show's reality. In January 2022 Marvel announced a new series inspired by the cartoon,X-Men '92: House of XCII. Scheduled for publication in April of that same year, the series will explore an alternate universe where the events ofJonathan Hickman'sHouse of X and Powers of Xhappened decades earlier, in the '90s of the original show. Manga Books Previously on X-Men In 2017, series developer and showrunner Eric Lewald released the bookPreviously on X-Men: The Making of an Animated Series, which features his interviews with 36 of the staff and voice cast behind the TV series, as well as Lewald's personal experiences on the series' development and production. X-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series In 2020, Eric Lewald and Julia",
"Lewald and Julia Lewald released the bookX-Men: The Art and Making of The Animated Series, which features previously unseen concept art, storyboards, character models, background layouts, animation cels, and other production/promotional materials, along with new interviews with the series principal artists and production staff. Video games In film The series was credited for being responsible for the beginning development of the 2000X-Menfilm. Fox Kids owner20th Century Foxwas impressed by the success of the TV show, and producerLauren Shuler Donnerpurchased the film rights for them in 1994.The film's success led to afilm franchise, which includes a series of sequels, prequels, and spin-offs, for two decades up to 2020, when the series came to an end due toDisney'sacquisition of Fox, with the character rights reverting to Marvel Studios. Potter revealed that he once auditioned for the role of Cyclops in the 2000 film before losing it toJames Marsden, while Buza would appear in the film proper as a truck",
"proper as a truck driver. In the 2022Marvel Cinematic UniversefilmDoctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, produced by Marvel Studios, the theme song from the TV series (orchestrated byDanny Elfmanand credited asX-Men '97 Theme) is played whenCharles Xavier(portrayed byPatrick Stewart) first appears; in the film, unlike his previous performances as the character in Fox'sX-Menfranchise, Stewart's Xavier is visually redesigned to match his animated counterpart, complete with his iconic green suit, blue and black tie, and yellow hoverchair. In television In theMs. Marvelepisode \"No Normal\", set in the MCU, the theme song from theX-Menanimated series is played whenKamala Khandiscovers that she is a \"mutant\". Lawsuit On October 9, 2019, Hungarian immigrant Zoltán Krisko, manager of the estate ofGyörgy Vukán, filed a lawsuit againstMarvel Entertainment Group,Warner Chappell Music,Haim Saban,Shuki Levy,Ron Wasserman,UMG Recordings, the current distributor of Disney Music Group, andFox Corporation. He claims the",
"He claims the theme music was plagiarized from the theme song to the 1984–1991 Hungarian action-adventure television seriesLinda, which was composed by Vukán. Notes References Sources External links",
"The Simpsons The Simpsonsis an Americananimated sitcomcreated byMatt Groeningfor theFox Broadcasting Company.Developed by Groening,James L. Brooks, andSam Simon, the series is asatiricaldepiction of American life, epitomized by theSimpson family, which consists ofHomer,Marge,Bart,Lisa, andMaggie. Set in the fictional town ofSpringfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and thehuman condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series ofanimated shortswith producer Brooks. He created adysfunctional familyand named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to \"simpleton\".The shorts became a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). Since its debut on December 17, 1989,771 episodesof the",
"episodesof the show have been broadcast. It is thelongest-running American animated series,longest-running American sitcom, and thelongest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in seasons and individual episodes. A feature-length film,The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, to critical and commercial success, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerouscomic book series,video games,books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollarmerchandising industry.The Simpsonsis produced byGracie Filmswith20th Televisiondistributing the series.It has been distributed under the20th Television Animationlabel since 2021, although the animation studio has produced animation for the series since season 28. On January 26, 2023, the series was renewed for its 35th and 36th seasons, taking the show through the 2024–25 television season.Both seasons contain a combined total of 51 episodes. Seven of these episodes are season 34",
"are season 34 holdovers, while the other 44 will be produced in the production cycle of the upcoming seasons, bringing the show's overall episode total up to 801.Season 35 premiered on October 1, 2023.Season 36 premiered on September 29, 2024. The Simpsonsreceived widespread acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its \"golden age\". Since then, it has been criticized for aperceived decline in quality.Timenamed it the 20th century's best television series,and Erik Adams ofThe A.V. Clubnamed it \"television's crowning achievement regardless of format\".On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 37Primetime Emmy Awards, 34Annie Awards, and 2Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of \"D'oh!\" has been adopted into the English language, whileThe Simpsonshas influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series. Premise Characters The",
"Characters The main characters are theSimpson family, who live in the fictional \"Middle America\" town of Springfield.Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at theSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married toMarge(néeBouvier), a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children:Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster;Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; andMaggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family also owns agreyhound,Santa's Little Helper, (who first appeared in the episode \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\") and a cat,Snowball II, who is replaced by a cat also called Snowball II in the fifteenth-season episode \"I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot\".Extended members of the Simpson and Bouvier",
"Simpson and Bouvier family in the main cast include Homer's fatherAbeand Marge's sistersPatty and Selma. Marge's motherJacquelineand Homer's motherMonaappear less frequently. The show includes a vast array of quirky supporting characters, which include Homer's friendsBarney Gumble,Lenny LeonardandCarl Carlson; the school principalSeymour Skinnerand staff members such asEdna KrabappelandGroundskeeper Willie; students such asMilhouse Van Houten,Nelson MuntzandRalph Wiggum; shopkeepers such asApu Nahasapeemapetilon,Comic Book GuyandMoe Szyslak; government figuresMayor \"Diamond\" Joe QuimbyandClancy Wiggum; next-door neighborNed Flanders; local celebrities such asKrusty the Clownand news reporterKent Brockman; nuclear tycoonMontgomery Burnsand his devoted assistantWaylon Smithers; anddozens more. The creators originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town. A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes.",
"their own episodes. According to Matt Groening, the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the comedy showSCTV. Continuity and the floating timeline Despite the depiction of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays passing, the characters never age. The series uses afloating timelinein which episodes generally take place in the year the episode is produced. Flashbacks and flashforwards do occasionally depict the characters at other points in their lives, with the timeline of these depictions also generally floating relative to the year the episode is produced. For example, the 1991 episodes \"The Way We Was\" and \"I Married Marge\" depict Homer and Marge as high schoolers in the 1970s who had Bart (who is always 10 years old) in the early '80s, while the 2008 episode \"That '90s Show\" depicts Homer and Marge as a childless couple in the '90s, and the 2021 episode \"Do Pizza Bots Dream of Electric Guitars\" portrays Homer as an adolescent in the same period. The 1995 episode \"Lisa's",
"episode \"Lisa's Wedding\" takes place during Lisa's college years in the then-future year of 2010, the same year the show began airing its22nd season, in which Lisa was still 8. Regarding the contradictory flashbacks, Selman stated that \"they all kind of happened in their imaginary world.\" The show follows a loose and inconsistent continuity. For example,Krusty the Clownmay be able to read in one episode, but not inanother. However, it is consistently portrayed that he isJewish, that his father was arabbi, and that his career began in the 1960s. The latter point introduces another snag in the floating timeline: historical periods that are a core part of a character's backstory remain so even when their age makes it unlikely or impossible, such asGrampa SimpsonandPrincipal Skinner's respective service inWorld War IIandVietnam. The only episodes not part of the series' main canon are theTreehouse of Horrorepisodes, which often feature the deaths of main characters. Characters who die in \"regular\" episodes, such",
"episodes, such asMaude Flanders,Mona SimpsonandEdna Krabappel, however, stay dead. Most episodes end with thestatus quobeing restored, though occasionally major changes will stick, such as Lisa's conversions tovegetarianismandBuddhism, the divorce ofMilhouse van Houten's parents, and the marriage and subsequent parenthood ofApuandManjula. Setting The Simpsonstakes place in a fictional American town calledSpringfield. Although there are many real settlements in America named Springfield,the town the show is set in is fictional. The state it is in is not established. In fact, the show is intentionally evasive with regard to Springfield's location.Springfield's geography and that of its surroundings is inconsistent: from one episode to another, it may have coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, mountains, or whatever the story or joke requires.Groening has said that Springfield has much in common withPortland, Oregon, the city where he grew up.Groening has said that he named it afterSpringfield, Oregon, and the",
"Oregon, and the fictitious Springfield which was the setting of the seriesFather Knows Best. He \"figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do.\"Many landmarks, including street names, have connections to Portland. Production Development When producerJames L. Brookswas working on the television variety showThe Tracey Ullman Show, he decided to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonistMatt Groening'sLife in Hellcomic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts. Groening initially intended to present an animated version of hisLife in Hellseries.However, Groening later realized that animatingLife in Hellwould require the rescinding ofpublication rightsfor his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's",
"lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons.He named the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name, adopting ananagramof the wordbrat. The Simpson family first appeared asshortsinThe Tracey Ullman Showon April 19, 1987.Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts.The animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo,withWes Archer,David Silverman, andBill Koppbeing animators for the first season.The colorist, \"Georgie\" Gyorgyi Kovacs Peluce (Kovács Györgyike)made the characters yellow; as Bart, Lisa and Maggie have no hairlines, she felt they would look strange if they were flesh-colored. Groening supported the decision, saying: \"Marge is yellow with blue hair? That's hilarious — let's",
"hilarious — let's do it!\" In 1989, a team of production companies adaptedThe Simpsonsinto a half-hour series for theFox Broadcasting Company. The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content.Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called \"the mainstream trash\" that they were watching.The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989, with \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\".\"Some Enchanted Evening\" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990, as the last episode of the first season, because of animation problems.In 1992,Tracey Ullmanfiled a lawsuit against Fox, claiming that her show was the source of the series' success. The suit said she should receive a share of the profits ofThe Simpsons—a claim rejected by the courts. Executive producers and showrunners List of showrunners",
"List of showrunners throughout the series' run: Matt Groening and James L. Brooks have served as executive producers during the show's entire history, and also function as creative consultants.Sam Simon, described by formerSimpsonsdirectorBrad Birdas \"the unsung hero\" of the show,served as creative supervisor for the first four seasons. He was constantly at odds with Groening, Brooks and the show's production companyGracie Filmsand left in 1993.Before leaving, he negotiated a deal that sees him receive a share of the profits every year, and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since 1993,at least until his passing in 2015.A more involved position on the show is theshowrunner, who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season. Writing The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted ofJohn Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,George Meyer,Jeff Martin,Al Jean,Mike Reiss,Jay KogenandWallace Wolodarsky.NewerSimpsons'writing teams typically consist of",
"consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December.The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers.Until 2004,George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits.Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events. Credited with sixty episodes,John Swartzwelderis the most prolific writer onThe Simpsons.One of the best-known former writers isConan O'Brien, who contributed to several episodes in the early 1990s before replacingDavid Lettermanas host of the talk showLate Night.English comedianRicky Gervaiswrote the episode \"Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife\", becoming the first",
"becoming the first celebrity both to write and guest star in the same episode.Seth RogenandEvan Goldberg, writers of the filmSuperbad, wrote the episode \"Homer the Whopper\", with Rogen voicing a character in it. At the end of 2007, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. The show's writers had joined the guild in 1998. In May 2023, the writers ofThe Simpsonswent on striketogether with the other members of theWriters Guild of America, East. Voice actors The Simpsonshas six main cast members:Dan Castellaneta,Julie Kavner,Nancy Cartwright,Yeardley Smith,Hank Azaria, andHarry Shearer. Castellaneta voicesHomer Simpson,Grampa Simpson,Krusty the Clown,Groundskeeper Willie,Mayor Quimby,Barney Gumble, and other adult male characters.Julie KavnervoicesMarge SimpsonandPatty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part ofThe Tracey Ullman Showcast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be",
"actors would not be needed.Cartwright voicesBart Simpson,Nelson Muntz,Ralph Wiggumand other children.Smith, the voice ofLisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting directorBonita Pietilabelieved her voice was too high,so she was given the role of Lisa instead.Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa, but upon arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, clever\".Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.Cartwright is the only one of the six mainSimpsonscast members who had been",
"who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family, but play a majority of the male townspeople. Azaria, who has been a part of the main voice cast since the second season in one episode \"Old Money\" and then perpetually part of the regular main voice cast since the third season, voices recurring characters such asMoe Szyslak,Chief Wiggum,Apu NahasapeemapetilonandProfessor Frink. Shearer provides voices forMr. Burns,Mr. Smithers,Principal Skinner,Ned Flanders,Reverend Lovejoyand formerlyDr. Hibbert.Every main cast member has won aPrimetime Emmy AwardforOutstanding Voice-Over Performance. With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice. Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and, therefore, closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists.However, the network eventually",
"network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode \"Old Money\", because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work.In 2003, the cast appeared in an episode ofInside the Actors Studio, doing live performances of their characters' voices. The six main actors were paid $30,000 per episode, until 1998, when they were involved in a pay dispute with Fox. The company threatened to replace them with new actors, even going as far as preparing for casting of new voices, but series creator Groening supported the actors in their action.The issue was soon resolved and, from 1998 to 2004, they were paid $125,000 per episode. The show's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales, and in April 2004 the main cast stopped appearing for script readings, demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode.The strike was resolved a month laterand their salaries were increased to something between $250,000and $360,000 per episode.In 2008, production for thetwentieth",
"for thetwentieth seasonwas put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors, who wanted a \"healthy bump\" in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode.The negotiations were soon completed, and the actors' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode.Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, the cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode. In addition to the main cast,Pamela Hayden,Tress MacNeille,Marcia Wallace,Maggie Roswell, andRussi Taylorvoice supporting characters.From 1999 to 2002, Roswell's characters were voiced byMarcia Mitzman Gaven.Karl Wiedergotthas also appeared in minor roles, but does not voice any recurring characters.Wiedergott left the show in 2010, and since thenChris Edgerlyhas appeared regularly to voice minor characters. Repeat \"special guest\" cast members includeAlbert Brooks,Phil Hartman,Jon Lovitz,Joe Mantegna,Maurice LaMarche, andKelsey Grammer.Following Hartman's death",
"Hartman's death in 1998, the characters he voiced (Troy McClureandLionel Hutz) were retired;Wallace's character ofEdna Krabappelwas retired as well after her death in 2013. Following Taylor's death in 2019, her characters (includingSherri, Terri, andMartin Prince) are now voiced byGrey Griffin. Episodes will quite often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians and scientists. In the earlier seasons, most of the guest stars voiced characters, but eventually more started appearing as themselves.Tony Bennettwas the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing briefly in the season two episode \"Dancin' Homer\".The Simpsonsholds theworld recordfor \"Most Guest Stars Featured in a Television Series\". The Simpsonshas been dubbed intoseveral other languages, including Japanese, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is also one of the few programs dubbed in bothstandard FrenchandQuebec French.The show has been broadcast in Arabic, but due",
"in Arabic, but due toIslamiccustoms, numerous aspects of the show have been changed. For example, Homer drinkssodainstead of beer and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. Because of such changes, the Arabized version of the series met with a negative reaction from the lifelongSimpsonsfans in the area. Animation Several different U.S. and international studios animateThe Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts onThe Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically atKlasky Csupo.With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several local and foreign studios.These areAKOM,Anivision,Rough Draft Studios,USAnimation,and Toonzone Entertainment. For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animatedThe Simpsonsin the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Gracie Films, switched domestic production toFilm Roman,who continued to animate the show until 2016 when they were replaced byFox Television Animation, which allowed",
"which allowed the show to be made more in-house. InSeason 14, production switched from traditionalcel animationtodigital ink and paint.The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was \"Radioactive Man\" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of theseason 12episode \"Tennis the Menace\", but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed \"Tennis the Menace\" was broadcast as made. The production staff at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, drawsstoryboards, designs new characters, backgrounds, props and draws character and background layouts, which in turn becomeanimaticsto be screened for the writers at Gracie Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas. The overseas studios then draw theinbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later. The series beganhigh-definitionproduction in",
"in Season 20; the first episode, \"Take My Life, Please\", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV included a new opening sequence.Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation. Themes The Simpsonsuses the standard setup of a situational comedy, or sitcom, as its premise. The series centers on a family and their life in a typical American town,serving as asatiricalparody of amiddle classAmerican lifestyle.However, because of its animated nature,The Simpsons'scope is larger than that of a regular sitcom. The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society. By having Homer work in anuclear power plant, the show can comment on the state of the environment.Through Bart and Lisa's days atSpringfield Elementary School, the show's writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education. The town features a vast array of television channels, which enables the producers",
"the producers to make jokes about the entertainment industry and the press. Some commentators say the show is political in nature and susceptible to a left-wing bias.Al Jeanacknowledged in an interview that \"We are ofliberalbent.\"The writers often evince an appreciation forprogressive leanings, but the show makes jokes across the political spectrum.The show portrays government and large corporations as evil entities that take advantage of the common worker.Thus, the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light. InThe Simpsons, politicians are corrupt, ministers such asReverend Lovejoyare dismissive to churchgoers, and the local police force is incompetent.Religion also figures as a recurring theme.In times of crisis, the family often turns to God, and the show has dealt with most of the major religions. Sexualityis often a source of jokes in the series or serves as the theme of certain episodes. Even though homosexuals are sometimes sources of gags, the series often comments",
"often comments on how American society treats them, with \"Homer's Phobia\" devoting an entire episode to the family making a gay friend and Homer's initial hostility to him. In 1990,The Simpsonsbecame the first animated early evening show to depict a kiss between two men in \"Simpson and Delilah\". Hallmarks Opening sequence The Simpsons'opening sequenceis one of the show's most memorable hallmarks. The standard opening has gone through three iterations (a replacement of some shots at the start of the second season, and a brand new sequence when the show switched to high-definition in 2009). Each has the same basic sequence of events: the camera zooms throughcumulus clouds, through the show's title towards the town ofSpringfield. The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home. Upon entering their house, the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television. The original opening was created byDavid Silverman, and was the first task he did when production began on the show.The series'",
"show.The series' distinctivetheme songwascomposedby musicianDanny Elfmanin 1989, after Groening approached him requesting a retro-style piece. This piece has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career. One of the most distinctive aspects of the opening is that three of its elements change from episode to episode: Bart writes different things on the school chalkboard,Lisa plays different solos on her saxophone (or occasionally a different instrument), and different gags accompany the family as they enter their living room to sit on the couch. Halloween episodes The specialHalloweenepisode has become an annual tradition. \"Treehouse of Horror\" first broadcast in 1990 as part ofseason twoand established the pattern of three separate, self-contained stories in each Halloween episode.These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres.They always take place outside the normal continuity",
"normal continuity of the show. Although theTreehouseseries is meant to be seen on Halloween, this changed by the 2000s (and again in 2020), when new installments have premiered after Halloween due toFox's currentcontractwithMajor League Baseball'sWorld Series.Prior to 2020 (between 2011 and 2019), everyTreehouse of Horrorepisode had aired in October. Humor The show's humor turns on cultural references that cover a wide spectrum of society so that viewers from all generations can enjoy the show. Such references, for example, come from movies, television, music, literature, science, and history.The animators also regularly add jokes or sight gags into the show's background via humorous or incongruous bits of text in signs, newspapers,billboards, and elsewhere. The audience may often not notice the visual jokes in a single viewing. Some are so fleeting that they become apparent only by pausing a video recording of the show or viewing it in slow motion.Kristin Thompson argues thatThe Simpsonsuses a \"flurry of",
"a \"flurry of cultural references, intentionally inconsistent characterization, and considerable self-reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show.\" One of Bart's earlyhallmarkswas his prank calls toMoe's TavernownerMoe Szyslakwhere he asks for agag name. Moe tries to find that person in the bar, but soon realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart. These calls were apparently based on a series of prank calls known as theTube Bar recordings, though Groening has denied any causal connection.Moe was based partly on Tube Bar ownerLouis \"Red\" Deutsch, whose often profane responses inspired Moe's violent side.As the series progressed, it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe's angry response, and the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season.The Simpsonsalso often includesself-referential humor.The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting.For example, the episode \"She Used to Be My",
"\"She Used to Be My Girl\" included a scene in which aFox News Channelvan drove down the street while displaying a large \"Bush Cheney 2004\" banner and playingQueen's \"We Are the Champions\", in reference to the2004 U.S. presidential electionand claims ofconservative bias in Fox News. The show usescatchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have at least one each.Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt \"D'oh!\", Mr. Burns' \"Excellent\" andNelson Muntz's \"Ha-ha!\" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as \"¡Ay, caramba!\", \"Don't have a cow, man!\" and \"Eat my shorts!\" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days.However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through themerchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode \"Bart Gets Famous\" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on theKrusty the Clown Showsolely for saying \"I didn't do it.\" Purported foreshadowing of actual events The Simpsonshas gained",
"Simpsonshas gained notoriety for jokes that appeared to become reality. Perhaps the most famous example comes from the episode \"Bart to the Future\", which mentions billionaireDonald Trumphaving been president of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke.The episode first aired in 2000, sixteen years before Trump (who at the time wasexploring a presidential run) was elected.Another episode, \"When You Dish Upon a Star\", lampooned20th Century Foxas a division ofThe Walt Disney Company. Nineteen years later,Disney purchased Fox.Other examples purported asThe Simpsonspredicting the future include the introduction of thesmartwatch,video chatservices,Richard Branson's spaceflightandLady Gaga's acrobatic performance at theSuper Bowl LI halftime show. Al Jeanhas commented on the show's purported ability to predict the future, explaining that they are really just \"educated guesses\" and stating that \"if you throw enough darts, you're going to get some bullseyes.\"ProducerBill Oakleystated, \"There are",
"\"There are very few cases whereThe Simpsonspredicted something. It's mainly just coincidence because the episodes are so old that history repeats itself.\"Fact-checkingsources such asSnopeshave debunked many of the claimed prophecies, explaining that the show's extensive run means \"a lot of jokes, and a lot of opportunities for coincidences to appear\" and \"most of these 'predictions' have rather simple and mundane explanations\".For example, the device shown onThe Simpsonswith autocorrection is anApple Newton, a real 1993 device notorious for its poorhandwriting recognition.Technologically advanced watches have appeared in numerous works of fiction, decades beforeThe Simpsons. Influence and legacy Idioms A number ofneologismsthat originated onThe Simpsonshave entered popular vernacular.Mark Liberman, director of theLinguistic Data Consortium, remarked, \"The Simpsonshas apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual",
"other textual allusions.\"The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: \"D'oh!\" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in theOxford English Dictionary, but without the apostrophe.Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase fromJames Finlayson, an actor in manyLaurel and Hardycomedies, who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone. The staff ofThe Simpsonstold Castellaneta to shorten the noise, and it went on to become the well-known exclamation in the television series. Groundskeeper Willie's description of the French as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\" was used byNational ReviewcolumnistJonah Goldbergin 2003, after France's opposition to the proposedinvasion of Iraq. The phrase quickly spread to other journalists.\"Cromulent\" and \"embiggen\", words used in \"Lisa the Iconoclast\", have since appeared in theDictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon,and scientific journals respectively.\"Kwyjibo\", a fakeScrabbleword invented by Bart in \"Bart the Genius\", was used as one of the aliases",
"one of the aliases of the creator of theMelissa worm.\"I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords\", was used byKent Brockmanin \"Deep Space Homer\" and has become asnowclone,with variants of the utterance used to express obsequious submission. It has been used in media, such asNew Scientistmagazine.The dismissive term \"Meh\", believed to have been popularized by the show,entered theCollins English Dictionaryin 2008.Other words credited as stemming from the show include \"yoink\" and \"craptacular\". The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotationsincludes several quotations from the show. As well as \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", Homer's lines, \"Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try\", from \"Burns' Heir\" (season five, 1994) as well as \"Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all\", from \"Eight Misbehavin'\"(season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007. Many quotes/scenes",
"Many quotes/scenes have become popularInternet memes, including Jasper Beardley's quote \"That's a paddlin'\" from \"The PTA Disbands\" (season 6, 1995) and \"Steamed Hams\" from \"22 Short Films About Springfield\" (season 7, 1996). Television The Simpsonswas the first successful animated program in American prime time sinceWait Till Your Father Gets Homein the 1970s.During most of the 1980s, US pundits considered animated shows as appropriate only for children, and animating a show was too expensive to achieve a quality suitable for prime-time television.The Simpsonschanged this perception,initially leading to a short period where networks attempted to recreate prime-time cartoon success with shows likeCapitol Critters,Fish Police, andFamily Dog, which were expensive and unsuccessful.The Simpsons'use of Korean animation studios fortweening, coloring, and filming made the episodes cheaper. The success ofThe Simpsonsand the lower production cost prompted US television networks to take chances on other adult animated",
"adult animated series.This development led US producers to a 1990s boom in new, animated prime-time shows for adults, such asBeavis and Butt-Head,South Park,Family Guy,King of the Hill,Futurama(which was created by Matt Groening), andThe Critic(which was also produced by Gracie Films).ForFamily GuycreatorSeth MacFarlane, \"The Simpsonscreated an audience for prime-time animation that had not been there for many, many years ... As far as I'm concerned, they basically re-invented the wheel. They created what is in many ways—you could classify it as—a wholly new medium.\" The Simpsonshas had crossovers with four other shows. In the episode \"A Star Is Burns\", Marge invites Jay Sherman, the main character ofThe Critic, to be a judge for a film festival in Springfield. Matt Groening had his name removed from the episode since he had no involvement withThe Critic.South Parklater paid homage toThe Simpsonswith the episode \"Simpsons Already Did It\".In \"Simpsorama\", the Planet Express crew fromFuturamacome to",
"fromFuturamacome to Springfield in the present to prevent the Simpsons from destroying the future.In theFamily Guyepisode \"The Simpsons Guy\", the Griffins visit Springfield and meet the Simpsons. The Simpsonshas also influenced live-action shows likeMalcolm in the Middle, which featured the use ofsight gagsand did not use alaugh trackunlike most sitcoms.Malcolm in the Middledebuted January 9, 2000, in the time slot afterThe Simpsons.Ricky GervaiscalledThe Simpsonsan influence onThe Office,and fellow British sitcomSpacedwas, according to its directorEdgar Wright, \"an attempt to do a live-actionThe Simpsons\".InGeorgia, the animated television sitcomThe Samsonadzes, launched in November 2009, has been noted for its very strong resemblance withThe Simpsons, which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged. LGBT representation The Simpsonshas historically been open to portrayals ofLGBTcharacters and settings, and it has routinely challengedheteronormativity.It was one of several animated television shows in",
"television shows in the United States that began introducing characters that were LGBT, both openly and implied, in the 1990s.While early episodes involving LGBT characters primarily included them through the use of stereotypes,The Simpsonsdeveloped several prominent LGBT characters over its run.Producers of the show, such asMatt GroeningandAl Jean, have expressed their opinion that LGBT representation in media is important, and that they seek to actively include it.Some characters, such as Julio, were created with their sexual orientation in mind, with it being central to their character.The show expanded its roster of openly LGBT characters through episodes in which prominent charactersPatty BouvierandWaylon Smitherscame out in seasons16and27, respectively. Release Broadcast Syndication The cable television networkFXX, a sibling of 20th Television and formerly the Fox network, hasexclusive cable and digital syndicationrights forThe Simpsons.Original contracts had previously stated that syndication rights",
"syndication rights forThe Simpsonswould not be sold to cable until the series conclusion, at a time when cable syndication deals were highly rare. The series has been syndicated to local broadcast stations in nearly all markets throughout the United States since September 1994. FXX premieredThe Simpsonson their network on August 21, 2014, by starting a twelve-daymarathonwhich featured the first 552 episodes (every single episode that had already been released at the time) aired chronologically, includingThe Simpsons Movie, which FX Networks had already owned the rights to air. It was the longest continuous marathon in the history of television (untilVH1 Classicaired a 433-hour, nineteen-day, marathon ofSaturday Night Livein 2015; celebrating that program's 40th anniversary).The first day of the marathon was the highest rated broadcast day in the history of the network so far, the ratings more than tripled those of regular prime time programming for FXX.Ratings during the first six nights of the marathon grew",
"the marathon grew night after night, with the network ranking within the top 5 networks in basic cable each night.In Australia, a marathon of every episode of the show (at the time) aired from December 16, 2019, to January 5, 2020, onFox8(a cable network operated on pay TV providerFoxteland a corporate sibling to the American Fox network). After Disneyacquiredboth 20th Television and FX Networks, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswould air on the company'sFreeformchannel starting October 2, 2019. Streaming and digital sell-through On October 21, 2014, a digital service courtesy of theFXNOWapp, calledSimpsons World, launched with every episode of the series accessible to authenticated FX subscribers, and is available on game consoles such asXbox One, streaming devices such asRokuandApple TV, and online via web browser.There was early criticism of both wrong aspect ratios for earlier episodes and the length of commercial breaks on the streaming service, but that problem was soon amended with fewer commercial",
"fewer commercial breaks during individual episodes.Later it was announced thatSimpsons Worldwould now let users watch all of the SD episodes in their original format.Simpsons Worldwas discontinued after the launch ofDisney+on November 12, 2019, where the series streams exclusively.Initially, the series was only available cropped to16:9without the option to view the original4:3versions, reigniting criticisms of cropping old episodes.In response, Disney announced that \"in early 2020, Disney+ will make the first 19 seasons (and some episodes from season 20) ofThe Simpsonsavailable in their original 4:3 aspect ratio, giving subscribers a choice of how they prefer to view the popular series.\"On May 28, 2020, Disney+ made the first 19 seasons, along with some episodes from season 20, ofThe Simpsonsavailable in both 16:9 and the original 4:3 aspect ratio.Season 31 came to Disney+ on October 2, 2020, withHulustreaming the latest episodes of season 32 the next day. Season 32 came to Disney+ on September 29, 2021. The",
"29, 2021. The season 3 premiere \"Stark Raving Dad\", which featuresMichael Jacksonas the voice of Leon Kompowsky, was pulled out of rotation in 2019 by Matt Groening, James L. Brooks and Al Jean afterHBOaired the documentaryLeaving Neverland, in which two men share details into how Jackson allegedly abused them as children.It is therefore unavailable on Disney+. However, the episode is still available onThe Complete Third SeasonDVD box set released on August 26, 2003. In July 2017, all episodes from seasons 4 to 19 were made available for purchase on theiTunes Storein Canada. On August 10, 2024, it was announced that four episodes of season 36 would air exclusively on Disney+. Reception and achievements Early success The Simpsonswas the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows.In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed \"Bartmania\".He became the most prevalentSimpsonscharacter on memorabilia, such asT-shirts.",
"such asT-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold;as many as one million were sold on some days.Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as \"I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?\" and \"Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')\".The Simpsonsmerchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot. Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 theFox Networkdecided to switchThe Simpsons'time slot from 8:00 p.m.ETon Sunday night to the same time on Thursday, where it competed withThe Cosby ShowonNBC, thenumber one showat the time.Through the summer, several news outlets published stories about the supposed \"Bill vs. Bart\" rivalry.\"Bart Gets an 'F'\"(season two, 1990) was the",
"two, 1990) was the first episode to air againstThe Cosby Show, and it received a lowerNielsen rating, tying for eighth behindThe Cosby Show, which had an 18.5 rating. The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show, butNielsen Media Researchestimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network,and it is still the highest rated episode in the history ofThe Simpsons.The show moved back to its Sunday slot in 1994 and has remained there ever since. The Simpsonshas received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, and it has been noted for being described as \"the most irreverent and unapologetic show on the air.\"In a 1990 review of the show, Ken Tucker ofEntertainment Weeklydescribed it as \"the American family at its most complicated, drawn as simple cartoons. It's this neat paradox that makes millions of people turn",
"of people turn away from the three big networks on Sunday nights to concentrate on The Simpsons.\"Tucker also described the show as a \"pop-cultural phenomenon, a prime-time cartoon show that appeals to the entire family.\" Run length achievements On February 9, 1997,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Flintstoneswith the episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States.In 2004,The SimpsonsreplacedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet(1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States in terms of the number of years airing.In 2009,The SimpsonssurpassedThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet's record of 435 episodes and is now recognized byGuinness World Recordsas the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count).In October 2004,Scooby-Doobriefly overtookThe Simpsonsas the American animated show with the highest number of episodes (albeit under several different iterations).However, network executives in April",
"executives in April 2005 again canceledScooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, andThe Simpsonsreclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season.In May 2007,The Simpsonsreached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. WhileThe Simpsonshas the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassedThe Simpsons.For example, the JapaneseanimeseriesSazae-sanhas over 2,000 episodes (7,000+ segments) to its credit. In 2009, Fox began a year-long celebration of the show titled \"Best. 20 Years. Ever.\" to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the premiere ofThe Simpsons. One of the first parts of the celebration is the \"Unleash Your Yellow\" contest in which entrants must design a poster for the show.The celebration ended on January 10, 2010 (almost 20 years after \"Bart the Genius\" aired on January 14, 1990), withThe Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!, a documentary special by documentary filmmakerMorgan",
"filmmakerMorgan Spurlockthat examines the \"cultural phenomenon ofThe Simpsons\". As of the twenty-first season (2009–2010),The Simpsonsbecame the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, having surpassed the 1955–1975 run ofGunsmoke. On April 29, 2018,The Simpsonsalso surpassedGunsmoke's 635-episode count with the episode \"Forgive and Regret\". The Simpsonsis both the longest-running and the highest ranking animated series to feature onTV Time's top 50 most followed TV shows ever. On February 6, 2019, it was announced thatThe Simpsonshas been renewed for seasons 31 and 32. On March 3, 2021, it was announced thatThe Simpsonswas renewed for seasons 33 and 34. Awards and honors The Simpsonshas won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 34Primetime Emmy Awards,34Annie Awardsand aPeabody Award.In a 1999 issue celebrating the 20th century's greatest achievements in arts and entertainment,TimenamedThe Simpsonsthe century's best television series, writing: \"Dazzlingly",
"\"Dazzlingly intelligent and unapologetically vulgar, the Simpsons have surpassed the humor, topicality and, yes, humanity of past TV greats.\"In that same issue,Timeincluded Bart Simpson in theTime 100, the publication's list of the century's 100 most influential people.Bart was the only fictional character on the list. On January 14, 2000, the Simpsons were awarded a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame.Also in 2000,Entertainment Weeklymagazine TV critic Ken Tucker namedThe Simpsonsthe greatest television show of the1990s. Furthermore, viewers of the UK television channelChannel 4have votedThe Simpsonsat the top of two polls: 2001's 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows (despite the show not being aimed at children),and 2005's The 100 Greatest Cartoons,with Homer Simpson voted into first place in 2001's 100 Greatest TV Characters.Homer also placed ninth onEntertainment Weekly'slist of the \"50 Greatest TV icons\".In 2002,The Simpsonsranked No. 8 onTV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time,and was ranked the No. 6 cult",
"the No. 6 cult show in 2004.In 2007, it moved to No. 8 on TV Guide's cult shows listand was included inTime'slist of the \"100 Best TV Shows of All Time\".In 2008 the show was placed in first onEntertainment Weekly's\"Top 100 Shows of the Past 25 Years\".Empirenamed it the greatest TV show of all time.In 2010,Entertainment Weeklynamed Homer \"the greatest character of the last 20 years\",while in 2013 theWriters Guild of AmericalistedThe Simpsonsas the 11th \"best written\" series in television history.In 2013,TV GuiderankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest TV cartoon of all timeand the tenth greatest show of all time.A 2015The Hollywood Reportersurvey of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named it as their No. 10 favorite show.In 2015, British newspaperThe TelegraphnamedThe Simpsonsas one of the 10 best TV sitcoms of all time.Television criticsAlan SepinwallandMatt Zoller SeitzrankedThe Simpsonsas the greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 bookTV (The Book).In 2022,Rolling",
"2022,Rolling StonerankedThe Simpsonsas the second-greatest TV show of all time.In 2023,VarietyrankedThe Simpsonsas the fourth-greatest TV show of all time. Criticism Controversy Bart's rebellious, bad boy nature, which underlies his misbehavior and rarely leads to any punishment, led some people to characterize him as a poorrole modelfor children.In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a \"threat to learning\" because of his \"underachiever and proud of it\" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.Others described him as \"egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited\".In a 1991 interview,Bill Cosbydescribed Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him \"angry, confused, frustrated\". In response, Matt Groening said, \"That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do.\"On January 27, 1992, then-PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushsaid, \"We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American",
"the American family, to make American families a lot more likethe Waltonsand a lot less like the Simpsons.\"The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment that aired three days later before a rerun of \"Stark Raving Dad\" in which Bart replied, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end tothe Depression, too.\" The show also received criticism from the nuclear power industry in its early years, with its portrayal of the evil boss Mr. Burns and \"bungling idiot\" employees (including Homer Simpson himself) with their lack of safety and security.In a letter to the nuclear power-backedU.S. Council for Energy Awareness, producer Sam Simon apologized, stating, \"I apologize that the Simpsons have offended a lot of people in the energy industry. I agree with you that in real life, Homer Simpson would not be employed at a nuclear power plant. On the other hand, he probably wouldn't be employed anywhere.\" Various episodes of the show have generated controversy. The Simpsons",
"The Simpsons visit Australia in \"Bart vs. Australia\" (season six, 1995) and Brazil in \"Blame It on Lisa\" (season 13, 2002) and both episodes generated controversy and negative reaction in the visited countries.In the latter case, Rio de Janeiro's tourist board—which claimed that the city was portrayed as having rampant street crime, kidnappings, slums, and monkey and rat infestations—went so far as to threaten Fox with legal action.Groening was a fierce and vocal critic of the episode \"A Star Is Burns\" (season six, 1995), which featured acrossoverwithThe Critic. He felt that it was just an advertisement forThe Critic, and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him. When he was unsuccessful in getting the episode pulled, he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns, openly criticizing James L. Brooks and saying the episode \"violates the Simpsons' universe.\" In response, Brooks said, \"I am furious with Matt, ... he's allowed his opinion, but airing this publicly in",
"this publicly in the press is going too far. ... his behavior right now is rotten.\" \"The Principal and the Pauper\" (season nine, 1997) is one of the most controversial episodes ofThe Simpsons. Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation thatSeymour Skinner, a recurring character since the first season, was an impostor. The episode has been criticized by Groening and byHarry Shearer, who provides the voice of Skinner. In a 2001 interview, Shearer recalled that after reading the script, he told the writers, \"That'ssowrong. You're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason, for a story we've done before with other characters. It's so arbitrary and gratuitous, and it's disrespectful to the audience.\" Bans The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries. China banned it from prime-time television in August 2006, \"in an effort to protect China's struggling animation studios.\"In",
"studios.\"In 2008,Venezuelabarred the show from airing on morning television as it was deemed \"unsuitable for children\".The same year, several RussianPentecostalchurches demanded thatThe Simpsons,South Parkand some other Western cartoons be removed from broadcast schedules \"for propaganda of various vices\" and the broadcaster's license to be revoked. However, a court decision later dismissed this request. Perceived decline in quality Critics' reviews of earlySimpsonsepisodes praised the show for its sassy humor, wit, realism, and intelligence.However, in the late 1990s, around the airing ofseason 9, the tone and emphasis of the show began to change. Some critics started calling the show \"tired\".By 2000, some long-term fans had become disillusioned with the show, and pointed to its shift from character-driven plots to what they perceived as an overemphasis on zany antics.Jim Schembri ofThe Sydney Morning Heraldattributed the decline in quality to an abandonment of character-driven storylines in favor of",
"in favor of celebritycameo appearancesand references to popular culture. Schembri wrote in 2011: \"The central tragedy ofThe Simpsonsis that it has gone from commanding attention to merely being attention-seeking. It began by proving that cartoon characters don't have to be caricatures; they can be invested with real emotions. Now the show has in essence fermented into a limp parody of itself. Memorable story arcs have been sacrificed for the sake of celebrity walk-ons and punchline-hungry dialogue.\" In 2010, the BBC noted \"the common consensus is thatThe Simpsons'golden era ended afterseason nine\",and Todd Leopold of CNN, in an article looking at its perceived decline, stated \"for many fans ... the glory days are long past.\"Similarly, Tyler Wilson ofCoeur d'Alene Presshas referred to seasons one to nine as the show's \"golden age\",and Ian Nathan ofEmpiredescribed the show's classic era as being \"say, the first ten seasons\".Jon HeacockofLucidWorksstated that \"for the first ten years , the show was consistently",
"was consistently at the top of its game\", with \"so many moments, quotations, and references – both epic and obscure – that helped turn the Simpson family into the cultural icons that they remain to this day\". Mike Scully, who was showrunner during seasons nine throughtwelve, has been the subject of criticism.Chris Suellentrop ofSlatewrote that \"under Scully's tenure,The Simpsonsbecame, well, a cartoon ... Episodes that once would have ended withHomer and Marge bicycling into the sunsetnow end withHomer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge's neck. The show's still funny, but it hasn't been touching in years.\"When asked in 2007 how the series' longevity is sustained, Scully joked: \"Lower your quality standards. Once you've done that you can go on forever.\" Al Jean, who was showrunner during seasonsthirteenthroughthirty-three,has also been the subject of criticism, with some arguing that the show has continued to decline in quality under his tenure. Former writers have complained that under Jean, the show is",
"Jean, the show is \"on auto-pilot\", \"too sentimental\", and the episodes are \"just being cranked out\". Some critics believe that the show has \"entered a steady decline under Jean and is no longer really funny\".John Ortved, author ofThe Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History, characterized the Jean era as \"toothless\",and criticized what he perceived as the show's increase in social and political commentary.Jean responded: \"Well, it's possible that we've declined. But honestly, I've been here the whole time and I do remember in season two people saying, 'It's gone downhill.' If we'd listened to that then we would have stopped after episode 13. I'm glad we didn't.\" In 2004, cast memberHarry Shearercriticized what he perceived as the show's declining quality: \"I rate the last three seasons as among the worst, soseason fourlooks very good to me now.\"Cast memberDan Castellanetaresponded: \"I don't agree, ... I think Harry's issue is that the show isn't as grounded as it was in the first three or four seasons,",
"or four seasons, that it's gotten crazy or a little more madcap. I think it organically changes to stay fresh.\"Also in 2004 authorDouglas Couplanddescribed claims of declining quality in the series as \"hogwash\", saying \"The Simpsonshasn't fumbled the ball in fourteen years, it's hardly likely to fumble it now.\"In an April 2006 interview, Groening said: \"I honestly don't see any end in sight. I think it's possible that the show will get too financially cumbersome ... but right now, the show is creatively, I think, as good or better than it's ever been. The animation is incredibly detailed and imaginative, the stories do things that we haven't done before, so creatively there's no reason to quit.\" In 2016, popular culture writer Anna Leszkiewicz suggested that even thoughThe Simpsonsstill holds cultural relevance, \"contemporary appeal\" is only for the \"first ten or so seasons\", with recent episodes only garnering mainstream attention when a favorite character from the golden era is killed off, or when new",
"off, or when new information and shock twists are given for old characters.The series' ratings have also declined; while thefirst seasonenjoyed an average of 13.4 million viewing households per episode in the U.S.,thetwenty-first seasonhad an average of 7.2 million viewers. Alan SepinwallandMatt Zoller Seitzargued in their 2016 book titledTV (The Book)that the peak ofThe Simpsonsare \"roughlyseasons 3–12\", and that despite the decline, episodes from the later seasons such as \"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind\" and \"Holidays of Future Passed\" could be considered on par with the earlier classic episodes, further stating that \"even if you want to call the show today a thin shadow of its former self, think about how mind-boggingly great its former self had to be for so-diminished a version to be watchable at all.\" In 2020,Uproxxwriter Josh Kurp stated that while he agrees with the sentiment thatThe Simpsonsis not as good as it used to be, it is because \"it was working at a level of comedy and characterization",
"characterization that no show ever has.\" He felt there were still many reasons to watch the series, as it was \"still capable of quality television, and even the occasional new classic\" and the fact that the show was willing to experiment, giving examples such as bringing on guest animators likeDon HertzfeldtandSylvain Chometto produce couch gags, and guest writers likeSeth RogenandEvan Goldberg,Pete HolmesandMegan Amramto write episodes.In theseason 32episode \"I, Carumbus\", the show itself makes a nod to these concerns in its credits gag where the godJupiternotes that \"It definitely feels like they're wrapping it up ... any day now.\" In a 2021 interview withNME, Jean was quoted as saying, \"To people who sayThe Simpsonsisn't as good as it used to be, I would say I think the world isn't as good as it used to be. But we're declining at a slower rate.\" Race controversy The stereotypical nature of the characterApu Nahasapeemapetilonhas been the subject of controversy. Indian-American comedianHari Kondabolustated",
"Kondabolustated in his 2017 documentaryThe Problem with Aputhat as a child he was a fan ofThe Simpsonsand liked Apu, but he now finds the character's stereotypical nature troublesome. Defenders of the character responded that the show is built on comical stereotypes, with creator Matt Groening saying, \"that's the nature of cartooning.\"He added that he was \"proud of what we do on the show\", and \"it's a time in our culture where people love to pretend they're offended\".In response to the controversy, Apu's voice actor,Hank Azaria, said he was willing to step aside from his role as Apu: \"The most important thing is to listen to South Asian people, Indian people in this country when they talk about what they feel and how they think about this character.\"In February 2020, he confirmed that he would no longer voice Apu. Groening stated at the same time that the character would remain in the show. The criticisms were referenced in the season 29 episode \"No Good Read Goes Unpunished\", when Lisa breaks thefourth",
"breaks thefourth walland addresses the audience by saying, \"Something that started decades ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?\" to which Marge replies, \"Some things will be addressed at a later date.\" Lisa adds, \"If at all.\" This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying \"Don't have a cow, Apu\", a play on Bart's catchphrase \"Don't have a cow, man,\" as well as the fact that manyHindusdo not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show,which Groening denied. On June 26, 2020, in light of the variousBlack Lives Matterprotests, Fox announced that recurring characters of color (Carl CarlsonandDr. Hibbert, among others) would no longer be voiced by white actors.Beginning withseason 32, Carl, a black character originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by black actorAlex Désert.In addition,Bumblebee Man, a Spanish-speaking Latino",
"Latino character also originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by Mexican-American actorEric Lopez,and Dr. Hibbert, a black character originally voiced byHarry Shearer, is now voiced by black actorKevin Michael Richardson. Other media Comic books Numerous Simpson-related comic books have been released over the years. The firstcomic stripsbased onThe Simpsonsappeared in 1991 in the magazineSimpsons Illustrated, which was a companion magazine to the show.The comic strips were popular and a one-shot comic book titledSimpsons Comics and Stories, containing four different stories, was released in 1993 for the fans.The book was a success and due to this, Groening and his companionsBill Morrison, Mike Rote, and Steve and Cindy Vance created the publishing companyBongo Comics.A total of nine comic book series were published by Bongo Comics between 1993 and the company's dissolution in 2018.Issues ofSimpsons Comics,Bart Simpson's Treehouse of HorrorandBart Simpsonhave been collected and reprinted intrade",
"reprinted intrade paperbacksin the United States byHarperCollins. Film 20th Century FoxandGracie FilmsproducedThe Simpsons Movie, an animated film that was released on July 27, 2007.The film was directed by long-timeSimpsonsproducerDavid Silvermanand written by a team ofSimpsonswriters comprising Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, Al Jean, George Meyer,Mike Reiss,John Swartzwelder,Jon Vitti,David Mirkin,Mike Scully,Matt Selman, andIan Maxtone-Graham.Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long-time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded.There had been talk of a possible feature-lengthSimpsonsfilm ever since the early seasons of the series. James L. Brooks originally thought that the story of the episode \"Kamp Krusty\" was suitable for a film, but he encountered difficulties in trying to expand the script to feature-length.For a long time, difficulties such as lack of a suitable story and an already",
"and an already fully engaged crew of writers delayed the project. On August 10, 2018, 20th Century Fox announced that a sequel is in development. Music Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albumsSongs in the Key of Springfield,Go Simpsonic with The SimpsonsandThe Simpsons: Testify.Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release and have not been featured on the show. The albumThe Simpsons Sing the Blueswas released in September 1990 and was a success, peaking at No. 3 on theBillboard200and becoming certified 2× platinum by theRecording Industry Association of America.The first single from the album was thepop rapsong \"Do the Bartman\", performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written byMichael Jackson, although he did not receive any credit.The Yellow Albumwas released in 1998, but received poor reception and did not chart in any country. The SimpsonsRide In 2007, it was officially announced thatThe",
"announced thatThe SimpsonsRide, asimulator ride, would be implemented into theUniversal Studios OrlandoandUniversal Studios Hollywood.It officially opened May 15, 2008, in Floridaand May 19, 2008, in Hollywood.In the ride, patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built byKrusty the Clown. However,Sideshow Bobis loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and theSimpson family.It features more than 24 regular characters fromThe Simpsonsand features the voices of the regular cast members, as well asPamela Hayden,Russi TaylorandKelsey Grammer.Harry Shearerdid not participate in the ride, so none of his characters have vocal parts.The ride also features clips from the show in the waiting line. Video games Numerous video games based on the show have been produced. Some of the early games includeKonami'sarcade gameThe Simpsons(1991) andAcclaim Entertainment'sThe Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants(1991).More modern games includeThe Simpsons: Road Rage(2001),The Simpsons: Hit & Run(2003)",
"Hit & Run(2003) andThe Simpsons Game(2007).Electronic Arts, which producedThe Simpsons Game, has owned the exclusive rights to create video games based on the show since 2005.In 2010, they released a game calledThe Simpsons ArcadeforiOS.Another EA-produced mobile game,Tapped Out, was released in 2012 for iOS users, then in 2013 forAndroidandKindleusers.TwoSimpsonspinballmachines have been produced: one that was available briefly after the first season, and another in 2007, both out of production. Merchandise The popularity ofThe Simpsonshas made it a billion-dollar merchandising industry.The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T-shirts to posters.The Simpsonshas been used as a theme for special editions of well-known board games, includingClue,Scrabble,Monopoly,Operation, andThe Game of Life, as well as thetriviagames What Would Homer Do? and SimpsonsJeopardy!. Several card games such astrump cardsand The Simpsons Trading Card Game have also been released. Many official or",
"Many official or unofficialSimpsonsbooks such as episode guides have been published. Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the first season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the first season ofChappelle's Show.In particular, seasons one through seventeen were released on DVD for 13 years between September 2001 to December 2014 in the U.S./Canada (Region 1), Europe (Region 2), and Australia/New Zealand/Latin America (Region 4). However, on April 8, 2015, Al Jean announced that the Season 17 DVD would be the last one ever produced, leaving the collection from Seasons 1 to 17, Season 20 (released out of order in 2010), with Seasons 18, 19, and 21 onwards unreleased.Jean also stated that the deleted scenes and commentaries would try to be released to the Simpsons World app, and that they were pushing for Simpsons World to be expanded outside of the U.S.Two years later, however, on",
"later, however, on July 22, 2017, it was announced that Season 18 would be released on December 5, 2017, on DVD.Another two years later, on July 20, 2019, it was announced that Season 19 would be released on December 3, 2019, on DVD. In 2003, about 500 companies around the world were licensed to useSimpsonscharacters in their advertising.As a promotion forThe Simpsons Movie, twelve7-Elevenstores were transformed intoKwik-E-Martsand soldThe Simpsonsrelated products. These included \"Buzz Cola\", \"Krusty-O\" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and \"Squishees\". In 2008, consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related toThe Simpsons, with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts.On April 9, 2009, theUnited States Postal Serviceunveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary.The Simpsonsis the first television series still",
"series still in production to receive this recognition.The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009.Approximately one billion were printed, but only 318 million were sold, costing the Postal Service $1.2 million. References Bibliography Further reading External links",
"List of animated television series by episode count This is a list ofanimated television seriesby episode count. This article does not includeanimeseries which originate fromJapan(for this see thelist of anime series by episode count). Single series with at least 100 episodes and television franchises with at least 40 episodes are listed. Single series Longest-running animated television franchises See also References"
] |
What was the 2021 population of the birthplace of the leader of the party that won the 1869 Newfoundland general election? | 9,162 was the population of Shaftesbury (the birthplace of Charles Fox Bennett) in the 2021 census. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Newfoundland_general_election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_Bennett | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Newfoundland_general_election', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_Bennett', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Newfoundland_general_election",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_Bennett",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury"
] | [
"1869 Newfoundland general election The1869 Newfoundland general electionwas held in 1869 to elect members of the10th General Assembly of Newfoundlandin theNewfoundland Colony. 21 Anti-Confederates (A-C) were elected against 9 Confederates (Con), ending for a moment the debate over joining the Dominion ofCanada. Results by party Elected members References",
"Charles Fox Bennett Charles James Fox Bennett(11 June 1793 inShaftesbury,England– 5 December 1883) was a merchant and politician who successfully fought attempts to takeNewfoundlandintoCanadian confederation. Bennett was a successful businessman and one of the colony's richest residents with interests in the fisheries, distillery and brewery industry and shipbuilding. His brotherThomas Bennett, a magistrate and member of Newfoundland's first House of Assembly, was a partner in the business. Bennett became involved in politics in the 1840s as a leader of the colony'sAnglicancommunity and an opponent ofresponsible government, an argument he lost when an alliance ofCatholicsand non-Anglican Protestants persuaded theColonial Officeto grant Newfoundland self-government. In the 1860s, he led theAnti-Confederation Partyopposing the proposals by SirFrederick Carterto join Canada. Bennett's party defeated Carter's Conservatives on the Confederation issue in the 1869 elections, allowing Bennett to form a government in 1870. However, asPremierhe was unable to keep his party united, and in 1874 resigned, allowing Carter to return to power. The issue of Confederation had become a moot point and would not be seriously raised again until theGreat Depression. Bennet also commissioned extensive mineral surveys along the coasts, and in the 1860s developed the prosperous copper mine at Tilt Cove (Notre Dame Bay). Bennett's anti-Confederates reformed themselves into the colony's Conservative Party. References External links",
"Shaftesbury Shaftesbury(/ˈʃɑːftsbəri,ˈʃæfts-/) is a town andcivil parishinDorset, England. It is on theA30 road, 20 miles (32 kilometres) west ofSalisburyand 23 miles (37 kilometres) north-northeast ofDorchester, near the border withWiltshire. It is the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset, being built about 215 metres (705 feet)above sea levelon agreensandhill on the edge ofCranborne Chase. The town looks over theBlackmore Vale, part of theRiver Stourbasin. Shaftesbury is the site of the formerShaftesbury Abbey, which was founded in 888 byKing Alfredand became one of the richest religious establishments in the country, before being destroyed in thedissolutionin 1539. Adjacent to the abbey site isGold Hill, a steepcobbledstreet used in the 1970s as the setting forRidley Scott's television advertisement forHovisbread. In the2021 censusthe town's civil parish had a population of 9,162. Toponymy Shaftesbury has acquired a number of names throughout its history. Writing in 1906,Sir Frederick Trevesreferred to four of these names from Celtic, Latin and English traditions in his bookHighways & Byways in Dorset: The city has had many names. It was, in the beginning, Caer Palladour. By the time of the Domesday Book it was Sceptesberie. It then, with all the affectation of a lady in an eighteenth-century lyric, called itself Sophonia. Lastly it became Shaston, and so the people call it to this day, while all the milestones around concern themselves only with recording the distances to \"Shaston\". The originalCelticname is first recorded inMedieval Welsh literatureasCaer Vynnydd y Paladr(The Mountain Fort/City of the Spears)andThomas Galerecords the name asCaer Palladourin his work of 1709.Though \"Palladour\" was described by one 19th-century directory as \"mere invention\", it has continued to be used as a poetic and alternative name for the town. The English name was recorded in theDomesday Bookof 1086 as Sceptesberie,and the use of \"Shaston\" (/ˈʃæstən/) was recorded in 1831 in Samuel Lewis'sA Topographical Dictionary of Englandand in 1840 inThe parliamentary gazetteer of England and Wales. Thomas Hardyused both \"Shaston\" and \"Palladour\" to refer to the town in the fictionalWessexof his novels such asJude the Obscure. History There is no substantive evidence that Shaftesbury was the \"Caer Palladur\" (or \"Caer Palladwr\") of Celtic and Roman times, and instead the town's recorded history dates fromAnglo-Saxon times.By the early eighth century there was an important minster church here,and in 880Alfred the Greatfounded aburgh(fortified settlement) here as a defence in the struggle with theDanishinvaders.The burgh is recorded in the early-10th-centuryBurghal Hidageas one of only three that existed in the county (the others being atWarehamand 'Bredy' – which is probablyBridport). In 888 Alfred foundedShaftesbury Abbey, aBenedictinenunneryby the town's east gate, and appointed his daughter Ethelgifu as the firstabbess.Æthelstanfounded two royal mints,which struck pennies bearing the town's name, and the abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England. On 20 February 981 the relics of StEdward the Martyr, the teenage King of England, were transferred from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony, thereafter turning Shaftesbury into a major site of pilgrimage for miracles of healing. King Canutedied here in 1035, though he was buried atWinchester.Edward the Confessorlicensed a third mint for the town.By the time of theNorman conquestin 1066 Shaftesbury had 257 houses, though many were destroyed in the ensuing years of conflict, and by the time theDomesday Bookwas compiled twenty years later, there were only 177 houses remaining, though this still meant that Shaftesbury was the largest town in Dorset at that time.In thefirst English civil war(1135–1154) betweenEmpress MatildaandKing Stephen, anadulterine castleor fortified house was built on a smallpromontoryat the western edge of the hill on which the old town was built. The site on Castle Hill, also known locally as Boltbury, is now under grass and is ascheduled monument. In 1240 CardinalOtto of Tonengo, legate to theApostolic SeeofPope Gregory IXvisited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary. During theMiddle Agesthe abbey was the central focus of the town; the abbey's great wealth was acknowledged in a popular saying at the time, which stated that \"If the abbot of Glastonbury could marry the abbess of Shaftesbury their heir would hold more land than the king of England\".In 1260 a charter to hold a market was granted. By 1340 the mayor had become a recognised figure, sworn in by the steward of the abbess. In 1392Richard IIconfirmed a grant of two markets on different days. Edwardstowe, Shaftesbury's oldest surviving building, was built on Bimport at some time between 1400 and 1539. Also in this period a medieval farm owned by the Abbess of Shaftesbury was established, on a site now occupied by the Tesco supermarket car park. In 1539, the last Abbess of Shaftesbury, Elizabeth Zouche, signed a deed of surrender, the (by then extremely wealthy) abbey was demolished, and its lands sold, leading to a temporary decline in the town.Sir Thomas Arundellpurchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to Pembroke thenAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors. Shaftesbury was a parliamentary constituency returning two members from 1296 to theReform Act of 1832, when it was reduced to one, and in 1884 the separate constituency was abolished. InSurvey of Dorsetshire, written in about 1630 by Thomas Gerard of the Dorset village ofTrent, Shaftesbury is described as a \"faire Thorough Faire, much frequented by Travellers to and from London\". The town was broadly Parliamentarian in theCivil War, but was in Royalist hands.Wardour Castlefell to Parliamentary forces in 1643; Parliamentary forces surrounded the town in August 1645, when it was a centre of localclubmenactivity. The clubmen were arrested and sent to trial inSherborne. Shaftesbury took no part in theMonmouth Rebellionof 1685. In the 17th century the cloth industry formed part of Shaftesbury's economy, though much of the actual production took place as acottage industryin the surrounding area. In the 18th century the town produced a coarse white woollen cloth called 'swanskin', that was used by fishermen ofNewfoundlandand for uniforms.Buttonmakingalso became important around this time, though with the later advent ofindustrialisationthis subsequently declined, resulting in unemployment, starvation and emigration, with 350 families leaving for Canada.Maltingandbrewingwere also significant in the 17th and 18th centuries, and like other Dorset towns such asDorchesterandBlandford Forum, Shaftesbury became known for its beer. The railways however bypassed the town, which had consequences for Shaftesbury's economy; during the 19th century the town's brewing industry was reduced to serving only local markets, as towns elsewhere in the country could transport their produce more cheaply.During the 19th century the population of the town grew little. The town hall was built in 1837 byEarl Grosvenorafter the guildhall was pulled down to widen High Street. It has been designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade II listed building.Shaftesbury Town Hallis next to the 15th-century St Peter's Church which is Grade II* listed.TheWestminster Memorial Hospitalwas constructed on Bimport in the mid-19th century with a legacy from the wife of theDuke of Westminster. In 1918 Lord Stalbridge, 2nd Baron Stalbridge, Hugh Grosvenor, sold a large portion of the town, which was purchased by a syndicate and auctioned piece by piece over three days.The entire Stalbridge Estate of some 13,500 acres was sold and the title became extinct with the death of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Stalbridge in 1949. His only son and heir had been killed in a flying accident in 1930. Most of Shaftesbury's buildings date from no earlier than the 18th century, as theSaxonand most of the medieval buildings have not survived. Governance In theUnited Kingdom national parliament, Shaftesbury is in theNorth Dorset parliamentary constituency, represented since 2015 bySimon Hoareof theConservative Party.In local government, Shaftesbury is administered byDorset Council(aunitary authority) and Shaftesbury Town Council,which has responsibilities that include open spaces and recreational facilities, allotments, litter, street markets, public conveniences, grants to voluntary organisations, cemetery provision, bus shelters, crime prevention initiatives, civic events and the town hall, planning (as a consultee) and the war memorial. Shaftesbury is covered by an electoral ward called Shaftesbury Town, which elects two members to Dorset Council.Prior tochanges in 2019, the town elected one member ofDorset County Counciland four members ofNorth Dorset District Council. Geography The old centre of Shaftesbury is sited on a westward-pointingpromontoryof high ground in northeast Dorset, on thescarp edgeof a range of hills that extend south and east intoCranborne Chaseand neighbouringWiltshire.The town's built-up area extends down the promontory slopes to lower ground at St James, Alcester and Enmore Green, and eastwards across thewatershedtowards the hill's dip slope.Shaftesbury's altitude is between about 165 metres (541 feet) at the lowest streets below the promontory, to about 235 m (771 ft) at Wincombe Business Park on the hilltop in the north, with the promontory and town centre being at about 215 m (705 ft).Below the town to the west is theBlackmore Vale, which undulates between about 60 and 110 m (200 and 360 ft).About 2 mi (3 km) west of the town and within the Blackmore Vale is the conical mound ofDuncliffe Hill, visible for miles and home to Duncliffe Wood and a nature reserve. The countryside east of the town is part of theCranborne Chase and West Wiltshire DownsArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Geologically, Shaftesbury's hill mostly comprisesUpper Greensand, which is overlain by LowerChalkin the east. These date from theCretaceous, with the greensand having been formed in theAlbianand earlyCenomanian, and the chalk also in the Cenomanian. The greensand is composed of threebeds: the oldest and lowest is a layer of Cann Sand, which is found in the lower parts of the town, such as St James and Alcester, that are below the promontory; above this is a layer of Shaftesbury Sandstone, which generally forms the steepest slopes around the promontory, and on top of this is a layer of Boyne Hollow Chert, which is found on top of the hill and on which most of the town is built. Below the Cann Sand, on the lower slopes of the hill to the north, west and south of the town, are extensive landslip deposits. Economy In 2012 there were 3,400 people employed in Shaftesbury, 65% of whom were working full-time and 35% part-time.Excluding agriculture, the most important employment sectors were public administration, education and health (31% of non-agricultural employment), production and construction (29%), and distribution, accommodation and food (26%).Significant employers includeDorset County Council,Pork Farms,Guys Marsh Prison,Royal Mail,Tesco,Port Regis School, Wessex Electricals, Stalbridge Linen Services, Blackmore Press and Dorset Chilled Foods.There are two industrial estates in the town: Longmead Industrial Estate, covering 7.7 hectares (19 acres), and Wincombe Business Park, covering 6.5 hectares (16 acres). In 2005 there were 75 shops in the town, with a total floorspace of 7,200 square metres (78,000 sq ft). The retail catchment area for major food shopping extends about4+1⁄2mi (7 km) in all directions. Nationalretail chainswith a presence in the town includethe Body Shop,Boots, Somerfield,Superdrug, Tesco andWHSmith. A site has been identified for a projected parkway station on theWest of Englandmain railway line. It would be situated to the north of the town, beneath the A350 road, and a bus service would connect it with the town.Currently the nearest railway station is located in neighbouringGillingham. Demography In the2011 censusShaftesbury's civil parish had 3,493 dwellings,3,235 households and a population of 7,314.The average age of inhabitants was 43, compared to 39.3 for England as a whole. 22.1% of inhabitants were age 65 or older, compared to 16.4% for England as a whole.92% of Shaftesbury's residents were born in the United Kingdom, compared to 86.2% for England as a whole.Previous census figures for the total population of the civil parish are shown in the table below: Culture, art and media Shaftesbury Arts Centre was established in 1957 and stages a variety of exhibitions, performances, workshops and training courses. It is based in the old covered market in the town centre and is a charitable company that is run wholly by its volunteer members. Shaftesbury has two museums: Gold Hill Museum at the top of Gold Hill, and Shaftesbury Abbey Museum in the abbey grounds.Gold Hill Museum was founded in 1946 and displays many artefacts that relate to the history of Shaftesbury and the surrounding area, including Dorset's oldest fire engine, dating from 1744.Shaftesbury Abbey Museum tells the story of the abbey and also has a herb garden and medieval orchard. Shaftesbury Snowdrops is a Diamond Jubilee Community Legacy with the aim of creating a series of free and accessiblesnowdropwalks by planting snowdrops within the publicly open spaces and along the pathways throughout the town. The project was started in the winter of 2012 with the planting of 60,000 bulbs.Since 2013 there has been an annual Snowdrop Festival to encourage tourists to see the snowdrops in flower.Highlights of the festival include the Snowdrop Art Exhibitionand the Snowdrop Lantern Parade.In 2014 Shaftesbury Snowdrops started a heritage collection of rare and unusual snowdrops.These are held in trust for the people of Shaftesbury and displayed in Shaftesbury Abbey during the annual Snowdrop Festival. The collection is being built through sponsorship and donations. Gold Hill Fair usually occurs in the first weekend of July and has food stalls, arts stalls and local music that can be found in the abbey ruins. In 2016, Shaftesbury's first open arts fringe festival was organised and has since grown to become one of the key fringe festivals in the country. The fringe is always held on the first weekend in July and attracts an eccentric mix of performers from local singers to celebrity comics heading for Edinburgh. Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC WestandITV West Country. Television signals are received from theMendipTV transmitter. Shaftesbury's local radio stations areBBC Radio Solent,Vale FM, andHeart West Country. The town is home to a volunteer-runcommunity radiostation, Alfred, broadcasting local news, speech programming and music on 107.3 FM and online.It was awarded anOfcomlicence in 2020, having grown from a weekly podcast which went daily during theCOVID-19 pandemic.The podcast won the gold award in the community radio awards in 2021. Representations Thomas Hardyused the namesShastonorPalladourto describe Shaftesbury in the fictionalWessexof his novels. InJude the Obscurehe described the loss of the town's former architectural glories, principally the abbey: \"Vague imaginings of its castle, its three mints, its magnificent apsidal abbey, the chief glory of south Wessex, its twelve churches, its shrines, chantries, hospitals, its gabled freestone mansions—all now ruthlessly swept away—throw the visitor, even against his will, into a pensive melancholy, which the stimulating atmosphere and limitless landscape around him can scarcely dispel.\" In the 1970sRidley ScottusedGold Hill, a steep cobbled street in the town, as the setting for a television advertisement forHovisbread, in which a bread delivery boy is seen pushing his bicycle up the street before freewheeling back down. The advertisement made the street nationally famous. Transport Shaftesbury is served by theA30, betweenSalisburyandYeovil, and theA350, which connectsPooleandChippenham. The town is 7 miles (11 km) south of the mainA303trunk road betweenLondonandSouth West England. Shaftesbury has never had a direct railway connection. The challenging topography likely played a significant role in this,as constructing a railway up the steep slopes would have been difficult and costly. In 1859, theSalisbury and Yeovil Railwayestablished a station atSemley,2+1⁄2miles (4.0 km) north of Shaftesbury. This station allowed residents and visitors to access the broader railway network. Semley station closed in theBeeching cutsof 1966. The closest railway station to Shaftesbury is nowGillingham railway station (Dorset), 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the town, on theWest of England linefromLondon Waterlooto Exeter. Local bus services connect the town to surrounding villages and towns. Amenities Shaftesbury has anon-League footballclub,Shaftesbury F.C., who play at Cockrams.The Shaftesbury Lido, an open air swimming pool at Barton Hill, is open during the summer months. Shaftesbury has a community hospital, opened in 1874 and named Westminster Memorial Hospital in memory of theMarquis of Westminster, whose widow donated the site.The town has a public library operated by Dorset Council. Notable people Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway, died in Shaftesbury on 12 November 1035; he was buried inWinchester. PoetWilliam Chamberlaynelived there his whole life, from 1619 to 1689. PhilosopherAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury(1671–1713), an influential thinker on modern aesthetics. ActorRobert Newton, best known for his portrayals ofLong John SilverandBill Sikesin the 1948David LeanfilmOliver Twist, was born there. ArchitectRichard Upjohn, famous for his Gothic Revival churches in the United States, includingTrinity Churchin New York, was also born in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producerSeamus Malliagh, known professionally asIglooghost, grew up in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producer and artist Kai Whiston grew up in Shaftesbury. Lavinia Young(1911–1986 ), born in Bimport, was elected Mayor of Shaftesbury (1970) and wasMatronofWestminster Hospital, London from 1951 to 1966. See also References Notes General references External links"
] | [
"1869 Newfoundland general election The1869 Newfoundland general electionwas held in 1869 to elect members of the10th General Assembly of Newfoundlandin theNewfoundland Colony. 21 Anti-Confederates (A-C) were elected against 9 Confederates (Con), ending for a moment the debate over joining the Dominion ofCanada. Results by party Elected members References",
"Charles Fox Bennett Charles James Fox Bennett(11 June 1793 inShaftesbury,England– 5 December 1883) was a merchant and politician who successfully fought attempts to takeNewfoundlandintoCanadian confederation. Bennett was a successful businessman and one of the colony's richest residents with interests in the fisheries, distillery and brewery industry and shipbuilding. His brotherThomas Bennett, a magistrate and member of Newfoundland's first House of Assembly, was a partner in the business. Bennett became involved in politics in the 1840s as a leader of the colony'sAnglicancommunity and an opponent ofresponsible government, an argument he lost when an alliance ofCatholicsand non-Anglican Protestants persuaded theColonial Officeto grant Newfoundland self-government. In the 1860s, he led theAnti-Confederation Partyopposing the proposals by SirFrederick Carterto join Canada. Bennett's party defeated Carter's Conservatives on the Confederation issue in the 1869 elections, allowing Bennett to form a government in",
"a government in 1870. However, asPremierhe was unable to keep his party united, and in 1874 resigned, allowing Carter to return to power. The issue of Confederation had become a moot point and would not be seriously raised again until theGreat Depression. Bennet also commissioned extensive mineral surveys along the coasts, and in the 1860s developed the prosperous copper mine at Tilt Cove (Notre Dame Bay). Bennett's anti-Confederates reformed themselves into the colony's Conservative Party. References External links",
"Shaftesbury Shaftesbury(/ˈʃɑːftsbəri,ˈʃæfts-/) is a town andcivil parishinDorset, England. It is on theA30 road, 20 miles (32 kilometres) west ofSalisburyand 23 miles (37 kilometres) north-northeast ofDorchester, near the border withWiltshire. It is the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset, being built about 215 metres (705 feet)above sea levelon agreensandhill on the edge ofCranborne Chase. The town looks over theBlackmore Vale, part of theRiver Stourbasin. Shaftesbury is the site of the formerShaftesbury Abbey, which was founded in 888 byKing Alfredand became one of the richest religious establishments in the country, before being destroyed in thedissolutionin 1539. Adjacent to the abbey site isGold Hill, a steepcobbledstreet used in the 1970s as the setting forRidley Scott's television advertisement forHovisbread. In the2021 censusthe town's civil parish had a population of 9,162. Toponymy Shaftesbury has acquired a number of names throughout its history. Writing in 1906,Sir Frederick",
"1906,Sir Frederick Trevesreferred to four of these names from Celtic, Latin and English traditions in his bookHighways & Byways in Dorset: The city has had many names. It was, in the beginning, Caer Palladour. By the time of the Domesday Book it was Sceptesberie. It then, with all the affectation of a lady in an eighteenth-century lyric, called itself Sophonia. Lastly it became Shaston, and so the people call it to this day, while all the milestones around concern themselves only with recording the distances to \"Shaston\". The originalCelticname is first recorded inMedieval Welsh literatureasCaer Vynnydd y Paladr(The Mountain Fort/City of the Spears)andThomas Galerecords the name asCaer Palladourin his work of 1709.Though \"Palladour\" was described by one 19th-century directory as \"mere invention\", it has continued to be used as a poetic and alternative name for the town. The English name was recorded in theDomesday Bookof 1086 as Sceptesberie,and the use of \"Shaston\" (/ˈʃæstən/) was recorded in 1831 in Samuel",
"in 1831 in Samuel Lewis'sA Topographical Dictionary of Englandand in 1840 inThe parliamentary gazetteer of England and Wales. Thomas Hardyused both \"Shaston\" and \"Palladour\" to refer to the town in the fictionalWessexof his novels such asJude the Obscure. History There is no substantive evidence that Shaftesbury was the \"Caer Palladur\" (or \"Caer Palladwr\") of Celtic and Roman times, and instead the town's recorded history dates fromAnglo-Saxon times.By the early eighth century there was an important minster church here,and in 880Alfred the Greatfounded aburgh(fortified settlement) here as a defence in the struggle with theDanishinvaders.The burgh is recorded in the early-10th-centuryBurghal Hidageas one of only three that existed in the county (the others being atWarehamand 'Bredy' – which is probablyBridport). In 888 Alfred foundedShaftesbury Abbey, aBenedictinenunneryby the town's east gate, and appointed his daughter Ethelgifu as the firstabbess.Æthelstanfounded two royal mints,which struck pennies",
"struck pennies bearing the town's name, and the abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England. On 20 February 981 the relics of StEdward the Martyr, the teenage King of England, were transferred from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony, thereafter turning Shaftesbury into a major site of pilgrimage for miracles of healing. King Canutedied here in 1035, though he was buried atWinchester.Edward the Confessorlicensed a third mint for the town.By the time of theNorman conquestin 1066 Shaftesbury had 257 houses, though many were destroyed in the ensuing years of conflict, and by the time theDomesday Bookwas compiled twenty years later, there were only 177 houses remaining, though this still meant that Shaftesbury was the largest town in Dorset at that time.In thefirst English civil war(1135–1154) betweenEmpress MatildaandKing Stephen, anadulterine castleor fortified house was built on a smallpromontoryat the western edge of the hill on which the old town was built. The site on",
"built. The site on Castle Hill, also known locally as Boltbury, is now under grass and is ascheduled monument. In 1240 CardinalOtto of Tonengo, legate to theApostolic SeeofPope Gregory IXvisited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary. During theMiddle Agesthe abbey was the central focus of the town; the abbey's great wealth was acknowledged in a popular saying at the time, which stated that \"If the abbot of Glastonbury could marry the abbess of Shaftesbury their heir would hold more land than the king of England\".In 1260 a charter to hold a market was granted. By 1340 the mayor had become a recognised figure, sworn in by the steward of the abbess. In 1392Richard IIconfirmed a grant of two markets on different days. Edwardstowe, Shaftesbury's oldest surviving building, was built on Bimport at some time between 1400 and 1539. Also in this period a medieval farm owned by the Abbess of Shaftesbury was established, on a site now occupied by the Tesco supermarket",
"Tesco supermarket car park. In 1539, the last Abbess of Shaftesbury, Elizabeth Zouche, signed a deed of surrender, the (by then extremely wealthy) abbey was demolished, and its lands sold, leading to a temporary decline in the town.Sir Thomas Arundellpurchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to Pembroke thenAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors. Shaftesbury was a parliamentary constituency returning two members from 1296 to theReform Act of 1832, when it was reduced to one, and in 1884 the separate constituency was abolished. InSurvey of Dorsetshire, written in about 1630 by Thomas Gerard of the Dorset village ofTrent, Shaftesbury is described as a \"faire Thorough Faire, much frequented by Travellers to and from London\". The town was broadly Parliamentarian in theCivil War, but was in Royalist hands.Wardour Castlefell to Parliamentary forces in 1643; Parliamentary forces",
"forces surrounded the town in August 1645, when it was a centre of localclubmenactivity. The clubmen were arrested and sent to trial inSherborne. Shaftesbury took no part in theMonmouth Rebellionof 1685. In the 17th century the cloth industry formed part of Shaftesbury's economy, though much of the actual production took place as acottage industryin the surrounding area. In the 18th century the town produced a coarse white woollen cloth called 'swanskin', that was used by fishermen ofNewfoundlandand for uniforms.Buttonmakingalso became important around this time, though with the later advent ofindustrialisationthis subsequently declined, resulting in unemployment, starvation and emigration, with 350 families leaving for Canada.Maltingandbrewingwere also significant in the 17th and 18th centuries, and like other Dorset towns such asDorchesterandBlandford Forum, Shaftesbury became known for its beer. The railways however bypassed the town, which had consequences for Shaftesbury's economy; during the 19th",
"during the 19th century the town's brewing industry was reduced to serving only local markets, as towns elsewhere in the country could transport their produce more cheaply.During the 19th century the population of the town grew little. The town hall was built in 1837 byEarl Grosvenorafter the guildhall was pulled down to widen High Street. It has been designated byEnglish Heritageas a Grade II listed building.Shaftesbury Town Hallis next to the 15th-century St Peter's Church which is Grade II* listed.TheWestminster Memorial Hospitalwas constructed on Bimport in the mid-19th century with a legacy from the wife of theDuke of Westminster. In 1918 Lord Stalbridge, 2nd Baron Stalbridge, Hugh Grosvenor, sold a large portion of the town, which was purchased by a syndicate and auctioned piece by piece over three days.The entire Stalbridge Estate of some 13,500 acres was sold and the title became extinct with the death of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Stalbridge in 1949. His only son and heir had been killed in a flying",
"killed in a flying accident in 1930. Most of Shaftesbury's buildings date from no earlier than the 18th century, as theSaxonand most of the medieval buildings have not survived. Governance In theUnited Kingdom national parliament, Shaftesbury is in theNorth Dorset parliamentary constituency, represented since 2015 bySimon Hoareof theConservative Party.In local government, Shaftesbury is administered byDorset Council(aunitary authority) and Shaftesbury Town Council,which has responsibilities that include open spaces and recreational facilities, allotments, litter, street markets, public conveniences, grants to voluntary organisations, cemetery provision, bus shelters, crime prevention initiatives, civic events and the town hall, planning (as a consultee) and the war memorial. Shaftesbury is covered by an electoral ward called Shaftesbury Town, which elects two members to Dorset Council.Prior tochanges in 2019, the town elected one member ofDorset County Counciland four members ofNorth Dorset District Council.",
"District Council. Geography The old centre of Shaftesbury is sited on a westward-pointingpromontoryof high ground in northeast Dorset, on thescarp edgeof a range of hills that extend south and east intoCranborne Chaseand neighbouringWiltshire.The town's built-up area extends down the promontory slopes to lower ground at St James, Alcester and Enmore Green, and eastwards across thewatershedtowards the hill's dip slope.Shaftesbury's altitude is between about 165 metres (541 feet) at the lowest streets below the promontory, to about 235 m (771 ft) at Wincombe Business Park on the hilltop in the north, with the promontory and town centre being at about 215 m (705 ft).Below the town to the west is theBlackmore Vale, which undulates between about 60 and 110 m (200 and 360 ft).About 2 mi (3 km) west of the town and within the Blackmore Vale is the conical mound ofDuncliffe Hill, visible for miles and home to Duncliffe Wood and a nature reserve. The countryside east of the town is part of theCranborne Chase and West",
"Chase and West Wiltshire DownsArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Geologically, Shaftesbury's hill mostly comprisesUpper Greensand, which is overlain by LowerChalkin the east. These date from theCretaceous, with the greensand having been formed in theAlbianand earlyCenomanian, and the chalk also in the Cenomanian. The greensand is composed of threebeds: the oldest and lowest is a layer of Cann Sand, which is found in the lower parts of the town, such as St James and Alcester, that are below the promontory; above this is a layer of Shaftesbury Sandstone, which generally forms the steepest slopes around the promontory, and on top of this is a layer of Boyne Hollow Chert, which is found on top of the hill and on which most of the town is built. Below the Cann Sand, on the lower slopes of the hill to the north, west and south of the town, are extensive landslip deposits. Economy In 2012 there were 3,400 people employed in Shaftesbury, 65% of whom were working full-time and 35% part-time.Excluding agriculture,",
"agriculture, the most important employment sectors were public administration, education and health (31% of non-agricultural employment), production and construction (29%), and distribution, accommodation and food (26%).Significant employers includeDorset County Council,Pork Farms,Guys Marsh Prison,Royal Mail,Tesco,Port Regis School, Wessex Electricals, Stalbridge Linen Services, Blackmore Press and Dorset Chilled Foods.There are two industrial estates in the town: Longmead Industrial Estate, covering 7.7 hectares (19 acres), and Wincombe Business Park, covering 6.5 hectares (16 acres). In 2005 there were 75 shops in the town, with a total floorspace of 7,200 square metres (78,000 sq ft). The retail catchment area for major food shopping extends about4+1⁄2mi (7 km) in all directions. Nationalretail chainswith a presence in the town includethe Body Shop,Boots, Somerfield,Superdrug, Tesco andWHSmith. A site has been identified for a projected parkway station on theWest of Englandmain railway line. It would be",
"line. It would be situated to the north of the town, beneath the A350 road, and a bus service would connect it with the town.Currently the nearest railway station is located in neighbouringGillingham. Demography In the2011 censusShaftesbury's civil parish had 3,493 dwellings,3,235 households and a population of 7,314.The average age of inhabitants was 43, compared to 39.3 for England as a whole. 22.1% of inhabitants were age 65 or older, compared to 16.4% for England as a whole.92% of Shaftesbury's residents were born in the United Kingdom, compared to 86.2% for England as a whole.Previous census figures for the total population of the civil parish are shown in the table below: Culture, art and media Shaftesbury Arts Centre was established in 1957 and stages a variety of exhibitions, performances, workshops and training courses. It is based in the old covered market in the town centre and is a charitable company that is run wholly by its volunteer members. Shaftesbury has two museums: Gold Hill Museum at the",
"Hill Museum at the top of Gold Hill, and Shaftesbury Abbey Museum in the abbey grounds.Gold Hill Museum was founded in 1946 and displays many artefacts that relate to the history of Shaftesbury and the surrounding area, including Dorset's oldest fire engine, dating from 1744.Shaftesbury Abbey Museum tells the story of the abbey and also has a herb garden and medieval orchard. Shaftesbury Snowdrops is a Diamond Jubilee Community Legacy with the aim of creating a series of free and accessiblesnowdropwalks by planting snowdrops within the publicly open spaces and along the pathways throughout the town. The project was started in the winter of 2012 with the planting of 60,000 bulbs.Since 2013 there has been an annual Snowdrop Festival to encourage tourists to see the snowdrops in flower.Highlights of the festival include the Snowdrop Art Exhibitionand the Snowdrop Lantern Parade.In 2014 Shaftesbury Snowdrops started a heritage collection of rare and unusual snowdrops.These are held in trust for the people of",
"for the people of Shaftesbury and displayed in Shaftesbury Abbey during the annual Snowdrop Festival. The collection is being built through sponsorship and donations. Gold Hill Fair usually occurs in the first weekend of July and has food stalls, arts stalls and local music that can be found in the abbey ruins. In 2016, Shaftesbury's first open arts fringe festival was organised and has since grown to become one of the key fringe festivals in the country. The fringe is always held on the first weekend in July and attracts an eccentric mix of performers from local singers to celebrity comics heading for Edinburgh. Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC WestandITV West Country. Television signals are received from theMendipTV transmitter. Shaftesbury's local radio stations areBBC Radio Solent,Vale FM, andHeart West Country. The town is home to a volunteer-runcommunity radiostation, Alfred, broadcasting local news, speech programming and music on 107.3 FM and online.It was awarded",
"was awarded anOfcomlicence in 2020, having grown from a weekly podcast which went daily during theCOVID-19 pandemic.The podcast won the gold award in the community radio awards in 2021. Representations Thomas Hardyused the namesShastonorPalladourto describe Shaftesbury in the fictionalWessexof his novels. InJude the Obscurehe described the loss of the town's former architectural glories, principally the abbey: \"Vague imaginings of its castle, its three mints, its magnificent apsidal abbey, the chief glory of south Wessex, its twelve churches, its shrines, chantries, hospitals, its gabled freestone mansions—all now ruthlessly swept away—throw the visitor, even against his will, into a pensive melancholy, which the stimulating atmosphere and limitless landscape around him can scarcely dispel.\" In the 1970sRidley ScottusedGold Hill, a steep cobbled street in the town, as the setting for a television advertisement forHovisbread, in which a bread delivery boy is seen pushing his bicycle up the street before",
"the street before freewheeling back down. The advertisement made the street nationally famous. Transport Shaftesbury is served by theA30, betweenSalisburyandYeovil, and theA350, which connectsPooleandChippenham. The town is 7 miles (11 km) south of the mainA303trunk road betweenLondonandSouth West England. Shaftesbury has never had a direct railway connection. The challenging topography likely played a significant role in this,as constructing a railway up the steep slopes would have been difficult and costly. In 1859, theSalisbury and Yeovil Railwayestablished a station atSemley,2+1⁄2miles (4.0 km) north of Shaftesbury. This station allowed residents and visitors to access the broader railway network. Semley station closed in theBeeching cutsof 1966. The closest railway station to Shaftesbury is nowGillingham railway station (Dorset), 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the town, on theWest of England linefromLondon Waterlooto Exeter. Local bus services connect the town to surrounding villages and towns. Amenities",
"towns. Amenities Shaftesbury has anon-League footballclub,Shaftesbury F.C., who play at Cockrams.The Shaftesbury Lido, an open air swimming pool at Barton Hill, is open during the summer months. Shaftesbury has a community hospital, opened in 1874 and named Westminster Memorial Hospital in memory of theMarquis of Westminster, whose widow donated the site.The town has a public library operated by Dorset Council. Notable people Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway, died in Shaftesbury on 12 November 1035; he was buried inWinchester. PoetWilliam Chamberlaynelived there his whole life, from 1619 to 1689. PhilosopherAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury(1671–1713), an influential thinker on modern aesthetics. ActorRobert Newton, best known for his portrayals ofLong John SilverandBill Sikesin the 1948David LeanfilmOliver Twist, was born there. ArchitectRichard Upjohn, famous for his Gothic Revival churches in the United States, includingTrinity Churchin New York, was also born in",
"was also born in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producerSeamus Malliagh, known professionally asIglooghost, grew up in Shaftesbury. Electronic music producer and artist Kai Whiston grew up in Shaftesbury. Lavinia Young(1911–1986 ), born in Bimport, was elected Mayor of Shaftesbury (1970) and wasMatronofWestminster Hospital, London from 1951 to 1966. See also References Notes General references External links"
] |
There's a famous children's book about a King Elephant. At what age did the French author die? | 37 years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff"
] | [
"Babar the Elephant Babar the Elephant(UK:/ˈbæbɑːr/,US:/bəˈbɑːr/;French pronunciation:) is an elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the Frenchchildren's bookHistoire de BabarbyJean de Brunhoff. The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff's wife,Cécile, had invented for their children.It tells of a youngAfrican elephant, named Babar, whose mother is killed by abig game hunter. Babar escapes, and in the process leaves thejungleinexile, visitsParis, and returns to bring the benefits ofcivilizationto his fellow elephants. Just as he returns to his community of elephants, their king tragically dies from eating apoisonous mushroom. Because of his travels and civilization, Babar is chosen king of theelephant kingdom. Hemarries his cousin, Celeste (French:Céleste), and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons. Story synopsis After Babar's mother is shot and killed by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics.He is befriended by the Old Lady, who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to theElephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom (the illustrations indicate that it is afly agaric), a council of old elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has \"lived among men and learnt much\", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar iscrownedKing of the Elephants and marries his cousin, Celeste. In Jean de Brunhoff's second Babar book,The Travels of Babar, when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon: ... stormy winds down the balloon on an island, and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale, be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus. And when they escape and return home, what awaits them but war with therhinoceroses. It was sparked when Arthur tied a firecracker to the tail ofLord Rataxes. Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides, which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away. After the victory celebrations, the book ends with Babar, Celeste and the Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy. In the third book,Babar the King, Babar founds the city of Celesteville. After manydromedariesare found, they help with building the city. Each elephant citizen is given a job to do. Once the city is built, everyone celebrates. However, problems arise; the Old Lady is bitten by a snake, and Cornelius' home catches fire. Babar has a dream where he is visited by Misfortune and other demons which are chased away by elephant angels representing Courage, Hope, and other virtues. The morning after the hopeful dream, the Old Lady and Cornelius make full recoveries. Among Babar's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are themonkeyZephir, the old elephantcounsellorCornelius (also later Pompadour who was created for theBabartelevision series), Babar's cousin Arthur, and Babar's children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. A younger daughter, Isabelle, is later introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honored guest. Despite the presence of these counsellors, Babar's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body, and completelyautocratic. However, his leadership style seems to strive for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects—a form ofbenevolent dictatorship. Besides hisWesternizingpolicies, Babar engages in battle with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, inBabar and the Adventures of Badou, Pom grows to become the father of Prince Babar II (known as Badou). History In 1931,Jean de Brunhoffintroduced Babar inHistoire de Babar, and Babar enjoyed immediate success.In 1933,A.A. Milneintroduced an English-language version,The Story of Babar, in Britain and the United States. Before his death in 1937, Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories. His sonLaurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946, beginning withBabar et Le Coquin d'Arthur. Ananimated television series,Babarwas produced in Canada byNelvanaLimited and the Clifford Ross Company, running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991, with 65 episodes. An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films. The first two of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books have inspired two major concert works:L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant(The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant) byFrancis Poulencin 1940; andThe Travels of Babar (Le Voyage de Babar)by Raphael Mostel in 1994.In 2010, a sequel and spin-off,Babar and the Adventures of Badou, was released, introducing new characters, including Badou, Babar's grandson and Pom's son. It takes place several years after the original series. Influence and legacy Babar, who likes to wear a bright greensuit, introduces a veryFrench formofWestern civilizationto the elephants, and they soon dress inWesternattire. The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books wasEditions du Jardin des Modes, owned byCondé-Nast. The Babar books were the first Condé-Nast publications not specifically about fashion. AuthorMaurice Sendakdescribed the innovations of Jean de Brunhoff: Like an extravagant piece of poetry, the interplay between few words and many pictures, commonly called the picture book, is a difficult, exquisite, and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered....Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form. Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book. The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the \"Babar\" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations, Babar stands along with Disney'sMickey Mouseas one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff'sBabar's Yoga for Elephantsis a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First LadyLaura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of theTV seriesare broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favourite for years at theWhite House Easter Egg Roll. Since 2001, the Babar franchise has been owned byCorus Entertainment'sNelvanain conjunction with the artist,Clifford Ross. Babar made a nameless appearance inThe New Traveller's Almanac(part ofThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemenseries). Babar and his elephants escortMina MurrayandAllan Quatermainthrough the African jungle. Mina considers them \"civilized and gentle\", but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown. In the 1988 comedy filmComing to America, the Joffer royal family have a pet elephant named \"Babar\". In 1993,de Brunhoff's elephant inspired theBaBar experiment, an international hadron physics collaboration based in theSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryatStanford University. Criticism Herbert R. KohlandVivian Paley,have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories can be seen as a justification forcolonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed byWorld War Iand the books were an exercise innostalgiafor pre-1914 France.Ariel Dorfman'sThe Empire's Old Clothesis another critical view, in which he concludes: \"In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory ofneocolonialism\". In April 2012,Babar's Travelswasremoved from the shelvesbylibrarystaff inEast Sussexin response to parental complaints for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans.Jean de Brunhoff's son Laurent de Brunhoff was embarrassed by stereotypical Africans andNative AmericansinBabar's Picnicand asked the publisher to withdraw it. A more sympathetic view is expressed in the 2008New Yorkerarticle \"Freeing the Elephants\", in whichAdam Gopnikargues it \"is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans\".He concludes that the satisfaction derived fromBabaris based on the knowledge that \"while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park\". Books Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated sevenBabarbooks; the series was continued by his son,Laurent de Brunhoff. Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books (1931–1941), and the titles of the English translations, were: Laurent de Brunhoff's books (1948–2017) (selected list): English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the US, individually and in collections. Other English-language titles about Babar include the following: Films and television Bill Melendez Productions: Atkinson Film-Arts: Nelvana Productions: Video games MindscapereleasedBabar and the Royal Coin Caperfor the PC in 2005, Both Babar and Cornelius are voiced by Daniel Davies and Dave Pender. The Danish game companyThe Game FactorypublishedBabar to the Rescuefor the Game Boy Advance in 2006. References External links",
"Jean de Brunhoff Jean de Brunhoff(French pronunciation:; 9 December 1899 – 16 October 1937) was a French writer andillustratorremembered best for creating theBabarseries of children's books concerning a fictional elephant, the first of which was published in 1931. Early life De Brunhoff was the fourth and youngest child of Maurice de Brunhoff, a publisher, and his wife Marguerite. He attendedProtestantschools, including the prestigiousÉcole Alsacienne.Brunhoff joined the army and was sent to the front whenWorld War Iwas almost over. Afterward, he decided to be a professional artist and studied painting at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumièrein Paris. In 1924, he marriedCécile Sabouraud, a talented pianist, and they had two sons,Laurentand Mathieu, born in 1925 and 1926; a third son,Thierry, was born nine years later. Babar The Babar books began as abedtime storythat Cécile de Brunhoff invented for their children, Mathieu and Laurent, when they were four and five years old, respectively. She was allegedly trying to comfort Mathieu, who was sick. The boys liked the story of the little elephant who left the jungle for a city resembling Paris so much that they asked their father, a painter, to illustrate it.He made it into a picture book, with text, which was published by a family-owned publishing house,Le Jardin des Modes.Originally, it was planned that the book's title page would describe the story astold by Jean and Cécile de Brunhoff. However, she had her name omitted.Due to the role she played in the genesis of the Babar story, some sources refer to her as the creator of the Babar story. After the first bookHistoire de Babar(The Story of Babar), five more titles followed before Jean de Brunhoff died oftuberculosisat the age of 37.He is buried inPère Lachaise Cemeteryin Paris. After Jean's death, his brother Michel de Brunhoff, who was the editor of the magazineVogue Paris, oversaw the publication in book form of Jean's two last books,Babar and His ChildrenandBabar and Father Christmas, both of which had been drawn inblack and whitefor a British newspaper,The Daily Sketch. Michel de Brunhoff arranged for the black and white drawings to be painted in color, with the then-thirteen-year-old Laurent helping with the work.The French publishing houseHachettelater bought the rights to the Babar series.The first six Babar books were reprinted with millions of copies sold around the world. Babar's revival Soon after the end ofWorld War II, Laurent, who had become an artistic painter like his father and had also studied at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumière, began work on a Babar book of his own. Although his style of painting was different from his father's and he emphasized picture more than text in the creation of his books,he trained himself to draw elephants in strict accord with the style of his father. Consequently, many people did not notice any difference in authorship and assumed the six-year gap in the series was because of the war.Laurent has always been careful to emphasize that Babar was his father's creation (and to some extent his mother's) and that he continued the series largely as a way of keeping the memory of his father and his own childhood alive. Death Jean de Brunhoff died fromtuberculosison 16 October 1937, aged 37. Bibliography Further reading References External links"
] | [
"Babar the Elephant Babar the Elephant(UK:/ˈbæbɑːr/,US:/bəˈbɑːr/;French pronunciation:) is an elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the Frenchchildren's bookHistoire de BabarbyJean de Brunhoff. The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff's wife,Cécile, had invented for their children.It tells of a youngAfrican elephant, named Babar, whose mother is killed by abig game hunter. Babar escapes, and in the process leaves thejungleinexile, visitsParis, and returns to bring the benefits ofcivilizationto his fellow elephants. Just as he returns to his community of elephants, their king tragically dies from eating apoisonous mushroom. Because of his travels and civilization, Babar is chosen king of theelephant kingdom. Hemarries his cousin, Celeste (French:Céleste), and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons. Story synopsis After Babar's mother is shot and killed by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics.He is",
"is befriended by the Old Lady, who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to theElephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom (the illustrations indicate that it is afly agaric), a council of old elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has \"lived among men and learnt much\", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar iscrownedKing of the Elephants and marries his cousin, Celeste. In Jean de Brunhoff's second Babar book,The Travels of Babar, when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon: ... stormy winds down the balloon on an island, and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale, be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus. And when they escape and return home, what awaits them but war with therhinoceroses. It was sparked when Arthur tied a",
"when Arthur tied a firecracker to the tail ofLord Rataxes. Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides, which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away. After the victory celebrations, the book ends with Babar, Celeste and the Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy. In the third book,Babar the King, Babar founds the city of Celesteville. After manydromedariesare found, they help with building the city. Each elephant citizen is given a job to do. Once the city is built, everyone celebrates. However, problems arise; the Old Lady is bitten by a snake, and Cornelius' home catches fire. Babar has a dream where he is visited by Misfortune and other demons which are chased away by elephant angels representing Courage, Hope, and other virtues. The morning after the hopeful dream, the Old Lady and Cornelius make full recoveries. Among Babar's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are",
"of the series are themonkeyZephir, the old elephantcounsellorCornelius (also later Pompadour who was created for theBabartelevision series), Babar's cousin Arthur, and Babar's children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. A younger daughter, Isabelle, is later introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honored guest. Despite the presence of these counsellors, Babar's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body, and completelyautocratic. However, his leadership style seems to strive for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects—a form ofbenevolent dictatorship. Besides hisWesternizingpolicies, Babar engages in battle with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, inBabar and the Adventures of Badou, Pom grows to become the father of Prince Babar II (known as Badou). History In 1931,Jean de Brunhoffintroduced Babar inHistoire de Babar, and Babar enjoyed immediate success.In 1933,A.A. Milneintroduced an English-language version,The Story of",
"Story of Babar, in Britain and the United States. Before his death in 1937, Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories. His sonLaurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946, beginning withBabar et Le Coquin d'Arthur. Ananimated television series,Babarwas produced in Canada byNelvanaLimited and the Clifford Ross Company, running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991, with 65 episodes. An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films. The first two of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books have inspired two major concert works:L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant(The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant) byFrancis Poulencin 1940; andThe Travels of Babar (Le Voyage de Babar)by Raphael Mostel in 1994.In 2010, a sequel and spin-off,Babar and the Adventures of Badou, was released, introducing new characters, including Badou, Babar's grandson and Pom's son. It takes place several years after the original series. Influence and legacy Babar,",
"and legacy Babar, who likes to wear a bright greensuit, introduces a veryFrench formofWestern civilizationto the elephants, and they soon dress inWesternattire. The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books wasEditions du Jardin des Modes, owned byCondé-Nast. The Babar books were the first Condé-Nast publications not specifically about fashion. AuthorMaurice Sendakdescribed the innovations of Jean de Brunhoff: Like an extravagant piece of poetry, the interplay between few words and many pictures, commonly called the picture book, is a difficult, exquisite, and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered....Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form. Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book. The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the \"Babar\" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations,",
"span generations, Babar stands along with Disney'sMickey Mouseas one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff'sBabar's Yoga for Elephantsis a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First LadyLaura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of theTV seriesare broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favourite for years at theWhite House Easter Egg Roll. Since 2001, the Babar franchise has been owned byCorus Entertainment'sNelvanain conjunction with the artist,Clifford Ross. Babar made a nameless appearance inThe New Traveller's Almanac(part ofThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemenseries). Babar and his elephants escortMina MurrayandAllan Quatermainthrough the African",
"the African jungle. Mina considers them \"civilized and gentle\", but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown. In the 1988 comedy filmComing to America, the Joffer royal family have a pet elephant named \"Babar\". In 1993,de Brunhoff's elephant inspired theBaBar experiment, an international hadron physics collaboration based in theSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryatStanford University. Criticism Herbert R. KohlandVivian Paley,have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories can be seen as a justification forcolonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed byWorld War Iand the books were an exercise innostalgiafor pre-1914 France.Ariel Dorfman'sThe Empire's Old Clothesis another critical view, in which he concludes: \"In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory ofneocolonialism\". In April",
"In April 2012,Babar's Travelswasremoved from the shelvesbylibrarystaff inEast Sussexin response to parental complaints for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans.Jean de Brunhoff's son Laurent de Brunhoff was embarrassed by stereotypical Africans andNative AmericansinBabar's Picnicand asked the publisher to withdraw it. A more sympathetic view is expressed in the 2008New Yorkerarticle \"Freeing the Elephants\", in whichAdam Gopnikargues it \"is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans\".He concludes that the satisfaction derived fromBabaris based on the knowledge that \"while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a",
"It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park\". Books Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated sevenBabarbooks; the series was continued by his son,Laurent de Brunhoff. Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books (1931–1941), and the titles of the English translations, were: Laurent de Brunhoff's books (1948–2017) (selected list): English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the US, individually and in collections. Other English-language titles about Babar include the following: Films and television Bill Melendez Productions: Atkinson Film-Arts: Nelvana Productions: Video games MindscapereleasedBabar and the Royal Coin Caperfor the PC in 2005, Both Babar and Cornelius are voiced by Daniel Davies and Dave Pender. The Danish game companyThe Game FactorypublishedBabar to the Rescuefor the Game Boy Advance in 2006. References External links",
"Jean de Brunhoff Jean de Brunhoff(French pronunciation:; 9 December 1899 – 16 October 1937) was a French writer andillustratorremembered best for creating theBabarseries of children's books concerning a fictional elephant, the first of which was published in 1931. Early life De Brunhoff was the fourth and youngest child of Maurice de Brunhoff, a publisher, and his wife Marguerite. He attendedProtestantschools, including the prestigiousÉcole Alsacienne.Brunhoff joined the army and was sent to the front whenWorld War Iwas almost over. Afterward, he decided to be a professional artist and studied painting at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumièrein Paris. In 1924, he marriedCécile Sabouraud, a talented pianist, and they had two sons,Laurentand Mathieu, born in 1925 and 1926; a third son,Thierry, was born nine years later. Babar The Babar books began as abedtime storythat Cécile de Brunhoff invented for their children, Mathieu and Laurent, when they were four and five years old, respectively. She was allegedly trying",
"allegedly trying to comfort Mathieu, who was sick. The boys liked the story of the little elephant who left the jungle for a city resembling Paris so much that they asked their father, a painter, to illustrate it.He made it into a picture book, with text, which was published by a family-owned publishing house,Le Jardin des Modes.Originally, it was planned that the book's title page would describe the story astold by Jean and Cécile de Brunhoff. However, she had her name omitted.Due to the role she played in the genesis of the Babar story, some sources refer to her as the creator of the Babar story. After the first bookHistoire de Babar(The Story of Babar), five more titles followed before Jean de Brunhoff died oftuberculosisat the age of 37.He is buried inPère Lachaise Cemeteryin Paris. After Jean's death, his brother Michel de Brunhoff, who was the editor of the magazineVogue Paris, oversaw the publication in book form of Jean's two last books,Babar and His ChildrenandBabar and Father Christmas, both of",
"Christmas, both of which had been drawn inblack and whitefor a British newspaper,The Daily Sketch. Michel de Brunhoff arranged for the black and white drawings to be painted in color, with the then-thirteen-year-old Laurent helping with the work.The French publishing houseHachettelater bought the rights to the Babar series.The first six Babar books were reprinted with millions of copies sold around the world. Babar's revival Soon after the end ofWorld War II, Laurent, who had become an artistic painter like his father and had also studied at theAcadémie de la Grande Chaumière, began work on a Babar book of his own. Although his style of painting was different from his father's and he emphasized picture more than text in the creation of his books,he trained himself to draw elephants in strict accord with the style of his father. Consequently, many people did not notice any difference in authorship and assumed the six-year gap in the series was because of the war.Laurent has always been careful to emphasize",
"to emphasize that Babar was his father's creation (and to some extent his mother's) and that he continued the series largely as a way of keeping the memory of his father and his own childhood alive. Death Jean de Brunhoff died fromtuberculosison 16 October 1937, aged 37. Bibliography Further reading References External links"
] |
Who was the MVP in the season that Cam Plante played in the National Hockey League? | Wayne Gretzky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Plante | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Plante', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Plante",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season"
] | [
"Cam Plante Cam Plante(born March 12, 1964) is a Canadian former professionalice hockeydefenceman. He was drafted in the seventh round, 128th overall, by theToronto Maple Leafsin the1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played two games in theNational Hockey Leaguewith the Maple Leafs in the1984–85 season. Plante holds theWestern Hockey Leaguerecord for points in a season by a defenceman. He scored 140 points as a member of theBrandon Wheat Kingsin the1983–84 WHL season. During 72 games that season he scored 22 goals and had 118 assists. He finished his playing career with theWichita Thunderof the CHL, having returned to North America following four seasons on the United Kingdom. Most of that time was spent with thePeterborough Pirates, but also encompassed short spells with theChelmsford ChieftainsandHumberside Hawks. He is the father of formerFlorida PanthersprospectTyler Planteand formerEdmonton OilersprospectAlex Plante. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Awards References External links This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey defenceman born in the 1960s is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"1984–85 NHL season The1984–85 NHL seasonwas the68th seasonof theNational Hockey League. TheEdmonton Oilerswon their second straightStanley Cupby beating thePhiladelphia Flyersfour games to one in the final series. League business Entry draft The1984 NHL Entry Draftwas held on June 9, at theMontreal ForuminMontreal,Quebec.Mario Lemieuxwas selected first overall by thePittsburgh Penguins. Ice officials begin wearing helmets RefereeAndy Van Hellemondbecomes the first on ice official in league history to wear a helmet. Soon, several officials would follow his lead and wear helmets before it became mandatory for all officials for the2006–07 season. Teams Regular season The Philadelphia Flyers had the best record in the NHL, four points ahead of second place Edmonton Oilers. Flyers goaltenderPelle Lindberghwent on to become the first European to win theVezina Trophy. Oilers' starWayne Gretzkyonce again won theArt Ross Trophyby reaching the 200 plateau for the third time in four years. He also set a new record for assists in a season with 135 and won his sixth straightHart Memorial Trophy.Mario Lemieuxmade his NHL debut by scoring 100 points and winning theCalder Trophyfor rookie of the year. On October 26, 1984,Paul Coffeyof the Edmonton Oilers would be the last defenceman in the 20th century to score four goals in one game. It occurred in a game versus the Detroit Red Wings. The last two players active in the 1960s,Butch GoringandBrad Park, retired after the playoffs. Goring was the last active, playing his last playoff game three days after Park's last game. Final standings Note:W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes. Teams qualifying for the playoffs shown in bold. Prince of Wales Conference Clarence Campbell Conference Playoffs Bracket The top four teams in each division qualified for the playoffs. In the division semifinals, the fourthseededteam in each division played against the division winner from their division. The other series matched the second and third place teams from the divisions. The two winning teams from each division's semifinals then met in the division finals. The two division winners of each conference then played in the conference finals. The two conference winners then advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals. In the division semifinals, teams competed in abest-of-fiveseries. In the other three rounds, teams competed in abest-of-sevenseries (scores in the bracket indicate the number of games won in each series). Awards Hart Memorial Trophy voting James Norris Memorial Trophy voting Jack Adams Award voting Vezina Trophy voting All-Star teams Player statistics Scoring leaders Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points Source:NHL. Leading goaltenders Note: GP = Games played; W = Won; L = Lost; T = Tied; GA = Goals allowed;GAA= Goals against average; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage Coaches Patrick Division Adams Division Norris Division Smythe Division Milestones Debuts The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1984–85 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs): Last games The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1984–85 (listed with their last team): Note: Goring and Park were the last two players to have played in the NHL in the 1960s. Broadcasting This was the first season in more than a decade thatCBCwas not the lone Canadian national broadcaster. WhileMolsoncontinued to presentHockey Night in Canadaon Saturday nights, rival breweryCarling O'Keefebegan airing Friday night games onCTV. The two networks also split the playoffs and finals.CTV had previously airedHNIC-produced telecasts in the 1960s. This was the third and final season of the league's U.S. national broadcast rights deal withUSA, covering a slate of regular season games and selected playoff games.ESPNthen signed a three-year agreement with the league after bidding about twice as much as USA had been paying.USA would not televise the NHL again until after the network was acquired byNBCUniversalin the early 2000s, airing selected playoff games as part ofNBC Sports' overall NHL coverage between 2015 and 2021. See also References External links"
] | [
"Cam Plante Cam Plante(born March 12, 1964) is a Canadian former professionalice hockeydefenceman. He was drafted in the seventh round, 128th overall, by theToronto Maple Leafsin the1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played two games in theNational Hockey Leaguewith the Maple Leafs in the1984–85 season. Plante holds theWestern Hockey Leaguerecord for points in a season by a defenceman. He scored 140 points as a member of theBrandon Wheat Kingsin the1983–84 WHL season. During 72 games that season he scored 22 goals and had 118 assists. He finished his playing career with theWichita Thunderof the CHL, having returned to North America following four seasons on the United Kingdom. Most of that time was spent with thePeterborough Pirates, but also encompassed short spells with theChelmsford ChieftainsandHumberside Hawks. He is the father of formerFlorida PanthersprospectTyler Planteand formerEdmonton OilersprospectAlex Plante. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Awards References External links This biographical",
"This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey defenceman born in the 1960s is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"1984–85 NHL season The1984–85 NHL seasonwas the68th seasonof theNational Hockey League. TheEdmonton Oilerswon their second straightStanley Cupby beating thePhiladelphia Flyersfour games to one in the final series. League business Entry draft The1984 NHL Entry Draftwas held on June 9, at theMontreal ForuminMontreal,Quebec.Mario Lemieuxwas selected first overall by thePittsburgh Penguins. Ice officials begin wearing helmets RefereeAndy Van Hellemondbecomes the first on ice official in league history to wear a helmet. Soon, several officials would follow his lead and wear helmets before it became mandatory for all officials for the2006–07 season. Teams Regular season The Philadelphia Flyers had the best record in the NHL, four points ahead of second place Edmonton Oilers. Flyers goaltenderPelle Lindberghwent on to become the first European to win theVezina Trophy. Oilers' starWayne Gretzkyonce again won theArt Ross Trophyby reaching the 200 plateau for the third time in four years. He also set a new record for",
"a new record for assists in a season with 135 and won his sixth straightHart Memorial Trophy.Mario Lemieuxmade his NHL debut by scoring 100 points and winning theCalder Trophyfor rookie of the year. On October 26, 1984,Paul Coffeyof the Edmonton Oilers would be the last defenceman in the 20th century to score four goals in one game. It occurred in a game versus the Detroit Red Wings. The last two players active in the 1960s,Butch GoringandBrad Park, retired after the playoffs. Goring was the last active, playing his last playoff game three days after Park's last game. Final standings Note:W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes. Teams qualifying for the playoffs shown in bold. Prince of Wales Conference Clarence Campbell Conference Playoffs Bracket The top four teams in each division qualified for the playoffs. In the division semifinals, the fourthseededteam in each division played against the division winner from their division. The",
"their division. The other series matched the second and third place teams from the divisions. The two winning teams from each division's semifinals then met in the division finals. The two division winners of each conference then played in the conference finals. The two conference winners then advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals. In the division semifinals, teams competed in abest-of-fiveseries. In the other three rounds, teams competed in abest-of-sevenseries (scores in the bracket indicate the number of games won in each series). Awards Hart Memorial Trophy voting James Norris Memorial Trophy voting Jack Adams Award voting Vezina Trophy voting All-Star teams Player statistics Scoring leaders Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points Source:NHL. Leading goaltenders Note: GP = Games played; W = Won; L = Lost; T = Tied; GA = Goals allowed;GAA= Goals against average; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage Coaches Patrick Division Adams Division Norris Division Smythe Division Milestones",
"Division Milestones Debuts The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1984–85 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs): Last games The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1984–85 (listed with their last team): Note: Goring and Park were the last two players to have played in the NHL in the 1960s. Broadcasting This was the first season in more than a decade thatCBCwas not the lone Canadian national broadcaster. WhileMolsoncontinued to presentHockey Night in Canadaon Saturday nights, rival breweryCarling O'Keefebegan airing Friday night games onCTV. The two networks also split the playoffs and finals.CTV had previously airedHNIC-produced telecasts in the 1960s. This was the third and final season of the league's U.S. national broadcast rights deal withUSA, covering a slate of regular season games and selected playoff games.ESPNthen signed a three-year agreement with the league after bidding about twice as",
"about twice as much as USA had been paying.USA would not televise the NHL again until after the network was acquired byNBCUniversalin the early 2000s, airing selected playoff games as part ofNBC Sports' overall NHL coverage between 2015 and 2021. See also References External links"
] |
Emory Kristof, the photographer who helped find the Titanic's wreckage, shares an alma mater with a co-creator of Seinfeld. How many years separate their births? | 5 years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Kristof | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park#Notable_alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Post processing | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Kristof', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park#Notable_alumni', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Kristof",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park#Notable_alumni",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David"
] | [
"Emory Kristof Emory Kristof(November 19, 1942 – February 6, 2023) was an American photographer. He was on the expedition that discovered theTitanic.His work has been published inNational Geographic Magazineand elsewhere. Life and career Kristof was born inLaurel, Maryland, on November 19, 1942. Kristof participated in multiple undersea expeditions with Canadian explorersJoseph MacInnisandPhil Nuytten, including the exploration of theBreadalbane, the world's northernmost known shipwreck, and the 1995 expedition to recover the bell from the wreck of theSSEdmund Fitzgerald.Kristof also accompanied MacInnis and Russian explorerAnatoly Sagalevichon a descent 16,400 feet intoKings Troughin the eastern North Atlantic aboard the submersibleMir 1, and on the expedition which made theIMAXfilmTitanica. Kristof served as Supervising Producer of 2003IMAXdocumentary,Volcanoes of the Deep Sea, about the ecosystems surroundinghydrothermal vents. Kristof diedNorthfield, Massachusetts, on February 6, 2023, at the age of 80. Awards References External links This article about an American photographer is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"University of Maryland, College Park TheUniversity of Maryland, College Park(University of Maryland,UMD, or simplyMaryland) is apublicland-grantresearch universityinCollege Park, Maryland, United States. Founded in 1856, UMD is theflagship institutionof theUniversity System of Maryland. UMD is the largest university in both the state and theWashington metropolitan area. Its 12 schools and colleges offer over 200 degree-granting programs, including 113 undergraduate majors, 107master'sprograms, and 83doctoral programs. UMD is a member of theAssociation of American Universitiesand competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of theBig Ten Conference. The University of Maryland's proximity to Washington, D.C. has resulted in many research partnerships with thefederal government;faculty receive research funding and institutional support from many agencies, such as theNational Institutes of Health,NASA, theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, theFood and Drug Administration, theNational Security Agency, and theDepartment of Homeland Security.It isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\"and has been labeled a \"Public Ivy\".According to theNational Science Foundation, the university spent a combined $1.14 billion on research and development in 2021, ranking it 17th among American universities. History Early history On March 6, 1856, the forerunner of today's University of Maryland was chartered as theMaryland Agricultural College.Two years later,Charles Benedict Calvert(1808–1864), a futureU.S. Representative(Congressman) and descendant of the firstLord Baltimore, purchased 420 acres (1.7 km2) of theRiversdale Mansionestate nearby today'sCollege Park, Maryland.Later that year, Calvert founded the school and was the acting president from 1859 to 1860.On October 5, 1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College.The school became aland grant collegein February 1864. Civil War During theCivil War,Confederatesoldiers under Brigadier GeneralBradley Tyler Johnsonmoved past the college on July 12, 1864, as part of Jubal Early's raid onWashington, D.C.By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres (81 ha) of land, and the continuing decline in enrollment sent the Maryland Agricultural College into bankruptcy. The campus was used as a boys' preparatory school for the next two years. The Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school in 1866. The college thus became, in part, a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students. In 1868, the former Confederate admiralFranklin Buchananwas appointed president of the school. Enrollment grew to 80 at the time of his resignation, and the school soon paid off its debt. In 1873,Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, became president of the college. Twenty years later, the federally-funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. During this same period, state laws granted the college regulatory powers in several areas—including controlling farm disease, inspecting feed, establishing a state weather bureau and geological survey, and housing the forestry board.Morrill Hall(the oldest instructional building still in use on campus) was built the following year. Great Fire of 1912 On November 29, 1912, a fire destroyed student housing, school records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving onlyMorrill Halluntouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two students returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing.A new administration building was not built until the 1940s. 20th century The state took control of the school in 1916 and renamed itMaryland State College. That year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9, 1920, the college became part of the existingUniversity of Maryland, replacingSt. John's College, Annapolisas the university's undergraduate campus.In the same year, the graduate school on the College Park campus awarded its first Ph.D. degrees and the university's enrollment reached 500 students. In 1925 the university was accredited by theAssociation of American Universities. By the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women. Before 1951, many black students in Maryland were enrolled at theUniversity of Maryland, Eastern Shore. In 1957, PresidentWilson H. Elkinspushed to increase the university's academic standards. His efforts resulted in creating one of the first Academic Probation Plans. The first year the plan went into effect, 1,550 students (18% of the total student body) faced expulsion. On October 19, 1957,Queen Elizabeth IIof the United Kingdom attended her first and only college football game at the University of Maryland after expressing interest in seeing a typically American sport during her first tour of the United States. TheMaryland Terrapinsbeat theNorth Carolina Tar Heels21 to 7 in the historical game now referred to as \"The Queen's Game\". Phi Beta Kappaestablished a chapter at The University of Maryland in 1964. In 1969, the university was elected to theAssociation of American Universities. The school continued to grow, and by the fall of 1985 reached an enrollment of 38,679.Like many colleges during theVietnam War, the university was the site of student protests and had curfews enforced by theNational Guard. In a massive restructuring of the state's higher education system in 1988, the school was designated as the flagship campus of the newly formedUniversity of Maryland System(later changed to the University System of Maryland in 1997). It was formally named the University of Maryland, College Park. All five campuses in the former network were designated distinct campuses in the new system. However, in 1997 theMaryland General Assemblypassed legislation allowing the University of Maryland, College Park, to be known simply as the University of Maryland, recognizing the campus' role as the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. In 1994, theNational Archives at College Parkcompleted construction and opened on a parcel of land adjoining the campus donated by the University of Maryland, after lobbying by PresidentWilliam Kirwanand congressional leaders to foster academic collaboration between the institutions. 21st century In 2004, the university began constructing the 150-acre (61 ha) \"M Square Research Park\", which includes facilities affiliated with theU.S. Department of Defense,Food and Drug Administration, and the new National Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, affiliated with TheNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).In May 2010, ground was broken on a new Physical Science Complex, including an advanced quantum science laboratory. The university suffered multipledata breachesin 2014. The first resulted in the compromise of over 300,000 student and faculty records.A second data breach occurred several months later.The second breach was investigated by the FBI and Secret Service and found to be done by David Helkowski.Despite the attribution, no charges were filed. As a result of the data breaches, the university offered free credit protection for five years to the students and faculty affected. In 2017, the university received a record-breaking donation of $219.5 million from theA. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation, ranking among the country's largest philanthropic gifts to a public university.Darryll J. Pinesbecame the 34th president of the university in 2020. Pines was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the university before becoming president. In 2021, the university announced it had raised $1.5 billion in donations since 2018. In April of 2024, UMD students joined othercampuses across the United States in protestsagainst theIsrael–Hamas war. Students called attention to thegenocide in Palestineand for the university todivest from companiesthat support the Hamas-Israel war.Activism continued in next academic year with the placement of small flags in the lawn on McKeldin Mall, representing the more than 150,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza. Campus The center of the university's 1,250 acres (5.1 km2) is McKeldin Mall, which is the largest academic mall in the United States.The Mall is bordered on the east and west byMcKeldin Libraryand the Thomas V. Miller, Jr. Administration Building, respectively. Academic buildings surround McKeldin Mall on the north and south ends. They are the homes to many departments in theCollege of Behavioral and Social Sciences, College of Arts and Humanities, and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. West of McKeldin Mall is the North Hill Community, and south of McKeldin Mall liesMorrill Halland the Morrill Quad, which was the original center of campus. South of the Morrill Quad are the South Hill and South Campus Commons Communities, and the Southwest Mall and theRobert H. Smith School of Businessto the southwest. Running parallel to McKeldin Mall to the north is Campus Drive, the main thoroughfare through campus. Another thoroughfare, Regents Drive, runs perpendicular to the Mall and is home to theMemorial Chapeland the Campus Farms. Regents Drive crosses Campus Drive at the campus hallmark,\"M\" Circle, which is a traffic circle with a large \"M\" formed by flowers in its center.The northeast quadrant of campus, formed by Campus and Regent Drives, is home to many ofnatural sciencesandapplied sciencesdepartments.The Rossborough Inn, which, was built during the years 1798 to 1812, is the oldest building on campus (and is older than the university itself).There are five regularly used entrances to campus; the main entrance, off of Baltimore Avenue and onto Campus Drive, is referred to as North Gate and features the Gatehouse, an ornate gateway honoring the university's founders.The 140-acre (57 ha), 18-holeUniversity of Maryland Golf Coursesits at the northern edge of campus, as doesthe Observatory. The campus contains 7,500 documented trees and garden plantings, leading theAmerican Public Gardens Associationto designate the campus theUniversity of Maryland Arboretum & Botanical Gardenin 2008.There are also nearly 400 acres (1.6 km2) ofurban foreston campusand theArbor Day Foundationhas named the university to its 'Tree Campus USA' list.The recreational Paint Branch Trail, part of theAnacostia Tributary Trailssystem, cuts through campus, as does thePaint Branchstream, a tributary of theNortheast Branch Anacostia River.The university's firstLeed Goldbuilding, Knight Hall, opened in April 2010 as the new home for thePhilip Merrill College of Journalism.In 2021, President Pines pledged that the University of Maryland would achievecarbon neutralitybyEarth Day2025. Academics As of 2023, The University of Maryland ranked #46 in National Universities and #19 in Top Public Schools in the United States.The University of Maryland offers 127 undergraduate degrees and 112 graduate degrees in thirteen colleges and schools: Undergraduate admissions Admission to Maryland is rated \"most selective\" byU.S. News & World Report.For the Class of 2026 (enrolled fall 2022), Maryland received 56,766 applications and accepted 19,451 (34.3%). Of those accepted, 4,742 enrolled, ayield rate(the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24.4%.Maryland's freshmanretention rateis 95.5%, with 88.3% going on to graduate within six years. Of the 34% of the incoming freshman class who submittedSATscores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1340–1490.Of the 9% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submittedACTscores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 30 and 34. The University of Maryland, College Park is a college sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 58 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 69 freshman students wereNational Merit Scholars. In 2020, the university announced it was joining theCommon App. Beginning with the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Maryland uses the application provided by The Coalition for Access, Affordability, and Success. Rankings The university is tied for 46th in the 2024U.S. News & World Reportrankings of \"National Universities\" across the United States, and it is ranked tied for 19th nationally among public universities.TheAcademic Ranking of World Universitiesranked Maryland as 43rd in the world in 2015. The 2017–2018Times Higher Education World University Rankingsplaced Maryland 69th worldwide. The 2016/17QS World University Rankingsranked Maryland 131st worldwide. The university was ranked amongPeace Corps' 25 Top Volunteer-Producing Colleges for the tenth consecutive year in 2020.The University of Maryland is ranked amongTeach for America's Top 20 Colleges and Universities, contributing the greatest number of graduating seniors to its 2017 teaching corps. For the fourth consecutive year in 2015, the university was ranked 1st in the U.S. for the number ofBoren Scholarshiprecipients – with nine students receiving awards for intensive international language study.The university is ranked as a Top Producing Institution ofFulbrightU.S. Students and Scholars for the 2017–2018 academic year by theUnited States Department of State'sBureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In 2017, the University of Maryland was ranked among the top 50 universities in the 2018Best Global Universities RankingsbyU.S. News & World Reportbased on its high academic research performance and global reputation. In 2021, the university was ranked among the top 10 universities inThe Princeton Review's annual survey of the Top Schools for Innovation & Entrepreneurship; this was the sixth consecutive such ranking. Faculty The university's faculty has included fourNobel Prizelaureates. The earliest recipient (1956), wasJuan Ramón Jiménez, a Spanish language and literature professor. Four decades later, physics professorWilliam Daniel Phillipswon a prize in physics for his contributions tolaser cooling. In 2005,Thomas Schellingwas awarded the prize in economics for his contributions togame theory. In 2006,John C. Matherwas awarded the prize in physics alongsideGeorge Smootfor their work in the discovery of blackbody form andanisotropyof thecosmic microwave background radiation. In addition, two University of Maryland alumni are Nobel Prize laureates;Herbert Hauptmanwon the 1985 prize in chemistry, andRaymond Davis Jr.won the 2002 prize in physics. The university has many notable academics. Professor of mathematics,Sergei Novikovwon theFields Medalin 1970, followed by alumnusCharles Feffermanin 1978. AlumnusGeorge Dantzigwon the 1975National Medal of Sciencefor his work in the field of linear programming. Professor of physicsMichael Fisherwon theWolf Prizein 1980 (together withKenneth G. WilsonandLeo Kadanoff) and theIUPAPBoltzmann Medalin 1983.James A. Yorke, a distinguished university professor of mathematics and physics and chair of the mathematics department, won the 2003Japan Prizefor his work inchaotic systems. In 2013, professor of physicsSylvester James Gateswas awarded theNational Medal of Science. Research UMD isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\".In FY 2020, the university spent about 1.103 billion dollars in total R&D expenditures, ranking it 16th in the nation. On October 14, 2004, the university added 150 acres (61 ha) in an attempt to create the largest research park inside the Washington, D.C.Capital Beltway, formerly known as \"M Square\" and now known as the \"Discovery District.\" Many of the faculty members have funding from federal agencies such as theNational Science Foundation, theNational Institutes of Health,NASA,theDepartment of Homeland Security,theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, and theNational Security Agency. TheSpace Systems Laboratoryresearches human-robotic interaction forastronauticsapplications and includes the onlyneutral buoyancyfacility at a university. TheJoint Global Change Research Institutewas formed in 2001 by the University of Maryland and thePacific Northwest National Laboratory. The institute focuses on multidisciplinary approaches to climate change research. TheNational Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism(START) launched in 2005 as one of theCenters of Excellencesupported by theDepartment of Homeland Securityin the United States. START is focused on the scientific study of the causes and consequences of terrorism in the United States and worldwide. Living-learning programs The university hosts \"living-learning\" programs (LLPs) that allow students with similar academic interests to live in the same residential community take specialized courses and perform research in those areas of expertise. These include CIVICUS, focused on politics and community service;HinmanCEOs, an entrepreneurship program;and the Language House, where students learning a shared target language live together.Several LLPs exist under the university's Honors College, with focuses in topics including cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, and life sciences.College Park Scholars is another LLP umbrella that includes programs in the arts, public health, and legal thought, among other things. Student life Residential life There are two main residential areas on campus, North Campus and South Campus, further divided into seven residential communities. North Campus is made up of Cambridge Community (which consists of five residence halls and houses the College Park Scholars program), Denton Community (which consists of four halls), and Ellicott Community (consisting of three halls). The Heritage community, completed in 2022, features two residence halls and a dining hall. South Campus includes the North Hill Community, made up of nineGeorgian-stylehalls and Prince Frederick Hall (which opened in 2014) immediately west ofMcKeldin Mall; South Hill Community, made up of fourteen small residence halls for upper-level students; Leonardtown Community, which offers apartment-style housing; the South Campus Commons Community, which consists of seven apartment-style buildings (the seventh and most recent building being opened in January 2010); and the Courtyards, a garden-style apartment community in north campus consisting of seven buildings. Dining There are three dining halls on campus. In addition,a food court in the Stamp Student Unionprovides manyfast fooddining options for the university community.The dining hall 251 lies in the Denton Community on the northern part of campus.The second northern dining hall, the university's newest dining facility, Yahentamitsi Dining Hall, is the first building on campus named in honor of Indigenous people. The word “Yahentamitsi” means A Place to Go to Eat in the native Algonquian language.The third and final dining hall, South Campus Dining Hall, can be found just south of Mckeldin Library.https://dining.umd.edu/hours-locations/dining-halls Transportation The university is accessible throughthe three airportsin the greaterWashington metropolitan area:Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport,Washington Dulles International Airport, andBaltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport.A small public airport in College Park,College Park Airport, lies nearly adjacent to campus, but operations are limited. This airport is the world's oldest continually operating airportand the site of many significant aviation firsts. A free shuttle service, known asShuttle–UM, is available for UMD students, faculty, staff, and some residents of College Park and Greenbelt.The university is served by an off-campus stop on theWashington Metro'sGreenLinecalledCollege Park – University of Maryland. Other trains and busses stop there. In 2011, the university signed on to the state'sPurple Lineprogram.The Purple Line route will have five stops on and around the university's campus: M Square, the College Park Metro station, the main entrance to the campus on Route 1, near Stamp Student Union on Campus Drive, and on the other edge of campus on Adelphi Road, along with a parallel running bike path. The Diamondback The Diamondbackis an independentstudent newspaper. It was founded in 1910 asThe Triangleand renamed in 1921 in honor of a local reptile, theDiamondback terrapin, which became the school mascot in 1933. The newspaper is published daily during the spring and fall semesters, with a print circulation of 17,000 and annual advertising revenues of over $1 million.Notable journalists who have been with the paper includeDavid SimonofHBO'sThe WireandNBC'sHomicide: Life on the Street, and cartoonistsJeff Kinney, who created theDiary of a Wimpy Kidfiction series and whoseIgdoofstrip appeared inThe Diamondback;Aaron McGruder, who first published his cartoonThe BoondocksinThe Diamondback; andFrank Cho, who began his career with the popularUniversity SquaredforThe Diamondback. Other student activities WMUC-FM(90.5 FM) is the university's non-commercial radio station, staffed by UMD students and volunteers. WMUC is afreeformandsports broadcastingstation broadcast at 10 watts. Its broadcasts can be heard throughout theWashington metropolitan area. Notable WMUC alumni includeConnie Chung,Bonnie Bernstein,Peter Rosenbergand Aaron McGruder. Approximately 16% of men and women in Maryland's undergraduate student body were involved infraternities and sororitiesin 2017. Athletics The university sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 men's and women's sports. The teams, named the \"Terrapins\", represent Maryland inNational Collegiate Athletic AssociationDivision Icompetition. Maryland became a founding member of theAtlantic Coast Conferencein 1952 but left to join theBig Ten Conferenceon July 1, 2014. As of 2017, Maryland's athletic teams have been awarded 44 national championships by the NCAA,USILA,AIAW, andNCA.In 2008 and 2010,The Princeton Reviewnamed the University of Maryland's athletic facilities the best in the nation.The Terrapins nickname (often shortened to \"Terps\") was coined by former university president, football coach, and athletic directorH. C. \"Curly\" Byrdin 1932.The mascot is adiamondback terrapinnamedTestudo, which isLatinfor \"tortoise\".Since the early 20th century, the school athletic colors have been some combination of those on theMaryland state flag: red, white, black, and gold.Maryland is the only NCAA Division I school to have four official school colors. Basketball and football Men's basketballis the most popular sport at the university.Long-time head coachLefty Driesellbegan the now nationwide tradition of \"Midnight Madness\" in 1971.Beginning in 1989, alumnusGary Williamsrevived the program, which was struggling in the wake ofLen Bias's death and NCAA rules infractions. Williams led Maryland basketball to national prominence with twoFinal Fourappearances, and in 2002, anational championship. On February 7, 2006, Williams won his 349th game to surpass Driesell and became Maryland's all-time leader among basketball coaches.Mark Turgeonbecame head coach in 2011. Maryland footballis also popular at the university. Lacrosse Maryland men's lacrosseremains one of the sport's top programs since its beginnings as a squad in 1865.The team most recently won the national championship in2022, completing an undefeated season, the first since Virginia in 2006, and the first to go undefeated across 18 games. The team has won tenUSILAand NCAA national championships since its promotion to varsity status in 1924 and is a regular fixture in theNCAA tournament.TheMaryland women's lacrosseteam has won 15 national championships, the most of any program in the nation.The team has produced the National Player of the Year/Tewaaraton Awardwinner eight times, more than any other collegiate program.The Terrapins have also made the most NCAA tournament appearances, won the most tournament games, and made the most NCAA championship game appearances of any program.They most recently won the NCAA championship in 2019. Soccer Themen's soccer teamhas won fourNCAA Division I College Cupnational championships, most recently in 2018.Under the guidance of head coachSasho Cirovski, the soccer team has reached nine Final Fours and won three College Cups since 1997. The soccer team has developed a large, devoted fan base among students and the local community. The attendance record at Ludwig Field was set in 2015 when 8,449 fans saw Maryland win over top-ranked UCLA in extra time.The annual total attendance increased dramatically from 12,710 in 1995 to 35,631 in 2008. Field hockey TheMaryland field hockeyteam has won a total of eightNCAA national championshipsand 13 conference championships (10 in the ACC and 5 in the Big Ten). Marching band TheMighty Sound of Marylandmarching band attends all home football games and provides pre-game performances.During basketball season, the marching band provides music in the stands. Notable alumni Notable alumni includeHouse Democratic WhipSteny Hoyer;Googleco-founderSergey Brin;The MuppetscreatorJim Henson;The WirecreatorDavid Simon;former NFL QuarterbackNorman \"Boomer\" Esiason;CBShostGayle King; journalistConnie Chung; andSeinfeldco-creator andCurb Your EnthusiasmcreatorLarry David.Prominent alumni in business includeEd Snider, former chairman ofComcast Spectacorand former owner of thePhiladelphia Flyers; journalistJim Walton, former president and CEO ofCNN;Kevin Plank, founder and executive chairman of the athletic apparel companyUnder Armour;Chris Kubasik, former president ofLockheed Martin; andCarly Fiorina, former CEO ofHewlett-Packard. JournalistCarl Bernstein, who won thePulitzer Prize for Public Servicefor his coverage of theWatergate scandal, attended the university but did not graduate. Attendees within the fields of science and mathematics are Nobel laureatesRaymond Davis Jr., 2002 winner in Physics;Herbert Hauptman, 1985 winner in Chemistry, andFields MedalwinnerCharles Fefferman. Other alumni includeGeorge Dantzig, considered the father of linear programming; lateNASAastronautJudith Resnik, who died in the destruction of theSpace Shuttle Challengerduring the launch of missionSTS-51-L; andNASAAdministratorMichael D. Griffin. Several donors have distinguished themselves for their sizable gifts to the university. BusinessmanRobert H. Smith, who graduated from the university in 1950 with a degree in accounting, gave over $45 million to the business school that now bears his name and to the Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, which bears his wife's name.Construction entrepreneurA. James Clark, who graduated with an engineering degree in 1950, donated over $45 million to the college of engineering, which also bears his name.Another engineering donor,Jeong H. Kim, earned his Ph.D. from the university in 1991 and gave $5 million for the construction of a state-of-the-art engineering building.Philip Merrill, a media figure, donated $10 million to the College of Journalism.Robert E. Fischell, physicist, inventor, and holder of more than 200 U.S. and foreign medical patentsdonated $30 million to theA. James Clark School of Engineering,establishing the Fischell Department of Bioengineering.Brendan Iribe, a co-founder ofOculus VR, donated $31 million to the university in 2014 towardsa new computer science buildingand scholarships. See also Explanatory notes References External links",
"Larry David Lawrence Gene David(born July 2, 1947) is an American comedian, writer, actor, and television producer.He andJerry Seinfeldcreated theNBCtelevisionsitcomSeinfeld, of which David was head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons. He gained further recognition for creating and writing theHBOseriesCurb Your Enthusiasm,in which he also stars as a fictionalized version of himself.David's work onSeinfeldwon him twoPrimetime Emmy Awardsin 1993, forOutstanding Comedy SeriesandOutstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series;he was nominated 17 other times. Formerly a stand-up comedian, David went intotelevision comedy, writing and starring inABC'sFridays, and writing briefly forSaturday Night Live. He has been nominated for 27Primetime Emmy Awardsand threeGolden Globe Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted him the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a 2004 British poll to select \"The Comedian's Comedian\",and he received theWriters Guild of America's Laurel Awardin 2010.He made hisBroadwaydebut writing and starring in the comedic playFish in the Dark(2015). Since 2015 he has made recurring guest appearances onSaturday Night Live, where he impersonates 2016 and 2020U.S. presidential candidateBernie Sanders, who is his sixth cousin once removed. Early life and education David was born on July 2, 1947, in theSheepshead Bayneighborhood ofBrooklyn,New York City. His parents are Rose (née Regina Brandes) and Mortimer Julius \"Morty\" David, a men's clothing manufacturer, and he has an older brother, Ken.David's family isJewish. HisAmerican Jewishfather's familymoved from Germanyto the U.S. during the 19th century, while David's mother was born into aPolish-Jewishfamily inTernopil, now inUkraine, and her mother's family name was Superfein. David graduated fromSheepshead Bay High School, now defunct and operating as Frank J. Macchiarola Educational Complex, in 1965. A sign with his photo is displayed in one of the complex's hallways. He then attended theUniversity of Maryland, College Park, where he was a brother inTau Epsilon Phi.He graduated in 1970 with aBachelor of Artsinhistory.At college, he discovered that he could make people laugh simply by being himself.After college, Davidenlistedin theUnited States Army Reserveand received training as a petroleum storage specialist.To avoid the final year of his six-year enlistment, he paid a psychiatrist to write a letter declaring him unfit for duty. Career 1980–1987: Stand-up andSNL While a stand-up comedian, David also worked as a store clerk, limousine driver, and historian. He lived inManhattan Plaza, a federally subsidized housing complex inManhattan'sHell's Kitchenneighborhood, across the hall fromKenny Kramer, the inspiration for theCosmo Kramercharacter inSeinfeld.From 1980 to 1982, David became a writer and cast member forABC'sFridays, where he worked withMichael Richards, who later played Kramer onSeinfeld. From 1984 to 1985, David was a writer forNBC'sSaturday Night Live(SNL) and metJulia Louis-Dreyfus, who also worked on the show in this period.During his time atSNL, he was able to get only one sketch on the air, which aired at 12:50 am, the show's last time slot.David quit his job atSNLin the first season, only to show up to work two days later acting as though nothing had happened. That event inspired the second-seasonSeinfeldepisode \"The Revenge\".He can be heard hecklingMichael McKeanwhen McKean hostedSNLin 1984, and can be seen in the sketch \"The Run, Throw, and Catch Like a Girl Olympics\" whenHoward Cosellhosted the season finale in 1985.In 1987, David was a writer and performer forWay Off Broadway, a variety talk show onLifetimehosted byJoy Behar. 1989–1998: Breakthrough withSeinfeld In 1989, David teamed up with comedianJerry Seinfeldto create a pilot for NBC calledThe Seinfeld Chronicles, which became the basis forSeinfeld, one of the most successful shows in history,reaching the top ofTV Guide'slist of the 50 greatest TV shows of all time.Entertainment Weeklyranked it the third-best TV show of all time. David made occasional uncredited appearances on the show, playing such roles as Frank Costanza's cape-wearing lawyer and the voice ofGeorge Steinbrenner. He was also the primary inspiration for the show's characterGeorge Costanza.David leftSeinfeldon friendly terms after the show's seventh season and returned two years later to write the series finale in 1998.He also continued to voice Steinbrenner. David wrote 62Seinfeldepisodes, including 1992's \"The Contest\", for which he won aPrimetime Emmy Awardand whichTV Guideranked as episodeNo.1 on its list of \"TV'sTop 100 Episodes of All Time\".He has also been involved in other films and television series. David wrote and directed the 1998 filmSour Grapes, about two cousins who feud over acasinojackpot. It was neither a commercial nor a critical success.He has also appeared in bit roles inWoody Allen'sRadio Days(1987) andNew York Stories(1989). 1999–2024:Curb Your Enthusiasmand acclaim TheHBOcable television channel aired David's one-hour special,Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm, on October 17, 1999.This was followed byCurb Your Enthusiasm, an HBO television series whose first episode aired on October 15, 2000.The show revisits many of the themes ofSeinfeldand is improvised from a story outline only several pages long written by David (and, from the fifth season onward, additional writers). The actors improvise their dialogue based on the outline, direction, and their creativity. David has said that his character in the show, a fictionalized version of himself, is what he would be like in real life if he lacked social awareness and sensitivity.The character's numerous and frequent social faux pas, misunderstandings, and ironic coincidences are the basis of much of the show's comedy and have led to the entry into the American pop culture lexicon of the expression \"Larry David moment\", meaning an inadvertently created socially awkward situation.Curb Your Enthusiasmhas been described as depicting \"the things nobody wants to say, but wish they could\". The show is based on David's life following the fortune he earned fromSeinfeld; semi-retired, he strives to live a fulfilled life.Alongside David is his wife Cheryl (Cheryl Hines), his manager and best friend Jeff (Jeff Garlin), and Jeff's wife Susie (Susie Essman). Celebrities, including comediansRichard Lewis,Wanda Sykes, andBob Einstein, appeared on the show regularly. ActorsTed DansonandMary Steenburgenhave had recurring roles as themselves. The show is critically acclaimed and has been nominated for 30 Primetime Emmy Awards, with one win, as well as a Golden Globe win. In the first six seasons,Julia Louis-DreyfusandJason Alexanderappear in several episodes, andJerry Seinfeldhas a cameo. In season 7, the cast ofSeinfeld, includingMichael Richards, return in a story arc involving David's attempt to organize aSeinfeldreunion special. On June 2, 2010, the series premiered on theTV Guide Network, its network television debut.TV Guide Networkalso produced a series of related discussions with high-profile guest stars, media pundits, and prominent social figures called \"Curb: The Discussion\" debating the moral implications of each episode. David is quoted as saying \"Finally, thanks to the TV Guide Network, I'll get a chance to watch actual, intelligent people discuss and debate the issues addressed on 'Curb'. Now if only someone could tell me where this alleged 'Network' is, I might even watch it.\"The show's 12th and final season premiered in January 2024. David played the leading role inWoody Allen's 2009 comedy filmWhatever WorksalongsideEvan Rachel Wood.He had a cameo appearance on theHBOseriesEntourageas a client ofAri Gold, and because his daughters wereHannah Montanafans, David and his daughters guest-starred as themselves in the episode \"My Best Friend's Boyfriend\", in which they wait for a table at a fancy restaurant.David appeared as a panelist on theNBCseriesThe Marriage Refand also played Sister Mary-Mengele in the 2012 reboot ofThe Three Stooges.He co-wrote and starred in the 2013HBOtelevision filmClear History. David wrote and starred in the Broadway playFish in the Dark. Also appearing wereRita Wilson,Jayne Houdyshell, andRosie Perez. The play centers on the death of a family patriarch. It opened on March 5, 2015.Jason Alexandertook over David's role in July. The play closed in August.As of February 1, 2015, its advance sale of $13.5 million had broken records for a Broadway show. Bernie Sanders Since 2015, David has made multiple guest appearances portraying 2016 and 2020 United States presidential election candidateBernie SandersonSaturday Night Live; he also hosted the show on February 6, 2016, with musical guestThe 1975and a cameo by Sanders himself, and on November 4, 2017, with musical guestMiley Cyrus. In 2017,PBS'sFinding Your Rootsdiscovered through genealogical research that David and Sanders are distantly related. Sanders told David the news. \"I was very happy about that,\" David said, according toVariety. \"I thought there must have been some connection.\" The comedian explained that Sanders is \"a third cousin or something.\"He is in fact David's sixth cousin once removed. On January 8, 2020, David joked onThe Late Show with Stephen Colbert, \"I would say, I would beg him to drop out so I don't have to keep flying in from Los Angeles to doSNL. I thought when he had the heart attack that would be it, I wouldn't have to fly in from Los Angeles. But, you know, he's indestructible. Nothing stops this man!\" He later added, \"If he wins, do you know what that's going to do to my life? Do you have any idea? I mean, it will be great for the country—great for the country, terrible for me.\" Influences David has namedWoody Allen,Mel Brooks,Phil Silvers,Abbott and Costello,Jackie Mason,Alan King,Don Rickles, andMadmagazine as influences. Personal life David lives in thePacific Palisadesneighborhood ofLos Angeles, California. He was married toLaurie Lennardfrom 1993 to 2007.They have two daughters,Cazzie Davidand Romy David.Larry and Laurie became contributing bloggers atThe Huffington Postin 2005.In 2017, David was introduced to producer Ashley Underwood at a birthday party forSacha Baron Cohen. They married in 2020.David's niece is actressJulie Claire, who appears inSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm. David is an atheistand an avid sports fan. A native New Yorker, he supports theNew York Jets,Yankees,KnicksandRangers.David is also a supporter of theDemocratic Party.In 2010, he wrote an article forThe New York Timescriticizing the extension of theBush tax cutsfor the wealthy. He ended the article with a sarcastic thank-you to then-PresidentBarack Obamafor approving the extension. Wealth In 2013,Charlie Roseestimated David'snet worthat around $500 million.Two years later, two other estimates put the number between $400 millionand $900 million.In 2020,National Reviewoffered an estimate of about $400 million. Most of David's wealth originates fromsyndication dealsofSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm, the former having netted $3.1 billion in rerun fees as of 2013.The syndication ofSeinfeldearned David an estimated $250 million in 1998 alone.In 2008, David was reported to have grossed $55 million, mostly fromSeinfeldsyndication and work onCurb Your Enthusiasm. David's net worth was parodied in a 2001 episode ofCurb Your Enthusiasm, \"The Shrimp Incident\", in whichHBOexecutive Allan Wasserman yells at David: \"If you want shrimp, take your $475 million, go buy a shrimp boat.\" In a 2015 interview withCBS, David confirmed that half of his wealth was eroded by his 2007 divorce in thecommunity property stateof California.\"I have a lot of money\", he said, adding that the \"figures out there are crazy\". Legal issue David was among several celebrities who appeared in a commercial for cryptocurrency exchangeFTXthat aired duringSuper Bowl LVI.In November 2022,FTX filed for bankruptcy, and David, alongside other spokespeople, was sued in aclass-action lawsuit.In February 2022, theU.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appealsruled in a lawsuit againstBitconnectthat theSecurities Act of 1933extends totargeted solicitationusingsocial media. Filmography Film Television Theater Written works Awards and nominations David has received numerous awards, including twoEmmy Awards, threeProducers Guild of America Awards, and threeWriters Guild of America Awards. He has been nominated for threeGolden Globe Awardsand sixScreen Actors Guild Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted David the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a poll to selectThe Comedian's Comedian. Notes References Further reading External links"
] | [
"Emory Kristof Emory Kristof(November 19, 1942 – February 6, 2023) was an American photographer. He was on the expedition that discovered theTitanic.His work has been published inNational Geographic Magazineand elsewhere. Life and career Kristof was born inLaurel, Maryland, on November 19, 1942. Kristof participated in multiple undersea expeditions with Canadian explorersJoseph MacInnisandPhil Nuytten, including the exploration of theBreadalbane, the world's northernmost known shipwreck, and the 1995 expedition to recover the bell from the wreck of theSSEdmund Fitzgerald.Kristof also accompanied MacInnis and Russian explorerAnatoly Sagalevichon a descent 16,400 feet intoKings Troughin the eastern North Atlantic aboard the submersibleMir 1, and on the expedition which made theIMAXfilmTitanica. Kristof served as Supervising Producer of 2003IMAXdocumentary,Volcanoes of the Deep Sea, about the ecosystems surroundinghydrothermal vents. Kristof diedNorthfield, Massachusetts, on February 6, 2023, at the age of 80.",
"at the age of 80. Awards References External links This article about an American photographer is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.",
"University of Maryland, College Park TheUniversity of Maryland, College Park(University of Maryland,UMD, or simplyMaryland) is apublicland-grantresearch universityinCollege Park, Maryland, United States. Founded in 1856, UMD is theflagship institutionof theUniversity System of Maryland. UMD is the largest university in both the state and theWashington metropolitan area. Its 12 schools and colleges offer over 200 degree-granting programs, including 113 undergraduate majors, 107master'sprograms, and 83doctoral programs. UMD is a member of theAssociation of American Universitiesand competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of theBig Ten Conference. The University of Maryland's proximity to Washington, D.C. has resulted in many research partnerships with thefederal government;faculty receive research funding and institutional support from many agencies, such as theNational Institutes of Health,NASA, theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, theFood and Drug Administration, theNational Security",
"Security Agency, and theDepartment of Homeland Security.It isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\"and has been labeled a \"Public Ivy\".According to theNational Science Foundation, the university spent a combined $1.14 billion on research and development in 2021, ranking it 17th among American universities. History Early history On March 6, 1856, the forerunner of today's University of Maryland was chartered as theMaryland Agricultural College.Two years later,Charles Benedict Calvert(1808–1864), a futureU.S. Representative(Congressman) and descendant of the firstLord Baltimore, purchased 420 acres (1.7 km2) of theRiversdale Mansionestate nearby today'sCollege Park, Maryland.Later that year, Calvert founded the school and was the acting president from 1859 to 1860.On October 5, 1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College.The school became aland grant collegein February 1864. Civil War During theCivil War,Confederatesoldiers under Brigadier",
"under Brigadier GeneralBradley Tyler Johnsonmoved past the college on July 12, 1864, as part of Jubal Early's raid onWashington, D.C.By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres (81 ha) of land, and the continuing decline in enrollment sent the Maryland Agricultural College into bankruptcy. The campus was used as a boys' preparatory school for the next two years. The Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school in 1866. The college thus became, in part, a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students. In 1868, the former Confederate admiralFranklin Buchananwas appointed president of the school. Enrollment grew to 80 at the time of his resignation, and the school soon paid off its debt. In 1873,Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, became president of the college. Twenty years later, the federally-funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. During this same period, state laws granted the college",
"granted the college regulatory powers in several areas—including controlling farm disease, inspecting feed, establishing a state weather bureau and geological survey, and housing the forestry board.Morrill Hall(the oldest instructional building still in use on campus) was built the following year. Great Fire of 1912 On November 29, 1912, a fire destroyed student housing, school records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving onlyMorrill Halluntouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two students returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing.A new administration building was not built until the 1940s. 20th century The state took control of the school in 1916 and renamed itMaryland State College. That year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9, 1920, the college became part of the existingUniversity of Maryland, replacingSt. John's College, Annapolisas the university's undergraduate campus.In the same year, the graduate school on the College Park",
"on the College Park campus awarded its first Ph.D. degrees and the university's enrollment reached 500 students. In 1925 the university was accredited by theAssociation of American Universities. By the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women. Before 1951, many black students in Maryland were enrolled at theUniversity of Maryland, Eastern Shore. In 1957, PresidentWilson H. Elkinspushed to increase the university's academic standards. His efforts resulted in creating one of the first Academic Probation Plans. The first year the plan went into effect, 1,550 students (18% of the total student body) faced expulsion. On October 19, 1957,Queen Elizabeth IIof the United Kingdom attended her first and only college football game at the University of Maryland after expressing interest in seeing a typically American sport during her first tour of the United States. TheMaryland Terrapinsbeat theNorth Carolina Tar Heels21 to",
"Tar Heels21 to 7 in the historical game now referred to as \"The Queen's Game\". Phi Beta Kappaestablished a chapter at The University of Maryland in 1964. In 1969, the university was elected to theAssociation of American Universities. The school continued to grow, and by the fall of 1985 reached an enrollment of 38,679.Like many colleges during theVietnam War, the university was the site of student protests and had curfews enforced by theNational Guard. In a massive restructuring of the state's higher education system in 1988, the school was designated as the flagship campus of the newly formedUniversity of Maryland System(later changed to the University System of Maryland in 1997). It was formally named the University of Maryland, College Park. All five campuses in the former network were designated distinct campuses in the new system. However, in 1997 theMaryland General Assemblypassed legislation allowing the University of Maryland, College Park, to be known simply as the University of Maryland,",
"of Maryland, recognizing the campus' role as the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. In 1994, theNational Archives at College Parkcompleted construction and opened on a parcel of land adjoining the campus donated by the University of Maryland, after lobbying by PresidentWilliam Kirwanand congressional leaders to foster academic collaboration between the institutions. 21st century In 2004, the university began constructing the 150-acre (61 ha) \"M Square Research Park\", which includes facilities affiliated with theU.S. Department of Defense,Food and Drug Administration, and the new National Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, affiliated with TheNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).In May 2010, ground was broken on a new Physical Science Complex, including an advanced quantum science laboratory. The university suffered multipledata breachesin 2014. The first resulted in the compromise of over 300,000 student and faculty records.A second data breach occurred several",
"occurred several months later.The second breach was investigated by the FBI and Secret Service and found to be done by David Helkowski.Despite the attribution, no charges were filed. As a result of the data breaches, the university offered free credit protection for five years to the students and faculty affected. In 2017, the university received a record-breaking donation of $219.5 million from theA. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation, ranking among the country's largest philanthropic gifts to a public university.Darryll J. Pinesbecame the 34th president of the university in 2020. Pines was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the university before becoming president. In 2021, the university announced it had raised $1.5 billion in donations since 2018. In April of 2024, UMD students joined othercampuses across the United States in protestsagainst theIsrael–Hamas war. Students called attention to thegenocide in Palestineand for the university todivest from companiesthat support the Hamas-Israel",
"the Hamas-Israel war.Activism continued in next academic year with the placement of small flags in the lawn on McKeldin Mall, representing the more than 150,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza. Campus The center of the university's 1,250 acres (5.1 km2) is McKeldin Mall, which is the largest academic mall in the United States.The Mall is bordered on the east and west byMcKeldin Libraryand the Thomas V. Miller, Jr. Administration Building, respectively. Academic buildings surround McKeldin Mall on the north and south ends. They are the homes to many departments in theCollege of Behavioral and Social Sciences, College of Arts and Humanities, and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. West of McKeldin Mall is the North Hill Community, and south of McKeldin Mall liesMorrill Halland the Morrill Quad, which was the original center of campus. South of the Morrill Quad are the South Hill and South Campus Commons Communities, and the Southwest Mall and theRobert H. Smith School of Businessto the southwest.",
"the southwest. Running parallel to McKeldin Mall to the north is Campus Drive, the main thoroughfare through campus. Another thoroughfare, Regents Drive, runs perpendicular to the Mall and is home to theMemorial Chapeland the Campus Farms. Regents Drive crosses Campus Drive at the campus hallmark,\"M\" Circle, which is a traffic circle with a large \"M\" formed by flowers in its center.The northeast quadrant of campus, formed by Campus and Regent Drives, is home to many ofnatural sciencesandapplied sciencesdepartments.The Rossborough Inn, which, was built during the years 1798 to 1812, is the oldest building on campus (and is older than the university itself).There are five regularly used entrances to campus; the main entrance, off of Baltimore Avenue and onto Campus Drive, is referred to as North Gate and features the Gatehouse, an ornate gateway honoring the university's founders.The 140-acre (57 ha), 18-holeUniversity of Maryland Golf Coursesits at the northern edge of campus, as doesthe Observatory. The",
"Observatory. The campus contains 7,500 documented trees and garden plantings, leading theAmerican Public Gardens Associationto designate the campus theUniversity of Maryland Arboretum & Botanical Gardenin 2008.There are also nearly 400 acres (1.6 km2) ofurban foreston campusand theArbor Day Foundationhas named the university to its 'Tree Campus USA' list.The recreational Paint Branch Trail, part of theAnacostia Tributary Trailssystem, cuts through campus, as does thePaint Branchstream, a tributary of theNortheast Branch Anacostia River.The university's firstLeed Goldbuilding, Knight Hall, opened in April 2010 as the new home for thePhilip Merrill College of Journalism.In 2021, President Pines pledged that the University of Maryland would achievecarbon neutralitybyEarth Day2025. Academics As of 2023, The University of Maryland ranked #46 in National Universities and #19 in Top Public Schools in the United States.The University of Maryland offers 127 undergraduate degrees and 112 graduate degrees in thirteen",
"degrees in thirteen colleges and schools: Undergraduate admissions Admission to Maryland is rated \"most selective\" byU.S. News & World Report.For the Class of 2026 (enrolled fall 2022), Maryland received 56,766 applications and accepted 19,451 (34.3%). Of those accepted, 4,742 enrolled, ayield rate(the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24.4%.Maryland's freshmanretention rateis 95.5%, with 88.3% going on to graduate within six years. Of the 34% of the incoming freshman class who submittedSATscores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1340–1490.Of the 9% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submittedACTscores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 30 and 34. The University of Maryland, College Park is a college sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 58 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 69 freshman students wereNational Merit Scholars. In 2020, the university announced it was joining theCommon App.",
"theCommon App. Beginning with the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Maryland uses the application provided by The Coalition for Access, Affordability, and Success. Rankings The university is tied for 46th in the 2024U.S. News & World Reportrankings of \"National Universities\" across the United States, and it is ranked tied for 19th nationally among public universities.TheAcademic Ranking of World Universitiesranked Maryland as 43rd in the world in 2015. The 2017–2018Times Higher Education World University Rankingsplaced Maryland 69th worldwide. The 2016/17QS World University Rankingsranked Maryland 131st worldwide. The university was ranked amongPeace Corps' 25 Top Volunteer-Producing Colleges for the tenth consecutive year in 2020.The University of Maryland is ranked amongTeach for America's Top 20 Colleges and Universities, contributing the greatest number of graduating seniors to its 2017 teaching corps. For the fourth consecutive year in 2015, the university was ranked 1st in the U.S. for the",
"in the U.S. for the number ofBoren Scholarshiprecipients – with nine students receiving awards for intensive international language study.The university is ranked as a Top Producing Institution ofFulbrightU.S. Students and Scholars for the 2017–2018 academic year by theUnited States Department of State'sBureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In 2017, the University of Maryland was ranked among the top 50 universities in the 2018Best Global Universities RankingsbyU.S. News & World Reportbased on its high academic research performance and global reputation. In 2021, the university was ranked among the top 10 universities inThe Princeton Review's annual survey of the Top Schools for Innovation & Entrepreneurship; this was the sixth consecutive such ranking. Faculty The university's faculty has included fourNobel Prizelaureates. The earliest recipient (1956), wasJuan Ramón Jiménez, a Spanish language and literature professor. Four decades later, physics professorWilliam Daniel Phillipswon a prize in physics",
"a prize in physics for his contributions tolaser cooling. In 2005,Thomas Schellingwas awarded the prize in economics for his contributions togame theory. In 2006,John C. Matherwas awarded the prize in physics alongsideGeorge Smootfor their work in the discovery of blackbody form andanisotropyof thecosmic microwave background radiation. In addition, two University of Maryland alumni are Nobel Prize laureates;Herbert Hauptmanwon the 1985 prize in chemistry, andRaymond Davis Jr.won the 2002 prize in physics. The university has many notable academics. Professor of mathematics,Sergei Novikovwon theFields Medalin 1970, followed by alumnusCharles Feffermanin 1978. AlumnusGeorge Dantzigwon the 1975National Medal of Sciencefor his work in the field of linear programming. Professor of physicsMichael Fisherwon theWolf Prizein 1980 (together withKenneth G. WilsonandLeo Kadanoff) and theIUPAPBoltzmann Medalin 1983.James A. Yorke, a distinguished university professor of mathematics and physics and chair of the mathematics",
"of the mathematics department, won the 2003Japan Prizefor his work inchaotic systems. In 2013, professor of physicsSylvester James Gateswas awarded theNational Medal of Science. Research UMD isclassifiedamong \"R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity\".In FY 2020, the university spent about 1.103 billion dollars in total R&D expenditures, ranking it 16th in the nation. On October 14, 2004, the university added 150 acres (61 ha) in an attempt to create the largest research park inside the Washington, D.C.Capital Beltway, formerly known as \"M Square\" and now known as the \"Discovery District.\" Many of the faculty members have funding from federal agencies such as theNational Science Foundation, theNational Institutes of Health,NASA,theDepartment of Homeland Security,theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, and theNational Security Agency. TheSpace Systems Laboratoryresearches human-robotic interaction forastronauticsapplications and includes the onlyneutral buoyancyfacility at a",
"at a university. TheJoint Global Change Research Institutewas formed in 2001 by the University of Maryland and thePacific Northwest National Laboratory. The institute focuses on multidisciplinary approaches to climate change research. TheNational Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism(START) launched in 2005 as one of theCenters of Excellencesupported by theDepartment of Homeland Securityin the United States. START is focused on the scientific study of the causes and consequences of terrorism in the United States and worldwide. Living-learning programs The university hosts \"living-learning\" programs (LLPs) that allow students with similar academic interests to live in the same residential community take specialized courses and perform research in those areas of expertise. These include CIVICUS, focused on politics and community service;HinmanCEOs, an entrepreneurship program;and the Language House, where students learning a shared target language live together.Several LLPs exist",
"LLPs exist under the university's Honors College, with focuses in topics including cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, and life sciences.College Park Scholars is another LLP umbrella that includes programs in the arts, public health, and legal thought, among other things. Student life Residential life There are two main residential areas on campus, North Campus and South Campus, further divided into seven residential communities. North Campus is made up of Cambridge Community (which consists of five residence halls and houses the College Park Scholars program), Denton Community (which consists of four halls), and Ellicott Community (consisting of three halls). The Heritage community, completed in 2022, features two residence halls and a dining hall. South Campus includes the North Hill Community, made up of nineGeorgian-stylehalls and Prince Frederick Hall (which opened in 2014) immediately west ofMcKeldin Mall; South Hill Community, made up of fourteen small residence halls for upper-level students;",
"students; Leonardtown Community, which offers apartment-style housing; the South Campus Commons Community, which consists of seven apartment-style buildings (the seventh and most recent building being opened in January 2010); and the Courtyards, a garden-style apartment community in north campus consisting of seven buildings. Dining There are three dining halls on campus. In addition,a food court in the Stamp Student Unionprovides manyfast fooddining options for the university community.The dining hall 251 lies in the Denton Community on the northern part of campus.The second northern dining hall, the university's newest dining facility, Yahentamitsi Dining Hall, is the first building on campus named in honor of Indigenous people. The word “Yahentamitsi” means A Place to Go to Eat in the native Algonquian language.The third and final dining hall, South Campus Dining Hall, can be found just south of Mckeldin Library.https://dining.umd.edu/hours-locations/dining-halls Transportation The university is",
"The university is accessible throughthe three airportsin the greaterWashington metropolitan area:Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport,Washington Dulles International Airport, andBaltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport.A small public airport in College Park,College Park Airport, lies nearly adjacent to campus, but operations are limited. This airport is the world's oldest continually operating airportand the site of many significant aviation firsts. A free shuttle service, known asShuttle–UM, is available for UMD students, faculty, staff, and some residents of College Park and Greenbelt.The university is served by an off-campus stop on theWashington Metro'sGreenLinecalledCollege Park – University of Maryland. Other trains and busses stop there. In 2011, the university signed on to the state'sPurple Lineprogram.The Purple Line route will have five stops on and around the university's campus: M Square, the College Park Metro station, the main entrance to the campus on Route 1, near",
"on Route 1, near Stamp Student Union on Campus Drive, and on the other edge of campus on Adelphi Road, along with a parallel running bike path. The Diamondback The Diamondbackis an independentstudent newspaper. It was founded in 1910 asThe Triangleand renamed in 1921 in honor of a local reptile, theDiamondback terrapin, which became the school mascot in 1933. The newspaper is published daily during the spring and fall semesters, with a print circulation of 17,000 and annual advertising revenues of over $1 million.Notable journalists who have been with the paper includeDavid SimonofHBO'sThe WireandNBC'sHomicide: Life on the Street, and cartoonistsJeff Kinney, who created theDiary of a Wimpy Kidfiction series and whoseIgdoofstrip appeared inThe Diamondback;Aaron McGruder, who first published his cartoonThe BoondocksinThe Diamondback; andFrank Cho, who began his career with the popularUniversity SquaredforThe Diamondback. Other student activities WMUC-FM(90.5 FM) is the university's non-commercial radio",
"radio station, staffed by UMD students and volunteers. WMUC is afreeformandsports broadcastingstation broadcast at 10 watts. Its broadcasts can be heard throughout theWashington metropolitan area. Notable WMUC alumni includeConnie Chung,Bonnie Bernstein,Peter Rosenbergand Aaron McGruder. Approximately 16% of men and women in Maryland's undergraduate student body were involved infraternities and sororitiesin 2017. Athletics The university sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 men's and women's sports. The teams, named the \"Terrapins\", represent Maryland inNational Collegiate Athletic AssociationDivision Icompetition. Maryland became a founding member of theAtlantic Coast Conferencein 1952 but left to join theBig Ten Conferenceon July 1, 2014. As of 2017, Maryland's athletic teams have been awarded 44 national championships by the NCAA,USILA,AIAW, andNCA.In 2008 and 2010,The Princeton Reviewnamed the University of Maryland's athletic facilities the best in the nation.The Terrapins nickname (often shortened to",
"(often shortened to \"Terps\") was coined by former university president, football coach, and athletic directorH. C. \"Curly\" Byrdin 1932.The mascot is adiamondback terrapinnamedTestudo, which isLatinfor \"tortoise\".Since the early 20th century, the school athletic colors have been some combination of those on theMaryland state flag: red, white, black, and gold.Maryland is the only NCAA Division I school to have four official school colors. Basketball and football Men's basketballis the most popular sport at the university.Long-time head coachLefty Driesellbegan the now nationwide tradition of \"Midnight Madness\" in 1971.Beginning in 1989, alumnusGary Williamsrevived the program, which was struggling in the wake ofLen Bias's death and NCAA rules infractions. Williams led Maryland basketball to national prominence with twoFinal Fourappearances, and in 2002, anational championship. On February 7, 2006, Williams won his 349th game to surpass Driesell and became Maryland's all-time leader among basketball",
"among basketball coaches.Mark Turgeonbecame head coach in 2011. Maryland footballis also popular at the university. Lacrosse Maryland men's lacrosseremains one of the sport's top programs since its beginnings as a squad in 1865.The team most recently won the national championship in2022, completing an undefeated season, the first since Virginia in 2006, and the first to go undefeated across 18 games. The team has won tenUSILAand NCAA national championships since its promotion to varsity status in 1924 and is a regular fixture in theNCAA tournament.TheMaryland women's lacrosseteam has won 15 national championships, the most of any program in the nation.The team has produced the National Player of the Year/Tewaaraton Awardwinner eight times, more than any other collegiate program.The Terrapins have also made the most NCAA tournament appearances, won the most tournament games, and made the most NCAA championship game appearances of any program.They most recently won the NCAA championship in 2019. Soccer",
"in 2019. Soccer Themen's soccer teamhas won fourNCAA Division I College Cupnational championships, most recently in 2018.Under the guidance of head coachSasho Cirovski, the soccer team has reached nine Final Fours and won three College Cups since 1997. The soccer team has developed a large, devoted fan base among students and the local community. The attendance record at Ludwig Field was set in 2015 when 8,449 fans saw Maryland win over top-ranked UCLA in extra time.The annual total attendance increased dramatically from 12,710 in 1995 to 35,631 in 2008. Field hockey TheMaryland field hockeyteam has won a total of eightNCAA national championshipsand 13 conference championships (10 in the ACC and 5 in the Big Ten). Marching band TheMighty Sound of Marylandmarching band attends all home football games and provides pre-game performances.During basketball season, the marching band provides music in the stands. Notable alumni Notable alumni includeHouse Democratic WhipSteny Hoyer;Googleco-founderSergey Brin;The",
"Brin;The MuppetscreatorJim Henson;The WirecreatorDavid Simon;former NFL QuarterbackNorman \"Boomer\" Esiason;CBShostGayle King; journalistConnie Chung; andSeinfeldco-creator andCurb Your EnthusiasmcreatorLarry David.Prominent alumni in business includeEd Snider, former chairman ofComcast Spectacorand former owner of thePhiladelphia Flyers; journalistJim Walton, former president and CEO ofCNN;Kevin Plank, founder and executive chairman of the athletic apparel companyUnder Armour;Chris Kubasik, former president ofLockheed Martin; andCarly Fiorina, former CEO ofHewlett-Packard. JournalistCarl Bernstein, who won thePulitzer Prize for Public Servicefor his coverage of theWatergate scandal, attended the university but did not graduate. Attendees within the fields of science and mathematics are Nobel laureatesRaymond Davis Jr., 2002 winner in Physics;Herbert Hauptman, 1985 winner in Chemistry, andFields MedalwinnerCharles Fefferman. Other alumni includeGeorge Dantzig, considered the father of linear programming;",
"linear programming; lateNASAastronautJudith Resnik, who died in the destruction of theSpace Shuttle Challengerduring the launch of missionSTS-51-L; andNASAAdministratorMichael D. Griffin. Several donors have distinguished themselves for their sizable gifts to the university. BusinessmanRobert H. Smith, who graduated from the university in 1950 with a degree in accounting, gave over $45 million to the business school that now bears his name and to the Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, which bears his wife's name.Construction entrepreneurA. James Clark, who graduated with an engineering degree in 1950, donated over $45 million to the college of engineering, which also bears his name.Another engineering donor,Jeong H. Kim, earned his Ph.D. from the university in 1991 and gave $5 million for the construction of a state-of-the-art engineering building.Philip Merrill, a media figure, donated $10 million to the College of Journalism.Robert E. Fischell, physicist, inventor, and holder of more than 200 U.S. and",
"than 200 U.S. and foreign medical patentsdonated $30 million to theA. James Clark School of Engineering,establishing the Fischell Department of Bioengineering.Brendan Iribe, a co-founder ofOculus VR, donated $31 million to the university in 2014 towardsa new computer science buildingand scholarships. See also Explanatory notes References External links",
"Larry David Lawrence Gene David(born July 2, 1947) is an American comedian, writer, actor, and television producer.He andJerry Seinfeldcreated theNBCtelevisionsitcomSeinfeld, of which David was head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons. He gained further recognition for creating and writing theHBOseriesCurb Your Enthusiasm,in which he also stars as a fictionalized version of himself.David's work onSeinfeldwon him twoPrimetime Emmy Awardsin 1993, forOutstanding Comedy SeriesandOutstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series;he was nominated 17 other times. Formerly a stand-up comedian, David went intotelevision comedy, writing and starring inABC'sFridays, and writing briefly forSaturday Night Live. He has been nominated for 27Primetime Emmy Awardsand threeGolden Globe Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted him the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a 2004 British poll to select \"The Comedian's Comedian\",and he received theWriters Guild of America's Laurel",
"of America's Laurel Awardin 2010.He made hisBroadwaydebut writing and starring in the comedic playFish in the Dark(2015). Since 2015 he has made recurring guest appearances onSaturday Night Live, where he impersonates 2016 and 2020U.S. presidential candidateBernie Sanders, who is his sixth cousin once removed. Early life and education David was born on July 2, 1947, in theSheepshead Bayneighborhood ofBrooklyn,New York City. His parents are Rose (née Regina Brandes) and Mortimer Julius \"Morty\" David, a men's clothing manufacturer, and he has an older brother, Ken.David's family isJewish. HisAmerican Jewishfather's familymoved from Germanyto the U.S. during the 19th century, while David's mother was born into aPolish-Jewishfamily inTernopil, now inUkraine, and her mother's family name was Superfein. David graduated fromSheepshead Bay High School, now defunct and operating as Frank J. Macchiarola Educational Complex, in 1965. A sign with his photo is displayed in one of the complex's hallways. He then attended",
"He then attended theUniversity of Maryland, College Park, where he was a brother inTau Epsilon Phi.He graduated in 1970 with aBachelor of Artsinhistory.At college, he discovered that he could make people laugh simply by being himself.After college, Davidenlistedin theUnited States Army Reserveand received training as a petroleum storage specialist.To avoid the final year of his six-year enlistment, he paid a psychiatrist to write a letter declaring him unfit for duty. Career 1980–1987: Stand-up andSNL While a stand-up comedian, David also worked as a store clerk, limousine driver, and historian. He lived inManhattan Plaza, a federally subsidized housing complex inManhattan'sHell's Kitchenneighborhood, across the hall fromKenny Kramer, the inspiration for theCosmo Kramercharacter inSeinfeld.From 1980 to 1982, David became a writer and cast member forABC'sFridays, where he worked withMichael Richards, who later played Kramer onSeinfeld. From 1984 to 1985, David was a writer forNBC'sSaturday Night Live(SNL) and",
"Night Live(SNL) and metJulia Louis-Dreyfus, who also worked on the show in this period.During his time atSNL, he was able to get only one sketch on the air, which aired at 12:50 am, the show's last time slot.David quit his job atSNLin the first season, only to show up to work two days later acting as though nothing had happened. That event inspired the second-seasonSeinfeldepisode \"The Revenge\".He can be heard hecklingMichael McKeanwhen McKean hostedSNLin 1984, and can be seen in the sketch \"The Run, Throw, and Catch Like a Girl Olympics\" whenHoward Cosellhosted the season finale in 1985.In 1987, David was a writer and performer forWay Off Broadway, a variety talk show onLifetimehosted byJoy Behar. 1989–1998: Breakthrough withSeinfeld In 1989, David teamed up with comedianJerry Seinfeldto create a pilot for NBC calledThe Seinfeld Chronicles, which became the basis forSeinfeld, one of the most successful shows in history,reaching the top ofTV Guide'slist of the 50 greatest TV shows of all time.Entertainment",
"time.Entertainment Weeklyranked it the third-best TV show of all time. David made occasional uncredited appearances on the show, playing such roles as Frank Costanza's cape-wearing lawyer and the voice ofGeorge Steinbrenner. He was also the primary inspiration for the show's characterGeorge Costanza.David leftSeinfeldon friendly terms after the show's seventh season and returned two years later to write the series finale in 1998.He also continued to voice Steinbrenner. David wrote 62Seinfeldepisodes, including 1992's \"The Contest\", for which he won aPrimetime Emmy Awardand whichTV Guideranked as episodeNo.1 on its list of \"TV'sTop 100 Episodes of All Time\".He has also been involved in other films and television series. David wrote and directed the 1998 filmSour Grapes, about two cousins who feud over acasinojackpot. It was neither a commercial nor a critical success.He has also appeared in bit roles inWoody Allen'sRadio Days(1987) andNew York Stories(1989). 1999–2024:Curb Your Enthusiasmand acclaim",
"acclaim TheHBOcable television channel aired David's one-hour special,Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm, on October 17, 1999.This was followed byCurb Your Enthusiasm, an HBO television series whose first episode aired on October 15, 2000.The show revisits many of the themes ofSeinfeldand is improvised from a story outline only several pages long written by David (and, from the fifth season onward, additional writers). The actors improvise their dialogue based on the outline, direction, and their creativity. David has said that his character in the show, a fictionalized version of himself, is what he would be like in real life if he lacked social awareness and sensitivity.The character's numerous and frequent social faux pas, misunderstandings, and ironic coincidences are the basis of much of the show's comedy and have led to the entry into the American pop culture lexicon of the expression \"Larry David moment\", meaning an inadvertently created socially awkward situation.Curb Your Enthusiasmhas been described",
"been described as depicting \"the things nobody wants to say, but wish they could\". The show is based on David's life following the fortune he earned fromSeinfeld; semi-retired, he strives to live a fulfilled life.Alongside David is his wife Cheryl (Cheryl Hines), his manager and best friend Jeff (Jeff Garlin), and Jeff's wife Susie (Susie Essman). Celebrities, including comediansRichard Lewis,Wanda Sykes, andBob Einstein, appeared on the show regularly. ActorsTed DansonandMary Steenburgenhave had recurring roles as themselves. The show is critically acclaimed and has been nominated for 30 Primetime Emmy Awards, with one win, as well as a Golden Globe win. In the first six seasons,Julia Louis-DreyfusandJason Alexanderappear in several episodes, andJerry Seinfeldhas a cameo. In season 7, the cast ofSeinfeld, includingMichael Richards, return in a story arc involving David's attempt to organize aSeinfeldreunion special. On June 2, 2010, the series premiered on theTV Guide Network, its network television",
"network television debut.TV Guide Networkalso produced a series of related discussions with high-profile guest stars, media pundits, and prominent social figures called \"Curb: The Discussion\" debating the moral implications of each episode. David is quoted as saying \"Finally, thanks to the TV Guide Network, I'll get a chance to watch actual, intelligent people discuss and debate the issues addressed on 'Curb'. Now if only someone could tell me where this alleged 'Network' is, I might even watch it.\"The show's 12th and final season premiered in January 2024. David played the leading role inWoody Allen's 2009 comedy filmWhatever WorksalongsideEvan Rachel Wood.He had a cameo appearance on theHBOseriesEntourageas a client ofAri Gold, and because his daughters wereHannah Montanafans, David and his daughters guest-starred as themselves in the episode \"My Best Friend's Boyfriend\", in which they wait for a table at a fancy restaurant.David appeared as a panelist on theNBCseriesThe Marriage Refand also played Sister",
"also played Sister Mary-Mengele in the 2012 reboot ofThe Three Stooges.He co-wrote and starred in the 2013HBOtelevision filmClear History. David wrote and starred in the Broadway playFish in the Dark. Also appearing wereRita Wilson,Jayne Houdyshell, andRosie Perez. The play centers on the death of a family patriarch. It opened on March 5, 2015.Jason Alexandertook over David's role in July. The play closed in August.As of February 1, 2015, its advance sale of $13.5 million had broken records for a Broadway show. Bernie Sanders Since 2015, David has made multiple guest appearances portraying 2016 and 2020 United States presidential election candidateBernie SandersonSaturday Night Live; he also hosted the show on February 6, 2016, with musical guestThe 1975and a cameo by Sanders himself, and on November 4, 2017, with musical guestMiley Cyrus. In 2017,PBS'sFinding Your Rootsdiscovered through genealogical research that David and Sanders are distantly related. Sanders told David the news. \"I was very happy about",
"very happy about that,\" David said, according toVariety. \"I thought there must have been some connection.\" The comedian explained that Sanders is \"a third cousin or something.\"He is in fact David's sixth cousin once removed. On January 8, 2020, David joked onThe Late Show with Stephen Colbert, \"I would say, I would beg him to drop out so I don't have to keep flying in from Los Angeles to doSNL. I thought when he had the heart attack that would be it, I wouldn't have to fly in from Los Angeles. But, you know, he's indestructible. Nothing stops this man!\" He later added, \"If he wins, do you know what that's going to do to my life? Do you have any idea? I mean, it will be great for the country—great for the country, terrible for me.\" Influences David has namedWoody Allen,Mel Brooks,Phil Silvers,Abbott and Costello,Jackie Mason,Alan King,Don Rickles, andMadmagazine as influences. Personal life David lives in thePacific Palisadesneighborhood ofLos Angeles, California. He was married toLaurie Lennardfrom 1993 to",
"Lennardfrom 1993 to 2007.They have two daughters,Cazzie Davidand Romy David.Larry and Laurie became contributing bloggers atThe Huffington Postin 2005.In 2017, David was introduced to producer Ashley Underwood at a birthday party forSacha Baron Cohen. They married in 2020.David's niece is actressJulie Claire, who appears inSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm. David is an atheistand an avid sports fan. A native New Yorker, he supports theNew York Jets,Yankees,KnicksandRangers.David is also a supporter of theDemocratic Party.In 2010, he wrote an article forThe New York Timescriticizing the extension of theBush tax cutsfor the wealthy. He ended the article with a sarcastic thank-you to then-PresidentBarack Obamafor approving the extension. Wealth In 2013,Charlie Roseestimated David'snet worthat around $500 million.Two years later, two other estimates put the number between $400 millionand $900 million.In 2020,National Reviewoffered an estimate of about $400 million. Most of David's wealth originates fromsyndication",
"fromsyndication dealsofSeinfeldandCurb Your Enthusiasm, the former having netted $3.1 billion in rerun fees as of 2013.The syndication ofSeinfeldearned David an estimated $250 million in 1998 alone.In 2008, David was reported to have grossed $55 million, mostly fromSeinfeldsyndication and work onCurb Your Enthusiasm. David's net worth was parodied in a 2001 episode ofCurb Your Enthusiasm, \"The Shrimp Incident\", in whichHBOexecutive Allan Wasserman yells at David: \"If you want shrimp, take your $475 million, go buy a shrimp boat.\" In a 2015 interview withCBS, David confirmed that half of his wealth was eroded by his 2007 divorce in thecommunity property stateof California.\"I have a lot of money\", he said, adding that the \"figures out there are crazy\". Legal issue David was among several celebrities who appeared in a commercial for cryptocurrency exchangeFTXthat aired duringSuper Bowl LVI.In November 2022,FTX filed for bankruptcy, and David, alongside other spokespeople, was sued in aclass-action lawsuit.In",
"lawsuit.In February 2022, theU.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appealsruled in a lawsuit againstBitconnectthat theSecurities Act of 1933extends totargeted solicitationusingsocial media. Filmography Film Television Theater Written works Awards and nominations David has received numerous awards, including twoEmmy Awards, threeProducers Guild of America Awards, and threeWriters Guild of America Awards. He has been nominated for threeGolden Globe Awardsand sixScreen Actors Guild Awards. Fellow comedians and comedy insiders voted David the 23rd-greatest comedy star ever in a poll to selectThe Comedian's Comedian. Notes References Further reading External links"
] |
How many Pokemon World Championships occurred in the contiguous United States during the presidency of Barack Obama? | - Five Pokemon World Championships took place in the contiguous United States during Barack Obama's presidency - The championships tournaments were 2009 (San Diego, California), 2011 (San Diego, California), 2014 (Washington, D.C.), 2015 (Boston, Massachusetts) and 2016 (San Francisco, California) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning | ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States'] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States"
] | [
"Pokémon World Championships ThePokémon World Championshipsis an invite-onlyesportsevent organized byPlay! Pokémon. It is held annually in August and features games from thePokémonseries such as thePokémonvideo games,Pokémon Trading Card Game,Pokémon Go,Pokémon UniteandPokkén Tournament(until its 2022 edition). Players earn invitations to the World Championships based on their performance in qualifiers and other tournaments held throughout the season and compete for scholarship money, prizes and the title of World Champion. With the exception ofAsia, invitations to the World Championships are administered by thePlay! Pokémonprogram. History The Pokémon World Championships first began with thePokémon Trading Card Game(TCG) in 2004, which was around the time that the franchise was regaining its popularity.In 2009, Play! Pokémon began to organize competitive tournaments for thePokémonvideo game series alongside the TCG, which is collectively known as the Video Game Championships (VGC). Like the TCG Championships, players compete with other players in their own age divisions (i.e. Junior, Senior and Masters) in different Premier Tournaments, and the season culminates with the best players earning an invitation to play the Pokémon World Championships in August. The tournaments in VGC are played with a different game each year, mainly, the latestPokémongame from its main series. In 2016, Play! Pokémon announced thatPokkén Tournamentwould have its own championship series and would be played at the Pokémon World Championships.From 2018 onward,Pokkén Tournament DXwas used to support its qualifiers and competitions. In 2019, it was announced that the 2020 Pokémon World Championships would take place inLondon, United Kingdom,the first time in which the World Championships would be held in a location outside ofNorth America. This is likely due to the setting ofPokémon Sword and Shield, which takes place in a region inspired by the United Kingdom known as Galar, and it is the set of games that would be played by the video game division of the World Championships. On March 31, 2020,Play! Pokémoncancelled the 2020 Pokémon World Championships and suspended its 2020 season due to health concerns over theCOVID-19 pandemic.This came after earlier announcements in March which saw the cancellation of the 2020 European International Championshipsand part of its season between March and June 2020.On February 9, 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Pokémon World Championships would postponed till 2022 for the same reasons. In early January 2022, it was confirmed thatPokémon Unitewould be played at the World Championships, making it the newestMOBAgame to have an official esports tournament, afterLeague of Legends. In May 2022, after six seasons, Play! Pokémon announced the end of thePokkén TournamentChampionship Series after the 2022 season. At the 2022 edition of the event, it was announced that the 2023 World Championships will take place inYokohama, Japan (the basis of Vermilion City in the Kanto region). When the 2023 event took place, it was the first time that the World Championships visited the franchise's country of origin, as well as the first World Championships to take place in Asia. At the end of the 2023 event, The Pokémon Company announced that the Pokémon World Championships will return toHawaiifor the first time since the previous World Championships in the state was held back in 2012. World Championship locations Despite Pokémon being a Japanese product, only one World Championship (2023) was held in Japan. Almost all of the remaining events were held in the United States. Qualification The qualifying process for the Pokémon World Championships varies each year and is dependent on a player's age division and the country in which they are located in. Players may also qualify to play on different days of the World Championships based on their performance in their respective qualifying programs; the best performing players will immediately advance to the second day of the World Championships playoffs (i.e. \"Day 2\") instead of playing through the first day (i.e. \"Day 1\"). Play! Pokémon program Players located in a country with aPlay! Pokémonprogram (i.e. inNorth America,Europe,Latin AmericaandOceania) compete in a regular schedule of tournaments for Championship Points and receive invitations when they meet a predetermined threshold of points at the end of the season. In 2015, the Play! Pokémon program expanded to include countries from the continents ofLatin AmericaandAsia(except Japan and South Korea). However, on June 10, 2020, it was announced thatAsiawould no longer be part of the Play! Pokémon program and will have its own qualifying system towards the Pokémon World Championships. Pokémon GO Championship Series Pokémon announced in October 2021 thatPokémon GOwould be added during the 2022 World Championships,along with it a qualification system through the Pokémon GO Championship Series, where the top two head to the World Championships.Any trainer who reached Legend rank during Season 9 of thePokémon GO Battle Leaguewould qualify for the GO Championship Series. Pokémon Unite Championship Series In January 2022,Pokémon Uniteproducer Masaaki Hoshino confirmed that the game would be part of the roster of games to be played at the World Championships in London.For the first season of the Pokémon Unite Championship Series, there will be eleven supported Regional Zones: North America, Central America, South America-East, South America-West, Europe, Oceania, Japan, South Korea, India, and the Asia-Pacific region. These events will only be open to players aged 16 or 18, depending on the region or country they are from. In each month, a series of tournaments in each Regional Zone will be held. Like other games in the World Championships, players will earn Championship Points based on their finishing position in that month's tournament. The CP can be retained by players to allow for team changes as the season carries on. The team with the most points qualifies for the Regional Championships, and the top teams from the Regional Championships qualify for a chance to compete at the Pokémon World Championships. In January 2023, there were changes to the competitive structure and Regional Zones. Pokémon World Championships nearly doubled available spots from 16, to 31 teams. Regional Zones controlled by TPCi were also changed, with Central America, South America-East and South America West being changed to LATAM North, LATAM South, and Brazil. TPC had also taken control of the India and Asia-Pacific Regional Zones, and split Asia-Pacific into 2 regions; Asia-Pacific East and Asia-Pacific West. For TPCi controlled regions, the previous month's top 4 did not auto qualify for the next month's tournament finals. Additionally, an extra monthly tournament was added, the April Cup. Championship Points were also changed to include top CP earners an invite to Pokémon World Championships, ranging from top 1 to 3 in top CP earners depending on how many invites were given for a region. For TPC controlled regions, their tournament circuit began in April, with 3 monthly qualifiers. The winners of these qualifiers then participated in Regionals to earn a spot for Pokémon World Championships. Among those changes, both North America and Europe were also given their first regional LAN event. Europe had a LAN event for their Aeos Cup series at European International Championships. North America were given a regional LAN event at the North America International Championships. In 2023, competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams (groups A to H). Teams in each group play each another in a best-of-three seriesround-robin, with the top team advancing to the Top 8 knockout stage. The final draw took place virtually on thePokémon UniteYouTubechannel on July 28, 2023. The prize pool is $500,000 in USD will be distributed among the Top 16 finishers in the championship. Japan & South Korea Tournaments inJapanandSouth Koreaare organised independently from Play! Pokémon, and as such, players from these countries have a different system of qualification. In Japan, players compete for an invite to theJapan National Championshipsby playing in major qualifier or online tournaments held throughout the season.The best performing players of theJapan National Championshipswill then be selected to represent Japan in the Pokémon World Championships. In South Korea, the style of qualification for the World Championships changes frequently. For example, in 2015, players would compete in theKorean National Championshipsand earn a World Championships invitation based on their standing in the tournament. However, in 2019, players would compete in tournaments organized by theKorean Leagueand earn an invite based on the number of points they had accumulated by the end of the season. Other There are other less common methods of qualifying for the World Championships which include finishing at least top 4 or better in the prior year's World Championships or by participating in asingle-elimination tournamentknown as the Last Chance Qualifierat the location of the World Championships itself. List of World Champions Trading Card Game (TCG) Video Game Championships (VGC) Pokémon Go The under-17 age division was discontinued after the 2022 season. All participants of any age now compete in the same tournament. All tournament battles use the Great League battle format (all Pokémon must be below 1,500 Combat Power.) Pokémon Unite Retired games Pokkén Tournament & Pokkén Tournament DX 2014 World Championships The2014 Pokémon World Championshipswas the sixth annual edition of the championships. The event took place in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center onWashington, D.C., alongside the 2014Pokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championship who were in their eleventh edition. The tournament was streamed viaTwitchfor the first time in the tournament history and reached a viewership of more than 800,000. The defending Video Game champions wereArash OmmatifromItaly(Masters Division), Hayden McTavish from theUnited States(Senior Division), and Brendan Zheng from theUnited States(Junior Division). The opening ceremony of the event was attended byJunichi Masuda, the video game designer for thePokémonfranchise and a member of the board of directors ofGame Freak. The finals match of the Masters division is best known and remembered within the Pokémon community forSe Jun Park's victory with the inclusion and use of aPachirisuon his team. 2014 qualification The qualification process for the 2014 Pokémon World Championships was primarily based on Championship Points accumulated by players from official Play! Pokémon tournaments such as Premier Challenges, Regional Championships and National Championships. In addition, the top 4 players of the 2013 Pokémon World Championships in each division, and the top 4 players of a tournament known as the 'Last Chance Qualifier' will also receive an invitation to play in the World Championships. The invitations for the Masters Division of the tournament were distributed in the following manner: Most of the invitations did not include a fully paid trip to the tournament, and as a result several players could not attend the tournament. 2014 tournament structure Players per country Results Six rounds of Swiss was played by 60 players in the tournament, and each round was played with a set of best-of-three matches. The top 8 players after the Swiss rounds advances to the best-of-three Single Elimination matches. The defending World Champion Arash Ommati and former three-time World ChampionRay Rizzodid not advance to the single elimination rounds. Final standings 2015 World Championships The2015 Pokémon World Championshipswas the seventh annual edition of the championships. The event was held alongside thePokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championships at theHynes Convention CenterinBoston, Massachusetts. The tournament was transmitted with live streaming from the official PokémonTwitchchannel. The defending Video Game champions for the year wereSe Jun ParkfromSouth Korea(Masters Division), Nikolai Zielinsky from theUnited States(Senior Division) and Kota Yamamoto fromJapan(Junior Division). 2015 qualification Players could only gain an invitation to play in the Video Game World Championships by either being the2014 Pokémon World Champions, or by obtaining enough Championship Points in their respective geographic zone designated byPlay! Pokémon. However, the only exception to this rule are for players from Japan and South Korea, as their tournaments are not overseen by Play! Pokémon and their invites are governed through a different system of qualification. Since 2014, players were able to earn Championship Points from various tournaments within their geographical region. The tournaments vary in scale, ranging from local Premier Challenges to state-level Regional Championships and finally the large-scale National Championships. The number of points awarded varies with scale, and players who earn these points are ranked and divided into zones such as North America, Europe and South Africa. This year, two new zones (Latin America and Asia-Pacific) were introduced. The 2015 Pokémon Video Game World Championship was intended to be played under two Swiss tournaments and one single-elimination tournament which would then determine the 2015 World Champions. As such, there are two types of invites: As an example, the invitations for the Masters Division were distributed as follows: 2015 tournament structure TheVideo GameChampionships consisted of twoSwiss tournamentsand one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, the top eight players played in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Weapons controversy During the 2015 World Championships, two Trading Card Game competitors fromIowa(Kevin Norton, 18, and James Stumbo, 27) brought weapons in their vehicle, which were recovered by the police. The two posted status updates and images of their weaponry on social media, which were noticed by variousPokémonfans who treated them as supposed threats against the tournament. The updates were reported to theBoston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), who promptly seized their automobile and then stopped them at the door and barred them from entering the Hynes Convention Center on Thursday evening. Police executed a search warrant on Friday and Norton and Stumbo were arrested at their Red Roof Inn room in Saugus just after midnight on Saturday, August 22, 2015.The two were arrested on charges of unlicensed possession of firearms and ammunition, and were initially held without bail.The weapons recovered were a recently purchasedRemingtonshotgun, anAR-15, a hunting knife and several hundred rounds of ammunition.They pleaded not guilty at their arraignment on November 10, 2015, and their bail was set at $150,000.On December 2, 2015, their trial was set for May 9, 2016, however, in early April 2016, their trial was postponed to November 2016.Following the release ofPokémon Goin July 2016, Stumbo's attorney indicated that the case would be resolved soon.Norton and Stumbo were later sentenced to two years in prison with an additional two years probation once their prison term ends. 2016 World Championships The2016 Pokémon World Championshipswas the eighth annual edition of the championships. The event was held at theSan Francisco Marriott MarquisinSan Francisco, California, from August 19 to August 21.For the first time in the tournament history, thePokkén Tournamentinvitational was featured alongside the Video Game Championships (VGC) and Trading Card Game (TCG) tournaments. Side events and an official store with event merchandise occurred alongside the event. The defending Video Game champions were Shoma Honami fromJapan(Masters Division), Mark McQuillan from theUnited Kingdom(Senior Division) and Kotone Yasue from Japan (Junior Division).The defending Trading Card Game champions were Jacob Van Wagner from theUnited States(Masters Division), Patrick Martinez from the United States (Senior Division), and Rowan Stavenow fromCanada. Age divisions and qualifications Both the Pokémon VGC and TCG were divided into three age divisions: theJunior Division(born 2005 or later), theSenior Division(born between 2001 and 2004), and theMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). For thePokkén Tournamentinvitational, players were grouped into either theSenior Division(born 2001 or later) orMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). The process of obtaining an invitation is primarily based on Championship Points.Players could earn Championship Points by performing in select online and live tournaments held throughout the 2016 season (between September 2015 and July 2016). Players from Japan andSouth Koreawere excluded from this rule as these countries had their own method of qualification not based on Championship Points. Play! Pokémondivided players into five different rating zones: US andCanada,Europe,Latin America,Asia-PacificandSouth Africa. Different zones had different Championship Points requirements due to the distribution of events around the world. There are two possible invitations players could obtain: 'Day Two' invites were usually accompanied by travel awards and stipends paid by Play! Pokémon. Trading Card Game Championship qualifications The following table shows the Championship Pointsrequirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: Players in Japan and South Korea were awarded invitations based on each country's organized play system. Video Game Championship qualifications For the Masters Division, the following table lists the Championship Points requirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: 2016 tournament structure The Video Game Championships consisted of two Swiss tournaments and one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, players with two or fewer losses advanced to play in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Final standings (Trading Card Game) References",
"Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \"Barry\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \"Barry\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana, andcocaineduring his teenage years to \"push questions of who I was out of my mind\".Obama was also a member of the \"Choom Gang\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\" he said. \"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \"was not raised in a religious household.\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\", and \"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\" He described his father as a \"confirmedatheist\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \"of all the different people I've met along the way\", adding: \"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\" The items, \"a whole bowl full\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \"it's not too late\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\"House Divided\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \"It Begins with Us\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \"strict guidelines\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \"common-sense gun reform\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \"postracial America\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \"a great deal\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \"Cash for Clunkers\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \"unusually uncertain\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \"it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \"defining challenge of our time\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \"Obamacare\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \"out-of-pocket\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \"closely-held\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \"established by the State\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \"new era\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \"break\" and \"reset\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \"A New Beginning\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \"Joint Planning Cell\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays.\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \"Panther Brigade\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \"dangerous distraction\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\", an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \"greatest threat\" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \"surgical raid\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \"dangerous\" and \"bad.\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\" and that it was \"a mess\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \"worst mistake\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \"red line\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \"Complex Modernization\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \"call to action\" and remarked: \"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \"thanks, Obama\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\"#thanks Obama\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \"wokeness\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \"an absolute chaotic disaster\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \"could ultimately backfire.\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian Zelizercredits Obama with \"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\" Zeitzer calls this the \"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \"in areas many Progressives hold dear\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \"a disappointingly conventional president\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \"skinny repeal\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \"mixed\", adding that \"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other",
"Contiguous United States Thecontiguous United States(officially theconterminous United States) consists of the 48 adjoiningU.S. statesand theDistrict of Columbiaof theUnited States of Americain centralNorth America.The term excludes the only two non-contiguousstates, which areAlaskaandHawaii(they are also the last two states to beadmitted to the Union), and all other offshoreinsular areas, such as theU.S. territoriesofAmerican Samoa,Guam, theNorthern Mariana Islands,Puerto Rico, and theU.S. Virgin Islands.The colloquial term \"Lower48\"is also used, especially in relation to Alaska. The related but distinct termcontinental United Statesincludes Alaska, which is also on North America, but separated from the 48 states byBritish Columbiain Canada, but excludes Hawaii and all the insular areas in theCaribbeanand thePacific. The greatest distance (on agreat-circleroute) entirely within the contiguous U.S. is 2,802 miles (4,509 km), coast-to-coast betweenFloridaand theState of Washington;the greatest north–south line is 1,650 miles (2,660 km).The contiguous United States occupies an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is actual land, composing 83.65 percent of the country's total land area, and is comparable in size to the area of Australia.Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66 percent of the nation's total water area. The contiguous United States, if it were a country, would be fifth on thelist of countries and dependencies by area, behindRussia,Canada,China, andBrazil. However, the total area of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks third or fourth. Brazil is 431,000 square kilometers (166,000 sq mi) larger than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States including Alaska, Hawaii and overseas territories. The2020 U.S. censuspopulation of the area was 328,571,074, comprising 99.13 percent of the nation's total population, and a density of 111.04 inhabitants/sq mi (42.872/km2), compared to 93.844/sq mi (36.233/km2) for the nation as a whole. Other terms Whileconterminous U.S.has the precise meaning ofcontiguous U.S.(both adjectives meaning \"sharing a common boundary\"), other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity. Continental and mainland United States BecauseAlaskais also a part ofNorth America, the termcontinental United Statesalso includes that state, so the term is qualified with the explicit inclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity.On May 14, 1959, theUnited States Board on Geographic Namesissued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the continental United States as \"the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia...\" The Board reaffirmed these definitions on May 13, 1999.However, even before Alaska became a state, it was properly included within the continental U.S. due to being anincorporated territory. The termmainland United Statesis sometimes used synonymously withcontinental United States, but technically refers only to those parts of states connected to the landmass of North America, thereby excluding not onlyHawaiiand overseasinsular areas, but also islands which are part of continental states but separated from the mainland, such as theAleutian Islands(Alaska),San Juan Islands(Washington), theChannel Islands(California),the Keys(Florida), thebarrier islands(GulfandEast Coaststates), andLong Island(New York). CONUS and OCONUS CONUS, a technical term used by theU.S. Department of Defense,General Services Administration,NOAA/National Weather Service, and others, has been defined both as the continental United States, and as the 48 contiguous states.The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part ofCONUS. OCONUSis derived from CONUS withOfor outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental United States. The lower 48 The termlower 48is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. TheNational Geographicstyle guide recommends the use ofcontiguousorconterminous United Statesinstead oflower 48when the 48 states are meant, unless used in the context of Alaska.Almost all of Hawaii is south of the southernmost point of the conterminous United States in Florida. Zone of the Interior DuringWorld War II, the first fournumbered Air Forcesof theUnited States Army Air Forces(USAAF) were said to be assigned to theZone of the Interiorby the American military organizations of the time—the future states ofAlaskaandHawaii, then each onlyorganized incorporated territoriesof the Union, were respectively covered by theEleventh Air ForceandSeventh Air Forceduring the war. Terms used in the non-contiguous U.S. jurisdictions Residents of Alaska, Hawaii and off-shoreU.S. territorieshave unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them. Alaska The vast territory ofAlaskabecame the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Alaska is the northwest extremity of the North American continent, separated from theU.S. West Coastby theCanadian provinceofBritish Columbia. The termLower 48has, for many years, been a common Alaskan equivalent for \"contiguous United States\";today, many Alaskans use the term\"Outside\"for those states, though some may use \"Outside\" to refer toanylocation not within Alaska. Hawaii The territory ofHawaii, consisting of the entireHawaiian Islandsarchipelago except forMidway Atoll,became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. It is the southernmost U.S. state, and the latest one to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in thePacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles (3,541 km) from North America and almost halfway between North America andAsia. In Hawaii andoverseas American territories, for instance, the termsthe MainlandorU.S. Mainlandare often used to refer to the 49 states in North America. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is anunincorporated territoryof the United States located in the northeastCaribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,609 km) southeast ofMiami,Florida. Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens and are free to move to the mainland United States. The termStateside Puerto Ricanrefers to residents of any U.S. state or the District of Columbia who were born in, or can trace their family ancestry to, Puerto Rico. U.S. Virgin Islands TheU.S. Virgin Islandsis aU.S. territorylocated directly to the east of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea.The term \"stateside\" is used to refer to the mainland, in relation to the U.S. Virgin Islands(seeStateside Virgin Islands Americans). American Samoa American Samoais aU.S. territorylocated in theSouth Pacific OceaninPolynesia, south of the equator — it is 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest ofHawaii.In American Samoa, the contiguous United States is called the \"mainland United States\" or \"the states\"; those not from American Samoa are calledpalagi(outsiders). Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States Apart from off-shoreU.S. islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous United States are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada.Point Roberts, Washington;Elm Point, Minnesota; and theNorthwest AngleinMinnesotaare three such places.Alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York.By contrast,Hyder, Alaska, is physically part of contiguous Alaska and its easternmost town, but the only practical access is by road through Canada or by seaplane. List of contiguous U.S. states The 48 contiguous states are: In addition, theDistrict of Columbiais within the contiguous United States. See also Notes References External links"
] | [
"Pokémon World Championships ThePokémon World Championshipsis an invite-onlyesportsevent organized byPlay! Pokémon. It is held annually in August and features games from thePokémonseries such as thePokémonvideo games,Pokémon Trading Card Game,Pokémon Go,Pokémon UniteandPokkén Tournament(until its 2022 edition). Players earn invitations to the World Championships based on their performance in qualifiers and other tournaments held throughout the season and compete for scholarship money, prizes and the title of World Champion. With the exception ofAsia, invitations to the World Championships are administered by thePlay! Pokémonprogram. History The Pokémon World Championships first began with thePokémon Trading Card Game(TCG) in 2004, which was around the time that the franchise was regaining its popularity.In 2009, Play! Pokémon began to organize competitive tournaments for thePokémonvideo game series alongside the TCG, which is collectively known as the Video Game Championships (VGC). Like the TCG Championships,",
"TCG Championships, players compete with other players in their own age divisions (i.e. Junior, Senior and Masters) in different Premier Tournaments, and the season culminates with the best players earning an invitation to play the Pokémon World Championships in August. The tournaments in VGC are played with a different game each year, mainly, the latestPokémongame from its main series. In 2016, Play! Pokémon announced thatPokkén Tournamentwould have its own championship series and would be played at the Pokémon World Championships.From 2018 onward,Pokkén Tournament DXwas used to support its qualifiers and competitions. In 2019, it was announced that the 2020 Pokémon World Championships would take place inLondon, United Kingdom,the first time in which the World Championships would be held in a location outside ofNorth America. This is likely due to the setting ofPokémon Sword and Shield, which takes place in a region inspired by the United Kingdom known as Galar, and it is the set of games that would be",
"games that would be played by the video game division of the World Championships. On March 31, 2020,Play! Pokémoncancelled the 2020 Pokémon World Championships and suspended its 2020 season due to health concerns over theCOVID-19 pandemic.This came after earlier announcements in March which saw the cancellation of the 2020 European International Championshipsand part of its season between March and June 2020.On February 9, 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Pokémon World Championships would postponed till 2022 for the same reasons. In early January 2022, it was confirmed thatPokémon Unitewould be played at the World Championships, making it the newestMOBAgame to have an official esports tournament, afterLeague of Legends. In May 2022, after six seasons, Play! Pokémon announced the end of thePokkén TournamentChampionship Series after the 2022 season. At the 2022 edition of the event, it was announced that the 2023 World Championships will take place inYokohama, Japan (the basis of Vermilion City in the",
"City in the Kanto region). When the 2023 event took place, it was the first time that the World Championships visited the franchise's country of origin, as well as the first World Championships to take place in Asia. At the end of the 2023 event, The Pokémon Company announced that the Pokémon World Championships will return toHawaiifor the first time since the previous World Championships in the state was held back in 2012. World Championship locations Despite Pokémon being a Japanese product, only one World Championship (2023) was held in Japan. Almost all of the remaining events were held in the United States. Qualification The qualifying process for the Pokémon World Championships varies each year and is dependent on a player's age division and the country in which they are located in. Players may also qualify to play on different days of the World Championships based on their performance in their respective qualifying programs; the best performing players will immediately advance to the second day of the",
"second day of the World Championships playoffs (i.e. \"Day 2\") instead of playing through the first day (i.e. \"Day 1\"). Play! Pokémon program Players located in a country with aPlay! Pokémonprogram (i.e. inNorth America,Europe,Latin AmericaandOceania) compete in a regular schedule of tournaments for Championship Points and receive invitations when they meet a predetermined threshold of points at the end of the season. In 2015, the Play! Pokémon program expanded to include countries from the continents ofLatin AmericaandAsia(except Japan and South Korea). However, on June 10, 2020, it was announced thatAsiawould no longer be part of the Play! Pokémon program and will have its own qualifying system towards the Pokémon World Championships. Pokémon GO Championship Series Pokémon announced in October 2021 thatPokémon GOwould be added during the 2022 World Championships,along with it a qualification system through the Pokémon GO Championship Series, where the top two head to the World Championships.Any trainer who",
"trainer who reached Legend rank during Season 9 of thePokémon GO Battle Leaguewould qualify for the GO Championship Series. Pokémon Unite Championship Series In January 2022,Pokémon Uniteproducer Masaaki Hoshino confirmed that the game would be part of the roster of games to be played at the World Championships in London.For the first season of the Pokémon Unite Championship Series, there will be eleven supported Regional Zones: North America, Central America, South America-East, South America-West, Europe, Oceania, Japan, South Korea, India, and the Asia-Pacific region. These events will only be open to players aged 16 or 18, depending on the region or country they are from. In each month, a series of tournaments in each Regional Zone will be held. Like other games in the World Championships, players will earn Championship Points based on their finishing position in that month's tournament. The CP can be retained by players to allow for team changes as the season carries on. The team with the most points",
"the most points qualifies for the Regional Championships, and the top teams from the Regional Championships qualify for a chance to compete at the Pokémon World Championships. In January 2023, there were changes to the competitive structure and Regional Zones. Pokémon World Championships nearly doubled available spots from 16, to 31 teams. Regional Zones controlled by TPCi were also changed, with Central America, South America-East and South America West being changed to LATAM North, LATAM South, and Brazil. TPC had also taken control of the India and Asia-Pacific Regional Zones, and split Asia-Pacific into 2 regions; Asia-Pacific East and Asia-Pacific West. For TPCi controlled regions, the previous month's top 4 did not auto qualify for the next month's tournament finals. Additionally, an extra monthly tournament was added, the April Cup. Championship Points were also changed to include top CP earners an invite to Pokémon World Championships, ranging from top 1 to 3 in top CP earners depending on how many",
"on how many invites were given for a region. For TPC controlled regions, their tournament circuit began in April, with 3 monthly qualifiers. The winners of these qualifiers then participated in Regionals to earn a spot for Pokémon World Championships. Among those changes, both North America and Europe were also given their first regional LAN event. Europe had a LAN event for their Aeos Cup series at European International Championships. North America were given a regional LAN event at the North America International Championships. In 2023, competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams (groups A to H). Teams in each group play each another in a best-of-three seriesround-robin, with the top team advancing to the Top 8 knockout stage. The final draw took place virtually on thePokémon UniteYouTubechannel on July 28, 2023. The prize pool is $500,000 in USD will be distributed among the Top 16 finishers in the championship. Japan & South Korea Tournaments inJapanandSouth Koreaare organised",
"Koreaare organised independently from Play! Pokémon, and as such, players from these countries have a different system of qualification. In Japan, players compete for an invite to theJapan National Championshipsby playing in major qualifier or online tournaments held throughout the season.The best performing players of theJapan National Championshipswill then be selected to represent Japan in the Pokémon World Championships. In South Korea, the style of qualification for the World Championships changes frequently. For example, in 2015, players would compete in theKorean National Championshipsand earn a World Championships invitation based on their standing in the tournament. However, in 2019, players would compete in tournaments organized by theKorean Leagueand earn an invite based on the number of points they had accumulated by the end of the season. Other There are other less common methods of qualifying for the World Championships which include finishing at least top 4 or better in the prior year's World",
"prior year's World Championships or by participating in asingle-elimination tournamentknown as the Last Chance Qualifierat the location of the World Championships itself. List of World Champions Trading Card Game (TCG) Video Game Championships (VGC) Pokémon Go The under-17 age division was discontinued after the 2022 season. All participants of any age now compete in the same tournament. All tournament battles use the Great League battle format (all Pokémon must be below 1,500 Combat Power.) Pokémon Unite Retired games Pokkén Tournament & Pokkén Tournament DX 2014 World Championships The2014 Pokémon World Championshipswas the sixth annual edition of the championships. The event took place in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center onWashington, D.C., alongside the 2014Pokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championship who were in their eleventh edition. The tournament was streamed viaTwitchfor the first time in the tournament history and reached a viewership of more than 800,000. The defending Video Game",
"Video Game champions wereArash OmmatifromItaly(Masters Division), Hayden McTavish from theUnited States(Senior Division), and Brendan Zheng from theUnited States(Junior Division). The opening ceremony of the event was attended byJunichi Masuda, the video game designer for thePokémonfranchise and a member of the board of directors ofGame Freak. The finals match of the Masters division is best known and remembered within the Pokémon community forSe Jun Park's victory with the inclusion and use of aPachirisuon his team. 2014 qualification The qualification process for the 2014 Pokémon World Championships was primarily based on Championship Points accumulated by players from official Play! Pokémon tournaments such as Premier Challenges, Regional Championships and National Championships. In addition, the top 4 players of the 2013 Pokémon World Championships in each division, and the top 4 players of a tournament known as the 'Last Chance Qualifier' will also receive an invitation to play in the World",
"play in the World Championships. The invitations for the Masters Division of the tournament were distributed in the following manner: Most of the invitations did not include a fully paid trip to the tournament, and as a result several players could not attend the tournament. 2014 tournament structure Players per country Results Six rounds of Swiss was played by 60 players in the tournament, and each round was played with a set of best-of-three matches. The top 8 players after the Swiss rounds advances to the best-of-three Single Elimination matches. The defending World Champion Arash Ommati and former three-time World ChampionRay Rizzodid not advance to the single elimination rounds. Final standings 2015 World Championships The2015 Pokémon World Championshipswas the seventh annual edition of the championships. The event was held alongside thePokémon Trading Card GameWorld Championships at theHynes Convention CenterinBoston, Massachusetts. The tournament was transmitted with live streaming from the official",
"from the official PokémonTwitchchannel. The defending Video Game champions for the year wereSe Jun ParkfromSouth Korea(Masters Division), Nikolai Zielinsky from theUnited States(Senior Division) and Kota Yamamoto fromJapan(Junior Division). 2015 qualification Players could only gain an invitation to play in the Video Game World Championships by either being the2014 Pokémon World Champions, or by obtaining enough Championship Points in their respective geographic zone designated byPlay! Pokémon. However, the only exception to this rule are for players from Japan and South Korea, as their tournaments are not overseen by Play! Pokémon and their invites are governed through a different system of qualification. Since 2014, players were able to earn Championship Points from various tournaments within their geographical region. The tournaments vary in scale, ranging from local Premier Challenges to state-level Regional Championships and finally the large-scale National Championships. The number of points awarded",
"of points awarded varies with scale, and players who earn these points are ranked and divided into zones such as North America, Europe and South Africa. This year, two new zones (Latin America and Asia-Pacific) were introduced. The 2015 Pokémon Video Game World Championship was intended to be played under two Swiss tournaments and one single-elimination tournament which would then determine the 2015 World Champions. As such, there are two types of invites: As an example, the invitations for the Masters Division were distributed as follows: 2015 tournament structure TheVideo GameChampionships consisted of twoSwiss tournamentsand one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received",
"who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, the top eight players played in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Weapons controversy During the 2015 World Championships, two Trading Card Game competitors fromIowa(Kevin Norton, 18, and James Stumbo, 27) brought weapons in their vehicle, which were recovered by the police. The two posted status updates and images of their weaponry on social media, which were noticed by variousPokémonfans who treated them as supposed threats against the tournament. The updates were reported to theBoston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), who promptly seized their automobile and then stopped them at the door and barred them from entering the Hynes Convention Center on Thursday evening. Police executed a search warrant on Friday and Norton and Stumbo were arrested at their Red Roof Inn room in Saugus just after midnight on Saturday,",
"on Saturday, August 22, 2015.The two were arrested on charges of unlicensed possession of firearms and ammunition, and were initially held without bail.The weapons recovered were a recently purchasedRemingtonshotgun, anAR-15, a hunting knife and several hundred rounds of ammunition.They pleaded not guilty at their arraignment on November 10, 2015, and their bail was set at $150,000.On December 2, 2015, their trial was set for May 9, 2016, however, in early April 2016, their trial was postponed to November 2016.Following the release ofPokémon Goin July 2016, Stumbo's attorney indicated that the case would be resolved soon.Norton and Stumbo were later sentenced to two years in prison with an additional two years probation once their prison term ends. 2016 World Championships The2016 Pokémon World Championshipswas the eighth annual edition of the championships. The event was held at theSan Francisco Marriott MarquisinSan Francisco, California, from August 19 to August 21.For the first time in the tournament",
"in the tournament history, thePokkén Tournamentinvitational was featured alongside the Video Game Championships (VGC) and Trading Card Game (TCG) tournaments. Side events and an official store with event merchandise occurred alongside the event. The defending Video Game champions were Shoma Honami fromJapan(Masters Division), Mark McQuillan from theUnited Kingdom(Senior Division) and Kotone Yasue from Japan (Junior Division).The defending Trading Card Game champions were Jacob Van Wagner from theUnited States(Masters Division), Patrick Martinez from the United States (Senior Division), and Rowan Stavenow fromCanada. Age divisions and qualifications Both the Pokémon VGC and TCG were divided into three age divisions: theJunior Division(born 2005 or later), theSenior Division(born between 2001 and 2004), and theMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). For thePokkén Tournamentinvitational, players were grouped into either theSenior Division(born 2001 or later) orMasters Division(born 2000 or earlier). The process",
"The process of obtaining an invitation is primarily based on Championship Points.Players could earn Championship Points by performing in select online and live tournaments held throughout the 2016 season (between September 2015 and July 2016). Players from Japan andSouth Koreawere excluded from this rule as these countries had their own method of qualification not based on Championship Points. Play! Pokémondivided players into five different rating zones: US andCanada,Europe,Latin America,Asia-PacificandSouth Africa. Different zones had different Championship Points requirements due to the distribution of events around the world. There are two possible invitations players could obtain: 'Day Two' invites were usually accompanied by travel awards and stipends paid by Play! Pokémon. Trading Card Game Championship qualifications The following table shows the Championship Pointsrequirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: Players in Japan and South Korea were awarded invitations based on each",
"based on each country's organized play system. Video Game Championship qualifications For the Masters Division, the following table lists the Championship Points requirement for an invitation to the 2016 World Championships: 2016 tournament structure The Video Game Championships consisted of two Swiss tournaments and one single elimination tournament played across three days. On Friday (Day 1), all players who earned an invitation without a Day 1 bye were entered into a Swiss tournament, where players with two or fewer losses would advance onto the next round. The second Swiss tournament was then played on Saturday (Day 2), where players who advanced from Day 1 were joined by players who received an invitation with a Day 1 bye. At the end of the Day 2 Swiss tournament, players with two or fewer losses advanced to play in single elimination rounds until the last two remain. The finals took place on Sunday (Day 3). Final standings (Video Game Championships) Final standings (Trading Card Game) References",
"Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II(born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2009 to 2017. As a member of theDemocratic Party, he was the firstAfrican-Americanpresident in U.S. history. Obama previously served as aU.S. senatorrepresentingIllinoisfrom 2005 to 2008 and as anIllinois state senatorfrom 1997 to 2004. Obama was born inHonolulu,Hawaii. He graduated fromColumbia Universityin 1983 with aBachelor of Artsdegree in political science and later worked as acommunity organizerinChicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled inHarvard Law School, where he was the first black president of theHarvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teachingconstitutional lawat theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolfrom 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obamarepresented the 13th district in the Illinois Senatefrom 1997 until 2004, when hesuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the2008 presidential election, aftera close primary",
"close primary campaignagainstHillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selectedJoe Bidenas his running mate and defeatedRepublicannomineeJohn McCain. Obama was named the2009 Nobel Peace Prizelaureate, a decision that drew a mixture of criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed theglobal financial crisisand includeda major stimulus packageto guide the economy in recovering from theGreat Recession, a partial extension ofGeorge W. Bush'stax cuts,legislation to reform health care,a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S.military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointedSupreme CourtjusticesSonia SotomayorandElena Kagan, the former being the firstHispanic Americanon the Supreme Court. He orderedOperation Neptune Spear, the raid that killedOsama bin Laden, who was responsible for theSeptember 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush'scounterinsurgency model, expandingair strikesand making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater",
"encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also orderedmilitary involvement in Libyain order to implementUN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafi. Obama defeated Republican opponentMitt Romneyin the2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps tocombat climate change, signinga major international climate agreementand anexecutive orderto limitcarbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of theAffordable Care Actand other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiateda nuclear agreement with Iranandnormalized relations with Cuba. The number ofAmerican soldiers in Afghanistandecreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout Obama's presidency. Obama promoted inclusion forLGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly supportsame-sex marriage. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and",
"D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier inhistorical rankings of American presidents.His presidential libraryin theSouth Side of Chicagobegan construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden'ssuccessful presidential bidin2020. Outside of politics,Obama has published three books:Dreams from My Father(1995),The Audacity of Hope(2006), andA Promised Land(2020). Early life and career Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,atKapiolani Medical Center for Women and ChildreninHonolulu, Hawaii.He is the only president born outside thecontiguous 48 states.He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother,Ann Dunham(1942–1995), was born inWichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village ofMoneygall, Irelandto the U.S.",
"Irelandto the U.S. in 1850.In July 2012,Ancestry.comfound a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended fromJohn Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in theColony of Virginiaduring the seventeenth century.Obama's father,Barack Obama Sr.(1934–1982),was a marriedLuo KenyanfromNyang'oma Kogelo.His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.The couple married inWailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to theUniversity of WashingtoninSeattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship atHarvard University, where he earned anM.A.in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.Obama Sr.",
"1964.Obama Sr. returned toKenyain 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: \"That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind.\"He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. In 1963, Dunham metLolo Soetoroat theUniversity of Hawaii; he was anIndonesianEast–West Centergraduate studentingeography. The couple married onMolokaion March 15, 1965.After two one-year extensions of hisJ-1 visa, Lolo returned toIndonesiain 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in theTebetdistrict ofSouth Jakarta. From 1970, they",
"From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in theMentengdistrict ofCentral Jakarta. Education At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as \"Barry\"and attended localIndonesian-languageschools:Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi(St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years andSekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01(State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-languageCalvert Schoolhomeschooling by his mother.As a result of his four years inJakarta, he was able to speakIndonesianfluently as a child.During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him \"a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works\". In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,MadelynandStanley Dunham. He attendedPunahou School—a privatecollege preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade",
"from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname \"Barry\" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.Obama lived with his mother and half-sister,Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student inanthropologyat the University of Hawaii.Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment forovariananduterine cancer. Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: \"The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.\"Obama has also written and talked about usingalcohol,marijuana,",
"andcocaineduring his teenage years to \"push questions of who I was out of my mind\".Obama was also a member of the \"Choom Gang\" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana. College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attendOccidental Collegeon a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in thedisinvestment from South Africain response to that nation's policy ofapartheid.In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends inPakistanfor three weeks.Later in 1981, hetransferredtoColumbia Universityin New York City as ajunior, where he majored inpolitical sciencewith a specialty ininternational relationsand inEnglish literatureand lived off-campus on West 109th Street.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7GPA. After graduating,",
"After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at theBusiness International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,then as a project coordinator for theNew York Public Interest Research Groupon theCity College of New Yorkcampus for three months in 1985. Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of theDeveloping Communities Project, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes inRoseland,West Pullman, andRiverdaleon Chicago'sSouth Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization inAltgeld Gardens.Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for theGamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time inEuropefor three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya,",
"weeks in Kenya, where he met many of hispaternal relativesfor the first time. Despite being offered a full scholarship toNorthwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled atHarvard Law Schoolin the fall of 1988, living in nearbySomerville, Massachusetts.He was selected as an editor of theHarvard Law Reviewat the end of his first year,president of the journal in his second year,and research assistant to the constitutional scholarLaurence Tribewhile at Harvard.During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as asummer associateat the law firms ofSidley Austinin 1989 andHopkins & Sutterin 1990.Obama's election as thefirst black president of theHarvard Law Reviewgained national media attentionand led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 asDreams from My Father.Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with aJuris Doctormagna cum laude. University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama",
"In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Law Schoolto work on his first book.He then taughtconstitutional lawat the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004. From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois'sProject Vote, avoter registration campaignwith ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leadingCrain's Chicago Businessto name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be. Family and personal life In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity ofhis extended family: \"It's like a little mini-United Nations,\" he said. \"I've got relatives who look likeBernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look likeMargaret Thatcher.\"Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings",
"other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,until her death on November 2, 2008,two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins inMoneygallin May 2011.InDreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives ofJefferson Davis,President of the Confederate States of Americaduring theAmerican Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common withGeorge W. BushandDick Cheney, among others. Obama lived with anthropologistSheila Miyoshi Jagerwhile he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended. In June 1989, Obama metMichelle Robinsonwhen he was employed atSidley Austin.Robinson was assigned for three months as",
"for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwentin vitro fertilizationto conceive their children.The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,followed by a second daughter, Natasha (\"Sasha\"), in 2001.The Obama daughters attended theUniversity of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at theSidwell Friends School.The Obamas had twoPortuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male namedBo, was a gift from SenatorTed Kennedy.In 2013, Bo was joined bySunny, a female.Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021. Obama is a supporter of theChicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the2005 ALCSwhen he was still a senator.In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at theAll-Star Gamewhile wearing a White Sox",
"wearing a White Sox jacket.He is also primarily aChicago Bearsfootball fan in theNFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was afan of the Pittsburgh Steelersand rooted for them ahead of their victory inSuper Bowl XLIII12 days after he took office as president.In 2011, Obama invited the1985 Chicago Bearsto the White House; the team had not visited the White House after theirSuper Bowl winin 1986 due to theSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster.He playsbasketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,and he is left-handed. In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from aHyde Park, Chicagocondominium to a $1.6million house (equivalent to $2.5million in 2023) in neighboringKenwood, Chicago.The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friendTony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to",
"were unrelated to Obama. In December 2007,Money Magazineestimated Obama's net worth at $1.3million (equivalent to $1.9million in 2023).Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5million—up from about $4.2million in 2007 and $1.6million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.On his 2010 income of $1.7million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 toFisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10million. Religious views Obama is aProtestantChristian whose religious views developed in his adult life.He wrote inThe Audacity of Hopethat he \"was not raised in a religious household.\" He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet \"in many ways the most spiritually awakened person... I have ever known\", and \"a lonely witness forsecular humanism.\" He described",
"He described his father as a \"confirmedatheist\" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as \"a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.\" Obama explained how, through working withblack churchesas acommunity organizerwhile in his twenties, he came to understand \"the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.\" In January 2008, Obama toldChristianity Today: \"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in theredemptive deathandresurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life.\"On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts ofJesus Christspoke to me in terms of the kind of life",
"of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper,treating others as they would treat me. Obama metTrinity United Church of ChristpastorJeremiah Wrightin October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity aftersome of Wright's statements were criticized.Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, includingShiloh Baptist ChurchandSt. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel atCamp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him \"of all the different people I've met along the way\", adding: \"I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times.\" The items, \"a whole bowl full\", include rosary beads given to him byPope Francis, a figurine of",
"a figurine of the Hindu deityHanuman, aCoptic crossfrom Ethiopia, a smallBuddha statuegiven by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa. Legal career Civil rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was anassociatefor three years from 1993 to 1996, thenof counselfrom 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers inBuycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). Thisclass action lawsuitwas filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under theEqual Credit Opportunity Actand theFair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of theWoods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of",
"Project—and of theJoyce Foundation.He served on the board of directors of theChicago Annenberg Challengefrom 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.Obama's law license became inactive in 2007. Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Obama was elected to theIllinois Senatein 1996, succeeding Democratic State SenatorAlice PalmerfromIllinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south toSouth Shoreand west toChicago Lawn.Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.He sponsored a law that increasedtax creditsfor low-income workers, negotiatedwelfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan'spayday loanregulations andpredatory mortgage lendingregulations aimed at averting homeforeclosures.",
"homeforeclosures. He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.In 2000, he lost aDemocratic primary raceforIllinois's 1st congressional districtin theUnited States House of Representativesto four-term incumbentBobby Rushby a margin of two to one. In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitorracial profilingby requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enactingdeath penaltyreforms.Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his",
"2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate. 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultantDavid Axelrodby August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's2003 invasion of Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on thejoint resolutionauthorizing theIraq War,Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicagoanti-Iraq War rally,and spoke out against the war.He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd \"it's not too late\" to stop the war. Decisions by Republican incumbentPeter Fitzgeraldand his Democratic predecessorCarol Moseley Braunnot to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won",
"election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within thenational Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,Dreams from My Father.In July 2004, Obama deliveredthe keynote addressat the2004 Democratic National Convention,seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winnerJack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.Six weeks later,Alan Keyesaccepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.In theNovember 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. U.S. Senate (2005–2008) Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,becoming the only Senate member of theCongressional Black",
"Black Caucus.He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded theNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reductionconcept to conventional weapons;and theFederal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with SenatorsTom Carper,Tom Coburn, andJohn McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.He alsocosponsoredtheSecure America and Orderly Immigration Act. In December 2006, President Bush signed into law theDemocratic Republic of the CongoRelief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to theHonest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an",
"Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in theComprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to theState Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees forForeign Relations,Environment and Public Works, andVeterans' Affairsthrough December 2006.In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments withHealth, Education, Labor and PensionsandHomeland Security and Governmental",
"and Governmental Affairs.He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee onEuropean Affairs.As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met withMahmoud Abbasbefore Abbas becamePresident of the Palestinian National Authorityand gave a speech at theUniversity of Nairobiin which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. Obamaresigned his Senate seaton November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. Presidential campaigns 2008 On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of theOld State Capitolbuilding inSpringfield, Illinois.The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also whereAbraham Lincolndelivered his\"House Divided\"speech in 1858.Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasingenergy independence, andreforming the health care system. Numerous candidates entered",
"candidates entered theDemocratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to Obama and SenatorHillary Clintonafter early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledgeddelegatesdue to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing incaucusstates, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.On August 23, 2008, Obama announced hisselectionofDelawareSenatorJoe Bidenas his vice presidential running mate.Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and SenatorEvan Bayhand Virginia GovernorTim Kaine.At theDemocratic National ConventioninDenver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she andBill Clintongave convention speeches in his support.Obama delivered his acceptance",
"his acceptance speech atInvesco Field at Mile Highstadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn downpublic financingin the general election since the system was created in 1976. John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selectedSarah Palinas his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in threepresidential debatesin September and October 2008.On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365electoral votesto 173 received by McCain.Obama won 52.9 percent of thepopular voteto McCain's 45.7 percent.He became the first African-American to be elected president.Obama deliveredhis victory speechbefore hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago'sGrant Park.He is one of the three United States",
"three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others beingWarren G. HardingandJohn F. Kennedy. 2012 On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with theFederal Election Commissionand then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled \"It Begins with Us\" that he posted on his website.As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in theDemocratic Party presidential primaries,and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778conventiondelegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.At theDemocratic National ConventioninCharlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were RepublicansMitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and RepresentativePaul Ryanof Wisconsin. On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as",
"to be reelected as president.With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,Obama became the first Democratic president sinceFranklin D. Rooseveltto win themajority of the popular votetwice.Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago'sMcCormick Placeafter his reelection and said: \"Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties.\" Presidency (2009–2017) First 100 days Theinauguration of Barack Obamaas the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issuedexecutive ordersandpresidential memorandadirecting the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.He ordered the closing of theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required fundsand preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential",
"to presidential records.He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of PresidentRonald Reagan'sMexico City policywhich prohibited federal aid to internationalfamily planningorganizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. Domestic policy The first bill signed into law by Obama was theLilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing thestatute of limitationsfor equal-pay lawsuits.Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding ofembryonic stem cellresearch and pledged to develop \"strict guidelines\" on the research. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominatedSonia Sotomayoron May 26, 2009, to replace retiringAssociate JusticeDavid Souter. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,becoming the first Supreme Court Justice ofHispanicdescent.Obama",
"nominatedElena Kaganon May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate JusticeJohn Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history. On March 11, 2009, Obama created theWhite House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of theOffice of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established byExecutive Order13506with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired bySenior Advisor to the PresidentValerie Jarrett. Obama also established theWhite House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaultthrough a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on",
"House Council on Women and Girls andOffice of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994Violence Against Women Actfirst drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched thePriority Enforcement Program, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and theSecure Communitiesfingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program. In amajor space policy speechin April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction atNASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return ofhuman spaceflightto the moon and development of theAres Irocket,Ares Vrocket andConstellation program, in favor of fundingearth scienceprojects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to theInternational Space Station. On January 16, 2013, one month after theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regardinggun control.He urged Congress to",
"urged Congress to reintroduce anexpired banon military-styleassault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federalBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosivesfor the first time since 2006.On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.In a 2016 editorial inThe New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed \"common-sense gun reform\" towomen's suffrageand othercivil rights movementsin American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.Following the2013 global surveillance disclosuresbywhistleblowerEdward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,but",
"as unpatriotic,but called for increased restrictions on theNational Security Agency(NSA) to address violations of privacy.Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court(FISC). Racial issues In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era. Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a \"postracial America\".However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.TheacquittalofGeorge Zimmermanfollowing thekilling of",
"thekilling of Trayvon Martinsparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that \"Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.\"The shooting ofMichael BrowninFerguson, Missourisparked a wave of protests.These and other events led to the birth of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, which campaigns against violence andsystemic racismtowardblack people.Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups. Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.In a",
"for the police.In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried \"a great deal\" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001. LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed theMatthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the1969 United States federal hate-crime lawto include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated byImmigration Equality.On December 22, 2010, Obama signed theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaignto end thedon't ask, don't tellpolicy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in theUnited States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barredtransgender people from serving",
"people from serving openly in the military. Same-sex marriage As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizingsame-sex marriage.During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating \"I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage.\"On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.During his secondinaugural addresson January 21, 2013,Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mentiongay rightsor the word \"gay\" in an inaugural address.In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged theSupreme Courtto rule in",
"Courtto rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases ofHollingsworth v. Perry(regarding same-sex marriage)andUnited States v. Windsor(regarding theDefense of Marriage Act). Economic policy On February 17, 2009, Obama signed theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023)economic stimuluspackage aimed at helping the economy recover from thedeepening worldwide recession.The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks andincentives, and direct assistance to individuals.In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage thefinancial crisis, including introducing thePublic–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2trillion in depreciated real estate assets. Obama intervened in thetroubled automotive industryin March 2009, renewing loans forGeneral Motors(GM) andChryslerto continue operations while reorganizing.",
"while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including thesale of Chryslerto Italian automakerFiatand areorganization of GMgiving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.He signed into law theCar Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as \"Cash for Clunkers\", which temporarily boosted the economy. The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from theFederal Reserveand theDepartment of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5trillion, but only $3trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisanBudget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the",
"to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent aU.S. governmentdefaulton its obligations. The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.By November 2012, the",
"November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairmanBen Bernankesaid the economic outlook was \"unusually uncertain\".Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010. TheCongressional Budget Office(CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1million,while conceding that \"it is impossible to determine how many of the",
"how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package.\"Although an April 2010, survey of members of theNational Association for Business Economicsshowed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other originalNATOmembers by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end ofWorld War II.TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentcredits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union. Within a month of the2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-yearpayroll taxreduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new",
"benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount forestate taxes.The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023)Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. In December 2013, Obama declared that growingincome inequalityis a \"defining challenge of our time\" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of thenationwide strikes of fast-food workersand Pope Francis' criticism of inequality andtrickle-down economics.Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called theTrans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental policy On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshoredrilling rigat theMacondo Prospectin theGulf of Mexico, causing amajor sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan",
"formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review bySecretary of the InteriorKen Salazarand concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on newdeepwater drillingpermits and leases, pending regulatory review.As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of theEast Coast of the United Statesand along the coast ofnorthern Alaskain an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas. In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he \"would reject theKeystone XL pipelineif it increased carbon pollution greenhouse emissions.\"On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.It was the third veto of",
"the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in theAtlanticand Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act. Obama emphasized theconservationoffederal landsduring his term in office. He used his power under theAntiquities Actto create 25 newnational monumentsduring his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president. Health care reform Obama called forCongressto pass legislation reforminghealth care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as thepublic",
"known as thepublic option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage forpre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivereda speech to a joint session of Congresson September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public",
"a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.On March 21, 2010, thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act(ACA, colloquially \"Obamacare\") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. The ACA includeshealth-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expandingMedicaideligibility for people making up to 133 percentof thefederal poverty level(FPL) starting in 2014,subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percentof the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum \"out-of-pocket\" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishinghealth insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share",
"the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-incomebrackets, taxes onindoor tanning, cuts to theMedicare Advantageprogram in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143billion over the first decade. The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote inNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebeliusthat the mandate was",
"the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.InBurwell v. Hobby Lobbythe Court ruled that \"closely-held\" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under theReligious Freedom Restoration Actfrom regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 inKing v. Burwellthat subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans \"established by the State\", as the statute reads. Foreign policy In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a \"new era\" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms \"break\" and \"reset\" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by",
"to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network,Al Arabiya.On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech atCairo Universityin Egypt calling for \"A New Beginning\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters followingIran's 2009 presidential election. In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killedAnwar al-Awlaki, an American imam suspected of being a leadingAl-Qaedaorganizer. al-Awlaki became the firstU.S. citizento be targeted and killed by aU.S. drone strike. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right todue process. The killing led to",
"The killing led to significant controversy.Histeenage sonandyoung daughter, also Americans, were later killed in separateUS military actions, although they were not targeted specifically. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in theirmilitary intervention in Yemen, establishing a \"Joint Planning Cell\" with Saudi Arabia.In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series ofarms deals with Saudi Arabiaworth $115billion.Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology toSaudi Arabiaafter Saudi warplanestargeted a funeralin Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people. In September 2016 Obama was snubbed byXi Jinpingand theChinese Communist Partyas he descended fromAir Force Oneto the tarmac ofHangzhou International Airportfor the2016 G20 Hangzhou summitwithout the usual red carpet welcome. War in Iraq On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.The Obama",
"18 months.The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations tocounter-terrorismand the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays.\" In June 2014, following thecapture of MosulbyISIL, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commitwidespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.In August 2014, during theSinjar massacre, Obama ordered acampaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL.By the end of 2014, 3,100 American",
"3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflictand 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.In early 2015, with the addition of the \"Panther Brigade\" of the82nd Airborne Divisionthe number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. Afghanistan and Pakistan In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a \"dangerous distraction\" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan\", an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"He replaced",
"replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, GeneralDavid D. McKiernan, with formerSpecial Forcescommander Lt. Gen.Stanley A. McChrystalin May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;this took place in July 2011.David Petraeusreplaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the \"greatest threat\" to the security of Afghanistan and",
"of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he \"cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary.\" In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. \"cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy.\" Death of Osama bin Laden Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout ofOsama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion ina large compoundinAbbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) fromIslamabad.CIA headLeon Panettareported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a \"surgical raid\" to be conducted byUnited States Navy SEALs.The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from",
"and disks from the compound.DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,which was buried at sea several hours later.Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City'sGround ZeroandTimes Square.Reaction to the announcementwas positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Relations with Cuba Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada andVatican City.The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba toexchange prisonersas a gesture of goodwill.On December 10, 2013, Cuban PresidentRaúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at theNelson Mandela memorial serviceinJohannesburg. In December 2014, after the",
"2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.Popularly dubbed theCuban Thaw,The New Republicdeemed the Cuban Thaw to be \"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement.\"On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington andHavana.The countries' respective \"interests sections\" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive sinceCalvin Coolidgein 1928. Israel During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of theU.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Groupand the Defense Policy Advisory Group,",
"Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding theIron Domeprogram in response to the waves ofPalestinian rocket attacks on Israel.In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuto continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods ofEast Jerusalem.In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemningIsraeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.Obama supports thetwo-state solutionto theArab–Israeli conflictbased on the 1967 borders with land swaps. In 2013,Jeffrey Goldbergreported that, in Obama's view, \"with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation.\"In 2014, Obama likened theZionist movementto thecivil rights movementin the United States. He said both movements seek to bring",
"seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: \"To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics.\"Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing theIran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was \"dangerous\" and \"bad.\" On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained fromUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territoriesas a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization,",
"the organization, which totaled $6million, on January 6, 2017.On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. Libya In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictatorMuammar Gaddafias part of theArab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, theArab League, and a resolutionpassed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.In response to the passage ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels. On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,including the use ofTomahawk",
"the use ofTomahawk missiles,B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbedOperation Unified Protector.Some members of Congressquestioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.In 2016 Obama said \"Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind\" and that it was \"a mess\".He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the \"worst mistake\" of his presidency. Syrian civil war On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of theSyrian civil war, Obama issued a written statement that said: \"The time has come forPresident Assadto step aside.\"This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.In 2012, Obama authorized multipleprograms run by the CIAand the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.The Pentagon-run program was later found to have",
"later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. In the wake of achemical weapons attackin Syria,formally blamedby the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the \"red line\" he had pledgedand, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assadgiving up chemical weapons; however attacks withchlorine gascontinued.In 2014, Obama authorized anair campaign aimed primarily at ISIL. Iran nuclear talks On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The \"Complex Modernization\" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration openednegotiationswith Iran to prevent it from acquiringnuclear weapons, which included aninterim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled",
"The deal titled the \"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.In addition, the transfer of $1.7billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the \"effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions.\"In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shieldedHezbollahfrom theDrug Enforcement Administration'sProject Cassandrainvestigation regarding drug smuggling and from theCentral Intelligence Agency.On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.",
"the White House. Russia In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedevto replace the1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treatywith a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.Obama and Medvedev signed theNew STARTtreaty in April 2010, and theU.S. Senateratified it in December 2010.In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to considerLGBT rightswhen issuing financial aid to foreign countries.In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming2014 Winter OlympicsinSochi, Russia. AfterRussia's invasion of Crimeain 2014,military intervention in Syriain 2015, andthe interferencein the2016 U.S. presidential election,George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had \"allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West\", adding that the legacy of this",
"the legacy of this disaster would last. Cultural and political image Obama's family history, upbringing, andIvy Leagueeducation differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough\", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of theNational Association of Black Journaliststhat \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: \"I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.\"Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. Job approval According to theGallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68",
"with a 68 percentapproval rating,the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.Following thedeath of Osama bin Ladenon May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s. His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percentbefore declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.In polling conducted before the2014 midterm elections, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowestwith his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.His approval",
"approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par withGeorge H. W. BushandDwight D. Eisenhower, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s. Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II. Foreign perceptions Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. byHarris InteractiveforFrance 24and theInternational Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as",
"world leader, as well as the most powerful.In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—theNorwegian Nobel Committeeannounced that Obama had won the2009 Nobel Peace Prize\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\",which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.He himself called it a \"call to action\" and remarked: \"I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations\". Thanks, Obama In 2009 the saying \"thanks, Obama\" first appeared in aTwitter hashtag\"#thanks",
"hashtag\"#thanks Obama\" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used byStephen Colbertto express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. Post-presidency (2017–present) Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon theinaugurationof his successor,Donald Trump.The family moved to a house they rented inKalorama, Washington, D.C.On March 2, theJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museumawarded theProfile in Courage Awardto Obama \"for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage.\"His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at theUniversity of Chicagoon April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H.",
"Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work withOne America Appealto help the victims ofHurricane HarveyandHurricane Irmain theGulf CoastandTexascommunities.From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of theObama Foundation,which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features forNetflixunder the Obamas' newly formed production company,Higher Ground Productions.Higher Ground's first film,American Factory, won theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Featurein 2020.On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had beenmailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials.In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home onMartha's VineyardfromWyc",
"VineyardfromWyc Grousbeck.On October 29, Obama criticized \"wokeness\" andcall-out cultureat the Obama Foundation's annual summit. Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the2020 Democratic presidential primariesbecause he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president inthe presidential election, stating that he has \"all the qualities we need in a president right now.\"In May, Obama criticized President Trump forhis handlingof theCOVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis \"an absolute chaotic disaster\", and stating that the consequences of theTrump presidencyhave been \"our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before.\"On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir,A Promised Land, was released. In February 2021, Obama and musicianBruce Springsteenstarted a podcast calledRenegades: Born in the",
"Born in the USAwhere the two talk about \"their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'\"Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal withNetflix, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects. On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoirA Promised Land.On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal withAudible.In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.Around the same time, he won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narratorfor his narration in the Netflix documentary seriesOur Great National Parks. In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court",
"the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices. In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albaneseand visitedMelbournefor the first time.Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches. In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared thatIsraelmust dismantleHamasin the wake of the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.Weeks later, Obama warnedIsraelthat its actions could \"harden Palestinian attitudes for generations\" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs \"could ultimately backfire.\" In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability. Legacy and recognition He has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.HistorianJulian",
"Zelizercredits Obama with \"a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals.\" Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended theGreat Recessionand theDodd-Frankfinancial and consumer protection reforms, as well as theAffordable Care Act. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama \"turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder.\" Zeitzer calls this the \"defining paradox of Obama's presidency\". TheBrookings Institutionnoted that Obama passed \"only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions.\"David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short \"in areas many Progressives hold dear\", including",
"dear\", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of \"a disappointingly conventional president\". Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a \"skinny repeal\", have thus far failed.However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.Together with theHealth Care and Education Reconciliation Actamendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage ofMedicareand Medicaid in 1965. Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threateneddepressionand pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.According to theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theObama",
"theObama administrationcreated 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes tofinancial regulationin the United States since the regulatory reform that followed theGreat Depressionunder Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2009, Obama signed into law theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expandedexisting federal hate crime laws in the United States, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. As president, Obama",
"As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service fromLGBTpeople; the law went into effect the following year.In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban ontransgenderpeople serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.AGallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office. Obama substantially escalated the use ofdrone strikesagainst suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and theTaliban.In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops inAfghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency. According toPew Research CenterandUnited States Bureau",
"States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic PresidentJimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Human Rights Watch(HRW) called Obama's human rights record \"mixed\", adding that \"he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed.\" Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating. Presidential library The Barack Obama Presidential Center is",
"Center is Obama's plannedpresidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located inJackson Parkon the South Side of Chicago. Awards and honors Obama received theNorwegian Nobel Committee'sNobel Peace Prizein 2009,The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Awardin 2014, theJohn F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Awardin 2017, and theRobert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Awardin 2018. He was namedTIMEMagazine'sTimePerson of the Yearin 2008 and 2012. He also received twoGrammy Awards for Best Spoken Word AlbumforDreams from My Father(2006), andThe Audacity of Hope(2008) as well as twoPrimetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding NarratorforOur Great National Parks(2022), andWorking: What We Do All Day(2023). He also won twoChildren's and Family Emmy Awards. Eponymy Bibliography Books Audiobooks Articles See also Politics Other Lists Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links Official Other",
"Contiguous United States Thecontiguous United States(officially theconterminous United States) consists of the 48 adjoiningU.S. statesand theDistrict of Columbiaof theUnited States of Americain centralNorth America.The term excludes the only two non-contiguousstates, which areAlaskaandHawaii(they are also the last two states to beadmitted to the Union), and all other offshoreinsular areas, such as theU.S. territoriesofAmerican Samoa,Guam, theNorthern Mariana Islands,Puerto Rico, and theU.S. Virgin Islands.The colloquial term \"Lower48\"is also used, especially in relation to Alaska. The related but distinct termcontinental United Statesincludes Alaska, which is also on North America, but separated from the 48 states byBritish Columbiain Canada, but excludes Hawaii and all the insular areas in theCaribbeanand thePacific. The greatest distance (on agreat-circleroute) entirely within the contiguous U.S. is 2,802 miles (4,509 km), coast-to-coast betweenFloridaand theState of Washington;the greatest north–south line",
"north–south line is 1,650 miles (2,660 km).The contiguous United States occupies an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is actual land, composing 83.65 percent of the country's total land area, and is comparable in size to the area of Australia.Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66 percent of the nation's total water area. The contiguous United States, if it were a country, would be fifth on thelist of countries and dependencies by area, behindRussia,Canada,China, andBrazil. However, the total area of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks third or fourth. Brazil is 431,000 square kilometers (166,000 sq mi) larger than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States including Alaska, Hawaii and overseas territories. The2020 U.S. censuspopulation of the area was 328,571,074, comprising 99.13 percent of the nation's total",
"the nation's total population, and a density of 111.04 inhabitants/sq mi (42.872/km2), compared to 93.844/sq mi (36.233/km2) for the nation as a whole. Other terms Whileconterminous U.S.has the precise meaning ofcontiguous U.S.(both adjectives meaning \"sharing a common boundary\"), other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity. Continental and mainland United States BecauseAlaskais also a part ofNorth America, the termcontinental United Statesalso includes that state, so the term is qualified with the explicit inclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity.On May 14, 1959, theUnited States Board on Geographic Namesissued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the continental United States as \"the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia...\" The Board reaffirmed these definitions on May 13, 1999.However, even before Alaska became a state, it was properly included within",
"included within the continental U.S. due to being anincorporated territory. The termmainland United Statesis sometimes used synonymously withcontinental United States, but technically refers only to those parts of states connected to the landmass of North America, thereby excluding not onlyHawaiiand overseasinsular areas, but also islands which are part of continental states but separated from the mainland, such as theAleutian Islands(Alaska),San Juan Islands(Washington), theChannel Islands(California),the Keys(Florida), thebarrier islands(GulfandEast Coaststates), andLong Island(New York). CONUS and OCONUS CONUS, a technical term used by theU.S. Department of Defense,General Services Administration,NOAA/National Weather Service, and others, has been defined both as the continental United States, and as the 48 contiguous states.The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part ofCONUS. OCONUSis derived from CONUS withOfor outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental",
"of Continental United States. The lower 48 The termlower 48is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. TheNational Geographicstyle guide recommends the use ofcontiguousorconterminous United Statesinstead oflower 48when the 48 states are meant, unless used in the context of Alaska.Almost all of Hawaii is south of the southernmost point of the conterminous United States in Florida. Zone of the Interior DuringWorld War II, the first fournumbered Air Forcesof theUnited States Army Air Forces(USAAF) were said to be assigned to theZone of the Interiorby the American military organizations of the time—the future states ofAlaskaandHawaii, then each onlyorganized incorporated territoriesof the Union, were respectively covered by theEleventh Air ForceandSeventh Air Forceduring the war. Terms used in the non-contiguous U.S. jurisdictions Residents of Alaska, Hawaii and off-shoreU.S. territorieshave unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them. Alaska The",
"to them. Alaska The vast territory ofAlaskabecame the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Alaska is the northwest extremity of the North American continent, separated from theU.S. West Coastby theCanadian provinceofBritish Columbia. The termLower 48has, for many years, been a common Alaskan equivalent for \"contiguous United States\";today, many Alaskans use the term\"Outside\"for those states, though some may use \"Outside\" to refer toanylocation not within Alaska. Hawaii The territory ofHawaii, consisting of the entireHawaiian Islandsarchipelago except forMidway Atoll,became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. It is the southernmost U.S. state, and the latest one to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in thePacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles (3,541 km) from North America and almost halfway between North America andAsia. In Hawaii andoverseas American territories, for instance, the termsthe MainlandorU.S. Mainlandare often used to refer to the 49 states",
"to the 49 states in North America. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is anunincorporated territoryof the United States located in the northeastCaribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,609 km) southeast ofMiami,Florida. Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens and are free to move to the mainland United States. The termStateside Puerto Ricanrefers to residents of any U.S. state or the District of Columbia who were born in, or can trace their family ancestry to, Puerto Rico. U.S. Virgin Islands TheU.S. Virgin Islandsis aU.S. territorylocated directly to the east of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea.The term \"stateside\" is used to refer to the mainland, in relation to the U.S. Virgin Islands(seeStateside Virgin Islands Americans). American Samoa American Samoais aU.S. territorylocated in theSouth Pacific OceaninPolynesia, south of the equator — it is 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest ofHawaii.In American Samoa, the contiguous United States is called the \"mainland United States\" or \"the states\"; those not from",
"those not from American Samoa are calledpalagi(outsiders). Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States Apart from off-shoreU.S. islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous United States are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada.Point Roberts, Washington;Elm Point, Minnesota; and theNorthwest AngleinMinnesotaare three such places.Alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York.By contrast,Hyder, Alaska, is physically part of contiguous Alaska and its easternmost town, but the only practical access is by road through Canada or by seaplane. List of contiguous U.S. states The 48 contiguous states are: In addition, theDistrict of Columbiais within the contiguous United States. See also Notes References External links"
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